Mexican Political Biographies, 1935-2009: Fourth Edition 9780292729933

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Mexican Political Biographies, 1935–2009

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contents

A Note to the Reader  ix Acknowledgments  xi How to Use This Book  xiii How Persons Were Selected for Inclusion  xv Source Abbreviations  xix Abbreviations Used in the Text  xxvii The Biographies  1 Appendixes A. Supreme Court Justices, 1935–2010  1035 B. Senators, 1934–2012  1047 C. Federal Deputies, 1937–2012  1075 D. Directors of Federal Departments, Agencies, and Banks, 1935–2010  1215 E. Ambassadors to the United Kingdom, the United States, France, Russia, the Organization of American States, Cuba, the United Nations, the Vatican, Spain, Italy, Japan, Canada, and the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, 1935–2010  1263 F. Governors, 1935–2010, and Heads of the Government of the Federal District, 1997–2010  1269 G. Rectors and Directors General of the National Universities, 1935–2010  1282 H. National Executive Committees of the National Revolutionary Party (PNR), Party of the Mexican Revolution (PRM), and Revolutionary Institutional Party (PRI), 1935–2010  1284 I. Presidents and Secretaries-General of the National Action Party (PAN), the Party of the Democratic Revolution (PRD), the Green Party (PVEM), the Convergence Party (CON), the Authentic Party of the Mexican Revolution (PARM), the Popular Socialist Party (PPS), and the Mexican Democratic Party (PDM), 1939–2010  1297 J. Secretaries-General of the Mexican Federation of Labor (CTM), National Farmers’ Confederation (CNC), National Federation of Popular Organizations (CNOP), Federation of Government Employees’ Unions (FSTSE), Mexican Petroleum Workers’ Union (STPRM), Union of Electrical Workers of the Mexican Republic (STERM), and National Teachers’ Union (SNTE), 1936-2010  1299 A Selected Bibliographical Essay  1303 Description of the CD  1311

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a note to the reader

Designed to carry out a more specific function than a general Who’s Who, this volume contains the biographies of public figures, living or deceased, who were prominent in Mexican political life from 1935 to January 1, 2010. In 1968, when I began research on career patterns of Mexican public figures, I found both a lack of available information and, when biographical data were available, contradictory information. Errors ranged from six different birth dates for a single person to the crediting of individuals with positions they had not held. Not only did errors appear rather frequently in Mexican sources, they were repeated in many of the English-language reference works and scholarly studies of Mexico by North Americans. These, in turn, were repeated by other scholars. These deficiencies continue today. In addition to the most accurate information available about the career patterns of numerous public figures, this volume contains appendices of the most important elective, appointive, and party positions in Mexico, with the names of the persons who have held them and their tenure in office. By having lists of positions as well as biographies of persons who have held them, the reader who does not have a person in mind will be able to find information about someone who has held a specific position in Mexican government without knowing his or her name. Furthermore, the reader can generate a career skeleton for national figures whose biographies do not appear in this work. Thus, the book will also provide scholars with a selective version of a government organizational manual for Mexico from 1935 to 2010. This book was compiled with the purpose of alleviating a dearth which has existed since 1946, when Ronald Hilton edited the last volume of Who’s Who in Mexico. Even though the 1946 edition and the two editions which preceded it were typical of the standard Who’s Who, they were scholarly and accurate and provided researchers with the only English-language source for biographical information on living Mexicans who had distinguished themselves in all fields. Unfortunately, that series was terminated with the third edition, and no single comprehensive and detailed biographical reference work on Mexico was published until my own Who’s Who in Mexico Today in 1988, followed by an expanded, updated second edition in 1993. The biographical essay following the appendices will make clear the limitations of available works in Spanish which have been published in Mexico. This revised and enlarged edition contains significant changes. The information in the first, second, and third editions, current through 1993, has been completely updated, both in the appendices and the biographies themselves. Of the original two thousand biographies in the third edition, more than half have undergone significant additions or changes to one or more categories, while many others have had minor changes. Furthermore, nearly one thousand new biographies have been added, increasing the coverage of political leaders prominent in the period covered by the earlier editions and adding biographies of prominent officeholders in the administrations of Ernesto Zedillo, Vicente Fox, and Felipe Calderón. In response to several suggestions made by colleagues and critics, beginning with the second edition, I added information about family ties, especially the names of spouses and parents, where available. Also, I added several new categories to the appendixes, most notably the names of oficiales mayores, the third-ranking cabinet position, as well as the presidents of other important parties, several new ambassadorial positions, and union leaders. In this edition, I have added additional ambassadorial posts since the Secretariat of Foreign

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Relations has published a complete listing of its ambassadors, by embassy, in an archive on its website. I have also included additional union and party leaders, whose names also have become more accessible through their respective websites. Biographies of these persons, where possible, are included in the biographical section, as are extensive biographies of political activists on the Left or the Right who, prompted by the democratic opening, have since held legislative posts and prominent party positions. The arrival of Vicente Fox’s generation to the presidency (2000–2006) provides evidence of the dramatic impact of both the democratic transition and consolidation of recent trends in the career patterns of those who rise to the top of the Mexican political system. The importance of local political offices, ranging from the city council to the mayor to the governor, has become paramount in the political careers of many national politicians, regardless of party affiliation. Party posts and active party affiliations have become increasingly prevalent, as democracy promotes the importance of political parties and the skills of its leaders. Some trends, begun in the early phases of democratic transition in the 1980s and 1990s, have remained strong. Politicians at the national level continue to study abroad, although members of the National Action Party (PAN) who have done so are more likely to have spent time in Europe compared to the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) partisans, who are usually graduates of U.S. programs. Within Mexico, the range of universities in the backgrounds of politicians has increased, especially the importance of private institutions, both secular and religiously affiliated. Vicente Fox is the first president to have graduated from the Jesuit Ibero-American University, and President Felipe Calderón is an alumnus of the Free School of Law, the first president to graduate from that institution since Emilio Portes Gil. Governors have increased their political capital, becoming the most likely individuals to compete for the presidency, as reflected in the backgrounds of the leading contenders in 2000 and 2006. Governors already dominate the front-runners from the major parties in the 2012 race as well. These and many other leadership characteristics can be discerned by the perceptive reader, including sharp differences among national legislative, judicial, and executive careers. An analysis of these differences is available in my The Metamorphosis of Leadership in a Democratic Mexico (New York: Oxford University Press, 2010). Thus, the incremental changes in Mexican public careers and political recruitment patterns are fully documented, from generation to generation, in the biographies of this book and can be logically divided into the predemocratic era from 1935 to 1988, the democratic transition from 1988 to 2000, and the democratic transformation from 2000 to the present.

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acknowledgments

A book of this sort relies on the goodwill and assistance of many people, but especially those whose biographies it contains. I owe a debt to librarians, government officials, scholars, and relatives of the biographees. Among the groups who contributed to the first edition, I would like to express my thanks to the late Nettie Lee Benson and Lutie L. Higley, of the University of Texas and the University of Arizona libraries, respectively, for their invaluable assistance. Further, I would like to thank the staffs of the Hispanic Division, Library of Congress; the Columbus Memorial Library of the Organization of American States; the University of Iowa Library; the HowardTilton Library of Tulane University; the Woodrow Wilson Center for International Scholars, the Smithsonian Institution; the Ibero-American University Library; the Carlos Menéndez Library, Mérida, Yucatán; the U.S. Department of State Library; and the Library of the Supreme Court of Justice of Mexico. The number of Mexican government officials, at both the state and the national levels, who helped with editions of this work are too numerous to mention. I would like to single out Miguel Basáñez and Manuel Carrillo, who have taken more than a passing interest in the earlier editions of this research project and have made sources of information far more accessible. For helpful suggestions on the first edition, I wish to thank the late Ronald Hilton, the late Stanley R. Ross, and James Wilkie, all pioneers in Mexican written and oral biography and bibliography, and Clifton E. Wilson, for early editorial suggestions. Without the assistance of several other colleagues, the first edition of this work would have been far less complete. In particular, Peter H. Smith provided supporting data for both the appendices and numerous biographies in the original edition from his own vast biographical study of Mexico before 1970 and helpful source suggestions and encouragement along the way. The late Paul Kelso supplied me with critical biographical data from a personal note file extending back many years. Rudy de la Garza provided the majority of data for the appendices on federal deputies, especially data on committee assignments, through 1970. And last, Donald Mabry shared information on PAN party leaders in the 1970s. The late Ambassador José Juan de Olloqui assisted my research efforts for the second edition, and Fernando Zertuche Muñoz sought out additional information for the appendixes. For the third edition, I relied heavily on the editorial assistance of Scott Pentzer, Meg Mitchell, and Sallie Hughes. Additionally, I would like to thank Alejandro Spíndola for his assistance in obtaining additional information to complete the appendices; Luis Medina, Sergio Aguayo, and Lorenzo Meyer, for easy access to library material at the Colegio de México; and Jorge Carpizo for access to the Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM, National Autonomous University) archives. For the present edition, thousands of e-mail communications, transparency requests, and, most important, Internet searches were essential. Finally, I am grateful to two students: Katie Putnam, who painstakingly typed new lists of legislators and filled in missing names in the legislative and executive branch appendices; and María Ramírez, who pestered the librarians of the Mexican Congress to obtain a searchable, previously unknown, list of legislators from 1917 to 2006. I would not have been able to see this edition come to light without the enthusiasm of Virginia Hagerty for taking on this project, just as she did for the third edition, and without Kathy Bork’s willingness to apply her extraordinary editing skills to this edition, as she did two decades ago with the 1991 University of Texas Press edition.

Roderic A i Ca mp Cooper Bay North, Vermont

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how to use this book

I have adhered to the Mexican custom of using the father’s surname followed by the mother’s maiden name for biographees’ names. When the biographee’s second surname is not commonly used in other printed sources, it appears in parentheses. This applies to given names as well. The date of death, when known, is the first entry in the biography. Because no obituary index for Mexican newspapers is available, and therefore correct information is not always accessible, persons for whom no death date is given are not necessarily alive, although it can be presumed that the vast majority of them are. Further information is usually available in the issues of major Mexican newspapers or regional newspapers for politicians who return to their native states near the date of their death. The availability of this information through this latter source has increased dramatically as many regional newspapers have generated online archives extending back a number of years. The biographical information in the entries is divided into twelve categories, each denoted by a lowercase letter. Where no code letter appears, no substantiated information is available. The word none indicates that the biographee has no known representation in that category, such as no major union position, no military career, or no private sector management post. When an office is italicized in a biography, the individual and his or her position also are listed in the appendixes. When the name of a supervisor, teacher, relative, or mentor is italicized within a biography, that individual has his or her own biographical entry or is listed in the appendices. The categories are the following: a- Date of birth b- Geographical location of birthplace: city or municipality and state; all municipal names and spellings follow the 1995 edition of the Diccionario Porrúa or e-local.gob.mx, the official government website for Mexican municipalities c- Education: elementary, secondary, and preparatory education, and professional and college education with the dates of attendance and graduation, if available; the most complete biographies give thesis titles as well. Many politicians never complete their professional degrees, even though they list them in their résumés. When the information is known, the biography refers to their college education as studies in economics or studies in law, for example, with no mention of the word degree. Others complete their theses, which is necessary for graduation, long after they finish their actual studies. The fact that such individuals have completed MA or even PhD degrees, typically in the United States, is not a guarantee that they have completed their undergraduate education. Also included at the end of the educational category are teaching positions, whether they are on the elementary, secondary, or college level, and other educational positions d- Elective positions: any positions which at least nominally are attained through the electoral process, from City Council member to president. Legislatively appointed governors are not included in this category but, rather, are found in the governmental positions category. The term in functions indicates that alternate federal deputies and senators have replaced their elected counterpart e- Party positions: both formal and informal positions which persons have held for any political party or campaign in Mexico. Party candidates for public office also are

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included. The word None indicates that the person did not hold any position on the National Executive Committee of the PAN, the PRI, or the PRD (Party of the Democratic Revolution) from June 18, 1935 to January 1, 2010 f- Governmental positions: the most important appointive governmental positions on the local, state, national, and international levels. These generally follow in chronological order, and it is not unusual for a person to hold more than one of these positions simultaneously, especially advisory positions in the federal bureaucracy g- Interest group activity: rather broadly defined as union positions and positions in numerous professional, nongovernmental, and student organizations that have politically or civic-oriented activities in Mexico, such as the National Student Federation h- Other positions: private positions which the person may have held, or self-employment, such as his or her own medical or legal practice. This category also includes significant professional offices and unusual awards i- Parents, spouses, mentors, and close friends: relevant personal data, including parents’ occupations, when known, as well as information about relatives and friends who may have held governmental positions. Readers should note that any person serving as a private secretary or a secretary-general of government has been appointed by a person who has considerable confidence in him or her and, therefore, the mentor should be a significant career contact. By using the appendices, one can easily determine, in many cases, such a political tie by noting the name of the superior, such as a governor, assistant secretary, or secretary j- Military experience: career information, with the exception of high-level appointive positions normally thought of as bureaucratic positions in the Secretariat of National Defense or of the Navy or service as military attaché (these offices appear in the governmental positions category). An attempt has been made to give the highest rank achieved by the person and the date when he received a promotion. This category also includes information about the person’s activity during the Revolution, if any k- Miscellaneous information: specifics about the biographee’s career from various sources, whether they are strictly informative, complimentary, or critical. I do not necessarily agree with all statements, favorable or unfavorable, presented in this section, but the sources for these statements will be indicated or will be cited in the sources section. The purpose of this category is to give the reader more insight into the career of each individual than can be obtained through a perusal of biographical facts and to repeat evaluations made by official government publications or such highly critical publications as Proceso. Also included in this section are statements about any unusual aspects of the biographee’s political career l- Additional sources: books, reference works, data banks, government directories, newspapers, magazines, and websites in which additional information about the individual can be found. Most biographical and autobiographical monographs about an individual are not cited since these are more commonly known and readily available to the reader. Newspaper dates are included because they may indicate that additional information about that person might be found in other newspapers of a corresponding date. The word letter indicates that some or all information in the biography was confirmed by the biographee personally, a government agency, or a friend or relative of the biographee, which is true of more than 1,400 biographies. The Internet has provided a wealth of additional sources, ranging from personal pages, blogs, and regional newspaper interviews to national and local sites which have added numerous bits and pieces of missing information about older generations of leading politicians.

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how persons were selected for inclusion

The two criteria for inclusion were Frank Brandenburg’s top six levels of political prestige, with some modifications, as outlined in The Making of Modern Mexico (Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1964, pp. 158–159), and cross-referencing of biographical data in a minimum of two sources, preferably an official government source as well as a private source. Using Brandenburg’s categories, I concentrated on those positions that are stepping-stones to even more influential positions in Mexico. As Brandenburg makes quite clear in his classic work, his prestige ladder includes only those persons with political prestige; it does not include, for example, business and religious leaders, although some prominent business leaders who have become involved in politics are included. Brandenburg includes the following in his list: 1. The head of the Revolutionary Family. While this person, by Brandenburg’s own analysis, may or may not be the president of Mexico, since 1935, every person who has held this position has been president before, during, or after his tenure as head of the Family 2. The president of Mexico 3. Members of the Inner Circle and factional leaders of the Revolution. Persons in this high-prestige category have at one time or another held one of the formal governmental positions making up categories 4, 5, and 6, below. All persons whom Brandenburg classifies as Inner Circle leaders are labeled as such in the biographies, and all of them are included in this directory 4. Cabinet members, including the governor of the Federal District, the military chief of staff, the private secretary to the president, managers of major state industries, and directors of large, federal, semiautonomous agencies, commissions, banks, and boards. An attempt has been made, where information is available, to include all of these individuals in the biographical section 5. Governors of the larger states and the federal territories, ambassadors in prestigious posts, regional strongmen not in the Inner Circle, the two presidential legislative spokespersons in the respective Houses of Congress, military zone commanders, and the official-party (PRI) president 6. Supreme Court justices, senators, assistant secretaries of cabinet ministries, and assistant directors of large state industries, commissions, boards, and dependencies; the secretary-general and sector heads of the official party; leaders of major opposition parties; and the secretaries-general of the major unions. Although senators do not belong in the same categories as undersecretaries, many are included in this book. Entries since the second edition have been selected more carefully based on other career positions, or on their potential for obtaining influential future posts I have broadened and altered Brandenburg’s coverage to include other influentials not falling within his categories. In addition, his placement of certain positions in specific levels is no longer accurate. Included in both the biographical section and the appendixes are two positions which Brandenburg omits entirely: the rectors of the two major public universities in Mexico City, the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM) and the National Polytechnic Institute (IPN). A number of cabinet-level individuals have held these positions, as well as the directorships of the major schools at UNAM (Law,

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Economics, and Medicine), on the way up, between other positions, or after service in the cabinet. A majority of the individuals who have served as oficial mayor, the third-ranked position in cabinet agencies, have been included. Many of the biographees have held an oficial mayor position immediately before moving up to assistant secretary, as in the case of President Luis Echeverría Álvarez, who was oficial mayor both of public education and of the official party, the PRI, before becoming assistant secretary of government in 1958. Oficiales mayores may well be filling some of the cabinet positions in later administrations, and, therefore, a concentrated effort has been made to include many of them. In addition to the broad coverage given to the PRI, and despite a critical lack of information, I have included the equivalent top officials from all other influential political parties, most notably, PAN and PRD. This new edition includes several hundred biographies of individuals who have held top posts in parties other than PRI. The only opposition parties listed in the appendixes are the National Action Party (PAN), the Democratic Revolutionary Party (PRD), the Cardenista Front for National Reconstruction (FNCR), the Authentic Party of the Mexican Revolution (PARM), the Mexican Democratic Party (PDM), the Green Party (PVEM), the Convergence Party, and the Popular Socialist Party (PPS). However, presidential candidates and party leaders who have provided opposition to the winning party since 1934 and many precandidates for president within those parties have been included. The appendixes include a large section on federal deputies, which Brandenburg relegates to level 9. Because of the rubber-stamp function that most Mexicanists attributed to Congress before the democratic transition, there has been a tendency to underrate the position of federal deputy, even though it provides an important training ground for persons moving up the political ladder through elective positions, including that of state governor. I have concentrated on persons who have held a deputyship more than once, or who have held other positions of considerably higher prestige after holding a deputyship. An examination of the biographies included will show that recruitment to Brandenburg’s original levels 4 and 5 often occurs because of contacts made in the Chamber of Deputies. Deputies definitely rank higher than ambassadors, ministers, and consuls-general, which Brandenburg placed in a lower category, equated with governors of small and medium-sized states. I also made a special effort to include women in the first two editions, even if they had not achieved quite the same level of political experience as their male counterparts. Those female political pioneers remain in the book, even though it is no longer necessary to use different criteria for female deputies or judges and although they still obtain fewer influential cabinet-level posts. Other positions included in the appendixes are those which appear most often in the career paths of persons reaching the top four categories, positions which serve as steppingstones to the highest offices in Mexico. For example, with the exception of the ambassador to the United States (a stepping-stone to secretary of foreign relations or secretary of the treasury) and the ambassadorship to the United Kingdom, no specific ambassadorship (including such recently important posts as Japan or the European Economic Community) has consistently had any significance in the career path of public figures. Instead, they have been interim positions for influentials who are “out” or sinecures for persons leaving more influential positions. However, because they have been held repeatedly by high-level government officeholders, ambassadors to the Vatican, Spain, Italy, Japan, Canada, and UNESCO (the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) have been added to this edition. Regional strongmen and military zone commanders who have become governors, senators, deputies, or cabinet secretaries have been included. Governors of all states, large and

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small, have been included in the appendixes, and an attempt has been made to include as many as possible in the biographical section. All governors, regardless of state of origin, are playing an increased role in national politics, as appointees to the executive branch and as the presidential candidates of the leading parties since 2000. The second criterion, the cross-referencing of factual data, dictated that no person be included in the biographical section unless the major governmental positions held were cross-referenced in a minimum of two sources, preferably an official government source as well as a private source. This does not mean that the information contained in the biographies and the appendixes is infallible, since even government sources have proved to be inaccurate on occasion; rather, no biographical data or listings of positions were included unless the information could be substantiated from other sources. Internet searches have facilitated this criterion, allowing me to pursue government documents dating back to the early part of the twentieth century. As a result of the simple lack of information on some people and positions, more than three hundred people who fitted the political criterion for inclusion in this directory were rejected because of incomplete biographies. No biography was included if information was missing for three or more of the career categories. For approximately half of the people in this directory, conflicting information exists about their careers, and I have had to judge to the best of my ability which facts are the most valid.

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source abbreviations

Academia de Artes  Academia de Artes, Curricula (Mexico City: Academia de Artes, 1977) Acción  Acción (Mexico City) Aguirre  Celso Aguirre Bernal, Compendio Histórico–biográfico de Mexicali, 1539–1966 (Mexicali, 1966) Alcazar  Marco Antonio Alcázar, Las agrupaciones patronales en México (Mexico City: El Colegio de México, 1970) Almada  Francisco R. Almada, Gobernadores del estado de Chihuahua (Mexico City: Imprenta de la Cámara de Diputados, 1950) Almanaque  State almanacs published by Almanaque de México, Mexico City, 1981–1982 Alonso  Jorge Alonso, La dialéctica clases-élites en México (Mexico City: Centro de Investigaciones Superiores del Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, 1976) Análisis Político  Análisis Político Anderson  Roger C. Anderson, “The Functions of the Governors and Their States in the Political Development of Mexico,” unpublished PhD dissertation, University of Wisconsin, 1971 Annals  Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Sciences Anuario Fin.  Anuario Financiero (various years) Arriola  Carlos Arriola, “Las organizaciones empresariales contemporáneos,” in Centro de Estudios Internacionales, Lecturas de política mexicana (Mexico City: El Colegio de México, 1977) Baker  Richard D. Baker, Judicial Review in Mexico (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1971) Balboa  Praxedis Balboa, Apuntes de mi vida (Mexico, 1975) Basáñez  Miguel Basáñez, La lucha por la hegemonía en México, 1968–1980 (Mexico City: Siglo XXI, 1981) BdM  Banco de México, Programa de becas y datos de los becarios (Mexico City, 1961) Beltrán  Enrique Beltrán, Medio siglo de recuerdos de un biólogo mexicano (Mexico City:

Sociedad Mexicana de Historia Natural, 1977) Bermúdez  Antonio J. Bermúdez and Octavio Véjar Vázquez, No dejes crecer la hierba (Mexico City: Costa Amic, 1969) Bezdek  Robert R. Bezdek, “Electoral Opposition in Mexico City: Emergence, Suppression, and Impact on Political Processes,” unpublished PhD dissertation, Ohio State University, 1973 Blanco  Félix Blanco, Poetas mexicanos (Mexico City: Editorial Diana, 1967) Boletín Bibliográfico  Porrúa, Boletín Bibliográfico (various years) Brandenburg  Frank Brandenburg, The Making of Modern Mexico (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1964) Bravo  José Bravo Ugarte, Efraín González Luna (Mexico City: Acción Nacional, 1968) Bremauntz  Alberto Bremauntz, Setenta años de mi vida (Mexico City: Ediciones Jurídico Sociales, 1968) C de D  Directorio de la Cámara de Diputados (Mexico City: Imprenta de la Cámara de Diputados, various years) C de S  Directorio de la Cámara de Senadores (Mexico City: Cámara de Senadores, various years) Cadena Z.  Daniel Cadena Z., El candidato presidencial, 1976 (Mexico, 1975) Cambio  Cambio (Mexico City weekly) Campa  Valentín Campa, Mi testimonio (Mexico City: Ediciones de Cultura, 1978) Cardona  Alfredo Cardona Peña, Semblanzas mexicanas: Artistas y escritores del México actual (Mexico City: Libro-Mex, 1955) Casasola V  Gustavo Casasola, Seis siglos de historia gráfica de México, vol. V (Mexico City: Editorial Gustavo Casasola, 1971) Castillo  Isidro Castillo, Indigenistas de México (Mexico, 1968) CB  Current Biography CDDWeb, Diputados, 1997  See www.cddhcu .gob.mx (archivos) CH  Current History Chumacero  Rosalía d’Chumacero, Perfil y

xx  m e xic a n p ol i t i c a l b i o g ra ph i e s , 1935– 20 0 9 pensamiento de la mujer mexicana (Mexico City: Editores Mexicanos Unidos, 1974) Cien Nombres  Alejandro Envila Fisher, Cien nombres de la transición mexicana (Mexico City: Grupo ERA, 2000) Cline  Howard F. Cline, The United States and Mexico (New York: Athenaeum, 1965) CN  Colegio Nacional, Memorias (various years) Cole  Richard R. Cole, “The Mass Media of Mexico,” unpublished PhD dissertation, University of Minnesota, 1972 Colin  Mario Colín, Semblanzas de personajes del estado de México (Mexico City, 1972) Contreras  Sergio Contreras Cruz, Mi partido (Mexico City: Ediciones Organización, 1978) Correa  Eduardo J. Correa, El balance de Ávila Camacho (Mexico City, 1946) Correa41  Eduardo J. Correa, El balance de Cardenismo (Mexico City, 1941) Covarrubias  Ricardo Covarrubias, Los 67 gobernantes del México independiente (Mexico City: Partido Revolucionario Institucional, 1968) cronica.diputados.gob.mx  Government website with complete discussions in the Chamber of Deputies from 1917 through 2006 Crowson  Benjamin Franklin Crowson, Biographical Sketches of the Governors in Mexico (Washington, DC: Crowson International Publishers, 1951) Cuellar  Pablo Cuéllar Valdés, Historia del estado de Coahuila (Saltillo: Universidad Autónoma de Coahuila, 1979) CyT  Enrique Cordero y Torres, Diccionario biográfico de Puebla, 2 vols. (Mexico City, 1972) D de C  Directorio de la Cámara de Diputados, 1976–1979 D del S  Diario del Sureste (Mérida, Yucatán) D del Y  Diario del Yucatán (Mérida, Yucatán) Daniels  Josephus Daniels, Shirt-sleeve Diplomat (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1947) DAPC  Presidencia de la República, Directorio de la administración pública centralizada, 1977 (Mexico City, 1977) Dávila  José María Dávila, El ejército de la Revolución (Mexico City: SLYSE, 1938) DBC  Octavio Gordillo y Ortiz, Diccionario

biográfico de Chiapas (Mexico City: Costa Amic, 1977) DBGM  Presidencia de la República, Diccionario biográfico del gobierno mexicano (Mexico City, 1984) DBGM87  Presidencia de la República, Diccionario biográfico del gobierno mexicano (Mexico City, 1987) DBGM89  Presidencia de la República, Diccionario biográfico del gobierno mexicano (Mexico City, 1989) DBGM92  Presidencia de la República, Diccionario biográfico del gobierno mexicano (Mexico City, 1992) DBGM94  Presidencia de la República, Diccionario biográfico del gobierno mexicano (Mexico City, 1994), in CD format only DBM68  Diccionario biográfico de México (1966–1968) (Monterrey: Editorial Revesa, 1968) DBM70  Diccionario biográfico de México (1968–1970) (Monterrey: Editorial Revesa, 1970) DCM  Directorio del Congreso Mexicano, LVIII Legislatura 2000–2003 (Mexico City: Congreso de la República, 2001) DEM  Aurora M. Ocampo, Diccionario de escritores mexicanos (Mexico City: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 1967) DGF47  Directorio del gobierno federal, 1947 (Mexico City: Dirección Técnica de Organización, 1947) DGF50  Directorio del gobierno federal, 1950 (Mexico City: Dirección Técnica de Organización, 1950) DGF51  Directorio del gobierno federal, 1951 (Mexico City: Dirección Técnica de Organización, 1951) DGF56  Directorio del gobierno federal, 1956 (Mexico City: Dirección Técnica de Organización, 1956) Diccionario  Martha Durón Jiménez and Ignacio Narro Etchegaray, Diccionario biográfico de Saltillo (Saltillo: Fondo Editorial Coahuilense, 1995) Directorio  Cámara de Diputados, unpublished biographical directory of members (various years, 1964–1988) Directorio, 1970–1972  Directorio general de presuntos diputados al XLVII Congreso de la Unión (unpublished)

source rectoarunning b b reviathea ionds   xxi Directorio del Congreso  Directorio Congreso Mexicano, LX Legislatura, 2006–2009 (Mexico City: Nuevo Horizonte Editores, 2007) DJBM  Directorio jurídico biográfico mexicano, 1972 (Mexico City: Sociedad Mexicana de Información Biográfica Profesional, 1972) DNED  Directorio nacional de economistas (Mexico City, 1959) DP64  Diccionario Porrúa (Mexico City: Editorial Porrúa, 1964) DP70  Diccionario Porrúa (Mexico City: Editorial Porrúa, 1970) DP94  Diccionario Porrúa (Mexico City: Editorial Porrúa, 1994) DPE61  Directorio del poder ejecutivo, 1961 (Mexico City, 1961) DPE65  Directorio del poder ejecutivo, 1965 (Mexico City, 1965) DPE71  Directorio de poder ejecutivo federal, 1971 (Mexico City: Secretaría de la Presidencia, 1971) Dromundo  Baltasar Dromundo, Rojo Gómez (Mexico City, 1946) Dulles  John W. F. Dulles, Yesterday in Mexico (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1961) EBW46  Biographical Encyclopedia of the World (New York: Institute for Research in Biography, 1946) El Día  El Día (Mexico City) El Financiero  El Financiero (Mexico City) El Informador  El Informador (Guadalajara) El Nacional  El Nacional (Mexico City) e–local.gob.mx  Website directory for every municipality in Mexico; often includes brief comments about illustrious figures and a list of mayors extending back to the 1950s or earlier El Universal  El Universal (Mexico City); includes one of the most complete and accessible online archives ELD  Escuela Libre de Derecho: Aniversario de su fundación, 1912–22 (Mexico City, 1922) En de E  Escuela Nacional de Economía, Anuario, 1959 (Mexico City: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 1959) Enc. Mex.  Enciclopedia de México (Mexico City, 1977) Enc. Mex87  Enciclopedia de México (Mexico City, 1987) Encinas Johnson  Luis Encinas Johnson, La

alternativa de México (Mexico City: Ediciones Sonot, 1969) Época  Época (Mexico City) Este País  Este País (Mexico City) Examen  Examen (Mexico City) Excélsior  Excélsior (Mexico City) Ezcurdia  Mario Ezcurdia, Miguel de la Madrid (Mexico City: Manuel Porrúa, 1982) Fuentes Díaz  Vicente Fuentes Díaz, Los partidos políticos en México (Mexico City: Editorial Altiplano, 1969) Func.  Sergio Serra Domínguez and Roberto Martínez Barreda, México y sus funcionarios (Mexico City: Litográfico Cárdenas, 1959) G de M  Ricardo Covarrubias, Los 67 gobernantes del México independiente (Monterrey, 1965) G de NL  Ricardo Covarrubias, Gobernantes de Nuevo León (Monterrey, 1961) G de S  Francisco R. Almada, Diccionario de historia, geografía y biografía sonorenses (Chihuahua: Empresora Ruiz Sandoval, 1952) G of M  Marvin Alisky, The Governors of Mexico, Southwest Studies, Monograph 12 (El Paso, Tex.: Western College Press, 1965). G of NL  Marvin Alisky, Government of the Mexican State of Nuevo León (Tempe: Arizona State University, 1971) G of S  Marvin Alisky, Guide to the Government of the Mexican State of Sonora (Tempe: Arizona State University, 1971) Garrido  Luis Garrido, El tiempo de mi vida (Mexico City: Porrúa, 1974) Gaxiola  Francisco Javier Gaxiola, Jr., El Presidente Rodríguez (Mexico City: Cultura, 1938) Gaxiola 2  Francisco Javier Gaxiola, Jr., Memorias (Mexico City: Editorial Porrúa, 1975) Gil  Carlos Gil, Hope and Frustration (Wilmington, Del.: Scholarly Resources, 1992) Glade  William P. Glade, Jr., and Charles W. Anderson, The Political Economy of Mexico (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1963) Glade & Ross  William P. Glade and Stanley R. Ross, eds., Críticas constructivas del sistema político mexicano (Austin, Tex.: Institute of Latin American Studies, 1973) Gómez Maganda  Alejandro Gómez Maganda, Bocetos presidenciales (Mexico City: Editorial Joma, 1970)

xxii  m e xic a n p ol i t i c a l b i o g ra ph i e s , 1935– 20 0 9 González Navarro  Moisés González Navarro, La Confederación Nacional Campesina (Mexico City: Costa Amic, 1968) Grayson  George Grayson, The Politics of Mexican Oil (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1980) Greenberg  Martin H. Greenburg, Bureaucracy and Development: A Mexican Case Study (Lexington, Mass.: D. C. Heath, 1970) Gruening  Ernest Gruening, Mexico and Its Heritage (New York: D. Appleton–Century, 1928) Guerra Leal  Mario Guerra Leal, La grilla (Mexico City: Editorial Diana, 1978) HA  Hispano Americano or Tiempo Haddox  John H. Haddox, Antonio Caso, Philosopher of Mexico (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1971) HAHR  Hispanic American Historical Review HAR  Hispanic American Report Hayner  Norman S. Hayner, New Patterns in Old Mexico (New Haven: College and University Press, 1966) Hernández Chávez  Alicia Hernández Chávez, Historia de la revolución mexicana, 1934–1940, vol. 16 (Mexico City: Colegio de México, 1979) Heroic Mexico  William Weber Johnson, Heroic Mexico (New York: Doubleday, 1968) Hoy  Hoy (Mexico City) Hurtado  Javier Hurtado, Familias, política y parentesco: Jalisco, 1919–1991 (Mexico City: Fondo de Cultura Económica, 1993) IEPES  Instituto de Política, Economía y Estudios Sociales, unpublished campaign biographies (Mexico City: Partido Revolucionario Institucional, 1981) Illescas  Francisco R. Illescas and Juan Bartolo Hernández, Escritores veracruzanos (Veracruz, 1945) Ind. Biog.  Arturo R. Blancas and Tomás L. Vidrio, Índice biográfico de la XLIII Legislatura Federal (Mexico City, 1956) Inf. Please  Information Please? (New York: Macmillan, various years) Informe  State of the Union addresses by governors, published by the state government for each year in office Integrantes  Integrantes de la LV Legislatura (Mexico City: Senado de la República, 1992)

IWW  International Who’s Who (London: Europa Publications, various years) Johnson  Kenneth F. Johnson, Mexican Democracy: A Critical View (New York: Praeger, 1971) Johnson, 1978  Kenneth F. Johnson, Mexican Democracy: A Critical View, 2nd ed. (New York: Praeger, 1978) JSH  Jesús Silva Herzog, Biografías de amigos y conocidos (Mexico City: Cuadernos Americanos, 1980) Justicia  Justicia (legal review) (Mexico City), 1967–1968 Kirk  Betty Kirk, Covering the Mexican Front (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1942) Kirshner  Alan M. Kirshner, “Tomás Garrido Canabal and the Mexican Red Shirt Movement,” unpublished PhD dissertation, New York University, 1970 Krauze  Enrique Krauze, Caudillos culturales en la revolución mexicana (Mexico City: Siglo XXI, 1976) La Jornada  La Jornada (Mexico City) La Nación  La Nación (National Action Party publication) La Reforma  La Reforma (Mexico City) paid online access only LAD  Latin American Digest LAT  Los Angeles Times Latin America  Latin America (London) Lehr  Volker G. Lehr, Manual biográfico del Congreso de la Unión, LII Legislatura (Mexico City: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 1984) Lemus  George Lemus, “Partido Acción Nacional: A Mexican Opposition Party,” unpublished MA thesis, University of Texas, 1956 Letters  Indicates correspondence concerning the biographee from a friend, relative, state or federal agency, or the biographee Libro Azul  Blue Book of Mexico (Mexico City, 1901) Libro de Oro  H. Ruiz Sandoval, Jr., El libro de oro de México (Mexico City, 1967–1968) Líderes  Líderes (Mexico City) Lieuwen  Edwin Lieuwen, Mexican Militarism: The Political Rise and Fall of the Revolutionary Army (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1968)

source b b reviat ions  rectoarun n in g hea d   xxiii Linajes  Torsten Dahl, ed., Linajes en México (Mexico City: Casa Editorial de Genealogía Ibero Americana, 1967) López  José López Escalera, Diccionario biográfico y de historia de México (Mexico City: Editorial del Magistrado, 1964) López González  Valentín López González, Los compañeros de Zapata (Morelos, 1980) Loret de Mola  Carlos Loret de Mola, Confesiones de un gobernador (Mexico City: Editorial Grijalbo, 1978) Loret de Mola, 91  Carlos Loret de Mola, Los Últimos 91 días (Mexico City: Editorial Grijalbo, 1978) Lozoya  Jesús Lozoya Solís, La Escuela Médico Militar de México (Mexico City, 1977) Mabry  Donald J. Mabry, Mexico’s Acción Nacional (Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University Press, 1983) Maldonado  Braulio Maldonado, Baja California: Comentarios políticos (Mexico City: Costa-Amic, 1960) Maples Arce  Manuel Maples Arce, Soberana juventud (Madrid: Editorial Plentitud, 1967) McAlister  Lyle N. McAlister, The Military in Latin American Socio-Political Evolution: Four Case Studies (Washington, DC: Center for Research in Social Systems, 1970) Medina, 20  Luis Medina, Historia de la revolución mexicana, período 1940–1952, vol. 20 (Mexico City: El Colegio de México, 1979) Mexico Business  Mexico Business (Mexico City) Mexico Journal  Mexico Journal (Mexico City) Mexiquenses  Los Mexiquenses (Mexico City: Quién es Quién en México, no date) Meyer, No. 12  Lorenzo Meyer et al., Historia de la revolución mexicana, período 1928–1934, vol. 12 (Mexico City: El Colegio de México, 1978) MGF  Manual de organización del gobierno federal, 1973 (Mexico City: Secretaría de la Presidencia, 1973) MGF69  Manual de organización del gobierno federal, 1969–1970 (Mexico City: Secretaría de la Presidencia, 1970) Michaels  Albert L. Michaels, The Mexican Election of 1940 (Buffalo: Council on International Studies, State University of New York, 1971)

Milenio  Milenio (Mexico City) Millon  Robert P. Millon, Mexican Marxist: Vicente Lombardo Toledano (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1966) Moncada  Carlos Moncada, Años de violencia en Sonora, 1955–1976 (Mexico City: Editorial V Siglos, 1977) Morton  Ward Morton, Women Suffrage in Mexico (Gainesville: University of Florida Press, 1962) Musacchio  Humberto Musacchio, Quién es quién en la política mexicana (Mexico City: Plaza & Janés, 2002) Navarrete  Alfredo Navarrete Martínez, Alto a la contra-revolución (Mexico City, 1971) News  The News (Mexico City) Nicholson  Irene Nicholson, The X in Mexico City: Growth within Traditionalism (London: Faber and Faber, 1965) Noriega  Raúl Noriega, Discursos doctrinadas en el congreso constituyente de la revolución mexicana (Mexico City: Instituto Nacional de Estudios Históricos de la Revolución, 1967) Nov de Yuc  Novedades de Yucatán (Mérida) Novo  Salvador Novo, La vida en México en el período presidencial de Miguel Alemán (Mexico City: Empresas Editoriales, 1967) Novo35  Salvador Novo, La vida en México en el período presidencial de Lázaro Cárdenas (Mexico City: Empresas Editoriales, 1964) Nueva Época  Nueva Época (Mexico City) NYT  New York Times Pacheco  Ciriaco Pacheco Calvo, La organización estudiantil en México (Mexico City, 1934) Padgett  L. Vincent Padgett, The Mexican Political System (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1966) PdM  Personalidades de Monterrey (Nuevo León: Vega y Asociados, 1967) Peral  Miguel Ángel Peral, Diccionario histórico, biográfico, geográfico e industrial de la república (Mexico City: Editorial PAC, 1945[?]) Peral47  Miguel Ángel Peral, Diccionario histórico, biográfico, geográfico e industrial de la república (Mexico City: Editorial PAC, 1947) Peral60  Miguel Ángel Peral, Diccionario

xxiv  m e xic a n p ol i t i c a l b i o g ra ph i e s , 1935– 20 0 9 histórico, biográfico, geográfico e industrial de la república (Mexico City: Editorial PAC, 1960) Pérez Franco  Rafael Pérez Franco, Quiénes son el PAN (Mexico City: Partido de Acción Nacional, 2007) Pérez López  Abraham Pérez López, Diccionario biográfico hidalguense (Mexico City: Imprenta Unión, 1979) Pescador  José Ángel Pescador Osuna and Eliseo Guajardo Ramos, Directorio de servidores públicos del gobierno federal de México (Monterrey: Ediciones Castillo, 1997) Plural  Plural (Mexico City) Polémica  Polémica (April, 1969; (Mexico City) Política  Política (Mexico City) Por Qué?  ¿Por Qué? (Mexico City) Proceso  Proceso (Mexico City) Protag.  Los protagonistas (Mexico City: Quién es Quién en México, no date) PS  Peter Smith, unpublished files Punto  Punto Q es Q  Carlos Morales Díaz, Quién es Quién en la nomenclatura de la Ciudad de México (Mexico City: Coast Amic, 1971) Q es QAP  Quién es quién en la administración pública (Mexico City: Secretaría de la Presidencia, 1982) Q es QY  Quién es quién: Diccionario biográfico peninsular (Mérida: Editorial Marina, 1971) QesQ en el Congreso, 1997–2000  Quién es quién en el Congreso, 1997–2000 (Mexico City: Instituto de Estudios para la Transición Democrática, 1999) QesQ en el Congreso, 2000–2003  Quién es Quién en el Congreso, 2000–2003 (Mexico City: Estudios para la Transición Democrática, 2002) Quién Será  Arturo Gómez Castro, ¿Quién será el futuro presidente de México? (Mexico City, 1963) Raby  David L. Raby, Educación y revolución social en México (Mexico City: Secretaría de Educación Pública, 1974) Rev. de Ejer.  Revista de Ejército y Fuerza Aérea (Mexico City) Richmond  Patricia Richmond, “Mexico City: A Case Study of One–party Politics,” unpublished PhD dissertation, University of California, Berkeley, 1965

Ríos  Mario Ríos Villegas and Alexander N. Naime, Los grupos empresariales en el estado de México (Toluca: Gobierno del Estado, 1983) Rodríguez Barragán  Nereo Rodríguez Barragán, Biografías potosinas (San Luis Potosí: Biblioteca de Historia Potosina, 1976) Romero, Mis seis años  Jesús Romero Flores, Mis seis años en el senado (Mexico City, 1970) Romero Flores  Jesús Romero Flores, Maestros y amigos (Mexico City: Costa Amic, 1971) Ronfeldt  David Ronfeldt, Atencingo, The Politics of Agrarian Struggle in a Mexican Ejido (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1973) Schers  David Schers, “The Popular Sector of the Mexican PRI,” unpublished PhD dissertation, University of New Mexico, 1972 scjn.gob.mx  Official website of the Mexican Supreme Court, which contains complete biographies from a published 2-volume directory from 1917 through 1989 as well as current justices Scott  Robert E. Scott, Mexican Government in Transition (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1964) secgob.gob.mx  Complete biographies of deputies from the 57th legislative session, 1997–2000 Semblanzas  Antonio Armendáriz, Semblanzas (Mexico City, 1968) Siempre  Siempre (Mexico City) Simpson  Leslie Byrd Simpson, Many Mexicos (Berkeley & Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1964) Skirius  John Skirius, José Vasconcelos y la cruzada de 1929 (Mexico City: Siglo XXI, 1978) Strode  Hudson Strode, Timeless Mexico (New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1944) STYRBIWW  International Yearbook and Statesmen’s Who’s Who (various years) Tiempo  Hispano Americano (Mexican version) (Mexico City) Tiempo Mexicano  Carlos Fuentes, Tiempo Mexicano (Mexico City: Joaquín Mortiz, 1972) Tirado  Ricardo Tirado Segura, Las organizaciones empresariales mexicanas (Mexico City: Instituto de Investigaciones Sociales, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 1979)

source b b reviat ionds   xxv rectoarun n in g hea Tucker  William P. Tucker, The Mexican Government Today (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1957) Uno Más Uno  Uno Más Uno (Mexico City) Urióstegui  Pindaro Urióstegui Miranda, Testimonios del proceso revolucionario de México (Mexico City: Argrin, 1970) US Mexico Business  US Mexico Business (Mexico City) UTEHA  Diccionario Enciclopedia UTEHA (Mexico City: Unión Tipográfica Editorial Hispano Americana, 1950) Vázquez de Knauth  Josefina Vázquez de Knauth, Nacionalismo y educación en México (Mexico City: El Colegio de México, 1970) Villaseñor  Victor Manuel Villaseñor, Memorias de un hombre de izquierda, 2 vols. (Mexico City: Editorial Grijalbo, 1976) Villaseñor, E.  Eduardo Villaseñor, MemoriasTestimonio (Mexico City: Fondo de Cultura Económica, 1974) WB48  World Biography (New York: Institute for Research in Biography, 1948) WB54  World Biography (New York: Institute for Research in Biography, 1954) Wences Reza  Rosalío Wences Reza, El movimiento estudiantil (Mexico City: Editorial Nuestro Tiempo, 1971) Weyl  Nathaniel Weyl and Sylvia Weyl, The

Reconquest of Mexico (New York: Oxford University Press, 1939) Wilkie  James Wilkie and Edna Wilkie, México visto en el siglo XX (Mexico City: Instituto Mexicano de Investigaciones Económicos, 1969) WNM  Lucien F. Lajoie, Who’s Notable in Mexico (Mexico City, 1972) Womack  John Womack, Jr., Zapata and the Mexican Revolution (New York: Knopf, 1968) WSJ  Wall Street Journal WWLA35  Who’s Who in Latin America (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1935) WWLA40  Who’s Who in Latin America (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1940) WWM45  Who’s Who in Latin America: Mexico (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1945) WWM87  Who’s Who in Mexico (Washington, DC: Worldwide Reference Publications, 1987) WWMG  Marvin Alisky, Who’s Who in Mexican Government (Tempe: Arizona State University, 1969) WWW70–71  Who’s Who in the World, 1970–71 Zevada  Ricardo J. Zevada, Calles el presidente (Mexico City: Editorial Nuestro Tiempo, 1971)

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recto running hea d   xxvii

abbreviations used in the text

ACJM  Asociación Católica de Juventud Mexicana (Catholic Association of Mexican Youth) AFI  Agencia Federal de Investigación (Federal Investigation Agency) AID  Agency for International Development ANFER  Asociación Nacional Femenina Revolucionaria (National Revolutionary Women’s Association) ANUIES  Asociación Nacional de Universidades e Instituciones de Educación Superior (National Association of Universities and Institutions of Higher Education) ASA  Aeropuertos y Servicios Auxiliares (Airports and Auxiliary Services) Banamex  Banco Nacional de México (National Bank of Mexico) Bancomer  Banco de Comercio (Bank of Commerce) Banobras  Banco Nacional de Obras y Servicios Públicas (Public Works and Public Services Bank) Banpaís  Banco del País (Bank of the Country) Banpesca  Banco de Pesca (Fishing Bank) Banrural  Banco Nacional de Crédito Rural (National Bank of Rural Credit) CANACINTRA  Cámara Nacional de Industrias (National Chamber of Industry) CANACO  Cámara Nacional de Comercio (National Chamber of Commerce) CANCO  Cámara de Comercio (Chamber of Commerce) CAPFCE  Comité Administrador del Programa Federal de Construcción (Federal Program for School Construction) CAPUFE  Caminos y Puentes Federales de Ingresos y Servicios Conexas (Federal Highways and Bridges and Adjacent Entrances and Exits) CCE  Consejo Coordinador Empresarial (Coordinating Council of Businessmen) CCH  Colegio de Ciencias y Humanidades (College of Sciences and Humanities) CCI  Confederación Campesina Independiente (Independent Farmers’ Confederation) CEMLA  Centro de Estudios Monetarios

Latinoamericanos (Center for Monetary Studies of Latin America) CEN  Comité Ejecutivo Nacional (National Executive Committee) CEPAL  Comisión Económica para América Latina (Economic Commission for Latin America) CEPES  Comité de Estudios Políticos, Económicos y Sociales (Center of Economic, Political, and Social Studies, local and regional versions of IEPES) CFE  Comisión Federal de Electricidad (Federal Electric Commission) CGOM  General Federation of Mexican Workers and Farmers CIDAC  Centro de Investigación para el Desarrollo (Center of Research for Development) CIDE  Centro de Investigación y Doencia Económicas (Center for Research and Teaching in the Social Sciences) CIOAC  Central Independiente de Obreros Agrícolas (Independent Central of Agricultural Workers and Peasants) CISEN   Centro de Investigación y Seguridad Nacional (Center for Research and National Security) CMHN  Consejo Mexicano de Hombres de Negocios (Mexican Council of Businessmen) CNC  Confederación Nacional Campesina (National Farmers’ Confederation) CNOP  Confederación Nacional de Organizaciones Populares (National Confederation of Popular Organizations) COCEI  Coalición Obrera Campesina Estudiantil del Istmo (Coalition of Workers, Peasants, and Students of the Isthmus) COFETEL  Comisión Federal de Telecomunicaciones (Federal Telecommunications Commission) CONACYT  Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (National Council on Science and Technology) CONAGUA  Comisión Nacional de Agua (National Water Commission)

xxviii  m e xic a n p oli t i c a l b i o g ra ph i e s , 1935–20 0 9 CONASUPO  Compañía Nacional de Subsistencias Populares (National Company of Public Commodities) CONCAMIN  Confederación de Cámaras Industriales de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos (Confederation of Chambers of Industry of Mexico) CONCANACO  Confederación de Cámaras Nacionales de Comercio (Confederation of National Chambers of Commerce) CONDUMEX  Grupo Condumex (industrial electronics firm) COPARMEX  Confederación Patronal de la República Mexicana (Mexican Association of Employers) COPLAMAR  Coordinación General del Plan Nacional de Zonas Deprimidas y Grupos Marginados (General Coordination of National Plans for Depressed Zones and Marginalized Groups) CORDEMEX  Government enterprise that produces henequen CORETT  Comisión para la Regularización de la Tenencia de la Tierra (Commission for Land Tenure Regularization) CROC  Confederación Revolucionaria de Obereros y Campesinos (Revolutionary Confederation of Workers and Farmers) CROM  Confederación Regional Obrera Mexicana (Regional Confederation of Mexican Workers) CTM   Confederación de Trabajadores de México (Mexican Confederation of Labor) CUM  Centro Universitario México (Mexico University Center) DIF  Desarrollo Integral de la Familia (Integral Family Development) DTyTF  Distrito Federal y Territorios Federales (Federal District and Federal Territories) ECLA  Comisión Económica para América Latina (Economic Commission for Latin America) EPR  Ejército Popular Revolucionario (Popular Revolutionary Army) ESIME  Escuela Superior de Ingeniería Mecánica y Eléctrica (Graduate School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering) EZLN  Ejército Zapatista de Liberación Nacional (Zapatista Army of National Liberation) FAO  Food and Agriculture Organization

FIRA  Fideicomisos Instituidos en Relación con la Agricultura (Trust Funds for Agricultural Development) FLACSO  Facultad Latinoamericano de Ciencias Sociales (Latin American School of Social Sciences) FONATUR  Fondo Nacional de Fomento al Turismo (National Fund for Tourism Development) FOVISSTE  Fondo de la Vivienda del Instituto de Seguridad y Servicios Sociales de los Trabajadores del Estado (Housing Fund of the ISSSTE) FSTSE  Federación de Sindicatos de Trabajadores al Servicio del Estado (Federation of Government Employees’ Unions) GATT  General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade IADB  Inter-American Development Bank IBAFIN  Instituto de Banca y Finanzas (Banking and Finance Institute) IBRD  International Bank for Reconstruction and Development ICA  Empresa ICA (leading construction company) IEM  (Leading electric company, part of Condumex Group) IEPES  Instituto de Estudios Políticos, Económicos y Ciencias Sociales (Institute of Economic, Political, and Social Studies of the CEN of PRI) IFE  Instituto Federal Electoral (Federal Electoral Institute) ILO  International Labor Organization IMF  International Monetary Fund IMSS  Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (Mexican Institute of Social Security) INDECO  Instituto Nacional para el Desarrollo de la Comunidad y la Vivienda Rural (Nacional Institute for Community Development and Popular Housing) INEGI  Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía (National Institute of Statistics and Geography) INFONAVIT  Instituto del Fondo Nacional de la Vivienda para Trabajadores (National Workers’ Housing Fund) IPADE  Instituto Panamericano de Alta Dirección de Empresa (Pan American Institute of Higher Management)

a b b reviat ions used in t he hea t ext recto running d   xxix IPN  Instituto Politécnico Nacional (National Polytechnic Institute) ISSSTE  Instituto de Seguridad y Servicios Sociales de los Trabajadores del Estado (Institute of Insurance and Social Services for Federal Employees) ITAM  Instituto Tecnológico Autónomo de México (Autonomous Technological Institute of Mexico) ITESM  Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey (Monterrey Technological Institute of Higher Studies) ITESO  Instituto Técnico de Estudios Superiores de Oeste (Technical Institute of Higher Studies of the West) LAFTA  Latin American Free Trade Agreement LAMOSA  Grupo LAMOSA (bathroom furnishings company) LSU  Louisiana State University MAUS  Movimiento de Acción y Unidad Socialista (Socialist Action and Unity Movement) MIT  Massachusetts Institute of Technology MLN  Movimiento de Liberación Nacional (National Liberation Movement) MNJR  Movimiento Nacional de Juventud Revolucionario (National Revolutionary Youth Movement of PRI) NAFIN  Nacional Financiera (National Finance Bank) NGO  Nongovernmental organization NOTIMEX  Agencia Mexicana de Noticias (Mexican News and Information Agency) OAS  Organization of American States OECD  Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development PAN  Partido de Acción Nacional (National Action Party) PANAL  Partido Nueva Alianza (New Alliance Party; also abbreviated as PNA) PARM  Partido Auténtico de la Revolución Mexicana (Authentic Party of the Mexican Revolution) PAS  Partido Alianza Social (Social Alliance Party) PASC  Partido Alternativa Socialdemócrata y Campesina (Alternative Social Democratic and Peasant Party) PCD  Partido del Centro Democrático (Party of the Democratic Center)

PCM  Partido Comunista Mexicano (Mexican Communist Party) PDM  Partido Demócrata Mexicano (Mexican Democratic Party) PEMEX  Petróleos Mexicanos (Mexican Petroleum Company) PFCRN  Partido del Frente Cardenista de Reconstrucción Nacional (Cardenista Front for National Reconstruction Party) PIPSA  Productora e Importadora de Papel SA (Producer and Importer of Paper) PMS  Partido Mexicano Socialista (Mexican Socialist Party) PMT  Partido del Trabajo (Mexican Workers’ Party) PNR  Partido Nacional Revolucionario (National Revolutionary Party, 1929–1938) PP  Partido Popular (Popular Party) PPM  Partido del Pueblo Mexicano (Party of the Mexican People) PPS  Partido Popular Socialista (Popular Socialist Party) PRD  Partido de la Revolución Democrática (Party of the Democratic Revolution) PRI  Partido Revolucionario Institucional (Institutional Revolutionary Party) PRM  Partido de la Revolución Mexicana (Party of the Mexican Revolution, 1938–1946) PRONASOL  Programa Nacional de Solidaridad (National Solidarity Program) PRT  Partido Revolucionario de los Trabajadores (Workers’ Revolutionary Party) PRUN  Partido Revolucionario Unido de México (Unified Revolutionary Party of Mexico) PSD  Partido Democracia Social (Social Democracy Party) PST  Partido Socialista de Trabajadores (Socialist Workers’ Party) PSUM  Partido Socialista Unificado de México (Unified Socialist Party of Mexico) PVEM  Partido Verde Ecologista de México (Green Party of Mexico) SIDERMEX  Siderúrgica México (Mexican Steel) SITMMRM  Sindicato de Trabajadores Mineros-Metalúrgicos de la República Mexicana (National Union of Mine and Metal Workers of the Mexican Republic)

xxx  m e xic a n p oli t i c a l b i o g ra ph i e s , 1935– 200 9 SNTE  Sindicato Nacional de Trabajadores de la Educación (National Teachers’ Union) STFRM  Sindicato Industrial de Trabajadores Ferrocarrileros de la República Mexicana (Mexican Railroad Workers Union) STPRM  Sindicato de Trabajadores Petroleros de la República Mexicana (Mexican Petroleum Workers’ Union) STRM  Sindicato de Telefonistas de la República Mexicano (Telephone Workers’ Union) STUNAM  Sindicato de Trabajadores de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (Union of National University Workers SUTDDF  Sindicato Único de Trabajadores del Departamento del Distrito Federal (Only Union of the Workers of the Federal District) SUTERM  Sindicato Único de Trabajadores Electricistas de la República Mexicana (Union of Electrical Workers of the Mexican Republic)

TABAMEX  Tabacos Mexicanos, SACV (Mexican Tobacco Co.) TELMEX  Teléfonos de México (Telephones of Mexico) UAM  Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana (Autonomous Metropolitan University) UGOCM  Unión General de Obreros y Campesinos de México (Union of Workers and Peasants of Mexico) UNAM  Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (National Autonomous University or National University of Mexico) UNEC  Unión Nacional de Estudiantes Católicos (National Union of Catholic Students) UNESCO  United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization UNO  Unión Nacional de Oposición (National Opposition Union) UNS  Unión Nacional Sinarquista (National Sinarquista Union)

recto running hea d   xxxi

Mexican Political Biographies, 1935–2009

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t he b io g ra phies  1

A Abarca Alarcón, Raimundo (Deceased) a—Mar. 4, 1906. b—Chilpancingo, Guerrero. c—Medical degree from Military Medical School, Mexico City, 1934; professor of physics, chemistry, and psychology. d—Mayor, Iguala, Guerrero, 1949–1950; governor, Guerrero, 1963–1969. e—President of PRI, Iguala; secretary-general, CNOP of PRI, Guerrero. f—Director, Hospital of Iguala. g—Secretary-general, National Medical Federation. h—Physician, National Railroads of Mexico; surgeon, ISSSTE; chief of medical services, 27th Military Zone, Acapulco, Guerrero; president, Iguala Red Cross. i—Student with Manuel Camacho López, father of Manuel Camacho Solís, head of Department of the Federal District, 1988–1993; student with Jesús Lozoya Solís, governor of Chihuahua, 1955, and General Eduardo Gortari, uncle of President Carlos Salinas de Gortari; married Jovita Delgado. j—None. k—None. l—WWMG, 5; DBM68, 1; HA, June 10, 1974, 13; Lozoya, 101. Abascal Carranza, Carlos (Deceased Dec. 2, 2008) a—June 14, 1949. b—Federal District. c—Elementary and preparatory studies at Fray Juan de Zumárraga Institute, Mexico City; secondary studies at Catholic seminary, Temazcalcingo, State of Mexico, and Colegio Amado Nervo; law degree, Free Law School, Mexico City, 1968–1972, with thesis on relations between temporal and spiritual power; courses in higher management at IPADE, 1980–1981; studies toward PhD in philosophy at Ibero-American University; professor at several universities. d—Representative, Assembly of the Federal District, 1994–1997. e—Member, CEN of PAN, 1999; assistant secretary-general, CEN of PAN, 2007–2008; coordinator of labor, Fox transition, 2000. f—Adviser, National Workers’ Housing Fund (INFONAVIT); secretary of labor, 2000–2005; secretary of government, 2005–2006. g—Treasurer, COPARMEX; president, COPARMEX, 1995–1997; president, Vértebra, 1999; vice president, Mexican Institute of Social

Christian Doctrine. h—Executive secretary, Editorial Jus, 1966–1969; translator, 1974–1982; various positions and division manager, Afianzadora Insurgentes, 1969– 1994; director-general, Afianzadora Insurgentes, 1994–2000; CEO, Probiber. i—Son of Salvador Abascal, founder and director of UNS, and María Guadalupe Carranza Pulido; brother of Salvador Abascal, federal deputy, 1991–1994, and member of CEN of PAN, 1999–2002, 2005–2007; grandparents were wealthy landowners before the Revolution; married Rosa Martha Olascoaga, 1973. j—None. k—None. l—Cien Nombres, 8–11; DBGM89, 563; Pérez Franco, 15–16; www. suracapulco.com.mx, 2008; DBGM94, CDROM; www.cddhcu, 2008. Abascal Infante, Salvador (Deceased 2000) a—1910. b—Morelia, Michoacán. c—Elementary and secondary studies at seminary when Archbishop Luis María Mora was director; law degree from School of Law, University of Michoacán, Morelia. d—None. e—Joined National Sinarquista Movement, 1937; head, UNS, 1940–1941; established Sinarquista commune in Baja California, 1941–1942; expelled from UNS, 1944. f—Judge, Ayutla, Guerrero, 1931–1932. g—None. h—None. i—From old family of landowners and miners; father, a large landholder and lawyer; married María Guadalupe Carranza Pulido; son Carlos Abascal Carranza, secretary of labor under President Vicente Fox; son Salvador Abascal Carranza, plurinominal federal deputy, 1991–1994; daughter-in-law, lawyer Palila Eugenia Álvarez Escobedo. j—None. k—Dismissed as judge in 1932 because tried to uphold rights of claimants against the local bosses. l—Meyer, 40; www.wikipedia, 2006; www.schillerinstitute.org; DBGM94, 407. Abitia Arzápalo, José Alfonso

(Deceased Apr. 19, 1989) a—Apr. 13, 1912. b—Badiraguato, Sinaloa. c—Elementary and secondary studies in Badiraguato; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, 1927–1935; LLD from National School of Law, UNAM, 1951, with PhD on decisions in civil law; professor of

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civil procedures, National School of Law, UNAM, and School of Law, University of Durango. d—None. e—None. f—Secretary, numerous civil judicial districts, Federal District; auxiliary secretary, Fifth Division, Superior Tribunal of Justice, Federal District; judge, Third Civil District, Federal District; secretary of studies and accounts, Auxiliary Division, Supreme Court of Justice and Third Judicial Division, Federal District, 1951–1957; district judge, Chetumal, Quintana Roo, 1958; judge, Second District, Nogales, Sonora, 1958–1965; circuit court judge, Second Division, Third Circuit, 1965–1968; circuit court judge, Third Circuit, Guadalajara, 1968–1976; supernumerary justice, Supreme Court, June 4, 1976; justice, Supreme Court, Nov. 8, 1976–1982. g—None. h—None. i—Married María del Socorro Gutiérrez MacGregor; daughter Luz Delfina Abitia Gutiérrez, judge, Federal Appeals Court, First Circuit. j—None. k—None. l—www.foros.gob.mx, 2007; www.scjn.gob .mx, 2008. Aboroa Zamora, América a—May 11, 1933. b—Colima, Colima. c—Elementary studies at Dr. Miguel Galindo School, Colima; public accounting degree from Autonomous University of the State of Mexico, Toluca. d—Plurinominal federal deputy from PST, 1979–1982. e—None. f—None. g—President, Executive Council, Union of Popular Colonies of Naucalpan, AC. h—Director of business consulting firm, 2005. j—None. k—None. l—C de D, 1979–1982; Romero Aceves, 681; Protag., 9. Abúndez (Chávez), Benigno (Deceased 1958) a—Feb. 13, 1880. b—Xochipala, Jojutla, Morelos. c—Early education unknown; no degree. d—Senator from State of Morelos, 1934–1940; federal deputy from State of Morelos, Dist. 2, 1955–1958, member of Committee on Natural Resources, Committee on Social Welfare, and Committee on National Lands. e—Founding member, PNR, 1929; president of PNR, Morelos; president, Zapatista Front. f—None. g—Founder, League of Agrarian

Communities, Morelos. h—Farmer for many years. i—From peasant background. j—Joined Revolution in support of Madero under General Lorenzo Vázquez, 1910; joined Emiliano Zapata’s forces under General Francisco Mendoza Palma, 1911; fought in Morelos and Guerrero, 1912–1914; fought with Zapatistas in Puebla and Guerrero, 1915–1920; reached rank of general under Zapatistas; joined Federal Army in 1920; rank of brigadier general, Mar. 26, 1925; army reserves, 1921–1923; returned to active duty, 51st Battalion, 1923; incorporated into 1st Division under command of General Genovevo de la O.; commander of 48th, 51st, and 53rd Battalions; commander, Legionnaire Division of Morelos. k—PRM precandidate for governor of Morelos, 1938. l—Peral, 11; DP70, 4; Ind. Biog., 7; Dávila, 195; López González, 9. Aburto Ávila, José Luis a—Sept. 19, 1944. b—Early education unknown; degree in electrical and mechanical engineering from Ibero-American University, 1962–1966; MA in operations research from Stanford University, Calif., 1969–1972; PhD in planning, Stanford University, 1969–1972, with dissertation titled “Optimal Designs of Transportation Networks”; professor, IberoAmerican University, 1964–1972; professor, Stanford University, 1971–1972; professor, UNAM, 1972–1986. d—None. e—Member of PRI. f—Chief, Department of Economic Projects, Coordination of Economic and Social Programming, Office of the Presidency, 1972–1974; technical secretary, Planning and Organization Committee, Federal Electric Commission (CFE), 1977–1980; assistant manager, CFE, 1978–1982; director of studies, CFE, 1982–1988; assistant director of programming, CFE, 1989–1991; assistant secretary of energy, Secretariat of Energy, 1991–1993; adviser to Luis Téllez, 1999. g—None. h—Planning engineer, Rust Engineering, United States, 1967–1968; director general, Potrelec. i—Son of Gildardo Aburto Solórzano, businessman, and María de la Luz Ávila Gómez; married María de

t he b io g ra phies  3

Lourdes Córdoba López, teacher. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM87, 15; Musacchio, 2; DBGM92, 15; DBGM89, 15. Acevedo Valenzuela, Narciso a—Oct. 29, 1943. b—Ensenada, Baja California. c—Early education unknown; economics studies at National School of Economics, UNAM, 1963–1967, graduating Feb. 1, 1984. d—None. e—Joined PRI, 1975. f—Assistant director, Department of International Financial Organizations, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1973–1975; director, Administrative Unit, Regional Tax Administration Division, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1975–1976; director of planning and operations, Volunteer Promotions, Secretariat of Programming and Budget, 1979; assistant director, Regional Operations, Secretariat of Programming and Budget, 1979; director general of assistance to regional delegations, Secretariat of Programming and Budget, 1979–1980; director general of state development, Secretariat of Programming and Budget, 1980–1982; director of programming and finance, National Bank of Rural Credit (Banrural), 1982–1984; assistant secretary of planning, Secretariat of Agriculture and Hydraulic Resources, 1984–1988. g—None. i—Son of Cruz Acevedo Nava, electrical engineer, and Amelia Valenzuela Gastélum; married Elena Luz Pomar Jiménez, economist. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM87, 16; DBGM84, 15. Aceves Alcocer, Gilberto a—June 10, 1921. b—Tototlán, Jalisco. c—Completed elementary, secondary, and preparatory studies; took some commercial courses, no degree; never taught. d—Federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. 5, 1967–1970, member of Public Works and Rules committees; federal deputy from State of Jalisco, Dist. 7, 1973–1976. e—None. f—Head of second shift of the guardhouse, Department of the Federal District, Mexico City. g—Secretary-general, SUTDDF; secretary of bureaucratic action, CNOP, Federal District; secretary of social action, FSTSE; secretary of bureaucratic action, National Executive

Committee, CNOP, 1974–1975; secretarygeneral, FSTSE, 1970–1975. i—Married Consuelo Velasco Lara. j—None. k—None. l—HA, Dec. 27, 1971, 24; MGF69, 90; Excélsior, Mar. 13, 1973, 13; C de D, 1973–1976, 12. Aceves del Olmo, Carlos Humberto

a—Nov. 5, 1940. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; business studies at Cultural Center No. 4, IMSS. d—Federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. 28, 1994–1997; plurinominal federal deputy from PRI, 2000–2003, coordinator, labor sector delegation; plurinominal senator from PRI, 2006–2012. e—Joined PRI, labor sector, 1959; president of PRI, 5th Dist., Federal District; special delegate of CEN of PRI to Nuevo León; assistant secretary of action and administration, CEN of PRI; national political adviser, CEN of PRI. f—None. g—Secretary of political action, CTM. i—Son of Juan Aceves Reynoso and Teresa del Olmo Martínez; married Lucía Nieto. j—None. k—None. l—Directorio del Congreso, 2006–2009, 308; www.cddhcu. gob.mx, 1994–1997; QesQ en el Congreso, 2000–2003, 140; DCM, 2000–2003, 406; www.senado.gob.mx, 2007; Musacchio, 2. Aceves de Romero, Graciela a—Sept. 6, 1931. b—Guadalajara, Jalisco. c—Elementary studies at Calasars School, Guadalajara; secondary studies and normal teaching certificate, Eastern Normal School, Guadalajara; completed preparatory studies in premedicine at Preparatory School No. 2, Guadalajara; degree in education from Pedagogical University, Mexico City; teacher, Rafael Ramírez School, Chapultepec School, Michoacán School, Republic of Uruguay School; director, Villanueva School and Dr. Cruz Gómez Tagle School; director, Republic of Birmania School, 1981. d—Federal party deputy from PAN, 1967–1970, Dist. 12, 1973–1976; plurinominal federal deputy from PAN, 1979–1982, member of Federal District Committee, Library Committee, Special Committee for Regulation of Private Schools, and Foreign Relations Committee. e—Member of PAN, 1950; won first place

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in PAN oratory contest; PAN candidate for City Council of Guadalajara, 1954; member, PAN Regional Council of Federal District, 1960, 1993–1994; PAN candidate for alternate federal deputy from Dist. 12, Federal District, 1961, 1964; secretary of electoral affairs, National Council of PAN; member of CEN of PAN, 1975–1984; national adviser to PAN, 1978–1984. f—None. g—None. i—Daughter of José Loreto Aceves Ortega and Juana Pérez de León; married Humberto Romero C., teacher and lawyer. j—None. k—None. l—C de D, 1967–1970, 1973–1976, 1979–1982; Aceves Romero, 687–684; Protag., 9. Aceves Parra, Salvador (Deceased 1979) a—Apr. 4, 1904. b—La Piedad, Michoacán. c—Elementary studies in Guadalajara, Jalisco; secondary studies in Mexico City; preparatory studies at National Preparatory School in Mexico City, 1920–1924; medical degree from National School of Medicine, UNAM; graduate fellow in cardiology, United States (many times); aide, second course in clinical medicine, National School of Medicine, UNAM; professor of medical pathology, National School of Medicine, UNAM, 1933–1969; adviser to many state universities; member, Governing Council of UNAM, 1964. d—Mayor, La Piedad, Michoacán, as a student. e—Active supporter of José Vasconcelos in 1929 presidential campaign. f—Chief of medical services, General Hospital, Mexico City, 1938–1944; chief of medical services, National Institute of Cardiology, 1944–1961; director, National Institute of Cardiology, 1961–1965; assistant secretary of health, 1964–1967; secretary of health, 1968–1970. g—President, Mexican Academy of Medicine. h—Assistant at medical clinic, UNAM, 1934; director, medical clinic, UNAM, 1934; intern, General Hospital, Mexico City, 1933–1936; medical adviser for internal medicine, General Hospital, Mexico City, 1936–1938. i—Professor of medicine with Rafael Moreno Valle, UNAM; attended UNAM with a number of members of Alemán generation, including

Manuel Gual Vidal, Salvador Azuela, Rogerio de la Selva, and Antonio Dovalí Jaime; close friend of Antonio Armendáriz at UNAM; married Carmen García Cuadra; son of José M. Aceves, farmer, and María Parra. j—None. k—None. l—DBM68, 3–4; Hoy, Oct. 25, 1969, 17; HA, Aug. 7, 1944, 7; letters; DP95, 25. Aceves Saucedo, Ángel (Deceased June 26, 2003) a—Nov. 12, 1940. b—Izúcar de Matamoros, Puebla. c—Early education unknown; economics studies at National School of Economics, UNAM, 1961–1965, graduating with honorary mention, Aug. 15, 1967; MA in economics from New York University, magna cum laude, on UN scholarship, 1969; PhD in economics from New York University, magna cum laude, 1970; professor of finance and economic development, National School of Economics, UNAM, 1966–1967; coordinator of economics, School of Business and Administration, UNAM, 1970–1971; coordinator, Seminar on Public Sector Economics, National School of Economics, UNAM, 1972–1974. d—Federal deputy from State of Puebla, Dist. 1, 1979–1982; senator from State of Puebla, 1982–1988; plurinominal federal deputy from PRI, 1991–1994; plurinominal federal deputy from PRI, 1997–2000. e—Assistant director of IEPES of CEN of PRI, 1981–1982; secretary of IEPES of CEN of PRI, 1982–1988; PRI candidate for gubernatorial nomination for Puebla, 1998. f—Chief of statistical and mathematical analysis, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1965–1966; general adviser to oficial mayor, Secretariat of Industry and Commerce, 1970–1971; adviser, Secretariat of Industry and Commerce, 1971; general coordinator to oficial mayor, Department of the Federal District, 1971–1972; general coordinator, Department of the Federal District, 1988–1991; president, National Commission for the Protection and Defense of Financial Services Users, 1999–2003; director of interinstitutional relations, Secretariat of the Treasury, 2003. g—President, League of Revolutionary Economists, 1980–1982.

t he b io g ra phies  5

h—None. i—Son of businessman Ángel Aceves Ayala and Celia Saucedo García; married Gloria Hernández Cota. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM87, 424; Lehr, 376; C de D, 1979–1982; C de S, 1982–1988; DBGM, 459; DBGM89, 15; El Universal, June 27, 2003; QesQ en el Congreso, 1997–2000, 122. Acosta García, Isauro (Deceased 1969) a—June 11, 1899. b—Ejido La Gloria, Úrsulo Galván, Municipio de San Carlos, Veracruz. c—Completed elementary studies; no degree. d—Local deputy, 32nd State Legislature of Veracruz; senator from State of Veracruz, 1952–1958, member of Committee on Industries and Committee on Small Agricultural Properties, alternate member of Economy and Statistics Committee. e—None. f—None. g—Began agrarian activities as organizer in Chixicastle, Municipio de Puente Nacional, Veracruz, 1918; organizer for agrarian unions, 1918–1920; cofounder, with Úrsulo Galván, of League of Agrarian Communities, 1923; cofounder, with Úrsulo Galván, of National Peasant League and leader of that organization, 1926–1930; president, League of Agrarian Communities of Veracruz, 1928–1930, 1943–1944; League of Agrarian Communities of Veracruz representative before Mixed Agrarian Commission; founder of Agrarian Old Guard, 1952. h—Campesino at age 16. j—Soldier in 86th Line Battalion in opposition to de la Huerta rebellion, 1923. k—Elected as alternate senator but replaced Roberto Amorós, who resigned his Senate seat to become director general of National Railroads, 1952. l—DGF56, 8, 10, 11, 14; Ind. Biog., 8; DP95, 30. Acosta Jiménez, Fermín a—Dec. 5, 1925. b—San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí. c—Elementary studies in San Luis Potosí and Cuautla, Morelos, 1931–1938; secondary studies in Mexico City and Cuernavaca at private school, 1940–1943; student at Military Aviation School, graduating as corporal in aviation mechanics, May 1, 1946; enrolled in Military Aviation School, 1947, graduating as pilot and 2nd lieutenant, Aug. 1,

1949; enrolled in Higher War College, 1954, graduating with diploma in staff and command, Feb. 5, 1956; advanced course, Higher War College, 1975; professor of logistics, Higher War College, 1967; professor, Air College, 1975; director, Special Military Air Force School, 1971–1977. d—None. e—None. f—Director, Department of the Air Force, 1988–1991. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Simón Acosta Badillo, self-employed professional, and Ana María Jiménez Monsiváes; married Enriqueta Cortés Munguía. j—Joined 1st Battalion, 8th Infantry Regiment, Jan., 1944; corporal of conscripts, Mar. 1, 1944; member, 205th squadron, 1950–1954; rank of 1st lieutenant, Nov. 20, 1953; rank of 2nd captain, Nov. 20, 1956; attached to air force staff headquarters, 1956–1958, 1959–1960; rank of 1st captain, Nov. 20, 1959; member, 1st Air Group, 1958–1959; commander, 205th air squadron, 1960–1961; commander, 202nd jet squadron, 1961–1965; rank of major, Nov. 20, 1963; chief, Sec. 4, air force staff, 1965–1969; rank of lieutenant colonel, Nov. 20, 1965; assistant chief of staff, air force, 1969–1971; rank of colonel, Nov. 20, 1971; rank of brigadier general, 1977; commander, 9th Air Base, 1978; commander, 4th Air Group, 1978–1979; rank of brigade general, 1979; commander, 2nd Air Base, Ixtepec, Oaxaca, 1979–1981; commander, 7th Air Base, Piedela Cuesta, Guerrero, 1981–1983; commander, 5th Air Base, Zapopan, Jalisco, 1983–1984; commander, 8th Air Base, Mérida, Yucatán, 1985–1988; rank of division general, 1985. k—None. l—Rev. de Ejer., Nov., 1971, 40, Nov., 1975, 85; DBGM89, 16; Rev. de Ejer., Dec., 1979, 68. Acosta Lagunes, Agustín a—Dec. 31, 1929. b—Paso de Ovejas, Veracruz. c— Elementary studies at Enrique C. Rebsamen School, Jalapa, Veracruz; secondary and preparatory studies at Preparatory School of Jalapa; economic studies at National School of Economics, UNAM, 1952–1958, completing thesis titled “Considerations of and Economic Analysis of Enterprises,” Nov. 27, 1967; postgraduate work on

6  m e xic a n p ol i t i c a l b i o g ra ph i e s , 1935– 20 0 9

UN fellowship at New York University and in Geneva, in administration and control over state and private enterprises; professor of international trade, National School of Economics, UNAM, 1958–1966; director of seminar on foreign trade, National School of Economics, UNAM, 1965–1967. d—Governor, Veracruz, 1980–1986. e—None. f—Analyst, Economic Studies Department, National Bank of Mexico and Bank of Mexico, 1959–1964; controller general, National Bonded Warehouses; assistant director of control, Board of Governors, Decentralized and State Agencies, Secretariat of Government Properties, 1964–1966; director general of acquisitions, Inspection Department, Secretariat of Government Properties, 1966– 1971; adviser to José López Portillo, assistant secretary of national patrimony, 1971–1972; general manager, Light and Power of the Center, SA, 1972–1974; fiduciary delegate of NAFIN, 1977–1979; director general of the Mint, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1978–1979; assistant secretary of investigation, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1979–1980. g—Adviser, Bus Drivers’ Alliance. h—Economist and consultant, Cementos Anáhuac, SA, 1974– 1976. i—Son of Florencio Acosta Barradas, owner of La Gloria Mill, and Josefa Lagunes Morales, daughter of an owner of Angostillo hacienda; member of Enrique González Aparicio’s group under Emilio Mújica Montoya at UNAM; married Esperanza Azcón; brothers Rafael and Florencio, cattle ranchers. j—None. k—None. l—Excélsior, Apr. 8, 1980, 23A; Almanaque de México, 421; Excélsior, June 7, 1979, 5; letter; Proceso, Feb. 1, 1982, 13–15; Protag., 10. Acosta Romo, Fausto (Deceased) a—Oct. 20, 1915. b—Sonora. c—Elementary studies in Hermosillo; normal school degree; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, 1937, with thesis titled “The Strike Law and Obligatory Arbitration in Our Social Law.” d—Senator from State of Sonora, 1952–1958, member of Committee on Immigration, Health Committee, 3rd Labor Committee, 2nd Balloting

Committee, substitute member of Tax Committee, National Waters and Irrigation Committee, and Livestock Committee. e—PRI campaigner; president of PNR, Sonora; PRI general delegate to Jalisco and Querétaro; directed Juan C. Gorráez’s gubernatorial campaign, 1955. f—Assistant attorney general of Mexico “2,” 1964–1966; secretary-general of government, State of Sonora, under Gov. Ignacio Soto, 1949–1952; acting governor, Sonora, Aug.–Sept., 1951; manager, Comisiones and Servicios, SA, CONASUPO agency. g—None. h—Practicing lawyer, El Águila Petroleum Co.; director of Legal Department, director of Trust Department, National Bank of Ejido Credit, Ciudad Obregón, Sonora; lawyer, PEMEX, 1938. i—Student with Antonio Rocha Cordero. j—None. k—PRI precandidate for governor of Sonora, 1961, 1967; according to Roger Anderson he was choice of national PRI leaders for governor in 1961 but was unpopular among state leaders. l—WWMG, 5; DPE65, 209; HA, Dec. 21, 1964, 10; DGF51, I, 92; Anderson, 112–113; Ind. Biog., 9–10; Moncada, 56. Acosta Urquidi, Mariclaire a—Nov. 7, 1947. b—Federal District. c—Elementary studies at American School Foundation, 1951–1958; secondary and preparatory studies at Colegio Columbia, 1959–1964; sociology degree, UNAM, 1965–1970, with thesis on mass communications and the socialization of children; graduate studies, Latin American studies, University of Essex, UK, 1970–1971; researcher, Center for International Studies, Colegio de México, 1972– 1974; research associate, IPN, 1971–1972; professor, School of Political and Social Sciences, UNAM, 1973–1999; professor of sociology, Ibero-American University, 1976– 1977; visiting professor, Wellesley College, Wellesley, Mass., 1990; chair, Department of Sociology, School of Political and Social Sciences, UNAM, 1975–1976; head, Diagnostics Department, Personnel Division, UNAM, 1977–1979; head, Seminars Department, National School of Professional Studies,

t he b io g ra phies  7

Acatlán, 1979–1981; director, Voices of Mexico, Department of Humanities, UNAM, 1985–1991. d—None. e—None. f—Ambassador for human rights, Secretariat of Foreign Relations, 2000–2001; assistant secretary for human rights and democracy, Secretariat of Foreign Relations, Sept. 25, 2001–2003; director, Department for the Promotion of Governance, Office of the Assistant Secretary of Political Affairs, OAS, 2006–2007. g—Secretary-general, Amnesty International, Mexico, 1976–1977; president, Amnesty International, Mexico, 1977–1984; executive director, Mexican Academy of Human Rights, 1984–1990; president, Mexican Commission for Defense and Promotion of Human Rights, 1990–2000; director for the Americas, International Center for Transitional Justice, 2008– . h—Coordinator of social sciences, ANUIES, 1975–1976. i—Daughter of Florencio Acosta Burgunder and Magdalena Urquidi Bingham, sister of Víctor Urquidi, president of Colegio de México and leading intellectual. j—None. l—Musacchio, 3; letters. Acosta Velasco, Ricardo (Deceased Jan. 13, 1978) a—May 11, 1908. b—Molango, Hidalgo. c—Engineering agronomy degree, National School of Agriculture, San Jacinto, Federal District, 1927; studied at U.S. Tennessee Valley Authority, 1947–1951; advanced studies in irrigation at National School of Agriculture, Chapingo, State of Mexico. d—Federal deputy from State of Guanajuato, Dist. 3, 1940–1943, member of Gran Comisión of the Justice Committee. e—Technical adviser to Octaviano Campos Salas for IEPES of PRI and author of special projects for PRI; PRI precandidate for nomination for governor of Hidalgo, 1962; in charge of developing agricultural program for presidential candidate Adolfo Ruiz Cortines; collaborated in developing agricultural program for presidential candidate Gustavo Díaz Ordaz. f—Member, Technical Board, National Irrigation Commission, 1929; director, Technical Board, CNI, State of Morelos, 1929–1933; director, National

Office of Agrarian Organizations of the Federal District, 1933–1934; director general, Mexican Agrarian Organizations, Department of Agrarian Affairs and Colonization, 1934; delegate of Department of Agrarian Affairs and Colonization, 1938; Department of Agrarian Affairs and Colonization delegate in San Luis Potosí, 1939; organizer and technical director, National Maize Commission, 1946–1947; technical adviser, National Sugarcane Commission, 1951–1952; director general of agriculture, Secretariat of Agriculture and Livestock, 1952–1959; technical adviser, Psytonsyo del Maguey, 1961; assistant secretary of agriculture, 1964–1970. g—None. h—Author of several articles on agrarian subjects. i—Father-inlaw of Joaquín Pría Olavarrieta, president of CANACINTRA, 1978; married Emma Brambila. j—None. k—None. l—WWMG, 5; DGF56, 224; DBM68, 5–6; HA, Jan. 4, 1965, 28; DGF50, 160; DGF51, II, 231; Pérez López, 17–18. Adame Castillo, Marco Antonio

a—Dec. 6, 1960. b—Cuernavaca, Morelos. c—Early education unknown; medical degree from School of Medicine, University of Morelos, 1980–1985; diploma in human development from La Salle University, Mexico City, 1988–1989; MA in administration and higher management from ITESM, 1994–1997; teacher of middle and higher education; teacher and director, Cristóbal Colón School, Morelos, 1985–1990; director general of higher education, Anglo-American Institute, Morelos, 1992–1997; professor, ITESM, 1998. d—Plurinominal federal deputy from PAN, 1997–2000, vice president of Chamber of Deputies, 1998; senator from Morelos, 2000–2006; governor, Morelos, 2006–2012. e—Joined PAN, 1998; member, Regional Committee of PAN, Morelos, 1999–2000; member, Personnel Committee, CEN of PAN, 2005; secretary of communications, CEN of PAN; national adviser to PAN, 2004–2007. f—None. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Fructuoso Adame Villa and Rosario Castillo Camacho; married

8  m e xic a n p ol i t i c a l b i o g ra ph i e s , 1935– 20 0 9

Martha Mayela Alemán Olvera, 1984. j—None. k—None. l—Pérez Franco, 20–21; www.morelos.gob.mx, 2006; www.secgob .mx; QesQ en el Congreso, 1997–2000, 16; Directorio del Congreso, 2000–2003, 177; QesQ en el Congreso, 2000–2003, 292; www.es.wikipedia, 2007; Musacchio, 4. Adato Green de Ibarra, Victoria a—Feb. 11, 1939. b—Tuxpan, Veracruz. c—Early education unknown; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, with honorable mention, 1962; professor of procedural law, National School of Law, UNAM, 1960–1963, 1966–1983; professor of procedural law, Anáhuac University, 1970–1983; professor of procedural law, Technical Institute of the Attorney General of the Federal District, 1971–1974. d—None. e—Joined PRI, 1970. f—Agent, Ministerio Público, Office of the Attorney General of the Federal District, 1963–1965; agent, Ministerio Público, Eighth Judicial District, Federal District, 1965–1966; penal judge, Tenth Judicial District, Federal District, 1969–1974; assistant director, Technical Institute, Office of the Attorney General of the Federal District, 1971–1973; assistant director of training, Prison Personnel Center for the Federal District, 1973–1974; judge, Higher Tribunal of Justice of the Federal District, 1974–1976, 1982; 2nd assistant attorney general, Federal District, 1976–1982; attorney general, Federal District, 1982–1985; justice, Supreme Court, 1985–1994. g—None. h—None. i—Daughter of José Adato Ynsunza, businessman, and Consuelo Green Sosa; widow of Carlos Ibarra Herrera; Humberto Román Palacios, Supreme Court justice, was her assistant at National School of Law, 1972–1975. j—None. k—None. l—Informe, 75–76; Excélsior, Dec. 1, 1982, 34; News, Dec. 2, 1982; HA, Dec. 13, 1982, 18; DBGM89, 587; DBGM, 17; DBGM92, 631; Musacchio, 4. Agramont Cota, Félix a—Nov., 1917. b—La Paz, Baja California del Sur. c—Elementary studies at Escuela Emiliano Zapata; secondary and normal studies at Escuela Normal Rural de Todos Santos,

1933–1937; agricultural engineering degree, Aug., 1945, National School of Agriculture, 1939–1945; received recognition as one of outstanding students in field of agricultural research. d—Governor, Baja California del Sur, 1970–1975. e—None. f—Technical assistant director, Productora Nacional de Semillas, 1961–1970; general agent for secretary of agriculture and livestock in Jalisco, 1958–1960; administrator, National Maize Commission. g—None. h—Worked on El Pescador ejido as a child; recipient of Rockefeller Foundation Study Grant for seed production research, 1947. i—Parents were peasants. j—None. k—President Luis Echeverría was present at Governor Agramont Cota’s first State of the Union message in 1972. l—Hoy, Dec. 26, 1970, 5; HA, Dec. 7, 1970, 20, Dec. 13, 1971, 35; letter; www.unimundo.edu.mx, 2008. Agraz Rojas, José Fernando a—Feb. 12, 1949. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; actuary degree, UNAM, 1968–1971; diploma from Latin American Institute for Economic and Social Planning, Chile, 1972; MA in research operations, Stanford University, Calif.; research professor, Stanford University, 1973–1974; professor, UNAM, 1975–1976; professor, ITAM, 1976–1982; professor, IPN, 1977. d—None. e—Joined PRI, 1976. f—Analyst, Economic and Social Programming Division, Office of the Presidency of Mexico, 1971–1972; assistant director general, Economic, and Social Programming Division, Office of the Presidency of Mexico, 1973; director, Department of Agricultural Statistics, Office of the Presidency of Mexico, 1974–1976; coordinator of statistics and systematization, Secretariat of Programming and Budget, 1977–1979; assistant administrative director, Regional Planning, Secretariat of Programming and Budget, 1979–1982; director of budget and financial analysis, Secretariat of Energy, 1982–1984; director general of financial resources, Secretariat of Public Education, 1992–1993; director general of planning, programming and budgeting, Secretariat

t he b io g ra phies  9

of Public Education, 1993–1994; oficial mayor of government, 1994–1995; oficial mayor, Secretariat of Social Development, 1998–1999. i—Son of José Fernando Agraz Suárez del Real, civil engineer, and Carmela Rojas Izaguirre; married Rosa María Bolio, lawyer. j—None. k—None. l—Musacchio, 4; DBGM94, CD-ROM. Aguilar Acuña, Diego a—Nov. 13, 1946. b—Guasave, Sinaloa. c—Elementary studies, Guasave, 1952–1958; one year of secondary studies completed, 1959–1960. d—Local deputy, State Legislature of Sinaloa, 1979– 1982; plurinominal federal deputy from PRI, 1997–2000, 2006–2009. e—Member of PRI. f—None. g—Union leader, 1971; secretary of agriculture, CEN, CTM, 1986–1992, 1998– 2004; secretary-general, National Union of Industrial, Agricultural, and Peasant Workers, 1993–2008; assistant secretary-general, CEN, CTM, 2004. h—Vegetable picker and agricultural machinery operator, 1961–1972. j—None. k—None. l—www.secgob.gob.mx, 2007; QesQ en el Congreso, 1997–2000, 123; www.diputados.gob.mx, 2007; Directorio del Congreso, 2006–2009, 328. Aguilar Álvarez, Ernesto (Deceased) a—Jan. 25, 1910. b—Tacubaya, Federal District. c—Elementary studies at Luz Saviñón School; secondary studies at Colegio Francés Morelos; preparatory at National Preparatory School, Mexico City; law degree, National School of Law, UNAM, Aug. 10, 1933; professor of civic education, National Preparatory School, June 1, 1938–1966; professor of business law, School of Commerce and Administration, UNAM, 1938–1966; professor of Amparo, UNAM, 1938–1966. d—None. f—Executor judge, Ninth Dist., Dec. 1, 1933; judge, Superior Tribunal of Justice, State of Veracruz; judge of the 1st instance; magistrate, Superior Tribunal of Justice of the Federal District; president, Superior Tribunal of Justice of the Federal District; magistrate, Collegiate Tribunal, First Circuit; justice, Supreme Court, 1966–1977. g—None. h—Member, Mexican delegation to UN meeting, San Francisco,

1945. i—Knew Antonio Luna Arroyo at National School of Law; attended secondary school with President Adolfo López Mateos. j—None. k—None. l—Justicia, Jan. 1968. Aguilar Bodegas, José Antonio

a—Dec. 28, 1949. b—Tapachula, Chiapas. c—Elementary, secondary, and preparatory studies, Colegio Miguel Hidalgo; studies in industrial relations, University of the Valley of Mexico, 1969–1973, graduating in 1979; MA in public administration, University of the Valley of Mexico, 1978–1980. d—Mayor, Tapachula, 1989–1991; federal deputy from State of Chiapas, Dist. 5, 1991–1994; senator from Chiapas, 2000–2006. e—Joined PRI, 1973; president of PRI, Chiapas, 1993–1998; PRI candidate for governor of Chiapas, 2005. f—Assistant director of personnel, National Bank of Cooperative Development, 1971–1973; assistant director of motivation and development, Personnel Division, IMSS, 1973–1976; assistant director of personnel development, Secretariat of Programming and Budget, 1977–1979; director of economic studies, Chiapas, 1980; assistant secretary of economic development, 1980–1981; Secretariat of Agriculture and Hydraulic Resources delegate to Chiapas, 1984–1988. g—None. h—None. i—Son of José Antonio Aguilar Llano and Guadalupe Bodegas Lesher; married Martha Grajales Burguete. j—None. k—None. l—QesQ en el Congreso, 2000–2003; Directorio del Congreso, 2000–2003, 53; DBGM92, 408; Musacchio, 5; www.esp.mexico.com, 2007. Aguilar (Castillo), Magdaleno

(Deceased 1991) a—July 22, 1900. b—Rancho de la Reforma, Municipio de Juamave, Tamaulipas. c—Completed 2nd grade at a rural elementary school, no degree. d—Local deputy, State Legislature of Tamaulipas, 1938; senator from Tamaulipas, 1946–1952, member of Gran Comisión, Committees on the Agrarian Department and Agricultural Development, 1st Balloting Committee, and substitute member of Committee on Foreign and Domestic Commerce; governor, Tamaulipas, 1940–1945;

10  m e xic a n p ol i t i c a l b i o g ra ph i e s , 1935– 20 0 9

senator from Tamaulipas, 1964–1970. e—Member of 1929 delegation from Tamaulipas to select presidential candidate; secretary of agrarian action of CEN of PRI, 1953–1959, 1959–1964; chief of Miguel Alemán’s campaign for president, State of Tamaulipas, 1945. f—None. g—President, Executive Agrarian Committee, responsible for receiving presidential resolutions for La Libertad and La Misión ejidos, 1925; 1st secretary, League of Agrarian Communities and Farmers’ Unions of Tamaulipas, 1926; president, League of Agrarian Communities and Farmers’ Unions of Tamaulipas, 1927– 1928, 1934; secretary of organization, CNC. h—Adviser, National Bank of Agricultural Credit, 1928–1929. i—Political supporter of Emilio Portes Gil early in his career; son of Gil Aguilar, an ejidatario, and Marcelina Castillo. j—None. k—Considered for secretary-general of CNC, 1962. l—HA, Aug. 18, 1942, 14, Nov. 26, 1943, 15, Dec. 15, 1944, IV; DBM68, 9; DGF51, I, 89, 10–12; Enc. Mex. I, 214; WWMG, 5; Peral, 18; letter; López 23; Navarro, 232. Aguilar Chávez, Salvador b—Zacatecas, Zacatecas. c—Engineering degree, National School of Engineering, UNAM, 1936. d—None. e—None. f—Assistant director of construction, director of construction, National Irrigation Commission; director of fincas, Secretariat of Public Works; director of railroads, Secretariat of Public Works; controller general, Secretariat of Hydraulic Resources, 1952–1958; assistant secretary of hydraulic resources, 1964–1970. g—None. h—Construction engineer, public works projects; assistant to superintendent of construction, Marte R. Gómez Dam; president, Mexican Association of Engineers and Architects, 1973–1974. i—Married Elvira Leal. j—None. k—None. l—HA, Dec. 21, 1964, 4; DGF56, 413; HA, Mar. 26, 1973, 25. Aguilar Coronado, Marco Humberto

a—Mar. 25, 1963. b—Poza Rica, Veracruz. c—Early education unknown; political science degree, Popular Autonomous University of Puebla, 1981–1986; diplomas in

history and political doctrine, Popular Autonomous University of Puebla, 1986– 1987. d—Local deputy, State Legislature of Puebla, 1999–2002; plurinominal federal deputy from PAN, 1991–1994; senator from Puebla, 2006–2012. e—Joined PAN, 1982; secretary of action, CEN of PAN; assistant secretary-general, CEN of PAN; secretary of organization, CEN of PAN, 1990; member, National Political Council of PAN, 1991– 2007; member of CEN of PAN, 1996–2005; representative, CEN of PAN to Federal Electoral Institute. f—Director general of government, Puebla, Puebla; assistant coordinator of advisers, Office of the Governor of Jalisco; director general of government, assistant secretary of political development, Secretariat of Government; director general of assistance to institutions and political organizations, Secretariat of Government, 2001–2002; assistant secretary for political development, Secretariat of Government, 2002; assistant secretary of legislative liaison, Secretariat of Government, 2001–2004. g—None. h—None. i—First occupant of legislative liaison post. i—Son of Pedro Aguilar Martínez, storeowner, and María Emma Coronado Hernández; married Patricia A. Fernández Montes, businesswoman. l—Pérez Franco, 22–23; www .senado.gob.mx, 2007; DBGM92, 408–409; Musacchio, 6. Aguilar González, Francisco (Deceased Mar. 17, 1972) a—1895. b—Ixmiquilpan, Hidalgo. c—Early education unknown; graduated Heroic Military College; professor, Heroic Military College. d—None. e—None. f—Minister to Japan and China, 1935–1938; appointed ambassador to France by President Ávila Camacho, 1940–1942, but never served in France; ambassador to Portugal, 1944–1945; ambassador to Sweden, 1945–1946; ambassador to China, 1947–1952; ambassador to Brazil; ambassador to Argentina, 1956–1958; rank of special ambassador. g—None. h—None. i—First cousin of President Francisco I. Madero. j—Career army officer; joined army, 1920; observer, French

t he b io g ra phies  11

Army; military attaché to Washington, DC; military attaché to Stockholm and Geneva; military attaché to Rome; assistant director, Department of the Navy; rank of brigade general, Nov., 1940; rank of division general, 1950. k—None. l—Perez López, 21; PS; DP95, 64–65. Aguilar Hernández, Francisco a—July 10, 1924. b—Pachuca, Hidalgo. c—Elementary studies in Melchor Ocampo School, Hidalgo; secondary studies at University of Guanajuato; preparatory studies at National Preparatory School; medical degree from National School of Medicine, UNAM. d—Senator from State of Morelos, 1970– 1976; president, Small Agricultural Property Committee and 3rd Labor Committee, 2nd secretary of Insurance Committee, 1st secretary of Health Committee. e—Secretary of popular action of PRI, Morelos; general delegate of CEN of PRI. f—IMSS representative in Morelos; president, IMSS, Cuernavaca, Morelos. g—Secretary-general, CNOP in Morelos; leader of CNOP, State of Hidalgo. h—Employee, Green Cross, 1949–1950; practicing physician. j—None. k—None. l—C de S, 1970–1976, 71. Aguilar Irungaray, José I. (Deceased) a—1908. b—Palau, Coahuila. c—Early education unknown; no degree. d—Mayor, Chihuahua, Chihuahua, 1940–1941; federal deputy from State of Chihuahua, Dist. 2, 1949–1952; mayor, Hidalgo del Parral, Chihuahua, 1952–1953; federal deputy from State of Chihuahua, Dist. 2, 1961–1964, member of Committee on Mines; senator from State of Chihuahua, 1970–1976, member of Gran Comisión, president of 1st Committee on Mines, 2nd secretary of Colonization and 1st Tariff and Trade committees, 1st secretary of Government Properties Committee, alternate member of Immigration Committee. e—President of PRI, State of Chihuahua; general delegate of CEN of PRI. f—Director, state penitentiary of Chihuahua, 1956–1958; president, Federal Board of Conciliation and Arbitration, Chihuahua, 1965–1970. g—Secretary-general, Independent Union of

Metallurgical Mining Workers, 1942–1943. h—None. k—None. l—PS; C de D, 1961– 1963, 5, 69; C de S, 1970–1976, 9, 69. Aguilar Marañón, Hesiquio a—Feb. 4, 1918. b—Córdoba, Veracruz. c—Elementary studies in Córdoba; studied briefly at Heroic Military College, Mexico City; law degree, National School of Law, UNAM, 1942; special studies in labor law, Sorbonne, Paris. d—Federal deputy from State of Veracruz, Dist. 8, 1955–1958, member of Colonization Committee, Legislative Studies Committee (1st year), Military Justice Committee, and Foreign Relations Committee; federal deputy from State of Veracruz, 1967–1970. e—Participant in Adolfo Ruiz Cortines presidential campaign. f—Agent, Ministerio Público; judge of the 1st instance, Veracruz, Veracruz; private secretary to Senator Cándido Aguilar, 1934–1940; member, Mexican delegation to UN, 1950–1952; director, Department of Statistics and Publicity, State of Veracruz. g—None. h—Trained as airline pilot; graduated from Air Academy, Los Angeles, Calif.; prominent columnist, Excélsior. i—Nephew of Cándido Aguilar, son-in-law of President Venustiano Carranza; son of Silvestre Aguilar, constitutional deputy from Veracruz; son Hesiquio Aguilar de la Parra served as federal deputy from Veracruz, Dist. 8, 1979–1982, and Dist. 13, 1985–1988; married Guadalupe de la Parra López. j—Rank of lieutenant colonel in military justice system. l—PS; DGF56, 29, 31, 33, 35, 37; MGF69, 96; Ind. Biog., 11; Protag., 12; DBGM, 19. Aguilar Morales, Luis María a—Nov. 4, 1949. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; legal studies, National School of Law, UNAM, 1969–1973, graduating Nov. 25, 1974, with thesis on the advances of Sec. 14, Art. 27 on the effects of Amparo. d—None. e—None. f—Stenographer, First Appeals Court, Civil Division, First Circuit; secretary, First Judicial District, Administrative Division, Federal District; 2nd secretary, Third Appeals Court, Administrative Division, First Circuit Court; secretary of studies and accounts,

12  m e xic a n p ol i t i c a l b i o g ra ph i e s , 1935– 20 0 9

Supreme Court of Justice; judge, second District, Morelos; judge, Fifth District, Administrative Division, Federal District; judge, Appeals Court, Sixth Circuit; judge, Appeals Court, Third Circuit; judge, First Appeals Court, Second Circuit; judge, First Appeals Court, Administrative Division, First Circuit; coordinator of advisers, Office of the Presidency; oficial mayor, Supreme Court; adviser to federal judiciary, 2004; justice, Supreme Court, 2009–2024. g—None. h—None. j—None. k—None. www.scjn.gob .mx, 2010; www.scjn.gob.mx, 2009. Aguilar (Morás), Jr., Silvestre

(Deceased 1952) a—1883. b—Congregación de Palma y Monteros, Córdoba, Veracruz. c—Elementary studies in Córdoba, and San Antonio, Tex.; secondary studies in St. Louis and Chicago; law degree, School of Law, University of Veracruz, Jalapa. d—Federal deputy, 1912–1913; deputy to Constitutional Convention from State of Veracruz, Dist. 11, 1916–1917; federal deputy from State of Veracruz, Dist. 9, 1937–1940; federal deputy from State of Veracruz, Dist. 6, 1943–1946; federal deputy from State of Veracruz, Dist. 9, 1949–1951, member of Committee on Forest Affairs, Library Committee, 1st Balloting Committee, executive secretary of 1st Instructive Committee for the Grand Jury. e—None. f—Political chief of Córdoba, 1911; employee, Secretariat of Government; oficial mayor, State of Veracruz, under Gov. Jorge Cerdán, 1940–1943; served as oficial mayor under Govs. Miguel Alemán and Fernando Casas Alemán; treasurer of Veracruz, 1946; director, Forestry Department, 1947–1949; director of political affairs, Secretariat of Government, under Sec. Adolfo Ruiz Cortines. h—Founder and editor, La Opinión, Veracruz, 1915. i—Brother of Cándido Aguilar, son-in-law of Venustiano Carranza and senator from Veracruz, 1934–1940; son Hesiquio Aguilar Marañón was federal deputy from Veracruz, 1967–1970; grandson Hesiquio Aguilar de la Parra was federal deputy from Veracruz, 1979–1982. j—Supported Plan of Guadalupe, 1919–1920. k—In

exile in U.S. and Cuba, 1920. l—Peral, 20; C de D, 1937–1940, 5, 1943–1946, 5, 1949–1951, 61; DGF51, 26, 30, 34; DP95, 65–66. Aguilar Olvera, Belisario a—July 10, 1938. b—Jacala, Hidalgo. c—Secondary studies at Prevocational No. 2, IPN; vocational studies at Vocational School No. 2, IPN; engineering degree, Higher School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, IPN, 1960–1964; professor, IPN, 1976–1979. d—Federal PPS party deputy, 1973–1976; plurinominal federal deputy from PPS, 1979– 1982, 1988–1991. e—Joined PPS, 1959; director, Popular Socialist Youth, Federal District, 1961–1962; secretary of organization, Popular Socialist Youth, 1962; secretarygeneral, Popular Socialist Youth, 1966; PPS candidate for federal deputy from State of Hidalgo, Dist. 5, 1966; member, PPS Central Committee, 1970–1989; oficial mayor, PPS Central Committee, 1970; PPS director, Federal District, 1970–1989; PPS candidate for senator from Federal District, 1976; member, PPS National Committee, 2001–2006. f—None. g—Student leader, 1948–1955, IPN. h—Unknown. i—Son of Juan Aguilar Castillo, businessman, and Salustia Olvera Trejo; married Beatriz Eugenia Fernández Vázquez, normal school teacher. j—None. k—None. l—Protag., 13; Directorio, 1973– 1976; C de D, 1979–1982; DBGM89, 389; www.cpusa.org; www.ppsdemexico.org. Aguilar Padilla, Jesús Alberto a—Feb. 24, 1952. b—El Llano de la Carrera, Sinaloa. c—Early education unknown; law degree. d—Local deputy, State Legislature of Sinaloa, Dist. 16, Cosalá, 2001–2004, president of Gran Comisión, coordinator of PRI delegation; governor, Sinaloa, 2005–2010. e—Member of PRI. f—Assistant director, Complaints Department, Secretariat of Agrarian Reform, 1979–1980; analyst, Division of Political and Social Research, Secretariat of Government, 1981–1982; director of labor, Sinaloa, 1987–1988; CONASUPO delegate to Sinaloa, 1989–1994; INFONAVIT regional delegate to Sinaloa, 1995–1998; secretary of planning and development, Sinaloa, 1999–2001.

t he b io g ra phies  13

g—None. h—None. j—None. k—None. l—www.sonora.gob.mx, 2006. Aguilar Pico, Rigoberto (Deceased June 27, 1974) a—June 2, 1906. b—Mazatlán, Sinaloa. c—Elementary studies in Mazatlán; medical degree, National School of Medicine, UNAM, 1930, with specialty in pediatrics; specialized studies in pediatrics, Paris, Bordeaux, Hamburg, and Berlin; professor of clinical pediatrics, National School of Medicine, UNAM. d—None. e—None. f—Substitute governor, Sinaloa, Feb. 28, 1953–Dec. 31, 1956. g—None. h—Founding director, Dolores Sáinz Infant Hospital; chief of services, Infant Hospital of Mexico, 1937–1957. i—Son of General José Aguilar B.; brother of Saúl Aguilar Pico, graduate of National School of Law, 1932, and superior court justice in Sinaloa, 1950s–1970s; married Clotilde Bernal. j—None. k—Not a militant party member when selected as governor to replace Enrique Pérez Arce. l—DGF56, 100; HA, Sept. 26, 1952; Mar. 6, 1953, 12–13, Sept. 2, 1953, 18; Peral 60, 149; Excélsior, June 29, 1974, 2; WNM, 3. Aguilar Solís, Samuel a—June 17, 1956. b—San Juan de Guadalupe, Durango. c—Early education unknown; economics degree, University of Coahuila, 1973–1977; professor and researcher, University of Coahuila, 1979–1988; professor, Ibero-American University; chair, Department of Political Science, University of Coahuila, 1982–1985. d—Local deputy, State Legislature of Durango, Dist. 13, 1992–1995, coordinator of PRI delegation; senator from Durango, 1994–2000, president of Health Committee; plurinominal federal deputy from PRI, 2000–2003, 2006–2009. e—Joined PRI, 1982; general delegate of CEN of PRI to Oaxaca, 1999; member, National Political Council of PRI, 1992–1994. f—None. g—Assistant secretary of unions, CNC, 1988–1989; assistant secretary of organization, CNC, 1989–1992; assistant secretary of political action, CNC, 1998–2001. h—None. i—Son of Flavio Aguilar and Carmen Solís Contreras. j—None. k—None. l—Directorio

del Congreso, 2000–2003, 336, 358; Musacchio, 7; www.secgob.mx, 1997, 2007; QesQ en el Congreso, 1997, 288; QesQ en el Congreso, 2000–2003, 141–142; www.diputados .gob.mx, 2007. Aguilar Talamantes, Rafael a—Oct. 24, 1940. b—Mulegé, Santa Rosalia, Baja California del Sur. c—Elementary studies at Public School Art. 123, El Sauzal, Baja California; secondary studies at General Secondary School, El Sauzal; preparatory studies at Lázaro Cárdenas Preparatory School, Aguascalientes and Tijuana, Baja California, 1954–1956; studies in economics, National School of Economics, UNAM, 1958–1960; studies in law, National School of Law, UNAM, 1971–1976; no degree. d—Plurinominal federal deputy from PST, 1982–1985; plurinominal federal deputy from PFCRN, 1988–1991. e—Joined Mexican Communist Party, Morelos, 1959; leader, Communist Youth, UNAM, 1960; supporter, National Liberation Movement, 1960; principal organizer and director, National Center of Democratic Students, Mexican Communist Party; member, People’s Electoral Front; member of PCM; PST founder and ideologue, 1978; secretary-general of PST, 1975– 1976; president of PST, 1979–1987; president of PFCRN, 1988–1997; president of Partido Cardenista, 1997. f—None. g—Involved in various student movements in Baja California del Sur, Chihuahua, Durango, Puebla, and Michoacán; founder, Confederation of Mexican Youth, Baja California, 1963; studied student organizing in Havana and Moscow, 1966. i—Son of Ignacio Aguilar Salgado, artillery corporal; mother, Margarita Talamantes Sánchez, miner’s daughter. j—None. k—Convicted of property damage to the nation, 1966; imprisoned in Morelia, Michoacán, 1966–1970; expelled from presidency of PST, 1987. l—Directorio, 1982–1985; C de D, 1982–1985; Excélsior, June 24, 1981, 12B; HA, Apr. 11, 1987, 18; DBGM89, 389; Lehr, 569; Líderes, VII, 25–31. Aguilar (Vargas), Cándido (Deceased Mar. 19, 1960) a—Feb. 12, 1888. b—Congre-

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gación de Palma y Monteros, Veracruz. c—Elementary studies in Congregación de Palma y Monteros. d—Governor, Veracruz, June 20, 1914–June 24, 1917; deputy to Constitutional Convention of 1917, 1st vice president of Convention; senator from Veracruz, 1934–1940; federal deputy from State of Veracruz, Dist. 8, 1943–1946. e—President of Party of the Revolution, 1951. f—Secretary of foreign relations, Feb. 4–Nov. 9, 1918; confidential ambassador to United States and Europe, 1919. g—Founder, League of Agrarian Communities, Veracruz. h—Began working on father’s San Ricardo ranch after attending elementary school; manager, Hacienda de San Ricardo, Atoyac. i—Son of Eustaquio Aguilar and Melitona Vargas; son-in-law of President Venustiano Carranza; married Virginia Carranza; brother of Silvestre Aguilar; uncle of Hesiquio Aguilar Marañón, federal deputy from Veracruz, 1967–1970; great-uncle of Hesiquio Aguilar de la Parra, federal deputy from Veracruz, l979–1982; close friend of General Miguel Alemán, father of President Miguel Alemán. j—Joined antireelectionist movement under Francisco I. Madero in 1910, served under General Gavira, and became a Constitutionalist in 1913; served as chief of operations but left army after President Carranza was killed; rank of division general, 1944; commander, Legion of Honor, 1950. k—Remained loyal to Carranza; joined de la Huerta rebellion in 1923 and was exiled; lived in San Antonio, Tex., 1920–1925; publicized corruption in PRM and was thrown out of official party on June 10, 1944; self-exile in Cuba and El Salvador, 1952–1954; imprisoned for political reasons in Veracruz, 1952. l—Peral 47, 5–6, DP70, 35; letter; Gruening, 584; UTEHA, 284; Correa, 238; López, 21; www.orizaben red.com.mx; www.des.veracruz.gob.mx. Aguilar Vázquez del Mercado, Manuel

(Deceased Apr. 24, 1972) a—1911. b—Federal District. c—Studies in Mexico City and United States. d—None. e—None. f—Joined Foreign Service, 1930; served in Mexican consulate in Los Angeles, Chicago, New

Orleans, San Diego, Calif., San Antonio, Tex.; director general, Consular Service, Secretariat of Foreign Relations; secretarygeneral and secretary, Tourism Department, 1960–1961. g—None. h—Worked in lumber business after retiring from government service; journalist, El Nacional. j—None. k—None. l—DP95, 66. Aguilar Villanueva, Luis Fernando

a—Sept. 2, 1938. b—Campeche, Campeche. c—Early education unknown; BA in philosophy, Salesian Pontifical Athenaeum, Rome, 1960–1964; PhD, Gregorian Pontifical University, Rome, 1968–1973; postdoctoral studies, University of Turingia, Germany, 1969–1971; professor and researcher, UNAM; director general of academic personnel and secretary of the rectory, UNAM, 1977–1988; researcher, Colegio de México, 1989–1995; professor, ITAM, 1977–1978, 1979–1981; professor, MA program in public policy, Autonomous Metropolitan University of Mexico, Xochimilco Campus, 2003–2008; professor, PhD program in government and public administration, Ortega y Gasset University, Madrid, 1991–2003; member, National Research System, 1986– . d—None. e—President, Colosio Foundation, PRI, 1994. f—Assistant secretary of political development, Secretariat of Government, 1994–1995; coordinator of advisers, Secretariat of Government, 1996–1997; citizen councilor, Secretariat of Social Development, 1998–2001. g—None. h—Contributor to Reforma. j—None. k—None. l—Letter, www.esmas.com, 2008; www.xoc.uam.mx, 2008; Musacchio, 7. Aguilar y Maya, Guillermo a—1900s. b—Guanajuato. c—Early education unknown; law degree, National School of Law, UNAM, Nov., 1935, with thesis on critique on crimes committed during guerrilla warfare. d—Federal deputy from State of Guanajuato, Dist. 7, 1943–1944. e—None. f—Justice, Higher Tribunal of Justice, Federal District, 1946–1952; attorney general, Federal District and Federal Territories, 1952–1956; president, National Council

t he b io g ra phies  15

of Nonrenewable Resources, 1956–1958. g—None. i—Brother of José Aguilar y Maya; father was small landowner. j—None. k—None. l—DGF56, 502; D de Y, Dec. 2, 1952, l; DGF51, I, 487; HA, Nov. 5, 1956, Dec. 10, 1956, 5. Aguilar y Maya, José (Deceased Nov. 30, 1966) a—July 28, 1897. b—Jerécuaro, Guanajuato. c—Elementary, secondary, and preparatory at Seminary of Morelia, Michoacán, and Colegio de Guanajuato; law degree, National School of Law, UNAM, Sept. 14, 1925; professor of Spanish and literature, Preparatory School, Guanajuato; professor of general theory and of public law, UNAM, for 10 years, during which he gained national recognition; head, Department of Justice and Public Instruction, Guanajuato. d—Federal deputy, State of Guanajuato, 1924–1916, 1926–1928, 1928–1930; federal deputy, State of Guanajuato, Dist. 7, 1937–1940; governor, Guanajuato, 1949–1955. e—Coordinator, Adolfo Ruiz Cortines’ campaign for governor of Veracruz, 1944. f—Attorney general, Federal District and Federal Territories, 1928, 1930–1932; attorney general of Mexico, 1940–1946, 1955–1958. g—None. h—Practicing lawyer, 1931–1939; director general, Seguros de México, SA, 1948; author of many works and emergency war legislation for President Ávila Camacho. i—Brother of Guillermo Aguilar y Maya; friend of Senator Enrique Colunga, governor of Guanajuato, 1923–1927, and minister of government under President Obregón; married María Tinajero; father was small landowner. j—None. k—Attributes his nomination as governor of Guanajuato to teaching students who later became pivotal men in the Mexican political system; leader of political faction in Guanajuato known as the “Reds”; supported candidacy of Ernesto Hidalgo for governor, 1943. l—WWM45, 1; HA, Sept. 28, 1953, Feb. 18, 1957, 6; DP, 38; Gruening, 429; DGF51, I, 89, 487; Peral, 18–19; STYRBIWW54, 573; Enc. Mex. I, 214–215; UTEHA, 286; WWLA35, 16; López, 25; Anderson, 85–86; www.pgr.gob.mx.

Aguilar y Salazar, Manuel (Deceased Nov. 22, 1959) a—1892. b—Sitacoyoapan, Oaxaca. c—Elementary studies at public school in Sitacoyoapan; secondary and preparatory studies at public school in Puebla; law degree, Institute of Arts and Sciences, Oaxaca, Oaxaca, 1919; professor of law, Institute of Arts and Sciences, Oaxaca; director, various private schools; founder, Cristóbal Colón school, Oaxaca; president, Institute of Arts and Sciences, Oaxaca. d—Deputy, Constitutional Convention, 1917; constitutional deputy to State of Oaxaca, 1922; federal deputy from Oaxaca, Dist. 3, 1952–1955, member of Congressional Committees on Livestock and 2nd Committee on Justice. e—Independent candidate for mayor of Oaxaca, 1927; cofounder and member of PAN, 1939; president of PAN, State of Oaxaca, 1939–1954; member, 1st National Council of PAN, 1939–1944; national adviser, PAN, 1939–1959; PAN candidate for federal deputy, 1946, 1949. f—Agent, Ministerio Público, Office of the Federal Attorney General, Oaxaca; director, Periódico Oficial, State of Oaxaca; chief, Department of Justice, State of Oaxaca; consulting lawyer, state government of Oaxaca. g—None. h—Practicing lawyer. j—None. k—None. l—C de D, 1952–1954; Morton, 67; DP70, 2360; La Nación, Nov. 29, 1959; Pérez Franco, 22–23. Aguilar Zinser, Adolfo (Deceased June 5, 2005) a—Dec. 2, 1949. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; legal studies, National School of Law, dropped out; degree in international relations, Colegio de México, 1975, with Roberta Lajous and Sergio Aguayo; senior researcher, Center for Third World Studies, Mexico City; fellow, Mason Program, Kennedy School, Harvard University, 1978–1979, with Eugenio Anguiano Roch; student of Jack Womack; MA in public administration and economic development, Harvard University; professor, School of Political and Social Sciences, UNAM, 1980–1993; researcher, CIDE, 1990–1993; senior fellow, Carnegie Foundation. d—Independent plurinominal

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federal deputy, 1994–1997; plurinominal senator from PVEM, 1997–2000. e—Joined PRD; adviser to Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas’ presidential campaign, 1988; resigned from PRD, 1996; adviser, Friends of Fox, 1999; coordinator of international relations, Fox Transition Committee, 2000. f—Adviser to President Luis Echeverría, 1974–1976; national security coordinator, 2000–2002; ambassador to United Nations, 2002–2003. i—Son of prominent criminal lawyer Adolfo Aguilar y Quevedo and Carmen Quevedo, philanthropists; grandson of Miguel Ángel de Quevedo, pioneer environmentalist, and Ángela Quevedo de Aguilar, philanthropist. j—None. k—None. l—QesQ en el Congreso, 1997–2000, 346; letter; www.secgob.mx, 1997; www.wikipedia, 2008; Economist, June 15, 2005. Aguilera Álvarez, Cosme (Deceased) a—Sept. 1, 1900. b—Puebla, Puebla. c—Elementary, secondary, and preparatory studies in Puebla; accounting degree. d—Local deputy, state Legislature of Puebla (twice); federal deputy from State of Puebla, Dist. 4, 1943–1946; federal deputy from State of Puebla, Dist. 5, 1967–1970. e—Member of PRI. f—Tax collector; director, Department of Government and Justice, State of Puebla; treasurer general, State of Puebla; general coordinator of literacy program, Puebla. g—None. h—None. i—Married Bertha Davis; companion of Gustavo Díaz Ordaz as federal deputy, 1943–1946. j—1st captain, Constitutional Army. l—MGF69, 94; PS, C de D, 1943–1946, 5. Aguilera Dorantes, Mario (Deceased May 7, 1999) a—Aug. 15, 1907. b—Oaxaca, Oaxaca. c—Teaching credential, National Teachers’ College, 1927, with thesis titled “Education and Democracy”; graduate studies in elementary education at Pennsylvania State University, University Park, 1945, with thesis titled “Education in Mexico”; professor of secondary and normal schools, including Progreso No. 6, San Lucas, and Coyoacán, Federal District. d—None. e—Joined PNR, 1934. f—Normal school

director, Federal District; director of federal education, Secretariat of Public Education; director general of pilot project, Secretariat of Public Education, 1951; director general of agricultural and rural normal school instruction, Secretariat of Public Education; director general of agricultural education, Secretariat of Public Education; coordinator of indigenous affairs, Secretariat of Public Education; oficial mayor, Secretariat of Public Education, 1961–1964; oficial mayor, Secretariat of Public Education, 1964–1970; president, National Council of Technical Education, 1970–1973, 1988; coordinator general of literacy and extracurricular education, Secretariat of Public Education, 1977. g—Peasant organizer, Sonora, 1932–1934. h—Author of several works on education. i—Married Teodosia Martínez y de Armas, normal school teacher; son of Mariano Aguilera Cerdas, career military, and Carlota Dorantes Torrentera. j—None. l—DBM70, 8–9; DGF51, I, 294; DPE61, 97; DBM68, 12; Enc. Mex., I, 161–162; HA, Apr. 25, 1977, F; DAPC, 1977, 1; DBGM89, 19–20; www.cretal .edu.mx. Aguilera Gómez, Manuel a—July 27, 1936. b—Orizaba, Veracruz. c—Elementary studies at Arturo Pichardo School; secondary studies at Albert Einstein Secondary No. 15; preparatory studies at National Preparatory School, 1952–1953; studies in economics at National School of Economics, UNAM, 1954–1958, degree Dec. 18, 1962, with thesis on economic development in San Luis Potosí; professor of macroeconomics and economic dynamics, economic theory and development policy, and the theory of economic planning, University of San Luis Potosí, 1964–1967; dean, School of Economics, University of San Luis Potosí, 1964–1967; director, Institute of Economic Investigations, University of San Luis Potosí, 1964–1967; professor, National School of Economics, UNAM, 1969– ; director, Seminar on Economic Development and the Economic Structure of Mexico, National School of Economics, UNAM. d—Senator

t he b io g ra phies  17

from Federal District, 1991–1994; plurinominal federal deputy from PRI, 1997–2000. e—None. f—Secretary-general of advancement, State of San Luis Potosí, 1960–1961; director of economic and social planning, State of Guanajuato, 1962–1963; director, Department of Regional Planning, Office of the Presidency of Mexico, 1970; assistant director and director general of economic studies, Secretariat of Industry and Commerce, 1971–1972; coordinator general, Border and Free Zone National Development Program, 1977–1978; director general, Mexican Coffee Institute, 1978–1982; director general of popular housing renovation, Department of the Federal District, 1986–1988; secretary-general of government, Department of the Federal District, 1988–1991; head, Department of the Federal District, 1993–1994; director general, ISSSTE, 1994–1997. g—President, National College of Economists, 1979–1980. h—Founder and director general, Tabacos Mexicanos, SA; chairman of board, Tabacos Aztecas. i—Son of Salvador Aguilera Carbajal, self-employed, and Emma Gómez Serrano; married Celina Verduzco Vázquez. j—None. k—None. l—Letter; DBGM89, 20; DBGM92, 409. Aguilera Noriega, Jorge a—May 20, 1931. b—Ciudad Victoria, Tamaulipas. c—Early education unknown; economics degree, National School of Economics, UNAM, 1951–1955, with thesis titled “Public Finances in the State of Tamaulipas,” Sept. 12, 1963. d—None. e—Joined PRI, 1948; oficial mayor of IEPES of PRI, 1969–1970; president of PRI, State of Tamaulipas, 1986– 1988; precandidate for PRI nomination for governor of Tamaulipas, 2004. f—Head, Department of Exchanges, Small Business Bank, Mexico City, 1955–1957; treasurer general of Tamaulipas under Gov. Norberto Trevino Zapata, 1958–1963; assistant director of delegations, CONASUPO, 1973–1976; oficial mayor, Secretariat of Commerce, 1978– 1982; coordinator, National Food Committee, Secretariat of Programming and

Budget, 1983–1985; oficial mayor, Secretariat of Agriculture and Hydraulic Resources, 1988–1990. g—Secretary of youth action of CNOP of Tamaulipas, 1959–1961; president, Sports Committee, CNOP of Tamaulipas, 1959–1961. h—Member, Board of Directors, various enterprises associated with CONASUPO, 1971–1976. i—Son of José Aguilera Vázquez, surgeon, and Julia Noriega Reyna; married Laura Carriles Arcos. j—None. k—None. l—Protag., 13; DBGM89, 20. Aguinaco Alemán, José Vicente a—July 14, 1919. b—Salamanca, Guanajuato. c—Preparatory studies in Salamanca; law degree, National School of Law, UNAM, Sept. 5, 1949, with thesis titled “Federal Courts of Administrative Justice.” d—None. e—None. f—Secretary of studies and accounts, Auxiliary Division, Supreme Court of Justice, under Justice Felipe Tena Ramírez, 1951–1955; district court judge, Yucatán, 1956–1958; district court judge, Aguascalientes, 1958–1959; secretary of studies and accounts, Supreme Court of Justice, 1959–1961; judge, Second District, Puebla, 1961–1964; judge, Second Division, Administrative Law, Federal District, 1964–1968; judge, 2nd Circuit Court, 1968–1970; judge, Appeals Court, Veracruz, 1970; judge, Appeals Court, 3rd Circuit, Guadalajara, 1970–1971; judge, Appeals Court, 10th Circuit, Villahermosa, 1972– 1973; justice, Supreme Court, 1995–2003, first president of newly reformed Supreme Court, Jan. 26, 1995–1998. g—None. h—Practicing lawyer, 1973–1994. i—Father died on their ranch when he was 14, preventing him from completing his law degree until he was 30. j—None. k—None. l—Cien Nombres, 20–23; www.scjn.gob.mx, Mar. 29, 2000. Aguirre Alegría, Francisco (Deceased) a—Apr. 20, 1912. b—Acayucán, Veracruz. c—Elementary, secondary, and business studies in Jalapa, Veracruz; preparatory studies in Mexico City; completed first 3 years of law studies at National School of Law, UNAM; studies in political and social sciences, UNAM. d—Federal deputy from

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Federal District, Dist. 11, 1955–1958, member of 1st Treasury Committee, Health Committee, and Department of the Federal District Committee; federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. 15, 196l–1964, member of Health Committee, alternate member of 1st Labor Committee. e—Secretary of action of PRI, Federal District, 1955. f—None. g—Secretary-general, Union of Coordinated Health Services (became Local 12 of National Union of Health Workers), 1937; secretary of labor and conflicts, National Union of Health Workers; secretary of organization, FSTSE, 1943–1946; secretary-general, Union of Health Workers, 1947–1950; member of CEN of FSTSE, 1949–1953; secretary-general, FSTSE, 1953–1956. h—None. i—Collaborator of Ruffo Figueroa. j—None. k—None. l—Sirvent, 174; Ind. Biog., 11–12; DGF56; C de D, 1961–1963, 5. Aguirre Andrade, Patricio (Deceased) a—May 27, 1907. b—Federal District. c—Elementary, secondary, and preparatory studies at Colegio del Estado de Aguascalientes; medical degree, National School of Medicine, UNAM, with thesis on blood transfusions from cadavers to living persons; specialty in conservation of tissue. d—Alternate federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. 3, 1952–1955; federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. 3, 1955–1958, member of Sugar Industry and 1st Section of the General Means of Communications committees. e—Founding member, PAN, 1939; official, PAN Regional Committee, Federal District; member, National Council of PAN, 1952–1956. f—None. g—None. h—Practicing physician, 1947; surgeon, Streetcar Company of Mexico; laboratorian, Hospital Inglés, 1940–1946; owner, textile company, 1947–1955. i—Son of Gustavo Aguirre Ortiz, revolutionary major and veterinarian. j—None. k—None. l—DGF56, 22,34,37; Ind. Biog., 12–13. Aguirre Anguiano, Sergio Salvador

a—Feb. 1, 1943. b—Guadalajara, Jalisco. c—Early education unknown; law degree, School of Law, University of Guadalajara;

professor of law, University of Guadalajara; professor of criminal law, Pan American University, 1988–1989. d—Mayor, Guadalajara, 1985–1986. e—Joined PAN, 1979; member, Regional Committee of PAN, Jalisco, 1984–1987; national adviser, PAN, 1988–1991; PAN candidate for federal deputy, 1979, 1982, 1985. f—Public Notary No. 24, Guadalajara, 1974–1995; justice, Supreme Court, Feb. 1, 1995–2010. g—None. h—Legal counsel, Banamex, 1970–1994. j—None. k—None. l—Pérez Franco, 23; www .es.wikipedia.org, 2008; www.scjn.gob.mx, Mar. 29, 2000; Musacchio, 8. Aguirre Beltrán, Gonzalo (Deceased Jan. 13, 1996) a—Jan. 20, 1908. b—Tlacotalpan, Veracruz. c—Elementary studies in Tlacotalpan, 1915–1921; preparatory studies at National Preparatory School, Mexico City, 1926–1927; medical degree, National School of Medicine, UNAM, 1931; Rockefeller Fellow, Northwestern University, Evanston, Ill.; rector, University of Veracruz, 1956–1963. d—Federal deputy from State of Veracruz, Dist. 12, 1961–1964, member of Committee on Fine Arts and 2nd Committee on Public Education, member of Gran Comisión, member of Interparliamentary Delegation to United States. e—None. f—Head, Sanitary Unit, Huatusco, Veracruz, 1939–1940; head, Demography Department, Secretariat of Government, 1942–1951; director general of indigenous affairs, Secretariat of Public Education, 1946–1952; director, Coordinating Indigenous Center for TzeltalTsotzil Region, 1951–1953; assistant secretary of cultural affairs, Secretariat of Public Education, 1970–1976; director general, National Indigenous Institute, 1971–1972. g—None. h—Intern, General Hospital, Mexico City, 1931–1932; biologist, Demography Department, Secretariat of Government, 1942; practicing physician, Veracruz, 1938–1941; secretary-general, Mexican Society of Anthropology; director, Inter-American Indigenous Institute, 1966–1970; author of many scholarly works on history, agriculture, and Indians; recognized scholar in field

t he b io g ra phies  19

of anthropology. i—Married Judith Olga Avendaño; son of Gonzalo Aguirre Beltrán, physician, and Pilar Beltrán Luchichi. j—None. k—Received Belisario Domínguez Award, 1991. l—WWM45, 2; DGF47, 172; HA, Dec. 14, 1970, 22, Sept. 20, 1971, 22; DGF50, II, 465; DGF51, I, 68; II, 636; WB48, 60; WWW70–71; La Jornada, Jan. 14, 1996; Castillo, 314; www.acalorpolitico.com. Aguirre (del Castillo), Vicente

(Deceased) a—Oct., 1903. b—Mixquiahuala de Juárez, Hidalgo. c—Elementary studies in Ixmiquilpan, Hidalgo; preparatory studies in Mexico City; legal studies at National School of Law, UNAM, 1928–1932, law degree, 1933. d—Federal deputy from State of Hidalgo, Dist. 4, 1937–1940; senator from State of Hidalgo, 1940–1946; governor, Hidalgo, 1946–1951. e—President of PRM, Hidalgo. f—Chief of political control, State of Hidalgo; private secretary to Javier Rojo Gómez, candidate for and governor of Hidalgo, 1936–1937. g—First president, Maguey Trust; vice president, National Union of Sugarcane Producers, 1978. h—Practicing lawyer, 1951–1978. i—From poor family; brother of Víctor M. Aguirre, federal deputy from Hidalgo, 1943–1946 and 1949–1952; relative of Javier Rojo Gómez; law school classmate of Carlos Ramírez Guerrero. j—None. k—Supported Javier Rojo Gómez’s precandidacy from PRI for president of Mexico, 1946. l—Peral, 60, 166–167; HA, Dec. 13, 1946, 6; Correa, 7; letter; Gaxiola, 318; Pérez López, 23. Aguirre (del Castillo), Víctor M.

a—Mar. 24, 1914. b—Ixmiquilpan, Hidalgo. c—Elementary studies in Ixmiquilpan; secondary studies in Mexico City; studies in agricultural engineering, National School of Agriculture, Chapingo, no degree. d—Mayor, Tula, Hidalgo; mayor, Pachuca, Hidalgo; federal deputy from State of Hidalgo, Dist. 3, 1943–1946; federal deputy from State of Hidalgo, Dist. 3, 1949–1952, member of Gran Comisión, 4th Ejido Committee, alternate on War Matériel Committee. g—None. i—Brother of Vicente Aguirre,

governor of Hidalgo, 1946–1951. j—None. k—None. l—DGF51, 22, 29, 32, 35; Peral, 60, 167; C de D, 1943–1946, 1949–1952. Aguirre Garza, Agustín (Deceased Dec. 21, 1989) a—May 5, 1889. b—Cruillas, Tamaulipas. c—Early education unknown; law degree, School of Law, Ciudad Victoria, Tamaulipas, Apr. 20, 1920. d—Federal deputy from State of Tamaulipas, Dist. 2, 1924– 1926; federal deputy from State of Tamaulipas, Dist. 2, 1949–1952. e—Campaigned for Manuel Ávila Camacho, 1940; PRI precandidate for governor of Tamaulipas, 1946. f—Notary public, Tampico, Aug. 21, 1920; consulting lawyer, Secretariat of Agriculture, 1940–1946; consulting lawyer, National Railroads of Mexico, 1940–1946; president, Superior Tribunal of Justice, Tamaulipas; justice, Supreme Court, Jan. 1, 1935–Dec. 31, 1940. g—None. i—Related to General Raúl Gárate, governor of Tamaulipas, 1947–1951; granddaughter, Elena Aguirre Pardo. l—PS, 123; www.scjn.gob.mx, 2008. Aguirre (Palancares), Norberto

(Deceased May 27, 1993) a—Sept. 7, 1906. b—Pinotepa Nacional, Oaxaca. c—Agricultural engineering degree, National School of Agriculture, Chapingo; professor of economics, National School of Economics, UNAM; rector, University of Sonora, 1953–1956. d—Federal deputy, State of Oaxaca, Dist. 7, 1943–1946, 1949–1952, member of Agriculture and Development Committee and 2nd Treasury Committee; federal deputy, State of Oaxaca, 1961–1964, member of Small Agricultural Properties Committee, Committee of Legislative Studies (Agricultural Sec.), Administration Committee, and Gran Comisión; federal deputy from State of Oaxaca, Dist. 8, 1979–1982. f—Director of agrarian laws, Department of Agrarian Affairs and Colonization, 1943–1946; director, National Maize Commission, 1949–1953; secretary-general of government, State of Oaxaca, 1956–1961; head, Department of Agrarian Affairs and Colonization and Colonization, 1964–1970. g—Secretary-general, League of Agrarian

20  m e xic a n p ol i t i c a l b i o g ra ph i e s , 1935– 20 0 9

Communities and of Farmers’ Union, State of Oaxaca. h—Agricultural engineer in charge of agrarian reform projects, 1929– 1943; founding member, National Maize Commission; adviser to Mexican delegation, Inter-American Conferences at Caracas in 1942 and in Chapultepec in 1945; adviser to Mexican delegation to United Nations, 1946. i—From humble family background; son of Victoriano Aguirre; married Pilar Salazar; relative Amando Baños Díaz was PARM precandidate for federal deputy from Oaxaca. j—None. k—Expelled from League of Agrarian Communities in Oaxaca for supporting General Miguel Henríquez Guzmán, 1952. l—DBM70, 12–13; HA, May 13, 1968, 7; DBM68, 14; DGF50, II, 159; C de D, 1949– 1951, 1961–1963; DGF51, I, 24, 30, 32–33; II, 231; HA, July 10, 1972, 10; WWW70–71; WB48; Correa, 366; HA, Oct. 4, 1976, 15; Excélsior, Dec. 14, 1978, 9. Aguirre Pangburn, Rubén Octavio

a—Dec. 8, 1942. b—Parras, Coahuila. c—Early education unknown; law degree, National School of Law, UNAM, 1961–1965; PhD, University of Paris, 1966–1969; administrative course, Pan American Institute of Economic Development, 1978–1979. d—None. e—None. f—Adviser to assistant secretary of income, 1973–1975; assistant director, Income Tax Division, 1975–1977; official, Division of Tax Studies, 1977–1982; assistant director general of income policy, 1983–1984; director general of income policy, 1984–1986; general coordinator, Regional Tax Administration, 1986–1988; director general, Taxpayer Services, 1988– 1989; technical director general of income, 1989–1992; general legal administrator, Income Division, 1993–1994; assistant secretary of revenues, Secretariat of the Treasury, 2000–2006. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Rubén Aguirre Elguézabal, lawyer and federal tax court judge with Alberto Coria Cano and Edgardo Peniche López, 1949, and Bertha Pangburn Batani; father, mentor to Supreme Court justice Juan Díaz Romero, 1995–2009; aunt Lucía Aguirre Elguézabal,

wife of Braulio Fernández Aguirre, governor of Coahuila, 1963–1969; married Julieta Quilodrán Salgado, demographer. j—None. k—None. i—DBGM93, 22; DBGM87, 21–22; DBGM94, CD-ROM. Aguirre Rivero, Ángel Heladio a—Apr. 21, 1956. b—Ometepec, Guerrero. c—Early education unknown; economics degree, National School of Economics, UNAM, 1975–1979, with thesis on municipal reform in Guerrero; teacher, Pan American Columbia College Institute, 1977–1979. d—Federal deputy from State of Guerrero, Dist. 5, 1991– 1994. e—Joined PRI, 1972; director general, Consultative Committee of PRI, Guerrero, 1985–1986; president, Consultative Committee of PRI, Guerrero, 1988; president of PRI, Guerrero, 1993–1996; regional coordinator, Francisco Labastida presidential campaign in Oaxaca, Veracruz, and Puebla, 2000. f—Director, Department of Standards, Secretariat of Commerce, 1977–1980; private secretary to Alejandro Cervantes Delgado, governor of Guerrero, 1981–1984; general coordinator of municipal improvements, Guerrero, 1984–1985; secretary of government, Guerrero, 1985–1987; secretary of economic development and labor, Guerrero, 1987–1990; substitute governor, Guerrero, 1996–1998. g—President, Association of Guerrero Economists, 1982–1984. i—Son of Delfino Aguirre López, cattle rancher, and María Dolores Rivero Baños; married Laura del Rocío Herrera A. j—None. k—None. l—www.jornada.unam.mx, 2008; DBGM89, 650; Musacchio, 9; DBGM92, 410; www.diputados.gob.mx, 2003.

Aguirre (Samaniego), Manuel Bernardo

(Deceased Apr. 4, 1999) a—Aug. 20, 1903. b—Baborigame, Parral, Chihuahua. c—Some elementary studies at Colegio Palmore, Parral, and in Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua; secondary studies in Federal District; primarily self-educated. d—Mayor, Chihuahua, Chihuahua, 1947–1949; federal deputy from State of Chihuahua, Dist. 4, 1940–1943; secretary to president of Chamber of Deputies, 1940; president of Gran

t he b io g ra phies  21

Comisión, 1940–1943; member of Committee on National Waters and Irrigation and Committee on Highways; federal deputy from State of Chihuahua, Dist. 1, 1961–1964, president of Chamber of Deputies, Nov., 1961, member of Gran Comisión, Committee on Public Works, Indigenous Affairs Committee, Committee on Forest Affairs, and Library Committee; senator from Chihuahua, 1964–1970, president of Senate, Nov., 1966; president, Gran Comisión, 1967; governor, Chihuahua, 1974–1980. e—Founding member, PNR, 1929; director of Plutarco E. Calles presidential campaign, Parral and Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua, 1924; director of PRI, Chihuahua, 1944–1945; first oficial mayor of CNOP of PRI, 1945–1946; delegate of CEN of PRI to 19 entities; secretary of political action of CEN of PRI, 1964. f—Head, Federal Office of the Secretariat of the Treasury, 1st District, Mexico City, 1957–1960; secretary of agriculture and livestock, 1971–1974. g—None. h—Ticket taker, Alcázar Theater, Parral; legal representative, American Smelting and Refining and for West Mexico Mines. i—Brother Salvador Aguirre was an engineer; married Paula Aún; from extremely poor family. j—None. k—None. l—WWMG, 5; HA, Jan. 25, 1971, 28; EBW46, 42; DGF61, 46; WWW70–71; WB48, 61; HA, Dec. 24, 1973, 24–25; Excélsior, Jan. 8, 1974; HA, July 8, 1974, 32; Excélsior, Dec. 16, 1973, 1; Enc. Mex., 1977, Annual, 542–543. Aguirre Soria, María Guadalupe

a—June 14, 1933. b—Villahermosa, Tabasco. c—Early education unknown; preparatory studies at National Preparatory School; law degree; civics teacher at Williams School, Mexico City. d—Federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. 22, 1967–1970. e—None. f—Private secretary to Juan Orozco González as oficial mayor of Secretariat of National Patrimony, 1958–1964; assistant director of methods and systems, Secretariat of National Patrimony, 1964–1966; president, Federal Tax Court, 2000–2006. g—Secretary, Alliance of Mexican Women.

h—Author. i—Father, a surgeon; unmarried. j—None. k—None. l—MGF69, 91; DPE61, 55; DPE65, 85; PS; www.diputados.gob.mx /cronica57, 2006. Aguirre (Velázquez), Ramón a—Sept. 21, 1935. b—San Felipe, Guanajuato. c—Elementary studies in San Felipe; secondary studies in Celaya, Guanajuato; certified public accounting studies, National School of Business and Administration, UNAM, 1953–1957, graduating in 1962, with thesis titled “The Cost System and Structural Steel Industry”; numerous graduate courses in finance, public budgeting, public administration, marketing, Mexico and abroad; professor, National School of Business and Administration, UNAM, 1963–1970, and National Institute of Public Administration, 1972–1975. d—Governor-elect, Guanajuato, 1991. e—Joined PRI, 1956; PRI precandidate for federal deputy from Guanajuato in 1979, but was replaced by Ignacio Vázquez Torres at the last moment. f—Auditor, Income Tax Division, Secretariat of the Treasury; chief of auditors, Income Tax Division, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1956–1960; technical assistant director of expenditures, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1970–1971; director general of expenditures, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1971–1975; assistant secretary of expenditures, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1976; assistant secretary of budgeting, Secretariat of Programming and Budget, 1979–1981; secretary of programming and budgeting, 1981–1982; head, Department of the Federal District, 1982–1988; director, National Lottery, 1988–1991. g—None. h—Director general, Mexican Mortgage Association, 1977; vice president of planning and finance, Somex Bank, 1978–1979. i—Collaborator of Miguel Rico Ramírez, assistant secretary of budgeting, 1976, early in his career; close ties to Miguel de la Madrid; son of Francisco Aguirre Valle, engineer, and Martina Velázquez; married Clara Luz Bizzuett Manteca. j—None. k—Removed from governorship of Guanajuato before taking office by President Salinas because of political difficulties

22  m e xic a n p ol i t i c a l b i o g ra ph i e s , 1935– 20 0 9

caused by widespread accusations of electoral fraud. l—HA, Oct. 19, 1981, 31; MGF69, 225; Excélsior, Feb. 4, 1976; Excélsior, Dec. 1, 1982, 36A; HA, Dec. 13, 1982, 18, Dec. 27, 1982, 27–30; DBGM89, 21–22; DBGM, 22. Agúndez Montaño, Narciso a—Oct. 26, 1958. b—Rancho Pénjamo, Santa Anita, Baja California del Sur. c—Early education unknown; engineering degree, University of Baja California del Sur. d—Federal deputy from State of Baja California del Sur, Dist. 2, 2003–2004; governor, Baja California del Sur, 2005–2011. e—Member of PRD. f—Director of agricultural promotion, Los Cabos, 1984–1986; director of municipal services, Los Cabos, 1986–1992; president, 7th Government Dist., Los Cabos, 1999–2002. i—Son of Narciso Agúndez Castro and Jovita Montaño Carrillo; married Sonia Gómez, teacher; cousin Leonel Cota Montaño, member of PRD and governor of Baja California del Sur; uncle, director of housing, Baja California del Sur, 2008; brother Antonio, director of potable water, Baja California del Sur, 2008. j—None. k—None. l—www.bcs.gob.mx, 2008; 57th Legislative Sess., Chamber of Deputies, official records. Agundis Arias, Francisco de Paula

a—Nov. 9, 1969. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; business administration degree, Ibero-American University, 1994; one year of postgraduate studies toward MA in environmental law, Ibero-American University; diploma in ecology, Ibero-American University. d—Plurinominal federal deputy from PVEM, 2000–2003, vice coordinator of PVEM delegation; representative of Assembly of the Federal District, 2003–2006, coordinator of PVEM delegation; senator from PVEM, 2006–2012. e—Joined PVEM, 1994; adviser, CEN of PVEM, 1994–2000. f—None. g—None. h—Assistant director, GCYTA, SA, 1993–1997. i—Married Verónica Velasco Rodríguez, PVEM senator, 2000–2006, and federal deputy, 2006–2009; son of María de la Luz Arias Staines, plurinominal federal deputy from PVEM, 2003–2006; brother

Alejandro, PVEM secretary of finance and alternate federal deputy under his mother, 2006–2009; brother-in-law, PVEM candidate for plurinominal federal deputy, 2003. j—None. k—None. l—Musacchio, 10; DCM, 2006–2009, 308; Directorio del Congreso, 2000–2003; www.senado.gob.mx, 2006; QesQ en el Congreso, 2000–2003, 278. Ahuja Fuster, Héctor Vicente a—Jan. 22, 1932. b—Cosamaloapan, Veracruz. c—Elementary studies at Juan Enríquez School, Tlacotalpan, Veracruz, 1939–1945; secondary studies at Secondary No. 3, Orizaba, Veracruz, 1947–1949; business school studies, Tlacotalpan, 1945–1956; cadet, Military Aviation School, 1950—1952, graduating as pilot, Sept. 16, 1952; diploma in staff and command, Higher War College, Sept. 1, 1973; courses in T-33 aircraft, Randolph Field, San Antonio, Tex., and in advanced artillery, Nellis Air Force Base, Las Vegas, Nev.; MA in security and national defense, National Defense College, 1981–1982; director, Military Aviation School, Guadalajara, Jalisco, 1977–1979. d—None. e—None. f—Chief of staff, air force, 1983–1985; chief of the air force, 1991–1994. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Romeo Ahuja Castro and Juana Fuster Aguirre; married Hilda Fricke Rivera. j—Career air force officer; joined air force as a cadet, Feb. 6, 1950; operations officer, various air squadrons; executive officer, Squadrons 206, 201, and 200; test pilot, 4th Maintenance Squadron, 1964–1965; commander, Air Squadron 205, Mérida, Yucatán, 1965–1971; adjutant general and commander of cadets, Air College, 1971; chief of staff and course director, Air Force Higher War College, 1974; military attaché to Mexican embassy, Washington, DC, 1975–1977; commander, 5th Air Group, Santa Lucía, Mexico, 1977; rank of colonel, 1974; military attaché, Mexican embassy, England and Ireland, 1986–1988; commander, Air Base No. 6, Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas, 1988–1989; rank of division general, 1990. k—None. l—Rev. de Ejer., Aug., 1974, 130; DBGM92; Rev de Ejer., Nov.–Dec., 1974, 99.

t he b io g ra phies  23 Ahumada Ortiz, Herminio (Deceased July 1, 1983) a—Oct. 7, 1899. b—Soyopa, Sonora. c—Elementary and secondary studies at a public school in Nogales, Ariz.; outstanding student, completed 5 grades in 2 years; law degree, National School of Law, UNAM. d—Federal deputy from State of Sonora, Dist. 2, 1943–1946, president of Chamber of Deputies, 1944; answered President Manuel Ávila Camacho’s State of the Union address, 1944. e—Executive secretary, National Antireelectionist Party of Sonora, 1926; private secretary to José Vasconcelos, opposition candidate for president, 1929. f—Judge, Superior Tribunal of Justice, State of Sonora; justice, Superior Tribunal of Justice of the Federal District, 1940–1943. g—President, National Student Congress, Oaxaca, Oaxaca, 1926. i—Son-in-law of José Vasconcelos, secretary of public education and independent candidate for president, 1929; married Carmen Vasconcelos; son Felipe Ahumada Vasconcelos is married to Celia Castillo Peraza, sister of Carlos Castillo Peraza, president of PAN. j—None. k—Asked Obregón as a student leader not to run for president a second time; represented Mexico at 1924 Olympics in Mexico in the 100 meters. l—HA, July 10, 1983, 6; C de D, 1943–1946; www.larevista. com.mx, Nov. 21, 2000; www.hectorrodriguezespinaca.com. Ahumada Padilla, Alberto Javier

a—Oct. 8, 1925. b—Colima, Colima. c—Early education unknown; engineering studies, National School of Engineering, UNAM, 1945–1949, graduating in 1949. d—Federal deputy from State of Colima, Dist. 1, 1979–1982; senator from State of Colima, 1982–1988; plurinominal federal deputy, 1988–1991. e—Joined PRI, 1949; member, Revolutionary Youth of PRI, 1951. f—Supervisor of publicity, National Lottery, 1948–1952; various positions, Department of Studies and Projects, Secretariat of the Navy, 1952–1956. g—President, National Federation of Small Property Owners, 1983–1988. h—Practicing engineer, 1944–1947. i—Son of Jesús Ahumada Orozco, lawyer, public

notary, and interim governor of Colima, 1919, and María Padilla Estrada; from important family of Colima politicians; grandfather and great-uncle were governors of Colima; married Rosa María Medina Vidriales. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM87, 478; DP95, 76. Ainslie (Rivera), Ricardo (Deceased Feb. 12, 1969) a—Mar. 1, 1894. b—Guerrero, Coahuila. c—Elementary education at public schools in Guerrero and the Model School of Piedras Negras, Coahuila; no degree. d—Local deputy, State Legislature of Coahuila, 1924; federal deputy from Coahuila, Dist. 1, 1930–1932, member of Gran Comisión; federal deputy from Coahuila, Dist. 1, 1932–1934, member of Gran Comisión; alternate senator from State of Coahuila, 1946–1952. e—President, railroad union’s party in Coahuila, 1919. f—Provisional governor, Coahuila, Oct. 25, 1925–Nov. 30, 1925; interim governor, Coahuila, 1947–1948; treasurer general, Coahuila (8 years), including 1925 and 1945. g—None. h—Lathe operator, National Railroads of Mexico, 1912. i—Son of Guillermo Ainslie, British immigrant, and María del Refugio Rivera; married Hortensia Jiménez; brother Carlos, a colonel in the army, 1947. j—Joined Revolutionary Army in 1913; reached rank of major. k—Forced to resign as governor of Coahuila in Mar., 1948, as a result of a dispute over his successor with PNR leaders. l—Anderson; HA, Feb. 6, 1948, 8; letter; DGF47, 19; DGF51, 5; Enc. Mex., II, 530; www.worldstatesmen.org; www.coahuila .gob.mx Aispuro Torres, José Rosas a—Oct. 19, 1961. b—Tamazula, Durango. c—Early education unknown; law degree, National School of Law, UNAM, 1981–1986; MA in law, National School of Law, UNAM; LLD, National School of Law, UNAM, 1987–1990; professor, University of Durango, 1989; professor of municipal and legislative law, School of Law, University of Durango, 1999– . d—Federal deputy from State of Durango, Dist. 3, 1994–1997; local deputy,

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State Legislature of Durango, 1998–2001; mayor, Durango, 2001–2004; plurinominal federal deputy from PRI, 2006–2009. e—Joined PRI, 1980; secretary-general of CNOP of PRI, Durango, 1993–1994; president of PRI, Durango, 1995–1998. i—Son of Saturnino Aispuro Ríos and Cruz Torres. j—None. k—None. l—www.diputados.gob .mx, 2007; www.cddhcu.gob.mx, 2006. Aladro Fernández, Benigno a—July 6, 1948. b—Pachuca, Hidalgo. c—Early education unknown; business administration degree, Ibero-American University, 1966–1970. d—Plurinominal federal deputy from PAN, 1991–1994; senator from Hidalgo, 1994–2000, president of 4th Legislative Studies Sec. e—Joined PAN, 1988; national adviser to PAN, 17 years; PAN candidate for governor of Hidalgo, 1993; coordinator, Amigos de Fox, Hidalgo, Morelos, and Tlaxcala, 2000. f—None. g—Vice president, CANACO, Pachuca. h—Assistant manager, Cervecería Modelo, Poza Rica, Veracruz, 1967–1971; manager, Abarrotes Alfer, 1971–1987; manager, Aladro Distributors, 1981–1984. i—Son of Marino Aladro Espina, retailer, and María de Lourdes Ezquerra González; son Rodrigo, delegate from CORETT. j—None. k—None. l—QesQ en el Congreso, 1997–2000, 258; DBGM92, 410; www.gobernacion.gob.mx, 1997. Alamillo Flores, Luis (Deceased Oct. 25, 1980) a—Dec. 27, 1904. b—Fortín de las Flores, Veracruz. c—Elementary studies at public school in Puebla, Puebla; military studies at University of Puebla; enrolled at Heroic Military College, 1923, graduating as a 2nd cavalry lieutenant, Jan. 11, 1924; staff and command diploma, Higher War College, Paris, 1928–1931, graduating Aug. 31, 1931; advanced studies at Sorbonne, Paris, Military Engineering School of Versailles, and George Washington University, Washington, DC. d—None. e—None. f—Military attaché, Central America, 1920; aide to adjutant of President Manuel Ávila Camacho, Feb.–Mar., 1941; military attaché, Mexican embassy, Washington, DC, Sept.

16, 1942–Sept. 30, 1945; military adviser, Mexican delegation to United Nations, San Francisco, 1945; military attaché, Mexican embassy, Paris, 1964–1966; assistant chief of staff, Pacific Military Region, 1941; director, Higher War College, 1932–1934; director, Heroic Military College, 1945–1948; military attaché, Mexican embassy, Brazil, 1957–1964. g—None. h—None. i—Married Herlinda Landín; compadre of General Cándido Aguilar. j—Joined army as infantry soldier, 6th Infantry Battalion, July 1, 1919; rank of 2nd captain, Apr. 1, 1924; rank of major, Jan. 1, 1932; fought in 7 battles against Zapatistas, Teocalli, Puebla; member of escort squadron of General Agustín Maciel, 1924; rank of colonel, May 1, 1940; rank of brigadier general, Aug. 1, 1942; rank of brigade general, Sept. 16, 1946; commander, 4th Military Zone, Hermosillo, Sonora, 1966–1970; commander, 24th Military Zone, Morelos, 1970– 1972; retired Dec. 16, 1973; rank of division general, Sept. 20, 1952. k—None. l—NYT, Sept. 7, 1945, 5; WWM45, 2; DBM68, 15; Rev. de Ejer., Sept., 1976, 133; Rev. de Ejer., Dec. 1962, 29. Alanís Camino, Fernando a—Feb. 17, 1934. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; law degree, National School of Law, UNAM, 1955–1959, with thesis titled “Studies of Constitutional Law and Political Science: The Relation between Church and State in Mexican Constitutional Law,” 1959; professor, National School of Law, UNAM, 1961–1963; professor, Banking and Business School, Ibero-American University, 1956–1957; professor, National Institute of Public Administration, 1975–1976. d—None. e—Joined PRI, 1960; coordinator of sports, recreation, and tourism, Miguel de la Madrid presidential campaign, 1981–1982. f—Adviser to director general of credit, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1960–1961; adviser to director general of internal taxes, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1961–1962; technical adviser, IMSS, 1962–1964; secretary, Administrative Board, PEMEX, 1977–1982; assistant secretary of sports, Secretariat of

t he b io g ra phies  25

Public Education, 1982–1985. g—None. h—Practicing lawyer. i—Son of Fernando Alanís Bretón, bank official, and María Luisa Camino Gutiérrez, civil servant; married Constanza Uribe Ahumada, teacher. j—None. k—None. l—HA, Dec. 20, 1982, 12; Q es QAP, 301; DBGM, 23; DBGM87, 21. Alanís Fuentes, Agustín a—Feb. 19, 1930. b—Federal District. c—Elementary studies at José Enrique Rodó and El Pensador Mexicano schools; secondary studies at Secondary School No. 4; preparatory studies at National Preparatory School; legal studies at National School of Law, UNAM, 1948–1952, degree, 1953, with thesis on criminal confessions, for which he received an honorable mention; professor, National Preparatory School, Mexico City, 1950, subjects included civics; professor, National School of Law, 1964; professor of history, UNAM, 1966; member, University Council of UNAM, 1952; professor of labor law, UNAM, 1968. d—None. e—Auxiliary general delegate of CEN of PRI to Guanajuato, 1969–1970. f—Administrative official, Superior Tribunal of Justice, Federal District and Federal Territories, 1947–1950; administrative official, Secretariat of National Patrimony, 1947; agent, Ministerio Público of Office of the Attorney General of the Federal District and Federal Territories, 1951–1953; head, Evaluation Sec., Department of Social Welfare, Secretariat of Labor, 1958–1963; assistant director, Department of Social Welfare, Secretariat of Labor, 1963–1965; director, Department of Social Welfare, Secretariat of Labor, 1965–1970; assistant secretary “B,” Secretariat of Labor, 1970–1976; attorney general, Federal District, 1976–1982; secretary-general of government, State of Morelos, 1985–1988; director general of labor and social welfare, Department of the Federal District, 1988–1994; assistant attorney for legal affairs for federal attorney to protect consumers, 1999. g—Student leader, National Preparatory School and National School of Law. h—Technical adviser, IMSS, 1967–1970. i—Son of Ángel

Alanís Fuentes, lawyer and attorney general of Federal District, and Ángela García; married María Judith Figueroa Gallardo; daughter María del Carmen Alanís was member of Federal Electoral Institute, 2005. j—None. k—None. l—DPE65, 156; HA, Dec. 14, 1970, 23; El Día, Dec. 1, 1976, 10; HA, Mar. 7, 1977, 24–25; DBGM92, 21; DBGM89, 22; DBBM92, 21. Alarcón (Martínez), Alfonso G.

(Deceased 1953) a—June 25, 1884. b—Chilpancingo, Guerrero. c—Elementary and secondary studies at Colegio de Puebla; medical degree in pediatrics, University of Puebla, 1911; rector, University of Puebla, 1937–1938; professor, National School of Medicine, UNAM; director, Department of Pediatrics and Infant Hygiene, National School of Medicine, UNAM, 1935. d—Federal deputy from State of Guerrero, Dist. 1, 1914–1916; senator from State of Guerrero, 1952. e—None. f—Delegate from Department of Health; director, Office of Infant Hygiene, Department of Health, Puebla, 1932; secretary-general, Department of Health, 1932; governor, Guerrero (appointed by local legislature), 1933. g—President, Student Society, University of Puebla, 1910. h—Practicing pediatrician in Tampico (25 years); director, Labor Médica and Gaceta Médica, Tampico; author of many works. j—Precursor, Revolution; participant, Revolution; joined Serdán brothers with Juan Andreu Almazán and Luis Sánchez Pontón. k—Imprisoned when Francisco I. Madero was arrested. l—DGF56, 6; PS; WWM45, 2; Enc. Mex., I, 194; www.suracapulco.com.mx, Mar. 24, 2005; medigraphic.com. Alatriste (Abrego), Jr., Sealtiel

(Deceased) a—1904. b—Libres, Puebla. c—Elementary studies in Mexico City; preparatory studies at National Preparatory School; public accounting degree, UNAM, 1925; economics degree, National School of Economics, UNAM, Dec. 20, 1938, with thesis on Mexican banks; professor, National School of Commerce and Administration, UNAM; professor, National School of Law;

26  m e xic a n p ol i t i c a l b i o g ra ph i e s , 1935– 20 0 9

administrator, IPN. d—None. e—None. f—Treasurer, Federal District, 1947–1952; member, Administrative Council, Small Business Bank of the Federal District, 1951; assistant secretary of government properties, 1959–1964; director general, IMSS, 1964–1966. g—Vice president, National College of Economists; president, National Institute of Accountants. h—Worked as private accountant in firm of Roberto Casas Alatriste; accountant, National Workers’ Bank; translator of many works on economics; author of 3 technical books and many articles on economics and accounting; practicing accountant, 1967–1978. i—Son of Sealtiel L. Alatriste, member of prerevolutionary Liberal Clubs in Mexico; grandson of General Miguel Cástulo de Alatriste, important Liberal in 1850s and governor of Puebla; cousin of Carmen Serdán Alatriste, wife of Aquiles Serdán, revolutionary precursor; son Eduardo, director general in Secretariat of Hydraulic Resources; married Estela Senjines Villalva, first female graduate of National School of Economics. j—None. k—Forced to resign in midst of an anticorruption campaign he was conducting at IMSS in 1966. l—El Universal, Dec. 1, 1964; DGF4, 97; IWW66, 16; DP70, 54; DGF51, II, 507, 577, 679; Johnson; letters. Alavez Flores, Rodolfo a—Apr. 18, 1915. b—Oaxaca, Oaxaca. c—Elementary studies at public school in Oaxaca; secondary studies at Institute of Arts and Sciences of Oaxaca; preparatory studies at Institute of Arts and Sciences of Oaxaca; law degree from Institute of Arts and Sciences of Oaxaca and from National School of Law, UNAM. d—Local deputy to State Legislature of Oaxaca, 1944–1947; alternate federal deputy from Oaxaca, Dist. 8, 1949–1951; federal deputy from State of Oaxaca, Dist. 7, 1964–1967, vice president of Chamber, Nov., 1966, member of 2nd Ejido Committee and Pharmaceutical–Chemical Industry Committee; federal deputy from State of Oaxaca, Dist. 2, 1970– 1973, member of Arid Zones Committee, Indigenous Affairs Committee, Legislative

Studies Committee, 6th Sec. on Agrarian Affairs, and Gran Comisión; alternate senator from State of Oaxaca, 1976–1982, but replaced Senator Eliseo Jiménez Ruiz, 1977. e—President, PRI State Committee, Oaxaca. f—Counselor, Federal Board of Conciliation and Arbitration; assistant, Federal Board of Conciliation and Arbitration, Federal District; agent, Ministerio Público, Office of the Attorney General; assistant secretary of government, State of Oaxaca, 1950; oficial mayor, Oaxaca, 1951. g—Secretary of press and publicity, CNC National Committee; secretary, League of Agrarian Communities, Oaxaca. h—None. j—None. l—Directorio, 70–72; C de D, 1949–1951, 1964–1966, 82, 87, 1970–1972, 99; DGF51, 91. Alayola Barrera, César (Deceased) a—June 30, 1892. b—Campeche, Campeche. c—Elementary studies in Mérida, Yucatán; secondary studies at Instituto Literario; law degree, School of Law, University of Yucatán, June 12, 1920; professor of Spanish etymology, 1916–1923, Mixed Normal School of Yucatán; professor of private international law, School of Law, University of Yucatán; professor of first-year philosophy, Instituto Literario, Mérida, Yucatán, 1927–1930. d—Federal deputy from State of Yucatán, 1928–1930; senator from State of Yucatán, 1930–1934; governor, Yucatán, 1934–1936. e—Member, Southeast Socialist Party; joined PNR. f—Agent of Ministerio Público attached to Second Criminal Judicial Division, Yucatán; first justice of the peace, Mérida; third criminal judge; assistant attorney general, Yucatán; secretary-general of government, State of Yucatán; interim governor, Yucatán. g—None. h—Practicing lawyer; consulting lawyer, United Railroads of Yucatán, SA, 1924. i—Father, Prof. José Alayola Preve. j—None. k—Took leave of absence from governorship, then resigned for reasons of health, Feb., 1936. l—HA, June 12, 1942, 30; Peral, 30; letter. Alba Leyva, Samuel a—Dec. 12, 1928. b—Durango, Durango. c—Elementary studies at Florencio M. del Castillo public

t he b io g ra phies  27

school; secondary studies at Secondary School No. 4, Mexico City; preparatory studies at National Preparatory School, Mexico City; studies in law at National School of Law, UNAM, 1947–1951, law degree, Nov. 28, 1952, with thesis on family patrimony, received Justo Sierra Medal for 2nd-highest GPA of his law class. d—None. e—None. f—Supervisory judge, Department of the Federal District, 1955–1958; agent, Ministerio Público; agent, Ministerio Público, Office of the Assistant Attorney General, 1962; advisory lawyer, federal tax attorney, 1968; director, Department of Plea Control, Office of the Attorney General; assistant director and director, Central Office of Investigatory Preparations, Office of the Attorney General; private secretary to Julio Sánchez Vargas, attorney general of Mexico, 1969–1971; director, Docket Office, Office of the Attorney General, 1971–1972; inspector general, Office of the Attorney General of Mexico, 1972–1973; coordinator general, Antinarcotics Campaign, 1976; assistant attorney general of Mexico “2,” 1974–1976, 1976–1982; director general of criminal proceedings, Office of the Attorney General, 1985–1987; justice, Supreme Court, 1987–1994; director general of responsibilities, Office of the Controller, 1996–1998. g—None. h—None. i—Married Esther Martínez Mendoza; son of Feliciano Alba Ávila, railroad worker, and Esther Leyva Favela; student in high school and preparatory with Agustín Alanís Fuentes. j—None. k—None. l—HA, Jan. 14, 1974; HA, Dec. 13, 1976, 10; letter; Protag., 16; DBGM92, 632; www.scjn .gob.mx. Albores Guillén, Roberto Armando

a—Feb. 10, 1943. b—Comitán de Domínguez, Chiapas. c—Early education unknown; economics studies, National School of Economics, UNAM, 1964–1968, graduating with thesis titled “Distribution in the Mexican Agricultural Sector,” May 19, 1969. d—Delegate from Venustiano Carranza, Department of the Federal District, 1989–1992; federal deputy from State

of Chiapas, Dist. 6, 1997–1998. e—Joined PRI, 1964; secretary of political action, PRI Youth, 1965. f—Researcher, Division of Credit, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1967–1970; director general of distribution, CONASUPO, 1970–1973; assistant director of affiliates, CONASUPO, 1973–1976; director general of border development, Secretariat of Commerce, 1977–1978; director general of public relations, Secretariat of Commerce, 1978; director general of small business promotion, commercial and industrial development, 1979–1985; special adviser to governor of State of Mexico, 1985–1986; adviser, Secretariat of Energy, Mines, and Government Industries, 1987–1988; adviser to head of Department of the Federal District, 1988–1989; coordinator of popular commercial improvement, Department of the Federal District, 1992–1994; substitute governor, Chiapas, Jan. 7, 1998–Dec. 8, 2000. i—Son of Horacio Albores Figueroa, cattle rancher and owner of 2,500 hectares in Socoltenango, Chiapas, and Cristina Guillén Castellanos; married María Gleason Alvite, economist; son Roberto Armando Arbores Gleason was federal deputy from Chiapas, Dist. 6, 2009–2012. j—None. k—None. l—QesQ en el Congreso, 1997–2000, 124– 125; www.lajornada.unam.mx, Jan. 8, 1998; DBGM84, 24. Alcalá (Anaya), Manuel (Deceased Oct. 7, 1999) a—Nov. 19, 1915. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; MA in letters, UNAM, 1944; PhD in letters, School of Philosophy and Letters, UNAM, 1948; professor, UNAM, 1940–1964; member, Technical Council of the Humanities, UNAM, 1956– 1965. d—None. e—None. f—Joined Foreign Service, 1965; director, National Library, 1956–1965; member, National Consultative Council of Mexico to UNESCO, 1965–1970; ambassador to Paraguay, 1971–1974; director general of archives, library, and publications, Secretariat of Foreign Relations, 1974–1976; ambassador to Finland, 1978–1983. g—Secretary, Mexican Academy of Language, 1983. h—Author of many works. j—None.

28  m e xic a n p ol i t i c a l b i o g ra ph i e s , 1935– 20 0 9

k—None. l—Enc. Mex., 1977, I, 205; MGF69, 184; DAPC, 1; www.academia.org.mx. Alcalá de Lira, Alberto a—Apr. 23, 1917. b—Rancho La Reforma, Municipio of Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes. c—Elementary studies in Aguascalientes; teaching certificate, Matías Ramos Santos School, San Marcos, Zacatecas, 1941; schoolteacher. d—Member, City Council of Aguascalientes, 1954–1955; local deputy, State Legislature of Aguascalientes, 1959–1962; federal deputy from State of Aguascalientes, Dist. 1, 1955–1958, member of Sugar Industry Committee and Agrarian Department Committee; senator from State of Aguascalientes, 1964–1970; federal deputy from State of Aguascalientes, Dist. 2, 1985–1988. e—Joined PRI, 1945; president of a polling station; agrarian sector representative to national PRI assemblies. f— Secretariat of Agrarian Reform delegate to State of Aguascalientes, 1982. g—Secretary-general, League of Agrarian Communities, 1954–1956, 1968– 1971. h—Returned to farming as ejidatario after teaching for several years. i—Son of Francisco Alcalá Arbilla, farmer, and María Guadalupe de Lira Águilas; married Leonor Aguilar; close friend of Enrique Olivares Santana since normal school. j—None. k—None. l—Ind. Biog., 13–14; DGF56, 21, 32, 34; C de D, 1955–1958; C de S, 1964–1970; MGF69; letter; DBGM87, 429–430. Alcalá Ferrera, Ramón (Deceased) a—Jan. 17, 1912. b—Champotón, Campeche. c—Elementary studies in Champotón; secondary and preparatory studies at Instituto Campechano, Ciudad del Carmen, Campeche; graduated from Naval Academy, Veracruz, Veracruz. d—Federal deputy from State of Campeche, Dist. 1, 1967–1970; senator from State of Campeche, 1970–1976, member of Gran Comisión, president of 1st Naval Committee, 1st secretary of War Matériel Committee, 2nd secretary of National Defense and Military Health committees. e—Founding member, PRI, 1946. f—Director of social security, Secretariat of the Navy, 1965. g—None. h—None.

i—Married Esperanza Guadarrama; cousin of Adm. Raúl Alcalá Martínez, director general, Secretariat of the Navy, 1984. j—Career naval officer; rank of vice admiral, Nov. 4, 1971; chief of aides to commanding general of the fleet, Antonio Vázquez del Mercado, 1956. k—None. l—C de S, 1970–1976, 69; DPE65, 53; DGF56, 386; C de D, 1967–1970; Q es QAP, 94; www.cddhcu.gob.mx. Alcalá Quintero, Francisco (Deceased Sept., 2002) a—Jan. 31, 1912. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; public accounting degree, School of Business and Administration, UNAM; degree from Graduate School of Business and Administration, UNAM, postgraduate studies abroad; professor, UNAM and IPN. d—None. e—None. f—Joined Bank of Mexico, 1927; assistant manager, National Bank of Foreign Commerce, 1946–1952; assistant director general of National Bank of Foreign Commerce, 1953–1958, 1958–1965; assistant secretary of revenues of Secretariat of the Treasury, 1965–1970; director general of National Bank of Foreign Commerce, 1970–1976, 1976–1979; joined Foreign Service, May 25, 1979; ambassador to Spain, 1979–1983. g—None. h—Member, Administrative Council, National Bonded Warehouses. j—None. k—None. l—DGF56, 4222; D de Y, Dec. 2, 1970; DGF51, II, 571, 586; HA, May 7, 1979, 19; Excélsior, Dec. 1, 1976, 1; HA, Apr. 9, 1979, 9; Uno Más Uno, Feb. 26, 1983, 2. Alcalde Virgen, Moisés a—July 28, 1971. b—State of Mexico. C—Early education unknown; public accounting degree, ITESM, State of Mexico Campus, 1990–1995; MA in public policy, ITAM, 1997–2000; studies at Notre Dame University, South Bend, Ind., and Oxford University; PhD in administration, 2001–2006; professor, private sector consulting, ITESM, State of Mexico Campus, 1999– . d—Member, City Council of Naucalpan, State of Mexico, 1997–2000; federal deputy from State of Mexico, Dist. 21, 2000–2003; federal deputy from State of Mexico, Dist. 22, 2006–2009. e—Joined PAN, 1990; secretary of the

t he b io g ra phies  29

treasury, Regional Committee of PAN, State of Mexico, 1997–2000. f—None. g—None. h—Tax analyst, KPMG Cárdenas Dosal, 1993–1995; financial planning executive, Sara Lee, 1995–1996. j—None. k—None. l—QesQ en el Congreso, 2000–2003, 19–20; www .diputados.gob.mx, 2007; Musacchio, 12. Alcantar Enríquez, Enrique a—July 12, 1928. b—San Pedro Lagunillas, Nayarit. c—Early education unknown; completed elementary studies; studies in business administration; no degree; completed course in English, YMCA Community College, Chicago. d—Plurinominal federal deputy from PDM, 1982–1985. e—Member, PAN youth group, 1964–1970; coordinator of PDM political campaigns in Jalisco, Colima, Baja California, and Durango, 1966; PDM candidate for local deputy, Dist. 1, Nayarit, 1979; PDM candidate for governor of Nayarit; national adviser to PDM, 1972; supported PRI candidate for mayor of Tepic in 2002; coauthor of UNS development plan, Nayarit, 2003. f—None. g—Founder and president, Union of Businessmen, 1946–1950; vice president, Chamber of Commerce, Tepic; founder and president, Alliance of Businessmen. h—Owner, Raymundo Travel Agency; in sales and promotion in travel industry for 12 years. i—Son of Anastasio Alcantar Sauceda, businessman, and Carmen Enríquez Soto; married Ana María Ibarra. j—None. k—None. l—Directorio, 1982–1985; C de D, 1982–1985; Lehr, 651; www.elocal.gob.mx; www.medios.uan .edu, June 24, 2002. Alcántara Miranda, Jesús a—Dec. 25, 1922. b—Acambay, State of Mexico. c—Preparatory studies at Colegio Cervantes, Mexico City, 1939–1942; no degree. d—Mayor, Acambay, 1958–1961; local deputy, State Legislature of Mexico, Dist. 8, 1961– 1964; federal deputy from State of Mexico, Dist. 32, 1979–1982; federal deputy from State of Mexico, Dist. 9, 1985–1988; senator from State of Mexico, 1988–1991. e—Joined PRI, 1949; president of PRI, Acambay, 1949–1951. f—Syndic, Acambay, 1952–1955. g—Secretary

of relations, National Chamber of Communications and Transportation, 1981–1983. h—President, Board of Directors, Flecha Roja Bus Lines, 1967–1987; president, Board of Directors, Occidente Bus Lines, 1980– 1987; businesses incorporated into Grupo Toluca del Autotransporte. i—Son of Manuel Alcántara Flores, businessman and founder of both Flecha Roja and Occidente bus lines, and María Luis Miranda Flores, public accountant (CPA); married Margarita Alcalá Ordaz; son Roberto, president of Flecha Roja in 2006. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM89, 392; C de D, 1979–1982, 1985–1988; C de S, 1988–1991; www.kiosco.mx.com. Alcántara Silva, Jaime a—Apr. 13, 1950. b—Cuacnopalan, Palmar de Bravo, Puebla. c—Early education unknown; economics studies, National School of Economics, UNAM. d—Alternate local deputy, State Legislature of Puebla, 1981–1984; federal deputy from State of Puebla, Dist. 8, 1982–1985, 2000–2003, coordinator of PRI delegation from Puebla. e—Joined PRI, 1967; assistant delegate, various states, CEN of PRI, 1974–1980. f—Auxiliary secretary to president of Gran Comisión, Chamber of Deputies, 1973–1976; assistant director of general services, National Institute for Cooperative Development, 1977. g—Secretary-general, CNC, Puebla, 1981–1982. h—None. i—Son of Benjamín Alcántara Navarro, peasant, and María del C. Silva Barojas; married María Torres Machorro. j—None. k—None. l—Musacchio, 13; Directorio del Congreso, 2000–2003, 214; QesQ en el Congreso, 2000–2003, 142–143; DBGM84, 464. Alcántara Soria, Juan Miguel a—Mar. 18, 1955. b—Irapuato, Guanajuato. c—Early education unknown; law degree, Free School of Law, 1972–1977; MA in constitutional law, National School of Law, UNAM, 1984–1987; professor, Free Law School, 1980–1984; professor, Pan American University, 1985–1988; professor, Ibero-American University, 1989– . d—Plurinominal federal deputy from PAN, 1988–1991; local deputy to State Legislature of Guanajuato, 1994–1997;

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plurinominal federal deputy from PAN, 1997–2000. e—Joined PAN, 1970; adviser to PAN, Federal District, 1987; national adviser to PAN, 1988; member of CEN of PAN, 1989–1997; national coordinator of local PAN party deputies, 1996–1997. f—Attorney general, State of Guanajuato, 1991–1994. g—None. h—Legal director, Instant Telecommunications, 1976–1979; legal director, Instant Information, 1979–1983; assistant attorney general for legal and special affairs, 2006–2009; acting attorney general, Mexico, 2009. i—Son of Baltazar Alcántara Torres, local plurinominal deputy from PAN to State Legislature of Guanajuato, 1985–1988, and PAN candidate for federal deputy from State of Guanajuato, Dist. 1, 1979, and María de Jesús Soria Vaca; married Virginia Loredo Zazueta, teacher. l—Pérez Franco, 25–26; DBGM89, 392; DBGM92, 717; QesQ en el Congress, 1997–2000, 16. Alcérreca García Peña, Luis Gonzaga

(Deceased) a—Feb. 9, 1899. c—Elementary and secondary studies at public schools in Mexico City; studies at National School of Agriculture on scholarship from State of Veracruz, 1915; engineering degree, National School of Agriculture, 1919–1924; director, School of Engineering, University of Michoacán, 1928–1935. d—None. e—None. f—Engineer, Local Agrarian Commission, Michoacán; state government official, Michoacán, 1928–1932, under General Lázaro Cárdenas; director, Technical Department, Secretariat of Agriculture, 1935; delegate to Department of the Federal District, 1936; senior member, Agricultural Adviser’s Office, Secretariat of Agriculture, 1943–1964; director, Advisory Sec. No. 2, Secretariat of Agriculture, 1951–1964; secretary-general, Department of Agrarian Affairs and Colonization and Colonization, 1964–1970. g—None. h—Author of various books. i—Parents from lower middle class; nephew of General Ángel García Peña, secretary of war under Madero; married Josefina Ramírez. j—Joined Constitutional Army, Nov. 15, 1915, under General Pablo

González. k—None. l—DPE61, 127; DGF51, 466; Justicia, Feb., 1972; MGF69, 355. Alcocer Martínez de Castro, Sergio Manuel a—Jan 7, 1963. b—Federal District.

c—Early education unknown; civil engineering degree, National School of Engineering, UNAM, highest GPA of class; PhD, University of Texas, Austin, under Prof. James O. Jirsa; full-time researcher, Engineering Institute, UNAM; visiting professor, Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center, University of California, Berkeley; secretary-general, UNAM, 2007– . d—None. e—None. f—Director of research, National Center for Disaster Prevention, Secretariat of Government, 2001–2006. g—None. h—Member, Board of Directors, Empresas ICA, 2007. i—Served on ICA board with Bernardo Quintana Isaac, Lorenzo Zambrano, Emilio Carrillo Gamboa, and Alberto Escofet Artigas. j—None. k—None. l—www. secinfo.com, 2007; www.investing.businessweek.com, 2007; www.amc.unam.mx, 2008; www.portfolio.com, 2008. Alcocer Villanueva, Jorge a—Apr. 3, 1955. b—León, Guanajuato. c—Early education unknown; economics degree from National School of Economics, UNAM, 1978; MA in economics, National School of Economics, UNAM, 1981; professor of economics, National School of Economics, UNAM, 1977–1989; researcher, Graduate School, National School of Economics, UNAM, 1978–1979. d—Plurinominal federal deputy from PSUM, 1985–1988. e—Joined PCM as student, 1978; coordinator of parliamentary advisers, PSUM, 1979–1983; adviser and writer for PSUM presidential candidate, Arnaldo Martínez Verdugo, 1981–1982; member, Political Committee, Central Committee, PSUM, 1984–1987; finance secretary, Central Committee, PSUM, 1984–1985; member of PRD, 1988–1991; joined Francisco Labastida’s presidential campaign, 1999; leader, Citizen Strength Party, 2003. f—Adviser to Jorge Carpizo, attorney general of Mexico, 1994; assistant secretary of political development,

t he b io g ra phies  31

Secretariat of Government, Dec. 12, 1998– Nov. 22, 1999. h—Founder, Voz y Voto and Nuevo Horizonte Publishing, 1993; writer for Reforma. i—Son of Armando Alcocer Alba, academic, and María Luisa Villanueva Rodríguez; married Gloria Olmos Juárez; student with Adolfo Orive and Rolando Cordera. j—None. k—None. l—Examen, Feb., 1991, 27; C de D, 1985–1988; www .electionguide.org. Alcudia García, José Luis a—Feb. 25, 1942. b—Veracruz, Veracruz. c—Early education unknown; economics studies, National School of Economics, UNAM, 1960–1964, graduating Nov. 14, 1969. d—None. e—Joined PRI, 1962; president, Colosio Foundation, PRI, Veracruz, 2000. f—Director of analysis, Secretariat of Programming and Budget, 1979–1982; director general of financial programs, 1982–1983, director general of energy operations, 1983–1985, and assistant secretary of energy, Secretariat of Energy, Mines, and Government Industries, 1985–1988; general coordinator of civil protection, Secretariat of Government, 1999; director general of university education, Veracruz, 2008. g—None. h—Consulting economist, 1962–1965; assistant director of public relations, Nissan Mexicana, 1965–1968; adviser to president, Nissan Mexicana, 1965–1968. i—Son of Leandro Alcudia Rodríguez, retailer, and Deifilia García López de Llergo; married Edna Goya Monter. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM87, 24; DBGM84, 26. Aldana Prieto, Luis Ricardo a—May 3, 1954. b—Orizaba, Veracruz. c—Early education unknown; electrical mechanical engineering degree, Technical Institute of Orizaba. d—Senator from Veracruz, 2000–2006; plurinominal federal deputy from PRI, 2006–2009. e—Joined PRI, 1979; national adviser to CEN of PRI, 2004–2006. f—None. g—Secretary-general, Local No. 4, STPRM; secretary of the treasury, STPRM, 2002; secretary of social welfare, STPRM. h—None. i—Son of Julio Aldana, PEMEX worker from Coatzacoalcos, Veracruz, and

Isabel Prieto. j—None. k—None. l—Musacchio, 14; DCM, 2006–2009, 372; QesQ en el Congreso, 2000–2003, 334; www .diputados.gob.mx, 2007. Aldrete II, Alberto Víctor (Deceased 1959) a—Mar. 6, 1892. b—Ensenada, Baja California del Norte. c—Elementary and secondary in Ensenada; preparatory studies in Los Angeles, Calif. d—Mayor, Ensenada, 1926–1927; governor, Baja California del Norte, 1946–1947, resigned from office. e—None. f—Administrator, Periódico Oficial; treasurer general, Baja California del Norte, 1920–1924. g—None. h—Wheat farmer; built first flour mill in Mexicali Valley; founder, Cía. Mexicana de Malta, SA; founder and owner, Cervecería Tecate, SA, 1943–1954, sold brewery to Cervecería Cuauhtémoc, 1954. i—Son of Alberto Víctor Aldrete, Spanish immigrant who came to Mexico in the early 1900s; grandson Guillermo Aldrete Hass, mayor of Mexicali, 1986–1989; grandson, Alberto Víctor Aldrete IV; personal friend of President Miguel Alemán. j—None. k—Anderson says he resigned because of reaction to his imposing municipal officials; declared bankruptcy, 1948; fled to Spain, 1951, after warrant was issued for his arrest. l—DP70, 63; HA, Dec. 27, 1946; letter; Anderson; Aquirre, 491; www.loyda.tij.uia.mx, 2006. Aldrett Cuéllar, Pablo (Deceased) a—1903. b—Matehuala, San Luis Potosí. c—Early education unknown; no degree. d—Member, City Council, Matehuala, 1930; mayor, Matehuala, 1932; local deputy, State Legislature of San Luis Potosí, 1939; federal deputy from State of San Luis Potosí, Dist. 2, 1943–1946; local deputy, State Legislature of San Luis Potosí, 1946; alternate senator from State of San Luis Potosí, 1946–1952; federal deputy from State of San Luis Potosí, Dist. 2, 1952–1955; senator from State of San Luis Potosí, 1958–1964, member of Committees on Administration, Colonization, and Agrarian Department, member of 1st Ejido Committee and 2nd Balloting Group. e—Founding member, PNR, 1929;

32  m e xic a n p ol i t i c a l b i o g ra ph i e s , 1935– 20 0 9

campaigned for Lázaro Cárdenas, 1934. f—None. g—Secretary-general, Agrarian Communities and Agrarian Unions, San Luis Potosí (twice); secretary of interior, CNC. h—None. i—Parents were peasants. k—None. l—Func. 340; C de D, 1943–1945, 1952–1954; C de S, 1958–1964, 30, 33, 35–36, 46, 49, 51. Alegría (Escamilla), Rosa Luz a—1949. b—Federal District. c—Elementary studies at Rosa Luxemburg School, Mexico City, 1950–1957; secondary studies at Soledad Anaya Solórzano Secondary School No. 18, Mexico City, 1957–1960; preparatory studies at National Preparatory School, 1960–1962; studies at National School of Architecture, UNAM, 1963–1964; BS in theoretical physics, National School of Science, UNAM, 1968; courses at National School of Philosophy, UNAM, 1964–1968; MS in sciences, UNAM, 1969; PhD in petroleum science from UNAM, 1970; postgraduate studies in science, French Petroleum Institute; postgraduate studies in econometrics, Colegio de Francia and UNAM, PhD in econometrics from both institutions, 1970; professor of mechanical structures, National School of Architecture, UNAM, 1963; professor of mathematics, National School of Economics, UNAM, 1967; researcher in basic elementary and higher education; researcher, Mexican Institute of Petroleum; assistant researcher and professor of quantum mechanics, French Petroleum Institute. d—None. e—None. f—Researcher, PEMEX; coordinator, Expression and Communication Sec., elementary-education level, Free Textbook Commission, 1971–1976; scientific adviser, National Population Council; scientific adviser, Secretariat of Public Education, 1970–1976; member, Executive Committee, National Technical Council of Education, 1970–1976; assistant secretary of evaluation, Secretariat of Programming and Planning, 1976–1980; secretary of tourism, 1980–1982. g—Participated in General Strike Committee at UNAM, 1968. i—Former daughter-in-law of Luis Echeverría; daughter of military physician. j—None. k—First

woman to become cabinet minister. l—HA, Oct. 31, 1977, 6; letter; HA, Mar. 3, 1980, 8; Excélsior, Aug. 14, 1980, 10; HA, Nov. 30, 1981, 30; Romero Aceves, 336. Alejo Domínguez, Cupertino a—Sept. 22, 1946. b—Xochiapulco, Puebla. c—Elementary teaching certificate, Higher Normal School, Puebla, Puebla, 1968–1972; elementary school teacher, 1967–1983; principal, elementary school teacher; rural schoolteacher, Basilio Badillo Normal Rural School, Zaragoza, Puebla. d—Member, City Council, Zacapoaxtla, Puebla, 1975–1978; federal deputy from State of Puebla, Dist. 5, 1988–1991; federal deputy from State of Puebla, Dist. 7, 1997–2000. e—Joined PRI, 1964; secretary-general, PRI, Zacapoaxtla, 1972–1975; resigned from PRI, 2006. f—None. g—Secretary-general, Local No. 23, SNTE, 1986–1989; secretary of organization, CEN of SNTE, 1990–1992; secretary of credits, CEN of SNTE, 1995–1997. h—None. i—Related to Hugo Alejo Domínguez, local deputy to State Legislature of Puebla; brother Félix, president of PRI in Tehuacán, Puebla. j—None. k—None. l—www.secgob .gob.mx, 1997, 2007; DBGM89, 392–393; QesQ en el Congreso, 1997–2000, 125. Alejo (López), Francisco Javier a—Dec. 30, 1941. b—Salvatierra, Guanajuato. c—Elementary and secondary studies in Mexico City; economic studies at National School of Economics, UNAM, 1959–1963, graduating with thesis titled “The Strategy of Economic Development in Mexico from 1920 to 1970,” 1969; advanced courses in developmental economic planning, UN Institute of Latin American Planning, Santiago, Chile, 1963; work toward PhD in economics, Oxford University, 1965; professor of economic development, Mexican economic policy, and lineal programming, National School of Economics, UNAM, 1962–1971; full-time researcher, Colegio de México, 1969–1971. d—None. e—Joined PRI, 1962. f—Economist, NAFIN; economist, National Bank of Foreign Commerce; economist, Secretariat of Industry and Commerce; economist,

t he b io g ra phies  33

Secretariat of the Presidency; director general, Fondo de Cultura Económica, 1971–1974; assistant secretary of income, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1974–1975; secretary of national properties, 1975–1976; director general, Ciudad Sahagún Industrial Complex, 1976–1978; director general, Diesel Nacional, 1978–1979; ambassador to Japan, 1979–1982; adviser, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1982–1984; director general, National Warehouses, 1988–1991; ambassador to Italy and FAO, United Nations, 1991–1993; assistant secretary of planning, Secretariat of Tourism, 1993–1994; director general, CAPUFE, 1998; consul general of Mexico, Austin, Tex., 2002–2005; director, Department of Northern States and Texas, Secretariat of Federal Highways and Bridges, 2005. g—None. i—Student of Horacio Flores de la Peña, whom he replaced as secretary of national properties; son of Ramón Alejo Arrizabalaga and Dolores López Vital; married Armonía Ocaña, public official. j—None. k—Resigned as director general of Ciudad Sahagún Industrial Complex, June 29, 1978, after government announced administrative reorganization of major industries. l—HA, Oct. 21, 1974, 21; HA, Jan. 13, 1975, 8; Excélsior, June 29, 1978, 4; DBGM92, 24–25; DBGM89, 24; letter. Alemán (Valdés), Miguel (Deceased May 14, 1983) a—Sept. 29, 1900. b—Sayula, Veracruz. c—Not permitted to study in Sayula schools because of father’s political beliefs; elementary and secondary studies in Acayucán, Coatzacoalcos, and Orizaba, Veracruz; preparatory studies at National Preparatory School, Mexico City, where he founded the newspaper Eureka, 1920–1925; law degree from National School of Law, 1925–1928, with thesis on occupational diseases and accidents among workers. d—Senator from State of Veracruz, 1934–1936; governor, Veracruz, 1936–1939; president, 1946–1952. e—President, Unifying Committee of Plutarco Elías Calles, Veracruz, 1933; national head, presidential campaign of Manuel Ávila Camacho, 1939–1940.

f—Justice, Superior Tribunal of Justice, Federal District, 1930–1935; member, Federal Board of Conciliation and Arbitration, 1930; legal adviser to secretary of agriculture and livestock, Marte R. Gómez, 1928–1930; secretary of government, 1940–1945; director general, National Tourism Commission, 1958–1983. g—None. h—Fluent in English; practiced law in Mexico City, 1928–1930, specialized, with Gabriel Ramos Millán, Manuel Ramírez Vázquez, and Rogelio de la Selva, in cases involving compensation for miners and railroad employees; worked as assistant to a geologist during summers, 1925–1928. i—As a law student at UNAM, knew Ángel Carvajal, Manuel Sánchez Cuen, Héctor Pérez Martínez, Andrés Serra Rojas, Manuel Ramírez Vázquez, Luis Garrido Díaz, Antonio Carrillo Flores, Alfonso Noriega, Antonio Dovalí Jaime, and José Castro Estrada; father, Miguel Alemán, was originally a storekeeper and then a revolutionary general, later serving as a federal deputy, 1927–1928; he was killed in 1929 opposing Obregón’s reelection; son Miguel Alemán Velasco, Jr., served as PRI finance secretary, 1990s, and as governor of Veracruz, 1998–2004; married Beatriz Velasco; maternal uncle Eugenio Méndez, father of Eugenio Méndez Docurro, secretary of commerce, 1971–1976. j—None. k—Leader of PRI right wing after his presidency; major investor in several industries, owned Continental Hotel. l—DP70; 64–65; Covarrubias, 96; DBM68, 23–24; WWMG, 6; WWM45, 3; letters; DGF50, II, 149; DGF47; DGF51, I, 47; DP70, 64; CB, Sept., 1946, 3–5; CN, Sept., 1946, 3–5; UTEHA, 421; Q es Q, 13; Wise, 58; Scott, 218. Alemán Velasco, Jr., Miguel a—Mar. 18, 1932. b—Veracruz, Veracruz. c—Elementary studies in Jalapa and Mexico City; secondary studies in San Antonio, Tex., and at Colegio de México; preparatory studies at Centro Universitario México; law degree, National School of Law, UNAM, July, 1954, with thesis on international problems of air law; international law studies, Sorbonne, Paris, 1953; studies in air law, Rome,

34  m e xic a n p ol i t i c a l b i o g ra ph i e s , 1935– 20 0 9

1954. d—Senator from State of Veracruz, 1991–1997; governor, Veracruz, 1998–2004. e—Secretary of press and public relations of CEN of PRI, 1968; finance secretary of CEN of PRI, 1992–1993; general delegate of CEN of PRI; member, National Council of PRI. f—Adviser to secretary of communications and transportation, 1960; ambassador at large, 1989–1991. g—Editor of student paper, Vox Legis, 1947–1949; founder and director of Voz, 1950–1953. h—Practicing lawyer; editor of Ambiente, 1957; lawyer, Lockheed; television producer, 1960s; general coordinator, Telesistema Mexicana, SA, 1966–1969; news director, Telesistema Mexicana, SA, 1969–1970; first vice president, Radio News Chamber, 1970; first vice president, Pan American Publishers, 1971; executive vice president, Televisa, 1973–1983; vice president and assistant director, Novedades Editores, SA, 1981; member, Board of Directors, Telesistema Mexicana, SA, 1982–1989; president, Televisa, 1985–1989; member, Board of Directors, Televisa, 1997–1999. i—Son of and heir to the fortune of former president Miguel Alemán Valdés and Beatriz Velasco; father reputed to have been among the wealthiest men in Mexico; married Christianne Magnani, French actress and Miss Universe; childhood friend of Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas; good friends at preparatory school with Mario Moya Palencia, Porfirio Muñoz Ledo, Carlos Fuentes; son Miguel Alemán Magnani, vice president, Executive Committee, Televisa, 1997–1999, and retained 9% control of shares in Televisa in 1991, which Forbes valued at $1 billion in 1994, but sold his shares in 1999. j—None. k—Sold his 17% interest in Televisa to Emilio Azcárraga; is the only nationally prominent Mexican political figure to become a member of elite Mexican Council of Businessmen, 1987. l—HA, July 30, 1979, 9; WNM, 5–6; Protag., 19; letters; Proceso, Mar. 1, 1998; Forbes, Dec. 5, 1994; Líderes, VII, 1995, 25–31. Alessio Robles (Fernández), Miguel

a—June 16, 1929. b—Federal District.

c—Elementary and secondary studies in Mexico City; law degree, National School of Law, UNAM, 1954; course in business management, Pan American Institute of Higher Management; professor, Ibero-American University, 1957–1960. d—None. e—None. f—Legal adviser, Arbitration Commission on sugarcane conflict, 1947; assistant director of internal taxes, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1955–1959; director general, SIDERMEX, 1982–1986. g—Manager, National Association of Beer Manufacturers; manager, Chamber of Beer and Malt Industries; 1st vice president, National Chamber of Industries; president, COPARMEX; president, National Chamber of Beer and Malt Industries; president, CONCANACO, 1970–1971. h—Manager, Nuevo Mundo, 1950–1954; director general, Mining Consortium B.J.Peña, 1971–1982; member, Board of Directors, Latin American Insurance, International Bank, and Fundidora de Monterrey. i—Son of Miguel Alessio Robles, secretary of industry and commerce, 1922, and Josefina Fernández Almendaro; nephew of Vito Alessio Robles, former senator, opposition party leader, and intellectual; married Beatriz Landa Verdugo; student with Miguel de la Madrid at UNAM; son Miguel Alessio Robles Landa was assistant secretary of legal affairs and human rights, Secretariat of Government, 2007. j—None. k—None. l—WNM, 7; IEPES; DBGM, 27; Q es QAP, 525. Alessio Robles Landa, Miguel C.

a—1950s. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; law degree with honorable mention, Free Law School, Mexico City, with thesis on legal administration in administrative planning; professor and coordinator of civil law, Free Law School; professor of postgraduate civil law, Free Law School; professor of civil law and postgraduate program in civil law, Pan American University. d—None. e—Negotiated alliance between PAN and PVEM, 2000. f—Assistant secretary of legal affairs and human rights, Secretariat of Government, 2007– . g—None. h—Public Notary No. 19,

t he b io g ra phies  35

Federal District; founding partner, Alcántara and Alessio Robles. i—Son of Miguel Alessio Robles Fernández, director general of SIDERMEX, and Beatriz Landa; grandfather was secretary of industry and commerce in Obregón administration. j—None. k—None. l—www.gobernacion.gob.mx, 2008. Almada López, Carlos Fernando

a—Aug. 26, 1951. b—Guasave, Sinaloa. c—Early education unknown; graduated from University of Sinaloa, 1974; MA in public administration, International Institute of Public Administration, Paris; PhD in public administration, University of Paris, 1979; professor, Regional Technical Institute, Culiacán, Sinaloa, 1972–1974; professor of political science, Graduate School, Political Science, UNAM, 1980–1981; professor, Autonomous University of the State of Mexico, 1982–1983. d—None. e—Assistant director, IEPES of CEN of PRI, 1983–1986; secretary of elections, CEN of PRI, 1999. f—Director of publicity and social communication in Culiacán, 1972–1974, 1974–1975; coordinator of industrial development, Secretariat of Industry and Commerce, 1975– 1976; executive secretary, National Institute of Public Administration, 1979–1980; assistant director, Workers Bank, under Alfredo del Mazo González, 1979–1981; secretary of administration, State of Mexico, 1981–1986; oficial mayor, Secretariat of Energy, Mines, and Government Industries, 1986–1988; director general of voter registration, Federal Electoral Institute, 1988–1994; director of administration, PEMEX, 1994–1995; oficial mayor, Secretariat of Government, 1995–1995; director general of social communications, Office of the Presidency of Mexico, 1995– 1997; ambassador to Portugal, 1997–1999. g—Vice president, National Institute of Public Administration, 2001. h—None. i—Son of Cosme Almada Trapero, civil engineer, and María Dolores López Ángulo; married María de los Milagros Calvo; political disciple of Alfredo del Mazo González. j—None. k—None. l—HA, May 13, 1986, 17;

Mexiquenses, 9–10; DBGM87, 25; Proceso, May 23, 1999; letter. Almeyda Armenta, Eduardo G. a—Oct. 7, 1949. b—Agua Prieta, Sonora. c—Early education unknown; law degree, National School of Law, UNAM, 1967–1971; professor, UNAM, 1982. d—None. e—Joined PRI, 1969; adviser to secretary of publications, CEN of PRI, 1985–1987. f—Auxiliary secretary to private secretary to President Luis Echeverría, 1974–1976; director, Scholarly Services, National Institute of Fine Arts, 1977–1979; chief of authorizations, Secretariat of Public Education, 1979–1981; auxiliary secretary to secretary-general of IMSS, 1982–1983; private secretary to assistant secretary of culture, Secretariat of Public Education, 1983–1985; technical secretary, Foreign Relations Committee, Chamber of Deputies, 1984–1987; executive coordinator for assistant secretary of planning and budget control, Secretariat of Planning and Budgeting, 1987–1988; private secretary to secretary of planning and budgeting, Ernesto Zedillo, 1988–1992; director general of professions, Secretariat of Public Education, 1992–1994; oficial mayor, Office of the Controller General, 1994–1996; oficial mayor of environment, 1996–1998. g—None. i—Son of Antonio Almeyda Gutiérrez and María Armenta; married Alicia Torres Alvízar. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM94, CD. Alonso Díaz Caneja, Ángel Juan a—Jan. 31, 1963. b—Puebla, Puebla. c—Early education unknown; medical degree, ITESM, 1988; studies toward MA in political science, University of Puebla, 1995–1997; diploma in business administration, ITAM. d—Local deputy, State Legislature of Puebla, 1999–2002, 2002–2003, coordinator of PAN delegation; plurinominal federal deputy from PAN, 2003–2006; plurinominal senator from PAN, 2006–2012; e—Member, Regional Committee of PAN, Puebla, 1994–2001; president of PAN, Puebla, 1998–2001; national adviser to CEN of PAN, 1998– . f—None. g—Member, CCE of Puebla, 1991–1995; adviser, COPARMEX,

36  m e xic a n p ol i t i c a l b i o g ra ph i e s , 1935– 20 0 9

Puebla, 1991–1995; president, Association of Hotels and Restaurants, Puebla, 1991–1996. h—Businessman. j—None. k—None. l—www.senado.gob.mx, 2007; DCM, 2006–2009, 309; www.cddhcu.gob.mx, 2003–2006. Alonso Raya, Agustín Miguel a—Aug. 28, 1954. b—Salvatierra, Guanajuato. c—Teaching certificate, El Mexe Rural Normal School, Hidalgo; diploma in social studies, Ibero-American University; diploma in labor relations, Metropolitan University, Mexico City; law degree, Puebla; elementary school teacher, ejido, Yuriria, Guanajuato. d—Plurinominal federal deputy from PST, 1985–1988; plurinominal federal deputy from PRD, 1997–2000, 2003–2006. e—Cofounder, 1973, and member, PST Central Committee, 1975–1987; cofounder and member, PMS Executive Committee, 1987–1989; PRD candidate for governor of Guanajuato, 2000. f—None. g—Secretary-general, Student Society, El Mexe Rural Normal School, 1971– 1972; secretary-general, Socialist Peasant Students of Mexico, 1974; secretary of economic promotion, CEN of SNTE, 1990; secretary of labor rights and organization, CEN of SNTE, 1995; national coordinator, New Unions Democratic Movement, 1989–1996. h—None. i—Son of Trinidad Alonso Lule; married Patricia Olamendi Torres, assistant secretary of global issues. j—None. k—None. l—QesQ en el Congreso, 1997–2000, 64; DBGM87, 431; www.diputados, 2003–2006; www.gobernacion.gob.mx, 1997; Musacchio, 16–17. Alonso Sandoval, José Luis a—Feb. 24, 1937. b—San Pedro, Coahuila. c—Elementary studies at Francisco Sarabia Public Rural School, El Compás, Durango; secondary studies at Rural Normal School of Tamatán, Tamaulipas; normal certificate from Normal School, Saltillo, Coahuila, 1951–1955; preparatory studies at Night Preparatory School of State of Coahuila; law degree, National School of Law, UNAM, 1958–1964; elementary school teacher, 1957–1967. d—Federal deputy from Federal District,

Dist. 3, 1970–1973, member of Department of the Federal District Committee, Desert Zones Committee, and Forest Affairs Committee; delegate from Gustavo Madero to Department of the Federal District, 1985; plurinominal federal deputy from PFCRN, 1988–1991. e—Secretary of organization, PRI, Federal District, 1973–1975; president, 3rd District Committee of PRI for Federal District; president of PRI in Federal District, 1979–1980; secretary of organization of CEN of PRI, 1980–1981; joined PFCRN, 1988. f—Auxiliary secretary to secretary-general of Olympic Games Organizing Committee; private secretary to director general of higher education, Secretariat of Public Education; administrative assistant director of Land Tenure Commission, Secretariat of Agrarian Reform, 1981–1982; Secretariat of Public Education delegate, Tamaulipas, 1983–1984. g—Secretary of organization of CEN of CNOP, 1972–1973; president, Society of Students of School of Law, UNAM, 1962. h—None. i—Son of José Luis Alonso de la Rosa and Petra Sandoval Rodríguez, normal school teachers; married María Elena Valencia Chávez, normal school teacher. j—None. k—Opposed Jesús Reyes Heroles and Agustín Alanís Fuentes for dean of Law School as a student leader, 1961; expelled from National University, 1962. l—Excélsior, Feb. 10, 1979, 14; Directorio, 1970­–1972; C de D, 1970–1973, 100; DBGM89, 394; www.pri.org.mx. Alonso y Prieto, Rafael a—Sept. 6, 1917. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; public accounting degree (CPA), National School of Business and Administration, UNAM, 1937; founding director, School of Economics, ITESM, 1945–1960; professor and chairman, Department of Economics, University of Monterrey, 1977– 1979; director, Cervantes School of Social Work, Monterrey. d—Plurinominal deputy from PAN, 1979–1982. e—Joined PAN, 1947; member, Regional Committee of PAN, Nuevo León; PAN candidate for federal deputy, 1955, 1979. f—Controller general, Board of Administration and Vigilance of Foreign

t he b io g ra phies  37

Properties, 1943–1944. g—Founder and president, Institute of Public Accountants, 1950–1952, 1956–1957; president, National Council of the Mexican Institute of Public Accountants, 1967–1969. h—Practicing public accountant; founder and director, Alonso y Prieto & Associates, 1948–1987; assistant director, Abaco Financial Group; independent consultant, 1997–2007. j—None. k—None. l—C de D, 1979–1982; Protag., 21; Pérez Franco, 27. Alpuche Pinzón, Graciliano (Deceased Dec. 2, 1990) a—Apr. 2, 1919. b—Mérida, Yucatán. c—Early education unknown; enrolled in Heroic Military College as cadet, Jan. 2, 1937; graduated as 2nd artillery lieutenant; diploma from Higher War College in staff and command, 1944–1947; instructor in tactics and combat information, Heroic Military College. d—Senator from State of Yucatán, 1976–1982; governor, Yucatán, 1982–1984. e—None. f—Military attaché to Argentina. g—None. h—None. i—Married María Eugenia Viejo; brother Juan reached rank of colonel, 1971. j—Career army officer; volunteer, 36th Infantry Battalion, June 1, 1936; junior officer, 1st Artillery Regiment, 3rd Artillery Battalion; staff officer, 2nd Infantry Division, national military service; section chief, staff, 1st Infantry Division (volunteers), Military Camp No. 1; chief of planning subsection of S-1, staff, Secretariat of National Defense; director, Black Powder Plant, Santa Fe; assistant chief of staff, 15th and 32nd Military Zones; chief of staff, 32nd Military Zone, Yucatán; adjutant general to Juan Flores Torres, assistant secretary of defense, 1958–1964; director, Department of Recruitment and Personnel, Secretariat of National Defense; director general of artillery, Secretariat of National Defense, 1974; rank of lieutenant colonel, Nov. 20, 1960; rank of brigadier general, Nov. 20, 1971; retired Oct. 16, 1983. k—Defeated Víctor Cervera Pacheco for PRI gubernatorial nomination, 1981; not favored for governorship by his predecessor, Francisco Luna Kan; resigned as governor because of serious

problems with henequen workers and accusations of “inexplicable wealth” among his collaborators. l—Rev. de Ejer., Nov., 1971, 38, Jan., 1974, 86; HA, Aug. 24, 1981; Excélsior, Aug. 16, 1981, 6; HA, Feb. 27, 1980, 32; Excélsior, Jan. 5, 1983, 23; MGF72–73, 175; DPE61, 32; El Nacional, Dec. 3, 1990, 5; El Nacional, Dec. 30, 1990, 5; Rev. de Ejer., Dec., 1990, 60. Altamirano Dimas, Gonzalo a—Sept. 10, 1948. b—Cuautitlán, State of Mexico. c—Early education unknown; law degree, National School of Law, UNAM, 1969–1973; secondary and preparatory teacher, Mexico Institute of Humanities; professor, School of Accounting and Business Administration, UNAM, 1975–1976. d—Plurinominal alternate federal deputy from PAN, 1973–1976; plurinominal federal deputy from PAN, 1985–1988; representative to Assembly of the Federal District, 1988–1991, coordinator of PAN delegation; plurinominal federal deputy from PAN, 1991–1994; representative to Assembly of the Federal District, 1994–1997. e—Joined PAN, 1967; member of CEN of PAN, 1979–1987, 1990–1999; president of PAN, Federal District, 1993–1999; national adviser, PAN, 1978–2007; chief of press relations, CEN of PAN, 1982–1987; assistant secretary-general of CEN of PAN; member, National Council of PAN; PAN candidate for Senate, 1982, 1997, 2006; coordinator of public relations, PAN presidential primary campaign of Santiago Creel, 2005. f—Director, Government Unit, Secretariat of Government, 2002–2004; director of public relations, Secretariat of Government, 2004– 2005; director of legislative affairs, Senate, 2006–2007. g—None. h—Lawyer, Morales Gómez firm, 1971–1973; lawyer, Vicencio Tovar and Associates, 1973–1978; coordinator of advisers of director general, Hidalgo Insurance, 2001–2002. i—Son of Gonzalo Altamirano Alta and Esperanza Dimas Carrillo; married Guadalupe Cárdenas Rivera; Vicencio Tovar brothers were leading figures in PAN for many decades. l—Pérez Franco, 27–28; DBGM92, 412; DBGM89, 563–564.

38  m e xic a n p ol i t i c a l b i o g ra ph i e s , 1935– 20 0 9 Altamirano Fajardo, Manlio Fabio

(Deceased Jan. 25, 1936) a—Oct. 12, 1892. b—Jalapa, Veracruz. c—Elementary studies at Normal Annex School in Misantla, Veracruz; preparatory studies at National Preparatory School, temporarily militarized as a corporal and sergeant, Dec. 14, 1915–Oct. 31, 1917; law degree from National Law School, UNAM. d—Federal deputy from State of Veracruz (5 times), 1916–1925; senator from Veracruz, 1934–1935; governor-elect, Veracruz, 1936. e—Member, Obregonista Party; signer of declaration by General Calles setting forth formation of National Revolutionary Party, Dec. 1, 1928. f—Director, Talleres Gráficos de la Nación; manager, government daily newspaper El Nacional. g—Member, radical groups supporting Casa del Obrero Mundial; represented Veracruz at National Anticlerical Congress, Mexico City, 1931. i—From poor family. j—Fought against de la Huerta rebellion in 3 battles, 1922–1924. k—Assassinated as governor-elect before he could take office, allegedly on the orders of a group of large landholders, an event which opened up the governorship to Miguel Alemán, launching his national career. l—DP70, 78; Peral, 43; Gruening, 480; Gaxiola, 303, 23; Enc. Mex. I, 168; González Navarro, 128–129; Q es Q, 17–18; López, 45; www.xalapa.gob.mx/municipio/biografias, 2007. Altamirano Herrera, Rafael (Deceased) a—July 25, 1908. b—Querétaro, Querétaro. c—Elementary studies in Querétaro; secondary studies in Mexico City; preparatory studies in Mexico City; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, 1932, with a specialization in penal law; professor of Roman Law, National School of Law, UNAM, 1944–1953. d—Senator from State of Querétaro, 1958–1964. e—None. f—Penal judge, Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, 1932– 1934; judge of civil and treasury matters, Aguascalientes, 1934–1935; juvenile court judge, 1935–1941; judge, Eleventh Civil Judicial District, 1941; auxiliary secretary, Fifth Division of Superior Tribunal of Justice,

Federal District; justice, Superior Tribunal of Justice, Federal District, 1949–1953; private secretary to director general of pensions, 1953. g—None. j—None. k—None. l—Func., 330; C de S, 1958–1964, 10; www .cronica.diputados.gob.mx. Alvarado, José (Deceased Sept. 23, 1974) a—Sept. 21, 1911. b—Lampazos, Nuevo León. c—Secondary studies in Monterrey; preparatory studies at Colegio Civil, Monterrey; completed studies in law, National School of Law, UNAM, but never completed thesis for a degree; professor of literature and philosophy, National Preparatory School; professor, University of Nuevo León; rector, University of Nuevo León, 1961–1963. d—Popular Party candidate for federal deputy, 1952. e—Supporter of José Vasconcelos for president, 1929; member, CEN of Popular Party, 1948. f—None. g—Secretary, National Student Federation, 1933. h—Writer for Barandal; collaborator with Spanish exiles on Romance and Futuro; wrote for El Popular in 1940s; journalist for El Nacional until 1948; wrote for Combate; wrote for Excélsior, 1950s–1974. i—Friend of Eduardo Livas from elementary school days, recommended him for rector as governor of Nuevo León; friend of Alejandro Gómez Arias since 1929 in Monterrey; companion of Enrique Ramírez y Ramírez as writer for Claridad, 1930; father was a professor and secretary of the University of Nuevo León; married Cándida Pérez. j—None. k—Resigned as rector of University of Nuevo León after being attacked as a Communist by certain interest groups. l—Excélsior, Sept. 24, 1974, Sept. 26, 1974; HA, Oct. 7, 1974; letter. Alvarado (Alvarado), Silverio Ricardo

(Deceased Oct. 22, 1998) a—Feb. 7, 1917. b—Ozuloama, Veracruz. c—Elementary studies in Veracruz; completed rural normal certificate, Rural Normal School, Ozuloama, 1929–1930; no degree. d—Alternate federal deputy from State of Veracruz, Dist. 2, 1943–1946, under Rafael Murillo Vidal; member, City Council of Tuxpan, Veracruz,

t he b io g ra phies  39

1943–1946; local deputy, State Legislature of Veracruz, 1950–1953, 1962–1965; federal deputy from State of Veracruz, Dist. 2, 1967–1970, Dist. 1, 1973–1976; senator from State of Veracruz, 1976–1982; federal deputy from State of Veracruz, Dist. 18, 1982–1985. e—Joined PRM, 1937; president of PRM, Tuxpan, 1940–1942; assistant secretary of labor action, CEN of PRI, 1975–1980. f—None. g—Secretary of organization, Federation of Workers and Peasants of Northern Veracruz, 1941; secretary of organization, Only Union of Workers of Veracruz, 1947; secretary-general, Only Union of Workers of Veracruz, 1950; secretary of organization, CROC, State of Veracruz, 1952–1955; secretary-general, CROC, State of Veracruz, 1958–1961, 1964–1967; secretary of technical and economic affairs, CROC, 1968–1970; president of CROC, 1970–1971; secretary of political action, CROM, 1983– 1986. h—None. i—Son of Tomás González Guillermo, a carpenter and in the military, and Eva Alvarado Sobrevilla; married Celestina Roldán Casados. j—None. k—None. l—C de D, 1943–1946; C de D, 1967–1970; C de D, 1973–1976; C de S, 1976–1982; Directorio, 1982–1985; www.mexicanadeco municacion.com.mx. Alvarado Arámburo, Alberto Andrés

(Deceased Feb. 14, 1996) a—Feb. 4, 1925. b—La Paz, Baja California del Sur. c—Elementary and secondary studies in Baja California del Sur; preparatory studies in biological sciences, National Preparatory School; completed 2 years of medical studies, National School of Medicine, UNAM. d—Alternate federal deputy from State of Baja California del Sur, Dist. 1, 1961–1964, under Antonio Navarro Encinas; federal deputy from State of Baja California del Sur, Dist. 1, 1964–1967; senator from Baja California del Sur, 1976–1981; governor, Baja California del Sur, 1981–1987. e—Youth director of PRI; director of social action of PRI; general delegate of CEN of PRI to Baja California del Sur; assistant secretary of CEN of PRI; special delegate of CEN of PRI

to Sonora, Yucatán, Chihuahua, and Tlalnepantla; secretary of organization of CEN of PRI, 1976. f—Director, Office of the Federal Electric Commission in Baja California del Sur; director, Population Office, State of Baja California del Sur; director of property control, State of Baja California del Sur; delegate of City of La Paz, 1954–1956. g—None. h—None. i—Cousin of Ángel Mendoza Arámburo, governor of Baja California del Sur, 1975–1981. j—None. k—Murdered in Mexico City during a robbery. l—C de D, 1961–1964, 6, 1964–1967, 45; PS; www .es.wikipedia.org. Alvarado González, Agustín (Deceased) a—June 2, 1912. b—Martínez de la Torre, Veracruz. c—Elementary studies at Benito Juárez School; no secondary or college studies. d—Local deputy, State Legislature of Veracruz; alternate federal deputy, State of Veracruz, Dist. 4, 1952–1955; federal deputy, State of Veracruz, Dist. 5, 1970–1973, member of Committees on National Lands, Agricultural Development, and Ejido (third accounts). e—None. f—Director, Department of Indigenous Affairs; director of agriculture, State of Veracruz. g—Secretarygeneral, League of Agrarian Communities of State of Veracruz. h—None. j—None. k—None. l—C de D, 1952–1954; Directorio, C de D, 1970–1972, 100. Álvarez Álvarez, Luis Héctor a—Oct. 25, 1919. b—Camargo, Chihuahua. c—Elementary studies in Ciudad Camargo, Regional Institute of Chihuahua and Public School No. 26, Ciudad Juárez; secondary studies at El Paso High School, El Paso, Tex., and private high school, Austin, Tex.; business administration degree from University of Texas, Austin; MA studies in engineering, MIT, Cambridge, Mass. d—Mayor, Chihuahua, Chihuahua, 1983–1986; senator from Chihuahua, 1994–2000, president of Ecology Committee. e—Joined PAN about 1953; PAN candidate for governor of Chihuahua, 1956; member, CEN of PAN; PAN presidential candidate, 1958; member, CEN of PAN, 1972–1975, 1978, 1987–2005; PAN candidate

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for senator from Chihuahua, 1982; president, CEN of PAN, 1986–1993; national adviser, PAN, 1956–2007. f—Appointed coordinator of negotiations for Chiapas Peace Commission between Fox government and the Zapatistas, 2000–2006; director, National Commission for Development of Indigenous Communities, 2006– . g—None. h—Involved in agricultural enterprises and manager of various firms, 1942–1946; textile manufacturer in Chihuahua, 1946–1957; director general, Compañía Industrial Río Bravo, 1957; president, Educational Center for Ciudad Juárez; textile manufacturer, 1957–1983; retired, 1983. i—Son of Tomás Álvarez Valenzuela, industrialist, merchant, and rancher, and Josefina Álvarez Álvarez; married María Elena Blanca Magrassi, psychologist. j—None. k—Led PAN negotiations with PRI to support 1989 electoral reforms. l—Scott, 184, 240; HAR, Dec. 12, 1957, 645–646; HA, Dec. 2, 1957; Morton, 105–106; Johnson, 33; Mabry, 55, 155 215; Proceso, Dec. 22, 1986, 20–21; CDDWeb, Senadores, 1997; letters; Pérez Franco, 28–30. Álvarez Acosta, Miguel (Deceased 1996) a—Sept. 29, 1907. b—San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí. c—Elementary studies in San Luis Potosí, teaching certificate, Normal School of San Luis Potosí, 1925; law degree, University of San Luis Potosí, 1931; professor of sociology, civics, history, and political economy, Normal School of San Luis Potosí; elementary school director, San Luis Potosí; director of higher school of Xilitla. d—None. e—None. f—Technical adviser, Secretariat of Foreign Relations; consul to United States and Central America; career consul, 1939; agent, Ministerio Público, Office of the Attorney General; judge of 1st instance, Matehuala, San Luis Potosí, 1931; magistrate, Superior Tribunal of Justice, State of San Luis Potosí, 1938–1941; substitute governor, San Luis Potosí, 1938; representative to FAO; judge, Federal Tax Court, 1942–1954; director general, National Institute of Fine Arts, July 29, 1954–1958; director general, Organizations for the International

Promotion of Culture; rank of ambassador, Mexican Foreign Service; assistant secretary of broadcasting, Secretariat of Communications and Transportation, 1972–1976. g—Secretary-general, National Teachers’ Union, 1958. h—Began working at odd jobs at age 10; author of many novels and articles; legal adviser, National Mixed Agrarian Commission. i—Son of Cirilo Álvarez Aldape, who died when he was a child; mother, María Macedonia, earned a living sewing. j—None. k—None. l—DEM, 15–16; HA, Aug. 9, 1954, Oct. 23, 1972, 18; MGF69, 179; López, 48–49; www.elporvenir.com.mx, Nov. 21, 2007.

Álvarez Amézquita (Chimalpopoca), José (Deceased) a—Aug. 4, 1911. b—Federal

District. c—Elementary and secondary studies at Colegio Francés, Morelos; preparatory studies at National Preparatory School (evening sessions), Mexico City; medical degree, National School of Medicine, UNAM, 1935; professor of medicine and specialized courses, National School of Medicine, UNAM, 1938–1958. d—None. e—None. f—Chief of surgical services, Juárez Hospital, Mexico City, 1948; director general of medical services, Secretariat of Labor, 1956–1958; secretary of health and public welfare, 1958–1964. g—President, National Association of Surgeons, 1952. h—Intern, Juárez Hospital, Mexico City, 1933–1934, 1935–1939; director general of medical assistance, Secretariat of Health and Public Welfare, 1949–1952; founder, Mexican Hospital Society. i—Attended secondary school with Adolfo López Mateos; son of José Álvarez Amézquita, physician; stepdaughter Blanca R. Welter (actress Linda Christian) married actor Tyrone Power, 1949. j—None. k—None. l—HA, Nov. 9, 1964, 15–16; WWMG, 6; IWW66, HA, Dec. 8, 1955, 8, 28; DBM68, 28–29; DGF51, 340; Quién Será, 128; Func., 183; WWW70–71, 24. Álvarez Bernal, María Elena a—Oct. 5, 1930. b—Zamora, Michoacán. c—Elementary studies, Vicente Alcaraz School, Mexico City; secondary studies, Morelos Institute,

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Mexico City; preparatory studies, Anáhuac Normal School, Guadalajara, 1976–1980; political science degree, National School of Political and Social Sciences, UNAM, 1981–1985; MA in public administration, UNAM, 1987–1989; elementary and secondary teacher, Colegio La Paz, 1980–1988; director general, Colegio La Paz, 35 years. d—Plurinominal federal deputy from PAN, 1976–1979, 1994–1997; plurinominal senator from PAN, 1997–2000, president, Social Assistance Committee; plurinominal federal deputy from PAN, 2000–2003, vice president of Chamber, 2000–2002; plurinominal federal deputy from PAN, 2006–2009. e—Joined PAN, 1957; president, Women’s Sec., PAN, 1957, 1958–1960, 1964–1966, 1981–1984; secretary of social policy, alternative cabinet of Manuel Clouthier, PAN presidential candidate, 1988–1992; secretary of training, CEN of PAN, 1986–1992; national adviser, PAN, 1959–2007; member, CEN of PAN, 1960–1961, 1966–1972, 1975–1978, 1984–2002; member, National Council of PAN, 1957–2003. f—Assistant to an accountant, París Londres, 1946–1951; assistant to an accountant, Harinera Nacional, 1952– 1957. g—Director, Women’s Catholic Youth Group, 1945–1957. i—Widow of Abel Vicencio Tovar, president of PAN, 1978–1984; son Felipe Vicencio Álvarez, senator. j—None. k—None. l—Letter; QesQ en el Congreso, 2000–2003, 21–22; C de D, 1976–1979; C de D, 1994–1997; QesQ en el Congreso, 1997, 259; www.gobernacion.gob.mx, 1997; www .cddhcu.gob.mx, 1994; Musacchio, 18–19. Álvarez Borboa, Teófilo (Deceased 1962) a—Jan. 8, 1891. b—Villa de Higueras de los Monzones, Badiraguato, Sinaloa. c—Elementary studies in Villa de Higueras; secondary studies in Federal District; teaching certificate from Normal School, 1910. d—Senator from State of Sinaloa, 1958–1964, president of Committee on Military Justice, member of 2nd Naval Committee. e—None. f—Oficial mayor of government under Juan de Dios Bojórquez, 1934–1935. g—None. h—None. i—School companion of José

Ángel Ceniceros. j—Joined Revolution under General Obregón, Apr. 9, 1914, with rank of 2nd lieutenant; commander, 51st Battalion, 1925–1926; commander, 42nd Battalion; director of justice, 1st Military Zone; brigade general, Nov., 1934; supreme chief, Military Tribunal; director of infantry; secretary of national defense; commander, 7th Military Zone, Sonora and Sinaloa, 1951–1957; rank of division general, 1958. k—None. l—Func., 350; C de S, 1961–1964, 51; DGF56, 201; DGF51, 103; DP70, 88–89. Álvarez de la Fuente, Francisco a—May 7, 1951. b—Río Grande, Zacatecas. c—Early education unknown; law degree, University of Tamaulipas, 1972–1977; professor of economics and sociology, Normal School of Tamaulipas; professor of economics, Teachers Education School; professor of law, José Vasconcelos Preparatory School, Tamaulipas; professor of experimental methods and structure, Ponciano Arriaga Preparatory School. d—Plurinominal federal deputy from PDM, 1982–1985. e—Legal adviser, PDM, Tamaulipas, 1979–1980; secretary of organization of PDM in Tamaulipas, 1980–1981; president of PDM in Tamaulipas, 1981–1985; PDM candidate for federal deputy from 4th Dist., Tamaulipas, 1982. f—Employee, Forestry and Fauna Division, Secretariat of Agriculture; agent, Ministerio Público, Tenth Mixed Judicial District, Tula, Tamaulipas, 1979–1981; secretary, Mixed Penal District, 1st Instance, Eleventh Judicial District, Tamaulipas, 1978–1979; agent, Ministerio Público, Juamave, Tamaulipas. g—None. h—Journalist. j—None. k—None. l—Directorio, 1982–1985; C de D, 1982–1985; Lehr, 628. Álvarez del Castillo, Juan Manuel

(Deceased) a—Nov. 14, 1891. b—Guadalajara, Jalisco. c—Early education unknown; no degree. d—Constitutional deputy from State of Jalisco, Dist. 4, 1916–1917; federal deputy from State of Jalisco, Dist. 4, 1918–1920, 1920–1922, 1922–1924. e—None. f—Ambassador to Peru, 1933–1936; ambassador to Dominican Republic, 1936;

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ambassador to Norway, 1940; ambassador to Portugal, 1940–1943; ambassador to Colombia, 1944–1945; ambassador to Argentina, 1945–1951; ambassador to Canada, 1952–1953; ambassador to Brazil, 1954–1956; resigned from Foreign Service, 1959. g—None. i—Brother Jesús, founder of El Informador and member of City Council of Guadalajara, 1917–1918; brother Luis, mayor of Guadalajara, 1939–1940, and compadre of Silvano Barba González, governor of Jalisco. j—Constitutionalist; representative of Adolfo de la Huerta in Washington, DC, 1923; representative of General Gonzalo Escobar in Washington, DC, 1929. k—None. l—Hurtado, 273, 277; López Escalera, 49; Peral, 46; Villaseñor, 28; Agraz García, 1958, 178. Álvarez del Castillo (Labastida), Enrique a—Nov. 23, 1923. b—Guadalajara,

Jalisco. c—Early education unknown; law studies at National School of Law, UNAM, 1942–1947, graduating 1947; LLD from National School of Law, UNAM, 1950–1951, graduating with honorable mention; professor of labor law, National School of Law, UNAM, 1953–1978. d—Federal deputy from State of Jalisco, Dist. 25, 1976–1979, member of Sec. on Higher Education of Educational Development Committee, Sec. on Amparo of Legislative Studies Committee, 3rd Labor Committee, and Public Budget Committee; governor, Jalisco, 1983–1989. e—Joined PRI, 1944; assistant secretary-general, CEN of PRI, 1978. f—Department head, Division of Labor Relations, IMSS; secretary-general, IMSS, 1965–1966; oficial mayor, Organizing Committee for Olympic Games; supernumerary justice, Supreme Court, 1979–1982; justice, Supreme Court, 1982; attorney general of Mexico, 1988–1991; director general, Public Works Bank, 1991–1994. g—None. h—Administrative director, Mexican Power and Light, 1970–1973; legal counsel, ASARCO, San Luis Potosí; author of many articles and books on labor law. i—Son of Antonio Álvarez del Castillo, journalist, and Berta Labastida; married Virginia Baeza; student and close friend of Mario de

la Cueva; nephew of Luis and Juan Manuel Álvarez del Castillo Velasco, secretarygeneral of the Federal District, 1915, and federal deputy; cousin of José Juan de Olloqui y Labastida, assistant secretary of foreign relations. j—None. k—Criticized as attorney general because of continued human rights abuses and drug trafficking. l—DBM68, 29–30; D de C, 1976–1979, 21, 53, 78; C de D, 1976–1979; Proceso, Sept. 20, 1982, 22–25; Excélsior, Aug. 12, 1982, 21; DBGM89, 29; www.scnj.gob.mx, 2008; www.photius.com. Álvarez González, Manuel (Deceased) a—Jan. 8, 1914. b—Federal District. c—Completed secondary studies in Mexico City, 1929; graduated as master mechanic from technical school, Mexico City. d—Federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. 10, 1961–1964, 1967–1970; federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. 29, 1982–1985. e—Joined PNR, 1929; president, Executive Committee, 10th Electoral Committee, Federal District. f—None. g—Secretarygeneral, Meat Workers’ Union; treasurer, CTM, 1978–1980; assistant secretary of organization, CTM, 1981. h—Chief of butchering, Central Foodstuffs, Federal District, 1939–1982. i—Son of Jesús Álvarez Montes de Oca, mechanical engineer, and Soledad González; married María de Jesús Horta. j—None. k—None. l—Directorio, 1982– 1985; PS; Directorio, 1967–1970; MGF69, 90; C de D, 1961–1964, 6, 70; Lehr, 147. Álvarez Hoth, Jorge Enrique a—July 19, 1963. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; degree in communication science, Anáhuac University, Mexico City, 1982–1986; one year of graduate studies, Anáhuac University, 1993; diploma in international trade, 1992, and in finance administration, 1993, Anáhuac University. d—None. e—None. f—Assistant to vice president of Expansión, manager and director of communications and information, Televisa, 1986–1993; CEO and director general, Merkatel, SACV, 1993–1997; vice president of operations, marketing, and sales, Cable Vision, SACV, 1994–1996; CEO and director

t he b io g ra phies  43

general, Sky México, 1996–2000; vice president, Cable Television, Televisa, 1998–2000; CEO and director general, es.mas.com (Televisa’s Internet), 2000; adviser to president of Grupo Televisa, 2000; member, Board of Directors, National Radio and Television Council, 1998–1999. g—None. k—None. l—www.itu.int/itu-wsis, 2006; www.sshhiilce.edu.mx, 2007. Álvarez Lima, José Antonio a—May 3, 1942. b—Apizaco, Tlaxcala. c—Elementary studies at Fray Pedro de Gante School, Apizaco; secondary studies at Héroes de Nacozari Public School, Tlaxcala; preparatory studies at ITESM, Monterrey; began university studies at ITESM, completed degree in public administration and political science, National School of Political and Social Sciences, UNAM, 1960–1965; Secretariat of Public Education, 1962–1963; professor of political science, National School of Political and Social Sciences, UNAM, 1966–1991; professor of political science, Ibero-American University. d—Federal deputy from State of Tlaxcala, Dist. 1, 1982–1985; senator from Tlaxcala, 1991–1997; governor, Tlaxcala, 1993–1999. e—Joined PRI, 1970; secretary-general, CEN of PRI, 1970–1973; director general, La República, CEN of PRI, 1982–1985; general delegate of CEN of PRI to Tabasco, 1985. f—Assistant director of information, Secretariat of Programming and Budget, 1978–1979; news director, Channel 13, 1973–1976; director general of educational radio, Secretariat of Public Education, 1980–1982; ambassador to Colombia, 1985–1987. g—None. h—Director general, Imevisión, 1989–1991. i—Son of JacobÁlvarez Piña, Spanish immigrant, businessman, and founder of Apizaco Chamber of Commerce, and Catalina Lima Ortiz, small businesswoman; married Verónica Rascón Córdova, teacher; Alfonso Sánchez Anaya born in Apizaco, 1941; family owned Cine Apizaco and local tire distributorship; grandson of Gabriel Lima, syndic of Huamantla, Tlaxcala, 1918, and local deputy to State Legislature of Tlaxcala, 1920; studied

under Enrique González Pedrero and Pablo González Casanova at UNAM. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM92, 414; DBGM84; Musacchio, 20; www.tlaxcala.gob.mx, 2008. Álvarez López, Manuel (Deceased June 27, 1960) a—Sept. 15, 1885. b—Colima, Colima. c—Elementary and secondary studies at Conciliar Seminary of Colima; no degree. d—Senator from State of San Luis Potosí, 1946–1952, member of Health Committee, alternate member of 2nd Ejido Committee; governor, San Luis Potosí, 1955–1959. e—None. f—Consul general in Buenos Aires; consul general in Brazil. g—None. h—Industrialist. i—Part of Gonzalo N. Santos’ clique. j—Joined the Revolution, 1911, supported Francisco Madero. k—Anderson reports that he was forced out of the governorship of San Luis Potosí in Jan., 1959, because of close ties with Gonzalo Santos. l—DGF56, 99; NYT, Oct. 26, 1958, 19; HA, Oct. 3, 1955, 20–21; Anderson; DGF51, 7, 11, 14; PS. Álvarez Nolasco, Ernesto a—Mar. 20, 1920. b—Ahome, Sinaloa. c—Completed elementary and secondary studies; preparatory studies at University of Guadalajara, 1935–1937; no degree. d—Federal deputy from State of Sinaloa, Dist. 1, 1961–1964, member of Waters and National Irrigation Committee, National Properties Committee; federal deputy from State of Sinaloa, Dist. 4, 1967–1970; mayor, Ahome, 1987–1989; mayor, Los Mochis, Sinaloa, 1989. e—Joined PRI, 1952; general delegate of CEN of PRI to Campeche, Yucatán, 1961–1964; regional delegate of CEN of PRI to Nayarit, Sonora, and Baja California, 1967–1970; assistant secretary of press and publicity of CEN of PRI, 1971–1976. f—Director, Federal Treasury Office, Los Mochis, 1959–1961; director general of information, Secretariat of the Government, 1976–1979; director general of public relations, Office of the Presidency, June 6, 1979–1982; director general of information and public relations, Secretariat of Public Education, 1982–1985. g—Secretary-general of CNOP, Sinaloa, 1964–1967. h—Journalist,

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1939–1958; editor, Novedades, Diario de la Tarde, 1939–1958. i—Son of Cosme Álvarez Almada, teacher and director, Prevocational School No. 10., and Margarita Nolasco; married Felisa Valdés. j—None. k—None. l—C de D, 1961–1964, 70; 1967–1970; PS; Q es QAP, 302; DBGM, 30. Álvarez Pérez, Jesús a—Mar. 9, 1939. b—Ojo Caliente, Zacatecas. c—Preparatory studies, enrolled Jan. 1, 1956, as cadet, Heroic Military College, graduating as 2nd cavalry lieutenant, Jan. 1, 1959; completed staff and command degree, Higher War College, 1964–1967; MA in intercontinental defense, Inter-American Defense College, 1977–1978; MA in national security, National Defense College, 1982–1983; professor, Applied Military Academy; cavalry professor, Higher War College; assistant director, Higher War College. d—None. e—None. f—Military attaché, Mexican embassy, Washington, DC, 1977–1980; oficial mayor of national defense, 2000–2001; assistant secretary of national defense, 2001–2004. g—None. h—None. j—Career army officer; chief, Sec. 4, General Staff, Secretariat of National Defense, 1976, 1983; commander, 22nd Motorized Cavalry, San Luis Río Colorado; commander, 26th Armored Regiment, Military Camp No. 1, Federal District; director general of armor, Secretariat of National Defense, 1990–1992; commander, 3rd Armored Brigade, Puebla; rank of brigade general, 1993; commander, 17th Military Zone, Querétaro, 1994–1996; commander, 30th Military Zone, Villahermosa, 1996–1998; commander, 21st Military Zone, Morelia, 1998–1999; commander, 8th Military Region, Ixcotel, Oaxaca, 1999–2000; rank of division general, Sept. 16, 2001. k—None. l—www.sedena.gob.mx, 2000, 2003; letters. Álvarez Ponce de León, Griselda a—Apr. 5, 1918. b—Guadalajara, Jalisco. c—Normal teaching certificate; advanced studies at Specialization Normal School, Secretariat of Public Education; degree in Spanish letters, 9.86 GPA, UNAM, 1966–1970; professor, Specialization Normal School, 1951;

elementary school teacher. d—Senator from Colima, 1976–1979; governor, Colima, 1979–1985. e—Supported Andrés Manuel López Obrador, 2006. f—Chief of archives, General Hospital, Secretariat of Health; assistant director, Division of Social Action, Secretariat of Public Education, 1959–1961, under Flavio Romero de Velasco, her compadre; director, Division of Social Action, Secretariat of Public Education, 1961–1965; director, Division of Social Work, Secretariat of Health, 1965; head, Department of Social Work and Inspection, INDECO; director of social welfare services, IMSS, 1976; director, National Museum of Art, 1986. g—President of her student generation, UNAM, 1966– 1970. h—Author and poet. i—Daughter of Miguel Álvarez García, governor of Colima, 1919–1923, and owner of San Juan de Chiapa hacienda; great-granddaughter of Manuel Álvarez Zamora, first governor of Colima; niece of General Higinio Álvarez, senator, deputy, and acting governor of Colima; father of Antonio Toledo Corro, governor of Sinaloa, 1980–1986, administered her grandfather’s hacienda in Sinaloa; close friend of Victoria Adato de Ibarra; close friend of Ana María Escobar, daughter of General Gonzalo Escobar; close friend since elementary school of Alejandra Rubio Vivanco, wife of Enrique Enríquez Coyro; sister-in-law of Florencio Padilla, secretary-general of PRM. j—None. k—First woman governor in Mexican history. l—HA, May 10, 1976, 12–13; DPE61, 103; Latin America, Jan. 26, 1979, 20; Excélsior, Jan. 7, 1979, 12; Enc. Mex., I, 1977, 163; Romero Aceves, 367–368. Alzalde Arellano, Ricardo (Deceased) a—Apr. 3, 1907. b—Torreón, Coahuila. c—Early education unknown; no degree. d—Federal deputy from State of Baja California del Norte, 1949–1952, Dist. 1, member of Library Committee, Hunting and Fishing Committee, 2nd Ejido Committee, Social Welfare Committee, Gran Comisión; federal deputy from State of Baja California del Norte, 1958–1961, Dist. 1, member of Hunting and Fishing Committee, National Lands

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Committee, Budget and Accounts Committee. e—None. f—Director of agrarian affairs, Baja California del Norte, 1965. g—Peasant leader, Baja California del Norte, 1937; secretary-general, League of Agrarian Communities of Baja California del Norte, 1948–1949; secretary of organization, Regional Peasant Committee, Tijuana-Ensenada. h—Ejidatario. j—None. k—Moved to Baja California del Norte in 1937 as a peasant; promotion of Mazatlán ejido led to rapid development of Rosarito Beach. l—DGF51, 19, 29, 30, 31, 32, 35; C de D, 1949–1952, 6, 63; 1958–1961, 69; Aguirre, 492; Func., 124; www.descubre bajacalifornia.com. Alzati Araiza, Fausto a—June 14, 1953. b—Guanajuato, Guanajuato. c—Early education unknown; legal studies, National School of Law, UNAM, 1976–1979, graduating in 1995; MA in public administration, Harvard University, 1979–1981; PhD studies in political economy and government, Harvard University, 1983–1987, graduating in 1997; visiting researcher, Harvard University, 1985–1987; researcher, Colegio de México, 1987–1989; professor, ITAM, 1988; professor, Colegio de México, 1988–1990; professor, Matías Romero Institute, 1988–1990. d—Member, City Council, Guanajuato, 1973–1976. e—Joined PRI, 1968; oficial mayor of PRI, Guanajuato, 1973–1974; assistant director of economic studies, IEPES of PRI, 1989–1990. f—Coordinator of research, Division of Tax Information, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1976–1978; executive secretary, Social Activities Trust, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1978–1980; director of planning, Secretariat of Energy, Mines, and Government Industries, 1983; technical secretary of scientific and technological planning, Secretariat of Programming and Budget, 1990; director, CONACYT, Secretariat of Public Education, 1991–1994; secretary of public education, 1994–1995; economic adviser to governor of Guanajuato, 1998. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Fausto Alzati Rivera, lawyer and president of PRI, Guanajuato, 1949–1953, and Miriam Araíza Orellana;

married María del Consuelo Fernández Bueno. j—None. k—Forced to resign as secretary of public education, Jan. 23, 1995, less than 2 months after his appointment, after it was discovered in 1994 that he had claimed to have completed a law degree at UNAM and a PhD from Harvard, neither of which was true. l—DBGM92, 32–33; El Financiero, Dec. 1, 1994, 51; DBGM94, CD; www.luis .rionda.com.mx, 2008. Amador Amador, Jorge a—Nov. 21, 1947. b—San Martín Hidalgo, Jalisco. c—Early education unknown; law degree, University of Guadalajara, 1970; graduate studies, Colegio de México, 1973–1976; preparatory school teacher; professor, Colegio de México; professor, University of Guadalajara. d—Plurinominal federal deputy from PST, 1979–1982, 1985–1988. e—Joined PST, 1973. f—None. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Jesús Amador Robles and Esther Amador Ortega; married Mica-Claire Gambrill Ruppert. j—None. k—None. l—C de D, 1979–1982, 1985–1988. Amador Leal, Narciso Alberto a—Oct. 29, 1951. b—Huauchinango, Puebla. c—Early education unknown; industrial engineering degree, National Polytechnic Institute, 1972–1976, with thesis on an economic and technical analysis of the sugar industry in Mexico. d—Alternate federal deputy from State of Puebla, Dist. 10, 1985– 1988; federal deputy from State of Puebla, Dist. 10, 1988–1991; local deputy, State Legislature of Puebla, 1999–2000; federal deputy from State of Puebla, Dist. 1, 2000–2003, 2006–2009. e—Joined PRI, 1969; assistant treasurer, CEN of PRI, 1989–1991; assistant secretary-general, CEN of PRI, 1997–1998. f—Assistant director of consulting and services, Secretariat of Labor, 1978–1983; director general of training and productivity, Secretariat of Labor, 1983–1985; regional delegate of Secretariat of Programming and Budget, Tamaulipas, 1986–1987; secretarygeneral, CISEN, 1991–1993; director general of social organization, Secretariat of Social Development, 1994–1998. i—Son of Antonio

46  m e xic a n p ol i t i c a l b i o g ra ph i e s , 1935– 20 0 9

Amador Quintero, cattle rancher, and Mercedes Leal Garrido; married Socorro Ibarra García, psychologist. j—None. k—None. l—Musacchio, 21; DBGM84, 32; Directorio del Congreso, 2000–2003, 211; www.diputa dos.gob.mx, 2007; QesQ en el Congreso, 2000–2003, 144; DBGM89, 396. Amaro (Domínguez), Joaquín (Deceased Mar. 15, 1952) a—Aug. 16, 1889. b—Hacienda Corrales de Abrego, Sombrerete, Zacatecas. c—Elementary studies, Sombrerete; no degree. d—None. e—Participated in presidential campaign, 1939–1940. f—Assistant secretary, Secretariat of National Defense, Dec. 1, 1924; secretary of national defense, Dec. 30, 1924–Nov. 30, 1928, Nov. 30, 1928–Mar. 2, 1929, May 20, 1930–Oct. 15, 1931; director, National Military College, 1931–1935; director of military education, 1935–1936. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Antonio Amaro and Ángela Domínguez, peasants; father killed in the Revolution; married Elisa Izaguirre. j—Joined the Revolution as a private, Feb. 28, 1911, under General Domingo Arrieta; served under General Gertrudis Sánchez, 1913–1915; ranks corporal through 1st lieutenant, 1911; fought against forces of Bernardo Reyes, 1911–1912; rank of 1st captain, 1912; rank of major, Oct. 15, 1912; fought against forces of Emiliano Zapata, 1913; rank of lieutenant colonel, Jan. 20, 1913; supported Plan of Guadalupe, Mar. 30, 1913; fought against Victoriano Huerta’s forces, 1913–1914, under Gertrudis Sánchez; rank of brigade general, Oct. 1, 1914; supported Venustiano Carranza against Villa; participated in Battle of Celaya, 1915; commander, 5th Division, Army of the Northeast, Mar. 28, 1915–Dec. 31, 1917; commander, Expeditionary Forces, 5th Division, Jan. 1–July 17, 1918; chief of military operations, Ojinaga sector, July 18, 1918–June 30, 1920; joined Plutarco Calles and Álvaro Obregón in support of Plan of Agua Prieta against Venustiano Carranza, 1919; rank of division general, 1920; chief of military operations, Chihuahua, July 1–Aug. 24, 1920; chief of military operations, Nuevo

León, Coahuila, and San Luis Potosí, Aug. 25, 1920–Feb. 28, 1923; chief of military operations, Nuevo León, Mar. 1–Dec. 31, 1923; chief of military operations, Western Column, Jan. 1–Nov. 30, 1924; chief of military operations, Bajío, May 17–Nov. 30, 1924; director of military prison camps, 1924; on leave from the army, Dec. 16, 1935–Oct. 1, 1941; returned to active duty, Nov. 1, 1941; commander, Isthmus Military Region, Oct. 1, 1942–Dec. 31, 1943; commander, 28th Military Zone, Oaxaca, Oaxaca, 1944–1950; commander, 18th Military Zone, Hidalgo, 1950–1952. k—Precandidate of PRM for president of Mexico, 1939. l—Libro de Oro, 1935–1936, 21; Enc. Mex., I, 1977, 277–278; DP70, 94–95; López, 52; NYT, Feb. 18, 1940, 23; WWM45, 4; Rev. de Ejer., Sept., 1976, 127; Cien Biografías, 243–246. Amaya Brondo, Abelardo a—Apr. 19, 1918. b—Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua. c—Agricultural engineering degree, National School of Agriculture, 1935–1941; irrigation studies in Israel. d—None. e—None. f—Engineer, Department of Studies and Projects, National Irrigation Commission, 1941–1942; engineer, Lower Salamanca Canal, Guanajuato, National Irrigation Commission, 1942–1943; engineer, San Juan River Irrigation District, Tamaulipas, National Irrigation Commission, 1943– 1948; engineer, Morelos Dam, Colorado River, Secretariat of Hydraulic Resources, 1948–1950; engineer, Río Bravo Irrigation District, Secretariat of Hydraulic Resources, 1950–1958; general manager of hydraulic resources, State of Nuevo León, 1959–1961; assistant director general of irrigation districts, Secretariat of Hydraulic Resources, 1961–1964; director general of irrigation districts, Secretariat of Hydraulic Resources, 1964–1970; assistant secretary B of hydraulic resources, 1970–1976; assistant secretary of agriculture and operations, 1978–1982. g—None. i—Brother Mario was director of public works in Baja California del Norte for many years; niece María Elva Amaya married Jorge Hank Rhon, former mayor of

t he b io g ra phies  47

Tijuana and son of Carlos Hank González, head of Department of the Federal District, 1976–1982; married Alicia Enderle. j—None. k—None. l—D de Y, Dec. 2, 1970; DGF69, 302; DPE65, 130; HA, Dec. 14, 1970, 22; BCN, 492; Protag., 27; www.ciid-ciid.org; www.el-mexicano.info, Oct. 24, 2007. Amaya Rodríguez, Federico (Deceased) a—Mar. 2, 1902. b—Villa de Iturbide, Nuevo León. c—Early education unknown; graduate of Heroic Military College, Jan. 1, 1922, as 2nd lieutenant in administration; professor, Higher War College, 1936. d—Senator from State of Nuevo León, 1976–1982, member of Gran Comisión, Military Health Committee, National Defense Committee, Consular Service Committee, National Defense Committee. e—None. f—Chief, Department of Licensing and Public Meetings, Department of the Federal District, 1945–1946; technical adviser to director general of PEMEX, 1946–1948; ambassador to Yugoslavia; ambassador to Paraguay, 1953; director of traffic, Department of the Federal District; director general, Institute of Social Security of the Armed Forces, 1977–1978. g—None. h—None. i—Married Carmen Rodríguez Morales; son Federico Amaya Rodríguez, director general in Secretariat of Agrarian Reform and graduate of Heroic Military College. j—Career army officer; served with 1st Battalion; secretary of war, 1922–1929; assistant chief of staff, Querétaro Military Zone; assistant chief of staff, presidential staff, President Cárdenas; chief of staff, presidential staff, President Cárdenas; military attaché, various Central American countries; commander, Mechanized Brigade, Military Camp No. 1, 1952–1953; commander, 7th Military Zone, Nuevo León, 1971–1972; commander, 15th Military Zone, Jalisco, 1972–1976; commander, Military Zones of San Luis Potosí and Durango. k—None. l—Protag., 27; C de S, 1976–1982. Amaya Téllez, Rodimiro a—Oct. 7, 1954. b—Etchojoa, Sonora. c—Early education unknown; business administration degree, UNAM, 1979. d—Federal deputy from State

of Baja California del Sur, No. 2, 1994–1997; senator from Baja California del Sur, 2000– 2006. e—Member of PRI until 1997; joined PRD, 1999. f—President, State Health Committee, Baja California del Sur, 1992–1996; secretary-general of government, Baja California del Sur, 1999–2000. g—President, Agricultural Association of Santo Domingo Valley, 1992–1994; founder and leader, South California Democratic Alliance, 1997–1999. h—Owns business administering ranches; founder and general manager, Distribuidora Agrícola Ganadera and other agricultural products firms. i—Son of Raúl Amaya Coronado and Rita Téllez García; married Delia Dolores Zamorano Bravo. j—None. k—None. l—Directorio del Congreso, 2000–2003, 27; www.sonora.gob.mx, 2008; QesQ en el Congreso, 2000–2003, 320; Musacchio, 22. Amezcua Dromundo, Cuauhtémoc

a—July 4, 1938. b—Mexico City. c—Selfeducated pre-college studies; communications degree, UNAM; studies in political science, UNAM; MA and PhD, Latin American studies, UNAM; secondary teacher, foreign languages; principal, various secondary schools. d—Plurinominal federal deputy from PPS, 1979–1982, 1985–1988; alternate senator from Federal District, 1988–1991; plurinominal federal deputy from PPS, 1991–1994. e—Joined PPS, 1957; member, PPS Executive Committee, Federal District, 1968–1984; member, PPS Central Committee, 1973–1988; secretary-general, PPS, Federal District, 1979–1984; member, PPS National Directorate, 1982; PPS press secretary, 1984–1985; PPS international relations secretary, 1985–1988; PPS organization secretary, 1988; PPS 1st secretary, 2006–2007. f—None. g—None. h—Director, Nueva Democracia. i—Son of Artemio Amezcua López, laborer, and Noema Dromundo; married María de Lourdes Orellana. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM87, 434; letter; www.ppsdemexico.org; DBGM92, 414. Amezcua Gudiño, Leticia a—Oct. 12, 1941. b—Sahuayo, Michoacán. c—Early

48  m e xic a n p ol i t i c a l b i o g ra ph i e s , 1935– 20 0 9

education unknown. d—Secretary, City Council, Sahuayo, 1978; federal deputy from State of Michoacán, Dist. 11, 1979–1982; plurinominal federal deputy from PRD, 2003–2006. e—Member of Luis Echeverría’s campaign committee in Michoacán, 1969; president of PRI, Sahuayo, 1972–1975; general delegate, CEN of PRI in Michoacán, 1976; general delegate, CEN of PRI, local elections, Michoacán, 1977; coordinator of mayoralty campaign in Sahuayo, 1977. f—None. g—President, Municipal Student Committee, 1960; correspondent, University Student Council of San Nicolás de Hidalgo, 1959; secretary of women’s action, Municipal League of CNOP, 1972. h—None. i—Daughter of Carlos Amezcua Ramírez and Julia Gudiño Gálvez. j—None. k—None. l—Romero Aceves, 685–686; C de D, 1979–1982. Amilpa (y Rivera), Fernando (Deceased Jan. 18, 1952) a—May 30, 1898. b—Jojutla de Juárez, Morelos. c—Elementary and secondary studies in public schools in Morelos; no degree. d—Federal deputy from State of Morelos, Dist. 6, 1937–1940, vice president of Gran Comisión, 1939, secretary of Gran Comisión, Sept., 1937; senator from Morelos, 1940–1946; federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. 8, 1946–1949, member of Committee on Labor, Committee on General Communication Lines, president of the Chamber of Deputies, Nov., 1948. e—PRI precandidate for governor of Morelos, 1945. f—Truck driver, Sanitation Department, Department of the Federal District. g—Member, Confederation of Mexican Workers; worked with labor movement under General Obregón; represented labor unions when government established first Board of Conciliation and Arbitration; member, Secretariat of the Union of Bus Drivers of the Federal District; labor representative, Municipal Council, Federal District; member, Secretariat of the Transportation Union Workers of the Department of Transportation of the Federal District; secretary-general, General Federation of Workers and Peasants, 1935–1936; secretary-

general, Mexican Federation of Labor, 1946–1950. h—Truck driver, Department of Sanitation, Department of the Federal District. i—Three of his daughters became active leaders in CTM; helped Vicente Lombardo Toledano and Fidel Velázquez organize CTM; son, Fernando Amilpa Trujillo, lawyer. j—Fought with Emiliano Zapata in Morelos, 1915. k—None. l—EBW46, 48; DP70, 100; Novo35, 130; C de D, 1946–1949, 64; Excélsior, Mar. 31, 1947; WB48, 167; González Navarro, 141; Enc. Mex., I, 285. Amorós (Guiot), Roberto (Deceased Aug. 14, 1973) a—June 8, 1914. b—Coatepec, Veracruz. c—Elementary studies in Jalapa; secondary studies in Veracruz; law degree, School of Law, University of Veracruz, Jalapa, Apr. 17, 1935; fellowship in economics, University of Rome. d—Senator from Veracruz, 1952. e—Active in Ávila Camacho’s presidential campaign, 1940; director, Office of Policy Coordination and Technical Affairs, Ruiz Cortines’ campaign, 1952. f—Oficial mayor, Office of the Presidency, June 9, 1943–July, 1946; secretary, Office of the Presidency, July, 1946–Nov. 30, 1946; oficial mayor, Office of the Presidency, Dec. 1, 1946–Jan. 1, 1948; assistant secretary, Office of the Presidency, Jan. 1, 1948–Nov. 13, 1951; director general, National Railroads of Mexico, 1952–1958; director general, CONASUPO, 1958–1964; auxiliary secretary to president of Mexico, 1964–1970. g—Secretary-general, National Union of Education Workers, 1939. h—Director, Department of Conventions, Secretariat of Labor, 1940; president, Board of Directors, PIPSA; legal consultant, Office of the Presidency; director, Editorial Ruto; president, National Sugar Council, Secretariat of Labor; government representative, National Printing Office, 1970–1973; author of several books on law and articles on decentralized government agencies. i—Collaborated professionally with Benjamín Méndez Aguilar and Carlos Hank González; married Karin Riekfol. j—None. k—None. l—Hoy, Apr. 29, 1967, 60; DGF56, 8; DGF47; D del S, Dec. 5, 1946, l; DGF50, II, 189, 355,

t he b io g ra phies  49

361; DGF51, I, 55; II. 510; Enc. Mex. I, 390; Func., 107; Quién Será, 152; HA, July 2, 1956, 42; Novo, 657; Excélsior, Aug. 15, 1973, 2B; HA, Aug. 20, 1973; Illescas, 745. Ampudia Herrera, Jorge a—Sept. 20, 1929. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; law degree, National School of Law, UNAM, 1952–1956; courses in United States, 1959–1961, 1969–1971. d—None. e—Joined PRI, 1946. f—Actuary, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1944–1949; director, Office of Accounts and Adjustments, Division of Business Income, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1949–1951; director, Tax Roll Department, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1954–1957; director, Property Boundaries Department, Secretariat of Public Works, 1962; director general of personnel, Secretariat of Public Works, 1963–1966, 1970–1976; adviser to oficial mayor, Secretariat of Public Works, 1970; director general of administration, Integral Development of the Family, Federal District, 1977–1981; director general of administration, Secretariat of Agrarian Reform, 1981–1986; oficial mayor of agrarian reform, 1986–1988. g—None. h—None. i—Son of José Ampudia Zamora, public official, and Dolores Herrera del Olmo; married Ana María González Martínez. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM84, 34; DBGMa87, 34; Q es QAP, 379. Ampudia Malacara, Ricardo a—Aug. 28, 1949. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; communication science degree, National School of Political and Social Sciences, UNAM, 1966–1970; MA in communication science, Stanford University, 1978–1979; professor, National School of Political and Social Sciences, UNAM, 1972–1973; professor, Ibero-American University; professor, Anáhuac University, 1973–1974. d—None. e—Assistant director, La República, CEN of PRI, 1975–1976; assistant secretary of international relations, CEN of PRI, 1983–1985. f—Adviser to assistant secretary of agrarian reform, 1978–1980; adviser to governor of State of Mexico; director of public relations and foreign

press, Office of the Presidency of Mexico, 1985–1988; assistant director, FONATUR, 1989–1990; consul general, Houston, Tex., 1990–1992; director general of protocol, Secretariat of Foreign Relations, 1992–1994; assistant secretary of tourist promotion, Secretariat of Tourism, 1994–1997. g—None. h—Director general, Hoy, 1976–1984; cofounder with father of Center for Studies in Communication Sciences, 1970s. i—Son of Raymundo Ampudia del Valle and Aurora Malacara Rodríguez; married Emma Rovirosa González, educator and daughter of Gov. Leandro Rovirosa Wade; brother Raymundo, university professor. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM94, CD; DBGM92, 34; Pescador, 107; Musacchio, 23. Anaya Gutiérrez, Alberto a—Nov. 15, 1946. b—Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes. c—Early education unknown; economics studies, National School of Economics, UNAM, 1965–1969, graduating May 18, 1972; MA in research, University of Nuevo León, 1979–1981; MA in administration, University of Nuevo León, 1978–1979; law degree, School of Law, University of Nuevo León, 1983–1988; postgraduate work in sociology, UNAM, 1983–1984; professor, University of Nuevo León, 1972–1988. d—Plurinominal federal deputy from PFCRN, 1988–1991; plurinominal federal deputy from PT, 1994– 1997; plurinominal senator from PT, 1997– 2000; plurinominal federal deputy from PT, 2000–2003, coordinator of PT delegation; plurinominal senator from PT, 2006–2012. e—Founder, Land and Liberty Popular Front, Monterrey, 1973; founding member, PT, 1990; leader of PT, Nuevo León; member, Coordinating Committee of CEN of PT. f—None. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Sabino Anaya and Raquel Gutiérrez; married María Guadalupe Rodríguez Martínez, teacher. j—None. k—None. l—QesQ en el Congreso, 1997–2000, 344; Directorio del Congreso, 2000–2003, 359; DBGM89, 396– 397; Musacchio, 23; www.gobernacion.gob. mx, 2007; www.senado.gob.mx, 2007; QesQ en el Congreso, 2000–2003, 272.

50  m e xic a n p ol i t i c a l b i o g ra ph i e s , 1935– 20 0 9 Anaya Llamas, José Guillermo a—July 2, 1968. b—Torreón, Coahuila. c—Early education unknown; law degree, IberoAmerican University, Laguna Campus, 1988–1993; MA in international corporate law, Ibero-American University, 1997–1999; diploma in Amparo, Supreme Court of Justice, University of Coahuila, 1993–1995; diploma in electoral law, University of Coahuila, 1995–1996. d—Local deputy, State Legislature of Coahuila, 1997–1999, coordinator of PAN delegation; federal deputy from State of Coahuila, Dist. 6, 2000–2003; mayor, Torreón, 2003–2004; senator from Coahuila, 2006—12. e—Joined PAN, 1996; national adviser, PAN, 2004–2007; Secretary-general of CEN of PAN, 2007–2009. f—None. g—None. h—Practicing lawyer, 1990– . i—Married María Teresa Aguirre Gaytán. j—None. k—None. l—Musacchio, 23; Directorio del Congreso, 2000–2003, 44; www.senado.gob.mx, 2007; QesQ en el Congreso, 2000–2003, 23. Anaya Ramírez, Rafael (Deceased) a—Aug. 17, 1910. b—Molango, Hidalgo. c—Elementary studies in Molango; rural teaching certificate from Regional Normal School, Apr. 7, 1926; normal school studies, Normal School of Pachuca, 1945–1950, certificate, Apr. 24, 1951; rural schoolteacher; urban elementary schoolteacher; director of elementary school; elementary school inspector, Hidalgo. d—Local deputy, State Legislature of Hidalgo, Dist. 8, 1957–1960; alternate senator for Raúl Lozano Ramírez, State of Hidalgo, 1970–1975; senator from State of Hidalgo, Sept. 1, 1975–Aug. 31, 1976. e—None. f—Representative of General Coordinator’s Office, Secretariat of Public Education, 1960; education inspector, State of Hidalgo, 1969; director of adult education, State of Hidalgo, 1969–1978; president, National Committee of Adult Education Administrators, Secretariat of Public Education, 1969–1977. g—Finance secretary, Local No. 15 of SNTE, 1951–1954; secretarygeneral, Local No. 15 of SNTE, 1954–1958; secretary-general, State Coordinating

Committee of FSTSE, 1963–1969; president, SNTE National Committee of Public Teachers, 1964–1967. h—None. i—Has known Raúl Lozano Ramírez since childhood. j—None. k—Part of a group of prominent Hidalgo politicians who advanced their careers inside the SNTE. l—MGF73, 65; C de S, 1970–1976, 11; Pérez López, 521–522. Anchondo Fernández, Rebeca a—Jan. 29, 1926. b—Casas Grandes, Chihuahua. c—Elementary studies, Regional Women’s Institute, Chihuahua, Chihuahua; secondary studies at Nuevo Casas Grandes Business School, Chihuahua. d—Member, City Council, Nuevo Casas Grandes, 1956–1959; alternate mayor, Nuevo Casas Grandes, 1971–1974; local deputy, State Legislature of Chihuahua, 1974–1977; federal deputy from State of Chihuahua, Dist. 9, 1979–1982. e—Secretary of PRI, Nuevo Casas Grandes, 1951–1958. f—Scribe, 1st officer, and secretary, First Appeals Judicial District, 1941– 1962; secretary, City Council of Nuevo Casas Grandes, 1962–1974. g—Secretary, Women’s Action of Nuevo Casas Grandes, 1946–1948, 1959–1971; secretary-general, CNOP of Nuevo Casas Grandes, 1959–1962. h—None. i—Daughter of Jesús María Anchondo Terrazas and Carmen Fernández Guzmán; married Rafael Rodríguez Acuña. j—None. k—None. l—Romero Aceves, 687–688; C de D, 1979–1982. Anderson Nevárez, Hilda a—Oct. 10, 1938. b—Mazatlán, Sinaloa. c—Elementary studies at Escuela Josefa Ortiz de Domínguez, Mazatlán; secondary studies at Secondary School No. 4, Federal District; National Normal School, Mexico City (2 years); female literacy course, ILO, Geneva, Switzerland; studied at St. John’s College, Md.; intensive course on female labor, Ebert Foundation, Bonn, Germany; studies at University of Wisconsin in radio, television, and feminist labor, 1961. d—Federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. 13, 1964–1967, secretary, 1965, member of Social Action Committee, Radio Industry Committee, and Mexico–United States Interparliamentary

t he b io g ra phies  51

Congress; federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. 19, 1970–1973, member of Department of the Federal District Committee and Foreign Relations Committee; senator from Sinaloa, 1976–1982, president of Chamber, Dec., 1976; federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. 13, 1982–1985, 1988–1991; representative to Federal District Assembly, Dist. 13, 1991–1994; plurinominal federal deputy from PRI, 2000–2003. e—General delegate of CEN of PRI to Yucatán and Sonora, and to Dist. 13 of Federal District, 1967–1968; secretary-general, ANFER, National Revolutionary Women’s Group of PRI; secretary of women’s action of CEN of PRI, 1972. f—None. g—President, Women’s Subcommittee for the Labor Congress; secretarygeneral, Workers’ Federation of Women’s Organizations of the Mexican Revolution, CTM; secretary, Institute of Worker Education, CTM; secretary of relations, Radio Industry Workers’ Union; secretary, women’s action, CTM, 1965–1999. i—Daughter of Roberto F. Anderson Renero, engineer, and Hilda Nevárez, teacher. j—None. k—None. l—Directorio, 70–72; C de D, 1964–1966, 77, 87, 1970–1972, 100; HA, Dec. 20, 1976, 43; Directorio, 82–­85; Romero Aceves, 369–370; DBGM89, 397–398; DBGM92, 608. Andrade de (del Rosal), Marta a—Feb. 7, 1920. b—Nogales, Sonora. c—Secondary studies at Rural Normal School, Actopan, Hidalgo; education studies at National School of Teachers, Mexico City; studies in social science at Superior Normal School, Mexico City, 1940; secondary school teaching certificate; studied social policy at Claremont Colleges, California, 1941; rural schoolteacher at age 12 in Actopan; teacher of civics, Spanish literature, history, and other subjects in secondary schools of Federal District. d—Federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. 6, member of Social Welfare Committee (1st year), 2nd Government Committee, 1958–1961; federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. 12, 1964–1967, member of Committee on the Diplomatic and Consular Service, 2nd Public Education

Committee, and Library Committee (1st year); federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. 21, 1976–1979, member of Social Action Committee, Middle Education Sec. of Educational Development, Development of Tourism Committee, Housing Development Committee, Federal District Committee. e—Member, Confederation of Mexican Youth, Mexican Revolutionary Party, 1937; head of policy inspection, Confederation of Mexican Youth; member, National Directive Committee for Ávila Camacho, 1934–1940; head, Department of Women’s Action of the Youth Activities Sec., 1939; organized first Women’s Committee, 1939; secretary of organization, Secretary of Popular Actions, Mexican Revolutionary Party, 1939; organized National Women’s Committee for Ruiz Cortines for president, 1951; secretary, National Women’s Committee of Political Action of the National Executive Committee of PRI, 1952; secretary, Organization of the Women’s Council of the Executive Regional Committee of the Federal District, 1952; director of women’s action, the Regional Committee of PRI in the Federal District, 1953; official PRI orator, 1953; official orator, Díaz Ordaz campaign, 1964; general delegate of CEN of PRI to Mexico, Veracruz, Hidalgo, and Federal District; member, National Women’s Council of CNOP of PRI; oficial mayor of PRI, Federal District, 1976. f—Head, Preschool Department, Secretariat of Public Education, 1946–1947. g—Secretary-general, Student Society, National Normal School; organized first preschool for children of employees of Secretariat of Public Education in the Federal District. h—Author of articles on women in Mexico. i—Daughter of Ángel Alfonso Andrade Córdoba and Luz Guzmán Rivero; parents were schoolteachers, father was principal of Secondary School No. 10, Hermosillo, and mother was principal of a private school; married Juan José del Rosal Paulín, lawyer and labor inspector for Department of Labor; son Alfonso del Rosal Andrade, lawyer and alternate federal deputy. j—None. k—Members of women’s

52  m e xic a n p ol i t i c a l b i o g ra ph i e s , 1935– 20 0 9

sector of PRI opposed her candidacy in 1957–1958 as a federal deputy from Federal District because of her campaign trip through the State of Puebla, which caused considerable dissension; candidate for federal deputy from 9th Dist. of Federal District, 1955. l—C de D, 1958–1960, 1964–1966; DBM68, 188–190; DGF47, 171; Morton, 87, 100–101, 107–108; Func., 181; D de C, 1976– 1979, 4, 20, 41, 44, 47. Andrade Díaz, Manuel a—1965. b—Villahermosa, Tabasco. c—Early education unknown; law degree, School of Law, University of Tabasco; diploma, electoral law, Ibero-American University. d—Local deputy to State Legislature of Tabasco, 44th and 46th legislative sessions; governor, Tabasco, 2002–2006. e—Welcomed President José López Portillo to Tabasco for PRI at age 11; won 2nd place in national oratory contest sponsored by CNOP of PRI, 1986; secretarygeneral, National Movement of Revolutionary Youth; president, Revolutionary Youth Front, PRI, 1982–1992; member, National Political Council of PRI, 1996; president of PRI, Tabasco, 1996–1998; coordinator of Roberto Madrazo’s primary campaign for PRI presidential nomination, 2006. f—Private secretary to secretary of education, Tabasco; auxiliary secretary to secretary of government, Tabasco; assistant secretary of political development, Secretariat of Government, Tabasco. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Tito Ruffo Andrade Santa María, labor lawyer and professor at University of Tabasco with Carlos Madrazo, president of PRI and father of Roberto Madrazo, PRI candidate for president, 2006, and Ana María Díaz; married Elvira Polo; father also served as secretary-general of state Conciliation and Arbitration Board and was president of State Legislature of Tabasco, 1974–1976; grandson of Manuel Andrade Hernández, mayor of Macuspana, Tabasco, 1935, and Josefina Santamaría Hernández. j—None. k—Original election in 2000 annulled for voting fraud; took office after second election, Jan. 1, 2002. l—Musacchio,

24; www.ujat.mx, 2008; www.wikipedia.org, 2007. Andrade Ibarra, José Luis a—May 27, 1939. b—Amatlán, Jalisco. c—Elementary studies begun at age 8 and completed at age 14; secondary studies in La Paz, Baja California del Sur, and in Mexicali; normal school certificate, Mexicali; special studies in civics and pedagogy, Higher Normal School of Jalisco; 3 years of studies in mathematics; secondary school teacher, Mexicali. d—Federal deputy from Baja California, Dist. 1, 1979–1982. e—Secretary of social action of CEN of PRI, 1979–1980; secretary of international affairs of CEN of PRI, 1981; PRI precandidate for senator from Baja California, 1981. f—None. g—Secretary of labor and conflicts, Local No. 37 of SNTE, Mexicali; secretary-general of various sections of SNTE; secretary-general of Local No. 37 of SNTE; secretary-general of SNTE, 1977–1980; president, Congress of Labor, 1980. h—As a child worked in the fields. j—None. k—None. l—HA, Apr. 3, 1978, 8; Excélsior, Feb. 3, 1980, 6, Dec. 26, 1981, 16; Protag., 29. Andrade Quezada, Humberto a—May 1, 1955. b—León, Guanajuato. c—Early education unknown; psychology degree, IberoAmerican University. d—Local deputy, State Legislature of Guanajuato, 2000–2003, coordinator of PAN delegation; federal deputy from State of Guanajuato, Dist. 11, president of Fishing Committee, 1994–1997; senator from Guanajuato, 2006–2012. e—Member of PAN, 1993; adviser, Regional Committee of PAN, Guanajuato, 2002–2005. f—Syndic, León, Guanajuato, 2000–2003. g—None. h—Director, Ecocuero, SACV. j—None. k—None. l—Directorio del Congreso, 2006–2009, 101; www.cddhcu.gob.mx, 1994–1997; www.senado.gob.mx, 2007. Andrade Sánchez, Eduardo a—July 29, 1948. b—Coatzacoalcos, Veracruz. c—Early education unknown; law degree, National School of Law, UNAM; PhD in political science, National School of Political and Social Sciences, UNAM, with dissertation titled

t he b io g ra phies  53

“Means of State Control over Commercial Television”; professor, UNAM, 1975–2003; general counsel, UNAM, 1985–1987; professor of constitutional law, School of Law, University of Veracruz, 1993–1994. d—Federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. 1, secretary of Legislative Studies Committee; senator from State of Veracruz, 1994–2000, president of Human Rights Committee, vice president of Gran Comisión; plurinominal federal deputy from PRI, 2000–2003. e—Joined PRI, 1965; member, PRI Committee, Federal District, 1976–1977; member, National Ideology Committee, CEN of PRI, 1978; representative of PRI before Federal Electoral Commission, 1988–1989; coordinator of legislative affairs of CEN of PRI, 1997– 1999. f—Assistant director of economic loans, ISSSTE, 1979–1982; director general of information and publicity, Secretariat of Labor, 1982; director general of administration, Office of the Attorney General of Mexico, 1982–1983; director general of social communications, Office of the Attorney General of Mexico, 1983–1985; director general of legal affairs, Secretariat of Urban Development and Ecology, 1988–1991; assistant attorney general of control of processes, Federal District, 1991–1992; attorney general, Veracruz, 1992–1994. g—None. h—Sports commentator, radio and television, 1965– 1976. i—Son of Eduardo Andrade Aheda, petroleum worker, and Justina Sánchez Márquez; married Mónica Bauer Junesch. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM92, 35; Directorio del Congreso, 2000–2003, 383; QesQ en el Congreso, 1997, 289; www.gober nacion.gob.mx, 1997, 2007; DBGM94, CD; Musacchio, 25; DBGM89, 32; QesQ en el Congreso, 2000–2003, 145–146. Andreu Almazán, Juan (Deceased Oct. 9, 1965) a—May 12, 1891. b—Olinalá, Guerrero. c—Elementary studies in Olinalá; preparatory studies at Colegio del Estado de Puebla, 1903–1908; medical studies, Colegio del Estado de Puebla, 1908–1910, no degree. d—None. e—Presidential candidate of Revolutionary Party of National Unification,

1939–1940. f—Secretary of communications and public works, 1930–1932. g—None. h—Director, Anáhuac Construction Co. i—Parents were wealthy landowners; friend of revolutionary precursor Aquiles Serdán; brother of Leonides Andreu Almazán. j—Joined the Revolution in 1910 under Madero; fought under Emiliano Zapata, 1911; rank of brigadier general, May 3, 1911; joined General Huerta, 1913; opposed Madero, 1912–1913; fought against Rómulo Figueroa; opposed Carranza, 1915–1920; one of youngest revolutionary generals; joined Obregón, 1920; rank of division general, Jan. 1, 1921; commander, 5th Military Zone, Monterrey, Nuevo León, 1924–1934; commander of a military column against General Escobar, 1929; commander, 6th Military Zone, Torreón, Coahuila; fought against de la Huerta, 1923. k—Went into exile after General Huerta was defeated; resigned from the army in 1939 to oppose candidacy of Manuel Ávila Camacho for president; after defeat went into exile in Panama, Cuba, and United States, 1940–1947, but later returned to Mexico; Brandenburg considers him in the Inner Circle from 1935 to 1940; was one of the wealthiest men in Mexico. l—DP70, 107; Kirk, 233ff; Enc. Mex. I, 407; Brandenburg, 80; CB, July 27, 1940, 14–16; NYT, Aug. 1, 1938; CH, Apr., 1940, 36; Michaels, 25–30; WB54, 136; Daniels, 80–81; Peral, 55; Bermúdez, 141; NYT, Oct. 11, 1965, 39. Andreu Almazán, Leonides (Deceased Jan. 18, 1963) a—Aug. 8, 1896. b—Olinalá, Guerrero. c—Preparatory studies in Puebla; medical degree from National School of Medicine, UNAM, 1923; hygienist, University of Paris; professor of medicine, Military Medical School. d—Governor, Puebla, 1929–1933, resigned shortly before completion of term. e—None. f—Ambassador to Great Britain, 1935; minister to Germany, Oct. 27, 1935–1938; head, Department of Health, 1938–1939. g—None. h—Chief, Necker Institute clinic, Mexico City; chief of urological services, Military Hospital, Mexico City; chief, Pharmacy Department,

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IMSS; adviser, IMSS. i—Brother of Juan Andreu Almazán; resigned as head of Health Department to direct brother’s campaign for president, 1939; related to Miguel Andreu Almazán, federal deputy from Guerrero, Dist. 4, 1937–1939. j—Fought with Emiliano Zapata during the Revolution. l—Peral, 55; D del S, Jan. 17, 1938; DP70, 106–107. Ángeles, Carlos Lauro (Deceased Sept. 10, 1950) a—1884. b—Federal District. c—Elementary studies in Mexico City; preparatory studies in Toluca, State of Mexico; law degree, Colegio de San Nicolás, Morelia, Michoacán, Aug. 18, 1908; professor of logic, Scientific and Literary Institute of Mexico, Toluca. d—Federal deputy from State of Mexico, 1919–1920. e—None. f—Agent, Ministerio Público, Toluca; correctional judge, Belén Prison, Mexico City; juvenile judge, Mixcoac, Federal District; organizer, Higher Council of Social Welfare and Defense for President Emilio Portes Gil, 1929–1930; judge of 1st instance, Maravatío, Michoacán; judge, Fifth Civil District, Federal District; judge, Superior Tribunal, Federal District, 1928–1940; oficial mayor, Supreme Court of Justice; secretary of agreements, Supreme Court of Justice; justice, Supreme Court, First Division, 1941–1948, retired Dec. 16, 1948. g—None. h—None. j—Colonel in the army; received direct commission. k—None. l—www.cron ica.diputados.gob.mx, Dec. 31, 1919, Aug. 13, 1947; www.scjn.gob.mx, 2008. Ángeles Cerón, Esteban Miguel a—Feb. 8, 1946; Tornacuxtla, San Agustín Tlaxiaca, Hidalgo. c—Early education unknown; studies in economics, UNAM, 1967; professor of macroeconomics, University of Hidalgo, 1980–1985. d—Local deputy, State Legislature of Hidalgo, 1993–1996, general coordinator of legislative session; federal deputy from State of Hidalgo, Dist. 3, 1997–2000; senator from Hidalgo, 2000–2006. e—Member of PRI; assistant secretary of electoral action of CEN of PRI, 1988. f—Economic analyst, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1968; coordinator of advisers

to assistant secretary of fishing, Secretariat of Industry and Commerce, 1972; secretary of administration and finance, Hidalgo, 1975–1976; delegate of Secretariat of Agrarian Reform to Sinaloa, 1977–1978; controller general, Secretariat of Agrarian Reform, Hidalgo, 1989–1992; secretary, Educational System, Hidalgo, 1996–1997. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Esteban Ángeles Godínez and Natalia Cerón Monter; married Teresa Virginia Peña Núñez. j—None. k—None. l—QesQ en el Congreso, 1997– 2000, 127; Directorio del Congreso, 2000– 2003, 123; QesQ en el Congreso, 2000–2003, 334–335; www.gobernacion.gob .mx, 2007. Ángeles Dauahare, Tomás a—Nov. 8, 1942. b—Federal District. c—Preparatory studies at Heroic Military College; graduate of staff and command course, Higher War College; graduate of Applied School of Arms and Services; director, Heroic Military College, 2000–2002; adjutant general, National Defense College. d—None. e—None. f—Assistant military attaché, Mexican embassy, Washington, DC; military attaché, Mexican embassy, Washington, DC; assistant secretary of national defense, 2006–2008. g—None. h—None. j—Career army officer; officer, 24th Infantry Battalion, Puebla; officer, 1st Infantry Battalion, Presidential Guards, Federal District; commander, 27th Infantry Battalion, Guerrero; commander, 5th Infantry Battalion, Baja California; assistant chief of staff, 25th Military Zone, Puebla; chief, Sec. 5 (strategic plans), staff, Secretariat of National Defense; chief of staff, 23rd Military Zone, Tlaxcala; private secretary to the secretary of national defense, Enrique Cervantes Aguirre, 1994– 2000; director general, Armed Forces Social Security Institute, Secretariat of National Defense, 2002–2006. k—None. l—www.sed ena.gob.mx, 2007; www.148.223.209.11, 2008. Anguiano (Equihua), Victoriano

(Deceased June 15, 1958) a—1908. b—Michoacán. c—Early education unknown; preparatory studies, Colegio de San Nicolas,

t he b io g ra phies  55

Morelia, Michoacán; law degree, University of Michoacán; professor of law, University of Michoacán; rector, University of Michoacán, 1940; professor of law and history, UNAM. d—Federal deputy from State of Michoacán, Dist. 7, 1935–1937; federal deputy from State of Michoacán, Dist. 5, 1946–1949, member of Immigration and Library committees. e—Supporter of José Vasconcelos, 1929; secretary-general, National Independent Democratic Party, 1946, which supported Ezequiel Padilla for president; member, National Coordinating Committee of Popular Party, 1947; assistant secretary-general, Popular Party, 1947; secretary-general, Popular Party, 1948–1949. f—Agent, Ministerio Público of the Office of the Attorney General; secretary-general, Government of State of Michoacán; justice, Superior Tribunal of Justice, State of Michoacán, 1951–1958. g—None. i—Mother, a Tarascan Indian; nephew Hermenegildo Anguiano Martínez, federal deputy, 1988–1991; brother, Luis Anguiano Equihua, agronomist. j—None. k—Resigned as secretary-general of Popular Party after he was criticized for denouncing Lázaro Cárdenas as a cacique in Michoacán; political enemy of Lázaro Cárdenas. l—Excélsior, Nov. 14, 1949; Villaseñor, II, 120; DGF47, 9; C de D, 1946–1949; Enc. Mex., 1977, I, 309–310; DBGM89, 598; www.michoacan.gob.mx, 2008. Anguiano Moreno, Mario a—Aug. 15, 1962. b—Tinajas, Colima, Colima. c—Early education unknown; economics degree, University of Colima, highest GPA in his class, 1981–1986; completed courses in fiscal decentralization, 2001, and government planning, 1997, Friedrich Naumann Foundation, Germany. d—Local deputy, State Legislature of Colima, Dist. 3, 2003–2006, president of Treasury Committee; mayor, Colima, 2006–2009; governor, State of Colima, 2009– . e—Member of PRI, 1999; president, League of Revolutionary Economists, PRI, 1994–1999. f—Treasurer, Colima, 1992–1994; treasurer, State Legislature of Colima, 1995–1999; treasurer, Manzanillo,

2000–2002. g—None. h—Director general of agrotechnology, State of Colima, 1999– 2000. i—Married Alma Delia Arreola Cruz. j—None. k—None. l—www.es.wikipedia .org, 2010; www.marioaguiano.org, 2009. Ángulo, Mauro (Deceased Feb. 17, 1948) a—Nov. 12, 1889. b—Santa Ana Chiautempan, Magdalena Tlaltelulco, Tlaxcala. c—Elementary and secondary studies, Magdalena Tlaltelulco; law degree from Colegio del Estado de Puebla, 1915. d—Local deputy, State Legislature of Tlaxcala (twice); federal deputy from State of Tlaxcala, Dist. 3, 1920–1922, Dist. 1, 1928–1930; federal deputy from State of Tlaxcala, Dist. 1, 1943– 1944; provisional governor, State of Tlaxcala, 1933; senator from Tlaxcala, 1934–1940; interim governor, State of Tlaxcala, 1944– 1945; senator from Tlaxcala, 1946–1948. f—Agent, Ministerio Público; legal adviser, Máximo Rojas Military Brigade, Santa Ana Chiautempan; legal adviser, State of Tlaxcala, 1920; attorney general of justice, State of Puebla; secretary-general of government, State of San Luis Potosí. g—None. h—None. j—None. k—Assassinated in Mexico City in 1948. l—DP70, 111; letter; Peral, 56; DGF47, 22; www.e-local.gob.mx, 2008. Ángulo (Gallardo), Melquiades

(Deceased 1966) a—July 26, 1889. b—Hacienda de San José de Porras, Municipio Valle de Allende, Chihuahua. c—Degree in engineering from College of Mining, antecedent of School of Engineering, UNAM, 1917. d—None. e—None. f—Oficial mayor, State of Chihuahua, 1918–1919; secretary of government, State of Chihuahua, 1919–1920; provisional governor, State of Chihuahua, 1919–1920; assistant secretary of public works, 1938–1939; secretary of public works, 1939– 1940; chief, Department of Railroads, Secretariat of Public Works, 1934–1938. g—None. h—Involved in developing new plan for city of Querétaro, 1918; employed for many years by Secretariat of Public Works; became a rancher in Jalisco, 1940. i—Son of Melquiades Ángulo and Concepción Gallardo. j—None. k—Did not support Plan of Agua

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Prieta, 1920. l—DP70, 111; D de Y, Apr. 6, 1938, 1; Almada, 543–544. Antimo Miranda, Humberto Eduardo

a—Mar. 25, 1943. b—Federal District. c—Preparatory studies at Heroic Military College, Jan. 20, 1961–Jan. 1, 1964, graduating as 2nd infantry lieutenant; graduated from Applied Arms and Services School; completed staff and command course, Higher War College, 1969–1972; MA in national security, National Defense College, 1990–1991; postgraduate courses in computer science, National Institute of Public Administration; chief of courses, Higher War College, 1968–1970. d—None. e—None. f—Military attaché, Mexican embassy, London; oficial mayor, Secretariat of National Defense, 2006–2008. g—None. h—None. j—Career army officer; officer, 55th Infantry Battalion, Quintana Roo; officer, 27th Infantry Battalion, Guerrero; officer, 23rd Infantry Battalion, Hidalgo; officer, 11th Infantry Battalion, Sinaloa; commander, military garrison, Tecate, Baja California; commander, 87th Infantry Battalion, Quintana Roo; commander, 5th Infantry Battalion, Baja California; commander, 68th Infantry Battalion, Baja California del Sur; assistant chief, 7th Sec. (computer science), Secretariat of National Defense; chief, 7th Sec., 1983–1986; chief of staff, 6th Infantry Regiment; chief of staff, 26th Military Zone; chief of staff, 11th Military Zone; rank of brigade general, 1997; commander, 18th Military Zone, Hidalgo, 2001–2002; rank of division general, Nov. 19, 2003; president, Supreme Tribunal of Military Justice; commander, 5th Military Region, 2006. l—www .geocities.com, 2007; www.sedena.gob.mx, 2006; www.sedena.gob.mx, press release, Nov. 19, 2003. Apodaca Osuna, Francisco (Deceased) a—Apr. 2, 1910. b—Rosario, Sinaloa. c—Law degree, National School of Law, UNAM, 1940–1945; advanced studies in law, University of Paris, 1947–1948; advanced studies in economics, London School of Economics, 1950–1953; professor of law,

National Law School, UNAM, 1946–1947. d—None. e—None. f—Assistant director general of credit, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1954–1958; scientific investigator, Department of Credit, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1957–1958; executive adviser, Council on Foreign Commerce, attached to Secretariat of Foreign Relations; head, Council on Foreign Commerce, 1961–1964; ambassador to France, 1965–1970, g—None. h—First job as lawyer for Secretariat of the Treasury, 1945; scientific investigator, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1946; assistant director general, Secretariat of National Patrimony, 1947; assistant delegate to Europe for Secretariat of National Patrimony, 1948; investigator, Institute of Comparative Law, 1949; scientific investigator, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1950. i—Married Beatriz Nájera. j—None. k—None. l—DGF56, 163; BdM, 60–61; DPE61, 19; MGF69, 181; www.oem.com.mx, Apr. 1, 2007. Aponte Robles Arenas, Francisco Xavier a—Nov. 16, 1919. b—Mexico City.

c—Elementary, secondary, and preparatory studies in Mexico City; no degree. d—Federal PAN party deputy, 1967–1970, member of Rural Electric, Sugar Industry, Public Works, Tourism, and Public Housing committees; plurinominal deputy from PAN, 1979–1982. e—Joined PAN, 1966; delegate of CEN of PAN to Mérida, Yucatán, 1967; adviser to CEN of PAN, 1970; president, Regional Committee of PAN, Morelos, 1970; PAN campaign coordinator, Baja California, 1977. f—None. g—Member, Mexican Electricians’ Union, 1942–1974. i—Married Marina Maysse; daughter Claudia Marina was attorney general of Morelos, 2006; son Francisco Javier worked in Secretariat of Agrarian Reform. j—None. k—None. l—Directorio, 1967–1970, C de D, 1967–1970, 65, 74, 81, 90, 91; Protag., 30–31. Aragón Rebolledo, Eliseo B. (Deceased June 26, 1971) a—1911. b—Cuautla, Morelos. c—Elementary studies in Morelos; secondary and preparatory studies in Mexico City; law degree from National School of Law,

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UNAM, 1936. d—Member, Cuautla City Council; local deputy, 36th State Legislature, Morelos; federal deputy from State of Morelos, Dist. 2, 1943–1946; senator from State of Morelos, 1958–1964, president of Special Tourist Affairs and Special Legislative Studies committees, member of Gran Comisión and Protocol, Migration, Rules, and First Foreign Relations committees. e—Founding member, PNR, PRM, and PRI. f—Agent, Ministerio Público; appeals court judge; president, Higher Tribunal of Justice, Morelos, 1938–1942; oficial mayor, State of Morelos, 1964. g—None. h—Author. i—Daughter Lilia Aragón, television and film actress; grandparents, owners of Carpa Ofelia; grandson Alejandro, actor. j—None. k—None. l—Func., 280; C de S, 1958–1964, 9, 51; DP95, 192. Aranda Bezaury, María de Lourdes

a—Aug. 14, 1958. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; degree in international relations, Colegio de México, 1977–1981; studies at University Institute of Higher International Studies, Geneva, 1981–1982; MA in intercontinental security, Inter-American Defense College, Washington, DC, 1989–1990. d—None. e—None. f—Analyst for director general of planning, 1983–1984, chief, Department of International Economic Negotiations, 1985–1986, director for North America, North America Division, Secretariat of Foreign Relations, 1986–1989; adviser to oficial mayor, Secretariat of Foreign Relations, 1989–1991; coordinator of environment and national research, 1992–1993, director, Human Rights and Narcotrafficking, Secretariat of Foreign Relations, 1994–1995; alternate representative of Mexico to OAS, 1995–2001; director general, Matías Romero Institute, Secretariat of Foreign Relations, 2003; assistant secretary of foreign relations, 2003–2006, 2006– . g—None. h—None. j—None. k—None. l—Letter; www.sre.gob.mx, 2006. Aranda del Toro, Luis (Deceased) a—1901. b—Tepic, Nayarit. c—Secondary and Preparatory Studies at University

of Guadalajara; medical degree, School of Medicine, University of Guadalajara. d—Federal deputy from State of Nayarit, Dist. 1, 1937–1940; senator from State of Nayarit, 1940–1946, president of Economy and Statistics Committee, 1st secretary of Colonization Committee, prosecretary of Senate, 1946. e—None. f—Chief of medical services, Department of Pensions. g—None. h—Practicing physician. i—Friendship with Miguel Alemán launched his public career in 1937. j—None. k—None. l—C de S, 1940–1946; Libro de Oro, 1946, 5; PS; C de D, 1937–1940. Aranda (Orozco), Ana Teresa a—Jan. 26, 1954. b—León, Guanajuato. c—Studies in bilingual executive secretary program, America Institute, León; preparatory studies at Instituto Oriente Puebla; business administration studies, University of Puebla, 1991. d—Plurinominal federal deputy from PAN, 1991–1994. e—Joined PAN, 1989; member, Regional Committee of PAN, Puebla, 1989–1995; coordinator of women, PAN presidential campaign, 1994; president of PAN, Puebla, 1995–1998; secretary of citizen action, CEN of PAN, 2000–2002; coordinator of women, PAN presidential campaign, 2000; secretary of Political Promotion of Women, CEN of PAN; member, CEN of PAN, 1995–2006; PAN candidate for governor of Puebla, 1998; PAN candidate for senator from Puebla, 2000. f—Director general, DIF, 2000–2006; secretary of social development, 6 Jan. 2006–30 Nov. 2006; assistant secretary of population, migration, and religious affairs, Secretariat of Government, 2008–2009. g—President, ANCIFEM, Puebla, 1980–1987; president, ANCIFEM, Federal District, 1987–1990. h—None. i—Daughter of Guillermo Aranda Guedea, journalist and rancher, who died when she was 12, and María Esther Orozco Orozco; married Luis Alejandro Orea Martínez; cousin Enrique Aranda Pedroza, assistant secretary of regulations, Secretariat of Government, 2006; uncle Enrique Aranda Guedea was engineer, mayor of

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León, 1952–1954, and federal deputy from Guanajuato, Dist. 2, 1961–1964; uncle Luis E. Aranda Guedea, notary public in León; sister, rector of University of Puebla; sister, founder of an order of Catholic nuns. j—None. k—None. l—www.cronica.diputa dos.gob.mx, 2008; www.wikipedia.org, 2007; DBGM92, 416; Pérez Franco, 33–34. Aranda Osorio, Efraín (Deceased Apr. 25, 1977) a—Nov. 17, 1905. b—Motozintla de Mendoza, Chiapas. c—Elementary studies in Ilhuicamina public school, Motozintla; secondary school in Mexico City, 1922–1924; preparatory studies at National Preparatory School, Mexico City; 1924–1926; law degree, National School of Law, UNAM, 1927–1932. d—Federal deputy from State of Chiapas, Dist. 4, 1937–1940, president of Chamber of Deputies and Political Control Committee; senator from State of Chiapas, 1946–1952; governor, Chiapas, 1952–1957;. e—Chief of Miguel Alemán’s presidential campaign, State of Chiapas, 1945–1946. f—Private secretary to Gov. Raymundo Enríquez, Chiapas, 1928; judge, Soconusco, Veracruz; civil judge, Tapachula, Chiapas, 1933; civil judge, Federal District, 1935; lawyer, Office of the Attorney General of Mexico; judge, Superior Tribunal of the Federal District, 1941–1943; private secretary to governor of Chiapas, 1932; secretary-general of government, State of Chiapas, 1944–1946; ambassador to Guatemala, 1958–1961. g—None. h—Working own cattle ranch, 1958. i—Son of Francisco Aranda Ancheitia and Lesvia Osorio; nephew Antonio Aranda Osorio was federal deputy, 1970–1973; brother-in-law of Octavio Cal y Mayor. j—None. k—Precandidate of PRI for governor of Chiapas, 1943. l—HA, Oct. 29, 1943, 14, Feb. 6, 1948, 9; Siempre, Jan. 28, 1959, 6; DGF47, 19; DGF56, 91; letter, DGF51, 5; WB48, 233; DPE61, 22; HA, Nov. 4, 1955, 18; DBC, 10. Araujo de la Torre, Hugo Andrés

a—Nov. 16, 1947. b—Villa de Lleva de Canales, Tamaulipas. c—Early education unknown; economics studies, National School of Economics, UNAM, 1964–1969;

professor of economics, UNAM; professor of economics, University of Coahuila. d—Federal deputy from State of Tamaulipas, Dist. 8, 1991–1994; senator from Tamaulipas, 1994–2000. e—Cofounder of Political Action Movement, 1981; cofounder of PSUM, 1981; member, Central Committee of PSUM, 1981–1986; joined PRI, 1987; national political adviser, CEN of PRI. f—None. g—Secretary of organization, CNC. h—None. i—Son of Hugo Araujo Ramírez, surgeon and only physician in Villa de Lleva de Canales, and Martha Beatriz de la Torre Gastelum; married Carmen Amalia Cruz Moreno, economist. j—None. l—QesQ en el Congreso, 1997–2000, 290; Musacchio, 28; DBGM92, 416; www.gobernacion.gob.mx, 1997, 2007. Araujo (y Araujo), Emilio (Deceased Oct. 23, 1953) a—Aug. 9, 1892. b—Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas. c—Law degree, National School of Law, UNAM, 1913–1917. d—Represented State of Chiapas at Constitutional Congress, 1916–1917; mayor, Tuxtla Gutiérrez; federal deputy and president of Chamber of Deputies, 1917–1920; federal deputy from State of Chiapas, Dist. 3, 1937–1940; interim governor, State of Chiapas, 1938; senator from Chiapas, 1940–1946, president of Senate, 1942, president of 1st Justice Committee, secretary of Constitutional Affairs, Foreign Relations, and Consular and Diplomatic Service committees, and member of 1st Balloting Group. e—Vice president, PDM, which ran Ezequiel Padilla for president in 1945–1946. f—Judge of the lower court, Chiapas; legal adviser, Department of the Federal District; legal adviser, Mexican delegation to UN Conference in San Francisco, 1945; secretary-general of government, State of Chiapas (twice). g—None. h—Member of various commercial and scientific commissions in Europe, 1920–1937; lawyer, Mexico City Chamber of Commerce in Europe, 1927. i—Close to President Carranza during Constitutionalist Movement, fled with Carranza in 1920; law partner with Ezequiel Padilla; married Eloísa Ana

t he b io g ra phies  59

Mónica Mendizábal Gutiérrez; son Roberto Araujo Mendizábal is a lawyer with firm of Padilla and Araujo. j—None. k—None. l—WWM45, 5; DP70, 129; Peral, 61; letter; Medina, No. 20, 61. Arce Islas, René a—Oct. 22, 1953. b—Oaxaca, Oaxaca. c—Early education unknown; economics degree, National School of Economics, UNAM; professor, University of Guerrero. d—Plurinominal federal deputy from PRD, 1994–1997; representative to Assembly of the Federal District, 1997–2000; delegate from Iztapalapa to Federal District, 2000–2003; plurinominal federal deputy from PRD, 2003–2006, vice coordinator of PRD delegation; senator from Federal District. e—President, PRD, 26th Congressional District, Federal District, 1990–1993; national adviser, PRD, 1993–1996; secretary of organization, PRD, Federal District, 1993–1996; secretarygeneral, PRD, Federal District, 1996–1999. f—None. g—None. h—None. j—None. k—Member, of 23rd of September Communist League, 1973–1974; allegedly a guerrilla in People’s Revolutionary Army (EPR), which he denies; real name is Óscar Nahum Cirigo Vázquez; sister Blanca allegedly is in EPR. l—LAT, Aug. 29, 2007, A3; www. cdddhcu.gob.mx, 1994–1997; www.senado .gob.mx, 2007; www.diputados.gob.mx, 2003–2006. Arce Macías, Carlos Francisco a—May 30, 1955. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; law degree, University of Guanajuato, 1974–1979; professor of law, University of Guanajuato. d—Member, City Council, Guanajuato, 1989–1991; local deputy to State Legislature of Guanajuato, 1991– 1993; plurinominal federal deputy from PAN, 1997–2000. e—Joined PAN, 1987; secretary, Regional Committee of PAN, Guanajuato, 1992; national adviser to PAN, 1992–2000; coordinator, Legal Affairs, Vicente Fox Transition Team, 2000. f—Lawyer, CONACYT, 1979–1980; oficial mayor, City of Guanajuato, 1980–1982; legal counsel to governor of Guanajuato, Vicente Fox, 1995–1997;

director, Federal Commission to Improve Regulations, Secretariat of the Economy, 2000–2004; attorney, Federal Consumer Protection Agency, 2004–2006; assistant secretary of foreign investment regulations and international trade practices, Secretariat of the Economy, 2006–2009. g—Executive director, Association of Mexican Municipalities, 1993–1997. h—Practicing lawyer, 1982–1990. j—None. k—None. l—www. transicion.fox.presidencia.gob.mx, 2006; QesQ en el Congreso, 1997–2000, 17–18; www.economica.gob.mx, 2008; www .gobernacion.gob.mx, 2007. Arcos Oropeza, Ernesto b—Federal District. c—Graduated as pilot from Military Aviation School with rank of 2nd lieutenant; completed course in technical orientation landing, Lackland Air Force Base, San Antonio, Tex.; completed course in jet star aviation maintenance, Lockheed Martin Aviation School, Marietta, Ga.; graduated as member of 11th Air Group Generation, Higher War College, 1978–1980, as lieutenant colonel; course in advanced engineering and aviation terminology, Lackland Air Force Base; MA in national security, National Defense College, 1989–1990; director, Air College, Guadalajara. d—None. e—None. f—Air force attaché, Mexican embassy, Washington, DC; chief, Department of the Air Force, 1999–2004. g—None. h—None. j—Career air force officer; commander, Air Force Base No. 2, Ixtepec; commander, Air Force Base No. 11, Federal District; commander, Reconnaissance Wing, Federal District; commander, 1st Combat Wing, Federal District; commander, Northern Region, Chihuahua; commander, Central Region, Federal District. k—None. l—www.sedena.gob.mx, 2000, 2003; www .sedena.gob.mx, press release, Dec. 7, 2000. Arellano Tapia, Alicia b—Magdalena, Sonora. c—Elementary and secondary studies in Magdalena; preparatory studies at University of Guadalajara; medical degree, dental surgery, School of Medicine, University of Guadalajara, 1952; professor of oral

60  m e xic a n p ol i t i c a l b i o g ra ph i e s , 1935– 20 0 9

pathology, School of Medicine, IPN; chief of dental services, IPN. d—Alternate federal deputy from State of Sonora, 1958–1961; federal deputy from State of Sonora, Dist. 2, 1961–1963, member of Public Health and Library committees; senator from State of Sonora, 1964–1970; mayor, Magdalena, 1974–1977; mayor, Hermosillo, Sonora, 1979–1982; federal deputy from State of Sonora, Dist. 2, 1985–1988. e—Director of women’s action, PRI, Sonora; director of PRI-sponsored free dental clinic for the poor; auxiliary secretary of CEN of PRI, 1966. f—None. g—National coordinator of CEN of CNOP. h—Practicing dentist. i—Married Dr. Pavlovich; daughter Claudia Artemia Pavlovich Arellano, local deputy to State Legislature of Sonora; daughter Alicia Pavlovich Arellano, secretary of public health, Sonora. j—None. k—First woman senator, along with María Lavalle Urbina, in Mexico. l—Excélsior, July 8, 1979, 18; WWMG, 7; PS; G of S, 34; Excélsior, Apr. 9, 1979, 14; HA, Mar. 7, 1966, 17; www.sonora ciudadana.org.mx. Arévalo Gardoqui, Juan (Deceased May 4, 2000) a—July 23, 1921. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; enrolled as cadet at Heroic Military College, 1940, graduating as 2nd cavalry lieutenant,, June 30, 1943; completed cavalry course at Applied Military School, 1944; squadron commander, Heroic Military College, 1945–1947; graduated from Higher War College, 1947–1950; officer of cadets, Heroic Military College, 1945; instructor in cavalry tactics and riding, Heroic Military College, 1944–1947; instructor, Higher War College; advanced basic course, Ft. Hood, Tex. d—None. e—Director of security, Adolfo López Mateos presidential campaign, 1957–1958. f—Secretary of national defense, 1982–1988. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Division General Gustavo Arévalo Vera and Magdalena Gardoqui; married María del Carmen LaMadrid; brother Gustavo Arévalo Gardoqui was a colonel in military medical corps and served as federal deputy from

Baja California, 1961–1964. j—Career army officer; first cadet and corporal of cadets, Heroic Military College; junior officer, 16th and 18th Cavalry Regiments; chief, Sec. 1, staff, 2nd Military Region, El Ciprés, Baja California, 1950–1951; chief, Sec. 1, staff, 3rd Military Region, Mérida, Yucatán; chief, Sec. 1, staff, Secretariat of National Defense, 1951–1952, under General Cuenca Díaz; chief, 3rd and 4th Secs., staff, Mechanized Brigade, 1951–1954; chief, 3rd and 4th Secs., Presidential Guards, 1954–1957; rank of major, 1956; chief of adjutants to President Adolfo López Mateos, 1958–1964; rank of colonel, 1964; assistant chief of staff, Military Parade, 1969; rank of brigadier general, Nov. 20, 1970; commander, 4th, 10th and 16th Cavalry Regiments, Tenancingo, Aguascalientes, 1964–1970, and Torreón, Coahuila, 1970–1972; director general of cavalry, Secretariat of National Defense, 1972–1976; rank of brigade general, Nov. 20, 1974; chief of staff of the military column, Chihuahua, Chihuahua, 1976–1981; commander, 5th Military Zone, Chihuahua, 1976–1981; rank of division general, 1979; commander, 1st Military Zone, Federal District, 1981–1982. l—HA, Dec. 13, 1982, 11; Rev. de Ejer., Nov.– Dec., 1970, 26; Nov.–Dec., 1973, 94–95; Nov.–Dec., 1974, 98; July, 1979, 54; MGF72– 73, 175; Excélsior, Dec. 2, 1982, 34; Q es QAP; Rev de Ejer., Jan., 1987, xii–xiii; Excélsior, Mar. 11, 1997; Cien Biografías, 299–303. Arévalo González, José Antonio

a—Oct. 5, 1971. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; business administration degree, Anáhuac University, 1990–1994. d—Federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. 3, 2000–2003; plurinominal federal deputy from PVEM, 2006–2009. e—Joined PVEM, 1992; adviser, PVEM Deputies, Chamber of Deputies, 1997–2000. f—None. g—None. h—Commercial director, Argo Artes Gráficas, 1991–1995; general manager, Argo Artes Gráficas, 1996– . i—Son of Antonio Arévalo Vázquez, engineer, and Virginia González Torres; father, director general of Argo Artes Gráficas, a

t he b io g ra phies  61

graphic arts firm. j—None. k—None. l—DCM, 2000–2003, 1978; Directorio del Congreso, 2006–2009, 331; QesQ en el Congreso, 2000–2003, 278; www.gober nacion.gob.mx, 2007; Musacchio, 29. Argil Camacho, Gustavo (Deceased) a—Nov. 6, 1901. b—Federal District. c—Elementary and secondary studies in Mexico City; medical degree, National School of Medicine, UNAM, Mar. 22, 1923, with thesis on renal insufficiencies; professor of clinical medicine and pathology, National School of Medicine, UNAM, 1933–1970; professor of pathology, 1927. d—None. e—None. f—Laboratory doctor, General Hospital, Mexico City, 1926–1940; director, General Laboratories, General Hospital, Mexico City, 1941– 1952; president, Technical-Sanitation Council, Papaloapan Commission, 1948–1952; director, Department of Clinical Investigations, National School of Medicine, UNAM, 1934–1946; director, National School of Medicine, UNAM, 1942–1944; oficial mayor, Secretariat of Health, 1946–1948; assistant secretary of health, 1948–1952. g—None. h—Founder and director, Revista Médica, 1920–1970, when he was a 4th-year medical student; author of 2 basic medical texts with Fernando Ocaranza as well as other medical works. i—Married Fanny Aguilar, close friend of Griselda Álvarez Ponce de León, governor of Colima; graduated from UNAM with Rafael P. Gamboa. j—None. k—None. l—Letter, DGF51; DGF47, 197; Peral, 47, 31; DGF50, II, 445; DGF51, I, 335. Argudín Estrada, Héctor a—July 16, 1921. b—Chacaltianguis, Veracruz. c—Early education unknown; graduated from Heroic Naval College, Veracruz, with degree in naval engineering, 1944; MA in intercontinental defense, Inter-American Defense College, Washington, DC, 1968–1969; first class to complete staff and command course, Center for Higher Naval Studies, 1970–1971; overlapped at Naval College with Ricardo Cházaro Lara, secretary of the navy, 1976–1982, and Mario Artigas Fernández, oficial mayor of the navy, 1976–1982; technical

assistant director, Heroic Naval College, 1966; director, Center for Higher Naval Studies, 1978–1982. d—None. e—None. f—Naval attaché, Mexican embassy, Rome. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Vice Adm. Antonio B. Argudín Corro, director of Naval College, 1943, and Ana María Estrada Loyo; married Martha Orozco Vela; related to Vice Adm. Mario Lavalle through his mother’s sister. j—Career naval officer; rank of coastguardsman, 1944; rank of corvette lieutenant, 1945; rank of frigate lieutenant, 1949; rank of naval lieutenant, 1952; rank of corvette captain, 1956; rank of frigate captain, 1961; chief of adjutants of secretary of the navy, Manuel Zermeño, 1961–1964; commander, various ships; director of social security, Secretariat of the Navy, 1971; commander, Naval Sector, La Paz, Baja California del Sur; commander, 18th Naval Zone; commander, 5th Naval Zone; chief of staff, Secretariat of the Navy, 1982–1985; rank of vice admiral. k—None. l—DBGM, 41; Q es QAP, 93; DPE61, 37. Argüelles Díaz González, Antonio

a—Apr. 15, 1959. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; BA in liberal arts, Stanford University, 1978–1982; economics degree, Stanford University, 1978–1983; professor, Anáhuac University, 1984–1985. d—None. e—Joined PRI, 1984. f—Assistant director of bilateral financing, Public Credit Division, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1985–1986; private secretary to assistant secretary of income, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1986–1988; private secretary to secretary, Secretariat of Economy and Industrial Development, Jaime Serra Puche, 1988–1989; oficial mayor, Secretariat of Economy and Industrial Development, 1989–1994; oficial mayor, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1994–1995; director general, National Council of Technical Professional Education, Secretariat of Public Education, 1996. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Antonio Argüelles Betancourt, veterinarian, and Hilda Díaz González Villarreal, veterinarian. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM94, CD; DBGM92, 40; Pescador, 108; Musacchio, 29.

62  m e xic a n p ol i t i c a l b i o g ra ph i e s , 1935– 20 0 9 Argüello López, Héctor a—Nov. 23, 1953. b—Villahermosa, Tabasco. c—Early education unknown; law degree, National School of Law, UNAM, 1973–1977, with thesis on rural development. d—Local deputy, State Legislature of Tabasco, 51st Sess., 1983–1986; federal deputy from State of Tabasco, Dist. 2, 1991–1994; senator from Tabasco, 1994– 2000, became independent member of Senate in 1998. e—Member of PRI, 1970–1998; secretary-general of PRI, Tabasco; president of PRI, Tabasco, 1998; Labor Party candidate for governor of Tabasco, 2000. f—Assistant delegate, Secretariat of Agrarian Reform, Villahermosa, 1982–1984; general coordinator, Development Program, Tabasco Coast, Secretariat of Agrarian Reform, 1986–1988. g—Secretary-general, League of Agrarian Communities and Peasant Unions, Tabasco, 1990–1993. h—None. i—Son of Rosemberg Argüello Ordóñez, farmer, and Gloria López Cruz; married Yolanda del Carmen Palomo. j—None. k—Resigned from PRI after confrontation with Roberto Madrazo, 1998. l—QesQ en el Congreso, 1997–2000, 291; www.wikipedia.com, 2007; www.secgob.gob. mx, 1997, 297; DBGM92, 418; Musacchio, 29. Arias Solís, Cristóbal a—Aug. 10, 1954. b—Churumuco, Michoacán. c—Early education unknown; law degree, School of Law, University of Michoacán, 1972–1977, with thesis on economic and political problems of land tenure in Mexico. d—Federal deputy from State of Michoacán, Dist. 7, 1982–1985; senator from Michoacán, 1988–1991; plurinominal federal deputy from PRD, 1991–1994; plurinominal senator from PRD, 1994–2000. e—Joined PRI, 1974; president of PRI, Michoacán, 1986; joined Democratic Current of PRI, 1987; resigned from PRI and joined PRD, 1988; secretary of agrarian affairs, CEN of PRD, 1989. f—Director of agrarian affairs, Michoacán, under Gov. Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas, 1981–1982; secretarygeneral of government, Michoacán, under Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas. g—Secretarygeneral, National Democratic Union of Peasants. h—None. i—Son of Cristóbal

Arias Ochoa, cattle rancher, and Salud Solís Rosas; married María Ortega Ramírez, lawyer. j—None. k—None. l—Musacchio, 30; DBGM92, 418; www.secgob.gob.mx, 1997, 2007; QesQ en el Congreso, 1997, 276. Arizmendi Hernández, Juan a—Jan. 8, 1944. b—Gómez Palacio, Durango. c—Early education unknown; MD in veterinary medicine, Juárez University, Durango; professor, School of Veterinary Medicine, Juárez University, 1970–1973. d—Local deputy, State Legislature of Durango, 1977–1980; federal deputy from State of Durango, Dist. 5, 1982–1985; federal deputy from State of Durango, Dist. 3, 1997–2000. e—Joined PRI, 1963; assistant secretary of social activity and action, CEN of PRI, 1998–1999; president, National Livestock Federation, CNC. f—Coordinator of special projects, Secretariat of Agrarian Reform, 1972–1974; department head, Durango, 1974–1975; adviser to director general of CONASUPO, 1984–1986; adviser to governor of Durango, 1980–1986; adviser, Banrural, 1989–1992; secretary of rural development, Durango, 1993–1997. g—Secretary of agrarian action, League of Agrarian Communities, 1975–1978; oficial mayor, League of Agrarian Communities, 1978–1979; secretary of livestock action, CEN of CNC, 1980. h—None. i—Son of Pedro Arizmendi Pérez, retailer, and Ana María Hernández Trinidad; married Ninfa Oralia Espino; brother Ricardo owns pharmacy chain. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM93, 469; www.secgob.gob.mx, 1997, 2007. Armendáriz (Cárdenas), Antonio

(Deceased) a—Sept. 29, 1905. b—Palo Blanco, Coahuila. c—Elementary studies in Mexico City; studies at Higher School of Commerce, 1920–1922, Mexico City; preparatory at National Preparatory School in Mexico City, 1923–1927; law degree, National School of Law, UNAM, 1928–1933; professor of sociology and economy, UNAM, 1930–1960. d—None. e—None. f—Secretary, National Commission of Economic Studies, 1933; lawyer, National Banking Commission,

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1933–1934; director of securities, Bank of Mexico, 1933; secretary-general, UNAM, 1933–1934; director general of secondary education, Secretariat of Public Education, 1941–1945; assistant secretary of the treasury, 1952–1958; ambassador to Great Britain, Sept., 1960–Feb., 1965; director general, Bank of Foreign Commerce, 1965–1970; director general, National Bonded Warehouses, 1970–1975. g—None. h—Legal adviser, Bank of London, National Ejido Bank, and many other banks; director, Legal Department, La Provincial Insurance Co.; president, National Securities Commission, 1949–1952; private law practice, 1943–1953; editorialist, Excélsior and Novedades, 1940–1970; editor, Comercio Exterior, official publication of National Bank of Foreign Commerce. i—Knew Antonio Carrillo Flores, Andrés Serra Rojas, Alfonso Guzmán Neyra, Manuel Gual Vidal, Agustín García López, Antonio Ortiz Mena, Ángel Carvajal, and others as students at National School of Law; father, Anastasio Armendáriz, a peasant; son Manuel Armendáriz Etchegaray was assistant secretary of foreign investment, Secretariat of Commerce, 1982–1988; daughter Mercedes is married to Anastasio González Martínez, supreme court justice, 1977–1990. j—None. k—None. l—WWM45, 6; DBM68, 40–41; DBM70, 46; letters; Semblanzas; DGF50, II, 57, 211, 273; DGF51, 65; Enc. Mex., I, 263; DBGM, 42. Armendáriz Etchegaray, Manuel Benito

a—Jan. 1, 1940. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; law degree, National School of Law, UNAM, with thesis on economic policy objectives; graduate studies in economic theory, London School of Economics; MA in economics, Yale University; professor, National School of Economics, UNAM, 1966–1973; professor, ITAM, 1966– 1973; professor, Colegio de México, 1966– 1973. d—None. e—Joined PRI, 1969. f—Various positions in Bank of Mexico, 1958–1974; representative to FAO, Rome, 1975–1976; representative to the International Organizations, Geneva, Switzerland, 1976–1977;

director-in-chief of international economic affairs, Secretariat of Foreign Relations, 1977–1978; economic adviser, Secretariat of Foreign Relations, 1979–1980; assistant director of planning, Mexican Institute of Foreign Trade, 1980–1982; assistant secretary of regulation of foreign investment and technology transfer, Secretariat of Industry and Commerce, 1982–1988; ambassador to European Union, 1993–1998. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Antonio Armendáriz Cárdenas, assistant secretary of treasury, 1952–1958, and Ana María Etchegaray Ortiz; married Guadalupe Morales Rodríguez; brother-inlaw of Atanasio González Martínez, supreme court justice. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM 87, 41; letters. Armienta Calderón, Gonzalo a—Jan. 10, 1924. b—Las Tapias, Culiacán, Sinaloa. c—Elementary studies, grades 1–3 at Leyva School, Culiacán, Sinaloa, and grades 4–6 at Benito Juárez School, Culiacán; secondary studies at Colegio Civil Rosales, Culiacán, 1936–1937, and at Socialist University of the Northeast, 1937–1939; preparatory studies at Socialist University of the Northeast, 1939–1941; law degree, University of Sinaloa, 1942–1946, with thesis titled “The Coercive Economic Power,” Jan. 10, 1948; LLD degree, National School of Law, UNAM, 1958–1959; professor, University of Sinaloa, 1948–1958, 1970–1972; professor, Autonomous Technological Institute of Mexico, 1963. d—None. e—None. f—Agent, Ministerio Público and judge of 1st instance, Culiacán, 1948–1950; assistant attorney general, State of Sinaloa, 1951–1952; judge, Superior Tribunal of Justice, Sinaloa, 1956–1958; secretary of resolutions, Second Division, Tax Court, 1958–1963; secretary, City Council of Mazatlán, Sinaloa, 1960; special fiduciary agent, department head, and assistant director, Legal Department, Somex Bank, 1963–1968; special fiduciary agent, Housing Fund, 1969; general counsel and chief, Contracts Department, FOVISSTE, 1972–1978; assistant secretary, Secretariat of Agrarian Reform, 1978–1981; chief of advisers to

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secretary of labor, 1982; general coordinator of delegates, Secretariat of Urban Development and Ecology, 1982–1984; president and judge, Federal Tax Court, 1986–1988; director general of legal affairs, Secretariat of Government, 1988–1994; assistant secretary of agrarian affairs, Secretariat of Agrarian Reform, 1994–1995. g—None. h—Public notary, Sinaloa, 1951; secretary of various administrative boards, including Embotelladora Garcí Crespo, SA, and Sosa Texcoco, SA, 1970. i—Considered to be part of Antonio Toledo Corro’s group; son of Fernando Armienta Urrea, telegrapher, and Aurora Calderón Félix; married Susana Hernández Campos; son Gonzalo Manuel Armienta Hernández was assistant tax attorney, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1992. j—None. k—None. l—Q es QAP, 276; Excélsior, June 17, 1978, 10; Excélsior, June 25, 1978, 1; DBGM89, 36; DBGM92, 40; Musacchio, 31; www.vasnet.mx. Arrayales de Morales, Aurora a—June 28, 1918. b—Mazatlán, Sinaloa. c—Early education unknown; teaching certificate from Normal School of Culiacán, Sinaloa; specialist in special education for children; founded a home for special-needs children; teacher for many years; professor, Preparatory School and Normal School of Mazatlán, Sinaloa. d—Council member, Mazatlán, 1955; federal deputy from Sinaloa, Dist. 4, 1958–1961, member of Social Action Committee, 2nd Public Education Committee, 2nd Instructive Committee for grand jury; member of Gran Comisión; local deputy, State Legislature of Sinaloa, Dist. 3, 1962–1964; delegate from Xochimilco to Department of the Federal District, 1977. e—President of Women’s Social Action of PRI, Mazatlán; director of women’s action of CEN of PRI, 1958; general delegate of CEN of PRI numerous times; organized PRI’s National Women’s Congress, 1960. f—Assistant director of social services, ISSSTE; director, Social Welfare Department, IMSS, 1970–1976. g—Leader, teachers’ union, Culiacán and Mazatlán. h—None. j—None.

k—None. l—C de D, 1958–1961, 70; Func., 355; Romero Aceves, 374–375. Arreguín (Vélez), Jr., Enrique (Deceased 1989) a—Aug. 6, 1907. b—Morelia, Michoacán. c—Elementary and secondary at Miguel Hidalgo, Morelia, public school; preparatory at Colegio San Nicolás, Morelia, 1917; medical degree from University of Michoacán, June 8, 1928; professor of hygiene, Secondary School of Coyoacán, Mexico City; professor of geology, paleontology, and zoology, Colegio de San Nicolás; professor of medicine, history, general biology, general pathology, and medical pathology, University of Michoacán; rector, University of Michoacán, 1934–1935. d—None. e—None. f—Member, Council of Superior Education and Scientific Investigation, 1936–1937; secretary, Presidential Studies Commission, 1937, 1938; assistant secretary of public education, 1940–1941. g—None. h—Director, Central Office of Professional Liabilities, IMSS, 1950–1964; director, Department of Professional Liabilities, IMSS, 1964–1970; chief, Bacteriology Sec. and Clinical Laboratory Analysis, General Hospital, Mexico City. i—Son of Enrique Arreguín, Sr., who was local deputy to State Legislature of Michoacán in 1912, director of State of Michoacán Pawnshop, and professor for 20 years at Colegio de San Nicolás; grandson of Dr. Félix Arreguín and Mercedes Oviedo; disciple of Jesús Díaz Barriga, assistant secretary of health, 1935–1940. j—None. k—Head of Vanguardias Nicolaitas; resigned from Secretariat of Public Education because of political pressures against implementation of a socialist education program. l—D del S, Dec. 2, 1940, 1, 6; DGF69, 633; DGF50, 109. Arriaga Rivera, Agustín (Deceased June 18, 2006) a—Aug. 20, 1925. b—Morelia, Michoacán. c—Preparatory studies at Colegio de San Nicolás, Morelia; economics degree from National School of Economics, UNAM, Dec. 14, 1951, with thesis on social security in Mexico; graduated with perfect GPA; professor, University of Michoacán, 1952–1954; professor, University of

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Tamaulipas, 1955–1958; professor, National School of Economics, UNAM, 1949–1951. d—Federal deputy from State of Michoacán, 1952–1955, member of Social Welfare Committee, 1st Balloting Committee, Legislative Studies Committee (2nd year), and Permanent Commission; governor, Michoacán, 1962–1968. e—Member, National Committee of PRI, 1949–1951; secretary of youth action of PRI, 1950–1951; general delegate of CEN of PRI to Oaxaca, 1978. f—Adviser to Mexican delegation to United Nations, 1945; secretary to director general, Sugarcane Trust, 1946–1947; assistant director of social action, Secretariat of Public Education, 1949–1953; chairman, Board of Moral, Civic, and Material Improvement, Nuevo León, 1955–1959; director general, National Bank of Cinematography, 1959–1962; director general, Port Development Fund, Secretariat of Communications and Transportation, 1988– 1989. g—President, National Federation of University Students of Mexico, 1949; president, 1946 student class, National School of Economics; director, National Institute of Mexican Youth, 1959–1962. h—Stockholder and board member in various corporations. i—Served with Luis Echeverría and Hugo Cervantes del Río as a youth member of National Committee of PRI under tutelage of Rodolfo Sánchez Taboada; student at UNAM with Luis Echeverría; son of Agustín Arriaga Díaz Barriaga, lawyer and professor at Colegio de San Nicolás, and Mercedes Rivera Hinojosa; married María Guadalupe Díez González Cosío. j—None. k—Confronted with a major student riot as governor of Michoacán in 1966; considered to be first governor of Michoacán after 1940 not handpicked by Lázaro Cárdenas. l—WWMG, 7; DBM68, 44; DGF56, 437; Díaz Fuentes, 265; DGF51, I, 291; C de D, 1952–1954, 52, 57; HA, Jan. 12, 1959, 14; DPE61, 108; Excélsior, Dec. 17, 1974, 4; NYT, May 20, 1962, 30, June 30, 1962, 17; Enc. Mex., 1977, I, 428–429; DBGM92, 41–42. Arrieta, Domingo (Deceased Nov. 18, 1962) a—Aug. 4, 1874. b—Rancho de

Vascongil, Municipio de Candelas, Durango. c—No formal schooling. d—Constitutional governor, Durango, Aug. 1, 1917–May 24, 1920; senator from Durango, 1936–1940. e—None. f—Governor and military commander, Durango, 1914–1916. g—None. h—Before joining the Revolution, miner and muleteer in Durango. i—Son of Teófilo Arrieta Contreras, muleteer and soldier under Benito Juárez, and Soledad León; brother of Mariano Arrieta, early revolutionary leader in State of Durango who became governor for several months in 1915 and continued career as a military officer; father of Atanasio Arrieta García, senator from Durango, 1946–1952. j—Joined the Revolution with brothers Mariano and Eduardo under Madero, Nov. 20, 1910; rank of lieutenant colonel, May, 1911; occupied Tapia, Durango, 1911; commander, Guadalupe Victoria Auxiliary Cavalry Regiment, 1912; commander, garrison of Durango, 1911–1913; constitutionalist, organized Guadalupe Victoria Brigade, Feb., 1913, to fight Victoriano Huerta; general of the revolutionary forces which took Durango, 1913; became military commander of Durango, 1913–1914; rank of brigade general, Mar. 25, 1914; fought against Francisco Villa, 1914–1916; fought against General Obregón, 1920; became division general on Nov. 16, 1941; retired from the army Aug. 11, 1944. k—Remained loyal to Carranza when he fled the presidency; pardoned by Obregón, May 7, 1924; rejoined the army, Sept. 11, 1927. l—DP70, 149–150; Peral, 72; Q es Q, 43–45; Enc. Mex., Annual, 1977, 478–479; www .elsiglodedurango.com.mx; Cien Biografías, 181–183. Arrieta García, Atanasio (Deceased) b—Durango. c—Elementary studies only; no degree. d—Senator from State of Durango, 1946–1952, member of National Properties Committee, Indigenous Affairs Committee, 2nd Ejido Committee, and 1st Mining Committee. e—None. f—None. g—None. h—Businessman. i—Son of General Domingo Arrieta, senator from Durango, 1934–1940, and Mercedes García.

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j—None. k—Precandidate of PRI for governor of Durango, 1949, but lost to Enrique Torres Sánchez. l—DGF51, I, 6, 10, 11, 13; C de S, 1946–1952. Arrieta Mateos, Darío L. (Deceased) a—Dec. 26, 1901. b—Iguala, Guerrero. c—Engineering degree, National School of Agriculture, 1934; professor, National School of Agriculture. d—None. e—None. f—Director general of agriculture, Secretariat of Agriculture, 1943–1949; executive coordinator of agricultural investigation, 1949; director of agricultural defense, 1954; substitute governor of Guerrero, 1954–1957; director general of agricultural defense, 1958–1961. g—None. h—Technical advisor, Secretariat of Agriculture, 1954, j—None. k—None. l—DPE61, 72; HA, May 31, 1954, 5; DGF56, 93; Siempre, Jan. 14, 1959, 6. Arriola Molina, Rafael (Deceased 2002) b—Veracruz, Veracruz. c—Early education unknown; teaching certificate; founder and teacher in secondary school, Cosamaloapan, Veracruz, and founder and teacher at Luis A. Beauregard Preparatory School, Cosamaloapan. d—Mayor, Cosamaloapan; federal deputy from State of Veracruz, 1946–1949, member of Budget and Accounts Committee; senator from Veracruz, 1970–1976. e—Secretary of political action of CEN of PRI, 1949–1951; president of PRI, State of Veracruz, 1968. f—Assistant director of government, State of Veracruz, 1955. g—None. h—None. i—Compadre of Arturo Llorente González, assistant secretary of labor, 1970–1976; teacher of Fidel Herrera Beltrán, governor of Veracruz, 2005–2011. j—None. k—Considered to be powerful in state politics. l—PS; C de D, 1946–1949, 40, 65; Romero, Mis Seis Años; www.portal .veracruz.gob.mx, 2008. Arronte Domínguez, Alfonso

(Deceased Nov. 18, 2006) a—Aug 18, 1918. b—Chihuahua, Chihuahua. c—Early education unknown; public accounting degree (CPA), University of Chihuahua. d—None. e—Joined Youth Group of PAN, 1939; PAN candidate for mayor of Ciudad Juárez, 1956;

PAN candidate for federal deputy, 1964; PAN candidate for senator, 1991; national adviser, PAN, 1956–1965, 1966–2006; member of CEN of PAN, 1966–1975, 1978–1984; director, Efraín Morfín González’s presidential campaign, 1969–1970; secretarygeneral of CEN of PAN, 1978–1981. f—None. g—President, Federation of University Students of Chihuahua; president, ACJM; president, National Union of Catholic Students of Chihuahua; president, CANACO, Ciudad Juárez; president, National Chamber of Clothing Industry. h—Practicing accountant and manager of numerous companies. i—Son of José Arronte Cantoya and Francisca Domínguez Cordero; married María de los Ángeles Holguín, 1948. j—None. k—None l—Pérez Franco, 34–35. Arroyo Ch., Agustín (Deceased Apr. 24, 1969) a—Aug. 28, 1891. b—Irapuato, Guanajuato. c—Elementary studies at Pueblo Nuevo, secondary at private schools in Guanajuato; no degree. d—Local deputy, State of Guanajuato; federal deputy from Guanajuato, 1919–1924; governor, Guanajuato, 1927–1931. f—Assistant secretary of government, 1935–1936; first director, Department of Press and Publicity (which became PIPSA), 1936–1940; secretary, Department of Labor and Social Welfare, 1940; president, PIPSA Administrative Council, 1958–1962; publisher of official government newspaper, El Nacional, 1962–1968; member, PIPSA Board of Directors, 1967– 1969. g—None. h—Post office employee, Celaya, Guanajuato, 1915; worked in Department of General Provisions under Francisco Múgica. i—Close personal friend of Gov. Enrique Colunga of Guanajuato, 1923–1927, who imposed Arroyo Ch. as governor; also a friend of Gov. Antonio Madrazo, 1920–1923; early supporter of Francisco Múgica for president, 1939–1940; political adviser of Lázaro Cárdenas; married Carolina Damián; son Agustín was a federal deputy from Guanajuato, 1955–1958 and 1964–1967. j—Joined the Revolution while quite young; fought against Pascual Orozco, 1911–1912;

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1st captain under Raúl Madero, 1913. k— Raúl Madero and Colunga controlled state politics in Guanajuato. l—Dulles; WWMG, 7; Hoy, May 10, 1969, 8; HA, Dec. 29, 1958, 8; Peral, 73; Gruening, 427, 487–488; Kirk, 3; Enc. Mex. I, 303; NYT, Jan. 21, 1940, 21; Michaels, 21. Arroyo Damián, Agustín a—Mar. 12, 1919. b—Celaya, Guanajuato. c—Early education unknown; medical degree, National School of Medicine, UNAM, with specialty as ophthalmological surgeon; postgraduate work at various U.S. universities; professor of chemistry, National School of Medicine, UNAM. d—Federal deputy from State of Guanajuato, Dist. 8, 1955–1958, member of Mail and Telegraph Committee, Sugar Industry Committee, and Committee on Health; federal deputy from State of Guanajuato, Dist. 8, 1964–1967, member of Public Health Committee and Military Health Committee. e—None. f—None. g—None. h—Practicing surgeon; founder of Beatriz Velasco de Alemán Ophthalmology Clinic, Celaya; chief of ophthalmological services, French Hospital. i—Son of Agustín Arroyo Ch., secretary of labor, 1940, and Carolina Damián. j—None. k—None. l—DGF56, 24, 32, 34, 37; C de D, 1955–1958; C de D, 1964–1967, 45; Ind. Biog., 17. Arroyo de Yta, Fernando a—Dec. 17, 1937. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; civil engineering degree, National School of Engineering, UNAM, 1963; studies in engineering administration, University of California, Los Angeles; professor, National School of Engineering, UNAM, 1975; professor, National School of Architecture, UNAM, 1977. d—None. e—Joined PRI, 1964. f—General supervisor of public works, Bank of Mexico, 1966–1971; head, Department of Financial Evaluation, INFONAVIT, 1972–1982; oficial mayor, Secretariat of Urban Development and Ecology, 1982–1984; assistant secretary of housing, Secretariat of Urban Development and Ecology, 1984–1985. g—None. h—Coordinator of prefabricated homes, Spancrete Enterprises,

1971–1982. i—Son of Juan Arroyo Ocampo and Carmela de Yta Calderón; married Victoria Sobreyva Castaños. j—None. k—None. l—Q es QAP; DBGM84, 44. Arroyo Marroquín, Romárico a—Dec. 13, 1942. b—Tulancingo, Hidalgo. c—Early education unknown; civil engineering degree, National School of Engineering, UNAM, 1961–1965; MS in science with specialization in economic engineering systems, Stanford University, 1970; professor, School of Engineering, UNAM, 1969; professor, National School of Architecture, UNAM, 1972; professor, School of Continuing Education, UNAM. d—None. e—None. f—Chief of analysts, Calculations Center, Secretariat of Hydraulic Resources, 1967– 1968; assistant director general, FONATUR, 1973–1976; director general, FONATUR, 1976–1977; adviser to assistant secretary, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1977–1978; assistant secretary of state industries, Secretariat of Energy, Mines, and Government Industries, 1982–1987; director general, Astilleros Unidas, Secretariat of Communications and Transportation, 1987–1993; assistant director of projects, CFE, 1994–1995; assistant secretary of agriculture, 1995–1998; secretary of agriculture, Jan. 3, 1998–Nov. 30, 2000. g—None. h—Director, Division of Planning and Transportation, Ipsea Consultores, SA, 1971–1973; director general, Cía. Minera de Cananea, SA, 1978–1982. i—Brother of Orlando Arroyo Marroquín, director of communications systems for CEN of PRI; son of Daniel Arroyo Bengoa, pilot, and María de los Ángeles Marroquín Perea; married Brunhilde Schoener Freytag. j—None. k—None. l—Excélsior, Dec. 4, 1982, 35; Q es QAP, 68; IEPES; DBGM, 44; DBGM89, 38. Arroyo Vieyra, Francisco Agustín

a—Apr. 16, 1959. b—Guanajuato, León. c—Early education unknown; law degree, University of Guanajuato, 1977–1981, with thesis titled “Authority, Rights, and the Law.” d—Federal deputy from State of Guanajuato, Dist. 1, 1991–1994; local deputy, State

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Legislature of Guanajuato, 1994–1997; federal deputy from State of Guanajuato, Dist. 4, 1997–2000, coordinator of PRI delegation; federal deputy from State of Guanajuato, Dist. 4, 2003–2006; senator from Guanajuato, 2006–2012. e—Joined PRI, 1973; president of PRI, Guanajuato, 1988– 1989; secretary of organization, PRI, Guanajuato, 1989; secretary of popular action, PRI, Guanajuato, 1989–1990; member, National Council of PRI; coordinator of legislative action, CEN of PRI, 1996–1997. f—Assistant secretary of government, Guanajuato, 1982–1984. g—Secretary-general of CNOP, Guanajuato, 1989. h—None. i—Son of Sergio Arroyo Arroyo, surgeon and mayor of Guanajuato, 1974, and Julieta Vieyra Araya; married Erika Lorena Bello de la Cruz. j—None. k—None. l—QesQ en el Congreso, 1997–2000, 128; www.diputados.gob.mx, 2003–2006; www.secgob.gob.mx, 2007; www.senado.gob.mx, 2007; DBGM92, 419. Arteaga y Santoyo, Armando

(Deceased) a—Oct. 26, 1906. b—Monterrey, Nuevo León. c—Elementary and preparatory studies at Colegio Civil, Monterrey; began law studies at University of Nuevo León; law degree, National School of Law, UNAM, 1925–1932; summer school, University of Texas, Austin. d—Federal deputy from State of Nuevo León, Dist. 2, 1946– 1949, member of Gran Comisión and Committee on Administration; federal deputy from State of Nuevo León, Dist. 4, 1961– 1964, member of Gran Comisión, Domestic and Foreign Commerce Committee, Legislative Studies Committee (labor), and Permanent Commission, 1963; vice president of Chamber, Sept., 1962; secretary, Preparatory Council, 1961–1963; senator from Nuevo León, 1964–1970. e—Director, IEPES of CEN of PRI, 1946–1952, 1953; secretary of political action, CEN of PRI, 1965; representative of New Advisory Council, IEPES of PRI, in charge of structural reforms, June 28, 1972; general delegate of CEN of PRI more than 25 times. f—Agent, Ministerio Público, Office of the Attorney General of Mexico,

Federal District, 1935–1941; oficial mayor, State of Nuevo León, 1941–1943; secretarygeneral of government, State of Nuevo León, 1943–1944; private secretary to Arturo B. de la Garza, governor of State of Nuevo León, 1944–1945; administrator, CEIMSA, 1958; oficial mayor, Chamber of Deputies, 1976–1979. g—None. h—Practicing lawyer in Mexico City, 1970–1973. i—Santiago Roel was his political disciple; father in legal work in Monterrey. j—None. k—None. l—WWM45, 6; Siempre, Feb. 4, 1959, 6; letter; HA, July 10, 1972, 10; Almanaque de N.L., 105. Artigas Fernández, Mario a—Nov. 6, 1917. b—Tuxpan, Veracruz. c—Early education unknown; geographic engineer, Heroic Naval College, 1938–1943; continental defense studies, Inter-American Defense College; professor, Heroic Naval College, 1960–1975; professor, Center for Higher Naval Studies, 1960–1975; member of general staff, Center for Higher Naval Studies, 1970–1971. d—None. e—None. f—Oficial mayor of the navy, 1976–1982. g—None. h—None. i—Graduated from Heroic Naval College with his future boss, Adm. Ricardo Cházaro Lara. j—Career naval officer; rank of captain, Oct. 15, 1965; commander of transport California, 1965; director of naval weapons and armaments, Secretariat of the Navy, 1968–1969; assistant chief and interim chief of staff, Secretariat of the Navy, 1969–1970; director general of services, Secretariat of the Navy, 1970–1974; chief of staff, Secretariat of the Navy, 1974–1976. k—None. l—Protag., 36; letter. Arvizu Lara, Orlando a—Nov. 30, 1946. b—San Felipe Orizatlán, Hidalgo. c—Technical courses in journalism, Carlos Septién García School of Journalism, 1969–1971. d—Alternate federal deputy from State of Hidalgo, Dist. 2, 1979–1982; federal deputy from State of Hidalgo, Dist. 4, 1988–1991; senator from Hidalgo, 1991–1997; federal deputy from State of Hidalgo, Dist. 2, 1997–2000. e—Joined PRI, 1970; secretary of information and publicity, PRI, Hidalgo,

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1975–1976; president of PRI, Hidalgo; secretary of information and publicity, CEN of PRI, 1989–1993; general delegate of CEN of PRI to Puebla, 1980, Aguascalientes, 1988, Veracruz, 1999; regional coordinator, CEN of PRI, to Baja California, Guerrero; assistant secretary to president of CEN of PRI, 1999. f—Director, El Constituyente, V. Carranza District, Department of the Federal District, 1971–1975; director general of social communication, Secretariat of Agrarian Reform, 1976; director general of social communication, Secretariat of Tourism, 1977–1979; director of housing, Huasteca, Hidalgo, 1983–1984. g—None. h—Television news announcer, Channels 8 and 13; news director, Channels XEX and XEW. i—Son of Gustavo Arvizu Ávila, public official and agricultural technician, and Griselda Lara Vargas; married Diana Ochaván, dentist; brother Fernel, director general of Miners’ Council, Secretariat of Energy, Mines, and Government Industries; brother Gustavo, director of studies in civil engineering, CFE. j—None. k—None. l—www.secgob .gob.mx, 1997, 2007; QesQ en el Congreso, 1997–2000, 129; DBGM94, CD; DBGM89, 39, 401–402. Asiain (Aguilar), Rodolfo (Deceased Sept. 1, 1963) a—Mar. 20, 1907. b—Tula, Hidalgo. c—Elementary studies at Benito Juárez Public School, Pachuca, Hidalgo; preparatory studies at Scientific and Literary Institute of Pachuca; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, 1917–1922, with thesis titled “The Agrarian Problem in Mexico,” Apr., 1922; professor of mathematics, Scientific and Literary Institute of Pachuca; professor, preparatory school, Scientific and Literary Institute of Pachuca. d—Local deputy, State Legislature of Hidalgo, 1923–1925, with Javier Rojo Gómez and Alberto Cravioto. e—None. f—Secretary-general of government, State of Hidalgo, under Gov. Amado Azuara, 1922–1923; correctional judge, Third Division, Federal District, 1925; criminal judge, Tenth Division, Federal District, president

of disputes and magistrate of Superior Tribunal of Justice of the Federal District, 1932–1934; justice, Supreme Court, Jan. 1, 1935–Dec. 31, 1940; consulting lawyer, Tariff Commission of Electricity and Gas, chief of Legal Department. g—President, Alumni Association, National School of Law, class of 1921. h—None. k—Played prominent role in Supreme Court decision initiating expropriation of the oil companies in 1938. l—DP70, 158; letter; DGF50, II, 239; DGF51, II, 338; www.trielectoralhidalgo.org.mx, 2008 Aspe (Armella), Pedro Carlos a—July 7, 1950. b—Federal District. c. Elementary studies at Instituto Patria, Mexico City, 1956–1962; secondary studies at Instituto Patria, 1962–1964; preparatory studies at Instituto Patria, 1964–1966; economics degree, Autonomous Technological Institute of Mexico, with thesis on migration, expectations, and probability of employment, 1974; PhD in economics, MIT, Cambridge, Mass., with thesis on transmission mechanisms, 1978; secretary of academic services and coordinator of economics research, ITAM, 1973–1974; instructor in macroeconomics, MIT, 1977–1978; professor, CEMLA, 1978; director of economics curriculum, ITAM, 1978–1982. d—None. e—Joined PRI, 1980; adviser to director general of IEPES of PRI, Carlos Salinas, 1982. f—Coordinator of economic advisers, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1978–1982; assistant secretary of planning, Secretariat of Programming and Budget, 1985–1987; secretary of programming and budgeting, 1987–1988; secretary of the treasury, 1988–1994. g—None. h—Author of several books on income distribution; director general and CEO, Vector Financial Group, 1995; CEO, Protego, SA, consulting firm, 2004; board member, American International Group, McGraw-Hill, and Standard and Poor’s, 2004. i—Son of Pedro Aspe Sais, lawyer, professor at Free Law School and director general of Palacio de Hierro, a leading department store, and Virginia Armella Maza; married Concepción Bernal Verea, historian and daughter of distinguished

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anthropologist and diplomat Ignacio Bernal y García Pimentel; great-grandfather was federal deputy in the 1900s; grandfather, coordinator of diplomatic corps under President Álvaro Obregón; met Carlos Salinas at MIT in 1978; student of Francisco Gil Díaz, Manuel Cavazos Lerma, and Carlos Sales Gutiérrez at ITAM; student and friend of Leopoldo Solís; students at ITAM with him included Diódoro Carrasco and Luis Téllez. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM, 45–46; DBGM87, 44; DBGM89, 39; Q es QAP, 134; Proceso, Aug. 31, 1992, 15; letter. Aubanel Vallejo, Gustavo (Deceased) a—July 23, 1904. b—Guadalajara, Jalisco. c—Elementary and secondary studies at public schools in Guadalajara; preparatory studies at University of Guadalajara; medical degree, University of Guadalajara. d—Mayor, Tijuana, Baja California, 1954–1956; federal deputy from State of Baja California, Dist. 2, 1961–1964, member of Indigenous Affairs Committee and 1st Balloting Committee; federal deputy from State of Baja California, Dist. 2, 1967–1970, member of Gran Comisión, Pharmaceutical and Chemical Industry Committee, and Social Welfare Committee; senator from State of Baja California, 1970–1976, member of Gran Comisión and 1st Balloting Committee, 2nd secretary of 2nd Foreign Relations Committee, National Properties Committee, Tax Committee, 1st secretary of Social Welfare Committee, president of Public Assistance Committee, member of Interparliamentary Committee, 1973. e—Joined PNR, 1931. f—Substitute governor, Baja California, Dec. 19, 1964–Nov. 30, 1965. h—Coauthor of Baja California Constitution; operated medical clinic in Tijuana beginning in 1931. j—None. k—Appointed by State Legislature as governor of Baja California del Norte. l—C de D, 1961–1963, 71, 1967–1969, 76; MGF69, 89; HA, Dec. 28, 1964, 14; C de S, 1970–1976, 7, 70. Aureoles Conejo, Silvano a—Aug. 23, 1965. b—Ojo de Agua, Carácuaro, Michoacán. c—Early education unknown;

agricultural engineering degree in forestry, University of Michoacán; MA in rural development, National School of Agriculture, Chapingo, 1988–1989. d—Federal deputy from State of Michoacán, Dist. 3, 2000–2001; mayor, Zitácuaro, Michoacán, 2001–2004; senator from Michoacán, 2006–2012. e—Founding member, PRD, 1989. f—Secretary of agricultural development, Michoacán; Secretary-general of government, Michoacán, under Governor Leonel Godoy Rangel, 2008. g—Secretary-general, CEN of Chapingo Students, 1988–1989. h—None. j—None. k—None. l—Directorio del Congreso, 2006– 2009, 167; www.senado.gob.mx, 2007; QesQ en el Congreso, 2000–2003, 111–112. Ávila Bretón, Rafael (Deceased July 3, 1975) a—Feb. 15, 1893. b—Tlaxcala, Tlaxcala. c—Preparatory studies at Catholic School of the Sacred Heart, Puebla, legal studies (1st year) at Colegio del Estado de Puebla; law degree, National School of Law, UNAM; professor of industrial law and civil procedure, National School of Law, UNAM. d—Senator from State of Tlaxcala, 1940–1946; governor, Tlaxcala, 1946–1951. e—None. f—Defender, 1917; penal judge, Pachuca, Hidalgo, 1918–1920; secretary, Twelfth Civil District, Federal District, 1921–1922; public auxiliary agent, Ministerio Público, Federal District; chief, Legal Department, Public Welfare, Plaza de Toros, 1936; justice, Superior Tribunal of Justice of State of Tlaxcala, 1936–1937; legal adviser of secretary-general, Department of the Federal District, 1937–1939; legal adviser, National Lottery, 1939–1940; judge, Civil Division, Federal District. g—None. h—Public welfare attorney; practicing lawyer, 1921–1922. i—Married Herlinda Hoyos. j—None. k—Reportedly investigated for illicit land dealings, 1971. l—STYBIWW544, 593; LAD, Oct. 14, 1971; HA, Nov. 15, 1946, 11; letter; WB54, 323; DP95, 285; www.copernico.mtx.itesm.mx, 2008. Ávila Camacho, Manuel (Deceased Oct. 13, 1955) a—Apr. 24, 1897. b—Teziutlán, Puebla. c—Elementary education in

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Teziutlán, secondary studies in accounting at Liceo Teziuteco, 1912; studied at National Preparatory School; no degree. d—President of Mexico, 1940–1946. e—Secretary to José I. Novelo, president, Cooperativist Labor Party, 1919. f—Oficial mayor, Secretariat of National Defense, 1933–1934; oficial mayor, 1934–1936; assistant secretary of national defense in charge of the secretariat, 1936– 1937; secretary of national defense, 1937–1939; member, President Lázaro Cárdenas’ staff, 1941–1942. g—Secretary, local Agrarian Committee of the Sierra, Puebla. h—None. i—Close friend of Lázaro Cárdenas beginning in 1920; childhood friend of Vicente Lombardo Toledano; brother Maximino Ávila Camacho was governor of Puebla; brother Rafael Ávila Camacho was army general and governor of Puebla, 1951–1957; son of Manuel Ávila Castillo and Eufrosina Camacho Bello, middle-class ranchers; nephew of Andrés Figueroa, secretary of national defense, 1935–1936; married Soledad Orozco. j—Joined army, Dec. 23, 1913, under General Antonio Medina, first as a civilian then with rank of 2nd lieutenant; major in 1916; colonel, 1920; supported Agua Prieta rebellion, 1920; chief of staff, 1st Sonora Brigade, State of Michoacán, under Lázaro Cárdenas, 1920; fought Yaquis in Sonora, 1920; chief of military operations, Isthmus, 1920; commander, 79th Cavalry Regiment, 1923; fought Cristeros, 1927; fought de la Huerta Rebellion in Michoacán, 1924; commander, 38th Cavalry Regiment, 1924; rank of brigadier general in 1924; fought under General Cárdenas against Escobar Rebellion, 1929; rank of brigade general, Sept. 1, 1929; chief of military operations, Colima, Colima, 1929–1931; commander, Military Zone of Tabasco, 1932– 1933. k—One of his biographers says he was born in Martínez de la Torre, Veracruz, not in Puebla. l—WWM45, 6; DP70, 179–180; Peral, 76; Hoy, Dec. 6, 1940, 19–21; NYT, Nov. 3, 1939; Kirk; UTEHA, 1222; WB48, 323; Enc. Mex. I, 410–411; Q es Q, 48; Gaxiola, 2, 254; Blanco, 134; HA, May 28, 1979, VI.

Ávila Camacho, Maximino (Deceased Feb. 17, 1945) a—Aug. 23, 1891. b—Teziutlán, Puebla. c—Elementary studies in Teziutlán; enrolled as cadet in Military Aspirants School but never attended; no degree. d—Governor, Puebla, 1937–1941. e—None. f—Chief of political police, Secretariat of Government, 1925; secretary of public works, 1941–1945. g—None. h—Post office employee; farmer; sales agent, Singer Sewing Machine Company; cowboy; professional bullfighter; horse breeder; cattleman; owned several ranches by 1940; his wealth was estimated at 2–3 million pesos in 1940. i—Brother of President Manuel Ávila Camacho and Rafael Ávila Camacho, governor of Puebla, 1951–1957; son of Manuel Ávila Castillo and Eufrosina Camacho Bello, middle-class ranchers; when father died in 1916, mother ran a small store. j—Joined the Revolution in 1914; commander, 100th Cavalry Regiment, against de la Huerta rebellion, 1923; captured and released by General Enrique Estrada, 1923; commander, 31st Military Zone, Chiapas, 1924–1926; rank of brigadier general, Mar. 14, 1924; military caudillo of Puebla during late 1920s and early 1930s; chief, 51st Cavalry, during Cristero Rebellion, 1928–1929; in charge of prison where Vasconcelistas were murdered, 1929; commander, 25th Military Zone, Puebla, 1935; assistant inspector general of the army; acting inspector general of the army; rank of division general, 1940. k—Leader of right wing of National Revolutionary Party. l—DP70, 180; HA, May 28, 1943, 9; DGF56, 98; Scott, 122; Kirk, 93, 245; UTEHA, I, 1222; Morton, 49; Peral, 77; Q es Q, 48; Skirius, 188; NYT, May 5, 1941, 8; CyT, 64. Ávila Camacho, Rafael (Deceased Mar. 20, 1975) a—Dec. 14, 1905. b—Teziutlán, Puebla. c—Elementary studies in Teziutlán; boarding student at Dr. Hugo Toti School, 1920; attended School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, 1920–1922; enrolled in National Military College, Feb. 14, 1922, graduated in 1925 as 2nd cavalry

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lieutenant; enrolled in Applied Military College, 1934; director, National Military College, 1948–1950. d—Federal deputy from State of Puebla, Dist. 9, 1934–1937, member of Gran Comisión; mayor, Puebla, Puebla, 1939–1941; governor, Puebla, 1951–1957. e—President, PRM State Committee, Puebla. f—Oficial mayor of industry and commerce, 1942–1945; administrative manager, PEMEX, 1945; assistant secretary of public works, 1945–1946. g—None. h—Retired to private life as a rancher, 1958–1975. i—Brother of Maximino and Manuel Ávila Camacho; longtime friend of Alejandro Gómez Maganda; son of Manuel Ávila Castillo and Eufrosina Camacho, middle-class ranchers; nephew of Andrés Figueroa. j—Career army officer; aide to commander of 13th Military Zone; stationed with 51st Cavalry Regiment; participated in 21 battles; chief of staff, 13th Military Zone, 1931; stationed with 38th Cavalry Regiment; chief of staff, 29th Military Zone; member of presidential staff, 1941–1942; aide to oficial mayor and assistant secretary of war; rank of lieutenant colonel, 1940; rank of colonel, 1943; rank of brigadier general, 1946; rank of division general, 1961. k—None. l—DGF56, 98; DGF51, II, 679; Peral, 77; Gómez Maganda, 105; CyT, 64–65; Excélsior, Mar. 21, 1975, 4; HA, Mar. 31, 1975, 21; Rev. de Ejer, Sept., 1976, 134. Ávila Pérez, Manuel a—July 5, 1935. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; preparatory studies at Heroic Military College, 1951–1954; graduated from Higher War College, 1960–1962; MA in national security from National Defense College, 1981–1982, member of 1st graduating class; professor, Heroic Military College, 1963–1973; professor, Military Communications School, 1966–1968; professor, Higher War College; professor, National Defense College. d—None. e—None. f—Assistant secretary of national defense, 1997–2000. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Manuel Ávila Rivas, auto mechanic, and Guadalupe Pérez Ortega; married Concepción Argumosa

Ocharán, CPA; graduated from Heroic Military College with Enrique Cervantes Aguirre, secretary of national defense. j—Career army officer; chief, International Affairs Group, Secretariat of National Defense, 1963; chief, Bilateral Affairs Group, Secretariat of National Defense, 1964–1967; chief, Subsection of Combined War Plans, Secretariat of National Defense, 1967–1970; assistant chief, Sec. 5, Plans, 1972–1973; chief, Sec. 5, Plans, staff, Secretariat of National Defense, 1973–1974; rank of colonel, Nov. 20, 1975; commander, 2nd Artillery Regiment, 1976–1977; commander, 3rd Artillery Regiment, 1977; commander, 2nd Transportation Battalion, 1977–1982; rank of brigadier general, Nov. 20, 1981; commander, 1st Heavy Transportation Regiment, 1983–1984; director general of military transportation, Secretariat of National Defense, 1984; director general of physical education, Secretariat of National Defense, 1984–1987; commander, 14th Military Zone, Aguascalientes, 1987– 1989; commander, 19th Military Zone, 1993– 1994; commander, 1st Military Zone, Federal District, 1994–1997. k—None. l—DBGM, 46; Rev. de Ejer., Dec., 1981; Musacchio, 35. Ávila Rodríguez, Gaspar a—June 1, 1946. b—Ozumbilla, State of Mexico. c—Early education unknown; completed 3rd semester of economics degree at Higher School of Economics, IPN, 1972–1973. d—Member, City Council, Tecamac, State of Mexico, 1979–1981; local deputy, State Legislature of Mexico, Dist. 33, 1985–1987; federal deputy from State of Mexico, Dist. 32, 1994–1997; federal deputy from State of Mexico, Dist. 5, 2003–2006. e—Joined PRI, 1966; local delegate of CEN of PRI; president of PRI, Tecamac. f—Secretary, Board of Social, Civic, and Material Progress, Ozumbilla, 1968– 1970; director general of agriculture, State of Mexico, 1999–2000. g—Secretary-general, League of Agrarian Communities, State of Mexico, 1995–1998; secretary of peasant economic organizations, CEN of CNC, 1998–2000. h—None. j—None. k—None. l—www.diputados.gob.mx, 2003–2006.

t he b io g ra phies  73 Ayala Almeida, Joel a—Dec. 20, 1946. b—San Luis Río Colorado, Sonora. c—Early education unknown; economics studies, UNAM, 1967–1971. d—Federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. 13, 1979–1982; plurinominal federal deputy from PRI, 1997–2000, 2006–2009; plurinominal senator from PRI, 2000–2006. e—President of PRI, 13th Congressional Dist., Federal District, 1978–1980; member, National Political Council of PRI. f—None. g—Secretary of conflicts, National Union, Secretariat of Health employees, 1974–1977; secretary of social welfare, CEN of FSTSE, 1980–1982; secretary-general, National Union, Secretariat of Health employees, 1977–1980, 1995–1998; secretarygeneral, FSTSE, 1998–2001. h—None. j—None. k—None. l—www.secgob.gob.mx, 1997, 2007; QesQ en el Congreso, 1997–2000, 129; DCM, 2000–2003, 316; QesQ en el Congreso, 2000–2003, 336; www.diputados.gob .mx, 2007; Musacchio, 37. Ayala Manzo, Livier (Deceased Oct. 21, 1976) a—June 7, 1915. b—Villamar, Michoacán. c—Elementary studies in Villamar; secondary studies in Mexico City; preparatory studies at National Preparatory School, 1941– 1942; legal studies, National School of Law, UNAM, 1943–1947, graduating Nov., 1948, with thesis on civil code. d—None. e—None. f—Employee, Department of the Federal District, 1943–1947; employee, PEMEX, 1948–1965; secretary of studies and accounts, Supreme Court of Justice, 1965–1971; judge, Second Federal Circuit Court, Toluca, 1965– 1971; judge, First Federal Appeals Court, 1972–1975, president, 1973; supernumerary justice, Supreme Court, Apr. 1, 1975–1976; designated justice of Supreme Court, Oct. 20, 1976, by President Luis Echeverría, one day before she died. g—None. h—Practicing lawyer, 1948–1965. j—None. k—First woman designated as judge of Federal Appeals Court, 1972; second woman designated as Supreme Court justice, after María Cristina Salmorán. l—www.scjn.gob.mx, 2008. Azar García, Jorge Salomón a—Dec. 20, 1952. b—Campeche, Campeche.

c—Early education unknown; agricultural engineering degree with specialty in technical zoology, School of Agricultural Engineering, Monterrey Institute of Higher Studies, 1972–1978; MA in public administration, School of Business, Autonomous University of Nuevo León, 1978–1979. d—Governor, Campeche, 1991–1997. e—Joined PRI, 1971. f—Administrative chief, Regional Delegation, Zone 8, Secretariat of Health, 1974– 1979; director of forestry and agricultural products development, State of Campeche, 1980–1985; delegate of Secretariat of Agriculture and Hydraulic Resources, 1986–1988; adviser to assistant secretary of forestry and agroindustrial development, 1988; delegate of Secretariat of Programming and Budget to Tuxtla Gutiérrez, 1989–1991. i—Son of Abraham Azar Farah, ophthalmologist and IMSS delegate in Campeche, and Teresa García Mejenes; married Lydia León Gamboa, architect; related by marriage to Patrocinio González Garrido, secretary of government; friend of Ernesto Zedillo, secretary of public education; attended ITESM with Luis Donaldo Colosio. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM92, 724; Proceso, Mar. 18, 1991, 26–29; DBGM94; La Jornada, June 13, 2002. Aznar Mendoza, Alonso (Deceased Feb. 26, 1959) a—1884. b—Yucatán. c—Early education unknown; law degree, University of Yucatán, 1907, with thesis titled “Payment and Assignment.” d—Federal deputy from Yucatán, 1912–1913, imprisoned by Victoriano Huerta with other deputies, 1913. e—None. f—Judge of 1st instance, Villa Álvaro Obregón, Federal District, who sentenced José de León Toral to death, 1929, for assassination of President-elect Alvaro Obregón; justice, Supreme Court, Jan. 1, 1934–Dec. 31, 1940. g—None. h—Practicing lawyer. i—From a prominent family; related to Tomás Aznar y Cano, governor of Campeche, 1905–1910; brother Enrique, distinguished lawyer, rector of University of Yucatán, 1940s, and local deputy to State Legislature of Yucatán, 1920–1922. j—None. k—Awarded a pension Dec. 31, 1949, for

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services to Mexico from 1912 to 1940. l—www.encyucatanse, 61, 2008; www.con gresoyucatan.gob.mx, 2008; www.scjn.gob .mx, 2008; www.diputados.gob.mx, 2008. Aznar Zetina, Antonio J. (Deceased) a—June 12, 1904. b—Campeche, Campeche. c—Elementary and secondary studies in Campeche; preparatory studies at Campeche Normal School; naval engineering degree from Naval College, Veracruz, 1926; advanced studies at Higher War College, Mexico City, 1932–1935. d—None. e—None. f—Naval attaché, Mexican embassy, Paris; naval attaché, Mexican embassy, Washington, DC; assistant secretary of the navy, 1965–1970. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Luis Aznar Cano, lawyer; uncle Tomás Aznar Cano served as senator from and governor of Campeche, 1905–1910; attended Naval College with Antonio Vázquez del Mercado, his boss as secretary of the navy, and Óscar Fritsche Anda, his immediate predecessor as assistant secretary of the navy. j—Commander, coastguard ship 24; director, Naval College, 1953–1954; rank of rear admiral, Oct. 25, 1955; chief of staff of the navy, 1959–1965; commander, transport Progreso; commander, destroyer Guanajuato; commander, 2nd Naval Zone; rank of vice admiral, Oct. 15, 1963; rank of admiral. k—None. l—DBM68; 50; DBM70; 56; DPE65, 48; DE61, 39; Q es Q, 30. Azúa Torres, Lorenzo (Deceased Mar. 9, 1972) b—Tecolutla, Veracruz. c—Early education unknown; no degree. d—Local deputy, State Legislature of Veracruz (twice); federal deputy from State of Veracruz, Dist. 6, 1952–1955. e—None. f—None. g—Cofounder, League of Agrarian Communities of Veracruz; secretary-general, League of Agrarian Communities of Veracruz; cofounder with Úrsulo Galván of National Peasant League; cofounder, CNC, 1938; secretary-general, CNC, 1953–1954. h—None. i—Brother Leocadio Azúa Torres was mayor of Tecolutla and alternate federal deputy from Veracruz, Dist. 4, 1967–1970.

j—None. k—None. l—CdeD, 1952–1955; DP95, 303. Azuara, Juan Enrique (Deceased 1958) a—July 15, 1895. b—Tampacán, San Luis Potosí. c—Elementary studies in Tampacán; secondary and preparatory studies at Scientific and Literary Institute of San Luis Potosí; law degree, Scientific and Literary Institute of San Luis Potosí, 1922. d—Federal deputy from State of San Luis Potosí, Dist. 11, 1926– 1928, 1928–1930; senator from State of San Luis Potosí, 1958, died in office. e—None. f—Public defender; judge of 1st instance, Ciudad Valles, 1922; district judge, Toluca, State of Mexico, 1947; magistrate, Collegiate Circuit Tribunal of Federal District; president, Collegiate Circuit Tribunal, 1952–1958. g—None. h—None. i—Son Enrique Azuara Salas, oficial mayor of treasury; grandson Juan Enrique Azuara Olascoaga was director general of material resources, Secretariat of Social Development. j—Civilian employee in the Revolution. k—None. l—DP70, 192; C de S, 1958–1964; Func., 341; MGF47, 49. Azuela Guitrón, Mariano a—Apr. 1, 1936. b—Federal District. c—Elementary and secondary studies, Colegio México, Federal District; preparatory studies, CUM, Federal District; legal studies at National School of Law, UNAM, 1954–1958, with thesis on legal themes and the state in contemporary church doctrine, 1958; teacher, CUM, 1957–1983; professor of law, Ibero-American University, 1963–1983. d—None. e—None. f—Special investigator, Income Tax Department, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1957–1959; coordinator of insured clubs, Social Loans Department, IMSS, 1958–1960; secretary of studies and accounts, Supreme Court, 1960–1971; judge, Federal Tax Court, 1971–1983; president, Federal Tax Court, 1981; justice, Supreme Court, 1983–2009; president, Supreme Court, 2002–2007. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Mariano Azuela Rivera, Supreme Court justice, and María de los Dolores Guitrón Machaen; married Consuelo Bohigas Lomelín; grandson of noted novelist Mariano

t he b io g ra phies  75

Azuela; nephew of historian Salvador Azuela Rivera; brother of intellectual Arturo Azuela; brother of María Antonieta Azuela, circuit court judge, 1984. j—None. k—Reappointed to a new 15-year term when Supreme Court was reformed in 1995. l—QesQAP; letters; DBGM87, 600; DBGM89, 592; www.scjn .gob.mx, Mar. 29, 2000. Azuela (Rivera), Mariano (Deceased Mar. 7, 1993) a—Mar. 15, 1904. b—Lagos de Moreno, Jalisco. c—Elementary studies in Lagos de Moreno and Guadalajara; preparatory studies at National Preparatory School, Mexico City; law degree, National School of Law, UNAM, 1928; LLD, UNAM; professor, University of San Luis Potosí and University of Monterrey; senior professor, course in Amparo, National School of Law; professor of public law, Graduate School, National School of Law, UNAM; professor of guarantees and Amparo, National School of Law, UNAM, 1930–1958. d—Senator from State of Jalisco, 1958–1960. e—None. f—Judge, Federal Tax Court of Mexico, 1937–1951; president, Federal Tax Court of Mexico, 1949–1951; justice, Supreme Court, 1951–1957, 1960–1964, 1964–1970, 1970–1971. g—None. h—Worked for a federal district judge while a student, 1927; practiced law with Manuel Gómez Morín, 1930–1935; member, Commission for Legal Studies, Office of the Attorney General; author of various articles on Amparo. i—Son of prominent author Mariano Azuela; friend of Antonio Luna Arroyo; married María de las Dolores Guitrón Machaen; son Mariano Azuela Guitrón became Supreme Court justice, 1983; daughter María, appointed to Federal Circuit Court, 1984; appointed to Federal Tax Court because of Gabino Fraga’s and Antonio Carrillo Flores’ influence with President Alemán; professor of Hugo B. Margáin, secretary of the treasury. j—None. k—Not a member of PRI while serving on Supreme Court. l—Libro de Oro, 1967, xlvi; Func., 238; Excélsior, Apr. 6, 1971, 1, 14; DGF51, 468; C de S, 1961–1964, 13; letters; DBGM89, 591–592; www.scjn.gob.mx.

B Badillo (García), Román (Deceased 1963) a—Feb. 24, 1895. b—Otumba, State of Mexico. c—Elementary studies in Otumba; preparatory studies at National Preparatory School; law degree from Free Law School, Mexico City, 1923. d—None. e—Leader, Antireelectionist Party Convention, 1934, considered a supporter of Antonio Díaz Soto y Gama as a presidential candidate of that party. f—Agent, Ministerio Público, 1926–1927; criminal judge, Veracruz; judge, Superior Tribunal of Justice, Veracruz, 1927; department head, PEMEX; head, Department of Agrarian Labor, Department of Agrarian Affairs and Colonization; secretary-general of government, State of Querétaro; adviser to president of Mexico, 1940– 1946; oficial mayor, Department of Agrarian Affairs, 1958–1962. g—None. h—Practicing lawyer; wrote for El Universal for 30 years. i—Practiced law with Antonio Díaz Soto y Gama. j—None. k—None. l—López, 75; Balboa, 95; DPE61, 126; DP95, 313. Baeza (Meléndez), Fernando a—Jan. 21, 1942. b—Ciudad Delicias, Chihuahua. c—Preparatory studies at Jesuit Regional Institute, Chihuahua; legal studies, IberoAmerican University, 1960–1964, law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, with thesis titled “Natural and Positive Law in Their Naturalism Tradition,” 1967; professor, public preparatory school, Delicias, 1965–1971. d—Federal deputy from State of Chihuahua, Dist. 6, 1985–1986, head of PRI delegation from State of Chihuahua; governor, Chihuahua, 1986–1991; senator from State of Chihuahua, 2006–2012. e—General coordinator, Luis Echeverría’s presidential campaign, Ciudad Delicias, 1969–1970; coordinator, Roberto Madrazo’s campaign for PRI nomination for president. f—Secretary, Board of Water and Sanitation, Ciudad Delicias, 1968–1971; private secretary to Gov. Óscar Flores, Chihuahua, 1971–1974; oficial mayor, Office of the Attorney General of Mexico, Óscar Flores Sánchez, 1976–1982; 1st

t he b io g ra phies  75

Azuela; nephew of historian Salvador Azuela Rivera; brother of intellectual Arturo Azuela; brother of María Antonieta Azuela, circuit court judge, 1984. j—None. k—Reappointed to a new 15-year term when Supreme Court was reformed in 1995. l—QesQAP; letters; DBGM87, 600; DBGM89, 592; www.scjn .gob.mx, Mar. 29, 2000. Azuela (Rivera), Mariano (Deceased Mar. 7, 1993) a—Mar. 15, 1904. b—Lagos de Moreno, Jalisco. c—Elementary studies in Lagos de Moreno and Guadalajara; preparatory studies at National Preparatory School, Mexico City; law degree, National School of Law, UNAM, 1928; LLD, UNAM; professor, University of San Luis Potosí and University of Monterrey; senior professor, course in Amparo, National School of Law; professor of public law, Graduate School, National School of Law, UNAM; professor of guarantees and Amparo, National School of Law, UNAM, 1930–1958. d—Senator from State of Jalisco, 1958–1960. e—None. f—Judge, Federal Tax Court of Mexico, 1937–1951; president, Federal Tax Court of Mexico, 1949–1951; justice, Supreme Court, 1951–1957, 1960–1964, 1964–1970, 1970–1971. g—None. h—Worked for a federal district judge while a student, 1927; practiced law with Manuel Gómez Morín, 1930–1935; member, Commission for Legal Studies, Office of the Attorney General; author of various articles on Amparo. i—Son of prominent author Mariano Azuela; friend of Antonio Luna Arroyo; married María de las Dolores Guitrón Machaen; son Mariano Azuela Guitrón became Supreme Court justice, 1983; daughter María, appointed to Federal Circuit Court, 1984; appointed to Federal Tax Court because of Gabino Fraga’s and Antonio Carrillo Flores’ influence with President Alemán; professor of Hugo B. Margáin, secretary of the treasury. j—None. k—Not a member of PRI while serving on Supreme Court. l—Libro de Oro, 1967, xlvi; Func., 238; Excélsior, Apr. 6, 1971, 1, 14; DGF51, 468; C de S, 1961–1964, 13; letters; DBGM89, 591–592; www.scjn.gob.mx.

B Badillo (García), Román (Deceased 1963) a—Feb. 24, 1895. b—Otumba, State of Mexico. c—Elementary studies in Otumba; preparatory studies at National Preparatory School; law degree from Free Law School, Mexico City, 1923. d—None. e—Leader, Antireelectionist Party Convention, 1934, considered a supporter of Antonio Díaz Soto y Gama as a presidential candidate of that party. f—Agent, Ministerio Público, 1926–1927; criminal judge, Veracruz; judge, Superior Tribunal of Justice, Veracruz, 1927; department head, PEMEX; head, Department of Agrarian Labor, Department of Agrarian Affairs and Colonization; secretary-general of government, State of Querétaro; adviser to president of Mexico, 1940– 1946; oficial mayor, Department of Agrarian Affairs, 1958–1962. g—None. h—Practicing lawyer; wrote for El Universal for 30 years. i—Practiced law with Antonio Díaz Soto y Gama. j—None. k—None. l—López, 75; Balboa, 95; DPE61, 126; DP95, 313. Baeza (Meléndez), Fernando a—Jan. 21, 1942. b—Ciudad Delicias, Chihuahua. c—Preparatory studies at Jesuit Regional Institute, Chihuahua; legal studies, IberoAmerican University, 1960–1964, law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, with thesis titled “Natural and Positive Law in Their Naturalism Tradition,” 1967; professor, public preparatory school, Delicias, 1965–1971. d—Federal deputy from State of Chihuahua, Dist. 6, 1985–1986, head of PRI delegation from State of Chihuahua; governor, Chihuahua, 1986–1991; senator from State of Chihuahua, 2006–2012. e—General coordinator, Luis Echeverría’s presidential campaign, Ciudad Delicias, 1969–1970; coordinator, Roberto Madrazo’s campaign for PRI nomination for president. f—Secretary, Board of Water and Sanitation, Ciudad Delicias, 1968–1971; private secretary to Gov. Óscar Flores, Chihuahua, 1971–1974; oficial mayor, Office of the Attorney General of Mexico, Óscar Flores Sánchez, 1976–1982; 1st

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assistant attorney general of Mexico, 1982– 1986. g—None. h—Practicing lawyer, 1965– 1968. i—Son of Florencio Baeza Morales, rancher and PAN founder, and María de los Ángeles Meléndez; married Blanca Margarita Gómez Ortiz; student of Rafael Preciado Hernández at Ibero-American University; daughter-in-law Stephanie Korrodi Ordaz is President Fox’s godchild and daughter of Lino Korrodi, founder of Amigos de Fox; j—None. k—None. l—IEPES; Q es QAP, 460; Proceso, July 6, 1987, 10; HA, Jan. 7, 1986, 18; DBGM89, 662; DBGM, 50; www .senado.gob.mx; DdeY, Feb. 9, 2002. Baeza Somellera, Guillermo a—June 20, 1937. b—Guadalajara, Jalisco. c—Elementary studies at Institute of Sciences, Guadalajara, 1945–1951; secondary studies at Institute of Sciences, 1951–1953; preparatory studies at Institute of Sciences, 1952–1954; law degree, University of Guadalajara, 1954–1959. d—PAN candidate for federal deputy from Jalisco, 1967; City Council candidate, City of Guadalajara, 1964; PAN party federal deputy, 1970–1973, member of Legislative Studies Committee on General Affairs (1st year). e—Joined PAN, 1951; secretary-general, Regional Committee of PAN for Jalisco; president, PAN, Jalisco, 1969–1972; member, PAN National Council, 1971. f—None. g—None. i—Married Villanueva; brother Jorge was a PAN party deputy, 1973–1976. j—None. k—None. l—Directorio, 70–72; C de D, 70–72, 102; Mabry. Bagdadi Estrella, Abraham a—Mar. 29, 1963. b—Campeche, Campeche. c—Laboratory technician, CPTIS No. 9, Campeche, 1980–1984; physical therapist, School of Physical Therapy, Mérida, Yucatán, 1984– 1988. d—Local deputy, State Legislature of Campeche, 1989–1992; plurinominal federal deputy from PRD, 1997–2000, 2003–2006 e—Member, PCM, Campeche, 1979–1982; member, PSUM, 1982–1986; secretarygeneral, PSUM, Campeche, and member of PSUM Central Committee, 1985–1986; member, PMS, 1986–1989; president, PRD, Campeche, 1991; member, PRD National

Council, 1992–1996; national adviser, PRD, 1989– ; assistant secretary of electoral affairs, CEN of PRD, 2001; assistant secretary of government and municipal affairs, CEN of PRD, 2002–2003. f—None. g—None. h—None. i—Married María del Carmen Pérez López, local deputy to State Legislature of Campeche, 2008. j—None. k—None. l—www.diputados.gob.mx, 2003–2006; QesQ en el Congreso, 1997–2000, 66; www .secgob.gob.mx, 2007; www.geocities.com, 2008; www.novedadescampeche.com, June 24, 2008. Balboa Gojón, Praxedis (Deceased Oct. 10, 1980) a—1900. b—Ciudad Victoria, Tamaulipas. c—Elementary studies at Normal School Annex, Ciudad Victoria, 1907– 1912; secondary and preparatory studies at Colegio Civil of Monterrey, Nuevo León, 1914‑1919; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, 1925. d—Federal deputy from State of Tamaulipas, 1928–1930; federal deputy from State of Tamaulipas, Dist. 4, 1930–1932, 1934–1937; governor, Tamaulipas, 1963–1969. e—Member, PNR Constitutional Convention, 1929; president of PNR, Tamaulipas; campaign manager for Antonio Villarreal for governor of Tamaulipas. f—Agent, Department of Labor, Secretariat of Industry and Commerce, 1924; head, Conciliation and Arbitration Committee, Tamaulipas, 1925–1928; chief, Department of Labor, Secretariat of Industry and Commerce, 1929–1930; federal conciliator, Mixed Commission of the National Railroads of Mexico, 1929; director, Legal Department, PEMEX, 1938; head, Legal Department, PEMEX, Mata Redonda, 1938–1940; lawyer, Legal Department, PEMEX, 1940–1952; administrative assistant director, PEMEX, 1952–1958, 1958–1962. g—Student leader at UNAM, organized group in support of Plutarco Calles for president, 1923. h—Active role in formulation of Federal Labor Law and Agrarian Reform Law, which modified original 1915 legislation. i—Attended National School of Law with Eduardo Bustamante and Agustín García López; grandson

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of General Juan Gojón, governor of Tamaulipas; father, a doctor; originally member of Emilio Portes Gil’s camarilla but later a political enemy. j—None. k—Removed as federal deputy by Lázaro Cárdenas, Sept. 12, 1935. l—WWMG, 7–8; letters, Excélsior, Jan. 24, 1973, 19; Excélsior, Oct. 11, 1980, 20A. Ballesteros Prieto, Mario (Deceased 1972) a—Nov., 1912. b—Oaxaca, Oaxaca. c—Early education unknown; graduated from Heroic Military College, Jan. 1, 1934; advanced studies, Higher War College, 1939–1942; instructor, Higher War College; advanced studies, Command and Staff School, Ft. Leavenworth, Kan. d—None. e—None. f—Chief of staff, Secretariat of National Defense, 1964–1967. g—None. h—None. i—Attended Higher War College with Hermenegildo Cuenca Díaz, secretary of national defense. j—Career army officer; 2nd lieutenant, 10th Cavalry Regiment; various staff positions, chief of staff, Secretariat of National Defense, Dec. 16, 1964–Jan. 16, 1969; chief of staff, 15th Military Zone, 1964; rank of brigadier general, Nov. 20, 1964; rank of brigade general, 1968; military attaché, Mexican embassy, Ottawa, Canada; rank of division general, 1972; military attaché to Chile and Peru, 1972; commander, 17th Military Zone, Querétaro, 1972. k—Relieved of command by secretary of national defense, 1969; died prior to receiving promotion to division general. l—HA, Dec. 21, 1964, 10; DPE65, 33; Rev. de Ejer., Dec., 1964, 24; Nov., 1972, 39; Excélsior, Sept. 28, 1997; www.cronica.diputados.gob.mx, Mar. 13, 1973. Baltazar Barajas, Ángel a—Sept. 21, 1926. b—Morelia, Michoacán. c—Early education unknown; law degree, University of Michoacán; professor, School of Law, University of Michoacán, retired in 2005; secretary, Governing Board, University of Michoacán. d—PPS federal party deputy, 1967–1970. e—Founding member, PPS. f—Agent, Ministerio Público, Mechaupan, Michoacán, 1959–1967. g—None. i—Married Eva Chávez Martínez; son Miguel Ángel

Baltazar Chávez was legal counsel of University of Michoacán; son Doroteo was legal director, City of Morelia; son Gerardo was secretary-general of Union of National Teachers’ University. j—None. k—None. l—PS, C de D, 1967–1970; www.cronica .diputados.gob.mx, 1967. Bandala, Bernardo (Deceased 1959) a—Aug. 20, 1893. b—Teziutlán, Puebla. c—Early education unknown; no degree. d—Federal deputy from State of Puebla, Dist. 2, 1932–1934, secretary of National Revolutionary bloc in Chamber of Deputies; senator from State of Puebla, 1934–1940. e—President, PNR, State of Puebla. f—None. g—None. i—Brother Homero Bandala was federal deputy from Puebla; grew up in Teziutlán at same time as Ávila Camacho family and Vicente Lombardo Toledano. j—Officer, Constitutional Army; member, Office of the Chief of Staff, under President Carranza. k—None. l—C de D, 1932–1934; C de S, 1934–1940; PS, 0539; CyT, 72; www.e-mexico.gob.mx. Bañuelos, Félix (Deceased Sept. 2, 1948) a—Oct. 1, 1878. b—Monte Escobedo, Zacatecas. c—No formal education; founding director of Militarized Academy of Mexico, 1942–1948. d—Governor, Zacatecas, 1937–1940. f—Governor, Quintana Roo, 1931–1932. g—None. h—Farmer. i—Parents were peasants; cousin of General Santos Bañuelos. j—Joined the Revolution, 1910– 1911, serving under Luis Moya in Puente de Comatlán; rose to rank of captain, 1911, returned to farming, 1911–1913; joined Pánfilo Nátera as 1st captain, 1913; commander, 1st Bañuelos Brigade; rank of lt. colonel, 1913; rank of colonel, 1914; rank of brigadier general, 1914; supporter of Francisco Villa, 1914–1920; supported government against de la Huerta in 1923; brigadier general, May 30, 1923; retired from army on Jan. 1, 1944. h—Family sold Tequila Cazadores to Bacardi in 2002. k—In June, 1939, while he was governor of Zacatecas, the press alleged that he was trying to leave the PRM, but 2 days later he claimed to have made no such

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statement. l—Peral, 86; D de Y, June 2, 1939, 1; Álvarez Corral, 121–122. Baranda (García), Alfredo a—Nov. 11, 1944. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; law degree, National School of Law, UNAM, 1964–1969; MA in economics, Colegio de México, 1969–1971; MA in business administration, Harvard University; professor, Seminar on Political Science and Public Administration, UNAM; professor, Central Bank course, Autonomous Technological Institute of Mexico; professor, CEMLA. d—None. e—Joined PRI, 1965; coordinator of economic studies, Alfredo del Mazo González’s campaign for governor, 1982; special delegate, CEN of PRI to Tlalnepantla and Atizapan, State of Mexico; member, CEPES of PRI, State of Mexico. f—Various positions, Bank of Mexico, 1971–1980; director, Financial Policy System, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1980–1981; finance director, State of Mexico, 1981–1986; substitute governor, State of Mexico, 1986–1987; ambassador to Spain, 1987–1991; federal consumers’ attorney, 1991–1994; general coordinator of ports and the merchant marine, 1995–1996; director general of airports and auxiliary services, 1996–1997. g—None. h—Director, Telmex, 1989–1991. i—Son of Alfredo Baranda Carsolio, lawyer, and Alicia García de la Torre; married Lucía Sáenz Viezca; brother of Pedro Baranda García, oficial mayor of tourism, 1986–1988. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM87; HA, May 13, 1986; Mexiquenses, 23; DBGM92, 47; Musacchio, 39–40; Mexico Business, May, 1996, 18. Barba González, Silvano (Deceased Aug., 1967) a—Nov. 29, 1895. b—Valle de Guadalupe, Jalisco. c—Elementary studies in Catholic schools in Tepatitlán, Jalisco, and Seminary of San Juan de los Lagos, Jalisco; secondary studies in San Juan de los Lagos; preparatory studies in Guadalajara; law degree from University of Guadalajara, Jalisco, Oct. 2, 1920; rector, University of Guadalajara, 1927–1928. d—Local deputy, State Legislature of Jalisco,

1920 (2 successive terms); federal deputy from Jalisco, Dist. 8, 1926–1928; governor, Jalisco, 1939–1943; senator from Jalisco, 1952–1958, member of Foreign Relations Committee, Mail and Telegraph Committee, and president of Migration Committee. e—Private secretary to Lázaro Cárdenas during 1934 presidential campaign; president of CEN of PRI, Aug. 20, 1936–Apr. 2, 1938. f—Attorney general, State of Jalisco, 1922–1924; secretary-general, government of Jalisco, 1925; provisional governor, Jalisco, 1926–1927; district court judge, Guadalajara, Tepic, and Monterrey, 1928–1934; oficial mayor, Secretariat of Government; secretary of labor, 1934–1935; secretary of government, June 18, 1935–Aug. 20, 1936; head, Department of Agrarian Affairs and Colonization, 1944–1946; political adviser to president of Mexico, 1965–1967. g—Cofounder, Association of Catholic Youth, 1918, fellow members included J. Jesús González Gallo, governor of Jalisco, 1947–1953, Agustín Yáñez, governor of Jalisco, 1954–1958, and Efraín González Luna, cofounder of PAN. h—Author of Labor Law of Jalisco; author of biography on Mexican caudillo Manuel Luzada. i—Friend and political supporter of José Guadalupe Zuno, governor of Jalisco, 1923–1926; tied to Margarito Ramírez’ political faction after Zuno left office; relative of Marcelino Barba González, federal deputy from Jalisco, Dist. 3, 1937–1939; longtime supporter of Lázaro Cárdenas; married Esther Padilla Ascencio, sister of Adalberto Padilla Ascencio, Supreme Court justice, 1961–1966; nephew Adalberto Padilla Quiroz was federal deputy, 1967–1970; parents were wealthy landowners and cattle ranchers. j—Fought against Cristeros, 1926–1928 and the military uprising in Sonora, 1929. k—None. l—DBM68, 87; DGF56, 6; DP70, 219; Polémica, 68; Gruening, 444, 448; Wilkie, 192; Kirk, 126–127; Ind. Biog., 20–21; Hernández Chávez, 26; Hurtado, 271; www.scfomentar.com.mx. Barba Hernández, Alfredo a—May 12, 1944. b—Tepatitlán de Morelos, Jalisco. c—Elementary studies, Escuela Hidalgo,

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Tepatitlán, 1950–1956. d—Alternate local deputy, State Legislature of Jalisco, 1974– 1976, 1977–1979; federal deputy from State of Jalisco, Dist. 18, 1982–1985; local deputy, State Legislature of Jalisco, 1985–1988; mayor, Tlaquepaque, Jalisco; federal deputy from State of Jalisco, Dist. 18, 1991–1994; plurinominal federal deputy from PRI, 2006–2009. e—Joined PRI, 1963. f—None. g—Secretary-general of state unions, CROC; secretary-general, National Textile Sewing Union, 1982. h—None. i—Son of Juan Barba Hernández, peasant, and Abigail Hernández Franco; married María de los Ángeles Mariscal. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM92, 423; DBGM84, 472; Musacchio, 40. Barberena (Vega), Miguel Ángel

a—Aug. 4, 1928. b—Jesús María, Aguascalientes. c—Elementary, secondary, and preparatory at Autonomous Institute of Sciences, Aguascalientes; engineering graduate from Heroic Naval College, Veracruz, 1947–1951; fellowship to study at University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 1955–1957; mechanical engineering degree, University of Veracruz, Jalapa, 1957; MA in nuclear engineering, University of Michigan, 1957–1958; postgraduate studies, economic development, National School of Economics, UNAM, 1962; director, School of Science, University of Veracruz, 1961–1962; director, National Calculating Center, IPN, 1964; director of workshops, IPN, 1963–1964; member, University Council, University of Veracruz, 1958–1963. d—Alternate senator from Aguascalientes, 1970, but replaced Gómez Villanueva, 1971–1976, member of 2nd Sec. of Legislative Studies Committee, 1st secretary of 2nd Consular and Diplomatic Service Committee, 2nd secretary of Railroad Committee; governor, Aguascalientes, 1986–1992. e—Joined PRI, 1947; secretary of organization of CEN of PRI, 1973–1974; secretary-general of CEN of PRI, 1974–1975; general delegate of CEN and of IEPES of PRI, 1959–1970; general delegate of CEN of PRI to Coahuila, 1970; general delegate

of CEN of PRI to Baja California, 1973. f—Member, delegation from Mexico to UNESCO in Italy; president, Coordinating Committee on Transportation, Secretariat of Communications and Transportation, 1969; director general of railroads, Secretariat of Communications and Transportation, 1964–1971; assistant secretary of communication and transportation, 1976–1980; member, presidential staff, Secretariat of the Navy, 1989. g—Secretary-general, National Front of Organizations and Citizens (formerly CNOP), 1993–1994. i—Collaborator of José Antonio Padilla Segura at IPN and Secretariat of Communications and Transportation; son of Ernesto Barberena López, farmer, and Marina Vega López; married Miriam Cruz Valdés. j—Career naval officer; rank of rear admiral, 1984. k—Precandidate for senator from Aguascalientes, 1981. l—C de S, 1970–1976, 70; DAPC,6; MGF69, 277; Excélsior, Dec. 26, 1981, 16A; DBGM89, 663. Barbosa Espinosa, María Albertina

a—Apr. 8, 1942. b—Canatlán, Durango. c—Secondary and normal school teaching certificate, Basic Normal School of Durango; special courses in Atlanta, Ga., and New York; elementary teacher, Durango, 1961– 1964; professor, Normal School of Durango, 1975–1980. d—Alternate federal deputy from State of Durango, Dist. 5, 1979–1982; federal deputy from State of Durango, Dist. 3, 1982–1985, member of Human Dwelling and Public Works Committee; federal deputy from State of Durango, Dist. 4, 1988–1991, member of the Foreign Relations Committee. e—Assistant director, PRI Center for Political Education, Durango, 1979–1980; director, PRI Center for Political Education, 1980–1981. f—None. g—Secretary of education, ANFER, 1979–1980; secretary-general, National Women’s Revolutionary Group for Durango, 1981–1991. h—None. i—Daughter of Alberto Barbosa Ayala, chauffeur, and María del Carmen Espinosa Simentel; widow. j—None. k—None. l—Directorio, 1982–1985; C de D, 1979–1982; Lehr, 166; DBGM89, 403.

80  m e xic a n p ol i t i c a l b i o g ra ph i e s , 1935– 20 0 9 Barbosa Heldt, Antonio (Deceased Sept. 18, 1973) a—1908. b—Colima. c—Elementary and secondary studies in Colima; teaching certificate in rural education from Normal School of Colima; graduate work in normal school and technical training, Graduate Teachers’ College; teacher at Progreso Elementary School, Mexicali, Baja California, 1927; teacher in rural Colima and Baja California del Sur. d—Governor‑elect, Colima, 1973. e—None. f—Director general of education, Cuenca de Papaloapan, Veracruz, 1953; assistant director general of elementary education, Calendar B, Secretariat of Public Education, 1961–1965; director general of education, Cuenca del Grijalva, Tabasco, and Cuenca del Fuerte, Sinaloa; federal inspector, Mexicali Valley, Sonora; administrator, Plan Chontalpa; director general of elementary education, Dist. 4, Federal District, Secretariat of Public Education, 1965–1970; oficial mayor of public education, 1970–1973. g—Secretarygeneral, Teachers’ Union of Baja California del Sur. h—Director general, Scholastic and Physical Education Department, Secretariat of Hydraulic Resources. i—Married to Francisca Stevens; brother Humberto was treasurer of Colima and a precandidate for governor, 1978. j—None. k—Considered an apostle of rural education in Mexico; committed suicide because he contracted a fatal disease. l—HA, Mar. 26, 1973, 38; Excélsior, Mar. 12, 1973, 12; HA, Dec. 14, 1970, 23; DPE61, 99; Excélsior, Mar. 8, 1973, 14; HA, Mar. 26, 1973, 38; Excélsior, Nov. 11, 1978, 23; Romero Aceves, 25–27. Barceló Rodríguez, Víctor Manuel

a—June 14, 1936. Emiliano Zapata, Tabasco. c—Elementary teaching certificate, National Teachers’ School, 1953–1955; economics degree, National School of Economics, 1958–1962, graduating July 8, 1963; MA, development and foreign trade, University of Buenos Aires, 1967–1969; professor, University of Buenos Aires, 1967–1970. d—Alternate senator from Tabasco, 1982–1988. e—Joined PRI Youth Group,

1953; assistant director of IEPES of PRI, 1979–1980; secretary of political training of CEN of PRI, 1979–1980; member of national committees, CEN of PRI. f—Ambassador to Colombia, 1970–1972; ambassador to United Nations, 1979; director general, Agricultural Training Institute, Secretariat of Agrarian Reform, 1981–1985; assistant secretary of organization and agrarian development, 1985–1988; executive secretary, Coordinating Committee for Rural Development, Department of the Federal District, 1988–1989; secretary of government, Tabasco, 1999; interim governor, Tabasco, 1999; director general, Administrative Committee of Federal School Construction, Secretariat of Public Education, 1999-2000. g—Leader, National Schoolteachers’ Student Organization, 1950– 1955; leader, National Schoolteachers’ Organization, UNAM, 1956–1962; private secretary to director general of FSTSE, 1958–1959. h—Director general, National Machine Company, 1979–1982. i—Son of Amalio Barceló Bertolini, industrial engineer, and Consuelo Rodríguez Berlin; married Josefina Monroy Aguirre, lawyer. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM87, 49–50; DBGM89, 44. Bárcena (Ibarra), Alicia Isabel a—Mar. 5, 1952. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; biology degree, School of Science, UNAM, 1971–1975, with thesis entitled “Herbal Vegetation of Coatlán del Río, Morelos,” 1977; MS studies in science, UNAM, 1975–1979; MS in ecology and biotic resources, National Institute of Research on Biotic Resources, Jalapa, Veracruz, 1979–1982; MA in public administration, Harvard University, 1987–1988; professor, School of Science, UNAM, 1974–1975; professor, Autonomous Metropolitan University, Iztapalapa Campus, 1975–1979; researcher, National Institute of Research on Biotic Resources, 1978–1982. d—None. e—Coordinator of Southeast Plan, IEPES of PRI, 1982; technical secretary, Committee on Ecology and Environment, IEPES, 1982. f—Director, Yucatán Flora Project, National Institute of Biotic Resources, 1980–1981;

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director, Regional Office, National Institute of Biotic Resources, 1981–1982; assistant secretary of ecology, Secretariat of Urban Development and Ecology, 1982–1986; director general, National Fishing Institute, 1988– 1991; chief, Environment and Human Housing Div., ECLA, 1999–2003; deputy executive secretary, ECLA Caribbean, 2003–2005; assistant secretary-general, United Nations, 2005–2008. g—Founder, Earth Council, Costa Rica, 1992. h—None. i—Daughter of Agustín Bárcena Montañez, lawyer and translator, and Alicia Ibarra Vega, magazine editor. j—None. k—None. l—Q es QAP, 273; DBGM, 52; DBGM89, 44; www.un.org. Barnés de Castro, Francisco a—Sept. 11, 1946. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; chemical engineering degree, UNAM, 1963–1967; MA in science, University of California, Berkeley, 1968–1970; PhD, University of California, Berkeley, 1970–1973; professor and coordinator, Chemical Engineering Program, UNAM, 1973; director, Division of Basic Science and Technology, National School of Political Studies, Zaragoza, Chihuahua, 1976–1978; secretary, School of Chemistry, UNAM, 1978–1979; secretary-general, UNAM, 1992; rector, UNAM, 1997-2001. d—None. e—None. f—Director general, Chemical and Petrochemical Industry, Secretariat of Energy, Mines, and Government Industries, 1983–1988; assistant secretary of energy and technological development, Secretariat of Energy, 2001–2003. g—None. h—Manager, Technology Planning, ALFA, SA, 1979–1981; technology director, Petrosomex, 1981–1982. i—Son of Urbano Barnés González, surgeon, and María Luisa de Castro Bravo, chemist; married María Eugenia Requeiro, actuary; father, member of Union of Spanish University Professors with leading Spanish exiles in Mexico, including Profs. Pedro Bosch Gimpera and Luis Recasens Siches. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM84, 52; Musacchio, 41; www.serpiente.dgsca.unam.mx, 2006. Barnés García, Guillermo a—July 24, 1952. b—Federal District. c—Early

education unknown; economics degree, ITAM, 1973–1977; MA in economics, University of Colorado, 1978; MA in philosophy and economics, Columbia University, New York, 1978–1982; MA in philosophy, Colombia University, 1979; professor, ITAM, 1983– 1989, National Institute of Public Administration, 1986–1988, and Colegio de México, 1987–1988. d—None. e—Joined PRI, 1976; secretary of program action of CEN of PRI, 1997. d—Plurinominal federal deputy from PRI, 1997-2000. f—Assistant adviser, Secretariat of National Properties, 1975–1976; adviser to director general, Sahagún Combined Industrial Complex, Secretariat of Energy, Mines, and Government Industries, 1977–1978; coordinator of advisers of assistant secretary of the treasury, 1989–1992; oficial mayor, treasury, 1995–1996. g—None. h—Director, Economic Studies and Information, Banco BCH, 1983–1988. i—Son of Howard Barnés Clement and Guillermina García Sands; married María del Caso Bercht Serrano. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM94, CD; QesQ en el Congreso, 1997–2000, 131; DBGM89, 45; DBGM92, 48; Pescador, 110–111; www.secgob.gob.mx, 1997, 2007. Barocio Barrios, Alberto (Deceased 1966) a—1890. b—Montemorelos, Nuevo León. c—Preparatory studies at National Preparatory School, Mexico City; engineering degree from National School of Engineering, UNAM, 1914; graduate studies at Columbia University, New York; professor, Higher School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering (18 years); professor of hydraulics, National School of Engineering, UNAM, 1941; director, National School of Engineering, UNAM; professor, Builders’ School. d—None. e—None. f—Assistant inspector of ports, Secretariat of Communication; chief, Photo‑Topographical Department, National Irrigation Commission; chief, Water Sec., Secretariat of Public Health; director, Department of Bridges, Secretariat of Communication; assistant secretary of government properties, 1953–1958.

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g—None. h—Chief, Laboratory, National School of Engineering, UNAM; engineering specialist, Department of the Federal District; specialist in material costs, PEMEX; held many positions in PEMEX until 1966. j—Engineer, Division of the North, 1915; captain of engineers for General Benjamín Hill, 1916. k—Important member of the Masons in Mexico. l—DGF56, 431; DP70, 224; DGF47, 271. Barquet Rodríguez, Alfredo Farid

a—Aug. 23, 1948. b—Orizaba, Veracruz. c—Early education unknown; law degree, National School of Law, 1970–1974; teacher, preparatory school, 1971–1976; professor, National School of Law, UNAM, 1977–1978. d—None. e—None. f—Assistant director general of federal labor inspection, Secretariat of Labor, 1971–1976; director general of citizen participation and social services, Office of the Attorney General of the Federal District, 1977–1982; assistant attorney general of conciliation and complaints, Secretariat of Labor, 1983–1985; federal attorney for the defense of labor, 1985–1994; assistant secretary “A” of labor, security, and social welfare, Secretariat of Labor, 1994. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Alberto Barquet Barquet, retailer, and Concepción Rodríguez Villa, civil servant. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM89, 46; DBGM94, CD; Musacchio, 41; Pescador, 111. Barra García, Félix (Deceased) a—Sept. 26, 1934. b—Castillo de Teayo, Veracruz. c—Elementary studies at María Enriqueta Article 123 School, Poza Rica de Hidalgo, Veracruz; secondary at Salvador Díaz Mirón School, Poza Rica de Hidalgo, 1948–1950; preparatory at National Preparatory School, 1951–1952; began studies at National School of Political Science, UNAM, graduated with thesis titled “The Traditional and Newer Forms of Intervention”; professor of social, economic, and political problems of Mexico, National School of Political Science, UNAM, until 1974; instructor in literacy classes, IMSS. d—None. e—None. f—Director, Institute of Socioeconomic Research,

UNAM, 1958–1970; director general of orientation and social services, UNAM, 1970–1972; secretary of agrarian reform, 1975–1976. g—First secretary-general of SPUNAM, 1960. i—Classmate of Augusto Gómez Villanueva at UNAM; served as Gómez Villanueva’s personal secretary. j—None. k—Arrested and charged with criminal fraud in 1977; imprisoned during López Portillo’s administration. l—HA, Oct. 6, 1975, 8; Excélsior, Sept. 27, 1977, 1; Proceso, Dec. 18, 1976, 9–10; www.jornada.unam.mx, 2001; www.unam.mx/en. Barragán Camacho, Salvador

(Deceased Dec., 2001) a—Oct. 14, 1932. b—Ciudad Madero, Tamaulipas. c—Completed secondary studies only. d—Federal deputy from State of Tamaulipas, Dist. 5, 1965–1967; senator from State of Tamaulipas, president of 2nd Navy Committee. e—None. f—None. f—President, Revolutionary Group of Local 1, STPRM; secretary-general, Local 1 of STPRM, 1971–1973; secretary-general of STPRM, 1980–1989. h—Chief, Coquizadora Plant, PEMEX, Ciudad Madero. i—Son of Desiderio Barragán Charles, railroad worker, and Nicolasa Camacho Montalvo; married Lorenza Macías Rodríguez; part of Joaquín Hernández Galicia’s group in STPRM. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM87, 437; Lehr, 467. Barragán (Rodríguez), Juan

(Deceased Sept. 28, 1974) a—Aug. 30, 1890. b—Ríoverde, San Luis Potosí. c—Elementary and secondary studies in San Luis Potosí; preparatory studies at Scientific and Literary Institute of San Luis Potosí; completed 4th year of law school, 1913, left to join the Revolution. d—Federal deputy from State of San Luis Potosí, Dist. 6, 1917–1918; governor, San Luis Potosí, 1917–1918; senator from State of San Luis Potosí, 1918–1920; federal deputy from State of San Luis Potosí, 1964–1967, Dist. 1, member of Military Industry Committee, Military Justice Committee; federal deputy from State of San Luis Potosí, Dist. 10, PARM party deputy, 1970– 1973, member of Department of the Federal

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District Committee, Legislative Studies Committee, General Means of Communication and Transportation Committee, Public Security Committee. e—President of PARM, 1965–1974. f—None. g—None. i—Greatgrandfather Miguel Francisco Barragán was interim president of Mexico in 1836; grandfather was senator under Benito Juárez; son of Juan Francisco Barragán Anaya, a rancher and large landowner who served as mayor of Ciudad del Maíz; sister María married to Mariano Moctezuma, assistant secretary of industry and commerce, 1936–1938; related by marriage to Carlos Díez Gutiérrez, governor of San Luis Potosí; intimate collaborator of Jacinto B. Treviño, PARM cofounder; married to Teresa Álvarez; son Juan Barragán Álvarez was PARM candidate for federal deputy, 1967. j—Joined the Revolution in 1913, served under Jesús Agustín Castro; lt. colonel in 1920; chief of staff for President Venustiano Carranza, 1920; career army officer, rank of general; incorporated back into army by President Cárdenas. k—Organized a strike at Scientific and Literary Institute of San Luis Potosí in support of Madero; imprisoned after murder of Venustiano Carranza, 1920; escaped into exile in United States and Cuba; supported Serrano‑Gómez Rebellion, 1927. l—HA, May 28, 1973, 9; C de D, 1964–1966, 87, 1970–1972, 102; letter; DP70, 566; Cockcroft, 38; Urióstegui, 191– 192; HA, Oct. 7 1974, 11; López Esc., 85. Barraza Allande, Luciano a—July 19, 1940. b—Gómez Palacio, Durango. c—Agricultural engineering degree, National School of Agriculture, Chapingo, State of Mexico, 1956–1962, with thesis titled “Production and Consumption of Ajonjoli”; MS in economics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, 1963; PhD in economics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, 1964–1966, with dissertation titled “Econometric Model for the Mexican Economy”; professor of econometrics, Graduate College, National School of Agriculture; professor of economic development and theory, Colegio de México. e—Joined PRI, 1962. f—Analyst,

Department of Economic Studies, Bank of Mexico, 1966–1970; adviser, Second UN Seminar on Developmental Problems, Amsterdam; director general of agricultural economy, Secretariat of Agriculture, 1970–1972; oficial mayor, Secretariat of Agriculture and Livestock, Aug. 3, 1972–Aug. 25, 1972; director general, Guanos and Fertilizers, Aug. 25, 1972–1976; director general, Division of Agricultural Projects, IADB, 1977–1982; secretary of rural development, State of Michoacán, 1986–1987; regional delegate, Superior Court of Justice, 1987–1988; director of administration and finances, Federal Highways and Bridges, 1989; director, Specialized Management Unit, Workers’ Bank, Mexico Project, 1998. g—Secretary, Student Society, National School of Agriculture. h—Author of 10 books. i—Brother Enrique was director general of border affairs, 1989; son of Luciano Barraza Núñez, cattle rancher, and Luz Allande Pérez; married Martha Carreño Manjarrez. j—None. k—None. l—Excélsior, Aug. 4, 1972, 19, Aug. 26, 1972, 1, 9; HA, Sept. 4, 1972, 30; IEPES; DBGM89, 46. Barreiro Pereda, Mario a—Mar. 23, 1945. b—Federal District. c—Actuary degree, UNAM, with thesis titled “Studies of the Elementary School Population in Mexico, 1968–1971”; chief of electronic processes, Statistics Department, UNAM, 1969–1971; adviser, Technical Planning Committee, UNAM, 1970–1971; chief of planning and programming, National School of Medicine, UNAM, 1971–1972. d—None. e—None. f—Director, Educational Sec., Division of Public Investment, Secretariat of the Presidency, 1972–1974; chief of statistics and basic data, Division of Public Investment, Secretariat of the Presidency, 1974–1975; chief, Department of Investment Development, Division of Public Investment, Secretariat of the Presidency, 1975–1976; director of control of tax incentives, Division of Tax Development, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1976–1979; executive coordinator, assistant secretary of programming, Superior Court

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of Justice, 1979–1982; assistant secretary of the government transformation industry, Secretariat of Energy, Mines, and Government Industry, 1982–1986. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Ernesto Barreiro Sánchez, engineer and public official, and Olga María Perea Sánchez; married María Leticia Castellanos Guzmán; brother Octavio was chief of quality control, IMSS, 1991. j—None. k—None. l—Q es QAP, 168–169; DBGM, 53; DBGM92, 49. Barrera Fuentes, Florencio a—Aug. 23, 1920. b—Saltillo, Coahuila. c—Elementary studies at the Colegio Roberts, Saltillo; 1st year of secondary at Ateneo Fuente, Saltillo; completed secondary at National Preparatory Night School, Mexico City; preparatory studies at National Preparatory School, Mexico City; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, Mar. 25, 1950. d—Alternate federal deputy from State of Coahuila, Dist. 1, 1949–1952; federal deputy from State of Coahuila, Dist.1, 1958–1961, member of Gran Comisión, president of Chamber of Deputies, Oct., 1960, member of Legislative Studies Committee and Library Committee, and president of 2nd Constitutional Affairs Committee; member of Mexican delegation to First Mexico–United States Interparliamentary Conference, 1961; senator from State of Coahuila, 1964–1970, president of Senate, 1967, president of Legislative Studies Committee, 2nd Treasury Committee, and Electrical Industry Committee; Senate representative to Federal Electoral Commission, 1970. e—Joined PRM, Oct. 15, 1940, as member of labor sector; auxiliary secretary of CEN of PRI, 1961–1963; general delegate of CEN of PRI to municipal elections in States of Mexico, Oaxaca, Nayarit, Morelos, Coahuila, Nuevo León, Guanajuato, Hidalgo, and Durango; general delegate of CEN of PRI to federal deputy elections in Colima and Chihuahua. f—Typist, section head, National Lottery, 1936–1944; private secretary to Nazario Ortiz Garza, director general of CONASUPO, 1944–1946; private

secretary to Nazario Ortiz Garza, secretary of agriculture, 1946–1949; director general of administration and accounting, Secretariat of Agriculture, 1949–1951; oficial mayor of agriculture, 1951–1952; assistant to director of Federal Electric Commission, Manuel Moreno Torres, 1961–1964. g—None. h—Writer for many newspapers, including El Universal. i—Son of Federico Barrera Cuéllar, physician, and Enriqueta Fuentes. j—None. k—None. l—Func., 140; C de D, 1949–1952, 1958–1961; DGF51, 19; C de S, 1964; PS, 0580. Barreto Rangel, Gustavo a—Feb. 6, 1933. b—Colima, Colima. c—Early education unknown; law degree, University of Colima, 1962–1967; PhD in criminology, University of Rome, 1970; teacher, preparatory school, University of Colima, 1965–1967; professor, University of Guadalajara, 1973–1975. d—None. e—Joined PRI, 1966. f—Researcher and secretarygeneral, criminology, Office of the Attorney General of Mexico, 1976–1978; director general, National Institute of Criminal Science, Office of the Attorney General of the Federal District, 1985–1988; assistant attorney general “2” of Mexico, 1988–1991; director, Islas Marías Federal Prison, 1991. g—None. h—Founder, Herrera, Trejo, and Barreto Law Firm, 1965–1967; lawyer, Martínez Rivera Associates, 1973–1975. i—Son of Gustavo Barreto Correa, agricultural industrialist, and Higinia Rangel Martínez; married Alicia Saracho Palafox, travel agent; father was PAN candidate for alternate federal deputy, State of Colima, 1967–1970. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM87, 104; DBGM89, 47. Barrientos (Esparza), Javier A. a—Feb. 3, 1917. b—Mexico City. c—Early education unknown; mechanical and electrical engineering degree, Higher School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, IPN; special studies in Stafford, Eng.; practical studies in Lyon, France; professor, Higher School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, IPN (11 years). d—None. e—None.

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f—Representative of Mexico to LAFTA, 1967; assistant secretary of communications and transportation, 1970–1971. g—None. h—Founder of various private firms. j—None. k—None. l—HA, Oct. 4, 1971, 36; HA, Dec. 14, 1970, 22. Barrio Terrazas, Francisco Javier

a—Nov. 25, 1950. b—Chihuahua, Chihuahua. c—Elementary studies at Hernán Cortes Public School, Satevó, Chihuahua; secondary studies, Chihuahua; preparatory studies, University of Chihuahua; public accounting degree, University of Chihuahua, 1967–1972; MA in business administration, University of Chihuahua, 1975–1979; professor, Regional Technical Institute of Chihuahua, 1972–1974; professor, University of Chihuahua, 1974–1976. d—Mayor, Chihuahua, 1983–1986; governor, Chihuahua, 1992–1998; plurinominal federal deputy from PAN, 2003–2006. e—Joined PAN, 1983; secretary of organization, CEN of PAN, 1987; secretary of citizen action, Regional Committee of PAN, Chihuahua, 1986–1988; PAN candidate for governor, 1986; member, National Council of PAN, 1984–1995. f—Administrator, INFONAVIT, Chihuahua, 1972–1976; general accountant, INFONAVIT, Federal District, 1976–1977; director of computer systems, Office of the Mayor, Ciudad Juárez, 1977–1978; ambassador to Canada, 2009. g—President, Businessmen’s Center of Ciudad Juárez, 1981–1983. h—General manager, Mercados Amigo, 1978–1981; director general, Planning Consultants of the North, 1981–1983; director general and president, Professional Business Management, 1987–1992. i—Son of Federico Barrio Lave and Elvira Terrazas Escobar; parents owned La Fama Grocery Store in Satevó; married Hortencia Olivas; grandson of Antonio Barrio Urrutia and María Micaela Lara Terrazas. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM94, CD; Líderes,IV, 33; www.sat evo.gob.mx, 2008; Musacchio, 43; letters; DBGM93, 144; www.csis.org; www.diputa dos.gob.mx, 2006.

Barrios (Castro), Roberto (Deceased 1994) a—Mar. 19, 1910. b—Atlacomulco, State of Mexico. c—Elementary studies in Atlacomulco; teaching certificate, Normal School of Toluca, State of Mexico; educator and secondary school teacher. d—Local deputy, State Legislature of State of Mexico during governorship of Isidro Fabela, 1942– 1945; federal deputy from State of Mexico, Dist. 1, 1952–1955, member of Credentials Committee and Library Committee. g—General PRI delegate for various states during campaign of Adolfo Ruiz Cortines, 1951–1952; general delegate of CEN of PRI to States of Tabasco and Chiapas; campaign chief, Alfredo del Mazo Vélez gubernatorial campaign, State of Mexico, 1945; director of Miguel Alemán’s campaign for president in State of Mexico, 1946. f—Representative of federal government, Advisory Council, National Bank of Ejido Credit, 1950; assistant director, Department of Literacy, Secretariat of Public Education; director of colonization, Cuenca de Papaloapan, Veracruz; head, Department of Agrarian Affairs and Colonization, 1958–1964. g—Founding member, CNC, 1938; secretary-general, League of Agrarian Communities and Agricultural Unions, State of Mexico; secretary-general, CNC, 1947–1950; founder, National Autonomous Teachers’ Union, member of Valle de Bravo Teachers’ Association. h—None. i—Disciple of Graciano Sánchez, longtime labor leader; active in union movement with Adolfo López Mateos; married Luz María del Valle. j—None. k—Involved in a scandal over ejido lots which was accomplished with the forged signature of Adolfo López Mateos; part of Atlacomulco political group. l—El Universal, Dec. 2, 1958; HA, Dec. 8, 1958, 30, 32; C de D, 1955, 6; DGF50, II, 139; Quién Será, 132–133; Excélsior, May 13, 1963; ¿Por Qué? Sept. 11, 1969, 35; González Navarro, 256–257; Func., 93; Medina, 20, 183. Barrios Gómez Méndez, Agustín

(Deceased Mar. 15, 1999) a—Dec. 22, 1925. b—Federal District. c—Early education

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unknown; law degree, National School of Law, UNAM; postgraduate studies, Columbia University, New York. d—None. e—None. f—Ambassador to Canada, 1977–1983; ambassador to Switzerland, 1983–1987; consul general in New York City. g—None. h—Columnist, El Universal, 1948; vice president, El Heraldo de México, 1965; editorial director, Televisa, 1975; actor and film director, 1950s and 1960s; founded a television company with Demetrio Bilbatúa, Barrio Gómez Bilbatúa Productions. i—Son of Agustín Barrios Gómez, lawyer, and Lucinda Méndez; married Patricia Segues. j—None. k—Pioneer in Mexican television. l—DBGM84, 54; www.academiamexicana decine.org, 2008; www.camaraalternativa .com.mx, 2008. Barros Sierra, Javier (Deceased Aug. 15, 1971) a—Feb. 25, 1915. b—Federal District. c—Elementary studies, Colegio Frances Alvarado, Mexico City, 1928; secondary studies, Public School No. 3, 1931; preparatory studies, National Preparatory School, Mexico City, 1934; civil engineering degree, National School of Engineering, UNAM, 1940; MS in mathematics, School of Science, UNAM, 1947; professor of mathematics, UNAM, 1938–1958; director, National School of Engineering, UNAM, 1955–1958. d—None. e—None. f—President, Permanent Commission, UNAM; investigator, Institute of Mathematics, UNAM, 1943–1957; director, Mexican Institute of Petroleum; secretary of public works, 1958–1964; rector, UNAM, 1966–1970. g—Adviser, National Chamber of Industries. h—Secretary, Mexican Society of Mathematics, 1943–1957; manager, Estructuras y Construcciones, SA. i—Brother of Manuel Barros Sierra; grandson of Justo Sierra Méndez, secretary of justice, 1905– 1911; student at UNAM of Antonio Dovalí Jaime; nephew Carlos J. Sierra Bravota was private secretary to Carlos Sansores Pérez as governor of Campeche; son Javier Barros Valero was private secretary to Fernando Solana as secretary of public education and

assistant secretary of foreign relations, 1988; close friend of Fernando Espinosa Gutiérrez; son of José Barros Olmedo and María de Jesús Sierra; married María Cristina Valero Rosell; nephew of Miguel Lanz Duret and María Concepción Sierra. j—None. k—Submitted resignation as rector of UNAM in 1968, but more than 1,000 students asked him to remain; one of the few rectors during this period to complete his term at UNAM. l—HA, Dec. 8, 1958, 28, 30; Hoy, Apr. 4, 1970; HA, Aug. 23, 1971, 15; WWMG, 8; Func., 75; El Universal, Dec. 2, 1958, 8; Enc. Mex. I, 530; letter. Barros Sierra, Manuel (Deceased 1967) a—1916. b—Federal District. c—Elementary and secondary studies, Mexico City; preparatory, National Preparatory School, Mexico City; law degree, National School of Law, UNAM, 1940, with thesis titled “Problems of Expert Testimony and Its Value in Civil Law.” d—None. e—None. f—Assistant to director, Banco Nacional Hipotecario Urbano y de Obras Públicas, 1953–1954; manager, Trust Department, Banco Nacional Hipotecario Urbano, 1954–1961; assistant finance director, PEMEX, 1964–1967; executive director, IADB, 1963–1966. g—General assistant director, National Union of Sugarcane Producers, 1962–1964. h—Member of administrative councils, Industrial Complex of Sahagún City, Mexican Institute of Petroleum, and others; member, Mexican delegation to Regional Conference of International Organization of Labor in Buenos Aires, 1958, World Conference on Trade and Development, 1964. i—Brother of Javier Barros Sierra, secretary of public works, 1958–1964; grandson of Justo Sierra Méndez, secretary of justice, 1905–1911; son of María de Jesús Sierra Mayarola and José Barros Olmedo; nephew of Miguel Lanz Duret, federal deputy, 1975–1978. j—None. k—None. l—HA, Jan. 4, 1965, 27; DP70, 2365, letter. Barros (Valero), Javier a—Apr. 26, 1949. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; studies in politics and public administration at National School of

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Political and Social Sciences, UNAM, 1968– 1972, graduating in 1972 with thesis titled “Public Enterprises: The Case of Mexico”; MA in politics and public administration, University of London, 1973–1974; researcher, National School of Political and Social Sciences; professor, National School of Political and Social Sciences; director, Department of Public Administration, UNAM, 1974–1975. d—None. e—Joined PRI, 1970. f—Executive secretary, National Institute of Public Administration, 1976; private secretary to Fernando Solana, secretary of commerce, 1976–1977; private secretary to Fernando Solana, secretary of education, 1977–1978; director general of adult education, Secretariat of Public Education, 1978; director general of publications and libraries, Secretariat of Public Education, 1979–1982; director general, National Institute of Fine Arts, 1982–1987; consul general in San Francisco, 1987–1988; assistant secretary “C,” Secretariat of Foreign Relations, 1988–1992; assistant secretary “B,” Secretariat of Foreign Relations, 1992–1999; assistant secretary of higher education, Secretariat of Public Education, 1993–1994, 1994–1997; ambassador to Sweden, 1998–2001; ambassador to UNESCO, 2001–2003. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Javier Barros Sierra, rector of UNAM, and María Cristina Valero Rosell; great-grandson of Justo Sierra, secretary of public education; grandson of María de Jesús Sierra and José Barros Olmedo; nephew of Manuel Barros Sierra, assistant director of PEMEX. j—None. k—None. l—HA, Aug. 2, 1982, 10; QesQAP, 304; DBGM, 55; DBGM89, 48; Excélsior, Jan. 20, 1982, 17A; HA, Feb. 1, 1982, 22; IEPES; letter. Bartilotti (Perea), Pedro Luis a—May 4, 1936. b—Villahermosa, Tabasco. c—Elementary studies in Federal District; medical degree, National School of Medicine, UNAM, 1954–1957; studies in economics, National School of Economics, UNAM, 1958–1962, no degree; professor of industrial design, Ibero-American University, 1970–1980. d—Alternate federal deputy from

Federal District, Dist. 15, 1964–1967; federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. 1, 1967– 1970, 1982–1985; delegate to Department of the Federal District, Gustavo Madero, 1988. e—Joined PRI, 1952; member, National Council of PRI, 1964–1967; general delegate of CEN of PRI to 16 states, 1967–1970; assistant director, National Youth Organization of PRI, 1959–1960; director of youth of PRI, Federal District, 1960–1961; secretary of finances of CEN of PRI, 1968–1970; coordinator of José López Portillo’s presidential campaign in Tabasco, 1976; secretary of publicity of PRI, Federal District, 1981–1982; general delegate of CEN of PRI to Sonora, Sonora, 1983; general delegate of CEN of PRI to Chihuahua, Chihuahua, 1985. f—Director of public relations, State of Tabasco, 1980–1982; director, DIF and National Fund for Social Activities, Tabasco, 1977–1980; director general, Small Business Bank, 1970–1976; oficial mayor, Chamber of Deputies, 1964–1967; coordinator of advisers, assistant secretary of operations, Secretariat of Tourism, 1988– 1992; secretary of industrial development, Tabasco, 1992; director, Cultural Institute, Tabasco, 1997. g—Secretary-general, Medical Students’ University Federation, 1954; director of publicity, CNOP, Gustavo Díaz Ordaz presidential campaign, 1964; director, National Youth Organization of CNOP, 1961–1963. h—None. i—Son of Pedro Bartilotti Quintero, treasurer general of State of Tabasco under Francisco Trujillo Gurría, and Guadalupe Perea Romero. j—None. k—None. l—Bulnes, 605; C de D, 1964–1967; C de D, 1967–1970; Directorio, 1982–1985; DBGM89, 48–49; DBGM92, 727. Bartlett (Bautista), Manuel (Deceased Apr. 24, 1963) a—Dec. 23, 1893. b—Tenosique, Tabasco. c—Elementary studies, Tenosique; secondary studies, Colegio de Tenosique and Mexican Methodist Institute of Puebla; preparatory studies, Juárez Institute of Villahermosa, Tabasco, 1909–1915; law degree, UNAM, Apr. 17, 1920, with thesis titled “The Advancement of the Defense”; editor of student paper El Estudiante.

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d—Local deputy to State Legislature of Tabasco, 1921–1922; governor, Tabasco, 1953–1955, did not complete constitutional term. f—Consulting lawyer, Council of Mexico City, 1920; public defender for the military, 1922; consulting lawyer, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1924–1928; chief, Legal Department, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1929; judge, District Court, States of Veracruz, Puebla, and Mexico; judge, First District Court (administrative affairs); justice, Supreme Court, 1941–1952. g—President, Free Student Association, Juárez Institute, 1913. h—Practicing lawyer, 1920; lawyer, Office of Common Jurisdiction, Federal District, 1923. i—Son Manuel Bartlett Díaz was secretary-general of CEN of PRI and secretary of government, 1982; father, Gabriel Bartlett Cámara, was a businessman; wife, Isabel Díaz Castilla, is daughter of rebel Salvador Díaz Mirón; paternal grandfather was Dr. Bartholomew Bartlett. j—None. k—Active in revolutionary movements in 1914–1915; led student protest strike at death of Madero and was expelled from Juárez Institute, 1913; candidate for governor of Tabasco 3 times before winning the nomination; asked State Legislature for leave of absence after federal government pressured him to resign following numerous riots against his administration as governor. l—DP70, 232; DGF47, 29; WWM45, 9; WB48, 459; Scott, 276; EBW46, 421; NYT, Mar. 18, 1955, 15; NYT, Mar. 24, 1955, 11. Bartlett (Díaz), Manuel a—Feb. 23, 1936. b—Puebla, Puebla. c—Preparatory studies at CUM; law degree, with honorable mention, National School of Law, UNAM, 1954–1959, with thesis on state obligations to societal damages; courses in public administration toward a PhD, Victoria University, Manchester, Eng., as fellow of the British Council, 1967–1968; studies in law, School of Law, Paris, 1959–1961, on fellowship from French government and UNAM; diploma from School of International Comparative Law, Strasbourg, France, 1963–1964; PhD in political science, School of Political

and Social Sciences, UNAM, 1967–1968; professor of general theory of the state and of political ideas, National School of Law, UNAM, 1962–1966; professor of mercantile law, School of Business and Administration, UNAM. d—Governor, Puebla, 1993–1999; plurinominal senator from PRI, 2000–2006. e—Auxiliary secretary to Carlos Madrazo as president of CEN of PRI, 1964–1965; general delegate of CEN of PRI to Sinaloa during confrontation between Madrazo and Leopoldo Sánchez Celis, 1964–1965; director general, La República, official organ of PRI, 1963; organized Revolutionary Youth Movement of PRI, patterned after Spanish Falange; adviser to Miguel de la Madrid on relations with PRI during his presidential campaign, 1981; secretary-general of CEN of PRI, 1981–1982; candidate for president of PRI, 1999. f—Adviser to director of treasury studies, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1962– 1963; adviser to director general of credit, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1962–1964; assistant director of government, Secretariat of Government, 1969–1970; auxiliary secretary to Mario Moya Palencia, secretary of government, 1969–1970; assistant director general of government, Secretariat of Government, 1970; secretary, Federal Electoral Commission, 1970–1976; director general of government, Secretariat of Government, 1970–1976; director-in-chief of political affairs, Secretariat of Foreign Relations, 1977–1979; adviser to Miguel de la Madrid as secretary of planning and budgeting, 1979– 1981; secretary of government, 1982–1988; secretary of public education, 1988–1992. g—Auxiliary secretary to Jorge Rojo Gómez as secretary-general of CNC, 1962–1963. h—None. i—Son of Manuel Bartlett Bautista, former governor of Tabasco; mother, Isabel Díaz Castilla, was daughter of noted rebel Salvador Díaz Mirón; remained with Lauro Ortega after Madrazo left presidency of PRI; supported Mario Moya Palencia for presidency of Mexico, 1975; married Gloria Álvarez Miaja; student of Mario de la Cueva; met Miguel de la Madrid when they were

t he b io g ra phies  89

students; close friends with Fernando Elías Calles, Juan Maldonado Pereda, Miguel Osorio Marbán, and Enrique Fernández Martínez from early days in PRI. j—None. k—None. l—HA, May 3, 1982, 11; Excélsior, Nov. 9, 1981, 18A; DPE71, 5; DAPC, 77, 7; HA, Dec. 28, 1964, 4; Excélsior, Sept. 29, 1981, 23A; MGF73, 205; Excélsior, Oct. 15, 1981, 1A; Informe, 44–45; Almanaque de México, 16–17; Excélsior, Dec. 1, 1982, 20, 36A; HA, Dec. 13, 1982, 10; HA, Jan. 3, 1983, 11; www.senado.gob.mx, 2003. Bassols, Narciso (Deceased July 24, 1959) a—Oct. 22, 1897. b—Tenango del Valle, State of Mexico. c—Preparatory studies, National Preparatory School, Mexico City, 1911–1915; law degree, National School of Law, UNAM, May 29, 1920; professor of ethics, logic, and constitutional law, National School of Law, UNAM, 1920–1931; director, National School of Law, UNAM, 1928–1929. d—None. e—Participated in gubernatorial campaign in Aguascalientes, 1919, writing campaign speeches; founder, with Vicente Lombardo Toledano, League of Political Action; founder and vice president, Popular Party, 1947–1949; candidate of PP for federal deputy from State of Mexico. f—Secretarygeneral of government, State of Mexico, under Gov. Carlos Riva Palacio, 1925–1926; secretary of public education, 1931–1934; secretary of government, 1934; secretary of the treasury, 1934–1935; ambassador to Great Britain, 1935–1937; delegate to League of Nations, 1937; ambassador to France, 1938–1939; ambassador to Russia, 1944–1946; adviser to Adolfo Ruiz Cortines, 1952–1954. g—None. h—Founder, National School of Economics, UNAM; author of Agrarian Law of 1927; author of many articles. i—Son-inlaw of Diódoro Batalla, federal deputy; longtime friend of Vicente Lombardo Toledano; student with Gilberto Loyo and Rafael de la Colina at National Preparatory School and UNAM; studied sociology under Antonio Caso at UNAM; father, Narciso Bassols, was a judge; great-nephew of Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada; mentor to Ricardo J. Zevada and

Víctor Manuel Villaseñor; married Clementina Batalla, one of the first female law students in Mexico in 1914. j—None. k—Calles considered him as successor to Ortiz Rubio as president of Mexico, 1932; resigned as director of Law School after a student rebellion against introduction of a trisemester system; considered one of the most brilliant law professors at UNAM. l—WWM45, 9; DP70, 235; letters, EBW46, 212, Kirk, 222, 269–270; Peral, 96; Enc. Mex., II, 533; Excélsior, Nov. 14, 1949; NYT, Oct. 17, 1954, 16. Bastarrachea Sabido, Jorge a—Aug. 15, 1949. b—Mérida, Yucatán. c—Early education unknown; certified public accounting degree, School of Accounting and Business Administration, UNAM, 1965–1969, with thesis on the role of private banks in enterprise development; postgraduate studies, School of Political and Social Sciences, UNAM, 1970–1974, with degree in sociology; MA in finance, Higher Institute of Technological Studies of Monterrey, 1976–1977; professor, Mount Sinai Preparatory School, 1973–1975; professor, Autonomous Technological Institute of Mexico, 1976–1978. d—None. e—Joined PRI, 1970. f—Assistant treasurer of financial resources, IMSS, 1978–1980; treasurer general, IMSS, 1980–1982; oficial mayor of labor, 1982–1988; executive secretary, State Workers’ Housing Fund, 1989–1992; assistant finance director, Federal Electric Commission, 1993–1994. g—None. h—Assistant director, Payments Sec., Bank of Commerce, 1968; officer, Division of Fixed Income Bonds, Bank of Commerce; credit analyst, Bank of Commerce; assistant manager, San Bartolo Branch, Bank of Commerce; manager, Ávila Camacho Branch, Bank of Commerce; account executive, Diana Branch, Bank of Commerce; zone assistant director, Bank of Commerce, 1978. i—Son of Roberto Bastarrachea Solís, businessman, and María Luisa Sabido Sosa; married Nohemí Elizabeth Gutiérrez Vargas. j—None. k—None. l—Q es QAP, 360; DBGM, 56; DBGM89, 49; DBGM94; DBGM92, 51.

90  m e xic a n p ol i t i c a l b i o g ra ph i e s , 1935– 20 0 9 Bátiz Vázquez, Bernardo a—Sept. 14, 1936. b—Federal District. c—Elementary studies in State of Chiapas and Federal District; secondary studies at Diurna No. 1, Mexico City, 1951–1953; preparatory studies at National Preparatory School, Mexico City, 1953–1954; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, 1954–1958, with thesis on law and liberty; MA in law from Ibero-American University; teacher, Benito Juárez Night Preparatory School and Hispano‑American Institute; professor of law, National School of Law, UNAM, 1961–1963; professor of sociology, Ibero‑American University, 1962–1972. d—Alternate PAN party federal deputy, 1967–1970, Federal District; federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. 16, 1970–1973, member of Department of the Federal District Committee, Ejidal No. 1 Committee, and Money and Credit Institutions Committee; plurinominal federal deputy from PAN, 1982–1985, coordinator of PAN delegation; plurinominal federal deputy from PAN, 1988–1991, coordinator of PAN delegation; party deputy from PRD, 1997–2000. e—Joined PAN, 1962; president, Regional Committee of PAN for the Federal District, Dist. 16, 1964–1967; member, Regional Committee of PAN for the Federal District, 1968, 1981; secretary-general of PAN, 1972–1975; member, National Council of PAN, 1972–1985; secretary of organization of CEN of PAN, 1980; secretary-general of PAN, 1983; member of CEN of PAN, 1971–1975, 1981–1990; national adviser, PAN, 1975–1992; resigned from PAN in 1992 and joined PRD; PRD candidate for senator from Federal District. f—Attorney general, Federal District, 2000–2006. g—None. h—Consulting lawyer, Banamex, 1967; practicing lawyer, 1975– . i—Son of José Bátiz Grajales, bank official, and Esther Vázquez Espejel; married Dulce María Zavala Cisneros. j—None. k—None. l—Directorio, 1970–1972; letter; C de D, 1970–1972, 103; HA, Feb. 19, 1979, vii; Directorio, 1982–1985; DBGM89, 405: QesQ en el Congreso, 1997–2000, 68; Pérez Franco, 40–41.

Bautista (Castillo), Gonzalo (Deceased Oct. 7, 1952) a—Jan. 1, 1896. b—Puebla, Puebla. c—Elementary studies at Escuela Ventanas in Puebla; secondary studies in Puebla; preparatory and beginning of professional studies in Puebla; medical degree from National School of Medicine, UNAM. d—Local deputy, State Legislature of Puebla, 1920; federal deputy from State of Puebla, 1922–1928, 1920–1934; senator from State of Puebla, 1934–1940; mayor, Puebla, 1940–1941; governor, Puebla, 1941–1946. e—Member, League of Professionals and Intellectuals, Mexican Revolutionary Party. f—None. g—Joined Antireelectionist Party as student at University of Puebla; student delegate to Second National Student Congress, with Leonides Andreu Almazán, 1921. h—Author. i—Father of Gonzalo Bautista O’Farrill; married María O’Farrill, from a wealthy Puebla family; Gustavo Díaz Ordaz served under him as secretary-general of government; son Gonzalo Bautista O’Farrill was governor of Puebla, 1972–1973; close friend of Maximino and Rafael Ávila Camacho. j—Joined the Revolution in 1910. k—President Ávila Camacho personally attended his inauguration ceremonies in Puebla. l—Correa47, 20; DP70, 238; letter, Peral, 98; Enc. Mex., I, 536; www.lajornada deoriente.com.mx, July 17, 2006. Bautista López, Héctor Miguel a—Sept. 5, 1960. b—Nezahualcóyotl, State of Mexico. c—Early education unknown; agricultural engineering degree, National School of Engineering, UNAM. d—Member, City Council, Nezahualcóyotl, 1987–1989; plurinominal federal deputy from PRD, 1994–1997; mayor, Nezahualcóyotl, 2000–2003; senator from State of Mexico, 2000–2012. e—Leader of PMT, 1987; founding member, PMS, 1987–1988; cofounder, PRD, 1989; secretary of organization, CEN of PRD, 2005–2006. f—None. g—None. h—None. j—None. k—None. l—www.senado.gob.mx, 2007; Directorio del Congreso, 2006–2009, 143. Bautista O’Farrill, Gonzalo (Deceased July 15, 2006) a—Apr. 16, 1922. b—Puebla,

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Puebla. c—Elementary studies in Puebla; secondary studies at Secondary School No. 1, Mexico City; preparatory studies at National Preparatory School, 1939–1940; medical degree from University of Puebla, 1947, with thesis titled “Significance of Metabolic Determinants on the Glucose Curve of Tolerance”; professor of bacteriology, School of Medicine, University of Puebla, 1950–1953; rector, University of Puebla, 1953–1954; professor of virology, School of Medicine, University of Puebla, 1957–1960. d—Federal deputy from State of Puebla, Dist. 5, 1961–1964, president of Editorial Committee and Committee on Health and Welfare, member of Child Assistance and Social Security Committee, president of Interparliamentary Committee and Complaints Committee; senator from State of Puebla, 1964–1970, oficial mayor of Gran Comisión, president of Administrative Committee and Committee on Social Security, secretary of 1st Committee on Tariffs and Foreign Trade, 1st Committee on Public Education; interim governor, Puebla, Apr., 1972–Mar. 8, 1973; mayor, Puebla, 1970–1972. e—Director of economic and social planning for presidential campaign of Adolfo López Mateos in Puebla, 1958; general delegate of PRI to Veracruz, Sonora, Jalisco, Baja California del Norte, Sinaloa, and Nayarit. f—None. g—None. h—Resident, Hospital of Nutritional Illnesses, 1948; researcher, Columbia University, New York, on scholarship, 1954; worked in Laboratory of Viral Investigations, Columbia University, 1955–1956. i—Son of Gonzalo Bautista (Castillo), former governor of Puebla, and María O’Farrill, from a wealthy Puebla family. k—Resigned governorship under pressure. l—HA, Apr. 24, 1972; DBM68, 62–63; Hoy, May 6, 1972, 60–61; Excélsior, Dec. 26, 1974, 12; Cole, 161; CyT, 82–83; MGF69, 106. Bay (Valenzuela), Alejo R. (Deceased Jan. 30, 1952) a—1891. b—Álamos, Sonora. c—Elementary studies at Colegio Sonora, Hermosillo, under Rufo E. Vitela; no degree. d—Constitutional deputy from State of

Sonora, Dist. 3, 1917–1918; local deputy, State Legislature of Sonora, 1919–1921; federal deputy from State of Sonora, Dist. 3, 1920; governor, Sonora, 1923–1927; senator from State of Sonora, 1928–1930, 1940–1946. e—None. f—Director of Customs, Veracruz, Veracruz, 1920–1923; treasurer general, State of Sonora, 1939–1940. g—None. i—Son of Tomás Bay and Albina Valenzuela; married Carmelita Tapia; relative Alejo Bay Rogel, secretary of agricultural development, Sonora; met General Álvaro Obregón in Huatabampo, Sonora; close friend of General Fausto Topeto; brother-in-law of Álvaro Obregón. j—Joined Victoriano Huerta’s forces but 7 days later changed sides to the Constitutionalists, under José J. Obregón; signed Plan of Agua Prieta, 1920; signer and supporter of Hermosillo Plan, 1929. k—Exiled to United States, 1929; repatriated by Lázaro Cárdenas. l—Almanaque de Sonora, 1982, 128; López, 102; C de S, 1940–1946; C de D, 1920; www.historiade hermosillo.com; DP95, 398; www.jornada .unam.mx. Baylon Chacón, Oscar a—Apr. 24, 1927. b—Chihuahua, Chihuahua. c—Early education unknown; engineering degree, Escobar Brothers School of Agronomy, Chihuahua. d—Mayor, Tecate, Baja California, 1959– 1962; local deputy from Tijuana, State Legislature of Baja California, 1965–1968; alternate senator from Baja California, 1976, but in functions as senator, 1977–1982, replacing Roberto de la Madrid. e—Secretary-general of PRI, Baja California. f—Director general of public works, State of Baja California, 1950–1959; director general of property census, State of Baja California, 1963–1965; oficial mayor, state government of Baja California; president, Board of Moral, Civic, and Material Improvement, Secretariat of Government Properties, 1964–1965; interim governor, Baja California, 1989. g—Secretary-general of CNOP in Chihuahua; secretary of electoral action of CNOP. h—Baylon Chacón Associates, Tijuana, 2008. i—Brother César, president of Tecate,

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1974–1977. j—None. k—None. l—Protag., 46–47; C de S, 1976–1982; www.baja california.gob.mx. Baz (de Prada), Gustavo (Deceased Oct. 12, 1987) a—May 1, 1894. b—Tlalnepantla, State of Mexico. c—Elementary studies at Guadalupe Public School, private Colegio Franco Mexicano, and Liceo Tapatío, Guadalajara, Jalisco; preparatory studies, Scientific and Literary Institute of Toluca, State of Mexico; began professional studies at Military Medical School, 1913, on scholarship; medical studies at National School of Medicine, UNAM, 1916–1919, graduating Mar. 1, 1920; highest GPA of 5th-year medical students; graduate studies at Harvard University, Boston University, and Agustana Hospital in Chicago; studies in Europe on private scholarship; director, National School of Medicine, UNAM, 1935–1936; professor of medicine, National School of Medicine, UNAM, 1920–1946; rector, UNAM, 1939–1940. d—Governor, State of Mexico, 1957–1963; senator from State of Mexico, 1976–1982. e—Member, League of Professionals and Intellectuals of the Party of the Mexican Revolution, 1939; member of Advisory Committee of IEPES of PRI, 1972. f—Chief of medical services, Hospital Juárez, Mexico City, 1925; secretary of health and public welfare, 1940–1946; director, Hospital de Jesús, 1952–1957; chairman, Trust Fund of Hospital de Jesús, 1964–1970. g—President, Student Society, National School of Medicine, 1920. h—Director, Military Medical School, 1936–1939; created Social Service for Medical Students in Mexico, 1938; initiated standard method of medical documentation in Mexico, 1925; practicing physician. i—Son of Eduardo Baz and Sara Prada, rural middle-class family; nephew of Emilio Baz, rector of Scientific and Literary Institute of Toluca, 1907; personal friend of Manuel Gual Vidal; married Elena Díaz Lombardo, sister of Antonio Díaz Lombardo, who founded Aeronaves de México and the Bank of Transportation and served as head of social security in Alemán

administration; son Gustavo is married to daughter of Pascual Gutiérrez Roldán; was personal physician of Manuel Ávila Camacho and his mother before Ávila Camacho became president. j—Joined the Revolution as a captain under General Francisco Pacheco, 1914, whom he met at Military Medical School in 1913; rank of lt. colonel, 1914; rank of colonel, Nov. 8, 1914; served as a colonel under Emiliano Zapata; rank of general; military governor, State of Mexico, Dec., 1914; began military medical career as 2nd captain in Military Medical Corps, 1920. k—Donated salary to maternal and child welfare centers when he served as secretary of health. l—HA, Nov. 2, 1959, 19; WWMG, 8; WWM45, 10; Hayner, 245–246; Peral, 98–99; HA, Aug. 4, 1944, 7; HA, Sept. 22, 1944, 6; WB48, 492; Excélsior, July 13, 1972, 19; DGF51, II, 687; letter; Excélsior, June 8, 1978, 12; El Nacional, supplement, Dec. 2, 1991, 2. Bazdresch, Luis (Deceased Oct. 31, 1992) a—Apr. 18, 1893. b—Federal District. c—Elementary and secondary studies, Federal District; began studies at Colegio de Guanajuato; attended School of Law, Institute of Science and Literary Studies, Toluca, State of Mexico, 1910, completed law degree at National School of Law, UNAM, Nov. 17, 1916; professor of Amparo and constitutional guarantees, School of Law, University of Guadalajara. d—None. e—None. f—Oficial mayor, Supreme Court of Justice, 1917– 1918; interim secretary of accounts, Supreme Court of justice, 1918–1919; judge, Fourth District, Federal District, and in Veracruz, San Luis Potosí, Sonora, Baja California, Zacatecas, Oaxaca, Hidalgo, 1919–1926; auxiliary secretary, secretary of accounts, Supreme Court of Justice, 1926–1934; justice, Supreme Court, 1934–1940, retired Jan. 1, 1941; judge, Fourth Circuit Court, Guadalajara, 1951–1961; judge, Fourth Circuit, 1961–1965; judge, Second Division, Fourth Circuit, 1965–1968, retired Oct. 15, 1968. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Enrique Baz and Luisa Dresch, an American; brothers

t he b io g ra phies  93

worked for the government; son Carlos Bazdresch worked for Bank of Mexico and became rector of CIDE; grandfather was governor of Federal District during Benito Juárez’s government. j—None. k—None. l—www.scjn.gob.mx, 2008; letters. Becerra Gaytán, Antonio a—Apr. 19, 1933. b—Chihuahua, Chihuahua. c—Early education in Tlaxcala; private accounting degree, Colegio Palmore, Chihuahua; MA in psychology, José R. Medrano Higher Normal School; elementary and higher normal school teacher, 1953–1975; university professor. d—Plurinominal federal deputy from leftist coalition, 1979–1982. e—Member of PRI, 1958–1961; joined PCM, 1961; candidate for senator from People’s Electoral Front, Chihuahua; secretary-general, PCM, Chihuahua, 1964–1979; joined PCM Central Committee, 1979; joined PRD. f—None. g—Student leader, Higher Normal School; secretary-general, Delegation No. 1, Local No. 40, SNTE; director, Revolutionary Teachers’ Movement, 1958–1959; member of organizing committee, Independent Peasant Federation, Chihuahua. i—Father in military, became teacher and bookseller; disciple of Othón Salazar, leader of Revolutionary Teachers’ Movement. h—None. j—None. k—Kidnapped on Oct. 2, 1969; spent a year in USSR. l—Protag, 47; C de D, 1979–1982; Vuelta, June, 1986, 43. Becerra Rodríguez, Salvador a—Jan. 20, 1946. b—Poncitlán, Jalisco. c—Early education unknown; agricultural engineering degree, 1963–1968; MS in fruit culture, Graduate School, National School of Agriculture, Chapingo, 1974; PhD in fruit sciences, Polytechnic University, Valencia, Spain, 1983; researcher, National Research System, 1997–2000. d—Plurinominal federal deputy from PAN, 1994–1997; senator from Colima, 2000–2006. e—Secretary-general, PAN, Colima, 1998–2000. f—Researcher, National Institute of Agricultural Research, 1970–1973; director, Experimental Farm, Tecomán, Colima, 1975–1980; coordinator of tropical fruits, 1983–1987; researcher,

National Institute of Forestry and Agricultural Research, Secretariat of Agriculture, 1984–1994, 1997–2000. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Eugenio Becerra García and Rosaura Rodríguez Godínez; married María Guadalupe Sáinz Alemán. j—None. k—None. l—QesQ en el Congreso, 2000– 2003, 294; Musacchio, 47; Directorio del Congreso, 2000–2003, 47. Becerril Straffon, Rodolfo a—Nov. 27, 1943. b—Cuernavaca, Morelos. c—Early education unknown; economics degree, National School of Economics, UNAM, 1961–1965, graduating with thesis on centralizing socialist economies, Dec. 6, 1968; postgraduate studies, Central School of Planning and Statistics, Warsaw, 1966–1967; PhD in development planning, University of Paris, 1970–1973. d—Federal deputy from State of Morelos, Dist. 1, 1991–1994, secretary of Gran Comisión; senator from Morelos, 1994–2000, president of Treasury and Population and Development committees. e—Joined PRI, 1966; assistant secretary of ideological information, CEN of PRI, 1986–1988; director, República, PRI, 1986–1988. f—Director of economic studies, Secretariat of Industry and Commerce, 1975–1976; director general, National Fund for the Development of the Arts, 1977–1986; secretary of economic development, Morelos, 1988–1991; g—None. h—None. i—Son of Rodolfo Becerril de la Paz, surgeon, and Eulalia Silva Cuervo, architect; general hospital in Tetecale, Morelos, named after father. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM89, 664; www.secgob.gob.mx, 1997, 207; C de D, 1991–1994; QesQ en el Congreso, 1997, 291; Musacchio, 47; DBGM92, 426; WWM87, 59. Bécker Arreola, Juan Guillermo

a—Aug. 30, 1931. b—Canatlán, Durango. c—Early education unknown; studies at National School of Economics and National School of Law, UNAM; law degree, National School of Law, UNAM; economics degree, National School of Economics, UNAM, Oct. 14, 1963; professor of economic theory, School of Business and Administration,

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UNAM. c—None. e—None. f—Joined Secretariat of Industry and Commerce, 1952; director, Office of Radio, Telephone, and Television, Secretariat of Communications, 1955; director, Office of Auto Transportation, 1959; assistant director and director, Department of Special Studies, Division of Trade, Secretariat of Industry and Commerce, 1959–1961; director general of industries, Secretariat of Industry and Commerce, 1961–1964, 1967–1974; director general of standards, Secretariat of Industry and Commerce, 1965–1967; assistant secretary of industry and commerce, 1974–1976; financial assistant to director of INFONAVIT, 1976–1982; director general, Diesel Nacional, 1982–1985; director general, SIDERMEX, 1986–1991; director general, Mining Development Commission, Secretariat of Energy, Mines, and Government Industries, 1991– 1994. g—None. i—Studied under Agustín López Munguía; son of Juan Bécker Krueger, stockbroker, and María Arreola; married Concepción Rodríguez González; brother Maximiliano, member of TABAMEX board, 1982. j—None. k—None. l—HA, Jan. 28, 1974, 18; DPE65, 96; Q es QAP, 507; DBGM, 57; DBGM92, 52; letter. Becker Cuéllar, César Kuno a—Aug. 17, 1946. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; law degree, National School of Law, UNAM, 1964–1968, with thesis on social security in rural areas; professor, National School of Law, UNAM, 1973–1975; professor, Autonomous Metropolitan University, Azcapotzalco Campus, Mexico City, 1975–1981; professor, School of Political and Social Sciences, UNAM, 1980–1981; rector, Latin American University, 2000–2004. d—None. e—Joined PRI, 1967; director of CEPES of PRI, Tlaxcala, 1982–1983. f—Director general of programs, organizations, and systems, Secretariat of Government, 1980; technical secretary, Federal School Construction Program, Tlaxcala, 1981–1983; director general of personnel, Secretariat of Public Education, 1983–1986; director general of legal and labor affairs,

Secretariat of Public Education, 1986–1988; assistant attorney of federal delegations, Office of the Federal Attorney for the Consumer, 1989–1990; executive director, Professional Electoral Service, Federal Electoral Institute, 1991–1992; assistant director general of research and labor relations, National Railroads of Mexico, 1991; director general of educational studies, Tlaxcala, 1993–1994; delegate of ISSSTE to State of Mexico, 1994–1995; assistant secretary of population and migration services, Secretariat of Government, 1995–1998; director general, Government Printing Office, 1998. g—None. h—None. j—None. i—Son of Kuno Becker Baier, teacher and technician, and Luz de los Ángeles Cuéllar Márquez; married Cecilia Noriega Ruiz, white-collar employee. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM84, 57; Pescador, 113; DBGM93, 144; DBGM94, CD. Bellizzia Castañeda, Pascual a—Oct. 22, 1933. b—Frontera, Tabasco. c—Elementary studies at Tomás Garrido School, Tabasco; secondary studies at Palavicini School, Tabasco; law degree, National School of Law, UNAM, postgraduate studies in law, Sorbonne, Paris. d—Local deputy, State Legislature of Tabasco, 1961–1964; senator from State of Tabasco, 1970–1976, 1st secretary of 1st Committee on Mines, president of Livestock Committee; mayor, Villahermosa, Tabasco, 1980–1982. e—Joined PRI, 1955; member, Technical Advisory Council of PRI; general delegate of CEN of PRI to Nuevo León, Yucatán, and Morelos. f—None. g—Leader of Farmers’ and Ranchers’ Association, Tabasco; secretary of labor, CEN of CNOP; adviser to CEN of CNOP. i—From peasant background; married Adelina Rosique; son Pascual Bellizzia Rosique, Jr., was PVEM candidate for governor of Tabasco. j—None. k—None. l—C de S, 1970–1976, 70; PS, 0630; Protag., 48. Bello, Daniel J. (Deceased) a—Sept. 28, 1908. b—Puebla, Puebla. c—Preparatory studies at National Preparatory School, member of Casa de la Troya group; law degree, National School of Law, UNAM,

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1928–1931; student assistant at UNAM; professor of mercantile law, National School of Law, UNAM, 1934–1965. d—None. e—None. f—Secretary, Federal Electric Commission, 1950–1951; manager, Bank of Mexico, 1951–1970, under Rosendo Gómez; assistant director general, Bank of Mexico, 1971–1978; adviser to director general, Bank of Mexico, 1978–1982. g—None. h—Editor (first), Tax Law Review, 1937. i—Possibly related to Puebla industrialist José María Bello. j—None. k—None. l—Dromundo, 33; letter; DGF50, II, 245; DGF51, II, 9, 345; DP95, 412. Beltrán Beltrán, Amando (Deceased) a—Feb. 11, 1905. b—Tantoyuca, Veracruz. c—Elementary studies at Gabino Barreda School, Tampico, Tamaulipas; preparatory studies at National Preparatory School; law studies, 1928–1932, at National School of Law, UNAM, degree, Apr. 13, 1934; professor of world history, National Preparatory School No. 2, 1936–1972; member, University Council of UNAM, 1943–1944, 1953–1956; lecturer, Workers’ Center for Cultural Diffusion, UNAM, 1936–1942; director, National Preparatory School No. 2, 1939–1948. d—None. e—None. f—Agent, Ministerio Público, 1949–1950; secretary, Group Five, Federal Board of Conciliation and Arbitration, 1933; president, Group Five, Federal Board of Conciliation and Arbitration, 1936; director, Strike Department, Secretariat of Labor, 1941–1943; director of social welfare, Secretariat of Labor, 1947; alternate president, Federal Board of Conciliation and Arbitration, 1944; president, Federal Board of Conciliation and Arbitration, 1945–1946; head, Labor Office for Auxiliary Agents, Office of the Attorney General, 1951; secretary, Board of Directors, National Railroads of Mexico, 1951; oficial mayor, National Railroads of Mexico, 1952–1959; director of personnel, National Railroads of Mexico, 1969; assistant director of administration, National Railroads of Mexico, 1969–1973. g—None. h—Practicing lawyer. i—Collaborator of Francisco Trujillo Gurría, secretary of labor, 1943–1946; son of lawyer Francisco

Beltrán; married Rosa Leonor Valles Patoni. j—None. k—None. l—letter; MGF69, 588; DGF51, I, 536; WNM, 20. Beltrán Brown, Francisco a—1920s. c—Early education unknown; medical degree, National School of Medicine, UNAM; professor, National School of Medicine, UNAM. d—None. e—None. f—Director, Children’s Hospital, National Institute of Pediatrics, 1977; director general, National Pediatrics Institute, National System for Integral Family Development, 1980–1982; assistant secretary of welfare, 1980–1982. g—President, Mexican Society of Pediatrics, 1963–1965. h—Various positions in Infants’ Hospital, Mexico City, 1946–1954; chief of surgery, Infants’ Hospital, Mexico City, 1954–1976; director, Hospital of the Mexican Institute for Assisting Children, 1997. j—None. k—National surgery prize, 1963. l—HA, July 7, 1980, 12; DAPC, 1981, 88. Beltrán (Castillo), Enrique (Deceased Oct. 23, 1994) a—Apr. 26, 1903. b—Federal District. c—Secondary studies at Pablo Moreno Secondary School, Federal District, 1916; preparatory studies at National Preparatory School, Mexico City, 1919–1922; bachelor of science in zoology, UNAM; ScD from UNAM, 1926; PhD in zoology, Columbia University, New York, 1931–1933; professor of natural sciences, UNAM, 1922–1926; professor of zoology, National School of Agriculture, 1934–1938; professor of biology and zoology, National Preparatory School, 1931–1958; professor of protozoology, Graduate School, UNAM, 1946–1950; assistant in botany, UNAM, 1922–1926; professor of zoology, Higher Normal School, 1936–1958; professor of protozoology, National School of Biological Sciences, 1940–1958; professor of biological education, National Teachers’ School, 1935–1947; professor of parasitology, School of Health and Hygiene, Secretariat of Agriculture, 1945–1946. d—None. e—Founder, Revolutionary Anticlerical Group, 1929; member, Communist Party, 1930–1931. f—Assistant, Museum of Natural History, Secretariat of Agriculture, 1923;

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microbiologist, Division of Biological Studies, Secretariat of Agriculture, 1924–1925; founder and director, Marine Biological Station of the Gulf, 1926–1928; member, Reorganization Committee, Secretariat of Agriculture, 1933; founder and director, Biotechnical Institute, Secretariat of Agriculture; chief, Department of Secondary Instruction, Secretariat of Public Education, 1937–1938; director, Department of Protozoology, Institute of Health and Tropical Diseases, Secretariat of Health, 1939–1951; assistant secretary of forest resources and fauna, Secretariat of Agriculture, 1958–1964; adviser, Office of the Presidency of Mexico, 1970–1976. g—None. h—Director, Mexican Institute of Renewable Natural Resources, 1952–1979; author of hundreds of articles and books on conservation and biology. i—Son of Enrique Beltrán, naval officer, engineer, and lawyer; professor of Luis Echeverría, Emilio Martínez Manautou, Renaldo Guzmán Orozco, and Guillermo Soberón; good friend of Alberto Bremauntz and Manuel R. Palacios; scientific disciple of Alfonso L. Herrera. j—None. k—None. l—Enc. Mex., I, 552; HA, Dec. 22, 1958; DPE61, 69; WWW70–71, 80–81; letter; DP95, 414. Beltrán del Río Madrid, Salvador

a—July, 1959. b—Chihuahua, Chihuahua. c—Early education unknown; law degree, University of Monterrey, 1984; MA in Latin American studies, University of New Mexico, 1986; MA in law, Harvard University, 1989, with thesis titled “Political Rights in Latin American from the Perspective of the OAS Inter-American Commission on Human Rights.” d—Plurinominal federal deputy from PAN, 1994–1997. e—Member of PAN; director, Miguel Estrada Iturbide Foundation, PAN, 1997–2000; secretary of studies, CEN of PAN; secretary of liaison, CEN of PAN. f—Consul general of Mexico, New York City, 2001–2003; director of legal affairs, National Bank for Public Works and Services, 2003; director general of international affairs, Secretariat of Energy, 2003–2007; director general of religious

associations, Secretariat of Government, 2007–2009; assistant secretary for Latin America and the Caribbean, Secretariat of Foreign Relations, 2009– . g—None. h—None. j—None. k—None. l—www .presidencia.gob.mx, 2010; C de D, 1994– 1997; www.sre.gob.mx, 2010. Beltrones Rivera, Manlio Fabio a—Aug. 30, 1952. b—Villa Juárez, Sonora. c—Early education unknown; economics degree, National School of Economics, UNAM, 1970–1974, with thesis on agriculture in Mexican economic development, Nov. 26, 1976; professor, National School of Economics, UNAM, 1975. d—Federal deputy from State of Sonora, Dist. 4, 1982–1985, member of Government and Constitutional Affairs committees; senator from State of Sonora, 1988; governor, Sonora, 1991–1997; plurinominal federal deputy from PRI, 2003–2006; plurinominal senator, 2006–2012, coordinator of PRI majority. e—Joined PRI, 1968; assistant secretary of CEN of PRI, 1983– 1986; president of PRI, Sonora, 1987–1988; secretary of promotion, CEN of PRI, 1987– 1988. f—Chief, Department of Delegations, National Registry of Electors, 1975–1976; auxiliary secretary of assistant secretary of government, Fernando Gutiérrez Barrios, 1976–1977; private secretary to assistant secretary of government, Fernando Gutiérrez Barrios, 1977–1982; general coordinator of advisers, Secretariat of Communications and Transportation, 1983; secretary of government, State of Sonora, 1985–1987; assistant secretary of government, political development, and human rights, Secretariat of Government, 1988–1991. g—Secretary-general of CNOP, 2002–2006. h—None. i—Son of a captain; brother Alcides Roberto, director of customs, Tijuana, 1994; married Sylvia Sánchez Estrada, psychologist; political disciple of Rodolfo Félix Valdés and Fernando Gutiérrez Barrios; Prof. Antonio Zorrilla Pérez introduced him to Gutiérrez Barrios. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM89, 52; letters; Proceso, Mar. 11, 1991, 17; El Nacional, Oct. 23, 1991, 11; La Jornada, July 15, 2006.

t he b io g ra phies  97 Benítez Claveli, Vicente L. (Deceased) b—Federal District. c—Elementary and secondary studies, Mexico City; college degree, Mexico City. d—Federal deputy from State of Aguascalientes (twice); senator from Aguascalientes, 1934–1940; PNR precandidate for governor, Aguascalientes, 1941. e—None. f—Ambassador to Nicaragua, 1941–1943; special post in Secretariat of Foreign Relations, 1943; ambassador to Venezuela, Dec., 1943–Feb., 1945; ambassador to Guatemala, July, 1945–1948; ambassador to Argentina, 1953–1955; ambassador to Yugoslavia, 1958–1961. g—None. h—Journalist. i—Married Luz Brown; son of Enrique Benítez. j—Participated in the Revolution. k—None. l—EBW46, 23; DPE61, 25; WB54, 547; STYRBIWW54, lxxviii, 609. Benítez Treviño, Víctor Humberto

a—July 5, 1945. b—Zacualpan, State of Mexico. c—Early education unknown; law degree, Autonomous University of State of Mexico, 1964–1968, with thesis on civil law in the State of Mexico; diplomas in constitutional and administrative law, National School of Law, UNAM, 1974–1975; LLD, National School of Law, UNAM, 1975–1976, with dissertation on justice in the State of Mexico; professor of law, UNAM and Autonomous University of the State of Mexico. d—Delegate of Benito Juárez to Department of the Federal District, 1981–1982; plurinominal federal deputy from PRI, 2009– 2012. e—Joined PRI, 1963; youth director of PRI, Toluca, State of Mexico, 1967–1969. f—Agent, Ministerio Público, Office of the Attorney General of Mexico, 1969–1972; adviser, Secretariat of Government, State of Mexico, 1973–1975; assistant director of legislation, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1976–1977; coordinator of public defenders, 1978–1980; assistant director of prisons, 1980–1981; director of real estate registration, Office of the Controller General, 1985–1987; coordinator of advisers, Office of the Controller General, 1987–1988; director general of administration, Secretariat of Tourism, 1988–1989; attorney general, State of Mexico,

1989–1993; assistant attorney general of preliminary inquiries, 1993–1994; attorney general, Federal District, 1994; attorney general of Mexico, 1994; secretary-general of government, State of Mexico, 2008. g—None. h—Director of social development, Auris, 1972–1973. i—Son of Silvestre Benítez Villalpando, civil servant, and Rosalía Treviño Escobedo; married Rosalinda González Chávez, architect. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM, CD; Musacchio, 48–49. Berber, Alberto F. (Deceased June 30, 1956) a—June 12, 1885. b—Chilpancingo, Guerrero. c—Elementary studies, Chilpancingo; no degree. d—Mayor, Acapulco, 1934; federal deputy from State of Guerrero, Dist. 5, 1935–1937; governor, Guerrero, 1937–1941. e—None. f—Private secretary to governor of Guerrero, Héctor F. López Mena, 1925–1928. g—None. j—Career army officer; joined Constitutional Army under General Francisco Murguía; signed declaration not recognizing Victoriano Huerta as president, May 7, 1913; fought under Tomás Gómez in Guerrero, 1910; fought under Rómulo Figueroa Mata; garrison commander, Acapulco, 1932–1933; rank of brigadier general, June 1, 1941; rank of division general, Dec. 20, 1949. k—Removed as governor, Feb. 19, 1941, because he tried to continue his political influence by imposing his half-brother, Francisco Carreto. l—Letter; D de Y, Nov. 2, 1940, 1; Peral, 105; Anderson, 79–80; Rev. de Ejer., July, 1956; www.es.wikipedia.org. Berganza Escorza, Francisco Xavier

a—Mar. 19, 1967. b—Apan, Hidalgo. c—Studies in journalism and television; diploma in music, Anáhuac University; courses in forensic detection of torture, UNAM and Amnesty International. d—Federal deputy from State of Hidalgo, Dist. 4, 1997–2000, independent; senator from Hidalgo, 2006–2012. e—PAN and PVEM candidate for governor, Hidalgo, 1999; assistant to assistant coordinator of Francisco Labastida’s presidential campaign, 2000; president, Convergencia, Hidalgo, 2006; vice president, Convergencia;

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national political adviser, Convergencia; Convergencia delegate to Puebla. f—None. g—None. h—Singer and composer, 11 years; co-owner, Visit the World Travel Agency; businessman in agroindustry, Acaxochitlán, Hidalgo; cattle rancher. i—Brother José Ramón, president of Convergencia Party, Hidalgo, and candidate for federal deputy; relative Dr. Samuel Berganza de la Torre, mayor of Apan, 1973–1975, 1994–1997. j—None. k—None. l—QesQ en el Congreso, 1997–2000, 19; www.secgob.gob .mx, 1997, 2007; www.senado.gob.mx, 2006; Musacchio, 49; Directorio del Congreso, 2006–2009, 123. Beristáin Iturbide, Javier (Deceased June 21, 2009) a—Jan. 2, 1944. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; economics degree, ITAM, 1962–1966; director general, School of Economics, ITAM, 1967–1972; rector, ITAM, 1972–1991; professor, ITAM, 1967– ; professor, CEMLA, 1972. d—None. e—None. f—Department head, Division of Control and Inspection, Decentralized Organizations, and Businesses with State Participation, Secretariat of Programming and Planning, 1967–1970; treasurer general, Combined Industrial Sahagún Complex, 1970–1972; adviser to president, National Institute of Statistics, Geography, and Information, Superior Court of Justice, 1983–1984; secretary-general of planning and evaluation, Department of the Federal District, 1991–1997. g—None. h—Director of Afore XXI, 1998. i—Son of Joaquín Beristáin Rodríguez, CPA, and Ada Iturbide Preciat; married María Elena Juárez Allende, economist; uncle Samuel, prominent businessman; stepbrother of Gustavo Petricioli (through mother); uncle Anibel Preciat is leading member of Mexico’s banking and capitalist elite. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM94, CD; Pescador, 114; DBGM92, 55; Musacchio, 49; www. Eleconomista, June 24, 2009; letter. Bermúdez (Dávila), Carlos Humberto

a—Mar. 27, 1932. b—San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí. c—Elementary, secondary,

and preparatory studies in San Luis Potosí; enrolled as cadet, Heroic Military College, Jan., 1950; graduated Heroic Military College, 2nd artillery lieutenant, Jan. 1, 1953; diploma in military administration from Higher War College, 1957–1960; counterinsurgency studies, United States. d—None. e—Auxiliary secretary to president of CEN of PRI, General Alfonso Corona del Rosal, 1963–1964; director of security, presidential campaign of Miguel de la Madrid, 1981–1982. f—Chief of aides, President Luis Echeverría, 1970–1976; presidential chief of staff, 1982–1988. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Francisco Bermúdez Landa, lawyer and officer, and Ángela Dávila; married Blanca Chagoya García. j—Career army officer; joined army, Jan., 1950; staff officer, Sec. 5 (plans), staff, Secretariat of National Defense; chief, Sec. 1, staff, 12th Military Zone, San Luis Potosí; commander, Instruction and Operations Sec., 1st Artillery Battalion; commander, Sec. 2 (intelligence), presidential staff; second-in-command, 1st Artillery Regiment, Presidential Guards; assistant chief of presidential staff, 1976– 1981; rank of brigadier general, Nov. 20, 1979; rank of division general. k—None. l—HA, Dec. 13, 1982, 20; Q es QAP, 17; DBGM87, 56; DBGM, 59. Bermúdez (Jáquez), Antonio J.

(Deceased Feb. 10, 1977) a—June 13, 1892. b—Chihuahua, Chihuahua. c—Secondary studies at Los Angeles Business College; no degree. d—Mayor, Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua, 1942–1945; senator from Chihuahua (never served), 1946. e—Precandidate for PRI nomination for president, 1950–1951. f—Treasurer of Ciudad Juárez, 1945–1946; director general, PEMEX, 1946–1958; ambassador to Arab countries, 1958–1961; director, National Border Program, 1961–1965. g—President, CANACO, 1927–1929. h—Founded own business in Chihuahua while very young, later became very wealthy businessman after founding a whiskey factory in Ciudad Juárez; career in local politics notable for increasing revenues

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as treasurer and fighting vice in Ciudad Juárez. i—Parents, well-to‑do landowners; married Hilda Mascareña; nephew, Jaime, created Grupo Bermúdez, largest developer of maquiladoras in A. J. Bermúdez Industrial Park, Ciudad Juárez; guards of honor at his funeral included Miguel Alemán, Lázaro Cárdenas, Cárdenas’ wife, Manuel Ávila Camacho’s wife. j—None. k—Did not accept a salary as director of PEMEX. l—HA, Mar. 18, 1949, 26; DGF47, 20; DGF50, II, 279, 80; DGF51, II, 383–384, I, 6; HA, Feb. 21, 1977, 13; Proceso, Feb. 19, 1977, 29; NYT, July 28, 1957, 2; NYT, July 30, 1951, 5; NYT, Aug. 17, 1950, 6; Forbes, Feb. 13, 1995, 44–45. Bermúdez Limón, Carlos Gerardo

a—July 14, 1935. b—Tampico, Tamaulipas. c—Economics degree, National School of Economics, UNAM, 1954–1958, with thesis titled “Public Works and Economic Development in Mexico,” July 12, 1960; graduate studies at Yale University on UN and Secretariat of the Treasury fellowship; graduate studies at U.S. Department of the Treasury, Washington, DC; professor of Mexican economic problems, School of Economics, IPN, and Autonomous Technological Institute of Mexico, 1962–1968. d—None. e—Adviser to CEPES of PRI for Valley of Mexico. f—Adviser and analyst, Department of Treasury Studies, Secretariat of the Treasury; assistant director, Department of Economic Studies, Secretariat of the Treasury; director, Center for Development Studies; director general, PIPSA, 1970–1974, 1982–1989. g—President, League of Revolutionary Economists of Mexico; president, National College of Economists; vice president, 1954 Generation, National School of Economics. h—Author of various articles; director, Center for Economic Studies of the Private Sector; on board of 6 major corporations, 1980; economic consultant. i—Attended college with Jesús Silva Herzog F., Agustín Olachea Borbón, Eliseo Mendoza Berrueto; married Silvia Pacheco (deceased, 1980); son of Carlos Bermúdez Lacayo,

chemical engineer, and María de Jesús Limón Alatorre. j—None. k—None. l—Hoy, June 10, 1972, 13; letter; Latin America, Mar. 12, 1976, 83; Excélsior, Apr. 26, 1980, 18A; DBGM87, 57. Bernal Gutiérrez, Andrés Antonio

a—Nov. 30, 1953. b—Matamoros, Tamaulipas. c—Early education unknown; psychology degree, Colegio de México, 1971–1977; MA in political science, 1977–1979; professor of political theory, 1980–1983; professor of history of ideas, 1979–1980; professor of logic, 1978. d—Plurinominal senator from PRI, 1997–2000; plurinominal federal deputy from PRD, 2006–2009. e—Coordinator of political studies, IEPES of PRI, 1981; assistant secretary of electoral action, CEN of PRI, 1987–1988; secretary of action and social administration, CEN of PRI, 1998; secretary of organization, CEN of PRI, 2004–2006; coordinator of political alliances, CEN of PRI, 2005; national adviser, PRI; coordinator of travel, Roberto Madrazo’s primary campaign for president, 2005. f—Employee, Superior Court of Justice, 1979; oficial mayor of urban development and ecology, 1988–1992; president, National Solidarity Institute, Secretariat of Social Development, 1992–1994; commissioner, peace delegation to Chiapas, Secretariat of Government, 1995–1997; administrator, Federal School Construction Program, 1994–1997. g—Secretary-general of CNOP, 2006–2009. h—None. i—Son of Antonio Bernal Estrada and María Dolores Gutiérrez Hernández. j—None. k—None. l—QesQ en el Congreso, 1997, 292; DBGM92, 56; Directorio del Congreso, 2006–2009; DBGM89, 53; DBGM94, CD; www.secgob.gob.mx, 1997, 2007. Bernal Miranda, Benito (Deceased Oct. 21, 1974) a—Apr. 10, 1886. b—Álamos, Sonora. c—Early education unknown; no degree. d—Mayor, Navajoa, Sonora; senator from Sonora, 1970–1974, member of Gran Comisión, president of 3rd National Defense Committee, 1st secretary of Military Health and Pensions and Military

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Retirement committees, 2nd secretary of Livestock Committee, member of Fishing Committee. e—Activist in Antireelectionist Party, 1910. f—None. g—None. h—None. i—Married Carlota Domínguez; son Benito Bernal Domínguez was federal deputy from Sonora, 1958–1961. j—Joined the Revolution under Capt. Lucas Girón, Dec. 20, 1910; fought in various battles under Capt. Lucas Girón, 1910–1911; served in 4th Sonoran Battalion; 2nd lieutenant in 5th Sonoran Irregulars under Lt. Col. Jesús Chávez Camacho, 1912, against Pascual Orozco; served under Álvaro Obregón, 1913; chief of staff for General Obregón; chief of staff, 2nd Infantry Brigade, Constitutional Army; chief of Presidential Guard, President Obregón, 1920–1924; rank of brigadier general, Sept. 9, 1942; rank of division general, Mar. 1, 1962; commander, Legion of Honor, 1965–1970. k—None. l—Excélsior, Oct. 22, 1974; HA, Oct. 28, 1974, 14; C de S, 1970–1976, 15; www .cronica.diputados.gob; www.sedena.gob .mx; DB95, 420. Bernal Piña de Badillo, Zorayda

a—Feb. 25, 1934. b—Oaxaca, Oaxaca. c—Early education unknown; graduate of nursing program, Latin American Hospital, Puebla, Puebla; advanced studies in social work in Romania and Peru; courses on labor law, Academy of Law and Social Welfare. d—Federal deputy from State of Oaxaca, Dist. 7, 1976–1979, member of Railroad Sec. of General Means of Communication Committee, Economic, Cultural, and Social Development of Peasant Women Sec. of Agrarian Affairs Committee, Artisan and Small Industries Development Committee, Mail and Telegraph Sec. of Development of Means of Communication Committee, Isthmus Sec. of Regional Development Committee, Infant and Maternal Welfare Sec. of Social Security and Public Health Committee, and National Properties Committee. e—None. f—None. g—Secretarygeneral, Political Committee, National Railroad Workers’ Union; vice president,

Congress of Female Workers. i—Married Dr. Jesús Badillo Chávez. j—None. k—None. l—C de D, 1976–1979, 5; D de C, 1976–1979, 8, 14, 22, 28, 34, 40, 63; Excélsior, Aug. 27, 1976, 1C. Bernal (Tenorio), Antonio (Deceased) a—1911. b—Toluca, State of Mexico. c—Early education unknown; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM; professor, Workers’ University; teacher in various secondary schools; professor, National Preparatory School, Mexico City. d—Federal deputy from State of Mexico, Dist. 8, 1967–1970, member of Committee on Motor Transportation, 1st Committee on National Defense, and 3rd Sec. on Criminal Law of Legislative Studies. e—First secretary, Political Commission, FSTSE, assisting in campaign of Miguel Alemán, 1946; secretary-general of disputes, National Confederation of Popular Organizations of PRI, 1965–1966; alternate secretary of popular action, CEN of PRI, 1968–1970. f—Adviser to president of Mexico, 1946–1952, 1952–1958; director general of federal highways and bridges and adjacent entrances and exits, 1970–1976. g—Member, Judicial Workers’ Union; secretary-general, Mexican Chauffeurs’ Union; candidate for FSTSE secretary-general, 1946; FSTSE secretary of organization, 1946–1948; FSTSE secretary of labor and conflicts, 1961–1965; FSTSE secretary-general, 1965–1967; president, Congress of Labor, 1966; secretarygeneral, Union of Federal Judicial Workers, 1977. h—Employee, Fourth Division, Supreme Court; a founder of magazine Futura. i—Related to Daniel Tenorio, federal deputy from State of Mexico, 1940– 1943. j—None. k—Ran for alternate federal deputy with Víctor Manuel Villaseñor, 1943, from the PP. l—HA, Nov. 15, 1946, 4; HA, Dec. 7, 1970, 27; Villaseñor, II, 33; Sirvent, 175; letter. Bernard (Perales), Miguel (Deceased Oct. 25, 1939) a—1873. b—Brownsville, Tex. c—Early education unknown; engineering degree from National Military College,

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Mexico City, 1893–1997, graduated as lieutenant of artillery, Nov., 1897; professor of math, physics, and mechanics, National Military College; professor of applied mechanics, National Military College, 1904; studied construction in France; professor, School of Artillery, National Military College; organizer and director, School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering. d—None. e—None. f—Military attaché to Japan; chief, Department of Technical, Industrial, and Commercial Instruction, Secretariat of Public Education; oficial mayor, Secretariat of Industry and Commerce, 1937–1938; director general, National Polytechnic Institute, 1939. g—None. h—Chairman, technical military commissions in United States, Europe, and Japan. i—Son of Miguel Bernard and Rosa Perales. j—Commander, 2nd Co. of Cadets, 1904; lst cadet, 1892; rank of corporal, Dec., 1892; rank of 2nd sergeant and 1st sergeant, 1893; rank of 2nd captain, 1897; rank of 1st captain, 1901; rank of major, 1904; rank of lt. colonel, 1909; served in 1st Artillery Battalion, 1897–1898; fought Zapata under General Ángeles as his chief of staff, 1912–1913; rank of colonel, June, 1912; rank of brigadier general, Oct. 19, 1913; director, National Military College, 1913; commander, 1st Infantry Brigade; chief of staff, Zozaya Division, later, commander; director, Higher War College (Military Professional School). k—None. l—DP70, 257; Enc. Mex. I, 561; Q es Q, 71; SofW, 1914, 27. Berrueto Ramón, Federico (Deceased Jan. 15, 1980) a—Oct. 2, 1900. b—Sabinas, Coahuila. c—Teaching credential from Normal School in Coahuila, 1921; teaching credential from Normal School of Mexico, Nov. 18, 1937, with thesis on adolescent problems; professor, Texas State College for Women, Denton; professor, Higher School of Agriculture; professor, Normal School in Mexico City, and Secondary School in Coahuila. d—Federal deputy from State of Coahuila, Dist. 1, 1946–1949, member of Gran Comisión, 2nd Committee on Public

Education, and Budget Committee; senator from Coahuila, 1958–1964; member of Gran Comisión, president of Committee on Indigenous Affairs, 1st member of 2nd Committee on Public Education, and Committee on Electrical Industry. e—National Confederation of Popular Organizations’ representative, National Advisory Council of PRI, 1946; PRI state committeeman from Coahuila; president of PRI, Coahuila. f—Director, Department of Public Education for Coahuila, 1953; director, Normal Schools of Coahuila; assistant director of elementary schools, Saltillo, Coahuila; assistant secretary of public education, 1964–1970. g—Founding member, Federation of Teachers’ Unions, Coahuila; secretary-general, Federation of Teachers’ Unions, Coahuila, 1933. h—Educational consultant, Secretariat of Public Education. i—Brother Prof. Mauro Berrueto Ramón served as federal deputy, 1964–1967; sister Guadalupe Berrueto Ramón is mother of Eliseo Mendoza Berrueto, governor of Coahuila, 1987–1993. j—None. k—PRI precandidate for governor of Coahuila, 1963, 1969. l—WWMG, 9; DBM68, 72; DBM70, 82; D del S, Jan. 22, 1946, 1; Func., 138; Enc. Mex., II, 106; Excélsior, Jan. 16, 1980, 12; www .vanguardia.com.mx. Berrueto Ramón, Mauro (Deceased) a—Feb. 7, 1908. b—Sabinas, Coahuila. c—Elementary studies in Nava and Lampacitas, Coahuila; secondary and normal school studies, Normal School of Coahuila, Saltillo, Coahuila, with a normal school certificate, 1928; studies at Higher Normal School and School of Philosophy and Letters, UNAM, 1933–1934; MA in social science from UNAM. d—Federal deputy from State of Coahuila, Dist. 4, 1964–1967, member of Television Industry Committee. e—Secretary of organization, State Committee of PRI, Coahuila; general coordinator, Gustavo Díaz Ordaz’ campaign in Coahuila, 1964. f—Federal school inspector, Monterrey, Nuevo León, 1935–1939; federal school inspector, Nogales, Sonora,

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1939–1940; federal school inspector, State of Coahuila, 1940–1947; syndic, city council of Saltillo, 1943–1945; agent, National Bank of Ejido Credit, Coahuila, 1948–1952; director of agriculture and livestock, State of Coahuila, 1952–1954. g—None. h—Operated own cattle ranch in Coahuila beginning in 1948. i—Brother of Federico Berrueto Ramón, assistant secretary of public education, 1964–1970; sister Guadalupe Berrueto Ramón is mother of Eliseo Mendoza Berrueto, governor of Coahuila, 1987–1993. j—None. k—None. l—C de D, 1964–1967, 46, 87; www.vanguardia.com.mx. Berruga Filloy, Enrique a—Sept. 15, 1959. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; degree in international relations, Colegio de México, 1977–1981; MA in international economics and political theory, SAIS, Johns Hopkins University, Washington, DC, 1982–1984; professor of Mexican foreign policy, American foreign policy, and international political theory, ITAM. d—None. e—None. f—Adviser to secretary of programming and budgeting, 1981–1982; joined Foreign Service, 1984; adviser to secretary of foreign relations, 1984–1987; press attaché, Mexican embassy, Washington, DC, 1987–1989; press attaché, Mexican embassy, London, 1989–1990; coordinator of advisers of assistant secretary “B,” Secretariat of Foreign Relations, 1990–1991; chargé d’affaires, Mexican embassy, Ireland, 1991–1992; adviser in international politics to secretary of foreign relations, 1992–1993; private secretary to secretary of foreign relations, 1993–1994; chief of personnel, Secretariat of Foreign Relations, 1994–1997; ambassador to Costa Rica, 1997–2000; assistant secretary of foreign relations, 2000–2003; ambassador to United Nations, 2003–2007. g—None. h—None. Editorial writer, El Universal, 2007. i—Son of Ausencio Berruga Laclaverie, industrialist, and Eulalia Filloy Fragua; married Delia Sánchez Cervantes; mother is from a Spanish exile family. j—None. k—None. l—www.es.wikipedia

.com, 2007; www.sre.gob.mx, 2003; DBGM93, 21; DBGM94, CD. Berthely (Jiménez), Lylia C. a—1920s. b—Tlacotalpan, Veracruz. c—Certificate in upper elementary education; MA in Spanish language and literature; MA in geography; MA in science education; PhD in pedagogy with specialization in psychology; teacher at various secondary and vocational schools; professor of Spanish, Spanish literature, general psychology, and pedagogy, National Teachers’ School and Higher Normal School, Mexico City; professor and director of psychology courses, IPN (9 years). d—Federal deputy from Veracruz, Dist. 8, 1973–1976; delegate from Iztapalapa to Department of the Federal District. e—Joined PNR, 1936; PNR youth delegate, Mexican Revolutionary Youth, Veracruz, 1938; secretary of finances of CEN of National Student Federation, PRM, 1940–1942; national coordinator of professional and intellectual women of IEPES of PRI, 1969–1970. f—Chief, Office of State Delegates of Mexico to UNESCO, 1949– 1951; director, Technical Office, Department of Private Secondary School Incorporation, Secretariat of Public Education, 1951–1952; assistant director, Department of Private Secondary School Incorporation, Secretariat of Public Education, 1952–1954; assistant director, Division of Literacy and Outreach Education, Secretariat of Public Education, 1954; director general, Division of Literacy and Outreach Education, 1954– 1959; director general of expert services, Office of the Attorney General of the Federal District, 1959–1964; director, Department of General Inspection, Secretariat of Communications and Transportation;. g—CNOP delegate to Aguascalientes, 1974. h—None. j—None. k—First female general delegate of CEN of PRI, 1975. l—Romero Aceves, 293–300; C de D, 293–300; www .alcohol.informate.org.mx. Berthier Aguiluz, Héctor (Deceased) a—Mar. 13, 1912. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; joined army

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as cadet at Heroic Military College, Jan. 10, 1928, graduated as 2nd artillery lieutenant, Jan. 1, 1931; enrolled in Military Aviation School, Jan. 1, 1934, graduating as lieutenant pilot, Jan. 1, 1936; studies in staff and command, Ft. Leavenworth, Kan., 1946; instructor, Military Aviation School. d—None. e—None. f—Chief of the air force, 1976–1982. g—None. h—None. i—Brother Antonio was a captain in the air force, 1955; disciple of Roberto Salido Beltrán, chief of the air force, 1971–1976, graduated with him from Heroic Military College. j—Rank of 1st lieutenant, Dec. 1, 1932; rank of 2nd captain, Nov. 20, 1939; chief, Sec. 3, Aeronautical Division; rank of major, Nov. 20, 1946; rank of lt. colonel, Nov. 20, 1949; rank of colonel, Dec. 16, 1952; rank of brigadier general, Nov. 20, 1960; secretary, Aeronautical Division; commander, Air Transportation Squadron; commander 1st Air Group; commander, 6th Air Group; assistant chief of staff of air force, 1965–1969; commander of air force arms depot; chief of staff, air force, 1971–1976; commander, Legion of Honor, 1991–1995. k—Accumulated 11,000 hours of flight time. l—Rev. de Ejer., Mar., 1958, 29; www.sedena.gob.mx, 2008; DAPC, 81, 29; DPE65, 39; DP71, 17. Beteta (Monsalve), Mario Ramón

(Deceased Oct. 6, 2004) a—July 7, 1925. b—Federal District. c—Elementary and secondary studies in Mexico City, law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, Dec. 4, 1948, with thesis on the responsibility for illegal acts; professor, Secondary Schools Nos. 8 and 10, Mexico City, 1945–1948; professor of introductory economics, National School of Economics, 1954–1956; professor of monetary theory, National School of Economics, UNAM, 1951–1959; MA in economics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, June 16, 1950, with thesis on the institutional focus of economic planning. d—Governor, State of Mexico, 1987–1989. e—Member, New Advisory Council of IEPES of PRI, in charge

of structural party reforms, June 28, 1972. f—Adviser, Office of the Director General, Bank of Mexico; assistant to manager, Bank of Mexico; assistant manager, Bank of Mexico, 1957; manager, Bank of Mexico, 1960– 1963; director general of credit, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1964–1970; assistant secretary of the treasury, 1970–1975; secretary of the treasury, 1975–1976; president, Somex Bank Group, 1977–1982; director general, PEMEX, 1982–1987; director general, Comermex Bank, 1989–1990; director general, FONATUR, 1991–1994. g—None. h—Investigator, Department of Economic Studies, Bank of Mexico, 1948; Mexican delegate to major international monetary conferences. i—Nephew of Ramón Beteta, former secretary of the treasury, 1946–1952; son of General Ignacio Beteta Quintana, chief of staff during presidency of Lázaro Cárdenas and well-known Mexican artist; married Gloria Leal Kuri. j—None. k—None. l—BdeM, 72–73; Hoy, June 24, 1967, 26; HA, Dec. 14, 1970, 20–21; HA, Mar. 29, 1976; LAD, Dec. 5, 1975, 379; HA, Oct. 6, 1975, 9; Excélsior, Sept. 27, 1975, 22. Beteta Quintana, Ignacio María

(Deceased Aug. 31, 1988) a—Oct. 23, 1898. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; no degree; instructor, Heroic Military College (many years); professor of drawing, School of Architecture, UNAM; professor of the art of Mexico, Graduate School, School of Architecture, UNAM. d—None. e—None. f—Chief of the presidential staff, President Cárdenas, 1934–1940; military attaché, Central America; ambassador to Chile; ambassador to Ecuador; ambassador to Panama; ambassador to Peru. g—None. h—Prominent painter; disciple of Gerardo Murillo (Dr. Atl). i—Brother of Ramón Beteta, secretary of the treasury; father of Mario Ramón Beteta Monsalve, secretary of the treasury; son of Enrique Beteta Méndez, lawyer, and Sara Quintana, from a wealthy landowning family. j—Career army officer; joined the Revolution, 1914; remained loyal to

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Venustiano Carranza and accompanied him to Tlaxcalaltongo, 1920; assistant chief of presidential staff, 1934; rank of colonel, Dec. 27, 1938; director, Department of Physical Education, Secretariat of National Defense, 1940s; rank of brigade general, Dec. 9, 1947; captain, Mexican Olympic Team, London, 1949; commander, various cavalry regiments, 1950s; director general, Department of Military Industry; rank of division general, Sept. 26, 1957. k—None. l—Enc. Mex., I, 108; López, 110; DBM68, 72–73; DP95, 431. Beteta (Quintana), Ramón (Deceased Oct. 5, 1965) a—Oct. 7, 1901. b—Federal District. c—Elementary and secondary studies in Mexico City; preparatory studies at National Preparatory School; attended UNAM, 1919–1920; degree in economics from University of Texas, Austin, 1920– 1923; law degree from National School of Law, 1925–1926; PhD in social sciences from UNAM, 1934 (first PhD in this field); professor of economics, National School of Economics, UNAM, 1924–1942; professor of law, National School of Law, UNAM; professor, National Preparatory School, Mexico City, 1925–1928; professor at secondary schools in Mexico City. d—None. e—Member, League of Professionals and Intellectuals of the Mexican Revolutionary Party, 1939; director of Miguel Alemán’s campaign for president, 1945–1946. f—Legal consultant, Agricultural Bank, 1926–1928; private secretary to secretary of public education (Ezequiel Padilla), 1928– 1929; legal adviser to secretary of public education, 1929–1930; head, Department of Education and Social Services, Department of the Federal District, 1930–1931; head, Department of Securities, Secretariat of Industry and Commerce, 1931–1932; oficial mayor, Secretariat of Industry and Commerce, 1932–1933; director general, Department of National Statistics, Secretariat of Industry and Commerce, 1933–1935; technical adviser to President Lázaro Cárdenas, 1935; assistant secretary of foreign relations,

1936–1940; assistant secretary of the treasury, 1940–1945; secretary of the treasury, 1946–1952; ambassador to Italy, 1952–1955; ambassador to Greece, 1955–1958. g—None. h—Minor administrator, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1924; member of Mexican delegation, Inter‑American Peace Conference, Buenos Aires, 1936; editor, News and Novedades, 1958–1964. i—Personal adviser to Lázaro Cárdenas; professor of Antonio Armendáriz and Hugo B. Margaín at UNAM; close friend of Moisés Sáenz; brother of General Ignacio Beteta Quintana, director of military industry and chief of staff under President Cárdenas; uncle of Mario Ramón Beteta; son of Enrique Beteta Méndez, lawyer, and Sara Quintana, from a wealthy landowning family. j—None. k—Precandidate for president of Mexico, 1951, but too strongly identified with the right wing of PRI; actually born in Hermosillo, Sonora, but registered his birth in the Federal District. l—Hoy, Nov. 4, 1939, 18; DBM68, 72–73; IWW66, 111; EBW46, 125; WWM45, 13; DGF56, 126–127; Scott, 214; letters. Biebrich Torres, Carlos Armando

a—Nov. 19, 1939. b—Sahuaripa, Sonora. c—Elementary and secondary studies in Sahuaripa; preparatory studies in humanities, University of Sonora, Hermosillo; law degree, University of Sonora, Mar. 3, 1962 (5th person to graduate in law), with thesis on labor law; professor of labor law, School of Business and Administration, University of Sonora, 1964–1966. d—Federal deputy from State of Sonora, Dist. 4, 1967–1970, member of Gran Comisión, Committee on Taxes, Committee on Constitutional Affairs, Committee on the Budget, and 7th Sec. on commerce and credit of Legislative Studies Committee; governor, Sonora, 1973–Oct. 25, 1975; plurinominal federal deputy from PRI, 2006–2009. e—Youth director of PRI, Sonora, 1961–1963; state director of PRI, Sonora; auxiliary secretary to Luis Echeverría during his presidential campaign, 1970; gave 200 speeches during

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Echeverría’s campaign; general delegate of CEN of PRI to Zacatecas, 1979; regional coordinator of CEN of PRI, 1990–1991; secretary of operations, CEN of PRI, 1991– 1992; secretary of elections, CEN of PRI, 1997–1999. f—Secretary, City Council of Ciudad Obregón, Sonora, 1961–1963, under Mayor Faustino Félix Serna; secretary, City Council of Cajeme, Sonora; auxiliary secretary to governor of Sonora, 1964–1967; assistant secretary of government, 1970– 1973; chief adviser to Luis Donaldo Colosio, secretary of development, 1992–1994; assistant secretary of human development, Secretariat of Labor, 1999–2000. g—President, Federation of University Students, University of Sonora, 1958; active journalist for student newspapers; winner of PRI national oratory contest, 1963; organized Assembly for the Political Orientation of Youth for PRI, 1958. h—None. i—Son of José Biebrich, mayor of Sahuaripa, 1972– 1973, and Alejandrina Torres; from modest middle-class background; son Hermes, mayor of Sahuaripa, 2000–2003; friend of Luis Encinas Johnson, whom he supported for governor in 1961; supporter of Mario Moya Palencia for president, 1975; married Socorro Gándara, related to one of the wealthiest families in Sonora. k—Resigned from governorship after internal political struggle with Luis Echeverría’s collaborators; worked his way through law school on two scholarships. l—Hoy, Dec. 19, 1970, 60; HA, Dec. 14, 1970, 19–20; HA, Jan. 1, 1973, 29; HA, Sept. 10, 1973, 40; Excélsior, Oct. 26, 1975, 1; Excélsior, Nov. 13, 1975; letter; www.sonora-web.com. Blanco Cáceres, Othón P. (Deceased Oct. 18, 1959) a—Mar. 7, 1868. b—Ciudad Victoria, Tamaulipas. c—Preparatory studies at National Preparatory School until 1885; National Military College, 1885–1889, graduating as 1st lieutenant, Jan. 31, 1889; assistant director, Naval College, 1909. d—Senator from State of Tamaulipas, 1912–1913. e—None. f—Head, Department of the Navy, Secretariat of War, 1918–1920,

1929–1932; inspector general of the fleet, 1927–1928; officer, Inspector General’s Office, Secretariat of National Defense, 1933–1939, in charge of Sec. 2, 1935–1939; secretary-general, Department of the Navy, 1940–1941; assistant secretary of the navy, 1941–1946. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Francisco Blanco and Juana Núñez de Cáceres; mother, descendant of Dr. José Núñez de Cáceres, liberator of Santo Domingo; married Manuela Peyrefitte Gómez. j—Career naval officer: member, Inspection Committee for the corvette Zaragoza training ship, 1890–1893; corvette lieutenant, Dec. 20, 1893; 2nd lieutenant, July, 1896; commander, Chetumal, 1897–1899; chief of naval forces, southeast of Yucatán, 1899; second-in-command, Bravo, 1905; participated in campaign against Maya uprising, 1907; commander, transport Progreso, 1907–1908; captain of a frigate, 1909; full captain of the navy, 1913, and in 1912, commander of Guerrero; rank of rear admiral, Apr. 25, 1914; commodore and then vice admiral, 1914; chief of naval forces, east of Yucatán Peninsula, 1899–1812; commander, Bravo, 1908–1909, 1910–1911; not on active duty, 1914–1923; commanding general, gulf fleet, 1923; rank of admiral, Oct. 16, 1943; retired from active duty, July 31, 1944. k—None. l—D de Y, Dec. 5, 1940, 1; DP70, 268; letter; Peral, 110–111; Álvarez Corral, 30; www.redesco lar.ilce.edu.mx. Blanco Fuentes, Argentina (Deceased) a—1903. b—Múzquiz, Coahuila. c—Elementary studies in Múzquiz; secondary at St. Mary’s College, Notre Dame, Ind.; received teaching certificate; language teacher. d—Federal deputy from State of Coahuila, Dist. 4, 1964–1967. e—Member of PARM; campaigned for Rafael Sánchez Tapia during 1939 presidential campaign. f—Employee, Regulations Department, Secretariat of Industry and Commerce; employee, Secretariat of Agriculture; employee, Department of Agrarian Affairs; employee, Department of Social Affairs,

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Department of the Federal District. g—None. j—None. k—None. l—C de D, 1964–1967, 46; PS. Blanco Mendoza, Herminio Alonso

a—July 25, 1950. b—Chihuahua, Chihuahua. c—Early education unknown; economics degree from Monterrey Institute of Higher Studies, 1966–1971; MA in economics, University of Chicago, 1973; PhD in economics, University of Chicago, 1973–1978, with dissertation on investment and uncertainty; professor, University of Texas, Austin, 1980–1985; professor, Rice University, Houston, Tex.; professor, Colegio de México. e—Joined PRI, 1985; assistant coordinator for foreign trade, IEPES, 1988. f—Adviser to secretary of the treasury, 1978–1980; adviser to president of Mexico, 1985–1988; assistant secretary of foreign trade, Secretariat of Commerce, 1988–1990; head negotiator for Mexico, NAFTA, 1990–1993; assistant secretary of international trade negotiations, Secretariat of the Economy, 1993–1994; secretary of commerce, 1994–2000. g—None. h—CEO, Proder; CEO, Soluciones Estratégicas. i—Son of Baltasar Arturo Blanco Valenzuela, immigration agent, and Ortensia Mendoza Rosas; married Ana Elena Padilla Gutiérrez; political disciple of Jaime Serra Puche. j—None. l—DBGM89, 53; DBGM92, 399; www.wikipedia, 2007. Blanco Sánchez, Javier a—Dec. 18, 1926. b—Guadalajara, Jalisco. c—Elementary studies in Orfanatorios de Morelia, Michoacán, and Celaya, Guanajuato; secondary studies at Conciliar Seminary of Mexico; studies at School of Philosophy and Letters, Ibero-American University, Mexico City, 1947–1950; legal studies at Free Law School and National School of Law, UNAM, 1952–1956. d—Federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. 3, 1961–1964, member of Fine Arts Committee; federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. 9, 1967–1970, member of Fine Arts Committee; federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. 13, 1973–1976; plurinominal federal

deputy from PAN, 1982–1985; local deputy, State Legislature of Michoacán, 1989–1992. e—Joined youth sector of PAN, 1948; youth director, 11th Electoral Dist., 1948; member, PAN Regional Committee for Federal District, 1949; secretary of organization, National Youth Sector of PAN, 1949–1952; adviser, National Council of PAN, 1949– 1978; secretary, PAN Regional Committee for Federal District, 1953–1958; PAN candidate for federal deputy from Dist. 7, Federal District, 1955; PAN candidate for federal deputy from Dist. 8, Federal District, 1958; secretary, PAN delegation, Chamber of Deputies, 1958–1960; PAN candidate for senator from Federal District, 1964; member of CEN of PAN, 1950–1979. f—None. g—Founding member, Student Youth Front, 1950; member, Executive Committee, National Student Federation, 1951; secretary-general, Center for Mexican Journalists. h—Journalist; correspondent for Chamber of Deputies, 1955–1961. i—Son of Jesús Blanco Estrada, career military, director of defense for Los Reyes and Peribán de Ramos, Michoacán, and mayor of Peribán, and Josefina Sánchez; married Elena Zepeda, 1959. j—None. k—One of the few PAN members to have been elected federal deputy 3 times from a district. l—C de D, 1967–1970, 56; C de D, 1961–1964, 7; Directorio, 1973–1976, 7; C de D, 1973–1976, 7; letter; PS; Lehr, 60; DBGM, 476. Blas Briseño (Rodríguez), José a—Aug. 28, 1938. b—Zitácuaro, Michoacán. c—Elementary, secondary and preparatory in Federal District; teaching certificate from Higher Normal School, Mexico City, with specialty in pedagogy; accounting degree from Autonomous Technological Institute of Mexico; MA in business and administration. d—Alternate federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. 9, 1964–1967; PAN party federal deputy, 1970–1972. e—Joined PAN in 1955. f—None. g—None. h—Operates consulting firm specializing in administration of construction firms. j—None. k—None. l—C de D, 1970–1973, 145; C de D, 1964–1967.

t he b io g ra phies  107 Bobadilla Peña, Julio (Deceased 2002) a—1918. b—Progreso, Yucatán. c—Elementary studies at Alcalá Martín School, Yucatán; secondary studies at Adolfo Cisneros Cámara School, Yucatán; preparatory studies at University of Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán; no degree. d—Local deputy, State Legislature of Yucatán, 1963; federal deputy from State of Yucatán, Dist. 2, 1967–1970, member of Gran Comisión; delegate to the Department of the Federal District, 1976– 1978. e—General delegate of CEN of PRI in Colima, Campeche, and Yucatán; member, State Committee of the PRM, Yucatán; secretary of popular action, PRI, Yucatán, 1963; secretary of popular action, CEN of PRI, 1971. f—Agent, National Lottery, Yucatán; director, Department of Cooperatives, Division of Agriculture, State of Yucatán; private secretary to governor of Yucatán; secretary-general of government, State of Yucatán, 1964; oficial mayor, State of Yucatán; oficial mayor, Secretariat of Communications, 1973–1976. g—Student leader, Federation of University Students and Unified Socialist Youth of Mexico; secretary-general of CNOP, Yucatán, 1963; member, CEN of CNOP, 1971; secretary-general of CNOP, 1970–1972. h—None. i—Father, a low-level employee of Yucatán Railroads and founder of Socialist Party of the Southeast, later mayor and president of Federation of Labor Leagues of Progreso; son Julián Bobadilla Novelo was PRI precandidate for federal deputy, 1979. j—None. k—Schers says he was chosen as secretary-general of CNOP because of close relationship with Luis Echeverría; lost as precandidate for governor of Yucatán, 1975. l—Schers, 27; C de D, 1967–1970; PS, 695. Bobadilla Romero, Manuel (Deceased July 16, 1978) a—Sept. 23, 1909. b—Bacubirito, Sonora. c—Elementary studies in Los Mochis, Sinaloa; no degree. d—Local deputy to State Legislature of Sonora; federal deputy from State of Sonora, Dist. 3, 1964–1967, member of Desert Zones Committee and Military justice Committee;

federal deputy from State of Sonora, Dist. 3, 1970–1973, member of First Railroads Committee, First Balloting Committee, and Small Agricultural Property Committee. e—None. f—None. g—Secretary-general, CTM of Sonora, 1937–1978; secretary of agriculture of CTM, 1978. h—None. i—Son of Bauterio Bobadillo and Vicenta Romero; married Carlota Icedo. j—None. k—Assumed directorship of Sonora CTM while in jail as labor agitator in Ciudad Obregón. l—Directorio, 1970–1972, 22; Excélsior, July 18, 1978, 12; C de D, 1964– 1967, 89, 96, 1970–1973, 103. Bojórquez (León), Juan de Dios

(Deceased July 27, 1967) a—Mar. 8, 1892. b—San Miguel Horcasitas, Sonora. c—Elementary studies at Colegio de Sonora, Hermosillo; agricultural engineering degree, National School of Agriculture, San Jacinto, Federal District, 1912, as scholarship student from Sonora; professor of Mexican history, Normal School, Hermosillo, 1918. d—Deputy to Constitutional Convention, Querétaro, 1916–1917; federal deputy from State of Sonora, 1918–1920; senator from Sonora, 1964–1967. f—Governor, Baja California del Sur; private secretary to Ignacio Bonilla, oficial mayor of Secretariat of Development, 1913; assistant to secretary of development, 1914; director general of agriculture, State of Veracruz, 1914; minister to Honduras, 1921–1922; minister to Guatemala, 1922–1924; minister to Cuba, 1926; head, Department of Statistics, 1926–1932; head, Department of Labor, 1932–1934; secretary of government, 1934–1935; director general, Small Business Bank of the Federal District, 1950–1952; director general, Maíz Industrializada, SA, 1964–1967. g—Organized Local Agrarian Commission of Sonora, 1916; secretary, Local Agrarian Commission of Sonora, 1916; founder and president, Intellectual Workers’ Bloc. h—Author of many biographies; agricultural engineer in Sonora, 1913; administrator, Secretariat of Industry and Commerce, 1914; director of government

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newspaper, El Nacional. j—Participated in the Revolution as a Constitutionalist, 1913; private secretary to General Lino Morales, commander of 20th Sonoran Battalion, 1915. k—Worked in Los Angeles, Calif., 1913. l—DP70, 273; WWM45, 13–14; DGF50, II, 414; Gaxiola, 92ff; Peral, 115; Morton, 7; Enc. Mex., II, 128; Gómez, 148–158; DP95, 454. Bolado del Real, María del Carmen

a—June 21, 1939. Tampico, Tamaulipas. c—Early education unknown; no degree. d—Federal deputy from State of Tamaulipas, Dist. 5, 1991–1994; senator from Tamaulipas, 1994–2000. e—Joined PAN, 1990. f—President, Board of Moral, Civic, and Material Improvements, Flores Colonies, Tamaulipas. g—President, Women’s Civic Action, South Tamaulipas; adviser, COPARMEX and Social Union of Mexican Entrepreneurs. h—None. i—Daughter of Antonio Bolado Salinas, industrialist, and Carmen del Real Carrillo; married Carlos Reyes Betancourt, lawyer. j—None. k—In the Senate, proposed legalizing and regulating drugs, 1998. l—QesQ en el Congreso, 1997–2000, 259–260; DBGM92, 428; www .narconews.com, 2008; Pérez Franco. Bolaños Cacho (Guendeláin), Raúl

(Deceased July 8, 1971) a—June 21, 1916. b—Oaxaca, Oaxaca. c—Early education unknown; law degree, School of Law, Institute of Arts and Sciences of Oaxaca, 1940; special studies in history and sociology; professor of general theory of the state and of Mexican history, Benito Juárez University, Oaxaca. d—Federal deputy from State of Oaxaca, Dist. 3, 1955–1958; president, Chamber of Deputies, 1955; senator from State of Oaxaca, 1964–1970; president, State Legislature of Oaxaca, 1982. e—President of PRI, Oaxaca, 1956–1966; general delegate of CEN of PRI to Nuevo León and Jalisco. f—Director, Cultural Department of Youth Affairs, State of Oaxaca, 1947–1950; director of education, Secretariat of Public Education, State of Oaxaca, 1951–1955; syndic, City Council, Oaxaca. g—Secretary-general

of CNOP of Oaxaca. i—Son Raúl Bolaños Cacho Guzmán was a federal deputy from Oaxaca, 1976–1979, 1988–1991; cousin Demetrio Bolaños Espinosa was a federal deputy from Oaxaca, 1934–1937, 1940–1943; nephew of Miguel Bolaños Cacho, lawyer and governor of Oaxaca; great‑grandson of Aurelanos Bolaños, governor of Oaxaca; grandson of Dr. Ramón Bolaños; married Nila Guzmán Peláez. j—None. k—None. l—C de S, 1964; C de D, 1955–1958; DGF56; Peral, 115; Almanaque de Oaxaca, 1982, 25; Ind. Biog., 26–27; DBGM89, 406. Bolaños Espinosa, Demetrio

(Deceased) a—1900s. b—Oaxaca, Oaxaca. c—Elementary studies at Institute of Arts and Sciences, Oaxaca; engineering degree from National School of Agriculture. d—Federal deputy from State of Oaxaca, 1934–1937; federal deputy from State of Oaxaca, Dist. 4, 1940–1943, member of Securities Committee; member, City Council, Mixcoac, Oaxaca, 1926. e—Director, PRM radio station, Mexico City, 1937. f—Founder and director, Office of Economic Information for States and Federal Territories, 1938–1946; founder and first director, Proa, first newspaper of the Mexican Congress, 1934; editor, El Universal, 1946. g—None. h—Journalist since 1920; editor, El Universal Ilustrado; author and translator under name of Óscar Leblanc. i—Nephew of Miguel Bolaños Cacho, lawyer and governor of Oaxaca; cousin Raúl Bolaños Cacho Guendeláin served as federal deputy from Oaxaca, 1955–1957. j—None. k—National journalism prize, 1983. l—EBW46, 60; Peral, 115; C de D, 1940–1942, 48. Bonfil (Pinto), Alfredo V. (Deceased Jan. 25, 1973) a—Nov. 28, 1936. b—Querétaro, Querétaro. c—Elementary and secondary studies at Normal School Annex, Saltillo, Coahuila; preparatory studies at Ateneo Fuente, Saltillo; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, 1954–1958; professor of world history, Mexican history, and social studies, National Preparatory School,

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1959–1967. d—Federal deputy from State of Querétaro, Dist. 2, 1970–1973, member of Gran Comisión, Agrarian Affairs Committee, 2nd Government Committee, Sugar Industry Committee, and 2nd Constitutional Affairs Committee. e—Campaigned for Francisco López Serrano as precandidate for governor of Coahuila; director of youth for PRI, Federal District; secretary of agrarian action of PRI for Federal District; director of citizen education, National Institute of Mexican Youth, 1964–1970; CNC campaign coordinator for Luis Echeverría, 1970; secretary of agrarian action, CEN of PRI, 1970–1973; member, Program and Ideology Committee of New Advisory Commission to PRI, 1972. f—Private secretary to Francisco López Serrano, secretary-general of Department of Agrarian Affairs, 1959–1964; director general, New Centers of Population, Department of Agrarian Affairs. g—Member, Governing Board, Student Association of National Preparatory School No. 1, 1952–1953; member, CNC Technical Board, 1964; oficial mayor, CNC, 1967–1968; secretary of organization, CNC, 1968– 1970; secretary-general, CNC, 1970–1973. h—None. i—Intimate friend of Augusto Gómez Villanueva; served with Enrique Soto Izquierdo, Pedro Vázquez Colmenares, and Pindaro Urióstegui as leaders of Student Society, National Preparatory School, 1952–1953; close friend and collaborator of Pindaro Urióstegui; son of Ramón G. Bonfil, assistant secretary of education, 1970–1976; married Yolanda Ojeda. j—None. k—Lost as PRI precandidate for governor of Querétaro, 1973; badly injured by a bus while leading a student strike against increased fares, 1958; many Mexicans believe the plane crash in which Bonfil died was sabotaged. l—HA, Apr. 26, 1971, 8; HA, July 10, 1972, 10; Directorio, 1970–1972; Excélsior, Feb. 6, 1973, 18; Excélsior, Jan. 29, 1973, 11; HA, Nov. 12, 1973, 10; Basáñez, 199; DP95, 462–464. Bonfil (Viveros), Ramón G. (Deceased Aug. 30, 1997) a—Feb. 10, 1905. b—Tetepango, Hidalgo. c—Teaching

certificate in elementary-level education, National Teachers’ School, Mexico City, 1923; elementary teacher, Normal School for Men; elementary teacher, Cananea, Sonora, 1923; started legal studies at UNAM but left to continue rural teaching; higher studies in Geneva, 1956, and in Paris, 1958, 1960; professor, Federal Institute of Teacher Education and Michoacán Studies Center; director of various elementary and normal schools; director of elementary schools, Jalisco and Yucatán; director, Rural Normal School, Río Verde, San Luis Potosí; federal school inspector, Sonora and Querétaro; rector, University of Querétaro. d—Federal deputy from State of Hidalgo, Dist. 2, 1943–1946. e—Founding member, with Carlos Madrazo and Lauro Ortega, of CNOP of PRI, Jan. 18, 1942; PRI precandidate for governor of Hidalgo, 1974. f—Director of federal education, Jalisco, 1932; director general of literacy, Secretariat of Public Education, 1964–1968; director general of teacher education, Secretariat of Public Education, 1969–1970; assistant secretarygeneral of public education, 1970–1976; secretary-general, Free Textbook Commission, 1978–1982. g—First secretary-general, Mexican Federation of Teachers, 1932–1933. h—Worked for UNESCO Regional Center of Fundamental Education, Pátzcuaro. i—Son of an illiterate indigenous woman, father, a physician; married Guadalupe Castro; second wife, Carlota Rosado; father of Alfredo V. Bonfil, secretary-general of CNC; father of Guillermo Bonfil Batalla, professor and renowned ethnologist; friend of Adolfo López Mateos beginning in 1933. j—None. k—Supported candidacy of Javier Rojo Gómez for secretary-general of CNC, 1945; awarded Belisario Domínguez Medal. l—DPE65, 140; HA, Dec. 14, 1970; Excélsior, Oct. 20, 1974, 9; Raby, 70; Enc. Mex., II, 140–141; Pérez López, 68; www.comie.org .mx; El Informador, Aug. 31, 1997; www .senado.gob.mx. Bonilla, Adolfo (Deceased) a—June 24, 1880. b—Tlaxco, Tlaxcala. c—Elementary

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studies in Huamantla, Tlaxcala; no college degree. d—Governor, Tlaxcala, 1933–1937. e—None. f—President, Military Tribunal, Puebla, 1927. g—None. h—None. i—Father of Ignacio Bonilla Vázquez, who served as his inspector of police and also became governor; political enemy of Luciano Huerta Sánchez. j—Became active in Antireelectionist Movement in 1910 and joined the Revolution in 1911; reached rank of general in the army, Nov. 17, 1915; fought with Francisco Villa and Emiliano Zapata until 1920; commander, 98th Regiment against de la Huerta rebellion; rank of brigadier general. k—Dissolved Puebla State Legislature, Nov. 15, 1935; started new political group called Antireelectionist Constitutional Party. l—Peral, 116; D de Y, Jan. 1, 1936, 4. Bonilla Castañeda, Javier a—June 18, 1963. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; economics degree from ITAM, 1982–1987; MA in finance economics from UCLA, 1990–1992; professor, CIDE, 1985–1986. d—None. e—None. f—Adviser to secretary of the treasury, 1989–1990; director general of international affairs, Secretariat of Agriculture and Hydraulic Resources, 1992–1994; assistant secretary of planning, Secretariat of Health, 1994–1995. g—None. h—Director, shortterm macroeconomic analysis, Applied Economics, 1986–1988; consultant, Summa, 1982–1985. i—Son of Javier Bonilla García, director general of CONASUPO and secretary of labor, and Margarita Castañeda Santibáñez, economist. j—None. k—None. l—Pescador, 115–116; DBGM92, 58; DBGM94, CD. Bonilla Cortés, Roberto T. (Deceased Aug. 4, 1962) a—May 28, 1893. b—Tetela de Ocampo, Puebla. c—Elementary education in Puebla; secondary education at Normal School in Puebla, 1908, and Normal School in Mexico City; law degree, Free Law School, May 2, 1925, with thesis on the public jury in Mexico; teacher at Normal School of Puebla; normal school teacher,

1915–1926; professor, Military College, 1924; professor, National Polytechnic Institute, 1925–1941; professor of law, National School of Law, UNAM, 1937–1939. d—None. e—None. f—Military judge, 1927–1935; judge, Supreme Tribunal of Military Justice, 1935–1940; attorney general of military justice, 1940–1941; assistant secretary of public education, Sept. 9, 1941–1943; secretarygeneral of government, State of Puebla, 1951–1956. g—None. h—Military adviser, 1925–1926. i—Friend of Rafael Ávila Camacho and Lauro Ortega; brother of Javier Bonilla Cortés, federal deputy, 1955–1958; joined the Revolution as normal school student with José A. Ceniceros and Jesús González Lugo. j—Fought in the Revolution, 1914; rank of brigadier general of the army, 1941. k—None. l—WWM45, 14; Hoy, Sept. 20, 1941, 3; DGF56, 98; Correa, 46, 77; Kirk, 150; DGF51, 91; DP95, 465. Bonilla Díaz de la Vega, Pedro a—Apr. 10, 1933. b—Pátzcuaro, Michoacán. c—Early education unknown; medical degree, UNAM, 1956–1962. d—PPS federal party deputy, 1973–1976; plurinominal federal deputy from PSUM, 1982–1985. e—Joined PCM, 1978; PCM candidate for federal deputy from Veracruz, Dist. 3, 1979; member, PPM, 1977–1981; member, State Committee of the PSUM, Veracruz, 1981; member, Central Committee of the PSUM, 1981; PSUM candidate for federal deputy from Veracruz, Dist. 3, 1982; PPS candidate for mayor of Poza Rica, Veracruz, 1976; PPS candidate for senator from Puebla, 1970. f—Physician, PEMEX, 1966–1967. g—None. h—Practicing physician. j—None. k—None. l—Directorio, 1982–1985; C de D, 1973–1976; C de D, 1982–1985; Lehr, 626. Bonilla García, Jesús Javier a—Nov. 11, 1937. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; economics degree, Autonomous Technological Institute of Mexico, 1956–1960, with thesis titled “Census Information and Structural Changes in Mexican Industry,” 1962; postgraduate

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work in economic planning, Institute of Social Studies, The Hague, 1962–1963; professor of economic theory, National School of Economics, UNAM; professor of political economy, School of Anthropology, Ibero‑American University. d—None. e—Joined PRI, 1961. f—Director, Office of Basic Economic Statistics, Secretariat of Industry and Commerce, 1960; director, Office of Industrial Census, Secretariat of Industry and Commerce, 1959–1960; director, Technical Department, Secretariat of Industry and Commerce, 1960–1964; assistant director of statistics, Secretariat of Industry and Commerce, 1964–1971; director general of Economic Statistics, Secretariat of Industry and Commerce, 1972– 1973; director, National Commission on the Minimum Wage, 1973–1977; assistant secretary of educational planning, Secretariat of Public Education, 1976–1978; executive adviser to director general of INFONAVIT, 1977–1978; assistant director of institutional services, IMSS, 1978–1982; president, National Commission on the Minimum Wage, Secretariat of Labor, 1982–1988; assistant secretary “B” of labor, 1988–1991; director general, CONASUPO, 1991–1995; secretary of labor, Aug. 19, 1995–May 12, 1998. g—None. h—Office worker, Legal Department, PEMEX, 1954–1959; founder and director, J. Bonilla García Associates. i—Son of Anselmo Bonilla Esevan, lawyer, and Elena García Piña, secretary; married Margarita Castañeda Santibáñez; son Javier Bonilla Castañeda was director general of international affairs, Secretariat of Foreign Relations, 1992. j—None. k—None. l—Excélsior, Sept. 29, 1978, 14; Q es QAP, 359; DBGM84, 62; DBGM87, 59; El Nacional, Jan. 3, 1991, 1, 5; El Financiero, Aug. 28, 1995, 3. Bonilla Robles, José Eulogio a—Jan. 25, 1946. b—Fresnillo, Zacatecas. c—Early education unknown; law degree, Higher College of Legal Sciences, 1998; mechanical engineering degree, ITESM. d—Local deputy, State Legislature of Zacatecas,

1969–1972; alternate senator from Zacatecas, in functions, 1976–1980; mayor, Fresnillo, 1980–1982; federal deputy from State of Zacatecas, Dist. 2, 1991–1994; federal deputy from State of Zacatecas, Dist. 1, 1997–2000, coordinator of PRI delegation from Zacatecas; senator from Zacatecas, 2000–2006. e—Joined PRI, 1960; president of PRI, Zacatecas; member, National Political Council of PRI, 1995–2000. f—Syndic, Fresnillo, 1968–1969; director and federal delegate, Secretariat of Tourism, Zacatecas, 1975–1976. g—Secretary-general of CNOP, Zacatecas, 1965–1968. h—Businessman; owner of radio stations, automobile tire companies, and gas stations. i—Son of José Eulogio Bonilla Montoya and Lydia Robles Santillán, teacher; married Hilda Gómez Mendoza. j—None. k—None. l—QesQ en el Congreso, 1997–2000, 133; www.secgob .gob.mx, 1997, 2007; DBGM92, 428–429; director Congreso, 2000–2003, 309; QesQ en el Congreso, 2000–2003, 337. Bonilla Vázquez, Ignacio (Deceased Jan. 19, 1970) a—1901. b—Apizaco, Tlaxcala. c—Early education unknown; no degree. d—Senator from State of Tlaxcala, 1964–1968; governor, Tlaxcala, 1969–1970. e—None. f—Inspector of police, State of Tlaxcala, during father’s gubernatorial administration; director general of fishing and related industries, Secretariat of the Navy, 1952–1958; chief of purchasing, Secretariat of National Defense, 1959–1963. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Adolfo Bonilla, governor of Tlaxcala, 1933–1937; collaborator of Rodolfo Sánchez Taboada as president of PRI, where he met Luis Echeverría. j—Career army officer in the cavalry; rank of colonel, Dec. 8, 1954; rank of brigadier general, Sept. 12, 1961; retired from active duty. k—¿Por Qué? claims he made a personal fortune as chief of purchasing for national defense; fought a bitter campaign against Luciano Huerta Sánchez for governorship of Tlaxcala, 1968. l—WWMG, 9; DGF56, 383; DP70, 280; ¿Por Qué? July 4, 1969, 15.

112  m e xic a n p oli t i c a l b i o g ra ph i e s , 1935–20 0 9 Borge Martín, Miguel a—Oct. 30, 1943. b—Cozumel, Quintana Roo. c—Early education unknown; aeronautical engineering degree, IPN, 1962–1965; MA, Brown University, Providence, R.I., 1971–1973; PhD, University of Paris, 1978–1980; professor, IPN, 1970; professor, Ibero-American University, 1969–1970, 1973–1974; professor of engineering, Graduate School, National School of Engineering, UNAM, 1974. d—Senator from State of Quintana Roo, 1982–1987; governor, Quintana Roo, 1987–1993. e—Member of PRI. f—Adviser to governor of Quintana Roo, 1974–1975; director general of livestock, Quintana Roo, 1975–1978; secretary of economic development, Quintana Roo, 1981–1982; director, Convention and Visitors Bureau, Cancún. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Cecilio Borge Sade, businessman, and Margarita Martín Vázquez; married Rosalía Janetti Díaz, educator and principal. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM89, 666; HA, Nov. 4, 1986, 12; C de S, 1982–1988; DBGM92, 730. Borja Martínez, Francisco a—Jan. 7, 1932. b—Federal District. c—Elementary studies at Colegio de México, Mexico City; law degree, UNAM, 1950–1954; studies in credit, CEMLA, 1957; professor, IberoAmerican University, 1957–1987; professor, CEMLA, 1962–1964; professor, Free Law School, 1984–1987. d—None. e—None. f—None. g—Private secretary to assistant secretary of industry and commerce, 1959– 1970; assistant director, Bank of Mexico, 1982–1985; assistant director general, Bank of Mexico, 1985–1994. h—None. i—Son of Manuel Borja Covarrubias, public notary and longtime professor at UNAM and Free Law School, and María de la Luz Mújica Martínez Bejarano; married María de la Luz Mújica Acereto; nephew Manuel Borja Chico, Jr. is on board of Mexicana Airlines with leading Mexican capitalists and is son-in-law of Fernando Chico Pardo, director general of Grupo Financiera Inbursa; brother Manuel Borja Martínez was dean of

School of Law, Ibero-American university, 1966–1971. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM84, 63; Musacchio, 52; www.sobrecardoinfor ma.blogspot.com, 2008; DBGM94, CD; DBGM87. Borja Navarrete, Gilberto a—Jan. 9, 1929. b—Federal District. c—Elementary and secondary studies, public schools, Federal District; preparatory studies at National Preparatory School, 1944–1946; civil engineering degree, National School of Engineering, UNAM, 1946–1951; member, Board of Trustees, UNAM and UNAM Foundation; professor, Women’s University of Mexico. d—None. e—None. f—Director general, National Finance Bank, 1995–1997. g—Secretary, Student Society, UNAM; president, Student Society, UNAM, 1950–1951; vice president, Federation of University Students; member, Mexican Council of Businessmen, 1980–1995. h—Began working with his father’s student, Fernando Espinosa, in Department of the Federal District; joined Grupo ICA as auxiliary engineer, 1950; engineering positions, Polimar, 1953–1961; assistant manager, Grupo ICA, 1961; assistant director, director, and director general, Capital Division, Grupo ICA, 1964– 1971; member, Board of Directors, Grupo ICA, 1967–1994; vice president, Engineering Division, Grupo ICA, 1971–1974; vice president, Heavy Construction Division, Grupo ICA, 1974–1977; executive vice president, Grupo ICA, 1977–1984; president, Board of Directors, Grupo ICA, 1984–1995; member, Board of Directors, FEMSA and Seguros América. i—Son of Ángel Borja Osorno, engineer and prominent engineering professor at UNAM, and María Teresa Navarrete Salas; married Gloria Suárez García; brother Ángel was a vice president of Grupo ICA. j—None. k—None. l—Proceso, Mar. 8, 1993, 17; WWM87, 70; La Jornada, July 5, 1995; Líderes, 7, 33–39. Borrego Estrada, Genaro a—Feb. 28, 1949. b—Zacatecas, Zacatecas. c—Secondary and preparatory studies in Zacatecas; 2 additional years of preparatory studies in

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Mexico City; degree in industrial relations, Ibero-American University, 1966–1969, with thesis on worker participation in management; rector, University of Zacatecas. d—Federal deputy from State of Zacatecas, Dist. 1, 1982–1985; governor, Zacatecas, 1986–1992; senator from Zacatecas, 2000–2006. e—Joined PRI, 1968; founding member, National Revolutionary Youth Movement of PRI, 1973; auxiliary secretary to Miguel de la Madrid, presidential campaign, 1981–1982; general delegate of CEN of PRI to Colima, 1983; oficial mayor, CEN of PRI, 1982–1986; president, CEN of PRI, 1992–1993. f—Private secretary to director general, National Ejido Credit Bank, José Rodríguez Elías, 1968–1972; director general of personnel, IMSS, 1973–1976, when Ricardo García Sáinz was assistant director general; private secretary to assistant secretary of control of government properties, Ricardo García Sáinz, 1976–1977; private secretary to secretary of planning and budgeting, Ricardo García Sáinz, 1977–1979; director general of administration, INFONAVIT, 1979–1980; director general of administration and planning, Grupo DINA, 1980–1981; director general, Ciudad Sahagún Trust, 1982; president, Superior Tribunal of Justice of State of Zacatecas; director general, IMSS, 1993–1994; director general of IMSS, 1994– 2000. g—President, Student Association in secondary and preparatory school. h—None. i—Son of Genaro Borrego Suárez del Real, lawyer, rector of University of Zacatecas, 1958–1959, and founder of PAN in Zacatecas, and Olga Estrada Padres; married Elizabeth Hoffmann Atkinson; attended Ibero-American University with Emilio Gamboa Patrón, whom he invited to be his auxiliary secretary during Miguel de la Madrid’s campaign; José Rodríguez Elías helped him attend IberoAmerican University when Borrego’s father died in 1967; grandfather Genaro Borrego was president of Superior Tribunal of Justice, Zacatecas; brother Felipe Borrego was a PAN federal deputy, 2006–2009, and president of Superior Tribunal of Justice of Zacatecas,

1998–2004. j—None. k—Forced to leave presidency of PRI after many problems with state and local PRI leaders; resigned from PRI, June 5, 2006, to declare support for Felipe Calderón for president. l—DBGM, 477; DBGM89, 667; Proceso, Apr. 13, 1992, 9–11; Lehr, 533; HA, Mar. 25, 1986, 25; C de D, 1982–1985; Proceso, Jan. 7, 1991, 27–28; Líderes, 12, 25–30; DP95, 472; QesQ en el Congreso, 2000–2003, 338; www.es.wiki pedia.org; www.senado.gob.mx, 2003. Borunda, Teófilo R. a—Dec. 22, 1912. b—Chihuahua, Chihuahua. c—Elementary, secondary, and preparatory studies in Chihuahua; no degree. d—Mayor, Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua, 1940–1941; federal deputy from State of Chihuahua, Dist. 3, 1943–1946, 1949–1952, president of Gran Comisión; alternate senator from State of Chihuahua, 1946–1952; senator from State of Chihuahua, 1952–1956, member of Gran Comisión, Committee on Taxes, 1st Committee on Government, and Special Commission on Tourist Affairs, substitute member of 1st Committee on Petroleum; governor, Chihuahua, 1956–1962. e—Secretary-general, National Executive Committee of PRI, 1946–1950; PRI precandidate for senator from Chihuahua, 1970, 1982, but did not win nomination. f—Ambassador to Argentina, 1971. g—Founder of local CNOP chapter in Ciudad Juárez, 1942; first secretary of educational action, CNOP, 1943. h—Leading cattleman in Chihuahua with holdings in Santa Isabel and on Hacienda de Encinillas. i—Friend of Rodolfo Sánchez Taboada; uncle José Borunda, a federal deputy and mayor of Ciudad Juárez, was killed by a bomb in a political feud, 1938; longtime friend of Luis Echeverría; son of Cleófas Borunda and Aurelia Ortiz, farmers who bought part of the old Terrazas’ estate; ties to Dr. Mariano Samaniego’s family, political boss of El Paso, Tex., 1860s–1905; father-in-law of Fidel Herrera Beltrán, federal deputy from Veracruz; married Hortensia Flores; daughter married grandson of Rodrigo Quevedo Moreno, governor of Chihuahua, 1932–1936. j—None.

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k—Answered Miguel Alemán’s 5th State of the Union address, 1951. l—Hoy, Mar. 21, 1971, 4; DGF47, 22; DGF56, 6; D del S, Dec. 6, 1946, 1; HA, May 9, 1955, 3; DGF51, 6, 20, 27, 29; C de D, 1949–1951; Ind. Biog., 22–28; Loret de Mola, 26; Wasserman, 6, 13–14; Excélsior, Dec. 26, 1981, 16A; Proceso, Mar. 8, 1982, 6–9; www.docentes.uacj.mx; www .el-universal.com.mx, June 8, 2008. Bosques Saldívar, Gilberto (Deceased July 4, 1995) a—July 20, 1892. b—Villa de Chiahutla, Puebla. c—Elementary studies in Chiahutla under his mother; completed studies at Normal Institute of State of Puebla; continued studies in 1911; teaching certificate; professor at Normal Institute of Puebla; teacher at elementary and secondary level in Puebla; professor of Spanish, Higher School of Construction, Secretariat of Industry and Commerce. d—Federal deputy from State of Puebla, Dist. 7, 1922– 1924; federal deputy from State of Puebla, Dist. 6, 1934–1937, president of Chamber of Deputies. e—Secretary of press and publicity, CEN of PRM, 1937–1939; PRI precandidate for governor of Puebla, 1949. f—Employee, Department of Technical Education for Women, Secretariat of Public Education; employee, Press Department, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1929; director general, El Nacional, 1938, with Luis C. Manjarrez; first consul general, Marseille, France, 1938–1942; chargé d’affaires, Vichy, France, 1939–1942; minister to Portugal, 1946–1950; minister to Finland and Sweden, 1950–1953; ambassador to Cuba, 1953–1964; retired from Foreign Service, 1967. g—President, Executive Committee, Association of Normal School Students, 1910; director, Maderista student movement, State of Puebla, 1910. h—Journalist, Mexico City, 1920. i—Good friend of Narciso Bassols; grandson of Antonio Bosques, who fought Maximilian; son of Cornelio C. Bosques, merchant, and María de la Paz Saldívar; married María Luisa C. Manjarrez, sister of Luis C. Manjarrez, senator, 1952–1958, and granddaughter of Froylán C. Manjarrez, federal deputy from Puebla,

1937–1940 and secretary of publicity of CEN of PNR. j—Participated in Aquiles Serdán conspiracy; organized students and teachers against Victoriano Huerta, 1913. k—Known as “Schindler of Mexico” for helping Jews in Vichy; prisoner in Germany, 1942–1944. l—DBP, 721–722, letter; Casasola, V; CyT, 115; Excélsior, Oct. 7, 1984, 11, 26A. Bracamontes (Gálvez), Luis Enrique

a—June 22, 1923. b—Talpalpa, Jalisco. c—Preparatory at National Preparatory School, Mexico City; engineering degree from National School of Engineering, UNAM, Aug. 22, 1946, with thesis titled “Planning Civil Engineering Works”; MS in physical science, UNAM, 1942–1945; professor, National Preparatory School, Mexico City, 1940–1947; professor of topography, National School of Engineering, UNAM, 1944–1952. d—None. e—Joined PRI, 1938. f—Head, University City Construction, Mexico City, Secretariat of Public Works, 1950–1955; assistant secretary of public works, 1952–1958; assistant secretary of public works, 1958–1964; director general, National Commission of Secondary Roads, 1952–1964; secretary of public works, 1970–1976; director general, Mexican Transportation Institute, Secretariat of Industry and Commerce, 1989–1994. g—None. h—Construction engineer on urban projects in Federal District and other parts of Mexico, 1946–1949; engineer, University City project; adviser to national railroads, 1953–1958, National Urban Mortgage Bank, and Secretariat of Public Works, 1953–1964; director general, Mexican Company of Engineering Consultants, SA, 1965–1970; director general, Ciudad Industrial del Valle de Cuernavaca, 1966–1970; president of consulting firm, 1977–1988. i—Friend of Carlos Lazo; student of Antonio Dovalí Jaime at National School of Engineering; son of Enrique Bracamontes Torres, accountant, and Emma Gálvez Gutiérrez; married María Beatriz Manero Sastre. j—None. k—One of youngest men ever to become assistant secretary in a Mexican cabinet; PRI precandidate for president

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of Mexico, 1975. l—HA, Dec. 7, 1970, 25; DBM68, 78; DGF56, 251; letters; Cadena, 34; Enc. Mex., II, 153; DBGM89, 55–56; DBGM92, 60–61. Brasdefer Hernández, Gloria a—Mar. 21, 1939. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; law degree, National School of Law, UNAM, 1959–1964; courses in public administration, Buenos Aires, 1967–1969; professor of administrative law, School of Political and Social Sciences, UNAM, 1969–1982. d—Representative, Assembly of the Federal District, Dist. 3, 1988–1991; federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. 3, 1991–1994; delegate of Tláhuac to the Department of the Federal District, 1997. e—Member, Advisory Council of IEPES of PRI. f—Lawyer, Division of Legal and Legislative Affairs, Secretariat of the Presidency, 1965–1969; analyst, Technical Sec., Public Administration Commission, Secretariat of the Presidency, 1969–1971; chief, Department of Compilation and Analysis, Division of Administrative Studies, Secretariat of the Presidency, 1971–1974; technical secretary, Advisory Technical Committee on Legal Norms for the Public Sector, Secretariat of Labor, 1971–1974; director general of programs, organization and information, Secretariat of Labor, 1977–1978; oficial mayor of labor, 1978–1982; oficial mayor of fishing, 1982–1988; technical secretary, National Public Security System Council, 2001–2006. g—None. h—None. i—Daughter of Guillermo Brasdefer Tamayo, white-collar worker, and Ana María Hernández Perezcano; married Raúl Corres Ricárdez, lawyer; sister Graciela was director general of programming, Banrural, 1989. j—None. l—IEPES; Q es QAP, 409; Protag., 56; DBGM, 64; DBGM89, 565; DBGM92, 429. Brauer Herrera, Óscar a—Dec. 14, 1922. b—Jalapa, Veracruz. c—Elementary and secondary studies in Jalapa; agricultural engineering degree with specialization in parasitic plants, National School of Agriculture, 1952; MS, University of California,

Davis, 1954–1955; PhD, Georg August University, Göttingen, Germany, 1960–1962; professor of genetics, Graduate School, National School of Agriculture, 1959–1960, 1962–1969; research professor, 1959–1965; director, Graduate School, National School of Agriculture, 1965–1969. d—None. e—None. f—Horticulture researcher, Office of Special Studies, Secretariat of Agriculture, 1952–1958; researcher on hybrid corn, Rockefeller Foundation, 1954–1963; director, Center for Agricultural Research, Central Plateau, Office of Special Studies, Chapingo, State of Mexico, 1958; director, Center of Agricultural Research, Sinaloa, 1969–1970; director, National Institute of Agricultural Research; assistant secretary of agriculture, 1972–1974; secretary of agriculture, 1974– 1976. g—None. h—Agronomist, Anderson Clayton, Matamoros, 1951–1952; author of many technical books and articles; speaks 4 languages and reads 7. j—None. k—None. l—letter; HA, Oct. 30, 1972, 30; HA, Jan. 14, 1974, 14. Bravo Aguilera, Luis a—Apr. 30, 1935. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; economics degree, National School of Economics, UNAM, 1953–1957, with thesis titled “The Capital Market in Mexico,” Nov. 13, 1958; graduate studies at Columbia University, New York, 1959–1961; MA in economics, Harvard University, 1961; professor of economic theory, National School of Economics, UNAM, 1962–1966; professor of monetary theory, Ibero-American University, 1962. d—None. e—Joined PRI, 1963; auxiliary coordinator, IEPES of PRI, 1963–1964. f—Director general of industries, Secretariat of Industry and Commerce, 1964–1970; assistant director general of tariffs and international affairs, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1970–1976; director general of tariffs and border affairs, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1976; director general of tariffs, Secretariat of Commerce, 1977–1982; assistant secretary of foreign trade, Secretariat of Commerce, 1982–1988; director, Board of Directors, Bancomer, 1988–1990.

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g—President, National School of Economics, 1953–1957 class. h—Consultant in foreign trade, director general, Economics and Finance, 1997. i—Protégé of Octaviano Campos Salas; son of Alfredo Bravo Carranza, mechanic, and María Luisa Aguilera García; married Carolina Rangel Ortiz. j—None. k—None. l—IEPES; Q es QAP, 189; Protag., 57; MGF69; DBGM, 64; DBGM89, 57. Bravo Ahuja, Rodrigo (Deceased) a—June 23, 1913. b—Tuxtepec, Oaxaca. c—Business administration studies; private accounting degree. d—Alternate federal deputy from State of Oaxaca, Dist. 4, 1961–1964; federal deputy from State of Oaxaca, Dist. 4, 1967–1970, 1976–1979. e—Member of PRI. f—None. g—None. i—Son of Rodrigo Bravo and Carmen Ahuja; brother of Víctor Bravo Ahuja, secretary of public education, 1971– 1976. j—None. k—PAN has accused him of being a cacique in Oaxaca. l—Excélsior, Dec. 8, 1975, 17; C de D, 1967–1970; C de D, 1976–1979. Bravo Ahuja, Víctor (Deceased Sept. 2, 1990) a—Feb. 20, 1918. b—Tuxtepec, Oaxaca. c—Elementary studies at Alfonso XIII Spanish Institute, Tacubaya, Federal District; preparatory studies at Higher School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, IPN; degree in aeronautical engineering from School of Engineering, National Polytechnic Institute, Aug. 20, 1940; studies at Heroic Military College, 1938–1944; postgraduate work in science at National University, Cal Tech, 1943–1944, and University of Michigan, 1944–1945; MS, Cal Tech, Pasadena, 1944; professor of aviation mechanics, Military School of Aviation, 1938–1939; professor of physics, School of Sciences, UNAM, 1941–1942; professor of engineering, National Polytechnic Institute, 1941, 1945–1968; professor, Graduate School, Technical Institute of Monterrey; professor, Military College, 1942–1943; member of many educational advisory boards in Mexico; president, Center of Investigations and Advanced Studies, 1961–1968; founder and director, Institute of Industrial Investigation

of Monterrey, 1950–1959; director of summer sessions, Technical Institute of Higher Studies of Monterrey, 1951–1955; director, Engineering School, Technical Institute of Higher Studies of Monterrey, 1955–1958; secretary-general, Technical Institute of Higher Studies of Monterrey, 1948–1949; rector, Technical Institute of Higher Studies of Monterrey, 1950–1958. d—Governor, Oaxaca, 1968–1970. e—None. f—Chief, Office of Engineering, Aeronautical Shops, Mexican Air Force; assistant secretary of technical and vocational education, 1958– 1964; assistant secretary of technical and graduate education, 1964–1968; secretary of public education, 1971–1976. g—None. h—Consultant to UNESCO, 1958–1968; author of many articles in his professional field. i—Brother of Rodrigo Bravo Ahuja, federal deputy from Oaxaca, 1967–1970, 1976–1979; son of Rodrigo Bravo and Carmen Ahuja; compadre of Fernando Gómez Sandoval, substitute governor of Oaxaca; son Víctor was director general of social development, IMSS, 1986–1989. j—None. l—HA, Dec. 7, 1970, 25; WWMG, 9; GdNL, 17; letter; HA, Dec. 21, 1964, 6; HA, Feb. 22, 1971, 17; Excélsior, Dec. 8, 1975, 17; Enc. Mex., II, 162. Bravo Carrera, Luis Mario (Deceased) a—Nov. 1, 1902. b—Oaxaca, Oaxaca. c—Elementary studies in Oaxaca; preparatory studies at Institute of Arts and Sciences of Oaxaca; graduated from Naval College at Veracruz, Nov. 16, 1924. d—None. e—None. f—Naval attaché to Mexican Embassy in Rome; secretary of the navy, 1970–1976. g—None. h—None. i—Married Graciela Román. j—Career naval officer; assistant director of naval boat construction, Spain; commander, 6th Naval Zone; rank of corvette captain, June 1, 1941; director, Naval School of the Pacific, Mazatlán, Sinaloa, 1947; rank of rear admiral, 1952; commander, 3rd Naval Zone, Veracruz, 1956; chief of staff, 1st and 3rd Naval zones; director, Naval College at Veracruz; chief of staff of the navy; director general of

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the fleet, 1958–1961; rank of admiral, Nov. 20, 1963; oficial mayor of the navy. k—On retired list when appointed secretary of the navy. l—DGF47, 234; D de Y, Dec. 6, 1970, 2; HA, Dec. 7, 1970, 24; DGF56, 386; DPE61, 39; Excélsior, Dec. 8, 1975, 17; HA, June 21, 1976, 11. Bravo Hernández, Mayo Arturo a—May 14, 1938. b—Federal District. c—Elementary and secondary studies in Federal District; accounting degree in Federal District. d—PAN Federal party deputy from Federal District, 1970–1973. e—Joined PAN, 1965; member, Regional Committee of PAN for Federal District; chief, Regional Committee of PAN for Dist. 20 of Federal District; PAN candidate for Federal District Assembly, Dist. 4, 2006. f—None. g—None. i—Married María Emma Hernández. j—None. k—None. l—C de D, 1970–1973, 145; www .df.pan.org.mx. Bravo Izquierdo, Donato (Deceased Aug. 21, 1971) a—Nov. 5, 1890. b—Coxcotlán, Tehuacán, Puebla. c—Elementary and secondary studies in public and private schools in State of Puebla and Orizaba, Veracruz; no degree. d—Deputy to Constitutional Congress of Querétaro from State of Mexico, Dist. 15, 1916–1917; federal deputy from State of Mexico, Dist. 15, 1918–1920; federal deputy from State of Puebla, Dist. 11, 1928–1930; provisional governor, Puebla, 1928; senator from Puebla, 1958–1964, president of War Matériel Committee, member of Railroad Committee, substitute member of Military Justice Committee, 2nd Petroleum Committee, 1st Balloting Committee. e—President, PNR, Federal District, 1940. f—None. g—None. h—Employee, Thread and Fabric Factory, Ciudad Mendoza, Veracruz, 1909. i—Son of José María Bravo Omos and Aurelia Izquierdo. j—Career military officer; joined Zapata in Izúcar de Matamoros, 1910, after revolting in Tehuacán; fought under Gabriel Gavira and Heriberto Jara; fought under General Barbosa in Puebla, Veracruz, Tlaxcala, and Hidalgo, 1913; zone commander, 1st Military

Zone, Federal District; inspector general of the army, 3rd Inspection Commission; supported General Obregón against Carranza, 1920; fought against de la Huerta, 1923; fought against Escobar, 1929; commander, 25th Military Zone, Puebla, 1948, 1957; rank of brigadier general, 1942. k—Participated in Santa Rosa textile strike, 1907. l—WWM45, 15; McAlister, 224; Peral, 118; C de S, 1961– 1964, 52; Func., 316; Dávila, 112; Rev. de Ejer., Oct., 1957, 40; www.mexico-tenoch.com; DP95, 483. Bravo Mena, Luis Felipe a—Sept. 28, 1952. b—Guanajuato, León. c—Elementary studies at Colegio de Paz, private school, Silao, Guanajuato; secondary studies at Colegio La Salle, León; preparatory studies at Colegio La Salle, 1968–1969; law degree, University of Guanajuato, 1969–1975, with thesis on organizational problems of the Mexican state; degree in political philosophy, Pan American University, 1983; professor, 1984–1991. d—Plurinominal federal deputy from PAN, 1991–1994; senator from State of Mexico, 1994–1997. e—Joined PAN, 1969; student leader in PAN; director, campaign for federal deputy, 18th District, State of Mexico, 1982; political adviser, PAN presidential campaign, 1987–1988; adviser, PAN, State of Mexico, 1991–1995; PAN candidate for governor, State of Mexico, 1993; member of CEN of PAN, 1993; secretary of international relations, CEN of PAN, 1996; president of CEN of PAN, 1999–2002, 2002–2005. f—Adviser, City of Guanajuato, 1973–1975; actuary, Superior Tribunal of Justice, Guanajuato, 1971–1973; ambassador to the Vatican, 2005–2008; private secretary to president of Mexico, 2008–2010. g—Political analyst, CCE, 1978–1983; director of political action, COPARMEX, 1983–1986. h—Assistant director, Institute of Strategic Proposals, 1986–1987. i—Son of Luis Felipe Bravo García, salesman, and Luz María Mena Montoya; married María Teresita del Niño Jesús Tinoco Aldama j—None. k—None. l—Cien Nombres, 51–54; Musacchio, 54; www.esmas.com, 2007; Pérez

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Franco, 47–48; D de Y, Mar. 6, 2000; DBGM94, CD; letter. Bravo Padilla, Itzcóatl Tonatiuh

a—Feb. 7, 1960. b—Coatzacoalcos, Veracruz. c—Early education unknown; economics degree, University of Guadalajara, 1977–1982; MA in public administration, University of Nuevo León, 1991–1992; doctoral studies in information and knowledge, Free University of Cataluña, Spain; director general of secondary education, University of Guadalajara, 1989–1991; coordinator, Extension Program, University of Guadalajara, 1992; coordinator, Economic and Administrative Sciences, University of Guadalajara, 1993–1994; vice rector, University of Guadalajara; rector, University of Guadalajara, 1998–2003. d—Member, City Council, Guadalajara, 1998; plurinominal federal deputy (independent), 1994–1997; plurinominal federal deputy from PRD, 2006–2009. e—None. f—None. g—President, Student Society, School of Economics, University of Guadalajara, 1980–1981; president, Guadalajara Student Federation, 1985–1988. h—None. i—Son of Rodolfo Bravo Hernández and María de Jesús Padilla Martínez. j—None. k—None. l—Directorio del Congreso, 2006–2009, 333; www.diputados.gob.mx, 2007; www .cddhcu.gob.mx, 1994–1997. Bravo Silva, José a—1926. b—Morelia, Michoacán. c—Early education unknown; studies in economics at School of Economics, Autonomous Technological Institute of Mexico, Mexico City, 1946–1950; received economics degree in 1953 with thesis titled “An Essay on the Administrative Control of Prices.” d—None. e—None. f—Assistant director, Department of Prices, Division of Prices, Secretariat of Industry and Commerce, 1955; assistant director general, National Bank of Foreign Commerce, 1970–1976. g—None. i—Supported Carlos Torres Manzo for governor of Michoacán, 1974. j—None. k—None. l—Letter; DNED, 46; Excélsior, Jan. 19, 1974, 8.

Bravo Valencia, Enrique (Deceased) a—1909. b—Jiquilpan, Michoacán. c—Elementary and secondary studies in Jiquilpan; completed second year of secondary; no degree. d—Mayor, Jiquilpan, 1943–1944, 1953; federal deputy from State of Michoacán, Dist. 4, 1946–1949, member of Mail and Telegraph, Indigenous Affairs, and Social Action committees; local deputy, State Legislature of Michoacán; mayor, Morelia, Michoacán; senator from Michoacán, 1952–1958, member of National Properties and Resources Committee, 2nd Ejido Committee, 1st Mines Committee, and 1st Balloting Group. e—Secretary-general, Regional Committee of PRI, Federal District; president of PRI in Michoacán, 1952; secretary of organization, Dámaso Cárdenas gubernatorial campaign, Michoacán, 1950. f—President, federal Board of Moral, Civic, and Material Improvements, Morelia; director, Federal Treasury Office No. 17, 1964–1970; director, Federal Treasury Office No. 4, 1971–1976. g—None. h—None. j—None. k—PRI precandidate for governor of Michoacán, 1956, 1962, 1968, and 1974. l—Ind. Biog., 28; Excélsior, Dec. 20, 1973, 9; C de S, 1952–1958; C de D, 1946–1949, 6; www.michoacan.gob.mx /municipios. Bremauntz (Martínez) Alberto

(Deceased Dec. 9, 1978) a—Aug. 13, 1897. b—Morelia, Michoacán. c—Elementary studies in Morelia, Uruapan, and Ciudad Hidalgo; studies at Colegio de San Nicolás, 1910; graduated from Normal School of Michoacán, 1916; law degree from University of Michoacán, 1929, with thesis on participation in utilities and salaries in Mexico; professor of economics, University of Michoacán; secondary teacher at various schools; professor and director, School of Business, University of Michoacán; rector, University of Michoacán, 1963–1966. d—Mayor, Morelia, 1929; local deputy, State Legislature of Michoacán, 1931; federal deputy from State of Michoacán, 1932–1934;

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alternate senator from Michoacán, 1934– 1940. e—Secretary-general, PNR, Michoacán; founding member, Socialist Party of Michoacán; secretary-general of Francisco J. Múgica’s gubernatorial campaign, Michoacán, 1920. f—Stenographer for Francisco Múgica, Department of General Provisions, Federal District Department, 1918–1920; private secretary to Francisco Múgica, 1920; judge, First Penal Court, Federal District, 1934; justice, Superior Tribunal of Justice, Federal District, 1935–1963. g—Founder, Socialist Front of Mexican Lawyers, 1934. h—Founded several newspapers in Michoacán; agent, Ministerio Público, Michoacán; public defender; consulting lawyer to Agustín Leñero, secretary-general of government, Michoacán, 1929–1930; consulting lawyer to Lázaro Cárdenas and Dámaso Cárdenas. i—Father, a musician and pharmacist; uncle of Ernesto Soto Reyes, senator from Michoacán, 1934–1940; uncle of José María Mendoza Pardo, governor of Michoacán, 1944–1949; son Alberto Bremauntz Monge was assistant director of PEMEX; Jesús Romero Flores, senator from Michoacán, 1964–1970, longtime friend and benefactor; married Inés Monge Munguía. j—None. k—President, Education Committee, Chamber of Deputies, which presented revision of Art. 3 to include socialist education, 1933. l—Garrido, 201; Bremauntz; Excélsior, Dec. 9, 1978, 20; DP95, 484–485. Bremer Martino, Juan José a—May 22, 1944. b—Federal District. c—Law degree, National School of Law, UNAM, Oct. 2, 1967, honorable mention, with thesis on international law; 9.6 GPA out of 10 for all courses at law school. d—Federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. 23, 1985–1988. e—Professor of analysis of Mexican Constitution, Institute of Political Education, PRI; president, Cultural Committee, IEPES of PRI, 1981; secretary of ideology, CEN of PRI, 1987. f—Personal secretary to Ignacio Ovalle Fernández, private secretary of president of Mexico, 1970–1972; private secretary to

President Luis Echeverría, 1972–1975, assistant secretary, Secretariat of the Presidency, 1975–1976; director general, Institute of Fine Arts, 1976–1982; ambassador to Switzerland, 1982; assistant secretary of culture, Secretariat of Public Education, 1982–1985; ambassador to the Soviet Union, 1988–1990; ambassador to Germany, 1990–1998; ambassador to Spain, 1998–2000; ambassador to United States, 2000–2004; ambassador to United Kingdom, 2004–2009. g—Leader of 1966 student strike; president of the 1962 generation of law students, 1963. i—Son of Juan José Bremer, well-known law professor at UNAM, and Cristina Martino; married Ana María Villaseñor Cusi; grandson of Roberto A. Bremer, businessman, and Julián Barrera; uncle Guillermo Bremer Barrera was member of PAN; Miguel de la Madrid worked for his father, 1957–1960. j—None. k—None. l—HA, Sept. 25, 1972, 1; DAPC, 77, 9; Q es QM, l952, 30–32; HA, Apr. 26, 1982, 10; Excélsior, Apr. 17, 1982, 4A; Enc. Mex., II, 164; López Esc., 125; DBGM, 66–67; DBGM92, 62. Brena Torres, Rodolfo (Deceased Dec. 20, 1976) a—May 16, 1911. b—Ejutla, Oaxaca. c—Secondary and preparatory studies at Benito Juárez University of Oaxaca; preparatory studies continued at National Preparatory School, UNAM; studied at National School of Law, UNAM, but discontinued studies due to lack of money in 1931; law degree from Scientific and Literary Institute of State of Mexico, 1949. d—Senator from State of Oaxaca, 1958–1962, president of Gran Comisión, head of Committee on Foreign Affairs and Tariffs and Committee on National Properties and Resources, member of 1st Committee on Petroleum and 2nd Committee on Labor; governor, Oaxaca, 1962–1968. e—None. f—Agent, Ministerio Público, Federal Attorney General’s Office, State of Mexico, 1950; public defender, State of Mexico, 1950; Mexican Economic Commission delegate to OAS, 1959. g—Attorney,

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STPRM, 1940. h—Practicing attorney in Mexico City, labor law. I—Son of Enrique Brena Vázquez, hacienda owner in Ejutla; grandson of Pascual Brena; married Luisa de la Peña. j—None. k—None. l—G of M, 10; DBM68, 80; letter; Func., 302; DP95, 485; www.boards.ancestry.com. Brito Foucher, Rodulfo (Deceased May 15, 1970) a—Nov. 8, 1899. b—Villahermosa, Tabasco. c—Elementary studies in private secular school, Villahermosa, 1907–1912; preparatory education at Institute of Tabasco, 1913–1917, and National Preparatory School, 1917–1918; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, Dec. 28, 1923; attended New York University, Columbia University, and University of Berlin; professor of general theory, National School of Law, UNAM, 1927–1935; director, National School of Law, UNAM, 1932–1933. d—None. e—None. f—Assistant secretary of foreign relations and assistant secretary of government, de la Huerta Rebellion, later became secretary, 1923; served as governor of Campeche before his forces were defeated, 1923; rector, UNAM, 1942–1944. g—President, Student Federation; delegate, First National Student Congress, 1921. h—President, White Cross, Mexico City, 1942–1968; practicing attorney in private law firm, Mexico City, 1940– 1970, at time of death. i—Friend of Agustín García López when both were students at National School of Law; father, a close collaborator of governor of Tabasco; cousin of Andrés Iduarte; grandfather was governor of Tabasco; married Esperanza Moreno. j—None. k—Active Mason; headed punitive expedition to Villahermosa during reign of Garrido Canabal, which cost the lives of his brother and several other followers on July 14, 1935; deaths caused an outcry in the press which eventually led to the fall of the Garrido Canabal regime. In exile, 1924–1927, New York; in exile in Berlin, Washington, DC, and New York, 1936–1940. l—DBM68, 82; DBM70, 90; WWM45, 15; Simpson, 354; Kirk, 155; letter;

HA, Aug. 4, 1944, 7; DP70, 295; Peral, 121; Balboa, 110–112. Brito Rosado, Efraín (Deceased) a—Sept. 2, 1912. b—Mérida, Yucatán. c—Elementary studies in Mérida; secondary studies in Mexico City; preparatory studies at National Preparatory School; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, Dec. 17, 1936, with thesis titled “The Significance of Politics”; professor of world history and history of art. d—Federal deputy from State of Yucatán, Dist. 2, 1943– 1946; federal deputy from State of Yucatán, Dist. 3, 1949–1952, member of Inspection Committee of General Accounting Office; senator from State of Yucatán, 1952–1958, member of Foreign and Domestic Trade Committee, 1st Government Committee, Electrical Industry Committee, and Legislative Studies Committee, substitute member of Health Committee. e—Orator, National Antireelectionist Party, 1927; supporter of José Vasconcelos in 1929 campaign; orator and secretary-general, Revolutionary Party of National Unification, 1940; orator for Miguel Alemán, 1946. f—President, Legislative Studies Commission, Secretariat of Public Education; founder and director, School for Citizenship Training, Secretariat of Public Education; director of social action, Department of the Federal District; 1st secretary, legation to Spain, 1936; chargé d’affaires, Brazil. g—Student leader, autonomy movement at UNAM, 1929; president, Federation of University Students, 1930–1931; national oratory champion, 1928. h—Columnist and editorialist, Crítica (Buenos Aires). i—Friend of Miguel Alemán and Adolfo López Mateos during student days; nephew of Dr. Manuel Mestre Ghigliazza, governor of Tabasco, 1911–1913; nephew of Eduardo Mestre Ghigliazza, federal deputy from Puebla, 1910–1912. j—None. k—Fled Mexico with José Castro Estrada with help of Agustín García López after supporting Juan Andreu Almazán, 1940; remained in exile several months; PRI precandidate for governor of Yucatán, 1951. l—Letter; C de S,

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1952–1958; DGF56, 8, 10, 11, 12, 14; C de D, 1943–1945, 7, 1949–1951, 65; Casasola, V; Ind. Biog., 29–30. Buchanan (López), Walter Cross

(Deceased Sept. 21, 1977) a—Apr. 29, 1906. b—San Luis de la Paz, Guanajuato. c—Engineering degree from Higher School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, National Polytechnic Institute, 1931; electrical engineering studies, University of Ohio; professor, School of Engineering, UNAM, 1931–1955; professor specializing in steam-powered machinery and railroads, IPN, 1931–1935; director, Higher School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, IPN, 1944; founder of major in communication and electronics, IPN, 1937. d—None. e—None. f—Head, Department of Control for Industrial Electricity, Secretariat of Public Works, 1951; assistant secretary of public works, 1952–1955; secretary of public works, 1955–1958; secretary of communication and transportation, 1958–1964. g—None. h—President, Board of Directors, Radio Aeronáutica Mexicana, SA, 1965–1977. i—Son of Walter C. Buchanan, engineer. j—Director, Mexican Radar, World War II, 1939–1944. k—None. l—HA, Aug. 4, 1958, Apr. 8, 1957; DGF56, 251; Func., 77; NYT, Nov. 10, 1955, 2; DP95, 490. Bucio Alanís, Lauro a—Aug. 18, 1928. b—Ciudad Hidalgo, Michoacán. c—Early education unknown; agricultural engineering degree, National School of Agriculture, July 25, 1954; MS, Iowa State University, Ames, Sept., 1955; Bank of Mexico fellowship to Iowa State University, 1955; PhD in genetics, University of Birmingham, Eng., 1963–1966; professor, National School of Agriculture, 1960–2000; director, Department of Genetics, National School of Agriculture; dean, Graduate School, National School of Agriculture, 1969–1972; coordinator, Economics Program, National School of Agriculture, 1996–1998; director, Tabasco Campus, National School of Agriculture, 1986–1993; director, Córdoba Campus, National School of Agriculture, 1999.

d—None. e—None. f—Agronomist, Office of Special Studies, Secretariat of Agriculture, Rockefeller Foundation; field director, Agricultural Experiment Station, Jaloxtoc, Morelos; director, Corn Germinating Plasma Bank; director, Corn Improvement Program, Tamaulipas and Bajío, National Maize Commission; director, Basic Seeds Department, National Maize Commission; oficial mayor of agriculture, 1972–1976. g—None. i—Nephew of Emilio Alanís Patiño. j—None. k—None. l—BdM, 77–78; www.colros.mx. Buen Richkarday, Óscar de a—May 5, 1953. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; civil engineering degree, National School of Engineering, UNAM, 1973–1978; MS in transportation science, MIT, 1979–1981; professor, National School of Engineering, UNAM, 1983–1988; professor, University of Querétaro, 1989–1990; researcher, MIT; researcher, UNAM; member, National Research System, 1989; professor emeritus, UNAM. d—None. e—None. f—Computer programmer, National Institute of Nuclear Energy, 1973–1975; analyst, Division of Research Analysis, Secretariat of Agriculture, 1977–1979; assistant director of evaluation, 1983–1984, director of investment analysis, 1984–1985, director, Analyst Program, 1985–1987, coordinator of operations, 1987–1990, coordinator of transportation integration, 1990–1993, director general of projects, 1993, director general of highway development, 2006, and assistant secretary of infrastructure, Secretariat of Communications and Transportation, 2006–2009. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Óscar de Buen López de Heredia, civil engineer from Spain, and Esthela Richkarday Treviño; married Emma López Niederer, industrial designer; father from prominent family; grandfather Sadí de Buen Lozano was distinguished physician; uncle Sadí de Buen López de Heredia was leading ophthalmologist; great-grandfather Odón de Buen y del Cos was professor of science at University of Barcelona and founder of Spanish

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Oceanography Institute. k—National prize in engineering, 1999. l—DBGM93, 23; www .cs.sct.gob.mx, 2008; www.es.wikipedia, 2007; www.cedex.es/ceta/dircaibea/eventoespana; www.medigraphic.com, 2008; www.obrasweb.com, 2008. Bueno Torio, Juan a—Sept. 21, 1953. b—Córdoba, Veracruz. c-Early education unknown; accounting and business administration degree, UNAM, 1970–1974. d—Plurinominal federal deputy from PAN, State of Veracruz, 1997–2000; senator from Veracruz, 2006–2012. e—Member of PRI, 1968–1994; joined PAN, 1994; president of PAN, Córdoba, 1995–1996; finance secretary, PAN, State of Veracruz, 1995–1996; coordinator of Vicente Fox’s presidential campaign, Oaxaca, Puebla, and Veracruz, 1999–2000. f—Coordinator of energy, Fox Transition Team, 2000; assistant secretary of small and medium business, Secretariat of the Economy, 2000–2003; director general of refining, PEMEX, 2003–2006. g—None. h—Businessman. i—Son of Juan Bueno Lázaro, owner of Crown Plaza Torre Mar, Bueno Transport, and Automotriz Isabel; cousin César Leal Ángulo, president of PAN in Veracruz; linked to important business families in Veracruz; uncle Emilio Bueno Lázaro, owner of Isabel Transportation; cousin Betty Torio married Gerardo Buganza. j—None. k—None. l—www .coatza-noticias.com; www.enlace.veracruz chagoya.com, Oct. 31, 2007; www.senado .gob.mx; www.sec.gob.mx97, 2007; www .es.wikipedia.org, 2008. Buenrostro Ochoa, Efraín (Deceased Mar. 11, 1973) a—Oct. 28, 1896. b—Jiquilpan, Michoacán. c—Elementary education in Jiquilpan; secondary in Guadalajara, Jalisco; 3 years of engineering school at Liceo de Varones in Guadalajara; no degree. d—None. e—None. f—Vice consul in various U.S. cities, 1918–1928; secretarygeneral of government, State of Michoacán, 1928–1932; assistant treasurer general of Mexico, 1932–1934; assistant secretary of the treasury, 1934–1939; secretary of

industry and commerce, 1939–1940; director general, PEMEX, 1940–1946; director general, Cía. Industrial de Atenquique, 1964–1970. g—None. i—Intimate friend of Lázaro Cárdenas; became friends with Cárdenas during his first 5 years of elementary school in Jiquilpan; married Carmen Araiza; son Sergio, a physician, in Mexico City. j—None. k—None. l—DBM68, 84; HA, Oct. 6, 1944, 28; Dulles 608; Excélsior, Mar. 13, 1973; DP95, 494; www.e-local.gob .mx. Buganza Salmerón, Gerardo a—May 24, 1956. b—Córdoba, Veracruz. c—Early education unknown; industrial engineering degree, Ibero-American University, 1974–1977; studies in business administration, Ibero-American University, 1975– 1978; MA studies in public policy, ITAM, 2000–2002; professor of business administration, 1984–1985. d—Plurinominal federal deputy from PAN, 1997–2000, 2006–2009; senator from Veracruz, 2000–2006. e—Joined PAN, 1994; national adviser to PAN, 2001–2004; member, CEN of PAN, 2005–2008; PAN candidate for governor of Veracruz, 2004. f—First syndic, City Council, Córdoba, 1994–1997, 2005–2007. g—None. h—Assistant director, Cervecería Moctezuma, 1978–1988; director general of operations, Grupo Alfa, 1988–1994; director general of commercialization, Grupo Alfa, 1991–1994; director general of operations, Grupo Alza, 1988–1991; director general, Grupo Alza, 1991–1994. i—Son of Jaime Buganza Castélan and Martha Salmerón Roiz; married Elizabeth “Betty” Torio Ramos; uncle Dr. Fernando Salmerón Roiz, prominent scholar, intellectual, member of National College, and rector of University of Veracruz; uncle Héctor, public notary, Jalapa. j—None. k—None. l—www.secgob.gob.mx, 1997, 2007; QesQ en el Congreso, 1997–2000, 19–20; www. diputados.gob.mx, 2007; QesQ en el Congreso, 2000–2003, 294; www.pan.org.mx, 2008; Directorio del Congreso, 2000–2003, 286.

t he b io g ra phies  123 Burgos García, Enrique a—April 20, 1946. b—Querétaro, Querétaro. c—Early education unknown; law degree, University of Querétaro, 1963–1967; LLD, National School of Law, UNAM, 1974–1976; professor, University of Querétaro, 1978–1989. d—Mayor, San Juan del Río, Querétaro, 1970–1973; local deputy, State Legislature of Querétaro, 1985–1988; senator from State of Querétaro, 1988–1991; governor, Querétaro, 1991–1997; plurinominal federal deputy from PRI, 2003–2006. e—Secretary of youth action, PRI, Querétaro, 1966; secretary of political action, PRI, Querétaro, 1985–1988; general delegate of CEN of PRI to Querétaro, 1989–1991. f—Agent, Ministerio Público, 1969–1970; secretary of government, State of Querétaro, 1982; general coordinator of delegations, Secretariat of Social Development, 1998; director general, DIF, 1998–2000. g—None. h—Practicing lawyer, 1973–1976; notary public, 1976–1988. i—Son of Enrique Burgos Mondragón, federal employee, and Emilia García Vargas; married Yolanda Hernández Ontiveros. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM89, 408; C de S, 1988–1991; www .diputados.gob.mx, 2006; Musacchio, 57; DBGM92, 731. Burgos Ochoa, Leticia a—Aug. 24, 1957. b—Ciudad Obregón, Sonora. c—Early education unknown; biological chemical degree, University of Sonora, 1976–1982; postgraduate studies, medical sociology, Metropolitan Autonomous University, Xochimilco Campus, 1990–1992; studies in epidemiology, University of Guerrero, 1992–1993; researcher, University of Guerrero, 1984–1990. d—Plurinominal federal deputy from PRD, 1994–1997; plurinominal senator from PRD, 2000–2006, president of Social Development Committee. e—Cofounder, PRD, Guerrero, 1989; member, National Council, PRD, 1995–1997, 1999–2002; secretary of organization of CEN of PRD, 1999. f—None. g—Participant in student strike, University of Sonora, 1979; founder and leader, National

Revolutionary Civic Organization, 1982– 1987; member, Independent Movement of La Laguna, 1982–1983. h—Nutrition researcher, 1987–1994. i—Daughter of Ramiro Burgos Robles and Enriqueta Ochoa Saucedo; married Jesús H. Zazueta Aguilar, federal deputy from PRD, 1991–1994, 2006–2009. j—None. k—None. l—QesQ en el Congreso, 2000–2003, 320– 321; DCM, 2000–2003, 318; Musacchio, 57; www.senado.gob.mx, 2000; www.cddhcu .gob.mx, 1994–1997, 2006. Burguete Farrera, Ezequiel (Deceased Oct. 6, 1975) a—Mar. 7, 1907. b—Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas. c—Elementary studies in Tuxtla Gutiérrez; preparatory studies at National Preparatory School, 1920–1924; law degree, National School of Law, UNAM, Mar. 8, 1929; professor of civics and economics, University Preparatory School; professor of penal law, National School of Law, Jan. 1, 1939–1972. d—None. e—None. f—Representative of the Federal Treasury (estates), Tuxtla Gutiérrez, 1929–1930; court clerk, in charge of civil and penal sections, Chiapas District Court, 1930–1931; consulting lawyer, Office of the Attorney General of Mexico, June, 1932–Feb., 1933; agent, Ministerio Público, Consulting Department, Office of the Attorney General, Jan., 1933–Sept., 1933; special agent, investigation of role of Father Jiménez in death of President Obregón, Ministerio Público, Office of the Attorney General, 1933–1934; agent in charge of preparatory investigations, Ministerio Público, Office of the Attorney General, 1934–1935; head, Department of Preparatory Investigations, Office of the Attorney General, 1934–1935; attorney “C,” Legal Department, Secretariat of the Treasury, Jan., 1935–Dec., 1935; head, Legal Department, National Bank of Ejido Credit in charge of Nationalization of Properties Sec., July, 1939–Aug., 1941; representative of Capital (Group VII), Federal Board of Conciliation and Arbitration, 1942–1947; adviser to secretary of Secretariat of

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the Presidency; supernumerary justice, Supreme Court, May 2, 1966–June 27, 1967; justice, Supreme Court, 1967–1975. g—None. h—Private law practice, 1943, 1947–1966; attorney, PEMEX. i—Knew Antonio Carrillo Flores at National School of Law; son of Ezequiel Burguete, landowner, federal deputy under Madero, and federal judge; married María Santaella; grandfather, large landowner. j—None. k—Representative of Federation of People’s Parties to Federal Electoral Commission; Federation of People’s Parties candidate in Michoacán, 1952. l—Letters; DBM68, 86; DGF50, II, 347; Morton, 63; HA, June 6, 1952, 8; Excélsior, Oct. 7, 1975, 5; Justicia, Aug., 1968; www.scjn.gob.mx; DP95, 498. Bustamante Díez, Yoloxóchitl

a—1940s. c—Early education unknown; biochemical engineering studies, National School of Biological Sciences, IPN, 1959– 1963, graduating Nov. 10, 1964, and first in her generation; PhD in science with a specialization in biochemistry, IPN 1965–1968, graduating Sept. 7, 1970; diploma in higher management, Pan American Institute for Higher Management, 1994–1995; diploma in finance, ITAM, 1998; director, Biochemical Engineering Program, IPN, 1968–1976; chair, Department of Biochemical Engineering, IPN, 1967–1969; coordinator of scientific research, Graduate Program, IPN, 1977–1978; academic secretary, IPN, 2003–2005, 2007–2009; director general, IPN, 2009–2012. d—None. e—None. f—Assistant secretary of mid-level education, Secretariat of Public Education, 2005–2006. g—Executive vice president, Mexican Pharmaceutical Association, 1990–1991, president, 1991–1992; president, Mexican College of Biochemical Engineers, 1999–2003. h—Superintendent of quality control, 1978–1979, assistant manager of quality control, 1980, manager of quality control, 1980–1982, Travenol, SACV; director of quality assurance and development, 1982–1984, director of operations, 1984– 1987, Norwich Easton, SACV; director

of operations, André Bigaux, SACV, 1987–1990; technical director, Sanofi de México, SACV, 1991; director of technical services, 1991–1992, director of operations, 1992–1995, Grupo Roche Syntex de México; technical director, Grupo Roche Syntex de México, 1995–1998; director of marketing, Logistics and Transportation Services, 1999–2000; partner, Logistics and Transportation Services, 1999–2009. j—None. k—None. l—www.ipn.mx, 2010; letter. Bustamante (Vasconcelos), Eduardo

(Deceased) a—Oct. 12, 1904. b—Oaxaca, Oaxaca. c—Elementary studies at Colegio Unión, Oaxaca, 1910–1915; preparatory at Colegio Unión and Institute of Arts and Sciences of Oaxaca, 1917–1922; law degree, National School of Law, UNAM, Oct. 6, 1926; professor of public finance, National School of Economics, UNAM, 1947–1960. d—None. e—None. f—Technical consultant, Technical Fiscal Department, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1928, and head of that department in 1932; financial adviser, State of Nuevo León, 1927–1931; director general of revenues, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1934; director general, Bank of Industry and Commerce, 1942–1945; private secretary to secretary of public education, Puig Casauranc, 1930–1931; private secretary to secretary of industry and commerce, Aarón Sáenz, 1931; assistant secretary of the treasury, 1946–1949; Mexican delegate, with Adolfo López Mateos, to United Nations, 1951; secretary of government properties, 1958–1964; member, Advisory Council, Bank of Commerce and Bank of Industry and Commerce, 1965–1970. g—None. h—Private law practice, 1934–1946; first employed as 4th official, Technical Fiscal Department, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1925; author of articles on law; attended numerous conferences on economics. i—Friends with Mario Ramón Beteta, Miguel Alemán, Manuel Gual Vidal, Jaime Torres Bodet, Antonio García López, Antonio Carrillo Flores, and Alfonso García González beginning at National School

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of Law; father, a self-made businessman; relative of Juan I. Vasconcelos, federal deputy from Oaxaca, 1964–1967; brother of Miguel E. Bustamante, assistant secretary of health, 1960–1964; married Refugio Dávila. j—None. k—None. l—Letters; WWM45, 16; HA, June 3, 1963, Oct. 5, 1959; DBM68, 88; HA, Dec. 8, 1958, 30. Bustamante, (Vasconcelos), Miguel E.

(Deceased Mar. 4, 1986) a—May 2, 1898. b—Oaxaca, Oaxaca. c—Elementary and secondary studies in Oaxaca; preparatory studies at Institute of Arts and Sciences in Oaxaca, 1914–1919; medical degree from National School of Medicine, UNAM, 1925; doctorate in public health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md., 1928; professor of hygiene, National School of Medicine, UNAM, 1931–1952; special lecturer, U.S. universities, 1942–1943; director, Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, 1956–1958. d—None. e—None. f—Director, Health Training Station at Xochimilco, Secretariat of Public Health, 1929–1930; assistant head, Federal Health Bureau, Secretariat of Public Health, 1931; head, Federal Health Bureau, 1932–1935; director, Cooperative Health Unit, Veracruz, 1930; supervisor of foreign health missions, 1938; founder and director of welfare services, Secretariat of Public Health, 1938–1940; director general, Institute of Health and Tropical Diseases, Secretariat of Public Health, 1942–1943, 1946–1947; secretary-general, Sanitation Bureau, Pan American Union, 1947–1956; director general of health services, Secretariat of Health, 1958–1960; assistant secretary of public health and welfare, Jan. 27, 1960–1964; secretarygeneral, National Council of Health, 1965. g—None. h—Intern, General Hospital of Mexico City, 1924–1925; fellow, Rockefeller Foundation, 1926–1928; epidemiologist, Institute of Health and Tropical Diseases, Secretariat of Public Health, 1939–1941; author of numerous articles and papers on public health in North American journals. i—Brother of Eduardo Bustamante, secretary of government properties, 1958–1964;

father, a self-made businessman; cofounder, with Manuel Martínez Báez, Institute of Health and Tropical Diseases 1937; married Alicia Connolly. j—None. k—None. l—D de Y, Dec. 10, 1964, 20; DGF47, 199; Annals, Mar., 1940, 161; WWM45, 16; WWW70–71; letter; Enc. Mex., II, 178; DP95; letter. Bustani Hid, José a—Oct. 18, 1935. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; economics degree, National School of Economics, UNAM, 1954–1958, with thesis titled “The Costs of Federal Investment,” 1961; courses in computing, 1960, mechanized accounting, 1966, and economics and social planning, 1968; postgraduate studies, Pan American Institute for Higher Management, 1973–1974. d—None. e—None. f—Assistant director, Department of Budgeting Control of Decentralized Organizations and Enterprises, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1965– 1968; assistant director of studies and budget planning, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1971–1974; director general of administration, Secretariat of Labor, 1974–1975; director general of inspection of funds and stock, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1975–1976; director general of administration, Office of the Attorney General of the Federal District, 1976–1977; oficial mayor, Office of the Attorney General of the Federal District, 1977–1978; director of acquisitions and services, Somex Bank, 1979; director general of personnel administration, Secretariat of Programming and Budgeting, 1979–1981; oficial mayor of programming and budgeting, 1981–1982; oficial mayor, Department of the Federal District, 1982–1984; secretary of social development, Department of the Federal District, 1984–1986; director of informatics, Office of the Attorney General of the Federal District, 1999. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Abdo Bustani Jaraschy, businessman, and María Hid Andrew; married Ivonne Moukarzel Said; student of Mario Ramón Beteta. j—None. k—HA, Oct. 26, 1981, 28, Dec. 20, 1982, 28; IEPES; Q es QAP, 427; DBGM, 69; Musacchio, 58.

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C Caamal Hernández, Artemio a—Oct. 20, 1946. b—Tixmenac, Yucatán. c—Teaching certificate; teacher, indigenous schools, 1964–1970. d—Alternate local deputy, State Legislature of Quintana Roo, 1975; mayor, José María Morelos, Quintana Roo, 1979–1982; local deputy, State Legislature of Quintana Roo, 1984–1987; alternate senator from Quintana Roo, 1982–1984, in functions, 1985–1988; federal deputy from State of Quintana Roo, Dist. 2, 1997–2000. e—Joined PRI, 1967; president of PRI, Quintana Roo, 1990–1991. f—Supervisor of Mayan education, Quintana Roo, 1970–1972; supervisor of education, José María Morelos, 1974–1977, and director of indigenous education, Felipe Carrillo Puerto, Quintana Roo, 1974–1975; assistant secretary of government, Quintana Roo, 1993–1996. g—Secretary-general, League of Agrarian Communities, Quintana Roo, 1981–1982, 1996–1997; secretary of indigenous action, CEN of the CNC, 1983. h—None. i—Son of Martiniano Caamal Canul and María de los Ángeles Hernández Chalín; married Gloria María Sosa Flota. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM87, 444; www.secgob97, 2007; QesQ en el Congreso, 1997–2000, 134. Caamano Muñoz, Enrique (Deceased) a—July 13, 1911. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; degree in business administration and accounting, UNAM public CPA. d—None. e—None. f—Accountant, Office of the Controller General, National Finance Bank, 1936–1946; director general of expenditures, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1949–1958; assistant secretary of expenditures, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1958–1964, 1964–1970. g—Founding member, National Institute of Public Administration, with Jesús Rodríguez y Rodríguez, Antonio Carrillo Flores, Gabino Fraga, Rafael Mancera, and Andrés Serra Rojas. h—Member, Board of Directors of various companies, including Mexican Light

and Power; treasurer, Mexican Tube Company, 1947–1949. i—Married Isabel Rico. j—None. k—None. l—D del S, Dec. 2, 1964; DPE51, 147; DGF56, 164; Siempre, Jan. 14, 1959, 6; WNM, 30; DPE61, 40. Caballero Aburto, Raúl (Deceased 1978) a—Dec. 17, 1902. b—Ometepec, Guerrero. c—Elementary studies in Ometepec; secondary at National Military College; diploma in staff and command, Higher War College, 1933–1936; studies at Ft. Knox, Tenn. d—Governor, Guerrero, 1957–1961. e—None. f—Military attaché to El Salvador, Costa Rica, and Nicaragua, 1961–1965. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Juan Caballero Adams and Natalia Aburto; grandson of Luis Caballero y Góngora Galán and Victoria Adams; brother Enrique was telegrapher, mayor of Taxco, Guerrero, 1952–1955, and consul to Guatemala; niece María Cecilia Sánchez de la Barquera Alamán, first woman state legislator from PAN in Guerrero, 1993–1996, and wife of Enrique Caballero Peraza, federal deputy from PAN, 1991–1994, and president of PAN in Guerrero, 1990–1996; first wife, María Rubio; second wife, Margarita Escandón. j—Joined Francisco Madero, 1910; fought in Constitutional Army during the Revolution, 1913; career army officer; rank of brigade general; commander, 1st Division, Jan. 16, 1952; zone commander, 14th Military Zone, Aguascalientes, 1953; zone commander, 26th Military Zone, Jalapa, Veracruz, 1956. k—Caballero Aburto’s powers as governor were removed by federal government after a student revolt, and Adolfo López Mateos sent in federal troops; he was accused of corruption and opposed by Civic Association of Guerrero, of which Genaro Vázquez Rojas was a member; Hispano Americano accuses him of putting 60 relatives in state offices while he was governor; secretary-general of CNC in Guerrero claimed he held illegal large landholdings in Guerrero in Aug., 1972. l—NYT, Dec. 31, 1960, 1; NYT, Jan. 5, 1961, 9; NYT, Apr. 15, 1959, 8; Excélsior, Aug. 29, 1972, 27; DGF56, 202; G of M, 19–20; HA, Apr. 14,

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1958, 10, Feb. 14, 1972, 15; Rev. de Ejer., Jan.– Mar., 1952; www.es.wikipedia.org, 2007. Caballero (Caballero), Arquimides

(Deceased Dec. 25, 2004) a—Oct. 21, 1918. b—Tampico, Tamaulipas. c—Elementary teaching certificate, Normal School, Ciudad Victoria, 1934–1937; elementary school teacher, Tampico, 1937–1939; elementary school teacher, Mexico City, 1939–1941; completed preparatory studies, Ciudad Victoria; teaching certificate in mathematics, Higher Normal School, Mexico City, 1940– 1943; elementary and secondary school teacher; director, Oral Normal School, 1948–1949; secretary, Institute of Teacher Training, 1948–1949; professor of mathematics, Higher Normal School, Mexico City, 1947–1957; director, Higher Normal School, Mexico City, 1957–1966. d—None. e—None. f—Director, secondary night schools, Secretariat of Public Education, 1950–1957; chief of mathematics classes, private secondary schools, Secretariat of Public Education, 1966–1970; director general of mid-level education, Secretariat of Public Education, 1970–1971; director general of basic education, Secretariat of Public Education, 1971; president, National Technical Council of Education, 1976–1980; assistant secretary of basic education, 1980; assistant secretary of mid-level education, 1980–1982, 1982–1988. g—None. h—Vice president, Committee of Experts for Teacher Education, UNESCO; adviser, National Free Textbook Commission, 1958. i—Son of Arquimides Emiliano Caballero Caballero, public official, and Santos Caballero; married Elsa Yolanda Gutiérrez, Sept. 14, 1945. j—None. k—None. l—DAPC81, 90; DAPC71, 11; DPE, 71, 106; MGF73, 188; HA, July 21, 1980, 10; Excélsior, July 9, 1980; Uno Más Uno, July 9, 1980, 3; WNM, 30; Q es QAP, 299; Protag., 60; DBGM. 70. Caballero Escamilla, Raúl a—May 31, 1919. b—Marín, Nuevo León. c—Early education unknown; law degree, School of Law and Social Sciences, University of Nuevo León, 1945. d—Local deputy, State

Legislature of Nuevo León, Dist. 3, 1949, 1970; member, City Council, Monterrey, Nuevo León, 1969, 1974; federal deputy from State of Nuevo León, Dist. 3, 1976–1979; senator from State of Nuevo León, 1982–1988; federal deputy from State of Nuevo León, Dist. 11, 1988–1991. e—Joined PRI; secretary of labor action, PRI, State of Nuevo León, 1971–1983. f—Agent, Ministerio Público, 1957–1958; president, local Conciliation and Arbitration Board, Nuevo León, 1943–1948. g—Student leader; secretary, CTM, Nuevo León, 1971–2000; alternate secretarygeneral, CTM, 1996–1997. h—None. i—Son of Andrés Caballero Moreno, blue-collar worker, and Alberta Escamilla Martínez; married Ana María García Ordóñez. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM89, 408; Lehr; C de D, 1976–1979, 1988–1991. Caballero (Escobar), Luis G. (Deceased) a—1877. b—Morelia, Michoacán. c—Preparatory studies at Colegio de San Nicolás, Morelia; law degree, Colegio de San Nicolás, 1912. d—None. e—None. f—Public defender, Superior Tribunal of Justice, State of Michoacán; agent, Ministerio Público, 1915–1917; adviser to General Alfredo Elizondo, governor of Michoacán, 1917–1918; attorney general, State of Michoacán, 1918; second judge, First Civil Court, Morelia, 1922–1923; member, Committee to Reform the Civil Code, Michoacán, 1924; secretary, Superior Tribunal of Justice, Michoacán, 1926–1927; judge, Superior Tribunal of Justice, Michoacán, 1927–1928; district court judge, Nayarit and State of Mexico, 1928; judge, Second District Court, Mexico City; district court judge, Hidalgo; judge, Fifth Circuit Court, Puebla, Puebla; justice, Supreme Court, 1939– 1940; judge, Second District Court, Mexico City, 1941; judge, Fifth Circuit Court, Puebla, 1960. g—None. h—None. i—Son of prominent judge and 10‑time federal deputy Luis G. Caballero and Isabel Escobar. j—Career military officer; rank of brigadier general. k—Presided over arraignment of Daniel Flores, who attempted to assassinate President Pascual Ortiz Rubio. l—DP, 309–310;

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Rice, 232–233; Dicc. Mich., 61–62; www.scjn .gob.mx, 2008, 76. Cabañas (Barrientos), Lucio (Deceased Dec., 1974) a—Dec. 15, 1939. b—El Porvenir Ejido, San Vicente de Benítez, Guerrero. c—Completed 5th grade, Cayaco, Atoyac, Guerrero; teaching certificate, Normal School, Ayotzinapa, 1963; elementary school teacher, Mexcaltepec, Guerrero; 6th grade teacher, Atoyac. d—None. e—Member, Civic Association of Guerrero, with Genaro Vázquez Rojas; leader of Vázquez Rojas’ guerrilla band after his death in 1972. f—None. g—Rural normal school student leader, 1959; leader, National Federation of Peasant Societies, Guerrero. h—Teacher, 1960–1967. i—Nabor A. Ojeda took him to Mexico City as a young child; left teaching in 1967, when his brother was killed in a teachers’ strike in Atoyac de Álvarez, Guerrero; son of Cesaro Cabañas and Rafaela Barrientos Gervacio, peasants. j—None. k—Led band of guerrillas which rescued Genaro Vázquez Rojas from prison, Apr., 1968; attacked army patrols in Guerrero, June and Aug., 1971; allegedly kidnapped gubernatorial candidate Rubén Figueroa of Guerrero, 1974; killed under somewhat mysterious circumstances after the army attacked his group to rescue Figueroa. l—HA, June 17, 1974, 14; HA, June 10, 1974, 12, Dec. 9, 1974, 6–7.

Cabeza de Vaca Hernández, Daniel Francisco a—May 25, 1959. b—Guanajuato,

Guanajuato. c—Early education unknown; notary and law degree, University of Guanajuato, Aug. 19, 1985; postgraduate work in public notary studies, University of Guanajuato; professor of notary law and registry law, Ibero-American University, León Campus. d—None. e—None. f—Assistant public defender and auxiliary judge, Juvenile Court, 1978–1981; director, Public Registry, Guanajuato, 1991–1999; assistant secretary of government, Guanajuato, 1999–2000; director, Legal Affairs Department, Secretariat of Government, 2000–2003; assistant secretary for legal affairs and human rights, Secretariat of Government, 2003–2004; legal adviser to President Vicente Fox, 2004–2005; attorney

general of Mexico, 2005–2006; legal adviser to President Felipe Calderón, 2006–2008; assistant secretary of legal affairs and human rights, Secretariat of Government, 2008– . g—None. h—Practicing attorney and public notary, León. j—None. k—None. l—www .cjef.gob.mx, 2008; www.zetatijuana.com, 2007; www.fox.presidencia.gob.mx, 2006. Cabrera Carrasquedo, Manuel

(Deceased Oct. 1, 1955) a—Aug. 6, 1885. b—Oaxaca, Oaxaca. c—Elementary studies in Oaxaca; preparatory and professional studies at Institute of Arts and Sciences, Oaxaca; engineering degree from Military College at Chapultepec, Mexico City, 1908; professor, Military College. d—Governor, Oaxaca, 1952–1955, replacing Gov. Manuel Mayoral Heredia, who was removed from office by the federal government. e—None. f—Assistant head, Commission of Military Studies, Secretariat of National Defense; oficial mayor, Secretariat of National Defense, 1946–1952. g—None. h—None. i—Brother was a colonel in the army engineers. j—Joined federal army in 1908; member of general staff of General Felipe Ángeles; career army officer; reached rank of brigadier general in 1939; rank of division general, Oct. 13, 1949. k—In exile in El Paso, Tex., 1913. l—WWM45, 17; DP70, 315; DGF47, 109; Peral, 130; HA, Oct. 10, 1955, 15; NYT, Aug. 5, 1952, 4. Cabrera Muñoz Ledo, Jesús (Deceased Sept. 22, 2000) a—Apr. 20, 1928. b—Apaseo de Grande, Guanajuato. c—Preparatory studies in Celaya, Guanajuato; law degree, National School of Law, UNAM; advanced studies at School of Law and Economic Sciences, Paris, 1950–1952; special studies in international relations at Institute of International Studies, Paris, 1949–1952, with thesis entitled “The Principle of International Public Law”; special studies in international organization, Switzerland and United States, on fellowships from French government and United Nations, 1952; professor, Colegio de México, 1965–1975. d—Senator from Guanajuato, 1976–1980, president of Foreign Relations Committee. e—Joined PRI, 1953; adviser to CEN

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of PRI in international affairs, 1976–1980. f—Career Foreign Service officer, joined 1953; reached rank of ambassador; assistant permanent delegate to UNESCO; assistant director general of international organizations, Secretariat of Foreign Relations, 1965; director general of cultural relations, Secretariat of Foreign Relations, 1969; director‑in‑chief of cultural affairs, Secretariat of Foreign Relations, 1970–1975; ambassador to Austria, 1981–1986; ambassador to Costa Rica, 1986–1989; ambassador to Brazil, 1989–1992. g—Secretary of ideological education, CNOP, 1978–1980. h—None. i—Son of Jesús Cabrera Velásquez, farmer, and Margarita Muñoz Ledo Primo; married Muriel del Olmo Tappan, teacher; uncle Javier Muñoz Ledo Primo, mayor of Apaseo Grande; cousin of Porfirio Muñoz Ledo. j—None. k—None. l—MGF69, 179; DPE71, 6; MGF73, 339; BdM, 79; Excélsior, July 9, 1980, 22A; Almanaque de Guanajuato, 32; DBGM89, 61; www.jesuscabrera.com.mx; www.oem.com.mx, Feb. 4, 2008. Cadena Morales, Manuel a—Sept. 21, 1949. b—Texcoco, State of Mexico. c—Early education unknown; agricultural engineering degree from Autonomous University of Chihuahua, 1966–1973; graduate studies in economic development, Autonomous University of Chihuahua, 1973–1974. d—Senator from State of Mexico, 1994–2000. e—Joined PRI, 1970; assistant secretary of electoral action, CEN of PRI, 1987–1988. f—Adviser to director general of CONACYT, 1977; director general of FERTIMEX, Secretariat of Energy, Mines, and Government Industries, 1988–1992; secretary-general, IMSS, 1993–1994. g—None. h—Sales manager, sugar industry, 1974–1980; coordinator of projects, Guanos y Fertilizantes de México, 1975–1976; director general, Minerales Mexicanos Mayaqui, 1980–1988; director general, Azufuera Panamericana, 1980–1988. i—Son of Manuel Cadena Soriano, white-collar employee, and María de la Luz Morales Varela; married María Eugenia Ortiz de Montellano; son Carlos Alberto was local deputy to the State Legislature of State of

Mexico. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM94, CD; DBGM93; QesQ en el Congreso, 1997–2000, 293; DBGM84, 72; DBGM89, 62; DBGM92, 67; Musacchio, 61. Cajiga Estrada, Gerardo a—1968. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; economics degree, ITAM, 1988– 1991; postgraduate studies at Harvard University. d—None. e—Technical secretary to president of CEN of PRI, 1993. f—Technical secretary to governor of Oaxaca, 1992; private secretary to director general of IMSS, Genaro Borrego; director of affiliations, IMSS, 1996; oficial mayor of government, 1999–2000. g—None. h—None. j—None. k—None. l—Musacchio, 61; www.mexico confidencial.com, 2008. Calderón Cardoso, José Antonio

a—Sept. 14, 1968. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; law degree, National School of Law, UNAM, 1989–1994; private secretary to director of National Preparatory School No. 7, 1987. d—Plurinominal federal deputy from PAS, 2000–2003, coordinator of PAS delegation. e—Joined PAS, 1998; president, CEN of PAS, 1999–2000. f—None. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Antonio Calderón Talavera, Sinarquista, and Carmen Cardoso Maciel; married María de Jesús Magdalena Gutiérrez; cousin Guillermo Calderón was president of PAS, 2000; brother Carlos, a soccer historian and UNAM professor. j—None. k—None. l—QesQ en el Congreso, 2000–2003, 288; www.es.wikipedia.org, 2007; www.jornada .unam.mx, May 27, 2005. Calderón Cecilio, Carlos Rubén

a—June 5, 1943. b—Temax, Peto, Yucatán. c—Completed secondary studies; teaching certificate, Rural Normal School, Yucatán, 1961–1964; graduated from Higher Normal School, Mexico City, 1972–1977, with thesis on Cuban Revolution; elementary school teacher, 1964–1978; researcher, Higher Normal School, Mexico City, 1972–1977; principal, various elementary schools, Yucatán. d—Mayor, Peto, 1968–1970; local deputy, State Legislature of Yucatán, 1971–1973; federal deputy from State of Yucatán, Dist.

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2, 1976–1979, 1988–1991, 1994–1997; federal deputy from State of Yucatán, Dist. 3, 1982– 1985. e—Joined PRI, 1960; president of PRI in Peto, 1975; secretary of agrarian action, PRI, Yucatán, 1977–1982; general delegate from CEN of PRI to Sinaloa, 2000–2006; PRI precandidate for governor of Yucatán, 2006. f—None. g—Secretary, Regional Peasant Committee, Peto, 1977–1982; secretarygeneral, Agrarian Communities and Peasant Organizations of Yucatán, 1982; secretary of colonization of CEN of CNC, 1978; secretary of conflicts, Student Circle of Rural Normal School, Yucatán; active in teachers’ union in Yucatán. h—Construction worker. i—Son of Carlos Calderón Avilés, farmer, and Hermelinda Cecilio Abud; married Aurelia Sabido Calderón, normal school teacher. j—None. k—None. l—Directorio, 1982–1985; C de D, 1976–1979; Lehr, 525; DBGM89, 409; www.arevista.com.mx, 2007. Calderón Centeno, Sebastián a—Jan. 20, 1946. b—Ciudad Carmen, Campeche. c—Early education unknown; naval engineering studies, Heroic Naval College, Veracruz, 1947–1947; Merchant Marine Nautical School, Mazatlán, 1967–1970, graduated as pilot and geographical engineer, 1971; professor, Autonomous University of Carmen, 1985–1990; professor, Technical Center for Ocean Studies, 1985–1988. d—Alternate member, City Council, Campeche, 1992– 1994; alternate local deputy, State Legislature of Campeche, Dist. 8; mayor, Ciudad Carmen, 2000–2003; federal deputy from State of Campeche, Dist. 2, 2003–2006; senator from Campeche, 2006–2012. e—Joined PAN, 2000; adviser, Regional Committee of PAN, Campeche, 2006. f—None. g—Secretary of accords, National Union of Port Pilots, 1999; secretary of interior, National Union of Port Pilots. h—1st, 2nd, and 3rd officer, PEMEX transportation boats, 1972–1980; captain, PEMEX and Protexa, 1980–1984. i—Son of Manuel Calderón López, brigadier general, and Zoila Centeno, j—None. k—None. l—www.es.wikipedia .org, 2007; www.senado.gob.mx, 2007; Directorio del Congreso, 2006–2009, 38.

Calderón Corona, Esvelia a—Nov. 18, 1944. b—Morelia, Michoacán. c—Elementary studies at José María Morelos School, Morelia; secondary at Adolfo López Mateos School, Villa Jiménez, Michoacán. d—Alternate local deputy, State Legislature of Michoacán; federal deputy from State of Michoacán, Dist. 3, 1970–1973, member of Child Welfare Committee, 2nd Sec. of Agrarian Affairs Committee, Colonization Committee, and Rural Electrification Committee. e—None. f—None. g—Secretary of women’s action, Agrarian Communities of Michoacán; alternate secretary of women’s action of CEN of CNC. j—None. k—None. l—C de D, 1970–1973, 105; Directorio, 1970–1972. Calderón Hermosa, Héctor M. a—Oct. 18, 1918. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; civil engineering studies, University of Denver, Colo., Colorado State College, UCLA, Los Angeles, Calif., 1938–1939; Northwestern University, Evanston, Ill., 1939–1940; University of Texas, Austin, 1940–1942, graduating with engineering degree, UNAM, 1942; PhD in engineering, National School of Engineering, UNAM; professor, IPN, 1947–1953. d—Representative, Assembly of the Federal District, 1988–1991. e—Delegate from Azcapotzalco to Department of the Federal District, 1972–1976. f—Head of regional labor for the Southeast, railroad construction, Secretariat of Communications and Public Works, 1947–1948; adviser to secretary of national properties, 1958–1959; assistant director, Board of Moral, Civic, and Material Improvement, Secretariat of National Properties, 1958–1959; director general of federal highways and bridges, 1976–1982. g—None. h—Engineer, Liac Laboratories, 1982. i—Son of Miguel Calderón Vargas, diplomat and director of Consular Services, Secretariat of Foreign Relations, and Herlinda Hermosa Hesles; married Estrella Córdoba Salas. j—None. k—None. l—Trejo Hernández, 151–152. Calderón Hinojosa, Felipe (de Jesús)

a—June 23, 1961. b—Morelia, Michoacán. c—Elementary studies, Instituto Valladolid,

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Morelia; secondary and preparatory studies, Instituto Valladolid; law degree, Free Law School, 1980–1985, graduating with thesis titled “The Unconstitutionality of Mexico’s External Debt, 1982–1986,” May 15, 1987; MA studies, ITAM; MA in economics, Harvard University, 1999–2000; MA in public administration, Harvard University, 1999–2000. d—Representative to Assembly of the Federal District, 39th Dist., 1988–1991; plurinominal federal deputy from PAN, member of Programming, Budgeting, and Public Accounts Committee and Treasury Committee; plurinominal federal deputy from PAN, 2000–2003, coordinator of PAN delegation; president of Mexico, 2006–2012. e—Joined PAN, 1978; national adviser to PAN, 1984; secretary of national youth of CEN of PAN, 1987–1989; member, Regional Committee of PAN, Federal District; member, CEN of PAN, 1987–1999; secretary of studies, CEN of PAN, 1989; PAN candidate for governor of Michoacán, 1995–1996; secretary-general of CEN of PAN, 1993–1995; president of CEN of PAN, 1996– 1999. f—Director general, Banobras, 2003; secretary of energy, 2003–2004. g—None. h—Lawyer, Goodrich, Riquelme and Associates, 1981–1982; lawyer, Multibanco Comermex, 1982–1988. i—Son of Luis Calderón Vega, writer and PAN founder, and María del Carmen Hinojosa González, private accountant; brother Juan Luis Calderón, PAN deputy and secretary of national organizations, CEN of PAN; married Margarita Zavala, daughter of PAN activist Diego Zavala Pérez; sister Luisa María Calderón Hinojosa, senator, 2000–2006; sister Carmen de Fátima Calderón, public servant in Michoacán. j—None. k—None. l—El Financiero, Apr. 15, 1996, 5; DBGM92, 431; Mexico Business, May, 1996, 10–12; DBGM89, 566; LAT, Sept. 3, 2003, A3; QesQ en el Congreso, 2000–2003, 30–31. Calderón Hinojosa, Luisa María de Guadalupe a—Oct. 23, 1956. b—Federal

District. c—Early education unknown; psychology degree from ITESO, 1976–1980; studies toward MA in social anthropology,

Ibero-American University; professor, University of Michoacán, 1981–1988; professor, Vasco de Quiroga University, 1981–1985. d—Plurinominal federal deputy from PAN, 1988–1991; plurinominal senator from PAN, 2000–2006. e—Joined PAN, 1976; secretary of studies and training, Regional Committee of PAN, Michoacán, 1982–1986; member, Regional Committee of PAN, Michoacán, 1984–1994; national adviser to PAN, 1987; secretary of citizen action, CEN of PAN, 1988–1992, 1995–1999; national director of citizen promotion, CEN of PAN, 1995–2000; member, CEN of PAN, 2002–2005. f—None. g—None. h—Psychologist, Youth Integration Center, Jalisco, 1978–1981; psychiatrist, Psychiatric Hospital, Morelia, 1981–1983; private practice, 1981–1983. i—Son of Luis Calderón Vega, writer and PAN founder, and María del Carmen Hinojosa González, private accountant; brother Juan Luis Calderón, PAN federal deputy, 1991–1994, secretary of national organizations, CEN of PAN, 1982–1993, and secretary of youth, CEN of PAN, 1980–1982; brother Felipe Calderón Hinojosa, president of Mexico, 2006–2012. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM89, 410; DCM, 2000–2003, 318–319; Musacchio, 62; QesQ en el Congreso, 295. Calderón Martínez, Antonio a—Oct. 12, 1930. b—Parras, Coahuila. c—Early education unknown; economics studies at National School of Economics, UNAM, 1948–1952, graduating July 17, 1964; attended English Language Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 1954–1955; worked on national income studies at U.S. Department of Commerce, 1955; graduate studies at American University, Washington, DC, on Bank of Mexico scholarship, 1955–1956, MA, 1956; professor of foreign trade, Ibero‑American University; professor of economics, UNAM. d—None. e—None. f—Economist, National Urban and Public Works Mortgage Bank, 1952, Bank of Mexico, 1952–1954, 1956–1957; economist for Secretariat of the Treasury, 1957–1959; head, Department of Latin American Trade, Bank of Mexico, 1959–1965; director general

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of statistics, Bank of Mexico, National Center of Information on Foreign Trade, Mortgage Bank of Public Works; assistant director, National Bank of Foreign Commerce, 1965–1970; director general of trade, Secretariat of Industry and Commerce, 1970–1976; technical director, Center for Specialization in International Trade, 1976. g—None. h—Author. i—Son of Antonio Calderón López, surgeon, and Aurora Martínez Rodríguez, businesswoman; brother Guillermo was ambassador to Sweden, 1971– 1974. j—None. k—None. l—DBM68, 92–93; BdM, 80; Enc. Mex., II, 230; DPE71, 52. Calderón (Ojeda), Esteban Baca

(Deceased Mar. 29, 1957) a—May 6, 1876. b—Acuitaplico Mine, Santa María del Oro, Nayarit. c—Elementary studies in Ixtlán del Río, Nayarit; secondary and preparatory studies; assistant in Higher School of Tepic, Nayarit; director of boys’ school, Buenavista, Sonora, 1911; rank of 2nd lieutenant from a military school, 1902. d—Deputy to the Constitutional Convention, 1916–1917, coauthor of Art. 123; senator from Jalisco, 1918–1920; provisional governor, Nayarit, 1928–1929; senator from Nayarit, 1930–1934; senator from Nayarit, 1952–1958, member of Rules Committee, 1st secretary of 2nd National Defense Committee, 1st Navy Committee, and Social Welfare Committee. e—Cofounder, with General Manuel Diéguez, of Liberal Union of Humanity in Cananea, Sonora, affiliated with Flores Magón brothers, 1906. f—Governor and military commander, Colima, 1914–1915; director general of taxes, State of Jalisco; director of customs, Nuevo León, 1929; president, National Claims Commission, 1918; president, Federal Board of Material Improvement, 1925–1927; director, Purchasing Department, National Railroads of Mexico, 1937. g—Leader of Cananea mining strike, 1906; sentenced to 15 years in prison, 1909; imprisoned with Manuel Diéguez in San Juan de Ulloa. h—Worked in mines of Sonora, 1904–1906. i—Son of Jesús B. Calderón and Vita Ojeda, from middle class. j—Organizer of volunteers to oppose

Victoriano Huerta, 1913; fought under General Obregón; fought against Villa, 1915; rank of brigade general, Apr. 27, 1917; rank of division general, 1939. k—Opposed Venustiano Carranza’s imposition of a successor in 1920. l—DGF56, 7, 9–12; Ind Biog., 30–32; Morales Jiménez, 55–59; Dávila, 111. Calderón Rodríguez, Enrique

(Deceased) b—Durango. c—Early education unknown; no degree. d—Governor, Durango, 1936–1940. f—Assistant chief of police, Federal District, 1934–1935; consul general, Mexican Foreign Service, San Francisco, Calif., 1940–1943. g—None. h—None. i—Brother Ernesto Calderón Rodríguez was federal deputy from Durango, 1937–1940. j—Joined Constitutional Army in 1916; career army officer; rank of colonel, 1927; returned to active duty, 1933; rank of brigadier general, Oct. 1, 1943. k—Protests in Mexican press against his being appointed consul general because of crimes he allegedly committed while serving as governor of Durango; Senate did not ratify his promotion to brigadier general, Nov. 29, 1941; presidential candidate in 1945, receiving a small number of votes; reported by New York Times as being held on charges of fraud by Mexican authorities, 1953. l—WWM45, 17; Peral, 47, 64; Correa 46, 68–69; NYT, Sept. 27, 1953, 23; www.senado.gob.mx. Calderón Salazar, Jorge Alfonso

a—Jan. 23, 1949. b—La Cruz, Sinaloa. c—Early education unknown; economics degree, National School of Economics, UNAM, 1966–1970, graduating with thesis titled “Social and Economic Dynamics of Mexico, 1920–1934,” Oct. 30, 1973; diploma in international relations, graduate studies in social sciences, Paris; diploma in international relations, Colegio de México, 1983– 1984; professor, University of Sinaloa; professor and researcher, UNAM, 1971–1997, and National School of Agriculture, Chapingo, 1979–1991. d—Plurinominal federal deputy from PRD, 1997–2000, president of Foreign Relations Committee. e—Member, PRD; secretary of international relations, CEN of PRD, 1995–1996. f—Researcher,

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assistant secretary of planning, Secretariat of Hydraulic Resources, 1971–1972. g—None. h—None. i—Son of José Mariano Calderón Romero, farmer, and Juana Salazar, retailer; married Azucena Ovando Navarro, educator; wife, candidate for alternate federal deputy, Federal District, Dist. 21, 2003; wife was detained as a student for occupying the UNAM rectory in 1968. j—None. k—None. l—www.secgob.gob.mx, 1997, 2007; QesQ en el Congreso, 1997–2000, 276–277; DBGM92, 432; Musacchio, 62. Calderón Velarde, Alfonso G.

(Deceased Apr. 14, 1990) a—Sept. 19, 1913. b—Calabacillas, Chihuahua. c—Elementary studies in San José de Gracia and Los Mochis, Sinaloa, 1920–1927; no degree. d—Federal deputy from State of Sinaloa, Dist. 1, 1946–1949, member of 1st Ejido Committee, Development of Cooperatives Committee, and Sugar Industry Committee; mayor, Ahome, Sinaloa, 1962–1965; federal deputy from State of Sinaloa, Dist. 1, 1967– 1970, member of 2nd Labor Committee and 1st Treasury Committee; senator from State of Sinaloa, 1970–1974, president of Hydraulic Resources Committee, 1st secretary of Industries Committee, 2nd secretary of Development of Cooperatives Committee, and member of 1st Balloting Group; governor, Sinaloa, 1975–1981. e—Treasurer of PRI in Sinaloa, 1951; president of PRI in Sinaloa, 1951–1957; secretary of labor action of CEN of PRI. f—Assistant secretary of fishing development, 1982–1985. g—Cofounder, CTM, Sinaloa, 1936; secretary, Executive Committee of Local No. 53, Union of Mechanics and Similar Occupations of Mexico, 1931; secretary, Union of Workers and Laborers of Northern Sinaloa, 1934; founding member, Union of Sugar Industry Workers of Mexico, 1937; secretary-general, Local No. 12, Union of Sugar Industry Workers of Mexico, Los Mochis; secretary of conflicts and head of medical services, Union of Sugar Industry Workers of Mexico, Los Mochis, 1943–1945; assistant to secretary of political affairs of CTM, 1946–1949; assistant to National Committee of CTM, 1960–1962; secretary-

general, CTM, Sinaloa, 1966–1967, 1974; secretary of organization of CEN of CTM, 1974. h—Electrician, United Sugar Company, Los Mochis, 1931; coauthor of constitution for Union of Workers and Farmers of Sinaloa. i—Son of Donato Calderón Eulibarria, a carpenter, and Guadalupe Velarde; married María Haydée Barraza Calderón. j—None. k—Unexpected choice for PRI candidate for governor, 1974. l—MGF73, 66; C de S, 1970– 1976, 71; C de D, 1946–1949, 67, 1967–1970, 69, 73; DGF47, 11; MGF69, 95; HA, Oct. 14, 1974, 33; Excélsior, May 22, 1978, 16; Enc. Mex., Annual, 1977, 550; DBGM, 74. Calleja García, Juan Moisés a—Sept. 4, 1918. b—Federal District. c—Elementary studies in public schools in Federal District; secondary studies at Secondary School No. 5, Federal District, 1929–1931; preparatory studies at National Preparatory School, 1931–1933; legal studies, National School of Law, UNAM, 1933–1938, graduating with thesis on labor law, 1941; professor of labor process, National School of Law, UNAM, 1941–1944; professor, IPN, 1942–1972; secondary school teacher, 1942–1972. d—Federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. 10, 1964–1967, 1970–1973, member of Department of the Federal District Committee, Labor Sec. of Legislative Studies Committee, 1st Government Committee, General Accounting Office Committee, and 1st Labor Committee; federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. 29, 1985–1988. e—Joined PNR, 1931; president, District Committee of PRI, Dist. 10, Federal District, 1966–1968, 1970–1976; coordinator, Honor and Justice Committee, PRI, 2001. f—Justice, Supreme Court, June 17, 1975–1976, 1976–1982, 1982– 1984; secretary-general, IMSS, 1994–2000, 2000–2006. g—Adviser, CTM; adviser, National Union of Radio and Television Workers; adviser, National Electricians’ Union; labor representative, Federal Board of Conciliation and Arbitration; delegate, ILO; chief, Legal Department, various CTM unions, 1946–1975; secretary-general, Delegation 3, Local No. 10, SNTE, 1973–1975. h—Helped rewrite changes in Art. 127

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of Mexican Constitution. i—Son of Juan Calleja Benítez, businessman, and Brigada García Flores; married Socorro Castañón j—None. k—None. l—Excélsior, June 18, 1975, 18; Directorio, 1970–1972, 30; DBGM, 641; DBGM87, 446; www.scjn.gob .mx, 89–90, 2008. Callejas Arroyo, Juan Nicolás a—July 9, 1944. b—Nautla, Veracruz. c—Teaching certificate, E. Rodríguez Cano Rural Normal School, Perote, Veracruz, 1961–1962, and Miguel Ángel de Quevedo Rural Normal School, La Huerta, Michoacán, 1963; degree in elementary education, National Pedagogical University, Veracruz, Veracruz, 1976; elementary teacher, 1964–1971; principal of elementary schools, 1972–1982. d—Local deputy, State Legislature of Veracruz, 1981–1983; federal deputy from State of Veracruz, Dist. 5, 1985–1988; federal deputy from State of Veracruz, Dist. 8, 2000–2003. e—Member, National Political Council, PRI, 1966. f—Federal elementary school inspector, Secretariat of Public Education, 1982– 1988; inspector general of elementary zones, Secretariat of Public Education, 1988–2000. g—Secretary-general, Local 32, SNTE, 1978– 1981; secretary of organization and labor rights, higher normal schools, SNTE, 1992– 1995; secretary of teaching careers, CEN of SNTE, 1995–1998; secretary of culture, CEN of SNTE, 1998–2000. h—None. i—Son of Pedro Callejas Cardona, cattle rancher, and Francisca Arroyo Batiza; married Dulce María Bauza del Mazo. j—None. k—None. l—QesQ en el Congreso, 2000–2003, 153; DBGM84, 446; DCM, 2000–2003, 290. Calles (López Negrete), Mario a—Nov. 9, 1921. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; medical degree from National School of Medicine, UNAM. d—None. e—None. f—Assistant director of infant and maternal welfare, Secretariat of Health, 1970; director of medical services, Federal Electric Commission; assistant secretary of health, 1976–1980; secretary of health and welfare, 1980–1982. g—Adviser, ISSSTE. h—Physician, Children’s Hospital, Los Angeles,

Calif.; physician, Children’s Hospital, Mexico City; physician, Spanish Sanatorium, Mexico City. i—Son of engineer Francisco Calles González; great‑nephew of President Plutarco E. Calles; childhood friend of José López Portillo and Luis Echeverría. j—None. k—None. i—HA, June 16, 1980, 25; DAPC81, 90; DAPC77, 11; DPE, 115; Excélsior, Jan. 23, 1980, 2B; Proceso, July 16, 1984, 9, July 16, 1984, 9. Calles Pordo, Aureo Lino (Deceased Nov. 20, 1957) a—Sept. 23, 1887. b—Huimanguillo, Tabasco. c—Elementary studies in Huimanguillo; no degree. d—Interim governor of Tabasco, 1935–1936. f—Municipal judge, Huimanguillo, 1911–1913; director of infantry, Secretariat of National Defense, 1946–1949; commander, Legion of Honor, Secretariat of National Defense; assistant secretary of national defense, 1949–1952. g—None. h—None. i—Son of peasants Agustín Calles and Eleodora Pardo; 1st cousin of Lauro, José, and Gonzalo Acuña Pardo; brother Aquiles died in battle for Paraíso, Tabasco, 1914; married Linda Ramírez; son Homero, a naval captain; son Aureo, an air force major; son Aquiles, a physician. j—Joined the Revolution as enlisted man under his uncle, General Pedro Cornelio Colorado Calles, 1913; served in Constitutional Army, 1913–1915; joined General Salvador Alvarado, 1915; became career army officer; commander, 20th Military Zone, Colima, Colima, 1935; commander, 30th Military Zone, Villahermosa, Tabasco, 1937; commander, Yucatán military zone; rank of brigadier general, 1915; rank of brigade general, July 16, 1932; reached rank of division general, July 16, 1942. k—None. l—DGF56; Peral, 136; DP70, 333; DGF51, I, 177; NYT, July 24, 1935, 6; Bulnes, 585–586; López, 141; Almanaque de Tabasco, 154; Dávila, 113; DP95, 540. Caloca, Lauro G. (Deceased Oct. 17, 1956) a—Aug. 18, 1884. b—San Juan Bautista del Teul, Zacatecas. c—Elementary studies in Zacatecas, Zacatecas; law degree from Institute of Sciences of Zacatecas on

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a fellowship; professor, Institute of Sciences of Zacatecas; library director, Institute of Sciences of Zacatecas. d—Federal deputy from State of Zacatecas, Dist. 6, 1924–1926; senator from Zacatecas, 1928– 1930, 1932–1934; senator from Zacatecas, 1952–1956. e—None. f—Secretary-general of government, State of Puebla; interim governor, Zacatecas; provisional governor, Puebla; adviser to secretary of agriculture, 1920–1924. g—None. h—Cofounder of rural school program in Mexico, 1921; director of La Voz of Zacatecas, 1913; director of El Independiente, Zacatecas, 1920; writer for El Universal, Mexico City; poet and short story writer. i—Brother of General José R. Caloca; worked as a peasant and carpenter to support mother. j—Fought in the Revolution under Francisco Villa and Emiliano Zapata. k—None. l—DGF56, 8; López, 142; Enc. Mex. 1977, II, 236; Q es Q, 91.

and Lucina Gutiérrez Rincón; married María Esther García. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM92, 649; DBGM94, CD; www.scjn .gob.mx, 2008, 80. Calzada Padrón, Feliciano a—May 20, 1941. b—Teapa, Tabasco. c—Early education unknown; law degree, National School of Law, UNAM. d—Federal deputy from State of Tabasco, Dist. 1, 1973–1976, president of Treasury Committee; federal deputy from State of Tabasco, Dist. 5, 2000–2003. e—Director, national youth of CEN of PRI; oficial mayor of PRI, Federal District; general delegate of CEN of PRI to Nuevo León, Guerrero, San Luis Potosí, and Oaxaca; secretary of legal affairs, CEN of PRI; member, National Political Council of PRI. f—Secretary of economic promotion, Tabasco; private secretary to governor of Tabasco. g—None. j—None. k—None. l—Musacchio, 63; DCM, 2000–2003, 265; QesQ en el Congreso, 2000–2003, 154; C de D, 1973–1976.

Chiapas. c—Early education unknown; law degree, National School of Law, UNAM, 1946–1950, graduating with thesis titled “Rural Problems in Mexico and Small Property,” May 6, 1952; preparatory school teacher, 1952, 1959–1968; professor, Federal Legal Institute. d—None. e—None. f—1st secretary, Second Judicial District, Tapachula, Chiapas, 1956–1958; 2nd secretary, Second Judicial District, Criminal Courts, Federal District, 1958–1959; 1st secretary, Judicial District, Acapulco, 1959–1960; secretary of studies and accounts, First Division, Supreme Court, 1960–1961; district judge, Tuxtla Gutiérrez, 1961; district judge, Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, 1961–1964; district judge, Veracruz, Veracruz, 1964–1967; circuit court judge, Saltillo, Coahuila, 1967–1968, Torreón, Coahuila, 1968–1970, Veracruz, 1970; judge, Second Appeals Court, Federal District, 1978–1990; judge, Fifth Appeals Court, 1990–1991; justice, Supreme Court, 1991–1995. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Raquel Damián Cal y Mayor Palacios, lawyer and public notary,

a—Aug. 21, 1964. b—Querétaro, Querétaro. c—Early education unknown; administration degree, University of the New World, Mexico City; MA in administration, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces; studies with a specialization in municipal and regional administration, National Institute of Public Administration; professor of international treaties, ITESM, Querétaro Campus. d—Senator from Querétaro, 2006– 2009, secretary of Treasury Committee; governor, Querétaro, 2009– . e—Member of PRI. f—Adviser on fishing and environment, Mexican embassy, Washington, DC; administrator of customs planning, Secretariat of the Treasury; administrator of customs, Tijuana and Ciudad Juárez; federal delegate, Secretariat of Labor, Querétaro. g—None. h—None. j—None. k—None. l—Directorio del Congreso Mexicano, 2006–2009, 224; www.es.wikipedia.org, 2010; www.senado.gob.mx, 2009. Calzada Urquiza, Antonio a—Sept. 9, 1931. b—Querétaro, Querétaro. c—Elementary studies at Instituto Querétaro,

Cal y Mayor Gutiérrez, Ignacio Moisés a—Sept. 4, 1927. b—Tuxtla Gutiérrez,

Calzada Rovirosa, José Eduardo

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Querétaro; secondary and preparatory studies at Colegio Civil of Querétaro; architecture degree, School of Architecture, UNAM. d—Mayor, Querétaro, 1970–1973; governor, Querétaro, 1973–1979. e—Director, CEPES, Querétaro, 1968–1970; accompanied Luis Echeverría on his 1969 presidential campaign in Querétaro; delegate of IEPES of PRI to various cities; secretary, CEPES of PRI, Quintana Roo, 1962–1964; delegate, General Assembly of PRI, 1968. f—Delegate of Institute of Social Security in Querétaro, 1965–1970; manager, Federal Potable Water Service, Cozumel, 1962–1964; president, Federal Board of Civil and Moral Improvements, Chetumal and Cozumel, Quintana Roo, 1960–1964. g—None. h—Employee, Secretariat of Public Works; employee, Secretariat of National Patrimony; manager, Mexican Works Construction Company, 1958–1960. i—Impressed Echeverría with organizational abilities during 1969 presidential campaign; close friend of Mario Moya Palencia; married Teresa Rovirosa, sister of Leandro Rovirosa Wade, governor of Tabasco and secretary of hydraulic resources, 1970–1976; son José Eduardo Calzada was a senator from PRI, 2006–2012. j—None. k—None. l—HA, Oct. 15, 1973, 47; Enc. Mex., Annual, 1977, 548–549; www.gutzbaihi5.com. Camacho Gaos, Carlos Antonio José

a—Jan. 31. 1951. b—Federal District. c—Preparatory studies at Instituto Patria, 1969; economics degree from ITAM, 1969–1973, with thesis titled “Notes on Development, Trade, and Policy”; MA, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, 1976–1977; MA in regional and urban economics, Georgetown University, 1976–1978; professor of economics, Ibero-American University, 1975–1976; professor of economics, Anáhuac University, 1976; professor of economics, Colegio de México, 1980–1984. d—None. e—None. f—Analyst, Department of Trade Policy, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1972–1974; chief, Office of Economic Studies of Tourism Promotion, Secretariat of Tourism, 1974–1976; assistant director of taxes, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1979–1982; assistant director

of tourism, National Bank of Tourism, 1982; director general of statistics, INEGI, Secretariat of Programming and Budget, 1982–1984; general technical coordinator, Secretariat of Tourism, 1984–1988; director general of foreign investment, Secretariat of Commerce, 1988–1990; assistant secretary of promotion and development, Secretariat of Tourism, 1990–1991; assistant secretary of development and promotion of fishing, Secretariat of the Environment, National Resources, and Fishing, 1991–2000. g—President, National Association of ITAM alumni, 1988. h—None. i—Son of Carlos Juan Camacho Huelin, publicist, and María de los Ángeles Gaos Hernández; married Maya Alejandra Dávalos Murillo, architect; attended preparatory school with Pedro Aspe. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM89, 64; WWM, 87; DBGM, 75; DBGM87, 69; DBGM92, 69. Camacho Guzmán, Rafael a—Nov. 16, 1916. b—Querétaro. c—Preparatory studies at Colegio Civil of Querétaro; completed 1st year of studies in agricultural engineering at School of Agriculture, Roque, Guanajuato. d—Senator from State of Querétaro, 1976–1979; governor, Querétaro, 1979–1985. e—Founding member, PRM. f—None. g—Founding member, the Digital Radio Workers’ Union; member, Labor Sec., Mexican–North American Commission; secretary of organization, Congress of Labor; delegate, ILO (several times); secretary-general, Radio, Television, and Related Industries Union, 1961–1979; secretary of relations, CEN of CTM, 1974–1980. h—None. j—None. k—Candidate of Fidel Velázquez for gubernatorial nomination; Latin America claims he was imposed by the CTM on José López Portillo. l—Latin America, Jan. 26, 1979, 30; Almanaque de México, 396; C de S, 1976–1982; www.diario dequeretaro.com. Camacho López, Aaron (Deceased) a—July 1, 1908. b—Tulyehualco, Federal District. c—Elementary studies in Federal District; studied at Normal School, Federal District; law degree, National School of Law,

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UNAM. d—Alternate federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. 12, 1937–1940; federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. 12, 1940–1943, member of Department of the Federal District Committee; federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. 11, 1949–1952, member of Social Action Committee (2nd year), and alternate member of 1st Public Education Committee and Electric Industry Committee. e—None. f—Inspector general of delegations, Department of the Federal District; director of control of delegations, Department of the Federal District. g—None. j—None. k—None. l—Peral, 136; C de D, 1937–1939; C de D, 1940–1942, 48; C de D, 1949–1951, 11; López, 143. Camacho Quiroz, César a—Feb. 14, 1959. b—Métepec, State of Mexico. c—Early education unknown; law degree, Autonomous University of the State of Mexico, Toluca, 1980; MA in law, Autonomous University of the State of Mexico; professor of constitutional law, School of Law, Autonomous University of the State of Mexico. d—Mayor, Métepec, 1990–1993; plurinominal senator from PRI, 2000–2006, president of Federalism Committee; plurinominal federal deputy from PRI, 2006–2009. e—Joined PRI, 1979; assistant secretary of ideological information, PRI, State of Mexico, 1982; secretary of social action, PRI, State of Mexico, 1985; assistant director, CEPES of PRI, State of Mexico, 1987; assistant secretary-general, CEN of PRI, 1993; secretary of political action operations, CEN of PRI, 2000; CEN of PRI special delegate to municipalities; technical secretary, National Political Council, CEN of PRI, 1999; secretary of operations and political action, CEN of PRI, 2000–2001. f—Legal adviser to director of social promotion, State of Mexico, 1982; assistant director of government, State of Mexico, 1987; secretary-general of government, State of Mexico, 1993–1995; substitute governor, State of Mexico, 1995–1999; assistant secretary of political development, Secretariat of Government, 1999–2000. g—None. h—Lawyer, Riva Palacio Firm, 1980. i—Son of Mariano Camacho Vilchis, rancher, businessman, and mayor

of Métepec, 1973–1975, and Rosa M. Quiroz; married María Eugenia San Martín Castro Paredes, psychologist. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM94, CD; DBGM93; www.edomex .gob.mx, 2008; QesQ en el Congreso, 2000– 2003, 338–339; www.diputados.gob .mx, 2007; DCM, 2000–2003, 145. Camacho Solís, Rafael Edgardo a—June 17, 1947. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; studies in mathematics and actuarial sciences, UNAM, 1967–1968; medical degree, National School of Medicine, UNAM, 1969–1975; teacher, Molino de Bezares School, 1966–1968. d—None. e—Joined PRI, 1981. f—Technical coordinator, National Children’s Program, Secretariat of Health, 1977–1981; chief, Social Loans Delegation, Colima, IMSS, 1985–1987; director general of health promotion, Secretariat of Health, 1988–1994; assistant secretary of regulation and sanitation promotion, Secretariat of Health, 1995–1996. g—None. h—Physician, Benito Juárez, Oaxaca; director, Red Cross, Cancún, Quintana Roo, 1976–1977. i—Son of Dr. and General Manuel Camacho López, career military officer, and Luz Solís Echeverría; brother Víctor Manuel Camacho Solís was head of Department of the Federal District, 1988– 1993, sister-in-law Guadalupe Siles Velasco (deceased) was daughter of Manuel Velasco Suárez, governor of Chiapas, 1970–1976; another sister-in-law, Mónica van der Vliet, was descendant of Spanish royalty, manager of equity accounts at Banamex; father in pharmaceutical business with Manuel Velasco Suárez and Jesús Lozoya Solís, governor of Chihuahua and personal physician to Salinas family. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM92, 69–70; Pescador, 121; Musacchio, 64; DBGM94, CD. Camacho Solís, Víctor Manuel a—Mar. 30, 1946. b—Federal District. c—Elementary studies, Instituto Cumbres, 1954–1959; secondary studies, Instituto Cumbres, 1960– 1962; preparatory studies, Instituto Cumbres, 1963–1965; economics degree, National School of Economics, UNAM, 1966–1970, graduating Apr. 10, 1970; MA in public

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affairs, Princeton University, Princeton, N.J., 1972; professor, various subjects, Colegio de México; professor, National Teachers’ College, 1979–1980; professor of Mexican political system, National School of Political and Social Science, UNAM, 1978, and School of Latin American Studies, UNAM, 1979. d—Plurinominal federal deputy from PRD, 2003–2006, but not a member of party. e—Secretary of relations, National Youth Directorate of PRI, 1965; assistant director of political studies, IEPES of PRI, 1981–1982; secretary-general of CEN of PRI, 1988; resigned from PRI, Oct. 13, 1995; founded PCD, 1997, and secretary-general, 1999; PCD presidential candidate, 1999–2000, winning 0.6% of vote. f—Assistant researcher, Department of Economic Studies, Bank of Mexico, 1969; analyst, coordinator of economic and social planning, Secretariat of the Presidency, 1972–1973; private secretary to assistant secretary of commercial planning, Leopoldo Solís, 1977; adviser to director general of NAFIN, 1979; adviser to director general of economic policy, Secretariat of Programming and Budget, 1980; assistant secretary of regional development, Secretariat of Programming and Budget, 1982–1986; secretary of urban development and ecology, 1986–1988; head, Department of the Federal District, 1988–1993; secretary of foreign relations, 1993–1994; peace commissioner to Chiapas, 1994. g—None. i—Son of Dr. and General Manuel Camacho López, career military officer, and Luz Solís Echeverría; married Guadalupe Velazco Siles (deceased), daughter of Manuel Velasco Suárez, governor of Chiapas, 1970–1976; father in pharmaceutical business with Manuel Velasco Suárez and Jesús Lozoya Solís, governor of Chihuahua and personal physician to Salinas family; close friend of Emilio Lozoya and Carlos Salinas at UNAM; original disciple of Leopoldo Solís; students at Colegio de México included Marcelo Ebrard, his secretary-general of government in Department of the Federal District, Juan Enríquez Cabo, and Otto R. Granados

Roldán; brother Rafael was assistant secretary of regulation and sanitation, Secretariat of Health; second wife, Mónica van der Vliet, was descendant of Spanish royalty, manager of equity accounts at Banamex. h—None. j—None. k—None. l—Q es QAP, 134; Proceso, Oct. 19, 1987, 10; Proceso, Jan. 20, 1988, 21; DBGM89, 64–65; DBGM, 75; Líderes, 2, 33–40; Excélsior, Nov. 16, 1996. Camarena Adame, Lidia a—July 15, 1939. b—Federal District. c—Completed 3rd–6th grades at Republic of El Salvador Elementary School, Mexico City; secondary studies at Secondary School No. 6, Mexico City; preparatory studies at National Preparatory School No. 4; studies in economics at National School of Economics, UNAM, 1957–1962, economics degree May 2, 1968, with thesis on development administration; studies in public administration, School of Political and Social Sciences, UNAM, 1961–1963; postgraduate course in personnel administration, Institute of Higher Studies of Monterrey, 1967; studies toward a PhD, UNAM; postgraduate work in public administration in Berlin and at University of Leeds, Eng., scholarship from Secretariat of Public Education; professor, IPN; professor, School of Political and Social Sciences, 1965–1982. d—Federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. 8, 1979–1982. e—Coordinator of logistics, IEPES, during José López Portillo’s presidential campaign, 1976; assistant secretary of organization, CEN of PRI; PRI precandidate for nomination for mayor of Guadalajara, 1997. f—Supervisor, Secretariat of Public Works, 1963–1964; director, Administrative Office, Division of Legal Affairs, Secretariat of Public Works, 1964–1965; director of organization, Personnel Division, PEMEX, 1968–1970; technical adviser to oficial mayor, Secretariat of Public Works and Dwellings, 1970–1972; adviser, Secretariat of Public Works and Dwellings, 1972–1973; technical adviser to assistant secretary of expenditures, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1974–1975; director of administration and finance, Productos Pesqueros Mexicanos, 1977–1979. g—None.

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h—Joined government bureaucracy, Aug. 16, 1963. i—Daughter of Jesús Camarena Ibarra, commander of central barracks, Mexico City, 1920, and Elena Adame Sánchez. j—None. k—Musacchio reports that she was accused of fraud while employed in Productos Pesqueros Mexicanos, 1983, and served time in prison before her release in 1988. l—C de D, 1979–1982; Romero Aceves, 689–691; Musacchio, 64. Camarena Castro, Porfirio a—Jan 17, 1942. b—Iguala, Guerrero. c—Early education unknown; economics studies at National School of Economics, UNAM; MA in economics, Columbia University, New York. d—Federal deputy from State of Guerrero, Dist. 2, 1979–1982, 1985–1988, 1991– 1994; senator from Guerrero, 1994–2000. e—President of PRI, Guerrero. f—Assistant director general, Workers’ Bank. g—Assistant secretary of political action, CEN of CTM; secretary-general, National Union of Professionals in the Service of Workers. h—None. i—Son of Porfirio Camarena López and Gloria Castro Salgado; married Imelda Díaz Reynoso. j—None. k—None. l—QesQ en el Congreso, 1997–2000, 293– 294; DBGM87, 447; DBGM92, 433; www .secgob.gob.mx, 1997, 2007. Camarena Medina, Ramón (Deceased) a—Dec. 14, 1907. b—Chihuahua, Chihuahua. c—Preparatory studies, Ciudad Juárez; agricultural engineering degree. d—Federal deputy from State of Veracruz, Dist. 10, 1940–1943, member of Administration Committee; federal deputy from State of Veracruz, Dist. 6, 1946–1949, member of Committee on National Waters and Irrigation, alternate member of 1st Ejido Committee. e—None. f—Delegate of Department of Agrarian Affairs in Chiapas; director, Ejido Credit Bank, Veracruz. g—None. j—None. k—None. l—Peral, 37; C de D, 1940–1942; C de D, 1946–1948, 67. Camargo Figueroa, Héctor (Deceased) a—Jan. 6, 1907. b—Federal District. c—Elementary studies at Public School No. 47, advanced elementary at Antonio Alzate

Public School, Mexico City; completed 3 years of vocational training in mechanicalelectrical engineering; enrolled in Heroic Military College, Feb. 7, 1924, graduating as 2nd infantry lieutenant, July 1, 1927; completed staff and command course and chief of staff course, Higher War College, 1934–1937; officer of students, 1st Company, Heroic Military College, 1930–1931; professor, Higher War College; chief of instruction, Military Medical College. d—None. e—None. f—Assistant secretary of national defense, 1975–1976. g—None. h—None. i—Father, Ángel Camargo, was an accountant; member of same cadet generation as Jorge Castellanos Domínguez, military zone commander. j—Career army officer; fought in various campaigns against Cristeros and supporters of General Escobar (20 battles) in Jalisco, Chihuahua, Durango, Coahuila, and Sonora; junior officer, 51st and 47th Infantry Battalions; 1st lieutenant, 29th and 37th Infantry Battalions; assistant chief of staff, 31st Military Zone, Tapachula, Chiapas, 1st Military Zone, Mexico City, and 27th Military Zone, Acapulco, Guerrero; chief of staff of 24th, 22nd, and 5th Military Zones; commander, 3rd Inspection Committee, Office of the Inspector General of the Army; commander, 26th Infantry Battalion; garrison commander, Matamoros, Tamaulipas; commander, 11th Military Zone, Zacatecas; commander, 25th Military Zone, Puebla, 1973–1975; rank of division general. l—Rev. de Ejer., Jan., 1973, 90; Rev. de Ejer., Oct.– Nov., 1976, 142–143; Excélsior, May 17, 1975, 21; Rev. de Ejer., June–Aug., 1982, 53. Camarillo Ochoa, José Eleazar

(Deceased Jan. 31, 1999) a—June 5, 1923. b—Atlixco, Puebla. c—Secondary studies at Workers’ Center, Atlixco, Puebla, 1933–1937; no degree. d—Alternate local deputy, State Legislature of Puebla, 1957–1960; alternate federal deputy from State of Puebla, Dist. 4, under Antonio J. Hernández; local deputy, State Legislature of Puebla, 1966–1969, 1975– 1978; federal deputy from State of Puebla, Dist. 4, 1970–1973, 1979–1982, 1985–1988,

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1991–1994; alternate senator from State of Puebla, under Alfredo Toxqui Fernández, 1970–1976; federal deputy from State of Puebla, Dist. 10, 1997–1999. e—Joined PNR, 1940; secretary of political action of PRI, State of Puebla, 1970–1973. f—None. g—Local leader of CROM, Puebla; national leader of CROM. h—Laborer. i—Protégé and compadre of Antonio J. Hernández, important CROM leader, 1967–1985. j—None. k—La Jornada describes him as the political boss of Atlixco, Puebla. l—DBGM87, 448; C de D, 1970–1973; C de D, 1979–1982; C de D, 1985–1988; DBGM92, 433; QesQ en el Congreso, 1997–2000, 136; www.lajornadadeoriente.com, Feb. 13, 2006. Campa Cifrián, Roberto Rafael a—Jan. 11, 1957. b—Federal District. c—Elementary and secondary studies in Federal District, Toluca, and Puebla; law degree, Anáhuac University, 1976–1981; law degree, ITAM, 1979–1981; professor, Anáhuac University, 1989. d—Representative to Assembly of the Federal District, Dist. 32, 1991–1994; federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. 32, 1994–1997; plurinominal federal deputy (independent), 2003–2006. e—General delegate of CEN of PRI, 1981–1982; president of PRI, Federal District, 1997; PRI precandidate for nomination for governor of Federal District, 2000; member, Democratic Unity Group, PRI, 2005; resigned from PRI, 2005; New Alliance Party candidate for president, 2006. f—Private secretary to director general of budgeting, administration, and finances, Secretariat of Programming and Budget, 1980–1981; director of economic planning, Department of the Federal District, 1982–1984; director general, Planning Committee for Development of the Federal District, Department of the Federal District, 1984–1988; federal attorney for the protection of consumers, 1997–1998; coordinator, National Public Security System, 2006. g—President, Student Society at Anáhuac University, 1978–1979; secretary-general, CNOP of PRI, 2002. h—President, Grupo Campa, Chrysler Distributorship, founded by father in 1988. i—Son of Roberto Campa

Padilla, businessman, and María de Lourdes Cifrián; married Christa Grassi, architect; close friend of Enrique Jackson. j—None k—Supported Esther Elba Gordillo when she was removed as leader of PRI delegation in Congress, 2004. l—DBGM94, CD; www.diputados.gob.mx, 2003–2006, 2007; DBGM92, 610; Musacchio, 65; www.notiver .com.mx, 2008; www.en.wikipedia.org, 2009. Campa (Salazar), Valentín (Deceased Nov. 25, 1999) a—Feb. 14, 1904. b—Monterrey, Nuevo León. c—Elementary studies in Torreón, Coahuila, 1910–1916; completed 1st year of secondary; no degree. d—Workers’ Bloc candidate for governor of Nuevo León against Plutarco Calles, Jr., and General Zuazua, 1934; PCM candidate for president of Mexico, 1976; plurinominal deputy from PCM, 1979–1982. e—Joined PCM, Feb. 21, 1927; expelled from PCM in 1940 when he opposed Trotsky assassination; cofounder, Workers’ and Peasants Party, 1951. f—None. g—Leader, Workers’ Union of Nuevo León, 1927; cofounder, Unitary Mexican Federation of Workers, 1929, and secretarygeneral, 1930; attended International Red Unions Meeting, Moscow, 1930; member, Executive Committee, STFRM, 1943–1948; secretary of education and organization, STFRM. h—Employed by La Corona, subsidiary of Royal Dutch Shell, Tampico, 1920–1921; office worker, National Railroads of Mexico; shipping clerk, National Railroads of Mexico, Hipólito, Coahuila, 1922; employee, National Railroads of Mexico, Ciudad Victoria, Tamaulipas, 1927. j—None. k—Imprisoned numerous times by Mexican government for his leadership in railroad strikes and political opposition, including in Lecumberri Prison, 1930, 1949–1952, and Lecumberri and Santa María prisons for the 1958–1959 railroad strike and in 1960–1970; President Calles had him arrested and ordered his execution, but Emilio Portes Gil prevented it. l—Campa; HA, June 14, 1946, 41–42; DdeY, Nov. 25, 1999. Campero, José (Deceased) a—Oct., 1893. b—Colima, Colima. c—Early education unknown; no degree. d—Senator from

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State of Colima, 1932–1934; provisional governor, Colima, Aug. 24, 1935–Nov. 1, 1935, appointed by Senate to replace Governor Saucedo until new elections could be held; federal deputy from State of Colima, Dist. 1, 1937–1940. f—Secretary-general of government, State of Colima, 1931–1932; oficial mayor of Senate, 1936–1937. g—None. h—Newspaper reporter in San Luis Potosí, Chihuahua, and other parts of Mexico. j—Joined Constitutional Army in Sonora, 1913. k—Remained loyal to Carranza in 1920. l—Peral 47, 67–68; letter; Correa 41, 47; González Navarro, 117. Campillo Sáinz, Carlos a—Aug. 7, 1919. b—Federal District. c—Elementary and secondary studies in Federal District; medical degree from National School of Medicine, UNAM; postgraduate work in hospital administration at World Health Organization; special studies at National Institute of Cardiology, Mexico City; studies in virology in Boston and at University of California, Berkeley, 1946–1947, 1952–1953; received Pan American Union scholarship for studies in Boston; professor of infectious diseases, National School of Medicine, UNAM, 1947– 1960; professor, School of Public Health, Secretariat of Health, 1947–1968; professor of virology, National School of Medicine, UNAM, 1962–1966; Rockefeller scholarship for virology studies at University of California, 1946–1947; director, School of Medicine, UNAM, 1968–1970. d—None. e—Member, New Advisory Council, IEPES, 1972. f—Director, Virology Laboratory, Secretariat of Health, 1968; member, Investigating Committee on Health, Secretariat of Health; assistant secretary of health, 1970–1976. g—None. h—Doctor, IMSS; scientific investigator, IMSS and Secretariat of Health; malaria specialist, Institute of Health and Tropical Diseases, Secretariat of Health and Public Welfare; recipient of U.S. Department of Health award for studies on polio, 1965; recognized specialist and author of over 60 scientific works. i—Son of José Gabriel Campillo Rioloza, mining engineer and industrialist, and María Elena Sáinz Cordero; brother of

José Campillo Sáinz, secretary of industry and commerce, 1974–1976; married Haydée Serrano. j—None. k—None. l—DGF69, 756; letter; HA, Sept. 20, 1971, 48; DBM68, 97–98; BdM, 81; DPE61, 111. Campillo Sáinz, José (Deceased Dec. 24, 1998) a—Oct. 9, 1917. b—Tlalpan, Federal District. c—Elementary and secondary education in Federal District; legal studies at Free Law School; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, 1941; specialized studies in Italy, 1938; professor of law, National School of Law, UNAM, 1942–1979. d—None. e—None. f—President, National Productivity Center; president, Coordinating Committee of the International Activities of Private Enterprise in Mexico; Mexican representative for industrial development, United Nations; assistant secretary of industry, Secretariat of Industry and Commerce, 1970–1974; secretary of industry and commerce, 1974–1976; director general, INFONAVIT, 1976–1982, 1982–1988, 1988–1991. g—Director, Mining Chamber of Mexico; secretary, Mexican Mining Association, 1944–1958; president, Mexican Mining Association, 1958–1964; president, CONCAMIN, 1966–1968. h—Director of legal, economic, and social affairs, Cía. Fundidora de Fierro de Monterrey, 1962–1970. i—Son of mining engineer and industrialist José G. Campillo Rioloza, and María Elena Sáinz Cordero; brother of Carlos Campillo Sáinz; married Luz García de la Torre; Mario de la Cueva directed his thesis committee; professor of Miguel de la Madrid at UNAM; son José Ignacio served as technical secretary of foreign trade cabinet group, 1989. j—None. k—None. l—DBM68, 98; HA, Dec. 14, 1970, 21; DPE71; Excélsior, Jan. 18, 1974, 1, 13; HA, Jan. 28, 1974, 16; Romero Aceves, 556–557; DBGM87, 71–72. Campillo Seyde, Arturo (Deceased May 25, 1958) a—Aug. 14, 1884. b—Paso del Macho, Orizaba, Veracruz. c—Elementary studies in Córdoba, Veracruz; no degree. d—Federal deputy from State of Veracruz, Dist 11, 1920–1922; federal deputy from State of Veracruz, Dist. 14, 1922–1924, 1924–1926;

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federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. 4, 1926–1928; senator from Veracruz, 1928– 1932, leader of National Revolutionary Bloc, secretary of Permanent Committee of Congress; federal deputy from State of Veracruz, Dist. 10, 1935–1937. f—Governor, Quintana Roo, 1930–1931; federal customs official, Reynosa, Tamaulipas, 1952. g—None. i—Close friend of General Miguel Alemán; helped Miguel Alemán’s legal career; son Alberto Campillo Sáenz, ambassador to Indonesia, 1991–1994; married Isaías Sáenz Cervantes. j—Supporter of Félix Díaz during the Revolution; joined Obregón against Carranza, 1920; rank of brigadier general, Jan. 1, 1924; zone commander of Tlaxcala and Querétaro. k—Expelled from PNR in 1930 as leader of “Whites” on Permanent Committee of Congress. l—Peral, 138; DP70, 342; López, 147; Meyer, No. 12, 114, 125; Álvarez Corona, 115; Dávila, 194; DBGM92, 71. Campos Gutiérrez, Rosa María a—Feb. 8, 1941. b—Jalapa, Veracruz. c—Early education unknown; degree in science and techniques of information, Women’s University of Mexico; professor of introductory journalism, Women’s University of Mexico; graduate in theater and set design, Centro Universitario de Teatro. d—Federal deputy from State of Veracruz, Dist. 22, 1979–1982, member of Editorial Affairs Committee, Radio, Television, and Film Committee, and Information and Complaints Committee. e—Director of public relations during gubernatorial campaign of Rafael Hernández Ochoa in Veracruz, 1974; delegate of press and publicity secretary of CEN of PRI to Veracruz during José López Portillo’s presidential campaign, 1976; adviser, Women’s Action of PRI, Federal District, 1977–1979. f—Director of press and public relations, Metro System, 1976–1978. g—Executive secretary, National Union of Editorial Writers, 1977–1978. h—Reporter, Ovaciones, 1964– 1978; columnist, Ovaciones, 1978–1981; news reporter, Zabludowsky’s 24-hour Program, 1964–1975; various television programs, 1973–1975, including Nescafé News and

Luis Spota’s program. i—None. j—None. k—None. l—Directorio, 1979–1982, 18; Almanaque de México, 65, 70, 71; Romero Aceves, 692–694. Campos Ortiz, Pablo (Deceased 1963) a—Mar. 17, 1898. b—San Juan del Río, Querétaro. c—Elementary studies in San Juan del Río; secondary studies in Querétaro; preparatory at National Preparatory School, Mexico City; studies in law, National School of Law, 1916–1918; law degree from University of Rio de Janeiro, 1919–1922; professor of international law, National School of Law, UNAM. d—None. e—None. f—Joined Mexican Foreign Service, 3rd secretary of Mexican legation in Brazil, 1921– 1923; assistant to head of protocol, Secretariat of Foreign Relations, 1923; 3rd secretary to Mexican legation in Spain, 1925–1926; 1st secretary and adviser to Mexican embassy in Washington, DC; chargé d’affaires of embassy in Honduras, 1925; chargé d’affaires in Madrid, Washington, The Hague, Nicaragua, and Chile; director general of political affairs, Secretariat of Foreign Relations, 1943–1944; oficial mayor, Secretariat of Foreign Relations, 1944–1946, 1952–1956; ambassador to Great Britain, 1957–1961; assistant secretary “2” of foreign relations, 1961–1963. g—None. h—None. i—Son of lawyer Pablo Campos Aguilar and Dolores Ortiz; knew Rafael de la Colina at National School of Law as a student; married Ivonne Lynch; son Pablo, an engineer; sister Esperanza married businessman Alberto Hubbe Patron. j—None. k—None. l—WWM45, 18; DGF56, 123; DP70, 344–345; letter, EBW46, 25; Peral, 139–140; DPE61, 15; WB48, 962; DPE61, 15; www.desarrollocultural.gob.mx. Campos Salas, Octaviano a—Mar. 22, 1916. b—San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí. c—Elementary studies in San Luis Potosí; attended Normal School in San Luis Potosí, 1926–1932; economics degree from National School of Economics, UNAM, 1940–1944, with thesis titled “State Intervention in the Wheat and Flour Market,” Sept. 18, 1944; award as outstanding student in economics,

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1942; graduate work in economics on scholarship, University of Chicago, 1944–1947, and in California, 1948; rural teacher, San Luis Potosí; inspector of rural schools, State of San Luis Potosí, 1934; director of federal elementary schools, Federal District and States of San Luis Potosí, Guanajuato, and Coahuila, 1940; in education field, 1931–1944; most distinguished student of U.S. Department of Commerce course on national income, 1950; professor of economics, National School of Economics, UNAM; professor of public administration, Costa Rica, 1955; director, National School of Economics, UNAM, 1963–1964. d—None. e—Director, Institute of Political, Social, and Economic Studies of PRI, 1963–1964. f—Director general of statistics, Secretariat of Industry and Commerce; head, Department of Economic Studies, Bank of Mexico, 1953; head, Balance of Payments Department, IMF, 1950–1952; assistant director of census and statistics, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1942–1949; director general of trade, Secretariat of Industry and Commerce, 1962–1964; manager, Bank of Mexico, 1953–1964; secretary of industry and commerce, 1964–1970; ambassador to West Germany, 1979–1982. g—Secretarygeneral, National Teachers’ Union, 1938–1940. h—Assistant economist, Secretariat of the Treasury; adviser to secretary of industry and commerce; economist, United Nations; economist, Center for Monetary Studies of Latin America, 1949; author of numerous articles on economic subjects; member of numerous economic commissions. i—Student of Eduardo Bustamante at National School of Economics; friend of Jorge Espinosa de los Reyes at UNAM. j—None. k—Marxist as a student and normal school teacher; supported Narciso Bassols’ candidacy for federal deputy, 1943. l—WWMG, 10; HA, Dec. 7, 1964, 19; DBM68, 99–100; Correa 41, 536; Por Qué?, Oct. 16, 1969, 14–17; Enc. Mex., II, 311–312; Excélsior, July 28, 1979. Campos Vega, Juan Gualberto a—Apr. 15, 1950. b—Mérida, Yucatán. c—Early education unknown; economics degree, IPN,

1972–1977; professor, National School of Political Education, PPS, 1981. d—Alternate local deputy, State Legislature of Yucatán, Dist. 3, 1970–1973; plurinominal federal deputy from PPS, 1982–1985; local deputy, State Legislature of Yucatán, 1988–1990; plurinominal federal deputy from PPS, 1991– 1994. e—Joined PPS, Feb., 1972; member, Popular Socialist Youth, 1969–1973; youth director, PPS, the Federal District, 1973; secretary of finance, Popular Socialist Youth, 1973–1978; PPS representative, National Voter Registration Committee, 1978; secretary-general, Popular Socialist Youth, 1978–1981; secretary of organization, PPS, 1997; leader (radical left), New Democracy Group, 2004. f—Administrative employee, IMSS, 1974–1978. g—Leader, Student Federation of the Southeast. h—Economist. i—Son of Gualberto Campos Alarcón, merchant, and Ninfa Mirey Vega Sabido, teacher; married Griselda Tibui Ortiz Pérez. j—None. k—None. l—Directorio, 1982–1985; C de D, 1982–1985; Lehr, 618; DBGM, 482; DBGM92, 434. Canale (y Muñoz), Eleazar (Deceased) a—1906. b—Sonora. c—Early education unknown; law degree from Free Law School, Mexico City, Oct. 29, 1929. d—Federal deputy from State of Hidalgo, Dist. 1, 1937–1940. f—Member, Federal Board of Conciliation and Arbitration, Federal District; labor arbitrator, Secretariat of Labor; head, Legal Department, Federal District, 1946–1948; assistant secretary of labor, 1948–1952; judge, Fourth Chamber of Federal Tax Court, 1952– 1970. g—None. h—Legal adviser, Department of the Federal District. i—Brother of Senator Antonio Canale, 1946–1952; served on Federal Board of Conciliation and Arbitration with Manuel Ramírez Vázquez; son of Francisco Canale, physician, secretary of National Medical School and federal deputy. j—None. k—None. l—HA, Oct. 15, 1948, 3; DGF56, 557; DGF69, 389; DPE51, 399. Canales Clariond, Fernando a—July 21, 1946. b—Monterrey, Nuevo León. c—Early education unknown; law degree, Free Law

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School, Mexico City, 1969; MA in business administration, ITESM; special studies in French civilization and language, Sorbonne, and industrial relations, Social Studies Institute, The Hague. d—Federal deputy from State of Nuevo León, Dist. 1, 1979–1982; governor, Nuevo León, 1997–2003. e—Joined PAN, 1978; member, National Council of PAN, 1980–1997; member of CEN of PAN, 1987–1990; member of Manuel Clouthier’s alternate cabinet as secretary of government properties and industrial development, 1988–1992; PAN candidate for governor of Nuevo León, 1985; president of PAN, Nuevo León, 1990–1993. f—Secretary of economic development, 2003–2005; secretary of energy, 2005–2006. g—None. h—Assistant director general, Grupo IMSA (32 years); vice president, Board of Directors, Grupo IMSA. i—Son of Fernando Canales Salinas and María del Consuelo Clariond Garza, sister of Eugenio Clariond Garza, CEO of IMSA, 1947–1986, and major figure in Monterrey industrial circles; married Ángela Stelzer; cousin Ernesto Canales Santos, general counsel, ALFA; cousin Benjamín Clariond Reyes, governor of Nuevo León, 1996–1997, and business partner; maternal grandfather, Santiago Clariond, French immigrant from Barcelonete; brother Marcelo Canales Clariond, finance director, IMSA. j—None. k—None. l—www.elector.com.mx, 2007; Excélsior, June 2, 1997, June 8, 1997, A1. Canales Najjar, Tristán Manuel

a—May 24, 1951. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; law degree, National School of Law, UNAM, 1970–1973, with thesis on new legislation on industrial property and technology transfer; professor, Institute of Political Education, CEN of PRI. d—Federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. 38, 1979–1982. e—Coordinator, National Committee of Civic Action and Voter Education of PRI; representative of CEN of PRI to Technical and Vigilance Committee, National Voter Registration Commission; assistant secretary-general of CEN of PRI, 1978; finance secretary of CEN

of PRI, 1976–1978; private secretary to president of CEN of PRI, Carlos Sansores Pérez, 1978; general delegate of CEN of PRI, State of Mexico, 1988–1989; regional coordinator of CEN of PRI, Chiapas, 1991–1992; general coordinator of PRI gubernatorial campaign, Hidalgo, 1986–1987; secretary of electoral action, CEN of PRI, 1994. f—Private secretary to director general of industrial property, Secretariat of Industry and Commerce, 1973; treasurer, Chamber of Deputies, 1973– 1976; oficial mayor of Senate, 1976; secretary of social communication, State of Hidalgo, 1987; general coordinator of working trips, Secretariat of Social Development, 1992– 1993; assistant secretary of political development, Secretariat of Government, 1993–1994. g—President, 1974 law generation, graduate law program, UNAM. h—Director, News Division, TV Azteca, 1999–2001; director, local affiliates, TV Azteca, 2001. i—Son of Tristán Canales Valverde, assistant secretary of labor, 1964–1970; political disciple of Carlos Sansores Pérez. j—None. k—None. l—Protag., 64; C de D, 1979–1982; DBGM93, 25; www.variety.com, Apr. 19, 2001; www .es.wikipedia.org, 2007. Canales Valverde, Tristán (Deceased) a—1909. b—Veracruz, Veracruz. c—Early education unknown; preparatory studies at Veracruz Institute; legal studies at National School of Law, UNAM, 1928–1932, graduating in 1933. d—None. e—None. f—Appeals judge, Matamoros, Tamaulipas, 1934; secretary-general of government, State of Tamaulipas; head, Department of Plaints, Federal District, 1951; director general, Division of Government, Secretariat of Government, 1952–1962; oficial mayor, Secretariat of Labor, 1964; assistant secretary B of labor, 1964–1970. g—First secretary-general, Workers’ Union of Office of the Attorney General, Federal District and Federal Territories, 1939. h—Practicing lawyer; assistant secretary, Federal Electric Commission; technical adviser, IMSS; held numerous judicial posts. i—Father of Tristán Canales Najjar, federal deputy from Federal District,

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1979–1982, and finance secretary of CEN of PRI, 1976; married Angelina Najjar. j—None. k—Candidate for governor of Veracruz. l—Hoy, May 25, 1968, 60; DGF56, 83; DGF51, 479; HA, Dec. 21, 1964, 10; DPE61, 12; Pasquel, 54. Canavati (Tafich), Jesús Ricardo

a—Oct. 8, 1943. b—Monterrey, Nuevo León. c—Early education unknown; psychology degree, Ibero-American University. d—Mayor, San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León, 1979–1982; federal deputy from State of Nuevo León, Dist. 3, 1985–1988, member of Foreign Relations Committee; senator from Nuevo León, 1988–1991; plurinominal federal deputy from PRI, 1997–2000, coordinator of PRI deputies from the popular sector; mayor, San Nicolás de los Garza, 2000; plurinominal senator from PRI, 2000–2003; mayor, Monterrey, 2003–2006; plurinominal federal deputy from PRI, 2006–2009. e—President of PRI, Nuevo León, 2000– 2001; member, National Political Council of PRI, 2001. f—Assistant secretary of housing, Secretariat of Energy, Urban Development, and Ecology, 1991–1992; general coordinator of sectoral analysis, Secretariat of Social Development, 1992–1994; assistant secretary of urban development and infrastructure, Secretariat of Social Development, 1995–1996. g—General delegate of CNOP, Chihuahua, 1987; coordinator of CNOP, 1997–1999. h—Controller general, Metro System, Secretariat of Communications and Transportation, 1968–1969; assistant director of administration, Metro System, Secretariat of Communications and Transportation, 1969– 1970; general coordinator, Division of Information and Statistical Analysis, Department of the Federal District, 1971–1973; controller general, Monterrey, 1973–1974; director of metropolitan development, Monterrey, 1974–1979; i—Son of Jesús Canavati and Virginia Tafich; married Elena Hadjópulos; school and neighborhood named after mother. j—None. k—None. l—QesQ en el Congreso, 2000–2003, 339; DBGM87, 448; Directorio del Congreso, 2006–2009, 352;

El Nacional, Apr. 5, 1991, 13; DBGM, 73; DBGM94, CD; DBGM89, 411; www.diputa dos.gob.mx, 2007; DCM, 2000–2003, 190. Candia (Galván), Isidro (Deceased Dec. 3, 1974) a—May 2, 1897. b—Sanctórum, Tlaxcala. c—Elementary studies at Calpulalpan, Tlaxcala; teaching certificate. d—Local deputy, State Legislature of Tlaxcala, 1934; mayor, Tlaxcala; governor, Tlaxcala, 1937–1941. e—None. f—Director, Department of Indigenous Affairs, 1941. g—None. i—Parents were mestizo peasants. j—Joined the Revolution under Zapatista forces, 1912; colonel in army. k—Under government investigation in 1971 for alleged illicit land dealings in Tlaxcala. l—LAD, Oct., 1971; letter; D de Y, Dec. 3, 1940, 6; Peral, 142; PS, 0931; DP95, 579. Cañedo Aldrete, Ramón (Deceased Mar. 17, 1993) a—July 27, 1907. b—Maravatío, Michoacán. c—Elementary studies at Colegio Franco-Inglés, Mexico City, 1921–1924; preparatory studies in science at Colegio Francés and National Preparatory School, 1924–1925; topographical engineering degree, School of Engineering, UNAM, 1925–1927; enrolled in legal studies at National School of Law, UNAM, graduating with thesis on divorce, 1934; teacher, V. Carranza Secondary School, Puebla, Puebla; professor of agrarian law, University of Puebla. d—None. e—None. f—President, Board of Conciliation and Arbitration, State of Puebla; legal adviser, state government of Puebla, 1928– 1941; director, Legal Department, Secretariat of Communications and Public Works, 1941; oficial mayor, Secretariat of Communications and Public Works; private secretary to secretary of government, Gustavo Díaz Ordaz, 1958–1964; supernumerary justice, Supreme Court, Apr. 16, 1964–1967; justice, Supreme Court, Apr. 26, 1967–1977, retired July 28, 1977. g—None. h—Practicing lawyer, 1934–1937. j—None. k—None. l—www.scjn .gob.mx, 2008, 92; www.cronica.diputados .gob.mx, Apr. 16, 1964. Cañedo Benítez, Alejandro a—Feb. 25, 1939. b—Early education unknown; public

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accounting degree, ITAM, 1957–1962, with thesis on internal control and fraud; professor, Autonomous University of Puebla, 1967–1969. d—Federal deputy from State of Puebla, Dist. 2, 1973–1976; plurinominal federal deputy from PAN, 1985–1988. e—President of PAN, State of Puebla, 1982– 1984; PAN candidate for mayor of Puebla. f—None. g—President, Social Union of Businessmen, Puebla, 2004–2005; governor, Rotary International, 2005–2006. h—Public accountant. i—Son of Roberto Cañedo Martínez and Josefina Benítez; married to Josefina Priesca; brother Rafael, a member of PRI, was mayor of Puebla, 1993–1996, federal deputy from Puebla, 1991–1993, and senator, 2000–2006. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM84, 449; C de D, 1985–1988; Lehr; C de D, 1973–1976; www.periodicodigital .com.mx, 2008. Cañedo Benítez, Rafael (Deceased July 10, 2001) a—Jan. 1, 1942. b—Puebla, Puebla. c—Early education unknown; law degree, School of Law, Puebla, 1967. d—Member, City Council, Puebla; local deputy, State Legislature of Puebla, 1989; federal deputy from State of Puebla, Dist. 2, 1991–1993; mayor, Puebla, 1993–1996; senator from Puebla, 2000–2006. e—President of PRI, Puebla, 1990–1992; president of PRI, State of Puebla, 1999–2000. f—Federal delegate, Secretariat of Tourism, Puebla, 1969–1970. g—None. h—Radio announcer, 1976; business director, Grupo Acir. i—Son of Roberto Cañedo Martínez, PAN candidate for mayor of Puebla and director of Grupo Acir (140 radio stations), and Josefina Benítez; married Coral Castillo; tourism school named after father; brother Alejandro Cañedo Benítez, federal deputy from PAN, 1973–1976, 1985–1988; nephew Rafael Cañedo Carrión, industrialist, chairman of Grupo Acir of Puebla, and PRI candidate for federal deputy from Puebla, 9th Dist., 2006; nephew left PRI for New Alliance Party, 2007. j—None. k—None. l—DCM, 2000–2003, 209; www .periodicodigital.com.mx, 2008; www .archive.hard-core-dx.com, 2008.

Cañedo Vargas, Jorge a—Sept. 5, 1947. b—Morelia, Michoacán. c—Elementary and secondary studies in Michoacán; teaching certificate, Higher Normal School of Puebla, 1966–1968; law degree, School of Law, University of Michoacán, 1970–1974; elementary school teacher, various schools, Morelia, 1965–1970. d—Federal deputy from State of Michoacán, Dist. 2, 1973–1976; delegate from Iztapalapa to Department of the Federal District, 1987–1988; federal deputy from State of Michoacán, Dist. 2, 1982–1985; local deputy, State Legislature of Michoacán, 1995–1997; plurinominal federal deputy from State of Michoacán, 1997–2000. e—Secretary, Youth Organization of PRI, Michoacán, 1970–1973; president, Youth Organization of PRI, Michoacán, 1971–1973; delegate of National Youth Organization of PRI to various states; president, National Council of Revolutionary Youth of PRI, 1973–1976; participated in José López Portillo’s presidential campaign, 1976; assistant secretary of social action, CEN of PRI, 1981–1982; PRI precandidate for governor of Michoacán, 2005. f—Private secretary of director general of ISSSTE, 1973–1975; representative of State of San Luis Potosí in Mexico City, 1979–1982; regional director, Northern Zone, Department of the Federal District, 1986–1987. g—Member, SNTE; president, 1970 generation of lawyers of Michoacán; director, Youth Organization of FSTSE in Michoacán, 1970–1971; general adviser, SNTE, 1980–1982; president, Familia en Movimiento, National Political Groups. h—National oratory champion. i—Son of Simón Cañedo de la Vega, printer, and Sara Vargas, normal school teacher. j—None. k—None. l—C de D, 1983–1976; C de D, 1982–1985; Directorio, 1982–1985; Lehr, 299; DBGM, 482; www.cddhcu.gob, 2006; QesQ en el Congreso, 1997–2000, 137. Cano Escalante, Francisco a—Aug. 9, 1931. b—Esperanza, Puebla. c—Early education unknown; public accounting degree, School of Banking and Administration, UNAM, 1950–1954. d—None. e—None.

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f—Director general, Impulsora de Cuenca de Papaloapan, 1970–1972; president, Board of Directors, National Sugar Finance Bank, 1972–1976; general coordinator, Unified Program for Basic Products, Secretariat of the Presidency, 1980–1982; assistant secretary of regulation and foodstuffs, Secretariat of Commerce and Industrial Development, 1982–1985; secretary of economic development, Federal District, 1997–2000. h—Member, Board of Directors, Aceros Esmaltados. g—President, National Chamber of Commerce of Mexico City, 1966– 1967; president, CONCANACO, 1968–1969; president, National Sugar Industry Union, 1972–1976; member, Toward a Democratic Culture, AC. h—None. i—Son of Francisco Cano Sansebastián, industrialist and businessman, and Emilia Escalante Vallejo; married Ana Rangel Campos. j—None. k—None. l—Q es QAP, 191; DBGM, 79. Cano Luebbert, Sergio Luis a—Aug. 20, 1928. b—Matamoros, Tamaulipas. c—Early education unknown; economic studies, National School of Economics, UNAM, 1950–1954; course, CEPAL, Chile, 1956; course in higher management, Pan American Institute of Higher Management, 1981– 1982; teacher, National Preparatory School, 1957–1969. d—None. e—Joined PRI, 1951; assistant director, IEPES of PRI, 1963–1964, during Gustavo Díaz Ordaz’s presidential campaign, 1963–1964. f—Economist and assistant director general of credit, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1954–1957; economist and director, National Accounts Division, Bank of Mexico, 1957–1958; head, Department of Foreign Trade Control, Secretariat of Industry and Commerce, 1959; assistant secretary of foreign trade, Secretariat of Industry and Commerce, 1964–1970; assistant director, NAFIN, 1974–1984. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Ladislao Cano Carrillo, public servant, and Ana Luebbert Shults. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM84, 79. Canto Carrillo, Nicolás (Deceased) a—Dec. 7, 1917. b—Hecelchacan, Campeche. c—Elementary studies in Hecelchacan;

secondary studies in Campeche, Campeche; rural teaching certificate from Rural Normal School, Campeche; teacher in Calkini, Campeche, and other towns. d—Mayor, Calkini, 1942–1944, 1952; local deputy, State Legislature of Campeche, 1947–1950; senator from State of Campeche, 1958–1964, secretary of Gran Comisión (1st year), president of Development of Cooperatives Committee, 2nd secretary of 2nd Naval Committee and Insurance Committee, alternate member of 2nd Labor Committee, National Properties Committee, and Special Legislative Studies Committee. e—President of PRI, State of Campeche, 1956–1958; general delegate of CEN of PRI, Campeche, 1958. f—None. g—Active member of CTM; secretary-general, League of Agrarian Communities, State of Campeche. h—Began teaching in 1934. i—Parents were peasants. j—None. k—None. l—Func., 133; C de S, 1961–1964, 14, 53; www.e-local.gob.mx. Canto Echeverría, Humberto

(Deceased) a—1900. b—Mérida, Yucatán. c—Elementary studies in Mérida; professional studies from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Albany, N.Y., and Brooklyn Polytechnic Institute; courses from Ohio Northern University; enrolled in engineering program (first generation) at University of Yucatán, 1919; engineering degree, University of Yucatán; professor, School of Engineering, University of Yucatán, 1936. d—Governor, Yucatán, 1938–1942. e—None. f—Director, Department of Public Works, State of Yucatán, 1930–1934. g—None. h—Manager of sugar plantation in Cuba; business manager of a newspaper, 1931. i—Father, a prominent attorney and public notary in Mérida; student in engineering with Joaquín Ancona Albertos. j—None. k—None. l—HA, June 12, 1942, 30. Cantón Zetina, Óscar a—Aug. 1, 1953. b—Villahermosa, Tabasco. c—Early education unknown; communications degree, UNAM, 1987; postgraduate studies, University of Birmingham, Eng. d—Federal deputy from State of Tabasco, Dist. 2, 1982–1985;

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senator from Tabasco, 1988–1994, 2000– 2006; plurinominal federal deputy from PRI, 1994–1997. e—Joined PRI, 1970; general delegate of CEN of PRI to Puebla and Michoacán, 1980, and State of Mexico, 1981; private secretary to secretary-general of CNOP of PRI, 1975–1976; national editorial coordinator, CEN of PRI, 1997. f—Private secretary to director general, Fertilizantes Mexicanos, 1976–1977; assistant secretary of government, Tabasco, 1985–1986; representative of Tabasco in Federal District, 1989–1992. g—General delegate of CNOP to Puebla, 1981–1982. h—Assistant director general, Hidalgo Insurance Company, 1998–1999. i—Son of Luis Cantón Márquez, noted journalist, founder, and director of Tabasco Hoy, 1987, and Mery Zetina Lizárraga; married Gabriela Armengol Armengol, teacher. j—None. k—None. l—DCM, 2000–2003, 261–262; QesQ en el Congreso, 2000–2003; DBGM84, 483; Musacchio, 69. Cantú Estrada, José (Deceased Nov. 28, 1938) a—1904. b—Nuevo Laredo, Tamaulipas. c—Elementary studies in Nuevo Laredo; preparatory studies in Ciudad Victoria; law degree, National School of Law, UNAM, 1928. d—Federal deputy from State of Tamaulipas, Dist. 1, 1937–1938, president, Chamber of Deputies; answered President Cárdenas’ 3rd State of the Union address. e—None. f—Member, Advisory Council to president of Mexico; president, Federal Board of Conciliation and Arbitration, 1933–1934; chief, Office of Publications, Secretariat of Foreign Relations; assistant secretary of labor, 1935–1937. g—Secretary-general, Federation of University Students, UNAM. i—Member of Miguel Alemán’s generation at National School of Law, 1924– 1928. j—None. k—Became president of Federal Board of Conciliation and Arbitration at 29. l—Excélsior, Aug. 24, 1979, 14A; C de D, 1935–1937; PS, 954; www.cronica .diputados.gob.mx, Nov. 29, 1938. Cantú Garza, Ricardo a—May 23, 1953. b—Monterrey, Nuevo León. c—Early education unknown; law degree, School of Law, University of Nuevo León, 1977–1982,

graduating in 1983; MA in scientific methods, University of Nuevo León, 1985; teacher, Preparatory School No. 16, University of Nuevo León, Monterrey; founding director, Emiliano Zapata Preparatory School, 1991– 1994. d—Local deputy, State Legislature of Nuevo León, 1994–1997; plurinominal federal deputy from PRT, 1997–2000, 2006–2009, coordinator of PRT delegation. e—Founder and leader, Genaro Vázquez Colony, 1972; founder and leader, Zacatecas Popular Front, 1973–1977; leader, Popular Lands and Liberty Front, 1977–2006; joined PRT, 1990; member, State Committee of PRT, Nuevo Léon, 1990–2006; member, National Committee, PRT, 1993–2006; PRT representative to Federal Electoral Institute, 2000–2006; member, Coordinating Committee of the PRT, 1997–2006. f—Syndic, City Council, Monterrey, 2003–2006. g—Active member, Local No. 67, Mining and Metallurgical Union of Mexico, 1980–1985. h—None. i—Son of Pedro Cantú Estrada and Florencia Garza Elizondo. j—None. k—None. l—Directorio del Congreso, 2006–2009, 353; www.secgob .gob.mx, 1997, 2007; www.diputados.gob.mx, 2007; www.es.wikipedia.org, 2008; QesQ en el Congreso, 1997, 244. Cantú Jiménez, Esteban (Deceased Mar. 15, 1966) a—Nov. 27, 1880. b—Linares, Nuevo León. c—Elementary studies in Linares; special classes in Morelia, Michoacán; enrolled in National Military College, 1897. d—Senator from State of Baja California del Norte, 1952–1958, president of 2nd Naval Committee, 2nd secretary of Military Health Committee, member of 2nd Balloting Group. e—None. g—None. i—Brother of José T. Cantú, federal deputy from Baja California, 1917–1918. j—Career army officer; served in 7th Cavalry Regiment, Mexico City; instructor, 2nd Army Reserve, Chihuahua, Jalisco, and Zacatecas, 1902–1903; fought against Yaquis in Sonora, 1903–1906; rank of major, 1911; fought in Cuesta del Gato, Chihuahua; supported Villa, 1914; Constitutionalist nominally but really independent, 1915; chief of federal garrison, Mexicali, 1914–1917; governor and military commander of Baja

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California del Norte, 1917–1920; reached rank of colonel. k—Had to flee to United States in 1914 for opposing assassination of Madero; lived in Los Angeles, Calif., during 1920s and 1930s. l—Ind. Biog., 32–33; DGF56, 5, 8, 10–13; DP70, 354; DP95, 587. Cantú Peña, Fausto a—May 12, 1941. b—Monterrey, Nuevo León. c—Economics degree, Technical Institute of Higher Studies, Monterrey, Mar. 6, 1964; Eisenhower Fellowship in United States to study theory and practice of industrial, agricultural, and tourist development, 1967; studies at National Center of Productivity; professor of general economics and business economics, Technical Institute of Higher Studies, Monterrey. d—None. e—Director of CEPES of PRI, Nuevo León; PRD precandidate for federal deputy, 1994, 2000; independent candidate for federal deputy, Dist. 9, Veracruz, 2006. f—Economic investigator, National Minimum Wage Commission; director, Commission for Industrial Growth and Economic Development, State of Nuevo León, 1970; manager, NAFIN; director general, Mexican Coffee Institute, 1971–1977. g—Treasurer, College of Economists, Nuevo León. h—None. i—Married María Felicitas. j—None. k—Convicted of fraud committed while director general of Mexican Coffee Institute, 1978. l—DBM68, 109; HA, Nov. 5, 1973, 21; DBM70, 111; www.jornada.unam .mx, Apr. 28, 2002. Cantú Segovia, Eloy a—Sept. 24, 1952. b—Monterrey, Nuevo León. c—Early education unknown; law degree, University of Monterrey, 1969–1975; studies in economics, ITESM, 1969–1975; MA in public administration, International Institute of Public Administration, Paris, 1975–1976; PhD studies in constitutional law, Sorbonne, 1979; professor of law, Anáhuac University, 1981; professor of law, National Institute of Public Administration, 1980–1981; professor of law, Ibero-American University, 1983–1984; professor of law, UNAM, 1984. d—Federal deputy from State of Nuevo León, Dist. 7, 1991– 1993; senator from Nuevo León, 1994–2000, 2006–2012; federal deputy from State of

Nuevo León, Dist. 5, 2000–2003. e—President of PRI, Nuevo León, 1989–1990; member, National Council of PRI, 1995. f—Director general of programming and systems, Secretariat of Government, 1980– 1982; director, Studies in Decentralization for Regional Development, Secretariat of Programming and Budget, 1983–1985; Secretariat of Programming and Development, State of Nuevo León, 1985–1989; oficial mayor of government, 1993–1994. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Eloy Cantú Garza, lawyer and businessman, and Lydia Segovia Cortés; father owned valuable downtown properties in Monterrey; married Sara Pérez de Salazar. j—None. k—None. l—www.sky scrapercity.com, Aug. 31, 2005; Directorio del Congreso, 2006–2009, 192; QesQ en el Congreso, 1997, 294; Musacchio, 70; DBGM92, 436; DBGM89, 669; DCM, 2000–2003, 193; QesQ en el Congreso, 2000–2003, 155; www.senado.gob.mc, 2007. Canudas Orezza, Luis Felipe

(Deceased Oct. 21, 1978) a—Sept. 8, 1911. b—Campeche, Campeche. c—Elementary studies at Modelo Public School No. 3, Ciudad del Carmen, Campeche; preparatory studies at Liceo Carmelita, Ciudad del Carmen, and National Preparatory School, 1928; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, Dec. 20, 1934 (honorable mention), with thesis titled “Lesions in Civil Law”; LLD from National School of Law, UNAM, Apr. 10, 1950; professor of general theory of state and constitutional law, UNAM, 1938–1968; professor of graduate courses for LLD, UNAM, 1950–1968; guest professor at various state universities. d—None. e—None. f—Judge, Second District, Civil Section, Federal District, 1932–1934; agent, Ministerio Público, Office of the Attorney General, 1935; auxiliary agent, Office of the Attorney General, 1936–1937; director, Office of Amparo, Department of the Federal District, 1938–1940; assistant director, Advisory Office of the Attorney General of Mexico, 1941–1944; director, Advisory Office of the Attorney General of Mexico, 1944–1949; assistant attorney general of Mexico “2,”

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1949–1951; assistant attorney general of Mexico “1,” 1951–1952; director, Legal Department, National Railroads of Mexico, 1953– 1956; director, Office of Amparo, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1959–1965; director general, Legal and Advisory Department, Office of the Attorney General, 1965–1968; supernumerary justice, Supreme Court, 1968–1970; assistant secretary-general of legal affairs, Department of Agrarian Affairs and Colonization, 1971–1975 (first appointee to this position); supernumerary justice, Supreme Court, 1976–1978. g—None. h—Judicial porter, Third District, Federal District; scribe and section chief for Amparo, Sixth District, Federal District; author of many articles and codes. i—Son of Eduardo Canudas Sánchez and Carmen Orezza; attended college with Antonio Luna Arroyo; brother Eduardo, a surgeon. j—None. k—None. l—HA, July 26, 1971, 16; DGF51, 535; DGF47, 309; DGF69, 120; DPE65, 210; D de Y, July 26, 1971; Justicia, 1968; Excélsior, Oct. 26, 1978, 22A; DP95, 588; www.scjn.gob.mx, 96, 2008.

Carabias (Lillo), Julia a—Aug. 14, 1954. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; BS in biology, School of Science, UNAM, 1973–1977; MS in science, UNAM; PhD in science, UNAM, 1977–1981; professor and researcher in ecology, UNAM, 1977–1994; professor, School of Science, UNAM, 2000– ; member, University Council, UNAM, 1989–1993. d—None. e—Member, MAP, with Rolando Cordera; member of PSUM, 1986. f—Coordinator of research and rural development of natural resources, programming, and budgeting, 1984–1994; member, Advisory Board, PRONASOL; president, National Ecology Institute, 1994, 2000– ; secretary of national resources and environment, 1994–2000. g—Founder, Union of UNAM Workers. h—None. i—Married to José Woldenberg, president of Federal Electoral Institute. j—None. k—None. l—www.fox.presidencia.gob.mx, 2001; www.expo.cosmes, 2007; www.es. wipipedia.org, 2008; El Financiero, Dec. 1, 1994, 50; Pescador, 122; Musacchio, 70.

(Deceased 1977) a—Apr. 6, 1905. b—Veracruz, Veracruz. c—Elementary studies in Campeche; preparatory studies at Campeche Institute; law degree from University of the Southeast, Mérida, Yucacán, Mar. 24, 1928. d—None. e—None. f—Legal adviser, Secretariat of Industry and Commerce, 1919–1930; secretary, Tenth Division, Criminal Courts, Federal District, 1931–1933; secretary of agreements, Fifth Division, Superior Tribunal of the Federal District, 1933–1935; oficial mayor, Criminal Division, Supreme Court of Justice, 1935; secretary of studies and accounts, Supreme Court of Justice, 1936–1945; district court judge, La Paz, Baja California, 1945–1946; district court judge, Nogales, Sonora, 1946–1949; district court judge, Tijuana, Baja California, 1949–1951; judge, First District, Administration, Federal District, 1951–1962; circuit court judge, Second Circuit, Federal District, 1962–1969; justice, Supreme Court, Jan. 23, 1969–Apr. 8, 1975. g—None. h—None. j—None. k—None. l—www.scjn.gob.mx, 2008, 100.

a—Jan. 2, 1949. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; business administration degree, UNAM, 1968–1978; professor of accounting and administration, UNAM, 1974–1976. d—None. e—Joined PRI, 1969; coordinator of secretary of promotion and administration, CEN of PRI. f—Delegate of Secretariat of Programming and Budget, Colima, 1978–1979, Campeche, 1979–1983, Veracruz, 1983–1986, 1989–1992; delegate of Secretariat of Agriculture and Hydraulic Resources, Puebla, 1987–1989; director general of social programs, Ecology Forestry Program, Secretariat of Social Development, 1992–1994; oficial mayor, Secretariat of the Environment, 1994–1996. g—None. h—Director, Salary Administration Department, Celanese. i—Son of José Miguel Carbajal Díaz and Luvia Acosta Cordero; married Bertha Godínez Flores, sociologist. j—None. k—None. l—Pescador, 122–123; DBGM93, 26; DBGM94, CD. Carbajal Tejada, Rogelio a—Oct. 29, 1975. b—Torreón, Coahuila. c—Early

Capponi Guerrero, Antonio José

Carbajal Acosta, Marco Antonio

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education unknown; law degree from Ibero-American University, 1998; MA from Free Law School, 2003, diploma in political theory and public administration. d—Alternate plurinominal federal deputy from PAN, 1997–2000; plurinominal federal deputy from PAN, 2006–2009, secretary of Government Committee. e—Joined PAN, 1995; member of CEN of PAN, 1998–2009; secretary of Youth Action, CEN of PAN, 1998–2001; secretary of studies, CEN of PAN, 2002–2006; adviser to PAN, Coahuila; national adviser to PAN, 2001–2009; representative of PAN to Federal Electoral Institute, 2002–2006; director general, Rafael Preciado Hernández Foundation, PAN, 2002–2006. f—Assistant secretary of public function, 2010– . g—None. h—None. i—Son of Manuel Carbajal Silva and Martha Elena Tejeda Rodríguez. J-None. k—None. l—Directorio del Congreso Mexicano, 2006–2009, 354; www.terra.com.mx, 2010; www.mileno.com.mx, 2010. Carballo Bustamante, Andrés a—Mar. 29, 1968. b—Pichucalco, Chiapas. c—Early education unknown; completed secondary studies; preparatory studies at Institute of Arts and Sciences of Chiapas. d—Mayor, Pichucalco, 1996–1998; federal deputy from State of Chiapas, Dist. 2, 2000–2003; federal deputy from State of Chiapas, Dist. 4, 2006–2009. e—Joined PRI, 1985. f—None. g—None. h—Cattle rancher; general manager, Fábrica de Muebles Nacar; director general, La Voz del Norte. i—Son of Manuel Carballo Bastard, mayor of Pichucalco, 1980–1982, and alternate federal deputy from State of Chiapas, Dist. 4, 1982–1985, and Carmen Bustamante; married Adriana Córdova. j—None. k—None. l—www.cro nica.diputados.gob.mx, 2008; Directorio del Congreso, 2006–2009, 60; QesQ en el Congreso, 2000–2003, 155–156; www.diputados .gob.mx, 2007; Musacchio, 71. Cárdenas Batel, Lázaro a—Apr. 2, 1964. b—Jiquilpan de Juárez, Michoacán. c—Early education unknown; degree in ethnohistory, National School of Anthropology and History, 1983–1987; studies in music, Higher

Institute of Art, Havana; coordinator, cultural workshops, University of Baja California, 1987–1988, University of Veracruz, 1987–1988. d—Federal deputy from State of Michoacán, Dist. 12, 1994–1997, coordinator of PRD deputies from Michoacán; senator from Michoacán, 2000–2001; governor, Michoacán, 2002–2008. e—Member, father’s presidential campaign committee, 1987– 1988, and organizer of Frente Democrático Nacional; joined PRD, 1989; member, PRD National Council, 1990–1999; coordinator of López Obrador’s campaign for PRD president, 1996; national adviser of PRD, 1997. f—None. g—None. h—None. i—Grandson of President Lázaro Cárdenas and Amalia Solórzano; son of Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas, three-time presidential candidate and governor of Michoacán, and Celeste Batel. j—None. k—None. l—QesQ en el Congreso, 1997–2000, 71; Directorio del Congreso, 2000–2003, 165; QesQ en el Congreso, 2000–2003, 321–322; Musacchio, 71; letter. Cárdenas (del Río), Dámaso (Deceased Feb. 4, 1976) a—1898. b—Jiquilpan de Juárez, Michoacán. c—Early education unknown, no degree. d—Senator from State of Michoacán, 1932–1934; governor, Michoacán, 1950–1956. e—None. f—Interim governor, Michoacán, 1930; oficial mayor, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1934–1935. g—None. h—Director of a construction firm. i—Son of Dámaso Cárdenas, small grocery store owner, and Felicitas del Río; grandfather Francisco Cárdenas was soldier during the Reform; brother of President Lázaro Cárdenas; married Baby Castellanos. j—Participated in the Revolution; reached rank of division general. k—Declined nomination for governor, 1939. l—Strode, 302; Romero Flores, 72; Novo35, 339; DGF56, 96; Michaels, 8; DPE51, I, 90; Excélsior, Feb. 5, 1976. Cárdenas (del Río), Lázaro (Deceased Oct. 19, 1970) a—May 21, 1895. b—Jiquilpan de Juárez, Michoacán. c—Elementary studies in Jiquilpan de Juárez; no formal education after 1909. d—Governor, Michoacán, 1928–1932, with numerous leaves of absence; president of Mexico, 1934–1940. e—President

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of CEN of PNR, 1930–1931. f—Interim governor, Michoacán, 1920; secretary of government, Aug. 28, 1931–Oct. 15, 1931; secretary of war and navy, 1933; secretary of national defense, 1942–1945; executive director, Cuenca del Tepalcatepec, 1947–1960; executive director, Cuenca del Río Balsas, 1960–1970. g—None. h—Worked as a printer, 1911–1913. i—Brother of Dámaso Cárdenas; married Amalia Solórzano; son of Dámaso Cárdenas Piñedo, a small grocer, and Felicitas del Río Amezcua; father of Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas Solórzano. j—Joined the Revolution, 1913, with his brother under forces of General Guillermo García Aragón as 2nd captain and member of his staff; fought under General Obregón against Emiliano Zapata, 1914; major in charge of a detail of 22nd Cavalry Regiment, 1914; fought under forces of Lucio Blanco, 1914; fought forces of Francisco Villa under General Plutarco Calles, 1915–1916; fought against de la Huerta rebellion during which he was captured by Enrique Estrada, 1923; rank of brigade general, 1924; commander, military zone of Tampico, 1925; rank of division general, Apr.1, 1928; fought against Cristeros, 1928; chief of military operations, Michoacán; commander, 19th Military Zone, Puebla, Nov. 1, 1933–Jan. 1, 1934; commander of special Pacific defense zone, 1941–1942. k—Saved General Enrique Estrada from military execution, 1924, and Estrada later served as a federal deputy during his presidency; active in National Liberation Movement, 1960s; leader of one of largest political groups in Mexico until his death. l—WWM45, 18–19; DBM68, 114; EBW46, 29; DGF56, 414; Hoy, Oct. 31, 1970, 15–16; DP70, 362–363; Strode, 302; DGF50, II, 451; WB54, 162; IWW40, 172; Q es Q, 100–101; Annals, Mar., 1940; Morton, 88; Enc. Mex., II, 361–367; NYT, Oct. 20, 1970; Justicia, June, 1970. Cárdenas Elizondo, Jorge a—Oct. 30, 1944. b—Ciudad Acuña, Coahuila. c—Early education unknown; studies in economics, National School of Economics, UNAM, 1963–1967; professor, National School of

Economics, UNAM, 1973–1976. d—None. e—None. f—Adviser to director general of international taxes, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1974; adviser to director general of income taxes, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1975; adviser to assistant secretary of programming and budgeting, 1976; adviser to assistant secretary of development, Secretariat of Fishing, 1977; director of technical advising for assistant secretary of programming, Secretariat of Programming and Budget, 1978–1979; assistant director general of programming, Secretariat of Programming and Budget, 1979–1982; director of administration and finances, Federal Highways and Bridges, 1994–1995; oficial mayor, Secretariat of Agriculture and Hydraulic Resources, 1994–1998; oficial mayor, Secretariat of Government, 1998–1999. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Andrés Cárdenas Amaro, teacher, and Aurora Elizondo Elizondo; married Jimena Carretero Gordon, economist and director of training, CEMLA, and posts in Bank of Mexico; school in Piedras Negras named after father; political protégé of Francisco Labastida, secretary of government, 1998–1999. j—None. k—None. l—www.cemla.org, Apr., 2005; Pescador, 123; DBGM84, 81; DBGM82, 171. Cárdenas Fonseca, Manuel a—Feb. 13, 1958. b—Guasave, Sinaloa. c—Early education unknown; law degree, National School of Law, UNAM, 1971–1981; course in finance, Harvard University, 1984–1985; professor of the theory of the state, National School of Law, UNAM, 2004. d—Federal deputy from State of Sinaloa, Dist. 4, 1997–2000; plurinominal federal deputy from New Alliance Party. e—Member of PRI. f—Administrative coordinator of public relations, ISSSTE, 1985–1987; private secretary to secretary of programming and budget, 1987–1988; coordinator of advisers, secretary of the treasury, 1990; federal delegate, Secretariat of Industry and Commerce, Sinaloa, 1990–1995; general manager, Rural Credit Bank of the North, 1995–1997. g—Manager, National Chamber of Naval Industries, 1981–1983. h—None. i—Brother

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Luis Antonio Cárdenas Fonseca, attorney general of Sinaloa, 2005. j—None. k—None. l—Directorio del Congreso, 2006–2009, 334; www.secgob.gob.mx, 1997, 2007; QesQ en el Congreso, 1997–2000, 137–138. Cárdenas García, Virgilio a—Oct. 31, 1914. b—Monterrey, Nuevo León. c—Early education unknown; no degree. d—Member, City Council, Monterrey; federal deputy from State of Nuevo León, Dist. 3, 1961–1964, member of 1st Railroad Committee, alternate member of 2nd Labor Committee; federal deputy from State of Nuevo León, Dist. 3, 1967–1970, member of Electric Industry Committee. e—Member of PRI. f—None. g—Union leader. h—Private accountant. i—Married María Esther Aguillen. j—None. k—None. l—Directorio, 1967–1970, 75; C de D, 1961–1964, 73. Cárdenas González, Enrique a—February 4, 1927. b—Ciudad Victoria, Tamaulipas. c—Elementary studies at Lauro Aguirre School, Ciudad Victoria; secondary, preparatory, and normal studies, Ciudad Victoria; 2nd year of agricultural engineering studies at Escobar Brothers Agricultural School, Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua. d—Mayor, Ciudad Victoria, 1969–1970; senator from Tamaulipas, 1970–1972, president of 2nd Petroleum Committee, 2nd secretary of Industries and Public Works committees, member of 1st Balloting and Fishing committees, and secretary of 1st Instructive Sec. of grand jury; governor, Tamaulipas, 1975–1981; alternate senator from Tamaulipas, 1988–1991; senator from Tamaulipas, 1991–1997. e—Joined PRI, 1946; president, local electoral committee, Ciudad Victoria, 1963; secretary of social action, CEN of PRI, 1971–1972; general delegate of CEN of PRI to Baja California del Sur, 1971–1972. f—Assistant secretary of tax investigation, 1972–1974. g—None. h—Owner of several radio stations. i—Boyhood friend of Luis Echeverría in Ciudad Victoria, where Echeverría’s father worked; brother Jorge Cárdenas González, federal deputy, 1985–1988, and member of PARM; son of Francisco Cárdenas Rodríguez and Josefa González; married

Bertha Laura Avellano; uncle of Gustavo Cárdenas Gutiérrez, senator from PAN; son Enrique, secretary of rural development, Tamaulipas. j—None. k—Lost as PRI precandidate for governor of Tamaulipas to Manuel Ravize, 1967. l—Excélsior, June 1, 1974, 16; Excélsior, Nov. 12, 1973; Enc. Mex., Annual, 1977, 551; Novedades de Yucatán, Jan. 19, 1972, 1; HA, Jan. 31, 1972, 19; Loret de Mola, 91, 146; DBGM87, 449; Excélsior, Dec. 4, 1983, 20; CDDWeb, Senadores, 1997. Cárdenas Gutiérrez, Gustavo Adolfo

a—Jan. 25, 1958. b—Tamaulipas, Matamoros. c—Early education unknown; business administration degree, University of Tamaulipas, 1977–1981. d—Mayor, Ciudad Victoria, Tamaulipas, 1993–1995; local deputy, State Legislature of Tamaulipas, 1995–1998; senator from Tamaulipas, 2000–2006; plurinominal federal deputy from PAN, 2006–2009. e—Joined PAN, 1993; PAN candidate for governor of Tamaulipas, 1988, 2006; member, Regional Committee of PAN, 1999, Tamaulipas; president of PAN, Tamaulipas, 1999–2000. f—None. g—None. h—Director general, Las Fuentes de Victoria Motel, 1977; director general, Santa Mónica Ceramics, 1984–1989; director general, Japalma Gas Station, 1987. i—Son of Jorge Cárdenas González, federal deputy, 1985–1988, and mayor of Matamoros, and Minerva Gutiérrez Hernández; nephew of Enrique Cárdenas González, governor of Tamaulipas. j—None. k—None. l—Directorio del Congreso, 2000– 2003, 70; Musacchio, 72; Directorio del Congreso, 2006–2009, 354; www.es.wikipedia .org; QesQ en el Congreso, 2000–2003, 296. Cárdenas Hernández, Raymundo

a—Feb. 3, 1950. b—Villanueva, Zacatecas. c—Early education unknown; chemistry degree, University of Zacatecas, 1966–1971; professor, University of Zacatecas, 1972– 1991; dean, School of Chemical Sciences, University of Zacatecas. d—Local deputy, State Legislature of Zacatecas, 1983–1986; plurinominal federal deputy from PRD, 1991–1994; plurinominal senator from PRD, 2000–2006; federal deputy from State of Zacatecas, Dist. 3, 2006–2009. e—Member,

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PCM, PSUM, and PMS; secretary-general, PCM, Zacatecas, 1978–1980; member, National Committee of the PCM, PSUM, PMS; member, Central Committee of PSUM, Zacatecas, 1982–1986; member, Political Committee of PSUM, 1988–1990; member of CEN of PMS, 1987–1989; founding member, PRD, 1989; member of CEN of PRD, 1990–1999, 2002–2005; secretary of international affairs, CEN of PRD, 1996– 1999; secretary-general of CEN of PRD, 2004. f—Secretary-general of government, Zacatecas, 1998–2000. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Cruz Cárdenas García, retailer, and Esperanza Hernández Muro; married Estela Vargas Luévano, social worker. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM92, 437; Directorio del Congreso, 2006–2009, 306; DCM, 2000–2003, 310; www.diputados.gob .mx, 2007; QesQ en el Congreso, 2000– 2003, 322. Cárdenas Huerta, Gustavo (Deceased) a—1905. b—Saltillo, Coahuila. c—Elementary studies in Saltillo; preparatory studies at Ateneo Fuente School, Saltillo; legal studies, National School of Law, UNAM, 1924–1928, graduating in 1930. d—Senator from State of Coahuila, 1952–1958, president of Committee on Water and National Irrigation, 1st secretary of Federal District Committee, secretary of 1st Justice Committee, member of 2nd Balloting Committee and Special Legislative Studies Committee, and 1st secretary of 2nd Instructive Group of grand jury. e—Secretary-general of CEN of PRM, 1940. f—Agent, Ministerio Público, Federal District, 1930– 1936; public defender, 1936–1937; agent, Ministerio Público, 1937–1938; defense attorney for labor, 1938–1939; justice, Superior Court of Justice, Federal District, 1940–1946; oficial mayor of hydraulic resources, 1946–1952. g—None. h—Worked way through law school; author of several books. i—Political disciple of Antonio Villalobos; son of Fernando de Cárdenas and Adelaida Hurtado; member of Alemán generation at UNAM. j—None. k—None. l—Ind. Biog., 34–35; DGF56, 5, 9–11, 13–14; DGF51, I, 413.

Cárdenas Jiménez, Alberto a—Apr. 14, 1958. b—Zapotlán el Grande, Jalisco. c—Elementary studies, religious school; secondary studies, public school; preparatory studies, Regional Technical University, Ciudad Guzmán, Jalisco; electrical engineering degree, Regional Technical University of Ciudad Guzmán; MA and PhD in industrial organization, Graduate School of Technical Engineering, Polytechnic of Madrid, 1981–1983, with dissertation titled “Socioeconomic Planning of Medium-Sized Cities”; coordinator of electrical engineering, director of graduate studies, professor of economics, finance, administration, and industrial engineering, Regional Technical University of Ciudad Guzmán; professor, University of Colima. d—Mayor, Ciudad Guzmán, 1992–1994; governor, Jalisco, 1995–2001; senator from Jalisco, 2006–2012. e—Joined PAN, 1994; member, Regional Committee of PAN, Jalisco, 1995–2007; national adviser, PAN, 1995–2007; member of CEN of PAN, 2002–2005; PAN precandidate for presidential nomination, 2005– 2006. f—Secretary of studies, City Council, Ciudad Guzmán, 1989–1991; director general, National Forestry Commission, 2001– 2003; secretary of environment, 2003–2005; secretary of agriculture, 2006– . g—None. h—None. i—Son of a wheat farmer; married Joann Novoa Mossberger. j—None. k—None. l—www.pan.org.mx, 2007; Cien Nombres, 69–71. Cárdenas Monroy, Óscar Gustavo

a—Mar. 4, 1953. b—Ejido Cheje, Jocotitlán, State of Mexico. c—Early education unknown; business administration degree, University of the State of Mexico, Toluca, 1974–1977; professor of business administration, University of the State of Mexico. d—Mayor, Jocotitlán, 1982–1984; local deputy, State Legislature of State of Mexico, 1984–1987, 2003–2006; plurinominal federal deputy from PRI, 1994–1997; federal deputy from State of Mexico, Dist. 3, 2006–2009, coordinator of PRI delegation from State of Mexico. e—Joined PRI, 1977; president of

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PRI, Jocotitlán; State of Mexico PRI delegate to 90 cities, 1985–1987; assistant secretarygeneral of PRI, State of Mexico, 1988–1990; national political adviser, CEN of PRI, 2005. f—Adviser to secretary of communications and transportation, 1997–1999; secretary of communications, State of Mexico, 1999–2001; secretary of metropolitan development, State of Mexico, 2002–2003. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Alfredo Cárdenas Flores and María Dolores Monroy Nieto j—None. k—None. l—www.diputa dos.gob.mx, 2007; Directorio del Congreso, 2006–2009, 146. Cárdenas Rodríguez, Antonio

(Deceased 1969) a—Oct. 6, 1903. b—Ejido Trinidad, Hacienda la Trinidad, Municipio General Cepeda, Coahuila. c—Early education unknown; enrolled in National Military College, 1923; transferred to Military Aeronautics School, graduating as aviator in 1927; combat courses and air staff courses, United States, 1944. d—None. e—None. f—Chief, Mexican Air Force, 1946–1952. g—None. h—Flew for Air Mail Service, 1927. i—Son of Sabino Cárdenas and María M. Rodríguez; married Xóchitl Zamora. j—Career air force officer; pilot, Good Neighbor flight, San Francisco to Buenos Aires, 1940; Mexican government observer attached to U.S. forces in North Africa, 1943; commander, Mexican Expeditionary Air Forces, Squadron 201, 1945; participated in combat operations in Pacific, 1945; rank of brigadier general, 1946; rank of brigade general, 1952; rank of division general, Dec. 24, 1957. k—None. l—DP70, 363; DGF51, 180; Enc. Mex., II, 368; WWM45, 19; www.avalanchepress.com .mx; DP95, 602. Cárdenas (Solórzano), Cuauhtémoc

a—May 1, 1934. b—Guadalupe Inn, Federal District. c—Elementary studies in Jiquilpan, Michoacán (1st and 3rd years), 2nd year in Mazatlán; 4th grade to 3rd year of secondary studies, Williams School, San Ángel, Federal District; preparatory studies at Colegio de San Nicolás, Morelia, Michoacán, 1949–1951; civil engineering degree, National

School of Engineering, UNAM, Jan. 22, 1957; special training at Ministry of Reconstruction, Paris, 1957–1958, and at Electricity of France, Paris, 1957–1958; Bank of Mexico fellowship to work for Krupp in Germany, 1958; special studies in regional and urban planning. d—Senator from State of Michoacán, 1976; governor, Michoacán, 1980–1986; governor, Federal District, 1997–2000 (first elected governor). e—Member, National Executive Committee, National Liberation Movement, 1961–1962; student supporter of presidential campaign of General Miguel Henríquez, 1951; joined PRI, 1967; member of IEPES of PRI, Luis Echeverría’s presidential campaign, 1970; cofounder, Democratic Current, PRI, 1986; PFCRN, PARM, PMS, PPS presidential candidate, 1988; president, PRD, 1989–1993; PRD presidential candidate, 1994, 2000. f—Planner, Río Balsas, Secretariat of Hydraulic Resources, 1964–1969; director, Lázaro Cárdenas City Public Trust Fund, 1971–1976; assistant director, Las Truchas, 1969–1974; assistant secretary of forest resources and fauna, Secretariat of Agriculture, 1976–1980. g—Director of national student protest to oppose U.S. intervention in Guatemala, 1954. h—Director, Constructora Indé, SA, 1956–1957; practicing engineer, 1960. i—Son of President Lázaro Cárdenas; nephew of Roberto Ruiz del Río, secretarygeneral of government in Michoacán; nephew of Dámaso Cárdenas, governor of Michoacán, 1950–1956; in business with Heberto Castillo, 1956–1957; business partner of Gonzalo Martínez Corbalá; friends from college days included Heberto Castillo, Javier Barros Sierra, and Vicente Leñero; married Celeste Batel; son Lázaro Cárdenas Batel, governor of Michoacán, 2002–2008. j—None. k—None. l—BdM, 84; C de S, 1976–1982; HA, Aug. 18, 1980, 31; Almanaque de México, 367; letters; Excélsior, July 11, 1997; Líderes, 6, 1994, 49; Proceso, Mar. 2, 1998. Cárdenas Sosa, Carolina a—Sept. 19, 1959. b—Federal District. c—One of first 7 female students accepted for preparatory studies at Centro Universitario Montejo,

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Mérida, Yucatán, where she studied under Carlos Castillo Peraza, president of PAN; public accounting degree from University of Yucatán. d—None. e—Joined PAN, 1990. f—Secretary of tourism, Yucatán, 2001–2006; assistant secretary of tourism planning, Secretariat of Tourism, 2006– 2009. g—None. h—Executive, Mexican Red Cross, 1992–1996; executive, Red Cross, Federal District, 1996 i—Daughter of Jorge Carlos Cárdenas Gutiérrez, owner of Farolitos Restaurant, Mexico City, and Teresita Sosa Monsreal; father considered a pioneer in restoration of Yucatán haciendas for tourism. j—None. k—None. l—www.larevista .com.mx, 2008; letter. Cardona Benavides, Cuauhtémoc

a—Mar. 27, 1965. b—Tijuana, Baja California. c—Early education unknown; law degree, University of Baja California; postgraduate studies in public policy, ITAM. d—Local deputy, State Legislature of Baja California, 1989–1992; plurinominal federal deputy from PAN, 2000–2003. e—Joined PAN, 1983; president, Youth Committee, Mexicali, Baja California, 1993–1998; president, PAN, Baja California, 1997–1998; secretary of organization of PAN, Baja California, 1998–1999. f—Assistant secretarygeneral of government, Baja California, 1992–1994; director of political development, Baja California, 1995; adviser, City Council, Tijuana, 1999–2000; assistant secretary of sectoral planning, Secretariat of Agrarian Reform, 2000–2006; assistant secretary of legislative liaison, Secretariat of Government, 2008–2009; assistant secretary of sectoral planning, Secretariat of Agrarian Reform, 2009. g—None. h—None. i—Brother of Alma Xóchitl Cardona Benavides, alternate federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. 6, who was in functions, 2006. j—None. k—None. l—www.zetatijuana.com.mx, 2008; www.diputados.gob.mx, 2000–2003, 215; Musacchio, 73; DCM, 2000–2003, 338. Cardona Marino, Arturo a—Mar. 25, 1930. b—Coacoyula de Álvarez, Guerrero. c—Elementary studies at Herlinda García

School and V. Guerrero School, Iguala, Guerrero; secondary studies in Iguala; began 1st year at National Polytechnic Institute, Mexico City, 1949, but left school when father died; enrolled at Heroic Military College as cadet, Jan. 1, 1950, graduating as 2nd lieutenant, Jan. 1, 1953; graduated from Higher War College, 1956–1959, with thesis on strategic valuation in a theater of operations; completed an MA at InterAmerican Defense College, Washington, DC, 1973–1974. d—None. e—Adviser to auxiliary secretary of CEN of PRI, 1975– 1976. f—Adviser to secretary of agriculture and hydraulic resources, 1959–1960; adviser to director general of standards, Secretariat of Commerce, 1960–1963; assistant chief, presidential staff, 1982–1988; chief, presidential staff, 1988–1994. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Felipe Cardona Cerón, peasant, and Concepción Marino; married María Teresa Pérez Ceniceros, teacher; uncle Antonio Cardona López, colonel; overlapped at Higher War College with Miguel Ángel Godínez and Carlos H. Bermúdez Dávila; he and Bermúdez Dávila were artillery school classmates at Heroic Military College, 1953; brother Felipe was air force officer. j—Career army officer; assigned to infantry unit in San Juan Teotihuacán, 1953; assistant chief of staff, 2nd Infantry Brigade, 1968–1970; chief of adjutants, Administration Division, Secretariat of National Defense, 1970–1973; aide to military attaché, Mexican embassy, Washington, DC, 1973– 1974; rank of colonel, 1975; assistant chief, Sec. 5, staff, Secretariat of National Defense, 1975–1976; chief, Sec. 4, staff, Secretariat of National Defense, 1976; commander, 36th Infantry Battalion, Minatitlán, Veracruz, 1976; chief of staff, 4th Military Zone, 1976; commander, 1st Infantry Battalion, Presidential Guards, 1976–1979; private secretary to presidential chief of staff, Miguel Ángel Godínez, 1979–1982. k—None. l—DBGM, 82; Proceso, Jan. 11, 1988, 20; DBGM87, 75; Proceso, May 21, 1989, 8; DBGM89; Proceso, July 4, 1999; DBGM92, 75.

t he b io g ra phies  157 Carpio Suárez, Fermín a—Nov. 18, 1944. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; business administration degree, ITAM, 1962–1966; director of advising, Integral Planning, UNAM, 1979–1980; assistant director general, sociocultural activities, UNAM, 1981–1982. d—None. e—Joined PRI, 1983. f—Executive coordinator, National Institute of Geography and Statistics, 1982–1985; executive coordinator for assistant secretary of planning and budgeting control, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1985–1987; director general of programming, organization, and budget, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1988–1994; oficial mayor, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1994. g—None. h—Analyst, Bancomer, 1965–1972; director, Planning Department, Bancomer Mortgage, 1972–1976; organizational manager, Bancomer, 1976–1978; i—Son of Benjamín Carpio Mendívil and Margarita Suárez Reyes; married Beatriz Elena de la Rosa Lambreton. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM94, CD; DBGM92, 76. Carpizo (MacGregor), Jorge a—Apr. 12, 1944. b—Campeche, Campeche. c—Elementary studies at Justo Sierra Méndez Elementary School, Campeche, 1951–1956; secondary studies at Instituto Campechano, Campeche, 1956–1959; studied English and American literature in United States, 1959– 1960; preparatory studies at La Salle University, Federal District, 1961–1962; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, with 9.9 GPA and honorable mention, 1962–1967, graduating Feb. 9, 1968; MA in law, University of London, 1969–1970; LLD, National School of Law, UNAM, with honorable mention; secretary, Institute of Juridical Research, UNAM, 1967–1969; adviser to auxiliary secretary-general of UNAM, 1970– 1971; secretary, University Tribunal, 1973– 1977; general attorney, UNAM, 1973–1977; coordinator of the humanities, UNAM, 1977–1978; director, Institute of Juridical Research, UNAM, 1978–1984; researcher, Institute of Juridical Research, UNAM, 1998– . d—None. e—None. f—Assistant

head, University Studies Department, Secretariat of Public Education, 1966–1967; rector, UNAM, Jan. 2, 1985–1988; justice, Supreme Court, 1990; director, Human Rights Commission, Secretariat of Government, 1990– 1992; attorney general of Mexico, 1992–1994; secretary of government, Jan. 10, 1994–1994; ambassador to France, 1995–1998. g—None. h—Expert on constitutional law. i—Son of Óscar Carpizo Berrón, businessman, and Luz María MacGregor Dondé; grandson of Tirso Carpizo Montero, owner of henequen haciendas, and Ana Berrón Guerrero, and José MacGregor Perrera, retail store owner, and María Elena Dondé Preciat; maternal grandmother was daughter of Salvador Dondé, federal deputy under Porfirio Díaz, and niece of Rafael Dondé, close friend and legal adviser to Díaz; brother Óscar worked in Secretariat of the Treasury, 1989; most important intellectual influences and friends were Mario de la Cueva and Héctor Fix Zamudio. j—None. k—None. l—HA, Dec. 17, 1984, 14; letters; Excélsior, Dec. 6, 1984, 1; DBGM89, 71; Líderes, 2, 41; www.scjn.gob .mx, 105–106, 2009. Carrancá y Trujillo, Raúl (Deceased 1968) a—Aug. 27, 1897. b—Campeche, Campeche. c—Preparatory studies at Literary Institute of Yucatán; law degree from University of Madrid, on private scholarship; LLD from University of Madrid, 1925; studies at University of Paris; professor, National School of Economics, UNAM; professor, National School of Law, UNAM, 1926–1960; dean, School of Political and Social Science, UNAM, 1953. d—None. e—Supporter of José Vasconcelos for president, 1929. f—Agent, Ministerio Público, Federal District, 1928–1929; assistant to attorney general of the Federal District; judge, Eighth Penal Court, Federal District, 1930; justice, Superior Court of the Federal District, 1940; First District Court judge, 1944; director of cultural dissemination, UNAM, 1948–1952; secretary-general, UNAM, 1952–1953, under Rector Luis Garrido; chief, Legal Department, National Savings Bonds, 1953.

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g—None. h—Legal adviser to president of Mexico; author of numerous works on penal law; cofounder of review Criminalia with Luis Garrido, 1933. i—Friend and collaborator of Luis Garrido for many years; son of Camilo Carrancá y Vusquets, close friend of Vice President José María Pino Suárez, who resided with him as a student in Mérida, and Narcisa Trujillo. j—None. k—None. l—WWM45, 19–20; DP70, 372; Casasola, V, 2422; Enc. Mex., II, 382; www.senado.gob .mx, 2006; www.idey.gob.mx. Carranza Hernández, Rafael a—Apr. 28, 1919. b—Federal District. c—Elementary studies in Mexico City; engineering studies in Philadelphia, Penn., civil engineering degree. d—Federal deputy from State of Coahuila, Dist. 1, 1952–1955, member of Gran Comisión, Budget and Accounts Committee, Foreign Relations Committee, and Administration Committee, secretary of Preparatory Committee; alternate senator from State of Coahuila, 1958–1960; senator from State of Coahuila, 1960–1964, president of Colonization and Public Works committees, 2nd secretary of Consular and Diplomatic Service Committee and 1st secretary of Special Hydraulic Resources Committee; party federal deputy from PARM, 1979–1982. e—Member, PARM Presidium; treasurer of CEN of PARM, July 3, 1977– 1979. f—Secretary-general, Department of Agrarian Affairs, 1955–1958; director general, Agricultural Bank of the Northwest, 1965– 1968; general adviser to director of National Agricultural Bank, 1968–1970; coordinator general, Agricultural Program for the Central Zone of the State of Coahuila, 1971–1974. g—None. i—Son of Venustiano Carranza, president of Mexico, and second wife, Ernestina Hernández; stepsister Virginia Carranza Salinas, married to Cándido Aguilar Vargas, general and senator from Veracruz, 1934–1940. j—None. k—Replaced Senator Vicente Dávila Aguirre, who died in office, 1960. l—DGF56, 453; C de S, 1961– 1964; C de D, 1952–1955, 7; HA, Feb. 26, 1979, V; Excélsior, Apr. 16, 1979, 16.

Carranza (Palacios), José Antonio

a—Aug. 2, 1941. b—Oaxaca, Oaxaca. c—Early education unknown; engineering degree, Technological Institute of Higher Studies, Monterrey, 1963; MA degree in science, Technological Institute of Higher Studies, Monterrey, 1972; professor, School of Engineering, University of Veracruz; professor, School of Architecture, University of Oaxaca; professor, School of Business and Administration, University of Oaxaca, 1967–1969; professor, Graduate School of Administration, Technological Institute of Higher Studies of Monterrey, 1976–1978; rector, Regional Technological Institute of Oaxaca, 1968–1970. d—None. e—Executive secretary, Advisory Council, IEPES of PRI, 1986–1987. f—Director general of projects and inspection, State of Oaxaca, 1970; director general of education, health, and social welfare, State of Oaxaca; director, Technological Institute, Secretariat of Public Education, 1968–1970; director general of planning, Secretariat of Public Education, 1970–1976; director, Elementary Education for Everyone Program, Secretariat of Public Education; director general of programming, Secretariat of Public Education, 1978– 1979; assistant secretary of education and technical investigation, Secretariat of Public Education, 1979–1982; assistant director general, Institutional Services, IMSS, 1982–1984; director general, National Fishing Institute, Secretariat of Fishing, 1984–1986; director general, National Population Council, Secretariat of Government, 1988–1994; director general, National Institute for Adult Education, 1996–2000. g—None. h—Regional manager, Instructora Athens, SA, 1963. i—Son of Antonio Carranza Díaz, surgeon and professor at University of Oaxaca, and Haydée Palacios Solórzano; member of Víctor Bravo Ahuja’s political group; studied under Víctor Bravo Ahuja; married María del Pilar Castillo Rangel, businesswoman and public official. j—None. k—None. l—HA, July 9, 1979, 20; HA, Dec. 20, 1982, 14; Protag., 71; DBGM, 84; Pescador, 125.

t he b io g ra phies  159 Carrasco Altamirano, Diódoro Humberto a—Jan. 30, 1954. b—Cuicatlán, Oax-

aca. c—Elementary studies at Abraham Castellanos School, Oaxaca, Oaxaca; secondary and preparatory studies at Regional Technical Institute of Oaxaca; economics degree, ITAM, 1972–1976, with thesis on planning and development of agroindustrial systems; professor, National School of Economics, UNAM; professor, ITAM, 2001–2003. d—Senator from Oaxaca, 1991–1992; governor, Oaxaca, 1992–1998; plurinominal federal deputy from PAN, 2006–2009, president of Government Committee. e—Joined PRI, 1972; adviser to secretary of organization, CEN of PRI; special delegate of CEN of PRI to Minatitlán, Veracruz, Colima, Colima, and Fresnillo, Zacatecas; national political adviser, CEN of PRI, 2003–2005; resigned from PRI, 2005; supported Felipe Calderón for president, 2006. f—Analyst, Rural Credit Bank of the North, 1975–1976; director, Department of Economic Studies, Río Balsas Committee, 1976–1977; assistant director of programs, Division of Agroindustrial Planning, Secretariat of Agriculture, 1982; assistant director of industrial agriculture, general coordinator of industrial agricultural development, Secretariat of Agriculture, 1983; assistant director of information and research, Division of Basic Products, Secretariat of Commerce and Industrial Development, 1983–1984; private secretary to assistant secretary of industry and commercial planning, 1984–1985; secretary of planning, State of Oaxaca, 1987–1991; assistant secretary of government, 1998–1999; secretary of government, 1999–2000. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Diódoro Carrasco Palacios, rancher and 3-time federal deputy, and Alma Altamirano Vázquez; married Clara Scherer Castillo. j—None. k—Youngest governor in state’s history. l—Pescador, 126; Musacchio, 74; D del S, May 22, 1999; DBGM92, 149; DBGM94, CD; DBGM89, 671; Directorio del Congreso, 2006–2009, 374. Carrasco Gutiérrez, Víctor Manuel

b—Toluca, State of Mexico. c—Normal

certificate from Normal School of Toluca; medical studies at IPN; medical degree; elementary school teacher in rural schools and night-shift workers’ schools; high school teacher; normal school teacher; professor of history of Mexican labor movement, Workers’ University, Mexico City. d—Federal deputy from State of Mexico, Dist. 11, 1976–1979. e—Member, Central Committee of CEN of PPS. f—None. g—SNTE official, State of Mexico. i—Married Rosa Luz Fuentes R. j—None. k—None. l—D de C, 1976–1979, 9; HA, Apr. 30, 1979, 4. Carrasco Palacios, Diódoro a—April 9, 1927. b—Huajuapan de León, Oaxaca. c—Business studies, Institute of Arts and Sciences, Oaxaca, 1942–1945; no degree. d—Mayor, Cutlatán, Oaxaca, 1953; local deputy, State Legislature of Oaxaca, 1953– 1956; federal deputy from State of Oaxaca, Dist. 5, 1967–1970, 1973–1976, 1988–1991; alternate senator from State of Oaxaca under Gilberto Suárez Torres, 1970–1976; governor, Oaxaca, 1992–1998. e—None. f—Chief of agroindustry, CONASUPO, 1980–1982. g—Secretary, League of Agrarian Communities, Oaxaca, 1968–1973; secretary of agrarian action, CROC, 1970–1974. h—Unknown. i—Son of Diódoro Carrasco Oropeza and María Amelia Palacios Vázquez; married Alma Altamirano Vázquez; father of Diódoro Carrasco Altamirano, governor of Oaxaca, 1992–1998, and secretary of government, 1999–2000. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM89, 412; C de D, 1967–1970; C de D, 1988–1991; C de D, 1973–1976. Carreño Gómez, Franco (Deceased) a—May 16, 1898. b—Alaquines, San Luis Potosí. c—Elementary studies in Alaquines; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, 1923; studies toward LLD, National School of Law, UNAM, 1961; professor of law, National School of Law, UNAM; professor of sociology, National School of Law, UNAM; professor, night school, Mexico City, 1921. d—None. e—None. f—Consulting lawyer, Department of the Federal District; consulting lawyer, Secretariat

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of Communications; consulting lawyer, National Agrarian Commission; assistant attorney general of Federal District, 1929; secretary-general of government, State of San Luis Potosí, under Gov. Genovevo Rivas Guillén, 1938–1939; justice, Supreme Court, 1941–1946, 1947–1952, 1953–1958, 1959–1964, president of Administrative Division, 1943, 1948, 1953, 1958, and 1963. g—Cofounder, Student Society of National Preparatory School, 1915; secretary-general, Union of Lawyers of the Federal District, 1935–1937; president, Society of Friends of Cuba, 1952– 1960. h—Student author, México Nuevo; practicing lawyer with Luis Garrido, 1922– 1923; writer for El Monitor Republicano, 1924; practicing lawyer with Manuel Moreno Sánchez; author of numerous books on law. i—Close personal friend of Luis Garrido from law school days; married Lucía García Valencia. j—None. k—Worked for many years to remove Gonzalo Santos’ political influence in San Luis Potosí. l—WNM, 35; NYT, Oct. 26, 1958, 19; Garrido; DGF56, 567; www.scjn.gob.mx, 109–110, 2009; letter.

Carreto Fernández de Lara, Carlos Víctor a—Apr. 7, 1941. b—Puebla, Puebla.

c—Early education unknown; studies in economics and administrative sciences, University of Puebla, 1958–1962; law degree, School of Law, University of Puebla, 1992–1996. d—Federal deputy from State of Puebla, Dist. 13, 1982–1985; federal deputy from State of Puebla, Dist. 1, 1988–1991; federal deputy from State of Puebla, Dist. 9, 1997–2000. e—Joined PRI, 1964. f—Various positions, Federal Electric Commission, 1960–1988; director of human resources units, CFE, East-Central Division, 1989–1996. g—Secretary-general, SUTERM, Puebla; secretary of industrial administration, CEN of SUTERM. h—None. i—Son of Manuel Carreto Cicero, chemical engineer, and Laura Fernández de Lara Gómez; married María Gemma Pacheco Madrazo. j—None. k—None. l—www.secgob.gob.mx, 1997, 2007; DBGM89, 413; QesQ en el Congreso, 1997–2000, 139.

Carrillo Arena, Guillermo a—Feb. 4, 1941. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; architecture degree, National School of Architecture, UNAM, 1958–1962. d—None. e—General delegate of CEN of PRI to Oaxaca, 1982. f—President, Board of Moral, Civic, and Material Improvements, San José del Cabo, La Paz, and Santa Rosalía, Baja California del Sur, 1965–1966; director general, Health Engineering and Construction Commission, Secretariat of Health, 1967–1970; chief of projects, IMSS, 1970–1976; technical assistant director, INFONAVIT, 1975–1978; director general, Acapulco Trust, Secretariat of Housing and Public Works, 1979–1982; assistant director of works and property, IMSS, 1982–1985; secretary of public works and human dwellings, 1985–1986. g—President, College of Mexican Architects, 1974. h—Practicing architect, 1962–1965, 1978–1979. i—Son of Marcos Carrillo Cárdenas, lawyer and federal deputy from State of Oaxaca, Dist. 4, 1955–1958, and Rosario Arena Sáinz; married María Amparo Quijano Campbell. j—None. k—None. l—Excélsior, Mar. 12, 1985, 7; DBGM, 85–86; www.cronica.diputados.gob.mx. Carrillo Arronte, Ricardo a—Aug. 9, 1939. c—Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua. c—Early education unknown; studies in economics, National School of Economics, UNAM, 1959–1963, graduating Nov. 9, 1964; MA in economics, Netherlands, 1965–1966; PhD in economic development and planning, Holland, 1965–1968; director, Center of Applied Economics, UNAM, 1968–1970; assistant director, Division of Graduate Studies, National School of Economics, UNAM, 1971–1972; president, CIDE, Mexico City, 1983–1984. d—None. e—Joined PRI Youth, 1954; joined PRI, 1962; organizer in Ciudad Juárez for Gustavo Díaz Ordaz’ presidential campaign, 1963–1964; organizer of events for IEPES of PRI, Luis Echeverría campaign, 1969–1970; director general of CEPES of PRI, Federal District, 1979–1981; general coordinator of state preparatory meetings, IEPES of PRI, 1981–1982; secretary of ideological

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divulgation, CEN of PRI, 1982–1984; director general of IEPES of CEN of PRI, 1989. f—Manager, regional development, NAFIN, 1972–1974; director general, Plan Lerma Technical Assistance, 1972–1976; director of research and development, NAFIN, 1991. g—Secretary of the exterior, National College of Economists, 1973–1975; coordinator, National Committee of Economic Planning Studies, League of Revolutionary Economists, 1976–1978. h—Director, Consultora Aregional, 2004–2005. i—Married Jacqueline Lammns. j—None. k—None. l—HA, Feb. 6, 1984, 10, 12; letter; www.proceso.com .mx, Feb. 6, 2005. Carrillo Castro, Alejandro a—Oct. 20, 1941. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; legal studies, National School of Law, UNAM, 1959–1963, graduating in 1965 with thesis titled “Regulating Foreign Investment in Mexico”; PhD in public administration, UNAM, 1971–1973, with thesis on methodology for analyzing and reforming public administration; professor, National School of Law, UNAM, 1972–1976; professor, School of Political and Social Sciences, UNAM, 1977–1988; professor, Colegio de México, 1985, 1987–1988. d—Delegate of Cuauhtémoc to Department of the Federal District, 1996–1997. e—Joined PRI, 1959; secretary of international relations, Youth Committee of CEN of PRI, 1964; assistant director of planning, IEPES of PRI, 1975; member, advisory council of IEPES of PRI, 1981–1986; secretary of international affairs of CEN of PRI, 1994–1995. f—Lawyer, Division of Juridical Affairs, Office of the Presidency, 1964–1965; private secretary to oficial mayor, Office of the Presidency, 1965–1970; technical secretary, Commission of Public Administration, 1967–1970; director general of administrative studies, Office of the Presidency, 1971–1973; secretarygeneral, CONACYT, 1973–1976; adviser to assistant secretary of expenditures, Carlos A. Isoard, 1975–1976; general coordinator of administrative studies, Office of the Presidency, 1977–1982; director general, ISSSTE,

1982–1988; consul general in United States, 1988–1992; ambassador to OAS, 1992–1994; coordinator of social communication for the federal government, 1997–1998; director, Mexican Immigration Institute, Secretariat of Government, 1998–1999; president, National Institute of Public Administration, 2004–2006. g—None. h—Author of several books on public administration. i—Son of Alejandro Carrillo Marcor, governor of Sonora, 1975–1979, and Aurea Castro Valle; grandfather served as consul general in London. j—None. k—None. l—IEPES; Q es QAP, 513; DBGM89, 78; DBGM, 86; DBGM92, 78; letter. Carrillo Durán, Ricardo (Deceased) a—Nov. 20, 1904. b—Zitácuaro, Michoacán. c—Preparatory studies at National Preparatory School, 1919–1923; legal studies at National School of Law, UNAM, 1924-1928, graduating May 8, 1929. d—Federal deputy from Zitácuaro, Michoacán, 1932–1934; federal deputy from State of Chihuahua, Dist. 3, 1961–1964, member of 2nd Committee on Government, alternate member of Committee on Taxes and Committee on Public Works; secretary, Chamber of Deputies, 1962; alternate senator from State of Chihuahua, 1964–1970. e—President of PRI in Ciudad Juárez, 1957–1961. f—Attorney general, State of Michoacán, 1935; judge of 1st instance, Ciudad Juárez, 1936–1945; secretary, City Council, Ciudad Juárez, 1936– 1945, 1957–1961; assistant director of loans and pensions, ISSSTE, 1964–1970; administrative assistant director, PEMEX, 1970–1976. g—None. h—Practicing lawyer in Mexico City, 1947–1957. i—Student with Miguel Alemán, Antonio Carrillo Flores, and Héctor Pérez Martínez; son of Francisco Carrillo and Fortimata Durán; professors included Manuel Gómez Morín, Narciso Bassols, and Alfonso Caso. j—None. k—None. l—Letters, DGF69, 623, 106; DGF56, 343. Carrillo Flores, Antonio (Deceased Mar. 20, 1987) a—June 23, 1909. b—Coyoacán, Federal District. c—Elementary education in Mexico City, 3 years

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in New York City, 1914–1917; preparatory at National Preparatory School, 1921–1924; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, Mar. 21, 1929; honorary LLD from UNAM, 1950; professor of administrative law, National School of Law, UNAM, 1936–1952; professor of general theory, National School of Law, 1932–1934; member, Governing Council of UNAM, 1947–1952; director, National School of Law, 1944–1945, professor of special courses on the state in economic life; rector, Autonomous Technological Institute of Mexico, 1971–1972. d—Federal deputy from Federal District, 1979–1980. e—None. f—Agent, Ministerio Público, Office of the Attorney General of Mexico, 1930–1931; head, Legal Department, Office of the Attorney General of Mexico, 1931–1932, 1934–1935; secretary, Supreme Court of Justice, 1933; head, Department of Legal Affairs, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1935–1936; founding judge, Federal Tax Court, 1937–1938; adviser to Consulting Department, Bank of Mexico, 1938–1941, 1946–1952, 1971–1972; director general, NAFIN, 1945–1952; founding president, National Securities Commission, 1946–1947; secretary of the treasury, 1952–1958; ambassador to United States, 1958–1964; secretary of foreign relations, 1964–1970; director general, Fondo de Cultura Económica, 1970–1972; Mexican governor, IBRD; ambassador to Soviet Union, 1980–1982; director general, Banco Comercial, 1982. g—None. h—Author of banking legislation and several books and numerous articles on law and economics; coauthored book with Ezequiel Burguete in 1935; practicing lawyer, 1976–1980. i—Formed early friendships at National School of Law with Miguel Alemán, Ezequiel Burguete, Antonio Ortiz Mena, Alfonso Noriega, Ángel Carvajal, Antonio Armendáriz, José Castro Estrada, Salomón González Blanco, Manuel Ramírez Vázquez, Ernesto Uruchurtu, Manuel Sánchez Cuen, and Andrés Serra Rojas; studied at National School of Law under Luis Garrido Díaz; son of distinguished Mexican composer Julián Carrillo, discoverer of

sound no. 13 on the musical scale; brother of Nabor Carrillo, rector of UNAM, 1952–1961; son Emilio Carrillo Gamboa was director general of Teléfonos de México, 1982–1987, and ambassador to Canada, 1987. j—None. k—None. l—DBM68, 121–122; letters; El Universal, Dec. 2, 1964; Hoy, Oct. 11, 1969; WWMG, 11; Brandenburg, 113; HA, Dec. 5, 1952, 9; DGF56, 161; IWW, 197–198; Tucker, 437; Baker; NYT, July 28, 1957, 2; Excélsior, Sept. 5, 1982, 20; DP95, 624. Carrillo (Flores), Nabor (Deceased Feb. 19, 1967) a—Feb. 23, 1911. b—Coyoacán, Federal District. c—Elementary and secondary education in Federal District; preparatory at National Preparatory School and George Washington High School, New York; began university studies in New York; continued engineering studies at UNAM, 1929–1932; engineering degree from National School of Engineering, UNAM, 1932, with honorable mention; MS in science from Harvard University, 1941; PhD in science from Harvard University, 1942; Guggenheim Fellow; student assistant in mathematics, 1932; professor, National Preparatory School; professor of mathematics, UNAM, 1932–1953. d—None. e—None. f—Employee, National Irrigation Commission, 1934–1936; chief of engineers, National Irrigation Commission, 1936–1945; member, Mexican Commission of Scientific Investigation, 1943–1945; Mexican representative to atomic bomb site on Bikini Island, 1946; rector, UNAM, 1952–1961; director, Atomic Energy Center in Mexico; executive member, National Nuclear Energy Commission; director, Mexican–North American Institute of Cultural Relations, Mexico City, 1966– 1967. g—None. h—Internationally famous specialist in underground mechanics; promoter of Atomic Energy Center in Mexico. i—Brother of Antonio Carrillo Flores; son of Julián Carrillo, distinguished Mexican composer and discoverer of sound no. 13 on the musical scale; author of many scientific articles; uncle of Emilio Carrillo Gamboa, ambassador to Canada, 1987. j—None. k—None. l—WWM45, 21; Excélsior, Aug.

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21, 1971, 7A; DP70, 380; Hayner, 169; DP70, 378–379; DGF50, II, 207; DGF51, II, 299; HA, Feb. 27, 1953, 35. Carrillo Gamboa, Emilio a—Oct. 16, 1938. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; legal studies at National School of Law, UNAM, 1954–1959, graduating in Aug., 1959, with thesis titled “Tax Problems of Federalism”; studies at Georgetown University, Washington, DC. d—None. e—Joined PRI, 1962. f—Director, Department of Financial Studies, Teléfonos de México, 1960; assistant to director general, Teléfonos de México, 1960–1962; secretary, Board of Directors, Teléfonos de México, 1962–1967; assistant director general, Teléfonos de México, 1967–1975; director general, Teléfonos de México, 1975–1987; ambassador to Canada, 1987–1988. g—None. h—Member, Board of Directors, Kimberly-Clark, Grupo Modelo, ICA, San Luis Group, Grupo Mexicano, Mitsubishi, Apasco; president, Board of Directors, Apasco, 2007; partner, Carrillo Gamboa Law Firm, 1989– ; chairman, Board of Directors, Mexican Fund, 2002. i—Son of Antonio Carrillo Flores, secretary of foreign relations, and Fanny Gamboa Farrera; married Rosalinda Peñafiel Martínez; nephew of Nabor Carrillo Flores, rector of UNAM; brother Nabor was coordinator of advisers to the assistant secretary, Secretariat of Commerce, 1985. j—None. k—None. l—Excélsior, June 1, 1975, 1; Q es QAP, 527; DBGM87, 79. Carrillo (Marcor), Alejandro

(Deceased Apr. 8, 1998) a—Mar. 15, 1908. b—Hermosillo, Sonora. c—Elementary studies at Colegio de Sonora, Hermosillo; secondary studies at Draughon’s Business College, 1926, and Main Ave. High School, 1927, San Antonio, Tex.; winner of statewide contest in English, 1927; scholarship to study at University of Texas, Austin, and Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Tex.; attended Tulane University, New Orleans, 1928–1929; law degree, National School of Law, UNAM, 1934; professor, National Preparatory School, Mexico City, 1930–1960; dean, School of History, National War College; professor, UNAM, 1930–1933; professor,

National War College, 1933–1986; professor of English, National War College, 44 years; director, Gabino Barreda Preparatory School, 1933–1935; member, National Board of Higher Education, 1935–1939; secretary, Workers’ University, 1936–1943; assistant director, Workers’ University, 1943. d—Federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. 7, 1940–1943, member of Economy and Statistics Committee, Social Works Committee, Labor Committee, and Editorial Committee; federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. 17, 1964–1966, member of 2nd Committee on the Treasury, Committee on Taxes, and Committee on Budgets and Accounts; president, Chamber of Deputies, Dec., 1966, and member of Permanent Commission; senator from Sonora, 1970–1975, president, 1st Foreign Relations Committee, 1st secretary of Department of the Federal District and 2nd Constitutional Affairs Committee. e—Joined PNR, 1933; directed national publicity for Miguel Alemán’s campaign for president, 1946; cofounder of PPS, 1948; joined PRM, 1951; member, National Council of PRI, 1972; director, Línea, CEN of PRI, 1981–1987. f—Secretary-general, Department of the Federal District, 1946–1951; head of special mission to Trinidad, 1962; accompanied Adolfo López Mateos to Asia, 1958; editor, daily government newspaper El Nacional, 1968–1975; ambassador to United Arab Republic, 1958–1961; substitute governor, Sonora, 1975–1979. g—Member, Executive Committee, Mexican Federation of Workers, 1943–1945. h—Adviser, PIPSA; publisher of daily newspaper El Popular, 1943; journalist, El Popular, 1938–1945, El Nacional, 1968; author of many books on politics and economics. i—Close personal friend of Vicente Lombardo Toledano; President Obregón was family friend who named father as consul to Yokohama, Japan, 1923; son of Alejandro P. Carrillo, consul general of Mexico in San Antonio, Tex., London, and New Orleans, and María Luisa Marcor; cousin of Adolfo de la Huerta O; married Aurea Castro; son Alejandro Carrillo Castro, close adviser to José López Portillo and director

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general of ISSSTE, 1982. j—None. k—PNR precandidate for federal deputy, 1933; PP candidate for senator, 1952; answered State of the Union address in 1941; resigned as secretary-general of Federal District to support Vicente Lombardo Toledano, 1951. l—HA, Feb. 28, 1972; DGF47, 293; DGF51; HA, Apr. 24, 1972; Correa 46, 71; Millon, 141; DBM68, 121; WWM45, 20; DPE61, 20; Kirk, 91; DGF51, 471; DGF50, II, 77, 317, 413; Peral, 154; HA, Dec. 12, 1947; Enc. Mex., II, 395; Excélsior, Aug. 4, 1978, 15; C de S, 1970–1976, 75; Excélsior, Oct. 13, 1980, 23A; Excélsior, Oct. 26, 1975, 13A; Cadena Z., 144. Carrillo Olea, Jorge a—Nov. 19, 1937. b—Jojutla, Morelos. c—Early education unknown; graduated from Heroic Military College, 1954–1957, as 2nd infantry lieutenant, best student of his class; graduated from Applied Military School, 1960; degree in military administration, Higher War College, 1962–1965; graduated from armored car course, Ft. Knox, Tenn., 1967–1968; professor, Heroic Military College, 1958–1961; professor, Higher War College, 1965–1970. d—Governor, Morelos, 1994–1998. e—Joined PRI, 1962; PRI precandidate for governor of Morelos, 1982. f—Assistant secretary of tax investigation, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1975–1976; assistant secretary of government (3), 1982–1988; director, National Security and Research Center, Secretariat of Government, 1988–1990; coordinator of health crimes (drug task force), Office of the Attorney General of Mexico, 1990–1993. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Ángel Carrillo Mellado, businessman, and Rebeca Olea Martini, teacher; married Hilda María Enríquez Andrade; good friend of General Jesús Castañeda Gutiérrez at Heroic Military College; brother Orlando, brigadier general. j—Commander, 3rd Cadet Company, Heroic Military College, 1959–1962; chief, Sec. 2, Intelligence, chief of staff, Secretariat of National Defense, 1970– 1975; director, Unified Dry Docks, 1976– 1982; technical secretary, National Coordinating Commission of Navy Industry, 1977; rank of colonel. k—Only army officer

to hold an assistant secretary cabinet position outside the defense secretariats in 1982; saved Luis Echeverría from a violent student demonstration at UNAM in 1975; protest march against his governorship because of high crime rate forced him to resign, 1998. l—Excélsior, Feb. 27, 1976, 4; HA, Mar. 8, 1976, 21; Q es QAP, 26; DBGM87, 79; DBGM92, 78; Proceso, Nov. 9, 1987, 18; Q es QAP, 26; NYT, May 18, 1998. Carrillo Salinas, Gloria a—Mar. 20, 1940. b—Zumpango, State of Mexico. c—Elementary studies in public schools, Mexico City; no degree. d—Alternate federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. 10, 1973– 1976, 1976–1979. e—Joined PRI, 1966; participated in Luis Echeverría’s campaign for president, 1970; secretary of social action of PRI, Dist. No. 10, Federal District. f—President, Azcapotzalco delegation to Department of the Federal District. g—Secretary of relations, Federation of Women Workers’ Organizations, CTM, 1976; president of women’s action of CEN of National Meat Workers’ Union, 1976–1999; secretary-general, Only Union of Meat Workers, 2004– . h—Employee in meat workers’ industry; stenographer. j—None. k—None. l—Excélsior, Aug. 18, 1976, 19; D de C, 1976–1979, 4; HA, May 24, 1976, 10, 12. Carrillo Silva, Raúl Enrique a—Jan. 14, 1935. b—La Paz, Baja California del Sur. c—Elementary studies at November 20 School, La Paz; secondary and preparatory studies, Mexico City; degree, National School of Medicine, UNAM, 1953–1959; MA in public health, School of Public Health, UNAM, 1963–1964. d—Alternate senator from Baja California del Sur, 1970–1973; senator from Baja California del Sur, 1973–1976, 1988–1994. e—Joined PRI, 1958; general delegate of CEN of PRI to Chiapas, Morelos, Sinaloa, and Tamaulipas; president of PRI, Baja California del Sur, 1969–1972. f—Private secretary to governor of Baja California del Sur, Félix Agramont Cota; representative of Baja California del Sur, Department of the Federal District, 1971– 1972; director of coordinated services for

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public health, Oaxaca, Oaxaca, 1962–1968; director general of coordinated services for public health, states, Secretariat of Health, 1982–1984; adviser to secretary of health, 1985–1986; director of accident prevention, Secretariat of Health, 1986–1987; secretarygeneral of government, Baja California del Sur, 1987–1988. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Raúl Antonio Carrillo Salgado, surgeon, and Carmen Silva Chávez; married Irma Arciniega Romero, normal school teacher and lawyer. j—None. k—General hospital of La Paz named after his father. l—DBGM92, 438; Musacchio, 76; DBGM87, 87; Integrantes, 1991–1994. Carrillo Torres, Francisco (Deceased 1952) a—June, 1896. b—Comala, Colima. c—Elementary studies in Comala; no degree. d—Governor, Colima, 1935. f—Assistant director, Department of Aviation, Secretariat of National Defense; chief of aviation for northeast region, 1952. g—None. h—Responsible for construction of federal airports at Ensenada, Baja California, and La Paz, Baja California del Sur; miner at Cananea before the Revolution. j—Joined the Revolution in 1913 under Obregón, aviator for Secretariat of National Defense, 1923, fought against Cristeros; fought with Saturnino Cedillo; rank of colonel in air force. k—Removed from governorship by federal government because of political ties with Calles. l—DP70, 381–382. Carrillo Zavala, Abelardo a—Dec. 5, 1939. b—Palizada, Campeche. c—Elementary studies at Justo Sierra Méndez School, Campeche, Campeche; private accounting degree, Longinos de Apolinar Business School, Campeche; teacher of writing and correspondence. d—Member, City Council, Campeche, 1974–1976; alternate local deputy, State Legislature of Campeche; federal deputy from State of Campeche, Dist. 2, 1970–1973, Dist. 1, 1976–1979, Dist. 2, 1982–1985; governor, Campeche, 1985–1991; plurinominal federal deputy from PRI, 1994–1997, president of Housing Committee. e—Orator in José López Portillo’s presidential campaign in Campeche, 1976;

secretary of organization of PRI, Campeche. f—Secretary, Department of Information and Tourism, State of Campeche; accounting assistant, Office of the Treasurer General of Campeche. g—Member, Constitutive Session, Federation of Youth Organizations of CTM, 1962; assistant secretary of relations of CEN of CTM; special CTM delegate to Morelos, Yucatán, Nuevo León, Tabasco, Veracruz, Quintana Roo, Sonora, Guerrero, and Jalisco; secretary-general, Local No. 21, National Union of Music Workers; secretary-general, State Workers of Campeche, 1968–1970; secretary-general, Only Union of Philharmonic Orchestras of Campeche, 1961–1966; secretary of labor, Only Union of National Philharmonic Orchestras, 1981; assistant secretary of production and supplies of CEN of CTM, 1982; secretary of labor and social welfare, CTM, 1997; secretary of economic affairs, CTM, 2002. h—Practicing accountant. i—Son of Azcanio Carrillo Vázquez, career navy, and María del Carmen Zavala; married Luz del Alba Delgado Mendicuti, social worker. j—None. k—Has served more times as a federal deputy since 1970 from State of Campeche than any other individual. l—Directorio, 1982–1985; Directorio, 1970– 1972; C de D, 1976–1979; Lehr, 58; Excélsior, Jan. 18, 1985, 12, 15; DBGM, 484; DBGM89, 67; CDDWeb, Diputados, 1997; www.consar .gob.mx, 2008. Carrión Rodríguez, Eugenio Pacelli

a—Feb. 20, 1950. b—Federal District. c—Elementary studies at Colegio FrancoInglés, Mexico City, 1956–1961; secondary studies at Colegio Franco-Inglés, 1962–1964; preparatory studies at Colegio FrancoInglés, 1965–1967; business administration degree, UNAM, 1968–1972, with thesis on Mexican exports to Latin America; MA in economic theory, University College, London, 1976–1977; PhD in energy economics, University of Grenoble, France, 1980; professor, School of Business Administration, UNAM, 1972–1973; MA, Colegio de México, 1973–1975, with thesis on energy price policies; professor, National School of Political

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Studies, Acatlán Campus, UNAM; professor, Autonomous University of Azcapotzalco; assistant secretary, Colegio de México, 1979. d—None. e—None. f—Petroleum sector analyst, Secretariat of Government Properties, 1977–1978; assistant director of economic studies, Secretariat of Government Properties, 1979; assistant director of economic studies, PEMEX, 1983–1986; director general, Technical Unit on Prices, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1986–1988; oficial mayor of commerce, 1988–1989; assistant secretary of internal trade, Secretariat of Commerce, 1989–1995, 1995–1997. g—Director of government relations, National Association of Self-Service Stores. h—Administrator of warehouses, Siemens Mexicana, 1971. i—Son of José Trinidad Carrión Gómez and Guadalupe Rodríguez Gómez; married Beatriz de Negri Cazales, interpreter. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM89, 74; DBGM92, 79; Pescador, 127. Carstens Carstens, Agustín Guillermo

a—1958. b—Federal District. c—Secondary and preparatory studies at Colegio Alemán Alexander von Humboldt, Mexico City, graduating 1977; economics degree, ITAM, 1977–1982; MA in economics, University of Chicago, 1982–1983; PhD in economics, University of Chicago, 1983–1985; professor, University of Chicago, 1984–1985; professor, ITAM, 1986–1989. d—None. e—None. f—Intern, Bank of Mexico, 1982–1983; economist, Bank of Mexico, 1985; international treasurer, Bank of Mexico, 1989–1991; treasurer general, Bank of Mexico, 1991–1993; chief of staff of director general, Bank of Mexico, Miguel Mancera, 1993–1994; director general of economic research, Bank of Mexico, 1994–1999; executive director for Mexico, Central America, and Spain, IMF, 1999–2000; assistant secretary of the treasury, 2000–2003; deputy managing director, IMF, 2003–2006; secretary of the treasury, 2006– 2009; governor, Bank of Mexico, 2009– . g—None. h—Published in leading international and American economics journals. i—Studied under Michael Mussa, director of research, IMF, 1991–2001, at University of

Chicago; married Catherine Mayo, author and literary figure; graduated from Colegio Alemán Alexander von Humboldt with Luis Téllez. j—None. k—Received Bank of Mexico fellowship to study at University of Chicago, 1983–1985. l—www.fundacion preciado.org.mx, 2006; DdeY, Nov. 21, 2006; www.wikipedia.org, 2008; letter. Carvajal (Bernal), Ángel (Deceased Jan. 27, 1985) a—Oct. 1, 1900. b—Santiago Tuxtla, Veracruz. c—Secondary studies at National Preparatory School; preparatory studies at National Preparatory School, 1921–1924; studied law at National School of Law, UNAM, 1925–1927, degree in 1928, with thesis on presidential resolutions on the agrarian question, which became a classic work; adviser, National Preparatory School; formed Vasco de Quiroga Society to campaign against illiteracy; director of national student campaign, Secretariat of Public Education, 1923; professor, School of Law, University of Veracruz, 1944–1950; teacher in secondary and normal schools, 1944–1950; professor, National Preparatory School, 1930–1944; professor of law, National School of Law, UNAM; director, Escuela de Iniciación Universitaria, 1938–1942. d—None. e—President, Student Association, National Preparatory School; delegate to student congress, 1928. f—Director, Department of Prices, Secretariat of Communications and Public Works, 1934; director, Department of Administration, Secretariat of Public Education; private secretary to secretary of public education; agent, Ministerio Público, attached to Supreme Court; chief of auxiliary agents, Criminal Division, Office of the Attorney General of Mexico; assistant attorney general of Mexico, 1936–1940, 1940–1944; justice, Supreme Court, 1944; secretary-general of government, State of Veracruz, 1944–1946; assistant secretary of government properties, 1946–1947; governor, Veracruz, 1948–1950; secretary of government properties, 1951–1952; secretary of government, 1952–1958; justice, Supreme Court, 1958–1972, retired, 1972. g—None. h—Lawyer, Department of Public

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Health; secretary, Intersectoral Board for Enemy Properties and Businesses, 1942. i—Friendships with Antonio Carrillo Flores, Miguel Alemán, Adolfo Zamora, Alfonso Noriega, Ezequiel Burguete, and José Castro Estrada at UNAM; close friend of Adolfo Ruiz Cortines; married Magda Moreno Elorduy; son Gustavo Carvajal Moreno was assistant secretary of labor, 1976–1978, and selected president of CEN of PRI, 1979; father, a small rancher. j—None. k—PRI precandidate for president, 1958, opposed by Cardenistas; supported José Vasconcelos for president, 1929. l—HA, Dec. 5, 1952, 9; DGF56, 83; HA, Aug. 10, 1951, 14; WWMG, 12; D del Y, Dec. 2, 1952, 1; Scott, 222; Dulles, 473; letters, Morton, 92; Justicia; La Jornada, Jan. 28, 1985, 5; www.scjn.gob.mx, 112, 2009. Carvajal (Moreno), Gustavo a—Oct. 29, 1940. b—Santiago Tuxtla, Veracruz. c—Elementary studies in Arnulfo Navarro School (4 years), Jalapa, Veracruz and in Chapultepec School (2 years), Mexico City; secondary studies at Secondary School No. 3, Mexico City; preparatory studies at National Preparatory School No. 1; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, Jan. 21, 1963; business administration degree from School of Business and Administration, UNAM, 1964; professor by opposition of civics, National Preparatory School, 1964– 1992; professor by opposition of sociology, National Preparatory School, 1964–1992; professor of political, social, and economic problems of Mexico, National Preparatory School; professor of political society of contemporary Mexico, School of Political and Social Sciences, UNAM, 1970–1973; professor of constitutional law, National School of Law, UNAM, 1967–1968; director, Antonio Caso National Preparatory School No. 6, 1966–1970; director general of information and relations, UNAM, 1970–1973. d—Federal deputy from State of Veracruz, Dist. 22, 1991– 1994, president of Forests, Government, and Constitutional Affairs committees; senator from Veracruz, 1994-1998, president of Government Committee; plurinominal federal deputy from PRI, 2000–2003, president of

Foreign Relations Committee. e—Joined PRI, 1958; private secretary to and coordinator of José López Portillo’s presidential campaign, 1976; secretary-general of CEN of PRI, Aug. 11, 1978–1979; president of CEN of PRI, 1979–1981. f—Consulting lawyer, Legal Consulting Office, Office of the Presidency, 1963–1965; lawyer, Department of Disputes, Federal Tax Attorney’s Office, 1960–1962; lawyer, Department of Disputes, Federal Income Tax Division, 1962–1963; agent, Auxiliary Ministerio Público, Office of the Attorney General of the Federal District, 1963–1964; assistant director of investigations, Office of the Attorney General of the Federal District, 1964–1965; aide to attorney general of Mexico, 1967; private secretary to attorney general of Mexico, 1967–1968; legal assistant to director of Guanos and Fertilizers, 1973–1975; assistant secretary “A” of labor, 1976–1978; secretary of agrarian reform, 1981–1982; director general, TABAMEX, 1988–1990; director general, Public Works Bank, 1990–1991; director general of federal highways and bridges, 1998–2000. g—None. h—Director general, Carvajal Moreno and Associates, 1986–1988. i—Son of Ángel Carvajal, secretary of government, 1952–1958, and PRI precandidate for president of Mexico, 1958, and Magda Moreno Elorduy; married Sofía Isunza; second wife, Patricia Fernández. j—None. k—None. l—Letter; Excélsior, Aug. 11, 1978, 1; HA, Feb. 19, 1979, 12–13; DBGM92, 439; CDDWeb, Senadores, 1997; QesQ en el Congreso, 2000–2003, 157–158. Casanueva de Diego, María Fernanda

a—Aug. 4, 1961. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; degree in economics, ITAM. d—None. e—None. f—Adviser to coordinator of advisors, Secretariat of Planning and Programming, 1987–1989; private secretary to director general of treasury planning, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1988–1990; private secretary to assistant secretary of planning, Secretariat of Agriculture, Luis Téllez, 1990–1994; private secretary to coordinator of advisers, Ernesto Zedillo presidential campaign, 1994; private

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secretary to chief of staff of the presidency, 1994–1997; oficial mayor of energy, 1997– 2003; oficial mayor, Secretariat of Communications and Transportation, 2006. g—None. h—None. i—Political protégé of Luis Téllez. j—None. k—None. l—www.cs.sct.gob.mx, 2008; 200.23.166.141, 2007; www.pan.org .mx, 2008. Casas Alemán, Fernando (Deceased Oct. 30, 1968) a—July 8, 1905. b—Córdoba, Veracruz. c—Elementary and secondary studies in Córdoba; preparatory in Córdoba, law degree, National School of Law, UNAM, 1921–1925. d—Provisional governor, Veracruz, 1939–1940; senator from State of Veracruz, 1946–1952 (never held office). e—Personal representative and director of Miguel Alemán’s campaign for president, 1945–1946. f—Secretary, Board of Conciliation and Arbitration, Dist. 5, 1930; agent, Ministerio Público, State of Veracruz, 1926; judge, State of Veracruz; consulting lawyer on labor law, Secretariat of Industry and Commerce, 1929; secretary-general of government, State of Veracruz, 1936–1939; assistant secretary of government, 1940–1945; head, Federal District, 1946–1952; ambassador to Italy, Greece, China, 1953–1964; ambassador to Japan, 1965–1968. g—None. h—Practicing lawyer in Veracruz, 1935–1936. i—Intimate friend of Miguel Alemán; practiced labor law in office next to Miguel Alemán and Gabriel Ramos Millán; professor of Miguel Alemán’s at law school; son Miguel married daughter of Gilberto Limón, secretary of national defense, 1946–1952. j—None. k—Miguel Alemán’s personal choice for PRI candidate for president in 1946; rejected because of charges of excessive corruption in Federal District. l—DPE65, 28; HA, Oct. 13, 1950, 15; DBM68, 125; G of M, 14; Greenburg, 24–25; DP70, 389; DGF47, 22; HA, Feb. 28, 1947, 11; DGF50, II, 317, 329; Q es Q, 108–109; López, 173; letter. Casas Guzmán, Francisco Javier

a—Nov. 17, 1945. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; business administration degree, La Salle University, Mexico City, 1964–1968; course in higher

management, Pan American Institute of Higher Management, 1970–1971; diploma, World Bank Development Institute, 1976; professor, La Salle University. d—None. e—None. f—Assistant director of industrial investment, 1977–1978; director general of mining and energy operations, Secretariat of Government Properties, 1978–1982; manager of provisions, CFE, 1982–1988; oficial mayor, Office of the Controller General, 1988–1991; chief, Administration Unit, Office of the Controller General, 1991–1992; assistant secretary “B,” Office of the Controller General, 1993–1994; general administrator, General Tax Auditor Division, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1994–1995; assistant secretary of energy operations, Secretariat of Energy, 1996–1997. g—None. h—Assistant manager, Anáhuac Finance Bank, 1973–1975. i—Son of Fernando Casas Castaño, painter and water colorist, and Beatriz Guzmán Rendón; married Gabriela Rosa María González Gurría; completed higher management course at same time as Carlos Casasús López Hermosa. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM94, CD; DBGM87, 88; Musacchio, 77; DBGM92, 80; Pescador, 128. Casasús López Hermosa, Carlos

a—Oct. 29, 1946. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; business administration degree, Ibero-American University, 1965–1969; MA in business administration, Harvard University; higher management course, Pan American Institute of Higher Management, 1970–1971; MA in administration, ITAM; professor, ITAM, 1976–1989. d—None. e—None. f—Director general, Planning Committee for Development, Department of the Federal District, 1991–1992; director general, Water Comission, Department of the Federal District, 1992–1994; assistant secretary of communications and technical development, Secretariat of Communications and Transportation, 1994–1996; president (first), Federal Telecommunications Commission, 1996–1998. g—None. h—Assistant, Manufacturers Hanover Trust, 1974; manager of corporate

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planning, 1975–1977, assistant director of planning strategy, 1977–1988, assistant director of development, 1988–1990, CFO, 1990–1991, Teléfonos de México; director general, Telecommunications and Educational Interaction, AC, 1998; director general, University Corporation for Internet Development, 1999. i—Close friend of Pedro Aspe; completed higher management course same time as Francisco J. Casas Guzmán. j—None. k—None. l—www.cudi.edu.mx.org, 2007. Casco Flores, José Andrés a—Dec. 15, 1957. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; economics degree, ITAM, 1976– 1980; MA in public policy and economics, University of Texas, Austin, 1982–1984; analyst, LBJ School of Public Affairs, University of Texas, Austin. d—None. e—Joined PRI, 1976. f—Analyst, Bank of Mexico, 1979–1982; director of economic studies, Foreign Investment Division, Secretariat of Commerce, 1989–1990; director, Studies of Agroindustry and Forestry Sector, Secretariat of Agriculture and Hydraulic Resources, 1990–1993; assistant secretary of planning, Secretariat of Agriculture, 1995–2000. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Andrés Casco Núñez, lawyer, and Natividad Emilia Flores Guzmán; married Isabel Margarita Icaza Holthever, educator. j—None. k—None. l—Pescador, 129; DBGM92, 80. Casillas Hernández, Roberto a—Sept. 22, 1930. b—Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes. c—Preparatory studies at Instituto Patria, Mexico City, 1947 generation; law degree, National School of Law, UNAM, 1953; LLD, National School of Law, UNAM; professor of constitutional law, National School of Law, UNAM; professor emeritus, School of Law, Bauro, São Paulo, Brazil. d—Senator from State of Aguascalientes, 1982–1988. e—None. f—Lawyer, Division of Securities and Finances, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1952; president, Board of Moral, Civic, and Material Improvement, Chetumal, Quintana Roo, 1959–1960; assistant director of external control, Department of Moral, Civic, and Material Improvement Boards,

Secretariat of Government Properties, 1963; director general, National Warehouses, 1977–1978; private secretary to president of Mexico, 1978–1982. g—None. h—Author of many books. i—Son of Celestino Casillas Huerta and Jovita Hernández Ramírez; married Liliana Mendieta Fernández. j—None. k—None. l—Protag., 74; Excélsior, Dec. 16, 1978, 4; HA, Aug. 24, 1981; C de S, 1982– 1988; DBGM87, 450; Lehr, 31; DBGM, 185. Casillas Ontiveros, Ofelia a—Jan. 11, 1937. b—Toluca, State of Mexico. c—Rural elementary school teaching certificate; studies at Oral School, Teacher Education Institute, 1962–1964; rural elementary school teacher, 1957; studies toward education degree. d—Federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. 3, 1973–1976, assistant secretary of Chamber of Deputies, 1973–1976; vice president of Chamber of Deputies, Dec., 1974; federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. 31, 1979–1982; federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. 21, 1985–1988, 1994–1997, president of Information and Complaints Committee; representative to Assembly of the Federal District, 1988–1991. e—Joined PRI, 1957; women’s coordinator of PRI in Federal District, 1975–1977; alternate member, National Council of PRI; director of advertising for PRI, Federal District, 1980– 1981; assistant secretary of electoral action, CEN of PRI, 1982. f—None. g—Member, Student Society, Institute of Teacher Education, 1963–1964; women’s youth director, CNC; assistant secretary of social action, CNOP, 1965–1965; women’s secretary, CNOP, 1967–1977; representative of National Revolutionary Women’s Association to Federal District, 1977–1979; secretary of political action, ANFER; secretary-general, ANFER, 1977–1979, 1984–1987; national women’s coordinator, CNOP, 1980. h—None. i—Daughter of Antonio Casillas and Ana María Ontiveros García, elementary school teacher; married Manuel Orijel Salazar, federal deputy from Federal District and lawyer. j—None. k—None. l—Aceves Romero, 695–696; Protag., 74; C de D, 1973–1976;

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C de D, 1979–1982; DBGM87, 450–451; DBGM89, 566. Caso Lombardo, Andrés a—Sept. 16, 1924. b—Federal District. c—Elementary studies at Colegio Gordon, Mexico City; secondary studies at Secondary School No. 3, Mexico City; preparatory studies at National Preparatory School; studies in economics, National School of Economics, UNAM; professor, National School of Economics, UNAM, 1963–1966. d—None. e—None. f—Director, Department of Personnel, Secretariat of Public Works, 1953–1955; director general of administration, Secretariat of Public Works, 1956–1958; technical adviser and director of administrative services, Secretariat of Public Works, 1959–1964; director of personnel, PEMEX, 1966–1970; oficial mayor, Secretariat of Public Works, 1970–1976; controller general, Federal Electric Commission, 1976–1980; adviser, Administrative Reform Program, Office of the Presidency, 1977–1982; director general, Productora Mexicana de Tubería, 1980–1982; director general of airports and auxiliary services, Secretariat of Communications and Transportation, 1982–1985; assistant secretary of communications and transportation, 1985–1986; director general, National Railroads of Mexico, 1986–1988; secretary of communications and transportation, 1988–1993. g—None. h—Executive secretary, Technical Commission on General Means of Communication, Secretariat of Public Works, 1965; president, Institute of Public Administration; Mexican representative to various international conferences on public administration. i—Son of Alfonso Caso and María Lombardo Toledano, sister of Vicente Lombardo Toledano; nephew of Antonio Caso; married Graciela Aguilar Aldama; son Alfonso was director general of Mexican Light and Power, 1997. j—None. k—One of 2 negotiators representing President Gustavo Díaz Ordaz in negotiations with students, 1968; precandidate for secretary-general of CNOP, 1974; forced to resign as secretary of communications because of

bribery scandal involving IBM. l—HA, Dec. 14, 1970, 22; HA, Oct. 9, 1972, 12; Excélsior, Apr. 13, 1977, 1; Excélsior, Dec. 8, 1974, 23; IEPES; DBGM92, 81. Caso (y Andrade), Alfonso (Deceased Nov. 30, 1970) a—Feb. 1, 1896. b—Federal District. c—Elementary and secondary studies in Mexico City; preparatory studies at National Preparatory School, Mexico City; law degree, National School of Law, UNAM, 1919; professor of epistemology, School of Philosophy and Letters, UNAM, 1918–1928; professor of Mexican archeology, School of Philosophy and Letters, UNAM, 1929–1943; professor of general ethnology, School of Philosophy and Letters, UNAM, 1930–1933; professor of philosophy of law, National School of Law, 1918–1939; professor of Mexican archeology, National School of Anthropology, UNAM, 1939–1943; professor, University of Chicago, 1943; director general of graduate studies and scientific investigation, UNAM, 1944; director, National Preparatory School, 1928–1930. d—None. e—Joined PT, founded by Vicente Lombardo Toledano, 1919. f—Lawyer, Legal Department, Department of the Federal District, 1919; oficial mayor, Department of the Federal District, 1920; lawyer, Legal Department, Secretariat of Industry and Commerce, 1922–1927; director of explorations at Monte Albán, 1931–1943; head, Department of Archeology, National Museum, 1930–1933; head, Welfare Sec., National Agrarian Commission; private secretary to secretary of industry and commerce; director, National Institute of History and Anthropology, 1939–1944; rector, UNAM, 1944–1945; secretary of government properties, Dec., 1946–Dec. 31, 1948 (first appointee to this position); director, National Indigenous Institute, 1949–1970. g—None. h— Director, Mexican Journal of Historical Studies; author of numerous books and articles on indigenous peoples of Mexico. i—Taught Miguel Alemán at National School of Law; son of engineer Antonio Caso and brother of distinguished philosopher Antonio Caso; son Andrés Caso Lombardo was

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oficial mayor of public works, 1970–1976, and secretary of communications, 1988– 1993; brother‑in‑law of Vicente Lombardo Toledano; married María Lombardo Toledano (1898–1964); married Aída Lombardo Toledano, 1966; daughter Beatriz is a sculptor; son‑in‑law Carlos Solórzano is a dramatist and novelist. j—None. k—Appointed rector of UNAM in 1944 to supervise writing of a new governing code and to settle campus disorder. l—Nicholson, 251; Simpson, 354; IWW, 201; HA, Aug. 25, 1944; HA, May 28, 1956, 12; WWM45, 21–22; DP70, 2375; Hayner, 266–267; WB48, 1017; WB54, 174; Enc. Mex., II, 409. Castañeda (y Álvarez de la Rosa), Jorge

(Deceased 1997) a—Oct. 1, 1921. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; legal studies, National School of Law, UNAM, 1938–1942, graduating in 1943 with thesis on legal acts; professor of law, National School of Law, UNAM, professor of law, Free Law School, 1958; professor, Colegio de México, 1966–1967, 1969–1970. d—None. e—None. f—Career Foreign Service officer, joined 1950; legal adviser, Secretariat of Foreign Relations, 1955–1958; rank of minister, 1959–1962; director general of international organizations, Secretariat of Foreign Relations, 1959–1962; alternate representative of Mexico to United Nations, 1961–1962; ambassador to Egypt, 1962–1965; director‑in‑chief, Secretariat of Foreign Relations, 1965–1970; permanent representative of Mexico to United Nations and international organizations in Geneva, 1970–1976; assistant secretary of studies and special international affairs, Jan. 12, 1976–1979; secretary of foreign relations, 1979–1982; ambassador emeritus, 1982; ambassador to France, 1982–1988. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Jorge Castañeda Rendón, lawyer, and Carmen Álvarez de la Rosa Kraus, normal school teacher; married Alicia Cabrera; son Jorge Castañeda was prominent intellectual and critic of PRI before becoming secretary of foreign relations in 2000; stepson Andrés Rozental Gutman was assistant secretary of

foreign relations, 1988–1994; close friends with Carlos Fuentes and his father and Víctor Urquidi. j—None. k—Appointed ambassador emeritus, as were Antonio Carrillo Flores and Luis Padilla Nervo. l—HA, Jan. 18, 1976, 14; Excélsior, Jan. 13, 1976, 4; DPE65, 18; Excélsior, Jan. 9, 1976, 18; Excélsior, May 17, 1979, 9; HA, Sept. 20, 1982, 10; Excélsior, Jan. 22, 1983, 5, 8A; DBGM87, 82. Castañeda (Gutman), Jorge G. a—May 24, 1953. b—Federal District. c—Elementary studies at French Lycée, New York City, 1960–1962, and American School, Cairo, 1962–1965; secondary and preparatory studies, French Lycée, Mexico City, 1965–1969; BA, Princeton University, 1969–1973; BA, University of Paris, 1973–1975; MA in social science, École Pratique de Haute Études, 1975; MA in philosophy, University of Paris, 1975–1976; PhD, University of Paris, 1977–1978; professor of economics and international affairs, UNAM, 1978–1982; professor of political science, Graduate School, UNAM, 1982; Carnegie Foundation Fellow, 1985–1987; visiting professor of political science, University of California, Berkeley, 1990–1992; visiting professor, Woodrow Wilson Center, Princeton University, 1992–1993, 1995; visiting professor, Dartmouth College, 1995; professor of political science, New York University. d—None. e—Member, PCM, 1978–1980; adviser, Friends of Fox, 1999. f—Adviser, Central America and Caribbean Affairs Division, Secretariat of Foreign Relations, 1980–1982; secretary of foreign relations, 2000–2003. g—Member, San Ángel Group. h—None. i—Son of Jorge Castañeda y Álvarez, secretary of foreign relations, and Oma Gutman, chemist and interpreter; married Miriam Morales; grandson of Carmen Álvarez, normal school teacher, and Jorge Castañeda Rendón, lawyer; grandson of Benjamín Gutman, small businessman, and Sarah Rudninsky; related to distinguished revolutionary general Felipe Ángeles; stepbrother of Andrés Roszental, assistant secretary of foreign relations, 1996; close friend of Carlos Fuentes. j—None. k—None.

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l—Contemporary Authors, 144, 69–70; letters. Castañeda Gutiérrez, Jesús a—Apr. 1, 1921. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; enrolled in National Military College, 1936; graduated from Heroic Military College, Jan. 1, 1941, as 2nd lieutenant; first-place awards as outstanding student; professor, National Military College; professor, Higher War College; special studies, Ft. Leavenworth, Kan.; staff and command diploma from Higher War College, 1949–1952; orientation course in counterinsurgency at School of the Americas, Panama Canal Zone, 1962. d—None. e—None. f—Chief, presidential staff, 1970– 1976. g—None. h—None. i—Married María de la Luz Monter. j—Career army officer; commander, 1st Company of Cadets, Heroic Military College, 1946; rank of lieutenant colonel, 1960; rank of colonel, 1965; commander, 1st Battalion of Presidential Guards, 1964–1970; director general, Social Security Institute for the Armed Forces, Secretariat of National Defense, 1982–1983; commander, 19th Military Zone, Veracruz, 1983. k—None. l—Excélsior, Dec. 1, 1970; WNM, 37; Rev. de Ejer., Oct., 1960, 19; HA, Jan. 3, 1982, 12; HA, Dec. 7, 1960, 26; Rev. de Ejer., Dec., 1964, 23; Rev. de Ejer., Oct., 1960, 19. Castañeda Guzmán, Luis (Deceased Oct. 30, 2003) a—Dec. 14, 1914. b—Oaxaca, Oaxaca. c—Elementary studies in San Martín Mexicapam and Ejutla de Crespo, Oaxaca; secondary and preparatory studies, School of Arts and Sciences of Oaxaca; public notary degree; law degree, University of Oaxaca, 1944; professor of criminal and constitutional law, history, and literature, University of Oaxaca; rector, University of Oaxaca. d—Plurinominal federal deputy from PAN, 1979–1982. e—Secretary-general of PAN, Oaxaca; PAN candidate for federal deputy, 1955, 1988; PAN candidate for senator, 1982; PAN candidate for governor of Oaxaca, 1980; founding member of PAN, 1939. f—Agent, Ministerio Público, Oaxaca; director, General Notarial Archives, Public

Registry, Oaxaca; auxiliary judge, Oaxaca; director of property tax rolls, Oaxaca. g—None. h—Practicing lawyer, 1944, and Notary Public No. 8, Oaxaca, 1954–1971, 1981–1995, 2001–2003. j—None. k—None. l—La Nación, Sept. 16, 1981, 11; Pérez Franco, 63–64. Castañeda O’Connor, Salvador a—Oct. 14, 1931. b—Tepic, Nayarit. c—Early education unknown; law degree, National School of Law, UNAM, 1952–1956; professor of labor law, Workers’ University of Mexico, 1957–1962; professor of history, Normal School of Nayarit, 1965–1969. d—Federal deputy (PPS party deputy), 1973–1976; plurinominal federal deputy from PSUM, 1982–1985. e—PPS candidate for federal deputy from the Federal District, 1961, 1970; secretary of CEN of PPS; candidate for secretary-general of the PPS, 1974; PPS candidate for mayor of Tepic, Nayarit, 1975; PPS candidate for senator from Nayarit, 1976; founder and director, Mexican People’s Party, 1977–1981; secretary of legal affairs, National Committee of UGOCM, 1960–1962; member, PPS, 1952–1981; secretary of electoral affairs, Central Committee, PSUM, 1981; member, Political Committee of Central Committee of PSUM. f—Chief, Office of Presidential Resolutions, Department of Agrarian Affairs, 1955–1959; secretary of city government, Tepic, 1973. g—None. h—Practicing lawyer. j—None. k—None. l—Directorio, 1982–1985; C de D, 1973–1976; Lehr, 563. Castaño Contreras, Cristián a—Sept. 12, 1970. b—Elementary, secondary, and preparatory studies in Monterrey; law degree from Pan American University, Monterrey, Nuevo León, 1995–1998; political science and public administration degree from University of Monterrey, 1997–2001; MA in organizational development from University of Monterrey, 1999–2001; PhD in strategic management and development policy, by correspondence, from National University of Spain, 2002–2006. d—Member, City Council, Monterrey, 1991–1993; plurinominal

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federal deputy from PAN, 1994–1997; local deputy, State Legislature of Nuevo León, 1997–2000; federal deputy from State of Nuevo León, Dist. 7, 2006–2009. e—Joined PAN, 1989; secretary of youth action, CEN of PAN, 1992–1995; member, CEN of PAN, 1992–1995, 2005–2008; president of PAN, Nuevo León, 1998–2000; national adviser to PAN, 2001–2007. f—Director general, Mexican Institute of Youth, 2000–2005. g—None. h—Public relations, Icocisa, 1987–1989; artisan retail store, 1997–1999. i—Son of Mario Castaño Treviño and María de Lourdes Contreras Loreto; married Lourdes Galván Bochelén. j-None. k—None. l—Directorio del Congreso, 2006–2009, 196; www.cdd hcu.gob.mx, 1994–1997; www.diputados.gob .mx, 2007; Musacchio, 80. Castañón León, Noé a—April 15, 1948. b—Berriozábal, Chiapas. c—Elementary studies in Berriozábal; secondary and preparatory studies at Institute of Arts and Sciences of Chiapas; law degree, National School of Law, UNAM, 1967–1970, with thesis on Amparo, May 13, 1971; professor of law, National School of Law, UNAM, 1979–1982; founding professor, Supreme Court Judicial Institute, 1978–1979, 1982–1983. d—Mayor, Berriozábal, 1959–1961. e—Joined PRI, 1965; secretary of political action, PRI, Chiapas, 1965–1966. f—Judge, First District Civil Court, Federal District, 1968–1974; adviser, Department of Tourism, 1973–1974; secretary of studies and accounts, Supreme Court, 1974–1979; secretary of agreements, Supreme Court, 1980–1985; justice, Supreme Court, 1985–1988, 1988–1994; president, Superior Tribunal of Justice, State of Chiapas, 1995– 2001. g—Secretary-general, Student Society of Institute of Arts and Sciences of Chiapas, 1965–1966. h—None. i—Son of Wilfrido Castañón Lira, elementary school teacher, and Amparo León León; married María Elena Ramírez Iñiguez, lawyer; brother Wilfrido, a district court judge and coordinator of Federal Appeals Court; Castañón family has dominated local politics in Berriozábal. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM89, 597;

DBGM87, 607; DBGM92, 642; DBGM, 643; www.scjn.gob.mx, 117, 2009. Castañón Romo, Roberto a—Feb. 23, 1947. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; medical degree, National School of Medicine, UNAM, 1965–1970; MA in public health, School of Public Health, 1973; MA in social planning, University of London, 1979–2000; teacher, National Preparatory School No. 4, 1969–1970; professor, UNAM, 1969– . d—None. e—Joined PRI, 1965. f—Technical adviser to assistant secretary of welfare, 1975; director of evaluation systems, 1978–1979; director general of planning, 1979; director general of medical regulations, Secretariat of Health, 1983; director general of medical services, Department of the Federal District, 1985–1988; assistant secretary of institutional relations, Secretariat of Health, 2000–2003. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Roberto Castañón de la Vega, alternate federal deputy to Emilio Zebadúa Robles from the State of Chiapas, Dist. 3, 1949–1952, and Cristina Romo Audirac; married Elizabeth Ann Williams Lester, teacher. j—None. k—None. l—www .cronica.diputados.gob.mx, 2008; Musacchio, 80; DBGM87, 82–83. Castaños Martínez, León Jorge a—Jan. 31, 1938. b—Durango, Durango. c—Early education unknown; agricultural engineering degree, with specialty in forestry, National School of Agriculture, Chapingo, 1953–1959, with thesis titled “An Analysis of the Efficiency of the Supply Operations of a Forest Industry Firm in Chihuahua,” 1963; MA in forestry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, 1964. d—None. e—None. f—Assistant director, Department of Forestry, National School of Agriculture, 1963– 1965; adviser, Forestry Division, Secretariat of Agriculture and Hydraulic Resources, 1966–1971; director, Working Group in Planning and Development, assistant secretary of forestry and fauna, 1971–1972; director general of reforestation development, Secretariat of Agriculture and Hydraulic Resources, 1980; assistant secretary of

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forestry and fauna, 1982–1985; executive secretary, National Forestry Committee, Secretariat of Agriculture, 1985–1988. g—President, National Agronomy Federation, 1943–1945. h—Directed various projects, Division of Forestry Development, Secretariat of Agriculture and Hydraulic Resources, 1980–1981. i—Son of Manuel Castaños Valiente, agronomist, and Magdalena Martínez Lara, normal school teacher; married Matilde Leticia Núñez, lawyer; brother Carlos Manuel was rector of National School of Agriculture, 1989. j—None. k—None. l—Q es QAP, 213; DBGM, 91; DBGM89, 79; www .cnagronomica.org.mx, 2008. Castaños Patoni, Fernando a—Aug. 5, 1921. b—Durango, Durango. c—Elementary studies in public and private schools; secondary studies at Secondary School No. 3, Mexico City; engineering degree, National School of Engineering, UNAM; studies in economics. d—None. e—None. f—Topographer, Department of the Federal District; planner, National Irrigation Commission; local engineer, National Railroads of Mexico; director, Department of Planning and Promotion of Industrial Development, State of Querétaro; director general of potable water system, Secretariat of Hydraulic Resources; oficial mayor, Secretariat of Hydraulic Resources, 1970–1976. g—None. h—Director general of various private enterprises. i—Studied under Brito Foucher and Gustavo Baz at UNAM; student with Luis Echeverría at secondary school and with his boss, Leandro Rovirosa Wade, at UNAM. j—None. k—None. l—HA, Dec. 14, 1970, 22; DPE71; letter; Excélsior, June 16, 1976, 4. Castellano (Jiménez), Jr., Raúl

(Deceased Nov. 3, 1992) a—Nov. 3, 1902. b—Hacienda de Las Esperanzas, Múzquiz, Coahuila. c—Elementary and secondary studies at Colegio Internacional, Monterrey, Nuevo León, 1912–1917; secondary and preparatory studies, Colegio Civil, Monterrey, 1917–1922; legal studies, School of Law, University of Guadalajara, 1923–1928; law degree, Jan. 8, 1929; professor, Practical Medical

School, Guadalajara, Jalisco, 1923–1924; professor, National School of Law, UNAM; professor, University of Michoacán. d—Senator, State of Coahuila, 1982–1988; representative, 1st Assembly of the Federal District, 1988–1991. e—Leader of movement supporting General Miguel Henríquez Guzmán for president, 1952. f—Scribe, Second Civil Division, Monterrey; public defender, Guadalajara; secretary, First District, Guadalajara; secretary, Superior Court of Justice, Morelia, Michoacán, 1929; justice, Civil Division, State Superior Court of Michoacán, 1929– 1931; attorney, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1932–1934; oficial mayor, Baja California del Sur, 1931; attorney general, Federal District and Federal Territories, 1934–1937; private secretary to President Cárdenas, 1938–1939; head, Federal District, 1939–1940; ambassador to Panama, 1942–1946; supernumerary justice, Supreme Court, 1963–1972; adviser to governor of Michoacán, 1980–1982; political adviser to Miguel de la Madrid, 1981–1982; ambassador to Cuba, 1989–1990. g—None. h—Practicing lawyer in Mexico City, 1943– 1962, 1973–1976; delegate, 8th Pan American Conference. i—Knew Antonio Martínez Báez at UNAM; married Consuelo Martínez Báez, sister of Antonio Martínez Báez; son Raúl Castellano Martínez served as federal deputy from Michoacán, 1985–1988, and consul general to New Orleans; son of Manuel Castellano Rodríguez, career military and public servant, and Rosa Jiménez Rodríguez, normal school teacher. j—None. k—None. l—Letter, D del Y, Jan. 4, 1938, 1; D del Y, Dec. 2, 1935; EBW46, 161; Justicia; WB48, 1022; Excélsior, July 28, 1972, 1; Excélsior, Feb. 24, 1973, 17; Hoy, Nov. 1, 1939; Excélsior, Mar. 17, 1983, 14; DBGM89, 80; DBGM87, 451–452; Lehr, 63; SCJN, 120–121. Castellanos, Everardo Milton a—Mar. 23, 1920. b—Copainalá, Chiapas. c—Elementary studies at Belisario Domínguez School, Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas; secondary studies in Tuxtla Gutiérrez, 1933–1935; first year of preparatory studies, self-study, 1936–1937; preparatory studies at National

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Preparatory School, Mexico City, 1937–1938; law degree, National School of Law, UNAM, 1939-1943, with thesis on insufficient guarantees for individual public rights. d—Local deputy, State Legislature of Chiapas, 1944– 1948; federal deputy from State of Chiapas, 1949–1952, member of Economy and Statistics Committee and 1st Balloting Committee; alternate senator from Baja California del Norte, 1964–1970; governor, Baja California del Norte, 1971–1974. e—Joined PRI, 1946, president of Regional Executive Committee, Chiapas, 1946–1948; president, State Committee of PRI, Baja California del Norte, 1952–1958; director of Adolfo Ruiz Cortines’ presidential campaign in Baja California del Norte, 1952; director of Braulio Maldonado Sánchez’s campaign for governor, Baja California, 1953; director of Eligio Esquivel Méndez’s campaign for governor, Baja California, 1959; adviser, Regional Committee of PRI and CEPES, 1965–1970. f—Judge, Pichucalco, Chiapas, 1943; director, Legal Department, Secretariat of the Navy, 1952; president, Superior Tribunal of Justice, Baja California del Norte, 1960; director general, Agricultural Credit Bank, 1965–1970. g—None. h—Private law practice, Mexicali, 1953; founder, Judicial Bulletin of Baja California del Norte. i—Son of revolutionary veteran, Emilio Castellanos, who remained loyal to Carranza and served as tax collector for San Cristóbal de las Casas; grandson of Jesús Castellanos, federal deputy; great-grandson of Joaquín Miguel Gutiérrez, governor of and federal deputy from Chiapas; childhood friend of Juan Sabines Gutiérrez, who was personal representative of Luis Echeverría at the polls, 1970, having met him when Echeverría was a special PRM delegate to Chiapas; disciple of Juan M. Esponda and Rafael P. Gamboa; student of Samuel Ramos and Agustín Yáñez at National Preparatory School; student of Antonio Carrillo Flores, Manuel Gual Vidal, and Eduardo García Máynez at National School of Law; part of Rodolfo Sánchez Taboada’s political group at PRI; close ties to

Teófilo Borunda; married to Lucía Gout Cano, granddaughter of José Inés Cano, governor of Chiapas. j—None. k—CCI accused him of fraud as governor in Jan., 1978; PRI precandidate for senator from Baja California, 1981. l—DGF69, 105; C de D, 1949–1951, 66; DGF51, 20, 31, 34; HA, Oct. 18, 1971; letter; Excélsior, Jan. 27, 1978, 12; Excélsior, Dec. 26, 1981, 16A; www.es .wikipedia.org, 2008. Castellanos Coutiño, Horacio a—July 7, 1929. b—Venustiano Carranza, Chiapas. c—Elementary studies in Veracruz, secondary and preparatory studies in Mexico City; law degree, National School of Law, UNAM, 1950–1954, graduated, July, 1955, with thesis on rule-making function of Mexican administrative law; professor by opposition, constitutional law and administrative law, National School of Law, UNAM. d—Senator from State of Chiapas, 1976–1982, president, Nov., 1976. e—Delegate of IEPES of PRI to Tamaulipas and Hidalgo, 1970. f—Director general of legal affairs and legislation, Office of the Presidency, 1970–1972; attorney general, Federal District and Federal Territories, 1972– 1976; judge, Superior Tribunal of Justice of the Federal District, 2001–2002; judge, Administrative Disputes Court. g—None. h—Practicing lawyer, 1955–1970; author. i—Student at UNAM with Jorge de la Vega Domínguez; son of Fernando Castellanos Román, teacher and founder of El Frontizero, Tapachula, Chiapas, and Esperanza Coutiño Camacho, teacher; brother Javier Castellanos Coutiño was assistant secretary of population and health development, Secretariat of Health, 1999–2000. j—None. k—Helped settle 1966 student strike at UNAM. l—HA, Dec. 25, 1972, 40; HA, Apr. 15, 1974, 32; C de S, 1976–1982; DBC, 32–33; Almanaque de Chiapas, 38; DP70, 397; DBGM94; DBGM92; Musacchio, 81. Castellanos Coutiño, Javier a—1941. b—Chiapa de Corzo, Chiapas. c—Early education unknown; medical degree, National School of Medicine, UNAM, 1960– 1967, graduating first in class; residency in

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organ transplants, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, 1973–1974, on fellowship from Edgar Robledo Santiago, director general of ISSSTE; professor, UNAM, 1962–1989. d—None. e—Joined PRI, 1959. f—Physician specializing in oncology, ISSSTE, 1968–1972; chief of services, ISSSTE, 1975–1986; director, Transplant Unit, November 20th Hospital, 1986–1989; assistant director of medical services, ISSSTE, 1989–1993; assistant director of medicine, ISSSTE, 1993–1994; assistant secretary of regulation and health development, Secretariat of Health, 1999–2000; secretary of health, Chiapas, 2007–2009. g—None. h—Private practice, 2000–2009. i—Son of Fernando Castellanos Román, teacher and founder of El Frontizero, Tapachula, and Esperanza Coutiño Camacho, teacher; married Guadalupe Coello Bermúdez, private accountant; brother of Horacio Castellanos Coutiño, senator and attorney general of the Federal District; helped by prominent figures during his career, including Emilio Lozoya Thalmann, director general of ISSSTE. j—None. k—None. l—www .gentesur.com.mx, 2008; DBGM94, CD; DBGM92; Musacchio, 81. Castellanos Domínguez, Absalón

a—Oct. 2, 1923. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; cadet, Heroic Military College, July 1, 1939–July 1, 1942, graduated as 2nd lieutenant in infantry; 2nd sergeant of cadets, Heroic Military College; section and company commander courses, Infantry Center, Mar.–June, 1943; arms course, Higher War College, Feb.–July, 1960; professor of infantry tactics and methods of instruction, Heroic Military College; cadet commander, Heroic Military College; director, Mariano Matamoros Military School, 1972–1975; director, Heroic Military College, 1976–1980. d—Governor, Chiapas, 1982–1988. e—None. f—None. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Matías Castellanos Castellanos and Hermila Domínguez Cebadúa; married Elsy Herrerias Novelo; grandson of Senator Belisario Domínguez; uncle of Jorge de la Vega Domínguez, president of CEN

of PRI, 1987–1988; cousin of distinguished woman of letters Rosario Castellanos; disciple of Marcelino García Barragán, secretary of national defense, 1964–1970, who taught him at Heroic Military College; great-grandfather Matías and uncle Francisco Castellanos owned 9 haciendas; Francisco was political boss of Ocosingo in 1860s; grandson of Absalón Castellanos Domínguez and Rosalía Castellanos Robelo, who were cousins. j—Career army infantry officer; section commander, 53rd Battalion; section commander, 3rd Battalion, 6th Regiment, 2nd Infantry Division; assistant adjutant and interim commander, 46th Infantry Battalion; section commander, machine gun company, 46th Infantry Battalion; commander, 1st Fusiliers Battalion; second-in-command, 4th Infantry Battalion; chief of instruction, 2nd Infantry Battalion, Presidential Guards; commander, 1st Mixed Arms Group, Presidential Guards; commander, 1st 81mm Mortar Group, Presidential Guards; commander, 4th Infantry Battalion; commander, 15th Infantry Battalion; commander, 150th Infantry Brigade; rank of lieutenant colonel, Nov. 20, 1961; garrison commander, Manzanillo, Colima; rank of brigadier general, 1970; commander, 18th Military Zone, Pachuca, Hidalgo, 1975; rank of division general, Nov. 20, 1979; commander, 33rd Military Zone, Nayarit, 1982. k—Defeated Rafael Gamboa Cano and José González Blanco Garrido for PRI nomination for governor of Chiapas, 1982; kidnapped and released by the EZLN. l—Almanaque de Chiapas, 40; Rev. de Ejer., Dec., 1979, 68; Rev. de Ejer., Jan., 1975, 119– 120; Rev. de Ejer., Dec., 1965, 60; Proceso, Mar. 13, 1989; Estudios Sociales, 24, 2006, 628–630; www.revistas.colmex.mx. Castellanos Hernández, Félix a—Dec. 17, 1961. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; agricultural engineering degree, National School of Professional Studies, UNAM, Cuautitlán Campus, 1979–1984; diploma, ITAM, 1992, IberoAmerican University, 1995. d—Joined PT, 1990; coordinator of PT, Guerrero,

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1991–1999; member, National Committee of PT, 1999–2006. e—Plurinominal federal deputy from PT, 2000–2003; plurinominal federal deputy (independent), 2006–2009. f—Chief, Department of Agricultural Economics, Secretariat of Rural Development, Guerrero, 1987–1988; assistant director, Office of the Agrarian Attorney General, 1992–1994; adviser to oficial mayor, Secretariat of Agriculture, 1994–1995; director of agrarian organizations, Office of the Agrarian Attorney General, 1996–1997; director of organization, Office of the Agrarian Attorney General, 1996–1997. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Félix Castellanos San Pedro and Leonor Hernández Gómez. j—None. k—None. l—Musacchio, 81; QesQ en el Congreso, 2000–2003; Directorio del Congreso, 2006–2009, 396–397. Castellanos, Jr., Francisco (Deceased) a—1893. b—San Nicolás, Tamaulipas. c—Early education unknown; law degree. d—Governor of Tamaulipas, 1931; senator from State of Tamaulipas, 1934–1940. f—Agent, Ministerio Público, Tamaulipas; judge, First Appellate Court, Tamaulipas; attorney general of Tamaulipas; member, Advisory Council to president of Mexico; private secretary to president of Mexico, 1940–1941; attorney general, Federal District and Federal Territories, 1941–1946; administrator of customs, Matamoros, Tamaulipas, 1952–1958. g—None. i—Parents were peasants. j—None. k—President, Opposition Socialist Party of Tamaulipas; split with state political boss Emilio Portes Gil after Portes Gil wanted to run for governor a second time. l—Hoy, Sept. 20, 1941, 3; DGF56, 162; Correa, 77; NYT, Sept. 12, 1941, 8. Castellanos Ramírez, Julio a—June 21, 1960. b—Zamora, Michoacán. c—Early education unknown; public accounting degree from UNAM, 1979–1983; postgraduate studies in computer technology at La Salle University, Mexico City, 1987–1988; diploma in finance from Executive Institute, Guadalajara, 1993–1994; diploma in public policy, 2001–2002; professor of public

finance, University of Michoacán, Zamora campus, 1990–1998; professor of political and economic problems of Mexico, University of Zamora, 1999. d—Mayor, Zamora, 1996–1998; federal deputy from State of Michoacán, Dist. 5, 2000–2003, secretary of Budgeting Committee; plurinominal federal deputy from PAN, 2009–2012. e—Joined PAN, 1995; secretary of studies, PAN, Michoacán, 1999–2000; national adviser to PAN; member, National Council of PAN, 2001–2004; secretary of government action, CEN of PAN, 2002. f—Coordinator of delegations, Secretariat of Social Development, 2001–2002; director of project promotions and development, National Bank of Public Works and Services, 2003–2004; oficial mayor of social development, 2004–2005; oficial mayor of public education, 2006–2009. g—None. h—Financial analyst, IBM of Mexico, 1986–1989; general manager, Hospital Clinic, San José, SA, 1989–1995; adviser, National Banking Commission, 1995–1999; director of planning, Mayoreo Cárdenas, SA, 1999. j—None. k—None. l—www.sitl .diputados.gob.mx, 2010; QesQ en el Congreso, 2000–2004, 34. Castellanos Tena, Fernando (Deceased May 20, 2002) a—June 3, 1917. b—Zamora, Michoacán. c—Elementary studies in Michoacán; secondary studies in Mexico City; preparatory studies at National Preparatory School; law degree, UNAM, 1939–1943, with thesis on constitutions, Nov. 13, 1944; LLD, National School of Law, UNAM, 1956–1967, graduating Feb. 3, 1987; professor, School of Political and Social Sciences, UNAM, 1951–1957; director, National Preparatory School No. 8, 1965–1968; director of graduate studies, National School of Law, UNAM, 1970–1973; professor emeritus, UNAM, 1989. d—None. e—Joined PNR, 1935. f—Administrative official, Secretariat of Public Health, 1935–1944; agent, Ministerio Público, Office of the Attorney General of the Federal District, 1945–1948; private secretary to assistant secretary of the treasury, Ángel González de la Vega, 1949–1950;

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technical adviser, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1951–1952; agent, Ministerio Público, Office of the Attorney General of Mexico, 1955–1957; secretary of studies and accounts, Supreme Court of Justice, 1957–1968; federal circuit court judge, 1968–1974; justice, Supreme Court, 1974–1976, 1976–1982, 1982– 1987; retired from Supreme Court of Justice, May 20, 1987; director general, National Institute of Criminal Law, 1996–2000. g—None. h—Practicing lawyer, 1948–1949, 1953–1954. i—Son of Fernando Castellanos Gutiérrez, lawyer, and Carmen Tena Herrera. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM, 643; www. tsjnay.gob .mx; www.scjn.gob.mx, 124, 2008. Castellot Madrazo, Gonzalo a—Feb. 20, 1922. b—Campeche, Campeche. c—Elementary studies at Colegio Francés, Mexico City, 1928–1933; secondary studies at Secondary School No. 3, Mexico City, 1934–1936; preparatory studies at National Preparatory School, 1937–1938; legal studies at National School of Law, UNAM, 1939– 1945, graduating with thesis on salaries, Mar. 26, 1949. d—Federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. 17, 1961–1964, member of Committee on Radio and Television Industry and Editorial Committee; federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. 9, 1979–1982; federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. 37, 1985–1988. e—Official PRI orator during presidential campaigns of Adolfo López Mateos and Gustavo Díaz Ordaz. f—Head, Department of Radio, Television, and Movies, Department of Information and Public Relations, Office of the Presidency, 1964–1970. g—Founded workers’ union for Station XEX, 1947; secretary-general, National Industrial Union of Television Actors and Workers, 1955–1985; president, Radio and Television Chambers of Industry, Colima, 2004. h—Radio and television announcer; director of documentary movies and television programs; director general, Colima Communications Group. i—Student with José López Portillo at UNAM; son of José Castellot Paullada, diplomat and

journalist, and Ernestina Madrazo Torres, sister of Manuel F. Madrazo Torres, director of the Department of Health, 1934. j—None. k—None. l—DBM68, 131; C de D, 1961–1963, 74; DBGM87, 452. Castelo Parada, Javier a—Oct. 26, 1945. b—Ciudad Obregón, Sonora. c—Early education unknown; CPA and business administration degree, ITESM, Monterrey, Nuevo León, 1968; studies in administration, University of Puget Sound, Tacoma, Wash., 1998; policy studies, OECD, France, 1998– 1999. d—Mayor, Cajeme, Sonora, 1985–1988; local deputy, State Legislature of Sonora, 1991–1994; plurinominal federal deputy from PAN, 1997–2000; federal deputy from State of Sonora, Dist. 6, 2003–2006; senator from Sonora, 2006–2012. e—Joined PAN, 1982; national adviser to PAN, 1995–2001. f—None. g—President, Business Center, Ciudad Obregón, 1979–1983; vice president, COPARMEX, 1982–1985. h—None. i—Son of Arturo Castelo Antillón and Alicia Parada Almada; father, well-known regional farmer. j—None. k—None. l—Directorio del Congreso, 2006–2009, 251; www.senado.gob.mx, 2007; www.diputados.gob.mx, 2003–2006. Castillejos Adriano, Rigoberto a—Oct. 10, 1941. b—Tapachula, Chiapas. c—Preparatory studies, Heroic Military College, 1960–1963, graduating as 2nd lieutenant of infantry, Jan. 1, 1963; diploma in staff and command, Higher War College, 1968–1970; courses, Map School, Inter-American Geodesic Services, Fort Clayton, Panama Canal Zone; director, Applied School of Military Arms, Puebla; director, Heroic Military College, 1994–1996. d—None. e—None. f—Assistant military attaché, Mexican embassy, Guatemala; oficial mayor of national defense, 2001–2006. g—None. h—None. j—Career army officer; rank of colonel, 1979; commander, 48th Infantry Battalion, Cruz Grande, Guerrero; rank of brigadier general, 1985; assistant chief of operations, staff, Secretariat of National Defense, 1996–1997; chief, Sec. 3 (Operations), staff, Secretariat of National Defense;

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commander, 2nd Military Zone, Tijuana, Baja California, 1997–1998; commander, 2nd Military Region, Mexicali, 1998–2001; rank of division general, Nov. 30, 1998; retired Oct. 11, 2006. k—None. l—www.sedena.gob .mx, 2003; www.sedena.gob.mx/leytrans .petic.2004/mar, 2004. Castillo Ayala, Javier a—Oct. 2, 1945. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; economics degree, National School of Economics, UNAM, 1963–1967, with thesis titled “Analysis of the Evolution of Accounting in the Public Sector,” May 14, 1991; special studies in monetary and financial subjects, CEMLA, Mexico City, 1972–1973; studies in public finance at United Nations and IMF. d—None. e—Joined PRI, 1971. f—Assistant director, Department of Economic Studies, Office of the Director General of Credit, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1974–1975; chief, Unified Financial Program, Office of the Director General of Credit, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1975–1976; adviser to secretary of the treasury, 1977–1978; director of financial statistics, Division of Financial Planning, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1978–1979; director general of unified public finances, Office of the General Coordinator of Budget Control, Secretariat of Planning and Programming, 1979–1981; director general of budget policy, Office of the Assistant Secretary of Budgeting, Secretariat of Programming and Budget, 1981–1982; assistant secretary of budget control and accounting, Secretariat of Programming and Budget, 1982–1985; adviser to controller general of Mexico, 1985–1986; director of corporate planning, SIDERMEX, 1986–1988; director general, Azufrera Panamericana, 1989–1990; controller of the treasury, 1990–1998; assistant secretary “B” of labor, Secretariat of Labor, 1999–2000; director of internal auditing, Electoral Institute of the Federal District, 2004; candidate for independent member of Federal Electoral Institute. i—Political disciple of Miguel de la Madrid; son of José Guadalupe Castillo Martínez, laborer, and Gracia Ayala Martínez Salinas; married Guadalupe

Amezcua Magaña, social worker. j—None. k—None. l—Q es QAP; DBGM89, 81; www .iedf.org.mx, 2008. Castillo Cabrera, Jesús Javier c—Preparatory studies at Heroic Military College; staff and command diploma, Higher War College; MA in public administration, National Institute of Public Administration; MA in planning and national security, Higher School of Naval Studies, 1994. d—None. e—Director of security for Felipe Calderón’s presidential campaign, 2006. f—Chief of presidential staff, 2006– . g—None. h—None. j—Career army cavalry officer; rank of lieutenant colonel, 1986; aide to assistant secretary of national defense, Héctor Portillo Jurado, 1980; administrative coordinator, presidential staff, 1988–1994; chief, 2nd Sec., presidential staff, 1994–1997; chief of staff, Presidential Guards, presidential staff, 1997; assistant chief of administration, presidential staff, 2000–2006; section commander, Presidential Guards, presidential staff, 2006; rank of brigade general, 2006. k—None. l—www.presidencia.gob.mx, 2008; www.es.wikipedia.org, 2008; www.gaceta. diputados.gob.mx, Feb. 19, 1998; www.esmas. com, 2008; Diario de México, Dec. 1, 2006; Crónica, Dec. 1, 2006, Jan. 7, 2008. Castillo Cabrera, Jorge de Jesús

a—Sept. 15, 1946. b—Atlixco, Puebla. c—Early education unknown; agricultural engineering degree, University of Chihuahua; MA studies in agroindustrial administration, University of Chihuahua; director, Agroindustrial Technical School No. 13, Ciudad Cuauhtémoc, Chihuahua; director, Agroindustrial Preparatory Technical Center No. 90, Ciudad Cuauhtémoc. d—Mayor, Ciudad Cuauhtémoc, 1986–1989; local deputy, State Legislature of Chihuahua; federal deputy from State of Chihuahua, Dist. 10, 1994–1997; federal deputy from State of Chihuahua, Dist. 7, 2003–2006. e—Joined PRI, 1963; president of PRI, Ciudad Cuauhtémoc. f—Coordinator, PROGRESA Forestry Progam, Chihuahua, Secretariat of Social Development; director, Agricultural Department,

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Chihuahua; coordinator of medical higher education, Chihuahua, Secretariat of Public Education. g—None. h—None. j—None. k—None. l—www.es.wikipedia.org, 2008; www.diputados.gob.mx, 2003–2006, 2008. Castillo Castillo, Fernando a—Mar. 20, 1920. b—Oaxaca, Oaxaca. c—Elementary studies at Colegio Unión, Oaxaca, 1920– 1925; secondary and preparatory at Institute of Arts and Sciences, Oaxaca; law degree from Autonomous Institute of Arts and Sciences, Oaxaca; professor of sociology and general theory, School of Law, Benito Juárez University, Oaxaca. d—Local deputy, 41st and 45th State Legislatures of Oaxaca; alternate federal deputy from State of Oaxaca, Dist. 9, 1961–1964, 1967–1970; federal deputy from State of Oaxaca, Dist. 7, 1970–1973, member of 3rd Ejido Committee and Naval Committee. e—President, local electoral committee, Oaxaca, 1958–1960; PRI delegate from Oaxaca to national PRI conventions. f—Director, Office of Investigations, Department of Agrarian Affairs; civil and criminal judge of 1st instance, Ejutla and Juchitlán, Oaxaca; agent, Ministerio Público (Criminal Division), Oaxaca. g—None. h—None. j—None. k—None. l—Directorio 1970–1972; C de D, 1970–1972; C de D, 1961– 1964; C de D, 1967–1970; MGF69, 94. Castillo Fernández, Guillermo

(Deceased) a—June 25, 1902. b—Teziutlán, Puebla. c—Elementary and secondary studies in Teziutlán; normal studies at Normal Institute of Puebla on scholarship from governor of Puebla, 1917–1920; completed teaching certification in Mexico City; teacher for 17 years; director of elementary and secondary schools; rural missionary teacher. d—Local deputy, State Legislature of Puebla; senator from State of Puebla, 1952–1958, president of 1st Tariff Committee and Foreign Affairs Committee, 1st secretary of Indigenous Affairs Committee, member of 1st Public Education Committee and Consular Service and Diplomatic Committee. e—Secretary-general, Rafael Ávila Camacho’s campaign for governor

of Puebla, 1950. f—Federal inspector of education, Tlaxcala, Puebla, Oaxaca, Chihuahua, Coahuila, Durango, and Chiapas; agent, Secretariat of Agriculture, Puebla, Tlaxcala, Oaxaca, and Veracruz; oficial mayor, National Pawnshop; director general, National Pawnshop; information officer, United States–Mexico Commission for the Control of Foot and Mouth Disease; oficial mayor, State of Puebla, under Gov. Rafael Ávila Camacho, 1951–1952. g—None. k—Knew Rafael Ávila Camacho from childhood in Teziutlán. j—None. k—None. l—DGF56, 7, 9–13; Ind. Biog., 40. Castillo Hernández, José a—Nov. 28, 1918. b—León de los Aldama, Guanajuato. c—Elementary and secondary studies in Guanajuato; medical degree. d—Mayor, León, Guanajuato; federal deputy from State of Guanajuato, Dist. 2, 1967–1970; senator from State of Guanajuato, 1970–1976, president of National Properties and Resources Committee, 1st secretary of Foreign and Domestic Trade Committee, 2nd secretary of Industries Committee, 2nd Mines Committee, and Health Committee. e—Member of PRI. f—Secretary-general of government, State of Guanajuato. g—Secretary-general of CNOP, Guanajuato. i—Married Celia Río de Castillo. j—None. k—None. l—C de S, 1970–1976, 74; C de D, 1967–1970; PS, 1135. Castillo Lanz, Ángel (Deceased 1970) a—Nov. 1, 1898. b—Isla de Champotón, Campeche. c—Elementary studies in Champotón; law degree, School of Law, University of Campeche. d—Mayor, Campeche, Campeche, 1923; governor, Campeche, 1923–1927; federal deputy from State of Campeche, Dist. 2, 1928–1930, member of Gran Comisión, secretary of Chamber; federal deputy from State of Campeche, Dist. 1, 1930–1932, member of Gran Comisión; federal deputy from State of Campeche, Dist. 1, 1932–1934, member of Gran Comisión; senator from State of Campeche, 1934–1940. e—None. f—Oficial mayor, Chamber of Deputies, 1934; director, Accounting Office, Chamber of Deputies, 1951–1956. g—None.

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j—None. k—Some sources consider him to have been the political boss of Campeche. l—Enc. de Mex., II, 301; DGF56, 38; DGF51, I, 28; C de S, 1934–1940; PS, 1138. Castillo Larrañaga, José (Deceased 1964) a—Feb. 5, 1899. b—Oaxaca, Oaxaca. c—Elementary and secondary studies in Oaxaca; preparatory studies at Institute of Arts and Sciences of Oaxaca (4 years), completed at University of Puebla and National Preparatory School; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, May 24, 1922; professor of procedural law, National School of Law, UNAM, 1935–1960s; professor of Amparo and guarantees, National School of Law, UNAM, 1942; professor of agrarian law, National School of Law, UNAM, 1940–1960s; adviser, University Council of UNAM; director, Division of Law, Postgraduate School, UNAM; dean, National School of Law, UNAM, 1949–1951. d—Federal deputy from State of Oaxaca, 1924–1926, president of Justice Committee and political bloc. e—None. f—Actuary, 4th Supernumerary District, Federal District; agent, Ministerio Público, Office of the Attorney General of Tamaulipas; secretary, Third Correctional Judicial District, Federal District; first supernumerary judge, District Court of Puebla; lawyer, Secretariat of Government, 1951; justice, Superior Tribunal of Justice, Federal District and Federal Territories, 1951–1952, 1953–1958, and president, 1956–1958. g—None. h—Student scribe, Second Justice of the Peace, Higher Military Tribunal; practicing lawyer, 1927–1951; author of numerous legal codes and books. j—None. k—None. l—López, 180; DGF51, I, 487; DGF56, 513; DP95, 660. Castillo Ledón, Amalia (Deceased June 3, 1986) a—Aug. 18, 1902. b—San Jerónimo, Tamaulipas. c—Teaching certificate from Normal School for Women, Ciudad Victoria, Tamaulipas; studies in humanities at graduate school, UNAM, with degree in letters; studies at National Conservatory, Mexico City; teacher at girls’ school in Ciudad Victoria, 1918; teacher at Normal School

for Men, Mexico City, 1925–1929. d—None. e—National Association for Child Welfare, 1929; founder, Child Welfare Committee, Tepic, Nayarit, 1930; head, Bureau of Educational Activities, General Administration of Civic Action, Mexico City, 1933–1945; adviser, Mexican delegation to UN Conference on International Organizations, San Francisco, 1945; ambassador to Finland and Sweden, 1956; adviser to secretary of foreign relations, 1957; assistant secretary of public education, 1958–1964; ambassador and head of permanent delegation to International Atomic Energy Agency, 1964–1970; ambassador to Austria, 1967; adviser to secretary of tourism, 1980. g—Founder, Mexican Alliance for Women, 1953; president, Revolutionary Federation of Women. h—Statistician, Bureau of Education, State of Tamaulipas, 1918; joined Foreign Service in 1953; president, Inter‑American Commission of Women; author of many dramatic works and numerous articles on theater. i—Wife of Mexican historian Luis Castillo Ledón, 1879‑1944, who was governor of Nayarit, 1930–1931. j—None. k—First woman to address Mexican Senate on women’s suffrage; first woman appointed to assistant secretary position in Mexican cabinet. l—WWMG, 12; WWM45, 2223; DGF56, 126, 129; Correa 46, 332; HA, Feb. 23, 1959, 17; Enc. Mex., II, 210; HA, June 17, 1986, 41; O’Campo, 143–144; DP95, 660. Castillo López, Jesús (Deceased) a—May 16, 1905. b—Cuernavaca, Morelos. c—Early education unknown; law degree, National School of Law, UNAM, 1928–1932. d—Senator from Morelos, 1940–1942; governor, Morelos, 1942–1946. e—None. f—Secretary-general of government, State of Morelos, 1938–1939; director general of cinematography, Secretariat of Government, 1951. i—Protégé of General Elpidio Perdomo. j—None. k—None. l—HA, May 15, 1942, 3; HA, Jan. 18, 1946, 4; Peral, 162; DGF51, I, 69. Castillo (Martínez), Heberto (Deceased Apr. 5, 1997) a—Aug. 23, 1928. b—Ixhuatlán de Madero, Veracruz. c—Elementary

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studies at Anáhuac School (public), Mexico City; secondary studies at Secondary School No. 4, San Cosme, Mexico City; preparatory studies at National Preparatory School; civil engineering degree, National School of Engineering, UNAM, 1947–1951; professor of mathematics and structural theory, UNAM; professor of elasticity theory, IPN. d—Plurinominal federal deputy from PMT, 1985–1988, member of Government Committee; senator from Veracruz, 1994–1997, president of Science and Technology Committee. e—Coordinator, National Liberation Movement, 1963, under Lázaro Cárdenas; founder and secretary-general, PMT, 1982–1984; PMT merged with PSUM to form PMS, 1987; PMS presidential candidate of a leftist coalition, 1987, but withdrew in favor of Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas, 1988; joined PRD and dissolved PMT, 1989; president, PRD, Federal District; PRD precandidate for president, 1993; withdrew from PRD, 1993. f—Mediator between Zapatistas and federal government, 1994–1997. g—None. h—President, Indé Construction Co., 1956–1958; joined Julio Scherer to found Proceso magazine; contributor to Excélsior, Siempre, and El Universal. i—Son of Felipe Gregorio Castillo, mule driver in highland Otomí Indian region, and Graciano Martínez; married María Teresa Juárez Carranza; Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas managed his company, 1956–1957, and was his student at UNAM; accompanied General Lázaro Cárdenas, 1954–1961; personal secretary to Lázaro Cárdenas, 1959–1964; daughter Laura Castillo served in Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas’ government in Federal District. j—None. k—Invented Tridilosa structural construction method; protested U.S. intervention in Guatemala, 1956; arrested and incarcerated as political prisoner for participation in student movement, 1968–1970. l—HA, Oct. 3, 1983, 7; Protag., 77; Gil, 246; letters; HA, May 6, 1986, 12; DBGM87, 453; www.cddweb.senadores, 1997. Castillo Mena, Ignacio a—July 31, 1929. b—Durango. c—Elementary studies at Justo Sierra School, Monterrey, Nuevo

León, and Secondary School No. 3, Mexico City; preparatory studies at National Preparatory School; law degree, National School of Law, UNAM, July 9, 1951, honorable mention and 9.6 GPA; professor of history and literature, National Preparatory School. d—Alternate senator from State of Durango, 1964–1967; federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. 6, 1967–1970, member of Legislative Studies Committee, 2nd Sec. (civil law), secretary to president of Legislative Studies Committee in 1st year, member of Federal District Committee; senator from Durango, 1976–1982; plurinominal federal deputy from PRD, 1988–1991, coordinator of PRD delegation. e—Official orator for PRI, 1950– 1952, active during presidential campaign of Adolfo Ruiz Cortines, 1952; director of youth action, PRI, 1954–1959; assistant director general of professions, PRI, 1949–1961; director of legal affairs, PRI, 1961–1964; state committeeman from Durango to PRI, 1952–1970; private secretary to president of CEN of PRI, 1966–1968; resigned from PRI and joined Cardenista Front for National Reconstruction, 1987; joined PRD, 1988; coordinator, PRD, Michoacán, and member of CEN of PRD; resigned from PRD to become ambassador to Ecuador. f—Secretary to president of Superior Court of Justice, Federal District and Federal Territories; director of public relations, Secretariat of Industry and Commerce; president, local Board of Conciliation and Arbitration, Federal District, 1971–1975; ambassador to Ecuador, 1991–1994. g—President, 1947 generation of law school students. h—None. i—Collaborator of Lauro Ortega Martínez; married Alicia Valdez López; son of Marino Castillo Nájera, senator from Durango, 1946–1952, and Clementina Mena; nephew of Francisco Castillo Nájera, secretary of foreign relations, 1945–1956. j—None. k—Accused by PRD of being a turncoat for accepting ambassadorial appointment, 1991. l—HA, Aug. 2, 1971, 62; WWMG, 12; letter; C de D, 1967–1969; DPE61, 101; MGF69, 105; C de S, 1964–1970; Excélsior, Apr. 6,

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1973, 10; Justicia, Oct., 1973; HA, Oct. 27, 1975, 23; DBGM92, 85. Castillo Nájera, Francisco (Deceased Dec. 21, 1954) a—Nov. 25, 1886. b—Durango, Durango. c—Elementary and secondary studies in Durango; preparatory at Juárez Institute of Durango; medical degree from National School of Medicine, UNAM, 1913; advanced studies at University of Paris and University of Berlin; professor of urology, Military Medical College, 1917–1927; professor of forensic medicine, National School of Medicine, UNAM, 1920–1922, 1924; professor of general pathology, National School of Medicine, UNAM, 1927; professor of urology for postgraduate students, UNAM, 1927. d—None. e—None. f—Director, Juárez Hospital, Mexico City, 1918–1919; director, Military Medical College, 1920; head, Council of Legal Medicine, Federal District, 1919–1921; minister to China, 1922–1924; ambassador to Belgium, 1927–1930; ambassador to Holland, 1930–1932; head, Department of Health and Welfare, 1932; ambassador to Sweden, 1932; ambassador to France, 1933–1935; ambassador to League of Nations, 1934; ambassador to United States, 1935–1945; secretary of foreign relations, 1945–1946; president, National Securities Commission, 1946–1954. g—None. h—Founding member, Mexican Medical Association, president of National Academy of Medicine. i—Close personal friend of Lázaro Cárdenas; brother Marino Castillo Nájera was federal deputy from Durango, 1943–1945, and senator, 1946–1952; son Francisco was captain in the navy and assistant director of Naval Medical Center; son Guillermo was head of Department of Security of General Administration of Consular Service of Secretariat of Foreign Relations; brother José died in the Revolution, 1914; son of Rosa Nájera and Romualdo Castillo, political boss of Indé, Durango; married Eugenia Dávila Zayas; nephew Ignacio Castillo Mena was senator from Durango, 1976–1982. j—Career army medical officer; lieutenant colonel and surgeon, Oct. 11, 1915; director of medical services, Laveaga Brigade; director

of military hospitals in León and Torreón, 1915; director of sanitation services, Sonora, 1915; director of sanitation services, Baja California, 1915–1917; rank of colonel, July 21, 1916; brigadier general, Jan. 21, 1921; brigade general, Jan. 11, 1939; retired from military, July 16, 1951. k—PRM precandidate for president, 1939. l—DP70 403; Strode, 370; Peral, 162–163; DGF50, 83; EBW46, 34; DGF47, 20; DPE65, 19; DBM68, 133; Enc. Mex., II, 420; DGF51, II, 105; Kirk, 210–211; Michaels, 3; HA, Mar. 29, 1946; O’Campo, 72–73; Medina, 20, 11; Gómez, 103. Castillo Nájera, Marino (Deceased) a—July 18, 1890. b—Durango, Durango. c—Elementary studies in Durango; preparatory studies at National Preparatory School, Mexico City; law degree, National School of Law, UNAM. d—Federal deputy from State of Durango, 1918–1920; federal deputy from State of Durango, Dist. 1, 1922–1924; federal deputy from State of Durango, 1943–1945; senator from Durango, 1946–1952. e—None. f—Consulting lawyer, Secretariat of Agriculture; director, Legal Department, Department of the Federal District; justice, Superior Tribunal of Justice, Federal District, 1940–1942. g—None. h—Practicing lawyer. i—Brother of Francisco Castillo Nájera, secretary of foreign relations, 1945–1946; father of Ignacio Castillo Mena, senator from Durango, 1976–1982; son of Rosa Nájera and Romualdo Castillo, political boss of Indé, Durango; brother José died in the Revolution, 1914. j—Supported Obregón beginning Jan. 4, 1920. k—None. l—Peral; DGF47, 20; C de S, 1946–1952; DGF51, I, 6, 9, 11, 12, 14; Gómez, 103. Castillo Peralta, Ricardo a—Mar. 11, 1939. b—San Luis Río Colorado, Sahuaripa, Sonora. c—Elementary and secondary studies in Sonora; law degree, University of Sonora, 1959–1963. d—Federal deputy from State of Sonora, Dist. 1, 1976–1979, coordinator of CNC deputies; federal deputy from State of Sonora, Dist. 5, 1982–1985; plurinominal federal deputy from PRI, 1997– 2000. e—Joined agrarian sector of PRI,

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1959; member of IEPES of PRI, 1975–1978; assistant director of agrarian action, CEN of PRI, 1977–1979; general delegate of CEN of PRI to Campeche, 1982. f—Director of coordinators, Rural Credit Bank; director of coordinators, Secretariat of Agriculture and Hydraulic Resources; private secretary to Alfredo Bonfil, secretary-general of CNC, 1970–1973; regional director of the South, Department of the Federal District, 1989–1991; director general of government, Department of the Federal District, 1993– 1994; general coordinator of delegations, ISSSTE, 1994–1997. g—Coordinator, CNC; CNC delegate to various states; secretarygeneral, Leagues of Agrarian Communities and Peasant Unions of Sonora; president, Student Federation of Sonora, 1959–1960; president, Political Committee, CNC, 1977– 1980. i—Married Beatriz Solís. j—None. k—None. l—Directorio, 1982–1985; C de D, 1976–1979; Lehr, 448; DBGM, 486; QesQ en el Congreso, 1997–2000, 141–142. Castillo Peraza, Carlos Enrique

(Deceased Sept. 9, 2000) a—Apr. 17, 1947. b—Mérida, Yucatán. c—Primary studies at Colegio Montejo, Mérida; secondary studies at Apostólica de los Misioneros del Espíritu Santo School, Tlalpan, Federal District; preparatory studies at Centro Universitario Montejo, Mérida, 1966–1968; philosophy degree, UNAM, 1968–1971, with thesis titled “Pluralist Socialism of Pierre-Joseph Proudhon”; fellowship to study at Gregorian University, Rome, 1971–1972; special studies in Greek philosophy, Freiburg University, Switzerland, 1972–1976; teacher, Centro Universitario Montejo, Mérida, 1976–1978; professor, La Salle University, Mexico City, 1972–1982, 1987–1989; professor of political philosophy, history, and philosophy of religion, Conciliar Seminary of San Ildefonso. d—Plurinominal federal deputy from PAN, 1979–1982; plurinominal federal deputy from PAN, 1988–1991. e—Joined PAN, 1967; campaigned for Víctor Correa Racho, his political mentor; director, National Institute of Studies and Political Training, PAN, 1979;

secretary of international relations of CEN of PAN, 1979–1982; secretary of international relations of CEN of PAN, 1980; national adviser to PAN, 1979–1996; principal adviser to Luis H. Álvarez, president of PAN, 1988–1991; president of PAN, 1993–1996; PAN candidate for governor of Federal District, 1997; resigned from PAN, May 3, 1998. f—None. g—Joined Catholic Action, 1961; president of Catholic Action, 1968–1971. h—Editor, Diario de Yucatán, 1968–1971; editor, Diario de Campeche, 1982–1983; selfemployed, 1976–1989; co-owner, Humanism, Development, and Democracy Consulting Firm, 1996. i—Son of Julio Enrique Castillo González, businessman, and Isela Peraza Casares, teacher; married Julieta López Morales, economist. j—None. k—Member of Manuel Clouthier’s alternate cabinet, with an important generation of PAN leaders. l—DBGM89, 415; DdeY, Sept. 14, 2000; www.castillo.peraza.com.mx; Excélsior, June 23, 1997; DdeY, Sept. 10, 2000. Castillo Solter, Manuel (Deceased) a—Mar. 1, 1894. b—Jalisco. c—Elementary studies at liceo for boys; engineering degree, National School of Engineering, UNAM. d—Member, City Council, Mexico City, 1927–1928; federal deputy from State of Morelos, Dist. 1, 1958–1961, alternate member of Tax Committee, member of 1st Balloting Committee. e—Member of PARM. f—Director, Telecommunications Service, Secretariat of Communications and Public Works, 1931; private secretary to secretary of communications and public works, 1931; zone chief, Agricultural Credit Bank, 1934; director of technical engineering, Sanitation Engineering Division, Secretariat of Health, 1938; secretary, Land Office Boards, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1944. g—None. h—None. j—Joined the Revolution, 1913; reached rank of lieutenant colonel; member, Legion of Honor. k—None. l—Func., 282; C de D., 1958–1961, 73. Castillo Tielemans, José (Deceased July 3, 1990) a—1911. b—San Cristóbal de las Casas, Chiapas. c—Elementary studies

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in San Cristóbal de las Casas; preparatory at National Preparatory School, Mexico City; law degree, National School of Law, UNAM, 1937, with thesis on reparations for damages in criminal law; professor, University Extension of the Military College. d—Senator from State of Chiapas, 1958–1964, secretary of Senate, 1959, president of Committee on Immigration, president of 3rd Committee on Labor, 1st executive secretary of 2nd Committee on Justice, and member of Special Committee on Legislative Studies; governor, Chiapas, 1964–1970. e—Active in CEPES of PRI in Chiapas in support of Manuel Ávila Camacho for president, 1940; private secretary to Gabriel Leyva Velázquez, president of CEN of PRI, 1952–1956; private secretary to Agustín Olachea Aviles, 1956–1958, president of CEN of PRI; member, Regional Committee of PRI, Chiapas. f—Attorney general, State of Hidalgo; agent attached to penal courts, Ministerio Público, Federal District; investigator, Secretariat of Agriculture; substitute president, Board of Conciliation and Arbitration, Federal District. g—Delegate, 5th National Student Congress, 1928; president, National Law School Student Association, 1936; founder, organization of Chiapas residents in Mexico City. i—Son of Miguel Castillo and Manuela Tielemans; became friends with Alfonso Corona del Rosal at UNAM. j—None. k—None. l—WWMG, 12; C de S, 1958–1964, 54; DPE51, II, 210, 213; Func., 152; Contreras, 148; DP95, 663. Castillo Torre, José (Deceased) a—1891. b—Mérida, Yucatán. c—Law degree, University of Yucatán, 1914; member, University of the Southeast Council, 1922. d—Councilman, Mérida, 1918; federal deputy from State of Yucatán, 1918–1924, president of Chamber of Deputies, 1919; senator from State of Yucatán, 1926–1930, president of Senate, 1926; senator from State of Yucatán, 1940–1946, secretary of Senate, president of 1st Public Education Committee and 2nd Foreign Relations Committee; federal deputy from State of Yucatán, 1949–1952, member of Legislative

Studies Committee (1st and 2nd years), 1st Committee on Government, and Foreign Relations Committee, member of Gran Comisión. e—None. f—Member, State Commission to Revise the Legal Codes of Yucatán, 1916; assistant lawyer for secretary-general of government, State of Yucatán, 1917; representative of State of Yucatán in Mexico City, 1922; president, Editorial Commission, Secretariat of Foreign Relations; legal adviser to Mexican delegation to UN Conference on International Organizations, San Francisco, 1945. g—None. h—Consulting lawyer, state government of Yucatán, 1918, 1924; lawyer in Mexico City Railroads of Yucatán, 1922; lawyer, Secretariat of Foreign Relations, 1934, 1937; lawyer, Consulting Office, Office of the Attorney General of Mexico, 1938–1939; author of many legal articles. j—None. k—None l—WWM45, 23; C de D, 1949–1951, 67; DGF51, 27, 29, 32, 33, 36; Enc. Mex., II, 210; Peral, 164; WB48, 1026. Castillón Coronado, María Refugio

a—Mar. 24, 1929. b—Guadalajara, Jalisco. c—Early education unknown; no degree. d—Member, City Council, Guadalajara, 1956–1958, under Mayor Juan Gil Preciado; member, City Council, Guadalajara, 1971–1973, under Mayor Guillermo Cosío Vidaurri; federal deputy from State of Jalisco, Dist. 7, 1976–1979, member of Social Action Committee, Agricultural Development Committee, Sec. 3 of Education Development Committee, Development of Natural and Energy Resources Committee, Forest and Fauna Development Committee, and Maternal and Infant Sec. of Development of Social Security and Public Welfare Committee. e—None. f—None. g—Member, League of Small Industries, City of Guadalajara, 1947; secretary-general, Union of Unsalaried Workers of Jalisco; active feminist in Jalisco. j—None. k—None. l—Excélsior, Aug. 24, 1976, 18; Enc. Mex., IV, 579; D de C, 1976– 1979, 4, 11, 18, 19, 23, 31, 40. Castorena Monterrubio, Saúl a—Aug. 22, 1942. b—Huejutla, Hidalgo. c—Studies at Autonomous University of Puebla, law

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degree; studies toward MA in education from National Center of Industrial Technical Teaching. d—Federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. 15, 1976–1979, minority coordinator of PARM in Chamber of Deputies, 1976–1977. e—PARM representative to Federal Electoral Commission; PARM delegate to every state in Mexico; coordinating secretary of legislation of CEN of PARM, 1976–1977. f—None. g—President, Parent Association of the Federal District. h—Practicing lawyer, notary, and actuary. i—Married María de los Ángeles Hidalgo. j—None. k—None. l—D de C, 1976–1979, 12; HA, Apr. 30, 1979, 8. Castorena (Zavala), José de Jesús

(Deceased) a—Nov. 6, 1901. b—Jaripitío, Guanajuato. c—Early education unknown; law degree, National School of Law, UNAM, 1925, with thesis on strike law in Mexico, 1931; professor of labor law, UNAM; professor of labor law, University of Guanajuato. d—None. e—None. f—Oficial mayor of labor, 1940; advisory lawyer during World War II, Administrative Board of Enemy Properties; president, Federal Board of Conciliation and Arbitration; provisional governor, Guanajuato, 1947–1948. g—Founder and president, Academy of Labor and Social Welfare Law. h—Practicing lawyer; author of several legal works. i—Son of Maclovio Castorena Arias; attended UNAM with Antonio Martínez Báez; protégé of José Aguilar y Maya; married Luisa Bringas. j—None. k—Considered an outstanding authority on labor law; replaced Vicente Lombardo Toledano as professor of this subject at UNAM. l—DBM68, 134; HA, Jan. 16, 1948, 3–4; HA, Feb. 20, 1948, 11–12; Anderson; López, 183; DP95, 664. Castrejón y Chávez, Gustavo

(Deceased) a—June 11, 1910. b—Hacienda de San Pedro Jorullo, Municipio de la Huacana, Michoacán. c—Studied at Colegio de San Nicolás de Hidalgo (University of Michoacán) and La Salle University, Chicago. d—Federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. 2, 1946–1949, member of 1st

Committee on Public Education, 2nd Committee on Elections, and Tourism Committee, member of Social Welfare Committee, 1947. f—Tax representative, State of Mexico; oficial mayor, Secretariat of Hydraulic Resources, 1958–1961. g—None. h—Cashier, National Irrigation Commission; accountant, National Irrigation Commission; director general of National Schools, Los Angeles, Calif.; director general, Radio Technical Institute of Mexico, SA, 1966–1968. i—Son of Salvador Castrejón, who ran for federal deputy from 9th Dist., Michoacán, 1918; married Carmen Ulloa. j—None. k—None. l—DBM68, 134; C de D, 1946–1948; DPE61, 90; WB48, 1028. Castro Cabrera, Samuel a—1917. b—Los Mochis, Sinaloa. c—Early education unknown; no degree. d—Federal deputy from State of Sinaloa, Dist. 1, 1958–1961, member of Development of Cooperatives Committee, alternate member of Sugar Industry and Navy committees; federal deputy from State of Sinaloa, Dist. 1, 1964–1967, member of Foodstuffs and 2nd Labor committees. e—Member, PNR, PRM, and PRI; participant in 1952, 1958, and 1964 presidential campaigns in Sinaloa. f—None. g—None. h—Employee, Ingenio of Los Mochis. i—Collaborator of Gabriel Leyva Velázquez, president of CEN of PRI and powerful regional leader in Sinaloa. j—None. k—None. l—C de D, 1958–1961, 74; 1964–1967, 47, 94. Castro Elías, Miguel a—Aug. 31, 1910. b—Tochtepec, Puebla. c—Elementary studies at José Manzo Institute, Puebla, Puebla; no degree. d—Local deputy, State of Veracruz, Dist. 8, 1959–1962; federal deputy from State of Veracruz, Dist. 9, 1964–1967, member of 2nd Labor Committee; federal deputy from State of Veracruz, Dist. 9, 1979–1982. e—None. f—Representative of labor, Federal Board of Conciliation and Arbitration, State of Veracruz, 1957–1958. g—Secretarygeneral (4 times), Union of Workers and Artisans of the Beer Industry; secretarygeneral, CROC Federation of Unions of

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Beer Workers of the Mexican Republic; secretary of conflicts, CROC, Orizaba, Veracruz, 1968–1970; secretary-general, CROC, State of Veracruz, 1961–1964, 1971–1974; president, Political Committee of CROC, State of Veracruz, 1975–1979; secretary of economics and technical affairs, CROC, 1976–1980; president of CROC, 1978–1979. h—Employee, Río Blanco Thread and Textile Factory, Veracruz, 1926–1936; master mechanic, Cervecería Moctezuma, SA, Orizaba, Veracruz, 1936–1979. j—None. k—None. l—C de D, 1979–1982, 17; C de D, 1967–1970, 26; Protag., 77. Castro Estrada, Álvaro c—Early education unknown; law degree, Free Law School, Mexico City, 1975–1980; MA in constitutional and administrative law, National School of Law, UNAM; LLD, National School of Law, UNAM; professor, Graduate Program in Law, UNAM, 1997–2007. d—None. e—None. f—Investment manager and affiliates manager, Mining Development Commission; assistant director of disputes, Legal Division, ISSSTE; director general of legal affairs, Secretariat of Energy; director general of legal affairs, Secretariat of Labor, 1994–2000; director general of religious associations, Secretariat of Government, 2001–2006; assistant secretary of labor, security, and social welfare, Secretariat of Labor, 2006– . g—None. h—None. j—None. k—None. l—www.tra bajo.gob.mx, 2008; letter. Castro Estrada, José (Deceased Dec. 1, 1980) a—Dec. 29, 1908. b—Morelia, Michoacán. c—Elementary and secondary education in Morelia under Professor Vargas; preparatory studies at Franco-Inglés School in Morelia and at National Preparatory School in Mexico City; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, Dec. 16, 1929; professor of administrative law, National School of Law, UNAM, 13 years; adviser to and member of UNAM Governing Board, 1962–1972. d—None. e—Supporter of Juan Andreu Almazán for president, 1940. f—Secretary, Review Board for Fiscal Infractions, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1929; agent,

Ministerio Público, Criminal Courts; assistant secretary of forest resources, Secretariat of Agriculture, 1952 (first appointee); justice, Supreme Court, 1952–1967; director general, Forest Products of Mexico, 1968–1970. g—Founding member, Socialist Lawyers’ Front, 1936. h—Adviser to financial institutions; adviser, National Lottery; adviser, Latin American Life Insurance Company, SA; head of legal affairs for a private charity; author of articles on legal and economic subjects; member of several committees in charge of writing new federal codes; practicing lawyer in Mexico City, 1970–1972. i—Friend of numerous members of 1929 generation of lawyers at National School of Law, including Miguel Alemán, Antonio Carrillo Flores, Ángel Carvajal, Andrés Serra Rojas, Manuel Gual Vidal, Antonio García López, Manuel Sánchez Cuen, and Carlos Franco Sodi; father was a lawyer and grandfather was a justice of the Supreme Court; son José was director general of Mexican Consulting in Engineering and Development, SA. j—None. k—Briefly in exile after 1940 election. l—Letter, DBM68, 135; WWMG, 12; DGF69, 129; DGF51, 203; Justicia, Feb., 1967; Excélsior, Dec. 2, 1980, 17; www.scjn.gob.mx, 132, 2009. Castro Justo, Juan José a—Apr. 13, 1952. b—San Luis Acatlán, Guerrero. c—Early education unknown; degree in public administration, School of Political and Social Sciences, UNAM, 1974–1977. d—Alternate federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. 38, 1982–1985; federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. 40, 1985–1988; local deputy, State Legislature of Guerrero, 1990–1991; federal deputy from State of Guerrero, Dist. 5, 1991–1994, 1997–1999; alternate senator from Guerrero, 1994–2000, in functions, 1999–2000. e—President, PRI, 38th District, Federal District, 1980–1983; secretary-general, Political Committee of PRI, Guerrero, 1991–1992; general delegate of CEN of PRI, Zacatecas, 1998. f—Attorney, La Montaña, Guerrero, 1990–1991. g—Secretary-general, League of Agrarian

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Communities, Federal District, 1984–1989, and Guerrero, 1993–1996. h—None. i—Son of José Castro Mauriño, retailer, and Macrina Justo Mejía; married Marian del Carmen Jure Levín, public administrator. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM94, CD; www .secgob.gob.mx, 1997, 2007; DBGM92, 441; DBGM87, 454; Musacchio, 85. Castro Leal, Antonio (Deceased Jan. 8, 1981) a—Mar. 2, 1896. b—San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí. c—Elementary, secondary, and preparatory studies in Mexico City; member, 1915 Seven Wise Men generation; law degree, National School of Law, UNAM; LLD, National School of Law, UNAM; PhD, Georgetown University, Washington, DC; professor of Spanish literature, National Preparatory School; professor of Mexican and South American literature, Graduate College, UNAM; professor of public international law, UNAM, 1929; rector, UNAM, Dec. 9, 1928–June 21, 1929. d—Federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. 18, 1958–1961, member of Editorial Committee (1st year), Legislative Studies Committee (4th Sec.), Cinematography Development Committee, and Foreign Relations Committee. e—None. f—Private secretary to rector of UNAM, 1920; 1st secretary to Chile, 1920, 1923; chargé d’affaires, Chile, 1922, 1924–1925; 1st secretary and adviser, Mexican embassy, Washington, DC, 1925; inspector, Mexican consulates in the United States, 1926; legal adviser, Commercial Aviation Commission, Washington, DC, 1927; secretary-general and technical adviser, Mexican delegation to Inter‑American Conference, Havana, 1928; official adviser, League of Nations, 1930–1931; diplomatic counselor to Paris, 1929; Mexican delegate, 1st Conference on the Codification of International Law, The Hague, 1930; adviser to Mexican ambassador to Spain, 1931; director, Department of Fine Arts (first appointee), 1934; director general of cinematographic supervision, Secretariat of Government, 1947; ambassador to UNESCO, 1949–1952. g—Member, Athenaeum Youth, 1909;

member, Seven Wise Men student generation at UNAM. h—Founder and director, Revista de Literatura Mexicana, 1940; author and editor of many books. i—Knew Jaime Torres Bodet and Luis Garrido Díaz at National Preparatory School; married María Rafaela Espino. j—None. k—None. l—DEM, 75; DGF47, 72; Enc. Mex., II, 213–214; Peral, 167; C de D, 1958–1960, 74; Func., 193; Novo, 389; WWLA35, 88; López, 185; Enc. Mex., II, 425–426; Excélsior, Jan. 8, 1981, 4; www.academia.org.mx, 2008. Castro López, Florentino a—June 20, 1949. b—Las Juntas de Chamicari, Guasave, Sinaloa. c—Early education unknown; law degree, University of Sinaloa, 1968–1973; professor, University of Sinaloa, 1972–1974, University of Puebla, 1974–1975, University of Hidalgo, 1979–1984, ITAM, 1980. d—Federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. 40, 1994–1997; plurinominal federal deputy from PRI, 2000–2003. e—Member, PCM. f—Manager of industrial relations and car construction, National Railroads of Mexico, 1975–1977; general manager of industrial relations, National Diesel, 1978–1979; director of industrial relations, DINA, 1979–1982; IMSS regional delegate to Hidalgo, 1983–1985; chief of orientation services, Secretariat of Labor, 1987–1988; director general of civic action, Department of the Federal District, 1988–1990; delegate from Iztapalapa to Department of the Federal District, 1988–1994; assistant attorney of verification, Federal Consumer Agency, 1997–2000. g—President, Student Society of the Law School, University of Sinaloa, 1972. h—Manager of industrial relations, Renault of Mexico, 1977–1978. i—Son of Fortino Castro Ángulo and Edwiges López Morales; married María del Rosario García Sánchez, educator. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM94, CD; DBGM89, 83. Castro Lozano, Juan de Dios

a—Mar. 25, 1942. b—Torreón, Coahuila. c—Accounting studies, 1954–1957; teaching certificate, 1960–1963; law degree, School of Law, University of Coahuila, 1970–1976;

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MA in labor law, University of Coahuila, 1982–1985; teacher, 1962; professor, IberoAmerican University, Torreón Campus, 1984. d—Plurinominal federal deputy from PAN, 1979–1982, 1985–1988, 1991–1994; senator from Durango, 1994–2000; plurinominal federal deputy, 2003–2004. e—Joined PAN, 1963; national adviser to PAN, 1967; member of CEN of PAN; representative of CEN of PAN to Federal Electoral Institute, 1988–1994. f—Secretary of agreements, Civil Court, 1975–1976; judge, Civil and Criminal Court, 1977–1979; legal adviser to president of Mexico, 2000–2003, 2004–2006; assistant secretary of human rights, Office of the Attorney General of Mexico, 2007. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Juan de Dios Castro Hernández, baker, and Socorro Lozano; married Olga Elvira Muñoz Estrada; sister María del Rosario Castro Lozano, mayor of Ciudad Lerdo, local deputy to State Legislature of Coahuila, and candidate for governor, 1988. j—None. k—None. l—QesQ en el Congreso, 1997–2000, 261; Pérez Franco, 71; DBGM92, 441–442; DBGM87, 454; Musacchio, 85; www.secgob, 1997, 2007; www .presidencia.gob.mx, 2006. Castro (Rivera), Jesús Agustín

(Deceased Mar. 22, 1954) a—Aug. 15, 1887. b—Rancho de Eureka, Ciudad Lerdo, Durango. c—Elementary studies in public schools of Durango, had to leave school for financial reasons; no degree. d—Senator from State of Durango, 1924–1928; governor, Durango, 1921–1924. e—None. f—Governor, Chiapas, 1914–1915; governor, Oaxaca, 1915–1916; assistant secretary of national defense, 1917–1918, in charge of the secretariat; secretary of national defense, 1939–1940. g—None. h—Conductor for a streetcar company, 1910. i—Son of José F. Castro, middle-class rancher; close friend of Enrique Nájera, who followed Castro as governor of Durango, 1924–1927, when Castro was military commander of the state; Castro’s personal political organization supported Nájera. j—Led 127 men against Díaz government, Nov. 20, 1910;

joined the Revolution, 1911, serving under General Pablo González; rank of colonel, 1911; fought under Francisco Madero; joined Venustiano Carranza, 1913; rank of brigade general, Oct. 17, 1914; division general, 1920; military commander, Tlaxcala, Puebla, and Veracruz, 1918; commander, 10th Military Zone, Durango, 1935–1936; commander, 5th Military Zone, Chihuahua, Chihuahua, 1936–1937. k—Ran for president of Mexico, 1946. l—Lieuwen, DP70, 406; Gruening, 423–425; Peral, 166–167; D de Y, Jan. 24, 1939, 1; EBW46, 1133; Q es Q, 115–116; Enc. Mex., II, 423; López, 184; NYT, Jan. 28, 1946, 9; Dávila, 81–82. Castro Rosas, Alberto a—Oct. 8, 1946. b—Nazas, Durango. c—Early education unknown; mechanical engineering degree, Heroic Naval Military College, Jan. 8, 1964– 1970; MA in science, United States, 1982– 1984; MA, Center of Higher Naval Studies, 1987–1988; MA, Naval Postgraduate School, 1982–1984, with thesis on decision making; professor, Heroic Naval Military College, 1975–1977; professor, Center of Higher Naval Studies, 1984–1988; chief, Department of Tactical Simulation, Center of Higher Naval Studies, 1984; assistant director, Center of Higher Naval Studies. d—None. e—None. f—Naval attaché, Mexican embassy, Rome. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Ruperto Castro Lozano, peasant, and María del Refugio Bautista; married Teresa Argudín Acua. j—Career naval officer; fleet officer, 1970–1976; director of operations research, Division of Organizations and Systems, 1984–1987; director of assistance, Personnel Division, 1988–1989; director general of organizations and systems, 1989; chief of staff, 12th Naval Zone; chief of staff, 10th Naval Zone; aide to assistant secretary of the navy; aide to secretary of the navy; commander of the fleet, Manzanillo, Colima; chief of staff, 4th Regiment and 14th Naval Zone; director general of personnel, 2000; chief of staff, Secretariat of the Navy, 2001– 2003. k—None.l—DBGM89, 83; DBGM89, 83; www.semar.gob.mx, 2003.

190  m e xic a n p oli t i c a l b i o g ra ph i e s , 1935–20 0 9 Castro Sánchez, Juventino (Deceased Feb. 3, 2006) a—1921. b—Amealco, Querétaro. c—Early education unknown; accounting degree. d—Local deputy, 34th State Legislature of Querétaro; mayor, Querétaro, 1961–1964; local deputy, 41st State Legislature of Querétaro, 1964–1965; governor, Querétaro, 1967–1973. e—President of PRI, State of Querétaro. f—Director of traffic, Querétaro, 1946–1949; director of transportation, State of Mexico, 1974. g—Secretarygeneral, Union of Millers, Querétaro, 1939–1941; secretary of labor conflicts, Mexican Federation of Workers, Querétaro, 1941– 1943; secretary of finances, CTM, Querétaro, 1943–1946; secretary of interior, Federation of Bus Companies, Mexico, 1949–1954. h—Started career as millstone cutter for private milling company; operated own bus company, 1954–1961. j—None. k—¿Por Qué? accused his gubernatorial administration of being dishonest; Excélsior said in 1974 that Governor Castro Sánchez and his secretarygeneral of government were ordered to appear in court on charges of fraud involving 700,000 pesos. l—WWMG, 12; Excélsior, Feb. 28, 1974, 4; Excélsior, Oct. 1, 1974, 16; Por Qué?, Dec. 4, 1969, 21; www.terra .com.mx, 2008. Castro Villagrana, José (Deceased 1960) a—Mar. 10, 1888. b—Zacatecas, Zacatecas. c—Elementary and secondary studies in Zacatecas, Extension School of Normal School of Zacatecas, preparatory at Institute of Sciences in Zacatecas; medical degree from National School of Medicine, UNAM, 1914, with thesis on treatment of acute peritonitis; professor of anatomy, National School of Medicine, UNAM, 1912– 1922; professor of therapeutics and surgery, Juárez Hospital, Mexico City; professor, National School of Medicine, 1944–1950; director, National School of Medicine, 1950–1954. d—None. e—None. f—Director, Juárez Hospital, 1929–1939; head of medical services, Union of Mexican Electricians, 1937–1946; assistant secretary of health, 1958–1960. g—None. h—Intern, Juárez

Hospital, 1914; preparer of culture mediums, Bacteriological Institute, Mexico City, 1913– 1915; assistant, Clinical Laboratory, National School of Medicine, 1915–1918; prosector of topographical anatomy, National School of Medicine, 1919–1922; surgeon, Juárez Hospital, 1946; president and cofounder, Mexican Academy of Surgery, 1942–1946; editor of Postoperative and Preoperative medical journal; responsible for introducing televised instruction at National School of Medicine; author of numerous articles on therapeutics and surgery. i—Son of José María Castro; married Concepción Joublanc; sons Xavier and Bernardo were prominent physicians in Mexico City; José Álvarez Amézquita, secretary of health, 1958–1964, interned under him. j—None. k—None. l—HA, Dec. 22, 1958, 7; Peral 47, 81; EBW46; DP70, 409; HA, Aug. 4, 1944, 7; Enc. Mex., II, 214; WB48, 1029; Libro Azul, 114; WNM, 40; letter. Castro y Castro, Fernando a—Mar. 18, 1925. b—Federal District. c—Preparatory studies at Colegio Franco-Español, Mexico City; legal studies at National School of Law, UNAM, 1943–1947, graduating in 1949 with thesis titled “The Legal Fundamentals in the Relations between Church and State”; graduate studies at School of Philosophy and Letters, UNAM; course in general administration at Mexican Association of Scientific Administration; courses in budgeting and costs and organization of office work at Center of Industrial Productivity; professor of sociology, National School of Law, UNAM, 1962–1964; professor of administrative law, Ibero-American University. d—None. e—Adviser to president of PRI, Federal District, 1953–1958; secretarygeneral, 39th District Committee, Federal District, 1979. f—Legal adviser to José Cándano, Department of the Federal District, 1948–1950; legal agent, PIPSA, 1949–1952; private secretary to secretary of public health, 1951–1952; assistant director, National Bank of Small Businesses, 1960–1964; secretary, ISSSTE Council, 1960; secretary, National Advisory Commission of Fishing,

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1962–1964; oficial mayor, Secretariat of the Navy, 1964–1970; director-in-chief, Secretariat of Foreign Relations, with rank of ambassador, 1970; director general of international affairs, Secretariat of Labor, 1970– 1976; director general, Fertilizers of Central America, 1977–1979; manager of advertising and information, CONASUPO, 1979–1982; assistant secretary of fishing infrastructure, 1982–1988. g—None. h—Technical adviser to Jesús Rodríguez y Rodríguez, IMSS, 1956; legal adviser to assistant secretary of credit, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1960; member, Castro and González Guevara law firm, 1948–1966; lawyer, Legal Department, National Lottery, 1957–1958, under Carlos Girón; technical adviser, CONASUPO, 1961; director, Miguel Alemán Foundation, 2004. i—Son of Federico Castro Olea, banker, and Mercedes Castro Chauvert; friend of Rafael P. Gamboa, secretary of public health, 1946–1952; married Elena Estrada Viesca; brother Juventino Castro y Castro was Supreme Court justice, 1995–2003; met Adm. Antonio Vázquez while serving on National Fishing Committee; attended preparatory school and law school with Emilio Rabasa, and law school with Carlos Girón; studied under Jesús Rodríguez y Rodríguez and Antonio Carrillo Flores. j—None. k—None. l—DBM68, 135–136; DPE71, 6; letter; DBGM, 85; QesQAP, 409; IEPES. Castro y Castro, Juventino Víctor

a—July 16, 1918. b—Nuevo Laredo, Tamaulipas. c—Early education unknown; law degree, National School of Law, UNAM, 1936–1940; studies in humanities, UNAM, 1936–1938; LLD, National School of law, UNAM, 1950–1951; professor of second course in constitutional law, Free Law School, 1969–1995; professor of guarantees, National School of Law, UNAM, 1992. d—Plurinominal federal deputy from PRD, 2009–1912. e—None. f—Secretary of studies and accounts, Supreme Court of Justice, under Justices José Castro Estrada and Fernando de la Fuente; assistant director, director, and legal counsel, National Lottery,

1954–1977; legal director, Gran Comisión, Chamber of Deputies, 1977–1979; legal secretary to assistant secretary of government, Secretariat of Government, 1979–1982; director general of legal affairs, Office of the Attorney General of Mexico, 1982–1988; director general of legal affairs, Office of the Attorney General of the Federal District, 1988–1991; general legal coordinator, Office of the Attorney General of Mexico, 1991– 1993; director general of Amparo, Office of the Attorney General of Mexico, 1994–1995; justice, Supreme Court, 1995–2003, retired Jan. 26, 2003. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Federico Castro Olea, banker, and Mercedes Castro Chauvert; married María Cristina Sarinzana Nátera, children’s therapist; brother Fernando Castro y Castro was oficial mayor of the navy, 1964–1970. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM89, 84; www.scjn.gob .mx, 136, Mar. 29, 2000; Pescador, 130–131. Catalán Calvo, Gerardo Rafael

(Deceased) a—Oct. 3, 1894. b—Chilpancingo, Guerrero. c—Preparatory studies in Chilpancingo; industrial engineering degree, National School of Agriculture and National Military College, 1923; studied in United States, 1930–1932; professor of math and ballistics, National Military College, 1926–1927; director of military studies, Secretariat of National Defense, 1933–1934; technical consultant, National Military College. d—Governor, Guerrero, 1941–1945. e—None. f—None. g—None. h—None. i—Brother Felipe was treasurer of Federal District; son of Delfino Catalán, one of the last hacendados in Mazatlán, Guerrero. j—Joined the Revolution in 1914; career army officer; rank of lieutenant colonel, 1930; brigadier general, Oct. 1, 1943; commander of various military units, 1934–1940. k—President Manuel Ávila Camacho attended his inauguration as governor of Guerrero. l—WWM45, 241; HA, May 28, 1943, 16; Peral, 169; HA, Sept. 15, 1944, 9; Correa, 51; EBW46, 60; WB48, 1030; Excélsior, Feb. 18, 1976, 5; www.mimazatlan .com.mx, 2008; www.mazatlango.tripod.com .mx, 2008.

192  m e xic a n p oli t i c a l b i o g ra ph i e s , 1935–20 0 9 Cavazos Cortés, Gerardo (Deceased 15 Oct. 2001) a—Jan. 8, 1942. b—Villa de Santiago, Nuevo León. c—Secondary studies in Mexico; completed technical training in mechanics, Technological Institute of Nuevo León; instructor in basic education, Federal Electric Commission. d—Federal deputy from State of Nuevo León, Dist. 3, 1973–1976; federal deputy from State of Mexico, Dist. 2, 1982–1985. e—President of PRI, Villa de Santiago, Nuevo León; assistant secretary-general of PRI, State of Nuevo León; general delegate of CEN of PRI. f—Technician, Federal Electric Commission, 1963–1982; director of industrial development, State of Nuevo León. g—Organizer of 14 unions in Nuevo León; representative of CEN of SUTERM in Nuevo León; secretary of labor and organization, Union of Electrical Workers, Federal Electric Commission, Villa de Santiago; secretary of organization, SUTERM, State of Nuevo León, 1977–1983. h—Designer, Medalla de Oro Textile Co., 1958–1960; designer, Trailers de Monterrey, SA, 1960–1963. i—Son of Francisco Cavazos Villarreal and Francisca Cortés Silva; married Dora Caballero. j—None. k—None. l—Directorio, 1982–1985; C de D, 1973–1976; Lehr, 2; DBGM, 487. Cavazos Lerma, Manuel a—March 3, 1946. b—Matamoros, Tamaulipas. c—Elementary studies at Model School, Matamoros; secondary and preparatory studies, José de Jesús de la Garza School, Matamoros; preparatory studies at ITESM, Monterrey; economics degree from Monterrey Institute of Higher Studies, 1963–1968; MA and studies toward a PhD, London School of Economics, 1969–1972; professor of economic geography, ITESM, 1968; professor of economics, Autonomous Technological Institute of Mexico, Mexico City, 1972–1980. d—Federal deputy from State of Tamaulipas, Dist. 8, 1982–1985; federal deputy from State of Tamaulipas, Dist. 8, 1988–1991; senator from State of Tamaulipas, 1991–1993; governor, Tamaulipas, 1993–1999. e—Joined PRI, 1972; adviser to IEPES of PRI, 1973–1974;

assistant director of development projects, IEPES of PRI, 1981–1982; general delegate of CEN of CNOP of PRI to Guadalajara; general delegate of CEN of CNOP of PRI to San Luis Potosí, 2003; general delegate of CEN of CNOP of PRI to Baja California, 2004; general delegate of CEN of CNOP of PRI to Coahuila, 2005; general delegate of CEN of CNOP of PRI to Yucatán, 2006. f—Analyst, Bank of Mexico, 1968–1969; chief of monetary studies, Bank of Mexico, 1972–1976; adviser, international economics, Bank of Mexico, 1977–1978; collaborator, Global Development Plan, Secretariat of Programming and Budget, 1979; director of international economic policy, Secretariat of Programming and Budget, 1980–1982; oficial mayor of government, 1985–1988. g—Secretary of development planning, CNOP, 1982– 1984; coordinator of delegates, Secretariat of Social Development, 1999. h—None. i—Son of Manuel Cavazos Rodríguez, chauffer, and Clara Lerma Sánchez; Tomás Yarrington was his political disciple. j—None. k—First graduate of ITESM to reach level of oficial mayor in federal executive branch. l—DBGM89, 416; DBGM92, 442; Excélsior, Jan. 13, 1985, 27A; DBGM, 488; DBGM87, 88; Lehr, 475; www.es.wikipedia.org, 2007. Cebreros (Murillo), José Alfonso

a—Jan. 15, 1946. b—Culiacán, Sinaloa. c—Elementary and secondary studies in Culiacán; economics studies (2 years) in Culiacán, 1963–1965; economics degree from National School of Economics, UNAM, 1965–1967, with thesis titled “External Disequilibrium: The Task of Development and Economic Policy,” July 19, 1974. d—None. e—Coordinator of advisers, CEN of PRI, 1987–1988. f—Economist, Department of Petrochemicals, Division of Control and Inspection of Decentralized Agencies, Secretariat of Government Properties, 1966–1968; head, Department of Petrochemicals, Secretariat of Government Properties, 1968–1969; assistant to director of control and inspection, Secretariat of Government Properties, Horacio Flores de la Peña,

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1969–1970; private secretary to secretary of government properties, Horacio Flores de la Peña, 1970–1974; director general of studies and projects, Secretariat of Government Properties, 1974–1976; assistant secretary of government properties, 1976; secretarygeneral, Department of Fishing, 1977–1978; assistant secretary of programming, Secretariat of Programming and Budget, 1978–1979; director general, BANPESCA, 1980–1982; coordinator, National Food Committee, Secretariat of Programming and Budget, 1984–1987; coordinator of advisers, Secretariat of Agriculture and Hydraulic Resources, 1988–1990. g—President, National Chamber of Maize Manufacturers, 2005; vice president, National Agribusiness Council, 2005. h—Member, Technical Planning Committee, UNAM, 1968–1970; author of various books and articles on economics; director of government relations, Maseca. i—Son of José Alfonso Cebreros Loaiza, public official, and María Luisa Murillo; married Azalea Zurita Ojeja; student of Horacio Flores de la Peña. j—None. k—None. l—Letter, Excélsior, Sept. 6, 1977; Excélsior, Jan. 26, 1978; DBGM89, 84. Cedillo (Martínez), Saturnino

(Deceased Jan. 11, 1939) a—Nov. 29, 1890. b—Rancho de Palomas, San Luis Potosí. c—Completed only elementary school. d—Governor, San Luis Potosí, 1927–1931. e—Active member, National Agrarian Party; head of agrarian sector, PNR, 1934. f—Auxiliary judge, Palomas, San Luis Potosí; secretary of agriculture, 1931; secretary of agriculture and livestock, 1935–1937. g—None. h—Auxiliary judge, Palomas, 1912. i—Son of Amadeo Cedillo and Pantaleona Martínez, peasants; brothers Magdaleno and Cleofás both fought with Saturnino under Emiliano Zapata and were killed during the Revolution; longtime friend of Gildardo Magaña beginning when they fought together under Zapata; tried to persuade Magaña to support him in his fight against President Cárdenas. j—Joined the Revolution in 1911; supported Pascual Orozco against Francisco I. Madero, 1912; supported Plan

of Agua Prieta, 1920; commander of military operations, San Luis Potosí, 1920–1927; fought against de la Huerta rebellion in 1923; fought against Cristero rebellion; supported the government against Escobar, 1929; commander‑in‑chief, Central Division, 1926; division general, 1928; commander of military operations, San Luis Potosí, 1935. k—Imprisoned by Victoriano Huerta, 1912–1914; supporter and, later, political enemy of Gov. Aurelio Manrique, 1924–1925; gave Lázaro Cárdenas the decisive help of agrarian sectors, 1934–1935; resigned cabinet post to protest governmental policies and become head of a rebellious military movement, 1938; killed in the fighting, 1939; member of Inner Circle, 1934–1937; attacked in media by Graciano Sánchez for his large landholdings. l—D de S, June 17, 1935, 1; Gruening, 311; DP70, 417; Kirk, 40, 66–67; Dulles; Brandenburg, 80; González Navarro, 150–151; Weyl, 234; Novo35; Daniels, 259– 260; Q es Q, 117–118; Alonso, 130. Celis Campos, Jesús A. (Deceased) a—Aug. 26, 1895. b—Bamoa, Sinaloa. c—Elementary studies in Álamos and Navajoa, Sonora; no degree. d—Senator from State of Sinaloa, 1952–1958, 1st secretary of 1st National Defense Committee, Military Health Committee, and 1st Instructive Sec. of grand jury, 2nd secretary of Military Justice Committee, member of 1st Balloting Group, and president of War Matériel Committee. e—None. f—Military attaché, Special Mission to Peru, 1921; military attaché, Guatemala, 1922–1923; director, military prison of Santiago Tlatelolco, 1925; commander of infantry, Federal District Police; assistant director, Federal District Police, 1932; director of traffic, Federal District; ambassador to Dominican Republic and Haiti, 1944–1945. g—None. i—Son of Salvador Celis and Dorotea Campos; brother of Juan M. Celis Campos, director general of infantry, Secretariat of National Defense, 1971–1972, and division general. j—Joined the army, 1913; 2nd lieutenant on general staff of Benjamín Hill, Sept. 13, 1913; career

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officer; rank of lieutenant colonel, 1921; rank of lieutenant colonel in artillery awarded by Peruvian government, 1921; fought against de la Huerta rebellion as assistant director of Department of Cavalry, Secretariat of War, 1923; commander of various cavalry companies, 1932–1942; commander of various military zones; rank of division general, Dec. 31, 1952. k—None. l—Ind. Biog., 41–42; DGF56, 7, 9–13; DP95, 685. Ceniceros (Andónequi), José Ángel

(Deceased Apr. 24, 1979) a—June 8, 1900. b—Durango, Durango. c—Elementary studies in Mexico City, 1906–1911; normal school studies at National Normal School, Mexico City, 1912–1915; teaching certificate from National Normal School of Mexico, 1921; law degree from Free Law School, Apr. 25, 1925, with thesis titled “Penal Law of Bolshevik Russia”; doctor of laws, National School of Law, UNAM, 1950; professor, National Teachers’ School, 1921–1940; professor, National School of Law, UNAM, 1937–1944, Free Law School, 1928–1934, and Higher Normal School, Mexico City, 1928–1934. d—None. e—Director, El Nacional, published by PRI, 1936. f—Agent, Ministerio Público; public defender, Secretariat of National Defense; adviser to secretary of the navy; oficial mayor, Secretariat of Foreign Relations; attorney general of military justice, 1931–1932; assistant attorney general of Mexico, 1932–1934; assistant secretary of foreign relations, 1935–1936; ambassador to Cuba, 1944–1947; secretary of public education, 1952–1958; ambassador to Haiti, 1947. g—None. h—Adviser to NAFIN; author of numerous articles; director, Industrial Company of Atenquique, Guadalajara, 1941; president, Phillips Mexicana; practicing lawyer, 1970–1979. i—Attended law school with Ernesto Enríquez Coyro; son of Felipe Ceniceros Villarreal and Guadalupe Andónequi; married Amalia Hernández. j—Joined Constitutionalist forces under Álvaro Obregón, 1915, as normal school student with J. Jesús González Lugo and Roberto T. Bonilla Cortés; rank of 2nd lieutenant, 1915; rank of

infantry captain, 1915. k—None. l—DBM68, 139; WWM45, 24–25; HA, Dec. 5, 1952, 9; DGF56, 299; HA, Jan. 13, 1958; HA, Feb. 25, 1956, 61; D de Y, Dec. 2, 1972; Enc. Mex., II, 450–451; Alonso, 227; HA, May 7, 1979, 11; Maples Arce, 161–162; DP95, 687; letter.

Ceniceros (Bocanegra), Severiano (Deceased June 15, 1937) a—1875.

b—Cuencamé, Durango. c—Early education unknown; no degree. d—Senator from State of Durango, 1920–1922;, 1932–1934. e—None. f—Interim governor, Durango, 1936. g—None. j—Revolutionary soldier; took part in taking Durango from federal forces, 1911; joined Carranza, 1911; supported Madero, 1910–1911, and fought with Calixto Contreras in Cuencamé; fought against Pascual Orozco, 1912; joined constitutionalists against Victoriano Huerta, 1913; governor and military commander of Durango, Sept. 28, 1914–Oct. 13, 1915; participated in Convention of Aguascalientes, 1914–1915; officer under Francisco Villa; served under Francisco Murguía, 1916–1919; reached rank of division general. k—Opposed Díaz, and jailed, 1908–1909. l—Q es Q, 119; NYT, Dec. 17, 1935, 1; DP95, 688. Cepeda Dávila, Ignacio (Deceased June 22, 1947) a—Nov. 24, 1904. b—Arteaga, Coahuila. c—Elementary studies at normal school annex, Saltillo, Coahuila. d—Mayor, Arteaga, 1931–1933; local deputy, 35th State Legislature of Coahuila, 1941–1943; mayor, Saltillo, 1943–1945; governor, Coahuila, 1945–1947. e—None. f—None. g—None. h—Began working in agriculture in Sierra de Arteaga at age 11 to support family. i—Son of Abraham Cepeda de la Fuente, important revolutionary figure killed in Xochimilco, Dec. 31, 1915, and María del Refugio Dávila; cousin of Ramón Cepeda Flores, governor of Coahuila, 1951–1957; married Estela Flores Garza, 1932. j—None. k—Committed suicide while in office; confronted a political group loyal to Miguel Alemán, with whom he had a poor relationship. l—www.coahuila.gob.mx, 2007; www .eswikipedia.org, 2008.

t he b io g ra phies  195 Cepeda Flores, Ramón (Deceased Nov. 2, 1970) a—Apr. 8, 1907. b—Saltillo, Coahuila. c—Elementary studies, 1st–4th grades, under Josefina Calderón, Arteaga, Coahuila, 1917–1921, and 5th and 6th grades while living with maternal grandparents in Saltillo, 1921–1922; 2 years of preparatory at Ateneo Fuente, Saltillo; business studies at Navarro Academy, Saltillo; no degree. d—Member, City Council, Torreón, Coahuila, 1946–1948; mayor, Torreón, 1949–1951; governor, Coahuila, 1951–1957. e—President of PRI, Torreón, 1944–1945. g—None. h—Rancher, 1928–1937, Arteaga; moved to Torreón, 1937; founder and CEO, Pasteurizadota Laguna, which became nationally known Grupo Lala, a leading milk distributor in Mexico. i—Great‑grandfather Juan Antonio de la Fuente served as minister to France; uncle Rafael Cepeda de la Fuente was a brigadier general, constitutional deputy, 1916–1917, and governor of San Luis Potosí; father, Ramón Cepeda de la Fuente, rancher and colonel in the Revolution, was persecuted by Victoriano Huerta; mother, Elena Flores; uncle Mariano Flores fought under father during the Revolution, reached the rank of brigadier general and served as governor of San Luis Potosí; mother is great-niece of Mucío and Pedro Martínez, major figures in 19thcentury Coahuila politics; uncle Abraham Cepeda de la Fuente was killed in action during the Revolution; Ramón is a cousin of Ignacio Cepeda Dávila; related to Abraham Cepeda Izaguirre, federal deputy from Coahuila, 1982–1985; manager of an hacienda for Miguel Alemán, who became a close friend, along with Raúl López Sánchez and Carlos I. Serrano. j—None. k—Cuéllar Valdés suggests that Cepeda Flores probably obtained governorship through his relationship with Alemán. l—HA, Dec. 3, 1956, 12; DGF56, 91; HA, Nov. 29, 1954; López, 192; Rodríguez Barragán; Moreno, 113–117; Cuéllar, 244. Cerdán (Lara), Jorge (Deceased Aug. 15, 1958) a—July 23, 1897. b—Jalapa, Veracruz. c—Elementary and secondary studies at Liceo Hidalgo, under Prof. Joaquín

Vázquez Trigos, Jalapa; preparatory studies at University of Veracruz, Jalapa; began legal studies in 1921 at University of Veracruz and continued them at Ciudad Victoria, Tamaulipas; law degree from University of Veracruz, specializing in finance, June 7, 1935. d—Local deputy, State Legislature of Veracruz, 1930–1932; governor, Veracruz, 1940–1944. f—Director of the treasury, State of Veracruz, 1916; treasurer general of Veracruz, 1936–1939. g—None. h—Employee, Treasury Department, State of Veracruz, 1911–1913; practicing lawyer, Mexico City, 1945–1959. i—Son of Alfredo Cerdán and Elena Lara, teacher; member of Maximino Ávila Camacho’s political group. j—Office worker, Constitutional Army, Eastern Division, 1914–1916. k—None. l—WWM45, 25; DP70, 424; Peral, 174; EBW46, 74; WB48, 1042; López, 193; Pasquel, Jalapa, 125–126; www.veracruz.gob.mx, 2008. Cerecedo López, Felipe a—Feb. 5, 1921. b—Chicontepec, Veracruz. c—Elementary studies at Rafael Valenzuela Elementary School, Chicontepec; secondary studies at National Teachers’ School; teaching certificate, Normal School of Chiapas; elementary school teacher. d—Federal deputy from State of Veracruz, Dist. 2, 1970–1973, member of Public Assistance Committee, Agrarian Affairs Committee, 2nd Ejido Committee, Railroads Committee, and Committee on Subsistence and Supplies; federal deputy from State of Veracruz, Dist. 2, 1976–1979, member of Ejido and Communal Sec. of Agrarian Affairs Committee. e—Founder and coordinator general, PPS, Veracruz. f—None. g—Founder and secretary-general, Alliance of Farmers’ Groups of Northern Veracruz. h—Director of elementary school–level boarding school (22 years). i—Married Ernestina Díaz. j—None. k—None. l—C de D, 1970–1972; Directorio, 1970–1972; D de C, 1976–1979, 12. Cerisola y Weber, Pedro a—Mar. 13, 1949. b—Federal District. c—Elementary and secondary studies at Instituto México; preparatory studies at CUM; architectural

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studies, UNAM, 1967–1968; architectural degree, Ibero-American University, 1968–1971, graduating with thesis on a hotel in Taxco; completed higher management progam, Pan American Institute of Higher Management, 1989–1990; professor of architecture, UNAM, 1984; professor of architecture, Ibero-American University, 1970–1973. d—None. e—Joined PRI, 1976; joined PAN, 1999; manager of Vicente Fox’s presidential campaign, 1999–2000. f—Director of planning and evaluation, Popular Housing Fund, 1973–1975; director, Projects Department, Airports and Auxiliary Services, 1975–1977; director general, Mexico City Airport, 1979–1980; director of transportation and civil aeronautics, Secretariat of Communications and Transportation, 1983–1985; secretary of communications and transportation, 2000–2006. g—None. h—Assistant director of commercial operations, Aeronaves de México, 1980–1982; director of commercial operations, Aeronaves de México, 1989–1991; director of operations, TELMEX, 1991–1999; adviser, SERFIN, 1989–1998. i—Son of Alejandro Cerisola Benvenuti, lawyer, and Renée Weber Soto; married María Elena Cabrera Martínez. j—None. k—None. l—Musacchio, 88; DBGM87, 90; DdeY, Dec. 1, 2000. Cervantes Aguirre, Enrique a—Jan. 20, 1935. b—Puebla, Puebla. c—Elementary studies at Pacheco y Henning School, Puebla, 1943–1948; secondary at Venustiano Carranza Secondary School, Puebla, 1949–1951; preparatory studies at Heroic Military College, 1952–1955, graduating as 2nd artillery lieutenant, Jan. 1, 1955; staff and command diploma, Higher War College, 1960–1962; professor, School of Military Classes, Puebla, 1955–1959; professor of higher arms course, Irapuato, 1963–1964; professor of geopolitics, general strategy, and artillery tactics, Higher War College, 1971–1972; director, Heroic Military College, 1980–1982. d—None. e—None. f—Aide to military attaché, Mexican embassy, Washington, DC, 1968–1970; military attaché, Mexican embassy, Madrid,

1978–1980; military attaché, Mexican embassy, Washington, DC, 1986–1988; secretary of national defense, 1994–2000. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Pedro Cervantes Torres, laborer, and Victoria Aguirre Gutiérrez; married Martha Martínez Flores; brother Pedro, a career officer. j—Career army officer; officer, 105MM Mechanical Brigade, 1955; rank of 1st lieutenant, 1957; officer, 2nd Artillery Battalion, 105MM, San Juan Teotihuacán, State of Mexico; rank of 2nd captain, Nov. 20, 1961; officer, chief of staff, 16th Military Zone, Irapuato, 1963–1964; rank of 1st captain, Jan. 1, 1964; aide to private secretary of secretary of national defense, Félix Galván, 1964–1968; rank of major, Nov. 20, 1967; company commander, 27th Infantry Battalion, 1967; rank of lieutenant colonel, 1971; chief of instruction, 27th Infantry Battalion, 1970–1971; assistant chief of staff, 35th Military Zone, Chilpancingo, Guerrero, 1972–1974; participated in antiguerrilla conflict in Guerrero, 1972–1976; chief, Sec. 3, staff, Secretariat of National Defense, 1974; chief of staff, 27th Military Zone, Acapulco, 1974–1976; rank of colonel, 1974; private secretary to secretary of national defense, General Félix Galván, 1976–1978; rank of brigadier general, 1978; rank of brigade general, 1980; commander, 31st Military Zone and 7th Region, Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas, 1983–1985; commander, 7th Military Zone and 4th Military Region, Monterrey, Nuevo León, 1985–1986; commander, 1st Military Zone, Federal District, 1988; director general of military industries, Secretariat of National Defense, 1988–1994; rank of division general, 1986. k—None. l—DBGM89, 86; Rev. de Ejer., Dec., 1994, 65; DdeY, Oct. 7, 2003; www.sedena.gob.mx, 2006; El Financiero, Dec. 1, 1994, 52; DBGM92, 89; El Financiero, Sept. 27, 1994, 52. Cervantes Andrade, Raúl a—June 3, 1963. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; degree in corporate law, Ibero-American University, 1982–1986; specialization in finance law, Pan American University, 1991; specialization in criminal law, Pan American University,

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1992; LLD, Pan American University, 2002. d—Plurinominal federal deputy from PRI, 2000–2003, 2006–2009. e—Joined PRI, 1999; member, National Political Council of PRI, 2003; coordinator of legal affairs, CEN of PRI, 2003. f—None. g—Director, National Chamber of Tourism and Tour Buses. h—Director general, CEA Lawyers, SC, 1986. i—Son of Héctor Cervantes de la Garza and Leonor Andrade Borrego; married Priscila Aceves. j—None. k—None. l—Musacchio, 88; Directorio del Congreso, 2006–2009, 397; DCM, 2000–2003, 411; QesQ en el Congreso, 2000–2003, 161–162; www.diputados.gob.mx, 2007. Cervantes Corona, José Guadalupe

a—May 24, 1924. b—Teúl de González Ortega, Zacatecas. c—Teaching certificate, Zacatecas; law degree, School of Law, University of Zacatecas; elementary school teacher, 1940–1950; professor of pedagogy and logic, Manuel Ávila Camacho Normal School, Zacatecas. d—Federal deputy from State of Zacatecas, Dist. 3, 1961–1964; senator from State of Zacatecas, 1976–1980; governor, Zacatecas, 1980–1986. e—General delegate of CEN of PRI to many states; delegate of CEN of PRI to Campeche, 1974. f—Director of public education, State of Zacatecas, 1950–1953; press director, State of Zacatecas, 1953–1956; oficial mayor, Zacatecas, 1956–1957; secretary-general of government, State of Zacatecas; private secretary to Francisco E. García, his political mentor; administrative official, Department of the Federal District, 1970–1971. g—Secretary of organization of CEN of CNC, 1979. h—Editor-in-chief, Providencia, Zacatecas, 1953– 1960. i—Considered close to political group of Óscar Ramírez Mijares. j—None. k—PRI precandidate for governor of Zacatecas, 1974; selection as gubernatorial candidate in 1980 seen as stimulus to politicians pursuing PRI party careers. l—Excélsior, Dec. 17, 1979, 18; HA, Mar. 17, 1980, 25; Excélsior, Feb. 25, 1980, 22A; Excélsior, July 19, 1979, 19A; C de D, 1961–1964; C de S, 1976–1982; Almanaque de México, 1982, 430.

Cervantes Delgado, Alejandro

(Deceased Sept. 17, 2000) a—Jan. 24, 1926. b—Chilpancingo, Guerrero. c—Teaching certificate, National Teachers’ College; economics degree, National School of Economics, UNAM, 1944–1948, degree, June 26, 1958, with thesis titled “Aspects of Public Expenditures and Taxation in Mexico”; professor of theory of finance and public finance, National School of Economics, UNAM; elementary school teacher. d—Federal deputy from State of Guerrero, Dist. 3, 1973–1976; senator from Guerrero, 1976–1980, secretary of Gran Comisión, 1976–1980; governor, Guerrero, 1981–1987. e—Director general, IEPES of CEN of PRI, 1978–1980. f—Assistant director of planning, National Railroads of Mexico, 1972– 1973; controller general, National Railroads of Mexico, 1972–1973; director of treasury and economy, State of Guerrero, 1963–1965; director, Office of Fiscal Policy, State of Guerrero, 1953–1956; director of technical and economic studies, Secretariat of Government Properties, 1959–1963; assistant director of fishery economics, Secretariat of Industry and Commerce, 1966–1970; technical assistant director, Division of Internal Taxes, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1971–1972, under José López Portillo. g—None. i—Student with Emilio Mújica Montoya in González Aparicio group at UNAM; married Graciela Rocha; close to Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas, supporting his democratic-current movement within PRI. j—None. k—None. l—HA, Mar. 26, 1979, 5; DPE71, 37; C de S, 1976–1982; D de C, 1973–1976; Almanaque de México, 1982, 510; Excélsior, Feb. 29, 1980, 13A; Proceso, Feb. 1, 1982, 13–15. Cervantes del Río, Hugo (Deceased Aug. 9, 1989) a—July 4, 1927. b—Federal District. c—Elementary studies at Central School of Mexico, Mexico City; secondary studies at National University Introductory School; preparatory at National Preparatory School, 1944–1946; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, 1951, with thesis on agrarian

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labor and the 1917 Constitution; professor of constitutional law, National School of Law, UNAM, 1960–1965; professor of Mexican history, National Preparatory School, 1950– 1959. d—Senator from Federal District, 1976. e—Interim head, Legal Department, PRI, 1952; active in PRI youth movement with Luis Echeverría, 1946–1952; president of PRI, Federal District, 1975–1976. f—Private secretary to Rodolfo Sánchez Taboada, secretary of the navy, 1952–1954; director of accounting, Secretariat of the Navy, 1954–1955; customs administrator, Sonoita, Sonora, 1955– 1956; director general of federal highways and bridges and adjacent entrances and exits, 1959–1965; governor, Baja California del Sur, 1965–1970; secretary of the presidency, 1970–1975; director general, Federal Electric Commission, 1976–1980. g—Student leader in secondary school, National Preparatory School and UNAM. h—Treasurer, Mexican Railroads, 1956–1959. i—Friend of Luis Echeverría and Rodolfo Sánchez Taboada and part of latter’s political group; studied under José López Portillo at UNAM; married María Luisa Vallejo. j—None. k—Winner of Lanz Duret Prize as best student of constitutional law, 1949. l—HA, Dec. 7, 1970, 26; WWMG, 13; Hoy, Dec. 19, 1970; D de Y, Dec. 5, 1952, 1; HA, Jan. 29, 1973, 22; Excélsior, Feb. 18, 1977; Excélsior, Mar. 12, 1976; Cadena Z., 19–36; Excélsior, Oct. 10, 1975, 20; Enc. Mex., II, 467; DP95, 712. Cervantes (Hernández), Anselmo

(Deceased July 2, 1982) a—Apr. 13, 1905. b—Texcoco, Tlaxcala. c—Preparatory studies at National Preparatory School; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM; teacher, Institute of Higher Studies, Tlaxcala; professor, National Normal School, Mexico City. d—Local deputy, State Legislature of Tlaxcala, 1947–1959; alternate senator from State of Tlaxcala, 1952–1958; local deputy, State Legislature of Tlaxcala, 1955–1956; federal deputy from State of Tlaxcala, Dist. No. 1, 1961–1964, member of Gran Comisión, 3rd Labor Committee, and alternate member of Social Welfare Committee;

governor, Tlaxcala, 1963–1969. e—General delegate of CEN of PRI. f—Oficial mayor, State of Tlaxcala, 1951–1953. g—None. i—Son of Cirialo Cervantes Pérez and María del Refugio Hernández Mellado, farmers. j—None. k—None. l—WWMG, 13; DGF56, 8; C de D, 1961–1963; www.e-local.gob.mx, 2008; www.tlaxcala.gob.mx, 2008. Cervantes Vega, Humberto a—Mar. 7, 1944. b—Nuevo León. c—Early education unknown; law degree, University of Nuevo León. d—Local deputy, State Legislature of Nuevo León, 1976–1979; mayor, Ciudad Guadalupe, Nuevo León, 1980–1982; federal deputy from State of Nuevo León, Dist. 9, 1985–1988; federal deputy from State of Nuevo León, Dist. 2, 2003–2006. e—Member of PRI; president of PRI, Nuevo León, 1983–1985; general delegate of CEN of PRI, Baja California del Sur, 1989. f—Syndic, City Council of Monterrey, Nuevo León, 1974– 1976; director general of social promotion and administration, Nuevo León, 1989–1991; coordinator of municipal development, Nuevo León, 1991–1995; executive director, Metropolitan Development of Monterrey, 1995–1997. g—Secretary, Political Committee of CEN of FSTSE, 1983–1986; assistant secretary-general, CNOP, 1986–1988; secretary-general, CNOP, Nuevo León, 1999–2003. h—None. i—Son of Rafael Cervantes Castañeda and Juanita Vega Contreras; married María de Jesús Lozano Guerra. j—None. k—None. l—www.diputados.gob .mx, 2003–2006; DBGM87, 455. Cervera, Gabriel R. (Deceased July 7, 1958) a—1890. b—Villa de Guerrero, Coahuila. c—Elementary studies at Ciudad Porfirio Díaz, Coahuila; teaching certificate, Normal School of Coahuila, Saltillo, 1908; teacher and principal, elementary school, Ciudad Porfirio Díaz (Piedras Negras), Coahuila. d—Federal deputy from State of Michoacán, 1916; mayor, San Pedro de Colonias, 1942. e—None. f—Provisional governor, Coahuila, Nov. 15, 1941–Nov., 1941. g—None. h—None. j—Joined carabineros of Coahuila as lieutenant, 1912; joined Constitutional

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Army, 1913, fought against Victoriano Huerta; fought against Zapatistas; opposed Francisco Villa in Battle of Celaya; career army officer; rank of brigadier general, 1920; rank of division general. k—Born in Villa de Guerrero same year as General Manuel Pérez Treviño, governor of Coahuila, 1925– 1928. l—www.coahuila.gob.mx, 2007. Cervera Pacheco, Víctor (Deceased Aug. 18, 2004) a—Apr. 23, 1936. b—Mérida, Yucatán. c—Elementary and secondary studies at Colegio Americano, Mérida; preparatory studies at University of Yucatán; no degree. d—Local deputy, State Legislature of Yucatán, 1960–1962, youngest ever elected; local deputy, State Legislature of Yucatán, Dist. No. 3, 1968–1970; mayor, Mérida, 1971– 1973; federal deputy from State of Yucatán, Dist. No. 1, 1973–1976, 1982–1985; senator from State of Yucatán, 1976–1982; governor, Yucatán, 1995–2000. e—Campaigner for Luis Torres Mesías and Agustín Franco Aguilar during their gubernatorial campaigns in Yucatán; youth delegate of PRI to CNOP; PRI candidate for mayor of Mérida but lost to PAN candidate, 2004. f—Substitute governor, Yucatán, 1984–1988; secretary of agrarian reform, 1988–1994. g—Secretary-general, Society of Preparatory Students, University of Yucatán, 1953; president, Society of Preparatory Students, 1954; secretary-general, University Student Federation of Yucatán; delegate of University Student Federation to national convention, Jalapa, Veracruz, 1956; secretary-general, League of Agrarian Communities and Peasant Unions of Yucatán, 1967–1970; secretary of health and social services, CEN of CNC, 1968; secretary-general, CNC, 1980–1983. h—Owns ranch; administrator of printing company; adviser to ejido credit associations. i—Bitter political opponent of Carlos Loret de Mola, governor of Yucatán, 1970–1976; son of Juan Cervera Reyes and Francisca Pacheco Solís; married Amira Hernández Guerra. j—None. k—Political infighting with Loret de Mola precipitated public battle between state and local governments in Mérida;

uncle of Ivonne Aracelly Ortega Pacheco, federal deputy, senator, and governor of Yucatán. l—C de D, 1973–1976; Q es Q, 77–78; C de S, 1976–1982; Loret de Mola; HA, Mar. 1, 1982, 13; HA, Feb. 27, 1984, 31–32; DBGM92, 91; DBGM89, 87; Lehr, 523. Chapa Hernández, María Elena a—Apr. 19, 1944. b—Dr. González, Nuevo León. c—Elementary studies at Genaro Leal Garza School; secondary studies at Secondary School No. 3; teaching certificate from Miguel F. Martínez Normal School, 1959– 1962; philosophy degree from University of Nuevo León, 1964–1970; MA in philosophy from University of Nuevo León, 1974–1976; MA in humanities from 1979–1981; teacher, elementary, secondary, and normal schools, 1960–1986; professor, University of Nuevo León, 1968–1988. d—Federal deputy from State of Nuevo León, Dist. 9, 1988–1991, secretary of Foreign Relations Committee; senator from Nuevo León, 1991–1997, president of Foreign Relations Committee; local deputy, State Legislature of Nuevo León, 1997–2000; plurinominal federal deputy from PRI, 2000–2003. e—Joined PRI, 1969; secretary of Women’s Action, State Committee of PRI, Nuevo León, 1982–1984; secretary of organization, State Committee of PRI, Nuevo León, 1984–1985; secretary of social administration, CEN of PRI, 1992–1993; member, National Political Council of PRI, 1993–1999. f—Director, Department of Health Promotion, Secretariat of Health, Nuevo León, 1978–1979; assistant director of DIF, Nuevo León, 1980–1984; president, Women’s Institute, Nuevo León. g—Representative of CNOP, 1985. h—None. i—Daughter of José León Chapa Chapa, laborer, and María Guadalupe Hernández Aguirre, seamstress; grandfather and uncle served as mayors of Dr. González. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM94, CD; DBGM92, 448; Musacchio, 90; QesQ en el Congreso, 2000–2003, 162–163; C de S, 1991–1994; DBGM89, 424. Chapital, Constantino (Deceased 1943) a—Feb. 12, 1897. b—Oaxaca, Oaxaca. c—Early education unknown; no degree.

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d—Federal deputy from State of Oaxaca, Dist. 11, 1934–1936; governor, Oaxaca, 1936– 1940. e—None. f—Director, Santiago Tlatelolco Military Prison. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Constantino Chapital, mayor of Santo Domingo Tehuantepec, Oaxaca j—Career army officer; Constitutionalist; fought Victoriano Huerta under General Fernando Dávila; accompanied President Carranza on his flight to Veracruz, 1920; rank of brigadier general; chief of Mounted Police, Federal District; chief, Judicial Police, Federal District; chief of staff, 6th Military Zone; military attaché, London. k—Smith says he was separated from the military under indictment for the disappearance of jewels under his jurisdiction while director of Judicial Police. l—PS; C de D, 1934–1937; www.e-local.gob.mx; DP95, 728; www.cron ica.diputados.gob.mx, 1936. Chapital Gutiérrez, Sergio Hugo a—Jan. 7, 1941. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; law degree, National School of Law, UNAM, with thesis on administrative process in comparative law; political science degree, School of Political and Social Sciences, UNAM, 1959–1962; studies in public administration, School of Public Administration, Alcalá de Henares, Spain, 1964; professor, School of Business and National School of Law, UNAM, 1965– . d—None. e—Joined PRI, 1958. f—Secretary of agreements, Federal Tax Court, 1964–1967; secretary of studies and accounts, Supreme Court of Justice, 1967–1971; judge, Third District Court, 1971–1976; judge, Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals, 1976; judge, First Circuit Court of Appeals, Administration Division, 1976– 1985; justice, Supreme Court, 1986–1994, resigned Dec. 31, 1994. g—None. h—Practicing lawyer, 1961–1963. i—Son of Esteban Chapital Reyes, federal employee, and María Gutiérrez Cortés; married Sandra Valezzi Martínez. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM92, 646; Musacchio, 91; www.scjn.gob.mx, 168, 2008. Chapital Ortiz, Gontrán J. (Deceased 1957) b—Nogales, Sonora. c—Early

education unknown; graduated from Heroic Naval College, Veracruz; graduated from Naval Artillery School, Pontevedra, Spain, and Paris; director, Heroic Naval College, 1943–1947, 1955–1956. d—None. e—None. f—Chief of staff, Secretariat of the Navy, 1949–1951. g—None. h—None. j—Career naval officer; commander, Anáhuac, Guaymas, Agua Prieta; commander, 8th Naval Zone, Icacos, Guerrero; rank of vice admiral, July, 1950. k—Cofounder, Antón Lizardo Naval College, Veracruz. l—DP95, 728. Charis Castro, Heliodoro (1964) a—July 3, 1896. b—Juchitán de Zaragoza, Oaxaca. c—No formal education; did not learn Spanish until he joined the army. d—Federal deputy from State of Oaxaca, Dist. 17, 1926–1928; federal deputy from State of Oaxaca, Dist. 1, 1937–1940, 1952–1955; senator from State of Oaxaca, 1940–1946. e—None. f—None. g—None. i—Son of indigenous Zapotecs; father hunted and sold iguanas; father joined Oaxacan Movement led by Benito Juárez Maza, son of Benito Juárez. j—Joined the Revolution in Oaxaca as a corporal, 1911; fought Victoriano Huerta under José F. Gómez Bustamante; supported Plan of Agua Prieta; promoted to brigadier general by Álvaro Obregón; participated in Yaqui campaign in Sonora; rank of brigade general, Feb. 1, 1925; major figure in war against Cristeros, 1926–1929; supported Escobar rebellion, 1929; chief of military operations, Colima; chief of military operations, Querétaro, 1929; rank of division general, Dec. 9, 1953. l—López, 253; Dávila, 132; C de S, 1940–1946; C de D, 1926–1928; C de D, 1937–1940; C de D, 1952–1955; www .e-local.gob.mx, 2008; www.tonatoai.org .mx, 2008; www.es.wikipedia.org, 2007. Chaurand Arzate, Carlos a—July 7, 1951. b—Celaya, Guanajuato. c—Early education unknown; law degree, University of Guanajuato, 1968–1973; postgraduate studies in administrative law, University of Salamanca, Spain, 1999; professor, University of Guanajuato, 1982. d—Alternate federal deputy from State of Guanajuato, Dist. 8, 1976–1979; local

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deputy, State Legislature of Guanajuato, 57th Session, 1997–2000; senator from Guanajuato, 2000–2006; plurinominal federal deputy from PRI, 2006–2009. e—Joined PRI, 1969; president, State Committee of PRI, Guanajuato, 1997–1999; national adviser to CEN of PRI, 2000; technical secretary, National Political Council, PRI, 2005. f—Legal director, Health Department, Guanajuato, 1972; secretary, City Council, Celaya, 1973–1975; auxiliary secretary, Guanajuato, 1975–1977; assistant director of community improvement and economic development, 1979–1981; g—None. h—None. i—Son of Alberto Chaurand Concha, retailer, and Alicia Arzate Quintana; brother Alberto was director general in Department of the Federal District, 1989; nephew of Ricardo Chaurand Concha, federal deputy from PAN, 1964–1967; nephew of Antonio Chaurand Concha, mayor of Celaya, 1946. j—None. k—None. l—Directorio del Congreso, 2006–2009, 355–356; DCM, 2000–2003, 102; www.luis.rionda .com.mx, 2008; www.diputados.gob.mx, 2007; QesQ en el Congreso, 2000–2003, 341; Musacchio, 91. Chaurand Concha, Ricardo (Deceased) a—Aug. 6, 1910. b—Celaya, Guanajuato. c—Elementary studies in Celaya; preparatory studies at Colegio San Borja, Mexico City, and Colegio La Salle, Havana; teaching certificate; studies in philosophy and history, School of Philosophy and Letters, UNAM; career educator; director and founder, Colegio México, Celaya, 1944–1967. d—Federal deputy from State of Guanajuato, Dist. 8, 1964–1967, member of 2nd Sec. of Agrarian Affairs Committee. e—Member of PAN. f—None. g—None. h—None. i—Nephew Alberto Chaurand Arzate was director general in Department of the Federal District, 1985; nephew Carlos Chaurand Arzate was senator from Guanajuato, 2000–2006; brother Alberto was retailer. j—None. k—First member of PAN elected from Celaya. l—C de D, 1964–1967, 47, 78; PS, 1452; DBGM87, 103.

Chavarría Barrera, Armando a—Aug. 27, 1956. b—Iguala, Guerrero. c—Early education unknown; economics degree, University of Guerrero, 1975–1980; MA in communications, University of Havana, 1994–1996; teacher, Preparatory School No. 33, Guerrero; teacher, Higher Normal School, 1980–1983; director, University Extension, University of Guerrero, 1984–1987, 1992–1993; director, Humanities Division, University of Guerrero, 1990–1992; secretary-general, University of Guerrero, 1993–1996. d—Plurinominal federal deputy from PRD, 1997–2000; senator from Guerrero, 2000–2006. e—Member of PRD. f—None. g—President, Student Federation, University of Guerrero, 1978–1981. h—None. i—Son of Baltazar Chavarría Vázquez and María Isabel Barrera Catalán; married Martha Idalia Obeso Cazárez. j—None. k—None. l—DCM, 2000–2003, 114; www .secgob.gob.mx, 1997, 2007; QesQ en el Congreso, 1997–2000, 73–74; QesQ en el Congreso, 2000–2003, 322–323; Musacchio, 91. Chávez (Amparán), Alfredo (Deceased June 16, 1972) a—July 14, 1891. b—Hidalgo del Parral, Chihuahua. c—Elementary studies in Hidalgo del Parral; attended private agricultural school in Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua; no degree. d—Local deputy, State Legislature of Chihuahua; interim governor, Chihuahua; senator from State of Chihuahua, 1946–1952, member of Gran Comisión, National Waters and Irrigation Committee, 2nd Committee on Mines, and Foreign and Domestic Trade Committee, substitute member of Department of the Federal District Committee; governor, Chihuahua, 1940–1944. e—None. f—Tax collector, Parral,; interim governor under Gustavo Talamantes, 1936; chief, State Police, Chihuahua, 1938. g—None. h—Began career as agriculturist; after retirement from political activity, engaged in cattle ranching in Villa Matamoros. i—Son Alfredo served as federal deputy from State of Chihuahua, Dist. 5, 1958–1960; son of Manuel Chávez Valdez, prominent cattle rancher; attended

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agricultural college with Gustavo L. Talamantes, governor of Chihuahua, 1936–1940; brother Arturo was mayor of Ciudad Juárez, 1944–1947, and a state legislator, 1942–1943. j—Rank of colonel in Mexican Army. k—None. l—HA, July 31, 1947, 16; letter; EBW46, 68; Excélsior, June 17, 1972; DGF51, I, 6, 9–11, 13; DGF47, 20; 583; DP95, 736; Almada, 583. Chávez Carrillo, Rodolfo a—May 11, 1923. b—Colima, Colima. c—Elementary studies at Republic of Argentina Public School, Colima; secondary studies in Colima and as government scholarship recipient at IPN, Mexico City, 1938; attended Prevocational School No. 3, Mexico City, 1939–1941; attended Vocational School No. 1, 1941–1942; architectural engineering degree from School of Engineering and Architecture, IPN, 1943–1948, with honorable mention; professor of mathematics, University of Colima. d—Mayor, Colima, 1952–1954; governor, Colima, 1955–1961. e—None. f—Assistant director of public works, State of Colima, 1948–1950, under Manuel Gudiño Díaz; director general of public works, State of Colima, 1950, under J. Jesús Gonzalez Lugo; director of Puerto México, Tijuana, Baja California del Norte, 1963; representative of Secretariat of National Patrimony, Baja California del Norte, 1964–1972; president, Board of Moral, Civic, and Material Improvements, Tijuana, 1963–1973. g—None. h—Intern under resident architect, Guanos y Fertilizantes, SA, Mexico City, 1947; planner and builder of several projects, 1961–1962; president, Mexican Society of Geography and Statistics, 1966–1972. i—Son of Leonel Chávez, chief of public parks in Colima, 1915, and sculptor of the Juárez monument, and Josefina Carrillo; married Lucía Pardo Gómez. j—None. k—None. l—Letters; DGF56, 91; www.eldo rado.ucol.mx, 2008. Chávez Castillo, César Antonio a—Dec. 31, 1951. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; public accounting degree from Autonomous Metropolitan University,

Federal District, MA in economics from Autonomous Metropolitan University; professor of accounting, Autonomous Metropolitan University, 1974–2000. d—Plurinominal federal deputy from PRD, 1994–1997, 2003–2006. e—Founding member, PSUM; national adviser, PSUM; founding member and national adviser, PSM; founding member, PRD, 1989; national adviser, PRD. f—Coordinator of advisers, Office of the Governor of Chiapas, 2000. g—Secretary of finance, STUNAM, 1977–1981. h—None. j—None. k—None. l—www.diputados.gob .mx, 2008. Chávez Chávez, Arturo b—Chihuahua, Chihuahua. c—Early education unknown; law degree, ITESM, Chihuahua Campus. d—None. e—Member of PAN. f—Delegate of attorney general of Mexico to Chihuahua; assistant attorney general, Chihuahua; attorney general, Chihuahua, 1996–1998; coordinator of advisers, Senate, during Senator Diego Fernández de Cevallos’ presidency; director of internal control, Secretariat of Government; assistant secretary of legal affairs and human rights, Secretariat of Government, 2004–2006; assistant secretary of government, 2006; Secretariat of Government negotiator during teachers’ strike, Oaxaca; attorney general of Mexico, 2009– . g—None. h—Practicing lawyer, Mexico City. j—None. k—None. l—www.presiden cia.gob.mx, 2010; www.es.wikipedia.org, 2009; www.eluniversal.com, Sept. 7, 2009. Chávez Hernández, Ausencio a—Nov. 19, 1940. b—San Lucas, Michoacán. c—Early education unknown; economics degree, National School of Economics, UNAM, 1960–1964, graduating Aug. 25, 1966, with thesis titled “Mexico’s Trade Policy and Payments Agreement with Spain”; MA in regional development, France, 1967–1968. d—Local deputy, State Legislature of Michoacán, 1986–1989. e—Joined PRI, 1969; assistant director general, IEPES of PRI, 1980–1981. f—Researcher and department head, Division of Treasury Studies, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1966–1968; director

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general of administration, National Bank of Agricultural Credit, 1968–1970; assistant director of electricity, Secretariat of Industry and Commerce, 1970–1972; director general of planning and promotion of fishing, Secretariat of Industry and Commerce, 1972–1974; secretary-general of government, Michoacán, under his brother, 1974–1980; adviser to head of Department of the Federal District, 1981–1982; assistant director of planning, ISSSTE, 1985–1986; secretary of agricultural and forestry development, Michoacán, 1989–1990; secretary-general of government, Michoacán, 1990–1992; interim governor, Michoacán, Oct. 7, 1992–Sept. 15, 1996; oficial mayor of government, 1996–1997; assistant secretary of government, 1997–1998; ambassador to Ecuador, 1998–2000. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Jesús Chávez Santibáñez, rancher and peasant, and Cipriana Hernández, retailer; married Vita Elva Martínez Méndez, teacher; brother of José Hernández Chávez, governor of Michoacán, 1971–1974.j—None. k—None. l—DBGM94, CD; DBGM92, 744; Pescador, 134–145; Musacchio, 91. Chávez Hernández, José Servando

a—Oct. 23, 1936. b—San Lucas, Michoacán. c—Early education unknown; degree in classical letters from Conciliar Seminary of Mexico, 1948–1956; degree in political science from School of Political and Social Sciences, UNAM; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, 1957–1961; professor, University of the Valley of Mexico, 1977–1978. d—Federal deputy from State of Michoacán, Dist. 7, 1964–1967, member of Agrarian Sec. of Legislative Studies Committee, Petroleum Committee, and Technical Sec. of Ejido Committee. e—General delegate of CEN of PRI to Jalisco, 1978–1979; general delegate of CEN of PRI to Guerrero, 1980; general delegate of CEN of PRI to Tamaulipas, 1980; general delegate of CEN of PRI to Pachuca, Hidalgo, 1981; general delegate of CEN of PRI to Durango, 1982. f—Secretary-general of government, State of Quintana Roo; secretary-general of

government, State of Michoacán, 1968–1971, under Gov. Carlos Gálvez Betancourt; interim governor, Michoacán, 1971–1974; ambassador to Honduras, 1992–1999. g—Member, CNC; secretary of agrarian action, CNC, 1980. h—Practicing lawyer. i—Son of Jesús Chávez Santibáñez Albarrán, peasant and rancher; brother Ausencio Chávez Hernández was secretary-general of government in Michoacán under Gov. Carlos Torres Manzo and interim governor of Michoacán, 1992–1996. j—None. k—None. l—HA, Oct. 4, 1971, 45; C de D, 1964–1967; Excélsior, Nov. 26, 1978, 6; DBGM94; Pescador, 135. Chávez Martínez, Carlos Humberto

(Deceased) a—Feb. 3, 1934. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; architectural degree, National School of Architecture, UNAM. d—None. e—Joined PRI, 1968. f—Director and technical coordinator, Housing Discount Trust, Bank of Mexico, 1964–1965; chief, Department of Housing Development, National Mortgage Bank, 1965–1967; assistant manager of housing, Public Works Bank, 1967–1971; manager of housing and urban development, Public Works Bank, 1971–1977; director general of popular housing, Department of the Federal District, 1978; assistant director, Housing Discount Trust, Bank of Mexico, 1978–1982; director general, Housing Discount Trust, Bank of Mexico, 1982–1988; assistant secretary of housing, Secretariat of Urban Development and Ecology, 1988–1991. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Carlos Chávez Holguín, engineer, and Eva Martínez García; married María López Decaen. k—Resigned as assistant secretary of housing for personal reasons, Apr. 4, 1991. l—DBGM87, 103; El Nacional, Apr. 5, 1991, 13; DBGM89, 96. Chávez Murguía, Margarita a—June 5, 1959. b—Uruapan, Michoacán. c—Early education unknown; 12 semesters of architecture, Autonomous Metropolitan University, Azcapotzalco Campus, Federal District. d—Plurinominal federal deputy from PAN, 1997–2000, 2003–2006. e—Joined

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PAN, 1990; secretary of communications, Regional Committee of PAN, Michoacán, 1992–1995; secretary of studies, Regional Committee of PAN, Michoacán, 1996–1999. f—Illustrator, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1980–1983; controller, Uruapan, 1996; director of industry and commerce, Uruapan, 1996–1997. g—None. h—Head, Department of Structures and Foundations, Grupo ICA, 1983–1990. j—None. k—None. l—www. diputados.gob.mx, 2003–2006; www.secgob .gob.mx, 1997, 2007. Chávez Orozco, Luis (Deceased Sept., 16, 1966) a—Apr. 28, 1901. b—Irapuato, Guanajuato. c—Elementary studies at Instituto Sollano, Irapuato; preparatory studies at León Institute, Guanajuato; selfeducated after age 17; professor, UNAM; professor, Secretariat of Public Education. d—None. e—Supported General Miguel Henríquez Guzmán in 1951 presidential election. f—Chief, Department of Publicity, Secretariat of Foreign Relations, 1930–1932; head, Department of Administration, Secretariat of Public Education, 1933–1935; head, Department of Libraries, Secretariat of Public Education, 1935–1936; assistant secretary of public education, 1936–1938; head, Department of Indian Affairs, 1939–1940; ambassador to Honduras, 1941–1942; first president, Institute of Mexican and Russian Cultural Interchange, 1944; adviser, Office of the Presidency of Mexico. g—First secretarygeneral, SNTE, 1943–1945. h—Writer for the major daily newspaper Excélsior; prolific historian, author of 12‑volume history of Mexico and of works on economic history, diplomatic history, and education. j—None. k—Noted for anticlerical position during Cárdenas administration; resigned as leader of SNTE over differences with Vicente Lombardo Toledano. l—WWM45, 27; DP70, 592; Peral, 207; WB48, 1079; Villaseñor, II, 38; Casasola, V; Raby, 52; López, 255–256; Enc. Mex., II, 284; Michaels, 125; Castillo, 131; DP95, 737–738. Chávez Padrón de Velázquez, Martha

a—July 31, 1925. b—Tampico, Tamaulipas.

c—Elementary studies at Vicente Guerrero and Mariano Matamoros public schools, Tampico; secondary studies at Secondary School No. 14, Mexico City, and Workers’ Night School, Mexico City; preparatory studies at National Preparatory School, Mexico City; studies in literature, School of Philosophy and Letters, UNAM; law degree, National School of Law, UNAM, Oct. 30, 1948, with thesis titled “The Trajectory and Destiny of the Agrarian Problem” (first female law school graduate from Tamaulipas); PhD in law, UNAM, Oct. 23, 1954 (first Mexican woman to receive a PhD in law); professor specializing in rural sociology and agrarian law, UNAM, 1949, National School of Agriculture, Secretariat of Agriculture, and Secretariat of Public Education. d—Senator from State of Tamaulipas, 1976–1982, president of Senate, 1980; federal deputy from State of Tamaulipas, Dist. 9, 1982–1985. e—Joined PRI as student activist, 1946; worked for PRI, 1959; director of social action of CEN of PRI, 1961; member, PRI National Council of Women; member, Advisory Council to IEPES of PRI, 1972. f—Director general of agrarian laws, Department of Agrarian Affairs, 1964–1967; adviser, Department of Agrarian Affairs; assistant secretary, New Centers of Ejido Populations, Secretariat of Agrarian Reform, 1970–1976; supernumerary justice, Supreme Court, 1985–1988, 1988–1995. g—Member of CEN of CNC, 1976. h—Author of several law texts; Public Notary No. 205, Tamaulipas, 1995. i—Student of Agustín Yáñez at UNAM; daughter of Felíx Chávez Padrón, mechanic, and Josefina Padrón Martínez, nurse. j—None. k—First female lawyer from Tamaulipas; first female professor at National School of Law, UNAM. l—HA, June 19, 1972, 66; HA, Sept. 20, 1971, 29; DGF71, 129; HA, Dec. 21, 1970, 24; HA, June 7, 1970, 11–13; Enc. Mex., Annual, 1977, 495; Romero Aceves, 352–354; DBGM92, 645; Lehr, 475; DBGM87, 612; DBGM89, 602; SCJN, 173–174.

t he b io g ra phies  205 Chávez Peón Medina, Federico Daniel

(Deceased 2001) a—Jan. 24, 1937. b—Federal District. c— Early education unknown; MD from National School of Medicine, UNAM, 1955–1962; intern, National Institute of Nutrition, 1963–1965; surgical intern, National Institute of Nutrition, 1965–1967; specialist in cardiovascular surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 1967–1971; professor, Harvard Medical School, 1968–1970; professor, Graduate School, National School of Medicine, UNAM, 1971; researcher, National Institute of Nutrition, 1971–1978; professor, La Salle University, Mexico City, 1972–1974. d—None. e—None. f—Executive secretary, National Health Program, CONACYT, 1977–1982; assistant secretary of health, 1980–1982. h—Director, Chemical Pharmaceutical Division, FISOMEX, 1982. i—Son of Enrique Chávez Peón, director general of American Cyanamid of Mexico, and Sofía Medina Valdés; grandson of Daniel Chávez, lawyer, and Mercedes Peón Valdez; married Carmen Mijares Murphy. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM, 111–112. Chávez Presa, Jorge Alejandro a—July 18, 1959. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; economics degree, ITAM, 1978–1982; MA, Ohio State University, Columbus, 1983–1985; PhD in economics, 1985–1988; professor of economics, ITAM, 1988–1991; professor of economics, UNAM, Acatlán Campus, 1982–2003. d—None. e—Secretary-general, Colosio Foundation, PRI, 2002. f—Director of financial planning, Division of Treasury Planning, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1988–1991; director of public debt, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1991–1992; director general of budget policy and control, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1992–1996; chief of policy and budget control unit and assistant secretary of expenditures, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1996–1998; assistant secretary of policy and energy development, Secretariat of Energy, Mines, and Government Properties, 1998–2000. g—President, Graduate Student Organization, Ohio State

University, 1986–1987. h—Director of strategic planning, Somex Bank, 1988–1989. i—Son of Jorge Chávez Rodríguez, CPA, and María de la Concepción Presa Díaz; married Lilian Steenback Schmidt, CPA. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM87, 101; DBGM94, CD; DCM, 2000–2003, 411; Musacchio, 92; QesQ en el Congreso, 2000– 2003, 163–164. Chávez (Ramírez), Eduardo (Deceased May 28, 1982) a—May 16, 1898. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; preparatory studies at the National Preparatory School, 1912–1916; engineering degree from National School of Engineering, UNAM, 1922; professor of drawing at night school, 1912 d—None. e—None. f—Assistant chief, Department of Organization of Irrigation Systems; president, Engineering Commission, Secretariat of National Patrimony, 1947; chief of internal projects, Río Bravo Project; secretary and member, Papaloapan Commission, 1947–1950; executive secretary, Tepalcatepec Commission, 1950–1952; secretary of hydraulic resources, 1952–1958. g—None. h—Began work for National Irrigation Commission, 1926; technician for hydraulic and irrigation construction materials; engineer on various construction projects, Department of Public Works, 1933; worked on hundreds of irrigation and hydroelectric projects, 1933–1952. i—Son of engineer Agustín Chávez Pedroza and Juvencia Ramírez, teacher; married Margarita Barragán; brother of renowned Mexican composer Carlos Chávez; grandfather, a lawyer; great‑grandfather José María Chávez, governor of Aguascalientes; daughter Margarita married Alejandro Caso, son of Alfonso Caso and nephew of Vicente Lombardo Toledano. j—Left school to support Carranza in Veracruz, 1913. k—Resigned as secretary of hydraulic resources in 1958 because of disagreements with President Ruiz Cortines on policies of Regional Commission of Secretariat of Hydraulic Resources. l—Greenberg, 25; El Universal, Dec. 2, 1958; DBM68, 167–168; DGF47, 256;

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HA, Dec. 5, 1952, 9; DGF56, 411; DGF50, II, 451; Excélsior, Aug. 2, 1972, 1, 16; NYT, July 27, 1954, 10; Enc. Mex., III, 281–282; Excélsior, May 29, 1982; HA, June 14, 1982, 13. Chávez (Sánchez), Ignacio (Deceased July 12, 1979) a—Jan. 31, 1897. b—Zirándaro, Guerrero. c—Secondary studies in Morelia, Michoacán, at Colegio de San Nicolás de Hidalgo; 2 years of professional studies in medicine at Morelia, at Colegio de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, 1914–1916; medical degree from National School of Medicine, UNAM, May 4, 1920; postgraduate work in Paris, 1926–1927; PhD in biological sciences from UNAM, 1934; instructor, Colegio de San Nicolás, 1914–1915; professor of cardiology, National School of Medicine, UNAM, 1946–1966; professor of medicine, National School of Medicine, UNAM, 1923–1950; rector, University of Michoacán, 1920–1922; director, National School of Medicine, UNAM, 1933–1934; president, Union of Latin American Universities; professor, UNAM, 1966–1970. d—None. e—Supporter of José Vasconcelos in 1929. f—Head of medical clinic, UNAM, 1922–1923; director, General Hospital of Mexico City, 1936–1939; founder and director, National Institute of Cardiology, 1944–1961; rector, UNAM, 1961–1966; director, National Institute of Cardiology, 1975–1979. g—None. h—Author of numerous articles on medical subjects; honorary director, National Institute of Cardiology, 1970–1975. i—Brother of Rodolfo Chávez Sánchez, Supreme Court justice, 1936–1940, 1955–1959; President Calles’ heart specialist; daughter Celia married to distinguished poet Jaime García Terrés; son of Ignacio Chávez, small farmer, and Socorro Sánchez; classmate of Manuel Martínez Báez, Gabino Fraga, and Eduardo Villaseñor at Colegio de San Nicolás. j—None. k—Resigned as rector of UNAM after major student strike. l—DBM70, 155–156; DBM68, 168–169; WWM45, 26; Hayner, 269; IWW68, 220–221; Peral, 205–206, WWW70–71, 174; DGF51, 342; Justicia, May, 1971; letters; HA July 23, 1979, 5–6.

Chávez (Sánchez), Rodolfo (Deceased Feb. 14, 1995) a—May 8, 1895. b—Zirándaro, Guerrero. c—Elementary studies in Morelia, Michoacán, 1904–1907; preparatory studies at Colegio de San Nicolás, Morelia; law degree from Colegio de San Nicolás, Dec. 4, 1917. d—None. e—None. f—Syndic, City Council of Morelia, 1918; secretary, District Court of Tuxpán, Veracruz, 1924–1925; consulting lawyer, State of Veracruz, 1924– 1927; attorney general, State of Veracruz, 1928–1936, under Govs. Adalberto Tejada and Gonzalo Vázquez Vela; justice, Supreme Court, 1936–1940, 1952, 1955–1960. g—Student leader in support of Madero. h—Author of legal code of State of Veracruz. i—Son of Ignacio Chávez and Socorro Sánchez, small farmers; brother of Ignacio Chávez, rector of UNAM, 1961–1966; supporter of Francisco Múgica, 1920s. j—Fought in the Revolution; served under General Obregón; reached rank of brigadier general. k—None. l—Peral, 207; letters; DGF56, 567; SCJN. Chávez Silva, Roberto a—Apr. 10, 1913. b—Morelia, Michoacán. c—Early education unknown; no degree. d—Member, City Council, Morelia, 1940–1941; federal deputy from State of Michoacán, Dist. 3, 1964–1967, member of Labor Committee. e—Member, PPS; member, Central Committee, PPS. f—None. g—Joined Bakers’ Union, CROM, 1926; secretary-general, Bakers Union, Revolutionary Federation of Workers of Michoacán, 1932; secretary of labor conflicts, CTM, State of Michoacán, 1938–1939; secretary-general, Coalition of Unions of Michoacán, 1939–1940; secretary of union affairs, CEN of UGOCM; secretary-general, UGOCM, Michoacán. h—Baker. i—Parents were from working class. j—None. k—None. l—Directorio, 1964–1967; C de D, 1964–1967, 47, 95. Chávez Velázquez, Bernardo (Deceased) a—Dec. 1, 1900. b—Puebla, Puebla. c—Preparatory studies in Puebla; professional studies at Universidad Palafoxiana, University of Puebla, and Military Medical College; medical degree. d—Federal deputy from

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State of Puebla, 1930–1932, 1932–1934; federal deputy from State of Puebla, Dist. 3, 1940– 1943, member of Foreign Relations Committee and Committee on Social Assistance for Infants; federal deputy from State of Puebla, Dist. 6, 1946–1949, member of Child Welfare and Social Security Committee and Military Health Committee. f—Chief of health inspections, Department of Health, Federal District; inspector general, Office of the Attorney General of Mexico; consul of Mexico in various European countries and United States; head, Department of Justice and Government, State of Puebla; director, Federal Traffic Department, 1946. g—None. h—Practicing surgeon. j—Lieutenant in the army, 1914; director of Sanitation Sects., 2nd Division. k—None. l—EBW46, 108; C de D, 1942; WB48, 1078; DGF47, 11; C de D, 1946–1948. Chavira Becerra, Carlos (Deceased Sept. 20, 1983) a—Nov. 11, 1915. b—Camargo, Chihuahua. c—Completed elementary studies. d—Federal deputy from State of Chihuahua, Dist. 6, 1961–1964; plurinominal federal deputy from PAN, 1982–1985. e—Founding member, PAN, 1939; member, Regional Committee of PAN, State of Chihuahua, 1940; regional adviser to PAN, State of Chihuahua, 1940–1983; PAN candidate for mayor of Ciudad Camargo, 1944; PAN candidate for federal deputy from Chihuahua, Dist. 5, 1952; PAN candidate for local deputy, State Legislature of Chihuahua, 1967, 1982; founding member, PAN, Ojinaga, Chihuahua, 1957; participated in a PAN campaign in Ojinaga, Chihuahua, 1958; member of CEN of PAN, 1961–1966; PAN candidate for senator from Chihuahua, 1964; PAN candidate for federal deputy from Chihuahua, 1967; PAN candidate for governor, 1968, 1980; national adviser to CEN of PAN, 1959– 1971. f—None. g—Secretary-general, Textile Workers’ Union, CROM, Ciudad Camargo, 1935; president, Catholic Association of Mexican Youth, 1935–1940. h—Has worked at many occupations, including miner and mechanic; textile worker, Florida and La

Estrella companies, 1929–1934; hacienda administrator, Parras, Coahuila, 1936–1939; bank accountant, Parras, 1936–1939; jeweler by profession; wrote for Novedades of Chihuahua. i—Son of Mauricio Chavira Legorreta and Magdalena Becerra Acosta, teacher and school principal; mother’s uncle Gregorio M. Solís was famous journalist and educator; nephew of Manuel Becerra Acosta, prominent editor of Excélsior; married Cruz Esperanza Rodríguez Álvarez; daughter Victoria Chavira, a psychologist and local deputy in Chihuahua, 2006. j—None. k—Mother was jailed for religious activism in 1930s. l—Directorio, 1982–1985; C de D, 1961–1964; Lehr; DBGM, 495; www.notidiocesis.agenciacatolica.com, 2008; Pérez Franco, 77–78. Cházaro Lara, Ricardo a—Jan. 26, 1920. b—Veracruz, Veracruz. c—Elementary studies at Justo Sierra Public School, Veracruz; secondary and preparatory studies at the Veracruz Institute, Veracruz; degree in mechanical engineering from National Naval College, Veracruz, graduated as corvette lieutenant, 1943; special course at Sub Chaser Training Center, Miami, Fla., 1943; special course in electronics, Treasure Island, San Francisco, 1952. d—None. e—None. f—Assistant to President Adolfo Ruiz Cortines, 1953–1958; assistant secretary of the navy, 1970–1976; secretary of the navy, 1976–1982. g—None. h—None. i—Married Luz del Alva Iza; longtime friend of Adolfo Ruiz Cortines. j—Rank of coastguardsman, Sept. 1, 1942; corvette lieutenant, May 16, 1943; frigate lieutenant, Nov. 20, 1946; naval lieutenant, Nov. 20, 1949; corvette captain, Nov. 20, 1952; frigate captain, Nov. 20, 1956; naval captain, Nov. 20, 1961; rear admiral, Nov. 20, 1964; vice admiral, Apr. 21, 1971; admiral, June 1, 1976; joined Coast Guard ship Guanajuato, 1942; chief of machinery, Coast Guard ship 1, 1943–1944; chief of machinery, Coast Guard ship 20, 1944–1945; chief of fatigue duty, Querétaro, 1945–1947; chief of machinery, Coast Guard ship 2; chief of machinery, ship Baranda, 1951–1952;

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chief of workshops for naval classes, Mazatlán, 1952; assistant director of dry docks, Salina Cruz, Oaxaca, 1952–1953; inspector general of machinery, Pacific, 1964–1966; technical assistant director of navy, PEMEX, 1966–1970. k—PRI precandidate for governor of Veracruz, 1973. l—DPE61, 39; D del S, Dec. 2, 1970; HA, Dec. 6, 1976, 22; HA, Apr. 4, 1977, 15; Excélsior, Dec. 1, 1976; El Día, Dec. 1, 1976; 20; Excélsior, Dec. 6, 1973, 14A; Hoy, Dec. 19, 1970, 60. Chen Charpentier, Jorge Eduardo

a—June 18, 1950. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; degree in international relations, Colegio de México, 1969–1972; PhD in social work, University of Paris, 1974–1976; professor, University of the Americas, 1986, Puebla; professor, Higher School of Naval Studies, 1989–1990. d—None. e—None. f—Analyst, Division of Documentation and International Affairs, Secretariat of Labor, 1973–1974, 1976; assistant director, Documentation Center, Secretariat of Public Education, 1976–1978; director, Department of Policy Analysis, Information Division, Secretariat of Programming and Budget, 1978–1979; official, Mexican Permanent Mission, United Nations, 1979–1985; adviser on special affairs, Secretariat of Foreign Relations, 1985–1988; adviser, Secretariat of Foreign Relations, 1989–1993; director general, Diplomatic Archives, Secretariat of Foreign Relations, 1992–1993; director general of Asian and African affairs, Secretariat of Foreign Relations, 1993; ambassador to OAS, 2004–2005; assistant secretary for Latin America and Asia Pacific, Secretariat of Foreign Relations, 2005–2006; ambassador to Italy, 2007–2009. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Benito Chen Hsienlí, surgeon, and Argentina Charpentier Rojas; brother Benito, professor of mathematics, University of Wyoming. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM92, 102; DBGM94, CD; WWM1987, 134. Chi Góngora, Wilbert Hebert a—Sept. 23, 1938. b—Campeche, Campeche. c—Teaching certificate in biology; MA,

Higher Normal School, Yucatán; elementary teacher, 1959–1991; high school teacher, 1973–1991. d—Member, City Council, Mérida, Yucatán, 1971–1973; alternate senator from State of Yucatán, 1982–1985; federal deputy from State of Yucatán, Dist. 3, 1985–1988; local deputy, State Legislature of Yucatán, Dist. 3, 1994–1995; federal deputy from State of Yucatán, Dist. 2, 1997–2000. e—Secretary-general of PRI, Yucatán, 1995– 1996. f—None. g—Secretary, Socialist Youth Federation, Yucatán, 1960–1962; secretary of agrarian action, League of Agrarian Communities, Yucatán, 1971–1973, 1984–1988; assistant delegate of CEN of CNC, Querétaro, Nayarit, Quintana Roo, 1975, 1977; delegate of CEN of CNC to Colima, 1978; secretary of foreign trade, CEN of CNC, 1983–1986. h—None. i—Son of José del Carmen Chi Uc, teacher, and María del Carmen Góngora Irmavillanueva, teacher; father alternate local deputy to State Legislature of Yucatán, Dist. 1, 1962–1964. j—None. k—None. l—www.secgob.gob.mx, 1997, 2007; DBGM87, 460. Chico Goerne, Luis (Deceased Jan. 15, 1960) a—Feb. 16, 1892. b—Guanajuato, Guanajuato. c—Elementary and secondary education in Guanajuato; law degree from University of Guanajuato, 1918; advanced studies in sociology in Paris, 1923; professor of law and sociology, Colegio de Guanajuato; professor of law, Free Law School; professor of sociology, National School of Law, UNAM; director, National School of Law, UNAM, 1929–1933. d—None. e—None. f—Judge, Second Higher Military Court, 1920; public defender, 1925–1928; rector, UNAM, 1935–1938; adviser, Mexican legation in Paris, 1938–1940; adviser to president of Mexico, 1941–1946; justice, Supreme Court, 1947–1952, 1952–1958, 1958–1960. g—None. h—Assisted with writing of 1929 and 1931 Mexican penal codes; author of several books on law and sociology. i—Son of Joaquín Chico González and Francisca Ramírez, a wealthy Guanajuato family; father was a lawyer and great-nephew of José María

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Chico y Linares, minister of justice under Hidalgo; father prominent in local politics, served as a federal deputy, 1894–1910; grandfather Joaquín Chico Obregón, a well-known lawyer; married Clotilde Santa Coloma; son is an architect; professor of many prominent men, including Antonio Armendáriz and Manuel Hinojosa Ortiz (practiced law with the latter in 1935–1936); close friend of Luis I. Rodríguez. j—None. k—None. l—HA, Oct. 8, 1943, 37–38; WWM45, 27; DGF56, 567–568; DP70, 598–599; Enc. Mex., III, 24; Peral, 208; WB48, 1098; www.scjn.gob.mx, 180–181, 2009; letter. Chirinos (Calero), Patricio a—July 27, 1939. b—Pánuco, Veracruz. c—Elementary school at General Desiderio Pavón Public School, Pánuco, 1943–1949; secondary studies at Escuela Inglesa, Mexico City, 1950–1955; economics degree, National School of Economics, UNAM, 1959–1964, with thesis titled “Economic Development and Social Change”; professor, School for Foreigners, UNAM, 1964–1972; professor, Political Training Institute, PRI, 1972–1975. d—Federal deputy from State of Veracruz, Dist. 4, 1973–1976; governor, Veracruz, 1992–1998. e—Joined PRI, 1962; secretary of policy planning, National Youth Directorate of PRI, 1964–1965; private secretary to Rodolfo Echeverría, Jr., oficial mayor of PRI, 1970–1971; auxiliary secretary, National Executive Committee of PRI, 1971–1972; assistant director of IEPES of PRI, 1972– 1975; special delegate of CEN of PRI to Baja California del Sur, Durango, Sonora, Tabasco, San Luis Potosí, and Veracruz; general delegate of IEPES of PRI to Querétaro, Guanajuato, Puebla, Nuevo León, Durango, and Tabasco, 1975–1976; coordinator, assistant director of political studies, IEPES of PRI, 1981–1982. f—Auxiliary secretary to head of Department of the Federal District, Alfonso Corona del Rosal, 1968–1970; adviser to secretary of government, Jesús Reyes Heroles, 1976–1977; adviser to assistant secretary of labor, Rodolfo Echeverría, Jr., 1977–1981; director general of delegations, Secretariat

of Programming and Budget, 1982–1988; secretary of urban development and ecology, 1988–1992. g—Secretary of social action of CNOP, 1971–1972. h—None. i—Son of Antonio Chirinos Gea, wealthy owner of land with oil deposits and mayor of Pánuco several times, and Catalina Calero Valdez; married Molly Brown Magruder, educator; second wife, Sonia Sánchez; grandfather Patricio Chirinos Castellanos was a close friend of Lázaro Cárdenas; grandfather was a cousin of Manuel Guzmán Willys, assistant secretary of agriculture, 1965–1970. j—None. k—Critics alleged that he was born in Samuín, San Luis Potosí, Aug. 14, 1937, thus making him ineligible to become governor of Veracruz. l—DBGM87, 105; DBGM89, 96; C de D, 1973–1976; Proceso, Oct. 21, 1991, 15. Chozas y Chozas, Olga Patricia a—Oct. 8, 1974. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; psychology degree, Anáhuac University, North Campus, 1994–1998; diploma in clinical psychology, Oxford University; studies toward MA in psychoanalysis, Institute of Psychological Research, 2002. d—None. e—Joined PVEM, 1994; PVEM delegate of State Committee of Baja California, 2003; PVEM delegate of State Committee of Durango, 2004; president of PVEM, Durango, 2005–2006; member, International Affairs Committee of CEN of PVEM, 2005. f—None. g—None. h—Practicing psychoanalyst, 1998–2002. i—Daughter of Alfonso Chozas Sala and Patricia Josefina Chozas; nephew of Alfonso José Chozas Sala, federal deputy from PVEM, 1997–2000. j—None. k—None. l—QesQ en el Congreso, 2000–2003, 279; www.diputa dos.gob.mx, 2007; Musacchio, 93. Christlieb Ibarrola, Adolfo (Deceased Dec. 6, 1969) a—Mar. 12, 1919. b—Federal District. c—Elementary studies at Colegio Francés, Puente de Alvarado and Jalisco; secondary studies at Colegio Francés Morelos; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, Aug. 27, 1941; studied at School of Philosophy and Letters, UNAM, 1936–1940; adviser, School of Philosophy and Letters,

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1937–1939; professor of constitutional law, National School of Law, UNAM, 1954–1957; professor of Mexican history, Colegio Francés Morelos, 1939–1945. d—Federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. 23, 1964–1967, member of Foreign Trade Committee, Legislative Studies Committee (7th Sec. of Credit and Trade), 2nd Government Committee, and Committee on Mines; leader, PAN delegation to Congress, 1964. e—Joined PAN in 1942; president of CEN of PAN, 1962–1968; national adviser, PAN, 1959–1969; member, National Executive Committee of PAN, 1959–1969; PAN representative, Federal Electoral Commission, 1960–1961. f—None. g—None. h—Practicing lawyer, 1941–1969; director, Fiduciary Department, Regional Bank of the North, SA, 1952; secretary, Mexican Bar Association. i—Lawyer in firm of Roberto Cossío, a student companion and later secretarygeneral of CEN of PAN, 1939–1951; son of Alfredo Christlieb Rappa and Paula Ibarrola Vertiz; married Hilda Morales; close friend of Manuel Gómez Morín; Rafael Preciado Hernández considered him a disciple. j—None. k—Sister Martha, a nun who is up for canonization. l—DP70, 617; C de D, 1966; Enc. Mex., III, 97; WWMG, 13; HA, Dec. 7, 1964, 21; letter; Q es QM, 1952, 53; DP95, 782; www.fundacion-christlieb, 2008; www.pan.org.mx, 2008. Chuayffet (Chemor), Emilio a—Oct. 3, 1951. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; preparatory studies at Centro Universitario México; law degree, National School of Law, UNAM, 1970–1974, with thesis on the Federal District; president, Institute of Legal Research, UNAM, 1998–2003. d—Delegate of Benito Juárez to Department of the Federal District, 1976–1981; mayor, Toluca, State of Mexico, 1982–1983; governor, State of Mexico, 1993–1995; plurinominal federal deputy, 2003–2006, and coordinator of PRI delegation, 2004–2006; federal deputy from State of Mexico, Dist. 4, 2009–2012. e—Joined PRI, 1969; president of PRI, Toluca, 1976–1978; president, Advisory

Council of CEPES of PRI, State of Mexico, 1983–1987. f—Auxiliary secretary to assistant secretary of labor, Arturo Llorente González, 1974–1976; secretary of education, State of Mexico, 1983–1987; secretary of government, State of Mexico, 1987; director, Federal Electoral Institute, 1991–1993; secretary of government, 1995–1998. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Emilio Chuayffet Chuayffet, surgeon, and Ruth Chemor Abraham; married Olga Guadalupe Soto Priego; grandfather, a prosperous Toluca merchant; protégé of Jorge Jiménez Cantú, governor of the State of Mexico, and Alfredo del Mazo. j—None. k—Raised by maternal grandmother when parents and sister were killed in automobile accident. l—Proceso, Feb. 15, 1993, 28–29; DBGM92, 102; www.edomex.gob.mx, 2008; letter. Chumacero Sánchez, Blas (Deceased July 12, 1997) a—Jan. 18, 1908. b—Puebla, Puebla. c—Elementary and secondary studies at Federal Workers’ Center, Puebla; preparatory studies at Federal Workers’ Center, Puebla, 1921; studied labor law at night school in Puebla; completed law degree by correspondence from Workers’ University of Mexico, 1940. d—Federal deputy from State of Puebla, Dist. 2, 1940–1943, member of Administration Committee (2nd year), 1st Balloting Committee, and Gran Comisión, 1942; federal deputy from State of Puebla, Dist. 1, 1946–1949, member of Textile Industry Committee, Committee on Credit, Money, and Credit Institutions, 1st Credentials Committee, and Health Committee; federal deputy from State of Puebla, Dist. 1, 1952–1955, vice president of Chamber, Sept., 1952, secretary of Chamber, Sept., 1954, member of Library Committee (2nd year), Editorial Committee (1st year), and Budget Committee; federal deputy from State of Puebla, Dist. 1, 1958–1961, member of 2nd Government Committee, Inspection Committee of General Accounting Office (2nd year), 1st Budget Committee, Rules Committee, 2nd Credentials Committee, and 3rd Labor Committee; federal deputy from State of Puebla, Dist. 1, 1967–1970,

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member of Legislative Studies Committee, 5th Sec. on Labor, 9th Sec. on General Affairs, 1st Treasury Committee, Steel Industry Committee, Industries Committee, and 1st Labor Committee; senator from State of Puebla, 1976–1982, president of Senate, Nov., 1976; federal deputy from State of Puebla, Dist. 1, 1985–1988; senator from State of Puebla, 1988–1994. e—Secretary of labor action, CEN of PRI, 1946; secretary of labor action, CEN of PRI, 1964–1982. f—None. g—Joined Regional Workers’ Federation of Puebla, 1920–1928; broke with CROM and founded Federation of Workers and Peasants of Puebla, 1928–1934; secretary-general, Union of the San Alfonso Industrial Plant; secretary of labor, Regional Federation of Workers and Peasants of Puebla, 1934; cofounder, CTM; secretary-general, CTM, State of Puebla, 1935–1936, 1952–1993; secretary of labor and conflicts, National Council of Federation of Laborers and Farmers, State of Mexico; secretary of organization, CTM, 1943–1946; president, Justice Committee, CTM, 1955–1962; secretary of labor, CTM, 1946–1949, 1962. h—Textile worker, 1921; labor representative, Board of Conciliation and Arbitration, Puebla. i—Son of Zenón Chumacero Bueno, laborer, and Josefa Sánchez Serrano; married Aurelia Corona; Chumacero Sánchez worked for many years in textile plants in Puebla. j—Served in army, 1917–1921. k—Served as a federal deputy and senator more times between 1940 and 1994 than any other Mexican. l—C de D, 1946–1948, 70; C de D, 1967–1969, 66, 67, 73, 74; C de D, 1952–1954; Func., 318; C de D, 1940–1942, 9, 53; C de D, 1958–1960, 76; Excélsior, Jan. 20, 1976, 5A; DBGM89, 425–426; DBGM92, 449–450; Excélsior, July 14, 1997, A1; Excélsior, July 13, 1997, A1. Cicero Mackinney, Roger a—May 14, 1929. b—Mérida, Yucatán. c—Elementary studies at Colegio Montejo and Escuela Modelo, Mérida; secondary studies at Colegio Belén, Havana, and Latin American Military University, Mexico City; preparatory studies at National Preparatory School,

Mexico City; journalism studies, Latin American University, 1947–1949; teacher, Conciliar Seminary, Yucatán. d—Plurinominal federal deputy from PAN, 1982–1985, 1989–1992, member of Housing and Public Works Committee; local deputy, State Legislature of Yucatán, 1998–2001, and leader of PAN delegation. e—Joined PAN, 1968; president of PAN, Yucatán, 1974–1978; press and publicity secretary, CEN of PAN, 1975; PAN candidate for local deputy, Yucatán; PAN candidate for federal deputy, Yucatán, 1970, 1973, 1979, 1997; PAN candidate for senator from and governor of Yucatán, 1987; national adviser, PAN, 1971–1991. f—Director, Committee for Economic Development, Yucatán, Campeche, and Quintana Roo. g—Member of Voces Verdes literary group, 1952. h—Columnist for various newspapers and journals; regular contributor to La Nacional, official PAN paper. i—Son of Víctor José Cicero Cervera and Rita Mackinney Huerta; mother, a friend of Vice President José María Pino Suárez; married Silvia Cáceres Piña; grandson of Emilio Mackinney, writer and botanist; grandson of María de la Merced Cervera Marrufo and Pedro María Cicero y Cámara; son-in-law of Edmundo Cáceres Echazarreta and Carolina Piña Pérez; daughter Silvia Cicero Cáceres is married to Patricio José Patrón Laviada, governor of Yucatán, 2001–2007. j—None. k—None. l—Directorio, 1982–1985; DBGM89, 417–418; Pérez Franco, 80–81; www.groups-google.com, 2008. Cisneros Fernández, Joaquín a—May 25, 1941. b—Tlaxcala, Tlaxcala. c—Early education unknown; law degree, National School of Law, UNAM, 1960–1966. d—Alternate senator from State of Tlaxcala, 1976–1980; mayor, Tlaxcala, 1980–1982, 1992–1994; federal deputy from State of Tlaxcala, Dist. 1, 1994–1997; PRI candidate for governor of Tlaxcala, 1998; senator from State of Tlaxcala, 2000–2006. e—Joined PRI, 1959; secretary of regional affairs, CEN of PRI, 1999–2000. f—Director, Public Relations Department, ISSSTE, 1964; director, Office

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of Control, ISSSTE, 1964–1966; representative of Álvaro Obregón to Department of the Federal District, 1966–1970; director, Ejido Tourist Development, Secretariat of Agrarian Reform, 1972–1975; president, Potable Water Board, Tlaxcala, 1980–1983; director, Rural Development Trust, Tlaxcala, 1984–1986; secretary of tourism, Tlaxcala, 1987–1991. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Joaquín Cisneros Molina, governor of Tlaxcala and private secretary to President Gustavo Díaz Ordaz, and Dolores Fernández Hernández; married Helia Sánchez Obregón, teacher; second wife, Leticia Rojas. j—None. k—None. l—Proceso, Nov. 1, 1998; QesQ en el Congreso, 2000–2003, 341–342; Musacchio, 94; DCM, 2000–2003, 279; DdeY, Nov. 10, 1998; DdeY, Apr. 2, 2000; www.senado .gob.mx, 2003; DBGM89, 674. Cisneros Molina, Joaquín (Francisco)

(Deceased Mar. 25, 1991) a—Aug. 1, 1907. b—Tlaxcala, Tlaxcala. c—Elementary studies in Tlaxcala; preparatory studies at National Preparatory School, Mexico City; teaching certificate in elementary education from National Teachers’ School, 1928; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, Nov. 3, 1936; elementary, secondary, and preparatory education teacher; director of preparatory education, State of Tlaxcala, 1945. d—Interim governor, Tlaxcala, 1940–1941; federal deputy from State of Tlaxcala, Dist. 1, 1949–1952, member of 3rd Ejido Committee, Gran Comisión; governor, Tlaxcala, 1957–1963. f—Director of libraries, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1935–1936; secretary-general, State of Tlaxcala, 1936; secretary, Federal Tax Court, 1937–1938; director, Department of Legal Consultants, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1942; secretarygeneral, Department of Indigenous Affairs, 1941–1942; secretary-general of government, State of Tlaxcala, 1940–1941, 1944, 1952–1957; private secretary to President Gustavo Díaz Ordaz, 1964–1970; Secretariat of Public Education delegate to State of Tlaxcala, 1978. g—None. h—None. i—Friend of Gustavo Díaz Ordaz since they served together in

Chamber of Deputies; married Dolores F. Fernández; son Joaquín Cisneros Fernández was governor of Tlaxcala, 2000–2006. j—None. k—None. l—DBM68, 144; Hayner, 211; C de D, 1949–1951; Excélsior, Dec. 8, 1975, 22; Enc. Mex., II, 488; Excélsior, July 19, 1978, 9; Excélsior, Dec. 26, 1981, 16A; DP95, 795; El Nacional, Mar. 26, 1991, 12. Clariond Reyes Retana, Benjamín

a—Nov. 23, 1948. b—Monterrey, Nuevo León. c—Early education unknown; business administration degree, ITESM, 1970; higher management course, Pan American Institute for Higher Management; course in family business management, Wharton School of Business, 1976–1977; higher management course, Centre d’Études Industriales, Geneva. d—Federal deputy from State of Nuevo León, Dist. 1, 1988–1991; mayor, Monterrey, 1991–1994; plurinominal federal deputy from PRI, 2009–2012. e—Joined PRI, 1977, with businessmen belonging to League of Nationalist Businessmen. f—Governor, Nuevo León, 1996–1997. g—None. h—Employee of sales division, IMSA, 1966; manager of marketing, IMSA, 1972–1973; general manager, Clover, 1973; general manager, Xintro, 1975; director general of sales, IMSA, 1976–1978; director, Construction Systems Division, IMSA, 1984. i—Son of leading industrialist and CEO of IMSA, Eugenio Clariond Garza, and Ninfa Reyes; married María de Lourdes Domené; brother Eugenio Clariond Reyes Retana was copurchaser, with José Madariaga Lomelín, of Probursa in 1991 and president of Mexican Council of Businessmen, 1998, the most influential capitalist organization in Mexico; nephew of Fernando Canales Clariond, governor of Nuevo León. j—None. k—None. l—Mexico Business, June, 1996, 6; DBGM89, 418; Musacchio, 84–195; www.integratec, Jan.–Feb., 1995, 20–23. Clouthier (del Rincón), Manuel J.

(Deceased Oct. 1, 1989) a—June 13, 1934. b—Culiacán, Sinaloa. c—Elementary, secondary, and preparatory studies, Culiacán, Guadalajara, and United States; attended

t he b io g ra phies  213

high school at Brown Military Academy, San Diego, Calif., 1959, and Black Fox Military Institution, Los Angeles, Calif.; agronomy degree, ITESM, 1957; professor and cofounder, University of Sinaloa. d—None. e—PRI precandidate for nomination for mayor of Culiacán, 1974; joined PAN, 1985; PAN candidate for governor of Sinaloa, 1986; PAN presidential candidate, 1988; created cabinet-in-waiting after losing the election, 1988–1989. f—None. g—Leader of student organization at ITESM; leader, Early Christian Movement; vice president and secretary, United Fresh Fruit and Vegetables Association, 1967–1968; president, Executive Committee, Ranchers’ Association of Río Culiacán, 1969–1979; president, National Union of Vegetable Producers, 1971–1973; adviser, COPARMEX, 1974; adviser since founding, CCE; founding president, CCE, Sinaloa, 1974–1978; president, Bilateral Committee of Mexico–United States Businessmen’s Organization, 1980–1981; president, COPARMEX, 1978–1980; president, CCE, 1981–1983. h—Major produce grower in Sinaloa. i—Son of Manuel J. Clouthier, prominent rancher, and María Cristina del Rincón; married Leticia Carrillo; grandparents were wealthy landowners; daughter Tatiana Clouthier Carrillo, plurinominal federal deputy (independent), 2003–2006; son Manuel Clouthier Carrillo, plurinominal federal deputy from PAN, 2009–2012. j—None. k—Most members of his cabinetin-waiting became leading figures of PAN after 2000. l—DP95, 807–808; Expansión, Apr. 13, 1994, 139–140; letter; DBGM68, 146. Cobo Terrazas, Diego a—Nov. 23, 1973. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; biology degree, UNAM, 1994– 1998; professor of human relations, CCH, 1996. d—Plurinominal federal deputy from PVEM, 2000–2003, 2006–2009. e—Joined PVEM, 1991; secretary of youth, CEN of PVEM, 1994–1995; national coordinator of ecological youth, PVEM, 1995–1998; secretary of ecology and environment, CEN of PVEM, 2006. f—Technical secretary,

Youth Committee, Chamber of Deputies, 1997–2000; coordinator of advisers, PVEM, Senate, 2003–2006. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Jorge Alfredo Cobo Romero and Patricia Margarita Terrazas Vázquez; cousin Jorge Emilio González, president of PVEM. j—None. k—None. l—Directorio del Congreso, 2006–2009, 375; DCM, 2000–2003, 432; QesQ en el Congreso, 2006–2009, 279–280; www.diputados.gob.mx, 2007; Musacchio, 95. Coello (Ochoa), David (Deceased 1959) a—Aug. 20, 1885. b—Alvarado, Veracruz. c—Early education unknown; degree from Naval College of Veracruz, 1900. d—None. e—Cofounder, PARM, 1954. f—Oficial mayor, Secretariat of the Navy, 1948–1949; secretary of the navy, 1948–1949; inspector of fishing, Tuxpán, Nayarit, 1952–1958. g—None. h—Considered an expert on naval warfare. j—Joined navy in 1909; member, merchant marine, 1917–1927; rejoined navy, 1927; career naval officer; rescued North American ship off Mexican coast, 1924; commander of various naval ships; commander, 4th Naval Zone, 1939–1940; rank of commodore, 1940; assistant director of the navy, 1940; secretary-general, merchant fleet, 1940–1941; director of the fleet, 1941–1942; commander, 1st Naval Zone, 1942–1943; acting commander, 4th Naval Zone, 1944–1945; commandant, Islas Margaritas Naval Base, 1945–1946; rank of vice admiral, 1949. k—None. l—DGF47, 233; DP70, 459; DGF56, 384; D de Y, Dec. 5, 1940, 1; HA, Oct. 15, 1948, 3; Excélsior, Oct. 20, 1949; PS, 1258. Coello Trejo, Javier a—Oct. 22, 1948. b—San Cristóbal de las Casas, Chiapas. c—Early education unknown; law degree, University of Chiapas, 1967–1970, with thesis on Ministerio Público’s efforts to curb corruption. d—None. e—None. f—Agent, Ministerio Público; private secretary to director of Federal Police of Chiapas; private secretary to attorney general of Chiapas; special agent, Ministerio Público, Office of the Attorney General of Mexico; secretary-

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general of government of Chiapas, 1983– 1988; assistant attorney general in charge of drug trafficking, 1988–1990. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Roberto Coello Lesieur, journalist, and María del Carmen Trejo Quevedo; married Jovita Zuarth Corzo. j—None. k—Resigned as assistant attorney general after numerous complaints against his agents for sexual abuse and rape. l—DBGM89, 88; www.proceso.com.mx, 2007; U.S. News & World Report, Sept. 14, 1996; www.eluniversal.com.mx, 2008. Coheto Martínez, Vitálico Cándido

a—Sept. 4, 1941. b—San Miguel Talea de Castro, Villa Alta, Oaxaca. c—Early education unknown; elementary teaching certificate, Federal Institute for Teacher Training, 1963–1966; psychology degree, Higher Normal School of Mexico, 1966–1968; MA in education, Higher Normal School of Mexico, 1973–1977; elementary teacher, 1965–1967; teacher and supervisor, Ixcatlán, Oaxaca, 1968, and Chenalhó, Chiapas, 1969–1970; director general, Preparatory College of Oaxaca, 2007. d—Federal deputy from State of Oaxaca, Dist. 2, 1991–1994; senator from Oaxaca, 1994–2000; federal deputy from State of Oaxaca, Dist. 4, 2000– 2003. e—Joined PRI, 1965. f—Sec. chief, National Indigenous Institute, 1971–1972; alternate director of external indigenous education, Secretariat of Public Education, 1972–1973; regional director, Otomí Zone, Querétaro, and State of Mexico, Secretariat of Public Education, 1974–1977; chief, Department of Indigenous Education, Oaxaca, 1978–1982; director general of indigenous education, Oaxaca, 1983–1989; regional delegate of government of Oaxaca, 1989–1991; attorney for the defense of the indigenous, 1998–2000. g—Coordinator of indigenous affairs, CNC, 1998. h—None. i—Son of Urbano Coheto, peasant, and Amparo Martínez Santillán; married Elodia Ramírez Rosales. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM84, 100; QesQ en el Congreso, 2000–2003, 164–165; Musacchio, 96; DBGM92, 444; DCM, 2000–2003, 202.

Colín Sánchez, Mario (Deceased Mar. 25, 1983) a—June 22, 1922. b—Atlacomulco, State of Mexico. c—Elementary studies at public school, Atlacomulco; secondary studies at a public school, Toluca, State of Mexico, and Secondary School No. 4, Mexico City; preparatory studies at National Preparatory School, 1940–1941; law degree, National School of Law, UNAM, 1942–1947, with thesis titled “The Municipality in Mexico”; rector, Scientific and Literary Institute of Mexico, 1951–1952. d—Local deputy, State Legislature of State of Mexico, 1947–1950; federal deputy from State of Mexico, Dist. 4, 1955–1958, alternate member of 2nd Government Committee and Rules Committee; alternate senator from State of Mexico, 1958– 1964; federal deputy from State of Mexico, Dist. 5, 1964–1967, member of Tariff Committee and 1st Ejido Committee; federal deputy from State of Mexico, Dist. 8, 1970–1973, member of Industries Committee, Gran Comisión, Cultural Affairs Committee, and Editorial Committee (1st year). e—President, Regional Committee of PRI, San Luis Potosí; PRI delegate of to various states. f—Private secretary to governor of State of Mexico, Alfredo del Mazo, 1945–1947; judge of 1st instance; head, Public Registry, Tlalnepantla, State of Mexico; secretary of education, State of Mexico, 1981–1983. h—Created multivolume Encyclopedia of the State of Mexico; winner, 1942 oratory contest, National School of Law. i—Brother of author and lawyer Guillermo Colín Sánchez, justice of Superior Tribunal of Justice of Federal District; companion of Luis Echeverría at UNAM; married María Asúnsolo; nephew of Alfredo del Mazo Vélez, governor of State of Mexico. j—None. k—Shot Mar. 5, 1983, in Cuernavaca, died after 4 operations. l—DGF56, 25, 33, 36, 398; C de S, 1961–1964, 14; C de D, 1955–1957, 54; Directorio, 1970–1972; C de D, 1970–1972, 107; letters; Enc. Mex., III, 22–23; C de D, 1964–1967, 77, 82; Guerra Leal, 127; Excélsior, Apr. 26, 1983, 5A; Excélsior, May 2, 1983, 34A; HA, Sept. 28, 1981, 27; Excélsior, Mar. 27, 1983, 4A; DP95, 848.

t he b io g ra phies  215 Colomo y Corral, José (Deceased Aug. 3, 1969) a—Oct. 6, 1894. b—Meoqui, Chihuahua. c—Elementary studies in Meoqui; secondary studies at Scientific and Literary Institute of Chihuahua, 1907–1912; preparatory studies at Scientific and Literary Institute of Chihuahua; degree in petroleum engineering from National School of Engineering, UNAM, 1920; civil engineering degree, UNAM, 1939; professor of engineering, National School of Engineering, UNAM, 1931–1965. d—None. e—None. f—Inspector of petroleum, Secretariat of Industry and Commerce; assistant director, Department of Petroleum, Secretariat of Industry and Commerce, 1927–1937; assistant director of mines and petroleum, Secretariat of Industry and Commerce, 1939–1940; director, Department of Coordination and Technical Studies, PEMEX, 1941–1945; assistant director of production, PEMEX, 1950–1964; assistant director of elementary production, PEMEX, 1965–1969. g—None. h—Technical adviser, Dresser Institute. i—Son of Pedro Colomo. j—None. k—None. l—Letter, WWM45, 28; DGF50, II, 203, 279, 280; DGF51, II, 293, 383–384; DP95, 850. Colosio (Murrieta), Luis Donaldo

(Deceased Mar. 23, 1994) a—Feb. 10, 1950. b—Magdalena de Kino, Sonora. c—Elementary studies at a religious school, 1956–1957, and at Juan Fenochio School, Magdalena de Kino, 1957–1962, best student in 6th-grade class; secondary studies at Secondary School No. 3, Magdalena de Kino, 1963–1965; preparatory studies at University of Sonora Campus, Magdalena de Kino, 1966–1968; economics degree, Technological Institute of Higher Studies, Monterrey, Nuevo León, 1968–1972, best student of his generation; MA in regional development and urban economics, on government scholarship, University of Pennsylvania, University Park, 1974–1975; studied English several summers at University of Arizona Center for English as a Second Language, 1965 and 1966; PhD studies in economics, University

of Pennsylvania; professor, Autonomous University of the State of Mexico, 1979; professor, Colegio de México, 1979; professor, National School of Political Studies, Acatlán, 1979, UNAM; professor, Anáhuac University, 1979. d—Federal deputy from State of Sonora, Dist. 6, 1985–1988, member of Treasury Committee; senator from Sonora, 1988–1991. e—Member of CEPES of PRI in Federal District, 1981–1982; oficial mayor of CEN of PRI, 1987–1988; president of CEN of PRI, 1988–1992; PRI presidential candidate, 1993–1994. f—Adviser to director general of macroeconomic and social policy, Secretariat of Programming and Budget, 1979–1980; assistant director of regional and urban policy, Secretariat of Programming and Budget, 1980–1982; technical secretary, Development Planning Committee, COPLADE, Federal District, 1982–1983; director general of regional programming and budgeting, Secretariat of Programming and Budget, 1984–1985; secretary, Secretariat of Social Development, 1992–1993. g—Led protest strike as president of preparatory students of University of Sonora preparatory program in Magdalena de Kino, 1967, forced to leave the state. h—Radio announcer, Station XEDJ, 1966–1968. i—Son of Luis Colosio Fernández, meat packer and selfeducated accountant, who served as mayor of Magdalena de Kino, 1982–1985, and as senator from Sonora, 2000–2006, and Ofelia Murrieta, homemaker; student at ITESM with Carlos Medina Plascencia, governor of Guanajuato, José Luis Soberanes Reyes, assistant secretary of urban development, and Rogelio Montemayor Seguy; married Diana Laura Rojas, economist; obtained his first political position under Rogelio Montemayor Seguy, governor of Coahuila; adviser to Carlos Salinas de Gortari, 1979. j—None. k—Received PRI nomination, Nov. 28, 1993, as its presidential candidate; assassinated while campaigning, Mar. 23, 1994, generating difficulties for PRI and further pressures for political reform. l—DBGM87, 456; DBGM89, 419; Arizona Daily Star, May 28,

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1989, 3C; Proceso, Aug. 21, 1992, 15; letters; DBGM92, 93; Líderes, Nov., 1992, 166ff. Conchello Dávila, José Ángel

(Deceased Aug. 4, 1998) a—Sept. 1, 1923. b—Monterrey, Nuevo León. c—Elementary studies in Mexico City; secondary and preparatory studies, Monterrey; law degree, National School of Law, UNAM, with thesis on state goals; studied industrial development in Canada on UN scholarship; professor of economics, School of Banking and Business Administration, UNAM; professor of journalism; professor, Ibero-American University. d—Federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. 19, 1967–1970, member of Tariff Committee, International Trade Committee, Legislative Studies Committee, 7th Sec. on Commerce and Credit, Cinematographic Development Committee, Television Industry Committee, and Desert Zones Committee; PAN federal party deputy, 1973–1976, head of PAN delegation, 1974; member, 10th Interparliamentary Reunion, 1970; plurinominal federal deputy from PAN, 1985–1988; representative, Assembly of the Federal District, 1988–1990, and head of PAN delegation; senator from Federal District, 1994– 2000, president of Foreign Relations Committee, 2nd Sec. e—Joined PAN, 1955; PAN candidate for federal deputy, 1955; national adviser, PAN, 1967–1987; member, National Executive Committee of PAN, 1969; president of CEN of PAN, 1972–1975; president of PAN, Federal District, 1989. f—Administrative director, National Council of Productivity. g—Director, Economic Studies Department, CONCAMIN; represented Mexican employers at Administrative Council of ILO, Geneva, 1953; director, National Announcers’ Association, 1997. h—Director, private public relations firm, 1974; director of public relations, Cervecería Moctezuma; writer for La Nación, official PAN publication; fluent in French, English, and Italian. i—Disciple of federal deputy Antonio Rodríguez when he joined PAN; Jorge Garabito and Efraín González Morfín supported him for presidency of PAN; son of Andrés Conchello

Meseguer, industrialist, and Clotilde Dávila Rodríguez; married Otilia Román Marx. j—None. k—Accused by dissident members of PAN of attempting to split the party, 1978; lost leadership of PAN delegation to Congress when he defied new party leadership; PAN candidate for governor of Nuevo León, 1979; received Belisario Domínguez Award from Mexican Senate posthumously. l—Letter; Excélsior, Feb. 28, 1973, 19; Excélsior, Mar. 30, 1973, 22; HA, Jan. 18, 1973, 16; HA, Feb. 21, 1972, 13; MGF69, 91; C de D, 1967–1969, 61, 70, 72, 75; Proceso, Apr. 17, 1978, 10–16; HA, Apr. 9, 1979, VI; DBGM89, 568; CDDWeb, Senadores, 1997; Pérez Franco, 84–85. Contreras Camacho, Máximo a—Sept. 7, 1913. b—Pichucalco, Chiapas. c—Elementary studies at public school, Pichucalco; secondary and preparatory studies at Secondary School No. 4, preparatory at National Preparatory School, Mexico City; law degree, National School of Law, UNAM. d—Alternate federal deputy from State of Chiapas, Dist. 1, 1958–1961; federal deputy from State of Chiapas, Dist. 4, 1961–1964, member of Budget and Accounts Committee and 2nd Labor Committee; federal deputy from State of Chiapas, Dist. 3, 1970–1973, member of 2nd Constitutional Affairs Committee, Foreign Trade and Tariff Committee, Fiscal Sec. of Legislative Studies Committee, and Gran Comisión. e—Delegate of CNOP; delegate of PRI in various states. f—Administrator of customs, Nuevo Laredo, Tamaulipas; mediator, Secretariat of Labor; director of legal affairs, Secretariat of Health; oficial mayor of government, State of Guerrero; district judge, Guerrero; judge, State of Chiapas. g—None. h—Rector, Institute of Arts and Sciences, Chiapas. i—Brother Gregorio was justice of Superior Tribunal of Justice of Federal District; son Máximo was head of Legal Department of Metro System, 1974; married Amparo Barrera. j—None. k—PRI precandidate for senator from Chiapas, 1981. l—Directorio, 70–72; C de D, 1961–1963, 75, 1958–1960, 1970–1972, 107; Excélsior, Dec. 26, 1981, 16A.

t he b io g ra phies  217 Contreras Guerrero, Jaime a—Aug. 22, 1933. b—Federal District. c—Preparatory Studies, Heroic Military College, 1949–1951, graduating as 2nd infantry lieutenant, 1951; graduate of staff and command, Higher War College, 1958–1961; MA in continental defense from Inter-American Defense College, Washington, DC, 1969–1970; cadet commander, Heroic Military College, 1956– 1957; director, Heroic Military College, 1983– 1985. d—None. e—Joined PRI, 1952. f—Assistant secretary of national defense, Dec. 1, 1994–Aug. 31, 1998. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Toribio Contreras Rodríguez, civil servant, and Concepción Guerrero Camacho; married Virginia Marván. j—Joined army as cadet, Jan. 1, 1949; officer, sec. commander, 17th Infantry Battalion, 1952; officer, 8th and 17th Infantry Battalions, 1953–1955; company commander, 27th Infantry Battalion, 1961; chief of national plans, Sec. 5, staff, Secretariat of National Defense, 1962–1963; company commander, 48th Infantry Battalion, 1964; assistant chief, Sec. 2, staff, Secretariat of National Defense, 1965; chief of combined planning, Sec. 5, staff, Secretariat of National Defense, 1966–1967; chief of instruction, Infantry and Operations Sec., 47th Infantry Battalion, 1968; assistant chief of staff, 2nd Military Zone, 1969; assistant military attaché, Mexican embassy, Washington, DC; rank of colonel, Nov. 20, 1973; chief, Sec. 2, staff, Secretariat of National Defense, 1973–1974; chief of staff, 10th Military Zone, 1975; commander, 26th Infantry Battalion, 1975–1976; assistant chief of staff, Secretariat of National Defense, 1976–1979; rank of brigadier general, Nov. 20, 1977; military attaché, Mexican embassy, Madrid, 1979–1981; commander, 21st Military Zone, Morelia, Michoacán, 1985–1986; president, Higher Military Tribunal, 1986–1987; commander, 7th Military Zone, Monterrey, Nuevo León, 1988–1993; commander, 1st Corps, 1994; rank of division general. k—Assistant chief and chief of military intelligence during conflict in Guerrero. l—Letter; Rev. de Ejer., June, 1976, 134; Rev. de Ejer., Nov., 1977, 70;

DBGM87, 93; Rev. de Ejer., Nov.–Dec., 1973, 38; Diario de Yucatán, Oct. 7, 2002. Contreras Martínez, María de los Ángeles a—May 5, 1933. b—Tarimoro,

Guanajuato. c—Early education unknown; teaching certificate; private accounting degree. d—Member, City Council, Guanajuato, Guanajuato, 1958–1960; federal deputy from State of Guanajuato, Dist. 7, 1967–1970. e—Participated in various campaigns for deputy and gubernatorial campaign in Guanajuato, 1951; joined PRI, 1954; director, Women’s Sec. of PRI, State of Guanajuato, 1954–1966; secretary-general, State Committee of PRI, Guanajuato, 1967. f—None. g—CNC delegate to various national conventions. j—None. k—None. l—Directorio, 1967–1970; PS, 1288. Coquet Laguna, Benito (Deceased July 25, 1993) a—Aug. 26, 1913. b—Jalapa, Veracruz. c—Elementary, secondary, and preparatory studies in Jalapa; law degree from University of Veracruz, Jalapa, 1935, with thesis on labor legislation. d—Federal deputy from State of Veracruz, Dist. 11, 1943–1946, president of Chamber, Sept., 1945, 1946. e—Orator, Ávila Camacho presidential campaign, 1940; participant in José Vasconcelos’ campaign for president, 1929. f—Agent, Ministerio Público, Coatepec, Veracruz; chief of legal affairs, Agricultural Credit Bank, Veracruz, 1935–1939; public defender, Superior Tribunal of Justice, State of Veracruz, 1935–1939; director, National Institute of Fine Arts, 1941–1943; ambassador to Cuba, 1947–1952; oficial mayor, Secretariat of Government, 1946–1947; assistant secretary of presidency, 1952–1956; secretary of presidency, 1956–1958; director general, IMSS, 1958–1964. g—Student activist in Vasconcelos presidential campaign, 1929; delegate from Veracruz to National Student Congress in San Luis Potosí, 1933; vice president and president, National Student Federation, 1934. h—None. i—Son of Juan Benito Coquet, French national, and María Lagunes, an indigenous Mexican; married Julia Ramos Larzen; son Juan Benito Coquet Ramos, director general

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of Department of the Federal District, 1992, and secretary-general of government of Michoacán. j—None. k—None. l—El Universal, Dec. 2, 1958; HA, Dec. 8, 1958, 32; DGF56, 53; D del S, Dec. 3, 1952, 1; DGF51, I, 104; Gómez Maganda, 106; Quién Será, 145; Func., 103; Enc. Mex., III, 138–139; www.es.wikipedia.org, 2008. Cordera Campos, Rolando a—Jan. 31, 1942. b—Manzanillo, Colima. c—Early education unknown; economics studies at National School of Economics, UNAM, 1960–1964, graduating Sept. 8, 1966; graduate studies at London School of Economics; full-time professor, National School of Economics, UNAM, 1969– . d—Plurinominal federal deputy from PSUM, 1982–1985. e—Secretary of studies, PSUM; member, Political Committee of Central Committee of PSUM. f—Adviser to secretary of planning and programming, 1977–1978. g—Founding member, University Workers’ Union, UNAM; adviser, Human Rights Commission of the Federal District, 1993– 2002. h—Educator; director, Nexos television program, 10 years. i—Father, a sailor; professor of Manuel Camacho. j—None. k—None. l—Directorio, 1982–1985; www .rolando.cordera.org.mx, 2008; www.fzln .org.mx, 2007. Cordera (Pastor), Miguel Ángel

(Deceased) a—Oct. 10, 1912. b—Jalapa, Veracruz. c—Elementary and secondary studies in Jalapa; preparatory studies at Free Law School of Jalapa; law degree from School of Law, University of Veracruz, Jalapa, 1934. d—None. e—None. f—Consulting lawyer, state government of Veracruz, 1940; president, National Coffee Commission, 1954–1959, (forerunner of Mexican Coffee Institute); director general, Mexican Coffee Institute, 1959–1970; executive coordinator, CONASUPO, 1976. g—President, International Coffee Organization, 1962– 1963, 1967–1968. h—Industrial farmer, coffee and tropical agricultural crops; director general, El Palmar Industry, 1940; founder, Hule y Látex, SA, 1935–1942; director general,

Tropical Plantations, 1971–1986. i—Son of Miguel Ángel Cordera Ruiz, lawyer (practiced law with him as a student, 1935–1942), and Ana María Pastor Arzamendi; married Carmen de Lascuráin; daughter Carmen founded Mexican Gallery of Drawing, 1991; brother Mario was Federal Tax Court judge. j—None. k—None. l—DBM68, 149; WWM87, 118; Libro Azul, 117. Cordero Arroyo, Ernesto Javier

a—May 9, 1968. c—Early education unknown; degree in actuary sciences, ITAM; MA in economics, University of Pennsylvania, University Park, 1993; PhD in economics, University of Pennsylvania, 1999, recipient of Edwin Mansfield Prize; professor of statistics and economics, ITAM, University of Pennsylvania, and CIDE. d—None. e—Coordinator of technological analysis of legislative bills, Chamber of Deputies, for Miguel Estrada Iturbide Foundation; president, Miguel Estrada Iturbide Foundation, PAN think tank, 2000; coordinator of advisers and public policy proposals, Felipe Calderón presidential campaign, 2006. f—Adviser to secretary of energy; chief of staff of counseling and institutional relations, Secretariat of Energy; director, Integral Risk Management, Banobras, under Felipe Calderón, 2003; assistant secretary of energy planning and technological development, Secretariat of Energy, 2003–2004; assistant secretary of expenditures, Secretariat of the Treasury, 2006–2008; secretary of social development, 2008–2009; secretary of the treasury, 2009– . g—None. h—None. i—Son of Graciela Arroyo de Cordero, distinguished nurse, director of National School of Nursing, and doctor; studied under Georgina Kessel, secretary of energy, 2006. j—None. k—None. l—www.cancha mmx.com, 2008; www.westgov.org/wga, 2008; www.el-universal.com.mx, 2008. Córdoba Montoya, Joseph Marie

a—June 1, 1950. b—Ciotat, France. c—Early education unknown; engineering degree, École Politechnique, Paris, 1970–1973; MA in philosophy, Sorbonne, 1970–1973; PhD

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studies in economics, Stanford University, Palo Alto, with unfinished thesis titled “Prices and Quantities in the Planning Process,” 1974–1977; professor, University of Pennsylvania, University Park, 1978– 1979; professor, Colegio de México, 1979. d—None. e—Adviser, French Socialist Party, 1970; joined PRI, 1980; adviser to director general of IEPES of PRI, Carlos Salinas, 1982. f—Adviser to President Mitterrand of France, 1974; adviser to Francisco Gil Díaz, director of income, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1979–1980; director of regional planning, Secretariat of Programming and Budget, 1980–1981; director general of social and economic policy, Secretariat of Programming and Budget, 1982–1983; chief of advisers, Secretariat of Programming and Budget, 1983–1985; director general of social and economic policy, Secretariat of Programming and Budget, 1985–1987; special adviser to Carlos Salinas, 1987–1988; coordinator, Office of Coordination of the Presidency, 1988–1994; representative of Mexico, IADB, 1994–1995. g—None. h—None. i—Son of José Córdoba Caparros, lawyer, and Dolores Montoya, both Spanish exiles; father was official in Republican city government of Almería, Spain, and was imprisoned in Spain, 1939–1945, before escaping; married Sofía Urrutia Lazo, daughter of Óscar Urrutia Lazo, architect, and María Elena Lazo, writer; naturalized Mexican citizen, May 10, 1985; roomed with Guillermo Ortiz Martínez, assistant secretary of the treasury, at Stanford; met Rogelio Gasca Neri, assistant secretary of programming and budgeting, at Stanford; met Luis Donaldo Colosio while teaching at University of Pennsylvania; became friends with Carlos Salinas in 1980 while serving as director of regional planning at Secretariat of Programming and Budget. j—None. k—Participated in student strike in Paris, 1968; according to Proceso, violated the Constitution when he joined PRI as a noncitizen and held other governmental positions before 1985. l—DBGM87, 94; DBGM89, 89; Proceso, Apr. 6, 1992, 8.

Cordova Villalobos, José Ángel

a—Aug. 19, 1953. b—León, Guanajuato. c—Early education unknown; medical degree, University of Guanajuato, 1970–1975; MA in public administration, University of Guanajuato, 1993–2000; professor of medicine, University of Guanajuato, 1998–2000, 2002– ; professor of nutrition, University of Guanajuato, 2001– ; dean, School of Medicine, University of Guanajuato, 1990–1997. d—Plurinominal federal deputy from PAN, president of Health Committee, 2003–2006. e—Member of PAN; president, Electoral Council, Guanajuato, 1997–2002. f—Secretary of health, 2006– . g—None. h—Editor, Mexican Journal of Medical Education, 1993–1997; chief of medical education, Ángeles de León Hospital, Guanajuato, 2002–2006.i—Son of José Ángel Córdova Guerrero and María del Refugio Villalobos; married María Aurora Gabriela Gallardo. j—None. k—None. l—Pérez Franco, 87; DdeY, Nov. 24, 2006; www.diputados.gob .mx, 2003–2006, 2008. Corella Gil Samaniego, Norberto

(Deceased Apr. 7, 2004) a—July 24, 1927. b—Douglas, Ariz. c—Elementary studies at Loretto Academy, Douglas, and Vicente Guerrero School, Agua Prieta, Sonora; secondary studies in Hermosillo, Sonora, at University of Sonora; degree in business administration from Institute of Technology and Higher Education of Monterrey, Nuevo León, May, 1950. d—Plurinominal federal deputy from PAN, 1988–1991; senator from Baja California, 1994–2000, secretary of Migratory Affairs and Defense committees. e—Joined PAN, 1962; president, Executive Committee of Regional Council of PAN, 1963–1965; president, PAN, State of Baja California del Norte, 1968–1970, 1977–1980; secretary of international relations of CEN of PAN; member of CEN of PAN, 1972–1975, 1987–1990; national adviser, PAN, 1965–1978, 1985–1987, 1988–1995, 1998–2005. f—None. g—Secretary, Council of National Chamber of Commerce of Mexicali, 1954–1955; president, National Chamber of Commerce,

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Mexicali, 1955–1956; founding president, Confederation of Chambers of Commerce of Baja California del Norte, 1956–1959; founding president, Employers’ Center, Baja California del Norte, 1958–1963. h—Director of sales, Cía. Maderera y Ganadera del Noroeste, Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua, 1950; assistant director, Proveedores de la Construcción, SA, 1952–1954; director, Concretos de Mexicali, 1954; director, Proveedores de la Construcción, SA, 1954–1970. i—Son of Alfredo Corella Barceló and Celia Gil Samaniego Freaner; brother René was oficial mayor of State of Baja California, 1992; second wife, Irma Rojo Mancillas; son Norberto Corella was federal deputy from Baja California, 2003–2006. j—None. k—PAN candidate for governor of Baja California del Norte; PAN precandidate for president, 1975. l—DBM68, 150; Aguirre, 497; DBGM89, 421; DBGM92, 740; CDDWeb, Senadores, 1997; Pérez Franco, 88–89. Corella Molina, Emiliano (Deceased) a—May 18, 1891. b—Banamichi, Sonora. c—Self-educated; no degree. d—Mayor, Banamichi, 1912–1913, 1916–1919; alternate local deputy, State Legislature of Sonora, 1919–1921; federal deputy to State Legislature of Sonora, Dist. 1, 1924–1926; federal deputy from State of Sonora, Dist. 2, 1930–1932, member of Gran Comisión; senator from State of Sonora, 1932–1936; federal deputy from State of Sonora, Dist. No. 2, 1955–1958, president of Agricultural Development and Livestock Committee. e—None. f—Secretary-general of government, State of Sonora, 1933–1934; interim governor, Sonora, 1934–1935. g—President, Livestock Union of Sonora, 1947; president, Lions Club of Banamichi. h—Businessman; adviser, Livestock and Agricultural Bank of Sonora, 1956. j—None. k—Signed Plan of Agua Prieta, Apr. 23, 1920. l—Ind. Biog., 44–45; DGF56, 28, 33; C de D, 1955–1958; www.expreso.com .mx, May 3, 2008. Coria (Cano), Alberto (Deceased 1960) a—July 4, 1892. b—Paracho, Michoacán. c—Elementary studies in Paracho;

secondary studies at Colegio de San Nicolás, Morelia; enrolled in School of Law, Colegio de San Nicolás, 1909, abandoned studies in 1913 to fight against Victoriano Huerta; law degree, University of Michoacán, 1929; normal school professor, Colegio de San Nicolás, 1916; professor of mathematics, Colegio de San Nicolás, 1913–1932; rector, University of Michoacán, 1929. d—Member, City Council, Morelia, 1916–1917, 1924; local deputy, State of Michoacán, 1920–1924; federal deputy from State of Michoacán, 1932–1934. e—None. f—Agent, Ministerio Público, 1928; attorney general, State of Michoacán, 1931–1932; justice, Superior Tribunal of Justice, Federal District and Federal Territories, 1935–1940; justice, Federal Tax Court, 1951–1958; justice, Federal Circuit Court, Mexico City, 1959–1960. g—Cofounder, World House of Labor; first secretary-general of labor, Michoacán, under Gov. Lázaro Cárdenas. i—Close friend of Alberto Bremauntz during the 1920s. j—Captain, Constitutionalist forces, Michoacán, 1913–1915. k—Coauthor, with Alberto Bremauntz, of socialist revision of Art. 3 of 1917 Constitution. l—DGF56, 551; DP70, 521; Enc. Mex., III, 152; DGF51, I, 549; letter. Corona, Gustavo (Deceased 1991) a—1899. b—Morelia, Michoacán. c—Elementary studies in Morelia; secondary and preparatory studies at Colegio de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia; law degree, Colegio de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, May 25, 1931; rector, University of Michoacán, 1932–1934. d—Mayor, Morelia, 1929. e—None. f—Secretary, local Board of Conciliation and Arbitration, Morelia; judge, Fifth Civil District, Mexico City; president, Federal Board of Conciliation and Arbitration, 1937–1938; secretary-general, Department of the Federal District, 1939–1940; lawyer, PEMEX, 1960. g—Student activist; member, student Red Cross under Dr. Jesús Díaz Barriaga, serving throughout Michoacán. j—None. k—His arbitration decision became judicial basis of petroleum expropriation, 1938.

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l—Dicc. Mich., 101; www.dieumsnh.gfb .umich.org.mx, 2008. Corona Bandín, Salvador (Deceased) a—1912. b—Guadalajara, Jalisco. c—Elementary, secondary, and preparatory studies in Guadalajara; language specialist; professor of English and French in Guadalajara schools. d—Local deputy, State Legislature of Jalisco; federal deputy from State of Jalisco, Dist. 9, 1961–1964, member of Gran Comisión; senator from State of Jalisco, 1964–1970. e—General delegate of CEN of PRI to Veracruz, 1964; president of PRI, Jalisco. f—Oficial mayor, State Legislature of Jalisco; director, Complaints Department, Department of Agrarian Affairs, 1945–1946; private secretary to Silvano Barba González, head of Department of Agrarian Affairs, 1944–1945. g—None. i—Member of Barba González’s political group. j—None. k—None. l—C de S, 1964–1970; MGF69; C de D, 1964–1970. Corona del Rosal, Alfonso (Deceased Jan. 1, 2001) a—July 1, 1908. b—Ixmiquilpan, Hidalgo. c—Elementary studies in Mexico City; enrolled in National Military College, 1920, and commissioned 2nd lieutenant in cavalry, Feb. 1, 1923; first year of preparatory at National Preparatory School, 1930–1931; law degree with honorable mention, National School of Law, UNAM, Sept. 29, 1937; professor of labor law, Secondary School for Workers No. 9; professor of political economy, National School of Law, UNAM; professor of military ethics, National Military College, 1923–1933. d—Federal deputy from State of Hidalgo, Dist. 5, 1940–1943, member of Committee on Libraries; federal senator from Hidalgo, 1946–1952, member of Committee on Legislative Studies, Department of the Federal District Committee, Special Forestry Committee, 1st Justice Committee, 2nd Balloting Committee, 1st National Defense Committee, and Military Justice Committee, substitute member of 1st Committee on Constitutional Affairs; governor, Hidalgo, 1957–1958. e—Member, Youth Sec., PRI, 1938; assistant

secretary of military action, PRI, 1938–1940; director of youth action, Manuel Ávila Camacho presidential campaign, 1939–1940; member, National Publicity Committee for Ávila Camacho, 1939–1940; president, Regional Committee of the Federal District during Adolfo Ruiz Cortines’s campaign, 1951–1952; president of CEN of PRI, 1958– 1964. f—Private secretary to Javier Rojo Gómez, head of Federal District, 1943–1946; director general, National Army‑Navy Bank; director of labor and welfare, Federal District; secretary of government properties, 1964–1966; head, Department of the Federal District, 1966–1970. g—Secretary, Student Society, UNAM. h—None. i—Friend of Javier Rojo Gómez; son of Germán Corona, a schoolteacher and musician, who worked in local tax office in Zimapán and eventually became assistant director of police band in Mexico City, and Aurora del Rosal; son Germán was senator from Hidalgo, 1970–1976; raised by uncle Jesús Rosal, physician; uncle became political boss of Ixmiquilpan and federal deputy under Madero; grandson of Juan del Rosal, ironworker, and Donaciana Mayorga; married Carmen Álvarez; second wife, Raquel del Rosal Rodríguez, his first cousin; friend of Antonio Nava Castillo since they were cadets at National Military School. j—Career army officer; joined army as a cadet, 1921; fought against de la Huerta rebellion as member of 77th Cavalry Regiment, 1923–1924; joined Presidential Guards as commander of 1st Sec., under President Calles, 1924–1927; served in Colegio Militar under General Gilberto Limón, 1927; rank of major, 1937; promoted to lieutenant colonel by Manuel Ávila Camacho just before he left the presidency, 1946; participated in campaigns of 1923, 1927, and 1929; director of military industries, 1953–1954; rank of brigade general, 1957; rank of division general, Dec. 24, 1964. k—PRI precandidate for president of Mexico, 1969; dedicated thesis to Ávila Camacho and General Limón. l—MacAlister, 223; DGF47, 20; HA, Dec. 7, 1964, 19; D del S, Dec. 1, 1940, 1; DBM68,

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151; D del S, Dec. 3, 1946, 1; Scott, 31, 306; DGF51, I, 6, 11–14; Enc. Mex., III, 155; Pérez López, 101–102. Corona del Rosal (Rodríguez), Germán

a—Apr. 14, 1932. b—Ixmiquilpan, Hidalgo. c—Elementary studies, 1941–1946; secondary studies at Secondary School No. 4, Mexico City, 1947–1948; studies at Heroic Military College, 1950–1953, graduating as 2nd cavalry lieutenant. d—Senator from State of Hidalgo, 1970–1976, secretary of Permanent Committee, Dec., 1973, president of Indigenous Affairs Committee, and 1st secretary of 1st National Defense Committee; delegate of Gustavo A. Madero to Department of the Federal District, 1976–1981; federal deputy from State of Hidalgo, Dist. 1, 1985–1988; federal deputy from State of Hidalgo, Dist. 5, 1991–1994. e—None. f—Treasurer, local Highway Board, Hidalgo, 1957–1958; executive secretary, Indigenous Property of the Mezquital Valley, 1956–1969; director general of political and social research, Secretariat of the Government, 1981–1982; delegate, Secretariat of Programming and Budget, 1983–1984. g—None. h—Owner, Pachuca Soccer Club, Mezquital. i—Son of General Alfonso Corona del Rosal, president of CEN of PRI, 1958–1964, and Raquel del Rosal Rodríguez; grandson of Germán Corona, schoolteacher and musician, who worked in local tax office in Zimapán and eventually became assistant director of police band in Mexico City, and Aurora del Rosal; married María de los Ángeles Vázquez Hale. j—Career army officer, reached rank of captain. k—PRI precandidate for governor of Hidalgo, 1973, 1978. l—C de S, 1970–1976, 74; PS, 1222; Excélsior, June 28, 1974, 4; HA, Jan. 7, 1974, 12; Pérez López, 122–123; Directorio, 1985–1988, 200– 202; DBGM87, 458; DBGM92, 445. Corona Mendioroz, Arturo (Deceased) a—Dec. 18, 1915. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; graduated from National Military College as 2nd cavalry lieutenant, Jan. 1, 1935; graduated from Applied Military School; staff and command

diploma, Higher War College, 1939–1942; attended U.S. Staff and Command School, Ft. Leavenworth, Kan.; professor of cavalry tactics, National Military College; professor, U.S. Staff and Command School (army), 1949; professor of Spanish, U.S. Military Academy, West Point, 1949–1950. d—None. e—None. f—Oficial mayor, Secretariat of National Defense, 1970–1972. g—None. h—None. j—Career army officer; commander, 13th Cavalry Regiment, chief of Sec. 2 (intelligence) of general staff of Secretariat of National Defense, 1953–1962; rank of colonel, 1957; rank of brigadier general, 1965; director, Higher War College, 1964–1967; commander, 29th Military Zone, Minatitlán, Veracruz, 1976–1977; commander, 7th Military Zone, Monterrey, Nuevo León, 1977; commander, 32nd Military Zone, Mérida, Yucatán, 1978–1979; director general of military education, Secretariat of National Defense, 1979–1981. k—None. l—HA, Dec. 14, 1970, 20; DBM68, 157; DAPC, 81, 30; R de E, Dec., 1965, 60; Rev. de Ejer., Jan., 1958, 31; Rev. de Ejer., Dec., 1965, 60; Rev. de Ejer., Apr., 1979. Corona Redondo, Luis Gonzaga

(Deceased Jan. 20, 1974) a—Feb. 20, 1895. b—San Miguel de Allende, Guanajuato. c—Early education unknown; law degree, University of Guanajuato, Oct. 29, 1919. d—None. e—None. f—District judge, Durango, Durango; first district judge, Criminal Division, Federal District; secretary, Supernumerary Division of the Federal District; judge, Superior Court of Justice, Federal District, 1944; supernumerary justice, Supreme Court, 1944–1945; justice, Supreme Court, 1945–1955. g—None. h—None. j—None. k—None. l—www.scjn.gob.mx, 148–149, 2008. Coronado Organista, Saturnino

(Deceased) a—Feb. 19, 1892. b—Guadalajara, Jalisco. c—Elementary and secondary studies in Guadalajara; preparatory studies in Guadalajara; law degree from School of Law, University of Guadalajara; professor of civil and administrative law, School of Law,

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University of Guadalajara; rector, University of Guadalajara, 1931–1934. d—Member, City Council, Guadalajara, 1946–1947; vice mayor, Guadalajara, 1947–1948; federal deputy from State of Jalisco, Dist. 1, 1949–1952, member of Gran Comisión, Legislative Studies Committee, Tax Committee, and Insurance Committee; senator from State of Jalisco, 1952–1958, member of Gran Comisión, Foreign and Domestic Trade Committee, 2nd Government Committee, 1st Constitutional Affairs Committee, and Legislative Studies Committee. e—President, State Electoral Committee, Jalisco, 1946; campaigned for Miguel Alemán, 1946. f—Interim governor, Jalisco, Feb. 17–Mar. 1, 1947; attorney, State Planning Commission, Jalisco, 1947–1951. g—None. h—In business, 1940–1946. i—Held first political position under Gov. Marcelino García Barragán, 1946; protégé of J. Jesús González Gallo. j—None. k—None. l—DGF51, 22, 29, 32, 33, 36; C de D, 1949–1952, 68; DGF56, 6, 9–12, 14; Enc. Mex., V, 579; Ind. Biog., 45–46. Corral Ávila, Ramón a—Dec. 8, 1946. b—Hermosillo, Sonora. c—Early education unknown; courses in civil engineering, University of Sonora, 1967–1968; studies in industrial engineering, Foothills College, Altos Hills, Calif., 1968–1970; law degree, Eastern University, Los Mochis, Sinaloa. d—Local deputy, State Legislature of Chihuahua, 1992–1995; plurinominal federal deputy from PAN, 1997–2000, president of Administration Committee; senator from Sonora, 2000–2006. e—Joined PAN, 1988; president, Regional Committee of PAN, Sonora, 1988–1992; president, Regional Committee of PAN, Chihuahua, 1994; national adviser, PAN, 1995–2004; member of CEN of PAN, 1999–2002; secretary of administration and finance, CEN of PAN, 1999–2000; finance coordinator, Vicente Fox presidential campaign, 1999–2000. f—Confidential agent, Sonora, 1995. g—Vice president, COPARMEX, 1986–1988. h—President, Board of Directors, Restaurante Jardines Miyako, Nuevas Industrias

del Pacífico, Productos Congelados del Norte. j—None. k—None. l—QesQ en el Congreso, 2000–2003, 296–297; Musacchio, 99; www.secgob.gob.mx, 1997, 2007; DCM, 2000–2003, 253; QesQ en el Congreso, 1997–2000, 23–24. Corral Jurado, Javier a—Aug. 2, 1966. b—Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua. c—Communications science technician at community college; studies in law at University of Ciudad Juárez; professor, ITESM. d—Local deputy, State Legislature of Chihuahua, 1992–1995, president of Chamber; plurinominal federal deputy from PAN, 1997–2000; senator from Chihauhua, 2000–2006; plurinominal federal deputy from PAN, 2009– 2012. e—Member of PAN, 1982; private secretary to Francisco Barrio Terrazas during his campaign for mayor of Chihuahua, 1983; coordinator of press and publicity, Francisco Barrio Terrazas’ campaign for governor, 1992; president, Regional Committee of PAN, Chihuahua, 1994–1997; member of CEN of PAN, 1996–1999; PRD/Convergencia candidate for governor, 2004. f—Director of public relations, Ciudad Juárez, 1983– 1984; press director, Public Security Department, Ciudad Juárez, 1984–1986. g—None. h—Reporter, Channel 44, Chihuahua. i—Married Cinthia Aideé Chavira Gamboa, economist and journalist, 1996. j—None. k—None. l—DCM, 2000–2003, 65; www.javiercorral.org, 2008; letter; QesQ Q en el Congreso, 2000–2003, 297–298; Musacchio, 99; www.es.wikipedia.org, 2008; QesQ en el Congreso, 1997–2000, 24. Corral Martínez, Blas (Deceased Apr. 29, 1947) a—Feb. 3, 1883. b—Presidios, Tepehuanes, Durango. c—Elementary studies at Seminary of Durango; no degree. d—Governor, Durango, 1944–1947. e—None. f—Oficial mayor, Secretariat of National Defense, 1936–1938; assistant secretary of national defense, 1938–1939; oficial mayor, Secretariat of National Defense, 1941. g—None. h—Worked as miner in Ouela, Mapimí, Durango, 1910. i—Fought alongside Jesús Agustín Castro during Revolution; married

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Josefina Ramírez; son Héctor Corral Ramírez, brigade general, army; grandson José Manuel Corral de la Peña, businessman. j—Joined the Revolution, 1911, as 2nd corporal; fought against Huerta, 1913–1914; organized 21st Rural Guard; governor and military commander, Chiapas, 1914; rank of brigadier general, 1916; president, Superior Military Tribunal; rank of division general, Apr. 1, 1938. k—None. l—D de Y, Jan., 1938; letter; Peral, 188; Q es Q, 135; Cadena, 139; www.durango.gob, 2008; www.imbiomed .co.mx, 2002. Corral Romero, Octavio a—July 20, 1922. b—Chihuahua, Chihuahua. c—Elementary studies at Niños Héroes School No. 318, Chihuahua; secondary and preparatory studies at Scientific and Literary Institute of Chihuahua; medical degree from National School of Medicine, UNAM; completed all studies except thesis in philosophy, University of Chihuahua. d—PAN federal party deputy, 1967–1970, member of Public Health Committee and Special Education Committee. e—President of PAN, Chihuahua, 1957–1959; member, Regional Committee of PAN, 1960–1970; member, National Council of PAN, 1960; president, State Committee of PAN, Chihuahua (8 years). f—None. g—None. h—Regular contributor to El Heraldo de Chihuahua, 2006. i—Son of Jesús J. Corral, mining engineer and senator, 1920–1924. j—None. k—Letter; C de D, 1967–1970, 57. Corrales Ayala (Espinosa), Rafael

a—Sept. 14, 1925. b—Guanajuato, Guanajuato. c—Law degree, National School of Law, UNAM, with thesis titled “The State and the Nation in Mexico”; professor, National School of Law, UNAM, 1930s–1960s; chief of press relations, UNAM, 1948–1949; chief, University Extension Department, UNAM, 1949. d—Federal deputy from State of Guanajuato, Dist. 1, 1949–1952, member of Gran Comisión, Committees on Legislative Studies (1st and 2nd year) and Budgets and Accounting (2nd year), vice president of Chamber, Nov., 1949;

alternate senator from State of Guanajuato, 1952–1958; federal deputy from State of Guanajuato, Dist. 1, 1955–1958, member of Committee on Money, Credit, and Credit Institutions and Committee on Foreign Relations, secretary of Introductory Council, president of Chamber, Sept., 1956; federal deputy from State of Guanajuato, Dist. 1, 1979–1982; governor, Guanajuato, 1985–1991. e—Secretary-general of CEN of PRI, 1956– 1958; PRI precandidate for senator from Guanajuato, 1981; general delegate of CEN of PRI to Querétaro, 1982. f—Assistant attorney general of Mexico “1,” 1946–1947; head, Press Department, Office of the Presidency of Mexico, 1953–1954; director of information, Secretariat of Government, 1954–1955; president, federal workers’ Arbitration Tribunal, 1960–1962; secretary-general, Department of Tourism, 1962–1964; director general, National Lottery for Public Welfare, 1964–1970; adviser to secretary of the treasury, 1976–1982; oficial mayor, Secretariat of Government, 1982–1985. h—Director, Universidad de México, 1948–1952. i—Part of the group recruited into PRI by Rodolfo Sánchez Taboada; son of Rafael Corrales Ayala, lawyer who administered German property for Mexican government during World War II, and Luz Espinoza Castañón; brother of Salvador Corrales Ayala, director general of social communication, Secretariat of Urban Development and Ecology, 1983; uncle of Rafael Corrales Ayala, Federal Circuit Court judge; married Gloria Favela Icaza. j—None. k—Oratory champion, 1930s; responded to Adolfo Ruiz Cortines’ 4th State of the Union address; PRI precandidate for governor of Guanajuato, 1978; PRI precandidate for senator from Guanajuato, 1981. l—DGF47, 309; DGF56, 6; Siempre, Sept. 7, 1956, 6; DGF69, 680; Tiempo Mexicano, 56; DGF51, 21, 29, 32, 35, 36; Excélsior, Dec. 26, 1981, 16A; Excélsior, Dec. 11, 1982, 23A; Guerra Leal, 123; QesQAP, 280; HA, Feb. 7, 1983, 22; DBGM89, 600, 675; Excélsior, July 27, 1984, 20. Correa Ceseña, José Manuel a—Sept. 2, 1947. b—San José del Cabo, Baja California

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del Sur. c—Early education unknown; law degree, University of Guadalajara, 1964– 1972; MA studies in sociology, but no thesis, University of Guadalajara; professor, University of Guadalajara, 1968–1989; teacher, Preparatory School No. 5, Jalisco; director, Scholarship Department, University of Guadalajara, 1976–1977; secretary-general, University of Guadalajara, 1983–1989. d—Local deputy, State Legislature of Jalisco, 1977–1979; member, City Council, Guadalajara, 1979–1982; federal deputy from State of Jalisco, Dist. 14, 1991–1994; local deputy, State Legislature of Jalisco, 1998–2000, coordinator of PRI delegation; plurinominal federal deputy from PRI, 2000–2003, coordinator of PRI delegation from Jalisco. e—Joined PRI, 1963; president of PRI, Jalisco, 1995– 1997; member, National Political Council of PRI. f—None. g—President, Student Federation of Guadalajara, 1973–1975. h—None. i—Son of Manuel Correa Colorado, teacher, and María Teresa Ceseña Ceseña; married Rosalía de la Nieves Verduzco. j—None. k—School named after him in Jalisco. l—DBGM89, 676; DCM, 2000–2003, 340; Musacchio, 100; QesQ en el Congreso, 2000–2003, 165; DBGM92, 445–446. Correa Jasso, Miguel Ángel a—Apr. 25, 1954. b—Jeráhuaro, Zinápecuaro, Michoacán. c—Early education unknown; economics degree, National Polytechnic Institute; MA in economics with specialization in economic development; researcher and professor, IPN; dean, School of Economics, IPN; director general, IPN, 2000–2003. d—None. e—None. f—None. g—External assistant secretary, National College of Economists. h—None. j—None. k—None. l—www.ipn.mx/contenida, 2008; www .mexicomaxico.org/ipn, 2008. Correa Racho, Víctor Manuel (Deceased 1978) a—Oct. 18, 1917. b—Mérida, Yucatán. c—Elementary studies in Mérida; secondary studies at Bucareli School; preparatory studies at Colegio Francés Morelos, Mexico City; law degree, School of Law, University of Yucatán, Dec., 1940; special studies in

contract law. d—Mayor, Mérida, 1966–1970. e—PAN candidate for federal deputy, Dist. 1, Yucatán, 1949; head, PAN Regional Committee, State of Yucatán, 1950–1951; adviser, CEN of PAN, 1972–1973. f—None. g—Vice president, College of Lawyers of Yucatán. h—Notary public, Mérida; lawyer, National Chamber of Commerce, Mérida; founder and first director, Trust Department, Bank of the Southeast, Mérida; practicing lawyer, 1972–1978; director general, Mutual Previsora Banhiner, AC, 1972–1973. i—Married Elvira Mena Peniche; son Jorge became mayor of Mérida, 1993–1995, and was asked by PAN to be a candidate for federal deputy; son Luis Humberto was close to Carlos Castillo Peraza, president of PAN, and ran for governor in 1995. j—None. k— PAN candidate for governor of Yucatán, 1969, in highly disputed election; praised by Loret de Mola as honest mayor. l—DBM70, 146–147; letters; Loret de Mola, 47; www.es.wiki.org, 2008; www.larevista.com.mx, 2008; Proceso, May 15, 1995, 23. Cortés Herrera, Vicente (Deceased 1963) a—July 10, 1889. b—Guanajuato, Guanajuato. c—Preparatory studies at University of Guanajuato; engineering degree from National School of Engineering, UNAM, 1913. d—Federal deputy, 1926–1928. e—None. f—Director of national works, Department of the Federal District; director of buildings and monuments, Department of the Federal District, 1922–1924; director of public works, Mexico City, 1925–1928; president, National Highway Commission, 1931– 1933; assistant secretary of public works, 1935– 1938; director general, PEMEX, 1938–1940; assistant secretary of public works, 1940–1941; head, 6th Zone, Secretariat of Public Works, 1946–1952, 1952–1958. g—None. h—Author of works on civil engineering in Europe. i—Brother Manuel served as rector of University of Guanajuato, 1936–1943; married Luz Estrada. j—None. k—Came to attention of Lázaro Cárdenas after building a road through Michoacán, 1932. l—D de Y, Apr. 19, 1938, 1; letter; WWM45, 31; DGF56, 257–258;

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D del S, Dec. 2, 1940, 1, 6; DGF51, I, 255; Peral, 190; DP70, 535; López, 237. Cortés Lobato, Viterbo a—Sept. 4, 1926. b—Jalapa, Veracruz. c—Early education unknown; veterinary medical degree, School of Veterinary Medicine, UNAM, 1945–1950; professor of genetics and general zoology, UNAM, 1954–1977; professor of genetics and biostatistics, National School of Agriculture, Chapingo, 1954–1977; professor of zoological divisions and classifications, National School of Agriculture. d—Member, City Council, Veracruz, Veracruz; federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. 21, 1970–1973; plurinominal federal deputy from PPS, 1982–1985. e—PPS candidate for federal deputy from State of Veracruz, Dist. 6, 1961; PPS candidate for federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. 21, 1964; PPS candidate for federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. 19, 1967; PPS candidate for senator from Veracruz, 1976; member, PPS Central Committee. f—Regional veterinarian, Division of Animal Health, Secretariat of Agriculture, 1953–1955; director, Aviculture Department, Secretariat of Agriculture, 1956–1968, 1975–1978; director, Livestock Center, Secretariat of Agriculture, Federal District, 1968–1975. g—None. h—Author of several books. i—Son of Vicente Cortés Lobillo, laborer, and Taurina Lobato Lobato. j—None. k—None. l—C de D, 1982–1985; Lehr, 617; C de D, 1970–1973; DBGM, 492. Cortés Mendoza, Marko Antonio

a—Oct. 17, 1977. b—Zamora, Michoacán. c—Early education unknown; Public accounting degree, University of Michoacán; MA studies in administration, ITESM, Mexico City; studies in adult learning, International Language Institute, Buffalo, N.Y. d—Plurinominal federal deputy from PAN, 2003–2006; senator from Michoacán, 2006– 2012. e—Joined PAN, 1996; CPA, PAN, Morelia, Michoacán, 1996–1998; member, PAN Regional Committee, Michoacán, 1998–2004; national coordinator of youth action, CEN of PAN, 2001–2003; national adviser, PAN, 2004–2007. f—Assistant

director of coordination of delegates, Secretariat of Social Development, 2001. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Dr. Alfonso Cortés Ruiz and Rosa María Mendoza. j—None. k—None. l—www.markocortes. org.mx, 2008; Directorio del Congreso, 2006–2009, 168; www.senado.gob.mx, 2008; www.diputados.gob.mx, 2003, 2008. Cortés Muñiz, Roberto A. (Deceased) a—May 31, 1915. b—Monterrey, Nuevo León. c—Elementary and secondary studies in Monterrey; no degree. d—Local deputy, State Legislature of Nuevo León, Dist. 2, 1946–1949; senator from State of Nuevo León, 1952–1958 (elected as alternate but replaced Rodrigo Gómez), member of Gran Comisión, Mail and Telegraph Committee, Rules Committee, 1st Labor Committee, 1st Petroleum Committee, 1st Balloting Committee, and secretary of 1st Instructive Sec. of grand jury. e—Joined PNR youth section, 1935; president, Youth Sec., Nuevo León, 1939; official orator, Alemán’s and Ruiz Cortines’s presidential campaigns in Nuevo León; president, State Committee of PRI, Nuevo León, 1947–1952; president of PRI, Tabasco; delegate of CEN of PRI in Tampico, Nayarit. f—Oficial mayor, City Council, Monterrey, 1941–1942; oficial mayor, State of Nuevo León, 1949–1952; assistant director general, National Border Program, 1965–1969; president, National Commission of Medical Services, 1964–1969. g—Secretary-general, Local 67, Mexican Miners’ Union; president, Mixed National Commission on Medical Services for Sugarcane Workers, 1959–1964. h—Employee, Cía. Fundidora de Fierro y Acero, Monterrey, 1933–1956. i—Son of Abundio Cortés and Lucía Muñiz; part of Ignacio Morones Prieto’s political group. j—None. k—None. l—Letters; DBM68, 153–154; DGF56, 7, 9, 11; Ind. Biog., 46. Cortés Rocha, Xavier a—1940s. b—Tampico, Tampico. c—Early education unknown; architecture degree from National School of Architecture, UNAM; MA in urbanism from UNAM; PhD in architecture from UNAM; postgraduate

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studies, Urbanism Institute, University of Paris; professor of architecture, UNAM, 1968– ; dean, National School of Architecture, UNAM; secretary-general, UNAM, 1997–1999; interim rector, UNAM, 1999. d—None. e—None. f—Director of monuments and sites, National Council for Culture and the Arts, 2007. g—President, National Academy of Architects. h—None. j—None. k—None. l—www.dgi.unam.mx, May 6, 2000, 2008. Cortés Silva, Porfirio a—Aug. 27, 1930. b—Guadalajara, Jalisco. c—Elementary studies at public school, Guadalajara, 1939– 1945; secondary studies at public school, Guadalajara, 1945–1948; preparatory studies at University of Guadalajara, 1948–1950; law degree from School of Law, University of Guadalajara, with thesis on civil process; professor of political economy, University of Guadalajara. d—Secretary, City Council of Guadalajara; local deputy, 44th and 49th State Legislatures of Jalisco; federal deputy from State of Jalisco, Dist. 3, 1958–1961, assistant secretary of Chamber, 1958, member of 5th Sec. of Legislative Studies Committee, Tax Committee, 1st General Means of Communication Committee, and Industries Committee; federal deputy from State of Jalisco, Dist. 4, 1970–1973, member of 5th Sec. of Legislative Studies Committee and 1st Labor Committee; federal deputy from State of Jalisco, Dist. 4, 1976–1979, member of 1st Labor Committee, 1st Sec. of Constitutional Affairs, Sec. on Transformation and on the Automotive Industry of the Industrial Development Committee, Border Zone Sec. of Regional Development Committee, and Constitutional, Administrative, and Labor Secs. of Legislative Studies Committee; mayor, Tlaquepaque, Jalisco, 1982–1984; federal deputy from State of Jalisco, Dist. 4, 1985–1988. e—Secretary of social action, State Committee of PRI, Jalisco, 1976–1982. f—Agent, Ministerio Público; justice of the peace, Jalisco; lawyer, state government of Jalisco, 1973. g—Joined CTM, 1937; president, Student Society, School of Law,

University of Guadalajara. i—Son of Porfirio Cortés Mancilla and Amada Silva Romero; married Mélida García; nephew of Francisco Silva Romero, founder of CROC and mayor of Guadalajara, 1941–1942. j—None. k—None. l—C de D, 1970–1973, 108; D de C, 1976–1979, 21, 26, 27, 36, 50–51, 54, 73; C de D, 1976–1979, 13; C de D, 1958–1961, 75, 98; Func., 242; DBGM87, 458; Directorio, 1985– 1988, 206–208; Excélsior, Mar. 1, 1985, 13. Cosío Vidaurri, Guillermo a—Sept. 4, 1929. b—Jalisco. c—Elementary studies at Annex to Normal School, Guadalajara, 1936–1942; secondary studies at Secondary Night School for Workers No. 1, Guadalajara, 1942–1945; preparatory studies at Night Preparatory School, University of Guadalajara, 1945–1947; legal studies at University of Guadalajara, 1948–1953, law degree, 1953; professor of law, School of Law, University of Guadalajara, 1957–1966. d—Local deputy, State Legislature of Jalisco, 1959–1961; federal deputy from State of Jalisco, Dist. 12, 1967–1970, member of 4th Ejido Committee, Fiscal Sec. of Legislative Studies Committee, 1st Tax Committee, and General Means of Communication Committee; mayor, Guadalajara, 1971–1973; federal deputy from State of Jalisco, Dist. 1, 1976–1979, secretary of Gran Comisión, member of Administration Committee; governor, Jalisco, 1989–1992. e—Joined PRI, 1949; secretary of political action of PRI, Jalisco, 1959–1961; general delegate of CEN of PRI to Baja California del Norte, Coahuila, Chihuahua, Yucatán; PRI precandidate for governor of Jalisco, 1981; president of PRI, Federal District, 1984–1985. f—Auxiliary president, 3rd Group of Board of Conciliation and Arbitration, 1950; actuary of the agent of Ministerio Público attached to chief of police, Guadalajara, 1951–1952; treasurer, Zapopan, Jalisco, 1953–1954; judge of 1st instance, Ameca, Jalisco, 1954–1955; legal adviser, League of Agrarian Communities, Jalisco, 1959–1965; director of public education, State of Jalisco, 1962–1964; secretary-general of government, State of Jalisco, 1964–1965; director general

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of administration, Secretariat of Agriculture, 1966–1967; assistant secretary of organization, Secretariat of Agrarian Reform, 1980–1981; assistant secretary “B” of labor, 1981–1982; director general, Metro System, Department of the Federal District, 1982–1984; secretary-general, Department of the Federal District, 1985; ambassador to Guatemala, 1994–1996. g—President, Preparatory Night School Student Association, 1946; president, Student Society, School of Law, University of Guadalajara, 1952; auxiliary CNC delegate to Regional Agrarian Committee, 1955–1956; special CNC delegate for Jalisco, 1960–1961. i—Son of Salvador Cosío Castillo, journalist, and María Magdalena Vidaurri, elementary school teacher; married Idolina Gaona; father joined labor movement through Home of the Workers of the World and ran for Congress from Jalisco 10th district, 1937; grandson of Zenón Vidaurri and Manuel González, important political figures; political disciple of Juan Gil Preciado. j—None. k—Forced to resign as governor in aftermath of PEMEX explosions in Guadalajara. l—D de C, 1976–1979, 5; C de D, 1967–1970, 65, 70, 73, 90; Enc. Mex., IV, 579; Excélsior, Sept. 3, 1976, 1C; Excélsior, Dec. 26, 1981, 16A; DBGM87, 98; DBGM89, 676; Q es QAP, 440; HA, Apr. 23, 1984, 6; HA, Nov. 5, 1985; www .pensiones.jalisco.gob.mx, 2008. Cossío Díaz, José Ramón a—Dec. 26, 1960. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; law degree, University of Colima, 1984, with thesis titled “Constitutionality of Laws in Mexico;” MA in constitutional law, Complutense University, Madrid, 1986; PhD in constitutional law, Complutense University, 1988; professor of law, UNAM, 1983; professor of constitutional law, 1995–2009, and dean, School of Law, ITAM, 1995–2003; professor of law, ITESM, Colima Campus, 1983; teacher, National Preparatory School, 1983; professor, University of Colima, 1983; visiting lecturer, numerous American universities. d—None. e—None. f—Justice, Supreme Court, 2003–2018. g—None. h—None.

j—None. k—One of youngest justices appointed to Supreme Court; identified with the “liberal” wing. l—www.scjn.gob.mx, 2008; [email protected], 2008. Cossío y Cosío, Roberto (Deceased Oct. 26, 1985) a—Feb. 13, 1904. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, 1929, with thesis titled “Influence of Francisco Cosentini on the New Civil Code”; professor of mercantile and civil law, National School of Law, UNAM, 1930–1971. d—None. e—Member, PAN National Council, 1939; member of CEN of PAN, 1939; secretary-general, CEN of PAN, 1939–1952; PAN representative to Federal Electoral Commission, 1949–1952; member, PAN Regional Committee, Federal District, 1960–1963; national adviser, PAN, 1939–1971. f—None. g—None. h—Lawyer for many small businesses; lawyer, Chamber of Commerce of Mexico City. i—Son of José Lorenzo Cossío, lawyer and judge, and Josefa Cosío González; brother José Lorenzo Cossío y Cosío, a judge, was PNR director of legal affairs and secretary to Antonio Villalobos, president of CEN of PNR; close friend of Manuel Gómez Morín from law school days; grandson of José L. González de Cosío, lawyer, and Joséfa Cosío y González. j—None. k—None. l—Letter; Excélsior, Sept. 27, 1975, 1–2B; Pérez Franco, 92–93; www.bma.org.mx, 2008. Costemalle (Botello), José Ernesto

a—Mar. 20, 1938. b—Chihuahua, Chihuahua. c—Early education unknown; public accounting studies, School of Accounting and Administration, UNAM, 1956–1960, graduating with thesis titled “Import Substitution: The Case of Mexico,” 1961; economic studies, National School of Economics, UNAM, 1956–1960, graduating with thesis titled “Inflation and Its Effects on the Interpretation of Financial Conditions,” 1966; professor of accounting and finance, UNAM, 1962–1965, 1968–1970; professor of finance, Ibero‑American University, 1960; member, Board of Trustees, UNAM,

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1983. d—None. e—Joined PRI, 1967. f—Tax inspector, Federal Treasury Office, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1960–1961; adviser to assistant director, Income Tax Division, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1961–1962; coordinator of external auditing, Division of Control of State Enterprises, Secretariat of Government Properties, 1967–1969; assistant director of control and inspection of state enterprises, Secretariat of Government Properties, 1970; finance director, CONASUPO, 1971–1976; assistant director of administration and finance, CONASUPO, 1976–1982; director general, CONASUPO, 1982–1988. g—None. h—General accountant, Reynolds Aluminum of Mexico, 1962– 1966; partner, De la Paz and Costemalle, CPAs, 1982; accountant, DFK International, 1982–2006. i—Son of Ernesto Costemalle Ponce de León, bank official, and Enriqueta Botello Gutiérrez; married Bertha Arzola Cárdenas. j—None. k—None. l—Excélsior, Dec. 3, 1982, 21A; IEPES; HA, Mar. 7, 1983, 10; QesQAP, 505; DBGM87, 98; DBGM, 105; www.dfk.com.mx, 2007. Cota, Eduardo Armenta a—May 2, 1920. b—Empalme, Sonora. c—Early education unknown; special studies in business administration, Guadalajara, 1945–1948; no degree. d—None. e—Joined PRI, 1967. f—Assistant to assistant director of traffic, Railroads of the Pacific, 1951–1952; assistant general passenger agent, Railroads of the Pacific, 1953–1961; general passenger agent, Railroads of the Pacific, 1961–1963; assistant to assistant director of traffic, National Railroads of Mexico, 1963; general fleet agent, Railroads of the Pacific, 1964–1970; chief, Freight Traffic Department, National Railroads of Mexico, 1970–1973; assistant manager of traffic, National Railroads of Mexico, 1973–1982; director general, National Railroads of Mexico, 1982–1986. g—None. h—Employee in supplies warehouse, Transportation Department, Southern Pacific Railroad of Mexico, 1935–1946; employee, Traffic Department, Southern Pacific Railroad of Mexico, 1946. i—Son of

Pedro Cota Rodríguez, railroad employee, and Valvaneda Armenta Velarde; married Lydia Medina Peña. j—None. k—None. l—QesQAP, 509; DBGM, 106. Cota Cota, Josefina a—June 3, 1956. b—San Juan de los Planes, La Paz, Baja California del Sur. c—Secondary studies, Comondú, Baja California del Sur; courses in the care of rural infants, DIF, and origin of female peasants. d—Member, City Council, Comondú, 1983–1985; local deputy, State Legislature of Baja California del Sur, 1987– 1991; alternate senator from Baja California del Sur, 1997–2000; alternate federal deputy from State of Baja California del Sur, Dist. 1, 2003–2006, in functions, 2004–2006; senator from Baja California del Sur, 2006–2012. e—Member, PRD. f—Coordinator of citizen affairs, Baja California del Sur, 2000–2003. g—Secretary-general, League of Peasant Communities and Unions, 1993–1995. h—None. i—Brother José Cota Cota, director general of State Highway Board, Baja California del Sur, 2006; brother Jesús Cota Cota, PT candidate for mayor of Comondú; from peasant background. j—None. k—None. l—www.senado.gob.mx, 2008; Directorio del Congreso, 2006–2009, 32. Cota Montaño, Leonel Eraín a—Apr. 19, 1956. b—Santiago, Los Cabos, Baja California del Sur. c—Elementary studies in Santiago, 1962–1968; secondary studies at Technical School, La Paz, Baja California del Sur, 1969–1972; preparatory studies in La Paz, 1969–1972; political science degree, School of Political and Social Sciences, UNAM, 1975– 1979; graduate work at IPN, 1988; professor, University of Baja California del Sur, 1981– 1984. d—Mayor, La Paz, 1996–1998; federal deputy from Baja California del Sur, Dist. 1, 1994–1996; governor, Baja California del Sur, 1999–2005. e—Member of PRI, 1980–1998; special delegate of CEN of PRI, Baja California del Sur, 1985–1986; secretary of political training, PRI, Baja California del Sur, 1988–1989; president, PRI, Baja California del Sur, 1989–1990; secretary-general, PRI, Baja California del Sur, 1992–1993; joined

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PRD, 1998. f—Director general of development, La Paz, 1987–1989; executive secretary, Municipal Council for Civil Protection, La Paz, 1988–1992; secretary-general of city government, La Paz, 1990–1992; oficial mayor of government, Baja California del Sur, 1993. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Federico Cota Cota and Julia Montaño García; married Araceli Cárdenas Castro; sister Rosa Delia Cota, federal deputy from Baja California del Sur, 2000–2003; cousin Narciso Agúndez Montaño, governor of Baja California del Sur, 2005; daughter Ariadni, coordinator of Superior Tribunal of Justice, Baja California del Sur; brother Juvencio, coordinator of advisers to governor of Baja California del Sur, 1999–2005. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM93, 154; Musacchio, 102; www.cddhcu.gob.mx, 1994–1997, 2007; DBGM94, CD; www.contra linea.com.mx, June 3, 2008. Cota Osuna, José Carlos a—Mar. 16, 1946. b—La Paz, Baja California del Sur. c—Early education unknown; civil engineering degree, IPN, 1965–1970. d—Local deputy, State Legislature of Baja California del Sur, 1990–2003; federal deputy from State of Baja California del Sur, Dist. 1, 1997–2000; senator from Baja California del Sur, 2000–2006. e—Joined PRI, 1966; secretary-general, PRI, Baja California del Sur, 1983–1986; president, PRI, Baja California del Sur, 1996–1997; member, National Political Council, PRI, 1996–1997. f—Chief, Office of Public Works, Department of the Federal District, 1972–1973; director, Department of the Promotion of Potable Waterworks, Secretariat of Public Works and Dwellings, 1977; director of livestock, Baja California del Sur, 1978–1980; secretary of housing and public works, Baja California del Sur, 1981–1984; Secretariat of Fishing delegate to Baja California, 1995–1997. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Juan Cota Cosío and Justina Osuna Ojeda; brother Juan, president of Superior Tribunal of Justice, Baja California del Sur, 1993. j—None. k—None. l—www.secgob.gob.mx, 1997, 2007; QesQ en el Congreso, 1997–2000, 144–145; DCM,

2000–2003, 28–29; QesQ en el Congreso, 2000–2003, 342–343; Musacchio, 102. Coudurier (Sayago), Luis b—Federal District. c—Elementary and secondary studies in Mexico City; preparatory studies in Mexico City; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, 1947, with thesis on industrial property. d—None. e—None. f—Auxiliary secretary to Ernesto P. Uruchurtu, head, Department of the Federal District, 1953– 1964; member, Mixed Planning Commission, Department of the Federal District; oficial mayor, Department of the Federal District, 1964–1966. g—None. h—Practicing lawyer, Mexico City, 1942–1952, 1967– . i—Married Ana María Lascuráin; while writing One Hundred Years of Solitude, novelist Gabriel García Márquez lived in a small house he owned in San Ángel Inn. j—None. k—None. l—HA, Dec. 21, 1958, 10; Libro de Oro, 1972, 54; DPE65, 191. Coutiño (de Cos), Amador (Deceased Mar. 6, 1966) a—Apr. 30, 1895. b—Chiapa de Corzo, Chiapas. c—Elementary studies in Chiapa de Corzo; preparatory studies in San Cristóbal de las Casas, Chiapas; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM. d—Federal deputy from State of Chiapas, Dist. 4, 1934–1937. e—None. f—Interim governor, Chiapas, 1928; judge, Seventh Civil Court District, Mexico City; president, Superior Tribunal of Justice, State of Chiapas; interim governor, Chiapas, Sept. 23, 1936–Dec. 14, 1936; attorney general, Federal District and Federal Territories, 1938–1940. g—None. i—Close friend of Everardo Milton Castellanos’ father. k—None. l—DBC, 51–52; Casasola, V, 2258; Navarrete, 201; D de Y, Jan. 4, 1938, 2; Correa, 60. Coutiño Ruiz, Oralia a—Dec. 4, 1930. b—Chiapa de Corzo, Chiapas. c—Early education unknown; law degree, National School of Law, UNAM, 1949–1953, with thesis on agrarian reform; MA in labor law, UNAM, 1970–1972; MA in private international law, University of Madrid, 1975; professor of law. d—Federal deputy from State of Chiapas, Dist. 4, 1982–1985.

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e—Joined PRI, 1966. f—Director, Xola and Tepeyac Social Security Centers, IMSS; director, Department of Social Work, IMSS. g—Joined ANFER, 1966; secretary of women’s action, Chiapas Colony, Mexico City; national women’s director, FSTSE, 1980–1983; secretary of legal affairs, CNOP, 1976–1979; secretary-general, National Workers’ Union, Secretariat of Labor, 1979–1982. h—None. i—Daughter of Lisandro Coutiño Ruiz, druggist, and María Antonieta Ruiz Corzo. j—None. k—None. l—Directorio, 1982–1985; C de D, 1982–1985; Lehr, 88; DBGM, 492–493. Covarrubias Gaitán, Francisco a—Aug. 27, 1944. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; architecture degree, National School of Architecture, UNAM, 1963–1967, with thesis titled “Adjacent Housing in Gasca, Guanajuato,” 1967; MA in urbanism, Division of Higher Studies, UNAM, 1968–1970; special studies, University of London, 1974; member, University Council, UNAM; coordinator of extension courses, Division of Graduate Studies, National School of Architecture, 1972–1973. d—None. e—None. f—Coordinator of alterations, 19th Olympic Games, Mexico City, 1967–1968; director general of urban and housing equipment, Secretariat of Public Works and Dwellings, 1976–1982; assistant secretary of urban development, Secretariat of Urban Development and Ecology, 1983–1988, 1988–1992; secretary of urban development and housing, State of Mexico, 2002–2004. g—None. i—Son of Francisco Covarrubias García, lawyer, and María Trinidad Gaitán Medina, businesswoman; married Flora Patiño García. j—None. k—None. l—HA, Feb. 14, 1983; Q es QAP, 274; DBGM87, 99; DBGM89, 91; HA, May 20, 1986, 20. Covián Pérez, Miguel a—Feb. 8, 1930. b—Mérida, Yucatán. c—Early education unknown; law degree, National School of Law, UNAM, 1956, with thesis titled “Crises of Law and Revolution”; professor of theory of the state and constitutional law,

UNAM. d—Federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. 21, 1964–1967. e—Secretary of popular action, PRI, Federal District; assistant secretary of organization of CEN of PRI, 1975–1976; secretary of organization of CEN of PRI, 1976; oficial mayor of CEN of PRI, 1976–1978; general delegate of CEN of PRI to various states. f—Agent, Ministerio Público; attorney general, Federal District, 1959; consulting lawyer, Secretariat of Labor; adviser to head, Department of the Federal District, 1971; administrative assistant director, ISSSTE, 1979; ambassador to Cuba, 1967–1970; delegate from Gustavo Madero to Department of the Federal District, 1982–1984; director of legal affairs, Secretariat of Government, 1998. g—Secretary, CNOP of PRI, Federal District. i—Son of lawyer José María Covián Zavala and María Aurora Pérez; father was a poet, journalist, and judge and was a candidate of the Yucatán Democratic Party for Congress, Dist. 2, 1920; father was forced to go into exile twice; political disciple of Alfonso Martínez Domínguez; married Migdalia García Mateo. j—None. k—None. l—C de D, 1964– 1967; Proceso, Mar. 8, 1982, 6–9; Q es QAP, 432; DBGM, 107; www.cronica.diputados .gob.mx, 2008; DP95, 989. Cravioto Cisneros, Oswaldo (Deceased Dec. 13, 1996) a—Mar. 17, 1918. b—Pachuca, Hidalgo. c—Enrolled in National Military College, 1935; graduated from National Military College, Feb. 1, 1939, as 2nd lieutenant; staff officer diploma, Higher War College, Jan. 16, 1948; course at U.S. Army School, Panama Canal Zone, Oct.–Dec., 1954; professor, National Military College; professor of world history, University of Oaxaca and University of Chiapas. d—Senator from State of Hidalgo, 1964–1970, secretary of Gran Comisión. e—General coordinator of Gustavo Díaz Ordaz’s campaign in Hidalgo, 1958; secretary of organization of CEN of PRI, 1965–1968. f—Chief of security services, State of Hidalgo, under Governor Corona del Rosal, 1957–1958; oficial mayor, State of Hidalgo, under Governor Corona del Rosal,

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1958; interim governor, Hidalgo, 1958–1961; substitute governor, Hidalgo, 1961–1963; manager, National Army‑Navy Bank, 1970– 1976. g—None. h—None. i—Protégé of Alfonso Corona del Rosal; related to Alfonso Cravioto, Rafael Cravioto Muñoz, federal deputy from Hidalgo, 1973–1976, and Adalberto Cravioto Meneses, federal deputy from Hidalgo, 1967–1970. j—Career army officer; joined 1st Sappers Battalion, Dec. 10, 1934, as ordinary soldier; rank of corporal, May 6, 1935; joined Morelos Group, May 28, 1940; rank of major, Nov. 20, 1952; reached rank of colonel; assigned to 28th Military Zone, Pachuca, 1949; served in various infantry battalions; cadet officer, National Military College. k—None. l—WWMG, 14; HA, Dec. 15, 1958, 15–16; HA, Mar. 7, 1966, 17; MGF69, 105; Excélsior, July 16, 1972, 22; Pérez López, 110; www.trielectoralhidalgo.org.mx, 2008. Cravioto (Mejorada), Alfonso

(Deceased Sept. 11, 1955) a—Jan. 24, 1883. b—Pachuca, Hidalgo. c—Elementary studies at Fuentes y Bravo School, Pachuca; preparatory studies at Scientific and Literary Institute of Pachuca and National Preparatory School, Mexico City; law degree, National School of Law, UNAM. d—Federal deputy from State of Hidalgo, Dist. 6, 1911–1913; State of Hidalgo deputy to Constitutional Convention of Querétaro, Dist. 7, 1916–1917; federal deputy from State of Hidalgo, Dist. 7, 1917–1918; senator from State of Hidalgo, 1918–1920, 1920–1922, 1922–1924; president of senate, 1921; senator from State of Hidalgo, 1952–1958. e—Active in Antireelectionist Movement. f—Secretary, City Council, Mexico City, 1911; director, University Sec., Council on Higher Education, 1914; director general of fine arts, 1914; oficial mayor of public education, 1915; secretary of public education, 1915–1917; ambassador to Guatemala, 1925–1926, 1927; ambassador to Chile, 1926–1927, 1928–1932; ambassador to Belgium, 1932–1934; ambassador to Cuba, 1934–1938; ambassador to Bolivia, 1939–1943. g—None. h—Cofounder of several important magazines, including

Savia Moderna with Luis Castillo Ledón, 1906. i—Son of General Rafael Cravioto, prominent liberal officer, politician, and governor of Hidalgo, 1895, and Laura Mejorada; married Elena Vázquez Sánchez. j—None. k—Imprisoned in Belén for articles which attacked President Díaz. l—WWM45, 32; Peral, 193; DGF56; C de S, 1952–1958; DP70; DP95, 994. Cravioto Meneses, Adalberto

(Deceased) a—Jan. 19, 1913. b—Pachuca, Hidalgo. c—Elementary studies in Zempoala and Benito Juárez School, Pachuca; secondary and preparatory studies at Scientific and Literary Institute of Hidalgo, graduated 1932; received scholarship from State of Hidalgo to study at National School of Medicine, UNAM; medical degree, Sept. 23, 1938. d—Alternate federal deputy from State of Hidalgo, Dist. 1, 1958–1961; mayor, Pachuca, 1964–1966; federal deputy from State of Hidalgo, Dist. 1, 1967–1970, member of Military Health Committee. e—Joined PRI, 1940; campaigned in Hidalgo during 1940, 1946, 1952, and 1958 presidential campaigns; CNOP delegate to PRI, 1952, 1968. f—Joined Department of Health, 1939, internship, Ejido Hospital, Torreón, Coahuila; director, Ejido Hospital, Torreón; director, Cooperative Rural Medical Services, Lagunera of Durango and Coahuila, 1941; director general of cooperative rural medical services, Secretariat of Health and Public Welfare, 1953–1959; director of medical services, ISSSTE, Hidalgo, 1961; director general of coordinated medical services, State of Mexico, 1976. g—President, 1932–1937 medical student generation, UNAM. h—Physician, Secretariat of Communications and Transportation; physician, General Hospital, Mexico City; practicing physician, Mexico City, 1970. i—Father had only elementary school education, fought in the Revolution, 1914–1918, and later served twice as local deputy in Hidalgo and as federal deputy from same state; married María del Carmen Galindo. j—None. k—None. l—Pérez López, 112–113; Directorio, 1967–1970; letter;

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DGF56, 337; C de D, 1958–1961, 8; C de D, 1967–1970, 87. Creel de la Barra, Enrique a—Mar. 31, 1927. b—Federal District. c—Preparatory studies at Colegio Francés Morelos, Mexico City; law degree, National School of Law, UNAM, 1944–1948; studies in modern French letters at School of Philosophy and Letters, UNAM, 1944–1948; studies in international labor law, ILO, Switzerland, 1950–1951; professor of law and cultural history. d—None. e—Adviser, IEPES of PRI, 1975–1976. f—Director general of development, Department of Tourism, 1962–1964; assistant finance director, Housing Finance Fund, 1964–1970; director of credit institutions and auxiliary agencies, National Banking Commission, 1971–1976; president, National Banking Commission, 1976–1982; director general, Public Works Bank, 1982–1985. g—None. h—Employee, Department of Public Debt, Secretariat of the Treasury; secretary-general of representatives, Mexican Chamber of International Trade, Inter‑American Council of Trade and Production. i—Son of Enrique Creel Terrazas and Leonor León de la Barra y Torres, niece of President Francisco León de la Barra, 1911; grandson of Enrique C. Creel, secretary of foreign relations, 1910–1911, and major Chihuahua entrepreneur; cousin of Enrique Creel Luján, treasurer of PAN; became friends with novelist Carlos Fuentes at Colegio Francés Morelos. j—None. k—None. l—Q es QAP, 499; Protag., 88; DBGM, 107; Linajes, 145–147. Creel Luján, Enrique a—May 15, 1912. b—Chihuahua, Chihuahua. c—Early education unknown; architecture degree, School of Architecture, UNAM; MA in architecture, University of Notre Dame, Ind. d—None. e—Joined PAN, 1958; regional adviser, PAN, 1962–1964; member of CEN of PAN, 1959–1975; treasurer of CEN of PAN, 1959–1975; national adviser, PAN, 1959–1981; national adviser emeritus, PAN, 2001. f—None. g—None. h—Practicing architect. i—Son of Enrique Creel and María Teresa

Luján; grandson of Enrique Creel, ambassador to United States and secretary of foreign relations, 1910–1911; brother‑in‑law of Hugo B. Margáin; married Celia Charles Sierra; cousin of Enrique Creel de la Barra, director of Public Works Bank, 1982; uncle of Santiago Creel Miranda, secretary of government in Fox administration and PAN precandidate for president, 2006. j—None. k—None. l—Mabry, 237; DBM68, 157–158; Pérez Franco, 93; www.lauratena.blogspot .com, 2008. Creel Miranda, Santiago a—Dec. 11, 1954. b—Federal District. c—Elementary and first 2 years of secondary studies, Colegio Simón Bolivar, La Salle Brothers school; last year of preparatory studies at Opus Dei Pan American Institute of Humanities, Federal District; law degree, National School of Law, UNAM, 1972–1976; MA, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 1978–1980; diploma in North American law, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, 1978; professor of law and political science, ITAM, 1980–1997; director of legal studies, ITAM, 1986–1987; chairperson, Department of Political Science, ITAM. d—Plurinominal federal deputy from PAN, 1997–1999, president of Government Committee; plurinominal senator from PAN, 2006–2012. e—Joined PAN, May 26, 1997; PAN and PVEM candidate for governor of Federal District, 1999–2000; national adviser, PAN, 2004–2007; PAN precandidate for presidential nomination, 2005–2006. f—Citizen councilor, Federal Electoral Institute, 1994–1996; secretary of government, 2000–2005. g—Original member, San Ángel Group. h—Lawyer, Noriega and Escobedo firm, 1983–1985; legal adviser, ICA. i—Son of René Creel Luján, lawyer and real estate developer, and Beatriz Garza Ríos Eychenne, author of numerous books; great-grandson of Enrique C. Creel, secretary of foreign relations under Porfirio Díaz, 1910–1911, and governor of Chihuahua, 1904–1910; uncle Enrique Creel Luján, treasurer of CEN of PAN, 1959–1975; related to Enrique Creel de la Barra, director general

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of National Bank of Public Works. j—None. k—None. l—Directorio del Congreso, 2006–2009, 311; www.cddhcu.gob.mx, 2007; QesQ en el Congreso, 1997–2000, 25. Cristóbal Céspedes, Juan a—June 24, 1940. b—Tamiahua, Veracruz. c—Elementary studies only, Tuxpan, Veracruz, 1950–1956. d—Local deputy, 52nd State Legislature of Veracruz, 1983–1986; alternate federal deputy from State of Veracruz, Dist. 1, 1988–1991, in functions; local deputy, 56th State Legislature of Veracruz, 1992–1995; plurinominal federal deputy from PRI, 1997–2000; plurinominal alternate senator from PRI under Ramón Mota Sánchez. e—Joined PRI, 1958; national adviser, PRI, 1996. f—None. g—Secretary-general, CCI, Veracruz, 1978–1997. h—Woodcutter, 1960; fisherman, Tamiahua Lake, 1965; chicle contractor, Tuxpan, 1958. i—Son Tomás Cristóbal Cruz, assistant attorney general of southern Veracruz, 2007; son Martín Cristóbal Cruz, local deputy to State Legislature of Veracruz, Dist. 5, 2007, and CCI leader. j—None. k—None. l—www.elgolfo.info .com, 2008; www.senado.gob.mx, 2008. Cruickshank García, Gerardo

(Deceased Aug. 2006) a—Dec. 25, 1922. b—Tehuantepec, Oaxaca. c—Early education unknown; civil engineering degree, National School of Engineering, UNAM, 1929–1933; studies, CEMLA, Santiago, Chile, 1956; professor, School of Engineering, Benito Juárez Autonomous University of Oaxaca, 1948–1949; professor, UNAM, 1968–1970. d—None. e—Joined PNR, 1934. f—Chief of studies and projects, Bolivia Irrigation Districts, 1939–1942; general supervisor, Miguel Alemán Hydraulic Systems, Federal Electric Commission, 1950–1952; chief engineer, Secretariat of Hydraulic Resources, 1953–1954; chief engineer, Valle de México, Secretariat of Hydraulic Resources, 1958; assistant director of projects and laboratories, Secretariat of Public Works, 1964–1965; assistant director general of projects, Secretariat of Public Works, 1965–1966; director general of projects and land routes, Secretariat of Public Works,

1967–1970; assistant secretary of planning, Secretariat of Hydraulic Resources, 1971– 1976; assistant secretary of planning, Secretariat of Hydraulic Resources, 1977–1980; executive secretary, Lake Texcoco Commission, Secretariat of Hydraulic Resources, 1980–1985. g—None. h—Engineer, dam construction, 1943–1945; chief of civil works, Colimilla Electric Company, Jalisco, 1945–1949. i—Son of Gerald Cruickshank Bonito, mechanical engineer, and Marina García Márquez; married María de la Paz Villanueva Toltentino; brother of Jorge Cruickshank, senator; son Carlos, engineering professor at UNAM. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM, 108; DPE71, 38; DPE65, 117; Excélsior, Mar. 11, 1980, 4. Cruickshank García, Jorge (Deceased Jan. 17, 1989) a—July 29, 1915. b—Tehuantepec, Oaxaca. c—Elementary studies at Escuela Morelos y Veracruzano, Veracruz; secondary and preparatory at Secondary and Preparatory School of Veracruz; secondary teaching certificate; studied at Superior School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering and Municipal Engineering School; engineering degree. d—Federal deputy from State of Oaxaca, Dist. 1, 1964–1967, member of Cultural Affairs Committee, 2nd Railroads Committee, and 2nd General Means of Communication Committee; PPS federal party deputy, 1970–1973, member of Department of the Federal District Committee, Government Committee, Social Security Committee, and Fish and Game Committee; senator from Oaxaca, 1976–1982; plurinominal deputy from PPS, 1982–1985, coordinator of PPS delegation; plurinominal federal deputy from PPS, 1988–1989. e—Director of Communist youth, 1939–1940; founding member, PP, 1948; member, PPS Central Committee, 1960–1982; secretary of international relations, PPS, 1962–1963; secretary of press and publicity, PPS, 1963–1965; secretary of organization, PPS, 1965–1968; interim secretary, PPS National Central Committee, 1968; secretary-general, PPS, 1969–1979, 1979–1981. f—None. g—Secretary-general, Local No. 10, SNTE, 1943–1949, 1954–1964;

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auxiliary secretary, National Committee of Unified Socialist Youth of Mexico, 1938–1939; cofounder, National Union of Educational Workers; secretary of labor and conflicts, SNTE; secretary of acts, SNTE; secretary of union education, SNTE; secretary of foreign relations, SNTE. h—None. i—Brother of Gerardo Cruickshank García, assistant secretary of hydraulic resources, 1970–1976; son of Gerald Cruickshank Bonito, technician, and Marina García Márquez. j—None. k—PP candidate for federal deputy from Oaxaca, 1949; PPS candidate for federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. 17, 1958; PPS candidate for governor of Oaxaca, 1968; critics accused him of accepting PRI support as a candidate for senator from Nayarit in exchange for recognizing defeat of PPS candidate, Gascón Mercado, for governor of Nayarit, 1975. l—Directorio, 1970–1972; HA, June 4, 1973, 4; C de D, 1970–1972, 108; C de D, 1964–1966, 78, 84, 95; Latin America, Nov. 11, 1977, 349; Directorio, 1982–1985; Lehr, 616. Cruz (Castillejos), Wilfrido C.

(Deceased Aug. 26, 1948) a—Apr. 29, 1898. b—Espinal, Juchitán, Oaxaca. c—Elementary studies in Espinal; secondary studies in Oaxaca; preparatory studies at Veracruz Institute, Jalapa, Veracruz; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, Apr. 23, 1921; professor of law, University of Oaxaca, 1935; professor of law, University of Puebla; rural schoolteacher, 1916. d—Federal deputy from State of Oaxaca, Dist. 4, 1930–1932; federal deputy from State of Oaxaca, Dist. 11, 1932–1934; senator from State of Oaxaca, 1934–1940. e—Secretary-general, PNR, 1934. f—Agent, Ministerio Público, Oaxaca, Oaxaca; judge, Federal District, Oaxaca, Hidalgo; judge, Superior Court of Puebla, 1926; attorney general, State of Oaxaca, 1927–1928; private secretary to Gov. Manuel García Vigil; judge and president, Superior Tribunal of Justice, Federal District and Federal Territories, 1940–1943. g—None. h—Author of several books; author of revision of Art. 27 of Constitution. i—Son of Hilario Cruz Toledo and Antonia Castillejos; married Juana Salazar Chávez. j—None.

k—Member, Executive Committee, National Preelectoral Center for Manuel Ávila Camacho, 1939; favored women’s suffrage while a senator. l—WWM45, 32; Peral, 197; Morton, 32; Novo, 286; Casasola, V, 2422; López, 243; www.ieepo.gob.mx, 2008. Cruz Chávez, Fernando a—1906. b—Mixquiahuala, Hidalgo. c—Early education unknown; agricultural engineering degree. d—Alternate senator from State of Hidalgo, 1940–1945, for Vicente Aguirre, in functions as senator, 1945–1946; federal deputy from State of Hidalgo, Dist. 5, 1946–1949, member of Gran Comisión, 1st Government Affairs Committee, and Complaints Committee. e—Secretary of agrarian affairs, CEN of PRM, 1943; president, PRI, Hidalgo, 1945–1946. f—None. g—Member, CNC Political Bureau; secretary-general, CNC, Hidalgo. j—None. k—None. l—PS, 1396; D de S, 1940–1946; C de D., 1946–1949, 69. Cruz de Mora, Aurora a—June 22, 1931. b—Ejido Buenos Aires, Municipio Altamira, Tamaulipas. c—Early education unknown; no degree. d—Mayor, Altamira, 1961–1962; local deputy, State Legislature of Tamaulipas, 1973; federal deputy from State of Tamaulipas, Dist. 4, 1976–1979, member of Foreign Relations Committee, 2nd Labor Committee, Sugarcane Products Committee, Social, Economic, and Cultural Development of Peasant Women Sections of Agrarian Affairs Committee, Industrial Development Committee Section on Sugar, Social Security and Public Health Development Committee, and Gran Comisión. e—None. f—None. g—Secretary of women’s action, Regional Farmers’ Committee of Altamira Ejido Zone; secretary of women’s action, League of Agrarian Communities, State of Tamaulipas; secretary of women’s action, CNC. j—None. k—First female mayor in Tamaulipas, second in Mexico. l—Excélsior, Aug. 21, 1976, 1C; D de C, 1976–1979, 4, 8, 13, 26, 38, 71, 74; www .hoytamaulipas.net.mx, 2008. Cruz Martínez, Marcos Carlos a—Mar. 16, 1949. b—Ciudad Frontera, Coahuila. c—Teaching certificate, elementary school; teacher, elementary schools. d—Member,

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City Council, Ciudad Frontera, 1986–1989; plurinominal federal deputy from PMS, 1988–1991; plurinominal federal deputy from PT, 1994–1995; mayor, Ciudad Frontera, 1995–1998; plurinominal senator from PRD, 2000–2006. e—Member, PT, 1990; member of CEN of PT. f—None. g—None. h—None. i—Brother Juan José Cruz Martínez, plurinominal federal deputy from PT, 1997–2000. j—None. k—None. l—www. cddhcu.gob.mx, 1994–1997, 2008; QesQ en el Congreso, 2000–2003, 323; DBGM89, 422; Musacchio, 104. Cubría Palma, José Luis a—May 11, 1927. b—Jalapa, Veracruz. c—Completed elementary through preparatory school; enrolled in Naval College, 1942, graduated with degree in mechanical engineering, 1947; MA in marine engineering and naval architecture, MIT, Cambridge, Mass., 1955–1958; professor, School of Engineering, University of Veracruz, 1959–1960. d—None. e—None. f—Director general of dry docks, Salina Cruz, Oaxaca, 1966–1968; director of naval construction, Secretariat of the Navy, 1968–1970; director general, Dry Docks of Veracruz, SA, 1970; oficial mayor of the navy, 1970–1976; representative of the National Highways and Roads Committee to Japan; director general of supplies, Federal Electric Commission, 1976–1980; director general of federal fishing delegations, Secretariat of Fishing, 1981–1988; director general of ports and merchant marine, Secretariat of Communications and Transportation, 1988–1990. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Luis Cubría López and María Palma Camarillo; married Elsy Lizárraga Hernández. j—Career naval officer; rank of captain, 1968; rank of vice admiral. k—PRI precandidate for governor of State of Veracruz, 1973. l—HA, Dec. 14, 1970; PS, 1410; Q es QAP, 412; DBGM, 109; DBGM87, 101; DBGM89, 93. Cué Merlo, Eduardo (Deceased Apr. 23, 1981) a—Dec. 13, 1909. b—Puebla, Puebla. c—Elementary studies at Ignacio Ramírez School, Puebla; studies in business administration at El Portalillo School, Puebla; no degree. d—Senator from Puebla, 1964–1970;

1st council member, Puebla; mayor, Puebla, 1960–1963, 1975–1978. e—Secretary of finance, State Committee of PRI, Puebla, 1963–1964. f—Executive secretary, Board of Public Welfare, Puebla, 1951–1960; president, Savings Fund of Employees and State Officials of Puebla, 1960–1967; treasurer, City Council, Puebla, 1960. g—None. h—Industrialist. i—Son of Luis Villar and Guadalupe Merlo de Cué. j—None. k—Donated salary as mayor and council member of Puebla to charitable causes. l—C de S, 1964–1970; MGF69, 106; CyT, 198–200; DP95, 1022. Cué Monteagudo, Gabino a—1966. b—Oaxaca, Oaxaca. c—Elementary and secondary studies, public schools, Oaxaca; economics degree, ITESM; MA studies in economics and finance, Instituto Directivo de Empresas, Madrid; PhD studies in economy of public sector, Complutense University, Madrid; professor of economics, ITESM. d—Mayor, Oaxaca, 2001–2003; senator from Oaxaca, 2006–2012, representing Convergencia Party. e—Candidate of PAN and Convergencia for governor of Oaxaca, 2004. f—Director of metropolitan coordination of institutional affairs, Department of the Federal District, 1992–1994; technical secretary, Office of the Governor of Oaxaca, 1995–1996; technical secretary, government of Oaxaca, 1996–1998; technical secretary to assistant secretary of government, Secretariat of Government, 1998–1999; private secretary to secretary of government, Secretariat of Government, 1999–2000; assistant secretary of social communication of Secretariat of Government, 2000. g—None. h—None. j—None. k—None. l—www.senado.gob.mx, 2007; Musacchio, 105; Directorio del Congreso, 2006–2009, 201. Cué (Sarquís), Irma a—May 7, 1938. b—Tierra Blanca, Veracruz. c—Elementary studies, Benito Juárez Higher Elementary School, Tierra Blanca, 1944–1949; secondary studies, Colegio Vilaseca, Orizaba, Veracruz, 1950–1952; preparatory studies, Colegio Hispano-Americano, Mexico City, 1953–1954; law degree, National School of

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Law, UNAM, 1955–1959, graduating with thesis on writs, Oct. 1, 1964; professor of public administration, UNAM, 1959. d—Federal deputy from State of Veracruz, Dist. 12, 1982–1985, secretary of Budget and Programming Committee. e—Member, Advisory Council, IEPES of PRI, 1982; secretary-general of CEN of PRI, 1984–1987. f—Agent, Ministerio Público; assistant to director general of treasury studies, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1967–1973; director, Legal Consultation Department, CONACYT, 1974–1976; director general of legal-administrative studies, coordinator general of administrative studies, Office of the Presidency, 1976–1982; assistant director general of legal affairs, ISSSTE, 1986–1988; justice, Supreme Court, 1988–1994; legal adviser, PEMEX, 1996–1997. g—Member, Advisory Council of CNOP, 1981. h—None. i—Daughter of Álvaro Cué Cambero, druggist, and Teresa Sarquís Carriedo; brother-in-law Francisco Sarquís Carriedo was a federal deputy from Dist. 8, Veracruz, 1946. j—None. k—Answered President de la Madrid’s first State of the Union address, 1983; first woman to hold the position of secretary-general of CEN of PRI. l—Directorio, 1982–1985; HA, Sept. 5, 1983, 6; C de D, 1982–1985; Lehr, 503; DBGM, 494; DBGM89, 601; DBGM92, 646; www.scjn .gob.mx, 160–161, 2009. Cuéllar Abaroa, Crisanto (Deceased July 16, 1989) a—Feb. 15, 1901. b—Atlangatepec, Tlaxcala. c—Elementary studies in Tlaxcala, 1906–1913; secondary studies at Scientific and Literary Institute of Tlaxcala, 1914–1915; no degree. d—Local deputy, State Legislature of Tlaxcala, 1945–1947, 1951; federal deputy from the State of Tlaxcala, Dist. 2, 1958–1961, member of Indigenous Affairs Committee, Tourism Committee, Textile Committee, and Library Committee. e—President, State Committee of PRI, Tlaxcala, 1946, 1957. f—Joined judicial branch, 1923; actuary, Judicial District, Tlaxcala; director, Department of Tourism, Culture, and Civic Action, State of Tlaxcala; coordinator, federal Board of Moral, Civic, and

Material Improvements, State of Tlaxcala; director of libraries and museums, State of Tlaxcala; director, Cultural Institute of Tlaxcala; oficial mayor, State of Tlaxcala, 1961–1962; secretary-general of government, State of Tlaxcala, 1962; private secretary to secretary of tourism; private secretary to governor of Tlaxcala, Isidro Candia, 1937–1940; private secretary to director, Department of Indigenous Affairs, Isidro Candia, 1941–1945; delegate of Department of Tourism, Tlaxcala, 1956–1958; interim governor, Tlaxcala, Jan.–Apr., 1970. g—None. h—Writer; journalist; author of 13 books. i—Father, a schoolteacher, whitecollar worker, businessman. j—Joined army as private and rose to rank of captain; served as telegrapher in Constitutional Army under Capt. Manuel Jarquín; member, 17th Regiment, under General Lindoro Hernández. k—None. l—Func., 383; DGF56, 86; C de D, 1958–1961, 8, 75; www.tlaxcala.gob.mx, 2008; DP95, 1023. Cuenca Díaz, Hermenegildo (Deceased May 17, 1977) a—Apr. 13, 1902. b—Puruandiro, Michoacán. c—Elementary studies from father; secondary studies in Federal District; preparatory studies at IPN; completed 4th year of engineering studies at Higher School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, IPN; enrolled in Heroic Military College, Mar. 11, 1920, graduating with rank of 2nd lieutenant, Feb. 1, 1922; corporal of cadets, Heroic Military College; graduated from Applied Military School, 1935; graduated from Higher War College, May, 1942; military instructor, Military Agricultural School, Chapingo. d—Senator from State of Baja California del Norte, 1964–1970. e—None. f—Chief of staff, Secretariat of National Defense, 1951–1952; secretary of national defense, 1970–1976. g—None. h—Author of various military works. i—Parents, Luis Cuenca Pérez and Elena Díaz Rodríguez, were rural schoolteachers; married Rosario Acosta. j—Career army officer; fought in more than 50 battles, 1923, 1926, 1929, 1932, 1934, 1938; liaison officer between Gulf Military Region, Mexico, and General

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Headquarters, 3rd Army, Ft. Sam Houston, San Antonio, Tex.; served in 34th and 44th Infantry Battalions; commander, troop school, 44th Infantry Battalion; assistant chief of staff, 17th Military Zone, head of Special Intelligence Service of presidential Staff, 1940–1946; rank of colonel, Feb. 12, 1946; assistant chief of staff, Secretariat of National Defense, 1946; brigadier general, 1947; chief of staff, 3rd Division; brigade general, Nov., 1952; commander, 2nd Military Zone, Baja California; commander, 23rd Military Zone, Tlaxcala, Tlaxcala, 1956; rank of division general, Dec. 1, 1958. k—One of cadets who accompanied Carranza when he fled Mexico City to Veracruz, 1920; PRI candidate for governor of Baja California del Norte when he died, 1977. l—HA, Dec. 7, 1970, 23; Hoy, Dec. 14, 1970; DGF56, 202; DGF, 69; HA, Dec. 12, 1952, 6; DBM68, 160–161; Excélsior, May 18, 1977, 1, 11; Rev. de Ejer., Oct.–Nov., 1976, 139–140. Cueto Fernández, Fernando (Deceased) a—Dec. 30, 1896. b—Puebla, Puebla. c—Elementary studies in Hidalgo, Puebla (6 years); secondary studies in San Pedro y San Pablo, Puebla (2 years); attended National Military College; no degree. d—Local deputy, State Legislature of San Luis Potosí, 1939–1941; federal deputy from State of Puebla, Dist. 7, 1955–1958, member of 2nd National Defense Committee, 1st Balloting Committee, and Budget and Accounting Committee (2nd year), vice president of Chamber; federal deputy from State of Puebla, Dist. 6, 1970–1973, member of 1st National Defense Committee and Military Industry Committee. e—None. f—Treasurer general, San Luis Potosí, 1939–1940; department director, Federal District Police Department, 1947; director general of traffic, State of Puebla, 1951; oficial mayor, State of Puebla, 1954–1955. g—None. i—Disciple of Rafael Ávila Camacho; son of Jesús Cueto Rodríguez. j—Joined army at age 13 under Col. Epigmenio Martínez; 1st sergeant, 1913; fought in 56 battles during the Revolution, 1910–1914; career army officer; chief of staff,

25th Military District, Puebla, 1956; rank of brigadier general, 1953. k—None. l—Directorio, 1970–1972; C de D, 1955–1957, 48, 62; C de D, 1970–1972, 108; CyT, 200–201; Ind. Biog., 47–48. Cueto Ramírez, Luis (Deceased Jan. 16, 1977) a—1901. c—Early education unknown; distinguished cadet at National Military College, 1924–1928. d—None. e—None. f—Chief of police, Federal District, 1958–1964, 1965–1969. g—None. h—None. i—Married Graciela García; son Jorge was assistant medical director of IMSS. j—Career army officer; joined the Revolution at age 14; fought against Escobar rebellion, 1929; commander, 8th Military Zone, Tamaulipas, 1952–1957; rank of division general, Nov. 18, 1964. k—Removed as police chief after 1968 student movement demanded his resignation. l—DGF56, 201; DPE61, 141; Proceso, Jan. 22, 1977, 34; DPE65, 201; www.cronica.diputados.gob.mx, 1966; www.jornada.unam.mx, Oct. 2, 2004. Cuevas Cancino, Francisco (Deceased Feb. 18, 2008) a—May 7, 1921. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; law degree from Free Law School, 1943, with thesis on economic value; graduate studies at McGill University, Montreal, graduating with MA in civil law, 1946; studies in Ottawa, London, and Columbia University, New York; professor, Mexico City College and Free Law School; director, International Studies Center, Colegio de México. d—None. e—None. f—Joined Foreign Service, 1946; 3rd secretary, Mexican embassy in London, 1946–1949; adviser to secretary of foreign relations, 1954; assistant director of international organizations, Secretariat of Foreign Relations, 1957; consul general in Paris, 1959–1960; legal adviser, Mexican delegation to United Nations, 1960; assistant secretary-general, Mexican delegation to Third General Assembly of United Nations; ambassador to United Nations, 1965–1970, 1976–1979; ambassador to Brazil, 1979–1980; ambassador to UNESCO, 1970–1976; ambassador to Belgium, 1980–1982; ambassador to

t he b io g ra phies  239

United Kingdom, 1982–1986; ambassador to Austria, 1986–1990. g—None. h—Author of many articles on legal subjects and foreign affairs. i—Collaborator of Luis Padilla Nervo for many years; son of José Luis Cuevas and Sofía Cancino, opera singer; married Esmeralda Arboleda, prominent cultural figure and senator, cabinet member, and UN ambassador from Colombia; son José Luis was consul in Mexican Foreign Service. j—None. k—None. l—DGF69, 184; DBM68, 161–162; WWW70–71, 209; El Universal, Sept. 14, 1965; Excélsior, Jan., 1983, 4; HA, Oct. 13, 1980, 64; DBGM, 109–110; www.sre .gob.mx, Feb. 21, 2008. Cuevas Mantecón, Raúl a—Aug. 26, 1918. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; law degree, National School of Law, UNAM, 1936–1940, with thesis on inadmissibility of evidence based on false assertions, which received honorable mention, and highest GPA of his generation; professor, National School of Law, UNAM, 1952–1972; member, Technical Council, National School of Law, UNAM, 1938. d—None. e—None. f—Secretary of studies and accounts, Supreme Court, 1950–1959; assistant secretary of agreements, Supreme Court, 1960–1965; secretary-general of agreements, Supreme Court, 1965–1972; justice, Supreme Court, 1973–1988, retired Aug. 25, 1988. g—None. h—Practicing lawyer, 1941–1950. i—Married María Cristina Viveros Ortega. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM87, 611; Excélsior, Feb. 21, 1973, 22; QesQAP, 646–647; www.scjn.gob.mx, 164–165, 2008; DBGM, 646.

D Danzos Palomino, Ramón (Deceased Feb., 2002) a—Oct. 15, 1918. b—Bacadehuachi, Sonora. c—Elementary studies in Bacadehuachi; secondary studies in Hermosillo, Sonora; rural teaching certificate. d—Plurinominal federal deputy from PCM, 1979–1982; plurinominal federal deputy

from PSUM, 1985–1988. e—Joined PCM, 1939; alternate member, Central Committee of PCM, 1954; founder, People’s Electoral Front, 1958; People’s Electoral Front candidate for president, 1964; joined PSUM, 1981; cofounder, PMS, 1987; cofounder, PRD, 1989. f—None. g—Began union and agrarian activities in Sonora, 1938; member, Executive Committee, Federation of Workers of Southern Sonora, 1958; secretary-general, CCI; expelled from CCI as a communist, 1964; headed radical dissident faction of CCI, 1965–1975. h—Teacher, Ciudad Buenavista, Sonora. i—Son of Francisco Danzos Medina and Luisa Palomino Gutiérrez; married Dora Estela Ibarra Portillo. j—None. k—PP candidate for federal deputy from Sonora, Dist. No. 5, 1949; PP candidate for federal deputy from Sonora, Dist. No. 3; imprisoned in 1943, 1949, 1956, 1958, 1964, 1967–1968, and 1973 for political activities and leadership of peasant strikes; PRD precandidate for governor of Sonora, 1991; PCM candidate for federal deputy from Sonora, Dist. No. 7, 1979. l—Excélsior, Nov. 24, 1974, 4; Johnson, 1978, 94; Excélsior, May 2, 1979, 23A; DBGM87, 461; El Nacional, Mar. 25, 1991, 9; www.es.wikipedia.org, 2008. David David, Sami a—Apr. 5, 1950. b—Acapetahua, Chiapas. c—Early education unknown; degree in political science and public administration, School of Political and Social Sciences, UNAM, 1969–1973, with thesis on administrative reform. d—Federal deputy from State of Chiapas, Dist. 7, 1982–1985; federal deputy from State of Chiapas, Dist. 4, 1988–1991; senator from Chiapas, 1994–2000; plurinominal federal deputy from PRI, 2003–2006; local deputy, State Legislature of Chiapas, 2007–2009, president of Legislature; federal deputy from State of Chiapas, Dist. 12, 2009–2012. e—Joined PRI, 1966; president of PRI, Chiapas; general delegate of the CEN of PRI to Zacatecas, Tlaxcala, and Colima; founding member, National Revolutionary Youth Movement of PRI; president, National Committee for Information of CEN of PRI, 1987;

t he b io g ra phies  239

United Kingdom, 1982–1986; ambassador to Austria, 1986–1990. g—None. h—Author of many articles on legal subjects and foreign affairs. i—Collaborator of Luis Padilla Nervo for many years; son of José Luis Cuevas and Sofía Cancino, opera singer; married Esmeralda Arboleda, prominent cultural figure and senator, cabinet member, and UN ambassador from Colombia; son José Luis was consul in Mexican Foreign Service. j—None. k—None. l—DGF69, 184; DBM68, 161–162; WWW70–71, 209; El Universal, Sept. 14, 1965; Excélsior, Jan., 1983, 4; HA, Oct. 13, 1980, 64; DBGM, 109–110; www.sre .gob.mx, Feb. 21, 2008. Cuevas Mantecón, Raúl a—Aug. 26, 1918. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; law degree, National School of Law, UNAM, 1936–1940, with thesis on inadmissibility of evidence based on false assertions, which received honorable mention, and highest GPA of his generation; professor, National School of Law, UNAM, 1952–1972; member, Technical Council, National School of Law, UNAM, 1938. d—None. e—None. f—Secretary of studies and accounts, Supreme Court, 1950–1959; assistant secretary of agreements, Supreme Court, 1960–1965; secretary-general of agreements, Supreme Court, 1965–1972; justice, Supreme Court, 1973–1988, retired Aug. 25, 1988. g—None. h—Practicing lawyer, 1941–1950. i—Married María Cristina Viveros Ortega. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM87, 611; Excélsior, Feb. 21, 1973, 22; QesQAP, 646–647; www.scjn.gob.mx, 164–165, 2008; DBGM, 646.

D Danzos Palomino, Ramón (Deceased Feb., 2002) a—Oct. 15, 1918. b—Bacadehuachi, Sonora. c—Elementary studies in Bacadehuachi; secondary studies in Hermosillo, Sonora; rural teaching certificate. d—Plurinominal federal deputy from PCM, 1979–1982; plurinominal federal deputy

from PSUM, 1985–1988. e—Joined PCM, 1939; alternate member, Central Committee of PCM, 1954; founder, People’s Electoral Front, 1958; People’s Electoral Front candidate for president, 1964; joined PSUM, 1981; cofounder, PMS, 1987; cofounder, PRD, 1989. f—None. g—Began union and agrarian activities in Sonora, 1938; member, Executive Committee, Federation of Workers of Southern Sonora, 1958; secretary-general, CCI; expelled from CCI as a communist, 1964; headed radical dissident faction of CCI, 1965–1975. h—Teacher, Ciudad Buenavista, Sonora. i—Son of Francisco Danzos Medina and Luisa Palomino Gutiérrez; married Dora Estela Ibarra Portillo. j—None. k—PP candidate for federal deputy from Sonora, Dist. No. 5, 1949; PP candidate for federal deputy from Sonora, Dist. No. 3; imprisoned in 1943, 1949, 1956, 1958, 1964, 1967–1968, and 1973 for political activities and leadership of peasant strikes; PRD precandidate for governor of Sonora, 1991; PCM candidate for federal deputy from Sonora, Dist. No. 7, 1979. l—Excélsior, Nov. 24, 1974, 4; Johnson, 1978, 94; Excélsior, May 2, 1979, 23A; DBGM87, 461; El Nacional, Mar. 25, 1991, 9; www.es.wikipedia.org, 2008. David David, Sami a—Apr. 5, 1950. b—Acapetahua, Chiapas. c—Early education unknown; degree in political science and public administration, School of Political and Social Sciences, UNAM, 1969–1973, with thesis on administrative reform. d—Federal deputy from State of Chiapas, Dist. 7, 1982–1985; federal deputy from State of Chiapas, Dist. 4, 1988–1991; senator from Chiapas, 1994–2000; plurinominal federal deputy from PRI, 2003–2006; local deputy, State Legislature of Chiapas, 2007–2009, president of Legislature; federal deputy from State of Chiapas, Dist. 12, 2009–2012. e—Joined PRI, 1966; president of PRI, Chiapas; general delegate of the CEN of PRI to Zacatecas, Tlaxcala, and Colima; founding member, National Revolutionary Youth Movement of PRI; president, National Committee for Information of CEN of PRI, 1987;

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PRI candidate for governor of Chiapas, 2000. f—Private secretary to secretary of government; director general, Banobras; director general of political research, Secretariat of Government. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Efraín David Vitar, farmer and politician, and Fadua David Citalán. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM89, 426; DBGM84, 495; Musacchio, 108; www.diputados.gob .mx, 2003–2006; QesQ en el Congreso, 1997, 297–298; www.es.wikipedia.org, 2008. Dávila Aguirre, Vicente (Deceased May 19, 1960) a—June 29, 1886. b—Rancho Santo Domingo, Ramos Arizpe, Coahuila. c—Elementary studies began in Aquita, Sabines, Coahuila, and completed at Normal School of Saltillo, Coahuila; secondary studies at Colegio San Juan, Saltillo; preparatory studies at Ateneo Fuente, Saltillo; studied at National Military College (3 years); degree in mechanical sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station. d—Local deputy from Monclova, State Legislature of Coahuila, 1912 and 1935; senator from State of Coahuila, 1958–1960. e—None. f—Provisional governor, San Luis Potosí, 1915; secretary-general of government, State of Coahuila, 1935. g—None. h—Practicing engineer. i—Son of Melchor Dávila Ramos and María Teresa Aguirre; married Victoria Dávila, 1909. j—Career army officer; supported Madero in the Revolution, 1912–1913; supported Plan of Guadalupe, Apr. 19, 1913; fought under General Maclovio Herrera, Division of the North, 1914, assumed command of his men when Herrera died, Apr., 1915; supported Carranza in split with Villa, 1914; supported de la Huerta rebellion, 1923; not on active duty from 1924 to 1941; rank of brigadier general, June 1, 1942; chief of staff, 33rd Military Zone, 1942; commander, Military Zones of Chihuahua, Guanajuato, and Sinaloa; department head, Secretariat of National Defense. k—Abandoned studies at National Military College to fight in the Revolution; member, State Legislature of Coahuila, which disavowed Huerta as legal president of Mexico after death of Madero,

1914; supported de la Huerta rebellion, 1923. l—DP70, 624; C de S, 1961–1964, 14; Peral, 212; Func., 139; López, 264; www.elsiglode torreon.com.mx, Dec. 12, 2006. Dávila Esquivel, Humberto a—Feb. 6, 1939. b—Coahuila. c—Early education unknown; elementary teaching degree, Higher Normal School, 1976; elementary school teacher, 1960–1971; secondary school teacher, 1969–1970. d—Local deputy, State Legislature of Coahuila, 1982–1985; mayor, Gen. Cepeda, 1984–1987; plurinominal federal deputy from PANAL, 2006–2009. e—President of PRI, Coahuila; national adviser to PRI; joined PANAL, 2000; president, PANAL, Coahuila. f—Assistant director of economic and social loans, ISSSTE, 1998. g—Joined SNTE, 1960; secretarygeneral, Local No. 5, SNTE; oficial mayor, SNTE, 1989–1992; finance secretary of CEN of SNTE, 1992–1995; secretary-general, SNTE, 1995–1998. h—None. j—None. k—None. l—DCM, 2006–2009, 356. Dávila (Goldbaum), José María

(Deceased June 8, 1973) a—Apr. 21, 1897. b—Mazatlán, Sinaloa. c—Secondary and preparatory education at Literary and Scientific Institute of San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí; graduated from National Military College. d—Federal deputy from State of Baja California, Dist. 1, 1930–1932, member of Gran Comisión; federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. 8, 1932–1934; senator from Federal District, 1934–1940, member of Gran Comisión. e—None. f—Head, Office of Immigration, Secretariat of Government, 1922–1930; ambassador to Guatemala, 1940; ambassador to Brazil, 1940; member, Administrative Council, National Bonded Warehouses, 1946–1952; director general, National Bank of Agricultural and Livestock Credit, 1946–1952. g—None. i—Son of Dr. José M. Dávila. j—Joined the Revolution in 1914; rank of captain, 1915; fought under Cedillo against General Escobar, 1929. k—PRI precandidate for governor of Sinaloa, 1944. l—EBW46, 70; letter; DGF47, 356; DGF50, II, 130, 409; DGF, II, 166;

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WB48, 1361; Peral, 211; DGF49, 468; Kirk, 126; López, 263; DP95, 1045. Dávila Mendoza, Miguel Ángel a—Aug. 2, 1934. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; public accounting degree, Higher School of Business Administration, IPN, 1963; MA in administrative sciences, Higher School of Business Administration, IPN, 1964; PhD, IPN, 1965; professor, Graduate School of Administrative Sciences, IPN. d—Delegate to Department of the Federal District from Magdalena Contreras, 1988–1990. e—Joined PRI, 1972. f—Assistant director general of budget control, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1971; assistant director general of expenditures, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1971–1974; director general of expenditures, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1975–1976; director general of budget policy, Secretariat of Programming and Budget, 1978–1981; assistant secretary of budgeting, Secretariat of Programming and Budget, 1981–1982; director general, Fertilizers of Mexico, 1982–1988. g—None. h—Finance director of various private sector companies, 1958–1970; director of corporate financial planning, Somex Bank; assistant director general, Mexican Mortgage Association, 1977–1978. i—Student with Ramón Aguirre Velázquez at UNAM; served with him in several positions; married Patricia Guzmán Sañudo; son of Alfonso Dávila Aguila, industrialist, and María de los Ángeles Mendoza; son M. A. Dávila Guzman was founder and CEO of Grupo Cinemax. j—None. k—None. l—HA, Oct. 26, 1981, 28; IEPES; Protag., 97; DBGM89, 97; DBGM87, 106; DBGM84, 115. Dávila Montesinos, Marco Antonio

a—June 20, 1952. b—Agujita, Piedras Negras, Coahuila. c—Early education unknown; law degree, National School of Law, UNAM; business administration studies, Centro Universitario Panamericano. d—Federal deputy from State of Coahuila, Dist. 4, 1994–1997; plurinominal federal deputy from PRI, 2000–2003. e—Joined PRI, 1974; president of PRI, Coahuila, 1993–1994;

member, National Political Council of PRI, 1994; general delegate of CEN of PRI, Durango, 2000. f—Office assistant, Agricultural Bank of Yucatán, 1971; treasurer, Sabinas, Coahuila, 1985–1987; regional coordinator, Secretariat of Social Development, 1990– 1991; assistant secretary of government, Coahuila, 1997–1999. i—Married Rosario Eugenia Garza Dávila. g—None. h—None. j—None. k—None. l—www.cddhcu.gob.mx, 1994–1997; DCM, 2000–2003, 364; QesQ en el Congreso, 2000–2003, 168–169; Musacchio, 109. Dávila Narro, Jesús Roberto a—Oct. 8, 1947. b—Monterrey, Nuevo León. c—Early education unknown; legal studies, School of Law, University of Coahuila, 1965–1970, graduating with thesis on Mexican democracy, 1971; degree in Spanish language and literature, Higher Normal School of Coahuila, 1965–1969; founding professor in constitutional law, National School of Political Studies, Acatlán Campus, UNAM, 1978– ; professor of constitutional theory, Institute of Political Education, PRI. d—Federal deputy from State of Coahuila, Dist. 1, 1973–1976. e—Joined PRI, 1969; oficial mayor of PRI, Coahuila, 1969–1970; adviser to secretary-general of CEN of PRI, 1982. f—Director, Department of Legal Affairs; director general of government, Secretariat of Government, 1970–1973; adviser to director-in-chief of political affairs, Secretariat of Foreign Relations, Manuel Bartlett Díaz, 1976–1979; adviser to coordinator of federal delegations, Secretariat of Planning and Budgeting, 1979–1981; director, Editorial Board, Office of the Attorney General of Mexico, 1979–1982; general manager, FONATUR, National Finance Bank, 1980–1982; assistant secretary of government, 1982–1985. g—None. h—None. i—Served under Manuel Bartlett Díaz in several posts, member of his political group; married Bertha Alicia Cardona García; son of José Dávila de la Fuente, cattle rancher, and Lilia Narro Tehar. j—None. k—None. l—Q es QAP, 25; Excélsior, July 27, 1984, 20.

242  m e xic a n p oli t i c a l b i o g ra ph i e s , 1935–20 0 9 Dávila Rodríguez, Francisco José

a—Oct. 21, 1946. b—Monterrey, Nuevo León. c—Early education unknown; economics degree, ITESM, 1963–1969. d—Federal deputy from State of Coahuila, Dist. 2, 1991–1994; senator from Coahuila, 1994–2000, president of Transportation Committee. e—Joined PRI, 1970; member, National Political Council of PRI, 1990. f—None. g—President, National Chamber of Trucking, Torreón, 1976–1980; vice president, National Chamber of Trucking, 1980– 1988. h—Industrialist. i—Son of Francisco José Dávila Guajardo, trucking business, and María del C. Rodríguez de la Garza; married Gabriela Prado Ávila. j—None. k—None. l—QesQ en el Congreso, 1997– 2000, 298; Musacchio, 109; DBGM92, 450; www.secgob.mx, 1997, 2007. de Alba, Pedro (Deceased Nov. 10, 1960) a—Dec. 17, 1887. b—San Juan de los Lagos, Jalisco. c—Elementary in San Juan de los Lagos; secondary and preparatory studies at Institute of Sciences, Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes; medical degree from National School of Medicine, UNAM, graduated as a surgeon; studies in medicine at Army Medical-Military Practical School, 1913; diploma in ophthalmology in Paris; professor of general history and Spanish literature, National Preparatory School and School of Philosophy and Letters, UNAM; director, Preparatory School, Aguascalientes, 1919; director, Institute of Sciences, Aguascalientes; director, National Preparatory School, 1929–1933; commissioned by secretary of public education of State of Nuevo León to organize University of Monterrey, 1933. d—Federal deputy from State of Aguascalientes, Dist. 1, 1920–1922; senator from Aguascalientes, 1922–1926, president of Senate, member of Foreign Relations Committee; senator from State of Aguascalientes, 1952–1958, member of Gran Comisión, Public Welfare Committee, 1st Public Education Committee, and Health Committee. f—Counselor of public education, Aguascalientes, 1917; director, Health Service, Aguascalientes, 1918;

member, Technical Advisory Council, Secretariat of Public Education, 1935; assistant director, Pan American Union, 1936–1947; ambassador to Chile, 1947; ambassador to ILO, 1948–1951; delegate to UNESCO, 1951. g—None. h—Author of several books. i—Nephew Alfonso de Alba Martín served as federal deputy from Jalisco, 1967–1970, and founded Colegio de Jalisco, 1982; father, Lamberto de Alba, was a partner in cattleranching business; grandfather Bas de Alba was a small rancher; maternal grandfather was a general under Porfirio Díaz. j—Major in the Mexican army. k—None. l—WWM45, 3; DP70, 54; DGF56, 5, 8, 9, 10, 12; DGF51, 110, 117; WB48, 1383; IWW40, 22; Ind. Biog., 49–50. de Alba Arroyo, Miguel (Deceased) a—Sept. 20, 1908. b—Guadalajara, Jalisco. c—Elementary at private schools until 1921; preparatory studies in sciences, University of Guadalajara, 1921–1925; medical studies, University of Guadalajara, 1925–1927, 1929–1931, completed only second year of professional studies. d—Alternate council member, Guadalajara, 1943–1946; alternate federal deputy from State of Jalisco, Dist. 1, 1952–1955, for Rodolfo González Guevara; alternate council member, Guadalajara, 1953–1955, in functions, 1954–1955; local deputy, State Legislature of Jalisco, 1956– 1959; federal deputy from State of Jalisco, Dist. 2, 1961–1964, member of 2nd Balloting Committee and Vehicular Transport Committee; federal deputy from State of Jalisco, Dist. 2, 1967–1970, member of Mail and Telegraph Committee and Cinema Development Committee. e—None. f—Assistant to attorney in defense of labor, Department of Labor, State of Jalisco, 1937–1938; defender of labor interests, Department of Labor, 1938–1940; labor inspector, State of Jalisco, 1940–1941; market administrator, Guadalajara, 1943–1955. g—Secretary-general, Workers’ Federation of Jalisco, 1934– 1946; oficial mayor, CTM of Guadalajara, 1941; secretary-general, Organization of Workers, Guadalajara, 1947–1960; secretary

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of social welfare, CTM, Guadalajara, 1948–1951; secretary of organization, CTM, Guadalajara, 1951–1954; secretary-general, CTM, Jalisco, 1954–1958; assistant secretary, CTM, Jalisco, 1958. h—Worked in industry, 1927–1928; businessman, 1929–1946. j—None. k—None. l—Direct., 1967–1970; PS, 1523; C de D, 1967–1970, 61; C de D, 1961–1963, 10, 75. de Buen Richkarday, Óscar a—May 5, 1953. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; civil engineering degree, National School of Engineering, UNAM; MA in science with specialization in transportation, MIT, Cambridge, Mass. d—None. e—None. f—Official, Secretariat of Communications and Transportation, 25 years; engineer, Mexican Institute of Transportation; director general of highway development, chief of Toll Roads Division, 2005–2006, Secretariat of Communications and Transportation; assistant secretary of infrastructure, Secretariat of Communications and Transportation, 2006– . g—Member, Executive Committee, World Association of Highways. h—None. i—Sister Clara de Buen Richkarday, prominent architect. j—None. k—None. l—www .cronica.com.mx, Jan. 26, 2009; www.bano bras.gob.mx, 2009. de Dios Bátiz (Paredes), Juan (Deceased May 20, 1979) a—Apr. 2, 1890. b—Sataya, Sinaloa. c—Elementary studies in San José de Gracia, Sinaloa, secondary studies at Normal School, Culiacán, Sinaloa; preparatory studies at Colegio Rosales, Culiacán, 1904–1908; began engineering studies in Culiacán, completed at National Military College, 1908–1912; cadet, 1st Company; professor of mathematics, University of Sinaloa. d—Local deputy, State Legislature of Sinaloa; member, City Council of Culiacán; federal deputy from State of Sinaloa, Dist. 1, 1922–1924, member of Gran Comisión; federal deputy from State of Sinaloa, Dist. 3, 1924–1926; federal deputy from the State of Sinaloa, Dist. 2, 1930–1932; senator from State of Sinaloa, 1932–1934. e—Treasurer of CEN of PNR, 1931.

f—Interim governor, Sinaloa, 1926–1927; chief, Treasury Department, Salina Cruz, Oaxaca, 1928; chief, Warehouse Department, Department of the Federal District, 1930; director of technical education, Secretariat of Public Education, 1934–1936; founder, IPN, 1936; director of social welfare, Secretariat of Labor, 1936–1940; director general, National Mortgage Bank, 1940– 1946. g—None. h—Manager, various private firms, 1946–1970. i—Son of Juan de Dios Bátiz y Bátiz, political boss of San José de Gracia, Sinaloa, and Isabel Paredes; married Laura Pérez; daughter Yolanda married to Eduardo Hay, secretary of foreign relations, 1935–1940; sister Francisca married to General Francisco Cañedo, governor of Sinaloa; son Juan de Dios was a director general in Secretariat of Industry and Commerce, 1961; second wife was sister-in-law of President Lázaro Cárdenas; became friends with General Rafael Buelna at Colegio Rosales. j—Participated in the Revolution; served in 1st Artillery Regiment under Col. Felipe Ángeles; participated in battle for Nazas, Durango, 1912; fought against Orozco, 1912; rank of 2nd captain, Feb. 10, 1913; officer, 3rd Artillery Regiment; fought in Torreón in Nazas Division under General J. Refugio Velasco; commander, 3rd Artillery Regiment; rank of 1st captain, 1914; rank of major, 1914; joined Constitutionalists, 1915; military governor, Nayarit. k—President Cárdenas allegedly offered him the position of secretary of public education in 1934, but he turned it down to found IPN. l—HA, May 28, 1979, 14; Excélsior, May 21, 1979, 4; Peral, 97; Excélsior, May 22, 1979, 30; DPE61, 66; www.congresosinaloa.gob.mx, 2008. de Garay y Arenas, Fernando a—June 25, 1943. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; mechanical engineering degree, Higher School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, IPN, 1961–1964, with thesis on urban transportation; professor, IPN, 1965–1972. d—Delegate from Magdalena Contreras to Department of the Federal District, 1992–1994; plurinominal

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federal deputy from Federal District, 1997– 2000. e—Member, National Youth Executive Committee of PRI, 1962–1967; technical secretary, IEPES, CEN of PRI, 1975–1976; member, Advisory Council, IEPES of PRI, 1981. f—Private secretary to director of traffic, Department of the Federal District, 1967–1970; director, Department of Planning, Division of Transportation Services, Secretariat of Communications and Transportation, 1971–1972; assistant director of transportation services, Division of Federal Transportation, Secretariat of Communications and Transportation, 1972–1976; director general of federal transportation, Secretariat of Communications and Transportation, 1976–1981; assistant secretary of operations, Secretariat of Communications and Transportation, 1981–1982, 1983–1985; director general, Aeroméxico, 1985–1987; director general, Route 100, Department of the Federal District, 1988–1989; adviser to head of Department of the Federal District, 1989–1992. g—None. h—Analyst, Consólida, SA, 1963; employee, Department of Machinery and Equipment, Division of Railroads, Secretariat of Communications and Transportation, 1966–1967. i—Son of Francisco de Garay de la Garza, accountant, and Luz María Arenas Canales, public official; married Ana Elena Zamarripa López. j—None. k—National prize in engineering, 1999. l—Q es QAP, 250–251; DBGM84, 158; DBGM89, 130; HA, Sept. 17, 1985, 24; DBGM92, 138–139. de Ibarola Aznar, Antonio (Deceased May 25, 1996) a—July 28, 1909. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; legal studies, National School of Law, UNAM, 1928–1932, graduating in 1933; professor of civil law and agrarian law for 40 years, National School of Law, UNAM. d—None. e—PAN candidate for federal deputy from the Federal District, 1955 and 1973; cofounder, PAN, 1939; adviser, Regional Committee of PAN, Federal District, 1942–1969; member, Regional Committee of PAN, Federal District, 1942–1977; member,

National Council of PAN, 1959–1965. f—None. g—None. h—Practicing lawyer; author of several books on law. i—Son of Alfonso María de Ibarrola y Vértiz and Manuela Aznar y González; married María Nicolín Martínez del Campo. j—None. k—None. l—WNM, 56–57; La Nación, June 7, 1996; Pérez Franco, 187–188. de Icaza González, Carlos Alberto

a—Feb. 15, 1948. b—Beirut, Lebanon. c—Early education unknown; international relations degree, School of Political and Social Sciences, UNAM, 1968–1971. d—None. e—Joined PRI, 1970. f—Joined Foreign Service, rank of vice consul, 1970; analyst of international organizations, Secretariat of Foreign Relations, 1970–1971; 3rd secretary, Mexican embassy, Panama, 1971–1972; private secretary to assistant secretary of foreign relations, Rubén González Sosa; director, Documents Division, Assistant Secretary of Culture, Secretariat of Public Education, 1977–1978; alternate representative, ILO, 1979–1980; director general, Foreign Service, 1980–1983; director general for Latin America and the Caribbean, 1983–1986; ambassador to Ecuador, 1986–1988; private secretary to secretary of foreign relations, Fernando Solana, 1988–1991; oficial mayor of foreign relations, 1991–1994; ambassador to Belgium, 1994– 1997; assistant secretary for Latin America and Asian Pacific, 1998–2000; ambassador to Japan, 2001–2004; ambassador to United States, 2004–2006. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Francisco de Icaza y León, career diplomat and ambassador to Great Britain, and María Teresa González G.; married Carmen Aueiros Orduña; brother of Eusebio Antonio de Icaza González, assistant secretary of multilateral relations, 1994. j—None. k—None. l—Pescador, 137–138; Musacchio, 208; DBGM94, CD. de Icaza González, (Eusebio) Antonio

a—Jan. 10, 1938. b—Mexican legation, Berlin, Germany. c—Preparatory studies at Liceo Francés, London, 1955; law degree, National School of Law, UNAM,

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1956–1960; graduate work in social studies at Institute for Higher Social Studies, Geneva. d—None. e—None. f—Joined Foreign Service, 1958; vice consul, La Paz, Bolivia, 1958–1960; head, department of Technical Assistance; rank of 3rd secretary, 1960–1964; head, Department of Political Affairs, Europe, 1961–1962; rank of 2nd secretary, 1964–1965, and private secretary to assistant secretary of foreign relations, 1965–1971; aide to secretary of foreign relations, 1970–1971; ambassador to Nicaragua, 1971–1974; ambassador to El Salvador, 1974–1977; ambassador to Egypt, 1977–1980; ambassador to Brazil, 1980–1986; ambassador to OAS, 1986–1991; ambassador to Venezuela, 1991–1994; assistant secretary for multilateral affairs, Secretariat of Foreign Relations, 1994; ambassador to Geneva, 1995; permanent representative to international organizations, 1995–1998. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Francisco de Icaza y León, career diplomat and ambassador to Great Britain, and María Teresa González G.; married María Antonieta Hernández Nájera; brother of Carlos Alberto de Icaza González, assistant secretary for Latin America and Asia Pacific, 1998–2000. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM, 87; Pescador, 137; Musacchio, 207; Excélsior, Feb. 1, 1974, 17A; Libro de Oro, 1962, xxiii; DPE85, 17; DBM, 1970, 169. de Icaza (y León), Francisco A. (Asis)

(Deceased) a—Dec. 31, 1905. b—Berlin. c—Secondary studies in Madrid; law degree, National School of Law, UNAM, 1928; studies in political science, Catholic University, Louvain, Belgium, 1948–1949; studies in art, Academy of Fine Arts, Brussels, 1949–1950. d—None. e—None. f—4th official, Secretariat of Foreign Relations, 1926; 3rd official, Secretariat of Foreign Relations, 1926; 3rd secretary in charge of trade, Costa Rica, 1929; 3rd secretary in charge of trade, El Salvador, 1930; 3rd secretary to the legation in Havana, 1931; 1st secretary, Berlin, 1936–1938; counselor to Argentina, 1940–1941; counselor to Guatemala, 1942; ambassador

to Lebanon, 1947–1949; ambassador to Belgium and Luxemburg, 1949–1952; ambassador to Great Britain, 1952–1955; ambassador to Guatemala, 1956–1958; ambassador to Argentina, 1964–1970. g—None. h—None. i—Sons Antonio de Icaza and Carlos Alberto de Icaza are career foreign service officers; son of Francisco A. de Icaza, poet and diplomat serving in various European posts, including positions in Spain and Germany, 1863–1925, and Beatriz León; married María González. j—None. k—None. l—DGF56, 126; DPE65, 23; Peral, 404; DP70, 1050; DGF51, 107–108; STYRBIWW, 1951, 692; DPE61, 20. de la Colina (Riquelme), Rafael

(Deceased) a—Sept. 20, 1898. b—Tulancingo, Hidalgo. c—Preparatory studies at National Preparatory School; BS from UNAM, 1916; MS from UNAM; never taught because of Foreign Service career outside the country. d—None. e—None. f—Member, consulate in Philadelphia, 1918–1922; vice consul, St. Louis, Mo., 1922, and Eagle Pass, Tex., 1922–1923; chief, Administrative Department, Consular Division, Secretariat of Foreign Relations, 1923–1924; consul, Boston, 1924–1925, New Orleans, 1925–1928, Laredo, Tex., 1928–1930, and Los Angeles, Calif., 1930–1932; head, Consular Department, Secretariat of Foreign Relations, 1932–1933; head, License Bureau, Federal District, Secretariat of Foreign Relations, 1933; consul general, San Antonio, Tex., 1934–1935, New York, 1936– 1943; minister, Washington, DC, 1943–1944; rank of ambassador, 1944; ambassador to United States, 1949–1952; ambassador to United Nations, 1952–1958; ambassador to Canada, 1958–1962; ambassador to Japan, 1962–1964; ambassador to OAS, 1965–1976, 1976–1982, 1982–1985. g—None. h—Assistant secretary-general, Interamerican Conference on War and Peace, 1945; technical adviser of Mexican delegation to United Nations, San Francisco, 1945; envoy attached to Mexican embassy, Washington, DC, 1946; delegate from Mexico to First

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General Assembly of United Nations, 1947. i—Attended National Preparatory School with several members of famous “Seven Wise Men of Mexico,” which included Lombardo Toledano, Teófilo Olea y Leyva, Alfonso Caso; also knew Jaime Torres Bodet, José Gorostiza, Pablo Campos Ortiz, Narciso Bassols, and Daniel Cosío Villegas; father, Manuel de la Colina, a schoolteacher and supporter of Madero; mother, María Riquelme Palacio; grandfather Rafael B. de la Colina, founder of Scientific and Literary Institute of Hidalgo; married Ruth Rosecrans. j—Private secretary to General Cándido Aguilar, 1917–1918, reached rank of lieutenant. k—None. l—Letter; WWM45, 28; Inf. Please, 189, 201 (1950–1951); DGF56, 128; Peral, 179; DPE61, 20; DGF51, 105; WB48, 1417–1418; STYRBIWW54, 693; WB54, 278; WWW70–71, 191; HA, Oct. 7, 1974, 6ff; NYT, Dec. 29, 1948, 9; López, 273; Enc. Mex., III, 23; DBGM, 101. de la Cueva (y de la Rosa), Mario

(Deceased Mar. 6, 1981) a—July 11, 1901. b—Federal District. c—Elementary studies at Florencio María del Castillo School, first prize, 1908; preparatory studies at National Preparatory School, 1918–1921; enrolled in National School of Medicine; changed curriculum to legal studies on advice of Manuel Gómez Morín; law degree, National School of Law, UNAM, 1925; advanced studies in philosophy and law, University of Berlin, 1932–1933; professor of introduction to study of law, theory of the state, labor law and constitutional law, UNAM, 1929–1970; professor emeritus, UNAM; dean, National School of Law, UNAM, 1952–1954; coordinator of humanities, UNAM, 1962–1966. d—None. e—None. f—Secretary of studies and accounts, Labor Division, Supreme Court, under Justice Alfredo Iñárritu; secretary-general, UNAM, 1938–1940, under Gustavo Baz; rector, UNAM, 1940–1942; director, Legal Department, Secretariat of Industry and Commerce, 1944–1946; president, Federal Board of Conciliation and Arbitration, 1946; director general,

National Cinematography Bank, 1946–1952. g—None. h—Author of a classic work on Mexican labor law; author of many books; began successful law practice, 1925; traveled in Europe for 2 years. i—Professor of Alfonso Pulido Islas, José Juan de Olloqui, Mario Colín Sánchez, Miguel de la Madrid, Jesús Reyes Heroles, Fernando Zertuche Muñoz, and many other public figures; student friends in 1920s included José Ricardo Zevada, Manuel Gual Vidal, and Antonio Martínez Báez; son of Ricardo de la Cueva, a surgeon, and María de la Rosa y Berriozábal, descendant of General Berriozábal; grandfather, a physician; lived with uncle Arturo de la Cueva, a lawyer. j—None. k—One of the most influential professors for three generations of lawyers and public figures at UNAM; recipient of the National Prize in History, Social Sciences, and Philosophy; turned down offer from 2 presidents to become Supreme Court justice. l—Hoy, Mar. 21, 1970, 20; DGF47, 351; DGF51, II, 65, 421; DGF50, 292; Peral, 47, 96; letter; Enc. Mex., III, 227; WNM, 57–58; Boletín‑Bibliográfico, Mar.–Apr., 1981, 1–6; HA, Mar. 16, 1981, 6. de la Flor Casanova, Noé (Deceased) a—May 29, 1904. b—Teapa, Tabasco. c—Elementary studies in Teapa; preparatory studies at Juárez Institute, Villahermosa, Tabasco, 1920, and on scholarship from José Vasconcelos at National Preparatory School; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, Mar. 21, 1930, with thesis titled “The Delinquent Politician and Political Delinquents”; professor, National School of Law, UNAM, 1937–1942. d—Governor, Tabasco, 1943–1946. e—None. f—Secretary, Criminal Courts, Federal District, 1930–1936; justice of the peace, 1937–1939; judge, Superior Tribunal of Justice, Federal District and Federal Territories, 1940–1942, 1946–1958. g—Founding member, Socialist Lawyers Front, 1936. h—Author. i—Son of Manuel de la Flor Hernández and Elodia Casanova; from extremely poor family; Carlos Pellicer helped him obtain a

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scholarship from José Vasconcelos for all of his preparatory and professional studies; classmate of Adelor Sala at Juárez Institute; law thesis committee included Brito Foucher, Franco Carreño, and Raúl Carrancá Trujillo. j—None. k—Removed from office of governor in Feb., 1946. l—DGF56, 513; HA, May 14, 1943, 13; HA, Sept. 28, 1945, xii; WWM45, 42; EWB46, 174; López, 362; Casasola, V, 2422; Peral, 274–275. de la Fuente Ramírez, Juan Ramón

a—Sept. 5, 1952. c—Early education unknown; MD, National School of Medicine, UNAM; MA in psychiatry, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn.; director, University Program of Research in Health, Coordination of Sciences, UNAM; dean, National School of Medicine, UNAM, 1991–1994; rector, National University, 1999–2003, 2003– 2007. d—None. e—None. f—Researcher, National Institute of Nutrition. g—None. h—Researcher, Mexican Institute of Psychiatry. i—Son of Dr. Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, founder of Mexican Institute of Psychiatry, and Dr. Beatriz Ramírez, awardwinning authority on Prehispanic art; brother Ramón, director general, Mexican Institute of Psychiatry. j—None. k—None. l—El Financiero, Dec. 1, 1994, 51; DBGM92, 124; Pescador, 138; DBGM89, 124. de la Fuente Rodríguez, Juan Antonio (Deceased 1979) a—Nov. 10, 1913.

b—Saltillo, Coahuila. c—Elementary studies at Miguel López School, Saltillo; secondary studies at Ateneo Plaza de San Francisco, Saltillo; studies at National Military College, 1931–1935, graduated as 2nd lieutenant of cavalry, Jan. 1, 1935; studies in biology, National Preparatory School, 1936–1937; course in cavalry tactics, School of Applied Military Studies, 1939–1940; attended Staff and Command School, Higher War College, 1941–1944; special studies in armored vehicles, Fort Knox, Ky., 1950–1951; visiting instructor, U.S. Military Academy, West Point, 1953; instructor in armored vehicles, Higher War College; director, National Military College; director,

Higher War College. d—None. e—None. f—Military attaché, Santiago, Chile; director of military education, Secretariat of National Defense, 1973–1975; assistant secretary of national defense, 1976–1979. g—None. h—None. i—Classmate of Félix Galván López at National Military College and Higher War College; married María Teresa Escobar; son Gonzalo was director general of Secretariat of Agriculture and Hydraulic Resources. j—Career army officer; fought against rebel groups in Jalisco, 1935–1936; fought against rebel groups in Putla, Oaxaca, 1940; lst lieutenant, June, 1940; 2nd captain, Jan., 1944; lst captain, Nov. 20, 1947; major, Nov. 20, 1950; lieutenant colonel, Nov. 20, 1956; colonel, Nov. 20, 1959; section chief, presidential staff; commander, 18th Cavalry Regiment; commander, Mazatlán Garrison; rank of division general, Nov. 20, 1975. k—Strongest PRI precandidate for governor of Coahuila before his death in a helicopter crash. l—Enc. Mex., Annual, 1977, 535; Excélsior, Mar. 16, 1980, 21; Rev. de Ejer., Dec., 1979, 55–56; DBGM, 152; letters. de la Fuente (Sanders), Fernando

(Deceased 1965) a—Feb. 10, 1887. b—Tampico, Tamaulipas. c—Preparatory studies at National Preparatory School; legal studies, National School of Law, UNAM, 1913–1916, graduating Dec. 7, 1916. d—None. e—Member, Social Democratic Party, 1937; secretary of interior of CEN of National Independent Party, 1938. f—Penal judge, 1924; judge, Superior Tribunal of Justice, Federal District and Federal Territories; justice, Supreme Court, Dec. 26, 1928–1934; justice, Supreme Court, 1940–1946, 1946–1952. g—None. h—Assisted in writing the monetary law, 1930–1931; helped create Bank of Mexico with Manuel Gómez Morín; founder, Pension Department. i—Descendant of titled family of Marquis of Fuenclara y Montemayor; married María de la Cruz Cárdenas Pérez; daughter Haydée Virginia married prominent lawyer Armando Herrerías Tellería; son of Federico de la Fuente

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and Adela Sanders. j—Fought in Army of the Northeast in Constitutional Army. k—Appointed director of National School of Economics but did not accept position; Senate initially rejected his nomination to the Supreme Court, 1928. l—Enc. Mex., IV, 478; DP70, 795; letter; DGF47; DGF51, I; Novo35, 76; Linajes, 120–121. de la Fuentes Rodríguez, José a—Apr. 20, 1920. b—General Zepeda, Coahuila. c—Secondary and preparatory studies at Ateneo Fuente, Saltillo, Coahuila; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, 1939–1944; completed all studies but dissertation for LLD in penal law; professor of penal law, civics, and economic and social problems; rector, University of Coahuila, 1967–1970. d—Local deputy, State Legislature of Coahuila; federal deputy from State of Coahuila, Dist. 1, 1967–1970, member of Administration Committee (2nd year), Penal Sec. of Legislative Studies Committee, 2nd Justice Committee, Petroleum Committee, and Public Security Committee; federal deputy from State of Coahuila, Dist. 1, 1976–1979, member of Gran Comisión, Sec. 4 of Educational Development Committee, Higher Education Committee, Electrical Sec. of Industrial Development Committee, Development of Natural and Energy Resources Committee, Rural and Arid Zone Industry Sec. of Regional Development Committee, Development of Social Security and Public Health Committee, Social Welfare Sec. of Social Security and Public Health Committee, Penal Sec. of Constitutional Studies Committee, Government Committee, Justice Committee, and Foreign Relations Committee; governor of Coahuila, 1981–1987. e—President, State Committee of PRI, Coahuila; general delegate of CEN of PRI to Baja California del Norte; secretary of popular action of CEN of PRI, 1976–1979; secretary-general of CEN of PRI, 1979–1980. f—Official, CONASUPO, 1945–1947, under Nazario Ortiz Garza; criminal judge, Federal District; agent, Ministerio Público; attorney general, State of Coahuila, 1957–1963.

g—Secretary-general, CNOP, 1976–1979. i—Classmate of José López Portillo at UNAM; married Elsa Hernández, lawyer. j—None. k—None. l—C de D, 1967–1970, 56, 66, 79, 87; D de C, 1976–1979, 19, 21, 25, 31, 32, 34, 38, 51, 56, 61, 71; Excélsior, Aug. 21, 1976, 1C; MGF69, 89; Directorio, 1967–1970; www.es.wikipedia.org, 2008. De la Garza Estrada, Germán a–1957. b—Federal District. c—Elementary and secondary studies at Instituto México; veterinary degree, UNAM; professor of biochemistry, School of Humane Medicine and School of Veterinary Medicine, UNAM. d—Delegate from Benito Juárez to Federal District Department, 2006–2009. e—Joined PAN, 2002. f—Official, General Division of Biology, Secretariat of Health, 1983–1987; corporate director of acquisitions, Fertilizantes Mexicanos; assistant director of administration, Benito Juárez delegation to Federal District, 2000–2003 oficial mayor, Secretariat of Social Development, 2010– . g—None. h—Developed equipment and foodstuffs for animals. i—Married Dr. María Pía de Vecchi, practicing dentist. j—None. k—None. l—www.es.wikipedia .org, 2010; www.enkidumagazine.com de la Garza (González), Arturo

(Deceased) a—Aug. 1, 1936. b—Monterrey, Nuevo León. c—Elementary studies at Simón de la Garza Melo School, Monterrey (6 years); secondary at Moisés Saenz School; preparatory at Colegio Civil, Monterrey; studied law and social sciences at University of Nuevo León, 1954–1955. d—Local deputy, State Legislature of Nuevo León, 1961–1966; federal deputy from State of Nuevo León, Dist. 8, 1970–1973, member of Gran Comisión, Livestock Committee, Small Agricultural Properties Committee, and Hydraulic Resources Committee; federal deputy from State of Nuevo León, Dist. 6, 1991–1994. e—Joined PRI, 1954; general delegate of CEN of PRI to Coahuila, 1970; president of PRI, Guadalupe, Nuevo León, 1969–1970. f—Adviser to National Agricultural Credit Bank, Nuevo León.

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g—Delegate from Nuevo León to National Livestock Federation; adviser to National Livestock Federation; president, Regional Livestock Union for Nuevo León; secretary, Council for the Promotion of Livestock, Nuevo León. h—Rancher. i—Son of former governor of Nuevo León and cattle rancher, Arturo B. de la Garza, and Morena González; married De la Luz Tijerina Garza; brother Lucas was secretary-general of government of Nuevo León, 1977–1982, and secretary of organization of CEN of the PRD; son Arturo Bonifacio de la Garza Tijerina, federal deputy, 2000–2003. j—None. k—None. l—Directorio, 1970–1972; C de D, 1970–1972, 109; DBGM94, CD. de la Garza Gutiérrez, Jesús B.

(Deceased) a—Oct. 1, 1895. b—Monterrey, Nuevo León. c—Elementary studies in Nuevo León; secondary studies at Colegio Civil, Monterey; preparatory studies at National Preparatory School; attended Mining School of Mexico, Mexico City; degree in military construction, Military College, 1917; degree in civil engineering, National School of Engineering, UNAM, 1920. d—Federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. 11, 1940. e—None. f—Assistant secretary of public works, 1940; secretary of public works, 1940–1941; director general of war materiel, Secretariat of National Defense, 1941–1946; director general of military social security, Secretariat of National Defense, 1964–1970. g—None. h—None. i—Married María Casas. j—Career army officer; cadet at National Military College, 1909; joined the Revolution as a Maderista in 1910; inspector general of police, Monterrey; head of military education, Secretariat of National Defense; director of agricultural schools, Secretariat of National Defense; president, 1st War Committee; rank of brigadier general, 1940; rank of division general, 1970. k—Attended Convention of Aguascalientes, 1914–1915; PRI precandidate for governor of Nuevo León, 1943. l—DGF65, 44; WB48, 1419; EBW46, 1133; Hoy, Dec. 7, 1940, 3–4; Peral, 323; WWM45, 48; Rev. de

Ejer., Dec. 25, 1970; www.sedena.gob.mx /ley transparencia. de la Garza Ollervides, Eulogio

(Deceased) a—Jan. 29, 1905. b—Sierra Mojada, Coahuila. c—Elementary studies in 5 schools in Coahuila and Chihuahua; preparatory studies at Scientific and Literary Institute of Chihuahua, Chihuahua; engineering degree from National School of Agriculture, Chapingo; professor at the National Forestry School, Coyoacán, Federal District; director, Institute of Higher Forestry Education, Los Molinos, Perote, Veracruz. d—None. e—None. f—Inspector general, Forestry Service, 1936; inspector general in Southeast, 1937; alternate director, National Museum of Flora and Fauna, Chapultepec, Mexico City, 1938; general agent, Secretariat of Agriculture, Toluca, State of Mexico, 1940; chief of services, Secretariat of Agriculture, 1941; head, Legal Department, Secretariat of Agriculture, 1943; head, Technical Forestry Council, 1945; technical director, Department of Forests and Game, 1949; director general, Department of Forests and Game, Secretariat of Agriculture, 1949–1951; adviser, National Railroads of Mexico, 1953; assistant secretary of forests and fauna, Secretariat of Agriculture, 1970–June 7, 1972. g—Adviser, National Chamber of Forest Industries; head, Technical Union, National Chamber of Industries (Cultivating Forests). h—Leave of absence to work for National Urban Mortgage Bank of Public Works, 1947; consulting engineer, Papaloapan Commission, 1957; practicing engineer, Office of Private Forests, 1927–1936; began career as student intern at the Southeast Forest Station, Xochimilco, Federal District, 1927; author of several articles on trees. j—None. k—Resigned from assistant secretary position for personal reasons. l—Letter; HA, Dec. 14, 1970, 21; Excélsior, June 8, 1972, 1; DGF51, I, 204–205. de la Huerta Oriol, Jr., Adolfo

(Deceased) a—Jan. 3, 1910. b—Guaymas, Sonora. c—Elementary studies in Guaymas

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and Federal District; preparatory studies in Los Angeles, Calif.; no degree. d—Senator from State of Sonora, 1976–1982. e—None. f—Private secretary to Adolfo de la Huerta, inspector general of consulates, Secretariat of Foreign Relations, 1936–1943; vice consul, Tucson, Ariz., 1955–1956; director, Department of Passports, Secretariat of Foreign Relations, 1956–1964; secretary-general of tourism, 1964–1970, 1970–1974. g—None. h—Worked for a newspaper in Los Angeles; joined Foreign Service, 1943, reached rank of first chancellor; visited all consulates in United States as private secretary to his father. i—Son of former Mexican president Adolfo de la Huerta Marcor and Clara Oriol; cousin of Alejandro Carrillo Marcor, governor of Sonora, 1975–1979; uncle Alfonso de la Huerta Marcor was a prominent revolutionary general. j—None. k—None. l—DGF56, 141; DPE70, 136; DPE65, 178; HA, Dec. 21, 1964, 9; letter; DPE61, 16; Excélsior, Aug. 4, 1978, 15; Almanaque de Sonora, 1982, 30–31. de la Madrid (Hurtado), Miguel a—Dec. 12, 1934. b—Colima, Colima. c—Elementary and secondary studies in Mexico City; preparatory studies at Cristóbal Colón School; law degree with honorable mention from National School of Law, UNAM, 1952–1957, thesis titled “Economic Thought of the 1857 Constitution”; second-highest GPA of his law school generation (9.9); MA in public administration from Harvard University, 1964–1965; professor of constitutional law, National School of Law, UNAM, on leave since 1968. d—President of Mexico, 1982–1988. e—Member of PRI since 1963. f—Adviser to the administration, Bank of Mexico, 1960–1965; assistant director general of credit, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1965–1970; assistant director of finance, PEMEX, Dec., 1970–Apr., 1972; director general of credit, Secretariat of the Treasury, May 4, 1972–1975; assistant secretary of credit, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1975–1976, 1976–1979; secretary of programming and budget, 1979–1982; director general,

Fondo de Cultura Económica, 1988–2000. g—Oratory champion of all Mexico City secondary schools, 1949; vice president, Law Student Society, UNAM, when Porfirio Muñoz Ledo was president. h—Employed in Legal Department, National Bank of Foreign Commerce, 1953–1957; worked briefly for Mining Chamber of Mexico with José Campillo Sáinz; secretary, Mexican delegation to First Annual Meeting of Interamerican Economic and Social Council of OAS, 1962; attended many international economic conferences, 1963–1969; author of various articles. i—Studied general theory of the state at UNAM under José López Portillo; closest friend at law school was Raúl Garza Padilla; thesis committee included Mario de la Cueva, Jesús Reyes Heroles, Antonio Martínez Báez, and Adolfo Christlieb Ibarrola; uncle Alfonso de la Madrid, grandson of Porfirista governor of Colima, Enrique O. de la Madrid; nephew of Fernando Fernández Hurtado, a political mentor; son of lawyer and notary Miguel de la Madrid Castro and Alicia Hurtado; married Paloma Cordero Tapia, daughter of lawyer Luis Cordero Bustamante and Delia Tapia Labardini; first political mentor was José Ricardo Zevada, who recruited him to public life; student of John Kenneth Galbraith, Calvin Blair, Don K. Price, and Arthur Smithies at Harvard; nephew Carlos de la Madrid Virgen was governor of Colima; son Enrique Octavio de la Madrid Cordero was a plurinominal federal deputy from PRI, 2000–2003. j—None. k—None. l—Letters; HA, May 15, 1972; Excélsior, May 4, 1972, 4; Excélsior, July 6, 1981, 10A; HA, Oct. 5, 1981, 4; NYT, Dec. 2, 1982, 3; Excélsior, July 11, 1982, 8; Excélsior, Oct. 6, 1981, 8, 10; Excélsior, Sept. 26, 1981, 13A; Ezcurdia, 18; Excélsior, Dec. 4, 1982, 14; HA, May 31, 1982, 47; Análisis Político, May, 1982, 22; HA, May 28, 1979, 13; NYT, Sept. 26, 1981, 4; Excélsior, May 17, 1979, 9. de la Madrid Romandia, Roberto

(Deceased Mar. 19, 2010) a—Feb. 3, 1922. b—Calexico, Calif. c—Elementary studies in Cuauhtémoc Elementary School,

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Mexicali; secondary at Southeast Junior High School, Nestor, Calif., and Sweetwater Union High School, National City, Calif.; degree in business administration from Sweetwater Evening High School, National City. d—Senator from Baja California del Norte, 1976; governor, Baja California del Norte, 1977–1983. e—Member, Advisory Council of Adolfo López Mateos’ presidential campaign, 1958; coordinator, socioeconomic study groups, Milton Castellanos’ campaign for governor of Baja California, 1971; secretary-general of CEPES of PRI in Tijuana and Tecate during Luis Echeverría’s campaign, 1970; chief, Administrative Department of IEPES of CEN of PRI, 1975–1976. f—President, federal Board of Moral, Civic, and Material Improvement, Baja California del Norte, 1970–1975; director of economic development, Baja California del Norte, 1971; president, Committee of Intergovernmental Affairs, 1971; director general, National Lottery, 1976–1977. g—President, Federation of Border Towns, 1970–1975. h—Employee, National Chamber of Commerce and Industry, Tijuana, 1936–1942; employee, Bank of the Pacific, SA; assistant cashier, Bank of Baja California; distributor for PEMEX, Richfield Oil, and Pennzoil, 1942–1974; vice president, San Diego Planning Commission; member, Knights of Columbus, 1951–1953. i—Longtime friend of José López Portillo; son of Miguel de la Madrid Aguilar and Elena Romandia; son Roberto served as director of state enterprises during his father’s administration; cousin Alejandro Roasa served as attorney general of Baja California; another cousin, Consuelo Fontes, was his private secretary. j—None. k—PRI precandidate for governor of Baja California del Norte, 1976; lost to General Cuenca Díaz but became the PRI candidate when Cuenca Díaz died during the campaign; became a naturalized Mexican, Feb. 26, 1969. l—HA, May 30, 1977, 21; HA, Nov. 14, 1977, 25; C de S, 1976–1982; Proceso, Feb. 13, 1978, 23; Excélsior, Dec. 1, 1976; Excélsior, May 19, 1977, 10; Enc. Mex.,

Annual, 1977, 540; Ovaciones, Mar. 1, 1983, 2; www.proceso.com.mx. de la Madrid Virgen, Carlos a—May 24, 1940. b—Colima, Colima. c—Early education unknown; law degree, University of Guadalajara, 1958–1963; professor, School of Law, University of Colima, 1963–1969; professor, School of Accounting and Administration, University of Colima, 1966–1968; director, Legal Research, University of Colima. d—Local deputy, State Legislature of Colima, 1985–1988, general coordinator of legislative session; mayor, Colima, 1989–1991; governor, Colima, 1992–1998. e—Joined PRI, 1973. f—Secretary-general of government, Colima, 1979–1985. g—None. h—Practicing lawyer, 1963–1964; public notary, 1979–1985. i—Son of Carlos de la Madrid Béjar, prominent lawyer in Colima, and Laura Virgen Alcaraz; married Amelia Gudea Ochoa; brother Jorge, assistant director of construction, Secretariat of Communications and Transportation, 1992. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM87, 227; Musacchio, 255; WWM87, 147; DBGM84, 259; Pescador, 139; DBGM92, 787, 219. de la Mora Gómez, Jaime Federico

a—May 10, 1947. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; engineering degree, National School of Engineering, UNAM, 1965–1969; MA in hydraulics, UNAM, 1969–1971; MA in irrigation engineering, University of Southhampton, UK, 1971–1972; professor, UNAM, 1970–1971. d—None. e—Joined PRI, 1974. f—Analyst, investment projects, Secretariat of the Presidency, 1973–1976; director of hydraulic infrastructure, Secretariat of Programming and Budget, 1977–1979; assistant director of agricultural development, Secretariat of Programming and Budget, 1979–1980; director general of programming and budgeting of rural integral development, Secretariat of Programming and Budget, 1982–1986; general manager, CONASUPO District, Morelia, 1986–1988; director general, Banrural, 1988–1994; assistant secretary of agrobusiness development, Secretariat of

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Agriculture, 1994–1995. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Guillermo de la Mora Madaleno, civil engineer, and Dolores Gómez Sepúlveda; married Blanca Mutzenbecher Fuente, educator; mother from prominent family; grandson of Raimundo de la Mora and Luz Madaleno. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM94, CD; Musacchio, 288; www .bisabuelos.com.mx, 2008. de la Peña Gómez, Angélica a—May 30, 1954. b—Guadalajara, Jalisco. c—Executive secretary studies; studies at School of Plastic Arts, Guadalajara; studies at Center of the University Theater, UNAM, one year. d—Plurinominal federal deputy from PRD, 1997–2000; plurinominal federal deputy, 2003–2006. e—Member, PCM of Jalisco, 1974–1976; member, PST, 1976–1986; founder, PMS, 1986; delegate of CEN of PMS, Aguascalientes, 1986–1989; director, Organizing Committee, PRD, Federal District, 1989–1990; national adviser to PRD, 1989–2002. f—None. g—None. j—None. k—None. l—QesQ en el Congreso, 1997– 2000, 75; www.diputados.gob.mx, 2003– 2006; www.secgob.gob.mx, 1997, 2007. de la Peña Porth, Luis (Deceased Apr. 30, 1979) a–1923. b—San Martín, Texmelucan, Puebla. c—Elementary studies at Ignacio L. Vallarta School, Tlalpan, Federal District; secondary studies at Secondary School No. 4, Mexico City; preparatory studies at the National Preparatory School, 1938–1939; engineering degree from National School of Engineering, UNAM, 1943; professor, Higher School of Mechanical Engineering, IPN, 1954–1961; professor of science, UNAM, 1958–1961; researcher, Institute of Physics, UNAM, 1965–1968. d—None. e—None. f—Program director, Mining Development Commission, Saltillo and Hermosillo, 1956–1958; director general of nonrenewable resources, Secretariat of Government Properties, 1958–1960; director general of mines and petroleum, Secretariat of Government Properties, 1965–1966; director of engineering, Mining Development Commission, 1967–1970; assistant secretary

of renewable resources, 1970–1973. g—None. h—Worked for North American company, 1944–1947; hydraulic geologist, Mexican government, 1947–1952, 1952–1954; operated own cotton farm, 1954–1956; representative of international firm in Mexico, 1960–1963; adviser to private and government firms, 1973–1976; director general, Roca Fosfórica Mexicana, 1977–1979. i—Student companion of Manuel Franco López, secretary of national patrimony, 1964–1970; student of Mariano Moctezuma, assistant secretary of industry and commerce, 1938–1942; father was a mining and civil engineer; grandfather had a medical degree but went into mining. j—None. k—Resigned as assistant secretary in 1973 after heart attack. l—Letters; DPE65, 83; HA, Dec. 14, 1970, 21; HA, Mar. 12, 1973, 21; Excélsior, May 2, 1972, 2; HA, May 14, 1979, 22. de Lara Isaacs, Alfredo a—Nov. 14, 1919. b—Calvillo, Aguascalientes. c—Preparatory studies at National Preparatory Night School; law degree, National School of Law, UNAM, 1946. d—Alternate federal deputy from State of Aguascalientes, Dist. No. 2, 1955–1958; senator from State of Aguascalientes, 1958–1964, secretary of Senate, 1958, president of Protocol Committee, executive secretary of Military Justice Committee, 2nd secretary of 1st Labor Committee and Special Legislative Studies Committee. e—Official of CNOP, 1953–1958. f—Youth delegate, Youth Sec., Department of the Federal District, 1938; director, Federal Prosecutors Office for the Defense of Labor, Secretariat of Labor; director, Department of Inspection, Secretariat of Labor. g—Vice president, Federation of Intellectuals of the Federal District; student leader, Law School Society, UNAM. h—Journalist; writer for La Batalla; editor; edited La Universidad with Salvador Pineda as a student. j—None. k—None. l—Func., 116; C de S, 1961–1964, 54; DGF56, 21. de la Selva y Escoto, Rogerio (Deceased 1967) a–1900. b—León, Nicaragua. c—Studies at Brother of Christ School, Nicaragua;

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fellowship to study in Mexico, 1921; enrolled in National School of Law, UNAM, June 1, 1922; graduated in law from Free Law School, 1926; professor, National School of Law, UNAM. d—None. e—Member, first National Advisory Council, CNOP of PRI, 1944. f—Agent, Ministerio Público, 1931; private secretary to Miguel Alemán as justice of State Supreme Court of Veracruz, 1934– 1936; private secretary to Miguel Alemán as governor of Veracruz, 1936–1940; private secretary to Miguel Alemán as secretary of government, 1940–1945; secretary, Secretariat of the Presidency, 1946–1952; judge, Military Court; private secretary to Miguel Alemán as president of National Council of Tourism, 1964–1967. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Salomon de la Selva and Evangelina Escoto; personal friend of Miguel Alemán since college days at National School of Law; knew Salvador Aceves Parra at UNAM; brother was secretary of Nicaraguan Federation of Labor and graduated from Cornell University, 1913, poet and Mexican diplomat who participated in the Vasconcelos presidential campaign in 1929. j—Not a career officer; received a presidential appointment as a general in order to serve as a justice on the military court. k—Became naturalized citizen of Mexico, one of the few naturalized citizens ever to hold such high public office in Mexico; in exile in New York City, 1927–1931; accused by Senator David Franco Rodríguez of trying to divide PRI, 1954. l—DP70, 1976; D de S, Dec. 3, 1956, 1; HA, Dec. 6, 1946, 6; DGF47; DGF51, I, 55; Brandenburg, 102; Letters; Excélsior, Aug. 2, 1949; NYT, July 30, 1954, 3; Villaseñor, II, 100; www.ecommons.library.cornell.edu. de la Torre Grajales, Abelardo

(Deceased Apr. 22, 1976) a—Dec. 4, 1913. b—Chiapa de Corzo, Chiapas. c—Elementary and secondary studies in San Cristóbal de las Casas, Chiapas; no degree. d—Local deputy to State Legislature of Chiapas; mayor, San Cristóbal de las Casas; federal deputy from State of Chiapas, Dist. 2, 1952–1955, member of 2nd Committee of the

Treasury and Committee on Budgets and Accounts; senator from State of Chiapas, 1958–1964, member of Gran Comisión, 1st Petroleum Committee, 1st Labor Committee, and 1st Balloting Committee; president, 1st Instruction Sec. of Grand Jury. e—Joined PNR, 1931; CNOP of PRI candidate for senator, 1958; secretary of organization of CEN of PRI, 1959–1964; secretary of organization of CEN of PRI, 1964–1965. f—Oficial mayor, Secretariat of National Patrimony, 1964–1968; assistant secretary of government properties, 1968–1970; director general of services, IMSS, 1970–1976. g—Occupied various union positions, 1930s; secretarygeneral, National Union of Treasury Workers; secretary-general, FSTSE, 1952–1958. h—Employee, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1930s. i—Son of Librado de la Torre Borraz and Elisa Grajales Ochoa; friend of Alfonso Corona del Rosal; married Juanita Delgado; grandson Librado de la Torres González, secretary of agriculture, Chiapas. k—PRI candidate for senator from Chiapas, 1976, died prior to the election. l—C de S, 1964, 55; Siempre, Feb. 5, 1959, 6; DPE65, 76; HA, Dec. 21, 1964, 11; HA, Dec. 28, 1964, 4; DBM68, 185; C de D, 1955, 9; Scott, 165; Func., 153; Excélsior, Apr. 23, 1976, 10; DBdeC, 245; DP95, 3545; www.bibliotececa chiapas.gob.mx, 2008. de la Torre Padilla, Óscar a—Feb. 8, 1932. b—Guadalajara, Jalisco. c—Elementary studies at Horace Mann School, Mexico City; secondary studies at Secondary School No. 14, Mexico City; preparatory studies at Centro Universitario de México; degree in political science, School of Political and Social Science, UNAM, 1951–1956; diploma in tourism, International University of Official Tourist Organizations; degree in tourism, University of Guadalajara, 1968–1972. d—Member, City Council, Guadalajara, Jalisco, 1965–1967; local deputy, State Legislature of Jalisco, 1962–1964; federal deputy from State of Jalisco, Dist. No. 9, 1970–1973, member of Crafts Committee, Immigration Committee, and

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Tourism Committee. e—Joined PRI, 1951; general delegate of CEN of PRI to Baja California del Sur and Nuevo León, 1981; secretary of organization of CEN of PRI, 1982; president of PRI, State of Jalisco, 1988–1989. f—Federal delegate of Department of Tourism to State of Jalisco; director of tourism, State of Jalisco, 1959–1969; secretary-general “C,” Department of the Federal District, 1970–1973; assistant secretary of tourism, State of Mexico, 1974–1976; customs official, Secretariat of the Treasury, Guadalajara, 1977; secretary of tourist development, State of Jalisco, 1989. g—None. i—Son of José Trinidad de la Torre de Alba, deputy to State Legislature of Jalisco and member of José G. Zuno Hernández’ group, and Mercedes Padilla Muñoz de la Torre; married Mary Ann Grillot Steen; brother, employee of the Secretariat of the Treasury. j—None. k—None. l—HA, Jan. 21, 1974, 14; Directorio, 1970–1972; DBGM89, 747. de la Vega Domínguez, Jorge a—Mar. 14, 1931. b—Comitán, Chiapas. c—Elementary studies at Belisario Domínguez public school, Comitán, 1940–1945; secondary education in Comitán, 1946–1948; preparatory at National Preparatory School, 1949–1950; degree in economics with honorable mention from National School of Economics, UNAM, 1958, with thesis titled “The Petroleum Industry in Mexico: Some Aspects of Its Development and Financial Problems”; professor of third-year engineering, Technological Institute of Ciudad Madero, Tamaulipas, 1957–1958; professor of the theory of public finance, National Polytechnic School, 1960–1965; director, Graduate School of Economics, National Polytechnic School, 1963–1964; president of his generation, National Preparatory School and of 1955 generation, National School of Economics. d—Federal deputy from State of Chiapas, Dist. 3, 1964–1967, member of Committee on National Properties and Resources and Committee on Budgets and Accounts, member of interparliamentary delegation to United States; governor, Chiapas, 1976–1977.

e—Director, Institute of Economic, Political, and Social Studies of PRI, 1968–1970; adviser, IEPES of PRI during national platform meeting, 1963; president of CEN of PRI, 1986–1988; director, Advisory Group for Roberto Madrazo, PRI candidate for president, 2005–2006. f—Economist, Secretariat of Industry and Commerce, 1951–1955; general manager, Tampico branch, Small Business Bank, 1956–1958; assistant director, Diesel Nacional, SA, 1959–1961; assistant director, Small Business Bank, 1962; head, Department of Public Expenditures, Secretariat of the Presidency, 1963–1964; assistant director in charge of sales, CONASUPO, 1965–1968; director general, CONASUPO, 1971–1976; secretary of trade, 1977–1982; secretary of agriculture and hydraulic resources, 1988–1990; ambassador to Canada, 1991–1993; executive coordinator, Solidarity Program, 1993–1999. g—President, College of Economists of Mexico, 1961–1963. h—Organized first Congress of Economics Students in Latin America, 1956; author of many articles and pamphlets. i—Attended National School of Economics, UNAM, with Julio Faesler, director of Mexican Institute of Foreign Trade, 1970–1976, and Carlos Torres Manzo; nephew of Belisario Domínguez, Mexican senator who publicly accused General Huerta of the murder of Francisco Madero; first helped in public career by his professor and mentor, Gilberto Loyo; son of Jaime de la Vega Culebro, farmer, and Lesvia Domínguez Mandujano; married Hermilia Grajales Román; cousin Roberto Javier Fuentes Domínguez was a federal deputy from Chiapas, 2000–2003. j—None. k—Representative of President Díaz Ordaz before student leaders of 1968 strike; PRI precandidate for senator from Chiapas, 1981. l—Letter; C de D, 1964–1966; Excélsior, Dec. 1, 1970; Excélsior, Dec. 16, 1977, 6; Excélsior, Apr. 15, 1975, 7; Excélsior, Apr. 13, 1977, 1, 14; Excélsior, Dec. 10, 1977, 1, 13; Excélsior, Dec. 26, 1981, 16A; WNM, 61; DBGM89, 366; www.diputados.gob.mx, 2008; Proceso, Jan. 8, 1990, 6–9.

t he b io g ra phies  255 de la Vega García, Netzahualcóyotl

(Deceased Sept. 6, 2005) a—Jan. 18, 1931. b—Pláceres del Oro, Coyuca de Catalán, Guerrero. c—Elementary studies, public school, State of Mexico; secondary studies, National Teachers’ College; preparatory studies, National Preparatory School; elementary teaching certificate, National Teachers’ College, 1944–1948; law degree, National School of Law, UNAM, 1948–1956. d—Federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. 34, 1982–1985, president of Chamber, Sept., 1984; senator from Guerrero, 1988– 1994; federal deputy from State of Guerrero, Dist. 3, 1994–1997; representative to Assembly of the Federal District, 1997–2000; plurinominal senator from PRI, 2000–2005. e—Joined PRI, 1949; member, National Political Council. f—None. g—Joined CTM, 1950; secretary-general, Radio and Television Workers Union of the Mexican Republic, 1986; secretary of economic affairs of CEN of the CTM, 1986–1988; secretary of social communications of CEN of the CTM, 1998. h—None. i—Son of Hubert de la Vega Morante, lawyer, and Concepción García Gómez; married Dolores de la Rosa Sabre; nephew of Augusto de la Vega Morante, president of Superior Court of Justice of Guerrero, 1961. j—None. k—None. l—www .cddhcu.gob.mx, 1994–1997; www.integrantes, 1991–1994; DBGM84, 620; Musacchio, 417; DBGM89, 556; DBGM92, 598; QesQ en el Congreso, 2000–2003, 343–394. del Castillo Franco, Armando a—Aug. 27, 1920. b—Canatlán, Durango. c—Elementary studies at public school in Durango; secondary and preparatory studies in Mexico City; law degree, National School of Law, UNAM, 1943. d—Federal deputy from State of Durango, Dist. 4, 1949–1952, president of Chamber, Sept., 1949, member of Film Industry Committee and Legislative Studies Committee; answered Miguel Alemán’s 3rd State of the Union Address, 1949; federal deputy from State of Durango, Dist. 3, 1979–1980, president of Administration Committee; governor,

Durango, 1980–1986. e—Director, National Youth Sector of CEN of PRI, 1946–1949; secretary-general, Unified Revolutionary Front, supporting Miguel Alemán for president, 1946. f—Director of public defenders, Department of the Federal District, 1946; director of civic action and popular orientation, Department of the Federal District, 1946; secretary-general, State of Durango, 1951; director of social action, Department of the Federal District, 1946; director of educational action, Department of the Federal District, 1946. g—Coordinator of federal deputies of CNOP, Durango, 1979; secretary of legislative promotion, CNOP, 1980. i—Nephew Carlos del Castillo Argueles served as director of urban works; first cousin Manuel Guzmán Franco was director of ISSSTE; member of Rodolfo Sánchez Taboada’s political group. j—None. k—Politically inactive during most of the 1960s and 1970s. l—DGF51, I, 22, 32, 33; C de D, 1949–1952, 66; Excélsior, Feb. 19, 1980, 4; Almanaque de México, 345; Proceso, Feb. 1, 1982, 13–15. de León García, María Eugenia a—Jan. 4, 1954. b—Tampico, Tamaulipas. c—Early education unknown; economics degree from ITAM, 1971–1975; MA in administration from ITAM, 1976–1977; courses in Turin, Italy, 1983, Lima, 1984, and Madrid, 1985; professor, ITAM, 1974–1976; professor, Ibero-American University, 1978–1980. d—None. e—Joined PRI, 1980. f—Assistant general manager of finance and airports, 1978–1980; assistant general manager of airports, 1979–1980; director of acquisitions, Airports and Auxiliary Services, 1983; assistant director of administration, Airports and Auxiliary Services, 1984–1985; coordinator of advisers, Assistant Secretary of Operations, Secretariat of Communications and Transportation, 1985–1986; director general of finance, National Railroads of Mexico, 1987–1988; oficial mayor, Secretariat of Communications and Transportation, 1988–1992; executive director of administration, Federal Electoral Institute, 1993–2000;

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assistant secretary of administration and finance, Secretariat of Health, 2000–2006, 2007– . g—None. h—None. i—Daughter of Carlos de León González and María del Socorro García Delgado; married Christopher May Callaghan, financier. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM89, 198; DBGM92, 206; DBGM94, CD; www.presidencia.com.mx, 2008; www.elfinanciero.com.mx, 2007. de León Sánchez, Pedro a—Oct. 22, 1945. b—Tlaltenango de Sánchez Román, Zacatecas. c—Early education unknown; law degree, University of Zacatecas, 1964–1968. d—Alternate local deputy, 51st State Legislature of Zacatecas, 1983–1985; mayor, Tlaltenango, 1986; federal deputy from State of Zacatecas, Dist. 3, 1991–1992; senator from Zacatecas, 1994–2000. e—Joined PRI, 1967; president of PRI, Tlaltenango; regional coordinator of CEN of PRI, Guanajuato; member, National Council of PRI; president of PRI, Zacatecas, 1982–1984. f—Public defender, 1968; agent, Ministerio Público, 1968–1970, judge of 1st instance, Juchipila, Zacatecas, 1970–1971, Sombrerete, Zacatecas, 1972–1973, Fresnillo, Zacatecas, 1974; chief of public prosecutors, Secretariat of Agrarian Reform, Zacatecas, 1982–1986; substitute governor of Zacatecas, 1992. g—None. h—Practicing lawyer, 1974–1985. i—Son of Jesús de León Luna, retailer and mayor of Tlaltenango 3 times, 1953–1955, 1962–1964, 1971–1973; married Eva Victoria Velázquez Soria. j—None. k—None. l—www.e-mexico .gob.mx, 2007; DBGM87, 704; www.secgob .gob.mx, 1997, 2007; DBGM92, 781; QesQ en el Congreso, 1997–2000, 298–299. Delgado (Ibarra), Alfredo (Deceased 1948) a—Dec. 1, 1890. b—El Fuerte, Sinaloa. c—Elementary studies in Oakland, Calif.; no degree. d—Governor, Sinaloa, 1937–1940. e—None. f—Chief, Mounted Police, Federal District, 1920–1924. g—None. h—None. j—Fought in the Revolution; career army officer; held various commands; rank of brigadier general, June 1, 1941. k—None. l—Peral 47, 102; letter; www.e-local.gob.mx, 2007.

Delgado Ramírez, Celso Humberto

a—Oct. 29, 1942. b—Tepic, Nayarit. c—Elementary studies at Gabriel Leyva School; secondary studies at Secondary Boarding School of Secondary School No. 1, Tepic; preparatory studies at Institute of Science and Letters of Nayarit; law degree, National School of Law, UNAM, 1966; assistant professor of world history, National Preparatory Night School, 1968. d—Federal deputy from Nayarit, Dist. 2, 1970–1973, member of Legislative Studies Committee and 9th Sec. of General Affairs Committee, president of Chamber; senator from State of Nayarit, 1982–1987; governor, Nayarit, 1987–1993. e—General delegate of CEN of PRI to Guanajuato and Chiapas, 1979; director of PRI, Federal District, 1981–1982; technical secretary, National Political Council of CEN of PRI, 2005; PRI candidate for federal deputy, 2006. f—Employee, Promotion Department, Division of Social Welfare, Secretariat of Labor, 1966; lawyer, Legal Department, National Agricultural Credit Bank, 1966–1968; inspector, Cooperative Education Department, Secretariat of Public Education, 1968–1969; ambassador to Egypt, 1972–1973; ambassador to Argentina, 1973–1975; ambassador to Cuba, 1975–1976; consul general, Montreal, 1994. g—Vice president and founder, University Oratory, 1962; secretary of cultural action, Youth Action of CNC, 1962–1968; secretary of political action of CEN of Federation of Mexican Youth, 1965–1968; president of CEN of Federation of Mexican Youth; secretary of press and publicity of CEN of CNC, 1971–1972. h—None. i—Married María Trinidad Ramírez, social worker; son of Celso Delgado Barreras, composer and musician, and María Trinidad Ramírez, ejidatario. j—None. k—Answered Luis Echeverría’s 2nd State of the union address, 1972. l—Directorio, 1970–1973; C de D, 1970–1973, 9, 48, 109; C de S, 1982–1988; DBGM87, 461; DBGM89, 679; HA, Jan. 20, 1987, 18; Pescador; DBGM92, 746. Delgado Rannauro, Dante Alfonso

a—Dec. 23, 1950. b—Alvarado, Veracruz.

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c—Early education unknown; law degree, School of Law, University of Veracruz, 1969– 1973, with thesis on legal and administrative reforms in fishing. d—Federal deputy from State of Veracruz, Dist. 10, 1985–1986, 1985– 1986; governor, Veracruz, 1988–1992; senator from Veracruz, 2006–2012. e—Joined PRI, 1967; state coordinator, National Revolutionary Youth Movement, 1973; project chief of national meetings, IEPES of PRI, 1975–1976; president of PRI, State of Veracruz, 1985– 1986; president of CEN of Convergencia Party, 1999–2006. f—Auxiliary secretary of private secretary to president of Mexico, Juan José Bremer, 1974; technical assistant director of administration, Division of Regional Fisheries, 1976; assistant director of authorizations, Department of Fishing, 1977; general delegate, Secretariat of Public Education to Yucatán, Oaxaca, and Veracruz, 1979–1983; secretary-general of government, State of Veracruz, under Fernando Gutiérrez Barrios, 1986–1988. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Pedro Delgado Figueroa, naval engineer and prominent business leader in the sugar industry, and Alida Rannauro Santo Domingo; married Teresa Esperanza Morales, dental surgeon. j—None. k—None. l—www.senado.gob.mx, 2007; DBGM92, 747; Musacchio, 110; DBGM94, CD. Delgado Severino, Rodolfo (Deceased) a—May 20, 1914. b—Acayucán, Veracruz. c—Early education unknown; graduated as 2nd lieutenant in the cavalry, Heroic Military College; staff diploma, Higher War College; professor, National School of Agriculture, Chapingo, 1939–1949; professor of military history, Heroic Military College and Applied Military School. d—Plurinominal federal deputy from PARM, 1979–1982. e—Joined PNR; supported Manuel Ávila Camacho during his presidential campaign, 1940; adjutant and chief of security, Miguel Alemán’s presidential campaign, 1946; chief of security, Gustavo Baz’s gubernatorial campaign, 1957; joined PARM; secretary of organization of PARM; secretary of social promotion of PARM. f—Director of

Judicial Police, Baja California; director of public safety, Baja California; military attaché to United States, 1952; military attaché to Argentina, 1952. g—None. h—None. i—Member of “Morelos” group headed by Alfonso Corona del Rosal; member of “Hidalgo” group headed by Antonio Nava Castillo. j—Career army officer; member of presidential guard during military campaign against General Escobar, 1929; assistant chief of staff, Office of the Presidency, 1946–1952;; commander, 31st Military Zone, Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas, 1966; commander, 19th Military Zone, Ciudad Ixtepec, Oaxaca, 1971–1973; commander, 8th Military Zone, Tampico, Tamaulipas, 1973–1976; commander, 6th Military Zone, Saltillo, Coahuila, 1976. k—None. l—Protag., 98; C de D, 1979–1982. Delgado Valle, José a—July 12, 1927. b—Tlalnepantla, State of Mexico. c—Elementary at Centro Escolar of State of Michoacán, Mexico City; secondary studies at Secondary School No. 5, Mexico City; special course in mechanics at Vocational School No. 2, Mexico City; no degree. d—Local deputy from Dist. 6, State Legislature of State of Mexico; federal deputy from State of Mexico, Dist. 2, 1970–1973, member of Public Welfare Committee, Tube Industry Committee, and 1st Balloting Committee; federal deputy from State of Mexico, Dist. 3, 1976–1979; federal deputy from State of Mexico, Dist. 15, 1985–1988. e—Secretary of political action of PRI, State of Mexico, 1966–1969. f—Syndic of City Council, Tlalnepantla, State of Mexico, 1961–1963; treasurer, Nezahualcóytl, State of Mexico, 1967–1969, 1976. g—Assistant secretary of industrial development, CTM, 1962–1968; secretary of political action, Union of Workers of the State of Mexico, 1976–1980; secretary-general, CTM, Tlalnepantla; member, Tube Workers’ Union; secretary of organization, CTM, State of Mexico, 1983– 1986. h—Industrial maintenance employee. i—Son of Agapito Delgado Escamilla and Rafaela Valle Vargas; married Jacoba López

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Doñez. j—None. k—None. l—C de D, 1970–1973, 109; Directorio, 1970–1972; D de C, 1976–1979, 16; DBGM87, 462. del Mazo González, Alfredo a—Dec. 31, 1943. b—Toluca, State of Mexico. c—Elementary studies in Toluca; preparatory studies at Mary Brothers School, Centro Universitario México; business administration degree, UNAM, 1966, with thesis on international division of a savings bank; studies in finance and economics, UK; MA in administration, Mar., 1969; professor of administration and finances, School of Business Administration and Finance, UNAM, 1967; professor of international finance, ITAM, 1975; professor of international banking, Ibero-American University, 1969–1970. d—Governor, State of Mexico, 1981–1986; plurinominal federal deputy from PRI, 2003– 2006. e—Joined PRI, 1962; researcher, IEPES of PRI, 1970–1976; PRI candidate for governor, Federal District, 1997. f—Coordinator of external debt, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1971; director general of public debt, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1976–1978; vice president, National Securities Commission, 1976–1978; director, National Institute of Credit, 1978–1979; director general, Workers’ Bank, 1979–1981; secretary of energy, mines, and government industries, 1986–1988; ambassador to Belgium and European Economic Community, 1988– 1990; director general, INFONAVIT, 1995– 1997; director general, National Fund to Develop Tourism, Secretariat of Tourism, 1998–2000. g—None. h—Began banking career at Banco Comercial Mexicano, 1963, where he became assistant manager, branch manager, and assistant director, director, International Division, 1972–1973; director general, Mercantile and Mining Bank, 1973– 1976. i—Son of former governor Alfredo del Mazo Vélez and Margarita González; cousin of Mario Colín Sánchez; nephew of Alfredo Torres Romero, bishop of Toluca; son Adrián married great-granddaughter of Manuel J. Sierra, prominent educator and secretary of public education under Porfirio

Díaz; second cousin of Enrique Peña del Mazo, father of Enrique Peña Nieto, governor of State of Mexico; father was nephew of Isidro Fabela, governor of State of Mexico and mentor to a generation of influential politicians; grandson of Nicolás González Fabela. j—None. k—Nominated as governor to curtail influence of Carlos Hank González’ group; one of the three leading precandidates for PRI presidential nomination, 1987. l—Excélsior, Mar. 5, 1981, 21a; HA, Sept. 28, 1981, 27; Almanaque de México, 526; letters; Proceso, Mar. 7, 1988, 28; HA, Apr. 29, 1986, 9; HA, Sept. 1, 1987, 48; El Financiero, July 28, 1997, 22. del Mazo Vélez, Alfredo (Deceased Dec. 19, 1975) a—Aug. 21, 1904. b—Atlacomulco, State of Mexico. c—Elementary studies in Atlacomulco; secondary in Mexico City; professional schools in Mexico City; no degree. d—Governor, State of Mexico, 1945–1951; senator from State of Mexico, 1952–1958, member of Gran Comisión, Colonization Committee, Secondary Money, Credit, and Credit Institutions Committee, Department of the Federal District Committee, and substitute member of Committee on the Consular and Diplomatic Service; president of Senate, Oct., 1954. e—Assisted PRI in presidential campaign of Adolfo Ruiz Cortines, 1952; political secretary to Adolfo López Mateos during his campaign, 1958; general delegate of CEN of PRI to Sonora, Yucatán, Veracruz, and Puebla, 1952–1958. f—Director, Administrative Department, National Irrigation Commission, 1940–1942; director of warehouses, National Highway Commission, 1932–1933; director of warehouses, National Irrigation Commission, 1933; treasurer, State of Mexico, 1942–1943; secretary-general of government, State of Mexico, 1943–1945, under Gov. Isidro Fabela; secretary of hydraulic resources, 1958–1964. g—None. h—Worked as agricultural laborer; general laborer, National Irrigation Commission, 1926. i—Father and grandfather both served as mayors of Atlacomulco; son of Manuel del Mazo Villasante, small

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rancher, and Mercedes Vélez Díaz; married Margarita González; political disciple and nephew of Isidro Fabela; personal friend of Adolfo López Mateos; son Alfredo was governor of State of Mexico, 1981–1986. j—None. k—Ran against Francisco J. Gaxiola and Alfredo Navarrete for PRI nomination for governor, 1944; early PRI precandidate for president, 1963. l—HA, Nov. 30, 1969, 21; HA, Dec. 8, 1958, 30; DGF56, 6, 9, 10; Greenberg, 26; Scott, 282; DGF51, I, 90; Colín, 201–231; HA, Sept. 14, 1951; HA, June 4, 1948; HA, Dec. 29, 1975, 14; Func., 89; letters. del Olmo Martínez, Joaquín (Deceased) a–1904. b—Tizapán, Federal District. c—Elementary studies in public schools, Mexico City; completed secondary; no degree. d—Alternate federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. No. 4, 1955–1958; federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. No. 2, 1958–1961, member of Traffic Committee and Library Committee; federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. No. 18, 1967–1970, member of Department of the Federal District Committee and Pharmaceutical Industry Committee; federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. No. 18, 1973–1976. e—None. f—Representative of labor, Special Group No. 4, Federal Board of Conciliation and Arbitration, 1961. g—Secretary of organization and statistics, CTM, 1961. h—Auto mechanic; became a bus driver on San Ángel Inn line, Mexico City. i—Married María Luisa Díaz; son Francisco Joaquín del Olmo Velázquez, a PRI precandidate for federal deputy, 1979. j—None. k—None. l—Func., 177; DGF56, 22; C de D, 1955–1958; C de D, 1958–1961, 9; C de D, 1967–1970, 62, 75; C de D, 1973–1976, 18; Excélsior, Dec. 7, 1978, 21; www.ctm-seccion15.com.mx. de los Reyes, José María (Deceased) a—Mar. 19, 1902. b—Tula, Hidalgo. c—Elementary studies in Federal District, 1918–1921; preparatory at Escuela Preparatoria Libre de Homeopatía, 1921–1922, and National Preparatory School, 1923–1927; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, 1928–1932; founder, National

Preparatory Night School and other secondary schools in Mexico; professor of economic and social geography of Mexico (35 years); director, National Preparatory Night School, 1924–1955. d—Federal deputy from State of Hidalgo, Dist. 3, 1952–1955, member of Budget and Accounts Committee (3rd year) and Legislative Studies Committee (2nd year); plurinominal alternate federal deputy from PRI (in functions), 1997–2000. e—Supporter of José Vasconcelos, 1929; secretary of political education, PRI, Federal District, 1975. f—Assistant director general, National Preparatory School, 1936; secretary, National Preparatory School, 1930–1935; director general of administration, UNAM, 1946–1947; technical adviser to rector, UNAM, 1948–1960; director, Home School for Boys, Secretariat of Government, 1938–1942; director, Office of Cinematography and National Films, Secretariat of Public Education, 1943–1946; director of Educación, Secretariat of Public Education, 1946–1949; member, National Technical Council of Education, 1957–1963. g—President, Student Society, National Preparatory Night School; active student leader in 1926, 1927, 1928, and 1929 student congresses; member, National Strike Committee, National School of Law, UNAM, 1929. h—Assistant to Col. Leonardo Torres during the Revolution. i—Attended elementary school with Román Badillo; father, José María de los Reyes, small farmer. j—None. k—Participant in Cuban revolutionary activity, 1917–1918. l—C de D, 1952–1955, 52, 63; letter; QesQ en el Congreso, 1997–2000, 356–357; www.cddhcu.gob.mx, 2007; www .cronica.gob.mx, 2008. de los Santos Ordóñez, Melchor

a—Feb. 17, 1950. b—Veracruz, Veracruz. c—Early education unknown; economics degree, ITESM, 1967–1972; secretarygeneral, University of Coahuila, 1973; dean, School of Economics, University of Coahuila, 1972–1973; secretary-general in charge, University of Coahuila, 1973–1975; rector, University of Coahuila, 1975–1978.

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d—Plurinominal federal deputy from PRI, 1988–1991; senator from Coahuila, 1994–2000. e—Joined PRI, 1978; assistant secretary-general of CEN of PRI, 1989; secretary of regional coordination of CEN of PRI, 1993. f—Adviser to assistant secretary of higher education and scientific research, Secretariat of Public Education, 1978–1979; director of social programs, National Fund for Social Activity, 1979–1980; attaché, FAO, 1980–1982; executive coordinator for assistant secretary of developmental planning, Secretariat of Programming and Budget, 1982–1984; director general of economic and social programming, Secretariat of Programming and Budget, 1984–1985; executive coordinator, INEGI, Secretariat of Programming and Budget, 1985–1988. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Melchor de los Santos Garza, CPA, and Elia Aída Ordóñez; married Alma Aguirre Garza, teacher and interior decorator. j—None. k—None. l—QesQ en el Congreso, 1997, 299; DBGM84, 391–392; Musacchio, 383; DBGM89, 540; www.secgob.gob.mx, 1997, 2007. del Pozo (Rangel), Efrén C. (Deceased May 14, 1979) a—Sept. 11, 1907. b—San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí. c—Preparatory studies at University of San Luis Potosí with specialization in science, 1929; medical degree, with a specialization in surgery, National School of Medicine, UNAM, 1936; lab assistant in chemistry, University of San Luis Potosí, 1928–1929; lab assistant in botany and zoology, University of San Luis Potosí, 1929–1930; secretary, University of San Luis Potosí, 1927–1929; professor of botany and zoology, Colegio de San Luis Potosí, 1928–1930; professor of physiology, National School of Biological Sciences, IPN, 1936–1946; research fellow, Harvard Medical School, 1940–1943; Guggenheim Fellow, 1941–1943; dean, National School of Biological Sciences, IPN, 1943–1944; director, Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, UNAM, 1943–1979; secretary-general, UNAM, 1953–1961;

researcher emeritus, UNAM, 1974–1979. d—None. e—None. f—Director, Physiology and Pharmacology Laboratories, Institute of Health and Tropical Diseases, Secretariat of Public Health, 1944–1946. g—Secretarygeneral, Union of Latin American Universities, 1961–1979. h—Researcher, National Institute for Medical Research, London, 1947; scientific consultant, Merck Institute, 1948–1979. i—Collaborated with Nabor Carrillo Flores at UNAM; son of Francisco C. del Pozo and Romana Rangel; married Carmen Ramírez. j—None. k—Candidate for rector of UNAM but did not receive sufficient votes from governing board. l—WNM, 63; JSH, 303–305; letter. Del Real Leal, Alberto b—Yucatán. c—Early education unknown; public accounting degree with a specialization in tax law, University of Yucatán; professor, University of Yucatán; head, Department of Accounting and Administration, University of Yucatán. d—Local deputy, State Legislature of Yucatán, 2001–2004. f—Treasurer, Cultural Center of Mérida, Yucatán; assistant director of revenues, Mérida; oficial mayor, Secretariat of Social Development, 2008– .g—None. h—Accountant, Río and Associates, AC; director general, La Fragua Manufacturing, SA, 1992–2008. j—None. k—None. l—www.sedesol.gob.mx, 2008. del Real Magallanes, Javier a–1940s. b—Zacatecas. c—Preparatory studies at Heroic Military College, graduating as 2nd lieutenant of artillery, Jan. 1, 1964; staff and command course, Higher War College, 1971–1974; MA in higher command and national security, Center for Higher Naval Studies; director, National Defense College. d—None. e—None. f—Military attaché, Mexican embassy in Costa Rica/Nicaragua; military attaché to Guatemala/Honduras; executive director of public security policies, Federal District; assistant secretary of police strategy and intelligence, Secretariat of Public Security, 2008– . g—None. h—None. i—Son of Alberto Manuel del Real Briseño and María del Refugio Magallanes Pérez

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Lete; grandson of Alberto Manuel del Real Caballero. j—Career army officer; enrolled as cadet, Jan. 1, 1961; battery officer, Heroic Military College, 1967–1968; rank of 2nd artillery captain, Aug. 31, 1974; commander, 6th Artillery Regiment, Matías Romero, Oaxaca; section chief, 2nd Sec. (Intelligence), staff, Secretariat of National Defense, 1990–1994; garrison commander, Cancún, Quintana Roo, 1997–1998; commander, 34th Military Zone, Chetumal, 1998–2000; assistant chief of operations, staff, Secretariat of National Defense, 2000– 2003; commander, antidrug operations, Northeast Mexico, 2007; commander, 2nd Military Region; commander, 4th Military Region, Monterrey, Nuevo León, 2008; rank of division general. k—Appointed to implement new federal police model. l—Por Esto, Dec. 5, 2008; www.sedena.gob.mx, 2000, 2003; www.lajornada.com.mx, Dec. 4, 2008. del Rincón Bernal, Jorge a—Nov. 27, 1930. b—Guaymas, Sonora. c—Elementary studies, Colegio Sinaloa, Culiacán, 1937– 1943; secondary and preparatory studies at Scientific Institute of Guadalajara, Jalisco, 1943–1949; legal studies, University of Guadalajara, 1950–1952; legal studies, National School of Law, UNAM, 1952–1955, graduating with thesis on Art. 39 of the Constitution, 1957; professional studies in business administration at Ibero‑American University, 1957–1958; professor, University of Sonora. d—Local deputy, State Legislature of Sinaloa, 1986–1988; plurinominal federal deputy from PAN, 1988–1991. e—Member of PPS, 1950s; joined PAN, 1952; national adviser to PAN, 1981–1998; president, Regional Committee of PAN, Sinaloa, 1984– 1987; candidate for senator, 1997, 2000; candidate for federal deputy, Federal District, 1958, 1979 Sinaloa. f—None. g—General manager, Employers’ Center of Sinaloa, 1961–1965; president, Employers’ Center of Sinaloa, 1965–1968; member, Board of Directors, Employers’ Federation of the Republic of Mexico, 1966; adviser, Chamber of Commerce. h—Manager, Inmuebles y

Condominio, SA, Mexico City, 1956–1957; employee, Sears Roebuck of Mexico, 1957–1958; director, Legal Department, Cía. Comercial del Noroeste, SA (father’s firm), 1958–1963; director, Personnel Department, Cía. Comercial del Noroeste, 1963–1969; president, Board of Directors, Cía. Comercial de Guasave, SA, 1965–1970; founder, El Noreste newspaper; founder and president, Plaza Nissan, Renault-Nissan distributor, 1969–2004; founder and owner of other major companies. i—Son of Francisco del Rincón Rodríguez, businessman, who began with a hardware store and eventually owned a statewide Massey-Ferguson agricultural equipment store, and Cristina Bernal Ángulo; married Elisa Jarero Morales; nephew of Manuel Clouthier, PAN candidate for president, 1988. j—None. k—Headed civic movement in Culiacán which forced federal government to expropriate Sinaloa Electric Company; PAN candidate for federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. 2. l—DBM70, 176; WNM, 63; www.ciensol.uasnet.mx, 2008; www.debate .com.mx, 2009; Pérez Franco, 279–280. Del Río Cañedo, Francisco (1963) a–1889. b—Veracruz, Veracruz. c—Early education unknown; medical degree, 1922; specialized studies in Vienna, Berlin, London, and Paris. d—None. e—None. f—Joined Diplomatic Corps ambassador to Uruguay, 1941; ambassador to Guatemala, 1941–1943; ambassador to Canada, 1944–1946; ambassador to Chile, 1946–1947; ambassador to France, 1947–1950; ambassador to Yugoslavia, 1948–1950; director general of tourism, 1950–1953; ambassador to the Dominican Republic, 1954–1957; ambassador to Belgium, 1957–1959; ambassador to Czechoslovakia, 1959–1963; ambassador to Italy, 1963. g—President, Federation of University Students, 1921. h—Practicing physician, medical clinic, San Antonio, Tex. i—Married María Rodríguez Martínez; father of Carlos del Río Rodríguez, Supreme Court justice, 1969–1991. j—Supported de la Huerta rebellion, 1923; representative of

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Adolfo de la Huerta, Havana, 1924–1927. k—None. www.censoarchivos.mcu.es, 2008 del Río Rodríguez, Carlos Antonio

a—May 10, 1929. b—Federal District. c—Elementary studies, Beacon Hill Elementary School and Central Catholic Elementary School, San Antonio, Tex., Lycée Français, Montevideo, and Colegio Franco-España, Mexico City; secondary studies, Colegio Franco-España and Royal Ottawa College, Ottawa; preparatory studies, Colegio Francés Morelos, Mexico City, 1945–1946; legal studies, National School of Law, UNAM, 1950–1954, graduating June 22, 1955; LLD degree, National School of Law, UNAM, 1963–1965; professor, National School of Law, UNAM, 1964–1969, 1975; professor, Institute of Social, Economic, and Administrative Science, 1956–1960. d—None. e—None. f—Economist, Department of Economic Studies, Bank of Mexico, 1950–1953; chief of customs, pensions, and treasury studies, Department of Disputes, Federal Tax Attorney’s Office, 1954–1960; chief, Department of Disputes, Federal Tax Court, 1960–1963; judge, Federal Tax Court, 1963–1965; president, Federal Tax Court, 1965–1969; justice, Supreme Court, 1969– 1985; president, Second Division, Supreme Court, 1970; chief justice, Supreme Court, 1986–1990, retired Dec. 31, 1990; ambassador to Portugal, 1991–1997. g—None. h—Practicing lawyer; author of several books. i—Son of Francisco del Río y Cañedo, surgeon and diplomat, including ambassador to Canada and France, and María Rodríguez Martínez; married Silvia Chiriboga Vázquez. j—None. k—None. l—Protag., 291; letter; DBGM, 682; DBGM87, 655; DBGM89, 637; DBGM92, 313; SCJN, 594–596. del Río Virgen, José Manuel a—Jan. 8, 1954. b—Córdoba, Veracruz. c—Early education unknown; economics degree, National Polytechnic Institute, 1974–1979; MA in public administration, Center for Advanced Studies in Administration, 1993–1995; professor, ITAM, UNAM, CIDE. d—Mayor, Tecolutla, Veracruz,

2004–2006; plurinominal federal deputy from Convergencia, 2000–2003; federal deputy from Veracruz, Dist. 6, 2006–2009. e—Founding member, Convergencia, 1998; secretary-general, Convergencia, State of Mexico, 1999; National adviser to CEN of Convergencia. f—Administrative employee, Supreme Court of Justice, 1972–1988; director of finance, Secretariat of Fishing, 1982–1983. g—Secretary of finance, National Union of Federal Judicial Workers, 1979–1982; director general of administration, FSTSE, 1992–1996. h—None. i—Son of Pedro del Río and Carmen Virgen Torres; married Georgina Serrano. j—None. k—None. l—QesQ en el Congreso, 2000– 2003, 286; www.diputados.gob.mx, 2007; DCM, 2000–2003, 433. del Val Blanco, Enrique a—May 21, 1946. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; degree in economics, National School of Economics, UNAM, Oct. 14, 1976; business administration courses, Geneva, 1972, 1975; professor, UNAM, 1976. d—None. e—None. f—Technical secretary, assistant secretary of international trade, Secretariat of Commerce, 1977–1978; director general of rules, acquisitions, and warehouses, Secretariat of Commerce, 1979–1982; director general of responsibilities, Secretariat of Controller General, 1982–1987; assistant secretary “A,” Secretariat of Controller General, 1987–1991; director general, FONATUR, Secretariat of Tourism, 1991; general coordinator, National Program for Solidarity Businesses, Secretariat of Social Development, 1992–1994; assistant secretary of regional development, Secretariat of Social Development, 1993–1994, 1994–1998; secretary-general, UNAM, 2000–2006. g—None. h—Sales manager, Semosa Comercial, 1967– 1972; sales manager, Firmenich of Mexico, 1972–1976 i—Son of José del Val Alcalde, retailer, and Concepción Blanco Yustos; married Alicia Locht González; brother José, director of National Museum. j—None. k—None. l—Pescador, 142; DBGM92, 376; Musacchio, 410.

t he b io g ra phies  263 del Valle, Alberto (Deceased Nov., 1947) a—Dec. 15, 1890. b—Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes. c—Elementary studies in Aguascalientes; secondary studies at Institute of Sciences of Aguascalientes, 1911–1914; preparatory studies at Institute of Sciences of Aguascalientes and Institute of San Luis Potosí; studied medicine at Medical School of University of San Luis Potosí (2 years); medical degree from National School of Medicine, UNAM, 1917; professor of chemistry, Scientific Institute of Aguascalientes; director, Preparatory School of Aguascalientes, 1931–1932, 1934. d—Local deputy, State Legislature of Aguascalientes, 1928–1930; mayor, Aguascalientes, 1937–1938; senator from Aguascalientes, Sept., 1934–Aug., 1936; governor, Aguascalientes, 1940–1944. e—Won election as governor as member of Aguascalientes Revolutionary Party. f—Founder and director, Antivenereal Clinic, 1920–1921; director of education, Aguascalientes, 1917–1920. g—None. h—Began career as a practicing surgeon, 1917. i—Son of Genaro del Valle; aunt Dolores del Valle Azuela married Dr. Zacarías Topete López, parents of prominent historian Alejandro Topete del Valle. j—Head, Sanitary Sec., Luis Moya Brigade, 1915. k—None. l—EBW46, 55; WWM45, 120; WB48, 1436; Peral, 825; www.aguascalientes .gob.mx, 2008; www.bibliog.unam.mx, 2008. del Villar Alrich, Rafael c—Early education unknown; economics degree, ITAM; MA and PhD, University of Pennsylvania, 1988; professor, Texas A&M University, College Station; professor, ITAM. d—None. e—None. f—Director general of international negotiations, Secretariat of Communications and Transportation, 1995–1996; researcher, Bank of Mexico, 1996; director general of telecommunications policy, Secretariat of Communications and Transportation; official, OECD; minister for economic affairs, Mexican embassy, Paris; member, Federal Telecommunications Commission, 2006; assistant secretary of communications, Secretariat of Communications and Transportation, 2006– .

g—None. h—None. j—None. k—None. l—www.etcetera.com.mx, 2008; www.ifai. gob.mx/resoluciones/2006/3048.pdf, 2008; www.siteresources.worldbank.org, 2008; www.siteresources.worldbank.org/int mexicoinspanish, 2008. del Villar Kretchmar, Samuel

(Deceased Mar. 21, 2005) a—Mar. 6, 1945. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, 1963–1968; economics degree from University of Paris; MA from London School of Economics, 1965; MA and JDS from Harvard University, 1969–1971; professor of political economy, University of London and University of Paris, 1964; professor, Colegio de México and UNAM, 1972–1974. d—None. e—Adviser to president of CEN of PRI, 1972–1976; cofounder, PRD, 1989; national adviser to CEN of PRD from San Luis Potosí, 1989; member of CEN of the PRD, 1989–1992, 1995–1996; PRD representative to Federal Electoral Institute, 1994–1995; legal adviser to president of CEN of PRD, 1996–1999. f—External consultant on tax matters to president of Mexico, 1978– 1979; executive director, Excélsior Trust, 1972–1976; adviser to president of Mexico, 1983–1985; attorney general, Federal District, 1997–2000. g—None. h—Editor, European and Inter-American thought sect., Excélsior, 1966–1969; founding member, Board of Directors, Proceso, 1976–1979. i—Son of Samuel del Villar Hill, industrialist and large landowner, San Luis Potosí, and Guadalupe Kretchmar, accountant; brother Eduardo, Instituto Cumbres, Legionnaires of Christ; married Margarita González Gamio, sociologist, ambassador to Hungary, 1995–1997, and PRI representative to Assembly of the Federal District; maternal grandfather was Jorge Vera Estañol, secretary of public instruction under Victoriano Huerta, 1913; son-in-law of Carlos González López Negrete. j—None. k—None. l—Musacchio, 420–421; letters; www.lajornada, Mar. 21, 2005; www.elsiglodetorreon.com.mx, Mar. 25, 2006; DBGM84, 441.

264  m e xic a n p oli t i c a l b i o g ra ph i e s , 1935–20 0 9 del Villar Moreno, Fernando a—Oct. 31, 1940. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; economics studies, National School of Economics, UNAM, 1961–1966, graduating Feb. 3, 1989. d—None. e—Joined PRI, 1964; general delegate of CEN of PRI to Tabasco; assistant director of political studies, IEPES of PRI, during Carlos Salinas’ presidential campaign, 1988. f—Assistant director, Department of Social Planning, Department of the Federal District, 1970–1971; director, Office of Global Planning, Secretariat of Communications and Transportation, 1971–1975; director, Agricultural Industrial Studies, Banrural, 1977–1980; director general of state planning and priorities, Secretariat of Programming and Budget, 1983–1984; director general of regional programming and budgeting, Secretariat of Programming and Budget, 1985–1987; director general, Banobras, 1988–1990; director general of research and national security, CISEN, 1990–1993; assistant secretary of population and migratory services, Secretariat of Government, 1993–1994. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Fernando del Villa Rosas and Margarita Moreno Sánchez; married Lilian María Arias; father was a police officer or fire fighter for Department of the Federal District, 1938. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM94, CD; DBGM92, 393–394. de María y Campos, Mauricio a—Oct. 13, 1943. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; economics degree from National School of Economics, UNAM, with thesis titled “Technology Transfer, Dependency and Economic Development,” Apr. 22, 1970; MA in economic development, University of Sussex, UK, 1970; professor, International Economics Seminar, National School of Economics, UNAM, 1970–1973. d—None. e—None. f—Adviser, Capital Goods Program, National Finance Bank, 1972–1973; secretary of evaluation, Division of Technology Transfers, Secretariat of Industry and Commerce, 1973–1974; director general of foreign investments,

Secretariat of Industry and Commerce, 1974–1976; director general of tax incentives, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1976–1979; assistant director general of fiscal promotion, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1979–1982; director general of fiscal promotion, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1982; assistant secretary of industrial development, Secretariat of Commerce and Industrial Development, 1982–1988; director of strategic planning, Somex Bank, 1988–1990. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Mauricio de María y Campos Algara, architect, dean of National School of Architecture, UNAM, 1938–1944, and cofounder of PAN and member of first National Council of PAN, 1939–1944, and María Teresa Castelló Yturbide, ethnologist and art historian; married Patricia Meade García de León, chemical engineer; brother Alfonso was director general of cultural affairs, Secretariat of Foreign Relations. j—None. k—None. l—Excélsior, Dec. 4, 1982, 35; Q es QAP, 191; DBGM89, 216; DBGM92, 223; DBGM87, 235; DBGM, 267; Pérez Franco, 219–220. de Olloqui Labastida, José Juan

(Deceased 2005) a—Nov. 5, 1931. b—Federal District. c—Elementary and secondary studies in Federal District; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, Aug., 1956; MA in economics, George Washington University, Washington, DC, 1970; graduate work in law, National School of Law, UNAM; professor by competition, history of economic thought, National School of Law, UNAM, 1964–1966; professor of economic problems of Mexico and economic theory, UNAM and Ibero‑American University; attended English Language Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 1957; member, Board of Trustees, UNAM, 1983. d—None. e—Joined PRI, 1959. f—Director, Department of Currency, Banking, and Investment, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1958–1966; deputy general of credit, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1966–1970; president, National Securities Commission, 1970– 1971; executive director, Inter‑American

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Development Bank, 1966–1970; ambassador to the United States, 1971–1976; assistant secretary “A,” Secretariat of Foreign Relations, 1976–1979; ambassador to Great Britain, 1979–1982; director general, Serfin Bank, 1982–1988, 1988–1991; director general, Workers’ Housing Institute, INFONAVIT), 1991–1993; ambassador to Great Britain, 1993–1994. g—President and founder, Miners Association of Zacatecas, Zacatecas, and Parral, Chihuahua, 1963–1971. h—Joined Bank of Mexico, 1951; author and translator of books, articles, and reviews. i—Son of Fernando de Olloqui Iñiguez, banker, manager of Bank of Mexico in Monterrey, and Margarita Labastida González Rubio; grandson of General José Juan de Olloqui; second cousin of Óscar Flores Sánchez; sister Margarita de Olloqui Labastida married Ambassador Roberto de Rosensweig Díaz. j—None. k—None. l—Letters; DPE65, 54; BdM, 102; DPE61, 41; NYT, Dec. 2, 1976; HA, Mar. 7, 1983, 10; Excélsior, Sept. 5, 1982, 20A; HA, Mar. 7, 1983, 10; DBGM87, 343; Excélsior, July 27, 1984, 20. De Pablo Serna, Luis Antonio a—Nov. 16, 1942. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; law degree, National School of Law, UNAM, 1960–1964; MA in economics, Colegio de México, 1965–1967; MA, Williams College, Williamstown, Mass., 1969–1970; professor of political science, UNAM, 1965–1975; professor, Institution of Public Administration, 1971–1975. d—None. e—Member, Planning Committee, IEPES of PRI, 1977–1981. f—General coordinator of social and economic planning, Office of the Presidency, 1975–1976; assistant director general of tax promotion, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1976–1979; director general of research programs, Secretariat of Programming and Budget, 1979–1982; director general, Mining Development Commission, Secretariat of Energy, 1982–1988; alternate ambassador to European Union, 1989–1991; ambassador to Switzerland, 1991–1994; director general of National Railroads of Mexico, 1994–1998;

director general, Light and Power of the Center, Secretariat of Energy, 2003–2004. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Luis Pablo Cuevas, economist, and Lucía Serna Treviño, teacher; married Beatriz Sánchez Guadarrama, psychologist. j—None. k—None. l—Pescador, 141; DBGM84, 318; DBGM87, 208–209; DBGM92, 275. Derbez (Bautista), Luis Ernesto a—Apr. 1, 1947. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; economics degree, University of San Luis Potosí, 1965–1970; MA in industrial organization, University of Oregon, 1972–1974, on Fulbright Fellowship; PhD in econometrics, Iowa State University, 1976–1980; professor, ITESM, 1976–1983, 1997–2000; visiting professor, Johns Hopkins School of International Studies, Baltimore, 1983–1997; dean, University of the Americas, Cholula, Puebla, 1981–1983; professor, ITESM, Santa Fe Campus, Federal District, 2006–2007; director, Globalization Institute, ITESM, 2007; rector, University of the Americas, 2010. d—None. e—Economic adviser, Vicente Fox presidential campaign, 2000; secretary of international relations of CEN of PAN, 2007–2008. f—Economist, Chilean Program, 1983–1986, chief economist, Central American Program, 1986–1989, director, Finance and Banking Division, Technical Department, Africa, 1989–1992, chief, Operations Division, Central Africa, 1992–1994, director of operations, Finance Bank, India, Nepal, and Bhutan Department, 1994–1997, World Bank; adviser, World Bank in Mexico, 1997– 1999; secretary of economic development, 2000–2003; secretary of foreign relations, 2003–2006. g—None. h—None. i—Married Rosa María Aranda. j—None. k—None. l— www.fox.presidencia.gob.mx, 2002; www .quienessonelpan, 2007; Musacchio, 111. De Silva Ruiz, Francisco de Jesús

a—July 24, 1967. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; business administration degree, Newport University, Utah, 1995; diploma, public sector and political analysis, Ibero-American

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University, 1996, 1998; diploma, political process, University of Madrid, 1999. d—Federal deputy from State of Querétaro, Dist. 3, 2000–2003. e—Member, PAN, 1996; member, State Committee of PAN, Querétaro. f—Director of civil protection, Querétaro, 1997–1998; assistant secretary of government, City of Querétaro, 1998– 1999; oficial mayor of social development, 2006–2007. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Manuel de Silva Escudero and Lourdes Ruiz Sousa; married Adriana Bacelis Sotomayor. j—None. k—None. l—www.isualum.org, 2008; DCM, 2000–2003, 224; Musacchio, 390; C de D, 2000–2003, 226. Díaz Arias, Julián a–1910s. b—State of Mexico. c—Early education unknown; electrical engineering degree, National Polytechnic Institute, 1930s; economics degree from the National School of Economics, UNAM, Nov. 28, 1946; professor and superintendent of technical education, National Polytechnic Institute, 1938–1958; professor, National School of Economics, UNAM, 1945–1965; professor, Scientific Institute of State of Mexico, 1952–1953; professor, Higher Normal School, 1945–1947. d—None. e—None. f—Head, Department of Banks, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1947– 1951; oficial mayor, State of Mexico, under Gov. Mario Sánchez Colín; president, Executive Board, Administration of Pensions, 1952–1953; head, Department of Properties and Construction, IMSS, 1953–1958; oficial mayor, Secretariat of Industry and Commerce, 1959; assistant secretary of industry and commerce, 1959–1961; business administrator and general attorney, NAFIN, 1960– 1962; director general, NAFIN Azucarera, 1962–1965; assistant director, National Finance Bank, 1965–1970, 1970–1972; director general, NAFIN Azucarera, May, 1972–1976; director of collective transportation, Department of the Federal District, 1976–1982, under Carlos Hank González. g—Participant in a student conference with Luis Echeverría, 1945. h—Attended conference in Central America. i—Friend of Jorge

Espinosa de los Reyes at UNAM; married Isabel Gómez; met Carlos Hank González when they both held positions for state government of Mexico in early 1950s. j—None. k—None. l—HA, May 15, 1972, 31; letters; DBM66, 194–195; DGF50, II, 35, 409, 413; DGF51, II, 146, 570, 577, 43; DAPC, 1981, 7. Díaz Ballesteros, Enrique a—July 13, 1916. b—Morelia, Michoacán. c—Early education unknown; law degree, National School of Law, UNAM, 1935–1939, with thesis on the Constitution. d—None. e—Joined PRI, 1935; adviser, IEPES of PRI, 1968–1970. f—Legal agent, Department of Agrarian Affairs, 1938–1940; lawyer, National Railroads of Mexico, 1941–1945; chief of administrative law, Legal Department, National Railroads of Mexico, 1948–1954; director of legal services, National Railroads of Mexico, 1955–1961; consulting attorney, Office of the Attorney General of Mexico, 1943–1954; director of legal services, Emiliano Zapata Mill, 1952–1959; general counsel to director general of the National Railroads of Mexico, 1961–1964; manager, Administrative Division, CONASUPO, 1961–1965; assistant director of operations, CONASUPO, 1971– 1975; director general, CONASUPO, 1976; director general of metropolitan services, Federal District, 1977; assistant secretary of commercial planning, Secretariat of Commerce, 1978; assistant secretary of regulations, Secretariat of Commerce, 1978–1979; director general, CONASUPO, 1979–1982; assistant secretary of foodstuffs and internal trade, Secretariat of Commerce, 1988–1989. g—Secretary of education, National Union of Employees and Workers of the Department of Agrarian Affairs and Colonization, 1938–1939. h—Practicing lawyer, 1938–1961. i—Son of Luis Díaz Castillo, public servant, and María Ballesteros Izquierdo; married Isabel Anaya Azpiroz. j—None. k—None. l—Excélsior, May 5, 1979, 1, 10; DPE71; DAPC; DBGM87, 107; DBGM89, 99. Díaz Cerecedo, Cándido a—Feb. 2, 1927. b—Sierra de Chicontepec, Veracruz. c—Completed secondary studies in Jalapa;

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normal studies in Jalapa on scholarship from Secretariat of Public Education, 1949–1951; preparatory studies at night school, Veracruz, Veracruz; legal studies at National School of Law, UNAM, 1955–1959, law degree, 1960; teacher, Federal District, 1955–1971; founder, Institute for Adult Education, Tamiahua, Veracruz; founder, Night Secondary School for Workers, Tamiahua; professor, Federal Institute of Teacher Training, 1962–1971. d—Mayor, Chicontepec, 1975–1977; plurinominal federal deputy from PST, 1982–1985. e—Joined PRI, 1955; joined PST, 1979; PRI candidate for federal deputy, 1979; PST candidate for governor of Veracruz, 1980; PST presidential candidate, 1981– 1982, receiving 1.45% of the vote. f—None. g—Founder of several unions as mayor of Chicontepec. h—Worked as a milkman, blacksmith, charcoal maker. i—From a very poor Nahuatl family; married María Refugio Zabalza Covarrubias, normal school teacher. j—None. k—Left PRI because of imposition of Manuel Ramos Gurrión as PRI candidate for federal deputy. l—Análisis Político, May, 1982, 34; Almanaque de México, 14–15; DBGM, 497; Lehr, 620. Díaz de Cossío (Carvajal), Roger

a—Dec. 5, 1931. b—London. c—Early education unknown; engineering degree from National School of Engineering, UNAM, 1953; MS in civil engineering from University of Illinois, 1955–1957; PhD in engineering from University of Illinois, 1958–1960; researcher, University of Illinois, 1958–1960; director of graduate studies, School of Engineering, UNAM, 1961–1966; director, Engineering Institute, UNAM, 1966–1970; coordinator of the sciences, UNAM. d—None. e—Joined PRI, 1978. f—Assistant secretary of planning, Secretariat of Public Education, 1971–1976; director general of studies and projects, Secretariat of Commerce, 1977–1978; director general of publications and libraries, Secretariat of Public Education, 1978; assistant secretary of culture and recreation, 1978–1982; assistant director general of social and cultural services,

ISSSTE, 1982–1988; director general of scientific cooperation, Secretariat of Foreign Relations, 1988–1990; director general of Mexican communities abroad, Secretariat of Foreign Relations, 1991. g—None. h—Construction assistant to engineer González Fernández, 1953–1954; calculator, Division of Bridges, National Railroads of Mexico, 1955. i—Son of Martín Díaz de Cossío Calero, businessman, and Isabel Carbajal Bolandi, normal school teacher. j—None. k—None. l—DPE71, 103; BdM, 106; DGF69, 756; HA, Nov. 27, 1978, 17–18; DAPC, 1977, 21; DBGM89, 100. Díaz Delgado, Blanca Judith a—Feb. 22, 1958. b—Nuevo León. c—Early education unknown; teaching certificate, Normal School of Nuevo León; communications and journalism degree, University of Nuevo León; studies toward basic education degree, National Teachers’ University; teacher in numerous elementary schools. d—Local deputy, 68th State Legislature of Nuevo León, 1997–2000; plurinominal federal deputy from PAN, 2003–2006; senator from Nuevo León, 2006–2012. e—National adviser, PAN, 2004–2007. f—Director, Community Action Program, Ciudad Guadalupe, 1994–1996; secretary of social development, Ciudad Guadalupe, Nuevo León, 1996–1997. g—None. h—None. j—None. k—None. l—Directorio del Congreso, 2006–2009, 191–192; www.senado.gob.mx, 2007; www.diputados.gob.mx, 2003–2006. Díaz Díaz, Daniel a—Mar. 17, 1934. b—Huandacareo, Michoacán. c—Early education unknown; civil engineering studies, National School of Engineering, UNAM, 1951–1954, degree, 1960; MA in economic programming, Center for Economic Programming, France, 1963–1964; course in public administration, Center for Industrial Development, United Nations; professor of planning, National School of Engineering, UNAM, 1965–1982; professor, National School of Architecture, 1975. d—Plurinominal federal deputy from PRI, 1997–2000. e—Joined PRI, 1956.

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f—Department head and office chief, Division of Planning and Programming, Secretariat of Public Works, 1959–1963; director, Research Department, Division of Planning and Programming, Secretariat of Public Works, 1964–1966; director general, Division of Planning and Programming, Secretariat of Public Works, 1966–1972; director general of programming, Secretariat of Public Works, 1972–1976; director general of investment analysis, Secretariat of Public Works, 1977–1982; assistant secretary of public works, 1982–1984; secretary of communication and transportation, 1984–1988; adviser to President Salinas, 1988–1994; director, Mexican Institute of Transportation, 1995–1997; director general of federal highways and bridges, 2000–2001. g—President, College of Civil Engineering of Mexico, 1982–1984; executive secretary, Alumni Society, School of Engineering, UNAM. h—None. i—Son of Daniel Díaz Ortiz, printer, and Enriqueta Díaz García; married Graciela Alatriste Ortiz. j—None. k—None. l—IEPES; QesQAP, 250; Excélsior, Dec. 1, 1984, 1; DBGM, 111; DBGM87, 108; www.eswikipedia.org, 2008. Díaz Duran, Fernando (Deceased) a—Nov. 4, 1905. b—Gómez Palacio, Durango. c—Secondary studies at Escuela Zaragoza, Zacatecas, Zacatecas; graduated as accountant from Institute of Sciences, Zacatecas; licensed public accountant. d—Secretary, City Council of Irapuato, Guanajuato, 1928; mayor, Irapuato, 1970–1972; local deputy, State Legislature of Guanajuato; federal deputy from State of Guanajuato, Dist. 4, 1943–1946, secretary of Chamber of Deputies; federal deputy from State of Guanajuato, Dist. 5, 1958–1961, member of Administration Committee (2nd year); federal deputy from State of Guanajuato, Dist. 4, 1967–1970, member of Public Education Committee and Rules Committee. e—Secretary-general of CNOP of PRI, Guanajuato; secretary of political action of CEN of PRI, 1959; secretary of organization of CEN of PRI, 1964–1965; secretary-general

of CEN of PRI, 1965–1968. f—Secretary of education, State of Guanajuato, 1940–1943; director, Department of Labor, State of Guanajuato; president, Board of Conciliation and Arbitration, Guanajuato. g—None. h—Employed in various positions, Secretariat of the Treasury. i—Political disciple of Enrique Fernández Martínez during early political career; married Enriqueta Aranda. j—None. k—Secretary, Federation of Political Parties of Guanajuato. l—Peral, 220; C de D, 1943–1945; C de D, 1958–1960, 76; Func., 212; C de D, 1967–1969, 64, 86. Díaz Gea, Guillermo a—Feb. 16, 1944. b—Pánuco, Veracruz. c—Early education unknown; law degree, University of Veracruz, 1964–1968. d—Local deputy, State Legislature of Veracruz, Dist. 1, 1983–1986; mayor, Pánuco, 1988–1991, 1998–2000; federal deputy from State of Veracruz, Dist. 16, 1991–1994; federal deputy from State of Veracruz, Dist. 1, 2000–2003. e—Joined PRI, 1967; president of PRI, Pánuco, 1971–1972; general delegate of CEN of PRI to Veracruz and other states; PRI candidate for local deputy, 2010. f—Actuary, Third Judicial District, Tuxpan, Veracruz, 1969–1970; public defender, Pánuco, 1972–1973; president, Office of the Agrarian Attorney General, Pánuco, 1995–1996. g—None. h—Practicing lawyer, 1969– . i—Son of Armando Díaz Zambrano, white-collar employee, and Celina Gea Guzmán; married Blanca E. Salas Avendaño, lawyer. j—None. k—None. l—DCM, 2000–2003, 286–287; QesQ en el Congreso, 2000–2003, 173; DBGM92, 451; Musacchio, 112; www.priveracruz.org, 2010. Díaz González Roca, Omar a—Jan. 25, 1931. b—Nogales, Sonora. c—Early education unknown; geographic engineering degree, Heroic Naval College, 1947–1951; diploma in staff and command, Center for Higher Naval Studies; MA in staff and command, Higher War College, Peru, 1972–1973; professor, Heroic Naval College, 1958–1960; professor, Center for Higher Naval Studies, 1973–1974; assistant director, Center for Higher Naval Studies, 1978.

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d—Plurinominal federal deputy from PRI, 1997–2000. e—None. f—Assistant naval attaché, Peru, 1972–1973; naval attaché, England and France, 1988–1990; oficial mayor of the navy, 1991–1993; assistant secretary of the navy, 1993–1996. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Aurelio Díaz González Carmona, physician, and María Roca Padrón; brother Joaquín retired as rear admiral from Naval Health Services. j—Joined navy as cadet, 1947; various assignments, 1952–1958, including executive officer of Coastguard Ship No. 37, 1956; aide to oficial mayor of navy, Rigoberto Otal Briseño, 1960–1961; commander, corvette Sáinz de Baranda and Minesweeper No. 15, 1963–1968; captain, Naval Shooting Team, 1968–1970; chief of armaments, department and artillery inspector, 1970–1972; chief of staff, Naval Forces in the Pacific and 1st Naval Zone, Ensenada, 1975–1976; chief of Sec. 3, naval staff, 1977–1978; commander, Naval Zone, Tuxpan, Veracruz, 1978–1982; commander, Naval Zone, San Blas, Nayarit, 1982–1983; general coordinator of technical services, 1986–1988; inspector general of the navy, 1990–1991; rank of admiral, 1992. k—None. l—DBGM87, 109; DBGM92, 106; QesQ en el Congreso, 1997–2000, 149–150; www .semar.gob.mx, 2001. Díaz Infante Aranda, Ernesto a—Jan. 6, 1930. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; law degree, University of San Luis Potosí, 1950–1954; assistant director, School of Economics and Administration, Autonomous University of Baja California, 1961–1965; professor, Autonomous University of Baja California, 1965–1969. d—None. e—None. f—Agent, Ministerio Público, Superior Tribunal of the Federal District and Federal Territories, 1955–1959; secretary, Judicial District of Tijuana, Baja California, 1959–1965; secretary of studies and accounts, Supreme Court of Justice, 1965–1966; judge, First District, Chihuahua, Chihuahua, 1967–1968; judge, First Appeals Court in Civil Matters, 1968–1979; justice, Supreme Court, 1979–1982, 1982–1989,

retired Feb. 1, 1990; president, Supernumerary Justices of the Supreme Court, 1982. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Eduardo Díaz Infante y Mejía, public official and federal labor inspector, and Concepción Aranda de la Parra; grandson of Miguel Díaz Infante y Aranda, physician, and Teresa Mejía; married Zulema Reyes Cunningham, lawyer; brother Raúl was circuit court judge, 1992; brother Eduardo, a federal judge; nephew of Luis Díaz Infante Mejía, Supreme Court justice. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM87, 615; www.scjn.gob.mx, 153–154, 2008. Díaz Infante Mejía, Luis (Deceased Mar. 19, 1964) a—Sept. 20, 1896. b—León, Guanajuato. c—Elementary, secondary and preparatory studies in Guanajuato, Guanajuato; law degree, National School of Law, UNAM, 1923; professor of civil law, Free Law School. d—Federal deputy from State of Guanajuato, Dist. 2, 1946–1948, member of Library Committee (1st year) and 1st Committee on Balloting, president, First Instructive Sec. of Grand Jury, member, Committee on Constitutional Affairs, substitute member of Treasury Committee and 1st Committee on General Channels of Communication. e—None. f—Judge, Seventh Judicial District of the Peace, Federal District, 1920; judge, Sixth Judicial District of the Peace; secretary, Judicial District of the First Court of Appeals, Tacubaya, Federal District, 1925–1928; judge, Tenth Civil Court, 1929–1934; judge, Superior Tribunal of the Federal District and Federal Territories, 1934–1940; president, Superior Tribunal of the Federal District and Federal Territories, 1941–1942; judge, Second Civil Judicial District, Federal District, 1941–1942; first assistant attorney general of Mexico, 1942–1946; justice, Supreme Court, 1948, 1950–1958, retired Oct. 13, 1958; interim governor, Guanajuato, 1948–1949. g—None. h—Member, national commission charged with the writing of new civil codes. i—Related to Miguel Díaz Infante, federal deputy from Guanajuato, 1912; uncle of Ernesto Díaz Infante Aranda,

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Supreme Court justice, 1979–1988. j—None. k—Member of Sinarquista Movement; Simpson claims he was the first antirevolutionary governor of Mexico. l—HA, Oct. 7, 1949, xxii; Peral 222; DGF47, 568; Simpson, 337; C de D, 1946–1948, 70; DGF51, 568; www.scjn.gob.mx, 187–190, 2008. Díaz Lombardo, Antonio (Deceased Nov. 8, 1992) a—Jan. 8, 1903. b—Federal District. c—Elementary and secondary studies at English-French School and English School, Mexico City; preparatory at National Preparatory School in Mexico City; studied at Higher School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, IPN. d—None. e—Assisted Miguel Alemán during his presidential campaign, 1946. f—Director general, Bank of Transportation, 1943–1946, 1953; director general, IMSS, 1946–1952. g—Secretarygeneral, Alianza de Camioneros of Mexico. h—Employed by El Águila; employed by Aeronaves de México; president, Latin American Bank; president, Central Savings Bank, 1945–1972; principal stockholder, El Popo, 1931. i—Father, a well-known engineer. j—None. k—New York Times claims he was forced to resign as director of Bank of Transportation because of a conflict of interest arising from his financial control over bus companies; one author claims he started his career in transportation as a driver on the Peravilo‑Cozumel bus line; close personal friend of Miguel Alemán and served on the board of his foundation. l—HA, May 21, 1943, 9; HA, Dec. 6, 1946, 6; WWM45, 35; Enc. Mex., III, 236; Scott, 250; DGF50, II, 103; Brandenburg, 102; NYT, July 12, 1953, 26; López, 291; Blanco, 323; Alonso, 219; El Nacional, Nov. 9, 1992, 22. Díaz Muñoz, Vidal (Deceased) a—Mar. 21, 1900. b—Las Puentes, Veracruz. c—Elementary and secondary education at public schools; no degree. d—Senator from Veracruz, 1940–1946, member of National Properties and Resources Committee, Public Works Committee, 1st secretary of 3rd Labor Committee, president of Electrical Engineering Committee; federal deputy from State

of Veracruz, Dist. 11, 1946–1949, secretary of Chamber, Sept., 1946, member of 2nd Committee on the Treasury, Committee on Taxes, Committee on the Sugar Industry, and Inspection Committee of General Accounting Office (2nd year). e—Expelled from PRI for joining PP, 1946; member, PPS; member, Finance Committee, PPS, 1947; secretary, Electoral Affairs Committee, PP, 1948; founder, Veracruz Socialist Party, 1957. f—None. g—Active in union organizations of regional CROM, 1925–1932; served with Federation of Latin American Workers, 1932–1943; prominent leader of sugarcane workers. j—Member of Mexican army, 1910–1925; reached rank of lieutenant colonel, 1925. k—Split with Vicente Lombardo Toledano in 1957 to found his own party with support of sugarcane workers; supported Adolfo López Mateos in 1958 presidential election. l—EBW46, 37; Correa, 75; C de D, 1946–1948, 70; Scott, 190–191; Morton, 104; Peral, 223; WB48, 1494. Díaz Ordaz, Gustavo (Deceased July 15, 1979) a—Mar. 11, 1911. b—Ciudad Serdán (San Andrés), Puebla. c—Elementary studies in Oaxaca, Oaxaca, and in Guadalajara, Jalisco; preparatory studies at Institute of Arts and Sciences, Oaxaca, 1926–1931; studied law at University of Guadalajara and Institute of Arts and Sciences, Oaxaca; law degree from University of Puebla, Feb. 8, 1937; professor of law, University of Puebla; vice rector, University of Puebla, 1940–1941. d—Federal deputy from State of Puebla, Dist. 1, 1943–1946; senator from Puebla, 1946–1952, member of Administrative Committee, Legislative Studies Committee, 2nd Petroleum Committee, 1st Government Committee, 1st Constitutional Affairs Committee, and 2nd Foreign Relations Committee; president of Mexico, 1964–1970. e—None. f—Prosecuting attorney, Tehuacán, Puebla; president, Arbitration and Conciliation Board of Puebla, 1938; agent, Ministerio Público for Tlatlauqui, Puebla, 1943; justice, Superior Court of the State of Puebla, 1939–1940; secretary-general of

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government, State of Puebla, under Gonzalo Bautista, 1941–1943; director general of legal affairs, Secretariat of Government, 1953; oficial mayor of government, 1953–1958; secretary of government, 1958–1964; ambassador to Spain, July 12, 1977. g—None. h—Employed as office boy, Palacio de Gobierno, Puebla, 1932; practicing attorney, 1937. i—Father, Ramón Díaz Ordaz, was an accountant and political boss of various towns in Oaxaca and Puebla, including Gustavo’s birthplace; his mother, Sabina Bolaños Cacho, daughter of a wealthy lawyer, was a schoolteacher; brother‑in‑law of Guillermo Borja Osorno, justice of the State Superior Court of Puebla; great‑grandfather José María Díaz Ordaz was a lawyer, a general, and governor of Oaxaca; maternal uncle was an important Oaxaca official; father‑in‑law of Salim Nasta, formerly his private secretary, 1964; married Guadalupe Borja; son Alfredo married Paulina Castañón, who became Raúl Salinas Gortari’s wife. j—None. k—Resigned from ambassadorship to Spain after strong protests from important political figures, Aug. 2, 1977. l—D de Y, Dec. 1, 1964, 1; Enc. Mex., III, 237–238; DGF56, 83; G of S, 14; WWMG, 14; DBM68, 197–198; HA, Dec. 8, 1958, 24; DP70, 2386–2387; Covarrubias, 116; DGF47; C de D, 1943–1945, 9; DGF51, I, 7, 10–13; NYT, Dec. 2, 1964, 16; IWW64–65; HA, Apr. 11, 1977, 7; HA, July 23, 1979, 8–9. Díaz Palacios, Socorro a—Feb. 16, 1949. b—Pueblo Juárez, Colima. c—Elementary studies at Benito Juárez Rural Public School, Pueblo Juárez, 1955–1961; secondary studies at Secondary School No. 8, Colima, 1961–1964; preparatory studies at University of Colima, 1964–1966; degree in journalism, Carlos Septién García School of Journalism, 1966–1970; professor of journalism, School of Political and Social Sciences, UNAM, 1978–1981; professor of journalism, Institute of Political Education, PRI, 1976. d—Senator from State of Colima, 1982–1988, member of Gran Comisión; federal deputy from State of Colima, Dist. 1, 1988–1991, president of

Chamber, 1991; plurinominal federal deputy from PRD, 2003–2006. e—Joined PRI, 1969; adviser, State Committee of PRI, Colima; treasurer, PRI, Comala, Colima, 1969; member, Advisory Council, IEPES of PRI, 1980–1982; secretary-general of CEN of PRI, 1997–1998; joined PRD, 2003; coordinator of López Obrador’s presidential campaign, 2006; competed for PRI nomination for governor of Colima, 1991, 1997, 2003. f—Director general, ISSSTE, 1998–2000; assistant secretary, Secretariat of Government, 1993–1994. g—None. h—Reporter, El Día, 1970–1971; chief of information, El Día, 1972–1973; chief of editors, El Día, 1973– 1975; columnist, El Día, 1975–1980; editorial writer, El Día, 1971–1976, 1979–1980; assistant director, El Día, 1977–1980; director, Sunday Supplement, Channel 13 Television, 1974–1980; editor, El Día; director‑in‑chief, El Día, 1981–1985. i—Protégé of Enrique Ramírez y Ramírez; daughter of Francisco Díaz Ballesteros, merchant, and María Palacios Vargas. j—None. k—Resigned from PRI because of objections to the nomination process. l—IEPES; C de S, 1982–1988; Directorio, 1982–1988; Lehr, 76; Excélsior, July 27, 1984, 20; DBGM87, 464; DBGM89, 428–429; DBGM93. Díaz Rodríguez, Roberto a—Dec. 12, 1910. b—Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes. c—Elementary studies only. d—Local deputy, State Legislature of Aguascalientes (3 times); alternate senator from Aguascalientes, 1976–1980, in functions as senator, 1980–1982. e—Labor adviser on various IMSS committees for PRI. f—None. g—CTM delegate to Geneva, 1972; secretary-general, CTM of Aguascalientes. h—None. j—None. k—None. l—Letter; Almanaque de México, 58. Díaz Romero, Juan a—Nov. 5, 1930. b—Putla, Oaxaca. c—Elementary studies, Benito Juárez Elementary School, Putla; teaching certificate, Normal School of Oaxaca and completed in Mexico City; education degree, National Teachers’ School; legal studies, National School of

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Law, UNAM, 1957–1961, graduating Mar. 9, 1961, with an honorary mention and thesis titled “The Impossible Crime”; elementary school teacher, 1951–1963; professor, Higher Institute for Business Studies, 1963–1967. d—None. e—None. f—Secretary, Thirteenth Judicial District, Sixth Criminal Court, 1962–1963; secretary, Second Division, Federal Tax Court, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1963–1967; judge, Administrative Conflicts Court, Federal District, 1971–1974; justice, Superior Court of the Federal District, 1975–1976; judge, Fourth Administrative Court, Federal District, 1976–1977; judge, First Circuit Court, Civil Division, 1977–1986; justice, Supreme Court, 1986– 2006, president, Second Division, 1994. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Guadalupe Díaz Vázquez, peasant, and Teresa Romero Martínez; married Ofelia Muñoz Aguilar, teacher. j—None. k—None. l—www.scjn .gob.mx, 196–197, 2008; www.eluniversal .com.mx, Nov. 19, 2006; Musacchio, 114; DBGM92, 651; Pescador, 143. Díaz Serrano, Jorge a—Feb. 6, 1921. b—Nogales, Sonora. c—Early education unknown; mechanical engineering degree from Higher School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, IPN, 1941; MA in history of art and Mexican history, School of Philosophy and Letters, UNAM, 1972– 1974; Inter-American Affairs Fellowship to United States to study internal combustion engines at private firms, 1943–1945. d—Senator from Sonora, 1982–1983. e—None. f—Director general, PEMEX, 1976–1981; ambassador to Soviet Union, 1981–1982. g—None. h—Inspector, National Irrigation Commission, 1941–1943; director, Diesel and Locomotive Department, Fairbanks Morse, 1946–1956; founded numerous companies, 1956–1965; supervisor of a drilling company, Veracruz, 1962–1964; director and owner, Golden Lane Drilling Company, 1965–1970; General Motors dealer in electrical diesel engines and generators, 1969–1973. i—Personal friend of José López Portillo for many years; friend of Octavio

Sentíes; nephew Luis Bojórquez Serrano, PRI precandidate for federal deputy from Sonora, 1979; former partner of President George Bush, Sr., in Zapata Offshore Oil Co. and Permago Co., 1960s. j—None. k—Considered international authority on perforation and exploitation of petroleum; lost immunity as a senator on July 30, 1983, and tried for fraud as PEMEX director, 1983; first senator to be convicted of and imprisoned for fraud. l—El Día, Dec. 1, 1976; Excélsior, Mar. 18, 1977, 6, 8; HA, Mar. 21, 1977, 12; www.heritage.org, 2008; Excélsior, Apr. 9, 1997. Díaz Soto y Gama, Antonio (Deceased Mar. 14 1967) a—1880. b—San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí. c—Elementary studies at Immaculate Conception School, San Luis Potosí; law degree, Scientific and Literary Institute of San Luis Potosí, 1900; professor of history of Mexican Revolution, National Preparatory School, 1933; professor of agrarian law, National School of Law, UNAM, 1930s; professor of Mexican history, National School of Law, 1937–1939. d—Federal deputy from State of San Luis Potosí, Dist. 2, 1920–1922, 1922–1924, 1928–1930; federal deputy from State of San Luis Potosí, Dist. 4, 1924–1926. e—Founding member, Ponciano Arriaga Liberal Club; organizer, first Liberal Congress of Mexico, 1901; active in Liberal Party, 1904–1912; cofounder, National Agrarian Party, 1920, in reality, a personal movement; supported Álvaro Obregón as a campaign propagandist, 1927–1928; supported Juan Andreu Almazán for president, 1940; vice president, Mexican Democratic Party, which ran Ezequiel Padilla for president, 1945; PDM representative to federal Electoral Commission, 1946. f—Legal adviser, Secretariat of Agriculture, 1934–1940. g—None. h—Wrote for Renacimiento and El Universal. i—Related to Valentín Gama, prominent educator at UNAM; son of lawyer Conrado Díaz Soto, a supporter of Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada; many of his students became prominent politicians; copublished with

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Octavio Paz. j—Joined Emiliano Zapata’s forces, 1914–1920; represented Zapata at Convention in Mexico City, Jan., 1915. k—Notable orator during congressional debates in 1920s; in exile in United States for opposing Díaz regime, 1902–1904; named secretary of justice but refused appointment, 1915. k—Recipient of Belisario Domínguez Award, 1958. l—Letters; Medina, 20, 61; DP70, 2015; Enc. Mex., XI, 500; Cockcroft, 71; Rivas, 3, 25; Meyer, 13, 245; López, 296; www.bibliotecas.tv.org, 2008. Dieck-Assad, Alejandro a–1950s. b—Monterrey, Nuevo León. c—Early education unknown; economics degree, ITESM, 1975–1978; MA in economics, Northwestern University, Evanston, Ill., 1982–1983; PhD in econometrics, University of Texas, Austin, 1983–1987; professor, School of Economics, University of Nuevo León, 1987; professor, Graduate School, University of Nuevo León, 1987; assistant professor, Graduate Administration Program, ITESM, 1987–1994; professor, University of Texas, Austin, 1984–1987; assistant professor of economics, ITESM, 1978–1981. d—None. e—None. f—Assistant secretary of energy planning and technical development, Secretariat of Energy, 2006. g—None. h—Director of research and analysis, economic and financial strategy, FEMSA, 1988–1992; founder, Consultores Asociados, SA; chief economist, Grupo Bursátil Mexicano. i—Brother of María de Lourdes DieckAssad, assistant secretary of economic relations and international cooperation, 2003–2004. j—None. k—None. l—www.eco .nomia.unal.mx/curriculum, 2007; letter. Dieck-Assad, María de Lourdes a—May 22, 1954. b—Monterrey, Nuevo León. c—Early education unknown; economics degree from ITESM, 1971–1975; MA in economics from Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tenn., 1975–1976, with thesis on income tax system; PhD in economics from University of Texas, Austin, 1978–1983, graduating July, 1985, with dissertation on economic shocks; fellow, Brookings Institution,

Washington, DC, 1983–1985; professor of economics, Trinity College, Washington, DC, 1984–1987; chair, Economics Department, Trinity College, 1987–1992; professor, Anáhuac University, 1977–1978; professor of economics, ITESM, 1992–1995; dean, PhD Management Program, ITESM, 1995–2002; director, School of Government, Social Sciences, and Humanities, ITESM, 2007– . d—None. e—None. f—Consultant, World Bank, 1985–1987; consultant, State of Nuevo León; coordinator of advisers, Secretariat of the Economy, 2000–2002; oficial mayor, Secretariat of the Economy, 2002–2003; coordinator of advisers, Secretariat of Foreign Relations, 2003; oficial mayor of foreign relations, 2003; assistant secretary of economic relations and international cooperation, Secretariat of Foreign Relations, 2003–2004; ambassador, European Union, 2004–2007; ambassador to Belgium and Luxemburg, 2004–2007. g—None. h—Consultant, Bancomer; consultant, Economic and Financial Strategy, Monterrey, 1986–1992. i—Sister of Alejandro Dieck-Assad, assistant secretary of energy, 2006. j—None. k—None. l—www.egade.itesm.mx/profesorado; www.senado.gob.mx, Aug. 25, 2004; www .itesm.mx/portal, 2010; www.agoratalentia .es, 2010; letter. Domenzain Guzmán, Hugo a—July 14, 1933. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; medical degree, National School of Medicine, UNAM, 1951–1956; orthopedic residency, Barberton Citizens Hospital, Ohio, 1957–1960. d—Federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. 3, 1979–1982; senator from State of Morelos, 1988–1991. e—Joined PRI, 1963. f—Chief of orthopedics, Inguarán Children’s Hospital, Department of the Federal District, 1964–1970; director, Topilejo Hospital, Department of the Federal District, 1970–1972; coordinator of orthopedics, Infant Hospitals, Department of the Federal District, 1972–1973; director, Coyoacán Xoco Emergency Hospital, Department of the Federal District, 1973–1978. g—Secretary of social security,

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CNOP, 1979–1980; secretary of CEN of CNOP, 1986–1989; secretary-general, Union of the ISSSTE, 1978–1981; secretary-general of CEN of FSTSE, 1986–1989. h—None. i—Son of Hugo Domenzain Ordóñez and Luz María Guzmán; married Elia Martínez Ortega, surgeon; son Luis held positions in Mexico’s Environmental Protection Agency. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM89, 429–430; www.diariodecolima.com, 2008. Domínguez Arvizu, María Hilaria

a—June 12, 1953. b—Nayarit. c—Early education unknown; law degree, National School of Law, UNAM, 1980–1985. d—Member, City Council of Tepic, Nayarit, 1976; federal deputy from State of Nayarit, Dist. 2, 1976–1979; local deputy, State Legislature of Nayarit, 1999–2002; federal deputy from State of Nayarit, Dist. 1, 2003–2006; plurinominal alternate senator from PRI, 2006–2007, in functions, 2007–2012. e—Assistant secretary-general, PRI, Nayarit; member, National Political Council of PRI, 2002–2005. f—None. g—General CNC delegate to Yucatán, Quintana Roo, Querétaro, 1980–1990; president, League of Agrarian Communities and Peasant Unions, Nayarit, 2001–2005; secretary of retirement and pensions, CEN of CNC, 2001–2005. h—None. j—None. k—None. l—www.diputados.gob.mx, 2003–2006; www.cddhcu.gob.mx, 2007. Domínguez (Canabal), José Agapito

(Deceased Apr. 19, 1970) a—Oct. 23, 1913. b—Montecristo, Tabasco. c—Completed elementary, secondary, and preparatory studies; attended IPN, no degree. d—Federal deputy from State of Tabasco, Dist. 2, 1955–1958, member of Gran Comisión, Library Committee, and 1st Committee on Balloting; federal deputy from State of Tabasco, Dist. 2, 1967–1970, member of Gran Comisión and Committee on Budgets and Accounts (2nd year). e—Various positions in PRI; general PRI delegate to Yucatán. f—Adviser to secretary of public health; head, Department of Health, Department of the Federal District; inspector general,

National Urban Mortgage Bank; adviser to secretary of government; head, Federal Office of the Treasury, San Luis Potosí, Yucatán, and Tabasco. g—Organized first Congress of National Students in Frontera, Tabasco; first president, National Federation of Technical Students, IPN. I‑Nephew of Tabasco political leader Garrido Canabal; son José Agapito Domínguez was federal deputy from Dist. 1, Tabasco, 1997–2000. j—None. k—Elected governor of Tabasco in 1970 but died of a heart attack before taking office. l—DGF56, 28; DP70, 663; C de D, 1955–1957, 42, 47, 56; C de D, 1967–1969; DGF51, 337; Ind. Biog., 51; Almanaque de Tabasco, 160; www.cronica.diputados.gob .mx; www.e-local.gob.mx, 2007; QesQ en el Congreso, 1997–2000, 150. Domínguez Cota, Juan (Deceased 1963) a—Dec. 16, 1888. b—La Purísima, Baja California. c—Early education unknown; no degree. d—None. e—None. f—Secretarygeneral, Baja California del Norte, under Luis I. Rodríguez; governor, Baja California del Sur, 1935–1937. g—None. h—Miner in Cananea, Sonora, 1903–1906, and Santa Rosalía, Baja California del Sur. i—Brother of Isidro Domínguez Cota, federal deputy from Baja California, 1940–1943; from a poor family; compadre of Luis I. Rodríguez. j—Joined the Revolution, 1910; fought against Huerta and Orozco, 1912–1914; fought against Villa, 1914–1915; fought against de la Huerta, 1923; commander of military operations, Morelos, 1927; fought against Cristeros, 1928; supported the government against General Escobar, 1929; rank of division general, May 16, 1929; commander, 3rd Military Zone, La Paz, Baja California, 1936. k—Participated in Cananea mining strike, 1906; commander of troops who captured and executed General Serrano and his companions. l—Peral, 229; D de Y, Sept. 5, 1935; letter; Gómez, 121; Casasola, 2345; www.e-local.gob.mx, 2007. Domínguez Domínguez, Nemesio

a—Sept. 14, 1950. b—Santiago Tuxtla, Veracruz. c—Early education unknown;

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elementary education certificate, University of Veracruz, 1966–1969; law degree, School of Law, University of Veracruz, 1977–1980; professor of social studies, University of Veracruz, 1977–1983. d—Mayor, Santiago Tuxtla, 1979–1982; federal deputy from State of Veracruz, Dist. 19, 2000–2003, 2006– 2012. e—Director, Revolutionary Youth Front, Santiago Tuxtla, 1968; president of PRI, Santiago Tuxtla; assistant secretary of social administration of CEN of PRI, 1990–1991. f—Director general, DIF, Jalapa, Veracruz, 1985; coordinator, Board of Moral, Civic, and Material Improvement, Veracruz, 1986–1987; director general, DIF, Veracruz, 1992–1998; coordinator, Progresa, Veracruz, 1997. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Nemesio Domínguez Jerezano and Ricarda Domínguez Centurión, peasants in Santiago Tuxtla; married María del Consuelo Rodríguez Robles, mayor of Santiago Tuxtla, 1998–2000. j—None. k—None. l—www. notiver.com.mx, 2008; Directorio del Congreso, 2006–2009, 291; DCM, 2000–2003, 295; QesQ en el Congreso, 2000–2003, 176–177; www.diputados.gob.mx, 2007; Musacchio, 116. Domínguez Fermán, Serafín a—Dec. 15, 1939. b—San Andrés Tuxtla, Veracruz. c—Early education unknown; law degree, National School of Law, UNAM, 1957–1961, with thesis on constitutional principles and Mexican foreign policy; professor of law, National School of Law, UNAM, 1971–1972; professor of law, National School of Political Studies, UNAM, Acatlán, 1979–1982. d—Federal deputy from State of Veracruz, Dist. 13, 1973–1976; federal deputy from State of Veracruz, Dist. 22, 1982–1985. e—Joined PRI, 1960; legal director of CEN of PRI, 1964–1965; assistant director of international affairs of CEN of PRI, 1976–1977; assistant secretary of ideological divulgation of CEN of PRI, 1978; coordinator of basic plan of government, PRI, 1976–1982. f—Agent, Ministerio Público, 1963–1968; chief, Electoral and Political Department, Secretariat of Government, 1966–1970;

technical assistant director, National Institute of Youth, 1971–1972; Secretariat of Planning and Budgeting delegate to Colima, 1982; assistant to director general of government, Secretariat of Government, 1982. g—None. h—Practicing lawyer. i—Son of Serafín Domínguez Cadena, businessman, and Edelmira Fermán Morales, rural teacher. j—None. k—None. l—Directorio, 1982–1985; C de D, 1973–1976; C de D, 1982– 1985; Lehr, 514. Dondé Escalante, Pedro a—Dec. 18, 1938. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; economics degree, Autonomous Institute of Mexico, with thesis titled “Foreign Trade as an Institution of Economic Development,” 1963; studies toward PhD in economics, Harvard University, 1964–1966; professor of economic theory, Department of Economics, Autonomous Institute of Mexico, 1969–1972; professor, School of Business and Administration, UNAM, 1971, Program for Private Sector Management, Pan American Institute of Higher Management, 1973–1974. d—None. e—None. f—Income tax Analyst, Department of Economic Studies, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1959–1961; analyst, Department of Economic Studies, Bank of Mexico, 1962–1963; chief, Office of Economics, Fund for the Development of Exports of Manufactured Goods, Bank of Mexico, 1963–1964; office chief, INFRATUR, Bank of Mexico, 1968–1972; assistant director, INFRATUR, Bank of Mexico, 1972–1974; manager of planning and economic studies, National Finance Bank Fund, 1974–1976; manager of Baja California del Sur projects, National Fund for Tourism Development, 1976–1977; manager, Economic Analysis Sec., Bank of Mexico, 1977–1982; assistant secretary of planning, Secretariat of Tourism, 1982–1985; director general of trusts, Bank of Mexico, 1985–1988; director general, Industrial Equipment Fund, Bank of Mexico, 1988–1989. g—None. h—Researcher, banking costs, Bank of Commerce, 1961–1962; economist, Division of Economic and Social

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Development, IADB, 1966–1967. i—Son of Rafael Dondé Gorozpe, civil engineer, and Julia Escalante Ortega; married Susana Mayer Romero, psychologist. j—None. k—None. l—QesQAP, 395; DBGM, 124; DBGM87, 112; DBGM89, 102. Doporto Ramírez, Héctor a—Sept. 7, 1943. b—Ciudad Delicias, Chihuahua. c—Early education unknown; law degree, National School of Law, UNAM, 1962–1966, with thesis titled “Legal Regime of Urban Planning in the Federal District.” d—None. e—Joined PRI, 1969. f—Director, Administrative Office, Mixed Planning Committee, Department of the Federal District, 1966–1967; technical director of studies, secretary-general, IMSS, 1971–1985; assistant secretary-general, IMSS, 1985–1988; secretary-general, IMSS, 1988–1991. g—None. i—Son of Manuel Doporto Gutiérrez, farmer, and Josefina Ramírez Acosta; married Rocío Alejandre Castillo; brother José Doporto Ramírez, an accountant. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM84, 124; DBGM89, 102. Dorado Baltazar, Emilia (Deceased) a—Aug. 11, 1909. b—Guadalajara, Jalisco. c—Elementary studies at Three Friends School, Guadalajara, 1918–1924; secondary studies, Normal School of Jalisco, Guadalajara, 1924–1927; teaching certificate, Normal School of Jalisco, 1927–1930; schoolteacher. d—Federal deputy from State of Jalisco, Dist. 3, 1970–1973, member of Social Action Committee (1st year), Protocol Committee, Sugar Industry Committee, and Social Welfare Committee (1st year). e—Member, PPS. f—None. g—Member, SNTE. i—Daughter of Juan Dorado Albino and Martina Baltazar; married León Fernández Caudillo; son Rubelio Fernández Dorado, labor activist and teacher and leader of National Independent Teachers’ Front. j—None. k—None. l—C de D, 1970–1972, 111; Directorio, 1970–1972. Dorador Pérez Gavilán, Rodolfo

a—Feb. 13, 1969. b—Durango, Durango. c—Early education unknown; legal studies, University of Durango, 1987–1992,

graduating in 1993; MA in administrative law, Pan American University, Mexico City, 1996; postgraduates studies in Amparo law, Pan American University, 1996–1997; enrolled in PhD program, Pan American University. d—Federal deputy from State of Durango, Dist. 5, 2000–2003; senator from Durango, 2006–2012. e—Joined PAN, 1987; adviser, PAN delegation, Chamber of Deputies, 1994–1997; secretary of organization, PAN, Durango, 1998–1999. f—Technical secretary, Border Affairs Committee, Senate, 1997–1998; coordinator, presidential agenda, Office of the Presidency of Mexico, 2004; state delegate, Durango, IMSS, 2005–2006. g—None. h—Practicing lawyer, Navarro Velasco & Associates, Monterrey, 1991–1994. i—Married to Valería Lazalde Medina, technical secretary of Cooperative Development Committee, Chamber of Deputies; Pérez Gavilán family was part of Porfirian elite in Durango. j—None. k—None. l—Directorio del Congreso, 2006–2009, 95; DCM, 2000–2003, 97; www.senado.gob.mx, 2008; QesQ en el Congreso, 2000–2003, 39. Dorantes Segovia, Luis José a—Mar. 17, 1934. b—Tula de Allende, Hidalgo. c—Early education unknown; law degree, National School of Law, UNAM, 1955–1959. d—Federal deputy from State of Hidalgo, Dist. 2, 1976–1979; senator from Hidalgo, 1982–1988, president of Social Welfare Committee, secretary of 1st Labor Committee. e—Secretary of finance, National Youth of PRI, 1959–1960. f—Tax auditor, Department of the Federal District, 1960–1961; tax actuary, Department of the Federal District, 1961–1963; lawyer for director general of expenditures, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1963–1977; lawyer for director general of credit, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1977– 1982. g—Founding member, Revolutionary University Student Group, 1953; secretarygeneral, Student Society, National Preparatory School No. 1, 1954–1955; secretary of relations, 1955 law generation, UNAM; secretary of labor and conflicts, Sec. 15,

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National Union of Treasury Workers, 1966; secretary-general, Sec. 15, National Union of Treasury Workers, 1966–1969; secretary of social services, National Union of Treasury Workers, 1969–1972; secretary of housing, FSTSE, 1971–1973; secretary-general, National Union of Treasury Workers, 1975–1978; secretary of labor and conflicts, FSTSE, 1977–1980; secretary-general, FSTSE, 1980–1983. h—None. i—Son of Roberto Dorantes Benicia, industrialist, and Carmen Segovia Gómez. j—None. k—None. l—C de D, 1976–1979; C de S, 1982–1988; Lehr, 212; DBGM87, 465–466; www.jornada.unam .mx, June 6, 1999. Dovalí Jaime, Antonio (Deceased Nov. 11, 1981) a—Oct. 3, 1905. b—Zacatecas, Zacatecas. c—Preparatory studies at National Preparatory School, Mexico City, 1920–1923; engineering studies at National School of Engineering, UNAM, 1924–1928; engineering degree, UNAM, June 18, 1930; professor of engineering (bridges), National School of Engineering, UNAM, 1937–1967; director, National School of Engineering, UNAM, 1959–1966; professor emeritus, UNAM; member, Governing Council, UNAM; professor of bridges, Military College, 1954. d—None. e—None. f—Resident assistant director of construction, Calles Railroad, Tamaulipas, 1929; assistant director general of railroad construction, Secretariat of Public Works, 1941–1942; director general of railroad construction, Secretariat of Public Works, 1943–1948; assistant secretary of public works, 1949–1952; director of construction, Chihuahua-Pacific Railroad, 1952–1958; director, National Institute of Petroleum, 1966–1970; director general, PEMEX, 1970–1976. g—None. h—Engineer on 6 projects for National Highway Commission, 1930–1936; construction engineer, National Railroads of Mexico, 1936–1938. i—Brother of Alberto Dovalí Jaime, Mexican engineer who used innovative preformed concrete construction for public works projects; established numerous friendships during education at UNAM,

including with Miguel Alemán, Antonio Carrillo Flores, Antonio Ortiz Mena, Raúl López Sánchez, Adolfo Orive Alba, Ángel Carvajal, Javier Barros Sierra, Alfonso Guzmán Neyra, Leopoldo Chávez, José Hernández Terán, Gilberto Valenzuela, and Luis E. Bracamontes; son Antonio Dovalí Ramos was director general of planning, Department of the Federal District, 1978; son Federico was assistant director of basic studies, Airport Services, Federal District. j—None. k—None. l—Hoy, Jan. 23, 1971, 10; DGF47, 143; Enc. Mex., III, 304; letter; HA, Mar. 22, 1971, 25; DP70, 668; DGF50, II, 377, 389; Excélsior, Oct. 31, 1978, 16; Excélsior, Nov. 13, 1981, 38A; HA, Nov. 23, 1981, 18; DP95, 1117. Duahlt Krauss, Miguel a—Jan. 16, 1917. b—Córdoba, Veracruz. c—Early education unknown; law degree; courses in administration. d—None. e—None. f—Manager of trade and exports, UMPASA; coordinator of engineers, National Finance Bank; manager, Administrative Division, CONASUPO; oficial mayor of industry and commerce, 1977– 1980; adviser to secretary of public education, 1982. g—None. h—Author of several technical works on administration. j—None. k—None. l—HA, June 2, 1980; IEPES. Duarte Jáquez, César Horacio a—Apr. 14, 1963. b—Parral, Chihuahua. c—Early education unknown; legal studies, University of Chihuahua, Ciudad Juárez, 1982– 1986, no degree. d—Mayor, Ciudad Juárez, 1996–1997; alternate federal deputy from State of Chihuahua, Dist. 9, 1997–2000; plurinominal federal deputy from PRI, 2000–2003; federal deputy from State of Chihuahua, Dist. 9, 2006–2009. e—Joined PRI, 1980; member, National Political Council of PRI, 1993–2006; delegate of State Committee of PRI, 11 municipalities, Chihuahua, 1995; president of PRI, Parral, 1997–2000; general delegate of CEN of PRI to San Luis Potosí, Baja California del Sur, Coahuila, 1999–2006. f—None. g—Member, Consulting Board, COPARMEX, 1996– 1998; secretary of organization of CEN of

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CNC, 1983, 2004–2006. h—Cattle rancher and businessman, 1982–1986; editorial writer, El Norte de Ciudad Juárez. j—None. k—None. l—Musacchio, 117–118; Directorio del Congreso, 2006–2009, 73; DCM, 2000– 2003, 365; QesQ en el Congreso, 2000– 2003, 178–179; www.diputados.gob.mx, 2007. Ducoing Gamba, Luis Humberto a—May 15, 1937. b—San Luis de la Paz, Guanajuato. c—Elementary studies at San Luis Rey School, San Luis de la Paz (4 years); secondary studies at Querétaro Institute, Querétaro, Internado México, Federal District, and Lux Institute, León, Guanajuato; preparatory studies at León Preparatory School; law degree with specialization in administrative appeals, University of Guanajuato, 1960; professor of Mexican history, world history, and philosophy of history, Preparatory School and University of Guanajuato, 1958–1962. d—Federal deputy from State of Guanajuato, Dist. 6, 1964–1967, member of Fine Arts Committee, Sugar Industry Committee, and 1st Instructive Sec. of Grand Jury Committee; federal deputy from State of Guanajuato, Dist. 9, 1970–1973, secretary of Gran Comisión, member of 1st Sec. (Constitutional) of Legislative Studies Committee, 1st Government Committee, and 1st Constitutional Affairs Committee; governor, Guanajuato, 1973–1979. e—Youth director of PRI, Guanajuato; secretarygeneral of PRI, Guanajuato; special PRI delegate to municipal elections of Romita and Comonfort, 1960; CEN of PRI general delegate to Aguascalientes, Guerrero, and Veracruz; auxiliary secretary to Luis Echeverría during presidential campaign, 1969–1970; secretary of political action of CEN of PRI, 1970–1973. f—Public defender, Guanajuato; labor inspector for Guanajuato. g—President, 1956–1960 generation of lawyers, University of Guanajuato; student leader, León Preparatory School; special CNC delegate to Veracruz, Sonora, and Nayarit; member, National Committee of CNC for Michoacán, Yucatán, Campeche,

and Quintana Roo; private secretary to secretary-general of CNC; secretary of education action, CEN of CNC; president, Political Committee, CNC, 1972. h—None. i—Son of Luis Ducoing Media and Rebeca Gamba; married Martha Nieto; uncle Carlos was mayor of San Luis de la Paz, Guanajuato, 1944–1945; uncle Ricardo was mayor of Dr. Mora, Guanajuato, 1952–1954. j—None. k—Answered Luis Echeverría’s 1st State of the Union Address, 1971. l—C de D, 1964–1966, 79, 87, 89; Directorio, 1970–1972; Excélsior, Feb. 27, 1973, 12; C de D, 1970– 1972, 111; HA, Sept. 24, 1973, 32, 34, 36; Enc. Mex., Annual, 1977, 544. Dueñas Llernas, Jesús a—Oct. 26, 1944. b—Los Colmos, Colima. c—Early education unknown; studies toward a degree in zoology, University of Chihuahua. d—Mayor, Villa de Álvarez, Colima, 1997–2000; federal deputy from State of Colima, Dist. 1, 2000– 2003; senator from Colima, 2006–2012. e—Joined PAN, 1996; member, Regional Committee of PAN, Colima. f—Delegate, Secretariat of Agriculture, Colima, 2003– 2005. g—None. h—Manager, Agricultural Bank of the West, 1966–1969; manager, Anderson Clayton, various regions, 1969– 1974; businessman in milk, wheat, and beef, 1974–2009. i—Married Ana Isabel Cruz. j—None. k—None. l—DCM, 2000–2003, 49; Musacchio, 118; Directorio del Congreso, 2006–2009, 51–52; www.wikipedia.com, 2007; www.senado.gob.mx, 2007; QesQ en el Congreso, 2000–2003, 40. Dufoo López, Carlos (Deceased) a—Nov. 4, 1912. b—Puebla, Puebla. c—Early education unknown; teaching certificate. d—Federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. 8, 1973–1976; federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. 1, 1979–1982. e—None. f—President, Cuauhtémoc Delegation Neighborhood Board, Mexico City. g—Secretary of organization, Truck Drivers’ Alliance; oficial mayor, Truck Drivers’ Alliance; secretary of transportation of CEN of CNOP. j—None. k—None. l—Protag., 106; C de D, 1979–1982; C de D, 1973–1976.

t he b io g ra phies  279 Dupré Ceniceros, Enrique (Deceased 1988) a—1913. b—Hidalgo, Durango. c—Engineering degree, National School of Engineering, UNAM, 1932–1936. d—Federal deputy from State of Durango, Dist. 2, 1952–1955, member of Committee on National Waters and Irrigation, Committee on the Agrarian Department, and Committee on Social Welfare; senator from State of Durango, 1958–1962, member of Gran Comisión, president of Senate (1st year), president of 1st Committee on government, president of Special Committee on Forests, and member of 2nd Committee on Ejidos; governor, Durango, 1962–1966. e—Inactive in PRI since 1967. f—Employed in Department of Agrarian Affairs, 1935; manager, Ejido Bank, Torreón, 1952; regional coordinator, Secretariat of Agriculture, 1978. g—CNC member and official. h—Attended Interamerican Conference on Conservation, Washington, DC, 1948; author of pamphlet on Mexican forestry problems published by U.S. Department of State, 1949. i—Sonin-law of Martiniano Zimental, CPA, civil servant in Secretariat of Agriculture and Treasury, and Plácida Barrera; married Gloria Zimental Barrera, 1945. j—None. k—Resigned from the governorship, Aug. 4, 1966. l—G of M, 10; C de D, 1952–1954, 9; C de S, 1964, 55; Func., 198; NYT, Aug. 6, 1966, 3; Excélsior, Dec. 14, 1978, 9; www.elsiglode durango.com.mx, Oct. 25, 2004. Durán Chávez, Jorge (Deceased Feb. 21, 2007) a—Aug. 4, 1928. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; no degree. d—Federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. 7, 1967–1970, 1973–1976; plurinominal federal deputy from PRI, 1997–2000. e—General delegate of CEN of PRI to numerous states; secretary, National Commission for Evaluation and Assistance, CEN of PRI. f—Director general of cinematography, Secretariat of Government. g—Secretary of political action, CROM; secretarygeneral, Technical and Manual Workers of the Mexican Republic, 1965–1975; secretarygeneral, Transportation Workers of the

Mexican Republic; president, Congress of Labor, 1972–1973; assistant secretary-general of CROM, 2007. h—Filmmaker, producer, and author of screenplays; director of cinematography for numerous films. j—None. k—Won award for experimental film La Azotea, 1953. l—www.secgob.gob.mx, 1997, 2007; QesQ en el Congreso, 1997–2000, 150–151. Durán Reveles, José Luis a—Feb. 21, 1961. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; studies in industrial engineering, University of the New World, 1981–1986; high school and preparatory school teacher, 1980–1984. d—Local deputy, State Legislature of State of Mexico, 1987–1990; plurinominal federal deputy from PAN, 1991–1994; mayor, Naucalpan, State of Mexico, 2006–2009. e—Joined PAN, 1985; secretary of organization, PAN, State of Mexico, 1989–1991; president, Regional Committee of PAN, State of Mexico, 1991–1994; coordinator of operations, PAN presidential campaign, 1993–1994; PAN/ PVEM candidate for governor, 1999; coordinator of Felipe Calderón campaign for president of PAN; contested PAN nomination for governor of State of Mexico, 2005. f—Assistant secretary for media regulation, Secretariat of Government, 2000–2003. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Raúl Durán Domínguez, engineer and builder, and Elisa Lilia Reveles Valdez; married Bethan Elunea Stone; father was alternate federal deputy from State of Mexico; brother Raúl, prominent member of PAN in Quintana Roo and alternate senator, 1994–1997; brother Porfirio Durán Reveles, plurinominal federal deputy from PAN, 1997–2000; sister Patricia Durán Reveles, was a federal deputy, 2003–2006, and member of CEN of PAN, 2006–2008. j—None. k—None. l—www.gob.mx, 2007; www.es.wikipedia.org, 2007; DBGM92, 452; DBGM94, CD; Musacchio, 119; Pérez Franco, 100–101; www.secgob.gob.mx, 1997, 2007; www.es.wikipedia.org, 2008. Durán Solís, Leonel a—Dec. 14, 1931. b—Federal District. c—Early education

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unknown; legal studies, National School of Law, UNAM, 1952–1954; studies in anthropology, National School of Anthropology and History, UNAM, 1952–1954, graduating with thesis on social and economic characteristics of Cuenca del Río Balsas, 1967; postgraduate studies at École Pratique des Hautes Études de l’Amerique Latine, University of Paris, 1968–1970; assistant researcher, National Museum of Anthropology and History, 1953–1954. d—None. e—Joined PRI, 1964. f—Researcher, National Indigenous Institute, 1954–1959; researcher, Río Balsas Commission, 1959–1961; anthropologist, Río Balsas Commission, Lázaro Cárdenas Steel Complex, 1962–1973; coordinator of social studies, Río Balsas Commission, 1962–1967; anthropologist and chief of projects, Department of Ethnology and Anthropology, National Institute of Anthropology and History, 1970–1977; assistant director of popular cultures, Secretariat of Public Education, 1978–1981; director general of popular culture, Secretariat of Public Education, 1985– 1986; director general, Center for Graduate Studies in Social Anthropology, Secretariat of Public Education, 1986–1988, 1988–1994; director, National Museum of Culture, 2003–2006. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Raymundo Longinos Durán, public official, and María Solís Valles; married Silvia Ortiz Echaniz, anthropologist. j—None. k—None. l—HA, Mar. 18, 1985, 15–16; QesQAP, 311; DBGM, 127; DBGM87, 114; DBGM89, 103. Durazo Montaño, (Francisco) Alfonso

a—July 11, 1954. b—Bavispe, Sonora. c—Elementary studies in Bavispe; secondary studies in Agua Prieta, Sonora; preparatory studies in Hermosillo, Sonora; civil engineering studies at National School of Engineering, UNAM, 1973; law degree, Autonomous Metropolitan University, Federal District, 1982; researcher, Institute of Legal Research, UNAM, 1995–1996. d—None. e—Joined PRI, 1973; assistant secretary to president of PRI, Federal District, 1988; assistant secretary of political planning, CEN of PRI,

1988–1989; private secretary to president of CEN of PRI, Luis Donaldo Colosio, 1989– 1991; private secretary to PRI presidential candidate, Luis Donaldo Colosio, 1993–1994; resigned from PRI, 2000; joined PAN, 2001; supported candidacy of Andrés López Obrador, 2006. f—Monitor, Radio and Television Division, Secretariat of Government, 1973–1979; assistant director of television, Secretariat of Government, 1979–1982; assistant director of information, Secretariat of Programming and Budget, 1983–1984; director of social communications, Secretariat of Programming and Budget, 1984; private secretary to secretary of social development, 1992–1993, Luis Donaldo Colosio; secretarygeneral of social development of the Department of the Federal District, 1994; director general of social communications, Secretariat of Government, 1994–1995; private secretary to President Vicente Fox, 2000–2004. g—None. h—Worked as dishwasher in Tucson, Ariz., at age 17; worked at a car wash; butcher’s assistant; messenger, Secretariat of Government. i—Great-grandson of Miguel Durazo and Josefa Montaño, landowning family and cofounders of Granados, Sonora. j—None. k—None. l—www.csis.org, 2000; www.abc.es, July 5, 2004; www.cddhcu.gob .mx, 2007; www.expreso.com.mx, 2008; www.ehui.com, June 6, 2006; www.transi cion.fox.presid.mx, 2008; www.sonora.gob .mx, 2008; letter. Dychter Poltolarek, Aarón a—Nov. 1, 1952. b—Puebla, Puebla. c—Early education unknown; economics degree, University of the Americas, Puebla, 1970–1973; MA in economics, George Washington University, Washington, DC, 1973–1975; PhD in economics, George Washington University, 1976–1979; professor, George Washington University, 1975–1977; professor, ITAM, 1979–1980. d—None. e—Special delegate of CEN of PRI, 1987. f—Economist, Western Hemisphere Department, IMF, 1976; adviser to director of economic studies, Division of Treasury Planning, 1979; assistant director of external section, Secretariat

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of Programming and Budget, 1979–1981; director of international economic policy, Secretariat of Programming and Budget, 1981–1982; director general of energy policy, Secretariat of Energy, 1983–1990; coordinator of advisers to assistant secretary of programming and budgeting and director, Evaluation and Investment Projects Unit, Secretariat of Programming and Budget, 1990–1992; director, Investment Unit, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1992–1994; assistant secretary of the treasury, 1994–2000, 2000– 2006. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Samuel Dychter Zorenstein, retailer, and Aída Poltolarek Wisheisky; married Rina Shenberg Berkman, psychologist. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM87, 115; DBGM94, CD; DBGM92, 111; Pescador, 145–146; Musacchio, 119–120. Dzib Cardozo, José de Jesús a—Jan. 12, 1921. b—Campeche, Campeche. c—Preparatory studies at National Preparatory School in Mexico City, 1940–1944; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM; studied French at Alianza Francesa, Mexico City; professor of law, French, and Spanish language and literature, University of Campeche; professor of oceanography, meteorology, and fishing legislation, Campeche Practical School of Fishing; professor of Spanish and Spanish literature, Women’s University of Veracruz; rector, University of Campeche, 1961–1962. d—None. e—PRI precandidate for senator from Campeche, 1981. f—Private secretary to Rafael Matos Escobedo, justice of Supreme Court of Mexico; director, Office of Regulation and Administration of Goods and Chattels, Secretariat of National Patrimony; director, Department for the Inspection of Goods and Chattels, Secretariat of National Patrimony; agent, Ministerio Público (auxiliary), Office of the Attorney General of Mexico, 1962–1964; secretarygeneral of government, State of Campeche, under Governor Trueba Urbina, 1955–1961; assistant attorney general, Federal District and Federal Territories “2,” 1964–1970, 1970–1976. g—None. h—Author of several

articles; during student days librarian in Department of Social Action, Department of the Federal District. i—Son Jorge Dzib Sotelo, federal deputy from Campeche, Dist. 1, 1982–1985; son Alejandro, federal judge of the First Circuit Court, Fifth District, Federal District; married Xenio Sotelo. j—None. k—None. l—DPE70, 162; DBM68, 206; letter; DGF56, 90; Excélsior, Dec. 26, 1981, 16A; Directorio, 1982–1985; WWM, 87; Reforma, Mar. 25, 2003.

E Eboli Paniagua, Abenamar (Deceased Jan. 13, 1941) a—1890s. b—San Cristóbal de las Casas, Chiapas. c—Early education unknown; law degree, National School of Law, UNAM, Apr. 24, 1920. d—None. e—None. f—Scribe, Supreme Court of Justice, 1917; agent, Ministerio Público, Supernumerary Division, Puebla, Puebla, 1920–1921; agent, Ministerio Público, Guerrero, 1921–1922; public defender, military courts, Puebla; judge, District Court, Nuevo León, Zacatecas, Michoacán, and Puebla, 1928–1934; justice, Supreme Court, Jan. 1, 1935–Dec. 31, 1940; retired Jan. 1, 1941. g—None. h—None. j—None. k—Thesis committee consisted of 4 leading jurists: Trinidad García Aguirre, Ezequiel A. Chávez, Gabriel García Rojas, and Antonio Ramos Pedrueza. l—www.scjn.gob.mx, 204, 2008 Ebrard Casaubon, Marcelo Luis a—Oct. 10, 1959. b—Federal District. c—Elementary studies at Simón Bolivar School; secondary and preparatory studies at La Salle School; degree in international relations, Colegio de México, 1977–1981; studies in planning and public administration, National School of Public Administration, Paris, 1984. d—Plurinominal federal deputy (independent), 1997–2000; governor, Federal District, 2006– . e—Joined PRI, 1978; adviser to secretary of organization of CEN of PRI, 1980; coordinator of advisers to secretary-general of CEN of PRI, Manuel Camacho, 1988;

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of Programming and Budget, 1979–1981; director of international economic policy, Secretariat of Programming and Budget, 1981–1982; director general of energy policy, Secretariat of Energy, 1983–1990; coordinator of advisers to assistant secretary of programming and budgeting and director, Evaluation and Investment Projects Unit, Secretariat of Programming and Budget, 1990–1992; director, Investment Unit, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1992–1994; assistant secretary of the treasury, 1994–2000, 2000– 2006. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Samuel Dychter Zorenstein, retailer, and Aída Poltolarek Wisheisky; married Rina Shenberg Berkman, psychologist. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM87, 115; DBGM94, CD; DBGM92, 111; Pescador, 145–146; Musacchio, 119–120. Dzib Cardozo, José de Jesús a—Jan. 12, 1921. b—Campeche, Campeche. c—Preparatory studies at National Preparatory School in Mexico City, 1940–1944; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM; studied French at Alianza Francesa, Mexico City; professor of law, French, and Spanish language and literature, University of Campeche; professor of oceanography, meteorology, and fishing legislation, Campeche Practical School of Fishing; professor of Spanish and Spanish literature, Women’s University of Veracruz; rector, University of Campeche, 1961–1962. d—None. e—PRI precandidate for senator from Campeche, 1981. f—Private secretary to Rafael Matos Escobedo, justice of Supreme Court of Mexico; director, Office of Regulation and Administration of Goods and Chattels, Secretariat of National Patrimony; director, Department for the Inspection of Goods and Chattels, Secretariat of National Patrimony; agent, Ministerio Público (auxiliary), Office of the Attorney General of Mexico, 1962–1964; secretarygeneral of government, State of Campeche, under Governor Trueba Urbina, 1955–1961; assistant attorney general, Federal District and Federal Territories “2,” 1964–1970, 1970–1976. g—None. h—Author of several

articles; during student days librarian in Department of Social Action, Department of the Federal District. i—Son Jorge Dzib Sotelo, federal deputy from Campeche, Dist. 1, 1982–1985; son Alejandro, federal judge of the First Circuit Court, Fifth District, Federal District; married Xenio Sotelo. j—None. k—None. l—DPE70, 162; DBM68, 206; letter; DGF56, 90; Excélsior, Dec. 26, 1981, 16A; Directorio, 1982–1985; WWM, 87; Reforma, Mar. 25, 2003.

E Eboli Paniagua, Abenamar (Deceased Jan. 13, 1941) a—1890s. b—San Cristóbal de las Casas, Chiapas. c—Early education unknown; law degree, National School of Law, UNAM, Apr. 24, 1920. d—None. e—None. f—Scribe, Supreme Court of Justice, 1917; agent, Ministerio Público, Supernumerary Division, Puebla, Puebla, 1920–1921; agent, Ministerio Público, Guerrero, 1921–1922; public defender, military courts, Puebla; judge, District Court, Nuevo León, Zacatecas, Michoacán, and Puebla, 1928–1934; justice, Supreme Court, Jan. 1, 1935–Dec. 31, 1940; retired Jan. 1, 1941. g—None. h—None. j—None. k—Thesis committee consisted of 4 leading jurists: Trinidad García Aguirre, Ezequiel A. Chávez, Gabriel García Rojas, and Antonio Ramos Pedrueza. l—www.scjn.gob.mx, 204, 2008 Ebrard Casaubon, Marcelo Luis a—Oct. 10, 1959. b—Federal District. c—Elementary studies at Simón Bolivar School; secondary and preparatory studies at La Salle School; degree in international relations, Colegio de México, 1977–1981; studies in planning and public administration, National School of Public Administration, Paris, 1984. d—Plurinominal federal deputy (independent), 1997–2000; governor, Federal District, 2006– . e—Joined PRI, 1978; adviser to secretary of organization of CEN of PRI, 1980; coordinator of advisers to secretary-general of CEN of PRI, Manuel Camacho, 1988;

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resigned from PRI, 1995; secretary-general, PCD; founder, Democratic National Front. f—Adviser to assistant secretary of regional development, Secretariat of Programming and Budget, 1982–1984; director of special projects, Secretariat of Programming and Budget, 1984; director, Documentary Information Unit, Secretariat of Urban Development, 1986–1987; coordinator of advisers, Secretariat of Urban Development and Ecology, 1987–1988; director general of government, Department of the Federal District, 1988–1991; secretary-general of studies and projects, Department of the Federal District, 1991–1992; secretary-general of government, Department of the Federal District, 1992–1994; secretary of public security, Federal District, 2002–2004; secretary of social development, Federal District, 2004–2006. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Marcel Ebrard Maure, architect, and Marcela Casaubon; first wife, Francisca Ramos Morgan; second wife, Mariagna Pratts, actress; student of Manuel Camacho at Colegio de México; political protégé of Manuel Camacho. j—None. k—None. l—QesQ en el Congreso, 1997–2000, 254; www.gob.mx, 1997; DBGM92, 111; DBGM94, CD; Musacchio, 121; Cien Nombres, 111–114; www .df.gob.mx, 2008. Echevarría Domínguez, Antonio

a—Mar. 12, 1944. b—Santiago Ixcuintla, Nayarit. c—Elementary studies in Tepic, Nayarit; secondary studies at International School, Guadalajara; public accounting degree from Autonomous University of Guadalajara; professor, University of Guadalajara, 1968–1971; treasurer, University of Nayarit, 1971–1972. d—Alternate mayor, Tepic, 1976–1978; governor, Nayarit, 1999–2005. e—Joined PRI, 1966; resigned from PRI, 1999; joined PAN, 2001; won governorship with PRD, PT, and PRS support. f—Secretary of finance, Nayarit, 1976–1981, 1981–1983; secretary, Fund for Economic Development, Nayarit, 1983; secretarygeneral, Nayarit, 1993–1995. g—President, Chamber of Transformation Industries,

Tepic. h—Director, Empresas Nayar, SA, 1972–1975; president, Board of Directors, Grupo Empresarial Alica, 2007; president, Board of Directors, BITAC. i—Married Martha Elena García. j—None. k—None. l—www.pan.org.mx, 2008; Musacchio, 121; Pérez Franco, 103. Echeverría Álvarez, Luis a—Jan. 17, 1922. b—Federal District. c—Elementary studies in Mexico City (grades 1–3); 4th grade at “Pen” Institute, Ciudad Victoria, Tamaulipas; 5th and 6th grades at Lauro Aguirre School, Ciudad Victoria; secondary in Mexico City; preparatory at National Preparatory School, 1938–1940; special studies in Chile, Argentina, Paris, and United States on a scholarship, 1941; law studies at National School of Law, UNAM, 1940–1944; law degree, Aug., 1945, with thesis titled “The Balance of Power System and the Society of Nations”; professor of legal theory, National School of Law, UNAM, 1947–1949. d—President of Mexico, 1970–1976. e—Joined PRI, Mar., 1946; private secretary to president of National Executive Committee of PRI, Rodolfo Sánchez Taboada, Dec., 1946; assistant secretary to regional director of PRI for the Federal District, Rodolfo Sánchez Taboada, Mar.–Dec., 1946; platform adviser to PRI, 1946; secretary of press and publicity of the CEN of PRI, 1946–1952; general delegate of CEN of PRI, 1948; president, Regional Committee, State of Guanajuato; representative of CEN of PRI to Sánchez Colin’s campaign for governor of State of Mexico, 1951; oficial mayor of PRI, 1957–1958. f—Director of accounts, Secretariat of the Navy, 1952–1954; oficial mayor, Secretariat of Public Education, 1954–1957; assistant secretary of government, 1958–1963; assistant secretary in charge, Secretariat of Government, 1964; secretary of government, 1964–1970; ambassador to UNESCO, 1977–1978; ambassador to Australia, 1978–1979; ambassador at large, 1979. g—Student delegate, Free World Youth Association, 1943; founder, Students for Revolutionary Action, 1947. h—None. i—Son of Rodolfo Echeverría Gayou, army

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paymaster, and Catalina Álvarez Gayou; brother Eduardo, member of Advisory Council of IEPES of PRI and president of Technical Council of assistant secretary of public health, 1974; brother Rodolfo, director general of National Cinema Bank; nephew Rodolfo Echeverría, Jr., oficial mayor of PRI and federal deputy; son Rodolfo was director of industrial development of the Secretariat of Agriculture at the time of his death in 1983; political disciple of Rodolfo Sánchez Taboada, who commanded the army unit for which Echeverría’s father was paymaster; studied under Alfonso Noriega and Luis Garrido Díaz at National University; knew Luis M. Farías as student at UNAM; son‑in‑law of José Zuno Hernández, former governor of Jalisco. j—None. k—Delivered nomination speech for Adolfo López Mateos to the PRI, Nov. 17, 1957. l—Enc. Mex., III, 354; DPE65, 13; G of S, 14; Fuentes Díaz, 265; DGF56, 299; WWMG, 15; DBM70, 191; HA, Dec. 17, 1964, 18; DPE61, 11; Morton, 93; LA, Oct. 27, 1978, 330; Excélsior, Feb. 18, 1977, 6; Excélsior, Apr. 30, 1983, 1; letters; HA, Jan. 26, 1988, 45; Excélsior, Mar. 17, 1997, 1A, 14A; letter. Echeverría Álvarez, Rodolfo a—Sept. 24, 1917. b—Federal District. c—Law degree from Free Law School, Oct. 4, 1940, with thesis on state intervention in functions of credit institutions; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, 1944. d—Federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. 18, 1952–1955, vice president of Chamber of Deputies, Oct., 1953, member of 1st Labor Committee, 2nd Balloting Committee, Film Industry Committee, and Committee on Fine Arts (3 years), substitute member of Radio and Television Industry Committee; federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. 6, 1961–1964, president of Chamber of Deputies, member of 5th Sec. of Legislative Studies Committee (Labor), Film Industry Committee; substitute member of 1st Constitutional Affairs Committee; alternate senator for Federal District, 1964–1970. e—Member, Advisory Council for Ideology and Program, IEPES of PRI,

1972. f—Director general, National Cinema Bank, 1970–1976; private secretary to Ernesto P. Uruchurtu. g—Director general, Mexican Actors’ Union. h—Professional actor, worked under the name Rodolfo Landa; cofounder, University Theater, UNAM. i—Brother of President Luis Echeverría; father of Rodolfo Echeverría, Jr., oficial mayor of PRI; student of Alfonso Noriega at UNAM; father, Rodolfo Echeverría Esparza, government employee; married Avelina Ruiz Vázquez; son of Rodolfo Echeverría Esparza and Catalina Álvarez Gayou. j—None. k—None. l—C de D, 1954, 9; C de D, 1961–1963, 76; G of Nl, 17; DBM68, 368; letter; Excélsior, Mar. 16, 1973, 22. Echeverría Castellot, Eugenio

(Deceased 1999) a—Nov. 19, 1924. b—Ciudad del Carmen, Campeche. c—Elementary studies at Technical, Industrial, and Business School No. 22, Campeche; secondary and preparatory at Vocational School No. 1 & 2, IPN; degree in petroleum engineering, IPN, 1947, with thesis titled “The Cost of Building a Petroleum Pipeline from the Teapa, Tabasco, Oilfields to Campeche.” d—Mayor, Campeche, 1959–1961; governor, Campeche, 1979–1985. e—Joined PRI, 1957. f—Began governmental career, 1947; director of public works, State of Campeche, 1951–1957. g—None. h—None. i—Distinguished student of María Lavalle Urbina; student supporter of Carlos Sansores Pérez when the latter was president of Campeche Student Federation; Rafael Rodríguez Barrera, governor of Campeche, 1973–1979, was private secretary to Echeverría Castellot when he was mayor of Campeche; married Dolores Lanz, member of Carlos Sansores Pérez’ political group. j—None. k—PRI precandidate for governor of Campeche, 1961 and 1967. l—Excélsior, Dec. 19, 1978, 22; Latin America, Jan. 26, 1979, 30; Excélsior, Jan. 6, 1979, 1, 11; Almanaque de México, 324; www.eswikipedia, 2008. Echeverría Ruiz, Rodolfo (Jr.) a—June 19, 1946. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; law degree from

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National School of Law, UNAM; postgraduate work in politics and economics, London; professor, Higher War College, 1976–1977. d—Federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. 24, 1973–1976; federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. 32, 1991–1994; plurinominal federal deputy from PRI, 2000–2003. e—Joined PRI, 1961; director, Youth Sec., PRI 6th Electoral District, Federal District, 1961–1962; secretary, PRI Social Action of Youth, Federal District, 1962–1963; director, Youth Sec. of PRI, Federal District, 1963–1964; official orator, Díaz Ordaz’s campaign, 1964; auxiliary secretary, PRI National Executive Committee attached to IEPES, 1969–1970; director, National Youth Sector of CEN of PRI, 1965–1967; oficial mayor of PRI, 1970–1976; general delegate of CEN of PRI to State of Mexico; secretary-general of CEN of PRI, 2001–2003; director, Beatriz Paredes’ campaign for nomination for president of PRI; member, National Political Council, PRI; founding member, Renovation Current, PRI; president, Luis D. Colosio Foundation. f—Representative of State of Hidalgo in Mexico City, 1969–1970; secretary to Senator Sánchez Vite, Federal Electoral Commission; coordinating secretary, Gran Comisión of Senate, 1970–1971; assistant secretary of government “2,” 1976–1978; assistant secretary of labor, 1978–1981; ambassador to Cuba, 1982–1985; technical assistant director, PEMEX, 1985–1987; secretary-general of metropolitan coordination, Department of the Federal District; ambassador to Spain, 1994–1998. g—None. h—2nd-place award for oratory, 1963. i—Son of Rodolfo Echeverría Álvarez and Avelina Ruiz; nephew of Luis Echeverría; married María de los Ángeles Andrade, psychologist. j—None. k—None. l—HA, Dec. 21, 1970, 21; G of NL, 17; Excélsior, Feb. 28, 1973, 19; Excélsior, Mar. 16, 1973, 22; Excélsior, July 21, 1973, 12; DBGM89, 105; DBGM, 128; Directorio, 2000–2003, 413. Echeverría Zuno, Álvaro a—1947. b—Federal District. c—Early education

unknown; economics degree, ITAM. d—None. e—None. f—Alternate governor, International Federation for Agricultural Development, Rome; permanent representative to FAO, Rome; delegate of the Secretariat of Agriculture and Hydraulic Resources, Morelos; oficial mayor, Secretariat of Agrarian Reform, g—None. h—None. i—Son of Luis Echeverría Álvarez, president of Mexico, and María Esther Zuno Arce; brother Benito, director general of tourist promotion, 1994; sister María Esther, director general of National Fund for the Development of the Arts, 1994. j—None. k—None. l—Musacchio, 123; Pescador, 146; DBGM94, CD. Elías Ayub, Alfredo a—Jan. 13, 1950. b—Federal District. c—Elementary studies at Colegio México, 1956–1962; secondary and preparatory studies at Colegio México, 1962–1968; civil engineering degree from School of Engineering, Anáhuac University, 1968–1973; MA in business administration from Harvard University, 1973–1975. d—None. e—None. f—Director general of coordination and programs, FONAPAS, 1977–1979; assistant director general of the National Fund for Social Activities, 1980–1981; director general, National Fund for Social Activities, 1981–1983; executive coordinator, Secretariat of Urban Development and Public Works, 1983–1985; private secretary to governor of State of Mexico, Alfredo del Mazo, 1985–1986; private secretary to secretary of energy, mines, and government industries, Alfredo del Mazo, 1986; coordinator of advisers, Secretariat of Energy, Mines, and Government Industries, 1986–1988; assistant secretary of mines and basic industries, Secretariat of Energy, Mines, and Government Industries, 1988– 1995; director general of airports and auxiliary services, 1996–1999; director general, Federal Electric Commission, 1999–2000, 2000–2006, 2006– . g—None. h—None. i—Son of Alfredo Elías Aiza, businessman, and Silvia Ayub Kuri; married Amelia Urdaneta Casas; student at Harvard

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University at same time as Carlos Salinas Gortari. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM89, 106; letter; www.cuarto-poder.com.mx; www.presidencia.gob.mx; letters. Eibenschutz Hartman, Juan a—May 26, 1935. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; mechanic and electrical engineering degree from UNAM, 1952–1958; postgraduate studies in nuclear engineering, Institute of Science and Nuclear Technology, France, 1959–1960; researcher, Nuclear Studies Commission, France, 1960; researcher, Engineering Institute, UNAM, 1961; researcher, Atomic Energy Commission, 1962–1964. d—None. e—Joined PRI, 1964. f—Operations engineer, CFE, 1959–1964; adviser to director general of investment, Laguna Verde, CFE, 1971–1972; aide to director general of nuclear hydroelectric projects, CFE, 1972–1974; executive secretary, Energy Commission, Secretariat of Government Properties, 1977–1980; coordinator of advisers of secretary of energy, 1990; assistant director of distribution, CFE, 1998; assistant director general, Internal Planning, Administration, and Programming Commission, CFE, 1980–1988; director general, Federal Electric Commission, 1988. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Eugenio Eibenschutz Abeles, engineer, and Barbara Hartman Schoenberger; brother Roberto Eibenschutz Hartman, assistant secretary of urban development, 1986; married Antinea Gutiérrez Zamora Fernández; father holds numerous patents on a thermo-siphon engine. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM84, 129; Musacchio, 123; DBGM87, 116; DBGM92, 112. Eibenschutz Hartman, Roberto

a—1939. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; architecture degree, National School of Architecture, UNAM, 1957–1961; MA studies, UNAM, 1968–1970; professor, UNAM, 1986; professor, MIT, Cambridge, Mass., 1986; professor, UAM, 1986; secretary, UAM, Xochimilco Campus, 1976; rector, UAM, Xochimilco Campus, 1986–1990. d—None. e—None. f—Director,

Technical Division, Institute for Urban Action, State of Mexico, 1970–1975; director general of population centers, Secretariat of Public Works, 1977–1982; director general, National Foundation for Low-Income Housing, 1982–1985; assistant secretary of urban development, Secretariat of Social Development, 1983–1986; secretary of Urban Development and Ecology, Federal District, 1997–2000. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Eugenio Eibenschutz Abeles, engineer, and Barbara Hartman Schoenberger; brother Juan Eibenschutz Hartman, director general of CFE, 1988; father holds numerous patents on a thermo-siphon engine. j—None. k—None. l—Musacchio, 123–124; DBGM84, 129. Elías Calles (Álvarez), Fernando

a—May 30, 1940. b—Hermosillo, Sonora. c—Early education unknown; law degree, National School of Law, UNAM, with thesis titled “Foreign Investment in Mexico”; professor of constitutional law, National School of Political Studies, Acatlán, UNAM, 1975–1981. d—Federal deputy from State of Sonora, Dist. 3, 1973–1976, secretary of Chamber of Deputies, 1975. e—Joined PRI, 1959; secretary, Youth Action, CEN of PRI, 1959–1961; auxiliary secretary to president of CEN of PRI, Alfonso Corona del Rosal, 1961–1964; private secretary to secretarygeneral of CEN of PRI, Enrique Olivares Santana, 1969–1970; delegate of CEN of PRI to San Luis Potosí, 1968–1969, Querétaro, 1968–1969, Quintana Roo, 1974–1975, Aguascalientes, 1972–1973, Tamaulipas, 1968–1969, and Campeche, 1975–1976; administrative director of CEN of PRI, 1966–1968; assistant secretary to Elba Esther Gordillo, secretary-general of CEN of PRI, 2002–2005. f—Chief of planning, Division of Standards, Secretariat of Industry and Commerce, 1960–1961; chief of auditors, Secretariat of Government Properties, 1964–1966; director of delegates, Secretariat of Public Education, 1978–1982; director general of government, Secretariat of Government, 1983–1985; assistant secretary

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of government, Secretariat of Government, 1985–1988; assistant secretary of educational coordination, Secretariat of Public Education, 1988–1992; director general, National Free Textbook Commission, 1992–1994. g—Coordinating secretary, State Federations of CNOP, 1975–1976. h—None. i—Son of Alfredo Elías Calles Chacón, rancher, and Elena Álvarez Murphy; married Patricia Romo Quevedo; nephew of Plutarco Elías Calles Chacón, Jr., federal deputy, 1930–1932, 1934–1937; nephew of Rodolfo Elías Calles, secretary of commerce, 1934–1935; grandson of President Plutarco Elías Calles, 1924–1928. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM, 130; DBGM89, 106; DBGM92, 113; C de D, 1973–1976; HA, Jan. 21, 1985, 16. Elías Loredo, Álvaro a—Feb. 19, 1947. b—San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí. c—Early education unknown; law degree, University of San Luis Potosí, 1968–1972; professor of law, University of San Luis Potosí. d—Plurinominal federal deputy from PAN, 1979–1982; plurinominal local deputy, State Legislature of San Luis Potosí, 1984–1987, 1994–1997; federal deputy from State of San Luis Potosí, 1997–2000, 2003– 2006. e—Joined PAN, 1970; member, CEN of PAN, 1973–1975; president, Regional Committee of PAN, San Luis Potosí, 1975– 1981; national adviser to CEN of PAN, 1975– 1986, 1997–2000; PAN candidate for local deputy, 1984, 1994; precandidate for PAN nomination for governor of San Luis Potosí, 1992, 1997; precandidate for PAN nomination for senator, 2000. f—None. g—None. h—None. j—None. k—None. l—www .congreso.slp.gob.mx, 2008; www.diputa dos.gob.mx, 2008; www.secgob.gob.mx, 1997, 2007; QesQ en el Congreso, 1997, 2007, 28. Elías Robles, Héctor a—Sept. 11, 1921. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; naval engineering degree, Heroic Naval College, 1944; MA in intercontinental defense, Inter-American Defense Board, Washington, DC, 1969–1970; completed staff course, Center for Higher Naval

Studies, 1976; professor, Higher War College. d—None. e—None. f—None. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Manuel Elías True, white-collar employee, and Guadalupe Robles Márquez, white-collar employee; married Guadalupe Reyes Godínez. j—Career naval officer; commander, various ships; chief of operations, Sec. 1, chief of staff; commander, 8th Naval Fleet; chief, Department of Services and Investments; assistant director and director of social security, Secretariat of the Navy; chief of staff, 8th Naval Zone; commander, Naval Sector, Salina Cruz, Oaxaca; commander, 5th Naval Zone; commander, 12th Naval Zone; naval attaché, Mexican embassy, Washington, DC; commander, 17th Naval Zone; rank of vice admiral, 1972; chief of staff of the navy, 1979–1981; president, Board of Admirals; president, Naval Board, 1984. k—None. l—DBGM84, 129; www .cronica.diputados.mx, 2008. Elizondo, Juan Manuel (Deceased) a—1905. b—Monterrey, Nuevo León. c—Elementary studies in Monterrey; law student at UNAM, 1930s, but did not complete his studies. d—Senator from Nuevo León, 1946–1952, member of 1st Balloting Group, 2nd Labor Committee, and Immigration Committee, alternate member of Social Welfare Committee; plurinominal federal deputy from PPS, 1979–1982. e—One-time member of PCM; member, Executive Committee, Popular Party (later the PPS), 1947. f—Delegate from Mexico to ILO conference; adviser to Mexican labor delegation in Geneva, 1947. g—Secretary-general, Union of Metallurgical Mining Workers. i—Friend of Vicente Lombardo Toledano; father, a local politician in Monterrey. j—None. k—Tried to introduce agricultural reforms as a senator but was opposed openly by Rodolfo Sánchez Taboada, president of CEN of PRI, 1946–1952; expelled from PRI in Jan., 1946, for joining Popular Party. l—Excélsior, Nov. 17, 1949; DGF47, 21; DGF51, 7, 13, 14; Morton, 59–60; C de S, 1946–1952, 36; HA, Oct. 10, 1947, 5; Excélsior, Nov. 16, 1974, 9;

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letter; Excélsior, Apr. 15, 1979, 16; Medina, 20, 138. Elizondo Barragán, Fernando b—Monterrey, Nuevo León. c—Preparatory studies, Centro Universitario, Monterrey; law degree, University of Nuevo León, 1970, best student of his law generation; MA in business administration, ITESM, 1978; MA in law, Inter-American Institute, New York University; professor, University of Nuevo León; professor, ITESM; professor of comparative law, New York University, 1970–1971. d—Senator from Nuevo León, 2006–1912. e—Member of Democratic Conscience Civic Movement of PAN members, 1985. f—Secretary of finance and treasurer general, Nuevo León, 1997–2002; substitute governor, Nuevo León, 2003–2004; secretary of energy, 2004– 2005. g—Coordinator of intermediary organizations, including CANACO and COPARMEX, 1988–1992. h—Practicing lawyer, Santos-Elizondo & Associates, 1972–1979; lawyer, Grupo Industrial Alfa, 1979–1989; legal director of HYLSA, 1980–1981; practicing lawyer, 1986–1994; executive president, Grupo Salinas y Rocha, 1995–1997. i—Son of Eduardo Ángel Elizondo Lozano, governor of Nuevo León, 1967–1970, and Laura Barragán Villarreal; grandson of Manuel L. Barragán, leading industrialist. j—None. k—None. l—www.presidencia.gob.mx, 2007; www. senado.gob.mx, 2007; www.pan.org.mx, 2008; Pérez Franco, 104. Elizondo (Lozano), Eduardo Ángel

(Deceased Feb. 24, 2005) a—Dec. 7, 1922. b—Monterrey, Nuevo León. c—Elementary studies at Colegio Justo Sierra, Colegio Monterrey, and Colegio Félix Escamilla, 1928–1934, Monterrey; secondary studies at Secondary No. 1, 1934–1937; preparatory studies at Colegio Civil, Monterrey, 1937–1939; law degree from University of Nuevo León, 1945; professor, University of Nuevo León, 1945–1950; professor, ITESM, Monterrey; rector, University of Nuevo León, 1965–1967. d—Governor, Nuevo León, 1967–1970. e—None. f—Agent, Ministerio Público, 1945–1946; public defender, 1944;

treasurer general, State of Nuevo León, 1961–1965; judge, Superior Tribunal of Justice, State of Nuevo León, 1973–1974. g—None. h—Adviser to various industries in field of taxation, 1945–1967; practicing lawyer in firm of Santos de la Garza, 1950; president, Regional Banks of the North (Garza-Sada chain); president, Argon of Monterrey and Productores Oxígena; member of the board of many banks, including Banco Mercantil de Monterrey. i—Father, Eduardo Elizondo González, accountant and banker; son Fernando Elizondo Barragán, lawyer, governor of Nuevo León, 2003, and senator from PAN, 2006–2012; married Laura Barragán Villarreal. j—None. k—Resigned from governorship of Nuevo León after students rioted in opposition to his choice of rector for University of Nuevo León; son-in-law of Manuel L. Barragán, major entrepreneurial figure. l—PdM, 104; DBM68, 212–213; DBM70, 195; G of NL, 15; Excélsior, Jan. 12, 1973, 28; Excélsior, Feb. 24, 1967, 16; letter. Elizondo Torres, Rodolfo a—July 18, 1946. b—Durango, Durango. c—Early education unknown; business administration degree, ITESM; MBA studies, University of Kansas. d—Mayor, Durango, 1983–1986; plurinominal federal deputy from PAN, 1994–1997; plurinominal senator from PAN, 1997–2000. e—Joined PAN, 1983; president of PAN, Durango, 1984–1986, 1986–1988; PAN candidate for governor, 1986, 1992; national adviser to PAN, 1987; member of CEN of PAN, 1990–1999; coordinator, Vicente Fox’s presidential campaign, 1999–2000; political coordinator, Vicente Fox transition team, 2000. f—Presidential coordinator, Citizens’ Alliance, 2000; press secretary, federal executive branch, 2002; secretary of tourism, 2002–2006, 2006–2010. g—President, Mexican Association of Finance Executives, 1982. h—Manager, Aerosierra de Durango, 1973–1974; manager, Empacadora CJD, 1974–1975; chief of sales, Productora de Triplay, 1977–1978; general manager, Sucesores de Jesús N. Elizondo,

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1978–1983. i—Son of Jesús H. Elizondo Fernández, cofounder of PAN, twice candidate for mayor of Durango, member of National Council of PAN, 1947–1981, and president of PAN, Durango, 1950–1951, and Emilia Torres Galván; married María Emilia del Palacio Flores. j—None. k—None. l—www.csis.org, 2000; DBGM89, 431; QesQ en el Congreso, 1997–2000, 262–263; www. lideresmexicanos.com, 2008. Elorduy Delgado, Edmundo (Deceased Aug. 25, 1979. a—Sept. 20, 1906. b—Tacuba, Federal District. c—Elementary studies, Liceo Fournier, one year, San Jacinto National School of Agriculture; preparatory studies, National Preparatory School; legal studies, National School of Law, UNAM, 1926–1931, graduating May 16, 1931. d—None. e—None. f—Civil judge, San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, 1939; judge, Superior Tribunal of Justice, Federal District, 1951–1952; interim justice, Supreme Court, 1952, 1954–1958; judge, Second Circuit, Civil Division. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Aquiles Elorduy García, senator from Aguascalientes, 1952–1958; grandson of Ramiro Elorduy, political boss of Zacatecas; sister Julieta, mother of Ernesto Gil Elorduy, senator from Hidalgo, 2000–2006. j—None. k—None. l—www.scjn.gob.mx, 208–209, 2008; DP70, 700. Elorduy (García), Aquiles (Deceased Aug. 5, 1964) a—Sept. 20, 1875. b—Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes. c—Elementary studies at Liceo Fournier, Sombrerete, Zacatecas; secondary studies at Colegio Franco‑Español, Mexico City; preparatory at National Preparatory School; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, Sept. 28, 1903; professor, National School of Law, UNAM; director, National School of Law, UNAM, 1925, 1927–1929. d—Federal deputy from State of Zacatecas, Dist. 4, when Chamber was dissolved by Victoriano Huerta, 1912–1914; local deputy, State Legislature of Zacatecas; federal deputy from State of Aguascalientes, Dist. 1, 1946–1949, member of Committee on the Diplomatic

Service; senator from State of Aguascalientes, 1952–1958, member of 2nd Committee on Justice and 2nd Group of Balloting Committee, and substitute member of Colonization Committee and 1st Committee on Tariffs and Foreign Trade. e—One of the few Mexicans of his era to be elected to Congress on different party tickets, having been the PAN candidate as federal deputy and PRI candidate for senator; joined PAN, 1940; founder, Antireelectionist Center, Mexico City, 1909. f—Delegate, 6th Pan American Conference, Havana, 1928. g—None. h—Wrote for Siempre and Excélsior, author of a 3-act comedy, 1931; founder of the magazine La Reacción. i—Son of Ramiro Elorduy, political boss of Sombrete, Zacatecas, and Concepción García; student of Justo Sierra; professor and friend of many prominent political leaders, including Miguel Alemán, Mariano Ramírez Vázquez, Antonio Carrillo Flores, and Alejandro Gómez Arias; daughter Julieta Elorduy Delgado is the mother of Ernesto Gil Elorduy, senator from Hidalgo, 2000–2006; son Edmundo Elorduy Delgado was a judge of Federal Circuit Court and Supreme Court justice, 1952. j—None. k—Donated salary as federal deputy and senator to Aguascalientes school system. l—WWM45, 36; C de D, 1946–1948, 71; DGF56, 9, 10, 11, 13; DP70, 700; Enc. Mex., III, 417; Morton, 54–56, 73–75; HA, Sept. 26, 1976, 25; www .home1.gte.net. Elorduy Walther, Eugenio a—Nov. 21, 1940. b—San Diego, Calif. c—Early education unknown; business administration degree, ITESM, 1958–1963, graduating with honors, with thesis on telephone service in Monterrey, 1965; professor, University of Baja California. d—Local deputy, State Legislature of Baja California, 1974; mayor, Mexicali, 1983–1985, 1995–1998; senator from Baja California, 1988–1989; governor of Baja California, 2001–2007. e—Joined PAN, 1968; national adviser to PAN, 1971–1975, 1981–2007; member, CEN of PAN, 1984– 1993, 1999–2002; coordinator of Ernesto

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Ruffo Appel’s gubernatorial campaign, 1989. f—Secretary of finance, Baja California, 1989–1995. g—President, COPARMEX, Mexicali. h—Director general, Automotriz del Valle, SACV, Ford distributor. i—Son of Eugenio Elorduy Gallástegui, mining engineer and president of University of Baja California, 1966–1968, and Carmen Walther Meade; married María Elena Blackaller Williamson. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM94, CD; www.geni.com, 2008; Pérez Franco, 108–109; DBGM92, 752; Musacchio, 124–125; www.bajacalifornia .gob.mx, 2008. Elosúa Farías, Bernardo (Deceased) a—Nov. 2, 1899. b—Euskadi, Basque Country, Spain. c—Elementary studies at Colegio Marista and Colegio San Juan, Saltillo, Coahuila; preparatory studies at Colegio Civil, Saltillo, and San Diego College, San Diego, Calif.; civil engineering degree from MIT, Cambridge, Mass., 1923, on a scholarship. d—None. e—Founding member, First National Council of PAN, 1939; founding member of PAN, Monterrey; secretarygeneral, PAN, Federal District, 1939; president, Regional Council of PAN, 1957–1964. f—None. g—President, Chamber of Industry and Commerce, Monterrey, 1935–1937. h—Head, Technical Office, Southern Pacific Railroad of Mexico, 1923–1927; founded Engineering and Consulting, 1927–1931; general manager, Ladrilla Monterrey, SA (Grupo Lamosa), 1930–1968; bought a U.S. company and refounded and was CEO of Grupo Lamosa, 1929–1974. i—Son of Bernardo Elosúa González; grandson Federico Toussaint Elosúa, CEO of Grupo Lamosa since 1992; son Bernardo Elosúa Muguerza ran the company from 1974 to 1992. j—None. k—None. l—www.salondelem presario.com; DBM68, 214; WNM, 69; www.cnnexpansion.com.mx, 2008. Elvira Quesada, Juan Rafael

a—April 11, 1958. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; agricultural engineering degree, UNAM, Cuautitlán Campus, 1976–1980; MA in agricultural and

mechanical engineering, Cranfield Institute of Technology, Bedfordshire, England, 1984–1985. d—Mayor, Uruapan, Michoacán, 1999–2001. e—Member of PAN. f—President, National Park Barranca del Cupatitzio, 1999–2001; director, Environmental Delegation to Michoacán from Office of the Federal Attorney for the Protection of the Environment, 2001–2003; director general, Natural Renewable Research, 2003–2004; assistant secretary of development and environmental norms, 2004–2005; assistant attorney of industrial inspection, Office of the Attorney General of the Environment, 2005–2006, Secretariat of the Environment; secretary of the environment, 2006– . g—None. j—None. k—None. l—www. foros.fox.presidencia, 2005; www.semarnat. gob.mx, 2006; DdeY, Nov. 26, 2006; Pérez Franco, 110; www.eluniversal.com.mx, 2008; www.presidencia, 2007; www.profepa.gob .mx, 2008. Encinas Johnson, Luis a—Oct. 23, 1912. b—Hermosillo, Sonora. c—Elementary studies, Colegio de Sonora, 1919, completing studies at Normal School, 1919–1925; secondary studies at Normal School, Hermosillo, 1926–1929, graduating with teaching certificate, Oct. 23, 1929; preparatory studies at National Preparatory School, 1929–1931; legal studies at National School of Law, UNAM, 1931–1935, graduating June 4, 1935; rector, University of Sonora, 1956–1961. d—Local deputy, State legislature of Sonora, 1956; mayor, Ciudad Obregón, Sonora; governor, Sonora, 1961–1967. e—President, Regional Committee of PRM, State of Sonora. f—Director, State Department of Labor, State of Sonora; deputy prosecuting attorney, State of Sonora; attorney general, State of Sonora; justice, Superior Tribunal of Justice, Sonora; secretary-general of government, State of Sonora under Gov. Ignacio Soto, 1950–1955; member, Federal Board of Conciliation and Arbitration, Federal District; director general, National Bank of Agricultural Credit, 1970–1975. g—None. h—Practicing

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attorney, 1967–1970; author of several books on political and social problems in Mexico. i—Son of Luis Encinas Robles, mayor of Hermosillo, 1916 and 1931–1932, and member of State Legislature, and Estela Johnson Muñoz; married Lourdes González, 1961. j—None. k—Retired from public life midway in his career for health reasons, 1944– 1954; defeated Fausto Acosta Romo for PRI gubernatorial nomination, 1967; Proceso accused him of representing interests of large landowners in Sonora. l—G of S, 23; DGF56, 100; HA, Dec. 14, 1970, 25; Tucker, 429; WWMG, 16; letter; Anderson, 112–113; HA, Apr. 29, 1974, 13; NYT, Mar. 24, 1967, 2; NYT, Mar. 27, 1967, 8; Excélsior, Jan. 11, 1975, 1; Proceso, Aug. 7, 1978, 17; Moncada, 12ff; El Nacional, Apr. 28, 1992, 14. Encinas Rodríguez, Alejandro a—May 13, 1954. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; studies in economics, National School of Economics, UNAM, 1973–1977, graduated with thesis on the ejido, Feb. 3, 1998; professor, University of Chiapas, 1978–1979; professor, National School of Agriculture, 1979–1986; chief of public relations, National School of Agriculture, 1983–1984; coordinator, University Extension, National School of Agriculture, 1984–1986. d—Plurinominal federal deputy from PSUM, 1985–1988; plurinominal federal deputy from PRD, 1991–1994, 2009– 2012. e—Member of PCM; director, PCM, State of Mexico, 1979–1981; member of CEN of PCM; cofounder, PSUM, 1981; member of CEN of PSUM, 1981–1984; joined PMS, 1987; joined PRD, 1989; PRD candidate for governor of State of Mexico, 1993. f—Secretary of the environment, Federal District, 1997–2000; secretary of economic development, Federal District, 2000–2002; assistant secretary of government, Federal District, 2002–2003; secretary of government, Federal District, 2003. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Alejandro Encinas González, sales agent, and María Aurora Rodríguez Cruz; married María Guadalupe Nájera Coronado, sociologist. j—None.

k—None. l—DBGM92, 453; Musacchio, 125; DBGM87, 466. Enríquez Coyro, Jr., Ernesto (Deceased) a—Nov. 29, 1901. b—Federal District. c—Elementary studies in Mexico City; secondary studies at Technical Institute in Mexico City; attended University of Cataluña; BS from University of Barcelona, 1918; studied law at Free Law School, 1919–1924, graduating Nov. 8, 1924, with thesis on the state of labor; professor of music history and aesthetics, UNAM, 1931–1944; professor of international public law, National School of Law, UNAM, 1941–1950; participated in organizing new faculty of music, UNAM, 1930; founder and director, School of Political and Social Sciences, UNAM, 1950–1952; professor of the history of political ideas, 1961. d—None. e—None. f—Consultant, Diplomatic Department, Secretariat of Foreign Relations, 1938–1940; adviser to secretary of public education; head, Department of Legal Affairs, Secretariat of Foreign Relations, 1941–1945; oficial mayor, Secretariat of Public Education, 1945–1946; director of administrative inspection, Secretariat of National Patrimony; in charge of reorganization of Secretariat of National Patrimony, 1950; assistant director (administrative), IMSS, 1952–1958; assistant secretary of public education, 1958–1964. g—None. h—Private law practice, 1925–1940; represented Mexico at various international conferences; assistant agent, Mexico–United States Claims Commission, 1935–1938; author of many books on international law and on Mexico. i—Attended Free Law School with Javier Gaxiola and José Ángel Ceniceros; practiced law with Ceniceros, who helped him obtain his first job as an agent for Mexico–United States Claims Commission; grandfather was governor of State of Mexico and a senator under Porfirio Díaz; served in various positions under Jaime Torres Bodet; father, Ernesto Enríquez, a lawyer; married Alejandrina Rubio Vivanco; father of Ernesto Enríquez Rubio, assistant secretary of agriculture, 1990–1996; close childhood friend

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of Griselda Álvarez, governor of Colima, 1979–1985. j—None. k—None. l—Letter; HA, Dec. 22, 1958, 7; D de Y, Dec. 3, 1958, 10; Peral, 244; DGF47, 269; WWM45, 37; DBM68, 215–216; DBM70, 196–197; ELD, 57. Enríquez Flores, Armando a—May 2, 1963. b—Durango, Durango. c—Early education unknown; architecture studies, UNAM, 1982–1987. d—Local deputy, State Legislature of Mexico, 1996–1999; federal deputy from State of Mexico, Dist. 34, 2000–2003; mayor, Toluca, State of Mexico 2003–2006; federal deputy from State of Mexico, Dist. 26, 2006-09. e—Joined PAN, 1989; president of PAN, Toluca, 1995–2001; member, State Committee, PAN, State of Mexico, 2001– ; national adviser to PAN, 2004– . f—Adviser to Víctor Guerrero González, plurinominal federal deputy from PAN, 1988–1991. g—None. h—President, Board of Directors, Fetsa Construction, 1987–1996. i—Son of Armando Enríquez Delgado and Eulalia Flores; married Claudia Cecilia Pérez Gavilán Villalobos. j—None. k—None. l—Directorio del Congreso, 2006–2009, 156; DCM, 2000–2003, 160; QesQ en el Congreso, 2000–2003, 40; www.diputados.mx, 2007; Musacchio, 125. Enríquez (Rodríguez), Enrique A.

(Deceased Mar. 22, 1974) a—July 15, 1887. b—Toluca, State of Mexico. c—Elementary studies at Annex to Normal School, Toluca; preparatory studies at Scientific and Literary Institute of Mexico, Toluca; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, Nov. 8, 1913; professor of law, Scientific and Literary Institute of Mexico, Toluca (19 years); director, Scientific and Literary Institute of Mexico, 1923–1925. d—Local deputy, State Legislature of Mexico; deputy to Constitutional Convention from State of Mexico, Dist. No. 14, 1916–1917; federal deputy from the State of Mexico, Dist. 1, 1926–1928. e—None. f—Secretary, Mexican legation to Colombia and Uruguay; chargé d’affaires of the Mexican embassy in Argentina; agent, Ministerio Público; minister to Costa Rica; justice, Superior Court of the

Federal District and Federal Territories, 1956. g—Delegate of School of Law, first National Student Congress, Mexico City, 1910. h—None. i—Son of Valente Enríquez, lawyer, and Mercedes Rodríguez; married María de Jesús Escallón. j—Career army officer; fought in Army of the Northwest, 1914–1916; rank of captain, 1914; rank of colonel, 1916; military judge; reached rank of brigadier general, 1947; retired, 1957; member, Legion of Honor. k—None. l—HA, Apr. 1, 1974; DGF56, 514. Enríquez Rosado, José del Carmen

a—July 16, 1947. b—Ixtepec, Oaxaca. c—Early education unknown; technician in electronic computation, Juan de Dios Bátiz Technical School, IPN, 1963–1967. d—Plurinominal federal deputy from PMS, 1988– 1991; plurinominal federal deputy from PRD, 1997–2000. e—Member, Spartacus Communist League, 1968–1971; secretary-general, People’s Revolutionary Movement, 1980–1987; joined PMS, 1987; secretary, National Council, CEN of the PMS, 1987– 1989; secretary-general, PMS, State of Mexico, 1988–1989; joined PRD, 1989; assistant secretary of political relations, PRD, 1996– 1997; national adviser, PRD, 1996–1999. f—None. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Salomón Enríquez Zárate, artist, composer, leader of own orchestra and musical group, Morenita, in 1995, and teacher of many generations of musicians at Institute of Fine Arts in Mexico City, and Natividad Rosa de Vázquez; married Margarita González Saravia Calderón, white-collar employee; brother Carmelo Enríquez Rosado, plurinominal federal deputy from PRD, 1997– 2000. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM89, 431; www.secgob97, 2007; QesQ en el Congreso, 1997–2000, 77; www.grupos.msn .com, 2008. Enríquez Rubio, Ernesto a—Aug. 8, 1945. b—Federal District. c—Elementary studies at Instituto Alonso de la Veracruz, Mexico City, 1952–1957; secondary studies, 1958–1960; preparatory studies, Colegio Alemán, Mexico City, 1961–1962; law

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degree, Free Law School, 1963–1967, with thesis titled “A Legal Point for Economic Integration in Latin America”; degree in business administration from Autonomous Technological Institute of Mexico, 1964–1967; MA in international relations, University of the Americas, 1968; MA in government, American University, Washington, DC, 1969–1971; postgraduate work in public finance, UNAM, 1971–1972; postgraduate work in planning and systems engineering, La Salle University, 1978; professor, Free Law School and Institute of Public Administration, 1972–1976. d—None. e—None. f—Director of small and medium institutional units, Bank of Mexico, 1972; chief of financial advisers, Bank of Mexico, 1972–1973; assistant director of official negotiations, Bank of Mexico, 1973–1974; assistant director, Development Banks Division, Bank of Mexico, 1974–1978; assistant director, Mexican Institute of Foreign Trade, 1979–1980; oficial mayor, Secretariat of Agriculture, 1982–1984; executive director, Somex Bank, 1985; assistant director general, National Railroads of Mexico, 1986–1988; assistant secretary of livestock, Secretariat of Agriculture and Hydraulic Resources, 1988–1990; assistant secretary of agriculture, Secretariat of Agriculture and Hydraulic Resources, 1990–1994, 1994–1996; chairman, Federal Commission for Protection from Health Risks, 2000–2005. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Ernesto Enríquez Coyro, assistant secretary of education, 1958, and Alejandrina Rubio Vivanco; married Cecilia Castillo Díaz. j—None. k—None. l—Q es QAP, 214; DBGM92, 113. Enríquez Savignac, Antonio a—Aug. 17, 1931. b—Federal District. c—Preparatory studies, Colegio Americano, Mexico City; degree in business administration from Ottawa University, June 5, 1955; MBA from Graduate School of Business Administration, Harvard University, June, 1957; studies on a Bank of Mexico fellowship. d—None. e—Joined PRI, 1969. f—Assistant director, Department of Economic Studies, Bank of

Commerce, 1955; divisional manager, Bank of Mexico; adviser to the director general, Bank of Mexico, 1964–1973; director of industrial development, Bank of Mexico, 1967–1969; director general, FONATUR, 1969–1976; assistant secretary of tourism and planning, 1976–1977; assistant director general of finance, PEMEX, 1981–1982; assistant secretary of the treasury, 1982; secretary of tourism, 1982–1988. g—None. h—Assistant director of public relations, American Smelting, New York, 1957–1960; director of research and marketing, Young and Rubicon, SA, 1960; loan officer, IADB, Washington, DC, 1960–1963; secretarygeneral, World Tourism Organization, United Nations, 1990–1996. i—Son of Manuel Enríquez Simoní, publicist, and Cecelia Savignac; son Juan Enríquez Cabot was director general of Department of the Federal District, 1989; married Marjorie Cabot Lewis, of the Boston Cabot Lodge family; attended Harvard at the same time as Miguel de la Madrid. j—None. k—None. l—BdM, 108; HA, Nov. 14, 1977, 22; News, Dec. 2, 1982, 8; Excélsior, Dec. 1, 1982, 34A; DBGM, 131; DBGM87, 117. Escalante Jasso, Aracely del Carmen

a—July 17, 1943. b—Ciudad del Carmen, Campeche. c—Completed secondary studies; classes in business, Daniels Academy, Ciudad del Carmen. d—Local deputy, State Legislature of Campeche, 1994–1997; federal deputy from State of Campeche, Dist. 2, 1997–2000; senator from Campeche, 2000–2006; plurinominal federal deputy from PRI, 2006–2009. e—Joined PRI, 1970; secretary-general of PRI, Campeche, 1998–1999; coordinator for social democracy, CEN of PRI, 1998–1999; secretary, Energy and Themes Committee, CEN of PRI, 2000–2001. f—Administrative assistant, Fishing Tax Office, Ciudad del Carmen, 1962–1964. g—None. h—Manager, Lli-Re Tourist Services, SACV, 1975; director general, Radio Station XEBCC, 1980; owner, D’Chely Bakery, 1995– . i—Daughter of José René Dolores Escalante Alamilla and

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Amalia Jasso Marenco. j—None. k—None. l—DCM, 2000–2003, 34. Escandón Cadenas, Rutilio Cruz

a—May 3, 1958. b—Venustiano Carranza, Chiapas. c—Early education unknown; law degree, University of Baja California, 1977–1981; MA in law, National School of Law, UNAM, 1989–1990; LLD, UNAM, 1990–1991; professor, UNAM, 1988–1991; professor, La Salle University, 1989–1991. d—Senator from Chiapas, 2000–2006; plurinominal federal deputy from PRD, 2006–2009. e—Joined PRD, 1999; secretary-general, PRD, Chiapas, 1999; national adviser, PRD, 1999–2005. f—Director of public property, Baja California, 1983–1986; director of labor and social welfare, Baja California, 1986–1987; assistant director general, Mental Health Institute, Baja California, 1987–1989; agent, Ministerio Público, Federal District, 1989–1990; chief of nonimmigrants, 1992–1993; director of southern border of Chiapas, National Migration Institute, 1994–1995. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Lorenzo Escandón and Rosa Cadenas Zepeda; married Yasmín Attiq Pedro. j—None. k—None. l—Directorio del Congreso, 2006–2009, 378; DCM, 2000–2003, 54–55; QesQ en el Congreso, 2000–2006, 323–324; www.diputados.gob .mx, 2007; Musacchio, 126. Escobar Muñoz, Ernesto (Deceased) a—1902. b—Federal District. c—Elementary studies in Mexico City; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, 1928–1932. d—Governor, Morelos, 1946–1952. e—None. f—Secretary-general of government, state of Morelos, 1942–1946, under Gov. Jesús Castillo López. g—None. h—Practicing lawyer. i—Student at UNAM with Jesús Castillo López; student with Fausto Galván Campos, his secretary-general and senator from Morelos. j—None. k—None. l—Letters; DGF51, 90; López, 320. Escobar Prieto, Abelardo a—Jan. 19, 1936. b—El Paso, Tex. c—Early education unknown; agricultural engineering degree, Escobar Brothers Higher School

of Agriculture, Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua, 1956; MS, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, 1966–1968; professor, Escobar Brothers Higher School of Agriculture, 1957–1976; secretary, 1969–1973, and director, 1973–1976, Escobar Brothers Higher School of Agriculture. d—Plurinominal federal deputy from PAN, 2000–2003, replaced Josefina Vázquez Mota as her alternate. e—Joined PAN, 1993; PAN precandidate for mayor of Ciudad Juárez. f—Secretary, City Council, Ciudad Juárez, 1992–1995; director, National Agricultural Registry, 2003–2006; secretary of agrarian reform, Apr. 24, 2006– Nov. 30, 2006, 2006– . g—Vice president, CANACO, Ciudad Juárez, 1972. h—Entomology Department, Anderson Clayton, 1956–1957; general manager, Urbanizing La Playa, SA, 1968–1971; president, Board of Directors, Fine Manufacturing of Chihuahua, Ciudad Juárez, 1976–1991. j—None. k—None. l—DdeY, Nov. 24, 2006; www .presidencia.gob.mx, 2008; QesQ en el Congreso, 383; Musacchio, 176. Escobar Toledo, Saúl Alfonso a—Jan. 28, 1952. b—Federal District. c—Preparatory studies, National Preparatory School No. 6; economics degree, National School of Economics, UNAM, Mar. 29, 1978; professor, UNAM, 1975–1977; professor, National School of Agriculture, 1976–1977; professor, National School of Anthropology and History, 1981–1994. d—Plurinominal federal deputy from PRD, 1994–1997. e—Cofounder, PRD, 1989; member of CEN of PRD, 1989–1994; secretary of planning, CEN of PRD, 2003-04; PRD representative to Federal Electoral Institute, 2004–2005; secretary of international affairs, CEN of PRD, 2005–2006. f—Assistant secretary of labor and social welfare, Federal District, 1997–2000. g—Delegate, National Strike Council, National Preparatory School No. 6, 1968. h—None. j—None. k—None. l—Letter; Musacchio, 126; www.cddhcu .gob.mx, 1994–1997. Escobar y Vega, Arturo a—Apr. 23, 1970. b—Federal District. c—Early

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education unknown; law degree, IberoAmerican University, 1995; MA in law, New York University, 1998. d—Plurinominal federal deputy from PVEM, 2000–2003; local deputy, Assembly of the Federal District, 2003–2006; plurinominal senator from PVEM, 2006–2012, president, Environment Committee. e—Joined PVEM, 1995; secretary of electoral action, CEN of PVEM, 2000–2003; president, PVEM, Federal District, 2003–2005; PVEM representative to Federal Electoral Institute, 2005–2008. f—None. g—None. h—Lawyer, Noriega y Escobedo; assistant director of criminal affairs, Legal Department, and assistant director for the Southeast Region, Banco Bilbao Vizcaya, 1991–1999. j—None. k—None. l—Musacchio, 126; Directorio del Congreso, 2006–2009, 311–312; www .senado.gob.mc, 2007; QesQ en el Congreso, 2003–2006, 280–281. Escobedo Zoletto, Neftalí Salvador

a—Jan. 3, 1957. b—San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí. c—Early education unknown; medical degree, La Salle University, 1979; postgraduate studies, School of Medicine, University of Miami, 1979; intern, IMSS, 1977–1978; trauma and orthopedics studies, National Medical Center, IMSS, 1984. d—Mayor, Atlixco, Puebla, 1996–1999; federal deputy from State of Puebla, Dist. 10, 2000–2003. e—Joined PAN, 1995; member, local PAN committee, Atlixco, 1996–2000. f—Oficial mayor of social development, 2006; director, Oportunidades Program, Secretariat of Social Development, 2006. g—Vice president, CANACO, Puebla, 1990–1993; president, COPARMEX, Puebla, 1993–1995. h—Director general, Escobedo Medical Organization, 1984–2000; president and founder, Instituto Atlixco, AC, 1995–2000. i—Son of Neftalí Escobedo Portillo and Gloria Zoletto Merto; married Rosa María del Pilar Sánchez Torres. j—None. k—None. l—Musacchio, 126; DCM, 2000–2003, 215–216; Directorio del Congreso, 2000–2003, 230; QesQ en el Congreso, 41.

Escofet Artigas, Alberto a—Nov. 9, 1933. b—Barcelona. c—Early education unknown; electrical engineering degree, National School of Engineering, UNAM, 1951–1955, with thesis titled “Nondestructive Dielectrical Proofs,” 1956. d—None. e—None. f—Director, Technical Office, Laboratory Department, Federal Electric Commission, 1956–1959; electrical superintendent of Northeast Division, Federal Electric Commission, 1959–1960; director, Office of Electrical Engineering, Federal Electric Commission, 1961–1963; founder and director of systems operations, Federal Electric Commission, 1963–1970; director, Department of Engineering Systems, Federal Electric Commission, 1970; assistant director of programs and control, Federal Electric Commission, 1971–1972; assistant director general of production, Federal Electric Commission, 1973–1974; assistant director general of operations, Federal Electric Commission, 1977–1980; director general, Federal Electric Commission, 1980–1982; director general, Mexican Uranium, 1982–1983; assistant secretary of mines and basic industry, Secretariat of Energy, Mines, and Government Industries, 1987–1988, 1988–1991. g—None. h—Technical assistant director, Applied International Techniques, SA, 1974; adviser to executive secretariat, National Engineering Commission, 1975–1976; president, Alesco Consulting Firm, 1991–1997; director general, Construcción y Perferadora Latina, SA, 1997; member, Board of Directors, Grupo ICA, 1996– . i—Son of José Escofet Andreu, businessman, and Josefa Artigas Font; married María Eugenia Cedeño Blanquet, pharmacologist. j—None. k—First technician in the electrical industry to head Federal Electric Commission. l—HA, July 21, 1980, 25; Almanaque de México, 43; Q es QAP, 529; Protag., 111; HA, Apr. 11, 1987, 30; www.sefiimineria.unam.mx, 2007; www.uk.reuters.com, 2008. Escudero Álvarez, Hiram (Deceased Jan. 8, 2008) a—Oct. 11, 1935. b—Morelia, Michoacán. c—Elementary studies at

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Instituto Patria, Federal District, 1943–1949; secondary and preparatory studies at Instituto Patria, 1949–1951, 1951–1953; studied at School of Philosophy, UNAM, 1953–1955; studied law at Free Law School, 1954–1958, degree in 1960 with thesis titled “The Confession in Criminal Cases”; graduate studies in psychology; professor of penal law, Free Law School, 1985–2006; professor of penal law, Ibero-American University, 1985–1991. d—Alternate federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. 2, 1964–1967; federal deputy (PAN party deputy), 1970–1973, member of Cultural Affairs Committee, Legislative Studies Committee (7th Sec. on Commerce and Credit), and Small Agricultural Properties Committee; plurinominal federal deputy from PAN, 1979–1982; plurinominal federal deputy from PAN, 1988–1991; representative to Assembly of the Federal District, 1991– 1994; plurinominal federal deputy from PAN, 1994; representative to Assembly of the Federal District, 2000–2003; plurinominal federal deputy from PAN, 2003–2006, vice coordinator of PAN delegation and secretary of Government Committee. e—Joined PAN, 1954; president, National Youth Sec. of PAN, 1955, 1962–1965; secretary of political action, CEN of PAN; member, CEN of PAN, 1961– 1968, 1973–1987; national adviser to CEN of PAN, 1975–1988, 1991–2001. f—Assistant attorney general of Mexico, 1994–1997. g—None. h—Practicing lawyer specializing in banking, 1958. i—Son of Alfonso Escudero Escobar, forestry engineer, and María de los Ángeles Álvarez Bravo; married Silvia Mendoza Barrón. j—None. k—First member of PAN to become assistant attorney general of Mexico. l—C de D, 1970–1972, 14; Directorio, 1970–1972; DJBM, 41; www .exonline.com.mx, Jan. 15, 2008; DBGM92, 612; www.pan.org; Pérez Franco, 114. Esparza Carlo, Jorge Tomás a—Jan. 1, 1944. b—Durango, Durango. c—Completed preparatory studies; studied philosophy at Conciliar Seminary of Durango; courses in journalism and radio and television, National Association of Actors. d—Federal

deputy from State of Baja California, Dist. 6, 1991–1994; federal deputy from State of Baja California, Dist. 4, 1997–2000. e—Member of PAN. f—Assistant director of press and public relations, Durango, 1980–1986. g—None. h—Reporter, El Mexicano, 1970–1978; director and news commentator, Channel 12, Durango, 1985–1988; television reporter, Tijuana, Baja California, 1989; director, XEXX Radio, Tijuana, 1995–1997. i—Son of Pablo Esparza Fernández, farmer, and Cecilia Carlo Ruiz; married Guadalupe Díaz de la Rocha. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM92, 455; www.secgob.gob.mx, 1997; QesQ en el Congreso, 1997–2000, 29. Esparza Reyes, J. Refugio a—Aug. 23, 1921. b—Villa Juárez, Aguascalientes. c—Completed primary and secondary studies in public schools; graduate of Normal School of San Marcos, Zacatecas, with teaching certificate for rural schools, 1938–1943; advanced studies in technical education at Higher Normal School; rural school teacher, Aguascalientes and San Luis Potosí, 1943–1953; professor, Normal School of San Marcos; director of rural boarding school students. d—Local deputy, State Legislature of Aguascalientes, 1962; federal deputy from State of Aguascalientes, Dist. 2, 1967–1970, member of 1st Balloting Committee; governor, Aguascalientes, 1974–1980. e—Secretarygeneral of PRI, State of Aguascalientes, 1962–1968; agrarian sector delegate to PRI National Assemblies, 1946–1968. f—Private secretary to Augusto Gómez Villanueva, secretary general of CNC, 1968–1970; oficial mayor, Department of Agrarian Affairs and Colonization, 1970–1974. g—Secretary, 3rd Delegation of Local No. 1, SNTE, 1946–1948; secretary of social action, Local No. 1, SNTE, 1948–1950; secretary-general, Local No. 1, SNTE, 1950–1952; rural school workers’ representative, National Promotion Committee, 1959–1962; secretary, National Inspection Committee, SNTE, 1966–1968; president, Political Committee, SNTE, 1963–1965; member, Executive Council, SNTE, 1970– 1974. h—None. i—Parents were peasants.

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j—None. k—None. l—C de D, 1967–1969, 77; Excélsior, Jan. 30, 1974, 1; HA, Feb. 11, 1974, 38; MGF69, 89; HA, Dec. 21, 1970, 24; Excélsior, July 17, 1978, 1, 18–20; Enc. Mex., Annual, 1977; www.aguascalientes.gob.mx, 2008. Esper Bujaidar, Antonio a—Oct. 27, 1931. b—Ciudad Valles, San Luis Potosí. c—Technical studies in accounting, 1947– 1951. d—Member, City Council, Ciudad Valles, 1968–1971; mayor, Ciudad Valles, 1977–1978, 1989–1991; federal deputy from State of San Luis Potosí, Dist. 5, 1991–1994; federal deputy from State of San Luis Potosí, Dist. 4, 1997–2000. e—Joined PRI, 1957; secretary of social administration, PRI, San Luis Potosí, 1991–1993; treasurer of PRI, Ciudad Valles; member, National Political Council of PRI. f—President, Board of Moral, Civic, and Material Improvement, Ciudad Valles, 1977; general coordinator for potable water, Ciudad Valles, 1981–1984; secretary of urban development and ecology, San Luis Potosí, 1993–1994; secretary of public works and services, San Luis Potosí, 1995–1997. g—None. h—Director general, Esper Industries, 1960. i—Son of Antonio Esper Hana, retailer, and Catalina Bujaidar; married María Nely Sulaiman Chagnon, retailer; brother-in-law José Sulaiman, president of the World Boxing Commission. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM94, CD; www.secgob. gob.mx, 1997; QesQ en el Congreso, 1997– 2000, 153; www.elporvenir.com.mx, 2009. Esperón, Roberto a—1957. b—Puebla, Puebla. c—Elementary and secondary studies; studies in technical science of information; preparatory school teacher. d—None. e—Joined Socialist Workers Party, 1974; director, El Insurgente Socialista (official PST paper); information, political education, and publicity secretary, Executive Committee, PST; president, National Committee of Electoral Affairs, Executive Committee, PST, 1979; member, Central Committee, Executive Committee, PST, 1979. f—None. g—None. h—Journalist; editorial writer for Excélsior. j—None. k—None. l—HA, Apr. 30, 1979, IX.

Espina von Roehrich, José a—May 8, 1965. b—Federal District. c—Elementary and secondary studies, Colegio Simón Bolívar, 1971–1980; preparatory studies, Colegio Benavente, Puebla, 1980–1983; studies in political science, University of Puebla, 1983– 1989, graduating in 1990; diploma in public security, Ibero-American University, 1995; diploma in planning and national defense administration, Center for Hemispheric Defense Studies, Washington, DC, 1999; preparatory teacher, Puebla, 1985–1987. d—Federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. 15, 1997–2000, president of National Defense Committee and Foreign Relations Committee; delegate of Benito Juárez to Federal District, 2000–2003; representative, Assembly of the Federal District, 2003–2006, coordinator of PAN delegation. e—Joined PAN, 1983; secretary of youth action of CEN of PAN, 1989–1992; secretarygeneral, PAN, 1989–1992, 1999–2002, 2005– 2008; member, National Council of PAN, 1991–1995, 1998–2010; president of PAN, 7th District, Federal District, 1993–1996; member of CEN of PAN, 1989–1992, 1999–2002, 2005–2007. f—None. g—President, Student Society, Colegio Benavente, 1982–1983; president, Student Society, University of Puebla, 1986–1987. h—None. i—Son of José Espina Reyes and Magdalena von Roehrich Martínez; married Aurora Vergara Díaz; brother of Juan Carlos Espina von Roehrich, federal deputy, 1997–2000. j—None. k—None. l—Musacchio, 128; www.secgob .gob.mx, 1997, 2007; QesQ en el Congreso, 1997–2000, 129–130; Pérez Franco, 113–114. Espino Arévalo, Fernando a—Feb. 22, 1949. b—La Viga, Michoacán. c—Early education unknown; electrical engineering degree, National Polytechnic Institute, 1970–1974; MA in public administration, National Institute of Public Administration, 1999; professor of vocational education, IPN, 1982. d—Federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. 37, 1991–1994; representative, Assembly of the Federal District, 2000–2003; plurinominal federal deputy

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from PVEM, 2003–2006. e—Joined PRI, 1976; secretary-general of PRI, 37th District, Federal District, 1991. f—Joined Collective Transportation System, Metro, Department of the Federal District, 1970. g—Secretarygeneral, Metro Workers, Federal District, 1987–1990; secretary-general, Metropolitan Union of Collective Transportation Workers, Federal District, 2003–2007. h—None. i—Son of Santiago Espino Mendoza, laborer, and Aurelia Arévalo; married Ana María Suárez García, private accountant. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM92, 456; www.diputa dos.gob.mx, 2003–2006; Musacchio, 128. Espino Barrientos, Manuel de Jesús

a—Nov. 29, 1959. b—Durango, Durango. c—Early education unknown; graduated as electrical technician, Regional Technical Institute, Durango, 1976–1979; business administration studies, Regional Technical Institute, Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua, 1981–1987; business administration degree, Northeastern University, Hermosillo, Sonora. d—Plurinominal federal deputy from PAN, 1994–1997, 2000–2003. e—Joined PAN, 1978; secretary-general of CEN of PAN, 2002–2005; president of CEN of PAN, 2005–2008; president, Christian Democratic Organization of America, 2006–2009. f—Head, Department of Control, Ciudad Juárez, 1983–1986; head, Department of Archives and Statistics, Ciudad Juárez, 1986–1987; director of systems and procedures, Public Security Division, Ciudad Juárez, 1987–1988; director, Deconcentration Office, Chihuahua, 1992–1993; private secretary to secretary of education, Chihuahua, 1993–1994; controller, Hermosillo, 1999–2000; coordinator of presidential trips, 2001. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Jesús Espino and Concepción Espino, receptionist. j—None. k—None. l—www.quehacerpolitico.com, 2008; www .esmas.com, 2009; QesQ en el Congreso, 2000–2003, 43; www.cddhcu.gob.mx, 1994– 1997, 2007; Pérez Franco, 114–115. Espino de la O., Everardo a—Aug. 5, 1938. b—Chihuahua, Chihuahua. c—Early

education unknown; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM; MA in economics and public administration, Harvard. d—PRI candidate for plurinominal federal deputy, Region 1, 2006. e—Assistant director, IEPES of CEN of PRI, 1975–1976, under Julio Rodolfo Moctezuma Cid; assistant secretary to president of CEN of PRI, Roberto Madrazo, 2003; member, National Political Council, PRI, 2006. f—Official, IMF; assistant director of finances, PEMEX; assistant director of credit, Secretariat of the Treasury; adviser, National Sugar Commission; adviser, Secretariat of the Treasury; director general, National Rural Credit Bank, 1976–1982. g—None. i—Brother Francisco, an industrialist; son of Francisco Espino Baca and María de la O. j—None. k—PRI precandidate for senator from Chihuahua, 1981, 2006; convicted of fraud, 1983; “frozen” out of PRI-controlled positions, 1982–2002. l—Excélsior, Dec. 1, 1976; Excélsior, May 17, 1983, 5A; DBM66, 220. Espinosa (Cantellano), Patricia a—Oct. 21, 1958. b—Federal District. c—Elementary and secondary studies, Alexander Von Humboldt German School, Mexico City; completed preparatory studies, Alexander Von Humboldt German School, 1977, with Agustín Carstens Carstens and Luis Téllez Kuenzler; studied in Ahrensburg, Germany, one year; degree in international relations, Colegio de México, 1977–1982; postgraduate studies in law, Institute of International Higher Studies, Geneva. d—None. e—None. f—Joined Foreign Service, Sept. 16, 1981; chief of economic questions, Permanent Mission to the United Nations, Geneva, 1982–1988; coordinator of advisers of assistant secretary of foreign relations, 1989–1991; director of international organizations, Secretariat of Foreign Relations, 1991–1993; member, Permanent Mission to United Nations, New York, 1993–1997; director general of organizations and regional mechanisms for the Americas, Secretariat of Foreign Relations, 1997–1999; ambassador to Germany, 2001–2002; ambassador

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to Austria and permanent representative to international organizations, Vienna, 2002–2006; secretary of foreign relations, 2006– . g—None. h—None. i—Brother Héctor Espinosa Cantellano, corporate director of relations with transfer equities, Secretariat of the Treasury. j—None. k—None. l—DdeY, Nov. 28, 2006; www.presidencia.gob.mx, 2007; LAT, Nov. 28, 2006. Espinosa de los Monteros, Antonio

(Deceased Sept. 19, 1959) a—Jan. 15, 1903. b—Sinaloa. c—Preparatory at Gettysburg Academy, Penn.; Sacred Heart College, Denver, Colo.; BS from Gettysburg College, 1925; MA from Harvard, 1927; professor of economics, 1927–1931; professor, UNAM, 1929–1934. d—None. e—None. f—Head, Economics Library and Archives, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1929–1930; head, Department of Alcohol, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1931–1932; chief, Department of Economic Studies, Secretariat of Industry and Commerce, 1933–1936; manager, NAFIN; director general, National Finance Bank, 1935–1940, 1940–1945; assistant secretary of the treasury, 1940; ambassador to United States, 1945–1948. g—None. h—Economist, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1927–1928; economist, Bureau of Statistics, 1928–1929, 1932–1933; a founder of NAFIN; major investor in Altos Hornos, 1947; important investor with Monterrey industrialists, 1940s; a founder of National School of Economics, UNAM; author of several books. i—Father, a druggist; roomed at Harvard with Daniel Cosío Villegas; close friend of Jesús Silva Herzog. j—None. k—Director, General Henríquez Guzmán’s campaign for president of Mexico, 1951– 1952. l—WWM45, 37–38; DP731; HA, Sept. 21, 1945, 6; Enc. Mex., III, 532; Novo, 652; NYT, Sept. 9, 1940, 5; NYT, Dec. 29, 1948, 9; NYT, July 15, 1944, 11; López, 326; Alonso, 227, 231, 167–168; letter. Espinosa de los Reyes Dávila, Jorge

a—July 4, 1954. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; economics degree, ITAM, 1973–1977; diploma in

economic development, Boston University, 1978–1979; MA in law and diplomacy, Tufts University, Boston, 1979–1981. d—None. e—Joined PRI, 1981. f—Analyst, Studies Department, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1975–1976; analyst for assistant secretary of planning, Secretariat of Commerce, 1977; economist, Economic Research Division, Bank of Mexico, 1978–1982; director, International Finance Organization, Bank of Mexico, 1983–1984; coordinator, Information and Evaluation Division, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1984–1987; director general of delegates, Secretariat of Programming and Budget, 1988; director general of development banks, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1988–1994; oficial mayor, Secretariat of Communications and Transportation, 1994–1995. g—None. h—Official, Protego Brokerage Firm. i—Son of Jorge Espinosa de los Reyes, ambassador to United States, and Sofía Dávila Flores; married Sussie Keoseyan Shamgostian; nephew of Mario Espinosa de los Reyes, ambassador to Uruguay. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM84, 134; DBGM94, CD; DBGM92, 114. Espinosa de los Reyes Sánchez, Jorge

a—June 20, 1920. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; studies in economics at National School of Economics, UNAM, 1940–1944, graduating Feb. 23, 1951; advanced studies in economics, London School of Economics, 1945–1947, on Bank of Mexico fellowship; professor of economics, Mexico City College, 1948–1949, 1952–1953; professor of economics, UNAM, 1949, 1951–1955; professor of economics, Autonomous Technological Institute of Mexico, 1953–1954; professor, CEMLA, 1954–1959. d—None. e—None. f—Assistant head, Department of Credit, National Bank of Agricultural Credit, 1953–1954; program director, National Investment Commission, 1954–1958; assistant director, Investment Commission, Secretariat of the Presidency, 1958–1959; director general of industries, 1959–1961; oficial mayor, Secretariat of Industry and Commerce, 1961–1964;

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assistant director, PEMEX, 1965–1970, 1971–1976; assistant director general “2,” Bank of Mexico, 1976–1977; director general, National Finance Bank, 1977–1982; ambassador to United States, 1982–1988. g—None. h—Assistant economist, Bank of Mexico, 1942–1944; economist, Department of Economic Statistics, Bank of Mexico, 1947–1948; economist and investigator, Department of Financial Studies, NAFIN, 1948–1951. i—Friend of Octaviano Campos Salas, Alfredo Navarrete, and Julián Díaz Arias at National School of Economics; brother of Mario Espinosa de los Reyes; married Sofía Dávila; son of Isidro Espinosa de los Reyes, physician and prominent perinatologist, and National Institute of Perinatology bears his name, and Amparo Sánchez; son Jorge was director general of development banks, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1988–1994; nephew Mario Antonio was director general in Secretariat of Communications. j—None. k—None. l—Enc. Mex., III, 532; HA, Jan. 4, 1965, 27; letters; DPE61, 66; BdeM, 115; WWMG, 16; DGF56, 59; DGF69; Excélsior, Nov. 24, 1977, 15; Excélsior, Dec. 23, 1982, 10A; DBGM89, 109; www.scielo.unam.mx, 2008. Espinosa Gutiérrez, Fernando

(Deceased Apr. 3, 1966) a—Nov. 10, 1919. b—Querétaro, Querétaro. c—Elementary and first year of secondary studies in public schools, Tesquisquapan, Querétaro; last 2 years in Mexico City; preparatory studies at National Preparatory School, 1936–1937; civil engineering degree from National School of Engineering, UNAM, 1942; studies toward an MA in mathematics, 1942; professor of laboratory physics, National Preparatory School, 1938–1942; professor of trigonometry, analytical geometry, and calculus, National Preparatory School, 1940–1944; professor, School of Engineering, UNAM, 1943–1948; professor of mechanics and fluids, School of Engineering, UNAM, 1944. d—Alternate senator from State of Querétaro, 1964. e—None. f—Engineer, Office of Experimental Engineering,

National Irrigation Commission, 1942–1944; director general of highways, Secretariat of Public Works, 1953; technical adviser to assistant secretary of public works, 1954–1955; director of technical advisers, Secretariat of Public Works, 1956–1958; director general of projects and laboratories, Secretariat of Public Works, 1959–1964; assistant secretary of public works, Dec. 23, 1964–1966. g—None. h—Engineer, director of construction, manager of roads, bridges, and railroads, ICA, SA, 1944–1953. i—Son of Enrique Espinosa Martínez, topographical engineer, and Josefina Gutiérrez Pardo; friend of Javier Barros Sierra and Fernando Hiriart Balderrama at UNAM; son Enrique Espinosa worked for Bank of Mexico; married Alicia Velasco Westrup; attended National Preparatory School with lifelong friend Bernardo Quintana, founder of ICA. j—None. k—Father had to leave Querétaro because of disagreements with Gov. Saturnino Osornio. l—Letter; HA, Jan. 4, 1965, 7; Libro de Oro, xxiv; DPE65, 116; DPE61, 84; MGF69, 106; WWMG. 16; DGF56; www. uaq.mx. www.ingeniera.com.mx, 2008. Espinosa Michel, J. Jesús (Deceased 1959) a—1901. b—Ranchería Agua Zarca, Coquimatlán, Colima. c—Early education unknown; none. d—Local deputy, State Legislature of Colima; mayor, Coquimatlán, 1929–1930; federal deputy from Colima, Dist. 2, 1940–1943, member of 1st Balloting Committee; federal deputy from Colima, Dist. 2, 1946–1949, member of Petroleum Committee, substitute member of 2nd Ejido Committee. e—None. h—Ejidatario for many years, retired from politics in 1949 to work his farm. g—None. f—Inspector general of police, Colima. j—Fought with Francisco Villa during the Revolution; fought against de la Huerta rebellion under General Higinio Álvarez in 1923. l—Enc. Mex., III, 532; C de D, 1946–1948, 71; C de D, 1940–1942; DP70, 731; DGF47, 6; www .e-local.gob.mx. Espinosa Palacios, Lino a—Sept. 20, 1944. b—Coyuca de Catalán, Guerrero.

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c—Early education unknown; public accounting degree, UNAM. d—None. e—Joined PRI, 1969. f—Administrative director, Lázaro Cárdenas Fund, 1973–1976; administrative chief of forestry, assistant secretary of forestry, 1978–1980; assistant director general, Forest Products of Michoacán, 1980; assistant director of budget and basic commercial production, Secretariat of Budgeting and Programming, 1981; director of budget and trade, Secretariat of Budgeting and Programming, 1981–1982; director general of budget control and evaluation, 1982; director general of programming and budgeting, 1984–1986; oficial mayor, Department of the Federal District, 1986– 1988. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Lino Espinosa Borja and Rafaela Palacios; married Maricela Arroyo. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM87, 120. Espinosa Porset, Ernesto (Deceased July 25, 1972) a—May 3, 1887. b—Zinapecuaro, Michoacán. c—Early education unknown; no degree. d—None. e—None. f—Auditor general, Department of Pensions, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1932; head, Credit Department, Bank of Mexico, 1932–1938; assistant director general, Bank of Mexico, 1938–1940, 1940–1946, 1946–1952, 1952–1958, 1958–1964, 1964–1970; secretary, Administrative Council, Bank of Mexico, 1947–1968. g—None. h—Probationer, Central Bank of Mexico, 1904; assistant, Accounts and Checking Department, Central Bank of Mexico, 1906–1907; head, Checking Department, El Descuento Español, SA, 1907; secretary to the director, El Descuento Español, SA; assistant accountant, El Descuente Español, SA; bookkeeper, El Descuento Español, SA; cashier, Banco Español Refaccionario; adviser, Financiera Banamex, 1970–1972; author of several books on banking in Mexico. j—None. k—None. l—Letter; DGF50, II, 10–11, 211, 197; DGF51, II, 585, 467; DBM68, 22–23; DP95, 1226. Espinosa Rivera, José a—1927. b—Federal District. c—CPA, degree from

National University. d—None. e—Secretary of finance, National Executive Committee of PRI, 1964–1969. f—Head, Department for Regional Economic Investment, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1970–1972. g—None. h—Investigator, Department of Treasury Studies, Secretariat of the Treasury; fiscal investigator, Department of Treasury Studies; head, Economic Studies Department, Board of Trustees of Valle Mezquital; tax adviser to state governments of Durango, Sonora, Chihuahua, Tamaulipas, San Luis Potosí, Campeche, Tabasco, and Nayarit. j—None. l—HA, Dec. 21, 1964, 10; DPE70, 35; WWMG, 16. Espinosa Sánchez, Juventino (Deceased Dec. 5, 1974) a—Jan. 26, 1891. b—San Felipe de Acaponeta, Tecuala, Nayarit. c—Early education unknown; no degree. d—Governor, Nayarit, 1938–1941. e—None. f—Substitute governor, Nayarit, 1931. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Canuto Espinosa and María Esther Sánchez; son Juventino, Jr., served as alternate federal deputy for Nayarit, Dist. 1, 1952–1955; possibly grandfather of Daniel Espinosa Galindo, senator from Nayarit, 1976–1982; close to Enrique Olivares Santana. j—Joined the Revolution as sergeant under his cousin, General Martín Espinosa Segura, 1912; joined Constitutional Army as 2nd lieutenant of infantry, Guerrero Company, Coahuila, 1913; fought against Villa, Cristeros, Yaquis, Escobar rebellion in Sinaloa, Nayarit, and Sonora, 1929; career military officer; brigadier general, May 16, 1929; military operations commander, Northeast; zone commander, 1936; commander, 14th Military Zone, Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, 1956; rank of division general, Nov. 16, 1952. l—Peral, 253; DGF56, 202; Enc. Mex., III, 531; C de D, 1952–1954, 10; López, 327; Dávila, 131; Casasola, V. Espinosa Torres, Patricia a—Feb. 4, 1947. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; degree in Spanish letters, Ibero-American University, 1965–1967; MA in Latin American literature, Ibero-American University, 1973–1975; MA in political

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science, UNAM, 1995–1997; professor, ITESM, Querétaro Campus, 1987–1993; professor, University of Querétaro, 1984, and researcher in linguistics, 1985–1993; professor, Ibero-American University, 1974–1983. d—Plurinominal federal deputy from PAN, 1997–2000. e—Joined PAN, 1987; president of PAN, Querétaro, Querétaro, 1991–1994; secretary of the political promotion of women, Querétaro, 1996–1999; member of CEN of PAN, 1996–1999; national adviser to PAN, 1998–2007. f—Director of social development, Querétaro, 2000–2001; director, National Women’s Institution, 2001–2006; assistant secretary of human development, Secretariat of Labor, 2006– . g—None. h—None. i—Daughter of Luis Espinosa and Leonor Olga Torres, coordinators and founders of Pentecostal Center, Mexico City, 1985–1990. j—None. k—None. l—QesQ en el Congreso, 1997–2000, 31; www.secgob.gob.mx, 1997, 2007; www.fox .presidencia.mx, 2008; www.trabajo.ach.mx /semblanza, 2008. Espinosa Villarreal, Óscar a—Nov. 23, 1953. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; business administration degree, School of Accounting and Administration, UNAM, 1972–1979, with thesis on tourism; professor, Anáhuac University, 1990. d—Local deputy, State Legislature of State of Mexico, 1984–1987; alternate federal deputy from State of Mexico, Dist. 2, 1988–1991. e—Joined PRI, 1975. f—Director of treasury, State of Mexico, 1982–1984; director general of treasury and credit, State of Mexico, 1984–1986; private secretary to governor of State of Mexico, Alfredo Baranda, 1986–1987; director, Investment Banks, National Finance Bank, 1987–1989; president, National Stock Exchange Commission, 1989–1991; director general, National Finance Bank, 1991–1993; head, Department of the Federal District, 1994–1997; secretary of tourism, 1997–2000. g—Director general, Mexican Association of Stock Exchanges, 1980–1981. h—Supervisor of insurance agents, La Comercial Insurance Co., Atlántico Insurance Co., Tepeyac

Insurance Co., 1973–1975; stockbroker, 1977–1980. i—Son of Francisco Espinosa Figueroa and Rosa María Villarreal Martínez, public official; married María de los Ángeles Mijares Reyes Spíndola. j—None. k—Convicted of fraud and sentenced to 7 years in prison and a fine of 285 million pesos; Supreme Court found him innocent and overturned the sentence. l—El Nacional, Jan. 3, 1991, 1, 5; DBGM89, 110; DBGM92, 115; esmas.com; US Mexico Business, Jan., 1998, 37–38; El Financiero, Dec. 1, 1994, 51. Esponda, Juan M. (Deceased) a—1901. b—Comitán, Chiapas. c—Elementary studies in Tapachula, Chiapas; secondary studies at a seminary in Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas; agricultural engineering degree, National School of Agriculture, Chapingo, 1925. d—Federal deputy from Chiapas, Dist. 1, 1928–1930; federal deputy from State of Chiapas, Dist. 2, 1930–1932, 1932–1934; federal deputy from State of Chiapas, 1943–1944; senator from State of Chiapas, 1934–1940; governor, Chiapas, 1944–1946. e—None. f—Director, Office of Presidential Affairs under General Obregón, 1920–1924; judge, Superior Tribunal of Justice, State of Chiapas; secretary-general of government, State of Chiapas, 1940–1943, under Gov. Rafael P. Gamboa. g—None. i—Mentor to Everardo Milton Castellanos j—Joined Constitutionalists in 1915 under General Jesús A. Castro; served under Blas Corral Martínez. k—Did not complete term as governor; Anderson suggests he resigned because of protests over his municipal appointments. l—HA, Dec. 7, 1946, 30; HA, Dec. 15, 1944, viii; letter; C de D, 1943–1945; HA, Oct. 29, 1943, 14; DBdeC, 79; Enc. Mex., III, 310; Anderson; www.ugc.edu.mx, DJBM, 42. Esquer Apodaca, Salvador (Deceased Oct. 11, 1995) a—Nov. 16, 1917. b—Guasa, Sinaloa. c—Elementary studies at Francisco I. Madero Rural School, Choix, Sinaloa; no degree. d—Federal deputy from State of Sinaloa, Dist. 1, 1970–1973, 1979–1982, 1985–1988; senator from State of Sinaloa, 1988–1994. e—Joined PRI, 1952. f—None.

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g—Secretary-general, Local No. 12, Sugar Industry Workers of the Mexican Republic, 1950–1952; secretary of conflicts, Sugar Industry Workers of the Mexican Republic, 1954–1957; secretary of labor, Sugar Industry Workers of the Mexican Republic, 1957–1981; secretary-general, STIAS, 1981–1995. h—Laborer, sugar industry. i—Son of Francisco Javier Esquer Robles, artisan, and Rosario Apodaca Acosta; married María Ninfa Coronel Estrada. j—None. k—None. l—C de D, 1970–1973; C de D, 1979–1982; C de D, 1985–1988; DBGM87, 468; Senate, 1991–1994; www.estesinaloaarribachoix, 2008. Esquivel de Quintana, Josefina a—Mar. 19, 1918. b—Valle de Bravo, State of Mexico. c—Elementary studies in Valle de Bravo; completed 4th grade; no degree. d—Federal deputy from State of Mexico, Dist. No. 2, 1976–1979, member of 2nd Sec. of Social Action Committee, member of Sec. of Female Peasant Development of Agrarian Affairs Committee. e—None. f—None. g—Began participating in peasant organizations in 1932; secretary of women’s action, League of Agrarian Committees, State of Mexico; secretary of women’s action, Regional Peasant Committee, Valle de Bravo, 1963–1970. i—Parents were peasants. j—None. k—None. l—D de C, 1976–1979, 4, 8; Excélsior, Aug. 22, 1976, 29; C de D, 1976–1979, 21. Esquivel Méndez, Eligio (Deceased Dec. 17, 1964) a—1908. b—Mérida, Yucatán. c—Engineering degree from National School of Engineering, UNAM, 1933. d—Governor, Baja California del Norte, 1959–1964. e—None. f—Director of construction, Morelos Dam, Matamoros Dam, and other projects; engineer on hydroelectric project in Bolivia; director of engineering commission to provide South America with technical assistance, 1939–1940; head, Mexicali Irrigation District, including Colorado River, Secretariat of Hydraulic Resources, 1943–1957. g—None. h—None. j—None. k—Retired, 1957–1959, for medical treatment resulting from heart attack in

1957; won PRI nomination because of expertise in irrigation problems in his state and his ties with ranchers’ associations. l—G of M, 15–16; DP70, 733–734; DGF51, I, 434; Enc. Mex., III, 537; HA, Dec. 28, 1964, 14; NYT, Aug. 11, 1959, 8; NYT, Nov. 2, 1959, 28. Estefan Acar, Joseph a—Dec. 15, 1934. b—Tehuantepec, Oaxaca. c—Elementary studies at Istemena Private School, Tehuantepec; secondary studies at Miguel Hidalgo Public School, Tehuantepec; preparatory studies, Instituto Libanés Mexicano; no degree. d—Federal deputy from State of Oaxaca, Dist. 1, 1970–1973; alternate federal deputy from Oaxaca, 1979–1982; federal deputy from State of Oaxaca, Dist. 10, 1982–1985. e—Joined PRI, 1967; president of PRI, Tehuantepec. f—Director of public relations, State of Oaxaca, 1980–1981; federal delegate of tourism to Oaxaca, 1974–1980; adviser to oficial mayor of Secretariat of Public Education, 1973–1974; president, Board of Moral, Civic, and Material Improvement, Tehuantepec, 1969–1982. g—Secretary-general, CNOP, Oaxaca, 1969. h—Industrialist; manager of Isthmus Motors, SA, 1970–1978. i—Son of Jorge Estefan Letayf, businessman, and Rosa Acar Zaffa; married Michelle Chidiac Acar. j—None. k—None. l—Directorio, 1970–1972; Directorio, 1982–1985; C de D, 1970–1973; C de D, 1982–1985; Lehr, 370. Estefan Chidiac, Charbel Jorge a—July 3, 1963. b—Acatlán del Osorio, Puebla, Puebla. c—Early education unknown; economics degree, ITAM, 1980–1984; MA in public administration, 1996; professor of economics, University of Puebla, 1987–1989; professor, University of the Americas, Puebla, 1987–1989. d—Federal deputy from State of Puebla, Dist. 13, 1997–2000; federal deputy from State of Puebla, Dist. 14, 2006–2009. e—Assistant secretary of finance, PRI, Puebla, 1992; assistant secretary of social administration, CEN of PRI, 1998–1999. f—Director, Department of Human Resources, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1985–1986; regional delegate for

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Center-Gulf, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1986–1989; assistant secretary to controller, 1993–1996, assistant secretary of development, 1996; secretary of social development, 1996–1997, Puebla; assistant secretary of citizen affairs and social control, Secretariat of Public Function, 2000; regional director for Southern District, IMSS. g—None. h—Assistant director of specialized banking, Somex Bank, 1989–1992. j—None. k—None. l—www.concamin.com.org.mx, 2008; Directorio del Congreso, 2006–2009, 220; QesQ en el Congreso, 1997–2000, 153–154; www.diputados.gob.mx, 1997–2000, 2007; DBGM93, 160–161. Esteva Melchor, Luis Andrés a—Aug. 26, 1951. b—Oaxaca, Oaxaca. c—Early education unknown; law degree, University of Oaxaca, 1971–1978; professor, Preparatory School of Oaxaca, 1987–1994. d—Member, City Council of Oaxaca, 1981–1983; plurinominal federal deputy from PAN, 1994–1997, 2003–2006. e—Joined PAN, 1979; secretary-general of PAN, Oaxaca, 1985–1987; president of PAN, Oaxaca, 1999–2002; member, National Council of PAN, 1992–2004. f—Regional coordinator for labor relations, Labor Department, Oaxaca, 1981–1984; director of legal affairs, Federal Labor Delegation, Secretariat of Labor, Oaxaca, 1984–1986, 1984–1986. g—None. h—Manager, Cafetalera El Cóndor, Tapachula, Oaxaca, 1979–1980. i—Brother José Antonio Esteva Melchor, coordinator of Tourism Program, Technical and Scientific Studies Institute; brother Gabriel Esteva Melchor, regional delegate from Corett in Oaxaca, 2008. j—None. k—None. l—www .cddhcu.gob.mx, 1994–1997, 2008; Directorio del Congreso, 2003–2006.

Estrada Cajigal (Ramírez), Sergio Alberto a—Aug. 23, 1961. b—Cuernavaca,

Morelos. c—Elementary, secondary and preparatory studies at Colegio Madrid, Cuernavaca; communications degree from Ibero-American University, 1980–1986. d—Mayor, Cuernavaca, 1997–2000; governor, Morelos, 2000–2006. e—Joined PAN,

1995; member, local PAN Committee, Cuernavaca, 1996–2000; member of PAN, Morelos. f—Secretary of public relations, Cuernavaca, 1996. g—Secretary, CANACINTRA, Morelos. h—Founded automobile repair and painting company, 1986. i—Son of Sergio Estrada Cajigal Barrera, political scientist and interim mayor of Cuernavaca, and Gloria Ramírez Lavergne; grandson of Vicente Estrada Cajigal, governor of Morelos, 1932–1934; great-grandson of Enrique Estrada Amequín, director of education, Michoacán, 1891, and Juliana Cajigal; married Mónica Bartning Carvajal; second wife, Maika Gómez de la Borbolla. j—None. k—None. l—www.emisnet.bmv.com.mx, 2009; www.pan.org.mx, 2008; Musacchio, 130–131; Pérez Franco, 119. Estrada Iturbide, Miguel (Deceased July 21, 1997) a—Nov. 17, 1908. b—Morelia, Michoacán. c—Elementary and secondary studies at Colegio Cristóbal Colón, Morelia; preparatory studies and all but last year of legal studies at Free Law School, Morelia; law degree from Colegio Civil de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, May, 1932; founder, director, and professor, Technical Academy of Business Instruction, 1936; professor, Workers’ Society, Michoacán, 1926. d—Federal deputy from State of Michoacán, Dist. 5, 1964–1967. e—Founder of PAN, Michoacán; founding member of PAN, 1939; member, National Council of PAN; director, Regional Committee of PAN, State of Michoacán, 1939–1956; PAN candidate for federal deputy from Michoacán, 1943; candidate for senator from Michoacán; member of CEN of PAN, 1967–1968; PAN precandidate for presidential nomination, 1964; national adviser, PAN, 1939–1989. f—None. g—Founder and member, National Union of Catholic Students, 1931. h—Practicing lawyer with José Guadalupe Soto, 1932–1980; founding partner, General Hipotecaria, SA; distinguished orator. i—Descendant of Agustín Iturbide; members of his family from Michoacán for generations; son of Miguel Estrada Ramírez

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and María Iturbide Chávez; married María Teresa Sámano Macouzet; active in Catholic student organizations with Manuel Ulloa Ortiz; son Rafael Estrada Sámano was assistant secretary of human development, Secretariat of Labor, 2000–2001; son Fernando Estrada Sámano was a federal deputy and ambassador to the Vatican, 2001–2003. j—None. k—None. l—Excélsior, Nov. 7, 1963, 1, 16; Mabry; letter; Pérez Franco, 118–119; El Financiero, Aug. 4, 1997, 2. Estrada Reynoso, Enrique (Deceased Nov. 11, 1942) a—1889. b—Mayahua, Zacatecas. c—Elementary, secondary, and preparatory studies in Guadalajara; almost completed studies in civil engineering, UNAM; no degree. d—Federal deputy from State of Zacatecas, Dist. 3, 1937–1940; senator from State of Zacatecas, 1940–1942. e—Joined antireelectionists, 1910. f—Governor, Zacatecas, 1920; assistant secretary of war, 1921; secretary of war, 1922; director general, National Railroads of Mexico, 1941– 1942. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Camilo Estrada and Micaela Reynoso; brother-inlaw of Ignacio Ramos Praslow, governor of Jalisco, 1920; brother of Roque Estrada Reynoso, president of Supreme Court, 1952; father was arrested before the Revolution on suspicion of fomenting a revolt in Jalapa, Zacatecas, as a member of Antonio Rosales Antireelectionist Club. j—Joined the Revolution under General Rafael Tapia, 1910; fought with Pánfilo Nájera; constitutionalist chief of operations in Michoacán and Colima, 1923; career army officer reaching rank of division general. k—Joined de la Huerta rebellion as a principal leader in 1923, when he was serving as chief of military operations in Jalisco; defeated by General Obregón in Ocotlán and exiled to United States; supported Escobar rebellion in 1929, during which he captured the future president of Mexico, Manuel Ávila Camacho, but allowed him to go free; one of the most prominent examples in Mexican politics of an opposition leader co‑opted back into the system. l—C de

D, 1937–1939; C de S, 1946; DP70, 739; Michaels, 11; Enc. Mex., III, 563; Peral, 255– 256; Q es Q, 200; www.elsiglodetorreon. com.mx, June 28, 2005; www.e-Local.gob .mx, 2008; www.sedena.gob.mx, 2008. Estrada Reynoso, Roque (Deceased Nov. 27, 1966) a—Aug. 16, 1883. b—Moyahua, Zacatecas. c—Elementary studies in Moyahua; secondary at Martín Sousa School, Guadalajara, Jalisco; preparatory studies in Guadalajara; attended law school, forced into exile, but later completed his law degree at University of Guadalajara, 1906. d—Federal deputy from State of Zacatecas, 1920–1922. e—Member, Antireelectionist Center, 1909; secretary of press and publicity of CEN of PRI, June 19, 1935. f—Provisional secretary to Francisco Madero, 1910; private secretary to Carranza, 1914; provisional governor, Aguascalientes, 1915; secretary of justice, 1915–1916; temporary secretary to Francisco Madero when he returned to Mexico; justice, Supreme Court, 1941–1946, 1946–1951; president, Supreme Court, 1952. g—Organized workers in a socialist party, 1904. i—Brother of General Enrique Estrada Reynoso, senator from State of Zacatecas; son of Camilo Estrada and Micaela Reynoso; brother-in-law of Ignacio Ramos Praslow, governor of Jalisco, 1920; father was arrested before the Revolution on suspicion of fomenting a revolt in Jalapa, Zacatecas, as a member of Antonio Rosales Antireelectionist Club. j—Participated in the Revolution; orator for Madero; commanding officer, 2nd Cavalry Brigade, Western Division, 1914–1915; rank of brigadier general. k—Jailed with Francisco Madero in San Luis Potosí, 1909; turned down candidacy for governor of Jalisco because he did not meet the constitutional age requirement; candidate for president of Mexico against General Obregón, 1920; joined brother in support of de la Huerta rebellion, 1923; exiled to United States, 1923, 1927–1929; received Belisario Domínguez Award, 1957. l—Enc. Mex., III, 564; DP70,

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740; D del S, June 19, 1935, 1; DGF51, I, 568; WB48, 1695; Peral, 257; López, 334; www .elsiglodetorreon.com.mx, June 28, 2005; www.e-Local.gob.mx, 2008; www.sedena .gob.mx; www.scjn.gob.mx, 216–217, 2008. Estrada Ricardez, Víctor Manuel

a—Dec. 9, 1943. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; completed staff and command, Higher War College; MA in national security, National Defense College; staff and command course, Staff College, France; pilot, Air College. d—None. e—None. f—Commander, Mexican Air Force, 2004–2006, 2006–2008. g—None. h—None. j—Career air force officer; officer, 8th Air Group, State of Mexico; officer, 201st Squadron, Quintana Roo; officer, 101st Squadron, Yucatán; test pilot, 4th Maintenance Group, Federal District; commander, 3rd Air Group, Baja California del Sur; commander, 10th Air Group, Yucatán; base commander, Air Bases 1, 4, 5, 7, 8, and 12; commander, Center Region, Federal District; chief, Sec. 3, air force staff; chief of staff, air force; rank of division general. k—None. l—www.sedena.gob.mx, 2007. Estrada Rodríguez, Amado a—Mar. 13, 1920. b—Culiacán, Sinaloa. c—Elementary, secondary and preparatory studies in Culiacán; law degree, University of Sinaloa, Culiacán; professor of labor law, Social University of the Northeast (9 years). d—Local deputy, State of Sinaloa, 1956–1959; mayor, Culiacán, 1960–1962; senator from State of Sinaloa, 1964–1970. e—Oficial mayor, PNR, Sinaloa, 1938; president of PRI, Culiacán; secretary-general, State Committee of PRI; coordinator of Gustavo Díaz Ordaz’ presidential campaign in Sinaloa, 1964. f—Agent, Ministerio Público, Sinaloa; agent, Ministerio Público, Culiacán; president, State Board of Conciliation and Arbitration (8 years); attorney general, State of Sinaloa, 1962–1964; judge, Superior Tribunal of Justice, State of Sinaloa, 1980–1985; secretary-general of decisions, Superior Tribunal of Justice, State of Sinaloa, 2005. g—Organizer, agricultural and labor

unions; organizer for youth organizations in Sinaloa; president, Student Society, University of Sinaloa; students’ delegate to University Council, University of Sinaloa; president, Federation of University Students. h—None. j—None. k—None. l—Romero, Mis seis años; MGF69, 106; www.stj-sin.gob .mx, 2008; www.e-local.gob.mx, 2008. Estrada Sámano, Fernando a—Dec. 28, 1941. b—Morelia, Michoacán. c—Early education unknown; degree in classical letters, Technological Institute of Higher Studies of the West, Guadalajara, 1959–1962; BA in philosophy, Fordham University, New York, 1962–1966; MA in political science, Columbia University, New York, 1967–1968; PhD, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany, 1978–1981; professor, IberoAmerican University, 1969–1978; professor, Johannes Gutenberg University, 1979–1980; professor, University of the Americas, 1981; professor, University of California, Berkeley, 1986; visiting researcher, Mexican–United States Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, 1986–1987. d—Plurinominal federal deputy from PAN, 1973–1976, 1991–1994. e—Joined PAN, 1970; national adviser, PAN, 1972–1981, 1991–2001; adviser, president of PAN, 1990; member of CEN of PAN, 1971–1978, 1993–2002; PAN candidate for federal deputy, 1970; PAN candidate for senator, 1976; member, Manuel Clouthier’s alternate cabinet, 1988–1989; PAN candidate for governor of Michoacán, 1992. f—Ambassador to Vatican, 2001–2003; ambassador to Sweden, 2004–2007; consul general, Boston, 2008–2009. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Miguel Estrada Iturbide, cofounder of PAN, and María Teresa Sámano Macouzet; married Dora Tanck Jewel, college professor; brother Rafael Estrada Sámano, assistant secretary of human development, 2000–2001. j—None. k—None. l—Pérez Franco, 120–121; Musacchio, 131; DBGM94, CD; www.portalsre.gob.mx\vaticano, 2008. Etcharren Gutiérrez, René a—Feb. 1, 1913. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; civil engineering degree,

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National School of Engineering, UNAM, 1932–1936. d—None. e—Member of PRI. f—Resident engineer, railroad construction, Secretariat of Communications and Public Works, 1941–1943; construction superintendent, various projects, 1945– 1947; director, Department of Planning and Road Development, Secretariat of Communications and Public Works, 1947–1959; chief of engineers, National Highway Commission, 1950–1959; director general of federal highway construction, Secretariat of Public Works, 1960–1963; adviser, Mexican Petroleum Institute, 1969–1970; assistant secretary “B” of public works, 1972–1976; secretary of public works, Tlaxcala, 1977–1981; assistant director of federal airport projects and works, 1983–1988; director general of inspection, Secretariat of Communications and Transportation, 1989–1992. g—President, Society of Engineering Students, UNAM, 1934–1935; president, Civil Engineering Society. h—Construction manager for private firms, 1963–1966. i—Son of Juan Etcharren del Río, white-collar employee, and Dolores Gutiérrez Aranda; married María Elena Padilla Soto; son René Etcharren Padilla, an engineer. j—None. k—None. l—WWM87, 183; DBGM92, 116; DBGM89, 112; DBGM87, 122. Etienne Llano, Pedro René a—Sept. 26, 1950. b—Ciudad Victoria, Tamaulipas. c—Elementary and secondary studies at La Salle School; preparatory studies at ITESM, Monterrey; economics degree, National School of Economics, UNAM; law degree, School of Law, Ibero‑American University. d—Plurinominal deputy from PST, 1979–1982, 1988–1991; plurinominal deputy from PRD, 1994–1997. e—Joined PST, 1973; member, National Organizing Committee, PST; secretary of political education, PST; political commissar, Northern Zone, PST; member, Central Committee, PST, 1975–1982; secretary, Labor Union Committee, PST; joined PRD, 1989; director, PRD, Tamaulipas, 1992; delegate of CEN of PRD to Tamaulipas, 2004; PRD candidate

for federal deputy, 2006. f—None. g—Participated in student strike with José L. Sierra Villalobos, husband of Dulce María Sauri Riancho, president of CEN of PRI, 1999–2002. i—Son of Pedro Etienne Lafont, prominent businessman who controlled VW concession in Mexico; brother Alejandro Etienne Llano, lawyer and judge of Superior Tribunal of Justice of Tamaulipas, 2007–2012. j—None. k—None. l—Protag., 115; C de D, 1979–1982; DBGM89, 434; CDDWeb, Diputados, 1997; www.cddhcu .gob.mx; www.espacioblog.com, May 4, 2006. Ezeta Uribe Remedios, Albertina

(Deceased Feb. 23, 1992) a—Aug. 7, 1907. b—Toluca, State of Mexico. c—Elementary and secondary studies in Toluca; preparatory studies at Scientific and Literary Institute of Mexico, Toluca, 1922–1925; legal studies at National School of Law, UNAM, 1927–1931, graduating Mar. 12, 1933; professor of law and sociology, Autonomous University of the State of Mexico; professor of law and sociology, School of Business and Administration, UNAM. d—Federal deputy from State of Mexico, Dist. 6, 1955–1958, member of Tariff Committee, Foreign Trade Committee, Public Welfare Committee, Legislative Studies Committee, 1st Justice Committee. e—Joined Social Labor Party of Col. Filiberto Flores, 1927; member of popular sector of PRI. f—Mediation judge, Toluca, 1940–1942; judge, Juvenile Court, State of Mexico, 1942–1944; public defender, 1944; judge, District 2, Toluca, 1943–1952; Notary Public No. 2, Toluca, 1952–1972. g—Participant, 1929 student movement at UNAM, with President Adolfo López Mateos. h—Practicing lawyer, Toluca, 51 years. i—Daughter of Gabriel M. Ezeta Orihuela, lawyer and scribe. j—None. k—Only female public notary in Mexico in 1955; first female graduate of preparatory school at Scientific and Literary Institute of Mexico, 1925; first female lawyer to practice in State of Mexico, 1927; one of the first 4 female members of Congress, 1955. l—Ind. Biog.,

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57; www.juridicas.unam.mx; www.elsolde toluca, Oct. 8, 2006; C de D, 1955–1958.

F Fabela (Alfaro), Isidro (Deceased Aug. 12, 1964) a—June 28, 1882. b—Atlacomulco, State of Mexico. c—Elementary studies in Mexico City; preparatory at the National Preparatory School, Mexico City; law degree from the National School of Law, UNAM, 1908; professor of History, National Institute, Chihuahua, 1911–1913; professor at the Literary Institute of Chihuahua, 1912–1913; professor of International Public Law, National School of Law, UNAM, 1921. d—Federal deputy from the, Dist. 9, 1912–1914; federal deputy from the State of Mexico, Dist. 9, 1922–1923; governor of State of Mexico, 1942– 1945; senator from State of Mexico, 1946, but resigned to accept appointment to the International Court of Justice. e—None. f—Chief Public Defender for the Federal District, 1911; adviser to and director of the federal Penitentiary, Federal District, 1911; oficial mayor and secretary-general of government of the State of Chihuahua, 1911–1913; oficial mayor and secretary-general of government of the State of Sonora, 1913; secretary of Foreign Relations, 1913–1915; Special Diplomat to Italy and Spain, 1915; minister to Argentina, Brazil, Chile and Uruguay, 1916; Special ambassador to Argentina, 1918–1920; Judge for the Italian‑Mexican International Arbitration Commission, 1928–1932; Technical Commissioner, Secretariat of Foreign Relations, 1933; Legal adviser to the French Legation in Mexico, 1933; president of the First Agricultural Conference, 1938; Mexican delegate to the International Office of Labor, League of Nations, 1937–1940; Judge of the International Court of Justice, 1946–1952. g—None. h—Founded the newspaper La Verdad, 1910, and El Puebla, 1914; practicing lawyer, 1921–1928; attorney for several private companies, including Cauum Oil Company. i—Established early friendships

with José Vasconcelos, Alfonso Caso and Luis Castillo Ledón; married Josefina Eisenmann; son of Francisco Trinidad Fabela, engineer, and Guadalupe Alfaro, members of the upper middle class; daughter, Josefina, is an historian; developed one of the most important political groups from Atlacomulco, which has dominated politics in the State of Mexico; nephew, Alfredo del Mazo. j—None. k—One of the founders of the Ateneo de la Juventud, 1901; Kirk claims Fabela was very critical of Ezequiel Padilla as secretary of Foreign Relations, because he himself did not receive the appointment; in exile in Cuba, 1913; in exile in California, 1923; his home was turned into a public library in San Ángel, Federal District. l—HAHR, Feb. 1972, 124–125; Kirk, 207; DP70, 747; Enc. Mex., III, 593; Peral, 258; EBW46, 71; WWM45, 38–39; letter, WB48, 1711–1712; WB54, 350; www .atlacomulco.com.mx, 2008. Fabre del Rivero, Carlos a—Sept. 20, 1937. b—Puebla, Puebla. c—Elementary and secondary studies at private schools in Puebla and Mexico City; law degree from the University of Puebla, Mar. 29, 1962, with a thesis on the ISSSTE; studied at the National Center of Productivity; professor of economic problems of Mexico and of industrial development (3rd and 5th years), School of Business Administration, University of Puebla; professor of public administration, University of Puebla, 1964–1967. d—Substitute mayor of Puebla, 1969–1970; delegate from Cuauhtémoc to the Department of the Federal District, 1982–1984. e—Joined PRI, 1955; state oratory champion, 1956 and 1957; third-place winner of the national PRI oratory contest, 1957; participated in Luis Echeverría’s campaign in Puebla, 1969–1970; member, CEPES of PRI in Puebla, 1963–1968; auxiliary secretary to Luis Echeverría during presidential campaign, 1970; general delegate of CEN of PRI to Quintana Roo and Querétaro, 1981–1982; director, Youth Sec. of PRI, Puebla. f—Director general, Industrial and Commercial Development, State of Puebla,

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57; www.juridicas.unam.mx; www.elsolde toluca, Oct. 8, 2006; C de D, 1955–1958.

F Fabela (Alfaro), Isidro (Deceased Aug. 12, 1964) a—June 28, 1882. b—Atlacomulco, State of Mexico. c—Elementary studies in Mexico City; preparatory at the National Preparatory School, Mexico City; law degree from the National School of Law, UNAM, 1908; professor of History, National Institute, Chihuahua, 1911–1913; professor at the Literary Institute of Chihuahua, 1912–1913; professor of International Public Law, National School of Law, UNAM, 1921. d—Federal deputy from the, Dist. 9, 1912–1914; federal deputy from the State of Mexico, Dist. 9, 1922–1923; governor of State of Mexico, 1942– 1945; senator from State of Mexico, 1946, but resigned to accept appointment to the International Court of Justice. e—None. f—Chief Public Defender for the Federal District, 1911; adviser to and director of the federal Penitentiary, Federal District, 1911; oficial mayor and secretary-general of government of the State of Chihuahua, 1911–1913; oficial mayor and secretary-general of government of the State of Sonora, 1913; secretary of Foreign Relations, 1913–1915; Special Diplomat to Italy and Spain, 1915; minister to Argentina, Brazil, Chile and Uruguay, 1916; Special ambassador to Argentina, 1918–1920; Judge for the Italian‑Mexican International Arbitration Commission, 1928–1932; Technical Commissioner, Secretariat of Foreign Relations, 1933; Legal adviser to the French Legation in Mexico, 1933; president of the First Agricultural Conference, 1938; Mexican delegate to the International Office of Labor, League of Nations, 1937–1940; Judge of the International Court of Justice, 1946–1952. g—None. h—Founded the newspaper La Verdad, 1910, and El Puebla, 1914; practicing lawyer, 1921–1928; attorney for several private companies, including Cauum Oil Company. i—Established early friendships

with José Vasconcelos, Alfonso Caso and Luis Castillo Ledón; married Josefina Eisenmann; son of Francisco Trinidad Fabela, engineer, and Guadalupe Alfaro, members of the upper middle class; daughter, Josefina, is an historian; developed one of the most important political groups from Atlacomulco, which has dominated politics in the State of Mexico; nephew, Alfredo del Mazo. j—None. k—One of the founders of the Ateneo de la Juventud, 1901; Kirk claims Fabela was very critical of Ezequiel Padilla as secretary of Foreign Relations, because he himself did not receive the appointment; in exile in Cuba, 1913; in exile in California, 1923; his home was turned into a public library in San Ángel, Federal District. l—HAHR, Feb. 1972, 124–125; Kirk, 207; DP70, 747; Enc. Mex., III, 593; Peral, 258; EBW46, 71; WWM45, 38–39; letter, WB48, 1711–1712; WB54, 350; www .atlacomulco.com.mx, 2008. Fabre del Rivero, Carlos a—Sept. 20, 1937. b—Puebla, Puebla. c—Elementary and secondary studies at private schools in Puebla and Mexico City; law degree from the University of Puebla, Mar. 29, 1962, with a thesis on the ISSSTE; studied at the National Center of Productivity; professor of economic problems of Mexico and of industrial development (3rd and 5th years), School of Business Administration, University of Puebla; professor of public administration, University of Puebla, 1964–1967. d—Substitute mayor of Puebla, 1969–1970; delegate from Cuauhtémoc to the Department of the Federal District, 1982–1984. e—Joined PRI, 1955; state oratory champion, 1956 and 1957; third-place winner of the national PRI oratory contest, 1957; participated in Luis Echeverría’s campaign in Puebla, 1969–1970; member, CEPES of PRI in Puebla, 1963–1968; auxiliary secretary to Luis Echeverría during presidential campaign, 1970; general delegate of CEN of PRI to Quintana Roo and Querétaro, 1981–1982; director, Youth Sec. of PRI, Puebla. f—Director general, Industrial and Commercial Development, State of Puebla,

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1963–1969; oficial mayor of industry and commerce, 1970–1976. g—Student leader, University of Puebla. h—Practicing lawyer, Puebla, 1961–1963; author of several works. i—Married Artemia Zarandona Sasíu; son of Carlos Óscar Fabre Baños, career military, and Ana María del Rivero; uncle José Ángel, director of Normal School of Puebla. j—None. k—Precandidate for governor of Puebla, 1974. l—HA, Dec. 14, 1970, 21; letter; Excélsior, May 9, 1974, 19. Faesler Carlisle, Julio a—May 10, 1930. b—Philadelphia, Penn. c—Elementary, secondary, and preparatory studies at the Regional Institute, Chihuahua, Chihuahua, and the Jesuit School; law degree from the National School of Law, UNAM, 1967, with thesis titled “The Favored Nation Clause and International Treaties”; economics degree from National School of Economics, UNAM, 1956, with thesis titled “The Intervention of the State in Economic Life”; professor of economic theory and the history of economic doctrines, National School of Law, UNAM; professor of Mexican economic problems, University of the Americas; professor of economic theory, Free Law School; professor of Business Finance, Ibero‑American University; director of the PhD Seminar in Foreign Trade, IPN. d—Plurinominal federal deputy from PAN, 1997–2000, president of International Affairs Committee. e—Joined PAN, 1947; active member of PAN since 1997; candidate for senator from PAN, 2000; adviser to Vicente Fox transition team on foreign relations, 2000. f—Assistant economist, National Price Commission, 1952; private secretary to assistant secretary of treasury Antonio Armendáriz, 1952–1957; commercial attaché, London, 1964; commercial attaché, Brussels, 1964; assistant director general of trade, International Economic Affairs, Secretariat of Industry and Commerce, 1965–1967; director general of Latin American economic integration, Secretariat of Industry and Commerce, 1967–1970; director general of the Mexican Institute of

Foreign Trade, 1970–1976; director general, Exports of Mexico, 1977–1982; ambassador to India, 2001–2004; director, International Affairs Department, Secretariat of Labor, 2004–2006. g—President, Council for Democracy, 1989–1996; founding member, Civic Alliance; member, San Ángel Group, 1993–1995. h—Self-employed, 1968–1970; adviser, CGEE Alsthom de México, 1985–1991; adviser on foreign trade, State of Chiapas, 1990–1991. i—Son of Josefina Carlisle; attended UNAM with Jorge de la Vega Domínguez, Mario Moya Palencia, and Carlos Torres Manzo; parents from middle class; married Alejandra Sánchez Gavito. j—None. k—None. l—Letters; HA, Mar. 21, 1977, 19; Pérez Franco, 125–126. Farell (Cubillas), Arsenio (Deceased May 15, 2005) a—June 30, 1921. b—Mexico City. c—Elementary studies at Centro Escolar Benito Juárez, Mexico City, 1929–1934; secondary studies at Secondary School No. 3, Héroes de Chapultepec, Mexico City, 1935–1937; preparatory studies at National Preparatory School, 1938–1939; legal studies at National School of Law, UNAM, 1940–1944, graduating May 9, 1945, with 9.8 GPA and thesis on the civil code of the Federal District; received honorable mention in his studies toward LLD degree, 1950–1951; professor by competition in civil law, 1966, civil legal process, 1956, and forensic law, National School of Law, UNAM; professor, 2nd course in labor law, National School of Law, UNAM, 1949–1950; professor of civil law, School of Law, Ibero‑American University, 1967. d—None. e—None. f—Secretary, Board of Trustees, National University, 1966; director general, Federal Electric Commission, May 29, 1973–1976; director general, IMSS, 1976–1982; secretary of labor, 1982– 1988, 1988–1994; director, Coordination of National Security, 1994–1995; secretary, Controller and Administrative Development, 1995–2000. g—Consulting lawyer, Society of Authors and Composers, Union of Cinematographic Production Workers, Mexican Union of Aviation Pilots, and National

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Actors’ Association. h—Adviser to the Chapala Electric System Company; president of the National Chamber of Alcohol and Sugar Industries, 1973. i—Practiced law with Rodolfo Echeverría; student at National Preparatory School and National School of Law with Jose López Portillo and Luis Echeverría; compadre of Rodolfo Echeverría; Luis Echeverría worked in his law office before graduating; grew up in same neighborhood as Luis Echeverría and José López Portillo; son of Enrique Farell Solá, jeweler and Spanish immigrant from Cataluña, Spain, and Consuelo Cubillas Gutiérrez, immigrant from Santander, Spain; married Rosa María Campa; brother Luis Farrell Cubillas, air force general who fought against de la Huerta rebellion and Cristeros and became assistant chief of staff of the air force, 1959. j—None. k—None. l—HA, June 4, 1973, 16; HA, June 3, 1974, 24; Excélsior, May 30, 1973, 13; Guerra Leal, 124; HA, Dec. 13, 1982, 15; DBGM, 138; Q es QAP, 357; Excélsior, Mar. 17, 1997; www.wikipedia.org; es.wikipedia .org; La Jornada, May 16, 2005. Farías (Martínez), Luis Marcelino

a—June 7, 1920. b—Monterrey, Nuevo León. c—Elementary studies in Monterrey; secondary studies in Mexico City, at Colegio Franco España, 1937, Eagle Pass, Tex., and Torreón; preparatory studies at National Preparatory School, 1939–1941; studied law at National Law School, UNAM, 1941–1945, degree, 1947, with thesis on the 1950 constitutional reforms on Amparo; professor of philosophy, National Preparatory School, Mexico City; professor of philosophy, UNAM, 1954. d—Federal deputy from the Federal District, Dist. 16, 1955–1958, member of Committee on Fine Arts, Legislative Studies Committee, Committee on the Radio and Television Industry; federal deputy from the State of Nuevo León, Dist. 2, 1967–1970, president of the Gran Comisión, PRI majority leader in the Chamber of Deputies, member of 1st Committee of Government, 1st Constitutional Affairs Committee; senator from

Nuevo León, 1970, 1973–1976, member of the Permanent Committee, executive secretary of 2nd Government and Justice committees; federal deputy from the State of Nuevo León, Dist. 6, 1979–1982, president of the Gran Comisión; mayor, Monterrey, 1986–1989. e—Active in Youth Action of PRUN in support of Juan Andreu Almazán for president, 1939–1940; joined PRI, 1951; general delegate of CEN of PRI to Sinaloa, 1973. f—Interpreter for presidential conferences, 1961; oficial mayor, Department of Tourism, 1964–1967; director general of information, Secretariat of Government, 1958–1964; substitute governor, Nuevo León, 1970–1973. g—President, National Federation of University Students, 1941–1942; president, student generation, UNAM, 1941; founder and first director, National Association of Announcers, 1951–1952; founder and first president, Inter‑American Association of Announcers, 1952–1953; secretarygeneral of the Union of Artists and Workers of Station XEW, 1945–1953, 1955–1964; president, Nuevo León Center, Mexico City, 1955–1959. h—Television commentator, 1951–1958; radio commentator, 1946–1958; author of several books on politics in Mexico. i—Friends with Francisco Venegas, important Catholic student leader in the 1940s; married María Emilia Mackey; good friend at preparatory with Mario Colín Sánchez; his preparatory generation included many important political leaders; daughter María Emilia was federal deputy from the Federal District, 1985–1988, and member of CEN of PRI, 2007; cousin of Adrián Lajous. j—None. k—Senator from Nuevo León before he was appointed governor to replace Eduardo Elizondo in 1970. l—Enc. Mex., IV, 13–14; DBM68, 227; WWMG, 16; DGF56, 23, 31, 33–34; LAD, Oct. 1971, 2; G of NL, 16; PdM, 110–112; DBM70, 200; C de D, 1957; C de D, 1967–1969; Ind. Biog., 57–58; Excélsior, July 3, 1980, 18A; letters. Faz Riza, Paz (Deceased) a—Apr. 18, 1893. b—Porfirio Díaz (Piedras Negras), Coahuila. c—Early education unknown,

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no degree. d—Federal deputy from State of Puebla, Dist. 11, 1932–1934. e—None. f—Provisional governor, Coahuila, Mar.– June, 1948. g—None. i—Son of Sebero Faz and Erlinda Riza. j—Joined the Revolution; fought in Constitutional Army under General Fortunato Maycotte in Hidalgo and Puebla; supported Plan of Agua Prieta; joined de la Huerta rebellion, 1923; rank of brigadier general, 1941. k—Replaced Ricardo Ainslie as governor until a special election could be held in which Raúl López Sánchez was selected as governor. l—López, 339; Peral, 260; www.coahuila.gob.mx, 2008; www.wikipedia.org.mx, 2008. Félix Guerra, Jesús Heriberto a—1962. b—Sinaloa. c—Early education unknown; economics degree from ITESM. d—Plurinominal senator from Sinaloa, 2006–2007. e—Member of PAN; PAN candidate for governor of Sinaloa, 2004. f—Secretary of economic development, Sinaloa, 1998–2004; assistant secretary for small and medium businesses, Secretariat of the Economy, 2007–2009; secretary of social development, 2009– . g—President, CANACINTRA, Culiacán, Sinaloa; vice president, CANACINTRA. h—Founder and owner of numerous companies; president, Prospera Foundation, Culiacán, 1998–2006. i—Married Lorena Clouthier, daughter of Manuel Clouthier, PAN presidential candidate, 1988; grandson of Catalina Miguel del Guerra and Chofa Rivera de Apodaca. j—None. k—None. l—www.noroeste.com. mx, 2008; www.pan.senado.gob.mx, 2008; www.es.wikipedia.org, 2007; www.senado. gob.mx, 2007; www.monitorlegislativo.org .mx, 2007; www.es.wikipedia.org, 2010. Félix Serna, Faustino (Deceased Apr. 17, 1986) a—May 14, 1913. b—Pitiquito, Sonora. c—Elementary at Colegio Sonora, Hermosillo, Sonora; teaching certificate from State of Sonora Normal School. c—First council member of City of Cajeme, Sonora, 1952; interim mayor, Cajeme, 1954–1955, replacing Rodolfo Elías Calles; mayor, Ciudad Obregón, Municipio de Cajeme,

1961–1964; federal deputy from State of Sonora, Dist. 2, 1964–1967, member of Gran Comisión, Public Works Committee, Agricultural Development Committee, and 1st Committee on Taxes; governor, Sonora, 1967–1973. e—President of PRI during gubernatorial campaign, 1961. f—None. g—Secretary-general, Agricultural Credit Union of Cajeme, 1936–1940; president, Agricultural Credit Union of Cajeme; president, Political Revolutionary Group of Sonora, 1977. h—Private accountant for a local bank in Ciudad Obregón; operated trucking service in Sonora; founded Sindicato de Fleteros del Valle del Yaqui, 1936; organized Algodón y Semillas de Caborca. i—Friend of Rodolfo Elías Calles, mayor of Cajeme and secretary of commerce, 1934– 1935; son of Faustino Félix Gastélum, mayor of Cajeme, 1940–1941, and Elisa Serna; father was a deputy from Altar District, 1925–1927; mother, descendant of Francisco Serna Salazar, mayor of Hermosillo, 1865, and governor of Sonora, 1879; married Lilian Escalante Alatorre; son‑in‑law Javier Robinson Bours was a federal deputy from Sonora, 1970–1973, and father of José Eduardo Robinson Bours Castelo, governor of Sonora, 2003–2009. j—None. k—Proceso accused him of representing the interests of large landowners in Sonora. l—Letter; C de D, 1964–1966; WWMG, 17; Excélsior, June 7, 1977, 23; Excélsior, Sept. 10, 1978, 14; Proceso, Aug. 7, 1978, 12–14; Moncada, 60. Félix Valdés, Rodolfo a—May 22, 1922. b—Nacozari, Sonora. c—Early education unknown; degree in civil engineering from National School of Engineering, UNAM, 1947; professor of general topography, National School of Engineering, UNAM, 1954; member, University Council, UNAM, 1962–1966; auxiliary secretary, School of Engineering, 1954–1959; director of planning, Graduate School of Engineering, UNAM. d—Governor, Sonora, 1985–1991. e—Member, IEPES of PRI, 1963–1983. f—Engineer, Secretariat of Public Works, 1945–1958; adviser on earthquake-damaged

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buildings, Department of the Federal District, 1952–1958; head, Department of Planning, Secretariat of Public Works, 1959–1961; director general of planning and programming, Secretariat of Public Works, 1961–1964; director general of planning and programming, Secretariat of Public Works, 1964–1966; assistant secretary of public works, 1966–1970, 1970–1976, 1977–1982; secretary of communications and transportation, 1982–1984. g—President, Student Society of the School of Engineering. h—Held many positions in Department of the Federal District, Secretariat of Hydraulic Resources, and Secretariat of National Defense. i—Married Gloria Flores Pérez Sandi; son of Jesús Felíx Vázquez, farmer, and Margarita Valdés Salido. j—None. k—Precandidate for governor of Sonora, 1978. l—HA, Dec. 14, 1970, 22; DPE65, 117; DPE61, 84; letter; Excélsior, Nov. 23, 1977, 18; PS, 6150; Excélsior, Dec. 1, 1982, 34; HA, Dec. 13, 1982, 14; News, Dec. 2, 1982, 8; Excélsior, July 27, 1984, 20; Q es QAP, 249; DBGM89, 683; DBGM, 140. Fernández, Rafael a—1940. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; sociology degree. d—None. e—Cofounder, first national committee to form an opposition political party; cofounder, PST, 1973; member, Central Committee and Executive Committee, PST. f—None. g—None. h—Writer for El Universal; writer for Uno Más Uno. i—Parents were Spanish Republicans who emigrated from Spain; grandfather, an Austrian miner. j—None. k—First became politically active in 1971. l—HA, Feb. 12, 1979, 20. Fernández Aguirre, Braulio a—Nov. 21, 1912. b—San Pedro de las Colonias, Coahuila. c—Elementary studies in San Pedro de la Colonias; secondary studies in Saltillo; degree in business administration from Zaragoza Academy, Monterrey, Nuevo León. d—Mayor of Torreón, Coahuila, 1945–1948; alternate federal deputy from the State of Coahuila, Dist. 2, 1949–1952; mayor, Torreón, Coahuila, 1958–1960; federal

deputy from the State of Coahuila, Dist. 2, 1961–1963, member of Gran Comisión, Waters and Irrigation Committee, and Sugar Industry Committee, vice president of the Chamber of Deputies, Nov., 1961; governor, Coahuila, 1963–1969; senator from the State of Coahuila, 1970–1976, member of Gran Comisión, president of 1st Treasury Committee and Small Agrarian Property Committee, 1st secretary of 1st Tariff and Foreign Trade Committee, 2nd secretary of 2nd Government Committee, member of Permanent Committee, Jan., 1973. e—General delegate of CEN of PRI, 1970; member, Political Action Committee of New Advisory Council to PRI, 1972. f—Employee, Traffic Department, Torreón; inspector, State Treasury Office, Coahuila; treasurer, Torreón; president, National Arid Zones Committee, 1970. g—None. h—Left public life to grow grapes with his father, Tierra Blanca, Matamoros, 1948; rancher, Matamoros, 1976. i—Son of Braulio Fernández García, rancher, and Manuela Aguirre; son Braulio Fernández Aguirre was a federal deputy from Coahuila, 1985–1988, 1997–2000, and mayor of Torreón; married Lucía Aguirre Elguezábal, aunt of Rubén Aguirre Pangburn, assistant secretary of the treasury, 2000–2006. j—None. k—CNC of Coahuila opposed his nomination as the PRI gubernatorial candidate, 1963. l—G of M, DGF51, I, 20; C de D, 1949–1952; C de S, 1970–1976, 73; HA, July 10, 1972, 10; Moreno, 109–110; Proceso, Feb. 1, 1982, 13–15; www.elsiglodetorreon.com.mx, 6 Mar. 2007; www.coahuila.gob.mx, 2008. Fernández Aguirre, Braulio Manuel

a—June 17, 1941. b—Torreón, Coahuila. c—Early education unknown; business administration degree from University of Coahuila, 1963–1965, 1973–1976. d—Local deputy, State Legislature of Coahuila, 48th Session, 1979–1982; mayor, Torreón, 1982– 1984; federal deputy from State of Coahuila, Dist. 2, 1985–1988; federal deputy from State of Coahuila, Dist. 5, 1997–2000. e—Joined PRI, 1960; general delegate of CEN of PRI

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to Yucatán, 1979; president of PRI, Torreón, 1970–1973; president of PRI, Coahuila, 1994–1995; ran for PRI nomination for governor, 1999. f—None. g—None. h—Agroindustry businessman; founded Fomento Económico of Coahuila. i—Son of Braulio Fernández Aguirre, governor of Coahuila, 1963–1969, and Lucía Aguirre Elguezábal; married Cristina Morra Talamás, sociologist; brother Héctor Fernández Aguirre was director of agricultural development, Coahuila, and federal deputy from Coahuila, Dist. 5, 2009–2012. j—None. k—None. l—QesQ en el Congreso, 1997–2000, 155; www.secgob.gob.mx, 1997, 2008; DBGM87, 469; www.dimelo.com.mx, 2008. Fernández Aguirre, Germán a—August 8, 1953. b—Jalapa, Veracruz. c—Early education unknown; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, 1972–1977. d—None. e—Joined PRI, 1991. f—Aide, Legal Department, Bank of Mexico, 1975–1978; lawyer, Construction Office, Bank of Mexico, 1979–1980; director, Deposit Office, Bank of Mexico, 1981–1983; assistant manager, Deposit Office, Bank of Mexico, 1983–1984; manager, Deposit Office, Bank of Mexico, 1984–1987; manager, Depository Stock Exchange, Bank of Mexico, 1987–1989; manager, Special Affairs, Bank of Mexico, 1990; director general, Legal Affairs, Secretariat of Programming and Budget, 1990–1992; oficial mayor of public education, 1993–1994; director, Legal Department, Office of the Presidency, 1994–2000. g—None. h—Partner, Maxen Capital (financial consulting), 2001– . i—Son of Germán Fernández Gamundi, lawyer, and Dulce María Aguirre; married Marcela García Bringas. j-None. k—None. l—DBGM94, CD; www.maxen capital.com, 2008. Fernández Albarrán, Juan (Deceased Mar. 27, 1972) a—Jan. 10, 1901. b—Toluca, State of Mexico. c—Elementary studies at Colegio Hispano-Mexicano, Toluca; secondary and preparatory studies at Scientific and Literary Institute of Mexico, Toluca; law degree from National School

of Law, UNAM, graduating with honorable mention. d—Mayor, Toluca, 1942–1943; federal deputy from State of Mexico, Dist. 7, 1943–1946; senator from State of Mexico, 1952–1958, member of Committee on Mines, 2nd Balloting Committee, substitute member of Committee on Foreign and Domestic Commerce, Committee on Cooperative Development, and Committee on Labor; governor, State of Mexico, 1963–1969. e—Representative to PRI from Toluca; secretary-general of PRI, 1959–1963, under Alfonso Corona del Rosal. f—Agent, Ministerio Público, Mexico City, 1937; judge, Mexico City; oficial mayor, State Legislature, State of Mexico; secretary-general of government, State of Mexico, 1937–1941, under Governor Wenceslao Labra; member, Federal Electoral Commission, 1946; oficial mayor, Department of Agrarian Affairs, 1946–1952; judge, Superior Tribunal of Justice, State of Veracruz; judge, Superior Tribunal of Justice, State of Durango. h—None. i—Related to Juan Albarrán, alternate federal deputy from State of Mexico, Dist. 10, 1937–1940; son of Juan Fernández, pharmaceutical chemist and professor, and María del Refugio Albarrán. j—None. k—None l—DGF51, I, 465; DGF56, 6, 10–13; letter; DBM68, 230; Correa, 447; WWMG, 17; DP95, 1269. Fernández de Cevallos (Ramos), Diego

a—Mar. 16, 1941. b—Federal District. c—Elementary studies from private tutor on father’s ranch; secondary and preparatory studies at Jesuit Institute of Sciences, Guadalajara; began legal studies at Ibero-American University, 1959–1960; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, 1960–1964, with thesis on criminal law; professor in criminal and business law, Ibero-American University, 1964– . d—Plurinominal federal deputy, 1991–1994, member of Government and Constitutional Affairs Committee, head of PAN delegation to Chamber of Deputies; plurinominal senator from PAN, 2000–2006, coordinator of PAN delegation, 2000–2006, president of

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the Senate, 2003. e—Joined PAN, 1958, but began speaking at PAN rallies in support of Efraín González Luna’s presidential campaign, 1952; president, National PAN Youth, in college; member, National Council of PAN; member, CEN of PAN, 1969–1971, 1975–1977, 1990–2005; national adviser to PAN, 1975–1981, 1988–2007; active in MURO, extreme Right political group, and threatened with expulsion from PAN by Adolfo Christlieb Ibarrola; PAN candidate for federal deputy, 1970, 1976, 1985; secretary of internal policy, Manuel Clouthier’s shadow cabinet, 1989–1992; PAN presidential candidate, 1993–1994, obtaining 27% of the vote. f—None. g—None. h—Practicing lawyer, 1964– . i—Son of José Fernández de Cevallos, rancher and founding member of PAN, 1939, and Beatriz Ramos Íñigo; married Claudia Gutiérrez Navarrete; aligned with Luis Héctor Álvarez and Carlos Castillo Peraza in PAN; cousin Francisco José was senator from Querétaro, 2000–2006. j—None. k—Father jailed in 1940 for political activities; Diego jailed for distributing PAN literature. l—El Financiero International, Oct. 18, 1993, 20; DBGM92, 458–459; C de D, 1991–1994; Musacchio, 134; Directorio del Congreso, 2000–2003, 321; Líderes, VI, 1994, 65–71; www.senado.gob.mx, 2003; Pérez Franco, 127. Fernández Doblado, Luis a—Apr. 9, 1925. b—Tuxpán, Veracruz. c—Early education unknown; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, 1944–1948, with thesis on culpability and error; LLD from National School of Law, UNAM, 2000; professor, National School of Law, UNAM, 1958–1987; professor, Graduate School of Law, UNAM, 1971–1978; professor, Law School, University of Nuevo León, 1970; professor, Free Law School, 1959–1960; professor, Institute of Judicial Specialization, Supreme Court of Justice, 1979–1983; director, Seminar in Criminal Law, UNAM. d—None. e—None. f—Lawyer, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1944–1948; secretary of agreements, Superior Tribunal of Justice,

Federal District, 1956–1958; secretary of studies and accounts, Supreme Court of Justice, 1960–1967; agent, Ministerio Público, 1962–1963; district judge, States of Mexico and Nuevo León, 1967–1971; circuit court judge, Federal District, 1978–1981; Supreme Court justice, 1981–1994, retired Dec. 31, 1994; appointed special prosecutor to investigate fraud charges against Arturo Montiel Rojas, former governor of State of Mexico, 2006, but resigned after 3 days. g—None. h—Practicing lawyer, 1948–1960. i—Married Martha Tovar Ardavín. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM92, 653; DBGM89, 608; DBGM87, 618; www.scjn.gob.mx, 2008. Fernández Fernández, Aurora b—State of Mexico. c—Elementary and secondary studies at Colegio Sara L. King; teaching certificate; preparatory studies at National Preparatory School; degree in political science from School of Political and Social Sciences, UNAM, (2nd woman to receive this degree from the National University). d—Delegate from Milpa Alta to the Department of the Federal District, 1947–1950; federal deputy from the Federal District, Dist. 9, 1970–1973, member of Infant Welfare Committee, Department of the Federal District Committee, and 2nd Balloting Committee. e—Joined PNR, 1933; oficial mayor, Women’s Sector of the PNR; secretary of organization, Women’s Sector of PRI; secretary-general, Women’s Sector of PRI; secretary of organization, Women’s Sector of PRI in the Federal District, 1937. f—Head, Office of Women’s Action, Department of the Federal District, 1950–1970. g—Delegate of Women’s Sec. of the Federal District before National Women’s Committee, 1937; representative of female farmers of State of Mexico, 1939; secretary of Women’s Action, League of Agrarian Communities and Peasant Unions, 1939–1942; cofounder, National Women’s Alliance, during Miguel Alemán presidential campaign, 1945–1946; secretary of women’s action, Mexican Federation of Labor, 1951; cofounder, Mexican Alliance of Women, 1952. i—Mother was a rural

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schoolteacher; father died when she was a month old. j—None. k—None. l—Chumacero, 66–70; Directorio, 1970–1972; C de D, 1970–1973, 10, 39, 113; DGF51, I, 484; DGF56, 469; DPE61, 146; DPE65, 195. Fernández Flores, Manuel a—Sept. 16, 1933. b—Nogales, Veracruz. c—Early education unknown; no degree. d—Plurinominal federal deputy from PPS, 1985–1988. e—Joined PPS, 1952; member, CEN of PPS; secretary of labor policy, CEN of PPS, 1979; secretary-general, PPS, 1997–2006. f—None. g—Delegate of Mexican Electricians’ Union to international conferences; secretary of external affairs, Central Committee, Mexican Electricians’ Union, 1979. h—Laborer in the electrical industry, 1953– . j—None. k—None. l—HA, Mar. 12, 1979, 5. Fernández Garza, Mauricio a—Apr. 12, 1950. b—Monterrey, Nuevo León. c—Early education unknown; degree in industrial engineering from Purdue University, Ind.; MA in public administration from ITESM. d—Mayor, San Pablo Garza García, Nuevo León; senator from Nuevo León, 1994–2000, president of Border Affairs Committee. e—Joined PAN, 1966; national adviser to PAN. f—None. g—None. h—Director general, Casolor, Grupo Alfa; chief, Credit Promotion, Cía. General de Aceptaciones, 1971–1973; finance director, Grupo Conductores, Monterrey, 1974–1978; director general, Dispersiones Múltiples, 1986–1992; president, Board of Directors, textile company, 1992; established a joint venture with Cuba through International Textile Corp.; adviser, Bancomer, Grupo Alfa, Pigmentos y Óxidos. i—Related to Eugenio Garza Laguera, CEO of FEMSA, and Dioniso Garza Medina, CEO of Grupo Alfa. j—None. k—None. l—Mexico Business, Sept., 1996, 37–38; Musacchio, 135. Fernández Gómez, Rubén (Deceased) a—May 13, 1910. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; veterinary medicine degree from UNAM, 1931; professor of medical pathology, School

of Veterinary and Zootechnical Medicine, UNAM; dean, School of Veterinary and Zootechnical Medicine, 1941–1945. d—None. e—None. f—Director of veterinary hygiene, Secretariat of Health, 1942; director of health in the Federal District, Secretariat of Health, 1942–1946; director general of the milk industry, Secretariat of Agriculture, 1952–1958; adviser, National Agricultural Bank and National Rural Credit Bank, 1965–1975; assistant secretary of forest resources and fauna, 1976–1981; delegate to Morelos, Secretariat of Agrarian Reform, 1982–1987. g—None. h—None. j—None. k—None. l—Protag., 118; www.or ton.catie.accr; www.fmvz.unam.mx, 2008. Fernández Hurtado, Ernesto a—Nov. 19, 1921. b—Colima, Colima. c—Preparatory studies at National Preparatory School, 1939–1940; studies in economics at National School of Economics, UNAM, 1941–1945; MA in public administration from Harvard University, June, 1948, with thesis titled “Income Elasticity of Foreign Commerce in Latin American Countries”; specialized economic studies at IMF, 1948–1949; professor of money and banking, Mexico City College; professor of money and banking and international trade, National School of Economics, UNAM; professor of international trade, Technological Institute of Mexico, 1956–1959; professor in the field of central banking, CEMLA. d—None. e—None. f—Assistant economist, Bank of Mexico, 1941–1944; head, Balance of Payments Sec., Department of Economic Studies, Bank of Mexico, 1948–1955; manager, Department of Economic and Foreign Studies, Bank of Mexico, 1955–1960; technical adviser to Bank of Mexico director general, Rodrigo Gómez, 1954; assistant director, Bank of Mexico, 1960–1970; director general, Bank of Mexico, 1970–1976; director general, Banco BCH, 1978–1982; director general, Bancomer, 1982. g—None. h—Member, Board of Directors, Metalver, 1982; CEO, Tubos de Acero de México, 1980–1993; CEO, Zurich Insurance Co., 1994–2000; member,

t he b io g ra phies  315

Board of Directors, Equitation Insurance, 2005. i—Student of Eduardo Bustamante at National School of Economics; married Evelyn Terovane; mentor to Miguel de la Madrid; son of Mariano Fernández Morales, lawyer, and Guadalupe Hurtado Vizcaíno. j—None. k—PRI precandidate for governor of Colima, 1977; Rodrigo Gómez’s choice to succeed him; considered a representative of the extreme ideological Right. l—Hoy, Apr. 17, 1971, 12; letters; B de M, 119–120; WNM, 76; Excélsior, July 6, 1981, 1, 10A; DBGM, 142; www.ksg.harvard. Fernández MacGregor, Genaro

(Deceased Dec. 22, 1959) a—May 4, 1883. b—Federal District. c—Elementary and secondary studies at Instituto Científico, Mexico City; preparatory studies at Colegio de Mascarones, 1897–1900, Mexico City; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, 1901–1907; professor of international private and public law, National School of Law, UNAM, 1918–1925; professor of Spanish literature and general history, National Preparatory School, 1912–1916; rector, UNAM, Mar., 1945–Feb., 1946. d—None. e—None. f—Private secretary to secretary of industry and commerce, 1908–1909; assistant director, Office of Patents, 1909–1911; director of international affairs, Secretariat of Foreign Relations, 1911–1914; legal adviser, Secretariat of Foreign Relations, 1917–1924; member, United States‑Mexico Claims Commission, 1924–1936; member, International Tribunal of Arbitration, The Hague. g—None. h—Author of many novels; founder and director, Mexican Journal of International Law. i—Father, Genaro R. Fernández Becerra, a mining engineer who administered Genaro Fernández’ grandfather’s affairs; mother, Concepción MacGregor; married Ana María MacGregor; brother of Luis Fernández Macgregor, member of the Mexican Foreign Service; Fernández MacGregor family has figured prominently in the history of the Mexican Foreign Service; related to Eduardo Hay; practiced law with Alejandro Quijano;

close friend of Antonio Caso through ties between their fathers; related to José María Pino Suárez, vice president of Mexico under Madero; nephew of Justo Sierra. j—None. k—Student strike in Nov., 1945, was instrumental in bringing about his resignation as rector of UNAM 3 months later. l—DP70, 762; Hayner, 269; Peral, 269; Correa, 50; Enc. Mex., IV, 117; EWB46, 546; IWW40, 333; WB48, 1759; López, 349. Fernández Manero, Víctor (Deceased 1976) a—Nov. 17, 1898. b—Villahermosa, Tabasco. c—Elementary and secondary studies in Villahermosa; preparatory studies at Juárez Institute, Villahermosa; medical degree, with surgical specialty, National School of Medicine, UNAM. d—Federal deputy from the Federal District, Dist. 5, 1934–1936; governor, Tabasco, 1936–1939. e—Leader in Ávila Camacho’s campaign for president, 1939–1940. f—Head, Department of Hygiene, Secretariat of Public Education, 1930–1931; attaché to Mexican embassy in Paris, 1931; head, Department of Health, 1940–1943 (last director); ambassador to France, 1946–1951, and to Yugoslavia. g—None. h—Mexican representative, International Medical Congress, Washington, DC, 1930. i—Married Alicia Islas. j—None. k—Wealthiest member of Ávila Camacho cabinet in 1940, with over one million pesos in assets. l—D de Y, 1940; Correa 41, 2, 70; DGF51, 105, 109; Enc. Mex., IV, 117; Peral, 269; DP95, 1279. Fernández Martínez, Enrique (Deceased Oct. 4, 1968) a—June 15, 1897. b—San Felipe Torres Mochas, Guanajuato. c—Early education unknown; no degree. d—Federal deputy from State of Guanajuato, Dist. 9, 1920–1922; federal deputy from State of Guanajuato, Dist. 2, 1924–1926, 1928–1930, president of Gran Comisión; federal deputy from State of Guanajuato, Dist. 1, 1930–1932, member of Gran Comisión; federal deputy from State of Guanajuato, Dist. 10, 1934– 1935; interim governor, Guanajuato, Dec. 13, 1935–1937, replacing Jesús Yáñez Maya; governor, Guanajuato, 1939–1943. g—None.

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h—Cofounder, Allende Institute, San Miguel de Allende, Guanajuato. i—Friend of Governors Enrique Colunga and Arroyo Ch.; intimate friend of Luis I. Rodríguez; son Enrique Fernández Martinez Arce, federal deputy from Guanajuato, 1982–1985, and secretary general of CNOP. j—None. k—Brandenburg gives him Inner Circle status; critics considered him an unconstitutional governor since he was the interim governor before being elected in 1939. l—Dulles, 662; Peral, 269; Gruening, 428; Correa 41, 78–79; Brandenburg, 80; NYT, Apr. 29, 1935, 8; NYT, Dec. 17, 1935, 1; López, 497–498; DP95, 1279. Fernández Martínez Arce, Enrique

a—Mar. 4, 1938. b—Guanajuato, Guanajuato. c—Early education unknown; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, 1957–1962. d—Alternate federal deputy from State of Guanajuato, Dist. 5, 1961–1964; federal deputy from State of Guanajuato, Dist.1, 1982–1985, secretary of Gran Comisión. e—Joined PRI, 1957; secretary-general of PRI, Irapuato, Guanajuato, 1962–1963; auxiliary secretary, CEN of PRI, 1963; secretary-general of PRI, Federal District, 1964–1969. f—Secretary, City Council, Irapuato, 1962–1963. g—National delegate of CNOP to presidential campaign, 1963–1964; secretary-general of CNOP, 1983–1987. h—None. i—Son of Enrique Fernández Martinez, governor of Guanajuato, 1940– 1943. j—None. k—None. l—Excélsior, July 27, 1984, 20; Proceso, July 2, 1984, 8; Lehr, 178; El Heraldo, Jan. 19, 1983; C de D, 1982– 1985; C de D, 1961–1964; DBGM, 504. Fernández Robert, Raúl (Deceased) a—Sept. 7, 1905. b—Tulancingo, Hidalgo. c—Elementary and secondary studies in Pachuca, Hidalgo; preparatory and part of professional studies in Pachuca; completed law degree at National School of Law, UNAM, 1929; professor, IPN. d—Senator from the State of Hidalgo, 1952–1958, secretary of Economics and Statistics Committee, 2nd secretary of 2nd Mines Committee, president of Military Justice Committee,

member of Gran Comisión, and member of 2nd Balloting and Legislative Studies committees. e—None. f—Consulting lawyer to chief of police, Federal District, 1932–1937; attorney general of military justice, 1946–1952; director, Federal Customs Office, Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua, 1961; director, Federal Customs Office, Tampico, Tamaulipas, 1965. g—None. i—Student of Miguel Alemán at UNAM. j—Career officer in military justice; reached rank of brigade general. k—Prominent athlete; member of Mexican Olympic basketball team, which won the Bronze Medal, Berlin, 1936. l—Ind. Biog., 60–61; MGF47, 110; DGF51, I, 178; DGF56, 6, 8, 10–14, DPE61, 45; DPE65, 58; www.cronica.diputados.gob.mx, 1957; www .it.wikipedia.org; www.gblegalmexico.com.

Fernández Rodríguez, Marco Antonio a—Mar. 30, 1961. b—Tepic, Nayarit.

c—Early education unknown; 6 semesters of legal studies at University of Nayarit. d—Local deputy, State Legislature of Nayarit, 1993–1996; federal deputy from State of Nayarit, Dist. 1, 1997–2000; senator from State of Nayarit. e—Joined PRI, 1975; national political adviser, CEN of PRI, 1997–2000. f—Mechanic, hydraulic systems, Federal Electric Commission, 1989–1993. g—Secretary-general, FSTSE of Nayarit, 2001; finance secretary, SUTERM, 2001–2006; labor secretary, SUTERM. i—Son of Salvador Fernández Real and Alicia Rodríguez Luna; married Norma Araceli Molina. j—None. k—None. l—www.secgob.gob.mx, 1997, 2007; DCM, 2000–2003, 183; QesQ en el Congreso, 2000–2003, 346–347; Musacchio, 136. Fernández Varela (Mejía), Héctor

a—Aug. 12, 1933. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; MD, with thesis titled “Pain in Urology,” from the National School of Medicine, UNAM, 1956; professor, National School of Medicine, UNAM, 1958–2006; professor, La Raza Medical Center, IMSS, 1965–1973; professor, General Hospital of Mexico, 1969–1971; professor, IPN, 1968–1982; professor,

t he b io g ra phies  317

Children’s Hospital, Mexico City, 1973–1982; dean, National School of Professional Studies, UNAM, Iztacala campus; member, Board of Trustees, UNAM, 2006. d—None. e—None. f—Auxiliary secretary of scholarly medical services, UNAM, 1958–1963; general practitioner and pediatrician, IMSS, 1959–1964; pediatrician, General Pediatrics Hospital, Secretariat of Health, 1963–1982; medical adviser to assistant medical director, IMSS, 1975–1982; medical adviser, ISSSTE; assistant secretary of health, 1982– 1985; director general, National Pediatrics Institute, 1985–1988, 1988–1995; director general of health services regulations, Secretariat of Health, 1995–1996. g—President, Association of Medical Students, UNAM, 1955–1956. h—Physician, City Hospital, Ciudad Obregón, Sonora, 1957–1958; surgical intern, Hospital Francés, Mexico City, 1958–1959; pediatrics intern, Juárez Hospital, Mexico City, 1962–1963; director, Villa Gustavo A. Madero Children’s Hospital, 1973–1974; director, San Juan de Aragón Children’s Hospital. i—Son of José Fernández Varela Valle, lawyer, and María Luisa Mejía Hijar; married Evangelina Jiménez Ruiz; son Alejandro, lawyer and administrator at UNAM. j—None. k—None. l—Q es QAP, 331; DBGM, 143–144; DBGM89, 117; www.direccion.iztacala.unam.mx, 2008. Fierro Fierro, Santiago a—Oct. 29, 1921. b—Durango, Durango. c—Enrolled for preparatory studies at Juárez Institute, Durango, Feb. 4, 1935; medical degree. d—Plurinominal deputy from Leftist Coalition Party, 1979–1982. e—Joined PPS, 1960; PPS candidate for mayor of Durango, 1970; candidate for federal deputy (several times); secretarygeneral, PPS, Teziutlán, Puebla, 1964–1966; secretary-general, PPS, Durango; alternate member, CEN of PPS, 1970–1975; member, Executive Committee, CEN of Mexican Popular Party. f—None. g—Student activist with Tiburicio Bermúdez González and Ángel Rodríguez Solórzano, governor of Durango, 1960–1966. h—Practicing physician. j—None. k—None. l—Protag., 119; C

de D, 1979–1982; www.elsiglodedurango .com.mx, Apr. 21, 2004, Apr. 17, 2004. Fierro Villalobos, Roberto (Deceased July 19, 1985) a—Nov. 10, 1897. b—Ciudad Guerrero, Chihuahua. c—Elementary studies in public school, Ciudad Guerrero; graduated from Military Aviation School as 1st captain of auxiliary cavalry; director, Military Aviation School, 1932. d—None. e—None. f—Chief, Department of Civil Aviation, 1930; director of military aviation, 1935–1936; interim governor, Chihuahua, 1931–1932; director of military aviation, 1940; military attaché to China and Japan, 1936–1938; chief, Mexican Air Force, 1959– 1964. g—None. h—Employed at various jobs in his youth, including as pharmacy employee, railroad lineman, chauffeur, and auto mechanic; businessman, 1941–1959. i—Friend of Marcelino Garcia Barragán from 1921, when he was an instructor at the National Military College; married Carmen Jasso; father, a street vendor in El Paso, Tex.; mother washed clothes to support his family in El Paso during the Revolution; granddaughter Vivian Fierro married mayor of San Juan del Río, Querétaro. j—Joined the Revolution as a 1st captain in 1913, under the Constitutional forces of General Jesús María Ríos; fought with Luis Farell Cubillas, brother of Arsenio; rejoined the Revolution in 1917, fighting under General Enríquez until 1920; fought against de la Huerta, 1923; fought against Escobar, 1929; participated in 52 battles; chief, First Air Regiment, 1929–1930; rank of brigadier general, 1938; reached rank of division general. k—Worked in El Paso, 1911, at Pierson Lumber Co.; worked in Hollywood, 1913, as a movie extra; set world speed record from New York to Mexico City, 1930. l—Enc. Mex., IV, 168–169; DPE61, 33; DBM68, 218; WWM45, 42; letter; Almada, 578–579; www .es.wikipedia; DP95, 1296. Figueroa Alcocer, Rubén a—Dec. 4, 1939. b—Huitzuco, Guerrero. c—Elementary and secondary studies in Federal District; preparatory studies at Militarized

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Mexico School; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, 1957, with thesis in agrarian law. d—Federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. 17, 1979–1982, president of Communications and Transportation Committee; alternate senator from Guerrero, 1982–1988; federal deputy from State of Guerrero, Dist. 10, 1988–1991, coordinator of Guerrero PRI delegation; senator from Guerrero, 1991–1993; governor, Guerrero, 1993–1996. e—Joined PRI, 1960; transportation coordinator, PRI presidential campaigns, 1969–1970, 1975–1976; coordinator, José Francisco Ruiz campaign for governor of Guerrero; member, National Political Council of PRI. f—Director general, Sahagún Industrial Complex, 1970–1976; assistant director general of transportation and communication, Department of the Federal District, 1976–1978; corporate director of transportation, Sidermex, 1978–1982. g—Leader, Bus Drivers’ Alliance of Mexico. i—Son of Rubén Figueroa, governor of Guerrero, and Lucía Alcocer. j—None. k—Removed as governor Mar. 12, 1996, after state police attacked peasants in Aguas Blancas. l—Directorio de Senado, 1991–1994; DBGM92, 435; Musacchio, 137. Figueroa Balvanera, Ignacio L.

(Deceased Dec. 5, 1959) a—1890s. b—Querétaro, Querétaro. c—Elementary studies in Querétaro; secondary studies at Normal School of Querétaro, 1908–1912, graduating 2 years early with a teaching certificate, June 16–17, 1913. d—Senator from Querétaro, 1934–1940. e—None. f—Involved with numerous irrigation projects in Querétaro; assistant director, National Agrarian Commission, 1920–1921; director of national properties, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1933–1934. g—None. h—None. i—Political disciple of Marte R. Gómez and, later, Emilio Mújica; son of Ignacio L. Figueroa, director of Normal School of Querétaro; brother of José Figueroa Balvanera, senator from Querétaro, 1952–1958. j—None. k—None. l—Muñoz, 193–195; C de S, 1934–1940.

Figueroa Balvanera, José (Deceased) a—1890s. b—Querétaro, Querétaro. c—Elementary studies in Querétaro; secondary and preparatory studies at Colegio Civil, Querétaro; veterinary studies at National School of Agriculture, 1908–1914, veterinary degree, 1914; postgraduate studies in Europe, Canada, Brazil, Argentina, and United States. d—Senator from Querétaro, 1952–1958, member of Balloting Committee, 1st secretary of Special Committee on Livestock and Committee on Health, president of Agricultural and Development Committee and Military Health Committee. e—None. f—Director general of livestock, Secretariat of Agriculture and Livestock, 1951. g—None. i—Son of Ignacio L. Figueroa, distinguished teacher and director of Normal School of Querétaro; brother of Ignacio Figueroa Balvanera, senator, 1934–1940. j—None. k—None. l—DGF51, I, 208; DGF56, 7, 9–10, 12–14; Ind. Biog., 61–62; Gómez, 196. Figueroa (Figueroa), Andrés

(Deceased Oct. 17, 1936) a—Jan. 13, 1884. b—Chaucingo, Municipio de Huitzuco, Hidalgo, Guerrero. c—Elementary studies at Morelos Institute and Papé Carpentier Institute, Cuernavaca; no degree. d—Member, City Council of Quetzalapa, Guerrero; mayor, Quetzalapa; member, City Council of Huitzuco. e—None. f—Secretary of national defense, 1935–1936. g—None. h—Agricultural laborer, 1907. i—Fought with brother Rómulo in the Revolution; son of small landowners; uncle of Manuel Ávila Camacho. j—Joined the Revolution in Aug., 1910; supported Madero against Zapata; formed Figueroa Brigade under General Obregón; fought against Carranza; commander of various military zones, 1920–1935; fought Cristeros, 1926–1929; commander, 22nd Military Zone, Toluca, State of Mexico; commander, 31st Military Zone, Chiapas, 1935. k—None. l—DP70, 770; D de S, June 19, 1935, 1; Enc. Mex., IV, 402; Q es Q, 207; HA, May 28, 1979, 6; www .chapingo.com, 2007.

t he b io g ra phies  319 Figueroa Figueroa, Rubén (Deceased Mar. 18, 1991) a—Nov. 9, 1908. b—Huitzuco de los Figueroa, Guerrero. c—Elementary studies in Huitzuco; secondary studies in Mexico City; preparatory studies at National Preparatory School; self-educated as a librarian and bibliographer, National Library of Mexico; degree in topographical and hydrological engineering from National Engineering School, UNAM. d—Alternate federal deputy from the State of Guerrero, Dist. No. 4, 1934–1937; federal deputy from State of Guerrero, Dist. No. 2, 1940–1943, member of Editorial Committee (1st year), Tax Committee, and General Means of Communication Committee; federal deputy from State of Guerrero, Dist. No. 2, 1964–1967, member of Tariff Committee, Automobile Transportation Committee, and 1st General Means of Communication Committee; senator from state of Guerrero, 1970–1974, member of Gran Comisión, president of General Means of Communication Committee and Public Works Committee; governor, Guerrero, 1975–1981. e—Delegate from Guerrero to Constitutional Convention of PNR, 1928; delegate to PNR National Convention, 1933; general delegate, CEN of PRM, to Quintana Roo, 1943. f—Porter, National Library, Mexico City; assistant librarian, National Library; director, José E. Rodó Public Library; assistant director, Ibero‑American Library, 1932; member, Mixed Agrarian Commission of Guerrero; topographical engineer, Guerrero; inspecting engineer, Railroad Department, Secretariat of Public Works, 1936–1939; sanitation engineer, Secretariat of Public Health; executive director, Cuenca del Balsas Commission, 1974. g—Student representative of 1st-year engineering students; member, Mixed Agrarian Commission, Guerrero; member, CNC committee in Chihuahua, 1942; president, Truckers’ Alliance of Mexico, 1955–1979. h—Director general, Voz; started own oil essence firm, 1944–1950. i—Parents, Nicasio Figueroa Fuentes and Lucía Alcocer,

peasants; married Eufenia Mata, the daughter of peasants; uncles were murdered during initial stages of the Revolution; brother of Ruffo Figueroa; political ally of Carlos Duffo, federal deputy, 1973–1976; son Rubén Figueroa Alcocer was federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. No. 17, 1979–1982, and governor of Guerrero, 1993–1996. j—None. k—Kidnapped by Guerrero guerrilla leader Lucio Cabañas, May 30, 1974, and rescued by the army on Sept. 8, 1974. l—Excélsior, Mar. 16, 1973, 22; Excélsior, Aug. 17, 1972, 5; C de D, 1964–1966; C de D, 1940–1942, 10, 48, 51; HA, June 10, 1974, 15–16; Hoy, Mar. 14, 1970, 4; Excélsior, Feb. 1, 1975, 6; Excélsior, Dec. 26, 1981, 16A; Latin America, Mar. 30, 1979, 99; Excélsior, July 7, 1980, 33A; DBGM89, 435; Proceso, Mar. 25, 1991, 20–23. Figueroa Figueroa, Ruffo (Deceased July 25, 1967) a—Nov. 10, 1905. b—Huitzuco de los Figueroa, Guerrero. c—Completed elementary studies; 2 years of secondary studies; no degree. d—Federal deputy from the Federal District, Dist. 4, 1943–1946; senator from Guerrero, 1946–1952, member of Committees on Public Welfare and Social Security and substitute member of Economy and Statistics Committee. e—Secretary-general, CNOP, 1964–1965; important representative of bureaucratic sector in PRI delegations. f—Assistant director, ISSSTE, 1952–1958, 1959–1964; governor, Quintana Roo, 1965–1967. g—Delegate of Local No. 17, 1935, action secretary of Local No. 17, interior secretary of Local No. 17, secretarygeneral of Local No. 17, SUTDDF; secretary of labor and strikes, Popular Sector, Federal District; secretary of bureaucratic action, CNOP, 1943; secretary-general, FSTSE, 1943– 1946. h—Assistant librarian, 1922; librarian, José Enrique Rodó Library. i—Brother Rubén Figueroa was a leader of transportation workers’ union, a federal deputy from Guerrero in 1940–1943, 1964–1966, and a senator from Guerrero, 1970–1974; married Ilusión Cobián Sáinz; son Rómulo Andrés was a director general in Secretariat of Communications and Transportation,

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1982; nephew Rubén Figueroa Alcocer was governor of Guerrero, 1993–1996. j—None. k—Figueroa brothers are from a revolutionary family in Guerrero, their uncle Ambrosio initiated the Revolution in their native region and was shot by General Huerta; PRI precandidate for governor of Guerrero, 1957, lost to Raúl Caballero Aburto. l—HA, Dec. 10, 1962, 21; HA, Jan. 19, 1959, 11; HA, Nov. 15, 1946, 5; DGF47, 20; DP70, 771; G de M, 10; Álvarez Corral, 153–154; DBGM, 146. Figueroa Velasco, Juan (Deceased) a—June 24, 1909. b—Coixtlahuaca, Puebla. c—Elementary studies at Benito Juárez School, Puebla; 3 years of secondary studies at University of Puebla; 1st year of preparatory studies at University of Puebla; no degree. d—Local deputy, State Legislature of Puebla; federal deputy from State of Puebla, Dist. 2, 1961–1964, 1970–1973, member of Mines and National Lands committees. e—None. f—None. g—President, National Committee of CROC; secretary of technical and economic affairs, National Committee of CROC; secretary-general of CROC in Puebla; director, Resurgimiento, official paper of CROC in Puebla. i—Son of Atenógenes Figueroa Martínez and Julia Velasco García; married Guadalupe Becerra. j—None. k—None. l—Directorio, 1970–1972, 72–73; C de D, 1970–1973, 114; C de D, 1961–1964. Figueroa Zamudio, Jaime Genovevo

a—Apr. 26, 1940. b—Cuitzeo del Porvenir, Michoacán. c—Elementary studies at J. M. Morelos public school; secondary and preparatory studies at Colegio de San Nicolas, Morelia, Michoacán; MD from School of Medicine, University of Michoacán, 1959–1964, with specialization in ophthalmology; ophthalmologist, IMSS, 1960–1970; professor, School of Medicine, University of Michoacán, 1971–1986; rector, University of Michoacán, 1976–1979. d—Federal deputy from Dist. 10, Michoacán, 1979–1982; local deputy, State Legislature of Michoacán, 1986–1988; interim governor, Michoacán, Dec. 3, 1988–Sept. 14, 1992; senator from

State of Michoacán, 1994–2000, president of Gran Comisión, 1997. e—Joined PRI, 1966; secretary of organization, CEN of PRI, 1992–1993; adviser to Luis Donaldo Colosio, PRI presidential candidate, 1994; resigned from PRI, 2002. f—Secretary-general, IMSS, 1992–1993; ambassador to Argentina, 1998– 2001; secretary of tourism, State of Michoacán, 2002. g—None. h—Secretary-general, López Mateos Infant Hospital, 1965. i—Son of Eleuterio Figueroa Ortiz, public official and mayor of Cuitzeo, 1948–1950, and Nicomedes Zamudio Rico; married Rubí Silvia Villablón, orthodontist; uncle was mayor of Cuitzeo, 1963–1965. j—None. k—None. l—www.michoacan.gob.mx, 2008; www .wikipedia, 2007; DBGM92, 684. Flores Ayala, Jesús María a—Aug. 5, 1950. b—Monterrey, Nuevo León. c—Early education unknown; economics degree from ITESM, 1967–1971; diploma in econometrics from University of Manchester, Eng., 1974–1975; MA in economics from University of Warwick, Eng., 1975–1976; professor, ITESM, 1971; professor, UNAM, 1972; professor, Ibero-American University, 1972–1974, 1977–1981, 1985–1988. d—None. e—None. f—Analyst, Coordinator of Economic and Social Programs Division, Office of the Presidency, 1972–1974; chief, Department of Economic Studies, Mexican Institute of Foreign Trade, 1977–1978; assistant director of industrial policy, Secretariat of Government Properties, 1978–1983; assistant manager, International Economic Studies, PEMEX, 1983–1985; director of budgeting strategy, Secretariat of Programming and Budget, 1985–1988; director general of revenues, State of Mexico, 1988–1989; coordinator of advisers, assistant secretary for foreign trade, 1989–1990; coordinator of advisers, chief official of negotiations, NAFTA, Secretariat of Trade, 1990–1994; oficial mayor of trade, 1994–2000. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Jesús María Flores Martínez and Alicia Ayala Galindo. j—None. k—None. l—Pescador, 150; DBGM92, 123–124.

t he b io g ra phies  321 Flores Betancourt, Dagoberto

(Deceased) a—Jan. 20, 1906. b—Silacayoapan, Oaxaca. c—Elementary studies in Silacayoapan and Mexico City; secondary studies in Mexico City, 1925–1927; normal school teaching certificate from National Teachers’ School, Mexico City, 1928–1930; preparatory studies at National Preparatory School, Mexico City, 1930–1931; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, 1932–1936; schoolteacher. d—Alternate federal deputy from State of Oaxaca, Dist. 10, 1937–1940; federal deputy from State of Oaxaca, Dist. 6, 1967–1970, member of Gran Comisión. e—None. f—Agent, Ministerio Público. g—Leader, National Union of Educational Workers; secretary of labor and conflicts, FSTSE, under Edgar Robledo Santiago. i—Father, a peasant. j—None. k—None. l—D de Y, Dec. 4, 1970; C de D, 1967–1970; www.wenceslao.com.mx, 2008; MGF69, 94. Flores Castellanos, Petronilo

(Deceased Apr. 4, 1957) a—May 31, 1890. b—Unión de Tula, Hidalgo. c—Elementary and secondary studies in public schools, Guadalajara, Jalisco; no degree. d—None. e—None. f—Governor, Baja California del Sur, 1956–1957. g—None. h—None. j—Joined the Revolution in 1913, under General Diéguez; career army officer; rank of brigadier general, Feb. 16, 1914; chief of staff, 3rd Military Zone, La Paz, Baja California del Sur, 1939–1956; chief of staff, 28th Military Zone, Oaxaca, Oaxaca; commander of various military zones; commander, 3rd Military Zone, La Paz, 1956–1957. k—Served as chief of staff under General Olachea Avilés, 1946–1956. l—Siempre, Sept. 19, 1956, 10; DP70, 781; Peral, 276; Casasola, V; www.diputados.gob.mx, 1942. Flores Curiel, Rogelio a—Mar. 3, 1923. b—Tepic, Nayarit. c—Elementary studies at Juan Escutia School, Tepic, and Fernando Montaño School, Nayarit; secondary studies at Institute of Science and Letters of Nayarit; preparatory studies at National Military College; graduated from National Military College, 1941–1944; graduated with

distinction from Staff School of Higher War College, Mexico City; professor and chief of curriculum, Higher War College, 1964– 1967; assistant director, National Military College, 1968–1969. d—Alternate senator from State of Nayarit, 1964–1970; senator from Nayarit, 1970, 1971–1975, member of Gran Comisión, president of Military Justice Committee, member of Permanent Committee, 1974; governor, Nayarit, 1975–1981. e—Joined PRI, 1951; aide to president of CEN of PRI, Agustín Olachea Avilés, 1956–1958; auxiliary secretary, State Committee of PRI for Baja California; delegate of CEN of PRI to CNOP, 1975; special delegate of PRI to Chiapas, Durango, and Nuevo León. f—Member of the Mexican delegation to Inter‑American Defense Board, 1953; military attaché to El Salvador, 1959–1961; private secretary to the secretary of national defense Agustín Olachea Avilés, 1961–1964; member, Mexican delegation to International Air and Space Meeting; chief of police, Federal District, 1970–1971. g—Secretary of legislation, CEN of CNOP, 1975–1976. h—Scribe, Nayarit Department of Public Works. i—Wedding compadre of Luis Echeverría, whom he knew from their careers in the party bureaucracy in the 1950s. j—Career army officer, 1st sergeant of Cadet Honor Squad at National Military College; rank of colonel. k—Removed from his position as chief of police after student riots in Oct., 1971. l—HA, Dec. 14, 1970, 25; MGF69, 106; C de S, 1964–1970; Excélsior, Feb. 21, 1975, 12; Excélsior, Mar. 21, 1975, 4; Enc. Mex., Annual, 1977, 547. Flores de la Peña, Horacio a—July 24, 1923. b—Saltillo, Coahuila. c—Elementary and secondary studies in Saltillo; preparatory studies at Ateneo Fuente, Saltillo; degree in economics from National School of Economics, UNAM, Dec. 13, 1955, with honorable mention for thesis titled “Obstacles to Economic Development”; postgraduate work at American University, Washington, DC, 1947–1949; professor of modern economic systems, National School

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of Economics, 1956–1963; professor of theories of economic development, National School of Economics, 1964–1966; director, National School of Economics, UNAM, 1965–1966; executive coordinator, Technical Planning Commission of UNAM, 1967– 1970. d—None. e—Technical adviser, IEPES of PRI. f—Member, Mexican delegation to United Nations, 1951–1953; director of administration and inspection of decentralized agencies and enterprises, Secretariat of Government Properties, 1959–1970; secretary of government properties, 1970–1975; ambassador to France, 1977–1982; ambassador to the Soviet Union, 1982–1988; ambassador to Italy, 1989; ambassador to Czechoslovakia, 1993–1999. g—None. h—Head, Tariff Committee, 1944–1947; employee, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1950; employee, Ejido Credit Bank, 1959; employee, Agrarian Credit Bank, 1953–1958. i—Student of Eduardo Bustamante at National School of Economics, UNAM; attended UNAM with Raúl Salinas Lozano and Octaviano Campos Salas; attended American University with Raúl Salinas Lozano; married Alena Justic; member of Emilio Mújica Montoya’s group at UNAM; son of José Flores Dávila, farmer, and Concepción de la Peña Meléndez. j—None. k—None. l—DGF69, 238; DPE61, 58; HA, Dec. 7, 1970, 24; letter; Hoy, Dec., 1970; HA, Jan. 13, 1975, 7–8; Latin America, Jan. 17, 1975, 20; Excélsior, Jan. 13, 1983, 4A; Silva Herzog, 128–129; Excélsior, Feb. 29, 1980, 13A; DBGM87, 131; DBGM, 146. Flores (Fernández), Edmundo (Deceased Dec. 3, 2004) a—Nov. 20, 1918. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; degree in economics and agricultural engineering from National School of Agriculture, 1940; MS from University of Wisconsin, Madison, 1947; PhD in economics from University of Wisconsin, 1948; visiting professor, Princeton University, 1962–1963; visiting Professor, University of Texas, Austin, 1957–1958; fellow, Mathematics Institute of Economic Research, UNAM, 1967; professor of agricultural training, United

Nations, Santiago, Chile, 1963; professor of agricultural economics, National School of Economics, UNAM 1953–1980; professor of economic development, National School of Economics, UNAM, 1964–1980. d—None. e—None. f—Agricultural economist, Rural Economics Division, Secretariat of Agriculture, 1950–1952; Mexican representative to FAO, Rome, 1973–1974; special ambassador to Cuba, 1975; director general, National Council of Science and Technology, 1976–1982. g—None. h—Economist, United Nations, 1953. i—Son of Edmundo Flores and Paz Fernández; married Karin Schimmelpfeng; good friend of Jesús Silva Herzog, prominent economist, intellectual, and secretary of the treasury. j—None. k—Contributor to many newspapers and journals. l—JSH, 127–128; Enc. Mex., IV, 328; WNM, 77; Protag., 121; www.luzmariasilva.com; www.jornada.unam.mx, Dec. 4, 2004. Flores Fuentes, Raymundo (Deceased) a—Mar. 15, 1913. b—Chalma, Veracruz. c—Normal teaching certificate; elementary school teacher, Veracruz, 1933; secondary school teacher; professor, Night Institute for Workers, Jalapa, Veracruz. d—Local deputy, State Legislature of Veracruz; member, city council, Jalapa; federal deputy from State of Veracruz, Dist. 1, 1955–1958, president of Administration Committee, member of 2nd Government Committee. e—President of PRI, State of Veracruz. f—Director of population, Secretariat of Government, Reynosa, Tamaulipas; founder and president, Board of Moral, Civic, and Material Improvement, Reynosa; president, Electoral Committee for Baja California del Norte; director of customs, Tampico. g—Secretarygeneral, Teachers’ Union of Jalapa; secretary-general, Local No. 30, STERM; secretary-general, STERM, 1940; secretarygeneral, CTM, State of Veracruz; secretary of education, CTM; executive secretary, Southern Zone, CNC, 1975; secretarygeneral, CNC, 1957–1959. i—Son Raymundo Flores Bernal was federal deputy from State of Veracruz, 1970–1973; brother of Guilbaldo

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Flores Fuentes, federal deputy from State of Veracruz, 1976–1979; married Etna Bernal Romero; grandson Guilbaldo Flores Loman, representative of Alternative Social Democratic and Peasant Party, Veracruz, 2007. j—None. k—None. l—Ind. Biog., 62–63; Excélsior, Jan. 5, 1957; DGF56, 28, 30, 34; Navarro, 220; Directorio, 1970– 1972; DBGM87, 131; www.enlancevazquez chagoya.com. Flores Granados, Roberto a—July 25, 1931. b—Iztapalapa, Federal District. c—Elementary studies at a private school in Federal District; secondary and preparatory studies at National Preparatory School No. 2, 1947–1952; degree in dentistry from School of Dentistry, UNAM, 1953–1958; professor of surgical techniques, UNAM; secretary, School of Odontology, UNAM, 1970. d—Alternate federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. 21, 1967–1970; federal deputy (PAN party deputy) from the Federal District, Dist. 21, 1970–1973. e—Joined PAN, 1948; secretary, PAN Committee for Dist. 21, Federal District, 1960; regional adviser to PAN, 1973. f—None. g—None. h—Practicing dentist. i—Married María Eugenia Hernández. j—None. k—PAN candidate for alternate federal deputy from Federal District, 1961. l—Directorio, 1970– 1972; MGF69, 91. Flores Hernández, José Luis a—Jan 7, 1950. b—Cuetzalan, Puebla. c—Early education unknown; economics studies at National School of Economics, UNAM, 1968–1972, graduating Aug. 4, 1973; MA in international economics from Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy, Tufts University, Medford, Mass., 1975–1976; macroeconomics course at American University, Washington, DC, 1990; professor, UNAM, 1973–1983; coordinator, International Economics Seminar, UNAM, 1980. d—Federal deputy from State of Puebla, Dist. 3, 1997–1998, 2003–2006. e—Joined PRI, 1980; member, National Political Council of PRI, 1997–1998; secretary of administration and finances, CEN of PRI, 1997–1998.

f—Assistant representative, NAFIN, Washington, DC, 1976–1977; assistant director, Negotiations Department, NAFIN, 1977–1979; assistant director, International Finance Organizations; secretary of the treasury, 1979–1982; director, International Finance Organizations, 1983–1988; finance secretary, Puebla, 1993–1997; director general, National Public Works Bank, 1998– 2000. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Ángel Flores Huidobro, cattle rancher, and María Adoración Hernández, secretary; married María Teresa Straffon, economist. j— None. k—None. l—DBGM94, CD; www .diputados.gob.mx, 2003–2006; QesQ en el Congreso, 1997–2000, 157. Flores M., Alfonso (Deceased) a—Aug. 3, 1907. b—Ixtlahuaca, State of Mexico. c—Studies at Scientific and Literary Institute of Mexico, Toluca, State of Mexico; law degree. d—Federal deputy from State of Mexico, Dist. 7, 1937–1940; senator from State of Mexico, 1940–1946, president of Tariffs and Foreign Trade Committee, 1st secretary of Development of Cooperatives Committee, member of Gran Comisión, 1st secretary of Tax Committee, president of Public Works Committee, 1st secretary of 2nd Petroleum Committee, 2nd secretary of Foreign Relations Committee. f—Judge, Superior Tribunal of State of Mexico, 1933; manager, Workers’ Clothing and Equipment Cooperative, 1947–1952. g—None. h—None. k—None. l—PS, 2112; Libro de Oro, 1946, 6; DGF51, I, 504; C de S, 1940–1946; C de D, 1937–1940; www.cronica.diputados.mx, 1945; www.edomexico.gob.mx, 2008. Flores Mazari, Antonio (Deceased July 20, 1985) a—1908. b—Jojutla, Morelos. c—Studies at School of Mechanical Engineering, Mexico City; studies in journalism at Methodist Institute; completed preparatory studies; no degree. d—Alternate senator from State of Morelos, 1958–1964; senator from State of Morelos, 1964–1970. e—None. f—None. g—Secretary-general, National Union of Newspaper Editors, 1964. h—Journalist; sports editor, La Afición; sports

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editor, El Popular; editor, El Universal; representative, Mexican Olympic Committee; director, National Soccer Federation, 1937. i—Member, Emilio Riva Palacio’s political group. j—None. k—Outstanding soccer player on the champion Express team, 1926. l—C de S, 1964–1970; MGF69; www.oem .mx, 2007; www.cronica.diputados,gob.mx, 1966, July 24, 1985. Flores Muñoz, Gilberto (Deceased Oct. 6, 1978) a—May 4, 1906. b—Compostela, Nayarit. c—Studied at a military school in Guadalajara, Jalisco; no degree. d—Federal deputy from State of San Luis Potosí, 1930–1932, 1934–1937; senator from State of San Luis Potosí, 1940–1946, president of 2nd Public Education Committee, General Means of Communication Committee, executive secretary of 2nd Foreign Relations Committee and Securities Committee; governor, Nayarit, 1946–1951. e—Campaign manager, Reynaldo Pérez Gallardo for governor, 1939; secretary of labor action, CEN of PNR, 1934–1935; secretary of education action, CEN of PNR, 1936–1937; secretarygeneral, PNR, 1937; national coordinator of Adolfo Ruiz Cortines’ campaign for president of Mexico, 1951–1952. f—Labor inspector, State of San Luis Potosí, 1930; president, federal Board of Conciliation and Arbitration, San Luis Potosí, 1928; secretary of agriculture and livestock, 1952–1958; director general, National Sugar Industry Commission, 1977–1978. g—None. h—Stock in La Moderna and Santa María tobacco companies. i—Son of Guillermo Flores Flores and Rafaela Muñoz; good friend of Rodolfo Sánchez Taboada; political disciple of Gonzalo Santos; son Gilberto Flores Izquierdo was assistant medical director of IMSS in 1978; mentor of Emilio González; uncle was chief of operations in San Luis Potosí; disciple of Gonzalo Santos; supported Luis Morones Prieto for president. j—Joined the army in 1923; supported de la Huerta rebellion, captured and imprisoned in San Luis Potosí; captain of the cavalry, 1928; member, general staff of General

Francisco Carrera Torres. k—Precandidate for PRI presidential nomination, 1957; offered position of secretary of agriculture in López Mateos administration; imposed José Limón Guzmán and Francisco García Montero as governors of Nayarit; obtained his first position as a federal deputy from a relative, Col. José Márquez. l—D de Y, Dec. 2, 1952, 1; Brandenburg, 112; HA, Dec. 5, 1952, 9; DGF56, 223; DGF51, I, 91; Peral, 47, 123; EBW46, 93; Enc. Mex., IV, 336; D del S, Dec. 2, 1952; HA, May 9, 1955, 3; WB54, 379; Excélsior, Aug. 12, 1977, 6; NYT, July 28, 1957, 2; Excélsior, Dec. 11, 1969; Excélsior, Mar. 11, 1981, 23; www.es.wikipedia.org. Flores Olea, Víctor a—Aug. 24, 1932. b—Toluca, State of Mexico. c—Elementary and secondary studies in Mexico City; preparatory studies at National Preparatory School; legal studies at National School of Law, UNAM, 1950–1954, graduating Apr. 5, 1956; studies in history at School of Philosophy and Letters, UNAM, 1950–1952; postgraduate work at School of Law and Political Science, University of Rome, 1956–1957, and Institute of Political Studies, Paris, 1957–1958; MA and PhD in political science, UNAM, 1968–1969; postgraduate work at London School of Economics, 1969–1970; professor of political and social sciences, School of Political and Social Sciences, UNAM, 1959–1975; professor, National School of Economics, UNAM, 1960–1962; dean, School of Political and Social Sciences, UNAM, 1970–1975. d—None. e—None. f—Ambassador to the Soviet Union, 1975–1976; assistant secretary of popular and extracurricular education, 1976–1978; assistant secretary of culture and recreation, Secretariat of Public Education, 1978; ambassador to UNESCO, 1978–1982; assistant secretary of multilateral affairs, Secretariat of Foreign Relations, 1982–1988; president, National Council of Culture and Arts, 1989–1990. g—Supporter of 1968 student movement. h—Author of several books on Marxism and socialism; practicing lawyer in the firm of Óscar Morineau;

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lawyer, American Smelting and Refining, 1953–1956; columnist, El Universal, 1994–1996. i—Published Medio Siglo with Porfirio Muñoz Ledo, Arturo González Cosío, and Genaro Vázquez Colmenares; thesis committee at UNAM included Mario de la Cueva, José López Portillo, Enrique Velasco Ibarra, and José Campillo Sáinz; son of Florencio Flores Flores, industrialist, and María Teresa Olea Muñoz; married Martha Alarcón Cañedo. j—None. k—None. l—HA, Feb. 17, 1975, 18; Excélsior, Feb. 7, 1975, 13; Enc. Mex., IV, 336; BdM, 123–124; HA, Nov. 27, 1978, 17–18; Silva Herzog, 132– 133; Testimonios, 113; IEPES; DBGM89, 120. Flores Prieto, Eliher Saúl a—June 5, 1940. b—Hidalgo de Parral, Chihuahua. c—Early education unknown; economic studies at National School of Economics, UNAM, 1964–1968. d—Member, City Council of Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua, 1983; alternate federal deputy from State of Chihuahua, Dist. 8, 1985–1988; federal deputy from State of Chihuahua, Dist. 8, 1988–1991; federal deputy from State of Chihuahua, Dist. 3, 1997– 2000. e—Joined PAN, 1964; numerous posts in local party; oficial mayor of PAN, Ciudad Juárez. f—Director, Mechanics Workshop, Ciudad Juárez, 1983–1986. g—None. h—Manager, Hotel D’Alarcón, Mexico City, 1964–1966; director of warehouses, Afresa, Ciudad Juárez, 1968–1970; director of sales, 1970–1972, director of purchasing, 1972– 1974, director of credit, 1974–1977, Afresa. i—Son of Matías Flores and Elisa Prieto. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM89, 436; www .es.wikipedia.com, 2008. Flores (Sánchez), Óscar (Deceased Nov. 20, 1986) a—June 22, 1907. b—Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua. c—Elementary and secondary studies in Chihuahua; preparatory studies at Scientific and Literary Institute, Chihuahua; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, 1930. d—Senator from State of Chihuahua, 1952–1958, member of Committees on Agricultural Development, Legislative Studies, Livestock, General Routes of Communication, and

1st Ejido and 2nd Petroleum committees; governor, Chihuahua, 1968–1974. e—None. f—Attorney for labor, Chihuahua, 1931; public defender, Chihuahua; member, Administrative Council, National Bank of Agricultural and Livestock Credit, 1951; director, United States–Mexico Commission for the Control of Foot and Mouth Disease, 1947–1951; assistant secretary of livestock, 1946–1952; attorney general of Mexico, 1976–1982. g—None. h—Practicing lawyer, Chihuahua. i—Married Blanca Patricia Clark, a famous actress under the name Patricia Morán; 2nd cousin of José Juan de Olloqui; brother Luis Raúl was rector of University of Chihuahua, 1957. j—None. k—PRI precandidate for senator from Chihuahua, 1981. l—HA, Aug. 10, 1951, 15; DGF59, 149; DGF51, I, 203, II, 165, 219; HA, Apr. 5, 1949, iii; DGF47, 123; DGF56, 6, 10–14; Ind. Biog., 63–64; Excélsior, Dec. 1, 1976; López, 366; Excélsior, Dec. 26, 1981, 16A; www.dicentes.uacj.mx; www.pgr.gob .mx; www.es.wikipedia. Flores Tapia, Óscar (Deceased July 11, 1998) a—Feb. 5, 1917. b—Saltillo, Coahuila. c—Elementary studies in Saltillo; teaching certificate; secondary school teacher. d—Senator from State of Coahuila, 1970– 1974, president of Protocol Committee, 1st secretary of 2nd Public Education Committee and 2nd Treasury Committee; governor, Coahuila, 1975–1981. e—Founder and president of organization known as Culture and Political Science, which advocated Luis Echeverría for president of Mexico, 1968–1970; president of PRI, Coahuila (twice); president, Editorial Committee, CEN of PRI, 1972–1973; secretary of popular action, CEN of PRI, 1973. f—Director of public relations, Coahuila; director, historical archives, Coahuila; director of printing, City of Saltillo; private secretary to governor of Coahuila Raúl Sánchez López. g—Secretary-general, CNOP, Nov. 9, 1972–1975; reached 33rd degree in the Masons. h—Poet, historian, and author of numerous books on Mexico; traffic officer, Saltillo; he and his family own

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more than 30 businesses. i—Son of Urbano Flores, an Antireelectionist precursor and official in the Venustiano Carranza government, and Julia Tapia; married Isabel Amalia Dávila; son Francisco Flores Flores was director of public works, Arteaga, Coahuila, 1978; daughter Julia Isabel Flores Dávila was a department head in his administration. j—None. k—Founding member, National Liberation Movement in Mexico; resigned from governorship under federal pressure; found guilty of “unexplained wealth” by a congressional grand jury; forced to leave school in 2nd grade to support mother. l—C de S, 1970–1976; HA, Nov. 20, 1972, 13; letter; Enc. Mex., III, 336; HA, Feb. 24, 1975, 14; HA, Jan. 13, 1975, 29; Excélsior, Jan. 6, 1975, 7; Excélsior, May 26, 1978, 20; Excélsior, Aug. 8, 1981, 17–18A; www.es.wikipedia, 2008; www.lajornada.unam, 2008. Flores Torres, Juan (Deceased Mar. 1, 1992) a—Jan. 31, 1896. c—Early education unknown; no degree. d—None. e—None. f—Assistant secretary of national defense, 1958–1961; director general of personnel, Secretariat of National Defense, 1964–1970. g—None. h—None. j—Joined Constitutional Army as 2nd lieutenant, 35th Cavalry Regiment, 11th Brigade, Army of the Northeast, Aug. 6, 1914; served in 1st Battalion, 11th Brigade, Army of the East; served in 18th Battalion, New Brigade, Army of the East; served on staffs of military operations in 7th, 9th, 19th, 22nd, and 32nd zones; garrison commander, Piedras Negras, Coahuila; commander, 32nd Cavalry Regiment; rank of brigadier general, May 1, 1938; commander, 22nd and 27th Military Zones; commander, 3rd Infantry Division for the State of Mexico and the Federal District; rank of division general, Oct. 4, 1960; inspector general of the army; retired Aug. 1, 1972. k—None. l—DPE61, 32; D del S, 1952; MGF69, 196; DPE65, 43; Peral, 47, 123; HA, Dec. 29, 1958, 8; Siempre, Jan. 7, 1959, 6; DGF47, 110; Rev. de Ejer., Mar., 1992, 62. Flores Valdés, Jorge Andrés a—Feb. 1, 1941. b—Federal District. c—Early

education unknown; degree in physics from School of Science, UNAM, 1958–1962, with thesis titled “Theoretical Analysis of Energy Levels of 201bi”; PhD in physics from School of Science, UNAM, 1962–1965, with thesis on the theory of groups; postdoctoral studies at Princeton University, 1965–1967; postdoctoral studies in nuclear theory at International Center of Theoretical Physics, Trieste, Italy, 1969; professor, UNAM, 1962–2004; visiting professor, Institute of Nuclear Physics, University of Paris, Orsay; dean, Physics Institute, UNAM, 1974–1982; professor emeritus, Physics Institute, UNAM, 2004. d—None. e—None. f—Coordinator, Physics Science Committee, CONACYT, 1974–1978; assistant secretary of higher education and scientific research, Secretariat of Public Education, 1982–1985. g—President, Mexican Physics Society, 1973–1975. h—Director, Mexican Review of Physics, 1962. i—Son of Jorge Flores Espinosa, prominent physician who influenced the practice of gastroenterology in Mexico and was a professor at UNAM, and María de Jesús Valdés, teacher; married Jacqueline Roux López, biologist; grandson of Pedro Flores Renero, treasurer of Hidalgo, who had to abandon his home state under threat of execution during the Revolution; grandnephew of Dr. Gilberto Bolaños Cacho. k—None. l—HA, Dec. 20, 1982, 12; Q es QAP, 300; DBGM, 149; www .medigraphic.com, 2007. Flores y Pérez, Fernando a—1946. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; law degree from Ibero-American University, 1964–1968. d—None. e—None. f—Lawyer, Legal Issues and Labor Relations, Sahagún Combined Industrial Complex, 1969–1970; private secretary to director general, National Railroads of Mexico, 1970–1973; legal adviser, secretary of national properties, 1973–1975; director, Legal Issues and Labor Relations, Sahagún Combined Industrial Complex, 1975–1978; assistant secretary of labor and social security, Secretariat of Labor, 2005; director general, IMSS,

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2005–2006. g—Member, Board of Directors, CONCAMIN. h—Member, Board of Directors, Banamex Financial Group; member, Board of Directors, CINTRA; director of corporate legal affairs, Grupo Industrial Dina, 1978–1982; director general, Aerovías de México. j—None. k—None. l—Musacchio, 140; www.fox.presidencia.gob.mx, 2007; www.es.wikipedia.org, 2007. Flores Zaragoza, Reyes Rodolfo

(Deceased Oct. 31, 1999) a—Oct. 18, 1929. b—Ayotlán, Jalisco. c—Early education unknown; law degree from University of Guadalajara, 1949–1954, graduating with thesis on delinquency; special studies in public law at University of Paris, 1954–1955; director, Preparatory School No. 3, Guadalajara, 1958–1970; professor, School of Economics and Law, University of Guadalajara. d—Federal deputy from State of Jalisco, Dist. 1, 1973–1976; alternate federal senator from State of Jalisco, 1976–1979, in functions, 1979–1982; federal deputy from State of Jalisco, Dist. 8, 1979, 1985–1988. e—Joined PRI, 1951; director of youth of PRI, Jalisco, 1958; director, CEPES of PRI, Jalisco, 1970; general delegate of CEN of PRI in Puebla, 1973–1975, Yucatán, 1975– 1976, Veracruz, 1980, Guerrero, 1980–1981, Michoacán, 1981–1984, and Campeche and Veracruz, 1984–1986; president of PRI, Jalisco, 1976–1980; assistant director, IEPES of PRI, 1980. f—Oficial mayor, State Legislature of Jalisco, 1962–1968; oficial mayor, City of Guadalajara, 1968–1970; assistant delegate for economic loans, ISSSTE, 1999. g—None. h—Practicing lawyer, 1955–1970. i—Son of Rodolfo Flores Gutiérrez, elementary school teacher, and Consuelo Zaragoza Padilla, elementary school teacher; married Leticia Márquez Gutiérrez. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM87, 473; C de D, 1973– 1976; C de D, 1979–1982; C de D, 1985–1988; www.elinformador, Nov. 2, 1999. Foglio Miramontes, Fernando

(Deceased May 23, 1972) a—Dec. 8, 1906. b—Temosachic, Guerrero, Chihuahua. c—Preparatory studies at Escuela Particular

de Agricultura, Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua; engineering degree in agronomy from Escuela Particular de Agricultura, 1925. d—Governor, Chihuahua, 1944–1949. e—None. f—Chief, Department of Agriculture, Department of Agrarian Affairs, 1934–1935; assistant director general of national statistics, 1935–1936; director general of national statistics, Jan., 1936–Jan. 4, 1937; assistant secretary of agriculture, Jan. 5, 1937–1940; head, Department of Agrarian Affairs and Colonization, 1941–1943; agrarian adviser, Department of Agrarian Affairs, consultant no. 2, 1964–1965; director, National Ejido Credit Bank, 1970. g—None. h—Regional agronomist, 1926; author of works on the geography and agriculture of Michoacán. i-Worked under General Cárdenas when he was governor of Michoacán j—None. k—PRI precandidate for governor of Chihuahua, 1940, opposed by Alfredo Chávez and ex‑governor Gustavo Talamantes; competed for PRI nomination for senator from Chihuahua, 1970; González Navarro states that he had owned 30,000 hectares of land in Laguna de Palomas, Chihuahua; supported Javier Rojo Gómez for president, 1946. l—DPE65, 171; EBW46, 48; Enc. Mex., IV, 343; Strode, 403; D de Y, Jan. 5, 1940, 1; Hoy, Mar. 21, 1971, 4; WWM45, 42; STYBIWW54, 738; González Navarro, 268; Anderson, 75–76; López, 367; Gaxiola, 318; DB95, 1319. Foncerrada Moreno, Juan a—Mar. 9, 1935. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; studies in economics at National School of Economics, UNAM, 1953–1957, graduating Mar. 24, 1960, with thesis titled “Productivity of Manual Labor in Transformation Industries”; special courses in economics at OAS, 1972, and IADB, 1975; adjunct professor of general economic history and economic industrialization, National School of Economics, UNAM, 1960–1963. d—None. e—None. f—Coordinator of regional delegates of INFONAVIT; director of analysis and financial evaluation, Secretariat of the Treasury; representative

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of Mexico to the World Bank; adviser to executive director, World Bank, 1980–1982; adviser to secretary of the treasury Jesús Silva Herzog, 1982; director general, Banco Refaccionaro of Jalisco, 1982; oficial mayor, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1982–1986. g—None. h—None. i—Son of businessman Miguel Foncerrada Basave and María Luisa Moreno Ruffo; grandson of engineer Carlos Foncerrada; married Beatriz Berumen Riquelme; son Juan Carlos Foncerrada Berumen was consul-general in El Paso, Tex., 2005, and cofounder of PSD, 1998–2000. j—None. k—None. l—Excélsior, Dec. 29, 1982, 18; QesQAP, 110; WNM, 79–80. Fonseca Álvarez, Guillermo a—June 22, 1933. b—San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí. c—Elementary studies at a public school in Mexico City; secondary studies at San Luis Secondary School, San Luis Potosí; preparatory studies at University of San Luis Potosí; law degree from University of San Luis Potosí; teacher of history, geography, and Spanish grammar, professor of the general theory of the state, introduction to the study of law and sociology, School of Law, University of San Luis Potosí. d—Federal deputy from State of San Luis Potosí, Dist. 4, 1967–1968; mayor, San Luis Potosí, 1968–1969; senator from San Luis Potosí, 1970–1973; governor, San Luis Potosí, 1973–1979; federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. 17, 1985–1988. e—President, Regional Committee of PRI, State of San Luis Potosí; general delegate of CEN of PRI; director of a San Luis Potosí committee to support the candidacy of Luis Echeverría for president, 1969; director general, IEPES of PRI, 1979–1980; president of PRI, Federal District, 1980; representative of Roberto Madrazo during his presidential campaign, 2006. f—Agent, Ministerio Público, Office of the Attorney General; clerk, Board of Conciliation and Arbitration, State of San Luis Potosí; president, Board of Conciliation and Arbitration, State of San Luis Potosí; assistant secretary of agrarian affairs, Secretariat of Agrarian Reform, 1981–1982;

general manager, federal School Construction Program, Secretariat of Public Education, 1988–1992; oficial mayor of health, 1992–1994; director general of religious affairs, Secretariat of Government, 1998. g—Secretary, Law Students’ Society, University of San Luis Potosí; secretary-general, Federation of University Students of San Luis Potosí; secretary of organization, CNOP, 1983–1987; secretary-general, CNOP, 1987. h—Participant in various oratory contests in San Luis Potosí. i—Met Luis Echeverría as a federal deputy; son of Ignacio Fonseca Macías and Pilar Álvarez. j—None. k—None. l—HA, Jan. 22, 1973, 37–38; C de D, 1967–1969; HA, Oct. 1, 1973, 30; Enc. Mex., Annual, 1977, 549–550; DAPC, 81, 57; DBGM89, 122; DBGM92, 128; DBGM87, 473; HA, Jan. 27, 1987, 10; www.pri.org.mx, 2008. Fox Cruz, Miguel Ángel a—Feb. 2, 1939. b—Los Mochis, Sinaloa. c—Early education unknown; public accounting degree from School of Business and Administration, UNAM, 1958–1962, with thesis titled “Implantation of a Mechanized System for the Control of Warehouses and Inventories.” d—None. e—Delegate of IEPES of PRI to Sinaloa, 1980–1982. f—Auditor, Chief of Auditors and General Supervisor, National Warehouses, 1963–1965; director of auditing and controller general, Secretariat of Hydraulic Resources, 1965–1970; assistant director of expenditures, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1972–1976; assistant director general of public expenditures, Secretariat of Planning and Budget, 1977– 1978; director general of administration, Secretariat of Agrarian Reform, 1978–1980; secretary of administration, State of Sinaloa, 1981–1982; director general, Northeast Bank, 1982; oficial mayor, Secretariat of Agrarian Reform, 1982–1986. g—None. h—Controller general, Perforador México, SA, Fomento Inmobiliario, SA, and other private firms. i—Son of Miguel Ángel Fox Ibarra, farmer, and Consuelo Cruz Muñoz; married Mary Muller de la Lama. j—None.

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k—None. l—Q es QAP, 379; DBGM, 151; DBGM87, 135; DBGM89, 122. Fox (Quesada), Vicente a—July 2, 1942. b—León, Guanajuato. c—Elementary studies at Instituto Mayllén (Jesuit), León; secondary and preparatory studies at Instituto Lux (La Sallists), León; business administration degree from Ibero-American University, enrolled 1960, graduating Mar. 25, 1999; diploma in higher management from Harvard University. d—Federal deputy from State of Guanajuato, Dist. 3, 1988–1991; governor, Guanajuato, 1995–1999; president of Mexico, 2000–2006. e—Joined PAN, Mar. 1, 1988; secretary of agriculture, Manuel Clouthier’s alternate cabinet, 1988–1989; finance secretary, Regional Committee of PAN, Guanajuato; PAN candidate for governor, 1991. f—None. g—Member, San Ángel Group. h—Owner, Grupo Fox, a frozen vegetable export company, 1979–1988; route salesman, Coca-Cola of Mexico, 1964–1968, zone manager, 1969, operations manager, 1969–1974; president, Coca-Cola of Mexico, 1975–1979. i—Son of José Fox Pont, rancher, and Mercedes Quezada Echaide; married Lilián de la Concha Estrada, executive secretary at Coca-Cola; second wife, Marta Sahagún; paternal grandfather born in the United States, moved from Cincinnati to Mexico for health; met many of his leading business friends at Ibero-American University; met other future members of his cabinet at the San Ángel Group and as members of Manuel Clouthier’s alternate cabinet, 1988–1989. j—None. k—None. l—Mexico Business, Dec., 1996, 33–34; World Policy Journal, fall, 1996, 60–70; Houston Chronicle, May 28, 1995, 28A; DBGM89, 436; US/Mexican Business, Jan., 1998, 31; Este País, Mar., 2001, 12–13; Proceso, Aug. 8, 2000, Dec. 10, 2000; DdeS, Mar. 24, 1999; Mexican Business, May, 1999, 31–35; Los Angeles Times, Aug. 24, 2000, A13. Fraga (Magaña), Gabino (Deceased July 27, 1982) a—Apr. 19, 1899. b—Morelia, Michoacán. c—Elementary studies in Morelia; preparatory studies at Colegio Primitivo

de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia, 1910–1914; legal studies on a scholarship at National School of Law, UNAM, 1915–1920, graduating June 23, 1920, with thesis titled “Extracontractual Responsibility”; LLD from National School of Law, UNAM, 1950; professor of administrative law, National School of Law, UNAM, 1925–1964; member, Governing Board, UNAM, 1965–1981. d—None. e—None. f—Consulting lawyer, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1920; oficial mayor, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1920; head, Consultative Department, Secretariat of the Treasury; head, Legal Department, Secretariat of Labor, 1924; head, Legal Department, Secretariat of Industry and Commerce, 1930; head, Department of Consultation and Legislation, Secretariat of Agriculture and Livestock, 1930; president, National Banking Commission, 1935–1938; justice, Supreme Court, 1940–1944, appointed by Manuel Ávila Camacho, Dec., 1940, and president of Second Chamber; assistant secretary of foreign relations, 1964– 1970. g—None. h—Practicing attorney in Mexico City, 1920; practicing attorney, 1938– 1941; member of various commissions for new legal codes; founding member, Institute of Public Administration; author of numerous legal works. i—Professor of numerous public men at UNAM, including Hugo B. Margáin, José Castro Estrada, and Manuel R. Palacios; law partner with Antonio Martínez Báez for many years; son Gabino Fraga Mouret, appointed secretary general of IMSS, 1982; attended school in Morelia with Ignacio Chávez Sánchez, Salvador González Herrejón, Antonio Martínez Báez, and Eduardo Villaseñor; first cousin of distinguished writer Samuel Ramos. j—None. k—None. l—DPE65, 17; HA, Dec. 21, 1974, 4; DBM66, 244–245; WWM45, 42; Enc. Mex., IV, 392; Justicia, Sept., 1966; DAPC, 1977, 3; www.148.216.10.84; DP95, 1330; letter. Fraga Mouret, Gabino a—Feb. 13, 1943. b—Federal District. c—Preparatory studies at Instituto Patria (Jesuit), Mexico City; law degree from National School of

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Law, UNAM, 1962–1968, with thesis titled “State Intervention in Economic Matters.” d—None. e—General delegate of CEN of PRI. f—Private secretary to Jesús Reyes Heroles, president of CEN of PRI, 1972–1975; private secretary to Jesús Reyes Heroles, director general of IMSS, 1975–1976; director of government, Secretariat of Government, 1976–1979; coordinator, Mexican Committee to Aid Refugees, Secretariat of Government; general coordinator, Committee on Energy, Plan of Government, 1981–1982, 1982–1988; secretary-general, IMSS, 1982–1985; assistant secretary of housing, Secretariat of Urban Development and Ecology, 1985–1988; secretary of urban development and ecology, 1988; assistant secretary of religious affairs, Secretariat of Government, 1995–1996. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Gabino Fraga Magaña, assistant secretary of foreign relations, 1964–1970, and Renée Mouret; married Anne Marie Hilaire. j—None. k—None. l—HA, Dec. 20, 1982, 14; DBGM, 151. Fragoso Fragoso, Marco Antonio

a—June 13, 1943. b—Coacalco, State of Mexico. c—Early education unknown; degree in romance languages; postgraduate studies in theology (1961) and language (1961–1963) at St. John’s University, Minn., on a fellowship; university professor. d—Plurinominal federal deputy from PAN, 1982–1985. e—Member, PAN Central Committee, Tehuacán, Puebla, 1978–1981; coordinator, PAN campaign for mayor of Tehuacán, 1979–1980. f—None. g—None. h—Interpreter, Olympic Games, 1968; founding member, Cultural and Historical Center, Tehuacán, 1977; founder, Explorers Club of Mexico, Puebla, 1973; announcer for Radio Station XEWJ, Puebla; technical translator in English, French, and Italian, 1961–1967. i—Parents, Ignacio Fragoso Fragoso, businessman, and Isaura Fragoso Ramírez; married Andrea Faure Larrieu. j—None. k—None. l—Directorio, 1982–1985; DBGM84, 504; Lehr, 553. Fraile García, Francisco Antonio

a—Sept. 19, 1948. b—Huajuapan de León,

Oaxaca. c—Early education unknown; business administration degree from University of Puebla, 1967–1972; professor of sociology, University of Puebla, 1971–1975; professor of political science, University of Puebla, 1978– 1981. d—Member, City Council, Puebla, 1996–1998; local deputy, State Legislature of Puebla, 1998–2000; senator from Puebla, 2000–2006; plurinominal federal deputy from PAN, 2006–2009. e—Joined PAN, 1974; national adviser to PAN, 1982–2000; secretary of electoral action, PAN, Puebla, 1986–1987; president, Regional Committee of PAN, Puebla, 1987–2000. f—None. g—None. h—Director, Comercial Fraile– Marín, SACV, 1969– . i—Married María de Lourdes Quintero. j—None. k—None. l—www.sintesisdigital.com.mx, Mar. 28, 2007; www.pan.senado.gob, 2008; Musacchio, 142; Directorio del Congreso, 2006– 2009, 401; DCM, 2000–2003, 210; QesQ en el Congreso, 2000–2006, 300; www.diputa dos.gob.mx, 2007. Franco Bencomo, Joaquín b—Yucatán. c—Early education unknown; agricultural engineering degree from National School of Agriculture, Chapingo, State of Mexico. d—None. e—None. f—Adviser, Department of Agrarian Affairs; chief, Agricultural Advisory Service, Dist. 8, for Oaxaca, Michoacán, Tlaxcala, Department of Agrarian Affairs, 1952–1958; chief, Agricultural Advisory Service, Dist. 8, 1958–1964; secretary-general “2,” Department of Agrarian Affairs and Colonization, 1964–1970. g—None. h—Agricultural engineer, Department of Agrarian Affairs, 1930; member, various agrarian commissions. i—Married Teresa Góngora. j—None. k—None. l—HA, Jan. 11, 1965, 9; DGF56, 454; DPE61, 128. Franco Díaz, Efrén a—July 6, 1946. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; degree in mechanical and electrical engineering from UNAM, 1964–1969, with thesis on industrial diagnostics; MA studies in administrative sciences at Graduate School of Business and Administration,

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IPN; secondary teacher, 1964–1969; professor of statistical methods, Graduate School of Business, UNAM, 1970–1972. d—None. e—Joined PRI, 1970. f—Technical coordinator, Technological Activities, Secretariat of Public Education, 1968–1973; director of project administration, Organization and Method Unity, Federal Electric Commission, 1971–1972; chief, Office of Reception, Requests, and Payments, Federal Electric Commission, 1973; assistant director, Central Power and Light, 1973–1976; administrative assistant director of Operations, Federal Electric Commission, 1976; director general of prices, Secretariat of Commerce, 1976–1981; assistant secretary of internal trade, Secretariat of Commerce, 1981–1982, 1982–1985; technical director, National Price Commission, 1986–1988; oficial mayor, Secretariat of Fishing, 1988–1991. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Efrén Franco Lugo, lawyer and alternate federal deputy from Dist. 6, Federal District, who replaced Gabriel García Rojas, 1951–1952, and Catalina Díaz Lailson; married María de los Ángeles Cañal Pickering. j—None. k—None. l—DAPC81, 23; Q es QAP, 190; DBGM, 151; DBGM92, 128; www.cronica.diputados.gob.mx, 1951. Franco González Salas, Fernando

a—Dec. 4, 1950. b—Federal District. c—Elementary and secondary studies at Colegio Bolívar, 1956–1965; preparatory studies at CUM, 1966–1968; legal studies at Free Law School, 1970–1974, graduating Mar., 1977, with thesis titled “Economic Achievements of Articles 27, 28, and 123”; studies in administration at University of Warwick, Eng., 1979–1980; professor, Free Law School, 1982–2006; chief, Center for Public Law, ITAM, 2005–2006. d—None. e—None. f—Secretary, First Tribunal for Minors, Secretariat of Government, 1972–1973; secretary of labor relations, IMSS, 1973–1975; technical secretary of the oficial mayor, secretary of agriculture, 1975; secretary-general, Federal Conciliation and Arbitration Board, 1976–1979; chief of labor relations, IMSS, 1982–1986; judge, Federal Electoral Court,

1986–1988; assistant director general “B,” Legal Affairs Division, Office of the Presidency, 1988–1990; president, Federal Electoral Court, 1990–1996; assistant secretary of political development, Secretariat of Government, 1996–1998; secretary-general, Chamber of Deputies, 1999–2000; assistant secretary of labor and social welfare, 2000–2006; justice, Supreme Court, 2006– .g—None. h—None. i—Son of Manuel Franco López, secretary of national properties, 1966–1970, and María Teresa González Salas Casillas; sister Teresa Franco González Salas, director of National Institute of Anthropology and History, 1992. j—None. k—Appointed to Supreme Court by President Fox and confirmed under President Calderón. l—DBGM92, 129; Cien Nombres, 139–142; DBGM84, 152; www.es.wikipedia.org, 2007; www.scjn.gob.mx, 2008. Franco López, Manuel (Deceased 1986) a—Apr. 10, 1921. b—Federal District. c—Preparatory studies at National Preparatory School; engineering degree in mining and metallurgy from National School of Engineering, UNAM, 1944; professor of geology and mining exploitation, School of Engineering, UNAM, 1954. d—None. e—None. f—Member, National Council on Natural Resources, Secretariat of Government Properties; assistant secretary of nonrenewable resources, Secretariat of Government Properties, 1964–1966; secretary of government properties, 1966–1970. g—President, Association of Mining, Metallurgy, and Geological Engineers of Mexico. h—Superintendent, Empresa Dos Estrellas, SA; assistant director and superintendent, Cía. Minera, SA, and Concepción Carmen and Annexes, SA, Guerrero; geologist, Secretariat of Hydraulic Resources; general manager, Metalúrgicas de Guadalupe, SA, Zacatecas; director, Department of Technical Studies, Mexican Society of Industrial Credit, SA; engineer, New Light Mine, Guanajuato; consulting engineer and contractor on many projects. i—Student with Luis de la Peña Porth; father, a mining

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engineer; daughter María Teresa Franco González Salas was director general of National Institute of Anthropology and History, 1966; son Fernando Franco González Salas was appointed Supreme Court justice, 2006; married Teresa González Salas. j—None. k—None. l—D del S, Sept. 21, 1966; DPE65, 76; DBM66, 245; Enc. Mex., IV, 402; letter; DP95, 1333. Franco Pérez, Víctor Manuel a—July 28, 1918. b—Guanajuato, Guanajuato. c—Elementary, secondary and preparatory studies at Night School, Mexico City; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, 1939–1943, with thesis on summary judgments; LLD from National School of Law, UNAM, 1950–1951; professor of criminal law, National School of Law, UNAM, 19 years. d—None. e—None. f—Secretarygeneral of agreements, Federal Tax Court, 1945–1951; secretary of Studies and accounts, Supreme Court, 1951–1967; consulting lawyer, secretary of labor; judge, First Circuit Court in Criminal Affairs, 1968–1982; justice, Supreme Court, 1982–1988, retired July 28, 1988. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Florencio Franco Vázquez, businessman, and Josefina Pérez Ramírez; married Aurora Pellotier Flores; son Víctor Franco Pellotier was a prominent anthropologist. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM, 654; DBGM87, 619; www.dimensionantropologica.inah.gob.mx; SCJN, 232–233. Franco Rodríguez, David (Deceased June 6, 1989) a—Apr. 10, 1915. b—Pajacuarán, Michoacán. c—Elementary studies in Pajacuarán; secondary and preparatory studies at Colegio de San Nicolás; legal studies at Colegio de San Nicolás, 1935–1939, graduating in 1940; professor of world history while still a student, University of Michoacán; professor of law, University of Michoacán; secretarygeneral, University of Michoacán, 1944. d—Federal deputy from Michoacán, Dist. 4, 1949–1951, member of Gran Comisión, 2nd Government Committee, National Waters and Irrigation Committee, and Legal Complaints Committee; senator from Michoacán,

1952–1958, member of Gran Comisión, 1954, substitute member of 1st and 2nd Committees on Credit, Money, and Credit Institutions and 2nd Government Committee, member of Small Private Farms Committee and 1st Petroleum Committee; governor, Michoacán, 1956–1962. e—Joined PNR, 1930; general delegate of CEN of PRI many times, 1944–1948. f—Agent, Ministerio Público, Michoacán, 1938; Appeals Court judge, Coalcomán, 1940–1941, Tacámbaro, 1941– 1942, and Marauatío, Michoacán, 1942–1943; consulting lawyer, secretary of agriculture and National Irrigation Commission, 1945–1948; director, Consulting Department, Secretariat of Hydraulic Resources; assistant attorney general “1” of Mexico, 1968–1973; assistant attorney general “2” of Mexico, 1965–1968; justice, Supreme Court, 1973–1976, 1976–1982, 1982–1985. g—None. i—Grandfather David Franco was a local deputy in Michoacán and an orator; son of David Franco Reyes, lawyer, judge, and distinguished journalist, who died fighting Victoriano Huerta during the Revolution, and María Rodríguez Mora; married María de Jesús Bautista; stepbrother Daniel Franco López was judge of the Superior Court of Justice of the Federal District and federal deputy from Dist. 1, Michoacán, 1961–1964; brother Salvador Franco López directed the Department of University Teaching, Secretariat of Public Education, 1941. j—None. k—None. l—DPE65, 209; DGF51, I, 23, 30, 33; Enc. Mex., IV, 402; DGF56, 6, 9–12, 14; HA, Sept. 24, 1962, 28; DP70, 789; Ind. Biog., 64–65; www.medicina.umich.mx; www.scjn .gob.mx. Franco Sodi, Carlos (Deceased Apr. 16, 1961) a—1904. b—Oaxaca, Oaxaca. c—Elementary studies in Oaxaca; preparatory studies at Institute of Arts and Sciences of Oaxaca; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM; professor of penal law and the penal process, National School of Law, UNAM; Honorary Doctor of Laws, UNAM, d—None. e—None. f—Assistant agent, Ministerio Público, Attorney General’s

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Office for the Federal District; director, Diario Oficial of the federal government; judge, Criminal Court, Pachuca, Hidalgo; director, federal penitentiary in the Federal District, 1935–1936; judge of first instance; attorney general, Federal District and Federal Territories, 1946–1952; attorney general of Mexico, 1952–1956; justice, Supreme Court, 1956–1958, 1958–1961. g—Member, National Center of Antireelectionist Students, National School of Law, UNAM, 1927, opposed Obregón’s election. h—Expert on criminal law; author of numerous books on legal subjects; editor, Criminology. i—Friend of José Castro Estrada and Miguel Alemán from college years. j—None. k—None. l—El Universal, Dec. 2, 1958; DGF51, I, 487; DGF47, 294; Peral, 282; DP70, 790; Enc. Mex., IV, 403; DGF56, 539; D del S, Dec. 2, 1946, 1; López, 369; Villaseñor, I, 264; www.pgr.gob.mx, 2007; www.scjn.gob.mx, 240–241, 2008. Franco Urías, Salvador a—Jan. 15, 1890. b—Durango. c—Early education unknown; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM. d—Federal deputy from State of Durango, Dist. 3, 1920–1922, member of Gran Comisión; federal deputy from State of Durango, Dist. 3, 1922–1924, member of Gran Comisión; senator from State of Durango, 1940–1946, president of Military Justice Committee, 1st secretary of Physical Education Committee, 2nd secretary of Development of Cooperatives Committee, member of Gran Comisión. e—Elected federal deputy as a member of Cooperatist Party. f—None. g—None. h—Director, El Continental, El Paso, Tex.; journalist for many years; friend and political patron of Jorge Prieto Laurens, secretary-general of National Democratic Party, 1945–1946. i—Son of Jesús Franco Ugarte and Carmen Urías. j—Supported Adolfo de la Huerta against the government, 1923; supported Escobar rebellion, 1929. k—None. l—Peral, 282; C de S, 1940–1946; Libro de Oro, 1946, 6. Fraustro Siller, José María b—Coahuila. c—Early education unknown;

engineering degree; professor, University of Coahuila; rector, University of Coahuila, 1997–2001. d—None. e—None. f—Assistant secretary of planning and coordination, Secretariat of Public Education, 2002–2004; oficial mayor of public education, 2004– 2006; director general, Secretariat of Education, Nuevo León, 2007–2009. g—None. i—Married Beatriz Dávila. j—None. k—None. l—www.familytreemaker.geneal ogy.com, 2008; letter. Frenk (Mora), Julio José a—Dec. 20, 1953. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; medical degree from National School of Medicine, UNAM, 1973–1979; MA in public health from University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 1979–1981; MA in sociology from University of Michigan, 1981–1982; joint PhD in medical care and sociology from University of Michigan, 1981–1983; fellow, Harvard University; professor, School of Public Health, Mexico City, 1983–1989; professor, Colegio de México, 1984–1987; researcher, National School of Medicine, UNAM, 1988–1989; researcher, Mexican Institute for the Study of Drug Abuse; dean, School of Public Health, Harvard University, 2010– . d—None. e—Joined PRI, 1985. f—Analyst, Health and Social Security Model, National Information System, Secretariat of Programming and Budgeting, 1977– 1978; director, Department of Planning and Evaluation, Division of Scholarly Hygiene, Secretariat of Public Education, 1978–1979; founder and director, Center for Public Health Research, 1984–1987; founder and director general, National Institute of Public Health, 1987–1998; executive director for policy, WHO, Geneva, 1998–2000; secretary of public health, 2000–2006. g—Vice president, Mexican Health Foundation, 1993– 2000. h—None. i—Son of Silvestre Frenk Freund, physician and medical researcher, and Alicia Mora Alfaro; grandson of Ernesto Loewasgard and Mariana Freund Pick; married Josefina Quezada Rueda, interior designer. j—None. k—World-renowned expert on public health. l—WNM87,

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205–206; Musacchio, 143; www.csis.org, 2001; www.salud.gob.mx, 2004; DBGM92; www.cddhcu.gob.mx, 2008. Fritsche Anda, Óscar (Deceased 1965) a—Apr. 10, 1906. b—Guanajuato, Guanajuato. c—Elementary studies in Guanajuato; preparatory studies in Mexico City; graduated from National Naval College, Jan., 1927; spent several years at National War College, Mexico City; professor, Naval College; director, Naval College of the Pacific. d—None. e—None. f—Chief of staff, Secretariat of the Navy, 1952–1953; chief of naval services for commander of the navy, 1955–1958; naval attaché to Italy, 1958–1961; assistant secretary of the navy, 1964–1965. g—None. h—Author of Nomogramos astronómicos. j—Career naval officer; member, coast guard, 1928–1929; head, Department of Information, Navy Department, 1933–1934; commander, Progreso, 1934–1935; commander, various naval zones, including the 3rd, Baja California, 1940–1946; commander, 5th Naval Zone, Ciudad del Carmen, Campeche, 1951. k—Shipped arms to Republican Spain during the Civil War. l—DGF51, I, 389; Enc. Mex., IV, 414; DP70, 793–794; DGF47, 234; DGF56, 386; HA, Dec. 21, 1964, 9. Fuentes Alcalá, Mario Luis a—Jan. 18, 1956. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; economics degree from ITAM, 1973–1977; MA in planning from Social Science Institute, Netherlands, 1978– 1979; PhD in economics from University of East Anglia, Eng., 1979–1981; professor, UNAM, 1984–1991; professor, ITAM, 1984. d—None. e—Joined PRI, 1976; secretary of programming of action and administration, CEN of PRI, 1999–2000. f—Copyeditor, Fondo de Cultura Económica, 1974–1975; coordinator of research projects, Secretariat of the Presidency, 1975; adviser, Secretariat of the Controller, 1983–1985; private secretary to assistant secretary of housing, Secretariat of Urban Development and Ecology, 1985–1988; private secretary to secretary of urban development and ecology, Secretariat

of Urban Development and Ecology, 1988; technical secretary to social coordinator, North, PRONASOL, 1988–1991; director general of programs and regional budgets, 1991–1992; director general, Federal School Construction Program, Secretariat of Public Education, 1992–1994; director general, DIF, 1994–1998; director general, IMSS, 2000. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Raúl Fuentes Aguilar, career officer and brigade general, 1979, and Consuelo Alcalá García. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM92, 131; Pescador, 151– 152; Musacchio, 144. Fuentes-Berain Villenave, Sandra

a—June 13, 1950. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, 1968–1971; studies in international economics and law at London School of Economics, 1971–1973. d—None. e—None. f—Attached to Mexican embassy, London, 1971–1974; director general, Foreign Service, Secretariat of Foreign Relations, 1979; director general for Western Europe, 1979–1983; chief of the chancellery, India, 1983–1986; Chief of the Chancellery, Mexican embassy, Washington, DC, 1986–1988; consul-general, Hong Kong, 1988–1991; director of the Pacific, 1991–1993; ambassador to Canada, 1993–1998; ambassador to France, 1998–2000; ambassador to the Low Countries, 2004– . g—None. h—None. i—Daughter of Francisco Javier FuentesBerain Malacano, lawyer, and Ofelia Villenave, writer and author of TV novelas; married Henri Robcis Boulet, veterinarian; sister Rossana, prominent journalist; sister Marcela, actress. j—none. k—None. l—www.lideresmexicanos.com.mx, 2008; www.encylopedia.com.mx, 2008; DBGM, CD, 94; Pescador, 152; DBGM92, 134; Musacchio, 144. Fuentes (Boettiger), Rafael (Deceased 1971) a—Apr. 29, 1901. b—Veracruz, Veracruz. c—Elementary studies from Ramos sisters, who also taught President Miguel Alemán; law degree from University of Veracruz, Jalapa, Nov., 1924. d—None.

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e—None. f—Joined Foreign Service, 1925; 3rd secretary, Mexican embassy, Panama, 1929; 2nd secretary, Mexican embassy, Quito, 1928; 2nd secretary, Mexican embassy, Rio de Janeiro, 1930; 2nd secretary, Mexican embassy, Montevideo, 1930; 2nd secretary, Mexican embassy, Washington, DC; private secretary to Alfonso Reyes, ambassador to Brazil, 1932; counselor to Chile and Buenos Aires; director of Protocol, Secretariat of Foreign Relations, 1944– 1953; rank of ambassador, 1952; ambassador to Panama, 1953–1954; ambassador to Low Countries, 1959–1964; ambassador to Italy, 1964–1966; ambassador to Portugal, 1965–1970. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Rafael Fuentes y Vélez, director general of National Bank of Mexico, Veracruz, and Emilia Boettiger, daughter of German Philip Boettiger Keller, founder of a prosperous coffee plantation in Catemaco, Veracruz, 1860s; married Bertha Macías Rivas, Jan. 14, 1928; son Carlos Fuentes Macías, leading novelist, became ambassador to France; friends with Vicente Lombardo Toledano and Pedro Henríquez Ureña. j—None. k—Joined the military cadets to defend Veracruz from U.S. naval occupation, but never arrived there, 1914. l—DP95, 1345; www.sre.gob.mx, 2008. Fuentes del Bosque, Jesús G. (Deceased 1960) a—June 9, 1893. b—Saltillo, Coahuila. c—Early education unknown; no degree. d—None. e—None. f—Chief of staff, Secretariat of National Defense, 1960. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Julio Fuentes and Florentina del Bosque. j—Joined the army Jan. 14, 1914, under General Francisco Coss; staff officer to Generals Pablo González and Jesús Dávila Sánchez; rank of colonel, 1924, for actions during a campaign; rank of brigadier general, Jan. 1, 1939; rank of brigade general, Sept. 16, 1946; commander, 11th Infantry Battalion; commander, 1st and 2nd Artillery Regiments; chief, Secs. 2 and 3, Department of Artillery; chief of staff, 24th military zone; garrison commander, Manzanillo, Guaymas, and Piedras Negras;

director, Artillery Department, Secretariat of National Defense, 1958. k—Champion shooter, Central American Games, 1926; national shooting champion, 1927. l—Rev. de Ejer., 1960. Fuentes Díaz, Vicente a—May 6, 1920. b—Chilpancingo, Guerrero. c—Elementary studies in Chilpancingo; secondary studies at National Teachers’ School; teaching certificate from National Teachers’ School, 1939. d—Alternate federal deputy from State of Guerrero, Dist. 1, 1961–1964; federal deputy from State of Guerrero, Dist. 1, 1964–1967, member of Gran Comisión, president of Chamber of Deputies, Oct., 1965, member of Cultural Affairs Committee, Editorial Committee, 1st Treasury Committee, and Legislative Studies Committee on General Affairs; senator from State of Guerrero, 1970–1976, president of Editorial and Library Committee, secretary of 1st Foreign Relations and 1st Tariff and Foreign Trade committees, secretary of Gran Comisión; plurinominal federal deputy from PRI, 1988–1991, 1997–2000. e—Member, PCM, expelled, 1943; secretary of press and propaganda, PPS; editor, El Popular, the PPS paper; left PPS in 1957; cofounder, Youth Sector of PRI, 1938; member, Regional Committee of PRI, Federal District, 1954– 1961; secretary of press and ideology, CEN of PRI, 1953–1963; director, National Editorial Commission, CEN of PRI, 1969; secretarygeneral, CEN of PRI, 1970–1972; member, Democratic Current of PRI, 1986. f—None. g—Delegate to Constitutional Congress of Mexican Federation of Youth, 1938; press director, CNOP, 1963–1964. h—Author of many books on politics and history; journalist since 1941. i—Married Rosa Pintado; friend of Enrique Ramírez y Ramírez. j—None. k—None. l—Scott, 181; Enc. Mex., IV, 487; C de D, 1964, 66; letters; HA, Jan. 8, 1973, 11; Política, Nov., 1969; WNM, 83; IEPES; DBGM89, 436; www.scientific.com mons.org, 2008. Fuentes (Macías), Carlos a—Nov. 11, 1928. b—Federal District. c—Elementary

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studies at Henry D. Cooke public school, Washington, DC, 1934–1940; secondary studies in Santiago, Chile, and Buenos Aires, 1941–1943; completed secondary at Grange School, Washington, DC, 1943–1946; preparatory studies at Colegio Francés Morelos, Mexico City, 1947–1949; studies in law at Institute for International Studies, Geneva, 1950–1952; completed law degree at National School of Law, UNAM, with thesis titled “The Rebus Sic Stantibus Clause in International Law”; studies at Institut des Hautes Études, France; fellowship from Mexican Center for Writers, 1956–1957, lectured in the United States; fellow, Woodrow Wilson Center for International Scholars, Washington, DC, 1973–1974. d—None. e—Joined PCM, 1952; resigned, 1962; supported General Miguel Henríquez for president, 1952, with Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas and Arturo González Cosío. f—Secretary, Mexican delegation to UN International Law Commission, 1950–1952; member and secretary, Mexican delegation to ILO, 1950–1952; cultural attaché to Geneva, 1950–1952; assistant director, Press Department, Secretariat of Foreign Relations, 1954; press secretary, UN Information Center, 1954; secretary and assistant director, Cultural Department, UNAM, 1955–1956; director, Department of Cultural Affairs, Secretariat of Foreign Relations, 1957–1959; ambassador to France, 1975–1977. g—None. h—Author of numerous best‑selling novels; co-editor, Universidad de México, UNAM, 1953; cofounder and editor, Revista Mexicana de Literatura, 1955–1958; co‑editor, El Espectador, 1959–1961; co‑editor, Siempre, 1959–1960; co‑editor, Política, 1960; cofounder, Siglo XXI, 1965. i—Grandson of Rafael Fuentes y Vélez, a banker; son of career diplomat and ambassador to Italy Rafael Fuentes Boettiger, and Bertha Macías; became friends with Octavio Paz, 1950; close friends in student days with José Campillo Sáinz; student of Mario de la Cueva, who helped sponsor Tierra Nueva and Medio Siglo; first

wife, actress Rita Macedo; second wife, Sylvia Lemus; first Mexican professor was Hugo B. Margaín. j—None. k—Lived in self-imposed exile in Europe, 1965–1969; Proceso claims he resigned as ambassador to France because of differences with Santiago Roel. l—IWW, 79–80, 411; CB, Oct., 1972, 10; Testimonios, 119; Excélsior, Oct. 23, 1975, 4; O’Campo, 120–122; Excélsior, May 16, 1986, Apr. 28, 1997, May 15, 1997. Fuentes Martínez, Enrique a—Mar. 3, 1918. b—Hermosillo, Sonora. c—Completed elementary school, business school, and 3 years of professional studies in electrical mechanics; never taught. d—Plurinominal federal deputy from PAN 1967–1970, only PAN member to obtain a plurinominal deputy post, and member of Vehicular Transportation Committee, 1st Ejido Committee, Livestock Committee, Mines Committee, and Fishing and Hunting committees. e—Member of PAN. f—None. g—None. i—Married Amalia Rodríguez. j—None. k—Speaks English. l—MGF69, 95; C de D, 1967–1970, 59, 64, 80; Directorio, 1967–1970. Fuentes Molinar, Olac a—Apr. 6, 1943. b—Chihuahua, Chihuahua. c—Early education unknown; degree in philosophy from University of Chihuahua, 1963–1967; researcher, UNAM, 1970–1971; director, School of Scientific Education, University of Tamaulipas, 1971–1972; professor, IPN, 1975–1995; rector, National Teachers’ School, Secretariat of Public Education, 1992. d—None. e—Member, CEN of PSUM and PCM. f—Assistant secretary of basic education, Secretariat of Public Education, 1992–1995, 1995–2001. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Luis Fuentes Saucedo, journalist and founder of Tribuna and Norte, and María Molinar Aguirre; brother Luis Fuentes Molinar was mayor of Chihuahua, 1977–1980, federal deputy from Chihuahua, 1973–1976, and director of CONALEP, Chihuahua, 1995–2006. j—None. k—None. l—Musacchio, 145; Pescador, 153; DBGM92, 132; DBGM94, CD.

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G Gabriel Budebo, Mario a—Jan. 1, 1963. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; economics degree from ITAM, with thesis on federal taxation in the states; MA and PhD in economics from UCLA; professor, Economics Department, UCLA; professor of finance, ITAM. d—None. e—None. f—Director general of development banks, Secretariat of the Treasury; assistant director general for special projects, Income Division, Secretariat of the Treasury; adviser to the director general of income policy, Secretariat of the Treasury; director, Department of Tax Policy, Revenue Division, Secretariat of the Treasury; coordinator of advisers, Secretariat of the Treasury, 2000–2003; president, National Community for Retirees (Pension Funds Commission), 2003–2006; assistant secretary of hydrocarbons, Secretariat of Energy, Mines, and Government Industries, 2006– . g—None. h—None. j—None. k—1st prize in economics, Banamex, 1988. l—www .cronica.diputados.gob.mx, 2008; letter. Gago Huguet, Antonio a—May 7, 1940. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; psychology degree, UNAM, 1959–1962; MA in psychology, 1968–1969; professor, University of Veracruz, 1964– 1965; department head, UNAM, 1967–1970; professor, UNAM, 1983-86; preparatory teacher, 1974–1975; director, Colegio de Bachilleres Teacher Training, 1974–1975. d—None. e—None. f—Chief, Vocational Orientation Department, Secretariat of Public Education, 1965–1966; director general of education, Secretariat of Public Education, 1986–1992; assistant secretary of higher education and research, Secretariat of Public Education, 1992–1994; director general, National Center for Evaluation of Higher Education, 2001; coordinator of advisers, Secretariat of Public Education, 2005–2006. g—Academic secretary, ANUIES, 1977–1986. h—None. i—Son of Antonio Gago Orus, artist in plastic arts, and

Martha Huguet Pavi. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM87, 175–176; DBGM94, CD; Musacchio, 146; DBGM92, 133. Galeano Sierra, Adalberto (Deceased 1957) a—1884. b—Campeche, Campeche. c—Elementary studies in Campeche; law degree, School of Law, Instituto Campechano; professor of logic, Instituto Campechano; professor of civil procedures, National School of Law, UNAM. d—Alternate senator from the State of Campeche, 1924–1926, in functions, 1926–1928. e—None. f—Secretary, District Court, Campeche; judge, Superior Tribunal of Justice, State of Campeche; attorney general, State of Campeche; secretary-general of government, State of Campeche; justice, Superior Tribunal of Justice, Federal District and Federal Territories, 1929–1957. g—None. j—None. k—None. l—DP70, 803; Casasola, V, 2442; DGF56, 513; DGF51, I, 486; DP95, 1358. Galindo Arce, Marcelina a—Nov. 30, 1920. b—Pichucalco, Chiapas. c—Elementary and secondary studies; preparatory studies; normal school teaching certificate from Dolores Correa Zapata Rural Normal School, 1938; teacher, Tabasco Normal School, 1938–1945. d—Federal deputy from State of Chiapas, Dist. 4, 1955–1958, member of Promotion and Development of Sports Committee, Child Welfare Committee, Social Security Committee, and Social Action Committee. e—None. f—None. g—None. h—Journalist, Mañana, Mexico City, 1946–1949; cofounder, with Regino Hernández Llergo, of Impacto magazine; chief of information, Impacto, 1949–1954; founder, with Aurora Jiménez and others, and editor of Mujeres magazine, 1958–1982. j—None. k—1st female deputy elected from State of Chiapas. l—Ind. Biog., 65–66; DGF56, 22, 30, 31, 36; www.cimacnoticias .com, Nov. 30, 2003; www.pri.org.mx, 2000; www.jornada.unam.mx, Oct. 14, 2003. Galindo Noriega, Ramón a—Sept. 1, 1955. b—Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua. c—Early education unknown; public accounting degree, Technical Institute of Ciudad

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Juárez, 1977; MA in tourism development, University of Surrey, Eng., 1985. d—Local deputy, State Legislature of Chihuahua, 1989–1992; mayor, Ciudad Juárez, 1995– 1998; plurinominal federal deputy from PAN, 2003–2006; senator from Chihuahua, president, Municipal Development Committee, 2006–2012. e—Joined PRI, 1970; member of Regional Committee of PAN, Chihuahua, 1992–2000; PAN candidate for governor of Chihuahua, 1998; national adviser to PAN, 1998–2001. f—Director general of social development, Ciudad Juárez, 1992–1995. g—None. h—Director, Payroll Department, Cervecería Modelo, Federal District; director, Credit Department, Distribuidora Moctezuma; director, Credit Department, La Frontera Construction Company, Ciudad Juárez; independent businessman, founded numerous companies, 1988–2006. j—None. k—None. l—Directorio del Congreso, 2006–2009, 67–68; www.haciendamunici pal.org, 2008; www.senado.gob.mx, 2007; www.diputados.gob.mx, 2003–2006, 2008. Galindo Ochoa, Francisco a—Mar. 8, 1913. b—Tamazula de Gordiano, Jalisco. c—Early education unknown; no degree. d—Federal deputy from State of Jalisco, Dist. 7, 1949–1952, secretary of 1st Instructive Sec. of grand jury and member of 1st Balloting Committee; federal deputy from State of Jalisco, Dist. 11, 1955–1958, member of 2nd Balloting Committee and Editorial Committee (1st year). e—Member, National Committee for Manuel Ávila Camacho’s presidential campaign, 1939; adviser to PRM; director, Office of the Popular Sector of the PRM; treasurer of CEN of PRI during Ruiz Cortines’ presidential campaign, 1950-1952; president, PRI, Federal District; secretary of political action of CEN of PRI, 1956–1958; secretary of press and publicity of CEN of PRI, 1958. f—Director general, Department of Fishing, Secretariat of the Navy, 1952–1954, under Rodolfo Sánchez Taboada; director general of press and publicity, Office of the Presidency of Mexico, 1965; director of social communications,

Office of the Presidency of Mexico, 1979–1982. g—Secretary of organization of CNOP, Federal District; secretary of CEN of CNOP, 1946–1953. i—Son Francisco Galindo Musa, secretary of CEN of PRI, 1990– 1991, and federal deputy from Jalisco, 52nd and 54th Sessions; married Helena Musa Choaro; member of Rodolfo Sánchez Taboada’s political group. j—None. k—As press secretary under President José López Portillo, ordered government to cancel contracts with Proceso because the president did not like its coverage, Apr., 1982; press adviser to numerous presidents since Alemán. l—DPE65, 11; Ind. Biog., 66–67; DGF56, 25, 32, 334; DGF51, I, 22, 34; DBGM89, 438; Proceso, Feb. 19, 2004; www.jalisco.gob.mx, 2008; www.pri.org.mx, 2007. Galindo Quiñones, Heriberto Manuel

a—Mar. 20, 1951. b—Guamúchil, Sinaloa. c—Early education unknown; political science degree, UNAM, 1969–1973; professor of political science, School of Political and Social Sciences, UNAM. d—None. e—Joined PRI, 1967; secretary of ideological action, CEN of PRI, 1981; general delegate of CEN of PRI to Veracruz, 1992. f—Director of public relations, Light and Power, 1973–1974; director of public relations, Federal Electric Commission, 1974–1975; assistant director of industrial development, Secretariat of Trade, 1976; director of public relations, INFONAVIT, 1976–1977; assistant director general of information, Secretariat of Government, 1977–1979; assistant administrative director, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1979–1980; director general of communications, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1980–1982; director general, National Council of Resources Devoted to Youth, Secretariat of Public Education, 1982–1986; Mexican consul, Chicago, 1998–2000; ambassador to Cuba, 2000. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Jesús Galindo Rivera, farmer, and Aurora Quiñones López; married María del Carmen Díaz López. j—None. k—None. l—WWM87, 210; Musacchio, 147; DBGM84, 155.

t he b io g ra phies  339 Gallardo Dávalos, Salvador (Deceased Oct. 30, 1981) a—July 9, 1893. b—Río Verde, San Luis Potosí. c—Preparatory studies at Scientific and Literary Institute of San Luis Potosí, 1910; began medical studies at Scientific and Literary Institute of San Luis Potosí but abandoned studies to join Revolution; completed medical studies at National School of Medicine, UNAM, 1915–1918, receiving his degree July 30, 1918; professor, military teaching hospital, 1915; professor of literature, Institute of Science and Literature, Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes; normal and preparatory school professor, Aguascalientes; founder, Military Medical School, 1916. d—Alternate senator from State of Aguascalientes, 1946–1952, but replaced Edmundo Games Orozco from 1950 to 1952, member of Gran Comisión. e—Founding president, PNR, Aguascalientes, 1929; president, PRI in Aguascalientes, 1956; coordinator, presidential campaign of Adolfo Ruiz Cortines in Zacatecas, 1952. f—Physician, Secretariat of Health, Mexico City, 1933–1935; physician, National Rural Credit Bank, 1935–1937; coroner, State of Aguascalientes (30 years); physician, Justo Sierra Rural School, Cañada Honda, Aguascalientes. g—None. h—Lived in Aguascalientes, 1928–1933; author of many plays and poems; cofounder, with Manuel Maples and Germán List, of Estridentista literary movement. i—Longtime friend of Jesús Silva Herzog. j—Joined Revolution as a medical student; 2nd captain, 1915; fought under Colonel Nieto, and Generals Heriberto Jara and Cándido Aguilar in Veracruz; major, medical corps, under General Fortunato Maycotte, 1925–1928; fought in forces of General Alberto Carrera Torres. k—None. l—DGF51,I, 5, 9; JSH, 140–143; DP95, 1367. Gallardo González, Celia a—1924. b—Morelia, Michoacán. c—Elementary studies at Mariano Jiménez Public School, Morelia; secondary at University of Michoacán; normal school teaching certificate, Normal School, University of Michoacán; preparatory studies in social sciences,

University of Michoacán; normal school teacher. d—Member, City Council of Morelia, 1957–1959; local deputy, State Legislature of Michoacán, 1959–1962; federal deputy from State of Michoacán, Dist. 1, 1964–1967, member of Infant Welfare and Fine Arts committees. e—Secretary of women’s action, State Committee of PRI, Michoacán; secretary-general, State Committee of PRI of Michoacán, 1964. f—None. g—Secretary of women’s action, Federation of University Students of Michoacán; secretary of women’s and social action, State Federation of Workers of CNOP, 1944; member, National Women’s Council of CNOP, 1967. i—Father, a music teacher. j—None. k—None. l—C de D, 64–67, 78, 79.

Gallástegui (Contreras), José Salvador a—Nov. 11, 1929. b—Federal Dis-

trict. c—Law degree. d—None. e—None. f—Career Foreign Service officer; attached to Mexican embassy in France; director general of legal affairs, Secretariat of Foreign Relations; director general, Diplomatic Service; director general of international organizations, director general, Consular Service, director general of migratory workers, and head, Office of Technical Advisers, Secretariat of Foreign Relations; private secretary to secretary of foreign relations under Manuel Tello, José Gorostiza, and Antonio Carrillo Flores, 1958–1965; oficial mayor, Secretariat of Foreign Relations, 1965–1970; assistant secretary of foreign relations, 1970–1976; inspector general of diplomatic missions, Secretariat of Foreign Relations, 1976–1982. g—None. h—Joined Foreign Service, June 1, 1947; rank of ambassador. i—Married Luisa Paredes; son José E. Gallastegui Paredes, practicing lawyer in own firm, Gallastegui & Armella, in Mexico City; auxiliary secretary to assistant secretary of government Ernesto P. Uruchurtu, 1952. j—None. k—None. l—DPE71, 6; DPE65, 17; DPE61, 15; HA, Dec. 14, 1970, 20; www.atlacomulco.gob.mx /joaquin_mercado, 2009. Gallegos Soto, Benjamín a—Apr. 22, 1960. b—Calvillo, Aguascalientes. c—Early

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education unknown; preparatory studies, University of Aguascalientes, 1978–1981; 2 semesters of political science, University of Aguascalientes; pilot; professor of history, Centenary Preparatory School No. 2, Calvillo, 1987. d—Local deputy, State Legislature of Aguascalientes; alternate mayor, Aguascalientes, 1996–1998; federal deputy from State of Aguascalientes, Dist. 2, 1997–2000; senator from State of Aguascalientes, 2000–2006. e—Joined PAN, 1988; president, PAN, Calvillo, 1988; president, Regional Committee of PAN, Aguascalientes, 1996; member, National Council of PAN, 2001–2004. f—Director of public works, Calvillo, 1987; director of public services, Calvillo, 1987–1988. g—None. h—General manager, Refracciones y Partes de Calvillo, 1990–1997. i—Son of Gonzalo Gallegos Serna, farmer in Jaltiche de Arrilla, and María Soto Rodríguez; married Olga López Tello. j—None. k—1st PAN member elected from a majority district in Aguascalientes, 1997. l—Directorio del Congreso Mexicano, 2000–2003, 13; QesQ en el Congreso, 2000–2003, 300; www.secgob .gob.mx, 1997, 2007; QesQ en el Congreso, 1997–2000, 34–35. Galván (Bourel), Ferrer a—1920. b—Veracruz. c—Agricultural engineering degree, School of Agriculture, Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua, 1937. d—Local deputy, State Legislature of Veracruz, 1947. e—None. f—Agronomist, Department of Agriculture, State of Veracruz, 1938; engineer, National Highway Department; assistant secretary of agrarian action, Secretariat of Agrarian Reform, June 19, 1978–1982. g—Chief, Agrarian Brigade, Acayucán, Veracruz; substitute secretarygeneral, Agrarian Commission of Veracruz, 1948, for Enrique Rodríguez Cano; alternate secretary-general, CNC, 1952; secretary-general, CNC (substitute), 1952–1953. h—None. i—Son of a distinguished Mexican agrarian leader, Úrsulo Galván Cortines, who was a carpenter by profession but founded League of Agrarian Communities under President

Calles and presided over Sons of the Revolution; mother worked in Civil Hospital of Veracruz; grandparents were landless peasants; mother, Irene Bourel, was a federal deputy from Dist. 7, Veracruz, 1961–1964. j—None. k—None. l—HA, Feb. 1, 1952, 8–9; Enc. Mex., 1977, V, 74; Excélsior, June 17, 1978, 1, 10; Meyer, No. 13, 271. Galván Campos, Fausto (Deceased) a—1909. b—Cuernavaca, Morelos. c—Elementary and secondary studies in Mexico City; preparatory studies completed in Mexico City, 1926; law degree, National School of Law, UNAM, June 3, 1932, with thesis on reforms in Art. 1 of Jan. 6, 1915, Agrarian Law. d—Senator from State of Morelos, 1952–1958, president, Agrarian Department Committee, member of 2nd Balloting Committee, president, 2nd Instructive Sec. of grand jury, 1st secretary of Special Forest Committee, and 2nd secretary of Agricultural Development Committee. e—President, PRI, Morelos, 1952. f—Director, Congressional Library; judge, Fifth Penal Court, Mexico City; president, Superior Tribunal of Justice, State of Morelos; secretary-general of government, State of Morelos, 1951, under Gov. Ernesto Escobar Muñoz. g—Cofounder, CNC; founder, League of Agrarian Communities of the State of Morelos. i—Married Rosa Sánchez; daughter Carmen Eugenia Galván Sánchez is a physician and active in PRI; student at National School of Law with Ernesto Escobar Muñoz and Jesús Castillo López, governor of Morelos, 1942–1946. j—None. k—None. l—Ind. Biog., 67; DGF51, I, 90; C de S, 1952–1958; DGF56, 6, 9, 10, 11, 13, 14. Galván Galván, Guillermo a—Jan. 19, 1943. b—Federal District. c—Preparatory studies at Heroic Military College, Jan. 1, 1959–Jan. 1, 1962; graduated from Applied School of Arms in cavalry; studies in educational psychology; completed staff and command course, Higher War College; MA in national security, National Defense College, 1989–1990; professor, Higher War College; professor, Heroic Military College; director,

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School of Military Arms, Puebla, Puebla; director and rector, Army and Air Force University, Federal District, 2002–2003. d—None. e—None. f—Military attaché, Mexican embassy, Madrid; assistant secretary of national defense, 2004–2006; secretary of national defense, 2006– . g—None. h—None. j—Career army officer; began career as artillery officer; assistant chief of operations, staff, Secretariat of National Defense; chief, Coordination Center of Air Operations, staff, Secretariat of National Defense; commander, 3rd Military Zone, Baja California, 1988–1989; commander, 29th Military Zone, Veracruz, 1994–1997; commander, 17th Military Zone, Querétaro, 1997; commander, 21st Military Zone, Michoacán, 1997–1998; commander, 30th Military Zone, Tabasco, 19982000; commander, 5th Military Zone, Chihuahua, 2000–2002; commander, 1st Corps, Federal District. k—1st time since 1945 that assistant secretary of national defense became secretary; senior division general at time of appointment to secretary of national defense. l—www.poresto.net, Dec. 3, 2006; www.diariodeyucatan, Nov. 30, 2006; www.elfinanciero.com.mx, Nov. 30, 2006; www.sedena.com.transparencia, Mar., 2004, 2008; www.sedena.gob.mx, 2008. Galván López, Félix (Deceased Aug. 11, 1988) a—Jan. 20, 1913. b—Villa de Santiago, Guanajuato. c—Elementary studies in Villa de Santiago; preparatory studies in Mexico City and Querétaro; enrolled at National Military College, Jan. 7, 1930, graduated as 2nd cavalry lieutenant, Jan. 1, 1934; distinguished cadet, served as sergeant of cadets; graduated from Staff and Command School, Higher War College, 1941–1944; course in military arms at Applied Cavalry School, 1937; lecturer, Inter‑American Defense College, Washington, DC. d—None. e—None. f—Member, presidential staff, 1946–1952; assistant to military attaché, Washington, DC, Jan. 1, 1952–Apr. 30, 1953; assistant to inspector general of the army, Oct. 1, 1959–Aug. 15, 1965; private secretary to secretary of national defense,

Marcelino García Barragán, Aug. 16, 1965–Jan. 15, 1969; chief of staff, Secretariat of National Defense, Jan. 16, 1969–Nov. 30, 1970; secretary of national defense, 1976– 1982. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Félix Galván Coría and Aurea López; married Elisa Juárez; mentor was Marcelino García Barragán, who opposed Luis Echeverría for the presidency; disciples included Enrique Cervantes Aguirre, secretary of national defense, 1994–2000; parents owned a print shop. j—Career army officer; served in 20th, 13th, and 35th regiments, 1934–1940; fought against rebellion of Saturnino Cedillo in San Luis Potosí, 1939; section chief of Sects. 1-4, 3rd Infantry Division, 1946; rank of 2nd captain, 1946; rank of colonel, Nov. 16, 1952; rank of brigade general, Nov. 20, 1968; rank of division general, Nov. 20, 1970; commander, 6th Military Zone, Torreón, Coahuila, 1970–1972; commander, 16th Military Zone, Irapuato, Guanajuato, 1973–1974; commander, 5th Military Zone, Chihuahua, Chihuahua, 1974–1976. k—Founded 1st school for Huichol Indians, Jalisco, 1939; Acción claims he was selected to represent a balance between Luis Echeverría and Ricardo Cházaro. l—HA, Dec. 6, 1976, 22; El Día, Dec. 1, 1976; DPE65, 34; Enc. Mex., Annual, 1977, 536–537; Excélsior, Dec. 1, 1976, 13; Acción, Jan. 18, 1982, 8; Cien Biografías, 295–297. Galván Maldonado, Rafael (Deceased July 3, 1980) a—Nov. 7, 1919. b—Uruapan, Michoacán. c—Elementary studies in Jacona and Zamora, Michoacán; secondary and preparatory studies at Colegio de San Nicolás, Morelia, Michoacán, and Vocational School No. 2 of IPN and National Preparatory School No. 1; 2 years of studies at Higher School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, IPN; 4 years of studies at National School of Economics, UNAM. d—Senator from State of Michoacán, 1964–1970, member of Gran Comisión. e—Founding member, PRM. f—None. g—Student leader; founder of several student newspapers; began union

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activities in National Federation of Electric Industry Workers, 1939; secretary-general and founder, STERM, 1952–1972; his union joined SUTERM, 1972; president, the National Industrial Workers’ Central. h—Employee, radio and electric industry; worked as porter for years; employee, La Boquilla, Chihuahua, electric plant; wrote for Excélsior. i—Married Laura Chávez. j—None. k—Senatorial nomination surprised most observers; expelled from SUTERM, 1975; independent union leadership antagonized PRI leadership. l—PS, 2199; C de S, 1964–1970; MGF69; Excélsior, July 4, 1980, 4, 30; HA, July 14, 1980, 16; DP95, 1363. Galván Muñoz, Jesús a—Apr. 17, 1955. b—Lagos de Moreno, Jalisco. c—Early education unknown; business administration degree, Ibero-American University, 1973–1977; law degree, National School of Law, UNAM, 1974–1977; postgraduate studies, tribunal law, Free Law School. d—Plurinominal federal deputy from PAN, 1985–1988; local deputy, Assembly of the Federal District, 1997–2000; senator from Federal District, 2000–2006. e—Joined PAN, 1970s; secretary-general of PAN in the Federal District; secretary, National Youth of the CEN of PAN; assistant Secretarygeneral of PAN, 1983–1984; secretary of the CEN of PAN, 1993–1996; member of the National Council of PAN. f—None. g—None. h—Practicing lawyer. i—Son of Jesús Galván Moreno and Luz María Muñoz Zermeño, PAN members for 50 years; married Guadalupe Castillo Huerta; maternal grandparents, Arturo Muñoz Lomeli and Josefina Zermeño Márquez; great-uncle Ubaldo Zermeño Marquez died in Cristero War. j—None. k—None. l—www.df.pan.org, 2008; Directorio del Congreso, 2000–2003, 75; QesQ en el Congreso, 2000–2003, 301; DBGM87, 475; Musacchio, 148. Galván Rivas, Andrés a—Aug. 29, 1960. b—Canatlán, Durango. c—Early education unknown; law degree, Open University System, Secretariat of Public Education.

d—Mayor, Canatlán, 1985; plurinominal federal deputy from PAN, 1994–1997; senator from Durango, 2005–2012. e—President, Regional Committee of PAN, Durango, 1999–2003; PAN candidate for governor, 2004; national adviser to PAN, 1995–1998, 2001–2004. f—Secretary, City Council, Canatlán, 1986, 1989, 1992; secretary, city government, Canatlán, 2002–2004. g—None. h—Businessman, 1972–2007; owner, Refrigerados Labatos, 1989–1993. j—None. k—None. l—www.cddhcu.gob.mx, 1994–1997; www.senadorandresgalvan .com, 2007; www.senado.gob.mx, 2008; Directorio del Congreso, 2006–2009, 95. Gálvez Betancourt, Carlos (Deceased Apr. 30, 1990) a—Feb. 14, 1921. b—Jiquilpan, Michoacán. c—Preparatory studies at National Preparatory School, 1939–1940; law degree, National Law School, UNAM, 1946, with special mention; professor of logic and ethics, National Preparatory and Normal School, 1949–1964; professor of constitutional law and philosophy of law, National School of Law, UNAM. d—Governor, Michoacán, 1968–1970. e—Joined PRM, 1940. f—Assistant director, Department of Professions, Secretariat of Public Education, 1950–1956; assistant director, Department of Physical Education, Secretariat of Public Education, 1956–1958; assistant director and director of immigration, Secretariat of Government, 1958; assistant director general of government, Secretariat of Government, under Tristán Canales Valverde, 1958–1961; director general of legal affairs, Secretariat of Government, 1964; oficial mayor of government, 1964–1965; assistant secretary of government under Luis Echeverría Álvarez, 1965–1968; director general, IMSS, 1970–1975; secretary of labor, 1975–1976. g—Secretary-general, Association of Professors and Intellectual Workers. h—Worked for Department of Professions, Secretariat of Public Education, 1945–1948. i—Student with Alfonso Noriega, Jr., at UNAM; collaborator of Luis Echeverría in various positions, 1954–1968; uncle of Ignacio Gálvez Rocha,

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federal deputy from Michoacán, 1970–1973; brother Ignacio Gálvez Betancourt was mayor of Jiquilpan, 1987–1989; son of Ignacio Gálvez Hijar and Carlota Betancourt Quiroz; son Carlos Gálvez Herrera was president, PRI in Michoacán and businessman. j—None. k—None. l—DPE61, 12; DPE65, 13; HA, Dec. 7, 1970, 26; DGF56, 302; HA, Dec. 21, 1964, 4; HA, Oct. 6, 1975; Cadena, 38; El Nacional, Mar. 1, 1990; www.lajornadamicho acan.com.mx, Mar. 7, 2006; DP95, 1365. Gálvez Rocha, Ignacio a—June 22, 1940. b—Jiquilpan, Michoacán. c—Elementary studies at Francisco Madero public school, Jiquilpan, 1949–1954; preparatory studies at National Preparatory School No. 2, Mexico City, 1955–1960; medical degree, National School of Medicine, UNAM, 1961–1967. d—Federal deputy from State of Michoacán, Dist. 5, 1970–1973, member of Public Assistance Committee, Social Welfare Committee (1st year), and Health Committee. e—Delegate of CNOP of PRI during Gustavo Díaz Ordaz’ campaign for president, 1964; secretary of political action and vice president, National Committee of CNOP; delegate for internal affairs, CNOP; secretary of social action of CEN of CNOP, 1974. f—Director of medical services for sports, Secretariat of Public Works; auxiliary secretary to Gov. Carlos Gálvez Betancourt, 1968–1970. g—Secretary of political action, Mexican Federation of University Students. h—None. i—Son of Ignacio Gálvez Betancourt, mayor of Jiquilpan, 1987–1989, and Matilde Rocha; nephew of Carlos Gálvez Betancourt. j—None. k—None. l—Directorio, 1970–1972; C de D, 1970–1972, 114; Excélsior, Oct. 20, 1974. Gama (y Cruz), Valentín (Deceased Jan. 3, 1942) a—Jan. 21, 1868. b—San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí. c—Elementary, secondary, and preparatory studies at Scientific and Literary Institute of San Luis Potosí; degree in geographic engineering with specialization in mathematics, National School of Engineering, Jan. 21, 1891; professor, National School of Engineering, 1904–1915; director,

National Preparatory School, 1912–1913; dean, Physics Sec., National Graduate School, 1913–1914; dean, National School of Engineering, 1923–1924, 1933–1934; rector, UNAM, Sept.–Dec., 1914, and Apr.–June, 1915. d—None. e—Cofounder of PAN, 1939; member, first National Council of PAN, 1939–1942. f—Member, International Boundary Commission between Mexico and United States, 1891–1896; assistant director, National Observatory, 1903–1910; director, National Observatory; secretary of development, 1914–1915, under Convention Government. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Dr. Ignacio Gama, rector of Scientific and Literary Institute of San Luis Potosí, and Concepción Cruz; married Enriqueta Bustamante Rivero y Río. j—None. k—None. l—DP70, 810; López, 385; www.bibliojuridica.org; DP95, 1371; Pérez Franco, 134–135. Gamboa Cano, Rafael P. a—Sept. 16, 1930. b—Tapachula, Chiapas. c—Early education unknown; economics degree, National School of Economics, UNAM. d—Federal deputy from State of Chiapas, Dist. 1, 1961–1964; federal deputy from State of Chiapas, Dist. 1, 1979–1982. e—President, PRI, Chiapas; general delegate of CNOP to various states; president, PRI, Federal District; active in presidential campaign in Nuevo León, 1981–1982; general delegate of CEN of PRI (14 times), general delegate of CEN of PRI to Sinaloa, 1983; secretary of organization of CEN of PRI, 1966; assistant secretary of CEN of PRI, 1985, 1988. f—General manager, Compañía Exportadora e Importadora del Estado de México, 1956– 1958; director general, Industrial de Abastos, 1970–1976; general manager of airports and auxiliary services, 1986; director general of social communication, Secretariat of Labor, 1992; director general of social communication, Office of the Controller General, 19992000. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Rafael Gamboa Pascasio, president, CEN of PRI, 1946, and Carmen Cano; cousin Humberto Gamboa Pascasio served as federal deputy, 1943–1945; uncle Dr. Noé Gamboa Pascasio

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was local deputy in Chiapas; married María Inés Castellanos Vázquez. j—None. k—None. l—Excélsior, Sept. 30, 1983, 2A; Protag., 130; DBGM92, 135. Gamboa Pascasio, Rafael (Deceased Aug. 2, 1979) a—May 20, 1897. b—Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas. c—Elementary studies in Tuxtla Gutiérrez; secondary studies at Prevocational and Industrial School; medical degree from National Medical School, UNAM, 1923; medical studies in France; professor, University of Chiapas. d—Federal deputy from State of Chiapas, Dist. 2, 1937–1940; governor, Chiapas, 1940–1944. e—General coordinator, Miguel Aleman’s campaign for president; first president, reorganized CEN of PRI, Jan. 19–Dec. 5, 1946. f—Director general of pensions, Union of Government Bureaucrats, 1945; secretary-general of government, State of Chiapas, 1939–1940, under Gov. Efraín Gutiérrez; secretary of public health, 1946– 1952. g—None. h—Practicing physician in Tuxtla Gutiérrez, 1923–1935; entered state politics, 1935. i—Father‑in‑law of Emilio Rabasa, secretary of foreign relations, 1970–1975; son Rafael P. Gamboa Cano was federal deputy from Chiapas, 1961–1964, 1979–1982; married Carmen Cano; uncle of Humberto Gamboa Pascasio, federal deputy from Chiapas, 1943–1945. j—None. k—Imposed by Miguel Alemán as president, PRI, alienating other party leaders. l—Polémica, Vol. I, No. 1, Apr., 1969; Hoy, Dec. 21, 1940, 78; DGF50, II, 485; DPE51, I, 733, 335; DPE51, II, 713; Excélsior, Dec. 2, 1946; HA, Dec. 6, 1946, 6; Enc. Mex., V, 106–107; HA, Aug. 13, 1979, 11; letter. Gamboa Pascoe, Joaquín a—May 30, 1922. b—Federal District. c—Secondary studies at Secondary No. 4, Mexico City; preparatory studies at National Preparatory School; law degree, National School of Law, UNAM, 1939–1944; professor of labor law, National School of Law, UNAM. d—Alternate senator from Federal District under Fidel Velázquez Sánchez, 1958–1964; federal deputy from Federal District, Dist.

18, 1961–1964, member of Labor Sec. of Legislative Studies Committee and 1st Constitutional Affairs Committee; federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. 13, 1967–1970, member of Administration Committee, 2nd Instructive Sec. of grand jury, Budget and Accounts Committee (2nd year), and 2nd Labor Committee; senator from Federal District, 1976–1982, president, Gran Comisión, 1976–1982. e—Auxiliary secretary to CEN of PRI, 1966–1968; assistant secretary of CEN of PRI, 1968–1970. f—None. g—Secretary of political action, Department of the Federal District Workers’ Union, 1962–1970; lawyer, Legal Office, Department of the Federal District Workers’ Union, 1946; legal adviser, Department of the Federal District Workers’ Union, 1946–1970; secretary-general, Department of the Federal District Workers’ Union, 1973–1978; secretary-general, CTM, Federal District, 1977–1982; secretary-general, CTM, 2005–2010. i—Longtime friend of Jesús Yurén, whom he met at legal office of Department of the Federal District Workers’ Union; son Joaquín Gamboa Enríquez was PRI precandidate for federal deputy, 1979; father, a businessman; married Bertha Enríquez; student with José López Portillo at UNAM. j—None. k—PRI candidate for federal deputy from Federal District, 1973, but defeated by Javier Blanco Sánchez of PAN. l—C de D, 1961–1964, 78; C de D, 1967–1970, 55, 79, 83; Proceso, Dec. 18, 1976, 8–9; Proceso, Dec. 11, 1976, 20–21; letter. Gamboa Patrón, Emilio a—Aug. 23, 1950. b—Federal District. c—Elementary and secondary studies at Colegio Montejo, Mérida, Yucatán; preparatory studies in Córdoba and Mexico City, 1968–1970; studies in industrial relations at Ibero-American University, 1970–1974; received degree in 1979 with thesis on a development program for workers in a decentralized government agency. d—Plurinominal senator from PRI, 2000–2006; plurinominal federal deputy from PRI, 2006–2009, coordinator of PRI delegation. e—Member, Advisory Council,

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IEPES of PRI; technical secretary, National Political Council of CEN of PRI, 1999; coordinator of Francisco Labastida Ochoa’s presidential campaign, May 26, 1999–2000 f—Administrative assistant to director of projects, IMSS, 1969–1971; adviser to director, Department of Personnel Development, IMSS, 1971–1973; assistant director, Department of Personnel Development, IMSS, 1973–1976; private secretary to the technical assistant director, Workers’ Housing Fund, 1976; auxiliary secretary to Genaro Borrego Estrada, private secretary to Ricardo García Sáinz; adviser to assistant director of collective transportation service, Metro System, Secretariat of Transportation, 1978; auxiliary secretary to Miguel de la Madrid, 1919; private secretary to secretary of planning and budgeting Miguel de la Madrid, 1979– 1982; private secretary to President de la Madrid, 1982–1988; director, Federal Workers’ Housing Institute, 1988–1991; director general, IMSS, 1991–1993; secretary of communications and transportation, 1993–1994; director, National Lottery, 1995–1997; director, Tourism Fund, 1997–1998; assistant secretary of social communication, Secretariat of Government, 1998–1999. g—President, Student Society of Ibero-American University, 1973. h—None. i—Part of Ricardo García Sáinz’ group; political disciple of Miguel de la Madrid; student with Genaro Borrego at Ibero-American University; Borrego invited him to be auxiliary secretary to de la Madrid; son of Emilio Gamboa Martínez, businessman and executive in the San Cristóbal Sugar Refinery, and Josefina Patrón Méndez; mother is aunt of Patricio José Patrón Laviada, PAN governor of Yucatán, 2001–2007; married María Angélica Miner de la Concha; brother Jorge Antonio was delegate of Secretariat of Tourism, 1993. j—None. k—None. l—The News, Nov. 29, 1982; HA, Dec. 13, 1982, 20; Q es QAP, 17; DBGM, 157–158; El Nacional, Jan. 4, 1991, 1–5; DBGM92, 136; QesQ en el Congreso, 2000–2003, 347; www.senado.gob.mx; Diario de Yucatán, Dec. 5, 1999; www

.pansenado.gob.mx; www.revistaanalisis politico.com. Games Orozco, Edmundo (Deceased July 9, 1953) a—Feb. 28, 1902. b—Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes. c—Elementary studies in Aguascalientes; teaching certificate from San Carlos Academy, Mexico City, 1919– 1923; secondary school teacher; professor of pedagogical studies, 1936. d—Senator from State of Aguascalientes, 1946–1952, member of 1st Committee on Tariffs and Foreign Commerce, Agrarian Department Committee, 1st Committee on Public Education, Consulate and Diplomatic Service Committee, and Protocol Committee; substitute member of National Railroads Committee; governor, Aguascalientes, 1950–1953. e—None. f—Director general of education, State of Aguascalientes, 1934–1936; secretary, Department of Education, Secretariat of Public Education; director of federal schools, State of Aguascalientes; federal inspector, Secretariat of Public Education, State of Coahuila, 1937; federal inspector, Secretariat of Public Education, Ojo Caliente, Zacatecas, 1937–1940; federal inspector, Secretariat of Public Education, Juchipila, Zacatecas, 1941–1944; director of education, Zacatecas, Secretariat of Public Education, 1944–1946. g—Director, Teachers’ Union, 1940. i—Parents, descendants of long line of Spaniards in Mexico. j—None. k—None. l—DGF47, 19; Enc. Mex., V, 109; DGF51, I, 5, 10, 11, 14, 88; C de S, 1946–1952; DP70, 812; Anderson; www.cronica.diputa dos.gob.mx, July 16, 1953. Gámiz Fernández, Everardo a—Apr. 13, 1924. b—Durango, Durango. c—Elementary and secondary studies in Durango; normal certificate, Normal School of Durango, 1938–1940; preparatory studies in Mexico City; began professional studies in civil engineering but left to work, 1939; taught at Thomas Edison and Justo Sierra institutes, 1949–1952. d—Federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. 5, 1964–1967, member of Public Housing Committee, Editorial Committee, and Department of

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the Federal District Committee; federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. 21, 1982– 1985; delegate from Venustiano Carranza to Department of the Federal District, 1985– 1988; federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. 21, 1991–1994. e—Joined judicial Division of PRM, 1937; general delegate of CEN of PRI, 1959; president, PRI, Federal District, 1963–1966, 1970–1971. f—Employee, Department of the Federal District, 1939; manager of learning centers, CONASUPO, 1976–1982. g—Secretary-general, Executive Committee, Local 11, Department of the Federal District Workers’ Union, 1946–1955; secretary of organization, labor, and conflicts, Local 11, Department of the Federal District Workers’ Union, 1949–1963; other posts on Executive Committee, Department of the Federal District Workers’ Union; secretary of organization of CEN of FSTSE, 1967; secretary-general, Department of the Federal District Workers’ Union, 1964–1967, 1982–1985. h—None. i—Son of Everardo Gámiz Olivas, teacher and peasant, and Luz Fernández Rosa; brother of Salvador Gámiz Fernández, senator from Durango, 1970–1976; brother of Máximo Gámiz Fernández, federal deputy from Durango, 1952–1955; married Concepción Larnoa; nephew Máximo Gámiz Parral was mayor of Durango, 1974–1977, and joined PRD to become gubernatorial candidate for Durango, 1998. j—None. k—None. l—PS, 2223; C de D, 1964–1967, 81; Lehr, 139; Directorio, 1982–1985; DBGM, 503. Gámiz Fernández, Jr., Salvador

a—July 9, 1922. b—Durango, Durango. c—Elementary studies in Durango; secondary studies at a public school in Durango; medical degree, IPN. d—Senator from State of Durango, 1970–1976, member of Gran Comisión, president, Health Committee, member of 1st Balloting Group, 1st secretary of 1st Foreign Relations Committee, 2nd secretary of Public Welfare Committee. e—Joined PRI, 1958; aide to president, CEN of PRI, 1960–1965; president, PRI, Durango; general delegate of CEN of PRI,

1964; secretary of political action of CEN of PRI, 1970–1971; assistant secretary of political action of CEN of PRI, 1973. f—Physician, Secretariat of Health, 1960–1969; director, ISSSTE clinic; interim governor, Durango, Dec. 13, 1979–1980. g—Member, Technical Council, CNC; president, Medical Association of IPN; president, National Association of Graduates of Schools for Workers’ Sons. i—Father, a peasant; brother Máximo Gámiz Fernández was secretary-general of PRI in Federal District and federal deputy from Durango, 1952–1955; brother Everardo Gámiz Fernández was federal deputy from Federal District, 1964–1967; originally a political disciple of Vicente Lombardo Toledano; member of Jesús Robles Martínez’s political group at IPN; precandidate for rector of IPN, 1982; nephew Máximo Gámiz Parral was mayor of Durango, 1974–1977, and joined PRD to become gubernatorial candidate for Durango, 1998. j—None. k—None. l—Excélsior, Dec. 16, 1979, 18; HA, Dec. 24, 1979, 10; C de S, 1970–1976, 75; Excélsior, Dec. 4, 1982, 4A. Gandarilla Avilés, Emilio a—Feb. 6, 1923. b—Federal District. c—Completed elementary and secondary studies; no degree. d—Federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. 8, 1958–1961, member of Department of the Federal District Committee, General Accounting Office Committee, and Budget and Accounts Committee; federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. 8, 1964– 1967, member of Department of the Federal District Committee, Complaints Committee, and Foreign Relations Committee. e—President, PRI, Eighth District, Federal District. f—Adviser to director of pensions; president, National Housing Committee; private secretary to Rómulo Sánchez Mireles, president, Gran Comisión, 1964–1967. g—Secretary of interior, Local No. 15, Department of the Federal District Workers’ Union, 1947; press secretary, Department of the Federal District Workers’ Union; secretary of pension fund, Department of the Federal District Workers’

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Union; secretary-general of CNOP, Federal District, 1964. h—Journalist; photographer; graphics editor of El Universal. j—None. k—None. l—Func., 183; C de D, 1958–1960, 77; C de D, 1964–1967, 81, 92, 93; PS, 2231. Gandarilla Carrasco, Víctor Manuel

a—Nov. 20, 1944. b—Early education unknown; law degree, National School of Law, UNAM, 1972–1976; MA in sociology of law, UNAM, 1976–1977; professor, University of Sinaloa, Culiacán Campus, 1987– 1988. d—Local deputy to State Legislature of Sinaloa, 1971–1972; alternate federal deputy from State of Sinaloa, Dist. 3, 1970–1973, in functions 1972–1973; alternate senator from Sinaloa, 1988–1994; federal deputy from State of Sinaloa, Dist. 9, 1991–1994, coordinator of PRI delegation from Sinaloa; local deputy, State Legislature of Sinaloa, 1995–1998; federal deputy from State of Sinaloa, Dist. 7, 2000–2003, coordinator of PRI delegation from Sinaloa. e—Joined PRI, 1961; president, PRI in Sinaloa, 1988–1993; resigned from PRI and supported Andrés López Obrador’s presidential campaign, 2006. f—Auxiliary secretary of oficial mayor, Department of the Federal District, 1973–1975; director, Department of Demographics, Secretariat of Government, 1977–1978; director, Personnel Department, Secretariat of Government, 1978–1979; general coordinator of political exiles, Secretariat of Government, 1979–1980; delegate of CONASUPO to Sinaloa, 1980–1984; regional delegate, Northeast, CONASUPO, 1984–1988; g—Secretary-general, League of Agrarian Communities, Sinaloa, 1988–1993. h—None. i—Son of Víctor M. Gandarilla Charoya and Gloria Micaela Carrasco; married Constanza Mayro García Gámez, teacher. j—None. k—None. l—Directorio del Congreso, 2000–2003, 248–249; QesQ en el Congreso, 1991–1994, 195; DBGM92, 464–465; Musacchio, 149–150. Garabito Martínez, Jorge a—Mar. 29, 1915. b—Guadalajara, Jalisco. c—Elementary and secondary studies at public schools in Guadalajara; preparatory studies at

Preparatory School of Jalisco, Guadalajara; law degree, School of Law, University of Guadalajara, but had to complete requirements at National School of Law, UNAM, because of student conflicts, graduating in 1939, with thesis on law and social revolution; postgraduate studies in economics and philosophy, UNAM; completed course in political science at Institute for Christian Democratic Formation, Caracas; professor of constitutional law, National School of Law, UNAM, 1978. d—Federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. 16, 1964–1967, member of Penal Sec. of Legislative Studies Committee; federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. 1, 1970–1973, member of Department of the Federal District Committee, Social Security Committee, Fish and Game Committee, and Cinematographic Development Committee; federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. 12, 1976–1979, coordinator of PAN delegation but was removed in 1977 because of internal party divisions. e—Founding member of PAN, 1939; national adviser to CEN of PAN, 1956–1975; represented PAN before Federal Electoral Committee, 1967, 1973; president, PAN, Federal District, 1959–1960; member of CEN of PAN, 1947–1959, 1960–1975; PAN candidate for federal deputy, 1955, 1958; adviser to various PRD congressional committees, 1991–2003. f—Legal adviser to Héctor Ramírez López, governor of Oaxaca; legal adviser to Diódoro Carrasco Altamirano, governor of Oaxaca; researcher, Chamber of Deputies and Senate, 2002– 2003. g—None. h—Practicing lawyer; glass industry entrepreneur. i—Son of Enrique Garabito Cárdenas and María del Refugio Martínez; married María Teresa Yáñez. j—None. k—None. l—C de D, 1976–1979, 23; C de D, 1964–1967, 83; Directorio, 1970– 1972; C de D, 1970–1973, 115; Mabry; Pérez Franco, 135–136. Gárate (Legleu), Raúl (Deceased 1977) a—Sept. 11, 1892. b—Matamoros, Tamaulipas. c—Elementary studies at a public school, Matamoros; secondary studies

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in United States; no degree. d—Deputy to Constitutional Convention from State of Tamaulipas, Dist. 3, 1916–1917; federal deputy from State of Tamaulipas, 1917–1918; senator from State of Tamaulipas, 1952–1958, member of General Means of Communication Committee, War Matériel Committee, and 3rd National Defense Committee. e—President, Revolutionaries Club, Brownsville, Tex., 1913. f—Inspector general of police, Mexico City, 1919–1920; director of public charities, Federal District, 1919; assistant secretary of national defense, 1946–1947; provisional governor, Tamaulipas, 1947–1951. g—None. h—None. i—Friendship with Manuel Ávila Camacho helped career; political enemy of Emilio Portes Gil; from a wealthy family; close friend of General Rodolfo Sánchez Taboada. j—Joined the Revolution in 1913 under General Lucio Blanco as 1st captain; governor and military commander of Tamaulipas, 1914–1916; remained loyal to Carranza, 1920; taken prisoner at Tlaxcalaltongo by Obregón’s forces; inactive, 1920–1923; rejoined army, 1923; assistant director of Revisory Committee on Military Papers, 1923; brigadier general, 1924; chief of staff, 22nd Military Zone, Toluca, State of Mexico, 1930–1932; garrison commander, Tapachula, Chiapas, 1929–1930; chief of staff, 17th Military Zone, Querétaro, Querétaro, 1927–1928; rank of brigade general, Sept. 1, 1929; commander, 2nd Cavalry Regiment, Tehuacán, Puebla, 1932–1937; rank of division general, Sept. 4, 1941; commander, Military Camp No. 1, 1942; commander, 22nd Military Zone, Toluca, 1942. k—Imposed by Miguel Alemán as governor over protests of local leaders and citizens; PRI precandidate for governor, 1945, defeated by Hugo González; opposed by Emilio Portes Gil and Magdaleno Aguilar for provisional governor; imprisoned by Victoriano Huerta in Canoa Barracks, Mexico City, 1913. l—HA, Sept. 6, 1971, 19; Peral, 302; HA, Oct. 6, 1950, xiv; DGF56, 8, 10, 12, 13; Brandenburg, 103; NYT, Apr. 10, 1947, 5; Anderson, 348; López,

391; Rev. de Ejer., Nov.–Dec., 1974, 205; Torrea, 24; Dávila, 183–184. Garavito Elías, Rosa Albina a—Mar. 7, 1947. b—Santa Cruz, Sonora. c—Early education unknown; economics degree, University of Nuevo León, 1962–1968; MA degree in social sciences, FLACSO, Chile, 1969–1970; postgraduate studies in economic sociology, Salerno University, Italy, 1978–1980; director, El Cotidiano, Autonomous Metropolitan University, Azcapotzalco, 1977–2009; professor, Autonomous Metropolitan University, 1977–1978, 1980–1981, 1994–1997. d—Plurinominal federal deputy from PRD, 1991–1994; plurinominal senator from PRD, 1997–2000. e—Cofounder, PRD, 1989; member, National Council of PRD, 1989; member, CEN of PRD, 1989–1996; Convergencia Democrática candidate for president, PRD, 1999. f—Director, Department of Social Labor Research, COPLAMAR, 1981–1982; director of labor analysis, Secretariat of Labor, 1983–1985; director and coordinator of advisers to director general, ISSSTE, 1985–1988. g—None. h—None. i—Daughter of José Luis Garavito Gómez and Delia Elías Montiel; lives with Alfonso Ramírez Cuéllar, plurinominal deputy of PRD and brother of Héctor Ramírez Cuéllar, federal deputy from PPS. j—None. k—None. l—www.azc.uam .mx.org, 2008; DBGM92, 465; www.secgob .gob.mx, 1997, 2007; QesQ en el Congreso, 1997–2000, 277–278. Garay Espinosa, Alejandro a—Feb. 24, 1963. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; law degree, Anáhuac University, 1981–1986. d—None. e—None. f—Private secretary to director of legal affairs, Secretariat of Government, 1986– 1988; private secretary to assistant secretary of the treasury, 1988–1994; private secretary to secretary of the treasury, 1994, 1995–1997; oficial mayor of treasury, 1997–1998; adviser to Board of Governors, Bank of Mexico, 1998; controller, Bank of Mexico, 1998–2000; director general of international administration, Bank of Mexico,

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2000–2005; director general of administration, Bank of Mexico, 2005–2008. g—None. h—Lawyer, Martínez & Comella, 1981–1982; legal affairs, Santa Marina Steta, 1983–1985; i—Protégé of Guillermo Ortiz Martínez, secretary of the treasury and governor of Bank of Mexico. j—None. k—None. l—www .banxico.gob.mx, 2008. García Abaunza, Antonio (Deceased 1993) a—Jan. 17, 1909. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; enrolled as cadet at the Heroic Military College, Feb. 11, 1925, graduated as 2nd lieutenant of infantry; advanced studies, School of Military Education, 1936; diploma from Higher War College, 1940–1944; special studies at Ft. Benning, Ga., 1947–1948. d—None. e—Oficial mayor of CEN of PARM, 1977–1981. f—None. g—None. h—None. i—Good friend of General Rodolfo Sánchez Taboada. j—Career army officer; commander, 36th and 38th Infantry Battalions; chief, Sec. 1, staff, 7th Military Zone; chief of staff, 31st and 5th Military Zones; commander, 39th Infantry Division; section chief, Technical Department, Infantry Division, Secretariat of National Defense. k—Champion shooter, Olympic Games, Berlin, 1936. l—Protag., 132; www.de.wikipedia.org.wiki/olympische, 2008; www.cronica.diputados.gob.mx, Feb. 7, 1973; Rev. de Ejer., 1993, 71. García Aguilar, Horacio a—June 19, 1919. b—Salvatierra, Guanajuato. c—Early education unknown; agricultural engineering degree, National School of Engineering, Chapingo. d—None. e—Member of the Advisory Council of the IEPES of PRI, 1981–1982; member of the National Technical Executive Committee of PRI. f—Assistant director, Trust Department, FIRA, Bank of Mexico, 1948; director, Trust Department, FIRA; assistant director general of FIRA, 1965; director general of FIRA, 1965–1982; assistant director, Bank of Mexico, 1981–1982; secretary of agriculture and hydraulic resources, 1982–1984. g—None. h—Employee in the Secretariat of Agriculture, the National Bank of Ejido Credit,

and the National Foreign Trade Bank, 1941–1947. j—None. k—None. l—Q es QAP, 211; Excélsior, Dec. 1, 1982, 34; HA, Dec. 13, 1982, 13–14; The News, Dec. 2, 1982, 8. García Aguilar, José Dolores

(Deceased) a—Mar. 16, 1894. b—Campeche, Campeche. c—Completed elementary studies only. d—Local deputy, State Legislature of Campeche (twice); alternate senator from State of Campeche, 1958–1964, under Senator Nicolás Canto Carrillo; federal deputy from State of Campeche, Dist. 2, 1964–1967, member of National Properties Committee, Welfare Committee, and Railroad Committee. e—Cofounder, Socialist Agrarian Party of Campeche, 1920; member, PNR, PRM, and PRI. f—None. g—Cofounder, 1st Maritime and Laborers’ Union, Campeche; secretary-general, Maritime and Laborers’ Union, Campeche; secretary-general, CTM, Campeche, 1956. h—Typographer; maritime worker. j—Supported Madero. k—None. l—PS; C de D, 1964–1967, 49, 80, 84; MGF69; C de S, 1961–1964, 16. García (Aguirre), J. Trinidad (Deceased Feb. 2, 1981) a—Dec. 11, 1895. b—Federal District. c—Secondary studies at Institute of Science and Letters of Mexico; preparatory studies at Institute of Science and Letters of Mexico, Toluca, 1910–1914, and National Preparatory School, 1914; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, Dec. 11, 1919; honorary LLD, National School of Law, UNAM, 1950; professor, National Preparatory School; professor, School of the Brothers of Mary; professor of civil law, mercantile law, and international public law, National School of Law, UNAM, 1919–1970; professor of civil law, LLD Program, National School of Law, UNAM, 1950–1970; member, Board of Governors, UNAM, 1932–1940; dean, National School of Law, UNAM, 1934–1935. d—None. e—Founding member, National Council, PAN, 1939-1944; founding member, CEN of PAN, 1939–1949; helped write statement of PAN principles; national adviser to CEN of PAN, 1939–1954; PAN candidate for federal

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deputy, 1943, one of the first 21 candidates the party ran for Congress. f—General counsel for UNAM. h—Practicing lawyer, Mexico City. g—Represented petroleum companies in labor‑management disputes, 1938. i—Son of lawyer and historian Genaro García and Concepción Aguirre; grandfather, a distinguished scientist, educator, and public man; married Elisa Térres, daughter of prominent physician José Térres; son Jaime García Térres is a prominent poet and was appointed director of Fondo de Cultura Económica; close friend of Manuel Gómez Morín. j—None. k—Emilio Portes Gil offered him an appointment as Supreme Court justice in 1929 but he declined; participant in 1929 Autonomy Movement at UNAM. l—WWM45, 44; letter; WNM, 87; López, 410; DBM70, 242; Novo35, 423; Enc. de Mex., V, 177; Pérez Franco, 137–138. García Alba Iduñate, Pascual a—June 19, 1948. b—Ciudad Lerdo, Durango. c—Early education unknown; industrial engineering degree, Regional Technical Institute La Laguna, 1968–1972; MA in economics, Colegio de México, 1973–1975, with thesis on dual economic models; MA in philosophy, Yale University, 1977; PhD in economics, Yale University, 1975–1978, with thesis on value-added tax in Mexico; professor, Colegio de Mexico, 1978, 1983–1984; professor, National School of Political Studies, Acatlán, UNAM, 1979–1986; professor, Autonomous Metropolitan University of Azcapotzalco, 1979–1988; researcher, Center for Research on Economic Competition and Regulation, Graduate School of Public Administration, ITESM, Mexico City Campus, 1993–1998; director, Center for Research on Economic Competition and Regulation, Graduate School of Public Administration, ITESM, Mexico City Campus, 2006– . d—None. e—Joined PRI, 1978. f—Adviser, Division of Political and Industrial Research, Secretariat of Government Properties, 1978–1980; adviser to secretary of the treasury, 1980–1982; coordinator of social and economic policy, Secretariat of

Programming and Budget, 1983; economic adviser to president, Mexico, 1985–1987; director general of economic and social policy, Secretariat of Programming and Budget, 1987–1988; assistant secretary of development and budget control, Secretariat of Programming and Budget, 1988–1992; assistant secretary of educational coordination, Secretariat of Public Education, 1992– 1993; commissioner, Federal Competition Commission. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Pascual García Alba Fernández, rancher and PAN candidate for federal deputy, Dist. 2, Durango, 1964–1967, and María Angélica Iduñate Acosta; married Marcela Garciadiego Ojeda, historian; student at Yale University with Ernesto Zedillo, secretary of programming and budgeting, 1988–1992; brother-in-law José María Iduñate Acosta, notary public and director, Property Registry, Durango, 2007. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM92, 139; DBGM89; www.cronica dediputados, Aug. 21, 1964. García Barragán, Marcelino (Deceased Sept. 3, 1979) a—June 2, 1895. b—Rancho Los Aguacates, Cuauhtitlán, Jalisco. c—Elementary studies at elementary school of Autlán; enrolled as cadet in National Military College, Jan., 1920, as 1st infantry captain, graduating Dec. 10, 1923; 1st sergeant of cadets, 1920; adjutant general, National Military College, 1926–1929; director, National Military College, 1941–1942. d—Governor, Jalisco, 1943–1946. e—Leader, Federation of People’s Parties, 1950–1952, which opposed PRI presidential candidate. f—Secretary of national defense, 1964–1970. g—None. h—None. i—Friend of General Matías Ramos Santos, secretary of national defense, 1952–1957, and Francisco L. Urquizo Benavides, secretary of national defense, 1945–1946; close friend and companion of Roberto Fierro at National Military College; son Javier García Paniagua was senator from Jalisco, 1970–1976, and assistant secretary of government, 1978; son Marcelino was director of customs, Ciudad Juárez, 1980, president, Mexican Soccer Federation,

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1988–, and Guadalajara Soccer Club, 1985– ; brother of Sebastián García Barragán; son of Luis García and Virginia Barragán; greatnephew Ismael Orozco Loreto was federal deputy in the 51st and 54th Sess.; political enemy of J. Jesús González Gallo. j—Participated in Revolution as enlisted man, 1913; joined Juárez Brigade, 24th Battalion, Army of the Northeast, as 2nd lieutenant, May 14, 1915; rank of major; served in 33rd Battalion, 1916–1920; supported Plan of Agua Prieta, 1920; military mission to Brazil and Argentina, 1921, 1924; lieutenant colonel, 1924; fought again de La Huerta rebellion, 16th Infantry Battalion, 1923–1924; fought 5 battles in the cavalry, 1924–1926; served in 3rd Regiment, 1925–1926; colonel and commanding officer, 11th Cavalry Regiment, 1928; member, 3rd Cavalry Regiment, 1930–1941; commander, 42nd Cavalry Regiment; attached to 21st Military Zone, 1947–1951; rank of brigadier general, July 16, 1937; on leave, 1951–1955; member of presidential staff, 1955–1960; commander, 17th Military Zone, Jan., 1960–1961; commander, 22nd Military Zone, 1961–1964; rank of division general; attached to 15th Military Zone, 1970–1979. k—Leader of General Miguel Henríquez Guzmán’s campaign for president, 1951; example of political co‑optation process in Mexico; forced out of governorship for not putting into effect the constitutional 6-year term, Feb. 17, 1947. l—Lieuwen, 147; Enc. Mex., V, 178; HA, Dec. 7, 1964, 18; EWB46, 123; McAlister, 224; WB48, 1921; DPE65, 33; WWW70–71, 335; Siempre, Feb. 4, 1959, 6; NYT, Feb. 18, 1947, 15; Excélsior, Sept. 14, 1976, 4; Excélsior, Aug. 17, 1978, 17; Excélsior, Sept. 5, 1979, 19; HA, Sept. 10, 1979, 27; Rev. de Ejer., Sept., 1976, 132; Medina, No. 20, 97; www.es.wiki pedia.org, 2008; www.oem.com.mx, 2007; Cien Biografías, 287–289. García Barragán, Sebastián

(Deceased) a—Aug. 8, 1899. b—Autlán de Navarro, Autlán, Jalisco. c—Elementary studies in Autlán (only 4 years); no degree. d—Vice mayor, Guadalajara, Jalisco,

1943–1944; mayor, Autlán, 1931; member, City Council, Guadalajara, 1947–1948; local deputy, State Legislature of Jalisco (twice); federal deputy from State of Jalisco, Dist. 10, 1958–1961, member of Social Action Committee; federal deputy from State of Jalisco, Dist. 11, 1967–1970, member of Agrarian Sec. of Legislative Studies Committee, Military Health Committee, Sugar Industry Committee, and Small Agricultural Property Committee. e—Joined PNR, 1930. f—Income tax official, Autlán. g—President, Ejido Committee, Autlán; secretary, Agricultural Association of League of Agrarian Communities and Peasant Unions of Jalisco, 1967; director, Agricultural Producers’ Union, Coastal Jalisco, 1991. i—Brother of Marcelino García Barragán, secretary of national defense, 1964–1970; married Elena Guerrero. j—None. k—None. l—C de D, 1958–1961, 77; Enc. Mex., V, 579; C de D, 1967–1970, 69, 74, 82; Func., 249; PS, 2273. García Carmona Santiesteban, Manuel

a—Apr. 29, 1935. b—Querétaro, Querétaro. c—Early education unknown; geographical engineering degree, Heroic Naval College, 1953–1957; completed staff and command program, Center for Higher Naval Studies, 1974–1975; completed national security program, Center for Higher Naval Studies, 1980–1981 (1st generation); completed continental security course, Inter-American Defense College, Washington, DC, 1982–1983. d—None. e—None. f—None. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Antonio García Carmona and María del Socorro Santiesteban; married María de la Caridad Consejo; student with José Ramón Lorenzo Franco, secretary of navy, 1994–2000. j—Career naval officer; navigation officer; artillery officer; executive officer, various ships; commander, various ships; assistant director of naval armament; chief of staff, several naval zones; commander, naval sector; section chief, staff, Secretariat of the Navy; chief of staff, Pacific Naval Forces, 1986; director general of naval armament, 1986–1988; auxiliary coordinator

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of administrative services, 1988; chief of staff, Secretariat of the Navy, 1998–2000. k—None. l—DBGM87, 141; DBGM89, 132. García Carranza, Francisco (Deceased) a—1890s. b—Guanajuato, Guanajuato. c—Elementary and secondary studies in Guanajuato; preparatory studies at National Preparatory School; completed 2 years of legal studies, National School of Law, UNAM, 1914–1916; professor, Scientific and Literary Institute of Chihuahua; rector, Scientific and Literary Institute of Chihuahua. d—Federal deputy from State of Chihuahua, Dist. 2, 1924–1926; federal deputy from State of Chihuahua, Dist. 3, 1937–1940; local deputy, State Legislature of Guanajuato, 1940–1942; mayor, Silao, Guanajuato, 1942–1943; federal deputy from State of Guanajuato, Dist. 6, 1943–1946; federal deputy from State of Guanajuato, Dist. 4, 1949–1952, member of 2nd Instructive Sec. of grand jury, 1st Balloting Committee, 3rd Labor Committee, and 2nd General Means of Communication Committee; senator from State of Guanajuato, 1952–1958, president, Railroad Committee, 1st secretary of Treasury and Labor committees, and 2nd secretary of Department of the Federal District Committee. e—None. f—President, State Board of Arbitration and Conciliation, Chihuahua. g—None. h—Became a journalist, 1920; director of Orientation, Guanajuato; director of El Diario and La Voz de Chihuahua, Chihuahua. j—Joined Revolution under General Jesús Agustín Castro, 1916; served until 1919. k—None. l—C de D, 1943–1946; C de D, 1949–1952, 72; C de D, 1924–1926, 33; Ind. Biog., 68; MGF56, 6, 8, 10, 11, 13. García Cervantes, Ricardo Francisco

a—Oct. 4, 1954. b—Torreón, Coahuila. c—Elementary, secondary, and preparatory studies, private institutions, Torreón; psychology degree, University of Nuevo León, 1973–1975; law degree, University of Coahuila, 1974–1979; coordinator, School of Law, Pan American University; professor and academic dean, Ibero-American University, Laguna Campus. d—Member, City

Council, Torreón, 1984–1985; plurinominal federal deputy from PAN, 1985–1988, 1994–1997, leader of PAN delegation; plurinominal senator from PAN, 1997–2000; plurinominal federal deputy from PAN, 2000–2003; plurinominal senator from PAN, 2006–2012. e—Joined PAN, 1978; secretary-general of PAN, Coahuila, 1985– 1988; secretary of organization of CEN of PAN, 1993–1994; member of CEN of PAN, 1992–2006; national adviser to PAN, 1998– 2007; candidate for president of CEN of PAN, 1999. f—Assistant secretary-general of government, Baja California, 1989–2001; ambassador to Costa Rica, 2002–2005; assistant secretary of regulations, Secretariat of Government, 2004–2005. g—None. h—Practicing lawyer with father, 1979–1985. i—Son of Luis F. García Izaguirre, lawyer, and Alicia Cervantes Rivas; married Alicia Margarita Muñoz Caraveo. j—None. k—None. l—Cien Nombres, 1954; QesQ en el Congreso, 2000–2003, 46; QesQ en el Congreso, 1997–2000, 264; www.senado .gob.mx, 2008; www.secgob.gob.mx, 1997, 2007; DBGM87, 470; Musacchio, 152; Directorio del Congreso, 2006–2009, 312. García Corpus, Teófilo Manuel a—Feb. 6, 1958. b—Zaachila, Oaxaca. c—Early education unknown; agricultural engineering degree, Chapingo, 1978–1982; law degree, University of Oaxaca; studies toward an MA in electoral law, University of Oaxaca, 2002; assistant director, Technical and Agricultural Center, Preparatory Program, Mayahua, Zacatecas. d—Federal deputy from State of Oaxaca, Dist. 9, 1997–2000, 2003–2006. e—Member of PRI. f—Various agricultural positions, CONASUPO, 1983–1990; assistant manager of operations, 1990–1991, operations manager, 1991–1994, CONASUPO-Diconsa, Oaxaca. g—Secretary-general, CNC, Oaxaca; secretarygeneral, League of Agrarian Communities and Peasant Unions, Oaxaca, 1994–1997. h—Founder of Proceso, seed manufacturing company, in operation 1993–1997. j—None. k—None. l—www.diputados.gob

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.mx, 2003–2006, 2007; www.secgob.gob .mx, 1997, 2007; NYT, July 6, 1997. García Correa, Bartolomé (Deceased 1978) a—Apr. 2, 1893. b—Umán, Yucatán. c—Elementary studies at private night school; secondary studies at Literary Institute of Yucatán; elementary school teacher; professor, Modelo School. d—Deputy to Constitutional Convention of Querétaro, 1916–1917; mayor, Umán; mayor of Mérida, Yucatán; local deputy, State Legislature of Yucatán, 1917; senator from State of Yucatán, 1928–1930; governor, Yucatán, 1930–1934; senator from State of Yucatán, 1934–1940. e—Member, Antireelectionist Party, 1910; secretary, Benito Juárez Political Club, 1913; founder and vice president, Socialist Party of the Southeast, 1918; Socialist Party of the Southeast candidate for governor, Yucatán, 1923; member, organizing committee to establish PNR, Dec., 1928; special secretary, CEN of PNR, 1929–1930; secretary of acts, CEN of PNR, 1929. f—Interim governor, Yucatán (3 times); private secretary to mayor of Mérida, Felipe Carrillo Puerto. g—Founder, Mutualist Workers’ Unions, 1913. h—Laborer, harness factory. j—Supported Constitutionalists; opposed Adolfo de la Huerta, 1923. k—Jailed for political activities; retired from politics in Cerro de Ortega, Tecomán, Colima, since 1940. l—PS, 2283; C de S, 1934–1940; DP95, 1392. García Cruz, Miguel (Deceased 1969) a—Oct. 13, 1909. b—Cuanana, Oaxaca. c—Elementary studies in Cuanana; preparatory studies at El Mexe Central Agricultural School, Hidalgo, 1927–1929; engineering degree from National School of Agriculture, Chapingo, 1936; professor of social security, demography, and population policy, National School of Economics, UNAM, 1950–1954. d—Federal deputy from Oaxaca, Dist. 7, 1952. e—None. f—Sec. chief and cashier, National Agricultural Credit Bank, 1935–1936; head, Department of Social Security, Secretariat of Labor, 1941–1942; president, Editorial Committee, new Social Security Law, 1941–1942; secretary-general,

IMSS, 1943–1946, 1946–1952, 1952–1958. g—Member, National Farmers’ Confederation; member, Political Action Committee, Mexican Agronomy Society, 1953. h—Economist, National Ejido Credit Bank, 1936–1937; economist, Department of Economic Studies, Bank of Mexico, 1937–1938; economist, Technical Department, National Bank of Foreign Commerce, 1938; economist, Office of the Six-Year Plan, 1939; technical adviser, National Urban Mortgage Bank, 1945; delegate, Inter‑American Conference on Social Security, 1942; president, Social Welfare Commission, 1953; author of several books on social security in Mexico and over 265 articles. j—None. k—Joined PRI in 1945, 2 years after he was appointed to assistant secretary–level position. l—Enc. Mex., IV, 183; DGF47; WB45, 411; WWM45, 45; WB48, 1921; DGF51, II, 103–104; DP95, 1392. García de Alba Bustamante, Juan José

a—Aug. 27, 1949. b—Zamora, Michoacán. c—Early education unknown; business administration degree, ITESO, Guadalajara, 1968–1973. d—Federal deputy from State of Jalisco, Dist. 10, 1997–2000, president, Trade Committee. e—Joined PAN, 1988; representative of PAN, Dist. 20, Jalisco, to Federal Electoral Commission, 1994; coordinator, Regional Committee of PAN, Jalisco, 1999. f—Assistant secretary of development and environmental regulations, Secretariat of Environment, 2003–2004. g—None. h—Industrialist; owner of Agroempaques, SACV, and Exportadora de Plásticos Agrícolas; founded Alimentos Profusa with father and brother Jorge in Zamora, exporting frozen strawberries to United States, including for use in Dannon Yogurt, 1978. i—Son of Juan José García de Alba. j—None. k—None. l—www.secgob .gob.mx, 1997, 2007; QesQ en el Congreso, 1997–2000, 36. García de Alba (Larios), Esteban

(Deceased 1959) a—1887. b—Tecolotlán, Jalisco. c—Elementary studies in Tecolotlán and Ciudad Guzmán; secondary and preparatory studies at Liceo for Boys,

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Guadalajara; law degree from University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, 1910. d—Local deputy, State Legislature of Jalisco (twice); federal deputy from State of Jalisco, Dist 15, 1926–1928, 1928–1930; federal deputy from State of Jalisco, Dist. 6, 1930–1932, member of Gran Comisión; senator from State of Jalisco, 1940–1946, president, Senate, 1942, member of Gran Comisión, president, 2nd Government Committee and 1st Foreign Relations Committee, and member of 1st Balloting Group. e—Secretary-general, PNR, 1936–1937; secretary-general, PRM, 1938. f—Oficial mayor, Secretariat of Government, 1935–1940; assistant secretary of labor; ambassador to Colombia and Venezuela; director general, ISSSTE, 1946–1952. h—Auxiliary notary, Castaños Firm. i—Son of physician Rafael García de Alba and Policarpa Larios; brother Ruperto, general and governor, Baja California del Sur, 1932. j—None. k—Precandidate for governor, Jalisco (twice). l—DGF51, II, 113; DGF50, II, 40; I, 91; DGF47, 392; D de Y, June 24, 1937, 1; D de Y, Aug. 28, 1936, 1; D de Y, Jan. 1, 1936, 3; D del S, Dec. 2, 1946, 1; WWM45, 45; C de S, 1940–1946; DP70, 823; Enc. Mex., V, 184; DP95, 1392–1393. García de Alba Zepeda, Carlos Eugenio

a—June 14, 1958. b—Guadalajara, Jalisco. c—Early education unknown; economics degree, Autonomous Metropolitan University, Xochimilco Campus; MA in political science, University of Rome, on CONACYT fellowship; professor, University of Italy, Perugia; professor, University of the Valley of Mexico; professor, Ibero-American University; member, Board of Directors, El Colegio de Jalisco, 2003–2006; professor, University of the Americas, Puebla, Puebla; professor, University of Guadalajara. d—None. e—None. f—Director, Department of Labor Policy, Secretariat of Agriculture and Hydraulic Resources, 1979–1980; adviser to Mexico’s representative to FAO, 1983–1986; joined Foreign Service, 1987; chief, Nordic Countries Department, Secretariat of Foreign Relations, 1988–1989;

commercial counselor, Italy, 1989–1993; director of multilateral affairs, Pacific Rim Division, Secretariat of Foreign Relations, 1993–1995; regional director, Central Zone West, 1995–1998, Secretariat of Foreign Relations; director general of delegations, Secretariat of Foreign Relations, 1998–2000; oficial mayor, Secretariat of the Environment, National Resources, and Fishing, 2000; consul-general, Dallas, Tex., 2004–2006; alternate representative to OECD, Paris, 2006; rank of ambassador, 2006; representative to OECD, 2006–2007; director general of international relations, Secretariat of Public Education, 2007. g—None. h—None. i—Brother Sergio García de Alba was secretary of the economy, 2005–2006.j—None. k—None. l—www.gaceta.diputados.gob.mx, Jan., 2004; www.unpan1.un.org, 2008.

García de Alba Zepeda, Sergio Alejandro a—1955. b—Guadalajara, Jalisco.

c—Early education unknown; public accounting degree, ITESO, Guadalajara; MA in business administration, Pan American Institute of Economic Development; professor, ITESO, 1980–1984; president, Institute for Innovation, ITESM, 2006. d—None. e—None. f—Secretary of economic development, Jalisco, 1995–2001; assistant secretary of small and medium businesses, Secretariat of the Economy, 2003– 2005; secretary of the economy, 2005–2006. g—President, CONCAMIN, Jalisco, 1993– 1995; vice president, CONCAMIN, 1993– 1995. h—Industrialist, restaurant supplies; founder and director general, FIBART, SA; vice president, AXTEL, 2001. i—Brother of Carlos E. García de Alba Zepeda, oficial mayor of the environment, 2000. j—None. k—None. l—www.es.wikipedia.org, 2007; www.fox.presidencia.gob.mx, 2008. García Domínguez, Miguel Ángel

a—Dec. 20, 1931. b—San Miguel de Allende, Guanajuato. c—Elementary and secondary studies in San Miguel de Allende; preparatory studies, University of Guanajuato; law degree, National School of Law, UNAM, 1951–1956; MA in public finance, UNAM,

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1969; PhD in public finance, UNAM, 1969– 1971; LLD, UNAM, honorable mention, Apr. 28, 1981; professor, University of Guanajuato, 1975–1976; director, Tax Law Seminar, UNAM, 1982–1984; professor, UNAM, 1970–1973, 1977–1983. d—None. e—Joined PRI, 1948. f—Assistant federal tax attorney, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1976–1984; attorney general, Guanajuato, 1984–1985; assistant attorney general of prior acts, Federal District, 1986–1988; adviser to president, Mexico, 1989–1990; justice, Supreme Court, June 16, 1990–1994; president, Superior Tribunal of Justice, Guanajuato, 1995–2000. g—Director, Legal Department, National Association of Private Schools, 1962–1970. h—Practicing lawyer, 1957–1976. i—Son of Jesús García López, rancher, and Bertha Domínguez Lassaulx; married Begoña Goiricelaya Asla. j—None. k—None. l—www.baeg.org.mx, 2007; www.diputados .gob.mx, 2003–2006, 2008; WWM87, 218; www.scjn, 253–254, 2008; DBGM94, CD; DBGM92, 656; Musacchio, 152.

García Escamilla de Santana, Consuelo a—June 18, 1930. b—Federal District.

c—Elementary school in Mexico City; secondary school in Mixcoac, Mexico City; normal school in Toluca, State of Mexico; 2 years of study in social work at UNAM. d—Federal deputy from State of Querétaro, Dist. 1, 1970–1973, member of Infant Welfare Committee, Fine Arts Committee, and Consular and Diplomatic Service Committee. e—None. f—None. g—None. j—None. k—None. l—C de D, 170–173, 115; Directorio, 1970–1972. García (Estrada), Francisco Espartaco

(Deceased June 12, 2004) a—June 4, 1920. b—Zacatecas, Zacatecas. c—Early education unknown; law degree from Scientific and Literary Institute of Zacatecas, 1949; professor, Scientific and Literary Institute of Zacatecas; professor, Normal School of Zacatecas, 1955; rector, Scientific and Literary Institute of Zacatecas. d—Local deputy, State Legislature of Zacatecas, 1947–1950; governor, Zacatecas, 1956–1962. e—Pres-

ident, Federation of Revolutionary Youth of Zacatecas, 1943–1947; director, PRI youth organization of Zacatecas, 1948–1952. f—President, State Board of Conciliation and Arbitration, Zacatecas, 1950; private secretary to José Minero Roque, governor of Zacatecas, 1951; oficial mayor, State of Zacatecas, 1952–1953; secretary-general of government, State of Zacatecas, 1953–1954; ambassador to the Philippines; ambassador to Poland; ambassador to the Dominican Republic; judge, Superior Tribunal of Justice, Zacatecas, under Gov. Guadalupe Cervantes Corona. g—Secretary, Mixed Agrarian Committee, Zacatecas, 1947– 1950. h—Director, Provincia, Zacatecas, 1947–1952. h—Notary public, 1962–1999 i—Son of Úrsulo Estrada, a teacher, Antireelectionist, and federal deputy, 1929, and Dolores Estrada; married Concepción Medina Ordaz; daughter Amalia García Medina, governor of Zacatecas, 2004–2010, and PRD president, 1999–2002. j—None. k—Member of Leobardo Reynoso’s political group. l—HA, Dec. 8, 1958, 42; DGF56, 103; HA, Sept. 24, 1956; WNM, 87; www .proceso, Oct. 17, 1999; www.imagen, June 12, 2004; www.201.120.149.127, Dec. 6, 2004. García Farías, Rubén a—Apr. 2, 1946. b—La Piedad, Michoacán. c—Early education unknown; law degree, University of Guanajuato, with thesis on federalism in Mexico, 1966–1970. d—Alternate federal deputy from State of Guanajuato, Dist. 5, 1976–1979; mayor, Pénjamo, Guanajuato, 1977–1979; federal deputy from State of Guanajuato, Dist. 5, 1982–1985, 1988–1991; plurinominal federal deputy from PRI, 2000–2003. e—Joined PRI, 1964; regional coordinator, CEN of PRI. f—Delegate, Secretariat of Agrarian Reform, Guanajuato, 1980–1982. g—President, Student Society, School of Law, University of Guanajuato; oficial mayor, 1974–1976, and secretary-general, 1985–1988, League of Agrarian Communities, Guanajuato, h—None. i—Son of Félix García Alatorre, federal employee, and

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María del Consuelo Farías Sosa; married María Elena Gómez Armenta. j—None. k—None. l—Musacchio, 153; DBGM89, 440; DBGM84; QesQ en el Congreso, 2000–2003, 186; DCM, 2000–2003, 342. García Flores, Margarita a—July 4, 1925. b—Monterrey, Nuevo León. c—Elementary studies at Serafín Peña Institute, Monterrey; secondary studies at Secondary School No. 1, Monterrey; preparatory studies at Colegio Civil, Monterrey, law degree from School of Law, University of Nuevo León, Monterrey, 1945, with thesis on the legal and economic situation of the working woman; advanced studies in social work and political economy; professor of economics, ethics, and domestic education, University of Nuevo León; press secretary, UNAM, 1968. d—Member, City Council of Monterrey, 1951–1952; federal deputy from State of Nuevo León, Dist. 4, 1955–1958, member of Social Action Committee, Legislative Studies Committee, 1st Balloting Committee, 1st Sec. of grand jury, and 1st Constitutional Affairs Committee; alternate senator from State of Nuevo León, 1958–1964, under Eduardo Livas; federal deputy from State of Nuevo León, Dist. 1, 1973–1976; Cuajimalpa delegate to Department of the Federal District, 1976–1980. e—Secretary of women’s action, PRM, State of Nuevo León, 1950; secretary of women’s action of CEN of PRI, 1946–1952, 1952–1958. f—Department head, Division of Rural Communities, State of Nuevo León, 1947– 1948; lawyer, League of Agrarian Communities, State of Nuevo León, 1949–1952; director, Department of Social Services, IMSS, 1958. g—Mexican Women’s Organizations’ representative to ILO, 1954; secretary of women’s activities, CEN of CNOP, 1974–1975. h—Journalist. i—Daughter of Feliciano García, a career officer, and Celia Flores; father introduced her to General Rodolfo Sánchez Taboada, who became a political mentor. j—None. k—1st woman to be elected a member of Congress from Nuevo León; first female member of CEN

of PRI, 1946; Senate recognized her as pioneer for women in Mexico, 2003. l—Chumacero, 94–97; Ind. Biog., 69; DGF56, 26, 30, 33–36; C de D, 1973–1976, 16. García García, José Luis a—June 26, 1933. b—Lerma, State of Mexico. c—Early education unknown; legal studies, Autonomous University of the State of Mexico, Toluca, 1953–1958, graduated 1964. d—Alternate federal deputy from State of Mexico, Dist. 4, 1973–1976; federal deputy from the State of Mexico, Dist. 10, 1976–1979; mayor, Ciudad Nezahualcóyotl, State of Mexico, 1978–1981; federal deputy from State of Mexico, Dist. 22, 1982–1985. e—Joined PRI, 1958; secretary-general of PRI, State of Mexico, 1971–1979. f—Agent, Ministerio Público; State of Mexico delegate to Federal Voter Registry, 1970–1972. g—Secretary of political action, CNOP, State of Mexico, 1968; national coordinator, CNOP, 1976–1979; secretary-general, CNOP, State of Mexico, 1982. h—Practicing lawyer, 1960–1970. i—Son of Félix García Garduño, farmer, and María García Bernal; married Celina Garduño Castro. j—None. k—None. l—Directorio, 1982–1985; C de D, 1976–1979; C de D, 1982–1985; DBGM, 506; Lehr, 278. García González, Alfonso (Deceased Dec. 2, 1961) a—Mar. 19, 1909. b—Toluca, State of Mexico. c—Elementary studies at Colegio Legorreta and Colegio San José, Toluca; secondary studies at Scientific and Literary Institute of State of Mexico; preparatory studies at National Preparatory School, Mexico City; law degree, National School of Law, UNAM, 1931. d—Governor, Baja California del Norte, 1952–1953. e—None. f—Ambassador to Colombia, 1956–1958; appointed governor, Baja California del Norte, 1947–1952, by Miguel Alemán; director general of tourism, 1959–1961; president, Mexican Sports Federation, 1958. h—Practicing lawyer, Tijuana, Baja California del Norte, 1931–1947; scribe, Eighth Correctional Court, Federal District; public defender, Tijuana. i—Personal friend of Miguel Alemán, who was at García González’s

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bedside when he died; married Dolores Cacho; from humble background. j—None. k—Winner of heavyweight boxing championship of State of Mexico; member of boxing team at UNAM, 1926–1929; participated in Central American Games and 9th Olympics as a boxer, 1927; first constitutionally elected governor, Baja California del Norte, 1952–1953; PRI precandidate for senator, 1958. l—DP70, 827, 2386; Enc. Mex., V, 188; HA, Jan. 5, 1959, 7; DGF51, I, 88; DPE61, 129; Tiempo, Dec. 11, 1961, 38; STYRBIWW54, 748; Novo, 677–680; Villaseñor, 267. García Gutiérrez, Lino a—Sept. 23, 1926. b—Apizaco, Tlaxcala. c—Completed elementary school; some secondary studies at Melchor Ocampo School, Atlixco, Puebla, 1939–1941; no degree. d—Federal deputy from State of Puebla, Dist. 5, 1973–1976; federal deputy from State of Puebla, Dist. 4, 1982–1985. e—None. f—None. g—Secretary, CROM, Atlixco; secretary-general, Chamber of Labor of CROM; secretary of interior, CROM, Atlixco, 1969–1970; secretary of education, El Volcán Textile Workers’ Union, Atlixco; treasurer, El Volcán Textile Workers’ Union Bank; secretary-general, El Volcán Textile Workers’ Union, 1952–1969; treasurer, El Volcán Textile Workers’ Union, 1982. h—Textile worker, El Volcán Textile Factory, 1952–1969. i—Son of Calixto García García, peasant, and Refugio Gutiérrez Millán. j—None. k—None. l—Directorio, 1982– 1985; C de D, 1973–1976; C de D, 1982–1985; Lehr, 381; DBGM, 506. García Leal, Dionisio (Deceased) a—Nov. 1, 1894. b—China, Nuevo León. c—Elementary studies only; no degree. d—Federal deputy from State of Nuevo León, Dist. 3, 1932–1934; federal deputy from State of Nuevo León, Dist. 3, 1937–1940; senator from State of Nuevo León, 1940–1946, president, 1st Tariff and Foreign Trade Committee and Credit Institutions Committee, and 2nd secretary, Treasury Committee. e—None. f—None. g—None. i—Son of Dionisio García González, mayor of China 3 times and member of firing squad which

executed Ferdinand Maximilian. j—None. k—None. l—Libro de Oro, 1946, 7; PS, 2313; C de D, 1932–1934; C de D, 1937–1940; C de S, 1940–1946; www.nl.gob.mx, 2008. García Lizama, José a—July 6, 1932. b—Mérida, Yucatán. c—Completed secondary studies; studies toward a degree in public accounting, graduated as private accountant, Universal Academy, Mérida, 1945–1948; no degree. d—Plurinominal federal deputy from PDM, 1982–1985. e—Secretary of relations, UNS, 1981; member, National Board of UNS, 1978; director, UNS, Federal District, 1980; president, PDM, 18th District, State of Mexico, 1976; PDM representative before Federal Electoral Commission, 1980–1981; finance secretary, PSM, 1980–1982; secretary of relations, PDM, 1981. f—None. g—Member, various Christian family movements, Naucalpan, Tlalnepantla, Federal District, and Pachuca. h—Office worker; real estate developer, 1972; agent, Fletes Flecha, 1954–1964; agent, Plataformeros de Progreso, 1964–1966; agent, Flete Directo, 1966–1976; manager, transportation business; apartment manager. i—Son of Jesús García Figueroa, businessman, and María Lizama Manzanilla; brother Víctor José Jesús García Lizama, president, Social Alliance, 2007; brother Martín, secretary-general of government, Yucatán, 1982–1983, and director general, CONASUPO, 1991. j—None. k—None. l—Directorio, 1982–1985; C de D, 1982–1985; Lehr, 595; DBGM, 507; www.macroecono mia.com.mx, 2008; Musacchio, 155. García López, Agustín (Deceased Jan. 15, 1976) a—May 24, 1901. b—Toluca, State of Mexico. c—Elementary and secondary studies in Toluca; elementary studies at Normal School and Mariano Riva Palacio School, Toluca; preparatory studies at Scientific and Literary Institute, Toluca; law degree from National Law School, UNAM, 1923; doctorate in law; professor, Inter‑American Institute of Constitutional Law, Cuba; professor of introduction to law and of obligations and contracts, National

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School of Law, UNAM; professor of comparative law, University of Washington; dean, National School of Law, UNAM, 1938–1939; director, School of Comparative Law, UNAM, 1956–1972; professor emeritus, UNAM. d—None. e—Director, Revolutionary Unification Front of PRI; secretary of statistics, presidential campaign of Miguel Alemán. f—Consulting lawyer, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1924; technical adviser, IMSS; secretary, Penal Division, Supreme Court, 1929–1931; agent, Ministerio Público, Office of the Attorney General, State of Mexico; secretary of public works, 1946–1952. g—None. h—Assistant lawyer, Revenue Division, 1921–1922; member, Mexican delegation to UNESCO. i—Friends with José Castro Estrada, Antonio Armendáriz, Rodolfo Brito Foucher, Eduardo Bustamante, and Luis Garrido Díaz at UNAM; student assistants included Raúl Martínez Ostos and Nicolás Pizarro Suárez; professor of Miguel Alemán’s; married Julieta Galindo; son of Alberto García del Río and María López de la Fuente. j—None. k—Member of de la Huerta group; founded pro bono law office to defend students and professors from government persecution, 1923. l—DBM68, 261; HA, Oct. 14, 1949; HA, June 23, 1950; Enc. Mex., V, 192; letter; DGF51, I, 239; II, 523, 553; DGF50, II, 377, 395; HA, Jan. 26, 1976; Excélsior, Jan. 16, 1976; Justicia, Sept., 1973. García Luna, Genaro a—July 10, 1968. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; mechanical engineering degree, Autonomous Metropolitan University; diploma in strategic planning, UNAM, 2004; studies at National Police Institution, Spain, and OAS in explosives and drug trafficking; studies at U.S. Treasury Department and FBI; graduate studies toward an MA in administration, ITESM. d—None. e—None. f—Investigator, Foreign Affairs Division, CISEN, 1989–1998; chief, Department of Technical Research, Technical Service Division, CISEN, 1998; coordinator general of intelligence, Federal Preventive Police, CISEN, 1998–2000; director of planning and

operations, Federal Investigative Agency, Mexico, 2000–2001; director general, Federal Investigative Agency; secretary of public security, 2006– . h—None. i—Grew up in a poor neighborhood in Mexico City. j—None. k—Candidate for president, Interpol. l—www.es.wikipedia.org, 2008; DdeY, Nov. 30, 2006; www.poresto.net, 2007, 2008. García Máynez (y Espinosa de los Monteros), Eduardo (Deceased Sept. 2,

1993) a—Jan. 11, 1908. b—Federal District. c—Preparatory studies at the National Preparatory School; law degree, National School of Law, UNAM, June 26, 1930; studies at School of Philosophy and Letters, UNAM, 1926–1930; studies at University of Berlin and in Vienna, 1932–1933; LLD degree, National School of Law, UNAM, Apr. 10, 1950; professor of ethics, introduction to the philosophy of law, and juridical philosophy, National School of Law, UNAM; dean, National School of Philosophy and Letters, UNAM, 1940–1942; secretarygeneral, UNAM, 1944–1945; rector, Autonomous Technological Institute of Mexico, 1946–1952; founder and director, Center for Philosophy Studies, 1945–1965; researcher emeritus, Institute of Philosophical Research, UNAM, 1974. e—None. f—None. g—Member of the National College, 1957– 1993. h—Director, Philosophy and Letters magazine, 1940–1954; winner of National Prize in Letters, 1976. i—Son of Antonio García Máynez and Loreto Espinosa de los Monteros; married María Elena Cervantes; student of Antonio and Alfonso Caso; influential professor of many student generations at UNAM. j—None. k—Guggenheim Fellow. l—Enc. Mex., IV, 223; Enc. Mex., V, 192; letters; WNM, 88–89; López, 404; DP95, 1403. García Medina, Amalia Dolores a—Oct. 6, 1950. b—Zacatecas, Zacatecas. c—Early education unknown; sociology degree, School of Political and Social Sciences, UNAM. d—Plurinominal federal deputy from PMS, 1988–1991, member of Justice, Foreign Relations, and Border Affairs committees; plurinominal representative (from

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PRD) to Assembly of the Federal District, 1991–1994; plurinominal senator from PRD, 1997–1999; federal deputy from State of Zacatecas, Dist. 3, 2003–2004; governor, Zacatecas, 2004–2010. e—Member, Communist Party, 1968; member, Student Youth Committee, Communist Party, Puebla, Puebla; cofounder of the PSUM, 1981; candidate of PSUM for federal deputy; cofounder, PMS, 1987; cofounder, PRD, 1989; member, 1st PRD National Council, 1989–1993; secretary of international relations of CEN of PRD, 1996; secretary of political relations, CEN of PRD, 1996–1999; president, PRD, 1999–2002. f—None. g—None. h—None. i—Daughter of Francisco Espartaco García Estrada, governor of Zacatecas, 1956–1962, and Concepción Medina Ordaz; granddaughter of Úrsulo A. García, teacher and Antireelectionist; married Sergio Corichi, economics professor; father had to live abroad because of differences with President Gustavo Díaz Ordaz; sister Laura was mayor of Guadalupe, Zacatecas, 1999; son-in-law Juan José García Ochoa was secretary of international affairs, CEN of PRD; daughter was PRD candidate for federal deputy; father was close friend of Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas for many years. j—None. k—3rd female governor elected in Mexico. l—www.diputados.gob.mx, 2003; Diario de Yucatán, Apr. 2, 2000; QesQ en el Congreso, 1997, 278; Proceso, Oct. 17, 1999; DBGM92, 614; Cien Nombres, 149–152. García Montero, Francisco (Deceased June 2, 1979) a—Jan. 29, 1910. b—Ahuacatlán, Nayarit. c—Early education unknown; no degree. d—Mayor, Ixtlán del Río, 1943– 1944; federal deputy from State of Nayarit, Dist. 2, 1949–1952; governor, Nayarit, 1958–1963. e—None. f—Tax collector, Ixtlán del Río; administrator of public accounts, Secretariat of Agriculture; director of public accounts, Secretariat of Agriculture. g—None. j—None. k—None. l—www.ixtlan delrio.com.mx, 2008. García Murillo, Manuel a—June 10, 1945. b—Federal District. c—Early

education unknown; degree in information science, School of Political and Social Sciences, UNAM, 1965–1972, graduating with an honorable mention; technical adviser, National Preparatory School, 1965–1967; director, Documentation Department, UNAM, 1973–1974; interim director general of information, UNAM, 1975. d—None. e—Coordinator of press and publicity for PRI candidate for governor of Michoacán, José Martínez Villacaña, 1986; assistant to private secretary of PRI candidate for president, 1994; secretary of press and publicity of CEN of PRI, 1980–1981. f—Director, Analysis Department, assistant secretary of radio, Secretariat of Communications and Transportation, 1972–1973; director, Department of Radio, Division of Information, Office of the Presidency of Mexico, 1974–1976; media adviser to director of Channel 13 Television, 1974–1976; general coordinator of publicity, National Public Works Bank, 1976; assistant director of information, Secretariat of Government, 1979–1980; director general of information, Secretariat of Agrarian Reform, 1981–1985; director, Institute for Agricultural Education and Training, 1985– 1986; director general of public activities, Michoacán, 1987–1988; coordinator of social communications, Michoacán, 1989–1990; director of communications, Federal Highways and Services, 1990–1992; director of communications, Airports and Auxiliary Services, 1993; director general of citizen concerns, Federal District, 1997–1999; director of strategy to private secretary of President Vicente Fox, 2005–2006; assistant director of analysis to private secretary of President Felipe Calderón, 2007. g—None. h—Analyst, International Finance, SACV, 2000–2005. i—Tied to Gustavo Carvajal’s group. j—None. k—None. l—Excélsior, Mar. 21, 1980, 18; www.fox.presidencia.gob.mx, 2007; www.presidencia.gob.mx, 2008; letter. García Paniagua, Javier a—Feb. 13, 1935. b—Casimiro Castillo, Jalisco. c—Elementary and secondary studies; completed preparatory studies; no degree. d—Senator

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from State of Jalisco, 1970–1976, president, 1st Credit, Money, and Credit Institutions Committee, 2nd secretary, Agricultural and Development Committee, Economic and Statistics Committee, and 1st National Defense Committee. e—Member of PRI; assistant secretary-general of CEN of PRI, 1970; general delegate of CEN of PRI to 15 states; president of CEN of PRI, 1981. f—General agent, CEIMSA, Colima, 1958– 1959; director, Seguros Agrícola of Colima, 1958–1965; director, Agricultural Bank, Michoacán, 1965–1970; director, Department of Federal Security, Secretariat of Government, 1976–1978; assistant secretary “3” of government, 1978–1980; secretary of agrarian reform, 1980–1981; secretary of labor, 1981; police chief, Federal District, 1988–1991; director general, National Lottery, 1991–1994. g—None. h—None. i—Son of General Marcelino García Barragán; nephew of Sebastián García Barragán; longtime friend of Lázaro Cárdenas. j—None. k—None. l—Excélsior, Aug. 16, 1978, 1; Excélsior, Aug. 17, 1978, 7; Excélsior, Apr. 27, 1980, 20; C de S, 1970–1976, 75; DAPC; HA, Jan. 11, 1982, 17; Excélsior, Dec. 30, 1981, 1, 10A; Guerra Leal, 25; El Nacional, Mar. 9, 1991, 11; DBGM92, 144; Reforma, Aug. 20, 1997; D de Y, June 3, 1991; D de Y, June 3, 1999. García Pérez, Gabriel a—March 24, 1948. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; medical degree, National School of Medicine, UNAM, and National School of Biological Sciences, IPN, in medical bacteriology, 1965–1969; PhD in biochemical sciences, University of Nice, France, 1973–1978; professor and researcher, UNAM; professor and researcher, IPN; professor and researcher, Autonomous Metropolitan University. d—None. e—None. f—Coordinator of medical bacteriology, La Raza Hospital, IMSS, 1970–1971; director general of administration, Secretariat of Health, 1986–1988; oficial mayor, Secretariat of Health, 1988–1992; coordinator, Social Coordination Unit, Secretariat of Health, 2004–2006. g—None. h—None. i—Son of

José Cruz García González and Esperanza Pérez Sangines, businesswoman; married Alicia Zamora García, bacteriologist. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM89, 136. García Pérez, Rodolfo a—Nov. 9, 1915. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; completed preparatory studies; no degree. d—Federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. 12, 1961–1964; federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. 2, 1982–1985. e—Assistant secretary of labor of CEN of PRI, 1970–1973; president, 3rd District Committee of PRI, Federal District. f—None. g—Secretary of political action of CEN of Revolutionary Workers’ Federation; secretary of social security of CEN of Revolutionary Workers’ Federation; treasurer of CEN of CROC; secretary-general, Union of Soft Drink Workers; secretary-general, National Union of Bottle Industry Workers of Mexico, 1970–1985. i—Son of Luis García, career military officer, and Luz Pérez; married Teresa Estrada. j—None. k—None. l—Directorio, 1982–1985; C de D, 1961–1964; C de D, 1982–1985; Lehr, 120; DBGM84, 507. García Portillo, Arturo a—Nov. 22, 1966. b—Parral, Chihuahua. c—Early education unknown; applied mathematics engineering degree, University of Juárez of Durango, 1986–1990; diploma in journalism and political analysis; diploma in strategic political analysis, CIDE, 2002. d—Plurinominal federal deputy from PAN, 2009–2012. e—Joined PAN, 1982; secretary of youth action, Durango, 1985–1989; national adviser to PAN, 2001–2007; adviser to PAN, Durango, 1991–1994; member, State Committee of PAN, Durango, 1985–1992; secretary of internal expansion of CEN of PAN, 2001–2002; assistant secretary-general of CEN of PAN, 2002–2004; secretary-general of CEN of PAN, 2004–2005; secretary of elections of CEN of PAN, 2005–2008. f—Official, state of Chihuahua, 1992–1993; official, Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua, 1993– 1994. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Arturo García García and María del Carmen Portillo Mendoza; married Margarita Uranga

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Urías. j—None. k—None. l—Pérez Franco, 140; www.sitl.diputados.gob.mx, 2010. García (Pujou), León (Deceased Jan. 12, 1972) a—Nov. 22, 1903. b—San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí. c—Elementary studies in San Luis Potosí; no degree. d—Local deputy, State Legislature of San Luis Potosí; federal deputy from State of Zacatecas, Dist. 4, 1928–1930; federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. 12, 1937–1940; secretary, Permanent Commission, 1939; senator from State of San Luis Potosí, 1940–1946, president, 2nd Ejido Committee, member of Gran Comisión and 2nd Balloting Group, and 1st secretary, Industry and Agricultural Development committees. e—Member, National Agrarian Party, headed by Aurelio Manrique; head, Zapatista Front; secretary of agrarian action of CEN of PRM, 1938. f—Executive director, National Colonization Commission, 1952–1958; president, Federal Board of Conciliation and Arbitration; director, Office of Plaints, Secretariat of the Presidency, 1958–1964; general coordinator, Secretariat of Agriculture and Livestock, 1964–1972. g—Cofounder with Graciano Sánchez of CNC, 1938; first oficial mayor of CNC, 1938; alternate secretarygeneral, CNC. h—Mechanic before entering politics. i—Political supporter of Aurelio Manrique, former governor of San Luis Potosí, 1923. j—None. k—Precandidate for governor of San Luis Potosí, lost to Gonzalo Santos; precandidate for secretary-general of CNC, 1941, 1957, 1966; involved in a land scandal in the Federal District, 1964. l—Peral, 314; HA, Jan. 24, 1972, 16; C de D, 1937–1939, 11; González Navarro, 256, 266, 137, 168; Excélsior, June 28, 1942; Libro de Oro, 1946, 7; DP95, 1406. García Quiñones, Héctor René a—Nov. 23, 1947. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; civil engineering degree, University of Veracruz, 1966–1970; professor, University of Veracruz, 1969–1970; postgraduate studies in system evaluation, UNAM, 1971–1972. d—None. e—Joined PRI, 1966. f—Director, Department of

Small Irrigation, Secretariat of Agriculture, 1971–1972; assistant director general, colonization, Department of Agrarian Affairs and Colonization, 1973–1976; assistant director general of construction, Department of Agrarian Affairs and Construction, 1976– 1977; director, new ejido population centers, Secretariat of Agrarian Reform, 1977–1985; director general of agrarian procedures, Secretariat of Agrarian Reform, 1986–1989; assistant secretary of agrarian affairs, Secretariat of Agrarian Reform, 1995–2000, 2000–2002. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Antonio García Menchaca and Amelia Quiñones González; married María Guadalupe Montáñez Rico. j—None. k—None. l—Musacchio, 156; DBGM89, 136–137; DBGM87, 145–146; Pescador, 154. García Ramírez, Sergio a—Feb. 1, 1938. b—Guadalajara, Jalisco. c—Elementary and secondary studies in Guadalajara; preparatory studies in Mexico City; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, 1954–1959, honorable mention for thesis titled “Repression and Penitentiary Treatment of Criminals,” 1961; advanced studies in law at National School of Law, 1963–1964; advanced studies of penal systems in Europe; LLD degree from National School of Law, UNAM, Apr. 24, 1971, on prisons without bars; professor of penal law, National School of Law, UNAM, 1965–1993, 1970; professor of advanced studies in penitentiary law, 1970; researcher, Institute of Juridical Research, UNAM, 1966–1976, 1996–, president, 1996; researcher, National Institute of Criminal Sciences, 1976–1979; member, Board of Trustees, UNAM, 1996– ; president, Board of Trustees, UNAM, 1997. d—None. e—Secretary-general of CEN of PRI, 2000. f—Social Welfare Department delegate to Federal District Penitentiary, 1961–1963; judge, Guardian Council, Guardian School for the Rehabilitation of Children; director general, Central Penitentiary, Mexico City; head, Department of Political Investigations, Secretariat of Government; assistant director general of government,

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Secretariat of Government, 1970; attorney general, Federal District and Federal Territories, 1970–1972; assistant secretary of government properties, Aug. 9, 1972–1973; assistant secretary of government, Apr. 30, 1973–1976; assistant secretary of youth, recreation, and sports, Secretariat of Public Education, 1976–1978; assistant secretary of state industry, Secretariat of Property and Industrial Development, 1978–1981; secretary of labor, 1981–1982; attorney general of Mexico, 1982–1988; president, Agrarian Court, 1992; judge, Inter-American Court of Human Rights, 1997. g—None. h—Founder of first prison without bars in Mexico; investigator, Institute of Comparative Law, 1965–1970; author of 9 books; considered an outstanding expert on penal institutions in Mexico. i—Worked under Luis Echeverría before he became president; student of César Sepúlveda at UNAM; son of Alberto García Balda, public official, and Italia Ramírez Corona Salem, official interpreter for Presidents Gustavo Díaz Ordaz, Luis Echeverría, and José López Portillo; married María Concepción Gómez Rivera. j—None. k—None. l—HA, Dec. 7, 1970, 26; Hoy, May 8, 1971, 12; letter; Excélsior, Aug. 10, 1972, 10; HA, Aug. 21, 1972, 13; HA, May 7, 1973, 23; HA, Feb. 6, 1978, 15; HA, May 17, 1976, 12; HA, Jan. 11, 1982, 17; HA, Feb. 6, 1978, 15; Excélsior, Dec. 30, 1981, 1, 10A; Proceso, July 20, 1987, 9; Hurtado, 65; DBGM, 165; DBGM92, 145; www.interpretacion.org.mx, 2008. García Reynoso, Plácido (Deceased Apr. 19, 1993) a—Oct. 5, 1906. b—Tixtla, Guerrero. c—Elementary and secondary studies unknown; studies at National Teachers’ College, Mexico City; law degree, National School of Law, UNAM, 1927–1935; professor, National Teachers’ College, 1932. d—None. e—None. f—Private secretary to secretary of the treasury, Narciso Bassols, 1935; assistant director of elementary schools, Department of the Federal District, 1935; head, Legal Department, Bank of Mexico, 1946–1949; head, Credit and Trust Department, Bank of Mexico, 1950; manager and second assistant

director, Bank of Mexico, 1951–1952; manager. Bank of Mexico, 1952–1958; assistant secretary of industry and commerce “A,” 1958–1964, 1964–1970; ambassador and permanent delegate to the International Organizations in Geneva, 1979–1981; ambassador to Japan, 1981–1983. g—Director, 1st Convention of Socialist Teachers, 1935. h—Official, Secretariat of Public Education, 1935; head, Permanent Mexican Delegation to LAFTA, Montevideo, Uruguay, 1965; director general, Asociación Hipotecaria Mexicana, SA, 1971– 1972; director general, Azúcar, SA. i—Married Alicia Corona. j—None. k—None. l—D de Y, Dec. 10, 1964, 1; DGF50, II, 12, 57, 413, 433; DPE61, 64; DGF51, 8; DPE65, 29; Justicia, Dec., 1971; HA, Dec. 28, 1981, 21; HA, Aug. 13, 1979, 13; HA, Dec. 28, 1981, 21. García Robles, Alfonso (Deceased Sept. 2, 1991) a—Mar. 20, 1911. b—Zamora, Michoacán. c—Elementary studies in Guadalajara; secondary and preparatory studies in Zamora; legal studies, National School of Law, UNAM, 1931–1933; continued legal studies at University of Paris, 1934–1936; law degree with honors, Faculty of Law, University of Paris, 1936, in international law; graduate studies at National School of Law, UNAM, and diploma from Academy of International Law, The Hague; LLD degree. d—None. e—Member, IEPES Advisory council of PRI, 1972. f—Career Foreign Service officer; joined Foreign Service, 1939; rank of 3rd secretary, 1939; member of delegation to Sweden, 1939–1941; director general of political affairs and the Diplomatic Service, Secretariat of Foreign Relations, 1941– 1946; Mexican representative to the United Nations, 1946–1957; director, Political Affairs Division, United Nations, 1946–1957; head, Department of International Organizations; rank of ambassador, 1957; director-in-chief, European, Asian, and African Department, Secretariat of Foreign Relations, 1957–1961; ambassador to Brazil, 1962–1964; assistant secretary of foreign relations, 1964–1970; ambassador to the United Nations, 1971–1975; secretary of foreign relations, 1975–1976; head,

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Mexican delegation to the UN Committee on Disarmament, 1976–1982, 1982–1988; ambassador emeritus, 1982. g—None. h—Delegate to over 40 international conferences; president, Association for the Denuclearization of Latin America, 1964–1967; author of 20 books and over 300 articles on foreign affairs and international law; awarded the Nobel Peace Prize, 1982. i—Son of Quirino García Cacho and Teresa Robles González; father forced to leave Zamora when it was occupied by General Joaquín Amaro in 1914; married Juana María Szyszld Valdelomar. j—None. k—None. l—Enc. Mex., V, 197; Polémica, I, 1969, 81; WWW70–71, 335; IWW66, 425; DBM70, 239–240; DBM68, 262–263; DPE65, 17; DPE61, 15; WWM45, 46; Excélsior, Dec. 30, 1975, 11; HA, Oct. 25, 1982, 9–10; WNM, 89–90; El Nacional, Sept. 6, 1991, 11; www.colegionacional.org.mx, 2008. García Rojas, Antonio a—Dec. 9, 1914. b—Tampico, Tamaulipas. c—Elementary studies; business studies as a stenographer; no degree. d—Federal deputy from State of Tamaulipas, Dist. 2, 1961–1964; senator from State of Tamaulipas, 1964–1970. e—Joined the PRM, 1937; president, Ávila Camacho Youth Group, Tampico, 1939–1940. f—Syndic of the City Council of Reynosa, Tamaulipas; director, public works, Reynosa, Tamaulipas, 1952–1954; director, administration, PEMEX, Reynosa; member of Administrative Council of PEMEX, 1959–1961. g—Founder and director, Local No. 36, Petroleum Workers Union; adviser to the STPRM. i—Son of Cruz García Rojas Ávila, lawyer and public notary; father was a delegate of the Huasteca Liberal Club to the first Liberal Congress, 1901; great-greatgrandson of a founder of Tampico. j—None. k—Resigned as director, public works of Reynosa because of a disagreement with Governor Norberto Treviño Zapata. l—C de S, 1964–1970; MGF69; C de D, 1961–1964; PS, 2347; www.antorcha.net; letter. García Rojas (Barrios), Jorge Gabriel

(Deceased 1998) a—Nov. 24, 1931. b—Pinos,

Zacatecas. c—Early education unknown; law degree, National School of Law, UNAM, 1957; LLD degree, National School of Law, UNAM, 1960; professor of law, UNAM, 1958; professor, Ibero-American University, 1966. d—Senator from State of Zacatecas, 1976–1982. e—Candidate for PRI gubernatorial nomination for Zacatecas. f—Private secretary to the private secretary of the president of Mexico, Joaquín Cisneros Molina, 1968–1970; president of administrative suits, Tribunal of the Federal District, 1971–1972; adviser to the secretary of labor, 1974–1975; director general of legal affairs, Secretariat of Labor, 1975; private secretary to the president of CEN of PRI, Jesús Reyes Heroles; director, National Pawnshop, 1982. g—None. h—Official, Mining Chamber of Mexico. i—Son of Jorge Gabriel García Rojas, Supreme Court justice, 1952–1961, and Ana María Barrios Gómez; brother Fernando was general coordinator of Pathology Department, National Indigenous Institute, 1982. j—None. k—None. l—HA, May 9, 1983, 28; Protag., 137; C de S, 1976–1982. García Rojas (Salazar), (Jorge) Gabriel

(Deceased Sept. 13, 1981) a—May 12, 1893. b—Hacienda San Nicolás Pinos, Zacatecas. c—Elementary studies in San Luis Potosí; preparatory studies at Colegio de San Nepomuceno, Saltillo, and in San Luis Potosí; legal studies at National School of Law, UNAM, 1914–1918, graduating Nov. 8, 1919; LLD, National School of Law, UNAM, 1950; professor of general theory of obligations and contracts, theory of juridical acts, system of private law, and legal methods, National School of Law, UNAM, 1920–1950; professor of 2nd, 3rd, and 4th civil law course, National School of Law, UNAM, 1936–1937; professor of civil procedures, National School of Law, UNAM, 1936–1937; professor of philosophy of law, National School of Law, UNAM, 1942–1950; director, Private Law Seminar, National School of Law, UNAM; professor of civil law and judicial methodology, LLD Program, National School of Law, UNAM, 1950–1977; dean of

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law school professors, UNAM, 1977; professor emeritus, UNAM. d—Federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. 6, 1949–1951, member of Gran Comisión, Department of the Federal District Committee, Legislative Studies Committee, and 1st Justice Committee. e—None. f—Secretary of city government, Mexico City, 1919; secretary-general of government, Federal District, 1928; president, Editorial Committee to Revise the Civil Code of the Federal District and Federal Territories, 1931–1932; supernumerary justice, Supreme Court, 1951–1952; justice, Supreme Court, 1952–1958, 1959–1962, retired in June, 1962. g—President, Mexican Institute of Procedural Law, 1947–1950; president, Association of City Councils, 1921–1923. i—Father of Jorge Gabriel García Rojas, senator from Zacatecas, 1976–1982; his relationship with José López Portillo, as his student, helped his son’s career; married Ana María Barrios Gómez; son of José García Rojas and Concepción Salazar. j—Participated in the Revolution. k—None. l—López, 408; DGF51, 21, 29, 31, 34; C de D, 1949–1951, 72; Excélsior, Mar. 28, 1977, 4; Excélsior, Dec. 17, 1979, 18; Excélsior, July 1, 1980; Enc. Mex., V, 197; SCJN, 262–263; DP95, 1408–1409. García Rubi, Jorge Arturo a—Nov. 21, 1952. b—Cuernavaca, Morelos. c—Elementary studies at the Aquiles Serdán and Cuauhtémoc schools, Cuernavaca; secondary studies, public school; preparatory studies at Preparatory School No. 1, University of Morelos; law degree, University of Morelos, 1970–1975; professor, University of Morelos, 1979– ; dean, School of Law, University of Morelos, 1986–1989. d—None. e—None. f—Secretary of agreements, Superior Tribunal of Justice, Morelos, 1976–1979; judge of 1st instance, Criminal Division, 6th District, Cuautla, Morelos, 1979–1984; secretary of studies and accounts, Superior Tribunal of Justice, Morelos, 1985–1987; assistant attorney general of Morelos, 1987– 1988, 1993; judge of the Superior Tribunal of Justice, Morelos, 1988–1993; attorney

general of Morelos, 1993–1994; president, Superior Tribunal of Justice, 1994–1998; secretary-general of government, Morelos, 1998–2000; governor, Morelos, May 18, 2000–Sept. 30, 2000. g—None. h—None. i—Married Elsa Georgina Ávila; raised in working-class La Carolina neighborhood. j—None. k—None. l—www.sistemas.dti .uaem.mx, 2008; letter. García Sáinz (y Lavista), Ricardo

a—June 9, 1930. b—Federal District. c—Law degree from the National School of Law, UNAM, Mar., 1954; professor, School of Business Administration, UNAM. d—Plurinominal federal deputy from the PRD, 1997–2000, president, Budget Committee. e—None. f—Secretary, Income Tax Board, 1952–1956, under director Hugo B. Margaín; administrative assistant director, CONDUMEX, 1956–1958; director general, CONDUMEX, 1958–1960; assistant director general of administration, IMSS, 1966–1970, 1970–1976; assistant secretary of control of government properties and industrial development, 1976–1977; secretary of planning and programming, 1977–1979; director general, Diesel Nacional, 1981–1982; director general, IMSS, 1982–1988, 1988–1990; director general, Mexicana Airlines, 1991–1993; controller, Federal District, 2006. g—Vice president, CONCAMIN; member, Coordinating Committee of International Activities of Private Enterprise; president, National Association of Imports and Exports, 1960–1963; member, San Ángel Group. h—Worked for Department of Commercial Revenues, 1951–1952. i—Son‑in‑law of distinguished lawyer Jorge Luna y Para; married Georgina Luna y Parra, granddaughter of Pascual Luna y Parra, assistant secretary of the treasury, 1913; son of Ricardo García Sáinz, public official, and Dolores Lavista, businesswoman. j—None. k—None. l—HA, Dec. 14, 1970, 25; DGF56, 168; HA, Mar. 7, 1966, 13; MGF69; HA, Nov. 28, 1977, 16; HA, Dec. 13, 1976, 9; Excélsior, Nov. 17, 1977, 11; WNM, 90; Linajes, 149–150; DBGM, 169; www.eluniversal.com.mx, 2008; www

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.secgob.gob.mx, 1997–2000, 2008; Proceso, Nov. 9, 1997; www.es.wikipedia.org, 2008. García Santacruz, J. Jesús (Deceased) a—Dec. 28, 1910. b—Michoacán. c—Elementary studies in Michoacán; engineering degree from the National School of Agriculture. d—Federal deputy from State of Michoacán, Dist. 9, 1964–1967; senator from State of Michoacán, 1970–1976, member of Gran Comisión and 1st Balloting Group, president of National Waters and Irrigation Committee, 2nd secretary of 2nd Ejido Committee, 1st Petroleum Committee, and 3rd Labor Committee. e—Joined PNR, 1936. f—Agent, Ejido Credit Bank; executive secretary, Regional Agricultural Committee, Sinaloa; chief general agent of secretary of agriculture, Sinaloa; secretary, Forest Commission, Michoacán; vice president, National Agricultural Bank; general agent of secretary of agriculture; executive secretary, Collective Society of Ejido Credit. g—None. h—None. j—None. k—None. l—C de D, 1964–1967; C de S, 1970–1976, 75; PS, 2352. García Sierra, Aurelio a—Sept. 18, 1918. b—Ejido Laguna Larga, Municipio de Pénjamo, Guanajuato. c—Elementary studies in Pénjamo, secondary and preparatory studies in Guanajuato; economics degree from Higher School of Economic Science, University of Guanajuato. d—Local deputy, State Legislature of Guanajuato; Mayor, Pénjamo; federal deputy from State of Guanajuato, Dist. 4, 1958–1961, member of Agrarian Affairs Department Committee, 1st Balloting Committee, and Insurance Committee; federal deputy from State of Guanajuato, Dist. 5, 1976–1979, member of Agrarian Affairs Committee. e—President of PRI, State of Guanajuato. f—Justice of the peace, Guanajuato. g—Secretary-general, League of Agrarian Communities, State of Guanajuato, 1962; oficial mayor, National Farmers’ Federation, 1965. j—None. k—None. l—Excélsior, Aug. 19, 1976, 18; Func., 211; C de D, 1958–1961, 78; D de C, 1976–1979, 7. García Solís, Iván a—July 19, 1937. b—Federal District. c—Early education

unknown; secondary studies in economics; teaching certificate; studies in economics, National School of Economics, UNAM, no degree; studies in philosophy and letters, UNAM, no degree; elementary and secondary school teacher in civics. d—Plurinominal federal deputy from PSUM, 1982–1985; representative of V. Carranza delegation, Assembly of the Federal District, 1994–1997; federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. 7, 2003– 2006. e—Joined PCM, 1960; PCM candidate for federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. 12, 1979; member, Central Committee of PSUM, 1981; member, Political Committee of PSUM, 1981; PSUM candidate for federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. 12, 1982; member, Mexican Revolutionary Movement; PRD member. f—None. g—Involved in workers’ and teachers’ strikes; official of Local 9, National Teachers’ Union; member of CEN of SNTE, 1966, 1977. h—Journalist; director of PSUM weekly, Así Es, 1981–1982. j—None. k—None. l—Directorio, 1982–1985; C de D, 1982–1985. García Tamés, Alonso Pascual a—1956. c—Early education unknown; degree in actuarial science, Anáhuac University, 1982; studies in Japan, United States, and Europe in monetary policy; course in banking, Bank of England, 1991; completed central bank seminar, U.S. Federal Reserve Bank, New York City, 1992; course in international payments system, International Bank Training Institute, Paris, 1992. d—None. e—None. f—Joined Bank of Mexico, 1981, director of peso-dollar exchange; director of international reserves, treasurer, 1993–1994, director general of operations, 1994–2000; director general of public credit, Secretariat of the Treasury, 2000–2003; assistant secretary of credit, 2003–2006; director general, Banobras, 2006– . g—None. h—None. j—None. k—None. l—Líderes, 2006; www .secure.immn.org, 2008; www.presidencia .gob.mx, 2007. García Téllez, Ignacio (Deceased Nov. 14, 1985) a—May 21, 1897. b—León, Guanajuato. c—Elementary studies from Petra

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Durán’s and Pedro Rojas’ schools, León; secondary and preparatory studies from Colegio de Guanajuato, León; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, Mar. 5, 1921, with thesis on taxes in Mexico; first rector of UNAM, 1929–1932. d—Federal deputy from León, Guanajuato, 1922–1924; interim governor, Guanajuato, 1924; senator from Guanajuato, 1934. e—Secretary, Campaign Committee, presidential campaign of Lázaro Cárdenas, 1933; secretary-general of CEN of PRI, 1935–1936. f—Attorney, Technical Commission on Legislation, 1926; oficial mayor, Secretariat of Government, 1924; acting assistant secretary of government, 1928; secretary of public education, 1934–1935; attorney general of Mexico, 1936–1937; private secretary to President Lázaro Cárdenas, 1937–1938; secretary of government, Jan. 4, 1938–1940; secretary of labor, 1940–1943; director general, IMSS, 1944–1946; private secretary to Lázaro Cárdenas, 1948; practicing lawyer, 1970. g—None. h—None. i—Personal friend of Lázaro Cárdenas, with whom he worked from 1934 until Cardenas’ death; married Manuela Madrazo Basauri; son of Ignacio García Peña and Genoveva Téllez González; brother-in-law Joaquín Madrazo Basauri, federal deputy from Guanajuato, Dist. 4, 1940–1943. j—None. k—Unified Guanajuato Front candidate for governor in 1943, lost to Ernesto Hidalgo; shifted cabinet‑level positions in 1944 to bring IMSS out of financial disaster. l—WWM45, 47; Peral, 319; Kirk, 337; Strode, 302; DBM68, 265; Enc. Mex., V, 199–200; D del S, June 19, 1935, 1; letter; NYT, Jan. 4, 1944, 31; NYT, Jan. 24, 1943, 4; WNM, 90; WWM40, 212; Meyer, No. 12, 287; DP95, 1411; www.mrglum.org. García Toledo, Anastasio (Deceased) b—Oaxaca. c—Law degree. c—Federal deputy from State of Oaxaca, 1930–1932; governor, Oaxaca, 1934–1936. e—None. f—Oficial Mayor, the Secretariat of Government; head, infractions, Transportation Department, Department of the Federal District, 1944–1945; head, Public Registry Office for

Property and Commerce, Federal District Palace Office, Department of the Federal District, 1946–1951. g—None. j—None. k—None. l—Peral, 319; DPE51, I, 483; www .cronica.diputados.gob.mx, Aug. 20, 1930. García Vázquez, Carlos a—Feb. 16, 1930. b—Federal District. c—Elementary studies from the Benito Juárez public school; secondary studies from Secondary No. 10, Mexico City; preparatory studies from the National Preparatory School No. 1; preparatory studies from the Heroic Military College, 1948–1951, graduating as 2nd artillery lieutenant; legal studies, National School of Law, 1954–1958, graduating with thesis on military jurisdiction, Oct. 2, 1962. d—None. e—None. f—Supernumerary justice, Supreme Court, Nov. 18, 1986–1988; justice, Supreme Court, 1989–1994, retired Dec. 31, 1994. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Gregorio García Juárez, contractor, and Concepción Vázquez Díaz; married Gloria Hortensia Valero Ayala. j—Career army officer; investigator, Division of Military Justice, 1958–1960; director, Division of Military Justice, 1960–1964; director, Administrative Court, 1964–1966; agent, Ministerio Público (military), 1966–1974; rank of colonel, 1974; judge, Third District (military justice), 1974–1977; Sixth District, 1978–1981; rank of brigadier general, 1983; first agent, 1982–1986; rank of brigade general, 1984. k—None. l—www.scjn.gob.mx, 267–268; DBGM92, 657; Musacchio, 158; DBGM89, 611. García Villa, Juan Antonio a—Feb. 8, 1945. b—Torreón, Coahuila. c—Early education unknown; economics studies, National School of Economics, UNAM, 1963–1967, graduating with thesis titled “Economic Problems of the Electric Engineering Industry,” Nov. 22, 1968; professor, Ibero-American University, La Laguna Campus, 1982–1989. d—Federal deputy from State of Coahuila, Dist. 2, 1979–1982; local deputy, State Legislature of Coahuila, 1982– 1985; plurinominal federal deputy from PAN, 1988–1991; plurinominal federal deputy from

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PAN, 1994–1997; plurinominal senator from PAN, 1997–2000. e—Joined PAN, 1961; PAN president, Torreón Congressional District, 1973–1975; PAN candidate for federal deputy, 1973; president, Regional Committee of PAN, Coahuila, 1985–1988; member, National Council of PAN, 1972; member, CEN of PAN, 1976–1978, 1990–2002; secretary-general, PAN, 1996–1998; PAN, PRD, PT, PVEM candidate for governor, 1999; national adviser to PAN, 1971–2001. f—Adviser to governor, Guanajuato, 1991– 1995; assistant secretary of foreign investment regulations, Secretariat of the Economy, 2000–2005; director general, Federal Commission to Protect against Sanitation Risks, Secretariat of Health, 2005–2006. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Jesús García López, finance secretary, Coahuila, 1987–1988, and Micaela Villa Martínez; married María de la Paz González Zubiria. j—None. k—None. l—www.cddchu.gob.mx, 1994–1997; QesQ en el Congreso, 1997–2000, 263; DBGM89, 443; Musacchio, 158; www.secgob, 1997, 2007; Pérez Franco, 141–142. García Villalobos, Ricardo (Deceased) a—Feb. 11, 1904. b—Ciudad Jiménez, Chihuahua. c—Preparatory studies at National Preparatory School; law degree, National School of Law, UNAM, May 19, 1931; LLD degree, National School of Law, UNAM, Sept. 7, 1951; member, Technical Council, National School of Law; professor of civil law, National School of Law, UNAM, 1937–1962; dean, National School of Law, UNAM, 1958–1962. d—Iztapalapa delegate to Department of the Federal District, 1976–1982. e—None. f—Director, Federal Automobile Registry, 1930; director, Tax Office, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1937–1947; judge, Federal Tax Court, 1947–1951; president, Federal Tax Court, 1951–1953; director general of business revenues, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1953–1958, 1963–1970; g—President, Federation of University Students, 1929–1930; delegate, with Andrés Serra Rojas and Ángel Carvajal, 5th National Student Congress from Federal District. h—None.

i—Married Guadalupe Gálvez; son of Juan García Villalobos and Enriqueta Espinos; son Jorge Ricardo García Gálvez was assistant secretary of civil protection, Secretariat of Government, 1996–1997. j—None. k—None. l—HA, Sept. 30, 1957, 57; DAPC, 77, 29; WNM, 91; MGF69; Pacheco, 30–32; letter.

García Villalobos Gálvez, Jorge Ricardo a—June 6, 1945. b—Federal Dis-

trict. c—Early education unknown; law degree, National School of Law, UNAM, 1964–1968; MA in economics, Catholic University of Lovaina, 1969–1970; professor, UNAM, 1970–1975; general counsel, UNAM, 1979–1985. d—None. e—Joined PRI, 1963. f—Director, Customs Department, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1969– 1970; assistant delegate, Department of the Federal District, Álvaro Obregón, 1971–1973; private secretary to director general, National Cinema Bank, Secretariat of Government, 1975; assistant Iztapalapa delegate, Department of the Federal District, 1976–1982; director general of appeals, Office of the Attorney General of Mexico, 1989–1991; coordinator of special programs, attorney general of Mexico, 1991; judge, Higher Agrarian Court, 1992; director general, migration services, Secretariat of Government, 1993; assistant secretary of civil protection, Secretariat of Government, 1993– 1994. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Ricardo García Villalobos, dean, National School of Law, UNAM, and Guadalupe Gálvez Contreras; married María Eugenia Haddad Haddad. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM94, CD; Musacchio, 158; DBGM89, 139. García y González, Vicente (Deceased) a—1909. b—Pénjamo, Guanajuato. c—Elementary and secondary studies in Pénjamo and Guanajuato, Guanajuato. d—Senator from State of Guanajuato, 1958–1964, member, Gran Comisión, 1st secretary of Cooperative Development Committee, 2nd secretary of Social Security Committee, and president of 2nd Labor Committee. e—None. f—None. g—Founder, Federation of Workers’ Unions of Irapuato,

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Guanajuato; militant strike leader in labor movement. h—Journalist; writer for El Nacional. i—Parents were from the working class. j—None. k—None. l—Func., 206; C de S, 1961–1964, 55–56. Garcilita Partida, Ramón (Deceased) b—Guadalajara, Jalisco. c—Early education unknown; law degree, School of Law, University of Guadalajara; professor of law, University of Guadalajara. d—Federal deputy from State of Jalisco, Dist. 2, 1952–1955; plurinominal federal deputy from PAN, 1976–1979, coordinator of PAN delegation, 1977–1979; president of Chamber, 1978. e—Joined PAN, 1939; national adviser to PAN, 1977–1981; member, CEN of PAN, 1977–1978; member, State Committee of PAN, Jalisco, 1953–1956, 1977–1980; PAN candidate for senator, 1958; PAN candidate for federal deputy, 1964, 1973. f—None. g—Manager and director general, Chamber of Urban Ranch Owners, Guadalajara; member, National Human Rights Commission. h—Practicing lawyer; legal adviser, Union of Industry and Commerce. i—Married Arcelia Gutiérrez. j—None. k—None. l—Pérez Franco, 142; C de D, 1952–1955; C de D, 1976–1979; www.oem.com.mx, 2009. Garduño Canizal, Leopoldo (Deceased 1994) a—Mar. 7, 1910. b—Celaya, Guanajuato. c—Enrolled in the Naval College, Jan. 17, 1925, completed cadet studies; completed studies at Applied Military School, 1934–1935; completed staff and command course, Higher War College, 1938–1941; completed courses in armored vehicles, Ft. Leavenworth, Kan.; completed course in military arms, graduated 5th in his class, Ft. Knox, Ky.; instructor, Heroic Military College, Military Command School, and Zaragoza Military Academy. d—None. e—None. f—Oficial mayor, Secretariat of National Defense, 1976. g—None. h—None. i—Married Debora Espinosa. j—Career army officer; commander, 2nd Battalion, 27th Infantry Division, National Military Service; group commander, 37mm Antitank Group, 1st and 2nd Infantry Divisions,

National Military Service; chief of instruction and second-in-command, 12th Mechanized Cavalry Regiment; military attaché to Guatemala, 1973; chief of staff and substitute commander, 16th Military Zone; chief of staff of the 26th Military Zone; commander, 33rd Infantry Group, rural defenses; commander, 4th Infantry Battalion; commander, 5th Infantry Brigade, 1968; commander, 2nd Infantry Brigade, 1973; rank of brigade general, 1974; commander, 32nd Military Zone, Mérida, Yucatán, 1976–1977. k—None. l—Rev. de Ejer., Oct.–Nov., 1976, 144–145; DBM68, 267; Rev. de Ejer., Apr., 1973, 95. Garduño Morales, Patricia a—Nov. 25, 1960. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; law degree, UNAM, Aragón Campus; diploma, Ibero-American Foundation, Spain, 1999. d—Alternate plurinominal federal deputy from PAN, 1985–1988; federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. 11, 1988– 1991; plurinominal federal deputy from PAN, 1994–1997; representative to Assembly of the Federal District, 2000–2003; plurinominal federal deputy from PAN, 2003–2006. e—Joined PAN, 1979; president of PAN, 11th Congressional District, Federal District, 1985–1988; director of municipal development and growth, CEN of PAN, 1999–2000; member CEN of PAN, 2002. f—None. g—None. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM89, 443; www.diputados.gob.mx, 2008; www .cddhcu.gob.mx, 1994–1997, 2008. Garfías Magaña, Luis a—June 21, 1931. b—Ciudad Guzmán, Jalisco. c—Preparatory studies at Colegio de Jesuitas, Mexico City, 1945–1946; joined Heroic Military College as cadet, Jan. 1, 1948, graduated as 2nd artillery lieutenant, Jan. 1, 1951; staff and command diploma, Higher War College, 1954–1957; advanced artillery courses, Ft. Sill, Okla., and Ft. Bliss, Tex.; staff and command diploma, Ft. Leavenworth, Kan., 1964–1965; professor, Heroic Military College, 1965– 1965; professor and chief of teaching and of courses, Higher War College, 1962–1970; coordinator, National Defense College, 1980–1982. d—Federal deputy from State

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of Jalisco, Dist. 6, 1982–1985; plurinominal federal deputy from PRI, 1994–1997, president of the National Defense Committee. e—Joined PRD, Aug. 25, 1997. f—Assistant military attaché to United States, Washington, DC, 1973–1975; ambassador to Paraguay, 1986–1989. g—None. h—None. i—Son of General Luis Garfías Espinosa de los Monteros, career military engineer, and Estela Magaña; father was interim chief of staff to President Madero and chief of staff to Venustiano Carranza; married Francisca Roberts. j—Junior officer, 105mm Mortar Group, Mechanized Brigade, and in Transportation Battalion, Presidential Guards; chief, Sec. 1, staff, Presidential Guards; chief, Sec. 3, staff, Presidential Guards; commander, 120mm Mortar Battalion, 2nd Artillery Battalion, 2nd Infantry Brigade; assistant chief of staff, 11th Military Zone, Zacatecas, Zacatecas; group chief, military schools, Division of Military Education, Secretariat of National Defense; assistant chief of staff, Secretariat of National Defense, 1972–1973; rank of colonel, 1973; chief of staff, 12th Military Zone, San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, 1977–1978; chief of staff, 25th Military Zone, Puebla, Puebla, 1980–1981; rank of brigadier general, 1977; director general of archives, Secretariat of National Defense, 1986; president, 2nd War Council, 1989–1990; garrison commander, Tecate, Baja California, 1991; rector, Army and Air Force University, Secretariat of National Defense, 1991–1992; commander, 23rd Military Zone, Tlaxcala, 1992–1994. k—None. l—Rev. de Ejer., Nov., 1977, 70; Nov.–Dec., 1973, 39; Mar., 1976, 154; Directorio, 1982–1985; DBGM89, 140; DBGM, 509; DBGM87, 149; Lehr, 231; DBGM92, 148; letters; CDDWeb, Diputados, 1997. Garizurieta (Ehrenzweig), César

(Deceased 1961) a—July 19, 1904. b—Tuxpan, Veracruz. c—Law degree, National School of Law, UNAM, 1931. d—Federal deputy from State of Veracruz, Dist. 3, 1940–1943, member of Budget and Accounting Committee (1st year) and Tourism

Committee; substitute member of Constitutional Affairs Committee; federal deputy from State of Veracruz, Dist. 3, 1949–1952, member of Protocol Committee, Library Committee, and Agrarian Department Committee, and substitute member of 1st Justice Committee. e—None. f—Judge, First Appeals Court, 1931–1940; judge, Superior Tribunal of Justice of Veracruz; presidential adviser; consultant for Area 6, Department of Agrarian Affairs, 1947; oficial mayor, Department of Agrarian Affairs, 1952–1958; ambassador to Haiti and Honduras, 1958–1961. g—Founding member, Socialist Lawyers’ Front, 1936; leader in 1929 strike movement of UNAM. h—Started private law practice in Mexico City, 1931; author of many novels. i—Brother Miguel served as administrator in Department of Agrarian Affairs, 1956; son of José L. Garizurieta, well-known normal school teacher in Jalapa, and Guadalupe Ehrenzweig. j—None. k—Author of the political saying, “To live outside the budget is to live in error.” l—EBW46, 35; Peral, 47, 138; DGF47, 280; DPE51, I, 26, 30, 31, 34; DP70, 835; DGF56, 453; C de D, 1940–1942; C de D, 1949–1951, 73; DEM, 135; Enc. Mex., V, 208. Garrido Díaz, Luis (Deceased Oct. 19, 1973) a—May 15, 1898. b—Federal District. c—Elementary studies at Colegio Fournier, School No. 97, and Pablo Moreno School in Mexico City; preparatory studies at National Preparatory School, Mexico City, 1912–1916; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, 1922; LLD degree from National School of Law, UNAM, 1942; professor of forensic law, National School of Law, UNAM, 1929–1972; professor of economic doctrines, UNAM, 1929–1972; professor, Colegio de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia; cofounder, Mexican Association of Universities and Institutions of Higher Education; professor of history of economic doctrines, Graduate School, UNAM, rector, University of Michoacán, 1924; director, Faculty of Law, University of Michoacán, 1924. d—None. e—Member, New Advisory

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Council for the IEPES of PRI, 1972. f—Auxiliary agent, Ministerio Público for the Federal District, Office of the Attorney General, 1929–1930; prosecuting attorney, State of Michoacán, 1924–1925; head, Diplomatic Department, Secretariat of Foreign Relations, 1935–1936; penal judge, Federal District, 1930–1934; director, Seguros de México, SA, 1939–1948; executive secretary of national savings bonds; rector, UNAM, 1948–1952; assistant director, El Nacional, government daily newspaper, 1936; president, Superior Court of Michoacán, 1925– 1928. g—None. h—President, National Lawyers’ Association, 1970–1972; prolific author, coauthored book with José Ceniceros. i—As student at National Preparatory School and UNAM, knew Jaime Torres Bodet and Manuel Gómez Morín; friend of Franco Carreño for many years; son of Domingo Garrido, who worked for Wells Fargo, and Carolina Díaz; son Luis Javier Garrido, prominent university professor and author. j—None. k—None. l—WWM45, 47; IWW66–67, 428; DGF47, 381; EBW46, 422; WB48, 431; WB54, 414; DBM70, 253–254; letter. Garrido Patrón, Francisco a—Nov. 23, 1953. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; law degree from Free Law School, 1974–1978, with thesis on law and human beings; studies in philosophy at Pan American University, 1975–1978; MA from IPADE, 1978–1980; professor, Pan American University, 1980–1982; vice president, University of the Society of Mexican Businessmen, Querétaro. d—Mayor, Querétaro, 1997–2000; governor, Querétaro, 2003–2009. e—Joined PAN, 1994; president of PAN, city of Querétaro, 1996; president, Regional Committee of PAN, Querétaro, 2000; national adviser to PAN, 2000–2007. f—None. g—None. h—Businessman; founder of El Observador newspaper, Querétaro. i—Son of Francisco Garrido Subiela and María Elvira Patrón Rivas; married Marcela Torres. j—None. k—None. l—www.todobiografías.blogspot .com, 2008; www.pan.org.mx, 2008; www .queretaro.gob.mx, 2008.

Garza Caballero, Manuel a—Jan. 12, 1929. b—Monterrey, Nuevo León. c—Early education unknown; engineering studies, 1957–1961, Higher School of Engineering and Architecture, IPN, graduating with thesis on cardboard tubing, 1963; MA in administration, Graduate College, Technological Institute of Higher Studies of Monterrey, 1973–1976; postgraduate work, 1968–1981; professor, IPN; director general of organization and methods, IPN, 1979– 1982; technical secretary, IPN, 1980–1982. d—None. e—None. f—Tamaulipas and Jalisco delegate, Department of Agrarian Affairs, 1965–1966; director, Center of Technical industrial Studies of Monterrey, 1966– 1967; assistant director, Agricultural Technical Schools, Secretariat of Public Education, 1969–1970; director general of technical, industrial, and commercial education, Secretariat of Public Education, 1970–1976; general coordinator of rural programs, IMSS, 1977–1978; assistant director general of adult education, Secretariat of Public Education, 1978–1979; director general, IPN, 1982–1985; director general of educational services, State of Mexico; Cuajimalpa delegate to Department of the Federal District; director general of integrated educational services, State of Mexico; technical secretary, IPN, 2003. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Eleuterio Garza Garza, milkman, and María de Jesús Caballero González; married María del Pilar Amaro Peniche, teacher. j—None. k—None. l—Q es QAP, 312–313; Excélsior, Dec. 7, 1982, 29; DBGM84, 172; www.ipn.mx/contenido, 2008. Garza Cabello, Jesús (Deceased) a—Dec. 6, 1887. b—Saltillo, Coahuila. c—Preparatory studies in Coahuila and Guadalajara; law degree, University of Guadalajara, Feb. 7, 1912. d—Local deputy, State Legislature of Coahuila. e—None. f—Judge, 1st instance, Civil Division, Coahuila; judge, 1st instance, Criminal Division, Coahuila; secretary-general of government, Coahuila, 1920–1921; director, Public Property Registry, Saltillo; district judge, Chiapas, 1926;

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district judge, Durango, Durango, 1927; district judge, Colima, Tamaulipas, and Chihuahua, 1928–1934; attorney general of Coahuila “2”; justice, Supreme Court, Jan. 1, 1935–1941, retired Jan. 1, 1941; judge and president, Superior Tribunal of Justice, Coahuila, 1943; interim governor, Coahuila; district judge, 1947–1962. h—None. j—None. k—None. l—www.elsiglodetorreon.com. mx, 2008; www.scjn.gob.mx, 270–271, 2008; www.cronica.diputados.gob.mx, June 7, 1920, June 9, 1943. Garza Cárdenas, Fortino Alejandro

a—Sept. 4, 1917. b—Monterrey, Nuevo León. c—Early education unknown; no degree. d—Federal party deputy from PARM, 1970–1973; member of the 2nd National Defense Committee, Hunting and Fishing Committee, and Plaints Committee, federal party deputy from PARM, 1976–1979. e—President of CEN of PARM, 1980–1983; secretary of social action of CEN of PARM, 1983. f—Employee of State of Nuevo León, 1935–1936; employee of Secretariat of Health, Nuevo León, 1938–1940; employee of Police Department, Federal District, 1940–1946; employee of Secretariat of Agriculture and captain of Federal Forest Police, 1947–1958; commandant, Customs Department, 1960– 1961; employee of Secretariat of Communications, 1963–1968; employee of Department of Fishing, Secretariat of Industry and Trade, Monterrey, 1968–1970. g—None. i—Son of Colonel Fortino Garza Campos, fought in the Revolution, formed group of soldiers to oppose Victoriano Huerta, 1913; General Bonifacio Salinas Leal fought under his father; father was alternate federal deputy from Nuevo León, Dist. 3, 1943–1946; married Ernestina Rodríguez; originally part of Luis M. Farías’ political group. j—None. k—None. l—Directorio, 1970–1972; C de D, 1970–1973, 115; D de C, 1976–1979; Guerra Leal, 283; www.allende.gob.mx; www.cron ica.diputados.gob.mx, Aug. 25, 1943. Garza Galindo, Laura Alicia a—Nov. 27, 1947. b—Ciudad Victoria, Tamaulipas. c—Early education unknown; economics

degree, University of San Luis Potosí, 1966–1970; postgraduate studies in development planning, UN programs in Israel and Chile, 1972–1973; MA in political science, School of Political and Social Sciences, UNAM, 1979–1981; professor, University of Tamaulipas, 1970–1972; professor, University of Guadalajara, 1975–1976. d—Senator from Tamaulipas, 1988–1991; federal deputy from State of Tamaulipas, Dist. 4, 1991–1994; federal deputy from State of Tamaulipas, Dist. 5, 1997–1999; senator from Tamaulipas, 2000–2006. e—Joined PRI, 1970; member, National Political Council; national adviser to PRI, 1988. f—Assistant director of economic planning, Tamaulipas, 1970–1974; regional coordinator for the South Zone, Secretariat of Programming and Budget, 1977–1980; director of the South Zone of the Mexican Food System, Secretariat of Programming and Budget, 1980–1982; Secretariat of Programming and Budget delegate to Puebla and Chiapas, 1983–1986; assistant director general of popular housing renovation, Secretariat of Ecology and Urban Development, 1986–1987; director general, energy conservation, Secretariat of Ecology and Urban Development, 1987–1988; secretary-general of government, Tamaulipas, 1999–2000. g—None. h—None. i—Daughter of Rogelio Garza Garza and Aurelia Galindo Rodríguez. j—None. k—None. l—QesQ en el Congreso, 2000–2003, 348; DBGM92, 468; Musacchio, 161; DCM, 2000–2003, 269. Garza Garza, Horacio Emigdio a—Aug. 5, 1941. b—Ciudad Guadalupe, Nuevo León. c—Early education unknown; public accounting degree, University of Nuevo León, 1958–1963, with thesis titled “Analysis and Interpretation of State Finances”; professor, School of Business, University of Tamaulipas, 1972–1975. d—Federal deputy from State of Tamaulipas, Dist. 1, 1991–1993; mayor, Nuevo Laredo, 1993–1995, 1999–2001; local deputy, State Legislature of Tamaulipas, 2002–2004; federal deputy from State of Tamaulipas, Dist. 1, 2006–2009.

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e—Joined PRI, 1964; finance secretary, PRI, Tamaulipas, 1996–1998. f—Director, Tax Office, Río Bravo, Tamaulipas, 1970–1971; director, Tax Office, Nuevo Laredo, Tamaulipas, 1971–1975; coordinator of budget, parastate sector, Secretariat of Industry, 1976– 1979; coordinator of budget control, internal spending, Secretariat of Government Properties, 1975–1976; director of economic growth, Nuevo León, 1980–1986; assistant treasurer, Tamaulipas, 1987–1991. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Lorenzo Garza Garza and María Soledad Garza Treviño; married María de Carmen Galván Cantú. j—None. k—Although gravely wounded, survived assassination attempt in 2007. l—DBGM92, 468; www.diputados.gob.mx, 2006–2009; Directorio del Congreso, 2006–2009, 269; www.es.wikipedia.org, 2009. Garza González, Manuel a—Aug. 25, 1933. b—Reynosa, Tamaulipas. c—Early education unknown; business administration degree, Saint Edward’s University, Austin, Tex. d—Local deputy, State Legislature of Tamaulipas, 1969–1971, coordinator, PRI delegation; mayor, Reynosa, 1972–1974; plurinominal federal deputy from PRI, 1991– 1994; plurinominal federal deputy from PRI, 2000–2003. e—Joined PRI, 1955; general delegate, special delegate, and regional delegate of CEN of PRI to 26 states; secretary of organization of CEN of PRI, 1982; regional secretary of CEN of PRI; assistant secretary to the president of CEN of PRI; member, National Political Council. f—Assistant secretary of organization and development, Secretariat of Agrarian Reform, 1976–1979; adviser on political affairs to secretary of government, 1989–1991. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Manuel Garza Zamora, rancher and senator from Tamaulipas, 1934–1940, and Bertha González; married Luz María Ascencio Serrato; nephew of Div. General Tiburcio Garza Zamora, federal deputy from Tamaulipas, 1958–1961; brother Eduardo was secretary of development, Tamaulipas, 1992. j—None. k—None. l—DCM, 2000–2003, 369; QesQ en el Congreso,

2000–2003, 189–190; DBGM92, 469; Musacchio, 161. Garza Tijerina, Julián (Deceased Nov. 20, 1975) a—Jan. 28, 1900. b—General Bravo, Nuevo León. c—Elementary studies in General Bravo; 5th and 6th years plus preparatory studies at Colegio Civil, Monterrey, Nuevo León; medical degree from Military Medical School, Federal District, 1925, with rank of major; professor of internal pathology. d—Local deputy, State Legislature of Nuevo León; senator from State of Nuevo León, 1934–1940, member of Permanent Committee, 1938; federal deputy from State of Nuevo León, Dist. 2, 1943–1946. e—Secretary of exterior and labor action, PNR, 1933; PNR secretary, Federal District, 1933; director, IEPES of CEN of PNR, 1935–1936. f—Director of medical services, Monterrey; assistant director, military hospital, Monterrey; director of medical services, Green Cross, Federal District; director general of hygiene and welfare in states and territories, Secretariat of Health, 1946; director of medical service, Department of the Federal District, 1958–1964. g—None. h—Author of books on medical subjects and Nuevo León history. i—Son of Luis Garza Cantú and Felícitas Tijerina Cavazos; studied under Francisco Castillo Nájera and Fernando Ocaranza; married Isabel Alejandro Méndez; son Luis Félix was director general of cultural development, Secretariat of Public Education. j—Participated in various military battles; rank of lieutenant colonel in Medical Military Service. k—None. l—Peral, 324; C de D, 1943–1945; C de S, 1934–1940; letters; MGF47, 197. Garza Zamora, Tiburcio (Deceased Dec. 13, 1973) a—1900. b—Rancho el Mesquite, Reynosa, Tamaulipas. c—Elementary studies in Ciudad Victoria; no degree. d—Federal deputy from State of Tamaulipas, Dist. 1, 1958–1961, member of Gran Comisión, the 1st National Defense Committee, General Accounting Office Committee, and Military Justice Committee. e—None. g—None. h—None. i—Married Francisca Guajardo

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de Garza; brother Manuel Garza Zamora, senator from Tamaulipas; nephew Manuel Garza González was assistant secretary of organization and development, Secretariat of Agrarian Reform, 1976–1977. j—Joined the Revolution, 1915; rank of colonel, 1920; career army officer; rank of brigadier general, Oct. 20, 1959; rank of brigade general, Dec. 24, 1964; reached rank of division general; commander, 26th Military Zone, Veracruz, Veracruz; commander, 20th Military Zone, Colima, Colima; commander, 5th Military Zone, Chihuahua, Chihuahua; commander, 7th Military Zone, Monterrey, Nuevo León, 1967–1971; retired from active duty, 1971. k—None. l—Excélsior, Dec. 14, 1973, 21; Func., 374; C de D, 1958–1961, 79; Rev. de Ejer., Dec., 1964, 23; letter. Garzón Santibáñez, Alfonso a—Aug. 4, 1920. b—Ejido el Salto, Mazatlán, Sinaloa. c—Preparatory studies, Ignacio Zaragoza School, Mazatlán, 1934–1936; no degree. d—Alternate federal deputy from State of Baja California del Norte, Dist. 1, 1961–1964; federal deputy from State of Baja California del Norte, Dist. 3, 1970–1973, member of Agricultural Committee, Waters and Irrigation Committee, and 1st Balloting Committee; federal deputy from State of Baja California del Norte, Dist. 3, 1976–1979, member of Ejido and Communal Organization Sec. of Agrarian Affairs Committee, Agricultural Committee, and Committee for the Development of Marine Resources; senator from Baja California del Norte, 1982–1988; plurinominal federal deputy from the PRI, 1988–1991, 1994–1997. e—Joined PNR, 1936; ran for mayor of Mexicali as a militant member of Alliance of Free Voters of Baja California, 1962; left PRI from 1960 to 1964; split with Ramón Danzos Palomino, Oct. 2, 1964, to support PRI; assistant secretary of agrarian affairs of CEN of PRI, 1980– 1989. f—None. g—Began activities in agrarian union movement, 1936; president, El Salto Ejido, 1940–1942; Ejido Commissariat, Eréndira, Baja California, 1945–1948; secretary of agrarian acts, League of Agrarian

Communities and Peasant Unions, Mexicali, 1952; cofounder, CCI, with Humberto Serrano and Ramón Danzos Palomino, 1960; secretary-general, CCI, 1963–1996. i—Son of Valentín Garzón Tisnado and María Santibáñez Lizárraga, peasants; married María Guadalupe Martínez Cruz. j—None. k—None. l—Excélsior, Aug. 21, 1976, 1C; C de D, 1976–1979, 25; C de D, 1970–1973, 116; D de C, 1976–1979, 6, 12, 31; C de D, 1961– 1963, 12; DBGM89, 445; Lehr, 39. Gasca Neri, Rogelio a—Oct. 4, 1942. b—León, Guanajuato. c—Elementary studies at Emiliano Zapata Elementary School, Mexico City, 1948–1953; secondary studies at Prevocational School No. 4, IPN, 1954–1956; preparatory studies at Vocational School No. 5, IPN, 1957–1958, in chemical engineering; degree in industrial chemical engineering, IPN, 1959–1963, on uranium; PhD in science, Stanford University, 1966–1970; MA in business administration, Stanford University, 1973–1975; chief, Department of Sciences, Materials, and Metallurgy, Graduate School of Physics and Mathematics, IPN, 1970–1973; adviser to assistant director, IPN, 1975–1976. d—None. e—None. f—Finance director, Aeroméxico, 1986–1987; director general, Aeroméxico, 1987–1988; assistant secretary of programming, budgeting, and industrial development, Secretariat of Programming and Budget, 1988–1992; assistant secretary of programming and budgeting, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1992; assistant secretary of infrastructure, Secretariat of Commerce, 1993–1994; director general, Fondo de Cultura Económica, 1994–1999; consul-general, Austin, Tex., 1999–2001. g—None. h—President, Board of Directors, Centra (Mexicana and Aeroméxico), 2003. i—Son of José Gasca Franco, industrialist, and Angelina Neri Orozco; married Barbara Beaumont. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM89, 142; DBGM92, 150; DBGM94. Gasca (Villaseñor), Celestino (Celedonio) (Deceased Apr. 5, 1981) a—May 17,

1893. b—Cuitzeo de Abasolo, Guanajuato.

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c—Early education unknown; no degree. d—Deputy to Constitutional Convention, 1916–1917; federal deputy from State of Guanajuato, Dist. 2, 1937–1940; senator from State of Guanajuato, 1940–1946, president of 1st National Defense Committee, member of 1st Balloting Group, president of 2nd Labor Committee, and 2nd secretary of 1st Mines Committee. e—Secretary of labor action, Pro Ávila Camacho Committee, 1939–1940; as a leader of Federation of the People’s Party supported General Miguel Henríquez Guzmán for president, 1951–1952. f—Governor, Federal District, 1921–1923. g—Joined House of the Workers of the World, 1913; active in Red Labor Battalions, which supported General Álvaro Obregón; secretary-general, Shoe Workers’ Union; important leader of CROM. h—Worked as saddle maker before the Revolution; employee of United Shoe Leather. i—Father was a peasant and shoemaker. j—Joined the Revolution, 1910; supporter of Francisco Madero; fought de la Huerta’s forces in Tabasco, Veracruz, and Hidalgo, 1923; quartermaster general of army, 1929; fought against Escobar rebellion, 1929; rank of brigadier general. k—Founder, Federal Board of Conciliation and Arbitration as governor of Federal District; national government candidate for governor of Guanajuato but lost to Agustín Arroyo Ch., backed by powerful state machine, 1927; precandidate for governor of Guanajuato, 1935; precandidate for secretary-general of CTM; accused by government of supporting a leftist insurrection against President Adolfo López Mateos, 1962, and briefly imprisoned. l—Peral, 326; C de D, 1937–1939, 11; C de S, 1940–1946; López, 414; Casasola, V; Enc. Mex., V, 1977, 277–278; HA, Apr. 20, 1981, 12; Guerra Leal, 37; Meyer, 99. Gascón Mercado, Alejandro (Deceased Feb. 17, 2005) a—Mar. 1932. b—Autlán, Nayarit. c—Elementary studies at Francisco Madero Public School, Tepic, Nayarit; secondary studies at Secondary Boarding School for Workers’ Children, 1947–1949;

preparatory studies at National Preparatory Night School, 1950–1951. d—Federal deputy from State of Nayarit, Dist. 1, 1970–1973, member of Agriculture Committee, Rural Electricity Committee, Money and Credit Institutions Committee, and Rules Committee; mayor, Tepic, 1975; plurinominal deputy from PCM, 1979–1982; plurinominal federal deputy from PSUM, 1985–1988. e—President, Youth Division of PPS for Federal District, 1953; president, National Committee of Youth Division of PPS, 1954–1956; auxiliary secretary to Vicente Lombardo Toledano, 1961–1967; press and publicity secretary, National Central Committee of PPS; secretary of organization, National Central Committee of PPS; secretary of economic studies, National Central Committee of PPS; oficial mayor, PPS; secretary-general, PPS, 1975; founder of a splinter party from PPS called Party of the Mexican People (PPM), 1976–1981. f—Ambassador to Venezuela, 1978–1979. g—President, National Federation of Boarding Schools for Workers’ Children, 1949; secretary-general, Union of Workers and Peasants of Mexico, 1984–1986. i—Brother of Julián Gascón Mercado, governor of Nayarit, 1964–1970; parents were peasants. j—None. k—PPS candidate for governor of Nayarit; lost to Rogelio Flores Curiel in what Latin America and critics term a rigged election. l—C de D, 1970–1972, 116; Directorio, 1970–1972; Latin America, Nov. 11, 1978, 349–350; Excélsior, Feb. 21, 1975, 12; Proceso, Apr. 24, 1978, 23. Gascón Mercado, Julián a—Jan. 28, 1925. b—Ejido de Trapichillo, Tepic, Nayarit. c—Elementary studies in Tepic; secondary studies on a scholarship for peasants at Socialist School for Workers in Tepic; medical degree from National School of Medicine, UNAM, 1947–1952, with thesis titled “The Importance of Medical Services in Rural Areas”; professor, National School of Medicine, UNAM, 1972. d—Governor, Nayarit, 1964–1970; senator from Nayarit, 1988–1991. e—Joined PRI, 1950. f—Head of

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medical services, National Chemical and Pharmaceutical Industry, 1958–1962; director, UNAM hospital; coordinator general, Hospital de Jesús, Mexico City, 1971–1973. g—Member and official, National Farmers’ Confederation. h—Surgeon, Hospital de Jesús, 1955–1963, under administration of Gustavo Baz; head of social work, Center for Private Assistance in the Federal District and Territories, 1960–1961; author of 3 books in the medical field. i—Coauthored book on surgery with Gustavo Baz; brother of Alejandro Gascón Mercado, federal deputy from Nayarit, 1970–1973, and governor of Nayarit, 1964–1970; son of Anselmo Gascón and Victoria Mercado, peasants. j—None. k—Elected on PPS and PRI tickets; supported by Cardenistas for governor but opposed by local PRI leaders. l—WWMG, 18; Enc. Mex., V, 228; Por Qué? Sept. 25, 1968, 41; Anderson, 114; Excélsior, May 22, 1973, 22; DBGM89, 446. Gastélum Salcido, Juan José (Deceased May 3, 1981) a—July 2, 1895. b—Hermosillo, Sonora. c—Early education unknown; no degree. d—Senator from State of Sonora, 1976–1981. e—None. f—Assistant secretary of national defense, 1964–1970. g—Active Mason; vice president, Scottish Rite; grand commander, Spanish Masonry. h—None. i—Son José de Jesús, retired captain; married Manuela Morales. j—Career army officer; joined the Revolution in 1911 as guerrilla in support of Madero; joined Constitutionalists, Mar. 5, 1913, and served with General Benjamín Hill; commander, military zones of Querétaro, Querétaro, Tuxpán, Veracruz, and Oaxaca; rank of brigadier general, Feb. 1, 1930; commander, 30th Battalion, 1937; rank of brigade general, Mar. 1, 1942; director general of social services of the army, Secretariat of National Defense, 1946–1948; inspector general of the army, 1951–1952; commander, 4th Military Zone, Hermosillo, Sonora, 1956; director, National Military College; rank of division general, 1953. k—Last 3-star general from the Revolution on active duty. l—DGF56, 201;

DGF51, I, 180; DPE65, 33; HA, Dec. 21, 1964, 9; Peral, 47, 141; C de S, 1976–1982; Dávila, 192; HA, May 11, 1981, 11; DP95, 1426; DP95, 1426; Rev. de Ejer., May, 1981, 43. Gavira Castro, Gabriel (Deceased July 15, 1956) a—Mar. 18, 1867. b—Orizaba, Veracruz. c—Elementary studies in the Lancastrian system; studies at National Vocational School; self-educated in French, English, geometry, chemistry. d—None. e—Cofounder, with Heriberto Jara, of Antireelectionist Party of Veracruz; candidate for governor of Veracruz but lost to Francisco Lagos, 1912. f—President, Superior Tribunal of Military Justice; governor, Baja California del Norte, 1936. g—Active in labor movement in Orizaba; cofounder, Mutualist Liberal Circle, Orizaba, 1892. h—Carpenter for many years. i—Son of Moisés Eduardo Gavira, an accordion player, and Pilar Castro. j—Joined the Revolution under the Maderistas, Nov. 20, 1910; chief of Madero supporters, Veracruz, 1911; chief of military operations in Veracruz, 1912; supported Constitutionalists, 1913–1914; fought under Generals Manuel Diéguez, Francisco Murguía, and Álvaro Obregón in San Luis Potosí and Durango; commander of expeditionary forces in Sinaloa and Sonora; attended Convention of Aguascalientes, 1914–1915; military commander and mayor, León, Guanajuato, 1915; rank of brigade general, June 5, 1915; governor and military commander, San Luis Potosí, 1915; commander, Ciudad Juárez, 1916; governor and military commander, Durango, 1916–1917; supported Plan of Agua Prieta and General Obregón in 1920; chief of military operations, Isthmus of Tehuantepec, 1920; chief of staff to secretary of war, 1925–1927; reached rank of brigade general; commander, 16th Military Zone, Irapuato, Guanajuato, 1935; commander, 2nd Military Zone, Tijuana, Baja California, 1936; retired from the army, Oct. 16, 1937. k—Led a rebellion against authorities of Veracruz before the Revolution, imprisoned in San Juan de Ulloa; losing candidate for governor of State of Veracruz; president of Council

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of War which sentenced Felipe Ángeles to death. l—López, 414; letter; Enc. Mex., V, 247; DP95, 1428. Gaxiola Urías, Marcario (Deceased 1953) a—1890. b—Angostura, Sinaloa. c—Early education unknown; no degree. d—Governor, Sinaloa, 1929–1932; senator from State of Sinaloa, 1952–1953. e—None. f—None. g—None. h—Miner before the Revolution. j—Joined the Revolution; Constitutionalist; fought against Victoriano Huerta, 1913; commander, 1st Battalion under General Álvaro Obregón, 1913–1914; brigadier general, Army of the Northeast, under General Obregón; supported Plan of Agua Prieta. k—None. l—C de S, 1952–1958; DGF56; PS, 2444; DP95, 1429. Gaxiola (Zendejas), Jr., Francisco Javier

(Deceased Aug. 3, 1978) a—Sept. 6, 1898. b—Toluca, State of Mexico. c—Elementary studies at School of Señorita Esther Cano and Pestalozzi School, Toluca; secondary studies at Scientific and Literary School of Mexico, Toluca, and Liceo Fournier, Mexico City; preparatory studies at National Preparatory School in Mexico City, 1912–1916; law degree from Free Law School, Apr. 15, 1922, with thesis titled “Jurisdictional Invasions in Constitutional Opinions”; professor of political economy, Free Law School, 1923–1928; won prizes as student at Free Law School. d—None. e—None. f—Representative of Secretariat of the Treasury to State of Mexico, 1919; envoy to Spanish American Congress, Madrid, 1920; agent, Ministerio Público (auxiliary), attorney general of Federal District; assistant district attorney, Federal District, 1926; acting governor, Baja California del Norte, 1929; governor, Baja California del Norte, 1930–1932; private secretary to President Abelardo Rodríguez, 1932–1934; president, Federal Board of Conciliation and Arbitration, Secretariat of Industry and Commerce, 1932; secretarygeneral of government of Baja California del Norte, 1929–1930; manager of private fortune of Abelardo Rodríguez, 1934–1940; secretary of industry and commerce, 1940–1944;

personal representative of Manuel Ávila Camacho to Franklin D. Roosevelt, 1942. g—None. h—Founder, Mexican Bar Association, 1923; secretary-general, Mexican Bar Association, 1928; oficial mayor, 1st Legal Congress, 1921; president, Illustrious and National College of Lawyers, 1957–1972; private law practice with son Francisco, 1945– 1978; founder, National Bank of Cooperative Development; coauthor with Rodrigo Gómez of reform of Art. 27. i—Attended Free Law School with Emilio Portes Gil and Ezequiel Padilla and taught Felipe Tena Ramírez, Vicente Sánchez Gavito, and Abel Huitrón y Aguado; father, a well-known author, lawyer, and diplomat, who served as a local deputy and as governor of State of Mexico, 1919– 1920; brother Jorge, adviser to Jaime Torres Bodet, secretary of public education, and general counsel for Abelardo Rodríguez; son Franciso J. Gaxiola Ochoa, federal deputy from Federal District, 1979–1982; married Clotilde Ochoa. j—None. k—Resigned as secretary of industry to run for governor of State of Mexico; defeated for nomination by Alfredo del Mazo, 1944. l—DP70, 843; DBM68, 282–283; WWM45, 48; Enc. Mex., V, 245; WB48, 1940; EBW46, 531; Peral, 328; letters; Strode, 370; HA, June 11, 1943, 38; DP95, 1429; letter. Gaytán Ochoa, Carlos Demetrio

a—Dec. 22, 1949. b—Federal District. c—Preparatory studies, Heroic Military College, Feb. 5, 1975–Nov. 1, 1977, graduating as 2nd cavalry lieutenant; completed staff and command course, Higher War College, Aug. 1, 1976; MA in national security, National Defense College, 1992–1993; completed human resources course at School of the Americas, Panama Canal Zone, 1981; completed Panhard vehicle course, Paris. d—None. e—None. f—Military attaché, Mexican embassy, Peru; chief of staff, Secretariat of National Defense, 2006– . g—None. h—None. j—Career army officer; commander, 10th Motorized Cavalry, Ciudad Cuauhtémoc, Chihuahua; commander, 5th Cavalry Regiment, Ciudad Valles, San Luis

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Potosí; commander, Arcoiris Task Force, Chiapas; commander, Tactical Air Group, Arcoiris Task Force; chief of Sec. 9 (military doctrine), staff, Secretariat of National Defense; chief of Sec. 10 (special operations), staff, Secretariat of National Defense; rank of colonel, 1989; commander, 31st Military Zone, Rancho Nuevo, Chiapas, 2002–2003; commander, 13th Military Zone, Tepic, Nayarit, 2003; assistant chief of operations, staff, Secretariat of National Defense, 2003. k—None. l—www.sedena.gob.mx, 2007. Gerstl Valenzuela, José a—Sept. 9, 1935. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; engineering studies, Higher School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, IPN, 1954–1957, with thesis on laboratory systems for IPN, 1960; PhD in science, Royal Technological Institute of Stockholm, Sweden, 1965; professor, Center for Research and Advanced Studies, IPN, 1965–1973. d—None. e—None. f—Director of electronic controls, Altos Hornos, 1957–1958; director of planning, Teléfonos de México, 1973; director general, IPN, 1973–1976; adviser to director general, Teléfonos de México, 1977–1982; adviser, assistant secretary of education and technological research, 1982; director general, National College for Professional Technical Education, Secretariat of Public Education, 1983; director general, CONACYT, 1988. g—None. h—Employee, Industrias Logo, 1955–1956; director of maintenance, Plásticos, SA, 1957; supervisor, Teléfonos de México, SA, 1960; director general, Gerstl Consulting, 2006. i—Son of José Gerstl, geological engineer, and Carmen Araceli Valenzuela; married Diana Irene Solórzano Cantú, economist; daughter Carmen, an architect. j—None. k—None. l—HA, Dec. 24, 1973, 14; Q es QAP, 313; DBGM, 176; www.ipn.edu.mx, 2008. Gertz Manero, Alejandro a—Oct. 31, 1939. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; law degree, Free Law School, 1956–1961; LLD, National School of Law, UNAM, 1971; assistant dean, School of Law,

Anáhuac University; professor, National School for Restoration and Museums, Secretariat of Public Education, 1971–1975; rector, University of the Americas, 1995–1998; rector, University of the Americas, Mexico City campus, 2007. d—Plurinominal federal deputy from Convergencia, 2009–2012. e—None. f—Legal adviser, Secretariat of Communications and Transportation, 1965; private secretary to assistant secretary of cultural affairs, Secretariat of Public Education, 1967–1970; secretary-general, National Institute of Anthropology and History, 1970–1971; oficial mayor, Office of the Attorney General of Mexico, 1975–1976; prosecutor, Office for the Defense of Workers, 1977– 1982; coordinator, Consultative Council of Justice, 1998; secretary of public security, Federal District, 1998–2000; secretary of public security, 2000–2004. g—Cofounder, National Association of Theatrical Producers. h—Manager, Sommer Hermann, SACV, 1962–1963. i—None. j—None. k—None. l—www.cddhcu.gob.mx, 2008; www.presi dencia.gob.mx, 2007. Ghigliazza García, Sergio A. a—Jan. 19, 1933. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; studies in economics, National School of Economics, UNAM, 1952–1956; MA degree, Yale University, 1961; courses in economics, Graduate School, Columbia University, 1959; courses in public finance, Yale University, 1959–1960; professor, CEMLA; professor, National School of Economics, UNAM, 1960–1970; professor, Institute of Banking and Finance, 1981–1982. d—None. e—None. f—Assistant director general, Bank of Mexico, 1982–1985, 1985–1988, 1988–1990; director general, CEMLA, 1993–1998. h—Economist, Center for the Study of Private Sector Economics, 1963–1964. i—Son of José Francisco Ghigliazza, banker, and Bertha García Romano; married María Esther Alicia Ramos Talancon; student with Miguel Mancera Aguayo at Yale, 1959–1960, director general, Bank of Mexico, 1988–1994. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM, 176; DBGM89, 144.

378  m e xic a n p oli t i c a l b i o g ra ph i e s , 1935–20 0 9 Gil Díaz, Francisco a—Sept. 2, 1943. b—Federal District, c—Early education unknown; economics degree, Autonomous Technological Institute of Mexico, 1962–1966; PhD in economics, University of Illinois, Chicago, 1967–1972; coordinator of economics, ITAM, 1973–1978; professor, ITAM, 1970–1976; professor, Colegio de México, 1970–1984; professor emeritus, ITAM; member, Board of Trustees, IberoAmerican University. d—None. e—None. f—Chief of economic projects, Office of the Presidency of Mexico, 1971; economist, Bank of Mexico, 1973; director general of economic-treasury studies, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1976; head of organization and analysis of economic information, Bank of Mexico, 1977–1978; director general of income policy, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1978–1982; assistant director, Bank of Mexico, 1982–1985; director of economic research, Bank of Mexico, 1985–1988; assistant secretary of revenues, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1988–1994; assistant director, Bank of Mexico, 1994–1997; secretary of the treasury, 2000–2006. g—None. h—Member, Board of Directors, HSBC Group, London; CEO, Avantel, 1997–2000. i—Son of Francisco Gil Arias, businessman and fisherman, and Ana María Díaz Perches; married Margarita White de la Peña; studied under Miguel Mancera Aguayo at ITAM; professor of secretary of the treasury Pedro Aspe, 1988–1993; political disciple of Leopoldo Solís; son Francisco Gil White, anthropologist. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM92, 152; DBGM89, 144; www.wiki pedia.org, 2008; Proceso, Jan. 13, 1992. Gil Elorduy, José Ernesto a—Sept. 18, 1943. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; law degree, National School of Law, UNAM, 1962–1966, with thesis titled “Political Integration in Latin America.” d—Federal deputy from State of Hidalgo, Dist. 2, 1979–1982; mayor, Pachuca, Hidalgo, 1985–1988; federal deputy from State of Hidalgo, Dist. 3, 1991–1994; local deputy, State Legislature of Hidalgo,

1999–2000; senator from State of Hidalgo, 2000–2006. e—Joined PRI, 1962; general delegate of CEN of PRI to the States of Morelos, Chiapas, Sinaloa, Campeche, and Hidalgo, 1977–1981; active in Guillermo Rossell de la Lama’s gubernatorial campaign in Hidalgo, 1980; president of PRI, State of Hidalgo, 1982–1983; assistant secretary to president, CEN, PRI, 1983–1984; regional coordinator of CEN of PRI, Sinaloa, 1992; assistant secretary of elections of CEN of PRI, 1992; assistant secretary of electoral action of CEN of PRI, 1993–1994. f—Lawyer, Legal Department, Secretariat of Industry and Commerce, 1962–1965; lawyer, Legal Department, Federal Automobile Registry, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1965–1967; assistant treasurer and director, Amparo Sec., City of Naucalpan, State of Mexico, 1967– 1969; legal adviser to Octavio A. Hernández, secretary-general, Department of the Federal District; director, Administrative Department, Benito Juárez International Airport, Mexico City, 1970–1972; appointments secretary to private secretary of president of Mexico, Ignacio Ovalle Fernández, 1973–1975; private secretary to president of Mexico, Luis Echeverría, 1975–1976; State of Hidalgo representative in Mexico City, 1981–1982; secretary-general of government, State of Hidalgo, 1988–1991; director general, Citizens’ Protection Services, Secretariat of Government, 1994; secretary of public education, Hidalgo, 1997–1998. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Pedro Gil García, lawyer, and Julieta Elorduy Delgado, daughter of Senator Aquiles Elorduy García; married Hortensia Elorduy Arriola, painter; grandson of Aquiles Elorduy García, senator from Aguascalientes, 1952–1958; nephew of Edmundo Elorduy Delgado, professional jai alai player; nephew of Edmundo Elorduy Delgado, Supreme Court justice, 1954–1958; great-grandson of Ramiro Elorduy, political boss, Zacatecas. j—None. k—None. l—letter; Excélsior, Mar. 21, 1982; DBGM92, 470; www.seando.gob.mx, 2000–2003; Directorio del Congreso, 123; QesQ en el Congreso,

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2000–2003, 349; www.masterjai.com, 2007; www.cronica.diputados.gob.mx, 2008. Gil Guillén, Clementina a—Jan. 5, 1938. b—Federal District. c—Elementary, secondary, and preparatory studies, Mexico City; legal studies, National School of Law, UNAM, 1954–1958, graduating in 1962 with thesis titled “Preventive Character of Legislation to Protect Infants”; professor of law, National School of Law, UNAM, 1962–1974. d—None. e—Joined PRI, 1959. f—Judicial official, Eighth Division, Superior Tribunal of Justice of the Federal District, 1958; lawyer and adviser, Telecommunications Division, Secretariat of Communications and Transportation, 1959–1967; auxiliary secretary, Supreme Court of Justice, 1967– 1969; secretary, Seventh Division, Superior Tribunal of Justice of the Federal District, 1969–1971; family judge, Superior Tribunal of Justice, 1971–1976; judge, Superior Tribunal of Justice of the Federal District, 1976–1982; president, Superior Tribunal of Justice of the Federal District, 1982–1988; supernumerary justice, Supreme Court, Nov. 28, 1988–1990; justice, Supreme Court, 1990– 1994, retired Dec. 31, 1994. g—Cofounder, Society of Graphic Arts Industries of Mexico, 1944. h—None. i—Daughter of Eduardo Gil Martínez, graphic artist, and María de la Luz Guillén Gallegos; married David Lester Green, teacher. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM89, 611; www.trprint.com, 2007; DBGM92, 657; SCJN, 278–279. Gil Preciado, Juan a—June 26, 1909. b—Juchitlán, Jalisco. c—Elementary studies, grades 1–4, in Juchitlán; 5th and 6th grades in Guadalajara; had to abandon normal school studies to work; education degree from Guadalajara International School; professor of mathematics, University of Guadalajara; secondary school principal, Ocotlán, Jalisco, 1927–1928; founder and director, Workers’ and Farmer’s School, 1935; director of extension, University of Guadalajara, 1936; secretary-general, Polytechnic School of University of Guadalajara. d—Local deputy, State Legislature of

Jalisco, 1953–1957; federal deputy from State of Jalisco, Dist. 13, 1940–1943, member of Tourism Committee; secretary of Chamber, Sept., 1940; mayor, Guadalajara, 1957–1958; governor, Jalisco, 1959–1964. e—Committee chair for PNR, 1938; president, PRM State Committee, Jalisco, 1953–1956; 1st secretary of organization of CNOP, 1943; member, 1st Council of CNOP of PRM, 1944; general delegate of CEN of PRI to Tamaulipas, 1952; president of PRI, Jalisco, 1952–1953; general delegate of CEN of PRI, 1978. f—Personal secretary to General Ruperto García de Alba, governor of Baja California del Sur, 1931; oficial mayor and secretary-general of government, Baja California del Sur, 1931–1932; director of planning, Department of Agrarian Affairs, 1943; director of information, United States–Mexico Commission for the Control of Foot and Mouth Disease, 1946–1952; private secretary to assistant secretary of agriculture, Óscar Flores Sánchez, 1948–1952; secretary of agriculture, 1964–1970. g—Student leader, 2nd Congress of Socialist Students, 1935; founder, Revolutionary Youth Bloc of Jalisco in alliance with Socialist Students of the West, 1935; secretary of foreign relations, Confederation of Mexican Youth, with Carlos Madrazo, who was president, and Enrique Ramírez y Ramírez, secretary. h—Owned a sausage shop. i—Married Aída Elizondo; son Juan Ricardo Gil Elizondo, delegate to Department of the Federal District, 1993, and secretary of urban development and housing, Department of the Federal District, 1994–1997; son of Anselmo Gil Lomeli, mayor of Juchitlán, 1927, and María de la Luz Preciado García; grandson of Celestino Preciado, muleteer, and Ramona García; mother related to General Ruperto García de Alba. j—Joined the army as an auxiliary major, 32nd Regiment, 1929; professor of civics for federal army, 32nd Regiment, 1929–1932, under General José María Dávila Rodríguez. k—PRI precandidate for president of Mexico, 1970; precandidate for federal deputy, 1978. l—Enc. Mex., V, 372–373;

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El Universal, Dec. 1, 1964; WWMG, 18; HA, Dec. 7, 1964, 19; DGF51, II, 220; DPE65, 98; Peral, 330; DGF51, I, 203; DGF56, 95; HA, Aug. 4, 1944; Johnson, 193; Excélsior, July 15, 1977, 12; NYT, Oct. 6, 1969, 16; Excélsior, Nov. 12, 1978, 18; Excélsior, Nov. 12, 1978, 18; Contreras, 138; DBGM92, 152; www.scfo mentar.com.mx, 2008. Gil Ryathyga, Jesús a—Nov. 1, 1915. b—Culiacán, Sinaloa. c—Elementary studies at a public school, Culiacán, completed 1925; secondary studies at Culiacán; normal school studies at Colegio Civil Rosales; scholarship from State of Sinaloa to study at National Teachers’ School, graduated with teaching certificate, Apr. 25, 1934; studies at National School of Economics, UNAM, no degree. d—Local deputy, State Legislature of Sinaloa under Gov. Pablo Macías Valenzuela; alternate senator from State of Sinaloa, 1952–1958, but replaced Senator Marcario Gaxiola Urías in 1953, member of 2nd Public Works Committee, first secretary of Cooperative Development Committee, secretary of Social Welfare Committee, and president of 2nd Public Education Committee. e—None. f—Inspector of public education, Sinaloa; general inspector of school construction, Secretariat of Public Education; general agent of CONASUPO in Sinaloa. g—Organizer, FSTSE in Sinaloa; organizer, Jacobo Gutiérrez Agrarian League. h—None. j—None. k—None. l—Ind. Biog., 371–372; DGF56, 7, 9–12. Gil Zuauth, Roberto a—Oct. 10, 1977. b—Chiapas. c—Early education unknown; law degree from ITAM, 1995–1999; MA in constitutional law, 2001–2003; LLD, public law, 2001–2003; diplomas in constitutional law and political science; professor of electoral law; professor of constitutional processes and political theory, Anáhuac University. d—Plurinominal federal deputy from PAN, 2009–2010, assistant coordinator, PAN delegation, 2009. e—General counsel for CEN of PAN, 2008–2009; representative of CEN of PAN to Federal Electoral Institute, 2008–2009. f—Technical secretary,

president, Chamber of Deputies, José Paoli Bolio, 1997–2000; adviser, Alonso Lujambio, Federal Electoral Institute, 2000–2001; adviser, IADB, 2002; adviser, OAS, 2003; secretary to PAN delegation liaison, Chamber of Deputies, 2003–2006; coordinator of advisers of secretary of public functions, 2006–2007; assistant secretary of government, 2010– . g—None. h—None. j—None. k—None. l—www.diputados.gob.mx, 2009– 2012; www.es.wikipedia.org, 2010. Giner Durán, Praxedis (Deceased May 13, 1978) a—Feb. 15, 1893. b—Santa Rosalía de Conchos, Camargo, Chihuahua. c—Elementary education in public schools; no degree. d—Federal deputy from State of Chihuahua, Dist. 5, 1928–1930, member of Permanent Committee; senator from State of Chihuahua, 1930–1934, president of Senate; governor, Chihuahua, 1962–1968. e—President, Administrative Commission, Chamber of Deputies, in charge of organizing a national political party, PNR; founding member, PNR. f—None. g—None. h—Worked as agricultural laborer after completing elementary education. i—Married Honorata de Bustamante. k—Joined revolutionary forces, 1911; chief of staff under forces of Francisco Villa; chief of staff, 6th Brigade, Monclova, Coahuila, 1918; rejoined army, 1920, supported Carranza; rank of colonel, Nov. 23, 1931; chief of staff, 4th Military Zone, Hermosillo, Sonora, 1934; assistant chief of staff, Federal District, 1935; chief of staff, 6th Military Zone, Torreón, Coahuila, 1943; rank of brigadier general, 1946; chief of staff, 5th Military Zone, Chihuahua; rank of brigade general, 1953; commander, 2nd Military Zone, Mexicali, Baja California del Norte, 1953; commander, 17th Military Zone, Querétaro, Querétaro, 1953; commander, 18th Military Zone, Pachuca, Hidalgo, 1953–1955; commander, 27th Military Zone, 1955–1959, Acapulco, Guerrero; commander, 5th Military Zone, Chihuahua, 1959–1961; rank of division general. l—WWMG, 17; DBM68, 284–285; DGF56, 202; Peral, 330–331; HA, Sept. 6,

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1971, 19; Meyer, No. 12, 131; www.es.wiki pedia, 2008; letter. Giordano Gómez, Salvador a—Nov. 12, 1945. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; public accounting degree from UNAM, 1964–1969; diploma in finance; professor, IPN, 1977–1978; professor, National Institute of Public Administration, 1985–1987. d—None. e—Member of PRI. f—Controller general, Diconsa, 1982–1987; director general, Miconsa, 1988– 1990; assistant secretary “B,” Secretariat of the Controller General, 1990–1993; assistant secretary of regulation, Secretariat of Energy, Mines, and Government Industries, 1993– 1994. g—None. h—Director of research, Aurrerá, 1965–1968; controller general, Metales Águila, SA, 1968–1972; finance director, YMCA, 1972–1977; director of auditing, National Institute for Community Development and Popular Housing, 1977–1981. i—Son of Salvador Giordano Cerclet, civil engineer, and Elena Gómez Mejía; married Patricia Carranco López; brother Alejandro, a director general in Secretariat of Public Health, 1992. j—None. k—Warrant was issued for his arrest for “illicit enrichment,” 1998. l—www.pgr.gob.mx, 2008; DBGM94, CD; DBGM92, 153; DBGM89, 145; www.jor nada.unam.mx, Sept. 24, 1998; www.foros .fox.presidencia.gob.mx, 2008. Godínez Bravo, Miguel Ángel a—Apr. 4, 1931. b—Puebla, Puebla. c—Elementary studies at Manuel Ávila Camacho School, Teziutlán, Puebla; secondary studies at Oriente Institute, Puebla; preparatory studies at University of Puebla, 1947–1949; enrolled as cadet in Heroic Military College, Jan. 1, 1950, graduating Jan. 1, 1953, as 2nd cavalry lieutenant; diploma in staff and command, Higher War College, 1957–1959; professor of general staff, matériel, and tactics, Higher War College. d—Plurinominal federal deputy from PRI, 1997–2000. e—None. f—Chief of Sec. 4, presidential staff, 1968, reporting to Luis Gutiérrez Oropeza; assistant chief of presidential staff; chief of presidential staff, 1976–1982; military attaché,

Mexican embassy, Rome, 1986. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Miguel Ángel Godínez, a schoolteacher, and Rebeca Bravo; son Miguel Ángel Godínez García, National Lottery concession for Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas. j—Career army officer; officer, 6th Cavalry Regiment, Atlixco, Puebla; officer, 9th Cavalry Regiment, San Andrés Tuxtla, Veracruz; officer, 13th Cavalry Regiment, Hacienda Echegaray; officer, 12th Armored Regiment of Presidential Guards; commander, 1st Armored Squadron, Presidential Guards; rank of colonel, 1974; rank of brigade general, 1979; commander, 8th Regiment, 1989; commander, 31st Military Zone, Tuxtla Gutiérrez, 1990–1995; commander, Arcoiris Task Force, Chiapas, 1994; director general, Department of Social Security, Secretariat of National Defense, 1995–1996. k—None. l—El Día, Dec. 1, 1976; Rev. de Ejer., Nov.–Dec., 1976, 14; Excélsior, Dec. 1, 1976, 14; Proceso, Apr. 12, 1993, 7; [email protected], 2007; Proceso, Aug. 3, 1997; QesQ en el Congreso, 1997–2000, 166; www.bibliotecas.tv, 2008. Godoy Rangel, Leonel a—June 5, 1950. b—Lázaro Cárdenas, Michoacán. c—Early education unknown; law degree, University of Michoacán, 1969–1974; MA in criminology, National Institute of Penal Sciences, 1978–1979; studies toward a PhD, UNAM, 1979; director of public relations, University of Michoacán, 1976–1977; director of personnel, University of Michoacán, 1977–1979; professor, University of Michoacán, 1980– 1985. d—Plurinominal federal deputy from PPS, 1988–1991; plurinominal federal deputy from PRD, 1994–1997; senator from Michoacán, 2006–2008; governor, Michoacán, 2008–2014. e—Joined PRI; joined National Democratic Front, 1988; cofounder, PRD, 1989; PRD representative to Federal Electoral Institute, 1996–1997; secretary of electoral affairs, CEN of PRD, 1997; president of PRD, 2003–2005. f—Director, Legal Department, Office of the Attorney General of Michoacán, 1983; assistant attorney general, Michoacán, 1983–1985; secretary-general

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of government, Michoacán, 1985–1986; assistant secretary of government, Federal District, 1997–1999; secretary of government, Federal District, 1999–2000; secretary of public security, Federal District, 2000– 2002; secretary of government, Michoacán, 2002–2003. g—None. h—None. i—Son of José Godoy Cisneros, farmer, and Consuelo Rangel Acuña; married María del Rocío González Vélez, lawyer. j—None. k—None. l—www.senado.gob.mx, 2008; Musacchio, 167; DBGM89, 447; Directorio del Congreso, 2006–2009, 167. Goicochea Luna, Emilio Rafael a—Oct. 22, 1948. b—Mazatlán, Sinaloa. c—Elementary and secondary studies, ICO, Mazatlán; preparatory studies, ITESM; business administration degree, ITESM, 1965–1969; postgraduates studies. d—Senator from Sinaloa, 1994–2000; plurinominal federal deputy from PAN, 2000–2003. e—Joined PAN, 1970; national adviser to CEN of PAN; secretary of finance, CEN of PAN, 1988–1990; PAN candidate for governor of Sinaloa, 1992, 1998; member, National Council of PAN, 1995–2001; member, National Executive Committee of PAN, 1993–2002; secretary of foreign relations of PAN, Sinaloa, 1993–1994. f—Assistant secretary of operations, Secretariat of Tourism, 2003–2005; private secretary to President Vicente Fox, 2005–2006; ambassador to Canada, 2007– . g—President, Student Association of ITESM, 1977–1978; adviser, CANACO, Mazatlán, 1970–1979; vice president, CANACO, Mazatlán, 1974–1975; president, CANACO, Mazatlán, 1975–1976; president, Federation of National Chambers of Commerce, Sinaloa, 1976–1977; vice president, CONCANACO, 1978–1979, 1981–1982; president, CCE, Sinaloa, 1982–1984; president, CONCANACO, 1983–1984. h—Began business career with father; CEO of several family businesses. i—Son of Emilio Goicochea and Ana Alicia Luna Aguirre; grandfather, businessman from Bilbao, Spain, who became salesman for National Cash Register. j—None. k—None. l—Letters;

DCM, 2000–2003; WWM87, 231; Musacchio, 167; HA, Feb. 14, 1983, 23; Pérez Franco, 147; DdeY, Nov. 10, 1998; Protaganistas, 144; QesQ en el Congreso, 2000–2003, 50–51. Gomar Suástegui, Jerónimo (Deceased Jan. 21, 1972) a—Sept. 30, 1908. b—Ayutla, Guerrero. c—Secondary education at School of Administration, 1925; attended Vocational School of National Military College; graduated from National Military College as 2nd infantry lieutenant, Jan., 1930; graduated from Higher War College, Mar., 1936, with diploma in military staff administration; instructor, Applied Military School, 1941; training at U.S. Department of Defense, 1947; training in Panama Canal Zone, 1962; director, Heroic Military College, 1958–1964. d—Alternate senator from State of Guerrero, 1964–1970. e—None. f—Military attaché to Guatemala and Central America, 1945; director, Department of Military Industry, Secretariat of National Defense, 1964–1970; assistant secretary of national defense, 1970–1972. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Rafael Gomar and Natalia Suástegui; married Alicia Hernández Román. j—Career army officer since Apr. 14, 1925; assistant chief of staff, 1st and 2nd Infantry Divisions; commander, 8th Infantry Battalion, 1952; head, Inspection Commission, Office of the Inspector General of the Army; rank of division general. k—None. l—DPE70, 113; DPE65, 35, 45; letter; HA, Jan. 26, 1939, 8; HA, Jan. 31, 1972, 14; MGF69, 568; HA, Dec. 14, 1970, 20; Rev. de Ejer., Jan., 1972, 19; WNM, 96; www.sedena .gob.mx, 2009. Gómez (Álvarez), Pablo a—Oct. 21, 1946. b—Federal District. c—Preparatory studies at National Preparatory School No. 2, Mexico City; economics degree, National School of Economics, UNAM, 1966–1968, 1971–1973, graduating with thesis titled “Democracy and Political Crisis in Mexico, Apr. 5, 1976”; director of publications, National School of Economics, UNAM, 1975–1976; professor, UNAM, 1974–1979. d—Plurinominal federal deputy from PCM,

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1979–1982, 1988–1991, member of Government and Constitutional Affairs Committee; representative, Assembly of the Federal District, 1991–1994; plurinominal federal deputy from PRD, 1997–2000, vice coordinator of PRD delegation, 1999, and president of 3rd Labor Committee; federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. 23, 2003–2006; senator from Federal District, 2006–2012. e—Joined the Mexican Communist Party in high school; participated in clandestine PCM activities, 1963–1968; member, Central Committee of PCM, 1972–1981; member, Political Committee of PCM, 1977–1981; member, National Council of PMS, 1987–1989; secretary-general, PSUM, 1982–1987; member, National Council of the PRD, 1990– ; interim president of PRD, 1999; PRD representative to IFE, 2000–2003; president, National Council, PRD, 1994–1996. f—None. g—President, Student Society of National School of Economics, 1967–1968; member, Student Strike Committee, UNAM, 1968; member, Coordinating Committee of Academic Employees, UNAM, 1975–1976. h—Economist. i—Son of Benito Gómez Unda, public official, and María de Jesús Álvarez Frausto, both exiles from Spain; married María Elvira Concheiro Bórquez, sociologist; political disciple of Arnaldo Martínez Verdugo. j—None. k—Imprisoned by government in Lecumberri Prison for activities in 1968 student movement, 1968–1971; self-exile, 1971. l—HA, Mar. 29, 1982, 8; DBGM89, 448; DBGM92, 615; QesQ en el Congreso, 1997–2000, 83; www.secgob.gob.mx, 1997, 2007; www.es.wikipedia.org, 2008. Gómez Arias, Alejandro (Deceased Mar. 3, 1990) a—Apr. 3, 1903. b—Oaxaca, Oaxaca. c—Preparatory studies at National Preparatory School, 1926–1929; law degree cum laude from National School of Law, UNAM, 1933, with thesis on Hans Kelsen; professor of literature and history, Scientific and Literary Institute of the State of Mexico, 1921; founding professor of Mexican literature and Hispanic American literature, National

Preparatory School, 1930; professor of world history, National Preparatory School; professor at UNAM; founder and first director, University Radio, UNAM. d—None. e—Orator for José Vasconcelos’ presidential campaign, 1929; vice president, Popular Party (later the PPS), 1947; cofounder, Mexican Civic Front of Revolutionary Affirmation, 1963. f—Private secretary to secretary of public education, Octavio Véjar Vázquez, 1941–1943. g—President, Student Federation of Federal District, 1928; president, National Student Federation, 1928–1929. h—Cofounder, National College; national oratory champion, 1928; member, 1925 Committee to Reorganize the National University; author; editor of Política, 1963; writer for Siempre. i—Knew Miguel Alemán and Salvador Novo at UNAM; met Adolfo López Mateos at night school; father, a physician, revolutionary, and federal deputy from Sonora, 1920; companion of Frida Kahlo, 1926–1928; married Teresa Salazar Mallén, sister of prominent writer Rubén Salazar Mallén. j—None. k—None. l—Letters; HA, Oct. 10, 1947, 5; HA, Sept. 27, 1976, 25; Excélsior, Feb. 29, 1960; Proceso, Mar. 13, 1989, 54; El Nacional, Mar. 4, 1990, 1, 4; DP95, 1501; www.ensayistas.org, 2008. Gómez Bernard, Salvador a—Aug. 6, 1925. b—Orizaba, Veracruz. c—Early education unknown; geographic engineering degree, Heroic Naval College, Veracruz, 1943–1948; MA in staff and command, Center for Higher Naval Studies, 1968, with thesis on security of Mexican maritime traffic; PhD in continental defense, InterAmerican Defense College, Washington, DC, 1969–1970, with dissertation titled “Influence of Economic Power in Continental Security”; commander of cadets, Heroic Naval College, 1966; director, Heroic Naval College, 1973–1976; director, Center for Higher Naval Studies, 1984–1986. d—None. e—None. f—Assistant naval attaché, Mexican embassy, Washington, DC, 1969–1970; naval attaché to Mexican embassy in England and France, 1976–1978. g—None.

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h—None. i—Son of Francisco Gómez Barro, sales manager, and Mercedes Bernard Delgado; married Guillermina Meillón Sánchez; close to Admiral Carlos López Sotelo, oficial mayor, the navy, 1986–1988, during his career. j—Career naval officer; enrolled in navy as cadet, 1943; commander, coastguard ships No. 38, No. 31; commander, Minesweeper No. 14; commander, training ship Guanajuato; director of personnel, Secretariat of the Navy, 1970–1973; fleet commander, destroyers; director of naval communications, Secretariat of the Navy; rank of vice admiral, 1980s; commander, Gulf Naval Forces, 1980–1982; commander, 16th Naval Zone, 1982–1984; rank of admiral, 1986; chief of staff, Secretariat of the Navy, 1986. k—None. l—DBGM87, 154. Gómez Cabrera, Moisés a—Dec. 16, 1945. b—Federal District. c—Elementary and secondary studies, Federal District; naval engineering degree, Heroic Naval College, 1969; MA in staff and command, Center for Higher Naval Studies; international maritime courses, Naval War College, Rhode Island, United States; MA in national security, National Defense College; director, Center for Higher Naval Studies, 2007– 2008. d—None. e—None. f—Oficial mayor of the navy, 2008– . h—None. j—Career naval officer; joined the navy as cadet, Jan. 8, 1964; rank of corvette lieutenant, Aug. 1, 1970; executive officer of numerous naval units; commander, transport ship Aguascalientes; commander, coastguard ships Lerdo de Tejada, M. Azueta, and Blanco; rank of corvette captain, Nov. 20, 1979, assistant chief, Sec. 3, staff, Secretariat of the Navy; rank of frigate captain, Nov. 20, 1983; chief, Secs. 2 and 4, staff; rank of captain, Nov. 20, 1988; chief of adjutants, Secretariat of the Navy; rank of rear admiral, Nov. 20, 1993; director general of communication and information, Secretariat of the Navy; chief of staff, 5th Naval Regiment; commander, Chetumal Naval Sector; assistant director general, Social Security Institute, Armed Forces; rank of vice admiral, Nov. 20, 1998;

chief of strategic planning, Secretariat of the Navy; rank of admiral, Nov. 20, 2007. k—Most decorated officer in the navy in 2008. l—Milenio, Apr. 19, 2008; www.semar .gob.mx, 2008; letter. Gómez Campos, Agustín (Deceased) a—Jan. 7, 1890. b—Zamora, Michoacán. c—Early education unknown; law degree, University of Michoacán, Dec. 23, 1915. d—Federal deputy from State of Michoacán, Dist. 6, 1922–1924. f—Interim district judge, Tabasco, 1924; district judge, Veracruz; oficial mayor, Secretariat of the Economy, 1934– 1935; district judge, Jalisco, 1935; provisional justice, Supreme Court, July 4, 1935–Jan. 1, 1941; district judge, 1941–1951, resigned May 5, 1951. g—None. h—None. j—None. k—None. l—www.scjn.gob.mx, 2008; www .cronica.diputados.gob.mx, Sept. 1, 1922. Gómez Domínguez, Pablo a—Dec. 19, 1943. b—San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí. c—Early education unknown; economics degree, ITESM, 1962–1967; MA, Colegio de México, 1967–1969; postgraduate studies, Chile, 1971; professor, ITESM, 1965–1966, 1978–1980; professor, University of Nuevo León, 1976; professor, University of San Luis Potosí, 1982–1983. d—None. e—Joined PRI, 1969; secretary of political action, CEPES of PRI, Nuevo León, 1976–1980. f—Director of rural development, Nuevo León, 1969–1970; director of social integration, Nuevo León, 1974–1975; director of administration, Nuevo León, 1976–1979; representative of Secretariat of Government Properties, Nuevo León, 1979–1980; director of services for industrial assistance, NAFIN, San Luis Potosí, 1981–1982; director of services for industrial assistance, NAFIN, 1983–1986; director of administration, NAFIN, 1986– 1988; director, Economic Transition Team, President Vicente Fox, 2000; oficial mayor of the economy, 2000–2003; oficial mayor of foreign relations, 2003–2005. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Pablo Gómez Díaz de León, travel agent, and María Guadalupe Domínguez Zarzúa; married Ana María Zúñiga Alarcón. j—None. k—None.

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l—DBGM84, 178; DBGM87, 156; Musacchio, 167. Gómez Esparza, Fernando a—Aug. 21, 1953. b—Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes. c—Early education unknown; economics degree, National School of Economics, UNAM, June 25, 1979; professor, University of Aguascalientes, 1982. d—Mayor, Aguascalientes, 1993–1995; federal deputy from State of Aguascalientes, Dist. 3, 1997–2000, coordinator, PRI delegation from Aguascalientes; senator from Aguascalientes, 2000– 2006. e—Joined the PRI, 1980; president, State Committee of PRI, Aguascalientes, 1996–1997; f—Director of planning, Aguascalientes, 1981–1982; coordinator of rural development, Aguascalientes, 1982; assistant director of planning and budgeting, Aguascalientes, 1981; Aguascalientes representative to Federal Electric Commission, 1983– 1986; secretary of public works and popular housing, Aguascalientes, 1983–1986; director general, Housing Institute, Aguascalientes, 1991–1992. g—President, League of Revolutionary Economists, 2000. h—General manager of numerous firms, including Calpulli Rústicos, 1975–1981, Aguascalientes Commercial Furniture, 1977–1981. i—Son of Silvestre Gómez González and Carmen Esparza López; married María Leticia González Esquivel, educator; friend since childhood of Otto Granados, governor of Aguascalientes. j—None. k—None. l—QesQ en el Congreso, 1997–2000, 167; DCM, 2000–2003, 14; www.secgob.gob.mx, 1997, 2007; Musacchio, 168. Gómez Esparza, José (Deceased) a—1898. b—San Santomo, Hidalgo. c—Elementary studies in San Santomo; secondary studies in San Santomo; medical degree, National School of Medicine, UNAM; special studies in medicine in France. d—Federal deputy from State of Hidalgo, Dist. 2, 1934–1937; alternate federal deputy from State of Hidalgo, Dist. 3, 1940–1943, but replaced the deputy; member of 1st Balloting Committee; president of Chamber of Deputies, Dec., 1942; senator from State

of Hidalgo, 1946–1952, member of Gran Comisión, Indigenous Affairs Committee, and 1st Balloting Committee. e—Secretarygeneral of CEN of PRI, 1952, 1953. f—Ambassador to China (never went because of WWII), 1944; ambassador to Bolivia, 1944–1946; oficial mayor of government properties, 1953–1958; ambassador to El Salvador, 1958–1959. g—None. h—Practicing physician, National Homeopathic Hospital, 1922–1925; director of admissions, National Homeopathic Hospital, 1925–1930; director, National Homeopathic Hospital, 1930–1932. j—None. k—Author of a PNR petition in Congress, June 14, 1935; PRI precandidate for governor of Hidalgo, 1945. l—C de D, 1940–1943, 53; DGF51, I, 9, 10, 11, 14; DGF56; PS, 2498; Pérez López, 175; www.homeopa tia.com.mx, 2008. Gómez (Gómez), Rodrigo (Deceased Aug. 14, 1970) a—May 18, 1897. b—Linares, Nuevo León. c—Secondary studies in accounting at the General Zaragoza Commercial Academy, Monterrey, 1913–1914, graduating as a private accountant. d—Senator from Nuevo León, Sept.–Nov., 1952. e—None. f—Head, Exchange Department, Bank of Mexico, 1933; first manager, Bank of Mexico, 1941–1947; assistant director general, Bank of Mexico, 1947–1952; director general, Bank of Mexico, 1952–1958, 1958– 1964, 1964–1970. g—None. h—Employee of an electrical company, Monterrey, Nuevo León; accountant for various private businesses, 1915–1918, including a general store in Linares; employee of the Compañía Fundidora de Fierro, Monterrey, 1918–1919; assistant manager of branch office of Lacuad and Co., Monterrey, 1919–1920; assistant manager of branch office of Lacuad and Co., Mérida, Yucatán, and Tampico, Tamaulipas, 1921–1922; head, Department of Exchanges, Mercantile Bank, Monterrey, 1922–1932; executive director, IMF for Mexico and Central America, 1946–1948. i—Son of Manuel María Gómez and Elena Gómez; brother Salvador was director of agricultural development, Secretariat of

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Agriculture. j—None. k—Prominent, with Plácido García Reynoso, in Mexican movement to join LAFTA in 1960; went to San Antonio, Tex., as bracero, 1914. l—DGF51, II, 11, 63; DP70, 880–881; D del S, Dec. 5, 1952, 1; IWW67, 451; DGF56, 7; HA, May 5, 1954; HA, June 5, 1957; DBM68, 293–294; letter; DP95, 1500. Gómez Gordillo y Ruelas, Ismael José

a—Sept. 19, 1952. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; law degree, Free Law School, 1971–1976; MA in administration, Florida International University, 1979–1980; professor, Free Law School, 1977–1989; UNAM, 1984–1986; National Institute of Public Administration, 1985; Pan American University, 1985–1989; general coordinator, Higher Management Program and Public Entities, National Institute of Public Administration. d—None. e—None. f—Director of financial systems policy, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1982; director general of stocks and securities, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1983–1986; director, Fiduciary and Legal Department, Banobras, 1986–1988; tax attorney, Department of the Federal District, 1988–1993; assistant secretary of rules and control of public administration, Secretariat of the Controller, 1994; assistant secretary of revenues, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1994; public prosecutor, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1996–1999; legal director, IMSS, 2001–2002. g—None. h—Director general, Aseguradora Hidalgo, SA, 1995–1996; director general, Juris Inmobiliario, SA, 2005; president, Board of Directors, Fiducia, SA, 2005; partner and general manager, Gómez Gordillo and Cárdenas Law Firm, 2005. i—Son of Ismael Gómez Gordillo Rivadeneyra, CPA, and Margarita Ruelas García, retailer; married María Elizabeth Ugalde Espinosa, CPA. j—None. k—None. l—www.unpan1.un.org, 2008; DBGM87, 118; QesQ AP, 1982, 118; Pescador, 156; DBGM92, 146–147; Musacchio, 168; DBGM84, 181. Gómez Guerra, Enrique a—Aug. 10, 1917. b—León, Guanajuato. c—Secondary

and preparatory studies in León, Guanajuato; teaching certificate in social sciences, UNAM, 1929–1933; law degree, National School of Law, UNAM, 1934–1938; schoolteacher; director, Preparatory School, University of Guanajuato, León, 1964; director, Secondary, University of Guanajuato, León; professor of civic culture and Greek and Latin, University of Guanajuato. d—Local deputy, State Legislature of Guanajuato, 1953–1955; mayor, León, 1955–1957; alternate federal deputy from State of Guanajuato, Dist. 2, 1946–1949, under Luis Díaz Infante, but in functions as deputy 1948–1949; federal deputy from State of Guanajuato, Dist. 2, 1958–1961, member of 1st Sec., Legislative Studies Committee, 2nd Treasury Committee, 1st Constitutional Affairs Committee, Complaints Committee, and Consular and Diplomatic Affairs Committee; federal deputy from State of Guanajuato, Dist. 7, 1964–1967, member of Administrative Sec., Legislative Studies Committee, Textile Industry Committee, Budget and Accounts Committee; federal deputy from State of Guanajuato, Dist. 2, 1976–1979. e—General delegate of CEN of PRI to State of Veracruz, 1965; president of PRI, State of Guanajuato, 1974–1975. f—Judge, 1947; attorney general, State of Guanajuato, 1979–1982. g—Secretary-general, CNOP of State of Guanajuato, 1952–1954. h—None. j—None. k—None. l—C de D, 1964–1967, 83, 87, 91; C de D, 1958–1961, 79; Func., 209; C de D, 1946–1949; Almanaque de Guanajuato, 29; www.leongto.com.mx, 2008. Gómez Gutiérrez, Juan Manuel b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM; professor, National School of Law, UNAM. d—None. e—Joined Mexican Communist Party, 1950; organizer, Mexican Peace Movement; organizer, National Liberation Movement. f—None. g—Organizer, Independent Union Front; adviser to various labor unions and housing groups. h—Practicing lawyer. j—None. k—Leftist Coalition candidate for federal deputy from

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Federal District, Dist. 7, 1979; lawyer for various political prisoners. l—HA, Apr. 23, 1979, VI. Gómez Maganda, Alejandro (Deceased Sept. 14, 1984) a—Mar. 3, 1910. b—Arenal de Gómez, Galeana, Guerrero. c—Elementary studies in Acapulco, Guerrero; secondary and preparatory studies at Colegio de San Jacinto; cadet, National Military College; graduated from National Teachers’ School; law degree, National School of Law, 1933. d—Federal deputy from State of Guerrero, Dist. 6, 1934–1937, president, government bloc of deputies, Sept., 1936; federal deputy from State of Guerrero, Dist. 4, 1946–1949, member of Library Committee, 2nd Balloting Committee, 2nd Instructive Sec. for grand jury, and Gran Comisión, 1946; president, Chamber of Deputies, Sept., 1947; governor, Guerrero, Apr. 1, 1951–1954. e—Prominent orator in presidential campaigns from 1934 to 1952; coordinator, Mexican Civic Front of Revolutionary Affirmation, 1961–1965. f—Private secretary to General Matías Ramos Santos; private secretary to Socialist Juan R. Escudero, governor of Guerrero, 1933; member of Technical Study Commission, Secretariat of the Presidency, 1939–1940; director general of social action, Federal District, 1941–1943; administrator of maritime customs, Acapulco, 1944–1945; private secretary to Gabriel Leyva Mancilla, governor of Guerrero, 1946; adviser, Office of the Presidency; consul, Los Angeles, Calif., 1930s; consul-general, Spain and Portugal during Spanish Civil War; ambassador to Panama, 1965; ambassador to Jamaica, 1968; oficial mayor, National Council of Tourism, under Miguel Alemán, 1971–1976. g—President, 2nd Congress of Student Cooperative Representatives, 1926; president, National Student Convention in Morelia, Michoacán, 1933. h—Author of numerous historical works. i—Longtime collaborator of Miguel Alemán’s; father, General Tomás Gómez Cisneros, was a revolutionary; grandfather Alejandro Gómez, a peasant; married Josefina Bermeo Córdoba;

first political mentor was Luis I. Rodríguez, with whom he served an internship; daughter Guadalupe Gómez Bermeo served as a federal deputy from Guerrero, 1979–1982. j—Participated with irregular forces in the Costa Chica, 1920s. k—Term as governor of Guerrero ended in 1954, when Senate dissolved his powers after complaints of widespread corruption in the state; declared persona non grata in Los Angeles for agitating braceros as consul; answered Miguel Alemán’s first State of the Union address, 1947. l—DPE65, 30; Scott, 275; Morton, 56; DGF51, I, 89; Enc. Mex., V, 445; Peral, 338; Brandenburg, 103; NYT, May 23, 1954, 37; Excélsior, Sept. 15, 1984, 22. Gómez Maganda de Anaya, Guadalupe

a—Apr. 20, 1945. b—Acapulco, Guerrero. c—Elementary studies at the 1st Congress of Anáhuac School, Chilpancingo, 1951–1956; secondary and preparatory studies at Woman’s University of Mexico, 1957–1962, receiving gold medal for scholastic achievement; studies in law, National School of Law, UNAM, 1962–1966, graduating with honorable mention, Aug. 15, 1967; course in French civilization, Sorbonne, 1978. d—Federal deputy from State of Guerrero, Dist. 4, 1979–1982, secretary of Permanent Committee, 1980, member of Trade, Radio and Television, Tourism, and Justice committees, member of grand jury; senator from State of Guerrero, 1982–1988; federal deputy from State of Guerrero, Dist. 4, 1988–1991; senator from State of Guerrero, 1997–2000, president, Social Welfare Committee. e—Employee, Office of the Press Secretary, PRI Federal District Committee, 1974. f—Aide to the agent, Ministerio Público of 8th delegation; attorney general, Federal District, 1962–1964; lawyer, ISSSTE, 1964– 1966; assistant director, Legal Department, and adviser, National Council of Tourism, 1969–1979; president, Superior Tribunal of Justice of Guerrero, 1975; secretary-general of government, State of Guerrero, under Javier Olea Muñoz, 1975; director, Conmujer México, Secretariat of Government,

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1999–2000; director of tourist development, Guerrero, 2000–2004. g—Director of advertising and public relations, National Council of Social Tourism, CNOP, 1980; general ANFER delegate to State of Tlaxcala, 1980. h—None. i—Daughter of Alejandro Gómez Maganda, governor of Guerrero, 1951–1954, and Josefina Bermeo Córdoba, normal school teacher; granddaughter of General Tomás Gómez Cisneros, veteran of the Revolution; great-granddaughter of Alejandro Gómez, a peasant; married Fernando Anaya Beraza. j—None. k—None. l—Excélsior, Feb. 27, 1975, 13; Romero Aceves, 697–699; Protag., 145; Lehr, 194; C de S, 1982–1984; DBGM, 511; DBGM87, 480; CDDWeb, Senadores, 1997. Gómez Maqueo, Roberto (Deceased Apr. 21, 1971) a—Dec. 5, 1891. b—Orizaba, Veracruz. c—Enrolled as cadet at Military Naval School, Nov., 1905, graduating as machinist, Aug. 15, 1910; engineering degree specializing in engineering mechanics, National Naval College, graduated as captain, Nov. 1, 1929; professor, National Naval College. d—Federal deputy from State of Veracruz, Dist. 9, 1952–1954, member of Administrative Committee (1st and 3rd years), 1st Committee on National Defense, Budget and Accounts Committee, and Naval Committee; vice president, Chamber of Deputies, Nov., 1952; senator from Veracruz, 1958–1964, member of 2nd Sec. of Balloting Committee and General Means of Communication Committee, president of Naval Committee. e—None. f—Head, Autonomous Navy Department, 1940; secretary of the navy, 1955–1958. g—None. h—Author of many technical engineering studies. i—Brother Antonio directed Merchant Marine Academy, which was named after him in 1958. j—Career naval officer; commodore, 1939; chief of staff, Pacific Region, 1941–1945; commander, destroyers Veracruz, Democracia, and Morelos; inspector general of the navy, 1951; commander, 1st and 3rd Naval Zones; intendant general of the army; rank of admiral, Nov. 20, 1958. k—None.

l—DGF51, I, 380; STYRBIWW58, 415; DGF56, 381; HA, Jan. 2, 1956, 6; letter; C de S, 1961–1964; Func., 386; DP985, 1509. Gómez Mont, Felipe (Deceased 1970) a—Feb. 19, 1916. b—Federal District. c—Kindergarten, Colegio Español; elementary studies at Colegio Giosso; secondary studies at Colegio Francés, San Borja; preparatory studies at Colegio Francés, Morelos; law degree, Free Law School, Aug. 24, 1939, with thesis titled “The Mentally Ill under Criminal Law”; professor of penal law, Free Law School, 1941–1952; professor of legal procedures, Free Law School; professor of legal procedures, Ibero-American University; visiting professor of criminal law, University of Miami, Fla.; visiting professor of criminal law, University of Munich. d—Federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. 3, 1952–1955, member of Child Welfare and Social Security Committee, Legislative Studies Committee, 1st Balloting Committee, and 2nd Constitutional Affairs Committee; federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. 3, 1958–1961; federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. 2, 1964–1967, member of Department of the Federal District Committee and 1st Justice Committee. e—Member of PAN, 1939; PAN candidate for federal deputy, 1949; national adviser to CEN of PAN, 1959–1970; member of CEN of PAN, 1966–1968. f—Participated in writing reforms of the federal penal codes. g—President, National Association of Catholic Lawyers. h—Adviser, National Bank of Mexico; opened law firm with Raúl F. Cárdenas in Mexico City; conducted penal law studies for Interpol; writer for Mexican and foreign magazines and newspapers. i—Son of Felipe Gómez Estévez and Esperanza Mont; married María Teresa Urueta Septién; brother Francisco, a medical doctor, served as director of instruction, General Hospital, National Medical Center; law partner Raúl F. Cárdenas appointed rector of Free Law School, 1972; son Fernando Gómez Mont, secretary of government, 2008; daughter María Teresa Gómez Mont,

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federal deputy, 1994–1997, 2000–2003. j—None. k—Distinguished congressional debater. l—DP70, 887; Morton, 69; C de D, 64–66, 81, 89; C de D, 1952–1954, 43, 51–53, 65; C de D, 1958–1960. Gómez Mont (Urueta), Fernando Francisco a—Jan. 11, 1962. b—Federal District.

c—Early education unknown; law degree, Free Law School, 1980–1984, with thesis on penal law; professor, Ibero-American University and National Institute of Criminal Law, attorney general of Mexico. d—Plurinominal federal deputy, 1991–1994, president of Justice Committee. e—Joined PAN, 1980; member of the CEN of PAN, 1987-1995; member, National Political Council; alternate PAN representative to Federal Electoral Institute. f—Consultant to Luis Téllez, chief of advisers of President Ernesto Zedillo, 1994; secretary of government, 2008– . g—None. h—Consulting firm, 1995– ; member, Zinser, Esponda and Gómez Mont Law firm, 1984– . i—Son of Felipe Gómez Mont, cofounder of PAN, and María Teresa Urueta Septién; married Lorenza Novoa Pany, editor; political disciple of father and Diego Fernández de Cevallos; sister María Teresa Gómez Mont y Urueta, federal deputy from PAN, 1994– 1997, 2000–2003; brother Miguel was director general of Fund for Tourism Development, 2007. j—None. k—First member of PAN to chair a congressional committee. l—DBGM94, CD: www.cddhcu.gob.mx, 2007; www.presidencia.gob.mx, 2008; www .eleconomista.com.mx, Nov. 10, 2008. Gómez Mont y Urueta, María Teresa

a—Oct. 7, 1945. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; degree in political science and public administration, Ibero-American University, 1966–1970; MA in political science, UNAM, 1986–1988; PhD in political science, UNAM, 1991–1993; professor, Ibero-American University, 1970–1974; professor, UNAM, 1985–1989. d—Plurinominal federal deputy from PAN, 1994–1997; plurinominal alternate senator from PAN, 1997–2000; plurinominal federal

deputy from PAN, 2000–2003. e—Joined PAN, 1963; delegate of PAN to the 36th Congressional District, Federal District, 1985–1989, 1993–1999; press secretary, Regional Committee of PAN, Federal District, 1985–1989; secretary of communications, Regional Committee of PAN, Federal District, 1993–1994. f—None. g—None. h—None. i—Daughter of Felipe Gómez Mont, cofounder of PAN, and María Teresa Urueta Septién; brother Miguel was director general of Fund for Tourism Development, 2007; sister María de Esperanza Gómez Mont, federal deputy, 1997–2000; brother Francisco Gómez Mont Urueta, secretary of government, 2008. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM89, 569; Musacchio, 169; www. cddhcu.gob.mx, 1994–1997, 2007; DBGM94, CD; QesQ en el Congreso, 2000–2003, 51. Gómez Morín, Manuel (Deceased Apr. 19, 1972) a—Feb. 27, 1897. b—Batopilas, Chihuahua. c—Elementary studies at the Colegio Progreso de Parral, Chihuahua, at Colegio Palomore, Chihuahua, and at the Colegio del Sagrado Corazon in León, Guanajuato, 1906–1910; started preparatory studies at Instituto María Inmaculada, León 1910–1913, and completed at National Preparatory School in Mexico, 1913–1915; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, 1918; member of National Preparatory School generation known as the Seven Wise Men, which included Narciso Bassols, Vicente Lombardo Toledano, Alfonso Caso, Octavio Medellín Ostos, and Teófilo Olea; courses in economics, Columbia University, New York, 1921; professor of law, UNAM, 1919–1938; secretary, National School of Law, UNAM, 1918–1919; dean, National School of Law, UNAM, 1922–1924; member, Governing Council of UNAM; rector, UNAM, 1933–1934. d—None. e—Supporter of José Vasconcelos, 1929; founder and president of CEN of PAN, 1939–1949. f—Oficial mayor, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1919– 1920; assistant secretary of the treasury in charge of the secretariat, 1920–1921; financial agent for federal government, New York

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City, 1921–1922; founder and first chairman of the board, Bank of Mexico, 1925. g—President, Student Society, National School of Law. h—Editor, La Vanguardia, 1915; scribe, Fourth Correctional Court, Mexico City, 1915; official of Department of Statistics, Secretariat of Development, 1916; practicing lawyer, 1918–1919, 1921–1972; lawyer, Soviet Trade delegation, Mexico City, 1928; author of legislation creating Bank of Mexico; author of first reform of credit institutions, 1931; major investor in Bank of London and Mexico, 1941, and Cervecería Modelo, 1943; author of several books. i—Longtime personal friendships maintained with Alfonso Caso and Vicente Lombardo Toledano despite different political views; married Lydia Torres in 1924; father, Manuel Gómez Castillo, a miner from Spain; mother, Concepción Morín de Avellano; father‑in‑law of Juan Landerreche Obregón; son Juan Manuel Gómez Morín Torres served as secretarygeneral of PAN, 1969–1972; son Mauricio was member of CEN of PAN, 1972–1975. j—None. k—PAN candidate for federal deputy, 1946, 1958; considered by some scholars to have been a secret supporter of Adolfo de la Huerta, 1923. l—Kirk, 310–312; WWM45, 50; Padgett, 67–70; WB48, 2014–2015; Hoy, Apr. 29, 1972, 3; DBM68, 292; HA, Apr. 24, 1972, 21; letters; Justicia, Jan., 1973; Alonso, 213, 222, 229, 232; letter. Gómez Morín Fuentes, Lorenzo a—Nov. 20, 1957. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; degree in oceanography, University of Baja California; MA in oceanographic sciences, University of Baja California; professor in environmental planning (17 years), University of Baja California; director general of research and graduate programs, University of Baja California; assistant director, School of Marine Sciences, University of Baja California (9 years). d—None. e—None. f—Coordinator of environmental projects, Secretariat of Social Development, Baja California; coordinator of environmental projects, OAS; director general, Institute of Educational

Services and Teaching, Baja California, 1998–2000; secretary of education and social welfare, Baja California, 1998–2001; assistant secretary of basic education, Secretariat of Public Education, 2001–2006. g—None. h—None. i—Great-grandparents Manuel Gómez Castillo, a miner from Spain, and Concepción Morín de Avellano; grandson of Manuel Gómez Morín, PAN cofounder; nephew of Juan Landerreche Obregón; uncle Juan Manuel Gómez Morín Torres served as secretary-general of PAN, 1969–1972; father, Mauricio, was member of CEN of PAN, 1972–1975; cousin Manuel Gómez Morín Martínez, federal deputy from State of Mexico, 2003–2006. j—None. k—None. l—www.uabc.mx/ces/cv, 2008; Líderes, 2006. Gómez Morín Torres, Juan Manuel

a—Oct. 31, 1924. b—Federal District. c—Elementary studies in Mexico City; secondary studies at Colegio Francés, Morelos; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM; attended Law School, Harvard University; professor of mercantile law, Ibero-American University. d—Federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. 23, 1967–1970, member of Federal District Department Committee, Legislative Studies Committee (4th Sec., administrative, and 8th Sec., fiscal) for 1st year; member of Legislative Studies Committee (2nd Sec., civil) for 2nd year; member, United States– Mexico Interparliamentary Conference, 1968. e—Member, Youth Sec. of PAN, 1939; prosecretary, PAN National Committee, 1952; member, PAN Regional Committee for Federal District, 1955; member of CEN of PAN, 1959–1970; secretary, PAN Regional Committee for Federal District, 1960–1966; president, PAN Regional Committee for Federal District, 1966–1969; secretary-general of CEN of PAN, 1969–1972, 1974–1975; secretary of promotion of CEN of PAN, 1975; member of CEN of PAN, 1956–1959, 1961–1962, 1969–1972, 1975–2004; resigned from CEN of PAN to protest party’s candidate for governor of State of Mexico, 2004.

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f—None. g—None. h—Practicing lawyer. i—Son of Manuel Gómez Morín, founder and president of PAN, and Lydia Torres; married Casilda Martínez del Río; son Manuel Gómez Morín Martínez, federal deputy from the State of Mexico, 2003– 2006; brother Mauricio was a member of CEN of PAN, 1972–1975. j—None. k—None. l—DBM70, 259; C de D, 1967–1969, 62; MGF69–70; letter; www.pan.org, 2008; Pérez Franco, 151–152. Gómez Ortega, Miguel Ángel a—Nov. 25, 1917. b—Orizaba, Veracruz. c—Early education unknown; enrolled at Heroic Naval College, 1937, graduated Feb. 17, 1942, as coast guardsman; courses in antisubmarine warfare, San Diego, Calif., 1962; continental defense course, Inter‑American Defense College, Washington, DC, 1964–1965; diploma, staff and command, Naval War College, Newport, R.I., 1962–1963; advanced course, Higher War College, 1986; professor, Heroic Naval College, 1946. d—None. e—None. f—Secretary of the navy, 1982– 1988. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Ángel Gómez Ortiz, businessman, and Modesta Ortega Ortega; married María Antonieta Gómez Candiani. j—Career naval officer; rank of corvette lieutenant, 1943; rank of frigate lieutenant, 1946; naval lieutenant, 1950; rank of corvette captain, 1953; rank of frigate captain, 1956; rank of naval captain, 1961; rank of rear admiral, 1967; rank of vice admiral, 1972; commander, 3rd Naval Zone; naval attaché to Brazil; assistant chief of Sec. 6, fleet staff; chief of Sec. 6, fleet staff; rank of admiral, June 1, 1976; chief of staff, 2nd Naval Zone; chief of Sec. 5, fleet staff; commander, 5th Naval Zone; chief of staff of the fleet; commander general of the fleet, 1982. k—None. l—Excélsior, Dec. 2, 1982, 34; News, Dec. 2, 1982; HA, Dec. 13, 1982, 12; DBGM87, 158; Q es QAP, 91. Gomezperalta Damirón, Manuel a—July 29, 1938. b—Federal District. c—Elementary studies at the English School, Mexico City, 1945–1951; secondary studies at Instituto Mexicano Universitario, Mexico City,

1952–1955; preparatory studies at Antonio Caso Preparatory School, Mexico City, 1955–1957; law degree, National School of Law, UNAM, 1957–1963, with thesis on medical law. d—None. e—Joined PRI, 1963; secretary-general, PRI 10th District, Federal District, 1963; adviser to the Electoral Division of CEN of PRI, 1967. f—Adviser to secretary of labor, 1973–1974; president, Special Federal Board of Conciliation and Arbitration, 1974–1978; adviser to IMSS secretarygeneral, Fernando Zertuche Muñoz, 1977; chief of documentation, IMSS, 1977; chief of orientation services and complaints, IMSS, 1977–1982; president, Federal Board of Conciliation and Arbitration, 1982–1985; assistant secretary of labor, Secretariat of Labor, 1985–1988, 1988–1994; corporate director of administration, PEMEX. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Mauro Gomezperalta, lawyer, and Clemencia Damirón Díaz; married Ana Rosa Casali Kadmonoff; brother Mauro was a pilot and president of Pilots’ Union, 1979–1982, and Labor Congress, 1973. j—None. k—Fined and sentenced to 10 years in prison for Pemexgate, 2002, but exonerated by the attorney general of Mexico after serving 4 months. l—DBGM92, 156; DBGM, 182; HA, Oct. 29, 1985, 10; DBGM87, 160. Gómez Reyes, Roberto (Deceased, 1996) a—Apr. 18, 1918. b—Ixtlán del Río, Nayarit. c—Elementary studies at public school, Ixtlán del Río; rural normal school certificate, Normal School of Jalisco, Nayarit, 1934– 1936; teaching certificate, National Teachers’ College, 1937–1940; preparatory studies in economics, National Preparatory School, 1942–1943; studies in economics at National School of Economics, UNAM, 1944–1949, graduating Feb. 1, 1965; instructor in world history and pedagogy, secondary schools in Nayarit, 1941; elementary school teacher, 1942–1949; professor of economic thought, National School of Economics, UNAM, 1960–1963; professor of history of economic doctrines, National School of Economics, UNAM, 1964–1965; professor of public

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finance, National School of Economics, UNAM, 1978; professor of economic and social problems, University of the Valley of Mexico, 1978. d—Federal deputy from State of Nayarit, Dist. 1, 1967, president, 1st Treasury Committee and 1st secretary, Budget Committee; governor, Nayarit, 1970–1976. e—Joined PRM, 1942. f—Economist, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1950–1959; director, Technical Office, Merchandise Division, Secretariat of Government Properties, 1954–1958; head, Registration and Certificate Control Department, Secretariat of Government Properties, 1959–1962; head of Department of Temporary Import Permits, Secretariat of Government Properties, 1963–1964; head, Receiving Department, Division of Automobile Registration, 1965–1977; secretary-general of government, State of Nayarit, under Gov. Julián Gascón Mercado, 1967–1970. g—Secretarygeneral, Student Society of Normal School of Jalisco, Nayarit, 1935; secretary of labor action, Federation of Mexican Youth, 1940; secretary-general, Delegation 78, Local No. 9, Teachers’ Union of the Federal District, 1944–1945; auxiliary secretary of CEN of SNTE, 1946–1947. h—None. i—Student of Alfonso Pulido Islas at UNAM; father, a peasant. j—None. k—Precandidate for governor of Nayarit, 1963; Popular Sector precandidatefor senator from Nayarit, 1964. l—HA, Aug. 28, 1967, 5; DPE61, 40; DPE65, 70; Excélsior, Feb. 21, 1975, 12; Loret de Mola, 91, 194; letter. Gómez Robleda, José (Deceased) a—July 24, 1904. b—Orizaba, Veracruz. c—Early education unknown; medical degree, National School of Medicine, UNAM, 1929; professor of biology, medical law, and psychology, National School of Medicine, UNAM, 1930–1952; secretary, National School of Medicine, UNAM, 1934; director, Institute of Statistical Research, UNAM, 1950. d—None. e—Member, Popular Party Coordinating Committee, 1947; secretarygeneral, Popular Party, 1947. f—Director, Department of Medical Biological Studies,

National School of Medicine, UNAM, 1942; director, Department of Scientific Research, Secretariat of Public Education, 1940–1941; secretary, Technical Studies Committee, Secretariat of Public Education, 1948; assistant secretary of education, 1952–1954. g—None. h—Author of numerous books. i—Student of Octavio Véjar Vázquez, with whom he collaborated in Secretariat of Public Education and Popular Party; married Victoria Trujillo; son of José Gómez Mont and Concepción Robleda. j—None. k—Popular Party candidate for federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. 4, 1949. l—HA, Oct. 10, 1947, 5; WWM45, 51; Villaseñor, II, 118; NYT, Feb. 20, 1953, 6; Beltrán. Gómez Robledo, Antonio (Deceased Oct. 3, 1994) a—Nov. 7, 1908. b—Guadalajara, Jalisco. c—Elementary studies, Jesuit private school, Zavala, Jalisco; secondary studies, Jesuit Institute of Sciences, Guadalajara; joined Jesuits, 1923, resigned, 1925; law degree, University of Guadalajara, 1932; PhD in philosophy, UNAM, 1946–1952; special studies, School of Law, Paris, Academy of International Law, The Hague, Fordham University, New York, and University of Rio de Janeiro; professor, National School of Law, UNAM, and Institute of Advanced Studies, Monterrey, 1939. d—None. e—None. f—Career Foreign Service officer, joined Foreign Service, 1936; participant, 9th Inter‑American Conference, Bogotá, 1948; alternate Mexican representative to OAS, 1949–1951; legal adviser to Mexican embassy, Washington, DC, 1951–1954; rank of ambassador, 1959; ambassador to Brazil, 1959–1961; member, Permanent Delegation to International Organizations, Geneva, 1965; Mexican representative, Disarmament Committee, Geneva, 1964–1966; ambassador to Italy, 1967–1970; legal adviser to secretary of foreign relations, 1971–1974, replacing Óscar Rabasa; ambassador to Greece, 1974–1976; ambassador to Switzerland, 1977; ambassador emeritus, 1993. g—Representative of Mexico, Ibero‑American Convention of Catholic Students, 1931,

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elected president of National Federation of Catholic Students of Mexico; representative of Mexico, Ibero‑American Catholic Student Secretariat, Rome, 1933. h—Author of many diplomatic and legal works; member, National College, 1960–1994; national prize in letters, 1976. i—Wrote for Agustín Yáñez’ Bandera de Provincias; private secretary to Ezequiel Padilla, Rio Conference; married Catarina Verduzco de la Parra; son Juan Manuel Gómez Robledo was assistant secretary for multilateral and human rights, Secretariat of Foreign Relations, 2006–2009. j—Joined Cristeros under Anacleto González Flores, 1926; he and father were imprisoned after González Flores was killed and saved from a firing squad by his uncle, Juan de Dios Robledo, revolutionary, Constitutional deputy, senator from Jalisco, 1928–1930, and substitute governor of Jalisco. k—None. l—HA, Feb. 22, 1971, 31; DPE61, 20; DPE65, 29; Excélsior, Nov. 29, 1974; Fuentes Díaz, 37; Enc. Mex., V, 448–449; López, 432; WNM, 98; www .omnibiography.com/bios, 2007; www.co legionacional.org.mx, 2008; www.juridicas .unam.mx, 2008; DP95, 1512.

Gómez Robledo Verduzco, Juan Manuel a—Mar. 5, 1959. b—Federal District.

c—Early education unknown; law degree, University of Paris, 1977–1980; MA in international and comparative law, University of Paris, 1981–1982; MA in international relations, Institute of Political Studies, Paris, 1980–1982; professor, Pan American University, Mexico City, 1984–1987, Ibero-American University, 1985–1990, and Colegio de México, 1991–1992. d—None. e—None. f—Analyst, Secretariat of Foreign Relations, 1982–1983; department head, Secretariat of Foreign Relations, 1983–1986; adviser to assistant secretary “B,” 1990–1991; area director for assistant secretary “A,” 1991–1992; auxiliary secretary to assistant secretary “A,” Secretariat of Foreign Relations, 1992–1993; coordinator of advisers to assistant secretary “A,” Secretariat of Foreign Relations, 1993–1994; councilor,

Permanent Delegation to International Organizations, Geneva, 1995–1998; legal adviser, 2002–2004, Secretariat of Foreign Relations; alternate permanent representative to OAS; alternate ambassador to United Nations, 2004–2006; assistant secretary for multilateral and human rights, Secretariat of Foreign Relations, 2006– . g—None. h—Lawyer, Noriega and Escobedo, 1986– 1988; legal assistant to secretary-general of United Nations, 1988–1990. i—Son of Antonio Gómez Robledo, ambassador to Italy, 1967–1970, and member of National College, and Catarina Verduzco de la Parra; married Elena Sánchez Cortina, art history researcher. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM94, CD; www.juridicas.unam.mx, 2008. Gómez Sada, Napoleón (Deceased Oct. 11, 2001) a—May 22, 1914. b—Municipio de Cadereyta, Nuevo León. c—Completed secondary studies; no degree. d—Member, City Council, Monterrey, Nuevo León, 1952–1954; alternate senator from State of Nuevo León, 1958–1964; senator from State of Nuevo León, 1964–1970; senator from State of Nuevo León, 1976–1982; plurinominal federal deputy from PRI, 1988–1991. e—Joined PNR, 1934. f—None. g—Secretary-general, Local No. 64, Union of Mining and Metallurgical Industry Workers of Mexico, 1950–1960; alternate secretary-general, SITMMRM, 1958–1959; secretary-general, SITMMRM, 1960–2000. h—Employee, Metalúrgica de Peñoles, SA. i—Son of Manuel Gómez Pérez, farmer, and Francisca Sada; married Eloísa Urrutia Lozano; son Napoleón Gómez Urrutia was director of the mint, 1987, and replaced his father as secretary-general of SITMMRM, 2001. j—None. k—Mexican government requested extradition of Napoleón Gómez Urrutia from Canada for alleged misappropriation of funds. l—MGF69, 106; C de S, 1961–1964, 16; C de S, 1964–1970; C de S, 1976–1982; Excélsior, June 3, 1979, 21; PS, 252; DBGM, 180; DBGM87, 159; DBGM89, 450; www.es.wikipedia, 2008; www.allbusi ness.com, 2008.

394  m e xic a n p oli t i c a l b i o g ra ph i e s , 1935–20 0 9 Gómez Sandoval, Fernando a—1930. b—Oaxaca, Oaxaca. c—Elementary studies at Pestalozzi School, Oaxaca; secondary studies at Institute of Arts and Sciences, Oaxaca (now known as Benito Juárez University); law degree from Institute of Arts and Sciences, 1950; director, Preparatory School of Benito Juárez University (twice); professor of sociology and philosophy of law, Benito Juárez University; rector, Benito Juárez University, 1959–1962, 1977. d—Alternate federal deputy for State of Oaxaca, Dist. 3, 1956–1959; local deputy, 43rd State Legislature of Oaxaca; substitute governor, Oaxaca, 1970–1974, replacing Víctor Bravo Ahuja, who became secretary of public education. e—Secretary-general, PRI State Executive Committee, Oaxaca (twice). f—Agent, Ministerio Público, Office of the Attorney General; assistant attorney general for Oaxaca; penal and civil judge, State of Oaxaca; inspecting judge, Superior Tribunal of Justice of State of Oaxaca; private secretary to Gov. José Pacheco Iturribarría, 1955– 1956; legal adviser, Federal Electric Commission; secretary-general of government under Gov. Víctor Bravo Ahuja, 1968–1970. g—None. h—Practicing lawyer, 1957–1958. i—Father, an accountant; mother, a teacher; married Martha Audiffred Flores; daughter, researcher, Supreme Court of Justice; brother-in-law Audiffred Flores worked for Secretariat of Government, 1978; compadre of Víctor Bravo Ahuja and Manuel Zárate Aquino. j—None. k—Precandidate for senator from Oaxaca, 1976. l—DGF56, 26; letter; Excélsior, Dec. 8, 1975, 17. Gómez (Segura), Marte Rodolfo

(Deceased Dec. 16, 1973) a—July 4, 1896. b—Ciudad Reynoso, Tamaulipas. c—Elementary studies in Aguascalientes and at Normal School Annex, Mexico City; no secondary or preparatory studies; agricultural engineering studies at National School of Agriculture, San Jacinto, 1909–1914, degree, Sept., 1917; helped organize Escuela Libre Ateneo Ceres; attended Free Social Science School, Paris, 1916–1917; professor of rural

economy, National School of Agriculture; director, National School of Agriculture, 1923–1924. d—Local deputy, State Legislature of Tamaulipas, 1927; federal deputy from State of Tamaulipas, Dist. 2, 1928–1930, president, Chamber of Deputies, 1928; senator from State of Tamaulipas, 1930–1932, president of Senate, 1932; governor, Tamaulipas, 1937–1940. e—None. f—Topographer, Agrarian Commission of Yautepec, Morelos, 1915; director, Department of Ejido Improvements, 1917–1922; auxiliary director, National Agrarian Commission, 1917–1922; assistant manager, National Agrarian Credit Bank, 1926–1928; secretary of agriculture, Nov. 30, 1928–Feb. 5, 1930; assistant secretary of the treasury, 1933; secretary of the treasury, 1933–1934; manager, National Railroads of Mexico, 1934; ambassador to France, 1935– 1936; secretary of agriculture, 1940–1946; ambassador, League of Nations, 1935–1936; president, Council of Development and Coordination of National Productivity, 1954–1956. g—President, Local Agrarian Commission, Tamaulipas, 1925, appointed by Emilio Portes Gil. h—President, Worthington of Mexico, SA, 1950–1966; author of many books on Mexican agriculture. i—Political associate of Emilio Portes Gil since 1920; close friend of General Jesús M. Garza, who graduated from National School of Agriculture; father, Rodulfo Vidal Gómez, was colonel and graduate of National Military College; mother, Esther Segura, was private school teacher; son Marte Gómez Leal was chief of public relations, ISSSTE, Cuauhtémoc Delegation, Department of the Federal District; knew Alfonso González Gallardo at National School of Agriculture; close friend of Jaime Torres Bodet since 1935, when Torres Bodet served under Gómez in France; married Hilda Leal. j—Joined the Revolution in Morelos, 1915, served in Zapata’s forces. k—Brandenburg considers him a member of the Inner Circle, 1940–1946; important leader of Calles bloc in Chamber of Deputies, 1928–1930. l—IWW67, 450–451; WWM45, 50; EBW46, 189; DBM68, 290;

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Brandenburg, 80; DGF56, 63; Peral, 338; WB48, 2015; Strode, 323–324; HA, Sept. 8, 1944, 27; Enc. Mex., V, 438–439; Kirk, 121– 122; letter; HA, Dec. 24, 1973, 8; Justicia, Feb., 1973; Wilkies, 77; Medina, No. 20, 11; Meyer, No. 12, 27; www.tamaulipas.gob.mx, 2008; www.redescolor.ilce.edu.mx, 2008. Gómez Tueme, Amira Griselda a—Sept. 21, 1954. b—Monterrey, Nuevo León. c—Elementary studies, Colegio Mexicano, Monterrey, 1960–1966; secondary studies, Colegio Mexicano, 1966–1969; preparatory studies, José de Escandón School, Reynosa, 1969–1972; business administration degree, University of Monterrey, 1972–1975, award from CONACYT as best student in Mexico, 1975. d—Local deputy, State Legislature of Tamaulipas, Dist. 9, 1990–1992; plurinominal federal deputy from PRI, 1997–2000, coordinator of PRI delegation from Tamaulipas; local deputy, State Legislature of Tamaulipas, Dist. 14, 2005–2006; senator from Tamaulipas, 2006–2012. e—President of PRI, Reynosa, Tamaulipas, 1991–1992; secretary-general of PRI, Tamaulipas, 1995– 1996. f—Director general of social welfare, Tamaulipas, 1999. g—None. h—General manager, Graneros del Norte, 1984–1986. i—Daughter of Ernesto Gómez Lira, mayor of Reynosa (twice), and Amira Tueme. j—None. k—Pursued political career because of father’s involvement in politics. l—www.es.wikipedia.org, 2008; www.red tamaulipas.org, 2008; QesQ en el Congreso, 1997–2000, 168; C de D, 2006–2012; www .secgob.gob.mx, 1997, 2007; Directorio del Congreso, 2006–2009, 268. Gómez Velasco, Antonio a—Sept. 3, 1897. b—Sayula, Jalisco. c—Elementary studies in Mexico City; completed business studies; no degree. d—Federal PARM party deputy, 1979–1982. e—President of CEN of PARM, 1975–1979. f—Director of physical education and premilitary education, Secretariat of National Defense; assistant director of cavalry, Secretariat of National Defense, 1935–1936; chief of foot police, Department of the Federal District; director

of traffic, Department of the Federal District, 1948–1967. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Magdaleno Gómez and Cecilia Velasco; married Delores Gutiérrez López. j—Career army officer; joined Constitutional Army, June 11, 1913, as 2nd captain of cavalry in 3rd Brigade of General Mariano Arrieta’s forces; aide and secretary to General Mariano Arrieta, chief of instruction of the Escort Brigade, under General Pablo González; chief of staff, 4th Brigade, 21st Division, under General Jesús Agustín Castro; chief of staff, 2nd Division of the Army of the Northeast, under General Enrique Estrada; chief of staff under General Roberto Cruz; chief of staff under General Joaquín Amaro in Michoacán; commander, Bravos Battalion, 2nd Brigade, 21st Division; rank of brigade general, Feb. 9, 1924; fought Cedillo, 1939; commander of military garrisons, Tlalnepantla, State of Mexico; Chalchimomula, Puebla; Esperanza, Puebla, and Veracruz, Veracruz, 1939–1940; commander, 30th Cavalry Regiment, 1932–1934; zone commander, 5th and 29th Military Zones; director of civil defense, Regional Guards and Reserves, Secretariat of National Defense, 1940–1946; commander, 2nd Infantry Division; reached rank of division general. k—Resigned as president of PARM under disputed circumstances. l—DBM66, 295; HA, May 28, 1979, X; HA, Aug. 5, 1949, 6; Rev. de Ejer., May 1975, 127. Gómez Verónica, Gildardo a—July 24, 1942. b—Andrés Figueroa, Zacoalco de Torres, Jalisco. c—Early education unknown; law degree, National School of Law, UNAM, 1963–1967; professor, Institute of Sciences, 1963–1967. d—Local deputy, State Legislature of Jalisco, 1983–1985; member, City Council of Guadalajara, 1985–1988; plurinominal federal deputy from PAN, 1988–1991; local deputy, State Legislature of Jalisco, 1992–1995, coordinator of PAN delegation; local deputy, State Legislature of Jalisco, 1998–1999, coordinator, PAN Delegation; senator from Jalisco, 2000–2006. e—Joined PAN, 1965; national adviser to

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PAN, 1982; secretary-general, PAN, Jalisco, 1985–1987; member, National Council of PAN, 2001–2004. f—Researcher, National Registry of Foreign Investors, Secretariat of Industry and Commerce, 1977; director, Planning Department Library, Secretariat of Public Education, 1977–1978; assistant secretary of political development, Secretariat of Government, 2006– . g—None. h—None. i—Son of Braulio Gómez Ramírez, rancher, local deputy, and secretary of State Legislature, Jalisco, 1939, and Margarita Verónica Arreola; married María de los Ángeles Monraz Gómez, private accountant. j—None. k—None. l—QesQ en el Congreso, 2000–2003, 301; DBGM89, 450; Musacchio, 169; www.gobernacion.gob.mx, 2008; DCM, 2000–2003, 131–132. Gómez Villanueva, Augusto a—July 23, 1930. b—Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes. c—Elementary studies in the Jesús Díaz de León Public School, Aguascalientes; secondary studies in Durango in the Boarding School for the Children of Peasants and Laborers No. 6; preparatory studies at the National Preparatory Night School; studies in political science from the National School of Social and Political Science, UNAM, 1952–1956, graduating in 1965; professor, National School of Social and Political Science, UNAM; professor, Autonomous Institute of Sciences, Aguascalientes. d—Federal deputy from State of Aguascalientes, Dist. 2, 1964–1967, member of Consular Service Committee, Editorial Committee, 2nd Balloting Committee, Legislative Studies Committee (Agrarian Sec.), and Gran Comisión, president, Chamber of Deputies, Sept., 1965; answered President Gustavo Diaz Ordaz’s first State of the Union address, 1965; senator from Aguascalientes, 1970, 1975–1976; federal deputy from State of Aguascalientes, 1976–1977, president of Gran Comisión, 1976–1977; federal deputy from State of Aguascalientes, Dist. 2, 1988–1991; plurinominal federal deputy from PRI, 1994–1997, president of Foreign Relations Committee; plurinominal federal

deputy from PRI, 2000–2003. e—Joined PRI, 1956; agrarian sector representative, National Political Council of PRI; director of publications for CEN of PRI; member, PRI National Council; technical secretary, IEPES of PRI; technical director, preelection campaign of Enrique Olivares Santana for governor, Aguascalientes, 1961–1962; director, Editorial Department of the Youth Sector of PRI; secretary of Agrarian Action of CEN of PRI, 1968–1970, when Olivares Santana was secretary-general of PRI; secretarygeneral of CEN of PRI, 1975–1976; candidate for federal deputy from PRI, 2006. f—Coordinator of planning projects for the State of Aguascalientes; head Publicity Department, State of Aguascalientes; director, Secretariat of Communications and Transportation information bulletin; head, Office of Personnel Analysis, Secretariat of Communication and Transportation; private secretary to governor of Aguascalientes, Enrique Olivares Santana, 1962–1964; secretary, Department of Agrarian Affairs and Colonization, 1970–1975; ambassador to Italy, 1977–1981. g—Vice president, Federation of University Students; president, Society of Secondary Students of Durango; secretary-general, Preparatory School Students of the Federal District; secretary of organization, National Farmers’ Confederation, 1967–1968; secretary-general, National Farmers’ Confederation, 1968–1970. h—Worked as a laborer on National Railroads of Mexico. i—Student of Ernesto Enríquez Coyro at National School of Social and Political Science, UNAM; son of Marcario J. Gómez, peasant, railroad worker, leader of Railroad Movement, participant in Ricardo Flores Magón’s movement, and candidate for federal deputy from Aguascalientes (sacrificed by PRI), and María Eugenia Villanueva Escobar; dedicated thesis to political mentor, Enrique Olivares, and his wife, Belém; numerous contacts with prominent politicians from boarding school and preparatory and professional school days; lived at National Military College with cadets who became

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prominent generals. j—None. k—Accused of fraud, Second Judicial District, Mexico City, 1977. l—Hoy, Dec. 7, 1970, 26; WWMG, 19; HA, Jan. 11, 1971, 31; DPE71, 129; C de D, 1964–1966; letters; Latin America, Mar. 12, 1976, 83; HA, Oct. 24, 1977; Latin America, Nov. 11, 1977, 349; Loret de Mola, 68; Excélsior, May 23, 1983, 20A; Excélsior, May 22, 1983, 23A; WNM, 98: DBGM, 181; DBGM89, 451; CDDWeb, Diputados, 1997; QesQ en el Congreso, 2000–2003, 90–91; Excélsior, May 19, 1997, A1. Gómez Vives, Emilio a—Nov. 30, 1940. b—Córdoba, Veracruz. c—Early education unknown; law degree, National School of Law, UNAM, 1958–1962; professor, University of Veracruz, 1975. d—None. e—None. f—Mediator, Labor Division, Department of the Federal District, 1967–1969; mediator, Secretariat of Labor, 1970–1974; director of labor, Veracruz, 1975–1977; secretary of government, Veracruz, 1977–1980; director of labor relations, IMSS, 1980–1982; general coordinator of conciliation counselors, Secretariat of Labor, 1983–1994; assistant secretary “A” of labor, 2005–2006. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Emilio Gómez Sariol, public notary, judge, Third District, Veracruz, and attorney general of Veracruz. j—None. k—A member of Congress proposed his father’s expulsion from PNR and arrest for corruption, 1936. l—www.cronica .diputados.gob.mx, 1936; DBGM94, CD; Musacchio, 170; DBGM84, 181. Gómez Zepeda, Luis (Deceased ) a—Dec. 18, 1905. b—Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes. c—Elementary studies in Aguascalientes; attended Industrial School for Orphans; no degree. d—Senator from State of Aguascalientes, 1964–1970. e—Coordinator of social affairs for CEN of PRI, 1969; secretary of organization of CEN of PRI, 1970; PRI precandidate for senator from Aguascalientes, 1982. f—Director general, Clothing and Equipment Workers’ Cooperative Society, 1970–1973; director general, National Railroads of Mexico, 1973–1976, 1976–1982. g—Cofounder, Railroad Workers’ Union,

1933; secretary of organization, Local No. 17, Railroad Workers’ Union, 1933–1936; secretary of organization and education, Railroad Workers’ Union, 1940; secretary of conflicts, CTM, 1940, 1944; secretary-general, Railroad Workers’ Union, 1946–1948, 1962–1964, 1965–1968; member, CEN of CROC, 1952– 1956; secretary-general, CROC, 1953–1954, 1961–1962. h—Became a railroad worker on Constitutionalist railroads, 1917–1918; messenger, Buenavista telegraph office, 1918; sold chocolates as a boy; worked for a butcher at age 11; mimeographer, 1917–1918; i—Distantly related to Adolfo López Mateos; grandfather, a physician; father, Luis Gómez Reyna, a bookkeeper; friend of Alfonso Corona del Rosal since youth. j—None. k—Imprisoned in the Federal District for labor activities, 1948; attempted to become secretary-general of STFRM, 1942. l—HA, Apr. 8, 1974, 16–17; Excélsior, July 5, 1973, 15; HA, Dec. 7, 1970, 27–28; HA, May 14, 1973, 25; C de S, 1964–1970; MGF69; Proceso, Dec. 18, 1976, 18–21; Villaseñor, II; WNM, 98; Excélsior, Dec. 26, 1981, 16A. Góngora Pimentel, Genaro David

a—Sept. 8, 1937. b—Chihuahua, Chihuahua. c—Early education unknown; legal studies, National School of Law, UNAM, 1957–1962, graduating with thesis on maritime law, 1963; LLD studies, National School of Law, UNAM, 1965–1966, graduating Dec. 5, 2006; professor of maritime and common law (30 years), UNAM, Anáhuac, Free Law School, ITESM, La Salle, and other institutions. d—None. e—None. f—Secretary “B” of agreements, Federal Tax Court, 1964– 1969; legal adviser to merchant marine director general, 1968–1969; secretary of studies and accounts, Supreme Court of Justice, 1969–1972; first judge, District Court, Administration Division, Federal District, 1972–1978; judge, Third Division, First Circuit Court, administration, 1978–1995; justice, Supreme Court, Jan. 26, 1995–Nov. 30, 2009; president, Second Division, 1996–1997; president, Supreme Court, 1999–2002. g—None. h—None. i—Son

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of Genaro Góngora Castañeda, retailer, and María Pimentel Vértiz; married Ligia de la Borbolla Rondero, lawyer. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM92, 658; www.scjn.gob .mx, 2008; Musacchio, 170. González, Jesús B. (Deceased 1955) a—July 14, 1888. b—Guadalupe, Zacatecas. c—Early education unknown; left school in 1900 to work; completed part of his preparatory; no degree. d—Federal deputy from Zacatecas, Dist. 2, 1920–1922, member of Gran Comisión; federal deputy from Zacatecas, Dist. 1, 1922–1924; senator from Zacatecas, 1946–1952, member of Gran Comisión, 2nd Committee on Tariffs and Foreign Trade, 2nd Instructive Sec. of Grand Jury Committee, and Securities Committee. e—None. f—Secretary of administration, National Railroads of Mexico; assistant director, PIPSA; secretary, Advisory Council of PIPSA; administrative official of National Patrimony. g—None. h—Worked in a bakery; clothing store employee; employee of a branch office of national bank; founded El Canonazo newspaper, 1904; poet; founded the weekly La Revista de Zacatecas; newspaper reporter; writer for Excélsior and Revista de Revistas. i—Orphaned at eight; great-uncle supported his family. j—None. k—Exiled from State of Zacatecas by General Luis Medina Barrón, 1914. l—Excélsior, May 11, 1972; DP70, 891; DGF51, I, 8‑10, 12, 14; letter; López; DGF47, 10, 12, 14, 22. González Aguilera, José Luis a—Aug. 11, 1944. b—Apatzingán, Michoacán. c—Early education unknown; economic studies, National School of Economics, UNAM. d—Federal deputy from State of Michoacán, Dist. 13, 1979–1982; plurinominal federal deputy from PRI, 1994–1997; plurinominal federal deputy from PRI, 2000–2003. e—Joined PRI, 1975; member, National Political Council, 1991; resigned from PRI over differences with Roberto Madrazo, 2004. f—None. g—Secretary-general, Union of Workers and Peasants of Mexico, 1990–2009; national coordinator, Permanent Agrarian

Congress, 2007. h—None. i—Son of Juan Rodríguez González, federal deputy from State of Michoacán, Dist. 7, 1976–1979, and Leonila Aguilera; married Victoria Soto. j—None. k—Offered Felipe Calderón his union’s support, 2006. l—DCM, 2000–2003, 435; www.elsiglodetorreon.com.mx, Jan. 30, 2004; QesQ en el Congreso, 2000–2003, 191; www.cddhcu.gob.mx, 1994–1997. González Alcocer, Alejandro a—Apr. 24, 1951. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; law degree, National School of Law, UNAM; professor, IberoAmerican University (Northeast Campus), 1992–1994. d—Plurinominal federal deputy from PAN, 1994–1997; senator from Baja California, 2006–2012, president of Justice Committee. e—Joined PAN, 1974;, PAN Electoral Commission representative for the Federal District, 1976–1979; president, Regional Committee of PAN, Baja California, 1998. f—Secretary, City Government of Tijuana, 1989–1992; adviser, Legal Department, Tijuana; substitute governor, Baja California, 1998–2001. g—None. h—Practicing lawyer, 1979–1985; legal director, Bayer of Mexico, 1983–1994; legal adviser, Seguros Monterrey, 1984–1985; partner, González Arce and Oviedo, Tijuana, 2001– . i—Son of Manuel González Hinojosa, president of PAN, 1969–1972, and Ana María Alcocer Canales; married Rosalba Magallón Camacho; brother Aurelio González Alcocer was alternate plurinominal federal deputy. j—None. k—None. l—Pérez Franco, 153; www.senado.gob.mx, 2008; Musacchio, 171; Directorio del Congreso, 2006–2009, 23; www.cddhcu.gob.mx, 1994–1997, 2007. González Aparicio, Luis (Deceased Sept. 23, 1969) a—Feb. 22, 1907. b—Jalapa, Veracruz. c—Preparatory studies at Colegio Preparatoria of Jalapa; architecture degree, National School of Architecture, 1933; professor of architecture, National School of Architecture, UNAM. d—Senator from Federal District, 1964–1969. e—Director, Center of Economic, Political, and Social Studies of PRI. f—Head, reconstruction project of

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the State Palace, Hermosillo, Sonora; constructed experimental agricultural stations in Valle del Yaqui; constructed workers’ housing projects on Emiliano Zapata Ejido, Zacatepec, Morelos; director, Papaloapan Commission Planning Committee, 1950; instituted Modern Market Construction Program for the federal government in Mexico City; executive secretary, Papaloapan Commission, 1951–1952; president, Western Zone Planning Committee for the Valley of Mexico, 1958–1959. g—None. h—President, National College of Architects, 1959. i—Son of Enrique González Montalvo and Rosa Aparicio Guido, who worked for her brother, lawyer and notary Manuel Aparicio Guido; father worked for Exploratory Geographic Commission; married María Luisa González; brother of noted economist, dean of National School of Economics, supporter of José Vasconcelos, and adviser to Lázaro Cárdenas, Enrique González Aparicio. j—None. l—Enc. Mex., V, 454; Correa, 105; DGF51, II, 615; DP70, 895; www.xalapa.gob .mx, 2008. González Avelar, Miguel a—Mar. 19, 1937. b—Durango, Durango. c—Early education unknown; law degree, National School of Law, UNAM, with thesis on national electrical industry; professor of constitutional law, National School of Law, UNAM, 1965–1982; professor of public administration, National School of Economics, UNAM, 1965–1967; professor, Higher Normal School, 1962–1965; director general, professorate, UNAM, 1966–1970. d—Senator from State of Durango, 1982–1985, president of Gran Comisión, 1982–1985; plurinominal federal deputy from PRI, 1991–1994. e—Joined PRI, 1962; commissioned by José María de los Reyes, secretary-general of PRI in Federal District, to restructure 3rd Electoral District in Federal District; secretary of information and publicity, CEN of PRI, 1981–1982. f—Private secretary to secretary of labor, 1970–1971; assistant director general of higher education and scientific research, Secretariat of

Public Education, 1964–1966; adviser to Rafael Hernández Ochoa, assistant secretary of government, 1970; director general of social welfare, Secretariat of Labor, 1971–1972; representative of Permanent Technical Committee of Labor Affairs to OAS; assistant director, Legal Department, INFONAVIT, 1972–1976; assistant director general, INDECO, 1976–1979; director general of information and public relations, Secretariat of Programming and Budget, 1979–1981; secretary of public education, 1985–1988; director general, Matías Romero Foreign Service Institute, Secretariat of Foreign Relations, 1988–1991. g—Member, National College of Lawyers; member, Association of Professionals of Durango. h—Auxiliary, Federal Electric Commission. i—Student of Miguel de la Madrid at National School of Law; son of General Medardo González Peña, prominent revolutionary who served as chief of police in Saltillo, Coahuila, and María Avelar Durán, daughter of lawyer Domingo L. Avelar; father supported Carranza, reached rank of brigade general, and commanded various garrisons in Durango and Coahuila as well as serving as chief of staff in numerous military zones; brother Víctor was a federal deputy from State of Coahuila; brother Raúl was director general in Secretariat of Energy, Mines, and Government Industries; grandson of Miguel González González and María de la Peña Siller, ranchers. j—None. k—None. l—HA, Aug. 16, 1982, 7; DPE71, 120; DPE65, 141; HA, Sept. 27, 1982, 11–12; Proceso, Oct. 4, 1982, 16; DBGM, 812; Lehr, 162; DBGM92, 473; www.durango.gob.mx, 2008; www.elsiglodedurango.com.mx, Aug. 24, 2004; www.es.wikipedia.org, 2008. González Azcuaga, Pedro a—Nov. 11, 1945. b—Palizada, Campeche. c—Early education unknown; degree in political science, National School of Political and Social Sciences, UNAM; degree in accounting, School of Business Administration, UNAM; studies in international relations, Colegio de México; professor of history, Autonomous

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University of the State of Mexico, 1971–1975. d—Federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. 24, 1976–1979; vice president, Chamber of Deputies, 1976, member of Permanent Committee. e—Joined PARM, May, 1971; president, PARM, Feb., 1973–May, 1975; member, Federal Electoral Commission; expelled from PARM, 1987. f—Various posts in the Secretariat of Public Works, 1968–1973; adviser to director of production, PEMEX, 1970; ISSSTE delegate to State of Hidalgo, 1981–1983. g—None. i—Married Rita H. Sozaya Gallegos; son of Francisco González Reynoso and Elena Azcuaga. j—None. k—None. l—HA, Feb. 12, 1979, 19; D de C, 1976–1979, 28; letter. González Beytia, José (Deceased) a—June 17, 1908. b—Yucatán. c—Teaching certificate from the Rodolfo Menéndez de la Peña Normal School, Mérida; studies at the National Teachers’ College, Mexico City; attended the University of Yucatán; teacher of Spanish, Agustín Vadillo Cicero School; secondary school teacher in Mexico City; secretary, Preparatory School for Children of Workers, Coyoacán, Federal District. d—Local deputy, State Legislature of Yucatán, 1943–1946; governor, Yucatán, 1946–1951. e—None. f—Private secretary to governor of Yucatán, Ernesto Novelo Torres, 1940–1943. g—Representative of Yucatán Socialist Students to National Student Congress, Ciudad del Carmen; student leader 1st and 2nd Socialist Student Congresses, 1934–1935. h—None. i—Married Blanca Rosa Rodríguez Barrera; political protégé of Novelo Torres; daughter Blanca Margarita was director of Museum of Anthropology, Yucatán. j—None. k—Resigned as governor in 1952 in attempt to prevent imposition of Tomás Marentes as his successor; attempt failed. l—STYBIWW54, 758; Anderson, 94; C de D, 1943–1946; HA, Feb. 16, 1951, 9; D de S, Jan. 22, 1946, 1; DPE51, I, 93; HA, Feb. 8, 1946, 3. González Blanco, Alberto (Deceased Nov. 1, 1974) b—Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas. c—Elementary studies in State of Chiapas;

preparatory studies at National Preparatory School, 1920–1924; law degree, National School of Law, UNAM, Oct. 24, 1927; LLD, National School of Law, UNAM, 1958 (honorable mention); first thesis on agrarian problem, LLD thesis on sexual crimes in Mexican doctrine and positive law; professor of criminal procedures, National School of Law, UNAM, 1947. d—None. e—None. f—Consulting lawyer, National Agrarian Commission; director, Department of Colonization, Secretariat of Agriculture; consulting lawyer, Secretariat of Agriculture; secretary, First Civil Judicial District, Federal District; 6th judge, Second Penal Court, Federal District, 1941; justice, Superior Tribunal of Justice of the Federal District; secretary of studies, Supreme Court of Justice; district court judge, Yucatán and Querétaro; supernumerary justice, Supreme Court, 1963–1964, 1964–1967. g—None. i—Brother of Salomón González Blanco, secretary of labor, 1958–1970; brother of Alfonso González Blanco, federal deputy from Chiapas, 1964–1967; close friend of Antonio Luna Arroyo at graduate school; son of Miguel González, lawyer and secretary-general of government of Chiapas, 1913, and Patrocinia Blanco Corzo; cousin Esteban Corzo Blanco was mayor of Palenque, 1973–1976; thesis committee included Luis Chico Goerne, Raúl Carranza Trujillo, and Armando Z. Ostos. j—None. k—None. l—Justicia; letter; Excélsior, Aug. 22, 1979, 15; www.scjn.gob .mx, 2008, 292–293; Casasola, V. González Blanco, Salomón (Deceased Mar. 17, 1992) a—Apr. 22, 1902. b—Playa de Catazajá, Chiapas. c—Elementary studies in Salto de Agua, Tapachula, and Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas; preparatory studies at National Preparatory School, Mexico City; first 3 years of legal studies, Free Law School, 1922–1924; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, May 16, 1927, with thesis on social evolution of unions; LLD from National School of Law, UNAM; professor of labor law, National School of Law, UNAM (15 years); professor,

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Free Law School; director, Juárez Institute, Tabasco, 1931–1932. d—Alternate senator from Tabasco, 1934–1940; senator from State of Chiapas, 1976–1978, member of Gran Comisión and president of Chamber, Sept., 1977. e—None. f—2nd auxiliary secretary, Fourth Division, Superior Tribunal of Justice of the Federal District, 1927–1930; judge, First Appeals Court, Villahermosa, Tabasco, 1930; magistrate, Superior Tribunal of Justice for State of Tabasco, 1931; commissioner, Agricultural Department, National Agrarian Commission; assistant auditor, General Accounting Office, Secretariat of the Treasury; justice, Supreme Court, 1935– 1940; magistrate, Superior Tribunal of Justice of the Federal District and Territories, 1941–1947; director general of conciliation, Secretariat of Labor, 1947; oficial mayor, Secretariat of Labor, Sept. 20, 1947–Dec. 31, 1952; assistant secretary of labor, 1953–1957; assistant secretary in charge of Secretariat of Labor, 1957–1958; secretary of labor, 1958–1964, 1964–1970; substitute governor, Chiapas, Dec. 9, 1978–1980. g—None. h—Author of numerous works on labor law. i—Friend of Antonio Carrillo Flores and Manuel Ramírez Vázquez at National School of Law, UNAM; son José González Blanco served as secretary-general of Department of the Federal District; married Josefa Garrido Canabal; brother-in-law of Tomás Garrido Canabal; brother Alberto was Supreme Court justice, 1963–1967; cousin Esteban Corzo Blanco served as mayor of Palenque, 1973–1976; son of Miguel González, lawyer and secretary-general of government of Chiapas, 1913, and Patrocinia Blanco Corzo; father-in-law of Patricia Ortiz Mena Salinas, daughter of Antonio Ortiz Mena and cousin of Carlos Salinas. j—None. k—Precandidate for president of Mexico, 1963. l—EGF56, 397; Enc. Mex., V, 455; HA, Feb. 6, 1948, 10; IWW67, 452; WWMG, 19; DBM68, 296–297; HA, Dec. 8, 1958, 26; DPE61, 115; DPE65, 154; DGF51, I, 399; HA, Dec. 7, 1964, 20; Func., 87; Richmond, 375; Excélsior, Aug. 22, 1979, 15: El Nacional, Mar. 8, 1992,

16; Proceso, Jan. 25, 1988, 24; www.scjn.gob .mx, 2008, 294–295.

González Blanco (Garrido), José Patrocinio a—May 18, 1934. b—El Paraíso,

Municipio de Catazajá, Chiapas. c—Law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, Apr. 26, 1956; MA in law and economics at Trinity Hall, Cambridge University, 1957–1959, graduated Nov., 1961; teacher at secondary schools; professor of law, UNAM, Anáhuac Branch, 1972–1978. d—Federal deputy from State of Chiapas, Dist. 6, 1967–1970, member of Industries Committee, Fiscal Committee, Tariff Committee, and Gran Comisión; Miguel Hidalgo delegate to Department of the Federal District, 1976–1978; senator from Chiapas, 1982–1988; governor, Chiapas, 1988–1992. e—General delegate of CEN of PRI to Oaxaca, 1968, Jalisco, 1969, and Guanajuato, 1969. f—Chancellor, Mexican embassy, London, 1957–1959; secretary, ISSSTE Directive Council, 1960; assistant director, Department of Public Investments, Secretariat of the Presidency, 1960–1961; director of public investments, Secretariat of the Presidency, 1961–1964; assistant director, National Lottery, 1965; secretary-general “B,” Department of the Federal District, 1970–1973; director general, Commission for Urban Development, Department of the Federal District, 1978–1982; secretary of government, 1992–1994. g—Student leader and president, 1952 generation of lawyers. h—Practicing lawyer, 1960–1965, 1972–1976. i—Son of Salomón González Blanco, secretary of labor, 1958–1970, and Josefa Garrido Canabal; student with Miguel de la Madrid; son-in-law of Antonio Ortiz Mena; nephew of Tomás Garrido Canabal; wife, Patricia Ortiz Mena Salinas, is a cousin of Carlos Salinas; grandson of Miguel González and Patrocinia Blanco Corzo, owners of haciendas in Tabasco and Chiapas. j—None. k—None. l—HA, Dec. 14, 1970, 24; BdM, 135; DPE61, 124; DPE70; Proceso, Jan. 25, 1988, 24–27; Lehr, 83–84; www .accessmylibrary.com, 2008; www.es.wiki pedia.org, 2008; DBGM89, 690.

402  m e xic a n p oli t i c a l b i o g ra ph i e s , 1935–20 0 9 González Bustamante, Juan José

(Deceased Feb. 12, 1972) a—May 16, 1899. b—Matehuala, San Luis Potosí. c—Elementary studies in San Luis Potosí; preparatory studies in Mexico City; law degree from Free Law School, Jan. 8, 1929; LLD from National School of Law, UNAM, 1950; professor of penal law and the legal process, National School of Law, UNAM, 1937–1978. d—Senator from San Luis Potosí, 1964–1970, president of Senate. e—None. f—Third judge, First Penal Court, 1935–1936; magistrate, Superior Tribunal of Justice of State of San Luis Potosí, 1938; judge, Ninth Penal Court, 1941–1946; assistant attorney general of Mexico, 1946–1947; judge, First District Criminal Court, 1947– 1952; secretary-general, UNAM, 1948–1952; supernumerary justice, Supreme Court, 1958; justice, Supreme Court, 1959–1964; president, First Division,Supreme Court, 1959–1964. g—None. h—Journalist for many years; author of numerous articles, writer for Excélsior since 1928. i—Son of Cruz Antonio González and María Bustamante; son Juan José González Suárez was judge in Fourth Penal District of Federal District, 1969; married María de Jesús Suárez Trujillo; friend of Luis Garrido for many years. j—Joined the Revolution, 1915; fought in Tampico. k—None. l—MGF69, 106; DGF51, I, 591; DGF47, 47; C de S, 1964–1970; DBM68, 297; Correa, 60; Por Qué? Nov. 13, 1969, 17; Casasola, V; WNM, 98; Garrido, 266, 336; Peral, 343; Enc. Mex., V, 457; Mis Seis Años, 265; www.scjn.gob .mx, 2008, 298–299. González Canto, Félix Arturo a—Aug. 23, 1968. b—Cozumel, Quintana Roo. c—Graduated from Riverside Military Academy, Gainesville, Ga., as cadet lieutenant colonel and battalion commander with highest military rank; economics degree, ITESM, Monterrey; coordinator of advisers, Finance and Economics Center, ITESM, 1990. d—Mayor, Cozumel, 1999–2002; federal deputy from State of Quintana Roo, Dist. 1, 2003–2005; governor, Quintana Roo,

2005–2011. e—Member, PRI. f—Municipal treasurer of Cozumel, 1993–1994; director general, Housing Institute, Quintana Roo, 1994; secretary-general, government of Cozumel, 1996–1998. g—None. h—None. i—Married María Marcedalia Martín Villanueva. j—None. k—Allegedly favored candidate for governor of Joaquín Hendricks Díaz, his predecessor. l—www.qr.gob.mx, 2007. González Carrillo, Adriana a—Mar. 16, 1975. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; international relations degree, ITAM; Leadership Seminar, Georgetown University, Washington, DC; seminars on leadership and democracy, Notre Dame University, Notre Dame, Ind., and in Germany and Israel. d—Plurinominal federal deputy from PAN, 2003–2006, president of Foreign Relations Committee; plurinominal senator from PAN, 2006–2012, president of Foreign Relations Committee. e—Joined PAN, 1996; secretary of Youth Action, PAN, State of Mexico, 1999–2001; secretary of political promotion, PAN, State of Mexico, 2002–2004; adviser to PAN, State of Mexico, 2004–2007. f—None. g—None. j—None. k—None. l—Directorio de Congreso, 2006–2009, 313; DCM, 2003–2006; QesQ en el Congreso, 2003–2006. González Casanova (del Valle), Pablo

a—Feb. 11, 1922. b—Toluca, State of Mexico. c—Preparatory studies at National Preparatory School, 1939–1940; studies from National School of Law, UNAM, 1940–1942; MA degree in history, 1943–1946, on scholarship from National School of Anthropology; PhD in sociology from University of Paris, 1947–1950, with thesis on French ideology toward Latin America; scholarship from French government; scholarship from Colegio de México to study in Paris, 1947–1950; professor of sociology, National School of Political and Social Science, UNAM, 1952–1966; professor of historical sciences, UNAM; professor of sociology, National School of Economics, UNAM, 1954–1958; researcher, Institute of Social Investigations, UNAM, 1950–1952,

t he b io g ra phies  403

1972–1977; researcher, Colegio de México, 1950–1954; researcher, Institute for Research in Economics, UNAM, 1954–1956; director, Center for Development Studies, 1965–1966; dean, National School of Political and Social Sciences, UNAM, 1957–1965; director, Institute of Social Investigations, UNAM, 1966–1970, 1977–1980; rector, UNAM, 1970– 1972; director, Center for Interdisciplinary Research, UNAM, 1986–2000. d—None. e—None. f—None. g—None. h—Author of works on sociology and Mexican politics. i—Son of Pablo González Casanova, linguist and professor of anthropology at UNAM, who resigned in protest in 1935; originally a disciple of Lucio Mendieta y Núñez at UNAM; brother Henrique, prominent intellectual. j—None. k—Resigned as rector, Dec., 1972, after numerous strikes; first Mexican graduate with a PhD in sociology; national prize in arts and sciences, 1984. l—Correa, 340; DP70, 896; DBM70, 263; Enc. Mex., V, 460; WNM, 99; El Popular, Oct. 11, 1945; letter. González Castro, José Joaquín a—Apr. 16, 1949. b—Córdoba, Veracruz. c—Elementary studies, Francisco Hernández School, Córdoba; secondary and preparatory studies, Esbao School, Córdoba; law degree, National School of Law, UNAM, 1967–1971, with thesis titled “Commercial Fishing in Mexico.” d—Mayor, Cancun, 1984–1987; senator from Quintana Roo, 1988–1994; local deputy, State Legislature of Quintana Roo, 2005. e—Joined PRI, 1964; coordinator of Joaquín Coldwell campaign for governor, 1980–1981; assistant delegate of CEN of PRI to Tamaulipas, 1989. f—Director of legal affairs, Quintana Roo, 1977–1979; secretary of finance, Quintana Roo, 1981–1984; secretary-general of government, Quintana Roo, 1987–1988; oficial mayor of tourism, 1994; judge, Superior Tribunal of Justice, Quintana Roo, 2001. g—Secretary of Finance, CNOP of PRI, Quintana Roo, 1989. h—None. i—Son of Joaquín González Murillo, retailer, and Manuela Castro Castro; married

Alba María Argueta Andrade. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM89, 453; Musacchio, 173; DBGM92; Integrantes, 1991–1994. González Cavazos, Agapito (Deceased Feb. 16, 2001) a—Dec. 22, 1915. c—China, Nuevo León. c—Early education unknown; no degree. d—Federal deputy from State of Tamaulipas, Dist. 3, 1970–1973, member of 2nd Railroad Committee, Petroleum Committee, and 2nd Public Housing Committee; federal deputy from State of Tamaulipas, Dist. 3, 1976–1979, member of Agrarian Affairs Committee, Small Property Sec. of Agricultural Development Committee, Industrial Development Committee, Housing Development Committee, and Committee for Social and Economic Development Planning. e—Campaigner for PRI in many electoral campaigns. f—None. g—Joined Union of Industrial Employees and Workers, 1932; member, Local 16, Union of Oil Industry Workers; secretary-general, Union of Industrial Employees and Workers, 1954–2001. h—Volunteer fire fighter, Matamoros, Tamaulipas, 1936. i—Married Eva Benavides; son Rafael González Benavides, president of Superior Tribunal of Justice, Tamaulipas. j—None. k—Arrested for leading a strike, 1992; represented 34,000 workers in Matamoros in 1990s. l—C de D, 1970–1973, 116; C de D, 1976–1979, 28; D de C, 1976–1979, 5, 7, 13, 27, 45, 66; www.mata moros.com, 2008. González Cosío (Díaz), Arturo a—May 3, 1930. b—Federal District. c—Legal studies National School of Law, UNAM, 1948–1952, graduating with thesis titled “Political Parties in Mexico,” Sept. 27, 1954; PhD from Cologne, Germany, 1954–1956, with dissertation on writs; professor, National School of Law, UNAM, 1962–1989; professor, Colegio de México, 1966; professor, Sorbonne, Paris, 1971–1974. d—Federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. 22, 1973–1976. e—Member, Political Committee of New Advisory Council of IEPES of PRI, 1972; secretary of political education of CEN of PRI, 1972–1976; oficial mayor of CEN of

404  m e xic a n p oli t i c a l b i o g ra ph i e s , 1935–20 0 9

PRI, 1981; assistant director, IEPES of PRI, 1987–1988. f—Private secretary to director of Ciudad Sahagún Industrial Complex, 1959–1962; head of publicity and studies for private secretary of president of Mexico, Humberto Romero Pérez, 1962–1964; auxiliary secretary to head of Department of the Federal District, Ernesto P. Uruchurtu, 1964–1966; director general of copyrights, Secretariat of Public Education, 1968–1970; director general of industrial property, Secretariat of Industry and Commerce, 1970–1973; assistant director of delegations, CONASUPO, 1976–1979; oficial mayor, Secretariat of Agrarian Reform, 1980–1982; adviser of secretary of labor, 1983–1988; coordinator of advisers of head of Department of the Federal District, 1988–1992. g—Secretary-general, Association of University Professors of Mexico. h—Employee, National Securities Commission, 1951–1952. i—Published literary review with Víctor Flores Olea, Porfirio Muñoz Ledo, and others at UNAM, 1950s; son of Arturo González Cosío, military medical officer and longtime friend of General Miguel Henríquez Guzmán, and María Díaz de la Garza; married Berenice Montes Ángeles. j—None. k—None. l—HA, Dec. 21, 1964, 10; HA, July 10, 1972, 10; DPE70, 62; B de M, 135; Excélsior, Mar. 16, 1973, 27; Excélsior, Feb. 28, 1973, 19; Enc. Mex., V, 460; Guerra Leal, 316; DBGM92, 157. González Cosío Díaz, Manuel a—Apr. 15, 1915. b—Querétaro, Querétaro. c—Elementary studies in Querétaro; secondary and preparatory studies at Colegio Francés and University of Querétaro; degree in chemical engineering from School of Science, UNAM. d—Alternate federal deputy from State of Querétaro, Dist. 1, 1946–1949; federal deputy from State of Querétaro, Dist. 1, 1949–1952, member of Gran Comisión, National Waters and Irrigation Committee, 1st and 2nd Legislative Studies Committee, Industries Committee, Public Works Committee, and General Accounting Office Inspection Committee (2nd year); senator

from State of Querétaro, 1952–1958, member of Gran Comisión, 2nd Ejido Committee, and Forestry Committee; governor, Querétaro, 1961–1967; senator from Querétaro, 1976. e—None. f—Director general of desert zones for the federal government, 1950– 1952; director general, La Forestal, 1958– 1961; ambassador to Venezuela, 1968–1970; president, Administrative Council, National Laboratories of Industrial Development, 1971–1972; director general, Alimentos Balanceados de México, SA, 1968–1971; director general, CONASUPO, 1976–1979. g—Secretary-general, Union of Federal Employees for Querétaro, 1940–1943; president, Confederation of University Students for the Federal District, 1934; secretary-general, National Union of Secretariat of Agriculture Workers; secretary of conflicts and technical problems, FSTSE; president, Student Society, School of Chemical Sciences, UNAM. i—From a longtime political family in Querétaro; grandfather was federal deputy and governor of Querétaro; married María de la Trinidad Septién, daughter of prominent lawyer Manuel María Septién y González de Cosío; son of Arturo González Cosío, general and military medical officer and close personal friend of General Miguel Henríquez and María Díaz de la Garza. j—None. k—None. l—Enc. Mex., V, 460; DGF50, 9, 10, 14; DGF51, I, 204, 25, 29–35; C de D, 1949–1951; C de S, 1952–1958; Peral, 344; Excélsior, Apr. 15, 1977, 6; Ind. Biog., 74. González Curi, José Antonio a—May 4, 1952. b—Campeche, Campeche. c—Early education unknown; business administration degree, UNAM, 1970–1973; MA in public administration, Florida International University, Miami, 1979–1980; professor of administration, University of the Southeast, 1975–1976, 1983–1984; professor of administrative processes, Graduate School of Business, Technical Institute of Campeche, 1978–1979; founding professor of Mexican social formation course, School of Political Science, University of the Southeast, 1975–1984. d—Alternate local deputy, State

t he b io g ra phies  405

Legislature of Campeche, 53rd Sess.; plurinominal federal deputy from PRI, 1991–1994; mayor, Campeche, 1995–1997; governor, Campeche, 1997–2003. e—Joined PRI, 1971; assistant director of organization, CEPES of PRI, Campeche, 1980–1987; general coordinator, Constitutive Board of CEPES of PRI, Campeche, 1987–1991; secretary-general, PRI, State of Campeche, 1991. f—Unit chief, Regional Tax Office, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1974–1975, 1977–1980; tax official, Regional Office, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1980–1985; coordinator, Planning Committee for Development, State of Campeche, 1990–1991; founding adviser, State Commission on Human Rights, Campeche, 1990– 1991. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Jorge González Francis, dental surgeon, president, Chamber of Commerce, Campeche, and mayor Of Campeche, and Norma Curi Nacif; married Elvia María Pérez Escalante, architect. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM92, 474; www.mca.virtualsacvmexico, 1997; Musacchio, 174; www.periodistasenlinea .org, 2008. González de Aragón, Arturo a—July 15, 1943. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; degree in public accounting, National School of Business and Administration, UNAM, 1962–1966, with thesis on controlling budgeting techniques; director of scholarly planning, School of Business and Administration, UNAM, 1968–1969. d—None. e—Assistant finance secretary, CEN of PRI, 1981–1982. f—Director general of budgeting, administration, and finance, Secretariat of Programming and Budget, 1980–1981; assistant director of expenditures, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1975–1976; assistant secretary-general “B” of Department of the Federal District, 1982–1984: secretary of planning and evaluation, Department of the Federal District, 1984; head auditor (elected by Congress), Mexican government Higher Auditing Institute, 2002–2009. g—None. h—Accountant, Bujías Champion of Mexico, SACV, 1965–1969; director, Mexican Mortgage Association, 1977–1978;

corporate director, Somex Bank, 1978–1979; controller general, Papelería y Maquinaria San Agustín, SA, 1969–1970; president, Advisory Committee on Administration and Budget Affairs, OAS, 1980–1982; founder and president, González de Aragón & Associates Accounting Firm, 1985–2001. i—Son of Ezequiel González de Aragón, office worker, and Victoria Ortiz Díaz; married Josefina Rodríguez Flores. k—None. l—HA, Dec. 20, 1982, 28; www.intosa.org, 2008; Q es QAP, 426. González de la Vega (Iriarte), Ángel

(Deceased Sept. 17, 1979) a—Sept. 26, 1895. b—La Paz, Baja California del Sur. c—Preparatory studies at National Preparatory School; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, June 28, 1919. d—None. e—None. f—Agent, Ministerio Público of State of Veracruz, 1919–1920; secretary, Correctional Judicial District, Mexico City, 1920–1922; secretary, Criminal Judicial District, Mexico City, 1923–1926; agent, Ministerio Público of Office of the Attorney General of Mexico, 1926–1932; 2nd assistant attorney general of Mexico, 1932–1935; director, Bureau of International Taxes, Secretariat of the Treasury; president, Federal Income Tax Revisory Committee; assistant director general of revenues, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1935; director, Economic Archives, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1936; founding justice, Federal Tax Court, 1936; inspector general, Office of the Attorney General of Mexico, 1944; assistant attorney general of Mexico, 1946; 2nd assistant attorney general, Federal District, 1947; assistant secretary of treasury, 1949–1950; supernumerary justice, Supreme Court, 1951–1952, 1952–1958; justice, Supreme Court, 1958–1965. g—None. i—Brother of Francisco González de la Vega, attorney general of Mexico, 1946–1952; son of lawyer Ángel González de la Vega; mother, Rebecca Iriarte, ran boardinghouse for students at National Preparatory School and National University; student with Ramón Beteta at UNAM; father’s sister Josefa González de la Vega y Hornedo married José María Zevada,

406  m e xic a n p oli t i c a l b i o g ra ph i e s , 1935–20 0 9

uncle of Ricardo José Zevada; grandfather Ángel González de la Vega was mining engineer; grandson René González de la Vega was assistant attorney general of Federal District. j—None. k—None. l—DGF51, 568; WNM, 99; Linajes, 294; SCJN, 302–303. González de la Vega (Iriarte), Francisco

(Deceased Mar. 3, 1976) a—Dec. 3, 1901. b—Durango, Durango. c—Studied at National School of Law, UNAM, 1917–1920, law degree, 1923; LLD in penal sciences from School of Law, University of Veracruz; professor of penal law, Free Law School; professor, National School of Law, UNAM, 1922–1972; member, Legal Studies Commission, UNAM, 1944–1945; founder, University of Durango, 1957. d—Senator from State of Durango, 1952–1957, member of 2nd Balloting Committee, Legislative Studies Committee, and 1st Committee on Credit, Money, and Credit Institutions, substitute member of Department of the Federal District Committee; governor, Durango, 1957–1961. e—Supported José Vasconcelos, 1929. f—Correctional judge, 1929; assistant attorney general of Mexico, 1930–1931; penal judge, 1931–1938; president, Legislative Commission on Education, 1942–1943; attorney general of Mexico, 1946–1952; director general, PIPSA, 1952–1956; head, Department of Tourism, 1961–1964; ambassador to Argentina, 1969–1970. g—None. h—Practiced law, Durango, 1923–1929; president, Mexican Academy of Penal Sciences; author of over 15 books on penal law. i—Studied with Luis Garrido Díaz at UNAM; during career as a professor of law, taught last 4 Mexican presidents who attended the National School of Law: Miguel Alemán, Adolfo López Mateos, José López Portillo, and Luis Echeverría; son of Ángel González de la Vega y Hornedo, a judge, and Rebecca Iriarte; grandson of mining engineer Ángel González de la Vega; brother of Ángel González de la Vega Iriarte, Supreme Court justice, 1951–1965; married Angelita Zevada, sister of Ricardo José Zevada; great-uncle of René González

de la Vega, assistant attorney general of Federal District, 1991. j—None. k—Hayner considers him to have been an extremely honest governor; offered rectorship of UNAM in 1948 but remained as attorney general. l—Letter; Hayner, 221; Peral, 47, 148–149; DGF51, II, 653; I, 535; DGF50, II, 481; WWM45, 41; MGF69; DGF56, 6, 13, 14; HA, Dec. 8, 1948; Quién Será, 140; HA, Mar. 15, 1976, 17; Ind. Biog., 74–75; DBGM92, 158. González de la Vega Pérez Miranda, René José Ángel a—July 7, 1947. b—Federal

District. c—Early education unknown; law degree, National School of Law, UNAM, 1965–1969; diploma in criminal law, University of Buenos Aires; professor, National School of Law, UNAM, 1967–1972; professor of penal sciences, National Institute of Penal Sciences, 2007. d—None. e—Joined PRI, 1965. f—Private secretary to acting attorney general, Federal District, 1971–1972; assistant chief of legal services, INFONAVIT, 1972– 1974; assistant chief of contracts, Department of the Federal District, 1974–1976; technical assistant director, West Prison, Federal District, 1976; private secretary to coordinator, National Information System, Secretariat of Programming and Budget, 1977–1978; private secretary to assistant secretary of agrarian affairs, 1978–1980; director general of prosecution and agrarian investigation, Secretariat of Agrarian Reform, 1980–1981; director general of public welfare, 1982–1983, director general of supplies, 1983–1985; director general of legal affairs, 1985–1987, Secretariat of Public Health; attorney general, State of Guerrero, 1987–1988; director general of legal affairs, Office of the Attorney General, Federal District; assistant attorney general “1,” Office of the Attorney General, Federal District, 1991–1994. g—None. h—None. i—Son of René González de la Vega Flores, lawyer, and Amparo Pérez Guerrero; married Geraldina Hernández Echeverría; grandson of Ángel González de la Vega, Supreme Court justice and assistant secretary of the treasury; great-nephew of Francisco González de la

t he b io g ra phies  407

Vega, attorney general of Mexico. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM94, CD; DBGM84, 192. González Domené, Alberto a—Mar. 7, 1935. b—Torreón, Coahuila. c—Early education unknown; studies in industrial relations, Ibero-American University, 1952– 1953; private accountant, 1953–1954; course at Murdoch Cotton School, United States. d—Plurinominal federal deputy from PAN, 1982–1985; local deputy, State Legislature of Coahuila, 53rd Sess., 1994–1997; federal deputy from State of Coahuila, Dist. 6, 1997–2000. e—Joined PAN, 1978; member, CEN of PAN, 1978–1984; national adviser to PAN, 1981–1987; secretary of publicity, CEN of PAN; president, PAN, Torreón, 1990–1993. f—Director of culture, Torreón, Coahuila, 2003-05. g—None. h—Cotton grader, Memphis, Tenn., 1954–1954; founder and director general, Algodón, SA, 1956– 1985; manager, Río Nazas Inmobiliaria, SA, 1976–1982; president, Board of Directors, Financiera Somex, SA, 1982–1986; director general, Fino, SA, 1986–1990. i—Son of Alberto González Cárdenas, retailer, and Elena Domené; married Rosario Lamberta; brother of Raúl González Domené; father of Raúl and Jaime González Schmal, leading Panistas and both secretary-general of the party. j—None. k—None. l—www.secgob .gob.mx, 1997, 2007; DBGM84, 514; Lehr, 581; QesQ en el Congreso, 1997–2000, 37.

González Domínguez, María del Refugio

c—Early education unknown; law degree, National School of Law, UNAM; LLD, Complutense University, Madrid; studies toward MA in history of Mexico, School of Philosophy and Letters, UNAM; researcher, Institute of Legal Research, UNAM, 1985– 2000; researcher, National University System, 1985–2000; professor of history of law, general principles of law, and contemporary legal theory, Graduate Division, National School of Law, UNAM; director, University Studies Center, UNAM, 1985–1993; legal representative of rights of academics, 1993– 1995; general counsel, UNAM, 1995–1997. d—None. e—None. f—Technical secretary,

National Commission on Human Rights, 1999–2000; director general of legal affairs, Secretariat of the Economy, 2001–2003; director of legal coordination and documental information, Secretariat of Foreign Relations, 2003–2004; assistant secretary for multilateral affairs and human rights, Secretariat of Foreign Relations, 2005–2006. g—None. h—None. j—None. k—None. l—www.ordenjuridico.gob.mx, 2010; www .cndh.org.mx, 2010. González Fernández, José Antonio

a—March 8, 1952. b—Federal District. c—Preparatory studies, Colegio Tepeyac de Lindavista; law degree, Free Law School, 1970–1975, with thesis on federal intervention in the states, Oct. 1, 1975; MA, Warwick University, Eng., 1975–1977; professor, Free Law School, 1977– ; professor, Autonomous Metropolitan University, Azcapotzalco, 1977– . d—Federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. 11, 1991–1994; representative to Assembly of the Federal District, 1994–1995. e—Joined PRI, 1972; technical secretary of national meetings, IEPES of PRI, 1981–1982; assistant secretary to Fernando Ortiz Arana, president of CEN of PRI, during Luis Donaldo Colosio’s presidential campaign, 1994; president of CEN of PRI, 1999. f—Private secretary to director, National Voter Registry, Federal Electoral Commission, 1974– 1975; chief, Department of Urban Development, General Credit Division, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1978; Secretariat of Public Education delegate, Guerrero, 1981; assistant director general of personnel, Secretariat of Public Education, 1982; director general of legal affairs, Secretariat of Health, 1982– 1983; oficial mayor, Secretariat of Health, 1983–1985; assistant secretary of sanitation, Secretariat of Health, 1985–1986; oficial mayor, Chamber of Deputies, 1986–1987; director of legal affairs, Mexican embassy, Washington, DC, 1987–1988; director in chief of special affairs, Secretariat of Foreign Relations, 1988–1991; attorney general, Federal District, 1995–1997; director general, ISSSTE, 1997–1998; secretary of labor,

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1998–1999; secretary of health, 1999–2000. g—President, Free Law School Student Society, 1973–1974. h—None. i—Son of Geminiano González González, milkman from Spain, and María del Carmen Fernández Villarreal; close friend of Sergio García Ramírez since law school. j—None. k—President Ernesto Zedillo wanted him to become PRI’s candidate for governor of Federal District, 1997; retired from politics, 2000. l—DBGM, 183; Pescador, 157; DGBM92, 475; D del S, Mar. 19, 1999, Mar. 26, 1999, Mar. 29, 1999; Líderes, 27, 1999, 28–34. González Fernández, Vicente (Deceased 1959) a—Jan. 17, 1885. b—Ocotlán de Morelos, Oaxaca. c—Attended Escuela de Aspirantes, for military cadets, Mexico City; no degree. c—Governor, Oaxaca, 1940–1944. e—Director, presidential campaign of Miguel Henríquez Guzmán, Oaxaca, 1952. f—Chief of police, Federal District, 1934–1939;. g—None. i—From middle-class family; personal friend of Lázaro Cárdenas since they served in several military campaigns together; friend and colleague of General Miguel Henríquez Guzmán since 1920s. j—Career military man; joined the Revolution, 1910; served in Federal Army under General Carlos Tejada; served under General Pablo González; staff officer under Venustiano Carranza; rank of brigadier general, 1920; rank of division general, Nov. 16, 1940; chief of military operations in Guerrero; fought against Escobar Rebellion, 1929, under General Cárdenas; fought against de la Huerta revolt in Tabasco, 1922–1923, under General Cárdenas; commander, 25th Military Zone, Puebla; commander of military operations in Michoacán under Governor Cárdenas; commander, 1st Military Zone, Mexico City, 1939–1940; director, Department of Artillery, Secretariat of National Defense. k—None. l—DP70, 899; Enc. Mex., V, 464; Peral, 353; Hoy, Dec. 21, 1940, 68; D de Y, Nov. 1, 1940, 2. González Gallardo, Alfonso

(Deceased) a—Jan. 21, 1891. b—Lagos de Moreno, Jalisco. c—Elementary studies in

Guadalajara; secondary studies at Liceo of Guadalajara; engineering studies in agronomy and hydraulics at National School of Agriculture, San Jacinto, Mexico City, 1909–1913, degree, July 1, 1913; assistant in physics, 1910; professor of geology, mineralogy, and topography, National School of Agriculture, Chapingo. d—None. e—None. f—2nd engineer and chief, Soil Department, Secretariat of Agriculture, 1921–1922; head, Technical Department, National Bank of Agricultural Credit, 1926–1928; employee of oficial mayor of agriculture, 1928–1930; oficial mayor of agriculture, 1930–1932; oficial mayor of treasury, 1933–1934; assistant secretary of treasury, 1934; in charge of many Mexican delegations to international agricultural conferences; assistant secretary of agriculture, 1940–1946; director, Institute for the Improvement of Sugar Production, 1964–1970. g—None. h—Began career as engineer in National Irrigation Works, 1913–1920, with jobs in Ayutla, Jalisco, Oaxaca, Colima, Guanajuato, Hidalgo, and Michoacán; helped bring Rockefeller Foundation to Mexico; founded Institute for the Improvement of Sugar Production, 1949; director, Office of Agricultural Experimentation Stations of UNPA, SA, 1949–1966; author of many publications on sugar industry in Mexico. i—Student with Marte R. Gómez and Luis L. León at National School of Agriculture; collaborator of Marte R. Gómez for many years; married Eva Karg, daughter of engineer Martin Karg, from Germany; son of Dr. Eudoxio González Aguirre. j—None. k—None. l—D del S, Dec. 2, 1940, 1, 6; letter; WB48, 2018; DBM68, 302; Peral, 345; Gómez, 251–253. González Gallo, J. Jesús (Deceased Aug. 17, 1957) a—Sept. 12. 1902. b—Yahualica, Jalisco. c—Elementary studies in Yahualica; studies for priesthood at Catholic Seminary in San Juan de Lagos; preparatory studies at University of Guadalajara; law degree from University of Guadalajara, 1923. d—Local deputy from State of Jalisco, 1922–1924; federal deputy from Jalisco, Dist. 3, 1930–1932;

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senator from Jalisco, 1934–1940. e—President, Revolutionary Party of Jalisco, part of PNR; editor of PNR newspaper for Jalisco, El Jalisciense; president, PNR Regional Committee for State of Jalisco, 1932–1934. f—Judge of 1st instance, Jalostotitlán, Jalisco, 1923; secretary, Fifth Division of the Superior Tribunal of Justice, Jalisco; criminal and civil judge, Guadalajara; secretary, Federal Board of Conciliation and Arbitration; assistant director, Department of Government, Federal District, 1927–1930; private secretary to president of Mexico, Manuel Ávila Camacho, 1940–1946. g—None. h—None. i—Son José de Jesús González Cortázar, federal deputy from Jalisco, 1961–1964, 1985–1988; married Paz Cortázar; knew Efraín González Luna and Agustín Yáñez from student days in Mexican Association of Catholic Youth in Guadalajara; uncle of Rigoberto González Quezada, federal deputy from State of Jalisco, Dist. 6, 1976–1979; great-uncle of Julián Orozco González, federal deputy from State of Jalisco, Dist. 6, 1988–1991. j—None. k—Political rival of Marcelino García Barragán; close friend of Soledad Orozco, wife of Manuel Ávila Camacho, since childhood; from a middle-class family of farmers; compadre of Leobardo Reynoso. l—DP70, 899; letter; Enc. Mex., V, 464–465; DGF51, II, 699; I, 90; Hurtado, 177; www.ciesan-golfo .edu.mx, 2008. González Gálvez, Sergio a—July 11, 1934. b—Toluca, State of Mexico. c—Early education unknown; political science degree, University of Nuevo León, 1956; MA in law, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 1956–1957, with thesis on due process; LLD Georgetown University Law School, Washington, DC, 1957–1958, with thesis on new sources of international law. d—None. e—None. f—Chief, Inter-American System Department, International Organizations Division, Secretariat of Foreign Relations, 1960–1961; 3rd secretary, Mexican embassy, Brazil, 1962–1964; assistant director general, Secretariat of Foreign Relations, 1964–1966, 1966–1972; director general, Secretariat of

Foreign Relations, 1972–1974; director-inchief, ambassadorial rank, Secretariat of Foreign Relations, 1975–1979; legal adviser, Secretariat of Foreign Relations, 1979–1983; ambassador to Japan, 1983–1988, 1992–1994; assistant secretary “A,” Secretariat of Foreign Relations, 1988–1991; assistant secretary of political and multilateral affairs, Secretariat of Foreign Relations, 1994–1997; ambassador emeritus, Secretariat of Foreign Relations, 1998– ; special affairs adviser, Secretariat of Foreign Relations, 1998–2000; special adviser to General Clemente Vega, secretary of national defense, 2005–2006; special adviser to General Guillermo Galván, secretary of national defense, 2006. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Ernesto González Valdés, businessman, and María Elena Gálvez Vázquez; married Carolina Díaz Garduño, political scientist. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM89, 153; DBGM92, 159; letter; Pescador, 157–158; DBGM87, 163. González García, Leonardo a—Jan. 8, 1948. b—Federal District. c—Studies for air force pilot certification, Military Aviation School, Air College; studies in English, General Division of Military Education; staff and command, Higher War College; MA in national security and defense, National Defense College, director of applied course in landing tactics. d—None. e—None. f—Military and air force attaché, Mexican embassy, Washington, DC; chief, Department of the Air Force, 2008– . g—None. h—None. j—Career air force officer; officer, Air Squadron 206, Air Squadron 205, Mixed Air and Executive Transportation Squadron, and C54 Heavy Transport Squadron, 6th Air Group; chief of heavy transport, 301 Air Squadron, 6th Air Group; commander of heavy transport, 302 Air Squadron, 6th Air Group; chief of Sec. 5 (plans), staff; chief of Sec. 4 (logistics), staff; assistant chief of administration, staff; assistant chief of Air Vigilance System, staff, National Defense Operations against Drug Traffickers; commander, Tactical Mixed Air Squadron, 1st Air Group; commander, 3rd

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Air Group; commander, 8th Air Transport Group; commander, Air Base No. 6; commander, Reconnaissance and Transportation Wing; commander, Air Base No. 1; commander, Southeast Air Region; commander, Northeast Air Region. k—None. l—www.sedena.gov.mx, 2009. González Garza, Javier a—July 12, 1945. b—Monterrey, Nuevo León. c—Early education unknown; degree in mathematics, University of Nuevo León, 1962–1966; MA in mathematics, IPN, 1966–1969; PhD in mathematics, IPN, 1970–1975; professor, Higher School of Physics and Mathematics, IPN, 1969–1975; researcher, Autonomous Metropolitan University, Azcapotzalco, 1975–2000. d—Plurinominal federal deputy from PRD, 1994–1997; federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. 2, 2006–2009. e—Founding member, PRD, 1989; member, National Council of PRD, 1989; technical secretary, CEN of PRD, 1990–1993; secretary, Electoral Action Committee, CEN of PRD, 1993–1994; secretary of legislative coordination, CEN of PRD, 1994–1996; national adviser emeritus, PRD, 2005– . f—Social attorney, Federal District, 1989– 1999; director general of social communications, Federal District, 1997–1998; director general, Metro System, Federal District, 2000–2004. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Teodoro González Treviño and María del Socorro Garza Cantú. j—None. k—None. l—www.cddhcu.gob.mx, 1994–1997, 2008; www.diputados.gob.mx, 2006–2009, accessed 2008; Musacchio, 176; Directorio del Congreso, 2006–2009, 79. González Gollaz, Ignacio a—Oct. 14, 1924. b—Amatitlán, Jalisco. c—Elementary studies in Guadalajara, Jalisco; preparatory studies at Jesuit Institute of Sciences, Guadalajara; sent to Mexico City to study history at Colegio de México and then to study law at UNAM and Centro Cultural on scholarship from Mexican Society for Geography and Statistics, 1945; completed 2nd year of legal studies at Autonomous University of Guadalajara before dropping

out to become full-time activist in UNS. d—PDM candidate for president, 1982. e—Sent to San Luis Potosí by UNS in 1950; directed first campaign against Gonzalo N. Santos in State of San Luis Potosí, 1952; UNS youth leader as teenager; director general, UNS, 1959–1961; first president of PDM, 1975–1978; president of PDM, 1984–1986, 1987–1988. f—None. g—Activist, Catholic Association of Mexican Youth, 1942. i—Father, administrator of tequila hacienda, mother, schoolteacher who gave him lessons. j—None. k—Detained by attorney general of Mexico because of conflicts with the governor of Guanajuato, 1964. l—Análisis Político, May, 1982, 13; Carlos Gil. González González, Eduardo a—May 19, 1936. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; public accounting degree, UNAM, 1955–1959; professor, ITESM, 1962; professor, UNAM, 1963. d—None. e—Joined PRI, 1955. f—Chief of services for education, IMSS, 1966–1976; director general of studies, Secretariat of Government Properties, 1976; director general of basic industries, Secretariat of Government Properties, 1978; director general of public investment, Secretariat of Programming and Budget, 1979–1980; director of corporate analysis of finances, DINA, 1980–1982; controller general and assistant director of planning, IMSS, 1982–1983; director general, National Lottery, 1983–1985; oficial mayor, Secretariat of Social Development, 1985–1987; assistant secretary “B,” Secretariat of the Controller General, 1987–1988; director, Administrative Unit, Secretariat of the Controller General, 1988–1991; assistant finance director, IMSS, 1991–1993. g—None. h—Director general, Mercantile Bank, Monterrey, 1980–1982. i—Son of José González Moreno and María del Refugio González Martín del Campo; married Yolanda Orta Núñez, translator. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM94, CD; DBGM87, 164; DBGM92, 160. González (González), Felipe a—Jan 28, 1947. b—Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes. c—Elementary studies, María Antúnez

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School and Dr. Díaz de León Public School, Aguascalientes; secondary studies, Autonomous Institute of Sciences of Aguascalientes; preparatory studies at Open System, Secretariat of Public Education; no college degree; completed management course, Pan American Institute for Higher Management, 1985–1986; marketing studies, Instituto de Ventas Metropolitano; president, Board of Directors, University of Aguascalientes. d—Governor, Aguascalientes, 1998–2004; senator from Aguascalientes, 2006–2012. e—Joined PAN, 1996; national adviser to PAN, 2004–2007. f—Assistant secretary of government, 2004–2006. g—President, Association of Dime Store Owners; president, Chamber of Commerce of Aguascalientes; president, COPARMEX, Aguascalientes. h—Took over father’s business, Grupo González, with brothers; president, Board of Directors, Banco Bilbao Vizcaya; founder and director general, Grupo Macabeos. i—Son of Jesús González García and Elena González Macías, retailers; grandparents were retailers; married María de la Concepción Ramírez Zambrano. j—None. k—None. l—Pérez Franco, 155; www.aguas.gob.mx, 2008; Musacchio, 176; www.senadores.gob.mx, 2008; Directorio del Congreso, 2006–2009, 17. González Gortázar, José de Jesús

a—Aug. 12, 1934. b—Guadalajara, Jalisco. c—Elementary studies at Colegio México, Federal District, 1939–1945; secondary studies at Colegio México and Colegio Cervantes, Guadalajara, 1946–1948; preparatory studies at Colegio Cervantes, 1949–1950; law degree from University of Guadalajara, 1950–1955 (first in his class); diploma from City of London College, 1956; professor of geopolitics, Cervantes Preparatory School, Guadalajara, 1958–1959. d—Federal deputy from State of Jalisco, Dist. 7, 1961–1964; local deputy, State Legislature of Jalisco, 1980–1983; federal deputy from State of Jalisco, Dist. 17, 1985–1988; senator from Jalisco, 1994–2000. e—General delegate of CEN of PRI, Colima, 1963–1964; adviser

on legal affairs, IEPES of PRI. f—Lawyer, PEMEX, Jalisco, 1957–1965; technical adviser, IMSS, 1958–1977. g—President, Law School Students, University of Guadalajara, 1953; president, National Union of Sugarcane Producers, 1973–1988. h—President, Unión de Crédito Agropecuario e Industrial de Occidente, 1982–1988. i—Son of J. Jesús González Gallo, governor of Jalisco, and Paz Gortázar Gutiérrez; married María Guadalupe Silva Corcuera. j—None. k—None. l—Enc. Mex., V, 466; DBM66, 306–307; C de D, 1961–1963, 70; Directorio, 1985–1988, 3, 56–58; DBGM87, 483–484; www.oem .com.mx, Mar. 21, 2007. González Guevara, Rodolfo (Deceased Dec. 23, 2002) a—Dec. 22, 1918. b—Mazatlán, Sinaloa. c—Law degree, University of Guadalajara. d—Secretary, City Council of Guadalajara, Jalisco, 1947–1952; federal deputy from State of Jalisco, Dist. 1, 1952–1955, member of Legislative Studies Committee (1st and 2nd years), Balloting Committee, and Administrative Committee (3rd year); president, Chamber of Deputies, Dec., 1954; federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. No. 13, 1976–1979, president of Gran Comisión, 1977–1979. e—Member, Executive Committee of PRI, State of Jalisco, 1946–1952; secretary of political action, CEN of PRI, 1955; president of PRI, Federal District, 1955–1959; president of PRI, Federal District, 1959–1964; secretarygeneral of CEN of PRI, 1964; member, New Advisory Council, IEPES of PRI, Ideology and Program Commission, June 28, 1972; general delegate of CEN of PRI to Sonora, 1972; director of CEPES of PRI of Federal District, 1976; leading figure in Democratic Current Movement of PRI; resigned from PRI to join PRD, 1991. f—Director, General Office of Secretariat of Industry and Commerce, Guadalajara, 1948–1952; assistant secretary of government properties, 1964– 1966, under Corona del Rosal; secretarygeneral, Department of the Federal District, 1966–1970, under Corona del Rosal; assistant secretary of government, May 25, 1979–1982;

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secretary-general, ISSSTE, 1982–1983; ambassador to Spain, 1983. g—President, Federation of Socialist Students of the West, 1934; lawyer, Legal Division, CTM, Jalisco, 1941–1952. i—Collaborator of Alfonso Corona del Rosal since 1958; married Elisa Macías; brother Héctor González Guevara, federal deputy from Sinaloa, 1979–1982; brother Antonio, director of health services, Nayarit, under 6 governors, 1958–1991; son of Antonio González Lie, businessman, and Leonor Guevara Morales, teacher; son Luis Fernando González Corona, PAN federal deputy from Jalisco, Dist. 5, 1997–2000. j—None. k—Participated in creation of Popular Party; resigned as general delegate of PRI to protest Carlos Biebrich’s selection as governor of Sonora, 1973; answered José López Portillo’s 2nd State of the Union address, 1978. l—DGF51, I, 268; C de D, 1952–1954; HA, July 10, 1972, 10; Siempre, Jan. 3, 1959, 6; Enc. Mex., V, 579; DPE65, 76; MGF69; HA, Dec. 21, 1964, 7; Johnson, 1978, 181; Excélsior, July 30, 1978, 23; Uno Más Uno, Feb. 26, 1983, 2; Hurtado, 309; DBGM, 184–185; www.eswikipedia.org, 2008; letter; Época, Sept. 1, 1997, 4. González Hernández, Alejandro

c—Early education unknown; economics degree, Autonomous Metropolitan University, Federal District; MA and PhD, University of Pittsburgh, Penn.; studies in international trade negotiations, Geneva and Amsterdam. d—None. e—None. f—Economic counselor, Mexican embassy in Singapore, Canada, and Israel; director of negotiations with Europe and Pacific Rim, Secretariat of Foreign Relations; director, Technical Secretariat for the GATT; director general of training and technical innovation, Secretariat of the Economy, 2003–2005; assistant secretary of small and medium businesses, Secretariat of the Economy. g—None. j—None. k—None. l—www .fimpes.ur.mx, 2008. González Hernández, Yolanda Eugenia

a—Jan. 1, 1956. b—San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí. c—Early education unknown;

accounting studies, Institute of Higher Studies, San Luis Potosí, did not complete thesis, 1977–1981. d—Local deputy, State Legislature of San Luis Potosí, 1984–1987, 1990–1993; federal deputy from State of San Luis Potosí, Dist. 6, 1994–1997; plurinominal senator from San Luis Potosí, 2000–2006. e—Joined PRI, 1971; president of PRI, San Luis Potosí, 1995–1999; national political adviser to PRI, 1995–1999, 2001–2007; general delegate of CEN of PRI to Baja California, 1999; assistant secretary of CEN of PRI, 2001–2002; regional secretary of CEN of PRI to Baja California, Sonora, and Chihuahua, 2007. f—Secretary-general of government, San Luis Potosí, 1993–1994. g—Secretary-general, FSTSE, San Luis Potosí. h—None. i—Daughter of Francisco González Delgado and María Francisca Hernández Pérez. j—None. k—None. l—www.laprensasonora.com, Aug. 23, 2007; www.cddhuc.gob.mx, 1994–1997, 2007; DCM, 2000–2003, 236; QesQ en el Congreso, 2000–2003, 351–352; Musacchio, 177. González Herrera, Saúl a—Nov. 4, 1915. b—Ciudad Guerrero, Chihuahua. c—Elementary studies at the Mariano Irigoyen School, Ciudad Guerrero; secondary and preparatory studies at Night School No. 5, Mexico City; law degree, National School of Law, UNAM, 1938–1943, with thesis on administrative law; dean, School of Law, University of Chihuahua, 1958–1959; rector, University of Chihuahua, 1959–1962. d—Local deputy, State Legislature of Chihuahua, 1950–1953; federal deputy from State of Chihuahua, Dist. 1, 1964–1967; senator from State of Chihuahua, 1988–1994; federal deputy from State of Chihuahua, Dist. 5, 1994–1997. e—Member, youth groups of the PRM; president of PRI, State of Chihuahua, 1965–1966; general delegate of CEN of PRI, Coahuila, 1966–1967; special delegate of CEN of PRI, Chiapas, 1967; assistant secretary-general of CEN of PRI, 1987–1988; secretary of organization of CEN of PRI, 1986–1987. f—Judge, 1st instance, Ciudad Guerrero, Chihuahua, 1944–1945; judge, 1st

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instance, Benito Juárez, Chihuahua, 1945– 1946; director general, Tarahumara Forest Products, 1972–1976; substitute governor, Chihuahua, 1985–1986. h—Notary public, Benito Juárez, 1949–1950; notary public, Morelos, Chihuahua, 1968–1989. i—Son of Simón González Amaya and Enedina Herrera Casavantes; married Delia Jaimes Beiza; uncle Luis González, prominent educator at University of Chihuahua; Óscar Ornelas, governor of Chihuahua, was dean of Law School when González Herrera was rector. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM89, 453–454; DBGM92, 477; www.oem.com.mx. González Hinojosa, Manuel (Deceased Feb. 2, 2006) a—Jan. 28, 1912. b—San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí. c—Elementary and secondary studies, San Luis Potosí; preparatory studies at University of San Luis Potosí; law degree from School of Law, University of San Luis Potosí; member, University Council, University of San Luis Potosí; professor of agrarian law, National School of Law, UNAM; professor of agrarian law, Ibero‑American University; preparatory school teacher. d—PAN federal party deputy, 1967–1970, 1973–1976. e—Founding member, PAN, 1939; adviser to National Council of PAN, 1944–1981; president, Regional Committee of PAN, San Luis Potosí, 1940–1950; president, Regional Committee of PAN, Federal District, 1955–1956; member of CEN of PAN, 1953– 1962, 1966–1978; president of CEN of PAN, 1969–1972. f—None. g—Member, Catholic Action organization. h—Practicing lawyer, San Luis Potosí, 1935–1950; practicing lawyer, Federal District, 1950–2000. i—José G. Minondo, secretary-general of the CEN of PAN, was a political disciple of González Hinojosa; son Alejandro González Alcocer was substitute governor of Baja California, 1998–2001; son of Aurelio Jesús González Orozco, rancher, and Rosa Hinojosa de la Llata; married Ana María Alcocer. j—None. k—His opposition party activities forced him to leave San Luis Potosí in 1950s; PAN candidate for federal deputy from San Luis

Potosí, 1943, 1949; PAN candidate for senator, 1952; PAN candidate for federal deputy from Federal District, 1958; PAN candidate for federal deputy in 1979 but withdrew before election. l—Excélsior, Feb. 28, 1973, 19; Mabry, 81, 153; C de D, 1973–1976, 29; C de D, 1967–1970; letter; HA, Apr. 2, 1979, V; Excélsior, Apr. 29, 1979, 14; www.pan.org .mx, 2008; Pérez Franco, 156–157. González Isunza, Enrique a—July 20, 1945. b—Toluca, State of Mexico. c—Early education unknown; civil engineering studies, University of the State of Mexico, 1962– 1968, graduating in 1973; MA, University of London, 1974; courses from Internal Revenue Service in Washington, DC, Philadelphia, Berlin, Buenos Aires, 1981–1986; professor, University of the State of Mexico, 1967–1976; researcher, University of the State of Mexico, 1976. d—Mayor, Toluca, 1991–1993; local deputy, State Legislature of Mexico, Dist. 2, 48th Sess., 1981–1984; federal deputy from State of Mexico, Dist. 16, 1985–1988; federal deputy from State of Mexico, Dist. 34, 1997–2000, coordinator, PRI delegation from State of Mexico. e—Joined PRI, 1970; general delegate of CEN of PRI to local elections, 1981–1984; member, National Council of PRI, 1997. f—Assistant director of planning and development, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1977–1979; director of income and information, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1979–1980; assistant director, National Property Registry, Secretariat of Government, 1980–1981; secretary of administration, State of Mexico, 1987– 1990; secretary of finance, State of Mexico, 1993–1995; director general of civil protection, Secretariat of Government, 1995–1997; executive secretary, Water Commission, State of Mexico, 2003. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Enrique González Mercado, lawyer and federal deputy from the State of Mexico, Dist. 4, 1949–1952, and Guadalupe Isunza Isunza; married Graciela Hernández Solainde; father is the brother of Margarita González Mercado, Alfredo del Mazo’s mother; aunt Sara González Mercado was the first wife of Luis Montiel, related to Arturo Montiel

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Rojas, governor of State of Mexico. j—None. k—None. l—DBM87, 484: Musacchio, 177; QesQ en el Congreso, 1997–2000, 170; DBGM89, 691; www.gaceta.diputados.gob. mx, 1998; www.pri.org.mx, 2008; wwm87, 247; www.cambioenlinea.com, June 30, 2008. González López, Guillermo a—1926. b—Nuevo León. c—Early education unknown; law degree, National School of Law, UNAM, 1950. d—None. e—None. f—Lawyer, Legal Office, Department of Traffic and Highway Police, Secretariat of Communications and Transportation, 1950; director, Legal Office, Department of Traffic and Highway Police, 1953; private secretary to director, Department of Traffic and Highway Police, 1953–1959; director, Department of Consulting, Secretariat of Public Works, 1960–1963; director, Department of Legal Affairs, Secretariat of Public Works, 1963–1976; assistant secretary of social welfare, Secretariat of Labor, 1976–1982. g—None. h—None. j—None. k—None. l—Protag., 152. González (Lugo), Hugo Pedro (Deceased) a—1909. b—Nuevo Laredo, Tamaulipas. c—Secondary studies at Colegio Civil; law degree from School of Law, UNAM, 1928–1932, degree, Feb., 1933. d—Federal deputy from State of Tamaulipas, Dist. 1, 1940–1943, member of Gran Comisión, Committee on Government, Budget and Accounts Committee, 2nd Constitutional Affairs Committee; Governor, Tamaulipas, 1945–1947. e—Secretary of the Center for his father’s gubernatorial campaign, 1927. f—Scribe, Third Division, Superior Court of Tamaulipas, 1927–1928; Scribe, Fifth Civil District Court, Mexico City, 1928; Scribe, Third Civil Court, Mexico City, 1931–1932; Scribe, Sixth Penal Court, Mexico City, 1932–1933; judge, Superior Tribunal of Justice of the Federal District, 1943; general manager, National Bonded Warehouses, 1949–1952; director general of legal services, Department of Tourism, 1958–1961; ambassador to Bolivia, 1966–1970; ambassador to Indonesia, 1970–1971. g—President, Student

Society, National Preparatory School; secretary, law school. h—Practicing lawyer, Tamaulipas, 1933. i—Father, lawyer and prominent politician in Tamaulipas, having served as senator, state attorney general, and secretary-general of government. j—None. k—Removed from governorship of Tamaulipas on the pretext that he allowed the murderer of the most outspoken critic of his administration, newspaper editor Vicente Villasaña of El Mundo, to escape after the murderer was seen in the governor’s home in Ciudad Victoria; the murderer was the police chief of Ciudad Victoria and was part of his administration; according to Medina, the real reason for his removal was his loyalty to Portes Gil and his sympathy for the presidential candidacy of Javier Rojo Gómez in 1945. l—Excélsior, Apr. 7, 1947, 9; DGF51, II, 572; MGF69, 180; DGF50, 410; DPE61, 129; NYT, Apr. 10, 1947, 5; Anderson; letter; Medina, 20, 98–99; www.elmanana.com.mx, 2008. González Lugo, J. Jesús (Deceased 1965) a—Dec. 27, 1892. b—Colima, Colima. c—Elementary studies in Colima, secondary studies at Normal School of Mexico City; teaching certificate, 1914; director, School for Dependents of the Army. d—Governor, Colima, 1949–1955. e—None. f—Director, 2nd Inspection Committee of the Army, 1937; chief of staff, Secretariat of National Defense, 1940–1946; assistant secretary of national defense, 1946–1949. g—None. h—None. i—Political protégé of Miguel Alemán. j—Career army officer; joined federal army under President Huerta as a cadet, Oct. 4, 1913, and served until Aug. 28, 1914; rank of 2nd captain, 1914; rank of brigadier general, Dec. 11, 1920; fought against Carranza until May 7, 1920, when his troops were incorporated into the Constitutional Army under de la Huerta; rank of brigade general, Apr. 1, 1925; rank of division general. k—As governor of Colima, became one of the rare cases in recent Mexican political history in which a governor has been deprived of his powers by the

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local legislature for alleged corruption and illegal procedures; the secretary of government, Adolfo Ruiz Cortines, sent the oficial mayor to investigate the legislature for not observing the proper legal procedures; the local legislature changed its mind and called González Lugo back to the governorship; he retired from politics in 1955. l—DP70, 901; DGF51, I, 89; letter; DGF47, 109; Enc. Mex., V, 468; HA, Mar. 30, 1951, 10–11; Moreno, 98–101; Arriaga Rivera, 357; Excélsior, Mar. 18, 1951; NYT, Mar. 22, 1951, 11; Dávila, 118. González Luna, Efraín (Deceased Sept. 7, 1964) a—Oct. 18, 1898. b—Autlán, Jalisco. c—Elementary studies at Instituto del Sagrado Corazón, Autlán, 1906–1908; secondary studies at San José Institute, 1908–1911, and Morelos University, 1911– 1914; preparatory studies in Guadalajara, 1915–1916; law degree from University of Guadalajara, 1916–1920, degree, Oct. 29, 1920; professor of law, University of Guadalajara, 1925–1935; professor of law, School of Law, UNAM. d—None. e—Founded PAN with Manuel Gómez Morín, 1939; national adviser, PAN, 1939–1964; president, PAN in Jalisco, 1940–1971; PAN candidate for federal deputy, 1943, 1946; PAN presidential candidate, 1952. f—None. g—Joined ACJM, 1921; orator for and president of ACJM. h—Author of many articles on social and political subjects; participated in National Catholic Conference on Social Problems in the United States, 1942; private law practice in Guadalajara, 1920–1964. i—Son Efraín González Morfín served as federal deputy from PAN, 1967–1970; son Ignacio, practicing attorney in Guadalajara and graduate of 1949 law school generation of UNAM; son Adalberto, a Jesuit and professor with a PhD in theology; son of Mauro Heliodoro González Álvarez, lawyer and mayor of Guadalajara, 1913–1914, and María del Rosario Luna Michel; Jesús González Gallo and Agustín Yáñez were also members of ACJM at same time as González Luna; married Amparo Morfín; brother-in-law of Enrique Morfín González, first president of UNS,

1946; brother Ramiro González Luna served as federal deputy from PAN, 1967–1970; niece Guadalupe Morfín Otero, president, Jalisco Human Rights Committee; brotherin-law of distinguished architect Luis Barragán, who was married to his wife’s sister. k—None. l—DP70, 901; WWM45, 52; WWMG, 19; Morton, 63–64; Enc. Mex., 1977, V, 468; Padgett, 67–70; letter; Mabry, 36; DJBM, 57; Meyer, 59; www.jalisco.gob .mx; www.autlan.gob.mx; Pérez Franco, 157–158. González Luna, Ramiro a—Nov. 17, 1911. b—Guadalajara, Jalisco. c—Early education unknown; began medical studies at University of Guadalajara; medical degree from School of Medicine, UNAM; postgraduate work in Los Angeles, New York, and Boston. d—Candidate for local deputy, State of Jalisco, 1949; PAN federal party deputy, 1967–1970, member of Military Health Committee, Social Welfare Committee, Agricultural Committee, Public Welfare Committee, Pharmaceutical Industry Committee. e—Member, PAN; resigned from PAN Sept. 27, 1968. f—None. g—Participated in Jalisco student movement, 1933. i—Brother of Efraín González Luna, cofounder of PAN; son of lawyer Mauro H. González, mayor of Guadalajara, 1913–1914, and María del Rosario Luna; married Delfina Sauza. j—None, k—None. l—C de D, 1967–1970, 56, 57, 76, 84, 87. González Luna Corvera, Irma Pía

a—1970s. b—Guadalajara, Jalisco. c—Early education unknown; communications degree from ITESO, Guadalajara, 1979–1983. d—None. e—None. f—Director general of social communications, Jalisco, 1996–2001; coordinator of social communications, Secretariat of the Environment, 2003–2004; director general of interinstitutional relations, Office of the Presidency, 2004–2007; assistant secretary of the media, Secretariat of Government, 2008– . g—None. h—None. i—Friend of Margarita Zavala, wife of Felipe Calderón; sister Teresa de Jesus González Luna, councilor, Federal

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Electoral Institute. j—None. k—Wrote prize-winning history of her grandfather, Dr. Aureliano Urrutia, secretary of government in de la Huerta cabinet, 1913. l—www .portal.iteso.mx, Jan. 28, 2008; www.elperi odicodemexico.com, 2008; www.goberna cion.gob.mx, 2008; www.ife.org.mx, 2008; www.fox.presidencia.gob.mx, 2008. González Márquez, Emilio a—Nov. 12, 1960. b—Lagos de Moreno, Jalisco. c—Elementary studies in public school, Guadalajara, Jalisco; secondary studies at Colegio Anáhuac Chapalita, Guadalajara; preparatory studies at Preparatory School No. 5, University of Guadalajara; public accounting degree, University of Guadalajara, 1980–1985. d—Mayor, Lagos de Moreno, 1980; member, City Council of Guadalajara, 1992, 1995–1997 (1st PAN member of council); plurinominal federal deputy from PAN, 1997–2000; mayor, Guadalajara, 2004–2005; governor, Jalisco, 2007–2013. e—Joined PDM, 1982–1991; member, CEN of PDM, 1988–1991; president, PDM, 1988; joined PAN, 1991; member, Regional Committee of PAN, Jalisco, 1993; secretary of electoral action, Regional Committee of PAN, 1994– 1996; secretary of organization, Regional Committee of PAN, 1995–1996; Secretary of political promotion, Regional Committee of PAN, 1996; president, Regional Committee of PAN, 1999–2002; national adviser, PAN, 1998–2004; secretary, CEN of PAN, 2002– 2005. f—None. g—None. h—Accountant. i—Son of Bernardo González Gómez, from Portugal, and Ofelia Márquez; married Imelda Guzmán de León; brother Samuel, manager of sanitation, Jalisco; sister-in-law, secretary of culture, Jalisco; brother-in-law, director general of administration, Finance Department, Jalisco. j—None. k—None. l—Pérez Franco, 159; www.gobernacion.gob. mx, 1997–2000, 2007; QesQ en el Congreso, 1997–2000, 37; www.cddhcu.gob.mx, 2008; www.pan.org.mx, 2007; www.jalisco.gob .mx, 2007. González Martinez, Aida a—June 21, 1939. b—Federal District. c—Early

education unknown; degree in international relations from School of Political and Social Sciences, UNAM, 1960–1963; law degree from Free Law School, 1973–1975. d—None. e—Joined PRI, 1973; member, Advisory Council of PRI, 1986–1990. f—Joined Foreign Service, 1957; private secretary to Alfonso García Robles, director of European, Asian, and African Department, Secretariat of Foreign Relations, 1957–1961; private secretary to José Gorostiza, assistant secretary of foreign relations, 1961–1964; private secretary to Antonio Carrillo Flores, 1964–1970; assistant director general of international organizations, Secretariat of Foreign Relations, 1971–1974; assistant director general of international organizations, Secretariat of Foreign Relations, 1975–1977; director general of international affairs, Secretariat of Labor, 1977–1978; ambassador in charge of international labor affairs, ILO, 1977–1979; oficial mayor of foreign relations, 1979–1982; inspector general, Secretariat of Foreign Relations, 1982–1988; director-in-chief of migratory affairs and human rights, Secretariat of Foreign Relations, 1989–1990; adviser to secretary of foreign relations, 1991–1993; ambassador of women’s affairs, Secretariat of Foreign Relations, 2000. g—None. h—None. i—Daughter of José González Ávila, cattle rancher, and Josefina Martínez Reyes, teacher and social worker. j—None. k—None. l—Excélsior, June 26, 1979, 18; Protag., 152. González Martínez, Atanasio a—Sept. 8, 1933. b—Piedras Negras, Coahuila. c—Elementary, secondary, and preparatory studies in Saltillo, Coahuila; legal studies at School of Law, UNAM, 1953–1957, graduating in 1960 with thesis on mercantile societies; postgraduate studies at King’s College, Cambridge University, 1960, and Academy of International Law, The Hague, 1960–1962; professor of law, School of Law, UNAM, 1963–1967; professor, Graduate School, IPN, 1969–1971. d—None. e—Resigned from PRI, 1999; PT candidate for governor of Coahuila, 1999. f—Adviser to director

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general of income tax, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1963–1965; chief of utilities sharing, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1965; judge, Federal Tax Court, 1969–1973; president, Federal Tax Court, 1973–1976; supernumerary justice, Supreme Court, 1976–1977; justice, Supreme Court, 1977–1982, 1982–1988, 1988–1994, retired Dec. 31, 1994; dean of the justices, 1988–1994. g—None. h—Secretary, Board of Directors, Casa of Coahuila, 1965–1974; president Board of Directors, Casa of Coahuila, 1974–1979. i—Son of Atanasio González Sánchez, farmer, and María Martínez González; married Mercedes Armendáriz Etchegaray, daughter of Antonio Armendáriz, assistant secretary of the treasury. j—None. k—None. l—Protag., 153; DBGM92, 659; DBGM89, 613; DBGM, 658; www.scjn.gob.mx, 2008, 306–308. González Martínez, Jorge Emilio

a—Apr. 16, 1972. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; business administration degree from University of the Valley of Mexico, 1991–1994. d—Representative, Assembly of the Federal District, 1994–1997; plurinominal federal deputy from PVEM, 1997–2000, coordinator of PVEM delegation; plurinominal senator from PVEM, 2000–2006; plurinominal federal deputy from PVEM, 2006–2009. e—Member, PVEM, 1987–1991; member, Mexican Ecology Party, 1991–1993; member, PVEM, 1993; secretary of electoral action, PVEM, Federal District, 1993–1994; secretary of organization, CEN of the PVEM, 1996; president, PVEM, 2001– . f—None. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Jorge González Torres, founder and first president of PVEM, and Leticia Martínez, daughter of Emilio Martínez Manautou, secretary of the presidency; nephew of pharmacy entrepreneur and independent candidate for president Víctor González Torres. j—None. k—Known as the “Niño Verde”; viewed by critics as maintaining autocratic control over the PVEM. l—www.es.wikipedia.org, 2007; QesQ en el Congreso, 1997–2000, 250–251; DCM, 2000–2003, 322; QesQ,

2000–2003, 376–377; www.diputados.gob .mx, 2006; Directorio del Congreso, 2006– 2009, 402. González Morfín, Efraín a—June 5, 1929. c—Elementary and secondary studies at Institute of Sciences, Guadalajara, Jalisco, 1936–1948; preparatory studies at Institute of Sciences, Guadalajara; studied Greek and Latin in United States, 1948–1951; studied philosophy at University of Innsbruck, Austria, 1955; studied economics, political science, and sociology at the Sorbonne, 1956–1958; taught philosophy for 4 years. d—Federal deputy from the Federal District, Dist. 8, 1967–1970, member of Department of the Federal District Committee, 2nd Taxes Committee, and Money and Credit Institutions Committee. e—Joined PAN, 1959; member, National Executive Committee of PAN, 1960–1975; member, PAN youth group as a student; member, Studies Commission of PAN; regional director of PAN for the Federal District, 1969; PAN presidential candidate, 1969–1970; president, CEN of PAN, 1975; resigned from PAN, Apr., 1978; national adviser, PAN, 1962–1978. f—Professional translator for a series on economic development for CEMLA. g—None. h—Author of an administrative document for PAN approved at 20th Annual Convention; author of numerous articles for National Action, official PAN publication; speaks 8 languages. i—Son of Efraín González Luna; godson of Manuel Gómez Morín; married Monique Marseille Orendáin; nephew of Enrique González Martínez, assistant secretary of public education, 1913–1914; son Ignacio, PAN candidate for federal deputy from Jalisco, 1964, 1967, and president of PAN in Jalisco, 1965–1967. j—None. k—None. l—Letter; C de D, 1967–1969, 62, 74, 81; Enc. Mex., 1977, V, 471. González Morfín, José a—July 25, 1954. b—Cotija, Michoacán. c—Early education unknown; degree in dental surgery from School of Dentistry, UNAM, 1971–1975; legal studies at School of Law, UNAM,

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1987–1990, graduating in 2003. d—Member, City Council of Uruapan, Michocán, 1984– 1986; plurinominal federal deputy from PAN, 1988–1991; local deputy, State Legislature of Michoacán, 1992–1995, coordinator of PAN delegation; national coordinator, local PAN deputies, 1992–1995; plurinominal federal deputy from Michoacán, 2003– 2006, coordinator of PAN delegation, 2005– 2006; plurinominal senator from PAN, 2006–2012. e—Joined PAN, 1973; president, PAN, Uruapan, 1984–1987; member, Regional Committee of PAN, Michoacán, 1986–2006; member, National Council of PAN, 1988–2007; PAN candidate for senator from Michoacán, 1991; president, Regional Committee of PAN, 1996–1999; member, CEN of PAN, 1996–2002, 2005–2006; assistant secretary-general, PAN, 1999–2000. f—None. g—None. h—Practicing dentist. i—Son of José González de la Parra, businessman, and Beatriz Eugenia Morfín. j—None. k—None. l—www.diputados.gob. mx, 2003–2006; Directorio del Congreso, 2006–2009, 313; Pérez Franco, 161; www. pan.org.mx, 2008; DBGM89, 454; www. senado.gob.mx, 2007. González Parás, José Natividad a—Mar. 30, 1949. b—Monterrey, Nuevo León. c—Early education unknown; law degree from University of Nuevo León, 1965–1970; MA in public administration from International Institute of Public Administration, France, 1972–1973; PhD from University of Paris, 1972–1976; professor, Colegio de México, 1976–1977, 1992–1993; professor, University of Nuevo León, 1986–1991; professor, UNAM, 1977–1986, 1992–1994. d—Federal deputy from State of Nuevo León, Dist. 1, 1994–1997, secretary of Great Committee, 1994–1995; plurinominal senator from PRI, 2000–2003; governor, Nuevo León, 2003–2009. e—President, PRI, Nuevo León; secretary of ideological divulgation, CEN of PRI, 1982–1985; secretary of social promotion, CEN of PRI, 1986–1987; member, National Council of PRI, 1998–2001; adviser to president of PRI, Mariano Palacios

Alcocer, 1997–1999. f—Director general of organization, Office of the Presidency, 1977– 1980; assistant coordinator of administrative studies, Office of the Presidency, 1980–1982; secretary-general, Nuevo León, 1987–1991; coordinator of special projects, Secretariat of Foreign Relations, 1991–1992; director, Foreign Relations Cabinet, 1992–1994; assistant secretary of political development, Secretariat of Government, 1995–1996. g—None. h—None. i—Son of José Natividad González González, retailer, and María Cristina Parás Barochio; married Evangelina Hinojosa; 2nd wife, María Cristina Maíz García. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM92, 162; Musacchio, 179; DBGM89, 691; www.cddhucgobmx, 1994–1997. González (Parra), Emilio M. a—May 23, 1913. b—Ixtlán del Río, Nayarit. c—Elementary and secondary studies completed; some preparatory and special courses; no degree. d—Federal deputy from State of Nayarit, Dist. 2, 1940–1943; local deputy, State Legislature of Nayarit, 1945–1948; federal deputy from State of Nayarit, Dist. 2, 1949–1952, member of Industries Committee, 1st Balloting Committee, Complaints Committee; Senator from State of Nayarit, 1952–1958, president of Social Action Committee, 1st secretary of 2nd Labor Committee, secretary of Second Instructive Sect. of grand jury and member of 2nd Balloting Group; federal deputy from State of Nayarit, Dist. 2, 1967–1970, member of Gran Comisión, member of 1st Balloting Committee; senator from State of Nayarit, 1970–1976, president of Mail and Telegraph Committee, 1st secretary of Cooperative Development Committee, 2nd secretary of National Resources and Properties Committee, member of Fishing Committee; federal deputy from State of Nayarit, Dist. 2, 1979–1982; senator from Nayarit, 1988–1994, president of Gran Comisión. e—President, Regional Committee of PRI for the State of Nayarit, 1957–1961; secretary of political action, CEN of PRI, 1988. f—Telegrapher and radio telegrapher, Secretariat of Communications and Public Works, 1929. g—Leader,

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Union of Workers of the Secretariat of Communications and Public Works; 1st secretary-general, Coordinating Committee, Federation of Workers of the State of Nayarit; secretary-general, Federation of Workers of the State of Nayarit, 1937–1938; secretarygeneral, Mexican Federation of Labor of the State of Nayarit, 1938–1979; secretary of political action, CTM, 1979–1981; alternate secretary-general, CTM, 1988. h—Has interest in Escuinapa Packing Co. i—Member of Gilberto Flores Muñoz’s political group, 1946; son of Emilio González Ramírez, teacher, and Gonzala Parra Aguilar; married Sofía Acosta (deceased); second wife, Verónica Valdéz Sojo, social worker; son Ney González Sánchez, governor of Nayarit. j—None. k—One of the 7 Mexican politicians to have become senator and deputy 6 times since 1935; Excélsior accused him of extortion. l—C de D, 1967–1970, 77; Ind. Biog., 75–76; Excélsior, Dec. 29, 1978, 12; C de D, 1940–1943; C de S, 1970–1976, 76; C de D, 1949–1952, 74; Excélsior, June 11, 1979, 15; Excélsior, Mar. 11, 1981, 23, 31; DBGM92, 478. González Pedrero, Enrique a—Apr. 7, 1930. b—Villahermosa, Tabasco. c—Elementary studies at Daniel Delgadillo School, Mexico City; 1st year of secondary studies at Public Secondary School No. 1, Mexico City, 2nd year at Juárez Institute, Villahermosa; 3rd year at Secondary School No. 22, Acapulco, Guerrero; preparatory studies at National Preparatory School; law degree from School of Law, UNAM, 1950–1956, degree, Oct. 25, 1957; studies at University of Paris in economics and political and social sciences, 1953–1954; professor of the sociology of religion, School of Political and Social Sciences, UNAM, 1956–1958; professor of the sociology of political parties, School of Political and Social Sciences, UNAM, 1959–1961; professor of the theory of the state, School of Political and Social Sciences, UNAM, 1960–1970; director, School of Political and Social Sciences, UNAM, 1965–1970. d—Senator from State of Tabasco, 1970– 1974, member of Gran Comisión, president

of 2nd Committee on the Consular and Diplomatic Service, 1st secretary of 2nd Foreign Relations Committee, 1st secretary of 1st Public Education Committee; governor, Tabasco, 1983–1989; plurinominal federal deputy from PRD, 1997–2000. e—Member, PRI, 1949; founder, MLN in Mexico; lawyer, MLN, 1962; adviser, IEPES of PRI, 1970; member, Commission of Political Training, IEPES of PRI, 1972; secretary-general, CEN of PRI, 1972–1974; participated in Luis Echeverría’s campaign for president; director of political training, PRI (preparing 200 young men in political speaking and policy), 1971– 1972; coordinator, Advisory Council, IEPES of PRI, 1982; joined PRD, 1995; adviser to Andrés López Obrador during his presidential campaign, 2006. f—Adviser to director of PEMEX under Jesús Reyes Heroles; investigator, Commission of Planning Studies (University), Secretariat of Public Education, 1961; lawyer, Department of Mercantile Income, Secretariat of the Treasury; director general, Mexican Corporation of Radio and Television, 1974–1976; president, National Textbook Commission, 1979–1982. g—None. h—Secretary of El Trimestre Económico magazine; member, Technical Department, El Trimestre Económico; founder, Política magazine; author of 6 books and translator of over 12 books; vice president, Siglo XXI publishing firm, 1966. i—Married Julieta Campos, prominent author; friend of Mario de la Cueva; knew Miguel de la Madrid at UNAM; brother José served as director general of fisheries development, Secretariat of Fishing, 1977–1979; close friendship with Fernando Solana, who was instrumental in his appointment as president of National Textbook Commission; son of Ramón González Vega, public official and important supporter of Tomás Garrido Canabal, and Rosa Pedrero Focil. j—None. k—Critic for many years of PRI and active political leftist; interceded during 1968 repression of students to get various professors and students released. l—BdeM, 137–138; HA, Feb. 28, 1972, 13; Análisis Político, July 3, 1972,

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4; El Día, Feb. 22, 1972; MGF69, 756; HA, July 10, 1972, 10; HA, Jan. 21, 1974, 58; Enc. Mex., 1977, V, 473; Excélsior, Jan. 12, 1974, 12; Excélsior, Nov. 16, 1979, 20; Excélsior, July 25, 1982, 21A; HA, June 23, 1980, 10; IEPES; DBGM89, 156; www.el-universal.com.mx, Apr. 9, 2008; www.es.wikipedia, 2008; Excélsior, May 16, 1997, A1. González Pimienta, Rafael a—Apr. 11, 1951. b—Puerto Vallarta, Jalisco. c—Early education unknown; law degree from School of Law, UNAM, 1972–1982. d—Federal deputy from Jalisco, Dist. 12, 1976–1979; mayor, Puerto Vallarta, 1980–1982; federal deputy from State of Jalisco, Dist. 9, 1985– 1988; federal deputy from State of Jalisco, Dist. 12, 1991–1992, coordinator of CNC delegation. e—Joined PRI, 1969; general delegate, CEN of PRI, Chihuahua, Hidalgo, and Colima, 1985–1988; president, PRI, Jalisco, 1994–1995; precandidate for PRI nomination for senator, Jalisco, 2000; general delegate, CEN of PRI to Puebla, 2001; general delegate, CEN of PRI, 2003. f—Adviser to governor of Jalisco, 1983–1985; coordinator of sectoral policy, Secretariat of Agriculture, 1992–1993; assistant secretary of agriculture and hydraulic resources, 1994; assistant secretary of sectoral policy, Secretariat of Agrarian Reform, 1994–1999; agrarian attorney, 1999. g—Secretary-general, League of Agrarian Communities, Jalisco, 1983; secretary of organization, CNC, 1988–1989; secretary of agrarian action, CNC, 1989–1992. h—None. i—Son of Salvador González Ortiz, peasant, and Esperanza Pimienta Iñíguez, peasant; married Adela Reséndiz Rivera. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM87; Pescador, 158–159; DBGM92, 163–164; Musacchio, 180. González Pintor, Luis a—July 21, 1951. b—Apizaco, Tlaxcala. c—Early education unknown; public accounting degree from School of Administrative Sciences, University of Puebla, 1971–1975. d—Plurinominal federal deputy from PAN, 1991–1994; senator from Tlaxcala, 1994–2000. e—Joined PAN, 1982; president, Regional Committee of PAN, Tlaxcala, 1991; PAN representative to

Federal Electoral Institute, 1991. f—Director of government services and research, Tlaxcala; president and coordinator of civic organizations, Tlaxcala, 1988–1997. g—None. h—Owner of CPA firm; general manager, Alexpe, SACV; general manager, Compañía Muñequera Kicoténcatl, SACV. i—Son of Carlos González González and Blanca Guadalupe Reynoso Abúndez. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM92, 478; www .gobernacion.gob.mx, 1997, 2007; QesQ en el Congreso, 1997–2000, 266; www.cronica .diputados.gob.mx, 2008. González Reyes, José de Jesús a—Mar. 10, 1961. b—Tijuana, Baja California. c—Early education unknown; degree in commercial relations from Regional Institute of Tijuana, 1980–1985; studies in administration at Southwestern College, Chula Vista, Calif., 1980–1986. d—Federal deputy from State of Baja California, Dist. 2, 1991–1994; federal deputy from State of Baja California, Dist. 6, 1997–2000; mayor, Tijuana, 2001–2004. e—Joined PAN, 1989; adviser, PAN Regional Committee, 1997. f—Secretary of social development, Baja California, 1999. g—None. h—Owns a company. i—Son of Luis González Medina, white-collar employee, and Herlinda Reyes Delgado; married María Evelina Garduño Green, educator. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM92, 478–479; QesQ en el Congreso, 1997–2000, 38. González Rivera, Abraham (Deceased) a—1893. b—Jalisco. c—Early education unknown; no degree. d—Senator from State of Jalisco, 1940–1946; federal deputy from State of Jalisco, Dist. 9, 1946–1949, member of 1st Government Committee and alternate member of Credit, Money, and Credit Institutions Committee; federal deputy from State of Jalisco, Dist. 5, 1952–1955, member of Forest Affairs Committee and Economics and Statistics Committee. e—None. f—None. g—None. h—Large landholder and cattle rancher. j—None. k—None. l—C de D, 1946–1949, 73; C de D, 1952–1955, 11, 43, 48; C de S, 1940–1946.

t he b io g ra phies  421 González Roa, Fernando (Deceased 1936) a—1880. b—Salamanca, Guanajuato. c—Elementary studies in Salamanca; secondary in Guanajuato; law degree from University of Guanajuato, 1904; professor of law, School of Law, UNAM; professor of law, Free Law School; director, School of Commerce, UNAM. d—None. e—None. f—Civil judge, Guanajuato, 1904–1905; judge, Correctional Courts, 1905; secretarygeneral of government, State of Guanajuato; director of government, Federal District; secretary of justice, 1910–1913; judge, Superior Tribunal of Justice, Federal District and Territories; assistant secretary of government; adviser to secretary of the treasury; president, Executive Board, Bank of Mexico; Mexican delegate to World Monetary Conference, 1933; ambassador to the United States, 1934; secretary of foreign relations, June 17, 1935–Nov. 30, 1935; ambassador to Guatemala, 1935. g—None. h—Practicing attorney, 1906–1909; author of several books on the Mexican agrarian problem. i—Students included Emilio Portes Gil, Eduardo Villaseñor, and Eduardo Bustamante; married Edme Gutiérrez Zamora. j—None. k—Never functioned in the position of secretary of foreign relations because of poor health; appointed ambassador to Belgium, 1936, but died before taking post. l—Enc. Mex., V, 474; WWLA35, 179; DP70, 905; DP64, 629; D del S, June 27, 1935, 1; Daniels, 98–99; Peral, 352. González Roaro, Benjamín a—Dec. 28, 1954. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; economics studies at School of Economics, UNAM, 1973–1977, graduating in 1978 with thesis titled “Rural Development and Its Impact on Economic Development”; MA in finance administration from Higher College of Legal Sciences, 1985–1985; professor, School of Economics, UNAM, 1979–1984. d—Federal deputy from the Federal District, Dist. 30, 1991–1994; plurinominal federal deputy from PAN, 2006–2009, president of Public Function Committee. e—Joined PRI, 1974, resigned,

2006; joined PAN, 2006. f—Adviser to assistant manager of economic information, Bank of Mexico, 1977–1979; adviser to director general, National Railroads of Mexico, 1983–1985; manager of logistical distribution, Fertimex, 1979–1983; controller, G. A. Madero Delegation, Department of the Federal District, 1988–1989; assistant secretary of educational services in the Federal District, Secretariat of Public Education, 1994–2000; director general, ISSSTE, 2000–2006. g—Adviser, CEN, SNTE, 1989–1991; assistant delegate, CNOP, Tlaxcala, 1983; 1st secretary, National Committee of Political Action, SNTE. h—None. i—Son of Benjamín González Hidalgo, CPA, and Ofelia Roaro Terán; married Teresa Elizabeth Madruga Ayensa, finance economist. j—None. k—National prize in political economy, 1980; considered ally of Esther Elba Gordillo. l—www.wenceslao.com .mx, 2007; www.eluniversal.com.mx, June 19, 2006; www.presidencia.gob.mx; DGM, 2006–2009, 402; DBGM92, 479. González Rodríguez, Óscar a—Sept. 13, 1951. b—Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes. c—Early education unknown; economics degree from ITESM, 1968–1972; MA in economics from University of East Anglia, Norwich, Eng., 1973–1974; PhD in economics from University of East Anglia, 1975–1980. d—Federal deputy from Aguascalientes, Dist. 1, 1997–2000. e—Regional delegate, CEN of PRI, Miguel de la Madrid presidential campaign, 1982; assistant secretary of agrarian action, CEN of PRI, 1987–1989; spokesperson for Roberto Madrazo, president of PRI, 2004. f—Adviser to secretary of the controller general, 1983–1987; executive coordinator for development of petroleum zones, PEMEX, 1987–1989; executive coordinator of special projects, PEMEX, 1989– 1990; assistant secretary of organization and fishing administration, Secretariat of Fishing, 1990–1991; assistant director of distribution, PEMEX Refinery, 1992–1994; assistant secretary of national resources, Secretariat of Environment, Natural Resources, and

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Fishing, 1994–1997. g—None. h—Director general, Bonita of Sonora, SACV, 1991–1992. i—Son of José de Jesús González Muñoz and Rosa María Rodríguez Ramírez; married Elda María Colatayud Dohalt. j—None. k—National prize in economics. l—QesQ en el Congreso, 1997–2000, 173; www.sur acapulco.com.mx, May 12, 2004; Pescador, 159–160; www.es.wikipedia, 2008. González Rubio, Ignacio a—May 24, 1917. b—Ciudad Guzmán, Jalisco. c—Early education unknown; law degree from School of Law, UNAM, Aug., 12, 1933; LLD from School of Law, UNAM, with honorable mention, Dec. 16, 1952; professor of law, School of Law, UNAM, 1953–1955, 1958– 1960, 1964. d—Federal deputy from the State of Jalisco, Dist. 1, 1955–1958; federal deputy from the State of Jalisco, Dist. 9, 1967–1970, member of Budget and Accounts Committee, General Accounting Office Committee, and Section on General Affairs of Legislative Studies Committee; federal deputy from the State of Jalisco, Dist. 7, 1979–1982. e—Joined PRI, 1955; secretary of publicity and civic orientation, CEN of PRI, 1959–1961. f—Adviser, National Colonization Commission, 1952; general attorney, UNAM; adviser to state government of Jalisco, 1958–1964; adviser to secretary of agriculture, 1958–1964; Mexican delegate to UN Safety of Life at Sea Conference, London, 1960; director, Legal Department, National Bank of Ejido Credit, 1961–1967. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Refugio Vergara and José González Rubio, lawyer, federal deputy from State of Jalisco, Dist. 19, 1912–1914, and judge of Superior Tribunal of Justice of Jalisco. j—None. k—None. l—Letter; C de D, 1979–1982; C de D, 1967–1970, 70, 73; C de D, 1955–1958. González Sáenz, Leopoldo a—Feb. 6, 1924. b—Ciénega de Flores, Nuevo León. c—Elementary studies at Antonio L. Treviño School, Ciénega; secondary studies in Ciénega; law degree from School of Law, University of Nuevo León, 1946; professor of juridical law, School of Law, University of

Nuevo León. d—Mayor, Monterrey, Nuevo León, 1961–1963, 1974–1976; federal deputy from State of Nuevo León, Dist. 1, 1958–1961, member of Gran Comisión; president, Chamber of Deputies, Sept., 1959; secretary, Preparatory Council, Chamber of Deputies, 1958, member of Foreign Relations Committee (4th Sect.); federal deputy from State of Nuevo León, Dist. 1, 1964–1967, member of Gran Comisión and Credentials Committee (4th Sect.); federal deputy from State of Nuevo León, Dist. 4, 1973–1974. e—Adviser, National Council of PRI; adviser, CNOP of PRI; state director, CNOP of PRI, Nuevo León; secretary of conflicts, CEN of CNOP of PRI; auxiliary secretary of Alfonso Corona del Rosal, president of CEN of PRI, 1964; secretary of organization, CEN of PRI, 1975–1976. f—Agent, Ministerio Público, 1942; scribe, Juvenile Court, Criminal and Civil Divisions; secretary, State Board of Conciliation and Arbitration of Nuevo León; judge, Nuevo León; assistant director legal affairs, State of Nuevo León; head of legal affairs, State of Nuevo León; secretary, City Council, Monterrey, Nuevo León; director of construction, Metro, Mexico City, 1968. g—None. i—Married Consuelo Elena Villarreal Zertuche; son of Camilo González and Nicolasa Sáenz. j—None. k—Answered presidential State of the Union Address of Adolfo López Mateos, 1958; PRI precandidate for governor of Nuevo León, 1978. l—DBM68, 315; PdM, 176–177; C de D, 1958–1960, 42; Excélsior, Apr. 2, 1973, 13; C de D, 1964–1966, 42, 66; HA, Dec. 25, 1972, 42; HA, Nov. 26, 1973, 34; Func., 294. González Salas (Petricioli), Marcela

a—Nov. 18, 1947. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; economics degree from ITAM, 1971–1975, with thesis titled “Social Development in an Urban Population”; postgraduate work at Ibero‑American University, 1977; studies in history of art at Davies School, London, and Catholic Institute, France, 1964–1965; MA from Anáhuac University, 1999–2001; professor, ITAM, 1972–1974; teacher, Adult

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Literacy Program, Guerrero, 1976; professor, IPN, 1978–1979. d—Local deputy, State Legislature of Mexico, 1981–1983, president of Committees on Legal Affairs and Social Development, and vice president and president, Chamber of Deputies, 1982; federal deputy from the State of México, Dist. 30, 1985–1988; plurinominal federal deputy from PRD, 2003–2006, president of 2006 sessions. e—Member, Advisory Council, IEPES of PRI, 1982; assistant director of popular organization studies, IEPES of PRI, 1982; joined PRD; PRD candidate for mayor of Ecatepec, State of Mexico. f—Oficial mayor of programming and budgeting, 1982–1985; director general, Pension Institute, State of Mexico, 1993–1999; director general, Cultural Institute, State of Mexico, 1999–2001. g—None. h—Involved in private activities, State of Mexico, 1966–1981; active in feminist publications, 1974–1982. i—Daughter of Armando González Salas Hernández, electrical engineer, and María Teresa Petricioli Mercado. j—None. k—None. l—Q es QAP, 135; DBGM, 193; DBGM87, 485; www.diputados.gob.mx, 2003; www.es.wikipedia, 2008. González Salazar, Roque a—June 13, 1931. b—General Terán, Nuevo León. c—Early education unknown; legal studies at School of Law and Social Science, University of Nuevo León, 1948–1953, law degree, with thesis titled “Tax Law, Naturalism, and Characteristics,” 1954; postgraduate work in international relations at Institute of Political Studies, University of Paris, 1960–1962, at Indiana University, Bloomington, 1962– 1963, and University of London, 1963–1965; professor, Center of International Studies, Colegio de México, and at School of Policy and Social Studies, UNAM, 1967–1969; secretary-general, University of Nuevo León, 1957–1959; interim rector, University of Nuevo León, 1959; director, Center for International Studies, Colegio de México, 1969–1972; general coordinator of academic affairs, Colegio de México, 1978. d—None. e—Private secretary to president of PRI,

Nuevo León, 1952–1954; assistant secretary of planning, Secretariat of Organization, CEN of PRI, 1981–1982. f—Public defender, Nuevo León, 1954–1955; secretary, Fourth Civil District, Monterrey, Nuevo León, 1955–1956; first judge, Civil District, Monterrey, 1956–1957; adviser to Foreign Service, Mexican embassy in Moscow, 1965–1966; ambassador to the Soviet Union, 1973–1975; ambassador to Argentina, 1975–1977; assistant director general of international financial affairs, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1977– 1978; director general for Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union, Secretariat of Foreign Relations, 1979–1982; oficial mayor of foreign relations, 1982–1988; ambassador to Portugal, 1989–1991; ambassador to Paraguay, 1991–1999; technical secretary, Education Committee, Chamber of Deputies, 2002. g—None. h—Director, Foro Internacional, Colegio de México, 1969–1972. i—Son of Miguel González González, farmer, and Magdalena Salazar González; married Rosamaría Aktories Grigoleit. j—None. k—None. l—Q es QAP, 50; DBGM, 188–189; DBGM89, 157; DBGM92, 165. González Sánchez, José Fernando

b—Sinaloa. c—Elementary teaching certificate in early learning from Normal School of Sinaloa; law degree from ITAM; MA in technology and educational communications from Latin American Institute for Educational Communication; MA in political science from UNAM; studies toward a PhD in political science at Ibero-American University; elementary school teacher and principal, rural elementary school, Culiacán, Sinaloa; professor of political science, School of Political and Social Sciences, UNAM; professor of political science, Ibero-American University and ITAM. d—None. e—None. f—Director general of higher education for educational professionals, Secretariat of Public Education, 2005–2006; assistant secretary of basic education, 2006– . g—Director general, Institute for Educational Studies and Unions of America. h—None. j—None. k—None.

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l—www.difusion.com.mx, 2010; www.sep .pue.gob.mx, 2010. González Sánchez, Ney a—Jan. 28, 1963. b—Guadalajara, Jalisco. c—Early education unknown; law degree from Autonomous University of Nayarit, 1980–1985. d—Local deputy, State Legislature of Nayarit, 1990–1993, 1996–1999; federal deputy from State of Nayarit, Dist. 2, 2000–2002; mayor, Tepic, 2002–2004; governor, Nayarit, 2005–2011. e—Secretary, Nayarit affiliates, National Movement of Revolutionary Youth of PRI, 1979–1981; secretary of political education, PRI, Nayarit, 1987–1990; secretary-general, CNOP of PRI, Nayarit, 1997. f—Public defender, 1984–1986. g—Leader of numerous state business organizations; coordinator of state citizens’ movement, Nayarit, 1990–1992. h—Notary Public No. 30, Nayarit; director of affiliates’ representatives, Maseca, SA, 1980–1994. i—Son of Emilio M. González, leader of CTM and governor of Nayarit, and María del C. Sánchez Morales; married María del Rosario Mejía González, sister of Sen. Raúl José Mejía González. j—None. k—None. l—DCM, 2000–2003, 185; Musacchio, 182; QesQ en el Congreso, 2000–2003, 192–193. González Schmal, Jesús Porfirio

a—Nov. 6, 1941. b—Torreón, Coahuila. c—Elementary studies in Delicias, Chihuahua, and Mexico City; secondary studies at Alexander Von Humboldt School, Mexico City; law degree from School of Law, UNAM, 1968; MA in sociology from UNAM; degree in industrial relations from Ibero-American University; professor, Institute of Educational Sciences. d—Plurinominal deputy from PAN, 1979–1982; plurinominal deputy from PAN, 1985–1988, coordinator of PAN delegation. e—Joined PAN, 1962; member, Youth Secretariat of PAN; member, National Council of PAN; secretary of youth, CEN of PAN, 1969; PAN candidate for federal deputy, 1973; secretary of internal affairs, CEN of PAN, 1986; member, CEN of PAN, 1968–1975, 1978– 1990; national adviser, PAN, 1971–1992;

precandidate for PAN nomination for president, 1987; secretary, Alternative Cabinet, Manuel Clouthier, 1989–1990; resigned from PAN, 1992; PRD candidate for governor of Coahuila, 1993. f—Oficial mayor of government of the Federal District, 1997. g—President, COPARMEX, Chihuahua, 1963–1965. h—Director general, Commag, SA, 1986. i—Brother of Raúl Jaime González Schmal, secretary-general of PAN, 1975–1978, 1981– 1984; son of Raúl González Domme, small rancher and founder of Delicias, Chihuahua, 1931, and Bertha Schmal Hernández; María Concepción Contró Ituarte, second wife; influenced by Prof. Miguel Mansur to become politically active, 1962. j—None. k—None. l—C de D, 1979–1982; Carlos Gil, 99–100; DBGM87, 486; www.es.wikipedia, 2008; www.diputados.gob.mx, 2003; Pérez Franco, 161–163. González Schmal, Raúl Jaime a—Mar. 23, 1940. b—Chihuahua, Chihuahua. c—Elementary studies at Colegio Franco Español; completed secondary studies at Colegio Franco-Español; law degree from School of Law, UNAM, 1964, with thesis titled “Religious Liberty in the Mexican Constitution and Church Doctrine”; MA from School of Law, Ibero-American University; graduated from Christian Democratic training course, Caracas, Venezuela; professor of constitutional law, Ibero-American University; professor of church law, Ibero-American University; dean, School of Law, IberoAmerican University, 1985–1992. d—None. e—Joined PAN, 1958; president, National Youth Organization of PAN; member, CEN of PAN; secretary-general, CEN of PAN, 1975–1978; interim president, CEN of PAN, Dec., 1975; national adviser, PAN, 1971–1978; member, Regional Committee of PAN, Federal District, 1969–1973; resigned from PAN, 1978. f—None. g—Secretary-general, Social Christian Student Movement, 1960–1962. h—Practicing lawyer. i—Brother of Jesús González Schmal, plurinominal deputy from PAN, 1979–1982, and member of CEN of PAN; son of Raúl González Domme,

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rancher and founder of Delicias, Chihuahua, 1931, and Bertha Schmal Hernández; studied political science under José González Torres; nephew of Alberto González Domené, federal deputy from Coahuila, 1994–1997. j—None. k—PAN candidate for federal deputy, Federal District, Dist. 11, 1970. l—Excélsior, Apr. 6, 1975, 9; La Nación, June 14, 1970, 11; Excélsior, Mar. 30, 1975, 4; Protag., 154; www.coparmexchihuahua.org; Pérez Franco, 163–164. González Sosa, Rubén a—Aug. 24, 1922. b—Zacatlán, Puebla. c—Elementary studies at Ramón Marquez School, Zacatlán, Puebla; secondary studies in Mexico City; preparatory studies at National Preparatory School; law degree from School of Law, UNAM, 1942–1946; advanced studies at Graduate Institute of International Studies, Geneva; professor, School of Law, UNAM, 1953–1954. d—None. e—None. f—Vice consul, San Francisco, Calif., 1946; minister to England; secretary, Special Mission to Chiefs of State Meeting, Panama, 1956; ambassador to OAS, 1957–1958; in charge of Mexican embassy, London, 1965; rank of ambassador, 1969; director general of legal affairs, Secretariat of Foreign Relations, 1969–1970; director-in-chief, Secretariat of Foreign Relations, 1970–1971; assistant secretary of foreign relations, 1971–1976, ambassador to the Dominican Republic, 1979–1982. g—President, 1st law generation of class of 1942. h—Career Foreign Service officer; joined Foreign Service, Apr., 1946; held posts in Geneva and Spain. i—Friend of Luis Echeverría since youth; married Patricia Flavel; son of Antonio González López and Enedina Sosa. k—PRI precandidate for governor of Puebla, 1974; daughter Sara González Flavel, legal counsel, World Bank. l—DPE70, 6; letter; HA, Dec. 14, 1970, 20; MGF69, 179; CyT, 307–308; Excélsior, Sept. 12, 1974, 4; Excélsior, Sept. 12, 1979, 4. González Torres, Jorge a—1942. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; degree in industrial relations from Ibero-American University; MA in

public administration from UNAM; professor, UNAM; professor, Ibero-American University; founder, Center for Agrarian Studies, Ibero-American University, 1979– 1981. d—None. e—Member, PRI; president, PRI, 22nd Congressional District, Federal District; founder and first president, PVEM, 1987–2001; PVEM presidential candidate, 1994; PVEM candidate for governor of the Federal District, 1997; PVEM candidate for president, 1999. f—None. g—None. h—Businessman in the construction industry; owner of La Huasteca. i—Father of Jorge González Martínez, president of PVEM, 2006; brother Víctor González Torres, owner of Farmacias Similares drugstore chain (3,000 stores); married to Leticia Martínez, daughter of Emilio Martínez Manautou, secretary of the presidency. j—None. k—Denounced in the media for fraud, Dec. 1, 1999. l—www.yucatan .com, Dec. 1, 1999; www.es.wikipedia, 2007; Musacchio, 182–183. González Torres, José a—Sept. 16, 1919. b—Cotija, Michoacán. c—Elementary studies at Colegio Jalisco, Guadalajara; secondary studies at Colegio Salesiano, Guadalajara, 1933–1934; preparatory studies at Institute of Sciences, Guadalajara; law degree from School of Law, UNAM, Aug. 20, 1945, with thesis on taxation powers; professor of history, Free Law School; studied for a doctorate. d—Plurinominal deputy from PAN, 1982–1985. e—Joined PAN, 1955; secretary-general of PAN, 1956–1958; president, CEN of PAN, 1959–1962; member, CEN of PAN, 1956–1972, 1975–1978, 1984–1987; PAN candidate for senator from the Federal District, 1970; PAN candidate from the Federal District, Dist. 8, 1955, 1958. f—None. g—President, Catholic Association of Mexican Youth, 1940–1944; president, National Catholic Action, 1949–1952; international president, Pax Romana; secretary-general, National Union of Parents, 1954–1956. h—Representative of Catholic intellectuals at many international conferences. i—Father, a prosperous

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rancher; recruited to PAN by Manuel Ulloa Ortiz and Rafael Preciado Hernández, 1941. j—None. k—PAN candidate for president of Mexico, 1963–1964. l—Scott, 185; HA, Dec. 2, 1963, 7; El Universal, Mar. 2, 1964, 1; HA, Apr. 15, 1949, 5; Mabry, 155; La Nación, Mar. 29, 1959, 19; HA, Mar. 5, 1979, III; Lehr, 549; DBGM84, 516; Pérez Franco, 164–165. González Torres, Roberto a—Apr. 28, 1939. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; law degree from School of Law, UNAM, 1961. d—Alternate federal deputy from the Federal District, Dist. 19, 1967–1970. e—None. f—Assistant director of cultural action, ISSSTE, 1979–1980; oficial mayor, Secretariat of Health, 1980–1982; judge, Superior Tribunal of Justice, State of Mexico, 2004. g—Secretary-general, National Union of Workers of the Office of the Attorney General of Mexico, 1962–1965; secretary of cultural action, CEN of the SNTE, 1965–1968; SNTE adviser before ISSSTE, 1968–1971; SNTE representative before Federal Tribunal of Conciliation and Arbitration, 1977–1979. h—None. j—None. k—None. l—Protag., 152; C de D, 1967–1970. González Uyeda, Abraham Kunio

a—1960s. b—Jalisco. c—Secondary and preparatory studies at Colegio Cervantes (Marian Brothers) in Costa Rica and Guadalajara, 1978–1985; civil engineering degree from ITESO. d—None. e—None. f—Secretary of economic promotion, Jalisco, 2001– 2003; secretary of administration, Jalisco, 2003–2005; assistant secretary of government, 2006–2009. g—None. h—Prominent businessman; owner, Sello Rojo Milk Co.; owner, El Zapote Ranch; director general and stockholder, Saho Refrigerated Carriers; director general and stockholder, Distributors of National and Imported Foodstuffs; director general, Edificaciones CAHAF, 1991–1993. i—Close friend of Cardinal Juan Sandoval Iñíguez and Francisco Ramírez Acuña, secretary of government, 2006–2008. j—None. k—None. l—www .gobernacion.gob.mx, 2007; letter. González Varela, José (Deceased)

a—Aug. 15, 1911. b—Zacatecas, Zacatecas. c—Elementary studies at Colegio Margil, Zacatecas; secondary studies at Secondary School No. 2, Mexico City, and in Zacatecas; preparatory studies at National Preparatory School; medical degree from Military Medical College, 1932–1936; advanced studies in physiotherapy, Northwestern University, Evanston, Ill., 1942; advanced studies in electroencephalography, Illinois Neuro Psychiatry Institute; professor, Military Medical School; director, Military Medical School, Secretariat of National Defense, 1953–1955. d—Senator from the State of Zacatecas, 1964–1970. e—Joined PNR, 1936; campaigned for José Elías Rodríguez for governor, 1962. e—General delegate of the CEN of PRI to Querétaro during Luis Echeverría’s presidential campaign, 1970; director, CEPES of PRI in Zacatecas, 1964. f—Director of medical services, Department of Agrarian Affairs; finance secretary, FSTSE; director, Military School for Nurses; director, Central Military Hospital; delegate, Tlalpan, Department of the Federal District, 1971–1976. g—Secretary-general, Union of Workers of the Department of Agrarian Affairs; director of social promotion, CEN of CNOP; secretary of legislative promotion, CNOP. i—Compadre of José Elías Rodríguez; father followed a military career. j—Colonel in the medical corps, Dec. 19, 1957; rank of brigadier general. k—Leader, Alcoholics Anonymous of Mexico. l—C de S, 1964–1970; PS, 2678; MGF69; Romero, Mis Seis Años; Rev. de Ejer., Dec., 1962, 30; www.sedena.gob.mx, 2008; www.cronica .diputados.mx, 1964. González Villarreal, Fernando Jorge

a—May 7, 1941. b—Santa Barbara, Calif. c—Early education unknown; civil engineering degree from School of Engineering, UNAM, 1959–1963; MS from University of California, Berkeley, 1966–1967; PhD in engineering, University of California, Berkeley, 1967–1968; professor and researcher, School of Engineering, UNAM, 1968–1978. d—None. e—None. f—General

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coordinator, National Hydraulic Plan, Secretariat of Agriculture and Hydraulic Resources, 1972–1976; executive secretary, National Hydraulic Plan, 1976–1982; assistant secretary of hydraulic infrastructure, Secretariat of Agriculture and Hydraulic Resources, 1982–1988; director general, National Water Commission, 1988; secretary of agricultural development, Sonora, 2004. g—President, Mexican Hydraulic Association, 1976. h—Private consultant, Ingeniería y Procesamiento Electrónico, SA, 1968–1970. i—Son of Fernando González y González, agrarian engineer, and Alicia Villarreal Villarreal; married Martha Julia Cañez Félix. j—None. k—None. l—IEPES; Q es QAP, 211; DBGM89, 158; DBGM, 190; DBGM87, 169. González Villarreal, Marciano

(Deceased 1970) a—Nov. 2, 1885. b—Cerralvo, Nuevo León. c—Studied in Ciudad Victoria, Tamaulipas, and Mexico City; no degree. d—Federal deputy from the State of Nuevo León, Dist. 2, 1916–1918; federal deputy from the State of Nuevo León, Dist. 6, 1918–1920; federal deputy from the Federal District, Dist. 19, 1964–1967, member of National Defense Committee (2nd), Editorial Committee, and Committee on Mines. e—Member, PARM. f—Comptroller general of Mexico; inspector general of Nuevo León; high-ranking official in Secretariat of the Treasury, 1935–1937; oficial mayor, Federal District, 1937–1938; oficial mayor, Secretariat of National Defense, 1939–1940, in charge of Office of the Assistant Secretary of National Defense, 1939–1940; director general of the manufacturing of supplies; secretary-general of government, Quintana Roo; secretary-general of government, State of Puebla. g—None. h—None. i—Nephew of a former president of Mexico, Gen. Manuel González. j—Constitutionalist; rank of lieutenant colonel, 1914; secretary, Revolutionary Convention of Aguascalientes, represented General Teodoro Elizondo, 1914–1915; accompanied Carranza to Tlaxcalaltongo, 1920; supported de la Huerta

rebellion, 1923; career army officer; rank of division general. k—Exiled from Mexico after death of Carranza; jailed in 1907 for attacking President Díaz in a speech; PRI candidate for governor of Nuevo León. l—Peral, 354; DP70, 907–908; C de D, 1964–1966, 49. González Yáñez, Alejandro a—Sept. 9, 1956. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; teaching certificate from Higher Normal School of Durango; studies in economics through 4th semester at School of Economics, UNAM; professor of Mexican history and social economic structures, University of Durango, 1977–1987. d—Local deputy, State Legislature of Durango, 1989–1992, coordinator of PT delegation; mayor, Durango, Durango, 1992–1995; federal deputy from the State of Durango, Dist. 5, 1997–2000; plurinominal federal deputy from PT, 2003–2006, coordinator, PT delegation; plurinominal senator from PT, 2006–2012, coordinator of PT delegation. e—Cofounder, PT, 1990; member, National Coordinating Committee, PT, 2006– ; PT candidate for governor of Durango, 1998; director, National Training Schools, PT, 2000–2003. f—None. g—None. h—None. i—Brother Óscar González Yáñez, federal deputy from PT, 1994–1997, 2009–2012. j—None. k—None. l—Directorio del Congreso, 2006–2009, 314; QesQ en el Congreso, 1997–2000, 245; www.senado.gob.mx, 2008; www.diputados.gob.mx, 2003–2006, 2008; Musacchio, 183. González Zarur, Mariano a—Apr. 3, 1949. b—Apizaco, Tlaxcala. c—Early education unknown; public accounting degree from UNAM, 1972; postgraduate courses. d—Mayor, Apizaco, 2000–2006; senator from Tlaxcala, 2000–2006; plurinominal federal deputy from PRI, 2006–2009. e—Joined PRI, 1970; president, PRI, Tlaxcala, 1987–1988, 1999–2003; general delegate, CEN of PRI, to various states, 1992– 1997; member, National Political Council, 1997–2006; regional secretary, CEN of PRI, 1997, 1999. f—External auditor of

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decentralized businesses, Secretariat of Government Properties, 1973–1976; treasurer general, Tlaxcala, 1975–1980; secretary of finances and budgeting, Tlaxcala, 1981–1987. g—None. h—Employed in independent CPA firms, 1967–1974. i—Son of Mariano González González, who established Soledad Ranch in Tetla, Tlaxcala, in 1977, to raise bull-fighting bulls, and Dalel Zarur Braiz. j—None. k—None. l—www. oem.com.mx, 2007; Musacchio, 183; Directorio del Congreso, 2006–2009, 403; DCM, 2000–2003, 279; QesQ en el Congreso, 2000–2006; www.diputados.gob.mx, 2006–2009. Gordillo de Anda, Gustavo a—Apr. 25, 1947. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; studies in economics at School of Economics, UNAM, 1965–1968; postgraduate studies in planning and development at École Pratique des Hautes Études, Paris, 1969–1970; PhD in planning and development at École Pratique des Hautes Études, 1970–1972, with dissertation on the growth model and social conflict in Mexico, 1934–1940; professor, School of Economics, UNAM, 1972–1973; researcher, UNAM, 1973–1975; coordinator of research, UNAM, 1977–1978, 1979–1982. d—None. e—Leader, PTM, 1970s; founding member, PSUM; joined PRI, 1988; general coordinator, Patricia Mercado’s presidential campaign, 2005–2006. f—Assistant secretary of policy, Secretariat of Agriculture and Hydraulic Resources, 1988–1992; assistant secretary of organization and agrarian development, Secretariat of Agrarian Reform, 1992–1994; director of rural and agrarian development, FAO, Rome, 1995–1997; assistant director general for Latin America and Caribbean, FAO, Rome, 1997–2005. g—Leader, student movement, 1968. h—Coordinator, weekly section on peasants and rural areas, El Día, 1984–1986. i—Son of Gustavo Gordillo Paniagua, military physician, research fellow, Harvard University, 1923, and author of book on pediatrics, and Tuchee de Anda Ramírez; married María Patricia

Pensado Leglise, economist; grandparents were hacendados. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM89, 159; DBGM92, 166–167; DBGM94, CD-ROM; www.mjoh.blogspot .com, 2005; www.gustavogordillo.blogspot .com, 2008; www.colpos.mx-cv, 2008. Gordillo Morales, Elba Esther a—Feb. 6, 1945. b—Comitán, Chiapas. c—Teaching certificate from Federal Institute of Teacher Education, 1963; studies in history at National Normal School, Mexico City, 1966; rural elementary school teacher, Chiapas, 1960; elementary school teacher, Ciudad Netzahualcoyotl, State of Mexico, 1964; secondary school history teacher, Tlalpan, Federal District, 1965; professor of history, Institute of Political Education, PRI, 1977. d—Federal deputy from the Federal District, Dist. 26, 1979–1982; federal deputy from the Federal District, Dist. 2, 1985–1988; plurinominal senator from PRI, 1997–2000; plurinominal federal deputy from PRI, 2003–2004, head of PRI delegation, 2003. e—Joined PRI, 1960; presidential campaign coordinator, CEN of PRI, 1975; coordinator, PRI senatorial campaign, San Luis Potosí, 1975; assistant secretary of organization (teaching), CEN of PRI, 1984; secretary of organization, CEN of PRI, 1986–1987; general delegate, CEN of PRI to Chihuahua, 1989; secretary-general, CEN of PRI, 2002–2005; expelled from PRI, July 13, 2006; founder, New Alliance Party, 2005. f—None. g—Joined SNTE, 1960; held several positions in Local No. 21, SNTE, 1971–1975; secretary of relations, Sectional Executive Committee, SNTE, 1974–1977; secretary-general, Local No. 36, Valle de México, SNTE, 1977–1980; alternate secretary of labor and conflicts, Preschool Division, CEN of the SNTE, 1977–1980; secretary of labor and conflicts, Preschool Division, CEN of the SNTE, 1980–1983; finance secretary, CEN of the SNTE, 1983–1986; secretary-general, SNTE, 1989–1995, 2004–2008; secretarygeneral, CNOP, 1996–2001; president of political action, SNTE National Committee, 1998–2001. h—None. i—Daughter of Daniel

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Gordillo Pinto, transit agent in Mexico City, and Estela Morales Ochoa, teacher; married Arturo Montelongo, teacher, but he died shortly after their marriage; daughter Mónica Teresa Arriola Gordillo, federal deputy from New Alliance Party, 2006–2009; grandfather Rubén Morales Trujillo, wealthy farmer, disowned daughter but left Gordillo a million pesos in 1973; grandson René Fujimara Montelongo, New Alliance Party candidate for federal deputy, 2009. j—None. k—Resigned as secretary-general of PRI after conflicts with PRI president, Roberto Madrazo. l—Romero Aceves, 700–701; C de D, 1979–1982; DBGM87, 486; www.wikipe dia; www.diputados.gob.mx, 2003; www .territolibre.blogspot.com, 2008; www .espreso.com.mx, 2008. Gorostiza (Alcalá), Celestino

(Deceased Jan. 11, 1967) a—Jan. 31, 1904. b—Villahermosa, Tabasco. c—Secondary studies at Institute of Sciences, Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, and Colegio Francés, Mexico City; preparatory studies at National Preparatory School, Mexico City; professor, School of Dramatic Art, Institute of Fine Arts; director, School of Dramatic Art, Institute of Fine Arts. d—None. e—None. f—Director, Department of Fine Arts, Secretariat of Public Education; director, Department of Theater, Secretariat of Public Education, 1952–1958; director, National Institute of Fine Arts, 1958–1964; secretary, National Conservatory, Secretariat of Public Education. g—None. h—Distinguished Mexican author; member, Contemporáneos, 1928–1931; created Teatro de Ulises with Xavier Villaurrutia and Salvador Novo, 1927–1928; founder, Teatro Orientación, 1932. i—Brother of José Gorostiza and friend of Jaime Torres Bodet; son of Celestino Gorostiza and Elvira Alcalá; nephew Francisco Javier was assistant director in Secretariat of Communications and Transportation, 1991. j—None. k—None. l—DP70, 909; DPE61, 107; Peral, 354; DGF56, 305; DEM, 155–156; letter; Enc. Mex., 1977, V, 478.

Gorostiza (Alcalá), José (Deceased Mar. 16, 1973) a—Nov. 10, 1901. b—Villahermosa, Tabasco. c—Elementary studies in Querétaro, Querétaro, and Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes; preparatory studies at National Preparatory School, Mexico City, and Colegio Francés de Mascarones; degree from UNAM; professor of literature, UNAM, 1929; professor of modern history, School of Teachers, 1932. d—None. e—None. f—First chancellor, Mexican embassy, London, 1927; secretary, Department of Fine Arts, Secretariat of Public Education, 1932–1935; head, Publicity Department, Secretariat of Foreign Relations, 1935–1937; 3rd secretary in Copenhagen, 1937; private secretary to the secretary of foreign relations, Eduardo Hay, 1937–1939, with rank of 2nd secretary; 1st secretary, Mexican embassy, Rome, 1939– 1940; 1st secretary in Guatemala, 1940–1941; 1st secretary in Havana, 1942; adviser in Cuba, 1942–1944; director general of political affairs, Secretariat of Foreign Relations, 1944; adviser, Mexican delegation to UN Conference, San Francisco, Calif., 1945; adviser, Mexican delegation, First Session of the United Nations, New York, 1946; director general, Diplomatic Service, Secretariat of Foreign Relations, 1946–1949; delegate, Rio Conference, 1947; delegate, Inter‑American Conference, Bogotá, 1948; ambassador to Greece, 1950–1951; alternate permanent representative of Mexico under Padilla Nervo to United Nations, 1951–1953; assistant secretary of foreign relations, 1953–1958, 1958–1964; secretary of foreign relations, 1964; head, National Nuclear Energy Commission, 1965–1970. g—None. h—Distinguished Mexican writer and poet; published first book of poems at age 24; member of the famous literary group, the Contemporáneos. i—Son of Celestino Gorostiza and Elvira Alcalá; brother of Celestino Gorostiza, head of the Department of Theater, Secretariat of Public Education, 1952–1958, director of the National Institute of Fine Arts, 1958–1964, and one of Mexico’s distinguished writers and intellectuals and also was a member of

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the Contemporáneos; José knew Rafael de la Colina at UNAM and served with him in the Foreign Service; friend of Jaime Torres Bodet at National Preparatory School and UNAM; married Josefina Ortega; son of Celestino Gorostiza and Elvira Alcalá; nephew Francisco Javier was assistant director in Secretariat of Communications and Transportation, 1992. j—None. k—National prize in letters, 1968. l—DP70, 909; DPE61, 107; DGF56, 305; letters; DPE61, 15; WWM45, 53; DBM68, 320; DGF51, I, 110; DGF56, 123; DGF47, 89; Libro de Oro, xli; Peral, 354–355; Justicia, May 6, 1973; HA, Mar. 26, 1973, 11; Excélsior, Mar. 17, 1973, 11. Govea, Salvador G. (Deceased) a—Aug. 6, 1898. b—Colima, Colima. c—Completed elementary studies only in Colima. d—Alternate senator from the State of Colima, but replaced Rafael S. Pimentel, 1954–1958, secretary of Tax Committee and president of General Means of Communication Committee. e—None. f—Secretarygeneral of the government of the State of Colima under Gov. Salvador Saucedo, 1930– 1934; treasurer general, Government of the State of Colima, under Gov. J. Jesús González Lugo, 1949–1951. g—None. j—Joined the Revolution, 1914; served in Army of the Northeast under Gen. Juan José Ríos, served in the security forces for the National Railroads under Col. Salvador Herrejón. k—None. l—Ind. Biog., 1977–1978; DGF56, 5, 9, 11, 13. Gracia de Zamora, Alma Inés a—Jan. 21, 1937. b—Santa Ana, Chiautempan, Tlaxcala. c—Early education unknown; completed preparatory, 1954–1956. d—Local deputy, State Legislature of Tlaxcala, 1977–1980; federal deputy from the State of Tlaxcala, Dist. 2, 1982–1985. e—Director of social action, PRI, Tlaxco, Tlaxcala, 1977–1980; director of women’s action, PRI, State of Tlaxcala, 1968–1973. f—Member, Committee for Access to Protection of Public Information and Personal Data, Tlaxcala, 2008. g—Secretary-general, ANFER, State of Tlaxcala, 1981–1982; Auxiliary secretary

of women’s action, CNC. h—Executive secretary. i—Daughter of Senator Ezequiel M. Gracia, agricultural engineer, and Rebeca Torres Martínez; married Roberto Zamora Pérez, farmer; grandfather was mayor of Calpulalpan, Tlaxcala. j—None. k—None. l—Directorio, 1982–1985; C de D, 1982–1985; Lehr, 483; www.e-consulta.com, 2008. Gracia (Lima), Ezequiel M. (Deceased 1975) a—Oct. 12, 1891. b—Tlaxco, Tlaxcala. c—First 3 years of elementary studies in Tlaxco, second 3 years in Calpulalpan, Tlaxcala; secondary studies in Calpulalpan; assistant to a secondary school teacher, 1906–1908; degree in agricultural engineering from School of Agriculture, San Jacinto, Federal District, 1909–1914, on scholarship from State of Tlaxcala; secondary and preparatory teacher in Mexican history, Tlaxcala, 1957–1959. d—Local deputy, Constitutional Convention, State of Tlaxcala, 1918; local deputy, State Legislature of Tlaxcala, 1919–1923; local deputy, State Legislature of Tlaxcala, 1943–1945; alternate senator from the State of Tlaxcala, 1946–1948; senator from the State of Tlaxcala, 1948–1952, replacing Mauro Ángulo. e—None. f—Commissioned to do topographical surveys of lands donated to his home village, 1915; auxiliary engineer, Department of Agrarian Indemnification, 1920–1930; agent, National Bank of Agricultural Credit, 1934; agent, National Bank of Ejido Credit, Nayarit, 1935–1938; official, Central Office, National Bank of Ejido Credit, 1938–1940; agent, Secretariat of Agriculture, Zacatecas, Morelos, and Tlaxcala, 1940–1943; director, Agriculture Department, State of Tlaxcala, 1952; agent, National Bank of Ejido Credit, Tlaxcala, 1952. g—Secretary, Agrarian Committee of Calpulalpan, 1915. h—Worked with Miguel Schultz in surveying the hacienda of ex‑secretary of agriculture Antonio Tamariz, 1914. i—Ties to Marte R. Gómez from college days; son of J. Isabel Gracia García, mayor of Calpulalpan and longtime teacher, and Ramona Lima Ahuactzin, teacher; daughter Alma Inés Gracia Torres was a

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federal deputy from Tlaxcala, 1982–1985; worked with Domingo Arenas in dividing village lands, 1915; first cousin Carlos Gracia, leading poet. j—None. k—None. l—Gómez, 264–269; C de S, 1946–1952; DBGM, 517; DP95, 1544; www.e-local.gob .mx, 2008; www.tlaxcala.gob.mx, 2008. Grajales (Godoy), Francisco J.

(Deceased) a—Aug. 1, 1898. b—Chiapa de Corzo, Chiapas. c—Studies at Military School, Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas, construction engineering degree from Heroic Military College, graduating as lieutenant, 1924; aide to director, Heroic Military College; professor, Heroic Military College; professor, Higher War College; director, Heroic Military College, 1955–1958; studied in France and Germany before World War II. d—Governor, Chiapas, Dec. 1, 1948–Nov. 30, 1952. e—None. f—Military attaché in Berlin; military attaché in Austria and Czechoslovakia; assistant chief of staff, Secretariat of National Defense; chief of staff, Secretariat of National Defense, 1946–1947; director, Higher War College, Secretariat of National Defense, 1958–1964. g—None. h—Author of several books on military strategy. i—Brother Jorge, a brigadier general, defeated for governorship of Chiapas, 1943; nephew of former governor Victorio Grajales; son of Dr. Emilio Grajales, local deputy to State Legislature of Chiapas, 1949–1953, president of legislature, 1953, and Margarita Godoy. j—Joined the Revolution as 1st sergeant, 1914; participated in 1st and 2nd battles for Tuxtla Gutiérrez, 1917–1918; various battles, 1919–1920; career army officer; assistant chief of staff, 28th Military Zone; fought under Gen. Francisco Urbalejo against Cristeros, 1929; assistant chief of staff, Isthmus Military Zone, 1941–1945; reached rank of division general; retired, 1976. k—PRM precandidate for governor of Chiapas, 1943. l—DGF51, I, 89; HA, Feb. 6, 1948, 10; HA, Oct. 29, 1943, 14; DGF47, 109; HA, Nov. 10, 1950, 12–16; HA, Jan. 26, 1959, 8; DBdeC, 108; Rev. de Ejer., Sept., 1976, 137; www.cronica.diputados.gob.mx, 1953.

Granados Roldán, Otto a—Nov. 24, 1956. b—Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes. c—Elementary studies at Colegio Alcalá, Aguascalientes; secondary studies at Colegio Portugal, Aguascalientes; preparatory studies at Autonomous Institute of Science and Technology, Aguascalientes; law degree from School of Law, UNAM, 1975–1978; MA in political science from Center of International Studies, Colegio de Mexico, 1979– 1981, with thesis on peasant organizations in Mexico; professor, National Institute of Public Administration, 1981–1982; professor of social sciences and humanities, ITESM, Aguascalientes campus, 2006– . d—Governor, Aguascalientes, 1992–1998. e—Joined PRI, 1973; auxiliary secretary of the oficial mayor, CEN of PRI, Arturo González Cosío, 1981; secretary of press and publicity, CEN of PRI, 1987–1988. f—Chief, Department of Analysis, Center of Documentation and Information, Chamber of Deputies, 1977– 1978; coordinator of publications, Center for Political Documents, Secretariat of Government, 1978–1979; private secretary to the secretary of education, Jesús Reyes Heroles, 1982–1985; adviser to ambassador to Spain, Rodolfo González Guevara, 1985–1986; oficial mayor, Secretariat of Programming and Budgeting, 1986–1988; director general of social communications, Office of the Presidency of Mexico, 1988–1992; Ambassador to Chile, 1999–2000. g—None. h—Writer for Proceso, Uno Más Uno, Sábado. i—Son of Claudio Granados Gutiérrez, businessman, and María Guadalupe Roldán Gándara; married María Teresa Franco Sevilla; met Carlos Salinas at IEPES while working for Gabino Fraga, 1981–1982; student of Manuel Camacho Solís and Emilio Lozoya at Colegio de México; grandson of Vidal Roldán y Ávila, mayor of Aguascalientes, 1919–1920. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM89, 161; Proceso, Jan. 11, 1988, 20; letters; www .es.wikipedia.org, 2008; DBGM92, 172. Granier Melo, Andrés Rafael a—1948. b—Villahermosa, Tabasco. c—Early education unknown; chemical engineering

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degree, pharmacology specialization. d—Mayor, Villahermosa, 2000–2003; Governor, Tabasco, 2007–2013. e—Joined PRI, 1982. f—Chief, laboratories and analysis clinics, IMSS, 1967–1982; chief, toxicology laboratory, Office of the Attorney General, Tabasco, 1982; director, Water Division, Tabasco, 1983; director of social development, City Government, Villahermosa, 1995–1997. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Luis Granier Armengol and María de los Ángeles Melo Abarrategui; married María Teresa Caller Santillana. j—None. k—None. l—www.diarioolmeca.com.mx, Jan. 1, 2007; www.tabasco.gob.mx, 2008. Granja Ricalde, Federico a—Aug. 17, 1942. b—Mérida, Yucatán. c—Early education unknown; civil engineering degree from University of Yucatán; MA in public health from Secretariat of Public Health School. d—Mayor, Mérida, 1976–1978; local deputy, State Legislature of Yucatán, 1974–1977; federal deputy from the State of Yucatán, Dist. 1, 1979–1982; alternate senator from Yucatán, 1982–1988; federal deputy from the Federal District, Dist. 24, 1985–1988; plurinominal federal deputy from PRI, 2000–2003. e—General delegate, CEN of PRI to Jalisco, 1981, Durango, 1982, Puebla, 1983, Guerrero, 1986–1988; president, PRI, Yucatán, 1989–1990; coordinator, PRI, Michoacán, 1991–1992; regional secretary, CEN of PRI, 1989–1999; secretary of operations and political action, CEN of PRI, 1999–2000; member, National Political Council of PRI; coordinator of state legislators, CEN of PRI, 2004–2007. f—Representative of Yucatán in the Federal District, 1991–1993; interim governor of Yucatán, 1994–1995; assistant director of cultural services, ISSSTE, 1997–1998. g—Secretary-general, National Union of Health Workers, 1983–1986; secretary of political action, FSTSE. h—None. i—Son of Federico Granja Martínez and Nelda Ricalde Gamboa; married Florinda Peniche; grandfather Gen. Mario Ricalde Gamboa, distinguished engineer and mathematician.

j—None. k—None. l—DBGM87, 486–487; Musacchio, 185; DCM, 2000–2003, 388–389; QesQ en el Congreso, 2000–2003, 195–196. Grant Munive, María de los Ángeles

a—Mar. 10, 1929. b—Tlaxco, Tlaxcala. c—Elementary studies at Colegio Esparza, Puebla; secondary studies at Carlos González Vespertina Cooperative School, Tlaxco; studies in art and music at Colegio Esparza, Puebla, Puebla; secondary school teacher in art and music. d—Local deputy, State Legislature of Tlaxcala; mayor, Tlaxco; federal deputy from the State of Tlaxcala, Dist. 2, 1970–1973, member of Gran Comisión. e—Director, Woman’s Section of PRI, Tlaxcala. f—None. g—Secretary of municipal promotion, CNOP. i—Daughter of Carmine James Grant Agucelli and Concepción Munive Pasada; widow. j—None. k—First female federal deputy from Tlaxcala. l—Directorio, 1970–1972; C de D, 1970–1973; www.tlaxcala.gob.mx, 2008. Green Macías, Rosario a—Mar. 31, 1941. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; degree in international relations from UNAM, 1949–1963; MA in economics from Colegio de México, 1964–1965; MA in economics from Columbia University, New York, 1966–1968; postgraduate studies in Latin American studies, Columbia University; professor and researcher, Colegio de México, 1968–1981, UNAM, 1976–1982, and Ibero-American University, 1968–1969; director general, Manuel Romero Institute, 1982–1988. d—Senator from the Federal District, 1997–1998; plurinominal senator from PRI, 2006–2012, president of Foreign Relations Committee. e—President, Colosio Foundation, PRI, 1997; secretary-general, CEN of PRI, 2005–2006. f—Translator of treasury studies, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1961–1963; 1st secretary, International Organizations, Switzerland, 1972–1974; ambassador to Germany, 1989–1990; executive secretary, National Commission for Human Rights, 1990–1992; assistant secretary of foreign relations “C,” 1992–1994; assistant secretary of political affairs, United

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Nations, 1994; secretary of foreign relations, 1998–2000; Ambassador to Argentina, 2001. g—None. h—None. i—Daughter of Jorge Green Andrade, retailer, and María del Rosario Macías Lara, educator; married Claude Heller Rouassant, ambassador to Cuba and France; father good friend of Óscar Treviño Ríos, attorney general of Mexico, who became her professor of international relations and mentor. j—None. k—First woman to hold position of secretary of foreign relations. l—QesQ en el Congreso, 1997–2000, 302–303; DBGM92, 168; www.senado.gob.mx, 2008; DBGM84, 195; DBGM87, 171; Musacchio, 66; Directorio del Congreso, 2006–2009, 314–315; letter; www.dossierpolitico.com, Nov. 3, 2006. Grimm González, Guillermo Antonio

a—July 19, 1938. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; business administration degree from Ibero‑American University; professor of marketing and advertising, Ibero‑American University, 1965–1967; researcher in higher cultural development, Ibero-American University, 2004. d—None. e—None. f—Assistant director of marketing, Somex Bank, 1978–1979; assistant secretary of recreation, Secretariat of Tourism, 1982–1988. g—None. h—Director of marketing and supervisor of accounts, Stanton Pritchard-Wood, SA, 1965–1967; manager of new products, VicksMexico, Division of Richardson‑Merrill, SA, 1965; founded Advising and Counseling, SA, 1972; external consultant, National Fund for Tourism Development, 1972–1978; director of marketing, Concord, SA, 1979–1980; director general, Omnia Services, SA, 1980–1982 i—Son of Guillermo Grimm Esquer, industrialist, and Josefina González Casillas. j—None. k—None. l—Q es QAP, 396; DBGM, 196; DBGM87, 172. Guadarrama Márquez, José a—Dec. 16, 1948. b—Zimapán, Hidalgo. c—Early education unknown; teaching degree from El Mexe Rural Normal School; diploma in electoral law from UNAM. d—Alternate federal deputy from the State of Hidalgo,

Dist. 5, 1979–1982; federal deputy from Hidalgo, Dist. 2, 1991–1994; senator from Hidalgo, 1994–2000, 2006–2012. e—Joined PRI, 1967; oficial mayor and secretarygeneral of PRI, Hidalgo; general delegate, CEN of PRI to Yucatán and Michoacán; coordinator of the secretary of political operations, CEN of PRI, 2000; joined PRD; PRD candidate for governor of Hidalgo, 2005; secretary of operations and political action, Andrés Manuel López Obrador’s presidential campaign, 2005–2006. f—Secretary-general of government, Hidalgo. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Aseneth Guadarrama Márquez, retailer; married Martha Elizabeth Flores Torres, teacher. j—None. k—None. l—QesQ en el Congreso, 1997– 2000, 303–304; www.senado.gob.mx, 2007; Musacchio, 180; DBGM92, 480; www .gobernacion.gob.mx, 1997, 2007; Directorio del Congreso, 2006–2009, 123. Guajardo Anzaldúa, Juan Antonio

(Deceased Nov. 29, 2007) a—Nov. 30, 1958. b—Reynosa, Tamaulipas. c—Early education unknown; business administration degree from ITESM, Monterrey, Nuevo León. d—Mayor, Río Bravo, Tamaulipas, 1993–1995, 2002–2003; senator from Tamaulipas, 1994, but removed by Federal Electoral Court; local deputy, State Legislature of Tamaulipas, 1996–1997; plurinominal federal deputy from the PRD, 1997–2000, president of Border Affairs Committee; plurinominal federal deputy from PT, 2003– 2006. e—Independent. f—None. g—None. h—Director general, Grupo Guajardo. j—None. k—Removal as senator was first case of its kind brought before the Supreme Court; murdered with 5 others, including his brother. l—QesQ en el Congreso, 1997– 2000, 84–85; www.eljustoreclamo, 2008; www.diputados.gob.mx, 2003–2006; www .gobernacion, 1997–2000, 2007. Guajardo Hernández, Gonzalo

(Deceased Nov. 30, 1991) a—May 16, 1919. b—Cuautla, Morelos. c—Preparatory studies at University of Nuevo León, Monterrey; medical degree with a specialty in pediatrics,

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School of Medicine, UNAM, 1943–1948, degree in June, 1949; temporary assistant professor of pediatrics, University of Nuevo León, 1955. d—Local deputy, State Legislature of Nuevo León, 1979–1982; plurinominal federal deputy from PAN, 1991–1994. e—Joined PAN, 1940; head, PAN Regional Committee, State of Nuevo León, 1980; national adviser, PAN, 1953–1954, 1962–1964, 1971–1991; president, Regional Committee of Nuevo León, 1962–1964, 1980–1981. f—None. g—None. h—Practicing pediatrician. i—Attended school with Javier de la Riva Rodríguez, federal deputy from PRI and medical director of ISSSTE, and with Rafael Campos, member of PPS and mayor of Teziutlán, Puebla, 1972; son of Gonzalo Guajardo and Herlinda Hernández; married Jovita Alanís. j—None. k—PAN candidate for federal deputy from the Federal District, 1949; PAN candidate for federal deputy from Nuevo León, 1955, 1961, 1973; PAN candidate for senator from Nuevo León, 1964; PAN candidate for alternate federal deputy from Nuevo León, Dist. 1, 1976–1979. l—Letter; DBM68, 324–325; PdM, 183; Almanaque de N.L., 123; www.cronica.diputados.gob.mx, 2008; Pérez Franco, 166–167. Guajardo Villarreal, Ildefonso a—Apr. 19, 1957. b—Early education unknown; degree in economics from University of Nuevo León; MA in economics from Arizona State University, Tempe; PhD in finance economics from University of Pennsylvania; professor, University of Pennsylvania, 1983–1987; professor, Arizona State University; professor, University of Nuevo Leon. d—Plurinominal federal deputy from PRI, 2000–2003; local deputy, State Legislature of Nuevo León. e—Joined PRI, 1974; national political adviser, PRI, 2000; coordinator of international relations, CEN of PRI, 2001–2002; PRI candidate for federal deputy, Federal District, Dist. 2, 2009. f—Director of public finances, Secretariat of Programming and Budgeting, 1984–1985; director of macroeconomic policy, Secretariat of Programming and

Budgeting, 1985–1986; director, Free Trade Agreement Office, Secretariat of Industry and Commerce, Washington, DC, 1993– 1994; oficial mayor, Secretariat of Foreign Relations, 1994–1997; assistant secretary of tourist development, Secretariat of Tourism, 1997; chief of planning, communications, and liaison, Secretariat of Industry and Commerce, 1998–1999; section chief, Brazil, Department of Fiscal Affairs, IMF. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Reynaldo Guajardo Acosta and Francisca Villarreal. j—None. k—None. l—Musacchio, 186; QesQ en el Congreso, 2000–2003, 196; DCM, 2000–2003, 371; www.decision2009 .mileno.com, 2009. Gual Castro, Carlos a—Oct. 16, 1927. b—Villahermosa, Tabasco. c—Early education unknown; graduated as a surgeon from School of Medicine, UNAM, 1945–1951; resident, 1951–1955; professor of endocrinology, diabetes, and nutrition, National Institute of Nutrition and Graduate Division, School of Medicine, UNAM, 1972–1982; postgraduate studies in biochemistry of steroids at Clark University and Worcester Foundation for Experimental Biology, Worcester, Mass.; professor of the biology of human reproduction, Graduate Division, School of Medicine, UNAM, 1959– ; professor of clinical endocrinology, School of Medicine, UNAM, 1978– . d—None. e—None. f—Full-time researcher, National Institute of Nutrition, 1959; director, Endocrinology Laboratory, National Institute of Nutrition, 1960; director, Department of Endocrinology, National Institute of Nutrition, 1975–1976; director, Research Division, National Institute of Nutrition; director, 1965–1976, Department of Reproductive Biology, National Institute of Nutrition, 1976; assistant secretary of assistance, 1976–1980; director, Salvador Zubirán National Institute of Nutrition, 1980–1982; coordinator, IMSS National Medical Center, 1982; chief of medical services, PEMEX, 1982–1985. g—President, Mexican Academy of Sciences, 1974–1975. h—None. i—Son of Carlos Gual del Rivero

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and Graciela Castro; married Beatriz Berlanga. j—None. k—None. l—Letter; DAPC, 33; WNM, 105; IEPES; Excélsior, June 17, 1982, 21A; HA, June 28, 1982, 21; www.medi graphic.com, 2008. Gual Vidal, Manuel (Deceased Jan. 21, 1954) a—June 9, 1903. b—Campeche, Campeche. c—Elementary studies in Campeche, but completed elementary and secondary studies in Tampico; preparatory at National Preparatory School, completed in 1920; law degree from School of Law, UNAM, 1926; professor of contract and civil law, School of Law, UNAM, 1926–1945; director, National School of Law, 1939–1941; secretary-general, UNAM, 1938–1939; interim rector, UNAM, 1944. d—None. e—None. f—Adviser to secretary of agriculture, 1926–1928; secretary, Civil Division, Supreme Court, 1929–1930; adviser, Bank of Mexico, 1935; technical adviser, Department of General Credit, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1935; president, Patrons of the National Lottery, 1944–1946; secretary of education, 1946–1952. g—Manager, National Association of Bankers, 1941–1945. h—Practiced law for a private firm in New York, 1936–1938; attorney for a group of electric companies, 1931–1945; private law practice, 1934–1935; author of many articles on education. i—Went to National University with José Castro Estrada, Antonio Armendáriz, and Eduardo Bustamante; personal friend of Gustavo Baz; brother Rafael Gual Vidal was a lawyer and judge for Superior Tribunal of the Federal District and also served as head of the Legal Department for the oficial mayor of the PRM; Rafael served under Manuel as head of the Legal Department for the Federal Committee on the Construction of Schools, 1950; taught Miguel Alemán at UNAM; practiced law with Antonio Martínez Báez; son of León Gual Victoria and Rosario Vial. j—None. k—None. l—HA, Apr. 21, 1950, 5; WWM45, 53; DP70, 929; DGF51, II, 445; DGF51, I, 285; WB48, xvii; DGF50, II, 329, 455; letter. Gual Vidal, Rafael (Deceased) a—Jan.

7, 1898. b—Campeche, Campeche. c—Elementary studies at Colegio of the State of Campeche, preparatory studies at National Preparatory School and Tulane University; law degree from School of Law, UNAM; studies in languages; Professor of Sociology and Economic Policy, UNAM. d—None. e—Director, Legal Department, Oficial Mayor’s Office, PRM. f—Agent, Ministerio Público Militar; local judge; judge, First Appellate Court; judge, Superior Tribunal of Justice of the Federal District and Federal Territories; Director, Legal Department, National Committee for School Construction, Secretariat of Public Education. g—None. h—Co‑author of Civil Code. i—Married María Aguilar; brother of Manuel Gual Vidal, Secretary of Education, 1946–1952; son of León Gual Victoria and Rosario Vidal. j—None. k—DBM70, 281–1982. Gudiño Canela, Baltasar (Deceased) a—Jan. 25, 1900. b—Jiquilpan, Michoacán. c—Elementary studies at public school in Jiquilpan; no degree. d—Mayor, Jiquilpan, 1935; federal deputy from State of Michoacán, Dist. 6, 1937–1940; local deputy, State Legislature of Michoacán, 1942–1944; federal deputy from State of Michoacán, Dist. 5, 1958–1961, member of 4th Ejido Committee and 1st Balloting Committee, substitute member of 1st Instructive Section of the grand jury. e—Joined Partido Democrático Jiquilpense (Socialist) in 1926; founding member, PNR, 1929. g—Organized peasant groups for Partido Democrático Jiquilpense; leader, Agrarian Ejido Association, 1936. j—Joined the Revolution, 1916; left the army as 1st captain, 1924. k—None. l—Func., 272; C de D, 1958–1960, 80; C de D, 1937–1939, 11. Gudiño (Díaz), Manuel (Deceased Oct. 11, 1971) a—1895. b—Colima, Colima. c—Elementary studies in Colima; secondary studies at Normal School; normal certificate from Porfirio Díaz Normal School of Colima; law degree from School of Law, UNAM; secondary school teacher.

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d—Alternate federal deputy from State of Colima, 1922–1924, under Rubén Vizcarra, but replaced him; senator from State of Colima, 1934–1940, member of Gran Comisión; federal deputy from State of Colima, 1940–1943, member of 2nd Government Committee and 2nd Justice Committee, president of Chamber of Deputies, 1942; governor, Colima, 1943–1949. e—Secretary of organization, CEN of PNR, 1936. f—Judge, State of Colima; secretary-general of government, State of Colima, 1931, 1935; president, Superior Tribunal of Justice, State of Colima, 1971. g—President, Third National Student Congress. h—Librarian in Colima; journalist; director, literary journal Alborada; founder and principal stockholder, Bank of Colima, 1948. i—Brother J. Trinidad Gudiño was a military engineer who served as director of public works during his administration. j—None. k—Rival of Daniel Cosío Villegas for leader of Second National Student Congress; answered Manuel Ávila Camacho’s 2nd State of the Union Address; allegedly imprisoned journalists who accused him of fraud in Colima; his state legislature supported General Henríquez Guzmán for president, 1952. l—HA, Nov. 19, 1943, 14; D del S, Dec. 1, 1940, 1; letter; C de D, 1940–1942; Peral, 367; Moreno, 94ff; DP95, 1586. Gudiño Pelayo, José de Jesús (Deceased Sept. 19, 2010) a—June 6, 1943. b—Autlán, Jalisco. c—Early education unknown; law degree from Ibero-American University, 1964–1968, graduating Jan. 24, 1972, with thesis on national law and ejido property; postgraduate studies in Spain at School of Local Administration, 1972–1973; MA in law from Ibero-American University, 1990; professor, National Preparatory School, 1972, Ibero-American University, 1974–, University of Baja California, 1979–1980, ITESO, 1990–1992, Pan American University, 1993–1994, UNAM, 1995–1998. d—None. e—None. f—Public defender, Federal District, 1971, 1974; secretary of studies and accounts, Supreme Court of

Justice, 1977–1978; first judge, District Court, Sonora, Hermosillo, 1978, Tampico, 1978–1979, Mexicali, 1979–1984; circuit court judge, Second Division, Seventh Circuit, Veracruz, Veracruz; judge, First Division, Third Circuit, Guadalajara, 1989–1995; justice, Supreme Court, 1995–2010. g—None. h—None. i—Son of José de Jesús Gudiño Barrera, retailer, and María del Rosario Pelayo Brambila; married Yolanda Cícero Ocaranza; father, founder and benefactor of Colegio F. J. Calderón, Guadalajara. j—None. k—None. l—www.scjn.gob.mx, Mar. 29, 2000; DBGM87, 614; DBGM92, 660; Musacchio, 186; www.es.wikipedia.org, 2007; personal website. Guel Jiménez, Francisco a—Dec. 16, 1915. b—Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes. c—Elementary studies at Melchor Ocampo School, Aguascalientes, secondary studies at Colegio Morelos, Aguascalientes; preparatory studies at Autonomous Institute of Sciences, Aguascalientes, 1930–1934; medical studies at School of Medicine, UNAM, 1935–1940, graduated as surgeon, 1941; Military Medical School, naval physician, 1941– 1943. d—Member, City Council, Rincón de Romos, Aguascalientes, 1954–1956; mayor, Aguascalientes, 1963–1965; federal deputy from the State of Aguascalientes, Dist. 1, 1967–1968, member of Gran Comisión and General Accounting Office Inspection Committee; governor, Aguascalientes, 1968– 1974. e—Director, CEPES of Aguascalientes, 1962; PRI precandidate for senator from Aguascalientes, 1981. f—Treasurer, Board of Moral, Civic, and Material Improvement, Pabellón, Aguascalientes, 1948; director, IMSS hospital, Aguascalientes, 1958–1962; director general, National Arid Zones Commission, 1976–1982. g—Secretary of economic and agricultural affairs, CEN of CNOP, Aguascalientes, 1949; secretarygeneral, ISSSTE Union, Aguascalientes, 1961; adviser, CNOP, 1965; secretary-general, CNOP, Aguascalientes, 1966. h—Began medical practice in Pabellón de Arteaga, Aguascalientes, 1941. i— Son of Francisco

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Guel and Petra Jiménez. j—None. k—None. l—C de D, 1967–1970, 78; MGF69, 89; Excélsior, Dec. 1, 1976; Excélsior, Dec. 26, 1981, 16A; www.ags.gob.mx, 2008. Guerra Castaños, Gustavo a—Sept, 10, 1926. b—Coahuila. c—Elementary studies at Apolonio M. Aviles School; secondary studies at Lucio Blanco Secondary School, Múzquiz, Coahuila; preparatory studies at San Ildefonso Night School, Mexico City; law degree from School of Law, University of Coahuila. d—Local deputy, State Legislature of Coahuila; federal deputy from the State of Coahuila, Dist. 1, 1970–1973; senator from the State of Coahuila, 1976–1982. e—Youth director, PRI, Coahuila; director, IEPES of PRI in Coahuila; special delegate, CEN of PRI to Durango. f—Adviser to treasurer general of Coahuila; president, State Electric Commission, Coahuila, 1963–1969. g—Secretary-general, CNOP in Coahuila; president, National Federation of Small Property Owners, 1974. h—Lawyer; fruit grower. i—Married Concepción de Luna; son of Gustavo Guerra Flores and Julia Castaños. j—None. k—Precandidate for the PRI gubernatorial nomination in Coahuila, 1974. l—Excélsior, Dec. 30, 1974, 13; Directorio, 1970–1972, 92; C de D, 1970–1973. Guerra Leal, Mario (Deceased Sept. 18, 1991) a—Jan 19, 1928. b—Federal District. c—Secondary studies at Colegio México (Marian Brothers), Mexico City; preparatory studies at National Preparatory Night School while working at National Bank of Mexico, Mexico City; law degree from School of Law, UNAM. d—None. e—Lawyer, Federation of the Parties of the Mexican People, 1953–1958; president, Federation of the Parties of the Mexican People; president, Parties of the Mexican Republic in the Federal District; secretary-general of PARM; president, National Anticommunist Party, but later expelled; director, PARM in the Federal District; president, CEN of PARM, 1983–1986. f—Private secretary to Gen. Miguel Henríquez Guzmán; private secretary to Gen. Juan Barragán.

g—Winner of oratory contest in secondary school. h—Wrote for Siempre and Quehacer Político. i—Son of Jorge Guerra Leal, lawyer; uncle Benito Guerra Leal was second-in‑command of the Mexico City Police Department under Gen. Roberto Cruz; uncle Antonio Guerra Leal practiced law with Alfonso Corona del Rosal; grandfather Antonio Guerra Juárez was president of State Legislature of Yucatán; student of Hugo B. Margaín at Colegio México; studied under Agustín Yáñez at National Preparatory School; studied under many politicians at UNAM, including José Campillo Sáinz. j—None. k—Imprisoned for political reasons, 1970s. l—Guerra Leal; DP95, 1596. Guerra López, Claudio marino a—May 18, 1938. b—Talea de Castro, Oaxaca. c—Early education unknown; economics degree, UNAM, Oct. 20, 1981. d—Federal deputy from the State of Oaxaca, Dist. 9, 1991–1994; federal deputy from the State of Oaxaca, Dist. 10, 1997–2000. e—Member of PRI. f—Assistant attorney of organization, Federal Consumer Attorney’s Office; director general of organization, Federal Consumer Attorney’s Office. g—Secretary of transportation, CTM; secretary-general, Meatpackers of Mexico; secretary-general, CTM, Oaxaca; secretary-general, State Workers of Oaxaca. h—None. j—None. k—None. l—www.imparcialenlinea.com, 2008; DBGM93, 113; QesQ en el Congreso, 1997–2000, 174–175. Guerra Ochoa, Juan Nicasio a—Nov. 26, 1954. b—Culiacán, Sinaloa. c—Early education unknown; psychology degree from University of Sinaloa, 1979–1981; law degree from University of Sinaloa, 1989–1999; MA in psychotherapy, 2003–2005; PhD in psychotherapy, 2005–2006. d—Alternate plurinominal federal deputy from PSUM, 1985–1988; plurinominal federal deputy from PRD, 1988–1991, 1994–1997; delegate from Milpa Alta, Federal District, 1998–2000; federal deputy from the Federal District, Dist. 7, 2006–2009. e—Member, Political Committee, Patriotic Revolutionary Party,

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1984–1986; member, National Council, PMS, 1987–1989; member, National Council, PRD, 1989– ; president, PRD, Sinaloa, 1993–1994; secretary of electoral affairs, CEN of PRD, 2002–2004. f—Legal director, Federal District. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Juan Guerra Cortez, tailor, and Rosa Ochoa Gutiérrez; married Alba Eunice Medina Camacho, nurse. j—None. k—None. l—Directorio del Congreso, 2006–2009, 82; www.cddhcu.gob.mx, 2008; DBGM89, 456; www.diputados.gob.mx, 2006–2009, 2007; Musacchio, 187. Guerra (Olivares), Alfonso (Deceased Oct., 1967) a—1897. b—Tepic, Nayarit. c—Early education unknown; studied on scholarship in Switzerland, Germany, and Europe in politics and economics; PhD. d—Senator from the State of Nayarit, 1964–1967. e—None. f—Fourth consul in Guatemala, 1923; rank of vice consul; vice consul, Zurich, 1923; consul, Hamburg, Germany, 1924; director general, Consular Service, Secretariat of Foreign Relations, 1946; oficial mayor, Secretariat of Foreign Relations, 1946–1951; assistant secretary of foreign relations, 1951–1953; ambassador to Germany, 1953–1958, 1958–1964. g—None. h—Career Foreign Service officer. j—None. k—None. l—Hoy, Oct. 28, 1967, 13; DGF51, II, 585; DGF51, I, 97; DGF50, II, 421; DPE61, 20; Peral, 360; DP70, 945; DGF56, 124. Guerra Rodríguez, Diódoro a—June 10, 1951. b—Miguel Alemán, Tamaulipas. c—Elementary and secondary studies in Miguel Alemán; first year preparatory studies in Miguel Alemán; completed preparatory studies at Technical School of Ciudad Madero, Tamaulipas; degree in communications engineering from IPN, 1969–1974; MA in public administration; PhD from Polytechnic University of Madrid. d—Alternate federal deputy from the State of Tamaulipas, Dist. 2, 1976–1979. e—Member of PRI. f—Director of operations, Technical High Schools, Secretariat of Public Education; assistant director general of delegates, Secretariat of Public Education; director

general of coordinated services of education, Michoacán; secretary of education, Michoacán; director general, National College of Technical Professional Education; director general, IPN, 1994–2000. g—None. h—None. i—Father from Lampazos, Nuevo León; came to Miguel Alemán as manager of the Ford dealership in the 1940s. j—None. k—None. l—www.ipn.mx /contenida, 2008; www.elmanana.com.mx, July 9, 2007. Guerrero Jr., Silvestre (Deceased 1968) a—Dec. 10, 1892. b—Acámbaro, Guanajuato. c—Elementary studies in Acámbaro, Guanajuato; secondary studies in Morelia, Michoacán; preparatory studies at National Preparatory School; law degree from School of Law, UNAM. d—Federal deputy from the State of Michoacán, Dist. 5, 1924–1926, 1926–1928; senator from the State of Michoacán, 1930–1934. e—Secretary-general, CEN of PNR, 1930–1931. f—Private secretary to Lázaro Cárdenas, 1920; secretary-general of government, State of Michoacán, 1928–1930, under Lázaro Cárdenas; attorney general of Mexico, 1934–1936; secretary of government, 1936–1937; secretary of health and welfare, 1939–1940. g—None. i—Close friend of Lázaro Cárdenas; son of Silvestre Guerrero and Gregoria Martínez. j—None. k—None. l—Peral, 364; D del Y, Jan. 24, 1939, 1; DP70, 949; Enc. Mex., V, 44; Excélsior, Dec. 2, 1934; DBM68, 364; www.pgr.gob.mx, 2008. Guerrero Briones, Alfonso a—1915. b—San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí. c—Preparatory studies at University of San Luis Potosi and National Preparatory School, Mexico City; law degree from School of Law, UNAM; professor, UNAM and IPN. d—Federal deputy from the State of San Luis Potosí, Dist. 1, 1961–1964, member of Civil Sect., Legislative Studies Committee, and Consular and Diplomatic Service Committee. e—Member of PAN; National adviser, PAN, 1947–1971; member, CEN of PAN, 1953–1956, 1961–1966; member, PAN Committee, Federal District, 1958–1960; PAN candidate for federal deputy, 1952,

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1955, 1958, 1967, 1970, 1973, 1979, 1985; PAN candidate for senator, 1946, 1965, 1982. f—Judge, Cárdenas, San Luis Potosi, 1941. g—President, Student Society, University of San Luis Potosí; president, National Student Federation; president, Federation of Students of the Federal District; president, Student Society, National Preparatory School; member, National Union of Catholic Students. h—Practicing lawyer. i—Son of Adela Briones; married María Luisa Martínez Navezo. j—None. k—PAN candidate for federal deputy for Dist. 4, State of San Luis Potosí, 1970. l—La Nación, June 14, 1970, 26; C de D, 1961–1964, 13, 70; Excélsior, May 28, 1979, 27; Pérez Franco, 167–168. Guerrero del Castillo, Eduardo a—Feb. 26, 1929. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; degree in diplomatic sciences from UNAM, 1957; degree in political science from School of Political and Social Sciences, 1958; postgraduate work in Latin American economics in Brazil and at UNAM; professor, UNAM. d—None. e—Assistant finance secretary, CEN of PRI; finance secretary, CEN of PRI, 1979–1981; member, National Political Council, PRI, 2001. f—Director general of organization and methods, Secretariat of Agrarian Reform; technical assistant director, Division of Internal Affairs, Secretariat of Public Education. g—None. h—Positions in private sector. j—None. k—None. l—Protag., 157; www.pri.org.mx, 2001; www.lajiribilla .cu, 2005. Guerrero Esquivel, Fernando

b—Toluca, State of Mexico. c—Preparatory studies at National Predatory School, Mexico City; law degree from School of Law, UNAM, with honorable mention. d—Federal deputy from the State of Mexico, Dist. 5, 1946–1949, member of Budget and Accounts Committee (2nd year); federal deputy from the State of Mexico, Dist. 3, 1952–1955, member of Legislative Studies Committee and 1st Balloting Committee; federal deputy from the State of Mexico, Dist. 4, 1958–1961, member of 1st Treasury

Committee, 1st Balloting Committee, 1st Credentials Committee, and Foreign and Domestic Trade Committee; delegate of Department of the Federal District to Villa Obregón, 1961. e—Participated in Lázaro Cárdenas’ presidential campaign, 1934. f—Private secretary to Ernesto P. Uruchurtu, head of the Federal District Department, 1955–1958; administrative posts in Department of Agrarian Affairs and Colonization. g—Posts in CTM. j—None. k—None. l—C de D, 1952–1955, 51, 57, 63, 71; Func., 259; C de D, 1958–1961, 80; C de D, 1946–1949, 73. Guerrero García, Javier a—Oct. 20, 1958. b—San Pedro de las Colonias, Coahuila. c—Early education unknown; degree in political science and public administration from University of Coahuila, 1975– 1980; MA in public administration from National Institute of Public Administration, 1980–1981; professor of political science from School of Political and Social Sciences, UNAM, 1983–1987; professor, Ibero-American University, 1982–1985. d—Mayor, San Pedro de las Colonias, 1988–1990; federal deputy from the State of Coahuila, Dist. 7, 1991–1994; federal deputy from the State of Coahuila, Dist. 2, 1997–2000, 2006–2009. e—Member, PRI, 1973; secretary of organization and operations of territorial movements, CEN of PRI, 1992–1994, 1998–1999; national political adviser, CEN of PRI, 1993. f— Head, Department of Political Analysis, Secretariat of Government, 1982; technical secretary to adviser of assistant secretary of organization, Secretariat of Agrarian Reform, 1982–1983; director, Social Services Program, Secretariat of Agrarian Reform, 1982–1985; director of advisers to controller general of Mexico, 1985–1987; finance secretary, Coahuila; director general, Solidarity Program, Secretariat of Programming and Budgeting, 1991; assistant director of operations, DIF, 1994–1997. g—Alternate secretary of organization, CNC, 1990–1991. h—None. i—Son of Baltazar Guerrero Martínez, peasant and leader of CNC, and

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Gabina García Díaz; married Lilia Nicté-Ha Ruiz Magaña, business administration graduate. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM92, 480; www.diputados.gob.mx, 2006–2009; Directorio del Congreso, 2006–2009, 45–46; QesQ en el Congreso, 1997–2000, 175; www.elsiglodetorreon, Dec. 19, 2001. Guerrero (Guajardo), Anacleto

(Deceased Feb. 10, 1980) a—Aug. 5, 1892. b—Hacienda del Porvenir, Nuevo León. c—Elementary studies in General Terán, Nuevo León; no degree. d—Governor, Nuevo León, 1936–1938; senator from the State of Nuevo León, 1952–1958, member of Agricultural Development Committee, War Matériel Committee, 2nd Committee on National Defense, and Administrative Committee (1st year). e—None. f—Head, Department of Cavalry, Secretariat of National Defense; chief of staff, Secretariat of National Defense, 1933. g—None. i—Son of Reyes Guerrero and Juana Guajardo; son Pedro Armando Guerrero Gárate was agent of Secretariat of Agriculture. j—Joined the Revolution Nov. 27, 1910, fought under Maj. Celedonio Villarreal; rejoined forces of Lucio Blanco, Constitutional Army, 1913; fought in the battle for Monterrey, 1915; rank of colonel, 1915; career army officer; head, 21st Regiment, Constitutional Army; rank of brigadier general, 1924; fought against Escobar rebellion, 1929; rank of brigade general, 1929; head, army garrison at Ciudad Juárez; commander, 82nd Infantry Battalion; commander, 1st Infantry Battalion, Guanajuato; commander, 3rd, 6th, 21st, 24th, and 71st calvary regiments; commander, 5th Military Zone, Chihuahua, Chihuahua, 1936; commander, 15th Military Zone, Guadalajara, Jalisco, 1939; commander, 30th Military Zone, Tampico, Tamaulipas, 1952; commander, 20th Military Zone, Colima, Colima; director, Army-Navy Bank; reached rank of division general; chief of staff, Secretariat of National Defense. k—PNR candidate for governor of Nuevo León, 1931. l—DGF56, 7, 9–11; Dulles, 646; Peral, 362; Brandenburg, 80; Ind. Biog.,

78–79; Dávila, 135; Almanaque de N.L., 12; www.iea.gob.mx, 2008. Guerrero Juárez, Joel a—Dec. 3, 1950. b—Pachuca, Hidalgo. c—Teaching certificate from Guadalupe Aguilera Rural Normal School, Durango, 1966–1969; social science degree from Higher Normal School, Puebla, 1970–1976; MA in educational psychology and orientation, 1978–1984; elementary school teacher, San Miguel de Allende, Guanajuato, 1966–1968; teacher, 1969–2004; high school teacher, Technical Secondary School, Tepeapulco, Jacala, Hidalgo, 1968–1969; teacher, Higher Normal School, Puebla, 1969–1979. d—President, City Council, Pachuca, 1979–1981; federal deputy from the State of Hidalgo, Dist. 4, 1991–1994; federal deputy from the State of Hidalgo, Dist. 7, 1997–2000; federal deputy from the State of Hidalgo, Dist. 1, 2006–2009. e—Joined PRI, 1971; assistant secretary-general, PRI, Hidalgo, 1985–1986; general delegate, CEN of PRI to Yucatán, Sinaloa, Michoacán, Querétaro, Quintana Roo, Baja California. f—Director of political affairs, Office of the Secretary-General of Government, Hidalgo, 1984; assistant director of government, Hidalgo, 1984–1985; assistant secretary-general of government, Hidalgo, 1986–1988; secretary of internal rural development, Hidalgo, 1993–1994; secretary of agriculture, Hidalgo, 1994; secretary of tourism, Hidalgo, 2000–2003; secretary of public works, Hidalgo, 2003–2005. g—Secretary of rural development, CNC, 2003. h—None. i—Son of Abraham Guerrero Gutiérrez and Emma Juárez López; married Ana María Ortega Amaro. j—None. k—None. l—Directorio del Congreso, 2006–2009, 125; DBGM94, CD; QesQ en el Congreso, 1997–2000, 175; DBGM92, 481; www.diputados.gob.mx, 2006–2009; www.gobernacion.gob.mx, 1997, 2007. Guerrero López, Euquerio (Deceased Mar. 2, 1990) a—Feb. 20, 1907. b—Guanajuato. c—Elementary studies at Professor Aránz’ School, Guanajuato; preparatory

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studies at University of Guanajuato, 1920–1924; law degree from University of Guanajuato, Nov. 16, 1929; professor of law, Law School, University of Guanajuato; professor of law, School of Law, UNAM; professor of law, Ibero‑American University; professor of law, Higher War College; rector, University of Guanajuato, 1967–1970; secretary-general, University of Guanajuato, under Rector Luis I. Rodríguez, 1930–1931. d—Senator from the State of Guanajuato, 1976–1982. e—None. f—Agent, Ministerio Público in Guanajuato, 1931–1932; judge, Superior Tribunal of Justice, State of Guanajuato, 1931, 1933, 1934–1937; chief, Advisory Department of Private Secretary to President of Mexico, 1936–1937; director, Department of Government, Secretariat of Government, 1938; alternate president, Federal Board of Conciliation and Arbitration, 1940–1943; president, Federal Board of Conciliation and Arbitration, 1943; supernumerary justice, Supreme Court, 1970–1973; justice, Supreme Court, 1973–1976; president, Supreme Court, 1974–1976; director general, National Institute of Senility, 1979–1990. g—None. h—Director, Department of Labor, Mexican Light and Power Co., 1943–1954; administrative assistant director, Mexican Light and Power Co., 1954–1970; lawyer, Baker, Botts and Miranda, 1961– 1967; author of many books. i—Student with Luis I. Rodríguez, Manuel Moreno, and Antonio Madrazo at University of Guanajuato; longtime collaborator with Luis I. Rodríguez; married Alicia Reynoso; son of lawyer Nicéforo Guerrero, interim governor of Guanajuato various times, 1903–1911, and María de Jesús López, teacher; half-brother of Nicéforo Guerrero Jr., Supreme Court justice, 1940–1957; nephew Nicéforo Guerrero Reynoso was assistant secretary of electrical energy. j—None. k—None. l—HA, Jan. 7, 1974, 26; Excélsior, Nov. 18, 1974; Almanaque de Guanajuato, 32; DBGM, 89, 162–163; DP95, 1611; www.scjn.gob.mx, 2008, 310–311. Guerrero Martinez, Pedro (Deceased Dec. 13, 1985) a—Sept. 16, 1905. b—Cam-

peche, Campeche. c—Elementary studies at Colegio Manuel R. Samperio and Model School No. 1, Campeche; preparatory studies at Campeche Institute of Science and Letters; law degree from University of Campeche, Mar. 5, 1932; professor, School of Law, University of the Southeast, Mérida, Yucatán. d—Alternate federal deputy from the State of Campeche, Dist. 1, 1937–1940; federal deputy from the State of Campeche, Dist. 1, 1943–1946; senator from the State of Campeche, 1946–1952, member of Gran Comisión, National Property and Resources Committee, Legislative Studies Committee, 1st Constitutional Affairs Committee, 1st Balloting Committee, substitute member of Tax Committee. e—None. f—Secretary, City Council, Campeche, 1927–1928; agent, Ministerio Público (Criminal Division), Campeche, 1929–1930; director, Public Defender’s Office, Campeche, 1931–1932; attorney general, State of Campeche, 1932; auxiliary secretary, First Judicial District of the Federal District, 1933; treasurer general, State of Campeche, 1936–1938; director, Department of Legal Affairs, State of Campeche, 1940–1942; director, Public Registry of Property and Trade, Federal District, 1955–1957; judge, Superior Tribunal of Justice, Federal District, 1957–1959; president, Superior Tribunal of Justice, Federal District, 1959–1963; justice, Supreme Court, 1963–1974. g—None. h—None. i—Political disciple of Héctor Pérez Martínez, his cousin; son of Pedro Guerrero Perneu, lawyer, and Francisca Martínez Alomía; grandfather Santiago Martínez Zarraquín, local deputy and judge, and great-uncle Manuel Martínez Zarraquín were Liberal politicians important in the founding of Campeche; maternal uncle Santiago Martínez Alomía, lawyer, federal deputy, and supreme court justice. j—None. k—None. l—C de D, 137– 139, 11; C de D, 1943–1945; Justicia, July, 1968; DGF51, 5, 9–15; www.roaro.com.mx, 2008; www.scjn.gob.mx. Guerrero (Mendoza), Marco Antonio

a—Sept. 28, 1919. b—Tucson, Arizona.

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c—Early education unknown; graduated as 2nd infantry lieutenant from Heroic Military College, 1939–1942; instructor, Higher War College, 1946, 1950; staff and command diploma from Higher War College, 1946–1949; armored car studies, United States, 1955–1956; studies at InterAmerican Defense College, Washington, DC, 1964; assistant director, Higher War College, 1967–1969; assistant director, Heroic Military College, 1973–1976; director, Higher War College, 1978–1980. d—None. e—None. f—Assistant secretary of national defense, 1982–1988. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Rómulo Guerrero Ramírez, public official, and María Mendoza Méndez; married Rosa Mónica Corona Guzmán. j—Career army officer; joined army as regular soldier, 47th Infantry Battalion, 1938; officer, 3rd Mortar Regiment, 1942; officer, 5th Military Zone, 1946–1949; chief, Sect. 3, Staff, Secretariat of National Defense, 1955, 1956–1957; attached to 1st Armored Reconnaissance Group, Presidential Guards, 1958–1959; officer, 2nd Artillery Battalion, Infantry Brigade, 1959–1961; aide to military attaché, Mexican embassy, United States and Canada, 1961–1963; assistant chief of staff, 28th Military Zone, 1964–1965; rank of artillery colonel, 1965; chief, Sect. 1, Staff, Secretariat of National Defense, 1965–1967; rank of brigadier general, 1971; commander, 1st Artillery Battalion, Presidential Guards, 1970–1971; chief of staff, Presidential Guards, 1971; rank of brigade general, 1975; director general of artillery, Secretariat of National Defense, 1976–1980; rank of division general, 1979; military attaché, Soviet Union, Poland, and East Germany, 1980–1982. k— In 1982 held highest position by a career officer from enlisted origins. l—Q es QAP, 71–72; Rev. de Ejer., Nov., 1975, 84; Rev. de Ejer., Dec., 1965, 61; Rev. de Ejer., Nov., 1971, 40; DBGM, 198; DBGM87, 173. Guerrero (Mendoza), Nicéforo (Jr.)

(Deceased Dec. 20, 1969) a—Feb. 13, 1897. b—Guanajuato, Guanajuato. c—Elementary studies at Colegio de Guanajuato; law degree from University of Guanajuato, 1920;

law degree from School of Law, UNAM, 1924. d—Alternate senator from the State of Guanajuato, 1934–1937; senator from the State of Guanajuato, acting as replacement for Ignacio García Téllez, 1937–1940, member of Permanent Committee, 1938. e—None. f—Secretary, Third Judicial District, Oaxaca; secretary, Supreme Court of Mexico, 1921; judge, First Appeals Court, Villa Álvaro Obregón; oficial mayor, State of Guanajuato, 1922; oficial mayor, Supreme Court of Justice; chief of statistics, Supreme Court of Justice, 1922–1923; secretary-general of government, State of Guanajuato; private secretary to Pres. Pascual Ortiz Rubio; attorney general, Federal District, Feb. 5, 1930–July 1, 1931; adviser to Miguel Alemán and Adolfo Ruiz Cortines, 1951–1952; justice, Supreme Court, 1940–1946, 1946–1952, 1952–1957, retired Feb. 13, 1957; provisional governor, Guanajuato, 1946–1947 (on leave from Supreme Court). g—None. h—Assistant lawyer, Mexico City; practicing lawyer. i—Son of distinguished Mexican lawyer Nicéforo Guerrero; married Adoración Solares Martínez; half-brother of Euquerio Guerrero López, Supreme Court justice, 1973–1976; nephew Nicéforo Guerrero Reynoso was director general in Secretariat of Government and assistant secretary of energy operations. j—Volunteered to fight North American invasion of Veracruz, 1914. k—Anderson says he resigned because of a split in the state party, Aug., 1947; resigned from PRM in May, 1940, because of Guanajuato election. l—DP70, 950; Morton, 32; DGF56, 567; DGF51, I, 567; HA, Jan. 18, 1946, 1; HA, Jan. 25, 1946, 8; letter; Peral, 363–364; Anderson, Casasola, V; www; SCJN, 314–315. Guerrero Mier, Ángel Sergio a—Aug. 18, 1935. b—Durango, Durango. c—Elementary studies at Guadalupe Victoria School, Durango; secondary and preparatory studies at Juárez Institute, Durango; law degree from Juárez University of Durango, 1954–1958; professor, Juárez University. d—Local deputy, State Legislature of Durango, 1968–1970; federal deputy from the State of Durango, Dist. 1, 1976–1979;

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federal deputy from the State of Durango, Dist. 5, 1985–1988; senator from the State of Durango, 1991–1997, president of Legislative Studies Committee (3rd Sect.); federal deputy from the State of Durango, Dist. 4, 1997–1998; governor, Durango, 1998–2004. e—Joined PRI, 1953; president, PRI, State of Durango, 1974–1979; secretary of ideological divulgation, CEN of PRI, 1980–1981; general delegate, CEN of PRI to Tlaxcala, 1983; general delegate, CEN of PRI to State of Mexico, 1984; general delegate, CEN of PRI to 24 states, 1977–1994; regional coordinator, CEN of PRI, 1989–1991. f—Chief of press and publicity, State of Durango, 1956–1957; head, Department of Government, State of Durango, 1959–1966; oficial mayor, State of Durango, 1966; secretary-general of government, State of Durango, 1970–1974; chief of advisers, Secretariat of Agrarian Reform, 1981–1982; oficial mayor, Chamber of Deputies, 1988–1989. g—Director, CNOP, Durango, 1955; secretary-general, CNOP, State of Durango, 1966–1970; coordinator, CNOP, 1976. h—None. i—Son of Salvador Guerrero Díaz and Ángela Mier; married Margarita García Casas. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM89, 488; C de D, 1985–1988; C de S, 1991–1997; www.pri.org, 1997. Guerrero Ortiz, Arturo (Deceased) a—Sept. 7, 1911. b—Acámbaro, Guanajuato. c—Elementary studies at Benito Juárez Public School, Acámbaro; secondary studies at Colegio Civil of Querétaro, 1926–1929; preparatory studies at Colegio de San Nicolás, Morelia, Michoacán, 1929–1931; medical degree from School of Medicine, University of Michoacán, 1937; residency in Oklahoma. d—Federal deputy from the State of Querétaro, Dist. 1, 1964–1967, member of Gran Comisión; senator from the State of Querétaro, 1970–1976, president of Development of Cooperatives Committee, 2nd secretary of National Properties and 2nd Labor committees, member of Gran Comisión and 1st Balloting Group. e—Secretary, CEPES of PRI in Querétaro. f—Director of medical services, IMSS, Querétaro, 1970; director, IMSS hospital, Querétaro, Querétaro, 1970.

g—Joined Union of Health and Welfare Workers, 1938; secretary-general, Sect. 32, Union of Health and Welfare Workers; adviser, League of Agrarian Communities in Aguascalientes; secretary of organization, CNOP in Querétaro, 1970. h—Lived in Querétaro beginning in 1926. i—None. k—None. l—C de S, 1970–1976, 76; C de D, 1964–1967; PS, 2746.

Guerrero Reynoso, Nicéforo Alejandro

a—Apr. 20, 1943. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; law degree from UNAM, 1961–1965; professor, IberoAmerican University, 1965–1966, University of Guanajuato, 1967–1970, and UNAM, 1982–1990. d—None. e—Joined PRI, 1959; general delegate, CEN of PRI, Federal District, 1971; director general of services, CEN of PRI, 1972–1976. f—Adviser to director general, Federal Electric Commission, 1972– 1978; assistant director general of migratory services, Secretariat of Government, 1979– 1980; general coordinator of administration, Office of the Assistant Secretary of the Treasury, 1983–1986; private secretary to assistant secretary of the treasury, 1986–1987; legal adviser to assistant secretary of the treasury, 1987–1988; director general of federal property, 1989–1992; director general of religious affairs, Secretariat of Government, 1993– 1994; assistant director of legal affairs, Public Works Bank, 1995–1996; assistant secretary of energy operations, Secretariat of Energy, 2000–2004. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Euquerio Guerrero López, lawyer and president of Supreme Court of Justice, and Alicia Reynoso Trejo; married Magdalena Espinosa Gómez, lawyer; uncle Nicéforo Guerrero Mendoza, senator and provisional governor of Guanajuato, 1946–1947. j—None. k—None. l—Letter; Musacchio, 188; DBGM89, 163. Guerrero Villalobos, Guillermo

a—Nov. 29, 1935. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; civil engineering studies at Higher School of Engineering and Architecture, IPN, 1956–1959, graduating in 1960; graduate courses in construction engineering at UNAM, 1962–1963;

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professor, Division of Graduate Studies, UNAM, 1965, 1975; professor of stability, Higher School of Engineering and Architecture, IPN, 1966; professor of earthquake repairs and tunnels, School of Engineering, UNAM, 1975. d—None. e—None. f—Director general of hydraulic works, Department of the Federal District; director general of hydraulic operations, Department of the Federal District, 1978–1982; assistant secretary of works and services, Department of the Federal District, 1982–1984; adviser to secretary of the Office of the Controller General, 1984–1986; assistant director of construction, Department of the Federal District, 1986–1987; general counsel, Department of the Federal District, 1987–1988; director general, Federal Electric Commission, 1988–1994; director general, National Water Commission, 1994–1998. g—None. h—Calculist and designer, Estructuras y Cimentaciones, SA, 1956–1959; manager of structures and supervisor, DIRAC, SA, 1963–1967; director of various construction projects, Mexico City, 1968–1971; director general, engineering and economic consulting firm, 2005. i—Son of Francisco Guerrero Vizcaya, public official, and Magdalena Villalobos Rodríguez; married María Elena Alcaraz Preciado. j—None. k—First member of Salinas subcabinet to resign; resigned over controversy surrounding Metro line 8. l—HA, Dec. 20, 1982, 28; Q es QAP, 426; Proceso, Jan. 9, 1984, 30; DBGM89, 164; DBGM92, 170; www.cfe.gob .mx/es; Pescador, 161. Guevara Bautista, Julieta a—Dec. 10, 1940. b—Pachuca, Hidalgo. c—Early education unknown; political science degree from School of Political and Social Sciences, UNAM, 1960–1964; professor, School of Political Studies, Acatlán campus, UNAM, 1970–1978; director, Center of Public Administration Research, UNAM, 1973–1975; director, Division of Social and Economic Studies, School of Political Studies, Acatlán campus, UNAM, 1975–1978. d—Federal deputy from the State of Hidalgo, Dist. 2, 1982–1985, president of Public Education Committee; senator from

Hidalgo, 1988–1991; federal deputy from the State of Hidalgo, Dist. 1, 1991–1994. e—Joined PRI, 1962; member, Administrative Council, IEPES of PRI; director of education, ANFER of PRI, 1981. f—Delegate of the Secretariat of Public Education, State of Mexico, 1979–1981; director, Center for Research in Public Administration. g—None. i—Daughter of Evaristo Guevara Vivar, industrialist, and María de la Luz Bautista Tovar; married Mario Martínez Silva, political scientist. j—None. k—None. l—Directorio, 1982–1985; Lehr, 214; DBGM, 517–518; DBGM89, 450; DBGM92, 483. Guevara Niebla, Gilberto Ramón

a—Aug. 31, 1944. b—Culiacán, Sinaloa. c—Early education unknown; degree in biology from UNAM, 1963–1968; MA studies in science at École des Hautes Études, Paris, 1976–1978; PhD studies in pedagogy at University of London, 1981–1983; researcher, UNAM, 1989–1990; preparatory teacher, National Preparatory School, 1967–1968; dean of social sciences and humanities, Autonomous Metropolitan University, Xochimilco campus, 1983–1987; professor and researcher, Autonomous Metropolitan University, Xochimilco campus, 1974–1991; professor of education, ITAM, 2003; fulltime professor of the sociology of education, UNAM, 2006– . d—None. e—None. f—Adviser to secretary of public education; assistant secretary of basic education, Secretariat of Public Education, 1992–1993; adviser to secretary of public education, Miguel Limón Rojas, 1995–2000. g—Student representative of School of Sciences, UNAM, to National Strike Council, 1968, during the student movement. h—Director, Mexican Institute for Educational Research, 2006– . i—Son of Eduardo Guevara Serrano, retailer, and Antonia Niebla; married Sonia Cota Moreno, degree in business administration. j—None. k—Imprisoned with other members of the strike committee, 1968–1971. l—DBGM92, 171; www.ietd.org.mx, 2009, vitae; www.geocities.com, 2009. Guevara (y Orihuela), Gabriel R.

(Deceased) a—Mar. 13, 1887. b—Chil-

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pancingo, Guerrero. c—Early education unknown; no degree. d—Governor, Guerrero, 1933–1935; governor, Quintana Roo, 1940–1944. e—None. f—None. g—None. h—Aide to assistant director of a mining camp in Morado fields. i—Longtime friend of Manuel Ávila Camacho; brother Alberto Guevara, federal deputy from Guerrero, Dist. 1, 1934–1937. j—Career army officer; joined Constitutionalists as private under Gen. Gertrudis G. Sánchez, 1913; fought under General Sánchez the entire Revolution; military commander of various zones; rank of brigadier general, Jan. 1, 1928; returned to active duty, 1935; director, 5th Inspection Committee of the Army, 1937. k—When governor of Guerrero, his powers were dissolved by state legislature in order to replace Guevara with a governor loyal to President Cárdenas. l—Peral, 366; D del Y, Nov. 7, 1935, 1; Gómez Maganda, 100; Álvarez Corral, 135; Dávila, 119; www.cronica.diputados.gob.mx, May 9, 1945. Guillén Vicente, Rafael Sebastián (Subcomandante Marcos) a—June 19, 1957.

b—Tampico, Tamaulipas. c—Elementary studies at Colegio Félix de Jesús Rougier (Eucharist Missionaries, Jesuit), 1963–1969; secondary and preparatory studies at Instituto Cultural Tampico, 1970–1976; degree in sociology from UNAM; MA in philosophy from UNAM, 1980; employed in Division of Arts and Sciences for Design, Autonomous Metropolitan University, Xochimilco campus, 1979–1983; professor, Autonomous Metropolitan University, 1983–1984. d—None. e—None. f—Director, La Raíz Oculta, Cultural Institute of Tampico, 1976. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Alfonso Guillén Guillén, elementary school teacher and owner of furniture store chain, and María del Socorro Vicente; brother of Mercedes de Carmen Guillén Vicente, attorney general and secretary-general of government, Tamaulipas and plurinominal federal deputy from PRI, 2009–2012. j—Spokesperson, EZLN, 1994– . k—Performed social service in marginal barrios of Tampico.

l—www.el-mundo.es, Dec. 3, 2000; www .milenio.com; Musacchio, 189.

Guillermo Aguilar, Humberto Alfonso

a—Sept. 13, 1945. b—Mérida, Yucatán. c—Preparatory studies at Heroic Military College, Jan. 13, 1962–Jan. 1, 1965, graduating as 2nd infantry lieutenant; completed staff and command course at Higher War College, 1971–1974; graduated from Applied Military School of Arms and Services; assistant director, Applied Military School; instructor, Higher War College. d—None. e—None. f—Assistant military attaché, Mexican embassy representing Argentina, Uruguay, and Paraguay; oficial mayor of national defense, 2008–2009; Assistant secretary of national defense, 2009– . g—None. h—None. j—Career army officer; joined as cadet, Jan 13, 1962; officer, 50th Infantry Battalion, Guerrero; officer, 36th Infantry Battalion, Yucatán; assistant chief, Sect. 4, Materials Research, staff; assistant chief, staff, 21st Military Zone, Michoacán; chief, Sect. 1, staff, 35th Military Zone, Guerrero; commander, 46th Infantry Battalion, Chicoasen, Chiapas; chief, Sect. 6 (twice), Programming and Education, staff, Secretariat of National Defense, 1989–1994; chief, Sect. 3, staff, Secretariat of National Defense, 1994; garrison commander, San Felipe, Baja California; commander, 5th Light Infantry Brigade, Ixcotel, Oaxaca; commander, 36th Military Zone, Tapachula, 1996–1997; commander, 28th Military Zone, Ixcotel, Oaxaca, 1999–2000; assistant chief of administration and logistics, staff, Secretariat of National Defense, 2000–2002; rank of division general, 2002; chief of staff, Secretariat of National Defense, 2002–2005; director general of military industry, 2007–2008. k—None. l—D del Y, Apr. 2, 2008; www.sedena.gob.mx, Dec. 7, 2008; www.sedena.gob.mx, 2003. Guillot Schiaffino, Alejandro

(Deceased Mar. 21, 1966) a—1913. b—Apizaco, Tlaxcala. c—Secondary education at Methodist Institute of Puebla; engineering degree from Superior School of Engineering, IPN, Mexico City, 1937. d—None. e—None. f—Head, laboratory,

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Superior School of Engineering; head of special instruction, Federal District; director, Laboratory Department, IPN, 1944–1948; director general, IPN, 1948–1950; adviser, IMSS; secretary, National Center for Technical Training and Education, 1950–1957; director general of technical, industrial and commercial education, Secretariat of Public Education, 1958–1966; adviser to Jaime Torres Bodet, 1964. g—None. h—Mechanic, Mexican Railroads; director, railroad rail plant; founder, College of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering. i—Son of Fernando Guillot and Rebeca Schiaffino; brother Fernando Guillot Schiaffino, assistant director, Technical School of Industry and Technology No. 59, Celaya. j—None. k—None. l—DP70, 953; DPE61, 105; DPE65, 140; www.e-local.gob .mx, 2008; www.ipn.edu.mx, 2008; www .tlaxcala.gob.mx/municipios/apizaco, 2007; www.uaq.mx, 2008. Guinart López, Modesto A. (Deceased Aug. 30, 1977) a—June 15, 1897. b—Veracruz, Veracruz. c—Early education unknown; no degree; Director, School of Infantry, Heroic Military College, 1926–1929; chief of instruction, Heroic Military College, 1930. d—Federal deputy from the State of Veracruz, Dist. 10, 1963–1976. e—Director of administrative services, CEN of PRI, 1976. f—Assistant secretary of national defense, 1952–1958. g—None. i—Son Adolfo Guinart, lawyer and brigadier general. j—Career army officer; joined the Revolution under Gen. Cándido Aguilar, 1914; rank of brigadier general, Sept. 16, 1943; commander, 27th Military Zone, Acapulco, Guerrero, 1946; chief of staff, 1st Division, 1946; commander, 2nd Division, 1947; commander, 1st Division, 1951; director general of army; rank of division general; commander, 26th Military Zone, Veracruz, 1959–1972. k—Accompanied Carranza on his flight from Mexico City, 1920; longest zone commander posted in a single zone by secretary of national defense since 1940s. l—Peral, 47, 155; DGF47, 110; DGF56, 199; HA, Dec. 12, 1952, 6; D del

Y, Dec. 2, 1952, 1; Excélsior, Mar. 8, 1973, 14; Excélsior, Aug. 30, 1977; Excélsior, Dec. 9, 1976; Casasola, V; www.notiver,com.mx, 2008; letter; Rev. de Ejer., June, 1968, 48; Rev. de Ejer., May–June, 1952. Guizar Macías, Francisco Javier

a—May 15, 1964. b—Ahualulco de Mercado, Jalisco. c—Early education unknown; agricultural engineering degree from University of Guadalajara; PhD candidate, University of Salamanca, Spain. d—Local deputy, State Legislature of Jalisco, Dist. 1; alternate federal deputy from the State of Jalisco, Dist. 17, 1991–1994; mayor, Ahualulco de Mercado, 1992–1993; federal deputy from the State of Jalisco, Dist. 17, 1994–1997; plurinominal federal deputy from PRI, 2003–2006. e—Member, PRI National Political Council, 1991–1998; national director, Revolutionary Youth Front, PRI, 1992–1995; president, PRI, Jalisco, 2007–2009; resigned from Congress, 2005, to run for PRI nomination for governor of Jalisco. f—None. g—National leader of CNC. h—None. i—Brother Gerardo Mauricio Guizar Macías, mayor of Ahualulco, 1995–1997. j—None. k—None. l—www.diputados.gob.mx, 2003; www .cddhuc.gob.mx, 1994–1997; www.lajornada jalisco.com.mx, Apr. 25, 2009. Gurría Ordóñez, Manuel a—Oct. 31, 1931. b—Cunduacán, Tabasco. c—Elementary studies at Luis Gil Pérez Institute, Villahermosa, Tabasco; secondary studies in public schools in Mexico City; preparatory studies at National Preparatory Schools Nos. 1 and 2; law degree from School of Law, UNAM, 1956; professor of labor law, School of Law, UNAM, 1969– ; professor of ethics, Benito Juárez University Preparatory School, Tabasco, 1950s. d—Federal deputy from the State of Tabasco, Dist. 1, 1964–1967, member of Gran Comisión; answered Adolfo López Mateos’ 6th State of the Union Address, 1964; mayor, Villahermosa, Tabasco; federal deputy from the Federal District, Dist. 1, 1985–1988; senator from Tabasco, 1991–1992, 1994–1997. e—Assistant director of electoral action, CEN of PRI,

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1970; general delegate, CEN of PRI to Sonora, 1965, 1973; secretary of coordination, CEN of PRI. f—Assistant secretary of government, State of Tabasco, 1955–1958; secretary-general, State of Tabasco, under Gov. Carlos Madrazo, 1959–1964; legal adviser to head of CONASUPO, 1967–1970; director general of government, Department of the Federal District, 1970–1973; adviser to head of Department of the Federal District, 1973–1976; secretary-general “B,” Department of the Federal District, 1978–1979; secretary of government, Department of the Federal District, 1979–1982; assistant secretary of operations, Secretariat of Tourism, 1988–1991; interim governor, Tabasco, 1992–1994. g—Student adviser, UNAM. i—Nephew of Francisco Trujillo Gurría, secretary of labor, 1943–1946; cousin of Ángela Gurría, prominent sculptor and wife of Marcelo Javelly Girard, secretary of urban development and ecology, 1982; son of Jorge Manuel Gurría Martínez de Escobar, engineer, and Ninfa Ordóñez Madrazo; mother is first cousin of Carlos A. Madrazo, president of CEN of PRI, and father of Roberto Madrazo; married Soledad Hernández Sastre; son Manuel Gurría Hernández was director general of administration, Secretariat of Agriculture, 1992. j—None. l—Excélsior, Aug. 29, 1979, 14; C de D, 1964–1967; DAPC81, 5; DBGM89, 164–165; DBGM92, 769–770; CDDWeb, Senadores, 1997; www.lacrisis.com.mx, 2006. Gurría Treviño, José Ángel a—May 8, 1950. b—Tampico, Tamaulipas. c—Elementary studies at Colegio Americano, Tampico, 1955–1956, and Escuela Moderna Americana, Mexico City, 1957–1960; secondary studies at Escuela Moderna Americana, 1961–1963; preparatory studies at Escuela Moderna Americana, 1965–1966, and La Salle University, Mexico City, 1966–1967; economics studies at School of Economics, UNAM, 1968–1972, graduating Jan. 15, 1982; graduate studies in engineering at Leeds University, Eng., 1973–1974; courses at Harvard University, 1975, and University of Southern

California, Los Angeles, 1977–1978; professor of international relations and financial economics, ITESM, Mexico City campus, 2005. d—None. e—Joined PRI, 1968. f—Private secretary to finance director, NAFIN, 1970–1975; permanent delegate, International Coffee Organization, 1976–1978; assistant director of the public debt, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1978–1979; director general of external financing, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1979–1982; director general of public credit, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1982–1988; assistant secretary of international financial affairs, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1989–1993; director general, NAFIN, 1993–1994; secretary of foreign relations, 1994-1998; secretary of the treasury, 1998–2000; secretary-general, OECD, 2006. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Francisco José Gurría Lacroix, public official and director general of Banoro, and Carmen Treviño Humana; married Lulú Ululani Quintana Pali, eye surgeon. j—None k—None. l—DBGM89, 165; letter; DBGM92, 173; www.portal.sre.gob.mx, 2008. Gurza Falfán, Alfonso (Deceased 1965) a—1905. b—Durango, Durango. c—Enrolled at National Military Academy, 1922, graduating as 2nd infantry lieutenant, Oct. 1, 1925; graduated from Higher War College; assistant director, National Military College; director, Higher War College, 1955–1957. d—None. e—None. f—Military attaché to Canada; military attaché to the United States; oficial mayor, Secretariat of National Defense, 1965. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Jaime Gurza, assistant secretary of the treasury under President Madero. j—Career military officer; attached to 14th Infantry Regiment, French Army, 29th Infantry Battalion, U.S. Army; member, 1st Air Regiment, 2nd Belgian Army; attached to Lancers, 6th Artillery, 2nd Belgian Army; chief of staff, 201st Mexican Air Squadron, 1945; chief of staff, Secretariat of National Defense; chief of military details for chief of police, Federal District, 1950; rank of brigade general, 1957. k—None. l—DP70, 954; DGF51, I, 486. Gurza Villarreal, Edmundo (Deceased

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Sept. 30, 2001) a—Nov. 2, 1927. b—Torreón, Coahuila. c—Secondary studies at Instituto Francés, La Laguna, Coahuila; preparatory studies at Carlos Pereyra School; civil engineering degree from School of Engineering, UNAM, 1949–1956; teacher, Instituto Francés, La Laguna, 1961–1963; teacher, Carlos Pereyra Preparatory School, 1964–1972; professor, School of Engineering, Higher Institute of Science and Technology of Coahuila, 1975–1980. d—Member, City Council, Torreón, 1966–1967; mayor, Torreón, 1978–1979; plurinominal federal deputy from PAN, 1979–1982. e—Joined PAN, 1961; PAN candidate for federal deputy, Coahuila, 1964; president, PAN, Coahuila, 1979–1984; PAN candidate for governor of Coahuila; national adviser, PAN, 1965–1989; member, CEN of PAN, 1974–1975, 1978–1981. f—Adviser to mayor of Torreón, 1997–1999. g—President, French Alliance, La Laguna, 1977–1980. h—Director of construction, Francke Thermoelectric Plant, Torreón, and dozens of other construction projects, including 15,000 homes; co-owner, heavy construction company. i—Son of Eduardo Garza de la Peña and Laura Villarreal y Fierro; married Hermelinda Jaidar Veloz, 1959; uncle Felipe Villarreal y Fierro was president of Tribunal Superior of Justice of Durango, 1920s; uncle Jesús Villarreal y Fierro was bishop of Tehuantepec. j—None. k—First member of PAN to interrupt a president (José López Portillo) during his State of the Union Address. l—Protag., 159; C de D, 1979–1982; www.wikipedia, 2008; Pérez Franco, 170–171. Gutiérrez Barrios, Fernando

(Deceased Oct. 30, 2000) a—Oct. 26, 1927. b—Veracruz, Veracruz. c—Early education unknown; graduated from Heroic Military College, 1943–1947, member of boxing team; special courses at Heroic Military College, 1948–1949. d—Governor, Veracruz, 1986–1988; plurinominal senator from PRI, 2000. e—President of internal procedures, PRI National Council, 1999. f—Civilian employee, Federal Security Police,

Secretariat of Government, 1950–1952; chief of information, Control Office, Federal Security Police, Secretariat of Government, 1952–1958; assistant director, Federal Security Police, Secretariat of Government, 1958–1964; director, Federal Security Police, 1964–1970; assistant secretary of government, 1970–1976, 1976–1982; director general of federal highways and bridges, 1982–1986; secretary of government, 1988–1992. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Fernando Gutiérrez Ferrer, military officer who reached rank of colonel in the Revolution, and businessman, and Ana María Barrios Bravo; married Divina María Morales Espinosa. j—Career army officer; administrative position, southeastern Mexico; officer, Presidential Assault Guards Battalion, 1948–1949; officer, Mechanized Brigade, 1949–1950; resigned from the army, 1950; reached rank of 1st captain. k—Cleared Fidel Castro of charges in Mexico, 1950s, paving the way for his return to Cuba. l—DPE71, 2; DPE61, 14; DBGM, 201; HA, May 6, 1986, 7; Mexico Journal, Dec. 16, 1988, 16; DBGM92, 173; www.guardian .co.uk, 2008. Gutiérrez Cázares, Jesús (Deceased 1959) a—Oct. 28, 1895. b—Huatabampo, Sonora. c—Elementary and secondary studies in Huatabampo; no degree. d—Governor, Sonora, Dec. 17, 1935–Jan., 1937. e—None. f—None. g—None. i—Son of Jesús Gutiérrez López and Ángela Cázares Arvayo; married Elena Elías Pesquera. j—Career army officer; joined Constitutional Army under Gen. Guillermo Chávez, 1913; rank of 2nd lieutenant, Feb. 10, 1914; fought General Villa, 1915–1917; fought Yaquis in Sonora, 1918; fought in Huasteca against Peláez, 1919; fought against de la Huerta rebellion, 1923; commander, 7th, 9th, 13th, 16th, 46th, 60th, and 64th army regiments; chief of staff, Expeditionary Column to Sonora under Lázaro Cárdenas, 1929; chief of staff, 22nd Cavalry Regiment, under General Cárdenas; rank of brigadier general, June 16, 1929; commander, Nogales Garrison, 1930–1932; reentered army reserves, 1938; commander,

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army reserves, 1938–1939; rank of brigade general, Oct. 24, 1939; commander, 4th Military Zone, Sonora, 1939; commander, 46th Cavalry Regiment, and chief, Yaqui colonies, 1931; commander, military zones in Chiapas, Nayarit, Colima, Guanajuato, San Luis Potosí, and Veracruz, 1939–1955; rank of division general, Oct. 11, 1955; retired Apr. 16, 1963. k—None. l—Peral, 369; HA, May 15, 1942, 15; D del Y, Jan. 1, 1936, 4; NYT, Dec. 17, 1935, 1, 6; Enc. Mex., 1977, VI, 333; PS, 2788; Hernández Chávez, 95; de Parodi, 55–60. Gutiérrez de Velasco y Aranda, Manuel León a—Mar. 26, 1919. b—Federal District.

c—Early education unknown; legal studies at School of Law, UNAM, 1937–1941, graduating with thesis titled “Crimes of Social Dissolution,” 1943; studies in letters at School of Philosophy and Letters, UNAM; studies toward an MA in economics at School of Economics, UNAM; professor, Benito Juárez University, Durango, 1947–1948; professor, University of Aguascalientes, 1959–1960; professor, University of Guanajuato, 1960–1978; researcher, Institute of Legal Research, UNAM. d—None. e—Joined PRI, 1949. f—Judge of the 1st Instance, Criminal and Civil Division, Piedad and Puruandaro, Michoacán, 1945–1946; agent, Ministerio Público, Durango, 1947–1948; secretary of agreements, Board of Conciliation and Arbitration, Federal District, 1949–1952; secretary, Fourth Division, Superior Tribunal of Justice, Federal District, 1954–1956; judge, First District Court, Jalisco, Chiapas, and Aguascalientes, 1956–1961; judge, Collegiate Circuit Court, 1961–1978; appointed supernumerary justice of the Supreme Court, Feb. 28, 1979‑1981; president, Supernumerary Division, Supreme Court, 1979; justice, Supreme Court, 1981–1989, retired Mar. 26, 1989. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Manuel Gutiérrez de Velasco Mena, engineer, and Luz Aranda Castillo; married Elena Romo Gutiérrez; son Hector was federal circuit court judge; daughter Laura, district court judge. j—None. k—None. l—Protag., 160; DBGM89, 615; DBGM87, 626; www

.bibliojuridica.org, 2006; www.scjn.gob.mx, 2008, 323–324. Gutiérrez Fernández, Gerónimo a—May 13, 1970. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; degree in economics and political science from ITAM; MA in public administration from Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University, on a Fulbright Fellowship. d—None. e—None. f—Adviser to secretary of the treasury, 1992–1994; director of analysis, Economic Cabinet, Office of the Presidency, 1995; chief, Planning, Communications, and Liaison Division, Secretariat of the Economy, 2000–2002; assistant secretary for North America, Secretariat of Foreign Relations, 2003–2006; assistant secretary for Latin America and the Caribbean, Secretariat of Foreign Relations, 2006–2008; assistant secretary of government, 2009–2010. g—None. h—None. j—None. k—None. l—Letters. Gutiérrez Gurría, Alfonso (Deceased) a—Mar. 27, 1902. b—Teapa, Tabasco. c—Elementary studies in Tabasco; no degree. d—Federal deputy from the State of Tabasco, Dist. 1, 1937–1940, member of Gran Comisión; senator from the State of Tabasco, 1940–1946, president of 1st Credit, Money, and Credit Institutions Committee, 1st secretary of Foreign and Domestic Trade and 1st Petroleum committees, 2nd secretary of Economics and Statistics and Tax committees, and member of 2nd Balloting Group; president of Senate. e—President, PRM in Tabasco, 1933–1936. f—None. g—None. i—Cousin of Francisco Trujillo Gurría, governor of Tabasco, 1939–1943; related to Manuel Gurría Ordóñez. j—None. k—None. l—Libro de Oro, 1946, 7; C de S, 1940–1946; C de D, 1937–1940; PS, 2797; www.pritabasco.org.mx. Gutiérrez Gutiérrez, Alejandro

a—Nov. 16, 1956. b—Saltillo, Coahuila. c—Early education unknown; degree in economics from Anáhuac University, Mexico City, 1980. d—Federal deputy from the State of Coahuila, Dist. 1, 1994–1997; senator from Coahuila, 2000–2006. e—Joined

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PRI, 1980; secretary-general, PRI, Coahuila, 1988–1994; president, PRI, Coahuila, 1997– 1998. f—Director general of state airport services, Coahuila, 1989–1993; representative of Coahuila to the Federal District, 1999–2000. g—Secretary-general, CNOP of PRI, 1983–1988. h—Businessman. i—Son of Luis Gutiérrez Treviño, director general of Cía. Minera Tayahua, and Pacha Gutiérrez; married Diana Lisa Gómez; great-nephew of Luis Gutiérrez Ortiz, governor of Coahuila, 1920–1921; nephew of Eulalio Gutiérrez Ortiz, governor of Coahuila, 1969–1975; grandson of Gen. Eulalio Gutiérrez Ortiz, senator, prominent revolutionary, military commander, and governor of San Luis Potosi, 1914, and president of Convention Government, 1914–1915. j—None. k—None. l—DCM, 2000–2003, 40; www.congresocoahuila.gob.mx, 2008; QesQ en el Congreso, 2000–2003, 353–354; Musacchio, 190. Gutiérrez Hernández, Arnaldo a—1920. b—Guerrero, Chihuahua. c—Elementary studies in Guerrero, Chihuahua; no degree. d—Member, City Council, Guerrero; federal deputy from the State of Chihuahua, Dist. 4, 1958–1961, member of Fishing and Hunting Committee and Budget and Accounts Committee; federal deputy from the State of Chihuahua, Dist. 5, 1964–1967, member of Livestock Committee; senator from the State of Chihuahua, 1970–1976, president of 2nd Ejido Committee, 1st secretary of National Properties Committee, Department of Agrarian Affairs Committee, and Forest Committee. e—General delegate of CEN of PRI to Chihuahua; campaigned for Teófilo Borunda for governor of Chihuahua, 1956. f—None. g—Leader of the League of Agrarian Committees, Chihuahua; member, CEN of the CNC. h—Farmer and small businessman. i—Parents were campesinos; collaborator of Teófilo Borunda. j—None. k—None. l—Func., 167; C de D, 1958–1961, 80; C de D, 1964–1967, 50, 85; C de S, 1970–1976, 76. Gutiérrez Herrera, Magdaleno

a—July 22, 1918. b—Suchitepec, Oaxaca. c—Elementary studies at Public School of

Suchitepec, 1927–1928; secondary studies at Public School for Children of Agricultural Industry Workers, 1929–1932, and at Tehuacán, Puebla; Secondary Night School for Workers No. 15, Federal District, 1947–1949; vocational studies at Vocational School No. 3, IPN, 1950–1951; studies at Higher School of Commerce and Administration, IPN, 1952–1955, graduating with a public accounting degree; professor of applied costs, Higher School of Commerce and Administration, 1959–1989; professor of accounting in extractive and cooperative industries, University of Veracruz, 1962–1968. d—Federal deputy from the Federal District, Dist. 14, 1970–1973, member of Agrarian Affairs Committee (1st Sect.), Department of the Federal District Committee, and Electric Industry Committee; federal deputy from the Federal District, Dist. 9, 1988–1991. e—Joined PAN in 1940; national adviser, PAN; secretary, Regional Committee of PAN, Federal District, 1943; president, PAN, Federal District, 1964–1967; PAN candidate for federal deputy from Oaxaca, 1952; PAN candidate for senator from Oaxaca, 1958; member, CEN of PAN, 1973. f—None. g—None. i—Son of Pioquinto Gutiérrez, peasant, and Florencia Herrera; married Guadalupe Mejía Peña. j—None. k—None. l—C de D, 1970–1972, 118; Directorio, 1970–1972; DBGM89, 458. Gutiérrez Lascuráin, Juan (Deceased Mar. 5, 1959) a—1911. b—Federal District. c—Engineering degree from School of Engineering, UNAM, with thesis on capacities. d—Federal deputy from the Federal District, Dist. 7, 1946–1949, member of 2nd Committee on the Treasury and Industries Committee. e—Joined PAN, 1943; member, PAN National Council, 1949–1959; president, CEN of PAN, 1949–1956; member, CEN of PAN, 1945–1959; adviser, PAN, Federal District, 1948–1949. f—Adviser to head of Federal District Department, Ernesto P. Uruchurtu, 1953–1959. g—Leader, ACJM. h—Practicing engineer, various companies; general manager, Tucasa, SA. i—Son of Juan Gutiérrez Urquiza and Laura Lascuráin

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Olavarría; married Guadalupe Arce Dávalos, 1937. j—None. k—As a federal deputy, proposed reforms for Arts. 27 and 115 of the Constitution, including amendments providing women with rights of suffrage; one of the first 4 members of PAN to win a seat in Congress, 1946. l—DP70, 960; Morton, 56–57; C de D, 1946–1948; DGF47, 7; Mabry, 51; Pérez Franco, 171–172. Gutiérrez Levy, Luis Manuel a—June 16, 1946. b—Guadalajara, Jalisco. c—Early education unknown; law degree from University of Guadalajara; professor of law, University of Guadalajara. d—None. e—Joined PRI, 1963. f—Director, Commercial Development Office, Secretariat of Commerce, 1979–1981; director, Inspection Office, Secretariat of Trade, 1981–1982; regional delegate, Western Zone, Treasurer’s Office, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1982–1983; administrator of internal auditing, Guadalajara, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1984–1989; administrator of internal customs, Guadalajara, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1989–1991; director general of customs, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1991–1994; oficial mayor of the treasury, 2000–2006. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Dr. Benito Gutiérrez Romero, pediatrician and president of College of Pediatrics of Jalisco, 1954–1955, and Irene Levy Villegas; married Adriana Rojas Vidal. j—None. k—None. l—Letter; DBGM94, CD. Gutiérrez Oropeza, Luis (Deceased Mar. 19, 2007) a—July 12, 1919. b—Puebla, Puebla. c—Early education unknown; graduated from Heroic Military College as a 2nd artillery lieutenant, July 1, 1942; diploma in staff and command from Higher War College, 1946–1949. d—None. e—None. f—Chief of staff for Pres. Gustavo Díaz Ordaz, 1964–1970; director general, Department of Military Industry, Secretariat of National Defense, 1970–1973; ambassador to Portugal, 1973–1974. g—None. j—Career army officer; joined army, 1938; rank of major, 1958; rank of lieutenant colonel, 1962; rank of artillery colonel, Dec. 24, 1964; military aide, presidential staff of Adolfo López Mateos, May,

1958; chief of military aides to Gustavo Díaz Ordaz, secretary of government, 1958–1964; rank of brigadier general, Oct. 31, 1968; rank of brigade general, 1972; director general, Department of Military Industry, Secretariat of National Defense, 1970–1976; retired as brigade general, 1977. k—Only member of his Higher War College class who did not attain 3-star rank; relieved of command in 1968 for allegedly “misinterpreting orders”; protected Díaz Ordaz from normal school students in Chihuahua during presidential campaign, 1964. l—DGF69, 157; Rev. de Ejer., Dec., 1964, 24; WNM, 108; HA, Dec. 7, 1970, 26; Proceso, July 4, 1999; Excélsior, July 16, 1997, 1, Sept. 28, 1997; www.conacyt.mx, 2008; D del Y, July 1, 1999. Gutiérrez (Rincón), Efraín A. (Deceased) a—Aug. 24, 1897. b—Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas. c—Elementary studies at Industrial Military School, Tuxtla Gutiérrez; engineering degree from School of Agriculture, 1912–1914, 1916–1918. d—Governor, Chiapas, 1937–1940. e—None. f—Director general of waters, lands, and colonization, Department of Agrarian Affairs; adviser, Department of Agrarian Affairs; secretary-general, Department of Agrarian Affairs; director general, National Bank of Agricultural Credit. g—None. h—Member, Administrative Council, Inmobiliaria Fénix, SA. i—Brother Gustavo was local deputy and state treasurer during Efraín’s governorship and later became a precandidate for governor of Chiapas, 1943; son of Maclovio Gutiérrez. j—Fought in the Revolution under Gen. Emiliano Zapata in Morelos; rank of captain, 1915; returned to Mexico City to finish studies in 1916. k—None. l—DP70, 1845; DBM68, 330–331; HA, Oct. 29, 1943, 14; Gómez, 279. Gutiérrez Roldán, Emilio (Deceased Jan. 26, 1977) a—May 8, 1905. b—Tlalpujahua, Michoacán. c—Engineering degree from School of Agriculture; director, De la Huerta Agricultural School, Michoacán. d—Federal deputy from the State of Puebla, Dist. 11, 1940–1943, member of Committee

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on Credit, Money, and Credit Institutions and Polling Committee for the election of a senator from the Federal District; secretary, Gran Comisión, Sept., 1942; member, Permanent Commission, 1940; president, Chamber of Deputies. e—None. f—Member, Executive Council, National Bank of Ejido Credit; agent, National Bank of Agricultural Credit; director general of national seed production, Secretariat of Agriculture and Livestock, 1964–1970; director of agents, National Bank of Ejido Credit. g—Secretary of political control, CNC. h—Author of articles on ejido credit; secretary-general, Mexican Economics Society. i—Brother of Pascual Gutiérrez Roldán, director general of PEMEX, 1958– 1964; nephew Guillermo, CEO of Grupo Financiera Inbursa and numerous other companies; nephew Fernando founded IDESA; son of Pascual Gutiérrez C. and Concepción Roldán. j—None. k—None. l—DBM68, 287–288; DPE65, 102; C de D, 1940–1942, 47, 50; MGF69, 264; Peral, 373; www.nytimes.com, June 2, 2008; www .investing.businessweek.com, 2008. Gutiérrez Roldán, Pascual (Deceased June 19, 1979) a—May 29, 1903. b—Mazatlán, Sinaloa. c—Secondary studies at Colegio Francés until 1918; preparatory studies at Forestry School, 1918–1921; engineering degree in agronomy and forestry from School of Agriculture, 1925; degree in economics from School of Economics, UNAM, 1935; PhD in economics from United States; professor of monetary theory and credit, School of Economics, UNAM, 1938–1942; professor, School of Banking, 1937. d—None. e—None. f—Assistant director, Department of Agricultural Organizations, National Agrarian Commission, 1929; agricultural attaché, Mexican embassy, Washington, DC, 1930–1931; Office of Economic Investigations, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1932; director general of credit, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1933–1934, 1936–1940; technical adviser, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1934–1935; director general, Bank of Popular Credit, 1935–1936; director general, Savings

Promotion Bank, 1941–1945; director general, National Steel Industry, 1952–1958; director general, PEMEX, 1958–1964. g—None. h—Organized National Mortgage Bank of Public Works, 1935; vice president of a private firm, 1977; president, Board of Directors, Hules Mexicanos, SA, 1979; member, Board of Directors, Siemens, SA, 1979. i—Brother Emilio Gutiérrez Roldán was federal deputy, 1940–1943; daughter married to Gustavo Baz’s son; married Elisa Saldívar; son of Pascual Gutiérrez C. and Concepción Roldán; son Fernando, president of National Association of Chemical Industries; son Guillermo, CEO of Grupo Financiera Inbursa. j—None. k—None. l—HA, Jan. 4, 1960, 41; IWW66, 484; WB48, 2106; EBW46, 408; HA, Oct. 5, 1945, 26; DGF51, II; Quién Será, 148–149; WNM, 108. Gutiérrez Ruiz, David Gustavo a—Dec. 25, 1939. b—Villahermosa, Tabasco. c—Economics degree from School of Economics, UNAM, with thesis titled “The Policy of Agricultural Development in the State of Tabasco,” Nov. 27, 1970; special postgraduate studies at Institute of Economic Development, Paris; special studies on the rural provinces of France and on agricultural credit at University of Paris, National Bank of Agricultural Credit of France and Regional Agricultural Credit Bank of France; professor of economic problems of Mexico, School of Economics, UNAM; professor, School of Business Administration, University of Tabasco; professor, School of Engineering, University of Tabasco. d—Senator from Tabasco, 1976. e—Secretary-general, CNOP, 1975–1976. f—Technical adviser, School of Economics, UNAM, 1960–1963; technical adviser, IMSS, 1960–1963; represented Mexico before the Common Market, 1963; private secretary to Manuel R. Mora, governor of Tabasco, 1965–1968; treasurer, Tabasco, 1968–1969; secretary-general of government, State of Tabasco, 1970–1971; governor, Quintana Roo, 1971–1975; director general, Guanos and Fertilizers, 1976–1982. g—President, Tabascan University Circle, Mexico City, 1959–1960. h—Assistant, IMSS,

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1958. i—Son of David Gustavo Gutiérrez Aldecoa, mayor of Tenosique, 1962–1964, and Daisy Ruiz León; grandson of Santiago Ruiz Sobredo, governor of Tabasco, 19241926; disciple of Manuel R. Mora; married Luz León Estrada. j—None. k—None. l—Excélsior, Dec. 8, 1974, 23; Excélsior, Jan. 30, 1975, 13; HA, Feb. 24, 1975, 14; Bulnes, 785–786; Álvarez Corral, 165–166. Gutiérrez Treviño, Eulalio (Deceased Jan. 14, 1977) a—Oct. 23, 1916. b—Saltillo, Coahuila. c—Elementary and secondary studies at Colegio Robert, Saltillo; agricultural engineering degree from Antonio Narro Agricultural School, Saltillo, 1937. d—Mayor, Saltillo, 1957–1959; senator from the State of Coahuila, 1964–1970; governor, Coahuila, 1970–1976. e—None. f—Director of agriculture, Papaloapan, Veracruz; president, Board of Moral, Civic, and Material Improvement, Saltillo. g—None. h—Director, Noche Buena Mining Co., Ramos Arizpe, Coahuila; involved in mining construction business, Eulalio Gutiérrez Mining and Gutiérrez Construction, 1976–1977. i—Son of Gen. Eulalio Gutiérrez, interim president of Mexico, 1914, and Petra Treviño; son Mario Eulalio Gutiérrez Talamás was mayor of Saltillo. j—None. k—His successor, Gov. Óscar Flores Tapia, accused him of misusing more than 500 million pesos as governor; his nomination as PRI gubernatorial candidate in 1969 came as a surprise since it was thought that Federico Berrueto Ramón would be the nominee. l—WWMG, 20; DGF69, 105; Excélsior, Jan. 15, 1977, 27; Proceso, Jan. 22, 1977, 34; Cuellar, 250; www es.wikipedia.org, 2008. Gutiérrez Vidal, Luis a—Feb. 1, 1936. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; legal studies at University of Guadalajara, 1954–1958, graduating Dec. 21, 1962, with thesis titled “Direct Amparo”; professor, Women’s University of Guadalajara, 1954–1955; professor, University of Guadalajara, 1962–1964. d—None. e—None. f—Judicial official, Fourth Circuit, Appeals Court, 1956–1964; secretary, First Appeals Court, Third Circuit, Guadalajara,

1964–1984; district judge, Villahermosa, 1984; judge, District Court, Criminal Division, Guadalajara, 1986; judge, First Appeals Court, Third Circuit, 1986–1987; judge, Second Appeals Court, Civil Division, Guadalajara, 1987–1990; justice, Supreme Court, July 10, 1990–Dec. 31, 1994. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Ceferino Gutiérrez Beresaluce, retailer, and Fe Vidal Diza; married Susana Rodríguez Jiménez. j—None. k—None. l—www.scjn.gob.mx, 2008; DBGM92, 662; DBGM94, CD; Musacchio, 192. Gutiérrez (y Gutiérrez), José Luis

(Deceased Oct. 28, 1967) a—1900. b—San Felipe Torres Mochas, Guanajuato. c—Elementary, secondary, and preparatory studies in Toluca; law degree from School of Law, UNAM. d—None. e—None. f—Agent, Ministerio Público; criminal judge, Mexico City; judge, Superior Tribunal of Justice, Federal District and Federal Territories; secretarygeneral of government, State of Mexico, 1941–1945; acting governor, State of Mexico, Sept. 14, 1941–Mar. 8, 1942, after Alfredo Zárate was assassinated; assistant attorney general, Federal District, under Atty. Gen. Franco Sodi, 1946–1952; first assistant attorney general of Mexico, 1952–1958; supernumerary justice, Supreme Court of Mexico, 1964–1966; justice, Supreme Court, Jan. 31, 1966–1967. g—None. h—None. j—None. k—None. l—DGF56, 539; DP70, 960; letter; DGF51, I, 487; www.scjn.gob.mx, 331, 2008. Gutiérrez Zorrilla, Felipe a—Aug. 21, 1923. b—Monterrey, Nuevo León. c—Early education unknown; law degree from School of Law, UNAM, 1942–1948, with thesis on international law; MA in comparative law, New York University, 1948–1949; professor of constitutional and mercantile law, Technological Institute of Higher Studies, Monterrey, 1953–1966. d—Federal deputy from the State of Nuevo León, Dist. 1, 1967– 1970, member of Committee on Agricultural Development and Committee on Small Agricultural Property; plurinominal federal deputy from PAN, 1982–1985. e—Joined PAN, 1940; secretary, Regional Committee of PAN, Nuevo León, 1970; member,

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Regional Committee of PAN, Nuevo León, 1952–1990; regional adviser, PAN in Nuevo León, 1970. f—None. g—None. h—Secretary of the Institute of Social Studies, Monterrey; private law practice, Monterrey. i—Son of Felipe Gutiérrez Rentería businessman, and Angela Zorrilla Gómez. j—None. k—PAN candidate for federal deputy, 1970. l—DBM68, 332; C de D, 1967–1969; MGF69, 94; La Nación, June 14, 1970, 21; Directorio, 1982–1985; Lehr, 615; DBGM84, 519. Guzmán, Martín Luis (Deceased Dec. 22, 1976) a—Oct. 6, 1887. b—Chihuahua, Chihuahua. c—Elementary studies in Tacubaya, Federal District; preparatory studies at National Preparatory School, Mexico City; law degree from School of Law, UNAM, Jan. 7, 1909; professor of graduate studies, UNAM, 1911; professor, School of Commerce, UNAM, 1911; professor of Spanish, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, 1917. d—Federal deputy from the Federal District, Dist. No. 6, 1922–1923; senator from the Federal District, 1970–1976. e—Member, Political Education Sect., New Advisory Council, IEPES of PRI, 1972. f—Librarian, School of Graduate Studies, 1911; chancellor, Mexican Consulate, Phoenix, Ariz., 1909–1910; adviser to secretary of war, 1914–1915; president, National Commission on Free Textbooks, 1959–1976; executive member, National Planning Commission for Hospitals, 1961. g—None. h—Secretary, Popular University, 1912; director, National Library; member, literary group El Ateneo, 1911; director, El Gráfico, New York, 1917; chief, editorial section, El Heraldo de México; founded Mexico City evening paper El Mundo, 1922; director of various newspapers, 1925–1934; worked for El Universal, 1936–1941; cofounder, with Adolfo López Mateos and Pascual Gutiérrez Roldán, of publishing firm which is today Librería Cristal, SA; founder and director of Tiempo magazine, 1942–1976; winner of national prize in literature, 1958; author of The Memoirs of Pancho Villa and an autobiographical book of the Revolution,

El águila y la serpiente. i—Close friend of Adolfo López Mateos; son of Col. Martín Luis Guzmán; married Anita West Villalobos; daughter‑in‑law Dolores Ferrer Garralda is daughter of Spanish vice admiral Manuel Ferrer Antón, the granddaughter of José Ferrer Pérez, adjutant to King Alfonso XIII, and great-granddaughter of Fernando Calderón, secretary of Isabel II’s Court of Ministers. j—Joined the Revolution in 1911 under Francisco Madero; attached to the forces of Ramón F. Iturbe, 1913–1914; joined Francisco Villa, 1914; carried out numerous assignments as a civilian; reached rank of colonel. k—Jailed briefly, 1914; exiled in Spain, 1915–1916, 1924–1936, and in the United States, 1916–1920; delegate of the Progressive Constitutional Party. l—Letters; DBM68, 333–334; DPE61, 113; WWM45, 54–55; Strode, 215; DPE70, 104; DPE65, 136; WB54, 467; WB48, 2109; Proceso, Jan. 1, 1977, 77; HA, Jan. 3, 1977, 523; Excélsior, Dec. 27, 1976, 2B; Enc. Mex., 1977, VI, 339–340. Guzmán Araújo, Roberto (Deceased 1969) a—1911. b—Guanajuato, Guanajuato. c—Elementary studies in Guanajuato; law degree from School of Law, UNAM; studies in Paris. d—Senator from the State of Guanajuato, 1946–1952, member of Mail and Telegraph Committee, 2nd Justice Committee, Military Justice Committee, 2nd Mines Committee, and Committee on the Consular and Diplomatic Service. e—Orator for Manuel Ávila Camacho, 1940. f—Mexican delegate, Brussels Peace Conference, 1936; assistant attorney general, Federal District and Federal Territories, 1941–1945; oficial mayor, Secretariat of Government, June 18, 1945–Feb. 15, 1946; adviser to the president of Mexico, 1966–1969. g—Representative of the Federal District to Cárdenas Student Youth Group, 1933; secretary of publicity, Cárdenas Student Youth Group, 1933. h—Director, Revista América, 1942–1959; founder, with Pablo Neruda, of Nuestro España; author of numerous plays, novels, and books on history. i—Married María del Carmen Pandal Montes de Oca;

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son Roberto was director general of legal affairs, Secretariat of Labor, 1987; daughterin-law Susana Merigo Melo is a lawyer; son Gerardo was director general of agreements, Secretariat of Labor, 1987 j—None. k—None. l—DGF47, 20; Peral, 47, 158; Correa, 360; DGF51, I, 6, 10, 12–14; DP70, 963– 964; C de S, 1946–1952; Gómez Maganda, 106; Enc. Mex., 1977, VI, 344; DBGM92, 177. Guzmán Bracho, Roberto a—Feb. 15, 1932. b—Federal District. c—Elementary, secondary, and preparatory studies in Mexico City, law degree from National Law School, UNAM, 1954. d—None. e—None. f—Auxiliary lawyer to Public Notaries Nos. 10 and 71, Mexico City; private secretary to assistant secretary of nonrenewable resources, Secretariat of National Patrimony, Manuel Franco López, 1964–1966; private secretary to the secretary of government properties, Manuel Franco López, 1967–1970; oficial mayor of government properties, 1970–1975; director general, Tracto Sidena, SA, 1975–1976. g—None. h—Practicing attorney in firm of Guzmán Bracho and Ruiz, Mexico City. i—Son of Luz Bracho Pérez Gavilán; cousin Julio Bracho, famous film director; grandson of Julio Bracho y Zuloaga, wool and textile factory owner, and Luz Gavilán Asúnsolo. j—None. k—None. l—HA, Dec. 14, 1970, 20­–21; DPE70, 44; HA, Feb. 24, 1975, 30; HA, Apr. 21, 1975, 31; www.geocities.com, 2006. Guzmán Cabrera, Sebastián (Deceased Nov. 5, 2000) a—Feb. 26, 1928. b—Civela, Ixtaltepec, Oaxaca. c—Early education unknown; teaching certificate from Rural Normal School, Comitancillo, Oaxaca, 1940– 1944. d—Local deputy, State Legislature of Veracruz, 1969–1971, 1973–1976; federal deputy from the State of Veracruz, Dist. 14, 1979–1982, 1985–1988; plurinominal federal deputy from the State of Veracruz, 1991–1994. e—Secretary of labor action, PRI, State of Veracruz, 1978. f—None. g—Secretarygeneral, Local No. 10, STPRM, 1984–1985; secretary-general, STPRM, 1989–1992, 1992– 1993. h—Unknown. i—Son of José Guzmán

and Guadalupe Cabrera; married Gabina García Blas. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM87, 48; DBGM92, 483–484; Proceso, Jan. 6, 1992, 30; El Nacional, Aug. 27, 1991, 7; C de D, 1979–1992; C de D, 1985–1988. Guzmán Cárdenas, Cristóbal

(Deceased) a—Mar. 2, 1898. b—Santa María del Oro, Durango. c—Elementary studies in Santa María; secondary studies in Santa María and Mapimí, Durango; completed secondary in Parral, Chihuahua; graduate of Higher War College; special artillery studies at Fort Sill, Okla.; director, Higher War College, 1957–1959. d—Senator from Durango, 1964–1970. e—Secretary of political action, CEN of PRI, 1964–1970. f—Chief of staff, Secretariat of National Defense, 1944–1946; military attaché, Mexican embassy, Washington, DC, 1938, 1957; military adviser to Mexican delegation to the United Nations, 1945; military attaché to Mexican embassy, Washington, DC, 1941–1942; director, Department of Military Industry; special ambassador to Venezuela; ambassador to Yugoslavia. g—None. h—Author of several works on artillery. i—Married Carmen Cházaro. j—Career army officer; joined army as 2nd lieutenant, 1913; commander of an artillery regiment, 1938–1940; rank of colonel, 1938; commander of a mechanized brigade, 1943–1944; rank of brigadier general, 1942; commander, 21st Military Zone, Morelia, Michoacán, 1948; reached rank of division general, 1953; director general of military education, 1958–1961. k—Supported General Henríquez Guzmán’s presidential campaign. l—WWM45, 55; C de S, 1964– 1970; DPE61, 33; MGF69, 105; Peral, 373; Romero, Mis Seis Años. Guzmán Guzmán, Carlos (Deceased) a—Nov. 26, 1903. b—Mascota, Jalisco. c—Elementary studies in Mascota, 1909– 1915; preparatory studies at University of Guadalajara, 1917–1921; law degree from University of Guadalajara, 1926, with thesis on amparo. d—Local deputy, 40th State Legislature of Jalisco, 1930–1932; federal deputy from the State of Jalisco, Dist. 11,

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1934–1937; federal deputy from the State of Jalisco, Dist. 4, 1958–1961, member of 2nd Sect. of Legislative Studies Committee, 2nd Constitutional Affairs Committee, and 1st Credentials Committee. e—None. f—Secretary of the judiciary, Jalisco, 1927–1930; judge, Superior Tribunal of Justice, State of Jalisco, 1938; agent, Ministerio Público, Office of the Attorney General, Federal District; secretary to chief of police, Federal District; secretarygeneral of government, State of Jalisco, 1932–1934; private secretary to private secretary of the president of Mexico, J. Jesús González Gallo, 1940–1946; oficial mayor of the presidency, 1946. g—None. j—None. k—None. l—Func., 243; C de D, 1958–1960, 80. Guzmán Neyra, Alfonso (Deceased Apr. 8, 1994) a—1906. b—Pánuco, Veracruz. c—Elementary studies in Pánuco, completed in Tampico; preparatory studies at National Preparatory School, Mexico City; law degree from School of Law, UNAM, 1929–1933, with thesis titled “Insurance against Unemployment”; professor of labor law, School of Law, University of Veracruz, Jalapa. d—Local deputy, State Legislature of Veracruz. e—President, 6th Electoral District, PNR for Veracruz, 1932; director of Manuel Ávila Camacho’s campaign for president in the State of Veracruz, 1939; director of Miguel Alemán’s campaign for president in the State of Veracruz, 1945–1946; president, PRI Regional Committee for the Federal District, 1951–1952. f—Agent, Ministerio Público, State of Aguascalientes, 1934; president, Superior Tribunal of Justice, State of Veracruz; consulting lawyer, Secretariat of Public Works; president, Federal Board of Conciliation and Arbitration, 1947–1950; director general of labor and social welfare, Department of the Federal District, 1951; director general of public works, Department of the Federal District, 1952; justice, Supreme Court of Mexico, Feb. 13, 1952–1958, 1965– 1969; president, Supreme Court of Justice,

1959–1964, 1969–1973, retired Jan. 1, 1974. g—Student participant, 1929 Autonomy Movement, representative of National Law School, 1930; founder, Regional Peasant Committee No. 1, Pánuco. h—Practicing attorney, 1946–1949; president, Administrative Council, Braniff Airlines, 1940– 1946. i—Father, pharmacist and graduate of National Medical School, became a small cattle rancher and a supporter of Madero; family has resided in the Pánuco area since 1750; knew Antonio Armendáriz and Antonio Dovalí Jaime at UNAM; related to Manuel Guzmán Willis, senator from Tamaulipas, 1952–1958; brother Edmundo Guzmán Neyra was mayor of Pánuco, 1972. j—None. k—None. l—Letter; DGF56, 568; Hoy, Jan. 17, 1970, 53; IWW66, 485; WWW70–71, 300; DGF51, I, 481; Justicia, Jan., 1967; Excélsior, Dec. 11, 1978, 18; SCJN, 334–335; www.sems.gob .mx, 2008. Guzmán Orozco, Guillermo a—Nov. 10, 1923. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; law degree from School of Law, UNAM, 1942, with thesis on concept of sovereignty; LLD from School of Law, UNAM. d—None. e—None. f—Judicial official, Supreme Court of Justice, 1945; lawyer, Legal Department, IMSS; secretary of studies and accounts, Supreme Court of Justice, 1961–1964; assistant secretary of accounts, Supreme Court of Justice, 1964– 1968; federal circuit court judge, 1968– 1982; justice, Supreme Court, 1983–1993, retired Nov. 10, 1993. g—None. h—Practicing lawyer. i—Son of Jesús Guzmán Vaca, lawyer and Supreme Court justice, 1924–1934, and federal deputy from State of Guanajuato, Dist. 4, 1937–1940, and Julia Orozco Herrera; married Ana María González Alonso. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM, 660; DBGM89, 615; DBGM92, 662; www.scjn.gob.mx, 338–339, 2008. Guzmán Orozco, Renaldo a—June 7, 1920. b—Arandas, Jalisco. c—Medical degree from School of Medicine, UNAM; postgraduate work at Children’s Hospital,

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University of Iowa, Iowa City. d—Federal deputy from the Federal District, Dist. 20, 1961–1964, member of Social Security and Child Welfare Committee and Editorial Committee; federal deputy from the State of Jalisco, Dist. 7, 1967–1970, member of 2nd Treasury Committee, Social Security Committee, Gran Comisión, and Public Welfare Committee; alternate senator from the Federal District, 1964–1967; senator from Jalisco, 1970. e—President, National Political Action Committee, CNOP of PRI, 1962–1964; assistant secretary of popular action, CEN of PRI, 1964–1965; secretary of popular action, CEN of PRI, 1964–1970; secretary-general, CNOP of PRI, 1965–1970. f—Surgeon, IMSS hospitals; assistant secretary of health, 1970–1976. g—Various administrative positions, IMSS Workers’ Union; treasurer, IMSS Workers’ Union, 1955–1959; secretary-general, IMSS Workers’ Union. h—None. i—Married Dolores García Jurado; student of Enrique Beltrán; son Jesús, physician and professor at UNAM; son Renaldo, physician and director general of conciliation, National Medical Arbitration Board. j—None. k—None. l—MGF69, 105; C de D, 1967–1969, 57; C de D, 1961–1964; letter; Hoy, Jan. 31, 1971, 4; WWMG, 20; HA, Dec. 14, 1970, 23; Schers, 23. Guzmán Rubio, Jesús a—June 23, 1924. b—Villa Juárez, Oaxaca. c—Early education unknown; graduated as 2nd lieutenant from Heroic Military College; law degree from School of Law, UNAM. d—Alternate federal deputy from the State of Oaxaca, Dist. 8, 1958–1961; PARM federal party deputy, 1973–1976; plurinominal federal deputy from PARM, 1979–1982. e—Vice president and national coordinator, PARM, 1976; PARM delegate, Conference on the Renovation of City Government in Oaxaca, 1977; president, PARM, 1979–1980. f—Member, presidential staff, 1949–1952; ballistics expert, Office of the Attorney General of Mexico; official, Topographical Engineering

Group, Department of Agrarian Affairs. g—None. h—None. i—Married to Arcelia Sánchez de Guzmán, plurinominal federal deputy from PARM, 1976–1979. j—Career army officer; commander, Rural Defense Forces, Soconusco, Chiapas. k—None. l—Excélsior, July 10, 1980, 1; Protag., 161; C de D, 1958–1961; C de D, 1973–1976; C de D, 1976–1979. Guzmán Willis, Manuel (Deceased May 13, 1973) a—Aug. 19, 1900. b—Pánuco, Veracruz. c—Elementary studies in Tampico and Mexico City; secondary studies at Williams Institute, Tacubaya, Federal District; preparatory studies at National Preparatory School, Mexico City; no degree. d—Mayor, Tampico, 1948–1950; senator from the State of Tamaulipas, 1952–1958, member of Gran Comisión, 1954, Committee on National Property, and 1st Committee on Mines, substitute member of 2nd Committee on the Navy and Agricultural and Development Committee. e—Onetime member of PAN. f—Representative of Secretariat of National Patrimony on Federal Board of Material Improvement, Tampico, Tamaulipas (15 years); delegate of the Technical Inspection Office, Secretariat of National Patrimony, Tampico, 1951; assistant secretary of livestock, 1965–1970. g—Founder, Regional Union of Cattle Ranchers of the Huastecas; president, Livestock Association of Cebu Cattle Ranchers. h—Operated father’s business at age 20; organizer, Second Pan American Games; discus champion of Central America, 1926; president and founder, Livestock Bank of Tampico. i—Son of Manuel E. Guzmán, an entrepreneur in petroleum and cattle and Grand Mason in the Masonic Lodge, 1936–1937, and Estela Willis; married Matilda Maya; related to Alfonso Guzmán Neyra. j—None. k—Defeated Emilio Portes Gil’s candidate for mayor of Tampico, 1948. l—DGF56, 9, 8, 11–13, 437; DGF51, 456; letter; Excélsior, May 14, 1973, 2; El Universal, Sept. 14, 1965; HA, Mar. 14, 1955; Ind. Biog., 80–81; Medina, No. 20, 188.

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H Haddad Interian, José a—June 23, 1922. b—Oxkutzcab, Yucatán. c—Completed secondary school at Academia Comercial Marlene, Mérida, Yucatán; private accounting degree. d—Alternate party deputy from PAN, 1973–1976; plurinominal federal deputy from PAN, 1982–1985. e—Joined PAN, 1955; candidate for federal deputy from PAN, 1967; national adviser to PAN, 1973; secretary of finance, Regional Committee of PAN, Yucatán, 1978. f—Secretary of the commander general of the fleet, Secretariat of the Navy. g—Secretary of acts, Mexican Catholic Union, Yucatán, 1946–1955; taught courses in Christianity in Family Christian Movement, 1955–1962. h—Practicing accountant; chief of sales, Miraflores Development, 1967–1974; columnist, Diario de Yucatán. i—Son of Sood Haddad Mattar and Máxima Interian; married María Addi Barquet Iza; nephew Antonio Haddad Manzur resigned from PAN and became federal deputy from PVEM, 2006–2009. j—None. k—None. l—Directorio, 1982–1985; C de D, 1982–1985; C de D, 1973–1976; Lehr, 613; DBGM, 519; www.larevista.com.mx, 2007. Hamdán Amad, Fauzi a—Apr. 17, 1943. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; legal studies at the Free Law School, 1964–1968, graduating in 1969 with thesis on the Constitution and mercantile law; professor, Motolinía Scientific University, Irapuato, 1962–1963; professor, Free Law School, 1970–; professor, Pan American University, 1985–1990, 1995– . d—Plurinominal federal deputy from PAN, 1991–1994, member of Government and Constitutional Affairs committees; representative to Assembly of the Federal District, 1994–1997; plurinominal federal deputy from PAN, 1997–2000, president of General Accounting Office Committee; plurinominal senator from PAN, 2000–2006. e—Member of PAN. f—None. g—None. h—Lawyer, Santamaría and Steta law firm, 1969–1973; lawyer, Noriega and Escobedo law firm, 1973–1975;

lawyer, Hoagland and García Barragán law firm, 1975–1978; partner, García Barragán and Hamdán law firm, 1978–1989; partner, Hamdán, Manzauero, and Associates law firm, 1989– . i—From middle-class family descended from Armenian immigrants; son of Hassib Hamdán Hamdán and Samia Amad Hamdán; married Margarita Elena Cerda Sierra. j—None. k—Renowned financial and tax lawyer. l—DCM, 2000–2003, 323; QesQ en el Congreso, 1997–2000, 40; Q es Q en el Congreso, 2000–2003, 302; www .gobernacion.gob.mx, 2007; Musacchio, 194; DBGM92, 484; Cien Nombres, 184–185. Hank González, Carlos (Deceased Aug. 11, 2001) a—Aug. 28, 1927. b—Tiangustenco de Galeana, State of Mexico. c—Elementary studies at the Benito Juárez School, Tiangustenco, 1935–1940; secondary studies at Normal School of State of Mexico, Toluca, 1941–1946; teaching certificate from Superior Normal School of Mexico, Mexico City, 1947–1950, with specialization in biology and history; professor of elementary education, 1941–1946; secondary school teacher in Atlacomulco, State of Mexico, 1947–1951; principal, elementary and secondary school, Atlacomulco, 1947–1951. d—Mayor, Toluca, 1955–1957; federal deputy from State of Mexico, Dist. 6, 1958–1961, member of Editorial Committee (1st year), secretary of Chamber (2nd year); governor, State of Mexico, 1969–1975. e—Member of PRI since 1944; head, state delegation from CNOP to PRI Convention, 1952; PRI delegate to State of Tabasco, 1961; CNOP delegate to San Luis Potosí, 1961; member, Policy Committee of CEN of CNOP; assistant to president of CEN of PRI. f—Director, Department of Secondary Education, Toluca, 1952; director, Board of Moral, Civic and Material Improvement, Toluca, 1952; treasurer of Toluca, 1954; director general of government, State of Mexico, 1957–1958; assistant director of sales, CONASUPO, 1961–1964; director general, CONASUPO, 1964–1969; head, Department of the Federal District, 1976–1982; secretary of tourism, 1988–1990;

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secretary of agriculture, 1990–1994. g—President, Student Association, Normal School of Mexico; head, Ideal Republic Club, Atlacomulco; secretary-general, PRM Youth Federation, State of Mexico, 1944; secretary-general, Local No. 27 of National Union of Education Workers, 1947–1951. h—Wealthy businessman; started out with candy factory; owner, White Truck Co.; had real estate interests. i—Father, Jorge Hank Weber, officer in German Army, colonel in Mexican Army under General Amaro, but died in 1929; mother, Julia González; stepfather, Trinidad Mejía Ruiz, was shoemaker and small store owner; married Guadalupe Rhon García, normal school teacher; disciple of Isidro Fabela, Adolfo López Mateos, and Alfredo del Mazo; supported Mario Moya Palencia for president, 1975; son Carlos Hank Rhon directs large family industrial empire; maternal grandfather, Catarino González, hacienda administrator and member of city council of Tiangustenco, influenced him greatly; two uncles, who were priests, taught him public speaking; grandfather Silvano García Isidro supported him as student leader at Normal School; daughter-in-law is daughter of Roberto González Barrera, owner of Maseca. j—None. k—None. l—HA, Dec. 21, 1964, 9; C de D, 1958–1960; HA, Jan. 31, 1972, 31, 34; WWMG, 20; letter; Func., 261; Latin America, Dec. 3, 1976; Enc. Mex., VI, 636–664; HA, Dec. 20, 1976, 22; Latin America, Mar. 12, 1976, 83; Excélsior, Feb. 28, 1974; Excélsior, Dec. 13, 1974; HA, June 24, 1974, 38; Excélsior, Apr. 22, 1977, 6; DBGM92, 177–178; D de Y, Aug. 20, 2001 Haro Rodríguez, Jaime a—Aug. 28, 1928. b—Jilotepec, State of Mexico. c—Early education unknown; law degree, School of Law, Institute of Sciences of Zacatecas, 1949–1952; studies in journalism, Carlos Septién García School of Journalism, 1951–1953; professor, Women’s University of Guadalajara, 25 years; professor, Institute of Sciences of Guadalajara, 1962–1964; professor, University of Guadalajara, 1968. d—Federal deputy from

State of Zacatecas, Dist. 1, 1958–1961; plurinominal federal deputy from PRD, 1985–1988. e—Joined PAN, 1946; correspondent for La Nación, official journal of PAN, 1950–1967; national adviser to PAN, 1959–1971; member, Regional Committee of PAN, Jalisco, 1963– 1971; joined PDM, 1978; secretary of studies, PDM State Committee, Jalisco, 1979–1984; secretary of culture, CEN of PDM, 1985– 1987. f—Secretary, Civil Court, Zacatecas, 1949–1951; civil judge, Zacatecas, 1953–1957. g—Secretary of cultural action, Local No. 3, National Union of Newspaper Editors, 1950– 1952. h—Editor-in-chief, Voz del Puebla, 1952–1955; assistant director, Defensa, 1953–1955; editor of cultural section, La Época, 1959–1962. i—Son of Ezequiel Haro Rodríguez and Carmen Rodríguez Sandoval Vallarta; married Consuelo Reyes. j—None. k—None. l—Pérez Franco, 178–179; C de D, 1958–1961; C de D, 1985–1988. Hay (Fortuño), Eduardo (Deceased Dec. 27, 1941) a—Jan. 29, 1877. b—Federal District. c—Elementary, secondary, and preparatory studies in Mexico City; engineering degree from University of Notre Dame, Ind., 1901. d—Federal deputy, 1914–1916, 1916–1918. e—None. f—Inspector general of consulates for Europe, Secretariat of Foreign Relations, 1911–1912; inspector general of police, 1912– 1913; confidential agent to Brazil, Peru, and Colombia, 1914; confidential agent to Venezuela, 1914–1915; assistant secretary of agriculture and development, 1916; minister to Italy, 1918–1923; minister to Japan, 1924–1925; assistant secretary of trade and public works, Aug. 27, 1927–Dec. 1, 1928; director general of public welfare, Federal District, 1928–1929; ambassador to Guatemala, 1929; director general of customs, 1932–1933; consul general, Paris, 1933–1934; secretary of foreign relations, 1935–1940. g—None. h—Author; chief of engineering firm of Schonduke and Neubuder. i—Close friend of President Carranza and General Obregón; married Angelina Sais; son of engineer Guillermo Hay and Josefina Fortuño; son Eduardo, Jr., was consul in Paris; daughter married architect

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Adolfo Mariscal. j—Joined the Revolution in Jan., 1911; chief of staff for Francisco Madero, 1911; chief of staff under General Antonio Villarreal and General Ramón Iturbe, 1913; rank of brigadier general, 1913. k—None. l—DP70, 968; Peral, 377; WWLA40, 239; Daniels, 105ff; Enc. Mex., VI, 368; López, 486–487; Garrido, 213. Hedding Galeana, Benjamín a—Feb. 6, 1945. b—Federal District. c—Secondary studies at Albert Einstein Public Secondary School No. 15, Federal District; public accounting degree, Oregon State University, Corvallis, 1970, with thesis on the public accountant profession; MA in administration, Monterrey Institute of Higher Studies, 1982; professor, Business and Administration School, IPN, 1965; dean, Graduate School of Business Administration, IPN, 1971–1973; director of planning and organization, IPN, 2002. d—Representative, Assembly of the Federal District, 1988–1991. e—Joined PRI, 1974. f—Oficial mayor, Secretariat of Public Education, 1973–1976; director general, Boletrónico, Department of the Federal District, 1978–1982; administrative director of administration and finances, National College of Professional Technical Education, 1983–1988; director of auditing and evaluation, PEMEX, 2009– . g—None. h—Accountant, Petroleum Club of Mexico, 1960–1963; accountant, Mexican Institute of Chemical Engineers, 1963–1965; auditor, Price Waterhouse, 1965–1967; accountant, Ejidal Packing Corp., 1968– 1969. i—Son of Marcelo Hedding García, public accountant at IPN and other government agencies, and Elvira Galeana Reséndiz; married Blanca María Ver Guerra, bilingual secretary. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM89, 570; www.pemex.com, 2009; www.mastache.com, 2009.

Hegewisch Fernández Castelló, Adolfo Enrique (Deceased Nov. 29, 2006) a—Dec.

14, 1932. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; law degree, Free Law School, 1955, with thesis on Art. 74 of Amparo; professor, Free Law School.

d—None. e—None. f—Adviser, Department of International Affairs, IMSS; director, Legal Department, National Advisory Fishing Council; private secretary to assistant secretary of the treasury; assistant director general, Federal Electric Commission; assistant secretary of regulation of foreign investment and technology transfer, Secretariat of Trade and Industrial Development, 1982–1987; ambassador to West Germany, 1987–1990; ambassador to European Economic Community and Belgium, 1990. g—None. h—Legal director, Grupo Somex; executive vice president, Somex bank. i—Son of Adolfo Hegewisch Quijano and Ana Fernández Castelló; married Marcela Reguero Alarcón, graduate in international relations; son Adolfo Hegewisch Riba, director general of Toyota Motors, Mexico, 2005. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM, 206; DBGM89, 169; DBGM92, 178; www.portal automotriz.com, 2006. Heller Rouassant, Claude a—1949. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; studies in international relations, Colegio de México, 1968–1972, graduating in 1972; MA in history and international relations, Institute of Higher International Studies, Geneva, 1974; professor and researcher, Sociology Department, Autonomous Metropolitan University, Azcapotzalco campus, 1974–1976, 1979–1983; chair, Sociology Department, Autonomous Metropolitan University, Azcapotzalco campus, 1977–1979. d—None. e—Adviser to secretary of international affairs, CEN of PRI, 1982. f—Assistant director of political affairs, OAS, 1979–1980; assistant director of political and legal affairs, United Nations, 1981–1982; adviser, Mexican embassy, Washington, DC, 1982–1983; director general for United Nations, Secretariat of Foreign Relations, 1984–1987; director-in-chief of multilateral affairs, Secretariat of Foreign Relations, 1988; ambassador to Switzerland, 1988–1991; ambassador to Austria, 1992–1993; ambassador to Slovenia, 1993; ambassador to International Organizations,

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Geneva, 1994–1995; ambassador to Cuba, 1995–1998; ambassador to OAS, 1998-2000; ambassador to France, 2001–2006; ambassador to United Nations, 2007– . g—None. h—None. i—Son of Walter Heller, interior decorator, and Jeanne Rouassant; married María del Rosario Green Macías, secretary of foreign relations; sister Solange, prominent physician. j—None. k—None. l—Musacchio, 195; DBGM87, 178–179; DBGM94, CD; DBGM93, 53; www.es.wikipedia.org, 2009. Hendricks Díaz, Joaquín Ernesto

a—Nov. 7, 1951. b—Chetumal, Quintana Roo. c—Elementary studies at Belisario Domínguez School, Chetumal; secondary studies at Chetumal public school; preparatory studies, public school, law degree from UNAM, Acatlán campus, 1978–1983; finance studies, UNAM, 1985–1986; professor, UNAM, Acatlán campus, 1985–1986. d—Federal deputy from State of Quintana Roo, Dist. 1, 1991–1994; governor, Quintana Roo, 1999–2005. e—Joined PRI, 1975; president of PRI, Quintana Roo, 1995; assistant secretary, CEN of PRI, 1995. f—Legal adviser on presidential staff, 1981–1983; assistant director of legal advisers, presidential staff, 1983–1986; private secretary to Governor Miguel Borge, Quintana Roo, 1987–1988; director of legal affairs, Quintana Roo, 1989; assistant prosecutor, North, Quintana Roo, 1989; attorney general, Quintana Roo, 1989– 1991; department head, Prevention Division, Secretariat of Government, 1995–1997; secretary of economic development, Quintana Roo, 1997–1998. g—None. h—Practicing lawyer in criminal law, 1980–1981. i—Son of Edgar Hendricks James, chauffeur, and Ángela Díaz Guea; married María Rubio Elogio, nurse. j—Career army officer, 1968–1988; rank of major, 1980; retired as lieutenant colonel. k—None. l—DBGM92, 484–485; Musacchio, 195. Henestrosa (Morales), Andrés

(Deceased Jan. 10, 2008) a—Nov. 30, 1906. b—Ixhuatlán, Oaxaca. c—Elementary studies in public school of Juchitlán, Oaxaca; teaching certificate; preparatory studies in

science from National Preparatory School; started legal studies at School of Law, UNAM, no degree; studies in philosophy at School of Philosophy and Letters, UNAM; professor of Mexican and Spanish American literature, Higher Normal School and National Preparatory School, Mexico City; advanced studies in linguistics, United States, on Guggenheim Fellowship. d—Federal deputy from State of Oaxaca, Dist. 1, 1958–1961, member of Protocol Committee, Indigenous Affairs Committee, Editorial Committee (1st year), Tourism Committee, and Inspection Committee of General Accounting Office; federal deputy from State of Oaxaca, Dist. 1, 1964–1967, member of Committee on Fine Arts, Library Committee (1st year), Protocol Committee, and Television Industry Committee; senator from State of Oaxaca, 1982–1988; plurinominal federal deputy from PRI, 1988–1991. e—Member of Popular Party Cultural Committee, 1947; Popular Party press and publicity secretary, 1948. f—Director, Special Tax Department, Department of the Federal District, 1937–1943; chairman, Department of Literature, National Institute of Fine Arts, 1952–1958; press director, Senate, 1964. g—None. h—Director, El Libro y el Pueblo and Letras Patrias; well-known author of short stories. i—From very poor family; orphaned as a baby; son of Martina Henestrosa Pineda and Arnulfo Morales Nieto, peasant. j—None. k—Participated in 1929 strike at National University with Adolfo López Mateos; campaigned, along with Ángel Carvajal, for José Vasconcelos in 1929. l—C de D, 1958–1960, 81; C de D, 1964–1966, 79, 80, 87; Enc. Mex., VI, 378; López, 487; Lehr, 360; www.es.wikipedia .org, 2009. Henríquez Guzmán, Miguel (Deceased Aug. 29, 1972) a—Aug. 4, 1898. b—Piedras Negras, Coahuila. c—Began studies as cadet at Military College, Mexico City; engineering degree, 1913. d—None. e—None. f—None. g—None. h—None. i—Friend of Madero family; brother Jorge, prominent

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businessman and public works contractor. j—Career army officer; member of President Madero’s escort, 1913; joined Constitutional Army 1914, as 2nd lieutenant, 10th Army Brigade of Army of the Northeast under General Andrés Saucedo; member of general staff, 2nd Division, Army of the Center, 1914; fought under General Jesús Carranza, 1914; chief of staff, 1st Infantry Brigade, under GeneralVicente González Fernández, 1920; lieutenant colonel, 1920; chief of staff to General Vicente González Fernández, Tabasco, 1923–1925; commander, foot police, Mexico City, 1926–1927; temporary commander, 24th Military Zone, Cuernavaca, Morelos; temporary commander, 27th Military Zone, Guerrero; commander, 74th Cavalry Regiment; rank of brigadier general, May 16, 1929; chief of staff for Lázaro Cárdenas in Michoacán, 1929; commander, 30th Military Zone, Villahermosa, Tabasco, 1935–1936; commander, 13th Military Zone, Nayarit, 1936; commander, 10th Military Zone, Durango, 1936–1937; commander, 4th Military Zone, Hermosillo, Sonora, 1937; commander of military operations, State of San Luis Potosí, 1938; commander, 7th Military Zone, Monterrey, Nuevo León, 1940; commander, 15th Military Zone, Guadalajara, Jalisco, 1943; head, 4th Army Regiment; rank of division general, Aug. 1, 1942. k—Member of the group of cadets who protected President Madero on his trip from Chapultepec Castle to the National Palace during Félix Díaz uprising, Feb., 1913; supported President Cárdenas during Cedillo revolt in San Luis Potosí, 1938–1939; PRI precandidate for president of Mexico, 1946; Federation of People’s Parties of Mexico candidate for president of Mexico, 1952; expelled from PRI in 1951 for premature campaigning for president. l—WWM45, 56; Scott; Padgett, 66; HA, Sept. 11, 1972, 16; Peral, 377; Enc. Mex., VI, 386; López, 487; www.redalyc.uae mex.mx, 2008. Heredia Ferráez, Jorge c—Law degree, National School of Law, UNAM, May 30,

1947. d—None. e—None. f—Agent, Ministerio Público, Office of the Attorney General of Mexico, Tampico, Tamaulipas; head, Technical Department, Division of Professions; legal adviser, National Housing Institute; director general of legal affairs, Secretariat of Government, 1968; oficial mayor of government, 1968–1970; oficial mayor, Federal Electric Commission, 1970–1973. g—None. h—Attorney, PEMEX. j—None. k—None. l—HA, Dec. 14, 1970, 25. Hernández, Pablo Mario (Deceased Jan. 8, 1974) a—July 1, 1894. b—Lagos de Moreno, Jalisco. c—Elementary and secondary education at Morenci and Clifton, Ariz.; no degree. d—None. e—None. f—Chief of trains, National Railroads of Mexico; assistant director general, National Railroads of Mexico, 1941; acting director general, National Railroads of Mexico, 1941; assistant director general, National Railroads of Mexico, 1943–1945; director general, National Railroads of Mexico, 1945–1946. g—None. h—Joined National Railroads of Mexico as laborer; machinist; superintendent of various divisions, National Railroads of Mexico, 1921–1941. i—Married Graciela Treviño; son of Rafael Hernández and Dolores Muñoz. j—None. k—None. l—WWM45, 56; Excélsior, Jan. 9, 1974, 14; HA, Dec. 21, 1945. Hernández, Roberto Isaac a—May 17, 1947 b—Durango, Durango. c—Early education unknown; degree in economics, ITESM; special courses in international trade, National Trade Institute, Rome; MBA, Notre Dame University, France. d—None. e—None. f—Secretary of Development, Durango, Durango, 1974–1980; director of income, Durango, 1982–1986; treasurer of Durango 1997–1998; manager of insurance and risks, PEMEX, 2000–2002; adviser to corporate director of finance, PEMEX, 2002–2004; assistant finance director, National Fund for Tourism Development, 2004–2006; assistant secretary of innovation, Secretariat of Tourism, 2006– . g—None. h—Manager, Durango Industrial

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Trust, 1972–1983; director of marketing, Las Hadas and Las Brisas hotels, 1984–1990; president, Advisory Board, Banco BCN, 1998–2000; member, Board of Directors, Corporation Durango, 2001. i—Married Claudia Rosas. j—None. k—None. l—www .sector.gob.mx/wb2, 2008; www.mazatlan interactivo.com.mx, 2008. Hernández Alarcón, José a—Mar. 10, 1945. b—González Ortega, Puebla. c—Preparatory studies, Colegio Humboldt, 1973–1975; economics degree, University of Puebla, 1965–1969; preparatory teacher, University of Puebla, 1967–1970; normal school teacher, Puebla, 1968–1974; professor of economics, University of Puebla, 1972–1974. d—Alternate member, City Council, Puebla, 1975–1978; local deputy, State Legislature of Puebla, 1984–1987, 1990–1991, president of Gran Comisión, 1990–1991; federal deputy from State of Puebla, Dist. 5, 1991–1994; federal deputy from State of Puebla, Dist. 4, 2003–2006. e—Joined PRI, 1972; secretary of electoral action, PRI, Puebla, 1982–1984, 1985–1987; secretary of organization, PRI, Puebla, 1984–1985; general delegate of CEN of PRI to Nayarit, Quintana Roo, State of Mexico, and Zacatecas, 1994–1999; evaluation coordinator, Arturo Montiel Rojas’ gubernatorial campaign, State of Mexico, 1999; secretarygeneral of PRI, State of Puebla, 2000–2001; member, National Political Council of PRI, 2000–2002; president of PRI, State of Puebla, 2001–2002. f—Adviser to secretary of higher education, Puebla, 1979–1980; assistant secretary of higher education, Puebla, 1987–1988; assistant secretary of government, Puebla, 1988–1989. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Carlos Alarcón Rizo, peasant, and Irene Hernández Sánchez. j—None. k—None. l—Letters; DBGM92, 411; www.diputados.gob.mx, 2003–2006, 2008. Hernández Álvarez, Enrique (Deceased Nov. 2, 1938) a—June 24, 1892. b—Ciudad González, Guanajuato. c—Elementary studies in Ciudad González; secondary studies

in León, Guanajuato; medical degree, National School of Medicine, UNAM, 1917; student professor at Guanajuato Studies Center, 1917. d—Governor, Guanajuato, 1931; federal deputy from State of Guanajuato, Dist. 16, 1920–1922, 1922–1924, 1928–1930; federal deputy from State of Guanajuato, 1930–1931. e—President of PNR, Guanajuato; president, Federation of Revolutionary Parties of Guanajuato. j—President, Board of Directors for Public Welfare; federal government representative to Henequen Cooperative; secretary of health and public welfare, Jan. 3, 1938–Nov. 2, 1938. g—None. i—Student at Guanajuato Studies Center with Ignacio García Téllez, secretary of government, 1938–1940, and Luis Díaz Infante, governor of Guanajuato, 1948–1949; supported for governor by Agustín Arroyo Ch. and Enrique Fernández Martínez. k—First secretary of Secretariat of Health; removed from governorship of Guanajuato after Congress declared his powers dissolved, June 4, 1931; this movement was led by a political faction of Manuel Ortega. l—D de Y, Nov. 3, 1938, 1; Hoy, Nov. 12, 1938, 17; Peral, 47, 161; Novo, 35, 195. Hernández Ávila, Mauricio a—1950s. c—Early education unknown; medical degree from UNAM, 1980; intern, IMSS Hospital, Ensenada, 1979–1980; residency in pathology at National Institute of Nutrition, 1981–1982; MA in epidemiology from Harvard University, 1984; PhD in epidemiology from Harvard University, 1988; researcher, National Research System, National Institute of Public Health, 1991–; CONACYT Fellow, PhD studies, 1984–1986; resident, Women’s Hospital, Boston, 1987–1988; visiting professor, Rollins School of Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Ga., 1997–1999. d—None. e—None. f—Director of epidemiology and inspection of chronic diseases, Secretariat of Public Health, 1988–1991; executive director, Research Center in Popular Health, 1999–2004; director, National Institute of Public Health, 2004–2006; assistant secretary of prevention and health

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promotion, Secretariat of Public Health, 2006– . g—None. h—None. j—None. k—None. l—www.insp.mx, 2008; www.jor nada.unam.mx, 2008. Hernández Barrón, María del Rosario

a—Dec. 24, 1948. b—Culiacán, Sinaloa. c—Elementary studies at the Agustina Ramírez School, Culiacán; secondary and preparatory studies, University of Sinaloa; law degree, School of Law, University of Sinaloa; professor, Preparatory School, University of Sinaloa. d—Federal deputy from State of Sinaloa, Dist. 8, 1979–1982. e—Secretary of electoral education, local PRI committee, Culiacán. f—Chief of public defenders, State of Sinaloa. g—Secretary-general, National Revolutionary Association of Women, Sinaloa. h—None. i—Daughter of engineer Isidro Hernández Moreno and María Luisa Barrón; married lawyer Roberto Emilio Armenta Cárdenas. j—None. k—None. l—Romero Aceves, 702–703; C de D, 1979–1982. Hernández Carrillo, Rogelio a—July 18, 1948. b—Mazatlán, Sinaloa. c—Early education unknown; law degree, UNAM, 1969–1973. d—None. e—Joined PRI, 1968. f—Director, Department of Livestock, Secretariat of Agrarian Reform, 1979–1980; assistant director for agrarian rights, Land Tenure Department, Secretariat of Agrarian Reform, 1981–1982; director, Administrative Department, Secretariat of Communications and Transportation, 1983; national coordinator of land tenure regularization, 1983–1984, Secretariat of Agrarian Affairs; national coordinator of campesino audiences, 1984–1986, Secretariat of Agrarian Affairs; national coordinator of regional and state agrarian consultative councils, 1986–1991, Secretariat of Agrarian Affairs; director general of land tenure, Secretariat of Agrarian Affairs, 1991–1994; oficial mayor of agrarian affairs, 1994. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Luis Hernández Hernández, chauffeur, and Alicia Carrillo; married Martha Baltierra. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM94, CD.

Hernández Cervantes, Héctor a—Dec. 31, 1923. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; economics degree from National School of Economics, UNAM, 1941–1945, graduating Nov. 14, 1963; studies in England, 1946–1948; MA in economics from University of Melbourne, Australia, 1949–1950, on Bank of Mexico scholarship; postgraduate fellowship in social sciences, Colegio de México; assistant professor of economic theory, National School of Economics, UNAM, 1958; professor, CEMLA. d—None. e—None. f—Economist, Bank of Mexico, 1946–1947; assistant to director, National Committee to Control Imports, 1947–1948; secretary, Committee on Export Prices, 1951–1952; assistant director of economic research, NAFIN, 1952–1954; assistant director of economic studies, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1955–1958; director general of trade, Secretariat of Industry and Commerce, 1961–1964; director general of international studies, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1970‑–1976; assistant secretary of trade, Feb. 24, 1976–Nov. 30, 1976; assistant secretary of foreign trade, Secretariat of Commerce, 1976–1982; secretary of commerce, 1982–1988; director general, Bancomer, 1988–1994. g—None. i—Classmate at UNAM with Octaviano Campos Salas and Horacio Flores de la Peña; son of Benjamín Hernández Pichardo, career military, and María de la Luz Cervantes; married Raquel García de León. j—None. k—None. l—B de M, 146; DGF61, 66; EN de E, 1958, 108; Excélsior, Feb. 25, 1976, 4; HA, Mar. 8, 1976, 26; HA, Dec. 13, 1982, 13; IEPES; Excélsior, Dec. 1, 1982, 34A; Q es QAP, 189; DBGM, 208. Hernández Cházaro, Eduardo

(Deceased Nov. 23, 1957) a—May 4, 1898. b—Tlacotalpan, Veracruz. c—Early education unknown; no degree. d—Federal deputy from State of Veracruz, 1918–1920; federal deputy from State of Veracruz, Dist. 12, 1940–1943, member of Gran Comisión, 1st National Defense Committee, and 2nd Credentials Committee, secretary of Political Control Committee. e—Member, Executive

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Committee, Ávila Camacho National Preelectoral Center, 1939. f—Member, Office of the Chief of Staff, President Obregón, 1920– 1924; assistant chief of staff to President Calles, 1924–1928; chief of staff for President Ortiz Rubio, 1928–1929; secretary to President Ortiz Rubio, 1929–1930; head, Department of the Federal District, 1930; consul, San Antonio, Tex., 1931–1935; inspector of military attachés, 1930–1931. g—None. h—None. i—Son Eduardo, an engineer and director of several construction firms; married Sofía Lemus; related to Franciso Lagos Cházaro, president of Mexico during Convention Government, 1915; related to first emperor of Mexico. j—Joined army, May 23, 1914, as 2nd cavalry lieutenant; 2nd captain, 1915; 1st captain, 1920; major, 1924; lieutenant colonel, 1927; brigadier general, 1944; brigade general, 1949; commander, 23rd Military Zone, Tlaxcala, Tlaxcala, 1950–1951; commander, 22nd Military Zone, Toluca, State of Mexico, 1951–1957; rank of division general, 1952. k—PRI precandidate for governor of Veracruz, 1936. l—DP70, 980; C de D, 1940–1942; Peral, 379; letter; Novo35, 286; Rev. de Ejer., Nov., 1957, 52; Casasola, V. Hernández Corzo, Rodolfo a—Oct. 4, 1909. b—Comitán, Chiapas. c—Elementary studies in Chiapas; secondary studies at Chiapas State Normal and Preparatory School, graduated as normal school teacher, Mar., 1928; BS in biology from National Preparatory School, 1934; MS from Northwestern University, Evanston, Ill., 1939–1940; degree in chemistry from IPN, Nov. 19, 1940; PhD from Stanford University, 1949–1952, with dissertation titled “Biogenesis of Itacomic Acid;” normal school teacher, 1928–1931; assistant professor in higher technical education; professor in Graduate School; professor of cinematography, Military Communications School; founder and organizer of courses in applied mathematics in chemistry and biology, IPN, 1940–1949; professor of chemical and physical biology, 1940–1949; reator,

Microbiological Warfare Course, Higher War College, 1940–1949; director general, National School of Biological Sciences, IPN, 1952–1955. d—None. e—None. f—Scientific adviser to the federal government; adviser to Bank of Mexico; adviser to UNESCO; director general, IPN, 1953–1956; director general of standards, Secretariat of Industry and Commerce, 1961; director general, Division of Wild Fauna, Secretariat of Agriculture and Livestock, 1964–1970. g—None. h—Researcher, Radon Emanation Corp., 1940–1941; author of numerous technical and scientific works. i—Brother Antonio, professor and researcher at National School of Biological Sciences, IPN. j—None. k—None. l—DGF56, 304; B de M, 147–148; DGF65, 101; MGF69, 264; Enc. Mex., VI, 406–407. Hernández Delgado, José (Deceased) a—Sept. 7, 1904. b—Guanajuato, Guanajuato. c—Law degree, School of Law, University of Guanajuato, Feb. 20, 1926; professor of law, National School of Law, 1931–1934. d—Federal deputy from State of Guanajuato, Dist. 3, 1937–1940. e—None. f—Auxiliary agent, Office of the Attorney General of the Federal District and Federal Territories, Mar. 29, 1930–Mar. 30, 1931; attorney general, Federal District and Federal Territories, July 13, 1931–Sept. 4, 1932; second assistant attorney general of Mexico; oficial mayor, Secretariat of the Presidency, 1934–1937; director general, National Workers’ Bank, 1941–1942; president, Liquidating Committee, National Workers’ Bank, 1942–1944; director general, National Bank of Cooperative Development, 1944–1946, 1946–1952; director general, NAFIN, 1952–1958, 1958–1964, 1964–1970. g—None. i—Brother Herculano Hernández Delgado was federal deputy from Guanajuato, Dist. 2, 1952–1955, founder of Sinarquista Movement, and mayor of León, Guanajuato, 1950–1951; father served as oficial mayor of health under Enrique Hernández Álvarez, 1938. j—None. k—None. l—Letter; DGF50, II, 190; DGF51, II, 278; DGF47, 364; D de Y,

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Dec. 5, 1952, 1; C de D, 1937–1939, 12; Justicia, Jan., 1966; Michaels, 102; Enc. Mex., VI, 402. Hernández Deras, Ismael Alfredo

a—Feb. 20, 1964. b—Ciudad del Mezquital, Durango. c—Elementary studies at Ignacio Altamirano School No. 1, Durango, Durango; secondary studies at Alvarado Secondary No. 15, Durango; preparatory studies at School of Sciences and Humanities, University of Durango; public accounting degree from University of Durango; professor of administrative sociology, University of Durango. d—Alternate local deputy, State Legislature of Durango, 1989–1992; alternate federal deputy from State of Durango, Dist. 5, 1991–1994; local deputy, State Legislature of Durango, 1992–1995; federal deputy from State of Durango, Dist. 1, 1994–1997; plurinominal alternate senator from PRI, 1997–2000; mayor, Durango, 1998–2000; senator from Durango, 2000–2006; governor, Durango, 2004–2010. e—President of PRI, Durango, 1992–1994; assistant secretary of political operations, CEN of PRI, 2000–2001; national adviser to CEN of PRI. f—None. g—President, Students’ Society, University of Durango; president, Revolutionary Youth Front, Durango, 1989–1992; secretary-general of CNOP, Durango, 1995–1998. h—None. i—Son of Miguel Deras Valdez, mescal exporter who became wealthy and who served as mayor of Ciudad del Mezquital, 1947–1950; married Gabriela López. j—None. k—None. l—www.durango.gob.mx, 2008; QesQ en el Congreso, 2000–2003, 354; Musacchio, 197; www. es.wikipedia.org, 2007; DCM, 2000–2003, 94; www.cddhcu.gob.mx, 1994–1997, 2007; www.correos.gob.digital.com/dur, 2008. Hernández Enríquez, César Rubén

a—Sept. 1, 1943. b—Querétaro. c—Early education unknown; social science degree, National School of Political and Social Science, UNAM, 1970; professor of sociology, UNAM, 1970–1971; technical director, Colegio Cambridge, 1973–1974; professor, National School of Political Studies, UNAM, Acatlán campus, 1979; adjunct

professor, Labor Institute, Secretariat of Labor. d—Alternate senator from State of Querétaro, 1976–1979; senator from State of Querétaro, 1979–1982. e—Auxiliary secretary of oficial mayor of PRI, Federal District, 1969; personal representative of Luis Echeverría to 17th Electoral Dist., Federal District, 1970; director of recruitment for PRI, Federal District, 1971; special delegate of CEN of PRI to Veracruz. f—Chief, Sec. A, Community Development, Michoacán, Secretariat of Public Education, 1968; adviser, Chamber of Deputies. g—General delegate of CNOP of PRI to Aguascalientes, 1975; alternate secretary of CNOP of PRI to Guerrero, 1976. i—Son of Salvador Hernández Rivera, surgeon, and Laura Enríquez González; sister Silvia Hernández Enríquez was senator from Querétaro, 1991–1994, and secretary of tourism, 1994–1997. j—None. k—None. l—Protag., 166; C de S, 1976–1982; DBGM, 520. Hernández Enríquez (de Galindo), Silvia

a—Sept. 12, 1951. b—Querétaro, Querétaro. c—Elementary studies at La Paz Institute, Querétaro; secondary studies at Secondary School No. 3, Mexico City; preparatory studies at National Preparatory School No. 2, Mexico City; degree in political science and public administration, School of Political and Social Sciences, UNAM, 1967–1970; postgraduate studies in public administration, London School of Economics, 1971– 1973; postgraduate studies at Sorbonne, Paris, in French and French civilization. d—Alternate federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. 7, 1973–1976; federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. 16, 1976–1979; senator from State of Querétaro, 1982–1988, 1991–1994, 2000–2006. e—Joined PRI in secondary school, 1962; secretary of organization of CEN of PRI, 1981–1982; secretary of popular action of CEN of PRI, 1989–1993; secretary of party integration, CEN of PRI, 1999. f—Employee of assistant secretary to governor of Guanajuato; assistant secretary to Óscar Flores Tapia; adviser, Chamber of Deputies; director general, National

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Youth Institute, 1976–1982; secretary of tourism, 1994–1997; aide to President Zedillo, 1997. g—Founder, National Insurgency of Women; adviser, Mexican delegation to World Conference of Women; secretarygeneral of CNOP (United Citizens in Movement), 1989–1993. h—Fluent in French and English. i—Brother César Rubén Hernández became senator from Querétaro, 1979–1982; daughter of Salvador Hernández Rivera, surgeon, and Laura Enríquez González; married Jesús Humberto Galindo Zárate. j—None. k—First woman in Mexican history to hold a regular secretary post on CEN of PRI; youngest senator elected from Querétaro. l—C de D, 1973–1976, 7; HA, Oct. 31, 1977, 7; Excélsior, Aug. 29, 1976, 26; C de D, 1976–1979; Excélsior, Dec. 27, 1981, 17A; Excélsior, Dec. 26, 1981, 16A; Romero Aceves, 385–386; Excélsior, July 27, 1984, 20; DBGM87, 492; Lehr, 395; DBGM, 520; El Financiero, Jan. 30, 1995, 2; Mexico Business, Jan., 1998, 97. Hernández Flores, Eugenio Javier

a—Oct. 17, 1959. b—Ciudad Victoria, Tamaulipas. c—Early education unknown; civil engineering degree, ITESM, 1982. d—Federal deputy from Tamaulipas, Dist. 5, 2000–2001, secretary of Housing Committee; mayor, Ciudad Victoria, 2001–2004; governor, Tamaulipas, 2005–2011. e—Joined PRI; president of finance, PRI, Tamaulipas, 1998; assistant secretary-general of PRI, Tamaulipas, 1999; chairman, Francisco Labastida’s primary campaign for PRI presidential nomination, Tamaulipas, 1999. f—None. g—President, Mexican Chamber of Construction Industries; member, COPARMEX: president, National Federation of Northern Cities, 2003. h—Prominent local businessman. i—Son of Eugenio Hernández Balboa, director of tourism in Tamaulipas for many years, and Susana Flores Fernández; married Adriana González Lozano. j—None. k—None. l—www.gentesur.com.mx, Oct. 15, 2004; www.tamaulipas.gob.mx, 2008; Musacchio, 197; DCM, 2000–2003, 273.

Hernández Fraguas, José Antonio

a—May 29, 1958. b—Oaxaca, Oaxaca. c—Early education unknown; legal studies, Free Law School. d—Local deputy, State Legislature of Oaxaca, Dist. 1, 1992; federal deputy from State of Oaxaca, Dist. 3, 1994–1997; plurinominal federal deputy from PRI, 2000–2003; mayor, Oaxaca, 2008–2011. e—Joined PRI, 1976; candidate for PRI nomination for governor of Oaxaca, 1998. f—Assistant secretary of government for municipal affairs, Oaxaca, 1989–1991; director general, Institute of Public Education, Oaxaca, 1992–1993; coordinator of advisers to Governor Diódoro Carrasco Altamirano, 1997–1998; director general of assistance to organizations and political institutions, Secretariat of Government, 1998–2000. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Ricardo Hernández Casanova, alternate federal deputy from State of Oaxaca, Dist. 3, 1976–1976, and federal deputy from State of Oaxaca, Dist. 6, 1985–1988, who perished in the 1985 earthquake, just after taking office, and Begoña Fraguas Orrantía; uncle José Julio Hernández Casanova, journalist. j—None. k—None. l—www.adnsureste.info, 2008; QesQ en el Congreso, 2000–2003, 199; Musacchio, 197. Hernández Galicia, Joaquín a—1922. b—Veracruz, Gulf. c—Elementary studies in Melchor Ocampo Public School; no degree. d—None. e—None. f—None. g—Member of Local No. 1, STPRM, 1940; secretary of acts, Local No. 1, STPRM, 1943; secretary of labor, Majoritarian Unification Group, Local No. 1, STPRM, 1958; secretary-general, Local No. 1, STPRM, 1961; work secretary, STPRM, 1959– 1962; secretary-general, STPRM, 1962–1964; unofficial administrator of social works, Local No. 1, STPRM, 1970s. h—Mechanic’s apprentice, 1936; PEMEX employee, Ciudad Madero, 1938; welder, PEMEX, 1940. i—Son of Joaquín Hernández Rodríguez and Leoncia Galicia; father, a sailor and petroleum worker and union member whose job rights were passed on to Joaquín; son Joaquín Hernández Conea, PRD federal deputy from

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State of Tamaulipas, Dist. 7, 1997–2000, and precandidate for governor of Tamaulipas. j—None. k—One of most powerful figures in petroleum union; arrested on orders of President Carlos Salinas, Jan. 10, 1989; imprisoned, 1989–1997; supported Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas’ presidential campaign, 1988. l—Grayson; Época, Sept. 1, 1997, 14; Mexico Business, May, 1996, 30–32. Hernández García, Ramiro a—Feb. 19, 1954. b—El Maluco, Ayotlán, Jalisco. c—Early education unknown; engineering degree, University of Guadalajara, 1972–1977; MA, rural development economics, National School of Agriculture, Chapingo, 1978–1981. d—Local deputy, State Legislature of Jalisco, Dist. 7, 1986–1988; federal deputy from State of Jalisco, Dist. 12, 1988–1991; plurinominal local deputy from PRI to State Legislature of Jalisco, 1998–2001; alternate senator from Jalisco, 2000–2006; plurinominal local deputy from PRI, State Legislature of Jalisco, 2004–2005, president of PRI delegation; senator from Jalisco, 2006–2012. e—Joined PRI, 1971; secretary of organization, PRI, Jalisco, 1985–1988; general delegate of CEN of PRI, Tamaulipas, 1990, Michoacán, 1994, Sinaloa, 1997; president of PRI, Jalisco, 2000–2003. f—Director of operations, Research Department, Jalisco, 1982–1983; director general of information and registration, Secretariat of Fishing, 1991–1993; director general of agricultural trade supplies and services, Secretariat of Agriculture, 1993–1994. g—Secretary of press and propaganda, CEN of CNC, 1986–1989; general delegate of CEN of CNC, Sinaloa, 1989–1990; secretarygeneral, League of Agrarian Communities, Jalisco, 1988, 1996–2000. h—None. i—Son of Roberto Hernández Barrera, farmer and public employee, and María Socorro García Silva; married Laura Patricia Gómez Zamorano, decorator. j—None. k—None. l—www.senado.gob.mx, 2006–2012, 2007; DBGM89, 459; DBGM92, 180–181. Hernández Gerónimo, Auldárico

a—Mar. 10, 1964. b—Mazateupa, Nacajuca,

Tabasco. c—Preparatory studies at Preparatory School of Tabasco No. 21, Nacajuca; acting studies, Peasant Theater, Laboratory, Tabasco, 1984–1986; playwriting studies at Center for Studies and Research in Fine Arts, Tabasco, 1987; teacher, Chontal Language Theater. d—Senator from Tabasco, 1994–2000; plurinominal federal deputy from PRD, 2000–2003, resigned in 2002. e—Cofounder, PRD in Tabasco, 1989; president, Regional Committee of PRD, 2002; precandidate for PRD nomination for governor of Tabasco, 2006. f—None. g—Indigenous activist. h—Founded Chontal Drama Workshop; theater actor; playwright. i—Married Magdalena Flores López. j—None. k—Detained in 2008 for illegal possession of a firearm. l—DCM, 2000–2003, 390; QesQ en el Congreso, 2000–2003, 122–123; www.sil.gobernacion .gob.mx, 2009; Milenio, Jan. 25, 2008; www .es.wikipedia.org, 2009; www.cddhcu.gob .mx, 2000–2003, 2008. Hernández Gómez, Tulio a—May 26, 1938. b—Tlaxcala, Tlaxcala. c—Early education unknown; law degree, National School of Law, UNAM, 1957–1961, graduating with thesis on the responsibilities of public servants, 1962; professor, National Preparatory School No. 1, Mexico City, 1966–1981; professor of political systems, School of Political Science and National School of Law, UNAM, 1994– . d—Federal deputy from State of Tlaxcala, Dist. 1, 1964–1967, member of Gran Comisión; Azcapotzalco delegate to Department of the Federal District, 1976–1979; governor, Tlaxcala, 1981–1987; plurinominal federal deputy from PRI, 1997–2000. e—Joined Youth Sector of PRI, 1953; member, Youth Leadership of PRI, Federal District, 1954; director of PRI youth, Tlaxcala, 1957–1960; assistant director of national youth of CEN of PRI, 1959–1964; auxiliary secretary of CEN of PRI, 1968–1970; president of PRI, Federal District, 1989–1990. f—Director, Department of Citizen Education, National Institute of Mexican Youth, 1959–1964;

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coordinator of housing, National Institute of Mexican Youth, 1962; adviser to director, National Institute of Mexican Youth, 1964; adviser to state government, State of Mexico, 1971–1975; adviser to secretary of the treasury, 1975–1976; oficial mayor of government, 1979–1980. g—Member, CNC Youth Sector, 1960–1961. i—Part of Enrique Olivares Santana’s political group; son of Francisco Hernández y Hernández, secretary-general of CNC, 1959–1962; married Silvia Pinal Hidalgo, federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. 27, 1991–1994; son-in-law of Luis Pinal Blanco, colonel and mayor of Tequisquiapan, Querétaro. j—None. k—None. l—C de D, 1964–1967; Excélsior, July 19, 1979, 19; Excélsior, Dec. 17, 1979, 18; Excélsior, May 6, 1980, 4; Almanaque de México, 602; Proceso, June 30, 1980, 29; Excélsior, Dec. 26, 1981, 16A; www.eluniversal.com.mx, Jan. 6, 2004; DBGM93, 548; www.cddhcu.gob.mx, 2006. Hernández (González), Amador a—May 14, 1925. b—Ranchería de Nicolás Bravo, Tehuacán, Puebla. c—Elementary studies in Acutzingo, Veracruz, and Ciudad Mendoza, Puebla; secondary studies in Jalapa, Veracruz; preparatory studies in Jalapa. d—Local deputy, State Legislature of Puebla, 1951–1954; federal deputy from State of Puebla, Dist. 6, 1955–1958, member of 2nd Ejido Committee and Editorial Committee; federal deputy from State of Puebla, Dist. 6, 1961–1964, member of 1st Ejido Committee and Agriculture and Development Committee; federal deputy from State of Puebla, Dist. 6, 1979‑82. e—Coordinator, state political committee for Miguel Alemán for president, Puebla, 1946; secretary-general, state committee for Adolfo Ruiz Cortines for president, Puebla, 1952; secretary-general of PRI for Puebla, 1953–1955; secretary of agrarian action of CEN of PRI, 1965–1968. f—None. g—Secretary of health and social security of CEN of CNC, 1956–1959; coordinating secretary, CNC League of Agrarian Communities, 1960–1965; secretary-general, CNC, Aug. 28,

1965–Sept. 21, 1967; CNC general delegate to Baja California del Norte, 1977. h—Worked as ejidatario in Tehuacán, Puebla. j—None. k—Johnson suggests he resigned as secretary-general of CNC under pressure from President Díaz Ordaz after armed clashes among CNC members; Excélsior accused him of being a cacique in Tehuacán in 1978; split PRI into 2 factions in Tehuacán, 1977; removed as federal deputy from Puebla, Dist. 6, before serving in 1967, for allegedly threatening a policeman with a gun while intoxicated. l—Excélsior, Nov. 11, 1978, 23; Ind. Biog., 82; Navarro González, 267; Johnson, 35; D de Y, Aug. 29, 1965, 1; Excélsior, Sept. 8, 1977; C de D, 1961–1964, 80; DGF56, 27, 32; El Universal, Aug. 28, 1965; Excélsior, Nov. 11, 1978, 23A.

Hernández (González), Octavio Andrés (Deceased 1987) a—Nov. 10, 1917.

b—Federal District. c—Elementary studies in Mexico City; studied at School of Banking and Commerce, 1939–1941; accounting degree; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, 1946, with special mention; LLD from National School of Law, UNAM, 1950–1952; academic posts, 1938; professor, National School of Law, UNAM, 1944. d—Federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. 4, 1967–1970, member of Gran Comisión, president of Legislative Studies Committee. e—Member of PRI and PRIsponsored National Conference on Political and Ideological Analysis of the Revolution. f—Notary Public No. 10, Mexico City; private secretary to secretary of industry and commerce, Gustavo P. Serrano, 1944–1946; private secretary to secretary of industry and commerce, Antonio Ruiz Galindo, 1946–1948; legal adviser to secretary of industry and commerce, 1948–1952; head, Department of Social Security, Secretariat of Industry and Commerce, 1952–1958; head, Department of Minimum Salaries, Department of the Federal District; legal adviser to head of Federal District, Corona del Rosal; attorney, IMSS; legal adviser to oficial mayor, Secretariat of Public Works,

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1966–1967; legal manager, National Bank of Public Works, 1966–1967; secretarygeneral, Department of the Federal District, 1970–1976; secretary-general of the Department of the Federal District, 1976–1979; director general, National Bank of Public Works, 1979–1982. g—President, Student University Federation, National University, which opposed Chico Goerne as rector, 1938. h—Practicing lawyer; lawyer, CONCAMIN. i—Second nephew of Francisco Madero; father, Lorenzo L. Hernández, former treasurer general of Mexico, 1923–1931, 1932–1933, head of Department of the Federal District, Oct. 31, 1931–Jan. 20, 1932, and founder and first manager of NAFIN, 1934; student of Alfonso Noriega at National University; author of many works on international law and economic and banking problems in Mexico; received 2nd place in a contest for private accountants among over 6,000 competitors, 1943. j—None. k—None. l—DGF51, I, 265, II, 56; DPE65, 117; DGF56, 285; MGF69, 517, 90; HA, Nov. 1, 1946, 6; HA, Nov. 22, 1971, 23; DBM70, 306; DBM68, 40–41; DBM68, 339–340; WWM45, 56; DPE61, 18; letters; C de D, 1967–1969; Enc. Mex., VI, 404; DP95, 1656. Hernández Haddad, Humberto a—July 19, 1951. b—Villahermosa, Tabasco. c—Elementary education, L. Gil Pérez Institute, Villahermosa; secondary studies at Secondary School No. 1, Villahermosa; preparatory studies at La Salle University, Mexico City; law degree, National School of Law, UNAM, July 10, 1972, with thesis titled “Constitutional Analysis of the Reform”; courses, Center for International Affairs, Harvard University, 1977–1982; MA in international economics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md., 1981–1982; professor of constitutional law, National School of Political Studies, Acatlán campus, UNAM, 1976; professor, School of Business, University of Texas, San Antonio, 1989– . d—Federal deputy from State of Tabasco, Dist. 2, 1973– 1976; federal deputy from State of Tabasco, Dist. 9, 1979–1982, president of Science and

Technology Committee; senator from State of Tabasco, 1982–1988, president of Foreign Relations Committee. e—Secretary of cultural action, PRI National Youth, 1967; PRI National Youth political delegate to Yucatán, 1972–1973; general delegate of CEN of PRI to Guerrero, 1974, Quintana Roo, 1976; general coordinator of IEPES of the CEN of PRI, Miguel de la Madrid presidential campaign, 1981–1982; secretary of international affairs of CEN of PRI, 1983–1987. f—Lawyer, Personnel Department, PEMEX, 1971–1973; consul general, San Antonio, Tex., 1989– 1995. g—Member of student group under Andrés Iduarte, Columbia University, New York, 1965; president, Federation of Tabasco Students, Federal District, 1968; delegate of CNOP to Nuevo León and Campeche, 1978; national coordinator of CNOP, 1978. h—Practicing lawyer, 1995– . i—Son of Antonio Hernández Caro, businessman, and Tirsa Haddad Gallegos; came to attention of President Gustavo Díaz Ordaz during a speech in which Haddad condemned U.S. occupation of the Dominican Republic, 1965. j—None. k—None. l—C de D, 1973– 1976, 21; DBGM87, 492; letters; HA, Aug. 5, 1974, 46–47; C de D, 1979–1982, 2; HA, Mar. 1, 1982, 13; www.jornada.unam.mx, Aug. 24, 2007. Hernández Hernández, Manuel

(Deceased) a—Oct. 18, 1909. b—San Miguel Tixac, Oaxaca. c—Elementary studies in Tlaxiaco, Oaxaca; preparatory studies in Oaxaca, Oaxaca; medical degree, National School of Medicine, UNAM; professor of philological studies, National Preparatory Schools Nos. 2 and 5. d—Alternate federal deputy from State of Oaxaca, Dist. 7, 1955– 1958; federal deputy from State of Oaxaca, Dist. 7, 1958–1961, member of Library and Military Health committees; federal deputy from State of Oaxaca, Dist. 7, 1967–1970, member of Indigenous Affairs Committee. e—None. f—Employee, Secretariat of Public Health, Coahuila, Hidalgo, Michoacán, and Mexico City; chief of surgical clinic, National School of Medicine, UNAM.

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g—Founder and president, Coalition of the Mixtec Oaxacan People, 1951–1970. i—Married Clemencia Palacios. j—None. k—None. l—Func., 310; C de D, 1958–1961, 81; C de D, 1967–1970, 59. Hernández (Jiménez), Antonio J.

(Deceased 1988) a—Jan. 6, 1904. b—San Jerónimo Tequinapa, Municipio of Cholula, Puebla. c—Elementary and secondary studies at Madero Institute, Puebla; no degree. d—Member, City Council, Atlixco, Puebla; federal deputy from State of Puebla, Dist. 3, 1943–1946; federal deputy from State of Puebla, Dist. 4, 1955–1958, member of 1st Balloting Committee; federal deputy from State of Puebla, Dist. 4, 1961–1964, member of Mail and Telegraph Committee; federal deputy from State of Puebla, Dist. 4, 1967– 1970, member of Textile Industry Committee; federal deputy from State of Puebla, Dist. 3, 1976–1979. e—Assistant secretary of labor of CEN of PRI, 1978. f—Employee, Board of Material and Moral Improvements, Atlixco. g—Central Committee of CROM delegate to States of Puebla and Tlaxcala; member, Union of Revolutionary Workers of Ometepec; secretary-general, Federation of Workers and Farmers of Puebla (later, CTM), 1935–1985; secretarygeneral, CROM, 1967–1985. h—Worked as youngster in Covadonga Thread Factory; employee, Metepex Textile Factory. i—Father was employee in Hercules Textile Factory, Querétaro. j—None. k—Antonio Hernández has repeated as a federal deputy more times from 1943 to 1979 than almost any other Mexican public figure. l—DGF56, 27, 33, 74; C de D, 1967–1970, 76; Excélsior, Aug. 20, 1976, 1C; Ind. Biog., 83; C de D, 1961–1964, 80. Hernández Juárez, Francisco a—Oct. 16, 1925. b—Tlacochahuaya, Oaxaca. c—Elementary studies at Felipe Carrillo Puerto School, Tlacochahuaya; secondary studies at Rural Normal School, Comitancillo, Oaxaca, 1944–1945, and Rural Normal School, El Mexe, Hidalgo, 1946; teaching certificate, National Teachers’ College,

1947–1949; preparatory studies at National Preparatory School, 1950–1951; studied law, National School of Law, UNAM, 1952–1957; elementary school teacher, Federal District, 1950–1958; secondary teacher, Isthmus of Tehuantepec Secondary and Preparatory School, 1962–1987; professor, Regional Technological Institute of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, Oaxaca (2 years). d—Federal deputy from State of Oaxaca, Dist. 1, 1970–1973, member of Waters and Irrigation Committee, 2nd Public Education Committee, 2nd Justice Committee, and Legislative Studies Committee, 9th Sec. on General Affairs; federal deputy from State of Oaxaca, Dist. 1, 1976–1979, member of Sec. on Commercialization and Industrialization of the Agrarian Affairs Committee and of Higher Education Sec. of Educational Development Committee; PPS plurinominal federal deputy, 1985–1988, 1991–1994. e—Joined PPS, 1948; secretary-general, PPS in Oaxaca, 1964–1978; member, PPS National Central Executive Committee, 1968–; secretary of international relations of CEN of the PPS, 1968–1985; secretary of organization of CEN of PPS, 1985–1987. f—None. g—Director, National Teachers’ College Student Association; secretary of national relations, SNTE, 1985–1986; secretary of international relations, SNTE, 1986–1987; organized Union of Construction Workers of Juchitán, Oaxaca. h—Practicing attorney. i—Married María Guadalupe Silva Arteaga, surgeon; son of Ricardo Hernández Pérez, peasant, and Raymunda Juárez Martínez. j—None. k—PPS candidate for governor of Oaxaca, 1980. l—C de D, 1970–1972, 119; Directorio, 1970–1972; D de C, 1976–1979, 7, 21; HA, Mar. 5, 1979, V; Excélsior, July 28, 1980, 23A; DBGM87, 492; DBGM92, 480. Hernández Juárez, Francisco a—Sept. 3, 1949. b—Santa María la Ribera, Federal District. c—Elementary and secondary studies in public schools; preparatory studies from Vocational School, IPN, 1965–1969; 6 semesters of electrical engineering, IPN. d—Plurinominal federal deputy from PRD,

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2009–2012. e—Resigned from PRI, 2001. f—None. g—Secretary-general, STPRM, 1976–2007; president, Congress of Labor, 1987, resigned, 1997; founded National Workers’ Union as alternative to Congress of Labor, 1997. h—Worked numerous manual jobs, including with his father, including mechanic; joined Teléfonos de México as maintenance worker, 1965. i—Father, bracero and later worked for Cervecería Cuauhtémoc and Reynolds Aluminum; Francisco grew up in poverty; married Guadalupe Castro. j—None. k—None. l—Mexico Business, June, 1998, 38–39; Cien Nombres, 186–199; Musacchio, 198; www .lideresmexicanos.com, Feb. 1, 2003; www .es.wikipedia.org, 2008. Hernández Labastida, Ramón Miguel

a—Sept. 5, 1935. b—Veracruz, Veracruz. c—Elementary studies at Republic of Guatemala Elementary School, Coyoacán, Federal District; secondary studies at Columbus Grammar School, Columbus, N.M., and Deming High School, Deming, N.M.; public accounting degree from Public Accountants’ School, 1954–1958, with thesis titled “The Social Functions of Public Accounting;” taught courses in accounting. d—Alternate federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. 22, 1967–1970; federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. 22, 1970–1973, member of Auto Transportation Committee and Livestock Committee; federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. 12, 1976–1979, member of Foreign Relations Committee and Insurance and Finance Sec. of Treasury Committee; plurinominal federal deputy from PAN, 1988–1991, 1994–1997; representative to Assembly of the Federal District, 1997–2000, leader of PAN delegation; representative to Assembly of the Federal District, 2006–2009. e—Joined PAN, 1954; member, PAN National Organizing Committee, 1973–1991; member, PAN Regional Committee for the Federal District, 1972–1991; director of PAN, 12th Dist., Federal District, 1963–1970; joined PAN, 1954; secretary of organization of PAN, Federal

District, 1970–1976; president of PAN in Federal District, 1981–1987; national adviser to PAN, 1975–1987, 1988–2001; member of CEN of PAN, 1975–1978, 1981–1990; PAN representative to Federal Electoral Commission, 1979. f—None. g—President, ACJM, 1957–1959; president, Union of Mexican Catholics, 1957–1960; president, Catholic Action, 1960–1963. h—Public accountant; controller, Litolámina, 1955–1959; manager, Química Hércules, 1960–1979. i—Married Ana María Meixueiro; son of Manuel Hernández Esqueda and Margarita Labastida Arteche. j—None. k—PAN candidate for federal deputy, 1967. l—C de D, 1970–1972, 119; Directorio, 1970–1972; C de D, 1976–1979, 33; D de C, 1976–1979, 71, 59, 57; DBGM89, 460; CDDWeb, Diputados, 1997; Pérez Franco, 180–181. Hernández Loza, Heliodoro (Deceased May 30, 1990) a—July 3, 1898. b—Tepatitlán, La Barca, Jalisco. c—Elementary studies completed in La Barca; no degree. d—Local deputy, State Legislature of Jalisco, 1934–1935, 1939–1941, 1950–1952, 1969–1971, 1975–1977; mayor, Guadalajara, 1948–1949; federal deputy from State of Jalisco, Dist. 3, 1943–1946; federal deputy from State of Jalisco, Dist. 2, 1964–1967, member of 1st Railroads Committee, 1st Labor Committee, and 1st Public Housing Committee; senator from State of Jalisco, 1982–1988. e—Joined PNR, 1929; president of PNR, Guadalajara, Jalisco, 1935; general delegate of CEN of PRI to Michoacán, 1965. f—Assistant director, Department of Transportation, Guadalajara, 1928. g—Founder, Only Union of Mechanics of Jalisco, 1920; founder, Transportation Federation of Jalisco, 1932; secretary of organization of CTM, 1954– 1956; assistant secretary-general, CTM, 1961–1966; secretary of statistics, CTM, 1967–1972; assistant secretary, CEN of CTM, 1973–1977 h—Mechanic; chauffeur; worked in United States, 1919–1921. i—Son of a peasant laborer; married María Guadalupe Martínez Hernández, federal deputy from Jalisco, 1958–1961, 1970–1973. j—None.

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k—Critics called him the Fidel Velázquez of Jalisco and accused him of amassing a fortune as a union leader. l—C de D, 1964–1967, 50, 84, 95, 96; C de D, 1943–1946, 12; HA, Apr. 19, 1982, 6; PS, 2927; Lehr, 224; Excélsior, Jan. 3, 1983, 18; DBGM87, 493; DBGM, 521. Hernández Mendoza, Leonardo M.

(Deceased Aug. 30, 1966) a—Nov. 6, 1888. b—Atotonilco el Grande, Hidalgo. c—Elementary studies in Atotonilco El Grande; no degree. d—Local deputy, State Legislature of Hidalgo, 1922–1924; federal deputy from State of Hidalgo, Dist. 3, 1924–1926; federal deputy from State of Hidalgo, Dist. 2, 1940–1943, member of Gran Comisión, Inspection Committee of General Accounting Office, and Social Welfare Committee; senator from State of Hidalgo, 1958–1964, executive secretary of, Colonization Committee, member of 1st Committee on National Defense and 2nd Committee on Mines, and substitute member of Committee on Taxes. e—None. f—Chief of social defense, Atotonilco el Grande, 1923; director of public welfare, State of Puebla, 1927–1928. g—None. h—Involved in cattle ranching and agriculture. i—Son of Mateo Hernández. j—Joined the Revolution as noncommissioned officer, served under Gabriel Hernández; supported Venustiano Carranza, 1913; career army officer; commander of military zones in Coahuila, Sonora, Hidalgo, and Jalisco; rank of division general. k—None. l—EBW46, 56; C de D, 1940–1942, 54, 58; letter; C de S, 1961–1964, 57; Func., 228; Pérez López, 200. Hernández Netro, Mateo (Deceased 1946) a—1886. b—Rancho de Maldonado, San Luis Potosí. c—Early education unknown; no degree. d—Governor, San Luis Potosí, 1935–1938. e—None. f—None. g—None. h—Worked on a hacienda as a boy; involved in ranching after 1938. i—Longtime friend and supporter of Saturnino Cedillo. j—Joined the Revolution in 1910; fought with Saturnino Cedillo, 1913; fought against Victoriano Huerta, 1914;

fought under Zapata; career army officer; supported Plan of Agua Prieta, 1920; supported de la Huerta rebellion, 1923; fought against Escobar rebellion, 1929; rank of colonel in the army. k—Abandoned governorship of San Luis Potosí, May 22, 1938, to support Cedillo rebellion against the government; received amnesty from President Cárdenas after General Cedillo’s death, 1938. l—Peral, 47, 163; DP70, 982; D de Y, May 22, 1938, 1; Peral, 382; Meyer, 319. Hernández Ochoa, Rafael (Deceased May 18, 1990) a—June 4, 1915. b—Municipio Vega de la Torre, Ranchería Santa Gertrudis, Veracruz. c—Elementary studies at Enrique C. Rébsamen Public School, Jalapa, Veracruz; secondary and preparatory studies in Jalapa; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, 1944, thesis on state intervention; attended University of Veracruz. d—Federal deputy from State of Veracruz, Dist. 5, 1973–1974; governor, Veracruz, 1974–1980. e—Joined PRI, 1959. f—Municipal judge, Veracruz; agent, Ministerio Público, Office of the Attorney General of Mexico; assistant director, Legal Department, Electric Industry of Mexico, 1948–1952; chief of labor relations, Electric Industry of Mexico, 1953; director, Legal Department, State of Veracruz; assistant director general of administration, Secretariat of Government, 1962; assistant director of population, Secretariat of Government, 1958–1961; auxiliary secretary to Luis Echeverría, 1958; director of political and social investigations, Secretariat of Government, 1964; assistant secretary of government, 1964–1970; secretary of labor, 1970–1972; assistant secretary of forestry, Secretariat of Agriculture and Hydraulic Resources, 1989–1990; adviser to Carlos Hank González, 1990. g—President, National Livestock Federation. h—Practiced law, 1944–1977; member, National Council of Tourism. i—Student of Alfonso Noriega at UNAM; married Teresa Peñafiel; son of Fernando Hernández Carrasco, cattle rancher, and Elvira Ochoa Hernández,

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teacher; daughter María Hernández Peñafiel, coordinator of archives, Chamber of Deputies, Veracruz. j—None. k—Resigned from post of secretary of labor, Sept. 11, 1972, after 2 operations; his popularity among PRI members in Veracruz as a candidate for federal deputy in 1973 surprised many PRI officials; precandidate for PRI majority leader of Chamber of Deputies, 1973. l—D de Y, Dec. 1, 1970, 2; DPE61, 13; DPE65, 13; Hoy, Dec. 21, 1964; HA, Dec. 7, 1970; HA, May 3, 1971, 12; HA, Sept. 18, 1972, 10–11; Excélsior, Mar. 8, 1973, 14; HA, Jan. 7, 1973, 12; Excélsior, Dec. 18, 1973, 15; HA, May 6, 1974, 39–40; Enc. Mex., VI, 410; El Nacional, May 19, 1990, 5; DBGM89, 172. Hernández Partida, Leopoldo

(Deceased) a—Aug. 26, 1908. b—Guadalajara, Jalisco. c—Elementary studies in Guadalajara; preparatory studies at National Preparatory School; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, 1928–1932. d—Federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. 12, 1943–1946; federal deputy from State of Jalisco, Dist. 5, 1967–1970, member of Indigenous Affairs Committee and Money and Credit Institutions Committee; federal deputy from State of Jalisco, Dist. 5, 1982–1985. e—Director of Revolución, PNR publication, 1930; joined PNR, 1932; secretary of popular action of the CEN of PRM, 1938–1940; secretary of agrarian action of CEN of PRI, 1964; interim PRI president, Federal District; CEN of PRI general delegate to Jalisco, 1965–1966; CEN of PRI general delegate to Quintana Roo, 1970. f—Secretary, First Judicial District in Administrative Matters, Federal District, 1935–1936; private secretary to director, Department of Indigenous Affairs, 1936– 1937; attorney general, State of Hidalgo, under Governor Javier Rojo Gómez, 1937– 1938; private secretary to Javier Rojo Gómez, head, Department of the Federal District, 1940–1945; administrator, IMSS regional office, Jalisco, 1953–1959; director general, Central Agricultural Bank, 1974–1976; private secretary to director, Department

of Indigenous Affairs, 1st Administrative Dist., Federal District, 1982. g—Student supporter of General Álvaro Obregón for president, 1928; founding member, Federation of Workers and Peasants of Hidalgo, 1930; joined Mexican Peasant Federation, 1933; founding member, CNC, 1938; private secretary to Graciano Sánchez, CNC secretary-general, 1938–1940; member of CEN of the CNC, 1961–1963; private secretary to Javier Rojo Gómez, secretary-general of CNC, 1962–1963. h—Campaigned for General Álvaro Obregón with Luis I. Rodríguez and Alfonso Pulido Islas. i—Son of Alberto Hernández Martínez, public accountant and auditor for Secretariat of the Treasury, and Guadalupe Partida Rivera; related to Wenceslao Partida Hernández, federal deputy from Jalisco, 1943–1946; married Amparo González Navarro. j—None. k—None. l—Letter, C de D, 1967–1970, 59, 81; C de D, 1943–1946; MGF69, 92; Lehr, 230; DBGM, 522. Hernández Pimentel, Alfredo a—Mar. 25, 1937. b—Santiago Tangamandapio, Michoacán. c—Completed preparatory studies at Heroic Military College, 1954– 1956, graduating as 2nd infantry lieutenant, Jan. 1, 1957; completed staff and command course, Higher War College, 1962–1964; MA in national security, National Defense College, 1982–1983; director general, Higher War College, 1989–1990. d—None. e—None. f—Assistant secretary of national defense, 2000. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Agustín Hernández González, career military, and María Dolores Pimentel González; married Juana Balderas Vera. j—Career army officer; commander, rural troop patrols, 1957–1960; commander, mortar company, 1966–1969; officer, Presidential Guards, 1969–1970; chief of instructions and operations, 1st Infantry Battalion; assistant chief of staff, Presidential Guards, 1973–1977; rank of colonel, 1977; commander, 18th Infantry Battalion, 1978–1984; director general of firearms registration, Secretariat of National Defense, 1984–1986;

t he b io g ra phies  475

assistant director general of military education, Secretariat of National Defense; commander, 8th Military Zone, Tamaulipas, 1991–1993; assistant chief of military doctrine, staff, Secretariat of National Defense; commander, 16th Military Zone; commander, 4th Military Zone, Sonora, 1996; rank of division general, Nov. 20, 1996; commander, 2nd Military Region, Mexicali, Baja California, 1996–1997; director general, Social Security Institute of the Armed Forces, 2000–2002. k—None. l—DBGM, 219; Rev. de Ejer., Nov., 1996, 541; www.sdn .gob.mx, Dec. 7, 2000. Hernández Pinzón, Carolina a—Feb. 19, 1949. b—Veracruz, Veracruz. c—Elementary studies at the Benito Juárez and Federico Frobel schools, Veracruz, 1956–1961, best student in her class; studies in public speaking at public schools, 1961–1963; secretarial studies, Illustrious Institute of Veracruz, 1962–1964; preparatory studies in humanities, Illustrious Institute of Veracruz, Jalapa, 1965–1966; studies in law, School of Law, University of Veracruz, Jalapa, 1967– 1971; law degree, Feb. 11, 1972; language studies in French, Italian, and English, School of Languages and Philosophy and Letters, University of Veracruz, 1968–1969; professor of Roman law, University of Veracruz, Jalapa, 1972; professor of Hispanic American literature, Preparatory School of Veracruz, 1973; professor of legal sociology, University of Veracruz, 1975. d—Second syndic, City Council, Veracruz, 1973–1974; local deputy from Dist. 12 to State Legislature of Veracruz, 1974–1977; federal deputy from State of Veracruz, Dist. 21, 1979–1982. e—Delegate, Local Committee of PRI of Jalapa, to Youth Sector of CNOP, 1965; secretary of women’s action, Youth Sector of PRI, State of Veracruz, 1969–1971; secretary of civic action, State Committee of PRI, Veracruz, 1975; president, State Committee of PRI, Veracruz, 1975–1977; delegate of CEN of PRI to various state and local elections. f—Social worker, Second Judicial District, Court of 1st Instance, Jalapa, Veracruz,

1970–1971; director, Police Academy, Veracruz; assistant attorney general of Veracruz, 2005–2006. g—Secretary-general, ANFER, State of Veracruz. h—None. i—Daughter of lawyer Fulgencio Hernández V. and Margarita Pinzón. j—None. k—Second place, National Children’s Public Speaking Contest, 1962. l—C de D, l979–1982, 38; Romero Aceves, 704–705. Hernández Posadas, Mario a—Oct. 9, 1929. b—Jalapa, Veracruz. c—Completed secondary school; agronomy degree, Escobar Brothers Higher School of Agriculture, Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua, 1944–1950. d—Federal deputy from State of Veracruz, Dist. 6, 1964–1967, coordinator of CNC delegation; federal deputy from State of Veracruz, Dist. 12, 1976–1979; senator from State of Veracruz, 1982–1988, president of Agricultural Development Committee. e—Joined PRI, 1955; special delegate of CEN of PRI to various states; assistant secretary of agrarian action, CEN of PRI, 1965–1968. f—Assistant manager, National Ejido Credit Bank, Veracruz; director, Publicity Department, CONASUPO; regional agronomist, Department of Agriculture, State of Veracruz; coordinator, Southern Region of Veracruz, Department of Agrarian Affairs and Colonization; supervisor of delegations, Agrarian Advisory Group, Secretariat of Agrarian Reform. g—Secretary, Agrarian Communities of Veracruz, 1964–1967; secretary of agrarian action, CNC, 1965– 1968; secretary-general, CNC, 1983–1986. h—None. i—Son of Pablo Hernández Hernández, topographical engineer, and Dina Posadas Salas; married Lina Sara Córdoba Ladrón de Guevara, normal school teacher. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM87, 493; Lehr, 491; C de D, 1976–1979; C de D, 1964–1967; C de S, 1982–1988. Hernández Rivera, Onofre a—Jan. 19, 1943. b—Zacualtipán, Hidalgo. c—Early education unknown; completed secondary studies; normal school teaching certificate, National Normal School, 1959–1961; teaching degree, Pedagogical University,

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1979–1982; elementary school teacher and principal, 1962; professor of physical education, Sports Federation, 1964–1966. d—Alternate federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. 14, 1970–1973; federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. 14, 1973–1976; federal deputy from State of Hidalgo, Dist. 4, 1982–1985. e—President of PRI, Dist. 14, Federal District; special delegate of CEN of PRI to San Luis Potosí, 1976; special delegate of CEN of PRI to Chihuahua, 1979; secretary of social action, CEN of PRI, 1977– 1979. f—None. g—Student leader, National Normal School; press secretary, Local No. 9, SNTE; secretary of organization, Local No. 9, SNTE; member, CEN of SNTE, 1979–1982; secretary of acts, CEN of SNTE; secretary of organization of CEN of SNTE. h—None. i—Son of Salvador Hernández Arteaga, businessman, and Dolores Rivera García; married Rosa Portillo Ortiz, normal school teacher. j—None. k—None. l—Perez López, 524; HA, Apr. 19, 1982, 8; C de D, 1973–1976, 7; Directorio, 1982–1985; Lehr, 216; Directorio, 1970–1973; DBGM89, 461. Hernández Rodríguez, Berta Lenía

a—Oct. 2, 1944. b—Guadalajara, Jalisco. c—Teaching certificate, Normal School of Jalisco, 1957–1960; education degree, Higher Normal School, Jalisco, 1973–1977; MA in secondary education, Higher Normal School of Oaxaca, Jalisco, 1979–1981; MA in human development, Institute of Higher Studies of the West, Guadalajara, 1979–1981; elementary school teacher, 1959–1960; professor, Normal School of Jalisco, 1969– . d—Mayor, Emiliano Zapata, Veracruz, 1979–1982, 1985–1988; federal deputy from State of Jalisco, Dist. 9, 1982–1985; local deputy, State Legislature of Veracruz, 56th Sess., 1992–1995; federal deputy from State of Veracruz, 1997–2000, president of Administration and Complaints Committee. e—Joined PRI, 1959. f—Coordinator of nursery schools, IMSS, Jalisco, 1975–1977. g—Coordinator of women’s action, League of Agrarian Communities and Peasants Union, Jalisco, 1981–1983; secretary-general,

League of Agrarian Communities, Veracruz, 2007– . h—None. i—Daughter of Faustino Hernández España, artisan, and María de Jesús Rodríguez Gómez; married David Rubalcaba Jiménez, psychology. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM84, 523–524; Musacchio, 200; www.gobernacion.gob.mx, 1997–2000, 2007. Hernández Rojas, Jesús a—June 25, 1914. b—Hacienda de Estafiayuca, Tlaxcala. c—No formal education. d—Mayor, Mariano Arista (Acuamanala de Miguel Hidalgo), Tlaxcala, 1953; local deputy, State Legislature of Tlaxcala, 1967–1970; senator from State of Tlaxcala, 1976–1982. e—None. f—President, Vigilance Committee, Mariano Arista, 1943–1947; Mariano Arista representative to Federal Potable Water Board, 1956–1961; delegate, Agricultural Credit Bank, 1959. g—President, National Chamber of Pulque Industries, 1965–1966; treasurer, National Chamber of Pulque Industries, 1967; secretary-general, League of Agrarian Communities of Tlaxcala, 1971–1982. j—None. k—None. l—C de S, 1976–1982; Protag., 167; www.e-local.gob.mx, 2008. Hernández Téllez, Sabino a—Oct. 29, 1940. b—León, Guanajuato. c—Early education unknown; teaching certificate, Tepic Normal School, 1959; degree in history, Higher Normal School of Nayarit, 1964; middle school history teacher, 1959–1982; professor of history and philosophy, Normal School; professor of history and philosophy, Higher Normal School, 1965– . d—Local deputy, State Legislature of Nayarit, 1975; plurinominal deputy of PCM, 1979–1982, member of Fishing, Editorial Affairs, Federal Transportation and Distribution of Consumer Goods committees. e—Joined PPS, 1963; member, PPS Central Committee, 1968–1976; secretarygeneral, PPS in Nayarit, 1972–1975; member, Committee in Defense of the Party, 1976; founder and member, PPM Central Committee, 1977; coordinator, Secretariat of PPM Central Committee, 1980. f—Syndic, City of Tepic, 1973–1975. g—Member, 1st

t he b io g ra phies  477

State Committee, Federation of Students of Nayarit, 1952–1954; secretary-general, Normal School Student Society, 1959; delegate, 15th Student Congress, Moscow, 1966. h—Wrote for Vida Nueva, Nayarit, 1975–1977. j—None. k—Resigned from post as local deputy to protest fraud, 1975. l—C de D, 1979–1982; Protag., 167. Hernández Terán, José Mann a—Dec. 15, 1921. b—Mérida, Yucatán. c—Elementary studies in Saltillo, Coahuila, Mexico City, and Mérida; secondary studies at Evening Extension School, UNAM, Mexico City; engineering degree, National School of Engineering, UNAM, 1946. d—None. e—None. f—Secretary of public works, Chihuahua-Pacific Railroad, 1960; joined National Irrigation Commission, 1944; project chief, Office of Structural Engineering, Secretariat of Hydraulic Resources, manager, Naucalpan‑Zaragoza-Tlalnepantla projects; director of construction, Río Yaqui, Obregón Dam project, 1947–1952; technical adviser for the September 27 hydroelectric plant, Federal Electric Commission, 1958–1960; executive secretary, Río Fuerte Commission, Secretariat of Hydraulic Resources; director, Río Fuerte Commission, 1955–1964; secretary of hydraulic resources, 1964–1970. g—President, Executive Council, College of Mexican Civil Engineers. h—Arbitrator for El Águila Construction Co. with government of El Salvador; engineering consultant, 1971. i—Student of Javier Barros Sierra and Agustín Yáñez at National Preparatory School; student of Antonio Dovalí Jaime at UNAM; knew Leandro Rovirosa Wade, Manuel Franco López, Gilberto Valenzuela, and Luis Enrique Bracamontes at UNAM; married Josefina Gaytán, 1948. j—None. k—Received National Prize in Engineering, 2002. l—Letter; WWMG, 21; D de Y, Dec. 2, 1964, 2; IWW70–71, 423; El Universal, Dec. 2, 1964; Libro de Oro, 1967, xxxiv; DPE65, 126; Excélsior, Aug. 21, 1973, 1. Hernández Torres, José de Jesús

a—June 4, 1944. b—Federal District.

c—Early education unknown; business administration degree, School of Business and Administration, UNAM; MA in economics, IPN, 1971–1973; professor, UNAM, 1969. d—Alternate federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. 35, 1982–1988. e—Adviser to secretary-general of CEN of PRI, 1981. f—Director general of government, Secretariat of Government, 1971; assistant director, Acapulco Trust, 1976; director general of radio, television, and film, Secretariat of Government, 1982–1988; oficial mayor of public education, Secretariat of Public Education, 1988–1994. g—None. h—Vice president, Consorcio Aristos, 1970–1975; director general and president, Viva Turística Corp., 1976–1979; director general, Factible Co., 1979–1980. i—Son of Daniel Hernández Méndez, businessman, and María del Refugio Torres López; married Milagros Montero Zubillaga, psychotherapist; brother-in-law José Mariano, division head at FEMSA. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM89, 174; DBGM87, 182; DBGM84, 211; Musacchio, 201. Hernández Vela, Salvador (Deceased) a—Dec. 31, 1908. b—Zaragoza, Coahuila. c—Elementary studies at Juan Antonio de la Fuente School, Zaragoza; secondary studies at Ateneo Fuente, Saltillo, Coahuila; studied at Harvard Medical School, graduating in 1932; further studies at Walter Reed Army Medical Center and Brook Army Medical Center; graduated from Staff School of Higher War College, 1933–1936; professor, Military Medical School; head, Teaching Council, Military Medical School. d—Alternate senator from Coahuila, 1958–1964; federal deputy from State of Coahuila, Dist. 4, 1970–1973, member of 1st Committee on National Defense and Committee on Military Health. e—None. f—Assistant director general of military health, Secretariat of National Defense; member, Directive Council of Chief of Staff, Secretariat of National Defense. g—None. h—Founded Magazine of Military Health, 1953; author of numerous books and articles. i—Son of José

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Hernández Martínez; graduated with General Octavio S. Mondragón Guerra. j—Career army medical officer; rank of brigadier general, Nov. 27, 1953; rank of brigade general, 1960; member, Legion of Honor. k—First graduate of Higher War College from medical corps. l—C de D, 1970–1972, 12, 120; C de S, 1961–1964; DBM68, 343; Directorio, 1970–1972; Rev. de Ejer., Oct., 1960. 16; www.coahuila.gob.mx, 2008; Lozoya, 1999, 97; www.coahuila.gob.mx, 2008. Hernández y Hernández, Francisco

(Deceased) a—1908. b—Calpulalpan, Tlaxcala. c—Elementary studies; teaching certificate from Rural Normal School, Calpulalpan; schoolteacher; director, R. Flores Magón Rural School, Chihuahua, Chihuahua, 1932; founded Rural Normal School for Tarahumara Native Americans, Huachochi, Chihuahua, 1937. d—Federal deputy from State of Tlaxcala, Dist. 2, 1949–1952, member of Indigenous Affairs Committee, 1st Public Education Committee, Legislative Studies Committee, and 2nd Balloting Committee; president, 2nd Instructive Sec. of the grand jury and president of Chamber of Deputies, Dec., 1949; senator from State of Tlaxcala, 1958–1964, member of Gran Comisión, Indigenous Affairs Committee, National Lands Committee, and substitute member of Agrarian Department Committee. e—Active in Socialist Party of the Southeast, Ixtlán, Oaxaca, 1930, with future wife; auxiliary secretary to Gabriel Leyva Velázquez, president of CEN of PRI. f—Director of cultural missions, Secretariat of Public Education, Oaxaca and Coahuila, 1920s; director of federal education, Durango, Querétaro, Tabasco, Quintana Roo, Nayarit, Baja California, Tlaxcala, 1933; inspector general of federal education, Aguascalientes, Zacatecas, and Coahuila, 1936; director, Diario Oficial, Secretariat of Government, 1950s; director, Congressional Library, 1952; director general, National Ejido Credit Bank, 1964–1970. g—Secretarygeneral, CNC, 1959–1962. h—Author of articles on peasants. i—Supported for

secretary-general of CNC by Roberto Barrios, Raymundo Flores Fuentes, and Gabriel Leyva Velázquez; father of Tulio Hernández Gómez, oficial mayor of Secretariat of Government, 1979; married Leonarda Gómez Bravo, famed teacher who spoke Maya and whose grandfather was a political boss and self-educated teacher in Yucatán. j—None. k—Critical of local agrarian leaders who had held their positions for more than 20 years; changed 445 of the 480 regional committees of the CNC; CNC precandidate for senator from Tlaxcala, 1981. l—Excélsior, Aug. 27, 1959; C de D, 1949–1951, 75; C de S. 1961–1964, 57; Func., 380; González Navarro, 266; Ronfeldt, 193; Excélsior, Dec. 26, 1981, 16A; www.calpulalpan.gob.mx, 2008; www.tlaxcala.gob.mx, 2008.

Herrera, María Guadalupe Calderón de

a—Feb. 14, 1938. b—Morelia, Michoacán. c—Elementary studies in public school and Plancarte Institute; preparatory studies at Colegio San Nicolás de Hidalgo; law degree from School of Law and Social Science, University of Michoacán; criminology course from Office of the Attorney General of the Federal District; professor of economic policy, School of Industrial Engineering, University of Michoacán. d—Federal deputy from State of Michoacán, Dist. 1, 1967–1970, member of Inspection Committee of General Accounting Office, Social Action Committee (1st year), Public Welfare Committee, Editorial Committee (2nd year), Legislative Studies Committee (3rd Sec. on Penal Affairs), and Subsistence and Supplies Committee. e—Director, Women’s Sector of PRI, Michoacán, 1963–1970. f—Official, Office of the Attorney General of Mexico; agent, Ministerio Público, Attorney General of Michoacán, 1961–1963; laboratory expert in criminal cases, Office of the Attorney General of Michoacán; director, Social Security Center for Family Welfare, IMSS, 1966–1967. g—None. h—Pianist for a nursery school; social worker, IMSS, 1964– 1966. i—Father, a bank employee. j—None. k—Also goes by maiden name, María

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Guadalupe Calderón Corona. l—DBM68, 344; C de D, 1967–1969, 55, 57, 63, 66, 78, 88; MGF69; PS, 0854; letter. Herrera Beltrán, Fidel a—Mar. 7, 1949. b—Nopaltepec, Cosamaloapan, Veracruz. c—Elementary studies at Francisco I. Madero School, Tuxtepec, Oaxaca; secondary studies at public secondary school, Ciudad Alemán, Veracruz; preparatory studies at Article 3 Preparatory School, Jalapa, Veracruz; 3 years of legal studies at School of Law, University of Veracruz, 1967–1969; completed degree at UNAM, Feb. 23, 1971, with thesis on the theory and reality of the division of powers in the Mexican political-juridical structure; MA in political science and public administration, London School of Economics and Political Science, 1971–1973; diploma in languages and French literature, French Alliance; diploma, Polytechnic Institute, London; diploma, International Institute of Human Rights, Strasbourg. d—Federal deputy from State of Veracruz, Dist. 12, 1973–1976, 1991–1994; federal deputy from State of Veracruz, Dist, 16, 1979–1982; federal deputy from the State of Veracruz, Dist. 14, 1997–2000, president of Rules Committee; senator from Veracruz, 2000–2004; governor, Veracruz, 2004–2010. e—Auxiliary secretary and orator, Rafael Murillo Vidal campaign for governor, 1968; PRI youth director, Veracruz; orator, Luis Echeverría campaign, 1970; secretarygeneral, PRI National Revolutionary Youth Movement, 1973; coordinator, Rafael Hernández Ochoa gubernatorial campaign, 1974; secretary of organization, CEN of PRI, 1974‑75; general delegate, CEN of PRI, to Colima, 1976; general delegate, CEN of PRI, to Chihuahua, Coahuila, and Durango; secretary-general, PRI, Federal District, 1977; president of PRI, Federal District, 1977–1979; assistant secretary-general of CEN of PRI, 1979; general coordinator of planning, IEPES of PRI, 1982; assistant secretary of electoral action, CEN of PRI, 1988. f—Auxiliary secretary to Governor Rafael Murillo Vidal, 1968–1973; president, Board

of Moral, Civic, and Material Improvement, Veracruz; technical secretary of general coordinator of student social services, Institutions of Higher Education, Secretariat of Programming and Budget, 1982; oficial mayor, Gran Comisión, Chamber of Deputies, 1985–1988; oficial mayor, Secretariat of Ecology and Urban Development, 1988; coordinator of advisers, Secretariat of Government, 1994. g—Director of youth action, Executive Committee of CNOP, Veracruz; coordinator, Federation of Students of Veracruz; president, Student Society of Article 3 Preparatory School, Jalapa; president, Student Society of secondary school, Ciudad Alemán. h—None. i—Son‑in‑law of Teófilo Borunda; son of Fidel Herrera Osorio, businessman, and María Beltrán Vallecillo; as a child sold candy on the street to help support family; married Rosa Margarita Borunda Quevedo, granddaughter of General and Governor Rodrigo Quevedo Moreno; cousin José Alfredo Osorio Medina, mayor of Tierra Blanca, Veracruz, 2008. j—None. k—None. l—IEPES; Q es QAP, 150; C de D, 1973–1976; C de D, 1979–1982; DBGM, 213; DBGM92, 488; www.veracruz. gob.mx, 2007; www.secgob.mx, 1997; www .notiver.com.mx, 2008; letter. Herrera (Bruguetas), Ángel Enrique

a—Oct. 2, 1938. b—Federal District. c—Degree in political science from National School of Political and Social Sciences, UNAM, 1963; postgraduate studies abroad in mass communications; professor of the sociology and philosophy of law, National School of Law, UNAM; professor of economic and social analysis, Ibero-American University, Mexico City; professor of economic analysis, IPN. d—Plurinominal federal deputy from PRD, 2000–2003. e—Joined PRD, 2000; ran Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas’ media campaign for governor of the Federal District, 1997; secretary-general, Convergence for Democracy, 1998. f—President, National Broadcasting Commission, 1969–1970; assistant director of information, Secretariat of Government,

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1967–1970; assistant secretary of broadcasting, Secretariat of Communications and Transportation, 1970–1971; coordinator of advisers to the secretary of government, 1989–1992; controller general of federal highways and bridges, 1992. g—None. h—Founder and director, NOTIMEX, 1968–1970; special adviser to Emilio Azcárraga, owner of Televisa, 1992. i—Political ties to Luis Echeverría and Francisco Gutiérrez Barrios, while the latter was secretary of government. j—None. k—Resigned in 1971 because of ties to Alfonso Martínez Domínguez. l—HA, Dec. 14, 1970, 22; DPE71; Q es Q en el Congreso, 2000–2003, 287; Musacchio, 202; Directorio del Congreso Mexicano, 2000–2003, 414; www.diputados.gob.mx, 2007; Excélsior, June 25, 1997, 1A. Herrera Díaz, Marlene Catalina a—Apr. 30, 1951. b—Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas. c—Early education unknown; studies in economics, National School of Economics, UNAM, 1969–1973, graduating June 2, 1976; professor, UNAM, 1973–1975; professor, University of Chiapas, 1982–1984. d—Federal deputy from State of Chiapas, Dist. 6, 1991–1994; plurinominal federal deputy from PRI, 1997–2000. e—Joined PRI, 1974; secretary-general of PRI, Chiapas; director, CEPES of PRI, Chiapas, 1985–1987. f—Chief of economic advisers, Division of Planning, Secretariat of Agriculture, 1977–1978; director, Department of Political Economy and Statistics, Division of Planning, Secretariat of Agriculture, 1978–1979; assistant director of formulation of plans, Division of Planning, Secretariat of Agriculture, 1979–1982; director of agriculture, livestock, and forestry, Chiapas, 1982–1983; assistant secretary of agriculture and livestock, Chiapas, 1983– 1985; director general, ISSSTE, Chiapas, 1987–1991; oficial mayor, Chiapas, 1991–1994. g—None. h—None. i—Father, Cándido Herrera Ruiz, retailer, mother, Mercedes Díaz Grajales, retailer; married Epifanio Espinosa Morales, gynecologist. j—None. k—None. l—www.gobernacion.gob.mx, 1997, 2007; DBGM94, CD; DBGM93, 342;

QesQ en el Congreso, 1997–2000, 183; www.sil.gobernacion.gob.mx, 2009. Herrera Flores, Jordy Hernán a—Jan. 24, 1972. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; economics degree, Ibero-American University; professor of macroeconomics and Mexico in the international context, Ibero-American University, 1996–2003. d—None. e—Member of PAN; private secretary to president of CEN of PAN, 1996–1999. f—Coordinator of auxiliary congressional group, PAN deputies, Congress, 1994–1996; private secretary to coordinator of PAN delegation to Congress, 2000; director general of social communication, PAN delegation to Congress, 2001– 2003; director general of liaison to Congress, Secretariat of Social Development, 2001; private secretary to director general of Banobras, 2003; private secretary to secretary of energy, 2003–2004; director general, Investment Promotion Unit, Secretariat of Energy, 2004–2005; assistant secretary of energy planning and technological development, Secretariat of Energy, 2006–2010. g—None. h—Founder, QBO Communications, 2002–2003; founder, Neurona Publicity, 2002–2003; founder, Ibero-American Foods, 2004–2005. i—Protégé of Felipe Calderón. j—None. k—None. l—Letters. Herrera Flores, Sandra Denisse

b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; degree in industrial engineering, Ibero-American University; postgraduate courses, Ibero-American University, UNAM, K. Adenauer Foundation, Germany, and in England, France, and Italy; professor of mechanical and electrical engineering, Ibero-American University, 1988–1992. d—None. e—Member of PAN; director of citizen action, CEN of PAN, 1993–1995. f—Environmental consultant on joint programs, Department of the Federal District and World Bank, 1990–1991; director of air quality, Department of the Federal District, 1995–1997; national manager of social and legislative matters, CONAGUA, 2003; assistant secretary of development and

t he b io g ra phies  481

environmental norms, 2006– . h—Environmental consultant, Radian Corp., 1992– 1993. g—None. j—None. k—None. l—www .pact.org.mx/quees, 2007. Herrera Gómez Tagle, Gildardo

a—Feb. 21, 1935. b—Tenango del Valle (San Francisco Tepexoxuca), State of Mexico. c—Early education unknown; legal studies, Autonomous University of the State of State of Mexico, 1953-56, no degree. d—Alternate federal deputy from State of Mexico, Dist. 3, 1964-67; local deputy, State Legislature of State of Mexico, 1969–1972; federal deputy from the State of Mexico, Dist. 1, 1976–1979; federal deputy from State of Mexico, Dist. 15, 1982–1985. e—Joined PRI, 1963. f—None. g—President, National Society of Honey Producers; secretary of rural housing and community development, CEN of CNC, 1980–1982; secretary-general, League of Agrarian Communities and Peasant Unions, State of Mexico, 1980. h—Lawyer. i—Son of Delfino Herrera Nava, farmer, and Catalina Gómez Tagle Franco; married María de la Luz. j—None. k—None. l—Directorio, 1982–1985; C de D, 1976–1979; C de D, 1982–1985. Herrera León, Francisco a—Sept. 16, 1966. b—Centla, Tabasco. c—Early education unknown; economics degree from University of Tabasco, 1986–1991; courses in regional development at Juárez University of Tabasco. d—Alternate federal deputy from State of Tabasco, Dist. 2, 1994–1997; mayor, Centla, 2000–2003; federal deputy from State of Tabasco, Dist. 1, coordinator of Tabasco delegation, 2003; senator from Tabasco, 2006–2012, president of Southern Border Affairs Committee. e—Joined PRI, 1982; secretary, Program of Acts and Administration, PRI, Tabasco, 1987–1988; secretary of organization, PRI, Tabasco, 1991; president of PRI, Centla, 1997; assistant secretary to president of PRI, Tabasco, 2000. f—None. g—None. h—None. j—None. k—None. l—Directorio del Congreso, 2006–2009, 260; www.monitorleg islativo.org.mx, 2007; www.diputados.gob

.mx, 2003–2006, 2008; www.senado.gob .mx, 2008. Herrera Morales, Rafael a—Aug. 23, 1923. b—Ciudad del Carmen, Campeche. c—Early education unknown; degree in naval engineering, Heroic Naval College, 1940–1945; professor, Heroic Naval College, 1950–1952. d—Local deputy, State Legislature of Campeche, 1974–1977; federal deputy from State of Campeche, Dist. 1, 1979–1982, president of Navy Committee; senator from Campeche, 1982–1988. e—Joined PRI, 1957. f—Syndic, Ciudad del Carmen, 1965–1967; director, IMSS Center, Ciudad del Carmen, 1969–1974; superintendent of dredging, Secretariat of Communications and Transportation, 1974–1979; g—None. h—None. i—Son of Francisco Herrera and Esperanza Morales; married Nelly Vadillo Shields. j—Career naval officer; inspector of dredging, Southeast Zone, Secretariat of the Navy, 1960–1968. k—None. l—DBGM84, 524; DBGM87, 494. Herrera Tello, María Teresa a—Oct. 15, 1956. b—Villa Santiago, Nuevo León. c—Elementary teaching certificate, Basic Normal School; normal school certificate, Colegio Excélsior; degree in legal sciences, University of Nuevo León, valedictorian of her class; professor, University of Nuevo León; won award for best student in Mexico, 1980. d—None. e—Joined PAN, 2001; PAN candidate for federal deputy, 2003. f—Legal adviser to attorney for the defense of juveniles and family, 1979–1981; judge, various district courts, 1981–1988; secretary, Federal Judicial Council, 1988; judge, Third Family Court, Nuevo León, 1989–1995; judge, Fifth Family Court, Nuevo León, Superior Tribunal of Justice, Nuevo León, 1995–1996, 1999–2000; president, Superior Tribunal of Justice, Nuevo León, 1996–1999; secretary of agrarian reform, 2000–2003; member, Federal Judicial Board, 2004–2006. g—None. h—None. i—None. j—None. k—First woman in Mexico to become president of a state Superior Tribunal of Justice. l—Musacchio, 302; www.imagenpolitica.com.mx,

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2006; www.cddhcu.gob.mx, 2008; www.cjf .gob.mx, 2009. Herrera y Lasso, Manuel (Deceased Mar. 25, 1967) a—June 13, 1890. b—San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí. c—Elementary studies in San Luis Potosí; began his secondary studies in 1900 at Conciliar Seminary, San Luis Potosí; preparatory studies completed at Scientific and Literary Institute of San Luis Potosí; studies in law at National School of Law, UNAM; studies in law completed at Free Law School, Mexico City, July 24, 1912–Mar. 17, 1914, law degree from Free Law School, June 29, 1915, with thesis on the Constitution; professor of Spanish, National Preparatory School, 1914; professor of sociology, Free Law School, 1914–1922; professor of constitutional law, Free Law School, 1930–1952; professor emeritus, Free Law School, 1966. d—None. e—Cofounder, PAN, 1939. f—Private secretary to Eduardo Tamariz, secretary of agriculture, 1914; consulting lawyer to city government of Mexico City, 1919; adviser to president of Mexico, 1947–1964; adviser to Chamber of Deputies, 1964–1967. g—Student cofounder, Free Law School, 1912. h—Practicing lawyer with Agustín Rodríguez, 1914–1919. i—Son of engineer Manuel Herrera y Raso and Guadalupe Lasso de la Vega; married Raquel Méndez Armendáriz; student of Emilio Rabasa; professor of Emilio Portes Gil; nephew of Pedro Méndez Armendáriz, prominent industrialist. j—None. k—Recruited many future leaders of PAN from his students; candidate for federal deputy, 1917; lived in Cuba 2 years. l—Enc. Mex., VI, 421; Lemus, 38; ELD, 65; DBM66, 345; DP70, 988; Grimaldo, 28–32. Herrera y Tejeda, Ignacio (Deceased) a—Oct. 21, 1893. b—Querétaro, Querétaro. c—Preparatory studies at Conciliar Seminary, Querétaro, 1911–1912; studies in medicine, National School of Medicine, UNAM, 1912–1913; studies at University of California, Berkeley, 1919; law degree from School of Law, Colegio Civil of Querétaro,

1928; professor, Normal School for Women, 1921–1922; professor, Colegio Civil of Querétaro, 1929; secondary school teacher, Guanajuato, 1930; professor, Preparatory School of Celaya, 1930; professor, Conciliar Seminary of Querétaro, 1946–1950. d—None. e—None. f—Official of Mexican embassy, Guatemala, 1922–1923; official, Mexican embassy, Peru, 1924–1926; interim governor, Veracruz; judge, State of Querétaro and State of Guanajuato, 1929–1931; judge, Superior Tribunal of Justice, Federal District and Federal Territories, 1935–1940. g—None. i—Son of Dr. Ponciano Herrera y Fuentes and María Tejeda Mirón. j—Joined the Revolution as a student; fought with Emiliano Zapata, 1913–1914; fought with Francisco Villa, 1914–1915. l—WNM, 115– 116; www.deseveracruz.gob.mx, 2008. Hershberger Reyes, Gilberto José

a—1950. b—Federal District. c— Early education unknown; law degree, National School of Law, UNAM; MA in constitutional and administrative law, UNAM. d—None. e—None. f—Legal director, National Fund for Ejido Development; assistant director general, legal affairs, Secretariat of Agrarian Reform; assistant attorney general, human rights, Federal District; director of legal consulting, Secretariat of Tourism; director general of legal affairs, Secretariat of Agrarian Affairs; assistant attorney general of agrarian affairs, 2000– 2002; assistant secretary of rural property, Secretariat of Agrarian Affairs, 2002–2006. g—None. h—Engineering and Management Services Co., 2006– . j—None. k—None. l—www.pa.gob.mx, 2008. Herviz Reyes, Arturo a—July 12, 1954. b—Ángel R. Cabada, Veracruz. c—Early education unknown; law degree, University of Hidalgo, 1982; mathematics degree, Higher Normal School of Hidalgo; engineering degree, Technical College of Pachuca, Hidalgo; mathematics teacher, Secondary School, Huasca, Hidalgo, 1976–1981; mathematics teacher, Secondary School No. 1, Pachuca, 1982–1987; professor

t he b io g ra phies  483

of labor law, University of Hidalgo, 1981– 1985. d—Mayor, Ángel R. Cabada, 1991–1994, 2005–2006; local deputy, State Legislature of Veracruz, 1995–1998, coordinator of PRD delegation; plurinominal federal deputy from PRD, 2000–2003; senator from Veracruz, 2006–2012. e—Joined PRI, 1989; PRD candidate for governor of Veracruz, 1998; president of PRD, State of Veracruz, 1998–2000; national adviser to PRD, 1996–2000, 2005–2008. f—None. g—Secretary-general, CEN of National Democratic Sugarcane Unity. h—None. i—Son of Laurencio Herviz Reyes and Dominga Reyes Reyes; married Julia Pérez Perusquia. j—None. k—None. l—Musacchio, 203–2004; Directorio del Congreso, 2006–2009, 281–282; DCM, 2000–2003, 391; www.senado.gob.mx, 2008; QesQ en el Congreso, 2000–2003, 125. Hidalgo (Ramírez), Ernesto (Deceased 1955) a—Aug. 5, 1896. b—San José Iturbide, Ciudad Obregón, Guanajuato. c—Early education unknown; no degree. d—Federal deputy from State of Guanajuato, Dist. 5, 1926–1928; federal deputy from State of Guanajuato, Dist. 18, 1928–1930; federal deputy from State of Guanajuato, Dist. 8, 1930–1932; governor, Guanajuato, 1943–1946. e—None. f—Mexican Foreign Service press attaché in United States, 1916; Mexican delegate to a commercial congress in Argentina, 1917; private secretary to secretary of the treasury, Luis Cabrera, 1915; oficial mayor, Secretariat of Foreign Relations, 1936–1940; oficial mayor, Secretariat of Foreign Relations, 1940–1942; minister to Poland, 1946–1952. g—None. h—Journalist; wrote for El Imparcial; director, El Universal Gráfico, 1921–1936; writer for Excélsior; author of a book criticizing federal intervention in the states. i—Part of José Aguilar y Maya’s political clique in Guanajuato. j—None. k—Removed from governorship on Jan. 8, 1946, after a riot on Jan. 2, 1946, in which many people were killed; Scott claims he was removed to placate the public, which reacted strongly against the killing of many

rioters in León by troops called in by the governor; riots were attributed to rigged elections; Hidalgo wrote a book defending his position. l—DP70, 992–993; Peral, 389; Scott, 138; Simpson, 337; DGF51, I, 108; NYT, Jan. 9, 1946, 10; Anderson, 85–86; Enc. Mex., VI, 426. Highland Gómez, Mario a—Sept. 26, 1922. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; public accounting degree, Higher School of Business and Administration, IPN; assistant director general of IPN. d—None. f—Chief of auditors, Fraud Department, Treasury Division, Department of the Federal District, 1947–1954; assistant director general, Income Tax Division, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1959–1960; assistant director general, Federal License Registry, 1967–1971; controller general, CONASUPO, 1972–1973; coordinator of banks, National Agricultural and Ejido Credit Banks, 1974–1976; assistant director general, IMSS, 1965–1966; assistant director, National Rural Credit Bank, 1974–1976; oficial mayor, Secretariat of Agriculture and Hydraulic Resources, 1976–1980; assistant secretary of planning, Secretariat of Agriculture and Hydraulic Resources, 1980–1982. g—None. h—Administrative manager, CIMEX, SA, 1954­–1958. i—Son of John Phillip Highland and Luz Gómez y Vallejo; brother Juan is president of many firms. j—None. k—None. l—Excélsior, Mar. 11, 1980, 4; WNM, 116; Protag., 169. Higuera Osuna, Alejandro a—Feb. 17, 1963. b—Mazatlán, Sinaloa. c—Early education unknown; public accounting degree; elementary teacher, El Pacífico School, 1984–1989; full-time professor, University Center of Mazatlán, 1990–1994. d—Local deputy, State Legislature of Sinaloa, Dist. 19, 1989–1992; plurinominal member, City Council, Mazatlán, 1993–1994; plurinominal federal deputy from PAN, 1994–1997; mayor, Mazatlán, 1999–2001, 2004–2007; federal deputy from the State of Sinaloa, Dist. 8, 2003–2006. e—Joined PAN, 1986; secretary of PAN, Sinaloa, 1991–1993. f—Federal

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delegate from Secretariat of Social Development, Sinaloa, 2002. g—None. h—None. j—None. k—None. l—www.diputados.gob .mx, 2003; www.cddhcu.gob.mx, 1994–1997, 2008. Hinojosa (Hinojosa), Juan José

(Deceased May 20, 2001) a—Sept. 3, 1921. b—General García Treviño, Nuevo León. c—Completed elementary and secondary studies; special courses in personnel, Institute of Higher Studies of Monterrey; legal studies; no degree. d—Federal deputy from State of Nuevo León, Dist. 3, 1949–1952, member of Industries Committee and Cooperative Development Committee; PAN federal party deputy, 1967–1970; federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. 11, 1973–1976; plurinominal federal deputy from PAN, 1982–1985. e—Member, Constitutional Assembly of PAN, 1939; member, Regional Committee of PAN, Nuevo León, 1940–1950; treasurer general of CEN of PAN; secretary of CEN of PAN, 1953–1956, 1959–1962, 1968–1970. f—None. g—None. h—Practicing lawyer; manager, National Distributor Co., Mexico City; joined Sales Division, Vidriera Monterrey, SA, 1951; sales director, Vidriera Monterrey, SA, 1972; remained with Vidriera Monterrey, SA, until 2001; editorial writer for Excélsior, 1973–1976; editorial writer for Proceso, 1976–1982; writer for Expansión, 1981–1982. i—Son of José Hinojosa, peasant, and María Hinojosa; married María del Socorro L. j—None. k—One of first members of PAN to win a seat in Chamber of Deputies. l—C de D, 1949–1952, 76; C de D, 1973–1976, 7; Enc. Mex., VI, 532; Directorio, 1973; DGF51; WNM, 116; López, 511; Directorio, 1982– 1985; Lehr, 557; Pérez Franco, 184–185; D de Y, May 21, 2001. Hinojosa, Jr., Cosme R. (Deceased Dec., 1965) a—1879. b—Tacupeto, Sonora. c—Early education unknown; no degree. d—Local deputy, State Legislature of Sonora, 1911–1913. e—Member, Antireelectionist Party, with Benjamín Hill. f—Director of mails, Hermosillo, Sonora; director general

of the mails, 1914–1928; director general, ISSSTE, 1930–1932; director general of mails and telegraph, 1934–1935; head, Department of the Federal District, 1935–1938; consul in San Antonio, Tex.; consul in Naco, Ariz., 1951; consul in Tucson, Ariz., 1956–1958; consul in Fresno, Calif.; president, Board of Directors, National Pawnshop. g—None. h—Traveling salesman, La Fama; involved in private banking field, 1938. i—Served in State Legislature of Sonora, 1911–1913, with Adolfo de la Huerta and Ignacio Pesqueira. j—Joined the Revolution in 1910; fought against Carranza in 1920. k—As secretary of State Legislature of Sonora, led the vote not to recognize government of Victoriano Huerta, 1913. l—Q es Q, 283; DP70, 1001; DGF56, 141; Peral, 393–394; DGF51, I, 128; López, 511; Enc. Mex., VI, 532. Hinojosa Ortiz, Manuel (Deceased 2001) a—June 30, 1910. b—Parangaricutiro, Michoacán. c—Elementary and secondary studies at private schools in Michoacán; preparatory studies at Colegio San Nicolás de Hidalgo; preparatory studies in physics at National Preparatory School, 1931; preparatory studies in chemical engineering, 1932; studies in law, literature, and philosophy, UNAM, 1932–1936; law degree, National School of Law, UNAM, with honorable mention, 1937, and thesis on administrative action; professor of civics, secondary school in the Federal District; professor of constitutional law, University of Michoacán, 1951. d—Federal deputy from State of Michoacán, Dist. 6, 1952–1953, member of Legislative Studies Committee, Budget and Accounts Committee, and Credentials Committee; senator from State of Michoacán, 1958–1964, president of Committee on National Waters and Irrigation, member of 2nd Balloting Committee, Special Forestry Committee, member of Special Hydraulic Resources Committee, substitute member of 3rd Committee on Labor and the Consular and Diplomatic Service Committee. e—General coordinator, gubernatorial campaign of Dámaso Cárdenas,

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1949–1950; director of legal affairs, PRI, 1948–1949; lawyer for PRM, 1937. f—Lawyer, Department of Agrarian Affairs, 1937–1943; secretary-general of government, State of Aguascalientes, 1944–1947; secretarygeneral of government, State of Michoacán under Dámaso Cárdenas, 1950–1952; assistant secretary of forest resources, Secretariat of Agriculture, 1953–1958; secretary of colonization, Department of Agrarian Affairs, 1958; CORDEMEX representative, Mexico City, 1965–1970; director general of forest industry and production, State of State of Mexico, 1970–1971. g—Secretary of planning and organization, CEN of CNC, 1961–1964. h—Author of many books on agricultural problems; practicing lawyer, 1937–1943, 1972–1980. i—Political protégé of Dámaso Cárdenas; father, a small businessman; practiced law with Luis Chico Goerne, 1935–1936. j—None. k—Recognized expert on Mexican forestation problems; favored women’s suffrage proposal as a federal deputy. l—Letters; C de S, 1961–1964, 57; D de Y, Dec. 12, 1964; Morton, 70–71; DGF51, I, 90; Func., 266; DGF56, 223; Hoy, Jan. 17, 1970, 4; C de D, 1952–1954, 12. Hiriart Balderrama, Fernando a—Oct. 21, 1914. b—Santa Bárbara, Chihuahua. c—Elementary studies in Santa Bárbara; secondary studies at Secondary School No. 4, San Cosme, Federal District; preparatory studies at National Preparatory School, 1932–1934; studies in civil engineering, National School of Engineering, UNAM, 1934–1937, graduated with thesis on experimental hydraulic design, 1938; professor of engineering, UNAM and IPN; director, Engineering Institute, UNAM, 1955–1958; member, Governing Board, UNAM, 1963–1971. d—None. e—None. f—Project designer, National Irrigation Commission, 1938–1940; assistant director, Engineering Labs, National Irrigation Commission, 1940–1941; chief engineer, Federal Electric Commission, 1950–1953; director general of hydraulic works, Department of the Federal District, 1953–1958; technical director

of construction, ISSSTE clinics, 1959–1963; assistant director general, Federal Electric Commission, 1959–1970; adviser to José López Portillo, director general of Federal Electric Commission, 1972–1973; director of public investment, Secretariat of the Presidency, 1971–1976; adviser, Federal Electric Commission, 1976–1977; assistant secretary of decentralized industry, Secretariat of Patrimony and Industrial Development, 1977–1982; director general, Federal Electric Commission, 1982–1988; secretary of energy, mines and government industries, 1988–1993. g—None. h—Author of many articles; technical director of hydraulic resources, ICA, SA, 1942–1950; technical consultant, IMSS, 1955–1966. i—Father of Humberto Hiriart Urdanivia, federal deputy from Jalisco, 1970–1973; son of Pedro Hiriart Vázquez, businessman, and María Balderrama Madariaga. j—None. k—None. l—HA, Dec. 5, 1977, 28; Justicia, Oct., 1977; MGF69, 537; Excélsior, Dec. 2, 1982, 22A; DBGM, 216; DBGM92, 186. Hiriart Urdanivia, Humberto a—Oct. 31, 1939. b—Federal District. c—Elementary studies at Benito Juárez School, Mexico City; secondary studies at Secondary School No. 3, Mexico City; preparatory studies at National Preparatory School, studies in economics at National School of Economics, UNAM. d—Federal deputy from State of Jalisco, Dist. 5, 1970–1973, member of Tax Committee, General Accounting Office Committee, Money and Credit Institutions Committee, and Budget and Accounts Committee. e—Assistant secretary of political action, CEN of PRI, 1973. g—None. i—Son of engineer Fernando Hiriart Balderrama, assistant secretary of decentralized industry, 1977. j—None. k—None. l—C de D, 1970–1973, 120; Directorio, 1970–1973. Hirschfeld Almada, Julio (Deceased Jan. 27, 2004) a—Feb. 11, 1917. b—Federal District. c—Most elementary and secondary studies in Federal District; studied at University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, and National School of Engineering, UNAM;

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no degree. d—None. e—None. f—Director general of airports and auxiliary services, 1970–1973; head, Tourism Department, 1973–1976. g—None. h—Sales agent, vice president, and general manager, H. Steel Company, SA, 1949–1964; president and director general, Productos Metálicos Steel, SA, 1964–1970. i—Married to Dora Sáenz, daughter of prominent Sonora politician Aarón Sáenz; son Julio is married to Patricia Torreblanco Calles, granddaughter of President Calles; grandson of GeneralVicente G. Almada, chief of staff, Bravo Division, 1914, which supported Victoriano Huerta regime. j—None. k—Kidnapped on Sept. 27, 1971; released by Frente Urbano Zapatista after they were paid a 3 million peso ransom, which the group supposedly wanted to distribute to the urban poor in Mexico City; Carlos Fuentes commented on the possibility of the group’s being a front organization for right‑wing officials in the Echeverría administration. l—HA, Dec. 7, 1970, 28; HA, Oct. 4, 1971, 22; HA, Feb. 7, 1972, 33–34; LAD, Jan., 1972, 2; www.eluni versal.com.mx, Feb. 18, 2002, Apr. 22, 2002. Hopkins Gámez, Guillermo a—Nov. 26, 1954. b—Magdalena de Kino, Sonora. c—Early education unknown; degree in political science and public education, Ibero-American University, 1973–1977; MA in public administration, University of Colorado, 1980–1982; professor, IberoAmerican University, 1983–1984. d—Federal deputy from State of Sonora, Dist. 1, 1991–1992; senator from Sonora, 1994–2000, member of Galileo Group (prodemocracy); plurinominal federal deputy from PRI, 2000–2003. e—Joined PRI, 1976; adviser to oficial mayor, CEN of PRI, 1987-88; special delegate of CEN of PRI to Colima, 1988; assistant coordinator of logistics, PRI presidential campaigns, 1994; member, National Political Council, 1999; regional secretary, CEN of PRI; member, CEN of PRI, 2007. f—Assistant director of operations and control, Secretariat of Programming and Budgeting, Sonora, 1986–1987; director

general of regional budgeting, Secretariat of Programming and Budgeting, 1988-91; director general of planning, Secretariat of Social Development, 1992–1994; secretary of finance, Sonora, 2003–2007. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Óscar Hopkins Durazo and Beatriz Gámez; married Rosario Asminda Camou; uncle Armando Hopkins Durazo, local deputy to the state legislature of Sonora, 1961–1964; political protégé of Luis Donaldo Colosio. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM89, 177; www.ehui.com, May 3, 2007; QesQ en el Congreso, 1997–2000, 305; QesQ en el Congreso, 2000–2003, 201; Musacchio, 204; DBGM92, 489; DCM, 2000–2003, 345; www.gobernacion.gob.mx, 1997, 2007. Hori Robaina, Guillermo a—Oct. 16, 1932. b—Villa Flores, Chihuahua. c—Elementary and secondary studies at Williams School, Mexico City; preparatory studies at University Center of Mexico, Mexico City; law degree from National Law School, UNAM, 1952–1956; studied social security systems in Europe under PEMEX and Secretariat of Labor; MA in industrial relations, Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., 1962–1963; professor of labor law, School for the Education of Workers, CROM; professor of personnel administration, School of Commerce and Administration, UNAM, 1965–1970. d—None. e—None. f—Clerk, 1952–1954, secretary of hearings, 1954–1957, and counsel, 1957–1958, Federal Board of Conciliation and Arbitration; head, Department of Social Security, Secretariat of Labor, 1959–1960; head, Federal Department of Labor Inspection, Secretariat of Labor, 1961–1963; substitute president, Federal Conciliation and Arbitration Board, 1963–1964; oficial mayor, Secretariat of Labor and Social Welfare, Jan. 18, 1965–1970; labor adviser, PEMEX, 1970– 1974; adviser, Tax Auditor Division, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1974–1977; oficial mayor, National Lottery, 1982–1986; assistant director general, National Lottery, 1986–1988. g—None. h—Representative of the president at labor conventions. i—Son of Mario D.

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Hori, physician, and Piedad Robaina Oteiza; married María Teresa Fojaco Sumobano. j—None. k—None. l—DBM68, 349; DPE61, 154; Libro de Oro, xxxvi; MGF69; DBGM, 217. Hoyos Schlamme, Myrna E. a—Sept. 15, 1944. b—Mérida, Yucatán. c—Early education unknown; law degree, School of Law, University of Yucatán; advanced courses in human communications and human relations. d—Federal deputy from State of Yucatán, Dist. 1, 1976–1979; senator from State of Yucatán, 1982–1988, president of Tourism Committee, secretary of Health Committee; local deputy, State Legislature of Yucatán, 2000. e—Assistant director of electoral action, PRI, Federal District; general delegate of CEN of PRI to Jalisco, 1979; assistant secretary of social action, CEN of PRI, 1977–1979; assistant secretary of organization, CEN of PRI, 1981–1982; president, National Committee of Cultural Development, CNOP of PRI, 1980–1983. f—Scribe, Second Civil Court District, Mérida, 1964‑67; assistant to Senator Francisco Luna Kan, 1970–1976; director, Office of General Studies, Division of Fares, Secretariat of Communications and Transportation, 1973–1976; director general of agrarian development, Secretariat of Agrarian Reform, 1988–1994. g—Secretary-general, Gómez Farías Association, Federal District, 1974–1975. h—Lawyer, Peniche-Bolio Pinzón Firm, Mérida, 1962–1964. i—Married agronomist José Alberto Navarrete; daughter of Luis H. Villanueva, health education teacher and local PRI leader, and María Schlamme Vargas. j—None. k—None. l—D de C, 1976–1979, 35; Excélsior, Aug. 28, 1976, 1C; Q es Q, 130–131; C de S, 1982–1988; Lehr, 520; DBGM92, 187–188. Huerta Sánchez, Luciano (Deceased) a—Jan. 7, 1906. b—Ixtenco, Tlaxcala. c—Elementary studies at Colegio Pensador Mexicano, Tlaxcala; preparatory studies at National Preparatory School, 1920–1924; medical degree from National School of Medicine, UNAM, 1931; professor of clinical

surgery, National School of Medicine, UNAM, 1937–1970; director of medical services, UNAM, 1958–1966, under Rector Nabor Carrillo Flores. d—Senator from State of Tlaxcala, 1964–1970; governor, Tlaxcala, 1970–1976. e—Entered politics in 1956; PRI state committee member. f—Physician, National School for the Deaf and Blind; intern, General Hospital, Mexico City; assistant hospital director, Secretariat of the Treasury; director of medical services, Constructora Industrial, Ciudad Sahagún, Hidalgo; director of medical services, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1954–1958. g—Physician, National Sugar Workers’ Union. i—Knew Antonio Armendáriz and Antonio Carrillo Flores while a student at UNAM; father was a businessman and mayor of Ixtenco. j—None. k—None. l—MGF69, 106; letter; C de S, 1964–1970; PS, 3025; www.omega.ilce.edu.mx, 2007. Huitrón y Aguado, Abel (Deceased Apr. 19, 1980) a—July 20, 1906. b—Jilotepec, State of Mexico. c—Elementary studies at public school, Federal District; attended Normal School of Toluca on academic scholarship; secondary and preparatory studies at Colegio Francés Morelos, Mexico City; law degree from Free Law School, Oct. 24, 1934, with thesis on new law in Mexican criminal legislation; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, Aug. 14, 1935, with thesis on resolutions in punitive law; professor of Amparo and constitutional law, National School of Law, UNAM (12 years). d—Local deputy, State Legislature of the State of Mexico; federal deputy from the State of Mexico, Dist. 7, 1949–1952, member of Credit, Money, and Credit Institutions Committee and substitute member of Rules Committee; senator from State of Mexico, 1958–1964, president of Department of the Federal District Committee, member of 2nd Labor Committee, 1st Industries Committee, and 2nd Committee on Tariffs and Foreign Trade, substitute member of 2nd Committee on Credit, Money, and Credit Institutions, vice president of Senate (twice),

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and secretary of Senate, 1962. e—General delegate of PRI to Oaxaca, Puebla, and Nayarit. f—Agent, Ministerio Público, Toluca, State of Mexico; justice, Superior Court of the State of Mexico; director of social action, State of Mexico, 1942–1944; secretary-general of government, State of Mexico, 1944–1951; director, Legal Department, Department of the Federal District, 1952–1958; justice, Supreme Court, 1964– 1970, 1970–1976, retiring July 20, 1976; president, First Division, Supreme Court, 1966. g—None. h—Practiced law for 10 years; consulting lawyer, State of Mexico. i—Personal friend of Adolfo López Mateos since secondary school days; studied under Francisco Javier Gaxiola at Free Law School; brother Manuel Huitrón y Aguado was alternate senator from State of Mexico, 1970–1976; cousin Antonio Huitrón Huitrón, federal deputy from State of Mexico, Dist. 5, 1979–1982. j—None. k—None. l—Letter; C de D, 1949– 1951; DGF56, 468; DGF51, I, 23, 31, 36, 90; C de S, 1961–1964, 16; Justicia; Func., 254; Excélsior, Apr. 22, 1980; www.scjn.gob.mx, 2008; www.e-local.gob.mx, 2008. Hurtado López, Carlos a—Oct. 14, 1955. c—Early education unknown; economics degree, ITAM, 1973–1978; MA in economics, University of Chicago, 1980–1982; PhD in international economics, University of Chicago, 1982–1984; professor, 1984–1988; director, Center for Analysis and Economic Research, ITAM, 1986–1988. d—None. e—None. f—Director, Department of Monetary Analysis, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1979–1980; researcher, IMF, 1983; director general of economic and social policy, Secretariat of Programming and Budgeting, 1989–1992; coordinator of advisers in political economy, Office of the Presidency, 1994– 2000; director general of credit, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1992; general coordinator of social and economic analysis, Secretariat of Social Development, 1992–1994; ambassador and permanent representative, OECD, Paris, 1994–1997; assistant secretary of expenditures, Secretariat of the Treasury, 2000–2006;

manager, Southern Cone Department, IADB, Washington, DC, 2008– . g—None. h—None. i—Son of Luis Hurtado Magaña, civil engineer, and Luz María López Barragán; married Claudia Fernanda Esteva González; brother of Flor de María Hurtado López, director of Documentation Center, Office of the Presidency, 1989. j—None. k—None. l—Musacchio, 205; DBGM89, 178; Pescador, 165–166; DBGM92, 189. Hurtado Valdez, Jorge Carlos a—Mar. 22, 1949. b—Campeche, Campeche. c—Early education unknown; studies at University of the Southeast, 1966–1968; public accounting degree, La Salle University, 1968–1971; professor, University of Campeche, 1971–1979. d—Mayor, Campeche, 2000–2002; governor, Campeche, 2003–2009. f—Assistant treasurer, Campeche, 1977–1979; chief of finances, IMSS, Campeche, 1980–1985; treasurer, Campeche, 1989–1991; controller, Campeche, 1995–1997; secretary of public works, Campeche, 1997–2000. g—None. h—Director general, Grupo Corporativo Expansión, 1992–1993; controller, Grupo Corporativo Expansión. i—Son of Jorge Hurtado Oliver; uncle Xavier Hurtado Oliver, lawyer in Campeche; married María del Carmen Montero. j—None. k—None. l—www.camp.gob.mx, 2007; www.presiden cia.gob.mx, 2008.

I Ibarra de Piedra, María del Rosario

a—Feb. 24, 1928. b—Saltillo, Coahuila. c—Preparatory studies at Colegio Civil of Nuevo León, 1943–1945; no degree. d—Plurinominal federal deputy from PRT, 1985–1988; plurinominal federal deputy from PRD, 1994–1997; plurinominal senator from PRD, 2006–2012. e—Presidential candidate of the Revolutionary Workers’ Party, 1981–1982, 1987–1988; party lost registration, 1988; joined PRD, 1989. f—Adviser on human rights, Federal District, 1997. g—Founder and director, National Front

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and secretary of Senate, 1962. e—General delegate of PRI to Oaxaca, Puebla, and Nayarit. f—Agent, Ministerio Público, Toluca, State of Mexico; justice, Superior Court of the State of Mexico; director of social action, State of Mexico, 1942–1944; secretary-general of government, State of Mexico, 1944–1951; director, Legal Department, Department of the Federal District, 1952–1958; justice, Supreme Court, 1964– 1970, 1970–1976, retiring July 20, 1976; president, First Division, Supreme Court, 1966. g—None. h—Practiced law for 10 years; consulting lawyer, State of Mexico. i—Personal friend of Adolfo López Mateos since secondary school days; studied under Francisco Javier Gaxiola at Free Law School; brother Manuel Huitrón y Aguado was alternate senator from State of Mexico, 1970–1976; cousin Antonio Huitrón Huitrón, federal deputy from State of Mexico, Dist. 5, 1979–1982. j—None. k—None. l—Letter; C de D, 1949– 1951; DGF56, 468; DGF51, I, 23, 31, 36, 90; C de S, 1961–1964, 16; Justicia; Func., 254; Excélsior, Apr. 22, 1980; www.scjn.gob.mx, 2008; www.e-local.gob.mx, 2008. Hurtado López, Carlos a—Oct. 14, 1955. c—Early education unknown; economics degree, ITAM, 1973–1978; MA in economics, University of Chicago, 1980–1982; PhD in international economics, University of Chicago, 1982–1984; professor, 1984–1988; director, Center for Analysis and Economic Research, ITAM, 1986–1988. d—None. e—None. f—Director, Department of Monetary Analysis, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1979–1980; researcher, IMF, 1983; director general of economic and social policy, Secretariat of Programming and Budgeting, 1989–1992; coordinator of advisers in political economy, Office of the Presidency, 1994– 2000; director general of credit, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1992; general coordinator of social and economic analysis, Secretariat of Social Development, 1992–1994; ambassador and permanent representative, OECD, Paris, 1994–1997; assistant secretary of expenditures, Secretariat of the Treasury, 2000–2006;

manager, Southern Cone Department, IADB, Washington, DC, 2008– . g—None. h—None. i—Son of Luis Hurtado Magaña, civil engineer, and Luz María López Barragán; married Claudia Fernanda Esteva González; brother of Flor de María Hurtado López, director of Documentation Center, Office of the Presidency, 1989. j—None. k—None. l—Musacchio, 205; DBGM89, 178; Pescador, 165–166; DBGM92, 189. Hurtado Valdez, Jorge Carlos a—Mar. 22, 1949. b—Campeche, Campeche. c—Early education unknown; studies at University of the Southeast, 1966–1968; public accounting degree, La Salle University, 1968–1971; professor, University of Campeche, 1971–1979. d—Mayor, Campeche, 2000–2002; governor, Campeche, 2003–2009. f—Assistant treasurer, Campeche, 1977–1979; chief of finances, IMSS, Campeche, 1980–1985; treasurer, Campeche, 1989–1991; controller, Campeche, 1995–1997; secretary of public works, Campeche, 1997–2000. g—None. h—Director general, Grupo Corporativo Expansión, 1992–1993; controller, Grupo Corporativo Expansión. i—Son of Jorge Hurtado Oliver; uncle Xavier Hurtado Oliver, lawyer in Campeche; married María del Carmen Montero. j—None. k—None. l—www.camp.gob.mx, 2007; www.presiden cia.gob.mx, 2008.

I Ibarra de Piedra, María del Rosario

a—Feb. 24, 1928. b—Saltillo, Coahuila. c—Preparatory studies at Colegio Civil of Nuevo León, 1943–1945; no degree. d—Plurinominal federal deputy from PRT, 1985–1988; plurinominal federal deputy from PRD, 1994–1997; plurinominal senator from PRD, 2006–2012. e—Presidential candidate of the Revolutionary Workers’ Party, 1981–1982, 1987–1988; party lost registration, 1988; joined PRD, 1989. f—Adviser on human rights, Federal District, 1997. g—Founder and director, National Front

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against Repression, 1979; cofounder, National Committee for Prisoners, Persecuted, Disappeared, and Political Exiles, 1978. i—Son Jesús Piedra Ibarra, accused of belonging to September 23rd Communist League; seized and disappeared from Military Camp No. 1; interviewed Luis Echeverría 39 times to obtain release of her son from Military Camp No. 1; husband, professor and physician Valdemar Ibarra Ramírez, detained and tortured for political activities; daughter of Jesús Piedra Rosales, agricultural engineer, and Concepción de la Garza Villarreal. j—None. k—First female presidential candidate. l—Análisis Político, May, 1982, 26; Almanaque de México, 15–16; DBGM87, 496; CDDWeb, Diputados, 1997; www.el-universal.com.mx, Nov. 27, 2007. Ibarra Herrera, Manuel a—Jan. 8, 1932. b—Tampico, Tamaulipas. c—Early education unknown; law degree, National School of Law, UNAM, 1955–1959, graduating 1960 with thesis titled “Los Esposales”; professor of agrarian law, National School of Law, UNAM, 1962. d—None. e—None. f—Director, Office of Reconsideration of Minor Cases, Income Tax Division, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1956–1960; head, Department of Presidential Resolutions, Department of Agrarian Affairs, 1961–1962; assistant director, Office of Agrarian Rights, Department of Agrarian Affairs, 1962–1964; private secretary to assistant secretary of government, Rafael Hernández Ochoa, 1964–1966; director general of political and social investigations, Secretariat of Government, 1966–1970; oficial mayor, Secretariat of Government, 1970–1976; director of traffic and purchases, supervisor of warehouses, manager of production, and general counsel, Mexican Publishing Organization, 1977–1978; director general, Federal Judicial Police, Office of the Attorney General of Mexico, 1982–1985. g—President, 1955 generation of law student alumni, National School of Law. h—Employee, Office of the Attorney General of Mexico, 1949–1952; employee, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1952;

employee, Income Tax Division, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1953–1956; employee, Department of Agrarian Affairs, 1960; director, El Sol de Toluca. j—None. k—PRI precandidate for governor of Tamaulipas, 1974; formally charged by federal prosecutor, Los Angeles, Calif., for alleged complicity in disappearance of DEA agent Kiki Camarena. l—HA, Dec. 14, 1970, 20; DPE65, 13; DPE71, 2; Q es QAP, 463; www.laopinion .com, Apr. 13, 2004; www.securitycorner mexico.com, 2008. Ibarra (Ibarra), Guillermo (Deceased Apr. 17, 1980) a—Nov. 28, 1911. b—Álamos, Sonora. c—Normal and preparatory studies in Hermosillo, Sonora; teaching certificate, Hermosillo, 1928; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, 1937; teacher, 1928– 1943; founder and director, School for Children of Workers, Culiacán, Sinaloa, 1937; director, Preparatory School of Coyoacán for Children of Workers, Mexico City, 1941. d—Senator from State of Sonora, 1958–1964, member of Gran Comisión, president of 2nd Committee on Public Education; member of 1st Committee on National Defense, 1st Committee on Constitutional Affairs, Special Committee on Legislative Studies, and 2nd Committee on Credit, Money, and Credit Institutions. e—None. f—Director general of secondary education, Secretariat of Public Education, 1940–1941; president, Group No. 10, Federal Board of Conciliation and Arbitration, 1942; judge, Federal Tax Court, 1943–1948; director of official government newspaper, El Nacional, 1948–1956; general manager, PIPSA, 1956–1958; oficial mayor, Secretariat of Hydraulic Resources, 1964–1970. g—President, National Student Federation of Mexico, 1933; representative, Mexican Federation of Labor, Santiago, Chile, 1939; member, National Executive Committee, STERM, 1938–1940; editor, STERM newspaper. h—Member, PIPSA Administrative Board, 1951–1956; author of numerous articles. i—Son Guillermo Ibarra Grijalva was assistant director of Diesel Nacional, 1980. j—None. k—None. l—C de

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S, 1961–1964, 58; Libro de Oro, xxxv; DBM68, 354; DGF51, II, 495; DPE65, 126; Hoy, Jan. 31, 1970, 4; Func., 358; HA, Nov. 19, 1956, 15; Enc. Mex., VII, 108–109; Excélsior, Apr. 19, 1980, 2; DP95, 1757. Ibarra Muñoz, David (Antonio) a—Jan. 14, 1930. b—Querétaro, Querétaro. c—Early education unknown; studies in auditing and public accounting, UNAM, 1947–1951, public accounting degree, 1952, with thesis on internal accounting; economics studies, National School of Economics, UNAM, 1953–1957, graduating Dec. 3, 1963; PhD in economics, Stanford University, 1959–1961; professor of finance math, School of Business Administration, UNAM, 1955–1956; professor of financial analysis, National School of Economics, 1955–1956; secretary of social services, UNAM, 1955–1957; researcher, Planning Committee, University Student Association, UNAM, 1957–1958; professor of techniques of economic research, National School of Economics, UNAM, 1957; professor of methods of planning, Secretariat of Public Works, 1959; professor of applied economics, UNAM, 1961–1962; professor of theory and methods of planning, National School of Economics, UNAM, 1964–1970; director of graduate studies, National School of Economics, UNAM, 1967–1969. d—None. e—None. f—Auditor, Bank of Mexico; economist, ECLA, Santiago, Chile, 1958–1959; chief, Development Sec., ECLA, Mexico City, 1961–1963; coordinator of research, ECLA, Mexico City, 1964–1966; assistant director, ECLA, Mexico City, 1966–1966; director, ECLA, Mexico City, 1970–1973; assistant director, NAFIN, 1974–1976; assistant director general, NAFIN, 1976; director general, NAFIN, 1976–1977; secretary of the treasury, Nov. 17, 1977–1982; director general, Banamex, 1982; private consultant; member, Board of Directors, Grupo Financiera Inbursa, owned by Carlos Slim; professor of Carlos Slim’s at UNAM. g—None. h—Chief of auditors, Manuel Gómez Morín’s law firm. i—Son of engineer David Ibarra; married

Olga Cardona. j—None. k—Fired as secretary of the treasury, Sept., 1982. l—BdM, 153; El Día, Dec. 1, 1976; Excélsior, Nov. 17, 1977, 11; Excélsior, Nov. 28, 1977, 16; HA, July 19, 1976, 32; Excélsior, Sept. 5, 1982, 20A. Ibarrola Santoyo, Eugenio (Deceased June, 2001) a—Sept. 8, 1923. b—Morelia, Michoacán. c—Elementary and secondary studies at Escuela Apostólica y Escolástica de los Misioneros del Espíritu Santo, 1935– 1945; law degree from Free Law School, 1947–1951, degree, Apr. 30, 1953, with thesis on political power. d—Federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. 11, 1952–1955, member of Rules Committee, Legislative Studies Committee (1st year), and 1st Balloting Committee. e—Joined PAN, 1950; member of Regional Committee of PAN, Federal District, 1954–1959. f—Candidate for notary public, 1958–1959; Notary Public No. 122, Federal District, 1959–1980. g—Member, Council of Notaries, Federal District, Jan. 1, 1964–Dec. 31, 1965. h—Practicing lawyer; public notary, Mexico City, 1959–1980; businessman in Morelia, Michoacán; member, Board of Directors, Mutualidad Notarial, AC, 1965–1969. i—Brother Roberto is an architect, professor at UNAM, and was head of projects for the Office of Buildings and Monuments, Department of the Federal District; married María Bertha Esperanza Urquiaga; son of Gabriel Ibarrola Gómez and María Santoyo. j—None. k—None. l—DBM68, 355–356; C de D, 51, 52­–54, 66; DJBM, 70; Pérez Franco, 188; La Nación, July 11, 1954, 67; July 27, 1954, 679; Oct. 17, 1954. Icaza y López Negrete, Xavier (Deceased 1969) a—Oct. 2, 1892. b—Durango, Durango. c—Elementary studies in Durango; secondary studies in Mexico City; preparatory studies at National Preparatory School; law studies at Free Law School, 1912–1916, graduating Aug. 10, 1917, with thesis on constitutionalism; 2 years of studies in Greek literature and classical letters at Columbia University, New York; professor of law and literature, University of Veracruz,

t he b io g ra phies  491

Jalapa; professor of history and literature, UNAM; director, School of Labor Law, 1939; member, Board of Directors, Workers’ University. d—None. e—None. f—Director general of nonacademic education, Secretariat of Public Education; justice, Supreme Court, 1935–1940; adviser to Presidents Ávila Camacho, Alemán, López Mateos, and Díaz Ordaz. g—None. h—Attorney for many private firms in Mexico, including Financiera de México and Cía. Mexicana de Petróleo El Águila, 1919; El Águila representative to state government of Veracruz, 1922. i—Married Ana Guido; son of Xavier Icaza y Landa and Dolores López Negrete; student with José Ortiz Tirado, Supreme Court justice; practiced law with Carlos Díaz Dufoo, Jr.; student of Alfonso Reyes and Pedro Henríquez Ureña; daughter Ana María married distinguished dramatist Ramón Xirau; actress Dolores del Río (Dolores Martínez Asúnsolo y López Negrete) is the daughter of Antonia López Negrete, his maternal aunt; López Negrete family owned one of the largest haciendas in Durango, and Pancho Villa worked on one of their ranches; related to Pablo Martínez del Río, federal deputy, 1994–2007, through aunt, Dolores de Icaza López. j—None. k—Refused to review Arbitration Board findings in well-known petroleum case, 1938. l—WWM45, 58; Kirk, 164; DP70, 2403; IWW40, 525; Peral, 404; ELD, 85–86; www.estrada.bz, 2008; www.estaciongomez palacio.galeon.com, 2008. Iduarte Foucher, Andrés (Deceased Apr. 16, 1984) a—May 1, 1907. b—Villahermosa, Tabasco. c—Elementary studies in Villahermosa and Dr. Hugo Topf ’s School, Mexico City; secondary studies at Colegio Mexicano, Mexico City; preparatory studies at National Preparatory School, Mexico City, 1922–1926; studied at UNAM, 1926–1928, 1930–1932; studied at University of Paris, 1928–1930; law degree from University of Madrid, 1935; LLD degree from University of Madrid, 1936; PhD from Columbia University, New York, 1944; LLD

from National School of Law, UNAM, 1953; professor of general history, National Preparatory School; professor of history, UNAM, 1930–1932, 1953; member, University Council of UNAM, 1930–1932; secretary, Ibero‑American Sec., Athenaeum of Science and Literature of Madrid, 1933–1936; professor of Spanish American literature, Columbia University, 1939–1972; instructor, Barnard College, New York, 1941–1945; professor, University of California, Berkeley, 1947; professor, University of Caracas, 1945; professor, University of the East, 1955. d—None. e—None. f—Director general, National Institute of Fine Arts, 1952–1954. g—Editor, student paper Angora, National Preparatory School, 1924; writer for student magazine, Avalanche, 1923. h—Author; editor, Universidad de México. i—From very important political family in Tabasco; father, Andrés Iduarte, was chief justice of the Supreme Court, 1904–1911; cousin of Rodulfo Brito Foucher; Manuel Bartlett was a close friend and student of his father’s; intimate friend of Herminio Ahumada; also close to Pedro de Alba and Gabriel Ramos Millán; married Graciela Frias-Amescua. j—None. k—Scott says Iduarte was dismissed from his position as director general of fine arts in 1954 for permitting a Communist flag to be draped over the coffin of Mexican painter Frida Kahlo as her body lay in state at the institute. l—Scott, 335; DEM, 180; letter; Lochner, 33–36, 531–532; JSH, 197; WNM, 119; www .nytimes.com, 2006. Iglesias (Hernández), Serafín a—Oct. 12, 1914. b—Veracruz, Veracruz. c—Completed preparatory studies in Veracruz; no degree. d—Federal deputy from State of Veracruz, Dist. 7, 1964–1967. e—Press secretary, CEN of PRM, 1939–1940. f—Director of leftist publishing, Chamber of Deputies, 1942–1943. g—Secretary-general, CTM of Veracruz, 1934–1938. h—Political journalist, 1936–1940; director of various magazines, 1944–1964; businessman. j—None. k—None. l—C de D, 1964–1967.

492  m e xic a n p oli t i c a l b i o g ra ph i e s , 1935–20 0 9 Iguíniz González, Manuel a—Oct. 4, 1921. b—Jalisco. c—Early education unknown; no degree. d—Plurinominal federal deputy from PAN, 1982–1985. e—PAN candidate for local deputy, State of Puebla; PAN candidate for alternate senator from Puebla; PAN candidate for governor of Puebla, 1980; director, PAN, Parras, Coahuila; member, Regional Committee of PAN, State of Puebla; president of PAN, State of Puebla. f—None. g—None. h—Textile technician. j—None. k—None. l—Directorio, 1982–1985; C de D, 1982–1985. Iñárritu (y Ramírez de Águilar), Jorge

(Deceased Aug. 8, 1996) a—Apr. 27, 1916. b—Tacubaya, Mexico City. c—Elementary, secondary, and preparatory studies in Mexico City; legal studies at National School of Law, UNAM, 1934–1938, graduating Nov. 13, 1939, with thesis on economic conflicts. d—None. e—None. f—Head, Judicial Section, Supreme Court, 1936–1945; assistant director and director, Judicial Weekly, Supreme Court, 1945–1958; oficial mayor, Supreme Court, 1958–1959; assistant secretary of resolutions, Supreme Court, 1959–1960; secretary-general of resolutions, Supreme Court, 1960–1964; justice, Supreme Court, 1964–1970, 1970–1976, 1977–1982; president, Supreme Court, 1983–1986. g—None. h—Author of many works on Amparo; consulting lawyer, Secretariat of Communications and Public Works and Secretariat of Health and Public Welfare. i—Married Holda Rodríguez Treviño; son of Silverio Iñárritu Flores, public official, and María de la Luz Ramírez de Águilar; brother Alfredo Iñárritu, Supreme Court justice, 1936. j—None. k—None. l—Justicia, Oct., 1968; letter; WNM, 119; Excélsior, Jan. 4, 1983, 2A; DBGM, 662; Protag., 174; scjn.gob.mx, 354-358. Iñurreta (de la Fuente), Marcelino

(Deceased) a—June 29, 1901. b—Cunduacán, Tabasco. c—Elementary studies in Oaxaca; secondary studies in Oaxaca, earned private accounting degree; preparatory studies at National Preparatory School;

enrolled in National Military College but left without completing studies to join the Revolution. d—Federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. 2, 1943–1946, elected as alternate but replaced Carlos Madrazo when he was suspended; senator from State of Tabasco, 1952–1958, member of Rules Committee, National Lands Committee, 2nd National Defense Committee, Balloting Committee. e—None. f—Assistant director, Military Judicial Police; presidential adviser on public health; paymaster general, Federal District Police Department, 1943; first director, Federal Department of Security, 1946– 1952. g—None. h—Champion in various sports; expert pistol shot. i—Personal assistant to General Álvaro Obregón; brother Tirso, prominent intellectual, diplomat, and founder of El Popular. j—Joined Juan Antonio de la Fuente Brigade as a private; rank of 1st captain, 1916; rank of colonel, Oct. 13, 1949; rank of brigadier general, Sept. 28, 1951; reached rank of brigade general, Dec. 30, 1955. k—President Alemán violated the law in promoting him to brigadier general because he did not meet time-in-grade requirements in his prior rank. l—Ind. Biog., 88–89; DGF51, 69; DGF56, 7, 9, 10, 12, 13; DP95, 1841; www.e-local.gob.mx, 2007. Ireta (Viveros), Félix (Deceased Oct. 26, 1978) a—Nov. 20, 1893. b—Zinapécuaro, Michoacán. c—Elementary studies in Zinapécuaro; no degree. d—Senator from State of Michoacán, 1946–1952; governor, Michoacán, 1940–1944. e—None. g—None. i—Fought with Ávila Camacho brothers during the Revolution. j—Joined the Revolution; Constitutionalist, fought under Villistas in Jesús Cintora’s brigade, 1913; leader of José Inés Chávez García’s band, 1917–1918; defended Morelia against forces of Adolfo de la Huerta, 1923; chief of military operations, Pátzcuaro and Uruapan, Michoacán; fought against Escobar Rebellion, 1929; commander, 21st Military Zone, Morelia, Michoacán, 1938, 1954–1970; rank of brigade general, Dec. 27, 1938; rank of division general. k—Strongly attacked in

t he b io g ra phies  493

press for various abuses committed by his government in Michoacán. l—DGF56, 202; DGF51, 6; Peral, 406; HA, May 22, 1942; HA, Sept. 25, 1942, 9; C de S, 1946–1952; Gómez Maganda, 102; Excélsior, Oct. 28, 1978, 2; López, 536. Iruegas Evaristo, Gustavo a—Sept. 6, 1942. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; journalism degree, School of Political and Social Sciences, UNAM, 1961–1964; MA in national security, National Defense College, 1989–1990. d—None. e—None. f—Joined Foreign Service, 1966; chancellor, Cuba, 1966–1970; Diplomatic Service, 1970; 2nd secretary, OAS, 1971; minister, Brazil, 1975–1977; adviser to secretary of foreign relations, 1977; chargé d’affaires, Mexican embassy, Nicaragua, 1978–1979, minister in charge, 1980–1981; director general of information, Secretariat of Foreign Relations, 1979–1980; director general of security, Secretariat of Foreign Relations, 1981–1985; ambassador to Jamaica, 1985–1988; director general of organizational systems, United Nations, 1988–1989; adviser to secretary of national defense, 1989–1990; director general of regional American organizations, Secretariat of Foreign Relations, 1990–1992; director general for Latin America and the Caribbean, Secretariat of Foreign Relations, 1992–1994; oficial mayor of foreign relations, 1994; consul, San Diego, Calif.; ambassador to Norway, 1996–1999; ambassador to Uruguay, 1999–2000; assistant secretary for Latin America, Asia, and the Pacific, 2000–2003. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Andrés Iruegas Cepeda, civil engineer, and Julieta Evaristo Medina; married Martha Susana Peón Sánchez, teacher. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM92, 192; DBGM89, 181; Pescador, 166; DBGM87, 189; www.foro.forosmexico.com, 2009. Islas Bravo, Antonio (Deceased Jan. 4, 1949) a—1885. b—Atlixco, Puebla. c—Early education unknown; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, 1910. d—Federal deputy, 1924–1926. e—None. f—Agent, Ministerio Público; civil judge,

Chihuahua; consulting lawyer, secretary of agriculture; head, Legal Department, Secretariat of Agrarian Affairs; justice, Supreme Court of Mexico, Jan. 1, 1941–1946, 1946–1949; president, Third Division of the Supreme Court, 1944. g—None. h—Author of the book Presidential Succession in 1928. j—Joined the Revolution; supporter of Francisco Madero; fought under General Villa, 1914–1918. k—Opposed reelection of General Obregón. l—Letter; DP70, 2406; López, 539; www.mexicolegal.com.mx, 2008; scjn.gob.mx, 362. Islas Hernández, Adrián Víctor Hugo

a—Sept. 8, 1952. b—Puebla, Puebla. c—Early education unknown; law degree, University of Puebla, 1971–1975. d—Member, City Council, Puebla, 1977; local deputy, State Legislature of Puebla, Dist. 11, 1978–1981; federal deputy from State of Puebla, Dist. 5, 1985–1988; alternate senator from State of Puebla, 1988–1994; plurinominal federal deputy from PRI, 1997–2000; local deputy, State Legislature of Puebla, 2002–2003; federal deputy from State of Puebla, Dist. 5, 2003–2006. e—Joined PRI, 1969; president of PRI, Puebla, 1993–1995; regional coordinator, CEN of PRI in Coahuila; PRI precandidate for mayor of Puebla, 1998; general delegate, CEN of PRI in Tabasco, 1999–2000; general delegate, CEN of PRI, Nayarit, 2002; assistant secretary to president of CEN of PRI, 2002–2009; special delegate of CEN of PRI to Chiapas, 2006. f—Director of government archive, Puebla, 1975; adviser to director general of Banobras, 1990. g—None. h—Director general of Círculo Poblano, Puebla, 1975. i—Son of Ángel Islas Quiroz, journalist, and Concepción Hernández Martínez. j—None. k—None. l—www. cddhcu.gob.mx, 1994, 2007; QesQ en el Congreso, 1997–2000, 305–306; DBGM87, 496; www.diputados.gob.mx, 2003; www .gobernacion.gob.mx, 1997, 2007; www .es.wikipedia.org, 2009. Islas Olguín, Guillermo a—June 25, 1928. b—Federal District. c—Elementary

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studies at Francisco Figueroa School, Tacuba, Federal District, 1934–1940; secondary studies at Manuel Acosta School, Tacuba, 1941–1943; preparatory studies at National Preparatory School, San Ildefonso, Mexico City, 1944–1946; medical degree, National School of Medicine, UNAM, 1948– 1953, with thesis titled “My Social Service in Coyotepec, México,” 1954; special studies in gynecology and obstetrics, UNAM and IMSS, 1959–1962. d—Federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. 19, 1970–1973, member of Fine Arts Committee, Small Industries Committee, Health Committee; federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. 19, 1976–1979; federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. 29, 1988–1991. e—Joined PAN, 1951; director of PAN for the Federal District, 1952–1954; interim president of PAN, Hidalgo, 1977–1978; member, Regional Committee of PAN, Federal District, 1981– 1987; PAN candidate for federal deputy, 1985, 1994; national adviser to PAN, 1988– 1995. f—None. g—Member, Mexican Academy of Sciences. h—Practicing physician. i—Married Lydia León Amézquita; son of Matías Islas Vargas, public accountant, and Luisa Olguín Morales. j—None. k—PAN candidate for alternate federal deputy, Federal District, 1958. l—C de D, 1970–1972, 121; Directorio, 1970–1972; DBGM89, 464; Pérez Franco, 189–190.

Isoard (Jiménez de Sandi), Carlos Alfredo a—Sept. 19, 1921. b—Federal Dis-

trict. c—Early education unknown; public accounting degree from Higher School of Business and Administration, IPN, 1948–1952, with thesis titled “Eras of Auditing,” 1952; professor, UNAM, 1957–1961; professor, Pan American Institute of Business, 1957–1982. d—None. e—None. f—Employee, Bank of Mexico, 1939–1945; director, Department of Technical Studies, Income Tax Division, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1952–1954; director, Evaluation Board, Income Tax Department, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1954–1958; assistant director, Income Tax Department, Secretariat

of the Treasury, 1959; assistant secretary of expenditures, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1970–1976; adviser to secretary of the treasury, 1976; general auditor, Secretariat of Public Education, 1977–1982; coordinator of planning, Secretariat of Health, 1982; assistant secretary of planning, Secretariat of Health, 1982–1983; adviser, Secretariat of Health, 1983–1984; executive director of programs and evaluation, NAFIN, 1984– 1988. g—Manager, National Union of Sugarcane Producers, 1959–1960. h—Auditor, Mancera Brothers, 1945–1950; controller, United Shoe and Leather, SA, 1950–1951; director general, General Chemical, SA, 1961–1967; director general of laboratories, John Deere, SA, 1967–1968; vice president, Affiliates of Telephones of Mexico, SA, 1969–1970. i—Son of José Luis Isoard Megy, white-collar worker, and Concepción Jiménez de Sandi y Hallen; married Yolanda Viesca y Viesca; son Carlos Enrique was director general in the Bank of Mexico, 1992. j—None. k—None. l—Excélsior, Feb. 4, 1976; Q es QAP, 332; DPE71, 27; DGF56, 168; HA, Apr. 3, 1972, 7; DBGM87, 190; DBGM92, 193. Ituarte Servín, Alfonso (Deceased July 30, 1986) a—Oct. 30, 1914. b—Tacubaya, Federal District. c—Elementary studies at Luz Saviñón School, Mexico City, and at a public school in Mexico City; 2 years of study in business school; private accounting degree, School of Banking and Business, IPN, 1938–1942; public accounting degree, IPN. d—Federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. 17, 1955–1958, member of 1st Balloting Committee, 2nd General Means of Communication Committee; PAN party federal deputy, 1967–1970, member of Trade and Credit Sec. and Tax Sec. of the Legislative Studies Committee, 1st Government Committee, Industries Committee, 2nd Balloting Committee, Small Industries Committee. e—Member of PAN, 1942; PAN candidate for federal deputy, 1952, 1979; president of CEN of PAN, 1956–1957. f—None. g—Member of various religious

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defense groups; propagandist for League for Religious Defense; founder and president, Civic Center of the Federal District; member, National Chamber for the Tequila Industry; president, Catholic Action; president, Union of Catholic Mexicans, 1953–1955. h—Accountant. i—Son of Daniel Ituarte Esteva and María Servín de Mora Bracho; married Josefina Soto de Iduarte. j—None. k—PAN candidate for federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. 17, 1952. l—DGF56, 23, 34, 37; Ind. Biog., 89; La Nación, Mar. 29, 1959, 18; C de D, 1967–1970, 67, 70, 72, 76, 77, 81; Pérez Franco, 190–191. Iturbe, Ramón F. (Deceased 1970) a—Nov. 7, 1889. b—Mazatlán, Sinaloa. c—Elementary studies (3 years) at Professor Tello de Meneses School, Culiacán, Sinaloa, and Rancho Salsipuedes; 4th–6th grades at Conciliar Seminary, Culiacán; secondary studies in Conciliar Seminary, Culiacán; studies at California Military School, Los Angeles; studies in civil engineering, United States, 1912–1913; no degree. d—Federal deputy from State of Sinaloa, Dist. 3, 1937–1940, president of Chamber. e—Active in Antireelectionist Club of Culiacán, 1910; founder, Mexican Constitutional Front to support a presidential candidate in 1939. f—Provisional governor, State of Sinaloa, 1917–1920; director of cooperative development, Secretariat of Industry and Commerce, 1936; military attaché to Japan, 1941–1942; commander, Mexican Legion of Honor, Secretariat of National Defense, 1958–1964, 1964–1966. g—None. h—Merchant prior to Revolution; managed small general store in Alcoyonque, Sinaloa. i—Son of Adolfo Fuentes and Refugio Iturbe; married Mercedes Acosta. j—Career army officer; joined the Revolution in 1910; member of rebel group under Juan Bardes, Culiacán, 1910; brigadier general, Liberation Army, May 22, 1911; fought Orozco, 1912; commander of irregular forces in Sinaloa, 1912; commander of military operations in Sinaloa, 1913; commander of the forces that captured Mazatlán, 1914; commander of

military operations in Nayarit, Sinaloa, and Sonora, 1914–1915; commander, 3rd Division of the Northeast, Constitutional Army, 1914; commander of forces that captured Culiacán under General Obregón, 1913; rank of brigadier general, Constitutional Army, Sept. 13, 1913; rank of brigade general, Oct. 28, 1913; commander of military operations in Jalisco, Colima, 1916; rank of division general. k—Supported Escobar Movement, 1929; in exile in the United States, 1929–1935; expelled from PRM for activities in support of candidacy of General Almazán for president, 1938–1939; later supported candidacy of Rafael Sánchez Tapia in 1940 campaign for president; received Belisario Domínguez Medal from Mexican Senate, 1966; had to abandon studies at Conciliar Seminary and work to support his family because his father died. l—DPE65, 42; DPE61, 34; C de D, 1937–1939; El Universal, Jan. 18, 1939; Michaels, 22; Annals, Mar., 1940, 21; DP70, 2406; Peral, 407; Novo35, 271; Enc. Mex., VII, 1977, 363; EBW46, 1141; www.congresosinaloa.gob.mx, 2008. Iturriaga (Sauco), José E. a—Apr. 10, 1914. c—Preparatory studies at National Preparatory School; studies in law at Free Law School; studies in philosophy and history, School of Philosophy and Letters, UNAM; economic studies at National School of Economics, no degree; Fellow at Colegio de México, 1944; professor of history of the Mexican Revolution, Colegio de México, 1949. d—None. e—Member, Advisory Council, IEPES of PRI, 1972. f—Employee, NAFIN, 1934–1964; official, Historical Archives of the Secretariat of the Treasury, 1943–1946; director, Institution and Agency Inspection Department, Secretariat of National Patrimony, 1947–1948; adviser to president of Mexico, 1952–1958, 1958–1964; assistant director, NAFIN, 1959–1964; ambassador to USSR, 1965–1966; adviser to Luis Echeverría, 1971. g—None. h—Editorial writer, Novedades; editorial writer, Mañana. i—Son of María Eugenia de la Fuente; son Renato was director

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general in Secretariat of Public Education, 1987, Secretariat of Health, 2001–2005, and professor at UNAM; son José N. Iturriaga, director general of popular cultures, Mexican National Council of Culture and Art. j—None. k—Popular Party Candidate for federal deputy (later the PPS) with Narciso Bassols and Víctor Manuel Villaseñor, 1943; received Belisario Domínguez Award, 2001. l—Siempre, Jan. 28, 1959, 6; DGF47, 269; DPE65, 31; Villaseñor, II, 33; Enc. Mex., VII, 365–366; DBGM87, 190; www.slowfood foundation.org, 2008.

J Jackson Ramírez, Jesús Enrique

a—Dec. 24, 1945. b—Los Mochis, Sinaloa. c—Early education unknown; degree in political science and public administration from School of Political and Social Sciences, UNAM, 1964–1968. d—Delegate from Cuauhtémoc to Department of the Federal District, 1985–1988; plurinominal federal deputy from PRI, 1997–2000; plurinominal senator from PRI, 2000–2006, president of Senate. e—Joined PRI, 1970; assistant director of political studies, IEPES of CEN of PRI, 1981; assistant secretary of ideological divulgation, CEN of PRI, 1982; president of PRI, Federal District, 1990–1991; secretary of organization, CEN of PRI, 1992–1993; member, National Political Council of PRI; president, Colosio Foundation, 1995; secretary of electoral action, CEN of PRI, 1995–1996; general delegate, CEN of PRI to State of Mexico, 1999; precandidate for president of CEN of PRI, 2007, lost to Beatriz Paredes. f—Analyst, Secretariat of Agrarian Reform, 1972; director general, National Committee to Protect Salaries, Secretariat of Labor, 1976–1982; director general of milk industry, CONASUPO, 1983–1985; secretary-general of protection and traffic, Department of the Federal District, 1988; general coordinator, Route 100, Department of the Federal District, 1988–1990; secretary-general of

government, Department of the Federal District, 1994. g—None. h—Assistant manager of computation, Olivetti Mexicana, 1969–1971; general manager, Arovesty and Assoc., 1971–1972. i—Son of Enrique Jackson Tirado, prominent businessman, and Esther Ramírez Flores; married María Emilia Camus Ferreira; related to Francisco Merino Rabago. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM84, 223; www.gentesur.com.mx, 2008; DBGM93, 56; QesQ en el Congreso, 2000–2003, 356– 357; DBGM94, CD; Musacchio, 211; www. gobernacion.gob.mx, 1997, 2008; DCM, 2000–2003, 324; www.sercultura.org, 2008; QesQ en el Congreso, 1997–2000, 185. Jaimes Aguilar, Antonio a—June 13, 1942. b—Tlalchapa, Guerrero. c—Teaching certificate, Rural Normal School, Perote, Veracruz. d—Federal deputy from State of Michoacán, Dist. 2, 1976–1979; senator from Guerrero, 1988–1994. e—Secretary of social action, CEN of PRI, 1986. f—None. g—Secretary, Coordinating Committee, FSTSE, 1969–1973; secretary-general, Local No. 18, SNTE, Michoacán, 1974–1977; secretary of social action, SNTE, 1977–1980; secretary of pensions, SNTE, 1980–1983; secretary of credits, SNTE, 1983–1986; secretarygeneral, SNTE, 1986–1989. h—None. i—Son of Andrés Jaimes, alternate senator from Guerrero, 1946–1952, local deputy, music teacher, and composer; married Esperanza Cid. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM92, 406; Musacchio, 211–212. Jara (Corona), Heriberto (Deceased Apr. 17, 1968) a—July 10, 1884. b—Orizaba, Veracruz. c—Elementary studies at the Escuela Modelo, Orizaba; secondary studies in Tulancingo; studies at Scientific and Literary Institute of Hidalgo, graduating as bookkeeper; attended Escuela Naval de Antón Lizardo. d—Federal deputy from State of Veracruz, 1912–1913; deputy to Constitutional Congress from State of Veracruz, 1916–1917; senator from State of Veracruz, 1920–1924; governor, Veracruz, Dec. 18, 1924–Oct. 31, 1927. e—Member, Liberal Party, 1898; member, Constitutional

496  m e xic a n p oli t i c a l b i o g ra ph i e s , 1935–20 0 9

general in Secretariat of Public Education, 1987, Secretariat of Health, 2001–2005, and professor at UNAM; son José N. Iturriaga, director general of popular cultures, Mexican National Council of Culture and Art. j—None. k—Popular Party Candidate for federal deputy (later the PPS) with Narciso Bassols and Víctor Manuel Villaseñor, 1943; received Belisario Domínguez Award, 2001. l—Siempre, Jan. 28, 1959, 6; DGF47, 269; DPE65, 31; Villaseñor, II, 33; Enc. Mex., VII, 365–366; DBGM87, 190; www.slowfood foundation.org, 2008.

J Jackson Ramírez, Jesús Enrique

a—Dec. 24, 1945. b—Los Mochis, Sinaloa. c—Early education unknown; degree in political science and public administration from School of Political and Social Sciences, UNAM, 1964–1968. d—Delegate from Cuauhtémoc to Department of the Federal District, 1985–1988; plurinominal federal deputy from PRI, 1997–2000; plurinominal senator from PRI, 2000–2006, president of Senate. e—Joined PRI, 1970; assistant director of political studies, IEPES of CEN of PRI, 1981; assistant secretary of ideological divulgation, CEN of PRI, 1982; president of PRI, Federal District, 1990–1991; secretary of organization, CEN of PRI, 1992–1993; member, National Political Council of PRI; president, Colosio Foundation, 1995; secretary of electoral action, CEN of PRI, 1995–1996; general delegate, CEN of PRI to State of Mexico, 1999; precandidate for president of CEN of PRI, 2007, lost to Beatriz Paredes. f—Analyst, Secretariat of Agrarian Reform, 1972; director general, National Committee to Protect Salaries, Secretariat of Labor, 1976–1982; director general of milk industry, CONASUPO, 1983–1985; secretary-general of protection and traffic, Department of the Federal District, 1988; general coordinator, Route 100, Department of the Federal District, 1988–1990; secretary-general of

government, Department of the Federal District, 1994. g—None. h—Assistant manager of computation, Olivetti Mexicana, 1969–1971; general manager, Arovesty and Assoc., 1971–1972. i—Son of Enrique Jackson Tirado, prominent businessman, and Esther Ramírez Flores; married María Emilia Camus Ferreira; related to Francisco Merino Rabago. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM84, 223; www.gentesur.com.mx, 2008; DBGM93, 56; QesQ en el Congreso, 2000–2003, 356– 357; DBGM94, CD; Musacchio, 211; www. gobernacion.gob.mx, 1997, 2008; DCM, 2000–2003, 324; www.sercultura.org, 2008; QesQ en el Congreso, 1997–2000, 185. Jaimes Aguilar, Antonio a—June 13, 1942. b—Tlalchapa, Guerrero. c—Teaching certificate, Rural Normal School, Perote, Veracruz. d—Federal deputy from State of Michoacán, Dist. 2, 1976–1979; senator from Guerrero, 1988–1994. e—Secretary of social action, CEN of PRI, 1986. f—None. g—Secretary, Coordinating Committee, FSTSE, 1969–1973; secretary-general, Local No. 18, SNTE, Michoacán, 1974–1977; secretary of social action, SNTE, 1977–1980; secretary of pensions, SNTE, 1980–1983; secretary of credits, SNTE, 1983–1986; secretarygeneral, SNTE, 1986–1989. h—None. i—Son of Andrés Jaimes, alternate senator from Guerrero, 1946–1952, local deputy, music teacher, and composer; married Esperanza Cid. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM92, 406; Musacchio, 211–212. Jara (Corona), Heriberto (Deceased Apr. 17, 1968) a—July 10, 1884. b—Orizaba, Veracruz. c—Elementary studies at the Escuela Modelo, Orizaba; secondary studies in Tulancingo; studies at Scientific and Literary Institute of Hidalgo, graduating as bookkeeper; attended Escuela Naval de Antón Lizardo. d—Federal deputy from State of Veracruz, 1912–1913; deputy to Constitutional Congress from State of Veracruz, 1916–1917; senator from State of Veracruz, 1920–1924; governor, Veracruz, Dec. 18, 1924–Oct. 31, 1927. e—Member, Liberal Party, 1898; member, Constitutional

t he b io g ra phies  497

Party, 1913; president, CEN of PRI, 1939– 1940. f—Secretary-general of government, Veracruz, under Cándido Aguilar, 1914; minister to Cuba, 1919–1923; governor, Federal District, 1914; secretary of the navy, Dec. 1, 1940–1946. g—None. h—Bookkeeper, Santa Rosa Mill, Hidalgo; writer for many magazines and newspapers at beginning of career and after retirement in 1946. i—Son of Emilio Jara Andrade and María del Carmen Corona; married Ana María Ávalos; from very humble background. j—Career military officer; joined the Revolution in 1910, fighting under General Camerino Mendoza; joined Constitutional Army, June 26, 1913, under General Pablo González; rank of colonel, 1913; rank of brigadier general, 1914; served under General Cándido Aguilar, 1913–1914; chief of staff to General Cándido Aguilar, 1914; directed cadets against North American invasion of Veracruz, Veracruz, 1914; served under General Antonio Villarreal, 1914; rank of brigade general, 1915; commander, 1st Division of the East, 1916; governor and military commander, Veracruz, 1916; commander, 2nd Division of the East, 1917–1918; chief of military operations, Tabasco, 1918–1919; commander, Jara Brigade against de la Huerta Rebellion, 1924; rank of division general, 1924; commander, 26th Military Zone, Veracruz, 1935–1937; assistant inspector general of the army, 1935; inspector general of the army, 1935; commander, 28th Military Zone, Oaxaca, Oaxaca, 1938; director general of military education, Secretariat of National Defense, 1938–1939. k—Participated in Río Blanco Mill strike when he was a bookkeeper, 1907; as a federal deputy, voted against renunciation of Madero and Pino Suárez, 1913; one of the extreme radicals at Constitutional Convention; opposed candidacy of Ángel Carvajal for president in an open letter signed by Silvano Barba González and Luis I. Rodríguez, 1958; manager, Ávila Camacho’s campaign for president, 1940; his appointment as secretary of navy strongly criticized by naval officers who felt a navy rather than

an army officer should have been appointed; newspapers were also critical, calling Jara “General of the Ocean Cavalry.” l—D de Y, June 20, 1939, 1; Daniels, 89; Peral, 414–415; D de Y, Jan. 1, 1936, 4; Kirk, 239–240; Morton, 41–42, 92; Polémica, Apr., 69, 70; DGF51, II, 699; DP70, 1110; Hoy, Apr. 27, 1968, 4; WWM45, 60; Enc. Mex., VII, 450. Jara Cruz, Salomón a—Sept. 15, 1959. b—San Melchor Betaza, Oaxaca. c—Early education unknown; degree in industrial engineering, Higher School of Chemical Engineering, IPN, 1980–1984. d—Local deputy, State Legislature of Oaxaca, 2004–2006; plurinominal federal deputy from PRD, 1991–1994; senator from Oaxaca, 2006–2012, president of Foreign Relations Committee, Africa. e—Cofounder, PRD, Oaxaca; secretary of organization, PRD, Oaxaca, 1990; president, PRD, Oaxaca, 1991–1992. f—None. g—Founder and coordinator, Democratic Peasant Union, Oaxaca, 1991. h—Director, Quality Control Department, Tapepan Refrigerator, 1985. i—Son of Shabin Moisés Jara Bolaños, retailer and mayor of San Melchor Betaza, 1987, and Magdalena Cruz Cruz; married Irma Bolaños Quijano. j—None. k—None. l—www.senado.gob.mx, 2008; DBGM92, 492; Directorio del Congreso, 2006–2009, 2009, 201. Jaramillo González, Cándido

(Deceased 1970) a—1910. b—Zongolica, Veracruz. c—Elementary studies in Jalapa, Veracruz; teaching certificate in Veracruz; normal school teacher, State of Veracruz. d—None. e—Founder, PPS, with Vicente Lombardo Toledano, 1947. f—Controller general, Secretariat of Industry and Commerce. g—Director general, Mexican Federation of Teachers, 1937–1938; secretarygeneral, FSTSE, 1940–1942. i—Brother Julio, a musician. j—None. k—None. l—DP70, 1112; Correa, 12; Raby, 76. Jarque (Uribe), Carlos Manuel a—Oct. 18, 1954. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; degree in economics from Anáhuac University, 1972–1976, with thesis

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on regionalization; degree in actuarial science from Anáhuac University, 1976–1977; MA in economics from London School of Economics, 1977–1978; PhD in economics from Australian National University, 1978–1981; postdoctoral studies in econometrics at Harvard University, 1984–1985; director general, International Institute of Statistics, The Hague, 1987–1988. d—None. e—Joined PRI, 1982. f—Adviser, Statistics Division, Secretariat of Industry and Commerce, 1975–1976; technical director, Statistics Division, Secretariat of Programming and Budget, 1983–1984; director general of statistics, Secretariat of Programming and Budget, 1986–1987; director, National Institute of Statistics and Geography, 1988–1999; president, UN Statistics Committee, 1998; secretary of social development, 1999–2000; manager, Sustainable Development Programs, IADB, 2001–2005; secretary, IADB, 2005–2007; adviser to the president of and representative of IADB to Israel and Europe, 2008– . g—None. h—Manager of economic studies, TELMEX, 1981–1983. i—Son of Francisco Jarque Bravo, entrepreneur, and María Cristina Uribe Acosta; married María del Coral Lira Coria, economist; brother Armando, banker and one-time official of the NAFIN. j—None. k—National prizes in science and technology. l—Pescador, 167–168; WWM87, 300; Mexico Business, Jan., 2000, 36; DBGM94, CD; DBGM89, 183; Musacchio, 212; www .es.wikipedia, 2009. Jarquín Hernández, Héctor a—Mar. 14, 1923. b—Lerma, State of Mexico. c—Private accounting degree from Banking School, 1954–1955. d—Member, City Council, Valle de Bravo, State of Mexico, 1973–1975; federal deputy from State of Mexico, Dist. 11, 1979–1982; senator from State of Mexico, 1982–1988; federal deputy from State of Mexico, Dist. 2, 1988–1991. e—None. f—President, Board of Moral, Civic, and Material Improvement, Colorines, State of Mexico, 1964–1966; member, Board of Directors, Workers’ Bank, 1978–1989. g—Divisional

coordinator, SUTERM, 2004; secretary of social sector development, SUTERM, 2004– . h—None. j—None. k—Recipient of Lázaro Cárdenas Medal for dedication to Federal Electric Commission, 2006. l—DBGM89, 467; DBGM87, 496. Jáuregui Robles, Sergio César Alejandro a—Oct. 6, 1961. b—Torreón, Coa-

huila. c—Early education unknown; law degree from ITESM, Chihuahua campus, Chihuahua, 1980–1984; MA in corporate law from ITESM, Chihuahua campus, 1997–1998; professor of constitutional and labor law, ITESM, Chihuahua, 1995–2000. d—Plurinominal federal deputy from PAN, 1991–1994; plurinominal federal deputy from PAN, 1997–2000; president of Jurisdiction Committee; plurinominal senator from PAN, 2000–2006. e—Joined PAN, 1981; secretary-general of PAN, Chihuahua, 1994– 1996; legal director, PAN, Chihuahua, 1996– 1997; member, National Council of PAN, 1995; member, CEN of PAN, 2002–2005. f—Director, Legal Department, Chihuahua, 1996–1997; legal adviser to Federal Judiciary, 2009– . g—None. h—Trial lawyer, Del Rosa Paulín, Assoc., 1984–1985; trial lawyer, Sotelo and Jáuregui, 1988–1991. i—Son of Humberto Jáuregui Anchondo, retailer, and Ofelia Robles Rodríguez; married Verónica Erives Chavira. j—None. k—None. l—www. gobernacion.gob.mx, 1997–2000, 2008; QesQ en el Congreso, 1997–2000, 42; DCM, 2000–2003, 325; QesQ en el Congreso, 2000–2003, 303–304; DBGM92, 493; scjn .gob.mx, 2009. Javelly Girard, Marcelo (Deceased Oct. 23, 1994) a—Jan. 18, 1927. b—Jalapa, Veracruz. c—Early education unknown; legal studies, National School of Law, UNAM, 1944–1948, graduating Nov. 3, 1949, with thesis on legal responsibility; courses in United States. d—None. e—Joined PRI, 1952. f—Lawyer, Department of Banks, Money, and Investment, Division of Credit, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1950–1952; assistant director, Department of Banks, Money, and Investment, Division of Credit, Secretariat

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of the Treasury, 1952–1957; director, Auxiliary Office of Credit, Division of Credit, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1958–1965; director of operations and banking, Discount Housing Fund, Bank of Mexico, 1965–1971; vice president, Banking and Insurance Commission, 1971–1972; adviser to INFONAVIT director general, Jesús Silva Herzog Flores, 1974–1976; director, Liquidation Trust of Auxiliary Organization and Credit Institutions, 1977–1982; director general, Aboumrad Bank, 1982; secretary of public works and human settlements, 1982–1985; ambassador to Switzerland, 1988. g—None. h—Lawyer, firm of José María Gurría Urgell, 1946–1950; practicing lawyer, 1974–1976. i—Wife, Ángela Gurría, prominent sculptor; son‑in‑law of distinguished lawyer, poet, and professor José María Gurría, cofounder of Free Law School; son of Juan Javelly Olivero, businessman, and Emilie Girard Suzan. j—None. k—None. l—Letters; HA, Feb. 7, 1983, 23; Informe, 66–67; IEPES; Excélsior, Dec. 1, 1982, 34A; News, Dec. 8, 1982, 8; HA, Dec. 13, 1982, 15. Jiménez, Antolín (Deceased) a—Apr. 14, 1890. b—Villahermosa, Tabasco. c—Elementary and secondary studies at Juárez Institute, Oaxaca, Oaxaca; no degree. d—Federal deputy from State of Oaxaca, Dist. 13, 1928–1930; federal deputy from State of Oaxaca, Dist. 7, 1937–1940. e—Supported José Vasconcelos for governor of Oaxaca, 1923. f—Director of currency, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1923–1924. g—None. h—Author and editor of banking and tax laws. i—Son of Sebastián Jiménez. j—None. k—None. l—EBW46, 119; C de D, 1937–1939; Peral, 415. Jiménez Cantú, Jorge (Deceased Nov. 16, 2005) a—Oct. 27, 1914. b—Villa del Carbón, State of Mexico. c—Elementary studies at Centro Escolar Belisario Domínguez, Mexico City, 1922–1928; secondary at Secondary Schools Nos. 1 and 7, Mexico City, 1929–1931; preparatory studies in biological sciences, National Preparatory School, 1932–1933; medical degree, National

School of Medicine, UNAM, 1940; professor of clinical surgery, National School of Medicine, UNAM, 1941–1957; professor of biology, Instituto México and Centro Universitario México. d—Governor, State of Mexico, 1975–1981. e—None. f—Secretary of organization, National Commission for the School Construction Campaign, 1948–1951; member, Administrative Committee, Federal School Construction Program, 1951; adviser, National Institute of Youth, 1952–1957; director general of medical services, Secretariat of Public Works, 1952–1956; secretary-general of government, State of Mexico, 1957–1963, under Governor Gustavo Baz; manager, CONASUPO, 1964–1968, under Carlos Hank González; secretary-general of government, State of Mexico, 1969–1970, under Governor Carlos Hank González; secretary of health and welfare, 1970–1975. g—President, Student Society, National School of Medicine; president, Federation of University Students; student member, University Council, 1937–1938. h—Secretary-general, CONASUPO Commission to Promote Rural Improvements; founder, College Military Pentathlon, 1938, commander of this organization. i—Married Luisa Isabel Campos Huttick; son of Jesús Jiménez Gallardo and Guadalupe Cantú; son Jorge Jiménez Campos, architect and assistant secretary of urban development and housing, State of Mexico, 2004. j—None. k—None. l—DPE71, 113; MGF69, 551; HA, Dec. 7, 1970, 25; DGF56, 259; DPE51, II, 446; Hoy, Dec., 1970; HA, Feb. 3, 1975, 34; Cadena Z., 41–42; HA, Oct. 6, 1975, 35; HA, Jan. 28, 1980, 31. Jiménez Cárdenas, Simón (Deceased) a—May 16, 1909. b—Armadillo, Mazatlán, Sinaloa. c—Elementary studies at José María Morelos School, 1919–1925; secondary studies at Federal Teacher Education Institute, 1952–1954, 1954–1957; teaching certificate from Higher Normal School of Nayarit, 1963, with specialty in Mexican and world history; professor of geography, public secondary school, Mazatlán;

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professor of civics, public secondary school of Guamúchil, Sinaloa. d—PPS federal party deputy, 1970–1973, member of Waters and Irrigation Committee, 1st Sec. of Agrarian Affairs Committee, Cultural Affairs Committee, Securities Committee. e—Member, Central Committee, PPS; secretary of electoral affairs, PPS Regional Committee for Sinaloa; PPS representative on Sinaloa Electoral Commission. f—Director of rural schools; director of urban schools; federal inspector of elementary education. g—Secretary-general, Workers’ and Farmers’ Federation of the South of Sinaloa. h—None. i—Son Víctor Jiménez Osuna, federal deputy from PPS, 1985–1988. j—None. k—None. l—C de D, 1970–1972, 121; Directorio, 1970– 1972; www.cronica.diputados.gob.mx, 1987. Jiménez Castro, Alberto (Deceased Feb. 4, 1982) a—Apr. 7, 1906. b—Teocaltiche, Jalisco. c—Elementary and secondary studies in Jalisco; preparatory studies at Heroic Military College, 1923–1927, graduating as 2nd cavalry lieutenant; completed preparatory studies at National Preparatory School, 1927; degree in law, National School of Law, UNAM, 1943; professor of military and warfare law, Heroic Military College; assistant inspector general, 13th and 11th Military Zones. d—None. e—None. f—Supernumerary justice, Supreme Court, 1969–1970; justice, Supreme Court, 1970–1976, retired Apr. 8, 1976. g—None. h—None. j—Career army officer; fought in 17 battles in Jalisco, Michoacán, Aguascalientes, and Zacatecas, 1920s; secretary of military court, San Luis Potosí and 1st Military District; defense lawyer, 1st and 2nd Military Districts; group chief, 4th and 5th Military Districts; adjutant general, Personnel Department, Secretariat of National Defense; secondin-command, military operations, 20th Military Zone; second-in-command, Presidential Guards; rank of brigade general; officer, 82nd Cavalry Regiment; officer, 15th Cavalry Regiment; judge, Superior Court of Military Justice, 1954–1968. k—None. l—scjn.gob.mx, 2008, 366.

Jiménez (Delgado), Ramón (Deceased) a—Dec. 21, 1895. b—San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí. c—Educated at Model School of San Luis Potosí; no degree. d—Interim governor, San Luis Potosí, 1941–1943. e—None. f—Head, Police, Department of the Federal District, 1944; head, Federal Judicial Police, Office of the Attorney General of Mexico, 1965. g—None. h—None. j—Career army officer; supported federal government against Cristero Revolt in Jalisco, 1927; commander, 4th Army Regiment (cavalry); director, military hospital, Mexico City; commander, 15th Military Zone, Guadalajara, Jalisco, 1946–1952; commander, 17th Military Zone, Querétaro, Querétaro, 1952– 1955; rank of brigadier general, Aug. 1, 1942; rank of brigade general, 1946. k—None. l—HA, May 7, 1943, 12; DPE65, 210; Peral, 415; DGF56, 202; NYT, Aug. 20, 1941; Casasola, V; Rev. de Ejer., Mar., 1952, 137. Jiménez del Prado (Becerra), Salvador

(Deceased) a—Dec. 2, 1907. b—Querétaro, Querétaro. c—Early education unknown; law degree. d—Local deputy, State Legislature of Querétaro, 1946; senator from State of Querétaro, 1970–1976. e—President of PRI, Federal District. f—Consulting lawyer, Department of the Federal District, 1945; director, Legal Department, Channel 13 television station, 1973; director, Department of Legal Affairs, Department of Fishing, 1977–1982. g—Coordinator, Small Businessmen of Mexico, 1972–1975; oficial mayor, CNOP, 1972–1975. h—Practicing lawyer. j—None. k—Supported Andrés Manuel López Obrador for president, 2006. l—PS; C de S, 1970–1976. Jiménez de Palacios, Aurora (Deceased Apr. 15, 1958) a—Dec. 9, 1922. b—Tecuala, Nayarit. c—Elementary studies at a public school, Mazatlán, Sinaloa; scholarship student in 1937 at Secondary School for Children of Workers, Culiacán, Sinaloa, graduated with honorable mention; preparatory at Mixed Boarding School for Children of Workers, Coyoacán, Federal District; economics degree from School

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of Economics, University of Guadalajara, 1941–1946; graduated in 1947 with thesis titled “Social Welfare in Mexico”; executive secretary, University of Guadalajara; executive secretary, Technical Council, University of Guadalajara. d—Federal deputy from Baja California del Norte, Dist. 2, 1954–1955. e—None. f—Executive secretary, IMSS, Guadalajara; director, Clinic No. 1, IMSS, Guadalajara. g—None. i—Married lawyer José Cruz Palacios; from poor family. j—None. k—First female federal deputy in Mexico, elected in special election for Baja California, 1954, because it had become a state. l—En de E, 118; C de D, 1952–1955; Bulnes, 656; Romero Aceves, 387–388. Jiménez Espirú, Javier a—July 31, 1937. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; degree in electrical and mechanical engineering, National School of Engineering, UNAM; courses in industrial refrigeration, Paris, 1961; studies in medical electronics, Paris, 1968–1971; chair, Mechanical and Electrical Engineering Department, UNAM, 1968–1970; professor, National School of Engineering, UNAM, 1962–1982; auxiliary secretary-general, UNAM, 1973–1976; administrative secretary, UNAM, 1977–1978; dean, School of Engineering, UNAM, 1978–1982; member, Board of Trustees, UNAM, 1997. d—None. e—Joined PRI, 1958; resigned from PRI, 2006. f—Official, National Transportation and Communications Commission; director general of machinery and transportation, Secretariat of Public Works, 1972–1973; manager, Halero, SA, 1963–1967; assistant secretary of communications and technical development, Secretariat of Communications and Transportation, 1982–1988; assistant director (commercial), PEMEX, 1988–1993; assistant secretary of communications and technical development, Secretariat of Commerce, 1993–1994. g—None. h—Author of many books; director general, Mexicana Airlines, 1994. i—Son of Javier Jiménez Segura, director general of military industry and division general, and Rosa Espirú Herrera;

married Elisa Margarita Gutiérrez Saldívar; brother Enrique was director general in Secretariat of Industry and Commerce. j—None. k—None. l—Excélsior, Dec. 4, 1982, 35A; IEPES; Q es QAP, 250; DBGM92, 194; Protag., 177; DBGM, 226; DBGM87, 194; Musacchio, 214. Jiménez González, David a—July 16, 1943. b—(Jintepec) Cuernavaca, Morelos. c—Early education unknown; legal studies, National School of Law, UNAM, 1961–1965, graduating in 1967; professor of law, UNAM; professor of administrative law, University of Morelos; professor of law, Anáhuac University. d—Azcapotzalco delegate to Department of the Federal District, 1988–1992; representative, Assembly of the Federal District, Dist. 19, 1994–1997; federal deputy from State of Morelos, Dist. 1, 1979–1982, secretary, Chamber of Deputies, 1980–1981; federal deputy from State of Morelos, Dist. 1, 1985–1988, president of Justice Committee; senator from Morelos, 2000–2006. e—Joined PRI, 1958; president of PRI, Morelos, 1977–1979, 1985–1987; general delegate of CEN of PRI to Chiapas, 1980–1991, State of Mexico, 1988; director of legal affairs, CEN of PRI, 1988. f—Private secretary to governor of Morelos, 1967; director, Department of Property and Regularization, 1968–1970; president, Board of Conciliation and Arbitration, Cuernavaca, 1970–1973; president, Superior Tribunal of Justice, Morelos, 1976–1977; attorney general, Morelos, 1982–1983; secretarygeneral of government under Lauro Ortega, 1983–1985; director general of government, Department of the Federal District, 1992; assistant attorney of legal affairs and criminal policy, Office of the Attorney General of the Federal District, 1992–1994; general coordinator of strategy projects, Banobras, 1997–1998. g—None. h—None. i—Son of General Florencio Jiménez Cruz, commander of 36th Military Zone, 1943, and Elisa González; married María Luisa Gómez Martín. j—None. k—None. l—QesQ en el Congreso, 2000–2003,

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357–358; DBGM92, 195; DCM, 2000–2003, 178–179; DBGM87, 497; El Universal, Feb. 5, 2008; Musacchio, 214. Jiménez Lazcano, Mauro a—July 10, 1942. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; economics studies at National School of Economics, UNAM, 1962–1967, graduating with thesis titled “Principal Obstacles to Economic Integration of Latin America,” Apr. 27, 1967; assistant professor of economic problems of Latin America, National School of Economics, UNAM; PhD studies in economics, Colegio de México, 1977; professor of planning and development, National School of Economics, 1967–1968. d—None. e—Adviser to secretary-general of PRI, Manuel Bartlett Díaz, 1981–1982. f—Director of information and public relations, Office of the President of Mexico, 1970–1976; assistant secretary of the presidency, Feb. 26, 1976–Nov. 30, 1976; director general of information, Secretariat of Government, 1982–1984. g—None. h—Reporter for El Mexicano, attached to the presidency, 1961–1963; political affairs reporter for the newspaper La Prensa, 1964–1969; general manager, Asesoría Económica, SC, 1977–1982; director of magazine Económica. i—Son of Mauro Jiménez Mora, public official and founding director of Novedades de Acapulco, and Sara Lazcano; married Margarita Romero, teacher. j—None. k—Press assistant for Luis Echeverría during his campaign for president, 1969–1970. l—HA, Dec. 14, 1970, 23; DPE71, 124; Excélsior, Feb. 27, 1976, 4; HA, Mar. 8, 1976, 6; Q es QAP, 32; DBGM, 227. Jiménez Macías, Carlos Martín a—May 1, 1950. b—San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí. c—Elementary studies at annex to M. Jiménez Normal School and Salesian Institute; secondary studies at Federal Night School for Workers No. 23; preparatory studies at University of San Luis Potosí; degree in clinical psychology, University of San Luis Potosí, 1971–1975; studies in public administration, Center for Cooperative and Labor

Studies for Latin America, Tel Aviv, 1979. d—Federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. 3, 1982–1985; senator from San Luis Potosí, 1991–1997; plurinominal federal deputy from PRI, 1997–2000, 2003–2006; senator from San Luis Potosí, 2006–2012. e—Joined PRI, 1967; assistant secretary to president of PRI, Luis Donaldo Colosio, 1989; president of PRI, San Luis Potosí, 1989–1991; member, National Political Council of PRI, 1990; special delegate, CEN of PRI, numerous states, including Tabasco, 2001; press coordinator, CEN of PRI, 2002–2003. f—Assistant director of stores, ISSSTE, 1974. g—Director, CNOP of PRI, Federal District, 1985–1989; secretary-general, National Workers’ Union, ISSSTE, San Luis Potosí, 1974–1977; secretary of labor, National Workers’ Union, ISSSTE, 1975–1978; finance secretary, National Workers’ Union, ISSSTE, 1978–1981; director general of legal affairs, FSTSE, 1989–1992; secretary-general, FSTSE, 1992–1995; president, Congress of Labor, 1993–1995; secretary-general, CNOP of PRI, 1995–1996. h—None. i—Son of Joaquín Jiménez Sardaneta, public official, and María de Jesús Macías Torres; married María Elvira González Ramírez, surgeon. j—None. k—None. l—www.integrantes, 1991–1994; WWM87, 302; www.senado.gob .mx, 2007; Musacchio, 214–215; DBGM92, 494; QesQ en el Congreso, 1997–2000, 106; Directorio del Congreso, 2006–2009, 236; DBGM84, 529–530. Jiménez Méndez, María del Carmen a—Nov. 5, 1928. b—Federal District.

c—Early education unknown; chemical engineering degree, National School of Chemical Sciences, UNAM; professor, Technical Institute of Parral, Chihuahua. d—Secretary, City Council, Parral, Chihuahua; plurinominal federal deputy from PAN, 1979–1982; plurinominal federal deputy from PAN, 1985–1988; alternate senator from Chihuahua, 2000–2006. e—Member, National Council of PAN. f—None. g—None. h—Unknown. i—Daughter of Guillermo Jiménez and Esperanza Méndez. j—None.

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k—None. l—DBGM87, 498; C de D, 1979– 1982; C de D, 1985–1988. Jiménez Morales, Guillermo a—Dec. 2, 1933. b—Huauchinango, Puebla. c—Elementary studies at Benito Juárez Public School, Huauchinango, 1940–1945; secondary studies at Cristóbal Colón School, 1946–1948; preparatory studies at Instituto Vasco de Quiroga, Mexico City, 1949–1950; legal studies, National School of Law, UNAM, 1951–1955, graduating in 1957; professor of civics, Police Academy, Federal District; professor of economic problems of Mexico, School of Science and Administration, UNAM. d—Federal deputy from State of Puebla, Dist. 10, 1973–1976; federal deputy from State of Puebla, Dist. 11, 1979–1980; governor, Puebla, 1981–1987. e—Secretarygeneral of PRI, State of Puebla, 1957–1958; member, National Council of PRI; president of PRI, Puebla, 1973; delegate of IEPES of PRI during presidential campaign in Yucatán, Campeche, and Quintana Roo, 1975–1976; general delegate, CEN of PRI to States of Coahuila, 1979, San Luis Potosí, Nuevo León, Tamaulipas, and Zacatecas, 1979; president of PRI, Federal District, 1987–1988; secretary of political action, CEN of PRI, 1988–1991; regional coordinator, Francisco Labastida’s presidential campaign, 1999–2000. f—Agent, Ministerio Público, Office of the Attorney General of the Federal District, 1958; lawyer, Secretariat of Health, 1959; secretary, Infractions Evaluation Committee, Secretariat of Health, 1959; director, Personnel and Social Welfare Department, Office of the Construction and Sanitation Engineering Committee, 1967; private secretary to director general of public works, Department of the Federal District, 1968–1970; administrative assistant director of public works, Department of the Federal District, 1970–1973; director general of citizen participation, Office of the Attorney General of the Federal District; auxiliary member, Federal Electoral Commission, Secretariat of Government; secretary, Secretariat of Fisheries, 1991–1994; ambassador

to Vatican, 1995–1998; assistant secretary of religious affairs, Secretariat of Government, 1998–1999. g—General delegate of CNC to various states, 1965–1967; secretary of organization, CNOP, 1980. h—None. i—Son of Alberto Jiménez Valderrábano, farmer and president of PRI, Hidalgo, 1952–1955, federal deputy, and mayor of Huauchinango, and Estela Morales Cruz Cid; married Laura Elena Betancourt Betancourt; stepbrother of Julio Rodolfo Moctezuma; attended high school with Miguel de la Madrid. j—None. k—None. l—Almanaque de Puebla, 25; Excélsior, July 3, 1980, 4A; C de D, 1973–1976; C de D, 1979–1982; DBGM92, 195–196; www .sre.gob.mx/vaticano; www.portal.sre.gob. mx, 2008; www.cronica.dip.gob.mx, 2008. Jiménez Moreno, José Natividad

a—Sept. 8, 1959. b—Buenavista, Michoacán. c—Early education unknown; law degree, University of Colima, 1979–1984. d—Local deputy, State Legislature of Colima, 1985– 1988; plurinominal federal deputy from PAN, 1988–1991; senator from Colima, 1994–2000. e—Joined PAN, 1978; oficial mayor of PAN, Colima, 1983–1984; secretary-general of PAN, Colima, 1985–1988; national adviser to PAN. f—None. g—Secretary and treasurer, Tuxpan Neighborhood Residents’ Unions, Colima, 1975–1978. h—Practicing lawyer. i—Son of Lorenzo Jiménez Larios, peasant, and Francisca Moreno Hernández. j—None. k—Third member of PAN to reach state legislature in Colima. l—Musacchio, 215; DBGM89, 468; www.gobernacion.gob.mx, 1997–2000, 2007; QesQ en el Congreso, 1997–2000, 267. Jiménez O’Farril, Federico (Deceased) a—Dec. 20, 1890. b—San Andrés Chalchimomula, Puebla. c—Early education unknown; law degree; graduate studies at UNAM; professor of civics, common law, and political economy, University of Puebla. d—None. e—None. f—Career Foreign Service officer; director, Federal Office of the Treasury, Puebla; librarian, UNAM; private secretary to secretary of foreign relations, 1919; chargé d’affaires, San José, Costa Rica,

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and Managua, Nicaragua, 1921; ambassador to Great Britain, 1945–1951; ambassador to France, 1951–1954. g—Member, Agrarian Commission of Puebla. i—Brother Alberto served as military surgeon during the Revolution; son Federico owned a hotel chain. k—None. l—DGF51, I, 105; Novo35, 37; STYRBIWW54, 817; Peral, 418; DP70, 1122; DP95, 1902. Jiménez Remus, Enrique Gabriel

a—Mar. 23, 1940. b—Guadalajara, Jalisco. c—Elementary studies at Colegio Patria and Colegio Zavala, Guadalajara; secondary and preparatory studies at Colegio Cervantes (Marist Brothers), Guadalajara; law degree from Ibero-American University; law degree from School of Law, UNAM, 1960– 1964, with thesis titled “Amparo Judgments against the Ministerio Público.” d—Local deputy, State Legislature of Jalisco; alternate plurinominal federal deputy from PAN, 1979–1982; plurinominal federal deputy from PAN, 1985–1988, 1991–1994, head of PAN delegation, 1992; senator from Jalisco, 1994– 2000, head of PAN delegation from Jalisco and vice president of Gran Comisión. e—Joined PAN, Nov. 1, 1979; member of CEN of PAN, 1984–1992; national adviser to PAN, 1985–1991; president, Regional Committee of PAN, Jalisco, 1987–1990; precandidate for PAN nomination for governor, 1995. f—Ambassador to Spain, 2001–2007; ambassador to Cuba, 2007– . g—None. h—Criminal lawyer, Guadalajara. i—Son of José María Jiménez Luna, retailer, and Luisa Remus Figueroa; married Gloria Margarita Molgado Gutiérrez; brother Gabriel, president of PAN, Jalisco, 1987–1990. j—None. k—None. l—www.todosbiografias.blogspot .com, 2008; DBGM92; www.gobernacion .gob.mx, 1997–2000, 2007; www.sre.gob .mx, 2007; QesQ en el Congreso, 1997– 2000, 2008; Musacchio, 215; Cien Nombres, 192–195; DBGM87, 498. Jiménez Rueda, Julio (Deceased June 25, 1960) a—Apr. 10, 1896. b—Federal District. c—Preparatory studies at National Preparatory School; law degree from National

School of Law, UNAM, Jan. 1, 1914–1919; PhD in letters from School of Philosophy and Letters, UNAM, 1935; dean, School of Philosophy and Letters, UNAM; 1942–1944, 1953–1954; professor emeritus, School of Philosophy and Letters, UNAM; dean, National School of Archeology, UNAM; director of summer school, UNAM, 1928– 1932; secretary-general, UNAM, 1932–1933, 1944. e—None. f—Secretary, Mexican delegation to Buenos Aires, 1921–1922; secretary, Mexican delegation to Montevideo, 1920; director, School of Theatrical Arts, Secretariat of Public Education, 1917–1920; director, National Archives, 1943–1952. g—Prominent in Knights of Columbus; member, National League of Catholic Students, with Jorge Prieto Laurens and Manuel Herrera y Rivera, 1914; director, El Estudiantil, 1913; editor, Bulletin of Archeology, 1943–1952; director, Center for Mexican Writers, 1955–1960; writer for many newspapers; novelist and dramatist. i—Student of poet Luis Urbina; son of engineer Arturo Jiménez and Eloisa Rueda; married Guadalupe Ortiz de Montellano, sister of poet Bernardo Ortiz de Montellano; son Bernardo Jiménez Montellano was a successful poet and writer; students at National Preparatory School included César Sepúlveda and Clemente Bolio. j—None. k—None. l—DP70, 1122–1123; WWM45, 60; DEM, 183–185; letter; Carreño, 356–357; Arriaga y Rivera, 359; O’Campo, 183–185. Jiménez Ruiz, Eliseo a—Nov. 8, 1912. b—Xiacui, Ixtlán de Juárez, Oaxaca. c—Elementary studies in Xiacui; secondary studies in Oaxaca; cadet at National Military College, 1931–1934, graduated as 2nd infantry lieutenant, Jan. 1, 1935; studies at Applied Military School, 1937; graduated from Higher War College as 2nd captain, 1942–1945; instructor, Higher War College, 1947–1948. d—Federal deputy from State of Oaxaca, Dist. 2, 1964–1967, member of Indigenous Affairs Committee, 1st National Defense Committee; senator from State of Oaxaca, 1976–1977. e—None.

t he b io g ra phies  505

f—Commando chief, Federal Highway Police; assistant director and director of public safety, State of Guerrero; director, Division of Traffic Inspection, Department of the Federal District; interim governor, Oaxaca, Mar. 3, 1977–1980. g—None. h—Worked as agricultural laborer and as miner in Natividad Mine. i—Married Paz Migueles Navarro; brother Fidel was director of public works, State of Oaxaca, 1978; daughter Ana María Jiménez was precandidate for federal deputy from Oaxaca, 1979 j—Career army officer; 2nd lieutenant, 28th Armed Battalion, 1935–1936; commander, machine gun company, 48th Battalion, 1938–1942; 2nd captain, staff of a mechanized brigade; rank of 1st captain, Aug. 1, 1948; rank of major in infantry, Jan. 1, 1951; commander, Light Mechanized Brigade, 1951–1953; rank of lieutenant colonel, 1952; chief of staff, 18th Military Zone, 1960; commander, 20th Infantry Battalion, Tapachula, Chiapas, 1961–1963; military attaché to Guatemala and Honduras, 1968–1971; rank of brigadier general, July 1, 1970; chief of staff, 7th Military Zone, Monterrey, Nuevo León, 1971–1972; commander, 35th Military Zone, Chilpancingo, Guerrero, 1972–1974; commander, 27th Military Zone, Acapulco, Guerrero, 1974–1976; rank of brigade general, 1974. k—Promoted to brigadier general for helping to rescue the Guatemalan foreign secretary from kidnappers; according to government sources, he commanded the forces that rescued Rubén Figueroa from Lucio Cabañas, 1974, but critics claim the government paid the ransom without a military rescue. l—HA, Mar. 14, 1977, 22; C de D, 1964–1967, 79, 81; Enc. Mex., Annual, 1977, 548; Excélsior, Aug. 11, 1978, 4; Excélsior, Nov. 10, 1978, 12; Protag., 178. Jiménez Segura, Javier (Deceased Apr. 1, 1990) a—Nov. 13, 1905. b—Federal District. c—Elementary and secondary studies in public schools of Mexico City; enrolled at National Military College, Feb. 10, 1920, graduating as artillery lieutenant, Dec. 21, 1924, and as military industrial engineer,

Oct. 1, 1925; professor, IPN. d—None. e—None. f—Chief, Proving Sec., Mexican Air Force; chief, Mechanical Laboratories, Military Industry; director, Army Cartridge Factory; inspector of army warehouses and parks; oficial mayor, Military Industry; secretary-general, Military Industry, 1966–1971; director general of war matériel, Secretariat of National Defense, 1971–1973; director general, Military Industry, July 16, 1973–1976, 1976–1982. g—President, National Military College Association; president, College of Military Engineers. h—None. i—Son Javier Jiménez Espirú was assistant secretary of communications, 1982; son Enrique was director general in Secretariat of Industry and Commerce; married Rosa Espirú Herrera; brother Luis, a career army officer. j—Career army officer; rank of 2nd captain, Aug. 1, 1936; officer, 3rd Artillery Regiment; officer, artillery battery, National Military College; rank of captain, Aug. 16, 1941; rank of major, Mar. 16, 1944; rank of lieutenant colonel, Sept. 16, 1946; rank of colonel, Nov. 20, 1950; rank of brigadier general, Nov. 20, 1953; rank of brigade general, Nov. 20, 1965; rank of division general, Nov. 20, 1972. k—None. l—El Día, Dec. 1, 1976, 10; DGF56, 529; Rev. de Ejer., Dec., 1964, 23; Rev. de Ejer., Jan., 1958, 32; Rev. de Ejer., Apr., 1990, 77. Joaquín Coldwell, Pedro a—Aug. 5, 1950. b—Cozumel, Quintana Roo. c—Elementary studies at the Benito Juárez School, Cozumel, 1956–1961; secondary studies at Andrés Quintana Roo School, Cozumel, 1961–1963; preparatory studies at FrancoEspañol Preparatory School, Mexico City, 1963–1965; law degree, Ibero‑American University, 1966–1971; professor, Center of Scientific and Technical Studies, Cozumel. d—Deputy, Constitutional Convention of Quintana Roo, Dist. 6, 1974, president of convention; federal deputy from State of Quintana Roo, Dist. 1, 1979–1980, coordinator of delegation of CNOP deputies, 1980; governor, Quintana Roo, 1981–1987. e—Secretary-general, CEN of PRI, 1994–1995;

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participated in Francisco Labastida’s presidential campaign, 2000. f—Secretarygeneral of government, State of Quintana Roo, 1975–1979, under Governor Jesús Martínez Ross; director general, National Fund for Tourism Development, Secretariat of Tourism, 1988–1990; secretary of tourism, 1990–1993; representative of President Zedillo in negotiations with Zapatistas, 1995–1998; ambassador to Cuba, 1998–2000. g—Secretary of organization, CNOP, 1979– 1980; coordinator of delegation of CNOP deputies to Chamber of Deputies, 1979– 1980. h—None. i—Son of Nassim Joaquín Coldwell Ibarra, influential businessman in Quintana Roo, and Miguelina Coldwell Fernández; married Nahima Amar Dorantes; sister Addy Joaquín Coldwell, senator from Quintana Roo, 2000–2006, as a member of PAN attended Ibero-American University with Emilio Gamboa; close friend of Alfredo del Mazo; Miguel Borge, his protégé. k—Youngest constitutional governor in Mexican political history; first Mexican governor to have graduated from Ibero‑American University and from any major private university. l—DAPC, 1981, 94; C de D, 1979–1982, 14; letter; Excélsior, Oct. 19, 1980, 4A; Excélsior, Aug. 16, 1982, 27A; DBGM89, 186; DBGM92, 196; www.senado .gob.mx, 2003. Joffre Vázquez, Sacramento

(Deceased) a—May 12, 1906. b—San Francisco Cuautlacingo, Puebla. c—Elementary and secondary studies in Ciudad Serdán, Puebla; no degree. d—Local deputy, State Legislature of Puebla, 1939–1942, 1962–1965; mayor, Ciudad Serdán, 1933–1936; alternate federal deputy from State of Puebla, Dist. 8, 1937–1940; federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. 11, 1943–1946; federal deputy from State of Puebla, Dist. 5, 1976–1979, member of Social Action Committee, National Defense Committee, Chontalpa Southeast Zone Sec. of Regional Development Committee, Disaster Zone Sec. of Regional Development Committee, National Properties Committee, Committee

for Civic Programs and Special Acts; federal deputy from State of Puebla, Dist. 14, 1982–1985. e—Delegate of CEN of PRI to all national conventions, 1929–1985; joined PNR, 1929; secretary of agrarian action, CEN of PRM, 1940. f—None. g—Ejido organizer in Puebla, 1922; founder, Union of Agrarian Communities of Ciudad Serdán; secretary, League of Agrarian Communities of Puebla; president, Ejido Directorate of Chalchimomula, Puebla; cofounder, CNC; finance secretary, CNC, 1938–1941, 1976–1979; secretary-general, Old Guard Agraristas. h—Worked as peasant and small businessman. i—Son of Sacramento Joffre García, peasant and ejido organizer, and María de Jesús Vázquez; married Rosario Velázquez; son Oscar Javier Joffre Velázquez was rector of IPN, 1988. j—None. k—Government initiated criminal charges against him and Carlos Madrazo as an attack on the Left, 1944. l—D de C, 1976–1979, 4, 10, 36, 37, 63, 67; Excélsior, Aug. 22, 1976, 29; C de D, 1937–1940; C de D, 1943–1946; Medina, 20, 19; Excélsior, June 4, 1979, 22; Directorio, 1982–1985; Lehr, 391; DBGM89, 186; Lehr, 391; DBGM, 530. Joffre Velázquez, Óscar Javier a—Dec. 6, 1947. b—Ciudad Serdán, Puebla. c—Early education unknown; public accounting degree from IPN, 1966–1969; MA in administration from IPN; professor, IPN, 1969–1970; assistant director, Industrial Technical School No. 12, 1971–1972; assistant director, Industrial Technical School No. 176, 1972–1975; assistant director, IPN, 1975–1980; administrative director, IPN, 1980–1982; secretary of assistance, IPN, 1985–1987; secretary-general, IPN, 1987–1988. d—None. e—Controller general of PRI. f—Auditor, Auditing Division, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1970–1971; director general, National Workers’ Housing Fund; director general, IPN, Secretariat of Public Education, 1988–1994; assistant secretary of education and technical research, 1995–1997. g—None. h—Accountant, La Territorial Insurance, 1965–1967. i—Son of Sacramento

t he b io g ra phies  507

Joffre Vázquez, prominent CNC leader, member of CEN of PRI, and federal deputy, and Rosario Velázquez Ramírez; married Silvia Mastochi Uriza, CPA. j—None. k—None. l—www.ipn.mx/contenida, 2008; Musacchio, 216; DBGM89, 186; Pescador, 168–169. Jones Jones, Jeffrey Max a—Apr. 25, 1958. b—Nuevo Casas Grandes, Chihuahua. c—Early education unknown; international relations degree, Brigham Young University, Salt Lake City, Utah, 1977–1982. d—Federal deputy from State of Chihuahua, Dist. 1, 1997–2000; senator from Chihuahua, 2000– 2006. e—Joined PAN, 1995. f—Assistant secretary of agribusiness development, Secretariat of Agriculture, 2006–2009. g—None. h—Co-owner, Paquimé Packing, 1975; president, Nutrimo, 1985–2009; founder and stockholder, La Escondida Cattle, 1990; founder and stockholder, Siesta Foods, 1997. i—Descendant of Mormon immigrants from U.S.; family founded Colonia Juárez, a prosperous agricultural center near Casas Grandes. j—None. k—None. l—www.nuevacasasgrandes.org.mx, 2008; www.epcc. edu.nwlibrary, 2008; QesQ en el Congreso, 1997–2000, 43; DCM, 2000–2003, 65; QesQ en el Congreso, 2000–2003, 304–305; Musacchio, 216. Jonguitud Barrios, Carlos a—Nov. 4, 1924. b—Coxcotlán, San Luis Potosí. c—Elementary studies at Rafael Platón Sánchez School, Tempoal, Veracruz; secondary studies at Normal School of Ozuloama, Veracruz; teaching certificate from Rural Normal School, Tenería, State of Mexico; preparatory studies at National Preparatory School No. 3; studies in law at National School of Law, UNAM; no degree; elementary school teacher; civics teacher, Toluca, State of Mexico; history teacher, secondary schools and IPN prevocational school; professor of law, Technological Institute of Mexico. d—Alternate federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. 14, 1967–1970; senator from State of San Luis Potosí, 1976–1977; governor, San Luis Potosí, 1979–1985; senator

from State of San Luis Potosí, 1988–1991. e—Secretary of organization, CEN of PRI, 1970; secretary of social action, CEN of PRI, 1976. f—Director general, ISSSTE, 1976–1978. g—Student leader, Rural Normal School, Tenería,; representative of Rural Normal School of Ozuluoma to National Congress of Federation of Socialist Students; secretary-general of the Federation of University Students, UNAM; president, Society of Students, National Preparatory School; auxiliary secretary to secretary of organization, SNTE; press and publicity secretary, Local No. 9, SNTE; private secretary to Manuel Sánchez Vite, 1952–1955; secretary of labor and conflicts, Local No. 15, SNTE; secretary-general, 31st Delegation of Local No. 9, SNTE; auxiliary secretary of labor and conflicts, CEN of SNTE; director general of publishing, CEN of SNTE; secretary-general, SNTE, 1972–1974; president, Congress of Labor. h—Worked in Poza Cercado ejido, Veracruz. i—Political disciple of Manuel Sánchez Vite; longtime admirer of Vicente Lombardo Toledano; father-inlaw of Ramón Martínez Martín, senator; son of Jonguitud Álvarez, cattle rancher, and Modesta Barrios Hernández; married María Guadalupe Rodea García, teacher. j—None. k—Reputedly remained with Luis Echeverría when he and his mentor, Manuel Sánchez Vite, split politically; critics charged he used his Revolutionary Vanguard Group to control all the secretaries-general of the SNTE from 1974 to 1989. l—Excélsior, Dec. 21, 1978, 29; Excélsior, July 15, 1977, 6, 8; Latin America, Dec. 15, 1978, 388; Excélsior, May 17, 1983, 22A; DBGM89, 468; Hurtado, 403; www.senado.gob.mx, 1991–1994. Joublanc Rivas, Luciano José

(Deceased 1959) a—Feb. 21, 1896. b—Veracruz. c—Elementary and preparatory in Mexico City; no degree. d—None. e—None. f—Career Foreign Service officer; joined Foreign Service, 1923; 2nd scribe, Sweden, 1923; 3rd secretary, July 1, 1926; 3rd secretary, in charge, Peru, 1926–1927; 3rd secretary, Guatemala, 1928–1929; 2nd secretary,

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Guatemala, 1929; 2nd secretary, Diplomatic Department, Secretariat of Foreign Relations, 1929–1930; 2nd secretary, Washington, DC, 1930; 1st secretary, Poland, 1934; chargé d’affaires, Poland, 1934–1938; chargé d’affaires, Sweden, 1941–1944; ambassador to Portugal, 1944–1945; ambassador to Poland, 1945–1946; ambassador to USSR, 1946–1948; ambassador to UN Mission, 1956–1957. g—None. h—Author of many works; noted poet; founder and director, El Fifi, San Luis Potosí, 1915; wrote for El Universal Ilustrado. i—Son of Luciano Joublanc and María Magdalena Rivas; married María A. de la Vega; son Luciano Joublanc, chemical engineer; grandson Luciano Joublanc Montaño, ambassador and director general, Secretariat of Foreign Relations, 1988, and ambassador to Russia, 2000; brother Alejandro, diplomat. j—None. k—None. l—Q es Q, 302; letter; DBGM89, 187; www.croni cadediputados.gob.mx, May 21, 1947. Juan López, María de los Mercedes

a—April 22, 1943. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; medical degree from National School of Medicine, UNAM, 1960–1966; specialization in rehabilitation, 1973–1975; professor, Graduate School of Medicine, UNAM, 1981. d—Plurinominal federal deputy from PRI, 1997–2000. e—Joined PRI, 1981. f—None. g—None. h—Private practice physician attached to Colonia Hospital, National Railroads of Mexico, 1966–1973; chief of instruction and rehabilitation, Division of Rehabilitation, Secretariat of Health, 1975– 1979; private practice physician attached to Rehabilitation Service, National Railroads of Mexico, 1976–1980; chief of instruction, Colonia Hospital, National Railroads of Mexico, 1980–1981; technical secretary, Health Cabinet, Office of the Presidency, 1983–1988; assistant secretary of regulation and health development, Secretariat of Health, 1988–1994; secretary, Council on General Health, Secretariat of Health, 2000. i—Daughter of Guillermo Juan Lecona, CPA, and María de Jesús López del Moral,

retailer; married Luis Carlos Herrera Moro, surgeon. j—None. k—None. l—www .cddhcu.gob.mx, 2007; DBGM84, 228; DBGM94, CD; Musacchio, 216–217. Juárez Blancas, Alberto (Deceased Oct. 27, 2005) a—Jan. 1, 1918. b—Cuaula, Calpulalpan, Tlaxcala. c—Completed elementary studies only, Cuaula; attended night school operated by PRM in Tacubaya, Federal District. d—Federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. 12, 1973–1976; senator from Tlaxcala, 1988–1994. e—None. f—None. g—None. h—Waiter, Rivoli Restaurant; employee, Café Olympia, Mexico City. i—Parents were peasants; father, a herdsman and charcoal maker. j—None. k—Cofounder of CROC in the Federal District, 1952; secretary-general, Gastronomical Industry Union; secretary of housing and social security, CROC, 1972; president, CEN of CROC, 1976–1980; secretary-general, CROC, 1980–2004. l—www.eluniversal .com.mx, 2008; Integrantes, 1991–1994; DBGM89, 469; La Jornada, Oct. 28, 2005; www.gentsur.com.mx, Nov. 15, 2005. Juárez Carreño, Raúl a—July 14, 1928. b—Federal District. c—Elementary studies at Emiliano Zapata Public School, Mexico City, 1935–1940; secondary studies at Secondary School No. 1, Mexico City, 1941–1943; preparatory studies at National Preparatory School, 1943–1944; graduated from Heroic Military College as 2nd lieutenant, 1945–1948; engineering degree, National School of Engineering, UNAM, 1950–1954; staff and command diploma, Higher War College, 1954–1957; English courses, Mexico–North American Institute of Cultural Relations, 1959–1961; counterinsurgency course, Fort Bragg, N.C., 1961; information and public relations course, Fort Slocum, N.Y., 1961; psychological warfare course, Fort Bragg, 1965; professor, Higher War College, 1959–1962. d—None. e—None. f—Oficial mayor, Secretariat of National Defense, 1988–1994. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Artemio Juárez Fragoso and Adela Carreño Medina; married Ana

t he b io g ra phies  509

Ofelia Villanueva Hernández. j—Career army officer; joined army as cadet at Heroic Military College, May 1, 1945; attached to 5th Regiment, 2nd Infantry Division, 1948–1949; member, 1st Battalion, 35th Regiment, 12th Infantry Division, 1949–1952; rank of 1st lieutenant, 1950; member, 52nd Infantry Battalion, 1952; rank of 2nd captain, 1955; rank of 1st captain, 1958; member, 2nd Infantry Battalion, Presidential Guards, 1958; rank of major, 1964; chief of instruction, 47th Infantry Battalion, 1964; rank of lieutenant colonel, 1965; member of Sec. 1A, staff, Secretariat of National Defense, 1965–1969; chief of Subsec. 1A, staff, Secretariat of National Defense, 1969–1970; chief of Sec. 1, Secretariat of National Defense, 1970–1972; commander, 4th Infantry Battalion, 1972–1975; rank of colonel, 1972; attached to 15th Military Zone under General Federico Amaya Rodríguez, 1975–1976; rank of brigadier general, 1975; commander, 11th Infantry Battalion, 1976–1977; attached to staff, Secretariat of National Defense, 1977–1979; chief of laws, staff, Secretariat of National Defense, 1979; military attaché, Venezuela, 1979–1981; rank of brigade general, 1979; commander, 6th Military Zone, Saltillo, Coahuila, 1981–1982; group commander, Presidential Guards, 1982–1985; commander, 8th Military Region and 28th Military Zone, Oaxaca, Oaxaca, 1985–1987; commander of the 12th Military Zone, San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, 1987–1988. k—None. l—Rev. de Ejer., Dec., 1988, 15–16; DBGM92, 197–198. Juárez Carro, Vicente a—June 24, 1924. b—Panotla, Tlaxcala. c—Elementary and secondary studies in Puebla; preparatory studies at National Preparatory School; law degree, National School of Law, UNAM. d—Senator from State of Tlaxcala, 1970– 1976, member of Gran Comisión, president of Military Justice Committee and National Lands Committee, 2nd secretary of 1st Justice Committee, member of 4th Sec. of Legislative Studies Committee; mayor, Tlaxcala, Tlaxcala, 1989–1992. e—Joined PRM,

1950; director, CEPES of PRI, Tlaxcala, 1962–1964; director of PRI magazine Justicia Social, 1956–1957; president, Assembly of the National Council of PRI, 1957. f—Public defender, 1954–1956; judge, Mixed Court of Appeals, Tlaxcala, 1957; public defender, Federal Jurisdiction, Tlaxcala, 1957–1959; consulting lawyer, City Council of Tlaxcala, 1958–1961. g—Secretary-general, College of Lawyers of Tlaxcala; secretary-general, CNOP, Tlaxcala, 1957; CNOP delegate, 1957. h—Employee, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1946–1953. i—Brother Raúl Juárez Carro, alternate senator from Tlaxcala, 1958–1964. j—None. k—None. l—C de S, 1970–1976, 77; PS, 3155. Juárez Cisneros, René a—June 8, 1956. b—Acapulco, Guerrero. c—Elementary studies at Benito Juárez School, La Garita, Acapulco; secondary studies at Secondary Night School for Workers No. 1, Acapulco; preparatory studies at Preparatory School No. 2, University of Guerrero; degree in economics, University of Guerrero, 1975–1980. d—Mayor, Acapulco, 1990–1993; federal deputy from State of Guerrero, Dist. 7, 1994–1997; governor, Guerrero, 1999–2005. e—Joined PRI, 1973; president of PRI, Guerrero, 1996–1997. f—Program analyst, Secretariat of Programming and Budget, 1978–1979; director, Rehabilitation Program, Secretariat of Programming and Budget, 1979–1981; coordinator, COPLADE, Guerrero, 1981–1985; secretary of planning and budget, Guerrero, 1985–1989; secretary of planning, Guerrero, 1993–1994; coordinator, Solidarity, Guerrero, 1993–1994; coordinator, Progresa, Guerrero, 1997–1998. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Ricardo Juárez Rojo, retailer and federal employee, and María del Carmen Cisneros López; first wife, Esperanza Albarrán Santillán, economist; married Mirna Sara Acevedo Vargas. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM89, 700; www .cddhcu.gob.mx, 1994; Musacchio, 217; www.es.wikipedia, 2008; DBGM94, CD. Juárez Loera, Jorge a—May 8, 1946. c—Preparatory studies, Heroic Military

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College, 1963–1966; graduated from Applied Military School in cavalry; staff and command, Higher War College; MA in national security, National Defense College; professor, Applied Military School in cavalry; professor, Higher War College. d—None. e—None. f—Assistant military attaché, Mexican embassy, Guatemala; oficial mayor of national defense, 2009– . g—None. h—None. j—Career army officer; joined army as cadet, Jan. 23, 1963; officer, 16th Cavalry Regiment, Coahuila, 15th cavalry Regiment, Guanajuato, 10th Cavalry Regiment, Chihuahua; commander, 21st Motorized Cavalry Regiment, Nuevo León; executive officer and commander, Commando Group, 16th Infantry, Rural Defenses, Chiapas; commander, 27th Mechanized Regiment, State of Mexico; commander, 1st Armed Reconnaissance Regiment, State of Mexico; adjutant, Secretary of National Defense; sec. chief, staff, 2nd Military Zone, Baja California; sec. chief, staff, 26th Military Zone, Veracruz; assistant chief of staff, 31st Military Zone, Chiapas; chief of staff, 4th Military zone, Sonora; sec. chief, Division of Physical Education and Sports; commander, 14th Military Zone, Aguascalientes; commander, 17th Military Zone, Querétaro; commander, 26th Military Zone, Veracruz; commander, 9th Military Region, Coahuila; inspector general of the army and air force; director general of armored units; staff director, Center for Coordination of Public Security. k—None. l—www.sedena.gob.mx, 2010; letter. Junco (Voigt), Alfonso (Deceased Oct. 13, 1974) a—Feb. 25, 1896. b—Monterrey, Nuevo León. c—Elementary and secondary studies at Institute of the Sacred Heart, Monterrey; technical studies in accounting. d—None. e—Cofounder, PAN, 1939; candidate for senator from PAN, 1946. f—None. g—None. h—Weekly contributor to El Universal, 1928; weekly contributor to Excélsior, 1926–1928; editorial writer for El Nacional, 1918–1944; poet and author of numerous works; general accountant, Veracruz

Industrial Company; practicing accountant until 1954, when he retired to conduct fulltime research; director of Abside, 1955–1974. i—Son of Celedonio Junco de la Vega, noted poet and playwright, and Elisa Voigt; brother Humberto was mayor of Garza García, Nuevo León, 1964–1966, national adviser to PAN, 1965–1971, and employee of Monterrey Group; brother Rodolfo was director of El Sol newspaper in Monterrey; married Mercedes Palacio; close friend of Efraín González Luna. j—None. k—PAN candidate for federal deputy numerous times. l—Lemus, 38; López, 563; WWM45, 61; Carreño, 357–358; WNM, 122; WWM40, 259; Enc. Mex., 7, 543; Velázquez, 141–142; DBM66, 362–363. Jusidman (Rapoport), Clara a—Aug. 15, 1942. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; economics studies National School of Economics, 1960–1964, graduating Sept. 8, 1975; researcher, Center for Economic and Demographic Studies, Colegio de México, 1965–1971; completed AID research course on surveys, 1975. d—None. e—None. f—Researcher, Bank of Mexico; technical adviser to director of census, 1969–1970; general coordinator, National Home Survey, Secretariat of Government, 1972–1975; technical director, National Minimum Wage Committee, Secretariat of Labor, 1975–1976; director general of employment, Secretariat of Labor, 1975–1982; director general, Research Center for Rural Development, Secretariat of Programming and Budget, 1983–1984; director general, National Consumer Institute, 1984–1988; assistant secretary of fishing, 1988–1991; executive director, federal voter registration, 1996–1997; secretary of social development, Federal District, 1997–2000; adviser, Federal District Human Rights Commission, 2004. g—Member, San Ángel Group; president, National Agreement for Democracy. h—President, Board of Directors, Este País, 1994–1997. i—Daughter of Israel Jusidman Socias, industrialist, and Bertha Rapoport Bakaleinik; married

t he b io g ra phies  511

David Bialostoxky Krecherska, surgeon and director of Nuclear Cardiology Department, UNAM, and president of Hacia una Cultura Democrática. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM89, 188; DBGM84, 229; www .cdhdf.org.mx, 2007; DBGM87, 195; Musacchio, 217–218.

K Karam Toumeh, Daniel a—Mar. 15, 1973. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; economics degree from ITAM, with thesis on political economic cycles, the case of Mexico; MA studies at John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University. d—None. e—None. f—Adviser to director general of treasury planning, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1996–1998; director of health and social security projects, Transition Team, Vicente Fox, 2000; coordinator of advisers, Division of Incorporation and Taxation, Tax Division, IMSS, 2002–2003; coordinator of fiscal policy, IMSS, 2004– 2006; adviser to president of Mexico, 2006; finance director, IMSS, 2006–2007; National Commission for the Social Protection of Health, 2006; director general, IMSS, 2009– . g—None. h—None. j—None. k—None. l—www.eluniversal.com, Mar. 3, 2009; www .presidencia.gob.mx, 2010. Kehoe Vincent, Heriberto (Deceased 1977) a—Sept. 14, 1931. b—Tampico, Tamaulipas. c—Completed elementary studies; 2 years of secondary; no degree. d—Federal deputy from State of Veracruz, Dist. 3, 1967–1970. e—Member of PRI. f—PEMEX employee. g—Many union positions, STPRM; secretary-general, STPRM, 1977. i—Married María del Carmen Amezcua. j—None. k—Murdered. l—C de D, 1967–1970. Kessel Martínez, Georgina a—Sept. 2, 1950. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; economics degree, ITAM, 1975–1979; MA in arts, Columbia University, New York, 1980–1981; MA in

philosophy, Columbia University, 1981–1983; PhD in economics, Columbia University, 1989; professor of economics, ITAM, 1985– 1994; chair, Economics Department, ITAM, 1994. d—None. e—Independent. f—Assistant department director, Credit Division, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1979–1980; adviser, Secretariat of Energy, 1983–1984; adviser to assistant director of economic analysis, PEMEX, 1985–1987; adviser, Deregulation Unit, Secretariat of Trade and Industry, 1989–1993; director general of sectoral analysis, Secretariat of Energy, 1993–1994; president, Energy Regulatory Commission, Secretariat of Energy, 1994; director, Investment Division, Secretariat of the Treasury, 2002; director, Mexican Mint, 2002–2006; secretary of energy, 2006– . g—None. h—None. i—Daughter of Georges Kessel Ziarpam and María Luisa Martínez Aualg. j—None. k—None. l—DdeY, Nov. 21, 2006; www.energia.gob.mx, 2007; DBGM93, 57. Kiehnie (Mutzenbecher), Bruno Alfredo

a—April 19, 1958. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; business administration degree, School of Accounting and Administration, UNAM, 1976–1980; diploma in political science, Graduate Institute, Pforzheim, Germany, 1980–1981; administrator, School of Accounting and Administration, UNAM, 1976–1980. d—None. e—Joined PRI, 1975; private secretary to director general of IEPES of CEN of PRI, Carlos Salinas de Gortari, 1981–1982; assistant finance secretary, CEN of PRI, 1987–1988. f—Analyst, INFONAVIT, 1976–1977; adviser, Secretariat of Agrarian Reform, 1977–1978; adviser, Secretariat of Commerce, 1978–1979; private secretary, Construction Committee, Secretariat of Health, 1980–1981; assistant controller general, Secretariat of Health, 1981; private secretary to secretary of programming and budgeting, Secretariat of Programming and Budget, 1982–1987; technical secretary, Internal Group, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1989–1990; oficial mayor of tourism,

t he b io g ra phies  511

David Bialostoxky Krecherska, surgeon and director of Nuclear Cardiology Department, UNAM, and president of Hacia una Cultura Democrática. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM89, 188; DBGM84, 229; www .cdhdf.org.mx, 2007; DBGM87, 195; Musacchio, 217–218.

K Karam Toumeh, Daniel a—Mar. 15, 1973. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; economics degree from ITAM, with thesis on political economic cycles, the case of Mexico; MA studies at John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University. d—None. e—None. f—Adviser to director general of treasury planning, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1996–1998; director of health and social security projects, Transition Team, Vicente Fox, 2000; coordinator of advisers, Division of Incorporation and Taxation, Tax Division, IMSS, 2002–2003; coordinator of fiscal policy, IMSS, 2004– 2006; adviser to president of Mexico, 2006; finance director, IMSS, 2006–2007; National Commission for the Social Protection of Health, 2006; director general, IMSS, 2009– . g—None. h—None. j—None. k—None. l—www.eluniversal.com, Mar. 3, 2009; www .presidencia.gob.mx, 2010. Kehoe Vincent, Heriberto (Deceased 1977) a—Sept. 14, 1931. b—Tampico, Tamaulipas. c—Completed elementary studies; 2 years of secondary; no degree. d—Federal deputy from State of Veracruz, Dist. 3, 1967–1970. e—Member of PRI. f—PEMEX employee. g—Many union positions, STPRM; secretary-general, STPRM, 1977. i—Married María del Carmen Amezcua. j—None. k—Murdered. l—C de D, 1967–1970. Kessel Martínez, Georgina a—Sept. 2, 1950. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; economics degree, ITAM, 1975–1979; MA in arts, Columbia University, New York, 1980–1981; MA in

philosophy, Columbia University, 1981–1983; PhD in economics, Columbia University, 1989; professor of economics, ITAM, 1985– 1994; chair, Economics Department, ITAM, 1994. d—None. e—Independent. f—Assistant department director, Credit Division, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1979–1980; adviser, Secretariat of Energy, 1983–1984; adviser to assistant director of economic analysis, PEMEX, 1985–1987; adviser, Deregulation Unit, Secretariat of Trade and Industry, 1989–1993; director general of sectoral analysis, Secretariat of Energy, 1993–1994; president, Energy Regulatory Commission, Secretariat of Energy, 1994; director, Investment Division, Secretariat of the Treasury, 2002; director, Mexican Mint, 2002–2006; secretary of energy, 2006– . g—None. h—None. i—Daughter of Georges Kessel Ziarpam and María Luisa Martínez Aualg. j—None. k—None. l—DdeY, Nov. 21, 2006; www.energia.gob.mx, 2007; DBGM93, 57. Kiehnie (Mutzenbecher), Bruno Alfredo

a—April 19, 1958. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; business administration degree, School of Accounting and Administration, UNAM, 1976–1980; diploma in political science, Graduate Institute, Pforzheim, Germany, 1980–1981; administrator, School of Accounting and Administration, UNAM, 1976–1980. d—None. e—Joined PRI, 1975; private secretary to director general of IEPES of CEN of PRI, Carlos Salinas de Gortari, 1981–1982; assistant finance secretary, CEN of PRI, 1987–1988. f—Analyst, INFONAVIT, 1976–1977; adviser, Secretariat of Agrarian Reform, 1977–1978; adviser, Secretariat of Commerce, 1978–1979; private secretary, Construction Committee, Secretariat of Health, 1980–1981; assistant controller general, Secretariat of Health, 1981; private secretary to secretary of programming and budgeting, Secretariat of Programming and Budget, 1982–1987; technical secretary, Internal Group, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1989–1990; oficial mayor of tourism,

512  m e xic a n p oli t i c a l b i o g ra ph i e s , 1935–20 0 9

1990–1991; assistant secretary of promotion and development, Secretariat of Tourism, June 7, 1991–1994. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Constantine Kiehnie Nanne, public accountant, and Imelda Mutzenbecher Zúñiga; married Ana María Garza Vargas; uncle Federico Mutzenbecher, hydraulic engineer in Tacubaya, Federal District. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM92, 199; DBGM87, 197; Musacchio, 219; www.foros .gob.mx, May 17, 2002. Kumate Rodríguez, Jesús a—Nov. 12, 1924. b—Mazatlán, Sinaloa. c—Elementary studies in Public Schools Nos. 1 and 5, Mazatlán, 1930–1935; secondary and preparatory studies, Preparatory School of Mazatlán, 1935–1940, on scholarship; medical degree from Military Medical School, 1941–1946; intern, Central Military Hospital, 1947–1948; PhD in biochemistry, IPN, 1948–1950, 1961–1963; professor, Military Medical School, 1948–1954; professor, National School of Medicine, 1955– ; professor of immunology, School of Biological Sciences, UNAM, 1964– ; academic staff, full-time researcher, Children’s Hospital, Mexico City, 1953–1966; Fellow, Boston University, 1981. d—None. e—None. f—Coordinator, National Institutes of Health, Secretary of Health, 1983–1985; assistant secretary of health, 1985–1988; secretary of health, 1988–1994; president, Executive Council, World Health Organization, 1995. g—Member, National College, 1974– . h—Coordinator of research, Children’s Hospital, Mexico City, 1961–1979; director, Children’s Hospital, Mexico City, 1979–1980. i—Son of Efrén Kumate, Japanese businessman who became a citizen, 1920, and Josefina Rodríguez, rural school teacher; married Bertha Guerra Rovelo; father died in 1936, and Kumate had to attend Military Medical School for financial reasons. j—Graduated with rank of major, Military Medical School, 1946. k—None. l—QesQAP, 342; DBGM87, 198; DBGM89, 189; Líderes, VII, 1995, 113–119; Colegio Nacional, 1974, 265–267.

Kuri Breña (Gordoa), Daniel (Deceased Jan. 3, 1989) a—Feb. 12, 1910. b—Zacatecas, Zacatecas. c—Preparatory studies at National Preparatory School; law degree, National School of Law, UNAM, 1939, with a thesis on the essence of law and juridical values; professor of the philosophy of law, National School of Law, UNAM, 1944–1947; professor of economic theory and history of economic ideas, National School of Economics, UNAM, 1944–1947; first rector of ITAM, 1946. d—None. e—Supported José Vasconcelos’ campaign for president, 1929; cofounder and member, CEN of PAN, 1939–1949; national adviser, PAN, 1944–1949, 1953–1959; member, Regional Council of PAN, Federal District, 1942– 1943. f—Mexican representative, to World Bank and IMF, 1942; adviser to secretary of government properties, 1960–1965; legal adviser, CONACYT, 1970–1976. g—President, National Federation of Students, 1932–1935; cofounder, National Federation of Catholic Students of Mexico, 1926; president, National Union of Catholic Students, 1936–1938; representative of Mexican Association of Bankers, 1942; representative of CONCAMIN in Switzerland, 1948–1950. h—Director, Legal Department, Mining and Mercantile Credit Bank, 1950–1955; manager, Industrial Bank, 1948; author of many books and contemporary Catholic philosopher. i—Son of Antonio Kuri, of Syrian origin, and Juana Breña Gordoa; married to Cristina Romero de Terreros y de Garay; Catholic student leader with Manuel Ulloa Ortiz and Carlos Septién García, comembers of CEN of PAN, 1939. j—None. k—None. l—López, 569; Mabry, 21; DP95, 1938; Pérez Franco, 197–198.

L Labastida (Muñoz), Horacio (Deceased 2004) a—1918. b—Puebla, Puebla. c—Early education unknown; law degree from University of Puebla, 1942; special studies at

512  m e xic a n p oli t i c a l b i o g ra ph i e s , 1935–20 0 9

1990–1991; assistant secretary of promotion and development, Secretariat of Tourism, June 7, 1991–1994. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Constantine Kiehnie Nanne, public accountant, and Imelda Mutzenbecher Zúñiga; married Ana María Garza Vargas; uncle Federico Mutzenbecher, hydraulic engineer in Tacubaya, Federal District. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM92, 199; DBGM87, 197; Musacchio, 219; www.foros .gob.mx, May 17, 2002. Kumate Rodríguez, Jesús a—Nov. 12, 1924. b—Mazatlán, Sinaloa. c—Elementary studies in Public Schools Nos. 1 and 5, Mazatlán, 1930–1935; secondary and preparatory studies, Preparatory School of Mazatlán, 1935–1940, on scholarship; medical degree from Military Medical School, 1941–1946; intern, Central Military Hospital, 1947–1948; PhD in biochemistry, IPN, 1948–1950, 1961–1963; professor, Military Medical School, 1948–1954; professor, National School of Medicine, 1955– ; professor of immunology, School of Biological Sciences, UNAM, 1964– ; academic staff, full-time researcher, Children’s Hospital, Mexico City, 1953–1966; Fellow, Boston University, 1981. d—None. e—None. f—Coordinator, National Institutes of Health, Secretary of Health, 1983–1985; assistant secretary of health, 1985–1988; secretary of health, 1988–1994; president, Executive Council, World Health Organization, 1995. g—Member, National College, 1974– . h—Coordinator of research, Children’s Hospital, Mexico City, 1961–1979; director, Children’s Hospital, Mexico City, 1979–1980. i—Son of Efrén Kumate, Japanese businessman who became a citizen, 1920, and Josefina Rodríguez, rural school teacher; married Bertha Guerra Rovelo; father died in 1936, and Kumate had to attend Military Medical School for financial reasons. j—Graduated with rank of major, Military Medical School, 1946. k—None. l—QesQAP, 342; DBGM87, 198; DBGM89, 189; Líderes, VII, 1995, 113–119; Colegio Nacional, 1974, 265–267.

Kuri Breña (Gordoa), Daniel (Deceased Jan. 3, 1989) a—Feb. 12, 1910. b—Zacatecas, Zacatecas. c—Preparatory studies at National Preparatory School; law degree, National School of Law, UNAM, 1939, with a thesis on the essence of law and juridical values; professor of the philosophy of law, National School of Law, UNAM, 1944–1947; professor of economic theory and history of economic ideas, National School of Economics, UNAM, 1944–1947; first rector of ITAM, 1946. d—None. e—Supported José Vasconcelos’ campaign for president, 1929; cofounder and member, CEN of PAN, 1939–1949; national adviser, PAN, 1944–1949, 1953–1959; member, Regional Council of PAN, Federal District, 1942– 1943. f—Mexican representative, to World Bank and IMF, 1942; adviser to secretary of government properties, 1960–1965; legal adviser, CONACYT, 1970–1976. g—President, National Federation of Students, 1932–1935; cofounder, National Federation of Catholic Students of Mexico, 1926; president, National Union of Catholic Students, 1936–1938; representative of Mexican Association of Bankers, 1942; representative of CONCAMIN in Switzerland, 1948–1950. h—Director, Legal Department, Mining and Mercantile Credit Bank, 1950–1955; manager, Industrial Bank, 1948; author of many books and contemporary Catholic philosopher. i—Son of Antonio Kuri, of Syrian origin, and Juana Breña Gordoa; married to Cristina Romero de Terreros y de Garay; Catholic student leader with Manuel Ulloa Ortiz and Carlos Septién García, comembers of CEN of PAN, 1939. j—None. k—None. l—López, 569; Mabry, 21; DP95, 1938; Pérez Franco, 197–198.

L Labastida (Muñoz), Horacio (Deceased 2004) a—1918. b—Puebla, Puebla. c—Early education unknown; law degree from University of Puebla, 1942; special studies at

t he b io g ra phies  513

School of Philosophy and Letters, UNAM, 1952–1954; graduate studies at University of California, Berkeley, 1963; director, Preparatory School, University of Puebla, 1945; rector, University of Puebla, 1946–1950; adviser to rector of UNAM, 1951; founding professor of history of sociology course, School of Political and Social Sciences, UNAM, 1954; professor, National Preparatory School, 1951–1955; professor, Free Law School, 1951–1955; professor, ITAM, Mexico City, 1951–1955. d—Federal deputy from State of Puebla, Dist. 9, 1973–1976; senator from State of Puebla, 1976–1979; plurinominal federal deputy from PRI, 1988– 1991. e—Director, IEPES of CEN of PRI, 1972–1975. f—Director of cultural diffusion, UNAM, 1952; director of scholarly services, UNAM, 1953; director of social services, UNAM, 1954; secretary, District Court, Puebla; local judge, Puebla; judge, Superior Tribunal of Justice, State of Puebla; director of information, Secretariat of Public Works, 1959–1963; director of information, Secretariat of Communications, 1966–1970; director of planning, Secretariat of Agrarian Reform, 1970–1972; ambassador to Nicaragua, 1979–1982. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Roberto Labastida Meza, lawyer and interim governor of Puebla, 1921–1922, and María Muñoz Enciso; married María Almedaro. j—None. k—None. l—HA, Mar. 5, 1979, I; Enc. Mex., VII, 568; DPE, 1961, 86; DPE, 1965, 110; WNM, 124; Excélsior, Aug. 7, 1979, 1. Labastida Ochoa, Francisco a—Aug. 14, 1942. b—Los Mochis, Sinaloa. c—Elementary studies at Public School No. 4, Los Mochis; secondary studies at Public School No. 2, Los Mochis; preparatory studies at Latin American Military School, Mexico City, and completed at Colegio Madrid, Mexico City; economics degree from National School of Economics, UNAM, 1964, with thesis titled “Tax Policy in Underdeveloped Countries”; postgraduate work in evaluation of education projects and planning at CEPAL, Santiago, Chile;

professor, UNAM; professor for PRI. d—Governor, Sinaloa, 1986–1992. e—Joined PRI, 1960; general coordinator of projects, assistant director of planning, IEPES of PRI, 1975–1976. f—Analyst, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1962; chief, Income Sec., Department of Regional Tax Studies, Financial Studies Division, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1965; economic researcher, Federal Institute of Teacher Education, Secretariat of Public Education, 1965–1966; director, Office of Truck Transportation, Division of Taxes, Secretariat of Communications and Transportation, 1966–1967; chief, Department of Social Welfare, Division of Public Investment, Office of the Presidency, 1968–1972; assistant director, Division of Public Investment, Office of the Presidency, 1972–1975; director general of fiscal development, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1976–1979; assistant secretary of programming, Secretariat of Planning and Budgeting, 1979–1982; secretary of government properties, 1982–1986; ambassador to Portugal, 1993–1994; secretary of government, 1998–1999. g—None. h—None. i—School companion and friend of Andrés de Otezya; original political disciple of Fernando Hiriart Balderrama, grandson of Francisco Labastida Izquierdo, interim governor of Jalisco, 1920; greatgrandson of General Francisco Labastida Bravo, who fought for the Liberals with Benito Juárez; maternal grandfather, Zacarías Ochoa, owned El Águila Mill, Los Mochis, 1903; maternal great-uncle General José María Ochoa fought with Villa in the Northwest Division, Constitutional Army; son of Eduardo Labastida Kofhal, surgeon, and Gloria Ochoa Sánchez; married Rosa Elena Gómez de la Torre Philip; second wife, María Teresa Uriarte Castañeda, prominent historian. j—None. k—None. l—Excélsior, Dec. 1, 1982, 34a; HA, Dec. 13, 1982, 12–13; Informe, 53–54; Hurtado, 309; Proceso, July 20, 1987, 10; DBGM, 230; Cien Nombres, 198–200. Laborín Gómez, Mario Martín a—Feb. 8, 1952. b—Hermosillo, Sonora. c—Early

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education unknown; public accounting degree, ITESM; studies toward MA in business administration, ITESM, 1974; professor of accounting, ITESM, 1974–1977; member, Board of Directors, ITESM; member, Committee on World Financial Systems, Harvard University. d—None. e—None. f—Director general, NAFIN, 2000–2006; director general, NAFIN and National Bank of Foreign Trade, 2006–2009. g—None. h—Corporate finance director, FEMSA, 1978–1984; division director, Somex Bank, 1984–1986; cofounder and director general, Grupo Vector, 1986–1990; director general, Affiliated Enterprises, FEMSA, 1990–1991; director general, Bancomer, 1991–2000; corporate director general, BBVA Bancomer, 2000; member, Board of Directors, TV Azteca, Cervecería Cuauhtémoc, and Transportes Marítimos Mexicanos. i—Brother-in-law of Eduardo Robinson-Bours, governor of Sonora. j—None. k—Founder, first derivatives market in Mexico. l—www.cddhcu.gob .mx, 2008; Musacchio, 221; www.fox.presi dencia.gob.mx, 2008; www.bancomext.gob .mx, 2008; www.uamcav.vat.edu.mx, 2008. Labra (García), Wenceslao (Deceased Dec. 10, 1974) a—Sept. 28, 1895. b—Zumpango, State of Mexico. c—Attended Military Preparatory Academy; graduate of National Military College as 2nd cavalry lieutenant, Mar. 10, 1913. d—Local deputy, State Legislature of Mexico; federal deputy from State of Mexico, Dist. 14, 1922–1924, 1914–1926; federal deputy from State of Mexico, Dist. 2, 1926–1928; federal deputy from the State of Mexico, Dist. 7, 1928–1930; senator from State of Mexico, 1934–1937; governor, State of Mexico, 1937–1941. e—Cofounder, PNR, 1929; secretary of organization and statistics, CEN of PRI, 1936–1937. f—Director, National Lottery. g—A founder of National Farmers’ Confederation, 1938; considered as a candidate for secretary-general of CNC, 1941. i—Father-in-law, Froylán C. Manjárrez (father of second wife), deputy to 1916–1917 Constitutional Convention; brother-in-law of Luis C. Manjárrez, senator

from Puebla; son‑in‑law of Filiberto Gómez (father of first wife), prominent politician in State of Mexico; married Rita Gómez Hernández; second wife, María Cristina Manjárrez; son Armando Labra Manjárrez, assistant secretary of government. j—Joined the Revolution; 2nd cavalry lieutenant, 27th Irregular Regiment, 1913; rank of colonel, 1940. k—Brandenburg places Labra in Inner Circle status as governor of State of Mexico; supported Miguel Henríquez Guzmán for president, 1951. l—Brandenburg, 80; Peral, 426–427; Hoy, Dec. 21, 1940, 64–65; Hoy, Jan. 13, 1940, 8–9, 60–61; González Navarro, 168; Excélsior, Feb. 27, 1933, 11; Hernández Chávez, 22; DP95, 1942; letters. Labra Manjárrez, Armando (Deceased Apr. 5, 2006) a—May 9, 1943. b—Zumpango, State of Mexico. c—Early education unknown; economics degree, National School of Economics, UNAM, Dec. 9, 1966; postgraduate studies at University of California, Berkeley; professor, National School of Economics, UNAM, 1967–1979; technical secretary, Planning Committee, UNAM, 2001–2006. d—Federal deputy from State of Mexico, Dist. 8, 1976–1979. e—Member of PRI; original supporter of Democratic Current in PRI, 1988; resigned from PRI, 1994. f—Financial director, Sahagún Industrial Complex, 1975–1976; assistant finance director, Sicartsa, 1977–1978; director of planning, Secretariat of Commerce, 1979–1981; director of employment, State of Mexico, 1986; coordinator of advisers of governor of Oaxaca, 1987, 1997; coordinator of advisers of secretary of government, 1999; assistant secretary of political development, Secretariat of Government, 2000. g—President, National College of Economists, 1977–1979. h—Director general, Isthmus Exploration Co., 1973–1975; president, Board of Directors, Terranova Publishers, 1980–1982; president and director general, Mexican Organization of Analysis and Administration, 1982–1983. i—Son of Wenceslao Labra García, governor of Mexico, 1937–1941, and María Cristina Manjárrez; maternal grandfather, Froylán

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C. Manjárrez, deputy to 1916–1917 Constitutional Convention; uncle Luis C. Manjárrez, senator from Puebla; close friend of Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas; married María Elena Cordero. j—None. k—None. l—www.jornada .unam.mx, Apr. 6, 2006; Musacchio, 222; CdeD, 1976–1979. Laguna (García), José a—Feb. 28, 1921. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; medical degree from National School of Medicine, UNAM, with thesis titled “Medical Health Report on Social Service in San Blas, Nayarit,” 1937–1943; resident, General Hospital, Mexico City, 1943–1944; advanced studies, Harvard University, 1948; advanced studies, Rowell Animal Nutrition Institute, Aberdeen, Scotland, 1950; professor, National School of Medicine, UNAM, 1944–1970; director, Biochemistry Department, School of Medicine, UNAM; dean, National School of Medicine, UNAM, 1971–1975; director of technological education, University Center for Health. d—None. e—None. f—Researcher, Institute of Health and Tropical Medicine, Secretariat of Health, 1944–1946; adviser in gastroenterology, National Institute of Cardiology, 1944–1947; director of biochemistry labs, Nutritional Illnesses Hospital, 1951–1954; director, Multinational Biochemistry Project, OAS, 1970–1972; assistant secretary of planning, Secretariat of Health, 1977–1980; adviser to coordinator of health services, Office of the Presidency, 1981–1982; assistant secretary of assistance, Secretariat of Health, 1982–1985. g—None. h—Director of labs, biochemistry, Bhering Institute, Mexico City, 1952–1960. i—Professor of many prominent political leaders who were medical students; son of Pedro Laguna González, businessman, and Clementina García Clerge; married Julieta Calderón, surgeon; son Javier, professor at UNAM and director general of health, Federal District. j—None. k—None. l—Q es QAP, 332; Protag., 185; letters; DBGM, 231. Lajous Martínez, Adrián René

(Deceased 2000) a—Jan. 24, 1920. b—Bue-

nos Aires, Arg. c—Early education unknown; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, 1949; postgraduate work in economics at New York University, 1956. d—None. e—None. f—Representative, National Bank of Foreign Trade, New York City, 1954–1956; counselor, Mexican embassy, Washington, DC; Mexican government representative to international sugar negotiations, 1965–1973; executive director, World Bank, Washington, DC, 1970–1972; director, Fund for Industrial Development, 1974–1976; director general, Mexican Institute of Foreign Trade, 1976–1979; director general, National Bank of Foreign Trade, 1979–1982. g—Manager, Inter‑American Cotton Federation, 1959–1963; president, International Sugar Council. h—Manager, Radio Programs of Mexico, SA; various positions, National Bank of Foreign Trade, 1953–1958; director, Legal Department and Credit Department, National Savings Bank, 1950–1952; member, International Coffee Organization, London, 1963–1964; manager, Export Department, National Sugar Growers’ Association, 1965– 1967; writer, Excélsior, 1982–2000. i—Son of Adrián René Lajous Nelson, engineer and vice president of Ford Motor Co. in Mexico, and Evangelina Martínez Martínez; married María de la Luz Vargas Burgos, daughter of Plácido Vargas Páez, an accountant; son Adrián appointed assistant director of production of PEMEX, 1982, and married Soledad Loaeza, distinguished academic and intellectual; daughter Luz Lajous Vargas served as federal deputy from Federal District, 1982–1985, and is married to Ignacio Madrazo Reynoso, assistant secretary in Secretariat of the Treasury, 1982; daughter Roberta Lajous Vargas served as director general of northern affairs, Secretariat of Foreign Relations, 1982, and is married to Fernando Solana Morales, secretary of foreign relations, 1993; daughter Alejandra was official historian of the Office of the Presidency, 1982–1988. j—None. k—Resigned from National Bank of Foreign Trade, Sept.

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2, 1982, because he disagreed with nationalization of the banks. l—Letter; Linajes, 276–277; Excélsior, May 5, 1979; Protag., 185–186; Q es QAP, 58. Lajous Vargas, Adrián a—Dec. 14, 1943. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; economics studies, National School of Economics, UNAM, 1962–1967, graduating Oct. 9, 1967; MA in economics, Kings College, Cambridge University, 1967– 1969, with thesis titled “Higher Education and Economic Development of Mexico”; coordinator of MA program in economics, Colegio de México, 1971–1973; adviser, Division of Humanities and Social Studies, UNAM, 1978; research professor, Colegio de México, 1971–1977; professor, National School of Economics, UNAM, 1972; Fellow, Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University, 2003; president, Oxford Institute for Energy Studies, 2003. d—None. e—Joined PRI, 1977. f—Adviser, Secretariat of Government Properties, 1977; director of industrial investment, Secretariat of Government Properties, 1977–1980; director general of energy, Secretariat of Government Properties, 1980–1982; executive coordinator of international trade, PEMEX, 1982–1988; assistant director of planning and coordination, PEMEX, 1988–1994; director general of PEMEX, 1994–1999. g—None. h—Senior energy adviser, McKinsey Co. and Morgan Stanley, 2003. i—Son of Adrián Lajous Martínez, director general of Foreign Trade Bank, and Luz Vargas Burgos; brother-in-law of Soledad Loaeza Tovar, leading intellectual and academic at Colegio de México; brother-in-law of Enrique Loaeza, director general of Aeroméxico; brother-in-law of Fernando Solana Morales, secretary of foreign relations, 1988– 1994; brother of Luz Lajous Vargas, federal deputy, 1988–1991; brother of Alejandra Lajous Vargas, chronicler of presidency of Mexico; brother-in-law of Ignacio Madrazo Reynoso, assistant secretary of tax investigation, 1982. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM92, 200; Musacchio, 222.

Lajous Vargas, Luz a—Nov. 19, 1945. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; actuary degree, UNAM, 1963–1968, with thesis on Mexican pension plans; postgraduate work at Institute of Higher Studies of Monterrey, London School of Economics, and Sorbonne; Fellow, Weatherhead Center, Harvard University, 1999–2000. d—Federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. 32, 1982–1985, president of Department of the Federal District Committee; plurinominal federal deputy from PRI, 1988–1991; alternate senator from Federal District under Porfirio Muñoz Ledo, 1988–1994, from PRD; senator from Federal District, 1994–1997. e—Joined CNOP of PRI, 1975; executive secretary, IEPES of PRI, 1981–1982; assistant secretary of organization, CEN of PRI, 1981–1982; assistant secretary, IEPES of PRI, 1985–1987. f—Adviser to Advisory Group of Secretariat of Planning and Budget; general coordinator of management control, Secretariat of Planning and Budget, 1979–1981. g—Oficial mayor, CNOP, 1985. h—Assistant actuary, La Comercial Insurance Co., 1967–1969; pension actuary, Phillips and Assoc., 1971–1973; consultant, McKinsey and Co., 1973–1977; founder and director, Russell Reynolds Assoc., Mexico City. i—Daughter of Adrián Lajous Martínez, director general of National Bank of Foreign Trade, 1979–1982, and Luz Vargas Burgos; married Ignacio Madrazo Reynoso, assistant secretary in Secretariat of the Treasury, 1982; sister of Adrián Lajous Vargas, director general of PEMEX, 1982; sister Roberta Lajous Vargas was ambassador to the United Nations and is the wife of Fernando Solana Morales, secretary of foreign relations, 1993; sister Alejandra was the official historian of the Office of the Presidency; sister-in-law of Soledad Loaeza, leading intellectual and academic, Colegio de México. j—None. k—None. l—Directorio, 1982–1985; Lehr, 150; DBGM89, 190–191; DBGM, 531; letters. Lajous Vargas, Roberta a—Feb. 6, 1954. b—Federal District. c—Early education

t he b io g ra phies  517

unknown; degree in international relations, Colegio de México, 1971–1975, with thesis on Mexico’s participation in the North American sugar market; MA in political science, Stanford University, 1975–1977, with thesis on the Latin American economic system; professor, School of Political and Social Sciences, UNAM, 1977–1983; professor, Colegio de México, 1985– . d—None. e—Member of PRI; founder and director, Exámen, CEN of PRI, 1989–1995; secretary of international affairs, CEN of PRI, 1990, 1992–1994; coordinator of international affairs, CEN of PRI, 2005–2006; national political adviser, CEN of PRI, 2006. f—Assistant director of cultural exchange, Secretariat of Public Education, 1977–1979; assistant director of regional cooperation, Secretariat of Foreign Relations, 1979–1980; assistant director of multilateral economic relations, Secretariat of Foreign Relations, 1980–1982; director general for North America, Secretariat of Foreign Relations, 1982–1986; director general for Western Europe, Secretariat of Foreign Relations, 1986–1988; ambassador to Austria, 1995–1999; ambassador to United Nations, 2000–2002; ambassador to Cuba, 2002– 2004. g—None. h—None. i—Daughter of Adrián Lajous Martínez, director general of Foreign Trade Bank, and Luz Vargas Burgos; sister of Adrián Lajous Vargas, director general of PEMEX; sister-in-law of Soledad Loaeza Tovar, leading intellectual and academic at Colegio de México; married to Fernando Solana Morales, secretary of foreign relations, 1988–1994; sister of Luz Lajous Vargas, federal deputy, 1988–1991; sister of Alejandra Lajous Vargas, chronicler of the presidency of Mexico; sister-in-law of Ignacio Madrazo Reynoso, assistant secretary of tax investigation, 1982. l—DBGM87, 199–200; DBGM92, 200; letters. Lamadrid (Sauza), José Luis (Deceased Oct 1, 2003) a—Feb. 22, 1931. b—Guadalajara, Jalisco. c—Elementary, secondary, and preparatory studies at Colegio Cervantes, Guadalajara; law degree from University

of Guadalajara, 1949–1954; professor, Preparatory School of Guadalajara; professor, School of Law, Philosophy, and Liberal Arts, University of Guadalajara, 1956–1971; professor, National School of Law, National School of Economics, and School of Philosophy and Letters, UNAM, 1969–1970; director, Seminar on Political Theory, School of Political and Social Sciences, UNAM, 1969; professor, Seminar of Political Thinkers, UNAM, 1969; member, University Council, UNAM. d—Federal deputy from State of Jalisco, Dist. 1, 1961–1963, member of Legislative Studies Committee (1st Sec. on Constitutional Affairs), 1st Treasury Committee, and 1st Justice Committee; federal deputy from State of Jalisco, Dist. 11, 1973–1976; federal deputy from State of Jalisco, Dist. 1, 1982–1985; plurinominal federal deputy from PRI, 1988–1991; senator from Jalisco, 1991– 1997, president of Constitutional Affairs Committee; plurinominal federal deputy from PRI, 1997–2000. e—Oficial mayor, CEN of PRI; PRI representative before Local Electoral Committee, 1955; founder, Revolutionary Youth of Jalisco; press and publicity secretary, CEN of PRI, 1964; assistant secretary, CEN of PRI, 1972–1973; secretary of social action, CEN of PRI, 1973–1975; PRI representative on Federal Electoral Commission, 1975–1976, 1989; secretarygeneral, CEN of PRI, 1993–1994; campaign manager, Ernesto Zedillo’s presidential campaign, 1994. f—Director of public relations, Department of the Federal District, 1966–1967; oficial mayor, Department of Education, State of Jalisco, 1959–1961; oficial mayor, Secretariat of Government, 1976–1978; assistant secretary of government, Aug. 14, 1978–May 24, 1979. g—President, Federation of University Students of Guadalajara, 1954–1955. h—None. i—Son of Rosendo Lamadrid Vega, industrialist, and Rosalía Sauza Corona; related to Governor Ramón Corona. j—None. k—None. l—HA, Dec. 21, 1964; C de D, 1961–1963; 81; Excélsior, July 13, 1973, 4; C de D, 19, 73–76, 13; HA, Oct. 13, 1975, 17; DBGM84, 531–532;

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Lehr, 226; Directorio, 1982–1985; DBGM89, 470; Hurtado, 344; Senado, 1991–1994; www.secgob, 1997. Lameiras Olvera, Esteban a—1947. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; studies at School of Philosophy and Letters, UNAM, but left because of 1968 student strike; studies in communication; professor of communications, College of Sciences and Humanities, Ibero‑American University. d—Local deputy, State Legislature of Veracruz, 1992. e—Member of PST since its founding; member, Central Committee and Executive Committee, PST, 1975–1976. f—None. g—None. i—Brother José, prominent anthropologist; sister-in-law Brigitte Nellie Luisa Boehm Schoendube participated in 1968 student movement. j—None. k—PST candidate for federal deputy from Dist. 18, State of Mexico, 1979. l—HA, May 14, 1979, 8; www.rissa .red.agua, 2007; www.cronica.diputados .gob.mx, Feb. 12, 1992. Lanche Guillén, Dámaso a—Dec. 11, 1912. b—Ometepec, Guerrero. c—Early education unknown; normal school teaching certificate; taught elementary school, 1933–1940; secondary school teacher, 1941– 1943; medical degree. d—Federal deputy from State of Guerrero, Dist. 5, 1952–1955; federal deputy from State of Guerrero, Dist. 10, 1979–1982, member of Health and Welfare Committee and head of Guerrero delegation. e—None. f—Chief of medical services, IMSS, Guerrero, 1955–1963; chief of medical services, IMSS, Federal District, 1963–1973. g—President, Regional Union of Agricultural Colonies of Costa Chica, Cuajinicuilapa; permanent secretary, CNC National Political Committee, 1953; secretary-general, League of Agrarian Communities and Peasant Unions, Guerrero. h—Cattle rancher and farmer. j—None. k—None. l—C de D, 1952–1955; C de D, 1979–1982; Protag., 187. Landeros Gallegos, Rodolfo (Deceased Oct. 11, 2001) a—Sept. 14, 1931. b—Calvillo, Aguascalientes. c—Early education

unknown; no degree. d—Senator from State of Aguascalientes, 1976–1980; governor, Aguascalientes, 1980–1986. e—Press director, José López Portillo’s campaign for president, 1976; press and publicity secretary, CEN of PRI, 1978–1980. f—Employee, Press Department, Secretariat of Agriculture, 1951; director, Press Department, IMSS, 1954–1958; director, Press Department, Secretariat of Industry and Commerce, 1958–1964; press coordinator, INFONAVIT, 1965–1966; director of public relations, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1966–1968; press and public relations director, Office of the Presidency of Mexico, 1976–1978; adviser on special affairs, President José López Portillo, 1977. g—None. h—Journalist; founder, El Sol del Centro, Aguascalientes; sports editor, El Sol del Centro, 1945; political affairs editor, El Sol del Centro; journalist, Siempre, Este, and Diario ABC; worked in editorial offices of García Valseca chain. i—From 3 generations of peasants; father, José Landeros, teacher, friend, and companion of Enrique Olivares and mayor of Calvillo; considered himself to be a political disciple of Antonio Ortiz Mena and Mario Ramón Beteta; married Natalia Verdugo. j—None. k—None. l—Excélsior, Mar. 21, 1980, 18; Excélsior, Dec. 17, 1979, 19; Hoy, Nov. 12, 1977, 11; HA, Mar. 31, 1980, 26; C de S, 1976–1982; DPE61; DPE65; MGF69; HA, Oct. 12, 1981, 6; Almanaque de Aguas., 13; letter. Landerreche Obregón, Juan (Deceased Jan. 13, 1996) a—Nov. 1, 1914. b—Federal District. c—Elementary, secondary, and preparatory studies at the Colegio Francés Morelos, Mexico City; law degree with honorable mention, National School of Law, UNAM, May 6, 1936, with thesis titled “Constitutional Theory and Real Estate”; LLD, National School of Law, UNAM, with honorable mention, June 24, 1955, with thesis titled “The Participation of Workers in Business Utilities.” d—Federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. 8, 1964–1967, member of Committee on Money and Credit Institutions; federal party deputy from PAN,

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1970–1973, member of 1st Sec. of Legislative Studies Committee, 2nd Government Committee, 2nd Constitutional Affairs Committee, Tourism Committee, and coordinator of PAN delegation; plurinominal federal deputy from PAN, 1979–1982, and coordinator of PAN delegation, 1979–1980. e—PAN candidate for federal deputy from Federal District, 1952, 1958, 1961, before winning in 1964; founder and member, Organizing Committee of PAN, 1939; member, Legislative Studies Committee of PAN; national adviser, PAN, 1941–1949, 1959–1996; member, National Executive Committee of PAN, 1939–1996; policy secretary, National Executive Committee of PAN, 1975; regional adviser, PAN, Federal District, 1941–1996; PAN candidate for senator from Federal District, 1982. f—None. g—Active in 1933 student movement; director, National Catholic Student Union. h—Cofounder, Jus, law and social science review, with fellow students Luis de Garay and Daniel Kuri Breña; director, Jus, 1941–1957; employee, Bank of London and Mexico and Serfin Banking Group; vice president, Moresa, 1981–1982. i—Son of Esteban Landerreche and Gabriela Obregón; married Gabriela Gómez Morín Torres, daughter of Manuel Gómez Morín; Catholic student leader with Manuel Ulloa Ortiz; son Rafael Landerreche Gómez Morín, former alternate federal deputy from PAN; daughter Cecilia Landerreche Gómez Morín, director general of DIF, 2006. j—None. k—None. l—Mabry; C de D, 1970–1972, 121; C de D, 1967–1969, 90; www.resistenciacivilmexico.com, 2007; www.es.wikipedia.org, 2008. Langle Martínez, Eduardo (Deceased June 3, 2007) a—Dec. 18, 1914. b—Puebla, Puebla. c—Early education unknown; law degree, National School of Law, UNAM, with thesis on salaries. d—None. e—None. f—Actuary, First Judicial District, Veracruz, Veracruz, 1942–1943; actuary, Second Judicial District, Administration Division, Federal District, 1943–1946; private secretary to governor of Tabasco, Francisco

J. Santamaría, 1947–1949; secretary of studies and accounts, Supreme Court of Justice, 1949–1950; district court judge, Piedras Negras, Coahuila, 1950–1952; district court judge, Tijuana, Baja California, 1953–1960; judge, Second District Criminal Affairs, Federal District, 1960–1964; assistant attorney general, Federal District, 1964–1966; assistant secretary of state industries, Secretariat of Government Properties, 1966–1968; justice, Supreme Court, 1971–1972; secretarygeneral of government, State of Puebla, 1972–1975; justice, Supreme Court, 1975– 1976, 1976–1982, 1982–1984; retired from Supreme Court, Dec. 16, 1984. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Eduardo Langle Pérez, businessman, and Concepción Martínez Beltrán; married Rosa Luz Gómez Fernández. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM, 664; DGF65; scjn.gob.mx, 370–371, 2008. Lanz Cárdenas, José Trinidad a—Jan. 30, 1932. b—Campeche, Campeche. c—Early education unknown; law degree, University of Campeche, 1949–1954; studies at UNAM, 1955–1956; teacher, Campeche Institute, 1949–1954; professor, IberoAmerican University, 1961–1965; professor, ITAM, 1960–1965; professor, IPN; professor, UNAM, 1977–1978; professor, La Salle University, 1977–1978. d—Plurinominal federal deputy from PRI, 1988–1991; senator from Campeche, 1994–2000. e—Joined PRI, 1955. f—Director, Prevention Department, Secretariat of Government, 1955–1956; joined Federal Court System as secretary, Third Judicial District, Administration Division, First Circuit, Federal District, 1956; administrative judge, First Division, Federal District, 1957–1959, 1963–1964; specialist, Amparo, Secretariat of Hydraulic Resources, 1964–1971; director of conflicts, Secretariat of Hydraulic Resources, 1971–1976; director general of legal affairs, Secretariat of Hydraulic Resources, 1973– 1976; adviser, legal counsel, Secretariat of Foreign Relations, 1976–1979; director general of legal affairs, Office of the Controller General, 1983–1987; justice, Supreme Court,

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1991–1994, resigned May 9, 1994. g—None. h—None. i—Son of José Trinidad Lanz Gutiérrez, notary public and lawyer, and María Antonieta Cárdenas Oliver; married María Lucila Oliver Escasán, industrial relations; uncle Miguel Trinidad Lanz Gutiérrez, mayor of Campeche, 1934–1935, and president of Superior Tribunal of Justice of Campeche, 1951; brother Fernando, federal circuit court judge. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM84, 233; FBGM89, 471; QesQ en el Congreso, 1997–2000, 307–308; scjn.gob .mx, 374–375, 2008; Musacchio, 224; www .secgob.mx, 1997, 2007; WWM87, 313–314; DBGM92, 669. Lanz Duret, Fernando a—Jan. 19, 1916. b—Campeche, Campeche. c—Preparatory studies at National Preparatory School, Mexico City; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, 1940, with thesis on the general subject of law. d—Federal deputy from State of Campeche, Dist. 1, 1952–1955, member of Permanent Committee, 1952, vice president, Dec., 1952, member of 2nd Constitutional Affairs Committee, 2nd Instructive Sec. of Grand Jury, and 2nd Balloting Committee; senator from State of Campeche, 1958–1964, member of Foreign and Domestic Trade Committee, 2nd Constitutional Affairs Committee, 2nd Foreign Relations Committee, Special Legislative Studies Committee, president of 1st Credit, Money, and Credit Institutions Committee. e—Member, PRI Program Committee; PRI delegate to Guanajuato, 1955. f—Director general, Department of Legal Affairs, Secretariat of Health, 1964–1971. g—Member, University Council, UNAM; president, Student Association, UNAM. h—Journalist, 1941; writer for El Universal; war correspondent in England, 1942–1945; correspondent on European reconstruction, 1945–1946. i—Father and grandfather, well-known lawyers; son of Miguel Lanz Duret, federal deputy from Federal District, and María Concepción Sierra, daughter of Justo Sierra Méndez, secretary of justice; classmate of Rafael Moreno Valle at National Preparatory

School; uncle of Miguel Lanz Duret Valdés, director general of El Universal. j—None. k—None. l—Func., 132; DPE71, 116; C de D, 1952–1954, 60, 58, 52, 53, 51, 50; C de S, 1961–1964, 58; DPE65, 163; WWM87, 314. Lanz Galera, Joaquín (Deceased 1965) a—1884. b—Campeche, Campeche. c—Elementary and secondary studies in Campeche; law degree, School of Law, University of Campeche. d—Deputy from State of Campeche to Constitutional Convention, 1916–1917; federal deputy from State of Quintana Roo, Dist. 1, 1918–1920; senator from State of Campeche, 1922–1926. e—None. f—Secretary, local court of Campeche; judge, First Circuit Court District, Federal District; judge, District Court, Querétaro, Querétaro, 1951; judge, Second Circuit Court District, Puebla, Puebla, 1956; justice, Superior Tribunal of Justice, Federal District and Federal Territories. g—None. h—None. j—None. k—None. l—DP70, 1157; DGF51, I, 594; DGF56, 585. Lara Ponte, Rodolfo Héctor a—Dec. 15, 1956. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; economic studies at National School of Economics, UNAM, 1975–1977; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, 1977–1981; sociology and political science courses at Palomar College, San Marcos, Calif., 1978; economics courses at American University, Washington, DC, 1981; professor, Inter-Continental University, Mexico City, 1982; professor, Pan American University, Mexico City, 1986; professor, UNAM, 1988–1989. d—None. e—Joined PRI, 1979. f—Director of analysis, Secretariat of Health, 1983–1985; interim director general of sectoral coordination, Secretariat of Health, 1985; director of assistance to decentralized agencies, Secretariat of Health, 1985–1986; technical secretary, Mexico Program, IADB, 1987–1988; director general of decentralization, Secretariat of Health, 1988; auditor general, Secretariat of Programming and Budget, 1989–1991; director of administration, CONASUPO, 1991–1994; oficial mayor, Secretariat of Social

t he b io g ra phies  521

Development, 1999–2000; commissioner, UN high commissioner for human rights, 2001; director, Department of Acquisition Regulations, Secretariat of Public Functions, 2005. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Héctor Lara Carrillo, lawyer, and Rosa Ponte Ledezma, teacher; married Miriam Limón Castro, business administration. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM92, 566; Musacchio, 255; DBGM94, CD; DBGM87, 203; DBGM89, 193. Lara (Ramos), César Augusto (Deceased Jan. 10, 1962) a—Nov. 24, 1896. b—Pichucalco, Chiapas. c—Elementary studies in Pichucalco and Liceo of Chiapas, San Cristóbal de las Casas. d—Federal deputy from State of Chiapas, Dist. 6, 1918–1920; mayor, Arriaga, Chiapas; mayor, Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas, 1926–1927; federal deputy from State of Chiapas, Dist. 6, 1930–1932; federal deputy from State of Chiapas, Dist. 5, 1934– 1937, member of Gran Comisión; interim governor, Chiapas, 1947–1948. e—None. f—Assistant chief of police, Federal District, 1938–1940; director, Department of Press and Tourism, State of Chiapas. g—None. h—Journalist and poet. j—Joined Maderistas as student under Colonel Ignacio Gutiérrez, 1910; fought against Pascual Orozco; reached rank of brigadier general, 1924. k—Simpson credits him with ending pistolerismo in Chiapas. l—Simpson, 342; letter; Peral, 431; DBC, 132. Lara Sáenz, Leoncio a—Apr. 27, 1940. b—Omitlán, Hidalgo. c—Early education unknown; law degree, University of Chihuahua, 1958–1963; LLD, University of Naples, 1965–1967, graduating with thesis on Roman law, 1968; professor of Roman law, National School of Law, UNAM, 1965; professor, University of Rome, 1966; professor, School of Law, University of Chihuahua, 1968; professor of law, UNAM, 1968– 1986; full-time professor, National School of Law, UNAM, 1992– ; general counsel, UNAM, 1978–1981; general counsel, UNAM, 1991–1993; defender of university rights, UNAM, 2003– ; d—None. e—Joined

PRI, 1960. f—President, Group 3, Board of Conciliation and Arbitration, Chihuahua, 1963–1965; director general, Labor Institute, Secretariat of Labor, 1970–1972; director general of social welfare, Secretariat of Labor, 1972–1974; chief of technical advisers of secretary-general, IMSS, 1977–1983; federal attorney for the defense of labor, Secretariat of Labor, 1983–1985; director general of legal affairs, Secretariat of Public Education, 1985–1986; oficial mayor of public education, 1986–1988; delegate A, Office of the Controller General, 1989–1990; official, Federal Electoral Institute, 1990–1991; attorney general, Hidalgo, 1993; inspector general, Victims of Crime, 1999–2000. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Leoncio Lara Juárez, surgeon, and Ofelia Sáenz Martínez; married Rosa María Álvarez González. j—None. k—None. l—www.ecologia.unam .mx, 2009; DBGM87, 204; DBGM84, 234; DBGM84, 234. Larios Córdova, Héctor a—Dec. 22, 1954. b—Guadalajara, Jalisco. c—Early education unknown; civil engineering degree, ITESO, Guadalajara, 1978; professor, ITESM, Sonora campus; alumni director, ITESM, Sonora campus, 1983–1987. d—Local deputy, State Legislature of Sonora, 1994–1997; federal deputy from State of Sonora, Dist. 5, 1997–2000; senator from Sonora, 2000–2006; plurinominal federal deputy from PAN, 2006–2009, coordinator of PAN delegation. e—Joined PAN, 1990; district delegate of PAN, Sonora, 1996–1997; district delegate of PAN, State of Mexico, 2003–2004; secretary-general of PAN, Sonora. f—None. g—None. h—General manager, Procasa, Sonora, 1991–1995. j—None. k—None. l—QesQ en el Congreso, 1997–2000, 43; www.elreporterodela comunidad, 2008. Larios Gaitán, Alberto b—Colima, Colima. c—Teaching certificate from Normal School of Colima, Sept., 1944; professor of math and Mexican history and assistant director, Secondary School of Manzanillo, Colima; teacher, March l8th and Francisco

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Díaz Covarrubias elementary schools, Mexico City, 1946–1960; professor of math and Mexican history, IPN, 1950–1961; teacher, secondary schools, Mexico City. d—Alternate senator from State of Colima, 1964–1970. e—Member, National Council of PRI, 1964–1965. f—None. g—Student leader in Colima; private secretary to Jesús Robles Martínez, 1949–1952, and Lozano Bernal, 1958–1961, while they were secretariesgeneral of the SNTE; secretary of political action, CNOP of PRI, 1961–1965; secretarygeneral, SNTE, 1961–1964, under Enrique Olivares Santana. h—Worked in night school and state penitentiary to complete teaching certificate. i—Father, a schoolteacher. i—First cousin of Jorge Armando Gaitán Gudiño, local deputy to State Legislature of Colima and federal deputy. j—None. k—Established first secondary school in Manzanillo, Colima. l—Romero Aceves, 100–102; DBGM89, 471–472; www .wenceslao.com.mx.sntesito, 2008. Larios Ibarra, Jesús Salvador

(Deceased Jan. 1, 2007) a—Aug. 17, 1919. b—Hermosillo, Sonora. c—Early education unknown; law degree, School of Law, University of Sonora, 1975–1980, with thesis on electoral laws. d—Plurinominal federal deputy from PAN, 1982–1985; local deputy, State Legislature of Sonora, 1994–1997. e—Joined PAN, Apr., 1943; PAN candidate for senator, 1958; regional adviser, PAN, 1967–1980; national adviser, PAN, 1970; PAN candidate for alternate federal deputy from Sonora, 1967; PAN candidate for local deputy, State Legislature of Sonora, 1970, 1973; member, Regional Committee of PAN, Sonora; treasurer, Regional Committee of PAN, Sonora, 1948–1950; secretary-general, PAN, Sonora; president, Regional Committee of PAN, Sonora, 1972–1975; national adviser to PAN, 1959–1965, 1971–1975, 1978– 1984, 1988–2001. f—Treasurer, Hermosillo, Sonora, 1967–1970. g—None. h—Practicing lawyer; accountant, BANPAÍS, 1947–1955; accountant, Carta Blanca, 1955–1961; accountant, Volkswagen, Hermosillo,

1961–1962. i—Son of Manuel Larios Soteb, topographical engineer, and Luz Enriqueta Ibarra Almada, teacher; married María Dolores Gaxiola Gándara; daughter Emma Lucía Larios Gaxiola, alternate senator to Guillermo Padres Elías, PAN, 2006–2012; son Carlos Larios Gaxiola, engineer and director of water, Hermosillo; son Felipe, prominent journalist. j—None. k—None. l—Directorio, 1982–1985; Lehr, 633; DBGM, 533; www.portalescolson.com, 2007; Pérez Franco, 201. Larios Rivas, Graciela a—Feb. 1, 1950. b—Colima, Colima. c—Early education unknown; completed secondary studies. d—Alternate local deputy, State Legislature of Colima, Dist. 2, 1982–1985; local deputy, State Legislature of Colima, Dist. 5, 1985–1988; senator from Colima, 1988–1991; federal deputy from State of Colima, Dist. 2, 1991–1994; senator from Colima, 1994–2000; plurinominal federal deputy from PRI, 2003–2006. e—Joined PRI, 1968; assistant secretary of electoral action, CEN of PRI, 1982–1984; secretary of social action, CEN of PRI, 1982–1984; assistant secretary of women’s action, CEN of PRI, 1987–1988. f—None. g—Secretary-general, Commerce Employees’ Union, Colima, 1979–1996; substitute secretary-general, CTM, 1998–2006; secretary-general, Government Workers of Colima, 1988–2006; liaison secretary, CTM, 2008– . h—None. i—Daughter of Jesús Larios Sánchez, retailer, and Antonia Rivas Pimentel; married Salvador Guerrero Rosas, business administration. j—None. k—None. l—www.secgob.gob.mx, 1997–2000, 2007; www.diputados.gob.mx, 2003–2006; QesQ en el Congreso, 1997–2000, 309; DBGM92, 497; DBGM89, 471; Musacchio, 225. Laris Alanís, Eugenio a—July 18, 1933. b—Morelia, Michoacán. c—Early education unknown; civil engineering degree, National School of Engineering, UNAM, 1951–1955; MA in soil mechanics, National School of Engineering, UNAM, 1958–1959; courses in French and Spanish, 1959–1960; professor, UNAM, 1960–1963; professor,

t he b io g ra phies  523

IPN, 1963–1971. d—None. e—Member of PRI; director, CEPES of PRI, State of Mexico, 1982–1986; special delegate, CEN of PRI, 19th Dist., Federal District, 1985. f—Director, Special Projects Office, 1960–1962; project director, International Friendship Dam, 1962–1964; director, Office of Electrical Processing, 1965–1966; director general of irrigation projects, 1967–1971, Secretariat of Hydraulic Resources; secretary of urban development and public works, State of Mexico, 1981–1986; assistant secretary of parastate industries, Secretariat of Energy, Mines, and Government Industries, 1986–1988; director of engineering, Federal Electric Commission, 2003; director of financial investment projects, CFE, 2006. g—Student leader, UNAM, 1953–1954. h—Director and president, IPESA, 1971– 1981. i—Son of José Laris Rubio, retailer, and María del Carmen Alanís Perea; married Renée Fraga Mouret, sister of Gabino Fraga Mouret, assistant secretary of religious affairs, Secretariat of Government, 1995–1996, and daughter of Gabino Fraga Magaña, Supreme Court justice, 1941–1944; uncle Eduardo was federal deputy from Michoacán, Dist. 19, 1920–1922, and president of CANACO, Morelia, 1931–1932. j—None. k—None. l—www.cronica.diputa dos.gob.mx, 2007; DBGM87, 204; www .canacomorelia.com, 2008. Lastra Andrade, Adolfo (Deceased Jan. 20, 1990) a—Aug. 9, 1923. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; petroleum engineering degree, National School of Engineering, UNAM, Dec. 11, 1950; professor of administration and economics, National School of Engineering, UNAM. d—None. e—None. f—Assistant manager of supplies, Federal Electric Commission, 1973; general superintendent of construction, Federal Electric Commission, 1973–1974; executive coordinator of projects, Federal Electric Commission, 1974–1976; assistant director of production, PEMEX, 1976–1979; assistant director of exploitation, PEMEX, 1979–1982. g—President, Tampico chapter,

National Association of Petroleum Engineers, 1962–1963; first president, College of Petroleum Engineers, 1973–1975. j—None. k—None. l—Letter; www.cipm.org.mx, 2008; www.record.ancestry.com, 2009. Lavalle Urbina, Eduardo J. a—1910. b—Campeche, Campeche. c—Secondary studies at Campeche Institute, Campeche; law degree, Dec. 24, 1934. d—Mayor, Campeche; governor, Campeche, 1944–1949. e—President, PNR Regional Committee, Campeche. f—Agent (in civil affairs), Ministerio Público, Office of the Attorney General, Campeche; secretary, Campeche Board of Conciliation and Arbitration; judge, Superior Tribunal of Justice, State of Campeche; attorney general, Campeche. g—None. i—Brother of María Lavalle Urbina; son of Manuel Lavalle y Covián, prominent lawyer, journalist, and literary figure, and Esperanza Urbina Alfaro. j—None. k—Elected governor as Popular Electoral Front of Campeche candidate. l—HA, Oct. 7, 1949, 28; Peral, 436. Lavalle Urbina, María (Deceased Apr. 23, 1996) a—May 24, 1908. b—Campeche, Campeche. c—Elementary studies in Campeche; secondary studies in Campeche; teaching certificate from Normal School of Campeche, 1927, in elementary and secondary education; law degree, School of Law, Campeche Institute, 1944; elementary school teacher, 1927; professor of the science of education, Normal School of Campeche; elementary school principal, 1943. d—Senator from State of Campeche, 1964–1970, president of Senate, Dec., 1965, and member of Permanent Committee. e—Director, National Women’s Organizations of CEN of PRI, 1965–1970; PRI precandidate for senator from Campeche, 1981. f—Director, State Literacy Campaign, Campeche; judge, Superior Tribunal of Justice, Federal District, 1947–1954 (first woman appointed to this position); director, Department of Social Welfare, Secretariat of Government, 1954–1963; director, Civil Registry, 1970–1973; assistant secretary of

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elementary and normal school education, 1976–1980; president, Free Textbook Commission, 1982–1984. g—President, Mexican Women’s Alliance. h—None. i—Helped Rafael Murillo Vidal defend squatters’ rights to colonize in a section known as the 201st Squadron; sister of Eduardo J. Lavalle Urbina; daughter of Manuel Lavalle y Covián, a lawyer, journalist, and literary figure, and Esperanza Urbina. j—None. k—First woman senator from Campeche and first to become president of Senate; first woman with law degree from Campeche; recipient of Belisario Domínguez Award, 1985. l—DPE61; DGF51, I, 487; Q es Q, 318; C de S, 1964–1970; DGF56, 84; HA, Feb. 3, 1975, 9; Enc. Mex., VIII, 1977, 2; HA, Oct. 31, 1977, 8; letter; DBGM, 237. Lavara Mejía, Gloria Ángela Bertha

a—Dec. 9, 1971. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; degree in graphic design, Anáhuac University; postgraduate studies in editorial design, Anáhuac University, 1996. d—Plurinominal federal deputy from PVEM, 1997–2000, president of Youth Affairs Committee; plurinominal senator from PVEM, 2000– 2006, coordinator of PVEM delegation; plurinominal federal deputy from PVEM, 2006–2009. e—Joined PVEM, 1994; finance secretary, CEN of PVEM, 1998–2007. f—None. g—None. h—Designer, Design Forum, 1994–1997. i—Son of Carlos Lavara Cabrera, manager, exports, Yavemar, SACV, and Gloria Mejía. j—None. k—None. l—QesQ en el Congreso, 1997–2000, 251; DCM, 2000–2003, 325; Musacchio, 226; www.secgob.gob.mx, 1997–2000, 2007; Directorio del Congreso, 2006–2009, 405; QesQ en el Congreso, 2000–2003, 377; www.diputados.gob.mx, 2006–2009, 2008. Lazo (Barreira), Carlos, Jr. (Deceased Nov. 5, 1955) a—Aug. 19, 1914. b—Federal District. c—Elementary studies at San Borja Institute, Mexico City, 1921–1927; studied carpentry at Pape Carpentier Institute, Mexico City; secondary and business studies at San Borja Institute; preparatory studies

at Colegio Francés Morelos; architecture degree from National School of Architecture, UNAM, 1934–1939, with thesis titled “Planning and Rural Architecture in Mexico”; studied planning in United States, 1940–1942, on scholarship from U.S. Department of Defense; studied planning in Canada, 1942–1943; professor of drawing, National Preparatory School, 1934; professor, School of Architecture, UNAM; professor, IPN. d—None. e—Contributor to Miguel Alemán’s program of government during the 1945 presidential campaign. f—Adviser to the president of Mexico, 1949; oficial mayor, Secretariat of National Patrimony, 1947, under Alfonso Caso; Secretariat of the Treasury representative to Planning Commission for Federal District, 1948; president, Technical Architectural Commission, Secretariat of National Patrimony, 1947; president, Federal Planning Commission, Secretariat of National Patrimony, 1947; director general, University City, 1950; secretary of public works, 1952–1955. g—None. h—Society of Architects’ representative to Congress of Social Assistance, 1938; architectural adviser, Catholic Action, 1937; professional architect, University City Project, Mexico City, 1949–1950; codirector, Congress for the Promotion of Popular Dwellings, 1946; author of several studies on planning; codirector of magazine Construction Review. i—Son of an architect and former director of School of Architecture, UNAM, Carlos M. Lazo, and Luz Barreira; married Yolanda Margaín; son Leonardo Lazo Margaín was coordinator of ports, Secretariat of Communications and Transportation, 2002; son Lorenzo Lazo Margaín was director general of international affairs, National Fund for Social Activities, Office of the Presidency; sister Mercedes was first wife of Delfín Sánchez Juárez, secretary-general of tourism, 1959–1960. j—None. k—Winner of many architecture prizes; died in an aviation accident. l—WWM45, 63; STYRBIWW54, 848, 1113; DGF47, 269; HA, Dec. 5, 1952, 9; DP70, 1165; López, 583; Enc. Mex., VIII, 5.

t he b io g ra phies  525 Lazos (Niño), Efraín (Deceased) a—1906. b—Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas. c—Early education unknown; law degree, National School of Law, UNAM, 1930. d—Mayor, Tapachula, Chiapas, 1939–1940; senator from State of Chiapas, 1946–1952, member of Legislative Studies Committee, Public Welfare Committee, and Gran Comisión. e—None. f—Civil judge, Tapachula; justice, Superior Tribunal of Justice, Chiapas, 1941–1945; president, Superior Tribunal of Justice, Chiapas, 1941–1942, 1943–1944, 1945. g—None. i—Classmate of Miguel Alemán at UNAM. j—None. k—None. l—DGF51, I, 5, 9–11; PS, 3229. Leal Ángulo, Augusto César a—June 3, 1931. b—Badiraguato, Sinaloa. c—Early education unknown; chemical engineering degree, National Polytechnic Institute, 1960; studies in journalism, Carlos Septién School of Journalism; studies at University of the Pacific, Council of the Indies, Meléndez Pelayo University, Santander, Spain; professor of industrial engineering, University of Sinaloa; rector, Catholic University of Culiacán, Sinaloa. d—Plurinominal federal deputy from PAN, 1994–1997; plurinominal senator from PAN, 2006–2012, president of Foreign Relations Committee. e—Joined PAN, 1952; PAN candidate for federal deputy, 1961; president, Regional Committee of PAN, Veracruz, 1991–1997; national adviser, PAN, 1992–1997; coordinator, Manuel Espino campaign for president of PAN, 2005. f—Secretary of economic development, Sinaloa, 1956–1961; ambassador to Greece, 2001–2003; official, Secretariat of Public Education, 2004–2006; adviser to President Fox, 2004–2006. g—None. h—Partner, agroindustrial family business; worked for Douglas Aircraft. j—None. k—None. l—Pérez Franco, 102; www .senado.gob.mx, 2001; Directorio del Congreso, 2006–2009, 315; www.electos.bv101 .org, 2008. Lecona Soto, Noé (Deceased 1945) a—Dec. 6, 1903. b—Huauchinango, Zacatlán, Puebla. c—Law degree from National

School of Law, UNAM, 1925. d—Local deputy, 31st Legislature of the State of Puebla; senator from State of Puebla, 1940–1945. e—None. f—Agent, Ministerio Público, Office of the Attorney General for the Federal District; secretary, Mixed Agrarian Commission, Veracruz; head, Legal Department, Office of Public Works, State of Puebla; judge, Civil Division, State of Puebla; secretary-general of government, State of Puebla under Governor Maximino Ávila Camacho, 1937–1940. g—None. h—Author of a book on agrarian legislation, 1932. i—Son of Zapatista and lieutenant colonel Reinaldo Lecona, who represented Emiliano Zapata at the 1915 Convention in Mexico City, was a good friend of Antonio Díaz Soto y Gama, and later supported de la Huerta, 1923; brother Reynaldo Lecona Soto was a federal deputy and secretary of the Electoral Committee, 1940–1943. j—None. k—None. l—EBW46, 103; DP70, I, 1166; C de S, 1940–1946; Peral, 438. Ledón Alcaraz, Enrique (Deceased) a—Oct. 18, 1911. b—Tecuala, Nayarit. c—Elementary and secondary in Tepic, Nayarit; preparatory studies in Guadalajara. d—Mayor, Tuxpan, 1946–1947, 1952–1954; 2nd councilman of Tuxpan, 1947–1949; 1st councilman of Tuxpan, 1949–1952; senator from State of Nayarit, 1958–1964. e—Member of PRI. f—Director, Department of Reforestation, Secretariat of Agriculture, 1955–1958. g—Joined the CTM, 1931. h—Electrician. j—None. k—None. l—Func., 386; Basurto. Leff Zimmerman, Gloria a—Jan. 13, 1949. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; sociology degree from School of Political and Social Sciences, UNAM; MA from Colegio de México; PhD in social sciences from Colegio de México; professor and coordinator of sociology curriculum, Autonomous Metropolitan University, Unidad Azcapotzalco. d—None. e—Member, PST Executive Committee. f—None. g—Director, Intellectual Workers’ Front,

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1979. j—None. k—PST candidate for federal deputy, Round III, 1979. l—HA, May 7, 1979, 6. Legorreta Ordorika, Jorge a—Dec. 15, 1970. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; law degree, Intercontinental University, 1991–1996; postgraduate studies, National Institute of Criminal Sciences, 1999. d—Plurinominal federal deputy from PVEM (originally an alternate to Gabriela Aguilar García), 2003–2006; plurinominal senator from PVEM, 2006–2012. e—Member, PVEM; assistant secretary of electoral action, CEN of PVEM, 2001–2003; national delegate, CEN of PVEM, to Coahuila and Jalisco, 2002–2003; president, PVEM, Federal District, 2008–2011. f—Adviser, institutional relations, Supreme Court, 1999; assistant director, executive secretary, Council of Federal Judicial Vigilance, 1999–2001. g—None. h—Lawyer, Rentería and Assoc., corporate law, 1991–1994; legal adviser, criminal affairs, Inverlat Bank, 1994–1997. j—None. k—None. l—www.monitorlegislativo.org, 2008; Directorio del Congreso, 2006–2008, 316; www.senado.gob.mx, 2008; www.diputados.gob.mx, 2003–2006, 2007. Leipen Garay, Jorge Claudio a—June 18, 1937. b—Valencia, Spain. c—Early education unknown; economics degree, National School of Economics, UNAM, 1954–1959, with thesis titled “Textile Industry and Artificial Fibers,” Apr. 21, 1961; MA in business administration, Columbia University, New York, 1961–1962; professor, UNAM, 1960–1962; professor, IPN, 1960. d—None. e—None. f—Assistant director, Mining Development Commission; aide to director general of industry, Secretariat of Industry and Development, 1959–1960; adviser to assistant secretary of nonrenewable resources, Secretariat of Government Properties, 1961; private secretary to assistant secretary of nonrenewable resources, Secretariat of Government Properties, Manuel Franco López, 1965–1966; director general, Fosforitas Mexicanas, SA, 1966–1970; director general, ZINCAMEX, SA, 1970–1971;

director general, Mining Development Commission, 1971–1973; assistant secretary of nonrenewable resources, Secretariat of Government Properties, 1973–1976, 1976– 1978; director general, Siderúrigca Lázaro Cárdenas–Las Truchas, Altos Hornos de México, and Cía. Fundidora de Fierro y Acero, 1978–1982; director general, Council of Mining Resources, 1982. g—None. h—Production manager, American Textile, 1958; director general, Phibro de México, SA, 1961–1964; president, Board of Directors, Industrias Mayc, 1996–2006; member, Board of Directors, Grupo Mexicano de Desarrollo, 2006– . i—Son of Helmut Leipen Fuerst, chemist, and Francisca Garay; married Elizabeth Linares Díaz. j—None. k—None. l—HA, Mar. 12, 1973, 21; Excélsior, Jan. 29, 1978, 1; Q es QAP, 505; DBGM, 239. Leñero (Ruiz), Agustín (Deceased Jan. 10, 1987) a—Dec. 5, 1904. b—Villamar, Michoacán. c—Preparatory studies at University of Guadalajara; law degree, 1926, from School of Law, University of Guadalajara; professor, School of Law, University of Michoacán; dean, School of Law, University of Michoacán, 1927–1930. d—Federal deputy from State of Michoacán, 1932–1934. e—Director, Legal Department, PNR, 1930–1931. f—Attorney general, State of Michoacán, 1927–1928; president, Superior Court of Justice, State of Michoacán, 1928–1929; secretary-general of government, State of Michoacán, under Governor Lázaro Cárdenas, 1929–1930; director, Legal Department, Secretariat of Government, 1931–1932; general consul of Mexico to Paris, 1935–1937; ambassador to Czechoslovakia, 1937–1938; founder and director, Legal Department, PEMEX, 1938–1939; private secretary to President Lázaro Cárdenas, 1939–1940; ambassador to Argentina, 1940–1942; ambassador to Sweden and Finland, 1958–1962; ambassador to Costa Rica, 1964–1970. g—None. h—Author of various works. i—Son of Alfaro S. Leñero Sánchez, mayor of Guarachita, Michoacán, 1891, and

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a Porfirian politician, and Guadalupe Ruiz Ramos; father founded National Catholic Party in Guarachita, Mar. 15, 1913, with Luis Amezcua; close friend of Dámaso Cárdenas; collaborator of Lázaro Cárdenas in numerous state and federal positions, 1927–1940; attended University of Guadalajara with Luis I. Rodríguez and Raúl Castellano; married Milagros Bores Bustamante; befriended Alberto Bremauntz early in his career; son Agustín Leñero Bores was a federal deputy from State of Mexico, Dist. 7, 1985–1988; brother Alfonso Leñero Ruiz was a federal deputy from State of Michoacán, 1930–1932, and vice president of National Catholic Party in Villamar, 1913; brother Rubén was director of Juárez Hospital, Mexico City. j—None. k—Supported General Miguel Henríquez Guzmán for president, 1951–1952. l—Enc. Mex., VIII, 18; D de Y, Jan. 25, 1939, 1; DPE61, 21; Daniels, 76; López, 588; WNM, 27–28; Cadena Z., 143; DP95, 1977; www .mx.geocities.com, 2008. León Bejarano Valadez, Armando

a—Apr. 11, 1916. b—Cuautla, Morelos. c—Early education unknown; graduated as a surgeon, National School of Medicine, UNAM, 1939; professor of clinical medicine, Graduate School, National School of Medicine, UNAM, 1940–1975; professor of special orthopedic courses, National School of Medicine, UNAM, 1940–1975. d—Governor, Morelos, 1976–1982. e—Joined PRM, 1940. f—Chief of orthopedics and trauma and assistant director, Central Hospital, Secretariat of Communications and Transportation, 1946–1961; assistant coordinator of medical services, Secretariat of Communications and Transportation, 1958–1961; chief of orthopedic services and assistant director, Balbuena Hospital, Mexico City, 1961–1963; director, Clinical Department of Trauma Instruction, National Medical Center, 1963–1970; director, Department of Regulation of Food and Drink, Secretariat of Health, 1975–1980. g—Founder and president, Mexican Orthopedic and Trauma Association, IMSS. h—Author

of many works. i—Daughter Gloria married Rafael Ángel Calderón, son of former president Calderón Guardia of Costa Rica, and former secretary of foreign relations; son Armando was Morelos state official and sports-related businessman. j—None. k—None. l—Enc. Mex., Annual, 1977, 546–547; Excélsior, Feb. 8, 1975, 21; HA, Jan. 19, 1976, 15; Almanaque de México, 1981, 371; Excélsior, May 14, 1979, 14A. León Brindis, Samuel (Deceased) a—1896. b—Chiapas. c—Early education unknown; medical degree; professor, Institute of Arts and Sciences, Chiapas; rector, Institute of Arts and Sciences, Chiapas. d—Federal deputy from State of Chiapas, Dist. 4, 1934–1937, treasurer of leftist bloc; governor, Chiapas, 1958–1964. e—None. f—Director, Federal Office of Public Health, Chiapas, 1951–1952. g—None. h—Practicing physician. j—None. k—Anderson suggests that he was very popular in Chiapas and was selected as the gubernatorial candidate in opposition to the national PRI choice. l—Anderson, 103; DGF51, 356; DBM, 375; Enc. Mex., III, 310; www.e-local.gob.mx. León Moreno, Alger Urke a—Oct. 11, 1923. b—Veracruz, Veracruz. c—Elementary studies at José María Iglesias Public School, Mexico City; secondary at Secondary No. 4, Mexico City; preparatory studies at National Preparatory School; medical degree, Military Medical School, 1943–1949; MA, Graduate School, Central Military Hospital, 1949–1954; postgraduate studies at Massachusetts General Hospital, 1957; professor, Military Medical School, 1949–1955; professor, University of Health Sciences, 1984–1986. d—Senator from Veracruz, 1988–1994. e—Joined PRI, 1970. f—Director general, Mexican Institute for Child Welfare, 1970–1976; adviser, Secretariat of Programming and Budget, 1980–1982; director general of health, Secretariat of Health, 1982–1986. g—President, American College of Surgeons, 1973. h—None. i—Son of Manuel León Flores, employee, and María A. Moreno de la Cámara Cesani; married

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Alicia Zuno Cárdenas Alger. j—Director, Military Medical School, 1964. k—None. l—CdeD, 1991–1994; DBGM89, 472–473. León Murillo, Maximiliano a—Feb. 13, 1925. b—Tecario, Michoacán. c—Elementary studies at Republic of Brazil Elementary School, Mexico City, 1935–1940; secondary studies at National Teachers’ School, 1941–1946; preparatory at National Preparatory School, Mexico City, 1953–1954; teaching certificate in Mexican and world history, Higher Normal School, 1955–1959; studied archeology at National School of Anthropology and History, 1960–1965; elementary and secondary school teacher, Federal District (25 years); professor, National Preparatory School. d—Federal PPS party deputy, 1970–1973, member of Indigenous Affairs Committee, 1st National Defense Committee, Television Industry Committee, Petroleum Committee, 2nd Labor Committee. e—Member, PPS. f—None. g—Leader, SNTE. h—None. j—None. k—None. l—Directorio, 1970–1972; C de D, 1970–1972, 122. León Orantes, Gloria (Deceased Aug. 28, 1984) a—June 6, 1916. b—Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas. c—Elementary studies in Tuxtla Gutiérrez; secondary studies at Secondary School No. 6, Mexico City; preparatory studies (1st year) at Scientific and Literary Institute of Mexico, Toluca, State of Mexico, and at National Preparatory School; law degree, National School of Law, UNAM, July 18, 1940, with thesis on the social and legal functions of the federal agent. d—None. e—None. f—Lawyer attached to the Consulting Department, Office of the Attorney General, 1940–1941; investigating agent, Ministerio Público, Office of the Attorney General of the Federal District, 1947–1948; agent, Ministerio Público, attached to Penal Division of Superior Tribunal of Justice, Federal District, 1948–1951; agent, Ministerio Público, attached to Eighth and Ninth Districts of Third Penal Court and Sixth District of Second Penal Court, Mexico City, 1952–1953; judge, First

Court of Appeals (mixed jurisdiction), Coyoacán, Federal District, 1953–1954; judge, Superior Tribunal of Justice, Federal District and Federal Territories, 1954–1977; supernumerary justice, Supreme Court, 1974–1979; justice, Supreme Court, 1979– 1984. g—None. h—Practicing lawyer, 1941– 1943. i—Daughter of Juan José León, lawyer, and Serafina Orantes; widow of engineer Francisco Peláez; brother Romeo León Orantes was president of Federal Board of Conciliation and Arbitration. j—None. k—Second woman ever to be appointed to Mexican Supreme Court. l—DBM70, 325; DBC, 137–138; DGF56, 513; MGF73, 111; DBGM, 665; Protag., 192; DP95, 1981. León Portillo, Miguel a—Feb. 22, 1926. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; BA degree from Loyola University, Los Angeles, Calif., 1948; MA in arts from Loyola University, 1951; PhD in philosophy from UNAM, 1956, with dissertation on ancient Mexican history; professor of ancient history and anthropology, UNAM, 1954–1957; professor of history of Nahuatl culture, UNAM, 1957– ; researcher, Institute of History, UNAM, 1957–1963; director, Institute of History, UNAM, 1963. d—None. e—None. f—Assistant director, Interamerican Indigenous Institute, 1958–1960; director, Interamerican Indigenous Institute, 1960–1966; ambassador to UNESCO, 1987– 1992. g—Member, National College, 1971. h—None. i—Son of Miguel León Ortiz and Luisa Portilla; married Ascensión Hernández Treviño. j—None. k—Received Belisario Domínguez award, 1995. l—Enc. Mex., VIII, 1954–1955; WNM, 129; JSH, 213–214. León Rubio, Juan José a—Dec. 17, 1944. b—Atemajac de Brizuela, Jalisco. c—Early education unknown; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, 1968–1972, with thesis on circuit court system; MA in taxation from University of Guadalajara, 1996–1998; courses in management and tax administration at ITAM, 1993–1994, and Florida International University, 1977–1978; professor, National

t he b io g ra phies  529

School of Political Studies, UNAM, Aragón campus; professor, ITAM, 1991; professor, Ibero-American University, 1981–1989. d—None. e—Member of PRI, 1967–1997. f—Director, Value-Added Tax (IVA) Research Office, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1974–1975; director, Consulting Department, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1975–1977; adviser, director general of commercial income, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1977–1980; assistant director of coordination and implementation of IVA, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1980–1982; assistant director, Liquidation Division, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1982–1984; assistant director of tax collection, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1984–1985; director, legal affairs, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1985–1988; federal tax administrator, Aguascalientes, 1988–1991; coordinator of tax administration, Western Mexico, 1991–1994; secretary of finance and administration, Aguascalientes, 1998–2004; interim governor, Aguascalientes, 2004; oficial mayor of government, 2006– . g—None. h—Notary Public No. 52, Aguascalientes. i—Son of Jesús León López, rancher, and Toribia Rubio, teacher; married María Guadalupe González, teacher. j—None. k—None. l—www.aguas.gob.mx, 2004; www.gobernacion.gob.mx, 2007; DBGM92. León (Uranga), Luis I. (Deceased Aug. 21, 1981) a—July 4, 1890. b—Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua. c—First 5 years of elementary studies in Ciudad Juárez; last year of elementary in normal school, Mexico City; enrolled in veterinary program at National School of Agriculture; agricultural engineering degree, National School of Agriculture. d—Alternate deputy to Constitutional Convention, 1916–1917; federal deputy from State of Sonora, 1918–1920; federal deputy from State of Chihuahua, 1920–1922, 1922–1924; federal deputy from Federal District, 1924; senator from State of Chihuahua, 1964–1970. e—Orator and leader of Calles’ campaign for governor of Sonora; orator and leader of de la Huerta

campaign for governor of Sonora; orator for General Obregón’s presidential campaign, 1919–1920; accompanied Plutarco Calles on presidential campaign, 1924; cofounder of Mexican Civic Front for Revolutionary Affirmation, 1963. f—Director, Agriculture Department, State of Sonora, 1915–1917; assistant secretary of the treasury under provisional president Adolfo de la Huerta, June 1, 1920–Dec. 1, 1920; secretary of agriculture, Dec. 1, 1924–Nov. 30, 1928; secretary of industry and commerce, Feb. 5, 1928–Oct. 30, 1930; interim governor, Chihuahua, 1929–1930; executive director of Northern Zone, National Colonization Commission, Secretariat of Agriculture, 1951. g—President, local agrarian committee. h—Director, Mexico City daily El Nacional, 1931. i—Son of Marcelo León, a Juarista who fought the French at age 16 and reached rank of lieutenant colonel in national guard; later was director of customs in Ciudad Juárez and himself a federal deputy; mother, Dolores Uranga, was granddaughter of a Juarista who was mayor of Paso del Norte and a military commander. j—Supported General Obregón against Venustiano Carranza, 1919. k—In exile, 1935–1940. l—Cadena Z.; Enc. Mex., VIII, 50; Dulles; Urióstegui, 477ff; DGF51, I, 210; Aldama, 571–573; Gómez, 326. Leonel Posasa, Marcos a—Oct. 8, 1938. b—Tampico, Tamaulipas. c—Early education unknown; no degree. d—None. e—Joined Mexican Communist Party, Apr., 1956; member, PCM Central Committee, 1964–1979; member, PCM Executive Committee, 1979; director, Oposición, official PCM newspaper, 1973–1978. f—None. g—Secretary-general, Mexican Communist Youth, 1965–1970. h—Electrician in petroleum industry. j—None. k—None. l—HA, Mar. 19, 1979, 10. Lepe García, Jorge Leobardo a—Feb. 22, 1950. b—Unión de San Antonio, Jalisco. c—Early education unknown; architecture degree, 1967–1972; professor, UNAM. d—Mayor, Puerto Vallarta, 1983–1985;

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local deputy, State Legislature of Jalisco, 1986–1989; federal deputy to State of Jalisco, Dist. 1, 1991–1993. e—Joined PRI, 1968; secretary-general of PRI, Jalisco, 1989–1990; general delegate of CEN of PRI to Jalisco, 2004, Nayarit, 2007. f—Assistant secretary of housing and real estate, Secretariat of Social Development, 1993–1994; assistant secretary of urban development and housing, Secretariat of Social Development, 1994–1995. g—None. i—Son of Manuel Lepe García, farmer, and Rosaura García Ríos; married Rosa Adriana Reyes Bautista, professional decorator. j—None. k—None. l—Pescador, 172; DBGM92, 500. Levín Coppel, Óscar Guillermo a—Sept. 4, 1948. b—Mazatlán, Sinaloa. c—Early education unknown; economics studies at National School of Economics, UNAM, 1966–1970, graduating Apr. 29, 1979; MA in planning and development from CEPAL, Chile, 1971; MA in Latin American studies from UNAM, 1972–1973; professor, National School of Economics, UNAM, 1972–1975; professor of political science, UNAM, 1983– 1994. d—Delegate from Álvaro Obregón to Department of the Federal District, 1989–1992; Gustavo A. Madero delegate to Department of the Federal District, 1992– 1994; federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. 23, 1994–1997, coordinator, delegation from the Federal District; representative, Assembly of the Federal District, 1997– 2000; plurinominal federal deputy from PRI, 2000–2003, 2009–2012. e—Joined PRI, 1972; member, National Political Council, 1995; president, PRI, Federal District, 2000. f—Chief, Consumer Credit Department, CONASUPO, 1972–1974; private secretary to director general of NAFIN, 1974–1977; private secretary and head of advisers of secretary of the treasury, 1977; director general of credit, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1977–1982; director general of radio, television, and film, Secretariat of Government, 1988–1989. h—None. i—Son of J. Óscar Levín Morales and Laura Coppel Campaña; married Nuria Balcells Lubían, economist;

from a family with numerous businesses in Mazatlán, including finance, banking, and commerce. j—None. k—None. l—Musacchio, 230; www.cddhcu.gob.mx, 1994; DCM2000–2003, 415–416; QesQ en el Congreso, 2000–2003, 207–208; DBGM89, 199; DBGM92, 207. Levy Algazi, Santiago a—Jan. 16, 1956. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; BA, magna cum laude, from ITAM; MA in political economy from Boston University, 1978; PhD in economics, Boston University, 1980; professor of economics from Boston University and ITAM; research associate, Center for the Studies of Economic Development of Latin America, Boston University; visiting researcher, Cambridge University; director, Institute for Economic Development, Boston University. d—None. e—None. f—Economist, economic development projects, IADB, 1983–1990; coordinator of economic development, Secretariat of Commerce, 1992–1993; president, Federal Competence Commission, 1993–1994; assistant secretary of expenditures, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1994–2000; director general, IMSS, 2000–2005; general manager and chief economist, Research Department, IADB, 2007– . g—None. h—Adviser, Department of Economic Studies, Banamex. j—None. k—None. l—www.iadb.org, 2008; www.pre sidencia.gob.mx, 2008; Musacchio, 230. Leycegui Gardoqui, Beatriz a—1970s. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; law degree from Free Law School, May 21, 1993, with thesis on NAFTA; MA in public and international affairs, Columbia University, New York, on fellowship from Ford Foundation and Bank of Mexico; researcher and professor, ITAM. d—None. e—None. f—Official, Secretariat of Foreign Relations; official, Secretariat of Government; director of legal affairs to assistant secretary of international trade negotiations, Secretariat of Industry and Commerce, 1994; assistant secretary of international trade

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negotiations, Secretariat of the Economy, 2006– . g—None. h—Economist, international trade and law, SAI Consulting, 2006. i—Daughter of Dr. Manuel Leycegui Aiza; grandparents Manuel Leycegui de la Cerda and Guadalupe Aiza Banuni; married José T. Ruiz González, assistant secretary of income, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1996– 2000. j—None. k—None. l—WWM87, 322; www.economia.gob.mx, 2007. Leyva Acevedo, Efrén Nicolás a—Dec. 30, 1955. b—Chilpancingo, Guerrero. c—Early education unknown; law degree, University of Guerrero. d—Mayor, Chilpancingo, 1990–1993; federal deputy from State of Guerrero, Dist. 1, 1994–1997; plurinominal federal deputy from PRI, 2000–2003. e—Joined PRI, 1972; general delegate, CNOP of PRI to Oaxaca, Tabasco, and Chiapas; member, PRI National Political Council. f—None. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Efrén Leyva Adame and María Elena Acevedo Castro; married Amelia Batani Ohms; nephew Marco Antonio Leyva Mema was president of PRI, Guerrero, 2007. j—None. k—None. l—www .diario21.com.mx, July 5, 2007; www .cddhcu.gob.mx, 1994; DCM, 2000–2003, 436; QesQ en el Congreso, 2000–2003, 208–209; Musacchio, 231. Leyva Mancilla, Baltasar R. (Deceased Sept. 21, 1991) a—Jan. 6, 1896. b—Chilpancingo, Guerrero. c—Early education unknown; preparatory studies at National Preparatory School; enrolled at National Military College, 1912, left when it closed. d—Governor, Guerrero, 1945–1951; senator from Guerrero, 1964–1970. e—President of PRI, Guerrero, 1968. f—Oficial mayor, Secretariat of National Defense, 1952–1956. g—None. h—None. i—Married Fermina V. Pitágoras; son Guillermo Leyva Ventura, alternate federal deputy from Guerrero, 1958–1961. j—Joined the Revolution in the Aquiles Serdán Brigade, Puebla; escorted Francisco I. Madero, Feb. 9, 1914; chief of staff of General Antonio Guerrero in Chihuahua; served on the staffs of General

Álvaro Obregón and Francisco Serrano; fought Zapatistas in the Federal District, 1915; fought in Guerrero, 1917–1918; on staff of the 30th, 27th, 16th, and 5th military operations; on staff of the 9th, 8th, 5th, and 6th military zones; commander, 29th Cavalry Regiment, 1926; commander, military zones of Guanajuato, San Luis Potosí, and Tamaulipas; fought against Saturnino Cedillo, 1939; career army officer; rank of lieutenant colonel in the cavalry, Nov. 10, 1914; rank of colonel, 1938; rank of brigadier general, Apr. 1, 1941; rank of brigade general, 1952; retired from active duty, Aug. 1, 1972. k—Accused of illegal landholdings by CNC secretary-general, State of Guerrero, 1972. l—DGF56, 199; letter; HA, Nov. 1, 1946; Hoy, May 1, 1971, 10; MGF69, 105; Excélsior, Aug. 29, 1972, 27; Rev. de Ejer., Oct., 1991, 54–1955; www .es.wikipedia.org, 2008. Leyva Mendívil, Juan a—Oct. 11, 1953. b—Tinajera, Cajeme, Sonora. c—Elementary studies at Aquiles Serdán Rural Foundation School, Bacum, Sonora; no degree. d—Member, City Council, Guaymas, Sonora, 1985–1988; federal deputy from Sonora, Dist. 7, 1994–1997; plurinominal federal deputy from PRI, 2000–2003. e—Joined PRI, 1980; president of PRI, Ciudad Obregón, Sonora. f—None. g—President, Peasant Alliance of the Northeast, Ciudad Obregón, 2002; president, Peasant Alliance of the Northeast, Cajeme. h—Farmer; president, wheat milling co., 1990–1992. j—None. k—None. l—www.cddhcu.gob .mx, 1994; DCM, 2000–2003, 346; QesQ en el Congreso, 2000–2003, 209; Musacchio, 231; www.es.wikipedia.org, 2007. Leyva (Mortera), Xicoténcatl a—Apr. 4, 1940. b—Jalapa, Veracruz. c—Elementary and secondary at public schools, Tijuana, Baja California; preparatory studies at public school, Tijuana; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM; professor of administrative law, UNAM, 1965–1969. d—Mayor, Tijuana, 1977–1980; governor, Baja California, 1983–1988. e—Joined PRI

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as a youth leader, 1957; official, Secretariat of Press and Publicity, CEN of PRI, 1969; secretary-general of PRI, Baja California, 1976. f—Director, Department of Review of Minor Suits, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1965–1970; auxiliary secretary of assistant secretary of the treasury, 1969; administrative assistant director, National Institute of Youth; National Institute of Youth delegate, Baja California, 1977; NAFIN representative, Washington, DC, 1989. g—Member, Service Professionals’ Union, CTM. h—Public Notary No. 1, Baja California, 1983. i—Son of Xicoténcatl Leyva Alemán, former mayor of Tijuana and director of immigration in Baja California in 1942; father, cousin of Miguel Alemán and mayor of Tijuana, 1959–1962; mother, Socorro Mortera, is sister of petroleum union leader and federal deputy Porfirio Mortera; married María Elena Boeja; political enemy of Roberto de la Madrid. j—None. k—Removed from position as governor for losing state to Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas in 1988; father was criticized in Chamber of Deputies for his performance as mayor. l—Excélsior, May 12, 1983, 4, 20A; Excélsior, May 13, 1983, 21A; HA, May 23, 1983, 40; Mexico Journal, Feb. 6, 1989, 10; www.zetatijuana.com, 2008; www.e-local .gob.mx, 2008. Leyva Velázquez, Gabriel a—June 30, 1896. b—Los Humayes, Municipio San Ignacio, Sinaloa. c—Elementary studies at Porfirio Díaz School, Culiacán, Sinaloa; studied at normal school in Mexico City, on scholarship from President Madero, left studies in 1913 to fight Victoriano Huerta with many fellow students; no degree. d—Federal deputy from State of Sinaloa, Dist. 2, 1937–1940; president, Permanent Commission, Dec., 1940; oficial mayor, Chamber of Deputies; senator from State of Sinaloa, 1940–1946, president of Administration Committee, Department of Agrarian Affairs Committee, member of 2nd Balloting Committee; governor, Sinaloa, 1957–1962; senator from State of Sinaloa, 1970–1976, member of Gran Comisión,

president of 1st National Defense Committee, president of Military Retirement and Pension Committee, executive secretary of Livestock Committee, member of 2nd Balloting Committee. e—President, congressional electoral commission for 1940 presidential election; president of CEN of PRI, 1952–1956; member, Political Action Committee, New Advisory Commission of PRI, 1972. f—Provisional governor, Sinaloa, 1935–1937. g—Secretary-general, National Farmers’ Confederation, 1942–1947. h—Author of several books. i—Leyva family were friends of the Maderos; Gabriel’s father, a rural schoolteacher and court scribe in Culiacán, was a precursor of the Revolution and became the first martyr of the movement in Sinaloa, 1910; Gabriel’s uncle José María Leyva also was a precursor of the Revolution and active in the Cananea mining strike in Sonora; son Gabriel was a director general in the federal government; grandson Gabriel was a director general in Secretariat of Fishing; married María del Rosario Ochoa y Arreola. j—Career army officer; commissioned by Francisco Madero, 1911; joined forces of General Obregón as 2nd lieutenant on the staff of Ramón Iturbe, May 14, 1914; chief of staff, 2nd Infantry Brigade, Northeast Division, Constitutional Army; rank of 1st lieutenant, Aug. 20, 1914; rank of 2nd captain, Apr. 1, 1915; rank of 1st captain, June 1, 1915; rank of major, July 6, 1920; commander, 1st, 6th, 36th, and 48th infantry battalions; garrison commander, Mexicali, Baja California del Norte; rank of lieutenant colonel, Mar. 21, 1924; rank of colonel, 1927; rank of brigadier general, Dec., 1934; rank of brigade general, Sept. 16, 1946; commander, 18th and 25th military zones; commander, 1st Military Zone, 1952; reached rank of division general. k—Brandenburg considers Leyva Velázquez to have been one of the strongest regional leaders in Mexico as governor of Sinaloa; criticized by peasants who invaded his property in Sinaloa during the summer of 1972. l—WWM45, 63; letter; HA, Nov. 5,

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1943, 35; Peral, 446–447; Polémica, Vol. 1, 1969, 74; McAlister, 223–224; Brandenburg, 108, 111, 151; EBW46, 200; HA, July 10, 1972, 10; El Universal, July 1, 1972; Morton, 77–78; Novo35, 235; Q es Q, 327; López, 590; WNM, 129–130; C de S, 1970–1976, 80; Enc. Mex., VIII, 1977, 67; Excélsior, Mar. 20, 1985, 1, 9; Rev. de Ejer., Jan.–Mar., 1952; May, 1976, 143–144. Liceaga Ángeles, Jesús Ulises a—Jan. 31, 1938. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; mathematics degree from National School of Science, UNAM; MA in psychology, Higher Normal School, 1964–1965; PhD in psychological pedagogy from Higher Normal School; elementary and secondary teacher; director, National Teachers’ School, 1985–1988; chief of teaching, National Teachers’ University; rector, National Teachers’ University, 1996–1999. d—None. e—Joined PRI, 1981. f—Chief, Technical and Higher Education Department, Division of Normal School Education, Secretariat of Public Education; adviser to assistant secretary of education, Secretariat of Public Education; assistant secretary of mid-level education, Secretariat of Public Education, May, 1989–1992. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Jesús Liceaga García, surgeon, and Alicia Ángeles Martínez, public official; married Artemia Castro Linares, teacher; son Jesús, college professor, ITESM; uncle Roberto Liceaga García, secretary-general of PAN in State of Mexico. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM89, 199–200. Liceaga Ruibal, Víctor Manuel a—Sept. 11, 1935. b—La Paz, Baja California del Sur. c—Early education unknown; economics studies, National School of Economics, UNAM, 1956–1960, with thesis titled “Fishing as a Factor in Development,” Nov. 19, 1976. d—Alternate senator (in functions) from State of Baja California del Sur, 1976– 1982; delegate of Iztapalapa to Department of the Federal District, 1982–1985; secretary, Gran Comisión; federal deputy from State of Baja California del Sur, Dist. 1, 1985–1986,

head of state delegation; governor, Baja California del Sur, 1987–1993. e—Joined PRI, 1958; youth director of PRI, Baja California del Sur, 1964–1965; secretary-general of PRI, Baja California del Sur, 1969–1970; president of PRI, Baja California del Sur, 1974–1977; general delegate, CEN of PRI, to various states, 1978–1982. f—Director of tourism, Baja California del Sur, 1967; Baja California del Sur representative in Federal District, 1971–1973; director of press and public relations, Baja California del Sur, 1974. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Víctor Manuel Liceaga Solares, military engineer, and Elena Ruibal Barrera, businesswoman; married Gloria Alicia Trueba Ochoa. j—None. k—None. l—C de D, 1985–1988; C de S, 1976–1982; DBGM89, 704; HA, Sept. 30, 1986, 21; DBGM92, 782; www .es.wikipedia.org, 2008; www.bcrises.com .mx, 2008. Lichtinger (Waisman), Víctor a—Oct. 17, 1957. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; economics degree from Autonomous Metropolitan University; MA in economics from Stanford University; PhD studies in agricultural economics. d—None. e—None. f—Analyst, Department of Industrial Investment, Secretariat of Government Properties, 1978–1979; economic adviser, Mexican delegation to United Nations, 1986–1992; general coordinator of national resources, Secretariat of Foreign Relations, 1990–1992; general coordinator, Mexican delegations to UN Conference on the Environment and Development, Rio de Janeiro; assistant director and technical director, Foreign Trade Cabinet, Office of the Presidency; secretary of environmental and natural resources, 2000–2003. g—None. h—Junior economist, Data Resources, Massachusetts; executive director, North American Commission for Environmental Cooperation, 1994–1998; owner, Especialistas Ambientales, SACV; director general, ICE Kaiser Mexico, environmental consulting firm, 2000. j—None. k—Youngest member of original Fox

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cabinet. l—www.csis.org, 2000; www .cddhcu.gob.mx, 2007; Musacchio, 231. Licón Baca, Clemente a—June 26, 1931. b—Parral, Chihuahua. c—Early education unknown; degree in business administration, Michigan State University, Lansing, 1946–1950; courses in management, University of California, Berkeley, 1967–1968; course in administrative objectives, Larry Wilson Institute, Chicago, 1969; course in international trade, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 1969. d—None. e—General coordinator of senatorial and gubernatorial campaigns, State of Chihuahua. f—Adviser to general manager, Import‑Export Co. of Mexico, 1952–1956; adviser to governor of State of Chihuahua, 1956–1962; treasurer, Chihuahua, Ciudad Juárez, 1962–1963; adviser to director general, Federal Electric Commission, 1973–1976; adviser to director general, Complamar, 1976–1982; adviser to director general, Department of Military Industry, 1978–1982; adviser, Forestal, 1978–1982; manager of commercial operations, Candelilla Cera Trusts, National Rural Credit Bank, 1979; oficial mayor, Secretariat of Energy, Mines and Government Industries, 1982–1986. g—None. i—Son of Clemente Licón Fierro, businessman, and Delfina Baca Rodríguez; married Micaela Ávila Núñez; son Clemente Licón Ávila, assistant finance director, Mexican Mint. j—None. k—Seriously wounded in shootout in bar in Ciudad Juárez. l—Q es QAP, 169; DBGM, 244–245. Liekens, Enrique (Deceased) a—July 4, 1882. b—Juchitán, Oaxaca. c—Early education unknown; no degree. d—Federal deputy from State of Oaxaca, Dist. 2, 1920– 1922, 1930–1932, 1932–1934. e—Member, PNR. f—Employee, Statistics Division, Secretariat of Industry and Commerce, 1912; joined Diplomatic Corps, 1920; consul general, San Francisco, 1920–1921; secretary to Mexican delegation in Rome, 1921–1922; 2nd consul general in Hamburg, 1923–1924; consul general in El Paso, Tex.,

1927; ambassador to Honduras, 1930–1931; adviser to Juchitán; director general, ISSSTE, 1935–1940. g—None. h—None. i—Married Rafaela Gaxiola; son, Lohengrin César Liekens. j—Joined Constitutional Army, 1914, reached rank of major, 1917; rejoined army as lieutenant colonel, 1920; supported Álvaro Obregón, 1920. k—None. l—López Escalera, 601; DJBM, 78; López, 601. Liera B., Guillermo (Deceased) a—Apr. 6, 1905. b—Ahome, Sinaloa. c—Agricultural engineering degree from College of Agriculture, Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua. d—Federal deputy from State of Chihuahua, Dist. 2, 1934–1937. e—Assistant secretary of political action, CEN of PRI, 1962. f—Engineer, National Irrigation Commission; director general of agriculture, Secretariat of Agriculture; oficial mayor, Secretariat of Agriculture, 1940; assistant secretary of livestock, Secretariat of Agriculture, 1940–1946; director, Department of Indigenous Affairs, 1946–1949; executive secretary, National Olive Commission, 1947–1960. g—None. j—None. k—None. l—DGF51, II, 237; D de Y, Dec. 3, 1940, 1; DGF50, 163; Peral, 458; letter; HA, Dec. 26, 1952, 3; Maldonado, 92; www.fao.org, 2009. Limón Aguirre, Mauricio b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; law degree in corporate law, Free Law School; LLD, University of Navarra, Spain; postgraduate studies in corporate law, Pan American University, Guadalajara, Jalisco; studies in local government, ITESM; professor of environmental law, Pan American University, Ibero-American University, UNAM. d—None. e—None. f—Director of legal affairs, National Forestry Commission; assistant secretary of legal affairs, Jalisco; secretary-general of government, Jalisco, 2000–2001; general counsel, Secretariat of the Environment, National Resources, and Fishing, 2003–2005; director general of legislative studies, Jalisco, 2005; assistant attorney general for legal matters, PROFEPA, Secretariat of Energy, 2005–2006; assistant secretary of the environment,

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2006– . g—None. None. i—Son of Ignacio Limón Mauer, architect and president of CEN of PAN, 1968–1969, and Martha Aguirre; brother Bernardo was Secretariat of the Economy delegate to Guerrero; sister Martha Limón Aguirre, member of PAN and federal deputy, 2000–2003. j—None. k—None. l—www.cronica.diputados.mx, 2007; www.profepa.gob.mx/profepa, 2008; www.camex.com.mx, 2008. Limón de Muñoz, José de Jesús

(Deceased) a—1912. b—Guadalajara, Jalisco. c—Early education unknown; no degree. d—Federal deputy from State of Jalisco, Dist. 12, 1964–1967. e—None. f—Director, Department of Education, State of Jalisco; secretary-general of government, State of Jalisco, 1959–1964, under Juan Gil Preciado; governor, Jalisco, 1964–1965. g—None. h—Public notary, 1965–1985. j—None. k—None. l—C de D, 1964–1967. Limón Guzmán, José (Deceased 1973) a—June 20, 1898. b—Amatlán de Cañas, Nayarit. c—Elementary studies; studied accounting; degree. d—Secretary, City Council, Tepic, Nayarit; secretary, City Council of Ixtlán, Nayarit; senator from State of Nayarit, 1946–1952, member of Gran Comisión, Agricultural and Livestock Committee, Legislative Studies Committee, Social Welfare Committee, 1st Balloting Committee, Special Committee on Tourist Affairs; governor, Nayarit, 1952–1956. e—Campaigner, presidential campaigns of Lázaro Cárdenas and Manuel Ávila Camacho; paymaster for secretary of administrative action, PNR. f—Oficial mayor, Legislature of the State of Nayarit. g—Secretary-general, Union of Small Businessmen. h—Worked as carpenter, scribe, and, later, small businessman. i—Excélsior says he was the political disciple of Gilberto Flores Muñoz, his gubernatorial predecessor. j—None. k—None. l—DGF51, I, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12–14; C de S, 1946–1952; DGF56, 97; DGF47, 21; Excélsior, Feb. 21, 1975, 12. Limón (Márquez), Gilberto R. (Deceased 1988) a—Mar. 15, 1895. b—Álamos, Sonora.

c—Elementary studies at Felipe Salido School, Álamos, and Severiano Talamantes School, Navojoa, Sonora; secondary studies at Colegio de Sonora; assistant, Talamantes School, Navojoa; no degree. d—None. e—None. f—Assistant secretary of national defense, 1945–1946; secretary of national defense, 1946–1952; adviser to secretary of national defense, 1976. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Manuel M. Limón and Sara Márquez Almada; married María Manlay; brother José A. Limón, commander of Nogales Garrison, 1951; brother Leobardo Limón Marquez, colonel in cavalry and federal deputy from Sonora, 1948–1951; brother Manuel J. Limón Marquez, division general and commander of 9th Military Zone, 1955; daughter Cristina married son of Fernando Casas Alemán. j—Career army officer; joined the Revolution under General Obregón as 2nd lieutenant, Navojoa Volunteers, May 8, 1913; member of 1st Infantry Brigade, 1st Division, Army of the Northeast, 1913; member, 10th Sonoran Battalion, Army of the North, 1914; fought against Francisco Villa, 1914–1915; chief of staff, 1st Infantry Brigade, 2nd and 5th divisions, Army of the Northeast, under General Chávez, 1917; chief of staff, Expeditionary Column, Army of the Northeast, Chihuahua; rank of lieutenant colonel, 1917; officer, 84th Infantry Battalion, commander, 44th Line Battalion; rank of colonel, 1920; garrison commander, Córdoba, Veracruz; fought against de la Huerta rebellion, 1923; rank of brigadier general, 1924; head, Presidential Guards, 1924–1928; fought against Escobar rebellion, 1929; director, National Military College, 1931, 1942–1946; assistant director, Infantry Department; director, Department of Manufacturing Industries, 1932–1934; director of military education, Secretariat of National Defense, 1936–1942; regimental commander, Presidential Guards; brigade general, Oct. 11, 1927; rank of division general, Aug. 1, 1942; president, National Unification of Revolutionary Veterans, 1979. k—None. l—WWM45, 63–64; Peral, 449;

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DGF51, I, 177, 184; STYRBIWW54, 856; López, 602; Enc. Mex., VIII, 96; Excélsior, Mar. 31, 1979, 10; Rev. de Ejer., Jan., 1975, 18; Rev. de Ejer., Sept., 1976, 26; DP95, 2006; www.sedena.gob.mx, 2007. Limón Maurer, Ignacio (Deceased Apr. 24, 1989) a—Mar. 29, 1919. b—Federal District. c—Elementary, secondary, and preparatory studies, Colegio Francés Morelos, Mexico City; architecture degree, National School of Architecture, UNAM, 1944. d—Alternate federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. 11, 1952–1955. e—Cofounder, PAN, 1939; PAN candidate for senator, 1958; national adviser, PAN, 1959–1971, 1975–1981; PAN director, 8th and 11th dists., Federal District; member, CEN of PAN, 1953–1956, 1969–1981; secretary-general, Regional Committee of PAN, Federal District, 1959; president, Regional Committee of PAN, Federal District, 1964–1966; secretary-general, CEN of PAN, 1966–1968; president, CEN of PAN, 1968–1969. f—None. g—None. h—Practicing architect. i—Son of Claudio Limón Seguí and Elena Maurer Gambu; married Martha Aguirre Cárdenas; son Mauricio Limón Aguirre was assistant secretary of the environment, 2006; son Bernardo was delegate of Secretariat of the Economy to Guerrero, 2008; daughter Martha Limón Aguirre was PAN federal deputy, 2000–2003; daughter Cecilia was environmental activist. j—None. k—None. l—www .superpanistas.galeon.com, 2008; Pérez Franco, 204. Limón Rojas, Miguel a—Dec. 17, 1943. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; legal studies at National School of Law, UNAM, 1963–1967, graduating with thesis titled “Revolutionary Law,” 1968; postgraduate work at University of Aix‑Marseille, France, 1968–1969; professor, UNAM, 1970–1972; professor, Autonomous Metropolitan University, 1974–1978; director, Law Department, Autonomous Metropolitan University, Azcapotzalco campus, 1974; director, Division of Social Sciences and Humanities, Autonomous Metropolitan

University, Azcapotzalco campus, 1974–1978; academic secretary, National Teachers’ University, 1978–1981. d—None. e—Assistant director of social studies, IEPES of PRI, 1981–1982; coordinator, Education Committee for the Plan of Government, PRI, 1982– 1988. f—Adviser to secretary of public education, 1978; director general of professions, Secretariat of Public Education, 1981–1982; assistant secretary of planning, Secretariat of Public Education, 1982–1983; director, National Indigenous Institute, Secretariat of Public Education, 1983–1988; assistant secretary of population and migratory services, Secretariat of Government, 1988–1992; attorney for the environment, Secretariat of Social Development, 1993–1994; secretary of agrarian reform, 1994–1995; secretary of education, 1995–2000. g—None. h—None. i—Collaborated on electoral reforms with Jesús Reyes Heroles, 1977; son of Miguel Limón Díaz, notary public, and Ana Elena Rojas Guadarrama; daughter Liam Limón García married Luis Carlos Ugalde. j—None. k—None. l—Q es QAP, 297–298; DBGM89, 201; DBGM, 245; DBGM92, 208; www.contralinea.com.mx, Sept. 1, 2006. Ling Altamirano, Héctor Federico

a—Feb. 8, 1939. b—Federal District. c—Primary and secondary studies at Colegio Francés Hidalgo; preparatory studies at Colegio Tepeyac; electrical mechanical engineering degree, UNAM, 1958–1965; teacher, Colegio Guadiana La Salle, 1992– 1995. d—Alternate federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. 11, 1964–1967; plurinominal federal deputy from PAN, 1979–1982, 1985–1988; local deputy, State Legislature of Durango, 1989–1992; plurinominal senator from PAN, 2000–2006. e—Joined PAN, 1988; president of PAN, Federal District, 1976–1981; president of PAN, Durango, 1982–1986; member, CEN of PAN, 1979– 1981, 1995–2002; secretary-general, CEN of PAN, 1995–1996, 1999–2000; national adviser, PAN, 1976–1981, 1982–2001; PAN candidate for senator from Durango, 1982, 1988, 1994; PAN candidate for federal

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deputy, 1973; member, National Council of PAN, 2001–2004. f—Illustrator, IMSS, 1961–1962; translator, IMSS, 1963–1964; department head, Secretariat of Public Works, 1972–1976; department head, Secretariat of Communications and Transportation, 1976–1984; g—None. h—Translator, McGraw-Hill, 1981–1990; sales engineer, General Refractories, 1967–1969; product engineer, Merck, 1969–1972. i—Son of Guillermo Ling Altamirano, white-collar employee, and María Guadalupe Altamirano Lara, teacher; married Mercedes Sanz Cervada, sister of Jesús Sanz Cervada, federal deputy, 1955–1958; brother Jorge Ling Altamirano was federal deputy, 1982–1985, 1988–1991; brother Ricardo Ling Altamirano, federal deputy, 1991–1994, and senator, 1994–2000, as well as president of CEN of PAN, 1993–1996. j—None. k—None. l—QesQ en el Congreso, 2000–2003, 305; DBGM94, CD; DCM, 2000–2003, 326; www.pan.senado,gob, 2008; Musacchio, 233. Ling Altamirano, Jorge Alberto

a—Apr. 19, 1942. b—Federal District. c—Elementary, secondary, and preparatory studies at Colegio Cristóbal Colón, Mexico City; engineering degree, National School of Engineering, UNAM, 1958–1962; teaching courses in Germany; teacher, Colegio Franco-Inglés, 1968; teacher, Speed Reading Institute, 1973–1976. d—Alternate plurinominal deputy for PAN, 1979–1982; plurinominal federal deputy for PAN, 1982– 1985; plurinominal representative from PAN to Assembly of the Federal District, 1991–1993. e—Joined PAN, 1958; member, PAN Regional Committee for the Federal District, 1977; adviser, PAN Regional Committee for the Federal District; adviser, PAN National Council, 1982; assistant director of studies and political education, PAN, 1979; member, CEN of PAN, 1979. f—None. g—None. h—Essayist; chief of maintenance, Mexican Prefab Construction Co., 1962– 1967. i—Son of Guillermo Ling Altamirano, white-collar worker, and María Guadalupe Altamirano Lara, teacher; married Leticia

Gómez de Mendiola; brother Ricardo Alfredo Ling Altamirano was plurinominal federal deputy from PAN, 1991–1994, and senator from Guanajuato, 1994–2000; brother Héctor Federico Ling Altamirano was senator from PAN, 2000–2006, and secretary-general of PAN, 1999. j—None. k—None. l—Directorio, 1982–1985; Lehr, 556; DBGM92, 501; DBGM89, 473; DBGM, 536; Pérez Franco, 205–206. Ling Altamirano, Ricardo Alfredo

a—Sept. 29, 1949. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; industrial engineering degree, National School of Engineering, UNAM, 1968–1972; physics and chemistry teacher, Higher Normal School, 1973–1979; teacher, Cristóbal Colón School, 1969–1981; teacher, Morelos Institute, 1975–1981; rector, Hispanic American University, León, Guanajuato. d—Local deputy, State Legislature of Guanajuato, 1985–1988; plurinominal federal deputy from PAN, 1991–1994; plurinominal senator from Guanajuato, 1994–2000. e—Joined PAN, 1967; secretary of studies, CEN of PAN, 1984–1987; president, Regional Committee of PAN, Guanajuato, 1987–1993; president, CEN of PAN, 1987–1993; member, CEN of PAN, 1993–1996; secretary of organization and electoral action, CEN of PAN, 1993. f—Syndic, León, Guanajuato, 1989–1991. g—None. h—Director general, San Ignacio Bookstore, 1977–1981; director, Edhuca, 1984–1992. i—Son of Guillermo Ling Altamirano, white-collar worker, and María Guadalupe Altamirano Lara, teacher; married Sara Luz Barragán Aviña; brother Héctor Federico Ling Altamirano was senator from PAN, 2000–2006, and secretarygeneral of PAN, 1999; brother Jorge Ling Altamirano was federal deputy, 1982–1985, 1988–1991. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM92, 501; www.secgob.mx.org, 1997; QesQ en el Congreso, 1997–2000, 268. Lira Mora, Humberto a—Dec. 17, 1943. b—Texcoco, State of Mexico. c—Early education unknown; law degree from Autonomous University of the State of Mexico,

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1961–1966; professor of law, Autonomous University of the State of Mexico, 1969– . d—None. e—Director general of legal affairs, CEN of PRI, 1975–1976; general delegate, CEN of PRI, to Tamaulipas, Nayarit, Guerrero, and Oaxaca, 1989; secretary of electoral action, CEN of PRI, 1994; precandidate for PRI nomination for governor of State of Mexico, 1998. f—Director general of government, State of Mexico, 1967–1969; director of prisons, Department of the Federal District, 1978–1979; attorney general, State of Mexico, 1981–1985; secretary of labor, State of Mexico, 1985–1986; director of legal affairs, PEMEX, 1986–1987; ambassador to Dominican Republic, 1987; secretary-general of government, State of Mexico, 1989–1993; assistant secretary of civil protection and social administration, Secretariat of Government, 1994–1995; assistant secretary of religious affairs, Secretariat of Government, 1999–2000. g—None. h—Editor, El Heraldo de Toluca. i—Son of Jesús Lira Nieto, career military, and Sara Mora Ramos; married Sonia Iniestra López, lawyer. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM92, 783; Musacchio, 233; WWM87, 325. Livas Villarreal, Eduardo (Deceased) a—Jan. 21, 1911. b—Monterrey, Nuevo León. c—Elementary studies at Escuela Livas, Monterrey, 1918–1923; secondary and preparatory studies at Colegio Civil, Monterrey; law degree from School of Law, University of Nuevo León, 1927–1932, degree in 1933; a student member of an organization which founded the University of Nuevo León, 1933; member, Board of Regents, University of Nuevo León. d—Senator from State of Nuevo León, 1958–1961, president of Committee on Industries and 2nd Instructive Sec. for the Grand Jury, member of Social Welfare Committee, Social Security Committee, 2nd Balloting Committee, 1st Constitutional Affairs Committee, and substitute member of Economics and Statistics Committee; governor, Nuevo León, 1961– 1967. e—Director, Council for Economic Planning in Nuevo León during presidential

campaign of Adolfo López Mateos, 1958. f—Agent, Ministerio Público, Office of the Attorney General, Nuevo León, 1933–1935; private secretary to governor of Nuevo León, General Bonifacio Salinas Leal, 1939– 1943; secretary-general of government, State of Nuevo León, under Governor Arturo B. de la Garza, 1943; private secretary to governor of Nuevo León, Luis Morones Prieto, 1949. g—Member, Cárdenas Youth Group, Nuevo León, 1933. h—Practicing attorney, 1950–1952; journalist, 1952; director, El Porvenir, 1953–1955. i—Son of Prof. Pablo Livas, distinguished Nuevo León educator who directed the elementary school which Eduardo attended, and Francisca Villarreal, also an educator; married Idalia Cantú; brother Alfredo, director of bus lines in Nuevo León; brother Enrique, a heart specialist, professor, secretary-general of government under Governor Arturo B. de la Garza, and former rector of University of Nuevo León; brother Juan, businessman in Monterrey; son Eduardo, director of Maseca and member of Boards of Directors of Financiero Banorte Group and Gruma; son Javier Livas Cantú, PAN precandidate for presidential nomination, 1993, later expelled from party; father-in-law, Jesús Cantú, founder of El Porvenir. j—None. k—PRI precandidate for governor of Nuevo León, 1949; father forced to live in exile in Laredo, Tex., because revolutionaries persecuted him. l—DBM68, 378; DBM70, 327; PdM, 221; C de S, 1961–1964, 59; G of NL, 15; Func., 191; Enc. Mex. 1977, 123; González, II, 466–469; WNM, 130. Llanos Duarte, José Antonio a—June 4, 1940. b—Culiacán, Sinaloa. c—Elementary, secondary, and preparatory studies in Tepic, Nayarit; legal studies, University of Guadalajara, 1958–1963, graduating Oct. 7, 1964, with thesis on Sec. 1, Art. 20 of Constitution. d—None. e—None. f—Secretary, Second Division, Third Circuit Court, Guadalajara, Jalisco, 1966–1968; secretary of studies and accounts, Supreme Court of Justice, 1968–1972; second judge, District Court, Nogales, Sonora, 1972–1973;

t he b io g ra phies  539

district court judge, Tlaxcala, 1973–1975; fourth judge, District Court, Guadalajara, 1975–1978; circuit court judge, Twelfth Circuit, Mazatlán, Sinaloa, 1978–1983; circuit court judge, Third Division, Guadalajara, 1983–1989; supernumerary justice, Supreme Court, 1989–1991; justice, Supreme Court, 1991–1994, retired Dec. 31, 1994. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Antonio Llanos Jaime, lawyer, and Lydia Duarte Amador; married María Elvira Velázquez Quiñones. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM92, 673; Musacchio, 673; scjn.gob.mx, 408, 2008. Llarena del Rosario, Xóchitl Elena

a—June 1, 1939. b—Veracruz, Veracruz. c—Early education unknown; medical degree, with specialty in gynecology, from National School of Medicine, UNAM, 1955–1960. d—Alternate federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. 27, 1976–1979, under Hugo R. Castro Aranda; federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. 27, 1982–1985. e—Joined PRI, 1959; president, 27th Dist. Committee of the Federal District, 1977–1980; secretary of social action of PRI, Federal District, 1980–1982; coordinator of volunteers for social service, 27th Dist. Committee of PRI, Federal District; assistant secretary-general of PRI, Federal District, 1981. f—Specialist in obstetrics and gynecology, IMSS, 1961–1962. g—None. h—Practicing physician. i—Daughter of Ramón Llanera Díaz, businessman, and Xóchitl del Rosario Bustamante; married David Guillén Abasolo, surgeon. j—None. k—Directorio, 1982–1985; C de D, 1982–1985; C de D, 1976–1979; Lehr, 145; www .eldictamen.org, Sept. 6, 2009. Llorente González, Arturo (Deceased Dec. 16, 2007) a—Sept. 3, 1920. b—Veracruz, Veracruz. c—Elementary studies in Veracruz; secondary and preparatory studies at Escuela Civil, Veracruz; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, 1944, with thesis on the rights of authors, artists, and writers; rector, University of Veracruz, 1946–1950. d—Federal deputy from State of Veracruz, Dist. 9, 1958–1961, member of

Editorial Committee and Gran Comisión, president of Legislative Studies Committee (1st and 2nd years); senator from Veracruz, 1964–1970; mayor, Veracruz, 1953–1955; delegate from Benito Juárez to Department of the Federal District, 1976–1979. e—None. f—Legal adviser to secretary of public works, 1943–1946; legal adviser to head, Department of the Federal District, 1943– 1946; director general, Coordinating Division, Board of Civic, Moral, and Material Improvement, Secretariat of Government, 1955–1956; oficial mayor, Federal District, 1956–1958; director general of professions, Secretariat of Public Education, 1961–1964; assistant secretary of labor “A,” 1970–1976; delegate from Benito Juárez to Department of the Federal District, 1976–1979. g—President, Student Society, National School of Law, UNAM. h—Law thesis was one of the first on that topic in Mexico and was published as a monograph; practiced law, 1943– 1946. i—Son of Arturo Llorente del Toro, author of a special hymn about citizenship; student of Alfonso Noriega and Mario de la Cueva at National School of Law; married Berta Lilia Martínez; son Alfredo Llorente Martínez was director general of Mexican Association of Automobile Distributors, 2006; protégé of Rafael Hernández Ochoa, secretary of labor. j—None. k—PRI precandidate for governor of Veracruz, 1974; PRI precandidate for federal deputy from Veracruz, 1976. l—DPE70–71, 119; WWMG, 22; DGF56, 89; HA, Dec. 14, 1970, 223; letter; Morton, 124; Func., 396; Excélsior, Mar. 13, 1973, 11; Excélsior, Dec. 8, 1975, 17; Enc. Mex., Annual, 1977, 575; www.notiver.com .mx, Nov. 22, 2007. Loaeza (Tovar), Enrique Manuel a—May 10, 1944. c—Early education unknown; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, 1966; MA in international law from University of London; diploma in air space law from London Institute of World Affairs. d—None. e—Adviser to presidential candidate José López Portillo, 1975–1976. f—Auxiliary secretary to assistant secretary of the

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presidency, José López Portillo, 1970–1971; auxiliary secretary to assistant secretary of government properties, José López Portillo, 1971–1972; auxiliary secretary to director general of Federal Electric Commission, José López Portillo, 1973–1975; director general of airports and auxiliary services, 1976–1980; director general, Aeroméxico, 1980–1982; ambassador to Switzerland, 1998–2001; ambassador to Venezuela, 2002– 2005; ambassador to Dominican Republic, 2007. g—None. h—None. i—Son of lawyer Enrique Manuel Loaeza Garay, Mexico’s representative to International Civil Aviation Organization, 1947–1960, member of organizing committee and constitutional assembly of PAN, 1939, and national adviser to PAN, 1944–1949, and Dolores Tovar Villagorda; distant nephew of José López Portillo; sister married José López Portillo’s son, 1980; brother of Soledad Loaeza Tovar, leading intellectual and wife of Adrián Lajous Vargas. j—None. k—None. l—HA, Jan. 23, 1978, 17; Smith, 301; DGF51, I, 111; HA, Apr. 7, 1980; www.sre.gob.mx, 2008; letter; www .fundacion.christlieb, 2008; Pérez Franco, 207–208. Loaiza, Rodolfo Tirado (Deceased Feb. 20, 1944) a—Dec. 18, 1894. b—San Javier, Sinaloa. c—Educated in public schools of San Javier, San Ignacio, and Mazatlán, Sinaloa; no degree. d—Federal deputy from State of Sinaloa, Dist. 4, member of Gran Comisión, 1934–1936; senator from State of Sinaloa, 1936–1940, member of Permanent Committee, 1938; governor, Sinaloa, 1940–1944. e—Treasurer, CEN of PRI, June 19, 1935. f—Assistant chief of staff, Secretariat of National Defense, 1929–1932; chief of staff, Secretariat of National Defense, 1932–1933. g—None. h—Author of several economic and social projects. i—From lower-middle-class background; son was active in 1929 student strike at UNAM. j—Joined the Revolution as a private, 1911; paymaster general of the army; reached rank of colonel. k—Assassinated at Hotel Belmar, Mazatlán, Sinaloa. l—Peral, 451;

D de S, June 19, 1935, 1; letter; EBW46, 145; DP70, 1196. Lombardo Otero, Marcela a—Mar. 20, 1926. b—San Ángel, Federal District. c—Elementary teaching certificate; secondary teaching certificate from National Teachers’ School, 1941–1943; studies in French and French literature; studies at National School of Economics, UNAM, 1944–1948; diploma in arts and sciences from McGill University, Montreal, 1944– 1945; director, Department of Publications, Workers’ University of Mexico, 1950–1968; member of governing board and general coordinator, Vicente Lombardo Toledano Center for Philosophical, Economic, and Political Studies, 1978–1991. d—Federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. 15, 1976–1979; federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. 38, 1988–1991. e—Founding member, Popular Party, 1948; member, PPS Central Committee, 1957–1991. f—Adviser, Technical Committee, National Indigenous Institute, Secretariat of Public Education, 1973–1976. g—Founder and president, Popular Youth Movement. h—Interpreter, Olympic Games Committee, 1967–1968; director, Vicente Lombardo Toledano Center for Philosophical, Economic, and Political Studies, 2006. i—Daughter of Vicente Lombardo Toledano and Rosa María Otero, graduate of UNAM in philosophy and owner of bookbinding firm; granddaughter of Italian Vincenzo Lombardo Catti, founder of copper mine in Teziutlán, Puebla; married Raúl Gutiérrez Silva, businessman; member of Emilio Mújica Montoya group at UNAM. j—None. k—None. l—HA, Mar. 19, 1979, III; C de D, 1976–1979, 40; Excélsior, Feb. 29, 1980, 13A; DBGM89, 473–474; Líderes, VI, 1994, 89–95; www .es.wikipedia, 2008. Lombardo Toledano, Vicente (Deceased Nov. 19, 1968) a—July 16, 1894. b—Teziutlán, Puebla. c—Elementary education at Liceo Teziuteco in Teziutlán; preparatory studies at National Preparatory School in Mexico City, 1911–1915; law degree from

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National School of Law, UNAM, 1919; MA from UNAM, 1919, with thesis on public law and new philosophical currents; PhD from UNAM, 1933; professor, National Preparatory School, 1922–1923; founder and director, Gabino Barreda University, 1934; professor, Gabino Barreda University, 1933–1950; founder and director, Workers’ University of Mexico, 1936–1968; professor of law, National School of Law, UNAM, 1918–1933; secretary, School of Law, UNAM, 1919; director, National Preparatory School, 1922; founder and director, National Preparatory School night classes, 1923. d—Member, City Council, Federal District, 1924–1925; federal deputy from State of Puebla, Dist. 13, 1924–1925, 1926–1928; federal deputy from State of Puebla, Dist. 8, 1964–1967, member of Legislative Studies Committee (1st Sec. on Constitutional Affairs), Cultural Affairs Committee. e—Member, Mexican Labor Party, 1921–1932; leading organizer of PRM, 1938; founder and president, Popular Party, 1948–1968, which later became PPS, 1960. f—Oficial mayor, Department of the Federal District, 1921; head, Department of Libraries, Secretariat of Public Education, 1921; interim governor, Puebla, 1923. g—Secretary-general, League of Professors of the Federal District, 1920; alternate delegate of Student University Federation to First International Student Congress, 1921; member, Central Committee, Revolutionary Federation of Mexican Workers, 1923–1932; secretary-general, National Federation of Teachers, 1927; organizer and secretarygeneral, General Federation of Workers and Peasants of Mexico, 1933; organizer and secretary-general, Federation of Mexican Workers, 1936–1940; organizer and president, Latin American Federation of Workers, 1938–1963; secretary-general, Federation of Labor Unions of the Federal District, 1932; secretary-general, Mexican Socialist League, 1944. h—Founder of many literary magazines and reviews; author of many articles. i—Son of wealthy industrialist ruined by the Revolution; father was mayor of Teziutlán

and an alternate deputy, 1912; brother Luis Lombardo Toledano served as federal deputy from Puebla, Dist. 11, 1937–1940; daughter Marcela Lombardo de Gutiérrez was PPS party deputy, 1976–1979; longtime friend of Manuel Ávila Camacho and Manuel Gómez Morín; longtime friend of Alejandro Carrillo; friend of Rafael de la Colina at National Preparatory School and UNAM. j—None. k—Expelled from UNAM for his radical views, 1933; member of Seven Wise Men generation of the National Preparatory School; Inner Circle status, 1934–1938; Popular Party presidential candidate, 1952. l—WWM45, 65; DP70, 1199; Peral, 453; NYT, Nov. 19, 1968, 40; Annals, Mar., 1940, 54; Padgett, 73–79; Millon, 199–203; Strode, 288–289, 324–325; IWW40, 686; DBM68, 380–381; Johnson, 83–84; Brandenburg, 82–85; Scott, 141–142, 190–191; letter; Kirk, 84–96; Enc. Mex., VIII, 128. López Aguilar, Cruz a—May 3, 1947. b—General Bravo, Nuevo León. c—Early education unknown; agriculture engineering degree with specialty in irrigation from National School of Agriculture, Chapingo. d—Plurinominal federal deputy from PRI, 2003–2006, president of Agriculture and Livestock Committee. e—Member of PRI. f—Technician, Department of Technical Studies, 1973–1976; area director of hydrometrics and statistics, 1976–1977; department head, Area Subdivision and Sec. Subdivision, Division of Districts and Units, 1977–1983; technical director, National Ejido Development Fund Trust, 1984–1986; technical secretary, National Hydraulic Planning Commission, Secretariat of Hydraulic Resources, 1994. g—Secretary-general, CNC, 2007– . h—None. j—None. k—None. l—www.cnc.sonora.com, 2008; www.sil .gob.mx, 2003–2006. López Aparicio, Alfonso (Deceased, Dec. 8, 1985) a—Dec. 30, 1922. b—León, Guanajuato. c—Elementary studies at Colegio Alcalá; secondary and preparatory studies at Institute of Sciences, Aguascalientes; legal studies at National School of Law, UNAM,

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1941–1946, graduating with thesis on the Mexican labor movement, 1947; doctoral studies, National School of Law, UNAM, 1954–1955; professor, National School of Law, UNAM, 1952–1970. d—None. e—None. f—Adviser, Department of Economic Studies, Bank of Mexico; lawyer, Legal Department, Secretariat of Labor, 1953–1958; director general of social welfare, Secretariat of Labor, 1959–1964; adviser, Secretariat of Labor, 1965–1969; president, Federal Board of Conciliation and Arbitration, 1970; justice, Supreme Court, 1970– 1976, 1976–1982, 1982–1985, retired Oct. 13, 1985. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Alfonso López Pérez, businessman, and María del Refugio Aparicio Valdés. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM, 666; HA, Jan. 7, 1986, 9; scjn.gob.mx, 383, 2008. López Araiza Orozco, Mario a—Aug. 15, 1944. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; public accounting degree from University of the Valley of Mexico, 1963–1967; MA in financial studies from ITAM, 1972–1973; studies in money markets at University of Frankfurt; professor, ITAM, 1973–1974. d—None. e—Joined PRI, 1981. f—Controller general, IMSS, 1978–1990; oficial mayor of labor, 1990–1994; assistant secretary of regulations, Secretariat of the Controller, 1996–2000. g—None. h—Head of Financial Analysis Sec., Bancomer, 1965–1968; managing supervisor, Banco del Atlántico, 1968–1974; budget manager, Banco Serfin, 1974–1978; coordinator, Mexican Institute of Certified Public Accountants, 2001. i—Son of José de Jesús López Araiza Carroa, architect and engineer, and Dolores Orozco Casasola; married Drucilla Betzabé Martínez, business administration; protégé of Arsenio Farell. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM89, 201; DBGM92, 210; Pescador, 174; Musacchio, 235. López Arias, Fernando (Deceased July 3, 1978) a—Aug. 8, 1905. b—Zuchilapan, Coatzacoalcos, Veracruz. c—Elementary studies in Orizaba; business studies at Escuela Inglés, Mexico City, 1915; preparatory

studies at University of Veracruz, Jalapa, 1916; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, 1929–1934. d—Local deputy, State of Veracruz, 1943–1946; federal deputy from State of Veracruz, Dist. 7, 1940–1943, member of 1st Justice Committee, 2nd Balloting Committee, Library Committee (2nd year); senator from State of Veracruz, 1946–1952, member of Gran Comisión, National Waters and Irrigation Committee, Naval Committee, 1st Committee on Constitutional Affairs, 2nd Labor Committee, 1st Balloting Committee; governor, Veracruz, 1962–1968. e—Youth leader of PRI; president, PNR, Veracruz, 1936; secretary of political action, CEN of PRI, 1946–1948. f—Agent, Ministerio Público, Office of the Attorney General of Mexico, Coatzacoalcos; judge in Coatzacoalcos; judge, Superior Tribunal of Justice, Veracruz; president, Superior Tribunal of Justice, Veracruz; secretary of acts and permits, Supreme Court of Mexico; oficial mayor of Senate, 1943–1945; oficial mayor, Department of the Federal District, 1952; oficial mayor, Secretariat of Government Properties, 1952–1953; assistant secretary of government properties, 1953; attorney general of Mexico, 1958–1962. g—Cofounder, CNOP; first secretary of acts, CNOP, 1943; secretary-general, CNOP, 1943–1946; secretary-general, Socialist Lawyers’ Front, 1938. h—Author of articles on Veracruz. i—Son of Francisco V. López, peasant, who sent Fernando to school in Mexico City, and Rebeca Arias; married Carmen Bouzas; knew Adolfo López Mateos at UNAM; son Fernando López Valenzuela was interim president of PRI in city of Veracruz and Dionisio E. Pérez Jácome’s alternate federal deputy from Veracruz, Dist. 7, 1989–1991, replacing him in 1991. j—None. k—Student supporter, along with Adolfo López Mateos, of José Vasconcelos for president, 1929. l—DGF47, 22; HA, Jan. 23, 1948, 15; D de Y, Dec. 2, 1958, 7; El Universal, Dec. 2, 1958, 8; HA, Dec. 8, 1958, 30; WWMG, 23; letter; DGF51, I, 8–10, 12–14; Func., 87; Excélsior, July 4, 1978, 4; Excélsior, Feb. 7,

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1950, 1; Excélsior, Apr. 21, 1973, 1; Excélsior, Jan. 18, 1980, 1; www.notiver.org, Oct. 11, 2007. López Avelar, Norberto (Deceased) a—June 6, 1900. b—Totolapán, Morelos. c—Elementary studies in public schools of Totolapán and Mexico City; secondary studies in the army; no degree. d—Federal deputy from State of Morelos, Dist. 2, 1949–1951, member of Gran Comisión and 2nd Committee on National Defense; senator from State of Morelos, 1952–1958, member of Gran Comisión, 3rd Committee on National Defense, War Matériel Committee, and Electric Industry Committee, substitute member of Military Health Committee; governor, Morelos, 1958–1964. e—Secretary of political action, CEN of PRI, 1952. f—Inspector general of police; delegate of the government of Baja California del Norte to Ensenada and Tijuana; oficial mayor, State of Baja California del Norte, under Rodolfo Sánchez Taboada. g—None. h—Parents were peasants. j—Joined the Revolution; fought with Constitutionalists; reached rank of colonel; assistant to Rodolfo Sánchez Taboada. k—Scott indicates that there was strong opposition to López Avelar’s nomination as governor because of his supposed connection with Zapata’s assassination; one of Zapata’s daughters spoke in his defense. l—Scott, 235; C de D, 1949–1951, 77; DGF51, I, 23, 29, 31; letter; DGF56, 6, 9–12; HA, Dec. 8, 1958, 42; Ind. Biog., 91–92. López Bermúdez, José (Deceased July 19, 1971) a—Dec. 19, 1910. b—Moroleón, Guanajuato. c—Elementary studies, Celaya, Guanajuato; secondary studies at Rafael Dondé Industrial School, Mexico City; engineering degree from Agricultural School of Ciudad Juárez, 1933. d—Federal deputy from State of Chihuahua, Dist. 4, 1946–1949, member of Credits Committee, Agrarian Department Committee, Livestock Committee, Inspection Committee for General Accounting Office (1st year); federal deputy from State of Guanajuato, Dist. 6, 1955–1958, member of Agrarian

Department Committee and Inspection Committee for General Accounting Office; president, Preparatory Council; president, Chamber of Deputies, Dec., 1946; alternate senator from Guanajuato, 1958–1961; federal deputy from State of Guanajuato, Dist. 8, 1961–1964, member of Legislative Studies Committee (Agrarian Sec.), Foreign Relations Committee, and Protocol Committee; member of the Mexican‑American Interparliamentary Conference. e—Secretarygeneral, PRI, 1949–1952; director of orators, PRI, Adolfo Ruiz Cortines presidential campaign. f—Rural organizer of cultural missions, Secretariat of Public Education, 1934– 1936; private secretary to Alfredo Chávez, governor of Chihuahua, 1943–1944; director “D,” Department of Railroad Construction, Secretariat of Communications and Public Works, 1936–1940; assistant director of planning, Department of Agrarian Affairs, 1940–1943; technical adviser to secretary of agriculture and livestock; oficial mayor, Secretariat of Hydraulic Resources; secretarygeneral, Department of Agrarian Affairs and Colonization, 1952–1955. g—None. h—Started government career in Cultural Missions Program, Secretariat of Public Education; author of numerous books and biographies of Mexican leaders; member, Mexican delegation under Jaime Torres Bodet, to Inter‑American Assembly, 1947. j—None. k—PRI precandidate for governor of Guanajuato, 1955. l—Peral, 454; Polémica, Vol. I, 1969, 21; Siempre, Dec. 3, 1958, 6; C de D, 1946–1948, 76; letter; DGF47, 6; DGF56, 24, 30, 32, 35; HA, July 26, 1971, 72; C de D, 1961–1963, 81; C de D, 1956–1958; Excélsior, Aug. 11, 1947; González Navarro, 213; López, 608; Enc. Mex., VIII, 135; Ind. Biog., 92–93; DP95, 2033. López Bretón, Guadalupe a—Dec. 7, 1935. b—Puebla, Puebla. c—Elementary and secondary studies in Puebla; teaching certificate, Normal Institute of Mexico, Puebla, 1950–1953; professor, Higher Normal School, 1954–1955; teacher in various schools in Puebla; director, Juan C. Bonilla

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Public School, Cholula, Puebla. d—Mayor, Puebla, 1971–1973; alternate senator from State of Puebla, 1970–1973, but replaced Senator Guillermo Morales Blumenkron, 1973–1976, president of 2nd Credit Committee and Money and Credit Institutions Committee, 1st secretary of Property and Natural Resources Committee, 2nd secretary of 2nd Consular and Diplomatic Services Committee; federal deputy from State of Puebla, Dist. 7, 1976–1979, member of Agricultural Development Committee, Sec. on Maternal and Infant Welfare of Public Health Committee, 2nd Government Committee, and Immigration Committee; federal deputy from State of Puebla, Dist. 3, 1985–1988; plurinominal senator from PRI, 1994–2000, vice president of Senate, 1994; president of Senate, 1995. e—Director of women’s action, PRI, Puebla, 1969–1975; general delegate, CEN of PRI to Querétaro, 1976; general delegate, CEN of PRI to Campeche, 1980; assistant secretary of social action, CEN of PRI, 1981; president of PRI, Puebla, 1984. f—Director general of welfare programs, Secretariat of Labor, 1981; director of social development, Puebla, 1984–1985. g—Secretary of education action, CEN of CNOP, 1974; active in SNTE of Puebla. h—None. i—Daughter of Froylán López López, public official, and Carmen Bretón Carrión; married Ángel Galindo Corcuera, businessman. j—None. k—First female senator from State of Puebla. l—D de C, 1976–1979, 11, 20, 38, 56, 62; Excélsior, Aug. 18, 1976, 29; C de S, 1970–1976, 80; QesQ en el Congreso, 1997, 374; DBGM87, 502; Excélsior, Nov. 1, 1985, 13. López Buitrón, Jaime a—1961. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; industrial engineering degree from National Polytechnic School; MA in public administration with specialization in state financial administration, applied research, and higher management of public institutions from University of the Valley of Mexico; PhD in political sociology from IberoAmerican University; program in senior

management at Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University; researcher, CIDE; professor, Colegio de México; member, National Research System; professor, National Institute of Public Administration. d—None. e—None. f—Department head, Mexican Institute of Petroleum; official, CONASUPO; liaison between Secretariat of the Treasury and Senate; chief of advisers, Federal Registry, Federal Electoral Institute; official, National Population Registry, Personal Identity, and Political Development Divisions, Secretariat of Government; coordinator of planning and sectoral policy, Secretariat of Labor; assistant secretary of employment and labor policy, Secretariat of Labor, 2003–2005; assistant secretary of population, migration, and religious affairs, Secretariat of Government, 2005; director general, CISEN, 2005–2006; assistant secretary of employment and labor policy, 2007– . h—None. j—None. k—None. l—www .esmas.com, 2010; www.eluniversal.com, 2010; www.cisen.gob.mx, 2010. López Cano y Aveleyra, Norma Silvia

a—Dec. 20, 1942. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; law degree, National School of Law, UNAM, 1961–1965, with thesis titled “Evolution of Women’s Agrarian Rights”; MA in public administration, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 1969; PhD studies, UNAM, 1969; professor of agrarian law, UNAM, 1965–1973. d—Federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. 40, 1982–1985. e—Special delegate, CEN of PRI, to various states; president, 7th Committee of PRI, Federal District; secretary, Coordinating Committee of Meetings, CEN of PRI; member, National Political Council of PRI, 2006. f—Agricultural adviser, Department of Agrarian Affairs; director, Congressional Support Services, 2006. g—CNC delegate in Querétaro and Puebla. g—None. h—None. i—Daughter of Jesús López Cano Arenas, businessman, and María Teresa Aveleyra del Moral, businesswoman. j—None. k—None. l—Directorio, 1982–1985; C de D, 1982–1985; DBGM, 538.

t he b io g ra phies  545 López Cárdenas, Fernando b—Yucatán. c—Early education unknown; law degree, School of Law, University of the Southeast, Mérida, Yucatán; professor of logic, National School of Law, UNAM. d—Federal deputy from State of Yucatán, Dist. 1, 1932– 1934; governor, Yucatán, Oct. 5, 1935–July 1, 1936. e—None. f—Judge, Minor Civil Court, Yucatán; president, Board of Conciliation and Arbitration, Yucatán; director, Legal Department, Yucatán; treasurer, Yucatán; secretary-general of government, State of Yucatán, under Governor César Alayola Barrera, 1934–1935; judge, Federal Tax Court, 1936–1938; justice, Supreme Court of Mexico, 1938–1940. g—None. j—None. k—Resigned governorship of Yucatán because of several violent workers’ strikes. l—Daniels, 487; C de D, 1932–1934; C de S, 1936; www.congresoyucatan.gob.mx, 2008; scjn.gob.mx, 386, 2008. López Contreras, Felipe a—Apr. 17, 1935. b—Pátzcuaro, Michoacán. c—Elementary and secondary studies in Pátzcuaro; law degree from Free Law School, 1954–1958, with thesis on collective labor contracts; professor of administrative law, Free Law School, 1965–1970; professor of Amparo, La Salle University, 1974–1976; professor of constitutional law, University of Guadalajara, 1977–1983. d—None. e—None. f—Secretary of studies and accounts, Supreme Court of Justice, 1965–1971; judge, Third Circuit Court, 1971–1976; judge, First Circuit Court, 1976–1983; supernumerary justice, Supreme Court, 1983–1985; justice, Supreme Court, 1985–1988, 1988–1994, retiring Dec. 31, 1994. g—None. h—Practicing attorney, 1954–1965. i—Son of Roberto López Torres, industrialist, and María Concepción Quevedo Cortina. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM89, 621; DBGM87, 635; DBGM92, 671; scjn.gob.mx, 390, 2008. López Cortés, Francisco (Deceased) a—1895. b—Ixtepec, Oaxaca. c—Early education unknown; law degree. d—Federal deputy from State of Oaxaca, Dist. 16, 1924– 1926, 1928; governor, Oaxaca, 1928–1932;

senator from State of Oaxaca, 1934–1940; federal deputy from State of Oaxaca, Dist. 6, 1943–1946. e—None. f—Secretary of government, State of Baja California del Sur, 1920. g—None. j—None. k—None. l—C de D, 1924–1926; C de D, 1928–1930; C de S, 1934–1940; C de D, 1943–1946, 14. López Dávila, Manuel (Deceased Oct., 1974) b—Ahualulco, San Luis Potosí. c—Elementary studies in San Luis Potosí; secondary studies at Urban Normal School, San Luis Potosí; teaching certificate; graduate studies in psychology and educational administration, Chihuahua, Chihuahua; teacher, secondary schools, Chihuahua; rector, Scientific and Literary Institute of Chihuahua. d—Mayor, Chihuahua, 1936–1937; alternate senator from Chihuahua, 1946–1952, but replaced Senator Antonio J. Bermúdez during entire term, member of 2nd Committee on Credit, Money, and Credit Institutions, National Properties Committee, 2nd Committee on Public Education, and 2nd Petroleum Committee; governor, San Luis Potosí, 1961–1967. e—CNOP representative, National Advisory Council of PRI, 1946; PRI state committeeman, San Luis Potosí. f—Director of federal education, State of San Luis Potosí, Secretariat of Public Education; inspector general, Secretariat of Public Education; head, Department of Libraries, Secretariat of Public Education; director general of literacy and education, Secretariat of Public Education; oficial mayor, Chihuahua State Department of Public Education, 1958–1961. h—None. i—Married María del Carmen Chacón. j—None. k—Robert Bezdek believes he lost gubernatorial election to the PAN candidate; brought in as PRI’s candidate for governor by Adolfo López Mateos because López Dávila had no political ties to San Luis Potosí. l—WWMG, 23; DBM68, 383; DBM70, 332; DGF47, 20; DGF51, I, 6, 10, 11, 13, 294; D del S, Jan. 22, 1946, 1; letter; Excélsior, Nov. 18, 1974; NYT, July 3, 1961, 2; Bezdek, 70–72; www.cipol.gob.mx, 2008.

546  m e xic a n p oli t i c a l b i o g ra ph i e s , 1935–20 0 9 López de Nava (y Baltierra), Rodolfo

(Deceased 1965) a—Dec. 1, 1893. b—Cuernavaca, Morelos. c—Elementary studies at Porfirio Díaz School, Cuernavaca; secondary studies at Pape Carpentier Institute, Cuernavaca; no degree. d—Governor, Morelos, 1952–1958. e—None. g—None. h—Author of a standard military text. i—Son Rodolfo was department head in Secretariat of National Patrimony, 1974. j—Career army officer; commander, Military Zones of Jalisco and Veracruz; director of army supply warehouses; reached rank of division general. k—None. l—DGF56, 96; DP70, 1207; DPE71, 47; López, 615. López Domínguez, José Dolores

(Deceased 1995) a—Feb. 15, 1940. b—Fresnillo, Zacatecas. c—Completed elementary studies; studied in Iron Curtain countries; no degree. d—Plurinominal federal deputy from PSUM, 1982–1985. e—Member, PCM, 1960; secretary-general, PCM, Zacatecas, 1965–1973; member, Constitutional Assembly of the Popular Front, State of Zacatecas, 1974; member, PSUM Central Committee, 1981. f—None. g—Secretary-general, CCI, Zacatecas; activist in Popular Front of Small Property Owners’ land invasions in Zacataecas; member, National Mineworkers’ Union, 1957–1960. h—Laborer until 1956; employee, General Motors, 1961–1962. j—None. k—Imprisoned for political activities, 1964, 1969, 1970; tortured during military campaign in Zacatecas. l—Directorio, 1982–1985; C de D, 1982–1985; Lehr, 591; www.pa.gob.mx, Apr. 5, 2004; La Jornada, July 22, 2007. López Faudoa, Eduardo a—Sept. 6, 1939. b—Ciudad Lerdo, Durango. c—Medical degree from National School of Medicine, UNAM, 1963; professor of anatomy, National School of Medicine, UNAM; special studies in burn medicine, England, 1970. d—Federal deputy from State of Durango, Dist. 2, 1979–1982. e—Special representative of CEN of PRI, Nezahualcóyotl, State of Mexico, 1968, 1978–1979. f—Oficial mayor, Secretariat of Health, 1970; secretary-

general, IMSS, Sept. 27, 1971–Dec. 7, 1976. g—Adviser to secretary-general of CNOP, 1965–1969. h—Consultant, Pascua Dermatology Center; chief of services, Surgery Sec. for Burn Rehabilitation, Rubén Leñero Hospital. i—Personal physician to Luis Echeverría during his presidential campaign. j—None. k—PRI precandidate for governor of Durango, 1974; PRI precandidate for senator from Durango, 1981. l—DPE71, 113; HA, Dec. 14, 1970, 23; HA, Oct. 4, 1971, 34; HA, Sept. 20, 1971, 48; Excélsior, Dec. 29, 1973, 5; Excélsior, Dec. 26, 1981, 16A; Protag., 197. López Flores, Arturo a—Dec. 15, 1919. b—Tepic, Nayarit. c—Early education unknown; graduated from Heroic Military College as 2nd lieutenant of artillery, 1938–1941; diploma from Higher War College, 1952–1954; courses at Inter-American Defense College, Secretariat of National Defense, 1962–1963; professor, Heroic Military College, 1963, 1965–1966. d—None. e—None. f—Oficial mayor, Secretariat of National Defense, 1983. g—None. h—None. i—Served in Mexican embassy, Washington, DC, at same time as General Antonio Guerrero Mendoza; served under General Luis R. Casillas as his chief of staff; cadet with Generals Tomás Mancera Segura and José Espejel Flores at Heroic Military College; son of Francisco López Fregoso, photographer, and Francisca Flores Sánchez, teacher; married María Luz Sánchez Tovar. j—Joined army as an infantry soldier, 1937; junior officer, 1st Artillery Regiment, Division of War Matériel and Powder Manufacturing; served in 4th Artillery Regiment, 1947; officer, 13th Military Zone, Tepic, Nayarit, 1948–1952; staff, Secretariat of National Defense; second-in-command, 3rd Artillery Regiment, 1958–1959; officer, staff, Secretariat of National Defense, 1959–1961; aide to military attaché to Mexican embassy, United States and Canada, 1962–1965; rank of colonel, 1964; commander of infantry brigade and staff, Secretariat of National Defense, 1965–1970; rank of brigadier general, 1969; assigned to Personnel Division,

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Secretariat of National Defense, 1970–1971; aide to director general of military education, Secretariat of National Defense, 1971– 1972; chief of staff, 26th Military Zone, La Boticaria, Veracruz, 1973–1976; rank of brigade general, 1973; commander, 29th Military Zone, Ciudad Ixtepec, Oaxaca, 1976. k—None. l—Rev. de Ejer., Nov., 1969, 47; Rev. de Ejer., Nov.–Dec. 1973, 38; QesQAP, 72; Rev. de Ejer., Dec., 1964, 24; DBGM87, 216; DBGM, 249. López González, Francisco Javier

a—Mar. 4, 1952. b—Zacatecas, Zacatecas. c—Early education unknown; 5 semesters of sociology studies, UNAM, 1972–1974. d—None. e—Joined PRI, 1969. f—Data processor and director of Office A, IMSS, 1972–2001; director, Office of Coordination, Secretariat of Social Development, 1992–1993. g—Secretary of political action, Congress of Labor, 1989–1991; secretary of foreign relations, Congress of Labor, 1994–1996; secretary of foreign relations, CEN of National Social Security Workers’ Union, 1998. h—None. i—Son of Pablo López Campos, retailer, and María de la Luz González Guillén; married Patricia Rodríguez Regalado. j—None. k—None. l—QesQ en el Congreso, 2000–2003, 210; Musacchio, 237; DCM, 2000–2003, 416; DBGM89, 476. López González Pacheco, Miguel

(Deceased) a—Oct. 2, 1925. b—Puebla, Puebla. c—Elementary studies at Colegio Benavente, Puebla; secondary studies at Colegio Benavente; preparatory studies at Instituto Oriente, Puebla; law degree from University of Puebla; professor of private international law and mercantile law, University of Puebla. d—PAN federal party deputy, 1970–1973, member of Domestic Trade Committee and Administrative Sec. of Legislative Studies Committee. e—Joined PAN, 1950; director, Youth Group of PAN, Puebla, 1950; director, Study Commission, Regional Committee of PAN; PAN candidate for federal deputy, 1955; regional adviser, PAN; president, Regional Committee of PAN,

Puebla, 1972–1973; national adviser, PAN, 1971–1984. f—Employers’ representative before Central Board of Conciliation and Arbitration, Puebla, 1953. g—President, Student Association, University of Puebla; coordinator of lawyers, Bank of Puebla. h—Practicing attorney; attorney, University of Puebla; chief, Legal Department, Bank of Puebla, 1974. i—Son of lawyer Miguel López y López and Carolina González Pacheco; married Marcela Arta Sánchez; had close ties to Manuel Gómez Morín. j—None. k—First opposition party candidate to become a federal deputy from Puebla. l—Directorio, 1970–1972; C de D, 1970–1972, 122; www.notiver.com.mx, 2008. www.congresopuebla.gob.mx, May 21, 2008; Pérez Franco, 208. López Hernández, Manuel J. (Deceased) a—Dec. 7, 1912. b—Campeche, Campeche. c—Elementary and secondary studies in Campeche; preparatory studies in Campeche; law degree from Institute of Campeche, Oct. 8, 1938; professor of world history, Institute of Campeche; professor of agrarian law, School of Law, University of Campeche. d—Federal deputy from State of Campeche, Dist. 1, 1946–1949, member of Navy Committee, Foreign Relations Committee, Protocol Committee; governor, Campeche, 1949–1955. e—None. f—Attorney for the defense of labor, State of Campeche; director, Coordinating Office of Labor Affairs, State of Campeche; private secretary to governor of Campeche; secretary, National Chamber of Deputies; president, Superior Tribunal of Justice, State of Chiapas. g—Founder, CTM of Campeche, 1937; adviser, Only Union of Chicle Industry, 1941. h—Practicing lawyer, Campeche. j—None. k—None. l—DGF51, I, 88; DGF47, 5; HA, Oct. 7, 1949, 28; C de D, 1946–1949, 76; Crowson. López Hernández, Rosalinda a—Aug. 12, 1967. b—Cárdenas, Tabasco. c—Early education unknown; public accounting degree from Juárez Autonomous University of Tabasco, 1984–1989; MA studies in

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economics and finance at Autonomous University of Madrid, 1989–1991. d—Federal deputy from State of Tabasco, Dist. 4, 2000–2003, federal deputy as member of Convergencia but joined PRI; local deputy, State Legislature of Tabasco, 2003–2006; senator from Tabasco (PRD), 2006–2012. e—Adviser, PRD, Tabasco; national adviser, PRD. f—None. g—None. h—Practicing accountant; member of numerous CPA firms. i—Daughter of Payambé López Falconi, Notary Public No. 13, Tabasco; brother Adán Augusto López Hernández, coordinator of PRD deputies to State Legislature of Tabasco, 2008. j—None. k—None. l—www .contralinea.com.mx, 2008; Directorio del Congreso, 2006–2009, 259; DCM, 2000–2003, 265; QesQ en el Congreso, 2000–2003, 126; www.senado.gob.mx, 2008; Musacchio, 238. López Lira, Jesús (Deceased Sept. 2, 1961) a—Aug. 26, 1888. b—Salamanca, Guanajuato. c—Elementary studies at Primitivo Soto’s School; secondary studies at University of Guanajuato; scholarship student at University of Guanajuato; preparatory studies in Mexico City; medical degree in dental surgery from University of Puebla; professor, Higher Normal School; secondary teacher in Federal District until 1953. d—Mayor, Guanajuato; local deputy, 40th State Legislature of Guanajuato; federal deputy from Guanajuato to Constitutional Convention at Querétaro, 1916–1918; federal deputy from State of Guanajuato, Dist. 2, 1922–1924; senator from Guanajuato, 1958– 1964. e—None. f—Physician, Secretariat of Health (10 years); adviser to governor of the State of Guanajuato; director, Department of Pharmacy and Chemistry, Secretariat of Health, 1950–1953; administrator of customs, Nuevo Laredo, Tamaulipas, 1953–1958. g—None. h—Practicing surgeon. i—Brother of José López Lira; son of physician Florentino López Urías, professor at University of Puebla, and Virginia Lira; collaborator of José Siurob. j—Supported Madero, 1910; served in Constitutionalist

Army under General Jesús Carranza, 1913; rank of lieutenant colonel, 1915. k—In United States, 1927–1931. l—Func., 207; C de S, 1961–1964, 17; DGF56, 153; PS, 3382; www .mexico-tenoch.com, 2008; www.omnibio graphy.com. López Lira, José (Deceased Feb. 19, 1965) a—Oct. 7, 1892. b—Salamanca, Guanajuato. c—Elementary and secondary studies in Guanajuato; law degree from University of Guanajuato, 1914; professor of sociology, National School of Law, UNAM; professor of Amparo and guarantees, National School of Law, UNAM; interim rector, UNAM, Aug. 2, 1929–Sept. 4, 1929; secretary-general of UNAM, 1930. d—None. e—None. f—First head, Advisory Department, Office of the Attorney General, 1931; justice, Supreme Court, 1932–1935; attorney general, State of Guanajuato; justice, Superior Tribunal of Justice, State of Guanajuato; assistant attorney general, Mexico; oficial mayor of health, 1938–1940; secretarygeneral of government, State of Tlaxcala, 1942–1945, under Governor Manuel Santillán; director, Legal Department, Secretariat of Government, 1948–1952; prosecretary, Board of Administration and Protection of Foreign Property, 1946; secretary of government properties; 1952–1958; justice, Supreme Court of Mexico, 1958–1962, retired Sept. 4, 1962. g—None. h—Administrative official, Secretariat of Health and Welfare, 1938. i—Brother Dr. Jesús López Lira served as senator from Guanajuato, 1958–1964; son of Florentino López, a physician, and Virginia Lira. j—None. k—None. l—Peral, 458; HA, Dec. 5, 1958, 10; DGF56, 431; DGF51, I, 68; DP70, 1208; Enc. Mex., VIII, 147; scjn.gob .mx, 394, 2008. López Manzanero, Gonzalo b—Yucatán. c—Early education unknown; no degree. d—Mayor, Mérida, Yucatán; local deputy, State Legislature of Yucatán; senator from State of Yucatán, 1946–1952, member of Gran Comisión and Industries Committee, alternate member of 1st Labor Committee. e—None. f—Secretary-general of

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government, State of Yucatán. g—President, Union of Workers’ Leagues of Yucatán; cofounder and leader, Truck Drivers’ Alliance of Yucatán, 1930. j—None. k—None. l—DGF51, I, 8–12, 14; PS, 3387. López Mateos, Adolfo a—May 26, 1910. b—Atizapan de Zaragoza, State of Mexico. c—Elementary studies on scholarship from Dondé Foundation at Colegio Francés, Mexico City; secondary studies in Toluca, State of Mexico, while working as librarian at Scientific and Literary Institute; preparatory and legal studies at Scientific and Literary Institute of Toluca; completed preparatory at National Preparatory School, 1923–1925, and Scientific and Literary Institute of Toluca, 1926; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, 1929–1934, with thesis on crimes against economic policy; professor of world history and Ibero-American literature, Normal School of Toluca, 1927; professor, Scientific and Literary Institute of Toluca; rector, Scientific and Literary Institute of Toluca, 1944–1946. d—Senator from State of Mexico, 1946–1952, replacing Isidro Fabela, who resigned to join International Court of Justice, member of Gran Comisión, 1st Committee on Credit, Money, and Credit Institutions, Legislative Studies Committee, Special Forestry Committee, Treasury Committee, Tax Committee, 1st Balloting Committee, 2nd Foreign Relations Committee, 1st Sec. of Instructive Committee for Grand Jury. e—Delegate and student leader, Socialist Labor Party, 1929; secretary, PNR Regional Committee, Toluca, 1931–1934; private secretary to Carlos Riva Palacio, president of CEN of PNR, 1934; orator, presidential campaign of Miguel Alemán; secretary-general, PNR, Federal District; secretary-general of PRI, 1951–1952; campaign manager, presidential campaign of Adolfo Ruiz Cortines, 1952. f—Agent, Ministerio Público, Office of the Attorney General; private secretary to governor of State of Mexico, Colonel Filiberto Gómez, 1930; private secretary to Carlos Riva Palacio, governor of State of Mexico,

1931; auditor, Government Printing Office, National Workers’ Development Bank, 1934; employee, Popular Publications Committee, Secretariat of Public Education, 1937; National Workers’ Development Bank delegate to Government Printing Office, 1938–1940; secretary-general, Division of Extracurricular and Aesthetic Education, Secretariat of Public Education, 1941–1943; assistant director, National Institute of Fine Arts, 1941–1942, under Javier Icaza and Benito Coquet, Secretariat of Public Education; chairman, Mexican delegation to International Economic Convention, Geneva, 1951; member, Federal Electoral Commission, 1952; secretary of labor, 1952–1958; president of Mexico, 1958–1964. g—None. h—Worked in a library to support himself during secondary school; founded magazine Ímpetu, 1927. i—Protégé of Isidro Fabela; Carlos Riva Palacio convinced him to join the official party; worked in law firm of Octavio Medellín Ostos while a student at UNAM; son of a dentist, Dr. Mariano Gerardo López y Sánchez Román, who died when he was very young; his mother, Elena Mateos Vega, supported 5 children on a very small income, directing an orphanage in Mexico City; married Eva Sámano Bishop, schoolteacher; 2nd wife, Angelina Gutiérrez Sadurní. j—None. k—As a student leader, supported José Vasconcelos in his campaign against Pascual Ortiz Rubio in 1929; traveled to Guatemala on foot for 136 days with a group of students, 1926–1927; voluntarily went into exile in Guatemala, 1929. l—HA, Dec. 28, 1964, 4; Cline, 162; HA, Jan. 19, 1959; DGF51, I, 6, 9–14; Scott, 214, 218–220; DP70, 1208–1209; Brandenburg, 3–6, 113– 118; HA, Dec. 12, 1952, 5; WWMG, 23–24; HA, Dec. 5, 1952, 9; DGF56, 397; Covarrubias, 140; Johnson, 32–35; letter; STYRBIWW60, 1210; Enc. Mex., VIII, 147–148; Justicia, Feb., 1970. López (Mena), Héctor F. (Deceased 1957) a—1880. b—Coahuayutla, Guerrero. c—Elementary studies in La Huacana, Michoacán; enrolled in Colegio de San

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Nicolás, Morelia, Michoacán; no degree. d—Member, City Council, Coahuayutla; senator from State of Guerrero, 1920–1922; governor, Guerrero, 1925–1928. e—Director, General Juan Andreu Almazán’s campaign for president, 1940; vice president, Revolutionary Party of National Unification, 1940; vice president, PDM, 1945, which supported Ezequiel Padilla for president. f—Secretary of government, State of Michoacán, 1914; assistant director, Department of Infantry, Secretariat of War; assistant director and chief of staff, Secretariat of War; interim governor, Michoacán. g—None. h—Historian; geographer. i—Son of poet Aracleto López. j—Joined the Revolution, 1910; fought under General Gertrudis Sánchez in Michoacán, 1914; career army officer; military commander of Orizaba; rank of brigade general. k—Jailed for opposing Díaz, 1909; accused of ordering murder of General Silvestre Mariscal. l—DP70, 1209–1210; Gruening, 432–433. López Mendoza, Sergio a—Sept. 27, 1932. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; civil engineering degree, National School of Engineering, UNAM, 1951–1955, with thesis on technical aspects of public works contracts; professor, National School of Engineering, UNAM, 1953–1954, 1968, 1973–1984. d—None. e—Joined PRI, 1960. f—Technical auxiliary secretary of assistant secretary of public works, 1966–1970; private secretary to assistant secretary “A,” Secretariat of Public Works, Rodolfo Félix Valdés, 1970–1976; director general of cooperative highways, Secretariat of Communications and Transportation, 1976–1986; director general of federal highways and bridges, 1986–1988. g—None. h—Resident engineer, Montaje, Estructuras Ligeras de México, 1953; resident engineer and manager, Southeast Division, Constructora Morelos, 1960; director general, Disimex, 1965. i—Son of Feliciano López de la Vega, accountant and businessman, and Ana Luisa Noriega Rodríguez. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM, 250; DBGM87, 218.

López Munguía, Agustín a—Aug. 12, 1920. b—Federal District. c—Elementary and secondary in Mexico City; preparatory at National Preparatory School; studies in economics at National School of Economics at UNAM, 1940–1944; MA in public administration from Harvard University, 1950–1951, with thesis on Mexican monetary policy; advanced studies in budgetary problems at London School of Economics and Political Science, University of London, 1956; attended English Language Institute at University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 1950; professor of money and banking, Mexico City College, 1953–1955; professor of public finance, IPN, 1959; professor of the theory of public finance, National School of Economics, UNAM, 1953–1971. d—None. e—None. f—Economist, Department of Economic Studies, Bank of Mexico, 1943–1948; head of statistics, National Commission for the Control of Imports, 1943–1948; secretary, Export Price Commission, 1949; head, Department of Economic Studies, 1952–1958; assistant director general of treasury studies, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1959–1976; assistant director general, Bank of Mexico, 1977–1982; oficial mayor of trade, 1982–1988. g—None. h—None. i—Attended National School of Economics with Julián Díaz Arias, Jorge Espinosa de los Reyes, and Octaviano Campos Salas; during long teaching career, among those he taught were Carlos Torres Manzo, Jorge de la Vega Domínguez, and Carlos Bermúdez Limón; son of Rafael López Salgado, businessman, and Concepción Murguía Villanueva, teacher; married María del Socorro Canales Lozano. j—None. k—None. l—Letter; DGF56, 164; BdM, 166; DPE65, 142; DPE71, 24, Excélsior, Dec. 21, 1977, 23; Informe, 35; DBGM87, 218; DBGM, 251. López Nelio Santiago, Daniel (Deceased June 8, 2004) a—Apr. 10, 1949. b—Juchitán, Oaxaca. c—Early education unknown; sociology degree from UNAM; social science certificate from Higher Normal School, Puebla, Puebla; professor, Center of

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Scientific and Technological Studies, Oaxaca, 1971–1975. d—Plurinominal federal deputy from PMS, 1988–1991; local deputy, State Legislature of Oaxaca, 1998–2000; plurinominal senator from Oaxaca, 2000–2006. e—Founding member, PSUM and PMS; member, National Democratic Front, 1988; cofounder, PRD, 1989; national adviser, PRD, 2001–2002. f—None. g—Founder, Oaxaca Peasant Union; founder, COCEI. h—None. i—Married Nereida López Pérez; son Lenin, local deputy to State Legislature of Oaxaca, 2004–2007, and PRD candidate for mayor of Oaxaca, 2007. j—None. k—Speaks Zapotec. l—Musacchio, 240; DCM, 2000–2003, 200; www.senado.gob. mx, June 8, 2004; QesQ en el Congreso, 2000–2003, 324–325; DBGM89, 477; www .senado.gob.mx, June 8, 2004. López Nogales, Armando a—Sept. 1, 1950. b—Cananea, Sonora. c—Elementary studies, Benito Juárez Public School, Cananea; secondary and preparatory studies, Mártires de 1906 Public School, Cananea; law degree from Autonomous University of Sonora, 1967–1972, with thesis on international reclamation; postgraduate studies in constitutional and administrative law, UNAM, 1972–1974; professor of agrarian law, University of Sonora, 1972–1973. d—Local deputy, State Legislature of Sonora, 1979–1982; federal deputy from State of Sonora, Dist. 1, 1988–1991, president of Gran Comisión and Government and Constitutional Affairs Committee; senator from Sonora, 1994–1997, president of Agrarian Reform Committee; governor, Sonora, 1997–2003. e—Joined PRI, 1965; secretary of political action, PRI, Sonora, 1979–1982; secretary of organization, PRI, Sonora, 1982–1985; general delegate, CEN of PRI to Sinaloa, 1989–1990, and Chihuahua, 1990–1991; president of PRI, Sonora, 1997. f—Chief, Office of Agriculture and Livestock, Secretariat of Agrarian Reform, 1973– 1975; private secretary to Alejandro Carrillo Marcor, governor of Sonora, 1976–1977; secretary-general of government, Sonora,

1977–1979; assistant secretary of organization and agrarian development, Secretariat of Agrarian Reform, 1991–1992; assistant secretary of agrarian affairs, 1992–1994, Secretariat of Agrarian Reform. g—Member, CNC; regional and local delegate, CEN of CNC; secretary of foreign trade, League of Agrarian Communities, Sonora, 1985– 1989. h—Practicing lawyer, Hermosillo, 1969–1972, and Federal District, 1982–1985. i—Son of Rafael López Martínez, miner, and Mariana Nogales Gracia; married Laura Alicia Frías Careaga; grandfather, a miner. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM89, 477; www .pri.org, 1997; www.elector.com.mx, 2006; DBGM94, CD; Musacchio, 240; DBGM92. López Obrador, Manuel Andrés a—Nov. 13, 1953. b—Tepetitan, Macuspana, Tabasco. c—Elementary studies at public school in Tepetitan; secondary studies at Secondary School No. 1, Villahermosa, Tabasco; political science degree from School of Political and Social Sciences, UNAM, 1973–1976. d—Governor, Federal District, 2001–2005. e—Participated in Carlos Pellicer’s campaign for governor of Tabasco, 1977; president of PRI, Tabasco, 1983; coordinator of gubernatorial campaign of Enrique González Pedrero, Tabasco, 1983; member, Democratic Current of PRI; resigned from PRI, 1987; joined PRD; candidate of the National Democratic Front for governor of Tabasco, 1988; president, PRD, Tabasco, 1989; PRD candidate for governor of Tabasco against Roberto Madrazo, 1994; president, CEN of PRD, 1996–1999; PRD presidential candidate, 2005–2006; started own movement, Legitimate Government of Mexico, 2006– . f—Coordinator, National Indigenous Institute, Tabasco, 1977–1982. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Andrés López and Manuela Obrador; married Rocío Beltrán Medina, who died in 2002; married Beatriz Gutiérrez Muller, 2006; grandfather, a prosperous merchant; originally protégé of Enrique González Pedrero, senator from Tabasco and secretary-general of CEN of PRI. j—None. k—Contested outcome of

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2006 presidential race before Federal Electoral Court, 2006. l—www.amlo.org .mx, 2008; www.prd.org, 1999; www.es .wikipedia.org, 2009; www.csis.org, 2004. López Padilla, Benecio (Deceased 1969) a—Aug. 23, 1888. b—Zaragoza, Coahuila. c—Early education unknown; no degree. d—Governor, Coahuila, 1941–1945. e—None. f—Interim governor, Tamaulipas, 1919–1920, head, Department of Archives, Correspondence, and History, Secretariat of National Defense, 1958–1970. g—Organizer and secretary-general, Mexican Mining Union, 1909. h—Employed as miner in Nueva Rosita, Coahuila, before the Revolution. i—Married Carlota Duarte; son of Ramón López Patiño. j—Joined the Revolution as private in army of Arnulfo Gómez; governor and commander of military operations, State of Tamaulipas, Dec. 9, 1923–Feb. 1, 1924; rank of brigadier general, Sept. 1, 1922; fought against Carranza, 1920; commander, 18th Military Zone, Venta Prieta, Hidalgo; commander, 19th Military Zone, Veracruz, 1934; commander, 24th Military Zone, Morelos, 1935; commander, 21st Military Zone, Morelia, Michoacán, 1935; commander, 11th Military Zone, Zacatecas, Zacatecas, 1936; commander, 1st Military Zone, Federal District, 1936–1938; commander, 15th Military Zone, Guadalajara, Jalisco, 1938; commander, 1st Military Zone, Federal District, 1939–1940; inspector general of the army; rank of division general, Oct. 16, 1937; k—None. l—WWM45, 66; DPE61, 32; HA, Aug. 14, 1942, 14; Peral, 453–454; MGF69, 196; DPE65, 45; López, 618; Dávila, 119; Hernández Chávez, 92. López Portillo Brizuela, Arturo

(Deceased) a—July 7, 1908. b—Guadalajara, Jalisco. c—Elementary studies at Luis Silva School, Guadalajara; secondary studies at annex to Normal School, Guadalajara; preparatory studies at Preparatory School of Jalisco; teaching certificate from Normal School, Aguascalientes, 1930; economics studies, National School of Economics, UNAM, 1934–1938, degree, Dec. 14, 1944,

with thesis titled “Commercial Refrigeration in Mexico”; member, University Council, UNAM; teacher, 1928–1945. d—Federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. 9, 1958–1961, member of 1st Sec. of Legislative Studies Committee; federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. 1, 1964–1967, member of Tariff Committee and 2nd Treasury Committee. e—General delegate, CEN of PRI to states of Hidalgo, Sinaloa, and Puebla. f—Official, Federal Income Tax Department, Secretariat of the Treasury; National Census Department delegate to State of San Luis Potosí, 1939–1940; director, Census Department, National Foreign Trade Bank, 1958. g—Delegate and president, National Congress of Students, Mérida, Yucatán; president, Student Society, School of Economics; joined Teachers’ Union of the Federal District, 1931; member, National Union of Treasury Workers; assistant secretary of secretary-general of FSTSE; active in Federation of Workers of the Federal District and CTM, 1940–1945; secretary of social welfare, National Union of Treasury Workers, 1947; secretary of organization, National Union of Treasury Workers; secretary-general, National Union of Treasury Workers, 1957–1960; secretary of labor and conflicts, FSTSE, 1959–1961; secretary of statistics, FSTSE, 1961–1965. h—None. j—None. k—None. l—Func., 184; C de D, 1958–1961, 83; C de D, 1964–1967, 77, 86; DNE, 129; Sirvent, 177. López Portillo (Pacheco), José

(Deceased Feb. 17, 2004) a—June 16, 1920. b—Federal District. c—Elementary studies at Benito Juárez Public School, Federal District; secondary studies completed in Federal District, 1935; preparatory studies at National Preparatory School, Mexico City, 1937; law degree from University of Santiago, Chile, on political science scholarship from Chilean government, 1942–1945; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM 1946; LLD from National School of Law, UNAM, 1950; professor of law, National School of Law, UNAM, 1947–1958;

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founder, University Extension Program; founding professor of political science and government policy curriculum, PhD program in administrative sciences, Graduate School of Business and Administration, UNAM. d—President of Mexico, 1976–1982. e—Member, Social and Economic Council, during presidential campaign of Adolfo López Mateos, 1958; member, New Advisory Council, IEPES of PRI, 1972. f—Technical adviser to oficial mayor of Secretariat of National Patrimony, 1959–1960; member, Revisory Committee of Art. 3 of the Constitution, 1959; director general, Board of Moral, Civic, and Material Improvement, Secretariat of Government Properties, 1960–1965; director of legal counsel, Office of the Presidency, 1965–1968; assistant secretary of the presidency, 1968–1970; assistant secretary of government properties, 1970–1972; director general, Federal Electric Commission, 1972–1973; secretary of the treasury, May 29, 1973–1975. g—Member, Almazán Student Vanguard, 1939–1940. h—Practicing lawyer, 1946–1959; author of several books. i—Pedro Ojeda Paullada served as assistant director of Federal Board of Moral, Civic, and Material Improvement under López Portillo; friend of Luis Echeverría since grammar school; grandson of José López Portillo y Rojas, secretary of foreign relations under Victoriano Huerta and governor of Jalisco, 1911–1913; son of engineer José López Portillo y Weber, historian and member of PEMEX Board of Directors; worked for many years in law firm of Gabriel García Rojas; daughter Paulina married Pascual Ortiz Rubio Downey, grandson of former president Pascual Ortiz Rubio; cousin of Pedro Telo de Landeros y Pacheco, director of National Fruit Growers’ Commission; son José Ramon López Portillo served as assistant secretary of planning, 1980–1981, and married María Antonieta García López, daughter of Ambassador Agustín García López Santaolalla; cousin Manuel López Portillo served as assistant secretary of environmental improvement,

1980–1982; cousin of prominent journalist Julio Scherer García; cousin of General Ignacio López Portillo, Army Medical Corps. j—None. k—None. l—HA, Dec. 14, 1970, 21; HA, Aug. 21, 1972, 12; DPE61, 61; Excélsior, June 19, 1970, 4; HA, Nov. 18, 1968; Excélsior, Aug. 10, 1972, 10; WWMG, 24; HA, June 11, 1973, 13–14; Latin America, Sept. 26, 1975, 297; HA, Sept. 29, 1975, 7; Enc. Mex., VIII, 154–155; HA, Jan. 1, 1982, 13; Guerra Leal, 368; Excélsior, June 7, 1981; HA, July 12, 1982, 6; letter; Excélsior, May 11, 1997; www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/, 2009; www.nyt .com, Feb. 19, 2004. López Portillo (Romano), José Ramón

a—Feb. 2, 1954. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; economics degree, National School of Economics, UNAM, Anáhuac campus, best GPA of his generation; special studies at Stanford University and Cambridge University, 1976–1977. d—None. e—Director of analysis, Presidential Campaign Committee, 1975–1976; member of campaign committee, Miguel de la Madrid, 1981–1982. f—Director general of documentation and analysis, Secretariat of Programming and Planning, 1976–1980; technical secretary, Technical Committee of Government Studies of the Presidency, 1979; technical secretary, Coordinating Committee of Social Services, Secretariat of Programming and Budget, 1979; assistant secretary of programming and budget, 1980–1981; ambassador to FAO, 1982–1988. g—None. h—None. i—Son of President José López Portillo and Carmen Romano Nolk; student of Carlos Tello; married María Antonieta García López Loaeza, granddaughter of Agustín García López. j—None. k—None. l—Excélsior, Aug. 19, 1980, 15A; Latin America, Sept. 17, 1982, 6; Excélsior, Dec. 23, 1982, 20A. López Portillo (y Ramos), Manuel

b—Guadalajara, Jalisco. c—Early education unknown; medical degree from National School of Medicine, UNAM, 1959; degree in sociology from UNAM, 1973. d—None. e—None. f—Director of Emergency

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Hospital, Division of Medical Services, Department of the Federal District, 1970–1976; director of medical services, rations industry, 1973–1976; assistant director of medical services, Department of the Federal District; assistant director of medical services, ISSSTE, 1976–1980; assistant secretary of environmental improvement, Secretariat of Public Health, 1980–1982. g—Active member, International College of Surgeons. h—Began medical practice with IMSS as physician and researcher, 1963–1971; neurosurgeon, General Hospital of Mexico; psychiatric expert; attorney of the Federal District, 1964–1971. i—Cousin of José López Portillo. j—None. k—Winner of National Prize in Surgery, 1975. l—El Informador, July 5, 1980, 1–2; HA, July 14, 1980, 16; Protag., 199. López Prado, Felipe a—Sept. 13, 1916. b—El Salto, Jalisco. c—Completed 1st year of secondary school at Revolutionary Union of Workers of Río Grande School; one year of medical studies. d—Alternate member, City Council, Guadalajara, Jalisco, 1957; alternate local deputy, State Legislature of Jalisco, 1958–1960; local deputy, State Legislature of Jalisco, 1962–1964; federal deputy from State of Jalisco, Dist. 4, 1967–1970; federal deputy from State of Jalisco, Dist. 19, 1979–1982. e—None. f—None. g—Secretary of acts and labor, Vegetable Oil Workers’ Union, 1944–1946; secretary-general, Vegetable Oil Workers’ Union, 1947–1950; president, Parents’ Association of Secondary School No. 2 for Boys, Guadalajara, 1953– 1957; secretary-general, Union of Chocolate and Candy Workers, 1958; president, Parents’ Association of Enrique González Martínez Elementary School, 1967–1969. i—Father, blue-collar worker and businessman; grandfather, policeman j—None. k—None. l—Directorio, 1967–1970; C de D, 1979–1982; letter. López Presa, José Octavio a—July 7, 1960. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; actuarial degree from Anáhuac University, 1979–1983; MA in

administrative sciences from MIT, 1986– 1988; professor, Anáhuac University, 1984– 1991. d—None. e—None. f—Coordinator of advisers of assistant secretary of planning, Secretariat of Agrarian Reform, 1991–1994; director, Administrative Development Unit, Secretariat of Social Development, 1994–1996; assistant secretary of citizen attention and social control, Secretariat of the Controller, 1996–1999; commissioner, Federal Electoral Institute, 2003; director, Procampo. g—Executive director, Mexican Transparency, 2002. h—Project director consultant, McKinsey, 1988–1991; owner, BMC (chemical industry), Paris, 2008– . i—Son of José Armando López Freeman, architect and president, Productos Plásticos BMC, Mexico. j—None. k—None. l— Pescador, 174; DBGM92, 213; www.tidap .gob.mx, 2008. López Ramos, Mariano a—Jan. 6, 1946. b—Mascota, Jalisco. c—Completed secondary studies; teaching certificate; medical degree, 1971–1976; professor of medicine, National School of Medicine, UNAM; elementary teacher, 1964–1968. d—Plurinominal deputy from PST, 1982–1985. e—Joined PST, 1978; PST candidate for federal deputy, 1979; secretary of organization, PST, Federal District, 1978–1979; secretary of management and transactions, PST, Federal District, 1980–1981; director, PST Cadres School, 1981; member, PST Central Committee, 1981–1982; assistant secretary of agrarian workers, PST, 1982. f—Delegate from Iztapalapa to Federal District, 2004. g—Organized peasants in State of Guanajuato; organized teachers and parents in Nezahualcóyotl; participant in student movement, 1968; member, Revolutionary Teachers’ Movement, 1968–1970; assistant secretary, National Union of Agricultural Workers, 1982. h—Practicing physician, 1977–1978. j—None. k—None. l—Directorio, 1982–1985; C de D, 1982–1985; Lehr, 571. López Rea, Filomeno (Deceased) a—July 5, 1909. b—La Puerta, Municipio of Tonantico, State of Mexico. c—Self-educated; no

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degree. d—Local deputy, State Legislature of Morelos; federal deputy from State of Morelos, Dist. 2, 1970–1973, member of Sugar Industry Committee, 2nd Balloting Committee, Supplies and Foodstuffs Committee; federal deputy from State of Morelos, Dist. 2, 1976–1979, Dist. 2, member of Sec. on Sugarcane Production of Agricultural Development Committee, member of Elementary Products Sec. of Development of Foreign Trade Committee, member of Sugar Sec. of Industrial Development Committee and of Rural Industry and Arid Zones Sec. of Development of Natural Resources Committee. e—None. f—President, Administrative and the Inspection committees, Emiliano Zapata Mill, Cacatepec, Morelos. g—Secretary-general, League of Agrarian Communities and Agrarian Unions, 1963–1971. j—None. k—None. l—D de C, 1976–1979, 13, 16, 26, 34; Excélsior, Aug. 27, 1976, 1C; C de D, 1970–1973, 48, 122. López Sanabria, Juan Manuel

(Deceased May 22, 1986) a—May 31, 1920. b—Angangueo, Michoacán. c—Elementary studies at private school in Morelia, Michoacán; preparatory studies at University of Guanajuato; medical degree from University of San Luis Potosí, Dec. 22, 1945; graduate studies at General Hospital, Mexico City, under Dr. Fernando Latapí, 1947–1948; studies at Mt. Sinai Hospital, New York, 1948–1949; professor of allergies, School of Medicine, University of Guanajuato, 1950. d—PAN federal party deputy, 1970–1973, member of Artisans’ Committee, Legislative Studies Committee, 10th Sec. on General Means of Communication and Transportation, and Chemical Pharmaceutical Industries Committee; mayor, Ojuelos, Jalisco; plurinominal federal deputy from PAN, 1979–1982. e—Joined PAN, 1950; president, State Committee of PAN, Guanajuato, 1961–1968, 1979–1984; PAN candidate for federal deputy, 1970; PAN candidate for mayor of León, election was annulled, 1976; PAN candidate for governor of Michoacán, 1985; member, PAN National Executive

Committee, 1978–1981; national adviser, PAN, 1962–1968, 1971–1986. f—None. g—None. h—Practicing dermatologist; chief, Dermatology and Allergy Service, Regional Hospital, León, Guanajuato, 1950; chief of dermatology and allergy service, Red Cross Hospital, León, 1950–1957; chief of dermatology and allergy service, Central Hospital, León, 1956–1980. i—Son of engineer Maurilio López Muñoz and Elena Sanabria Rule; married Bertha Padilla. j—None. k—None. l—C de D, 1970–1972, 122; DBM70, 338; Directorio, 1970–1972; WNM, 132; Protag., 200; La Nación, June 15, 1986; Pérez Franco, 208–209. López Sánchez, Hermilo (Deceased Jan. 20, 1979) a—Nov. 28, 1887. b—San Cristóbal de la Casas, Chiapas. c—Elementary studies at José María Santiago School, San Cristóbal de las Casas; secondary studies at Lyceum of Chiapas; began preparatory studies in San Cristóbal but completed at National Preparatory School; 1st year of legal studies at School of Law, Chiapas; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, 1914, but did not obtain official degree until Apr. 5, 1917, because of the Revolution; professor, School of Law, Chiapas, 1915–1917. d—None. e—None. f—Private secretary to Lázaro Cárdenas, governor of Michoacán; director, Public Registry, Chiapas; criminal judge, Soconusco, Chiapas; agent, Ministerio Público, Chiapas; judge, First Appeals Court, Fifteenth Judicial District, Correctional Court; interim judge, Superior Tribunal of Justice, Federal District; secretary, Court of Justice, Tlalpan; correctional judge; agent, Ministerio Público, Office of the Attorney General; justice, Supreme Court, 1935–1940, 1940–1946, 1946–1952, retired Feb. 15, 1952. g—None. h—None. j—None. k—Received the Amparo for El Águila Petroleum Company. l—Novo35, 216; letter; scjn.gob.mx, 2008. López Sánchez, Raúl (Deceased Jan. 11, 1957) a—Dec. 28, 1904. b—Torreón, Coahuila. c—Elementary studies at Colegio Modelo de Elvirita Vargas, Torreón,

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1910–1916; preparatory studies at National Preparatory School, 1916–1920; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, 1923– 1929. d—Federal deputy from State of Coahuila, Dist. 3, 1943–1946, president of Gran Comisión; senator from Coahuila, 1946– 1948, secretary of Gran Comisión. e—None. f—Interim governor, Coahuila, June 1, 1948– 1951; secretary of the navy, Feb. 7, 1952–Nov. 30, 1952; head, Department of Labor, State of Veracruz, 1936–1939, under Governor Miguel Alemán. g—Alternate secretarygeneral, CNC, 1952. h—Practicing attorney for labor unions, 1930–1932; in law practice with Miguel Alemán and Abraham Castellanos, 1929–1936. i—Son of General Mario López Ortiz; father formed a group of revolutionaries who included Jesús Agustín Castro; knew Mariano Ramírez Vázquez, Gabriel Ramos Millán, Miguel Alemán, and Antonio Dovalí Jaime at UNAM; attended school with Salvador Novo, a boyhood friend; son Mariano López Mercado, federal deputy from Coahuila, Dist. 6, 1991–1994, and mayor of Torreón, 1994–1996. j—None. k—None. l—DP70, 1212; HA, Feb. 15, 1952, 4; DGF51, I, 5, 88; Enc. Mex., V, 46; letter; C de D, 1946–1948; C de S, 1946–1952; DGF47, 22; Novo, 204; HA, Jan. 21, 1957; Enc. Mex., VIII, 157. López Sedano, Rigoberto a—Jan. 5, 1932. b—Etzatlán, Jalisco. c—Completed elementary and secondary studies; completed courses in business. d—Party deputy from PAN, 1967–1970. e—Member of PAN. f—None. g—None. h—Businessman. i—Married Teresa González. j—None. k—None. l—Directorio, 1967–1970; C de D, 1967–1970. López Serrano, Francisco (Deceased Aug., 2007) a—Jan. 28, 1912. b—Monclova, Coahuila. c—Secondary and preparatory at Ateneo Fuente of Saltillo, Coahuila; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM; professor of law, UNAM and IPN, 22 years. d—Federal deputy from State of Coahuila, Dist. 1, 1943–1946. e—Director, Miguel Alemán’s campaign for president,

State of Yucatán, 1946; director, Adolfo Ruiz Cortines’ presidential campaign, State of Coahuila, 1951–1952. f—Member, UNAM Legal Committee sent to Tabasco to investigate student deaths, 1935; secretary-general of government, State of Coahuila, under Governor Benecio López Padilla, 1941–1945; alternate member, Federal Board of Conciliation and Arbitration, Federal District; chief of public defenders, Federal District; president, Federal Board of Conciliation and Arbitration, Federal District; secretarygeneral of colonization, Department of Agrarian Affairs, 1958–1963. g—President, Student University Federation, 1934. h—Author of several works on agrarian law and University of Mexico. i—Son of Manuel López Guitrón, 1st cousin of Benecio López Padilla. j—None. k—PRI precandidate for governor of Coahuila, 1963; persuaded President Ávila Camacho to locate Altos Hornos in Monclova; persuaded López Padilla to establish a state university in Coahuila in 1945. l—Siempre, Feb. 4, 1959, 6; Correa, 363; DPE61, 126; Peral, 463; www.elsiglo detorreon.com.mx, May 26, 2007; www .vanguardia.com.mx, Aug. 16, 2007; www .albertogaytan.org.mx, 2008. López Sotelo, Carlos a—Nov. 4, 1923, Sasabe, Sonora. c—Early education unknown; military engineering degree from Heroic Naval College, 1942–1947; MA in continental defense, Inter-American Defense College, Washington, DC, 1968–1969; staff course, Mexican Naval Fleet, Center for Naval Studies, 1975–1976; specialized courses in amphibious landings, Amphibious Warfare School, United States, 1968; professor, Heroic Naval College, 1953–1955, 1966–1968; commander of cadets, Heroic Naval College. d—None. e—None. f—Naval attaché to England and France, 1973–1976; oficial mayor of the navy, 1986–1988. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Heliodoro López Dueñas, rural schoolteacher, and Francisca Sotelo; married Irma Esvelia Barbosa Rueda. j—Career naval officer; enrolled in navy as cadet, 1942;

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commander, various naval units, 1948–1953, 1961–1965; chief of services, Heroic Naval College, 1965–1966; aide to naval attaché, Washington, DC, 1968–1970; chief of staff, 3rd Naval Zone, Veracruz, 1970–1971; director of naval administration, 1971–1973; commander, Naval Sector, Tuxpan, Veracruz, 1976–1978; commander, 6th Naval Zone, Guaymas, Sonora, 1978–1980; commander, 4th Naval Zone, La Paz, Baja California del Sur, 1980–1983; commander, 14th Naval Zone, Manzanillo, Colima, 1983–1985; general coordinator of technical services, 1985– 1986; rank of admiral; coordinator of advisers of secretary of the navy, 1990. k—None. l—DBGM87, 219; DBGM92, 214. López Tostado, Francisco b—León, Guanajuato. c—Early education unknown; agricultural degree with specialization in technical zoology, ITESM, Querétaro campus. d—None. e—Member of Fox transition team, adviser on agriculture, 2000. f—Adviser of governor of Guanajuato, Vicente Fox; president, Guanajuato Agricultural and Livestock Commission; secretary of agriculture, livestock, and rural development, State of Guanajuato; general coordinator of liaison and operations, Secretariat of Agriculture, 2002; assistant secretary of agriculture, Secretariat of Agriculture, 2002–2006; assistant secretary of agriculture, 2006–2009. g—None. h—Farmer and rancher. i—Sister Olga in fruit and vegetable business. j—None. k—None. l—www .sagarpa.gob.mx, Feb., 2002. López Vergara, Jorge a—Sept. 8, 1950. b—Guanajuato, Guanajuato. c—Early education unknown; law degree, University of Guadalajara, 1968–1973; MA in criminology, Criminology Institute, Complutense University of Madrid, 1975–1976; MA, National School of Law, UNAM, 1983–1985; LLD, National School of Law, UNAM, 1985–1986; professor, UNAM, 1979–1987; professor, University of Guadalajara, 1989–1990; professor, Ibero-American University, 1990–1995; professor, ITESO; dean, School of Law, ITESO, 1990–1995,

2001. d—Plurinominal federal deputy from PAN, 1997–2000. e—None. f—Director, Department of Criminology, East Prison, 1977; agent, Ministerio Público, Federal District, 1977–1983; assistant to technical director, Division of Prisons, Department of the Federal District, 1983–1984; director of community legal services, 1985–1986; attorney general, State of Jalisco, 1995–1997; director general, Jalisco Institute of Forensic Sciences, 2000–2001; delegate, Secretariat of Public Function, 2001–2007; oficial mayor of the environment, 2007– . g—None. h—Practicing lawyer, 1986–1995. j—None. k—None. l—QesQ en el Congreso, 1997– 2000, 43–44. López y López, Antonio (Deceased) a—May 23, 1899. b—Puebla, Puebla. c—Elementary studies at Colegio of San Juan Bautista de la Salle, Puebla; degree in pharmacy from University of Puebla. d—Member, City Council, Huajuapan de León, Oaxaca; mayor, Huajuapan de León; alternate federal deputy from State of Oaxaca, Dist. 6, 1955– 1958; federal deputy from State of Puebla, Dist. 5, 1958–1961. e—Member of PAN. f—None. g—Secretary, Chamber of Commerce, State of Puebla. j—None. k—None. l—Func., 322; C de D, 1955–1958; C de D, 1958–1961; DGF56. López y Rivas, Gilberto a—Mar. 6, 1943. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; MA in anthropology from National School of Anthropology and History, 1969; professor and researcher, National School of Anthropology, 1978; professor, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, 1976–1978; professor, Autonomous Metropolitan University, Mexico City, 1979–1980; national researcher; visiting professor, University of Havana; director, National School of Anthropology and History, 1980–1984. d—Plurinominal federal deputy from PMS, 1988–1991; federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. 14, 1997–2000; Tlalpan delegate to Federal District, 2000– 2003. e—Member, CEN of PMS, 1987–1988; secretary of foreign relations, CEN of

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PMS, 1988; joined PRD; national adviser, PRD; secretary of human rights, CEN of PRD, 1995–1996; resigned from PRD, 2005. f—None. g—Participated in student movement, 1968. h—None. i—Married Alicia Castellanos Guerrero. j—None. k—None. l—www.cddhcu.gob.mx, 2008; www.secgob .gob.mx, 1997, 2008; www.es.wikipedia.org, 2008; QesQ en el Congreso, 1997–2000, 92–93. Lorenzo Franco, José Ramón a—Jan 2, 1935. b—Apizaco, Tlaxcala. c—Early education unknown; graduated from Antón Lizardo Naval College, 1952–1956; MA from Center for Higher Naval Studies; MA from Naval War College, United States, 1981–1982; PhD in national security from Center for Higher Naval Studies, 1982–1983; director, School of Classes; director, Center for Naval Training, 1985–1988; director, Center for Higher Naval Studies, 1989–1993. d—None. e—None. f—Assistant naval attaché, Washington, DC; attaché to England, 1994. g—None. h—None. i—Married Elsa María Domínguez Rojas. j—Career naval officer; enrolled as cadet, Jan. 10, 1952; executive officer, numerous ships; assistant director, Naval Armament Department; commander, Champotón Naval Sector; inspector general of the navy; controller general of the navy; commander, 3rd Naval Zone; rank of admiral, Nov. 20, 1994. k—None. l—DBGM89, 206; El Financiero, Dec. 1, 1994, 52. Loret de Mola (Médiz), Carlos

(Deceased Feb. 11, 1986) a—July 30, 1921. b—Mérida, Yucatán. c—Elementary and secondary studies in Mérida; preparatory studies at Colegio Montejo of Mérida; degree in journalism from University of Yucatán. d—Federal deputy from State of Yucatán, Dist. 3, 1961–1963, prosecretary of Chamber, Sept., 1963, member of Committee on Radio and Television Industry, Protocol Committee, Inspection Committee of General Accounting Office, and Gran Comisión; senator from State of Yucatán, 1964–1970; governor, Yucatán, 1970–1976.

e—Member, National Council of PRI; PRI delegate to State of Durango, 1965. g—None. h—Journalist; began career with Diario de Yucatán, 1939; reporter for many newspapers; editor, El Heraldo, San Luis Potosí, 1951–1955, El Diario de Yucatán, Novedades, Mexico City, 1946–1951, and El Mundo, Tamaulipas, 1951–1955; founder, El Heraldo, Aguascalientes; editor, El Heraldo, Chihuahua, 1955–1957; director, Noticiero Mexicano, Mexico City, 1957–1960; writer for Excélsior, 1976–1986; author of numerous biographies and books on Mexican history. i—Son of Carlos Loret de Mola Medina, agent of Ejido Bank in Yucatán and fluent in Maya, and Loreto Médiz Bolio, sister of Antonio Médiz Bolio, senator from Yucatán, 1952–1957; married Bertha Vadillo; Adolfo López Mateos initiated his career after meeting him during his presidential campaign, 1958. j—None. k—Died in an automobile accident under mysterious circumstances. l—HA, Jan. 11, 1965, 8; DBM68, 388; D de Y, 1970; Q es QY, 150–151; Enc. Mex., VIII, 160–161; Loret de Mola; López, 625; DP95, 2051. Loyo (González), Gilberto (Deceased Apr. 10, 1973) a—Feb. 4, 1901. b—Orizaba, Veracruz. c—Elementary, secondary, and preparatory studies at Preparatory School of Orizaba; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM; studies in economics at National School of Economics, UNAM; degree in statistics from University of Rome, 1932; professor, National School of Economics, UNAM 1936–1953, 1958–1966; director, National School of Economics, 1944–1952; professor of statistics and demography and founder of the first professorship in demography, UNAM; professor of economic history, IPN; professor of agricultural economics, National School of Agriculture; member, Governing Board, UNAM, 1971–1973. d—None. e—None. f—Director, national census, 1939–1940; director general of credit and statistics, Secretariat of Industry and Commerce, 1946–1952; director of social welfare;

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member of first Mexican delegation to ECLA, 1948; director general of the census, 1950; secretary of industry and commerce, 1952–1958; chairman, National Commission for Minimum Wages, 1963–1972; chairman, Center for Agrarian Investigations, Department of Agrarian Affairs, 1968; adviser, National Bank of Foreign Commerce; adviser to secretary of national patrimony. g—None. h—Member of many statistical and census committees in United States and Latin America; author of numerous books on economic and demographic subjects. i—Friends with many future public leaders in Mexico while studying at UNAM, including Javier Rojo Gómez, Ignacio García Téllez, Narciso Bassols, Ramón Beteta, Jaime Torres Bodet, Rodulfo Brito Foucher, and Salvador Novo; longtime friend of Jesús Silva Herzog. j—None. l—Letter; WWM45, 66; DBM68, 388–389; HA, Dec. 5, 1952, 9; HA, May 8, 1972, 19; Peral, 465; DGF47, 155; DGF56, 277; DBM70, 339–340; HA, July 10, 1972, 10; Scott, 99; Brandenburg, 108; STYRBIWW54, 863; HA, Apr. 23, 1973, 36; Excélsior, Apr. 11, 1973, 16; Enc. Mex., VIII, 164–165; NYT, July 27, 1954, 10; www.inegi .org.mx, 2009. Loyola Vera, Ignacio a—Sept. 10, 1954. b—Querétaro, Querétaro. c—Elementary and secondary studies at Marciano Tinajero y Estrada Institute, Querétaro, 1961–1969; preparatory studies at University of Querétaro, 1969–1972; agricultural engineering degree with specialty in zoology, ITESM, 1972–1976, graduating with honorable mention; professor, ITESM, Querétaro campus, 1980–1982. d—Governor, Querétaro, 1997– 2003. e—Member of PAN. f—Attorney for environmental protection, Secretariat of the Environment, National Resources, and Fishing, 2005–2007. g—Adviser, COPARMEX, 1993–1995; adviser, CANACO, 1994–1996; president, COPARMEX, 1996–1997. h—Assistant manager of promotion of agricultural business, Bancomer, 1977–1980; general manager of horticultural farming, Ex-Hacienda Jofre, 1980–1986;

general manager of commercial agribusiness, Querétaro, 1986–1990; assistant director general, Agricultural Machinery of Querétaro, 1991–1997. i—Married María del Carmen Arana, related to Virginia Arana, mother of Fernando Ortiz Arana, president of PRI, 1993–1994. j—None. k—None. l—Excélsior, May 12, 1997; www.elector.com .mx, 2008; Pérez Franco, 209; www.lomelin .com.mx, 2007; Musacchio, 246; www.pan .org.mx, 1998. Lozano Alarcón, Javier a—Nov. 21, 1962. b—Puebla, Puebla. c—Early education unknown; law degree, Free Law School, Mexico City, 1981–1986; degree in music from Conservatory of Music, Puebla, 1981–1984; studies at School of Arts and Sciences, University of Texas, Austin; studies at National Conservatory of Music, Mexico City; accomplished pianist, continues to study with Irina Shiskina. d—None. e—Member, Felipe Calderón transition team and campaign team for PAN presidential nomination and general election. f—Director of authorization and control of external private credit, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1989–1992; coordinator of advisers of assistant secretary of norms and control, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1992–1993; director general of norms and control of assistant secretary of expenditures, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1993–1994; oficial mayor of communications, 1995–1996; assistant secretary of communications and technical development, 1996–1998; president, Federal Telecommunications Commission, 1998–1999; assistant secretary of normative methods, Secretariat of Government, 1999–2000; secretary of labor, 2006– . g—None. h—Legal director, Petrochemical Division, Grupo Industrial Alfa, 1987–1989; founder, Institute of Telecommunications Law, 2001; private consultant. i—Son of Mario Lozano del Valle, dentist, and Concepción Alarcón Jater; student at Free Law School with Felipe Calderón; married Silvana Ponzanelli Vázquez. j—None. k—None. l—D de Y, Nov. 21, 2006; Pescador, 175; DBGM94, CD;

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www.presidencia.org.mx, 2008; Musacchio, 246; DBGM93, 62. Lozano Gracia, Fernando Antonio

a—Sept. 5, 1953. b—Federal District. c—Elementary studies at B. Domínguez School; secondary studies at M. Sáenz Public School; preparatory studies at National Preparatory School No. 1; attended National Conservatory of Music, 1964–1967; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, graduating with thesis on differences in patrimonial crimes, 1976; professor of civil law, National School of Law, UNAM, 1982–1991. d—Alternate federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. 35, 1988–1991; federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. 33, 1994, head of PAN delegation. e—Joined PAN, 1978; PAN candidate for alternate federal deputy, Federal District, Dist. 33, 1982; member, Regional Committee of PAN, Federal District; PAN representative, Federal Electoral Commission, 1989–1990; PAN representative, IFE, 1991–1994; assistant secretary-general, CEN of PAN, 1998; member, National Council of PAN, 1994; member, CEN of PAN, 1992– 1994, 1997–1999, 2002–2005; secretarygeneral, CEN of PAN, 1997–1998; national adviser, PAN, 1991–1994, 1998–2007. f—Attorney general of Mexico, 1994–1996. g—None. h—Worked as mechanic before completing college; lawyer, Abogados Asociados, 1976–1979, 1982–1985; member of legal staff, Ciba-Geigy, 1979–1982; lawyer, Hiram Escudero and Assoc., 1985– . i—Son of Fernando Antonio Lozano Gómez, tailor from Zacatecas, and Ivonne Gracia Cardona; married singer Guadalupe Pineda; second wife, Martha Moreno; law partner with Diego Fernández de Ceballos, PAN presidential candidate, and Hiram Escudero Álvarez, assistant attorney general, 1994–1997, and PAN federal deputy; political protégé of Hiram Escudero and Abel Vicencio Tovar. j—None. k—Amateur boxer. l—Excélsior, June 23, 1997; El Financiero, Dec. 1, 1994, 50; Proceso, Dec. 5, 1994, 29–30; Cien Nombres, 213–216.

Lozano Ramírez, Raúl (Deceased) a—Mar. 9, 1911. b—Molango, Hidalgo. c—Elementary studies in Molango, Hidalgo; secondary studies at Rural School of Molango; preparatory studies at Scientific and Literary Institute of Pachuca, Hidalgo; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, 1933, with thesis on political theory of the state; graduated with honorable mention; professor of law, Scientific and Literary Institute of Pachuca and National School of Law, UNAM. d—Local deputy, State Legislature of Hidalgo; federal deputy from State of Hidalgo, Dist. 4, 1943–1946, 1964–1967; senator from State of Hidalgo, 1970–1976, member of Gran Comisión, 2nd Balloting Group, and 1st Sec. of Legislative Studies Committee, president of National Lands and Resources Committee, 2nd secretary of Waters and National Irrigation and 2nd Justice committees. e—None. f—Private secretary to governor of Hidalgo, Javier Rojo Gómez, 1937–1940; secretary, State Board of Conciliation and Arbitration, Hidalgo; oficial mayor, State of Hidalgo; attorney general, State of Hidalgo; secretary-general of government, State of Hidalgo, under Governor Otilio Villegas, 1940–1941; private secretary to governor of Hidalgo, José Lugo Guerrero, 1941–1943; justice, Superior Tribunal of Justice, Hidalgo, 1945–1957; provisional governor, Hidalgo, Apr. 29–Sept. 7, 1975; justice, Supreme Court of Mexico, 1975, 1976–1983, retired Mar. 1, 1983. g—None. h—Lawyer, Blue Cross Cement and Bus Co., 1957–1964; director of legal services, Blue Cross Cement Cooperative, 1964–1975. i—Political disciple of Javier Rojo Gómez; knew Manuel Sánchez Vite since childhood in Molango. j—None. k—PRI precandidate for gubernatorial nomination, Hidalgo, 1974, 1978. l—C de S, 1970–1976, 78; HA, May 12, 1975, 41; HA, May 5, 1975, 43; Excélsior, Oct. 27, 1975, 19; Excélsior, Oct. 18, 1974, 1; C de D, 1943–1946; C de D, 1964–1967; Pérez López, 241–242; Protag., 201. Lozoya Solís, Jesús (Deceased May 22, 1983) a—Mar. 3, 1910. b—Parral,

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Chihuahua. c—Elementary studies in Parral; preparatory studies at Scientific and Literary Institute of Chihuahua, graduated top of his class; medical degree, Military Medical School, 1931–1936; teacher, physics and chemistry, Preparatory School of Scientific and Literary Institute of Chihuahua, 1930; director, Military Medical School; professor, Military Medical School, 40 years. d—Alternate senator from Federal District, 1952–1958. e—None. f—Interim governor, Chihuahua, Aug. 10, 1955–Oct. 3, 1955. g—Secretary-general, Revolutionary Students of the North, 1929. h—Private secretary to director of San Francisco del Oro Mining Co., Parral, 1930–1932; practicing physician; director, Central Military Hospital, Mexico City. i—Married Susana Thalmann Richard; son Emilio Lozoya Thalmann was appointed assistant secretary of labor, 1982; son Jorge was director general in Secretariat of Foreign Relations, 1987; physician to Carlos Salinas’ parents; military physician with President Salinas’ uncle Eduardo de Gortari Carbajal, and Manuel Camacho’s father, Manuel Camacho López. j—Career military medical officer; enrolled as medical student, Jan. 16, 1931; rank of colonel, Nov. 8, 1949; rank of brigade general, 1972. k—Forced into exile, 1929, worked as dishwasher, Gateway Hotel, El Paso, Tex., 1929–1931. l—DGF56, 6, 92; Excélsior, May 23, 1983, 22A; Proceso, Jan. 11, 1993, 18; Rev. de Ejer., Nov., 1972, 49; El Financiero, Jan. 5, 1993, 31; Libro Azul, 210. Lozoya Thalmann, Emilio a—May 15, 1947. b—Federal District. c—Elementary, secondary, and preparatory studies at Colegio Alemán Alexander Von Humboldt, Mexico City, 1954–1964; economics degree from National School of Economics, UNAM, June 30, 1970, with thesis on efficiency in sociopolitical contexts; MA in business administration from Columbia University, New York, 1972; MA in public administration from Harvard University, 1974; professor, School of Economics and Political Science, Colegio de México;

professor, National School of Economics and Graduate School of Political and Social Sciences, UNAM. d—None. e—Director of international relations, National PRI Youth, 1965, under Rodolfo Echeverría; executive secretary, IEPES of PRI, 1982; member, National Political Council of PRI, 2006. f—Analyst, Division of Economic Studies, Office of the Presidency, 1972–1973; adviser to assistant director general, Light and Power Co., 1974–1975; assistant director of programming, Coordinating Committee of Industrial Policy, 1975–1976; treasurer general, IMSS, 1977–1980; administrative assistant director, IMSS, 1980–1982; assistant secretary “B” of labor, 1982–1988; director general, ISSSTE, 1988–1992; secretary of energy, mines, and government industries, Jan. 4, 1993–1994. g—None. h—Manager, Infan Labs, 1968–1972; manager, UME Establishments, 1968–1972; returned to private sector, 1994. i—Son of Dr. and General Jesús Lozoya Solís, interim governor of Chihuahua, 1955, and Susana Thalmann Richard; father was physician to Salinas family and attended Military Medical School with Salinas’ uncle, President López Portillo’s cousin, and Manuel Camacho’s father; student companion of Carlos Salinas and Manuel Camacho at university; father in business with Manuel Camacho’s father; brother Jorge was director general in Secretariat of Foreign Relations; married Gilda Margarita Austin Solís. j—None. k—None. l—Excélsior, May 23, 1983, 22A; IEPES; QesQAP, 358; Proceso, Oct. 19, 1987, 10–11; DBGM, 254; DBGM89, 208; DBGM87, 222. Lucero Nevárez, Humberto a—Mar. 18, 1932. b—Santiago Papasquiaro, Durango. c—Early education unknown; graduated as pilot from Military Aviation School, Nov. 1, 1953; graduated from staff and command, Higher War College, 1966–1967; MA in national security from National Defense College, 1982–1983; instructor, Military Aviation School; instructor, National Defense College. d—None. e—None. f—Chief, Department of the Air Force,

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1994–1997. g—None. h—None. j—Career air force officer; rank of 2nd lieutenant, Nov. 1, 1953; rank of lieutenant, Jan. 16, 1956; rank of 2nd captain, Nov. 20, 1960; rank of 1st captain, Nov. 20, 1963; member, Air Squadrons 201, 203, and 200; member of general staff, air force headquarters; chief of Sec. 3, staff; rank of major, Nov. 20, 1966; rank of lieutenant colonel, Nov. 20, 1971; aide to air force attaché, Mexican embassy, Washington, DC; chief, Sec. 5, staff, air force; rank of colonel, Nov. 20, 1975; rank of group general, Nov. 20, 1979; assistant chief of staff, air force (twice); commander, Air Base No. 1; commander, Air Base No. 6; rank of wing general, Nov. 20, 1985; rank of division general, Nov. 20, 1991; commander, IV Air Region, Southeast. k—None. l—Rev. de Ejer., Dec., 1994, 70. Luebbert Gutiérrez, Óscar a—Dec. 24, 1956. b—Ciudad Reynosa, Tamaulipas. c—Early education unknown; economics degree from ITESM, Monterrey, 1974–1978. d—Federal deputy from State of Tamaulipas, Dist. 2, 1991–1994; alternate senator from Tamaulipas, 1994–2000; mayor of Ciudad Reynoso, 1996–1998; senator from Tamaulipas, 2000–2006; mayor, Ciudad Reynosa, 2008–2010. e—Joined PRI, 1978; president of PRI, Tamaulipas; general coordinator of government administration, Secretariat of Promotion, CEN of PRI, 1987; assistant secretary of organization, CEN of PRI, 1989–1990. f—Analyst, Statistics Division, Secretariat of Programming and Budget, 1978–1979; analyst, Tax Stimulus Department, Customs Division, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1979–1980; director of state planning, Secretariat of Programming and Budget, 1984; assistant coordinator of presidential trips, 1985–1987; private secretary to secretary of urban development, 1986–1987; coordinator, National Solidarity Program, Northern Tamaulipas, 1990–1991; secretary of social development, Tamaulipas, 1999– 2000. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Humberto Luebbert Schultz, lieutenant colonel, Military Medical Corps, and Guadalupe

Guillermina Gutiérrez Maciel; married María Esther Camargo Félix, science educator; sister Ana Teresa was president of Superior Tribunal of Justice of Tamaulipas. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM92, 504; Q es Q en el Congreso, 2000–2003, 358–359; DCM, 2000–2003, 270; DBGM87, 223. Luege Tamargo, José Luis a—Nov. 9, 1953. b—Federal District. c—Elementary and secondary studies at Colegio Salesiano de Barrientos; preparatory studies at National Preparatory School No. 1; degree in chemical metallurgy from UNAM, 1972–1977, graduating with best GPA of his generation; postgraduate studies at UNAM and IPN, 1978–1979; studies at National Center of Metallurgical Research, Madrid, 1980–1981; diploma, social and political philosophy, from Pan American University, 1985–1986; researcher, National Center of Metallurgical Research, 1980–1981; professor, UNAM, 1982–1986. d—Federal deputy to Federal District, Dist. 17, 1988–1991; representative to Assembly of the Federal District, 1994–1997. e—Joined PAN, 1988; secretary of organization and electoral action, CEN of PAN, 1991–1993; national adviser, PAN, 1999–2007; president, Regional Committee of PAN, Federal District, 1999–2003; general coordinator, Friends of Fox, Central Zone, presidential campaign, 2000; member, National Council of PAN, 2006; member, CEN of PAN, 2002–2005; f—Attorney for the environment, 2002–2004; secretary of the environment and natural resources, 2005–2006; director general, Mexican Water Commission, 2006– . g—None. h—Supervisor, General Motors of Mexico, 1979–1980; superintendent, Aceros Nacionales, 1981–1984; engineering manager, Aceros Nacionales, 1984–1988. i—Son of Alfonso Luege Rodríguez and Piedad Tamargo García; father contributed to PAN; married Rosa del Carmen Matos, researcher. j—None. k—None. l—Musacchio, 247; DBGM89, 479. Luévano Romo, Josefina a—Jan. 22, 1926. b—Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes.

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c—Early education unknown; teaching certificate from Cañada Honda Normal School, Aguascalientes, 1935–1937; secondary school teacher. d—Member, City Council, Nezahualcóyotl, State of Mexico, 1979–1982; federal deputy from State of Mexico, Dist. 10, 1982–1985. e—Member of PRI; president, Electoral Board for State and National Elections, 1970–1978. f—None. g—None. i—Daughter of Hilario Luévano Heredia, farmer, and María Hilaria Romo Hernández; married Trinidad López Adame, businessman; brother Salvador Luévano Romo was federal deputy from Aguascalientes, Dist. 2, 1949–1952. j—None. k—None. l—C de D, 1982–1985; Directorio, 1982–1985; DBGM, 531. Lugo, José Inocencio (Deceased Nov. 25, 1963) a—Dec. 28, 1874. b—Santa Ana del Águila, Municipio of Ajuchitlán, Guerrero. c—Elementary and secondary studies in Morelia, Michoacán; preparatory studies at Colegio de San Nicolás, Morelia; law degree from School of Law, Colegio de San Nicolás; professor, National Military College. d—Deputy, Constitutional Convention, Querétaro, 1916–1917; federal deputy from State of Guerrero, 1917–1918; federal deputy from State of Guerrero, Dist. 8, 1918–1920. e—Member, Antireelectionist Party, 1909. f—Governor, Baja California del Norte, 1923; governor, Guerrero, 1910–1913; assistant secretary of government, June 1, 1920–Aug. 4, 1920; secretary of government, 1920; head, Department of Justice, Secretariat of War and Navy; interim governor, Guerrero, 1935–1936, replacing Governor Gabriel R. Guevara. g—President, Student Nicolaitas Committee against reelection of the state’s governor, 1895. h—Practicing lawyer, Coyuca de Catatlán, Guerrero. i—Son José Inocente Lugo Lagunas served as federal deputy from Guerrero, Dist. 1, 1955–1957, and president of Fourth Division of National Tax Court, 1964–1970. j—Coordinated revolutionary activities in Guerrero, 1910; imprisoned, 1910; joined forces of General Gertrudis Sánchez, 1910;

imprisoned by General Huerta; fought against Huerta with forces of General Gertrudis Sánchez; rank of brigadier general, Feb. 16, 1932; rank of division general. k—Took active part in writing Art. 123 of 1917 Constitution at Querétaro Convention. l—D de Y, Nov. 6, 1935, 1; DP70, 1919–1920; Peral, 468; DGF56, 24, 31, 33, 36; MGF69, 389; Enc. Mex., VIII, 170. Lugo de Rueda León, Josefina a—Dec. 29, 1917. b—Durango, Durango. c—Early education unknown; teaching certificate; teacher. d—Local deputy, State Legislature of Durango, 1959–1961; alternate federal deputy from State of Durango, Dist. 1, 1964–1967, but replaced Ángel Rodríguez Solórzano, 1966–1967. e—Campaigned for PRI in 1946, 1952, 1958, and 1964 campaigns; director of women’s action of PRI, Durango, 1962–1966. f—None. g—First secretary of delegation of Local No. 38, SNTE, 1953; delegate to SNTE Teachers’ Congress, 1954, 1956, 1959; finance secretary, Local No. 38, SNTE, 1958; secretary of women’s action, League of Agrarian Communities, 1958–1961. j—None. k—None. l—C de D, 1964–1967. Lugo Gil, Humberto Alejandro a—May 4, 1937. b—Huichapán, Hidalgo. c—Elementary studies at Hijar de Allende School, Pachuca, Hidalgo; secondary and preparatory studies at Colegio Cristóbal Colón, Mexico City; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM. d—Federal deputy from State of Hidalgo, Dist. 5, 1967–1970, 1982–1985, president of the Gran Comisión; senator from State of Hidalgo, 1976–1982, 1988–1994. e—Delegate of CEN of PRI to various states, 1957–1958; president of PRI, Huichapán, 1958–1961; director, CEPES of PRI, Hidalgo, 1963; press and publicity secretary, CEN of PRI, 1968; press and publicity secretary, CEN of PRI, 1976–1978; secretary of organization, CEN of PRI, 1978; oficial mayor, CEN of PRI, 1979; secretary of popular action, CEN of PRI, 1979–1983; secretary-general, CEN of PRI, 1986. f—Agent, Ministerio Público,

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Pachuca, 1957–1958; director, Department of Preliminary Accusations, Office of the Attorney General of Hidalgo, 1958; director of economic studies, Department of Treasury Studies, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1960; director general of offices and apartments, Chamber of Deputies, 1964; private secretary to president of Gran Comisión of the Chamber of Deputies, Alfonso Martínez Domínguez, 1965–1967; delegate of Venustiano Carranza to Department of the Federal District, 1970–1976; interim governor, Hidalgo, 1998–1999; oficial mayor of labor, 1999–2000. g—President, Student Society, National Preparatory School, 1954; vice president, 1957 Law School Generation; secretary-general, Student Society, National School of Law, UNAM, 1958; delegate of CEN of CNOP to various states, 1963–1965; vice president, National Policy Committee, CEN of CNOP, 1966; secretary-general, CNOP, 1979–1983. h—None. i—Son of José Lugo Guerrero, governor of Hidalgo, 1941–1945; nephew of Adolfo Lugo Guerrero, federal deputy from Hidalgo, 1943–1946; cousin of Jorge Rojo Lugo, governor of Hidalgo, 1975–1976; nephew of Javier Rojo Gómez, governor of Hidalgo, 1937–1940; cousin of Adolfo Lugo Verduzco; brother José Lugo Gil, local deputy to State Legislature of Hidalgo; married Luz del Carmen Guerrero. j—None. k—None. l—C de D, 1967–1970; C de S, 1976–1982; MGF69; C de D, 1982–1985; Pérez López, 242–243; Directorio, 1982–1985. Lugo Guerrero, José (Deceased Aug. 26, 1980) a—Sept. 17, 1899. b—Huichapán, Hidalgo. c—Elementary studies in public schools of Huichapán; secondary studies in Pachuca, Hidalgo; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, 1926. d—Local deputy, State Legislature of Hidalgo; mayor, Huichapán; mayor, Pachuca; federal deputy from State of Hidalgo, Dist. 5, 1932–1934; federal deputy from State of Hidalgo, Dist. 5, 1937–1940; senator from State of Hidalgo, 1940–1941; governor, Hidalgo, 1941–1945. e—None. g—Member, CNC.

i—Brother‑in‑law of Javier Rojo Gómez; parents were middle-class merchants and farmers; son Humberto A. Lugo was federal deputy from Hidalgo, 1967–1970; brother Adolfo Lugo Guerrero was federal deputy from Hidalgo, 1943–1946; protégé of Rojo Gómez; uncle of Adolfo Lugo Verduzco and Jorge Rojo Lugo. j—Joined the Revolution under General Martínez y Martínez, 1915. k—None. l—HA, Mar. 12, 1943, 41; Peral, 468; González Navarro, 177; López, 629; Almanaque de México, 510. Lugo Verduzco, Adolfo a—Mar. 24, 1933. b—Huichapán, Hidalgo. c—Elementary school in Mexico City; preparatory studies at Cristóbal Colón School; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, 1952–1956; studies in public accounting at UNAM, 1956–1959; postgraduate studies at University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 1961; studies in public administration in The Hague, 1961–1963; postgraduate studies in public administration at National School of Administration, Paris, 1963–1965; studies in political science at UNAM, 1967–1968; professor of public administration, National School of Economics, UNAM, 1965–1966; professor of public administration, National School of Political and Social Sciences, UNAM, 1967; professor of planning, National School of Political and Social Science, UNAM, 1976. d—Senator from State of Hidalgo, 1982–1987, member of Gran Comisión, president of 2nd Government Committee and 1st Petroleum Committee, secretary of 2nd Constitutional Affairs Committee; governor, Hidalgo, 1987–1993. e—Secretary of planning and programming, IEPES of PRI, 1969; oficial mayor, CEN of PRI, 1981–1982; president, CEN of PRI, 1982–1986. f—Employee, Legal Department, Secretariat of the Navy, 1954–1956; head, Department of Acquisitions, IMSS, 1966–1967; head, Administrative Department of Acquisitions, IMSS, 1968–1969; assistant director of affiliates, CONASUPO, 1970–1973; general manager of distribution, CONASUPO, 1973–1976; director general,

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National Consumer Institute, 1976–1979; oficial mayor, Secretariat of Programming and Budget, 1979–1981. g—Member, CNC. h—Employee, Krieger and Wolff, Accountants; lawyer, firm of Ramos and Lugo, 1959–1960; president, National Institute of Public Administration, 1996–1997. i—Nephew of José I. Lugo Guerrero; nephew of Javier Rojo Gómez; son of Adolfo Lugo Guerrero, federal deputy from Hidalgo, and Magdalena Verduzco Andrade; married Alejandra Mora; cousin of Humberto Alejandro Lugo Gil and Jorge Rojo Lugo, governor of Hidalgo; has known Miguel de la Madrid since childhood at Colegio Cristóbal Colón. j—None. k—None. l—Proceso, Oct. 4, 1982, 16; Lehr, 210–211; C de S, 1982– 1988; DBGM, 540. Luiselli Fernández, Cassio Manuel

a—Nov. 12, 1945. b—Guadalajara, Jalisco. c—Preparatory studies at Colegio La Salle, Mexico City; economics studies at UNAM at 1965–1970, graduating June 11, 1970; MA in economics from University of Wisconsin, Madison, 1970–1972; PhD in philosophy from University of Wisconsin, 1970–1973; professor, CIDE, 1974–1976; professor, UNAM, 1975–1976. d—None. e—None. f—Analyst, Department of Trade Policy, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1967–1969; economist, Treasury Studies Division, Secretary of the Treasury, 1969–1970; analyst, Special Economic Studies Office, Office of the Presidency, 1973–1974; adviser to assistant secretary of revenues, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1974; adviser, Secretariat of National Properties, 1975–1976; adviser, Office of the Presidency of Mexico, 1976; general coordinator, Mexican Food System, 1980–1982; assistant director for Mexico and Central America, ECLA, 1983–1986; assistant director general of operations, Inter-American Institute for Agricultural Cooperation, 1986–1989; ambassador to South Korea, 1989–1994; ambassador to South Africa, 1994; assistant secretary of development and regulations, Secretariat of the Environment, National

Resources, and Fishing, 2000–2003; director, International Studies and Mexican Studies Center, 2007; ambassador to Uruguay, 2007– . g—None. h—None. i—Son of Cassio Luiselli and Amada Fernández; married Martha Patricia López; wife was sister of José Antonio Hugarte Romano and niece of José López Portillo’s wife. j—None. k—None. l—Musacchio, 248; Pescador, 176; DBGM92, 216. Lujambio Irazábal, Alonso a—Sept. 2, 1962. b—Federal District. c—Elementary, secondary, and preparatory studies at Colegio de Tepeyac, Mexico City; studies in public accounting at ITAM, 1981–1983; degree in social sciences from ITAM, with thesis on the proportional aspect of the Mexican electoral system, 1983–1986; MA from Yale University, 1990–1991; PhD from Yale University, Apr. 29, 1993; chair, Political Science Department, ITAM, 1993–1996; professor, ITAM, 1996– ; professor of political science, Department of Political and Social Sciences, UNAM, 2001. d—None. e—Member of PAN. f—Researcher for assistant secretary of revenues, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1985; analyst, Economic and Social Studies Division, National Bank of Mexico, 1986– 1990; councilor, Federal Electoral Institute, 1996–2003; president, Federal Institute for Access to Public Information; secretary of public education, 2009– . g—None. h—Controller general, Papelera General, 1981–1982; controller general, Servicio Integral para Oficinas, SA, 1983–1984. j—None. k—None. l—www.politica.itam.mx, 2003; www.exon line.com, 2008; www.eluniversal.com, 2008. Luján Gutiérrez, Jesús a—Apr. 26, 1934. b—Villa López, Chihuahua. c—Elementary studies at Public School No. 192, Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua, 1941–1947; secondary studies at Rural Normal School, Salaices, Chihuahua, 1951–1953; teaching certificate from Higher Normal School, Chihuahua, Chihuahua, 1961–1964; elementary school teacher, 1954–1960; secondary school teacher, 1960–1970; director of various

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elementary and secondary schools; professor, Higher Normal School, Chihuahua, 1963–1968; professor of engineering, University of Chihuahua, 1964–1966. d—PPS federal party deputy, 1970–1973, member of Forest Affairs Committee, Agricultural Development Committee, Electric Industry Committee, and Hydraulic Resources Committee; federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. 14, 1976–1979, member of Physical Education Sec. of Educational Development Committee, Development of the Fishing Industry Committee, Department of the Federal District Committee, and Complaints Committee; plurinominal federal deputy from PPS, 1982–1985, 1988–1991. e—Joined PPS, 1950; member, Popular Socialist Youth, 1950–1955; secretary-general, PPS Regional Committee, Chihuahua, 1960–1971; member, PPS Central Committee, 1968–1991; official, PPS Executive Secretariat, 1973; secretary of electoral policy, PPS, 1979. f—Federal inspector of elementary schools. g—Secretary of education, Union of Workers and Peasants of Mexico, 1962–1969; general delegate, SNTE, 1957–1959, 1960–1962. i—Married Esther Ponce; son of Alfonso Luján Escobedo, ejidatario, and María Gutiérrez Náñez. j—None. k—Candidate for federal deputy from the State of Chihuahua, 1964, 1967; candidate for governor of Chihuahua, 1968, 1974. l—C de D, 1970–1973, 123, 146; C de D, 1976–1979; D de C, 1976–1979, 22, 42, 46, 48, 70; HA, Feb. 12, 1979, 22; DBGM, 540; DBGM89, 480. Luna Arroyo, Antonio (Deceased) a—June 13, 1910. b—Federal District. c—Elementary and secondary studies in Federal District; teaching certificate from National Teachers’ College, 1929; law degree from National School of Law, 1933; LLD from National School of Law, UNAM, 1955; professor of civics in secondary schools; director of curriculum in secondary schools; professor, National School of Economics, 1937; professor National Teachers’ College, 1932–1946. d—None. e—Press

and publicity secretary, CEN of PNR, 1935. f—Member of the jury for tax infractions, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1935–1936; president, Publishing Commission, Secretariat of Education; head, Department of Economic Studies, Secretariat of Labor; adviser, Secretariat of Education, 1935; member, National Population Council, 1939; assistant attorney general of Mexico, 1939–1942; adviser to President Manuel Ávila Camacho; secretary-general, CONASUPO, 1946; director general, Advisory and Legislative Division, Secretariat of Agriculture and Livestock, 1946–1952. g—None. h—Author of school texts; director general, La Justicia. i—Knew Salvador Mondragón Guerra, Enrique Martínez Ulloa, Mariano Ramírez Vázquez, Rafael Rojina Villegas, and Luis Felipe Canudas Orezza at UNAM; brother of Francisco Luna Arroyo (Francisco Larroyo), prominent educator; son of Feliciano Luna y Luna and Ceferina Arroyo. j—None. k—None. l—EBW46, 516; DGF51, I, 206; DGF47, 123; Enc. Mex., VIII, 170; López, 630; WNM, 135. Luna Estrada, Miguel a—Sept. 15, 1923. b—Durango, Durango. c—Early education unknown; law degree. d—Federal party deputy from PPS, 1967–1970. e—Member, PPS; PPS official, Durango. f—Agent, Ministerio Público; judge of the 1st instance, Durango. g—Organized unions for PPS. i—Married Elisa Partida; son Miguel Luna Partida was PRT candidate for federal deputy, 1985–1988 j—None. k—None. l—C de D, 1967–1970; Directorio, 1967–1970; www.cronica.diputa dos.gob.mx, Aug. 18, 1985. Luna Kan, Francisco a—Dec. 3, 1925. b—Noc-Ac Hacienda, Municipio of Mérida, Yucatán. c—Elementary studies in Juan N. Álvarez School, Mérida; 2 years of secondary studies at Rural Normal School, Hecelchacán, Campeche, 1939–1940; completed secondary at Public School No. 5, Mérida, 1943; biological sciences studies at Vocational School No. 4, IPN, Mexico City, 1944–1951; medical degree from Higher School of Rural Medicine, IPN, with thesis

t he b io g ra phies  567

on epidemiology and social characteristics of tubercular patients, 1952; MA in health sciences from Secretariat of Health, Dec., 1953, with thesis titled “Health Zoning in Yucatán”; professor of health sciences at various institutions. d—Federal deputy from State of Yucatán, Dist. 3, 1964–1967, member of Library Committee; senator from State of Yucatán, 1970–1975, president of Senate, Dec., 1974, president of Colonization Committee, 1st secretary of Public Welfare Committee; governor of Yucatán, 1976–1982; plurinominal federal deputy from PRD, 1997–2000, 2003–2006. e—Agrarian assistant delegate of CEN of PRI to Yucatán, 1965; general delegate of CEN of PRI to Yucatán, 1970; president of PRI, Yucatán, 1965–1968; secretary-general, CEN of PRI, 1984; resigned from PRI; joined PRD, 1995; PRD candidate for mayor of Mérida, 1998. f—Divisional director of coordinated health and welfare services, Yucatán, 1953–1955; technical adviser, Division of Experimental Studies, Secretariat of Health, 1956–1960; physician, Federal Services, State of Yucatán, 1956; director of coordinated health and welfare services, State of Yucatán, 1960–1963; chief, Department of Sanitation, State of Yucatán, 1967–1968; director of library services, Chamber of Deputies, 2004. g—Member, Political Action Committee, CEN of National Union of Health and Welfare Workers, 1964; secretary-general, CNC, Yucatán, 1971–1974; secretary of health, CNC, 1986–1989; director of advisers, FSTSE, 1992–1995. h—None. i—Married Gloria Soria Vera. j—None. k—None. l—Q es QY, 152–153; C de S, 1970–1976, 78; Enc. Mex., Annual, 1977, 552–553; C de D, 1964–1967, 79; QesQ en el Congreso, 1997, 93–94; www.secgob.org.mx, 1997. Luna Lugo, Arturo b—Ascención, Municipio of Aramberri, Nuevo León. c—Early education unknown; teaching certificate, Nuevo León. d—Mayor, Aramberri, 1951; federal deputy from State of Nuevo León, Dist. 5, 1952–1955, member of Colonization Committee, 1st Ejido Committee,

vice president of Chamber, Dec., 1953; federal deputy from State of Nuevo León, Dist. 5, 1976–1979, member of Agrarian Affairs Committee, Agricultural Sec. of the Agricultural Development Committee, Manufactured Products Sec. of Foreign Trade Development Committee, Transformation Sec. of Industrial Development Committee, Mineral Sec. of Natural Resources Development Committee, Administrative Sec. of Legislative Studies Committee, and Tax Sec. of Treasury Committee. e—None. f—Agrarian consultant, Department of Agrarian Affairs, 1971–1982. g—Secretary of organization, Revolutionary Agrarian Peasant Committee, Aramberri and Zaragoza, Nuevo León, 1941–1943; secretary of youth action, League of Agrarian Communities and Peasant Unions, Nuevo León; alternate secretary-general, CNC, 1953–1954; secretary-general, CNC, 1954–1957. i—Parents were ejidatarios; married Estela Alvizo. j—None. k—None. l—Excélsior, Aug. 23, 1976, 8; C de D, 1952–1955, 46, 50; D de C, 1976–1979, 5, 12, 17, 24, 32, 51, 58; C de D, 1976–1979, 43. Luna Ramos, Margarita Beatriz a—Jan. 4, 1954. b—San Cristóbal de las Casas, Chiapas. c—Elementary, secondary, and preparatory studies in San Cristóbal de la Casas; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, 1975–1977, with thesis on Amparo reforms; MA from UNAM; LLD from National School of Law, UNAM, Nov. 17, 1990, with dissertation on Amparo; professor, School of Law, University of Chiapas, 1973–1974. d—None. e—None. f—Stenographer for secretary of agriculture, San Cristóbal de las Casas, 1972–1974; director of permits, Fourth District, Administrative Law, Federal District, 1975–1978; second secretary, Second Appeals Court, Administrative Law, 1980–1984; secretary of studies and accounts, Supreme Court of Justice, 1984– 1986; district judge, Second District, Federal District, 1986–1992; circuit court judge, First Circuit, 1993–1995; circuit court judge, Third Circuit, 1995–2003; justice, Supreme Court,

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2004–2018. g—None. h—None. i—Daughter of Belisario Luna Flores, retailer, and Josefa Ramos Blanco, housewife; brother Carlos, a circuit court judge; brother José Alejandro, judge of Federal Electoral Court. j—None. k—Observers place her with conservative wing of the court; initially wanted to become a physician but lacked funds to complete a degree in medicine. l—www .es.wikipedia.org, 2008; DBGM92, 672; scjn .gob.mx, 2008; DBGM87, 637; www.siglo detorreon, June 25, 2007; www.eluniversal .com.mx, June 24, 2007. Luna Traill, Jaime a—Aug. 21, 1939. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; civil engineering studies at National School of Engineering, UNAM, 1957–1961, graduating with honorable mention, 1962; MS in planning from Stanford University, 1963–1964; professor, National School of Engineering, UNAM, 1967–1970; professor, Ibero-American University, 1968–1970. d—None. e—Joined PRI, 1961. f—Analyst, Planning Division, Office of the Presidency, 1966–1967; department head, Division of Public Investment, Office of the Presidency, 1967–1968; department head, Division of Transportation and Communication, Office of the Presidency; executive secretary, National Ports Commission, Secretariat of Communications and Transportation, 1971–1964; director general of regional and urban development, 1974–1976; director general of planning, Secretariat of Housing and Public Works, 1977–1982; executive secretary, National Ports Commission, Secretariat of Communications and Transportation, 1982–1986; oficial mayor, Secretariat of Communications and Transportation, 1986–1988; director general, Trust for National Feeder Roads Commission, 1988–1991; general coordinator of planning, Secretariat of Communications and Transportation, 1991–1993; assistant director of construction, Light and Power, 2007. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Vicente Luna Campos, mayor of Orizaba, Veracruz, federal deputy from State of Veracruz,

Dist. 7, 1949–1952, and treasurer of Mexico, and Elisa Traill Ducland; married Teresa Bejarano Fisher, Spanish literature graduate. j—None. k—None. l—www.cron icadediputados, 1950; DBGM84, 256; DBGM87, 224–225; www.ifc.gob.mx, 2008. Luque Feregrino, Ernesto a—June 7, 1945. b—Querétaro, Querétaro. c—Early education unknown; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, 1964–1968, with thesis titled “Legal Organization of the Navy”; professor, National Teachers’ College, 1973–1975; professor, National School of Political Studies, Acatlán, UNAM, 1978–1980. d—Federal deputy from State of Querétaro, Dist. 3, 1982–1985; senator from State of Querétaro, 1988–1994. e—Joined PRI, 1961; youth delegate of CEN of PRI, 1967–1970; adviser to secretary-general of CEN of PRI, 1973; adviser to president of PRI, Federal District, 1975–1976; adviser to secretary of electoral affairs, CEN of PRI, 1981–1982; president of PRI, Querétaro, 1997; general delegate of CEN of PRI to San Luis Potosí, 2007. f—Director of social, cultural, and sports services, Benito Juárez Dist., Department of the Federal District, 1974– 1975; auxiliary secretary of director general of Federal Electric Commission, 1976–1978; assistant director general of communal properties, Secretariat of Agrarian Reform, 1978–1981. g—Assistant secretary-general, CEN of CNC, 1980–1983; general delegate, CEN of CNC, 1983–1985; interim secretarygeneral, League of Agrarian Communities, Oaxaca, 1986; secretary of electoral action, CEN of CNC, 1988. h—None. i—Son of Eduardo Luque Loyola, governor of Querétaro, and Rebeca Feregrino Rincón; married Angelina Gamboa Patrón, psychologist. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM89, 480–481; C de D, 1982–1985; DBGM84. Luque Loyola, Eduardo (Deceased) a—Sept. 5, 1910. b—Querétaro, Querétaro. c—Secondary and preparatory studies at Colegio Civil of Querétaro; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, 1935; professor of industrial law, agricultural

t he b io g ra phies  569

law, and political economy, University of Querétaro. d—Federal deputy from State of Querétaro, Dist. 1, 1943–1946; senator from State of Querétaro, 1946–1952, member of Gran Comisión, 2nd Committee on Credit, Money, and Credit Institutions, Agricultural Development Committee, and 3rd Labor Committee; federal deputy from State of Querétaro, Dist. 1, 1961–1964, member of Legislative Studies Committee, 1st Sec. on Constitutional Affairs, and Gran Comisión; senator from State of Querétaro, 1964–1970, president of Senate. e—President of Regional Committee of PRI, State of Querétaro; general delegate of CEN of PRI to various states. f—Agent, Ministerio Público; attorney general, State of Querétaro; lawyer, IMSS; interim governor, Querétaro, 1949; administrator of customs, Chetumal, Quintana Roo, 1958–1961; president, Federal Board of Conciliation and Arbitration; public defender for labor; attorney general, Querétaro; adviser to secretary of government, 1977–1979; Secretariat of Agrarian Reform delegate to Querétaro, 1981. g—Member, National Campesino Federation; founder and first secretary-general, Popular Sector Leagues Federation; founder, Federation of CTM Workers, Querétaro; founder, Federation of Government Employees, Querétaro. h—None. i—Son Ernesto Luque Feregrino was leader in 1966 strike at UNAM, senator from Querétaro, 1988–1991, and twice federal deputy; son of peasant Rafael Luque and María Dolores Loyola; married Rebeca Feregrino; son Ernesto de Jesús Luque Feregrino served as federal deputy, 1994–1997. j—None. k—PRI precandidate for governor of Querétaro, 1979. l—DBM66, 393; C de S, 1964–1970; C de S, 1946–1952; C de D, 1961–1963, 82; MGF69, 106; C de D, 1943–1945; DGF51, I, 7, 9, 10, 12, 14; CyT, 91; DAPC81, 59; letter; DBGM89, 480; CDDWeb, Diputados, 1997. Luque Salanueva, Víctor (Deceased) a—Mar. 6, 1908. b—Tlacolula de Matamoros, Oaxaca. c—Early education unknown; public accounting degree,

1925–1931. d—None. e—None. f—Director, Administrative Department, Department of the Navy, 1940; director, Purchasing Department, Secretariat of Public Works, 1945–1948; director, Technical Sec., Division of Expenditures, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1948–1949; director general of expenditures, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1949–1952; director general of accounts and administration, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1956–1957; oficial mayor of the navy, 1958. g—None. h—President, Board of Directors, Constructora Malta, SA, 1964. i—Married María del Refugio Herrera Gámez; son of Luis E. Luque Tello and Herminia Salanueva Díaz. j—None. k—Involved in Olympic Games Organizing Committees and Pan American Games. l—DGF56; DGF51; WNM, 135. Luzanilla Contreras, Julián a—July 23, 1957. b—Bacum, Ciudad Obregón, Sonora. c—Early education unknown; law degree from School of Law, University of Sonora, 1975–1980. d—Local deputy, State Legislature of Sonora, 1988–1991; federal deputy from State of Sonora, Dist. 3, 1991–1994; federal deputy from State of Sonora, Dist. 4, 2000–2003, coordinator of PRI deputies affiliated with CNC. e—Joined PRI, 1975; member, PRI National Political Council; general delegate of CEN of PRI, Tlaxcala; PRI candidate for Senate, 2006; general delegate of CEN of PRI, Chiapas, 2007. f—General coordinator, Policy Division, Secretariat of Agriculture, 1994–1995; adviser to director general of BANRURAL, 1995–1997. g—Director, Legal Department, CNC, Sonora, 1985–1987; oficial mayor, CNC, Sonora, 1989–1992; secretary-general, League of Agrarian Communities, Sonora, 1989–1992, 1999. h—Practicing lawyer, 1982–1985. i—Son of Julián Luzanilla Arce, farmer, and María Jesús Contreras Zazueta; married María de los Ángeles Hernández R. j—None. k—None. l—www.termometroenlinea.com.mx, 2008; DCM, 2000–2003, 257; QesQ en el Congreso, 2000–2003, 213; DBGM92, 507; Musacchio, 250.

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M Macedo de la Concha, Rafael a—May 6, 1950. b—Federal District. c—Preparatory studies at Heroic Military College, 1965–1967, graduating as 2nd lieutenant in administration, Nov. 1, 1967; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, Oct. 20, 1980; postgraduate studies; professor of Mexican law, political economy, social problems of Mexico, and constitutional law, UNAM and Latin American University; director general of legal careers, Latin American University. d—None. e—None. f—Liaison with Secretariat of Government, 1995–1996; assistant director of legal advisers, presidential staff; attorney general, Mexico, 2000–2005; military attaché to Mexican embassy, Rome, 2005–2006. g—None. h—None. i—Son of General Rafael Macedo Figueroa, chief of staff of Presidential Guards, 1970–1973, and commander of Military Zone of San Luis Potosí, 1984–1985, and Natividad de la Concha; father attended Higher War College with General Luis Garfias Magaña; cousin of President Fox’s first wife, Lilian de la Concha. j—Career army officer; enrolled as cadet, Jan. 23, 1965; rank of 1st captain, Nov. 20, 1978; rank of captain, 1981; judge, Higher Military Court; direc-tor of legal affairs, Army Air Force Bank; military attorney general, 1996–2000; rank of brigade general. k—None. l—www.presi dencia.gob.mx, 2005; www.jornada.unam .mx, Apr. 21, 2002; DBGM84, 257; www.csis .org, 2001. Machiavelo Martín del Campo, Carlos

a—Mar. 12, 1934. b—León, Guanajuato. c—Early education unknown; MA in hospital administration from School of Hospital Administration, Secretariat of Health and Public Welfare and UNAM, 1961–1962; medical degree from School of Medicine, University of Guanajuato, 1952–1959; professor of hospital administration, Morelia, Michoacán, 1961–1962; professor, School of Medicine, University of Guanajuato, León, 1964–1967. d—Federal deputy from State

of Guanajuato, Dist. 2, 1973–1976; federal deputy from State of Guanajuato, Dist. 2, 1982–1985. e—Special delegate of CEN of PRI, Salamanca, Guanajuato, 1974; secretary of electoral action, State Committee of PRI, Guanajuato, 1973–1976; special delegate of CEN of PRI, Veracruz, Veracruz, 1977. f—Director, Unit A, Clinical Department, IMSS Hospital, Chinampas, Chihuahua, 1971–1973; secretary general of government, State of Guanajuato, 1979–1981. g—Representative of university students, State of Guanajuato, to student congresses in Nuevo León and San Luis Potosí; president, Student Society, School of Hospital Administration, 1961–1962. j—None. k—None. l—Directorio, 1982–1985; C de D, 1982–1985; C de D, 1973–1976; DBGM, 542; Lehr, 179. Macías de Lara, Pedro a—June 29, 1957. b—Villanueva, Zacatecas. c—Early education unknown; no degree. d—Local deputy, State Legislature of Baja California del Sur, 1987-1990; plurinominal federal deputy from PAN, 1991–1994; minority senator from Baja California del Sur, 1994–2000. e—Joined PAN, 1976; secretary of youth action, PAN, La Paz, Baja California del Sur, 1976–1979; secretary of electoral affairs, PAN, Baja California del Sur, 1982–1985; president of PAN, La Paz, 1985–1989; president of PAN, Baja California del Sur, 1991–1992; national adviser, PAN; expelled from PAN, 1999. f—None. g—None. h—Technician, Regional Institute of Peace, 1974–1977; trucker; general manager, Fuentes Tires, La Paz. i—Son of José Ángel Macías Almeida, retailer, and María Auxilio de Lara Márquez, retailer; married María de Jesús Ramos. j—None. k—None. l—Q es Q en el Congreso, 1997–2000, 268; DBGM94, CD. Macías Valenzuela, Anselmo

(Deceased Jan. 27, 1965) a—Apr. 5, 1896. b—Agiabampo, Sonora. c—Elementary studies in Álamos, Sonora; no degree. d—Governor, Sonora, Sept. 1, 1939–Aug. 30, 1943. e—None. f—None. g—Member, CTM. h—None. i—Son of Pablo Macías and Ángela Valenzuela; brother of General

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Pablo Macías Valenzuela, secretary of national defense, 1940–1942. j—Member, 10th Battalion, Constitutional Army, Feb. 10, 1914; fought against Zapatistas, 1914–1915; fought against Francisco Villa at Celaya, 1915; commander, 15th and 30th cavalry regiments; defended Morelia, Michoacán, 1924; brigadier general, Sept. 1, 1929; opposed Escobar rebellion, 1929; commander, 11th Military Zone, Zacatecas, Zacatecas; commander, 20th Military Zone, Colima, Colima, 1933; commander, 13th Military Zone, Tepic, Nayarit; commander, 27th Military Zone, Iguala, Guerrero, 1937; commander, 22nd Military Zone, Toluca, State of Mexico, 1938; commander, 19th Military Zone, Villa Cuauhtémoc, Veracruz, 1945; commander, 54th Battalion, 2nd Regiment, Presidential Guards; commander, 1st Military Region, 1952–1957; director of military pensions, Secretariat of National Defense, 1957. k—None. l—WWM45, 67; Peral, 474; López, 636; Dávila, 124. Macías Valenzuela, Pablo E. (Deceased May 3, 1975) a—Nov. 15, 1891. b—El Fuerte, Las Cabras, Sinaloa. c—Early education unknown; no degree. d—Governor, Sinaloa, 1945–1950. e—None. f—Secretary of national defense, 1940–1942; director of military pensions, Secretariat of National Defense, 1957–1975. g—None. h—None. i—Personal friend of Manuel Ávila Camacho; son of Pablo Macías and Ángela Valenzuela; brother of General Anselmo Macías Valenzuela. j—Joined the Revolution under General Obregón as lieutenant in 4th Irregular Battalion of Sonora, Mar. 25, 1912; rank of 2nd captain, Nov 6, 1912; rank of 1st captain, Oct. 15, 1913; signed Plan of Nacozari with his brother and Generals Calles and Obregón, Mar. 12, 1913; fought in 86 battles against forces of Victoriano Huerta; fought against Pascual Orozco, 1912–1913; rank of 1st captain, Oct. 15, 1913; rank of major, June 20, 1914; rank of lieutenant colonel, Mar. 11, 1915; fought Villa’s forces as officer in 6th Sonoran Battalion, 1915; rank of colonel, Dec. 15, 1915; fought Yaquis as commander,

8th Sonoran Battalion; commander, 23rd Cavalry Regiment, 1917–1918; rank of colonel, Dec. 15, 1915; rank of brigadier general, Aug. 1, 1920; commander of military operations, Baja California del Norte, 1922; commander of military operations, Sinaloa, 1923; fought against de la Huerta rebellion, 1923; rank of brigade general, Jan. 16, 1924; fought against Escobar rebellion, 1929; commander, 29th Military Zone, Ixtepec, Oaxaca, 1937; reached rank of division general, Oct. 16, 1937; commander, 4th Military Zone, Hermosillo, Sonora; commander, 17th Military Zone, Querétaro, Querétaro; commander, 15th Military Zone, Guadalajara, Jalisco, 1940; commander, 7th Military Zone, Monterrey, Nuevo León; commander, Pacific Military Region, 1942–1945; commander, 1st Military Zone, Mexico City, 1951–1956. k—Supposedly appointed as secretary of national defense to represent interests of veterans of the Revolution; recipient, Belisario Domínguez Award, 1973; Medina says the Left accused him of being the intellectual author of the murder of Rodolfo T. Loaiza, governor of Sinaloa, in 1945. l—Informe, 1949–1950; Hoy, Dec. 7, 1940; WWM45, 67; DGF51, I, 182; Peral, 474; DGF56, 201; HA, Dec. 20, 1946, 9; HA, Jan. 19, 1951, 13–16; Excélsior, May 4, 1975, 4, 32; Anderson, 341; HA, Oct. 8, 1973, 13; Medina, 20, 20; Rev. de Ejer., Dec., 1957, 25; Dávila, 122; Hernández Chávez, 103; El Universal, Nov. 23, 1937; www.senado.gob .mx, 2009; DP95, 2068; Rev. de Ejer., Jan.– Mar., 1952 Maciel Salcedo, José Ignacio (Deceased 1989) a—Sept. 29, 1910. b—Guadalajara, Jalisco. c—Elementary studies in public school, Guadalajara; secondary and preparatory studies at Preparatory School, University of Guadalajara; law degree from School of Law, University of Guadalajara, 1934; secretary-general, University of Guadalajara, 1953–1959; director, School of Law, University of Guadalajara; rector, University of Guadalajara, Sept. 17, 1966–Mar. 31, 1971. d—Senator from State of Jalisco, 1970–1976,

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president of 2nd Treasury and the 1st Consular and Diplomatic Service Committee; 1st Secretary of 1st Government Committee, member of 1st Sec. of Legislative Studies Committee. e—None. f—Assistant president, Board of Conciliation and Arbitration, State of Jalisco; judge, Atotonilco de Alto, Jalisco; assistant attorney general, Jalisco; judge, Traffic Department, Guadalajara; legal adviser to chief of police, Guadalajara; director, Department of Labor and Social Welfare, Jalisco. g—None. j—None. k—None. l—C de S, 1970–1976, 79; PS, 3514. Madero (Beldén), Pablo Emilio a—Aug. 3, 1921. b—San Pedro de las Colonias, Coahuila. c—Elementary studies in Laredo, Tex., 1927–1928, and Monterrey, 1928–1933; secondary studies at Colegio Franco-Mexicano, Mexico City, 1933–1938; preparatory studies, Colegio Francés Morelos, 1938–1940; chemical engineering degree, with specialization in sugar and petroleum, National School of Chemical Sciences, UNAM, 1940–1945, graduating in 1945. d—Plurinominal federal deputy from PAN, 1979–1982; plurinominal federal deputy from PAN, 1991–1994. e—President of PAN, Nuevo León, 1974– 1978; PAN candidate for mayor of Monterrey; PAN candidate for federal deputy from Nuevo León; president of PAN, Monterrey; secretary of organization of PAN, Nuevo León; joined PAN, 1939; adviser to CEN of PAN, 1974–1979; PAN candidate for president of Mexico, 1981; president of CEN of PAN, 1984–1986; resigned from PAN, 1992; president, Democratic Forum, 1993–1994; presidential candidate of PDM, which became UNO, winning 0.28% of the vote, 1994. f—None. g—Vice president, National Federation of Transformation Industries; president, Latin American Association of Glass Producers. h—Began career with A. P. Green; superintendent, Vidrios y Cristales de Monterrey, 1950; director general, Materias Primas de Monterrey, 1956–1962; general manager, Vidrio Plano de México, Federal District, 1962–1970; director of commercialization, Vidrio Plano, Monterrey, 1970–1984;

director general, Vidrios y Cristales (which became Vitro). i—Nephew of Francisco I. Madero, president of Mexico; son of division general Emilio Madero González and Mercedes Beldén; father was president of PRUN, which supported candidacy of General Almazán, 1940; married Norma Morelos Zaragoza, daughter of General Morelos Zaragoza and candidate for alternate federal deputy from Nuevo León, 1979; son Pablo was PAN candidate for federal deputy; cousin of Francisco José Madero González, federal deputy from Coahuila, 1979–1981; nephew of Raúl Madero González; nephew of Gustavo A. Madero, secretary of the treasury and founder of Progressive Constitutional Party; daughter Marcela Madero Morelos Zaragoza, wife of José Antonio Gómez Urquiza, plurinominal federal deputy from PAN, 1991–1994; 2nd cousin of wife of Manuel Pérez Trevino, president of PNR, 1931–1933. j—None. k—Fled with family to United States, living in Laredo, Tex., Los Angeles, and Santa Monica, Calif., during various periods, 1926–1938; father in exile, 1913, 1916. l—La Nación, Sept. 16, 1981, 10; Excélsior, Apr. 16, 1979, 16; HA, Oct. 5, 1981, 9; Análisis Político, May, 1978, 5; Almanaque de México, 15; HA, Feb. 20, 1984, 16; Excélsior, June 10, 1997; Líderes, VI, 1994, 97–103. Madero García, Lydia a—July 21, 1950. b—Monterrey, Nuevo León. c—Elementary, secondary and preparatory studies at Instituto Mater, Monterrey; degree in social work, from University of Nuevo León, 1968–1972; MA in rural sociology from Texas A&M University, College Station, 1976–1978, with thesis titled “Ejido in Mexico”; legal studies at University of Tamaulipas; coordinator, Agricultural Technician Campaign, University of Tamaulipas, 1983–1986; professor and researcher, University of Tamaulipas, 1978–1997. d—Local deputy, 56th Legislature of Tamaulipas, 1996–1998, coordinator of PAN delegation; plurinominal federal deputy from PAN, 1991–1994; senator from Nuevo León, 2000–2006. e—Joined PAN,

t he b io g ra phies  573

1986; president of PAN, Ciudad Victoria, 1987–1990; PAN candidate for senator, 1988; national adviser, PAN, 1988–2007; member of CEN of PAN, 1999–2005; national coordinator of local PAN deputies, 1999–2000. f—None. g—None. h—None. i—Daughter of David Madero González, physician, and Lydia García González; married José María Martínez Brohez, agricultural engineer. j—None. k—None. l—DCM2000­–2003, 326; Pérez Franco, 216–217; DBGM92, 507–508; QesQ en el Congreso, 2000–2003, 306–307; Musacchio, 252. Madero González, Francisco José

a—Oct. 16, 1930. b—San Antonio, Tex. c—Four years of elementary studies in Parras, Coahuila, completed at Colegio de México, Mexico City; completed secondary studies; private accounting degree from Business Banking School, 1947–1948. d—Mayor, Torreón, 1975–1978; federal deputy from State of Coahuila, Dist. 6, 1979– 1981; senator from Coahuila, 1982–1988. e—Joined PRI, 1956; director general, IEPES of PRI, Coahuila, 1967–1969; secretarygeneral of PRI, Torreón, Coahuila, 1960– 1961; interim president of PRI, Torreón, 1962–1965. f—Director, Board of Moral, Civic and Material Improvements, Torreón, 1965–1979; director, Public Property Registry, Viesca, Coahuila, 1963–1975; interim governor, Coahuila, Aug. 10–Nov. 30, 1981. g—None. h—Businessman, 1953–1957; insurance agent, 1957–1961; supervisor, La Comercial Insurance, Torreón, 1957–1961. i—Son governor Raúl Madero González and Dora González Sada; mother, niece of prominent Monterrey industrialist and assistant secretary of the treasury in 1920, Francisco G. Sada; nephew of Francisco I. Madero; cousin Pablo Emilio Madero Beldén, president of PAN, 1984. j—None. k—None. l—Almanaque de México, 1982, 475; Excélsior, Oct. 2, 1982, 9A; Excélsior, Aug. 11, 1981, 1A; Lehr, 62; DBGM84, 542; DBGM87, 507; www.es.wikipedia.org, 2009. Madero (González), Raúl (Deceased Oct. 8, 1982) a—Sept. 16, 1888. b—Parras,

Coahuila. c—Elementary studies at Colegio Bolívar, Monterrey, Nuevo León; preparatory studies at Dover Academy and Phillips Academy, Andover, Mass.; degree in mining engineering from University of Notre Dame, South Bend, Ind. d—Governor, Coahuila, 1957–1963. e—Prominent member and cofounder, PARM, 1954. f—Provisional governor, Coahuila, June 15–20, 1915; governor, Nuevo León, Feb. 16–May 18, 1915; member and representative of Secretariat of National Defense, Board of Directors, National Army‑Navy Bank, 1952–1957. g—Member, Veterans of the Revolution who participated in honoring President Echeverría, 1971; commander, Legion of Honor, 1975–1982. i—Son of Francisco Madero Hernández and Mercedes González Treviño; brother of Francisco Madero, president of Mexico; great‑grandfather was governor of Coahuila, 1880–1884; father was a millionaire; brother Emilio became prominent Coahuilan industrialist; son Francisco Madero González was interim governor of Coahuila, 1981; married Dora González Sada, niece of Francisco G. Sada, secretary of the treasury, 1920; close friend of Antonio I. Villarreal. j—Joined the Revolution as close collaborator of his brother Francisco; involved in his brother’s flight from Morelos, 1911; fought with Villa under Colonel Eugenio Aquirre Benavides in Zaragoza Brigade, 1913–1914; rank of colonel, Nov. 16, 1914; rank of brigadier general, Apr. 2, 1915; fought Obregón with Villa, 1914–1915; rejoined army as brigadier general, 1939; rank of division general, Apr. 1, 1944; retired Apr. 21, 1961; chief of arms at Zapata’s surrender. k—Noted in the Revolution for saving Francisco Villa from a firing squad, 1912; fled into exile in United States, 1913; in exile, 1915; supported de la Huerta rebellion, 1923; supported Escobar rebellion, 1929; Scott suggests that Madero may have been given the PRI nomination for governor of Coahuila in return for PARM’s recognition and support of Adolfo López Mateos in 1958; last survivor of the revolutionary group of

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Nov. 20, 1910; received Belisario Domínguez Award, 1982. l—DP70, 1230; Scott, 188; DGF, II, 35; HA, Dec. 17, 1962, 25; HA, Sept. 10, 1971, 18; Michaels, 40; Dulles, 441; López, 640; Excélsior, Apr. 15, 1975, 16; Enc. Mex., Annual, 1977, 576; Almanaque de N.L., 101, HA, Oct. 11, 1982, 9–10; HA, Oct. 18, 1982, 7; Excélsior, Oct. 2, 1982, 9A; www .familiamadero.com, 2009; www .es.wikipedia.org, 2008; DP95, 2073. Madero Muñoz, Gustavo Enrique

a—Dec. 16, 1955. b—Chihuahua, Chihuahua. c—Early education unknown; degree in communications from ITESO, Guadalajara; diploma in higher management from IPADE; diploma in international finance; studies toward MA in communications, UNAM, 1981; professor, Women’s University, Guadalajara, 1976. d—Federal deputy from State of Chihuahua, Dist. 6, 2003– 2006; senator from the State of Chihuahua, 2006–2012, president of Treasury Committee; coordinator of PAN delegation in Senate, 2008. e—Member of PAN. f—Director, Communications Department, Advanced Higher Education Division, Secretariat of Public Education, 1979–1982; secretary of planning and evaluation, Chihuahua, 1997–1998. g—Vice president, COPARMEX, Chihuahua, 1993. h—Family owns Casa Grande Hotel Group; president, Madero Group, 1987–1997; CEO, Electronic Publishing, SACV, 1998–2003; member, Board of Directors, VITRO, 1996–2007; chief financial officer, Promotora Empresarial del Norte. i—Brother Álvaro, president of Casa Grande Hotel Group. j—None. k—None. l—www.pan.senado.gob.mx, 2008; www .senado.gob.mx, 2009; Directorio del Congreso, 2006–2009, 67; www.diputados.gob .mx, 2003–2006. Madrazo (Becerra), Carlos A. (Deceased June 4, 1969) a—1915. b—Villahermosa, Tabasco. c—Elementary and secondary studies in Villahermosa; preparatory studies at National Preparatory School; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, 1937; professor of history in secondary schools.

d—Federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. 2, 1943–1946; president, Chamber of Deputies, Sept., 1944; governor, Tabasco, 1959–1964. e—Founder, CNOP of PRM, Jan. 18, 1942, with Ramón G. Bonfil and Lauro Ortega; principal leader, Bloc of Revolutionary Youth, Red Shirts, under Garrido Canabal, 1933–1935; director, Federation of Mexican Youth, 1939; member, 1st National Council of CNOP, 1944; president of CEN of PRI, 1954–1965. f—Private secretary to governor of Guanajuato, Luis I. Rodríguez, 1937–1938; private secretary to president of CEN of PRM, Luis I. Rodríguez, 1938–1939; official, Secretariat of Public Education, 1941; head, Department of Economic Statistics, Department of the Federal District; director of social action, Department of the Federal District, 1942–1943; head, Legal Department, National Sugarcane Commission. g—President, Student Society, National Preparatory School, 1933; president, Federation of Mexican Youth, 1939; member, Technical Council of Education, Federation of Socialist Students of Tabasco, 1933–1935. h—None. i—Son Carlos Madrazo Pintado was assistant secretary to Alfonso Martínez Domínguez and became oficial mayor of public works, 1976–1978; son Roberto Madrazo Pintado was an important leader in National Youth Sector of PRI, governor of Tabasco, president of CEN of PRI, and presidential candidate, 2006; married Gabriela Pintado; cousin of General Miguel Orrico de los Llanos, governor of Tabasco, 1955–1958; son of Pío Quinto Madrazo and Concepción Becerra, rural teacher; grandson Federico Madrazo Rojas, federal deputy. j—None. k—Involved in major political scandal as federal deputy and forced to resign; later exonerated and reinstated as a federal deputy; his involvement was attributed to his support of Javier Rojo Gómez for president, 1945; resigned as president of CEN of PRI after failing to bring about reforms; many of his supporters believe that the airplane crash in which he died was the result of sabotage. l—WWMG, 25; DP70, 1232; Enc. Mex., V, 220; Johnson,

t he b io g ra phies  575

45–47; Correa, 36, 114, 118; HA, Jan. 26, 1945, 5; HA, Aug. 4, 1944; Por Qué? Sept. 25, 1969, 12ff; Cadena Z., 129; NYT, Sept. 2, 1944, 9; CyT, 91; Excélsior, June 5, 1977, 4; Enc. Mex., VIII, 198; www.cayuco.com, 2009. Madrazo Cuéllar, Jorge a—June 24, 1953. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, 1972–1976; MA and PhD in constitutional and administrative law from National School of Law, UNAM, 1979–1983; academic secretary, Institute of Legal Research, UNAM, 1978–1984; director, Institute of Legal Research, UNAM, 1984–1990; coordinator of humanities, UNAM, 1986–1987; researcher, Institute of Legal Research, UNAM, 1982–1993. d—None. e—None. f—Attorney general of Mexico, 1996–2000; consul, Seattle, Secretariat of Foreign Relations, 2001–2006. g—Inspector general, National Commission on Human Rights, 1990–1992; president, National Commission on Human Rights, 1993–1996. h—None. i—Son of Jorge Madrazo Vela, travel agent, and María de Jesús Cuéllar Ángulo; protégé of Jorge Carpizo, rector of UNAM and attorney general of Mexico. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM94, CD; letters. Madrazo Limón, Carlos a—Feb. 2, 1952. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; electromechanical engineering degree from Ibero-American University; MA in applied mechanics from University of London; completed higher management program, IPADE, 1984–1985; professor, Autonomous Metropolitan University, Mexico City, 1978–1979; professor, Regional Technical Institute, Tlalnepantla, State of Mexico, 1979–1982. d—Mayor, Atizapan de Zaragoza, State of Mexico, 1997–2000; senator from State of Mexico, 2000–2006; federal deputy from State of Mexico, Dist. 14, 2006–2009. e—Joined PAN, 1993; president of PAN, Atizapan de Zaragoza, State of Mexico, 1995–1997; member, State Committee of PAN, State of Mexico; member, National Council of PAN, 2001–2004; national

adviser, Pan, 1998; secretary-general of PAN, State of Mexico, 2003. f—Assistant secretary of political development, Secretariat of Government, 2005. g—None. h—Director, SimeIndustrial, SACV, 1981– . j—None. k—None. l—Directorio del Congreso, 2006–2009, 151; DCM, 2000–2003, 144; Q es Q en el Congreso, 2000–2003, 307–308; www.diputados.gob.mx, 2006–2009. Madrazo Pintado, Carlos Armando

a—Aug. 22, 1940. b—Federal District. c—Preparatory studies at National Preparatory School; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, 1958–1962, completed thesis in 1963 on divestiture; postgraduate work at UCLA, 1979–1980; professor of civics, National Preparatory School No. 1, 1964–1966. d—Federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. 23, 1973–1976. e—Member, Youth Directorate of PRI, 1960; auxiliary secretary of CEN of PRI, 1970; general delegate of CEN of PRI to States of Chihuahua, Oaxaca, Guerrero, San Luis Potosí, Durango, Guanajuato, and Sinaloa; secretary of international affairs, CEN of PRI, 1980. f—Lawyer, Customs Department, Tax Attorney’s Office, 1960–1963; lawyer, Financial Studies Division, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1963; aide to attorney general of the Federal District, 1963–1964; aide to oficial mayor of public works, 1965; assistant director of labor, Secretariat of Labor, 1965–1966; auxiliary secretary to Alfonso Martínez Domínguez, 1970–1971; Department of the Federal District delegate to Álvaro Obregón, 1971–1973; oficial mayor, Secretariat of Public Works, 1976–1978; director general of agrarian delegates, Secretariat of Agrarian Reform, 1981–1982; oficial mayor, Office of the Attorney General of Mexico, 1982–1984. g—Auxiliary secretary to secretary-general of CNC, 1965–1967. h—Practicing lawyer, firm of Madrazo and De Buen, 1960–1970. i—Son of Carlos Madrazo, president of CEN of PRI, and Graciela Pintado Jiménez; married Judith María Kramer Rellstab; brother Roberto Madrazo Pintado was senator from Tabasco, 1988, president of CEN of PRI,

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and presidential candidate, 2006. j—None. k—None. l—Excélsior, Mar. 16, 1973, 22; DJBM, 83; Hoy, Mar. 14, 1970, 4; Excélsior, Feb. 28, 1973, 19; Excélsior, Jan. 21, 1975, 5; Protag., 205; Q es QAP, 461; DBGM, 258. Madrazo (Pintado), Roberto a—July 30, 1952. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, 1971–1974, with thesis titled “Social Security in the International Arena”; diploma in urbanism from UCLA, 1980–1981. d—Federal deputy from State of Tabasco, Dist. 2, 1976–1979; Magdalena Contreras delegate to Department of the Federal District, 1981–1982; senator from Tabasco, 1988–1991; federal deputy from State of Tabasco, Dist. 1, 1991–1994, member of Gran Comisión and coordinator of Tabasco delegation; governor, Tabasco, 1995–2001. e—Joined PRI, 1971; secretary-general, National Revolutionary Youth Movement of PRI, 1977–1978; general delegate of CEN of PRI to Chihuahua, 1983–1984; secretary of promotion and administration, CEN of PRI, 1984–1987; assistant secretary-general of CEN of PRI, 1987–1988; president of PRI, Tabasco, 1988; secretary of organization, CEN of PRI, 1988–1989; president of CEN of PRI, 2002–2005; precandidate for PRI presidential nomination, 1999; PRI presidential candidate, 2006. f—Auxiliary secretary of director general of preliminary investigations, Office of the Attorney General of Mexico, 1972–1973; section head, Social Services Office, Iztacalco delegation, Federal District, 1973–1976; adviser to head of the Federal District, Carlos Hank González, 1979–1981. g—None. h—General manager, Comercial Inmobiliaria La Unión, 1972–1974. i—Son of Carlos Madrazo, president of PRI, and Graciela Pintado Jiménez; married Isabel de la Parra Trujillo; brother of Carlos Madrazo Pintado, oficial mayor of public works and secretary of international relations of CEN of PRI, 1980. j—None. k—President Zedillo offered him post of secretary of public education if he would leave the governorship of Tabasco after an election marked by fraud

and controversy. l—DBGM92, 508; Musacchio, 253; www.wikipedia.com, 2008; D de Y, Sept. 16, 1999. Madrazo Reynoso, Ignacio (Deceased Aug. 16, 1997) a—Apr. 8, 1944. b—Federal District. c—Preparatory studies at Instituto Patria, 1962; economics degree from National School of Economics, UNAM, 1963–1967, with thesis titled “The Necessity of Combining Industrialization and General Economic Development Policy,” 1968; MA in economics from Cambridge University, 1974; professor of public finance, National School of Economics, UNAM, 1972–1973; professor of public finance, School of Economics, Anáhuac University, 1972–1973. d—None. e—None. f—Economist, Technical Sec., Secretariat of Government Properties, 1971–1972; coordinator for assistant director of analysis, Division of Control and Inspection, Secretariat of Government Properties, 1971; director, Economic Studies Department, Secretariat of Government Properties, 1972; assistant director of acquisitions, Inspection Department, Secretariat of Government Properties, 1972–1973; administrative assistant director, National Sugar Finance Bank, 1974; Assistant Director of Finance, National Sugar Finance Bank, 1974–1976; director general of Credit, National Sugar Finance Bank, 1976–1978; director general of customs, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1978–1980; oficial mayor, treasury, 1980–1982; assistant secretary of tax investigation, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1982–1984; finance commissioner, Office of the Controller, 1985–1986; director general, Sidema, 1986–1989; director general of sugar, Secretariat of Agriculture and Hydraulic Resources, 1988–1990; adviser to secretary of the treasury, 1990–1991; director general, National Savings Board, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1991–1994; president, Investment Committee of Morelos, 1997. g—None. h—Analyst, Industrial Coordinators, SA, 1966. i—Son of Luis Madrazo Basauri, lawyer and federal deputy from State of Guanajuato, Dist. 2, 1943–1946,

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and Alicia Reynoso Pedroza; married Luz Lajous Vargas, federal deputy, 1982–1985, 1988–1991; son-in-law of Adrián Lajous Martínez; brother-in-law of Roberta Lajous, director general in Secretariat of Foreign Relations, ambassador to United Nations, and wife of Fernando Solana Morales, secretary of foreign relations; brother-in-law of Adrián Lajous Vargas, assistant director general of PEMEX, 1994–1999. j—None. k—None. l—Q es QAP, 109; Excélsior, Apr. 9, 1980, 22; Excélsior, Dec. 29, 1982, 18; DBGM87, 226; DBGM89, 210; DBGM92, 218; WWM87, 348. Madrid Flores, Francisco a—Dec. 19, 1960. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; degree in tourism from School of Tourism, IPN; MA in administration, ITESM, Monterrey, Nuevo León, 1990; professor, Preparatory School, IPN; professor, Anáhuac University, Mexico City, ITESM, Monterrey, and American University, Acapulco. d—None. e—None. f—Coordinator of projects, Social Cultural Tourism Division, 1983; assistant director of state projects, Division of National Promotion, 1985–1986; director of tourist education, 1986–1987; director of tourist capacity, 1987–1992; director general of national promotion, 1992–1994; director general of international tourism, 1994–1996; director general of development of tourist products, 1996–1997; director general of tourism policy, 1998–1999; assistant secretary of promotion and policy promotion, 2000–2001; assistant secretary of tourist planning, 2001–2004; assistant secretary of tourism operations, 2004–2008. g—None. h—None. i—None. j—None. k—None. l—www.sectur.gob.mx /wb2, 2008; www.mazatlaninteractivo.com .mx, 2009. Madrid Tovilla, Arely a—Feb. 18, 1952. b—Huixtla, Chiapas. c—Early education unknown; law degree and public notary, University of Puebla, 1971–1975; MA in criminal law from University of Tlaxcala, 1994–1997; LLD from International Law Institute, Puebla. d—Federal deputy from

State of Chiapas, Dist. 2, 1982–1985; federal deputy from State of Chiapas, Dist. 9, 1988–1991; federal deputy from State of Chiapas, Dist. 11, 1997–2000, president of Agrarian Reform Committee; senator from Chiapas, 2000–2006, president of Agrarian Reform Committee; plurinominal federal deputy from PRI, 2006–2009. e—Joined PRI; special delegate, CEN of PRI, Michoacán, Colima, and Zacatecas. f—Delegate, Secretariat of Agrarian Reform, Morelos, 1991–1992; judge, Higher Agricultural Court, 1992–1997. g—Secretary of agricultural action, CNC, Chiapas, 1980–1982. h—None. i—Daughter of Mario Madrid Ramírez, peasant, and Cristina Tovilla Nicolás; married José Adalberto Escobedo Zepeda, lawyer. j—None. k—None. l—Q es Q en el Congreso, 1997–2000, 194; DCM, 2000–2003, 54; Musacchio, 255; www. secgob.gob.mx, 1997; DCM, 2006–2009, 383; DBGM84, 543; DBGM89, 481–482 Q es Q en el Congreso, 2000–2003, 359–360; www.gentesur.com.mx, 2008; www.cuar to-poder.com.mx, 2008. Magaña Cárdenas, Ignacio a—Apr. 5, 1942. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; legal studies at National School of Law, UNAM, and University of Puebla, 1959–1967, graduating from University of Puebla, Oct. 27, 1967, with thesis titled “Federal Labor Law”; professor of administrative, commercial and constitutional law, ITAM, 1971–1974; Professor of constitutional law, University of Michoacán, 1982–1983; professor of commercial law, UNAM. d—None. e—None. f—Controller of civil aeronautics, Secretariat of Communications and Transportation, 1960–1961; judicial official, Second Judicial District, Puebla, 1966; secretary of studies and accounts, 1969–1970; secretary of studies and accounts, Second Division, Supreme Court, 1971–1974; first judge, District Court, San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, 1974–1975; third judge, Administrative Court, Federal District, 1975–1978; judge, First Appeals Court, 11th Circuit, Morelia, 1978–1989;

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justice, Supreme Court, Third Division, 1989–1991; justice Supreme Court, Fourth Division, 1991–1994, retired Dec. 31, 1994. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Jorge Magaña López, surgeon, and Eloísa Cárdenas Ferrer; married Artemisa de la Huerta Saldamendo. j—None. k—None. l—www.cronica.diputa dos.gob.mx, Jan. 25, 1989; DBGM84, 637; DBGM92, 673; DBGM94, CD; www.scjn .gob.mx, 2008; Musacchio, 256. Magaña Cerda, Conrado a—Mar. 13, 1900. b—Zamora, Michoacán. c—Early education unknown; no degree. d—Mayor, Los Reyes, Michoacán, 1936–1937; mayor, La Piedad, Michoacán, 1937–1938; mayor, Zamora, 1938–1939; federal deputy from State of Michoacán, Dist. 4, 1955–1958. e—President of PRI, State of Michoacán, 1942–1952. f—Substitute governor, Michoacán, 1939–1940; president, local Board of Coordinating Agricultural Statistics, Michoacán. g—President, Federation of Small Landholders. i—Brother of Gildardo Magaña, governor of Michoacán; son Conrado Magaña Cerda, businessman and director of investments, Secretariat of Economic Development, Michoacán. j—Fought in the Revolution; Zapatista; reached rank of lieutenant colonel. k—None. l—Ind. Biog., 97; C de D, 1955–1958. Magaña (Cerda), Gildardo (Deceased Dec. 13, 1939) a—June 8, 1891. b—Zamora, Michoacán. c—Studied at Colegio de Jacona seminary in Zamora; studied business administration in San Antonio, Tex.; studied accounting at Temple College, Philadelphia, completed studies in private accounting, 1908; no degree. d—Federal deputy from State of Michoacán, Dist. 2, 1926–1928; governor, Michoacán, 1936–1939. f—Governor, Federal District and secretary of government during Convention of Aguascalientes, 1914; governor, Baja California del Norte, 1934–1935. g—Secretary-general, Union of Small Property Owners; organizer, National Agrarian Federation. h—Practicing accountant, Rojas and Taboada, Mexico City, 1908; author of a major work on Zapata and

agrarianism in Mexico. i—Companion and friend of Saturnino Cedillo since revolutionary days under Zapata; precursor of the Revolution in group which included Camilo Arriaga, José Vasconcelos, and Francisco Múgica; father, a successful businessman and teacher; brother Octavio Magaña, federal deputy from Michoacán, 1924‑1930. j—Joined the Revolution; instrumental in briefly uniting Villa and Zapata; became chief of staff of the Army of the South on the death of Zapata, 1919; commanding general, Liberating Army of the South, 1919; commander, 1st Division, Army of the South, 1920; head, Agrarian Settlement Program, 1920–1924; rank of division general, Jan. 1, 1921; career army officer, without assignment, 1924–1934; commander, 24th Military Zone, Cuernavaca, Morelos; commander, 2nd Military Zone, Baja California, 1935– 1936. k—Important intellectual in Zapatista movement; active in Tacubaya plot against Díaz government; imprisoned in Mexico City, 1912–1914; son of General Domingo Arenas accused Magaña of responsibility in his father’s murder; Brandenburg considered Magaña in Inner Circle as governor of Michoacán; PRM precandidate for president of Mexico, 1939. l—Brandenburg, 90; Kirk, 86, 118; DP70, 1233; Heroic Mexico, 163, 173, 330; D de Y, Sept. 5, 1935; Michaels, 3; Bermúdez, 80–81; González Navarro, 150; Enc. Mex., VIII, 1977, 201–202; Raby, 215; López González, 123–127. Magaña Negrete, Gumersindo a—Dec. 5, 1939. b—Uruapan, Michoacán. c—Early education unknown; law degree from School of Law, University of San Luis Potosí; professor of civil law, legal process, and political economy, School of Law, University of San Luis Potosí. d—Plurinominal federal deputy from PDM, 1979–1982, member of Agrarian Reform and Public Education committees. e—Secretary of information and political action, PDM National Committee; PDM presidential candidate, 1988, winning 1.04% of vote; PDM lost legal party registration after 1988

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election, regained it, and lost it again in 1997. f—None. g—Joined Sinarquista Youth Movement, Uruapan, 1954; youth secretary, UNS, San Luis Potosí; chief, UNS, San Luis Potosí; secretary-general, El Sol Journalists’ Union, San Luis Potosí. h—Practicing lawyer; journalist; retired 2006. i—Grandmother, a Sinarquista. j—None. k—None. l—Proceso, Feb. 22, 1988, 25; C de D, 1979–1982; Directorio, 1979–1982; www .es.wikipedia.org, 2009. Magdaleno (Cardona), Mauricio

(Deceased) a—May 13, 1906. b—Villa de Refugio, Zacatecas. c—Elementary studies in Villa de Refugio, Zacatecas; secondary studies in Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes; preparatory studies at National Preparatory School, 1920–1923; studied at UNAM, 1923–1925, but had to drop out for financial reasons; studied at University of Madrid, 1932–1933, on fellowship; professor of history and literature, UNAM, 1934–1935. d—Federal deputy from State of Zacatecas, Dist. 3, 1949–1952, member of Legislative Studies Committee (2nd year); senator from State of Zacatecas, 1958–1964, member of Gran Comisión, president of 1st Committee on Public Education, member of 1st Committee on Foreign Relations, 1st Balloting Committee, 1st Instructive Sec. of Grand Jury, substitute member of Tourist Affairs Committee and Legislative Studies Committee. e—None. f—President, Revisory Committee on Income Taxes, 1934–1936, Secretariat of the Treasury; member, Technical Council for Theaters, Mexico City, 1936–1939; correspondent, National Institute for the Investigation of Theaters; head of library and archives, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1936–1945; writer, El Universal, 1934–1964; director general, Division of Social Action, Department of the Federal District, 1952–1958; assistant secretary of cultural affairs, Secretariat of Public Education, 1964–1970. g—None. h—Well-known author of numerous plays, books, and movie scripts. i—Became friend of Adolfo López Mateos and Manuel Moreno Sánchez

during Vasconcelos campaign, 1929; son of Vicente Magdaleno Redín, Liberal, Maderista, and owner of a small store, La Florida, in Villa de Refugio, and María Cardona; father moved family to Mexico City because of the Revolution, 1912; father knew José Vasconcelos; brother Vicente, well-known poet; married Rosario Ríos. j—None. k—Campaign aide to José Vasconcelos, 1929. l—Libro de Oro, xxxv; DGF51, I, 27; C de D, 1949–1951, 77; DPE65, 135; C de S, 1961–1964, 59–60; DBM68, 399; DBM70, 349; C de S, 1964, 12; WWM45, 68; Strode, 415; DEM, 207–208; HA, Dec. 21, 1964, 4; Haddox, 8; Func., 410; letter; López, 642; Enc. Mex., VIII, 203; WNM, 137. Mahbub Matta, Víctor Manuel a—Apr. 17, 1938. b—Matehuala, San Luis Potosí. c—Early education unknown; civil engineering degree from National School of Engineering, UNAM, 1957–1961; professor, University of San Luis Potosí, 1959–1965; professor, UNAM, 1965–1968, 1972–1977. d—None. e—Joined PRI, 1963. f—Assistant to secretary of public works, 1973–1975; adviser to assistant secretary of public works, 1975–1976; private secretary to assistant secretary of public works, 1976–1981; director general of rural roads, 1981–1982; director general of conservation, 1983–1988; assistant secretary of infrastructure, Secretariat of Public Works, 1988–1993. g—None. h—Positions in private sector, 1964–1972; president, national university club soccer team, Los Pumas, of UNAM, 2006. i—Son of Simón Mahbub Sáber, retailer, and Emelín Matta Habib; married Eva Avelle Barquet; close friend of Raúl Salinas Lozano, who supported him as a potential candidate for governor of San Luis Potosí; brother José Mahbub Matta was mayor of Matehuala, 1977–1979. j—None. k—None. l—www .cuarto-poder.com.mx, Mar. 1, 2006; www.e-mexico, 2008; DBGM92, 220; www .sefi.mineria.unam.mx, 2008; DBGM87, 229; Q es QAP 1982, 261; DBGM84, 261. Maldonado López, Carlos B. (Deceased) a—Aug. 15, 1911. b—Hermosillo, Sonora.

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c—Elementary studies in Hermosillo; some secondary studies in Hermosillo and Mexico City; no degree. d—Senator from State of Sonora, 1958–1964, 2nd secretary of Special Forestry Committee, alternate member of 1st Petroleum, Special Livestock, and 1st Ejido committees. e—Participated in presidential campaign of General Álvaro Obregón, 1928; participated in presidential campaign of Adolfo López Mateos, 1958; general delegate of CEN of PRI to States of Jalisco, Colima, Guanajuato, and Sonora. f—None. g—Founding member, CTM, 1936; president, CTM, State of Sonora. h—Laborer for many years. j—None. k—None. l—C de S, 1961–1964, 60; Func., 359. Maldonado Mendoza, Alejandro

a—Dec. 22, 1935. b—Veracruz, Veracruz. c—Early education unknown; naval engineering degree, Heroic Naval College, Veracruz, 1952–1956; MA in naval command, United States, with thesis titled “Naval Doctrine in Mexico,” 1979–1980. d—None. e—None. f—Chief of staff of navy, 1994– 1998; oficial mayor of the navy, 1996–2000. g—None. h—None. i—Student with Admirals José Ramón Lorenzo Franco, secretary of the navy, 1994-2000, and Rodolfo Rodríguez Jurado, oficial mayor of the navy, 1989–1990. j—Career naval officer; joined navy as cadet, 1952; general coordinator of administrative services, Personnel Division, Secretariat of the Navy, 1987–1988; director general of social security, 1989–1993; oficial mayor of the fleet, 1994; rank of admiral. k—None. l—DBGM89, 212; Pescador, 178. Maldonado (Morato), Víctor Alfonso

(Deceased 1976) a—Sept. 19, 1906. b—San Luis Potosí. c—Preparatory studies University of San Luis Potosí; law degree from School of Law, University of San Luis Potosí. d—Federal deputy from State of San Luis Potosí, Dist. 1, 1937–1940; federal deputy from State of San Luis Potosí, Dist. 3, 1943–1946. e—None. f—Joined Foreign Service, 1946; ambassador to Bolivia, 1946–1948; ambassador to El Salvador, 1949–1953; ambassador to Ethiopia and

Turkey, 1954–1955; ambassador to Angola, 1956–1958; ambassador to United Arab Republic, 1959–1960; ambassador to Sweden, 1960–1961; ambassador to Ethiopia, 1962–1965; ambassador to Honduras, 1965–1966; ambassador to Cuba, 1970–1975; ambassador to Brazil, 1975–1976. g—None. h—None. i—Son Víctor Alonso Maldonado Moroleón served as federal deputy from San Luis Potosí, 1976–1979, 1982–1985; son of Victoriano S. Maldonado, indigenous peasant, and Ángela Morato. j—None. k—None. l—C de D, 1937–1940; C de D, 1943–1946; letter; DBGM89, 213; DP95, 2088–2089. Maldonado Moroleón, Víctor Alfonso

a—Oct. 14, 1936. b—San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí. c—Early education unknown; law degree from University of Paris, 1955– 1959; economics degree from University of Paris, 1955–1959; PhD in economics from University of Paris, 1960–1962; professor of world economic structures, National School of Economics, UNAM, 1968–1971; visiting professor, University of Québec, Canada, 1968; visiting professor, Institute of Mexican Studies, Perpignan, France, 1976; technical secretary, Italian Latin American Institute, Rome, 2006. d—Federal deputy from State of San Luis Potosí, Dist. 3, 1976–1979, member of Gran Comisión; federal deputy from San Luis Potosí, Dist. 1, 1982–1985. e—Joined PRI, 1960; assistant director of political studies, CEPES of PRI, Federal District; adviser to secretary-general of CEN of PRI, 1981–1982. f—Director, Office of Trade Policy, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1963–1964; assistant director, Department of Economic Studies, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1964–1968; director general of documentation, presidential State of the Union addresses, Secretariat of the Presidency, 1970–1976. g—Finance secretary, League of Revolutionary Economists, 1976–1978. h—Writer for many Mexico City newspapers and magazines. i—Son of Víctor Alfonso Maldonado, federal deputy from San Luis Potosí and ambassador to Cuba, 1970–1975, and Manuela Moroleón Arriaga,

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teacher; married Amparo Anso López, lawyer. j—None. k—None. l—Directorio, 1982–1985; C de D, 1976–1979; Lehr, 416; DBGM89, 213; DBGM, 543. Maldonado Pereda, Juan a—Feb. 11, 1934. b—Veracruz, Veracruz. c—Early education unknown; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, with thesis titled “The Mexican Revolution and the Chamula Tribe”; professor of the history of Mexico, Graduate Institute of Business Studies; professor of political parties, electoral law and general theory of the state, School of Political Science, UNAM, Acatlán; professor of social and economic doctrines, School of Law, University of Tabasco; secretary-general, Juárez University of Tabasco, 1963–1964; rector, Juárez University of Tabasco, 1964. d—Alternate senator from State of Veracruz, 1970–1976; mayor, Veracruz, 1973–1976; federal deputy from State of Veracruz, Dist. 11, 1979–1982, 1985–1988. e—Director of youth action of PRI, Federal District, 1955; auxiliary secretary-general, CEN of PRI, 1965; auxiliary secretary, National Editorial Committee, CEN of PRI, 1968; president of PRI, Federal District, 1981–1982; secretary of organization, CEN of PRI. f—Judge of 1st instance, Huimanguillo, Tabasco, 1960; president, Board of Conciliation and Arbitration of Tabasco, 1961; director of publications, UNAM; private secretary to Rafael Murillo Vidal, governor of Veracruz, 1968; assistant secretary “A,” Department of the Federal District, 1982–1984; secretary of education and culture, Veracruz, 2000–2004. g—None. h—Public notary, 1960–1961. i—Son of Eugenio Maldonado and Evangelina Pereda; married Ana María Hernández. j—None. k—None. l—HA, Dec. 20, 1982, 28; Q es QAP, 425; C de D, 1979–1982; DBGM87, 508; HA, Apr. 2, 1984, 22. Maldonado Pérez, Caritino (Deceased Apr. 17, 1971) a—Oct. 5, 1915. b—Tlalixtaquilla, Guerrero. c—Elementary studies in Alcozauca, Guerrero; enrolled in Chilapa Seminary, but it was closed during Cristero rebellion, 1926; teaching certificate from

Rural Normal School of Oaxtepec, Morelos, 1928–1929; graduate of National Teachers’ School, 1936–1938; preparatory studies at National Preparatory School; schoolteacher, 1929–1936; teacher, Regional Rural School, Coyuca de Catalán, Guerrero, 1938–1940; elementary and secondary teacher, public and private schools, Mexico City, 1940–1944. d—Local deputy, State Legislature of Morelos, 1944–1945; federal deputy from State of Guerrero, Dist. 5, 1949–1951, member of Gran Comisión, 1st Committee on Public Education, and 2nd Balloting Committee, substitute member of Committee on Forest Affairs; alternate senator from Guerrero, 1952–1958; senator from State of Guerrero, 1958–1964, president of Special Committee on Small Agricultural Property, member of 1st Committee on Public Education, substitute member of Internal and Foreign Trade Committee, Protocol Committee, and Industries Committee; governor, Guerrero, 1969–1971. e—President of PRI, State of Guerrero, 1948–1949; secretary of popular action, CEN of PRI, 1952–1956; general delegate of CEN of PRI to all but 3 Mexican states. f—Private secretary to Baltasar Leyva, governor of Guerrero, 1945–1948; head, Department of Inspection, Secretariat of Labor, 1952–1958; oficial mayor, Secretariat of Health, 1965–1969. g—Active in SNTE, 1940; secretary-general of CNOP of PRI, 1958–1964. h—None. i—Married Sofía Ventura. j—None. k—Considered a cacique of local region he represented in Guerrero; ¿Por Qué? states that he was denounced in 1950 for being connected with the murder of 3 persons; U.S. intelligence believes that Lucio Cabañas had him shot down and killed in a helicopter crash. l—C de S, 1961–1964, 60; Libro de Oro, xxxvi; DGF56, 6, 399; DPE65, 148; C de D, 1949–1951, 78; DGF51, I, 22, 30, 32, 34; Siempre, Sept. 19, 1956, 10; Dec. 21, 1964, 4; Por Qué? Oct. 4, 1968, 35; HA, June 10, 1974, 13; Func., 218; DP95, 2089. Maldonado Pinedo, Ana María Irma

a—Feb. 24, 1938. b—Zacatecas. c—Teaching certificate as secondary teacher from

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Manuel Ávila Camacho Normal School, Zacatecas, 1953–1956; law degree from University of Zacatecas, 1959–1961; director, Manuel Ávila Camacho Normal School, 1980–1982; director, School of Social Work, Zacatecas, 1978–1982; professor, Normal School of Zacatecas, 1973–1980; professor, School of Social Work, Zacatecas, 1973– 1980; professor, Manuel Ávila Camacho Normal School, 1965– ; director, Technical Institute of Zacatecas, 2006. d—Federal deputy from State of Zacatecas, Dist. 5, 1982–1985. e—Joined PRI, 1956. f—None. g—Secretary of acts and agreements, Local No. 58, SNTE, 1979–1981; secretary of relations, Local No. 58, SNTE, 1979–1981. h—Teacher. j—None. k—None. l—Directorio, 1982–1985; Lehr, 537; DBGM, 544. Maldonado Sánchez, Braulio

(Deceased Feb. 8, 1990) a—Aug. 21, 1902. b—San José del Cabo, Baja California del Norte. c—Elementary studies in Baja California; secondary studies in Mexico City; preparatory studies at National Preparatory School; special studies in the army; enrolled in UNAM, 1924; law degree, 1940s. d—Alternate federal deputy from State of Baja California del Norte, Dist. 2, 1930–1932; federal deputy from State of Baja California del Norte, Dist. 1, 1932–1934; federal deputy from Baja California del Norte, 1946–1949, member of Gran Comisión, 2nd Treasury Committee, 2nd Balloting Committee, Budget and Accounts Committee, and 1st Constitutional Affairs Committee, secretary to president of Preparatory Committee; federal deputy from Baja California del Norte, 1952–1953, member of Third Sec. of Credentials Committee and Social Action Committee (1st year); governor, Baja California del Norte, 1953–1959. e—Leader, Popular Electoral Front; cofounder, Leftist Socialist Party, 1931; secretary-general, Leftist Socialist Party; member, National Advisory Council of PRI; attempted to found a new party, Coordinating Revolutionary Movement of the Mexican Republic, 1977. f—Adviser, CCI, 1966. g—González

Navarro states that CCI was financed by Maldonado Sánchez; active in National Students’ League. h—Became shoemaker after father was in an accident; worked as laborer in United States; worked in butcher shop; author of a political commentary on Baja California and his regime. i—Son of Cruz Maldonado, peasant and miner in Santa Rosalía, and Luisa Sánchez Ojeda; former federal deputy Leopoldo Sales Rovira was part of his political organization in Baja California; met Miguel Alemán and Antonio Ortiz Mena at National Preparatory School and remained close friends with both his entire life; student of Manuel Gómez Morín; daughter was PRD candidate for governor of Baja California, 1989. j—Rank of 2nd sergeant in the army. k—Student participant in 1927 presidential campaign in support of General Serrano, with Miguel Alemán and Efraín Brito Rosado; deported to United States as a result of his supposed participation in Popular Electoral Front’s attempt to disrupt Díaz Ordaz’s campaign, 1964–1966; Johnson and ¿Por Qué? claim his regime as governor was characterized by extensive corruption and that his administration was responsible for the development of a huge prostitution ring in Tijuana. l—C de D, 1946–1948, 77; C de D, 1952–1954, 14; Johnson, 134; Por Qué? July 2, 1968, 2; DGF56, 90; DGF47, 4; D del S, Jan. 22, 1946, 1; Por Qué? Oct. 4, 1968, 46–48; González Navarro, 238, 241; HA, Sept. 28, 1953, 25; Excélsior, June 17, 1977, 10; HA, July 5, 1954, 9; Proceso, Dec. 15, 1986, 11–13. Maldonado Venegas, Luis a—Nov. 19, 1956. b—Veracruz, Veracruz. c—Early education unknown; legal studies at Free Law School, Mexico City; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM; diplomas in public administration, France and Spain; professor of administrative law, National School of Law, UNAM, 1980–1983; professor, National Defense College, 1991–1993. d—Plurinominal federal deputy from PRI, 2003–2006. e—Secretary of political publicity coordination, CEN of PRI, 1996–1997; vice

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president of strategy and political development, CEN of Convergencia; president of Convergencia, 2006–2009. f—Private secretary to assistant secretary of fishing, Secretariat of Fishing, Fernando Castro y Castro, 1985–1988; assistant general coordinator, National Food Commission, 1988–1992; coordinator of advisers, oficial mayor of public education, 1992–1993; coordinator, Parastatal Sector, Secretariat of Public Education, 1993–1994; director general of government, Secretariat of Government, 1994–1995; technical secretary, Inter-Departmental Committee for Development of Federalism, 1995–1996; adviser to president of Mexico, 1995–1996. g—None. h—None. j—None. None. k—None. l—www.convergencia.org.mx, 2008; www .notiver.com.mx, 2008; www.201.147.988, 2008; DCM, 2003–2006. Maliachi (y Velasco), Eduardo a—Oct. 24, 1941. b—Veracruz, Veracruz. c—Secondary teaching certificate from National Normal School, 1960; teaching specialist, Higher Normal School, Mexico City, 1966; economics degree from National School of Economics, UNAM, with thesis titled “Criteria for Assigning Resources to Higher Education in Mexico,” Aug. 29, 1973; elementary school teacher, 1961–1967; secondary school teacher, 1967–1973; professor, National School of Teachers of Industrial Workers, 1969; professor, National School of Economics, UNAM, 1972–1973; rector, National Teachers’ University, Secretariat of Public Education, 1986–1988; rector, National Pedagogical University, Secretariat of Public Education, 1985–1989; director general of education services and decentralization, Jalisco, 1989–1992; rector, National Teachers’ University, 1993–1996. d—None. e—None. f—Assistant to assistant secretary of planning and educational coordination, Secretariat of Public Education, 1971; chief of technical activities in secondary schools, Federal District, 1972–1973; assistant director of mid-level education, Division of Improving Professional Teaching,

Secretariat of Public Education, 1974–1975; director general, National Institute of Educational Research, 1976; analyst, Education Sec., Secretariat of Programming and Budget, 1977–1978; assistant director general of normal school education, Secretariat of Public Education, 1978–1979; director general of normal school education, Secretariat of Public Education, 1979–1980; oficial mayor, Secretariat of Public Education, 1980–1982, 1982–1986; director general of educational planning, Federal District, 1993; secretary of education, Guerrero, 1996-2008. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Admiral Enrique Maliachi Arias and Carmen Velasco Uribe; married Elsa Villasana Hernández, teacher. j—None. k—None. l—HA, June 2, 1980, 13; IEPES; Q es QAP, 301; DBGM, 261–262; DBGM87, 230. Malo Álvarez, Salvador a—1941. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; physics degree from UNAM, 1958–1961; PhD, Imperial College, University of London, 1973; secretary-general, UNAM, 1991–1993; administrative secretary, UNAM, 1993–1997; full-time researcher, UNAM; secretary of planning, UNAM, 1997–1999. d—None. e—None. f—Director general of scientific research, Secretariat of Public Education; director general, National Center for Evaluation of Higher Education in Mexico, 2003–2005. g—None. h—None. j—None. k—None. l—Musacchio; Enc. Mex., 1989, 1118; www.unam.mx, 2008; www.vcumbre iberoamericana.udg.mx, 2008. Mancera Aguayo, Miguel a—Dec. 18, 1932 b—Federal District. c—Elementary and secondary studies at Marian Brothers schools, Mexico City; preparatory studies at Centro Universitario Mexicano, Mexico City, 1949–1951; economics degree from Autonomous Technological Institute of Mexico, 1951–1956; studied English in United States, 1956–1957; MA in economics from Yale University, 1959–1960; professor of political economy, Free Law School, 1957; professor of international trade, ITAM, 1958–1964, and CEMLA, 1962–1964.

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d—None. e—None. f—Economist, Public Investment Committee, Office of the Presidency, 1957–1958, under Raúl Salinas Lozano; joined Bank of Mexico as economist, 1958–1962; administrator, Fund for the Development of Exports of Manufactured Goods, 1962–1967; manager, Department of International Affairs, Bank of Mexico, 1967–1971; assistant director general of international affairs, Bank of Mexico, 1971–1973; Assistant Director General of Finances, Bank of Mexico, 1973–1982; director general, Bank of Mexico, 1982–1988, 1988–1994, 1994–1997. g—None. h—Employee, Bank of Commerce, 1953–1956; worked in Bank of England and other English banks. i—Son of Rafael Mancera Ortiz, assistant secretary of the treasury, 1948–1958, and close friend of Luis Montes de Oca, and María Luisa Aguayo Cendejas; brother Gabriel, accountant in Mancera Brothers; attended Yale with Jesús Silva Herzog; married Sonia Corcuera Corcuera; son Carlos Mancera Corcuera, coordinator of advisers, Secretariat of Public Education, 1988, and assistant secretary of planning and coordination, Secretariat of Public Education, 1994–2000; son Álvaro was CEO of Mexican Stock Exchange, 2000; disciples include Francisco Gil Díaz, Guillermo Ortiz Martínez, and Ernesto Zedillo; uncle of leading entrepreneur Roberto Hernández. j—None. k—Resigned as director general of Bank of Mexico after nationalization of private banks, Sept. 2, 1982. l—IEPES; Q es QAP, 497; Excélsior, Mar. 18, 1982, 14; BdM, 120; WSJ, Sept. 3, 1982, 3; Mexico Journal, Dec. 18, 1989, 16–21; DBGM, 263; DBGM92, 221; DBGM89, 213. Mancera Corcuera, Carlos a—Nov. 6, 1962. b—Federal District. c—Preparatory studies at Alexander Von Humboldt German School, 1981 generation; economics degree from ITAM, 1981–1986. d—None. e—None. f—Adviser of assistant secretary of planning and budget, 1987–1988; coordinator of advisers of secretary of planning and budget, Ernesto Zedillo, 1988–1992; coordinator of advisers of secretary of

public education, Ernesto Zedillo, 1992–1994; assistant director of science and technology policy, CONACYT, 1994; assistant secretary of planning and coordination, Secretariat of Public Education, 1994–2000. g—None. h—Partner, Valora Consulting. i—Son of Miguel Mancera Aguayo, director general of Bank of Mexico, 1982–1987, and Sonia Corcuera Corcuera, historian; married Josefina Alejandra Portilla Escalante; grandson of Rafael Mancera Ortiz, assistant secretary of the treasury, 1952–1959, and María Luisa Aguayo Cendejas; brother Álvaro was assistant director of the Mexican Stock Exchange. j—None. k—None. l—Musacchio, 258–259; DBGM92, 221; Pescador, 179. Mancera Espinosa, Miguel Ángel

c—Early education unknown; law degree from School of Law, UNAM, 1985–1989, awarded Gabino Barreda Medal, Nov. 4, 1991, for 1985–1989 generation; second degree, in penal law, from School of Law, UNAM, July 1, 1998; MA studies through Autonomous Metropolitan University, Azcapotzalco, 1999–2000, graduating from Autonomous University of Barcelona, Sept., 2002; diplomas in criminal law from University of Salamanca, 1997, 2000; LLD in criminal law from School of Law, UNAM, graduating with honorable mention, June 12, 2002. d—None. e—None. f—Director of investigations and procedures, Secretariat of Public Security, Federal District, 2002; director, Auxiliary Police, Secretariat of Public Security, Federal District, 2002–2003; executive director and assistant secretary of public security, Federal District, 2003–2004; adviser to secretary of public security, Federal District, 2004–2005; legal director, Secretariat of Social Development, Federal District, 2005; assistant attorney general for process, Federal District, 2006–2008; attorney general, Federal District, 2008– . g—None. h—Practicing lawyer, León, Moreno and Mancera, 1991–1995. j—None. k—None. l—www.pgjdf.gob.mx, 2008. Mancera Ortiz, Rafael (Deceased Sept. 30, 1968) a—Aug. 22, 1895. b—Federal

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District. c—Preparatory studies at National Preparatory School, public accounting degree from National School of Business Administration, UNAM, 1917; professor of accounting, Graduate School of Business and Administration, UNAM, 1932–1936, and School of Economics and Social Sciences, IPN, 1925–1936. d—None. e—None. f—Oficial mayor, Office of the Controller General of Mexico, 1924–1927; oficial mayor, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1927– 1930; assistant secretary of the treasury, 1930–1932; adviser, NAFIN; assistant secretary of credit, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1948–1952, 1952–1958. g—First president, National Association of Public Accountants in Mexico, 1929–1930, 1959–1961. h—Organized private accounting firm of Mancera and Sons; author of book on public administration and economic development in Mexico, 1953. i—Son Miguel Mancera was director general of Bank of Mexico, 1982; son Gabriel, a CPA, managing the firm of Mancera and Sons; married María Luisa Aguayo Cendejas; brother Alfredo, a CPA, is married to Rosa Aguayo Cendejas, sister of María Luisa; son of Alfredo Mancera y Pérez and Dolores Ortiz y Córdova; brother-in-law of Luis G. Ortiz y Cordova, judge of Superior Tribunal of Justice of the Federal District, 1920. j—Participated in the Revolution, 1913–1920. k—An initiator of certified public accounting system in Mexico. l—DGF47; DGF51, II, 231, 303, 487, 359; DGF56, 161; DP70, 2413; HA, Dec. 12, 1952, 5; WNM, 139; Enc. Mex., VIII, 239; Libro Azul, 217; DBGM89, 213. Manero, Antonio (Deceased 1964) a—1885. b—Toluca, State of Mexico. c—Elementary and secondary studies in Mexico City; professor of business organization, National School of Economics, UNAM, 1945–1948. d—Federal deputy from State of Mexico, Dist. 15, 1920–1922; federal deputy from State of Mexico, Dist. 2, 1943–1946; president of economic commissions as a federal deputy, 1943. e—None. f—Member, Inspection and Regulatory Commission

of the Banking System; president, Treasury and Public Credit Commission, 1920; member of commission formed to found the Bank of Mexico; founder and director general, National Labor Bank, 1929; financial adviser to bloc of senators from the official party, 1935; finance director, Department of the Federal District, 1939–1940; founder and president, Industrial Bank of the State of Mexico, 1943; director general, PIPSA, 1940; director of financial studies, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1944. g—None. h—General manager, Rauco Industrias, SA, 1944; author of many books on revolutionary banking institutions. i—Father, a well-known lawyer and hacienda owner. j—Joined the Revolution, 1913; fought under Carranza. l—C de D, 1943–1945, 15; DP70, 1246; López, 648; Casasola, V; Enc. Mex., VIII, 242; www.e-local.gob.mx, 2008. Manjárrez Contreras, Luis Cruz

(Deceased 2002) a—Jan. 1, 1910. b—Tochimilco, Municipio of Atlixco, Puebla. c—Elementary studies in Puebla, Puebla; secondary and preparatory studies in Mexico City; began studies at Higher School of Construction and Engineering. d—Local deputy, State Legislature of Puebla; federal deputy from State of Puebla, Dist. 2, 1949–1952, member of Editorial Committee, Cinematographic Development Committee, and Complaints Committee; senator from State of Puebla, 1952–1958, member of 2nd Tariff and Foreign Trade Committee, Immigration Committee, and Special Legislative Studies Committee. e—President of PRI, State of Puebla, 1952. f—Assistant director, Office of Public Entertainment, Department of the Federal District; press and publicity director, Secretariat of Communications; press and publicity director, Secretariat of Agriculture and Livestock. g—None. h—Journalist. i—Son of Pelagio C. Manjárrez, teacher, composer, poet, social organizer, railroad employee, and journalist, and María Contreras Sedano; father became friends with Adolfo de la Huerta in Sonora, 1907, after teaching

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there; father fought in the Revolution with Colonel Porfirio del Castillo, chief of police of Puebla, 1922–1923; married Edna (Nina) Ávila, daughter of President Manuel Ávila Camacho; grandson of Román Manjárrez, a finca owner and nephew of a prominent Catholic cleric, Bonifacio Manjárrez, and María Romano; aunt María Luisa Manjárrez married Gilberto Bosquez Saldívar; nephew of Froylán C. Manjárrez Romano, founding editor of El Nacional (official government paper) and federal deputy; nephew Héctor Cruz Manjárrez Moreno was ambassador to Turkey and Romania; brother-in-law of Rómulo O’Farril; brother-in-law of Wenceslao Labra García, governor of State of Mexico, 1937–1941. j—None. k—Founder, Casa del Campesino, Atlixco, Puebla, 1935; founder, first Casa Materno‑Infantil, 1947. l—DGF51, I, 29, 31, 33; C de D, 1949–1951, 78; Ind. Biog., 99–100; DGF56, 7, 9–12, 14; DBGM87, 232; letters; www.fractal.com.mx, June 18, 2007; letters. Manjárrez (Romano), Froylán Cruz

(Deceased Oct. 3, 1937) a—Oct. 5, 1894. b—Tochimilco, Puebla. c—Early education unknown; studies in business; no degree. d—Deputy to Constitutional Convention from State of Puebla, Dist. 6, 1916–1917, considered part of Jacobin group; federal deputy from State of Puebla, Dist. 6, 1917–1918; federal deputy from State of Sonora, Dist. 1, 1920–1922; federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. 15, 1922–1924; federal deputy from State of Puebla, Dist. 3, 1932–1934, 1937. e—Secretary of publicity, CEN of PNR, 1934; director general, El Nacional, PNR, 1934. f—Provisional governor, Puebla, 1922–1923. g—Collaborated in intellectual workers’ bloc with Adolfo Ruiz Cortines, Gilberto Loyo, and others. h—Began journalistic career, 1910. i—Son of Román C. Manjárrez and María Romano; nephew Luis C. Manjárrez served as senator from Puebla, 1952–1958; son Héctor Cruz was ambassador to Turkey, 1986; daughter Cristina married Wenceslao Labra García, governor of State of Mexico, 1937– 1941; grandson Armando Labra Manjárrez

was assistant secretary of political development, Secretariat of Government, 2000, and son of Wenceslao Labra García, governor of State of Mexico. j—None. k—Exiled to Cuba, France, and Spain, 1920; supported de la Huerta rebellion, 1923; exiled to Cuba and Spain, 1923–1930; Emilio Portes Gil brought him back to Mexico; jailed in Madrid for involvement in conspiracy against General Primo de Rivera. l—Enc. Mex., 8, 248; Almanaque de Puebla, 131; C de D, 1937– 1940; DBGM, 263; DBGM87, 232; letters. Manrique de Lara Hernández, Jr., Aurelio (Deceased 1967) a—Apr. 27, 1891.

b—San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí. c—Elementary studies at Scientific and Literary Institute of San Luis Potosí; normal school teaching certificate from National Teachers’ College, Mexico City; completed 4th year of medical studies; professor, National Preparatory School, 1912–1917. d—Federal deputy from State of San Luis Potosí, Dist. 1, 1917– 1918, member of Gran Comisión; federal deputy from State of San Luis Potosí, Dist. 1, 1920–1922, secretary of Gran Comisión; federal deputy from State of San Luis Potosí, Dist. 1, 1922–1923; governor, San Luis Potosí, 1923–1925; federal deputy from State of San Luis Potosí, Dist. 14, 1928–1930. e—Founder, National Agrarian Party, 1920; orator for General Obregón, 1920; president, Revolutionary Federation of Independent Parties, 1933. f—Director of information, Secretariat of Government, 1934–1940; director general, ISSSTE, 1940–1946; ambassador to Sweden, 1946–1951, 1952–1956; ambassador to Norway, 1946–1952; ambassador to Denmark, 1956; director, National Library, Secretariat of Public Education. g—None. h—Author of numerous articles. i—Active in precursor movement to the Revolution, with Ricardo Flores Magón, Juan Sarabia, Antonio Díaz Soto y Gama, Juan Barragán, and others; jailed in San Luis Potosí during Porfiriato; boyhood friend of Jesús Silva Herzog; son of well-known lawyer Aurelio Manrique; uncle Felipe Manrique was mayor of San Luis Potosí. j—Fought under Obregón against

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Huerta, 1914. k—Rebuked President Calles in answer to his State of the Union message; forced into exile, 1929–1933; supported Escobar rebellion, 1929; known for dramatic debates with Antonio Díaz Soto y Gama in federal Chamber of Deputies. l—BdM, 170–171; DP70, 1248; DGF51, I, 107; DGF56, 125; López, 649; Enc. Mex., VIII, 250; Montejano, 204. Manríquez Guluarte, Antonio Benjamín a—Feb. 15, 1952. b—San Antonio,

Baja California del Sur. c—Elementary studies at Rebsamen School, San Antonio; secondary at Colegio Anáhuac, La Paz, Baja California del Sur; preparatory studies at José María Morelos, La Paz; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, 1970–1974; professor, Preparatory School Nos. 74 and 76, Anáhuac Preparatory; professor, University of Baja California del Sur, 1979–1980. d—Local deputy, State Legislature of Baja California del Sur, 1978–1981; federal deputy from State of Baja California del Sur, Dist. 2, 1988–1991, 1997–2000; senator from Baja California del Sur, 1991–1997, president of Fishing Committee. e—Joined PRI, 1965; president of PRI, Baja California del Sur, 1980–1981, 1987–1991; regional coordinator, CEN of PRI, Baja California del Sur, 1993; regional coordinator, CEN of PRI, Oaxaca, 1994–1996; precandidate for PRI nomination for governor of Baja California del Sur, 1999; when he did not obtain the nomination, he left PRI and ran on PRD ticket. f—Agent, Ministerio Público, La Paz, 1974–1975; legal adviser, State Legislature of Baja California del Sur, 1975–1976; oficial mayor, State Legislature of Baja California del Sur, 1976–1977; secretary general of government, Baja California del Sur, 1981–1987. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Porfirio Manríquez Méndez and María de los Ángeles Guluarte; married Consuelo Bancalari; sister-in-law Petra Santos was a local deputy to State Legislature of Sonora; brother Ramón Manríquez Guluarte was secretary of organization of PRD, Sonora, 1997– 2000. j—None. k—None. l—Integrantes,

1991–1994; QesQ en el Congreso, 1997, 195; DBGM89, 482; www.secgob.gob.mx, 1997; DBGM94, CD; DBGM92, 509. Mantilla Molina, Roberto (Deceased Oct. 31, 1982) a—Dec. 9, 1910. b—San Juan Bautista (Villahermosa), Tabasco. c—Secondary studies in Tampico, Tamaulipas, State of Mexico, and Veracruz; preparatory studies at Preparatory School of Veracruz; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, Mar. 7, 1934; completed studies for degree in philosophy, School of Philosophy and Letters, 1930–1933, but did not take exam; secondary school teacher, Secondary School Nos. 4 and 1, 1933–1934; professor of the history of philosophical doctrines and logic, National Preparatory School, 1933– 1949; professor of mercantile law, National School of Law, UNAM, 1934–1975; professor of mercantile law, School of Business and Administration, UNAM, 1935–1950; professor, Mexican Technological Institute, 1948; professor of mercantile societies, LLD Program, UNAM; member, Governing Board, UNAM, 1971–1977; professor emeritus, National School of Law, UNAM, 1975–1982; director, National School of Law, UNAM, 1954–1958; director, Institute of Comparative Law, UNAM, 1959–1966; secretarygeneral, UNAM, 1961–1966; member, Board of Trustees, UNAM, 1974–1980. d—None. e—None. f—Agent for civil matters, Ministerio Público, Córdoba and Orizaba, Veracruz; director, Legal Department, Secretariat of Industry and Commerce, 1946–1947; president, Legislative Committee, Secretariat of Industry and Commerce. g—President, Student Society, School of Philosophy and Letters, UNAM, 1932–1933; secretary-general, Mexican Bar Association, 1944. h—Practicing lawyer, 1934–1980; member, Board of Directors, Latin American Life Insurance, 1974. i—Related to Antonio Ruiz Galindo, secretary of industry and commerce, 1946–1948; son of Víctor M. Mantilla Marín and Adelina Molina; married Lucía Caballero. j—None. k—None. l—Letters; López, 651; WNM, 139–140;

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Anuario Fin., 1974, 1240; DP95, 2102; www .juridicas.unam.mx, 2009. Manzanilla Schaffer, Víctor a—Nov. 13, 1924. b—Federal District. c—Elementary studies at Benito Juárez School, Mexico City, 1930–1936; secondary studies at Public School No. 3, Mexico City, 1936–1940; preparatory studies at National Preparatory School, Mexico City, 1940–1941; legal studies at National School of Law, UNAM, 1942– 1946, graduating with honorable mention, 1948; LLD studies except examination; postgraduate work in sociology at New School of Social Research, New York, 1949; professor of sociology by competitive appointment, National School of Law, UNAM, 1955–1970; professor of civics, CNC, 1963–1964; professor of agrarian reform, Institute of Comparative Law, UNAM; professor of economic problems, UNAM; professor of introductory law, School of Administration, National School of Economics, UNAM; professor of mercantile law, School of the National Chambers of Commerce. d—Federal deputy from State of Yucatán, Dist. 3, 1967–1969, member of 1st Sec. of Agrarian Affairs Committee, Legislative Studies Committee (6th Sec. of Agrarian Affairs), Livestock Committee, Constitutional Affairs Committee, Desert Zones Committee; president, Chamber of Deputies, Sept., 1967, answered Díaz Ordaz’s third State of the Union address; senator from State of Yucatán, 1970–1976, member of Gran Comisión, president of Agriculture and Development Committee and Agrarian Department Committee; federal deputy from State of Yucatán, Dist. 3, 1976–1979; senator from State of Yucatán, 1982–1988; governor, Yucatán, 1988–1991. e—Press and publicity secretary, CEN of PRI, 1970–1972; assistant secretary to president of CEN of PRI, Jesús Reyes Heroles, 1972–1974; president, National Revolutionary Coalition; adviser to IEPES of PRI; president, PRI National Commission on Legislative Studies, 1963. f—Lawyer, Office of the Assistant Attorney General of Mexico; private secretary to Rafael Matos Escobedo, assistant

attorney general of Mexico, 1947–1948; legal assistant, UN International Narcotics Division, 1949–1951; director, Press Department, Department of Agrarian Affairs, 1958–1961; director of social agrarian action and information, Department of Agrarian Affairs, 1962–1965; agrarian adviser, Advisory Sec., Department of Agrarian Affairs, 1966–1967; ambassador to China, 1980–1982. g—President, Junior Chamber of Commerce, Mexico City, 1954; president, 1942 generation of law students, National School of Law, UNAM, 1942–1946. h—Writer for La República, official PRI magazine; author of numerous articles. i—Son of Víctor J. Manzanilla, prominent lawyer, revolutionary leader in Yucatán, federal deputy, founder of Antireelectionist Party, and close friend of Venustiano Carranza, General Álvaro Obregón, and Rosa Schaffer; married Toby Naim; attended same elementary school as José López Portillo; godson of Rafael Matos Escobedo, Supreme Court justice, 1959–1964; grandson of Guillermo Manzanilla, public notary, and Filomena Jiménez; great-grandson of Enrique V. Schaffer, German jeweler; cousin of José Luis Cuevas, leading Mexican painter; cousin of Antonio Sánchez Acevedo, chief of staff, Secretariat of National Defense, 1948–1951; daughter Linda Manzanilla Naim, distinguished anthropologist, first Mexican female member of U.S. Academy of Sciences and member of Mexican National College, 2007. j—None. k—Por Qué? claims that he turned down PRI nomination for governor of Yucatán in 1969 because he would accept only if he had direct control over appointments of directors of CORDEMEX and Agricultural Bank of Yucatán; voted against presidential-sponsored amendment to Art. 27, 1977. l—DBM68, 405–406; DPE65, 177; DPE61, 127; HA, Aug. 14, 1972, 11; C de D, 1967–1969, 57, 67, 72, 84, 91; Por Qué? Oct. 23, 1969, 22; C de S, 1970–1976, 79; Enc. Mex., VIII, 256; C de S, 1982–1988; www.cronica .diputados.gob.mx, 2009. Manzur Ocaña, Julián Alejandro

b—Tabasco. c—Elementary and secondary

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studies in Villahermosa; preparatory studies at National Preparatory School; medical degree from National School of Medicine, UNAM; professor of medicine, School of Medicine, University of Tabasco; director, Juárez Institute, Villahermosa. d—Senator from State of Tabasco, 1958–1964, president of Public Welfare Committee, member of Treasury Committee and Gran Comisión, Secretary of 1st Navy Committee. e—None. f—Secretary-general of government, State of Tabasco, 1964. g—None. h—Practicing physician for many years. j—None. k—None. l—Func., 366; C de S, 1961–1964, 61; letter; Bulnes, 698. Maples Arce, Manuel (Deceased 1981) a—May 11, 1898. b—Papantla, Veracruz. c—Elementary studies in Tuxpan, Veracruz; preparatory studies in Jalapa and Veracruz; law degree from Free Law School, 1925; studied diplomatic law, art, and French literature, Sorbonne. d—Local deputy, State Legislature of Veracruz; federal deputy from State of Veracruz, 1932–1934. e—None. f—Secretary-general of government, Veracruz, under General Heriberto Jara, 1925–1928; technical adviser to secretary of public education, Narciso Bassols, 1931–1932; joined Foreign Service, 1935; secretary of legation, Brussels; chargé d’affaires, Rome; chargé d’affaires, Warsaw; consul general, London; ambassador to Italy, 1938–1941; appointed ambassador to France, 1942, but represented Mexico to French in exile, 1942–1944; ambassador to Panama, 1944–1949; ambassador to Chile, 1949–1951; ambassador to Colombia, 1951–1952; ambassador to Japan, 1952–1956; ambassador to Canada, 1956–1959; ambassador to Norway, 1959–1962; ambassador to Lebanon, 1962–1967; ambassador to Pakistan. g—None. h—Founder, Estridentism literary movement, 1921–1927; contributor to El Dictámen, Veracruz; contributor to La Opinión, Veracruz; poet. j—None. k—None. l—Enc. Mex, VIII, 358; www .homepage.smc.edu, 2009; www.biogra fiasyvidas.com, 2009; DP95, 2107.

Marcos Giacoman, Ernesto a—Feb. 1, 1945. b—Monterrey, Nuevo León. c—Early education unknown; economics degree from Regiomontaño Institute, 1962–1966, with thesis titled “Industry in Mexico”; PhD in economics from University of Notre Dame, South Bend, Ind., with dissertation on investment planning in Mexico, 1970; professor, University of Nuevo León, ITESM, Indiana University, University of Notre Dame. d—None. e—None. f—Chief of research, Industrial and Economic Development Commission, Nuevo León, 1965–1967; director, Department of Social and Economic Programs, Office of the Presidency, 1972–1975; director general of industry, Secretariat of National Properties, 1976–1981; assistant secretary of parastatal industry, Secretariat of National Properties, 1982; assistant director of industrial development, NAFIN, 1982–1986; director general, NAFIN, 1986–1988; chief financial officer, PEMEX, 1989–1994. g—None. h—Senior partner, Marcos and Assoc., consulting firm; member, Board of Directors, Fina Oil and Chemical Co.; member, Board of Directors, CEMEX; member, Board of Directors, Financiero Bancomer; member, Board of Directors, ICA Holding Group, 1996–2007. i—Son of Emilio Elías Marcos Marcos, retailer, and Carmen Giacoman Dabdoub; married Emily Hadjopubs Canavati; father founded El Surtidor del Hogar, furniture store chain; cousin of Jesús Marcos Yacamán, assistant governor of Bank of Mexico, 1999–2006. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM84, 265; DBGM87, 233; DBGM92, 222; Musacchio, 260. Marcos Yacamán, Jesús a—Oct. 10, 1943. b—Monterrey, Nuevo León. c—Early education unknown; law degree from University of Nuevo León, 1960–1965; MA in econometrics and monetary policy, Columbia University, New York, 1965–1967; PhD in international finance from Columbia University, 1973–1974; director, Center for Economic Research, University of Nuevo León, 1970–1971. d—None. e—None.

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f—Director, Planning Department, Mexican Institute of Foreign Trade, 1971–1974; assistant director, National Chocolate Commission, 1974–1978; assistant manager, Organization and Systems Analysis Unit, Bank of Mexico, 1978–1980; manager of finance information, Bank of Mexico, 1980–1982, assistant director of financial planning, Bank of Mexico, 1982–1985; director of financial planning, Bank of Mexico, 1985–1988; director of economic research, Bank of Mexico, 1988–1994; assistant director general and assistant governor, Bank of Mexico, 1994–1998, 1998–1999; assistant governor, Bank of Mexico, 1999–2006. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Salim Marcos Marcos, retailer, and Regina Yacamán Yacamán; married Ivonne Iza Marcos; cousin Ernesto Marcos Giacoman, assistant finance director, PEMEX, and director general of NAFIN. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM92, 222; DBGM84, 265. Marcué Pardiñas, Manuel a—July 14, 1916. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; agricultural engineering degree from National School of Agriculture, 1933–1940; agricultural economics studies, National School of Economics, UNAM, 1940–1943. d—Plurinominal federal deputy from PRD, 1988–1991; plurinominal federal deputy from PRD, 1994–1997. e—Cofounder, National Liberation Movement; joined PRD, 1988. f—Inspector of credit, National Foreign Trade Bank, 1940–1942; editor, Economic Studies, Bank of Mexico, 1948. g—None. h—Director, Problemas Agrícolas e Industriales de México, 1945–1960; director, Política, 1960–1968. i—Son of Manuel Marcué Sánchez, retailer, and Luisa Pardiñas Tovar, retailer; married Concepción Mendoza; brother Enrique Marcué Pardiñas, federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. 19, 1952–1955. j—None. k—Arrested with President Salinas’s uncle during student demonstrations, Sept., 1968. l—DBGM89, 482–483; C de D, 1988–1991; CDDWeb, Diputados, 1997; www.ronaldecker.com, 2009.

Mar de la Rosa, J. Refugio (Deceased 1984) a—July 4, 1924. b—Chihuahua, Chihuahua. c—Secondary studies at Institute of Sciences and Letters, Chihuahua, 1938– 1940; no degree. d—Member, City Council, Chihuahua, 1960–1963; local deputy, State Legislature of Chihuahua, 1965–1968; federal deputy from State of Chihuahua, Dist. 6, 1970–1973, member of 2nd Instructive Sec. of Grand Jury, 2nd Labor Committee, 2nd General Means of Communication Committee; federal deputy from State of Chihuahua, Dist. 6, 1976–1979, member of Machinery Sec. of Industrial Development Committee, Border Zones Sec. of Regional Development Committee, 3rd Sec. of Development of Social Security and Public Health Committee, 1st Sec. of Development of Tourism Committee, Labor Sec. of Legislative Studies Committee; senator from State of Chihuahua, 1982–1984. e—Joined PRI, 1942; secretary of labor action, PRI, Chihuahua, 1957. f—None. g—Secretary-general, Local No. 32, Union of Hotel and Restaurant Workers, 1955; secretary-general, CTM, State of Chihuahua, 1957, 1980–1984; assistant secretary of labor, CTM, 1962–1968, 1968–1974; assistant secretary of organization, CTM, 1974–1980; assistant finance secretary, CTM, 1980. i—Son of Juan Mar Nah, cook, and Zenaida de la Rosa Macías; married María de Jesús Hernández, secretary. j—None. k—None. l—D de C, 1976–1979, 27, 36, 38, 41, 54; Excélsior, Aug. 28, 1976, 1C; C de D, 1970–1973, 123; HA, Mar. 1, 1982, 13; Lehr, 98; DBGM84, 545. Marentes Miranda, Tomás (Deceased Jan. 9, 1991) a—Apr. 1, 1904. b—Villa de Hunucmá, Yucatán. c—Completed 4th grade; graduated as bookkeeper, Night School, Mercantile Practical Academy, Mérida, 1915; no degree. d—Member, City Council, Tacubaya, Federal District, 1927; governor, Yucatán, 1952–1953. e—Joined Socialist Party of the Southeast, 1921; joined Miguel Alemán’s presidential campaign, 1945–1946. f—Typist, City of Mérida, 1920; agent, National Lottery, Villahermosa,

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Tabasco, 1945; assistant director, National Lottery, 1946–1952. g—None. i—Protégé of Miguel Alemán; son Pablo Francisco Marentes González was director general of Mexican Institute of Television, 1987; father-in-law of Patricia Lerdo de Tejada; married Alicia González Oropeza. j—None. k—Scott says he was imposed as governor of Yucatán over public protests; deposed by state legislature, June 15, 1953, a rare occurrence in Mexican politics; students and henequen producers sent complaints to President Ruiz Cortines about his performance as governor. l—Anderson; Scott, 276; DGF47, 410; DGF51, I, 657; HA, June 29, 1953, 10; letter; DBGM87, 234; letter; DP95, 2111; DBGM87, 234. Margáin (Gleason), Hugo Borman

(Deceased Sept. 11, 1997) a—Feb. 13, 1913. b—Federal District. c—Secondary studies at Colegio Francés Morelos, Mexico City; preparatory studies at National Preparatory School; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, 1938, with thesis titled “The Law and Reality in Mexico”; professor of constitutional law, 1947–1951, National School of Law, UNAM; professor of constitutional writs, 1951–1956, National School of Law, UNAM; professor of fiscal law, 1952–1956, School of Business Administration, UNAM; professor, Colegio de México, 1942–1944. d—Senator from Federal District, 1982–1988. e—None. f—Director general, Federal Retail Merchants Tax Division, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1947–1952; director general, Federal Income Tax Bureau, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1952–1959; oficial mayor, Secretariat of Industry and Commerce, 1959–1961; assistant secretary of industry and commerce, 1961–1964; director general, National Commission on Profit Sharing, 1963–1964; executive member, National Institute of Scientific Investigation, 1962–1964; ambassador to the United States, 1965–1970; secretary of the treasury, 1970–1973; ambassador to Great Britain, 1973–1976; ambassador to United States, 1976–1982. g—None. h—Author of several

books on fiscal law and public administration; practicing lawyer, 1938–1947. i—Son of César R. Margáin, well-known doctor and professor, and María Teresa Gleason; studied under Antonio Carrillo Flores, Ramón Beteta, and Alfonso Noriega at UNAM; married Margarita Charles; sister María Luisa married Manuel Sandoval Vallarta; brother‑in‑law of industrialist Carlos Phillips Olmedo, brother of Alfredo Phillips Olmedo; brother-in-law of Enrique Creel Luján, treasurer of PAN. j—None. k—Resigned as treasury secretary because of economic policy differences with President Echeverría. l—IWW67, 789; WWW70– 71, 607; DPE61, 64; DGF51, I, 149; DPE65, 26; Hoy, Dec., 1970; DGF56, 168; HA, Jan. 4, 1971, 15; HA, Dec. 7, 1970; WWMG, 25–26; letters; Justicia, Aug., 1973; Enc. Mex., VIII, 271–272; C de S, 1982–1988; DBGM87, 509; Reforma, Sept. 12, 1997. Marín, Fausto A. (Deceased) b—Sinaloa. c—Elementary and preparatory studies in Culiacán, Sinaloa; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, 1927. d—Local deputy, State Legislature of Sinaloa; federal deputy from State of Sinaloa, Dist. 4, 1924–1926; federal deputy from State of Sinaloa, Dist. 2, 1943–1946; senator from State of Sinaloa, 1946–1952. e—Organizer, Manuel Ávila Camacho’s presidential campaign in Sinaloa, 1940; director, Miguel Alemán’s presidential campaign in Sinaloa, 1946. f—Private secretary to General Ángel Flores, governor of Sinaloa, 1920–1923; private secretary to secretary of national defense, Ángel Flores, 1923; secretary of government, State of Sinaloa; oficial mayor, State of Sinaloa; secretary general of government, State of Sinaloa. g—None. j—None. k—None. l—C de D, 1943–1946; C de S, 1946–1952. Marín Ramos, J. Ricardo b—Tepic, Nayarit. c—Early education unknown; studies at Cavalry School, National Military College; assistant director, Industrial Div., National School of Agriculture. c—Alternate senator from State of Nayarit,

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1946–1952; senator from State of Nayarit, 1964–1970. e—Joined PNR, 1929. f—Director, Department of Rural Defenses, Secretariat of National Defense; director general of physical education, Secretariat of Public Education, 1946–1952. g—None. i—Greatnephew of Francisco Marín Palomino and Isabel Preciado Cárdenas, parents of María Guadalupe Marín Preciado, second wife of Diego Rivera and mother of María Guadalupe Rivera Marín, federal deputy from Federal District, 1961–1964, 1979–1982. j—Career army officer; joined the Revolution as ordinary soldier; fought in 86 battles; reached rank of division general. k—Precandidate for PRI gubernatorial nomination in Zacatecas many times. l—C de S, 1964–1970; DGF51, I, 7, 289; C de S, 1946–1952; MGF69; www.columnistas.com .mx, 2009. Márquez Jiménez de Romero Aceves, María del Carmen a—July 8, 1935.

b—Tijuana, Baja California del Norte. c—Elementary and secondary studies at San Ysidro and San Diego, Calif.; credential as secondary school English teacher from UNAM and Mexican–North American Cultural Institute, Mexico City; preparatory studies at Our Lady of Peace Academy, San Diego, Calif., 1951–1953; professor, Regional Technical Institute of Tijuana, 1974– . d—Federal deputy from State of Baja California, Dist. 5, 1979–1982; senator from State of Baja California, 1982–1988. e—Joined PRI, 1964; president, Political Action Group of Baja California, 1975–1976; president, Women’s Coordinating Council of Tijuana, José López Portillo’s presidential campaign, 1976. f—None. g—Assistant director of international affairs, ANFER; ANFER general delegate to Sonora, Baja California del Sur, and Colima, 1980–1981. i—Married lawyer Ricardo Romero Aceves, syndic of Tijuana, 1960–1962, and author of many books; daughter of Dr. J. Adriano Márquez, dental surgeon, and Esperanza Jiménez Ceballos. j—None. k—First female senator from Baja California. l—C de D, 1979–1982;

C de S, 1982–1988; Romero Aceves, 707– 709; DBGM, 546; DBGM87, 510. Márquez Ortiz, Adelaida a—Dec. 9, 1937. b—Zacatecas, Zacatecas. c—Elementary and secondary studies in Zacatecas; accounting studies at Colegio del Centro Institute; teacher of Spanish, mathematics, and accounting, Academia Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz, Zacatecas. d—Plurinominal federal deputy from Partido Democrático Mexicano, 1979–1982, member of Human Dwellings and Public Works Committee, Radio and Television Committee, General Accounting Committee. e—Active in PDM since its founding; activist, UNS; coordinator, PDM, Zacatecas, Durango, and Aguascalientes; president of PDM, Jalisco, 1978–1981; secretary-general, Social Alliance Party, Jalisco, 2003. f—None. g—None. j—None. k—None. l—C de D, 1979–1982; Romero Aceves, 706. Márquez Padilla, Tarcisio (Deceased Aug. 26, 1989) a—Dec. 15, 1915. b—Federal District. c—Enrolled in National Military College, Jan. 1, 1933, graduating as 2nd artillery lieutenant, Jan. 1, 1937; graduate of Applied Military School, 1938–1939; preparatory studies at National Preparatory Night School, 1938–1939; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, 1940–1944. d—None. e—Secretary of organization, Morelos Military Group, Manuel Ávila Camacho presidential campaign, 1939–1940. f—Adjutant to president of Mexico, 1940–1941; assistant military attaché, Mexican embassy, Washington, DC, 1941–1945; assistant director, Legal Department, PEMEX, 1945–1950; legal adviser to President Miguel Alemán; military adviser to Mexican delegation, UN Conference on International Organizations, San Francisco, 1945; oficial mayor, Secretariat of Industry and Commerce, 1948–1952; justice, Supreme Court, 1979–1982, 1982–1985. g—None. h—None. i—Student with José López Portillo at National School of Law; married Paz Consuelo García Rodríguez; son of Pablo Márquez, businessman, and María Padilla

t he b io g ra phies  593

Muñoz. j—Career army officer; rank of colonel, Oct. 13, 1949; rank of brigadier general, Oct. 18, 1956; agent, Military Ministerio Público, 1st Military Zone, 1961–1962; judge and president, Supreme Military Court, 1967–1978; reached rank of brigade general. k—None. l—HA, Jan. 8, 1979, 14; WWM45, 71; DGF51, I, 263; Protag., 212; DBGM, 668; www.scjn.gob.mx, 2008. Marrero Ortiz, Rafael b—Campeche, Campeche. c—Early education unknown; no degree. d—Member, City Council, Campeche; alternate local deputy, State Legislature of Campeche; alternate senator from State of Campeche, 1964–1967, but in functions for Carlos Sansores Pérez, 1967–1970. e—Member of PRI; secretary of labor action, PRI, Campeche. f—Director of personnel, Port of Veracruz; oficial mayor of civil defense, Port of Veracruz, 1941–1945; tax collector, State of Campeche; director of control, Department of the Treasury of Campeche; assistant to secretary of labor and conflicts, Secretariat of Communication and Public Works. g—Secretary of organization, Federation of Workers of Tampico; secretary of organization and worker education, CTM, Campeche; CTM general delegate in Yucatán; member, Union of Radio and Television Workers of Mexico. j—None. k—None. l—Romero, Mis Seis Años; C de S, 1964–1970. Martín Huerta, Ramón (Deceased Sept. 21, 2005) a—Jan. 24, 1957. b—San Juan de los Lagos, Jalisco. c—Early education unknown; degree in business administration from Bajío University, León, Guanajuato, 1978–1982; MA in business administration from Bajío University; professor, Leones Institute, 1983–1985; professor, Bajío University, 1983–1985. d—Alternate federal deputy from State of Guanajuato, Dist. 3, 1984–1987; plurinominal federal deputy from PAN, 1988–1991, member of Treasury Committee. e—Joined PAN, 1982; membership secretary, Regional Committee of PAN, Jalisco, 1984; secretary of organization, Regional Committee of PAN, 1985–1987;

secretary-general of PAN, Guanajuato, 1988–1991; national adviser of PAN, 1985–1991. f—Private secretary to governor of Guanajuato, Carlos Medina Plascencia, 1991–1995; secretary general of government, Guanajuato, under Vicente Fox, 1995–1999; interim governor, Guanajuato, 1999–2000; assistant secretary of government, 2000– 2004; secretary of public security and justice services, 2004–2005. g—Director general, Association of Industrialists, Guanajuato, 1984–1987. h—Tax adviser on the private sector, Guadalajara, 1978–1979; member, Ayder Firm, 1979–1981; general manager of trusts, 1983–1985. i—Son of Telésforo Martín Padilla, retailer, and Julia Huerta Limón; married María Esther Montes Hernández. j—None. k—None. l—www.pan.org.mx, 2008; DBGM89, 483; Musacchio, 263; www .presidencia.org.mx, 2005; www.guanajuato .gob.mx, 2008; Pérez Franco, 220–221. Martínez Adame, Arturo (Deceased June 18, 1970) a—Dec. 11, 1896. b—Ciudad Bravo, Guerrero. c—Preparatory studies at National Preparatory School; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, 1915–1921. d—Federal deputy from State of Guerrero, Dist. 5, 1922–1924; senator from State of Guerrero, 1940–1946, president of 3rd Labor Committee, 1st secretary of 2nd Government Committee, 1st Mines Committee, Railroad Committee, and Administrative Committee, 2nd secretary of 2nd Justice Committee, member of 1st Balloting Committee. e—None. f—1st secretary, Second Board of Conciliation and Arbitration; president, Third Board of Conciliation and Arbitration; federal district court judge; president, Federal Board of Conciliation and Arbitration, 1951; justice, Supreme Court, 1951–1952, 1952–1958, 1958–1961, retiring Apr. 27, 1961; provisional governor, Guerrero, 1961–1963. g—Student representative, Federation of University Students, 1st International Student Congress, Mexico City, 1921. h—Author of several works on labor and government administration. i—Brother Emigdio Martínez Adame served

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as secretary of CEN of PRI; student of Antonio Caso; student with Vicente Lombardo Toledano and Teófilo Olea y Leyva at National Preparatory School. j—None. k—None. l—Peral, 496; DGF56, 568; G de M, 20; DGF51, I, 482; C de S, 1940–1946; Casasola, V; www.scjn.gob.mx, 2008. Martínez Adame, Emigdio (Deceased) a—Aug. 5, 1905. b—Chilpancingo, Guerrero. c—Elementary studies in Chilpancingo; secondary studies in Mexico City; preparatory studies at National Preparatory School, Mexico City; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, 1929; studies in economics at School of Economics, University of London, 1935–1936; law studies in Paris; studies at National School of Economics, UNAM, 1931–1932; professor of economics, National School of Economics, UNAM, 1937–1944. d—Senator from State of Guerrero, 1952– 1958, member of Permanent Commission of Congress, 1954, member of Gran Comisión, 2nd Committee on Tariffs and Foreign Trade, Protocol Committee, 2nd Committee on Credit, Money, and Institutions of Credit, 1st Constitutional Affairs Committee, and Legislative Studies Committee. e—Secretary of political action, CEN of PRI, 1953–1956. f—Director general of expenditures, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1934–1935; chief, Department of Credit, National Bank of Ejido Credit; consulting minister, Mexican embassy in Moscow, under Ambassador Narciso Bassols, 1944–1946; postmaster general of Mexico, 1947–1952; director general, National Commerce Bank, 1958–1964; director, Technical Institute, Office of the Attorney General of Mexico, 1981. g—President, Student Society, National School of Economics, 1932. h—Cofounder, Fondo de Cultura Económica, with Eduardo Villaseñor, Eduardo Suárez, Ramón Beteta, and others, 1934; editor, Revista Trimestre Económico. i—Brother Arturo, served as senator from Guerrero, 1940–1946, and Supreme Court justice; student assistant to Manuel Gómez Morín; member, Combate group, under Narciso Bassols, and opposed

to Ávila Camacho government, 1940–1942. j—None. k—PRI precandidate for governor of Guerrero, 1950. l—DGF51, I, 240; DGF47, 143; Correa, 59; Excélsior, Aug. 15, 1972, 7D; DGF56, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 14; D de Y, Dec., 1958; HA, Dec. 15, 1958, 5; C de S, 1952–1958; HA, Feb. 28, 1947; Ind. Biog., 100–101; DAPC81, 13. Martínez Aguilar, Rogelio a—Mar. 16, 1941. b—Federal District. c—Economics degree from National School of Economics, UNAM, 1958–1962, with thesis on capital accumulation in the Mexican public sector; postgraduate work in economic planning in developing countries at Central School of Planning and Statistics, Poland, 1963–1964; professor of economic and social problems of Mexico, National School of Economics, UNAM, 1967–1969, 1971–1972; professor, Ibero-American University, 1967–1969; professor, University of Costa Rica, 1973–1974; professor, National School of Political Science, UNAM, Acatlán Campus, 1968–1969. d—None. e—None. f—Sec. head of public budget, Office of the Presidency, 1965–1967; department head of public budget, Office of the Presidency, 1967–1969; assistant director of credit, National Bank of Agricultural Credit, 1969–1970; assistant director general of administrative affairs, Office of the Presidency, 1970–1972; ambassador to Costa Rica, 1972–1975; ambassador to Venezuela, 1975–1976; ambassador to Soviet Union, 1977–1980; director general of economic affairs, Secretariat of Foreign Relations, 1980–1982; ambassador to German Democratic Republic, 1982–1988; ambassador to Israel, 1989; senior adviser to secretary of foreign relations, 1998; director general for Latin America and the Caribbean, Secretariat of Foreign Relations, 2000. g—None. h—Author of economic and social essays; analyst, Mexico Center for Strategic Analysis and Negotiation, 2000. i—Son of Ruperto Martínez Medina, lawyer, and Catalina Aguilar Hernández; married Elzbieta Nawotka Zelazkiewicz, anthropologist. j—None. k—None. l—HA, Aug. 14,

t he b io g ra phies  595

1972, 9; Excélsior, Aug. 1, 1972, 9; DAPC, 11; DBGM89, 217. Martínez Báez, Antonio (Deceased 2000) a—July 18, 1901. b—Morelia, Michoacán. c—Elementary studies in Morelia; preparatory studies at Colegio Primitivo de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia, 1913–1919; legal studies at University of Michoacán, 1920; studied at National School of Law, UNAM, 1921–1915, law degree, July 21, 1926; professor of constitutional law, National School of Law, UNAM, 1929–1948, 1953–1967; professor, National Preparatory School, 1928; professor of special courses, Free Law School, 1929–1948; professor, Colegio de México, 1944; professor of graduate law courses, UNAM; LLD from National School of Law, UNAM, 1950; professor, National School of Law, UNAM, 1950–1991; professor emeritus, National School of Law, UNAM, 1966; member, Governing Board, UNAM (secretary), 1945–1966; member, Governing Board, Colegio de México, 1961–1986. d—Federal deputy from State of Michoacán, Dist. 3, 1973–1976; senator from State of Michoacán, 1982–1988; plurinominal federal deputy from PRI, 1988–1991. e—Chief of legal affairs, PRI, 1974–1975; member, Statutes Sec. of Advisory Council, IEPES of PRI, 1972. f—Consulting lawyer, National Agrarian Commission; head, Legal Department, National Urban Mortgage Bank, 1935–1941; head, Department of Indemnifications, Secretariat of Agriculture, 1935–1941; president, National Banking Commission, 1941–1943; director general, Financiera Industrial Azucarera, 1943–1946; secretary of industry and commerce, Oct. 21, 1948–Nov. 30, 1952; president, ECLA, Mexico, 1951–1953; director general, Guanos and Fertilizers, 1952–1954; head, National Securities Commission, 1953–1959; member, Permanent Tribunal of Arbitration, The Hague, 1965; LAFTA arbitrator, 1968. g—President, Mexican Bar Association, 1959–1960. h—Practicing lawyer, in practice for many years with Manuel Gual Vidal and Gabino Fraga; author of many articles. i—Student at UNAM with

Eduardo Bustamante, Ramón Beteta, Manuel Gual Vidal, Carlos Novoa, J. Jesús Castorena, Ricardo J. Zevada, and Manuel Ramírez Vázquez; son of Dr. Manuel Martínez Solórzano, director of Michoacán Museum, 1900– 1920, deputy to the Constitutional Congress, 1916–1917, as Pascual Ortiz Rubio’s alternate, professor at Colegio San Nicolás in Morelia for 15 years, and founder of Liberal Party of Michoacán, and Francisca Báez; grandfather Ramón Martínez Aviles, lawyer and noted composer; brother Manuel Martínez Báez served as assistant secretary of health, 1943– 1946; student assistant to Narciso Bassols, 1925; married Alicia Flores Magón; sister Consuelo Martínez Báez was mother of Raúl Castellanos Jiménez, Jr., private secretary to President Cárdenas, and head of Federal District Department, 1939–1940. j—None. k—None. l—D de S, Oct. 21, 1948; D de Y, Oct., 1948, 1; HA, Oct. 29, 1948, 17; DGF51, I, 263; DGF51, II, 95; letters; Enc. Mex., VIII, 307–308; DBGM89, 484; www.juridicas .unam, 2009. Martínez Báez, Manuel (Deceased Jan. 19, 1987) a—Sept. 26, 1894. b—Morelia, Michoacán. c—Elementary studies in Morelia; preparatory studies at Colegio de San Nicolás, Morelia, 1911; medical degree from Medical School, Morelia, Jan. 2, 1916; graduate studies in malaria treatment at University of Paris, 1934; professor of histology, anatomy, and pathology, University of Michoacán, Morelia, 1922–1925; secretary-general, University of Michoacán, 1922–1924; rector, University of Michoacán, 1924–1925; lab assistant, School of Medicine, University of Paris, 1933–1934; special studies in tropical diseases, Department of Public Health; professor of natural and physical sciences, National Teachers’ College, 1917–1920; assistant professor of clinical medicine, National School of Medicine, UNAM, 1925–1932; professor of parasitology, UNAM, 1933–1940; professor, School of Public Health, 1939–1959. d—None. e—None. f—Cofounder, Military Hospital, Morelia, 1920; head, Department of

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Publicity and Hygienic Education, Department of Public Health, 1926; first director, Institute of Tropical Diseases, Secretariat of Public Health, 1939, 1942–1943, 1952–1958; director general of epidemiology, Secretariat of Public Health, 1941–1942; supervisory official, Secretariat of Health, 1943; assistant secretary of health, 1943–1946; ambassador to UNESCO, 1946–1947. g—None. h—Author of many articles on tropical diseases. i—Son of Dr. Manuel Martínez Solórzano, director of Michoacán Museum, 1900–1920, deputy to Constitutional Congress, 1916–1917, as Pascual Ortiz Rubio’s alternate, professor at Colegio San Nicolás in Morelia for 15 years, and founder of Liberal Party of Michoacán, and Francisca Báez; brother of Antonio Martínez Báez, secretary of industry and commerce, 1948–1952; sister Consuelo Martínez Báez was mother of Raúl Castellanos Jiménez, Jr., private secretary to President Cárdenas, and head of the Federal District Department, 1939–1940; married Aurora Palomo González; best friend of Pedro Daniel Martínez, assistant secretary of health; close friends at Colegio de San Nicolas included Eduardo Villaseñor, Ignacio Chávez, Daniel Cosío Villegas, and Saúl González Herrera; lived in Mexico City with novelist Mariano Azuela. j—Attended the wounded during the Revolution, 1913; served as physician in the navy, 1917; surgeon, Health Brigade, under Alfredo Elizondo; served in Cruz Blanca Neutral, 1918. k—Member, National College, 1955–1987. l—EBW46, 693; Peral, 47, 205; WWM45, 72; Enc. Mex., VIII, 308–309; López, 662; www .ensayistas.org, 2009; letter. Martínez Corbalá, Gonzalo a—Mar. 10, 1928. b—San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí. c—Degree in civil engineering from National School of Engineering, UNAM, 1946–1950; MA in political science from National School of Political and Social Sciences, UNAM, 1963; PhD in political science from National School of Political and Social Sciences, UNAM, 1967–1969. d—Federal deputy from Federal District,

Dist. 22, 1964–1967, member of Committee on National Properties and Resources, Committee on the Department of the Federal District, Committee on Public Works, and 2nd Public Housing Committee, President of Committee on Foreign Relations; senator from State of San Luis Potosí, 1982–1988; federal deputy from State of San Luis Potosí, Dist. 6, 1988–1991, secretary of Gran Comisión. e—President, Sec. 28, District Committee of PRI, Federal District, 1963; president, 22nd District Committee of PRI, Federal District, 1963; general delegate of CNOP of PRI to San Luis Potosí, 1965; president, PRI Regional Executive Committee, Federal District, 1965; PRI precandidate for senator from San Luis Potosí, 1976; member, Democratic Current of PRI. f—Ambassador to Chile, July 31, 1972–1974; special ambassador for South American affairs, 1974–1975; director general, Sahagún Industrial Complex, 1975–1976; assistant secretary of national properties, Secretariat of Public Works, 1976; assistant secretary of property and auditing, Secretariat of Public Works, 1977; ambassador to Cuba, 1980–1982; director general, INFONAVIT, 1991; interim governor, San Luis Potosí, 1991–1992; director general, ISSSTE, 1993–1994; general coordinator, Technical Support Unit, Secretariat of Social Development, 1994–1999. g—President, Mexican Society of Engineers. h—Director, Civil Engineering CIC journal; president, Mexican Planning Society. i—Had business partnership with Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas; early political mentor of President Carlos Salinas; son of Jesús Martínez Macías, civil engineer, and María de Jesús Corbalá; married María Teresa Ulloa. j—None. k—As a federal deputy, made the protest speech which aroused public opinion against Ernesto P. Uruchurtu as head of the Department of the Federal District, culminating in his resignation, 1966. l—HA, Aug. 14, 1972, 9; Excélsior, Aug. 1, 1972, 1, 9; C de D, 1964– 1966, 52, 81, 90; Excélsior, Jan. 5, 1977, 22; Excélsior, Apr. 1, 1977; HA, May 5, 1975, 20; Guerra Leal, 210; IEPES; DBGM, 547–548;

t he b io g ra phies  597

DBGM89, 486; La Nación, Oct. 11, 1991, 3; DBGM92, 789; El Nacional, Oct. 11, 1991, 3. Martínez de Hernández Loza, Guadalupe (Deceased 2002) a—Feb. 11, 1906.

b—Guadalajara, Jalisco. c—Elementary studies at Josefa O. de Domínguez School, Guadalajara; secondary studies at normal school; teaching certificate from normal school; studies in social work, University of Guadalajara (3 years); seminars on union education for women; elementary school teacher; secondary school teacher; teacher, Secondary Night School for Workers; director, 47th Urban School, Guadalajara. d—Federal deputy from State of Jalisco, Dist. 2, 1958–1961; federal deputy from State of Jalisco, Dist. 2, 1970–1973, member of 1st Public Education Committee and Social Welfare Committee (1st year), president of State Legislature of Jalisco, 1979–1980; alternate senator from State of Jalisco, 1976–1982. e—Director of women’s action, PRI, State of Jalisco; president of PRI, Jalisco. f—Oficial mayor, Cultural Department, State of Jalisco. g—Cofounder, Workers’ Federation of Jalisco; secretary of social action, Workers’ Federation of Jalisco; press and publicity secretary, CTM, Jalisco; secretary of political action, Women’s Federation of the CTM, Federal District. h—None. i—Daughter of David Martínez, house painter and electrician, and María Villanueva, textile worker; father founded Casa del Obrero Mundial in Guadalajara; married Heliodoro Hernández Loza, federal deputy from Jalisco, 1943–1946. j—None. k—None. l—C de D, 1958–1960; C de D, 1970–1972, 124; Directorio, 1970–1972; Func., 241; Excélsior, Mar. 31, 1979, 10. Martínez de la Vega, Francisco

(Deceased Feb. 18, 1985) a—Aug. 26, 1909. b—San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí. c—Elementary studies from Castro López sisters in San Luis Potosí; elementary and secondary studies at Colegio Francés de Alvarado, Mexico City, 1918–1922; preparatory studies at National Preparatory School (distinguished student), 1923–1927; no degree. d—Federal deputy from State

of San Luis Potosí, Dist. 1, 1958–1959, member of Library Committee (1st year). e—Secretary-general, Popular Party (later, PPS), 1951–1955; joined PRI, 1957. f—Assistant to the editor, El Nacional, 1930–1943, 1944–1946; private secretary to Gonzalo N. Santos, 1943–1944; chief, editorial staff, El Nacional, 1944–1948; private secretary to Vicente Lombardo Toledano, 1945; private secretary to César Martino Torres, director general of National Bank of Ejido Credit; private secretary to Miguel Henríquez Guzman, 1952; provisional governor, San Luis Potosí, 1959–1961. g—None. h—Writer and journalist, began journalism career in 1930; sports correspondent in South America and United States, 1931; cofounder of Siempre, with José Pages Llergo, 1953; with Siempre, 1953–1983; political affairs writer for Hoy, 1948–1953; political commentator, El Día, 1970–1975. j—None. k—Expelled from PPS for supporting Enrique Ramírez y Ramírez. l—HA, Oct. 2, 1961, 13; Siempre, Feb. 4, 1959, 6; Peral, 499; Func., 342; C de D, 1958–1960, 83; Enc. Mex., VIII, 317; Montejano, 208; HA, Mar. 4, 1985, 22; www.escritores.cine mexicanos.unam.mx, 2009. Martínez Delgado, José a—May 26, 1921. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, 1942–1946, with thesis titled “The Historic Project of Social Rights”; LLD from National School of Law, UNAM, 1950–1951. d—None. e—None. f—Auxiliary to oficial mayor, Department of Agrarian Affairs and Colonization, 1948–1949; private secretary to 1st assistant attorney general of Mexico, 1949; secretary of studies and accounts and secretary of agreements, Supreme Court of Justice, 1949–1967; judge, First Circuit Court, Labor Affairs, Federal District, 1968–1985; justice, Supreme Court, 1985–1988, 1988–1995. g—None. h—Practicing lawyer, 1947–1948. i—Son of Ernesto Martínez Romero, businessman, and Marina Delgado Pineda, nurse; married Eleonora Pérez González, lawyer. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM89, 624; DBGM87, 639.

598  m e xic a n p oli t i c a l b i o g ra ph i e s , 1935–20 0 9 Martínez Domínguez, Alfonso

(Deceased Nov. 6, 2002) a—Jan. 7, 1922. b—Monterrey, Nuevo León. c—Elementary studies in Monterrey; secondary studies in Mexico City; BA from Franco‑Mexican College, Mexico City d—Federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. 4, 1946–1949, member of Committee for the Department of the Federal District, 2nd Balloting Committee, Public Works Committee, Securities Committee; federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. 17, 1952–1955, member of Legislative Studies Committee and Tourism Committee; federal deputy from State of Nuevo León, 1964–1967, Dist. 4, president of Chamber of Deputies, Dec., 1964, president of Gran Comisión, member of 1st Committee on Government, Constitutional Affairs Committee; governor, Nuevo León, 1979– 1985; senator from State of Nuevo León, 1988–1991. e—Secretary of organization, regional PRI Committee of the Federal District, 1955; secretary of popular action, CEN of PRI, 1946; president of CEN of PRI, 1968– 1970; secretary-general of CNOP of PRI, 1962–1965. f—Began governmental career as a clerk (5th category) in Department of the Federal District, 1937; chief editor, Department of Public Relations, Department of the Federal District, 1943; head, Department of the Federal District, 1970–1971; director general of airports and auxiliary services, Secretariat of Communications and Transportation, 1987–1988. g—Secretary-general, Union of Workers of the Department of the Federal District, 1943–1946; secretarygeneral, FSTSE, 1949–1952; coordinator general, ISSSTE; secretary-general, 15th Sec. of Union of Workers of the Department of the Federal District, 1942–1943. h—Author of 2 books on history. i—Son of Alfonso Martínez de la Garza, physician, and Margarita Rafaela Domínguez Gil Samaniego; grandson of Dr. Alfonso Martínez de la Garza and María del Refugio de la Garza; married María de Lourdes Campos Licastro; brother Guillermo Martínez Domínguez, director general of NAFIN, 1970–1974. j—None.

k—Resigned from Department of the Federal District after 1971 student riots in Mexico City; most observers see the resignation as a result of power struggles within the ruling circle rather than just the result of the riots; PRI precandidate for governor of Nuevo León, 1972. l—C de D, 1952–1954, 14; WWMG, 26; HA, Dec. 7, 1970, 26; Hoy, Dec., 1970; DBM70, 359–360; DGF47, 6; Polémica, I, 1969, 79; DBM68, 414–415; C de D, 1964–1966, 52; C de D, 1946–1948, 78; Análisis Político, Aug. 26, 1972, 7; Excélsior, Dec. 10, 1978, 18, Mar. 24, 1997, 1A. Martínez Domínguez, Guillermo

a—Jan. 1, 1923. b—Monterrey, Nuevo León. c—Studies in economics at National School of Economics, UNAM, graduating Feb. 2, 1951; professor, National School of Economics, UNAM, 1948–1964; representative, National School of Economics, UNAM Council, 1954–1956. d—None. e—None. f—Director of prices, Secretariat of Industry and Commerce, 1952; director general, Small Business Bank, 1952–1955; oficial mayor, Federal Electric Commission, 1955–1959; director, Commercial Mexican Coffee Institute, 1960–1964; director general, Federal Electric Commission, 1964–1970; director general, NAFIN, 1970–1974; director of investment capital, IADB, 1978–1980. g—President, Student Society, National School of Economics, 1947–1948. h—Reporter, Excélsior and La Prensa; editorial writer, Excélsior, La Prensa, and Hoy; president, National College of Economists; winner of National Prize for Journalism, 1953. i—Brother of Alfonso Martínez Domínguez, head of Federal District, 1970–1971; son of Dr. Alfonso Martínez de la Garza and Margarita Rafaela Domínguez Gil Samaniego, but orphaned at a young age; studied under Eduardo Bustamante at UNAM. j—None. k—As a journalist, exposed fraud in IMSS, 1953; resigned from NAFIN, 1974. l—WWMG, 26; HA, Dec. 7, 1970, 27; Hoy, Apr. 10, 1971, 12; DBM70, 360; Justicia, Aug., 1971; WNM, 142; WWM87, 361

t he b io g ra phies  599 Martínez García, Pedro Daniel

(Deceased Nov. 5, 1995) a—Jan. 3, 1906. b—Purépero, Michoacán. c—Elementary studies at school associated with Normal School, Mexico City, 1912–1919, including some military training; preparatory studies at National Preparatory School, 1920–1924; medical studies at National School of Medicine, 1924–1929, graduating Feb., 1919; MA in public health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, 1940–1942; advanced studies in pediatrics, Children’s Memorial Hospital, Chicago, 1942–1943; professor of pediatrics, National School of Medicine, UNAM; professor, School of Health and Welfare; professor of public hygiene, Johns Hopkins University, 1940; director, School of Health and Welfare, 1958–1964; professor of infectious diseases, National School of Medicine, UNAM, 1956–1964; professor of pediatrics, National School of Medicine, UNAM, 1944–1965. d—None. e—None. f—Chief of coordinated health and welfare services, State of Michoacán, under Governor Lázaro Cárdenas, 1938; joined Health Department, 1943; chief of infectious services, Secretariat of Health, 1943–1944; assistant director and director, Children’s Hospital of Mexico, Secretariat of Health, 1951–1953; director general of maternal and infant hygiene, Secretariat of Health, 1953–1958; assistant director of education and instruction in public health, Secretariat of Health, 1957; director general of education and instruction in public health, Secretariat of Health, 1958–1964; director of services, Secretariat of Health; assistant secretary of health, 1964– 1970; medical director, National Indigenous Institute, 1976. g—None. h—Physician, clinic in Apatzingán, Michoacán, 1929–1936; practicing pediatrician, 1936–1965; adviser, WHO; member of expert committees on health. i—Son of Pedro Martínez Zendejas, store owner, and María Jesús García Ramos; friend of Manuel Martínez Báez, Ignacio Chávez, and Eduardo Villaseñor from Michoacán; became good friends with Mariano, Manuel, and Pablo Ramírez

Vázquez, whose father, a book dealer in Mexico City, gave him books. j—None. k—None. l—HA, Dec. 21, 1964, 4; DPE65, 148; DPE61, 110; DGF51, II, 699–700; DGF51, I, 342; letters; Enc. Mex., VIII, 306; www.insp.mx/salud, 2009. Martínez Garza, Lorenzo a—1960s. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; economics degree from ITAM, 1983–1987. d—None. e—None. f—Economist and manager of financial programs, National Bank of Foreign Commerce, 1988–1994; assistant director of foreign trade financing, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1996–1999; treasurer, State of Veracruz, 1999–2002; assistant director general, Foreign Investment Project “A,” Secretariat of the Treasury, 2002; assistant director general of Programming and Budget, Energy Sector, Secretariat of the Treasury, 2006; oficial mayor of labor, 2006–2009. g—None. h—Assistant treasurer, Chase Manhattan Bank, 1994–1996. j—None. k—None. l—www.trabajo.gob.mx/Semblanzas, 2007; www.stps.gob.mx, 2008. Martínez Garza, Valdemar a—1950s. c—Early education unknown; law degree from University of Nuevo León, graduating in 1974 with honors; LLD from National School of Law, UNAM, 1993; postgraduate studies toward an MA in private law, National School of Law, UNAM; diploma in human rights, Castilla–La Mancha University, Toledo Campus, Spain; professor of law, University of Nuevo León; founder, Free Law School, Monterrey; professor of Amparo and director, Amparo Seminar, Free Law School, 1988–2007. d—None. e—None. f—Adviser, Mining Development Fund; adviser, BANRURAL; adviser on ejido problems, Nuevo León; legal adviser on tourism development, Puerto Vallarta, Jalisco; assistant secretary of sectoral policy, Secretariat of Agrarian Reform, 2001; adviser, La Paz, Baja California del Sur, 2001; agrarian attorney general, Secretariat of Agrarian Reform, 2006. g—None. h—Practicing lawyer; founded Martínez

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Law Firm, 1999. j—None. k—None. l—www.pa.gob.mx, 2008; www.mbaboga dos.com.mx, 2009. Martínez Gil, José de Jesús a—Nov. 9, 1934. b—Tampico, Tamaulipas. c—Early education unknown; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, 1954–1958; studies in economics and political science at UNAM; teacher, Instituto Patria, 1962–1967; professor, Higher School of Business Studies, IPN, 1966; professor of mercantile law, ITESO, Guadalajara; professor of insurance and finance, Pan American University. d—PAN federal party deputy, 1973–1976; member, City Council,Zapopan, Jalisco, 1989–1992. e—Joined PAN, 1956; president of PAN, Federal District, 1972–1976; director, Efraín González Morfín’s presidential campaign, 1969–1970; national adviser, PAN, 1971–1979; member, CEN of PAN, 1975–1979; regional adviser to CEN of PAN, 1979; secretary of national coordination, CEN of PAN, 1979; resigned from PAN, 1979, readmitted, 1989. f—Lawyer, Army-Navy Bank, 1962– 1965; director of legal affairs, Jalisco, 1992– 1995; syndic and secretary, City Council, Tlaquepaque, Jalisco, 2001–2002. g—None. h—Practicing lawyer; legal counsel, insurance companies, 20 years. i—Married Rosa María García de Alba Morales. j—None. k—PAN candidate for federal deputy, 1970, 1979; PAN candidate for senator, 1976; resigned from PAN during his campaign for deputy, Apr., 1979. l—Excélsior, Apr. 24, 1979, 10; C de D, 1973–1976, 29; HA, Mar. 19, 1979, 7; Pérez Franco, 222–223. Martínez Gortari, Jesús a—May 23, 1919. b—Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes. c—Elementary and secondary studies in public school in Aguascalientes; no degree. d—Federal deputy from State of Aguascalientes, Dist. 1, 1976–1979, member of Social Action Committee, Machinery Sec. of Industrial Development Committee, Development of Social Security and Public Health Committee, Development of Tourism Committee, Railroad Sec. of the Transportation and General Means of Communication

Committee. e—Joined PRI, 1956. f—None. g—Director, STFRM; secretary-general of Sec. 2, STFRM, 1968; treasurer general, STFRM, 1971–1976; secretary-general, STFRM, Aug. 28, 1977–1980. h—Began railroad career as laborer for National Railroads of Mexico, 1936. i—Married Refugio Macías; son Jesús Martínez Macias ran for mayor of Aguascalientes, 1992. j—None. k—None. l—Excélsior, Aug. 22, 1976, 29; D de D, 1976– 1979, 4, 38, 41, 76; C de D, 1976–1979, 47; www.gaceta.diputados.gob.mx, 2000; www .stfrm.org/lideressindicales, 2009. Martínez Hernández, Ifigenia (Navarrete) a—June 16, 1924. b—Federal

District. c—Early education unknown; economics studies at National School of Economics, UNAM, 1946; MA in economics, Harvard University, 1949; researcher in economics, National School of Economics, UNAM, 1957–1967; professor of economics, National School of Economics, UNAM, 1955–1962; director, National School of Economics, UNAM, 1967–1970; professor of economics, CEMLA, 1955–1962. d—Federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. 22, 1976–1979, member of Sec. on Improving Rural Living of the Agrarian Affairs Committee, Sec. on Development of the Peasant Woman of the Agrarian Affairs Committee, Committee of Agricultural Development, member of Sec. 3 of Educational Development Committee, Television Sec. of the Development of the Means of Communication Committee, of the Social Welfare of the Development of Social Security and Public Health Committee, Development of Housing Committee, Department of the Federal District Committee, Fiscal Sec. of Legislative Studies Committee; senator from Federal District, 1988–1991; plurinominal federal deputy from PRD, 1994–1997; plurinominal federal deputy from PT, 2009–2012. e—Member of PRI, 1954–1987; cofounder, Democratic Current of PRI, 1986; member of the Coordinating Committee of Democratic Front, 1986; cofounder, PRD, 1989; member of CEN of PRD, 1989–1995; oficial mayor of

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PRD, 1997; secretary-general of PRD, 1999; precandidate for PRD nomination for governor, Federal District, 2000. f—Economist, ECLA, 1949–1950; economist, Department of Economic Studies, Pan American Union, 1951–1952; assistant director, Department of Subsidies, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1953–1956; director, Office of Fiscal Policy, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1953–1956; director, Office of Fiscal Analysis, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1956–1958; adviser to assistant secretary of revenues, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1961–1965; director of economic advisers, Office of the Presidency, 1965–1970; director of administrative programs, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1972–1976; alternate ambassador to United Nations, 1980–1982; coordinator of advisers of assistant secretary of agrarian organizations, 1983–1984; adviser, Federal District government, 1997. g—None. h—None. i—Divorced from Alfredo Navarrete Romero, assistant finance director, PEMEX, 1972–1976; daughter of Jesús Martínez Elizalde and Concepción Hernández Garduño. j—None. k—One of Mexico’s most prominent female economists. l—C de D, 1976–1979, 46; D de C, 1976–1979, 6, 8, 11, 18, 21, 29, 38, 40, 44, 47; HA, Apr. 5, 1976, 10; Enc. Mex., VIII, 313; DBGM89, 488; letters; CDDWeb, Diputados, 1997; Musacchio, 266; WNM, 142. Martínez Lavalle, Arnulfo (Deceased 1967) a—1912. b—Federal District. c—Preparatory studies at National Preparatory School, 1930–1932; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, 1937; professor of criminal procedures, National School of Law, UNAM; professor of sociology, School of Political and Social Sciences, UNAM. d—None. e—None. f—Secretary, District Court, Federal District; official, Superior Tribunal of Justice, Federal District; director of preliminary investigations, Office of the Attorney General of Mexico; director, Inspector General’s Office, Office of the Attorney General of Mexico, 1951; justice, Superior Tribunal of Justice, Federal District and Federal Territories, 1956–1967. g—None.

h—Alternate delegate to Narcotics Commission, UNESCO, 1951; author of many works. i—Coeditor with friend Octavio Paz of Barandal, National Preparatory School, 1931. j—None. k—None. l—DP70, 1275; DGF56, 514; DGF51, I, 435; www.lag.via.mx, 2008; oem.com.mx, 2008; www.camposmilenio .com.mx, 2009; www.cronica.diputados .gob.mx, Mar. 25, 1955. Martínez Legorreta, Arturo a—Feb. 2, 1938. b—Atlacomulco, State of Mexico. c—Early education unknown; degree in business administration from School of Business and Administration, Autonomous University of the State of Mexico, 1958–1962; studies in public administration, Autonomous University of the State of Mexico, 1962; professor of business administration, Autonomous University of the State of Mexico, 1963–1964. d—Local deputy, State Legislature of Mexico; mayor, Toluca, 1972–1975; federal deputy from State of Mexico, Dist. 4, 1976–1979; federal deputy from State of Mexico, Dist. 16, 1982–1985. e—President of PRI, State of Mexico, 1982–1983. f—Adviser to assistant manager of administration, CONASUPO, 1963–1964; assistant director and director, Department of Control of Distribution of Goods, CONASUPO, 1965–1967; director of sales, CONASUPO, 1967–1969; oficial mayor, State of Mexico, 1969–1972; director general of administrative services, Department of the Federal District, 1980– 1981; adviser, governor of State of Mexico, 1989–1991; secretary of development, State of Mexico, 1991; secretary of agricultural development, State of Mexico, 1991–1993. g—President, Student Society, School of Business and Administration, Autonomous University of the State of Mexico. h—None. i—Son of Enrique Martínez Colín, public official, and Lorenza Alicia Legorreta Chimal; married María del Pilar Lara Torres. j—None. k—None. l—C de D, 1976–1979; C de D, 1982–1985; Lehr, 272; DBGM, 549–550; DBGM92, 791; DBGM92, 791. Martínez Manautou, Emilio a—July 30, 1919. b—Ciudad Victoria, Tamaulipas.

602  m e xic a n p oli t i c a l b i o g ra ph i e s , 1935–20 0 9

c—Elementary and secondary studies in Ciudad Victoria; preparatory studies at National Preparatory School, Mexico City, 1937–1939; medical degree from National School of Medicine, UNAM, 1944; postgraduate work in internal medicine in New York and Massachusetts. d—Federal deputy from State of Tamaulipas, Dist. 2, 1955–1958, member of Gran Comisión, Committee on Forestry Affairs, Inspection Committee for General Accounting Office, Committee on Public Works, Budget and Accounts Committee; member, City Council, Matamoros, Tamaulipas, 1951; senator from State of Tamaulipas, 1958–1964, member of Public Welfare Committee, Health Committee, 1st Balloting Committee, and 1st Naval Committee, alternate member of 2nd Committee on National Defense; governor, Tamaulipas, 1980–1986. e—State delegate, CEN of PRI; head physician to Gustavo Díaz Ordaz during his presidential campaign, 1964. f—Chief of medical services, Chamber of Deputies, 1952–1953; private secretary to Norberto Treviño Zapata, president of Gran Comisión, 1953–1955; secretary of the presidency, 1964–1970; secretary of public health, 1976–1980. g—President, Medical Association of Matamoros, 1951–1952; secretarygeneral, CNOP, Matamoros. h—Director, Civil Hospital, Matamoros, 1953; medical practice in Matamoros, 1946–1955. i—Early political protégé of Norberto Treviño Zapata; son of Alfredo Martínez Saldívar, farmer and local deputy under Governor Emilio Portes Gil, and María Guadalupe Manautou; brother Alfredo was secretary-general of government in Baja California del Norte, 1965–1971; brother Antonio Martínez Manautou served as federal deputy from Federal District, 1967–1970; brother Federico Martínez Manautou was federal deputy, 1973–1976, and alternate senator, 1982–1988; married Leticia Cárdenas Montemayor; daughter Leticia is married to Jorge González Torres, founder and president of PVEM; grandfather of Emilio González Martínez, president of PVEM. j—None. k—PRI

precandidate for governor of Tamaulipas, 1962; PRI precandidate for president of Mexico, 1970. l—DPE65, 169; C de D, 1955–1957; HA, Dec. 7, 1964, 20; Johnson, 183–184; D de Y, Dec. 2, 1964, 2; DGF56; C de S, 1961–1964, 61; Func., 372; Latin America, Dec. 3, 1976; Ind. Biog., 101–102; Excélsior, Feb. 25, 1977, 6, 8; Excélsior, July 4, 1974, 15; BdM, 174; Q es QAP, 385; HA, June 16, 1980, 40; www .es.wikipedia.org, 2009. Martínez Martín, Ramón a—Oct. 22, 1938. b—Arandas, Jalisco. c—Early education unknown; teaching certificate from National Normal School, 1958; professor of elementary education, Secretariat of Public Education, 1959–1964; professor of mid-level education in English, Secretariat of Public Education, 1965–1969; English teacher, North American–Mexican Cultural Institute, Mexico City; director, Héroes de Cerro Prieto and Suave Patria elementary schools, 1967–1969. d—Senator from State of Jalisco, 1982–1988, president of 1st Education Committee. e—Joined PRI, 1961; secretary of social action, CEN of PRI, 1981–1982. f—Director of elementary education, Secretariat of Public Education, 1965–1967. g—Secretary-general, Delegation 76 of Local No. 10, SNTE; aide to secretary of labor and conflicts, SNTE; private secretary to secretary-general of Local No. 9, SNTE, 1972–1975; secretary-general of Local No. 9, SNTE, 1975–1978; finance secretary, CEN of SNTE, 1977–1980; secretary-general, SNTE, 1980–1983. h—None. i—Son of José Concepción Martínez López, businessman, and Josefina Martín Guzmán; married María Pura Castellanos Castillo, teacher; son-in-law of Carlos Jonguitud Barrios, secretary-general of SNTE. j—None. k—None. l—Lehr, 225; DBGM, 550; C de S, 1982–1988. Martínez Martínez, Abel a—Mar. 4, 1914. b—Tláhuac, Federal District. c—Early education unknown; law degree. d—Party deputy from PAN, 1967–1970. e—Member of PAN; resigned from PAN, 1992, with other leading PAN members, who consider Luis H. Álvarez too liberal. f—Secretary, Federal

t he b io g ra phies  603

Board of Conciliation and Arbitration, 1947; assistant to the president, Federal Board of Conciliation and Arbitration; secretarygeneral, Federal Board of Conciliation and Arbitration, 1953; director of personnel, Public Property Registry. g—None. j—None. k—None. l—C de D, 1967–1970; Directorio, 1967–1970; www.lacrisis.com.mx, 2009. Martínez y Martínez, Enrique a—Nov. 10, 1948. b—Saltillo, Coahuila. c—Elementary studies at Annex to Normal School, Saltillo; secondary studies at Ateneo Fuente, Saltillo; preparatory studies at ITESM, Monterrey; economics degree from ITESM, 1970; professor and chair, Economics Department, University of Coahuila, 1972–1974. d—Mayor, Saltillo, 1979–1981; federal deputy from State of Coahuila, Dist. 1, 1988–1991; federal deputy from State of Coahuila, Dist. 7, 1997–1999; governor, Coahuila, 1999–2005. e—Joined PRI, 1966; director, CEPES of PRI, Coahuila, 1978. f—Director of income, Coahuila, 1971–1975; director of expenditures, Coahuila, 1975–1978; secretary general of government, Coahuila, 1981–1987. g—None. h—President, Board of Directors, Camiones y Maquinaría de Coahuila; president, Grupo Empresarial Martínez (funeral home chain). i—Son of Enrique Martínez y Martínez, businessman, and María de Jesús Martínez Sepúlveda; married María G. Morales Algara, lawyer. j—None. k—None. l—www .coahuila.gob.mx, 2008; DBGM89, 149–150; Musacchio, 267; QesQ en el Congreso, 1997–2000, 197–198. Martínez Medina, Lorenzo a—July 7, 1918. b—Wadley Ejido, Catorce, San Luis Potosí. c—Early education unknown; engineering degree from Antonio Narro Higher School of Agriculture, Saltillo, 1936; MS in agriculture, University of Iowa, Iowa City, 1941; PhD in agricultural sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, 1951; teacher, regional peasant school, La Huerta, Michoacán; assistant director, Agricultural Vocational School, Champusco, Puebla; director, Division of Agricultural Research, Antonio Narro Higher School

of Agriculture, 1947–1949, 1952–1957, 1964–1969; director, Antonio Narro Higher School of Agriculture, 1952–1958. d—None. e—None. f—Researcher, Agricultural Field Station, León, Guanajuato; director general of agriculture and livestock, State of Coahuila; general agent, Secretariat of Agriculture, Saltillo, Coahuila, 1970; president, Board of Directors, Agricultural Credit Bank, Saltillo; director general, National Seed Production, 1970–1973; assistant secretary of agriculture, Jan. 2, 1974–1976; director general, National Center for Education, Rural Credit System, 1977–1982. g—Secretary of credit and agricultural institutions, CEN of CNC, 1977. h—None. i—Parents were peasants; married Gloria Gómez; son Lorenzo Martínez Gómez, scientist. j—None. k—Received 3rd PhD in agricultural science in Mexico. l—HA, Jan. 14, 1974, 15; Protag., 217; www.colpos.mx, 2008. Martínez Mireles, Alberto M. a—Nov. 29, 1950. b—San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí. c—Early education unknown; economics degree from University of San Luis Potosí, 1968–1972; teacher, Colegio Minerva de San Luis Potosí; teacher, Colegio Independencia de San Luis Potosí, 1969–1971. d—Alternate local deputy, State Legislature of San Luis Potosí, 1984–1986; member, City Council, San Luis Potosí, 1986–1988, 1988–1991; plurinominal federal deputy from PAN, 1991–1994; mayor, San Luis Potosí, 1995; senator from San Luis Potosí, 2000–2006. e—Joined PAN, 1975; founder and president, Electoral Civic Force Group, San Luis Potosí, 1975; finance secretary, PAN, San Luis Potosí, 1985–1988; adviser, Regional Committee of PAN, 1987; national adviser to PAN, 1988–1990; president, Regional Committee of PAN, San Luis Potosí, 1987–1990; member, National Council of PAN. f—None. g—None. h—Pilot. i—Son of Aureliano Martínez Sotomayor and María Guadalupe Mireles; married Elodia Gutiérrez, social worker. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM92, 511; DCM, 2000–2003, 235–236; QesQ en el Congreso, 2000–2003, 309; DBGM94. CD.

604  m e xic a n p oli t i c a l b i o g ra ph i e s , 1935–20 0 9 Martínez Morales, José (Deceased Sept. 12, 1997). a—Oct. 4, 1916. b—Trujano, Guerrero. c—Preparatory studies at Heroic Military College, 1932–1936; graduated from Applied Military School, Puebla, Puebla, 1939–1940; staff and command, Higher War College, 1942–1945; squadron officer, Heroic Military College, 1941–1942; professor, Heroic Military College, 1941–1942, 1949; officer of students, Military Aviation School; professor, Higher War College. d—Federal deputy from State of Guerrero, Dist. 2, 1982–1985, member of National Defense Committee and Navy Committee. e—Joined PRI, 1945. f—Interim mayor, La Piedad, Michoacán. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Saturnino Martínez Cuenca, civil engineer, and Elvira Morales Gómez; married Emilia Guillermina Sánchez Lizana; student with General Marcelino García Barragán, at Higher War College. j—Career army officer; joined army as cadet, Jan. 1, 1932; 2nd lieutenant, 1936; sec. commander, staff, Secretariat of National Defense, 1936–1938; staff member, 2nd Infantry Division; officer, 7th Cavalry Regiment; officer, 2nd Battalion, 104th Regiment, 38th Infantry Division; assistant chief of staff, 12th Military Zone, 16th Military Zone; interim chief of staff, 22nd Military Zone; commander, 15th Cavalry Regiment; rank of cavalry colonel, Oct. 15, 1962; chief of staff, Secretariat of National Defense, 1962–1964; private secretary to secretary of national defense, General Marcelino García Barragán, 1965–1966; director of personnel, Secretariat of National Defense, 1977–1978; commander, 34th Military Zone, Chetumal, Quintana Roo, 1976–1978; rank of division general. k—None. l—Lehr, 197; Rev. de Ejer., 1962, 29; DBGM, 550; Rev. de Ejer., Oct., 1997, 75; Directorio, 1982–1985. Martínez Nájera, Humberto (Deceased Oct. 22, 2001) a—Aug. 23, 1921. b—Tepeji del Río, Hidalgo. c—Early education unknown; graduated from Naval Military School of the Pacific, 1936–1941; courses at National Center of Productivity; professor,

Nautical School, Tampico, Tamaulipas; professor of steam engines, diesel motors, and thermodynamics, 1948. d—None. e—None. f—Assistant secretary of the navy, 1982–1988. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Francisco Martínez Díaz, public official, and Josefina Nájera Mercado; married Araceli Castellanos MacGregor, July 27, 1946. j—Career naval officer; aide to assistant secretary of the navy, 1947–1948; chief of machinery, Veracruz Dredging, 1948–1949; chief of shops, 5th Naval Zone, Ciudad del Carmen, Campeche, 1949–1950; chief of shops, Guaymas, Sonora, 1951–1952; assistant director of dry docks, Salina Cruz, Oaxaca, 1952–1955; director, National Arsenal, Veracruz, Veracruz, 1955–1956; inspector general of dredging, Secretariat of the Navy, 1956–1957; director of docks, Acapulco, Guerrero, 1957–1962; chief of dry docks, Salina Cruz, Oaxaca, 1963–1966; chief of naval construction, Secretariat of the Navy, 1966–1967; assistant director general of dredging, Secretariat of the Navy, 1967–1968; director general of dredging, 1968–1970; inspector general of the Pacific fleet, 1970; director general of repairs, Secretariat of the Navy, 1976–1982. k—None. l—Q es QAP, 91–92; DBGM87, 242; www.refam08.com, 2008. Martínez Olivera, Roberto Bernardo

a—1968. b—Puebla, Puebla. c—Early education unknown; law degree from Free Law School, 1986–1992. d—None. e—Joined PRI, 1983; secretary of administration and finance, CEN of PRI, 1999. f—Private secretary and coordinator of advisers, secretary of Gran Comisión, Chamber of Deputies, 1992–1993; technical secretary, secretary of Gran Comisión, Assembly of the Federal District, 1994; private secretary, secretary of Government Committee, Assembly of the Federal District, 1994–1995; private secretary to attorney general of the Federal District, 1995–1996; director of Programming and Budget, Office of the Attorney General of the Federal District, 1996–1997; assistant director of foodstuffs, Secretariat of Labor, 1997–1998; director of stores and pharmacy

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system, ISSSTE, 1998; oficial mayor of labor, 1998–1999. g—None. h—None. j—None. k—None. l—Musacchio, 269. Martínez Orta Flores, Enrique a—Apr. 29, 1953. b—Sultepec, State of Mexico. c—Early education unknown; legal studies at University of the State of Mexico, 1971–1972; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, 1973–1975; teacher, Normal School No. 13, Sultepec, 1974–1975. d—Mayor, Sultepec, 1979–1981; local deputy, State Legislature of Mexico, Dist. 8, 1981– 1984; federal deputy from State of Mexico, Dist. 1, 1985–1988; federal deputy from State of Mexico, Dist. 36, 2000–2003. e—Secretary-general of PRI, State of Mexico; president of PRI, Sultepec. f—Auxiliary secretary to assistant secretary of organization and urban development, Secretariat of Agrarian Reform, 1978; assistant secretary-general, State of Mexico, 1994–1996. g—Secretarygeneral, League of Agrarian Communities and Peasant Unions, State of Mexico. h—None. i—Son of Adrián Martínez Orta Gómez, member of Federation of Workers and Peasants of the State of Mexico, founded in 1942 by his brother Enrique Martínez Orta Gómez, mayor of Sultepec, 1943–1945, and powerful union leader in the state, and María de la Luz Flores; married Patricia Soberanes Nava; uncle Manuel Martínez Orta was a rural schoolteacher and federal deputy from State of Mexico, Dist. 2, 1952– 1955, 1958–1961. j—None. k—None. l—QesQ en el Congreso, 2000–2003, 216–217; www. colmich.edu.mx, 2008; DBGM87, 513; DCM, 2000–2003, 161–162; www.uaq.mx, 2008; www.colmich.edu.mx, 2009. Martínez Ostos, Raúl (Deceased 1993) a—Sept. 22, 1907. b—Tantoyuca, Veracruz. c—Law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, 1932; professor of civil contracts, National School of Law, UNAM, 1934–1935. d—None. e—None. f—Consulting lawyer, secretary of public works, 1935; consulting lawyer, Department of Credit, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1936–1940; consulting lawyer, Federal

Electric Commission, 1937; head, Department of Credit, Bank of Mexico, 1940–1945; alternate executive director, IMF, as Mexico’s representative, 1946–1948; director of treasury studies, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1949–1950; assistant director, NAFIN, 1945–1946, 1952–1958, 1958–1964, 1964–1965; executive director, IADB, 1960–1963. g—None. h—Member, Board of Directors, Pigmentos y Productos Químicos, 1982. i—Son of Federico Martínez, physician; student of and assistant to Agustín García López; married Martha Martínez de Castro Peiro; son Raúl was director of Mexican radio and television, Secretariat of Government, 1982; sister Graciela Martínez Ostos was mother of Guillermo Ortiz Martínez, secretary of the treasury, 1994–1998; encouraged his nephew to pursue international economics. j—None. k—None. l—Letter; DBM68, 419; Anuario Fin., 1982, 281; DBGM, 274; El Financiero, Nov. 6, 2006; www.cidac.org.mx, 2009. Martínez Peralta, Francisco

(Deceased) a—Aug. 24, 1895. b—Aconchi, Sonora. c—Elementary studies in Sonora; no degree. d—Federal deputy from State of Sonora, Dist. 2, 1937–1940; federal deputy from State of Sonora, Dist. 1, 1946–1949, member of 2nd National Defense Committee and Military Justice Committee, substitute member of Foreign Relations Committee; senator from State of Sonora, 1940–1946, president of 2nd National Defense Committee, 2nd secretary of Ejido Committee, member of Gran Comisión, alternate member of Railroad and the Government committees. e—Secretary of agrarian action, CEN of PRI, 1946; PRI precandidate for governor of Sonora, 1948; director of traffic, Department of the Federal District, 1962–1965. h—None. i—Uncle of Ernesto P. Uruchurtu. j—Career army officer; joined, 1910; paymaster of the army; rank of colonel, 1940; reached rank of division general. k—None. l—C de D, 1946–1948, 78; C de D, 1937–1939, 14; Peral, 504; Libro de Oro, 1946, 9.

606  m e xic a n p oli t i c a l b i o g ra ph i e s , 1935–20 0 9 Martínez Pretelín, Casimiro A. a—Mar. 4, 1943. b—San Andrés Tuxtla, Veracruz. c—Early education unknown; geographic engineering degree from Heroic Naval Military College, 1965; MA in staff and command, Naval Center of Higher Studies, 1979–1980, with thesis titled “Profile of the General Officer”; PhD in command from Naval Center of Higher Studies, 1987–1988, with thesis titled “Necessity of Creating a National Security Council”; studies in U.S. politics at Colegio de México, Mexico City; studies with Royal Navy, Portsmouth, Eng.; director, Naval Center of Higher Studies, 1999. d—None. e—None. f—Assistant naval attaché, Cuba; naval attaché, United Kingdom; assistant secretary of the navy, 2006–2008. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Rafael Martínez Pérez, retailer, and Margarita Pretelín Gondra; married Blanca Rosa Gómez Leyva; brother Ramiro, a rear admiral; brother Óscar, a captain. j—Career navy officer; joined navy as cadet, Jan. 1, 1960; rank of coast guardsman, Sept. 1, 1965; rank of corvette lieutenant, Oct. 1, 1966; officer, gunship San Luis Potosí, 1966–1968; operations officer, Minesweeper No. 9, Ciudad del Carmen, 1968–1969; executive officer, transport Zacatecas, Minatitlán, 1969–1970; rank of frigate lieutenant, 1970; executive officer, gunship Querétaro, Veracruz, 1971–1972; commander, Minesweeper No. 19, Ciudad del Carmen, 1972–1974; rank of lieutenant, 1973; commander, Coastguard ship Zarco, Manzanillo, 1974–1975; commander, patrol boat Fuente, Yukalpetén, 1975–1976; rank of corvette captain, 1976; commander, Zarco, Manzanillo, 1976–1978; chief of instruction, General Headquarters, Gulf Naval Force, Veracruz, 1978–1979; rank of frigate captain, 1980; commander, Yaqui, Guaymas, 1980–1981; commander, Manzanillo, Acapulco, 1981–1982; assistant chief and chief, Sec. 1, staff, Secretariat of the Navy, 1982–1983, 1983–1986; rank of captain, 1984; chief of staff, Naval Zone, Puerto Madero, Chiapas, 1986–1987; chief of staff, 5th Naval Zone, Frontera, Tabasco, 1988–1989; rank

of rear admiral, 1990; chief of staff, 3rd Naval Zone, Veracruz, Veracruz, 1991–1992; director general of personnel, Secretariat of the Navy, 1992; rank of vice admiral, 1996; director general of naval communications, Secretariat of the Navy, 1996; rank of admiral, 2000; commander, Pacific Forces, 2003. k—None. l—DBGM92, 230; www .semar,gob.mx, 2003, 2006. Martínez Rivero, Abraham a—Dec. 17, 1922. b—Federal District. c—Completed secondary studies at Bank and Business School, 1945–1950; 4 years of studies in public accounting; special studies in union education, Workers of the Federal District Union, 1953–1955. d—Federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. 19, 1976–1979; senator from Federal District, 1982–1988; representative to Assembly of the Federal District, 1988–1991. e—PRI Representative to 6th Electoral District of the Federal District, 1976; joined PRI, 1948; national political adviser, CEN of PRI, 2006. f—None. g—Founder, Only Union of Workers of Sports City, 1946; director, Local No. 4, Confederation of Workers of the Federal District, 1974; alternate secretary-general, Confederation of Workers of the Federal District, 1982; labor representative before local arbitration board, 1957; secretarygeneral, Iron Workers’ Union, Federal District, 1973. h—Joined Workers of the Federal District Department, 1934. i—Son of David Martínez Escobar, union leader, and Loreta Rivero Celis; married Cecilia Alcantar Ochoa. j—Rank of 1st sergeant, army. k—None. l—Excélsior, Aug. 29, 1976, 26; C de D, 1976–1979; C de S, 1982–1988; Lehr, 118; DBGM87, 513–514; DBGM89, 575; DBGM, 550; DBGM89, 575. Martínez (Rodríguez), José Luis

(Deceased Mar. 20, 2007) a—Jan. 19, 1918. b—Atoyac, Jalisco. c—Elementary studies at Colegio Renacimiento, Ciudad Guzmán, Jalisco, 1924–1930, and Francés La Salle de México, 1931; secondary and preparatory studies at University of Guadalajara, 1932–1937; studies in medicine, National

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School of Medicine, UNAM, 1938–1939; degree in letters from School of Philosophy and Letters, UNAM, 1938–1943; professor of Mexican literature, National Preparatory School, 1940–1943, 1947–1950; professor of advanced Spanish, Summer School, UNAM, 1942–1944; professor of Spanish literature, Higher Normal School, Mexico City, 1945–1951. d—Federal deputy from State of Jalisco, Dist. 8, 1958–1961, member of Protocol Committee, Editorial Committee, Public Education Committee, Railroads Committee, Foreign Relations Committee, Consular and Diplomatic Service Committee; federal deputy from State of Jalisco, Dist. 14, 1982–1985. e—None. f—Private secretary to secretary of public education, Jaime Torres Bodet, 1943–1946; secretary, National College, 1947–1951; private secretary to director general of the National Railroads of Mexico, Roberto Amorós, 1952–1953; administrative assistant to director general of National Railroads of Mexico, 1953–1955; director of public relations, National Railroads of Mexico, 1955–1958; adviser, PIPSA, 1956–1961; ambassador to Peru, 1961–1962; ambassador to UNESCO, 1963–1964; director general, National Institute of Fine Arts, 1965–1970; ambassador to Greece, 1971–1976; director general, Fondo de Cultura Económica, 1977–1982; adviser, Cultural Television Foundation, Fondo de Cultura Económica, 1975–1998; adviser to secretary of public education, 1993–1994. g—None. h—Member, Governing Board, Colegio de México, 1967. i—Son of Dr. Juan R. Martínez Reynaga and Julia Rodríguez; married Lydia Baracs. j—None. k—National prize in literature, 1980. l—Func., 247; Enc. Mex., VIII, 304; letter; WWM45, 73; C de D, 1958–1961, 84; DPE61, 24; JSH, 230–232; Lehr, 239; D de Y, Mar. 21, 2007 Martínez Rodriguez, José María

(Deceased Mar. 19, 1983) a—Jan. 9, 1912. b—Hacienda de San Lázaro, Tamazula, Jalisco. c—Elementary studies (4 years only); no degree. d—Member, City Council, Guadalajara, Jalisco, 1944; vice mayor,

Guadalajara, 1945–1946; local deputy, State Legislature of Jalisco, 1943–1944; federal deputy from State of Jalisco, Dist. 9, 1958–1961, member of Sugar Industry Committee; federal deputy from State of Jalisco, Dist. 10, 1964–1967; federal deputy from State of Jalisco, Dist. 10, 1970–1973, member of Sugar Industry Committee, 2nd Labor Committee; senator from State of Jalisco, 1976–1982. e—None. f—None. g—Secretary-general, Local No. 80, Sugarcane Workers’ Union; secretary of correspondence and agreements, National Sugarcane Workers’ Union, 1941–1942; secretarygeneral, Federation of Workers of the State of Jalisco, 1943–1946; secretary of conflicts, National Sugarcane Workers’ Union, 1951– 1953; secretary-general, National Sugarcane Workers’ Union, 1953–1959, 1975–1978, 1983; secretary of agrarian affairs, CTM, Jalisco; secretary of industrial development, CTM, 1962–1968; secretary of labor, CTM, 1983; president, Board of Directors, Workers’ Bank, 1983. h—As a child worked in Tamazula Mill; assistant to a mechanic. j—None. k—None. l—C de D, 1964–1966, 52; C de D, 1958–1960, 84; C de D, 1970–1972, 124; Directorio, 1970–1972; Func., 248; Excélsior, Mar. 21, 1983, 1, 11; HA, Apr. 4, 1983, 9. Martínez (Rodríguez), Miguel Z.

(Deceased) a—Sept. 29, 1888. b—Lampazos, Nuevo León. c—Elementary studies in Lampazos; student at National Military Cadet School, 1909. d—Federal deputy from State of Nuevo León, Dist. 2, 1937–1940. e—None. f—Chief of police, Federal District, 1941– 1943. g—None. j—Constitutionalist during the Revolution; rank of brigadier general, Nov. 16, 1940; commander, 10th Military Region, Irapuato, Guanajuato, 1952–1956; reached rank of division general. k—PRM candidate for governor of Nuevo León, 1943. l—EBW46, 185; C de D, 1937–1939, 14; Peral, 504; NYT, Apr. 2, 1943, 6; López, 669; Rev. de Ejer., June, 1952, 140; www.cronica.diputa dos.gob.mx, Mar. 30, 1948. Martínez Rojas, Salvador a—Apr. 20, 1919. b—San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí.

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c—Early education unknown; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, 1946, with thesis on individual rights; professor of law, National School of Law, UNAM, 1960– 1965. d—None. e—None. f—Minor judge, Federal District, 1946–1947; agent, Ministerio Público, Office of the Attorney General, 1948–1949; judge of 1st instance, Criminal Division, Mexicali, Baja California del Norte, 1949–1952; judge, Superior Tribunal of Justice, Baja California del Norte, 1952– 1953; chief of agents, Ministerio Público, Criminal Courts, 1953–1954; judge, Fifth Criminal Court, Federal District, 1954–1963; judge, Superior Tribunal of Justice, Federal District, 1963–1976; president, Superior Tribunal of Justice, Federal District, 1977–1982; justice, Supreme Court, 1982–1985. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Teodoro Martínez García, surgeon, and Sofía Rojas Carrillo, secretary; married Rosa Souza Pardo, surgeon. j—None. k—None. l—Almanaque de México, 1982, 77; Protag., 218; letter; DBGM, 669; www.scjn, 2008. Martínez Ross, Jesús a—May 8, 1934. b—Ciudad Chetumal, Quintana Roo. c—Elementary studies at Belisario Domínguez Socialist School, Chetumal, 1942–1948; secondary studies at Public School No. 2 for Students of Workers, Mérida, Yucatán, 1948–1951; preparatory studies at National Preparatory School No. 1, 1952–1953; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, 1954–1958; professor of the history of culture, Center of Technological and Agricultural Studies, Chetumal; professor of language and literature, Center of Technological Studies No. 62, Chetumal, 1968. d—Federal deputy from Quintana Roo, Dist. 1, 1973–1975, president of Administrative Committee, member of Agricultural Development Committee, Tourist Development Committee, 1st Balloting Committee, Naval Committee, Gran Comisión; governor, Quintana Roo, Apr. 5, 1975–1981. e—Secretary-general of PRI, Quintana Roo, 1968; president, Quintana Roo Committee of National Council for

Voter Registration, 1969; resigned from PRI, 2004; joined Convergencia and resigned from Convergencia, 2006. f—Agent, Ministerio Público, Chetumal, 1965–1971; oficial mayor, Quintana Roo, under Governor David G. Gutiérrez Ruiz, 1971–1972. g—Secretary-general, Student Society, Public School No. 2; founder, Civic and Social Front of Quintana Roo, 1955; secretary of legislative promotion, CNOP, Quintana Roo; founder, Quintanaroonian Fraternity, 1961; president, Mexican Association for the Promotion and Publishing of Music, 1958–1965; CTM adviser, Federation of Workers of Quintana Roo, 1969. h—Director general, music publishing firm Compas, 1958–1965. i—Married Alicia Márquez; Pedro Coldwell served as his secretary of government, 1975; son of Pedro Martínez Arzu and Adela Ross Corzo. j—None. k—First constitutional governor of State of Quintana Roo. l—Excélsior, Jan. 18, 1975, 4; HA, Apr. 14, 1975, 5; C de D, 1973–1976, 19; Enc. Mex., Annual, 549; HA, Dec. 11, 1978, 38; HA, Feb. 23, 1976, 31; HA, Jan. 20, 1975, 29; Almanaque de México, 1982, 399; www .es.wikipedia.org, 2009; www.noticaribe. com.mx, May 24, 2006. Martínez Tadeo, José Ignacio a—Mar. 20, 1944. b—Pótam Río Yaqui, Sonora. c—Completed secondary studies; classes in agriculture and livestock at Technical School of Sonora, 1961–1962. d—Member, City Council, Guaymas, Sonora, 1973–1976; local deputy, State Legislature of Sonora, Dist. 5, 1976–1979; local deputy State Legislature of Sonora, Dist. 6, 1985–1988; federal deputy from State of Sonora, Dist. 3, 1988– 1991; federal deputy from State of Sonora, Dist. 4, 1997–2000. e—Joined PRI, 1961; president of PRI, Pótam Río Yaqui, 1964– 1966. f—Employee, National Indigenous Institute. g—Secretary-general, League of Agrarian Communities, Sonora, 1985–1988; secretary of indigenous action, CNC, 2008; secretary of rural industrial development, CNC; general delegate of CEN of CNC, Guanajuato, 2009. h—Farmer. i—Son of

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Loreto Martínez Yoquigua and Martina Tadeo Huiquit, indigenous farmers; married Laura Raquel López Cuaduas. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM89, 489–490; www .secgob.gob.mx, 1997. Martínez Tornel, Pedro (Deceased 1957) a—Oct. 29, 1889. b—Jalapa, Veracruz. c—Preparatory studies at National Preparatory School, Mexico City; engineering degree from UNAM, 1918; professor of engineering, UNAM; director, National School of Engineering, UNAM, 1942–1946; member, Board of Trustees, UNAM, 1946– 1957. d—None. e—Director, Juan Andreu Almazán presidential campaign, 1940; supported General Miguel Henríquez Guzmán for president, 1951. f—Engineering adviser and technical inspector, Secretariat of Public Works, 1919–1922; superintendent, Port of Salina Cruz, Oaxaca, 1923; head, Drainage Sec., Secretariat of Public Works, 1924, 1925–1932; technical inspector, Secretariat of Public Works; assistant director, Ports and Telegraphs, Secretariat of Public Works, 1933–1934; assistant chief engineer, National Railroads of Mexico, 1935–1937; head, Construction Department, National Irrigation Commission, 1938–1940; director general of construction, National Railroads of Mexico, 1941–1943; assistant secretary of public works, 1943–1945; secretary of public works, 1945–1946. g—None. h—Member, Board of Directors, Mexican Tube Co. and other firms. i—Son of Engineer Braulio Martínez and Concepción Tornel; married Rebecca Pacheco. j—None. k—None. l—WWM45, 74; DP70, 1277; D de Y, Oct. 3, 1941, 2; Correa, 319; López, 670; Enc. Mex., VIII, 324; www.100.unam.mx, 2009; www.fca.unam .mx, 2009. Martínez Ulloa, Enrique (Deceased) a—1900s. b—Ixtlán del Río, Nayarit. c—Elementary and secondary studies in Guadalajara, Jalisco; preparatory studies at Preparatory School of State of Jalisco; law degree from University of Guadalajara; secretary, University of Guadalajara. d—None. e—None. f—Actuary, Second Judicial

District, Guadalajara; secretary of studies and accounts, Supreme Court of Justice; consulting lawyer, Secretariat of Communications and Public Works, Secretariat of Industry and Commerce, and Secretariat of Agriculture; fiscal attorney, federal government, 1948–1949, 1960–1964; director, Department of Legal Affairs, IMSS; justice, Supreme Court, 1964–1970, 1970–1974, retired Aug. 1, 1974. g—None. h—None. i—Married Esperanza González; son Carlos was assistant director of National Urban Mortgage Bank, 1984. j—None. k—None. l—Justicia, June, 1967; DPE61, 53; DBGM, 274; www.scjn, 2008. Martínez Vara, Andrés a—Jan. 31, 1914. b—Puebla, Puebla. c—Early education unknown; engineering degree; professor, Heroic Military College, IPN, and Rafael Dondé School. d—None. e—Joined PRI, 1938. f—Expert evaluator, PEMEX, 1938; engineer, Construction Division, PEMEX, 1940; investment analyst, Office of the Presidency, 1969–1973; director, Department of General Services, Federal Electric Commission, 1973–1976; oficial mayor, Federal Electric Commission, 1976–1982; private secretary to President José López Portillo, 1982. g—None. h—Employee, Equipo Eléctrico Metálicos y Anodizados, SA, 1946. j—None. k—None. l—Letter. Martínez Veloz, Jaime Cleofás a—Apr. 9, 1954. b—Torreón, Coahuila. c—Elementary studies at Jesús González Ortega public school, Torreón; secondary studies at night at Seminary of Torreón, while selling picture frames made by his father from his bicycle; preparatory studies at V. Carranza Public School; architecture degree from University of Coahuila, 1971–1976; researcher and professor, University of Coahuila, 1978–1987; secretary, School of Architecture, 1978–1979; dean, School of Architecture, University of Coahuila, 1981–1984; secretary, University of Coahuila, 1985. d—Federal deputy from State of Baja California, Dist. 6, 1994–1997; local deputy, State Legislature of Baja California,

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1998–2000; plurinominal federal deputy from PRI, 2000–2003, but resigned from PRI and joined PRD as a deputy. e—Joined PRI, 1989; adviser to Luis Donaldo Colosio during his presidential campaign, 1994; member, National Political Council of PRI, 1995–2000; secretary of social action, CEN of PRI, 2000–2001; resigned from PRI, Mar. 7, 2002; PRD candidate for senator from Baja California, 2006; PRD candidate for mayor of Tijuana, Baja California, 2007. f—Secretariat of Social Development assistant delegate, Baja California, 1991–1994. g—Secretary-general, Industrial Workers of the University of Coahuila, 1979–1981. h—None. i—Father, a carpenter and concierge, Castrastro de Torreón; grandson of Heriberto Martínez; nephew of Maximiano Soto. j—None. k—None. None. l—www. zetaijuana.com.mx, 2008; QesQ en el Congreso, 2000–2003, 218–219; Musacchio, 271; www.es.wikipedia, 2007; DCM, 2000–2003, 348; www.panoramadeabc.com, 2008. Martínez Verdugo, Arnaldo a—Jan. 12, 1925. b—Pericos, Mocorito, Sinaloa. c—Early education unknown; studied painting at La Esmeralda School of Painting and Sculpture, Secretariat of Public Education, 1944–1946. d—Plurinominal federal deputy from PCM, 1979–1982; plurinominal federal deputy from PSUM, 1985–1988; plurinominal federal deputy from PRD, 1995–1997; delegate of Coyoacán, government of the Federal District, 1997. e—Joined PCM, 1946; director, Organizing Committee, PCM Communist Youth, 1948–1950; member, Regional Committee, PCM, Federal District, 1952–1959; alternate member, Central Committee, PCM 12th Congress, 1954; member, Regional Committee, PCM, Federal District, 1959; member, Organizing Committee, PCM 13th Congress; member, Secretariat of the Central Committee, PCM, 1960–1963; secretary-general, PCM, 1963–1983; member, Political Committee, PSUM, 1981–1987; secretary-general, PSUM, 1981–1982; PSUM presidential candidate, 1981–1982; joined PRD. f—None. g—Joined

Workers’ and Peasants’ Alliance of Mexico, 1947; member, Executive Committee, Local No. 4, National Union of Paper Workers. h—Industrial worker, 1940–1943; moved to Mexico City to work at San Rafael Paper Co., 1943. i—Son of Yssac Martínez Ortega, peasant and agricultural industry worker, and Silvana Verdugo Verdugo; common-law marriage to Martha Recasens Díaz de León. j—None. k—Defeated Alejandro Gascón Mercado for PSUM nomination for president, 1981. l—HA, Nov. 15, 1981, 16; Almanaque de México, 15; Análisis Político, May, 1982; HA, Feb. 12, 1979, 26; Protag., 218–219; Excélsior, June 6, 1981, 6, 8. Martínez (Villicaña), José Luis a—Apr. 1, 1939. b—Uruapan, Michoacán. c—Early education unknown; degree in agricultural engineering from National School of Agriculture, 1956–1962; graduate studies in statistical methods, 1973; secretary, National School of Agriculture, 1967. d—Governor, Michoacán. e—Coordinator of agrarian reform and rural development, IEPES of PRI, 1979–1981. f—Assistant director of colonization, Department of Agrarian Affairs, 1962–1963; chief of evaluation of agricultural projects for FIRA, Bank of Mexico, 1963–1965; regional evaluator, FIRA, States of Mexico, Hidalgo, Morelos, and Guerrero, 1965–1967; chief of operations, FIRA, 1969–1972; administrative director of public relations, Guanos and Fertilizers of Mexico, 1972–1976; director of planning, Secretariat of Agrarian Reform, 1978–1980; assistant director, Azufrera Panamericana and Cía. Exploradora del Istmo, 1980–1981; assistant secretary of planning and agrarian infrastructure, Secretariat of Agrarian Reform, 1981–1982; secretary of agrarian reform, 1982–1986; director general of federal highways and bridges, 1988–1993; director general of airports and auxiliary services, 1993–1994. g—Secretary-general, College of Agricultural Engineers, 1975–1977; president, Student Society, National School of Engineering, 1956. h—None. i—Son of Jesús Martínez García, farmer, who worked with

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Lázaro Cárdenas, and Soledad Villicaña Baraja; married Erika Hinsen Martínez. j—None. k—Removed from governorship after Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas won the state in the 1988 presidential elections. l—IEPES; Q es QAP, 377; Protag., 219; Excélsior, Dec. 1, 1982, 34; News, Dec. 2, 1982, 8; HA, Dec. 13, 1982, 16; DBGM, 273; DBGM92, 230; HA, Feb. 18, 1986, 13; HA, Feb. 11, 1986, 23. Martino Torres, César (Deceased 1969) a—1905. b—Sacramento, Durango. c—Agricultural engineering degree from School of Agriculture, Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua, 1927. d—Federal deputy from State of Jalisco, Dist. 9, 1937–1940. e—Secretary of agrarian action, CEN of PRM, 1938. f—Member, Cultural Missions Program, Secretariat of Public Education, 1929–1932; director general, Workers’ Bank, 1940; director general, National Bank of Agricultural Credit, 1940–1946; head, 5th Advisory Office, Department of Agrarian Affairs, 1964–1969; adviser to the Office of the Presidency, 1969. g—Founding member, National Farmers’ Confederation; 1st secretary of union action, National Farmers’ Confederation; founder and president, Mexican Agronomy Society. h—Founder and director general, Constructora el Guadiana, SA; writer, Hoy, Siempre, Excélsior. j—None. k—Precandidate for secretarygeneral of CNC, 1941, 1962; supporter of General Henríquez Guzmán for president, 1952. l—DP70, 1277; DPE65, 171; González Navarro, 137, 168, 232; C de D, 1937–1939; Cadena Z., 143; Casasola, V; Enc. Mex., VIII, 1977, 324; Contreras, 105. Martuscelli Quintana, Jaime a—Jan. 17, 1941. b—Guadalupe de los Reyes, Sinaloa. c—Early education unknown; medical degree from National School of Medicine, UNAM, 1958–1964; PhD in biochemistry from UNAM, 1973; postdoctoral studies at University of Colorado, Denver, 1967–1969; professor, UNAM, 1965–2005; director, Institute for Biomedical Research, UNAM, 1970–1981; researcher, Institute for Biomedical Research, 1978–1981; coordinator

of scientific research, UNAM, 1981–1985; director, Center for Technical Innovation, UNAM, 1989–1993; secretary-general, UNAM, 1995–1996. d—None. e—None. f—Adviser to assistant director of medicine, IMSS, 1969–1976; assistant secretary of health regulations and development, Secretariat of Health, 1985–1988; assistant director of scientific research, CONACYT, 1997–2000. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Alfonso Martuscelli Feola and Carmen Quintana Quintero; married Ada Méndez Franco, biologist. j—None. k—None. l—Musacchio, 271–272; DBGM87, 243. Massieu Berlanga, Andrés a—Feb. 17, 1949. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; accounting degree from School of Business Administration and Accounting, UNAM, 1968–1970; degree in industrial relations, Ibero-American University, 1970–1974, with thesis on administrative salary system. d—None. e—None. f—Messenger, Personnel Department, Bank of Mexico, 1967; calculator, Foreign Debt Department, Bank of Mexico; analyst, Technical Loans Office, Bank of Mexico, 1974; coordinator of presidential travel, 1983–1985; assistant secretary to President Miguel de la Madrid, 1985–1987; personal secretary to Carlos Salinas, 1987–1988; private secretary to President Carlos Salinas, 1988–1993; assistant secretary of communications and technical development, Secretariat of Communications and Transportation, 1993–1994; coordinator of religious affairs, Secretariat of Government, 1994. g—None. h—Manager of industrial relations, CocaCola of Mexico, 1974–1979; director of personnel, Lanzagorta Group, 1979–1982; member, Board of Directors, Consorcio Ara, 2004. i—Son of Luis Massieu Sáenz de Sicilia, engineer and cousin of Wilfrido Massieu Pérez and Guillermo Massieu Helguera, and Alicia Berlanga Sepúlveda; married María de los Ángeles Fernández Perera; became friends with Emilio Gamboa, secretary of communications, 1993, at Ibero-American University; cousin of José

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Ruiz Massieu, brother-in-law of President Salinas and secretary-general of CEN of PRI, 1994; close friend of Jorge Carpizo since student at UNAM; worked in Economic Studies Department of Bank of Mexico with Manuel Camacho Solís. j—None. k—None. l—Proceso, Jan. 11, 1988, 20; DBGM87, 243; DBGM89, 222; DBGM92, 231. Massieu (Helguera), Guillermo

(Deceased Feb. 28, 1985) a—Oct. 7, 1920. b—San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí. c—Elementary studies at Colegio Luis G. León and Colegio San Borja, Mexico City, 1926–1934; secondary and preparatory studies at Vocational School No. 1, 1935–1940; chemical engineering degree from National School of Biological Sciences, IPN, with specialization in chemical bacteriology, Nov. 21, 1946; graduate studies at Oxford University, 1954– 1955; PhD in biochemistry from National School of Biological Sciences, IPN, 1963; assistant director, National School of Biological Sciences, IPN, 1956–1957; professor, IPN, 1943–1950; professor, UNAM, 1951–1956; professor of medical chemistry, UNAM, 1957–1958. d—None. e—None. f—Head of laboratories, National School of Medicine, UNAM, 1945–1953; researcher, Department of Physiology, UNAM, 1947–1953; head of laboratory, National Institute of Nutrition, 1956; researcher, Institute of Biology, UNAM, 1958–1961; director general, IPN, 1964–1970; director, Center for Research and Advanced Studies, IPN, 1970–1977; assistant secretary of scientific research and education, 1978–1979. g—None. h—Author of hundreds of articles on biological sciences. i—Son of Wilfrido Massieu Pérez, director general of IPN, 1940–1942, and María Helguera; married Yolanda Trigo Mesta; uncle of José Francisco Ruiz Massieu, governor of Guerrero, secretary-general of PRI, 1994, and brother-in-law of Carlos Salinas de Gortari; cousin of Andrés Massieu Berlanga, personal secretary to President Carlos Salinas, 1988–1993. j—None. k—None. l—Hoy, Jan. 21, 1967, 60; BdM, 175–178; HA, Dec. 21, 1964, 7; MGF69; Enc. Mex., VIII, 333–334;

HA, Apr. 17, 1978, 10; HA, Dec. 8, 1975, 13; DAPC, 46; WNM, 144; Excélsior, Mar. 1, 1985, 25; DP95, 215–216. Massieu (Pérez), Wilfrido (Deceased Mar. 26, 1944) a—Dec. 27, 1878. b—Tacubaya, Federal District. c—Elementary studies at private school; preparatory studies at National Preparatory School; engineering studies at National Military College, 1896– 1904, graduating as lieutenant of engineers, Dec. 4, 1904; professor of communications, Military Aspirants School, 1911; professor, IPN. d—None. e—None. f—Director, Military Industry College, San Luis Potosí, 1920–1921; director, College of Railroad Workers, Secretariat of Public Education, 1921 (which became Technical Industrial Institute and then IPN in 1937); director general, IPN, 1940–1942. g—None. h—None. i—Son Guillermo was director general of IPN, 1964–1970; close friend and colleague of José Vasconcelos; son of Luis Massieu Redding and Clotilde Pérez Arévalo; married María Mercedes Helguera Ceballos; daughter María del Refugio Massieu Quintanilla, prominent poet; grandfather of José Francisco Ruiz Massieu, governor of Guerrero; grandson of Victor Massieu, French inventor of daguerreotype, and Mariana Redding; aunt María Luisa Florencia Massieu Pérez, second wife of Emilio Rabasa, senator and governor of Chiapas and grandfather of Emilio Oscar Rabasa, secretary of foreign relations, 1971–1975; cousin of Luis Massieu Sáinz, father of Andrés Massieu Berlanga. j—Career army officer; rank of 2nd infantry lieutenant, 1901; joined War Ministry staff, 1914; commander of a bridge-building company, 1910–1911; officer, Corps of Engineers, 1903–1913; rank of 2nd captain, Dec. 26, 1906; rank of 1st captain, 1909; rank of major, Apr. 28, 1911; rank of lieutenant colonel, Feb. 10, 1913; head of numerous engineering projects in the army; rank of colonel, July 10, 1913; chief of staff, Military Column, under General Joaquín Maas Flores, Coahuila, 1913; served under General Huerta against Carranza; rank of

t he b io g ra phies  613

brigadier general, Feb. 12, 1914; opposed revolutionary forces of Pablo González in Monterrey, Nuevo León. k—Received appointment as director of Industrial Military School in San Luis Potosí because of longtime friendship with Governor Severino Martínez. l—DP70, 1280–1281; Enc. Mex., VIII, 333; Rev. de Ejer., June, 1971, 5–7; Cuevas, 356; www.gw5.geneanet.org.mx, 2008; www.paginasprodigy.com, 2009. Matos Escobedo, Rafael (Deceased 1967) a—July 28, 1893. b—Oxkutzcab, Yucatán. c—Elementary and secondary studies in Oxkutzcab; preparatory studies in Yucatán; professional studies in law at University of the Southeast, Mérida, Yucatán; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, Sept. 20, 1922; professor, University of Veracruz; professor of penal law, National School of Law, UNAM; professor of penal law, Graduate Studies Dept., National School of Law, UNAM, 1964–1967. d—Senator from State of Yucatán, 1964–1970. e—Active in Liberal Party, Yucatán. f—Oficial mayor, State Legislature of Yucatán; secretary, Third Civil Court, Mexico City, 1923; judge, Eighth Correctional Tribunal, 1930; judge, Third Correctional Tribunal, 1930; judge, Sixth Penal Court, 1931; district judge, State of Veracruz, 1941–1946; assistant attorney general of Mexico, 1946–1950; supernumerary justice, Supreme Court, 1951–1952, 1952–1958; justice, Supreme Court, 1959–1964. g—None. h—Author of numerous articles on penal law and a book on law. i—Graduated with Francisco González de la Vega from National School of Law, 1922; served with or under González de la Vega in many government positions; mentor of Víctor Manzanilla Schaffer; son of José E. Matos and Adoralida Escobedo. j—None. k—PRI precandidate for governor of Yucatán, 1963– 1964. l—DBM68, 424; DGF51, 568; DP70, 1285; MGF69, 106; WWMG, 26. Mayagoitia Domínguez, Héctor a—Jan. 7, 1923. b—Federal District. c—Elementary studies in Gómez Palacio, Durango; Jiménez, Chihuahua; Torreón, Coahuila;

secondary studies at School for Workers’ Children, Lerdo, Durango; preparatory studies at National Preparatory School, Coyoacán, Federal District; attended IPN, 1942–1946, chemistry degree in bacteriology and parasitology from IPN, 1946; soil chemistry studies at Rutgers University, New Brunswick, N.J., 1948; PhD in chemistry from IPN; professor of chemical sciences, IPN, 1948–1965; assistant director, National School of Biological Sciences, IPN, 1948–1952; director general, IPN, Dec. 14, 1979–1982; professor emeritus, IPN, 2006. d—Governor, Durango, 1974–1979; senator from Durango, 1988–1994. e—Member, Youth Action Committee, PRI; secretary of external and internal affairs, Federation of Mexican Youth, 1945; member, IEPES of PRI. f—Founder and director, Chemical Laboratory for Soils and Plants, National School of Biological Sciences, IPN, 1949– 1964; private secretary to director general of IPN, 1964–1966; director general of technological instruction, Secretariat of Public Education, 1966–1970; assistant secretary of technical instruction and graduate studies, Secretariat of Public Education, 1970–1974; director general, CONACYT, 1982–1988. g—Secretary-general, Student Society, National School of Biological Sciences, 1945; secretary-general, SNTE delegation to IPN, 1951; alternate secretary-general, Local No. 10, SNTE, 1958–1960; secretary, Editorial Committee, CEN of SNTE, 1960–1966. h—Representative of Secretariat of Public Education to National Commission of Productivity. i—Married María Luisa Prado; son of Luis Mayagoitia Alba, railroad worker, and Guadalupe Domínguez Pulido. j—None. k—Defeated Senator Gámiz Fernández for gubernatorial nomination; PRI precandidate for senator from Durango, 1982. l—HA, Dec. 14, 1970, 22; Excélsior, Mar. 12, 1974, 12; Excélsior, Jan. 25, 1974; MGF69, 312; HA, Mar. 11, 1974, 36; HA, Dec. 24, 1979, 10; Excélsior, Dec. 26, 1981, 16; QesQAP, 505–506; DBGM, 275; www.anuies .mx, 2009.

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a—Feb. 6, 1949. b—Villahermosa, Tabasco. c—Early education unknown; degree in political science from School of Political and Social Sciences, UNAM, 1971–1974. d—Venustiano Carranza delegate to Department of the Federal District, 1982; Cuajimalpa delegate to Department of the Federal District, 1988; senator from State of Tabasco, 1994–2000; plurinominal federal deputy from PRI, 2000–2003, resigned from PRI and joined PRD, Mar. 14, 2002. e—Joined PRI, 1970; founding member, Galileo Group, prodemocracy organization in Senate, 1997; general delegate of CEN of PRI to Nuevo León, Guanajuato, and Zacatecas; president of PRI, Tabasco, 1992–1993; resigned from PRI, 2002; assistant secretary of organization, CEN of PRI; member, National Council of PRI. f—Cultural attaché, Mexican embassy, Spain; secretary of commerce and public works, Tabasco, 1983–1987; secretary general of government, Tabasco, 1988; coordinator of state delegations, Banobras, 1989; Secretary of economy and social development, Tabasco, 1993. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Dr. Rodolfo Mayans and Aurora María Canabal; married Beatriz E. Hermida; father founded first hospital in Southeast, 1932; brother Fernando Mayans Canabal, federal deputy from State of Tabasco, Dist. 4, 2006–2009. j—None. k—None. l—QesQ en el Congreso, 1997–2000, 313; QesQ en el Congreso, 2000–2003, 219–120; DCM, 2000–2003, 392; www.secgob.gob.mc, 1997, 2007; Musacchio, 272. Mayés Navarro, Antonio (Deceased) a—Oct. 7, 1905. b—Jiquilpan, Michoacán. c—Early education unknown; secondary studies at Colegio de San Nicolás; no degree. d—Federal deputy from State of Michoacán, 1934–1937; president, left wing of Chamber of Deputies, 1935; president, Permanent Committee of Congress, 1935–1937; local deputy, State Legislature of Michoacán; senator from State of Michoacán, 1940–1946, president of Insurance

Committee, 1st secretary of National Properties and the Credit, Money, and Credit Institutions committees, and alternate member of Waters and Irrigation Committee. e—Secretary of agrarian action, CEN of PNR, 1936; member, Policy Directorate, Popular Party, 1949. f—None. g—None. h—Journalist. j—None. k—None. l—Libro de Oro, 1946, 9; López, 675–676; Casasola, V; Villaseñor, II, 175. Mayoral Heredia, Manuel (Deceased) a—1898. b—Oaxaca, Oaxaca. c—Elementary and secondary studies in Oaxaca; preparatory studies in Oaxaca; engineering degree from University of Oaxaca; postgraduate studies at Stanford University. d—Governor, Oaxaca, 1950–July 31, 1952. e—None. f—Assistant secretary of public works, 1946–1950. g—None. j—None. k—Resigned under pressure after unpopular tax law caused a riot and general strike, resulting in several deaths. l—DGF51, II, 523; Scott, 276; NYT, July 3, 1952, 5; NYT, Aug. 5, 1952, 4; DGF47, 143; DGF51, I, 91; Brandenburg, 103; Anderson. Mayorga Castañeda, Francisco a—Apr. 17, 1951. b—Guadalajara, Jalisco. c—Early education unknown; economics degree from ITAM; BA and MA from ITESM, Monterrey. d—None. e—None. f—Secretary of rural development, Jalisco, 1995–2000; director of assistance and services to commercial agriculture, Jalisco, 2000–2002; secretary of agriculture and livestock, 2005– 2006, 2009– . g—Director, Agroindustrial Council, Jalisco; president, CONCAMIN, Jalisco, 1981; vice president, CONCAMIN, Jalisco, 1982–1983, 1991. h—Agricultural industrialist, Jalisco; director, various business groups. i—Son of Salvador Mayorga Cameros, president of National Cattleman’s Federation, 1966, 1974; father ran as PAN candidate for federal deputy, Jalisco, Dist. 5, 1949. j—None. k—None. l—www.fox.presi dencia.gob.mx, 2006; www.es.wikipedia .org, 2008; www.sagarpa.gob.mx, 2006. Meade Kuribreña, José Antonio a—Feb. 27, 1969. b—Federal District. c—Early

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education unknown; economics degree from ITAM, graduating with honorable mention; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM; PhD in economics from Yale University; professor of economics, ITAM. d—None. e—None. f—Economist, National Commission of Securities and Finances; director general of financial planning, National Commission of the Retirement Savings System; assistant secretary of savings protections, Institute for the Protection of Bank Savings; director general, Savings Bank, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1998; director general, BANRURAL, 2002; coordinator of advisers of the secretary of the treasury, 2006; assistant secretary of income, 2008– . g—None. h—None. j—None. k—None. l—www.fox.presidencia.gob.mx, 2010; www.geni.com, 2010; www.eluniver sal.com, 2010; www.apartados.hacienda .gob.mx, 2010. Meade García de León, Dionisio Alfredo

a—Feb. 12, 1944. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; studies in economics at National School of Economics, UNAM, 1961–1965, graduating June 24, 1966; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM; professor of economics, political science, and law, UNAM. d—Plurinominal federal deputy from PRI, 1997–2000. e—Joined PRI, 1972; assistant director of social administration, CEN of PRI. f—Director, International Affairs Department, Mexican Institute of Foreign Trade, 1971–1972; director, Department of Trade Negotiations, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1973; assistant director general of industry, Secretariat of Industry and Commerce, 1974–1976; assistant manager of international finance and trade policy, Bank of Mexico, 1977–1979; director of international affairs, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1980; general coordinator, INFONAVIT, 1981–1982; director general of tax promotion, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1983–1988; assistant secretary of legislative liaison, Secretariat of Government, 2005–2006; technical secretary, Treasury Committee, Chamber of

Deputies, 1995–1997. g—None. h—Lawyer, Legal Department, Bancomer, 1967–1970; director, Services Division, Somex Bank, 1989–1992; consultant, 2007. i—Son of Luis Meade Gómez, CPA, and Gracia García de León Avellaneda; married Lucía Kuri Breña Orvaños, daughter of founder and member of CEN of PAN, Daniel Kuri Breña; brother Jorge Federico, controller general of Department of the Federal District, 1992–1994 j—None. k—None. l—QesQ en el Congreso, 1997–2000, 200–201; DBGM84, 276. Medellín Milán, José Manuel a—June 10, 1947. b—Ciudad Valles, San Luis Potosí. c—Early education unknown; chemical engineering studies at University of San Luis Potosí, 1965–1969, graduating 1970. d—Alternate federal deputy from State of San Luis Potosí, Dist. 6, 1991–1994, but replaced Horacio Sánchez Unzueta, 1992; senator from San Luis Potosí, 1994–2000; federal deputy from State of San Luis Potosí, Dist. 4, 2000–2003. e—Joined PRI, 1976; general delegate of CEN of PRI, Zacatecas, Aguascalientes, and Nuevo León, 1990. f—Assistant director of industry, Secretariat of Government Properties, 1978–1982; adviser to secretary of energy and mines, Francisco Labastida, 1982–1984; director general, Social Workers’ Trust Fund for Sugarcane Workers, 1984–1988; general manager, NAFIN, San Luis Potosí, 1988–1990; coordinator, National Solidarity Program, San Luis Potosí, 1990–1991; director of planning, National Solidarity Program, Federal District, 1992. g—General manager, National Chemical Industries Assoc. 1972– 1976. h—Manager of engineering, Gamesa, SACV, 1970–1971. i—Married Carmen Gloria Mayoral; brother Gerardo, director of potable water, Ciudad Valles, and candidate for mayor of San Luis Potosí. j—None. k—None. l—QesQ en el Congreso, 1997– 2000, 314; DCM, 2000–2003, 238; QesQ en el Congreso, 2000, 220; Musacchio, 274; www.secgob.gob.mx, 1997, 2007. Medellín Ostos, Octavio (Deceased 1952) a—July 9, 1896. b—Ozuluama de

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Mascareñas, Veracruz. c—Preparatory studies in Jalapa and at National Preparatory School; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM; professor of law, National School of Law, UNAM; professor of economics, National School of Economics, UNAM; professor of ethics, National Preparatory School; normal school teacher. d—None. e—Leader, with Adolfo López Mateos, José Vasconcelos movement, 1928–1929. f—Secretary-general of government, Department of the Federal District, 1945. g—None. h—Author of many works; director of journal Social Action; director of law association journal; practicing lawyer, 1925–1952. i—Brother of Roberto Medellín Ostos, secretary-general of health, 1935–1937; practiced law with Julio Rodolfo Moctezuma Cid; uncle of Jorge León Medellín, assistant secretary of government properties, 1964– 1970. j—None. k—Member of Seven Wise Men generation of National Preparatory School and National School of Law; formed campaign group to support candidacy of Adolfo Ruiz Cortines; defended Valentín Campa against government indictment, 1947. l—DP70, 1296; WWM45, 75; Peral, 512; Hoy, Apr. 29, 1972, 3; Enc. Mex., VIII, 395; Campa, 221; Illescas, 540. Medellín Ostos, Roberto (Deceased Mar. 5, 1941) a—Apr. 29, 1881. b—Finca Repartidero, Tantoyuca, Veracruz. c—Elementary studies in Tantoyuca; preparatory studies at National Preparatory School; engineering degree from National School of Engineering, UNAM, 1908; professor of chemistry, National Preparatory School; professor, National School of Medicine, UNAM; secretary, UNAM; professor of graduate studies, UNAM; director of natural sciences, National Preparatory School; director of technical instruction, School of Chemical Sciences, UNAM; secretarygeneral and rector, UNAM, Sept. 12, 1932– Oct. 15, 1933; director general, IPN, 1937. d—None. e—Supporter of José Vasconcelos, 1928–1929. f—Prosector of botany, National Preparatory School; head, Chemistry

Department, National Medical Institute; oficial mayor, Secretariat of Public Education, 1934–1935, under Eduardo Vasconcelos; secretary-general, Department of Public Health, 1935–1937. g—None. h—Author of numerous works on botany. i—Brother of Octavio Medellín Ostos; father of Jorge Medellín León, assistant secretary of government properties, 1964–1970; married María Teresa Sánchez. j—None. k—Organizer of school breakfast program. l—WWLA40, 316; Gruening, 535; López, 678; Enc. Mex., VIII, 395; WWLA35, 244; Raby, 23; Skirius, 205; Illescas, 383–384. Medellín (Sánchez), Jorge León

(Deceased) a—May, 1916. b—Federal District. c—Architecture degree from National School of Architecture, UNAM, 1939. d—None. e—None. f—Architect, Department of Pre-Hispanic Monuments, Federal District, 1939; head, General Protection Department, Secretariat of Labor, 1944–1945; member, ILO, 1945–1947; architect, National Railroads of Mexico, 1947–1951; director general, Buenavista Project, National Railroads of Mexico, 1952–1953; director general, Planning Council, National Railroads of Mexico, 1953–1955; assistant director of studies and programs, National Railroads of Mexico, 1955–1960; director general, Construction Commission for National Medical Centers, 1960–1961; technical adviser, CONASUPO, 1961–1965; designer of highways in Federal District; urban adviser to head of Department of the Federal District; assistant secretary of government properties, 1966–1970; head of construction, IMSS, 1970–1972. g—President of various architectural associations. h—None. i—Married Enriqueta Ortega, architect; son of Roberto Medellín Ostos, secretary-general of health, 1935–1937, and María Teresa Sánchez; nephew of Octavio Medellín Ostos; son Jorge was a director general in Secretariat of Foreign relations. j—None. k—None. l—DPE65, 76; DBM68, 426; DBM70, 372; HA, Dec. 21, 1970, 23; Enc. Mex., VIII, 395; WNM.

t he b io g ra phies  617 Medina Alonso, Edgardo a—July 13, 1913. b—Mérida, Yucatán. c—Elementary studies in Mérida; preparatory studies in Mérida, 1927–1932; medical degree from School of Medicine, University of Yucatán, 1933–1939; member, University Council, University of Yucatán; secretary, School of Medicine, University of Yucatán. d—Local deputy, State Legislature of Yucatán, Dist. 7, 1947–1949; senator from State of Yucatán, 1958–1964, president of Administrative Committee, 1st Secretary of Health and the Military Sanitation committees, president of Insurance Committee, and member of 2nd Balloting Group and the Special Legislative Studies committees. e—None. f—Physician, Medical Services, Isla Mujeres, Quintana Roo, 1939–1941. g—President, Circle of Preparatory Students of Yucatán; cofounder, Student Revolutionary Party of Yucatán; founder and director of University of Yucatán student newspaper, El Preparatoriano; president, Circle of Medical Students, 1933–1939. h—Department head, O’Horan Hospital, Mérida. j—None. k—Introduced dermatology to Yucatán, at O’Horan Hospital. l—Func., 402; C de S, 1961–1964, 61; www.yucatanalamano.com, Apr. 30, 2008; www.congresoyucatan.gob.mx, 2008. Medina Ascencio, Francisco (Deceased Sept. 15, 1993) a—Oct. 22, 1910. b—Arandas, Jalisco. c—Elementary studies in Guadalajara, Jalisco, preparatory studies at University of Guadalajara; law degree from University of Guadalajara, 1933; teacher of secondary night school, Federal District; professor, School of Economics, University of Guadalajara; director, Seminar on Finance Law, School of Law, University of Guadalajara; founding teacher, Night School for Workers in Federal District. d—Member, City Council, Guadalajara, 1956–1958; mayor, Guadalajara, 1962–1964; governor, Jalisco, 1965–1971. e—None. f—Judge, Third Court of Appeals, Guadalajara; secretary, Eighth Judicial District, Federal District; secretary, First Division, Superior Tribunal of Justice, Federal District; lawyer for the

director of pensions, ISSSTE; secretary, Arbitration Tribunal for Federal Employees, Federal District; treasurer, Jalisco, 1953–1956; director of pensions, State of Jalisco; director of national properties, Secretariat of Government Properties, 1958; ambassador to Italy, 1971–1975. g—Founding member, Union of Workers of the Superior Tribunal of Justice of the Federal District; secretary of promotion, Union of Workers of the Superior Tribunal of Justice of the Federal District. h—Employed as porter, First Criminal Court, Federal District; scribe, First Criminal Court, Federal District; practicing lawyer, 1977. i—Close personal friend of Gustavo Díaz Ordaz; married Concepción Jiménez, May 29, 1936. j—None. k—Wrote 2 novels in the 1940s. l—WWW70–71, 630; Enc. Mex., VIII, 415; Siempre, Jan. 14, 1959, 6; DBM70, 372–373; Hoy, Mar. 13, 1971, 10; DBM68, 427; DGF56, 95; Excélsior, Aug. 22, 1978, 22; Proceso, July 21, 1980, 26; www .omnibiography.com, 2009. Medina de la Cruz, Rodrigo a—Sept. 9, 1972. b—Monterrey, Nuevo León. c—Early education unknown; legal sciences degree from Universidad Regiomontaño, Nuevo León, 1997; MA in comparative international law, 2002. d—Federal deputy from State of Nuevo León, Dist. 2, 2006–2007, president of Public Security Committee; governor, Nuevo León, 2009– . e—Member of PRI; adviser, State Committee of PRI, 2005–2007. f—Regional delegate, National Migration Institute; technical secretary, Intelligence and Security Committee, Nuevo León; assistant secretary of citizen attention and religious affairs, secretary general of government, Nuevo León; secretary general of government, Nuevo León, 2007–2008. g—None. h—None. i—Married Greta Salinas. j—None. k—None. l—www.eluniversal .com.mx, July 5, 2007; www.es.wikipedia .org, 2010; DCM, 2006–2009, 193. Medina Esteva de Márquez, Genoveva

a—Jan. 3, 1921. b—Oaxaca, Oaxaca. c—Early education unknown; no degree. d—Member, City Council of Oaxaca,

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1962–1965; alternate local deputy, State Legislature of Oaxaca; alternate federal deputy from State of Oaxaca, Dist. 9, 1973–1976; local deputy, State Legislature of Oaxaca (twice); federal deputy from State of Oaxaca, Dist. 5, 1979–1982. e—Represented Union of Vendors of Public Markets of Oaxaca, José López Portillo’s presidential campaign, Oaxaca, 1976; women’s secretary, CNOP of PRI, Luis Echeverría campaign, Oaxaca, 1970; women’s secretary, CNOP of Oaxaca, 1981. f—None. g—Joined Popular Movement of Oaxaca, 1953; secretary-general and founder, Union of Vendors of Public Markets, Oaxaca. i—Married Ángel Márquez Colmenares; son Ángel, general coordinator of Oaxaca mining council. j—None. k—None. l—C de D, 1973–1976; C de D, 1979–1982; Romero Aceves, 710–712; www .xeouradio.com, July 9, 2007. Medina (Gaona), Hilario (Deceased July 24, 1964) a—June 26, 1891. b—León, Guanajuato. c—Elementary studies at Porfirio Díaz Model School, León; preparatory studies at Preparatory School of León and National Preparatory School, 1918; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM; professor of history, National Preparatory School; professor of constitutional law, National School of Law, UNAM, 1930. d—Deputy to the Constitutional Convention from State of Guanajuato, Dist. 8, 1916–1917, considered a Jacobin; senator from Federal District, 1958–1964, member of Gran Comisión, Committee on the Department of the Federal District, Rules Committee, president of 2nd Justice Committee, member of 1st Committee on Government and 1st Constitutional Affairs Committee. e—None. f—Assistant secretary in charge of foreign relations, 1919–1920; justice, Supreme Court, 1941–1957; chief justice, Supreme Court, 1953, 1957–1958. g—None. h—Librarian during last year in law school to earn money to finish degree. i—Son of Romualdo Medina, businessman, and Leovigilda Gaona García; brother Francisco, professor at UNAM; married Raquel Meléndez. j—Active in

the Revolution. k—Important member of Carranza administration; his public career suffered after Carranza was murdered in 1920. l—DGF51, I, 568; C de S, 1961–1964, 61; STYRBIWW, 54, 892; Enc. Mex., V, 36; Peral, 513; DGF47, 29; DP70, 1299; WWM45, 75; DGF56, 567; Func., 174; Enc. Mex., VIII, 414; Linajes, 173–174. Medina Medina, Calixto (Deceased Dec. 2005) a—Jan. 22, 1923. b—Huanusco, Zacatecas. c—Elementary studies in public schools in Aguascalientes and Zacatecas; secondary studies at Institute of Sciences of Aguascalientes; preparatory studies at Institute of Sciences of Aguascalientes; medical degree from National School of Medicine, UNAM. d—Local deputy, State Legislature of Zacatecas; federal deputy from State of Zacatecas, Dist. 1, 1967–1970, member of Gran Comisión; senator from State of Zacatecas, 1970–1976, president of 2nd Mines Committee, member of Gran Comisión. e—Joined PRI, 1952; participant in various PRI campaigns. f—None. None. g—Secretary of professional action, CNOP, Zacatecas; secretary of organization, CNOP, Zacatecas; secretary-general, CNOP, State of Zacatecas. h—Director, Health Center, General Hospital, Jalapa, Zacatecas. i—Married Jovita Llamas. j—None. k—None. l—C de D, 1967–1970; C de S, 1970–1976, 79; PS, 3920; www.inafed.gob.mx, 2008. Medina Mora (Icaza), Eduardo Tomás

a—Jan. 30, 1957. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, 1976–1980. d—None. e—Joined PRI, 1977. f—Assistant director, International Policy Department, Evaluation Analysis Division, Secretariat of Programming and Budget, 1977–1979; department head, CONASUPO, 1982; private secretary to assistant secretary of fishing infrastructure, Secretariat of Fishing, 1982–1983; director, CISEN, 2000–2005; secretary of public security, 2005–2006; attorney general of Mexico, 2006–2009. g—National adviser, CCE. h—Lawyer, Medina-Mora, Associates; director of corporate

t he b io g ra phies  619

planning, DESC; assistant director, DESC; member, Board of Directors, DESC, with Luis Téllez and Valentín Diez Morodo. i—Son of Raúl Medina Mora Martín del Campo, lawyer, and María Luisa Icaza Conrey; brother Manuel, director general and president, Banamex, and associated with Roberto Hernández Ramírez, leading capitalist; grandfather Fernando Medina, general manager of Banamex, Lagos de Moreno, Jalisco; uncle Óscar Medina Mora Martín del Campo, cardiologist. j—None. k—None. l—www.poresto.net, Dec. 3, 2006; www.wikipedia, 2006; www.pgr.gob.mx, 2007; D de Y, July 30, 2006; DBGM87, 246; www.lideresmexicanos.com, Oct. 3, 2003. Medina Muñoz, Alberto a—Aug. 7, 1922. b—Zapotán, Municipio of Compostela, Nayarit. c—Elementary studies in Compostela; normal studies in Guadalajara, Jalisco; teaching certificate. d—Mayor, Tepic, Nayarit, 1955–1957; local deputy, State Legislature of Nayarit, 1951–1954; senator from State of Nayarit, 1958–1964, secretary of Gran Comisión, president of 2nd Credit, Money, and Credit Institutions Committee, 2nd secretary of Rules and Foreign and Domestic Trade committees. e—President of PRI, Nayarit. f—President, Board of Moral, Civic, and Material Improvement, 1976. g—Secretary-general, League of Agrarian Communities of Nayarit; member, CNC National Committee. h—Fisherman. i—Son José Luis Medina Aguiar was senator from Nayarit, 1994–2000. j—None. k—None. l—Func., 287; C de S, 1961–1964, 62; C de D, 1997–2000. Medina Neri, Héctor a—Dec. 25, 1921. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; engineering degree. d—None. e—None. f—Director of tourism delegations, Toluca, State of Mexico, 1961; manager, Refrigeradora de Tapepan, Secretariat of Industry and Commerce; assistant secretary of fishing, Secretariat of Industry and Commerce, 1970–1976. g—None. h—Employee, El Heraldo de México. j—None. k—Helped to promote

development of fish products in Mexico. l—HA, Dec. 14, 1970, 21; DPE61, 131. Medina Padilla, José Ramón a—Mar. 29, 1959. b—Zacatecas, Zacatecas. c—Early education unknown; accounting degree from University of Zacatecas; MA studies in tax law, University of Zacatecas; professor, Accounting Department, University of Zacatecas, 1986–1988. d—Mayor, Zacatecas, 1982–1985; plurinominal federal deputy from PAN, 1988–1991; senator from Zacatecas, 1994–2000, president of Inspection Committee. e—Joined PAN, 1982; national adviser, CEN of PAN; PAN candidate for governor of Zacatecas, 1992; president, Regional Committee of PAN, Zacatecas, 2002. f—General accountant, ISSSTE, 1985; ISSSTE delegate the, Zacatecas; federal delegate, Secretariat of the Economy, 2004– 2007; delegate from Secretariat of Social Development, Zacatecas, 2007. g—None. h—General accountant, Medina Sports, 1991–1994; independent public accountant, 2000–2004; major stockholder, Tienda Deportiva, 2000; owner, Skatos, 2001–2008. j—None. k—None. l—www.sedesol.gob. mx, 2008; QesQ en el Congreso, 1997–2000, 269; Musacchio, 274; DBGM89, 492; www .secgob, 1997, 2007. Medina Peña, Luis a—May 31, 1945. b—Monterrey, Nuevo León. c—Early education unknown; law degree from University of Nuevo León, 1962–1966, with thesis on bipolar systems in tension, 1969; degree in international relations from Colegio de México, 1969; MA in Latin American government and politics from University of Essex, 1971, with thesis on student movement of 1968, 1972; PhD from Oxford University, 1976–1977; professor and researcher, Colegio de México, 1972–1982; coordinator, Center for International Studies, Colegio de México, 1972–1976; assistant secretary, Colegio de México, 1977–1979; researcher, CIDE; dean, History Division, CIDE, 2008. d—Federal deputy from State of Nuevo León, Dist. 3, 1979–1982, represented Chamber of Deputies before the Federal Electoral

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Commission. e—Member, Legislative Promotion Committee, CEN of CNOP, 1980; general CNOP delegate to Querétaro, 1981; representative of CEN of CNOP to IEPES of PRI, 1981–1982; representative before the Federal Electoral Comission, 1991. f—Director, Institute of Legislative Research, 1982; director general of scientific research, Secretariat of Public Education, 1983; assistant secretary of educational planning, 1983–1988. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Luis Medina Castillo, lawyer, and Elisa Peña Garza, normal school teacher; married Blanca Torres Ramírez; original mentor of Javier Treviño Cantú, 1979. j—None. k—None. l—C de D, 1979–1982; HA, Dec. 19, 1983, 10; Q es QAP, 318; DBGM87, 246; DBGM, 277; letter. Medina Plascencia, Carlos a—Aug. 14, 1955. b—León, Guanajuato. c—Elementary, secondary, and preparatory studies, Instituto Lux, León; degree in chemical engineering administration from School of Chemical Engineering, ITESM, 1973–1977, with thesis on marketing; MA in business administration from ITESM, Mexico City Campus, 1978–1980; professor, ITESM, León, Guanajuato Campus, 1980–1981. d—Member, City Council, León, 1986–1988; mayor, León, 1989–1991; plurinominal federal deputy from PAN, 1997–2000, coordinator of PAN delegation; senator from Guanajuato, 2000–2006. e—Joined PAN, 1985; finance manager, PAN campaigns for federal deputy, 1988; adviser, PAN, León, 1990; national adviser, PAN, 1991–2007; candidate for president of PAN, 2005; member, CEN of PAN, 1996–2005; precandidate for PAN nomination for president, 2005. f—Interim governor, Guanajuato, 1991–1995. g—Vice president, Entrepreneurial Center of León, 1983–1985; adviser, COPARMEX, 1983–1985. h—Director general, Grupo Suela Medina Torres, 1978–1990; adviser, Banco Internacional and Banpaís, 1980–1984. i—Son of Carlos Medina Torres, industrialist and founder of global leather company, Medina Torres, SACV, 1940, and María del Carmen Plascencia Fonseca;

married Martha Padilla Vega, social worker; grandfather owned a tannery; brother Óscar, director general of Medina Torres since 1990. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM92, 793; Q es Q en el Congreso, 1997–2000, 45; DCM, 2000–2003, 327; www.senado.gob.mx, 2003; Musacchio, 275; Pérez Franco, 224–225; DBGM92, 793; Q es Q en el Congreso, 2000–2003, 309–310; www.usitoday.com, 2008 Medina Romero, Jesús a—Jan. 8, 1921. b—San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí. c—Elementary and secondary studies in San Luis Potosí; preparatory studies in San Luis Potosí; law degree from University of San Luis Potosí; studies in Spanish letters at University of San Luis Potosí. d—Federal deputy from State of San Luis Potosí, Dist. 4, 1946–1949; federal deputy from State of San Luis Potosí, Dist. 1, 1955–1958. e—None. f—Oficial mayor of government, State of San Luis Potosí, 1946–1950. g—None. j—None. k—None. l—Ind. Biog., 102–103; C de D, 1955–1958; C de D, 1946–1949. Medina Valdés, Gerardo (Deceased Aug. 15, 1994) a—Sept. 17, 1926. b—El Oro, State of Mexico. c—Early education unknown; completed elementary school; journalism degree from Carlos Septién García School of Journalism, 1953–1958; professor of journalism, Carlos Septién García School of Journalism, 1954–1958. d—Party deputy from PAN, 1967–1970; party deputy from PAN, 1973–1976; plurinominal federal deputy from PAN, 1982–1985, 1988–1991; plurinominal representative of PAN to Federal District Assembly, 1991–1994. e—PAN candidate for federal deputy, State of Mexico, 1958; PAN candidate for senator, Federal District, 1970; PAN candidate for governor, 1969; PAN candidate for federal deputy, Federal District, 1958, 1979; member, Regional Council of PAN, Federal District, 1979; member, PAN Political Committee, 1972; member, National Council of PAN, 1975–1994; member, CEN of PAN, 1966–1994; press and publicity secretary, CEN of PAN, 1963–1985; delegate of CEN

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of PAN to Sinaloa; director, La Nación, official PAN newspaper, 1963–1989. f—None. g—Member, National Editors’ Union, 1973–1994. h—Author; laborer, Dos Estrellas Mining Co., El Oro, 1942–1945; solderer, MacComber de México, 1954; laborer, Campos Hermanos, 1954. i—Married Celia González; son of Gabino Medina García and María Valdés. j—None. k—None. l—HA, May 14, 1979, 10; C de D, 1982–1985; Directorio, 1982–1985; C de D, 1967–1970; DBGM89, 492; DBGM92, 619; DBGM, 554; Pérez Franco, 225–226. Medina Valtierra, Emma a—July 4, 1959. b—León, Guanajuato. c—Early education unknown; teaching certificate from Instituto América, 1973–1977; elementary school teacher, Kindergarten No. 38. d—Plurinominal federal deputy from PAN, 1982–1985. e—Joined PAN, 1976; director of publicity brigades, PAN; secretary of political education, Youth Committee of PAN, 1981–1982. f—None. g—Coordinator, Women’s Promotion Group, León, 1979. i—Daughter of Rodolfo Medina Tejada, member of City Council of Guanajuato, 1980, and Emma Valtierra Aceves. j—None. k—None. l—C de D, 1982–1985; Directorio, 1982–1985; Lehr, 585; DBGM, 554; www.leon.gob.mx, 2008. Médiz Bolio (Contarell), Antonio

(Deceased Sept. 15, 1957) a—Oct. 13, 1884. b—Mérida, Yucatán. c—Elementary studies in Mérida; secondary studies at Seminario Conciliar Universitario de Mérida and Colegio Católico de San Ildefonso; law degree from School of Law, University of Yucatán, 1907, with thesis on strikes. d—Federal deputy from State of San Luis Potosí, Dist. 4, 1912–1914; federal deputy from State of Yucatán, Dist. 1, 1928–1930; senator from State of Yucatán, 1952–1957, member of Indigenous Affairs Committee, 1st Public Education Committee, 1st Foreign Relations Committee, 1st Balloting Committee, substitute member of National Properties Committee, president of 1st Instructive Committee for the Grand Jury. e—Director of popular culture, PNR, 1936. f—Private

secretary to governor of Yucatán, 1903; secretary, Second Civil Court, Mérida, 1905; director, Bulletin of the Secretariat of Public Education and Bellas Artes of Yucatán, 1912–1913, 1915–1918; director general of fine arts, State of Yucatán, 1918–1919; 2nd secretary, Mexican legation in Spain, 1919; chargé d’affaires, Mexican legation in Spain, 1920; 2nd secretary and chargé d’affaires, Colombia, 1921; 1st secretary and chargé d’affaires, Argentina, 1921–1922; 1st secretary, Sweden, 1923–1924; ambassador to Costa Rica and Nicaragua, 1925–1932; director, Department of Civic Action, 1932–1934; director, Archeology Department, National Museum, 1937–1939. g—None. h—Important figure in development of Yucatán theater. i—Married Lucrecia Cuartas; son of Tomás Médiz and María Bolio y Contarell; uncle of Carlos Loret de Mola; grandson of lawyer Antonio Médiz y Chacón, Supreme Court justice, and lawyer Rafael Bolio Rivas. j—Supported Madero during the Revolution. k—Exiled by Huerta and lived in Havana, 1914–1915. l—DP70, 130; WWM45, 75; DGF56, 8, 9, 10, 12, 13; Peral, 514–515; C de S, 1952–1958; Novo, 543; López, 688; Enc. Mex., VIII, 416; Valdés, 3, 230–231. Medrano (Valdivia), Federico (Deceased 1959) a—Mar. 2, 1896. b—Unión de San Antonio, Jalisco. c—Elementary studies at Colegio de Divino, San Francisco del Rincón; preparatory studies at Colegio de León, 1913–1917; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, 1918–1922; taught at Studies Center, University of Guanajuato, 1917. d—Federal deputy from State of Guanajuato, Dist. 9, 1922–1924, 1924–1926, 1928–1930; federal deputy from State of Guanajuato, Dist. 2, 1930–1932; senator from State of Guanajuato, 1932–1934; senator from State of Guanajuato, 1934–1940; federal deputy from State of Guanajuato, Dist. 3, 1940–1943, president of Chamber of Deputies and party majority leader; senator from State of Guanajuato, 1946–1952, member of Gran Comisión, 1st Petroleum Committee, 2nd Balloting Committee, 2nd Labor

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Committee, Agricultural and Development Committee, substitute member of 1st Committee on National Defense. e—Secretary of education, CEN of PRM, 1934; secretarygeneral, PRM, 1933. f—None. g—Student leader during preparatory school days, 1927. h—None. i—Son of Dr. Agustín Medrano, prominent surgeon; wife, daughter of prominent lawyer Liborio Crespo, judge in San Francisco del Rincón and alternate federal deputy from 19th Dist., Guanajuato, 1918; close friend of Octavio Véjar Vázquez at law school. j—None. k—Retired from politics in 1952 to raise racehorses; political enemy of Gonzalo N. Santos, who prevented him from taking his position as federal deputy, 1926–1928; PNR precandidate for governor of Guanajuato, 1935; expelled from PNR by Matías Ramos Santos, 1935. l—WWM45, 76; DP70, 1301; C de S, 1946–1952; DBM70, 376; Peral, 515; DGF51, I, 6, 9, 10, 11, 13, 14; HA, Aug. 20, 1943, 7–8; www.sanfrancisco.gob .mx, 2008; www.cronica.diputados, 2008. Meixueiro Alexandre, Héctor

(Deceased) a—Mar. 12, 1900. b—Santiago Xiacui de Ixtlán de Juárez, Oaxaca. c—Graduated from Naval College at Veracruz, Veracruz. d—None. e—None. f—Oficial mayor, Secretariat of the Navy, 1952–1958; oficial mayor in charge, Secretariat of the Navy, Apr. 7, 1958–Nov. 30, 1958. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Gonzalo Meixueiro and Rosa Alexander; married Elmira Kutzi; nephew of Guillermo Meixueiro, senator and governor of Oaxaca, 1914; uncle of Admiral Fernando Meixueiro Ramírez and Rear Admiral José Antonio Meixueiro Ramírez; related to Jorge Meixueiro, federal deputy, 1937–1940. j—Career naval officer; assistant director, Naval School of the Pacific; commander of various destroyers; chief of staff, 2nd Naval Zone, Ciudad Carmen, 1947; chief of staff, 4th Naval Zone, Guaymas, Sonora, 1951–1952; chief of staff, Secretariat of the Navy; interim director of the fleet; reached rank of admiral, Oct. 20, 1959. k—None. l—HA, Dec. 8, 1958, 41; Enc. Mex., V, 47;

HA, Apr. 14, 1958, 6; DGF51, I, 386; DGF56, 381; DGF47, 234. Meixueiro (Hernández), Jorge

(Deceased Aug. 18, 1943) a—1907. b—Ixtlán de Juárez, Oaxaca. c—Elementary studies in Ixtlán; preparatory studies in Oaxaca; law degree from Scientific and Literary Institute of Oaxaca. d—Federal deputy from State of Oaxaca, Dist 5, 1928–1930; federal deputy from State of Oaxaca, Dist. 3, 1930–1932; federal deputy from State of Oaxaca, Dist. 4, 1937–1940. e—Oficial mayor, CEN of PNR, 1930. f—None. g—None. i—Son of Guillermo Meixueiro, lawyer, senator, and interim governor of Oaxaca, 1914, and María Hernández, daughter of Fidencio Hernández, compadre of General Félix Díaz and chief of his forces in Oaxaca; cousin of Héctor Meixueiro Alexandre. j—None. k—When he failed to become PNR candidate for federal deputy from Oaxaca in 1943, he addressed the Chamber of Deputies and committed suicide before the full body. l—Bulnes, 632; C de D, 1937–1940; C de D, 1930–1932; C de D, 1928–1930; www .el-smacapulco.com.mx, Aug. 19, 2003. Mejía González, Adolfo a—Dec. 16, 1932. b—Uruapan, Michoacán (actually born in Cleveland, Ohio, but registered here). c—Elementary studies in Peribán and Uruapan; preparatory studies at Colegio de San Nicolás; law degree from University of Michoacán, 1958; founder, first preparatory school in Uruapan, 1962; professor of political science, UNAM; professor, School of Law, University of Michoacán, 1986–2005; professor, Workers’ University; full-time professor, IPN. d—Plurinominal federal deputy from PST, 1979–1982. e—Member, National Liberation Movement, 1961–1963. f—Judge, Superior Tribunal of Justice, Michoacán, 1997; director of social communication and access to information, Legal Division, Michoacán, 2005. g—Prominent student leader in 1956 strike; member, World Council for Peace, 1975; member, Mexican Movement for Peace, 1961. h—Secretary to Lázaro Cárdenas, 1963–1964;

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practicing lawyer. i—Great-uncle Agapito protected General Cárdenas when he was fleeing from his enemies; married Susana Ponce de León. j—None. k—None. l—Protag., 222; C de D, 1979–1982; www.cambio demichoacan.com.mx, May 13, 2006. Mejía González, Raúl José a—Apr. 4, 1954. b—Tepic, Nayarit. c—Early education unknown; economics degree from University of Guadalajara, 1970–1975, graduating with thesis on businesses in the Mexican economy; MA in economics from CIDE, 1975–1977; postgraduate studies in public administration at National Institute of Public Administration, and in Spain, Netherlands, and England; professor, School of Economics, University of Guadalajara; assistant director, Institute of Geography and Statistics, University of Guadalajara, 1978–1979; professor, Mora Institute, 1982; professor, University of Nayarit, 1998. d—Mayor, Tepic, 1993–1996; local deputy, State Legislature of Nayarit, head of PRI delegation; federal deputy from State of Nayarit, Dist. 3, 2003–2006; senator from Nayarit, 2006–2012. e—Joined PRI, 1969; president of PRI, Nayarit, 1999; president, PRI’s Colosio Foundation, Nayarit, 2003–2006. f—Adviser to assistant secretary of Programming and Budget, 1980–1981; private secretary to oficial mayor, Department of the Federal District, 1982–1983; general coordinator of municipal support, Nayarit, 1996–1999. g—None. h—Regional director, Tabacos Mexicanos, Nayarit, 1984–1988. i—Married María del Rosario Mejía González; sister’s father-in-law, Emilio M. González, was governor of Nayarit; sonin-law of Ney González Sánchez, governor of Zacatecas. j—None. k—None. l—www .senado.gob.mx, 2008; Musacchio, 275; Directorio del Congreso, 2006–2009, 185. Mejía Haro, Antonio a—June 10, 1957. b—Juchipila, Zacatecas. c—Early education unknown; degree in veterinary medicine from University of Zacatecas; MA in agricultural science from Antonio Narro Agrarian University, Saltillo, Coahuila;

professor of biochemistry, nutrition, and molecular biology, University of Zacatecas, 1984–2009; dean, School of Medicine, University of Zacatecas, 1987–1992; researcher, School of Medicine, University of Zacatecas, 1982–2003; director general of innovative education, University of Zacatecas, 1992– 1998. d—Local deputy, State Legislature of Zacatecas, Dist. 16, 1998–2001; federal deputy from State of Zacatecas, Dist. 5, 2003– 2006; senator from Zacatecas, 2006–2012. e—Joined PRD, 1998; national adviser, PRD, 2003; delegate of CEN of PRD. f—Secretary of agroindustrial development, Zacatecas, 2000–2003. g—None. h—None. i—Brother Horacio, mayor of Calera de Víctor Rosales, Coahuila. j—None. k—None. l—Directorio del Congreso, 2006–2009, 303–304; www .senado.gob.mx, 2008.

Meléndez Guadalajara, Carlos Ismael (Deceased 1952) a—June 17, 1890.

b—Puebla, Puebla. c—Early education unknown; law degree. d—None. e—None. f—Secretary-general of Veracruz under Governor Mauro Loyo; judge, Superior Tribunal of Justice, Puebla; attorney general, Federal District; secretary-general, Puebla; justice, Supreme Court, 1942–1952, retired June 24, 1952. g—None. h—None. j—None. k—Replaced Justice Tirso Sánchez Taboada, who died. l—www.scjn.gob.mx, 2008; www .cronica.diputados.gob.mx, 2009. Melgar, Rafael E. (Deceased Mar. 21, 1959) a—Mar. 14, 1887. b—Santo Domingo, Yanhuitlán, Oaxaca. c—Elementary studies in Yanhuitlán and in Seminary School, Oaxaca, Oaxaca; no degree. d—Federal deputy from State of Oaxaca, Dist. 8, 1924–1926; federal deputy from State of Oaxaca, Dist. 8, 1926–1928, president of Balloting Committee; federal deputy from State of Oaxaca, Dist. 8, 1928–1930, president of Administrative Committee; federal deputy from State of Oaxaca, Dist. 10, 1930–1932; president of Obregonista bloc; federal deputy from State of Oaxaca, Dist. 7, 1932–1934; local deputy, State Legislature of Oaxaca; senator from State of Oaxaca, 1952–1958,

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member of 1st Committee on National Defense, 2nd Foreign Relations Committee, 1st Balloting Committee. e—Founding member, PNR; member, CEN of PNR, 1931. f—Governor, Quintana Roo, 1935–1940; ambassador to Netherlands, 1946–1948. g—None. h—Administrator, El Economista Mexicano, 1907; 2nd paymaster, Secretariat of Development, 1911–1912; 1st paymaster, Secretariat of Development, 1912; special mission to United States, 1918; president, Naviera Mexicana Co. j—Joined the Revolution, 1913; career army officer; fought under General Meixueiro, Oaxaca; reached rank of brigade general, 1916. k—Head of Nationalist Campaign, 1930. l—DGF56, 7, 10, 12–14; Peral, 517; DP70, 1304; Daniels, 490; C de S, 1952–1958; López, 683; Bremauntz, 116; Ind. Biog., 171–174; Álvarez Corral, 129. Melgar Adalid, Mario a—Aug. 29, 1945. b—Oaxaca, Oaxaca. c—Elementary studies at German School; secondary and preparatory studies at Instituto Patria; last year of preparatory studies at Landschulheim School, Holzminden, Germany, 1964; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, 1970; MA in public administration from University of Texas, Austin, 1987; LLD from National School of Law, UNAM; professor, researcher, general counsel, administrative secretary general, and coordinator of humanities, UNAM, 1973–1983; director, UNAM Extension Program, San Antonio, Tex., 2000. d—None. e—Joined PRI, 1972. f—Lawyer, Foreign Trade Bank, 1970–1972; private secretary to assistant director general of legal affairs, IMSS, 1972–1976; director general of incorporation and revalidation of studies, Secretariat of Public Education, 1978–1982; director general of administration, Secretariat of Public Health, 1982–1984; coordinator of advisers, Secretariat of Health; director general of Programming and Budget, Secretariat of Health, 1985; secretary of social development, Guerrero, 1987–1989; director general of public welfare, Secretariat of Health; oficial mayor of health, 1998–2000. g—None.

h—None. i—Son of Mario Melgar, lawyer; married Carmen Fernández, teacher. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM84, 278; Musacchio, 276; DBGM89, 715; www.usa .unam.edu, 2008; letter; Pescador, 182–183. Melgar Aranda, Antonio a—Dec. 16, 1934. b—Motozintla, Chiapas. c—Early education unknown; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, 1953–1958. d—Mayor, Tapachula Chiapas, 1977–1979; federal deputy from State of Chiapas, Dist. 5, 1970–1973; 1985–1988; senator from Chiapas, 1988–1994. e—Joined PRI, 1955; president of PRI, Tapachula, 1965–1970; general delegate of CEN of PRI, Veracruz, Tabasco, Querétaro, 1971–1973; president of PRI, Chiapas, 1979–1980. f—Director, Public Registry, Soconusco, Chiapas, 1965–1967; judge, First Civil Division, Soconusco, 1968–1979. g—Secretary-general, CNOP, Tapachula, 1964–1965. h—None. i—Son of Arturo Melgar Rodríguez and Lesvia Aranda Osorio; married María Luisa Bravo Vaquero; mother is sister of Efraín Aranda Osorio, governor of Chiapas, 1952–1957. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM92, 514; DBGM87, 595; Integrantes, 1991–1994. Melgarejo Gómez, José a—Sept. 8, 1912. b—Puebla, Puebla. c—Studied under a tutor, 1920; elementary at Colegio Francés de la Perpetua, 1921–1922, Colegio Luz Saviñón, 1923, and Colegio Francés La Salle, 1924–1925, Mexico City; secondary and preparatory at Colegio Francés La Salle, 1926– 1928, 1929–1930; degree in chemistry from School of Chemical Sciences, Tacuba, Federal District, 1931–1933; professor of experimental physics and higher algebra, University of San Luis Potosí (3 years). d—Federal party deputy from PAN, 1970–1973, member of Artisans Committee and Subsistence and Supplies Committee. e—None. f—None. g—None. h—Businessman. j—None. k—PAN candidate for 1st Councilman of Naucalpan, State of Mexico. l—Directorio, 1970–1972; C de D, 1970–1972, 125. Mena Brito, Antonio a—Feb. 22, 1919. b—Mérida, Yucatán. c—Elementary studies

t he b io g ra phies  625

in Mérida; secondary and preparatory studies in Federal District; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM; professor of law, National Preparatory School and University Extension, UNAM; professor of literature, public and private schools; secretary-general, Night Program, National Preparatory School, Federal District. d—Senator from State of Yucatán, 1958– 1964, secretary of Gran Comisión, member of Foreign and Domestic Trade Committee, Special Legislative Studies Committee, and Tourist Affairs Committee, president of 2nd Credit, Money, and Credit Institutions Committee, member of Rules Committee, alternate member of 2nd Constitutional Affairs Committee and 2nd Committee on Tariffs and Foreign Trade. e—Bitter rival of socialists in Yucatán; cofounder, Yucatán Liberal Party, with Víctor Manzanilla, Víctor Manzanilla Schaffer’s father; active in presidential campaign of Miguel Alemán, 1946; secretary of youth action, CEN of PRI, 1946–1952; secretary of popular action, CEN of PRI, 1952–1958; general delegate of CEN of PRI to many states; signed PRI’s Democracy and Social Justice Manifesto, 1997. f—Director general, National Youth Institute, Secretariat of Public Education, 1952–1958. g—Student leader in secondary school; president, Federation of University Students of Mexico. i—Related to Bernardino Mena Brito, candidate for governor of Yucatán, 1922, and colonel in the Revolution. j—None. k—None. l—Func., 403; C de S, 1961–1964, 62; DGF56, 306; Excélsior, Aug. 30, 1981, 4; letter. Mena Córdoba, Eduardo R. (Deceased) b—Campeche. c—Early education unknown; no degree. d—Mayor, Campeche, 1922; federal deputy from State of Campeche, Dist. 1, 1922–1924, member of Gran Comisión; federal deputy from State of Campeche, Dist. 2, 1924–1926, member of Gran Comisión; federal deputy from State of Campeche, Dist. 2, 1926–1928, member of Gran Comisión; governor, Campeche, 1935–1939; senator from State of Campeche,

1940–1946, president of Industries Committee, 1st secretary of 1st Tariff and Foreign Trade Committee, and secretary of Gran Comisión. e—None. f—Director, Federal Treasury Office, San Pedro de las Colonias, Coahuila, 1951. g—None. j—None. k—Raby says he had many problems with leftists and the teachers’ unions during his term as governor because of his conservative views; forced by President Cárdenas to enforce the agrarian legislation in Campeche; Diario del Sureste believes that his candidate’s loss in the Senate race against Carlos Góngora Gala in 1936 was the first defeat for the official party in a senatorial race. l—Letter; D de Y, Jan. 1, 1936, 4; Daniels, 488; D del S, Aug. 24, 1936, 25, 27; Raby, 226; DGF51, I, 167, Libro de Oro, 1940, 9. Mena Palomo, Víctor b—Izamal, Yucatán. c—Teaching certificate; no degree. d—Local deputy, State Legislature of Yucatán, Dist. 5, 1922; secretary, City Council, Mérida; federal deputy from State of Yucatán, Dist. 2, 1937–1940; alternate senator from State of Yucatán, 1952–1953. e—President, Socialist Party of the Southeast. f—Interim governor, Yucatán, 1953–1958. g—None. h—Owner of PEMEX station, Mérida. i—Son of José de la Luz Mena, teacher, cofounder of Technical Institute of Mérida, and alternate federal deputy of Felipe Carrillo Puerto to State of Yucatán, Dist. 6, 1920; married Esperanza López Vega; son Héctor Ignacio was consul-general in Rio de Janeiro, 1983; longtime friend of President Alfonso Ruiz Cortines. j—None. k—Dissolved Henequeneros of Yucatán in 1955, an organization in charge of henequen production since 1938. l—HA, June 29, 1953; DGF56, 8, 102; C de D, 1937–1939; C de S, 1952–1958; www.congresoyucatan.gob.mx, 2008. Mena (y Barbosa), Anselmo José

(Deceased 1958) a—1899. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM; graduate studies in London and Paris. d—None. e—Founding member, Popular Party, 1947; vice president, Popular

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Party. f—Director, Consular Department, Secretariat of Foreign Relations; director, Diplomatic Department, Secretariat of Foreign Affairs, 1933–1940; director general of political affairs, Secretariat of Foreign Relations, 1940–1942; ambassador to Honduras, 1942–1943; ambassador to Nicaragua, 1943– 1944; consul general to London, 1951–1952; ambassador to Czechoslovakia, 1953–1958. g—None. h—Author of several books. i—Classmate of Jaime Torres Bodet, School of Law, 1918–1919. j—None. k—None. l—DP70, 1305; Enc. Mex., VIII, 423; DGF56, 125; López, 684; DGF51, I, 131. Méndez Aguilar, Benjamín (Deceased) a—Nov. 10, 1886. b—Jerécuaro, Guanajuato. c—Elementary and secondary studies in Guanajuato, Guanajuato; no degree. d—Federal deputy from State of Guanajuato, Dist. 15, 1918–1920, 1924–1926; federal deputy from State of Guanajuato, 1926–1928, 1930–1932; federal deputy from State of Guanajuato, Dist. 5, 1949–1952, member of 1st Committee on Railroads and 1st Committee on General Means of Transportation. e—None. f—Telegrapher, Carneros, Coahuila, 1901; stationmaster, Coahuila, 1901–1903; telegrapher, Office of the Superintendent of Car Service, Federal District, 1904–1908; first-class telegrapher, 1908–1909; dispatcher, 1909–1917; chief of dispatchers, 1917–1918; president, Price Commission, Railroad Service, 1918–1928; member, Board of Directors, National Railroads of Mexico, 1918–1928; superintendent of passenger service, 1918–1924; director, Railroad of Desague del Valle de México, 1918–1924; oficial mayor, National Railroads of Mexico, 1918–1924; director of traffic, National Railroads of Mexico, 1943–1951; representative of National Railroads in Texas, 1951–1954; director general, Railroad of the Pacific, 1954–1958; director general, National Railroads of Mexico, 1958–1964. g—None. h—None. i—Son of a doctor; son Roberto, an engineer and collaborator of Luis Gómez Z.; son Benjamín Méndez Luna, Jr., served as federal deputy from

Puebla, 1961–1964; formed apolitical group called “Los Compadres,” 1958–1964, including Eufrasio Sandoval Rodríguez. j—None. k—None. l—HA, Dec. 8, 1958, 32; DBM68, 429–430; D de Y, Dec. 2, 1958, 7; C de D, 1949–1951, 79; DGF51, II, 451; DGF50, II, 390; Func., 105. Méndez Docurro, Eugenio a—Apr. 17, 1923. b—Veracruz, Veracruz. c—Engineering degree in electrical communications from IPN, 1948; MS from Harvard University, 1949; graduate studies at Harvard University on scholarship from Secretariat of Public Education; graduate studies at School of Science, University of Paris, 1949– 1950; studies at Royal College of Science and Technology, London, 1962–1963; assistant director general, IPN, 1950–1953; director general, IPN, 1959–1962. d—None. e—None. f—Director general of telecommunications, Secretariat of Communications and Transportation, 1953–1959; assistant secretary of communications and transportation, 1964– 1970; secretary of communications and transportation, 1970–1976; coordinator general of scientific and technical education, Secretariat of Public Education, 1976–1977; assistant secretary of education and scientific investigation, 1976–1978; director general, Mexican Institute of Communications, Secretariat of Communications and Transportation, 1989. g—None. h—President, Consulting Commission on Broadcasting; member, Mexican delegation to UNESCO, 1960; technical consultant, Systems and Components Co., 1979–1984. i—Son of Eugenio Méndez Aguirre, lawyer and leftist who served as federal deputy, 1932–1934, and Carmen Docurro; married Pastora Méndez Zorrilla; godson of Miguel Alemán, his cousin; Eugenio’s father, Alemán’s maternal uncle, employed the president, 1929–1930. j—None. k—Precandidate for governorship, Veracruz, 1974; precandidate for federal deputy from Veracruz, 1976; prosecuted by attorney general for fraud; found guilty in Fourth District Court, Federal District, 1978; National Engineering Prize, 1997. l—DGF56, 252;

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Libro de Oro, xxxiv; DPE65, 104; DBM68, 430; DGF51, I, 292; Hoy, Dec., 1970; HA, Dec. 7, 1970; Excélsior, Apr. 13, 1973, 11; Enc. Mex., VIII, 428; Excélsior, Dec. 8, 1975, 17; HA, Apr. 3, 1978, 11–12; HA, Apr. 17, 1978, 10; DBGM89, 226; DBGM92, 235. Méndez Hernández, Lucía a—Jan. 7, 1932. b—Jalapa, Veracruz. c—Elementary studies at Luis J. Jiménez Elementary School, Jalapa; secondary and normal at Federal Institute of Teacher Training, Jalapa; teacher, Federal Rural School Ricardo Flores Magón, Misantla, Veracruz, 1948; teacher, Socrates Public Elementary School, El Pozón, Misantla, Veracruz, 1959; teacher, Villa de Yecuatla, Veracruz, 1951; teacher, Benito Juárez Arroyo Hondo School, Misantla, 1952–1965; teacher, Andrés Quintana Roo School, Las Lajas, Veracruz, 1969–1972; federal school inspector, Veracruz, 1972– 1977. d—Alternate local deputy, State Legislature of Veracruz, Dist. 6, 1974–1976; alternate federal deputy from State of Veracruz, Dist. 5, 1976–1979; federal deputy from State of Veracruz, Dist. 5, 1979–1982. e—Member of PRI. f—None. g—Secretary of organization, ANFER, Veracruz, 1974. h—None. i—Daughter of Francisco Méndez Pérez and Guadalupe Hernández Rodríguez. j—None. k—None. l—C de D, 1979–1982; C de D, 1976–1979; Romero Aceves, 713–714. Méndez Meneses, Apolonio a—Feb. 9, 1946. b—San Martín Texmelucan, Puebla. c—Early education unknown; chemical engineering degree from University of Puebla, 1964–1968; MA in business administration, University of the Americas, Puebla, 1976–1983; legal studies at Popular University of Puebla, 1997–2001, graduating in 2005; teacher, Briseño Ríos Preparatory School, Puebla, 1969–1974; professor, University of Puebla, 1970–1975. d—Mayor, San Martín Texmelucan, 1987–1990; plurinominal federal deputy from PAN, 1994–1997; alternate senator from Puebla, 2000–2006, in functions, 2004–2006; federal deputy from State of Puebla, Dist. 5, 2006–2009. e—Joined PAN, 1982; president, Regional

Committee of PAN, Puebla, 1990–1993; national adviser, PAN, 1998–2004. f—Chemist, Secretariat of Industry and Commerce, 1968–1970; director of citizen attention, Secretariat of Government, 2002–2004. g—None. h—Maintenance manager, CRISOBA, 1970–1979; production manager, Grupo Lamosa, 1980–1985; director general, MMEEI, SACV, 1990–2000. i—Son of Palemón Méndez Benítez and Felipa Meneses López. j—None. k—None. l—www.diputados.gob.mx, 2006–2009; Directorio del Congreso, 2006–2009, 215; www.cddhcu.gob.mx, 1994. Mendicuti Pavón, José Ignacio a—May 24, 1947. b—Mérida, Yucatán. c—Early education unknown; law degree from School of Law, University of Yucatán. d—Member, City Council, Yucatán, 1979–1981; local deputy, State Legislature of Yucatán, 1985–1987, coordinator of PRI delegation; federal deputy from State of Yucatán, Dist. 4, 1991–1994, coordinator of PRI delegation, Yucatán; plurinominal federal deputy from PRI, 2000–2003. e—Joined PRI, 1965; oficial mayor of PRI, Yucatán, 1982–1985; secretary of political action, PRI, Yucatán, 1985–1987; member, National Political Council of PRI; regional delegate of CEN of PRI to Michoacán, Guerrero, and Chiapas, 2008. f—Secretary-general of government, Yucatán, 1987–1988; director of operations and regularization of land, Secretariat of Agrarian Reform, Yucatán, 1989–1991, 1994–1998. g—Secretary-general, CNOP, Yucatán, 1992–1996. h—None. i—Son of Ignacio Mendicuti Maldonado and Graciela Pavón Pacheco; married Addy María Priego Medina; son José Ignacio, engineer and member of City Council of Mérida, 2004. j—None. k—None. l—QesQ en el Congreso, 2000–2003, 221–222; DBGM92, 515. Mendieta y Núñez, Lucio (Deceased Nov. 7, 1988) a—Jan. 11, 1895. b—Federal District. c—Elementary studies at Normal School, Oaxaca, Oaxaca; secondary studies at Institute of Oaxaca, 1909–1910; preparatory studies at National Preparatory School,

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1911–1915; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, May 1, 1920; LLD from National School of Law, UNAM, 1950; professor of agrarian law, administrative law, and sociology, UNAM (25 years); professor of sociology, Autonomous Technological Institute of Mexico, 1947–1954; director, Institute of Social Investigations, UNAM, 1939–1966; professor, Institute of Social Investigations, UNAM, 1970; cofounder, with Luis Garrido Díaz, of School of Political and Social Sciences, UNAM; founder, School of Economics, UNAM. d—None. e—Director, PNR Institute of Social Studies, 1935. f—Chief, Department of Population, Bureau of Anthropology, Secretariat of Agriculture, 1921; director, Institute of Social Investigations, Bureau of Population, Secretariat of Agriculture, 1934; adviser, Department of Indian Affairs, 1936; oficial mayor, Department of Agrarian Affairs and Colonization, 1946–1948; director of educational and cultural affairs, National Council of Tourism, 1976–1982. g—None. h—Director, Social Policy journal, 1935; director, Mexican Sociology Review, 1939–1946. i—Attended UNAM with Manuel Gómez Morín, Ángel Alanís Fuentes, Manuel Bartlett, and Alberto Vázquez del Mercado; disciple of Manuel Gamio; married Josefina Escalante; son of Colonel Justino Mendieta, who opposed Flores Magón brothers in Tecate, Baja California, 1911. j—None. k—Outspoken critic of Mexican bureaucracy; prolific author and authority on agrarian reform and sociological studies of Mexico. l—DGF47, 285; WWM45, 76; Peral, 521; letters; Enc. Mex., VIII, 431–432; DP95, 2195; www.lih.unma.mx, 2008 Mendiola (de la Portilla), Carlos C.

(Deceased) a—Oct. 25, 1903. b—Matamoros, Tamaulipas. c—Studied at Internado Nacional (National Preparatory School), 1918– 1919; studies at La Salle Extension University, Chicago, 1930–1933; no degree. d—None. e—None. f—Banking inspector, National Banking Commission; assistant director general, National Bank of Foreign Commerce,

1940–1942; assistant director general, Bank of Commerce, 1942–1946. g—President, Chambers of Commerce of Mexico City; president, National Chambers of Commerce of Mexico. h—Director general, Banco de Comercio Mexicano. i—Stepbrother of Mario Mendiola Miranda, assistant director general of National Bank of Foreign Commerce, 1942–1953; married Rosa Murga; son of Manuel M. Mendiola, civil engineer, and Anita de la Portilla. j—None. k—None. l—WWM45, 76; WNM, 146. Mendiola (Miranda), Mario (Deceased) a—Aug. 4, 1910. c—Professional studies in business administration, commerce, and electrical engineering; no degree. d—None. e—None. f—Assistant director general, National Bank of Foreign Commerce, 1942– 1946, 1946–1952, 1952–1953; administrative director, CONCAMIN, 1970; director general, National Savings Bank. g—None. i—Half-brother of Carlos Mendiola, assistant director general of National Bank of Foreign Commerce, 1940–1942; married Enriqueta Gedovius; son of Manuel María Mendiola, civil engineer, and Ana María Miranda. j—None. k—None. l—DBM70, 378; DGF51, II, 29, 95, 195. Mendívil Blanco, Julieta a—June 5, 1952. b—Puebla, Puebla. c—Early education unknown; psychology degree from School of Psychology, UNAM. d—Federal deputy from the State of Puebla, Dist. 2, 1979–1982; alternate senator from State of Puebla, 1982–1988; federal deputy from State of Puebla, Dist. 3, 1991–1994. e—Joined PRI, 1967; secretary of organization, CNOP of PRI of Puebla, 1981–1983. f—Director of public relations, City of Puebla, 1973–1976; director, Product Department, Division of Tax Information, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1976–1977; assistant director of publications, Division of Social Communication, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1977; delegate to Iztacalco, Department of the Federal District, 1982–1988; regional delegate of INFONAVIT, Puebla, 1988–1991. g—Secretary of Public Relations, CNOP, Puebla, 1973–1976;

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director, National Revolutionary Women’s Group, Puebla. h—None. i—Daughter of Rafael Mendívil Landa, orthopedic surgeon, and Julieta Blanca Salvatori; married Alfonso del Río Pintado, agricultural engineer. j—None. k—None. l—Q es QAP; C de D, 1979–1982; C de S, 1982–1988; DBGM92, 515–516; DBGM87, 249; DBGM, 281. Mendoza Arámburo, Ángel César

a—Dec. 15, 1934. b—La Paz, Baja California del Sur. c—Elementary studies at Venustiano Carranza School, La Paz; secondary studies at José María Morelos School, La Paz; preparatory studies at National Preparatory School; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, 1953–1957. d—Federal deputy from Baja California del Sur, Dist. 1, 1967–1970, member of General Affairs Sec. of Legislative Studies Committee, member of Hydraulic Resources Committee; governor, Baja California del Sur, 1975–1981. e—Secretary-general of youth, PRI, Baja California del Sur, 1950; secretary of political action, PRI, Baja California del Sur, 1967–1970, 1974; president, Electoral Committee of Baja California del Sur, 1967– 1970, 1974; secretary of popular action, CEN of PRI, 1982. f—Assistant to president and judicial official, Superior Tribunal of Justice, Federal District, 1958–1966; private secretary to secretary of hydraulic resources, José Hernández Terán, 1964–1965; secretary general of government, Baja California del Sur, under Governor Hugo Cervantes del Río, 1965–1967; secretary general of government of Baja California del Sur, Mar.–Jan., 1970; secretary general of government, Baja California del Sur, under Governor Félix Agramont Cota, Oct., 1974–Jan., 1975; assistant secretary of tax inspection, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1984–1985. g—President, Southern California Student Society of Mexico, 1953; interim secretary-general, CNOP (2 months), 1982. h—Practicing lawyer. i—Cousin of Alberto Alvarado Arámburo, federal deputy from Baja California del Sur, 1964–1967; married Luz Davis Garayza; son of Ángel Mendoza Sabido, businessman,

and Julia Arámburo. j—None. k—Defeated cousin for gubernatorial nomination, 1975; first constitutional governor of State of Baja California del Sur. l—Enc. Mex., Annual, 1977, 540; C de D, 1967–1970, 67, 85; DPE65, 125; Excélsior, Jan. 4, 1975, 3; Excélsior, Jan. 17, 1975, 5; HA, Apr. 15, 1975, 7; Almanaque de México, 321; Excélsior, Jan. 17, 1983, 22. Mendoza Ayala, Rubén a—Feb. 2, 1961. b—Tlalnepantla, State of Mexico. c—Attended Colegio Salesiano with José Luis Luege Tamargo; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM; MA in political science, Trinity College, Cambridge University, 1981; U.S. studies, University of California, San Diego; director of personnel, National School of Political Studies, Acatlán; professor of general theory of the state, National School of Political Studies. d—Member, City Council, Tlalnepantla, 1988–1990; federal deputy from State of Mexico, Dist. 15, 1997–2000; mayor, Tlalnepantla, 2000–2003; federal deputy from State of Mexico, Dist. 16, 2003–2004; PAN candidate for governor of State of Mexico, 2005, defeated by Enrique Peña Nieto after bitter internal fight for PAN nomination. e—Member of PAN. f—Private secretary to mayor of Tlalnepantla; coordinator of advisers of attorney general, State of Mexico; interinstitutional coordinator, Secretariat of Government; assistant secretary of sectoral planning, Secretary of Agrarian Reform, 2006. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Roberto Mendoza, director of Library Department, Tlalnepantla, and Bertha Ayala; brother Eduardo Mendoza Ayala, plurinominal federal deputy from PAN, 1997–2000, and later PVEM candidate on PRI/PVEM ticket. j—None. k—None. l—www.jornada.unam.mx, Oct. 19, 2003; www.es.wikipedia, 2008; C de D, 2003– 2006; QesQ en el Congreso, 2003–2006, 46. Mendoza Berrueto, Eliseo Francisco

a—Apr. 13, 1931. b—San Pedro, Coahuila. c—Elementary studies in Saltillo; teaching certificate; degree in economics from National School of Economics, UNAM,

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with thesis titled “Regional Planning and Economic Development: The Case of Mexico,” Nov. 16, 1961; graduate studies at Institute of Social Studies, Netherlands, 1962, received a diploma; graduate studies in economic planning, integrated planning, and national accounts at National School of Economics, UNAM; graduate studies in regional planning, Paris; visiting investigator, Institute of Economics, Netherlands, 1962; teacher, Normal School of Coahuila; professor, National School of Economics, UNAM; professor, IPN; professor, School of Economics, University of Guadalajara; professor, Colegio de México; professor, School of Architecture (graduate program), UNAM; director, Center for Economic and Demographic Studies, Colegio de México, 1967–1970; rector, Institute of International Graduate Studies. d—Senator from Coahuila, 1976–1978; federal deputy from State of Coahuila, Dist. 1, 1985–1987; governor, Coahuila, 1987–1993. e—Technical adviser, IEPES of PRI; coordinator, Advisory Council, IEPES of PRI, 1982; assistant secretary, CEN of PRI, 1999. f—Head, Statistics Sec., Cooperative Industries Administration, 1953–1956; economic investigator, National Bank of Foreign Commerce, 1958–1959; head of administrative budgets, National Bank of Ejido Credit, 1959; assistant director, Administrative Department, National Bank of Ejido Credit, 1960; adviser, National Chemical-Pharmaceutical Industry, 1963; director of economic and social planning, Plan Lerma, 1963–1966; adviser to assistant secretary of industry and commerce, 1956–1958; adviser, Government of State of Jalisco, 1965–1966; assistant secretary of commerce, Secretariat of Industry and Commerce, 1970–1976; assistant secretary of higher education, science, and technology, 1978–1982; assistant secretary of mines and energy, 1982–1985. g—None. h—Fruit grower in Saltillo after retirement from public life. i—Attended National School of Economics with Carlos Bermúdez Limón; married María Guadalupe Altamira Malín;

second wife, Lucila Ruiz Múzquiz; son of Emilio Mendoza Cisneros, businessman, and Guadalupe Berrueto Ramón; political protégé of Jorge de la Vega Domínguez. j—None. k—None. l—HA, Dec. 14, 1970, 21; letter ; DPE71; HA, Jan. 9, 1978, 13; HA, Aug. 9, 1982, 18; Excélsior, July 12, 1980; Q es QAP, 167–168; DBGM89, 717; DBGM, 281; HA, Aug. 18, 1985, 2; DBGM92, 795; www .coahuila.gob.mx, 2008. Mendoza González, Octavio (Deceased Oct. 9, 1971) a—Dec. 1, 1900. b—León, Guanajuato. c—Elementary and secondary studies in León; preparatory studies at University of Guanajuato, 1913–1918; law degree from National School of Law, 1918–1922, with thesis on administration and administrators, Aug. 29, 1923; assistant to the secretary of Preparatory School, León, 1916. d—Federal deputy from State of Guanajuato, Dist. 1, 1928–1929. e—None. f—Secretary of justice of the peace, Dist. 8; commissioner, First Justice of the Peace, 1917–1919; secretary, first cooperative founded by President Obregón, 1920; consulting lawyer, Secretariat of the Government, 1924; secretary general of government, State of Guanajuato, 1926; interim governor, Guanajuato, 1927; assistant secretary of government, 1929–1930, in charge of Secretariat of Government, 1931; ambassador to Germany and Austria, 1931–1932; oficial mayor, Secretariat of Foreign Relations, 1932–1934; secretary, Board of Private Welfare, 1934–1936; director, Legal Department, Department of the Federal District, 1936–1938; justice, Supreme Court, 1941–1946, 1947–1952, 1953–1958, 1959–1964, 1965–1968. g—None. h—None. i—Greatgrandfather served as federal deputy under President Benito Juárez; married Magdalena Causier. j—None. k—None. l—Justicia; letter; www.cronica.diputados.gob.mx, Feb. 7, 1973; www.scjn.gob.mx, 2008. Mendoza Hernández, Raúl a—May 5, 1941. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; legal studies at National School of Law, UNAM, 1960–1961; studies in publicity and marketing at Marketing

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and Publicity Institute, 1966. d—None. e—Joined PRI, 1961. f—Adviser to assistant director of administration and securities and department head, NAFIN, 1966–1978; securities manager, NAFIN, 1980–1983; general manager of securities, NAFIN, 1983–1984; director of administration, NAFIN, 1984–1986; oficial mayor, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1986–1988; oficial mayor of labor, 1988–1990. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Enrique Mendoza Ortiz, lawyer, secretary of government of Guanajuato, and federal deputy–elect from State of Guanajuato, Dist. 2, 1955, and Soledad Hernández Delgado; married Carmen Casasús López Hermosa, normal school teacher; brotherin-law Carlos Casasús López Hermosa was assistant secretary of communications and technological development, 1994–1996. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM89, 227. Mendoza Márquez, Miguel a—Mar. 9, 1921. b—Federal District. c—Elementary studies at Justo Sierra Public School, Mexico City; secondary at Secondary School No. 10, Mexico City; preparatory studies at National Preparatory School; enrolled in Military Aviation School, Aug. 25, 1941, graduating as pilot, June 1, 1944, with rank of 2nd lieutenant. d—None. e—None. f—Head, Department of the Air Force, 1982– 1988. g—None. h—None. i—Married Julia Babichoff Marazoff; son of Cristóbal Mendoza Mendoza, public official, and Eulalia Márquez Gutiérrez; attended preparatory school with President José López Portillo. j—Career air force officer; joined 201st Air Squadron, 1944; rank of 1st lieutenant, June 16, 1946; rank of 2nd captain, Nov. 20, 1948; rank of 1st captain, Nov. 20, 1950; commander, 202nd Air Squadron, 1951; rank of major, Nov. 20, 1952; rank of lieutenant colonel, Nov. 20, 1965; commander, Medical Air Transport Squadron of C–47’s, 1965; rank of colonel, Nov. 20, 1965; chief, 4th Maintenance Level; sec. chief and adjutant general, Mexican Air Force, 1965–1972; interim commander, 2nd Air Group; rank of group general, Nov. 20, 1971; rank of

brigade general, Nov. 20, 1975; commander, 6th Air Base, 1980–1981; commander, 1st Air Base, 1981–1982. k—None. l—Rev. de Ejer., Dec., 1971, 40; Rev. de Ejer., Nov., 1975, 84; Excélsior, Dec. 4, 1982, 35; Rev. de Ejer., Dec., 1972, 82; Rev. de Ejer., Dec., 1965, 61; Q es QAP, 73; DBGM87, 250; DBGM, 282. Mendoza Pardo, José María a—1900s. b—Cotija de la Paz, Michoacán. c—Preparatory studies at Colegio de San Nicolás; law degree from School of Law, Colegio de San Nicolás, Morelia, Michoacán, 1925–1929; professor of history, Colegio de San Nicolás. d—Governor, Michoacán, 1944–1949. e—None. f—Secretary-general of government, State of Baja California del Norte, under Governor Gildardo Magaña; private secretary to Governor Lázaro Cárdenas; attorney general, State of Michoacán, under Governor Lázaro Cárdenas; secretary general of government, State of Michoacán, under Governor Gildardo Magaña; justice, Supreme Court, 1941–1944. g—None. h—Practicing lawyer. i—As a student visited Lázaro Cardenas’ home as member of regular discussion group; nephew of Alberto Bremauntz, federal deputy from Michoacán, 1932–1934. j—None. k—Resigned, Aug. 26, 1949, as governor, because of difficulties resulting from student unrest at Colegio de San Nicolás over government subsidies. l—HA, Sept. 21, 1945; letter; Anderson; Bremauntz, 93; Romero Flores, 267; NYT, May 20, 1962, 30; Bravo, 228; www.cronica .diputados.gob.mx, Feb. 23, 1944; www.iih .unam.mx, 2008; www.scjn.gob.mx, 2009. Mendoza Zazueta, José Antonio

a—Oct. 28, 1946. b—El Dorado, Sinaloa. c—Early education unknown; civil engineering degreefrom University of Sinaloa, 1963–1968; seminar in applied economics at Wharton Econometric Forecasting, 1974; MA studies in engineering at UNAM, 1968; professor, Regional Technical Institute, Culiacán, Sinaloa, 1971–1979. d—None. e—None. f—Secretary of economic development, Sinaloa, 1978–1980; executive secretary, Forestry and Mining Committee,

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Sinaloa, 1980–1986; assistant secretary of agroindustrial promotion, Sinaloa, 1989–1990, 1993–1994; delegate, Secretariat of Agriculture, Sinaloa, 1990–1992; coordinator of advisers of secretary of agriculture, 1995; assistant secretary of rural development, Secretariat of Agriculture, 1995–2000; director, Comparative Risk Fund, Office of the Presidency, 2003–2006. g—None. h—None. j—None. k—None. l—Pescador, 184; letter. Meraz Nevárez, Braulio (Deceased Jan., 2006) a—Feb. 9, 1911. b—Santiago Papasquiaro, Durango. c—Professional studies at Central Agricultural School of Santa Lucía de Durango; attended National Military College. d—Federal deputy from State of Durango, Dist. 3, 1940–1943, member of Gran Comisión, Agricultural Development Committee; local deputy, State Legislature of Durango, 1947; federal deputy from State of Durango, Dist. 4, 1952–1955, member of War Matériel Committee; federal deputy from State of Durango, Dist. 4, 1964–1967, member of Gran Comisión, 2nd Committee on National Defense, Hydraulic Resources Committee, Livestock Committee. e—None. f—Substitute governor, Durango, 1947 (2 days), following death of Blas Corral; assistant director, CEIMSA, 1958. g—Cofounder, CNOP; secretary-general, CNOP, Durango. h—Accountant. i—Son of Braulio Meraz Quintero and Ángela Nevárez González. j—Career army officer; joined army as enlisted man, 1931; field marshal, Army Veterinary Medical School; captain of cavalry; private secretary of General Jesús Agustín Castro; reached rank of major. k—None. l—Peral, 525–526; C de D, 1940–1942, 10, 51; C de D, 1852–1854, 61; C de D, 1964–1966; www.elsiglodetorreon .com.mx, Jan. 30, 2006, Dec. 17, 2003. Mercado Alarcón, Agustín (Deceased July 24, 1969) a—Apr. 25, 1897. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; law degree. d—None. e—None. f—Attorney general of military justice, 1934–1939, 1941–1944; joined federal judiciary, Mar. 6, 1944; justice, Supreme Court, 1944–1967;

president, First Division, Supreme Court of Justice, 1956; retired Apr. 25, 1967. g—None. h—None. i—None. j—None. k—None. l—www.gblegalmexico.com, 2008; www .scjn.gob.mx, 2008; www.cronica.diputados .gob.mx, Mar. 8, 1944. Mercado Castro, (Dora) Patricia

a—1957. b—Ciudad Obregón, Sonora. c—Elementary and secondary studies at private religious schools; economics studies at University of Sonora and UNAM, 1977–1979. d—None. e—Joined PRT as student at UNAM; cofounder, PSD, 1999; PSD precandidate for presidential nomination, 2000; founder, Mexico Possible Party, 2003; president, Alternative Social Democratic and Peasant Party, 2005; president, Alternative Voice Foundation, 2006; Alternative Social Democratic and Peasant Party presidential candidate, 2006, obtaining 2.7% of vote, which exceeded the percentage cast for Cecilia Soto in 1994. f—None. g—Founded a women’s organization at UNAM; union leader; became active in NGOs after 1985 earthquake; leader, Working Women United, 1986–1995; coordinator of information about reproductive choice, 1992–1996; founder, National Feminist Political Group, 1996, president, 1999–2002. h—Employee, DINA Bus Factory. i—Daughter of Salvador Mercado Lizardo, modest farmer, and Gela Castro; married Horacio Romo Vázquez, engineer and former secretary-general of Mexican Electricians’ Union. j—None. k—None. l—Musacchio, 278; www.esmas .com, 2008; Cien Nombres, 228–230; www .es.wikipedia.org, 2008. Mercado Chávez, María del Carmen

a—Dec. 9, 1938. b—Guadalajara, Jalisco. c—Early education unknown; legal studies at School of Law, University of Guadalajara. d—Alternate federal deputy from State of Jalisco, Dist. 4, 1979–1982; federal deputy from State of Jalisco, Dist. 4, 1982–1985. e—Campaign coordinator, PRI candidates for federal and local deputy, Jalisco; secretary-general, local PRI Committee of the 4th Electoral District, Jalisco.

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f—None. g—Secretary-general, Clothing Worker Industry Union, CROC, Jalisco, 1975. i—Son of Longinos Mercado Barba and Serapia Chávez Benavides. j—None. k—None. l—C de D, 1979–1982; C de D, 1982–1985; Directorio, 1982–1985; Lehr, 229. Mercado Flores, Ignacio a—Mar. 1, 1938. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; agricultural engineering degree from National School of Agriculture, 1954–1960; MS in agricultural sciences, University of California, Davis, 1964–1965; courses in advanced administration at Graduate School of Business Administration, Harvard University, 1980; professor, National School of Agriculture, 1960–1961; professor, University of California, 1964–1965. d—None. e—Joined PRI, 1961. f—Inspector, FIRA, Bank of Mexico, 1961; special supervisor, FIRA; fruit specialist, FIRA, 1968; director, Technical Agriculture Department, FIRA, 1968–1969; technical coordinator, FIRA, 1969–1970; aide to director general of FIRA, 1971–1973; director, Administrative Department, FIRA, 1970– 1971; assistant director of technical services and assistance, FIRA, 1973–1980; assistant director general, FIRA, 1980–1982; assistant secretary of agriculture and operations, 1982–1984; technical director, FIRA, Bank of Mexico, 1992. g—None. h—None. i—Son of José Ramón Mercado de Anda, public official, and Evangelina Flores; married Laura Pérez Linares; nephew of Salvador Mercado de Ana, treasurer of the Senate. j—None. k—None. l—Q es QAP, 210; DBGM92, 237; DBGM, 283; www.cronica.diputados.gob .mx, Dec. 9, 1966. Mercado Romero, Guillermo a—Feb. 10, 1944. b—La Paz, Baja California del Sur. c—Early education unknown; law degree from School of Law, University of Guadalajara, 1961–1966, with thesis titled “Nuclear Energy as a Modifying Element in International Law”; diploma in government policy from National Institute of Public Administration, 1987–1980; teacher, Preparatory School, University of Guadalajara,

1965–1967; teacher, Flores Magón Preparatory School, Santa Rosalía, Baja California del Sur, 1968–1970; teacher, Juan Morelos Preparatory School, La Paz, 1971–1973; professor, School of Political and Social Studies, UNAM, 1986–1989. d—Senator from Baja California del Sur, 1982–1988; federal deputy from State of Baja California del Sur, Dist. 1, 1991–1993; governor, Baja California del Sur, 1993–1999. e—Joined PRI, 1967; president of PRI, Santa Rosalía, Baja California del Sur, 1967–1969; assistant secretary of organization, CEN of PRI, 1983–1986; general delegate of CEN of PRI, Tlaxcala, Hidalgo, Guanajuato, Quintana Roo, 1984–1989. f—Agent, Ministerio Público, Santa Rosalía, 1967–1969, Villa Constitución, 1969–1970, La Paz, 1971; judge, Mixed Appeals, Santa Rosalía, 1970–1971; judge, Mixed Appeals, La Paz, 1972; director of security and traffic, Baja California del Sur, 1973; syndic, La Paz, 1972–1974; secretary of development, Baja California del Sur, 1981–1982; president, Superior Tribunal of Justice, Baja California del Sur, 1974–1975, 1989–1992. g—Secretarygeneral, CNOP, Baja California del Sur, 1972–1975. h—None. i—Son of José Cresencio Mercado, shopkeeper and telegrapher, and Concepción Esperanza Romero Murillo; married María Concepción Casas Antuna, accountant. j—None. k—Accused by successor of fraud; detained Sept. 18, 2001; sentenced to 10 years and 10 months, 2004, but Circuit Court absolved him of all criminal charges, Apr. 3, 2007. l—www.pgr .gob.mx, 2008; tribunalbcs.gob.mx, 2007; www.diariodelistmo.com.mx, June 3, 2004; DBGM94, 517; Pescador, 184–185; Musacchio, 270. Merino Fernández, Aarón (Deceased Dec., 1976) a—Mar. 31, 1906. b—Ixcaquixtla, Puebla. c—Elementary studies at Normal School, Tepeaca, Puebla; agricultural engineering degree from National School of Agriculture, with specialization in irrigation; Professor of topography, UNAM, 1929. d—Federal deputy from State of Puebla, Dist. 6, 1940–1943, substitute member of

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1st Justice Committee, Health Committee. e—None. f—Engineer, Department of Agrarian Affairs, 1928–1938; director of general services, Department of the Federal District; delegate of Department of Agrarian Affairs in Puebla, 1938–1940; President, Agrarian Commission, Puebla, 1940; head, technical Consulting Corp., 1943; director general of public works, Secretariat of Public Works; oficial mayor, Secretariat of Public Education, 1946–1948; assistant secretary of public education, 1948–1952; governor, Quintana Roo, 1959–1964; interim governor, Puebla, 1964–1969. g—Secretary, Mexican Agronomy Society; founder, Platform of Professionals Group, which served as political base for Mario Moya Palencia’s, Antonio Calzada’s, and Pedro Ojeda Paullada’s careers. h—Author of a book on agriculture in Puebla. i—Son of Jesús Merino Nieto, teacher; brother of Jesús Merino Fernández, assistant secretary of agriculture and livestock, 1946–1954; childhood friend of Antonio Nava Castillo, governor of Puebla, 1963–1964, who was born in the same town and on the day as his brother; married Carmen Ochoa. j—None. k—One of the few examples in recent Mexican cabinet history where 2 brothers simultaneously held assistant secretary positions. l—HA, Jan. 16, 1948, 7; DGF51, I, 285; EBW46, 115; D de S, Dec. 1, 1940, 1; C de D, 1940–1942, 16, 61; Peral, 527; DGF47, 171; CyT, 441; HA, Dec. 13, 1976, 49; López, 695. Merino Fernández, Jesús (Deceased) a—1905. b—Ixcaquixtla, Puebla. c—Elementary studies at Normal School, Tepeaca, Puebla; studies in agricultural engineering at National School of Agriculture, 1922–1927, on scholarship, graduating with thesis titled “Regulation of the Río Coatzala Waters in Puebla,” 1929; professor of engineering, 1934–1938; professor of agricultural economics, School of Social Science, UNAM, 1934–1937. d—None. e—None. f—Auxiliary engineer, National Irrigation Commission, State of Morelos, 1928; chief of topography, Department of Agricultural

Waters, La Laguna, Puebla, and Morelos, 1929; adviser, Office of the Presidency, 1934–1940; Department of Agrarian Affairs and Colonization delegate to Morelos, 1939–1940; director of public works, State of Morelos, 1939–1940; executive secretary, National Irrigation Commission, 1941; adviser, NAFIN, 1942–1946; director general of national resources, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1942–1946; assistant secretary of agriculture, 1946–1952, 1952–1954; general manager, National Bank of Cooperative Development, 1969. g—General manager, Workers’ and Employees’ Cooperative, Emiliano Zapata Mill, Zacatepec, Morelos; president, Mixed Agrarian Commission, Morelos, 1930–1933. h—Author of agrarian laws; secretary-general, Mexican Agronomy Society. i—Son of Jesús Merino Nieto, teacher; brother of Aarón Merino Fernández, governor of Puebla, 1964–1969; childhood friend of Antonio Nava Castillo, governor of Puebla, 1963–1964, who was born in the same town and on the same day; married Teresa Carasa. j—None. k—None. l—DBP, 441–442; DGF56, 223; DP70, 213; DGF47, 123; DGF51, I, 203; CyT, 441–442. Merino Juárez, Gustavo Adolfo

a—Sept. 25, 1969. b—Federal District. c—Preparatory studies at United World Colleges of the Atlantic, Wales, 1986–1988; economics degree from ITAM, 1988–1992; MA in public administration from Harvard University, 1993–1995; PhD in public administration from Harvard University, 1995–1999, with dissertation titled “Federalism and the Policy Process: Using Basic Education as a Test: The Case of Public Sector Decentralization in Mexico”; full-time professor, ITAM, 2000–2002; researcher, Department of Economics, ITAM, 2000–2002; director, Public Policy Center, ITAM, 2000–2002. d—None. e—Coordinator of public policy, Felipe Calderon’s transition team. f—Analyst, 1991, department head, 1991–1993, and assistant director of economic deregulation, Secretary of Commerce, 1993; director general

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of international relations, 2003, general coordinator of planning and prediction, 2003–2004, and director, Planning and International Research Division, Secretariat of Social Development, 2004–2006; assistant secretary of social and human development, Secretariat of Social Development, 2006–2009. g—None. h—Consultant, Castañeda and Associates, 1996–2002. j—None. k—None. l—www.sedesol.gob.mx, 2008; www.banobras.gob.mx, 2010. Merino Mañón, José a—July 6, 1936. b—Toluca, State of Mexico. c—Early education unknown; public administration degree from School of Political Science, Autonomous University of the State of Mexico, 1953–1957, with thesis on the flour industry; professor of public finance, National School of Economics, UNAM, 1961–1964; professor of finance, School of Business, UNAM, 1963–1965; director, Seminar on Labor Administration, UNAM, 1982. d—Federal deputy from State of Mexico, Dist. 4, 1979–1982. e—Joined PRI, 1959; vice president, CEPES of PRI, State of Mexico, 1970–1976; active in IEPES of PRI during José López Portillo’s presidential campaign, 1976. f—Coordinator of auditors, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1959–1965; director of revenues, State of Mexico, 1969–1972; assistant director, Federal Electric Commission, 1972–1974; oficial mayor of government properties, 1975–1976; assistant director, Sahagún Combined Industrial Complex, 1976; director general, National Railroad Car Construction Co., 1976–1978; secretary of labor, State of Mexico, 1982–1984; secretary of economic development, State of Mexico, 1984–1986; secretary of finance, State of Mexico, 1986–1987, 1989–1993; director general, National Consumer Institute, Secretariat of Commerce, 1988–1989; assistant secretary of electricity, 1994–1995; assistant secretary of energy operations, 1995–1996; director general, Light and Power, 1996–1998. g—None. h—Public accountant, Bedwell, Figueroa, Merino, and Mijares, 1965–1969;

consultant, IADB. i—Married Blanca Alicia Juárez Flores, public accountant; son of José Merino Legorreta, businessman, and Isabel Mañón Calderón. j—None. k—None. l—HA, Feb. 24, 1975, 30; Protag., 227; C de D, 1979–1982; Mexiquenses, 120; DBGM87, 250–251; DBGM92, 797; Musacchio, 279. Merino Rábago, Francisco (Deceased Nov. 1, 1994) a—1919. b—Irapuato, Guanajuato. c—Early education unknown; no degree. d—None. e—None. f—Rural Inspector, National Bank of Ejido Credit, 1938; assistant to a zone director, National Bank of Ejido Credit; adviser to director, National Bank of Ejido Credit, 1938–1954; director of credit, National Bank of Ejido Credit, 1954–1956, 1959–1965; assistant director, National Bank of Ejido Credit, 1956–1958; adviser to secretary of agriculture, 1959–1960; assistant director, National Bank of Ejido Credit, 1968–1970; coordinator general, National Bank of Ejido Credit, 1970–1972; manager, La Laguna Ejido Bank, 1972–1974; manager, Michoacán Ejido Bank, 1975; assistant director general, National Bank of Rural Credit, 1975, 1975–1976; secretary of agriculture, 1976–1982; director general, National Seed Company, 1982; director general, Conafrut, and adviser to secretary of agriculture, Carlos Hank González, 1988– 1994. g—Member, CNC, 1939–1994. i—First political mentor was Gilberto Flores Muñoz, secretary of agriculture, 1952–1958. j—None. k—None. l—Excélsior, Dec. 1, 1976, 1; Excélsior, Mar. 25, 1977, 8; HA, Dec. 6, 1976, 23; El Día, Dec. 1, 1976, 1; HA, Aug. 8, 1977, 18; Excélsior, Dec. 26, 1981, 16. Mesa Andraca, Manuel (Deceased Jan. 12, 1985) a—June 8, 1894. b—Chilapa, Guerrero. c—Elementary studies in Guerrero; agronomy degree from National School of Agriculture, 1910–1917, on government fellowship, with thesis on teaching and agrarian publicity; special studies in agricultural economics at Georgetown University, 1925–1928; professor of agricultural economics, National School of Agriculture, 1928–1930; professor of agricultural

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economics, National School of Economics, UNAM; professor of rural sociology, School of Anthropology and History; professor of landscaping, National School of Agriculture, 1923–1924; secretary and professor, Agricultural School of Yucatán, 1917; secretary, National School of Agriculture, 1923–1924, under Marte R. Gómez; dean, National School of Agriculture, 1928–1930. d—None. e—Member, Popular Party, 1943; Popular Party candidate for federal deputy from Acapulco, 1943; finance director, Popular Party, 1948; member, National Liberation Movement; member, Committee to Organize an Independent Political Party (Mexican Workers’ Party), 1973–1974. f—Employee, state government of Yucatán, 1917–1918; agronomist, Local Agrarian Commission, Guerrero, 1921–1922; ejido organizer, Local Agrarian Commission, State of Veracruz, 1924–1925; attaché, Mexican embassy, Washington, DC, 1925–1928; director of agricultural publicity, Secretariat of Agriculture, 1928; director, Department of Agricultural Instruction and Rural Normal Schools, Secretariat of Public Education, 1932–1933; director general, NAFIN, 1934–1935; director general, National Bank of Agricultural Credit, 1935–1940. g—None. h—Employee, Gulf Oil of Mexico, Tampico, Tamaulipas, 1918–1921; member, Permanent Agricultural Committee, ILO, 1938–1949; director, Latin American Department, UNESCO, 1950–1951; director, Center for Agricultural Research, 1954; director, Institute of Mexican‑Russian Intercultural Exchange, 1956–1966. i—Son of Nicolás Mesa, judge of the Superior Tribunal of Justice of Guerrero, 1896–1911, and Aurelia Andraca; secretary to Lázaro Cárdenas in 1960s; sister Aurora was prominent educator in Chilapa. j—None. k—He and Marte R. Gómez were fired by President Obregón in 1924 for articles they authored. l—JSH, 248; Hayner, 211; Novo, 150; Gómez, 376– 385; DP95, 2212. Meza Castro, Francisco Armando

a—Feb. 17, 1944. b—La Paz, Baja California

del Sur. c—Preparatory studies at Heroic Military College, 1966–1969; staff and command, Higher War College; graduated from Applied Military School of Arms and Services, Puebla; MA in national security from National Defense College; director, Applied Military School; instructor, Higher War College. d—Plurinominal federal deputy from PRD, 2009–2012. e—Member, PRD. f—Military attaché, Mexican embassy, London; assistant secretary of national defense, 2008–2009. g—None. h—None. j—Joined the army, Feb. 1, 1966, as cadet; officer, 9th Infantry Battalion, Sinaloa; officer, 9th Infantry Battalion, Nayarit; officer, 32nd Infantry Battalion, Baja California del Sur; executive officer and commander, Commando Group, 54th Infantry Battalion, Oaxaca; assistant chief of staff, 29th Military Zone, Veracruz; chief of staff, 35th Military Zone, Guerrero; chief of regional services, 8th Military Region, Oaxaca; commander, 39th Infantry Battalion, Veracruz; commander, 49th Infantry Battalion, Guerrero; garrison commander, San Luis Río Colorado, Sonora; commander, 37th Military Zone, State of Mexico; commander, 27th Military Zone, Guerrero; commander, 6th Military Zone, Coahuila; commander, 43rd Military Zone, Michoacán; commander, 10th Military Region, Yucatán; commander, 7th Military Region, Chiapas. k—None. l—La Jornada, Mar. 6, 2008; www.sedena.gob.mx, Dec. 7, 2008; El Universal, Mar. 4, 2008. Mier y Terán Ordiales, Carlos a—July 26, 1946. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; civil engineering degree from National School of Engineering, UNAM, 1965–1969; MA in planning from National School of Engineering, UNAM, 1969–1970; MA from London School of Economics, 1973–1974; PhD in regional economics, London School of Economics, 1975–1976; courses at MIT, Boston, 1980. d—None. e—None. f—Analyst of transportation investment, Office of the Presidency of Mexico, 1971–1974; department head,

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Public Investment Division, Office of the Presidency of Mexico, 1975–1976; assistant director of evaluation, Division of Programming and Budget, Secretariat of Housing and Public Works, 1976–1978; assistant director of communication and transportation, Division of Public Investment, Secretariat of Programming and Budget, 1978–1979; director of budgeting, communications and transportation, Secretariat of Programming and Budget, 1980–1982; director general of Programming and Budget for basic infrastructure, Secretariat of Programming and Budget, 1982–1985; director general of Programming and Budget for infrastructure, Secretariat of Programming and Budget, 1985–1988; assistant secretary of communication and technological development, Secretariat of Communications and Transportation, 1988–1992; general coordinator of port authorities, Secretariat of Communications and Transportation, 1992–1994; director general of telecommunications, Secretariat of Transportation, 1997–2001. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Carlos Mier y Terán Rivera, public accountant, and Gloria Ordiales Fierro, daughter of Ana Teresa Fierro, wife of Pedro Coronel, prominent painter and assistant to Diego Rivera; married Eva Patricia López Sánchez Mateos. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM89, 230; DBGM92, 238; Pescador, 187–188; Musacchio, 280–281; www.pachuca.tv, July 9, 2005. Mijares Palencia, José (Deceased July 10, 1973) a—Mar. 1, 1895. b—Villahermosa, Tabasco. c—Elementary studies at Colegio Ayala and Colegio San Bernardo, Puebla, 1902–1907; secondary studies at Colegio San Pedro, Colegio San Pablo, La Salle Christian School, Puebla, Puebla, 1907–1910; cadet at National Military College, Chapultepec, 1910–1911; graduated, 1912, as a 2nd infantry lieutenant; founder and director, Ignacio Zaragoza School, Puebla, which later became a military academy. d—Governor, Puebla, 1933–1937. e—Campaign manager, General Almazán’s presidential campaign, 1940. f—Chief of mounted police, Federal

District, 1929–1931; director general of agricultural education, Secretariat of Public Education, 1946–1952. g—None. h—Director, private military academy, 1946; author of organizational manual for federal government, 1936, and other works. i—Brother Fernando, a lawyer and secretary general of government of Puebla, 1930. j—Joined the Revolution as 2nd lieutenant, 1912; rank of captain, 1914; brigadier general, 1927; brigade general, 1931; commander, 17th Military Zone, Querétaro, Querétaro; commander, 27th Military Zone, Acapulco, Guerrero. k—Founder, first private military academy in Mexico. l—D de Y, Nov. 8, 1935, 1; D de Y, Sept. 5, 1935, 1; DGF51, I, 290; DGF47, 172; EBW46, 1136; CyT, 444–445; Enc. Mex., IX, 68; NYT, Aug. 21, 1940, 8; Almanaque de Tabasco, 163; DP95, 2268. Millán Brito, Juan a—May 5, 1936. b—Taxco, Guerrero. c—Early education unknown; completed part of preparatory studies. d—Plurinominal federal deputy from PAN, 1982–1985. e—Joined PAN, 1957; president, PAN Committee for Economic Activities, Taxco, 1980; PAN candidate for city council of Taxco; PAN candidate for mayor of Taxco, 1980; president of PAN, Taxco, 1980. f—None. g—Member of various parents’ associations; adviser, Chamber of Commerce, Taxco; adviser, Taxco Red Cross. h—Businessman; owner of Millán Silver Store, 1962–1980; owner of Bungalows Vista Alegre, 1978. i—Son of Alfonso Millán Hernández and Hermelinda Brito; brother Agustín Millán Brito, president of PAN, Acapulco, and founder of PAN in Guerrero; great-nephew Carlos Millán Sánchez, general delegate of CEN of PAN to Guerrero, 2008, and secretary-general of PAN, Guerrero, 2002–2003; j—None. k—None. l—C de D, 1982–1985; Directorio, 1982–1985; Lehr, 639; DBGM, 557; www .suracapulco.com.mx, June 20, 2008, Feb. 21, 2005, June 10, 2002. Millán Escalante, Ernesto Alfonso

a—July 25, 1928. b—Culiacán, Sinaloa. c—Early education unknown; accounting

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degree from UNAM, 1948–1952; accounting studies at ITESM, Monterrey, Nuevo León. d—Senator from State of Sinaloa, 1982– 1988, president of 2nd Treasury Committee and Administration Committee; mayor, Culiacán, 1987–1989; federal deputy from State of Sinaloa, Dist. 7, 1997–2000, president of Special Committee on Reinforcing Federalism. e—Joined PRI, 1965; regional delegate of CEN of PRI, Veracruz, Puebla, Oaxaca, and Tlaxcala, 1983–1985. f—General manager, CONASUPO, 1965–1970; chief of economic advisers, Department of the Federal District, 1971–1976; assistant director general, Banobras and Banurbano, 1976–1979. g—National coordinator of programs, CEN of CNOP, 1979–1980; secretary of development planning, CEN of CNOP, 1980–1983. h—None. i—Son of José Millán Maldonado, journalist, and Concepción Escalante. j—None. k—None. l—www .secgob.mx, 1997; DBGM84, 557–558; QesQ en el Congreso, 1997–2000, 202. Millán Lizárraga, Juan (Sigfrido)

a—June 15, 1943. b—El Rosario, Sinaloa. c—Early education unknown; economics degree from University of Sinaloa; professor, Naval School of Sinaloa, 1964–1975; teacher, American Institute, Culiacán, 1964–1965. d—Senator from Sinaloa, 1982– 1988; federal deputy from State of Sinaloa, Dist. 4, 1991–1994; governor, Sinaloa, 1998–2004. e—Joined PRI, 1964; secretary of labor action, PRI, Sinaloa; president of PRI, Sinaloa, but resigned in 1989 after party’s decision to “give” Mazatlán election to PAN; general delegate of CEN of PRI to Tamaulipas; secretary-general, CEN of PRI, 1995–1997. f—Director, Transportation Department, Sinaloa, 1972–1974; director general of traffic and transportation, Sinaloa, 1975–1980. g—Secretary-general, Union of Radio and Television Workers, Sinaloa, 1972–1975; secretary of education and social communication, CTM, 1975–1980; secretary-general, CTM, Sinaloa, 1981–1987. h—Laborer, Kenworth Mexicana, Mexicali, Baja California, 1960–1962; radio

announcer, XECQ, Culiacán, 1965–1975; i—Son of Enrique Millán, mailman, and Lucía Lizárraga, teacher; son Juan Ernesto was coordinator of municipal development in Sinaloa, 2005; married María Guadalupe Pietsch. j—None. k—Political enemy of Francisco Labastida after 1989 incident. l—QesQ en el Congreso, 1997–2000, 316; www.sinaloagobernadores.galeon.com, 2008; D del Y, Nov. 10, 1998; DBGM92, 518; Musacchio, 281; Cien Nombres, 231–234; DBGM87, 579. Minero Roque, José (Deceased 1978) a—1907. b—Nochistlán, Zacatecas. c—Elementary studies in Nochistlán; secondary and preparatory studies in Guadalajara, Jalisco; attended Conciliar Seminary, Zacatecas; scholarship seminary student in Rome (2 years); law degree. d—Federal deputy from State of Zacatecas, Dist. 3, 1949–1950, member of Library Committee; local deputy, State Legislature of Zacatecas, 1946–1947; governor, Zacatecas, 1950–1956. e—None. f—Private secretary to Leobardo Reynoso, governor of Zacatecas, 1944–1945; oficial mayor, Zacatecas, 1945–1946; secretary general of government, Zacatecas, 1947–1949. g—None. i—Married Inés Amador Silva; political protégé of Governor Leobardo Reynoso; personal friend of Adolfo Ruiz Cortines and Governor Francisco García. j—None. k—None. l—HA, Sept. 26, 1955, 10; DGF56, 103; HA, Sept. 29, 1950, 24; C de D, 1949–1951, 80; DGF51, I, 27, 93; www .cronica.diputados.gob.mx, Sept. 12, 1950; www.7diastepa.blogspot.com, Feb. 11, 2007. Minjares Jiménez, José Manuel a—May 29, 1967. b—Córdoba, Veracruz. c—Early education unknown; public accounting degree from La Salle University, 1984–1988. d—Representative to Assembly of Federal District, 1997–2000; federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. 15, 2000–2003, 2006–2007. e—Joined PAN, 1988; secretary of finance, Regional Committee of PAN, Federal District, 1993–1996; administrative director, PAN, Federal District, 1996–1997; member, Regional Council of PAN,

t he b io g ra phies  639

Federal District; member, CEN of PAN. f—Coordinator of advisers, Banobras, 2003; oficial mayor of energy, 2003–2004; assistant secretary of public function, 2007–2008; coordinator of advisers of secretary of the treasury, 2008–2009; assistant secretary of legislative liaison, Secretariat of Government, 2009. g—None. h—CPA, Freyssinier Morín, 1986–1991; audit supervisor, BDO Binder, 1991–1993; audit manager, Castillo Miranda, 1993–1995; partner, García FloresChapas, 1995–1996; independent CPA, 1997, 2005–2006. i—Son of José María Minjares Castro and María Mercedes Jiménez Núñez; married María Eugenia Serrano Teyssier. j—None. k—None. l—Directorio del Congreso, 2006–2009, 86; DCM, 2000–2003, 82; QesQ en el Congreso, 2000–2003, 69–70; www.diputados.gob.mx, 2003–2006; www.es.wikipeida.org, 2010. Miramontes (Briseño), Candelario

(Deceased 1983) a—July 2, 1902. b—Tepic, Nayarit. c—Elementary education in Tepic; no degree. d—Federal deputy from State of Nayarit, Dist. 1, 1940–1943, member of Balloting Committee, 3rd Ejido Committee; alternate federal deputy from State of Nayarit, Dist. 1, 1937–1940; governor, Nayarit, 1942–1946; senator from State of Nayarit, 1946–1952, substitute member of 2nd Labor Committee. e—None. f—None. g—Member, National Chamber of Commerce. h—Merchant, 1924–1940. i—Son of Agapito Miramontes; from humble family; married Ester Cárdenas Aréchiga; sister-in-law Dolores “Lola” Cárdenas, important revolutionary, rank of major; son Dr. Ernesto Miramontes Cárdenas, scientist. j—None. k—None. l—Letter; EBW46, 204; DGF51, I, 14; C de D, 1937–1939, 14; C de D, 1940–1942, 14, 53; www.cienciaanayariticana, 2008; www.nay arit.gobernadores, 2009. Miranda Andrade, Otoniel a—1915. b—Hacienda de Quetzalapa, Municipio de Jacala, Molango, Hidalgo. c—Early education unknown; medical degree; advanced studies at St. Agnes Hospital, Baltimore, Md. d—Governor, Hidalgo, Apr. 1, 1975–Apr.

29, 1975. e—None. f—Head physician of Manuel Sánchez Vite, governor of Hidalgo, 1969–1970, 1972–1975; coordinator, Institutions for the Protection of Children, State of Hidalgo; director, Civil Hospital, Pachuca, Hidalgo; director, ISSSTE, Hidalgo; director of medical services, Public Health Department, Hidalgo, 1974. g—Secretary-general, CNOP in Hidalgo. h—Practicing physician, 1975; physician, Nonalco Clinic, ISSSTE; physician, Londres Clinic, Mexico City; physician, November 20th Hospital, Mexico City; director, Bank and Industrial Police Clinic, Mexico City. i—Born in same year and in same village as his mentor, Manuel Sánchez Vite. k—Served as constitutionally elected governor for shortest period of any Mexican governor since 1935; deposed by Permanent Committee of Congress in what some political observers consider a move to further discredit his mentor, Manuel Sánchez Vite, by Luis Echeverría. l—Excélsior, Oct. 12, 1974, 1; HA, Oct. 21, 1974, 40; Latin America, May 9, 1975, 141; HA, May 5, 1975, 42; Pérez López, 284. Miranda Castro, Alberto a—Feb. 2, 1932. b-Santa Rosa, Baja California del Sur. c—Teaching certificate from Urban Normal School, La Paz, Baja California del Sur, 1949–1952; elementary school teacher, Tijuana; principal, elementary schools, Tijuana. d—Federal deputy from State of Baja California del Sur, Dist. 2, 1982–1985. e—Joined PRI, 1953. f—None. g—Secretarygeneral of Local 52, SNTE, Baja California del Sur, 1961–1964; oficial mayor, CEN of SNTE, 1974–1975; private secretary to secretary-general of SNTE, 1975–1977; secretary of labor and special conflicts, CEN of SNTE, 1977–1980; secretary of social action, CEN of SNTE, 1980–1983; secretarygeneral, SNTE, 1983–1986; secretary of educational development, CEN of SNTE, 1987. h—None. i—Son of Guillermo Miranda González, laborer, and Josefa Castro Lucero; married Rosa López Pantoja. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM84, 558; Lehr, 52; www .seccion37.com.mx, 2008.

640  m e xic a n p oli t i c a l b i o g ra ph i e s , 1935–20 0 9 Miranda Fonseca, Donato (Deceased) a—June 28, 1908. b—Chilapa, Guerrero. c—Elementary studies in Chilapa; secondary studies at normal school; law degree from Free Law School, Apr. 12, 1935, with thesis titled “Public Liberties and Article Three.” d—Local deputy, State Legislature of Guerrero; federal deputy from State of Guerrero, Dist. 5, 1943–1946; senator from State of Guerrero, 1946–1952, member of Gran Comisión, 3rd Committee on National Defense, Legislative Studies Committee, 1st Balloting Committee, substitute member of 2nd Public Education Committee and Special Forestry Committee; mayor, Acapulco, Guerrero. e—Head of Miguel Alemán’s campaign for president, State of Guerrero, 1946. f—Judge, Superior Tribunal of Justice, Guerrero, 1947; representative to Petrópolis, Brazil; representative to Caracas; member, Mexican delegation to Inter‑American Assembly of Mutual Defense, 1947, with José López Bermúdez; justice, Superior Tribunal of Justice, Federal District and Federal Territories; president, Superior Tribunal of Justice, Federal District and Federal Territories, 1956–1958; secretary of the presidency, 1958–1964; special ambassador, Secretariat of Foreign Relations, 1965. g—Student leader and founder, National Organization of Normal School Students, 1927. h—Practicing lawyer, 1935. i—Married María Luisa Acosta; son of Donato Miranda Castro and Petra Fonseca; son General Donato Miranda Acosta, military attaché to Mexican embassy, killed in Rome airport during a terrorist attack. j—None. k—PRI precandidate for president of Mexico, 1964, reportedly López Mateos’ first choice; participated in 1929 student strike with López Mateos; spoke at PRI nominating assembly for Miguel Alemán in 1946; PRI precandidate for governor of Guerrero, 1956. l—D del S, Jan. 20, 1946; Excélsior, Aug. 11, 1947; CB, May 13, 1965; Excélsior, May 8, 1972, B‑2; El Universal, Dec. 2, 1958, 1; HA, Dec. 2, 1958, 32; DGF56, 513; Func., 62; NYT, Aug. 11, 1963, 34; HA, June 10, 1974, 13.

Miranda Pasquel, Raúl a—Sept. 4, 1938. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; industrial relations degree from Ibero-American University, 1962; MA in administration from University of Florida; professor, UNAM, 1968– ; professor, National Institute of Public Administration, 1982– ; director, Training Program in Public Administration, National Center for Productivity, 1964–1966. d—None. e—Joined PRI, 1961. f—Assistant director, Federal Tax Registry, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1966– 1974; chief of management services, IADB, 1975–1976; general coordinator of administration for assistant secretary of revenues, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1976–1979; director of planning and personnel development, Secretariat of Programming and Budget, 1979–1982; coordinator of advisers of assistant secretary “A,” Office of the Controller General, 1983–1987; oficial mayor, Office of the Controller General, 1987–1988. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Luis Miranda Erostarbe and Noemí Pasquel Bedian; married María Elena Ramírez Cabañas, kindergarten principal. j—None. k—None. l—Musacchio, 282; DBGM87, 253–254. Miranda (Sánchez), Roberto a—Jan. 5, 1947. b—Federal District. c—Preparatory studies at Heroic Military College, 1963–1966, graduating as 1st cavalry lieutenant, Jan. 1, 1966; staff and command diploma, Higher War College, 1978–1981; squadron officer, Heroic Military College, 1969–1970; professor, Heroic Military College, 1969–1971. d—None. e—Joined PRI, 1968; chief of security, Miguel de la Madrid’s presidential campaign, 1981–1982 coordinator of security and logistics, Carlos Salinas’ presidential campaign, 1987–1988. f—Aide to President Luis Echeverría, 1971–1976; chief of aides to assistant chief of the presidential staff, 1976–1978; assistant chief, Sec. 4, Logistics, presidential staff, 1981–1982; chief, Sec. 2, Intelligence, presidential staff, 1982–1988; controller, Office of the Adjutant General, 1988–1992; assistant chief of presidential staff, 1992; coordinator of advisers,

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presidential staff, 1992–1993; assistant chief of operations, presidential staff, 1993–1994; chief of staff, Office of the Presidency, 1994–2000. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Roberto Miranda Tovar, industrialist, and Susana Sánchez Gudiño; married Ana María Terán Miranda. j—Career army officer; joined army as cadet, 1963; rank of colonel, 1985; rank of brigadier general, Nov. 20, 1990; director general of military archives, Secretariat of National Defense, 2000–2002; commander, 11th Military Region, 2002–2006; commander, 3rd Military Region, Mazatlán, Sinaloa, 2007–2009. k—None. l—www.presidencia.gob.mx/ oficina/enp, 1997; El Financiero, Dec. 7, 1994, 52; DBGM92, 239; DBGM, 258; www.se dena.gob.mx, 2003, 2007, 2008. Miravete, Manuel E. (Deceased) a—1894. b—San Andrés Tuxtla, Veracruz. c—Elementary studies at Escuela Cantonal, San Andrés Tuxtla; no degree. d—Local deputy, 23rd Legislature of State of Veracruz; federal deputy from State of Veracruz, 1920–1922, 1922–1924, 1930–1932; federal deputy from State of Veracruz, Dist. 1, 1937– 1940. e—Director, gubernatorial campaigns in the State of Veracruz. h—None. j—Private secretary to various revolutionary leaders. k—None. l—Peral, 535; C de D, 1937– 1939, 15; www.cronica.diputados.gob.mx, Dec. 10, 1938, 2008. Moctezuma Barragán, Esteban a—Oct. 21, 1954. b—Federal District. c—Elementary studies at Instituto México, Mexico City, 1961–1967; secondary studies at Instituto México, 1967–1970; preparatory studies at Centro Universitario México, 1970–1973; economics degree from National School of Economics, UNAM, 1973–1977, with thesis on planning in Mexico; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, 1976–1981; MA in political economy from Cambridge University, 1977–1978, with thesis on public enterprise and subsidy policies in Mexico; planning course, Japan, 1981. d—Plurinominal senator from PRI, 1997–2000. e—Finance secretary, PRI, State of Sinaloa,

1986–1987; oficial mayor, CEN of PRI, in charge of administration during Carlos Salinas’ presidential campaign, 1988; assistant secretary-general, PRI, 1994; director, PRI National Council, 1996–1997; secretarygeneral, CEN of PRI, 1999–2000; finance secretary and coordinator, Francisco Labastida’s presidential campaign, 1999–2000. f—Analyst, Secretariat of Programming and Budget, 1973; chief, International Affairs Department, Secretariat of Programming and Budget, 1975–1976; chief, Department of Programming, Secretariat of Programming and Budget, 1976; researcher, Office of the Presidency of Mexico, 1979; assistant director of state development plans, Secretariat of Programming and Budget, 1979–1980; assistant director of regional policy instruments, Secretariat of Programming and Budget, 1980–1981; private secretary to assistant secretary of housing and public works, 1981; private secretary to secretary of energy, Francisco Labastida Ochoa, 1982–1986; secretary of administration, State of Sinaloa, 1987–1988; oficial mayor of programming and budget, 1988–1992; oficial mayor of public education, 1992–1993; assistant secretary of educational coordination, Secretariat of Public Education, Jan. 7, 1993–1994; secretary of government, 1994–1995. g—None. h—President, Fundación Azteca, 2002. i—Son of Pedro Moctezuma Díaz Infante, assistant secretary of government properties, 1970– 1976, and Narua Teresa Barragán Álvarez; married Cecilia Bárbara Morfín; grandson of General Juan Barragán Rodríguez, president of PARM; great-nephew of Fernando Moctezuma, secretary general of PNR; greatgrandson of Mariano Moctezuma, assistant secretary of industry and commerce; brother Gonzalo was director general of legal affairs, Secretariat of health, 1989; brother Pedro Moctezuma was PMS candidate for Assembly of the Federal District; brother Javier Moctezuma was assistant secretary of labor; political disciple of Ernesto Zedillo and Leopoldo Solís. j—None. k—None. l—Letter; DBGM92, 239–240; DBGM89, 232.

642  m e xic a n p oli t i c a l b i o g ra ph i e s , 1935–20 0 9 Moctezuma (Barragán), Fernando

(Deceased May 2, 1973) a—1895. b—Ciudad del Maíz, San Luis Potosí. c—Early education unknown; law degree, 1920; professor of law, School of Law, University of San Luis Potosí, 1922–1925. d—Federal deputy from State of San Luis Potosí, Dist. 8, 1926–1928, 1928–1930; federal deputy from State of San Luis Potosí, Dist. 4, 1930–1932; federal deputy from State of San Luis Potosí, Dist. 4, 1943–1946; federal deputy from State of San Luis Potosí, Dist. 5, 1932–1934; senator from State of San Luis Potosí, 1946–1952, member of Gran Comisión, Legislative Studies Committee, 2nd Government Committee, Tax Committee. e—Secretary-general, PNR, 1931–1934. f—Legal adviser to secretary of public health, 1952–1958. g—None. h—Practicing lawyer, 1920–1926. i—Son of Mariano Moctezuma and Rosa Barragán Piña; maternal grandparents were Mariano Barragán Moctezuma Andrade and María de Jesús Piña; brother of Mariano Moctezuma, assistant secretary of industry and commerce, 1936–1938; early political mentor of Antonio Rocha, who was his alternate as senator; his sister‑in‑law was the sister of General Juan Barragán; great-uncle of Pedro Moctezuma Díaz Infante and Esteban Moctezuma Barragán. k—None. l—López, 713; DGF51, I, 7–12; DGF56, 331; C de S, 1946– 1952; C de D, 1943–1946; C de D, 1926–1928; C de D, 1928–1930; C de D, 1930–1932; C de D, 1932–1934; DBGM92, 239. Moctezuma Barragán, Javier a—Aug. 15, 1953. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; law degree from Free Law School, 1973–1978; MA in law from Georgetown University, Washington, DC, 1980; LLD studies at National School of Law, UNAM, 1985. d—None. e—Joined PRI, 1977; assistant secretary of press and publicity, National Revolutionary Youth Movement, PRI, 1972. f—Assistant department head, Secretariat of Government, 1973–1976; private secretary to director-in-chief of bilateral affairs, Secretariat of Foreign Relations, 1977–1978; director of legal affairs,

Mexican embassy, Washington, DC, 1978– 1980; secretary of presidential agreements, Office of the Presidency, 1982–1987; director general of government, Secretariat of Government, 1987–1988; assistant director general of legal affairs, ISSSTE, 1988–1994; assistant secretary of labor “A,” 1994–2000; assistant secretary of religious affairs, Secretariat of Government, 2000–2002; assistant secretary of migrants and religious affairs, Secretariat of Government, 2002–2003; ambassador to the Vatican, 2004–2005. g—Executive secretary, National Commission on Human Rights, 2006. h—None. i—Son of Pedro Moctezuma Díaz Infante, assistant secretary of government properties, 1970–1976, and Narua Teresa Barragán Álvarez; married Luz María Mendoza Pesquera, CPA; grandson of General Juan Barragán Rodríguez, president of PARM; great-nephew of Fernando Moctezuma, secretary-general of PNR; great-grandson of Mariano Moctezuma, assistant secretary of industry and commerce; brother Gonzalo was director general of legal affairs, Secretariat of Health, 1989; brother Pedro Moctezuma was PMS candidate for Assembly of the Federal District; brother Esteban was secretary of government, 1994–1995; brother Pablo was a delegate to the Federal District Department. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM89, 232; Pescador; Musacchio, 282; DBGM92, 240. Moctezuma Barragán, Mariano

(Deceased July 28, 1942) a—Feb. 15, 1877. b—Ciudad del Maíz, San Luis Potosí. c—Engineering degree in geology, Aug. 23, 1905, School of Mines; professor, National School of Engineering, UNAM, 1936–1942; director, School of Engineering, UNAM, 1915–1923, 1929–1933, 1938–1942; director, School of Mines. d—None. e—None. f—Assistant secretary of public works, 1932–1934, in charge of the secretariat, Nov., 1934; assistant secretary of public education, 1934–1936; assistant secretary of industry and commerce, 1936–1938; director, National Observatory, Tacubaya, Federal District.

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g—None. h—None. i—Son of Mariano Moctezuma and Rosa Barragán Peña; brother Fernando, served as senator from San Luis Potosí, 1946–1952; brother‑in‑law of General Juan Barragán; married María de los Dolores Barragán Rodríguez; grandfather of Pedro Moctezuma Díaz Infante, assistant secretary of government properties, 1970–1976; great-grandfather of Esteban Moctezuma Barragán, oficial mayor of public education, 1992. j—None. k—None. l—DP70, 1372; Peral, 537; HA, Aug. 7, 1942, 40; López, 714; DBGM, 286; DBGM92, 239; www.familytrees.genopro.com, 2008. Moctezuma Cid, Julio Rodolfo a—1927. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; preparatory studies at National Preparatory School; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM; professor of political science, School of Political and Social Science, UNAM. d—None. e—Director general, IEPES of CEN of PRI, Jan., 1975– Sept., 1976. f—Private secretary to Raúl Ortiz Mena, assistant secretary of the presidency, 1959–1961; assistant director of planning, Office of the Presidency, 1964–1965; director of public investments, Office of the Presidency, 1965–1970; adviser, Office of the Presidency, Secretariat of the Treasury, and CONASUPO, 1971–1973; oficial mayor of treasury, 1974–1975; secretary of treasury, 1976–1977; coordinator of special projects, Office of the Presidency, 1979–1981; director general, PEMEX, 1981–1982; director general, Somex Bank, 1982–1988. g—None. h—Practicing lawyer with Octavio Medellín Ostos; director, consulting firm Preinversión de México, 1971–1973. i—Friend of José López Portillo since the 1950s; son of Alberto Moctezuma, farmer, and Adela Cid; married Blanca Rosa Franco; stepbrother of Guillermo Jiménez Morales; son Javier Moctezuma Barragán was assistant secretary of labor, 1994–2000. j—None. k—Fired by López Portillo because of his inability to settle policy disagreements with Carlos Tello Macías. l—DPE61, 124; El Día, Dec. 1, 1976; Excélsior, Nov. 17, 1977, 11; Latin America,

Nov., 1977; Excélsior, Dec. 1, 1976; HA, Dec. 6, 1976, 22; MGF69, 345; Excélsior, June 7, 1981, 1; HA, July 15, 1981, 27. Moctezuma Coronado, Javier a—May 8, 1946. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; public accounting degree; professor, University of Baja California. d—Plurinominal federal deputy from PAN, 1982–1985. e—Joined PAN, 1972; secretary of PAN, Tijuana, Baja California; treasurer of PAN, Tijuana. f—None. g—None. h—Accountant, Uva-Casa Company. j—None. k—None. l—C de D, 1982–1985. Moctezuma Díaz Infante, Pedro

a—Aug. 24, 1923. b—San Luis Potosí. c—Architecture degree from National School of Architecture, UNAM, 1950; professor of the theory of architecture, National School of Architecture, UNAM, 1948–1959; professor of program analysis, Ibero‑American University, 1957–1958. d—None. e—None. f—Engineer, Department of the Federal District; head, Architecture Department, Secretariat of Public Works; member, Commission for Colonial Monuments, National Institute of Anthropology and History; head, Department of Urbanism and Architecture, Secretariat of Public Works, 1960–1965; worked with Mario Moya Palencia, assistant secretary of government, 1969–1970; assistant secretary of real property and urbanism, Secretariat of Government Properties, 1970–1976. g—None. h—Practicing civil engineer; built PRI central office, Mexico City, 1968; constructed rectory of University of Tamaulipas, 1967, and many other well-known public buildings. i—Son of Beatriz Infante Torres and Pedro Moctezuma Barragán; grandson of Mariano Moctezuma, assistant secretary of industry and commerce, 1936–1938, and Rosa Barragán, sister of General Juan Barragán; great-nephew of Fernando Moctezuma, secretary-general of PNR; son Esteban Moctezuma Barragán, secretary of social development, 1998–1999. j—None. k—None. l—HA, Oct.,1971, 9; HA, Dec.

644  m e xic a n p oli t i c a l b i o g ra ph i e s , 1935–20 0 9

14, 1970, 21; DPE71, 44; Enc. Mex., IX, 108–2009; DBGM89, 231–232. Moguel Cal y Mayor, José (Deceased Nov. 5, 1996) a—July 22, 1919. b—Cintalapa, Chiapas. c—Early education unknown; graduated as 2nd artillery lieutenant, Heroic Military College, 1936–1939; staff and command diploma from Higher War College, 1947–1950. d—None. e—None. f—Oficial mayor, Secretariat of National Defense, 1980–1983. g—None. h—None. i—Cousin of Octavio Cal y Mayor Sauz, federal deputy from Chiapas, 1970–1973; nephew of General Rafael Cal y Mayor; great-nephew of General Benigno Cal y Mayor, senator, 1928–1932; son of Alfonso Moguel Cal y Mayor, career military, and María Cal y Mayor Moguel. j—Career army officer; joined army as 2nd sergeant, 1934; served in 2nd Artillery Regiment, Guadalajara, Jalisco, 1939–1940; served in 1st Artillery Regiment, 1940–1941; attached to Technical Military Division, Secretariat of National Defense, 1941–1942; member, presidential staff, 1942; officer, 4th 105 Mortars, Sappers Regiment, 1942–1945; attached to chief of staff, Secretariat of National Defense, 1946; served in 4th Artillery Regiment, 1946–1947; attached to 14th Military Zone, Aguascalientes, 1950–1952; attached to 23rd Military Zone, Tlaxcala, 1952–1953; attached to 13th Military Zone, Tepic, Nayarit, 1953; rank of colonel, 1960; chief of staff, 26th Military Zone, 1961; rank of brigadier general, 1968; commander, army garrison, Ciudad Acuña, Coahuila, 1973–1976; rank of division general, 1977; commander, 3rd Military Zone, 1977–1978; director general of artillery, Secretariat of National Defense, 1978–1979; director general of personnel, Secretariat of National Defense, 1979–1980; director, Social Security Institute of the Armed Forces, 1983–1988. k—None. l—Rev. de Ejer., Nov., 1968, 55; Rev. de Ejer., Nov., 1972, 49; Q es QAP, 79–80; Rev. de Ejer., Oct., 1960, 17; Rev. de Ejer., Nov., 1970, 70; DBGM87, 255. Moguel Contreras, Idolina a—Aug. 6, 1932. b—Oaxaca, Oaxaca. c—Early

education unknown; degree in elementary education from Higher Normal School, Mexico City, 1951, with thesis titled “Modern Theories of Learning”; MA in Spanish language and literature from Higher Normal School, 1948–1951; PhD in education from Higher Normal School, 1970–1972; PhD in linguistics from Colegio de México, 1977–1979; various postgraduate courses; teacher, normal and private preparatory schools, 1955–1971, Mexico City; professor, Higher Normal School, Mexico City, 1969–1972. d—Senator from State of Oaxaca, 1988–1994. e—None. f—Assistant director, Secondary Day School, Federal District, 1965–1970; chief, Spanish Teaching Department, Division of Mid-level Education, Secretariat of Public Education, 1972; secretary-general, National Technical Council of Education, 1971–1976; director general of education and professional development, Secretariat of Public Education, 1977–1979; director general of cultural and self-teaching materials, Secretariat of Public Education, 1979–1982; assistant secretary of elementary education, 1982–1988; representative of Secretariat of Public Education, Oaxaca, 2002. g—Coordinator, National Women’s Program, CNOP, 1989–1993; secretary of legislative promotion, CNOP, 1993–1994. h—None. i—Daughter of Arturo Moguel Camacho, military physician and colonel, 1948, and Bertha Contreras Sánchez; married Jesús Manuel Esparza Villarreal, military physician. j—None. k—None. l—HA, Dec. 20, 1982, 12; Q es QAP, 298; DBGM87, 255; DBGM89, 497; DBGM92, 519; www.cronica.diputados.gob.mx, 2008. Moguel Esponda, Arturo (Deceased July 14, 1980) a—1915. b—Cintalapa, Chiapas. c—Elementary and secondary studies in Cintalapa; preparatory studies at National Preparatory School; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, 1937. d—Federal deputy from State of Chiapas, Dist. 6, 1961–1964, member of Gran Comisión, secretary of Chamber; senator from State of Chiapas, 1964–1970. e—None.

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f—Agent, Ministerio Público, Federal District, 1938–1942; judge, Superior Tribunal of Justice, State of Chiapas, 1947–1951; private secretary to Rafael P. Gamboa, secretary of health, 1952; adviser, Secretariat of Agrarian Reform, 1980; director, Advisory Board of Secretariat of Agrarian Reform, Chiapas, 1980. g—None. i—Married Dora Díaz; sonin-law Luis Sobrino was assistant delegate of Secretariat of Public Education, Chiapas; related to General José Moguel Cal y Mayor. j—None. k—None. l—C de S, 1964–1970; MGF69; C de D, 1961–1964; PS, 4086; Excélsior, July 15, 1980, 21; Proceso, July 21, 1980, 56. Moheno Velasco, Rubén (Deceased) a—May 14, 1910. b—Guadalajara, Jalisco. c—Elementary studies at Manuel M. Villaseñor School, Federal District; secondary and preparatory studies at public schools in Federal District; studied law at National School of Law, UNAM (3 years); no degree. d—Federal deputy from State of Jalisco, Dist. 3, 1964–1967, member of Legislative Studies Committee (2nd Sec. on Civil Affairs), 1st Railroads Committee, Electric Industry Committee; federal deputy from State of Jalisco, Dist. 6, 1970–1973, member of Legislative Studies Committee (19th Sec. on General Means of Communication and Transportation), and 2nd General Means of Communication Committee). e—Member, National Committee of PRI; secretary of political action, CEN of PRI, 1965. f—Employee, National Railroads of Mexico, 1925–1973. g—Official, Railroad Workers’ Union of the Federal District. h—None. i—Married Celia Verduzco; daughter Gracia Ofelia, lawyer in Guadalajara; daughter Celia Martha, author of books on women. j—None. k—None. l—C de D, 1964–1967, 52, 73, 87; C de D, 1970–1973, 126; Directorio, 1970–1972. Molina Betancourt, Rafael (Deceased Aug. 24, 1957) a—Nov. 16, 1901. b—Zacapoaxtla, Puebla. c—Elementary studies at public school in Zacapoaxtla, 1913; secondary studies at Normal Institute of Puebla,

1918; teaching certificate from Normal School of Mexico City, June, 1921; professor of civics, Spanish, and world history. d—Federal deputy from State of Puebla, Dist. 10, 1937–1940. e—None. f—Director of federal schools, Chilpancingo, Guerrero, 1928–1933; inspector general of federal education, Celaya, Guanajuato, 1933–1934; oficial mayor of public education, 1934–1936; adviser, Agricultural and Ejido Bank, 1936–1937; director general of population, Secretariat of Government, 1941–1947; director general of elementary education, Secretariat of Public Education, 1947–1948; director general of indigenous affairs, 1948–1950. g—President, Revolutionary Fraternal Bloc; member, SNTE, 1941–1954; adviser, National Union of Technical Supervisors, 1952–1954. h—Author of various books on education; secretary-general, 1st Inter‑American Demographic Congress, 1946. i—Brother Fausto, federal school inspector and founder of Normal School in Xochiapulco, 1930s. j—None. k—None. l—C de D, 1937–1939; DGF47, 171; DP70, 375; CyT, 449–450. Molina Castillo, Eduardo José

(Deceased) a—Dec. 25, 1903. b—Mérida, Yucatán. c—Elementary studies in England and Europe; secondary studies in United States; no degree. d—Federal deputy from State of Yucatán, Dist. 1, 1958–1961, member of 2nd Sec. of Legislative Studies Committee, Textile Industry Committee, and 2nd Balloting Committee. e—President, Regional Committee of PAN for Yucatán, 1951–1958; PAN candidate for federal deputy (twice); resigned from PAN because he refused to obey the party’s directive that he not take his seat in Congress, 1958. f—None. g—None. h—Farmer; businessman; director, Cordeleros de México, SA, 1958. j—None. k—First member of PAN to be elected to Congress from Yucatán, 1958. l—Func., 404; C de D, 1958–1960, 84; www .suracapulco.com.mx, 2002; www.yucatan .com.mx, Apr. 6, 2008; www.panyucatan .org.mx, 2009.

646  m e xic a n p oli t i c a l b i o g ra ph i e s , 1935–20 0 9 Molina Ruiz, Francisco Javier a—Sept. 15, 1950. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; law degree from University of Chicago, 1968–1973; business administration degree from University of Chicago, 1976–1978; diploma from National Institute of Penal Sciences; course at FBI. d—Plurinominal Senator from PAN, Chihuahua, 1997–2000. e—Joined PAN, 1986; legal adviser, Regional Committee of PAN, Chihuahua, 1986–1992; PAN representative to IFE, 1988. f—Public defender, Chihuahua, 1970–2003; agent, Ministerio Público, 1973– 1974; chief of social promotion and orientation, INFONAVIT, Chihuahua, 1974–1979; attorney general, Chihuahua, 1992–1996; commissioner, National Institute to Combat Drugs, 1996; oficial mayor of public function, 2001–2007. g—None. h—Practicing lawyer, 1973–1992. i—Son of José A. Molina Rivero, notary public, and Genera Ruiz Velasco; married Rosalinda Chávez Vázquez. j—None. k—Leader of civil resistance in Chihuahua, 1986, after fraudulent elections. l—www.secgob.gob.mx, 1997, 2007; QesQ en el Congreso, 1997–2000, 270; Musacchio, 284–285; DBGM94, CD. Molinar Horcasitas, Juan Francisco

a—Dec. 18, 1955. b—Chihuahua, Chihuahua. c—Early education unknown; degree in political science from National School of Political Studies, UNAM, Acatlán; MA in political science from Colegio de México, 1979–1981; PhD candidate, University of California; visiting researcher, University of California; professor and researcher, Colegio de México and UNAM, 1984–1993; fulltime researcher, 1992–1994. d—Plurinominal federal deputy from PAN, 2003–2006. e—Joined PAN, 2001; spokesperson, CEN of PAN, 2003. f—Executive director of prerogatives and political parties, IFE, 1994– 1996; electoral adviser, IFE, 1996–2000; assistant secretary of political development, Secretariat of Government, 2000–2002; director general, IMSS, 2006–2009; secretary of communications and transportation, 2009. g—None. h—None. i—Son

of Juan Francisco Molinar and Lourdes Horcasitas; married María Margarita Yarza Prida; recruited to PAN by Luis H. Álvarez. j—None. k—None. l—www.lideresmexicanos.com, 2008; Pérez Franco, 231–232; Musacchio, 285; www.presidencia.gob .mx, 2009. Molinar (Simondy), Miguel (Deceased Jan 14, 1964) a—May 18, 1892. b—Chihuahua, Chihuahua. c—Elementary, secondary and preparatory studies at Scientific and Literary Institute of Chihuahua; no degree. d—None. e—None. f—Oficial mayor, Secretariat of Communications and Public Works, 1941; chief of police, Federal District, 1952–1958; director of social services for the army, 1959–1964. g—None. i—Son of Miguel Molinar and Carolina Simondy. j—Career army officer; joined the Revolution in Huasteca region, 1913; opposed de la Huerta forces in Morelia, Michoacán, 1924; rank of brigadier general, 1924; commander, 13th Infantry Regiment; commander, 16th Cavalry Regiment, Los Tuxtlas, Veracruz; commander, army garrison in Oaxaca, Oaxaca, Veracruz, Veracruz, Celaya, Guanajuato, and Saltillo, Coahuila; chief of staff, military zones of State of Mexico, Guanajuato, Jalisco, Baja California del Norte, Chihuahua, and Oaxaca; chief of staff, 26th Military Zone, Veracruz, 1937; Zone commander, Guadalajara, San Luis Potosí, Veracruz, and Querétaro; rank of brigade general, Jan. 1, 1939; zone commander, Oaxaca, 1939–1941; rank of division general, Mar., 1952. k—Saved General Miguel Diéguez from being executed by General Ramón B. Arnaiz. l—López, 717–718; DP70, 1376; DGF61, 34; WWM45, 78; Almada, 1968, 341; Dávila, 182; www.historia.mforos.com, 2008. Mondragón (Guerra), Octavio Silverio

(Deceased) a—June 20, 1908. b—Querétaro, Querétaro. c—Elementary studies in Querétaro; secondary studies and preparatory studies at Colegio Civil, Querétaro, 1925; medical degree from Military Medical School, 1932; director, Military Medical

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School, 1947–1949; cofounder, University of Querétaro. d—Governor, Querétaro, 1949– 1955. e—None. f—Oficial mayor, Department of Health, 1940–1943, under Fernández Manero; oficial mayor, Secretariat of Health and Public Welfare, 1943–1945, under Gustavo Baz; personal physician to president of Mexico, Manuel Ávila Camacho, 1940–1946; assistant secretary of health and public welfare, 1946. g—None. h—None. i—Personal friend of Andrés Serra Rojas; married Alejandrina Gaytán; brother of Salvador Mondragón Guerra, Supreme Court justice, 1968–1977; son of Antonio Mondragón Juárez and Josefina Guerra; married Alejandrina Gaytán; served as Manuel Ávila Camacho’s personal physician from 1934 until his death; student with Salvador Hernández Vela, federal deputy from State of Coahuila, Dist. 4, 1970–1973. j—Careeer army officer, Medical Corps; head, Sanitation Division, 34th Army Battalion, 1932–1934; director of the infirmary, National Military College, 1934; director, Army Medical and Chemical Laboratory, 1935–1939; attached to chief of staff, Secretariat of National Defense, 1955; retired as brigade general. k—None. l—WWM45, 79; letter; DGF51, I, 91; HA, Oct. 29, 1943, 14; López, 718; WNM, 150. Mondragón Guerra, Salvador

(Deceased) a—Apr. 17, 1909 b—Querétaro, Querétaro. c—Elementary studies at Luis Hernández and Benjamín Campa schools, Querétaro; secondary and preparatory studies at Colegio Civil, Querétaro; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, Jan. 19, 1935; professor by competition of business law (25 years), National School of Commerce and Administration; professor of business law, Ibero‑American University; professor of business law, University of Morelos. d—None. e—None. f—Secretary of resolutions, Civil Division, judge of the 1st instance, Villa Obregón, Federal District, 1935–1936; judge of the 1st instance, Villa Obregón, Federal District, 1936–1937; auxiliary secretary, Fifth Division, Superior

Tribunal of Justice, Federal District, 1937; second secretary of resolutions, Fourth Division, Superior Tribunal of Justice, Federal District; first secretary of resolutions, Fourth Division, Superior Tribunal of Justice, Federal District, 1941; judge, Twelfth Civil District, Federal District, 1941–1942; judge, Superior Tribunal of Justice, Federal District, 1943–1956; president, Superior Tribunal of Justice, Federal District, 1945; justice, First Circuit, Collegiate Tribunal, Federal District, 1956; justice, Supreme Court, 1968–1970, 1971–1976, 1977–1979, retired Apr. 17, 1979. g—None. h—None. i—Classmate of Antonio Luna Arroyo at UNAM; brother of Octavio S. Mondragón, governor of Querétaro, 1949–1955; son of Antonio Mondragón Juárez and Josefina Guerra. j—None. k—None. l—Justicia, Nov., 1968; letter; www.cronica.diputados.gob.mx, Sept. 3. 1943, Sept. 8, 1967; www.scjn.gob.mx, 2008. Mondragón Hidalgo (Mora), Gustavo

(Deceased) a—Aug. 31, 1912. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; public accounting degree from National School of Business, 1933; professor of accounting, UNAM; cofounder, School of Accounting and Administration, Mexico City, 1967. d—None. e—None. f—Accountant and internal auditor, Federal Electric Commission, 1957–1959; controller, Federal Electric Commission, 1959–1964; manager of finances, CONASUPO, 1965–1969; substitute director general, CONASUPO, 1969–1970; adviser, State of Mexico, 1970–1972; director, Cuatitlán‑Izcalli Project, State of Mexico, 1972–1976; controller general, Department of the Federal District, 1976–1979; secretarygeneral “B,” Department of the Federal District, May 30, 1979–1982. g—President, National College of Public Accountants. h—Auditor and accountant, private sector. i—Collaborator with Carlos Hank González, director general of CONASUPO, 1964–1969, and governor of the State of Mexico, 1970– 1974; uncle of Manuel Mondragón y Kalb, assistant secretary of sports, Secretariat of

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Public Education, 1981–1982; brother Manuel Mondragón Hidalgo, engineer. j—None. k—None. l—Hoy, Apr. 19, 1969, 8; HA, Sept. 11, 1972, 54; DAPC, 1977, 48; Protag., 232; DAPC, 1981, 5; www.tienda.imcp.org.mx, 2009; www.es.wikipedia.org, 2008. Mondragón y Kalb, Manuel a—Apr. 30, 1935. b—Federal District. c—Elementary studies at Colegio México, Mexico City, 1941–1946; secondary studies at Colegio México, 1947–1949; preparatory studies at Centro Universitario México, 1950–1951; medical degree from National School of Medicine, UNAM, 1952–1957, with thesis on pancreatic illnesses; MA in internal medicine and rheumatology from Nutrition Hospital, 1958–1959; many courses in public administration; professor, Juárez Hospital, Mexico City, 1968–1973; professor, National School of Political Science, UNAM, Zaragoza Campus, 1981. d—None. e—None. f—Chief of rheumatology service, Central Naval Hospital, 1965–1971; director of medical control and assistant director general of control, IMSS, 1971–1974; assistant director general of operations and assistant secretary of the environment, Secretariat of Public Health, 1974–1976; director general of sports development, Department of the Federal District, 1977–1981; assistant secretary of sports, Secretariat of Public Education, 1981–1982; coordinator of social participation, Office of the Attorney General of Mexico, 1982–1988; general supervisor of communications services, Office of the Attorney General, Federal District, 1989– 1990; assistant secretary of forestry, Secretariat of Hydraulic Resources, 1990–1994; assistant secretary of citizen participation, Secretariat of Public Security, Federal District, 2004. g—None. h—Interim assistant director, November 20th Hospital Center, 1963–1964. i—Son of Manuel Mondragón Hidalgo, civil engineer, and Evelyn Kalb Rapport; married Martha Domínguez, businesswoman; nephew of Gustavo Mondragón Hidalgo, assistant secretary of Department of the Federal District, 1979–1982; attended

elementary school with Gustavo Reta Peterson. j—Naval medical officer; rank of rear admiral. k—None. l—Protag., 232; DAPC, 1981; DBGM87, 257–258; DBGM89, 235; DBGM92, 242; www.salud.df.gob.mx, 2008. Monreal Ávila, Ricardo a—Sept. 19, 1956. b—Fresnillo, Zacatecas. c—Elementary studies at Josefa Ortiz de Domínguez Public School, 1962–1968, Fresnillo; secondary studies at Benito Juárez Public School, 1968–1971, Fresnillo; preparatory studies at Preparatory School No. 3, Zacatecas, 1972– 1975; law degree, University of Zacatecas, 1976–1981, with thesis on agrarian rights; MA in constitutional law from National School of Law, UNAM, 1982–1984; doctoral studies in administrative law at National School of Law, UNAM, 1984–1986; professor, UNAM, 1986; professor, University of Zacatecas, 1986–1988; professor, Higher School of Tourism, 1980–1982. d—Member, City Council, Zacatecas, 1985–1988; federal deputy from State of Zacatecas, Dist. 2, 1988–1991; alternate senator from Zacatecas, 1991–1992, but replaced Arturo Romo Gutiérrez, 1992–1997; federal deputy from State of Zacatecas, Dist. 3, 1997–1998; governor, Zacatecas, 1998–2004; plurinominal senator from PRD, 2006–2012. e—Joined PRI, 1975; secretary of agrarian action, PRI, Zacatecas, 1976–1982; secretary-general of PRI, Zacatecas, 1991; president of PRI, Zacatecas, 1991–1992; assistant secretary, CEN of PRI, 1994–1997; secretary of political action, CEN of PRI, 1997; resigned from PRI, Feb. 5, 1998; joined PRD; PRD representative to IFE, State of Mexico. f—Legal adviser, Secretariat of Agriculture, 1979–1980; legal adviser, Secretariat of Agrarian Reform, 1981; secretary, City Council, Zacatecas, 1986. g—Secretary of union action, CEN of CNC, 1980–1983; secretary of educational action, CEN of CNC, 1983–1985. h—Practicing lawyer, Monreal Ávila Firm, 1979–1994. i—Son of Felipe Monreal Huerta, who completed the 3rd grade, was a campesino leader and leader of taxi drivers’ union; grandson of Manuel

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Monreal Hinostroza and Natividad Huerta Álvarez, campesinos; sister Susana, federal deputy from State of Zacatecas, Dist. 1, 2006–2009; political protégé of José Luis Lamadrid. j—None. k—None. l—QesQ en el Congreso, 1997–2000, 203; DBGM94, CD; DBGM92, 498; Cien Nombres, 237– 240; www.serpiente.dgsa.unam.mx, 2006; www.senado.gob.mx, 2007. Monroy Portillo, Sergio Hidalgo

a—Sept. 14, 1963. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; degree in constitutional law from Anáhuac University, 1981–1986; postgraduate studies in finance at Pan American University; MA in finance and international banking from Columbia University, New York, 1987–1989. d—None. e—None. f—Lawyer, Banobras, 1982–1984; assistant director of credit and proceeds, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1989–1991; director general of public credit, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1991–1994; financial representative, National Bank of Foreign Trade, 1994–1999; executive director of investment, National Bank of Foreign Trade, 1999–2001; corporate director of liquidation, 2001–2003, corporate director of operations, Administrative Service, Auxiliary Credit Institutions Trust, 2003–2006; oficial mayor, Secretariat of the Treasury, 2006– . g—None. h—Lawyer, ICA, 1984– 1986; associate, Martínez del Campo and Associates, 1986–1987. j—None. k—None. l—Letter. Montalvo Rojas, Victorio Rubén

a—Dec. 6, 1967. b—Federal District. c—Preparatory studies at National Preparatory School No. 7; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, 1989–1993; studies at National School of Political Studies, UNAM, Acatlán. d—Federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. 9, 1997–2000, president, Special Committee on Public Security; federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. 9, 2006–2009. e—Joined PRD, 1989; citizen counselor, PRD, 1995–1997; secretary-general, PRD, Venustiano Carranza delegation, Federal District, 2005. f—Director general of

labor policy and career public services, Federal District, 2001–2002; director general, Welfare Unit, Federal District, 2002–2003; coordinator of citizen participation, Venustiano Carranza delegation, Federal District, 2003–2004. g—Representative of University Student Council; represented Preparatory School No. 7 at Democratic National Front, 1987–1988. h—None. i—Son of Víctor Montalvo Rosado and María Rojas Rodríguez. j—None. k—None. l—QesQ en el Congreso, 1997–2000, 98; www.monitorlegislativo.org, 2007; www.diputados.gob.mx, 2006–2009; www.secgob.gob.mx, 1997, 2007; Directorio del Congreso, 2006–2009, 83. Montaño Martínez, Jorge a—Aug. 16, 1945. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; law degree from National School of Law, 1964–1968, with thesis titled “International Law and the Vietnam War”; MA in politics and administration from London School of Economics, 1968–1970, with thesis titled “Political Parties in Latin America”; PhD in political sociology, London School of Economics, 1972–1974; secretary, Graduate School of Political and Social Science, UNAM, 1971–1972; head, Department of Sociology, Autonomous Metropolitan University, Azcapotzalco Campus, 1974–1977; professor, School of Political and Social Sciences, UNAM, 1971; professor, Autonomous Metropolitan University, 1975; professor, Colegio de México, 1976. d—None. e—Joined PRI, 1971; adviser to director general, IEPES of CEN of PRI, 1971–1972, Jorge de la Vega Domínguez; assistant secretary of international affairs, CEN of PRI, 1981–1982, 1987–1988; adviser on international affairs to Carlos Salinas during his presidential campaign, 1988. f—Auxiliary secretary to private secretary of president of Mexico, Ignacio Ovalle Fernández, 1970–1971; editorial director, El Trimestre Económico, Fondo de Cultura Económica, 1975–1976; director of higher education programs, Secretariat of Public Education, 1976–1977; assistant director general, National Institute of Fine Arts,

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1977–1979; director general of specialized organizations, United Nations, 1979–1982; director-in-chief of Multilateral affairs, Secretariat of Foreign Relations, 1982–1987; rank of ambassador, 1986; ambassador to United Nations, 1989–1992; ambassador to United States, 1992–1994. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Jorge Montaño Quijas, merchant, and Paz Lucía Martínez Malpica; married Luz María Valdés, anthropologist; brother Alejandro was director general of radio and television, Secretariat of Government, 1999; student of Mario de la Cueva in constitutional law, UNAM, 1966. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM92, 244; DBGM89, 235M84, 289; Musacchio, 286; DBGM87, 258–259. Montaño Yamuni, Joaquín a—Aug. 24, 1952. b—Los Mochis, Sinaloa. c—Early education unknown; degree in economics from University of Guadalajara; 3 semesters of study in philosophy; professor, University of the West; professor, Technical Institute of Higher Studies, Los Mochis. d—Federal deputy from State of Sinaloa, Dist. 2, 1997–2000; plurinominal senator from PAN, 2000–2006. e—Joined PAN, 1995. f—Technical director of economic development, Sinaloa, 1982–1983; adviser on cattle ranching, Sinaloa, 1983–1985. g—Manager, Northern Livestock Association, Sinaloa. h—Cattle rancher and milk producer, 1981– 1997; manager, Avícola San Martín. i—Married María Celina Peña Rivas. j—None. k—None. l—www.pan.senado.gob.mx, 2006; QesQ en el Congreso, 1997–2000, 46–47; DCM, 2000–2003, 245–246; QesQ en el Congreso, 2000–2003, 310; Musacchio, 286; www.secgob.gob.mx, 1997, 2007. Montejo Sierra, José Manuel a—June 7, 1920. b—Campeche, Campeche. c—Early education unknown; geographical engineering degree from Naval Military College, 1937–1942; diploma from InterAmerican Defense College, Washington, DC, 1966; staff and command diploma from Center for Higher Naval Studies, 1971; chief, Nautical Sciences Teaching

Sec., Naval Military College. d—None. e—None. f—Assistant secretary of the navy, 1976–1982. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Pedro Montejo Godoy, lawyer, and María Sierra de la Victoria; married Emma del Carmen Aguilar. j—Career naval officer; second-in‑command and commander, many naval ships; commander, submarine hunter No. 2, World War II; director general of dredging, Secretariat of the Navy; chief of staff, 4th Naval Zone; commander, Naval Sector, Tuxpán, Veracruz; chief, Sec. 1, staff, Secretariat of the Navy; director of naval education, Secretariat of the Navy, 1968–1970; rank of rear admiral, 1969; commander, 10th Naval Zone; naval attaché to Peru, with responsibility for Ecuador and Chile; rank of admiral, June 24, 1974; commander, 4th Naval Zone; assistant director general, Armed Forces Social Security Institute, 1982. k—None. l—Almanaque de México, 38; Protag., 233; DAPC, 77; DAPC, 81; DBGM, 289. Montemayor (Seguy), Rogelio a—Aug. 18, 1947. b—Federal District. c—Elementary studies at Model School, Sabinas, Coahuila; secondary studies at Public Secondary School No. 27, Nueva Rosita, Coahuila; preparatory studies at ITESM, Monterrey, Nuevo León; economics degree from Technological Institute of Higher Studies of Monterrey, 1965–1969; psychology degree from Labastida University, Monterrey, Nuevo León, 1965–1969; MA in administration from Technological Institute of Higher Studies of Monterrey, 1969–1970; MA in economics from University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 1970–1972; PhD in economics from University of Pennsylvania, 1973–1974; professor, University of Pennsylvania, 1970–1972; professor, Technological Institute of Higher Studies of Monterrey and University of Nuevo León, 1974–1976. d—Federal deputy from State of Coahuila, Dist. 4, 1988–1991; senator from State of Coahuila, 1991–1993; governor, Coahuila, 1993–1999. e—Joined PRI, 1965. f—Assistant director of macroeconomic analysis, Monetary Affairs

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Division, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1977– 1978; director of economic studies, Division of Planning, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1978–1979; assistant director general of social and economic policy, Secretariat of Programming and Budget, 1979–1980; director general of economic and social policy, Secretariat of Programming and Budget, 1981–1982; assistant secretary of programming, Secretariat of Programming and Budget, 1982–1985; president, INEGI, Secretariat of Programming and Budget, 1985–1988; director general, PEMEX, 2000. g—President, League of Revolutionary Economists, 1989–1991. h—None. i—Son of Edilberto Edmundo Montemayor Galindo, businessman, and Lily Seguy Hernández; married Lucrecia Solano Martino; attended college with Luis Donaldo Colosio; worked with Carlos Salinas, 1981–1988. j—None. k—Arrested and accused of fraud during Pemexgate for allegedly illegally providing funds to PRI presidential campaign, 2000, but was exonerated on all charges, 2004. l—Q es QAP, 131; DBGM89, 499; Proceso, Feb. 22, 1993, 28–29, Dec. 19, 1999; www .noticias.vanguardia.com.mx, 2008; Pescador, 190–191; www.es.wilkipedia.com, 2008; DBGM, 290. Montenegro Ibarra, Gerardo a—Jan. 10, 1966. b—Ixtlán del Río, Nayarit. c—Teaching certificate from Higher Normal School, Nayarit; MA. d—Member, City Council, Ixtlán del Rio, 1984–1987; mayor, Ixtlán del Río, 1984–1987; local deputy, State Legislature of Nayarit, 1987–1990; federal deputy from State of Nayarit, Dist. 2, 2003–2006, coordinator of PRI delegation; senator from Nayarit, 2006–2012. e—President, Revolutionary Youth of PRI, Nayarit, 1986–1989; delegate of the State Committee of PRI, Nayarit, to numerous municipalities, 1993. f—None. g—Secretary of organization and finance, Local No. 20, SNTE, 1989–1998; secretary-general, Local No. 20, SNTE, 1998–2000; secretary of regional coordination, CEN of SNTE, 2000–2003. h—None. j—None. k—None. l—Directorio del

Congreso, 2006–2009, 185; www.diputados .gob.mx, 2003; www.senados.gob.mx, 2007. Montes Alanís, Federico (Deceased Dec. 1, 1950) a—Oct. 2, 1884. b—San Miguel de Allende, Guanajuato. c—Elementary and preparatory studies in Querétaro, Querétaro; enrolled in military school, Jan. 3, 1905, graduated as 2nd artillery lieutenant, Aug. 1, 1906. d—Federal deputy from State of Guanajuato, 1917–1918, 1918–1920; governor, Querétaro, 1919–1920; federal deputy from State of Guanajuato, Dist. 4, 1932–1934. e—None. f—Chief of police, Federal District, May 1, 1938–Aug. 15, 1939; oficial mayor, Secretariat of National Defense, Nov. 1, 1930–1940; ambassador to Colombia, 1941–1942; commander, Legion of Honor, 1950. g—None. h—None. j—Career army officer; rank of 1st lieutenant artillery, Mar. 18, 1909; rank of 2nd captain, Sept. 12, 1911; member, presidential staff, 1911; fought Carrancistas under General Guillermo Rubio Navarrete in Candela, Coahuila, 1913; rank of 1st captain, July 10, 1913; joined Constitutionalists, Dec. 23, 1913; commander of a machine gun regiment, Northeast Division, 1914; rank of colonel, Aug. 2, 1914; represented at Convention of Aguascalientes by Maj. José Siurob, 1914–1915; commander, 24th Brigade of the Army of the Northeast, 1914–1917; rank of brigadier general, Dec. 1, 1914; rank of brigade general, Nov. 25, 1916; reintegrated into army, 1934; commander of various military zones, 1934–1938; commander, 31st Military Zone, Chiapas, 1935; commander, 9th Military Zone, 1936–1937; rank of division general, 1940; retired from active duty, 1950. k—As aide to Madero, defended him by killing several officers when troops came to seize the president, 1913; imprisoned, 1913; accompanied Carranza to Tlaxcalaltongo, 1920; imprisoned in Mexico City and accused of complicity in Carranza’s murder, 1920–1923. l—Enc. Mex., Annual, 1977, 580–581; López, 726. Montes de Oca (Vidal), Luis (Deceased Dec. 4, 1958) a—1894. b—Federal District. c—Accounting degree; CPA from

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Superior School of Business, Administration, and Consular Affairs, Mexico City; professor of public accounting, School of Business, UNAM, 1916–1921. d—None. e—Campaigned for General Almazán, 1940. f—Consul general, El Paso, Tex., Hamburg, Paris; 1914–1920; controller general of Mexico, 1924–1927; secretary of the treasury, 1927–1932; director general, Bank of Mexico, 1935–1940; presidential adviser to National Banking Council. f—First employment as public accountant for federal government; Carranza’s financial agent in United States; author of the important 1931 monetary reform; founder and president, International Bank of Mexico, 1958; founder, with Eduardo Suárez, of National Bank of Foreign Commerce. j—Served in civilian posts as consul during the Revolution. g—None. h—CPA. i—Son of Juanico Montes de Oca and Nina Vidal; married Flérida Pérez Alcántara. j—None. k—Opposed General Huerta as a student leader; initiated use of CPAs in controller’s office; resigned from directorship of Bank of Mexico to support General Almazán, Sept. 7, 1940. l—HA, Dec. 15, 1958, 10; Kirk, 19, 39; Peral, 545; DP70, 1398; DP64, 964; WWM45, 80; DBM68, 545; Enc. Mex., IX, 1977, 171; NYT, Sept. 8, 1940, 28; Enc. Mex., IX, 171. Montes (García), Antonio (Deceased) a—Jan. 17, 1910. b—El Moral, Puebla. c—Early education unknown; no degree. d—Federal deputy from State of Puebla, 1930–1932; federal deputy from State of Puebla, Dist. 3, 1952–1955, member of 4th Ejido Committee; local deputy, State Legislature of Puebla, Dist. 4, Cholula, 1972–1975; federal deputy from State of Puebla, Dist. 3, 1976–1979, member of Ejido and Communal Organization Sec. of the Agrarian Affairs Committee, Library Committee, and Río Balsas Sec. of Regional Development Committee; local deputy, State Legislature of Puebla, Dist. 5, 1990–1993. e—Joined PNR, 1929; secretary-general, Agrarian Party of Puebla, 1928. f—None. g—Secretary of organization, League of

Agrarian Communities, State of Puebla; secretary-general, League of Agrarian Communities and Agrarian Unions of the State of Puebla, 1975. i—Married María Josefina Lezama; parents were peasants. j—None. k—Excélsior considers him a peasant cacique in Puebla since the 1930s. l—Excélsior, July 16, 1978, 22; C de D, 1952–1955, 51; D de C, 1976–1979, 6, 9, 36; Excélsior, Aug. 21, 1976, 1C; C de D, 1976, 51. Montes García, Miguel a—Sept. 25, 1937. b—Degollado, Jalisco. c—Early education unknown; law degree from University of Guanajuato, 1959–1963; professor, University of Guanajuato, 1960–1963, 1964–1974. d—Federal deputy from State of Guanajuato, Dist. 4, 1976–1979; local deputy, State Legislature of Guanajuato, 1979–1982; federal deputy from State of Guanajuato, Dist. 1, 1988–1991. e—Joined PRI, 1960; secretarygeneral of PRI, Guadalajara, 1965–1966; president of PRI, Guadalajara, 1990–1991. f—Labor attorney, Secretariat of Labor, Guanajuato, 1960–1963; president, State Arbitration and Conciliation Board, Guanajuato, 1963–1965; director general of education, Guanajuato, 1973–1975; private secretary to the governor, Guanajuato, 1975–1976; director general of government, Secretariat of Government, 1982; director general of personnel, Secretariat of Public Education, 1983; oficial mayor, Senate, 1985–1987; attorney general, Federal District, 1990–1992; justice, Supreme Court of Justice, 1992–1994. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Ramón Montes Estrada, retailer, and Rosa García Medina; married Silvia Alicia Manrique Ortega, lawyer. j—None. k—Appointed as first special prosecutor in the investigation into the assassination of Luis Donaldo Colosio, 1994. l—Musacchio, 287; DBGM92, 679. Montiel Rojas, Arturo a—Oct. 15, 1943. b—Atlacomulco, State of Mexico. c—Early education unknown; degree in public accounting and business administration from School of Accounting and Business, UNAM, 1962–1970; professor, UNAM, 1969. d—Mayor, Naucalpan, State

t he b io g ra phies  653

of Mexico, 1975; federal deputy from State of Mexico, Dist. 16, 1991–1994; governor, State of Mexico, 1999–2005. e—Joined PRI, 1966; president of PRI, State of Mexico, 1991; member, National Political Council of PRI; general delegate of CEN of PRI, Aguascalientes, 1969–1970, State of Mexico, 1990–1991; Democratic Unity Movement precandidate for PRI presidential nomination, 2005. f—Private secretary to mayor of Naucalpan, 1973–1974; private secretary to Governor Jorge Jiménez Cantú, 1976–1981; director general of civil protection, Secretariat of Government, 1995–1996; director general, Talleres Gráficos de México, Secretariat of Government, 1997–1999. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Gregorio Montiel Monroy, retailer, mayor of Atlacomulco, 1971–1972, and first cousin of Enrique Nieto Montiel, maternal grandfather of Enrique Peña Nieto, governor of State of Mexico and a leading precandidate for PRI presidential nomination for 2012, and Delia Rojas García; married Paula María Yáñez Villegas; second wife, French journalist Maude Versini; began political career as private secretary to Juan Monroy, wealthy businessman and mayor of Naucalpan. j—None. k—None. l—Musacchio, 288; www.eluniver sal.com.mx, Feb. 11, 2005; www.cambioen linea.com, June 30, 2008; D del Y, June 20, 1999; DBGM92, 523. Moo y Can, José Feliciano a—June 4, 1960. b—Motul, Yucatán. c—Early education unknown; studies in social anthropology at University of Yucatán, 1982–1984. d—Federal deputy from State of Yucatán, Dist. 3, 1991–1994; alternate senator from Yucatán, 1994–2000; local deputy, State Legislature of Yucatán, 1995–1998; federal deputy from State of Yucatán, Dist. 2, 2000–2003. e—Joined PRI, 1981; secretarygeneral of PRI, Yucatán, 1996–1999; secretary of indigenous action, CEN of PRI, 2000–2002. f—None. g—Secretary-general, League of Agrarian Communities, Yucatán, 1990–1995; member, CEN of CNC, 1985– 1988, 2000. h—None. i—Son of Atenógenes

Moo Tamayo, farmer, and Elsa Florinda Can Chale; married Ana Gabriela Aguilar Ruiz, lawyer. j—None. k—None. l—DCM, 2000–2003, 303; DBGM92, 523; QesQ en el Congreso, 2000–2003, 224; Musacchio, 288. Mora Aguilar, Manuel c—Early education unknown; degree from School of Political and Social Sciences, UNAM; professor. d—None. e—Member, Marxist Workers’ League, 1960; cofounder, Communist International Group, 1968; member, Executive Committee, 4th International; director, Bandera Roja, International Communist League; founder, Revolutionary Workers’ Party, 1976; member, Central Committee and Political Bureau, Revolutionary Workers’ Party, 1981; secretarygeneral, Revolutionary Workers’ Party, 4th International, 1981– . f—None. g—Student leader, Marxist Workers’ League. h—Writer, Siempre, El Militante, and La Internacional. j—None. k—Bombed Bolivian Embassy with Salvador Lozano Pérez in retaliation for the death of Ché Guevara; participated in dynamiting the statue of Miguel Alemán at UNAM, 1966; jailed for conspiracy, 1976. l—Letter, May 15, 1981. Mora (Martínez), Manuel Rafael

a—June 1, 1917. b—Villahermosa, Tabasco. c—Elementary and secondary studies, Tabasco; preparatory studies in Mexico City; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM. d—Mayor, Villahermosa; member, City Council, Villahermosa, 1944; local deputy, State Legislature of Tabasco, 1944–1946; federal deputy from State of Tabasco, Dist. 1, 1961–1964, member of Gran Comisión; governor, Tabasco, 1965–1971. e—President of PRM, Durango, 1940–1942; president of PRM, Tabasco; general delegate of CEN of PRI. f—Oficial mayor, Tabasco, 1946–1952, under Francisco J. Santamaría; private secretary to governor of Tabasco, Carlos Madrazo, 1959–1961. h—Poet. i—Mentor of David Gustavo Gutiérrez Ruiz; son of Manuel Mora Ascanio and Elena Martínez Godoy; great-grandson of Rafael Godoy Echegaray,

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senator, 1875–1877, 1880–1884; friend of Rodulfo Brito Foucher; opposed Garrido Canabal in Tabasco. j—None. k—None. l—Bulnes; Kishner; Almanaque de Tabasco, 155; www.tabasco.gob.mx, June 23, 2008. Mora Pérez, Jorge a—Feb. 7, 1928. b—Jalapa, Veracruz. c—Early education unknown; geographical engineering degree, 1944–1949; staff and command diploma, Brazilian Naval War College, 1969–1971; MA from National Defense College, 1982; PhD from Higher Naval Studies Center, 1983. d—None. e—Joined PRI, 1942. f—Naval attaché, Mexican embassy, Spain, 1985–1987; oficial mayor of navy, 1990–1991. g—None. h—Director general of environmental engineering, Bularcama, SACV. i—Son of Carlos Roberto Mora Lovillo, public accountant, and María Pérez Chipuli, private accountant; married Alicia Castellanos Pino, retailer. j—Career navy officer; joined navy as cadet, 1944; aide to naval attaché, Brazil, 1969–1971; chief, 3rd Sec., staff, Secretariat of the Navy, 1971–1975; commander, Puerto Vallarta Naval Sector, 1976—1977; director, Center for Fleet Training, Veracruz, 1978–1980; commander, Naval Sector, Matamoros, Tamaulipas, 1980–1982; assistant director of naval education, 1982–1983; director in charge of protecting the sea, 1983–1984; commander, 18th Naval Zone, Acapulco, Guerrero, 1984–1985; coordinator of administrative service, 1987– 1988; chief of staff, Secretariat of the Navy, 1988–1990; commander, Caribbean Naval Region and 9th Naval Zone, Yukalpetén, Yucatán, 1990; inspector general of the navy, 1990; chief of naval operations, 1994–1997. k—None. l—DBGM92, 247; DBGM89, 237; Musacchio, 288–289; www.bulcarcama.com, 2008. Mora Plancarte, Francisco a—Mar. 21, 1907. b—Pátzcuaro, Michoacán. c—Secondary studies at Tridentine Seminary, Morelia, Michoacán; law degree from University of Michoacán, 1928. d—Federal deputy from State of Tlaxcala, Dist. 1, 1937–1940, member of Gran Comisión; federal deputy from

State of Michoacán, Dist. 2, 1946–1949, member of Gran Comisión. e—None. f—Secretary, First Judicial District, Morelia; judge, First Judicial District, Morelia; judge, Superior Tribunal of Justice, Michoacán; agent, Ministerio Público, Puebla; director, National Lands Department, Secretariat of Agriculture; counselor, Mexican embassy, Havana, 1942; ambassador to El Salvador, 1942–1943. g—None. i—Son of Ignacio Mora Plancarte, physician, and Carlota Pérez Girón; brother of Norberto Mora Plancarte, senator from Michoacán, 1970–1976; longtime supporter of Lázaro Cárdenas; nephew of bishop of Cuernavaca, Francisco Plancarte y Navarrete, 1898–1911. j—None. k—None. l—C de D, 1947–1940; C de D, 1946–1949; letter. Mora Plancarte, Norberto a—May 23, 1923. b—Morelia, Michoacán. c—Elementary studies at a public school, Morelia; secondary studies at Secondary School No. 8, Mexico City; preparatory studies at National Preparatory School; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, 1943–1948; professor, UNAM, 1967–1980. d—Alternate federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. 14, 1961–1963; federal deputy from State of Michoacán, Dist. 7, 1967–1970, member of Gran Comisión, Tariff Committee, Forest Affairs Committee, Administrative Sec. of Legislative Studies Committee, and Complaints Committee; senator from State of Michoacán, 1970–1976, president of Rules Committee, 1st secretary of Agricultural Development Committee, 2nd secretary of Indigenous Affairs and 3rd National Defense committees, and member of Fishing Committee; federal deputy from State of Michoacán, Dist. 3, 1976–1979; senator from State of Michoacán, 1982–1988, president of Rules Committee. e—President, Regional Committee of PRI, State of Michoacán. f—Administrative official, Chamber of Deputies, 1937–1964; oficial mayor, Chamber of Deputies, 1964–1967. g—Secretary of pensions and retirement, CEN of Chamber of Deputies Library Workers; secretary of

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pensions and retirement, CEN of FSTSE, 1959–1961; secretary-general, Union of Employees of the Chamber of Deputies and the Senate; FSTSE delegate to State of Michoacán; secretary of social welfare, CEN of FSTSE, 1961–1965; secretary of legislative proposals, CEN of CNOP, 1974. i—Son of Ignacio Mora Plancarte, physician, and Carlota Pérez Girón; brother Francisco Mora Plancarte was federal deputy from Michoacán, 1946–1949; married Dulce Aldecoa Venegas; nephew of bishop of Cuernavaca, Francisco Plancarte y Navarrete, 1898–1911. j—None. k—PRI precandidate for governor of Michoacán, 1974; PRI precandidate for senator from Michoacán, 1981. l—C de D, 1967–1970, 56, 58, 69, 85; DBM68, 444; Excélsior, Sept. 16, 1974; C de S, 1970–1976, 80; C de D, 1976–1979; Excélsior, Dec. 26, 1981, 16; Sirvent, 178; Lehr, 297; DBGM, 560. Mora Ramos, Daniel (Deceased) a—Aug. 4, 1908. b—Tanhuato, Michoacán. c—Elementary studies at Centro Escolar José María Morelos, Tanhuato (6 years); secondary at Urban Normal School of Morelia, Michoacán (3 years); teaching certificate from Urban Normal School of Morelia; advanced studies in language and literature at Higher Normal School; professor of the science of education, Intensive Oral Center No. 15 of Federal Institute for Teacher Education. d—Federal deputy from State of Michoacán, Dist. 4, 1952–1955, member of Protocol Committee, Editorial Committee (2nd and 3rd years), the 1st Public Education Committee, 1st Balloting Committee; federal deputy from State of Michoacán, Dist. 4, 1970–1973, member of Waters and Irrigation Committee, Library Committee (1st year), 1st Public Education Committee. e—President, State Committee of PRI for Michoacán; secretary of social action, PRI, Michoacán, 1970. f—Federal school inspector, Morelia region; director of federal and state education, Michoacán. g—Member, SNTE. h—None. i—Cousin of Luis Mora Tovar; son of Lorenzo Mora Campos and Petra Ramos Vázquez; married Concepción

Baca Barragán. j—None. k—None. l—C de D, 1970–1972, 126; Directorio, 1970–1972; C de D, 1952–1954, 47, 49, 50, 57. Mora Tovar, Luis (Deceased Dec. 27, 1943) a—Aug. 25, 1895. b—Tanhuato, Michoacán. c—Elementary and secondary studies at Seminario Conciliar, Morelia, Michoacán; law degree. d—Local deputy, State of Michoacán, 1922–1924; senator from State of Michoacán, 1934–1940. e—Founding member, Michoacán Socialist Party, 1917. f—Treasurer, Zamora, Michoacán, 1925; secretary, Agrarian Commission, State of Michoacán; president, Conciliation and Arbitration Board, State of Michoacán. g—Cofounder, League of Agrarian Communities, Michoacán; cofounder, Revolutionary Federation of Labor, Michoacán. h—Poet; founder, La Lucha, Morelia, 1928. i—Cousin of Daniel Mora Ramos. j—Joined the Revolution. k—Jailed for political ideas. l—DP70, 1404; Peral, 548; Novo35, 29; Enc. Mex., IX, 360. Morales Blumenkron, Guillermo

(Deceased Aug. 24, 1979) a—Apr. 27, 1908. b—Puebla, Puebla. c—Elementary studies at Escuela Pías and La Nueva Escuela, Puebla; secondary studies at Colegio Inglés y Francés de San Borja, Mexico City; bookkeeping studies at Peralta and Berlitz academies, Mexico City. d—Federal deputy from State of Puebla, Dist. 10, 1964–1967, member of Television Industries Committee and Cinematographic Industries Committee; senator from State of Puebla, 1970–1973, 1974–1976, president of 2nd Committee on Credit, Money, and Institutions of Credit, 1st secretary of National Property and Resources Committee and Tax Committee. e—Joined PNR, 1932; national radio coordinator during Díaz Ordaz campaign, 1964; head of official PNR radio station, XEFO, 1934–1936; secretary of relations, CNOP, 1967. f—Covered presidential campaign for XEFO, 1933–1934; covered inauguration of President Cárdenas, 1934; originated the National Hour radio program for federal government; provisional governor, Puebla,

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May 9, 1973–1974. g—President, National Chamber of Broadcasting Industries, 1968; president, Association of Mexican Publicity Agencies, 1952–1954, 1957–1959. h—Head, Accounting Department, Bank of Monterrey, Puebla branch, 1923; involved in antiques and furniture business, Mexico City, 1924–1926; Havana correspondent for Mexican newspapers, 1927; began publishing journal Reembolso, 1927; publisher, Variedades, 1929; joined radio station XEW, 1938–1949; owner of various Mexican radio stations, including XEQK and XEDA; founder and director, Morkron Publicity Agency, SA, 1949–1972; president, Board of Directors, Cine Mundial, 1979. i—Married Josefina Montesinos; son of Ignacio Morales y Conde and María Blumenkron; sister is mother of Fernando Solana Morales, secretary of foreign relations, 1988–1993. j—None. k—None. l—DBM68, 440–442; C de S, 1970–1976, 80; C de D, 1964–1967, 52, 85, 87, 88; HA, May 21, 1973, 25; Excélsior, Dec. 26, 1974, 12; WNM, 153. Morales Espinosa, Eloy a—Sept. 19, 1917. b—Ocozocoautla de Espinosa, Chiapas. c—Elementary studies at Emilio Rabasa School, Ocozocoautla; secondary teaching certificate from Rural Normal School, Cerro Hueco, Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas; teacher, Rural Normal School, Cerro Hueco. d—Local deputy, State Legislature of Chiapas, 1964–1967; alternate mayor, Villa Comaltitlán, Chiapas, 1949– 1950; federal deputy from State of Chiapas, Dist. 4, 1970–1973; federal deputy from State of Chiapas, Dist. 9, 1982–1985. e—Joined PRM, 1944; secretary of agrarian action, Regional Committee of PRI, Chiapas, 1956–1970; president of PRI, Ocozocoautla, 1948–1950; secretary-general of PRI, Chiapas, 1977–1978. f—None. g—Secretarygeneral, League of Agrarian Communities, State of Chiapas, 1963–1973; oficial mayor, CNC, Chiapas, 1960–1963; alternate secretary-general, CNC, 1967, briefly secretarygeneral, Sept. 8–21, 1967. h—Tax collector. i—Son of Plácido Morales Gómez, retailer,

and Lucina Espinosa Rodríguez. j—None. k—None. l—Directorio, 1982–1985; Directorio, 1970–1972; C de D, 1970–1973; C de D, 1982–1985; Lehr, 93; DBGM, 561. Morales Farías, Carolina a—Jan. 28, 1917. b—Monterrey, Nuevo León. c—Elementary studies in Monterrey; secondary studies and accounting courses at Colegio de la Paz, Monterrey; studies in social work in Puerto Rico; CPA. d—Alternate federal deputy from State of Nuevo León, Dist. 4, 1958–1961; federal deputy from State of Nuevo León, Dist. 5, 1970–1973, member of Artisans Committee, 2nd Ejido Committee, Desert Zones Committee. e—None. f—Social worker, Secretariat of Agriculture. f—Secretary of women’s action, CNC; secretary of women’s action, League of Agrarian Communities of the State of Nuevo León. i—Widow. j—None. k—None. l—C de D, 1958–1961; C de D, 1970–1973, 126. Morales Lechuga, Ignacio a—Jan. 6, 1947. b—Poza Rica, Veracruz. c—Elementary studies at Article 123 Public School, Poza Rica, 1954–1959; secondary studies at Ignacio M. Altamirano School, Poza Rica, 1960–1962; preparatory studies at Gabino Barreda School, Poza Rica, 1963–1965; law degree from Free Law School, 1965–1969, with thesis on notary functions, June 3, 1970; professor, Anáhuac University, 1971–1974; professor, Free Law School, 1976–1980; professor, ITESM, 1976–1980. d—None. e—Joined PRI, 1980; resigned from PRI, 1997; PVEM precandidate for governor of Veracruz, 1998. f—Assistant secretary of government, State of Veracruz, 1980–1981; secretary-general of government, State of Veracruz, 1981–1984; president, Federal Electoral Commission, Veracruz, 1981–1984; coordinator, National Program of Public Safety, Secretariat of Government, 1984–1988; attorney general, Federal District, 1988–1991; attorney general of Mexico, 1991–1993; ambassador to France, 1993–1995. g—None. h—Notary, Rico Álvarez Firm, Mexico City, 1966–1974; lawyer, Orozco Morales Firm, 1970–1974; Public Notary

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No. 116, Federal District, 1974–1980. i—Son of Ignacio Morales Ponce, merchant, and Enedi Lechuga Ríos; married Jacqueline Broc; member of Manuel Camacho’s political group. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM87, 260; DBGM92, 247; El Financiero, June 24, 1991; www.cepolcrim.org.mx, 2008. Morales Orozco, Cresencio a—Sept. 13, 1935. b—Chucándiro, Michoacán. c—Early education unknown; law degree from University of Michoacán, 1960–1965, with thesis titled “Character and Development of Agrarian Reform in Mexico”; professor, School of Nursing, University of Michoacán. d—Plurinominal federal deputy from PPS, 1982–1985, member of National Defense Committee; plurinominal federal deputy from PPS, 1988–1991. e—Joined PPS, 1959; secretary, PPS, State of Michoacán, 1966; secretary, PPS, Morelia, 1959–1965; PPS candidate for local deputy, State Legislature of Michoacán, 1977; PPS candidate for mayor of Morelia, 1979; PPS candidate for federal deputy from State of Michoacán, 1982; member, PPS Central Committee, 1975; director, Socialist Political Group, 2005. f—Director, Legal Department, Division of Education, Secretariat of the Navy, 1972–1975. g—Secretary-general, National Alliance of Workers in Michoacán, 1976. h—Practicing lawyer, 1965–1970. i—Son of Cresencio Morales Vallejo, peasant, and Viviana Orozco Guzmán; married María Guadalupe González Botello. j—None. k—None. l—Directorio, 1982–1985; Lehr, 654; DBGM89, 500. Morales Ramos, Feliciano a—July 12, 1916. b—Salinas, Coahuila. c—Elementary studies only; no degree. d—Mayor, San Juan de Salinas, Coahuila; federal deputy from State of Coahuila, Dist. 4, 1952–1955, 1967–1970. e—None. f—None. g—Official, National Miners’ Union. j—None. k—None. l—C de D, 1967–1970; C de D, 1952–1955. Morales Salas, Adrián a—July 1, 1896. b—San Miguel de Mezquital, Zacatecas. c—Elementary and secondary studies in public schools; no degree. d—Senator from

State of Zacatecas, 1940–1946, 2nd Secretary of 1st Tariff and Foreign Trade Committee, member of Gran Comisión. e—None. f—None. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Jesús Morales Valdez. j—Joined the Revolution in support of Madero, 1911; 2nd lieutenant, 1911; 1st lieutenant, 1913; major, 1915; career army officer, reached rank of colonel, 1926. k—None. l—C de S, 1940–1946; EBW46, 178; Libro de Oro, 1946, 9. Morales Sánchez, Gregorio (Deceased 1962) a—May 26, 1885. b—Salinas Victoria, Nuevo León. c—Early education unknown; teaching certificate; teacher. d—Federal deputy from State of Nuevo León, Dist. 1, 1918–1920, member of Gran Comisión. e—None. f—Governor, Nuevo León, 1935– 1936. g—None. j—Participated in the Revolution; supported General Pablo González, 1920; commander, 52nd Battalion, against General Escobar, 1929; rank of brigade general, Sept. 11, 1929. k—None. l—Peral; C de D, 1918–1920; www.iih.unam.mx, 2008. Morelos Valdés, Rafael (Deceased Oct. 21, 1994) a—Aug. 25, 1923. b—Morelia, Michoacán. c—Early education unknown; medical degree from School of Medicine, University of Michoacán. d—Federal deputy from State of Michoacán, Dist. 3, 1961–1964; plurinominal federal deputy from PAN, 1979–1982. e—Joined PAN, 1950; national adviser, PAN, 1953–1994; member, CEN of PAN, 1961–1966, 1975, 1978–1981; president, Regional Committee of PAN, Michoacán, 1966–1968; PAN candidate for governor of Michoacán, 1968; PAN candidate for senator, 1964, 1982; PAN candidate for federal deputy, 1976. f—None. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Rafael Morelos Zapién and Sara Valdés Barrera; married Esperanza Borja Garibay; daughter María Morelos Borja, member of CEN of PAN and plurinominal federal deputy from PAN, 1985–1988, 2006– 2009. j—None. k—None. l—Pérez Franco, 236; C de D, 1961–1964; C de D, 1979–1982; www.cronica.diputados, 2010; www.valla dolid.edu, 2010; www.paguito.com, 2010; www.cambiodemichoacan.mx, 2010.

658  m e xic a n p oli t i c a l b i o g ra ph i e s , 1935–20 0 9 Moreno Flores, Fausta a—Apr. 15, 1932. b—Puebla, Puebla. c—Elementary studies at Instituto Colón, Puebla, 1936–1942; secondary studies at Flores Magón Secondary School, Puebla, 1943–1945; preparatory studies at University of Puebla, 1946–1948; legal studies at National School of Law, UNAM, 1952–1956, graduating with thesis titled “Limiting Acts on Law,” Nov. 18, 1958. d—None. e—None. f—Lawyer, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1958–1967; secretary of agreements, Federal Tax Court, 1967–1969; secretary of studies and accounts, Supreme Court of Justice, 1969–1980; judge, Third District Court, Administrative Div., Federal District, 1978–1982; justice, Supreme Court, 1983–1988, 1988–1994, retired Dec. 31, 1994. g—None. h—None. i—Daughter of Eduardo Moreno del Callejo, chemical pharmacist and owner of Santa María Drugstore and Pharmacy, and Guadalupe Flores Limón; married Armando Corona Boza, lawyer and federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. 36, 1982–1985; relative, Alberto Moreno del Callejo, was distinguished figure in Tepeaca, Puebla. j—None. k—An early female justice on Supreme Court. l—DBGM, 672; DBGM89, 628; DBGM92, 681; www.tiempouniversitario.buapmx, 2008; www.scjn.gob.mx, 2008; www.e-local .gob.mx, 2009. Moreno Gómez, María Eugenia a—Feb. 16, 1938. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, 1955–1960; diploma in political analysis from Ibero-American University, 1983. d—Federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. 25, 1979–1982, president of Social Security Committee. e—Joined PRI, 1968; adviser to secretary of public relations, CEN of PRI, 1968; participated in 1975–1976 presidential campaign. f—Director of social welfare services, IMSS, 1976–1979; delegate of Department of the Federal District to Benito Juárez, 1982–1988; director, Center of Higher Studies of Tourism, Secretariat of Tourism, 1989. g—President, World Association of Women

Journalists and Writers, 1973–1978. h—Journalist; founder, Editorial Armonía, SA, 1971; founder and director, Kena, La Mujer de Hoy, and Lupita. i—Daughter of Eugenio Moreno Stadelmann, public official, and Amparo Gómez Alcalde, teacher. j—None. k—One of Mexico’s leading feminists. l—Romero Aceves, 715–717; Protag., 238; C de D, 1979–1982; DBGM92, 250. Moreno Jiménez, Jesús a—1913. b—Orizaba, Veracruz. c—Early education unknown; no degree. d—Local deputy, State Legislature of State of Mexico; member, City Council, Tlalnepantla, State of Mexico; mayor, Tlalnepantla; federal deputy from State of Mexico, Dist. 6, 1964–1967, 1973–1976. e—None. f—None. g—Secretary-general, Confederation of Peasants and Workers, State of Mexico. i—Son Jesús Isidro Moreno is secretary-general of Federation of Unions Jesús Moreno Jiménez, 2011. j—None. k—None. l—C de D, 1964–1967; C de D, 1973–1976; www.e-local.mx, 2009. Moreno Medina, Alejandro a—1955. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; business administration degree from Center for Technical and Higher Teaching, Tijuana; professor, School of Administration and International Business, Center for Technical and Higher Teaching. d—None. e—None. f—Director general of state urban infrastructure development, Housing Institute, Baja California, 1992; private secretary to Governor Ernesto Ruffo Appel, 1994; secretary of tourism, Baja California; assistant secretary of tourism operations, Secretariat of Tourism, 2008– . g—President, Tourism and Convention Committee, Tijuana. h—Director, Impulsora Terra; partner, Riquejaime y Cía. j—None. k—None. l—www.turistampa .com, 2010; letter. Moreno Mena, Margarita a—June 16, 1943. b—Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua. c—Elementary studies at Belisario Domínguez School and Melchor Guaspe School, Chihuahua; secondary studies at Secondary and Normal Night School, Chihuahua,

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1956–1963; studies at Higher Normal School, Mexico City, 1966–1968; studies in social studies at Porfirio Parra Higher Normal School, Mexico City, 1969–1970; studies in psychology at Porfirio Parra Higher Normal School, Mexico City, 1971–1973; rural schoolteacher, 1969–1971; urban elementary school teacher, 1973–1977; secondary school vocational teacher, 1973–1975; preparatory vocational teacher, 1975–1977. d—Federal deputy from State of Chihuahua, Dist. 1, 1979–1982. e—Secretary of women’s action, PRI, City of Chihuahua; secretary of youth action, PRI, Ciudad Juárez, 1958–1960; secretary of organization, PRI, Granjas, Chihuahua, 1964–1965; secretary of teacher action, State Committee of CNOP of PRI, Chihuahua. f—None. g—Secretary of legislative action, ANFER State Committee; secretary of organization, Coordinating Committee, FSTSE; secretary-general, Local No. 8, SNTE, 1976. i—Daughter of Héctor Elpidio Moreno and María del Refugio Mena. j—None. k—None. l—Romero Aceves, 718–719. Moreno (Moreno), Manuel M. (Deceased Feb. 8, 1990) a—May 21, 1907. b—Guanajuato, Guanajuato. c—Law degree from School of Law, University of Guanajuato, 1931; MA in history from UNAM, with thesis titled “The Political and Social Organization of the Aztecs”; professor of sociology and history, University of Guanajuato. d—Federal deputy from State of Guanajuato, Dist. 7, 1961–1964, president of Legislative Studies Committee, member of 2nd Constitutional Affairs Committee; president of Chamber of Deputies, Oct., 1962; senator from State of Guanajuato, 1964–1967, president of Gran Comisión, 1965–1967; governor, Guanajuato, 1967–1973. e—President, Regional Committee of PRI, State of Guanajuato; director of legal affairs for PRI; head, Consultative Department, PRI, 1953; secretary of political action, CEN of PRI, 1962–1964; secretary-general, CEN of PRI, 1963–1964. f—Director of public education, State of Guanajuato, 1934–1935;

attorney general, State of Guanajuato, 1932– 1934; secretary-general of government, State of Guanajuato, 1935; head, Legal Office, Department of the Federal District, 1945; director general of labor, Secretariat of Labor, 1953–1958; director general of professions, Secretariat of Public Education, 1958–1961; head, Association Registration Department, Secretariat of Labor, 1956– 1958. g—Leader, Student Union of Guanajuato, 1927. h—As a student worked as porter and scribe at Superior Court of Justice, Guanajuato. i—Married Carmen Contreras; son of Pablo Moreno and Cresencia Moreno; daughter María del Carmen Moreno Contreras, federal deputy from State of Guanajuato, Dist. 10, 1997–2000. j—None. k—None. l—C de D, 1961–1963, 84; DPE61, 101; C de S, 1964–1970, 19; DGF56, 398; DBM68, 445; HA, Oct. 9, 1972, 35; WNM, 153; Excélsior, Oct. 19, 1975, 1; Enc. Mex., IX, 257–258; www.correo-gto.com.mx, 2008. Moreno Rodríguez, José Rodrigo

a—Sept. 7, 1947. b—León, Guanajuato. c—Early education unknown; law degree from School of Law, Ibero-American University, 1965–1969; MA in law from UNAM, 1975; LLD from National School of Law, UNAM, with honorable mention, 1975–1976; courses in public administration at University of Manchester, 1974–1975; professor, Technological Institute, León, 1970–1972; professor, School of Political and Social Science, UNAM, 1979– . d—Alternate federal deputy from State of Guanajuato, Dist. 2, 1982–1985; delegate of Department of the Federal District to Azcapotzalco, 1983–1984. e—Joined PRI, 1967; positions in IEPES of PRI. f—Assistant to director of social action, Department of the Federal District, 1969; analyst, Division of Administrative Studies, Office of the Presidency, 1972–1976; assistant director of human resources, Office of the Presidency, 1976; assistant director of legal affairs, Office of the Presidency, 1977; director general of administrative and personnel development, Office of the Presidency, 1978–1982;

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secretary-general, Department of the Federal District, 1984–1985. g—None. h—Practicing lawyer, León, 1970–1972; Notary Public No. 108 in his father’s firm, 2008. i—Son of Rodrigo Moreno Zermeño, lawyer, notary public, mayor of León, 1948–1949, and federal deputy from State of Guanajuato, Dist. 8, 1952–1955, and Dist. 3, 1961–1964, and Pura Rodríguez; married Georgina González; sister María Cristina married José de Jesús Padilla, federal deputy and senator; father, cofounder of UNS, León, 1937. j—None. k—None. l—Q es QAP, 429; DBGM, 296; HA, Nov. 5, 1985; www.morenolaw.com, 2008. Moreno Sánchez, Manuel (Deceased Apr. 25, 1993) a—July 11, 1908. b—Ranchería Tierra Dura, Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes. c—Elementary studies in Aguascalientes; preparatory studies at National Preparatory School, 1926; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, 1932, with thesis on Amparo; professor of international public law, UNAM, 1935–1936; professor, Institute of San Luis Potosí; professor, University of Michoacán, 1933–1934; director, School of Plastic Arts, UNAM, 1936; secretary, Institute of Aesthetic Investigations, UNAM, 1936–1938. d—Federal deputy from State of Aguascalientes, 1943–1946; senator from State of Aguascalientes, 1958–1964, president of Gran Comisión, 1st Committee on Foreign Relations, Committee on Foreign and Domestic Commerce, member of 1st Committee on Tariffs and Foreign Trade, substitute member of 1st Constitutional Affairs Committee. e—Orator, 1940, 1946, and 1952 presidential campaigns; PSD presidential candidate, 1982; supported PRI Democratic Current, 1986. f—Judge, Superior Tribunal of Justice, State of Michoacán, 1933–1934; judge, Superior Tribunal of Justice, Federal District, 1940–1943; adviser to state government, San Luis Potosí, 1939; director, Legal Department, National Bank of Agricultural and Livestock Credit, 1946–1952; director of traffic, Department of the Federal District, 1952. g—None. h—Author of many

books and articles; practicing lawyer in Federal District, 1943–1958. i—Personal friend of Adolfo López Mateos; married Carmen Toscano; daughter Alejandra Moreno Toscano is married to Enrique Florescano and was secretary general of Department of the Federal District, 1992; son Héctor Moreno Toscano served as federal deputy from State of Mexico, Dist. 31, 1979–1982; daughter Carmen Moreno Toscano was ambassador to Costa Rica, 1992; practiced law with Franco Carreño; assistant to Professor Antonio Caso. j—None. k—Orator with Adolfo López Mateos during José Vasconcelos’ 1929 presidential campaign. l—C de S, 1961–1964, 63; Brandenburg, 114; Peral, 557; WWM45, 81; Enc. Mex., I, 104; C de D, 1943–1945, 16; Func., 117; Gómez Maganda, 106; López, 741; HA, Feb. 1, 1952; Enc. Mex., IX, 261; DP95, 2375. Moreno Torres, Manuel (Deceased May 22, 1980) a—Feb. 22, 1912. b—Matehuala, San Luis Potosí. c—Elementary and secondary studies in Matehuala; apprentice, Carpentry School, National School of Engineering, IPN, 1925–1929; electrical engineering studies at IPN, graduating May 20, 1937; studies in civil engineering at National School of Engineering, UNAM. d—Federal deputy from State of San Luis Potosí, Dist. 2, 1958–1961, member of Department of the Federal District Committee, 4th Sec. of Legislative Studies Committee, Electrical Industry Committee, Public Works Committee, General Means of Communication Committee. e—None. f—Chief engineer during construction of Ferrocarril del Sureste, 1935–1937; director general, Department of Public Works, Secretariat of Public Works, 1948–1958; director general, Federal Electric Commission, 1958–1964; executive coordinator of the Southeast, Federal Electric Commission, 1973–1976; assistant director general, Federal Electric Commission, 1976–1980. g—Member, Student Association, IPN. h—Many technical and administrative positions in the private sector, 1964–1973. i—Modest family background,

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left San Luis Potosí to seek a better life and higher education: married Genoveva Martínez Escobar Puig; second wife, Cristina González; son of Anastasio Moreno Calvillo and Ángela Torres. j—None. k—Lead engineer, Infiernillo Dam, Zacatecas, and Chicoasén Dam, Chiapas. l—HA, Dec. 10, 1962, 3; DGF56, 467; C de D, 1958–1960, 85; Func., 343; HA, June 2, 1980, 15; WNM, 153–154; www.conalepslp.edu.mx, 2008. Moreno (Uriegas), María de los Ángeles

a—Jan. 15, 1945. b—Federal District. c—Elementary studies at Carlos A. Carrillo Public School No. 34, Mexico City, 1951–1956; secondary studies at Secondary School No. 34, Mexico City, 1957–1960; preparatory studies at National Preparatory School No. 5, 1960– 1962; economics studies at National School of Economics, UNAM, 1962–1966, graduating with thesis titled “Women in the Mexican Economy,” Nov. 27, 1968; MA in socioeconomic planning from Institute for Social Studies, Netherlands University, 1972–1973; professor, UNAM, 1967–1972; professor of economic theory, School of Business and Administration, UNAM, 1968–1970; diploma from Weatherhead Center for International Affairs, Harvard University, 2003–2004. d—Plurinominal federal deputy from PRI, 1991–1994, and majority leader, 1993–1994; senator from Federal District, 1994–2000, president of Senate; representative to Assembly of the Federal District, 2000–2003; plurinominal senator from PRI, 2006–2012. e—Assistant director of strategy and development, IEPES of PRI, 1981–1982, under Carlos Salinas de Gortari; secretarygeneral, CEN of PRI, 1994; president, CEN of PRI, 1994–1995; president of PRI, Federal District. f—Economic analyst, Division of Sampling, Secretariat of Industry and Commerce, 1964; sector census chief, Division of Statistics, Secretariat of Industry and Commerce, 1967–1968; analyst, Department of Public Debt, Office of the Director General of Credit, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1969–1972; office head, Office of the Director General of Credit, Secretariat of

the Treasury, 1973–1975, under Miguel de la Madrid; assistant director of income distribution studies, Secretariat of Labor, 1975– 1976; assistant director of planning, Division of Employment, Secretariat of Labor, 1977–1978; assistant director of planning, Division of Employment, National Employment Service, 1978–1982; assistant secretary of evaluation, Secretariat of Programming and Budget, 1983–1988; secretary of fisheries, 1988–1992. g—None. h—Economic consultant, Climas Perfectos, SA, 1967–1968. i—Daughter of Manuel Moreno Islas, surgeon, physician with IMSS and ISSSTE for 50 years, director of Jesús Hospital, and first secretary-general of IMSS Union, 1945–1948, and Amalia Uriega Sánchez, surgeon; father’s friends included Antonio Ortiz Mena, Fernando Amilpa, Gustavo Baz, Rafael Galván Maldonado, and Fidel Velázquez; studied under David Ibarra, Gustavo Romero Kolbeck, and Emilio Mújica Montoya at UNAM. j—None. k—None. l—IEPES; Q es QAP, 133; DBGM, 297; DBGM87, 205; DBGM89, 243; DBGM92, 526; Reforma, Oct. 10, 1994, 7A; www.esmas .com.mx, 2008; www.jornada.unam.mx, June 29, 1999. Moreno Valle, Rafael a—Aug. 23, 1917. b—Atlixco, Puebla. c—Elementary studies in Atlixco; secondary and preparatory studies at National Preparatory School; medical degree and military surgeon training from Military Medical School, Dec. 9, 1940, graduating with rank of major; advanced studies at U.S. Department of Defense, 1941; professor of orthopedics, National Medical School, UNAM (10 years); professor, Military Medical School, 1944–1964; studies in United States. d—Senator from State of Puebla, 1958–1964, president of Senate, member of Gran Comisión, the Public Health Committee, 2nd Foreign Relations Committee, and 2nd National Defense Committee, substitute member of Public Welfare Committee, president of Military Health Committee; governor, Puebla, 1969–1972. e—Secretary of political

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action, CEN of PRI, 1962–1964. f—Head of medical services, Central Military Hospital, 1956; director, Central Military Hospital, 1956–1958; secretary of health and public welfare, 1964–1968. g—None. h—Founding member, with Salvador Aceves Parra, of Mexican Orthopedic Society; president of many advisory health commissions. i—From a humble family background; son of Jesús Moreno and Engracia Valle de Moreno; brother Jesús served in the Revolution as lieutenant colonel; supported Emilio Martínez Manautou for president, 1964; student with Eduardo Echeverría Álvarez, President Echeverría’s brother, and Juan I. Bustamante Vasconcelos, federal deputy from State of Oaxaca, Dist. 3, 1964–1967; grandson Rafael Moreno Valle Rosas was federal deputy from State of Puebla, Dist. 8, 2003–2004, president of State Legislature of Puebla, 2005–2006, and minority senator from Puebla (PAN), 2006–2012. j—Career military medical officer; rank of brigadier general, 1952. k—First graduate of Military Medical School to become secretary of health; requested leave of absence as governor of Puebla, Apr., 1972, and never returned to office. l—HA, Apr. 24, 1972, 53; Libro de Oro, xxxv; DPE65, 148; El Universal, Dec. 1, 1964; DBM70, 395–396; C de S, 1961–1964, 64; HA, Dec. 7, 1964, 20; CyT, 475; Excélsior, Dec. 26, 1974, 12; Lozoya, 126. Morones Ochoa, Alejandro a—Apr. 30, 1940. b—San Luis Potosí. c—Early education unknown; economics degree from University of San Luis Potosí, with thesis titled “The Copper Industry in Mexico”; course at Pan American Institute of Higher Management. d—None. e—None. f—Economist, Department of Latin American Trade, Latin American Free Trade Sec., Bank of Mexico, 1966–1969; economist, Division of Economic Studies, Fund for the Promotion of Tourist Infrastructure, 1970–1973; finance manager, National Tourism Fund, 1974– 1976; adviser, Trust for the Liquidation of Auxiliary Organizations and Credit Institutions, 1978; assistant secretary of operations,

Secretariat of Tourism, 1982–1988; general coordinator of tourism, San Luis Potosí, 1999–2002; director, Tourism Department, Tamaulipas, 2006. g—None. i—Son of Homero Morones Prieto, photographer and brother of Ignacio Morones Prieto, secretary of health, 1952–1958, and Altagracia Ochoa Alemán; married Esperanza Tobías Hernández. j—None. k—None. l—Q es QAP, 396. Morones Prieto, Ignacio (Deceased Oct. 30, 1974) a—Mar. 2, 1900. b—Ciudad Linares, Nuevo León. c—Elementary studies in Monterrey, Nuevo León; preparatory studies at Colegio Civil of Monterrey and Scientific and Literary Institute of San Luis Potosí; medical degree from University of San Luis Potosí, 1923; medical degree from Sorbonne, 1923–1928; professor of external pathology, University of San Luis Potosí, 1928–1932; professor of clinical surgery, University of San Luis Potosí, 1933–1940; professor, Scientific and Literary Institute of San Luis Potosí; professor, Colegio Civil, Monterrey; dean, School of Medicine, University of San Luis Potosí; rector, University of San Luis Potosí (6 years). d—Governor, Nuevo León, 1949–1952. e—None. f—Oficial mayor, Secretariat of Health, 1946; assistant secretary of health, 1946–1949; secretary of health and public welfare, 1952–1958; ambassador to France, 1961–1965; director general, IMSS, 1966–1970. g—None. h—Practiced medicine, 1928–1945. i—Married Francisca Caballero; second wife, Elsa Stahl; son of Ignacio Morones and Teresa Prieto; member of Gonzalo N. Santos’ camarilla; uncle of Alejandro Morones Ochoa, assistant secretary of operations, Secretariat of Tourism, 1982–1988. j—None. k—PRI precandidate for president of Mexico, 1958. l—DPE65, 26; HA, Sept. 21, 1953, 7; Libro de Oro, xli; HA, July 12, 1954; WWMG, 27; HA, Dec. 5, 1962, 9; DGF56, 329, 331; DGF47, 197; DGF51, I, 91; G of NL, 15; DPE61, 22; López, 743; Enc. Mex., IX, 263; HA, Nov. 11, 1974, 11, WNM, 152; NYT, July 28, 1957, 2; DP95, 2378–2379. Mortera Prieto, Felipe L. (Deceased) a—1911. b—Minatitlán, Veracruz.

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c—Elementary studies in Minatitlán; completed part of secondary school in Minatitlán; no degree. d—Federal deputy from State of Veracruz, Dist. 12, 1952–1955, 1958–1961. e—None. f—None. g—Many union posts; secretary-general, National Union of Petroleum Workers, 1956–1958. h—Began working in a refinery as a teenager. j—None. k—According to Observador Ciudadano, he lost leadership of the Petroleum Workers’ Union after the press accused him of alleged complicity in the murder of a reporter. l—Func., 399; C de D, 1952–1955; C de D, 1958–1961; www.occavc.blogspot.com, Mar. 1, 2006. Morúa Johnson, Mario a—1922. b—Hermosillo, Sonora. c—Elementary studies at Soria School, Hermosillo; secondary studies at a public school, Hermosillo; studies at Heriberto Aja Business School; no degree. d—Mayor, San Luis Río Colorado, 1958–1961; alternate senator from State of Sonora, 1964–1970, but in functions, 1967–1970 as replacement for Juan de Dios Bojórquez. e—Director of youth action, CEN of PRI, State of Sonora, 1940–1941, under Luis Encinas Johnson, governor of Sonora; president of PRI, San Luis Río Colorado, 1958–1961; president of PRI, Sonora, 1961–1963; campaigned for Gustavo Díaz Ordaz in Sonora, 1963–1964; general delegate of CEN of PRI, Veracruz, 1969. f—Tax collector, Puerto Peñasco, 1941; police commissioner, Sonoita, Sonora, 1955– 1958; provisional governor, Sonora, 1991. g—Secretary, Agricultural Committee of CNC, Sonoita, 1955–1958. h—Businessman and cattle rancher, 1970–1990. j—None. k—None. l—C de S, 1964–1970; Excélsior, Sept. 28, 1993. Mosqueda Martínez, (Jorge) Gerardo

b—Guanajuato. c—Early education unknown; degree in industrial psychology; MA in administration, PhD in marketing; professor of language and Spanish literature. d—None. e—None. f—Director of public relations, León, Guanajuato; director, Department of Federal Delegations,

Secretariat of Labor; assistant secretary of human development, Secretariat of Labor, 2005–2006; secretary of government, Guanajuato, 2006. g—Member, COPARMEX. h—Director of psychological advisers, SC; Manager, Graphic Productions, SACV; director of Consulting and Strategies Research, SACV. i—Sister-in-law, Luz María Ramírez Villapando, was director general of Guanajuato Women’s Institution. j—None. k—None. l—www.lideres.guana juato.gob.mx, 2008; www.guanajuato.gob .mexico, 2008. Mota Sánchez, Ramón a—Aug. 22, 1922. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; graduated as 2nd artillery lieutenant, Heroic Military College, July 1, 1941; diploma in staff and command from Higher War College, 1949–1951; diploma in staff and command from U.S. Army, 1962–1963; professor, Heroic Military College, 1946–1949; professor of logistics and strategy, Higher War College, 1951–1965; professor, University of Nayarit, 1968–1969. d—Plurinominal federal deputy from PRI, 1991–1994; plurinominal federal deputy from PRI, 1997–2000, president of National Defense Committee; plurinominal senator from PRI, 2000–2006. e—Joined PRI, 1952. f—Chief of staff, Secretariat of National Defense, 1978–1980; military attaché to the Mexican embassy, Washington, DC, 1980–1982; director of police and traffic, Department of the Federal District, 1982–1983; secretary of protection and traffic routes, Department of the Federal District, 1984–1986. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Julio Mota Ponce, career military, and Eloísa Sánchez López; married María Magdalena Aguilar Palomino. j—Career army officer; commander, Cadet Battery, Heroic Military College, 1946–1947; rank of colonel, 1967; commander, 1st Artillery Regiment; rank of brigadier general, 1972; commander, Presidential Guards; commander, 21st Military Zone, Morelia, Michoacán, 1982; rank of brigade general, 1976; commander, 31st Military Zone, Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas,

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1976–1977; commander, 15th Military Zone, Guadalajara, Jalisco, 1978–1980; rank of division general, 1981. k—None. l—Rev. de Ejer., Nov., 1976, 67; Q es QAP, 444; Rev. de Ejer., Dec., 1967, 49; Rev. de Ejer., Nov., 1972, 50; DBGM, 298; DBGM92, 528; Q es Q en el Congreso, 2000–2003, 361–362; Rev. de Ejer., Apr., 1982, Sept., 1987; DBGM94, CD; DCM, 2000–2003, 329; www.sedena.gob .mx, 2003; www.secgob.gob.mx, 1997; Excélsior, Aug. 6, 1997, 1A. Mouriño Terrazo, Juan Camilo

(Deceased Nov. 4, 2008) a—Aug. 1, 1971. b—Madrid. c—Early education unknown; economics degree from University of Tampa, Fla.; postgraduate studies in accounting and finance at University of Campeche. d—Local deputy, State Legislature of Campeche, 4th Dist, 1997–2000; plurinominal federal deputy from PAN, 2000–2003, president of Energy Committee. e—PAN candidate for mayor of Campeche, 2003; member of PAN; secretary of organization, Regional Committee of PAN, Campeche, 1997–1998; regional coordinator of PAN, 1999–2000; active in Friends of Fox; coordinator, Felipe Calderón precandidate and presidential campaign, 2005–2006; coordinator of transition team, Felipe Calderón, 2006. f—Secretary, Municipal Committee of Campeche; coordinator of advisers, Secretariat of of Energy; assistant secretary of electricity, 2004; chief of staff, Office of the Presidency, 2006–2008; secretary of government, 2008. g—None. h—Founded Xente Nova clothing store, 1989; general manager, Grupo Energético del Sureste, 1993–1995; finance director, Grupo Energético del Sureste. i—Son of Carlos Mouriño Atanés, president of Celta de Vigo soccer team, Spain; married María Ángeles Escalante Castillo, daughter of wealthy builder. j—None. k—None. l—LAT, June 17, 2008, A3; D de Y, Nov. 28, 2006; QesQ en el Congreso, 2000– 2003, 71–72; www.eluniversal.com.mx, 2008; DCM, 2000–2003, 393–394. Moya Palencia, Mario (Deceased Oct. 9, 2006) a—1933. b—Federal District.

c—Preparatory studies at Centro Universitario México, 1948–1949, on scholarship; legal studies at National School of Law, UNAM, 1950–1954, degree in 1955, on scholarship; graduate studies in Mexican history at School of Philosophy and Liberal Arts, UNAM; professor of constitutional law, National School of Political Studies, Acatlán Campus, UNAM, 1976. d—None. e—Secretary of ideology, CEN of PRI, 1993. f—Assistant, Office of Public Relations, National Railroads of Mexico, 1955–1958; assistant director of the public domain, Division of Real Property, Secretariat of National Patrimony, 1959–1961; director general, Bureau of Cinematography, Secretariat of Government, 1964–1968; assistant secretary of government, 1969–1970, under Luis Echeverría; secretary of government, 1970–1976; ambassador to United Nations, 1985–1989; ambassador to Japan, 1989–1990; ambassador to Cuba, 1990–1993; ambassador to Italy, 1994–2001. g—President, Platform of Mexican Professionals, 1961–1965. h—Cofounder of the magazine Voz, with Jorge Villa Treviño; editor, 1950–1953; editor, Ferronales, 1954–1957; wrote for Novedades, 1957–1959. i—Student of Alfonso Noriega at UNAM; knew Jorge de la Vega Domínguez at UNAM; member of the student generation which included Pedro Ojeda Paullada and Pedro Zorrilla; married Marcela Ibáñez, lawyer; second wife, Aurizanda Ibáñez; son of Mario Moya, low-level government employee, and Concepción Palencia. j—None. k—PRI precandidate for president of Mexico, 1976; PRI precandidate for senator from the Federal District, 1981. l—HA, Dec. 7, 1970, 23; DPE65, 14; DPE61, 60; HA, Aug. 14, 1972, 12; HA, Jan. 15, 1973, 10; HA, Oct. 17, 1977, 12–13; Enc. Mex., IX, 272; Excélsior, Jan. 24, 1974, 14; Proceso, Jan. 8, 1977, 29; Excélsior, Dec. 26, 1981, 164; DBGM87, 266; DBGM89, 244; www.eluni versal.com.mx, Oct. 10, 2006. Múgica (Velázquez), Francisco José

(Deceased Apr. 12, 1954) a—Sept. 2, 1884. b—Tinguindín, Michoacán. c—Elementary

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and secondary studies at Seminary of Zamora, Michoacán; schoolteacher; no degree. d—Deputy to Constitutional Convention, 1916–1917; governor, Michoacán, 1920–1922. e—Leader, Cárdenas’s campaign for president, 1934; director, leftist Constitutional Party, 1952. f—Tax collector, Chavinda, Michoacán, 1906; postal employee, Zamora; head, Port of Tampico, 1914; president, Superior Tribunal of Justice, 1915; governor and military commander, State of Tabasco, 1916; director, Department of General Provisions, 1918–1920; director, Federal Prison, Islas Marías, 1927–1933; head, Administrative Department, Secretariat of National Defense, May, 1933; secretary, Secretariat of Industry and Commerce, 1934–1935; secretary of public works, June 18, 1935–Jan. 23, 1939; governor, Baja California del Sur, 1940–1946. g—None. h—Journalist; member, Luis Cabrera law firm, 1924. i—Longtime enemy of General Obregón and Melchor Ortega; close friend and supporter of Lázaro Cárdenas, 1925–1939; son of Francisco Múgica Pérez, schoolteacher, and Agapita Velázquez Espinosa; married Matilde Rodríguez Cabo, psychiatrist; brother Carlos Múgica was oficial mayor of Secretariat of War, 1920; members of his political group included Luis Mora Tovar, Jesús Romero Flores, and Agustín Arroyo Ch.; son Janitzio Múgica Rodríguez Cabo, was director of forests and ejidos, Secretariat of Agrarian Reform, 1979. j—Joined the Revolution under Madero, Nov. 20, 1910, as 2nd lieutenant; rank of 1st captain, 1911; captain, Constitutional forces under General Lucio Blanco; rank of 2nd captain, 1911; aide to Venustiano Carranza, 1911–1913; rank of colonel in cavalry, 1914; rank of brigadier general, 1914; chief of military operations, various states; brigadier general, 1932; commander, 32nd Military Zone, Mérida, Yucatán, 1933; commander, 21st Military Zone, Morelia, Michoacán, 1939; commander, 3rd Military Zone, La Paz, Baja California del Sur, 1939–1940; rank of division general, 1939; without assignment, 1940–1949;

retired, 1949. k—PRM precandidate for president of Mexico, 1939, considered too radical; identified with Leon Trotsky, whom he helped bring to Mexico; Gruening states that Múgica was imposed over other candidates as governor of Michoacán, 1920; supported candidacy of Miguel Henríquez Guzmán for president, 1952. l—Morton, 40; WWM45, 81–82; Kirk, 89, 118, 234; DP70, 1425–1426; DP64, 985; Peral, 560–561; Gruening, 461; Michaels, 4, 32; Scott, 238– 239; Brandenburg, 92–93, 80–82; Strode, 357–59; Enc. Mex., IX, 273; Q es Q, 401–402. Mújica Montoya, Emilio a—May 23, 1926. b—Federal District. c—Preparatory studies at National Preparatory School, 1942–1944; studies in economics at National School of Economics, UNAM, 1944–1948, with honorable mention for thesis on economic cycles and economic development; PhD in economics from Alexander Humboldt University, Berlin, 1956, with thesis on Marxist analysis; professor of the theory of economic cycles, economic problems of Mexico, Mexican foreign trade, planning and development, and international economics, National School of Economics, UNAM, 1951–1973; coordinator of studies on the economy and education, Colegio de México, 1972–1973; dean, National School of Economics, UNAM, 1959–1963. d—None. e—Participant, PRI presidential campaigns, 1952, 1958, 1964; member, Advisory Council, IEPES of PRI, 1975–1976; coordinator, Communications and Transportation Secs. of López Portillo’s presidential campaign committees, 1976. f—Economist, Secretariat of Communications, 1948–1950; economist, Secretariat of National Properties, 1950; economist, Secretariat of Industry and Commerce, 1951–1952; economist, NAFIN, 1952–1953; analyst, National Warehouses, 1953–1958; Secretary, Council of Advisers to director of CONASUPO, 1959–1962; director of sectoral planning, Secretariat of the Presidency, 1965–1970; director of planning and organization, National Railroads of Mexico, 1971; adviser to José López Portillo,

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secretary of the treasury, 1973–1975; executive secretary, Coordinating Committee of Public Sector Industrial Policy, 1975–1976; director of public sector, Secretariat of Government Properties, 1975–1976; secretary of communications and transportation, 1976– 1982; adviser to the head of Department of the Federal District, 1989–1991; director general, Metro System, Department of the Federal District, 1991; ambassador to Costa Rica, 1995–1997. g—None. h—Laborer, Waters and Sanitation Division, Department of the Federal District, 1943–1948. i—Two of his more prominent students at National School of Economics include Julio Faesler and Jorge Tamayo; disciple of Professor Eduardo Botas; founded a political group of students at UNAM called Enrique González Aparicio Group; among its members were Alejandro Cervantes Delgado, Marcela Lombardo, Agustín Acosta Lagunes, Nathan Warman, and Sergio Luis Cano; rival of Alejandro Múgica Montoya, plurinominal federal deputy from PPS, 1973– 1976. j—None. k—None. l—Excélsior, Dec. 1, 1976; letter; HA, Dec. 6, 1976, 23; El Día, Dec. 1, 1976; HA, July 25, 1972, 17; DAPC, 49; Excélsior, Feb. 29, 1980, 13; DBGM92, 254. Muñoz Cota, José (Deceased Mar., 1993) a—Jan. 21, 1907. b—Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua. c—Elementary studies at New English School, Mexico City; preparatory studies at National Preparatory School, Mexico City, 1922–1926; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM; professor, National Preparatory School No. 4, 1952. d—Federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. 1, 1937–1940. e—Campaigned for José Vasconcelos in Oaxaca, 1929; campaigned for Lázaro Cárdenas for president, 1934; member, PCM; member of the extreme leftist group League of Revolutionary Artists and Writers; supported General Miguel Henríquez Guzmán’s presidential campaign, 1952. f—Director of fine arts, Secretariat of Public Education, 1934–1937; private secretary to Lázaro Cárdenas while commander of Pacific Military Zone, 1941–1943; private

secretary to Lázaro Cárdenas while secretary of national defense, 1942–1943; ambassador to Honduras, 1943–1946; ambassador to Colombia, 1946–1947; ambassador to Paraguay, 1947–1950. g—Student leader; won El Universal student oratory contest, 1926; 2nd place in world oratory contest, United States. h—Author, novelist, journalist. i—Studied under Prof. Horacio Zúñiga. j—None. k—Persecuted by government for support of Henríquez Guzmán. l—López; Peral; C de D, 1937–1940; Time, June 28, Oct. 25, 1926; www.elestatal.com, 2008; www.escritores.dechihuahua.com, 2008. Muñoz Ledo (Lazo de la Vega), Porfirio

a—July 23, 1933. b—Federal District. c—Elementary studies at Rosa Luxemburg and José Marti public schools; completed elementary and began secondary at Instituto México on scholarship, Mexico City; preparatory studies at CUM on a scholarship, 1948–1949; law studies at National School of Law, UNAM, 1950–1954, law degree, 1955; LLD, University of Toulouse, France, 1958; lecturer in Hispanic literature, University of Paris, 1959–1960; professor, National Preparatory School, 1950; professor, Women’s University of Mexico, 1950; studies in economics and political science at University of Paris, 1956–1959; professor of Mexican political institutions, Higher Normal School, 1962–1963; professor of the Mexican political process, Colegio de México, 1964– ; professor of the theory of the state, School of Political Science, UNAM, 1962–1963. d—Senator from Federal District, 1988–1994; plurinominal federal deputy from PRD, 1997–2000, coordinator of PRD delegation, 1997–1999; resigned from PRD, 1999; head, New Republic Group, 1999; PARM candidate for president, 1999; plurinominal federal deputy from PT, 2009–2012. e—Adviser, Sec. for Political Studies of IEPES of PRI; member, Sec. on Ideological and Political Analysis of the Mexican Revolution, PRI, 1972; president of CEN of PRI, 1975–1976; cofounder and national coordinator, Democratic Current of PRI, 1986–1987; supported Cuauhtémoc

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Cárdenas in 1988 presidential campaign; cofounder, PRD, 1988; president of PRD, 1993–1996. f—Assistant, Public Relations Office, Secretariat of National Patrimony, 1950–1953; adviser, UNESCO; technical adviser, Office of the Presidency, 1960–1964; assistant director general of graduate education and scientific investigation, Secretariat of Public Education, 1961–1965; cultural adviser to Mexican embassy, Paris, 1965; secretary-general, IMSS, 1966–1970; assistant secretary, Office of the Presidency, 1970–1972; secretary of labor, Sept. 12, 1972–1975; secretary of public education, 1976–1977; ambassador to the United Nations, 1979–1982, 1982–1985; ambassador to the European Union, 2001. g—President, Student Society, National School of Law. h—Author of legal articles; member, Board of Directors, Fondo de Cultura Económica; adviser, National Housing Institute. i—Political disciple of Ignacio Morones Prieto; student of Mario de la Cueva, whom he considered a second father; first mentor, Humberto Romero; son of Porfirio Muñoz Ledo Castillo, physical education teacher, and Ana Lazo de la Vega, elementary and physical education teacher; attended CUM with Miguel Alemán, Jr., and Mario Moya Palencia. j—None. k—None. l—BdM, 87; HA, Dec. 14, 1970, 23; HA, Sept. 18, 1972, 11; HA, Nov. 22, 1971, 23; Enc. Mex., IX, 278; HA, Dec. 6, 1976, 23; HA, Dec. 29, 1975, 7; Excélsior, Feb. 4, 1977, 6; Latin America, Dec. 3, 1976; Excélsior, Aug. 2, 1979; DBGM92, 529; Proceso, Aug. 17, 1997; Excélsior, July 23, 1997; Musacchio, 296; letters. Muñoz Leos, Raúl a—Oct. 14, 1939. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; chemical engineering degree from UNAM, 1963; member, Board of Trustees, School of Chemistry, UNAM. d—None. e—None. f—Director general, PEMEX. g—Vice president, COPARMEX, 2000. h—Joined DuPont, 1964, holding positions in production, sales, merchandising, planning, and administration; president and director general, DuPont, 1988–2000; member, Boards of Directors, Sears Roebuck

and Química Fluor. i—Son of Raúl Muñoz Wood, lawyer, and Oralia Leos González; brother Roberto Muñoz Leos was controller general of CONASUPO, 1991; married Hilda Ledezma, friend of Marta Sahagún, wife of President Fox. j—None. k—None. l—www .contralinea.com.mx.archive, 2008; www .answers.com; DBGM92, 255; Musacchio, 296; www.cddhcu.gob.mx, 2008; www.csis .org, 2003; www.presidencia.gob.mx, 2004; LAT, Nov. 3, 2004. Muñoz Mosqueda, Gilberto a—Sept. 30, 1935. b—San Juan del Río, Guanajuato. c—Completed preparatory studies in Salamanca, Guanajuato; legal studies, no degree. d—Member, City Council, Salamanca, 1966–1969; federal deputy from State of Guanajuato, Dist. 6, 1973–1976, 1988–1991;, 1979–1982; senator from State of Guanajuato, 1982–1988; alternate senator from Guanajuato to Ignacio Vázquez Torres, 1994–2000. e—Joined PRI, 1958. f—None. g—Joined CTM, 1961; secretary-general, Local 9, Union of Chemical and Petrochemical Workers of Mexico, 1962–1968; secretary of industrial development, CTM, State of Guanajuato, 1964–1974; secretary of labor, Union of Chemical and Petrochemical Workers of Mexico, 1968–1978; secretary-general, Union of Chemical and Petrochemical Workers of Mexico, 1978– 1989; assistant secretary-general, CTM, 1996–1997; leading candidate to succeed Fidel Velázquez at CTM, 1997; representative of CEM to National Workers’ Housing Institute, 2002–2008. h—Employee, Salamanca Refinery, Salamanca. i—Son of Carlos Muñoz Gómez, cattle rancher and prominent charro champion, and María Mosqueda Bravo; married Celia Olivares Rivera. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM89, 502; C de D, 1988–1991; C de S, 1982–1988; C de S, 1979–1982; Directorio, 1979–1982; C de D, 1973–1976; www.correo-gto.com.mx, Apr. 26, 2008. Muñoz Rojas, Pablo a—Oct. 11, 1949. b—Querétaro, Querétaro. c—Early education unknown; degree in law from Ibero-

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American University, 1970–1975, graduating with honorable mention; degree in labor law from Ibero-American University, 1975– 1976; teacher, Centro Universitario México, 1975–1982; professor of labor law, IberoAmerican University, 1976–1995. d—None. e—None. f—Lawyer of legal orientation and services, INFONAVIT; director, Office of Diverse Contacts, INFONAVIT, 1974–1975; director, Department of Resources, Housing Division, Secretariat of Public Works, 1977; director, Legal Department, INFONAVIT, 1983–1989; director, Legal Department, FONATUR, 1988–1990; Federal delegate of labor, Department of the Federal District, 1999–2000; director of legal affairs, Secretariat of Tourism, 1990–1994; assistant secretary of legal affairs and human rights, Secretariat of Government, 2006–2007; director general of registry of associations, Secretariat of Labor, 2007. g—None. h—Founder, Zubiria and Muñoz law firm, 1976–1977; head, Department of Personnel and Contract Selection, Aeroméxico, 1978–1979; director general of Personnel and industrial relations, Aeroméxico, 1979–1983. i—Son of Pablo Muñoz Gutiérrez, interim mayor of Querétaro and federal deputy from Querétaro, Dist. 1, 1946–1949, and María de los Ángeles Rojas Gaitán, lawyer. j—None. k—None. l—www.secretariadeltrabajo .gob.mx/quiensomos, 2008; DBGM94, CD; DBGM92, 255–256. Muñoz Turnbull, Marco Antonio

(Deceased Jan. 2, 2001) a—Aug. 6, 1914. b—Jalapa, Veracruz. c—Completed elementary studies at Jalapa Kindergarten; completed secondary studies at Annex School of Normal School of Veracruz, 1928; preparatory studies at University of Veracruz, Jalapa; law degree from School of Law, University of Veracruz, Jalapa, graduating in 1935 with highest GPA of his class; civics and history teacher, Preparatory School of the University of Veracruz, while still a student, 1934; professor of introduction to philosophy, private international law, and labor law, National School of Law, UNAM.

d—Governor, Veracruz, 1950–1956; federal deputy from State of Veracruz, Dist. 13, 1979–1982, president of Government Properties and Industrial Development Committee. e—Auxiliary secretary to Miguel Alemán during presidential campaign, 1946; cofounder, Mexican Civic Front of Revolutionary Affirmation, 1963; general delegate of CEN of PRI to Tlaxcala, 1978. f—Secretary-general, Conciliation and Arbitration Board, Veracruz, 1936; public defender, 1936–1938; agent, Ministerio Público, 1936– 1938; director, Legal Department, State of Veracruz, 1938–1939; justice and president, Superior Tribunal of Justice, State of Veracruz, 1939–1940; assistant director, Department of Government, Secretariat of Government, 1940–1946; oficial mayor of industry and commerce, 1947–1949; director general, Emiliano Zapata Mill. g—Cofounder, first Student Federation, University of Veracruz; director general, National Union of Sugarcane Producers, 1970–1976. h—None. i—Political disciple of Miguel Alemán; son of Francisco Javier Muñoz Landero and Leonor Turnbull y Bouchez, from wealthy families; 3 of his ancestors, including Francisco Landero y Cos, were governors of Veracruz; brother Jorge, a physician and author; started in politics with Carlos I. Serrano, who introduced him to Alemán; son Francisco was a delegate of ISSSTE, 2006. j—None. k—PRI precandidate for senator from Veracruz, 1976. l—Gómez, 197; DGF56, 102; HA, Dec. 8, 1950, 14–16; D del S, Dec. 5, 1946, 1; Cadena Z., 138; Excélsior, Dec. 8, 1975, 17; DGF50, 35; DGF47, 155; HA, Dec. 6, l946, 6; Illescas, 691; Guerra Leal, 185; Almanaque de México, 66; www.secgob ver.gob.mx, 2008; www.portal.veracruz.gob .mx, 2009; Proceso, Apr. 1, 1991, 15; www.des .veracruz.gob.mx, 2008; www.saj.pc.segob .ver.gob.mx, 2008. Muñoz Vázquez, Jesús a—July 13, 1924. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; agricultural engineering degree from National School of Agriculture, 1940– 1947, with thesis on irrigation, 1948; courses

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toward an MA in hydraulic and mechanical structures; professor of irrigation and forestry, National School of Agriculture, 1951–1959; dean, National School of Agriculture, 1957–1959; director and founder, Graduate College of Agronomy, 1958–1959. d—None. e—President, Agricultural Committee of IEPES of PRI. f—Assistant director, Department of Agrarian Organizations, Secretariat of Agriculture; director of irrigation workers, Hidalgo, States of Mexico and Querétaro, 1953–1954; director of credit, National Bank of Ejido Credit, 1960–1964; director of credit, National Agribusiness Bank, 1964–1968; director of agricultural projects, IADB, 1972–1974; director general of agriculture, Secretariat of Agriculture and Hydraulic Resources, 1976–1982; assistant secretary of hydraulic planning, Secretariat of Agriculture, 1982. g—President, College of Agronomists of Mexico. h—Director general, Modern Engineering Techniques Construction Firm. i—None. j—None. k—None. l—IEPES; Q es QAP, 212–213; Protag., 242. Muñuzuri y Araña de Garivo, Rosa Martha a—Mar. 6, 1946. b—Federal Dis-

trict. c—Early education unknown; journalism studies at University of Guerrero, 1965; medical degree from University of Puebla, 1965–1969; anesthesiologist, UNAM, 1971. d—Federal deputy from State of Guerrero, Dist. 4, 1982–1985; local deputy, State Legislature of Guerrero, 1987–1990. e—Secretary of finances of PRI, Acapulco, 1981; adviser to Technical Council, CNOP of PRI, 1981. f—Chief, Sanitation Department, Acapulco, 1986–1987; secretary of women, State of Guerrero, 1990. g—None. h—Anesthesiologist, ISSSTE Hospital, Acapulco. i—Daughter of Enrique Teodoro Muñuzuri Clark, surgeon, and Lilia Angélica Araña Ortega; married José Garibo Hernández, pediatrician; brother Samuel Enrique Muñuzuri Araña, prominent physician. j—None. k—None. l—Directorio, 1982–1985; C de D, 1982–1985; Lehr, 199; DBGM, 564–565; DBGM92, 803; www.nutriologiaortomolecu lar.org, 2009.

Murat (Casab), José a—Mar. 19, 1949. b—Ixtepec, Oaxaca. c—Early education unknown; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, with thesis titled “Latin American Common Market”; professor, National School of Political Science, UNAM, Acatlán Campus. d—Federal deputy from State of Oaxaca, Dist. 7, 1973–1976; federal deputy from State of Oaxaca, Dist. 1, 1979–1982; alternate senator from State of Oaxaca, 1982–1988; federal deputy from State of Oaxaca, Dist. 1, 1988–1991, coordinator of Oaxaca delegation; senator from Oaxaca, 1994–1998; governor, Oaxaca, 1998– 2004; plurinominal federal deputy from PRI/PVEM, 2006–2009. e—Joined PRI, 1971; secretary of political action, CNOP of PRI, 1974–1975; secretary of political education, CEN of PRI, 1976–1978; secretary of press and publicity, PRI, Federal District; secretary of international affairs, CNOP of PRI, 1985–1986; general delegate of CEN of CNOP of PRI to Nayarit and Oaxaca; president of PRI, Oaxaca, 1987–1988; secretary of international affairs of CEN of PRI, 1988–1989. f—Representative of State of Oaxaca in Federal District, 1978–1980. g—None. i—Son of José Tomás Murat, businessman and scribe, and Juana Margarita Casab; married María Guadalupe Hinojosa, economist; grandson of Toma Algoshi and Huarina Daly; son Alejandro Murat Hinojosa, plurinominal federal deputy from PRI, 2003–2006. j—None. k—None. l—Protag., 242; C de D, 1973–1976; C de D, 1979–1982; letter; DBGM89, 502. Murguía Corral, Judith Irene a—Sept. 27, 1959. b—Tepehuanes, Durango. c—Early education unknown; law degree from University of Juárez, Durango. d—Local deputy, State Legislature of Durango, 1991–1994; federal deputy from PRI, 1988–1991; senator from Durango, 1994–2000. e—Joined PRI, 1978; oficial mayor, PRI, Durango, 1986– 1987; assistant secretary of promotion and administration, CEN of PRI. f—Assistant director of tourism and film, Secretariat of Social Development, Durango; director

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general of public relations, Durango, 1982–1983. g—Secretary-general of CNOP, Durango, 1998. h—Director of public relations, Durango Industrial Group, 1979–1982. i—Daughter of Francisco Murguía and Margarita Corral Martell; granddaughter of Governor Blas Corral Martínez; sister Lourdes, was assistant delegate from ISSSTE, Durango. j—None. k—None. l—QesQ en el Congreso, 1997–2000, 320– 321; DBGM89, 503; Musacchio, 296; www .secgob.97, 2007. Murillo Karam, Jesús a—March 2, 1948. b—Real del Monte, Hidalgo. c—Early education unknown; law degree from School of Law, University of Hidalgo, 1967–1970; department head, University of Hidalgo, 1972–1974; professor, University of Hidalgo, 1972–1974. d—Federal deputy from State of Hidalgo, Dist. 4, 1979–1982; federal deputy from State of Hidalgo, Dist. 6, 1985–1988; senator from State of Hidalgo, 1991–1993; governor, Hidalgo, 1993–1998; senator from Hidalgo, 2006–2012. e—Joined PRI, 1970; secretary of finance, Youth of PRI, Hidalgo, 1971; president of PRI, Tulancingo, Hidalgo, 1972–1973, 1975; assistant secretary of organization, CEN of PRI, 1980–1981; general delegate of CEN of PRI to Durango, 1983–1984; secretary of organization, PRI, Federal District, 1984–1985; president of PRI, Hidalgo, 1987–1988; general delegate of CEN of PRI to San Luis Potosí, 1988; member of Francisco Labastida’s presidential campaign team, 2000; ran campaign of Enrique Peña Nieto for governor of Mexico, 2005; secretary-general, CEN of PRI, 2007. f—Oficial mayor, Tulancingo, Hidalgo, 1971–1972; municipal secretary, Tulancingo, 1973–1974; assistant attorney general, Hidalgo, 1975–1976; auxiliary secretary, Secretariat of Agrarian Reform, 1976–1977; secretary general of government, State of Hidalgo, 1978–1979; oficial mayor, Secretariat of Agrarian Reform, 1989–1991; assistant secretary of public security, Secretariat of Government, 1998–1999; assistant secretary

of government, Secretariat of Government, 1999–2000. g—None. h—None. i—Son of José Murillo Hamed, merchant, and María Karam Kuri; married María Guadalupe Ortega González; friend of Luis Donaldo Colosio. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM89, 246; DBGM92, 531; letter; C de D, 1979– 1982; Directorio, 1979–1982; C de D, 1985– 1988; www.senado.gob.mx, 2007. Murillo Vidal, Rafael (Deceased Nov. 4, 1986) a—Oct. 29, 1904. b—San Andrés Tuxtla, Veracruz. c—Elementary studies at Francisco Hernández School, Córdoba, Veracruz; secondary and preparatory studies in Córdoba; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, 1925; professor, School of Law, University of Veracruz. d—Local deputy, State Legislature of Veracruz, 1936–1938; mayor, Orizaba, Veracruz, 1938–1940; federal deputy from State of Veracruz, Dist. 2, 1943–1946; federal deputy from State of Veracruz, Dist. 4, 1949–1952, president of Chamber, Nov., 1949, member of Legislative Studies Committee (2nd year); senator from State of Veracruz, 1964–1967; governor, Veracruz, 1968–1974. e—Member, National Advisory Committee to PRI from CNOP, 1946; secretary of popular action, CEN of PRI, 1946. f—Director, Diario Oficial, 1922; judge of 1st instance, Tuxpán, Veracruz, 1927; judge of 1st instance, Pánuco, Veracruz; justice, Superior Tribunal of Veracruz, 1932; oficial mayor of Senate, 1946–1949; secretary general of government, State of Veracruz; director general of government, Secretariat of Government, 1964–1965; oficial mayor, Secretariat of Government, 1965–1968; postmaster general of Mexico, 1953–1964. g—Secretary-general of CNOP, Federal District. h—None. i—Son of Primitivo Murillo and Rafaela Vidal; knew Eduardo Bustamante at UNAM. j—None. k—None. l—HA, Dec. 22, 1958, 7; D de S, Jan. 22, 1946, 1; DGF51, I, 26, 32; DPE61, 81; WWW70–71, 663; Hoy, June 22, 1958, 64; DGF56, 254; DGF47, 22; C de D, 1949–1951, 80; Q es Q, 403‑04; www.portal.veracruz .gob.mx, 2008.

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N Narro Céspedes, José a—Jan. 17, 1958. b—Ciudad Mante, Tamaulipas. c—Early education unknown; medical degree from Autonomous University of Mexico, Xochimilco Campus; biology teacher, Juchitán Preparatory School, Oaxaca. d—Local deputy, State Legislature of Zacatecas, 54th session, 1992–1994; plurinominal federal deputy from PT, 1994–1997; representative to Assembly of the Federal District, coordinator of PT delegation, 1997–2000; plurinominal federal deputy from PT, 2000–2003; plurinominal federal deputy from PRD, 2009–2012. e—Founder, Labor Party, 1990; national coordinator and member of CEN of PT; PT candidate for governor of Zacatecas, 1998. f—None. g—None. h—Practicing physician, Valparaíso, Zacatecas. i—Son of Manuel Narro González and Oralia Céspedes; married Eugenia Flores Hernández; representative to Assembly of the Federal District and member of CEN of Labor Party, 2000. j—None. k—None. l—www .cddhcu.gob.mx, 1994–1997; DCM, 2000– 2003; QesQ en el Congreso, 2000–2003, 274; Musacchio, 299. Narro Robles, José Ramón a—Dec. 5, 1948. b—Saltillo, Coahuila. c—Elementary studies in Saltillo and at Constitution of 1857 public school, Mexico City; secondary studies at Secondary No. 32, Mexico City; preparatory studies at Preparatory No. 4, Tacubaya, Federal District; medical degree from National School of Medicine, UNAM, 1967–1973; studies in community medicine, University of Birmingham, England, 1976–1978; professor, National School of Medicine, UNAM, 1981–1994; director general of planning, UNAM, 1982; chief, Department of Family Medicine, UNAM, 1979–1981; director general, academic extension, UNAM, 1981–1982; secretarygeneral, UNAM, 1985–1991; rector, UNAM, 2007– . d—None. e—Joined PRI, 1973; chief of medical services, youth sector of PRI, Federal District, 1972–1973; director,

Cambio XXI Foundation, PRI, 1992–1993. f—Director general of public health, Federal District, Secretariat of Health, 1982– 1984; director general of medical services, Department of the Federal District, 1984; secretary-general, IMSS, 1991–1992; director of medical services, PRONASOL, 1993; assistant secretary of population, Secretariat of Government, 1994; assistant secretary of health, 1994–1997. g—None. h—None. i—Son of José Onofre Narro González, surgeon, and María Magdalena Robles; married María del Carmen Lobo García, preschool teacher; aunt Angélica Narro González de la Garza, prominent educator in Coahuila; related to José R. Dávila Narro. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM92, 257; DBGM89; www.elsiglodetorreon.com.mx, 2008; Pescador, 193–194; www.exonline .com.mx, 2008. Narváez Ángulo, Fernando (Deceased) a—1910. c—Early education unknown; law degree. d—None. e—None. f—Chief, Board of Prior Investigations, Office of the Attorney General of the Federal District, 1947; chief of agents, Ministerio Público, Criminal Division, Federal District; private secretary to attorney general of Mexico, Carlos Franco Sodi, 1952–1956; private secretary to Carlos Franco Sodi, Supreme Court justice, 1956–1961; official, Supreme Court of Mexico; director general, Office of Prior Investigations, Office of the Attorney General of Mexico, 1968–1976; attorney general of the Federal District, 1976. g—None. i—Brother Eduardo, judge of Superior Tribunal of Justice, Oaxaca, 1969. j—None. k—None. l—DPE71, 160; MGF69, 329; Excélsior, Mar. 5, 1976, 16; DGF56, 539; MGF73, 429; www .cronica.diputados.gob.mx, Jan. 23, 1969. Nasta (Haik), Salim a—Jan. 21, 1938. b—Federal District. c—Preparatory studies at Centro Universitario México, Mexico City; member, 1957 generation, National School of Law, UNAM, completing thesis on Nov. 10, 1961, on subject of welfare obligations under the law. d—None. e—Private secretary to Gustavo Díaz Ordaz during

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his campaign for president, 1964; adviser, IEPES of PRI. f—Head, Legal Department, Federal District Police; assistant private secretary to secretary of the presidency, 1963–1964; director general, Guanos and Fertilizers of Mexico, 1964–1972. g—None. h—Fluent in French and English; president, Board of Directors, Sosa Texcoco, SACV, 2004. i—Son‑in‑law of Gustavo Díaz Ordaz; married Guadalupe Díaz. j—None. k—Nasta resigned as director general of Guanos and Fertilizers of Mexico on Aug. 25, 1972; Aguilar Monteverde considered his family to be among Mexico’s wealthiest 1,000. l—HA, Dec. 7, 1970, 27; DJBM, 93; Excélsior, Aug. 26, 1972, 1; Política, Nov., 1969, 103; WNM, 158. Nátera (García), Pánfilo (Deceased Dec. 29, 1951) a—June 12, 1882. b—Hacienda de la Noria, Nieves, Zacatecas. c—No secondary education or degree. d—Governor, Zacatecas, 1940–1944. e—None. f—None. g—None. h—Before the Revolution, Nátera worked as water carrier. i—Son of Francisco Nátera, a colonel in the Revolution, with whom Pánfilo fought, and Nestora García; son Pánfilo, Jr., served as federal deputy from Zacatecas during his father’s term as governor, 1943–1945. j—Supported Plan of San Luis Potosí, Dec. 30, 1910; participated in attack on Nieves, Zacatecas, Feb. 4, 1911; rank of 2nd corporal, 1911; fought against Pascual Orozco, 1912–1913; rank of brigadier general, Dec. 20, 1913; commander, Center Division, Constitutionalists, 1913; delegate at Convention of Aguascalientes, 1914–1915; opposed General Villa, 1915; provisional governor and military commander, Zacatecas, 1915; no military commands, 1920–1923; organized 83rd Cavalry Regiment against de la Huerta, 1923; head, Army Inspection Commission, 1925; alternate president, Second Council of War; commander, 27th Military Zone, Acapulco, Guerrero, 1935–1936; commander, 11th Military Zone, Zacatecas, Zacatecas, 1932–1935; commander, 17th Military Zone, Querétaro, Querétaro, 1936–1938; commander, 22nd Military Zone,

Toluca, State of Mexico, 1938–1939; rank of division general, Oct. 16, 1937; retired from army, May 1, 1948. k—None. l—DP70, 1450; Peral, 566; Heroic Mexico, 198–202, 25‑26; D del Y, Dec. 7, 1940, 1; Enc. Mex., IX, 316–317; López, 758; Morales Jiménez, 173–175; Cien Biografías, 143–146; www.elsiglodetorreon .com.mx, June 21, 2005. Nava, Alfonso L. (Deceased) a—July 7, 1900. b—Iguala, Guerrero. c—Elementary studies in Mexico City; secondary studies in business administration; professional studies in Boston, 1919; no degree. d—Mayor, Iguala, Guerrero, 1926; federal deputy from State of Guerrero, 1926–1928, 1930–1932; federal deputy from State of Guerrero, Dist. 2, 1949–1952, member of Colonization Committee, 4th Ejido Committee, General Accounting Office Committee, and vice president of Chamber of Deputies, Sept., 1950; alternate senator in functions from State of Guerrero, 1952–1958, to replace Alfonso G. Alarcón, 2nd secretary of Development of Cooperatives Committee and 2nd Instructive Sec. of Grand Jury, member of 2nd Balloting Committee. e—None. f—None. g—President, Guerrero Society of Youth, 1923–1926. h—Author of numerous articles. j—None. k—None. l—Ind. Biog., 107–108; C de D, 1949–1952, 80; DGF56, 6, 10–14; C de S, 1952–1958; www.ellisisland records.org, 2008; www.igualaonline.com, 2008. Nava Castillo, Antonio (Deceased Mar. 29, 1983) a—Sept. 9, 1906. b—San Juan Ixcaquixtla, Puebla. c—Elementary studies in San Juan Ixcaquixtla; secondary studies at Colegio Lafragua, Puebla, Puebla; enrolled at National Military College, 1921, graduated as lieutenant, 1922; cadet, Military Aeronautical School, 1923, but left to fight against de la Huerta; cadet commander, Cavalry Squadron, National Military College. d—Federal deputy from State of Puebla, 1934–1937; federal deputy from State of Puebla, Dist. 12, 1940–1943, president of 2nd Instructive Sec. of Grand Jury, member of Committee on the Electric

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Industry, 2nd Committee on National Defense, and Gran Comisión; governor, Puebla, 1963–1964. e—Secretary-general, National Federation of Popular Organizations of PRI, 1944–1946. f—Aide to President Manuel Ávila Camacho, 1940–1946; director, Federal Penitentiary, Federal District, 1955–1958; director general of traffic, Department of the Federal District, 1961–1963; director of iron works, Secretariat of Industry and Commerce, 1969. g—Cofounder, CNOP. h—Member, Mexican Olympic Polo Team, 1936. i—Married María López; son of Manuel Nava Palacios and Delfina Castillo Gil; brother-in-law Manuel Castillo Gil was mayor of San Juan Ixcaquixtla, 1954–1955, and revolutionary; Governor Aarón Merino Fernández was born in his hometown the same year. j—Career army officer; rank of 2nd captain, 1923; junior officer, 77th Cavalry Regiment; fought against Generals Figueroa and Ocampo, 1923 rebellion; fought against Generals Aguirre and Gómez in Veracruz, 1927; opposed Cristeros in Los Altos, Jalisco, 1927; fought Generals Caraveo and Escobar in Ciudad Jiménez, Chihuahua, 1929; rank of 1st captain, 1929; rank of major, 1936; aide to secretary of national defense; commander, mechanized brigade; aide to director, Heroic Military College; squadron commander, Presidential Guards; commander, 7th Military Zone; rank of colonel, 1946; rank of brigadier general, 1948; rank of brigade general, 1952; rank of division general, Nov. 20, 1960. k—Received last‑minute political promotion from Ávila Camacho, along with Corona del Rosal, Nov., 1946; forced to resign as governor of Puebla after student strikes brought pressure on federal government to dissolve his powers in 1964; ¿Por Qué? claims he was involved in scandals in the meat‑packing industry; supported Miguel Henríquez Guzmán for president, 1946. l—G of M, 31; DGF56, 466; Wences Reza, 55; HA, Nov. 27, 1961, 61; C de D, 1940–1942, 17; DPE61, 145; D del Y, Jan., 1946, 1; D del S, Dec. 3, 1946, 1; Por Qué?

Nov. 6, 1969, 10; Excélsior, Dec. 26, 1974, 12; CyT, 483; Excélsior, June 5, 1945; Medina, 20, 29; Excélsior, Mar. 30, 1983, 18; Rev. de Ejer., Aug., 1975, 142; HA, Apr. 11, 193, 6. Nava Vázquez, (José) César a—July 16, 1974. b—Morelia, Michoacán. c—Early education unknown; law degree from Pan American University; MA in law from Harvard University; specialized studies, contract law; professor of law, Pan American University. d—Federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. 4, 2000–2001, vice coordinator of the PAN delegation; federal deputy from the Federal District, Dist. 15, 2009–2012. e—Joined PAN, 1989; secretary, National Youth Action, CEN of PAN, 1995–1998; national adviser, PAN, 19982004; coordinator of legal affairs, Vicente Fox transition team, 2000; private secretary to Felipe Calderón, PAN candidate for president, 2006; legal director, CEN of PAN; member, CEN of PAN, 2002–2005; assistant secretary-general, CEN of PAN, 2005–2006; president, CEN of PAN, Aug. 8, 2009. f—Coordinator of advisers to secretary of social development, Josefina Vázquez; general counsel, PEMEX, 2001–2003; director of legal affairs, Secretariat of Energy, 2003–2004; assistant legal adviser to the president; private secretary to President of Mexico, Felipe Calderón, 2006–2008. g—President, Preparatory Student Society, 1990–1992. h—None. i—Met Felipe Calderón as secretary of National Youth Action; disciple of Diego Fernández de Cevallos; father, president of National Parents’ Association. j—None. k—None. l—www .es.wikipedia.org, 2007; www.lazos.com.mx, 2008; www.presidencia.gob.mx/gabinete; QesQ en el Congreso, 2000–2003, 72–73. Navarrete (López), Jorge Eduardo

a—Apr. 29, 1940. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; teaching certificate from National Teachers’ College, 1955–1957; economics degree from National School of Economics, UNAM, 1959–1963, with thesis titled “Disequilibrium and Dependency: Mexican International

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Economic Relations in the 1960s”; special studies in export development, Switzerland, Norway, Denmark, Belgium, Sweden, and Israel; primary school teacher, Mexico City, 1959–1961; professor, National School of Political and Social Sciences and National School of Economics, UNAM, 1965–1972. d—None. e—None. f—Analyst, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1960–1962; economist, CEMLA, 1963–1967; director, Department of Statistics and Information, National Foreign Trade Bank, 1967–1972; adviser, IADB, 1971; ambassador to Venezuela, 1972–1975; ambassador to Austria, 1975–1977; adviser, PEMEX, 1978; ambassador to Yugoslavia, 1977–1978; alternate representative of Mexico to United Nations, 1978–1979; assistant secretary of foreign relations “D”, 1979–1982; assistant secretary of economic affairs, Secretariat of Foreign Relations, 1982–1985; ambassador to England, 1986–1989; ambassador to China, 1989–1993; ambassador to Chile, 1993–1995; assistant secretary of energy development policy, Secretariat of Energy, 1995–1997; ambassador to Brazil, 1997–2001; ambassador to Germany, 2002– 2003. g—None. h—Economist, National Foreign Trade Bank; director, Comercio Exterior. i—Son of Gabriel Navarrete Pereira, normal school teacher, and Lucrecia López Montelongo; married María Josefina Bolaños. j—None. k—None. l—HA, Aug. 14, 1972, 9; Excélsior, Aug. 1, 1972, 1, 9; HA, June 11, 1979, 9; Q es QAP, 49; IEPES; DBGM89, 248; DBGM, 302; DBGM92, 258; www.mexico.index, 2008. Navarrete (Martínez), Alfredo

(Deceased Apr. 24, 1976) a—1893. b—Valle de Acambay, Morelos. c—Elementary studies in Valle de Acambay; no degree. d—Federal deputy from State of Mexico, Dist. 7, 1952–1955, member of 1st Railroad Committee, Inspection Committee of the General Accounting Office (2nd year), 1st Labor Committee, Petroleum Committee, and Social Action Committee (3rd year). e—Candidate for governor of State of Mexico. f—Inspector general of railroads,

1936. g—Early labor organizer and leader; member, STFRM, 1932; secretary-general, STFRM, 1934–1935; head, Transportation Workers’ Organization, Zacatepec Mill, Morelos, 1938. h—At age 11, was working on an ejido in Morelos; moved to Mexico City, 1904, where he worked as a laborer at San Lázaro Station, 1907–1914; employed on Interoceanic Railroad, 1910. i—Friend of Ignacio García Téllez and Graciano Sánchez, first secretary-general of National Farmers’ Confederation; married Martha Romero Ugalde; son Alfredo Navarrete Romero was assistant director, NAFIN, 1984. j—Train conductor during the Revolution. k—Participant in precursor movement; member of Club Reyes for a short time; joined Antireelectionist Club. l—Kirk, 93; C de D, 1952– 1954, 15, 41, 53, 62; DBGM, 302; DP95, 2431.

Navarrete Montes de Oca, Ricardo Tarcisio a—July 29, 1959. b—Federal Dis-

trict. c—Early education unknown; law degree from University of the Valley of Mexico, 1977–1982; studies in human rights, Complutense University, Madrid, 1983– 1985; LLD from Complutense University, 1985–1987; professor of international law, Ibero-American University, Latin American University, University of the Americas. d—Plurinominal federal deputy from PAN, 1994–1997; plurinominal federal deputy from PAN, 2000–2003. e—Joined PAN, 1973; PAN candidate for federal deputy, 1976, 1979, 1982, 1991; president, National Youth of PAN, 1979–1982; assistant secretary and secretary of international relations, CEN of PAN, 1980–1982; national adviser, CEN of PAN, 1995. f—Adviser on international organizations, Foreign Relations Committee, Senate, 1998–2000; alternate representative, OAS, 2004–2007; ambassador to Honduras, 2007. g—None. h—None. i—Married Luz María Zurita. j—None. k—None. l—www.senado.gob.mx, 2008; www.cddhuc .gob.mx, 1994–1997; QesQ en el Congreso, 2000–2003, 73; Musacchio, 300. Navarrete (Romero), Alfredo a—July 24, 1923. b—Federal District. c—Early

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education unknown; studies in economics at National School of Economics, UNAM, 1942–1946; MA in public administration from Harvard University, 1947; PhD in economics from Harvard University, 1950; professor of advanced economic theory, National School of Economics, UNAM, 1953–1961, and CEMLA, 1953–1969. d—Federal deputy from State of Mexico, Dist. 21, 1979–1982. e—None. f—Economist, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1944; economist, Latin American Contributions Committee, United Nations, 1946; alternate executive director, World Bank, 1963–1965; director, Department of Financial Research, NAFIN, 1953–1958; manager, NAFIN, 1959–1961; assistant director, NAFIN, 1961–1965; director, NAFIN, 1965–1968; assistant director general, NAFIN, 1968–1970; director general, Financiera Nacional Azucarera, 1970– 1972; assistant director general of finance, PEMEX, May 4, 1972–1976; director general, Financiera Nacional Azucarera, 1976–1982. g—None. h—Served on advisory commissions to Latin America for secretary-general of OAS; special adviser to secretary of the treasury, 1953–1970. i—Formerly married to Ifigenia Martínez, senator and leader of PRD; brother Víctor was head of economic investigations for NAFIN, 1959; son of Alfredo Navarrete Martínez, secretarygeneral of Petroleum Workers’ Union, 1934– 1935, and Martha Romero Ugalde; married Dolores Villarreal. j—None. k—National prize in economics, 1951. l—DBM68, 453; DBM70, 405–406; BdM, 189; letter; Excélsior, May 4, 1972, 4; HA, May 15, 1972, 31; Enc. Mex., IX, 322; WNM, 158. Navarrete Ruiz, Carlos a—Sept. 26, 1955. b—Salvatierra, Guanajuato. c—Early education unknown; completed preparatory studies; legal studies at University of Guanajuato, no degree. d—Local deputy, State Legislature of Guanajuato, 1982–1985; plurinominal federal deputy from PRD, 1988–1991, 1994–1997; plurinominal senator from PRD, 2006–2012, coordinator of PRD delegation. e—Cofounder, PST, 1976;

director, PST, Guanajuato, 1981; member, Central Committee of PST, 1976–1981; PST representative, Federal Electoral Commission, 1982–1986; cofounder, PMS, 1987; secretary-general, PMS, Guanajuato, 1987; cofounder, PRD, 1989; president, PRD, Guanajuato, 1989–1992; member, National Political Council, PRD, 1989; secretary of planning, CEN of PRD, 1996–1999; secretary of communications and press, CEN of PRD, 1999–2002; secretary-general, CEN of PRD, 2002–2005. f—Sec. head, Secretariat of the Treasury, Celaya, Guanajuato, 1976; department head, Secretariat of the Treasury, Guanajuato, 1984. g—Student leader, Guanajuato, 1972–1979; adviser, democratic wing, SUTERM, 1976–1981; secretary, Treasury Union, 1977–1978. h—None. i—Son of Jesús Navarrete Medina, retailer, and Consuelo Ruiz Luna; married Rosa María Barajas Valencia, nurse. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM89, 503–504; www.cddhcu.gob.mx, 1994; www.senado.gob.mx, 2007; Musacchio, 301; www.oem.com, 2008; Directorio del Congreso, 2006–2009, 319–320. Navarro Cortina, Rodolfo (Deceased 1958) a—Sept. 8, 1889. b—Durango. c—Early education unknown; no degree. d—None. e—None. f—Governor, Baja California del Norte, Aug. 16, 1936–Feb. 22, 1937. g—None. h—None. i—Married Eleanor Mendoza; son General Rafael Navarro Mendoza served as assistant chief of staff, air force, 1972. j—Career army officer; joined the Revolution, 1913; no command positions, 1920–1923; fought against General Adolfo de la Huerta, 1923; garrison commander, Morelia, Michoacán; fought against General Escobar as chief of staff of military column under General Lázaro Cárdenas, 1929; rank of brigade general, May 16, 1929; director, General Artillery Warehouses; director general of war matériel, Secretariat of National Defense, 1934–1935; commander, 1st Military Zone, Mexico City, 1935; commander, 2nd Military Zone, El Ciprés, Baja California del Norte, 1935–1937. k—Escorted ex‑President Calles

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from Mexico during his departure forced by Lázaro Cárdenas, 1935; removed from governorship by President Cárdenas. l—DP70, 1454; Casasola, V, 2342; López, 760; NYT, Feb. 23, 1937, 16; Rev. de Ejer., Dec., 1972, 81; Hernández Chávez, 93. Navarro Díaz de León, Ginés (Deceased) a—1917. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; medical studies as a surgeon at National School of Medicine, UNAM, 1934–1939, graduating in 1940; professor, National School of Medicine, UNAM, 18 years. d—None. e—None. f—Director general of health, Federal District, 1970–1975; secretary of health, 1975–1976. g—None. h—Secretary, Private Charities Board; various positions in private sector; coauthor, National Health Plan. i—Cofounder with fellow medical student from the National School of Medicine, Jiménez Cantú, of Militarized University Decathlon, 1938 j—None. k—None. l—HA, Mar. 10, 1975, 16; Excélsior, Mar. 3, 1975, 4; www.geocities.com, 2008. Navarro Encinas, Antonio (Deceased) a—1910. c—Early education unknown; graduated from National Military College, 1928–1930; graduate of Military Aviation School; special studies in Spain; professor, Military Aviation School. d—Federal deputy from State of Baja California del Sur, Dist. 1, 1946–1949, member of Gran Comisión; federal deputy from Baja California del Sur, Dist. 1, 1961–1964, member of Gran Comisión, secretary of Chamber. e—None. f—Member, Office of the Chief of Staff, under secretary of national defense, Lázaro Cárdenas, 1942–1945; military attaché, various embassies. g—None. i—Alberto Alvarado Arámburo was his alternate deputy, 1961–1964; student with General Héctor Berthier Aguiluz, chief of the air force, 1976– 1982. j—Career air force officer. k—None. l—C de D, 1946–1949; C de D, 1961–1964; Rev. de Ejer., Mar., 1958, 29. Navarro (Ochoa), Leticia a—Nov. 10, 1953. b—Colima, Colima. c—Attended public schools in Mexico City; studies in

business administration at Simons College, Boston; degree in business administration from UNAM; diploma in world religions from ITAM. d—None. e—None. f—Secretary of tourism, 2000–2003. g—None. h—First position, Colgate Marketing Division, Palmolive (5 years); director of commerce, Jafra, subsidiary of Gillette of Mexico; director of sales, Jafra; president, Jafra 1987–1994; president, Gillette (worldwide), Westlake Village, Calif., 1994–1997; director general, Alegro International Division, Pepsi, 1997–1998; director general, Panificador Azteca, 1998–1999. i—Daughter of minor bureaucrat who barely earned minimum wage; cousin of José Rodolfo Navarro Ochoa, director general of education, Colima. j—None. k—None. l—NYT, Jan. 14, 2001; Musacchio, 301; D del Y, Nov. 30, 2000, 11. Navarro Quintero, Miguel Ángel

a—Jan. 11, 1951. b—Nayarit, Tepic. c—Early education unknown; medical degree from IPN, 1968–1975; professor of medicine, UNAM, 1918–1983; professor of medicine, University of Nayarit, 1982–1996. d—Federal deputy from State of Nayarit, Dist. 3, 1997– 2000; senator from Nayarit, 2000–2006; plurinominal federal deputy from PRI, 2006–2009. e—Joined PRI, 1971; member, National Political Council of PRI; coordinator of Public Relations, PRI, Nayarit, 1984– 1986; resigned from PRI, 2005; candidate of the PRD/PVEM for mayor of Tepic, 2008. f—Obstetrician, 20 of November Hospital, ISSSTE, 1977–1980; physician, Secretariat of Health; director general, ISSSTE Hospital, Tepic, 1981–1996; delegate of the ISSSTE to Nayarit, 1986–1989; director, Medical Services, Nayarit, 1989–1990; chief, Coordination of Public Health Services, Nayarit, 1991–1996; director general of Health Services, Nayarit, 1996–1997. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Gabino Navarro Hernández, farmer, and Consuelo Quintero Gutiérrez; married Beatriz Estrada Martínez; brother, José Ramón Navarro Quintero, plurinominal federal deputy

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from PRI, 1991–1994, and president of PRI, Nayarit. j—None. k—None. l—Directorio del Congreso, 2006–2009, 343; QesQ en el Congreso, 1997–2000, 208; DBGM92, 532; QesQ en el Congreso, 2000–2003, 362; www.diputados.gob.mx, 2006–2009; Musacchio, 311. Naveja de Anda, Juan María a—Jan. 3, 1958. b—San Julián, Jalisco. c—Early education unknown; communications degree from Valle de Atemajac University, Guadalajara, 1979 generation; diploma in higher management from IPADE; studies at Georgia State University, Atlanta; professor and director, Communications Program, Valle de Atemajac University; press chief, University of Guadalajara soccer team, 1977– 1980. d—None. e—None. f—Director general of communications, Jalisco, 1995–1997; general coordinator of advisers, Jalisco, 2003–2005; general coordinator, Planning and Development Committee, Jalisco, 2005–2006; assistant secretary of media regulations, Secretariat of Government, 2006–2008. g—None. h—Chief of sports news, Notisistema, Televisa, 1980–1983; producer, Metropoli Radio, Notisistema, Televisa, 1983–1986; regional director of news programs, Organization for Radio Promotion, 1986–1990; national director of news programs, Central Radio Group; national director of news, MVS Communications, 1997–2000; news anchor, CNN in Spain, 2000–2003. i—Married Deborah Anne Diebold Egger. j—None. k—None. l—www.gobernacion.gob.mx, 2008. Navia Millán, Aurora a—Aug. 15, 1912. b—Jérez, Zacatecas. c—Teaching certificate from Manuel Ávila Camacho Normal School, Zacatecas; teacher. d—Local deputy, State Legislature of Zacatecas; federal deputy from State of Zacatecas, Dist. 1, 1964–1967; senator from State of Zacatecas, 1970–1976; federal deputy from State of Zacatecas, Dist. 5, 1979–1982. e—Joined PNR, 1936; CEN of PNR women’s delegate to Yucatán; director of women’s action, PNR State Regional Committee, Zacatecas; general delegate,

CEN of PRI, to Yucatán; secretary of organization, CNOP of PRI, Zacatecas; director, PRI Regional Women’s Committee, Zacatecas, 1962–1965; director of women’s action, CNOP, 1963–1970; PRI representative, Federal Electoral Commission. f—Director of public education, State of Zacatecas. g—Secretary-general, local SNTE union. j—None. k—None. l—C de S, 1970–1976; Romero Aceves, 720–721; Protag., 247; C de D, 1964–1967; C de D, 1979–1982; www.ieez .org.mx, 2008. Neme Castillo, Salvador José

(Deceased Dec., 1995) a—Oct. 22, 1931. b—Villahermosa, Tabasco. c—Early education unknown; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, 1949–1955; professor, National School of Law, UNAM, 1967–1968, 1972–1977, 1982–1987. d—Senator from State of Tabasco, 1982–1988; governor, Tabasco, 1989–1992. e—Assistant press secretary, PRI, Federal District, 1976. f—Legal adviser, State of Tabasco, 1955; secretary, City Council, Villahermosa, 1956–1958; legal adviser, Division of Government, Department of the Federal District, 1971–1972; secretary-general of government, State of Tabasco, 1977–1982; director general of livestock development, Secretariat of Hydraulic Resources. g—None. h—Practicing lawyer, 1959–1971. i—Son of José Neme Hadna, businessman, and Aurelia Castillo Castillo; married Celia Sastre López; son Ramón, businessman; son Salvador José Neme Sastre, coordinator of PVEM delegation, State Legislature of Mexico, 2006–2008. j—None. k—Removed from office by President Salinas after widespread conflict over disputed election results. l—DBGM89, 725; C de S, 1982–1988. Neri Arizmendi, Porfirio (Deceased Aug., 1965) a—Feb. 28, 1894. b—Tehuixtla, Morelos. c—Early education unknown; no degree. d—Federal deputy from State of Morelos, 1926–1928; local deputy, State Legislature of Morelos, 1932; federal deputy from State of Morelos, Dist. 1, 1940–1943, member of Gran Comisión,

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5th Ejido Commission; senator from State of Morelos, 1958–1964, member of Agrarian Department Committee, Special Small Agricultural Property Committee, substitute member of 2nd Ejido Committee and National Properties Committee. e—None. f—Oficial mayor, State of Morelos, 1936. g—Founding member and president, Zapatista Front of the Republic, 1965. h—None. j—Joined the Revolution, 1910; supported Madero; served under Zapata; fought against Huerta, 1913; attended Convention of Aguascalientes, 1914; opposed Carranza; rank of brigadier general, 1913; reached rank of division general. k—None. l—DP70, 1464; C de S, 1961–1964, 64; C de D, 1940–1942, 17; Func., 281; www.cronica .diputados.gob.mx, 2008; www.obraspub licas.guadalajara.gob.mx, 2008. Newell García, Roberto a—July 29, 1947. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; business administration degree from University of the Americas, Federal District, 1969; MA in business administration from University of the Americas, 1973; PhD in economics from University of Texas, Austin, 1979; professor and vice rector, University of the Americas. d—None. e—Member, President-elect Fox’s investment transition team. f—Economist, Bank of Mexico; director general, Fund for Expropriated Sugar Industries, Secretariat of Agriculture, 2002–2003; assistant secretary of agribusiness, Secretariat of Agriculture, 2003. g—Academic director, CIDAC. h—Director of operations, IBAFIN, 1980–1984; consultant, McKenzie and Co., 1984–2000, retiring as a senior partner. j—None. k—None. l—www .potaldeldesarrollo.org, 2008; www.wharton .upenn.edu/alumni; letter. Newman Valenzuela, José Gabriel

a—Feb. 16, 1950. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; degree in clinical psychology from UNAM, 1968– 1972; degree in philosophy from UNAM, 1969–1973; degree in mathematics from UNAM, 1970–1974; MA in science from University of London, 1973–1975; PhD

in science from University of London, 1974–1975; professor, Women’s University, Mexico City, 1968–1969, Anáhuac University, 1971–1973, and UNAM, 1969–1977. d—None. e—None. f—Adviser to director general, Federal Electric Commission, 1968–1970; director, Department of Organization and Methods, Data Processing Division, Office of the Assistant Secretary of Research and Tax Execution, 1976; director of evaluation of programs and expenditures, DIF, 1976–1980; director general, National Registry of Voters, Secretariat of Government, 1980–1988; director general of coordinated services of prevention and readaptation, 1988–1990; oficial mayor of health, 1990–1992; assistant director general of operations, DIF, 1992–1994; ambassador to Venezuela, 1994–1995; ambassador to Poland, 1995–1998. g—None. h—None. i—Son of José Newman Sandoval, public accountant, and Yolanda Valenzuela Moncayo; married María Antonia Aguilar Farrera. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM84, 304; DBGM89, 249–250; Pescador; Musacchio, 301; DBGM87, 272–273. Neyra Chávez, Armando a—Feb. 18, 1937. b—Toluca, State of Mexico. c—Elementary studies only. d—Member, City Council, Toluca, 1970–1972; federal deputy from State of Mexico, Dist. 2, 1979–1982; local deputy, State Legislature of Mexico, Dist. 4, 1984– 1987; federal deputy from State of Mexico, Dist. 3, 1991–1994; plurinominal federal deputy from PRI, 1997–2000; plurinominal federal deputy from PRI, 2003–2006; plurinominal federal deputy from PRI, 2009–2012. e—Joined PRI, 1958; member, National Political Council. f—None. g—Secretarygeneral, Local No. 12, Federation of State of Mexico Workers, 1959–2006; secretary-general, Federation of State of Mexico Workers, CTM, 1989–2006; finance secretary, CEN of CTM, 1998–2006. h—None. i—Son of Victoriano Neyra Suárez and Carlota Chávez; married Beatriz Sosa Nájera. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM94, CD; QesQ en el Congreso, 1997–2000, 209; www.diputados

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.gob.mx, 2003; DBGM92, 533; www.secgob .gob.mx, 1997. Nicolín Fischer, Jorge a—July, 1953. c—Early education unknown; law degree, National School of Law, UNAM. d—None. e—None. f—Began career at Bank of Mexico, 1978; chief of international banking analysis, assistant manager of international operations, assistant manager of national exchange, assistant manager of international treaties, vice president of supervision, National Banking Commission and Stock Market, Bank of Mexico, 1994–1996; assistant director general, NAFIN, 1996– 1997; director general, National Bank of International Trade, 1997–1998; assistant secretary of communications, Secretariat of Communications, 1998–1999; president, COFETEL, 1999–2004; controller, Bank of Mexico, 2004. g—None. h—Lawyer, Santa Marina and Steta; lawyer, Ritch, Heather, and Mueller. k—None. j—None. l—www.204.153.24.194 vitae; www.cft.gob .mx, 2008. Niembro Almazán, Raúl a—Sept. 26, 1941. b—Veracruz, Veracruz. c—Early education unknown; geographic engineering degree from Heroic Naval College, 1959–1963; command and national security diploma, Center for Higher Naval Studies, 5th generation, 1985–1986; MA in national security from National Defense College, 1989–1990; professor, Heroic Naval College; commander of cadets, Heroic Naval College. d—None. e—None. f—Assistant naval attaché, Mexican embassy, Washington, DC; oficial mayor of the navy, 2000–2006. g—None. h—None. i—Student with Armando Sánchez Moreno, assistant secretary of the navy, 2000–2006. j—Joined navy as cadet, Jan. 1, 1959; chief of staff, 11th Naval Zone; chief of staff, 12th Naval Zone; chief of staff, 2nd Naval Regiment; commander, 11th Fleet; commander, Naval Sector, Puerto Peñasco, Sonora; commander, Naval Sector, Topolobampo, Sinaloa; commander, Naval Sector, Matamoros, Tamaulipas; commander, 10th Naval Zone, San Blas,

Nayarit; commander, General Barracks, Secretariat of the Navy. k—None. l—www .semar.gob.mx, 2003. Nissan Rovero, Simón a—Aug. 25, 1941. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; civil engineering degree from National School of Engineering, UNAM, 1959. d—None. e—Adviser, Committee on Finances and Evaluation of CEN of PRI, 1982. f—Adviser to assistant secretary of budget and planning, Secretariat of Budget and Planning, 1981; director general of evaluation of works and services, Department of the Federal District, 1983–1984; secretary of works and services, Department of the Federal District, 1984–1985. g—President, Central Committee of Jewish Committee of Mexico. h—Director, Construction and Structural Design firm, 1965–1968; director and partner, Simón Nissan and Associates, 1968–1974; director, many construction firms, 1975–1979; vice president, Public Relations, ORT-Mexico; daughter Esther is professor at Ibero-American University. i—Son of Moisés Nissan Mizrahi, businessman, and Esther Rovero; married Victoria Schoenfeld. j—None. k—None. l—HA, Jan. 16, 1984, 34; Q es QAP, 446; DBGM, 306. Nochebuena (Palacios), Juvencio

(Deceased Nov. 17, 1957) b—Huejutla de Reyes, Hidalgo. c—Early education unknown; no degree. d—Federal deputy from State of Hidalgo, Dist. 10, 1922–1924; federal deputy from State of Hidalgo, Dist. 6, 1924–1926, member of Gran Comisión; federal deputy from State of Hidalgo, 1934–1937; alternate senator from State of Hidalgo, 1937–1940; mayor, Pachuca, 1940; federal deputy from State of Hidalgo, Dist. 7, 1940–1943; federal deputy from State of Hidalgo, Dist. 4, 1946–1949, 1952–1955. e—None. f—Director of traffic, Pachuca, Hidalgo. g—None. h—Owned one of largest ranches in southern region of the Huasteca, 1930s–1950s. j—Fought in the Revolution under General Francisco de P. Mariel. k—Most influential politician in Huasteca region in 1930s. l—Pérez López, 303–304; C

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de D, 1922–1924; C de D, 1924–1926; C de D, 1934–1937; C de D, 1940–1943; C de D, 1946– 1949, C de D, 1952–1955; e-local.gob.mx, 2008; Journal of Latin American Studies, 18, no.2 (1986), 283. Nogueda Otero, Israel a—Jan. 16, 1935. b—Atoyac de Álvarez, Guerrero. c—Elementary studies at English Academy; secondary studies at Colegio Williams; preparatory studies at Centro Universitario México; degree in economics from National School of Economics, UNAM, April 18, 1961. d—Federal deputy from Guerrero, Dist. 4, 1967–1968; mayor, Acapulco, Guerrero, 1969–1971; substitute governor, Guerrero, 1971–1975. e—Secretary of professional-technical action, CNOP of PRI, 1967. f—Investigator, Tariff Department, Secretariat of the Treasury; chairman, Minimum Wage Regulatory Commission; president, Committee for the Sports Center, Acapulco, 1963–1967. g—Vice president, Chamber of Commerce, Acapulco; president, Chamber of Commerce, Acapulco. h—Developer of hotels, 2002. i—Knew Jesús Silva Herzog F. at UNAM; sister María de los Ángeles Nogueda is married to Agustín Olachea Borbón, head of Department of Tourism, 1970–1973; married Leticia Piñeda; political enemy of Rubén Figueroa. j—None. k—Campaign for federal deputy in a hotly contested district; removed by Permanent Committee of Congress as governor, Jan. 31, 1975. l—Hoy, May 15, 1971, 12; MGF69, 92; C de D, 1967–1969; letter; HA, Feb. 10, 1975, 27–28; Latin America, Feb. 7, 1975, 45; Excélsior, Jan. 31, 1975, 1; Loret de Mola, 91, 46; www.peacebrigades.org, 2008. Noguera Vergara, Arcadio (Deceased) a—Jan. 12, 1907. b—Huautla, Hidalgo. c—Elementary studies in Chicontepec, Veracruz; teaching certificate from Normal School, Chicontepec; teaching certificate begun at Normal School of Jalapa, completed at National Normal School, Mexico City; primary school teacher, 1925–1930; primary school teacher, school affiliated with National Teachers’ School, 1931–1935;

assistant director, National Normal School, 1937–1941; professor of world literature, National Preparatory School, 1940s and 1950s, retiring in 1964. d—None. e—Active in presidential campaign of Miguel Alemán, 1946; secretary of organization of CEN of PRI, 1953–1957. f—Director of literacy, Department of the Federal District, 1953– 1957; secretary-general, Department of Agrarian Affairs, 1958–1964; assistant secretary of elementary education, Secretariat of Public Education, 1981–1982. g—Member, Federation of Teachers, Federal District, 1934–1935; secretary, Promotion Committee of Teachers of the Federal District, 1936–1937; 1st secretary of education and technical affairs, SNTE, 1943–1945. h—Prolific author; founder and director, México, Letras de Ayer y de Hoy. j—None. k—Resigned from National Normal School after being accused of being a Communist, 1942. l—Pérez López, 304; D del Y, Dec. 12, 1964, 1; DPE61, 126; www.wenceslao.com.mx, 2008. Nordhausen González, Jorge Rubén

a—Nov. 20, 1950. b—Reynosa, Tamaulipas. c—Elementary studies at Miguel Hidalgo School, Reynosa; secondary studies at Tampico Secondary School, Reynosa; preparatory studies at Regional Technical Institute No. 7; electrical engineering degree from Regional Technical Institute No. 7, Ciudad Madero, Tamaulipas, 1967–1971; studies toward MA in public policy at ITAM. d—Plurinominal senator from PAN, 2000–2006; plurinominal federal deputy from PAN, 2006–2009. e—Joined PAN, 1999. f—Area chief, Federal Electoral Commission, Tampico and Reynosa, 1972–1973. g—Coordinator, Council of Businesses, Ciudad del Carmen, Campeche, 1998–2000. h—Engineer and supervisor at numerous companies, 1971–1987; director general, Soministros Industriales Camizales, 1987– 2000. i—Son of Rubén Nordhausen Guerrero and Eulalia González Tijerino; married Catalina Carrizales, assistant secretary-general of PAN, Ciudad del Carmen. j—None. k—None. l—DCM, 2000–2003, 34; www

t he b io g ra phies  681

.pan.senado.gob.mx, 2008; QesQ en el Congreso, 2000–2003, 311–312; www.diputados .gob.mx, 2006–2009. Noreña Casado, Francisco (Deceased Jan. 31, 2007) a—June 6, 1922. b—Santander, Spain. c—Early education unknown; civil engineering degree from National School of Engineering, UNAM, 1961–1962. d—None. e—Joined PRI, 1981. f—Director general of airport construction, Secretariat of Public Works, 1965–1970; construction inspection manager, PEMEX, 1970–1976; director of urban transportation, Department of the Federal District, 1976–1977; adviser on collective transportation, Department of the Federal District, 1978–1983; executive secretary, Transportation Commission, Department of the Federal District, 1979–1983; general coordinator of transportation, Department of the Federal District, 1984–1985; secretary-general of works and services, Department of the Federal District, 1985–1988. g—None. h—Resident engineer, ICA, 1951–1956; general superintendent of construction, ICA, 1959–1960; director general, ICA, 1962–1964; vice president, ICA, 1964–1965. i—Son of Francisco Noreña González, lawyer, and Paula Casado Arenal; married María del Puerto Villarias Edilla, author. j—None. k—Recepient of national prize in engineering, 1987. l—DBGM84, 306–307; QesQAP84, 446; DBGM87, 275. Noriega (Cantú), Jr., Alfonso (Deceased Jan. 16, 1988) a—Jan. 21, 1909. b—Federal District. c—Elementary studies at Colegio Francés Morelos (Perpétua branch); secondary studies at Colegio Francés Morelos (Puente de Alvarado branch); preparatory studies from National Preparatory School; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, Dec. 27, 1929, with thesis on Amparo; LLD from National School of Law, UNAM; professor of law, National School of Law, UNAM, 1939–1971; professor emeritus of guarantees and appeals, UNAM, 1971–1979; professor of guarantees and appeals, Ibero‑American University; professor of constitutional law, Free Law School;

professor, National Preparatory School; oficial mayor, UNAM, 1940–1942; director, National School of Law, UNAM, 1944–1945; secretary-general, UNAM, 1943–1944; acting rector, UNAM, 1944; member, Governing Council of UNAM (12 years). d—None. e—None. f—Member, Advisory Council, Department of the Federal District, 1958– 1964; secretary, Advisory Council, Department of the Federal District, 1964–1970; secretary-general, Advisory Council, Federal District, 1970–1972; director general, Financiera Nacional Azucarera, 1953; director general of higher education and scientific research, Secretariat of Public Education, 1946; director, Tourism Trust, 1964–1972. g—Consultant, Chamber of Industries, Federal District, 1956; manager, CONCAMIN, 1945–1958. h—Author of articles and books on law; president, National Association of Lawyers, 1942. i—Knew Antonio Carrillo Flores, Manuel Ramírez Vázquez, Ernesto P. Uruchurtu, Antonio Ortiz Mena, Ángel Carvajal, Manuel Sánchez Cuen, Andrés Serra Rojas at UNAM; studied under Alfonso Caso; married María del Carmen Fernández; son of Alfonso Noriega Lazo and Sara Cantú; grandson Alfonso de Angoitia Noriega, CFO of Grupo Televisa and member of Board of Grupo Modelo; uncle Íñigo Noriega Lazo was grand master of Grand Lodge Valley of Mexico, 1896. j—None. k—National prize in social sciences, 1985. l—WWM45, 83; DGF56, 470; Correa, 255; letter; DPE61, 134; Excélsior, Jan. 15, 1976; López, 769; WNM, 159; JSH, 270– 271; HA, Feb. 2, 1988, 73; DP95, 2471; www.investing.businessweek.com, 2008. Noriega (Ondovilla), Raúl (Deceased Apr. 22, 1975) a—July 27, 1907. b—Federal District. c—Primary and secondary studies in Federal District; preparatory studies at National Preparatory School, 1920–1924; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, 1924–1928, receiving degree Mar. 1, 1947; professor of the history of Mexico, National Preparatory School, 1934–1936; professor of world history, National

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Preparatory School, 1934–1936. d—Federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. 17, 1967– 1970, member of Department of the Federal District Committee, Editorial Committee (1st and 2nd years), 1st Treasury Committee. e—None. f—Alternate Mexican delegate to United Nations, 1947–1951; oficial mayor, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1951–1958; director general, PIPSA, 1958–1959; coordinator of audiovisual teaching, Secretariat of Public Education, 1958–1964; director, Legal Department, Altos Hornos, 1971–1974; director general, Government Printing Office, 1974–1975. g—None. h—Director, student newspapers Agora, Policromías, and La Huelga, 1920–1929; editor of Sunday supplement, El Nacional, 1929; editor‑in‑chief, Izquierdas, 1935–1939; director, Radio Station XEFO, 1935; founder and director, Biblioteca del Maestro publishing house; founder of series 20th Century Collection; director, El Nacional, 1938–1947; president, Permanent Commission of the First Latin American Press Congress, 1934–1944; director, supplement, Novedades, 1961–1970. i—Friend of Miguel Alemán at National School of Law; son of José Noriega Robledo and Carlota Ondovilla Ibáñez. j—None. k—None. l—MGF69, 91; DGF51, I, 145; DBM68, 456; WWM45, 84; letter; C de D, 1967–1969, 62, 73; Novo, 746–747; Enc. Mex., IX, 403; HA, Aug. 12, 1974, 17; HA, Apr. 28, 1975, 11; Excélsior, Oct. 20, 1949; López, 769. Noriega Pizano, Arturo (Deceased) a—Apr. 10, 1915. b—Colima, Colima. c—Elementary studies at Gabino Barreda and Benito Juárez schools, Colima; secondary and preparatory studies at Normal School, Colima; law degree from School of Law, University of Guadalajara, June, 1942, with thesis titled “Amparo before the State Supreme Courts on Articles 16, 18, 20 of the Federal Constitution”; secondary teacher in civics and economics, 1936; professor of sociology and ethics, Normal School, Colima, 1944; director, Preparatory School of Colima. d—Mayor, Colima, Jan. 1, 1971–Sept. 19, 1973; governor, Colima, Jan.

1, 1974–1980. e—None. f—Civil judge and director, Public Property Registry, Colima, 1943–1951; public notary, 1951–1973; judge, Superior Tribunal of Justice of the State of Colima, 1951–1952; president, Superior Tribunal of Justice of the State of Colima, 1953– 1955; attorney general, Colima, 1955–1961; secretary-general of government, State of Colima, under Governor Pablo Silva García, 1967–1970. g—None. h—Practicing lawyer, 1961–1966. i—Son of Bulmaro Noriega and Carmen Pizano; married Luisa María Campero, elementary teacher; son, Arturo Noriega Campero, took over his father’s notary, 2006; brother, Bulmaro, treasury of Colima, 1973. j—None. k—Elected governor in a special election after governor‑elect, Antonio Barbosa Heldt, committed suicide. l—Enc. Mex., Annual, 1977, 541–542; HA, Oct. 1, 1973, 35; Excélsior, Sept. 25, 1973, 4; Excélsior, Dec. 17, 1973, 6. Norzagaray (Ángulo), Bernardo

a—July 1, 1910. b—Guasave, Sinaloa. c—Preparatory at French-English Institute, Mexico City; degree in agricultural engineering from Agricultural College, Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua. d—Federal deputy from State of Sinaloa, Dist. 3, 1943–1946; federal deputy from State of Sinaloa, Dist. 4, 1952–1955, member of Waters and Irrigation Committee, 2nd Credentials Committee, Budget and Accounts Committee (1st year), substitute member of Agrarian Department Committee, Properties and Natural Resources Committee, Colonization Committee; mayor, Ciudad Juárez, 1968–1971. e—National Farmers’ Confederation representative, CEN of PRI. f—Administrator, Ejido Bank of Culiacán and Mazatlán, Sinaloa; administrator, Agricultural Bank of Culiacán; director of farm loans, Bank of Sinaloa; head, Department of Operations, National Army‑Navy Bank, 1950–1951; head, Agricultural Credit Department, National Army‑Navy Bank; secretarygeneral of government, State of Sinaloa; president, Federal Board of Moral, Civic, and Material Improvement, Ciudad Juárez,

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Chihuahua, 1958–1964. g—None. h—None. i—Brother of General Antonio Norzagaray Ángulo, constitutional deputy, 1916–1917, and governor and interim commander of military forces, Aguascalientes, 1917. j—None. k—¿Por Qué? holds him responsible for rapid expansion of prostitution in Ciudad Juárez during his term as mayor. l—C de D, 1952–1954, 116, 46, 63; DGF51, II, 34; C de D, 1943–1945, 17; WWMG, 28–29; Por Qué?, Nov. 20, 1969; Peral, 574; DGF50, II, 36; www.es.wikipedia.org, 2008. Novelo Torres, Ernesto (Deceased Feb., 1968) a—July 18, 1895. b—Sisal, Valladolid, Yucatán. c—Studied for priesthood in Seminario Conciliar, Mérida, Yucatán; studied at Literary Institute of Yucatán, Mérida. d—Mayor, Progreso, Yucatán, 1935; local deputy, State Legislature of Yucatán, 1935–1936; governor, Yucatán, 1942–1946; senator from State of Yucatán, 1946–1952, member of Mail and Telegraph Committee, 2nd Balloting Committee, National Lands Committee. e—None. f—General accountant, National Telegraphs of Mexico, Mexico City, 1927; head, Telegraph and Mail Office, Progreso; treasurer general, Yucatán, under Governor Canto Echeverría, 1938–1940; oficial mayor, Yucatán, 1940–1942. g—None. h—Telegrapher, Mérida, 1924–1927; founder, Fomento de Yucatán. i—Relative of José Inés Novelo, deputy to Constitutional Convention, 1916–1917; married Candelaria Serrano Cetina; son of Serapio Novelo, wealthy landowner, and Encarnación Torres; son Mario Ernesto Novelo Serrano, CPA and administrator of family henequen businesses; daughter-in-law, María del Carmen Rosado Arcila. j—None. k—Novedades claims he dominated selection of Yucatán governors until 1963. l—DP70, 1478; WWM45, 84; HA, June 12, 1942, 30; DGF51, I, i, 10, 14; Informes, 1943, 1944; HA, Apr. 28, 1945, 23; Enc. Mex., IX, 408; Novedades, Aug. 5, 1963; El Universal, Feb. 17, 2008; D del Y, May 29, 2008. Novo (López), Salvador (Deceased Jan. 13, 1974) a—July 30, 1904. b—Federal

District. c—Elementary studies in Chihuahua and Torreón at private Colegio Modelo and a public school (6th year); secondary studies in Mexico City; preparatory at National Preparatory School, 1917–1920; began studies in law at UNAM, but changed to literature; MA from UNAM; professor of Italian literature, School of Philosophy and Liberal Arts, UNAM; professor of Spanish, 1923–1928, National Preparatory School; professor of Spanish literature, secondary schools; professor of the history of theater, National Conservatory, 1930–1933; professor of English, secondary schools. d—None. e—Participated in José Vasconcelos’ presidential campaign, 1929; member, CEN of Popular Party, 1947–1948. f—Head, Editorial Department, Secretariat of Public Education, 1924–1928; head, Publicity Department, Secretariat of Foreign Relations, 1930–1934; head, Department of Theatrical Productions, National Institute of Fine Arts, 1946–1952; director, School of Dramatic Art, National Institute of Fine Arts, 1956; official historian of Mexico City, 1965–1974. g—None. h—Prolific author of poems, plays, and books; author of books on Alemán and Cárdenas periods in Mexico; director, Ulysses, with poet Xavier Villaurrutia, 1927–1928. i—Boyhood friend of Raúl López Sánchez, governor of Coahuila, 1948–1951; attended National Preparatory School with José Gorostiza, Raúl Noriega, and Mariano Ramírez Vázquez; longtime friend of Jaime Torres Bodet; son of Andrés Novo Blanco, prosperous Spanish businessman, and Amelia López Espino. j—None. k—None. l—DGF51, I, 293; DPE61, 107; WWM45, 84; DBM68, 458–459; letter; Novo, 749, 757–758; Excélsior, Jan. 15, 1974, 10; HA, Jan. 21, 1974, 9–10; Q es Q, 417–418; Enc. Mex., IX, 408; WNM, 159. Novoa (Roumagnac), Carlos (Deceased Apr. 23, 1980) a—June 30, 1900. b—Federal District. c—Secondary at Colegio de Mascarones (Jesuit); preparatory at National Preparatory School, Mexico City; law degree from National School of Law,

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UNAM, 1926; professor of money and credit, School of Banking and Commerce, UNAM, 1930–1936; president, Board of Directors, UNAM, 1965–1968. d—None. e—Founder, PAN, 1939; member, first PAN National Council, 1939–1944. f—Consulting lawyer, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1926– 1935; president, Public Debt Commission, 1932–1933; president, National Banking Commission, 1933; director general, Bank of Mexico, 1946–1952. g—Director, 1937–1941, and president, 1945–1946, Bankers’ Association of Mexico. h—Director general, Industrial Bank, 1940–1946; Mexican delegate to IMF, 1946–1952. i—Knew Antonio Martínez Báez at National School of Law; son of lawyer Eduardo Novoa, assistant secretary of justice under Porfirio Díaz, and Margarita Roumagnac; married Eugenia Allard; nephew of Carlos Roumagnac, famous criminologist. j—None. k—Supported José Vasconcelos for president, 1928–1929. l—El Universal, Dec. 2, 1946; DBM68, 458; WWM45, 84; DGF51, II, 6, 65, 77; DGF50, 71; Mabry, 35–36; letter; Skirius, 105; HA, Apr. 18, 1947, 30; Pérez Franco, 243–244. Noyola (Cepeda), J. Jesús N. (Deceased Dec., 1984) a—Sept. 7, 1898. b—Cerritos, San Luis Potosí. c—Primary and secondary studies in San Luis Potosí; preparatory studies at University of San Luis Potosí; medical studies at Sorbonne, 1923–1924; medical degree from University of San Luis Potosí; director, School of Medicine, University of San Luis Potosí, 1946–1952; rector, University of San Luis Potosí, 1944–1948. d—Federal deputy from State of San Luis Potosí, Dist. 6, 1949–1952; alternate senator from State of San Luis Potosí, 1952–1958; senator from State of San Luis Potosí, 1964–1970. e—None. f—Secretary of government, San Luis Potosí. g—None. i—Alternate senator under Antonio Rocha, 1952–1958; related to Jesús Eduardo Noyola Bernal, federal deputy from State of San Luis Potosí, Dist 1, 1994–1997, and dean of medical school, University of San Luis Potosí, 2000; related to Francisco A. Noyola, local deputy to

State Legislature of San Luis Potosí, 1900, secretary-general of government, 1905–1911, and judge in Cerritos, 1884–1899. j—None. k—None. l—C de D, 1949–1952; DGF51, I, MGF69; C de S, 1952–1958; DGF56; C de S, 1964–1970; www.cjslp.gob.mx, 2008. Noyola de Garagorri, Pedro Javier

a—Dec. 30, 1957. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; civil engineering degree from ITESM, 1977–1981; MA in engineering from Stanford University, 1981–1982; PhD in research operations from Stanford University, 1982–1985; MA in economics from Stanford University, 1983– 1985; professor, University of Barcelona, 1985–1986, Colegio de México, 1987, and ITAM, 1987. d—None. e—Joined PRI, 1986. f—Economic adviser to assistant secretary of income, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1986–1987; coordinator of advisers of assistant secretary of income, 1987–1988; coordinator of advisers of secretary of commerce, 1988–1990; assistant secretary of foreign trade, Secretariat of Commerce, 1990–1992; assistant secretary of revenues, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1995. g—None. h—Cofounder and chair, RMM Global Sourcing Solutions; founding partner, SAI Consulting, 2007, with Jaime Serra Puche, his former boss at treasury. i—Son of Pedro Noyola Álvarez, CPA, and employee of Bimbo, 1964–1972, 1985–2000, and member of Board of Directors until 2006, and general manager of Suandy Foods, and Martha de Garagorri Gómez; married Bárbara Bayardo Dodge, sociologist. j—None. k—None. l—www .grupobimbo.com.mx, 2008; DBGM94, CD; DBGM92, 261–262; www.sai.com.mx, 2008. Núñez Ehuán, Gregorio a—Mar. 21, 1931. b—Campeche, Campeche. c—Early education unknown; engineering degree from Heroic Naval College, 1949–1953; chief of workshops, Heroic Naval College, 1966–1967; director, Center for Higher Naval Studies, 1986. d—None. e—None. f—Assistant naval attaché, Mexican embassy, Washington, DC, 1971–1972; naval attaché, Japan, 1984–1986. g—None.

t he b io g ra phies  685

h—None. i—Son of Timoteo Núñez Zetina and María del Carmen Ehuán Esquivel; married Alicia Aguileta, teacher; brother Miguel is a full admiral and also was director general of social security. j—Career naval officer; joined navy as cadet, 1949; aide, ship California, 1955; chief of machinery, 1956; officer, coastguard ship No. 37, 1956–1961; chief of machinery, ship Guanajuato, 1970–1971; assistant director general of naval education, 1972–1974; chief of customs, Ciudad del Carmen, 1974–1977; inspector general of machinery, Ciudad del Carmen, Campeche, 1977–1979; rank of rear admiral, 1979; chief of naval workshops, 1979–1980; director, Repair Center, Manzanillo, Colima, 1980–1983; director, Naval Warehouse No. 18, Acapulco, 1983–1984; executive secretary, Rules and Laws and Naval Board, 1988–1990; interim president, Naval Board, 1989; inspector general of the navy, 1990; assistant inspector general of the navy, 1990–1991; director general of social security, 1991–1992; general coordinator of human resources, 1992; rank of admiral; chief of staff of the navy, 1997. k—None. l—Pescador; DBGM92, 262. Núñez Guzmán, Marina (Deceased May, 2008) a—Dec. 26, 1919. b—Tepic, Nayarit. c—Elementary studies at Amado Nervo School; stenographer from Taylor Academy, 1933. d—Federal deputy from State of Nayarit, Dist. 2, 1964–1967. e—Director of social action of PRI, State of Nayarit; participated in presidential campaign of Gustavo Díaz Ordaz, 1963–1964. f—Employee, Department of Labor and Social Welfare, State of Nayarit, 1934–1937. g—Typist, CTM, Nayarit, 1938–1939; employee, League of Agrarian Communities, CTM, Nayarit; secretary-general of women’s action, CTM; secretary of conflicts, Federation of Workers of Tepic. h—None. i—Niece Adriana Margarita Núñez Villaseñor, collaborator of Governor Emilio M. González; daughter Mary Carmen Núñez, lawyer. j—None. k—First female deputy from State of Nayarit. l—C de D, 1964–1967; www.senado

.gob.mx, Dec. 5, 2003; www.mexicolegal .com.mx, 2006; www.toleranciacero.com .mx, May 20, 2008. Núñez Jiménez, Arturo a—Jan. 23, 1948. b—Villahermosa, Tabasco. c—Early education unknown; studies in economics from National School of Economics, UNAM, 1966–1970, graduating Nov. 24, 1975; professor, National School of Economics, UNAM, 1968–1969; professor, School of Administration and Accounting, Juárez Autonomous University of Tabasco, 1971–1972; chief, Cultural Diffusion Department, Juárez Autonomous University of Tabasco, 1971– 1972; professor, National Institute of Public Administration, 1978–1983, and academic coordinator, 1981–1986. d—Plurinominal federal deputy from PRI, 1997–2000, leader of PRI delegation; senator from Tabasco, 2006–2012. e—Joined PRI, 1969; director, CEPES of PRI, Tabasco, 1975–1976; private secretary to president of CEN of PRI, Adolfo Lugo Verduzco, 1982–1984; assistant secretary, CEN of PRI, 1984–1985; secretary of political education, CEN of PRI, 1985–1988; PRI candidate for governor of Tabasco, 2000; left PRI after Roberto Madrazo supported another candidate for PRI nomination; joined PRD. f—Technical budget director, State of Tabasco, 1971–1972; private secretary to governor of Tabasco, Mario Trujillo García, 1972–1974; delegate of Program for Rural Economic Development Investment, Office of the Presidency of Mexico, 1974–1976; chief of control to assistant secretary of income, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1977–1978; assistant director of administrative coordination, Office of the Presidency of Mexico, 1978–1982; director general of political development, Secretariat of the Government, 1989–1991; assistant secretary of government and political development, Secretariat of Government, Mar. 13, 1991–1992; director general, Federal Electoral Institute, 1993–1994; director general, INFONAVIT, 1994–1995; assistant secretary of government, 1995–1997. g—Student leader, Preparatory School, University of Tabascao;

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secretary of political action and ideological orientation, CNOP, Villahermosa, Tabasco. i—Son of Enrique Núñez García, geophysical engineer, and Olga Jiménez Pérez; married Martha Lilia López Aguilera, teacher. j—None. k—None. l—El Nacional, Mar. 14, 1991, 11; DBGM92, 262; DBGM89, 252; letters; www.senado.gob.mx, 2007. Núñez Urquiza, Carlos a—Oct. 5, 1949. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, 1968–1970; administration degree from Ibero-American University, 1967–1972; MA in administration from Stanford University, 1975–1977; dean, School of Administration, Ibero-American University, 1974–1975. d—None. e—Joined PRI, 1974. f—Adviser to oficial mayor of labor, 1974; executive secretary, National Council of Open Educational Systems, Secretariat of Public Education, 1978–1980; assistant director general of adult education, Secretariat of Public Education, 1980–1981; director general, National Institute of Adult Education, Secretariat of Public Education, 1981–1982; director of finances and administration, Secretariat of Government, 1982–1983; director of investment banking, National Bank of Mexico, 1983–1988; oficial mayor, Secretariat of Foreign Relations, 1988–1991. g—None. h—Director general, Plásticos and Novedades, 1972–1974; executive director, Banamex, 2003. i—Son of Carlos Núñez Chávez, surgeon, and Guadalupe Urquiza Jáuregui, teacher; married María del Carmen Jiménez; uncle Ignacio Urquiza Jáuregui, physician. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM89, 252. Núñez Soto, Manuel Ángel a—Jan. 30, 1951. b—Actopan, Hidalgo. c—Elementary and secondary studies in Actopan; preparatory studies in Pachuca, Hidalgo; economics studies at National School of Economics, UNAM, 1968–1972, graduating Nov. 30, 1978; studies in public administration and finance at Institute for Industrial Reconstruction, Italy, 1978–1979; studies at Institute of Public Administration and

University of Paris, 1978–1980. d—Governor, Hidalgo, 1999–2005. e—Joined PRI, 1968. f—Employee, Secretariat of Industry and Commerce, 1971; assistant director of finance for foreign trade, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1983–1985; commercial adviser for Canada, Mexican Institute of Foreign Trade, 1985–1986; director, Foreign Program, Bank of Foreign Trade, Canada, 1986–1988; director of international promotion, Bank of Foreign Trade, 1989–1991; director, Mexican Office of NAFTA, Canada, 1991–1993; secretary of economic development, Hidalgo, 1993–1995; secretary of government, Hidalgo, 1995–1997. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Ángel Núñez Pérez, retailer, and Josefina Soto Dorantes; married María Elena Sañudo Villarreal, graphic designer. j—None. k—None. l—QesQ en el Congreso, 1997–2000, 210; www.trielectoral hidalgo.org.mx, 2008; Musacchio, 304; DBGM, CD, 1994.

O Obregón Espinoza, Francisco Javier

a—Jan. 28, 1958. b—Comondú, Baja California del Sur. c—Studies in biochemical engineering at Regional Technical Institute, La Paz; completed 4th semester of preparatory; lab technician, Interdisciplinary Center for Marine Research, La Paz, 1979–1988. d—Member, City Council, La Paz, 1987–1989; member, City Council, Comondú, 1993–1996; mayor, Comondú, 1999–2002; federal deputy from Baja California del Sur, Dist. 1, 2003–2006, president of Fishing Committee; senator from Baja California del Sur, 2006–2012. e—Joined PAN; president of PAN, Comondú, 1994– 1997; resigned from PAN and joined PRD and was elected federal deputy; represents PT as senator but still a member of PRD. f—Director, State Board of Highways, Baja California del Sur, 2002–2003. g—None. h—Director of sales, Lizárraga, 1991–1992. j—None. k—None. l—www.monitor.legis

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secretary of political action and ideological orientation, CNOP, Villahermosa, Tabasco. i—Son of Enrique Núñez García, geophysical engineer, and Olga Jiménez Pérez; married Martha Lilia López Aguilera, teacher. j—None. k—None. l—El Nacional, Mar. 14, 1991, 11; DBGM92, 262; DBGM89, 252; letters; www.senado.gob.mx, 2007. Núñez Urquiza, Carlos a—Oct. 5, 1949. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, 1968–1970; administration degree from Ibero-American University, 1967–1972; MA in administration from Stanford University, 1975–1977; dean, School of Administration, Ibero-American University, 1974–1975. d—None. e—Joined PRI, 1974. f—Adviser to oficial mayor of labor, 1974; executive secretary, National Council of Open Educational Systems, Secretariat of Public Education, 1978–1980; assistant director general of adult education, Secretariat of Public Education, 1980–1981; director general, National Institute of Adult Education, Secretariat of Public Education, 1981–1982; director of finances and administration, Secretariat of Government, 1982–1983; director of investment banking, National Bank of Mexico, 1983–1988; oficial mayor, Secretariat of Foreign Relations, 1988–1991. g—None. h—Director general, Plásticos and Novedades, 1972–1974; executive director, Banamex, 2003. i—Son of Carlos Núñez Chávez, surgeon, and Guadalupe Urquiza Jáuregui, teacher; married María del Carmen Jiménez; uncle Ignacio Urquiza Jáuregui, physician. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM89, 252. Núñez Soto, Manuel Ángel a—Jan. 30, 1951. b—Actopan, Hidalgo. c—Elementary and secondary studies in Actopan; preparatory studies in Pachuca, Hidalgo; economics studies at National School of Economics, UNAM, 1968–1972, graduating Nov. 30, 1978; studies in public administration and finance at Institute for Industrial Reconstruction, Italy, 1978–1979; studies at Institute of Public Administration and

University of Paris, 1978–1980. d—Governor, Hidalgo, 1999–2005. e—Joined PRI, 1968. f—Employee, Secretariat of Industry and Commerce, 1971; assistant director of finance for foreign trade, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1983–1985; commercial adviser for Canada, Mexican Institute of Foreign Trade, 1985–1986; director, Foreign Program, Bank of Foreign Trade, Canada, 1986–1988; director of international promotion, Bank of Foreign Trade, 1989–1991; director, Mexican Office of NAFTA, Canada, 1991–1993; secretary of economic development, Hidalgo, 1993–1995; secretary of government, Hidalgo, 1995–1997. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Ángel Núñez Pérez, retailer, and Josefina Soto Dorantes; married María Elena Sañudo Villarreal, graphic designer. j—None. k—None. l—QesQ en el Congreso, 1997–2000, 210; www.trielectoral hidalgo.org.mx, 2008; Musacchio, 304; DBGM, CD, 1994.

O Obregón Espinoza, Francisco Javier

a—Jan. 28, 1958. b—Comondú, Baja California del Sur. c—Studies in biochemical engineering at Regional Technical Institute, La Paz; completed 4th semester of preparatory; lab technician, Interdisciplinary Center for Marine Research, La Paz, 1979–1988. d—Member, City Council, La Paz, 1987–1989; member, City Council, Comondú, 1993–1996; mayor, Comondú, 1999–2002; federal deputy from Baja California del Sur, Dist. 1, 2003–2006, president of Fishing Committee; senator from Baja California del Sur, 2006–2012. e—Joined PAN; president of PAN, Comondú, 1994– 1997; resigned from PAN and joined PRD and was elected federal deputy; represents PT as senator but still a member of PRD. f—Director, State Board of Highways, Baja California del Sur, 2002–2003. g—None. h—Director of sales, Lizárraga, 1991–1992. j—None. k—None. l—www.monitor.legis

t he b io g ra phies  687

lativo.org, 2008; www.sitl.diputados.gob .mx, 2003–2006, 2008; www.senado.gob .mx, 2008; Directorio del Congreso, 2006– 2009, 31; www.eswikipedia.org, 2007. Obregón Padilla, Antonio a—Mar. 4, 1933. b—León, Guanajuato. c—Elementary studies at Lux Institute, León; secondary studies at public secondary, León; preparatory at Preparatory School, León; law degree from Free Law School. d—Party deputy from PAN, 1967–1970; plurinominal federal deputy from PAN, 1979–1982; local deputy, State Legislature of Guanajuato, 1982–1985, 1988–1991. e—Joined PAN, 1960; PAN candidate for federal deputy, 1964; president of PAN, León, 1965–1968; member, PAN National Council, 1968; president, PAN Regional Committee, Guanajuato, 1968–1972; PAN representative, Local Electoral Committee, Guanajuato, 1970; national adviser, PAN, 1965–1972, 1978– 2007; member, CEN of PAN, 1981–1987. f—Adviser to governor of Guanajuato, 1991–1995; attorney general of Guanajuato, 1995; assistant secretary of government, Guanajuato, 1998–1999; secretary of government, Guanajuato, 1999–2003; judge, 7th Civil Division, Guanajuato, 2006. g—None. h—Lawyer in own practice. i—Son of Manuel Obregón Torres, businessman, and María de los Ángeles Padilla; married Gabriela Torres; son Antonio Obregón Torres, local deputy to State Legislature of Guanajuato and alternate federal deputy, 1997–2000. j—None. k—Letter; C de D, 1967–1970; www.congresogto.gob.mx, 2008; Pérez Franco, 245. Obregón (Tapia), Jr., Álvaro

(Deceased Sept. 27, 1993) a—Dec. 18, 1916. b—Chapultepec Castle, Federal District. c—Elementary studies at Colegio de México, Mexico City; continued 4th grade in private school in Sonora and Talamantes School, Navajoa; 5th and 6th grades at Colegio Dworak, Ciudad Obregón; secondary studies at military academy, Palo Alto, Calif.; studies in business administration in United States, 1936. d—Governor, Sonora,

1955–1961. e—None. f—None. g—Vice president, Confederation of Agricultural Organizations of Sonora. h—Rancher and businessman; returned to Sonora to assist mother in managing lands in Valle del Yaqui. i—Son of General and President Álvaro Obregón; brother Francisco Obregón served as president of Board of Moral, Civic, and Material Improvement during Álvaro’s governorship; married Fernanda Luken j—None. k—Precandidate for mayor of Cajeme, Sonora, 1979; Excélsior alleges that Francisco was Adolfo Ruiz Cortines’ candidate for governor, but because he was legally too young, Álvaro was given the post instead; accused of being a large landholder. l—WWM, 29; DGF56, 160; Almanaque de Sonora, 1982, 131; Excélsior, May 2, 1979, 4; Excélsior, July 8, 1979, 18; Moncada, 32. Ocampo Noble Pérez, Federico

(Deceased) a—Oct. 4, 1903. b—Hidalgo, Pachuca. c—Primary and preparatory studies in Hidalgo; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, 1928. d—Federal deputy from State of Hidalgo, Dist. 3, 1958–1961; alternate senator from State of Hidalgo, 1964–1968, in functions, 1969– 1970, for Manuel Sánchez Vite. e—Joined PRI, 1936; general delegate of CEN of PRI to Coahuila, Campeche, and Guanajuato. f—Agent, Ministerio Público, Federal District, 1935–1937; representative of Secretariat of the Treasury, Federal District, 1937–1945; tax attorney, State of Hidalgo; secretary-general of government, State of Hidalgo, under Vicente Aguirre, 1945–1951; representative of Central Zone of National Arbitration Committee, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1953–1958. g—None. h—Worked as student in Tax Department, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1924–1926. j—None. k—None. l—Func., 232; C de D, 1958–1961; C de S, 1964–1970. Ocaña García, Samuel a—Sept. 7, 1932. b—Aribechi, Sonora. c—Elementary studies at J. Cruz Gálvez School, Hermosillo, Sonora; secondary and preparatory

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studies at Boarding School for Children of Ejidatarios, Tepic Nayarit; medical degree from National School of Medicine, UNAM; specialist in pneumology, Higher School of Rural Medicine, IPN; professor, National School of Medicine, UNAM, 1958; president, University of the Sierra, 2001. d—Mayor, Navajoa, Sonora, 1973–1975; governor, Sonora, 1979–1985. e—Joined PRI, 1959; director, CEPES of PRI, Navajoa, 1972; president of PRI, State of Sonora, 1978–1979; general delegate, CEN of PRI, 1986. f—Assistant secretary of government, State of Sonora, 1973–1974; secretary-general of government, State of Sonora, 1976–1977; assistant secretary of agrarian reform, 1988–1991. g—Leader of medical students at UNAM; president, former fellowship students, National Institute of Pneumology; founder, Union of Textile Workers of Sonora, 1949. h—Textile worker, 1948–1949; founder and director, Regional Hospital of Pulmonary and Thoracic Surgery, Navajoa. i—Collaborator of Alejandro Carrillo M., governor of Sonora, 1975–1979; father, a peasant; married Alba Zaragoza Otero. j—None. k—Reportedly dismissed his entire police force as mayor of Navajoa when a prisoner died under torture. l—Latin America, Jan. 26, 1979, 30; Excélsior, Jan. 18, 1979, 4, 18, 23; Excélsior, Jan. 17, 1979, 10; Protag., 251; Almanaque de México, 1982, 587. Ocaranza Carmona, Fernando

(Deceased Feb. 15, 1965) a—May 30, 1876. b—Federal District. c—Secondary studies at Scientific and Literary Institute of Toluca, State of Mexico, and at Colegio Hispano‑México, Toluca; preparatory studies at Scientific and Literary Institute of Mexico, Toluca, 1890–1994; medical studies at National School of Medicine, UNAM, 1895–1897; transferred to Military Medical School, medical degree, May 8, 1900, graduating as surgeon and major in the army; professor, Military Medical School, 1917; professor of physiology, National School of Medicine, UNAM, 1915–1946;

secretary, National School of Medicine, 1917–1920, UNAM; director, National School of Medicine, UNAM, 1925–1932, 1934; professor at normal schools; professor of clinical medicine, UNAM, 1926–1946; rector, Scientific and Literary Institute of Toluca, 1936–1940. d—None. e—Founder, PAN, 1939; member, first PAN National Council, 1939–1944; national adviser, PAN, 1939–1949. f—Practicing physician, Guaymas, Sonora, 1905–1914; director, Municipal Hospital, Guaymas, 1914–1915; head, Department of Health, Guaymas, 1908–1910; emergency physician, Southern Pacific Railroads of Mexico, 1915; physician. National Shipyards, 1916; head, Laboratory of Comparative Physiology, Institute of Biology, 1915–1918; director, Institute of Hygiene, 1922–1923; adviser to secretary of health, 1921–1924; rector, UNAM, 1934–1935; member, General Health Council of Mexico, 1952–1958. g—None. h—Surgeon, Red Cross, Tacubaya; author of many books and over 150 articles on medical subjects. i—Great‑grandfather Carlos de Mayo was a colonel in Spanish army of New Spain; married Lorena Esquer; son of Ramón Ocaranza and Antonia Carmona; students included Maximiliano Ruiz Castañeda, Salvador Zubirán, and Julián Garza Tijerina. j—Head, federal army military hospital, Jalapa, Veracruz, 1904; head, 2nd Surgery Sec., federal army military hospital, Jalapa; joined 19th Battalion, Bácum, Sonora, 1900, federal army, participating in campaign against Yaquis, 1900–1905; retired from federal army, 1905; joined army, 1917; rank of lieutenant colonel, June 20, 1925; rank of colonel, Nov. 20, 1941; left army with rank of colonel to go into private practice in Sonora, May 31, 1947. k—None. l—DGF51, II, 687; DGF56, 329; DP70, 1499–1500; Peral, 581–582; DGF447, 199; DGF51, 333, 335; López, 784; Enc. Mex., IX, 543; Beltrán, 61; WWM45, 85; www.medigraphic.com, 2007; Pérez Franco, 245–246. Oceguera Ramos Gil, Rafael a—Jan. 5, 1950. b—Escuinapa, Sinaloa. c—Early

t he b io g ra phies  689

education unknown; normal teaching certificate from Regional Center of Normal Teaching, Ciudad Guzmán, Jalisco, 1968–1969; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, and National School of Political Science, Acatlán, UNAM, 1977–1981; studies in political science and public administration at UNAM, 1981; primary and secondary teacher, 1968–1972. d—Federal deputy from State of Sinaloa, Dist. 3, 1976–1979; federal deputy from State of Sinaloa, Dist. 5, 1982–1985, president of Tourism Committee; local deputy, State Legislature of Sinaloa, 1995–1997; federal deputy from State of Sinaloa, Dist. 6, 1997–2000. e—Joined PRI, 1968; secretary of youth action of PRI, Sonora, 1972–1973; secretary-general, National Movement of Revolutionary Youth of PRI, 1973–1976; general delegate, CEN of PRI, Nayarit and Durango, 1976–1977; secretary of promotion and administration, CEN of PRI; member, National Political Council of PRI. f—General delegate, Secretariat of Public Education, Yucatán and Michoacán, 1979–1980; director general of primary education, Secretariat of Public Education, 1980–1982; secretary-general of government, Sinaloa, 2005. g—Director of youth, Ciudad Obregón; secretary-general, Student Revolutionary Youth Movement, Sonora, 1973–1974. i—Son of Ramón Oceguera Verduzco, self-employed, and Elvira Ramos Celis; married Luisa María Espinosa de los Monteros, lawyer. j—None. k—None. l—Directorio, 1982–1985; C de D, 1982–1985; C de D, 1976–1979; Lehr, 433; DBGM, 567; QesQ en el Congreso, 1997–2000, 211; www .sinaloa.gob.mx-cv, 2008. Ocejo Moreno, Jorge a—Mar. 30, 1943. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; degree in mechanical and electrical engineering from National School of Engineering, UNAM, 1966. d—Plurinominal federal deputy from PAN, 1994–1997; plurinominal senator from PAN, 2006–2012, president of Economic Development Committee. e—Joined PAN, 1991; president of

PAN, Puebla, Puebla, 1991–1994; PAN candidate for mayor of Puebla, 1992; secretary of international relations, CEN of PAN, 1998–1999; secretary-general, CEN of PAN, 2000–2002. f—Coordinator of advisers of secretary of labor, 2002–2003; coordinator of advisers of director general, PEMEX, 2003–2005. g—President, COPARMEX, 1988–1991. h—Industrialist; director general, Bebidas Purificadas del Isthmus, 1968–1991; director general, Refracciones Rog, 1977– 1991. i—Son of José Ocejo Río and Concepción Moreno Manzano; married María del Carmen Rojo Ruiz. j—None. k—None. l—DCM, 2006–2009, 320; www.secinfo .com, 2008; www.electos.br101.org, 2008. Ochoa Campos, Moisés a—Aug. 10, 1917. b—Chilpancingo, Iguala, Guerrero. c—Elementary studies at public school of Chilpancingo; secondary studies at Colegio of Guerrero, Chilpancingo; degree in political science from National School of Political and Social Sciences, UNAM, May, 1955, with thesis on municipal reform; studied at School of Political Science, Degli Studi University, Rome, 1955–1956, and other studies in Rome; professor, School of Political and Social Sciences, UNAM, 1957–1959, in field of theory; director, Seminar on Political Investigations, 1955–1959. d—Federal deputy from State of Guerrero, 1958–1961, Dist. 1, member of Radio and Television Committee, Budget and Accounts Committee (2nd year), substitute member of Military Justice Committee; alternate senator from State of Guerrero, 1964–1970; federal deputy from State of Guerrero, Dist. 1, 1970–1973, member of Cultural Affairs Committee, Editorial Committee (1st year), Money and Credit Institutions Committee, 1st Sec. of Constitutional Affairs Committee. e—Private secretary to director of press and publicity, CEN of PRI; press and publicity secretary, CEN of PRI, 1952–1958. f—Private secretary to secretary of Agrarian Department; coordinating director, Boards of Moral, Civic, and Material Improvement, Secretariat of Government, 1958; assistant director, Office

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of Intellectual Cooperation, Secretariat of Public Education; general coordinator of planning and statistics, Secretariat of Public Education, 1965. g—None. h—Director, La República, 1958; author of several works. i—Son of engineer Lorenzo Ricardo Ochoa and Luz Campos; married María Elena Castillo. j—None. k—First graduate of School of Political and Social Science, UNAM. l—BdM, 192; C de D, 1970–1972, 127; C de D, 1958–1960, 86; Func., 220. Ochoa Palencia, Arturo a—Feb. 25, 1911. b—Colima, Colima. c—Early education unknown; enrolled as cadet, Heroic Military College, Jan. 1, 1930, graduating as 2nd infantry lieutenant, Jan. 1, 1934; diploma in communications from Military Communications School; completed staff and command course, Higher War College. d—None. e—None. f—Oficial mayor, Secretariat of National Defense, 1976–1977. g—None. h—None. i—Married Francisca Francos; graduated from Heroic Military College with General Félix Galván, secretary of national defense, 1976–1982. j—Career army officer; sec. commander, 37th Infantry Battalion; commander, communications, 2nd Cavalry Regiment; chief of communications, 29th Military Zone, Ciudad Ixtepec, Oaxaca; chief, Sec. 1, staff, 1st Infantry Division; adjutant general, Higher War College; assistant chief of staff, 27th Military Zone, Iguala, Guerrero; chief, Sec. 1, staff, Secretariat of National Defense; rank of lieutenant colonel, 1956; commander, 47th Infantry Battalion; rank of colonel, 1960; chief of staff, 1st Military Zone, Mexico City; rank of brigadier general, 1967; commander, 32nd Military Zone, Mérida, Yucatán; rank of division general, 1976. k—None. l—Rev. de Ejer., Oct., 1960, 17; Rev. de Ejer., Dec., 1967, 49; Rev. de Ejer., May, 1957, 38; Rev. de Ejer., Oct.–Nov., 1976, 67; DAPC77, 12; Rev. de Ejer., Feb., 1975, 140. Ochoa Toledo, Alfredo a—Dec. 3, 1929. b—Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas. c—Primary and secondary studies in Tuxtla Gutiérrez; secondary studies at Special Secondary,

Industrial, and Business Education No. 3, Tuxtla Gutiérrez; graduated as 2nd artillery lieutenant, Heroic Military College, 1948– 1951; diploma in administration from Higher War College, 1954–1957; MA in mathematics from Higher Normal School, 1968–1972; commander, Cadet Battery, Heroic Military College, 1959; professor, Higher War College, 1958–1959, 1966–1971; professor and chief of instruction, Heroic Military College, 1959–1965; assistant director, Heroic Military College, 1972–1973; assistant director, Higher War College, 1975–1976; professor, IPN, 1977–1979. d—Plurinominal federal deputy from PRI, 2000–2003. e—Joined PRI. f—Assistant secretary of national defense, 1988–1994. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Gilberto Ochoa Torres, schoolteacher, and Rosalía Toledo Pérez; married Beatriz Lazos Araújo. j—Joined army as cadet, Heroic Military College, 1948; officer, 2nd Artillery Regiment, 1951; rank of 1st lieutenant, Jan. 1, 1953; rank of 2nd captain, 1957; rank of 1st captain, 1960; rank of major, 1963; officer, 2nd Artillery Battalion, 1965; rank of lieutenant colonel, 1966; second-in-command, 3rd Artillery Battalion, 1971–1972; rank of colonel, 1972; staff, Secretariat of National Defense, 1973; commander, 4th Artillery Battalion, 1973–1975; chief of staff, 10th Military Zone, Durango, Durango, 1975; operations officer, garrison, Reynoso, Tamaulipas, 1975; rank of brigadier general, Nov. 20, 1977; aide to inspector general of the army, 1977; chief, Technical Sec., Artillery Division, Secretariat of National Defense, 1977; assistant director general of artillery, Secretariat of National Defense, 1977–1979; interim director general of artillery, Secretariat of National Defense, 1979–1981; chief, Technical Sec., Artillery Division, Secretariat of National Defense, 1981–1983; director general of military education and Army Air Force University, Secretariat of National Defense, 1983–1985; rank of brigade general, 1985; military attaché to Germany, France, Belgium, and Netherlands, 1985–1986; director general of military industry, Secretariat of National

t he b io g ra phies  691

Defense, 1987–1988; rank of division general. k—None. l—QesQAP, 80; Rev. de Ejer., Nov., 1972, 50; Rev. de Ejer., Nov., 1981, 24; DBGM89, 253; DBGM87, 277; DBGM92, 263; Rev. de Ejer., Dec., 1988, 13–14. Ochoa Zaragoza, Rigoberto a—Dec. 13, 1935. b—Tepic, Nayarit. c—Early education unknown; degree in mechanical engineering from ITESM, 1961. d—Local deputy, State Legislature of Nayarit, 1975–1978; federal deputy from State of Nayarit, Dist. 1, 1991–1994; governor, Nayarit, 1994–2000. e—Joined PRI, 1950; secretary of social action, PRI, Nayarit, 1969–1972; secretary of organization, PRI, Nayarit, 1975–1977; secretary of worker action, PRI, Nayarit, 1979–1982; coordinator, Labor Sector, CEN of PRI, 1988–1991. f—None. g—Secretarygeneral, CTM, Nayarit, 1981–1993; secretary of political action, CEN of CTM, 1982–1993. h—None. i—Son of Albino Ochoa Rentería and Sofía Zaragoza Vera; son of María Guadalupe Torres Leyva. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM87, 535; DBGM92, 535; Pescador, 197; Musacchio, 306; DBGM94, CD. Odorica Inclán, Fernando (Deceased) b—Toluca, State of Mexico. c—Primary and secondary studies in Toluca; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM; rector, Autonomous University of the State of Mexico, Toluca. d—Senator from State of Mexico, 1964–1970. e—None. f—Official, Department of Alcohol, Secretariat of the Treasury. g—None. i—Son Fernando R. Odorica Pérez, federal deputy from State of Mexico, Dist. 1, 1991–1994. j—None. k—None. l—PS, 4453; C de S, 1964–1970; MGF69; www.cronica.diputados.gob.mx, Oct. 18, 1991. Ogaz Pierce, José Abel a—Nov. 16, 1949. b—Federal District. c—Preparatory studies at National Preparatory School No. 7; studies in economics at National School of Economics, UNAM, graduating June 10, 1994; professor, UNAM, 1999. d—None. e—Member, PPS; PPS candidate for federal deputy, Dist. 23, Federal District, 1973, 1976; secretary of political education, PPS,

Federal District, 1979; director, PPS National Committee of Political, Economic and Social Studies, 1979; director, PPS Platform Committee, 1979. f—None. g—President, Society of Students of the National Preparatory School No. 7; leader, Popular Socialist Youth, 1970; delegate to 7th Assembly of World Confederations of Democratic Youth, 1970. i—Brother Sergio, professor at School of Medicine, UNAM; brother Abel, professor of history and head of Department of History, IPN. j—None. k—None. l—HA, Mar. 26, 1979, i; www.cronica.diputados.gob .mx, Aug. 17, 1973, Aug. 25, 1976; www.econo mia.unam.mx, 2008. Ojeda (Caballero), Nabor A. (Deceased) a—June 12, 1894. b—Ometepec, Guerrero. c—Secondary studies at Colegio Espíritu Santo, Oaxaca; preparatory studies at Institute of Arts and Sciences, Oaxaca, Oaxaca; no degree. d—Local deputy, State Legislature of Guerrero, 1931–1933; federal deputy from State of Guerrero, Dist. 5, 1937–1940; senator from State of Guerrero, 1940–1946, president of Indigenous Affairs Committee, member of Gran Comisión, 1st secretary of 2nd National Defense Committee, 2nd secretary of Agrarian Affairs Department Committee; federal deputy from State of Guerrero, Dist. 2, 1967–1970, member of 2nd National Defense Committee and Military Justice Committee. e—None. f—Director of Indigenous Zone, Valley of Mexico, 1935. g—First secretary of conflicts, CNC, 1933–1935; first secretary-general and founder, League of Agrarian Communities and Workers’ Union, Guerrero; director, ejidatario organization, Oaxaca. h—Author of federal laws dealing with communal lands and benefits for Revolution veterans. i—Son Nabor Gustavo Ojeda Delgado was federal deputy from Guerrero, 1973–1976, 1985–1988, 1991–1994; married Alicia Delgado, normal school teacher. j—Joined Revolution in support of Madero, 1911; rank of captain, Feb., 1911; participated in 44 battles; rank of brigade general. l—Peral states that Mexican press published articles accusing

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Ojeda of responsibility for political murders in Guerrero. l—Peral, 584; C de S, 40–46; C de D, 1946–1948, 81; C de D, 1937–1939; González Navarro; López, 787; DBGM94, CD; DBGM87, 529. Ojeda Delgado, Nabor Gustavo a—June 6, 1947. b—Iguala, Guerrero. c—Early education unknown; architectural engineering degree from IPN, with thesis on city buildings in Ixtepec, Oaxaca, 1965–1969; diploma in rural housing, Polytechnic Institute, Sofia, Bulgaria, 1972. d—Federal deputy from State of Guerrero, Dist. 6, 1973–1976; federal deputy from State of Guerrero, Dist. 9, 1985–1988; alternate senator from Guerrero, 1988–1994; federal deputy from State of Guerrero, Dist. 7, 1991–1994, coordinator of PRI delegation from Guerrero; plurinominal federal deputy from PRI, 2000–2003. e—Joined PRI, 1967; special delegate, CEN of PRI to Nayarit and Michoacán, 1975–1976; regional coordinator, CEN of PRI, 1994–1996; secretary-general of PRI, Guerrero, 1995. f—Director of government, Acapulco, 1976; manager of organization, Mexican Coffee Institute, 1980; assistant director of international relations, Secretariat of Agriculture and Hydraulic Resources, 1984. g—Auxiliary secretary to oficial mayor, CNC, 1967–1968; private secretary to secretary-general of CEN of CNC, 1970; secretary of rural housing, CNC, 1971–1973; oficial mayor, CNC, 1986–1987; interim secretary-general, League of Agrarian Communities of Guerrero, 1987; secretary of Organization, CEN of CNC, 2001. h—None. i—Son of Nabor Ojeda Caballero, brigade general and senator, and Alicia Delgado, teacher; married Reyna Concepción Lazcano Xoxotla. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM87, 529; DBGM92, 536; QesQ en el Congreso, 227–228; DCM, 2000–2003, 439. Ojeda Paullada, Pedro a—Jan. 19, 1934. b—Federal District. c—Elementary studies at Escuela Mexicano-Inglés, Mexico City, 1940–1944; secondary studies in Mexico City, 1945–1947; preparatory studies at National Preparatory School, 1948–1949;

studied at National School of Law, UNAM, 1950–1954, law degree, 1955, with thesis on Federal Boards of Moral, Civic, and Material Improvement; professor, National School of Law, UNAM, 46 years. d—Plurinominal federal deputy from PRI, 1991–1994. e—Joined PRI, 1951; member, Organizing Committee of the National Program of PRI, 1962; PRI representative to Electoral Commission for the 13th District, Mexico City, 1963–1964; delegate of IEPES of PRI to CEPES of Morelos, 1969; president, CEN of PRI, 1981–1982. f—Merit employee, Seventh Civil Judicial District, Federal District, 1950–1951; employee, Personnel Department, PEMEX, 1952; legal intern, Secretariat of Health and Welfare, 1953; assistant director general, Board of Moral, Civic and Material Improvements, Secretariat of Government Properties, under José López Portillo, 1959–1965; adviser, ChihuahuaPacific Railroad; director general of legal affairs, Secretariat of Communications and Transportation; director, Technical Advisory Commission of General Means of Communication, Secretariat of Communications and Transportation, 1966–1970; oficial mayor, Office of the Presidency, 1970–1971; attorney general of Mexico, 1971–1976; secretary of labor, 1976–1981; head, Department of Fisheries, 1982–1988; president, Federal Board of Conciliation and Arbitration, 1995–2000. g—Founder and president, Platform of Mexican Professionals, 1961. h—Practiced law, 1955–1959. i—Personal friend of Luis Echeverría; knew Jorge de la Vega Domínguez as student at law school; married Olga Cárdenas, lawyer; son of lawyer Manuel R. Ojeda Lacroix, director, Legal Department, Secretariat of Health, and Adela Paullada Preciat; grandfather Pedro Ojeda, lawyer in Chiapas. j—None. k—None. l—HA, Aug. 30, 1971, 10; MGF69, 278; HA, Dec. 14, 1970, 23; DPE61, 61; DPE71, 124; Latin America, Dec. 3, 1976; HA, May 2, 1977, 18; Excélsior, Dec. 1, 1976; HA, Dec. 6, 1976, 23; Excélsior, Jan. 31, 1984, 4; Q es QAP, 407; Excélsior, Oct. 15, 1981,

t he b io g ra phies  693

1; Excélsior, Dec. 1, 1982, 34; Informe, 78; Excélsior, Jan. 31, 1984, 4; Proceso, July 20, 1987, 10; DBGM, 309; DBGM92, 536; letter. Ojeda (Rovira), Carlos Darío (Deceased) a—July 27, 1896. b—Veracruz. c—Early education unknown; no degree. d—Federal deputy from State of Veracruz, Dist. 9, 1930–1932; federal deputy from State of Veracruz, Dist. 11, 1932–1934. e—None. f—Joined Foreign Service, 1935; ambassador to Sweden, 1935–1936; ambassador to Belgium, 1936–1937; ambassador to Colombia, 1939–1940; ambassador to Uruguay, 1940– 1943; ambassador to Costa Rica, 1946–1948; ambassador to Italy, 1950–1953; ambassador to Peru, 1953–1956; oficial mayor, Secretariat of Foreign Relations, 1957–1964; ambassador to Switzerland, 1965. g—None. h—None. i—Married María Teresa Maldonaldo Rojas; son Carlos Daríos Maldonado was consulgeneral in Chicago, 1984 j—None. k—None. l—Letter; DBGM, 309. Ojeda Zubieta, César Raúl a—July 20, 1952. b—Jonuta, Tabasco. c—Early education unknown; degree in political science from School of Political and Social Sciences, UNAM, 1972–1976; diploma in business administration, CIDE, 1978. d—Local deputy, State Legislature of Tabasco, 52nd session, 1986–1989, president of the Legislature, 1986–1987; federal deputy from State of Tabasco, Dist. 1, 1994–1997; senator from Tabasco, 2000–2006. e—Joined PRI; resigned, 1998; joined PRD; PRD candidate for governor of Tabasco, 2000, 2001, 2006. f—Auxiliary secretary to director general, Fertilizantes, 1976–1978. g—None. h—Prominent local businessman; owner of Hyatt Hotel and Holiday Inn, Villahermosa, Tabasco; secretary, Board of Directors, Inmobiliaria Rog, SA, 1999; president, Frigorí Empacadora Tabasco, 1989–1999. i—Son of Raúl Ojeda Garrido, cattle rancher and businessman, nephew of Tomás Garrido Canabal, mayor of Jonuta, 1962–1964, and political boss of Jonuta. j—None. k—Detained by Federal Investigation Agency, Mar., 1988, for alleged tax evasion.

l—QesQ en el Congreso, 326; www.escenar iopolitico.com.mx, 2008; www.novedades detabasco.com.mx, Mar. 13, 2008. Olachea Aviles, Agustín (Deceased Apr. 13, 1974) a—Sept. 3, 1892. b—Todos Santos, San Venancio, Baja California del Sur. c—No formal education. d—None. e—President, CEN of PRI, Apr. 26–Dec. 3, 1958. f—Governor, Baja California del Sur, 1929–1931; governor, Baja California del Norte, 1931–1935; governor, Baja California del Sur, 1946–1952, 1952–1956; secretary of national defense, 1958–1964. g—None. h—Before the Revolution, worked as miner. i—Parents were rural laborers; son Agustín Olachea Borbón was director of Department of Tourism, 1970–1973; married Ana María Borbón. j—Joined the Revolution as private, 1913, under General Manuel Diéguez; rank of captain, 1914; rank of lieutenant colonel, 1915; fought under General Obregón in Battle of Ciudad Juárez, 1915; rank of colonel, 1917; head of military operations, Yucatán and Quintana Roo, 1925–1926; fought Yaquis in Sonora, 1926; rank of brigadier general, May 16, 1929; commander, 5th Infantry Battalion, 1929; fought against Escobar rebellion, 1929; commander, 13th Military Zone, Tepic, Nayarit, 1940–1945; commander, 15th Military Zone, Guadalajara, Jalisco, 1945–1946; rank of division general. k—Brandenburg places Olachea Aviles in the Inner Circle of decision making in Mexico from 1946 to 1958; as young boy, participated in Cananea mining strike, 1906; supported Cárdenas for president in 1934. l—Hoy, Dec., 1958; HA, Dec. 8, 1958, 25; DGF56, 103, 201; Brandenburg, 102; DGF51, I, 88; Scott, 171; Peral, 584; Morton, 93, 100, 110, 117–118; Polémica, I, 1969, 75; Gaxiola, 177–178; Enc. Mex., IX, 569; Excélsior, Apr. 14, 1974, 4; HA, Apr. 22, 1974, 19; López, 787. Olachea Borbón, Agustín a—May 2, 1933. b—Tijuana, Baja California del Norte. c—Early education unknown; studied economics at National School of Economics, UNAM, 1954–1958, graduating May 12, 1960. d—None. e—Coordinator of economic

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advisers, presidential campaign of Adolfo López Mateos, 1958, while his father was president of CEN of PRI; precandidate for PRI senatorial nomination from Baja California del Sur, 1981. f—Member, Advisory Commission for the Mexico–United States Border; director of publications, Bureau of Tourist Studies, 1966–1970; head, Tourism Department, 1970–1973; ambassador to Romania, 1973. g—None. h—Employed in administration of treasury studies, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1954; author of many works on tourism in Mexico. i—Attended law school with José Bermúdez Limón at UNAM; son of Agustín Olachea Aviles, president of CEN of PRI, 1956–1958, and secretary of national defense, 1958–1964; brother‑in‑law of Israel Nogueda Otero, governor of Guerrero, 1971–1975; married María de los Ángeles Nogueda. j—None. k—None. l—HA, Dec. 7, 1970, 26; Hoy, Dec., 1970; letter; Excélsior, Dec. 26, 1981, 16. Olamendi Torres, Carlos a—Oct. 17, 1955. b—Cholula, Puebla. c—Primary and secondary studies in Cuautla, Morelos; preparatory studies in Puebla, Puebla; studies in law at University of Morelos, Cuautla, and National School of Law, UNAM. d—None. e—Secretary of relations, Central Committee, PST; member, Executive Committee of PST Central Committee, 1979. f—High commissioner for migrant affairs, Puebla, 2007. g—None. i—Sister Patricia, plurinominal federal deputy from PRD, 1988–1991, and assistant secretary of human rights, Secretariat of Foreign Relations, 2003–2005; brother-in-law Agustín M. Alonso Raya, plurinominal federal deputy from PST, 1985–1988, and from PRD, 1997– 2000. j—None. k—None. l—HA, Mar. 19, 1979, 4; DBGM89, 506. Olamendi Torres, Patricia a—1956. b—Cholula, Puebla. c—Elementary and secondary studies in Cuautla, Morelos; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM; MA in law from Ibero-American University. d—Plurinominal federal deputy from PRD, 1988–1991. e—Joined

PST; member, Mexican Socialist Party; cofounder, PRD, 1989. f—Assistant prosecutor for victims of crime, Office of the Attorney General of the Federal District; director general, Office of the Attorney General of the Federal District; assistant secretary of global issues, Secretariat of Foreign Relations, 2001–2003; assistant secretary of human rights, Secretariat of Foreign Relations, 2003–2005; adviser to president, National Council to Prevent Discrimination, 2007. g—President, Projectores Mujer, AC; cofounder, Grupo Plural Pro-Victimas. i—Married Agustín Miguel Alonso Raya, plurinominal federal deputy from PST, 1985–1988, and federal deputy from PRD, 1997–2000, 2003–2006; brother Carlos Olamendi Torres was member of PST Central Committee, 1979. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM87, 431; Musacchio, 307; www .vamosmexico.org, 2008; DBGM89, 506. Olea Enríquez, Miguel Ángel a—Oct. 16, 1925. b—Chihuahua, Chihuahua. c—Early education unknown; public accounting degree from School of Banking and Business Administration, 1942–1947. d—Federal deputy from State of Chihuahua, Dist. 1, 1958–1961; federal deputy from State of Chihuahua, Dist. 10, 1982–1985. e—Joined PRI, 1947. f—Coordinator general, General Commission on Prices, Secretariat of Commerce, 1977–1982; director general, CORDEMEX, 1964–1971; administrative assistant director of federal automobile registration, 1962–1964. g—Treasurer and vice president, Mexican Hotel Association, 1957–1959; vice president, Chamber of Commerce, Chihuahua, 1959. h—Manager, Hilton Hotel, Chihuahua, 1952–1959; director of sales, Grupo Gruma Industrial, 1971–1979. i—Son of Miguel Olea Siqueiros, businessman, industrialist, and manager of La Mercantil, SA, 1944, and Carmen Enríquez Alcalá; married Hortensia Sisniega Márquez; son Miguel Ángel Olea Sisniega, GATT negotiator and ambassador; brother-in-law Juan Enríquez Alcalá, prominent businessman and son of Emiliano Enríquez Terrazas and Carmen

t he b io g ra phies  695

Alcalá. j—None. k—None. l—Directorio, 1982–1985; C de D, 1958–1961; www.canaco chihuahua.com.mx, 2007. Olea Muñoz, Javier Ignacio b—Guerrero. c—Early education unknown; legal studies degree from National School of Law, UNAM, 1949–1953, graduating in 1954 with thesis on liberal groups in the university. d—None. e—Precandidate for PRI nomination for governor, 1975; cofounder, PRD, 1989. f—Attorney general, State of Guerrero, under Governor Raúl Caballero Aburto, 1961; private secretary to governor of Guerrero; governor, Guerrero, Jan. 31, 1975–May 31, 1975; ambassador to Japan, 1977–1979. g—Student leader, movement against Salvador Zubirán, 1950s. h—Practicing lawyer in criminal law, Mexico City. i—Son Víctor, assistant attorney general of Guerrero; daughter Ana Luisa Olea Peláez, assistant secretary of tourism j—None. k—Resisted Permanent Committee’s decision to dissolve state powers under Raúl Caballero, 1961; held responsible by some critics for ordering the army to shoot student strikers in Guerrero, 1961; appointed interim governor of Guerrero by Permanent Committee after Israel Nogueda Otero’s powers as governor were dissolved. l—DJBM, 99; HA, Apr. 11, 1977, 6; HA, Feb. 10, 1975, 27; Excélsior, Feb. 3, 1975, 9; Excélsior, Feb. 2, 1975, 9; www.suracapulco .com.mx, 2008; www.letraslibres.com, 2007; www.difusioncultural.uam.mx, 2008. Olea, Sabino M. (Deceased 1950) a—1880. b—Ajuchitlán, Guerrero. c—Early education unknown; preparatory studies at Colegio de San Nicolás, Morelia, Michoacán; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, 1907. d—None. e—None. f—Justice, Superior Tribunal of Justice, Federal District and Federal Territories; justice, Supreme Court, 1923–1935; justice, Supreme Court, 1935–1940, retired, 1940. g—None. h—Poet. j—None. k—None. l—DP70, 1510; López, 788; www.scjn.gob.mx, 2008. Olea y Leyva, Teófilo (Deceased Sept. 5, 1956) a—Jan. 8, 1895. b—San Salvador

Hacienda, Miacatlán, Morelos. c—Elementary and secondary studies in Chilpancingo, Guerrero, 1903–1910; preparatory studies at National Preparatory School, Mexico City, 1911–1915; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, Aug. 19, 1919; PhD from School of Higher Studies, UNAM; professor of logic, ethics, penal law, and legal procedures, School of Higher Studies and Law School, UNAM; cofounder, Popular University; professor of law, Free Law School. d—Local deputy, State Legislature of Guerrero; president, State Legislature of Guerrero, 1920. e—Prominent member and founder, PAN, 1939; supporter of General Almazán, 1939–1940. f—Secretary-general of government, State of Guerrero; agent, Military Ministerio Público, 1920; justice, Superior Tribunal, Federal District and Territories; justice, Supreme Court, 1941–1946, 1946–1952, 1952–1956. g—Founder, National Association of Legal Employees. h—Author of many major works on Mexican law; writer, El Universal. i—Law school classmate of Trinidad García, later director of the law school, 1934–1935; nephew of Agustín Aragón y León; son of Urbano Olea, hacienda administrator, and María de la Luz Leyva; married Magdalena Figueroa, 1922. j—Served in the Revolution. k—Part of Seven Wise Men generation at National Preparatory School, which included Manuel Gómez Morín, founder and president of PAN. l—Peral, 585; DP70, 1510; WWM45, 86; DGF56, 567; DGF51, I, 567; HA, Sept. 17, 1956, 15; Enc. Mex., IX, 570; López, 788; Krauze, 93; Cadena, 120; www.adrianavano .com, 2007; www.e-local.gob.mx, 2008. Olguín Vargas, María Amelia a—Jan. 5, 1946. b—Hidalgo. c—Elementary studies at Centro Escolar. 1940; secondary studies at Miguel Hidalgo School, Actopán, Hidalgo; preparatory studies at National Preparatory School; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM. d—Local deputy, State Legislature of Hidalgo, 1975; federal deputy from State of Hidalgo, Dist. 3, 1979–1982. e—General delegate, CEN of PRI to Morelos.

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f—Secretary of agreements, Local Board of Conciliation and Arbitration, Department of the Federal District, 1970–1976; member, local Board of Conciliation and Arbitration, Department of the Federal District. g—CNC special delegate, to Michoacán, 1973; secretary of women’s action, League of Agrarian Communities, CNC of Michoacán, Quintana Roo, Nuevo León, State of Mexico, Oaxaca, Tabasco, Chiapas, Sonora, Baja California del Norte, Hidalgo; secretary of indigenous action, CEN of CNC, 1974; secretary of union action, CEN of CNC, 1978. h—Notary Public No. 6, Tula de Allende, Hidalgo. i—Daughter of Ricardo Olguín Zamora and Josefina Vargas Baños; widow. j—None. k—None. l—Romero Aceves, 722; Protag., 255; C de D, 1979–1982. Oliva Fragoso, Silvia a—Nov. 8, 1947. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; degree in educational psychology from Higher Normal School, 1973–1977; MA in educational administration from National Teachers’ University, 1992–1994; MA in administration of justice, 2001–2003; elementary school teacher, 1968–1977. d—Alternate local representative, Assembly of the Federal District, 1994–1997; plurinominal federal deputy from PRD, 1997–2000; representative to Assembly of the Federal District, 2003–2006; federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. 19, 2006–2009. e—Joined PRT, 1976–1988; joined PRD, 1989; president, PRD, Iztapalapa, Federal District, 1996–1998. f—Vocational counselor for secondary schools, Secretariat of Public Education, 1977–1993; adviser in open preparatory system, 1980–1994. g—Member, Independent Current, SNTE, 1975. h—None. i—Daughter of Alberto Oliva and Julia Fragoso. j—None. k—None. l—www.secgob.gob.mx, 1997; QesQ en el Congreso, 1997–2000, 101; www.diputados .gob.mx, 2006–2009; Directorio del Congreso, 2006–2009, 87. Oliva Ramírez, Juan Manuel a—Jan. 21, 1960. b—León, Guanajuato. c—Elementary studies at Catholic Instituto Lourdes and

Justo Sierra School, León, 1967–1973; preparatory studies at University of Guanajuato; degree in journalism from Carlos Septién García School of Journalism, Mexico City, 1979–1983. d—Local deputy, State Legislature of Guanajuato, Dist. 4, 1991–1994, coordinator of PAN delegation; senator from Guanajuato, 2000–2006, on leave, 2000–2003; governor, Guanajuato, 2006–2012. e—Joined PAN, 1989; secretary of organization, PAN Regional Committee, Guanajuato, 1991–1993; president, PAN Regional Committee, Guanajuato, 1993– 1999; member, National Council of PAN, 2001–2004. f—Information analyst, Department of the Federal District, 1979–1980; secretary-general of government, Guanajuato, 2000–2003. g—None. h—Reporter, El Sol del Valle de Naucalpan, 1980–1981, El Universal, 1982–1983; El Heraldo de México; news chief, Contacto con León, 1984–1987. i—Son of Emeterio Oliva Ibarra and María Guadalupe Ramírez Solano; married Marta Martínez Castro, teacher; brother of Jaime Oliva Ramírez, federal deputy from Guanajuato, Dist. 6, 2009–2012. j—None. k—None. l—www.liderempersocial.com, Dec., 2006; www.es.wikipedia.org, 2008; QesQ en el Congreso, 2000–2003, 312; www.guanajuato.gob.mx, 2007. Olivares Santana, Enrique (Deceased Mar. 16, 2004) a—Aug. 22, 1920. b—San Luis de Letras, Rincón de Romos, Aguascalientes. c—Primary and secondary studies in Aguascalientes; secondary studies at Normal School, San Marcos, Zacatecas; teaching certificate as a rural teacher from Regional Peasant School, 1938; normal school teaching certificate, 1951; teacher, Escuela de Jesús María, Aguascalientes; teacher, Escuela de San José de Gracia; group teacher, Secretariat of Public Education. d—Local deputy, State Legislature of Aguascalientes, 1950–1953; federal deputy from State of Aguascalientes, Dist. 2, 1958– 1961, member of Administration Committee, Legislative Studies Committee, 1st Government Committee, Foreign Relations

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Committee; governor, Aguascalientes, 1962– 1968; senator from State of Aguascalientes, 1970–1976, president of Gran Comisión, 1st Government Committee, 1st Constitutional Affairs Committee. e—President, State Regional Committee of PRI, Aguascalientes, 1952–1953; delegate of CEN of PRI to San Luis Potosí, Yucatán, and Colima, 1958–1962; head, State Planning Council of Aguascalientes for presidential campaign of Adolfo López Mateos, 1958; secretarygeneral, CEN of PRI, under Alfonso Martínez Domínguez, 1968–1970; secretary of political action, CEN of PRI, 1972–1974; member, Political Action Commission, IEPES of PRI, 1972; president, National Advisory Committee on Ideology and Program, José López Portillo presidential campaign, 1976. f—Director of group teachers, Secretariat of Public Education; federal inspector, Secretariat of Public Education, Zacatecas and Aguascalientes; director general, National Public Works Bank, 1976–1979; secretary of government, 1979–1982; ambassador to Cuba, 1985–1987; ambassador to the Vatican, 1992–1994. g—Secretary-general, Local No. 1, SNTE; secretary of organization, National Teachers’ Union; leader, League of Agrarian Communities and Farmers Unions, 1948; Freemason, 33rd degree. h—None. i—Son of peasants; father, Teodoro Olivares Calzada, agrarian leader in Aguascalientes; married Belén Ventura; Augusto Gómez Villanueva was his private secretary as governor; son Héctor Hugo Olivares was oficial mayor of Department of Agrarian Affairs and senator from Aguascalientes, 1976– 1982. j—None. k—His accession to secretary-general of SNTE was blocked by Jesús Robles Martínez’s and Manuel Sánchez Vite’s groups. l—HA, Jan. 18, 1971, 18; DBM68, 464; Hoy, Feb. 20, 1971, 10; DBM70, 414–415; C de S, 1970–1976; HA, Jan. 2, 1978; Func., 119; Excélsior, June 7, 1977, 6; HA, July 10, 1972, 10; Excélsior, May 18, 1979, 7; HA, Jan. 2, 1978; Func., 119; HA, May 28, 1979, 12–13; Excélsior, May 23, 1983, 18; HA, Apr. 8, 1985; Excélsior, May 19, 1997, A1.

Olivares (Ventura), Héctor Hugo

a—May 24, 1944. b—Pabellón de Arteaga, Aguascalientes. c—Elementary studies at Benito Juárez Public School; secondary studies at J. A. Ceniceros School; secondary teaching certificate from Regional Normal Center, Ciudad Guzmán, Jalisco, 1960–1963; graduated from Higher Normal School, Nayarit, with specialization in geography, 1964–1969; degree in political and social science, National School of Political and Social Science, UNAM, 1970–1974. d—Senator from State of Aguascalientes, 1976–1982, 1988–1994; federal deputy from State of Aguascalientes, Dist. 2, 1982–1985; federal deputy from State of Aguascalientes, Dist. 2, 1994-1997; plurinominal federal deputy from PRI, 2006–2009. e—Director of youth, PRI Local Committee, Ciudad Guzmán, Jalisco, 1962; director of youth, PRI Regional Committee, Jalisco, 1962; director of youth, PRI Regional Committee, Aguascalientes, 1969; director of youth, PRI Regional Committee, Federal District, 1971; secretary of Fishing Development, CEN of PRI, 1977; secretary of organization, CEN of PRI, 1984; secretary of agrarian action, CEN of PRI, 1986; oficial mayor, CEN of PRI, 1988; general delegate of CEN of PRI to 27 entities; electoral secretary, CEN of PRI, 1997–1998; PRI candidate for governor of Aguascalientes, 1998; assistant secretary-general, CEN of PRI, 2006. f—Oficial mayor, Department of Agrarian Reform, 1974–1975; director of legislative studies, Secretariat of Government, 1999–2000. g—President, first generation of regional normal school students of Ciudad Guzmán, Jalisco, and Iguala, Guerrero, 1963; secretary of organization, Delegation from Local No. 28, SNTE, Aguascalientes, 1967; press and publicity secretary, CEN of CNC, 1970–1971; secretary of education action, CEN of CNC, 1971; CNC delegate to VI National Assembly of PRI, 1971; alternate secretary-general, CNC, 1974; secretary of organization, CNC, 1980; secretary-general, CNC, 1986–1988. i—Son of Enrique Olivares Santana, secretary of government,

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1979–1982, and Belén Ventura Rodríguez; grandson of Teodoro Olivares Calzada, first secretary-general of League of Agrarian Communities of Aguascalientes. j—None. k—None. l—Almanaque de Aguascalientes, 21; HA, Mar. 26, 1984, 16; Directorio, 1982– 1985; Protag., 255; C de D, 1982–1985; C de S, 1976–1982; Almanaque de Aguascalientes, 21; HA, Mar. 26, 1984, 16; DBGM92, 537; DBGM89, 507; Lehr, 34; Protag., 255; www .diputados.gob.mx, 2007. Olivé, Isaac b—Paraíso, Tabasco. c—Early education unknown; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM. d—Federal deputy from State of Tabasco, Dist. 3, 1922–1924, member of Gran Comisión; federal deputy from State of Oaxaca, Dist. 11, 1918–1920, member of Gran Comisión; federal deputy from State of Oaxaca, Dist. 2, 1917–1918. e—None. f—Secretary of government, State of Oaxaca; judge, Criminal Jurisdiction, Fifth Judicial District, Mexico City; district court judge; oficial mayor, Secretariat of Labor, 1937–1939. g—None. i—Political collaborator of Antonio Villalobos, secretary of labor, 1937–1940. j—Joined Constitutionalists as law school student. k—Supported General Obregón in 1920. l—C de D, 1917–1918; C de D, 1918–1920; C de D, 1922–1924; PS, 4430. Oliver Bustamante, Mario a—Sept. 22, 1924. b—Real del Monte, Hidalgo. c—Early education unknown; graduated as 2nd artillery lieutenant from Heroic Military College, 1943–1947; diploma, staff and command course, Higher War College, 1951–1953; advanced artillery courses, Ft. Sill, Okla., and Ft. Bliss, Tex., 1955; U.S. Army instructor, Caribbean School, Canal Zone, Panama, 1958–1959; professor, Heroic Military College, 1962. d—None. e—None. f—Chief of staff, Secretariat of National Defense, 1976–1978; military attaché to Argentina, Uruguay, and Paraguay, 1978–1981. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Tomás Oliver Cerón, railroad mechanic, and Julia Bustamante Banaco. j—Joined army as cadet, 1943; assigned to

2nd Artillery Regiment, 1947–1951; served with 2nd Artillery Battalion, 1959; rank of artillery colonel, 1969; chief, Sec. 3, staff, Secretariat of National Defense, 1969–1971; chief of staff, 16th Military Zone, Irapuato, Guanajuato, 1973–1976, under General Félix Galván López, secretary of national defense, 1976–1982; chief of staff, 5th Military Zone, Chihuahua, Chihuahua, 1976; rank of brigadier general, 1974; commander, 5th Military Zone, Chihuahua, 1981–1983; director general of artillery, Secretariat of National Defense, 1983–1986; director general of personnel, Secretariat of National Defense, 1986–1988. k—None. l—Q es QAP, 80; Rev. de Ejer., Nov., 1969, 47; Rev. de Ejer., Nov.– Dec., 1974, 99; DBGM87, 279; DBGM, 310. Olivera Gómez Tagle, Mario C. a—May 16, 1926. b—Toluca, State of Mexico. c—Secondary and preparatory studies at Scientific and Literary Institute of Mexico, Toluca; medical degree from National School of Medicine, UNAM, Sept., 1951; postgraduate studies at National Institute of Cardiology, 1956–1958; professor of physiology, pathology, and cardiology, Autonomous University of the State of Mexico, Toluca; dean, School of Medicine, Autonomous University of the State of Mexico, Toluca; rector, Autonomous University of the State of Mexico, Toluca, 1960. d—Senator from State of Mexico, 1964–1970. e—None. f—General physician, National Railroads of Mexico, Toluca, 1952; general physician, IMSS Hospital, Toluca, 1961; general physician, ISSSTE, Toluca, 1962. g—Secretarygeneral, Union of Physicians, State of Mexico. h—Radiologist, Toluca Hospital; physician. i—Married Celia Martínez, Nov. 23, 1952; son of Dr. Maríano C. Olivera, editor of El Estudiante newspaper, 1901–1904, Toluca, and active in state politics, and Luz Gómez Tagle; great-grandson of Mariano Olivera, physician to President Benito Juárez. j—None. k—None. l—WNM, 163; C de S, 1964–1970. Olivera Toro (y Cordero), Jorge a—Aug. 18, 1917. b—Oaxaca, Oaxaca. c—Early

t he b io g ra phies  699

education unknown; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, 1941; professor of law, National School of Law, UNAM; professor, Heroic Military College and Higher War College. d—None. e—Joined PNR, 1932. f—Lawyer, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1942–1943; secretary of agreements, Superior Tribunal of Justice, State of Guerrero, 1943–1945; secretary, First Civil Judicial District, Mexico City, 1948; director, Department of Social Security, Secretariat of Labor, 1959–1960; director general of labor, Secretariat of Labor, 1961–1963; technical adviser, Department of Tourism, 1966–1969; adviser to presidential staff, 1957–1968; adviser to secretary of national defense, 1970–1974; assistant director, IMSS of the Armed Forces, 1976; supernumerary justice, Supreme Court, 1976–1978; justice, Supreme Court, 1979–1988. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Rafael Olivera Toro Martínez, businessman, and Carmen Cordero Martínez; married Juana Alonso García; son Jorge Rafael Olivera Toro y Alonso was a federal circuit court judge, 1990. j—None. k—None. l—Protag., 255–256; DBGM92, 685; DBGM87, 648; DBGM, 676. Olivo Solís, Ángel a—Jan. 21, 1917. b—Tuxtla, Veracruz. c—Early education unknown; studies for a teaching certificate, 1938. d—Federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. 2, 1973–1976, 1979–1982. e—Joined PRI, 1945; representative of CEN of PRI to Michoacán and Guanajuato, 1969. f—Director, Literacy Office, Department of the Federal District, 1943; assistant director, Department of Labor, Department of the Federal District, 1945. g—Cofounder, CTM, 1936; secretary-general, Unión Lonas La Providencia, 1937; member, Executive Board, Federation of Workers, 1947; member, Executive Committee, Federation of Working Groups, 1949; founder and leader, National Revolutionary Coalition, 1950; organizer, Revolutionary Workers’ Federation, 1952; founder, National Workers’ Central, 1960; secretary-general, National Workers’ Central, 1963; founder, Congress

of Labor, 1966; secretary-general, Revolutionary Workers’ Federation, 1967–1984. j—None. k—None. l—HA, July 10, 1978, 9; C de D, 1973–1976, 6; Protag., 256; PRI, 1983, 386. Olmos (Hernández), Salvador (Deceased July 10, 1978) a—1917. b—Jalapa, Veracruz. c—Teaching certificate. d—Member, City Council, Jalapa; local deputy, State Legislature of Veracruz; federal deputy from State of Veracruz, Dist. 5, 1958–1961, member of Colonization Committee, Budget and Accounts Committee, Securities Committee, 1st General Means of Communication and Transportation Committee. e—None. f—Private secretary to Adolfo Ruiz Cortines, secretary of government, 1946–1952; private secretary to President Adolfo Ruiz Cortines, 1952–1958. g—Representative of CTM. h—Personal secretary to Adolfo Ruiz Cortines, 1961–1973. j—None. k—None. l—DGF56, 67; C de D, 1958–1960, 86; Func., 392. Olvera Acevedo, José Marco Antonio

a—June 13, 1951. b—Sombrerete, Zacatecas. c—Early education unknown; business administration degree from ITESM, 1970– 1976; teacher, Center for Higher Technical Education No. 113, Zacatecas, 1980–1982; teacher, Technical Preparatory Center, 1984–1985; teacher, Benito Juárez Preparatory School, 1986–1987. d—Mayor, Sombrete, 1983–1985; alternate federal deputy No. 2, from Zacatecas, 1985–1988; local deputy, State Legislature of Zacatecas, 52nd Session, 1986–1989; federal deputy from State of Zacatecas, Dist. 1, 1991–1994, coordinator of PRI Zacatecas delegation; plurinominal federal deputy from PRI, 1997–2000. e—Joined PRI, 1973; assistant secretary-general of PRI, Zacatecas, 1986–1988; president of PRI, Zacatecas, 1988–1991; general delegate, CEN of PRI, to Coahuila, 1992–1993, Chihuahua, 1994, San Luis Potosí, 1995–1997; PRI candidate for governor of Zacatecas, 1998; assistant secretary of regional coordination, CEN of PRI, 1992–1993. f—None. g—None. h—General Administrator, Olvera Gas, Sombrerete, 1978–1980; manager of

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industrial relations, RYT de México, 1976–1978; i—Son of Francisco Olvera Peralta, miner, alternate federal deputy from Zacatecas, Dist. 4, 1952–1954, and mayor of Sombrerete, 1965–1967. j—None. k—None. l—www.xzol.120.149.127, 2008; QesQ en el Congreso, 1997–2000, 212; DBGM92, 538. Olvera Castillo, Amado a—Sept. 13, 1939. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; public accounting degree from UNAM, 1960–1965. d—Alternate federal deputy from State of Mexico, Dist. 18, 1982–1985; federal deputy from State of Mexico, Dist. 18, 1985–1988; local deputy, State Legislature of Mexico, 1996–2000; plurinominal federal deputy from PAN, 2000–2003. e—Joined PAN, 1982; president of PAN, Naucalpan, State of Mexico, 1983–1985; national adviser, PAN, 1984–1985; member, PAN National Council, 1984–1996. f—None. g—None. h—President, Billard Monarch, SA; owner, Amado Olvera and Associates; director general, Recreaciones Siglo XXI. i—Son of Luis Olvera Aguilar and Joaquina Castillo; married María del Carmen Higuera Montoya. j—None. k—None. l—QesQ en el Congreso, 2000– 2003, 75–76; DBGM87, 530; Musacchio, 309; DCM, 2000–2003, 440. Olvera Gámez, Domingo (Deceased) a—May 9, 1902. b—Villa del Pueblito, Querétaro. c—Elementary studies at Colegio Arana, Querétaro, Querétaro; secondary studies at Colegio Civil of Querétaro; no degree. d—Alternate federal deputy from State of Querétaro, Dist. 2, 1943–1946; local deputy, 36th Session, State Legislature of Querétaro; federal deputy from State of Querétaro, Dist. 1, 1955–1958; senator from State of Querétaro, 1958–1964, member of 2nd Balloting Group, 2nd secretary of 2nd Ejido Committee, and president of Electrical Industry Committee. e—Oficial mayor of PRI, Querétaro (20 years). f—Oficial mayor, State Government of Querétaro, 1925; secretary-general of government, State of Querétaro; treasurer, City of Querétaro. g—None. h—Farmer until 1925. j—None. k—Elected

as alternate federal deputy in 1955 but replaced regular deputy in 1956. l—Func., 331; DGF56, 27; C de S, 1961–1964, 65. Oñate Laborde, Santiago a—May 24, 1949. b—Federal District, c—Early education unknown; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, with thesis on legal process; diploma in law and sociology from Degli Studi di Pavia University, Italy, 1972– 1974; MA in economics and politics from London School of Economics, 1974–1975; PhD in legal sociology from School of Law, University of Wisconsin, Madison, 1981– 1982, with thesis on labor disputes; professor, Law Department, Autonomous Metropolitan University, Azcapotzalco Campus, 1975–1984; professor, National School of Law, UNAM, 1976. d—Federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. 25, 1985–1988; representative to Assembly of the Federal District, Dist. 14, 1988–1991. e—Joined PRI, 1974; legal director, CEN of PRI, 1987–1989; secretary of ideological divulgation, CEN of PRI, 1990; secretary of international affairs, CEN of PRI, 1993–1994; president, CEN of PRI, 1995–1996. f—Ambassador to OAS, 1991–1992; attorney for environmental protection, Secretariat of Social Development, 1992–1993; coordinator, Office of Coordination, Office of the Presidency of Mexico, 1994; secretary of labor, 1994–1995; ambassador to England, 1997–2001; permanent representative to Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons, 2001–2003. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Santiago Oñate Salemme, lawyer, professor at UNAM, PAN leader, and protégé of Adolfo Christlieb Ibarrola, and Clara Laborde Cancino; married María Laura Madrazo Cancino, lawyer; father attended elementary school in Tampico with Jesús Reyes Heroles, secretary of government, and Cardinal Ernesto Corripio Ahumada; Adolfo Christlieb Ibarrola tutored him and his brothers when their father died; mother is daughter of Hernán Laborde, presidential candidate of the Communist Party of Mexico; grandparents, Santiago Oñate and

t he b io g ra phies  701

Dolores Salemme; great-grandparents, Salemme Giacomo, sailor, ship captain, and captain of the Port of Tampico, and Filomena Colozzi. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM92, 267; letter; www.fortunecity .com, 2008; Notimex, Apr. 5, 1994; El Financiero, Dec. 1, 1994, 51; DP95, 2545. Orantes López, María Elena a—July 24, 1968. b—Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas. c—Early education unknown; degree in communication sciences from ITESM, Monterrey, Nuevo León; MA in administration and public policy from ITESM. d—Local deputy, State Legislature of Chiapas; federal deputy from State of Chiapas, Dist. 2, 2003–2006; senator from Chiapas, 2006–2012. e—Member of PRI; political adviser to PRI, Chiapas; secretary-general of social communications of PRI; National political adviser, CEN of PRI. f—None. g—None. h—Reporter for radio and television. i—Married Eduardo Montoya Liévano, attorney general of Chiapas and director of State Preventive Police; brother Marco Antonio Orantes López, candidate for mayor of Tapilula, Chiapas, and sonin-law of police chief of Tapilula; brother Hernán de Jesús Orantes, federal deputy from State of Chiapas, Dist. 2, 2009–2012. j—None. k—None. l—www.lajornada. unam.mx, Aug. 8, 2007; Directorio del Congreso, 2006–2009, 57; www.senado.gob.mx, 2007; www.diputados.gob.mx, 2003–2006. Orcí Magaña, (Salim) Arturo a—Apr. 26, 1957. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; law degree from Inter-Continental University, 1976–1981. d—None. e—Joined PRI, 1980; assistant coordinator of special events, Carlos Salinas’ presidential campaign, 1987–1988. f—Aide, Stock Market Department, Bank of Mexico, 1979; director, Office of Legal Instrumentation, Secretariat of Agrarian Reform, 1980; assistant director for presidential trips, 1983–1984; director for presidential trips, 1985–1987; private secretary and assistant secretary to President Miguel de la Madrid, 1987; director general

of development, Secretariat of Agrarian Reform, 1988; private secretary to assistant secretary of regional development, Secretariat of Social Development; oficial mayor of social development, 1992–1995, 1995–1998; director general, Commission for the Regulation of Land. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Ramiro Orcí Covarrubias, retailer, and Hilda Magaña Reyes; married Rosa María Cárdenas, psychologist. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM89, 256–257; Pescador, 200; DBGM94, CD; www.corett.gob.mx, 2009. Orduña Culebro, Alberto a—Apr. 29, 1918. b—Tapachula, Chiapas. c—Primary and secondary studies in Tapachula; completed 1st year of business studies in Veracruz, Veracruz. d—Federal deputy from State of Chiapas, Dist. 5, 1964–1967. e—Organized and founded, Tapachultec Civic Party, 1945; PARM candidate for federal deputy, 1952; member of PARM. f—Stenographer, federal government, 1937– 1947; director of personnel, administrative employees, Secretariat of Labor, 1947–1948; tax administrator and general inspector of finance, State of Chiapas, 1948–1956; inspector of free ports; inspector of rules, Division of Government, Department of the Federal District; employee, Department of Agricultural Development, Department of Agrarian Affairs, 1959–1964. g—None. h—Not in government, 1957–1959. i—Son of María Herminia Orduña Marcelino; brother Ricardo, prominent figure in Tapachula j—None. k—None. l—C de D, 1964–1967. Orijel Salazar, Manuel (Deceased) a—July 29, 1913. b—Federal District. c—Elementary studies under Dr. Agustín Rivera, Mexico City, 1920–1927; secondary studies at Centro Escolar Revolucionario, Mexico City, 1941–1943; preparatory studies at National Preparatory School No. 3, 1944–1945 and No. 1, 1957; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, 1958–1962; professor, National Preparatory School No. 2, Mexico City, 1963–1966. d—Federal deputy from the Federal District, Dist. 9, 1946– 1949, member of 2nd Balloting Committee,

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War Matériel Committee, 3rd Labor Committee, 2nd General Means of Communication Committee, Inspection Committee of the General Accounting Office; federal deputy from the Federal District, Dist. 8, 1964–1967, member of Department of the Federal District Administration Committee (1st year), 4th Sec. on Administration of Legislative Studies Committee, Public Works Committee; federal deputy from the Federal District, Dist. 8, 1970–1973, member of Domestic Trade Committee, Department of the Federal District Committee, 7th Sec. on Commerce and Credit of the Legislative Studies Committee, Military Industry Committee, Rules Committee; delegate from Iztapalapa, Department of the Federal District. e—Secretary of bureaucratic action, PRI; secretary, Youth Commission, CEN of PRI; press and publicity secretary, Regional Committee of PRI, Federal District; general delegate of CNOP of PRI to various states; treasurer and secretary-general, CNOP, Federal District; member, National Council of PRI; director of popular action, PRI, Federal District, 1976. f—Chief of lawyers, Board of Arbitration, FSTSE. g—Secretary, National Policy Commission, FSTSE; member, Legal Studies Committee, FSTSE; secretary of resolutions, FSTSE. h—Special studies of public administration, union organizations, and labor relations in the United States. i—Married to Ofelia Casillas Ontiveros, federal deputy from the Federal District, 1973–1976, 1979–1982, 1985–1988. j—None. k—None. l—C de D, 1946–1948, 84; C de D, 1964–1966, 63, 81, 83, 90; C de D, 1970–1972, 128; Directorio, 1970–1972. Orive Alba, Adolfo (Deceased) a—Dec. 9, 1907. b—Federal District. c—Primary and secondary studies in Mexico City; engineering degree from National School of Engineering, UNAM, 1927; studied irrigation in the United States on scholarship from National Irrigation Commission, 1928; professor of engineering, UNAM, 1968. d—None. e—None. f—Assistant director, Department of Hydraulic Resources,

Secretariat of Public Works, 1929–1931; chief engineer, National Irrigation Commission, 1932–1935; engineer in charge of construction of Rodríguez Dam, 1935–1936; director of irrigation, Rodríguez Dam, 1936–1938; member, United States–Mexico International Boundary and Waters Commission, Colorado and Bravo Rivers, 1939–1940; executive director, National Irrigation Commission, 1940–1946; secretary of hydraulic resources, 1947–1952; director general, Siderúrgica las Truchas, SA, 1969–1978. g—None. h—Since 1932, author of numerous books and articles on irrigation in Mexico; consulting engineer to Latin American countries, 1952; founded engineering consulting firm, 1961; president, irrigation consulting firm, CIEPS, 1966–1968. i—Close friend of Miguel Alemán; knew Antonio Dovalí Jaime as student at UNAM; son Adolfo Orive Bellinguer was technical secretary of the cabinet under President Zedillo and close friend of Rolando Cordera. j—None. k—Founder and first secretary, Secretariat of Hydraulic Resources. l—HA, Aug. 7, 1972; letter; DBM68, 466–467; HA, Nov. 21, 1952; DGF51, II, 615; Greenberg, 23; IWW67, 917; DGF50, II, 317, 455; DGF51, I, 413; Enc. Mex., IX, 602; www.razouesdeser .com, 2008. Ornelas Kuckle, Óscar a—Nov. 8, 1920. b—Chihuahua, Chihuahua. c—Preparatory studies at Scientific and Literary Institute of Chihuahua; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, July 10, 1944, with thesis on legal decisions; founding professor, School of Law, University of Chihuahua; dean, School of Law, University of Chihuahua; secretary-general, University of Chihuahua; rector, University of Chihuahua, 1964–1970, 1970–1974. d—Mayor, Chihuahua; senator from State of Chihuahua, 1976–1980, representative of Senate to Federal Electoral Committee; governor, Chihuahua, 1980–1985. e—Secretary, local Electoral Committee, Chihuahua, 1952; secretary of educational affairs, PRI, State of Chihuahua. f—Representative, Office of the Treasury,

t he b io g ra phies  703

Chihuahua; federal public defender, Chihuahua; Secretary, Superior Tribunal of Justice, State of Chihuahua. g—CNC general delegate to Veracruz. i—Son of Julio Ornelas Reza, mayor of Chihuahua, 1917, senator, 1918–1920, businessman, and leader of CANACO in Chihuahua, and María Kuckle; married Leonor Hernández Aguayo; grandson of Juan Ornelas, postmaster, and Petra Reza; had strong political ties to Carlos Sansores Pérez. j—None. k—None. l—Excélsior, Feb. 15, 1980, 16; C de S, 1976–1982; DJBM, 101; Almanaque de México, 1982, 489; Almanaque de México, 338; www.sateo.gob.mx, 2007; www.caraco chihuahua.com.mx, 2008. Orozco Alfaro, José de Jesús a—Aug. 12, 1956. b—Colima, Colima. c—Elementary studies at Miguel Hidalgo Public School, Colima; secondary studies at Secondary School No. 1, Colima; preparatory studies at Preparatory School No. 1, University of Colima; degree from National School of Political Studies, Acatlán, UNAM, 1974–1979, graduating with the highest GPA of his generation; PhD in economics from University of Paris, 1987. d—Mayor, Colima, 1992–1994; senator from Colima, 1994–2000; plurinominal federal deputy from PRI, 2000–2003. e—Joined PRI, 1974; secretary of organization, PRI, Colima; general delegate of CEN of PRI to Aguascalientes, 1998–1999; resigned from PRI, Dec., 2002; PRD candidate for governor of Colima, 2003. f—General coordinator of COPLADE, Colima, 1979–1982; administrator of naval customs, Manzanillo, Colima, 1989–1990. g—None. h—President, Institute of Public Administration, Colima, 1979– 1986. i—Son of Agustín Orozco Moctezuma and Carmen Alfaro; married Nélida Fuentes Gómez. j—None. k—None. l—DCM, 2000–2003, 349; www.es.wikipedia.org, 2008; www.cddhcu.gob.mx, 2009; QesQ en el Congreso, 2000–2003, 229; Musacchio, 210; QesQ en el Congreso, 1997–2000, 322. Orozco Álvarez, Pánfilo a—June 1, 1936. b—Ojo de Agua de Poturo, Municipio

Churumuco, Michoacán. c—Early education unknown; teaching certificate from National Normal School, Mexico City; primary and secondary school teacher. d—PPS party deputy, 1967–1970. e—Member, PPS; PPS representative to Federal Electoral Institute, 1994. f—None. g—Member, SNTE. h—None. j—None. k—None. l—C de D, 1967–1970. Orozco Camacho, Miguel (Deceased 1945) a—May 5, 1886. b—Zapopan, Jalisco. c—Elementary studies in Guadalajara; no degree. d—None. e—None. f—Head, Department of Infantry, Secretariat of National Defense, 1932–1933; head, Department of Engineers, Secretariat of National Defense, 1934–1935; chief of staff, Secretariat of National Defense, 1936–1937; oficial mayor, Secretariat of National Defense, 1937–1939; director, Federal Penitentiary, 1941–1945. g—None. h—None. j—Joined the Revolution, 1911; served in Constitutional Army of the North and Army of the West, 1913; rank of brigadier general, Mar. 21, 1925; commander, 33rd Military Zone, Campeche, Campeche, 1939–1940; reached rank of division general. k—None. l—DP70, 1549; López, 796; Dávila, 95. Orozco Gómez, Javier a—Nov. 18, 1964. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM; professor of political theory, National School of Law, UNAM, 1992–2009; professor of electoral law, Latin American University, 2003; teacher, CUM, 1996. d—Plurinominal federal deputy from PVEM, 2003–2006; plurinominal senator from PVEM, 2006–2012. e—Member, PVEM. f—Adviser to attorney general of Mexico, 1995–1997; director of legal affairs, Radio Division, Secretariat of Government, 1997–2001. g—None. h—Private consultant, corporate, television, and radio law. j—None. k—None. l—Directorio del Congreso, 2006–2009; www.diputados.gob.mx, 2003–2006; www.senado.gob.mx, 2007. Orozco Loreto, Ismael a—Mar. 31, 1950. b—Guadalajara, Jalisco. c—Early education

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unknown; chemical engineering degree from University of Guadalajara, 1966–1971. d—Local deputy, State Legislature of Jalisco, 1974–1977; member, City Council, Guadalajara, 1977–1979; federal deputy from State of Jalisco, Dist. 11, 1979–1982; federal deputy from the State of Jalisco, Dist. 11, 1988–1990, member of Gran Comisión; federal deputy from State of Jalisco, Dist. 11, 1994–1997; interim mayor, Zapopan, 2005–2006. e—Joined PRI, 1970; general delegate, CEN of PRI, numerous states, 1972–1987; PRI representative to Electoral Institute, Valle de Juárez, Jalisco, 2003. f—Director of operations for coordinator of delegations, Secretariat of Social Development, 1985–1986; assistant secretary of operations, Secretariat of Tourism, 1990–1994. g—President, Student Association of Chemical Sciences School, University of Guadalajara, 1971– 1972. h—None. i—Son of Ismael Orozco Magaña, physician, and Alicia Loreto García, teacher; married Adelina Trillo Figueroa; brother Guillermo was director general of labor, 1981, representative of Tlalpan to Department of the Federal District, 1988–1990, and president of Convergencia in the Federal District, 2007. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM92; www.lajornada jalisco.gom.mx, Dec. 29, 2006; CdeD, 1979– 1981; DBGM94, CD; www.cddhcu.gob.mx, 1994–1997, 2008. Orozco Pimentel, Manuel (Deceased Jan. 6, 2003) a—1940s. b—Playa Vicente, Veracruz. c—Preparatory studies, Heroic Military College, 1957–1960; staff and command diploma, Higher War College, 1967–1970; MA in national security from National Defense College, 1986–1987. d—None. e—None. f—Assistant army attaché, Mexican embassy, Ottawa; assistant army attaché, Mexican embassy, Washington, DC, 1974–1976; g—None. h—None. i—Enrolled at Heroic Military College with General Clemente Vega, secretary of national defense, 2000–2006. j—Career army officer; joined army as cadet, Jan. 1, 1957; graduated as 2nd lieutenant, Infantry,

Jan. 1, 1960; rank of lieutenant colonel, 1976; rank of colonel, 1981; commander, 73rd Infantry Battalion, Tenosique, Tabasco; assistant chief of administration sec., staff, Secretariat of National Defense, 1992; commander, 66th Infantry Battalion, Federal District; commander, 1st Transportation Regiment, Federal District; commander, 38th Military Zone, Tenosique, 1994–1995; commander, 25th Military Zone, Puebla, 1995–1997; commander, 2nd Military Zone, Tijuana, 1997; commander, 2nd Military Region, Mexicali, 1997–1998; director, Armed Forces Social Security, 1998–2000; chief of staff, Secretariat of National Defense, 2000–2002; rank of division general, 1997. k—None. l—Rev. de Ejer., Nov., 1981, 24; www.sedena, press release, Jan. 7, 2002. Orozco Romero, Alberto (Deceased Aug. 28, 2007) a—Apr., 1925. b—Guadalajara, Jalisco. c—Elementary studies at public schools in Guadalajara; secondary studies at Secondary School No. 1 for Boys, Guadalajara; preparatory studies at Preparatory School of Jalisco, Guadalajara; law degree from School of Law, University of Guadalajara, 1944–1949, graduating in 1950 with thesis on preparatory methods of judgment; professor of private law, University of Guadalajara, 1953; professor of general theory of obligations, University of Guadalajara, 1954. d—Governor, Jalisco, 1971–1977. e—None. f—Secretary, Sixth Tribunal of First Civil Court, Jalisco, 1951–1952; third judge, First Civil Court, 1952–1954; judge, Sixth Tribunal, First Civil Court, 1954–1958; interim judge, First Division, Superior Tribunal of Justice, State of Jalisco, 1958–1959; alternate justice, Superior Tribunal of Justice, State of Jalisco, 1959–1960; justice, First Division, Superior Tribunal of Justice, Jalisco, 1960– 1965; president, Superior Tribunal of Justice, Jalisco, 1965–1967; supernumerary justice, Supreme Court, 1967–1970; justice, Supreme Court, 1970. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Carlos Orozco Sáinz and Virginia Romero Barajas; married María Luisa Bañuelos

t he b io g ra phies  705

Ponce; son Alberto Orozco Bañuelos, local deputy to State Legislature of Jalisco and lawyer. j—None. k—None. l—Letter; G de NL, 42; Justicia, Sept., 1968; Enc. Mex., IX, 618; www.ochocolumnas1.net, 2008; www.oem.com.mx, Aug. 29, 2007. Orozco Romo, David a—Dec. 26, 1929. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, 1947–1951; studies in philosophy, at Ibero‑American University, 1979; professor of the history of political and social ideas and professor in mercantile law, Ibero‑American University, 1965–1981; professor of the history of administration, law, and accounting, Autonomous Technological Institute of Mexico, Mexico City, 1972–1982. d—Plurinominal federal deputy from PDM, 1982–1985, coordinator of PDM delegation. e—Secretary of political action, UNS, 1955–1970; secretary of legal affairs, UNS, 1955–1970; secretary of Student Action, UNS, 1955–1970; president, UNS, 1961–1964; precandidate for PDM presidential nomination, 1981; president, PDM, District No. 1, Federal District, 1981–1982; PDM representative to Federal Electoral Commission, 1994. f—None. g—President, Union of Mexican Catholic Adults, Mexican Catholic Action, 1971–1974. h—Practicing lawyer. j—None. k—None. l—C de D, 1982–1985; Lehr, 566. Orozco Rosales, Alfonso a—Aug. 4, 1916. b—Guadalajara, Jalisco. c—Elementary studies at Colegio Inmaculada Concepción, Guadalajara, 1923–1929; secondary studies at Colegio del Espíritu Santo, Guadalajara, 1929–1932; preparatory studies at Notre Dame des Anges, Espira de l’Agly, France, 1932–1936; studies in mathematics at National School of Engineering, UNAM, 1937–1942; professor of mathematics. d—Federal party deputy from PAN, 1970–1973, member of Public Welfare Committee and Fiscal Sec. of Legislative Studies Committee. e—Member, PAN. f—None. g—None. h—Businessman. j—None. k—None. l—Directorio, 1970–1972; C de D,

1970–1972, 128; www.cronica.diputados.gob .mx, June 29, 1973, Feb. 18, 1971. Orozco Sosa, Carlos a—Sept. 26, 1930. b—Morelia, Michoacán. c—Elementary, secondary and preparatory studies completed in Morelia, 1951; graduated as private accountant, Chamber of Commerce, 1948; degree in petroleum engineering from National School of Engineering, UNAM, 1952–1956, with thesis on the José Colomo field. d—None. e—Joined PRI, 1952. f—Joined PEMEX, Poza Rica, Veracruz, as engineer, 1957; rose from assistant technician to director of administration, PEMEX, 1957–1982; director of industrial ports, 1984–1985; assistant manager of administration, National Railroads of Mexico, 1985–1987; assistant director general of personnel, National Railroads of Mexico, 1987–1988; director general, National Railroads of Mexico, 1988–1992; director general, Training Trust, Mexican Merchant Marine, Secretariat of Communications and Transportation, 1992–1994; adviser to general coordinator of ports and merchant marine, Secretariat of Communication and Transportation, 1994–1996; director of construction, National Fund for Port Development, 1982–1985. g—President, College of Petroleum Engineers of Mexico, 1977–1979. h—None. i—Son of Rafael Orozco Bustos, public official, and Guadalupe Sosa Herrejón; married Gloria González Espinosa. j—None. k—None. l—www.cipm.org.mx/ semblanza, 2008; Musacchio, 311; DBGM92, 269; DBGM89, 259. Orrico de los Llanos, Miguel (Deceased Dec. 18, 1984) a—Sept. 18, 1894. b—Libertad (Venustiano Carranza), Macuspana, Tabasco. c—Elementary studies in Macuspana; preparatory studies at National Military College. d—None. e—None. f—Chief of public security, State of Puebla; interim governor, Tabasco, 1955–1958. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Italian Miguel Orrico Bartilotti and Adelaida de los Llanos; married Margarita Carrillo; related to Pedro Luis Bartilloti, federal deputy from Tabasco,

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1982–1985; cousin of Carlos A. Madrazo, president of CEN of PRI, and his wife, Gabriela Pintado. j—Fought under Carranza in 6th Northeast Brigade during the Revolution; became member of his staff; chief of staff, 34th Military Zone, Chetumal, Quintana Roo; chief of staff, 23rd Military Zone, Tlaxcala, Tlaxcala; chief of staff, 17th Military Zone, Querétaro, Querétaro; chief of staff, 11th Military Zone, Zacatecas, Zacatecas; commander, 7th Military Zone, Monterrey, Nuevo León, 1955; commander, 4th Military Zone, Hermosillo, Sonora, 1947; commander of garrison at Mexicali; inspector, 1st Military Zone, Mexico City; rank of brigadier general, Nov. 1, 1940; rank of division general, Nov. 16, 1952. k—None. l—Peral, 601; DGF56, 101; HA, Mar. 28, 1955, 5; Scott, 276; Bulnes, 693; Almanaque de Tabasco, 155; www.otero.com.mx, 2008; letter. Ortega Bernés, Fernando a—Feb. 16, 1958. b—Campeche, Campeche. c—Early education unknown; political science and public administration degree from Ibero-American University, 1984; diploma in public administration from ITESM, Querétaro Campus, 1985; postgraduate studies in finance at ITESM, Mexico City Campus, 1991; professor, University of Campeche, 1986–1989, 1991–1994, 1997– 2000. d—Local deputy, State Legislature of Campeche, 2000–2003, president of Gran Comisión and coordinator of PRI delegation; mayor, Campeche, 2003–2006; senator from Campeche, 2006–2009; governor, Campeche, 2009. e—Joined PRI, 1979; assistant secretary-general of PRI, Campeche, 1999–2000; adviser, State Committee of PRI, Campeche, 2000–2009; national adviser, PRI, 2002–2009. f—Assistant director, Department of State Evaluation, Secretariat of Fishing, 1983; assistant coordinator of corporate projects and equipment, Federal District, 1983–1984, coordinator of information and training and rural development, Colima, 1984; assistant manager of programming and information, Colima,

1984–1985; manager of training and social communication, León, 1985, CONASUPO; director of assistance to subcommittees of the State Development Planning Committee, Campeche, 1985–1989; secretary, City of Campeche, 1992–1993. g—None. h—Consultant, Joaquín Ortega and Associates, 1991–1994; consultant, Kuarzo Consultores, 1995–1996. j—None. k—None. l—DCM, 2006–2009,37; www.es.wikipedia.org, 2010. Ortega Cantero, Benjamín a—Apr. 16, 1919. b—Coyoacán, Federal District. c—Primary and secondary studies at Escuela Héroes de Churubusco, Coyoacán, and Secondary School No. 1, Mexico City; agricultural engineering studies in agricultural parasitology at National School of Agriculture, 1936–1941, completed thesis in 1945 on the cotton plant; fellowship recipient of Rockefeller Foundation and Secretariat of Agriculture, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MS in phytology, 1946. d—None. e—None. f—Employee, Secretariat of Agriculture, Office of Special Studies, Rockefeller Foundation, 1944–1945; researcher on hybrid wheat seeds, Don Martín, Coahuila, 1945; member, Committee to Increase Improved Seeds, 1946; director, Northern Agricultural Zone, Secretariat of Agriculture, Torreón, Coahuila; representative, Lagunera delegation for Vegetable Cleanliness, Torreón, 1950‑1952; representative, Secretariat of Agriculture, Comarca, 1952–1958; manager, Secretariat of Hydraulic Resources, 1958–1972; director general of vegetable cleanliness, Secretariat of Agriculture, 1972–1976; assistant secretary of agriculture and operations, 1976–1978. g—Organized Agricultural Defense Groups, Coatzacoalcos, Veracruz. j—None. k—None. l—Letter; DAPC, 54. Ortega Hernández, Samuel (Deceased) a—1905. b—Torreón, Coahuila. c—No degree. d—Federal deputy from State of Tlaxcala, Dist. 2, 1955–1958, member of Library Committee (1st year) and Textile Industry Committee, substitute member of 1st Railroad Committee; senator from

t he b io g ra phies  707

State of Tlaxcala, 1958–1964, member of Railroad Committee and General Means of Communication Committee, substitute member of Indian Affairs Committee and Public Works Committee; local deputy, State Legislature of Coahuila. e—None. f—Secretary-general of government, State of Coahuila, under Pedro Rodríguez Triana, 1940; president, National Committee on Railroad Policy, 1956. g—Secretary-general, National Railroad Workers’ Union, 1957– 1958. h—Employee, National Railroads of Mexico (30 years); author of several books. j—None. k—None. l—Func., 381; C de S, 65; DGF56, 28, 31, 33, 34; C de D, 1955–1957; Ind. Biog., 109; www.stfrm.org/lideressindi cales, 2008. Ortega Lomelín, Roberto a—Jan. 10, 1950. b—Celaya, Guanajuato. c—Early education unknown; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, 1969–1973, with thesis on centralization and decentralization; diploma in development administration from University of Leeds, Eng., 1973–1974; diploma in comparative law from Cambridge University, 1974; MA in public administration from London School of Economics, 1974–1975, with thesis on systems analysis in public administration; professor, School of National Professional Studies, Acatlán, UNAM; professor of social sciences, Autonomous Metropolitan University, 1975. d—Delegate of Benito Juárez to Department of the Federal District, 1989–1994. e—Joined PRI, 1970; director, Ideas Políticas, Cambio 21st Foundation, PRI, 1992–1994; assistant secretary-general, CEN of PRI, 1994. f—Analyst of legal affairs, NAFIN, 1969–1971; analyst for director general of administrative studies, Office of the Presidency, 1972–1973; adviser to secretarygeneral, CONACYT, 1975–1976; director general of planning, Secretariat of Fishing, 1977–1982; assistant director of programs, ISSSTE, 1983; director general of programming and planning, Secretariat of Health, 1983–1985; oficial mayor of health, 1985– 1988; director general of legal and legislative

studies, Department of the Federal District, 1988–1989; assistant director of promotion and technical assistance, National Bank of Public Works and Services, 1994–1996; oficial mayor of energy, 1996–1997; executive coordinator for director general, PEMEX, 2007. g—None. h—President, Strategic Advising Group, 2002. i—Son of Melchor Ortega Camarena, governor of Guanajuato and president of PNR, 1933, and Magadalena Lomelín Castro; married Martha Patricia del Río Grimm, psychologist and director general of Fund for Entrepreneurs in Mexico. j—None. k—None. l—Pescador, 200–201; DBGM92, 271–272; Musacchio, 312; DBGM84, 12; Ortega Martínez, Antonio a—July 28, 1954. b—Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes. c—Early education unknown; completed secondary studies; studies toward a degree in engineering; no degree; instructor, Technical Institute of Aguascalientes. d—Plurinominal federal deputy from PPS, 1982–1985; local deputy, State Legislature of Aguascalientes, 1992–1995; plurinominal federal deputy from PRD, 2006–2009, president of General Auditing Committee. e—President, PST State Committee in Aguascalientes, 1977–1980; political commissioner, PST, San Luis Potosí, Aguascalientes, Durango, and Zacatecas; first housing secretary of PST, 1980; member of Executive Committee of Central Committee of PST, 1975–1980; PST candidate for federal deputy from Aguascalientes, 1979; president, PST State Committee, Guanajuato, 1981; member, PMS National Council, 1985–1988; joined PRD, 1989; member, PRD National Council, 1990–1996. f—None. g—Student leader, Technical Institute of Aguascalientes. h—Industrial engineer; manager, Anodizados del Centro, 1996–1999. i—Son of Antonio Ortega Rodríguez, railroad worker, and Juana María Martínez Moreno, textile worker; brother Jesús Ortega Martínez was PRD federal deputy, 1988–1991, 1994–1997, senator, 2000–2006, and president of PRD, 2008; sister-in-law Angélica de la Peña,

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political activist. j—None. k—Organized Las Huertas Socialist Colony, Aguascalientes. l—Directorio, 1982–1985; C de D, 1982–1985; Lehr, 600; DBGM89, 508; www .sitl.diputados.gob.mx, 2008; DCM, 2006– 2009, 365 Ortega Martínez, J. Jesús a—Nov. 5, 1952. b—Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes. c—Early education unknown; bacteriological chemistry degree from National School of Biological Sciences, IPN, 1972–1978. d—Plurinominal federal deputy from PST, 1979–1982; plurinominal federal deputy from PRD, 1988–1991; plurinominal federal deputy from PRD, 1994-1997, coordinator of PRD delegation; plurinominal senator from PRD, 2000–2006. e—Member, PST; president, PST, State of Mexico, 1977, Jalisco, 1983, Aguascalientes, 1986; secretary-general, PST Central Committee, 1987; joined PMS, 1987; secretary of political education, PMS Central Committee, 1987; secretary of electoral affairs, PMS, 1988–1989; founding member, PRD, 1989; member, PRD National Council, 1999–2001; PRD representative on Federal Electoral Institute, 1990–1992, 1999–2000; coordinator of campaign travels, Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas’s presidential campaign, 1994; secretary-general, PRD, 1995–1998; PRD precandidate for president, 1999; leader, New Left Current, PRD, 2002; coordinator, Andrés Manuel López Obrador presidential campaign, 2006; president, PRD, 2008–2012. f—Chemist, National Railroads of Mexico, 1974–1976. g—None. h—Unknown. i—Son of Antonio Ortega Rodríguez, railroad worker, and Juana María Martínez Moreno, textile worker; married Angélica de la Peña Gómez, political activist; brother of Antonio Ortega Martínez, federal deputy from PPS, 1982–1985, 2006–2009. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM89, 508; C de D, 1979–1982; C de D, 1988–1991; CDDWeb, Diputados, 1997; DCM, 2000–2003, 329–330; Musacchio, 312; QesQ en el Congreso, 2000–2003, 326–327; Cien Nombres, 254–256. Ortega Martínez, Lauro (Deceased July 22, 1999) a—June 8, 1913. b—Federal

District. c—Medical degree from National School of Medicine, UNAM, 1935. d—Federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. 2, 1946–1949, member of Social Action Committee, Child Welfare and Social Security Committee, Foreign Relations Committee, Military Health Committee, and 3rd Sec. of Credit Committee; federal deputy from State of Morelos, Dist. 4, 1979–1982, president of Agrarian Reform Committee; governor, Morelos, 1982–1988. e—Secretary of Popular Action, PRM, Federal District, 1929; cofounder, CNOP of PRI, with Carlos Madrazo and Ramón Bonfil, 1942; secretarygeneral, CNOP, Federal District, 1942–1945; secretary-general, CEN of PRI, 1964–1965; interim president, CEN of PRI, 1965–1968. f—Head, Department of Psychology and Student Hygiene, Secretariat of Public Education, 1935–1938; oficial mayor of health, 1938–1940; assistant treasurer, Federal District, 1940–1944; assistant director and director, United States–Mexico Commission for the Control of Foot and Mouth Disease, 1946–1952; assistant secretary of agriculture and livestock, 1952–1958; personal representative of President Adolfo López Mateos to United States in the field of communication problems; adviser to president of Mexico, 1976–1979. g—Secretary-general, National Student Cardenista Party, 1933–1934; director, Socialist Youth of Mexico, Federal District, 1936. h—None. i—Close friend of Fidel Velázquez Sánchez, secretary-general of Confederation of Mexican Labor, 1949–1981; knew Carlos Madrazo as student leader in 1930s; married Adriana Villa Ortega; daughter Adriana Ortega Villa, director of complaints, Office of the Presidency, 1985–1988. j—None. k—None. l—HA, Dec. 23, 1964, 4; Polémica, I, no. 1, 1969, 28; DGF50, 149; Johnson, 68; C de D, 1946–1948, 82; Fuentes Díaz, 281; DGF56, 223; Loret de Mola, 17; Excélsior, Sept. 25, 1981, 1; DBGM97, 285. Ortega Martínez, Noé Ricardo a—Apr. 3, 1932. b—Jalapa, Veracruz. c—Elementary studies at Cayetano Rivera School,

t he b io g ra phies  709

Veracruz, Veracruz; technical industrial studies at Technical Institute of Veracruz, 1946–1947; completed all studies toward a law degree except thesis, University of Veracruz, Jalapa, 1965–1969. d—Federal deputy from State of Veracruz, Dist. 2, 1970–1973; federal deputy from State of Veracruz, Dist. 18, 1979–1982. e—Delegate to State Assemblies of PRI, Veracruz, 1962–1970; delegate of labor sector, National Assembly of PRI, 1971, 1978; delegate of State Committee of PRI to 1st District, Veracruz. f—None. g—Secretary of acts, Unity and Progress Union of Pipe and Steelworkers of Mexico, Veracruz, 1962–1965; secretary of finances and statistics, State Committee of CROC, 1965–1969; secretary of technical and economic affairs, State Committee of CROC, 1968–1971; secretary of social welfare, State Committee of CROC, 1973–1976; secretarygeneral of CROC, State of Veracruz, 1971– 1973, 1975–1979; secretary-general, Central Political Committee, Unity and Progress Union of Pipe and Steelworkers, Veracruz. j—None. k—None. l—Protag., 259; C de D, 1970–1973; C de D, 1979–1982. Ortega (Olaza), Fausto M. (Deceased Aug. 25, 1971) a—1905. b—Teziutlán, Puebla. c—Elementary studies in Teziutlán; agricultural engineering degree from National School of Agriculture, San Jacinto. d—Local deputy, State Legislature of Veracruz, 1939–1942, 1951–1954; mayor, Teziutlán; alternate federal deputy from State of Puebla, Dist. 9, 1937–1940; local deputy, State Legislature of Puebla, 1939–1942; federal deputy from State of Puebla, Dist. 7, 1946–1949, member of Gran Comisión and Budget and Accounts Committee (1st year), substitute member of Petroleum Committee; local deputy, State Legislature of Puebla, 1951–1954; governor, Puebla, 1957–1962. e—None. f—Tax collector, Cholula, Zacapoaxtla, Tepeaca, Tecamachalpeaca; director, Federal Tax Office, Tecamachalco, Puebla; secretary, City Council of Teziutlán; oficial mayor of communications and public works, 1942–1945; director,

Tax Department, State of Puebla, 1951; treasurer, State of Puebla; oficial mayor of state government, Puebla, 1951–1957, under Governor Rafael Ávila Camacho. g—None j—None. k—Originally a close collaborator of Rafael Ávila Camacho but broke with him after Ortega was elected governor. l—C de D, 1946–1948, 82; HA, Sept. 6, 1971, 104; DGF56, 98; DGF51, I, 91; NYT, Aug. 5, 1961, 14; NYT, Sept. 22, 1961, 16; Excélsior, Dec. 26, 1974, 12; Almanaque de Puebla, 134. Ortega Ortega, Manuel Valerio a—July 19, 1930. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; studies in chemistry at National School of Biological Sciences, IPN, 1948–1952, graduating with thesis on antibiotics, 1953; PhD in biochemistry from MIT, with thesis on nicotine acid in bacteria, 1960; Karl Taylor Compton Fellow, U.S. Nutrition Fund, 1956–1958; Bank of Mexico Fellow, 1956–1959; professor, MIT, University of Guadalajara, University of Nuevo León, University of Michoacán, 1955–1977; professor of biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry, IPN, 1961–1983; professor of chemistry, UNAM, 1975–1977; professor, School of Sciences, UNAM, 1975–1977; chief, Department of Biochemistry, Center for Research and Advanced Studies, IPN, 1964–1966; chief, Department of Genetics and Cellular Biology, IPN, 1967–1969; director, Center for Research and Advanced Studies, IPN, 1970–1982. d—None. e—None. f—Assistant secretary of educational and technical research, Secretariat of Public Education, 1982–1988; assistant secretary of education and technical research, Secretariat of Public Education, 1998–2001. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Joaquín Ortega Echevarría and Elvira Ortega Espejo. j—None. k—None. l—QesQAP, 299; DBGM, 313; DBGM89, 283. Ortega Pacheco, Ivonne Aracelly

a—Nov. 27, 1972. b—Dzemul, Yucatán. c—Elementary studies at Benito Juárez Public School, Dzemul; secondary studies at Eulogio Palma Palma School, Motul, Yucatán; completed preparatory school at Open

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Preparatory; left school to support family on a hog farm; diploma in marketing from ITAM. d—Mayor, Dzemul, 1998–2001; local deputy, State Legislature of Yucatán, 2001– 2003, president of Gender Equality Committee; federal deputy from State of Yucatán, Dist. 2, 2003–2006; senator from Yucatán, 2006–2007, secretary of Senate; governor, Yucatán, 2007–2013. e—Joined PRI; leader of Revolutionary Youth Front, PRI, 1988–1990; f—Zone supervisor for secretary of rural development, Yucatán, 1995–1998. g—President, Council for Women’s Integration, Dzemul, 1990–1993; secretary of political action, Local CNC, Dist. 8, Yucatán. h—None. i—Niece of Víctor Cervera Pacheco, governor of Yucatán. j—None. k—Fourth female to be elected governor in Mexico; chosen as PRI candidate for governor on the basis of a Mitofsky poll which showed she was the most popular of 6 precandidates. l—www. yucatan.gob.mx, 2008; www.yucatan.com .mx, 2008; www.wikipedia.org, 2007; www.diputados.gob.mx, 2003–2006, 2008; www.senado.gob.mx, 2008. Ortega Villa, Margarita (Deceased Jan. 1996) a—May 5, 1951. b—Mexicali, Baja California. c—Early education unknown; sociology degree from Higher School of Political and Social Sciences, Autonomous University of Baja California, 1968–1973; professor, Center of Higher and Technical Education, Autonomous University of Baja California, 1973–1974; teacher, School of Higher Education, Autonomous University of Baja California, 1978–1980; professor, Nursing School, Autonomous University of Baja California, 1968–1973. d—Alternate federal deputy from State of Baja California, Dist. 1, 1973–1976, under Federico Martínez Manatou, but in functions, 1974–1975; local deputy, State Legislature of Baja California, Dist. 3, 1974–1977; alternate federal deputy from State of Baja California, Dist. 1, 1982–1985; federal deputy from State of Baja California, Dist. 4, 1985– 1988; senator from State of Baja California, 1988–1989. e—Director, Women’s Sec., PRI, Baja California, 1971; secretary-general,

ANFER of PRI, Baja California, 1974–1980; president, PRI, Mexicali, 1981–1982; secretary of organization, PRI, Baja California, 1983–1984; PRI candidate for governor of Baja California, 1989. f—Social worker, Social Action Division, Mexicali, 1971; analyst, Institute for the Protection of Infants, Baja California, 1972; director general of real estate rolls, State of Baja California, 1983–1985; director general, National Consumer Institute, 1989–1992. g—Secretary of women’s action, CEN of CNOP, 1986–1989. h—None. i—Daughter of Mario Ortega Cervantes, engineer, and Carmen Villa Aguilar; married José Jesús Romo Reynoso, delegate to Baja California to regularize land tenure disputes. j—None. k—First member of PRI to lose a gubernatorial race. l—DBGM87, 532–533; Mexico Journal, Apr. 10, 1989, 7; DBGM92, 272; DBGM92, 272; www.con gresobc.gob.mx, 2008; www.time.com, 2008; nytimes.com, 2008. Ortiz Arana, Fernando a—Oct. 26, 1944. b—Querétaro, Querétaro. c—Elementary studies at Benito Juárez and Vicente Riva Palacio schools, Querétaro, 1950–1956; secondary studies at University of Querétaro, 1957–1960; preparatory studies at Centro Universitario México, Mexico City, 1961– 1963; law degree, School of Law, University of Querétaro, 1963–1967, with thesis on the right to strike; preparatory teacher, University of Querétaro, 1963–1965; professor of law, School of Law, University of Querétaro, 1968–1969. d—Federal deputy from State of Querétaro, Dist. 1, 1979–1982; federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. 31, 1985–1988; president, Chamber of Deputies, Dec., 1985; representative, Assembly of the Federal District, 1988–1991; federal deputy from State of Querétaro, Dist. 1, 1991–1994; president, Gran Comisión, 1991–1993; senator from State of Querétaro, 1994–2000, president of Gran Comisión, 1994–1997; plurinominal federal deputy from PRI, 2000–2003. e—Joined PRI, 1963; coordinator of PRI youth, Gustavo Díaz Ordaz’s presidential campaign, Querétaro, 1964; PRI delegate to

t he b io g ra phies  711

the State of Veracruz 17th District federal elections, 1980; general delegate, CEN of PRI, Morelos, 1984–1985; secretary of electoral action, CEN of PRI, 1987; president, PRI, Federal District, 1988–1992; president, CEN of PRI, 1993–1994; PRI candidate for governor of Querétaro, 1997. f—Local judge, Villa El Márquez, Querétaro, 1964; oficial mayor, State of Querétaro, 1973–1976; secretary-general of government, State of Querétaro, 1976–1979; director of property registration, Secretariat of the Controller General, 1982–1984. g—President, Student Society, Law School, University of Querétaro; president, Federation of University Students, University of Querétaro, 1965; secretary of ideological press, CNOP, 1981–1983. h—Practicing lawyer in uncle’s firm, 1967–1973. i—Son of José Ortiz Antoñana, real estate agent, and Virginia Arana Morán, teacher; married Susana Guadalupe Proal de la Isla; cousin María del Carmen Arana is married to Ignacio Loyola Vera, governor of Querétaro, 1997–2003; nephew of José Arana Morán, federal deputy and secretary general of government of Querétaro; brother of José Ortiz Arana, federal deputy and assistant secretary-general of CEN of PRI, 1979–1980; Fernando Díaz Ramírez, rector of University of Querétaro, was an early mentor. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM92, 539–540; El Financiero, Mar. 31, 1993, 54; C de D, 1979–1982; Directorio, 1979–1982; C de D, 1991–1994; CDDWeb, Senadores, 1997; Proceso, June 8, 1997; Líderes, II, 113–119; El Financiero, Mar. 31, 1993, 54; Excélsior, July 8, 1997; DBGM87, 285; QesQ en el Congreso, 1997–2000, 322–323; DBGM89, 577–578. Ortiz Armengol, Federico (Deceased) a—Feb. 12, 1898. b—Oaxaca, Oaxaca. c—Elementary studies in Oaxaca; secondary studies in Oaxaca; preparatory studies at National Preparatory School; medical degree from National School of Medicine, Oct. 3, 1925, with honorable mention; professor of physiology, National School of Medicine, UNAM; rector, University

of Oaxaca, 1954–1958. d—Federal deputy from State of Oaxaca, Dist. 3, 1958–1961, member of Public Health Committee, 5th Sec. of Legislative Studies Committee, 1st Balloting Group, 1st Instructive Sec. of the Grand Jury. e—None. f—Director, Antirabies Institute, Mexico City, 1930–1935; oficial mayor of labor, 1935–1936; delegate, Secretariat of Health, Mérida, Yucatán, 1943–1944; delegate, Secretariat of Health, Durango, 1947; director, Hygiene Center No. 3, Mexico City; director, General Hospital, Oaxaca, 1954–1958. g—None. h—Practicing physician, 1925–1930. j—None. k—Graduated from National Medical School with the best GPA of his class; answered Adolfo Ruiz Cortines’ last State of the Union address, 1958. l—Func., 306; C de D, 1958–1961, 87; Excélsior, Aug. 29, 1979, 14; www.faeo.ujed.mx, 2008. Ortiz (Arriola), Andrés (Deceased Jan. 18, 1945) a—Nov. 2, 1890. b—Chihuahua, Chihuahua. c—Primary and preparatory studies in Chihuahua; engineering degree in hydraulics and topography, National School of Engineering, UNAM, Nov., 1913. d—Local deputy in Chihuahua, 1917–1918; federal deputy from State of Chihuahua, Dist. 1, 1918; provisional governor, Chihuahua, Nov. 15, 1918–Feb. 29, 1920; governor, Chihuahua, Sept. 8, 1930–Nov. 2, 1931. e—None. f—Chief and founder, Department of Bridges and Highways, Secretariat of Communication, 1916–1917; director, Trolley Company of Mexico City, 1918; director general, National Railroads of Mexico, 1944–1945; member, Committee for the Administration and Inspection of Foreign Properties, 1941–1944. g—None. h—Author of National Highway Law. i—Son of journalist Pablo Ortiz and Regina Arriola; grandson of Dr. Guillermo Ortiz, imperial prefect of Department of Jiménez, Chihuahua. j—Remained loyal to Carranza. k—In exile in United States, 1920; as provisional governor of Chihuahua offered reward of 50,000 pesos for the capture of Francisco Villa; originally supported by Luis

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León for governor of Chihuahua, 1930, but betrayed León’s political program. l—DP70, 1534; Peral, 596; HA, Mar. 10, 1944; López, 802; Enc. Mex., X, 10; Almada, 539; Almada, 1968, 383–384. Ortiz Ávila, José del Carmen (Deceased June 22, 2002) a—Mar. 4, 1917. b—Hecelchakán, Campeche. c—Teaching certificate from Rural Normal School, Hecelchakán; preparatory studies at National Military College; completed advanced training, Applied Military School; diploma in staff and command, Higher War College; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM. d—Federal deputy from State of Campeche, Dist. 1, 1958–1961, member of Property and National Resources Committee, 2nd Committee on National Defense, 2nd and 6th Secs. of Legislative Studies Committee, Military Justice Committee, Inspection Committee of the General Accounting Office (2nd year), and 1st and 2nd Secs. of Credentials Committee; governor, Campeche, 1961–1966. e—None. f—None. g—None. i—Compadre of Carlos Sansores Pérez; son of a salaried peasant on Hacienda Blanca Flor; longtime friend of Eduardo Lavalle Urbina; cadet in same class as Félix Galván López. j—Career army officer; assistant chief of staff, 5th Military District, Chihuahua, Chihuahua, 1951, under General Bonifacio Salinas Leal; reached rank of brigadier general. k—Could not speak Spanish before age 7; early supporter, with Carlos Madrazo, José Torres Landa, Leopoldo Sánchez Celis, and José Rodríguez Elías, of Gustavo Díaz Ordaz for president, 1964; supported precandidacy of Antonio Ortiz Mena for presidency, 1970; Enrique Krauze claims he won the favor of Adolfo López Mateos for holding a pistol on a PAN deputy during the president’s first State of the Union address. l—G of M, 8; DGF51, I, 183; C de D, 1958–1960, 87; Func., 134; Excélsior, Dec. 18, 1973, 15. Ortiz de Castañeda, Rosa María

a—June 16, 1921. b—Momax, Zacatecas. c—Certificate in primary education; school

inspector. d—Interim mayor, community in Zacatecas; federal deputy from State of Zacatecas, Dist. 2, 1967–1970. e—Director, CNOP of PRI, State of Zacatecas. f—None. g—None. i—Married Enrique Castañeda Leal. j—None. k—None. l—Directorio, 1967–1970; C de D, 1967–1970; www.cronica .diputados.gob.mx, Sept. 2, 1967, Sept. 30, 1969. Ortiz Domínguez, Maki Esther a—Sept. 22, 1962. b—Chihuahua, Chihuahua. c—Early education unknown; medical degree from ITESM, 1983–1989; diploma in public administration from ITESM, 1999. d—Member, City Council, Reynosa, Tamaulipas, 2002–2003; federal deputy from State of Tamaulipas, Dist. 2, 2003–2006. e—Became active in PAN, 1994. f—Assistant secretary of innovation and quality, Secretariat of Health, 2006–2009. g—None. h—Private medical practice, 1989–2003; physician, Ejido Hospital, Reynosa. i—Married to Carlos Peña Garza, businessman and PAN candidate for federal deputy, 1994. j—None. k—None. l—www.tamaulipas.contralinea. com.mx, 2008; CdeD, 2003–2006; www .jornada.unam.mx, 2008. Ortiz Garza, Nazario Silvestre

(Deceased Oct. 10, 1991) a—Dec. 31, 1893. b—Saltillo, Coahuila. c—Elementary studies at Public School No. 2, Saltillo (completed 4th year); preparatory studies at Ateneo Fuente, Saltillo; no degree. d—Member, City Council, Torreón, 1920, 1921–1922; mayor, Torreón, 1922–1923, 1927–1928; local deputy, State Legislature of Coahuila, 1925; president, State Legislature; governor, Coahuila, 1930–1934; senator from State of Coahuila, 1934–1940. e—Gubernatorial campaign director, General Manuel Pérez Trevino, Coahuila, 1924. f—Appointed mayor of Saltillo, Coahuila, 1928; appointed mayor of Torreón, 1926; director general of CONASUPO, 1943–1946; secretary of agriculture, 1946–1952. g—President, National Association of Grape Growers, 1954–1963, 1967– 1969, 1969–1971. h—Began working at age 14; businessman; founded Viñedos Ribier,

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1947; founded Cía. Vinícola de Aguascalientes, 1954. i—Protégé of Manuel Pérez Treviño, president of PNR; married María Teresa Baes de Benavides; brother Francisco was mayor of Torreón, 1931–1932; son of Nazario Silvestre Ortiz González, small businessman, and Guadalupe de la Garza y Garza. j—Fought with General Francisco Murguía without military rank, 1915–1917; purveyor for military trains, Chihuahua, Chihuahua, 1917. k—Won election as federal deputy, 1923, but did not hold office; New York Times claims the government expropriated his landholdings in Tampico in 1953 in a move against former Alemanistas. l—HA, Nov. 5, 1943, 34; DGF51, II, 165; DGF51, I, 203–204; Ha, Dec. 6, 1946, 5; HA, Jan. 26, 1951; Peral, 598; NYT, June 25, 1953, 17; letter; Enc. Mex., X, 14–15; López, 804; Justicia, Mar., 1973; DP95, 2478–2479. Ortiz Hidalgo, Arturo a—Feb. 19, 1949. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; studies in economics at National School of Economics, UNAM, 1968–1972, graduated Jan. 25, 1974; MA in economics from Exeter University, Eng., 1974–1975; professor of economics, UNAM, 1972–1977. d—None. e—None. f—Diverse positions in international projects, 1972–1977; representative in Washington, DC, 1977–1981; private secretary to director general, 1981– 1982, representative in London, 1983–1985, assistant director of international operations, 1987–1990, assistant financial director, 1990–1994, and director general, NAFIN, 1994; director, Liquidation Trust for Credit Institutions, 1999; director, Liquidation Trust for Regional Credit Unions, 2001. g—None. h—Owner and director, Grupo Bursamétrica, management consulting firm, 2006; member, Board of Directors, INEM, SACV. i—Son of Cayetano Ortiz Rodríguez and Bertha Hidalgo Franco; married Norma Gisella Galán, economist. j—None. k—None. l—www.sae.gob.mx, 2008; DBGM94, CD; DBGM92, 273. Ortiz Jonguitud, Miguel a—Aug. 8, 1949. b—Xilitla, San Luis Potosí. c—Early

education unknown; civil engineering degree from University of San Luis Potosí. d—Member, City Council, Xilitla; federal deputy from State of San Luis Potosí, Dist. 7, 1994–1997; plurinominal federal deputy from PRI, 2000–2003. e—Member of PRI. f—None. g—President, National Sugarcane Producers, 1995–2000. h—Contractor and manager, sugarcane mills, 1977–1993. j—None. k—None. l—www.cddhcu.gob .mx, 2007; QesQ en el Congreso, 2000– 2003, 230–231; Musacchio, 314. Ortiz Macedo, Luis a—1933. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; degree in architecture with honorable mention from National School of Architecture, UNAM, 1960; MA from National School of Architecture, UNAM; PhD from National School of Architecture, UNAM; studied monument restoration in France on scholarship from Bank of Mexico and French government; founder and director, first Institute of Monument Restoration at University of Guanajuato, 1963–1967; professor of the history of architecture, National School of Architecture, UNAM, 1955–1966; member, Governing Board, UNAM. d—None. e—None. f—Executive secretary, Pro Guanajuato Committee, 1963–1966; head, Department of Colonial Monuments, National Institute of Anthropology and History, 1966–1968; assistant secretary of cultural affairs, Secretariat of Public Education, 1969–1970; secretary-general of the National Institute of Anthropology and History, 1968–1969; director, projects in Washington, DC, Rome, and Guatemala; director, the National Institute of Anthropology and History, 1970–1972; director general, Institute of Fine Arts, Jan. 11, 1972–1973. g—Representative of Mexican Architectural Society in Rio de Janeiro, 1960. h—Author of many historical works on art; member of restoration groups for 6 sites in Mexico City; president, Cultural Institute Domecq. j—None. k—Received worldwide recognition for his restoration of monuments. l—HA, Jan. 11, 1972; Hoy, Apr. 29, 1972, 62; Excélsior, Jan.

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12, 1972, 9; D del S, Jan. 12, 1972, 1; DPE71, 108; Enc. Mex., X, 16. Ortiz Martínez, Guillermo a—July 21, 1948. b—Cosamaloapan, Veracruz. c—Elementary studies at Instituto Patria and Colegio México, Jesuit schools, Mexico City; economics degree from National School of Law, UNAM, 1967–1972, graduating with thesis on the rice industry in Mexico, July 12, 1972; MA in economics from Stanford University, 1972–1977; PhD in monetary theory, international economics, and econometrics from Stanford University, 1972–1977, with thesis on Mexican capital accumulation and economic growth; professor, Stanford University, 1975–1976; professor, ITAM, 1977–1983; professor, Colegio de México, 1983. d—None. e—None. f—Research assistant for President Leopoldo Solís, 1971–1972; economist, Division of Economic Research, Bank of Mexico, 1977; assistant manager, Division of Economic Research, Bank of Mexico, 1980–1982; manager, Division of Economic Research, Bank of Mexico, 1982–1984; assistant secretary of the treasury and public credit, 1988–1994; secretary of communications, 1994; secretary of the treasury, 1994–1998; governor, Bank of Mexico, 1998–2009. g—None. h—Alternate executive director, IMF, 1984–1986; executive director, IMF, 1986–1988. i—Son of Leopoldo Ortiz Sevilla, revolutionary general and rancher, and Graciela Martínez Ostos; uncle R. Martínez Ostos got him interested in economics; godfather of one of Ernesto Zedillo’s children; married Margie Simon Fine, French environmental engineer; roomed with José Córdoba at Stanford University; disciple of Leopoldo Solís. j—None. k—None. l—Proceso, Apr. 6, 1992, 8; DBGM92, 273; www.elfinanciero, Nov. 6, 2006; www.esmas.com, 2008. Ortiz Mayagoitia, Guillermo Ibero

a—Feb. 10, 1941. b—Misantla, Veracruz. c—Early education unknown; law degree from University of Veracruz, 1959–1963, graduating with thesis titled “Interdictions in Veracruz Legislation”; professor of law,

Special Institute, Supreme Court. d—None. e—None. f—Scribe, First Appeals Court, Jalapa, Veracruz, 1964; secretary of agreements, First Division, First Instance, Poza Rica, Veracruz, 1964–1965; secretary, Third Division, Tuxpan, Veracruz, 1965–1972; secretary of studies and accounts, Supreme Court of Justice, 1972–1976; judge, Second District, Oaxaca, 1976–1981; circuit court judge, Tenth Circuit, Tabasco, 1981–1982, Seventh Circuit, Veracruz, 1982–1983, First Circuit, Federal District, 1983–1995; judge, Federal Electoral Court, 1993–1995; justice, Supreme Court, 1995–2007; president, Supreme Court, 2007–2010. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Gonzalo Margarito Ortiz Barradas, farmer, and Guadalupe Mayagoitia Seelbach, teacher; married María Elena Blanco Ávila; grandson of Francisco Mayagoitia y Alba and Angelina Seelbach y Zamora. j—None. k—None. l—www.mayagoitias.com, 2008; www.wiki pedia.org, 2007; www.scjn.gob.mx, Mar. 29, 2000; DBGM92, 686; Musacchio, 314. Ortiz Mena, Antonio (Deceased Mar. 12, 2007) a—Apr. 16, 1907. b—Parral, Chihuahua. c—Elementary studies at Colegio Alemán and Colegio Franco‑Inglés; secondary and preparatory studies at National Preparatory School; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, 1925–1928; studies in philosophy and economics at UNAM. d—None. e—None. f—Adviser, Department of the Federal District, 1930–1932; head, Legal Department, Department of the Federal District, 1932–1936; assistant to the director, National Urban Mortgage Bank, 1936–1945; head, Department for the Nationalization of Properties, Office of the Attorney General of Mexico, 1940–1945; assistant director, National Urban Mortgage Bank, 1946–1952; first director general, Division of Professions, Secretariat of Public Education, 1945–1946; director general, IMSS, 1952–1958; secretary of the treasury, 1958–1964, 1964–1970; president, IADB, 1971–1988; director general, Banamex, 1988– 1990. g—None. h—Founding governor,

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IADB; governor, IMF, 1959–1970; member, Revisory Committee on the Law of Enemy Properties and Businesses; member, Political Defense Committee, 1940–1945; practiced law on graduating from law school, Mexico City. i—While attending National School of Law, 1925–1928, knew Miguel Alemán, Antonio Carrillo Flores, Alfonso Noriega, and Eduardo Bustamante; from well-to‑do family; son of Antonio R. Ortiz, treasurer of the Federal District, and María Mena; grandson of Vicente Ortiz, miner, prefect of Álamos, Sonora, private secretary to Francisco Obregón, President Álvaro Obregón’s father and political boss of Matamoros, Chihuahua, 1847, and Policarpa Retes; nephew of Eduardo Ortiz, assistant secretary of public works; nephew of Carlos Rodrigo Ortiz Retes, governor of Sonora, 1881; nephew of Alfonso Ortiz Retes, father of famous singer Alonso Ortiz Tirado and son‑in‑law of Antonio Mena, local deputy; brother of Raúl Ortiz Mena, assistant secretary of the presidency, 1964–1968; son Antonio Ortiz Salinas was assistant secretary of tourism, 1977–1982; married Martha Salinas, Carlos Salinas’ aunt; father-in-law of José P. González Garrido, secretary of government, 1993, and son of Salomón González Blanco; political disciple of Adolfo Ruiz Cortines and a leading group of Guanajuato politicians; close to Jaime Torres Bodet. j—None. k—Precandidate for president of Mexico, 1970. l—HA, Apr. 27, 1964, 56; Dec. 8, 1958, 25; WWMG, 29; Hoy, May 17, 1969, 13; HA, Mar. 8, 1971, 43; DGF47, 352; DGF51, II, 65, 77; DGF50, 318; letters; Enc. Mex., X, 16–17; Justicia, Jan., 1971; NYT, Oct. 6, 1969, 16; letter; Excélsior, Dec. 26, 1981, 16; Proceso, Dec. 21, 1987, 24; Excélsior, June 3, 1984, 16; www.colson.edu.mx, 2008; NYT, Mar. 20, 2007. Ortiz Mena, Raúl a—Aug. 31, 1917. b—Federal District. c—Preparatory studies in the Federal District; economics degree from National School of Economics, UNAM, June 5, 1942, with honorable mention for his thesis titled “Mexican Money:

A Historical Analysis of the Causes in Its Fluctuations and Depreciations”; graduate studies in economics at Harvard University on scholarship from Bank of Mexico, 1943–1944; advanced studies at Department of Commerce, Washington, DC, 1944; advanced studies at Federal Reserve Bank, Washington, DC, 1945; graduate studies at University of Chicago, 1945. d—None. e—None. f—Intern in economics, Secretariat of Industry and Commerce, 1942; economist, Secretariat of Industry and Commerce, 1943; economist, Secretariat of the Treasury and Bank of Mexico, 1943; head, Department of Economic Studies, Bank of Mexico, 1946; head of financial studies, NAFIN, 1946–1950; director, Department of Economic Investigations, NAFIN, 1950– 1952; director general of credit, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1952–1958; assistant secretary of the presidency, 1958–1961, 1964–1968. g—None. h—Author of many articles on monetary subjects; director, Revista de Economía, Secretariat of Industry and Commerce; President, Pan American of Mexico Insurance Company. i—Brother of Antonio Ortiz Mena, secretary of the treasury, 1958– 1970; son of Antonio R. Ortiz, treasurer of the Federal District, and María Mena; uncles and grandfather prominent in politics; nephew Antonio Ortiz Salinas served as assistant secretary of tourism, 1977–1982; married Clementina García. j—None. k—Ortiz Mena brothers are one of the few examples in recent Mexican cabinet history where 2 brothers have simultaneously held a secretary and an assistant secretary post; Raúl resigned as assistant secretary of the presidency for reasons of health, Nov. 6, 1968, and assumed no public positions after that date. l—DGF56, 563; DGF51, II, 304; DGF50, II, BdM, 198; HA, Jan. 5, 1959, 4; WNM, 165–166. Ortiz Mendoza, Francisco a—Mar. 27, 1921. b—San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí. c—Elementary studies at Rodolfo Menéndez School, Federal District (6 years); secondary studies at Prevocational Schools

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Nos. 1 and 3, IPN; preparatory studies at Vocational Schools Nos. 1 and 2, IPN (5 years); electronic engineering studies at Higher School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, IPN, 1942–1946, graduating in 1947; scholarship recipient at University of Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina; professor of physics and cultural history, IPN; member, Technical Advisory Council, IPN. d—Federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. 7, 1964–1967, member of Rural Electrification Committee and Promotion and Development of Sports Committee; federal party deputy from PPS, 1970–1973, member of Department of the Federal District Committee, Constitutional Sec. of Legislative Studies Committee, General Means of Communication and Transportation Sec. of Legislative Studies Committee, Livestock Committee, 1st Balloting Committee, Mines Committee, Small Agricultural Property Committee, and 2nd Constitutional Affairs Committee; federal party deputy from PPS, 1976–1979; plurinominal federal deputy from PPS, 1982–1985, 1988–1991. e—Founding member, PPS, 1948; secretary-general, Federation of Mexican Youth, PPS, 1952–1954; secretary-general, PPS, Federal District, 1969–1970; secretary of political education, PPS National Central Committee PPS, 1955; press secretary, PPS Central Committee, 1979; resigned from PPS, 1994. f—Chief adviser, Department of Telecommunications, Secretariat of Communications and Transportation, 1960–1964; director of public relations, National Committee for Physical Fitness and Sports, 2007. g—Member, Unified Socialist Youth of Mexico, 1937; secretary-general, Student Society, Higher School of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering, IPN, 1947–1948; secretary-general, Television Workers’ Union of Mexico, 1951– 1958; founder and director general, Mexican Association of Electrical Communications and Electronics, 1950–1960; member, Executive Committee, Local No. 10, SNTE, 1968. h—Engineer, Televisa, 1953–1958; technical head, Mexican Mercantile Co., 1958–1962.

i—Married Eva Pérez de Ortiz; son of Francisco Ortiz Castillo and Micaela Mendoza y Castilla. j—None. k—One of few individuals in Mexican politics to have served as a federal deputy 5 times, 1964–1991. l—C de D, 1964–1966, 53, 83, 92; C de D, 1970–1972, 129; Directorio, 1970–1972; HA, Feb. 26, 1979, III; DBGM89, 509; Lehr, 572. Ortiz Ortiz, Héctor Israel a—July 28, 1950. b—San Pablo Apetatitlán, Tlaxcala. c—Early education unknown; law degree from Institute of Higher Studies, Tlaxcala, 1969–1974; studies in criminal law at National School of Law, UNAM, 1975–1976; professor of law, University of Tlaxcala, 1974; founder, Language Department, University of Tlaxcala, 1977–1980; founder, Postgraduate Division, School of Law, University of Tlaxcala, 1982; dean, School of Law, 1980–1983; rector, University of Tlaxcala, 1983–1987, 1990–2000. d—Federal deputy from State of Tlaxcala, Dist. 1, 1991–1994, coordinator of PRI delegation from Tlaxcala; federal deputy from State of Tlaxcala, Dist. 2, 2000–2002; mayor, Tlaxcala, 2002–2005; governor, Tlaxcala, 2005– 2011. e—Joined PRI, 1967; president, PRI, Tlaxcala, 1989. f—Federal delegate, Labor Department, Tlaxcala, 1975–1978; director, Legal Department, Secretariat of Public Education, Tlaxcala, 1979–1982; attorney general of Tlaxcala, 1989–1990; secretary of public education, Tlaxcala, 1990–1991; director and coordinator of educational services, Tlaxcala, 1990–1991; policy coordinator for the 3 branches of government, Secretariat of Government, 1994–1995. g—None. h—Practicing lawyer, 1970–1978. i—Son of Serafín Ortiz Rodríguez, teacher and farmer, and Ninfa Ortiz Morales; married Guadalupe Lozano Tovar. j—None. k—None. l—QesQ en el Congreso, 2000– 2003, 2331–2332; DBGM92, 540–541; Musacchio, 315; DCM, 2000–2003, 281. Ortiz Rodríguez, José (Deceased 1962) a—Dec. 24, 1871. b—Taretán, Penjamillo, Michoacán. c—Elementary studies under Juan Zacarías y Mejía, public school,

t he b io g ra phies  717

Taretán; secondary and preparatory studies at Zamora Seminary, Morelia, Michoacán; completed preparatory studies at Colegio de San Nicolás, Morelia; law degree from Colegio de San Nicolás, Morelia, 1897. d—Federal deputy from State of Michoacán, Dist. 1, 1912–1913, member of Renovation Group; senator from State of Michoacán, 1920–1924, 1924–1928. e—Secretary-general, Peace and Union Political Group, Morelia, 1912, first revolutionary group in Morelia. f—Secretary of foreign relations, Jan., 1915, under President Eulalio Gutiérrez; justice, Superior Tribunal of Justice, Michoacán, 1930–1931; justice, Superior Tribunal of Justice, Federal District and Federal Territories, 1931–1934, 1935–1940, 1941–1946, 1947–1951. g—None. h—Established law practice, Morelia, 1897. i—Son of Urbano Ortiz and Sofía Rodríguez. j—Supporter of Francisco Madero; served in Army of the Northeast under General Pablo González. k—Supported, with Enrique Arreguín, candidacy of Miguel Silva for governor of Michoacán, 1911; imprisoned by Victoriano Huerta, 1913, escaped and joined Carranza’s staff; candidate for governor of Michoacán. l—DP70, 1539–1540; Casasola, V, 2422; Dicc. Mich., 319; Andrade, 459–460. Ortiz Salinas, Antonio a—July 2, 1935. b—Federal District. c—Elementary studies in the public schools of Mexico City; secondary studies at Secondary School No. 1, Mexico City; preparatory studies at Vasco de Quiroga Institute, Mexico City; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, 1958, with thesis on the Mexican tax system; CEMLA fellow, 1958; United Nations Fellow, Harvard University, 1959–1960, advanced studies in taxation and economic development, Harvard University and MIT, 1959–1960. d—None. e—None. f—Lawyer, Legal Department, IMSS, 1953– 1956; lawyer, Ministerio Público, Office of the Attorney General of Mexico, 1957–1958; economics researcher, Technical Office, Bank of Mexico, 1958–1959; member, Committee on Fiscal Reforms, 1960; assistant

manager, National Pawnshop Bank, 1961– 1963; assistant director, Department of Economic Affairs and Statistics, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1964–1967; oficial mayor, Secretariat of Tourism, 1976–1977; assistant secretary of tourism, 1977–1982; finance director, Federal District, 1997–2000. g—None. h—Engaged in private activities, 1970–1976. i—Son of Antonio Ortiz Mena, secretary of the treasury, 1958–1970; brother-in-law of Patrocinio González Garrido, secretary of government, 1993; cousin of President Carlos Salinas; nephew of Raúl Ortiz Mena. j—None. k—None. l—HA, Nov. 14, 1977; letter; DAPC, 54; Excélsior, Dec. 26, 1981, 16. Ortiz Santos, Leopoldino (Deceased Mar. 3, 2004) a—Nov. 16, 1929. b—San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí. c—Early education unknown; law degree, San Luis Potosí, 1948– 1952; professor, University of Juárez of Durango, 1967–1969. d—Local deputy from State of San Luis Potosí, 1982–1985. e—Joined PRI, 1949; secretary of youth action, PRI, 1949– 1952. f—Secretary-general, Federal Board of Conciliation and Arbitration, 1949–1950; agent, Ministerio Público, and assistant attorney, Office of the Attorney General of Mexico, San Luis Potosí, 1951–1952; joined federal court system, Jan. 16, 1953; actuary, Circuit Court, Federal District; district court judge, Puebla, Durango, and Chetumal, 1965–1970; assistant federal tax attorney, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1970–1978; circuit court judge, 1978; federal tax attorney, Secretariat of the Treasury, Department of the Federal District, 1978–1982; justice, Supreme Court, 1985–1987; provisional governor, San Luis Potosí, May 25, 1987–1991. g—Finance secretary, Judicial Workers’ Union, 1964–1965; secretary of legal affairs, CNOP, 1983–1985. h—None. i—Son of Leopoldino Ortiz Ricavar, lawyer, and Concepción Santos Rivera; married Leticia González Escamilla; nephew of Gonzalo N. Santos Rivera, governor and political boss of San Luis Potosí. j—None. k—None. l—Lehr, 421; DBGM, 572; HA, June 9, 1987, 13; DBGM89, 729; www.scjn.gob.mx, 524–525.

718  m e xic a n p oli t i c a l b i o g ra ph i e s , 1935–20 0 9 Ortiz Tirado, José María (Deceased 1968) a—Aug. 8, 1894. b—Álamos, Sonora. c—Preparatory studies at Colegio de Mascarones and National Preparatory School, Mexico City; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM; professor of penal law, UNAM, 1922–1930. d—None. e—None. f—Public defender, 1918–1924; consulting lawyer, Department of the Federal District, 1919; member, City Council, Mexico City, 1924; agent, Ministerio Público, Office of the Attorney General, 1924–1929; justice, Superior Tribunal of Justice, Federal District and Territories, 1929–1932, president, 1932–1934; justice, Supreme Court of Mexico, 1934–1940, 1940–1946, 1947, 1953–1954, 1955–1956; president, Supreme Court of Mexico, 1954–1955; ambassador to Colombia and Peru, 1948–1952; assistant secretary of government, 1952; president, National Nuclear Energy Commission, 1956–1958. g—None. h—None. i—Parents were wealthy; cousin Alfonso Ortiz Tirado was a medical doctor and well-known Mexican singer; married María Antonieta Necchi; son José Ortiz Necchi, served as director of federal treasury office, Monterrey, 1965; cousin of Antonio Ortiz Mena, secretary of the treasury, and Raúl Ortiz Mena, assistant secretary of the presidency; grandson of Vicente Ortiz and Rosa Retes; Ortiz Mena brothers are grandsons of Vicente Ortiz and Policarpa Retes, Vicente’s second wife and sister of Rosa Retes. j—None. k—None. l—DP70, 1540; DGF51, I, 106; WWM45, 88; HA, Feb. 15, 1952, 3; STYRIWW54, 933; Enc. Mex., X, 21; López, 808; Parodi, 194; www.scjn.gob .mx, 527–529. Ortiz Walls, (Gaspar) Eugenio

(Deceased July 27, 2005) a—July 4, 1931. b—Huajuapan de León, Oaxaca, Oaxaca. c—Primary and secondary studies at University of Oaxaca; law degree from University of Oaxaca; professor of sociology, law, literature, and history, various institutions in Mexico City. d—Alternate PAN party federal deputy, 1967–1970; PAN federal party deputy, 1973–1976; plurinominal federal

deputy from PAN, 1979–1982, 1988–1991; plurinominal federal deputy from PAN, 1994-1997, president of Library Committee. e—Joined PAN, 1952; president, PAN, San Luis Potosí, 1958–1959; member, CEN of PAN, 1960–1972, 1975–1987; national adviser, PAN, 1959–1998; oficial mayor of PAN; assistant secretary-general, CEN of PAN, 1961–1966; secretary-general, CEN of PAN, 1968–1969; PAN candidate for federal deputy, 1961, 1964; PAN representative to Federal Electoral Commission, 1978–1982; CEN of PAN delegate to Aguascalientes, Baja California, San Luis Potosí, Chiapas, Guerrero, Oaxaca, Sinaloa, Veracruz, Yucatán; member, National Council of PAN, 1958–2005; president, Regional Committee of PAN, Oaxaca, 1994–1996; secretary of organization, CEN of PAN. f—None. g—Student leader. i—Married María Teresa Castro de Ortiz. j—None. k—Seen by some observers of PAN as an ideologically progressive Christian Democrat. l—C de D, 1973–1976, 29; HA, Feb. 12, 1979, 17; C de D, 1979–1982; DBGM89, 509; CDDWeb, Diputados, 1997; www.congresooaxaca.gob .mx, 2008; www.esmas.com, 2008; Pérez Franco, 251–252. Ortuño Gurza, María Teresa a—June 16, 1957. b—Torreón, Coahuila. c—Early education unknown; economics degree from Autonomous University of Coahuila, 1973–1978; philosophy studies at University of Puebla, 1980–1981; professor, Higher Institute of Technological Studies, Monterrey, Laguna Campus, 1978–1979; professor, University of Puebla, 1980–1981; professor, Higher Institute of Science and Technology, Gómez Palacio, Durango, 1980–1982; professor, Conciliar Seminary of the Archdiocese of Mexico, 1998–2000. d—Plurinominal federal deputy from PAN, 1982–1985, 1988–1991; local deputy, State Legislature of Chihuahua, 1992–1995, 1998–2000; plurinominal senator from PAN, 2006–2012. e—Joined PAN, 1978; PAN candidate for City Council, Torreón, Coahuila, 1979; PAN candidate for alternate federal deputy,

t he b io g ra phies  719

Coahuila, Dist. 2; secretary of the promotion of women, CEN of PAN, 1984–1987; PAN candidate for governor of Coahuila, 1987; national adviser, PAN, 1984–1995, 1998–2007; member, CEN of PAN, 1984– 1987, 1990–1993, 2002–2008. f—Delegate of the Secretariat of Social Development, Chihuahua, 2001–2006. g—Director, Employers’ Association. i—Daughter of José Luis Ortuño Romo and María Teresa Gurza; married Héctor Pérez Estrada. j—None. k—None. l—Directorio, 1982–1985; C de D, 1982–1985; DBGM87, 572; DBGM89, 510; www.cronicadiputados.gob.mx, Aug. 21, 1976; www.elsiglodetorreon.com.mx, 2008; www.senado.gob.mx, 2008; www.pan .senado.gob, 2007; Pérez Franco, 252. Osorio Chong, Miguel Ángel a—Aug. 5, 1964. b—Pachuca, Hidalgo. c—Early education unknown; law degree from University of Hidalgo; adviser, University of Hidalgo, 1982. d—Federal deputy from State of Hidalgo, Dist. 6, 2003–2005, coordinator of Hidalgo delegation from PRI; governor, Hidalgo, 2005–2011. e—Press coordinator, Mario Viornevy Mendoza’s campaign for mayor of Pachuca, 1991; secretary of electoral action, PRI, Hidalgo, 1993–1994; president, PRI, Hidalgo, 1993–1994; coordinator, gubernatorial campaign of Manuel Núñez Soto in Hidalgo, 1999. f—Assistant secretary of government, Hidalgo, 1999; secretary of government, Hidalgo; oficial mayor, Pachuca. g—Oficial mayor, Society of University Students, University of Hidalgo. h—None. i—Married Laura Vargas. j—None. k—None. l—www.hidalgo. gob.mx, 2007; La Jornada, Oct. 4, 2004; www.wikipedia.org, 2007. Osorio Marbán, Miguel (Deceased Aug. 14, 2000) a—Dec. 10, 1936. b—Chaucingo, Guerrero. c—Teaching certificate from National Normal School, 1948–1953; preparatory studies in social sciences at National Preparatory School, 1954–1956; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, graduated with highest GPA of his class; received honorable mention for

thesis titled “Public Administration and the Educational Obligations of the State.” d—Federal deputy from State of Guerrero, Dist. 3, 1964–1967, member of 2nd Ejido Committee, 2nd Constitutional Affairs Committee, Complaints Committee; federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. 39, 1985–1988; plurinominal federal deputy from PRI, 1991–1994. e—Joined PRM, Aug. 8, 1950; participated in Adolfo Ruiz Cortines’ presidential campaign, 1952; director, National Youth of PRI, 1959–1964; orator, Gustavo Díaz Ordaz presidential campaign, 1964; general delegate of CEN of PRI to Morelos and Nayarit, 1964; president, PRI, Nayarit, 1964; PRI representative on Federal Electoral Commission, 1966–1967; private secretary to Lauro Ortega Martínez, president of CEN of PRI, 1966–1968; director, José López Portillo’s campaign in the desert zones of Coahuila, Nuevo León, San Luis Potosí, Tamaulipas, and Zacatecas, 1975– 1976; resigned from PRI, 1998. f—Technical adviser to director general, CONASUPO, 1968; general manager, La Forestal, 1968– 1976; assistant secretary of agrarian reform, 1976–1978. g—Secretary of political action, Student Society, National Teachers’ School, 1951–1952; secretary-general, Student Society, National Teachers’ School, 1952–1953; president, Student Council, National Preparatory School, 1955; secretary-general, Federation of University Students, 1955–1956; representative of National School of Law at First National Congress of Law Students. h—Secondary school oratory champion, El Universal contest, 1950; director, Acción, National Teachers’ School newspaper, 1950. i—Protégé of Lauro Ortega Martínez; son of Miguel Osorio Ramírez, federal deputy, 1954–1957, and secretary-general of CEN of PRI, and María de la Luz Marbán; married Laura Ayllón. j—None. k—PRI precandidate for senator from Guerrero, 1981. l—Letter; Proceso, June 12, 1978, 25; C de D, 1964–1967, 82, 92; DAPC, 54; Excélsior, Dec. 26, 1981, 16; DBGM92, 541; DBGM87, 534; www.cronica.diputados.gob.mx, 2008.

720  m e xic a n p oli t i c a l b i o g ra ph i e s , 1935–20 0 9 Osorio Palacios, Juan José (Deceased Oct. 16, 1997) a—Jan. 21, 1920. b—Federal District. c—Primary and secondary studies in Federal District; preparatory studies in Federal District; studied violin at National Conservatory of Music, 1938–1945. d—Federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. 20, 1952–1955, vice president of Chamber of Deputies, Dec., 1952, member of Department of the Federal District Committee, Inspection Committee of the General Accounting Office (3rd year), and 1st Labor Committee; federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. 15, 1958–1961, member of Library Committee (1st year), 5th Sec. of Legislative Studies Committee, 2nd Sec. of 1st Credentials Committee, and Committee on Fine Arts; federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. 15, 1976–1979, 1982–1985; federal deputy from the Federal District, Dist. 34, 1988–1991; representative to Assembly of the Federal District, 1991–1994; federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. 4, 1994–1997, majority leader of Chamber of Deputies, 1996–1997. e—Joined PRM, 1938; secretary of labor action, CEN of PRI, 1974–1975; PRI director of political action, Federal District, 1976; secretary of political action, CEN of PRI, 1976–1979, 1982–1985, 1989. f—Member, National Symphony Orchestra, 1939–1948. g—Joined Music Workers’ Union of Mexico, 1945; secretarygeneral, Music Workers’ Union of Mexico, 1946; member, Board of Directors, Student Society, National Conservatory of Mexico; secretary of organization, CTM, 1956; secretary of social action, CTM; secretary of finance and administration, CEN of CTM, 1982. h—Violinist; member of orchestra at UNAM; member of Classic Quartet and Opera Orchestra of National Symphony Orchestra; delegate to International Music Congress, Geneva, 1954, 1957. i—Married Luz María Puente, concert pianist; son of Juan Enrique Osorio, lawyer and poet, and Consuelo Palacios, concert pianist; son Juan José was a project engineer at PEMEX, 2006; son Jorge Federico is a noted pianist.

j—None. k—Answered President José López Portillo’s State of the Union address, 1977; PRI precandidate for senator from the Federal District, 1981. l—Func., 190; C de D, 1958–1960, 88; C de D, 1952–1954, 48, 59, 69; Excélsior, Dec. 9, 1976; Excélsior, Aug. 20, 1976, 1C; Excélsior, Dec. 26, 1981, 16; DBGM92, 620; www.geocities.com, 2008. Osorio Ramírez, Miguel a—1915. b—Santo Toribio Xicohzingo, Tlaxcala. c—Elementary studies in Xicohzingo; secondary studies at Secondary School No. 4, Mexico City; preparatory studies at National Preparatory Night School; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, Mar. 20, 1935; one year of advanced studies at School of Philosophy and Letters, UNAM; one semester of studies toward an LLD. d—Senator from State of Tlaxcala, 1952–1958, president of Administration Committee, 2nd secretary of Agrarian Department Committee, president of 2nd Justice Committee, 1st secretary of 1st Petroleum Committee, 2nd secretary of Special Committee on Tourist Affairs. e—Secretary-general, CEN of PRI; formed Tlaxcala Democratic Party. f—Lawyer, Legal Office of Banks and Money, Secretariat of the Treasury; director, Legal Office of Banks and Money; secretarygeneral, Committee to Control Prices in the Federal District; judge, Superior Tribunal of Justice, State of Tlaxcala; director of legal affairs, Secretariat of Hydraulic Resources, 1958–1961; consul, Hamburg. g—None. h—Worked as agricultural laborer on the San Jacinto, Cuacualoya, and Santa Agueda haciendas; textile worker in Covadonga Factory, Puebla; weaver, La Tlaxcalteca Factory, Tlaxcala. i—Helped by Alfonso Caso as law school student; worked under Ricardo José Zevada in Legal Office of Banks and Money, 1930; son Federico Osorio Espinosa was a PRI precandidate for federal deputy from Tlaxcala; son Manuel Osorio Marbán, federal deputy and assistant secretary of agrarian reform. j—None. k—None. l—DPE61, 95; Excélsior, Nov. 12, 1978, 14; Ind. Biog., 109–110.

t he b io g ra phies  721 Osorio y Carvajal, Ramón (Deceased Aug. 1, 1988) a—Oct. 25, 1914. b—Valladolid, Yucatán. c—Preparatory studies at Southeast University, Mérida, Yucatán; medical degree from University of Yucatán, 1936; PhD in psychology from School of Sciences, National Technical University of Cuba, 1947; PhD in philosophy and letters, Latin American University of Havana, 1954; graduate cancer and gynecology studies at University of Havana; graduate obstetrics study at Tulane University, New Orleans; professor of medicine, University of Yucatán, 1936–1943; professor of medicine, National Technical University of Cuba; director, School of Medicine, University of Yucatán, 1943–1944; rector, University of Yucatán, 1943. d—Federal deputy from State of Yucatán, Dist. 1, 1952–1955, member of Library Committee, Editorial Committee (3rd year); senator from State of Yucatán, 1967–1970. e—PRI delegate to many districts; secretary-general of social action, CEN of CNOP of PRI, 1964–1967. f—Director, National Naval Clinic, ISSSTE; representative of Agrarian Department; director general of coordination, Department of Tourism; representative from the Department of Tourism to OAS, 1967; Department of the Federal District delegate, Cuajimalpa de Morelos, 1971–1976. g—None. h—Intern, O’Horan Hospital, Mérida; director, O’Horan Hospital, Mérida; editor of sports section of Voz; author of many books. j—None. k—Originally elected as alternate senator in 1964, but replaced Matos Escobedo when he died in 1967. l—Hoy, Mar. 21, 1970, 20; C de D, 1952–1954, 16, 49; C de S, 1964–1970; Enc. Mex., X, 24; DP95, 2583. Osornio (Camarena), Enrique C.

(Deceased May 27, 1984) a—Sept. 1, 1897. b—Hacienda de Canada Honda, Aguascalientes. c—Elementary and secondary studies in Aguascalientes; medical degree; professor, Medical Military College; director, Medical Military College. d—Senator from State of Querétaro, 1928–1930, 1930–1932; governor, Aguascalientes, 1932–1936; senator

from State of Aguascalientes, 1940–1945, member of 2nd Balloting Group, 2nd secretary of Foreign Trade Committee and Social Welfare Committee, 2nd Instructive Sec. of the Grand Jury and 3rd Labor Committee, 1st secretary of 3rd National Defense Committee, president of Military Health Committee; mayor, Aguascalientes, 1945–1947. e—Formed Aguascalientes Antireelectionist Party, 1930. f—Chief of medical services, special mission to Brazil, 1922; Secretariat of Public Health delegate to Baja California and Aguascalientes, 1924–1930; director, various hospitals; received concession from National Lottery for Aguascalientes, 1927. g—Founder, Socialist Revolutionary Teachers’ Bloc, 1935. h—None. i—Son of Dr. Enrique Osornio Martínez de los Ríos and Elvira Camarena Aldana; brother Javier Osornio Camarena was consul-general in Chicago, 1961; married Eva Saldamendo. j—Career army officer; joined Constitutionalists under Manuel M. Diéguez, 1913; fought under General Obregón in Army of the Northeast during the Revolution; supported Plan of Agua Prieta, 1920; chief, Medical Military Corps; rank of brigade general; retired from the army, 1952. k—Father amputated General Obregón’s arm at Battle of Celaya, June 2, 1915; founder, Practical Medical Military College; New York Times alleges he was charged with the murder of the manager of the state lottery, 1935; freed from prison, Jan. 31, 1944. l—NYT, July 27, 1935, 14; Libro de Oro, 1946, 9–10; D del Y, Sept. 5, 1935, 1; Peral, 603; Almanaque de Aguascalientes, 104; www .aguas.gob.mx, 2008. Ostos (Ducoing), Armando Zacarías

(Deceased) a—Nov. 5, 1882. b—Tampico, Tamaulipas. c—Preparatory studies at National Preparatory School; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, 1902–1907. d—Federal deputy from State of Tamaulipas, Dist. 4, 1912–1914. e—None. f—Provisional justice, Supreme Court, replacing Hermilo López Sánchez, but rejected by Congress; judge, Superior

722  m e xic a n p oli t i c a l b i o g ra ph i e s , 1935–20 0 9

Tribunal of Justice, Federal District; justice, Supreme Court, 1950–1952, president of Fourth Division; retired after reaching maximum age, 1952. g—None. h—Opened his own law firm in Mexico City, 1918; practicing lawyer. i—Son of Dr. Platón L. Ostos and María de la Luz Ducoing García Conde. j—None. k—Commissioned to investigate assassination of Belisario Domínguez. l—Libro Azul, 244; www.scjn.gob.mx, 2008. Osuna, Carlos F. (Deceased) a—June 16, 1895. b—Saltillo, Coahuila. c—Elementary studies in Saltillo; secondary studies at Ateneo Fuente, Saltillo; studies at National School of Agriculture; studies at Draughon’s Business College, Nashville, Tenn. d—Federal deputy from State of Nuevo León, Dist. 5, 1928–1930; senator from State of Nuevo León, 1930–1932; federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. 6, 1934–1937; federal deputy from State of Nuevo León, Dist. 3, 1943–1946. e—None. f—Oficial mayor, Accounting Department, Secretariat of the Treasury; officer in consular service; director, National Lottery, Monterrey. g—None. i—Son of General Gregorio Osuna Hinojosa, large landholder and governor of Baja California del Sur, 1913, and Paula Osuna; nephew of Andrés Osuna Hinojosa, governor of Tamaulipas, 1917–1919; married Ofelia Sáenz. j—None. l—WWM45, 89; Peral, C de D, 1928–1930; C de S, 1930–1932; C de D, 1934–1937; C de D, 1943–1946. Osuna Millán, José Guadalupe a—Dec. 10, 1955. b—Aguacaliente de Gárate, Sinaloa. c—Early education unknown; economics degree from University of Baja California, studied at night; MA in economics from IPN; professor of economics from University of Baja California; assistant director of academics, University of Baja California, 1982–1984. d—Mayor, Tijuana, 1995–1998; federal deputy from State of Baja California, Dist. 5, 2003–2005; governor, Baja California, 2007–2013. e—Joined PAN, 1992; numerous local party posts. f—Researcher, Secretariat of Programming and Budget, 1979–1981; secretary of

housing and public works, Baja California, 1984–1985; director, Valle de GuadalupeEnsenada Aqueduct, 1985–1986; secretary of housing and public works, Baja California, 1989; state commissioner of public services, Tijuana, 1990–1995; director, State Water Commission, Baja California, 1998–2000. g—None. h—Director, Inmobiliaria Tijuana-Tecate, Baja California, 1989–1990. Maquiladora worker at age 16. i—Father, a farmworker who moved to Baja California; brother Miguel Osuna Millán, dentist and federal deputy from Baja California, Dist. 6, 2009–2012; married Carmen Capuchino, whom he met at a maquiladora. j—None. k—None. l—www.signonsandiego.com, Aug. 7, 2007; www.es.wikipedia.org, 2008; www.bajacalifornia.gob.mx, 2008. Otal Briseño, Rigoberto (Deceased) a—Jan. 4, 1905. b—Campeche, Campeche. c—Elementary studies in Campeche; teaching certificate from National Normal School; graduated from Naval College, Veracruz. d—Senator from State of Campeche, 1952–1958, president of 1st Naval Committee, 1st secretary of Public Works Committee, 1st secretary of 2nd Petroleum Committee, and 1st secretary of National Defense Committee. e—None. f—Naval attaché, Mexican embassy, Buenos Aires; oficial mayor, Secretariat of the Navy, 1958–1964. g—None. h—None. j—Career naval officer; coast guardsman on Progreso; fought Cristeros, 1928; commander, coastguard ship G28; rank of captain, Nov. 12, 1946; commander, Mazatlán; commander, Querétaro; commander, transport ship Durango; assistant director, national fleet; chief of adjutants, Secretariat of the Navy; commander, 6th Naval Zone, 1951; rank of rear admiral, Oct. 31, 1957. k—Regarded as hero during action against Cristeros when he saved numerous noncombatant women and children. l—Ind. Biog., 111–112; DGF51, I, 389; DPE61, 37. Oteyza Fernández, José Andrés de

a—Nov. 21, 1942. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; economics

t he b io g ra phies  723

degree from National School of Economics, UNAM, 1961–1965, graduating with best GPA in his class and an honorable mention, Mar. 30, 1966; MA in economics from Kings College, Cambridge University, 1966–1968; professor of economic theory, balance of payments, and international liquidity, National School of Economics, 1968–1971. d—None. e—Coordinator, Advisory Council, IEPES of PRI, during José López Portillo’s presidential campaign, 1975–1976. f—Economist, Department of Economic Studies, Division of Control of State Agencies and Enterprises, Secretariat of Government Properties, 1965–1966; analyst, Department of Economic Studies, Bank of Mexico, 1968–1970; assistant director of analysis of operations, Division of Control of State Agencies and Enterprises, Secretariat of Government Properties, 1970–1971; director, Division of Studies and Projects, Secretariat of Government Properties, 1972–1974; director general, National Sugar Industry Bank, 1974–1975; secretary of government properties, 1976–1982; ambassador to Canada, 1982–1987; director general of airports, Secretariat of Communications and Transportation, 1988–1993. g—President, Society of Latin American Students in Cambridge, Eng. h—Member, Board of Directors, Tribasa, 1997; director general of the Spanish firm Obras Huarte Lain Group, 2006. i—Son of Ernesto de Oteyza de la Loma, lawyer, and María Luisa Fernández Valdemoro, both Spanish exiles in Mexico; his uncles made important contributions to agricultural genetics; married María Antonieta López Bermúdez; student of Horacio Flores de la Peña. j—None. k—Youngest member of José López Portillo’s cabinet. l—Letter; El Día, Dec. 1, 1976; HA, Oct. 13, 1975, 17; HA, Feb. 7, 1977, 17; HA, Dec. 6, 1976, 22; DBGM89, 264; DBGM92, 274; www.dieumsnh.qfb.umich.mx, 2008. Ovalle Fernández, Ignacio a—Feb. 7, 1946. b—Federal District. c—Primary and secondary studies in Mexico City; preparatory studies at National Preparatory

School; studied law at National School of Law, UNAM, 1962–1966, graduating with 9.8 GPA in 1968; PhD in political science from University of Belgrano, Arg., 1983. d—Plurinominal federal deputy from PRI, 1994–1997, president of Administrative Committee. e—Secretary of cultural action, National Directorate of Youth Action, PRI; secretary of political action, National Directorate of Youth Action, PRI, 1965; auxiliary secretary of organization, CEN of PRI, 1966–1967; secretary of social administration, CEN of PRI, 1990–1992. f—Director, Office of Sidewalk Vendors, Department of the Federal District, 1967–1968; private secretary to Rafael Hernández Ochoa, assistant secretary of government 1968–1969; private secretary to Rodolfo González Guevara; private secretary to the president of Mexico, 1970–1972; assistant secretary, Secretariat of the Presidency, Nov. 14, 1972–1975; secretary of the presidency, 1975–1976; director, National Indigenous Institute, 1977–1982; ambassador to Argentina, 1982–1987; ambassador to Cuba, 1987–1988; director general, CONASUPO, 1988–1991. g—None. h—Won first place in 1967 National Literary Contest sponsored by the National Institute of Mexican Youth. i—Married María Luisa Cavazos; second wife, Ivonne Constanza Buentello Rebollo, journalist; son of Inocente Ovalle Fonseca, surgeon, and Gloria Fernández Oroquieta. j—None. k—At age 28, Ovalle Fernández became one of the youngest assistant secretaries in recent cabinet history. l—HA, Dec. 7, 1970, 28; HA, Sept. 25, 1972; DPE71, 1; Enc. Mex., X, 38; DAPC, 1977, 3; Protag., 263; DBGM89, 264; DBGM, 317; CDDWeb, Diputados, 1997.

P Pacheco Coronel, Benjamín a—April 22, 1940. b—Federal District. c—Studied to be a pilot at Military Aviation School, 1959–1961, graduating July 1, 1961; completed applied tactical course; completed staff and

t he b io g ra phies  723

degree from National School of Economics, UNAM, 1961–1965, graduating with best GPA in his class and an honorable mention, Mar. 30, 1966; MA in economics from Kings College, Cambridge University, 1966–1968; professor of economic theory, balance of payments, and international liquidity, National School of Economics, 1968–1971. d—None. e—Coordinator, Advisory Council, IEPES of PRI, during José López Portillo’s presidential campaign, 1975–1976. f—Economist, Department of Economic Studies, Division of Control of State Agencies and Enterprises, Secretariat of Government Properties, 1965–1966; analyst, Department of Economic Studies, Bank of Mexico, 1968–1970; assistant director of analysis of operations, Division of Control of State Agencies and Enterprises, Secretariat of Government Properties, 1970–1971; director, Division of Studies and Projects, Secretariat of Government Properties, 1972–1974; director general, National Sugar Industry Bank, 1974–1975; secretary of government properties, 1976–1982; ambassador to Canada, 1982–1987; director general of airports, Secretariat of Communications and Transportation, 1988–1993. g—President, Society of Latin American Students in Cambridge, Eng. h—Member, Board of Directors, Tribasa, 1997; director general of the Spanish firm Obras Huarte Lain Group, 2006. i—Son of Ernesto de Oteyza de la Loma, lawyer, and María Luisa Fernández Valdemoro, both Spanish exiles in Mexico; his uncles made important contributions to agricultural genetics; married María Antonieta López Bermúdez; student of Horacio Flores de la Peña. j—None. k—Youngest member of José López Portillo’s cabinet. l—Letter; El Día, Dec. 1, 1976; HA, Oct. 13, 1975, 17; HA, Feb. 7, 1977, 17; HA, Dec. 6, 1976, 22; DBGM89, 264; DBGM92, 274; www.dieumsnh.qfb.umich.mx, 2008. Ovalle Fernández, Ignacio a—Feb. 7, 1946. b—Federal District. c—Primary and secondary studies in Mexico City; preparatory studies at National Preparatory

School; studied law at National School of Law, UNAM, 1962–1966, graduating with 9.8 GPA in 1968; PhD in political science from University of Belgrano, Arg., 1983. d—Plurinominal federal deputy from PRI, 1994–1997, president of Administrative Committee. e—Secretary of cultural action, National Directorate of Youth Action, PRI; secretary of political action, National Directorate of Youth Action, PRI, 1965; auxiliary secretary of organization, CEN of PRI, 1966–1967; secretary of social administration, CEN of PRI, 1990–1992. f—Director, Office of Sidewalk Vendors, Department of the Federal District, 1967–1968; private secretary to Rafael Hernández Ochoa, assistant secretary of government 1968–1969; private secretary to Rodolfo González Guevara; private secretary to the president of Mexico, 1970–1972; assistant secretary, Secretariat of the Presidency, Nov. 14, 1972–1975; secretary of the presidency, 1975–1976; director, National Indigenous Institute, 1977–1982; ambassador to Argentina, 1982–1987; ambassador to Cuba, 1987–1988; director general, CONASUPO, 1988–1991. g—None. h—Won first place in 1967 National Literary Contest sponsored by the National Institute of Mexican Youth. i—Married María Luisa Cavazos; second wife, Ivonne Constanza Buentello Rebollo, journalist; son of Inocente Ovalle Fonseca, surgeon, and Gloria Fernández Oroquieta. j—None. k—At age 28, Ovalle Fernández became one of the youngest assistant secretaries in recent cabinet history. l—HA, Dec. 7, 1970, 28; HA, Sept. 25, 1972; DPE71, 1; Enc. Mex., X, 38; DAPC, 1977, 3; Protag., 263; DBGM89, 264; DBGM, 317; CDDWeb, Diputados, 1997.

P Pacheco Coronel, Benjamín a—April 22, 1940. b—Federal District. c—Studied to be a pilot at Military Aviation School, 1959–1961, graduating July 1, 1961; completed applied tactical course; completed staff and

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command course, Higher War College, 6th generation, 1968–1969; MA in national security from National Defense College, 1986–1987; chief of staff and command course, air force, Higher War College, 1975; director general, Military School for Air Force Specialist Troops, 1989; director, Air Force Staff and Command College, 1989– 1992. d—None. e—None. f—Head, Department of the Air Force, 1998–1999. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Víctor Ignacio Pacheco Olivares and Esperanza Coronel Salinas; married Elia Carlota Comer Rodríguez; brother Abraham graduated from Heroic Military College, 1960. j—Career air force officer; joined the air force as cadet, Sept. 1, 1958; graduated as pilot, 2nd lieutenant, July 1, 1961; armaments officer, air squadron; adjutant, air squadron; operations officer, air squadron; flight instructor; chief of instruction, air base; commander, air squadron; rank of colonel, 1981; commander, North American Region, Chihuahua, 2003. k—None. l—www.sedena.gob.mx, 2003; Rev. de Ejer., Nov., 1981, 25; Rev. de Ejer., Feb., 1989; Rev. de Ejer. Nov., 1975, 142. Pacheco Iturribarría, José (Deceased Nov. 15, 1981) a—Apr. 29, 1894. b—Oaxaca. c—Early education unknown; no degree. d—Senator from State of Oaxaca, 1964–1969. e—None. f—Substitute governor, Oaxaca, 1955–1956; director general, Administrative Division, Secretariat of National Defense, 1965. g—None. h—None. j—Joined the Revolution; head of various army units; rank of brigadier general, Dec. 16, 1940; chief of staff, General Miguel Henríquez Guzmán; rank of brigade general, Sept. 28, 1948; commander, 30th Military Zone, Villahermosa, Tabasco, 1955; commander, 33rd Military Zone, Campeche, Campeche, 1957–1958; rank of division general, Oct. 20, 1959; commander, 15th Military Zone, Guadalajara, Jalisco, 1962–1964. k—¿Por Qué? alleges he made 500,000 pesos a year in commissions in the purchase of military uniforms; took leave of absence from his position as senator from Oaxaca.

l—DGF56, 97; Peral 47, 246; DPE65, 40; MGF69, 106; Por Qué? July 4, 1969, 5; Excélsior, Nov. 16, 1981, 38; www.eloccidental .com.mx, Sept. 10, 2007. Pacheco Rodríguez, Ricardo Fidel

a—Sept. 18, 1963. b—Ciudad Victoria, Durango. c—Early education unknown; law degree from University of Durango; professor, School of Law, University of Durango. d—Local deputy, State Legislature of Durango, 1989–1992; federal deputy from State of Durango, Dist. 4, 1994–1997; senator from Durango, 2006–2012. e—Joined PRI, 1984; president, Revolutionary Youth Front, Durango; secretary-general, PRI, Durango. f—Federal ISSSTE delegate, Durango, 1997–2000; secretary-general of government, Durango, 2004–2006. g—Secretary of labor, Federation of Workers, Durango. h—None. i—Son of José Pacheco Hernández and Irene Rodríguez Murga. j—None. k—None. l—www.senado.gob.mx, 2008; www.cddhcu.gob.mc, 1994, 2008; Directorio del Congreso, 2006–2009, 96. Padierna Luna, María de los Dolores

a—May 8, 1958. b—Dolores Hidalgo, Guanajuato. c—Early education unknown; economics degree from Autonomous Metropolitan University, Federal District; elementary school teacher, 1978–1985; teacher, Ignacio Altamirano Normal School; professor of economics, Higher School of Economics, IPN, 1985–1993. d—Representative, Assembly of the Federal District, 1994–1997; federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. 8, 1997–2000; delegate of Cuauhtémoc, Federal District, 2000–2003; federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. 8, 2003–2006. e—Member, PPS; leader, Mexican Workers’ Party, 1978–1987; cofounder, PSUM, 1981– 1985; cofounder, Revolutionary Socialist Party, 1985; cofounder, PRD, 1989; national adviser, PRD, 1989–1999; secretary-general, PRD, Federal District, 1999–2000. f—None. g—None. h—None. i—Married René Bejarano Martínez, private secretary to Andrés Manuel López Obrador and coordinator of PRD deputies to Assembly of the Federal

t he b io g ra phies  725

District; sister of Antonio Padierna Luna, local deputy to Assembly of the Federal District. j—None. k—None. l—www.goliath.ecnext.com, 2008; www.diputados.gob. mx, 2008; www.secgob.gob.mx, 1997, 2007; QesQ en el Congreso, 1997–2000, 103; www .coparmex.org.mx, 2008; Musacchio, 319. Padilla Ascencio, Adalberto (Deceased Jan. 20, 1990) a—Apr. 21, 1897. b—San Miguel el Alto, Jalisco. c—Early education unknown; law degree from University of Guadalajara, July 21, 1931. d—None. e—None. f—Actuary, District Court, Toluca, State of Mexico, 1931–1932; judge, Second District Court, Toluca, 1932; judge, Fifth Circuit Court, 1941–1951; judge, Unified Fourth Circuit Court, Guadalajara, 1951–1961; justice, Supreme Court, 1961–1967, retired June 29, 1967. g—None. h—Practicing lawyer. i—Sister Esther Padilla Ascencio, was wife of Silvano Barba González, governor of Jalisco, 1929–1943; son Adalberto Padilla Quiroz was federal deputy from Jalisco, Dist. 1, 1967–1970; grandson Adalberto Padilla Ailhaud, physician. j—None. k—None. l—www.ssj.jalisco.gob.mx, 2008; www.scjn .gob.mx, 2008; www.cronica.diputados.gob .mx, June 21, 1961. Padilla Couttolenc, Ezequiel a—Mar. 19, 1942. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; studies in economics at National School of Economics, UNAM, 1960–1964, graduating Sept. 3, 1965; MA in public administration from Harvard University, 1965–1966; special studies in international trade and finance at Harvard University, 1966–1967; professor of economics, National School of Economics, UNAM, 1970. d—None. e—Joined PRI, 1968. f—Adviser to assistant secretary of credit, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1969–1970; assistant director of international transactions, NAFIN, 1970; assistant director of credit, NAFIN, 1970–1972; adviser to director general of international affairs, PEMEX, 1974–1975; assistant secretary of promotion and development, Secretariat of Tourism, 1988–1989; ambassador to Switzerland,

1990–1996; ambassador to Canada, 1998– 2001; consul-general, Dallas, Tex., 2001. g—None. h—Director general, Confia Bank, 1983–1988. i—Son of Ezequiel Padilla Peñalosa, presidential candidate, 1946, and secretary of foreign relations, 1950–1945, and Guadalupe Couttolenc Adalid; married Nora Fernanda Rodríguez Platt. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM92, 277; DBGM89, 265–266; Pescador, 204; DBGM84, 319; DBGM87, 290. Padilla Gutiérrez, Raúl a—1924. b—Topatitlán, Jalisco. c—Early education unknown; law degree; professor of civil law, School of Law, University of Guadalajara; director, Department of Aesthetic Education, University of Guadalajara. d—Local deputy, State Legislature of Jalisco; federal deputy from State of Jalisco, Dist. 1, 1964–1966, e—President, Regional Committee of PRI, Jalisco, 1961–1964. f—Director of city market, Guadalajara; assistant secretary-general, State of Jalisco; private secretary to Rafael Moreno Valle, secretary of health, 1966–1968; oficial mayor of health, 1968–1970. g—Formed Student Federation of Guadalajara with Carlos Ramírez Ladewig and sons of José Guadalupe Zuno, father-inlaw of President Echeverría. h—Practicing lawyer. i—Son Trinidad was a student leader at University of Guadalajara, 1983– 1986; son Raúl was rector of University of Guadalajara, 1989. j—None. k—None. l—C de D, 1964–1967; MGF69; Hurtado, 260; www.eluniversal.com.mx, May 15, 2006; www.jornada.unam.mx, Mar. 11, 2002. Padilla Nervo, Luis (Deceased Sept. 9, 1985) a—Aug. 19, 1898. b—Zamora, Michoacán. c—Elementary studies in Zamora; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM; attended School of Economics and Political Science, University of London; attended George Washington University, Washington, DC; studies at School of Law and Social Science, University of Buenos Aires. d—None. e—None. f—3rd assistant protocol officer, Foreign Service, 1918; 2nd secretary, Mexican embassy, London, 1919;

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assistant secretary, Mexican Legation to Buenos Aires, 1923; legal adviser, Mexican embassy, Washington, DC, 1925–1928; 2nd secretary, Mexican embassy in Madrid, 1931; oficial mayor, Secretariat of Labor; assistant secretary of labor; assistant secretary of education and fine arts, 1932; secretary, Mexican Legation to Buenos Aires; chargé d’affaires, Havana; minister to El Salvador, 1934–1935; minister to Panama, 1935–1936; minister to Uruguay, 1937–1938; Minister to Denmark, 1939–1940; adviser, Mexican delegation, United Nations Conference, San Francisco, 1945; president, Mexican delegation, United Nations, 1945–1952; secretary of foreign relations, 1952–1958; ambassador to United Nations, 1958–1963; justice, International Court of Justice, 1963–1973. g—None. h—President, UN General Assembly, 1951–1952; chairman, U.S. Disarmament Commission, 1959; adviser to many international commissions; member, Board of Directors, National Savings Bank. i—Married Cecilia Winston; nephew of Amado Nervo, distinguished Mexican poet; son of Luis G. Padilla and Ángela Nervo. j—None. k—Received Belisario Domínguez Award, 1980. l—Excélsior, Aug. 18, 1972, 15; WB54, 911; WWM45, 89; HA, Jan. 15, 1959; WWMG, 30; HA, Dec. 5, 1952, 9; WWW70– 71, 675; DGF56, 123; HA, Jan. 5, 1959; IWW67, 925; DPE61, 25; Peral, 608; STYRBIWW54, 919; DGF51, I, 110; Enc. Mex., X, 74–75; López, 817; NYT, July 27, 1954, 10; HA, Oct. 13, 1980, 7; Libro Azul, 248. Padilla Padilla, José de Jesús a—Dec. 20, 1943. b—San Juan de los Lagos, Jalisco. c—Elementary studies at Vicente Guerrero Public School, León Guanajuato; secondary studies at Miguel Hidalgo Public School; preparatory studies at León Preparatory School; left school for economic reasons; no degree. d—Federal deputy from State of Guanajuato, Dist. 11, 1985–1988; senator from Guanajuato, 1988–1994; plurinominal senator from PRI, 1997–2000. e—Joined PRI, 1964; president, PRI, Guanajuato; assistant secretary-general, CEN of PRI;

member, National Political Council of PRI. f—None. g—None. h—Sold newspapers at age 10; shoemaker, age 15; went into business at age 17; director general of public relations, Three Brothers Group Shoe Manufacturers; president, Board of Directors, Modern Processes of León. i—Son of Rodolfo Padilla Campos and María Mercedes Padilla Quezada, peasants; father raised hogs; married María Cristina Moreno Rodríguez, daughter of Rodrigo Moreno Zermeño, federal deputy, 1952–1955, 1961–1964, mayor of León, 1948–1949, and compadre of Miguel Alemán. J-None. k—None. l—www.liderempresarial.com, 2009; DBGM94, CD; DBGM89, 510; DBGM92, 542–543; www.secgob.gob.mx, 1997; DBGM87, 535. Padilla (Peñalosa), Ezequiel (Deceased Sept. 6, 1971) a—Dec. 31, 1890. b—Coyuca de Catalán, Guerrero. c—Secondary schooling at Normal School, Chilpancingo, Guerrero; teaching certificate; preparatory studies at National Preparatory School, Mexico City; legal studies at National School of Law, UNAM, on government scholarship; law degree, 1912; founding member of a group of students who formed the Free Law School; studies at Sorbonne, on scholarship from secretary of education, 1913–1914; advanced studies at Columbia University, New York, 1916; professor of constitutional law, UNAM, 1928. d—Federal deputy from Coyuca de Catalán, Guerrero, 1922–1924, 1924–1926; federal deputy from State of Guerrero, 1932– 1934; senator from Federal District, 1934– 1940; senator from State of Guerrero, 1964– 1970. e—PRI state delegate, Guerrero; PDM candidate for president of Mexico, 1946. f—Minister to Hungary and Italy, 1930–1932; attorney general of Mexico, 1928; secretary of public education, 1928–1930; secretary of foreign relations, 1940–1945. g—None. h—Author of several books. i—Knew Francisco Gaxiola and Ernesto Enríquez Coyro in preparatory school and at Free Law School; student companion of Emilio Portes Gil at Free Law School; son of Mariano Padilla,

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impoverished lawyer in Coyuca de Catalán, and Evarista Peñalosa, schoolteacher; married María G. Couttolenc; son Ezequiel was assistant secretary in Secretariat of Tourism, 1988, ambassador to Canada, consul-general, Dallas, Tex., 2001. j—Joined the Revolution; served under Emiliano Zapata as a common soldier; served as secretary to several generals fighting under Francisco Villa; fled Mexico in 1916 after Villa’s defeat. k—Padilla received government scholarships for all of his professional education, beginning with a scholarship to study at normal school, Chilpancingo, Guerrero; answered President Calles’ State of the Union address, 1925; precandidate for the PRI nomination for president, 1945; Brandenburg considers Padilla to be part of the Inner Circle of influence in Mexico, 1940–1945; self-imposed exile in Cuba and United States until 1922; Padilla’s family accused of controlling excessively large plots of land in Guerrero by the secretary-general of the state CNC, Aug., 1972. l—WWM45, 89; DBM68, 474; Morton, 47, 49, 51; EBW46, 14; Scott, 210; HA, Sept. 13, 1971, 21; Brandenburg, 80; letters; Kirk, 205–210; Strode, 381–388; CB, 1942; Excélsior, Aug. 29, 1972, 27; Daniels, 108ff; Peral, 607; Enc. Mex., X, 73; López, 817; HA, Dec. 8, 1944, 5; DBGM, 319. Padilla Segura, José Antonio a—Mar. 12, 1922. b—San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí. c—Elementary studies through 3rd grade in Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, and at Tres Guerros, Orozco y Berra, and Florencio M. del Castillo schools in Mexico City; secondary studies at Higher School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Mexico City; studies in electrical engineering at National School of Engineering, UNAM, 1938–1942, graduating Aug., 1942; PhD in science from UNAM; professor, School of Engineering, UNAM, 1958–1964; professor of electrical engineering, IPN, 1945–1963; chief of laboratories, Higher School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, IPN, 1957–1959; vice president, Research Center, IPN. d—Senator from State of San Luis Potosí, 1982–1988;

representative, Assembly of the Federal District, 1988–1991. e—Joined PRM, 1940; member, Advisory Council, IEPES, 1981; director, CEPES of PRI, Federal District, 1989. f—Engineer, National Irrigation Commission, 1942–1945; director general, IPN, 1963–1964; secretary of communications and transportation, 1964–1970; director general, National Steel Industry of Mexico, SA, 1971–1976, 1976–1978; director, National College of Technical Professional Education, Secretariat of Public Education, 1979–1982. g—None. h—Laborer, Mexican Electrical Laboratories, SA, 1938; engineer, Cervecería Moctezuma, Orizaba; executive, Otto Deutz Motores, SA, 1945–1946; general manager, Acosta y Padilla, 1946–1957; general manager, Franco and Co.; consultant, Grupo CPS, 2006. i—Married María Elena Longoría; father, José Padilla Romo, white-collar worker; mother, Antonia Segura y Gama, normal school teacher related to Antonio Díaz Soto y Gama, prominent politician in the 1920s; son José Antonio was director general in Secretariat of Communications and Transportation, 1982. j—None. k—PRI precandidate for senator from San Luis Potosí, 1976. l—DBM68, 476; WWMG, 30; HA, Dec. 7, 1964, 19; DPE65, 103; WNM, 169; HA, Sept. 1, 1975, 13; Justicia, Sept., 1971; HA, May 23, 1977, 64; HA, Jan. 15, 1979, 10–11; Lehr, 414–415; C de S, 1982–1988; DBGM, 319; DBGM89, 578; www.ai.org.mx, 2008. Padrés Elías, Guillermo a—June 29, 1969. b—Cananea, Sonora. c—Preparatory studies at Colegio de Jurídicas Humanitas, Federal District; law degree from ITAM; postgraduate studies in public policy at ITAM. d—Local deputy, State Legislature of Sonora, Dist. 7, 1997–2000; federal deputy from State of Sonora, Dist. 2, 2000–2003; senator from Sonora, 2006–2009; governor, Sonora, 2009– . e—Joined PAN, 1996; director of information and analysis, PAN, Sonora, 1997–1999; secretary of political action, PAN, Sonora, 1999–2000; coordinator of Ramón Corral’s campaign for governor of Sonora. f—Assistant delegate

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of Secretariat of Agriculture, 2003–2005. g—Vice president, CONACO, Sonora, 1993–1995; president, CONACO, Sonora, 1995–1997. h—Owner, Padrés Automotive, SACV, and Diversiones Turísticas de Sonora. i—Son of Miguel Padrés Durán, lawyer and director of Foreign Trade Bank, Hermosillo, and Elizabeth Elías Bernal Green; grandson of Héctor Jesús Padrés Sánchez and Julia Durán Flores. j—None. k—None. l—www.guillermopadres.com, 2008; www.expreso.com.mx, 2008; Directorio del Congreso, 2006–2009, 251; DCM, 2000–2003, 255; www.senado.gob.mx, 2007; QesQ en el Congreso, 2000–2003, 70. Páez, Manuel M. (Deceased) a—Apr. 5, 1885. b—Culiacán, Sinaloa. c—Teaching certificate in pharmacy studies; teacher, Colegio Civil Rosales, Mazatlán, Sinaloa; member, 1st Board of Directors, Colegio Civil Rosales, 1916; director, Colegio Civil Rosales, 1924, which became University of the West, 1937. d—Governor, Sinaloa, 1934–1935. e—None. f—Interim governor, Sinaloa, 1927–1928. g—None. h—Director of medical laboratories; purveyor for manufacturing companies. i—Taught at Colegio Rosales with an important generation of future politicians from Sinaloa, including Juan de Dios Bátiz, founder of IPN, and Enrique Pérez Arce, governor of Sinaloa, 1951–1953; close friend of President Plutarco Elías Calles, considered his strongman in Sinaloa; political protégé of Bernardo J. Gastelum, secretary of public education, 1924, and secretary of health, 1925–1928, who was director of Colegio Civil Rosales in 1916. k—Powers as governor of Sinaloa were dissolved by the federal government under Cárdenas because Páez was too friendly with President Calles. l—Dulles, 661; D de S, Aug. 10, 1935, 1; Peral, 608; www.uas.net .mx/centro, 2009; www.cronica.diputados .gob.mx, Dec. 27, 1928; www.congresosin aloa.gob.mx, 2009; www.oem.com.mx, 2008; www.historiadesinaloa.com, 2008. Páez Urquidi, Alejandro (Deceased) a—Sept. 25, 1907. b—Gómez Palacio,

Durango. c—Early education unknown; secondary studies at Juárez Institute of Durango; civil engineering studies at Mechanical and Engineering Institute, San Antonio, Tex., and electrical engineering studies at National School of Engineering, UNAM; electrical engineering degree from UNAM, 1929; studied law and economics at UNAM, 1942–1943. d—Governor, Durango, 1968– 1974. e—Representative, CEN of PRI, Durango. f—Employee, Bank of Mexico; director general, Federal Electric Commission, 1946–1952. g—None. h—Technical positions in Cía. Impulsora de Empresas Eléctricas, SA; president, Board of Directors, Alen, SA, Ingeniería Alen, SC, Plásticos, Rex, SA, Financiera Metropolitana, Autos y Equipos del Norte, and Diesel Mexicana, SA. i—Married Alicia Aragón; son of Alejo Y. Páez and Dolores de Urquidi; early mentor of Sergio Guerrero Mier. j—None. k—None. l—DGF51, II, 345, 355; DGF50, 245; HA, May 12, 1950, 24; WNM, 169. Palacios Alcocer, Mariano a—May 27, 1952. b—Querétaro, Querétaro. c—Elementary and secondary studies at Marian Brothers Instituto Marcia y Tinajero y Estrada, Querétaro; preparatory studies at University of Querétaro; law degree from University of Querétaro, 1972–1976, best student of his generation; MA in public law from Autonomous University of the State of Mexico, Toluca, 1977–1979; professor of law, School of Law, University of Querétaro, 1974–1979; dean, School of Law, University of Querétaro, 1979; rector, University of Querétaro, 1979–1982. d—Local deputy, State Legislature of Querétaro, Dist 5, 1973–1976; mayor, Querétaro, 1976–1979; senator from State of Querétaro, 1982–1985; governor, Querétaro, 1985–1991; plurinominal federal deputy from PRI, 1997–2000, leader of PRI delegation, 1997. e—Joined PRI, 1971; secretary of the National Revolutionary Youth Movement of PRMNJR, Querétaro, 1973–1976; president, National Council, MNJR, 1974–1975; secretary of political education, CEN of PRI, 1982–1983; president, Cambio XXI

t he b io g ra phies  729

Foundation, 1991; secretary of popular action, CEN of PRI, 1995; president, CEN of PRI, 1997–1999, 2005. f—Secretary of labor, 1999–2000; ambassador to Portugal, 1995– 1997. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Samuel Palacios Borja, lawyer, mayor of Querétaro, 1945–1946, 1949–1952, and alternate federal deputy from Querétaro, 1952–1955, and María de la Luz Alcocer Pozo; married Ana María González González; brother-inlaw was rector of University of Querétaro; became friends with Arturo Núñez while serving on CEN of PRI, 1982. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM, 576; DBGM89, 730; Lehr, 396; Excélsior, Jan. 18, 1985, 12; Excélsior, Jan. 16, 1985, 22; Excélsior, Sept. 14, 1997; www.eco.utexas.edu, 2008; www.quere taro.gob.lmx, 2008; QesQ en el Congreso, 1997–2000, 215. Palacios (Luna), Manuel R. (Deceased Jan. 21, 1994) a—Nov. 1, 1906. b—Oaxaca, Oaxaca. c—Elementary studies at Renacimiento School, Oaxaca; secondary studies at Institute of Arts and Sciences, Oaxaca, 1916–1919; preparatory studies at Institute of Arts and Sciences, Oaxaca, 1919–1921, and National Preparatory School, 1922; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, Nov. 8, 1926, with thesis on the church; director, Extension Department, UNAM, 1929; Professor of Sociology, School of Commerce and Administration, UNAM, 1933; professor of revolutionary legislation, National Teachers’ School, 1936– 1942; professor of sociology, Higher Normal School, 1938–1946; professor of economic policy, National School of Law, UNAM (31 years); cofounder, Higher Normal School. d—Senator from State of Oaxaca, 1946, but did not serve. e—José López Portillo invited him to participate in his presidential campaign after hearing him speak, 1976. f—President, Technical Commission, Secretariat of Public Education, 1935–1937; director, Department of Legal Affairs, Secretariat of Government, 1938–1939; member, Presidential Study Commission, 1937; judge, Federal Board of Conciliation and

Arbitration, 1938–1939; president, Federal Board of Conciliation and Arbitration, 1941–1943; adviser, Department of Social Welfare, Secretariat of Government, 1938– 1946; assistant secretary of labor, 1943–1946; director general, National Railroads of Mexico, 1946–1952. g—President, Alumni Association, Students of the Institute of Arts and Sciences of Oaxaca. h—Founder and director, Seminar for Social Science for Workers, 1933; practicing lawyer, 1973. i—Published student magazine Eureka at National Preparatory School, with Miguel Alemán, Antonio Ortiz Mena, Gabriel Ramos Millán, and Adolfo Zamora; father, Manuel Palacios y Silva, well-known tinsmith; uncle Manuel Palacios y Silva Meza was candidate for syndic of Oaxaca, member of the Liberal Club in Oaxaca, and Supreme Court justice; married María del Carmen Sierra. j—None. k—Supported candidacy of Gilberto Valenzuela for president, 1924; campaigned as orator for José Vasconcelos, 1929, with Adolfo López Mateos and Salvador Azuela. l—Letter; Peral, 609; DGF51, I, 7; DGF51, II, 127, 529; WWM45, 90; DGF47, 21, 413; Enc. Mex., V, 45; Correa, 37; López, 819; www .regeneracion, Dec. 17, 1904; DP95, 2612. Palacios Vargas, J. Ramón (Deceased May 7, 2004) a—March 11, 1915. b—Puebla, Puebla. c—Early education unknown; law degree, University of Puebla, 1939; professor, Law School, University of Puebla, 1938–1969; professor, National School of Law, UNAM, 1949–1951; professor, University of Nuevo León, 1954–1969; professor, University of Querétaro, 1958. d—None. e—None. f—Agent, Ministerio Público, Tepeaca, 1941–1943; joined the Federal Judiciary, Sept. 1, 1944; judicial actuary, First District Court and Second District Court, Puebla, 1944–1945; secretary of studies and accounts, Unified Division, Supreme Court of Justice, 1949–1951; judge, Superior Tribunal of Justice of Puebla, 1945–1947, 1986–1988; circuit court judge, Querétaro, 1957–1958, and Monterrey, 1958–1970; supernumerary justice, Supreme Court, 1970–1972;

730  m e xic a n p oli t i c a l b i o g ra ph i e s , 1935–20 0 9

justice, Supreme Court, 1972–1985; retired, 1985. g—President, Student Organization, University of Puebla, 1935. h—Practicing lawyer, 1936–1940. i—Son of Juan Palacios Marín, lawyer, and María de la Luz Vargas Fuentes; married Adelina Ortega Arreola; son José Ramón Palacios Ortega, physician; granddaughter Tatiana Palacios Chapa, prominent singer. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM, 677; letter; www.scjn.gob.mx, 548–549. Palafox Gutiérrez, Martha a—Feb. 23, 1949. b—Huamantla, Tlaxcala. c—Early education unknown; law degree from University of Tlaxcala; LLD from National School of Law, UNAM, 1995; professor of public law, Autonomous University of the State of Mexico, Toluca. d—Alternate federal deputy from Tlaxcala, Dist. 2, 1994–1997, under Alfonso Sánchez Anaya; federal deputy from State of Tlaxcala, Dist. 3, 1997–2000; plurinominal federal deputy from PRI, 2003–2006. e—Delegate, CEN of PRI, Guanajuato; president, National Organization of PRI Women, CEN of PRI, 2001; member, National Political Council of PRI. f—Attorney, Environmental Protection Agency, 1993–1994. g—Oficial mayor, CNC, 1992–1993. i—Sister of Margarito Palafox Gutiérrez, mayor of Huamantla, 1980–1982, and Rogelio Palafox Gutiérrez, mayor of Huamantla, 1999–2001. j—None. k—None. l—www.diputados.gob.mx, 2008; www .secgob.gob.mx, 1997; www.sitl.diputados .gob.mx, 2003–2006. Paleta, José Ignacio Cuauhtémoc

a—Feb. 1, 1921. b—Puebla, Puebla. c—Early education unknown; law degree. d—Alternate senator from Puebla, 1976–1982; federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. 26, 1982– 1985; plurinominal federal deputy from PRI, 1994–1997. e—Member, National Council of PRI, 2006. f—None. g—Labor adviser, Mixed National Committee to Protect Salaries; auxiliary secretary, Central Committee of CROM; president, CROM, State of Puebla; vice president, National Mutual Society of Textile Workers; secretary-

general, CROM, 1982, 1995, 2004–2012; secretary-general, National Textile Federation. j—None. k—None. l—Directorio, 1982–1985; C de D, 1982–1985; CDDWeb, Diputados, 1997. Palma Rojo, Mario a—Oct. 19, 1951. b—Mérida, Yucatán. c—Early education unknown; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, 1971–1975; MA in law and international politics from London School of Economics, 1976–1977; professor of political science, UNAM, Aragón Campus, 1978–1985 d—None. e—None. f—Employee, CONACYT, 1978–1982; adviser to head of Department of the Federal District, 1984– 1986; diverse positions, INEGI, 1983–1999; assistant secretary of regional development, Secretariat of Social Development, 1999–2000; oficial mayor, Secretariat of Tourism, 2000–2001; assistant secretary of innovation and quality, Secretariat of Tourism, 2001–2003; commissioner of public property, education, culture, science, and technology, Secretariat of Public Function, 2003–2006; oficial mayor, Secretariat of the Economy, 2006–2009. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Mario Palma y Palma, retailer, and Luz María Rojo Bea; married Gertrude Ruth Schibler Wyss. j—None. k—None. l—www.economia.gob.mx, 2007; DBGM92, 279; DBGM94, CD. Palmerin Cordero, Delfino Mario

a—1939. b—Monterrey, Nuevo León. c—Preparatory studies at Heroic Military College, Jan. 1, 1958; completed staff and command training in administration, 1963– 1965; parachute and special forces courses at Ft. Benning, Ga.; MA in national security from National Defense College, 1981–1982; commander of cadets, Heroic Military College; professor of Spanish, U.S. Military Academy, West Point, 1973–1975; director, Applied Arms and Services Military School, Puebla; director, Military Classes School, Puebla. d—None. e—None. f—Military attaché, Mexican embassy, Washington, DC; assistant secretary of national defense, 2000– 2001; military attaché, Mexican embassy,

t he b io g ra phies  731

London, 2001–2003.g—None. h—None. i—Brother Ricardo Raúl Palmerin Cordero, career army officer. j—Career army officer; graduated as 2nd infantry lieutenant from Heroic Military College, Jan. 1, 1958; executive officer, 2nd Battalion, under General Hernández Toledo Eurosa; commander, Parachute Brigade, Federal District; commander, 16th Infantry Battalion, Monterrey; commander, 62nd Infantry Battalion, Zimapán; commander, 29th Military Zone, Veracruz, 1988–1989; commander, 18th Military Zone, Hidalgo, 1989–1990; commander, 8th Military Zone, Tampico, 1993–1995; commander, 25th Military Zone, Puebla, 1995; commander, 28th Military Zone, Oaxaca, 1995–1996; commander, 8th Military Region, Ixtepec, 1996–1999; commander, 1st Corps, Federal District; rank of division general, Sept. 15, 2001; retired from army, Jan. 19, 2004. k—None. l—www.sedena.gob .mx, press release, Dec. 7, 2000; www.dean .usma.edu, 2008; www.laneta.apc.org, 2008; www.av.answers.yahoo.com, 2008. Palomares (Navarro), Noé a—Nov. 10, 1913. b—Álamos, Sonora. c—Elementary studies in Álamos; teaching certificate from Normal School of Hermosillo; preparatory studies at National Preparatory School, 1934–1936; legal studies at National School of Law, UNAM, 1936–1939, graduating with thesis titled “Our Federal System and the Dissolution of Local Powers,” 1940; elementary school teacher; professor of law, National School of Law, UNAM. d—Alternate senator from State of Sonora, 1946–1949; federal deputy from State of Sonora, Dist. 1, 1949–1951, member of Gran Comisión, 2nd Legislative Studies Committee, 1st Government Committee, Securities Committee, 1st Labor Committee; senator from State of Sonora, 1952–1958. e—State committeeman, PRI; coordinator, presidential campaign of Adolfo López Mateos, 1958. f—Lawyer, Legal Department, Secretariat of Agriculture, 1940–1942; judge, Superior Court of Justice, Sonora; director, Legal Department, Secretariat of Government,

1948–1949; private secretary to secretary of government, Héctor Pérez Martínez, 1946– 1948, oficial mayor of Secretariat of Government under Gustavo Díaz Ordaz, 1958–1964; oficial mayor of agriculture, 1964–1965; assistant secretary of agriculture, 1965–1970. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Heraldo Palomares; married Dolores Hilton, 1945. k—None. l—HA, Dec. 8, 1958, 40; DPE61, 11; C de D, 1949–1951, 83; Libro de Oro, xxxiii; WWMG, 31; DGF56, 7; DGF47, 21, 71; HA, Dec. 22, 1958, 7; Ind. Biog., 113–114. Pámanes Escobedo, Aurelio (Deceased Mar. 10, 2005. a—Aug. 3, 1903. b—Ojo Caliente, Zacatecas. c—Early education unknown; graduated as major in engineering from National Military College, 1931; completed administrative course at National Military College, 1933; professor, National Military College; professor, Higher War College. d—Federal deputy from State of Zacatecas, Dist. 1, 1940–1943. e—None. f—None. g—None. h—Director, many conferences on engineering tactics. i—Brother of Fernando Pámanes Escobedo, oficial mayor of Secretariat of National Defense, 1958–1964. j—Graduated as career army officer. k—None. l—C de D, 1940–1942; Peral, 613. Pámanes Escobedo, Fernando a—Feb. 19, 1909. b—Ojo Caliente, Zacatecas. c—Elementary studies in Ojo Caliente; cadet at National Military College, 1922– 1925, graduating as 2nd infantry lieutenant, Nov. 1, 1925; captain of cadets, National Military College, 1931; graduated from Higher War College, 1932–1936; professor of military tactics, National Military College. d—Federal deputy from State of Zacatecas, Dist. 4, 1955–1958, member of Committee on War Matériel, 1st Committee on National Defense, 1st Budget and Accounts Committee, substitute member of Foreign Relations Committee; president of Chamber, 1957; alternate senator from Zacatecas, 1964–1970; governor, Zacatecas, 1974–1980. e—PRI delegate to Coahuila during 1958 presidential campaign. f—Administrative assistant chief

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of staff, Secretariat of National Defense, 1953–1954; oficial mayor, Secretariat of National Defense, 1958–1964; military attaché to China, 1944–1946; ambassador to Cuba, 1964–1967; ambassador to Indonesia, 1967–1969. g—None. h—None. i—Brother Aurelio Pámanes Escobedo served as federal deputy from Zacatecas, 1940–1943; married Rafaela Beristáin; son Fernando, was a candidate for PRI nomination for federal deputy from State of Zacatecas, Dist. 4, 2003; nephew Aurelio Pámanes Hernández, rank of major in cavalry, 1966; brother Aurelio Pámanes Escobedo, career army officer and federal deputy from State of Zacatecas, Dist. 1, 1940–1943. j—Career army officer; participated in 31 battles in Bajío region, 1925–1931; rank of 2nd captain, May 16, 1929; rank of 1st captain, Aug. 1, 1936; stationed in Guerrero, 1938–1940; rank of major, May 6, 1940; member of military staff of President Ávila Camacho, 1942–1943; director of civil defense, Secretariat of National Defense, 1943; rank of lieutenant colonel, May 5, 1944; chief, Sec. 2, staff, Secretariat of National Defense; rank of colonel, Nov. 20, 1947; chief of staff, 2nd Infantry Division, Guanajuato, 1947–1949; chief of staff, 1st Volunteer Infantry Division, 1949–1953; rank of brigadier general, Nov. 1, 1951; commander, 9th Battalion, Tampico; rank of brigade general, Nov. 20, 1958; commander, 5th Military Zone, Chihuahua, 1971–1973; rank of division general. k—Most commentators did not believe he could capture the gubernatorial nomination in Zacatecas; Excélsior alleged that he violated Sec. 5 of the State Constitution by not leaving active duty at least one year before his candidacy for governor. l—McAlister, 224; C de D, 1940–1942, 59; DPE61, 32; Peral, 613; DPE65, 25; DGF56, 29, 32, 35, 36; MGF69, 106; Excélsior, Dec. 26, 1973, 4; HA, Mar. 4, 1974, 45–46; Enc. Mex., Annual, 1977, 553; HA, Aug. 19, 1974, 36; Excélsior, Feb. 5, 1974, 9; La Jornada, Mar. 11, 2005. Paoli Bolio, Francisco José a—Apr. 23, 1941. b—Mérida, Yucatán. c—Early education unknown; law degree from Ibero-

American University, 1960–1964; MA in sociology from New York University, 1971– 1973; PhD in sociology from Ibero-American University, 1976–1980; professor, IberoAmerican University, 1973–1976; professor, Autonomous Metropolitan University, 1978– 1984; director, Sociology Department, IberoAmerican University, 1973–1978; director, Social Sciences and Humanities Division, Autonomous Metropolitan University, Azcapotzalco Campus, 1978–1982; rector, Autonomous Metropolitan University, Xochimilco Campus, 1982–1986; general counsel, UNAM, 1988–1989. d—Plurinominal federal deputy from PAN, 1991–1994; representative to Assembly of the Federal District, 1994–1997; plurinominal federal deputy from PAN, 1997–2000. e—Founding member, PMT, 1974; secretary of cultural relations, PMT, 1975–1978; resigned from PMT, 1981; joined PAN, 1993; secretary of studies, CEN of PAN, 1996–1997; member, CEN of PAN, 1999–2001. f—Lawyer, Secretariat of Communications and Transportation, 1965–1966; assistant secretary of political development, Secretariat of Government, 2002–2005. g—Member, Social Christian study groups in preparatory school. h—Practicing labor lawyer, 1968–1971. i—Son of Iván Paoli Gutiérrez, hacienda owner in Yucatán, and Carmen Bolio Espinosa; married Anabella Díaz Estrada. j—None. k—Elected as plurinominal federal deputy from PAN in 1991 without being a PAN member. l—www.lare vista.com.mx, 2008; Pape, Harold R. (Deceased 1975) a—Dec. 12, 1903. b—Fort Wayne, Ind. c—Early education unknown; engineering degree from Purdue University, Lafayette, Ind., 1925; honorary PhD, Purdue University, 1971. d—None. e—None. f—Technical representative and vice president for European operations, ARMCO, Paris, 1926–1941; general manager, National Steel Industry, 1941–1972. g—Outstanding student leader, Purdue University. h—Engineer, American Rolling Mills Company (ARMCO), Hamilton, Oh., 1925–1926; adviser to Mexican

t he b io g ra phies  733

government on the construction of a new mint; principal designer, Altos Hornos, 1941–1942. j—None. k—Founder, Pape Foundation, which has financed a children’s hospital, a grammar school, and a school for mechanical and electrical engineers in Mexico; held assistant directorship of a major decentralized agency longer than any other person in Mexico from 1935 to 1980. l—Letter; DGF51, II, 231, 327. Páramo (Díaz), Juan José a—Jan. 11, 1935. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, with thesis titled “Retroactivity in Administrative Law”; studies in technical cooperation, decentralized agencies, and organization, Paris; professor, National School of Law, UNAM. d—None. e—None. f—Lawyer, National Railroads of Mexico, 1955–1962; adviser, Department of Administrative Legal Affairs, CONASUPO, 1960–1964; private secretary to secretary of the presidency, Emilio Martínez Manatou, 1966–1970; technical secretary, Mexican Food System, 1973–1974; adviser to assistant director and director general of operations, CONASUPO, 1971–1976; adviser, Department of Financial Investments, Division of Credit, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1974–1976; treasurer of Mexico, 1976–1982; assistant budget secretary, Secretariat of Programming and Budget, 1982–1988; director general, NAFIN, 1988–1991; director general, Aseguradora Hidalgo, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1991–1997; adviser to secretary of the treasury, 1997. g—None. h—Practicing lawyer, 1955–1963. i—Son of Juan José Páramo Castro, lawyer, and Guadalupe Díaz Ballesteros; married Beatriz Arias Staines; sister-in-law María de la Luz Arias Staines, elected plurinominal federal deputy from PVEM, 2002–2006. j—None. k—None. l—Q es QAP, 132; MGF69; DBGM, 322; DBGM89, 268; DBGM92, 280; DBGM87, 293; Pescador, 205; DBGM92, 280. Parás González, Juan Manuel a—Apr. 11, 1956. b—Nuevo León, Monterrey. c—Early education unknown; degree in

legal sciences from University of Monterrey, 1974–1978; economics degree from University of Monterrey, 1974–1979; professor of law, ITESM, 1980–1995. d—Local deputy, State Legislature of Nuevo León, 1994–1997; federal deputy from State of Nuevo León, Dist. 5, 1997–2000; local deputy, from State of Nuevo León, 2003–2006; federal deputy from State of Nuevo León, Dist. 12, 2006–2009. e—Director, PRI, Nuevo León, 1991–1992; president, PRI, Nuevo León, 1995–1996; delegate, CEN of PRI, Guanajuato, 2000–2003. f—Secretary of city government, San Pedro Garza García, Nuevo León, 1986–1988; director of public services, Monterrey, 1989–1991; assistant secretary of transportation, Nuevo León, 1992–1994. g—None. h—Director, Legal Department, Casa Guajardo, SA, 1979–1980; practicing lawyer. j—None. k—None. l—www.monitorlegislativo, 2008; QesQ en el Congreso, 1997–2000, 216–217; www.archivos.diputa dos.gob.mx, 2008; www.diputados.gob .mx, 2006–2009; www.secgob.gob.mx, 1997; Directorio del Congreso, 2006–2009, 198. Pardo Aspe, Emilio (Deceased 1963) a—Sept. 27, 1885. b—Federal District. c—Elementary studies in Belgium and France; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM; professor of criminal law, National School of Law, UNAM, 1932–1935; director, National School of Law, UNAM, Oct. 5, 1935–June 8, 1938. d—None. e—None. f—Agent, Ministerio Público, Office of the Attorney General of Mexico; justice, Supreme Court, 1941–1949, retired, 1949; appointed by President Manuel Ávila Camacho. g—None. h—Author of several legal studies; contributor, Criminalia; practicing lawyer, United States. i—Son of Emilio Pardo Sabariego, Jr., prominent lawyer, judge, and federal deputy, and Enriqueta Aspe; grandson of Francisco de P. Aspe, delegate to Liberal Union Convention. j—None. k—As director of Law School, was responsible for revising the curriculum and emphasizing public law. l—Letter; DP70, 1577; www.scjn.gob.mx, 2008.

734  m e xic a n p oli t i c a l b i o g ra ph i e s , 1935–20 0 9 Paredes Lara, Orlando Alberto a—Feb 2, 1941. b—Mérida, Yucatán. c—Early education unknown; legal studies at University of Yucatán, 1960–1967, graduating in 1968; teacher, Olegario Molina Solís Day School, 1963–1964; founder and director, Agustín Franco Villanueva Night Preparatory School, 1968–1994. d—Local deputy, State Legislature of Yucatán, 1988–1990, 1995–1997, president of Legislature; federal deputy from State of Yucatán, Dist. 1, 1997– 2000; senator from Yucatán, 2000–2006. e—Joined PRI, 1960; regional secretary, CEN of PRI, 1997–1998. f—Oficial mayor of Mérida, 1971–1973; oficial mayor of Yucatán, 1984; secretary-general of government, Yucatán, 1984–1987, 1991–1993. g—President, Law Students’ Society, University of Yucatán, 1963–1964; secretary-general, CNOP, Yucatán, 1996. h—Scribe No. 10, Mérida, 1965–1970; practicing lawyer, 1968–2009; Notary Public No. 36, Mérida, 1986–2009. i—Son of Avelino Paredes Manzanares and María Isolina Lara; married Celia Aurora Pino Regil. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM92, 809; www.coparmex.org.mx, 2008; DCM, 2000–2003, 301; QesQ en el Congreso, 2000–2003, 363. Paredes Ramos, Higinio (Deceased) a—Nov. 13, 1896. b—San Esteban Tizatlán, Tlaxcala. c—Elementary studies in Tlaxcala, Tlaxcala; rural school teacher. d—Senator from State of Tlaxcala, 1952–1958, member of National Properties and Resources Committee, 1st secretary of 2nd Navy Committee, 2nd secretary of 1st Public Works Committee, member of 1st Balloting Group, and president of 2nd Ejido Committee. e—None. f—Adviser, National Bank of Cooperative Development; director, Cooperative Society of Maritime Transportation. g—None. h—Peasant; organized Cooperative Society of Maritime Transportation, Veracruz; in merchant marine in Veracruz; returned to business activities, 1958. i—Married Bertha Rangel Solís; daughter Beatriz Elena Paredes Rangel was governor of Tlaxcala, 1986–1992, and president of

CEN of PRI. j—None. k—None. l—Ind. Biog., 115. Paredes (Rangel), Beatriz Elena a—Aug. 18, 1953. b—Tizatlán, Tlaxcala. c—Primary, secondary, and preparatory studies in Tlaxcala; sociology degree from School of Political and Social Science, UNAM; professor, Institute of Political Education, PRI. d—Local deputy, State Legislature of Tlaxcala, 1974–1977, president of State Legislature; federal deputy from State of Tlaxcala, Dist. 2, 1979–1982; federal deputy from State of Tlaxcala, Dist. 2, 1985–1986, president of Chamber of Deputies, 1986; governor, Tlaxcala, 1986–1992; senator from Tlaxcala, 1997–2000; plurinominal federal deputy from PRI, 2000–2003, president of Political Coordination Group; plurinominal federal deputy from PRI, 2009–2012. e—Joined PRI, 1973; secretary of indigenous action of CEN of MNJR, 1973; secretary of organization, Regional Committee of PRI, State of Tlaxcala, 1975–1977; secretary of promotion, CEN of PRI, 1981–1982; secretary-general, CEN of PRI, 1992–1993; coordinator of organization, Francisco Labastida’s presidential campaign, 2000; PRI candidate for governor of Federal District, 2006; president, Colosio Foundation, 2003–2006; president, CEN of PRI, 2007–2011. f—Assistant secretary of agrarian organization, Secretariat of Agrarian Reform, 1982–1985; assistant secretary of government, 1994–1995; ambassador to Cuba, 1993–1994. g—Secretary of Planning and family orientation, CEN of CNC, 1977–1980; auxiliary secretary, League of Agrarian Communities and Peasant Unions, Tlaxcala; secretary-general, League of Agrarian Communities and Peasant Unions, Tlaxcala, 1977–1979; secretary of education action, CEN of CNC, 1980–1983; interim secretary-general, CNC, 1995–1998. h—None. i—Daughter of Higinio Paredes Ramos, campesino who became senator from Tlaxcala, and Bertha Rangel Solís; grandparents, indigenous campesinos. j—None. k—First woman to answer a State of the Union address. l—Romero Aceves,

t he b io g ra phies  735

723–724; Q es QAP, 378; C de D, 1979–1982; DBGM89, 730; DBGM, 322; El Nacional, Apr. 10, 1992, 9. Parra (Gutiérrez), Manuel Germán

(Deceased Apr. 26, 1986) a—May 7, 1914. b—Federal District. c—Elementary studies in Mexico City; preparatory studies at National Preparatory School, 1931; studied law at National School of Law, UNAM, 1932–1934; degree in economics from National School of Economics, UNAM, 1935–1937; PhD in economics from National School of Economics, UNAM, 1944–1948; professor, UNAM. d—Federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. 11, 1979–1982. e—None. f—President, National Convention for Technical Education, 1940; department head, Secretariat of Public Education, 1941; economic adviser to presidency, 1943–1946; assistant secretary of industry and commerce, 1946–1948, under Antonio Ruiz Galindo; investigator under Aguirre Beltrán, Indigenous Coordinating Center, Tzeltal-Tzotzil Region, Chiapas, Secretariat of Public Education, 1951; coordinator, Commission for Urban Development, 1972. g—Adviser, Latin American Federation of Labor, 1943; helped organize National Teachers’ Union. h—Author of many books on education and economics. i—Married Emilia Prado Huante; son of Ignacio Parra Montes de Oca and Josefina Gutiérrez de Alva; father of Manuel Germán Parra Prado, director general of FSTSE, 1983. j—None. k—Resigned from Secretariat of Industry and Commerce, Jan. 7, 1948, when his superior, Ruiz Galindo, also resigned. l—HA, Feb. 7, 1972, 21; DGF51, II, 636; HA, Jan. 23, 1948, 35; HA, Dec. 27, 1946, 38; WWM45, 92; DGF47, 155; HA, Oct. 29, 1948, 1; HA, Apr. 18, 1952, 42; López, 829; Excélsior, Apr. 24, 1979, 12; www.amabpac.org.mx, 2008. Parra (Prado), Manuel Germán

a—May 28, 1939. b—Federal District. c—Elementary studies at Benito Juárez Primary School, Mexico City; sociology degree from National School of Political and Social Science, UNAM, 1957–1961, with thesis

titled “Sociology of the Economic Structure of Society”; professor, Ibero-American University, 1985. d—Federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. 11, 1979–1982; federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. 26, 1985– 1988. e—Joined PRI, 1964. f—Researcher, NAFIN, 1962–1964; chief, Corn Sales Department, CONASUPO, 1964–1965; executive assistant to director general, CONASUPO, 1965–1967; assistant director general of delegations, ISSSTE, 1988. g—Secretary of promotion, National Union of CONASUPO Workers; secretary-general, National Union of CONASUPO Workers, 1971–1974; secretary of educational action and literacy, FSTSE; permanent delegate of FSTSE to National Institute of Political Education for Union Members, 1978–1980; secretary of international relations, FSTSE, 1977–1979; secretary, National Electoral Committee, FSTSE, 1979; president, National Vigilance Committee, FSTSE; secretary-general, FSTSE, 1983–1986. h—None. i—Son of Manuel Germán Parra, assistant secretary of industry and commerce, 1946–1948, and Emilia Prado Huante; married María Luisa Pérez, teacher. j—None. k—Precandidate for secretary-general of FSTSE, 1979. l—Excélsior, Apr. 24, 1979, 12; C de D, 1979–1982; Protag., 268; DBGM87, 536; DBGM92, 281. Parres Guerrero, José G. (Deceased July 5, 1949) a—Dec. 15, 1889. b—Real Mineral del Monte, Hidalgo. c—Elementary studies in Real Mineral del Monte and at Liceo Hidalgo, Pachuca, Hidalgo; secondary studies at Liceo Hidalgo, Pachuca; preparatory studies at Scientific and Literary Institute of Hidalgo, Pachuca; medical degree from National School of Medicine, UNAM, but left to become member of neutral White Cross and then a Zapatista in the Liberation Army of the South, 1911–1914; director general, Rural Agricultural Schools. d—Governor, Morelos, 1920–1923. e—None. f—Oficial mayor of agriculture, 1924; assistant secretary of agriculture, 1924–1927; assistant secretary in charge of Secretariat

736  m e xic a n p oli t i c a l b i o g ra ph i e s , 1935–20 0 9

of Agriculture, 1927–1928; assistant secretary of agriculture and livestock, 1933–1934; assistant secretary of agriculture and livestock, 1934–1937; secretary of agriculture and livestock, Aug. 16, 1937–Nov. 30, 1940; adviser, National Agrarian Council, 1932; president, National Irrigation Commission; executive member, National Irrigation Commission, 1940–1946; adviser to President Manuel Ávila Camacho, 1940–1946. g—Secretarygeneral, Zapatista Front. h—Practicing physician, 1914. i—Son of Adrián Parres and Concepción Guerrero. j—Joined Zapata’s forces, 1911; head of army brigade, Army of the South, 1916; head of sanitation services, Army of the South, 1916–1918. k—Removed from governorship of Morelos by a leading Zapatista, General De la O; resigned from post as assistant secretary of agriculture to run for governor of Hidalgo, 1928, but not selected as the candidate; investigators from Secretariat of Government considered Parres an honest governor of Morelos. l—EBW46, 186; Womack, 367–381; Peral, 617; Enc. Mex., V, 44; DP70, 1088; Gruening, 659; Q es Q; Enc. Mex., X, 148–149; Pérez López, 341–342; López González, 195–196; www.bibliotecas .tv.zapata, 2008. Pascoe Pierce, Ricardo Andrés a—Aug. 1, 1949. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; philosophy degree, New York University, 1967–1971; MA in sociology from FLACSO, Santiago, Chile, 1972; PhD in economics and political science from London School of Economics, 1978; professor of sociology of labor, Autonomous University of Mexico, Xochimilco Campus, 1977–1982; director, Department of Social Relations, Autonomous University of Mexico, Xochimilco Campus, 1973–1978; professor, UNAM, 2000. d—Plurinominal federal deputy from PRT, 1985–1988; delegate of Benito Juárez to Federal District government, 1997–2000. e—Member, Central Committee of PRT, 1976–1987; member, Political Committee of PRT, 1981–1987; resigned from PRT, 1987, to support Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas; cofounder, PRD, 1989;

secretary of communications, CEN of PRD, 1989–1993; secretary of international relations, CEN of PRD, 1996; resigned from PRD; joined PAN. f—Oficial mayor, Federal District, 2000; ambassador to Cuba, 2000– 2002. g—Secretary-general, Independent Union of Workers, UNAM, 1979–1981; coordinator of analysis, Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas’ campaign for governor of Federal District, 1997. h—None. i—Son of Juan Pascoe, United Nations development specialist and founder of an agricultural pump company, and Dorothy Pierce; married Luz García López. j—None. k—None. l—www.keely net.com, 2008; DBGM87, 537; Musacchio, 323; letters. Pasquel Jiménez Unda, Leonardo

(Deceased Mar. 10, 1990) a—June 21, 1910. b—Jalapa, Veracruz. c—Preparatory studies at Colegio Preparatoria de Jalapa; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, 1940; 2 years of study in literature and history at UNAM; MA in history from UNAM; secondary school teacher, 1947; professor, National Preparatory School; professor, UNAM, 1949; professor, Night School for Workers. d—None. e—None. f—Auditor, National Lottery; assistant director, Legal Department, National Lottery, 1942; director of sales, National Lottery, 1956; president of employee cooperative, National Lottery, 1935; director, Federal Highway and Traffic Police; consulting attorney, Office of the Governor of Tlaxcala; oficial mayor, Secretariat of Health, 1945– 1946; president, National Council of Wheat, 1947; justice, Superior Tribunal of Justice, Federal District and Federal Territories, 1956; research historian, Department of the Federal District, 1959. g—Secretary-general, National Lottery Union, 1937. h—Author of numerous books. i—Married Alicia Lozano Barrios; son of Salvador Pasquel y Castilla and Luz Jiménez Unda; nephew of Enrique Jiménez Unda, lawyer and judge. j—None. k—None. l—WNM, 170–171; DGF56, 514; www.xalapa.gob.mx, 2009; www.e-local .gob.mx, 2008; DP95, 2655.

t he b io g ra phies  737 Pastor Gómez, Jorge Humberto

a—April 21, 1948. b—Guadalajara, Jalisco. c—Completed elementary and secondary studies; engineering degree from Heroic Naval College, Sept 1, 1970; completed staff and command studies at Center for Higher Naval Studies; studied electronics at School of Communications and Electricity, Spanish Navy, Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain; professor, Center for Higher Naval Studies. d—None. e—None. f—Chief of staff, Secretariat of the Navy, 2008–2009. g—None. h—None. j—Career naval officer; joined navy as cadet, Jan. 11, 1965; rank of frigate lieutenant, Nov. 24, 1974; rank of lieutenant, Nov. 20, 1977; rank of corvette captain, Nov. 20, 1980; rank of frigate captain, Nov. 20, 1985; rank of captain, Sept. 16, 1988; commander, Naval Sector, Isla, Socorro, and Tuxpan, Veracruz; commander, Velasco patrol boat; commander, Minesweeper No. 12 and No. 19; commander, amphibious warship Coahuila; commander, destroyer Quetzalcoatl; rank of rear admiral, Nov. 20, 1992; rank of vice admiral, Nov. 20, 1998; commander, 7th Naval Zone, Islas Mujeres; commander, 1st Naval Regiment; chief of staff, 5th Naval Region, Chetumal; chief of staff, 2nd Naval Zone, Ensenada; director general of Research and Development, secretariat of the Navy; coordinator of logistics, Secretariat of the Navy; director, Strategic Plan Unit, Secretariat of the Navy; commander, Gulf Naval Forces. k—Youngest admiral in the navy, Nov. 20, 2007. l—www.semar.gob.mx, 2008; www.milenio.com, Apr. 9, 2008. Pastrana Castro, Gonzalo a—Jan. 10, 1920. b—Tepocoacuilco, Guerrero. c—Secondary studies at Guadalupita School, Cuernavaca, Morelos, 1933–1934; no degree. d—Alternate senator from State of Morelos, 1958–1964; federal deputy from State of Morelos, Dist. 1, 1964–1967; federal deputy from State of Morelos, Dist. 3, 1979–1982; senator from State of Morelos, 1982–1988. e—President, PRI, Morelos, 1964; general delegate, CEN of PRI, Campeche, Yucatán, Quintana Roo, and Veracruz, 1966.

f—Director general, National Agrarian Registry, Secretariat of Agrarian Reform, 1977–1978. g—Secretary-general, Local No. 72, National Sugarcane Workers’ Union, 1951–1952; secretary-general, CTM, Morelos, 1958–1975, 1978–1988. h—Laborer. i—Son of Eutimio Pastrana, farmer, and Paz Castro Mejía; married Josefina Gómez Guerrero; son Bernardo Pastrana Gómez, PAN federal deputy from State of Morelos, Dist. 4, 2000–2003. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM87, 537; Directorio, 1979–1982; C de D, 1964–1967; C de S, 1982–1988. Pastrana Salazar, Alejandro

b—Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas. c—Early education unknown; public accounting degree. d—None. e—Finance secretary, PRI, Chiapas. f—Assistant director, Inspection of Funds and Public Workers Unit, Chiapas; assistant delegate for salary protection, ISSSTE, Chiapas; adviser to controller general, Secretariat of Agrarian Reform; ISSSTE delegate, Chiapas, 1998–1999; director general of administration, Secretariat of Agrarian Reform, 1999–2000; oficial mayor, Secretariat of Agrarian Reform, 2000; ISSSTE delegate, Tabasco. g—Treasurer, Regional Cattleman’s Union, Chiapas; secretary-general, Local 13, National Union of ISSSTE Workers. h—None. i—Brother of engineer Hugo Pastrana Salazar, leader of Civil Engineering Association of Mexico; sister Astrid was president of Hotel and Motel Association of Central Chiapas; married Patricia del C. Valls. j—None. k—None. l—www.issste.gob.mx, 2009. Patiño Guerrero, Gustavo a—Dec. 6, 1933. b—Cuernavaca, Morelos. c—Elementary studies at Benito Juárez School, Mexico City, 1941–1946; secondary studies at Fray Juan de Zumárraga School, Mexico City, 1947–1949; preparatory studies at National Preparatory School, 1950–1952; accounting studies, Autonomous Technological Institute of Mexico, 1953–1957, graduating with thesis titled “Administrative Organization and Accounting in the National Bank of Agricultural Credit,” 1964. d—None.

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e—None. f—General accountant, National National Bank of Agricultural Credit, 1959– 1960; general accountant, National Bank of Ejido Credit, 1960–1965; director of budgeting, Secretariat of Public Works, 1965–1970; assistant controller, CFE, 1976–1977; director general of administration and finances, Transportation Committee, Department of the Federal District, 1977–1980; oficial mayor of communications and transportation, 1982–1986; assistant secretary of transportation, Secretariat of Communications and Transportation, 1986–1988, 1988–1993. g—None. h—Chief, Bull Computers, assistant auditor, National Union of Sugarcane Producers, 1957–1959; president, Board of Directors, Serpover, 1995. i—Son of Federico Patiño Romero, businessman, and Ana María Guerrero; married Georgina Durán Rueda. j—None. k—None. l—Q es QAP, 251; DBGM87, 294; DBGM89, 270; DBGM92, 282. Patiño Navarrete, Jesús (Deceased 1970) a—1911. b—Tlalpujahua, Michoacán. c—Agricultural engineering degree from National School of Agriculture, Chapingo, Federal District. d—None. e—None. f—Administrator, National Bank of Foreign Commerce; administrator, National Maize Commission; assistant manager, National Bank of Ejido Credit; assistant secretary of agriculture and livestock, 1958–1964. g—None. h—Assistant director, National Bank of Mexico, 1964–1970. i—Married Elsa Núñez. j—None. k—Considered to have been one of Mexico’s experts on forestry problems; the National School of Agriculture twice named him outstanding agronomist in Mexico. l—DP70, 1585; DPE61, 69. Patiño Rodríguez, Julio a—June 30, 1935. b—Jalapa, Veracruz. c—Early education unknown; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, with thesis titled “Islas Marías Prison”; professor, Higher School of Business and Administration, IPN, 1973– 1975. d—Senator from State of Veracruz, 1988–1991. e—Joined PRI, 1960; director of legal affairs, PRI, Federal District, 1980;

legal assistant director, PRI Committee for Political, Social, and Economic Studies, Veracruz, 1987–1988. f—Investigative agent, Ministerio Público; assistant director general of government, Secretariat of Government, 1964; director general of legal affairs, Secretariat of Government, 1969–1970; director general of legal affairs, Office of the Presidency, 1971–1972; director of legal affairs and legislation, Office of the Presidency, 1973–1974; oficial mayor, Secretariat of the Presidency, 1974–1976; president, Superior Tribunal of Justice, Veracruz, 1994; president, Third Criminal Division, Superior Tribunal of Justice, Veracruz, 2007. g—None. i—Son of Julio Patiño García and Evangelina Rodríguez; married Martha Beckwith. j—None. k—None. l—DPE65, 15; MGF73, 303; DPE71, 5; HA, June 17, 1974, 9–10; MGF69, 161; DBGM89, 512. Patrón Laviada, Patricio José a—Dec. 17, 1957. b—Mérida, Yucatán. c—Elementary, secondary, and preparatory studies in Mérida; no degree. d—Local deputy, State Legislature of Yucatán, 1994–1995; mayor, Mérida, 1995–1998; senator from Yucatán, 2000–2001; governor, Yucatán, 2001–2007. e—Joined PAN, 1986; secretary of organization, PAN, Mérida, 1990–1994; president, PAN, Mérida, 1998–2001; coordinator, Amigos de Fox, Yucatán, 1999–2000; national adviser, CEN of PAN, 1999–2001. f—Executive secretary, Pronasol, Mérida, 1991–1993; attorney for environmental protection, 2008. g—None. h—Worked in maquiladora and a bottling plant; manager, Planta Madera, Tizayuca, Hidalgo, 1980–1984; owner, 3 fishing companies, Yucatán, 1984–1989; manager, Complejo Pesquero Independiente de Mayab, Progreso, 1989–1990. i—Son of José Patrón Méndez and Cecilia Laviada Arrigunaga, middle class; married Silvia Cicero Cáceres, daughter of Roger Cicero Mackinney, plurinominal federal deputy from PAN, 1982–1985, 1989–1991, and president of PAN, Yucatán; met Mackinney through his maternal uncles; brother Alejandro is married to Pilar Cevera, daughter of Víctor

t he b io g ra phies  739

Cervera Pacheco, governor of Yucatán; maternal uncles Eduardo Antonio Laviada and Francisco Antonio Laviada, prominent physicians; cousin Hugo Laviada, physician and senator from Yucatán, 2006–2012. j—None. k—None. l—www.eluniversal. com.mx, Oct. 25, 2005; DCM, 2000–2003, 302; www.coparmex.org.mx, 2008; www. larevista.com.mx, Feb. 23, 2001; QesQ en el Congreso, 2000–2003, 313; Musacchio, 324; www.diputadosfederales.panyucatan.org .mx, 2008; medigraphic.com, 2008. Paulín Posada, Angélica a—July 17, 1955. b—Querétaro, Querétaro. c—Early education unknown; business administration degree from University of Querétaro, 1973– 1978. d—Federal deputy from State of Querétaro, Dist. 1, 1982–1985. e—Joined PRI, 1976; secretary of social action, PRI, Querétaro, 1981; member, Advisory Council, CEPES of PRI, Querétaro, 1980–1982. f—Director of administration and finance, INDECO, Querétaro, 1977–1979; INDECO delegate, Querétaro, 1979–1982. g—Adviser, CNOP, 1983. h—Reporter, 1973–1976; assistant administrator, Metal Industrial Products, SA, 1976–1977. i—Daughter of José Ignacio Paulín Cossío, public official, and María del Carmen Posada Retana; granddaughter of Esteban Paulín y González, physician, and Ángela González; brother José Ignacio, public notary, lawyer, and citizen councilor, Federal Electoral Institute. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM, 577–578; Lehr, 397; Directorio, 1982–1985; C de D, 1982–1985. Pavón Bahaine, Manuel (Deceased) a—Sept. 14, 1907. b—Campeche, Campeche. c—Early education unknown; law degree; studied engineering and French; teacher at primary, secondary, and preparatory levels. d—Member, City Council, Campeche; alternate mayor, Campeche; local deputy, State Legislature of Campeche; alternate senator of Alberto Trueba Urbina from State of Campeche, 1952–1958; federal deputy from State of Campeche, Dist. 1, 1961–1964, member of Gran Comisión; federal deputy from State of Campeche, Dist.

2, 1967–1970, member of Gran Comisión. e—Member of PRI. f—Consulting lawyer, State of Campeche; oficial mayor of government, State of Campeche. g—CTM representative to various congresses. i—Married Sara Flores; related to Silvestre Pavón Silva, federal deputy and governor of Campeche, 1928; related to Nicolás Bahaine, senator from Campeche, 1958–1964. j—None. k—None. l—Directorio, 1967–1970; C de D, 1964–1967; C de D, 1967–1970; C de S, 1952–1958. Pavón Jaramillo, Laura Hermelinda

a—May 19, 1943. b—San Miguel Amatepec, State of Mexico. c—Normal school teaching certificate, 1958–1961; law degree from Autonomous University of the State of Mexico, 1967–1971; professor, 1973–1975. d—Local deputy, State Legislature of State of Mexico, 1975–1977; federal deputy from State of Mexico, Dist. 4, 1985–1988; mayor, Toluca, State of Mexico, 1988–1990; federal deputy from State of Mexico, Dist. 4, 1991–1994; senator from State of Mexico, 1994–2000; plurinominal federal deputy from PRI, 2000–2003. e—Joined PRI, 1961; secretary-general, ANFER of PRI, State of Mexico, 1974–1979. f—Director, Literary Department, State of Mexico, 1971–1972; private secretary to secretary of labor, State of Mexico, 1984–1987; secretary of ecology, State of Mexico, 1993. g—None. h—None. i—Daughter of Leopoldo Pavón Rodríguez, retailer, and Ofelia Jaramillo López; uncle Agapito Jaramillo López, mayor of San Miguel Amatepec, 1944–1945, 1949–1951, and aide to Mario Colín Sánchez, federal deputy from State of Mexico and rector of Autonomous University of the State of Mexico. j—None. k—None. l—www .e-mexico.gob.mx, 2008; www.secgob, 1997, 2007; DBGM87, 538; DCM, 2000–2003, 441; QesQ en el Congreso, 1997, 325; QesQ en el Congreso, 2000–2003, 234; DBGM92, 545; Musacchio, 324–325. Pavón Vasconcelos, Francisco H.

a—May 27, 1920. b—Acayucán, Veracruz. c—Early education unknown; law degree

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from National School of Law, UNAM, 1944, with thesis on participation of workers in public organizations; LLD from National School of Law, UNAM, 1963; professor, National School of Law, UNAM, and many state universities, including University of Michoacán and University of Zacatecas. d—None. e—Joined PRM, 1938. f—Chief, Legal Department, Forestry and Hunting Division, Secretariat of Agriculture, 1942– 1949; agent, federal Ministerio Público, 1949–1951; chief, Office of Prior Offenses, Office of the Attorney General of Mexico, 1951–1953; secretary of studies and accounts, First Division, Supreme Court, 1958–1962; district judge, Zacatecas and Michoacán, 1961–1964; judge, First District Court, Civil Division, Federal District, 1965–1967; judge, Second District Court, Criminal Division, Federal District, 1967–1968; judge, Fourth Circuit Court, Monterrey, Nuevo León, 1968–1969; judge, Sixth Circuit Court, Puebla, Puebla, 1969–1973; judge, Second Circuit Court, Federal District, 1973–1974; judge, First Circuit Court, Federal District, 1974–1976; supernumerary justice, Supreme Court, 1976–1977; justice, Supreme Court, 1978–1990, retired May 27, 1990. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Francisco Pavón Moscoso, lawyer, and Teresa Josefa Vasconcelos; married María Elena Uribe Ramírez; grandson of Ángel Pavón Martínez and Margarita Moscoso Lara; nephew of Armando Pavón Moscoso, alternate federal deputy from State of Veracruz, Dist. 11, 1949–1952. j—None. k—None. l—Letter; Protag., 269; DBGM, 678; DBGM89, 632; www.cronica.diputados .gob.mx, Aug. 19, 1949; www.scjn.gob.mx, 556–557, 2008. Pavón Vinales, Pablo a—Aug. 27, 1945. b—Minatitlán, Veracruz. c—Vocational studies; no degree. d—Mayor, Minatitlán, 1979–1980, 1982–1985; federal deputy from State of Veracruz, Dist. 14, 1991–1994; federal deputy from State of Veracruz, Dist. 23, 2003–2006. e—Joined PRI, 1966; minor posts in PRI. f—None. g—None. h—Coowner, professional baseball team. i—Son of

Pablo Pavón Rosado, petroleum worker, union leader close to the head of Local No. 10, Petroleum Workers’ Union, and federal deputy from Veracruz, Dist. 14, 1964–1967, and Ruperta Vinales Lozaro; married Clara Jiménez Pinacho. j—None. k—None. l—www.cronica.diputados.gob.mx, 2008; www.revista.contacto.info, Feb. 6, 2008; DBGM92, 545; www.diputados.gob.mx, 2003; DBGM94, CD; www.enlace.vazquez chagoya.com, Jan. 28, 2008. Pawling (Dorantes), Alberto J.

(Deceased Nov. 26, 1955) a—July 25, 1887. b—Campeche, Campeche. c—Civil engineering degree from Naval College, Veracruz, Veracruz. d—None. e—None. f—Interim oficial mayor of communications, 1930; director general, Department of the Navy; director of ports, Department of the Navy; assistant secretary of the navy, 1946–1949; secretary of the navy, Oct. 21, 1949–Feb. 7, 1952. g—Manager, Henequeneros de Yucatán. h—Author of various works on construction of naval ports. i—Son Alberto José Pawling Salazar was technician for Department of Economic Studies, Bank of Mexico, 1961; married María de los Ángeles Salazar Rosado, druggist and daughter of Guatemalan surgeon; son Jorge, killed during a Japanese attack, 1942; brother-in-law was captain of Port of Puerto Vallarta. j—Career navy officer; 1st captain for 25 years; one of only 8 captains, of the Tehuantepec, when the government took over naval operations, 1917. k—Considered an expert on merchant marine problems in Mexico; constructed numerous naval projects to improve Mexico’s port system. l—DGF51, I, 379; DP70, 1561; HA, Oct. 15, 1948, 3; STYRBIWW54, 944; Excélsior, Oct. 20, 1949; BdM, 203; www.cesnav.edu .mx, 2008. Payán Cervera, Ana Rosa a—Sept. 10, 1951. b—Campeche, Campeche. c—Early education unknown; public accounting degree from University of Yucatán, 1970–1975; MA in administration. d—Federal deputy from State of Yucatán, Dist.

t he b io g ra phies  741

1, 1988–1991; mayor, Mérida, 1992–1995, 2001–2004; local deputy, State Legislature of Yucatán, 1995–1997, coordinator of PAN delegation; plurinominal senator from PAN, 1997–2000. e—Joined PAN, 1983; secretary of acts, PAN, Yucatán, 1984–1987; member, State Committee of PAN, Yucatán, 1984– 2000; national adviser, CEN of PAN, 1987; president, PAN, Yucatán, 1994–1997; CEN of PAN delegate, Yucatán, 1996; member, CEN of PAN, 1996–2009; secretary of government action, CEN of PAN, 1999–2001; resigned from PAN, 2007; Convergencia candidate for governor of Yucatán, 2007. f—Director, DIF, 2006–2007. g—None. h—General manager and stockholder, Empresa Aurarita. i—Daughter of Alfonso Payán Flores, retailer, and Aurora Cervera Lizana, retailer. j—None. k—None. l—www .esmas.com, Jan. 17, 2007; www.larevista. com.mx, Oct. 21, 2005; www.secgob.gob.mx, 1997, 2008; DBGM89, 513; QesQ en el Congreso, 1997–2000, 271. Paz, Octavio (Deceased Apr. 19, 1998) a—Mar. 31, 1914. b—Federal District. c—Elementary studies at Marian Brothers School and Colegio Williams, Federal District; preparatory studies at National Preparatory School; studies in the United States, Paris, Japan, and India; visiting professor, University of Texas, Austin; Guggenheim Fellow, 1944; Simón Bolivar Professor of Latin American Studies, Churchill College, Cambridge University, 1970–1971; Charles Eliot Norton Professor of Poetry, Harvard University, 1971–1972. d—None. e—Attended Anti-Fascist Congress, Spain, 1937. f—Joined Foreign Service, 1943; resided in United States, 1943–1945; secretary, Mexican embassy, Paris, 1946–1951; chargé d’affairs, Japan, 1951–1953; resided in Paris, 1959–1962; ambassador to India, 1962–1968; resigned his post to protest the 1968 student massacre in Tlatelolco, Mexico City. g—None. h—Poet and essayist; director, Barandal, 1931–1932; founder and editor, El Popular, 1938–1939; director, Taller, 1938– 1941; director, El Hijo Pródigo, 1943–1946;

director, Plural, 1976; director, Vuelta, 1976– 1998; contributor to numerous intellectual magazines and newspaper supplements, including México en la Cultura, La Cultura en México, Letras de México, Universidad de México, and Vuelta. i—Son of Octavio Paz, lawyer, revolutionary, Zapatista, and federal deputy from the Federal Dist., Dist. 10, 1920–1922, and Josefina Lozano; grandson of leading 19th-century intellectual and federal deputy under Porfirio Díaz, Octavio Paz; married and divorced, Elena Garro, novelist; married Marie Tramini; strongly influenced Antonio Díaz Soto y Gama, prominent professor and federal deputy, 1920–1926, 1928–1930. j—None. k—Worked for Republican cause in Mexico aiding refugees, 1938–1939; awarded National Prize in Literature, 1977; recipient of Nobel Prize for Literature, 1990. l—Letters; WWM45, 92; O’Campo, 278–280; CN, Memorias, 1967, 49–51; WNM, 171; Excélsior, Sept. 9, 1996. Paz Méndez, María Encarnación

a—April 21, 1943. b—Oaxaca, Tlacolula. c—Early education unknown; law degree from Benito Juárez University, Oaxaca, 1965–1970; professor, School of Law, Benito Juárez University, Oaxaca. d—Alternate local deputy, State Legislature of Oaxaca, 1970–1973; federal deputy from State of Oaxaca, Dist. 3, 1982–1985. e—Member, Advisory Council, CEPES of PRI, State of Oaxaca; oficial mayor, Regional Committee of PRI, Oaxaca, 1980–1981; member, Coordinating Committee, Luis Echeverría’s presidential campaign, Oaxaca, 1970; active in José López Portillo’s presidential campaign, 1976. f—Adviser, Department of Agrarian Affairs, Oaxaca, 1973; director, Department of Promotion and Social Service, Secretariat of Agrarian Reform, State of Oaxaca, 1972–1973; assistant director, House of Culture of Oaxaca, 1973–1974. g—Secretarygeneral, CNOP, Juárez, Oaxaca, 1976–1977. i—Daughter of Manuel Paz de la Cajiga, businessman, and María Méndez Luria; niece of Luis Paz de la Cajiga, secretary of Oaxaca State Legislature, 1925. j—None.

742  m e xic a n p oli t i c a l b i o g ra ph i e s , 1935–20 0 9

k—None. l—Directorio, 1982–1985; C de D, 1982–1985; www.cronica.diputados.gob.mx, Dec. 16, 1925. Paz Paredes Camacho, Andrés Sigfrido

a—April 12, 1938. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; studies in technical aeronautical operations, International Center for Civil Aviation Administration, 1960–1962, airport landing operations, Canadian Pacific Airways, 1963–1964, airport civil engineering, University of Ottawa, 1965–1966; diploma in business administration from Harvard University, 1971–1972. d—None. e—Joined PRI, 1971; adviser to secretary-general of PRI, 1981–1982. f—Assistant chief of the airport, Aeroméxico, Culiacán, 1962–1963; chief of operations for Civil Airlines, Civil Aviation Division, Secretariat of Communications and Transportation, 1969–1970; assistant director of tourist infrastructure, Bank of Mexico, 1971–1975; assistant director, National Fund for the Development of Tourism, 1971–1975; director general, Acapulco Trust, 1975–1976; director general, Aeroméxico, 1976–1979, 1982–1985; general manager of airport operations, 1979–1982; coordinator of advisers, Secretariat of Tourism, 1990–1994; assistant secretary of tourism operations, Secretariat of Tourism, 1994–1995. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Rafael Paz Paredes, poet, prominent writer, lawyer, exiled Honduran, and recipient of Legion of Honor as a diplomat, France, 1952, and Margarita Camacho, English teacher. j—None. k—According to Attorney General of Mexico, sentenced to 4 years, 6 months, for abusing his responsibilities as assistant secretary. l—www.e-mex ico.gob.mx, 2008; DBGM92; www.pgr.gob .mx, Dec. 13, 2000; DBGM94, CD; Musacchio, 325. Paz Sánchez, Fernando a—Sept. 23, 1932. b—Huichapán, Hidalgo. c—Early education unknown; economics degree from National School of Economics, UNAM, 1954–1958, with thesis on structure and development of Mexican agriculture; diploma from World Bank, Washington, DC, 1969; researcher,

National School of Economics, UNAM, 1961–1969; researcher, School of Accounting and Administration, UNAM, 2002–2006. d—None. e—None. f—Assistant director general of public investment, Office of the Presidency, 1966–1976; assistant director of planning, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1977; auxiliary coordinator of projects, Office of the Presidency, 1979–1981; director general of special programs, Office of the Presidency, 1981–1982; director, Projects Division, SOMEX Bank, 1982–1987; secretary of economic development, State of Hidalgo, 1987– 1988; oficial mayor of energy, Secretariat of Energy, Mines, and Government Industries, 1988–1993. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Arnulfo Paz Trejo, public official, and Dolores Sánchez Magos, teacher; married Agripina González Pompa; political disciple of Fernando Hiriart Balderrama, secretary of energy, 1988–1994. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM92, 283; DBGM89; www.anfeca .unam.mx, 2008. Paz Zarza, Javier a—July 19, 1948. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM. d—Member, City Council, Cuautitlán Izcalli; plurinominal federal deputy from PAN, 1985–1988; local deputy, State Legislature of Mexico, 51st Session, Dist. 19, 1990–1993; plurinominal federal deputy from PAN, 1997–2000. e—PAN candidate for governor of Mexico, 1987; national coordinator, Labor Council, CEN of PAN, 1996–1997. f—Director of social development, Naucalpan. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Julio Paz Hernández and Concepción Zarza; married Flor Guzmán. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM87, 538; www.secgob. gob.mx, 1997, 2008; QesQ en el Congreso, 1997–2000, 50. Pedrajo (Barrios), Rafael M. (Deceased) a—July 5, 1896. b—San Luis Potosí. c—Primary and secondary studies in San Luis Potosí; graduated from National Military College. d—Mayor, Morelia, Michoacán, 1930–1932. e—None. f—Private secretary to General Lázaro Cárdenas as secretary

t he b io g ra phies  743

of war, 1933; head, Services for the Chief of Police, Department of the Federal District, 1933–1934; director, Traffic Department, Department of the Federal District, 1934– 1937; governor, Baja California del Sur, 1937– 1940; director of customs, Nuevo Laredo, Tamaulipass, 1940–1945; president, Board of Moral, Civic, and Material Improvement, 1945. g—None. h—None. i—Close friend of Abelardo L. Rodríguez. j—Joined the Revolution, 1919; fought under Lázaro Cárdenas; aide to Lázaro Cárdenas, Michoacán, 1929; commander, the 3rd Military Zone, La Paz, Baja California del Sur, 1937–1940; career army officer; rank of colonel, 1945; rank of brigadier general. k—None. l—Peral, 621; Hoy, 21 Dec. 1946, 60–1964; Cárdenas, 175; www.nuevolaredo.gob.mx, 2008. Pedraza Martínez, Roberto a—May 1, 1952. b—Ixmiquilpan, Hidalgo. c—Teaching certificate, normal school; no degree. d—Local deputy to the State Legislature of Hidalgo; mayor, Ixmiquilpan, 1991–1994; federal deputy from State of Hidalgo, Dist. 4, 1994–1997; federal deputy from State of Hidalgo, Dist. 2, 2003–2006; alternate senator from Hidalgo for Jesús Murillo Karam, in functions, Jan.–Feb., 2007. e—Secretary of social action, PRI, Hidalgo; assistant secretary to president of PRI, Hidalgo, secretary-general of PRI, Hidalgo. f—Director general, National Council of Arid Zones; secretary of public works, Hidalgo. g—President, Otomí Higher Council, Valle de Mezquital, Hidalgo; secretary of indigenous action, CEN of CNC. h—Businessman; owned a chicken farm, gift shop, taxi, and construction block company employing 40 individuals. i—Son of ejidatarios in Chilcuautla; bilingual in Hñahñu, the language of an indigenous group from Hidalgo. j—None. k—None. l—www.viali brehidalgo.com, 2008; www.ixmiquilpan .gob.mx, 2008; www.sitl.diputados.gob.mx, 2000–2003; www.cddhuc.gob.mx, 1994. Pellicer (Cámara), Carlos (Deceased Feb. 16, 1977) a—Nov. 23, 1899. b—Villahermosa, Tabasco. c—Elementary studies in

Mexico City; secondary studies at Colegio del Rosario, Bogotá; preparatory studies at National Preparatory School; studies in history and art at IPN and institutions in Paris and Rome; professor of modern poetry, School of Philosophy and Letters, UNAM; secondary and preparatory teacher, Mexico City. d—Senator from State of Tabasco, 1976–1977. e—Supported José Vasconcelos for president, 1929. f—Director, Department of Fine Arts, Secretariat of Public Education, 1942–1945. g—Founded Solidarity Group of the Workers’ Movement with Vicente Lombardo Toledano, Diego Rivera, José Clemente Orozco, 1921. h—Private secretary to painter Francisco Iturbe, Paris, 1927; renowned poet and author; winner of 1964 National Prize in Literature; founder of various museums. i—Never married; nephew Juan Pellicer López, was ambassador to Iceland, 1977; son of Carlos Pellicer, colonel in the Revolution with Álvaro Obregón and a pharmacist, and Deifilia Cámara Ramo. j—None. k—Founder of Falange, 1922–1923, which supported José Vasconcelos; member of innovative literary group Contemporáneos, which included Jaime Torres Bodet and José Gorostiza; jailed for 2 months, 1930. l—HA, Feb. 28, 1977, 12; Proceso, Feb. 19 1977, 28; Enc. Mex., X, 195; DAPC, 55; WNM, 172; Santamaría, 115–117. Peña Nieto, Enrique a—July 20, 1966. b—Atlacomulco, State of Mexico. c—Early education unknown; law degree from Pan American University; MA in business administration from ITESM; professor, Pan American University. d—Local deputy, State Legislature of Mexico, 55th Session; governor, State of Mexico, 2005–2011. e—None. f—Private secretary to secretary of economic development, State of Mexico; assistant secretary of government, State of Mexico, 1999–2000. g—None. i—Grandson of Enrique Nieto Montiel, mayor of Atlacomulco, 1953–1954, and Ofelia Sánchez Colín, sister of Salvador Sánchez Colín; related to Governor Alfredo del Mazo, State of Mexico; mother, María del Perpetuo Socorro; Ofelia

744  m e xic a n p oli t i c a l b i o g ra ph i e s , 1935–20 0 9

Nieto Sánchez, daughter of Constantino Enrique Nieto Montiel, is first cousin of Víctor Montiel Monroy, father of Arturo Montiel Rojas, governor of State of Mexico, 1999–2005; married Mónica Pretelini Sáenz. j—None. k—Leading precandidate for PRI nomination for president, 2012, in 2010. l—www.eluniversal.com.mx, Feb. 11, 2005; www.mexico.org.mx, 2007. Peña Ochoa, Juan C. (Deceased) a—Jan. 27, 1897. b—Zamora, Michoacán. c—Completed elementary studies; 2 years of business studies; no degree. d—Federal deputy from State of Veracruz, Dist. 9, 1932–1934; mayor, Querétaro; mayor, Córdoba, Veracruz; federal party deputy from PARM, 1970–1973. e—Founding member, PNR; founding member, PARM; member, PARM. g—None. h—None. j—Career army officer; rank of lieutenant colonel. l—Directorio, 1967–1970; C de D, 1932–1934; C de D, 1970–1973. Peña Slane, Salvador (Deceased 1981) a—June 15, 1900. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; mining engineering degree, National School of Engineering, UNAM, 1922; BA in science and engineering from University of Arizona, Tempe, 1925. d—None. e—None. f—Mining inspector in Sonora, Sinaloa, Baja California, Secretariat of the National Economy, 1930; chief, Technical Mining Department, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1949; assistant secretary of nonrenewable resources, Secretariat of Government Properties, 1958–1964. g—None. h—Engineer, Cía. Peñoles, Taxco and Achotla, Guerrero, 1923; general manager, Cía. Real de Asientos y Anexos and Fundición Nacional Mexicana, Reforma, Coahuila, 1927; director, Minera Andvómeda, Tapalpa, Jalisco; director, Golden Girl Mine, Nayarit; director, Cía. Minera del Hogar, Durango. j—None. k—None. l—DP95, 2675. Peña Soto, Adrián (Deceased) a—May 28, 1922. b—La Teja Ranch, Ciudad Hidalgo, Michoacán. c—Completed elementary studies; completed 1st year of secondary; 2 years of studies in journalism; studies at

Prevocational Night School; technical studies in saddle making; no degree. d—Party deputy from PAN, 1967–1970, member of Cultural Affairs Committee; plurinominal federal deputy from PAN, 1976–1979. e—Pan representative to local Electoral Committee, 1952; member, 11th District Committee of PAN, Federal District, 1955; president, 11th District Committee of PAN, Federal District, 1956; PAN candidate for alternate federal deputy, Federal District, 1958; candidate of PAN for alternate federal deputy, Federal District, 1961; member, Regional Committee of PAN, Federal District, 1964; member, National Organizing Committee of PAN, 1967; PAN candidate for senator from Michoacán, 1970, 1979; PAN candidate for governor of Michoacán, 1980; PAN candidate for federal deputy, 1985, 1988; member, National Council of PAN, 1978–1995; member, CEN of PAN, 1984–1987. f—None. g—President, Leather-Making Division, CANACINTRA; member, Catholic Association of Mexican Youth. h—Founder and manager of leatherexporting business. i—Married Esperanza Ávila. j—None. k—None. l—Letter; directorio de C de D, 1967–1970; C de D, 1967– 1970; Pérez Franco, 261–262; La Nación, May 14, 1980. Penagos García, Sergio a—July 19, 1969. b—Córdoba, Veracruz. c—Early education unknown; law degree from Free Law School, Puebla, 1987–1992; professor of law, Free Law School; professor of law, University of the Americas, Puebla. d—Local deputy, State Legislature of Veracruz, Dist. 15, 2000–2003, president of Public Security Committee; federal deputy from State of Veracruz, Dist. 16, 2003–2006. e—Joined PAN, 1995; secretary of studies, PAN delegation, Córdoba; resigned from PAN to protest nomination of Miguel Ángel Yunes Linares as PAN candidate for governor of Veracruz, March 8, 2010. f—Oficial mayor, Córdoba, 1995–1997; secretary of city government, Córdoba, 1998–2000; director of internal control, Secretariat of Foreign

t he b io g ra phies  745

Relations, 2008; assistant secretary of public function, 2008–2010. g—None. h—Law partner, Rivadeneira, Treviño, and Penagos; lawyer, Unión de Crédito al Constructor, SACV; consulting lawyer, Grupo Financiero SERFIN. i—Married Karla Sangri Saldaña. j—None. k—None. l—www.cronica.com .mx, 2008; www.presidencia.gob.mx, 2008; www.milenio.com, 2010; Directorio del Congreso, 2003–2006. Peniche Álvarez, Alejandro (Deceased Feb., 2004) a—Oct. 16, 1942. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; public accounting degree from IPN, 1961–1964. d—None. e—None. f—Chief of supervisors, Office of the Controller General, Department of the Federal District, 1961–1966; various positions, including head, Department of Financial Audits, IMSS, 1966–1974; assistant controller, Federal Electric Commission, 1974–1976; controller general, IMSS, 1976–1982; controller general, Department of the Federal District, 1982–1983; internal controller, Secretariat of Labor, 1983–1988; director general of land transportation, Secretariat of Communications, 1988–1994; oficial mayor, Secretariat of Control, 1996– 1998. g—None. h—Assistant accountant, Mexican Reform Construction, 1959–1960. i—Son of Agustín Peniche Domínguez, retailer, and Sofía Álvarez Martínez, retailer; married Rosa Elena Franco López Portillo; brother-in-law, director general of Grupo Financiero HSBC, 2005; political protégé of Arsenio Farell Cubillas, director general of IMSS and secretary of Labor. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM92, 204; DBGM84, 327; El Universal, Feb. 9, 2004; DBGM, 297. Peniche Bolio, Francisco José

(Deceased Dec., 2000) a—Apr. 23, 1926. b—Mérida, Yucatán. c—Primary and secondary studies at Colegio Montejo, Mérida; preparatory studies at Escuela Libre de Yucatán; law degree from School of Law, University of Yucatán, Jan. 28, 1948, and law studies at National School of Law, UNAM; LLD from National School of Law, UNAM, Apr. 29, 1969; professor by competition,

introduction to the study of law, National School of Law, UNAM, 1964. d—PAN federal party deputy, 1970–1973, member of Social Action Committee (1st year), Tariff and Foreign Commerce Committee, 1st Justice Committee, and 6th Agrarian Sec. of Legislative Studies Committee; PAN federal party deputy, 1976–1979; plurinominal federal deputy from PAN, 1994–1997, secretary of Government and Constitutional Affairs Committee. e—Joined PAN, 1942; secretary, State Committee of PAN, Yucatán. f—Secretary of studies, Circuit Collegiate Courts, Mexico City, 1968; secretary of studies, Supreme Court of Justice, 1969. g—None. h—Author of a basic text on law; practicing lawyer. i—Son of Ernesto Peniche Cordero, married Marilú Vázquez. j—None. k—PAN candidate for federal deputy, 1964. l—Directorio, 1970–1972; C de D, 1970–1972, 129– 130; HA, Feb. 26, 1979, 6; C de D, 1976–1979, 59; CDDWeb, Diputados, 1997. Peraldi Ferrino, Laura (Deceased Dec. 26, 2003) a—July 25, 1917. b—Cuatro Ciénegas, Coahuila. c—Elementary studies at La Corregidora, Saltillo, Coahuila (6 years); teaching certificate from Normal School, Saltillo; teacher, Orientation of Family Activities, IMSS. d—PARM federal party deputy, 1970–1973, member of Library Committee (1st year) and Instructive Committee for the Grand Jury (2nd Sec.). e—Member, PARM. f—None. g—None. h—None. i—Daughter of Brigadier General Fernando Peraldi, nephew of President Carranza and who served in the Army of the Northeast under General Pablo González Garza; grandniece of President Venustiano Carranza; godchild of General Juan Barragán Rodríguez; brother Fernando Peraldi Ferrino, mayor of Cuatro Ciénegas, 1970–1972. j—None. k—None. l—Directorio, 1970–1972; C de D, 1970–1972, 130; Guerra Leal, 283. Peralta y Díaz (Ceballos), Alejo

(Deceased Apr. 8, 1997) a—May 5, 1916. b—Puebla, Puebla. c—Secondary studies at Jesuit school; began university studies

746  m e xic a n p oli t i c a l b i o g ra ph i e s , 1935–20 0 9

at Paso Isleta College, 1931; organized Intertechnical Baseball Team, UNAM, Chapingo, and IPN, 1933; mechanical electrical engineering degree from ESIME, IPN, 1935–1940; director general, IPN, 1956–1959. d—None. e—None. f—None. g—None. h—Manager, Peralta Brothers Team, Mexico City, 1937; founder, Aztecs baseball team, 1953; founder, Tigers baseball team, 1955; co-owner, Grupo Primer; founder, Industrias Unidas, 1939; president, Industrias Unidas, 1984–1992, largest privately owned industrial group in Mexico; owner, Scovill Fasteners, U.S. company; president, board of directors, and major stockholder in 100 companies; ties to Mitsubishi of Japan. i—Son of Anacarsis Peralta Requena, railroad entrepreneur, 1890s, and María Díaz Ceballos; son Carlos Peralta Quintero, an investor in cellular phones and vice president in one of father’s firms; close to Adolfo Ruiz Cortines and Gustavo Díaz Ordaz; married María Quintero. j—None. k—National Prize in Engineering, 1989; alleged to be worth $2.5 billion in 1994. l—Protag., 271; letter; Expansión, Dec. 19, 1990, 52; www.salondelafama.com.mx, 2008; www.britannica.com, 2008; Forbes, July 18, 1994, 194; Este País, Jan., 1992, 7; www.periodicodigital.com.mx, 2008. Peraza Medina, Fernando (Deceased) a—May 6, 1908. b—Tekax, Yucatán. c—Early education unknown; law degree from University of Yucatán, 1942; professor of social sciences, IPN; professor, Federal Institute of Teacher Education; teacher, Yucatán and Mexico City. d—Member, City Council, Mérida, Yucatán, 1938; PPS federal party deputy, 1967–1970; plurinominal federal deputy from PSUM, 1979–1982, member of Tourism and Justice committees. e—Member, PCM, 1935–1943; member, Politburo, PCM, State of Yucatán, 1936–1942; founder and militant, Popular Party, 1948–1960; militant, PPS, 1960–1971; member, Central Committee, PPS, 1968–1971; PPS candidate for governor of Yucatán, 1969; founder and member of

Central Committee, PPM, 1977. f—None. g—Cofounder, Unified Socialist Youth of Mexico, 1935; first secretary of educational action, Unified Socialist Youth of Mexico, 1935–1942; active member, SNTE; delegate to 50th Congress of the Communist League, Yugoslavia, 1968. i—Married Carmen Castro Canto. j—None. k—None. l—Directorio, 1967–1970; C de D, 1967–1970; C de D, 1979–1982; Protag., 271. Perdomo (García), D. Elpidio (Deceased) a—Mar. 4, 1896. b—Tlaquiltenango, Morelos. c—Completed elementary studies; no degree. d—Alternate senator from State of Morelos, 1934–1938; governor, Morelos, 1938–1942; senator from State of Morelos, 1946–1952, member of Gran Comisión and Military Health Committee, substitute member of Public Welfare Committee and 1st Credit, Money, and Credit Institutions Committee; federal deputy from Morelos, Dist. 2, 1967–1970, member of Military Industries Committee; senator from Morelos, 1970–1976, member of Gran Comisión, president of War Matériel Committee, 1st secretary of 2nd National Defense Committee. e—None. f—Inspector of police, Monterrey, Nuevo León. g—None. h—Founded ceramics company, 1949. i—Married Carmen Villarreal; son Manuel took over father’s company; grandson Francisco, marketing agent for Diego Rivera, Rufino Tamayo, and other leading artists. j—Joined the Revolution; Zapatista; career army officer; commander, 178th Regiment, 1924–1925; garrison commander, Piedras Negras, 1929– 1931; commander, 7th Regiment, 1932–1934; rank of brigadier general, June 16, 1942; reached rank of division general. k—His inauguration as governor was marked by violence. l—DGF51, 7, 9, 10, 11, 14; HA, May 15, 1942, 3; Peral, 627–628; MGF69, 93; C de D, 1967–1969, 75; NYT, May 3, 1938, 10; C de S, 1970–1976; directorio, 1967–1970; www .entrepreuespanol.com, Feb., 2000. Peredo Aguilar, Rosalía a—Dec. 4, 1951. b—Toluca, State of Mexico. c—Early education unknown; 4 semesters of medical

t he b io g ra phies  747

studies at National School of Medicine, UNAM, 1972; degree in political science from School of Political and Social Sciences, UNAM; professor, National School of Agriculture, Chapingo, 1983–1985, 1988–2000, 2003–2005. d—Plurinominal federal deputy from PRT, 1985–1988; plurinominal federal deputy from PT, 2000–2003; senator from Tlaxcala, 2006–2012. e—Member, PRT Central Committee; member, CEN of PT; general coordinator, PRT National Political Committee, Tlaxcala; member, PAN. f—None. g—Member, National Committee, General Union of Workers and Peasants of Mexico; adviser, National Independent Revolutionary Peasant Workers, 1988–2000; h—None. i—Son of Antonio Peredo Borboa and Engracia Aguilar. j—None. k—None. l—Directorio del Congreso, 2006–2009, 276; www.senado.gob.mx, 2008; QesQ en el Congreso, 2000–2003, 274–275; Musacchio, 327; DBGM87, 539. Pérez Abreu Jiménez, Juan (Deceased Feb. 2, 2004) b—Havana. c—Law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, 1948. d—None. e—None. f—Private secretary to Hugo Rangel Couto, assistant secretary of national patrimony, 1950; director of primary level planning studies, City of Campeche, 1951–1952; Secretariat of Government representative in reorganization of immigration offices for the northern border, 1954; director, Division of Boards of Moral, Civic and Material Improvements, Secretariat of Government; political affairs investigator, Secretariat of Government, 1958; director of publications, Senate of Mexico; administrative director, 9 interparliamentary congresses between Mexico and United States; oficial mayor of communications and transportation, 1970–1973; director general, Workers’ Cooperative Society of Clothing and Equipment, 1973–1976, 1976–1982. g—Secretary-general, Student Society, National Law School, 1945. i—Son of Juan Pérez Abreu de la Torre, exiled to Cuba after the Revolution, eventually became director general of professions, 1947, and

private secretary to Hugo Rangel Couto; father taught many politicians at UNAM. j—None. k—None. l—HA, Dec. 14, 1970, 22; DGF51, I, 443; DPE71, 73; HA, May 14, 1973, 25; El Nacional, Oct. 18, 1945; MGF47, 269; www.encarta.msn.com, 2008. Pérez Arce, Enrique (Deceased 1963) a—Jan. 18, 1888. b—El Rosario, Sinaloa. c—Secondary studies in Guadalajara; preparatory studies in Guadalajara and Mexico City; law degree from UNAM; rector, University of Sinaloa, 1922, 1924–1927. d—Federal deputy from State of Sinaloa, Dist. 4, 1932–1934; governor, Sinaloa, 1951– 1953. e—None. f—Provisional governor, Nayarit; justice, Superior Tribunal of Justice, Federal District, 1940; judge, Superior Tribunal of Justice, State of Sinaloa, 1949; justice, Supreme Court, 1949–1950; treasurer, Sinaloa, 1951. g—None. h—Prominent poet. i—Son of Daniel Pérez Arce, lawyer; married Lolita Jiménez; good friend of Miguel Alemán; son Daniel worked for British embassy in Mexico City; mentor of Gonzalo Armienta Arce. j—None. k—Forced to resign from governorship because of disputes with the federal government over municipal elections and administrative incompetence, according to Scott and Anderson. l—Scott, 277; DGF51, I, 88; HA, Jan. 19, 1951, 13–16; Hoy, Mar. 7, 1943, 6–7; Anderson; www.scjn .gob.mx, 560–561, 2008; www.sinaloagober nadores.galeon.com, 2008. Pérez Cámara, Víctor Carlos a—Jan. 22, 1922. b—Campeche, Campeche. c—Early education unknown; law degree from School of Law, University of Campeche. d—Federal deputy from State of Campeche, Dist. 1, 1964–1967, member of Gran Comisión; senator from State of Campeche, 1970–1976; president, National Properties Committee, 1st secretary of 2nd Tariff and Foreign Trade Committee, 2nd secretary of 1st Treasury Committee, member of 5th Sec. of Legislative Studies Committee, 2nd Balloting Group; mayor, Campeche, 1977–1979. e—Joined PRI, 1940; general delegate, CEN of PRI, Nayarit, 1972; general delegate, CEN

748  m e xic a n p oli t i c a l b i o g ra ph i e s , 1935–20 0 9

of PRI, Puebla, 1976; secretary of electoral action, PRI, Federal District, 1984–1985. f—Treasurer, State of Campeche; secretarygeneral of government, State of Campeche; syndic, City Council, Campeche; attorney, Department of Labor, State of Campeche; president, Board of Conciliation and Arbitration, Campeche; interim governor, Campeche, 1973; director general of government, Department of the Federal District, 1986–1988. g—Student leader, Federation of Students of Campeche; president, Rotary Club; assistant director, Legal Department, SNTE, Campeche; secretary of political action, CNOP, 1970; secretary of ideological action, CNOP, 1973. h—Son of Genaro Pérez Méndez, public official, and Esperanza Cámara Ortegón; married Elsa Ortiz Osorio. j—None. k—Precandidate for PRI nomination for mayor of Campeche. l—C de S, 1970–1976, 83; C de D, 1964–1967; DBGM87, 299.

Pérez Correa (Fernández del Castillo), Fernando a—Nov. 26, 1942. b—Federal

District. c—Early education unknown; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, 1960–1964, with thesis on agricultural insurance; political science degree from Catholic University of Louvain, La Néuve, Belgium, 1965, with thesis on contemporary political theory; philosophy degree from School of Philosophy and Letters, UNAM, 1965–1968; PhD in politics, Catholic University of Louvain, 1967–1971, with thesis on social classs in the Mexican Revolution; professor of political science, UNAM; professor, Colegio de México; visiting professor, Harvard University; coordinator, Center of Political Studies, UNAM; coordinator, College of Sciences and Humanities, UNAM; coordinator of humanities, UNAM; secretary-general, UNAM, 1972–1981; dean, School of Political and Social Sciences, UNAM, 2000–2004. d—None. e—Member, Advisory Council, IEPES of PRI, 1972–1975, 1983; adviser to president of CEN of PRI, 1972–1975. f—Assistant secretary “2” of government,

1984–1988; director, National Institute for Adult Education, 1988. g—None. h—Lawyer, Solórzano, Carvajal, and González. i—Son of Othón Pérez Correa, Notary Public No. 124, Mexico City, and Carmen Fernández del Castillo; married María Victoria González Cárdenas, public official. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM, 333; DBGM87, 300; DBGM89, 275; DBGM92, 287; letter. Pérez Cuéllar, Cruz a—Jan. 16, 1969. b—Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua. c—Early education unknown; law degree from University of Ciudad Juárez, 1987–1994; professor, introduction to the study of law, 1998–2000; professor, Northern Regional University, 2000–2001. d—Plurinominal federal deputy from PAN, 1994–1997; local deputy, State Legislature of Chihuahua, 1998–2001, coordinator of PAN delegation; federal deputy from State of Chihuahua, Dist. 3, 2006–2009. e—Joined PAN, 1987; secretary-general, PAN, Chihuahua, 1997–1998; president, PAN, Nuevo León, 2000–2003; PAN candidate for mayor of Ciudad Juárez, 2004; president, PAN, Chihuahua, 2008. f—Director of social organization, Ciudad Juárez, 1992–1994. g—None. h—Owner, La Colonial jewelry store. i—Son of Cruz Pérez Sandoval and Yolanda Cuéllar González, retail liquor store owners. j—None. k—None. l—www.juarezpress .com, Mar. 15, 2008; www.diputados.gob .mx, 2006–2009; Directorio del Congreso, 2006–2009, 70. Pérez de Alva Blanco, Roberto a—Apr. 2, 1953. b—Federal District. c—Elementary school teaching certificate from Frontier Normal School, 1968–1971; literature and English teaching certificate from Higher Normal School of Oaxaca, 1972–1976; education degree from National Teachers’ University, 1975–1978; elementary school teacher, Mexicali, 1970–1986. d—Local deputy, State Legislature of Baja California, 40th Session, 1995–1997, president of Education Committee; federal deputy from State of Baja California, Dist. 1, 1997–2000; first minority senator from Baja California,

t he b io g ra phies  749

2000–2006; plurinominal federal deputy, New Alliance Party, 2006–2009. e—Member, PRI; resigned from PRI, 2006; joined New Alliance Party, 2006. f—Secretary of pensions, ISSSTE, Baja California, 1986– 1988. g—Secretary-general, Local No. 37, National Teachers’ Union, Baja California, 1992–1995; secretary of regional organization, CEN of SNTE, 1995–1997; president of national political action, CEN of SNTE; secretary of organization, CEN of SNTE. h—None. i—Son of Enrique Pérez de Alva Ramírez and Juana Blanco Peralta; married Esther Alicia Noriega Ángeles. j—None. k—None. l—DCM, 2000–2003, 20; QesQ en el Congreso, 2000–2003, 364; www .secgob.gob.mx, 1997, 2008; www.sitl.dipu tados.gob.mx, 2010. Pérez Duarte, Constantino (Raymundo)

(Deceased 1956) a—Mar. 11, 1886. b—Pachuca, Hidalgo. c—Engineering degree from National School of Engineering, UNAM. d—None. e—None. f—Technical consultant, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1924–1935; member, Mexican delegation to London Economics Conference, 1931, and to Economics Conference, Montevideo, 1934; adviser, Altos Hornos de México, National Railroads of Mexico; assistant secretary of industry and commerce, 1952–1956. g—None. h—Metallurgist, Dos Estrellas Mining Co., 1911–1914; director, Metalúrgica Atotonilco El Chico, 1914–1919; general manager, Golden Girl Mine, 1935–1945; organizer of major mining operations; president, Cía. de Fomento Minero, SA. i—Son Jorge Pérez Duarte Sellerier was assistant director of agriculture, Secretariat of Agriculture and Livestock, 1961; son of Julián Pérez Duarte Sosa and Susana Paredes Tello; first wife, María Luisa Meade Bueno; second wife, Sara Sellerier Pecou; grandson of Feliciano Duarte Pérez and Concepción Sosa. j—None. k—None. l—DP70, 1611; WWM45, 93; DPE61, 77; DGF51, II, 127; www.prodigyweb.net.mx, 2008. Pérez Gallardo, Reynaldo (Deceased) a—Sept. 16, 1896. b—Ciudad Fernández,

San Luis Potosí. c—Early education unknown; no degree. d—Governor, San Luis Potosí, 1939–1941. e—None. f—None. g—None. h—Author of many works. i—Gilberto Flores Muñoz was his campaign manager for governor; later, they became political enemies; son Héctor E. Pérez Gallardo, ambassador to El Salvador, 1979, and Haiti, 1981. j—Joined the Revolution; career army officer; rank of brigadier general, May 1, 1938; fought against Cedillo, 1938; rank of brigade general, 1947; son Reynaldo Pérez Gallardo, lieutenant in Squadron 201, Philippines, 1945. k—Removed from governorship after a disastrous administration characterized by debt and accusations in the press of his being responsible for the murder of a sister of Saturnino Cedillo, Aug. 19, 1941. l—Letter; Peral47, 254–255; Correa41; Anderson, 332; NYT, Aug. 21, 1941, 8; Pescador, 207. Pérez García, Carlos Javier a—June 7, 1946. b—San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí. c—Early education unknown; studies in economics at National School of Economics, UNAM, 1965–1969, graduating Apr. 26, 1971; diploma in planning from University of Manchester, Eng., 1972–1973. d—None. e—Joined PRI, 1967. f—Head, Department of Public Enterprise, Division of Studies and Projects, Secretariat of Government Properties, 1974; coordinator of advisers of external sector, Office of the Presidency, 1977–1980; chief of planning services, IMSS, 1980–1982; coordinator of advisers to assistant secretary of labor, 1982–1983; assistant director general of wage protection, ISSSTE, 1988–1992; oficial mayor, Secretariat of Energy, Mines and Government Industries, 1993; assistant secretary of mines, Secretariat of Energy, Mines, and Government Industries, 1993–1994. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Rafael Pérez Velasco, industrialist, and Ana María García Berumen; married Rosaura Torres Leiva. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM84, 330-331; DBGM94, CD; DBGM87, 301. Pérez Gasca, Alfonso (Deceased 1964) a—June 28, 1890. b—Pinotepa Nacional,

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Oaxaca. c—Elementary studies in Oaxaca; secondary studies at Institute of Arts and Sciences, Oaxaca; law degree from Institute of Arts and Sciences, Oaxaca, 1912; professor, Institute of Arts and Sciences; director, Institute of Arts and Sciences; professor of military justice, National Military College. d—Federal deputy from State of Oaxaca, Dist. 15, 1920–1922; federal deputy from State of Oaxaca, Dist. 3, 1949–1952, secretary of Gran Comisión, member of Legislative Studies Committee (1st and 2nd years), 2nd Constitutional Affairs Committee, president of Chamber of Deputies, Oct., 1949; senator from Oaxaca, 1952–1956, member of Gran Comisión, 2nd secretary of 2nd Government Committee, president, 1st Constitutional Affairs Committee, 2nd secretary of Social Security Committee; governor, Oaxaca, 1956–1962. e—None. f—Public defender, Veracruz, 1915–1918; oficial mayor, Superior Tribunal of Justice, Federal District; secretary, Auxiliary Claims Commission (war damages), 1918–1923; judge, 5th District, Federal District; assistant attorney general, Federal District; justice, Supreme Court of Mexico, 1933–1938; secretary of resolutions, Military Tribunal of Justice; member, various Federal District legislative commissions, Secretariat of the Treasury and Secretariat of Industry and Commerce. g—None. h—Author of many literary and scientific articles. i—Brother Flavio served as deputy to Constitutional Congress, 1916–1917, and later as federal deputy from Oaxaca and secretary-general of the state. j—Assistant director, Department of Military Justice; director of military justice during the Revolution; reached rank of general in the army. k—None. l—DP70, 1612; DGF56, 14; Peral, 632; C de D, 1949–1951, 83; DGF51, I, 24, 27, 29, 32, 34; Peral, 633; Hayner, 211; Enc. Mex., X, 215; López, 845; Ind. Biog., 117–118; www .scjn.gob.mx, 564–565, 2008. Pérez H., Arnulfo (Deceased) a—July 18, 1902. b—Chignahuapan, Alatriste, Puebla. c—Primary and secondary school in Chignahuapan; teaching certificate from Normal

School of Puebla, 1917; teacher in Puebla; MA in higher education; 2 years of law studies. d—Federal deputy from State of Puebla, Dist. 15, 1922–1924; federal deputy from Tabasco, Dist. 1, 1932–1934, member of Gran Comisión. e—Secretary of labor action, CEN of PNR, 1936. f—Oficial mayor, Secretariat of Agriculture, 1935–1938; oficial mayor of public education, 1938–1940; oficial mayor, Department of Agrarian Affairs, 1940–1946; director of education, State of Tabasco; director of education, State of Puebla; customs director, Ciudad Juárez, 1948; customs director, Tampico, Nuevo Laredo, and Nogales. h—Widely published poet in Mexico. i—Political collaborator of Garrido Canabal in Tabasco. j—None. k—None. l—DGF51, I, 162; CyT, 525–526; PS, 4844. Pérez Jácome, Dionisio a—July 17, 1936. b—Coatepec, Veracruz. c—Secondary and preparatory studies at Juárez Preparatory School, Jalapa, 1949–1953; public accounting degree from University of Veracruz, Jalapa, 1965; law degree from School of Law, University of Veracruz, Jalapa, 1959; professor of administrative and tax law, National School of Law, UNAM, 1968–1969; professor of administrative and tax law, IPN, 1968–1969. d—Federal deputy from State of Veracruz, Dist. 7, 1988–1991; plurinominal federal deputy from PRI, 1994–1997, president of Government and Constitutional Affairs committees; plurinominal senator from PRI, 1997–2000. e—Secretary of information and publicity, CEN of PRI, 1987–1988; secretary of political associations, CEN of PRI, 1988; precandidate for PRI nomination for governor of Veracruz, 1998. f—Agent, Ministerio Público, Office of the Attorney General, Federal District, 1960–1961; adviser to secretary of government properties, 1967–1970; adviser to secretary of the treasury, 1968–1970; Secretariat of the Labor delegate No. 8, Veracruz, Veracruz, 1964–1966; assistant manager of foreign trade, CONASUPO, 1970; manager of control, CONASUPO, 1976; assistant director of operations,

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CONASUPO, 1976–1977; assistant director for the sugar industry, Secretariat of Government Properties, 1977; private secretary to director general of CONASUPO, Jorge de la Vega Domínguez, 1977–1979; assistant secretary of regulation, Secretariat of Commerce, 1979–1982; coordinator, National Food Program, Secretariat of Commerce and Industry, 1983–1986; State of Veracruz representative in Mexico City, 1987–1988; assistant secretary of civil protection, prevention, and social readaptation, Secretariat of Government, 1991–1993; agrarian attorney, Agricultural Courts, 1996; general coordinator of social communication for federal government, 1996–1997; councilor, Federal Electoral Institute, 2000; assistant secretary of government, 2000; general coordinator of institutional relations, State of Mexico, 2003–2004; chief of government properties, Veracruz, 2006; assistant secretary of expenditures, Secretariat of the Treasury, 2008– . g—Director, Legal Department, National Coffee Workers’ Agricultural Union, 1961–1962. h—Various positions, state government of Veracruz. i—Son of Dionisio Pérez Romera, farmer, and Margarita Jácome, normal school teacher; married Gloria Friscione; son Dionisio Arturo Pérez Jácome was assistant secretary of expenditures, 2009–2009. j—None. k—None. l—Excélsior, May 24, 1979, 16; DGF65, 159; Protag., 272–273; DBGM92, 289; DBGM89, 516; El Nacional, Mar. 14, 1991, 11; QesQ en el Congreso, 1997–2000, 325–326; www .vozdeveracruz.gob.mx, 2008.

Pérez Jácome Friscione, Dionisio Arturo b—Federal District. c—Early edu-

cation unknown; economics degree from ITAM; MA from ITAM; MA in public policy from Harvard University; professor, ITAM. d—None. e—Coordinator, Public Policy Transition Team, President-elect Felipe Calderón, 2000. f—Councilor for foreign agro-industry, Canada; director, Investment Division, Secretariat of Energy, 1997–1999; director, Energy Regulatory Commission, 2000–2006; coordinator of

advisers, President Calderón, 2006–2008; assistant secretary of expenditures, Secretariat of the Treasury, 2008–2009. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Dioniso Pérez Jácome, senator and assistant secretary of government, and Gloria Friscione Canascosa, anthropologist; grandson of Dionisio Pérez Romera, farmer, and Margarita Jácome, normal school teacher; uncle Alberto Friscione Carascosa, underwater photographer; sister Gloria, newscaster for TV Azteca. j—None. k—None. l—www.quien .com, 2008; www.presidencia.gob.mx, 2008. Pérez Martínez, Héctor (Deceased Feb. 12, 1948) a—Mar. 21, 1906. b—Campeche, Campeche. c—Elementary studies at Florinda Batista School, Manuel R. Samperio’s Colegio, and Instituto Campechano, Campeche; preparatory studies at National Preparatory School, Mexico City, 1920; DDS from National School of Medicine, UNAM, 1928. d—Federal deputy from State of Campeche, Dist. 1, 1937–1939; governor, Campeche, 1939–1944. e—None. f—Style rewriter, El Nacional, Mexico City, 1929; reporter, El Nacional, 1929; editor, El Nacional, 1931; information director, El Nacional, 1932; secretary, editorial staff, El Nacional, 1935; editor‑in‑chief, El Nacional, 1936; editor and assistant director, El Nacional, 1937; oficial mayor, Secretariat of Government, 1945; assistant secretary of government, June 18, 1945–1946; secretary of government, 1946–1948. g—Member, National Congress of Youth, 1926. h—Editor, Revista de la Vida y Arte Regional, Campeche, 1924–1926, and El Sol de Provincia, Campeche, 1925–1927; wrote a column for many years in El Universal under directorship of Manlio Fabio Altamirano; author of many books of poetry and biographies of Mexican leaders. i—Miguel Alemán knew Pérez Martínez as a student at UNAM; also a longtime friend of Salvador Novo; early political mentor to Pedro Guerrero Martínez, his cousin (son of his mother’s sister Francisca Martínez Alomía) and Supreme Court justice. j—None. k—Considered by Brandenburg to

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be in the Inner Circle, 1939–1948; defeated Senator Góngora Gola for governorship of Campeche, 1939. l—EBW46, 179; WWM45, 93; DP70, 613; Peral, 634; HA, Feb. 20, 1948, 3; Brandenburg, 80, 102; Correa, 360; Informe, 1941, 1942, 1943; Enc. Mex., X, 216–217; López, 848; Raby, 235; www.e-local .gob.mx, 2008; www.roaro.com.mx, 2008. Pérez Moreno, José (Deceased) a—Jan. 20, 1900. b—Lagos de Moreno, Jalisco. c—Secondary studies at Padre Guerra Liceo; preparatory studies at National Preparatory School; studies at Higher School of Business; premed at National School of Medicine, UNAM, 1919–1922; no degree; professor of human geography, Central School of Mexico and Motolinía School of Geography; founder, Technical Police Institute. d—Federal deputy from State of Jalisco, Dist. 5, 1958–1961, member of Fine Arts Committee, Protocol Committee, Editorial Committee (1st year), 1st Public Education Committee, and 3rd Sec. of Legislative Studies Committee. e—Oficial mayor of PRI. f—Department head, Secretariat of Hydraulic Resources; consul-general, Milan; oficial mayor of hydraulic resources, 1956–1958. g—None. h—Became journalist for El Pueblo, 1916; director, México Nuevo; editor, El Demócrata, 1920–1926; editor, El Sol, 1927; wrote for Hoy, Siempre, Mañana, and La Prensa; editor, El Universal, 1927–1952. i—Son of Mariano Pérez Oropeza, teacher, and Elvira Moreno; married Dolores Anaya Gutiérrez. j—None. k—None. l—DGF56, 411; Func., 244; C de D, 1958–1960, 88; Enc. Mex., X, 217; WNM, 174. Pérez Noriega, Fernando a—Aug. 12, 1956. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; law degree, cum laude, from Free Law School, 1980; MA in law from Columbia University, New York, 1983; introduction to the U.S. legal system course at Georgetown University, Washington, DC, 1982; special course at Supreme Court of Mexico; professor, School of Accounting and Administration, UNAM, 1990–1991; professor, ITAM, 1990–1993; professor,

Free Law School, 1994. d—Plurinominal federal deputy from PAN, 1994–1997, president of Justice Committee; representative to Assembly of the Federal District, 1997–2000; plurinominal federal deputy from PAN, 2000–2003. e—Joined PAN, 1995. f—Legal adviser to the assistant secretary of evaluation, Secretariat of Programming and Planning, 1980; chief of staff for assistant secretary of media relations, Secretariat of Government, 2004–2005. g—None. h—Lawyer, Morales, Heyser, and Pérez Noriega; legal counsel, Grupo Cydsa, 1986–1989; lawyer, Hewlett-Packard of Latin America, 1989–1990. i—Son of Fernando Pérez Guerrero and Adelaida Noriega; married Teresa Lizardi Calderón. j—None. k—None. l—www.pereznoriega. com.mx, 2008; www.esmas.com.mx, 2008; www.cddhuc.gob.mx, 1994, 2007; DCM, 2000–2003, 420–421; QesQ en el Congreso, 2000–2003, 1981–1982; Musacchio, 3239. Pérez Ortiz, Basilio (Deceased) a—June 10, 1904. b—Monterrey, Nuevo León. c—Elementary studies in Nuevo León and Mexico City; cadet at Heroic Military College, 1926–1929, graduating as 2nd infantry lieutenant, Jan. 1, 1929; diploma from Applied Military School, 1934; diploma from staff and command course, Higher War College, 1940; studies in military organization in Argentina, Brazil, Chile, and Uruguay, 1947; instructor, Applied Military School and Higher War College. d—None. e—None. f—Oficial mayor, Secretariat of National Defense, 1964–1970. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Lt. Col. Jacinto Pérez Lozano and Virginia Ortiz; brother of General Alberto Pérez Ortiz; sons Fernando and Tomás, career officers; brother-in-law Carlos Casanova Gastre, president of State Legislature of Tamaulipas, 1971. j—Joined army as bugler, Dec. 17, 1920; 1st sergeant, 23rd Infantry Battalion; rank of 1st captain, Dec. 1, 1943, as staff officer, 2nd Military Zone, Tijuana, Baja California del Norte; rank of major, Sept. 16, 1946, as staff officer, 2nd Military Zone; rank of lieutenant

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colonel, Jan. 16, 1949; rank of colonel, Feb. 16, 1951; rank of brigadier general, Nov. 20, 1963; chief of staff, 23rd Military Zone, Tlaxcala, Tlaxcala; chief of staff, 25th Military Zone, Puebla, Puebla; chief of staff, 6th Military Region; commander, 8th and 10th Infantry battalions; interim chief-of-staff, Secretariat of National Defense; assistant inspector general of the army and air force; commander, garrison, Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua; commander, infantry brigade; rank of brigade general, Nov. 20, 1963; rank of division general, Nov. 20, 1967; commander, 10th Military Zone, Durango, Durango, 1971–1975; assistant inspector general of the army and air force, 1975; inspector general of the army and air force, 1976; commander, 4th Military Zone, Hermosillo, Sonora, 1976–1977. k—None. l—MGF69, 195; DPE65, 33; DAPC77, 12. Pérez Plazola, Héctor a—July 22, 1933. b—El Grullo, Jalisco. c—Early education unknown; law degree from University of Guadalajara; studies in business administration at University of Guadalajara; professor, Regional Cooperative Institute, 1959–1964. d—Local deputy, State Legislature of Jalisco, 1980–1983; member, City Council, Guadalajara, 1982–1985; plurinominal federal deputy from PAN, 1985–1988, 1991–1994; local deputy, State Legislature of Jalisco, 1995–1998; senator from Jalisco, 2006–2012. e—Joined PAN, 1949; secretary-general of youth, PAN, Jalisco, 1956; oficial mayor, PAN, Jalisco, 1959; secretary-general, PAN, Jalisco, 1980–1981; president, PAN, Jalisco, 1981–1982, 1983–1987; PAN candidate for governor of Jalisco, 1988; national adviser, PAN, 1981–1991, 1995–2007. f—Substitute mayor, Guadalajara, 2000; secretarygeneral of government, Jalisco, 2001–2006. g—None. h—Regional president, Federation of Popular Savings, 1961–1964; sales manager, various firms, 1962–1979, 1989– 1991. i—Son of Ignacio Pérez Monroy, surgeon, musician, and poet, from a humble background, and Margarita Plazola Guerrero; married Carmen Franco Cordero;

grandson of Leandro Pérez and María Inés del Refugio Leandro Pérez. j—None. k—None. l—www.senadores.gob.mx, 2008; DBGM92, 547; Musacchio, 329; Directorio del Congreso, 2006–2009, 131; www.comsoc .udg.mx, 2009. Pérez Ríos, Francisco (Deceased Mar. 27, 1975) a—Aug. 14, 1908. b—Temascaltepec, State of Mexico. c—Elementary studies in Toluca and Mexico City; secondary and preparatory studies at School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, IPN; completed 4th year of professional studies in electrical engineering at IPN. d—Federal deputy from State of Mexico, Dist. 5, 1952–1955, member of Library Committee, Editorial Committee, Legislative Studies Committee, Electric Industry Committee; federal deputy from State of Mexico, Dist. 5, 1958–1961, member of Railroad Committee, Electric Industry Committee, Budget Committee, Labor Committee; federal deputy from State of Mexico, Dist. 2, 1964–1967, member of Agricultural Development Committee, Electric Industry Committee, General Accounting Office Committee; senator from State of Mexico, 1970–1975, member of Gran Comisión, 1st secretary of 2nd Committee on Credit, Money, and Credit Institutions, president of Electric Industry Committee, 2nd secretary of 1st Navy and Social Security committees, and 1st secretary of General Means of Communication Committee. e—None. f—Chief of machinery, National Highway Commission; chief of machinery, National Irrigation Commission; chief of machinery, Federal Electric Commission; magistrate, Federal Board of Conciliation and Arbitration. g—Cofounder, National Union of Government Electricians; secretary-general, Union of Government Electricians; joined his union with the National Union of Electricians of Mexico, 1944; secretary of political affairs, CEN of CTM, 1956–1975; secretary of relations, CEN of CTM, 1950; secretary-general, National Union of Electricians, 1944–1972; secretarygeneral, SUTERM, 1972–1975. h—Left IPN

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to work; a founding worker, Federal Electric Commission, 1937. i—Close friend of Fidel Velázquez; married Rosa del Castillo; son of Julián Pérez and Concepción Ríos. j—None. k—Participated in several labor movements and strikes in Guerrero, 1930s. l—Func., 260; C de S, 1970–1976, 81; Excélsior, Mar. 28, 1975, 1, 12; HA, Apr. 7, 1975, 12–13; C de D, 1964–1967, 85, 89; C de D, 1958–1961, 88; C de D, 1952–1955, 46, 49, 52, 56. Pérez Trevino (González), Álvaro

a—May 18, 1930. b—Federal District. c—Elementary studies at Obregón School and English School, Saltillo, Coahuila; degree in agricultural engineering from Texas A&M University, College Station, 1947–1950. d—Mayor, Guerrero, Coahuila, 1955–1957; local deputy, State Legislature of Coahuila, 1981–1982. e—President, PARM, 1994–2000. f—Secretary of agriculture and livestock, Coahuila, 1957; private secretary to Governor Raúl Madero, 1963. g—None. i—Son of General Manuel Pérez Treviño, cofounder of PNR, coordinator of Pascual Ortiz Rubio’s presidential campaign, 1929, and secretary of agriculture, 1930; mother, cousin of President Franciso I. Madero and Raúl Madero; brother Ricardo, mayor of Guerrero, 1976–1978. j—None. k—None. l—Líderes, VI, 1994, 105–111; Musacchio, 330. Pérez Vela (Muñoz), Juan a—Feb. 27, 1916. b—Celaya, Guanajuato. c—Elementary studies at Three Wars Institute, Celaya; secondary studies at Colegio of Guanajuato; medical degree from National School of Medicine, UNAM, 1942. d—Mayor, Valle de Santiago, 1947–1948; federal deputy from State of Guanajuato, Dist. 6, 1961–1964, member of Committee on Fine Arts, 5th Sec. on Labor of Legislative Studies Committee, Agricultural Development Committee; senator from State of Guanajuato, 1964–1970. e—General delegate, CEN of PRI, Querétaro, 1963; president, Regional Committee of PRI, State of Guanajuato, 1965–1967; precandidate for PRI nomination for governor, 1969; special delegate, CEN of PRI, National Voting Council, 1970; general

delegate, CEN of PRI, State of Veracruz, 1970. f—Director, Center of Hygiene of the Regional Hospital, Valle de Santiago, 1944– 1949; oficial mayor of agriculture, 1970–1972. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Jesús Pérez Vela, mayor of Celaya, 1918, and federal deputy from State of Guanajuato, Dist. 11, 1918–1920. j—None. k—Resigned as oficial mayor of agriculture, Aug. 2, 1972. l—HA, Dec. 14, 1970, 22; Aug. 14, 1972, 24; C de S, 1964–1970; C de D, 1961–1963, 87; DPE71, 63; letter; www.cronica.diputados.gob.mx, Nov. 8, 1918; www.celaya.gob.mx, 2008. Pérez y Elías, Félix Jaime a—Jan. 18, 1932. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; engineering degree from Heroic Naval College, 1949–1953; staff and command course, 6th generation, from Center for Higher Naval Studies, 1975–1976; MA, thesis titled “Mexican and United States Relations,” 1985–1986; commander of cadets, Heroic Naval College, 1971–1972; professor, Heroic Naval College; assistant director, 1973–1975, and director, Heroic Naval College, 1976–1977. d—None. e—None. f—Controller general and inspector, Secretariat of the navy, 1993; oficial mayor of navy, 1993–1996; assistant secretary of navy, 1996–2000. g—None. h—None. i—Married María Teresa Ángulo Jiménez. j—Career naval officer; rank of full admiral; served as oficial mayor under 2 secretaries of the navy. k—None. l—DBGM93, 79; DBGM94, CD; Pescador, 200. Pérez (y Pérez), Celestino (Deceased Mar. 27, 1982) a—Jan. 21, 1892. b—Tlacolula de Matamoros, Oaxaca. c—Elementary studies at Pestalozzi Normal School, Oaxaca; preparatory studies at Institute of Arts and Sciences, Oaxaca; law degree from Institute of Arts and Sciences, Oaxaca, Aug. 24, 1914; professor of constitutional law, University of San Luis Potosí; professor of moral psychology, University of Oaxaca; rector, Institute of Arts and Sciences, Zacatecas. d—Deputy, Constitutional Convention, from State of Oaxaca, 1916–1917; senator from State of Oaxaca, 1970–1976, president of 2nd

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Constitutional Affairs Committee, secretary of 2nd Sec. of the Grand Jury, 2nd secretary of 2nd Treasury Committee, 1st secretary of 3rd Labor Committee, member of 2nd Balloting Group, and member of 3rd Sec. of Legislative Studies Committee. e—Secretary-general, Antireelectionist Party of Oaxaca; opposed Porfirio Díaz. f—Syndic, first revolutionary government of Oaxaca, 1916; agent, Ministerio Público, Istmo, Oaxaca, and elsewhere, 1918–1930; attorney general, Zacatecas; president, Board of Conciliation and Arbitration, Baja California del Norte; secretary, Federal Board of Conciliation and Arbitration; general counsel for PEMEX employees, 1946–1953; judge, First Mixed Court of Appeals, Baja California del Norte; public defender, Zacatecas. g—Cofounder, national Petroleum Workers’ Union. i—Son of Celestino Pérez y Pérez, colonel, national guard, and Faustina Pérez. j—Supported Madero, 1909. k—Precandidate for PRI nomination for senator from Oaxaca, 1958; youngest deputy at Constitutional Convention. l—C de S, 1970–1976, 83; HA, Apr. 5, 1982, 14; www.omnibiography.com/bios, 2008. Pescador Osuna, José Ángel a—Mar. 18, 1945. b—Mazatlán, Sinaloa. c—Early education unknown; teaching certificate from Normal School of Mazatlán, 1964– 1970; economics degree, with thesis titled “Industrialization and Socioeconomic Effects,” from ITAM, 1970; MA in education from Stanford University, 1973; MA in economics, with thesis titled “Cost-Benefit Analysis of Higher Education in Mexico,” 1979; elementary school teacher, 1961–1962; research professor, ITAM, 1970–1972; professor, UNAM, 1974–1978, 1984–1985; rector, National School of Pedagogy, 1989–1990. d—Federal deputy from State of Sinaloa, Dist. 5, 1985–1986; mayor, Mazatlán, Sinaloa, 1989. e—Coordinator, Youth Sec., PRI, Mazatlán, 1964; coordinator, Francisco Labastida’s presidential campaign, 1986–1988. f—Director general, National Institute of Educational Research, 1978;

assistant director general of adult education, Secretariat of Public Education, 1978–1979; adviser to Francisco Labastida Ochoa, 1983–1985; consul-general, Los Angeles, Calif., 1990–1992, 1999; secretary of public education, 1993–1994; assistant secretary of population, migration, and religious affairs, Secretariat of Government, 1999–2000. g—None. h—None. i—Son of José Pescador Casillas, laborer, and Esperanza Osuna Lizárraga; married Efigenia Hernández Salayz, historian; brother Mario, director general of planning, Secretariat of Social Development, 1989. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM92, 291; DBGM89, 270; Musacchio, 330–331. Pesqueira D’Endara, Manuel Eduardo

(Deceased) a—Dec. 18, 1901. b—Hermosillo, Sonora. c—Preparatory studies from National Preparatory School, 1917– 1920; medical degree from National School of Medicine, UNAM, 1920–1925; professor of urology, National School of Medicine, UNAM, 1931–1952; professor of MD Program, National Institute of Cardiology; professor, Graduate School, UNAM. d—None. e—None. f—Physician, General Hospital, Mexico City, 1931–1952; assistant secretary of health, 1952–1958. g—President, Mexican Society of Urology, 1948–1959. h—Author of numerous medical articles; chief, Medical Ward No. 5, General Hospital, Mexico City; chief, Surgery Clinic. i—Son of lawyer and colonel José de Jesús Pesqueira, cousin of Governor and General Ignacio Pesqueira, and Juana de Endara; married Carmen Olea, July 30, 1927; son Eduardo Pesqueira Olea was secretary of agriculture, 1984–1988. j—None. k—None. l—DGF56, 332; HA, May 16, 1955, 5; letter; WNM, 175; DP95, 2714–2715. Pesqueira Olea, Eduardo Lorenzo

(Deceased) a—July 20, 1937. b—Federal District. c—Preparatory studies at Instituto Patria (Jesuit), graduating in 1954; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, 1954–1960; courses in administrative management at National Center of

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Productivity, 1961; courses in macroeconomics at George Washington University, Washington, DC, 1977–1978. d—None. e—None. f—Assistant director, Department of Banks, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1962–1965; director, Department of Investments, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1966–1972; assistant director of credit, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1972–1975; director of financial investments, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1975–1976; representative from Mexico and executive director, World Bank, Washington, DC, 1977–1978; general coordinator of delegates, Secretariat of Programming and Planning, 1979–1982; director of administration and finances, Channel 13, 1982; director general, National Bank of Agricultural Credit, 1982–1984; secretary of agriculture and hydraulic resources, 1984–1988; ambassador to FAO, United Nations, 1989. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Manuel Pesqueira D’Endara, physician and assistant secretary of health, 1952–1958, and Carmen Olea Teja; married Mercedes Villegas Hermida, businesswoman; son Eduardo was director for bilateral affairs and regions, Secretariat of Health; fatherin-law of distinguished cartoonist Abel Quezada. j—None. k—None. l—Q es QAP, 498; Excélsior, July 19, 1984, 1; DBGM87, 304; DBGM89, 279–280; DBGM, 334; Proceso, Mar. 4, 1991, 51. Petersen‑Biester, Alberto (Deceased) a—Jan. 7, 1925. b—Guadalajara, Jalisco. c—Primary, secondary and preparatory studies in Guadalajara; chemical engineering degree from Autonomous University of Guadalajara; professor of physics and thermodynamics, Autonomous University of Guadalajara and University of Guadalajara, 1944–1948; professor of chemistry, Autonomous University of Guadalajara, 1947–1952. d—PAN alternate party federal deputy, 1973–1976; plurinominal federal deputy from PAN, 1979–1982. e—Joined PAN, 1952; finance secretary, PAN, State of Jalisco, 1962–1968; PAN candidate for mayor of Guadalajara, 1967; treasurer, PAN, State of

Jalisco, 1945–1972; secretary of the treasury, CEN of PAN, 1972–1976; PAN candidate for federal deputy from Jalisco, 1976. f—None. g—None. i—Son of Germán Petersen Biedenweg and María Biester Gaxiola; married Aurora Aranguren; brother Germán Alberto was federal deputy from PAN, 1991–1994; brother Carlos was national adviser to PAN, 1970–1978, president of Regional Committee of Jalisco, 1970–1971, and member of CEN of PAN, 1972–1975, 1976–1978. j—None. k—None. l—C de D, 1973–1976; C de D, 1979–1982; La Nación; Protag., 274; DBGM92, 547–548; www.ochocolumnas .com.mx, 2008; www.cronica.diputados, Sept. 1, 1973; www.geni.com, 2008. Petricioli (Iturbide), Gustavo (Deceased Oct. 9, 1998) a—Aug. 19, 1929. b—Federal District. c—Elementary studies at Colegio Franco-Español, Mexico City; preparatory studies from Technological Institute of Higher Studies, Monterrey, 1948–1951; economics degree from Autonomous Technological Institute of Mexico, with thesis titled “National Finance Organizations, the Banking System, and the Stock Market,” 1952; studies at English-Language Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 1955; MA in economics from Yale University, 1955–1958, on fellowship from Bank of Mexico; professor of monetary theory, Autonomous Technological Institute of Mexico, 1959; professor of monetary theory, UNAM. d—None. e—None. f—Assistant economist, Bank of Mexico, 1948; economist, Department of Economic Studies, Bank of Mexico, 1948–1951; economist, National Price Commission, 1951–1952; economist, Bank of Commerce, 1952–1955; economist to director, Bank of Mexico, 1958; director, Technical Office, Bank of Mexico; manager, Bank of Mexico; director general of treasury studies, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1967–1970; assistant secretary of the treasury, 1970–Oct. 10, 1974; assistant director, Bank of Mexico, 1975–1976; president, National Securities Commission, 1976–1982; director general, Multibanco Comercial del Norte,

t he b io g ra phies  757

Banco Comercial del Norte, and Banco Comercial y Capitalizador, 1982; director general, NAFIN, 1982–1986; secretary of the treasury, 1986–1988; ambassador to United States, 1988–1992; director general of federal highways and auxiliary roads, 1993–1994. g—None. h—Member, Board of Directors, Grupo Condumex, 1981. i—Son of Carlos Petricioli Alarcón, engineer, and Ada Iturbide Preciat, sister of leading banker and capitalist Aníbal de Iturbide Preciat; stepbrother of Javier Beristaín; married Rosa Morales. j—None. k—None. l—BdM, 210; HA, Dec. 14, 1970, 20; DPE71, 27; HA, Oct. 21, 1974, 21; Excélsior, Sept. 5, 1982, 20; IEPES; Q es QAP, 519; Ríos, 83; DBGM89, 280; DBGM, 335. Peyrot González, Marco Antonio

a—June 10, 1940. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; geographic engineering studies at Heroic Naval College, 1957–1961, graduating Jan. 1, 1961; graduated in staff and command from Center for Higher Naval Studies, 4th generation, 1976– 1977; MA in security and national defense administration from Matías Romero Institute, Secretariat of Foreign Relations; completed courses for naval officers in diplomacy at Matías Romero Institute; national security course from Center for Higher Naval Studies, 1982–1983; MA in security from National Defense College, 1983–1984, graduating with General Clemente Vega García, secretary of national defense, 2000–2006; professor of math, physics, ballistics, hydrology, artillery, and electronics, Heroic Naval College. d—None. e—None. f—Naval attaché, Italy and France; secretary of the navy, 2000–2006. g—None. h—None. i—Son of an admiral; married Noemí Solís Reyes; son Marco Antonio, frigate captain and plurinominal federal deputy from PAN, 2006–2009; brother Manuel, vice admiral. j—Career naval officer; joined the navy as cadet, Heroic Naval College, Jan. 6, 1957; executive officer, numerous ships; served on Brazilian ship Custódio de Mello, for coast guard training; commander, various ships;

director general of social security, Secretariat of the Navy, 1997; chief of naval forces, Pacific; commander, 5th Naval Region, Chetumal, 1997–1999; commander, 11th Naval Zone, 1997–1999; rank of admiral. k—Had to be promoted to full admiral to become secretary of the navy. None. l—www.contra linea.com.mx, 2008; www.csis.org, 2000; semar.gob.mx, 2003; www.larevista.com .mx, 2005; Musacchio, 331. Phillips Olmedo, Alfredo a—Sept. 2, 1935. b—Matamoros, Tamaulipas. c—Early education unknown; studies in economics at National School of Economics, UNAM, 1957–1960; public administration studies at Cambridge University; degree from University of London, 1965; graduate courses at American University, George Washington University, and Cambridge University; professor of economic cycles and negotiations, Ibero‑American University. d—Plurinominal federal deputy from PRI, 1997–2000, president of Foreign Relations Committee. e—Joined PRI, 1961; financial coordinator of development, Popular Consultation Program, IEPES of PRI, 1982; secretary of international relations, CEN of PRI, 1997– 1999. f—Loan officer, IADB, Washington, DC, 1965–1966; assistant director, Department of Banks, Money, and Investment, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1964–1965; director, Department of Economic and Tax Programs, Division of Financial Studies, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1962–1964; alternate executive director, IMF, 1966–1968; executive director, IMF, 1968–1970; manager of international economic affairs, Bank of Mexico, 1970–1975; assistant director of international affairs, Bank of Mexico, 1975–1982; director general, Foreign Trade Bank, 1982–1988; ambassador to Canada, 1989–1991; ambassador to Japan, 1991–1992; assistant secretary of urban development and infrastructure, Secretariat of Social Development, 1992–1994. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Howard S. Phillips, journalist, editor, and founder of Mexican Life, and Dolores Olmedo Patiño, industrialist;

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married Maureen Greene; grandson of María Patiño Suárez, teacher and one of the first graduates of Normal School for Women; grandmother founded El Pípla School; Hugo Margaín’s daughter Lupe married his brother Carlos; son Alfredo Phillips Greene, assistant director of international affairs, CONACYT. j—None. k—Father was friends with Jack London, William Faulkner, and Ernest Hemmingway and worked for Presidents Calles and Cárdenas; mother was friends with Calles, Cárdenas, Alemán, López Mateos, and Salinas and was considered the muse of Diego Rivera, who proposed to her. l—Libro Azul, 255; IEPES; Q es QAP, 498; letters; Protag., 274; DBGM, 335; CDDWeb, Diputados, 1997; QesQ en el Congreso, 1997–200, 218–219; Excélsior, July 28, 1997, A1; DP95, 2722. Piana Lara, Fernando a—Nov. 22, 1919. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; cadet at Heroic Naval College, 1937–1942; advanced studies in antiaircraft artillery and surface firing in Poligono de Tiro, Graves, Normandy; courses in human safety in London; course in nuclear energy legislation in Brussels; naval intelligence course in Panama; professor, Pacific Naval College and Heroic Naval College of the Gulf, 1947–1950; director, Heroic Naval College. d—None. e—None. f—Oficial mayor of the navy, 1983–1986. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Fernando Piana Almazán, naval officer, and Carmen Lara Terán; married Alicia Palazuelos Gómez; brother Rafael graduated from Heroic Naval College, 1947, rank of captain, May 25, 1972; student at Heroic Naval College with Admiral Ricardo Cházaro Lara, secretary of navy, 1976–1982. j—Career naval officer; executive officer and commander, various naval ships; aide to secretary of the navy; aide to president of Mexico; naval attaché, France; assistant director of naval construction, Secretariat of the Navy, 1960–1964; rank of captain, Oct. 4, 1962; commander, Transportation Squadron, Acapulco; chief, 2nd Sec., staff, Secretariat of the Navy; commander, 3rd Naval

Zone; rank of rear admiral, 1969; director of social security, Secretariat of the Navy; commander, 12th Naval Zone, Acapulco; rank of admiral, 1976; director general of oceanography, Secretariat of the Navy, 1977–1982. k—None. l—Q es QAP, 92; DBGM, 336; www.cronicadiputados.gob.mx, 2008. Pichardo Pagaza, Ignacio a—Nov. 13, 1935. b—Toluca, State of Mexico. c—Elementary studies at Colegio Alemán, Mexico City, 1940–1943, and Colegio México, Mexico City, 1943–1947; secondary and preparatory studies at Centro Universitario México, Mexico City; legal studies at National School of Law, UNAM, 1953–1958, graduating with thesis titled “Juridical Bases of Planning in Mexico,” 1965; degree in industrial relations from Latin American University; special studies at Dartmouth College, Hanover, N.H., 1957–1958; MA in administration and public finance from School of Economics, University of London. d—Federal deputy from State of Mexico, Dist. 4, 1967–1970, president of Budget Committee; federal deputy from State of Mexico, Dist. 27, 1979– 1982, president of Programming, Budget, and Public Accounts Committee. e—Editor of the newspaper for PRI Youth Sector, 1958; participated in 1964 presidential campaign; member, IEPES of PRI; member, Technical Council of Economists, CEN of PRI; press and publicity secretary, National Youth Sector, PRI, 1959–1961; assistant director, IEPES of PRI, 1975; coordinator of IEPES events, presidential campaign, 1975–1976; president, CEN of PRI, 1994. f—Director, Department of Publications, National Foreign Trade Bank, 1964–1967; editor, Comercio Exterior, 1964–1967; director, Department of Utilities, Secretariat of the Treasury; assistant director, Income Tax Department, Secretariat of the Treasury; director of the treasury, State of Mexico, 1969–1971; secretary-general of government, State of Mexico, under Governor Carlos Hank González, 1971–1975; assistant secretary of revenues, 1976–1978; assistant secretary “A,” Office of the Controller General of Mexico,

t he b io g ra phies  759

1983–1987; controller general of Mexico, 1987–1988; director, Institute for Consumer Protection, 1988–1989; substitute governor, State of Mexico, 1989–1993; ambassador to Spain, 1994; secretary of energy and mines, 1994–1995; ambassador to Netherlands, 1997. g—Member, Technical Council of CNC, 1966. h—Vice president, Consultora Externa de México, SA, 1978–1979. i—Son of Carlos Pichardo Cruz, lawyer, constitutional deputy, and federal deputy from State of Mexico, Dist. 9, 1934–1937, and Carmen Pagaza Varela; married Julieta Lechuga Manternach; son Ignacio Pichardo Lechuga was federal deputy from State of Mexico, Dist. 23, 2009–2012; member of Julio Rodolfo Moctezuma Cid’s political group, 1975–1977; father served with Governor Filiberto Gómez in State of Mexico; nephew of Juan Josafat Pichardo Cruz, rector of Institute of Arts and Sciences, State of Mexico, 1943, 1956–1962, and member of Adolfo López Mateos’ 1929 student group; became close to Ambassador Antonio Armendáriz when he studied in London; grandson of Juan Pichardo and Natalia Cruz, from Santa Ana Tlapaltitán, State of Mexico. j—None. k—None. l—Excélsior, Jan. 18, 1978, 4; letter; Almanaque de México, 68; Protag., 275; Q es QAP, 155; Directorio, 1967–1970; C de D, 1967–1970; C de D, 1979–1982; Proceso, Dec. 5, 1994, 9, 12; www.uaemex.mx, 2008. Pimentel, Rafael S. (Deceased Jan. 20, 1954) a—1909. b—Colima. c—Teaching certificate; taught in Nayarit and Guanajuato. d—Federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. 1, 1949–1952, member of 1st Committee on General Means of Communication, Committee on Cooperative Development, 2nd General Accounting Committee, and Auto Transportation Committee; senator from State of Colima, 1952–1954. e—President, National Transportation Commission, campaign of Adolfo Ruiz Cortines for president. f—None. g—Secretary-general, Mexican Alliance of Truck Drivers; secretary of interior, Mexican Alliance of Truck Drivers; president, Mexican Alliance of

Truck Drivers. h—None. i—His alternate federal deputy was Fortunato Reyes H., father of Sergio Reyes Osorio. j—One-time truck driver. k—None. l—DP70, 633; C de S, 1952–1958; C de D, 1949–1951, 84; DGF51, I, 20, 30, 33, 35, 36; Enc. Mex., X, 311; www .cronica.diputados.gob.mx, 2008. Piña Olaya, Mariano a—March 29, 1933. b—Champusco, Puebla. c—Early education unknown; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, 1952–1956, with thesis on labor law; advanced studies at Rafael Caldera Institute, Caracas, 1960–1961, and Mario Deveali Institute, Buenos Aires, 1961–1962; professor, National School of Law, UNAM, 1958. d—Federal deputy from State of Puebla, Dist. 10, 1982–1985; governor, Puebla, 1987–1993. e—General delegate, CEN of PRI. f—Private secretary to secretary of president of Mexico, 1959; assistant director general, Afianzadora Mexicana, SA, 1965–1970; president, local Board of Conciliation and Arbitration, Federal District, 1971; director general of administration, Federal Electric Commission, 1973–1976; administrative director, Aeroméxico, 1977–1980; representative of Puebla, Federal District, 1981–1982. g—Director general, National Chamber of Sugar and Alcohol Industries, 1972–1973. h—Practicing lawyer. i—Son of Mariano Piña García, normal school teacher and owner of professional accounting and administration school, EPCA, and Julia Olaya Hernández, normal school teacher; married Patricia Kurozyn Villalobos, lawyer. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM89, 732; Lehr, 387; DBGM92, 814. Piña Rojas, José a—Mar. 12, 1954. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; degree in international relations from School of Political and Social Sciences, UNAM, 1973–1977. d—None. e—Joined PRI, 1983. f—Analyst for the director of International Organizations, 1974–1977; adviser to the director of special affairs, 1978–1979; coordinator of advisers of special affairs, 1979–1981, Secretariat of Foreign Relations; joined Foreign Service,

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1980; private secretary to assistant secretary of cultural affairs, 1981–1983, director of external relations, 1983–1986; permanent alternate representative to International Organizations, Vienna, 1986–1989; private secretary, oficial mayor, 1989, director general of Foreign Service personnel, 1990–1995, Secretariat of Foreign Relations; ambassador to El Salvador, 1995–1999; ambassador to Peru, 1999–2001; ambassador to Panama, 2001–2005; ambassador to Cuba, 2005–2007; director for Latin America and the Caribbean, Secretariat of Foreign Relations, 2007. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Jorge Piña Luján, public accountant and assistant director of contracts, Service Division, Secretariat of Public Education, and María Luisa Rojas Mendoza; married Blanca Estela Fernández Ochoa. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM92, 295; www .milenic.com.mx, Oct. 1, 2007. Pineda Pineda, Raúl Héctor a—May 1, 1942. b—Zirándaro, Guerrero. c—Early education unknown; law degree from University of Michoacán, 1961–1965. d—Federal deputy from State of Michoacán, Dist. 7, 1979–1982. e—Joined PRI, 1958; youth director, PRI, Michoacán, 1963; secretarygeneral, PRI, Michoacán, 1978; president, PRI, Michoacán, 1977–1979, 1979–1981, 1987–1988; general delegate, CEN of PRI, San Luis Potosí, Baja California, Guanajuato, Colima, 1982–1983. f—Public defender, 1963–1965; agent, Ministerio Público, 1966–1968; secretary, Mixed Agrarian Commission, Michoacán, 1968–1970; private secretary to governor of Michoacán, 1970–1972; agriculture delegate, Department of Agrarian Affairs, Michoacán, 1973–1976; agriculture adviser, Secretariat of Agrarian Reform, 1983–1985; oficial mayor, Michoacán, 1985–1988; agriculture adviser, Secretariat of Agrarian Reform, 1989–1990; oficial mayor, Secretariat of Agrarian Reform, 1991–1994. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Rodolfo Pineda Sierra, farmer, and Cliceria Pineda Pineda; married María Cristina Antúnez Oviedo. j—None.

k—None. l—www.primich.org.mx, 2008; DBGM94, CD; DBGM92, 294. Pineda (Pineda), Salvador (Deceased 1975) a—Jan. 1, 1916. b—Nucupétaro, Zirándaro de los Chávez, Michoacán. c—Early education unknown; preparatory studies at National Preparatory School; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM; MA in history from School of Philosophy and Letters, UNAM. d—Federal deputy from State of Michoacán, Dist. 6, 1949–1952, member of 1st Public Education Committee, Legislative Studies Committee, 2nd Government Committee, Foreign Relations Committee, and Gran Comisión; federal deputy from State of Michoacán, Dist. 7, 1955–1958, member of Gran Comisión and Committee on Etiquette. e—Secretary of political action, CEN of PRI, 1952; oficial mayor, CEN of PRI, 1959–1963. f—Assistant director of civic action, Department of the Federal District; private secretary to attorney general of Mexico; assistant director, National Institute of Fine Arts; judge, Federal Tax Court, 1952–1955; assistant secretary of cultural relations, Secretariat of Public Education, 1964–1968; ambassador to Greece, 1968–1971. g—None. h—Editor, Universidad. i—Son Raúl Pineda Pineda, federal deputy from State of Michoacán, Dist. 7, 1979–1982, and general delegate of CEN of PRI, Yucatán, 2008; student with Alfredo de Lara Isaacs. j—None. k—None. l—DGF51, I, 23, 29, 33, 34, 36; C de D, 1949–1952, 84; C de D, 1955–1958; DGF56; Ind. Biog., 121; HA, July 23, 1979, 30; www. zirandaro.com, 2008; www.primich.org.mx, 2008; www.larevista.com.mx, 2008. Pineda Serino, Javier a—Dec. 4, 1932. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; law degree. d—Federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. 15, 1985–1988, 1994–1997. e—None. f—Assistant attorney for the consumer, 1991–1994. g—Chief of personnel, CTM, 1968; secretary-general, National Dairy Industry Union, 1979; secretary of conflicts, CEN, CTM, 1980, 1983; secretary of labor disputes, CTM, 1996;

t he b io g ra phies  761

secretary of labor, CTM, 2006. h—Musician, engineer, orchestra director, 1955. i—Son of Rodolfo Pineda Morera and Virginia Serino; married Blanca Nelly Alemán. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM87, 541; Musacchio, 333; www.cddhcu.gob.mx, 1994. Piñeyro Arias, Antonia Irma a—Sept. 26, 1954. b—Tlaxiaco, Oaxaca. c—Early education unknown; degree in communication relations from IPN, 1972–1975; degree in sociology from UNAM, 1983–1987; courses at New York University. d—Alternate federal deputy from State of Oaxaca, Dist. 7, 1976–1979; federal deputy from State of Oaxaca, Dist. 7, 1991–1994; federal deputy from State of Oaxaca, Dist. 6, 2000–2003; plurinominal federal deputy from New Alliance Party, 2006–2009. e—Joined PRI, 1975; assistant secretary of organization, CEN of PRI, 1988–1992; assistant secretary of participation and vigilance, CEN of PRI; assistant secretary of mobilization, CEN of PRI, 1994; secretary of political training, CEN of PRI, 1998–1999; resigned from PRI; joined New Alliance Party. f—Alternate ambassador to United Nations, 1980–1981; adviser to secretary of agrarian reform, 1989–1990; assistant secretary of agrarian affairs, Secretariat of Agrarian Reform, 1994; director general and coordinator, Delegations Unit, Secretariat of Agrarian Reform, 1995. g—Coordinator of international affairs, CEN of CNC, 1992–1995. h—None. i—Daughter of Trinidad Piñeyro Herrera, businessman, and Consuelo Arias Márquez; married José Nassar Piñeyro, economist. j—None. k—None. l—DCM2000–2003, 203; DBGM92, 549; QesQ en el Congreso, 2000–2003, 236–237. Piñón Reyna, Celia Martha a—Nov. 5, 1949. b—Nogales, Sonora. c—Elementary studies at Colegio Medrano for Girls, Guadalajara; business studies at Martínez Negrete School, graduating as private accountant and stenographer. d—PAN alternate federal party deputy, 1973–1976; federal deputy from State of Jalisco, Dist. 7, 1976–1979; plurinominal federal deputy from PAN, 1979–1982. e—PAN secretary

of women’s action, 4th Electoral District, Jalisco, 1971; Treasurer, secretary of acts, and finance secretary, Regional Committee of PAN, Jalisco, 1972–1980; oficial mayor, Regional Committee of PAN, Jalisco, 1973–1977; auxiliary delegate, PAN, Aguascalientes, 1974; member, Regional Council of PAN, State of Jalisco, 1976–1982; member, National Council of PAN, 1979–1981; PAN delegate, State of Nayarit, 1979. f—None. g—None. h—Assistant to an accountant, Guadalajara, 1964; social science teacher, Jalisco Center of Productivity, Guadalajara, 1974–1980; various positions, Cashier Department, SERFIN Banking Group. i—Daughter of J. Encarnación Piñón Tapia, teacher, and Martha Reyna. j—None. k—None. l—C de D, 1973–1976; C de D, 1976–1979; C de D, 1979–1982; Romero Aceves, 725–726. Pintado Borrego, Fausto a—1921. b—Tacotalpa, Tabasco. c—Primary and secondary studies in Villahermosa, Tabasco; preparatory studies at National Preparatory School; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, 1948; teacher of civics in secondary school; professor of administrative law, School of Law, University of Tabasco. d—Senator from State of Tabasco, 1964–1970. e—None. f—Judge, First Appeals Court, Tenango de Doría, Ciudad Teapa, Ciudad Hidalgo, and Frontera, Tabasco; legal adviser to state government of Tabasco; justice, Superior Tribunal of Justice, State of Tabasco; president, Superior Tribunal of Justice, State of Tabasco, 1962; assistant director of government, State of Tabasco, 1962–1963; member, National Human Rights Commission. g—None. h—Coauthor, Legal Code of Tabasco, 1959. i—Member of Carlos Madrazo’s political group; brother Jorge Pintado Borrego, president of Board of Directors, University of Tabasco, 1979. j—None. k—None. l—C de S, 1964–1970; MGF69; www.diputados .gob.mx, Dec. 6, 1968. Pizano Saucedo, Roberto (Deceased 1992) a—Apr. 14, 1923. b—Colima, Colima.

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c—Primary and secondary education at public schools in Colima; graduated as private accountant. d—Alternate federal deputy from State of Colima, Dist. 2, 1952–1955; federal deputy from State of Colima, Dist. 2, 1955–1958, president of Chamber of Deputies, 1957, member of Gran Comisión, 4th Ejido Committee; alternate senator from State of Colima, 1958–1964; senator from State of Colima, 1970–1976; mayor, Colima, 1978–1979. e—President, State Regional Committee of PRI, Colima; secretary-general, IEPES of PRI, Colima. f—Employee, Office of the Federal Treasury, Colima, 1937–1939; assistant, Census Office, 1939– 1940; secretary, First Civil Court District, Colima; secretary, First Criminal Appeals Court, Colima; federal delegate, Secretariat of Industry and Commerce; ISSSTE representative, Colima. g—Member, National Union of Social Security and Public Welfare Workers; secretary of organization, Local No. 52, Union of Workers of the Secretariat of Public Works, 1944–1947; representative of CEN of CNC to National Institute for Improved Nourishment. h—Postal assistant, 1944–1947; telegrapher, 1947; director, weekly newspaper La Voz, and El Regional, Colima; director general, Diario de Colima. i—Son of Teófilo Pizano, prominent silversmith; first cousin of Arturo Noriega Pizano, governor of Colima; brother Carlos was private secretary to Jesús González Lugo; nephew of Salvador Saucedo Pérez, federal deputy from State of Colima, Dist. 1, 191718, and governor of Colima, 1931–1935; son Rogelio, director of public relations, University of Colima, 2007. j—None. k—None. l—DBM68, 493–494; C de D, 1952–1954, 17; DGF56, 22, 30, 33; Excélsior, Nov. 4, 1978, 17; Ind. Biog., 121–122; www.ucol.mx, 2008. Pizarro Suárez (Mercado), Nicolás

(Deceased) a—Oct. 19, 1907. b—Federal District. c—Elementary studies at Colegio Inglés, Mexico City; secondary studies at Colegio México, Mexico City; preparatory studies at National Preparatory School; law degree from National School of Law,

UNAM, May 31, 1932, with thesis on judicial value of damages; professor of civil and labor law, National School of Law, UNAM. d—None. e—None. f—President, local Board of Conciliation and Arbitration, Mérida, Yucatán; director general, Institute of Civil Pensions (forerunner of ISSSTE), 1952–1960; director general, ISSSTE, 1960– 1964. g—None. h—Practicing lawyer, 1964– 1976; manager, Association of Insurance Institutions; assistant manager, La Nacional Insurance Co., SA; author of several books. i—Son of a lawyer, Ismael Pizarro Suárez, and Alicia Mercado; married Victoria Macías; grandson of Nicolas Pizarro, novelist, important Liberal author, and secretary of justice, 1857–1958; student assistant to Agustín García López; son Manuel became best friends with Edgardo, son of Ezequiel Padilla, and with the son of Julio Serrano Castro in college. j—None. k—None. l—HA, Mar. 7, 1960, 9; Siempre, Feb. 4, 1959, 6; HA, Dec. 10, 1962, 20–21; WNM, 176. Poiré Romero, Alejandro Alfonso

a—Jan. 15, 1971. b—Federal District c—Preparatory studies at Colegio Williams, Mexico City; political science degree from ITAM, 1995, with honorable mention; MA in political science from Harvard University, 1999; PhD in political science from Harvard University, 2002; head, Department of Political Science, ITAM, 1999– 2003; director, BA program, ITAM, 1999– 2000; Robert F. Kennedy Professor of Latin American Studies, Harvard University, 2005–2007; visiting professor, MIT, 2006; visiting professor, John F. Kennedy School of Government, 2005–2007. d—None. e—None. f—Adviser, INEGI, 2001; executive director of prerogatives and political parties, Federal Electoral Institute, 2003– 2005; director general of political analysis, Office of the Presidency of Mexico, 2007– 2008; commissioner of political development, Secretariat of Government, 2008; coordinator of advisers of secretary of government, 2008–2009; assistant secretary of migratory population and religious affairs,

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May 26, 2009– . g—None. h—None. i—Son of Alfonso Poiré y Crespo and Mercedes Romero Vizcarra, industrial relations graduates; married Leslie Alger Soto, industrial relations graduate. j—None. k—None. l—www.gobernacion.gob.mx, 2009; letter. Polo Uscanga, Abraham Antonio

(Deceased June 20, 1995) a—Aug. 18, 1935. b—Doblado, Veracruz. c—Early education unknown; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, 1955–1960; legal studies at Free Law School, 1968–1970, graduating in 1971. d—None. e—Joined PRI, 1955. f—Secretary, Office of the Attorney General of the Federal District, 1960–1971; agent, Ministerio Público, 10th District, Federal District, 1971–1973; agent, Ministerio Público, and instructor, Office of the Attorney General of the Federal District, 1974–1975; director, Department of Criminal Investigations, 1975–1978; assistant director, Department of Criminal Investigations, 1978–1981; director general of criminal investigations, Office of the Attorney General of the Federal District, 1981–1987; assistant attorney general of Mexico, 1988–1991; judge, Superior Court, Federal District, 1992–1995. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Abraham Polo Barradas, cattle rancher, and Evelía Uscanga Balcázar, retailer; married María de los Ángeles Pérez García, teacher. j—None. k—Murdered after refusing to issue an arrest warrant for leaders of SUTAR-100 independent union. l—DBGM87, 310; DBGM92; QesQAP84, 484; DBGM84, 338–339; DBGM89, 284; New York Times, June 21, 1995. Ponce Coronado, Augusto a—July 31, 1938. b—Molango, Hidalgo. c—Early education unknown; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, 1957–1962; business administration degree from ITAM, 1977– 1980. d—Plurinominal federal deputy from PRI, 1988. e—Member, National Political Council of PRI, 2007. f—Director, Department of Cultural Publicity, State of Mexico, 1960–1962; general manager of pharmacies, Secretariat of Health; assistant director general of customs, Secretariat of the Treasury,

1976–1977; director of administration, State of Mexico, 1976–1981; adviser, Secretariats of Agrarian Reform and of Labor, 1980–1982; assistant director of delegations, Department of Federal Highways and Bridges, 1984–1986; oficial mayor of government, 1988–1993. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Fidencio Ponce Reyes, teacher and federal school inspector, 6th Zone, Tamaulipas, and Sara Coronado García; married Rosa María Figueroa Labra, teacher. j—None. k—None. l—www.geocities.com, 2009; DBGM92, 296; DBGM89, 284–285. Ponce de León (Andrade), Xavier a—Jan. 17, 1941. b—Morelia, Michoacán. c—Early education unknown; business administration degree from Autonomous Technological Institute of Mexico, 1962–1966; studies in systems information at Columbia University, New York, 1968; MBA from Harvard Business School, 1997. d—Assistant Cuauhtémoc delegate, Department of the Federal District, 1996–1997. e—Joined PRI, 1959; assistant director, IEPES of PRI, 1975–1976; assistant secretary of finance, CEN of PRI, 1981–1982. f—Systems analyst, Bank of Mexico, 1959–1970; project director, Secretariat of the Presidency, 1969–1973; assistant Director of administrative studies, Secretariat of the Presidency, 1973–1975; director general of coordination of technical assistance in programming, budget, organization, and information, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1976–1981; adviser, Plan of Government, 1976–1982; technical secretary, Committee for Modernization of Public Administration, Plan of Government, 1982– 1988; oficial mayor, Office of the Controller General of Mexico, 1982–1987; coordinator administrative simplification programs, Office of the Controller General, 1987–1988; assistant director of administration and legal affairs, NAFIN, 1989; oficial mayor, Office of the Attorney General of Mexico; oficial mayor of agriculture, 2000–2006. g—None. h—Vice president, Telefónica, 2000; vice president, National Institute of Public Administration, 2004–2007. i—Son

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of Joaquín Ponce de León Andrade, rancher and president and secretary of Regional Cattlemen’s Association, Michoacán, and Rosaura Andrade Gómez, teacher; married Julieta Inman Campos, businesswomen. j—None. k—None. l—Q es QAP, 157; DBGM89, 285; Musacchio, 335–336. Ponce Meléndez, Gustavo a—July 19, 1958. b—Hidalgo del Parral, Chihuahua. c—Early education unknown; degree in economics from Autonomous Metropolitan University, Xochimilco Campus, 1974–1978. d—None. e—Joined PRI, 1979. f—Department head, Modernization and Organization Division, Secretariat of Public Health, 1983; assistant director of government organizations, Finance Program Division, Secretariat of Energy, Mines, and Government Industries, 1984; technical assistant director, Department of Federal District Workers’ Warehouses, 1988; assistant director of economic research, National Minimum Wage Commission, 1989–1991; technical director, National Minimum Wage Commission, 1991–1992; general coordinator of labor policies, studies, and statistics, Secretariat of Labor, 1992–1994; assistant secretary of citizen attention and social action, Office of the Controller, 1994–1996; general technical coordinator, Assembly of the Federal District, 1996–1997; director general of programming and budget, Federal District, 1997–1998; assistant secretary of expenditures, Federal District, 1998– 2003; finance secretary, Federal District, 2003–2004. g—None. h—Assistant director of socioeconomic studies, Grupo INCO, 1984–1986. i—Son of Gustavo Ponce Reyes and Carmen Meléndez Ponce; sister Carmen, director, Budget Department, Álvaro Obregón delegation, Federal District, 2004. j—None. k—Detained by Federal Investigation Agency, Oct. 9, 2004, for alleged fraud after arrest warrant was issued by attorney general of Mexico. l—www.eluniversal .com.mx, Mar. 2, 2004; www.finanzas.df .gob.mx, Mar. 2, 2004; www.esmas.com, Oct. 15, 2004; DBGM94, CD.

Porte Petit (Candaudap), Celestino

(Deceased Jan. 22, 2002) a—Nov. 2, 1910. b—Córdoba, Veracruz. c—Primary and secondary studies in Córdoba; began preparatory studies in Orizaba, completed in Mexico City; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM,; professor of criminal law, National School of Law, UNAM; director, Seminar in Criminal Law, UNAM, 32 years; professor of penal law, School of Law, University of Veracruz, Jalapa. d—None. e—None. f—Auxiliary agent, Ministerio Público, State of Veracruz; judge of 1st instance, Córdoba; agent, Ministerio Público, Office of the Attorney General of Mexico; judge, Superior Tribunal of Justice, State of Veracruz; judge, Superior Tribunal of Justice, Federal District and Federal Territories. g—None. h—Editor, Revista de Jurisprudencia and Revista Jurídica Veracruzana. i—Father of Luis Octavio Petit Porte Moreno, 2nd assistant attorney general of Mexico, 1982; son Adalberto Porte Petit Moreno was a plurinominal federal deputy from PRI, 1988–1991; son Luis Porte Petit Moreno was federal deputy from State of Veracruz, Dist. 6, 1979–1982, and assistant attorney general; brother-in-law Rafael Moreno Henríquez was secretary-general of government, Veracruz, 1953; married Isabel Moreno Henríquez; professor of generations of law students at UNAM, including Rafael Macedo de la Concha, attorney general of Mexico, and Olga Sánchez Cordero, Supreme Court justice. j—None. k—Considered a leading expert on criminal law. l—Enc. Mex., X, 404; Illescas, 720–721; DBGM89, 517; www.inacipe.gob.mx, 2008. Porte Petit Moreno, Luis Octavio

a—June 1, 1938. b—Córdoba, Veracruz. c—Early education unknown; legal studies at National School of Law, UNAM, 1957–1961, graduating with thesis titled “The Crime of Contraband,” Oct. 3, 1962; professor of 2nd course in criminal law, National School of Law, UNAM, 1967–1970; professor of 1st course in criminal law, National School of Law, UNAM, 1964–1970.

t he b io g ra phies  765

d—Federal deputy from State of Veracruz, Dist. 6, 1979–1982. e—Private secretary to president of CEN of PRI, Carlos Madrazo, 1965; coordinator, Popular Sector of PRI, 1980–1981. f—Judicial official, Mixed Court of the First Instance, Federal District, 1958–1960; lawyer, Tax Attorney’s Office, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1960–1961; lawyer, Tax Attorney’s Office, Income Tax Division, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1961–1963; auxiliary agent, Ministerio Público, Office of the Attorney General, Federal District and Federal Territories, 1963–1964; assistant director general of investigation, Office of the Attorney General, Federal District and Federal Territories, 1964; chief, Office of Complaints and Investigation, Department of Health, Federal District, Secretariat of Health, 1966–1970; agent, Ministerio Público, Office of the Attorney General, Federal District and Federal Territories, 1968–1970; director general of prior cases, Office of the Attorney General, Federal District, 1970–1973; secretary-general of government, State of Veracruz, under Governor Rafael Hernández Ochoa, 1974–1977; director general of property control, Federal Zone, Secretariat of Human Dwellings and Public Works, 1977–1979; president, federal Conciliation and Arbitration Board, 1982; assistant attorney general of Mexico, 1982–1985; assistant attorney general of legal affairs and social programs, 1986–1991; judge, Higher Agrarian Court, 1995–2006. g—None. h—Assistant manager, Cía. Operadora de Teatro, SA, Federal District, 1973; general manager, Cía. Operadora de Teatro, SA, Federal District, 1973–1974. i—Son of Celestino Porte Petit, Superior Tribunal of Justice judge, Federal District, and Isabel Moreno Henríquez; brother of Adalberto Porte Petit Moreno, plurinominal federal deputy from PRI, 1988–1991. j—None. k—None. l—IEPES; Q es QAP, 460–461; Protag., 277; C de D, 1979–1982; DBGM89, 286; DBGM, 339–340. Portes Gil, Emilio (Deceased Dec. 10, 1978) a—Oct. 3, 1890. b—Ciudad Victoria,

Tamaulipas. c—Elementary studies in Ciudad Victoria; secondary studies at Normal School, Ciudad Victoria, 1906–1910; law studies at Free Law School, 1912–1914, degree in 1915; professor of primary school education, Ciudad Victoria, 1910–1912; professor of agrarian legislation, School of Law, UNAM, 1930. d—Federal deputy from Tamaulipas, 1916–1917, 1921–1922, 1924–1925; governor, Tamaulipas, 1925–1928. e—President, CEN of PRI, Apr. 22, 1930– Oct. 15, 1930; president, CEN of PRI, June 15, 1935–Aug. 20, 1936; founder, Partido Socialista Fronterizo, Tamaulipas. f—First official Department of War and the Navy, 1914; assistant director, Department of Military Justice, Department of War and the Navy, 1915; judge of 1st instance, Civil Sec., Hermosillo, Sonora; judge, Superior Tribunal of Justice, Sonora, 1916; consulting lawyer to secretary of war, 1917; secretary-general of government, State of Tamaulipas, 1918–1919; provisional governor, Tamaulipas, 1920; general lawyer, National Railroads of Mexico, 1921–1922; president of Mexico, 1928–1930; secretary of government, 1928, 1930; minister to France, 1931–1932; delegate, League of Nations, 1931–1932; attorney general of Mexico, 1932–1934; secretary of foreign relations, 1934–1935; special ambassador to Dominican Republic, 1944; special ambassador to Ecuador, 1946; first ambassador from Mexico to India, 1951; president, National Securities Committee, 1959; adviser, Constructora Nacional de Carros de Ferrocarril, SA, 1966; president, Advisory Technical Committee, National Banking Commission, 1970. g—None. h—Author of books on the church, labor, and politics in Mexico. i—Attended Free Law School with Francisco Javier Gaxiola and Ezequiel Padilla; son of Domingo Portes and Adela Gil; married Carmen GarCía. j—Administrative positions during the Revolution. k—A founder of Free Law School. l—Letters; DBM68, 495–496; Gaxiola, 12; letter; Brandenburg, 80, 63; Peral, 648; WWM45, 94; Daniels, 43, 104;

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IWW40, 912; DP70, 1663–1664; Strode, 28, 87; Dulles; Enc. Mex., X, 405–406; Justicia, Aug., 1970; HA, Dec. 18, 1978, 17–18. Portillo Ayala, Cristina a—Dec. 30, 1969. b—Morelia, Michoacán. c—Early education unknown; public relations studies at Technical Academy Business School, Quintana Roo, Morelia, 1993; teacher, 1991–1994. d—Plurinominal federal deputy from PRD, 1997–2000, 2003–2006. e—Cofounder, PRD, 1989; PRD candidate for local deputy, State Legislature of Michoacán, 1995; member, PRD State Committee, Michoacán, 1997, 2001–2002; secretary of political relations and alliances, PRD, Michoacán, 1997–1999; member and national adviser, PRD, 2002–2003. f—Department head, Secretariat of Urban Development, Michoacán, 1992–1997; technical secretary, Navy Committee, Senate, 2000–2002; adviser on political conflicts to governor of Michoacán, Lázaro Cárdenas Batel, 2002–2003. g—None. h—None. j—None. k—None. l—www.diputados.gob .mx, 2003; www.secgob.gob.mx, 1997, 2007; www.201.147.98.8/curric, 2010. Posada, Ángel (Deceased Mar. 12, 1938) a—1890. b—Parral, Chihuahua. c—Early education unknown; studies in agriculture at National School of Agriculture, San Jacinto, State of Mexico, until 1914; agricultural engineering degree from Escobar Brothers Agricultural College, Ciudad Juárez. d—Federal deputy from State of Chihuahua, Dist. 5, 1932–1934, member of Gran Comisión; senator from State of Chihuahua, 1934–1938. e—Secretary of agrarian action, CEN of PNR, 1934. f—Oficial mayor, state government of Chihuahua; oficial mayor, National Agrarian Commission, 1933–1934; director, Agrarian Department, 1934. g—None. h—None. i—Father, employee of Bellavista Thread Factory, operated by Federico Sisniega, son‑in‑law of Luis Terrazas. j—None. k—According to historian Mark Wasserman, he was assassinated in Ciudad Juárez during his campaign for governor of Chihuahua; New York Times

reported arrest of General Rodrigo Quevedo in connection with the murder. l—DP70, 1665; Peral, 650; C de S, 1934–1940; Enc. Mex., X, 411; Gómez, 420–421; NYT, Mar. 13, 1938, 28. Pozo (Balbás), Agapito (Deceased Apr. 30, 1976) a—Apr. 21, 1899. b—Querétaro, Querétaro. c—Elementary studies with La Salle Brothers; secondary studies at Liceo Católico, Querétaro; preparatory studies at Colegio Civil, Querétaro; law degree from Colegio Civil of State of Querétaro, 1923; rector, University of Querétaro, 1970–1972. d—Senator from State of Querétaro, 1940–1943; governor, Querétaro, 1943–1949. e—PRI state committeeman. f—Agent, Ministerio Público, León, Guanajuato, 1924–1926; civil judge; judge, Superior Tribunal of Justice, State of Guanajuato, 1970; justice, Superior Tribunal, Federal District and Federal Territories, 1940; secretary, City Council, León; secretary, City Council, Querétaro; secretary of government, State of Querétaro; director, Administrative Office of Chief of Police, Federal District; private secretary to chief of police, Federal District; private secretary to the head of Federal District; agent, Ministerio Público, Office of the Attorney General; joined federal judicial system, 1949; justice, Supreme Court of Mexico, 1950–1952, 1952–1958, 1958–1964; president, Supreme Court, 1958, 1964–1968. g—None. h—Practicing attorney. i—Son of a lawyer; grandson of Agapito Pozo, Tax Court judge, 1855; married María Araújo Valdivia; second wife, Ema Jiménez Sullivan. j—None. k—None. l—DBM68, 497; WWMG, 32; HA, Apr. 14, 1958, 8; DGF56, 568; Peral, 651–652; DGF51, I; Enc. Mex., X, 420; Casasola, V, 2422; Justicia, Aug., 1967; DP95, 2781; www.scjn.gob .mx, 572–573, 2008. Prado Mercado, María Elena a—Feb. 3, 1955. b—Toluca, State of Mexico. c—Elementary studies at 5th of May School, Colorines, State of Mexico, 1961–1966; secondary studies at Benito Juárez School, Toluca, State of Mexico, 1967–1969; preparatory

t he b io g ra phies  767

studies at Adolfo López Mateos Preparatory School of Autonomous University of the State of Mexico, 1971–1974; sociology degree from School of Political and Social Science, Autonomous University of the State of Mexico, 1976–1979. d—Federal deputy from State of Mexico, Dist. 22, 1979–1982. e—Joined PRI youth, 1971; founding member, National Movement of Revolutionary Youth, PRI, 1973; delegate, CEN of PRI, Santo Tomás de los Plátanos, State of Mexico, 1975; secretary-general, National Revolutionary Youth Movement, PRI, State of Mexico, 1975. f—Executive secretary, Federal Electoral Institute, 9th District, State of Mexico, 1992; director, Mexiquenses Women’s Institute, 2004. g—None. i—Daughter of Rodolfo Prado Torres and Alicia Mercado. j—None. k—None. l—Romero Aceves, 727–728; Protag., 278; C de D, 1979–1982. Prado (Proaño), Eugenio (Deceased 1969) a—Nov. 12, 1897. b—San Buenaventura, Chihuahua. c—Elementary studies at public school attached to State Normal School, Chihuahua; no degree. d—Local deputy, State Legislature of Chihuahua, 1934–1935; mayor, San Buenaventura, 1935– 1937; federal deputy from State of Chihuahua, Dist. 1, 1937–1940; senator from State of Chihuahua, 1940–1946, president of Senate, president of 1st Government Committee and Treasury Committee, member of Gran Comisión; federal deputy from State of Chihuahua, Dist. 1, 1946–1949, president of Permanent Committee of Congress, 1949, member of 1st Committee on Government, 1st Treasury Committee. e—None. f—Interim governor, Chihuahua, 1939–1940; director, Cooperative Sugar Mill, Zacatepec, Morelos; director, Emiliano Zapata Cooperative Ejido Mill, 1951. h—None. i—Brother Jesús Prado Proaño, local deputy to State Legislature of Chihuahua, 1946. j—None. k—Answered Manuel Ávila Camacho’s last State of the Union address, 1946. l—C de D, 1946–1948, 84; DGF51, II; WWMG, 94; Peral, 651; DP70, 1669; C de S, 1940–1946; C de D, 1937–1939,

17; López, 874; Excélsior, July 8, 1949; Enc. Mex., X, 420; HA, Aug. 16, 1946. Preciado Hernández, Rafael (Deceased Mar. 7, 1991) a—Apr. 29, 1908. b—ExHacienda Cucuciapa, El Grullo, Jalisco. c—Elementary studies at El Grullo; secondary studies in Guadalajara, Jalisco, 1918; preparatory studies in Guadalajara; legal studies at University of Guadalajara, 1925–1930, graduating Oct. 8, 1930, but did not officially receive his degree until May 19, 1934, with thesis titled “Absolute Character of Legal Norms Deduced from Reason”; professor, Normal School for Women, Guadalajara, 1930–1932; professor of Roman law, University of Guadalajara, 1931–1933; professor of general theory of the state, Autonomous University of Guadalajara, 1934–1935; professor of philosophy of law, Free Law School, Mexico City, 1937–1980; professor of philosophy of law, National School of Law, UNAM, 1939–1940; professor of introduction of the state of law, National School of Law, UNAM, 1941–1970; director, Seminar in the Philosophy of Law, UNAM, 1949–1970. d—PAN federal party deputy, 1967–1970, member of Department of the Federal District Committee, Constitutional Affairs Sec. of Legislative Studies Committee, 2nd Balloting Committee. e—PAN representative, Federal Electoral Commission, 1953–1958, 1969–1971; founding member, National Council of PAN, 1939; member, CEN of PAN, 1939–1987; national adviser, PAN, 1954–1991; PAN candidate for senator, 1946; PAN candidate for federal deputy, 1943, 1949, 1952; director, PAN Regional Committee, Federal District, 1943–1946. f—Secretary, various divisions, Superior Tribunal of Justice, State of Jalisco, 1931–1932; civil judge, First Civil District, Guadalajara, 1933; secretary of studies and accounts, Third Division, Supreme Court, 1935–1939. g—None. h—Practicing lawyer, 1931–1935, 1939–1970. i—Married Carmen Briseño; son of Severiano Preciado, peasant and mayor of El Grullo, 1924, and María de Jesús Hernández, peasants. j—None.

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k—Responsible for recruiting many prominent members of PAN from his law classes; father was persecuted by Villistas and had to leave El Grullo. l—WNM, 178; Mabry; C de D, 1967–1970, 62, 68, 77; www.fundacion preciado.org.mx, 2008; letter; www.senado .gob.mx, Apr. 29, 2008. Priego Ortiz, Luis a—Aug. 19, 1929. b—Villahermosa, Tabasco. c—Secondary studies at Secondary School No. 1, Mexico City; preparatory studies at National Preparatory School; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, 1957; certificate in political science from University of Paris; professor, UNAM. d—Federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. 11, 1964–1967, member of Forest Affairs Committee, Government Committee, Labor Sec. of Legislative Studies Committee, Constitutional Affairs Committee; Iztapalapa delegate, Department of the Federal District, 1967–1970; federal deputy from State of Tabasco, Dist. 1, 1976–1979; plurinominal federal deputy from PRI, 1994–1997, 2000–2003. e—Joined PRI, 1951; general delegate, CEN of PRI, Campeche, 1979, and Michoacán, 1965; political adviser, CEPES of PRI, Federal District; member, Editorial Committee to revise PRI Declaration of Principles; member, PRI Democratic Current; member, PRI National Political Council, 1993–1996, 2002–2005; resigned from PRI in 2005 to protest “desafuero” (withdrawal of immunity from legal prosecution) of Andrés López Obrador. f—Employee, Secretariat of Agriculture; director, Government Rules Office, Department of the Federal District, 1966; substitute governor, Tabasco, 1994–1995. g—Secretarygeneral, Federation of University Students; secretary of public relations, Truckers’ Alliance, 1975–1981. h—President, Board of Directors, Grey Establishments, 1968–2003; director of public relations, Fiasa Group, 1971–1976; general manager, Arpa Construction, 1973–1974; president, Board of Directors, Priego Ortiz, SA, 1984–2003. i—Son of Hortencio Priego y Priego, cattle rancher, and Genoveva Ortiz Álvarez; married Alicia

Enríquez Escalón; student at UNAM with Pedro Ojeda Paullada. k—None. l—C de D, 1964–1967, 79, 84, 92; C de D, 1976–1979; D de C, 1976–1979; Excélsior, Sept. 1, 1976, 1C; QesQ en el Congreso, 2000–2003, 238; DCM, 2000–2003, 396. Prieto de la Fuente, Javier a—Sept. 30, 1953. b—Monterrey, Nuevo León. c—Early education unknown; mechanical engineering degree from ITESM, 1977–1979; MA in administration from Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pa., on International Rotary Fellowship; professor of industrial engineering. d—None. e—None. f—Coordinator of advisers to secretary of government, 2005–2006; assistant secretary of employment and labor policy, Secretariat of Labor, 2006–2007. g—President, CONCAMIN, 2001–2003. h—Employee, CEMEX, 20 years, rose to positions of vice president of trading and vice president of industrial relations. i—Son of Luis J. Prieto González, engineer, federal deputy, 1997–2000, president of PAN, Nuevo León, and corporate director of human relations, Grupo VISA, and Iris de la Fuente Villarreal; married Guadalupe Treviño; grandson of Ignacio M. Prieto, railroad employee, who encouraged his son to join PAN, 1945, and Elvira González, teacher. j—None. k—None. l—www.fox.presidencia.gob.mx, May 31, 2005; letter; WWM, 1987, 471; www .stps.gob.mx, 2009. Prieto Fortún, Guillermo a—June 10, 1935. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; economics degree from National School of Economics, UNAM, 1953–1957, graduating Apr. 29, 1960, with honorable mention and thesis titled “Development of Bridges and Public Highways over the Isthmus of Tehuantepec”; degree in business administration from IPADE, Opus Dei. d—None. e—Joined PRI, 1955. f—Economist, Income Tax Division, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1955; assistant director, Department of Technical Calculations, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1955–1960; adviser to Hugo B. Margáin, oficial mayor

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of industry and trade, 1960–1962; adviser to Hugo B. Margáin, assistant secretary of industry and trade, 1962–1963; adviser, 1st National Committee for the Participation of Workers in the Utilities Industry, 1963–1964; economist, Department of Worker Participation in Utilities, Secretariat of Labor, 1964–1970; director general, Income Tax Division, 1970–1976; director general of tax administration, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1976–1978; assistant secretary of revenues, Secretariat of the Treasury, Jan. 17, 1978–1982, 1982–1986; director general, Multibanco Comermex, 1986–1988, 1988–1989; president, National Banking Commission, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1989–1995. g—None. h—President, Board of Directors, Grupo Gepri. i—Protégé of Hugo B. Margáin; son of Guillermo Prieto Pérez, accountant and major figure in Chrysler auto dealerships and the first Chrysler dealer in the Federal District, 1921, and María Luisa Fortún Aguilar; married Laura Meza; grandson of Joaquín Prieto Noredo, captain of Port of Veracruz and founder of Grupo Gepri; son Guillermo Prieto Trevino, president of stock exchange, 2008; part of founding generation of students, including Mexico’s leading capitalists, who attended IPADE. j—None. k—None. l—Letter; DAPC, 77, 57; Q es QAP, 108; DBGM87, 313; DBGM92, 298; www.gmo-prieto.com.mx, 2008; Excélsior, June 15, 2008. Prieto González, Luis Jesús (Deceased Oct. 25, 2000) a—June 23, 1926. b—Monterrey, Nuevo León. c—Early education unknown; industrial mechanical engineering degree from Technological Institute of Higher Studies, Monterrey, Nuevo León, 1944–1948, with thesis on thermoelectrical plants. d—Mayor, San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León; plurinominal federal deputy from PAN, 1982–1985. e—Joined PAN, 1946; president, PAN, San Nicolás de los Garza, 1979; PAN candidate for alternate mayor of Monterrey, 1950; regional adviser, PAN, Nuevo León, 1972; national adviser, PAN, 1978–1984, 1988–1991; PAN

candidate for alternate federal deputy from Nuevo León, 1955; PAN candidate for federal deputy from Nuevo León, 1976; president, Regional Committee of PAN, Nuevo León, 1984–1986; member, CEN of PAN, 1984–1987. f—None. g—Official, Catholic Action, 1947. h—Director of human resources, VISA Group, 1965–1968; director of industrial relations, HYLSA Steel Group, Monterrey, 1969–1973; industrial engineer. i—Son of Ignacio Prieto Uranga and Elvira González Valenzuela; married Iris Luz de la Fuente Villarreal, 1950. j—None. k—None. l—Directorio, 1982–1985; C de D, 1982–1985; Lehr, 605; DBGM, 582; www.gaceta.diputa dos.gob.mx, 2008; Pérez Franco, 270. Prieto Laurens, Jorge (Deceased 1988) a—May 2, 1895. b—San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí. c—Elementary studies in private Catholic schools, San Luis Potosí; preparatory studies at National Preparatory School, 1909–1913; no degree. d—Member, first City Council, Federal District; federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. 11 (representing Cooperatist Party), 1920–1922; federal deputy from State of San Luis Potosí, Dist. 5, 1922–1923, member of Gran Comisión, president of Chamber of Deputies; mayor, Federal District, 1923; governor, San Luis Potosí, 1923. e—President, Cooperatist Party, 1923–1924; political supporter (civilian) of de la Huerta rebellion, 1923; political supporter of José Vasconcelos for president, 1928–1929; supporter (civilian) of Escobar rebellion, 1929; president, National Independent Party, 1938; secretary-general, National Democratic Party, which supported Ezequiel Padilla for president, 1945–1946; president, Popular Anticommunist Front, 1951. f—Department head, Secretariat of Industry and Commerce, 1935. g—Student leader in 1910; led a student movement against Victoriano Huerta, 1913; cofounder, ACJM, 1913. h—Director, La Tribuna, Houston, Tex. i—Son of engineer Antonio Prieto Trillo, original owner of Condesa Theater, and Emma Laurens; grandson Ignacio Carrillo Prieto, special prosecutor of political crimes

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and human rights abuses committed during Echeverría presidency. j—Fought in the Revolution with Zapata’s forces; aide to general staff of General Enrique Estrada; military commander of Zacatecas; participant in taking city of Guadalajara, 1920. k—In exile in United States, 1923–1933. l—López; C de D, 1922–1924, 33; Casasola, V; Enc. Mex., V, 431. Provencio (Durazo), Enrique a—July 15, 1956. b—Ciudad Obregón, Sonora. c—Early education unknown; economics degree from University of Sonora; MA in economics from UNAM; researcher, El Colegio de México, 1993; professor and researcher, UNAM, 1982–1995. d—None. e—No party affiliation. f—Assistant director of planning, Sonora; director general of research and technical development, National Institute of Ecology, Secretariat of Social Development, 1994; assistant secretary of planning, Secretariat of the Environment, 1995–1997; president, National Institute of Ecology, 1997–2000; Attorney for the environment, Federal District, 2006; secretary of social development, Federal District, 2006. g—None. j—None. k—None. l—Musacchio, 337; Pescador, 212; www.cec.iiec.unam.mx, 2008. Puente Leyva, Jesús a—Sept. 24, 1937. b—Federal District. c—Primary and secondary studies in Federal District; economic studies at University of Nuevo León, 1958–1963, economics degree in 1966; professor of economic development and the sociology of development, University of Nuevo León, 1966–1969; postgraduate work in general economic planning, Latin American Planning Institute, ECLA, 1964; studies at Harvard University, summer, 1965; MA in economics from Williams College, Williamstown, Mass., in the field of economic development, 1965–1966, degree, July, 1966; professor of economic development, National School of Economics, UNAM, 1969–1972; assistant director, Center for Economic Studies, University of Nuevo León. d—Federal deputy from State of Nuevo León, 1976–1979, member

of Gran Comisión. e—None. f—Economic investigator, Center for Economic Investigations, University of Nuevo León, 1966–1969; research specialist in urban economics, Office of Planning, State of Nuevo León, 1966–1969; technical adviser, Secretariat of Public Works, 1971–1972; adviser, Office of the Presidency; assistant director, NAFIN, 1972–1976, in charge of programs and projects, 1972–1973, and finance, 1973–1976; ambassador to Venezuela, 1981–1986; ambassador to Peru, 1986–1989; ambassador to Argentina, 1989–1995; ambassador to Venezuela, 1995–2001; ambassador to Uruguay, 2001–2004. g—None. h—Author of numerous articles and pamphlets on urban problems. i—Son of Jesús Puente, businessman, and Guadalupe Leyva Mena; married Blanca Treviño Garza, physician; student of Raúl Rangel Frías at University of Nuevo León. j—None. k—Winner of National Prize in Economics, 1968. l—HA, May 15, 1972, 31; letters; Latin America, Mar. 12, 1976, 83; Protag., 279; DBGM89, 288; DBGM92, 299–300. Pulido Islas, Alfonso (Deceased Feb. 17, 1981) a—Aug. 13, 1907. b—Ixtlán, Nayarit. c—Elementary studies in Ixtlán; secondary studies at Catholic Seminary, Tepic, and in Guadalajara; preparatory studies at Preparatory School of Jalisco, University of Guadalajara; law studies at University of Guadalajara; degree in economics from National School of Economics, UNAM, Apr. 15, 1939, with thesis titled “Cinematography Industry of Mexico”; professor, National School of Economics, UNAM; director, National School of Economics, UNAM, 1942–1944; professor, National School of Law, UNAM; professor, School of Philosophy and Letters, UNAM; professor, National School of Commerce, UNAM; director, Institute of Social Investigations, UNAM. d—None. e—Member, League of Professionals and Intellectuals, PRI; member, IEPES of PNR, 1933–1939; founding member, PNR, 1929. f—Director, Office of Economic Statistics, Office of the Director General of Statistics,

t he b io g ra phies  771

1935–1936; oficial mayor, PIPSA, 1937–1939; director, federal Department of Labor Inspection, 1939–1940; assistant director, National Council of Economics, 1940–1941; assistant director general, National Commission of Economic Planning, 1941–1942; director general, federal Board of Economic Planning, 1942; organizer and director, Small Business Bank, 1943–1950; director, Department of Alcohol, Department of the Federal District, 1950–1953; manager, Mexican Cinema, SA, Secretariat of Government, 1953–1958; controller general, Secretariat of Government Properties, 1961–1964; assistant director of administration, IMSS, 1964–1965; adviser, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1965–1974. g—Director, Workers’ Federation of Jalisco, 1925–1929; secretary-general, revolutionary group Claridad, 1934–1944; director, League of Revolutionary Professionals, Popular Sector of PNR, 1935; founder and director, Front of Revolutionary Economists, 1936; organizer and president, National Federation of Students for Obregón, 1927–1928. h—Author of many books. i—Son of Víctor Chávez Pulido, campesino and laborer, selfeducated artisan and prominent regional photographer, and Silvina Pulido López; attended UNAM with Sealtiel Alatriste. j—None. k—None. l—WWM45, 95; DPE61, 56; DGF51; DGF56; letters; López, 887; Enc. Mex., X, 566; www.periodicoexpress.com .mx, 2008; DP95, 2833.

Q Quevedo Moreno, Guillermo (Deceased) a—May 6, 1911. b—Casas Grandes, Chihuahua. c—Early education unknown; no degree. d—Local deputy, State Legislature of Chihuahua; federal deputy from State of Chihuahua, Dist. 2, 1937–1940; federal deputy from State of Chihuahua, Dist. 4, 1943–1946; federal deputy from State of Chihuahua, Dist. 5, 1955–1958, member of Gran Comisión, Livestock Committee, 2nd

National Defense Committee. e—None. f—None. g—None. i—Father, José Quevedo, small businessman, rancher, and member of State Legislature of Chihuahua, 1911–1913; brother Jesús, mayor of Casas Grandes; brother José, mayor of Ciudad Juárez; brother of Rodrigo Quevedo Moreno, governor of Chihuahua, 1932–1936, and senator from Chihuahua, 1958–1964. j—None. k—None. l—Ind. Biog., 123–124; C de D, 1955–1958; DGF56, 22, 30, 32, 33; C de D, 1943–1946; C de D, 1937–1940; Dávila, 93. Quevedo Moreno, Rodrigo M. (Deceased Jan. 18, 1967) a—Nov. 29, 1889. b—Casas Grandes, Chihuahua. c—Early education unknown; no degree. d—Governor, Chihuahua, 1935; senator from State of Chihuahua, 1958–1964, member of Gran Comisión, 3rd Committee on National Defense, and Agricultural Development Committee, substitute member of Immigration Committee, 2nd Committee on Mines, and 1st Balloting Committee. e—None. f—None. g—None. h—Farm laborer; manager of hacienda owned by Terrazas family. i—Brother of Guillermo Quevedo Moreno, federal deputy from Chihuahua, 1943–1946; father, José Quevedo, rancher and member of first revolutionary state legislature of Chihuahua, 1911–1913; brother José served as mayor of Ciudad Juárez; brother Jesús served as mayor of Casas Grandes and Ciudad Juárez. j—Joined the Revolution under Pascual Orozco, 1911; fought with Orozco against Madero, 1912–1913; recognized Victoriano Huerta, 1913; promoted to colonel by Huerta, June 23, 1913; fought under Juan G. Cabral; fought under Francisco Murguía; joined Villa’s forces, 1917; rank of brigadier general, 1917; fought with Juan Andreu Almazán against Constitutionalists; supported Obregón movement, 1920; fought against de la Huerta rebellion, 1923; rank of division general, Apr. 2, 1929; commander, 4th Cavalry Brigade, under Almazán, which fought against Escobar rebellion, 1929; commander, 25th Military Zone, Puebla, Puebla, 1936–1938; commander, 1st Military

t he b io g ra phies  771

1935–1936; oficial mayor, PIPSA, 1937–1939; director, federal Department of Labor Inspection, 1939–1940; assistant director, National Council of Economics, 1940–1941; assistant director general, National Commission of Economic Planning, 1941–1942; director general, federal Board of Economic Planning, 1942; organizer and director, Small Business Bank, 1943–1950; director, Department of Alcohol, Department of the Federal District, 1950–1953; manager, Mexican Cinema, SA, Secretariat of Government, 1953–1958; controller general, Secretariat of Government Properties, 1961–1964; assistant director of administration, IMSS, 1964–1965; adviser, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1965–1974. g—Director, Workers’ Federation of Jalisco, 1925–1929; secretary-general, revolutionary group Claridad, 1934–1944; director, League of Revolutionary Professionals, Popular Sector of PNR, 1935; founder and director, Front of Revolutionary Economists, 1936; organizer and president, National Federation of Students for Obregón, 1927–1928. h—Author of many books. i—Son of Víctor Chávez Pulido, campesino and laborer, selfeducated artisan and prominent regional photographer, and Silvina Pulido López; attended UNAM with Sealtiel Alatriste. j—None. k—None. l—WWM45, 95; DPE61, 56; DGF51; DGF56; letters; López, 887; Enc. Mex., X, 566; www.periodicoexpress.com .mx, 2008; DP95, 2833.

Q Quevedo Moreno, Guillermo (Deceased) a—May 6, 1911. b—Casas Grandes, Chihuahua. c—Early education unknown; no degree. d—Local deputy, State Legislature of Chihuahua; federal deputy from State of Chihuahua, Dist. 2, 1937–1940; federal deputy from State of Chihuahua, Dist. 4, 1943–1946; federal deputy from State of Chihuahua, Dist. 5, 1955–1958, member of Gran Comisión, Livestock Committee, 2nd

National Defense Committee. e—None. f—None. g—None. i—Father, José Quevedo, small businessman, rancher, and member of State Legislature of Chihuahua, 1911–1913; brother Jesús, mayor of Casas Grandes; brother José, mayor of Ciudad Juárez; brother of Rodrigo Quevedo Moreno, governor of Chihuahua, 1932–1936, and senator from Chihuahua, 1958–1964. j—None. k—None. l—Ind. Biog., 123–124; C de D, 1955–1958; DGF56, 22, 30, 32, 33; C de D, 1943–1946; C de D, 1937–1940; Dávila, 93. Quevedo Moreno, Rodrigo M. (Deceased Jan. 18, 1967) a—Nov. 29, 1889. b—Casas Grandes, Chihuahua. c—Early education unknown; no degree. d—Governor, Chihuahua, 1935; senator from State of Chihuahua, 1958–1964, member of Gran Comisión, 3rd Committee on National Defense, and Agricultural Development Committee, substitute member of Immigration Committee, 2nd Committee on Mines, and 1st Balloting Committee. e—None. f—None. g—None. h—Farm laborer; manager of hacienda owned by Terrazas family. i—Brother of Guillermo Quevedo Moreno, federal deputy from Chihuahua, 1943–1946; father, José Quevedo, rancher and member of first revolutionary state legislature of Chihuahua, 1911–1913; brother José served as mayor of Ciudad Juárez; brother Jesús served as mayor of Casas Grandes and Ciudad Juárez. j—Joined the Revolution under Pascual Orozco, 1911; fought with Orozco against Madero, 1912–1913; recognized Victoriano Huerta, 1913; promoted to colonel by Huerta, June 23, 1913; fought under Juan G. Cabral; fought under Francisco Murguía; joined Villa’s forces, 1917; rank of brigadier general, 1917; fought with Juan Andreu Almazán against Constitutionalists; supported Obregón movement, 1920; fought against de la Huerta rebellion, 1923; rank of division general, Apr. 2, 1929; commander, 4th Cavalry Brigade, under Almazán, which fought against Escobar rebellion, 1929; commander, 25th Military Zone, Puebla, Puebla, 1936–1938; commander, 1st Military

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Zone, Federal District, 1941–1945; commander, 22nd Military Zone, Toluca, State of Mexico, 1934; commander, 8th Military Zone, Tampico, Tamaulipas, 1951–1956. k—Participated in Flores Magón movement, 1908; New York Times reported that he was arrested in 1938 in connection with the killing of a state politician, Ángel Posada; Meyer reports that there was little local support for his selection as governor in 1935. l—D del Y, Sept. 5, 1935, 1; DGF56, 201; DGF51, I, 183; Peral, 658; C de S, 1961– 1964, 66; WWM45, 95; NYT, July 27, 1935, 14; NYT, Mar. 13, 1938, 28; Enc. Mex., XI, 3; Ind. Biog., 123–124; Almada, 581; Dávila, 93; DP95, 2850. Quintanilla (Lerdo de Tejada), Luis

(Deceased Mar. 16, 1980) a—Nov. 22, 1900. b—Paris. c—Undergraduate and graduate studies in philosophy and letters at Sorbonne; PhD in political science; professor, Dr. Mora Secondary School; professor of English, National Preparatory School; professor of international organizations and political parties, UNAM; lecturer, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Williams College, Williamstown, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, and University of Kansas, Lawrence; professor of political science, George Washington University, Washington, DC, 1937–1942; professor, School of Political and Social Sciences, UNAM, 1968. d—None. e—None. f—Joined Foreign Service, 1922; 2nd protocol assistant, 1922; 3rd protocol assistant, 1924; 3rd secretary, Guatemala, 1926; 2nd secretary, Guatemala, 1926; 2nd secretary, Brazil, 1927; 2nd secretary, Washington, DC; general secretary, Mexican delegation to League of Nations, 1932; 1st secretary, United States, 1942; ambassador to Soviet Union, 1942–1945; inspector general of languages for technical and elementary schools, Secretariat of Public Education; chairman, Fact-Finding Committee to Central America, 1948; chairman, Inter‑American Peace Commission, 1948–1949; ambassador to Colombia, 1945; delegate to United Nations Conference,

San Francisco, 1945; ambassador to OAS, 1945–1958; director general, National Housing Institute, 1958–1964. g—None. h—Adviser, Center for Study of Democratic Institutions, Santa Barbara, Calif.; contributor, Novedades, 1964–1980. i—From wealthy family; father, Luis Quintanilla, artist who lived in Paris, supported denunciation of Victoriano Huerta by Mexican residents in France; married Ruth Stallsmith; close friend of Antonio Rocha. j—None. k—None. l—STYRBIWW, 54, 962; Quién Será, 1953– 1955; Kirk, 12; WWM45, 96; DGF51, I, 110; DGF56, 128; DBM68, 502–503; WWMG, 33; Enc. Mex., XI, 30; López, 897; NYT, Dec. 3, 1942; Excélsior, May 14, 1974, 18; NYT, July 27, 1954, 10; Excélsior, Mar. 17, 1980, 17; DP95, 2863. Quiroga Fernández, Francisco

(Deceased Jan. 4, 2001) a—Dec. 10, 1913. b—Federal District. c—Elementary studies in free private school and a public school; secondary studies at a public school in Federal District; preparatory studies at National Preparatory School; medical degree from National School of Medicine, UNAM, 1940; special studies at Children’s Hospital, Mexico City, 1941–1945, and the IPN, 1945; professor of hygiene, National Teachers’ College, Mexico City, 1945–1971. d—Federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. 1, 1964–1967. e—Joined PAN, 1952; member, National Executive Committee of PAN, 1953–1956, 1961–1969, 1981–1987; president, Regional Committee of PAN, Federal District, 1961–1963; PAN candidate for federal deputy, 1952, 1961, 1982, 1985; national adviser, PAN, 1959–1988. f—None. g—Director, ACJM, 1929–1946; member, Mexican Catholic Union, 1946–1964; president, National Union of Parents, 1955–1959, 1972–1976. h—Delegate, World Congress of Pax Romana, 1946. i—Married María Luisa Venegas; son of Santiago Quiroga Barrera and Francisca Fernández. j—None. k—None. l—C de D, 1964–1967; PS, 4999; Nueva Época, Feb., 2001; Pérez Franco, 273–274.

t he b io g ra phies  773 Quiroga Treviño, Pablo (Deceased) a—Jan. 25, 1903. b—Ciénega de Flores, Nuevo León. c—Secondary studies at Colegio Civil, Monterrey, Nuevo León, 1917–1922; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, June 15, 1928; professor of law, University of Nuevo León, 1930–1932. d—Federal deputy from State of Nuevo León, Dist. 1, 1949–1952, member of 1st Constitutional Affairs Committee, Social Welfare Committee, Consular and Diplomatic Committee, Child Welfare Committee. e—None. f—Agent, Ministerio Público, Office of the Attorney General; judge, District Court of Nuevo León, 1929; oficial mayor, State of Nuevo León, 1930; secretarygeneral of government, State of Nuevo León, 1930–1933; interim governor, Nuevo León, Dec. 27, 1933–1935; judge, Superior Tribunal of Justice, Nuevo León, 1943–1949; administrator, Regional Cashier’s Office, IMSS, Monterrey, 1952–1958. g—None. h—Scribe, third District Court, Nuevo León; scribe, Department of Military Justice, Department of the Navy; scribe, Seventh Judicial District, Federal District; Notary Public No. 24, Monterrey, 1953–1974. i—Brother Ambrosio was physician for IMSS. j—None. k—None. l—DBM68, 503–504; WWM45, 96; P de M, 300–301; Peral, 662; C de D, 1949–1951, 85; HA, Dec. 12, 1952, 5; DGF51, I, 30, 35, 36; DGF51, II, 131; DJBM, 115. Quiroz de la Vega, Samuel a—Sept. 29, 1935. b—Apizaco, Tlaxcala. c—Early education unknown; law degree from University of Puebla, 1955–1959; high school teacher, 1959–1961; professor, Higher Institute of Studies, Tlaxcala, 1967–1970, University of Puebla, 1968–1973, University of Tlaxcala, 1983–1985. d—Alternate senator from Tlaxcala, 1982–1985. e—President, PRI, Tlaxcala, 1980–1982; general delegate, CEN of PRI, Jalisco, Zacatecas, Puebla, 1988–1990. f—Judge, Conciliation and Arbitration Court, Puebla, 1966–1968; secretary-general of government, Tlaxcala, 1975–1979; judge, Superior Tribunal of Justice, Tlaxcala,

1982–1985; president, Superior Tribunal of Justice, Tlaxcala, 1990–1991; substitute governor, Tlaxcala, 1992–1993; coordinator of advisers to governor of Tlaxcala, 1993. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Manuel Quiroz Guevara, railroad worker, and Lidia Fuenlabrada de la Vega; married Margarita Chauviere Winder. j—None. k—None. l—Musacchio, 340; DBGM92, 816; DBGM87, 543; DBGM94, CD. Quiroz Miranda, Sergio a—Mar. 30, 1946. b—Mexicali, Baja California del Norte. c—Secondary studies and primary school teaching certificate; primary school teacher; degree from Higher Normal School; professor of primary school education, Tepic Academy, Tepic, Nayarit; adviser in mathematics, Pedagogical University; professor of pedagogy, University of Baja California, 1976–1980; professor of didactic mathematics, National Teachers’ University, Mexicali, 1980– . d—Local deputy, State Legislature of Baja California, 1980–1982; plurinominal federal deputy from PPS, 1982–1985. e—Joined PPS, 1965; secretarygeneral, PPS, Mexicali; press secretary, PPS, Baja California; secretary-general, PPS State Committee, Baja California, 1975–1982; member, PPSCentral Committee, 1976; PPS candidate for mayor of Mexicali, 1965; coordinator, Party of Mexican Communists, 2004. f—None. g—Leader, National Teachers’ Union, Baja California, 1972–1979. h—Primary school teacher. i—Son of José Quiroz Hernández, ejidatario, and Margarita Miranda; married Silvia Valdés Rivera, teacher. j—None. k—None. l—Directorio, 1982–1985; C de D, 1982–1985; Lehr, 655; DBGM, 583. Quiroz Pérez, Miguel Ángel a—Jan. 12, 1939. b—Zacatlán, Puebla. c—Early education unknown; law degree from University of Puebla, 1957–1961; teacher, Preparatory School, University of Puebla, 1967–1968; professor of law and social sciences, University of Puebla. d—Mayor, Puebla, Puebla, 1979–1981; federal deputy from State of Puebla, Dist. 11, 1988–1991; local deputy,

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State Legislature of Puebla, Dist. 2, 1997– 2000. e—Joined PRI, 1964; director, CEPES of PRI, Puebla, 1986; president, PRI, Puebla, 1995–1996; national adviser, PRI, 1996–1997. f—Treasury inspector, Secretariat of the Treasury, Puebla, 1964–1965; oficial mayor of the treasury, Puebla, 1965–1967; legal director, Finance Division, Puebla, 1971– 1973; secretary-general, Puebla 1976–1978; secretary of the economy, Puebla, 1981– 1984; secretary of programming and budget, Puebla, 1987–1988; secretary of housing and public works, Puebla, 1991–1992; adviser, federal judiciary, 2002–2007. g—Secretary, CNOP, Puebla, 1978–1979. h—Director general, Bencafser, SACV, 1991–1997. i—Son of Álvaro Quiroz Sosa, retailer, and María Pérez Trejo; married Catalina Magallanes Ramos. j—None. k—None. l—www.secgob .gob.mx, 1997, 2008; DBGM89, 518.

R Rabasa Gamboa, Emilio a—May 12, 1949. b—Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas. c—Preparatory studies from Instituto Patria, Mexico City, 1968 class; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, 1968–1973; graduate studies, London School of Economics, 1974–1976; professor, National School of Law, UNAM, 1976–1979; dean, School of Political Science and Law, ITESM, 2004. d—None. e—None. f—Chief of labor relations, IMSS, 1968–1972; auxiliary secretary and adviser to administrative assistant director, IMSS, 1972–1973; assistant director of evaluation system, Dept. of Administrative Studies, Office of the Presidency, 1977–1978; legal adviser to oficial mayor, Secretariat of Government, 1979–1981; assistant director and director of government, Secretariat of Government, 1981–1982; director of international affairs, IMSS, 1983– 1985; secretary-general, IMSS, 1985–1988; assistant secretary of civil protection, prevention, and social readaptation, Secretariat of Government, 1988–1991; technical secretary,

Federal Electoral Institute; coordinator of dialogue and negotiations with Zapatistas, Chiapas, Secretariat of Government, 1998–2000. g—None. h—Practicing lawyer, Rabasa firm, 1978–1981. i—Son of Emilio Óscar Rabasa, secretary of foreign relations, and Socorro Gamboa Cano, daughter of Rafael P. Gamboa, president of CEN of PRI; married Karen Kovacs Strumpfner, social anthropologist; grandson of Óscar Rabasa Llanes, ambassador; great-grandson of Emilio Rabasa, federal deputy. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM89, 289; DBGM; www .itesm.mx, 2008. Rabasa (Mishkin), Emilio Óscar a—Jan. 23, 1925. b—Federal District. c—Law degree from National School of Law, UNAM; LLD from National School of Law, UNAM; professor of law, National School of Law, UNAM, beginning in 1976; professor emeritus, UNAM, 1997; department head, UNAM, 1948. d—None. e—None. f—Lawyer, Banking Department, Secretariat of the Treasury; legal adviser to secretary of health, Ignacio Morones Prieto, 1956; legal adviser to head of Department of Agrarian Affairs; head, Department of Legal Affairs, National Bank of Ejido Credit; director general, Afianzadora Mexicana, SA; director general, Cinematographic Bank, 1965–1970; ambassador to United States, 1970; secretary of foreign relations, 1970–1975; adviser to governor of Chiapas, 1976. g—None. h—Author of several books on constitutional law. i—From distinguished Mexican diplomatic family; grandfather Emilio Rabasa was federal deputy, 1922–1924, governor of Chiapas, 1891–1894, and represented Mexican government at Niagara Falls Conference, 1914; father, Óscar Rabasa, distinguished writer, professor of constitutional law, ambassador in Mexican Foreign Service, and special adviser to president of Mexico; Emilio was a student of Alfonso Noriega, César Sepúlveda, and Luis Garrido Díaz while attending law school at UNAM; son‑in‑law of Rafael P. Gamboa, president, CEN of PRI, 1946; married

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State Legislature of Puebla, Dist. 2, 1997– 2000. e—Joined PRI, 1964; director, CEPES of PRI, Puebla, 1986; president, PRI, Puebla, 1995–1996; national adviser, PRI, 1996–1997. f—Treasury inspector, Secretariat of the Treasury, Puebla, 1964–1965; oficial mayor of the treasury, Puebla, 1965–1967; legal director, Finance Division, Puebla, 1971– 1973; secretary-general, Puebla 1976–1978; secretary of the economy, Puebla, 1981– 1984; secretary of programming and budget, Puebla, 1987–1988; secretary of housing and public works, Puebla, 1991–1992; adviser, federal judiciary, 2002–2007. g—Secretary, CNOP, Puebla, 1978–1979. h—Director general, Bencafser, SACV, 1991–1997. i—Son of Álvaro Quiroz Sosa, retailer, and María Pérez Trejo; married Catalina Magallanes Ramos. j—None. k—None. l—www.secgob .gob.mx, 1997, 2008; DBGM89, 518.

R Rabasa Gamboa, Emilio a—May 12, 1949. b—Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas. c—Preparatory studies from Instituto Patria, Mexico City, 1968 class; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, 1968–1973; graduate studies, London School of Economics, 1974–1976; professor, National School of Law, UNAM, 1976–1979; dean, School of Political Science and Law, ITESM, 2004. d—None. e—None. f—Chief of labor relations, IMSS, 1968–1972; auxiliary secretary and adviser to administrative assistant director, IMSS, 1972–1973; assistant director of evaluation system, Dept. of Administrative Studies, Office of the Presidency, 1977–1978; legal adviser to oficial mayor, Secretariat of Government, 1979–1981; assistant director and director of government, Secretariat of Government, 1981–1982; director of international affairs, IMSS, 1983– 1985; secretary-general, IMSS, 1985–1988; assistant secretary of civil protection, prevention, and social readaptation, Secretariat of Government, 1988–1991; technical secretary,

Federal Electoral Institute; coordinator of dialogue and negotiations with Zapatistas, Chiapas, Secretariat of Government, 1998–2000. g—None. h—Practicing lawyer, Rabasa firm, 1978–1981. i—Son of Emilio Óscar Rabasa, secretary of foreign relations, and Socorro Gamboa Cano, daughter of Rafael P. Gamboa, president of CEN of PRI; married Karen Kovacs Strumpfner, social anthropologist; grandson of Óscar Rabasa Llanes, ambassador; great-grandson of Emilio Rabasa, federal deputy. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM89, 289; DBGM; www .itesm.mx, 2008. Rabasa (Mishkin), Emilio Óscar a—Jan. 23, 1925. b—Federal District. c—Law degree from National School of Law, UNAM; LLD from National School of Law, UNAM; professor of law, National School of Law, UNAM, beginning in 1976; professor emeritus, UNAM, 1997; department head, UNAM, 1948. d—None. e—None. f—Lawyer, Banking Department, Secretariat of the Treasury; legal adviser to secretary of health, Ignacio Morones Prieto, 1956; legal adviser to head of Department of Agrarian Affairs; head, Department of Legal Affairs, National Bank of Ejido Credit; director general, Afianzadora Mexicana, SA; director general, Cinematographic Bank, 1965–1970; ambassador to United States, 1970; secretary of foreign relations, 1970–1975; adviser to governor of Chiapas, 1976. g—None. h—Author of several books on constitutional law. i—From distinguished Mexican diplomatic family; grandfather Emilio Rabasa was federal deputy, 1922–1924, governor of Chiapas, 1891–1894, and represented Mexican government at Niagara Falls Conference, 1914; father, Óscar Rabasa, distinguished writer, professor of constitutional law, ambassador in Mexican Foreign Service, and special adviser to president of Mexico; Emilio was a student of Alfonso Noriega, César Sepúlveda, and Luis Garrido Díaz while attending law school at UNAM; son‑in‑law of Rafael P. Gamboa, president, CEN of PRI, 1946; married

t he b io g ra phies  775

Socorro Gamboa; son Emilio Rabasa Gamboa was assistant secretary of government, 1988–1991. j—None. k—Fought for creation of National School of Political and Social Sciences, UNAM; resigned as secretary of foreign relations, Dec. 29, 1975. l—DGF56, 331; DPE70–71, 6; HA, Dec. 7, 1970, 23; Hoy, Dec., 1970; Loret de Mola, 91, 55. Rafful Miguel, Fernando a—1935. b—Ciudad del Carmen, Campeche. c—Early education unknown; degree in economics from National School of Economics, UNAM, Aug. 16, 1974; professor, National School of Economics, UNAM. d—Senator from Campeche, 1976. e—None. f—Adviser, Department of Control and Inspection of Federal Decentralized Agencies and Businesses, Secretariat of Government Properties, 1965–1966; director, Department of Economic Studies, Secretariat of Government Properties, 1967–1970; director general, Department of Control and Inspection of Federal Decentralized Agencies and Businesses, 1970–1973; assistant secretary of government properties, Apr. 30, 1973–1976; assistant secretary of fishing, Secretariat of Commerce, 1976–1977; director general, Department of Fishing, 1977–1982; secretary-general of government, Campeche, 1996–1997; representative of Campeche, Federal District, 2002. g—None. i—Protégé of Horacio Flores de la Peña. j—None. k—None. l—HA, May 7, 1973, 50; Excélsior, May 2, 1973, 5; Almanaque de México, 55; www.radioformula.mx, 2008. Ramírez Acosta, Abel (Deceased July 1, 1979) a—June 4, 1915. b—Molango, Hidalgo. c—Elementary studies in Molango; studies at Normal Rural Regional School, Molango, until 1930, received teaching certificate as rural teacher, El Mexe, Hidalgo, 1934; normal school teaching certificate, National Teachers’ School, Mexico City; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM; taught in Poza Rica, Veracruz; teacher, Alberto Correa School, Mexico City; teacher, Republic of Uruguay School, Mexico City; professor of law, School of

Law, University of Hidalgo. d—Federal deputy from State of Hidalgo, Dist. 4, 1970–1973, member of Lands and Natural Resources Committee and 1st Public Education Committee. e—Finance secretary, CEN of PRI, 1970–1972; precandidate for PRI nomination for governor, 1975. f—Oficial mayor, State of Hidalgo; secretary-general, State of Hidalgo, under Governor Manuel Sánchez Vite, 1972–1975; treasurer general of Hidalgo, under Governor Otoniel Miranda, 1975. g—Member, SNTE; secretary of labor and peasant action, Local No. 15, SNTE, 1937; secretary-general, Local No. 9, SNTE; employee, Legal Department, Union of Railroad Workers of the Republic of Mexico; finance secretary, SNTE, 1955. h—Practicing lawyer, 1976–1979. i—Son of Abel Ramírez and Gudelia Acosta, cousin and political protégé of Manuel Sánchez Vite; married Natalina González; grandson of Jesús Acosta Vargas and Pricisliana Reyes. j—None. k—None. l—Directorio, 1970–1972; C de D, 1970–1972, 131; HA, Nov. 28, 1955, 13; Pérez López, 370–371. Ramírez Acuña, Francisco Javier

a—Apr. 22, 1952. b—Jamay, Jalisco. c—Elementary studies at Colegio Motolinía, Jamay; secondary at Industrial Technical School No. 61; preparatory studies at Preparatory School No. 4, University of Guadalajara; law degree from University of Guadalajara. d—Local deputy, State Legislature of Jalisco, 1974–1977, 1980–1983; member, City Council, Zapopan, 1983–1985; mayor, Guadalajara, 1998–2000; governor, Jalisco, 2000–2006; federal deputy from State of Jalisco, Dist. 10, 2009–2012. e—Joined PAN, 1969; participated in PAN presidential race, 1970; secretary of organization, Youth Action of PAN, 1971; president, PAN, 1st Dist., Guadalajara, 1974; secretary-general, PAN, Jalisco, 1977; PAN candidate for federal deputy from Jalisco, Dist. 7, 1973, Dist. 13, 1979; resigned from PAN, 1983; rejoined PAN, 1995. f—Director general, Metropolitan Transportation System, Guadalajara, 1995–1998; secretary of

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government, 2006–2008. g—Student leader. h—Practicing lawyer. i—Son of José Francisco Ramírez Ruiz, furniture manufacturer, and María del Carmen Acuña García; married María de la Paz Verduzco; brother José Cornelio, mayor of Zapopan, Jalisco, 1997– 2000; became friends with Felipe Calderón’s father in 1974; president’s father supported his career. j—None. k—Youngest local deputy in Mexico, 1974. l—D del Y, Nov. 28, 2006; LAT, Nov. 28, 2006; www.quehacer politico.com, Dec. 10, 2006; Pérez Franco, 272; www.hearldextra.com, June 16, 2008. Ramírez (Baños), Alfonso Francisco

(Deceased July 1, 1979) a—Nov. 15, 1896. b—Teposcolula, Oaxaca. c—Elementary studies at Colegio Católico del Espíritu Santo; secondary studies at Colegio Unión, Oaxaca; preparatory studies at Institute of Arts and Sciences, Oaxaca; law degree from Institute of Arts and Sciences, Oaxaca, June 20, 1919; professor of Spanish language and literature, Institute of Arts and Sciences, Oaxaca; professor, Superior School of Business Administration, Mexico City; professor of logic and ethics; professor of world history at National Preparatory School. d—Federal deputy from State of Oaxaca, Dist. 12, 1922–1924, 1930–1932; federal deputy from State of Oaxaca, Dist. 13, 1924– 1926; federal deputy from State of Oaxaca, Dist. 16, 1926–1928; federal deputy from State of Oaxaca, Dist. 8, 1932–1934; federal deputy from State of Oaxaca, Dist. 6, 1937– 1940. e—Founding member, PNR, 1929; orator for Ávila Camacho. f—Judge, Seventh Correctional Court, Federal District, 1924– 1926; judge, Eighth Correctional Court, 1926; assistant director, Legal Department, Department of Federal Pensions; consulting lawyer, Secretariat of Government, 1933; Justice, Supreme Court, 1941–1946, 1946– 1952, 1952–1958. g—Student leader in Oaxaca, 1916; president, Alumni Society, Institute of Arts and Sciences of Oaxaca. h—Author of many works; contributor to Hoy, Excélsior, El Universal; poet. i—Son of Francisco Modesto Ramírez, lawyer,

Supreme Court justice, federal deputy, 1912–1913, and his professor at law school, and Concepción Baños; married Carmen Palacios Almont, daughter of lawyer José Palacios Roji. j—None. k—None. l—WWM45, 97; DGF56, 567; DGF51, I; C de D, 1937–1939, 18; DBM68, 505; EBW46, 72; STYRBIWW54, 965; Peral, 665; HA, Dec. 25, 1972, 15; letters; López, 902; WNM, 183–184; DP95, 2876; www.scjn.gob.mx, 576–577, 2008. Ramírez Caraza, Juan Manuel

(Deceased Jan. 10, 2000) a—May 24, 1914. b—Monterrey, Nuevo León. c—Elementary and secondary studies in Mexico City; aeronautical and communications engineering degree from IPN, 1936; professor, Prevocational School No. 2, IPN, 1936; professor, IPN, 1936-68; founding professor, ITESM, 1943–1945; dean, Higher School of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, IPN, 1945–1950; director general, IPN, 1950–1953. d—None. e—None. f—Assistant technical director of collective metropolitan transportation, Federal District, 1978–1989; director general of national construction of railroad cars, 1965–1968; assistant secretary of communications, 1958–1964. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Manuel Ramírez and María del Carmen Caraza; married Concepción Vivanco García. j—None. k—None. l—www .mexicomaxico.org/ipn, 2008; www.decanato .ipn.mx, 2008; www.ipn.mx/contenido, 2008; www.consejejeria.df.gob.mx, 2009. Ramírez Castillo, Ángel Domingo

a—Oct. 12, 1957. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; actuary degree from National School of Political Science, UNAM, Acatlán, 1976–1979; MA in statistics from UNAM, 1980–1982; professor, UNAM, 1980–1984; professor, National Polytechnic School, 1982–1984. d—None. e—None. f—Coordinator of statistical analysis, IPN, 1980–1984; assistant director of economic census, Secretariat of Programming and Budget, 1983–1985; statistical adviser, National Council to Develop Education, Secretariat of Programming

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and Budget, 1985–1986; assistant director of information and systems, 1986; director of information and statistics, 1986–1988; director general of planning, 1989–1993, oficial mayor of commerce, Secretariat of Commerce, 1993–1994. g—None. h—Analyst, Operations Research Department, Bancomer, 1979–1980. i—Son of Domingo Ramírez Meneses, white-collar employee, and Guadalupe Castillo Jiménez; married María del Carmen Malpica Jiménez, psychologist. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM92, 302; DBGM94, CD. Ramírez Corzo (y Hernández), Luis

a—Feb. 27, 1948. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; degree in petroleum engineering from National School of Engineering, UNAM, 1966–1970, graduating with honorable mention; MA in sciences, on a fellowship from Mexican Institute of Petroleum, LSU, Baton Rouge, La., 1972; professor of international management, MA Program, ITAM; professor, MA Program, School of Engineering, UNAM, 1973–1974. d—None. e—None. f—Director of exploration, PEMEX, 2001– 2004; director general, PEMEX, 2004–2006. g—President, petroleum engineering graduates, 1966–1970 generation, UNAM. h—Director, numerous international and domestic companies; private sector consultant; director general, Turbinas Solar, SACV, 1987–2001. j—None. k—National Prize in Engineering, 2000. l—www.lideres mexicanos.com, 2008; www.fai.gob.mx, no. 2331, 2006; www.pemex.org.mx, 2008; www .fox.presidencia.gob.mx, 2008. Ramírez Cuellar, Héctor a—July 17, 1947. b—Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua. c—Elementary studies in Río Grande, Zacatecas; elementary and secondary studies in Ciudad Juárez; studies at School of Political and Social Sciences, UNAM, 1968–1974; professor, Vocational School No. 1, IPN; professor, Vicente Lombardo Toledano Workers’ University, Mexico City; professor, School of Political and Social Science, UNAM. d—PPS Federal party deputy,

1976–1979, member of Permanent Committee; plurinominal federal deputy from PPS, 1982–1985, 1991–1994; plurinominal representative, Assembly of the Federal District, 1988–1991. e—Joined PPS, 1967; PPS candidate for federal deputy from 10th Dist., Federal District, 1973; member, PPS Central Committee, 1969; secretary of organization, PPS Central Committee, 1967; member, PPS National Directorate, 1970–1990; secretary of political education, PPS Central Committee, 1981; secretarygeneral, Popular Socialist Youth, 1969–1974; secretary-general, PPS, Federal District, 1979–1987. f—Supervisor, Department of the Federal District, 1970–1977. g—None. h—Writer for El Día. i—Son of Alfonso Ramírez Rodríguez, laborer, and Raquel Cuellar Medrano; first wife, Lilia Márquez Juárez, lives with Rosa Albino Garavito Elías, plurinominal federal deputy from PRD, 2006–2009; brother Alfonso Ramírez Cuellar, plurinominal federal deputy from PRD, 1997–2000. j—None. k—None. l—HA, May 14, 1979, 4; C de D, 1976–1979; Directorio, 1982–1985; Lehr, 598; DBGM89, 580; DBGM92, 550. Ramírez Gamero, José a—Dec. 6, 1938. b—Durango, Durango. c—Early education unknown; law degree from Juárez University of Durango, 1957–1961, with thesis on Pauliana action; studies in labor law at National School of Law, UNAM, 1969–1970; studies at International Center of Professional and Technical Development, ILO, Turin, Italy, 1955; professor, School of Law, Juárez University of Durango, 1964–1976; director, Department of Physical Education, Juárez University of Durango, 1964–1976. d—Mayor, Durango; local deputy, State Legislature of Durango, 1972; federal deputy from State of Durango, Dist. 4, 1976–1979; senator from State of Durango, 1983–1986; governor, Durango, 1986–1992; plurinominal federal deputy from PRI, 1994-1997, president of Labor and Social Welfare Committee; plurinominal senator from PRI, 1997–2000; plurinominal federal deputy

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from PRI, 2000–2003. e—Joined PRI, 1955; coordinator, labor sector of PRI, 1983–1986. f—Chief, Legal Department, Planning and Urban Council, Durango; chief, Legal Department, Office of the Treasurer General of Durango; judge, Second Civil Court; assistant attorney of collective organizations, Office of the Attorney General for Consumers, 1979–1982. g—Member, CTM, 1955; general delegate of CTM, various states; secretary of political action, CTM, 1979–1983, 1990–1998. h—Practicing lawyer, 1961. i—Son of José Antonio Ramírez Martínez, chauffeur, leader of CTM of Durango for many decades, and federal deputy from Durango, 1961–1964, 1967–1970, and Amelia Gamero Orozco; married María del Rosario Guzmán Hernández. j—None. k—None. l—Proceso, Oct., 1987; HA, Feb. 25, 1986, 21; Lehr, 163; DBGM, 584–585; DBGM89, 734. Ramírez Garrido Abreu, Graco Luis

a—June 26, 1949. b— Villahermosa, Tabasco. c—Preparatory studies at National Preparatory School No. 6, Mexico City, with Pablo Gómez, leader of PRD, and Alfredo Díaz Borja, son of President Gustavo Díaz Ordaz; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM. d—PST federal party deputy, 1979–1982; plurinominal federal deputy from PST, 1985–1988, coordinator, PST congressional delegation; plurinominal federal deputy from PRD, 1994–1997, member of National Defense Committee; senator from Morelos, 2006–2012, president of Social Development Committee. e—Founding member, PST, 1973; secretary-general, PST; president, State Committee of PRI, Tabasco, 1975; founding member, PMS, 1987–1989; member, Citizens’ Movement for Democracy; cofounder, PRD, 1989; secretary of electoral affairs, PRD, Morelos; delegate of CEN of PRD, Michoacán, 2004; secretary of electoral action, CEN of PRD, 2004. f—None. g—Student leader, 1968. h—Practicing lawyer. i—Son of air force general Graco Ramírez Garrido Alvarado and Elia Abreu; common-law marriage to Lourdes Álvarez Delgado; brother of

division general José Domingo Ramírez Garrido Abreu; grandson of division general José Domingo Ramírez Garrido, secretary of war and cousin of Tomás Garrido Canabal. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM87, 544; C de D, 1979–1982; Directorio, 1979–1982; C de D, 1985–1988; CDDWeb, Diputados, 1997; www. monitorlegislativo.org; www.senado.gob.mx, 2007; www.es.answers.yahoo.com, 2008. Ramírez Garrido Abreu, José Domingo

a—1930s. c—Preparatory studies at Heroic Military College, 1955–1958, graduating Jan. 1, 1958; staff and command diploma, Higher War College, 1966–1968, graduating Aug. 31, 1968; graduated from counterinsurgency course, School of the Americas, Panama Canal Zone, June, 1962; MA from Inter-American Defense Board, 1979–1980. d—None. e—None. f—Assigned to Mexican embassy, Washington, DC, 1978–1980; secretary-general of protection and maintenance, Department of the Federal District, 1986–1988; director of public security, Nuevo León, 2005–2006. g—None. h—None. i—Son of air force general Graco Ramírez Garrido Alvarado and Elia Abreu; common-law marriage to Lourdes Álvarez Delgado; brother of Graco Luis Ramírez Garrido Abreu, federal deputy from PST and PRD; grandson of division general José Domingo Ramírez Garrido, secretary of war and cousin of Tomás Garrido Canabal. j—Career army officer; joined army as cadet, Jan. 1, 1955; 2nd infantry lieutenant, Jan. 1, 1958; chief, Logistics Sec., staff, Secretariat of National Defense, 1976–1978; rank of brigade general, 1992; commander, 36th Military Zone, Tapachula, Chiapas, 1992-95; commander, 15th Military Zone, Guadalajara, 1995–1996; commander, 33rd Zone, Campeche, 1996–1997; rank of division general, 1997; commander, 25th Military Zone, Puebla, 1997; commander, 12th Military Region, Guanajuato, 1997–2000; director general of social security, Secretariat of National Defense, 2000–2001. k—According to brother of Lucio Cabañas, he commanded the Martin Patrol against Cabañas

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in Guerrero. l—www.elporvenir.com.mx, 2008; www.sedena.gob.mx, 2000; letters. Ramírez Genel, Marcos a—Apr. 3, 1923. b—Villa Victoria, Michoacán. c—Agricultural engineering degree from National School of Agriculture, 1941–1945, degree, 1947; MS from Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., 1950–1952; PhD in agricultural science, College of Agriculture, Cornell University (specialty in entomology), 1957; professor of graduate studies, National School of Agriculture, 1959; founding professor, Graduate School, National School of Agriculture; director, National School of Agriculture. d—None. e—None. f—Investigator, Office of Special Studies, Secretariat of Agriculture and Livestock, 1947–1950, 1952–1954; head, Department of Entomology, Graduate School, National School of Agriculture; entomology specialist, Office of Special Studies, Secretariat of Agriculture and Livestock; coordinator general of studies for Plan Chapingo; executive director, Plan Chapingo; agricultural attaché to United States; assistant secretary of livestock, 1970–1972. g—None. h—Expert in agricultural investigations, IBRD; author of many scientific works. i—Married María Refugio Irigoyen. j—None. k—Studied at Cornell University on a scholarship from National Institute of Agricultural Investigations; resigned as assistant secretary of livestock, Oct., 1972. l—DPE71, 63; BdM, 217–218; HA, Dec. 14, 1970, 21; letter. Ramírez Guerrero, Carlos (Deceased Oct. 23, 2005) a—Mar. 13, 1909. b—Pachuca, Hidalgo. c—Elementary studies at Julián Villagrán School, Pachuca; secondary and preparatory studies at Scientific and Literary Institute of Hidalgo; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, 1928–1932; professor, Scientific and Literary Institute of Hidalgo; director, Scientific and Literary Institute of Hidalgo; director, Normal Schools of the State of Hidalgo. d—Federal deputy from State of Hidalgo, Dist. 3, 1955– 1958, member of Economics and Statistics Committee, Legislative Studies Committee

(1st year), and 2nd Justice Committee; alternate senator from Hidalgo, but replaced Julián Rodríguez Adame, 1958–1963, member of Gran Comisión, Mail and Telegraph Committee, and 3rd Labor Committee; president, 2nd Government Committee, substitute member of Treasury Committee; governor, Hidalgo, 1963–1969. e—None. f—Federal tax attorney; agent, Ministerio Público, Office of the Attorney General; municipal judge, Pachuca; secretary-general of government, State of Hidalgo, under Governor José Lugo Guerrero; oficial mayor, State of Hidalgo, under Governor Quintín Rueda Villagrán, 1951–1954; assistant attorney general, State of Hidalgo; director, Department of Economy, State of Hidalgo; secretary of state, Hidalgo; judge, Superior Tribunal of Justice, Federal District, 1970; attorney general, Federal District, 1970. g—None. h—None. i—Student with Vicente Aguirre, governor of Hidalgo, 1946–1951; son of poet Cecilio Ramírez Castillo, local deputy to State Legislature of Hidalgo, 1925–1927. j—None. k—None. l—WWMG, 33; DBM68, 505–506; DGF56, 24, 32, 33, 35; C de S, 1961–1964, 66; Ind. Biog., 126–127; López Pérez, 372–373; www.e-hidalgo, 2008. Ramírez Guerrero, Ricardo (Deceased) a—Feb. 6, 1906. b—Morelia, Michoacán. c—Early education unknown; no degree. d—Federal deputy from State of Michoacán, Dist. 1, 1943–1946; senator from State of Michoacán, 1946–1952, member of Colonization Committee, 3rd National Defense Committee, War Matériel Committee, Military Health Committee. e—None. f—Oficial mayor, Baja California del Norte, under Governor Rodolfo Sánchez Taboada, 1937–1939. g—None. h—None. i—Married Lázaro Cárdenas’ wife’s sister. j—Military aide to President Lázaro Cárdenas. k—None. l—C de D, 1943–1946; C de S, 1946–1952; DGF51, I, 6, 10, 11, 13, 14. Ramírez Ladewig, Carlos (Deceased Sept. 12, 1975) a—Sept. 20, 1929. b—Guadalajara, Jalisco. c—Elementary and secondary studies in Guadalajara; preparatory studies

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at University of Guadalajara; law degree from School of Law, University of Guadalajara; professor, University of Guadalajara. d—Federal deputy from State of Jalisco, Dist. 7, 1955–1958, member of Administration and 2nd General Means of Communication committees; federal deputy from State of Jalisco, Dist. 5, 1964–1967, member of Agriculture Committee, Indigenous Affairs Committee, Rules Committee. e—Member, PRM; president, Youth Committee of PRI, Jalisco. f—IMSS delegate, State of Jalisco. g—Student leader, University of Guadalajara; cofounder and director, Federation of Students of Guadalajara, 1950, with Raúl Padilla Gutiérrez and sons of José G. Zuno Hernández, father-in-law of President Luis Echeverría and governor of Jalisco, 1923– 1925. i—Son of Margarito Ramírez, governor of Quintana Roo, 1945–1959, and Ana Ladewig; married Mila McDonald; brother Álvaro Ramírez Ladewig was PPM candidate for federal deputy, 1979, and PSUM candidate for federal deputy from Jalisco, Dist. 17, 1982. j—None. k—Youngest member of Chamber of Deputies, 1955–1958; in an interview he said that Adolfo Ruiz Cortines was directly responsible for selecting him as the PRI candidate for federal deputy from Jalisco, 1955; assassinated by his political opponents in Guadalajara. l—Proceso, Feb. 5, 1977, 6, 68; Proceso, Feb. 12, 1977, 8; C de D, 1964–1967, 77, 79, 93; Ind. Biog., 127–128; DGF56, 25, 30, 33, 37; Excélsior, Sept. 17, 1979, 15; Excélsior, Apr. 18, 1982, 13. Ramírez López, Heladio a—May 11, 1939. b—Huajuapan de León, Oaxaca. c—Early education unknown; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, 1960–1964, with thesis on armistices in international law; professor, National Preparatory School; professor of law, National School of Political Science, UNAM, Acatlán Campus, 1977. d—Federal deputy from State of Oaxaca, Dist. 6, 1976–1979; senator from State of Oaxaca, 1982–1986; governor, Oaxaca, 1986– 1992; senator from Oaxaca, 1994–2000; senator from Oaxaca, 2006–2012. e—Founding

member, PRI Youth Tribunal, 1959; director of youth, PRI, Federal District, 1966–1970; president, Regional Committee of PRI of Oaxaca, 1977–1981. f—Official, Department of International Relations, National Institute of Youth; director of youth centers, Youth Department, National Institute of Youth, 1970–1972; executive director, Puerto Vallarta Trust, 1973–1976; executive director, Cumbres de Llano Largo Trust, 1976–1977. g—CNC agrarian delegate, Puerto Vallarta, 1972–1977; secretary of union acts, CNC, 1981–1982; secretary-general, CNC, 1998–2001, 2001–2005. h—None. i—Son of Antonio Ramírez Ramírez, peasant of indigenous Mixtec origin, and Hermelinda López; married Marcedalia Pineda Núñez, secretary; son Luis Antonio Ramírez Pineda, plurinominal federal deputy from PRI, 2003–2006. j—None. k—None. l—Excélsior, Aug. 29, 1976, 26; C de D, 1976–1979; C de S, 1982–1988; Almanaque de Oaxaca, 1982, 27; DBGM92, 819; DBGM89, 736; HA, Apr. 15, 1980; DBGM, 585; Proceso, Aug. 23, 1998; Pescador, 214; www.secgob.gob.mx, 1997, 2007. Ramírez (Martínez), José Antonio

(Deceased 1988) a—Nov. 6, 1910. b—San Felipe de Nombre de Dios, Durango. c—Elementary studies only. d—Local deputy, State Legislature of Durango; federal deputy from State of Durango, Dist. 4, 1961–1964, 1967–1970. e—Secretary of labor action, PRI, Durango. f—Director of traffic, State of Durango; director, Department of Labor, State of Durango. g—Founder and secretary-general, CTM, Durango, 40 years. i—Married Amelia Gamero Orozco; son José Ramírez Gamero, governor of Durango, 1986–1992. h—Chauffeur. j—None. k—None. l—C de D, 1961–1964; C de D, 1967–1970; MGF69; www.elsiglodetorreon .com.mx, Apr. 13, 2008. Ramírez Mijares, Óscar a—Jan. 12, 1922. b—Torreón, Coahuila. c—Elementary studies at Centenario School, Torreón; teaching certificate from Normal School of Saltillo; elementary school teacher, 1942–1943.

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d—Alternate federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. 19, 1958–1961, 1961–1964, 1967–1970; alternate senator from State of Coahuila, 1976–1977, but replaced Senator Eliseo Mendoza Berrueto, 1978–1982; federal deputy from State of Coahuila, Dist. 5, 1982–1985; senator from State of Coahuila, 1988–1994. e—Secretary, 1st Electoral District Committee of PRM, Federal District; director of youth, Manuel Ávila Camacho’s presidential campaign, Lagunera, 1940; secretary-general of president of 19th Electoral District Committee of PRI, Federal District, 1951–1956; president, 20th Electoral District Committee of PRI, Federal District, 1959–1961; secretary of agrarian action, PRI, Federal District, 1964–1966; general delegate of CEN of PRI to various states, 1966–1983; secretary of organization of PRI, Federal District, 1966–1967; secretary of agrarian action of CEN of PRI, 1977–1980. f—None. g—Secretary-general, League of Agrarian Communities and Peasant Unions, Federal District, 1960–1968; secretary-general, CNC, 1977–1980. h—None. i—Married Egla Millán de Ramos, teacher; children Egla and Olga are both teachers; brother of José Ramírez Mijares, secretary-general of government of State of Coahuila and mayor of Piedras Negras, 1970–1972, who eventually joined PAN; son of Nicolás Ramírez García, CPA, and Juana Mijares Valdéz. j—None. k—None. l—Letter; Latin America, Feb. 11, 1977, 44; C de D, 1961–1964; C de D, 1967–1970; C de S, 1976–1982; Directorio, 1982–1985; Excélsior, Aug. 9, 1981, 21; C de D, 1982–1985; C de D, 1958–1961; DBGM89, 520; DBGM92, 552; DBGM, 585; Lehr, 68. Ramírez (Miranda), Margarito

(Deceased Feb. 2, 1979) a—Feb. 22, 1891. b—Atotonilco el Alto, Jalisco. c—Elementary studies in Guadalajara; secondary studies in Guadalajara; no degree. d—Federal deputy from State of Jalisco, 1924–1926; federal deputy from State of Jalisco, Dist. 11, 1926–1928; senator from Jalisco, 1932–1934; federal deputy from State of Jalisco, Dist. 7, 1937. e—Founder and president, Great

Revolutionary Party of Jalisco, 1927; president, PRM, Jalisco, 1940. f—Chief of trains, National Railroads of Mexico, 1916–1920; superintendent of trains, National Railroads of Mexico, 1920–1927; interim governor, Jalisco, 1927–1929; superintendent of trains, National Railroads of Mexico, 1929–1932, 1936–1937; director of federal penitentiary at Islas Marías, 1937–1940; director general, National Railroads of Mexico, Oct., 1942– 1945; governor, Quintana Roo, 1945–1946, 1946–1952, 1952–1958, 1958–1959. g—None. h—Started working on railroad as laborer, 1908; machinist; train conductor, 1911. i—Son Carlos Ramírez Ladewig was federal deputy from Jalisco, 1955–1958, 1964–1967; son Álvaro Ramírez Ladewig was precandidate of PPM for federal deputy, 1979, and candidate of PSUM for federal deputy from Jalisco, Dist. 17, 1982; married Ana Ladewig Camarena. j—None. k—Brandenburg considered him part of Inner Circle, 1942–1946; saved life of General Obregón, 1920. l—WWM45, 97; DGF56, 103; Peral, 670; Brandenburg, 102; C de D, 1937–1939; DGF51, I, 91; López, 910; Excélsior, Feb. 13, 1979, 21; HA, Feb. 12, 1979, 72; Proceso, Feb. 5, 1977, 68; Enc. Mex., XI, 51–52; Álvarez Coral, 141–142. Ramírez Núñez, Ulises a—Oct. 12, 1967. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; law degree from National School of Political Studies, UNAM, Acatlán, 1997; diplomas and studies toward MA in public policy from ITAM. d—Federal deputy from State of Mexico, Dist. 15, 2000–2003; mayor, Tlalnepantla, State of Mexico, 2003–2006; senator from State of Mexico, 2006–2012, president of Public Security Committee. e—Member of PAN; coordinator, Felipe Calderón’s presidential campaign, State of Mexico, 2006; national adviser, PAN, 2004– 2007. f—Administrative coordinator, Institute of Legislative Research, Chamber of Deputies, 1991–1994; secretary, City Council, Tlalnepantla, 1996–2000. g—None. h—None. i—Married Luz María Angélica Alatorre Carbajal. j—None. k—None.

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l—Directorio del Congreso, 2006–2009, 144; DCM, 2000–2003, 152; QesQ n el Congreso, 2000–2003, 84; www.senado.gob.mx, 2007; Musacchio, 342. Ramírez Oelrich, José Gustavo a—July 26, 1939. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, 1959–1963, with thesis on centralized public sector; treasurer, Autonomous Metropolitan University, 1974–1976. d—None. e—Joined PRI, 1955. f—Various positions under administrative assistant director, ISSSTE, 1960–1964; director general of administrative control, Secretariat of Public Works, 1976–1978; oficial mayor, Secretariat of Human Dwellings and Public Works, 1978–1982; assistant director general of administration, ISSSTE, 1982. g—None. h—Manager of official relations, Bank of Industry and Commerce, 1965–1969; general manager, Atlantic Bank Branch 7, 1972–1974. i—Son of José Ramírez Ortiz, lawyer, and María Alida Oelrich Espriú; married María Cristina Ogarrio Ramírez. j—None. k—None. l—Protag., 285; DBGM, 343. Ramírez Pech, Edgar Martín a—Jan. 23, 1968. b—Mérida, Yucatán. c—Early education unknown; public accounting degree from University of Yucatan, 1985–1991. d—Member, City Council, Mérida, 1991– 1993; local deputy, State Legislature of Yucatán, 54th Session, 1995–1997; federal deputy from State of Yucatán, Dist. 4, 1997–2000; federal deputy from State of Yucatán, Dist. 4, 2006–2009. e—President, PAN, Mérida, 2000–2003; president, PAN, Yucatán, 2003–2006. f—Director, Finance Department, National Institute of Adult Education, Secretariat of Public Education, 1990–1992; private secretary to mayor, Mérida, 1994– 1995. g—None. h—Accountant, 1990–1992, 1995–1997. i—Son of Edmundo Ramírez Ibarra and Ena María Pech Eván. j—None. k—None. l—www.secgob.gob.mx, 1997, 2007; QesQ en el Congreso, 1997–2000, 52; www.diputados.gob.mx, 2006–2009; Directorio del Congreso, 2006–2009, 298.

Ramírez Rodríguez, Américo Alejandro

a—Oct. 14, 1944. b—Concepción del Oro, Zacatecas. c—Early education unknown; law degree from University of Nuevo León, 1961–1966. d—Plurinominal federal deputy from PAN, 1988–1991; local deputy, State Legislature of Nuevo León, 66th Session, 1991–1994; federal deputy from State of Nuevo León, Dist. 11, 1997–2000, coordinator of PAN delegation from Nuevo León, 1998–2000; local Deputy, State Legislature of Nuevo León, 2000–2003. e—Joined PAN, Apr. 17, 1967; secretary of electoral action, PAN, Nuevo León, 1984–1989; representative of PAN, State Electoral Commission, 1988. f—Director, Legal Department, 2 leading banks, during National Banking Commission intervention, 1967–1975. g—None. h—Practicing lawyer; personnel administrator, Bimbo, Western Division; founding partner, Zorrilla Gutiérrez Associates. i—Son of Eduardo Porfirio Ramírez Rosales, lawyer, and Clefira Clotilde Rodríguez Tristáin; married María Cristina González Reyes. j—None. k—None. l—www.gotzanet .com, 2008; DBGM89, 520; QesQ en el Congreso, 1997–2000, 52. Ramírez Santiago, Melquiades

(Deceased) a—Oct. 10, 1903. b—Santo Tomás Jalieza, Oaxaca. c—Early education unknown; teaching certificate. d—Federal deputy from State of Oaxaca, Dist. 4, l943– 1946; federal deputy from State of Oaxaca, Dist. 5, 1955–1958, member of 1st Public Education Committee, Indigenous Affairs Committee. e—None. f—None. g—Secretary-general, CTM, State of Oaxaca, 1940–1951. h—Teacher. j—None. k—None. l—C de D, 1943–1946; C de D, 1955–1958; Ind. Biog., 128. Ramírez Ulloa, Carlos (Deceased Dec. 22, 1980) a—Nov. 6, 1903. b—Guadalajara, Jalisco. c—Early education unknown; engineering degree from National School of Engineering, 1924. d—None. e—None. f—Cofounder, National Irrigation Commission, 1926; engineer, National Irrigation Commission, 1926–1934; engineer,

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Hydraulic Works Department, Secretariat of Public Works, in charge of flood-control projects for Mexico City, 1934–1936; founder and first director general, Federal Electric Commission, 1937–1947; director general, Federal Electric Commission, 1952–1958; adviser to government of State of Mexico. g—Founder, Mexican Hydraulic Association. h—Founder and first director general, IEM; technical director, El Águila Construction. j—None. k—Considered a pioneer in electrical industry; National Prize in Engineering, 1977; buried in Rotunda of Distinguished Mexicans; responsible for construction of the first major dam on Papaloapan by Mexican engineers. l—Protag., 285; HA, Jan. 12, 1981, 64; DGF50, II, 257; DGF51, II, 353; Siempre, Jan. 21, 1959, 6; www.ai.org.mx, 2008; DP95, 2884; www .elbalero.gob.mx, 2008. Ramírez Valadez, Guillermo (Deceased 1984) a—Aug., 1909. b—Arandas, Jalisco. c—Elementary studies in Guadalajara; secondary studies at Normal School of Guadalajara; preparatory studies at University of Guadalajara; studies in economics at School of Economics, University of Guadalajara, 1936–1941, graduating in 1945 with thesis on social welfare; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM; professor of penal law, National School of Law, UNAM; rector, University of Guadalajara, 1954–1959. d—Local deputy, State Legislature of Jalisco; federal deputy from State of Jalisco, Dist. 6, 1949–1952, member of 1st Constitutional Affairs Committee, prosecretary of Chamber; alternate senator from State of Jalisco under Senator Silvano Barba González, 1952–1958; senator from State of Jalisco, 1958–1964, secretary to 2nd secretary of Government Committee, president of Consular Service and Diplomatic Committee and of Special Legislative Studies Committee. e—President, PRI, Jalisco. f—Justice of the peace, Jalisco; agent, Ministerio Público, Jalisco; representative, Secretariat of the Treasury, Jalisco; manager, Agricultural Bank of Guadalajara. g—None. i—Great-

uncle Antonio Valadez Ramírez was governor of Jalisco, 1922–1923 and senator, 1926–1932; Valadez Ramírez was the longtime political boss of Arandas according to Excélsior. j—None. k—None. l—Excélsior, May 27, 1979, 18; En de E, 196; DGF56, 6; Func., 239; C de S, 1961–1964, 66–67; C de D, 1949–1952, 85. Ramírez Vázquez, Manuel (Deceased) a—June 4, 1906. b—Federal District. c—Elementary studies in Guanajuato; preparatory studies at National Preparatory School; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, 1925–1929. d—None. e—None. f—President, Superior Tribunal of Justice, State of Veracruz, 1937; member, Federal Board of Conciliation and Arbitration No. 5; federal attorney for the labor movement, 1946; assistant secretary of labor, 1946–1948; secretary of labor, Jan. 12, 1948– 1952. g—None. h—Practicing lawyer, 1930, 1953–1976; author of articles on petroleum legislation; purchased Rancho Los Pirules with Miguel Alemán, Gabriel Ramos Millán, and Rogelio de la Selva, which became Satellite City. i—Studied under Aquiles Elorduy at UNAM; friend of and student with Miguel Alemán, Antonio Carrillo Flores, Eduardo Bustamante, Alfonso Noriega, and Antonio Martínez Báez; brother of Maríano Ramírez Vázquez and Pedro Ramírez Vázquez; father, bookstore owner. j—None. k—None. l—STYRBIWW54, 966; DGF50, II, 280; DGF51, II, 529; HA, Oct. 15, 1948, 3; HA, Jan. 23, 1948; DGF47, 247; DGF51, I, 399; www.laquintacolumna.com.mx, 2008. Ramírez Vázquez, Mariano (Deceased May 29, 1994) a—Dec. 24, 1903. b—Federal District. c—Elementary studies at a public school, Mexico City; preparatory studies at National Preparatory School, 1920; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, June 8, 1926; professor of law, National School of Law, UNAM. d—None. e—None. f—Defense counsel, Criminal Division, Judicial District, Cuautla, Morelos; judge, Civil Division, Judicial District, Cuernavaca, Morelos; secretary of justice,

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Penal Division, Federal District; director, Department of Legal Services, Department of Labor; secretary-general, Federal Board of Conciliation and Arbitration; secretarygeneral, Department of Labor; assistant attorney general of Mexico, June 22, 1937– 1940; judge, Fourteenth Penal District, Federal District, 1941; justice, Supreme Court, 1947–1949, 1954–1958, 1958–1964, 1964–1970, 1970–1973, retired Dec. 16, 1973; director, National Institute of Youth, 1950–1952. g—None. h—None. i—Friend of Salvador Novo since preparatory school; longtime friend of Antonio Luna Arroyo; brother of Manuel Ramírez Vázquez and Pedro Ramírez Vázquez; father, bookstore owner. j—None. k—Retired from Supreme Court, Dec. 12, 1973. l—D del Y, June 22, 1937, 2; DGF51, I, 568; Novo, 716–717, 746–747; DGF56, 567; STYRBIWW54, 966; Casasola, V; Excélsior, Dec. 12, 1973, 1C; Justicia, May, 1967; www .scjn.gob.mx, 584–585, 2008; DP95, 2884. Ramírez Vázquez, Pedro a—Apr. 16, 1919. b—Federal District. c—Elementary studies at Annex to National Normal School, Mexico City; secondary studies at Secondary School No. 4, Mexico City; preparatory studies at National Preparatory School; architectural degree from National School of Architecture, UNAM, 1943, with thesis on urban planning in Ciudad Guzmán, Jalisco; professor of architectural composition and urbanism, National School of Architecture, 1942–1958; first rector, Metropolitan University, 1973–1975. d—None. e—Technical adviser, IEPES of PRI, 1969– 1970; press and publicity secretary, of CEN of PRI, 1975–1976. f—First zone chief, CAPFCE, Tabasco, 1944–1947; director, Department of Building Conservation, Secretariat of Public Education, 1947–1958; director general, CAPFCE, 1958–1964; founder and technical director, Regional Center for School Construction for Latin America (UNESCO agency), 1964–1966; president, Mexican Organizing Committee for Olympic Games, 1966–1969, 1971–1973; general coordinator of public works, State of

Mexico, 1971–1973; secretary of public works and dwellings, 1976–1982; director, National Institute of Urban and Environmental Development, Secretariat of the Environment, 1988–1994. g—President, National College of Architects. h—Practicing architect; codesigner with Carlos Lazo, National School of Medicine, 1948; designed Adolfo López Mateos’ home; architect for numerous public buildings, including Secretariat of Foreign Relations, Aztec Stadium, and National Museum of Anthropology and History. i—Brother of Manuel Ramírez Vázquez, secretary of labor, 1948–1952, and Mariano Ramírez Vázquez, Supreme Court justice, 1947–1973; father, bookseller; protégé of Prof. José Luis Cuevas and Carlos Lazo; married Olga Campuzano Fernández; son Pedro Ramírez Campuzano married Nelly Mota Velasco Torres Landa, niece of J. José Torres Landa. j—None. k—Considered for assistant secretary of public works, 1952, but lost out to Enrique Bracamontes; supported Donato Miranda Fonseca for president, 1964; recognized worldwide for many of his architectural works. l—Excélsior, Apr. 1, 1977, 6, 8; Enc. Mex., XI, 57–58; DBM68, 507; Excélsior, Dec. 1, 1976; El Día, Dec. 1, 1976; letters; Torres Martínez, 194–195. Ramírez y Ramírez, Enrique (Deceased Aug. 14, 1980) a—Mar. 14, 1915. b—Federal District. c—Elementary studies at Florence del Castillo School, Mexico City; secondary studies at Secondary Schools Nos. 4 and 5, Mexico City; studies at School of Plastic Arts, 1930–1932, 1934–1935, 1936–1938; preparatory studies at National Preparatory School; 2 years of legal studies at National School of Law, UNAM; no degree; professor, Workers’ University, 1938; member, Board of Directors, Workers’ University, 1945; professor, Institute for Political Training, PRI, 1971–1980. d—Federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. 3, 1964–1967, member of Protocol Committee, Legislative Studies Committee (9th Sec. on General Affairs), and Social Security Committee; federal deputy from Federal District, Dist.

t he b io g ra phies  785

4, 1976–1979. e—Supported José Vasconcelos for president, 1929; member, PCM, 1932–1943, expelled in Mar., 1943; member, National Directive Committee, PPS, 1948– 1952; treasurer, PPS, 1948; secretary of CEN of PPS, 1951–1952; member, PPS, 1948–1958; joined PRI, 1964; adviser, CEN of PRI, 1967–1970; secretary, Ideology Committee, CEN of PRI, 1978. f—Private secretary to Vicente Lombardo Toledano, 1938–1939, 1951–1952. g—Student leader, National Student Congress, San Luis Potosí; student leader, 2nd Congress of Socialist Students, 1935; member, Alliance of Revolutionary Writers and Students, 1930–1932; member, CTM, and leader, Union of Graphic Arts Industry Workers; director, Unified Socialist Youth of Mexico, 1939; secretary-general, Federation of Revolutionary Students, 1935. h—Author of many articles on social problems; founder and director general, El Día, 1962–1980; editorial writer, El Popular, 1938–1946; began career in journalism, 1929. i—Son of Porfirio Ramírez, bluecollar worker, and Concepción Ramírez; married engineer Isabel Cisneros. j—None. k—Adolfo López Mateos invited him to join PRI; thrown out of PCM because of disagreements with Hernán Laborde. l—Peral, 671; Novo, 150–151, 214; C de D, 1964–1966, 80, 84, 94; Enc. Mex., XI, 56‑57; Excélsior, Aug. 24, 1978, 14; Excélsior, Aug. 31, 1976, C1; Excélsior, Aug. 17, 1980, B1, 8; HA, Aug. 25, 1980, 9–10; Excélsior, Aug. 15, 1980, 15A; Excélsior, Aug. 24, 1978, 14. Ramón Valdés, Jesús María a—Mar. 15, 1938. b—Ciudad Acuña, Coahuila. c—Early education unknown; business administration degree from School of Business Administration, ITESM, 1958–1964; diplomas from Harvard University and University of Texas, Austin. d—Mayor, Ciudad Acuña, 1982–1984; federal deputy from State of Coahuila, Dist. 4, 1991–1994; plurinominal federal deputy from PRI, 2003–2006; senator from Coahuila, 2006– 2012. e—Joined PRI, 1958; secretary-general, PRI, Ciudad Acuña, 1966–1968; PRI

precandidate for governor, 1999; national adviser, CEN of PRI, 2003–2004. f—Director of economic development, Northern Zone, Coahuila, 1970–1974; vice consul, Del Rio, Tex., 1961–1963. g—Founder and president, Business Friendship Group, 1978; president, National Association of Industrial Parks. h—National adviser, Banamex, 1990. i—Son of Jesús Ramón Cantú, bullfighting empresario and leader of cultural events in 1930s, 1940s, 1950s, and Ethel Valdés Muriel; married Ana María Carmen Aguirre Castro; grandson of Dr. Jesús Lázaro Valdez Sánchez, governor of Coahuila, 1933–1937, and María Muriel. j—None. k—None. l—www.swtexas.ive.com, Apr., 2007; DBGM92, 553; www.senadores.gob .mx, 2008; Directorio del Congreso, 2006– 2009, 44. Ramos, Ramón (Deceased 1937) a—Mar. 13, 1894. b—Villa de Chínipas, Chihuahua. c—Elementary studies, Chínipas, 1904– 1910; agricultural engineering degree from National School of Agriculture, 1910–1914, with Marte R. Gómez and Juan de Dios Bojórquez. d—Federal deputy from State of Sonora, 1924–1926; federal deputy from State of Chihuahua, 1926–1928; senator from State of Sonora, 1930–1934; governor, Sonora, 1935. e—Chief of publicity, Pascual Ortiz Rubio presidential campaign, 1929. f—Secretary of government, 1931–1932. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Procopio Ramos Padilla, small farmer and businessman, and Inés Almada. k—Removed from governorship because of loyalty to Calles. l—DP70, 1723; Dulles, 661; Gobernadores de Sonora, 28–29; Almanaque de Sonora, 129; Almada, 1968, 443. Ramos Gurrión, Manuel a—June 20, 1935. b—Coatzacoalcos, Veracruz. c—Early education unknown; legal studies at National School of Law, UNAM, 1958–1962, law degree, with thesis titled “The General Working Conditions of Federal Workers,” Oct. 20, 1964; teacher, Preparatory School Article 3, Jalapa, 1965–1966. d—Local deputy, State Legislature of Veracruz,

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1968–1971; federal deputy from State of Veracruz, Dist. 15, 1973–1976, secretary of Permanent Committee of Congress, 1975, president of Chamber of Deputies, May, 1976, member of Administrative Committee; federal deputy from State of Veracruz, Dist. 17, 1979–1982; senator from State of Veracruz, 1982–1988, member of Gran Comisión and president of Fishing Committee. e—Director of youth, PRI, Veracruz, 1965–1966; secretary-general, CNOP of PRI, Veracruz, 1966; secretary of political action, Regional Committee of PRI, State of Veracruz, 1969; secretary of organization, Regional Committee of PRI, State of Veracruz, 1969; secretary-general, Regional Committee of PRI, State of Veracruz, 1970; president, Regional Committee of PRI, State of Veracruz, 1971–1975; general delegate, CEN of PRI, Veracruz, 1975–1976; general delegate and coordinator, José López Portillo presidential campaign, Veracruz, 1976; secretary of organization, CEN of CNOP PRI, 1976–1979. f—Secretary, City Council, Coatzacoalcos, Veracruz. g—Secretary of labor and conflicts, Union of Workers of the Secretariat of Public Works, 1959–1962. h—None. i—Son of Eduardo Ramos de los Santos, artisan, and Juana Gurrión; married Griselda Rella Cortés. j—None. k—None. l—C de D, 1973–1976; C de D, 1979–1982; C de S, 1982–1988; Lehr, 490; DBGM87, 346; DBGM, 586–587. Ramos Millán, Gabriel (Deceased Sept. 26, 1949) a—Apr. 25, 1903. b—Ayapango, State of Mexico. c—Preparatory studies at National Preparatory School; law degree from Free Law School. d—Federal deputy from State of Mexico, Dist. 9, 1943–1946; senator from State of Mexico, 1946–1947, president of Treasury Committee. e—None. f—Founder and first president, National Maize Commission, Jan. 6, 1947–1949. g—Founder, National Association of the Middle Class, 1945, to support Miguel Alemán for president. h—Defense lawyer for miners in Pachuca, Hidalgo; vice president, Administrative Council, Producción

Agrícola, SA; adviser, Guanos y Fertilizantes de México, SA i—Longtime friend of Miguel Alemán, president of Mexico, 1946–1952; held positions under Miguel Alemán as governor of Veracruz; parents were peasants. j—None. k—Known in Mexico as “Apostle of Maize” because of his campaign to improve the cultivation of corn and the development of new hybrid seeds; responsible for first corn surplus since 1910. l—DP70, 1724–1725; C de S, 1946–1952; DGF51, I, 6; C de D, 1943–1945, 19; Wise, 60, 139; Q es Q, 487; HA, Oct. 7, 1949, 6; López, 913; HA, Jan. 24, 1947, 34; Enc. Mex., XI, 61. Ramos Rodríguez, Enrique a—Nov. 24, 1932. b—Córdoba, Veracruz. c—Elementary and secondary studies at Guillermo Sherwell and Adalberto Casas Rodríguez schools, Córdoba; no degree. d—Alternate federal deputy from State of Veracruz, Dist. 10, 1988–1991; local deputy, State Legislature of Veracruz, 1989–1992; federal deputy from State of Veracruz, Dist. 10, 1994–1997; plurinominal federal deputy from PRI, 2000–2003. e—Joined PRI, 1947. f—None. g—Secretary of relations, 1963–1965, secretary of labor, 1986–1995, secretary-general, 1995–2008, Sugarcane Workers’ Union; secretary-general, CTM, Veracruz, 1989–2008; substitute secretary-general, CTM, 1998– 2004. h—Employee, San Miguelito Mill, Córdoba, 1945. j—None. k—None. l—www .elmundodecordoba.com, Mar. 14, 2008; www.cddhcu.gob.mx, 1994; QesQ en el Congreso, 2000–2003, 241; Musacchio, 344. Ramos Santos, Matías (Deceased Mar. 4, 1962) a—Feb. 24, 1891. b—San Salvador, Zacatecas. c—Elementary and secondary studies in Concepción del Oro, Zacatecas; no degree. d—Federal deputy from State of Zacatecas, Dist. 8, 1918–1920; governor, Zacatecas, 1932–1934; governor, Zacatecas, 1935–1936. e—President, CEN of PRI, Dec. 14, 1934–June 15, 1935. f—Inspector of railroads, Secretariat of Public Works, 1917; oficial mayor, Secretariat of War, 1928–1929; assistant secretary of war, 1929–1930; secretary of national defense, 1952–1958.

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g—None. i—Friend of Marcelino García Barragán and Francisco Urquizo; son Ismael Ramos served as 1st captain of chief of staff of secretary of national defense, 1952; son of Ezequiel Ramos, major in federal army, and María Santos; married Dolores Arteaga. j—Joined the Revolution on Mar. 18, 1911, as private; rank of corporal, May 13, 1911; rank of 2nd sergeant, Dec. 15, 1911; fought under Capt. Gertrudis Sánchez, Mar. 18–Aug. 20, 1911; rank of 1st sergeant, cavalry, Apr. 15, 1912; fought under Maj. Eulalio Gutiérrez, Aug. 21, 1911–Feb. 17, 1913; rank of 2nd lieutenant, June 10, 1912; rank of lieutenant, Aug. 30, 1912; rank of 2nd captain, Feb. 18, 1913; rank of 1st captain, Apr. 25, 1913; fought under Eulalio Gutiérrez, Division of the Center, Feb. 18, 1913–June 30, 1915, against Victoriano Huerta; rank of major, Sept. 3, 1913; rank of lieutenant colonel, Dec. 31, 1913; rank of colonel, Mar. 7, 1914; rank of brigadier general, Dec. 31, 1915; commander, El Rayo Brigade, 3rd Division of Army of the Northeast, 1915–1916, against Francisco Villa, 1916; wounded commanding El Rayo and Félix Gómez brigades, 1916; fought under General Jacinto B. Treviño; rank of brigade general, May 20, 1916; ordered retired from the army, 1921–1923; reactivated Dec. 18, 1923, to fight against de la Huerta revolt; commander of military operations, 11th Military Zone, Zacatecas, Zacatecas, 1923; commander of operations, 26th Military Zone, Tepic, Nayarit, 1923–1924; commander of operations, 17th Military Zone, Querétaro, Querétaro, 1924–1926; commander of operations, 22nd Military Zone, Oaxaca, Oaxaca, 1926–1927; commander of military operations, 9th Military Zone, Tampico, Tamaulipas, 1927–1928; fought against Escobar rebellion in defense of Ciudad Juárez, 1929; commander of military operations, 5th Military Zone, Chihuahua, Chihuahua, 1929; rank of division general, May 16, 1929; commander of military operations, 5th Military Zone, Chihuahua, 1930–1932; commander, 10th Military Zone, Durango, Durango,

1938–1940; commander, 22nd Military Zone, Toluca, State of Mexico, 1940–1941; commander, 18th Military Zone, Pachuca, Hidalgo, 1941–1943; commander, 27th Military Zone, Acapulco, Guerrero, 1943–1945; commander, 12th Military Zone, San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, 1945–1946; commander, 7th Military Zone, Monterrey, Nuevo León, 1946–1951. k—Retired from active service, 1959; one of a few officers to have commanded more than 10 military zones in a career from 1923 to 1951. l—DGF56, 199; Peral, 673; Polémica, 1969, Vol. I, 67; McAlister, 223–224; DGF51, I, 183; D del Y, Dec. 3, 1952, 12; Q es Q, 487–488; Dulles, 635; López, 913–914; Enc. Mex., XI, 61; Rev. de Ejer., Apr., 1962, 50–52. Ramos Tercero, Raúl (Deceased Sept. 7, 2000) a—Mar. 5, 1955. b—Federal District. c—Preparatory studies at Tepeyac School (religious); economics degree from ITAM, 1973–1978; MA in economics from Stanford University, 1981; PhD in economics, 1983; studies at Oxford University; professor, Colegio de México, 1985; professor, ITAM, 1986–1990. d—None. e—None. f—Researcher, Office of Advisers to the Presidency, 1977–1978; economist, Division of Economic Research, Bank of Mexico, 1984–1987; assistant manager of macroeconomics and financial analysis, Bank of Mexico, 1987–1989; manager of analysis and section, Bank of Mexico, 1989–1990; director general of economic studies, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1990–1994; assistant secretary of rules and services to industry, Secretariat of Commerce, 1994–2000. g—None. h—None. i—Married Gina Menchelli Jiménez, minister and representative of the treasury to OECD, 2008. j—None. k—None. l—www.portal.sre.gob.mx/ocde, 2008; Pescador, 215; DBGM92, 308. Rangel Couto, Hugo a—1912. b—Guadalajara, Jalisco. c—Preparatory studies at National Preparatory School, 1925–1929; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, 1929–1934; economics degree from National School of Economics, UNAM,

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1935–1939, graduating June 20, 1939, with thesis on democracy and communism in America; secretary, National School of Economics, 1937–1938; researcher, Institute of Social Research, UNAM, 1934–1938; professor of the history of economic doctrines, National School of Law, UNAM; director, Institute for Economic Research, UNAM, 1943–1946. d—None. e—None. f—Oficial mayor, Secretariat of Government Properties, 1946–1947; assistant secretary of government properties, 1947–1949, 1951–1952; assistant secretary in charge, Secretariat of Government Properties, 1949–1951. g—Secretary, National School of Economics, 1936–1938; member, 1933 student strike committee. h—Author of numerous articles and books; economist, Workers’ Bank for Industrial Development, 1937–1942; adviser, Mexican delegation to United Nations, 1946. i—Important collaborator of Alfonso Caso, 1944–1949; married Antonia Abreu. j—None. k—None. l—DGF47, 269; DGF51, I, 443; Enc. Mex., V, 46; HA, Aug. 10, 1951, 14; DGF51, II, 383; DGF50, II, 279; En de E, 62; DNED, 200. Rangel de la Fuente, Elvia a—June 27, 1930. b—Ciudad Victoria, Tamaulipas. c—Early education unknown; teaching certificate; teaching certificate in psychology from Higher Normal School, Mexico City; teaching certificate in audiovisual education; elementary school teacher; teacher of Mexican history and language and literature in secondary schools; finance secretary, Higher Normal School. d—Member, City Council, Ciudad Victoria; federal deputy from State of Tamaulipas, Dist. 4, 1967–1970; Cuauhtémoc delegate to Federal District. e—Director of women’s action, PRI, Tamaulipas; secretary of social action, CEPES of PRI, Tamaulipas; director of women’s action, CNOP of PRI, Tamaulipas. f—Director of audiovisual education, Tamaulipas. g—President, Professional and Businesswomen’s Organization, 2002. h—None. j—None. k—None. l—Directorio, 1967–1970; C de D, 1967–1970.

Rangel Domené, Héctor a—Aug. 3, 1947. b—Monterrey, Nuevo León. c—Early education unknown; industrial engineering degree from ITESM and Purdue University, West Lafayette, Ind.; MA in business administration from Stanford University; member, Board of Trustees, IberoAmerican University. d—None. e—None. f—Director general, NAFIN and National Bank of Foreign Trade, 2009– . g—President, Mexican Bankers’ Association, 2000–2002; president, CCE, 2002–2004. h—Account executive, Citibank, Mexico City, 1972; vice president of corporate banking, Citibank; director of credit, Somex Bank, 1978; director of corporate credit, Banco Mexicano; director of international, corporate, government, business, electronic, and investment banking, Grupo Financiero Bancomer, 1991–2008; chairman, Board of Directors, Grupo Financiero BBVA-Bancomer, 2004–2008; member, Board of Directors, Grupo Maseca, 1997–2008; member, Board of Directors, Gruma, Cintra, Alestra, and other leading companies; president, Center for Economic Studies of the Private Sector, 2007–2008. j—None. k—None. l—www .presidencia.gob.mx, 2009; www.inver siones.bbva.com, 2010. Rangel Frías, Raúl (Apr. 18, 1993) a—Mar. 15, 1913. b—Monterrey, Nuevo León. c—Elementary and secondary studies in Monterrey; preparatory studies at Colegio Civil, Monterrey; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, 1933–1938, with thesis on Kelsen; member, University Council, UNAM; professor of the history of philosophical doctrines, National Preparatory School, Mexico City, 1936–1938; professor of civics, secondary schools, Mexico City, 1936–1938, and at workers’ centers; professor of law, School of Law, University of Nuevo León, 1939–1943; rector, University of Nuevo León, 1949–1952, 1952–1955. d—Governor, Nuevo León, 1955–1961. e—None. f—Public relations officer, Department of the Federal District; director, Social Welfare Program, State of

t he b io g ra phies  789

Nuevo León; chief, Department of Social Action, University of Nuevo León, 1944; oficial mayor, State of Nuevo León, under Governor Salinas Leal. g—Member, Alfonso Reyes group, 1929; president, Student Society, Colegio Civil of Nuevo León; delegate, 7th National Student Congress, 1930. h—Practicing lawyer, 1970–1979; member, Board of Directors, Fundidora de Acero de Monterrey, SA; member, Board of Directors, Financiera Central, SA. i—Son of Dr. Edelmiro Rangel Treviño, Army Medical Corps, and Josefina Frías Alcocer, sister of novelist Heriberto Frías; married Elena Hinojosa; attended law school with Hugo B. Margáin and Alfonso Corona del Rosal; student of Manuel Moreno Sánchez; son Raúl Rangel Hinojosa was mayor of San Pedro and member of Board of Directors of Vitro, 2001, and was close friends at college with Javier Livas Cantú and Fernando Elizondo Barragán, sons of governors of Nuevo León. j—None. k—Supported José Vasconcelos, 1929. l—Excélsior, Oct. 5, 1961; DBM68, 508–509; WWM45, 98; DGF56, 97; G de NL, 15; HA, May 9, 1955, 10; Siempre, Sept. 17, 1956, 6; PdM, 304; letters; López, 914; Enc. Mex., XI, 65; HA, Aug. 24, 1960; WNM, 185; www.itnl.edu.mx, 2008 Rangel (Hurtado), Rafael (Deceased Aug. 19, 1955) a—Oct. 31, 1888. b—San Francisco del Rincón, Guanajuato. c—Early education unknown; law degree from University of Guanajuato. d—Local deputy, State Legislature of Guanajuato, 1937–1938; senator from State of Guanajuato, 1940–1946, president of Railroads Committee, 2nd secretary of 2nd Government Committee, member of 1st Balloting Committee and Gran Comisión, president of Rules Committee and 2nd Instructive Sec. of the Grand Jury. e—None. f—Secretary, City Council, León, Guanajuato; secretarygeneral of government, State of Guanajuato, 1928–1931; private secretary to the governor of Guanajuato, 1931–1932; secretary-general of government, Territory of Baja California del Sur, 1934–1937; interim governor,

Guanajuato, 1938–1939, during leave of absence of Luis I. Rodríguez from the presidency of CEN of PRM. g—None. i—Father died when he was months old, mother died when he was 10, and stepfather threw him out, after which he was raised by father’s aunts. j—None. k—Leader of Green Group in Guanajuato, 1943. l—Peral, 673–674; C de S, 1940–1946; López, 914; Libro de Oro, 1946, 10; PS, 5086; www.luis.rionda.com .mx, 2008. Rangel Meléndez, Enrique (Deceased Jan. 8, 1969) a—July 15, 1904. b—San Luis de la Paz, Guanajuato. c—Elementary studies only; no degree. d—Federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. 12, 1949–1952; federal deputy from State of Guanajuato, Dist. 9, 1961–1964, 1967–1969. e—None. f—None. g—Member, CROM, CNT, CTM, 1928; founder, Proletariat National Federation, 1952; leader, CROC; secretary of labor conflicts, CROC; member, Congress of Labor. h—Blue-collar worker, shoe industry. i—Married Judith Zamora. j—None. k—None. l—Directorio, 1967–1970; C de D, 1949–1952; C de D, 1961–1964; C de D, 1967–1970; www.cronica.diputados.gob.mx, Oct. 11, 1968, Sept. 7, 1950. Rascón Córdoba, Marco Antonio Ignacio a—Sept. 27, 1952. b—Naco,

Sonora. c—Early education unknown; law degree from University of Chihuahua. d—Plurinominal federal deputy from PRD, 1994–1997. e—Founding member, National Democratic Front, 1988; cofounder and member of CEN of PRD, 1989; President, PRD, Federal District, 1999; precandidate for governor of the Federal District, 1999; secretary of political information, CEN of PRD, 1994; founder, as Superbarrio, Barrios Assembly. f—None. g—Member, Only Coordination of Earthquake Victims, 1985. h—Writer, La Jornada and Punto Crítico, Federal District. j—None. k—Imprisoned, 1972–1975, for being member of Sept. 23 Communist League; known as popular local figure “Superbarrio.” l—Musacchio, 345; CdeD, 1994–1997.

790  m e xic a n p oli t i c a l b i o g ra ph i e s , 1935–20 0 9 Ravizé (Matienzo), Manuel A. (Deceased) a—Sept. 20, 1910. b—Tampico, Tamaulipas. c—Elementary studies at San José Institute, Tacubaya; secondary and preparatory studies at Colegio Francés Centro Unión and Colegio Puente de Alvarado, Mexico City, in commercial studies; studied engineering at Atlanta Military Academy, Ga.; studied business administration in San Antonio, Tex.; no degree. d—Alternate senator from State of Tamaulipas, 1958–1964, under Senator Emilio Martínez Manatou; mayor, Tampico, 1955–1957; governor, Tamaulipas, 1969–1974. e—PRI State committeeman, Tamaulipas; PRI delegate to Tampico; representative of precandidate for governor, Manuel Collado, 1943. f—Trustee, City Council of Tampico, 1943–1945; director, Federal Office of the Treasury, 1958–1964; president, Federal Board of Moral, Civic, and Material Improvement, Tampico, 1964– 1969. g—None. h—Businessman. i—Parents were 5th-generation Tamaulipecos; father worked as cashier for Ferrocarril del Golfo, 1897, and founded first petroleum company in Tampico region, 1918; son Manuel is a businessman; married Teresa Matienzo Zubista; close friend and protégé of Emilio Martínez Manatou. j—None. k—Precandidate for senator from Tamaulipas, 1976. l—Letter; Excélsior, Dec. 8, 1975, 17; Loret de Mola, 91, 143; Guerra Villarreal, 83. Rea Carbajal, Raúl a—Nov. 9, 1933. b—Tepic, Nayarit. c—Early education unknown; secondary-level teaching certificate from Higher Normal School, Tepic, 1961; teacher. d—Local deputy, State Legislature of Nayarit, Dist. 1, 1972–1975; plurinominal federal deputy from PSUM, 1982–1985. e—Joined PPS, 1961; secretarygeneral, PPS, Nayarit, 1972; secretarygeneral, Mexican People’s Party, 1977–1981; member, Central Committee, PSUM, 1981; member, Political Committee, PSUM, 1981; PPS candidate for local deputy to State Legislature of Nayarit, 1966, 1969; PCM candidate for mayor of Tepic, 1981; joined PCM, 1981. f—None. g—Secretary of

conflicts, Local No. 49, National Teachers’ Union, 1961–1964; leader, National Teachers’ Union, Nayarit, 1964–1967. i—Son of Albino Rea Becerra, laborer, and Soledad Carvajal Cabezud, teacher; married Antonia Becerra Tapia, normal school teacher; sons Rutilio and Raúl Antonio, university professors. j—Served in the army; commander, machine gun company. k—None. l—Directorio, 1982–1985; C de D, 1982–1985; Lehr, 646. Real (Encinas), Carlos (Deceased) a—Jan. 31, 1922. b—Federal District. c—Elementary and secondary studies in Federal District; preparatory studies in Federal District; law degree from Free Law School, July 20, 1944; LLD from National School of Law, UNAM. d—Federal deputy from State of Durango, Dist. 2, 1949–1952, member of Legislative Studies Committee, 2nd Balloting Committee, 2nd Committee on General Means of Communication; vice president, Chamber of Deputies, Dec., 1949; federal deputy from State of Durango, Dist. 1, 1955–1958, member of External and Domestic Trade Committee, Budget and Accounts Committee (1st year), and Constitutional Affairs Committee (1st year), secretary of Chamber of Deputies, 1956; alternate senator from Durango, 1964–1970; Tlalpan delegate to Department of the Federal District, 1976–1977. e—President, Regional Committee of PRI, Durango; president, Board of Moral, Civic, and Material Improvement, Ciudad Juárez and Nuevo Laredo, during Adolfo Ruiz Cortines’ presidential campaign, 1951–1952. f—Private secretary to Ignacio Morones Prieto as director general of IMSS, 1966–1970; director general of inspection of domestic taxes, Secretariat of the Treasury, Feb., 1972. g—None. i—Son of General Carlos Real Félix, senator from Durango, 1958–1964; brother of Dr. Roberto Real Encinas. j—None. k—None. l—HA, Feb. 14, 1972, 23–24; DGF56, 23, 31; DGF51, I, 21, 32, 34, 35, 36; C de D, 1949–1951; C de D, 1955–1957; C de S, 1964–1970; Ind. Biog., 128–129; DAPC, 1977, 59.

t he b io g ra phies  791 Real (Félix), Carlos (Deceased Jan. 27, 1982) a—Nov. 17, 1892. b—Tamazula, Durango. c—Elementary studies in Durango, Durango; studies at National Military College; no degree. d—Governor, Durango, 1932–1935; senator from State of Durango, 1958–1964, president of 2nd Committee for National Defense, member of Committee on the Electric Industry, War Matériel Committee, Special Livestock Committee, 2nd Balloting Committee, and 2nd Instructive Committee for the Grand Jury. e—Founding member, PNR, 1929; oficial mayor, CEN of PRI, 1956. f—Director, Telegraph Office, Agiabampo, Sinaloa, 1913; oficial mayor, Chamber of Deputies, 1946– 1949; general manager, National Lottery, 1949–1952. g—None. h—Rancher, 1936– 1946. i—Son Carlos Real Encinas served twice as federal deputy from Durango; son Roberto, president, Diteza, SA, Robespierre, SA, Turbotex, SA, and Atoyac Textil, SA. j—Joined the Revolution as 2nd lieutenant, 1913; career army officer; imprisoned by rebels, 1927, but escaped; chief of staff to General Ramón F. Iturbe; commander, Santiago Tlatelolco Prison, 1927; rank of brigadier general, 1932; commander, 7th Military Zone, Monterrey, Nuevo León; reached rank of division general. k—Political boss of Durango during early 1930s; removed from governorship by Cárdenas because of his loyalty to Calles. l—DGF47, 13, 409; Dulles; C de S, 1961–1964, 67; Siempre, Jan. 14, 1959, 6; Johnson, 32; D del S, Dec. 3, 1946, 1; Func., 199; NYT, Dec. 17, 1935, 1; HA, Feb. 8, 1982, 17; Excélsior, Jan. 28, 1982. Rebolledo Borja, José (Deceased Nov. 4, 1969) a—1886. b—Apaseo, Guanajuato. c—Early education unknown; law degree, Feb. 19, 1910. d—None. e—None. f—Official, Office of the Attorney General of Mexico, 1917; agent, Ministerio Público, Office of the Attorney General, District Court, Veracruz, District Court, Michoacán, 1917– 1924; interim district court judge, Jalisco, Guadalajara, 1924–1925; district court judge, Guanajuato, 1925–1926; district court judge,

Jalisco, Federal District, Puebla, State of Mexico, Veracruz, 1926–1935; judge, Fifth Circuit Court, 1939–1941; justice, Supreme Court, 1941–1952, president, Supreme Court, 1949. g—None. h—None. j—None. k—Arturo Martínez Adame replaced him when he retired. l—www.e-mexico.gob .mx, 2008; www.scjn.gob.mx, 2008; www .cronica.diputados.gob.mx, Feb. 13, 1952. Rebolledo Fernández, Mario G.

(Deceased Aug. 18, 1987) a—Jan. 26, 1914. b—Jalapa, Veracruz. c—Elementary studies at Annex to Normal School, Jalapa; secondary and preparatory studies at Colegio Preparatoria of Jalapa; law degree from School of Law, University of Veracruz, July, 1935; professor of legal procedure, University of Veracruz, 1941–1950. d—None. e—None. f—Agent, Ministerio Público, Veracruz; assistant auxiliary attorney general, State of Veracruz; judge of 1st instance, State of Veracruz; president, Board of Conciliation and Arbitration, State of Veracruz; secretary, Superior Tribunal of Justice, State of Veracruz; director, Department of Government, State of Veracruz; judge, Superior Tribunal of Justice, State of Veracruz; attorney general, State of Veracruz; secretary-general of government, State of Veracruz; judge, Fifteenth Penal District, Federal District; judge, Superior Tribunal of Justice, Federal District; justice, Supreme Court of Mexico, 1955–1958, 1963–1970, 1970–1976, 1978–1981; president, Supreme Court, 1976–1977, 1982–1983. g—None. i—Professor of Manlio Fabio Tapia Camacho; nephew of Ignacio González Rebolledo, local deputy to State Legislature of Veracruz and attorney general of Veracruz; brother Guillermo Rebolledo, interim governor of Veracruz, 1935–1936, and justice of Superior Tribunal of Justice of Veracruz; student at law school with Marco Antonio Muñoz Turnbull. j—None. k—None. l—Justicia, Apr., 1968; letter; Excélsior, Mar. 3, 1976, 1; www.scjn.gob.mx, 590–591, 2008; www.portal.veracruz.gob.mx, 2007. Rebolledo Gout, Juan a—May 7, 1950. b—Jalapa, Veracruz. c—Early education

792  m e xic a n p oli t i c a l b i o g ra ph i e s , 1935–20 0 9

unknown; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, 1969–1973; MA studies in philosophy at Tulane University, New Orleans, 1974–1977; MA and PhD from Harvard University, 1977–1981; professor of political science, UNAM, 1982–1986; director of postgraduate studies in political science, UNAM, 1983–1994; secretary of projects of coordinator of humanities, UNAM, 2002. d—None. e—None. f—Executive secretary, National Institute for Studies of the Mexican Revolution, Secretariat of Government, 1984–1988; coordinator of advisers, Office of the Presidency, 1992–1994; private secretary to president of Mexico, 1994; assistant secretary of bilateral affairs, Secretariat of Foreign Relations, 1994–1997; assistant secretary for North America and Europe, Secretariat of Foreign Relations, 1997–2000. g—None. h—Vice president, Mexican Council of International Affairs. i—Son of Juan Rebolledo Clement, lawyer and partner of Justo Ceja in Hipódromo de las Américas, and Yolanda Gout Ortiz de Montellano; married Paz Consuelo Márquez Padilla, political science graduate. j—None. k—None. l—www.columnasur.org, 2008; Pescador, 216; Musacchio, 346; DBGM92, 308. Rentería (Acosta), Daniel T. (Deceased 1965) a—1897. b—Taretán, Michoacán. c—Preparatory studies at Colegio de San Nicolás, Morelia, Michoacán; law degree from Colegio de San Nicolás. d—Federal deputy from Michoacán, Dist. 3, 1958–1961, member of Transportation Committee. e—None. f—Treasurer, State of Michoacán, 1934–1940; attorney general, Michoacán; treasurer general of Mexico, 1934–1946; general cashier, Río de las Balsas Commission, 1961–1965. g—None. h—None. i—Married María Acosta; father of Héctor Rentería Acosta, federal deputy from State of Michoacán, 1970–1973, and member of PARM; parents were of indigenous ancestry; collaborator of Lázaro Cárdenas since his term as governor of Michoacán, 1928–1931. j—None. k—None. l—Func., 270; C de D,

1970–1973; C de D, 1958–1961, 89; Directorio, 1970–1972; DP70, 1745; Anderson; La Voz de Michoacán, Sept. 16, 1949, 1. Reséndiz Contreras, Rafael a—July 13, 1939. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; business administration degree from UNAM. d—None. e—Member of PRI; secretary of information, CEN of PRI, 1990–1992. f—Director of public relations, Secretariat of the Presidency, 1976–1980; assistant director general of social communications, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1980–1982; director general of social communications, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1982–1986; oficial mayor, Secretariat of Social Development, 1992–1993. g—None. h—Vice president of information and communications, Televisa, 1994; president and director general, Ovaciones, 2004. i—Son of Rafael Reséndiz Picaso and María de la Luz Contreras; political protégé of Luis Donaldo Colosio. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM92, 309; Musacchio, 346. Reséndiz Núñez, Daniel a—May 29, 1937. b—Maravillas, Hidalgo. c—Early education unknown; civil engineering degree from National School of Engineering, UNAM, 1955–1959; MA in soil mechanics from UNAM, 1960–1961; diploma in applied soil mechanics from Harvard University, 1963; PhD in soil mechanics from UNAM, 1964–1965; professor and researcher, UNAM, 1960–1990; professor emeritus, UNAM, 2007; director, Engineering Institute, UNAM, 1974–1982; dean, Engineering School, UNAM, 1987–1991. d—None. e—None. f—Adviser, Department of the Federal District, 1971; secretary-general, CONACYT, 1982–1987; technical assistant director, Federal Electric Commission, 1991–1994; assistant secretary of higher education and scientific research, Secretariat of Public Education, 1996–2000. g—President, Mexican Academy of Sciences, 1979–1981. h—Member, GHI and Dirac, 1975–1990. i—Son of Gustavo Reséndiz Romero, agronomist, local deputy, 1972–1973, and federal deputy from Hidalgo, 1973–1976, and

t he b io g ra phies  793

Soledad Núñez Chávez. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM94, CD; Musacchio, 346; www .sefi.mineria.unam.mx, 2008; Pescador, 216; DBGM92, 309. Reta Martínez, Carlos Alfonso a—Mar. 4, 1943. b—Morelia, Michoacán. c—Early education unknown; civil engineering degree, National School of Engineering, UNAM, 1960–1963; studies in political science and public administration, UNAM, 1967–1970; MA and PhD in public administration, UNAM, 1971–1974; graduate professor of federal administration, analysis of administrative structure, and government procedures, School of Political and Social Science, UNAM, 1974; professor of public administration and the parastate sector in Mexico, Graduate School of Accounting and Administration, UNAM, 1974. d—Federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. 34, 1994–1997. e—Youth director of PRI, Federal District, 1960–1961; president, National Youth Committee, CNOP of PRI, 1962– 1968; assistant director, National Youth Organization, PRI, 1965–1968; president, Mexican Council of Youth; CNOP and PRI delegate to various cities and states, 1963– 1968; auxiliary secretary of CEN of PRI, 1968–1970; founder and director, Polémica, official publication of PRI, 1969–1970; press and publicity secretary, CEN of PRI, 1984– 1985. f—Secretary-general “C,” Department of the Federal District, 1970–1971; director general of didactic and cultural materials, Secretariat of Public Education, 1978–1979; director of public relations, Department of the Federal District, 1985–1988; director of public relations, Secretariat of Foreign Relations, 1988; director general of radio, television, and film, Secretariat of Government, 1998. g—Student leader at UNAM. h—Assistant to resident engineer, Estructuras y Cimentación, I.C.A., SA; supervisor of works, Estructuras y Cimentación, I.C.A., SA, 1962–1963; investigator, Fondo de Planeación Industria Azucarera; director general, Society to Promote Legal Establishments, SA, 1973–1976; technical director,

Advisors & Consultants, SC, 1974–1991; director general, Latin American Institute of Educational Communication, 1978. i—Son of Rutilio Reta Ubasos and María Guadalupe Martínez Domínguez; married Bertha Lira Hereford. j—None. k—None. l—HA, Dec. 14, 1970, 24; DPE71; DBGM89, 294; DBGM92, 309. Reta Petterson, Gustavo Adolfo

a—May 26, 1937. b—Federal District. c—Elementary studies at Instituto (Colegio) México, 1943–1949; secondary studies at Instituto (Colegio) México, 1950–1952; preparatory studies at Instituto Vasco de Quiroga, 1953–1954; medical degree in veterinary medicine from UNAM, 1955–1959; MS from University of Indiana, Bloomington, 1961–1963, with specialization in livestock; professor, School of Veterinary Medicine, UNAM, 1976–1980; professor, University of Guadalajara, 1963–1967. d—None. e—None. f—Director of agriculture sec., Experimental Fields of El Horno, Chapingo, Secretariat of Agriculture, 1960–1963; head, Livestock Department, Plan Lerma, 1963–1967; director general of animal health, Secretariat of Agriculture and Livestock, 1967–1972; assistant secretary of livestock, Feb. 23, 1972–1975; director general of Projects, Office of the Presidency of Mexico, 1980–1982; director of projects, Fomento Industrial Somex Bank, 1983–1988; director general of livestock policy, Secretariat of Agriculture and Hydraulic Resources, 1989–1990; director general of animal health, Secretariat of Agriculture and Hydraulic Resources, 1990; assistant secretary of livestock, 1990–1994. g—None. i—Son of Manuel Reta Aldúncin, veterinarian, and Eloísa Petterson Moriel; married Ana Cristina Espinosa Morett. j—None. k—Resigned as assistant secretary of livestock, June 26, 1975; PRI precandidate for federal deputy, 1975. l—HA, Mar. 6, 1972, 19; DPE71, 69; Novedades, Feb. 24, 1972, 1; HA, Feb. 21, 1972; MGF69, 264; Excélsior, Feb. 23, 1973, 5; El Universal, June 27, 1975; DAPC81, 3; DBGM89, 294; DBGM92, 310.

794  m e xic a n p oli t i c a l b i o g ra ph i e s , 1935–20 0 9 Reyes Baeza Terrazas, José a—Sept. 20, 1961. b—Delicias, Chihuahua. c—Early education unknown; law degree from University of Chihuahua, with special mention; professor, University of Chihuahua; director, University Extension, University of Chihuahua. d—Mayor, Chihuahua, 1998–2001; plurinominal federal deputy from PRI, 2003–2004; governor, Chihuahua, 2004– 2010. e—Member, PRI; ran for governor on a PRI, PT, and PVEM ticket. f—Director general of urban and ecology development, Chihuahua, 1986–1992; director general of civil pensions, Chihuahua, 2001–2003. g—None. h—Practicing lawyer, 1992–1998. i—Son of Francisco Baeza Cisneros, businessman and owner of Baeza Hotel, and Ofelia Terrazas; brother Héctor, mayor of Delicias; cousin of Fernando Baeza, governor of Chihuahua, 1986–1991, and senator, 2006–2012. j—None. k—None. l—www .wikipedia.com, 2007; www.oem.com.mx, 2008; www.chihuahua.gob.mx, 2009. Reyes Contreras, Alfredo a—Dec. 7, 1947. b—Ixtlahuaca, State of Mexico. c—Early education unknown; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, 1965– 1970; professor of law, Autonomous University of the State of Mexico, 1977. d—Local deputy, State Legislature of State of Mexico, 1975–1977; plurinominal federal deputy from PPS, 1982–1985; federal deputy from State of Mexico, 1988–1991. e—Candidate for local deputy, State Legislature of State of Mexico, 1957; joined PPS, 1969; secretary-general, PPS, Toluca, State of Mexico, 1974–1975; secretary-general, PPS, State of Mexico, 1976–1982; PPS candidate for governor of State of Mexico, 1981; member, PPS Central Committee, 1978; secretary of electoral policy, PPS Central Committee. f—None. g—None. h—Member, editorial group of Mazahua, Ixtlahuaca. i—Son of José Bernardo Reyes Díaz, businessman, and Piedad Contreras Ayala; married Carmen Mercado Téllez, economist; brother Eugenio Reyes Contreras, judge, Federal Circuit Court, 2002. j—None. k—None. l—Directorio,

1982–1985; C de D, 1982–1985; DBGM, 589; DBGM89, 522; www.w3.cjf.gob.mx, 2008. Reyes Esparza, Diamantina a—June 9, 1941. b—Villa Matamoros, Chihuahua. c—Elementary studies in Villa Matamoros; completed secondary studies and normal certificate at night school; normal school teacher; secretary, Parralance Institute. d—Federal deputy from State of Chihuahua, Dist. 2, 1970–1973, member of Social Action Committee, Immigration Committee, Small Industry Committee; alternate senator from Chihuahua under José Refugio Mar de la Rosa, in functions, 1987–1988. e—Youth director, PRI, Chihuahua; director, Women’s Sector, PRI, Chihuahua; secretary-general, PRI, State of Chihuahua. f—None. g—Secretary of labor and conflicts, Teachers’ Union of Chihuahua; secretary-general, Teachers’ Union of Chihuahua. j—None. k—None. l—Directorio, 1970–1972; C de D, 1970–1973, 132. Reyes Heroles, Jesús (Deceased Mar. 19, 1985) a—Apr. 3, 1921. b—Tuxpán, Veracruz. c—Elementary studies at Benito Juárez Public School, Mexico City; preparatory studies at National Preparatory School; law degree with honorable mention from National School of Law, UNAM, 1944; graduate studies at University of La Plata and University of Buenos Aires, 1945; assistant professor of labor law, National School of Law, UNAM, 1944–1945; professor of economics and general theory, UNAM, 1946–1963; professor, IPN. d—Federal deputy from State of Veracruz, Dist. 2, 1961–1964, member of Committee on Tariffs and Foreign Trade, Legislative Studies Committee (4th Sec. on Administration), Permanent Commission, and delegate to Interparliamentary Conference. e—Joined PRM in 1939 and began political career as auxiliary private secretary to Heriberto Jara, president of CEN of PRM; assistant to private secretary of Antonio L. Villalobos, president of CEN of PRM, 1940– 1944; member, IEPES of PRI, 1949–1951, 1960–1961; adviser, Technical Office, presidential campaign of Adolfo López Mateos,

t he b io g ra phies  795

1958; adviser to president of CEN of PRI, Gabriel Leyva Velázquez, 1952; president of CEN of PRI, Feb. 21, 1972–1975. f—Secretary to Carlos Zapata Vela, 1939; adviser to the secretary of labor, Ignacio García Téllez, 1944; alternate president, Special Group No. 1, Federal Board of Conciliation and Arbitration, 1946; secretary-general, Mexican Institute of Books, 1949–1953; adviser to president of Mexico, Adolfo Ruiz Cortines, 1952–1958; director of economic studies, National Railroads of Mexico, 1953–1958; technical assistant director general, IMSS, 1958–1961; director general, PEMEX, 1964– 1970; director general, Industrial Complex of Ciudad Sahagún, Hidalgo, Dec. 1, 1970–1972; director general, IMSS, 1975–1976; secretary of government, 1976–1979; secretary of public education, 1979–1982 . g—None. h—Author of 6 books and dozens of articles on political and economic problems. i—Attended National Preparatory School with Luis Echeverría; attended elementary school with José López Portillo; married Gloria González Garza, daughter of General Roque González Garza, president, Convention Government, 1915; son Jesús Reyes Heroles González Garza, secretary of energy, 1995–1997, and ambassador to United States, 1997–2000; son Federico is a leading intellectual and author; son of Jesús Reyes Martínez, employee, and Juana Heroles Lombera; student of Mario de la Cueva and Antonio Martínez Báez at UNAM. j—None. k—Losing candidate for deanship of National School of Law, UNAM, 1961; only member of original de la Madrid cabinet to have held elective office. l—Excélsior, Feb. 22, 1971; Novedades, Feb. 21, 1972, 1; El Universal, Dec. 1, 1964; WWMG, 34; HA, Dec. 22, 1958, 8; HA, Dec. 7, 1964, 21; Excélsior, Feb. 21, 1972, 18; HA, Feb. 28, 1972, 12; D del Y, Dec. 2, 196, 2; IWW67, 1018; Análisis Político, July 3, 1972, 4; Enc. Mex., XI, 126; IEPES; Guerra Leal, 363; Excélsior, Feb. 10, 1979, 14; HA, Mar. 25, 1985, 15; letters.

Reyes Heroles (González), Jesús Federico a—Mar. 30, 1952. b—Federal District.

c—Preparatory studies at Alexander Von

Humboldt German School, 1971; economics degree from ITAM, with thesis on tax policy and income distribution, 1979; legal studies at National School of Law, UNAM, 1972–1976; PhD in economics from MIT, 1980; professor of macroeconomics, IberoAmerican University, 1974–1975, and ITAM, 1975–1976, 1981–1983. d—None. e—None. f—Assistant researcher, Office of Economists, Office of the Director General, Bank of Mexico; adviser to assistant director general, Bank of Mexico, 1980–1982; adviser to secretary of the treasury, 1982–1983; director general of planning, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1983–1988; chief adviser to secretary of foreign relations, Fernando Solana, 1989–1991; director general, Banobras, 1994–1995; secretary of energy, 1995–1997; ambassador to United States, 1997–2000; director general, PEMEX, 2006–2009. g—None. h—Cofounder, Grupo de Economistas Asociados (GEA), private consulting firm, 1991–1996; executive president, GEA, 2000. i—Son of Jesús Reyes Heroles, secretary of government, secretary of public education, and president of CEN of PRI, and Gloria González Garza, daughter of General Roque González Garza, president of Convention Government, 1915; brother Federico is leading intellectual and author; grandson of Jesús Reyes Martínez, employee, and Juana Heroles Lombera; married Regina Cardoso, literature teacher; met Ernesto Zedillo at Bank of Mexico. j—None. k—None. l—LAT, Feb. 22, 1998, M3; US Mexico Business, Dec., 1997, 25–28, Jan., 1998, 40–42; DBGM92, 323; QesQ en la AP, 1982, 123; DBGM87, 323; DBGM89, 295; Musacchio, 347. Reyes López, Venustiano (Deceased Apr. 14, 2003) a—Dec. 30, 1916. b—Ciudad Mendoza, Veracruz. c—Early education unknown; completed part of secondary; studies at National Conservatory of Music, Mexico City, 1938–1942; fellowship from State of Veracruz to study directing at Julliard School of Music and Columbia University, New York, 1942–1946; professor,

796  m e xic a n p oli t i c a l b i o g ra ph i e s , 1935–20 0 9

National School of Music and National Conservatory, UNAM, 1946–1982. d—Federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. 9, 1976– 1979; federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. 6, 1982–1985. e—Participated in 1952, 1958, 1964, and 1970 presidential campaigns by giving musical performances; joined PRI, 1946. f—None. g—President, Student Society, National Conservatory of Music; member, National Union of Musicians; secretarygeneral, National Union of Musicians, 1961–1982; press and publicity secretary, CTM. h—Textile worker, CIVSA Textile Co., Santa Rosa, Veracruz; trombonist; director, Fine Arts Symphony Orchestra. i—Married Teresa Reyes Ramírez. j—Performer at the front in World War II. k—Known as Venus Ray. l—Directorio, 1982–1985; C de D, 1976– 1979; C de D, 1982–1985; DBGM, 589; www .orizabaenredcom.mx, 2008; www.periodico demexico.com, 2007. Reyes Luján, Sergio a—Apr. 20, 1941. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; degree in physics from School of Sciences, UNAM, 1959–1962; graduate studies in Uppsala, Sweden, 1964; PhD studies in physics at UNAM, 1963, 1966, 1967; chief, physics lab, School of Sciences, UNAM, 1964; full-time researcher, Physics Institute, UNAM, 1968–1971; auxiliary secretary, School of Sciences, UNAM, 1969–1971; founding director, Precision Measurements Center, UNAM, 1972–1974; professor, School of Sciences, UNAM, 1960–1974; professor, National School of Engineering, UNAM, 1968–1970; secretary, UAM, Iztapalapa Campus, 1974–1976; secretary, UAM, Xochimilco Campus, 1980–1981; secretary-general, UAM, 1976–1979; rector, UAM, 1981–1985; coordinator of affiliates, UNAM, 1997–2000. d—None. e—Joined PRI, 1986. f—Assistant secretary of ecology, Secretariat of Ecology and Urban Development, 1986–1988, 1988–1992; director general, National Ecology Institute, Secretariat of Social Development, 1992–1993; director, Environmental Program, Mexican Institute of Petroleum, 2002. g—None. h—None.

i—Son of Víctor Manuel Reyes Martínez and María del Carmen Luján Garibay; married Ana María Gutiérrez Fernández. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM92, 311; HA, Apr. 15, 1986, 28; DBGM89, 296; DBGM87, 323; Musacchio, 311; DBGM92, 311. Reyes Osorio, Sergio a—Aug. 8, 1934. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; studies in agricultural engineering at National School of Agriculture, 1952–1958, graduating with thesis titled “The State, Private Banks, and Agricultural Credit,” 1962; MA in agricultural economics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, 1963–1964, with thesis titled “Factors of Productivity in Mexican Agricultural Development”; professor of credit and agricultural economics, Graduate School, National School of Agriculture, 1965–1966; professor of land tenure, Graduate School, National School of Agriculture, 1968; Research Associate, Colegio de México, 1977. d—None. e—None. f—Economist, Securities and Development Fund for Agriculture; agricultural economist, FIRA, Bank of Mexico, 1959–1965; member, Advisory Board, Agricultural Center of Chapingo; director, Center of Agricultural Investigations, 1965–1970; president, Board of Directors, Center for Agricultural Investigations, 1973–1982; assistant secretary, Department of Colonization and Agrarian Affairs, 1970–1974; assistant secretary of organization and agricultural development, Secretariat of Agrarian Reform, 1974–1976; technical secretary, Agribusiness Cabinet, Office of the Presidency, 1977–1982; general coordinator of special programs, Secretariat of Agriculture, 1982–1983; adviser to secretary of programming and budget, 1983–1984; general coordinator of delegates, Secretariat of Agriculture, 1986–1988; assistant secretary of agriculture, 1988–1989; director general, National Institute of Forestry Research, Secretariat of Agriculture, 1990–1992; director general of forestry, Office of the Assistant Secretary of National Research, Secretariat of Agriculture, 1995. g—Technical adviser,

t he b io g ra phies  797

CNC, 1968–1974. h—President, National Institute of Agricultural Economics, 1982; editor of various agriculture magazines. i—Married Ofelia Flores; son of Fortunato Reyes Hernández, alternate federal deputy, Federal District, Dist. 1, 1959–1952, under Rafael S. Pimentel, and María Luisa Osorio Gómez; married Ofelia Flores. j—None. k—None. l—DPE71, 12; DBM68, 512; HA, Dec. 21, 1970, 24; IEPES; Q es QAP, 215; DBGM89, 296. Reyes Pruneda, Pablo S. a—1950s. b—Durango. c—Early education unknown; economics degree from ITAM, 1973–1978; MA and PhD in international economics from University of Chicago, 1980–1983; full-time professor of economics, ITAM, 1983–2001; assistant director, Center for Analysis and Economic Research, ITAM, 1984–1990. d—None. e—None. f—Coordinator of advisers to assistant secretary “B,” Secretariat of Labor, 1990; coordinator of advisers to director general of CONASUPO, 1991; director, Technical Office, coordinator of advisers, CONASUPO, 1992–1995; assistant secretary “B,” Secretariat of Labor, 1995–1998; director general of programming and budget “B,” Secretariat of the Treasury, 2001–2006; director of incorporation, IMSS, 2007. h—Private consultant, 1999–2001. i—Son of Salvador Reyes Nevárez, author, journalist, director of Cultural Center, Toluca, and federal deputy from Durango, Dist. 3, 1976–1979, and Beatriz Pruneda, journalist. j—None. k—None. l—Pescador, 212–213; www.imss .gob.mx, 2008. Reyes Retana Dahl, Héctor Federico

a—May 27, 1946. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; industrial engineering degree from Ibero-American University, 1966–1969; MA in business administration from Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., 1970–1972; professor, IberoAmerica University, 1973–1974. d—None. e—None. f—Official, Bank of Mexico, 1973–1982; assistant director of international operations, 1982–1985, director of

international operations, Bank of Mexico, 1985–1988; director general, National Foreign Trade Bank, 2003–2006. g—Vice president, Mexican Bankers’ Association, 2000–2001. h—Managing director, Confia Bank, 1988–1991; executive vice president of commercial banking, Banco Mexicano, 1992–1993. i—Son of Héctor Reyes Retana Rivero, surgeon, and Alicia Dahl Cortés; married Graciela de la Torre Pérez, director, San Carlos National Museum, 1975–1989, and director general of liberal arts, UNAM, 2004; step-brother Óscar, coordinator of advisers to assistant secretary of operations, Secretariat of Communications and Transportation, 1987; nephew of Óscar Reyes Retana y Rivero, assistant secretary of tax inspection, 1976–1979. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM89, 297; www.fox.presidencia.gob .mx, 2008; DBGM87, 325. Reyes Retana y Rivero, Óscar a—Feb. 18, 1922. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, 1940–1944. d—None. e—Joined PRI, 1951. f—Lawyer, Legal Department, National Railroads of Mexico, Secretariat of Communications and Transportation, 1945–1956; assistant director and director of personnel, and director of Legal Department, PEMEX, 1945–1971; director of customs, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1972–1976; assistant secretary of tax inspection, Secretariat of the Treasury; adviser to director general of PEMEX, 1979–1984; director general, National Fund for Development of Ports, Secretariat of Communications and Transportation, 1980–1988. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Ismael Reyes Retana Nájera, agricultural engineer, and Mercedes Rivero Martínez; married Amalia Márquez Padilla; brother Héctor, father of Héctor Federico Reyes Retana Dahl, director general of the Foreign Trade Bank; son Óscar, coordinator of advisers to the assistant secretary of operations, Secretariat of Communications and Transportation, 1987. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM87, 326.

798  m e xic a n p oli t i c a l b i o g ra ph i e s , 1935–20 0 9 Reyes Spíndola (y Prieto), Octavio

(Deceased 1967) a—Aug. 24, 1892. b—Federal District. c—Law degree. d—Federal deputy from State of Oaxaca, 1943–1946, Dist. 5. e—None. f—Protocol attaché, Independence Centennial, 1921; chief secretary, embassy in Brazil, 1922; 2nd secretary, Guatemala, 1928; 2nd secretary‑in‑charge, Guatemala, 1929; 2nd secretary to Spain, 1930; 2nd secretary‑in‑charge, Spain, 1930; 1st secretary‑in‑charge, Spain, 1931; chargé d’affaires, Panama, 1934; ambassador to Cuba, 1938–1939; ambassador to Chile, 1939–1941; ambassador to Argentina, 1942– 1943; consul, Miami, Fla., 1956; alternate member, Advisory Council for the Small Business Bank of the Federal District, 1950; adviser to president of Mexico. g—None. h—Author of several articles. i—Son of Rafael Reyes Spíndola, Oaxacan journalist who founded Mexico City newspaper El Universal, 1888, and El Imparcial, 1896, and served as secretary-general of government of Michoacán, 1885. j—Participated in European Front during World War I. k—Kirk claims that Reyes Spíndola was the foreign service officer who most avidly pushed the Revolution abroad. l—DGF51, II, 377; C de D, 1943–1945, 19; Peral, 680–681; DP70, 1758; WWM45, 101; DGF56, 139; DGF50, II, 413; Q es Q, 495. Reyes Tayabas, Jorge a—Apr. 28, 1922. b—Orizaba, Veracruz. c—Early education unknown; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, 1939–1942; LLD from National School of Law, UNAM, 1951–1958; professor of law, Latin American University, 1954–1955. d—None. e—None. f—Secretary, Criminal Courts, Federal District, 1944– 1946; agent, Ministerio Público, 1946–1950; secretary of studies and accounts, Supreme Court of Justice, 1955–1958; district judge, Querétaro and Federal District, 1979–1986; assistant attorney general “2” of processes, Office of the Attorney General of Mexico, 1986–1991; director general of legal affairs, Office of the Attorney General, Federal District, 1991. g—None. h—Director, Criminal

Department, American Finance, 1947–1948; director, Reyes Tayabas law firm, 1959–1979. i—Son of Carlos Reyes Feria, railroad worker, and Concepción Tayabas Montiel. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM89, 326; DBGM92, 312. Reyes Vayssade, Martín a—Dec. 2, 1936. b—Torreón, Coahuila. c—Early education unknown; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, 1955–1963; journalism studies at National School of Political and Social Sciences, UNAM, 1955–1956; professor of journalism, Woman’s University of Mexico, 1958–1960; professor, Higher Normal School of Mexico, 1965–1968; professor, National Preparatory School No. 1, 1966–1968; professor, National School of Economics, UNAM, 1974–1975. d—None. e—Joined PRI, 1974; assistant secretary of information, CEN of PRI, 1981–1982. f—Private secretary to director general of higher education, Secretariat of Public Education, 1964–1967; director, Publications Department, Social Welfare Division, Secretariat of Labor, 1971–1972; department head, Division of Information and Public Relations, Secretariat of Programming and Budget, 1979–1981; director general, Churubusco Azteca Studies, Secretariat of Government, 1982–1985; director general of publications, Office of the Assistant Secretary of Culture, Secretariat of Public Education, 1985–1986; assistant secretary of culture, Secretariat of Public Education, 1986–1988. g—None. h—Director of public relations, Grupo ICA, 1972–1979. i—Son of Jaime Reyes Hernández, surgeon, and Rosa Vayssade Coudurier, teacher; married Eunice Cortés Gutiérrez, sociologist. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM87, 326; Musacchio, 348. Reyes Velázquez y Carlos, Pedro

(Deceased) a—June 5, 1915. b—Lagos de Moreno, Jalisco. c—Secondary and preparatory studies at Institute of Science, Guadalajara, Jalisco; MA in letters from School of Philosophy and Letters, University of Guadalajara; professor, Technological Institute of Higher Studies, Monterrey, 1943; library

t he b io g ra phies  799

director, Technological Institute of Higher Studies, Monterrey; founder and director, Department of Language and Literature, ITESM; professor of literature and language, ITESM, 1943; professor of journalism, School of Communications, University of Nuevo León, 1943; visiting professor, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tenn.; professor emeritus, ITESM. d—Federal deputy from State of Nuevo León, Dist. 2, 1964– 1967. e—Member, PAN, 1943; PAN candidate for federal deputy, 1946, 1958; national adviser, CEN of PAN, 1959–1965; president, PAN, Nuevo León, 1964–1968. f—None. g—None. h—Writer, El Norte and El Porvenir; director, Department of Social Work, Ladrillera (Lamosa), Monterrey, 1941–1943. i—Son of Mercado Velázquez and Pedro Reyes Vázquez; married María del Refugio Romo Portugal. j—None. k—None. l—C de D, 1964–1967; La Nación, Apr. 23, 1973; Pérez Franco, 278; WNM. Reyna García, José Jesús a—Feb. 22, 1952. b—Morelia, Michoacán. c—Early education unknown; law degree from National School of Law, University of Michoacán; professor, University of Michoacán, 1977–1981. d—Federal deputy from State of Michoacán, Dist. 11, 2000–2003; local deputy, State Legislature of Michoacán, 2004–2006; plurinominal federal deputy from PRI, 2006–2009. e—Legal adviser, IEPES of PRI, 1980–1981; president, PRI, Michoacán, 2000–2001, 2002–2004; member, National Council of PRI. f—Private secretary to governor of Michoacán, 1974–1978; assistant attorney general, Michoacán, 1978–1980, 1992–1994; regional director, National Workers’ Housing, 1983–1988; director of operations, National Workers’ Housing, 1988–1992; logistics Manager, CONASUPO, 1992; secretary of government, Michoacán, 1994–1996; coordinator of advisers to oficial mayor, Secretariat of Government, 1996–1997; assistant director general of government, Secretariat of Government, 1997–2000. g—None. h—None. i—Son of José de Jesús Reyna Cabrera

and Rosa María García Carrera. j—None. k—None. l—www.primich.org.mx, 2008; QesQ en el Congreso, 2000–2003, 241–242; www.diputados.gob.mx, 2006–2009; DCM, 2000–2003, 172; Directorio del Congreso, 2006–2009, 427; Musacchio, 349. Reynés Beresaluce, Nicolás a—July 13, 1929. b—Villahermosa, Tabasco. c—Elementary and secondary studies in Tabasco; preparatory studies at National Preparatory School; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, 1947–1951. d—Senator from Tabasco, 1976–1982; federal deputy from State of Tabasco, Dist. 1, 1985–1988, president of Gran Comisión, 1987–1988; senator from Tabasco, 1988–1994, president of Gran Comisión. e—Joined PRI, 1954; general delegate of CEN of PRI, Tamaulipas and Puebla, 1969; general delegate of CEN of PRI, Jalisco and Yucatán, 1981–1982; secretary of political action, CEN of PRI, 1985–1988. f—Auxiliary secretary to assistant secretary of government, 1953; director, Office of Regularizing Foreigners, Secretariat of Government, 1954; private secretary to governor of Tabasco, 1955–1958; agent, Ministerio Público, 1959–1960; assistant director of prior complaints, Office of the Attorney General of the Federal District, 1960–1964; director general, Cozumel, Xelha, and Caribbean Trust Fund, NAFIN, 1974–1976. g—President, Student University Federation, UNAM; director, Legal Department, CNC, 1971–1973; general delegate, CNC, Morelos, Oaxaca, Coahuila, 1980–1981. h—None. i—Son of Jaime Antonio Reynés Escales, rancher, and Petra Berezaluce Pérez; married Carmen María Manzur Priego; brother Jaime, controller, Villahermosa. j—None. k—None. l—Integrantes; DBGM89, 522; DBGM87, 549; DBGM92, 556; DBGM84, 351–352. Reynoso Femat, Luis Armando a—Aug. 15, 1957. b—Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes. c—Elementary and secondary studies at Aguascalientes Institute; preparatory studies at ITESM; civil engineering degree from ITESM, 1980. d—Mayor, Aguascalientes,

800  m e xic a n p oli t i c a l b i o g ra ph i e s , 1935–20 0 9

1999–2001; governor, Aguascalientes, 2004–2010. e—Joined PAN, 1995; member, PAN Committee, Aguascalientes, 1996–1997. f—None. g—Vice president, National Chamber of Construction Industries, 1985–1986. h—Engineer, various firms in Monterrey and Aguascalientes; founder, construction firm Grupo Inmobiliario Reynoso Femat. i—Son of Felipe Reynoso Jiménez, lawyer, mayor of Aguascalientes, 1975–1977, Notary Public No. 7, and assistant secretary of government, Aguascalientes, and Graciela Femat; grandson of José Refugio Reynoso Padilla and Eugenia Jiménez Martín; married María del Carmelín López López; sister Maria de Lourdes Reynoso Femat, plurinominal federal deputy from PAN, 2009–2012. j—None. k—None. l—www.muniags.gob.mx, 2008; Pérez Franco, 278–279; www.pan.org.mx, 2008; www.aguascalientes.gob.mx/gobierno/go bernador, 2009. Reynoso (Gutiérrez), Brígido (Deceased) a—1890s. b—Juchipila, Zacatecas. c—No formal education; self-educated. d—Federal deputy from State of Zacatecas, Dist. 3, 1943–1946; senator from State of Zacatecas, 1952–1958, member of Special Legislative Studies Committee, 1st secretary of 2nd Government Committee, 2nd secretary of Public Education Committee, 1st secretary of National Property and Resources Committee. e—None. f—None. g—None. h—Owner, La Mezquita sugar mill; peasant as a young man. i—Brother of Leobardo Reynoso Gutiérrez, senator from Zacatecas, 1934–1940, and governor, 1944–1950, who raised him and his 4 brothers starting when Brígido was 11; son of Brígido Reynoso, campesino who joined the Revolution and was killed 3 days later, and María Gutiérrez Reynoso, campesina; Leobardo ground and made chocolate for his mother to sell in Guadalajara. j—None. k—None. l—Ind. Biog., 130; C de D, 1943–1946; C de S, 1952– 1958; DGF56; www.juchipila.com, 2008. Reynoso (Gutiérrez), Leobardo

(Deceased Feb. 5, 1993) a—Jan. 18, 1902.

b—Juchipila, Zacatecas. c—Elementary studies in Zacatecas, self-educated; no degree. d—Federal deputy from State of Zacatecas, Dist. 3, 1932–1934, member of Gran Comisión; senator from State of Zacatecas, 1934–1940, president of Revolutionary Bloc in Senate, secretary of Revolutionary Bloc, president of Permanent Commission; federal deputy from State of Zacatecas, Dist. 3, 1940–1943, member of Gran Comisión, president of 1st Instructive Sec. of the Grand Jury, president of Policy Control Committee (1st and 2nd years); governor, Zacatecas, 1944–1950. e—Secretary, CEN of PNR, 1935. f—Began career as assistant to paymaster of Congress, 1920; cashier, Senate, 1924–1926; paymaster, Senate, 1926–1932; ambassador to Portugal, 1958–1961; ambassador to Guatemala, 1963–1965; ambassador to Denmark, 1965–1970. g—None. h—Campesino in youth; raised 5 brothers by making chocolate for his mother to sell in Guadalajara after his father died in the Revolution in 1913; worked in United States; bought first of many ranches, on which he raised milk cows, El Fresno, Zacatecas, 1925. l—Son of Brígido Reynoso, peasant, and María Gutiérrez Reynoso, peasant; brother Brígido Reynoso served as federal deputy from Zacatecas, Dist. 3, 1943–1946, and senator, 1952–1958; married Elisa Ron Monroy. j—None. k—Brandenburg considered him to be in the Inner Circle of influence in the 1940s; some observers consider him the last influential state political boss. l—HA, Sept. 24, 1950, 24; HA, Sept. 28, 1945, 10; DGF61, 24; C de D, 1940–1942; C de S, 1934–1940; letter; Brandenburg, 44–46, 80; Excélsior, Sept. 5, 1973, 18; www.oem.com.mx/elsolde zacatecas, 2010; www.e-local, 2007. Riba y Rincón (Gallardo), Luis a—Oct. 20, 1934. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; law degree from Free Law School, Oct. 23, 1957, with thesis on international double taxation; professor, National School of Business, UNAM; professor,

t he b io g ra phies  801

course in taxes, Graduate School of Business Administration, UNAM. d—None. e—None. f—Tax investigator, Secretariat of the Treasury; private secretary to director of income taxes, Secretariat of the Treasury, Hugo B. Margáin, 1955–1956, 1958–1959; private secretary to oficial mayor of industry and commerce, Hugo B. Margáin, 1959–1961; private secretary to assistant secretary of industry and commerce, Hugo B. Margáin, 1961–1964; general manager, National Association of Automobile Distributors, AC, 1965–1969; oficial mayor, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1970–1975. g—None. h—None. i—Married María Guadalupe Fernández del Valle. j—None. k—None. l—HA, Dec. 14, 1970, 21; DPE71, 27. Ricardo Tirado, José (Deceased 1969) a—Nov., 1907. b—Cuetzalan, Teziutlán, Puebla. c—Elementary studies in Teziutlán and Puebla, Puebla; no degree. d—Federal deputy from State of Puebla, Dist. 8, 1946– 1949, member of Rules Committee; federal deputy from State of Puebla, Dist. 9, 1952– 1955, member of Complaints Committee and Rules Committee; federal deputy from State of Puebla, Dist. 8, 1958–1961, member of Administrative Committee; senator from Baja California del Norte, 1964–1969. e—Representative, CEN of PRI, State of Puebla, during presidential campaigns of 1946, 1952; general delegate, CEN of PRI, Baja California del Norte, 1953; president, PRI, Baja California del Norte; secretary of organization, CEN of PRI, 1968. f—Police chief, Tijuana, 1931; assistant director of cooperative development of patents and copyrights, Secretariat of Industry and Commerce; director, Federal Judicial Police; representative of Baja California del Norte in Mexico City, 1959–1964. g—Ejido leader. j—None. k—None. l—Func., 325; C de D, 1946–1949, 85; C de D, 1952–1955, 18, 65, 66; C de D, 1958–1961, 89; Aguirre, 513. Rico Ferrat, Carlos Marcelino

(Deceased Jan., 2010) a—1950. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; degree in international relations from

Colegio de México; MA in diplomatic studies from Matías Romero Institute, Secretariat of Foreign Relations; PhD candidate in government, Harvard University, 1980–1982; professor, Colegio de México, 1987–1992; professor, CIDE, 1976–1980; director, U.S. studies, CIDE, 1983–1986; visiting professor, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, and Duke University, Durham, N.C., 1986–1987, and UCSD, 1983–1984. d—None. e—None. f—Joined Foreign Service, 1992; director general for Latin America and the Caribbean, 1997–1998, director general for North America, 1998–1999; consul, Boston, 1999–2002; minister of political affairs, Mexican embassy, Washington, DC; assistant secretary for North America and multilateral relations, 2006–2009. g—None. h—None. j—None. k—None. l—www.cos mos.ucc.ie/cs, 2010; www.sre.gob.mx, 2008; www.state.gov, Jan. 5, 2010. Rico Islas, Juan Felipe (Deceased 1975) a—Feb. 5, 1890. b—Federal District. c—Cadet at National Military College, 1906; graduated from National Military College as 2nd lieutenant, 1907. d—None. e—None. f—Governor, Baja California del Norte, Aug., 1944–Dec., 1946. g—None. h—None. j—Inspector in the army; fought in Orozco campaign; fought against Félix Díaz in Veracruz, 1912; member, Division of the North, under General Huerta; retired colonel, 1914–1920; returned to active service, fought against de la Huerta, 1923; fought against Escobar, 1929; commander, garrison, Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua, 1937; director, Technical Office, Secretariat of National Defense, 1940; rank of division general, Sept. 1, 1942; commander, Military Zone for Baja California del Norte, 1946. k—None. l—Peral, 683; WWM45, 102; López; Dávila, 130. Rico Samaniego, Luis Alberto a—Nov. 9, 1938. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; mechanical engineering degree from ITESM; MA in finance administration from University of Nuevo León; professor, ITESM, Saltillo Campus. d—Member, City Council, Saltillo,

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1992–1993; plurinominal federal deputy from PAN, 1994–1997; senator from Coahuila, 2000–2006. e—Joined PAN, 1985; president, PAN, Saltillo; president, PAN, Coahuila; member, National Council of PAN, 2001– 2004. f—None. g—None. h—Manager, numerous firms in Grupo Peñoles, 20 years. j—None. k—None. l—QesQ en el Congreso, 2000–2003, 313–314; Musacchio, 348; DCM, 200–203, 39–40. Rincón Castillejos, Martha Luz

a—Mar. 7, 1933. b—Tonalá, Chiapas. c—Urban teaching certificate; secondary teaching certificate; secondary teacher. d—Interim mayor; alternate federal deputy from State of Chiapas, Dist. 1, 1964–1967, under Jesús Cancino Casahonda; federal deputy from State of Chiapas, Dist. 1, 1967–1970. e—Director of women’s action, PRI, State of Chiapas. f—None. g—Member, Local No. 7, SNTE; president, Teachers’ Athenaeum of Chiapas. h—None. i—Brother of Romeo Rincón Castillejos, federal deputy from Chiapas, 1970–1973, and mayor of Tuxtla Gutiérrez. j—None. k—None. l—Directorio, 1967–1970; C de D, 1964–1967; www.cronica.diputados.gob.mx, Mar. 7, 1972. Rincón Coutiño, Valentín (Deceased July 6, 1968) a—Oct. 8, 1907. b—Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas. c—Elementary studies in Tuxtla Gutiérrez; preparatory studies at National Preparatory School; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, 1926; professor of civil law, National School of Law, UNAM; professor, School of Law, University of Jalapa. d—Federal deputy from State of Chiapas, Dist. 1, 1949–1952, member of 2nd Justice Committee. e—None. f—Judge of 1st instance; president, Superior Tribunal of Justice, State of Veracruz; president, Superior Tribunal of Justice, Federal District and Federal Territories, 1940. g—Founder, Social Front of Lawyers. h—Coauthor of Civil Code of Procedures, State of Veracruz; president, Mexican Society of Geography and Statistics, 1966–1967; author of numerous articles on law and

history. i-Daughter Gilda Rincón Orta, federal circuit court judge, Chiapas; married Ángela Orta Montejano. j—None. k—Freemason; Grand Master, Grand Lodge of Valley of Mexico. l—DP70, 1763; DGF51, I, 34; C de D, 1949–1951; Enc. Mex., XI, 133; DBC, 209–210; www.cjf.gob.mx, 2008. Rincón Gallardo (Meltis), Gilberto

(Deceased Aug. 30, 2008) a—May 15, 1939. b—Federal District. c—Preparatory studies at Instituto Patria; legal studies at National School of Law, UNAM, 1956–1961, graduating with thesis on Art. 39 of the Constitution, 1962; professor of the theory of the state, School of Political and Social Science, UNAM, 1963. d—Plurinominal federal deputy from PCM, 1979–1982; plurinominal federal deputy from PRD, 1991–1994; e—Supported presidential campaign of PAN candidate Luis H. Álvarez, 1958; member, MLN, 1961, where he met Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas; joined PCM, 1962–1981; founder and secretary of organization, Peoples’ Electoral Front, which ran Ramón Danzos Palominos for president, 1964; member, PCM Central Committee, 1963–1981; secretary of political education, PCM, 1963–1981; representative, PCM Central Committee, Federal Electoral Commission, 1979; secretary-general, PCM, Federal District, 1980; secretary of international relations, CEN of PSUM, 1981–1987; cofounder, PMS, 1986; secretarygeneral, PMS, 1987–1989; member, PRD, 1989–1997; member, CEN of PRD, 1994– 1997; cofounder and presidential candidate, PSD, 1999–2000. g—Member, CCI; president, National Council to Prevent Discrimination, 2003. i—Son of Gilberto Rincón Gallardo Gallardo, CPA, and Blanca Meltis González; family considered one of the twelve most influential during Porfiriato, and family members held cabinet posts; married Silvia Pavón Hampshire, niece of Carlos Franco Sodi and teacher, whom he met during 1958 teachers’ strike; became friends with Bishop Onésimo Cepeda as student at Instituto Patria. j—None. k—Participated in railroad workers’ strike,

t he b io g ra phies  803

1958; imprisoned in Lecumberri Prison, July, 1968–Dec., 1971, for his participation in 1968 student strike; imprisoned 32 times for political activities. l—HA, Feb. 26, 1979, 4; Protag., 291; www.imagen.com.mx, 2008; Cien Nombres, 277–283. Ríos Bernal, Jaime Tomás a—Apr. 30, 1952. b—Córdoba, Veracruz. c—Early education unknown; veterinary degree from UNAM; degree in philosophy from UNAM. d—Mayor, Córdoba, 1995–1997; federal deputy from State of Veracruz, Dist. 16, 2000–2003. e—Joined PAN, 1995; adviser, State Committee of PAN, Veracruz, 1999; national adviser, PAN, 1998–2000. f—Assistant secretary of rural property, Secretariat of Agrarian Reform, 2009– . g—Vice president of tourism, CANACO, Córdoba, 1989. h—Director and owner, Grupo Los Portales, 1998– . j—None. k—None. l—QesQ en el Congreso, 2000–2003, 86; www.sra .gob.mx, 2010. Ríos Elizondo, Roberto (Deceased Jan. 9, 1978) a—Apr. 18, 1918. b—Federal District. c—Preparatory studies at National Preparatory School; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, Oct. 18, 1944; LLD from National School of Law, UNAM, Apr. 26, 1975; professor of 1st and 2nd courses in administrative law, National School of Law, UNAM; professor of fiscal legislation, Higher School of Commerce, IPN; professor of fiscal legislation, School of Commerce, UNAM. d—None. e—None. f—Assistant director, Technical Fiscal Department, Treasury of the Federal District; director, Technical Fiscal Department, Treasury of the Federal District, 1947–1950; director, Legal Department, Treasury of the Federal District, 1950–1952; fiscal attorney, Department of the Federal District, 1952– 1954; assistant treasurer, Department of the Federal District, 1954–1964; oficial mayor, Secretariat of Public Works, 1964–1970; secretary-general, IMSS, 1970–1971; secretary-general “D,” Department of the Federal District, 1971–1973; secretary of works and service, Department of the Federal

District, 1973–1976; justice, Supreme Court, 1977–1978. g—None. h—Representative of Department of the Federal District to Secretariat of the Presidency; coauthor, fiscal and administrative laws, Department of the Federal District, 1947; author of many articles and essays on administrative law and fiscal subjects; president, Mexican Academy of Administrative Law, 1966. i—Married Carmen Ferrer; son Luis Roberto Ríos Ferrer was director general in Secretariat of Communications and Transportation, 1987, and assistant secretary, 1989. j—None. k—None. l—Libro de Oro, xxiv; DPE65, 116; DGF56, 487; DGF51, I, 509; HA, Dec. 21, 1964, 10; DPE61, 146; DBM68, 516–517; HA, Jan. 22, 1973, 36; Excélsior, Jan. 10, 1978, 4; HA, Jan. 16, 1978, 10; DBGM87, 328; www .scjn.gob.mx, 599–600, 2009; DP95, 2958. Ríos Ferrer, Luis Roberto a—Oct. 29, 1949. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, 1970–1974; MA in law from UNAM, 1975–1976; LLD from UNAM, 1976–1978; professor, National School of Law, UNAM, 1975–1976. d—None. e—Joined PRI, 1970; assistant director, CEPES of PRI, Federal District, 1976; assistant director of electoral action, CEN of PRI, 1981–1982. f—Lawyer, Office of the Federal Tax Attorney General, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1971–1973; department head, Legislative Studies, Chamber of Deputies, 1973; private secretary to director general, Federal Electoral Commission, Hugo Cervantes del Río, 1976–1978; general manager of rural electrification, CFE, 1978–1980; director of industrial parks, Secretariat of Communications and Transportation, 1980–1982; general manager of planning and airports, Secretariat of Communications and Transportation, 1983–1984; assistant director of airports Secretariat of Communications and Transportation, 1984– 1985; director general of ports, Secretariat of Communications and Transportation, 1985–1988; executive director of Mexican ports, Secretariat of Communications

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and Transportation, 1989–1992, assistant secretary of communications and technological development, 1992–1994. g—None. h—Partner, Ríos-Ferrer, Guillén-Llorena, and Treviño y Rivera law firm, 1994. i—Son of Roberto Ríos Elizondo, lawyer, oficial mayor of public works, 1964–1970, secretary-general “D” of Department of the Federal District, 1971–1973, and Supreme Court justice, 1977–1978, and Carmen Ferrer Barranco, teacher; married Ana Laura Artigas Zetina, educator. j—None. k—None. l—www.martindale.com, 2009; www.riosferrer.com.mx, 2009; DBGM92, 314; DBGM94, CD; DBGM87, 328. Ríos Piter, Armando a—1973. c—Early education unknown; economics degree from ITAM; law degree from ITAM; MA, national security studies at Georgetown University; MA candidate in public administration, JFK School of Government, Harvard University. d—Federal deputy from State of Guerrero, Dist. 3, 2009–2012. e—None. f—Technical coordinator to assistant director general, INFONAVIT; adviser to secretary of the treasury; coauthor, Plan Puebla Panama; assistant secretary of political affairs, Guerrero; director of political analysis, Office of the Presidency, 2001– 2003; assistant secretary of sectoral planning, Secretariat of Agrarian Reform, 2003–2005. g—None. h—None. j—None. k—None. l—www.oecd.org, 2008; www.sra.gob.mx /internet, 2009. Ríos Zertuche, Antonio (Deceased Oct. 19, 1981) a—Nov. 23, 1894. b—Saltillo, Coahuila. c—Elementary and secondary studies at Ateneo Fuente, Saltillo; no degree. d—None. e—None. f—Director, Department of Cavalry, Secretariat of War; inspector of police, Federal District, 1929; ambassador to France, 1945–1946. g—None. h—Constructed military bases in Tapachula, Chiapas, and Puerto Madero, Quintana Roo. i—Son of Jesús Ríos Zertuche and Florinda Cuellar; married Rafaela Brambia. j—Career army officer; joined army Jan. 5, 1914, as 2nd captain under General Jesús

Dávila Sánchez; Constitutionalist during the Revolution; participated in 130 battles; chief, 1st Regiment, Fieles Brigade, Oaxaca; commander, 7th Military Zone, Monterrey, Nuevo León; commander, 5th, 11th, 28th, 31st military zones; inspector general of the army, Sonora, Chihuahua, Zacatecas, Guerrero, and Chiapas; rank of division general, Dec. 31, 1943; attached to general staff, Secretariat of National Defense, 1944–1979; commander, 55th and 66th regiments; adviser to chief of staff, Secretariat of National Defense, 1981. k—Helped mechanize Mexican cavalry. l—López, 937; letter; HA, Nov. 9, 1981, 24; Diccionario, 147. Rius Facius, Antonio a—Sept. 23, 1918. b—Federal District. c—Completed elementary and secondary studies at public school in Mexico City; studies in Mexican history and literature at UNAM; no degree. d—None. e—Member, CEN of PAN, 1961– 1962, 1966–1968; president, PAN, Federal District, 1961; PAN candidate for federal deputy, 1961, 1964. f—None. g—Director, Mexican Catholic Action Youth, 1940; founder, Association of Businesses of the Central District of Mexico City. h—Journalist; editor, El Norte, Chihuahua, 1943–1944, España, 1955–1960; contributor to many newspapers; manager, Almacenes Cataluña, 1945; manager, Plastimpresos, 1945; manager, Telas Ahuladas, SA, 1945–1983; manager, Confecciones Plásticos, SACV, 1983–1990; poet and author of numerous articles and books. i—Son of Magín Rius Figueres and Pilar Facius, Spanish immigrants; married Amalia Abbud. j—None. k—None. l—Enc. Mex., XI, 141; WNM, 91; Pérez Franco, 283–285. Riva Palacio (López), Antonio a—Apr. 26, 1928. b—Cuautla, Morelos. c—Early education unknown; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, 1946–1951; professor of law, School of Law, Autonomous University of Morelos, 1964. d—Federal deputy from State of Morelos, Dist. 1, 1976–1979; president, Chamber of Deputies, 1977, 1979; senator from State of Morelos,

t he b io g ra phies  805

1982–1987, president of Gran Comisión, 1982–1987; governor, Morelos, 1988–1994. e—Joined PRI, 1946; secretary of youth action, CEN of PRI, 1946; aide to youth director, CEN of PRI, 1957; secretary of political action, CEN of PRI, 1986. f—President, Federal Board of Conciliation and Arbitration, Morelos, 1958–1960; secretarygeneral of government, State of Morelos, 1960–1964; adviser to assistant secretary of government, 1982; ambassador to Ecuador, 1994–1998. g—CNC delegate, Michoacán, 1977; secretary of contracts, CEN of CNC, 1977–1980. h—Practicing lawyer, 1949–1958, 1964–1976. i—Son of Mariano Riva Palacio San Vicente, businessman, and Purísima López Acosta; married Macaría Than Clemente; stepbrother Enrique Riva Palacio was federal deputy from State of Mexico, 1982–1985, 1988–1991. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM, 590; Lehr; DBGM92, 820; DBGM89, 738; DBGM87, 551; HA, Dec. 1, 1987, 21; Pescador, 218. Riva Palacio (Velasco), Carlos a—July 8, 1935. b—Texcoco, State of Mexico. c—Early education unknown; medical degree from National School of Medicine, UNAM, 1961; fellowship in labor medicine to ILO, Germany, 1962. d—Federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. 3, 1976–1979. e—Secretary of popular action, CEN of PRI, 1979. f—None. g—President, National Vigilance Committee, Union of Workers, Secretariat of Labor, 1963–1966; assistant secretary of labor and conflicts, Union of Workers of the ISSSTE, 1969–1972; secretary of organization, Sec. 3, Union of Workers of ISSSTE; secretary of planning and statistics, Union of Workers of ISSSTE, 1972–1973; secretary-general, Union of Workers of the ISSSTE, 1973–1978; president, Subcommittee on Labor and Legislation, FSTSE, 1977; president, Subcommittee on Organization, FSTSE, 1978; president, National Committee on Labor and Legislation, FSTSE, 1978–1979; secretary-general, FSTSE, 1977–1980; secretary-general, CNOP, 1979. i—Son of Emilio Riva Palacio Morales, governor of Morelos, 1964–1970; grandson

of Carlos Riva Palacio, president of PNR, 1933–1934, and secretary of government under President Calles. j—None. k—None. l—Almanaque de México, 57, 484; Protag., 292; C de D, 1976–1979. Rivas Guillén, Genovevo (Deceased 1947) a—Jan. 3, 1886. b—Rayón, San Luis Potosí. c—Elementary studies at Public School No. 1, Tampico, Tamaulipas; no degree. d—None. e—None. f—Provisional governor, San Luis Potosí, 1938–1939, replacing Mateo Hernández Netro, who joined Cedillo rebellion. g—None. h—Worked in a general store; worked in photography; self-employed farmer. i—Father, Francisco Rivas, was captured and shot by Victoriano Huerta during the Revolution, July 17, 1913; mother, Manuela Guillén. j—Joined Constitutional Army as private, Dec. 8, 1913, as member of 4th Squad, 25th Regiment, San Luis Potosí; as lieutenant colonel, fought North American troops under General Pershing, Carrizal, Chihuahua, 1916; fought Cristeros, 1926–1928; rank of brigadier general, Apr. 1, 1928; rank of Division general, 1933; commander, 15th Military Zone, Guadalajara, Jalisco, 1937; commander, 12th Military Zone, San Luis Potosí, 1938; fought against Cedillo, 1938; commander, Military Zone of Querétaro, Oaxaca, and Sonora. k—None. l—DP70, 1770–1771; WWM45, 102; D del Y, May 27, 1938, 1; Peral, 690; Q es Q, 500–501; Enc. Mex., XI, 144; López, 938. Rivera Aceves, Carlos a—June 29, 1941. b—Guadalajara, Jalisco. c—Early education unknown; law degree from University of Guadalajara, 1958–1962; secondary school teacher; preparatory school teacher. d—Federal deputy from State of Jalisco, Dist. 13, 1973–1976; member, City Council, Guadalajara, 1977–1979; federal deputy from State of Jalisco, Dist. 13, 1979–1982; mayor, Zapopan, 1989–1990. e—Special delegate, CEN of PRI, Tamaulipas, 1977; president, PRI, Jalisco, 1977–1979, 1990–1992; regional delegate, CEN of PRI, Yucatán, Tabasco, Chiapas, Quintana Roo, 1978–1979; general delegate, CEN of PRI, Yucatán,

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1979; general delegate, CEN of PRI, 1999. f—Director of investigations, Office of the Attorney General, Tabasco, 1963–1965; director of public relations, Jalisco; substitute governor, Jalisco, 1992–1995. g—Secretary-general, CNOP, Jalisco, 1971–1977; secretary-general, National Federation of Cargo Trucks and Building Materials, 1975– 1977. h—None. i—Son of Carlos Rivera Castrejón, revolutionary and journalist, and Julia Aceves Padilla; married Olivia Miramontes Aguirre, coordinating secretary of education, Jalisco, 2008. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM94, CD; DBGM92, 822. Rivera Anaya, Manuel (Deceased May 9, 1978) a—Jan. 5, 1905. b—Chignahuapan, Puebla. c—Elementary studies in Huanchingo, Villa Juárez, Puebla, with some interruptions; preparatory studies at University of Puebla; completed 3 years of legal studies, University of Puebla; no degree. d—Member, City Council, Puebla, 1930; local deputy, 38th State Legislature of Puebla; federal deputy from State of Puebla, Dist. 2, 1955–1958, 1964–1967. e—Joined PNR, 1929. f—None. g—Student leader, Puebla, Puebla; joined Federation of Unions of Workers and Peasants of Puebla, 1926; militant, General Federation of Workers and Peasants of Mexico, 1933–1936; joined CTM, 1936; secretary-general, Regional Federation of Workers and Peasants of Puebla, 1938; labor representative on Federal Board of Conciliation and Arbitration, Puebla; secretary-general, National Proletariat Federation, 1942; cofounder, CROC, 1952; president of national political control, CEN of CROC; president, CROC, 1956. h—Worked as carpenter in youth to help support family. i—Son of Nemorio Rivero, revolutionary and chief of staff of Francisco I. Madero Brigade and participant in Convention of Aguascalientes, 1914. j—Served as assistant to General Esteban Márquez, his father’s superior officer, 1916. k—None. l—Ind. Biog., 131; C de D, 1955–1958; C de D, 1964–1967; www.cronica.diputados.gob.mx, Sept. 1, 1978.

Rivera Cisneros, Martha Leticia a—Oct. 30, 1965. b—Naica, Chihuahua. c—Early education unknown; degree in social sciences from Benito Juárez Higher Normal School, Morelos; accounting studies at Cuahunáhuac University, Cuernavaca, Morelos. d—Alternate plurinominal federal deputy from PAN, 1991–1994; member, City Council, Cuernavaca, 1997–2000; local deputy, State Legislature of Morelos, 2000– 2003; plurinominal federal deputy from PAN, 2003–2006; senator from Morelos, 2006–2012. e—Joined PAN, 1987; secretary of training, PAN, Morelos, 1991–1993; secretary of the treasury, PAN, Morelos, 1995– 1996; secretary-general, PAN, Cuernavaca, 1996–1997; representative, CEN of PAN, 1994; national adviser, PAN, 2004–2007. f—Director of municipal services, Cuernavaca, 1997–2000. g—None. h—Owner, Plomería Dany, 1988–2006; partner, Loredo, Rivera, Associates, Accountants, 1990–1993. j—None. k—None. l—Directorio del Congreso, 2006–2009, 177; www.senado.gob. mx, 2008; www.diputados.gob.mx, 2003– 2006, 2008. Rivera Crespo, Felipe (Deceased) a—Oct. 9, 1908. b—Ciudad Jojutla, Morelos. c—Elementary studies in Jojutla and Federal District; engineering degree in topography from Higher School of Construction, IPN, 1928. d—Trustee attorney, City of Cuernavaca, 1935; mayor, Cuernavaca, 1955–1957, 1967–1969; alternate senator from State of Morelos, 1952–1958; governor, Morelos, 1970–1976. e—Secretary of agrarian action, PNR State Committee, Morelos, 1930; secretary-general, CNOP of PRI, State of Morelos, 1954. f—Assistant director of public works, State of Morelos, 1932; founder and president, local Highway Commission, State of Morelos, 1935–1970. g—Member, Mixed Agrarian Commission, Morelos, 1929; president, Association of Poultry Farmers of Morelos, 1966; president, Lions Club of Morelos, 1955. h—President, Tourism Board, Morelos, 1960. i—Half-brother Diódoro Rivera Uribe

t he b io g ra phies  807

was senator from Morelos, 1964–1970; son of Otilio Rivera; son Otilio Rivera Almada was alternate federal deputy from Morelos, Dist. 2, 1970–1973; grandson Otilio Rivera Navarro was president of PRI, Morelos, and alternate federal deputy from Morelos, Dist. 4, 1988–1991, Dist. 1, 1994–1997. j—None. k—None. l—DGF56, 6; letter; Hoy, May 20, 1972, 62–63; letter. Rivera Marín, María Guadalupe a—Oct. 23, 1924. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; economics degree from National School of Economics, UNAM, 1942–1944; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, 1942–1947; LLD from National School of Law, UNAM, 1952–1954, with thesis on colonial property rights; professor of labor movements, School of Political and Social Science, UNAM; professor of economic geography, Ibero-American University; professor of Mexican sociology, Ibero-American University, 1965–1967; professor, School of Architecture, Ibero-American University, 1957; professor, School of Business and Administration, UNAM, 1957; director general, Colegio del Bajío, 1986–1989. d—Federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. 22, 1961–1964, member of Penal Sec. of Legislative Studies Committee and Tax Committee; alternate federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. 26, 1973–1976; federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. 9, 1979–1982; alternate senator from Guanajuato, 1982–1988, in functions, 1984–1988. e—Joined PRI, 1961; assistant secretary of international affairs, CEN of PRI, 1983–1984. f—Analyst, Office of Insurance, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1944; analyst, Secretariat of Government Properties, 1947; researcher, writer, and adviser to director general, NAFIN, 1949–1954; director of investments, Housing Institute, 1958; technical adviser, Department of Rural Affairs, Department of the Federal District, 1967; Mexican representative at International Labor Conference, Geneva, 1955; chief, License Office, Department of the Federal District, 1966; director general of economic

studies, Department of the Federal District, 1970; ambassador to FAO, United Nations, Rome, 1977–1979; executive secretary, National Institute of Historical Studies of the Mexican Revolution, Secretariat of Government, 1989. g—None. h—Author. i—Daughter of world-renowned painter, Diego Rivera, cofounder of PCM, and Guadalupe Marín Preciado, author; mother later married poet Jorge Cuesta; sister Ruth Rivera Marín, painter, married painter Rafael Coronel; grandfather was schoolteacher and grandmother was an obstetrician; cousin of J. Ricardo Marín Ramos, senator from Nayarit, 1964–1970. j—None. k—First woman to win National Prize in Economics, 1955. l—Enc. Mex., XI, 151; C de D, 1961–1964, 88; López, 946; WWM45, 102; Romero Aceves, 729–780; Excélsior, Sept. 17, 1981, 5; HA, Oct. 22, 1979, 6; C de D, 1979–1982; DBGM92, 315. Rivera Pérez Campos, José (Deceased Oct. 23, 1989) a—Mar. 19, 1907. b—Celaya, Guanajuato. c—Elementary studies from Benito Juárez School, Mexico City; secondary studies in Mexico City; preparatory studies at National Preparatory School; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, 1931, with thesis on the justification of the state; professor of general history, National Preparatory School, 1929–1935; professor of the history of philosophical doctrines, National Preparatory School, 1932; professor of the history of political thought, UNAM, 1932; professor of introduction to the study of law, National School of Law, UNAM, 1932–1935; professor of the general theory of the state, National School of Law, UNAM, 1935–1948; secretary, University of Guanajuato, 1936; professor of the general theory of the state, University of Guanajuato; secretary-general, UNAM, 1946; LLD from National School of Law, UNAM, 1951. d—Alternate senator from Guanajuato, 1946–1952; senator from Guanajuato, 1970–1976, member of Permanent Committee and Gran Comisión, president of 2nd Justice Committee and 2nd Instructive Sec.

808  m e xic a n p oli t i c a l b i o g ra ph i e s , 1935–20 0 9

of the Grand Jury, and 1st secretary of Constitutional Affairs Committee. e—None. f—Judge, Superior Tribunal of Justice, State of Guanajuato, 1936, 1941–1946; secretarygeneral, PIPSA, 1937–1939; oficial mayor of labor, 1940; general attorney, Legal Department, National Railroads of Mexico, 1941–1945, 1947; director, Department of Legal Affairs, PEMEX, 1948–1952; justice, Supreme Court, 1954–1958, 1958–1964, 1964–1970, retired Mar. 31, 1970; director of legal affairs, Secretariat of Government, 1979–1980; assistant secretary of government (3), 1980–1982. g—None. h—Author of many works; consulting lawyer, Secretariat of Agriculture, 1932–1934, and Secretariat of the Treasury, 1935. i—Antonio Luna Arroyo, a close family friend; brother Ricardo, a practicing lawyer and formerly director of National Preparatory School; married Leticia Croche; began early career under Enrique Fernández Martínez in Guanajuato; important professor of José López Portillo. j—None. k—Outspoken critic of issues discussed in the Senate, 1974. l—DGF56, 567; DJBM, 120; DGF51, I, 6; DGF50, II, 281, 386; C de S, 1946–1952; C de S, 1970–1976; WNM, 192; López, 9443; C de S, 1970–1976, 84; Enc. Mex., XI, 152; Excélsior, Sept. 23, 1982, 4, 22; HA, Oct. 16, 1982, 15; www.scjn .gob.mx, 606–607, 2008; letter. Rivera Silva, Manuel (Deceased June 20, 1994) a—Apr. 28, 1913. b—Federal District. c—Elementary studies at public and private schools in the Federal District; secondary studies at Secondary School No. 1, Federal District; preparatory studies at National Preparatory School; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, 1937 (honorable mention), thesis published; professor of law, National School of Law, UNAM (23 years). d—None. e—None. f— Office of the Attorney General delegate to Federal District, 1937; minor judge, Federal District; criminal judge, Fifth Criminal Court; inspector general, Office of the Attorney General; assistant fiscal attorney for federal government; director general,

Division of Social Welfare, Secretariat of Labor, 1952–1958; interim justice, Supreme Court, 1958–1960; justice, Supreme Court, 1960–1964, 1964–1970, 1970–1973. g—Student activist and leader, National Preparatory School; founder, student intellectual magazine Barandal, 1931. h—Practiced law, 1937. i—Son of lawyer and judge Manuel Rivera Vázquez, who presided over the trial of Trotsky’s assassin, 1941, and Concepción Silva; married María Elvira Delgado; student of Luis Chico Goerne and Francisco González de la Vega. j—None. k—None. l—Justicia, July, 1967; DGF56, 398; WNM, 192; Excélsior, Feb. 29, 1960; www.scjn.gob .mx, 610–611, 2008. Rivera Uribe, Diódoro a—Dec. 19, 1916. b—Amacuzac, Morelos. c—Early education unknown; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, Oct. 13, 1943; professor, Federal District Judicial Police Training Academy; founding professor, course in agrarian law, University of Morelos; investigator, Institute of Historical Investigations, UNAM. d—Federal deputy from State of Morelos, 1961–1964, Dist. 1, president of Sugar Industry Committee, Editorial Committee, 4th Interparliamentary Committee; senator from State of Morelos, 1964–1970, member of Agrarian Department Committee, Indigenous Affairs Committee, Legislative Studies Committee, National Waters and Irrigation Committee, president of Treasury Committee secretary and vice president of Gran Comisión. e—General delegate of PRI to Yucatán, Quintana Roo, Oaxaca, San Luis Potosí, Guanajuato, and Tlaxcala; director, IEPES of PRI, Morelos; president, State Committee of PRI, Morelos. f—Agent, Ministerio Público, Office of the Attorney General; chief of special services, National Railroads of Mexico; chief, Federal Fiscal Police; assistant director, Federal Judicial Police; director, Campaign for the Control of the Drug Traffic in the Northwest; president, Superior Tribunal of Justice, State of Morelos. g—Secretary of organization, Federation of University

t he b io g ra phies  809

Students; president, Student Society, National School of Law, UNAM. h—Created Social Service System in federal agencies for 4th- and 5th-year students. i—Halfbrother of Felipe Rivera Crespo, governor of Morelos, 1970–1976. j—None. k—Organized private schools of the Federal District to support Cárdenas during petroleum expropriation, 1938. l—C de D, 1961–1963; C de S, 1964–1970; DBM68, 520–521. Rivero Serrano, Octavio a—July 15, 1929. b—Puebla, Puebla. c—Early education unknown; medical studies at National School of Medicine, UNAM, 1947–1952, graduating with honorable mention, May, 1953, with thesis on reconstruction of the trachea; professor of pulmonology, Graduate School of Medicine, UNAM, 1968; professor, Higher Institute of Rural Medicine, IPN; professor, National School of Medicine, UNAM, 1955–1977; dean, National School of Medicine, UNAM, 1977–1981; rector, UNAM, 1981–1985; coordinating director, University Program for the Environment, UNAM, 1991–1995; emeritus faculty, National School of Medicine, UNAM, 1998; researcher, Department of Postgraduate Studies Research, School of Medicine, UNAM, 2001. d—None. e—None. f—Executive secretary, General Health Council, Secretariat of Health, 1995–2001. g—None. h—Director, Department of Experimental Surgery, General Hospital, 1955–1967; assistant director of medicine, National Railroads of Mexico Hospital; assistant director of medicine, San Fernando Hospital; director of pulmonology, Secretariat of Communications Hospital, 1964–1966; director, Pulmonology Unit, General Hospital; assistant director general, General Hospital. j—None. k—None. l—Excélsior, Dec. 4, 1980, 1; Protag., 294; www.edumed.unam.mx, 2007. Riviello Bazán, Antonio a—Nov. 21, 1926. b—Federal District. c—Elementary studies at Efrén Valenzuela School, Mexico City; secondary studies at Secondary School No. 6, Mexico City; cadet at Heroic Military College, 1942–1944, graduating as 2nd

lieutenant; diploma in staff and command, Higher War College, 1950–1952, graduating Jan. 1, 1953; instructor, Higher War College, 1950, 1965; assistant director, Heroic Military College, 1965–1968. d—None. e—None. f—Secretary of national defense, 1988–1994. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Brigadier General Rodolfo Riviello Valdez and Concepción Bazán Peña; brother of General Rodolfo Riviello Bazán; married Victoria Vidrio Olivares. j—Joined army as cadet, July 16, 1942; rank of 1st lieutenant, July 1, 1946; officer, Motorized Brigade, 1944–1949; officer, 32nd Infantry Battalion, 1949–1950; attached to staff of Secretariat of National Defense, 1953; officer, commando group, Presidential Guards, 1953; staff officer, 24th Military Zone, Cuernavaca, Morelos, 1953–1957; rank of 1st captain, Nov. 20, 1957; company commander and chief of instruction, 43rd infantry Battalion, 1958–1960; rank of major, Nov. 20, 1959; assigned to the 22nd Military Zone, Toluca, State of Mexico, 1959–1960; assistant chief of staff, 19th Military Zone, Villa Cuauhtémoc, Veracruz, 1960–1962; second in command, 43rd infantry Battalion, 1962–1963; rank of lieutenant colonel, Nov. 20, 1963; rank of Colonel, Nov. 20, 1968; commander, 4th infantry Battalion, 1968–1970; assistant chief of staff, Secretariat of National Defense, 1970–1973; rank of brigadier general, 1973; chief of staff, 2nd Military Zone, El Cipres, Baja California, 1973; commander, 3rd Military Zone, La Paz, Baja California del Sur, 1973–1976; commander, 21st Military Zone, Morelia, Michoacán, 1977–1980; rank of division general, 1977; commander, 25th Military Zone, Puebla, Puebla, 1980–1982; inspector general of the army and air force, 1983–1984; military attaché to Spain, 1985–1986; inspector general, Secretariat of National Defense, 1987–1988. k—None. l—Rev. de Ejer., Nov., 1983, 38; Rev. de Ejer., Feb., 1960, 22; Rev. de Ejer., Nov., 1968, 54; QesQAP, 84; DBGM, 356; Rev. de Ejer., Aug., 1975, 144; DBGM89, 300; DBGM87, 331; DBGM92; Rev. de Ejer., Dec., 1988, 11–12.

810  m e xic a n p oli t i c a l b i o g ra ph i e s , 1935–20 0 9 Rizzo García, Sócrates a—Sept. 14, 1945. b—Linares, Nuevo León. c—Early education unknown; began studies in medicine but switched to economics, on government scholarship, Autonomous University of Nuevo León, 1964–1969, with thesis titled “The Elementary Determinants of Monetary Demand and Supply in Mexico”; MA in economics from Colegio de México, 1969–1971; PhD in economics from University of Chicago, 1971–1975; professor of economics, IPN and ITAM, 1975–1976; professor, Monterrey Technological Institute of Higher Studies and UAM, 1977; professor, UNAM, 1978–1979; professor, University of Chicago, 1978–1982. d—Federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. 38, 1985–1988, president of Budget Committee; mayor, Monterrey, Nuevo León; governor, Nuevo León, 1991–1996. e—Joined PRI, 1960; president, PRI, Nuevo León. f—Adviser to general coordinator of social and economic programs, Secretariat of the Presidency, 1975–1976; adviser to general manager of industrial programs, NAFIN, 1976–1977; chief of advisers to director general, NAFIN, 1970–1979; director of treasury policy studies, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1979–1981; director of macroeconomic analysis, Secretariat of Programming and Budget, 1982–1983; director general of economic and social policy, Secretariat of Programming and Budget, 1982–1985. g—Member, Spartacus Leninist League as student; secretary of planning and development, CEN of CNOP of PRI, 1965–1987. h—Worked as ticket taker, Monterrey-Reynosa bus route, as a boy; fruit seller, Florida Market, Monterrey. i—Son of Agapito Neftali Rizzo Rizzo, public employee, who was often unemployed during son’s childhood, and Jovita García Decanini; married Alma Elisa Reyes Martínez, economist; began political activities under Arturo de la Garza leftist study groups, 1962–1963; political disciple of Leopoldo Solís, who arranged his first job in the Secretariat of the Presidency; friend of Carlos Salinas since career in Office of the

Presidency. j—None. k—Resigned as governor Apr. 18, 1996. l—El Nacional, Mar. 17, 1991, 7; Proceso, Feb. 25, 1991, 16; DBGM87, 552; DBGM92, 823.

Robinson Bours Castelo, José Eduardo

a—Dec. 17, 1956. b—Ciudad Obregón, Sonora. c—Early education unknown; degree in industrial systems engineering from ITESM. d—Senator from Sonora, 2000–2003; governor, Sonora, 2003–2009. e—Joined PRI, 1973; coordinator of financial donations to Francisco Labastida’s presidential campaign, 1999–2000; member, Rebirth Group, PRI, 2001. f—Represented private sector in NAFTA negotiations, 1997–1998. g—President, CCE, 1997–1999. h—Director, Bachoco, 1980–1992; director general and president of Board of Directors, Del Monte Produce, 1994–1996; member, Board of Directors, of Hérdez, Banca Serfin, Mexican Stock Exchange, NAFIN. i—Son of Javier Robinson Bours Almada, businessman, mayor of Cajeme, 1967–1970, and federal deputy from Sonora, Dist. 4, 1970–1973, and Alma Castelo Valenzuela; married Lourdes Laborín Gómez; nephew of Enrique Robinson Bours Almada, leading Mexican entrepreneur and member of CMHN; brother Francisco Javier, president of Bachoco; brother Ricardo, mayor of Cajeme, 2000–2003; grandson of Alfonso Bours Robinson Monteverde. j—None. k—None. l—www.sonora.gob.mx, 2008; QesQ en el Congreso, 2000–2003, 365; Musacchio, 353. Robledo Cabello, Luis a—May 14, 1935. b—Saltillo, Coahuila. c—Early education unknown; civil engineering degree from National School of Engineering, UNAM, 1958–1962; MA degree in public works planning from UNAM, 1966; professor, National School of Engineering and National School of Economics, UNAM, 1959–1966. d—None. e—Collaborator, IEPES of PRI, 1976; speaker at popular consultation meetings, IEPES of PRI, 1982. f—Chief, Division of Operations and Conservation of Potable Water, Secretariat of Hydraulic Resources,

t he b io g ra phies  811

1973–1974; assistant director general of studies, Secretariat of Hydraulic Resources, 1974–1975; executive secretary, Water Commission, Valle de México, 1975–1980; director general of water storage and transfer, Secretariat of Agriculture and Hydraulic Resources, 1980–1981; assistant secretary of hydraulic infrastructure, Secretariat of Hydraulic Resources, 1981–1982; projects director, National Water Commission, 1998. g—None. h—None. j—None. k—None. l—DAPC81; www.universia.net.mx, 2007. Robledo Rincón, Eduardo a—Apr. 29, 1947. b—Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas. c—Elementary studies in Camilo Pintado; secondary studies at Institute of Sciences, Chiapas; teaching certificate from Rural Normal School, Chiapas; political science degree from School of Political and Social Sciences, UNAM, 1974–1978, with thesis on 20 years of democratization in Mexico. d—Federal deputy from State of Chiapas, Dist. 1, 1985–1988; senator from Chiapas, 1991–1994, 1995–1997; governor, Chiapas, 1994–1995. e—Joined PRI, 1965; assistant secretary of political education, CEN of PRI, 1977; assistant academic director, Institute of Political Training, CEN of PRI, 1978; assistant secretary of organization, CEN of PRI, 1982; general delegate, CEN of PRI, 1985–1987; regional coordinator, Carlos Salinas’ presidential campaign, 1987–1988; assistant secretary-general, CEN of PRI, 1989–1990; president, PRI, Chiapas, 1990– 1992. f—Coordinator general of national certification for assistant secretary of education, Chiapas, 1971–1973; secretary-general of government, Chiapas, 1983–1985; ambassador to Argentina, 1996–1998; secretary of agrarian reform, 1999–2000; adviser to governor of State of Mexico, 2001. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Zoé Robledo Santiago, mayor of Chiapilla, Chiapas, 1962–1964, teacher, and brother of Edgar Robledo Santiago, director general of ISSSTE, and Julia Rincón Niño, teacher; married Alejandra Aburto Sánchez, teacher and dental surgeon. j—None. k—None. l—Pescador, 219;

Musacchio, 353; DBGM87; DBGM94, CD: DBGM92, 559; D del Y, Apr. 9, 1999; C de S, 1991–1994. Robledo Ruiz, Juan Ramiro a—Sept. 9, 1949. b—San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí. c—Early education unknown; law degree from University of San Luis Potosí, 1967– 1971; professor of law, University of San Luis Potosí, 1974–1988; secretary-general, University of San Luis Potosí, 1986–1988. d—Member, City Council, San Luis Potosí, 1977–1979; alternate federal deputy from State of San Luis Potosí, Dist. 1, 1982–1985; plurinominal federal deputy from PRI, 1991–1994; senator from San Luis Potosí, 1994–1995, 1997–2000; plurinominal federal deputy from PRD, 2003–2006. e—Joined PRI, 1971; president, PRI, San Luis Potosí, 1991; resigned from PRI. f—Assistant secretary of civil protection and social prevention, Secretariat of Government, 1995–1997. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Ramiro Robledo Treviño, lawyer and federal deputy from State of San Luis Potosí, Dist. 1, 1970– 1973, and María del Carmen Ruiz Salazar; married Carmen López Basich, lawyer. j—None. k—None. l—www.cronica.dipu tados.gob.mx, 2008; DBGM92, 559; Musacchio, 353; Pescador, 219; www.secgob .gob.mx, 1997, 2007; QesQ en el Congreso, 1997–2000, 329. Robledo Santiago, Edgar (Deceased May 9, 2008) a—Sept. 20, 1917. b—Motozintla, Chiapas (Colonia Belisario Domínguez). c—Elementary studies at Rural School of Motozintla, Ilhuicamina School, and Cuauhtémoc School of Huixtla, Chiapas; rural school teacher, 1934; studied on scholarship at Rural Normal School, Cerro Hueco, Chiapas, 1935; urban teaching certificate from Normal Urban School, Tuxtla, Gutiérrez, Chiapas, 1944–1949; professor, Institute of Arts and Sciences, Chiapas. d—Federal deputy from State of Chiapas, Dist. 3, 1967–1970, member of Cultural Affairs Committee; senator from State of Chiapas, 1970, 1975–1976. e—None. f—Inspector of rural normal schools,

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Secretariat of Public Education, 1952; director general, FSTSE, 1968–1970; director general, ISSSTE, 1970–1975. g—Secretarygeneral, National Union of Educational Employees, 1964–1967. h—Director emeritus, Chiapas, Mexico City, 2008. i—From very poor economic circumstances; alternated going to school with work as an agricultural laborer; married Cristina Brindis; nephew Eduardo Robledo Rincón, governor of Chiapas, 1994–1995. j—None. k—None. l—HA, Dec. 7, 1970, 27; HA, Apr. 5, 1971, 14; WWMG, 34; C de D, 1967–1969, 58; MGF69; DBC, 212–215; Justicia, Apr., 1973; WNM, 193; HA, Sept. 29, 1975, 10; www .diariodechipas, May 17, 2008. Robles, Gonzalo (Deceased 1984) a—1895. b—Cártago, Costa Rica. c—Elementary studies at Colegio de San Luis Gonzaga, Cártago; preparatory studies in Guadalajara, Jalisco; agricultural engineering studies at National School of Agriculture, 1909–1911, 1912–1913, on fellowship, graduating as agricultural engineer, July, 1913; studied in United States, 1911–1912; degree in civil engineering, Valparaiso University, Indiana, 1917–1921, which was revalidated in Mexico as an engineering degree in agronomy and hydraulics, 1922; director, Central Agricultural Schools, 1925. d—None. e—None. f—Special mission to United States to study agricultural colleges for Venustiano Carranza, 1916; adviser to secretary of agriculture, 1922; technical adviser to President Calles, 1923; adviser, Office of Economic Statistics, National Railroads of Mexico, 1932; director general, National Mortgage and Public Works Bank, 1933–1935; director general, Bank of Mexico, 1935; founder and director, Department of Industrial Research, Bank of Mexico, 1946–1952; director general, Agricultural Bank, 1935–1938; adviser, Bank of Mexico, 1938–1979. g—Member, Agrarian Commission, Veracruz. h—Participated in various agrarian congresses in Mexico City, 1921– 1922; worked for private firm in Molango, Hidalgo, 1914–1915. i—Grandfather was

a physician; friend of Jesús Silva Herzog and Eduardo Villaseñor since the 1920s; he and Jesús Silva Herzog attempted to create a system of ejido banks in 1926. j—None. k—Came to Mexico in 1909. l—Villaseñor, E., 92; Zevada, 117–118; Beltrán, 310–311; MGF47, 322; DGF51, II, 7, 293; DGF50, II, 11; DP, 2365; Villaseñor, II, 196; JSH, 336–338; Gómez, 442–443. Robles (Berlanga), (María del) Rosario

a—Feb. 17, 1956. b—Federal District. c—Secondary studies at a Catholic school; preparatory studies at School of Sciences and Humanities, UNAM; studies in economics at National School of Economics, 1974–1979, graduating Aug. 15, 1980; MA in rural development from UAM, Xochimilco Campus; professor and researcher on agrarian issues and rural poverty; full-time professor, UNAM, 18 years. d—Plurinominal federal deputy from PRD, 1994–1997. e—Member, Leftist Revolutionary Group, UNAM, 1976–1977; cofounder, PRD, 1989; secretary of organization, PRD, 1996–1997; coordinator, Sun Brigades, PRD, 1997; president, PRD, 2002–2004; resigned from PRD, 2004. f—Secretary-general, Federal District, 1997–1999; governor, Federal District, 1999–2000. g—Member, Executive Council, Union of UNAM Workers, 1988–1993. h—Director general, Sostén (her firm). i—Daughter of Francisco Robles and María del Rosario Berlanga; married to Julio Moguel, economist; daughter Mariana Moguel, political activist. j—None. k—Allegedly resigned as PRD president because of party scandals. l—www .es.wikipedia.org, 2007; www.terra.com.mx, 2008; Musacchio, 354; www.csis.org, 2003; www.df.gob.mx, 2000; www.cddhcu.gob .mx, 1994. Robles León Martín del Campo, Jaime

a—Sept. 25, 1912. b—Guadalajara, Jalisco. c—Elementary studies at José Atilano Zavala private school, Guadalajara, 1919–1925; secondary and preparatory studies at Institute of Sciences, Guadalajara, 1919–1925; legal studies at University of Guadalajara,

t he b io g ra phies  813

1925–1926; law degree from Autonomous University of Guadalajara, 1927–1932; professor of constitutional law, Free Law School, Mexico City; professor of constitutional law, Free Law School, Guadalajara; cofounder and supporter, Autonomous University of Guadalajara. d—Federal deputy from State of Jalisco, Dist. 3, 1949–1952, alternate member of Consular Service and Diplomatic Committee. e—Member, PAN; cofounder of PAN, with Manuel Gómez Morin, Efraín González Luna, and others; national adviser, PAN, 1965–1971; regional adviser, PAN, Federal District, 1961–1970; member, Regional Committee of Jalisco, 1941–1946; PAN candidate for governor of Jalisco, 1952; PAN candidate for senator from Jalisco, 1952; directed presidential campaign of Efraín González Luna, 1951–1952. f—None. g—None. h—Political commentator, Jalisco newspapers and radio; practicing lawyer and notary, Guadalajara, then Mexico City, beginning in 1960. i—Son of Emiliano Robles León, lawyer and Notary No. 12, Guadalajara, and lifelong friend of José Guadalupe Zuno, governor of Jalisco, and María del Refugio Martín; grandfather Emiliano Robles Núñez, Notary No. 15, Guadalajara; from 3 generations of lawyers; father of Martha Robles, well-known novelist; cousin of Ernesto Robles León, CEO of Bacardi and cofounder of PAN. j—None. k—First PAN candidate to run for governor of Jalisco; opposed Agustín Yáñez for governorship in hotly contested campaign in 1953; as federal deputy fought for revision of Arts. 145 and 145bis of the federal Constitution. l—Letter; C de D, 1949–1952; DGF51, I, 22, 36; www .notaria12.com.mx, 2008. Robles Linares, Luis (Deceased) a—Sept. 11, 1922. b—Ensenada, Baja California del Norte. c—Early education unknown; engineering degree from IPN, 1944; OAS scholarship to study agricultural planning and regional development in Tel Aviv, 1966; professor, 2006. d—None. e—None. f—Chief of resident

engineers, Obregón Dam, Sonora; director of construction, Cuauhtémoc Dam irrigation zone; chief, Sonora Irrigation Zone, Secretariat of Hydraulic Resources; chief of construction of small irrigation works, Sonora; director of potable water, Sonora; 2nd chief engineer of irrigation and flood control, Secretariat of Hydraulic Resources, 1968–1970; assistant secretary “A” of hydraulic resources, 1970–1976; assistant secretary in charge of hydraulic resources, 1976; secretary of hydraulic resources, 1976–1977. g—None. h—None. i—Married María de Jesús Gándara; brother Carlos Robles Linares, director of penitentiary, Federal District. j—None. k—Acquired Sonoran residency, 1946; PRI precandidate for governor of Sonora, 1977. l—HA, Dec. 14, 1970, 22; DPE71, 88; Excélsior, Dec. 1, 1976; HA, Dec. 6, 1976, 23; Excélsior, Sept. 10, 1978, 12; www.eluniversal.com.mx, July 24. 2004. Robles Martínez, Jesús a—Aug. 2, 1913. b—Colima, Colima. c—Early education unknown; engineering degree in electrical communications from Higher School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, IPN, 1940–1944; professor of physics and mathematics, IPN; director of instruction, IPN; assistant director general, IPN. d—Federal deputy from State of Colima, Dist. 2, 1952–1955, member of Public Education Committee, Credentials Committee, and Consular and Diplomatic Service Committee, president of Chamber, Sept., 1952; senator from State of Colima, 1964–1965. e—PRI state committeeman from Colima. f—Director general, National Bank of Public Works and Services, 1965–1976. g—Leader of student groups, IPN, 1935; president, National Federation of Technical Students, 1936–1937; secretary-general, SNTE, 1949– 1952; secretary-general, FSTSE, 1964–1965. h—None. i—Brother Roberto was general manager of National Public Works Bank, 1971–1976; formed powerful political clique with Alfonso Martínez Domínguez and Rómulo Sánchez Mireles in FSTSE. j—None. k—Accused in press of being latifundista

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and using rich lands in San Luis Potosí for cattle raising; leader of Colima Group in home state; answered Miguel Alemán’s last State of the Union address, 1952. l—C de D, 1952–1954, 18; MGF69, 516; WWMG, 34; HA, Dec. 7, 1970, 27; Hoy, May 1, 1971, 12; Hoy, June 3, 1972, 9; Excélsior, June 26, 1975, 4; Excélsior, Dec. 10, 1978, 18; Excélsior, Mar. 18, 1977, 12; HA, Apr. 8, 1974, 25. Robles Quintero, Salvador (Deceased June 29, 1992) a—Mar. 20, 1934. b—San Miguel Zapotitlán, Sinaloa. c—Early education unknown; economics studies at Higher School of Economics, IPN, 1954–1959, graduating with thesis titled “Credit to Small and Medium Industry in Mexico,” 1962; MA in public administration, Harvard University, 1963–1964. d—Federal deputy from State of Sinaloa, Dist. 4, 1973–1976; federal deputy from State of Sinaloa, Dist. 6, 1985–1988; federal deputy from the Federal District, Dist. 39, 1991–1992. e—Joined PRI, 1954; general delegate, IEPES of PRI, to various states, 1969; assistant secretary of organization, CEN of PRI, 1981; assistant secretary of information and propaganda, CEN of PRI, 1982. f—Economist, Division of Prices, Secretariat of Industry and Commerce, 1957–1959; general manager, National Cinematographic Bank, 1970– 1976; director of theaters, Mexico City, 1977–1978; director general of organization and methods, Department of the Federal District, 1977; director of social services, Department of the Federal District, 1977– 1978; secretary, Nomenclature Committee, Department of the Federal District, 1977– 1978; assistant secretary of planning and organizational infrastructure, Secretariat of Agrarian Reform, 1983–1985. g—Auxiliary secretary, CNC, 1965–1976; secretary of programs, CEN of CNOP of PRI, 1973. h—None. i—Son of Lorenzo Montiel, peasant, and Rosa Estela Aguayo Carrillo; married Esther Quintero Ruiz. j—None. k—None. l—Q es Q, 378; C de D, 1973–1976; DBGM, 358; DBGM87, 554; DBGM92, 560; El Nacional, June 30, 1992, 9; DP95, 2977.

Robles Segura, Raúl a—Nov. 7, 1933. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; CPA studies at School of Business and Administration, UNAM, 1951–1954, graduating with thesis on state financing, 1964; professor, School of Accounting, Ibero-American University; professor, School of Accounting and Administration, UNAM. d—None. e—Vice president, Economic Reform Committee, IEPES of PRI, 1981. f—Adviser, Federal Electric Commission, 1965–1970; assistant controller general, Department of the Federal District, 1971–1973; director general of taxation, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1976–1982; assistant secretary “B,” Office of the Controller General of Mexico, 1983–1987; assistant director of trade, PEMEX, 1987–1990; assistant director of petrochemicals and gas, PEMEX, 1990–1994. g—None. h—Accountant, Casas Alatriste and Manuel Resa, 1963–1966, 1967– 1976. i—Son of José Robles Arenas, industrialist, and Amelia Segura Jaimes; married Irela Víctor y Carrión. j—None. k—None. l—Q es Q; DBGM84, 358; DBGM89, 302; DBGM92, 317; Musacchio, 354–355. Rocha Bandala, Juan Francisco

a—Sept. 21, 1925. b—Tuxpan, Veracruz. c—Early education unknown; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, 1949, with thesis on bankruptcy; professor of civil law, UNAM, 1960–1966. d—None. e—Director of electoral action, Regional Committee of PRI, Federal District, 1964; general coordinator, Regional Committee of PRI, Federal District, 1969. f—General counsel, National Railroads of Mexico, 1950–1952; chief of advisers, IMSS, 1957–1959; chief of labor attorneys, Secretariat of Labor, 1959–1960; assistant director, Department of Labor, Secretariat of Labor, 1959–1962; assistant director of social welfare, Secretariat of Labor, 1962–1964; assistant director general for federal property registration, Secretariat of Government Properties, 1965; chief of labor relations, IMSS, 1966–1974; general coordinator of legal affairs, National Bank

t he b io g ra phies  815

of Ejido Credit, 1975–1976; president, Federal Board of Conciliation and Arbitration, 1976–1979; oficial mayor, Secretariat of Agriculture and Hydraulic Resources, 1980–1982; assistant director, Legal Department, IMSS, 1982–1988, 1988–1989. g—Delegate, CNOP, Chihuahua, Tabasco, and Veracruz, 1960–1963. h—None. i—Son of Guillermo Rocha Sánchez, lawyer, and Raquel Bandala Sánchez; married Lucrecia Ladrón de Guevara. j—None. k—None. l—Protag., 295; DAPC81; DBGM89, 302; DBGM, 359; DBGM87, 333. Rocha (Cordero), Jr., Antonio (Deceased Jan. 16, 1993) a—June 13, 1912. b—Cerritos, San Luis Potosí. c—Elementary studies at Ignacio Aguilar and Morelos School, under Fernando Vázquez; preparatory studies at University of San Luis Potosí; law degree from University of San Luis Potosí, June 13, 1935; professor of penal law; secretarygeneral, University of San Luis Potosí. d—Alternate federal deputy from State of San Luis Potosí, Dist. 1, 1943–1946; federal deputy from State of San Luis Potosí, Dist. 1, 1949–1952, member of Library Committee (1st year), 1st and 2nd Legislative Studies Committee, Gran Comisión, and 2nd Constitutional Affairs Committee; alternate senator from San Luis Potosí, 1946–1949; senator from State of San Luis Potosí, 1952–1958, member of Gran Comisión, Protocol Committee, 1st Government Committee, president of 2nd Constitutional Affairs Committee, member of 3rd Labor Committee and Special Legislative Studies Committee, substitute member of 1st Public Education Committee and 1st Ejido Committee; governor, San Luis Potosí, 1967–1973; federal deputy from State of San Luis Potosí, Dist. 1, 1979–1982. e—None. f—Agent, Ministerio Público, San Luis Potosí; attorney, City Council, San Luis Potosí, 1939–1941; attorney, Department of Government, San Luis Potosí; attorney general, San Luis Potosí, 1943–1946; secretary-general, State of San Luis Potosí, 1947–1948; attorney general, Tamaulipas, 1948; attorney general of

Mexico, 1964–1967; justice, Supreme Court, 1973–1979, retired Mar. 16, 1979. g—Delegate, 7th National Student Congress, San Luis Potosí, 1930. h—Practicing lawyer, San Luis Potosí, 1935–1943; founder and director, Penal Law Review, University of San Luis Potosí, 1939–1943. i—Married Socorro Díaz del Castillo; professor of Gustavo Carvajal; father was pharmacist; brother Rafael served as assistant director of Secret Service. j—None. k—Praised by ¿Por Que? for his honesty as governor of San Luis Potosí. l—El Universal, Dec. 1, 1964; WWMG, 34; DGF56, 7, 9–14; DGF47, 21; HA, Dec. 7, 1964, 21; DPE65, 209; DGF51, I, 7, 25, 29, 31, 32, 35; C de D, 1949–1951, 88; Por Qué? Dec. 11, 1969; Enc. Mex., XI, 159; Ind. Biog., 132–133; Excélsior, Feb. 27, 1979, 14; Guerra Leal, 236; www.scjn.gob.mx, 614–615. Rocha Díaz, Salvador a—Dec. 21, 1937. b—San Miguel de Allende, Guanajuato. c—Elementary studies at Colegio Fray Bartolomé de las Casas, San Miguel de Allende, and Gordon School, Mexico City, 1943–1948; secondary at Colegio Cristóbal Colón, Mexico City, 1949–1951; preparatory studies at Centro Universitario México, Mexico City, 1952–1953; legal studies at National School of Law, UNAM, 1954–1958, graduating Sept. 9, 1958, with honorable mention; diploma in comparative law from University of Strasbourg, France, 1963–1965; completed higher management program at IPADE, 1999; professor, National School of Law, UNAM, 1964–1972; professor, University of California, 1967; professor, Ibero-American University, 1967–1974; professor, St. Mary’s University, San Antonio, Tex., 1964. d—Federal deputy from State of Guanajuato, Dist. 9, 1982–1985, secretary of Constitutional Affairs Committee; senator from State of Guanajuato, 1994–2000, president of Jurisdictional Committee; plurinominal federal deputy from PRI, 2000–2003, president of Constitutional Issues Committee. e—Joined PRI, 1961; assistant secretary-general, CEN of PRI, 1993–1994; member, National Political Council of PRI, 1993. f—Secretary-

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general of government, State of Guanajuato, 1984–1985; director general of legal affairs, Secretariat of Government, 1985–1988; justice, Supreme Court, 1989–1991; secretary of government, State of Guanajuato, 1991–1993. g—Oficial mayor, CEN of CNOP, 1983–1985. h—Senior partner, Rocha and Hegewisch, 1959–1982, 1994– . i—Son of Manuel Rocha Lassaulx, lawyer and federal deputy from State of Guanajuato, Dist. 7, 1946–1949, and Carmen Díaz Sautto; married Eugenia Landero Flores. j—None. k—None. l—El Nacional, June 23, 1992; DBGM92, 824; C de D, 1982–1985; CDDWeb, Cámara de Senadores, 1997; www.scjn.gob.mx, 618–619, 2009; QesQ en el Congreso, 2000–2003, 242–243; www.ifecom.cfj.gob.mx, 2008; www.secgob .gob.mx, 1997, 2007. Rocha Garfias, Ramón (Deceased Nov. 25, 1970) a—Sept. 8, 1906. b—Orizaba, Veracruz. c—Elementary studies in Orizaba; preparatory studies in Mexico City; medical studies at National School of Medicine, UNAM, 1922–1927, graduating Oct. 3, 1928; postgraduate work in Galveston, Tex., 1933; director, Institute of Science, University of Veracruz, 1967–1970. d—Federal deputy from State of Veracruz, Dist. 9, 1964–1967, vice president of Chamber of Deputies. e—Founding member, Popular Party, 1948; secretary-general, PPS, Veracruz, 1964; member, PPS Central Committee, 1964; resigned from PPS, 1970s. f—Director, Municipal Board of Public Welfare, Civil Hospital Ignacio del Llave, Orizaba, 1944–1946; director of medical services, IMSS, Orizaba, 1947; adviser to Presidents Gustavo Díaz Ordaz and Luis Echeverría. g—None. h—Physician; surgeon, hospital, San Diego, Calif., 1933; founder, medical clinic, Nuevo Laredo, Tamaulipas; physician, Green Cross; physician, central fire fighters’ barracks. i—Son of a lawyer. j—None. k—Certified the death of General Álvaro Obregón, 1924; in exile with his father, 1930s. l—Directorio, 1964–1967; C de D, 1964–1967; DP94, 2980; www.diarionoti cias.com.mx, 2008.

Rodríguez, Damián L. (Deceased) a—June 6, 1887. b—Ramos Arizpe, Coahuila. c—Early education unknown; no degree. d—Federal deputy from State of Coahuila, Dist. 3, 1937–1940; senator from State of Coahuila, 1940–1946. e—None. g—None. h—None. j—Career army officer; rank of brigadier general; military commander, Jalapa, Veracruz, 1932. k—Grand Master, Mexican Masonic Grand Lodge, 1937, and interim Grand Master, 1938–1944. l—Peral, 698; C de D, 1937–1939, 19; C de S, 1940–1946; www.ritonacionalmexicano.org, 2008; www.sintesisdigital.com.mx, 2008. Rodríguez Adame, Julián (Deceased 1989) a—July 11, 1904. b—Pachuca, Hidalgo. c—Elementary studies at Benito Juárez School under Teodomiro Manzano, Pachuca, and Annex to the Normal School; secondary studies at Annex to the Normal School; preparatory studies at Scientific and Literary Institute of Pachuca; engineering degree in agriculture from National School of Agriculture, Chapingo; director, Central Agricultural School, State of Mexico, 1932–1934; professor of agricultural economics, National School of Economics, UNAM, 1939–1956. d—Federal deputy from State of Hidalgo, Dist. 1, 1955–1957, member of Gran Comisión, Tariff and Foreign Trade Committee, and 1st Treasury Committee; alternate senator from State of Hidalgo, 1952–1958, but replaced Senator Cravioto after he died, 1957–1958; senator from State of Hidalgo, 1958–1964, but never held office. e—Founding member, PNR, 1929. f—Engineer in various technical positions, National Agrarian Commission; chief, Agrarian Department, Secretariat of Agriculture, 1934–1935; director, Department of Credit, National Bank of Ejido Credit, 1936; director, National Bank of Commerce, 1939; manager, National Bank of Ejido Credit, 1938–1939; secretary-general, Department of Agrarian Affairs, 1940–1944; director general of prices, Secretariat of Industry and Commerce, 1946–1955; director general, CONASUPO, 1957–1958; secretary of

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agriculture and livestock, 1958–1964; ambassador to Japan, 1965–1968; ambassador to Pakistan, 1968–1970. g—Cofounder, CNC, 1938. h—Adviser to various decentralized agencies; member, Board of Directors, National Savings Bank, 1974. i—Friends with Mario Sousa and Adolfo López Mateos since 1933; married Mercedes Santana; son of Julián S. Rodríguez, employee of San Rafael Mining Co., who participated in the Revolution. j—None. k—¿Por Qué? claims he was involved in a land deal with Juan José Torres Landa while serving as secretary of agriculture. l—HA, Dec. 28, 1951, 35; HA, Dec. 8, 1958, 28; DGF51, II, 29; DPE61, 69; DGF51, I, 263; Por Qué? July 11, 1969, 11; HA, Dec. 12, 1952, 6; Excélsior, Nov. 10, 1976; Func, 73; DP95, 2987. Rodríguez Alcaine, Leonardo (Deceased Aug. 6, 2005) a—May 1, 1919. b—Texcoco, State of Mexico. c—Elementary studies in Texcoco at Colegio Juárez, completing elementary studies at José Vicente Villada School, Mexico City; secondary studies at Secondary No. 7, Mexico City; completed 2 years at School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, IPN; studies at Customs Academy of Secretariat of the Treasury. d—Federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. 8, 1955–1958, member of Electric Industry Committee; alternate federal deputy from State of Mexico, Dist. 2, 1964– 1967; federal deputy from State of Mexico, Dist. 7, 1967–1970, member of Communications and Transportation Sec. of Legislative Studies Committee; federal deputy from State of Mexico, Dist. 7, 1973–1976; senator from State of Mexico, 1976–1982, 1988–1994. e—None. f—Assistant director of general warehouse, Federal Electric Commission. g—Secretary of labor and conflicts, Local No. 1, Union of Workers of the Federal Electric Commission, 1941–1942; secretary of sports action, National Executive Committee, Union of Workers of the Federal Electric Commission, 1942–1945; secretary of organization, CEN of Union of Workers of the Federal Electric Commission,

1945–1951; secretary of organization and publicity, Union of Workers of the Federal Electric Commission, 1951–1959; secretary of labor, SUTERM, 1975; secretary-general, SUTERM, Mar. 28, 1975–2005; interim secretary-general, CTM, 1997; secretary-general, CTM, 1997–2005; president, Congress of Labor, 1999. h—First employed as porter at National Electric Commission, 1938. i—Son of José Rodríguez Ibáñez and Florencia Alcaine, from Ternel, Aragón, Spain; ally of Francisco Pérez Ríos until his death in 1975; married Margarita Salazar Fernández. j—None. k—None. l—Ind. Biog., 134–135; Excélsior, Mar. 26, 1975, 4; DGF56, 25, 34; C de D, 1955–1958; C de D, 1967– 1970, 70; C de D, 1964–1967, 55; C de S, 1976–1982; DBGM89, 526; DBGM92, 560; www.jornada.unam.mx, 2008; www.elsiglo detorreon.com.x, Aug. 6, 2005. Rodríguez Arcos, Ezequiel (Deceased Aug. 18, 1985) a—Apr. 11, 1912. b—Champotón, Campeche. c—Early education unknown; teaching certificate; teacher for many years in rural Yucatán. d—PPS federal party deputy, 1967–1970; plurinominal federal deputy from PPS, 1973–1976, 1979–1982, 1985. e—Member, PPS; secretary of organization, PPS (20 years); secretarygeneral, PPS, State of Jalisco; PPS candidate for governor of Campeche; PPS candidate for governor of Jalisco. f—Federal school inspector. g—Member, SNTE. h—None. i—Married Rosario Otal. k—Had to leave Yucatán because he was persecuted by local bosses. l—C de D, 1967–1970; Directorio, 1967–1970; www.cronica.diputados.gob.mx, Aug. 18, 1985. Rodríguez Arregui, Manuel a—Oct. 18, 1965. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; economics degree from MIT, 1985–1989; MA in public administration from Harvard University, 1993; assistant professor of macroeconomic policy, JFK School of Government, Harvard University; professor of economics, ITAM, 1990, 1993; professor of microeconomics, Ibero-American University, 1994–1995.

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d—None. e—Joined PRI, 1989. f—Adviser to director general of finance and policy, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1989–1990; chief of staff of assistant secretary for planning, Secretariat of Agriculture, 1990–1991; director general of farm and forestry studies, Secretariat of Agriculture, 1993–1994; executive director of staff, President-elect Ernesto Zedillo, 1994; assistant secretary of communications and transportation, 2006–2009. g—None. h—Research assistant in financial research, Booz, Allen and Hamilton, London, 1984–1985; founder and partner, Analysis and Development, Mexico City, 1994–2000; executive vice chairman, Mercer Management, Mexico City, 2000– 2006. i—Son of Manuel Rodríguez Casanueva, president of Grupo CIMA and son of Spanish immigrant, and Marcela Arregui González, communications; married Alicia Lebrija Hirschfeld, economist and director of Televisa education foundation; brother Álvaro, director general of Vitro, 2007. j—None. k—None. l—Letter; DBGM94, CD; DBGM92, 84. Rodríguez Arriaga, Manuel a—Apr. 7, 1949. b—Monterrey, Nuevo León. c—Early education unknown; law degree from Free Law School, 1968–1972; professor of law, Free Law School, 1978–1979; MA in political science from University of Essex, Eng., 1974–1975; MA in public administration from University of Warwick, Eng., 1975–1976. d—None. e—Legal adviser, PRI, Federal District, 1969–1970. f—Aide to private secretary to President Luis Echeverría, 1971–1972; private secretary to assistant secretary of social welfare, Secretariat of Labor, 1972–1973; auxiliary secretary to the secretary of labor, 1973–1974; director, General Documents Center, Secretariat of Public Education, 1976–1977; assistant director of bilateral relations and international integration organizations, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1977–1979; adviser on economic affairs, Mexican Mission to United Nations, 1979–1981; political adviser, Mexican embassy, Washington, DC, 1982; private

secretary to secretary of foreign relations, 1983–1985; general coordinator of advisers to secretary of foreign relations, 1985–1988; assistant secretary of international cooperation, 1988–1989; ambassador to Norway, 1989–1993, 2002–2008; ambassador to China, 1993; ambassador to Belgium, 1998; consul-general, Miami, 2000. g—President of student organization, Free Law School, 1970–1971; president, U.S.-Mexico Chamber of Commerce, 2003. h—None. i—Son of Manuel Rodríguez Arriaga, banker, and Mercedes Arriaga Rivera, cultural promoter; married Isabel Lange Silva, architect. j—None. k—None. l—www.senado.gob.mx, Mar. 8, 2007; DBGM84, 359; Musacchio, 356; DBGM94, CD. Rodríguez Barrera, Rafael a—Feb. 10, 1937. b—Guadalupe Barrio, Campeche, Campeche. c—Elementary studies at Justo Sierra Méndez Elementary School, Campeche, 1942–1948; secondary studies at Instituto Campechano, 1948–1953; studied law at Instituto Campechano and completed degree at University of Campeche, Dec. 20, 1958; professor of English, Spanish, ethics, and philosophy, Teachers’ Literacy Institute, Campeche; professor of constitutional law, University of Campeche. d—Local deputy, State Legislature of Campeche, 1962; mayor, Campeche, 1963–1964; federal deputy from State of Campeche, Dist. 1, 1970–1973, member of Gran Comisión, Cooperative Development Committee, 2nd Treasury Committee, Fish and Game Committee, and 2nd Constitutional Affairs Committee; governor, Campeche, 1973–1979; plurinominal federal deputy from PRI, 2003–2006. e—President, PRI, Campeche, 1962–1964; secretary of political action, CEN of PRI, 1971–1972; secretary of organization, CEN of PRI, 1972–1973; member of the National Council of PRI; secretary of International Affairs of CEN of PRI, 1979–1980; oficial mayor of CEN of PRI, 1980–1981; secretarygeneral, of CEN of PRI, 1988–1992; secretary, Internal Process Committee, CEN of PRI, 2005; director, Roberto Madrazo’s

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presidential campaign, Campeche, 2006. f—Public defender, 1957–1958; secretary, City Council, Campeche, 1958; private secretary to mayor of Campeche, Eugenio Echeverría Castellot, 1961–1962; director of public security and traffic, Campeche; secretary-general of government, State of Campeche, under Governor Carlos Sansores Pérez, 1967–1969; assistant secretary of agrarian organization, Secretariat of Agrarian Reform, 1981–1982; assistant secretary of agrarian affairs, Secretariat of Agrarian Reform, 1982–1986; secretary of agrarian affairs, Secretariat of Agrarian Reform, 1986–1988; ambassador to Israel, 1993–1996; assistant secretary of legal affairs and religious associations, Secretariat of Government, 1996–1998. g—Manager, National Chamber of Fishing Industries. g—None. h—Adviser, National Bank of Agricultural Credit. i—Son of Ramiro Rodríguez Aguayo, professor of French, University of the Southeast, and Dolores Barrera Conde; married Socorro Cabrera, normal school teacher; cousin Sergio Mora Rodríguez was oficial mayor of State Government of Campeche. j—None. k—Resigned as mayor of Campeche because of grave differences with Governor José Ortiz Ávila. l—Directorio, 1970–1972; HA, Jan. 8, 1973, 34; C de D, 1970–1972, 133; HA, Sept. 17, 1973, 40–43; Enc. Mex., Annual, 1977, 540–541; Excélsior, Aug. 6, 1978, 29; DBGM87, 335; QesQ en el Congreso, 2000–2003, 243–244. Rodríguez Cano, Enrique (Deceased June 7, 1955) a—Feb. 17, 1912. b—Balcázar, Tuxpan, Veracruz. c—Elementary studies at Ex-Cantonal Miguel Lerdo de Tejada School, 1920–1926; no degree. d—Local deputy, State Legislature of Veracruz, 1944– 1945; mayor, Tuxpan, Veracruz, 1936–1938; federal deputy from State of Veracruz, Dist. 2, 1949–1952, member of Gran Comisión, National Waters and Irrigation Committee, Agrarian Department Committee, vice president of Preparatory committees. e—None. f—Tax collector, Álamo, Veracruz; director of printing, State Legislature

of Veracruz, 1938–1940; director of library, Federal Congress, 1940–1942; assistant secretary of government, State of Veracruz, under Ruiz Cortines, 1948; oficial mayor of government, 1950–1952, under Secretary Adolfo Ruiz Cortines; secretary of the presidency, 1952–1955. g—Secretary-general, League of Agrarian Communities, State of Veracruz, 1946, under Governor Ruiz Cortines. h—Began work in tax administration as a student. i—Personal confidant of Adolfo Ruiz Cortines; brother of engineer Francisco Rodríguez Cano, federal deputy from State of Veracruz, Dist. 2, 1964–1967; son of Enrique Rodríguez Ríos and Francisca Cano Achaval. j—None. k—Ramón Beteta has stated that Ruiz Cortines was not very much at ease with the college graduates of the Alemán administration, which is a reason why he placed so much confidence in Rodríguez Cano for many years. l—DGF51, I, 26, 29, 30, 31; C de D, 1949–1951, 88; HA, Dec. 5, 1962, 10; DGF56, 53; DP70, 1788; www.campus-e-mexico.edu.mx, 2008; www.tuxpan.tm.com.mx, 2008. Rodríguez Cantón, Juan de Dios a—Feb. 20, 1942. b—Valladolid, Yucatán. c—Early education unknown; teaching certificate; principal of an elementary school, 1962– 1964; professor, Higher Normal School, 1966–1971. d—None. e—joined PRI, 1961. f—Chief, Technical Elementary Education Department, Secretariat of Public Education, 1965–1977; private secretary to general coordinator of education, Federal District Marginalized Zones, Secretariat of Public Education, 1977–1978; director general, Normal School Education, Secretariat of Public Education, 1981–1986; adviser to oficial mayor of Secretariat of Public Education, 1987–1988; assistant secretary of elementary education, Secretariat of Public Education, 1989–1991; national coordinator of teaching careers, Secretariat of Public Education, 2003–2007. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Juan de Dios Rodríguez Heredia, teacher, and Esther Cantón Sáyago, teacher; married María Cristina Yáñez

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Loria; brother-in-law Rogelio Yáñez Loria, local deputy to State Legislature of Yucatán. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM89, 303. Rodríguez Clavería, José (Deceased Mar. 19, 1958) a—May 30, 1892. b—Veracruz, Veracruz. c—Elementary and secondary studies in Veracruz; no degree. d—Federal deputy from State of Veracruz, Dist. 9, 1949–1952, member of 2nd Treasury Committee, Naval Committee, Budget and Accounts Committee, Insurance Committee, and Tourism Committee; senator from State of Veracruz, 1952–1957, president of Gran Comisión, 1st Committee on Credit, Money. and Credit Institutions, and 1st Treasury Committee. e—None. f—Police chief of Mérida under Salvador Alvarado; director of tourism, State of Veracruz; director general of tourism, Secretariat of Government, 1948–1949. g—None. h—Founder, Financiera y Fiduciaria Veracruz, SA; managing director, Finanzas Mexicanas, SA. i—Cofounded Financiera y Fiduciaria Veracruz with Cosme Hinojosa; helped Adolfo Ruiz Cortines become oficial mayor of Department of the Federal District in 1935 after recommending him to Cosme Hinojosa. j—Joined the Revolution under General Salvador Alvarado; member of general staff of General Alvarado; rank of major; supported de la Huerta rebellion, 1923. k—Exile in United States, 1923. l—HA, Oct. 29, 1956; López, 970; Ind. Biog., 135–136; C de D, 1949–1952, 88; DGF56, 8, 9, 10, 11; www.time. com, Sept. 14, 1953; DP95, 2990. Rodríguez de Campos, Gloria a—Sept. 24, 1926. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; certificate in elementary education from National Normal School, Mexico City; certificate as education technician from Higher Normal School, Mexico City. d—PPS federal party deputy, 1967– 1970. e—Member, PPS. f—None. g—None. i—Married Dr. Rafael Campos López, mayor of Teziutlán, Puebla, 1972–1975, and plurinominal federal deputy from PPS, 1976– 1979. j—None. l—Directorio, 1967–1970; C de D, 1967–1970; www.teziutlan.com, 2008;

www.cronica.diputados.gob.mx, Sept. 3, 1977. Rodríguez de Casas, Elizabeth a—Oct. 28, 1948. b—Puebla, Puebla. c—Early education unknown; psychology degree from University of Puebla; postgraduate courses at various universities; studies toward MA in public administration; professor, University of Puebla; instructor, IMSS; instructor, television course. d—Alternate local deputy, State Legislature of Puebla; federal deputy from State of Puebla, Dist. 7, 1979–1982, member of 3rd Labor Committee, Foreign Relations Committee, Transportation Committee, Tourism Committee, and Complaints Committee. e—Coordinator, Women’s Sec. of CNOP of PRI, Puebla, during presidential campaign of José López Portillo, 1976. f—Director, Department of Complaints, Consular Division, Secretariat of Foreign Relations. g—None. h—None. j—None. k—None. l—C de D, 1979–1982; Romero Aceves, 731­–733. Rodríguez Elías, José (Isabel) (Deceased July 6, 1991) a—Dec. 21, 1919. b—San Pedro, Zacatecas. c—Elementary studies in Santa Piedra Gorda, Zacatecas; secondary and preparatory studies in Zacatecas, Zacatecas; engineering degree in topography from National School of Agriculture, Chapingo; professor of agriculture, Practical School of Agriculture, La Llave, Guerrero. d—Alternate federal deputy from State of Zacatecas, Dist. 4, 1949–1952; federal deputy from State of Zacatecas, Dist. 1, 1952–1955, vice president of Chamber of Deputies, Nov., 1953, member of Social Welfare Committee, Securities Committee, Agrarian Department Committee; senator from State of Zacatecas, 1958–1962, member of National Waters and Irrigation Committee, 1st Committee on Mines, president of General Means of Communication Committee, member of 2nd Balloting Committee, substitute member of Special Committee on Small Agricultural Property; governor, Zacatecas, 1962–1967. e—President, PRI Regional Committee, State of Zacatecas,

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1954–1958. f—Agricultural technician, Department of Indigenous Affairs, 1941; topographical engineer, Department of Agrarian Affairs, 1943–1944; assistant director of delegation, Department of Agrarian Affairs, Zacatecas, 1945; director, Department of Agrarian Affairs, Zacatecas, 1946–1947, 1949–1952; director general, National Bank of Ejido Credit, 1968–1970. g—Secretary-general, League of Agrarian Communities and Unions, Zacatecas, 1948–1949; member, CEN of CNC, 1942–1958; chairman, Mexican Agronomy Society, 1955–1958, 1959–1962; official, CNC. h—None. i—Son of rancher; father was mayor of San Pedro Piedra Gorda 3 times. j—None. k—¿Por Qué? claims he was involved in a 100 million–peso scandal as director of National Bank of Ejido Credit, 1969. l—Por Qué? July 11, 1969, 3; DGF51, I; C de D, 1949–1951; G de M, 10; WWMG, 35; C de D, 1955–1957, 18; C de S, 1961–1964, 67; MGF69, 505; Func., 411; letter; www.elsiglo detorreon, Sept. 6, 2005; DP95, 2992. Rodríguez Familiar, Ramón (Deceased) a—Sept. 27, 1898. b—Querétaro, Querétaro. c—Early education unknown; completed 2nd year of preparatory studies at Colegio Civil of Querétaro; staff and command diploma, Higher War College. d—Governor, Querétaro, 1935–1939. e—None. f—Private secretary to Abelardo Rodríguez, governor of Baja California del Norte, 1929–1930; assistant chief of staff, Secretariat of National Defense, 1932–1933; chief of staff, Secretariat of National Defense, 1933–1934; director of personnel, Secretariat of National Defense, 1940–1946. g—None. h—None. i—Brother José is an author; son of Ramón Rodríguez Perrusquia and Josefa Familiar Bardáguez; married María Luisa Fuentes. j—Career army officer; fought under General Abelardo Rodríguez; joined army as ordinary soldier, July 15, 1914; served under Generals Francisco Coss, Álvaro Obregón, Juan José Ríos, and Plutarco Elías Calles; rank of brigadier general, 1942; assistant chief of staff of military operations, 2nd Zone; assistant

director general of personnel, Secretariat of National Defense; rank of brigade general, 1946; commander, 25th Military Zone, Puebla, Puebla, 1951; intendant general of the army, 1951; commander, 14th Military Zone, Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, 1959; head of military mission to Guatemala, 1962; rank of division general, Nov. 8, 1956; inspector general of the army, 1970–1972; director of military pensions, Secretariat of National Defense, 1974. k—Gaxiola states that he was selected for position of chief of staff because of his personal loyalty to Rodríguez, even though he was only a colonel. l—Peral, 700; WWM45, 104; DGF51, I, 181; DPE71, 14; Gaxiola, 93; Rev. de Ejer., Mar., 1974, 95; Rev. de Ejer., Aug., 1959, 23; Rev. de Ejer., July, 1961, 29; Rev. de Ejer., July, 1974, 104. Rodríguez Flores, Jesús M. (Deceased) a—Dec. 26, 1901. b—Tepezala, Aguascalientes. c—Elementary studies in Chihuahua; engineering degree from Agricultural School of Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua, 1928. d—Federal deputy from State of Veracruz, Dist. 5, 1937–1940; governor, Aguascalientes, 1944–1950. e—None. f—Director, local Road Commission, Chihuahua; topographical engineer, local Agrarian Commission, Chihuahua; engineer, Puebla, San Luis Potosí, and Veracruz; director of agrarian and agricultural reorganization, Secretariat of Agriculture and Department of Agrarian Affairs. g—None. h—Miner in youth. i—From a poor family; father, a miner; worked way through school as a miner. j—None. k—PNR precandidate for governor of Aguascalientes, 1939. l—HA, Sept. 28, 1945, 9; letter; C de D, 1037–1040. Rodríguez Gómez, Francisco a—Feb. 11, 1911. b—San Antonio, Ixtlahuacán del Río, Jalisco. c—Teaching certificate; law degree from School of Law, University of Guadalajara; postgraduate studies, 1942–1943; Professor, School of Economics, University of Guadalajara, 1937–1946. d—Federal deputy from State of Jalisco, Dist. 6, 1955–1958, member of Legislative Studies Committee

822  m e xic a n p oli t i c a l b i o g ra ph i e s , 1935–20 0 9

(1st year), Committee on National Properties and Resources, secretary of Committee on Agrarian Law, assistant secretary of Chamber of Deputies; federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. 6, 1961–1964, member of 2nd Government Committee, secretary of 2nd Legislative Studies Committee; federal deputy from State of Jalisco, Dist. 14, 1979– 1982. e—General delegate, CNOP of PRI to Baja California; general delegate, CEN of PRI to Hidalgo; general delegate, CEN of PRI to presidential campaign of Adolfo López Mateos in Guanajuato; general delegate, CEN of PRI in Guanajuato (3 years); coordinator general, Economic and Social Assembly during Gil Preciado’s campaign for governor; coordinator of presidential campaign in State of Mexico for Díaz Ordaz, 1964. f—Director, Normal School of Jalisco, 1937–1939; director of secondary education, State of Jalisco, 1942–1943; chief, Education Department, Guadalajara, 1944; secretary, City Council, Guadalajara, 1944; president, State Arbitration Board, Jalisco, 1944–1945; secretary-general, State of Jalisco, under Governor Marcelino García Barragán, 1945– 1946; director of public education, Jalisco, 1946–1952; legal adviser, State of Jalisco, 1952; chief, Legal Department, National Bank of Agricultural Credit, 1953–1955; attorney general of justice, State of Jalisco; oficial mayor of industry and commerce, 1964– 1970; interim governor, Jalisco, 1988–1989. g—None. h—None. i—Married Graciela Orendáin. j—None. k—None. l—DBM68, 529; DPE65, 88; C de D, 1961–1963, 89; MGF69, 252; Ind. Biog., 136. Rodríguez Hernández, Antonio a—Mar. 9, 1941. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; electrical engineering degree from IPN, 1968–1972; professor, IPN, 1972–1973. d—None. e—Joined PRI, 1972. f—Administrative employee, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1959–1971; chief of control and reception, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1972– 1974; chief, Systems and Procedures Department, Secretariat of Programming and Budget, 1975–1978; chief, Administration

Department, Personnel Division, Secretariat of Programming and Budget, 1978–1979; technical assistant director, Payments Division, Secretariat of Programming and Budget, 1979–1980; Secretariat of Programming and Budget; operations director, Payments Division, Secretariat of Programming and Budget, 1980–1981; director general of payments, Secretariat of Programming and Budget, 1981–1983; director general of personnel, Secretariat of Programming and Budget, 1983–1988; director of human resources, DIF, 1988–1989; oficial mayor, Office of the Controller General, 1991–1994. g—None. h—Practicing lawyer. i—Son of Santiago Pacheco, retailer, and Carmen Hernández Mata; married Yolanda Chávez López. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM92, 319–320; DBGM94, CD; DBGM87, 336; DBGM84, 362 Rodríguez Jaime, Luis Dantón a—Aug. 28, 1933. b—Guanajuato, Guanajuato. c—Law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, 1953–1958, with thesis titled “State Intervention in the Economy”; scholarship from NAFIN to study at CEMLA, 1958–1959; graduate studies at CEMLA, Venezuela, 1962; professor of sociology, School of Banking and Commerce, 1962–1963; director, Economic and Social Studies Seminar, Mexican Military Academy Preparatory School; professor of administrative law, National School of Law, UNAM; professor of civics and political education, CNC; professor of public law, Acatlán Branch, 1977–1982. d—Federal deputy from State of Guanajuato, Dist. 1, 1964–1967, president of Budget Committee and Tax Committee, member of Money, Banking, and Credit Institution Committee; president, Chamber of Deputies, Nov., 1966; federal deputy from State of Guanajuato, Dist. 1, 1973–1976, president of Executive Committee, Sept., 1973; federal deputy from State of Guanajuato, Dist. 8, 1982–1985; plurinominal federal deputy from PRI, 1991–1994. e—Director, IEPES, CEN of PRI, 1976–1978; representative, CEN of PRI,

t he b io g ra phies  823

Federal Electoral Commission, 1977; technical secretary of the Federal Electoral Commission, 1982. f—Law intern, NAFIN, 1955– 1957; director, Legal Department, NAFIN, 1957–1959; director, Tax Stamp Department, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1959–1960; director, Alcohol Department, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1960–1962; director of internal taxes, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1962–1963; general manager of rural credit, Agrarian Bank of the Center, Celaya, Guanajuato, 1967–1971; general manager of credit, National Agrarian Bank, 1971–1973; chief of projects, Banrural, 1973–1979; director of government, Secretariat of government, 1979–1982; ambassador to India, 1988–1990. g—Member, Technical Council of CNC, 1965–1968. h—Writer for many magazines. i—Son of Luis I. Rodríguez Taboada, president of PRM, and Eloísa Jaime Saucillo; married Erika Morrill Baumbach. j—None. k—Answered President Echeverría’s 3rd State of the Union address; CNC precandidate for governor of Guanajuato, 1978; CNC precandidate for senator from Guanajuato, 1976. l—DBM68, 530; DPE61, 43; C de D, 1964–1966, 55, 90, 91; Excélsior, Aug. 28, 1973; Excélsior, Apr. 30, 1978; Excélsior, Dec. 26, 1981, 16; Directorio, 1982–1985; letters; DBGM92, 562, Rodríguez Jurado, Rodolfo a—June 9, 1936. b—Veracruz, Veracruz. c—Early education unknown; hydrology engineering degree from Heroic Naval College, 1952–1956; completed staff and command, United States, 1965; postgraduate work at Naval War College, United States, 1976; commander of cadets, Heroic Naval College; professor, Heroic Naval College, 1966–1968; professor, Center for Higher Naval Studies, 1977–1980; director, Naval Military School, 1983–1986. d—None. e—Mexican Liberal Party asked him to run for federal deputy from Veracruz, 2003. f—Oficial mayor of the navy, 1989–1990. g—None. h—None. j—Career naval officer; enrolled as naval cadet, Heroic Naval College, 1952; commander of various ships;

rank of captain, 1976; director of personnel, Secretariat of the Navy, 1977–1983; director of social security, Secretariat of the Navy, 1983; commander, Naval Zone, Matamoros, 1986–1987; rank of vice admiral; commander, Gulf and Caribbean Naval Forces, 1987-1989. l—www.esp.mexico,com, 2008; DBGM87, 363; DBGM89, 304; www.cronica. diputados.gob.mx, 1977. Rodríguez López, Jaime a—Jan. 1, 1955. b—Ziquítaro, Michoacán. c—Early education unknown; engineering degree in wood technology from University of Michoacán, 1973–1977. d—Mayor, Penjamillo, Michoacán, 1984–1986; local deputy, State Legislature of Michoacán, 1989–1991; federal deputy from State of Michoacán, Dist. 4, 1994–1997; federal deputy from State of Michoacán, Dist. 1, 2000–2003. e—President, PRI, Michoacán, 2001. f—Secretary of agribusiness development, Michoacán, 1997–1999. g—Secretary of legal affairs and communications, Michoacán; secretary of forest action, CEN of CNC, 1990–1993. h—None. i—Son of José Carlos Rodríguez Aguíñiga and María Guadalupe López Nájera; married María Isabel Ramírez Servín. j—None. k—None. l—www.pri michoacan.org.mx, 2008; www.cddhcu.gob .mx, 1994, 2007; DCM, 2000–2003, 166–167; QesQ en el Congreso, 2000–2003, 244–245; Musacchio, 357. Rodríguez Lozano, Amador a—Feb. 27, 1951. b—San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí. c—Early education unknown; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, 1977–1981; professor of law, National School of Law, UNAM, 1979– . d—Plurinominal federal deputy from PRI, 1991–1994, 2000–2003; senator from Baja California, 1997–2000. e—Joined PRI, 1981; secretary of political training, CEN of PRI, 1978–1979; assistant secretary of electoral action, CEN of PRI, 1988–1991; national adviser, CEN of PRI, 1991; secretary of electoral action, CEN of PRI, 1993; assistant secretary of law and electoral structures, CEN of PRI, 1998; resigned from PRI to run for governor of

824  m e xic a n p oli t i c a l b i o g ra ph i e s , 1935–20 0 9

Baja California on PT ticket, 2001; senatorial candidate of Coalition for the Good of All, Baja California, 2006. f—Private secretary, Division of Transportation of Preventive Medicines, Secretariat of Communications and Transportation, 1977–1978; director, Administrative Unit Control, Secretariat of Government, 1983–1984; assistant director of legal affairs, Secretariat of Government, 1984–1986; general coordinator of advisers to assistant secretary of government, 1986–1988; coordinator of political cabinet, Chiapas, 2006–2007; secretary of justice, Chiapas, 2007. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Cesáreo Rodríguez, career military, and Rufina Lozano González; married Yamel Cuervo Paredes. j—None. k—None. l—QesQ en el Congreso, 1997–2000, 330; www.secgob.gob.mx, 1997, 2007; DCM, 2000–2003, 351–352; QesQ en el Congreso, 2000–2003, 245; DBGM92, 563. Rodríguez (Luján), Abelardo L.

(Deceased Feb. 13, 1967) a—May 12, 1889. b—San José de Guaymas, Sonora. c—Elementary education in Nogales, Sonora; no degree. d—President of Mexico, 1932–1934; governor, Sonora, 1943–1948. e—None. f—Police chief, Nogales, Sonora, 1912; governor and military commander, Baja California del Norte, 1923–1929; governor, Baja California del Norte, 1929–1930; assistant secretary of the navy, 1931–1932; secretary of war and navy, Aug. 2, 1932–Sept. 2, 1932; secretary of industry and commerce, Jan. 20, 1932–Aug. 2, 1932; president, Advisory Fishing Council, Secretariat of Industry and Commerce, 1961; general coordinator of national production, 1942–1943. g—None. h—Wealthy businessman in State of Sonora and Baja California del Norte; began investing in 1920s; important shareholder in Banco Mexicano; cofounder, Empacadora del Norte, Navajoa, Sonora, 1927; cofounder, Nacional de Productos Marinos, 1927; shareholder, National Portland Cement Co.; investor with Javier Gaxiola in La Suiza; invested in Pesquera del Pacífico, 1937. i—Father, Nicolás Rodríguez, went

bankrupt running several mule trains; worked in a hardware store with brother Fernando; employed at Cananea Copper Mines; professional baseball player. j—Joined the Revolution as lieutenant, 1913; rank of 1st captain, 1914; fought against Huerta; rank of major, 1914; rank of lieutenant colonel, 1915; head, 53rd Battalion under Obregón in fighting against Villa; rank of colonel, 1916; rank of brigadier general, 1920; military commander, Baja California del Norte, 1921; chief of military operations, Oaxaca, 1923; rank of brigade general, 1924; rank of division general, June 11, 1928; commander, Military Zone of the Gulf, 1942. k—Resigned from governorship of Sonora, Apr., 1948, giving health as a reason. l—HA, Dec. 11. 1961, 3; Gaxiola, 57ff; NYT, Feb. 14, 1967, 43; Q es Q, 508; IWW40, 957; WWM45, 103; DP70, 1783; Covarrubias, 156; NYT, Mar. 26, 1943, 2; Anderson; Justicia, July, 1970. Rodríguez Martínez, José Guadalupe Tarcisio a—Sept. 18, 1959. b—Guadalajara,

Jalisco. c—Elementary studies at Colegio Medrano, Guadalajara; secondary studies at Colegio Francisco Febres Cordero, La Salle Brothers, Guadalajara; preparatory studies at Preparatory School of the West, La Salle Brothers, Guadalajara; electrical and communication engineering studies at University of Guadalajara, 1979–1984, graduating in 1985. d—PAN candidate from Jalisco for local deputy, 1982; PAN candidate for federal deputy from Jalisco, 1985, 1989; local deputy, State Legislature of Jalisco, 52nd Session, 1989–1991; plurinominal federal deputy from PAN, 1991–1994; local deputy, State Legislature of Jalisco, 54th Session, 1995–1997; plurinominal senator from PAN, 1997–2000; local deputy, State Legislature of Jalisco, 2000–2003, coordinator of PAN delegation; mayor, Zapopan, Jalisco, 2003–2006. e—Joined PAN, 1978; youth director, PAN, Jalisco, 1980–1983; president, PAN Regional Committee, Jalisco, 1990–1996; assistant secretary-general, CEN of PAN, 1999–2002; national adviser, CEN

t he b io g ra phies  825

of PAN, 1990–2009; member, CEN of PAN, 1993–2002. f—Director general of federal highways and bridges, 2008– . g—None. h—Employee, UNISYS-Burroughs, 1984– 1989. i—Son of José Guadalupe Rodríguez Pérez, retailer and plurinominal alternate federal deputy from PAN, 1964–1967, and María Angelina Martínez Gutiérrez; married Ivette del Carmen Henry Vélez, member of City Council of Zapopan, 2004–2006; brother-in-law Raymundo A. Henry Vélez, department head, Jalisco, 2005. j—None. k—None. l—Pérez Franco, 287; www.cronica.diputados.gob.mx, 2008; www.secgob.gob.mx, 1997; DBGM92, 563; QesQ en el Congreso, 1997–2000, 271–272. Rodríguez Morales, Manuel a—Jan. 18, 1953. b—Ciudad Victoria, Tamaulipas. c—Early education unknown; degree in civil engineering from ITESM, Nuevo León, 1969–1973; MA in science from University of Texas, Austin, 1974–1975; MA from National School of Bridges and Roads, Chaussées, France, 1976–1977. d—None. e—Member, PRI. f—Head, Project Development Department, Division of Investment and Analysis, Secretariat of Public Works, 1979–1980; department head, Div. of Investment and Analysis, Secretariat of Public Works, 1980–1981; private secretary to assistant secretary of public works, Secretariat of Public Works, 1981–1982; private secretary to secretary of communications, Secretariat of Communications and Transportation, 1982–1984; coordinator of advisers to secretary of communications and transportation, Secretariat of Communications and Transportation, 1985–1986; general coordinator of planning, 1987–1988; director general, Secretariat of Communications and Transportation Center, Tamaulipas, 1989–1992; director general of federal highways, Secretariat of Communications and Transportation, 1993–1994; assistant secretary of infrastructure, Secretariat of Communications and Transportation, 1994–2001. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Antonio Rodríguez Mejía, civil engineer,

and Isabel Morales Ruiz; married Elena Mier y Terán Garza. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM84, 363; DBGM87, 337; Musacchio, 358; Pescador, 221. Rodríguez Palafox, Ramiro (Deceased Sept. 27, 1990) b—Santiago Papasquiaro, Durango. c—Early education unknown; enrolled in Heroic Military College, Jan., 1927, graduating as 2nd cavalry lieutenant, Jan. 18, 1932; professor of riding, Heroic Military College. d—Federal deputy from State of Durango, Dist. 3, 1946–1949, member of Gran Comisión; federal deputy from State of Durango, Dist. 3, 1952–1955. e—None. f—Assistant and military adjutant to Miguel Alemán, 1946. g—None. j—Career army officer; joined as cadet, 1917; rank of captain, air force; rank of brigade general; represented military throughout the world in international military competitions. k—World champion and gold medal winner, horse jumping and obstacle course; jumping champion, 3rd Central American Games, 1935; New York Times called him the “First Jumper of Our Time.” l—C de D, 1946–1949; C de D, 1952–1955; www.santiagopapasquiaro.gob.mx, 2008; www.chagocity.com, 2008. Rodríguez Pérez, Francisco a—June 1, 1939. b—Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua. c—Early education unknown; economics degree from National School of Economics, UNAM, 1960–1964; professor, National School of Economics, UNAM, 1964–1966; professor, Autonomous University of Ciudad Juárez, 1967–1970; dean, School of Economics, Autonomous University of Ciudad Juárez. d—Federal deputy from State of Chihuahua, Dist. 3, 1973–1976; federal deputy from State of Chihuahua, Dist. 4, 1982–1985, secretary of Trade Committee. e—Joined PRI, 1955; youth director, Sec. 71, PRI, Ciudad Juárez, 1958–1959; secretary of political action, Youth Committee of PRI, Federal District, 1966; secretary-general, CEPES of PRI, Ciudad Juárez, 1968–1970. f—Tax inspector, Tax Division, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1967–1969; controller,

826  m e xic a n p oli t i c a l b i o g ra ph i e s , 1935–20 0 9

CONASUPO, 1970–1973. g—Founder and president, League of Revolutionary Economists of the State of Chihuahua, 1968–1970; secretary of organization, Local 17, National Union of Treasury Workers, 1961–1963; secretary-general, Local 17, National Union of Treasury Workers, 1965–1967. h—None. i—Son of Francisco Rodríguez Lozada, public official, and Maura Pérez Peña, teacher; married Elisa Gil Martínez; son Luis Ernesto Rodríguez Gil, professor at ITESM. j—None. k—None. l—Directorio, 1982–1985; C de D, 1973–1976; C de D, 1982– 1985; Lehr, 104. Rodríguez Pratts, Juan José a—Mar. 17, 1946. b—Pichucalco, Chiapas. c—Elementary studies at José N. Rovirosa Institute, 1953–1958; secondary studies at Antonio María Rivera School, 1959–1961; preparatory studies at Jalapa Preparatory, Veracruz, 1962–1963; law degree from University of Veracruz, 1964–1968, with thesis on philosophical aspects of law; English studies at Georgetown University; professor, University of Tabasco, 1970–1976. d—Delegate of Venustiano Carranza to Department of the Federal District, 1979–1982; plurinominal federal deputy from PRI, 1991–1994, 1997–2000; plurinominal senator from PAN, 2000–2006; plurinominal federal deputy from PAN, 2006–2009. e—Member, PRI, 1965–1994; president, PRI, Tabasco, 1973– 1974; delegate, CEN of PRI, Chihuahua, 1985, Chiapas, 1985; joined PAN, 1995; assistant director, Miguel Estrada Iturbide Foundation, PAN, 1995–1997; national adviser, CEN of PAN, 1998–2007; member, CEN of PAN, 2002–2008. f—Assistant finance secretary, Tabasco, 1971–1973; private secretary to governor of Tabasco, 1974–1976; director general, Urban Development Committee, Department of the Federal District, 1982– 1983; director of land regularization, Department of the Federal District, 1985; manager of social development, Federal Electric Commission, 1988–1990; director general, Mexican Institute of Coffee, 1990–1991; secretary-general, Tabasco, 1992. g—None.

h—None. i—Son of Juan Rodríguez Lanz, rancher in Teapa, Tabasco, and Gloria Pratts Salazar; married María de Lourdes Marquez. j—None. k—None. l—Letters; DBGM94, CD; QesQ en el Congreso, 2000–2003, 314–315; DBGM92, 563; DCM, 2000–2003, 330; QesQ en el Congreso, 1997–2000, 554; Pérez Franco, 287–288. Rodríguez Ramírez, Eliseo a—Sept. 13, 1925. b—Ejido La Gavilana, Pénjamo, Guanajuato. c—Attended Escuela Práctica de Agricultura de Roque, Celaya, Guanajuato, 1939–1941; prevocational studies at Rafael Dondé School, Mexico City, 1942–1943; cadet at Heroic Military College, 1944–1945, serving as corporal of cadets, July 16, 1945; graduated as 2nd lieutenant in administration, Jan. 1, 1946; secondary studies at Secondary Night School No. 14, Mexico City, 1946; preparatory studies at National Preparatory School, 1947–1948; legal studies at National School of Law, UNAM, 1949–1953, graduating June 27, 1955; professor, National School of Law, UNAM, 1959–1961; professor, Heroic Military College, 1951–1959. d—Federal deputy from State of Guanajuato, Dist. 5, 1961–1964, member of 2nd National Defense Committee, Military Justice Committee, substitute member of 1st Justice Committee; alternate senator from State of Guanajuato, 1964– 1968, in functions as senator 1968–1970; federal deputy from State of Guanajuato, Dist. 5, 1985–1988. e—Joined PRI, 1949; general delegate, CEN of PRI, Campeche, 1964; general delegate, CEN of PRI, Tlaxcala, 1969, 1970. f—Agent, Ministerio Público, Civil Division, 1957; agent, Ministerio Público, 1957–1958; adviser to private secretary of attorney general of Mexico, 1960; auxiliary agent, Ministerio Público, Office of the Attorney General of Mexico, 1960–1961, 1964; oficial mayor of Senate, 1971–1972; assistant director of migratory services, Secretariat of Government, 1980. g—Founder, Revolutionary Student Group, Guanajuato, 1947; member, Revolutionary Student Group Ignacio Altamirano,

t he b io g ra phies  827

National School of Law, 1949; secretarygeneral, 1949–1953 National School of Law generation; general delegate of the CNC, Aguascalientes and Puebla, 1962; secretary of educational action, CEN of CNC, 1962– 1965; secretary-general, League of Agrarian Communities of State of Guanajuato, 1966. h—Began working parcel of land left to him by his father, 1936. i—Son of Andrés Rodríguez and Francisca Ramírez, peasants who could not read or write. j—Career army officer; served in 7th Administrative Sec., 1946–1947; rank of 1st lieutenant, Jan. 1, 1949; rank of 2nd captain, Sept. 1, 1952; rank of 1st captain, Nov. 20, 1956; rank of major, Nov. 20, 1959; department head, Secretariat of National Defense, 1977. k—None. l—C de D, 1961–1963, 89; HA, Sept. 13, 1971, 13; letter; Rev. de Ejer., Apr., 1959, 28; C de S, 1964–1970; DBGM, 591–592; Lehr, 104. Rodríguez Roldán, Santiago (Deceased Nov. 15, 2000) a—Oct. 6, 1922. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, 1945, with thesis on basic legal norms; professor of Amparo, Law School, University of Veracruz. d—None. e—None. f—Actuary, Third, Second, and First judicial districts, Veracruz; first secretary of agreements, Second Judicial District, Veracruz, and Third Judicial District, Tuxpan, Veracruz; district court judge, Tapachula, Chiapas, 1959–1960; district court judge, Acapulco, Guerrero, 1960; judge, Circuit Court, Toluca, State of Mexico, and Veracruz, Veracruz; judge, Circuit Court, Federal District; supernumerary justice, Supreme Court, 1979–1982; justice, Supreme Court, 1982–1988, 1988–1991, retired Oct. 6, 1991. g—None. h—None. i—Married Leonor Báez. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM, 683; DBGM89, 639; DBGM87, 656; DBGM92, 695; www.scjn.gob.mx, 620–621, 2008. Rodríguez Solórzano, Ángel

(Deceased) a—May 31, 1919. b—Durango, Durango. c—Secondary and preparatory studies at Juárez Institute, Durango; law degree from School of Law, Juárez Institute,

1947; professor of biology, Juárez Institute, 1942–1966; rector, Juárez University of Durango (formerly Juárez Institute), 1953–1964. d—Federal deputy from State of Durango, Dist. 1, 1964–1967, member of Cultural Affairs Committee, Balloting Committee, 1st Public Education Committee. e—None. f—Secretary, City Council, Durango, 1942–1944; president, state Board of Conciliation and Arbitration, Durango, 1944; second judge, Civil Court of Durango; assistant attorney general, Durango; attorney general, Durango; provisional governor, Durango, Aug. 4, 1966–1968; director, Regional Museum of Durango. g—None. h—None. i—Married Soledad Vázquez; son Miguel Ángel Rodríguez Vázquez, president of Superior Tribunal of Justice of Durango. j—None. k—None. l—DBM68, 532; C de D, 1964–1966, 55. Rodríguez (Taboada), Luis Ignacio

(Deceased Aug. 28, 1973) a—Oct. 21, 1905. b—Silao, Guanajuato. c—Elementary studies in Guanajuato; secondary and preparatory studies in Guanajuato; law degree from University of Guanajuato, Apr. 29, 1929; rector, University of Guanajuato, 1929; professor of constitutional law for many years. d—Federal deputy from Baja California del Sur, 1934–1936; local deputy, State Legislature of Guanajuato, 1929–1930; governor, Guanajuato, 1937–1938, 1939–1940; senator from State of Guanajuato, 1952–1958, substitute member of Protocol Committee, member of 1st Justice Committee, Rules Committee, 2nd Balloting Committee, and Legislative Studies Committee, president of Foreign Relations Committee. e—President, CEN of PRM, Apr. 2, 1938–June 19, 1939; founding member, PRM. f—Superintendent of education, State of Guanajuato, under Governor Arroyo Ch., 1924; chief clerk, State of Guanajuato, under Governor Arroyo Ch., 1926; director of popular culture, State of Guanajuato, 1931–1933; oficial mayor of government, State of Guanajuato, 1929–1930; secretary-general of government, State of Guanajuato, 1927–1928; secretary-general

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of government and interim governor, Baja California del Sur, under General Juan B. Domínguez Cota, 1932–1934; private secretary to President Lázaro Cárdenaso, 1934–1937; ambassador to France, 1939–1940; ambassador to Chile, 1941–1945; ambassador to Canada, 1946–1950; ambassador to Guatemala, 1950–1951; ambassador to Venezuela, 1961–1965. g—Student leader, University of Guanajuato; president, Revolutionary Convention of Ciudad Victoria, Tamaulipas, 1926. h—Owner, Kimberly Jewelry Shop, 1944. i—Father of Luis Dantón Rodríguez Jaime; son of Victoriano Rodríguez and Jesusita Taboada; married Eloísa Jaime. j—None. k—Supported General Obregón for president, 1928; PRM precandidate for president of Mexico, 1939; opposed Ángel Carvajal’s candidacy for the presidency in 1952 in an open letter also signed by Heriberto Jara and Silvano Barba González; member of Inner Circle, 1934–1940; first president of PRM. l—DP70, 1232; Polémica, I, no. 1, 1969, 69; EBW46, 89; DGF56, 6, 10–14; Peral, 702; Brandenburg, 80; Morton, 74–75, 41, 92; Michaels, 3; HA, Sept. 3, 1973, 29; López, 953; Gómez, 106, 121; letters. Rodríguez Triana, Pedro (Deceased Feb. 26, 1960) a—Apr. 29, 1890. b—San Pedro, Coahuila. c—Elementary studies in San Pedro; graduated as bookkeeper from Union and Progress Academy. d—Governor, Coahuila, 1938–1941. e—Named delegate from Coahuila to Mexican Liberal Party; PCM candidate for president of Mexico, 1929. f—Agrarian adviser, Durango, San Luis Potosí, Coahuila, Campeche, 1935; executive secretary of agrarian reform, Department of Agrarian Affairs, La Laguna, Yucatán, and Michoacán, 1934–1936. g—Became agrarian leader at age 14; agrarian adviser, States of Durango, San Luis Potosí, Coahuila, Campeche, 1935; cooperative and ejido organizer, 1923. h—Peasant; worked on Gómez hacienda, San Pedro. i—Son of Francisco Rodríguez and Petua Triana, peasants; married Herlina Levy

Flores. j—Met Madero, 1912; joined the Revolution, 1912; fought under Victoriano Huerta for a short time; attended Convention of Aguascalientes, 1914; chief of staff, General Benjamín Argumedo, 1915; served on staff of Emiliano Zapata, 1916; commander, garrison, San Miguel de Azúa, Zacatecas, 1916; fought against Venustiano Carranza, 1920; fought against Francisco Murguía, 1922. k—Remained in hiding after 1929 election in the mountains of northern Mexico, 1929–1934; accused of mishandling funds as governor of Coahuila; Brandenburg places him in Inner Circle as governor of Coahuila; removed 2 weeks before end of his term as governor for attempting to impose his own candidate, General Lucas González, as governor; Cuellar Valdés says he was born in Zacatecas and therefore violated state Constitution by becoming governor of Coahuila. l—DP70, 1792; Peral, 704–705; D del Y, Nov. 2, 1940, 1; Correa, 500–501; Brandenburg, 80; Anderson, 82–83; PS, 5363; Cuellar Valdés, 238; www .coahuila.gob.mx, 2008. Rodríguez y Pacheco, Alfredo a—Aug. 11, 1959. b—Peto, Yucatán. c—Early education unknown; public accounting degree from University of Yucatán, 1977–1982; graduate studies in finance at University of Yucatán, 1996–1997. d—Member, City Council, Mérida, 1991–1993; plurinominal alternate federal deputy from PAN, 1994–1997; local deputy, State Legislature of Yucatán, 1998–2001; plurinominal federal deputy from PAN, 2003–2006; senator from Yucatán, 2006–2012. e—Joined PAN, 1982; member, PAN State Committee, Yucatán, 1987–2007; treasurer, PAN, Yucatán, 1997–2000; president, PAN, Yucatán, 2000–2003; national adviser, PAN, 2001– 2004. f—None. g—None. h—Controller, Country Club of Mérida, 1984–1989; controller, Materiales de Yucatán, 1990–1998. i—Son of Gildardo Rodríguez Gómez and Ana Rosa Pacheco Marín. j—None. k—None. l—www.senado.gob.mx, 2008; Directorio del Congreso, 2006–2009, 295;

t he b io g ra phies  829

www.pan.senado.gob.mx, 2008; www.pan .yucatan.org.mx, 2009; www.larevista.com .mx, July 30, 2006. Rodríguez y Rodríguez, Jesús a—Mar. 2, 1920. b—Federal District. c—Preparatory studies at Colegio Francés Morelos, Mexico City; agricultural engineering degree from National School of Agriculture, 1939; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, 1942, with thesis titled “History and Politics of the Municipality in Mexico”; professor of administrative law, National School of Law, UNAM, 1944–1954; professor of the state in economic life, National School of Economics, UNAM; secretary, School of Law, under Dean Mario de la Cueva. d—Senator from State of Morelos, 1988; federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. 8, 1994–1997, president of Editorial Affairs Committee; senator from Morelos, 1988–1994. e—Joined PRI, 1942. f—Lawyer, Office of Public Debt, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1942–1943; secretary, Federal Tax Court, 1943–1944; director, Department of Securities and Finance, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1945–1946; director, Office of Statistics, IMSS, 1943–1947; alternate member, National Price Commission, 1946–1949; vice president, National Price Commission, 1950–1952; director of services, Department of the Federal District, 1947–1952; private secretary to director general, IMSS, Antonio Ortiz Mena, 1953–1958; assistant director of credit, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1958; assistant secretary of the treasury, 1958–1964, 1964–1970; executive director, IADB, 1971–1978; president, Inter‑American Committee, Alliance for Progress, Washington, DC; president, Price Institute, 1980–1982; director general, Bank of Credit and Services, 1982; director, National Lottery, 1982–1988. g—None. i—Married Leonor Montero; political disciple of Antonio Ortiz Mena; son of Jesús Rodríguez de la Fuente, public official, member of Constitutionalist forces, July, 1915, federal deputy from State of Coahuila, Dist. 4, 1918–1920, secretary of government, Coahuila, 1955, and interim

governor of Coahuila, 1948, and Margarita Rodríguez Tesorero; married Leonor Montero. j—None. k—None. l—DPE61, 40; DGF50, II, 57; DGF51, II, 65; Siempre, Jan. 14, 1959, 6; HA, Oct. 22, 1973; HA, Aug. 4, 1944, 7; letter; HA, Oct. 22, 1973; HA, Apr. 23, 1984, 24–25; Excélsior, Sept. 5, 1982, 20; HA, Mar. 24, 1980, 25; DBGM89, 527; DBGM92, 565–566; CDDWeb, Diputados, 1997; www.coahuila.gob, 2008. Roel (García Othón Vélez), Santiago

(Deceased Dec. 17, 2001) a—Dec. 4, 1919. b—Monterrey, Nuevo León. c—Elementary studies at Colegio Monterrey and Colegio Americano, Monterrey; secondary studies at Laurens Institute, Monterrey; preparatory studies at University of Nuevo León and Ateneo Fuente, Saltillo, Coahuila; law degree from University of Nuevo León; professor of agrarian and tax law, guarantees, and Amparo, and constitutional law, School of Law, University of Nuevo León (20 years); professor of the history of Mexican philosophy, School of Philosophy, University of Nuevo León; director, University Extension Program, University of Nuevo León. d—Alternate local deputy, 46th State Legislature of Nuevo León; alternate senator from State of Nuevo León, 1964–1970, under Armando Arteaga y Santoyo; federal deputy from State of Nuevo León, Dist. 1, 1970–1973, president of Foreign Relations Committee, member of Legislative Studies Committee, president of Chamber of Deputies. e—National delegate, IEPES of PRI; coordinator of speakers, presidential campaign of José López Portillo, 1975–1976; assistant director, Legal Department, CEN of PRI. f—Legal adviser, 7th Military Zone; director, Legal Department, State of Nuevo León; adviser to secretary of the treasury, 1973–1975; secretary of foreign relations, 1976–1979. g—Lawyer, Union of Workers of the National Railroads of Mexico, State of Nuevo León. h—Practicing lawyer, Mexico City, firm of Farell; author of various books. i—Son of lawyer Santiago Roel Melo, representative to Constitutional Convention of

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1917 and federal deputy, and María Concepción García, teacher; grandson of Secundino Roel, lawyer; close personal friend of José López Portillo and Octavio Sentíes; political disciple of Alfonso Martínez Domínguez. j—None. k—Early PRI precandidate for governor of Nuevo León, 1977; press claims he was fired as secretary of foreign relations for his mishandling of the ministry and its policies. l—Latin America, May 25, 1979, 158; HA, Dec. 6, 1976, 22; Excélsior, Mar. 11, 1977, 6; HA, Jan. 17, 1977, 8; NYT, Dec. 2, 1976, 3; Directorio, 1970; WNM, 196; Excélsior, Dec. 1, 1976; El Día, Dec. 1, 1976. Rojas Cabrera, Alfredo a—Feb. 10, 1953. b—Puebla, Puebla. c—Early education unknown; mechanical and electrical engineering degree from Ibero-American University, 1969–1974; MA in business administration from ITESM, 1975–1978. d—None. e—Joined PRI, 1980. f—Oficial mayor of tourism, 1988–1990; oficial mayor of agriculture, 1990–1994. g—None. h—Chief of taxes, International Loan Department, City Bank of New York, 1975–1976; manager, Petroleum Industry Sector, City Bank of New York, 1978–1980; corporate treasurer, Grupo Quetzalli, 1980–1981; corporate treasurer, 1981–1982, finance director, 1982–1985, corporate director, 1985, Grupo Akalli; director of finance and administration, Caliente Racetrack, 1985–1988. i—Son of Óscar Rojas García, physician, and Domitila Cabrera Martínez; married Guadalupe Ruiz Fernández. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM92, 323; DBGM94, CD. Rojas (Gutiérrez), Carlos a—Nov. 4, 1954. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; industrial engineering degree from National School of Engineering, UNAM, 1973–1977, with thesis on the transformation of solar energy; professor, National School of Engineering, UNAM, 1976–1978; researcher, Graduate School, National School of Economics, UNAM, 1977–1979; professor, Institute for the Study of Rural Maya Development, 1978–1979. d—Plurinominal senator from PRI,

2000–2006; plurinominal federal deputy from PRI, 2006–2009. e—Joined PRI, 1979; coordinator of special events, presidential campaign, 1987–1988; secretary of promotion, CEN of PRI, 1998; secretary-general, CEN of PRI, 1998–1999; coordinator of social participation, Francisco Labastida’s presidential campaign, 1999–2000. f—Assistant director, Coordinating Indigenous Center, Hopelchén, Campeche, National Indigenous Institute, 1979–1980; director, Coordinating Indigenous Center, Huayacocotla, Veracruz, National Indigenous Institute, 1980–1983; director, Marginal Zones Program, Secretariat of Programming and Budget, 1983; director of southern regional operations, Secretariat of Programming and Budget, 1984; coordinator of advisers to assistant secretary of regional development, Manuel Camacho Solís, 1985; technical secretary, Decentralization Program, Secretariat of Programming and Budget, 1986; assistant secretary of regional development and general coordinator of “Solidarity,” Secretariat of Programming and Budget, 1988–1992, and Secretariat of Social Development, 1992–1993; secretary of social development, 1993–1994, 1994–1998. g—Technical adviser, CNC, 1984. h—None. i—Son of Crisóforo Rojas Esteves, businessman, and María Elena Gutiérrez Cervantes; married Dinorah Sotres Narváez, political scientist and leader of Women’s Network; brother of Francisco José Rojas Gutiérrez, director general of PEMEX. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM92, 323; DBGM89, 306; QesQ en el Congreso, 2000–2003, 365–366; www.diputados.gob .mx, 2006–2009. Rojas (Gutiérrez), Francisco (José)

a—Sept. 15, 1944. b—Federal District. c—Elementary, secondary, and preparatory studies at Colegio Cristóbal Colón; public accounting degree, School of Business and Administration, UNAM, with thesis on professional ethics; MA degree in planning and budgeting for economic and social development from Israeli Center

t he b io g ra phies  831

of Productivity, Tel Aviv; graduate studies in business management at Pan American Institute for the Development of Higher Management (Opus Dei). d—Plurinominal federal deputy from PRI, 2009–2012, coordinator of PRI delegation. e—Executive secretary, National Committee for Party Integration, CEN of PRI; finance secretary, CEN of PRI, 1981–1982. f—Director, Office of Budget Control, Office of the Controller General, Department of the Federal District, 1971; assistant finance director, Office of the Controller General, Mexico City, Department of the Federal District, 1972; general coordinator of budget control, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1973–1974; assistant technical director of finance, industry, and energy sectors, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1974–1975; assistant director of Budget control, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1975–1976; chief of advisers to assistant secretary of the treasury, 1977–1979; general coordinator of management control of budget, Secretariat of Programming and Budget, 1979–1982; adviser to Miguel de la Madrid and coordinator of campaign finances and evaluation, 1981–1982; controller general of Mexico, 1983–1987; director general, PEMEX, 1987– 1988, 1988–1994. g—None. h—Accountant, firm of Roberto Casas Alatriste and Manuel Resa, 1964–1965. i—Son of Crisóforo Rojas Esteves, merchant, and María Elena Gutiérrez Cervantes; married María Elena Jiménez Alba; brother Carlos Rojas Gutiérrez was assistant secretary of social development, 1992; Raúl Robles Segura invited him to join Casas Alatriste firm; met Carlos Salinas at treasury, 1973. j—None. k—His idea to use national consultation as part of the 1982 presidential campaign. l—Proceso, Oct. 4, 1982; HA, Jan. 17, 1983, 22; Excélsior, Jan. 4, 1983, 15, 26; News, Dec. 2, 1982; HA, Dec. 13, 1982, 18; Q es Q, 154; DBGM, 365; DBGM92, 323. Rojas Rasso, Samuel Carlos (Deceased Aug. 8, 1939) a—Dec. 23, 1891. b—Puebla, Puebla. c—Early education unknown; enrolled as pilot Jan. 5, 1915, Military

Aviation School, graduating as aviator Feb. 22, 1918; aviation studies in Italy, 1922–1923; instructor, Military Aviation School. d—None. e—None. f—Chief, Mexican Air Force, 1938–1938. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Ismael Rojas de Ita and Guadalupe Rasso; brother Manuel C. Rojas Rasso was a brigadier general. j—Career military pilot; fought in the Revolution; joined Air Flotilla in Puebla under General Gustavo Salinas, Army of the East; flew combat missions in 1918, 1920; chief of pilots; fought General Villa in Sonora, 1919; rank of 2nd captain and pilot, Oct. 21, 1920; commander, observation and bomber squadron; air attaché to Mexican embassy, Washington, DC, 1923; prisoner of rebel forces under de la Huerta, 1924; commander, Air Flotilla, 1924; chief, Advanced Air Groups; commander, 2nd Air Regiment; director, Heroic Military College, 1936; director of military education, Secretariat of National Defense, 1936–1937; director, Department of Military Aeronautics, Secretariat of National Defense, 1938; director, Department of Tactical Structures, Secretariat of National Defense; rank of brigade general. k—First pilot to graduate in Mexico from Military Aviation School; first Mexican pilot to perform acrobatic flights and to reach rank of general. l—Rev. de Ejer., Sept., 1976, 129; CyT, 2, 594–595; DP95, 3000; www.sedena.gob.mx. Rojina Villegas, Rafael (Deceased June 20, 1976) a—July 22, 1908. b—Orizaba, Veracruz. c—Elementary studies in Orizaba; secondary and preparatory studies at National Preparatory School, Mexico City; studied law at National School of Law, UNAM, 1926–1930, law degree, July 7, 1930, with honorable mention; LLD from National School of Law, UNAM, 1951; professor of civil law and introduction to the study of law, National School of Law, UNAM, 1934–1964; professor of private law, Graduate School, National School of Law, UNAM, 1954–1964. d—None. e—None. f—Secretary of studies, Supreme Court of Justice, 1945–1951; judge (founding),

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First Circuit Collegiate Court, 1951–1952, 1954–1962; interim justice, Supreme Court, serving for Justice Arturo Martínez Adame, 1952–1954; justice, Supreme Court, 1962– 1964, 1965–1970, 1971–1976, 1976. g—None. h—Author of 13‑volume work on Mexican civil law; expert on civil codes. j—None. k—None. l—Justicia, Apr., 1967; DGF56, 585; www.scjn, 2008; www.juridicas.unam .mx, 2008. Rojo e Incháustegui, María de Lourdes

a—Aug. 15, 1943. b—Completed preparatory studies; acting classes at University of Veracruz; teacher, Film School of Cuba, 1988. d—Plurinominal federal deputy from the PRD, 1997–2000, president of Culture Committee; delegate of Coyoacán, Federal District, 2000–2003; representative, Assembly of the Federal District, Dist. 3, 2003–2006; plurinominal senator from PRD, 2006–2012, president of Culture Committee. e—Joined PRD, 1996. f—None. g—None. h—Television, theater, and movie actor; began career as child actor, 1951; screen name María Rojo. j—None. k—None. l—www.elporvenir.com, Aug. 14, 2007; www.sec.gob.mx, 1997; QesQ en el Congreso, 1997–2000, 111; www .senado.gob.mx, 2008; Musacchio, 360; Directorio del Congreso, 2006–2009, 323. Rojo Gómez, Javier (Deceased Dec. 31, 1970) a—June 28, 1896. b—Hacienda de Bondojito, Municipio de Huichapan, Hidalgo. c—Elementary studies in Huichapan and the Federal District; preparatory studies at National Preparatory School; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, 1924. d—Local deputy, State Legislature of Hidalgo, 1920–1921, 1922– 1923, 1928–1929; federal deputy from State of Hidalgo, Dist. 2, 1926–1928, 1932–1933; governor, Hidalgo, 1937–1940. e—Adviser to PRI on farm policies, 1967. f—Secretarygeneral of government, State of Hidalgo, under General Antonio Azuara, 1923–1924; secretary-general of government, State of Hidalgo, 1933–1936; judge, First District, Federal District, 1936–1937; head, Federal District Department, 1940–1946;

ambassador to Indonesia, 1952–1955; ambassador to Japan, 1956–1958; governor, Quintana Roo, 1967–1970. g—Lawyer, CROM, after graduation; secretary-general, CNC, 1962–1966. h—Practiced law in firm of Emilio Portes Gil; as a boy was agrarian laborer on Hacienda of Tepeji del Río; director general, Aseguradora Agrícola Nacional, 1958; practiced law, 1958–1964. i—Son of Juan Rojo and Petronila Gómez, agricultural laborers; father worked on Bondojito Hacienda; classmate of Gilberto Loyo at UNAM; brother‑in‑law of José Lugo Guerrero; father of Jorge Rojo Lugo; married Isabel Lugo; uncle of Humberto Lugo Gil, federal deputy from Hidalgo, 1967–1970; uncle of Adolfo Lugo Verduzco, governor of Hidalgo, 1987–1993; related to Bartolomé Vargas Lugo through marriage. j—None. k—A founder of National Farmers’ Confederation; formal complaint was brought against him in Oct., 1947, for illegal land sales while head of Department of the Federal District; ostracized by PRI but made a comeback; PRI precandidate for president of Mexico, 1945; Inner Circle status, 1940–1946; candidacy for secretarygeneral of CNC was supported by Old Guard, including Francisco Mújica, Heriberto Jara, Graciano Sánchez, Luis Cabrera, and Eduardo Suárez; involved in a scandal as secretary-general of CNC, along with Roberto Barrios and León García. l—Peral, 707; DP70, 2439–2440; DBM68, 534–535; WWM45, 105; DGF56, 127; Nov de Yuc, Dec. 29, 1971, 3; Correa, 345–352; Brandenburg, 80; Por Qué? Oct. 4, 1968, 36; Cline, 158; González Navarro, 233; letter; López, 958; Excélsior, May 2, 1975, 33; Excélsior, June 29, 1974, 17; Excélsior, Sept. 7, 1974, 17; Pérez López, 407­–408. Rojo Lugo, Jorge a—June 18, 1933. b—Huichapan, Hidalgo. c—Elementary and secondary studies in Mexico City; attended Cristóbal Colon School, Mexico City; preparatory studies at National Preparatory School; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, 1958. d—Federal

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deputy from State of Hidalgo, Dist. 5, 1961–1964, member of Credit, Money, and Credit Institutions Committee, Agrarian Sec. of Legislative Studies Committee; governor, Hidalgo, 1975–1976, 1978–1981. e—General delegate, CEN of PRI, to Aguascalientes, Tabasco, and Chiapas, 1961–1964; auxiliary secretary of president of CEN of PRI, Alfonso Corona del Rosal, 1961–1963. f—Lawyer, Legal Sec., Secretariat of Hydraulic Resources, 1959–1960; assistant, National Arbitration Commission, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1960–1961; assistant director general, National Bank of Agricultural Credit, 1965–1970; director general, National Bank of Agricultural Credit, 1970–1975; secretary of agrarian reform, 1976–1978. g—Member, Advisory Council of CNC. h—None. i—Married to Silvia García de Alba; cousin of Humberto A. Lugo Gil, senator from Hidalgo, 1976– 1982; son of Javier Rojo Gómez, governor of Hidalgo, 1937–1940, and Isabel Lugo; nephew of José Lugo Guerrero, governor of Hidalgo, 1941–1945; cousin of Adolfo Lugo Verduzco, president of CEN of PRI, 1982; mother related to Bartolomé Vargas Lugo; grandson of Jorge Rojo Gómez, founder of Huichapan Group. j—None. k—Proceso considered him a strong candidate for presidency of CEN of PRI in Oct., 1978. l—Proceso, June 12, 1978, 25; Enc. Mex., Annual, 1977, 545; Excélsior, June 2, 1978, 1; HA, June 2, 1975, 33; HA, Dec. 6, 1976, 24; HA, Nov. 28 1977, 7; Proceso, Mar. 19, 1982, 6–9. Rojo Pérez, Jesús a—Jan. 2, 1938. b—Ocoyoacac, State of Mexico. c—Elementary studies at Leona Vicario School, Ocoyoacac; secondary studies at Instituto García de Cisneros, Cholula, Puebla; preparatory studies at Instituto García de Cisneros; secondary teaching certificate from Higher Normal School, Mexico City; courses in teaching English, Mexican– North American Institute of Cultural Relations; certified as teacher of foreign languages, UNAM; secondary teacher, Public School No. 2, Colegio Hernán Cortés, and

Marillac Institute. d—PAN federal party deputy, 1970–1973, member of Agricultural Development Committee and 2nd General Means of Communication Committee. e—Member, PAN. f—None. g—None. h—None. i—Married María Elena Amaya Sedano. j—None. k—None. l—C de D, 1970–1972, 134; Directorio, 1970–1972. Rolland, Modesto C. (Deceased 1965) a—1881. b—La Paz, Baja California del Sur. c—Engineering degree. d—Deputy, Constitutional Convention from Baja California, Dist. 2, 1916‑17. e—None. f—President, Local Agrarian Committee, Motul, Yucatán; director of many government public works projects, including Plaza México, Jalapa, Veracruz; assistant secretary of public works, 1934–1940; assistant secretary of industry and commerce, 1940–1946; director general of free ports, 1946–1952; consul-general, New York. g—None. h—Director, Columbus Publishing Co., 1916–1918; president, radio station, 1923; general manager and president, Petrolera Veracruzana, SA, 1934; author of many technical works on ports and political tracts. j—None. k—None. l—DP70, 1796; HA, Oct. 6, 1950; DGF50, 474; DGF50, II, 645; NYT, Dec. 19, 1940, 6; www.bibliotecas.tv, 2008. Román Celis, Carlos a—Feb. 21, 1922. b—Coyuca de Catalán, Guerrero. c—Elementary studies at José María Morelos School, 1933, Coyuca de Catalán; secondary studies at Ignacio M. Altamirano School, Teloloapan, Guerrero, and Secondary Night School for Workers No. 5, Mexico City, 1946; social science studies at National Preparatory Night School, 1947–1948; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, 1949–1953; professor of literary groups, Office of Literature, Department of the Federal District, 1945. d—Alternate federal deputy from State of Guerrero, Dist. 3, 1952–1955, federal deputy from State of Guerrero, Dist. 3, 1955–1958, member of Radio and Television Industry Committee, Committee on Credit, Money, and Credit Institutions, 2nd Labor Committee, and

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Gran Comisión; senator from Guerrero, 1958–1964, member of Gran Comisión, Agriculture and Development Committee, 3rd National Defense Committee, National Lands Committee, 2nd Balloting Committee, Special Legislative Studies Committee; president, First Justice Committee; secretary, Second Instructive Sec. of the Grand Jury; substitute member, First Government Committee and National Railroads Committee. e—Official orator, Ruiz Cortines’s presidential campaign, 1952. f—Treasurer, Board of Moral, Civic, and Material Improvement, Coyuca, 1942; president, Patriotic Board, Coyuca, 1943; assistant director, Filmoteca Nacional, Secretariat of Public Education, 1947; director of press relations, IMSS, 1953; director of legal affairs, Secretariat of Health, 1976. g—President, Student Association, National Preparatory Night School. h—Worked in father’s store as a youth; news agent in Coyuca; editor‑in‑chief, Revista Coyuca, 1944; winner of prize in physics and chemistry, secondary night school, Federal District, 1946; winner of prize for essay on Louis Pasteur, National Preparatory Night School, 1948; reporter for Mañana during 1952 presidential campaign. i—Father, owner of a general store. j—None. k—PRI precandidate for senator from Guerrero, 1981. l—Func., 219; C de D, 1952–1954, 18; C de S, 1961–1964, 68; DGF56, 30, 32, 37, 34, 24; C de D, 1955–1957; Ind. Biog., 139–140; Excélsior, Dec, 26, 1981, 16. Román Lugo, Fernando a—Jan. 16, 1916. b—Chilpancingo, Guerrero. c—Elementary and secondary studies in Chilpancingo; preparatory studies in Chilpancingo; law degree from School of Law, University of Veracruz; professor, School of Law, University of Veracruz. d—None. e—Director general, National Voter Registration, 1952. f—Secretary-general of government, State of Veracruz, 1944–1948, under Governor Adolfo Ruiz Cortines; judge, Superior Tribunal of Justice, State of Veracruz, 1952; oficial mayor, Secretariat of Government, 1952–1953; assistant secretary of government, 1953–1958;

attorney general, Federal District and Federal Territories, 1958–1964. g—Active in 2nd Congress of Socialist Students, 1935. h—Practicing lawyer, Mexico City, 1964– 1980. i—Married Delia Cortés; taught in law school with Ángel Carvajal, University of Veracruz. j—None. k—None. l—HA, Dec. 8, 1958, 30; DGF56, 83; D del Y, Dec. 2, 1958, 7; HA, Feb. 27, 1953, 8–9; Func., 99. Román Palacios, Humberto (Deceased June 16, 2004) a—Apr. 15, 1936. b—Mata Redonda, Pueblo Viejo, Veracruz. c—Elementary studies in Mata Redonda, 1943– 1949; secondary studies in Tampico, 1949– 1950; preparatory studies at Preparatory School of Tampico, 1950–1952; studies in law at School of Law, Tampico, 1952–1954; studies in law, National School of Law, UNAM, 1954–1957, graduating 1965; professor, University of Guerrero, 1966; professor, UNAM, 1970–1975; professor, Anáhuac, 1972–1974; assisted his law professors, Victoria Adato de Ibarra, 1972–1975, and Rodolfo Franco Guzmán. d—None. e—None. f—Agent, Ministerio Público, 1963–1964; auxiliary agent, Ministerio Público, 1964–1966; assistant attorney general, Guerrero, 1966–1969; secretary of studies and accounts, Supreme Court of Justice, 1976–1978; judge, First District Court, Chihuahua, Chihuahua, 1978; judge, Seventh Circuit Court, Veracruz, Veracruz, 1978–1980; judge, Third Division, First Circuit, Federal District, 1980–1983; judge, Fourteenth Circuit Court, Mérida, 1986–1987; judge, First Division, Circuit Court, Federal District, 1987–1994; justice, Supreme Court, Jan. 27, 1995–June 16, 2004. g—None. h—Practicing lawyer, 1958–1962, 1969–1970. i—Son of Pedro Román Montoya, engineer, and Carmen Palacios Galván, teacher; married Josefina Reynalda Franco Avilés. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM84, 367; www.esmas.com, 2008; www.scjn.gob.mx; DBGM92, 695–696; Musacchio, 361. Romero Álvarez, Humberto a—Jan. 4, 1923. b—Villa de Ometepec, Guerrero. c—Early education unknown; civil

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engineering degree from National School of Engineering, UNAM, 1941–1946; MA in engineering from University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 1947–1948; professor, School of Public Health, UNAM, 1951–1954. d—None. e—None. f—Director of sanitation engineering, Tepalcatepec Commission, Department of Hydraulic Resources, 1949–1952; executive secretary, National Committee to Eradicate Malaria, 1960–1964; chief engineer of potable water, Secretariat of Hydraulic Resources, 1965–1970; assistant director general of water and sanitation, Department of the Federal District, 1973– 1976; assistant secretary of environmental improvement, Secretariat of Public Health, 1976–1980; technical adviser, Secretariat of Agriculture and Hydraulic Resources, 1980–1988; director general of environmental health, Secretariat of Public Health, 1988–1989; employee, Pan American Health Organization, 1994. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Joaquín Romero López, public official, and Lucina Álvarez Álvarez; married Blanca Raquel Ordóñez de la Mora, prominent surgeon. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM89, 307. Romero Castañeda, David (Deceased) a—1900s. b—Federal District. c—Preparatory studies at National Preparatory School, 1924–1926; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, 1936, with thesis on arbitration in Mexican civil law. d—Federal deputy from State of Mexico, Dist. 4, 1946–1949, member of Gran Comisión, 2nd Government Committee, General Accounting Office Committee. e—None. f—Appointed judge of Tribunal Superior of Justice of Veracruz, 1936–1939, by Miguel Alemán, along with Mariano Ramírez Vázquez, Fernando Román Lugo, and Óscar Soto Máynez; supernumerary justice, Superior Tribunal of Justice, Federal District and Federal Territories, 1940–1946; oficial mayor of education, 1957–1958; attorney general, Federal Tax Office, 1958–1961; assistant secretary of revenues, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1961–1964. g—Student leader, with Ángel Carvajal and

Raúl Noriega, National Preparatory School, 1925. i—Cofounder of student newspaper Eureka, with Miguel Alemán; assistant secretary of the treasury under classmate Antonio Ortiz Mena; married Elena Apis; son José Elías Romero Apis was assistant attorney general, 1992. j—None. k—None. l—DPE61, 40; C de D, 1946–1949, 86; Libro de Oro, 1959, xxxiii; DBGM92, 324; www.exonline .com.mx, July 6, 2008. Romero Castillo, (María Guadalupe) Cecilia a—Oct. 30, 1952. b—Federal Dis-

trict. c—Elementary and secondary studies at Colegio Las Rosas; preparatory studies, public school. d—Plurinominal federal deputy from PAN, 1985–1988; plurinominal federal deputy from PAN, 1994–1997, assistant coordinator of PAN delegation; plurinominal senator from PAN, 2000–2006. e—Joined PAN, 1982; assistant secretarygeneral, CEN of PAN, 1986; secretary-general, PAN, Federal District; national adviser, CEN of PAN, 1988–2007; member, CEN of PAN, 1985–2005; secretary-general, CEN of PAN, 1991–1993. f—Director, National Migration Institute, 2006–2007. g—President, National Women’s Civic Association, 1981–1985. h—None. i—Daughter of Gabriel Romero Silva, PAN activist, and Cecilia Castillo Laguna; married Emilio Baños Urquijo, brother of Fernando Baños Urquijo, president of Muro, an extremely conservative political movement, 1973; sister, director of National Women’s Civic Union. j—None. k—None. l—Musacchio, 361; www.pan.senado.gob.mx, 2008; Pérez Franco, 293–294; www.cronica.com.mx, 2008; DCM, 2000–2003, 331–332; DBGM87, 557; QesQ en el Congreso, 2000–2003, 315. Romero de Velasco, Flavio a—Dec. 22, 1925. b—Ameca, Jalisco. c—Early education unknown; preparatory studies at National Preparatory School; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM; special studies (5 years) at National School of Philosophy and Letters, UNAM. d—Federal deputy from State of Jalisco, Dist. 8, 1955–1958, president of Chamber,

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Sept., 1955, answered Adolfo Ruiz Cortines’ 3rd State of the Union address, member of Gran Comisión, Library Committee, Economy and Statistics Committee, and Foreign Relations Committee; federal deputy from State of Jalisco, Dist. 3, 1961–1964, member of Credit, Money, and Credit Institutions Committee and Justice Committee; governor, Jalisco, 1977–1983. e—Joined PRI, 1950; orator during Adolfo Ruiz Cortines’s presidential campaign, 1952; secretary-general, PRI, Federal District; director, Committee for Ideological Dissemination, Adolfo López Mateos campaign, 1958; general delegate, CEN of PRI, Tamaulipas, 1957; general delegate, CEN of PRI, Nayarit, 1964; general delegate, CEN of PRI, Nuevo León, 1976. f—Director of social and educational action, Secretariat of Public Education; customs administrator, Ciudad Juárez, 1965–1971. g—Champion of oratory, Federal District, 1952. h—None. i—Initiated his career under guidance of Luis Echeverría, 1946, serving as assistant to Rodolfo Sánchez Taboada; protégé of Rodolfo Sánchez Taboada; compadre of Griselda Álvarez; nephew of Rosendo Topete, senator from Veracruz. j—None. k—Los Angeles Times reported he was arrested on moneylaundering charges, 1998. l—Ind. Biog., 141; DPE61, 103; DGF56, 25, 30–32, 37; Excélsior, Feb. 18, 1977; Excélsior, Feb. 20, 1977; Almanaque de México, 358; LAT, Mar. 21, 1998, 1A; www.dea.gov, Mar. 18, 1998. Romero Deschamps, Carlos Antonio

a—Jan. 17, 1944. b—Tampico, Tamaulipas. c—Elementary studies at Guadalupe Victoria School; secondary studies at P. J. Méndez School; private accountant, School of Banking and Business, Tampico, 1960–1963. d—Federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. 28, 1979–1982; plurinominal federal deputy from PRI, 1991–1994; senator from Hidalgo, 1994–2000, president of Energy and Nonrenewable Resources Committee. e—Joined PRI, 1961; secretary of political action, Youth of PRI, Dist. 29, Federal District, 1970–1973; member, National Political

Council of PRI, 1993–2003. f—Laborer, PEMEX, Salamanca, Guanajuato, Minatitlán, Veracruz, Villahermosa, Tabasco, and Rosarito, Baja California. g—Director, Legal Department, STPRM, 1976–1977; secretarygeneral, Local 35, STPRM, 1978–1979; adviser to Executive Committee, STPRM, 1980–1985; secretary of organization and Statistics, STPRM, 1989–1991; secretary of agreements, STPRM, 1992–1993; secretarygeneral, STPRM, 1995–2000, 2000–2006, 2007– ; first alternate secretary-general, CTM, 1998–2004. h—None. i—Married Blanca Rosa Durán Limas, private accountant; brother-in-law Álvaro Durán Limas, union leader, Local 24, STPRM. j—None. k—None. l—QesQ en el Congreso, 2000– 2003, 247; Musacchio, 361–362; QesQ en el Congreso, 1997–2000, 331; www.ccdmex. senator, 1997; DBGM92, 566–567; www. secgob.gob.mx, 1997, 2007; www.enlineadirecta.info, Mar. 24, 2008. Romero Flores, Jesús (Deceased 1987) a—Apr. 28, 1885. b—La Piedad, Michoacán. c—Teaching certificate in elementary instruction from University of Michoacán, Oct. 7, 1905; founder, Don Quixote Seminary, 1906; founder, El Distrito Seminary, 1907; founder, Instituto Hidalgo, 1909; director of elementary schools, Valle de Santiago, Guanajuato; director of private school, Piedad Cabados, Michoacán; director of secondary schools, Piedad, Morelia; founder, School of Laborers and Workers León XIII, 1906–1908; director, School of Tangancicuaro de Artista, Zamora, Michoacán, 1910; director, State Normal School, Michoacán, 1915; professor, Colegio de San Nicolás, Morelia, 1926; high school teacher, 1935–1945; rector, University of Michoacán, 1943. d—Deputy, Constitutional Convention from State of Michoacán, Dist. 16, 1916–1917; local deputy, State Legislature of Michoacán, 1922; federal deputy from State of Michoacán, Dist. 17, 1922–1924; senator from State of Michoacán, 1964–1970. e—None. f—Inspector general of public and private schools, 1913–1914; director, El

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Pensador Mexicano Elementary School, Mexico City, 1920; director, Michoacán Libraries, 1928; director of elementary education, Michoacán, 1930; director of public education, State of Michoacán, 1915–1916; director of normal schools, Morelia, 1925; sec. chief, Department of Elementary Education, Department of the Federal District, 1918; private secretary to General Francisco Mújica, 1918; director, Public Library of Morelia, 1928; historian, National Museum of Mexico, 1935–1945. g—None. h—Author of many works. i—Married Refugio Pérez; widower; married María Pureco Rasso. j—None. k—Recipient of Belisario Domínguez Award, 1976. l—C de S, 1964– 1970; MGF69; WWM45, 106; HA, Nov. 27. 1972, 11; Bremauntz, 65; DP95, 3008. Romero Flores, José C. (Deceased) a—1911. b—Tamaulipas. c—No formal education; self-educated. d—Senator from State of Tamaulipas, 1970–1976, member of Gran Comisión, president of Railroads Committee, 1st secretary of Electric Industry Committee, 2nd secretary of Mail and Telegraph Committee. e—None. f—None. g—Local secretary, STFRM; prosecretary, Mexican Alliance of Railroad Workers; secretarygeneral of organization, education, and statistics, STFRM, 1962–1965; secretarygeneral, STFRM, 1968–1971; president, 1st World Railroad Workers’ Congress, Mexico City, 1969. h—Railroad employee. j—None. k—None. l—C de S, 1970–1976, PS, 5421; www.stfrm.org.mx, 2008. Romero (González), José Rubén

(Deceased July 4, 1952) a—Sept. 25, 1890. b—Cotija, Michoacán. c—Elementary studies at Pablo Barona School, Mexico City, 1897; studies at Liceo for Boys, Guadalajara; studies in diplomacy; no degree. d—None. e—None. f—Tax collector, Santa Clara, Michoacán, 1912; private secretary to Governor Miguel Silva, Michoacán, 1912; inspector general of public works, 1919; private secretary to Governor Pascual Ortiz Rubio, Michoacán, 1919; inspector general of communications, 1920–1921; director

of press and information, Secretariat of Foreign Relations, 1921–1922; oficial mayor, Secretariat of Foreign Relations, 1924–1930; consul-general, Barcelona, 1930–1933; director, Civil Registry, Mexico City, 1933–1935; consul-general, Spain, 1935–1937; ambassador to Brazil, 1937–1939; ambassador to Cuba, 1939–1943; resigned from Diplomatic Corps. g—None. h—Businessman, Tacámbaro, Michoacán, 1914–1915; tax collector, Puruandiro, Michoacán, 1911; well-known novelist. i—Son of Melesio Romero, from campesino origin, became small businessman, tax collector, Puruandiro, 1911; alternate federal deputy of Jesús Romero Flores, Constitutional Convention, 1916–1917, and prefect of Ario de Rosales, Michoacán, and Refugio González, poet. j—Supported Madero during the Revolution; member of the staffs of Generals Alberto Dorantes and Alberto Yarza; chief of staff, General Salvador Escalante. k—Nearly executed during the Revolution. l—WWM45, 106; Peral, 1970, 1798; López, 960; letter; Cardona, 93; Enc. de Mex., 11, 177–178; www.cronica .diputados.gob.mx, Aug. 28, 1924. Romero Hicks, José Luis a—Apr. 8, 1957. b—Guanajuato, Guanajuato. c—Elementary and secondary studies in Guanajuato; exchange student, senior year in high school, Denver, Colo., 1974–1975; law degree from University of Guanajuato, 1983–1988; BA in political science from Lawrence University, Appleton, Wis., 1975–1978; MA in economics from Southern Oregon State University, Ashland, 1979–1988; professor, University of Guanajuato, 1978–1982; researcher, University of Guanajuato, 1978–1979; adviser to rector, University of Guanajuato, 1985–1988. d—None. e—Member of PRI; PRI candidate for governor. f—Director general of income, Secretariat of Financial Administration, Guanajuato, 1985–1988; economic counselor, Mexican embassy, India, 1988–1991; economic counselor, Mexican embassy, Japan, under Alfredo Phillips Olmedo, 1991–1992; director general of policy and housing, Secretariat

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of Social Development, 1992–1994; director general, Foreign Trade Bank, 2000–2003. g—None. h—Executive, Grupo Demet; partner, Romero Hicks and Galindo, law firm, 2004– . i—Son of Enrique Romero Yllades, lawyer, and Joan Hicks Armstrong, graduate in Spanish letters; brother Juan Carlos Romero Hicks, governor of Guanajuato, 2000–2006; grandson of Enrique Romero Courtade, cofounder of PNR, interim governor of Guanajuato, and federal deputy, 1920s. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM94, CD; Musacchio, 362; Líderes; DBGM93, 87. Romero Hicks, Juan Carlos a—Dec. 10, 1955. b—Guanajuato, Guanajuato. c—Early education unknown; degree in industrial relations from University of Guanajuato, 1977; MA in social sciences from Southern Oregon State University, Ashland, 1979; MA in business, Southern Oregon State University, 1981; full-time professor of business administration, University of Guanajuato, 1977; secretary, School of Industrial Relations, director of Human Resources, secretary-general, and rector, 1991–2000, University of Guanajuato. d—Governor, Guanajuato, 2000–2006. e—Joined PAN, 1998; regional adviser, PAN, 2001–2007. f—Director general, CONACYT, 2000– 2006, 2006–2009. g—President, Student Society, Industrial Relations School, University of Guanajuato. h—None. i—Son of Enrique Romero Yllades, lawyer, and Joan Hicks Armstrong, graduate in Spanish letters; married Frances Siekman; brother José Luis Romero Hicks, director general of Foreign Trade Bank, 2000–2003; grandson of Enrique Romero Courtade, cofounder of PNR, interim governor of Guanajuato, and federal deputy, 1920s. j—None. k—None. l—Pérez Franco, 291–292; www.pan.org.mx, 2008; Musacchio, 362; www.guanajuato.gob .mx, 2008. Romero Kolbeck, Gustavo a—July 3, 1923. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; economics studies at National School of Economics, UNAM,

1941–1946, graduating with honorable mention, Oct. 16, 1963; graduate work at University of Chicago and George Washington University, Washington, DC, 1947–1948; professor of economics, UNAM, 1949; professor of economics, National School of Economics, UNAM, 1966–1970; director, National School of Economics, 1967–1969; member, University Council, UNAM, 1967– 1969. d—None. e—None. f—Economist, Bank of Mexico, 1944–1946; researcher, Secretariat of Government Properties, 1948; head, Department of Economic Studies, National Bank of Mexico, 1949–1954; assistant director, National Research Committee, 1955–1958; director of research, Office of the Presidency, 1954–1961; adviser to the presidency; ambassador to Japan, 1971–1973; director general, NAFIN, Jan. 11, 1974–1976; director general, Bank of Mexico, 1976–1982; ambassador to Soviet Union, 1982–1983. g—None. h—Founder, Center for Economic Studies of the Private Sector, 1970. i—Married Leonor Martínez; son of Luis Romero González, public accountant, and Ana María Kolbeck; son Gustavo Kolbeck Martínez worked under him at NAFIN. j—None. k—None. l—HA, Jan. 21, 1974, 16–17; letter; WNM, 198; HA, Aug. 18, 1975, 20; Excélsior, Apr. 15, 1982, 4. Romero Pérez, Humberto a—July 15, 1923. b—La Piedad, Michoacán. c—Elementary studies in La Piedad; secondary studies in Federal District; preparatory studies at National Preparatory School; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, 1950; professor of penal law, National School of Law, UNAM, 1951. d—Federal deputy from State of Michoacán, Dist. 4, 1979–1982, president of Trade Committee. e—None. f—Private secretary to Francisco González de la Vega, attorney general of Mexico, 1946–1952; director of publicity, Secretariat of Labor, under Adolfo López Mateos, 1952; alternate president, Federal Board of Conciliation and Arbitration, 1953; director of public relations for President Adolfo Ruiz Cortines, 1953–1958; private secretary to

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President Adolfo López Mateos, 1958–1964; chief of advisers to secretary-general “B,” Department of the Federal District, 1983; director general of public relations, Department of the Federal District, 1983. g—President, Student Association, National School of Law, UNAM; active in student politics. h—Journalist; contributed to various newspapers and reviews; practicing lawyer, Mexico City, 1964–1978. i—Student and political protégé of Francisco González de la Vega; married Alicia Gudiño Quiroz; son of Amador Romero Vea, public official, and Angelina Pérez López. j—None. k—PRI precandidate for senator from Michoacán, 1981; political enemy of Gustavo Díaz Ordaz. l—DGF56, 53; DGF51, I, 535; HA, Dec. 8, 1958, 32; DPE61, 9; Func., 63; Libro de Oro, 1959, xxv; Excélsior, Dec. 26, 1981, 16; Excélsior, July 8, 1979, 18; HA, May 9, 1983, 32; Q es QAP, 450; Dicc. Mich., 523. Romero Ramos, Eduardo a—Dec. 4, 1949. b—Chihuahua, Chihuahua. c—Early education unknown; law degree from University of Chihuahua, 1969–1974; courses at IPADE and ITESM; studies at Georgetown University, Washington, DC, and Solihull School, Eng.; graduate studies in tax law, Pan American University; adjunct professor in tax law, Autonomous University of Ciudad Juárez. d—None. e—Joined PAN, 1997; PAN candidate for governor of Chihuahua, 1998. f—Agent, Ministerio Público, Chihuahua, Ciudad Juárez, and Ciudad Cuauhtémoc, 1974–1975; auxiliary secretary, Superior Tribunal of Justice, Chihuahua, 1975–1976; secretary of government, Chihuahua, 1992–1997; assistant secretary of citizen attention and normalcy, Secretariat of Government, 2000–2003; secretary of controller, 2003–2005; secretary of public functions, 2005–2006. g—Vice president, COPARMEX, Ciudad Juárez, 1990–1991. h—Legal adviser, Banca Serfin, 1976–1978; notary public, Bravos, Chihuahua, 1978–1992; member, Board of Directors, Multibanco Mercantil of Mexico, 1989–1992; lawyer, Baker and McKenzie,

1991–2000. i—Son of Alberto Samuel Romero Figueres and Irma Ramos Avilés; married María Cristina Ramírez Meouchi, lawyer. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM94, CD; Musacchio, 363; DBGM93, 212; www. presidencia.gob.mx, 2008; Pérez Franco, 292–293. Romero (Romero), Antonio (Deceased) a—Feb. 26, 1893. b—Encinillas, Jilotepec, State of Mexico. c—Early education unknown; no degree. d—Federal deputy from State of Mexico, Dist. 5, 1932–1934; senator from State of Mexico, 1934–1940. e—None. f—None. g—None. h—None. j—Career army officer; commander, 14th Military Zone, Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, 1959; commander, 6th Military Zone, Saltillo, Coahuila, 1959–1971; rank of brigadier general, June 1, 1941; rank of division general. k—One a few generals to have commanded a single military zone for more than a decade. l—C de S, 1934–1940; Rev. de Ejer., Sept., 1961, 43; Rev. de Ejer., Sept., 1959, 16; C de D, 1932–1934. Romo Gutiérrez, Arturo a—Dec. 15, 1942. b—Fresnillo, Zacatecas. c—Elementary studies at Progreso Public School, Fresnillo; elementary school teaching certificate from National Normal School, 1960; preparatory studies at National Preparatory Schools Nos. 5 and 6; law degree from Free Law School and National School of Law, UNAM, 1967–1972, with thesis on the 1917 Constitution; diploma in labor economics from Georgetown University, Washington, DC, 1968–1969; professor, Institute of Political Education, PRI, 1978–1980. d—Alternate federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. 9, 1970–1973, to Aurora Fernández; federal deputy from State of Zacatecas, Dist. 2, 1973–1976; alternate senator from Zacatecas, 1976–1982; federal deputy from State of Zacatecas, Dist. 1, 1979–1982; senator from Zacatecas, 1982–1988, 1991–1992; governor, Zacatecas, 1992–1998. e—Secretary of political action, National Revolutionary Youth Movement, PRI; president, PRI 9th District, Federal District, 1972–1973; general delegate,

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CEN of PRI, San Luis Potosí, 1975–1976; secretary of ideological diffusion, CEN of PRI, 1981–1982; secretary of political education, CEN of PRI, 1981; adviser to president, CEN of PRI, 1982; member, Advisory Council, IEPES of PRI. f—Assistant attorney general, Office of the Attorney General for Consumers, 1976–1979. g—Special delegate, National Institute of Youth, 1972–1973; assistant secretary of education, CEN of CTM; chief of union education, CTM, Federal District; secretary of organization, Union of the Construction Industry, Federal District; secretary of education, CTM, 1983–1986. h—Laborer, Cementos Anáhuac, SA, 1958– 1959. j—None. k—None. l—IEPES; Protag., 301; C de S, 1982–1988; C de S, 1976–1982; C de D, 1979–1982; C de D, 1970–1973; Lehr, 531–532; DBGM87, 558; DBGM, 592; Pescador, 223; Senado, 1991–1994. Roque Díaz de León, Norberto de Jesús

a—1956. b—Irapuato, Guanajuato. c—Early education unknown; chemical engineering degree from University of Guanajuato, 1978; MA in business administration, 1980; seminars at IPADE, ITAM, and Harvard University. d—None. e—Member, Vicente Fox’s economics transition team. f—Participant, Program to Enhance Small and Medium Business, NAFIN, 1980–1987; representative, NAFIN, Guanajuato, 1989– 1996; director, Program to Finance Development, Guanajuato, 1996–1999; secretary of economic development, Guanajuato, 1999–2000; director, Fund for Mining Development, Secretariat of Agriculture, 2000–2004; assistant secretary of agribusiness development, Secretariat of Agriculture, 2004–2006; general coordinator of mining, Secretariat of Economic Development, 2006. g—None. h—President, Regional Banking Center, Guanajuato. i—Descendant of an economically influential family in Zacualpan, 1820s; sister Dr. María Gracia Roque Díaz de León, director of operations and health, Guanajuato. j—None. k—None. l—www.luisrionda .com.mx, 2008; www.fomentominero.gob

.mx, 2008; www.economia.gob.mx, 2007; www.kgicevents.com/2008; www.banco mext.com, 2008. Roque Villanueva, Humberto a—Nov. 16, 1943. b—Torreón, Coahuila. c—Elementary and secondary studies in public schools; degree in economics from National School of Economics, 1966–1970, honorable mention, thesis on underemployment as a productive factor in the industrial sector; professor of economics, UNAM, 1971–1974. d—Federal deputy from State of Coahuila, Dist. 6, 1988–1991, president of Programming and Budget Committee; president, Chamber of Deputies, 1990; plurinominal federal deputy from PRI, 1994–1997, president of Chamber of Deputies; plurinominal senator from PRI, 2000–2006. e—Joined PRI, 1960; assistant director of citizen education, National Youth of PRI, 1968–1970; assistant secretary of organization, CEN of PRI, 1984–1986; secretary of regional coordination, CEN of PRI, 1994; president, CEN of PRI, 1996–1997. f—Adviser to secretary of public works, 1972–1977; assistant director general of finance, National Fund for Ejido Development, 1977; adviser to secretary of agriculture and hydraulic resources, 1978–1982; director general, Workers’ Bank, 1981; assistant secretary of organization and fishing administration, Secretariat of Fishing, 1991–1994; director general, Hidalgo Insurance Company (public), 1997–1999. g—President, Student University Federation, UNAM; coordinator of technical studies, CNC, 1971–1973; secretary of planning, CNC, 1974–1977; secretary of commercialization, CNC, 1986–1988; member, Executive Council of CNC, 1986–1988. h—None. i—Son of Ignacio Roque Arteaga, lawyer, notary public, and expert on military legal issues, and Emilia Villanueva Infante; married María Guadalupe Haro Ortega, dentist; protégé of Guillermo Jiménez Morales; brother Fernando Roque Villanueva, alternate federal deputy from Coahuila, 1976– 1979. j—None. k—None. l—www.cddhcu. gob.mx, 1994; DBGM92, 326; Musacchio,

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363; DCM, 200–203, 332; DBGM89, 529; QesQ en el Congreso, 2000–2003, 366; www.dimelo.com, 2007. Rosado de Hernández, María Luisa

a—June 18, 1926. b—Tabasco. c—Elementary studies in Villahermosa, Tabasco; teaching certificate from Normal School, Villahermosa, Nov. 15, 1938; teacher for many years. d—Federal deputy from State of Tabasco, Dist. 1, 1958–1961, member of 2nd Public Education Committee, 2nd Balloting Committee, Fine Arts Committee. e—Member, PRI. f—Director of various public schools; consultant, Secretariat of Public Education; adviser, UNESCO. g—None. h—None. i—Father participated in the Revolution. j—None. k—First female deputy from State of Tabasco. l—Func., 368; C de D, 1958–1961, 90; www.cronica.diputa dos.gob.mx, Aug. 21, 1959. Rosales Rodríguez de Fonseca, Leonor

a—July 1, 1930. b—Jalisco. c—Completed secondary studies; private accounting degree. d—Member, City Council, Tijuana, 1978–1981; alternate federal deputy from Baja California, Dist. 2, 1979–1982; federal deputy from State of Baja California, Dist. 5, 1982–1985. e—Secretary of popular action, ANFER of PRI, Baja California; secretary of organization, CNOP of PRI, Baja California, 1976–1980; secretary of political action, CNOP of PRI, Baja California; secretary-general, ANFER of PRI, Tijuana, 1976; oficial mayor, CNOP of PRI, Baja California, 1976–1980; assistant secretary-general, PRI, Baja California, 1979–1981; president, La Venta Sec. of PRI, Baja California; women’s coordinator of local deputy campaigns, Baja California; president, Sec. No. 65 of PRI, Baja California; assistant to the secretary-general, PRI, Tijuana, 1963–1966. f—Social worker, Department of Social Action, Secretariat of Labor, 1976–1978. g—Secretary-general, Union of Colonies, Durango Colony. h—None. i—Daughter of Luis Rosales Torres, white-collar worker, and Loreto Rodríguez Zavala; married Armando Fonseca Cervantes. j—None.

k—None. l—Directorio, 1982–1985; C de D, 1982–1985; C de D, 1979–1982; Lehr, 44; DBGM, 593. Rosas Domínguez, Reynaldo

a—Nov. 6, 1937. b—Chihuahua. c—Early education unknown; studies in law at University of Chihuahua. d—Plurinominal federal deputy from PMS, 1988–1991. e—Joined PCM, Jan., 1961; member, PCM Central Committee, 1973–1979; secretary-general, PCM, Valle de México, 1979; member, PCM Executive Committee, 1979; joined PRD; secretary of electoral affairs, PRD, State of Mexico, 1996. f—Employee, Federal Electric Commission. g—Student leader; union organizer, PCM. j—None. k—None. l—HA, Feb. 19, 1979, 11. Rosas Magallón, Salvador (Deceased Feb. 1996) a—Aug. 9, 1916. b—Tepic, Nayarit. c—Elementary studies in Reynosa, Tamaulipas; secondary studies in Guadalajara; preparatory and 2 years of law at University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, May 9, 1941. d—Federal deputy from State of Baja California del Norte, Dist. 2, 1964–1967, member of Hydraulic Resources Committee. e—Joined PAN, Federal District, 1945; adviser, PAN State Committee, Baja California, 1945–1991; president, Regional Council of PAN, Baja California del Norte (twice); adviser, National Executive Council of PAN, 1943–1986; member, CEN of PAN, 1971–1977; member, National Council of PAN, 1975; PAN candidate for federal deputy, 1958; PAN candidate for governor of Baja California del Norte, 1959, 1971; precandidate for PAN presidential nomination, 1963, 1976; PAN precandidate for senator, 1991. f—Judge, Tixtla, Guerrero, 1941; agent, Ministerio Público, Tlapa, Guerrero, 1942; agent, Ministerio Público, Los Mochis, Sinaloa, 1942–1943. g—None. h—Began law practice in Baja California del Norte, 1945. i—Son of Salvador Magallón Ramírez (changed the order of his last name); married Rosalba Camacho; daughter Rosalba

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Magallón Camacho, wife of Alejandro González Alcocer, president of PAN, Baja California, 1998, and interim governor, 1998. j—None. k—Known in Baja California del Norte as the lawyer of the people. l—Letter, Por Qué? Oct. 4, 1968, 50; C de D, 1964–1966, 55, 92; Pérez Franco, 293–294. Rosas Rosas, Facundo a—1965. b—Puebla. c—Early education unknown; engineering degree from UAM, Xochimilco Campus; MA in administration from University of the Valley of Mexico; diploma in planning strategy from UNAM; training from security agencies in Spain, France, Colombia, Japan, and United States. d—None. e—None. f—Official, Center for Research and National Security, 1989–1999; director general on terrorism, Federal Preventive Police, 1999–2001; director general of tactical analysis, AFI, 2001–2007; coordinator of intelligence, Federal Preventive Police, 2007–2008; assistant secretary of policy strategy and intelligence, Secretariat of Public Security, 2008; assistant secretary of prevention and human rights, Secretariat of Public Security, 2008–2009; commissioner, Federal Police, 2009– . g—None. h—None. j—None. k—None. l—www.eleconomista. com.mx, 2010; www.eluniversal.com.mx, June 16, 2009. Rosenblueth (Deutsch), Emilio

(Deceased Jan 11, 1994) a—Apr. 8, 1926. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; civil engineering degree from National School of Engineering, UNAM, 1943–1947; MS in civil engineering, University of Illinois, Champaign-Urbana, 1947–1948; MA degree from UNAM, 1949; PhD in engineering from University of Illinois, 1948–1951; lab assistant, University of Illinois, 1949–1950; professor of graduate studies, School of Engineering, UNAM, 1959–1994; professor of structures, National School of Engineering, UNAM, 1954; researcher, Geophysics Institute, UNAM, 1951–1957; member, Governing Board, UNAM, 1972; professor emeritus, UNAM. d—None. e—None. f—Lab assistant,

Secretariat of Hydraulic Resources, 1948; structural engineer, Secretariat of the Navy, 1954–1955; structural engineer, Federal Electric Commission, 1952–1954; director, Engineering Institute, UNAM, 1959–1966; coordinator of scientific research, UNAM, 1966–1970; adviser to secretary-general, UNAM, 1970–1972; adviser, National Council of Science and Technology, 1971–1976; adviser to rector of UNAM, 1973–1975; assistant secretary of educational planning, Secretariat of Public Education, 1977–1982. g—Member, National College, 1972–1994. h—Topographer, ICA, SA, 1945–1948; lab researcher, ICA, SA, 1951–1955; director general, Diseño Racional, SC, 1956–1970; president, DIRAC Industrial Group, 1970–1977. i—Son of Emilio Rosenblueth, director general of Cervecería Modelo and Cuauhtémoc for 26 years and a painter; and Charlotte Deutsch; nephew of distinguished scientist Arturo Rosenblueth; married Alicia Laguette; all of his children are researchers and professors. j—None. k—Recipient of National Prize in Science, 1974. l—Enc. Mex., XI, 192; WNM, 199–200; JSH, 352– 353; DP95, 3019. Rosenzweig Díaz, Alfonso de (Deceased 1963) a—Jan. 2, 1886. b—Toluca, State of Mexico. c—Law degree. d—None. e—None. f—Employee, Mexican Consulate, St. Louis, Mo., 1907; secretary of legation, China, 1910; member, Mexican Legation, Japan, 1910; secretary of legation, Guatemala, 1912; secretary, Brazil, 1918; counselor, Brazil, 1921; chargé d’affaires, Colombia, 1922, Holland, 1923, Belgium, 1924, Great Britain, 1925; counselor, France, 1925–1926; chief of protocol, Secretariat of Foreign Relations, 1927; minister to El Salvador, 1931; ambassador to Sweden, 1933–1934; ambassador to Bolivia and Paraguay, 1935–1938; ambassador to Panama, 1939–1940; ambassador to Venezuela, 1941–1942; rank of ambassador, 1942; ambassador to Great Britain, 1942– 1945; represented Mexico at 1st General Assembly of United Nations, 1945; ambassador to France, 1946–1947; ambassador to

t he b io g ra phies  843

Nicaragua, 1948–1951; ambassador to Soviet Union, 1953–1960. g—None. h—Author of 3-volume work on Mexico. i—Son Alfonso, Jr., served as personal secretary to Padilla Nervo when the latter was secretary of foreign relations and became assistant secretary “B” of foreign relations, 1976; son Roberto was appointed permanent representative of Mexico to United Nations, 1976; daughter Carmen, novelist; son of Fernando de Rosenzweig, civil engineer and member of City Council of Toluca, 1917, and Eudosia Díaz. j—None. k—Retired from Foreign Service, 1960. l—Peral, 717; DGF51, I, 106; DP70, 1808; MGF69, 179; DGF56, 123, 129; WWM45, 106; NYT, Oct. 25, 1941, 3; López, 965; Enc. Mex., XI, 193; Romero Aceves, 472; DBGM87, 343. Rosenzweig Díaz (Azmitia), Alfonso, Jr.

(Deceased Sept. 9, 1989) a—May 9, 1921. b—Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. c—Early education unknown; legal studies at National School of Law, UNAM, 1940–1944, graduating with thesis titled “The Chapultepec Treaty,” 1946. d—None. e—None. f—Private secretary to Pablo Campos Ortiz, oficial mayor of Secretariat of Foreign Relations, 1945–1946; joined Foreign Service with rank of vice consul, Apr. 1, 1946; official, Political Affairs Office, Department of Political Affairs, United Nations Security Council, Nov., 1946–Oct., 1951; interim director general, Office of International Organizations, Secretariat of Foreign Relations, 1951–1952; private secretary to Manuel Tello, secretary of foreign relations, 1952–1958; director general, Office of Legal Affairs, Secretariat of Foreign Relations, Dec., 1958–May, 1961; director general, Diplomatic Service, May, 1961–May, 1964; director-in-chief, attached to 1st assistant secretary of foreign relations, 1964–1970; director-in-chief of bilateral political affairs, Secretariat of Foreign Relations, 1970–1975; legal advisor, Secretariat of Foreign Relations, 1975–1976; assistant secretary “B” of foreign relations, 1976–1982; assistant secretary of foreign relations, 1982–1988. g—None. h—None. i—Son of

Alfonso Rosenzweig Díaz, ambassador to Great Britain, 1942–1945; brother of Roberto Rosenzweig Díaz, permanent representative of Mexico to the United Nations, 1976; married Olga Vázquez; second wife, Feodora Stancioff. j—None. k—None. l—HA, Jan. 20, 1975, 9; DPE65, 18; DPE71, 6; MGF69; Libro de Oro, 1967–1968, xxiv; Q es QAP, 47–48; DBGM, 704: DP95, 3020.

Rosenzweig Díaz (Azmitia), Roberto de a—June 30, 1925. b—Amsterdam.

c—Elementary studies in Paris; degree in political and economic science from Oxford University. d—None. e—None. f—Joined Foreign Service, 1946; chargé d’affaires, Brazil; counselor, Mexican embassy, Brazil; secretary, Mexican embassy, Switzerland; secretary, Mexican embassy, London; counselor, Mexican embassy, Paris; director, International Treaty Department, Diplomatic Service; director, United Nations Department, Division of International Organizations, Secretariat of Foreign Relations; ambassador to El Salvador, 1969–1973; ambassador to Egypt, 1974–1975; ambassador to Syria, 1975–1976; permanent representative of Mexico to United Nations, 1976–1977; ambassador to Federal Republic of Germany, 1977–1979; ambassador to Low Countries, 1979–1981; ambassador to Australia, 1981–1986; ambassador to Venezuela, 1987–1989. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Alfonso Rosenzweig Díaz, ambassador to Great Britain, 1942–1945, and Elisa Azmitia Toriello; brother of Alfonso Rosenzweig Díaz, Jr., assistant secretary “B” of foreign relations, 1976–1982; sister Carmen, author and novelist; married Margarita de Olloqui Labastida, sister of José Juan de Olloqui, assistant secretary of foreign relations. j—None. k—None. l—Excélsior, Jan. 9, 1976, 18; HA, Feb. 17, 1975, 17; Excélsior, Aug. 17, 1979, 4; DBGM87, 343. Rossell de la Lama, Guillermo a—July 22, 1925. b—Pachuca, Hidalgo. c—Elementary studies at French-Spanish Institute; secondary studies at Francés Morelos School and UNAM extension; preparatory

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studies at Francés Morelos School; architecture degree from National School of Architecture, UNAM, Oct. 4, 1951, with thesis titled “Planning of the New City of Guerrero”; professor of composition, National School of Architecture, UNAM. d—Senator from State of Hidalgo, 1976, president of Chamber, Sept., 1976; governor, Hidalgo, 1981–1987. e—Joined PRI, 1950; founding member, IEPES of PRI; director, Councils on Economic and Social Planning, Adolfo López Mateos’ 1958 presidential campaign; personal adviser to president of CEN of PRI, 1957–1963. f—Director, Department of Tourism, Secretariat of Public Works, 1952; director of development and planning, Secretariat of Public Works; oficial mayor, Secretariat of Government Properties, 1958– 1959; assistant secretary of real property and urbanization, 1959–1964; adviser, National Housing Institute; president, Regulatory Commission on Mexican–North American Border Cities; secretary of tourism, 1976– 1980. g—None. h—Practicing architect, 1964–1975; employee of Carlos Obregón Santacilia and Enrique del Moral; chief, Mario Pani workshop. i—Son of Guillermo Rossell, lawyer; protégé of Carlos Lazo, his professor and mentor in Secretariat of Public Works; boss of José López Portillo as assistant secretary of real property and urbanization; married Emilia Abitia; son Fernando was PRI precandidate for federal deputy from Hidalgo, 1979; son Guillermo, was a precandidate for senator from Hidalgo, and married Leandro Rovirosa Wade’s daughter Haydée; son Mauricio Rossell Abitia was plurinominal federal deputy from PRI, 1997–2000. j—None. k—None. l—HA, Dec. 6, 1976, 24; Excélsior, Mar. 4, 1977, 6; HA, Feb. 20, 1978, 8; Excélsior, Feb. 28, 1979, 22; Excélsior, Aug. 14, 1980, 1, 10; HA, Aug. 25, 1980, 34; Perez López, 418–419; letter; Almanaque de México, 1982, 514–515; Excélsior, Dec. 27, 1981, 17; letter. Rossell Isaac, Benito Fernando

a—May 26, 1939. b—Mérida, Yucatán. c—Preparatory studies, Mérida; no degree.

d—Plurinominal federal deputy from PAN, 1988–1991; local deputy, State Legislature of Yucatán; member, City Council,Mérida, 1985–1987; first minority senator from Yucatán, 1994–2000. e—Joined PAN, 1967; secretary of organization, PAN, Yucatán, 1968; national delegate, CEN of PAN, 1984– 1985; president, PAN, Yucatán, 1987–1989; member, CEN of PAN; national adviser, PAN. f—None. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Benito Rossell Salas, jeweler, and Sara Isaac Seba; married Graciela Josefina Flores Atoche. j—None. k—None. l—www.secgob. gob.mx, 1997, 2007; DBGM89, 530; QesQ en el Congreso, 1997–2000, 272. Rovirosa Pérez, Gustavo Adolfo

(Deceased July 25, 1970) a—1908. b—San Juan Bautista (Villahermosa), Tabasco. c—Elementary studies at Instituto Hidalgo; secondary studies at Juárez Institute, Villahermosa; preparatory studies at National Preparatory School; medical degree from School of Medicine, University of Puebla, 1932; MA, Rockefeller Foundation Fellow in Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md., 1936. d—Senator from State of Tabasco, 1964–1970. e—None. f—Director of health and social welfare, WHO, Korea, 1950–1957. g—President, Association of Friends of Mexico and Korea. i—Son of engineer José N. Rovirosa Andrade, wellknown Mexican scientist and topographical engineer, and Natividad Pérez Asmitia; related to Leandro Rovirosa Wade, governor of Tabasco, 1977–1983; brother Carlos, famous pilot killed in a crash en route to Buenos Aires; son Gustavo Rovirosa Renero was special projects manager for PEMEX, 1992; married Inés Renero Valverde. j—None. k—None. l—Enc. Mex., XI, 197; PS, 5459; C de S 1964–1970; DBGM92, 327; DBGM89, 309; DP95, 3024; www.hrovirosa .gob.mx, 2008. Rovirosa Wade, Leandro a—June 11, 1920. b—Villahermosa, Tabasco. c—Elementary studies in Villahermosa; secondary and preparatory at Instituto Veracruzano, Veracruz, 1933–1937; civil engineering

t he b io g ra phies  845

degree, National School of Engineering, UNAM, Nov. 15, 1943. d—Governor, Tabasco, 1977–1983. e—None. f—Chief of Public Works, Ensenada, Baja California, 1942; director of hydraulic works and streets, Department of the Federal District, 1944–1946; director of planning, Department of the Federal District, 1946–1952; director, Department of Construction, Division of Maritime Works, Secretariat of the Navy, 1952–1955; director, port construction, Secretariat of the Navy; director, Malpaso Dam project; secretary of hydraulic resources, 1970–1976. g—President, Alumni Society, School of Engineering, UNAM, 1972; president, National Chamber of the Construction Industry, 1965–1967. h—Organized construction firm of Raudals, SA. i—Student of Antonio Dovalí Jaime at UNAM; friend and protégé of Rodolfo Sánchez Taboada; longtime friend of Luis Echeverría; compadre of Hugo Cervantes del Río; relative of Gustavo Rovirosa Pérez, senator from Tabasco, 1964–1970; married Celia González; son of José Narciso Rovirosa Hernández and Haydée Wade Ives; father‑in‑law of Guillermo Rossell, son of Guillermo Rossell de la Llama; daughter Emma married Ricardo Ampudia, assistant secretary of tourism, 1994–1997. j—None. k—Accused of illicit personal gain as governor by Excélsior. l—HA, Dec. 7, 1970, 25; Hoy, Dec., 1970; DGF56, 383; HA, Mar. 1, 1971, 20; DGF51, I, 483; DPE71, 88; HA, July 10, 1972, 20; HA, May 9, 1955, 3; Latin America, Aug. 20, 1976; WNM, 200; Enc. Mex., XI, 197; Excélsior, Dec. 23, 1982, 10; Almanaque de Tabasco, 1982, 19–20. Rozental Gutman, Andrés a—Apr. 27, 1945. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; studies at Haverford College, Ardmore, Penn.; studies at American University, Cairo; degree in international relations from University of the Americas, 1961–1965, Federal District; MA in international law from University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 1966–1967; diploma in language and French literature from University

of Bordeaux; professor, ITAM. d—None. e—joined PRI, 1965. f—Vice consul, Philadelphia, 1966–1967; director, United Nations Department, Secretariat of Foreign Relations, 1967–1971; alternate representative, OAS, 1971–1973; adviser, Mexican embassy, London, 1973–1975; assistant director for international technology cooperation, 1975–1976; adviser to secretary of foreign relations, 1976–1979; director general, Diplomatic Service, 1979, director general for North America, 1979–1981; permanent representative to International Organizations, Geneva, 1981–1983, Secretariat of Foreign Relations; ambassador to Sweden, 1983–1988; assistant secretary “B” of foreign relations, 1988–1992; assistant secretary “A” of foreign relations, 1992–1994; ambassador to England, 1995–1997; ambassador-at-large, 2000–2001. g—President, Mexican Council of Foreign Relations, 2000. h—Assistant director, International Trade Division, Banamex, 1988; director general, Rozental and Associates, 1997–2000. i—Son of Leonid Rozental, chemical engineer from Belgium who worked for Cervecería Cuauhtémoc, and Neoma Gutman, chemist; stepfather Jorge Castañeda y Álvarez, secretary of foreign relations, 1979–1982; half-brother of Jorge Castañeda, Jr., secretary of foreign relations, 2000–2003; married Vivian Holzer Newman, editor. j—None. k—None. l—Letters; Líderes, Sept. 1, 1997; DBGM87, 344. Ruano Ángulo, Luis Carlo (Deceased Dec. 4, 2006) a—Aug. 29, 1927. b—Veracruz, Veracruz. c—Elementary studies, Republic of Bolivia Public School, Mexico City, 1933–1936, Francisco J. Clavijero public school, Veracruz, Veracruz, 1937, and Veracruzana School, 1938–1939; secondary studies at Veracruz Institute, 1940; preparatory studies at Francés Morelos School, Mexico City, 1941–1942; cadet at Antón Lizardo Naval School, Veracruz, 1942–1945, graduating as geographical engineer; graduated from Naval School of the Pacific, Mazatlán, Sinaloa, 1945–1947; staff and command diploma from Higher War

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College, 1956–1957, with thesis on defensive operations in a theater of operations; MA in staff and command from Inter-American Defense Board, 1966–1967; MA in staff and command from Center for Higher Naval Studies, 1972, with thesis on defensive operations in the Yucatán canal zone. d—None. e—None. f—Naval attaché, France and United Kingdom, 1982–1983; secretary of the navy, July 18, 1990–1994. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Luis Ruano Milicia and Olga Joaquina Ángulo Márquez; married Martha Elba Maldonado Salcedo. j—Career naval officer; rank of marine guard, 1948; rank of corvette lieutenant, 1949; rank of frigate lieutenant, 1952; rank of navy lieutenant, 1956; rank of corvette captain, 1961; rank of frigate captain, 1964; rank of naval captain, 1969; rank of rear admiral, 1974; rank of vice admiral, 1979; rank of admiral, 1986; executive officer and captain, numerous ships; interim naval attaché, United States, 1966–1970; inspector general of naval arms, 1970–1972; chief of naval forces, Gulf of Mexico, 1975–1977; commander, Salina Cruz Naval Region; commander, Chetumal Naval Region, 1973–1975; interim commander and chief of staff, 1st Naval Zone, 1972–1973; commander, 10th Naval Zone, San Blas, Nayarit, 1980–1982; commander, 6th Naval Zone, Guaymas, Sonora, 1984– 1985; commander, 1st Naval Zone, Tampico, Tamaulipas, 1986–1988; sec. chief no. 3, general staff, Secretariat of the Navy, 1966; chief of adjutants to assistant secretary of the navy; inspector general of the fleet, 1985– 1986; president, Admirals’ Board, 1989; naval attaché to Peru, 1989–1990. k—None. l—DBGM89, 310; El Nacional, July 20, 1990, 3; letter; DBGM92, 328. Rubio Barthell, Eric Luis a—June 30, 1950. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; mechanical engineering degree from ITESM, 1967–1972; advanced course in administration in London, 1975; professor, ITESM, 1970–1972; professor, Technical Institute of Mérida, 1972–1977. d—Federal deputy from State of Yucatán,

Dist 4, 1988–1991; federal deputy from State of Yucatán, Dist. 3, 1994–1997; senator from Yucatán, 2000–2006; plurinominal federal deputy from PRI, 2009–2012. e—Joined PRI, 1967; general delegate, CEN of PRI, Baja California del Sur; president, PRI, Yucatán. f—Evaluator of industrial credits, NAFIN, 1971–1976; assistant director of administration, Office of the Presidency, 1984–1987; coordinator of presidential trips, Office of the Presidency, 1987–1988; secretary-general of government, Yucatán, 1997–1998; director general, Eastern Division, IMSS, 1998. g—None. h—Chief of production, Yucatecan Beer, 1972–1974; management position, Southeast Bottling Co., 1974–1979; director general, various companies, 1979–1983. i—Son of Eric Rubio Ancona, civil engineer and owner of San Antonio Cucul Hacienda, and María Luisa Barthell Escudero; married María Teresa Cásares Cámara, bank employee. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM87, 344; DBGM89, 530–531; Musacchio, 365; QesQ en el Congreso, 367; DBGM92, 328. Rubio Félix, Lázaro a—Jan. 6, 1917. b—Culiacán, Sinaloa. c—Elementary studies incomplete; no degree. d—Member, City Council, Mazatlán, 1940s; PPS federal party deputy, 1967–1970, member of Agrarian Affairs Committee, Department of the Federal District Committee, 2nd Government Committee, Small Agrarian Properties Committee, Hydraulic Resources Committee; PPS federal party deputy, 1973–1976; plurinominal federal deputy from PPS, 1979– 1982. e—Joined PPS, 1948; secretary of electoral affairs, PPS Central Committee, 1952; secretary of publicity, PPS Central Committee, 1979. f—None. g—Member, Union of Workers and Peasants, Mazatlán, 1932; secretary, Ejido Vigilance Committee, 1934; secretary of organization, Regional Peasant Committee No. 1, South Sinaloa, 1937; secretary-general, Regional Agrarian Committee, Sinaloa, 1942–1945; secretary of peasant affairs, Mexican Association of Workers and Peasants, 1952–1962. i—Married Lina Valdés; father was rural schoolteacher, fought

t he b io g ra phies  847

in the Revolution, and was secretary to General Herculano de la Rocha. j—None. k—PPS candidate for governor, State of Sinaloa (twice); confessed double agent and infiltrator of the PPS and the CIA. l—HA, Apr. 2, 1979, 4; C de D, 1973–1976, 30; C de D, 1967–1970, 58, 61, 73, 82, 85; Excélsior, Aug. 19, 1979, 18; Medina, 20, 145; letter. Rubio Oca (Deogracias), Julio a—Apr. 11, 1949. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; degree in science from UNAM; MA and PhD in science from UNAM; researcher, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tenn., 1975–1976; researcher, Physics Institute, UNAM; postdoctoral studies, Stillwater State University, Okla., 1979; coordinator of postgraduate studies, Autonomous Metropolitan University, Iztapalapa Campus, 1990–1996; rector, Autonomous Metropolitan University, 1990–1993; general rector, UAM, 1993–1997; full-time researcher, Physics Department, UAM. d—None. e—None. f—Assistant secretary of higher education and scientific research, 2000–2006. g—None. h—None. j—None. k—National prize for scientific research, 1984. l—Musacchio, 366; www .cetrade.org, 2008. Rubio (Ortiz), Noradino (Deceased) a—Apr. 20, 1896. b—Pisaflores, Hidalgo. c—Elementary education in own home; attended secondary schools; no degree. d—Mayor, Pisaflores, Hidalgo, 1918–1919; local deputy, State Legislature of Querétaro, 1927–1929; federal deputy from State of Querétaro, 1932–1934; alternate senator from Querétaro, 1934–1937; federal deputy from State of Querétaro, Dist. 2, 1937–1940; governor, Querétaro, 1940–1944. e—None. f—None. g—Member, National Farmers’ Confederation; active Freemason. h—Farmer; wrote for various newspapers after l944. i—Great‑grandson of Independence leader Encarnación Ortiz; friend of Saturnillo Cedillo; son of Lorenzo Rubio. j—None. k—Simpson states that when Rubio was governor he employed an army of pistoleros under Saturnino Osorio to

control Querétaro. l—Peral, 721; EBW46, 191; C de D, 1937–1939, 19; Simpson, 342; Pérez Flores, 422. Rubio Ruiz (de Loreto), Marcelo

(Deceased Jan. 6, 1977) a—1923. b—Santa Rosalía, Baja California del Sur. c—Elementary studies in Santa Rosalía; secondary studies in La Paz, Baja California del Sur; teaching certificate from normal school, La Paz; education degree from Higher Normal School of Mexico. d—Senator from State of Baja California del Sur, 1976–1977, president of Fishing Committee. e—President, Regional Committee of PRI, Baja California del Sur. f—Director, Normal School, La Paz; delegate of Secretariat of Public Education, Baja California del Sur; secretary-general of government, Baja California del Sur. g—None. i—Father, a miner. j—None. k—None. l—Excélsior, Jan. 7, 1977, 13; C de S, 1976–1982; www.seopbcs.gob.mx, 2008; www.e-mexico.gob.mx, 2009; www.cronica .diputados.gob.mx, Jan. 19, 1977. Rueda Sánchez, Rogelio Humberto

a—Dec. 17, 1964. b—Guadalajara, Jalisco. c—Early education unknown; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, 1987. d—Mayor, Manzanillo, Colima, 2000–2003; federal deputy from State of Colima, Dist. 2, 2003–2006; senator from Colima, 2006–2012. e—Joined PRI, 1979; secretary of information and publicity, PRI, Colima, 1994–1995; president, PRI, Manzanillo, 1997–1998; adviser, National Council of PRI. f—Technical secretary, Ecology Committee, Chamber of Deputies, 1986–1988; private secretary to secretary-general of government, Colima, 1989–1991; secretary of city government, Manzanillo, 1992–1994; executive director, Institute of Public Administration, Colima, 1995–1997. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Rogelio Rueda Preciado and Lorenza Elvira Sánchez Ochoa. j—None. k—None. l—www.senado.gob.mx, 2007; www.diputados.gob.mx, 2008; Directorio del Congreso, 2006–2009, 52. Rueda Villagrán, Quintín (Deceased Oct. 26, 1973) a—1905. b—Huichapan,

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Hidalgo. c—Early education unknown; economics degree; law degree; secondary school teacher; professor, IPN. d—Alternate federal deputy from State of Hidalgo, Dist. 2, 1946–1949; federal deputy from State of Hidalgo, Dist. 5, 1949–1951, member of 3rd Ejido Committee, 1st Treasury Committee, president of organizing committees; governor, Hidalgo, 1951–1957. e—None. f—Assistant director, National Bank of Ejido Credit; controller general, Secretariat of Agriculture; director general of information, Department of Paper Products; director of information, Secretariat of Government. g—None. j—None. k—Villaseñor claims Rueda Villagrán bought up lands for a government-sponsored industry to make a personal profit; Excélsior suggests that Miguel Alemán’s choice of Rueda Villagrán as governor was influenced by Enrique Parra Hernández. l—Villaseñor, II, 203; Excélsior, Dec. 24, 1978, 16–17; DGF51, I, 22, 32, 33, 90; DGF50, II, 409; DGF51, II, 571; C de D, 1949–1952, 89; DGF56, 94; DGF47, 8, 360; HA, Apr. 6, 1951, 16–18; Pérez López, 427; www.hidalgo.gob.mx, 2008. Ruffo Appel, Ernesto a—June 25, 1952. b—San Diego, Calif. c—Elementary studies at Colegio Ensenada, Ensenada, Baja California, 1954–1964; secondary studies at Héctor A. Migoni public high school, Ensenada, Baja California, 1964–1967; studies in English at San Miguel School, San Diego, 1967–1968; preparatory studies at Ensenada Preparatory School, 1968–1970; degree in business administration, with honorable mention, from School of Business and Accounting, Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Studies, 1970–1974; teacher of business, accounting, and industrial engineering, Center of Higher Technical Training, Ensenada, Baja California, 1984–1986. d—Mayor, Ensenada, 1986–1988; governor, Baja California, 1989–1995. e—Joined PAN, 1985; adviser, National Council of PAN, Baja California, 1988–2009; candidate for president of CEN of PAN, 1996; member, CEN of PAN, 1996–2002; secretary of government

action, CEN of PAN, 1995–1996. f—Coordinator of northern border affairs, Office of the Presidency, 2000–2003. g—President, Association of Baja California students, Monterrey, Nuevo León, 1972–1973; president, COPARMEX, Ensenada, 1983–1985; president, Businessman’s Coordinating Council, Ensenada, 1986. h—Director of personnel, Pesquera Zapata, 1975–1976; fleet manager, Pesquera Zapata, 1977–1978; operations manager, Pesquera Zapata, 1979–1981; director general, Pesquera Zapata, 1982–1986; stockholder, Aletas y Fibras, SA. i—Son of Ernesto Ruffo Sandoval, fish packer, and Olga Appel Crosthwaite; grandson of Gustavo Appel López, government official, Josefina Crosthwaite Macallier, Antonio Ruffo, businessman, and Dolores Sandoval; married Margarita Sánchez MacFarland. j—None. k—First opposition party member and member of PAN to be declared winner in a gubernatorial race in political history of Mexico, 1929–1989. l—DBGM89, 742; DBGM92, 827–828; letters; www.angel fire.com, 2008 Ruiseco Avellaneda, Alfredo

(Deceased) a—Oct. 14, 1908. b—Veracruz, Veracruz. c—Elementary studies at Cantonal School of Veracruz and Colegio Mexicano, Mexico City; preparatory studies at National Preparatory School, 1925–1929; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, 1930–1935; professor of world history, National Preparatory School; professor of Mexican history, National Preparatory School and School of Plastic Arts, UNAM; professor of art history, School of Plastic Arts, UNAM; researcher, Institute for Social Research, UNAM; professor of the history of philosophical doctrines, Normal School of Colima. d—Federal deputy from State of Colima, Dist. 2, 1961–1964, member of Gran Comisión, president of Chamber, Sept., 1962, answered President Adolfo López Mateos’ 4th State of the Union address, president of Permanent Committee, member of Legislative Studies Committee, Constitutional Affairs Committee, Fine Arts

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Committee, and Editorial Committee; senator from State of Colima, 1964–1970, president of 1st Public Education Committee and 2nd Instructive Sec. of the Grand Jury. e—Joined PNR, 1932; member, National Revolutionary Federation, led by Mario Souza, which supported General Obregón for president, 1928; campaigned with Adolfo López Mateos during his presidential campaign in Aguascalientes, Durango, Zacatecas, and Coahuila, 1958. g—Student leader, Autonomy Movement, UNAM, 1929. h—Secretary-general of government, State of Colima, under Governor José González Lugo, 1951–1956. i—Father, Alfredo Ruiseco Carbonell, ran shipping business in Manzanillo, 1920–1970; married Concepción Rivera Silva. j—None. k—Moved to Manzanillo, Colima, 1920. l—Letter; C de S, 1964– 1970; MGF69; Excélsior, Aug. 29, 1979, 14. Ruiz, Francisco H. (Deceased Sept. 12, 1958) a—1872. b—Sayula, Jalisco. c—Elementary studies in Sayula; secondary studies and preparatory studies in Guadalajara; law degree from University of Guadalajara, 1899; professor of civil law, UNAM, 1941–1958; professor of psychology, morals, and logic, Preparatory School, University of Guadalajara, 1911–1923; director, Preparatory School of Jalisco, 1914–1923; professor of constitutional law, civil law, and commercial law, University of Guadalajara; dean, School of Law, University of Guadalajara. d—None. e—None. f—Notary, Guadalajara; judge and president, Superior Tribunal of Jalisco; judge of 1st instance, Jalisco; civil judge, various Mexican states including Colima, Zacatecas, State of Mexico; judge, Superior Tribunal of Colima, Veracruz, and Jalisco; district judge, State of Mexico; secretary, City Council, Guadalajara, 1918–1919; secretary-general of government, State of Jalisco; attorney general, Jalisco; interim governor, Jalisco; member, committee to revise the legal code of the Federal District, 1928; justice, Supreme Court, 1928–1934; justice, Supreme Court, 1934–1940. g—None. h—Author of law textbook. j—None. k—None. l—DP95,

3030; letter; www.scjn.gob.mx, 2008; www .congresojal.gob.mx, 2008. Ruiz Almada, Gilberto Sebastián

a—Feb. 25, 1926. b—Culiacán, Sinaloa. c—Early education unknown; engineering degree from University of Sinaloa. d—Senator from State of Sinaloa, 1976–1982. e—General delegate, CEN of PRI, Guerrero, 1981. f—Topographer, Mixed Agricultural Committee, Sinaloa, 1948–1949; director of public works, Culiacán, 1959; migration inspector, Secretariat of Government, 1960; director of purchasing Secretariat of Government, 1964, assistant director of administration, 1965, assistant director, National Election Registry, director of administration, Secretariat of Government, 1965–1969; oficial mayor of the Office of the Presidency, 1970–1974; assistant secretary of fiscal investigation, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1974– 1976; ambassador to Nicaragua, 1987–1989. g—None. i—Son of Jesús Ruiz Ojeda, arts and philosophy teacher, and María Trinidad Almada Corbalá; married Alicia Perla Sánchez Lazcano, teacher; supported Leopoldo Sánchez Celis as precandidate for governor of Sonora, 1963; close friend of Luis Echeverría. j—None. k—None. l—DPE65, 13; MGF69, 161; C de S, 1976–1982; Excélsior, June 18, 1974, 9; Excélsior, Mar. 23, 1980, 8; DBGM84, 373. Ruiz Ángeles, Roberto a—June 7, 1956. b—Cuautitlán, State of Mexico. c—Early education unknown; law degree from National School of Political Studies, UNAM, Acatlán, 1974–1977. d—Local deputy, State Legislature of State of Mexico, 1987–1989; federal deputy from State of Mexico, Dist. 8, 1991–1994; plurinominal federal deputy from PRI, 2000–2003. e—Joined PRI, 1976; member, National Political Council of PRI. f—None. g—Secretary-general, CROC, State of Mexico, 1999– 2005; secretary of agriculture and livestock development, CEN of CROC, 1998–2004. h—Practicing lawyer, 1976–1977. i—Son of José Ruiz González, union leader, and Mercedes Ángeles Ovalle; married Alejandra

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Méndez Ramírez. j—None. k—None. l—Musacchio, 366; QesQ en el Congreso, 2000–2003, 249; DBGM92, 568. Ruiz Cabañas (Izquierdo), Miguel

a—Jan. 12, 1957. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; international relations degree from Colegio de México, 1974–1978; MA in political science, 1986–1987, and PhD in political science, 1987–1989, Columbia University, New York; professor, Ibero-American University, 1989– . d—None. e—None. f—Joined Diplomatic Service; chief, United Nations Department, 1979–1981, Secretariat of Foreign Relations; secretary, Permanent Mission, United Nations, New York, 1981–1986, Secretariat of Foreign Relations; director, United Nations Div., Secretariat of Foreign Relations, 1989–1991; coordinator of advisers to assistant secretary “B,” 1991–1992, Secretariat of Foreign Relations; coordinator of advisers to assistant secretary “A,” 1992– 1993, Secretariat of Foreign Relations; chief of social and border affairs, 1993–1995, Secretariat of Foreign Relations; chief, Office of Special Affairs, Secretariat of Foreign Relations, 1995; ambassador to OAS, 2001–2004; ambassador to Japan, 2004– . g—None. h—None. i—Son of Alfonso Ruiz Cabañas Guevara, industrialist, and Concepción Izquierdo Goroztieta; married Martha Espinosa Cantellano, physician and prominent pathologist, IPN; sister-in-law Patricia Espinosa Cantellano, secretary of foreign relations, 2006– . j—None. k—None. l—www.cinestav.mx, 2008; Musacchio, 367; DBGM92, 331. Ruiz (Camarillo), Leobardo (Deceased Jan. 9, 1965) a—Jan. 18, 1892. b—Hacienda de Santiago, Pinos, Zacatecas. c—Early education unknown; graduated from National Military College, Dec. 24, 1914, as 2nd cavalry lieutenant; professor of equitation, National Military College, 1914; chief of riding instruction, National Military College, 1927–1928; assistant director, National Military College, 1928–1931; director, National Military College, 1953–1954. d—None.

e—None. f—Member, military study commission to Europe to study cavalry tactics, 1926; director, Department of Aeronautics, Secretariat of War; interim governor, Zacatecas, Feb. 1–Sept. 30, 1930; ambassador to Spain; ambassador to Japan; consul to Netherlands, 1935–1937; chargé d’affaires, Mexican embassy, Paris, 1937–1938; counselor, Mexican embassy, Paris, 1938; director of recruitment and reserves, Secretariat of National Defense, 1941; oficial mayor, Secretariat of National Defense, 1945–1946; military attaché to United States; military attaché to Canada; ambassador to Peru, 1952–1953; director of military education, Secretariat of National Defense, 1954–1958. g—Secretary, Union of Apprentice Mechanics. h—Worked on railroad when he was a young man. i—Son of Eusebio Ruiz and Paula Camarillo; brother of Brigadier General Eladio Ruiz Camarillo, garrison commander, 1951; married Ofelia Pérez Escobar; son Leobardo Carlos was brigadier general; son Rodolfo was federal deputy from Hidalgo, 1988–1991. j—Career army officer; enrolled at National Military College, Mar. 2, 1912; rank of 2nd captain, Feb. 1, 1914; joined the Revolution as 2nd captain in artillery, Nov. 14, 1913; member, Álvaro Obregón irregular cavalry forces; rank of major, 1915; fought in Hidalgo and Veracruz, 1915; organized Constitutionalist Railroads security forces, 1920; accompanied Carranza to Veracruz, 1920; commander, Special Artillery Instruction Regiment, 1921; commander of artillery, Army of the Northeast; rank of brigade general, Dec. 11, 1941; rank of division general, Sept. 4, 1947; commander, 3rd Military Region, Mérida, Yucatán, 1951–1952; adviser to secretary of national defense, 1960–1965. k—None. l—DP70, 1816; DGF56, 200; DGF51, 182; WWM45, 107; Rev. de Ejer., Sept., 1976, 136; Cien Biografías, 261–266. Ruiz Castañeda, Maximiliano (Deceased Oct. 1, 1992) a—Dec. 5, 1900. b—Acambay, State of Mexico. c—Preparatory studies at Scientific and Literary Institute of Toluca,

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State of Mexico, 1912–1916; medical degree from National School of Medicine, UNAM, 1917–1923; postgraduate work at University of Paris, 1924–1925; Rockefeller Foundation Fellowship, Harvard University, 1926–1927; instructor in bacteriology and immunology, 1932–1936, and Research Fellow, Harvard Medical School, 1930–1936. d—Senator from State of Mexico, 1958–1964, member of the Gran Comisión, Public Welfare Committee, 2nd Petroleum Committee, and Special Committee for the Belisario Domínguez Medal, president of 2nd Foreign Relations Committee. e—None. f—Organizer and researcher, Department of Medical Research, General Hospital, Mexico City, 1937–1970; director of central laboratory, Children’s Hospital, Mexico City, 1936–1970. g—None. h—Author of medical works. i—Son of Antonio Ruiz and Juana Castañeda; married Luisa Ochoa; became close friend of Gustavo Baz, secretary of health and governor of State of Mexico. j—None. k—Discovered 2 vaccines for typhus used in World War II. l—WWM45, 108; C de S, 1961–1964, 68; letter; López, 970; MGF47, 198; www.edomexico.gob.mx, 2008. Ruiz Chávez, María del Rocío a—1943. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; studies in economics, National School of Economics, UNAM, 1959–1963, graduating Jan. 20, 1977; diplomas in foreign trade and NAFTA from ITAM. d—None. e—None. f—Researcher, Bank of Mexico, 1963–1965; assistant analyst, department head, assistant director for stimulation of industrial development, director of industrial coordination, director of export programs, director general of services and foreign trade, and assistant secretary of domestic trade and foodstuffs, Secretariat of the Economy, 2001–2006, 2006– . g—None. h—None. j—None. k—National prize in public administration, 1999. l—www.economia.gob.mx, 2008; www.canieti.org, 2008; www.revistaaduanas.com.mx, 2008. Ruiz Cortines, Adolfo (Deceased Dec. 3, 1973) a—Dec. 30, 1890. b—Veracruz,

Veracruz. c—Elementary studies at La Pastora, Veracruz; studied at Instituto Veracruzano for 4 years; no degree. d—Federal deputy from State of Veracruz, Dist. 3, 1937– 1940; governor, Veracruz, 1944–1948; president of Mexico, 1952–1958. e—PRI committeeman from Veracruz; campaign manager, presidential campaign of Miguel Alemán, 1946; campaign treasurer, presidential campaign of Manuel Ávila Camacho, 1940. f—Aide to Alfredo Robles Domínguez, governor of Federal District, 1914; member of Carranza’s Secret Service, 1913; assistant to Heriberto Jara, governor of Federal District, 1914; private secretary to General Jacinto B. Treviño, secretary of industry and commerce, 1920–1921; employee, Office of Social Statistics, 1921–1926; director, Office of Social Statistics, 1926–1935; oficial mayor, Department of the Federal District, 1935– 1937, under Cosme R. Hinojosa; secretarygeneral of government, State of Veracruz, 1940, under Governor Fernando Casas Alemán; oficial mayor, Secretariat of Government, 1940–1944; secretary of government, 1948–1952; consulting economist, NAFIN, 1959–1967. g—None. h—Abandoned studies at age 16 to support family; employed in textile mill; worked as accountant. i—Father, a customs’ agent, died when he was 2 months old; stepson Mauricio Locken was appointed 2nd captain of the chief of staff, Secretariat of National Defense, 1952; helped by Alfredo Robles Domínguez, who was his civics teacher in Veracruz and an important influence on his political career; influenced by Miguel Macías, one of his teachers at Instituto Veracruzano, who later edited a pamphlet about Ruiz Cortines as governor of Veracruz; friend of Miguel Alemán since 1935, when he was oficial mayor of the Federal District and Alemán was a judge of Superior Tribunal of Justice of the Federal District; formed friendship with Adolfo López Mateos when López Mateos represented State of Mexico in Senate and before Secretariat of Government; close friend of Dámaso Cárdenas,

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who proposed him for federal deputy, 1937; married Lucia Carrillo, widower, and married María Izaguirre. j—Joined the army, 1914, in Veracruz; rank of 2nd captain; aide to Robles Domínguez as governor of Guerrero, 1914; administrative posts, paymaster general’s staff; accountant and administrator to Generals Álvaro Obregón, Benecio López Padilla, Miguel Diéguez, Benjamín Hill, Francisco Maycotte, Joaquín Amaro, Miguel Alemán González (President Alemán’s father), and to Lt. Aarón Sáenz; served under General Heriberto Jara; recovered federal treasury abandoned by Carranza, 1920; paymaster, Army of the East, under Adolfo Ruiz Tejeda; administrative posts in the army, 1924; paymaster general, Mariel Brigade, 1915–1916. k—Scott believes that early contact and friendship between General Treviño and Ruiz Cortines was the reason why Treviño’s political party, PARM, received government recognition. l—Cline, 160; Heroic Mexico, 352; Scott, 217–218; Gaxiola, 528; Q es Q, 525–526; Libro de Oro, liii; DBM68, 542; Morton, 88–89, 92; Covarrubias, 157; WWMG, 36; DGF56, 45; Brandenburg, 107–113; DP70, 1817; C de D, 1937–1939, 19; Enc. Mex., XI, 206–209; www.economia.com.mx, 2008. Ruiz de Chávez, Genaro (Deceased June 3, 1958) a—June 12, 1892. b—San Cristóbal Las Casas, Chiapas. c—Elementary and secondary studies in San Cristóbal; preparatory studies in San Cristóbal; law degree, 1915; professor of law, Graduate School of Business Administration, UNAM. d—Federal deputy from State of Chiapas, 1918–1920. e—Cofounder, Civic Front of Revolutionary Affirmation, 1963. f—Agent, Ministerio Público; judge, Superior Tribunal of Justice, State of Chiapas; oficial mayor, State of Chiapas; judge, Seventh Penal Division, Federal District, 1940; judge, Tenth Penal Division, Federal District, 1941; judge, Superior Tribunal, Federal District, Eighth Division, 1951–1953; justice, Supreme Court, 1954–1958. g—None. h—Director, El Hijo del Pueblo, 1909, in

which he attacked Porfirio Díaz; author of various legal articles. j—None. k—None. l—DP70, 1819; DGF56, 567; DGF51, I, 487; Cadena Z., 1970; Casasola, V; DB de C, 224; www.scjn.gob.mx, 2008. Ruiz de Chávez Guerrero, Manuel Hugo a—Jan. 17, 1947. b—Federal District.

c—Early education unknown; medical degree from National School of Medicine, UNAM, 1973; resident, National Medical Center, IMSS, 1974; MS in sciences from University of London, 1977; professor, National School of Medicine, UNAM, 1973–1981; coordinator, Rural Health Program, UNAM, 1973–1975; professor, National School of Professional Studies, UNAM, Iztacala, State of Mexico, 1979. d—None. e—None. f—Assistant director of systems, Evaluation Division, Secretariat of Public Health, 1979–1980; director general of evaluation and control, Secretariat of Public Health, 1983; director general of sectoral coordination, Secretariat of Health, 1983–1984; director general of assistance for regional coordination, Secretariat of Health, 1985–1986; assistant secretary of planning, Secretariat of Public Health, 1986–1988; delegate “A” of Secretariat of Controller General to Secretariat of Public Health, 1988; director general of health services, Federal District, 2007. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Manuel Ruiz de Chávez Salazar, lawyer, and Eva Guerrero Larrañaga, writer of numerous screenplays; married Carmen Gutiérrez de Velazco, surgeon; cousin of Arturo Ruiz de Chávez, assistant secretary of labor, 1981–1982. j—None. k—None. l—HA, Sept. 2, 1986, 26; DBGM87, 347; DBGM89, 312. Ruiz de Chávez Robinson, Arturo

a—June 22, 1937. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, 1956–1960, with thesis on writs of Amparo; professor, National School of Law, UNAM, 1976; professor, Institute of Labor Studies, 1979–1982. d—None. e—Joined PRI, 1962. f—Coordinator of oficial mayor, Department of Tourism, 1965–1966; assistant

t he b io g ra phies  853

director of tourist services, Department of Tourism, 1966–1967; oficial mayor, Chamber of Deputies, 1967–1973; director general of legal affairs, Secretariat of Government, 1973–1976; director general of conciliation, Secretariat of Labor, 1976–1979; president, Federal Board of Conciliation and Arbitration, 1979–1981; assistant secretary of labor, 1981–1982; corporate director of industrial relations, SIDERMEX, 1982–1985; director general of administration, Secretariat of Agrarian Reform, 1986–1988. g—Delegate of CNOP to PRI, 1963. h—Member, Ruiz de Chávez Correa law firm, 1956–1963. i—Son of Arturo Ruiz de Chávez Salazar, lawyer, and Dorothy Robinson Bierbeck; married Cristina Magaña Méndez, dental surgeon; cousin Manuel Ruiz de Chávez was assistant secretary of planning. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM, 376; DBGM87, 346. Ruiz de la Peña, Francisco a—Mar. 16, 1921. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; law degree, National School of Law, UNAM; professor of international administrative law, National School of Law, UNAM; professor of administrative law, National School of Law, UNAM. d—None. e—None. f—Director, Department of Miscellaneous Deposits, NAFIN, 1962–1964; director of industrial relations and control of enterprises, NAFIN, 1964–1965; representative, NAFIN, Washington, DC, 1965–1970; treasurer, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1971– 1976; assistant finance director, PEMEX, 1976–1982. g—None. j—None. k—None. l—DPE71, 42. Ruiz del Rincón, Gabriela a—May 7, 1956. b—Guadalajara, Jalisco. c—Early education unknown; degree in industrial relations from ITESO; management courses in Culiacán; 3 years of business administration studies at University of San Luis Potosí; MA studies in marketing at University of Boston. d—Plurinominal federal deputy from PAN, 2003–2006; plurinominal senator from PAN, 2006–2012. e—Joined PAN, 1987; oficial mayor, Manuel Clouthier’s presidential campaign, 1988; treasurer, CEN of

PAN, 1991–1993, 1997–1998, 2002–2006; oficial mayor, Diego Fernández de Cevallos presidential campaign, Federal District, 1993–1994; national adviser, PAN, 1998; member, CEN of PAN, 1998–2005; coordinator of advisers, Vicente Fox’s presidential campaign, 2000. f—Coordinator of advisers to attorney general of Mexico, Fernando A. Lozano Gracia, 1994–1996. g—None. h—Administrative manager, Colhuacán Engineering, Culiacán; administrative manager, Taller Morales, Culiacán. j—None. k—None. l—Directorio del Congreso, 2006–2009, 323; www.pan-sinaloa.org.mx, 2008; www.201.147.98.8, 2009; www.pan .senado.gob.mx, 2008. Ruiz Esquivel, Adrián de Jesús

(Deceased Dec. 16, 1997) a—Oct. 29, 1932. b—Federal District. c—Preparatory studies at Heroic Military College, 1949–1952; completed applied arms course, Applied Arms School; staff and command diploma from Higher War College, 1961–1963; staff and command diploma, Ft. Leavenworth, Kan.; studies at 1st Infantry Division, Ft. Riley, Kan., 1967; infantry and tactics course, School of the Americas, Panama Canal Zone, 1956; MA in national security from National Defense College, 1983–1984; professor and director of staff course, Higher War College; chief of staff, Higher War College, 1964–1966; chief, Technical Pedagogy Sec., Heroic Military College, 1971–1972; assistant director, Heroic Military College, 1978–1980; director, Applied Arms School, Puebla, 1984; director, National Defense College, 1984–1986. d—None. e—None. f—Military attaché, Mexican embassy, Romania, 1980– 1982; oficial mayor, Secretariat of National Defense, 1990–1994. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Adrián Ruiz García, career military engineer and brigade general, 1958, and Alicia Esquivel; married Ana María Zubollaga. j—Career army officer; joined army as cadet, Jan. 1, 1949; graduated as 2nd infantry lieutenant, Jan. 1, 1952; rank of captain, 1961; rank of major, 1964; sec. commander, 34th Infantry Battalion; rank of lieutenant

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colonel, 1958; rank of colonel, 1973; adjutant and assistant director general of military education, 1973–1974; commander, 51st Infantry Battalion, Apatzingán, Michoacán, 1974–1978; rank of brigadier general, Nov. 20, 1977; commander, Assault Battalion; commander, 12th Infantry Battalion, 1980; adjutant inspector general, 1983; rank of brigade general, 1984; commander, 8th Military Zone, Tancul, Tamaulipas, 1986–1988; commander, 5th Military Zone, Chihuahua, 1988–1989; commander, 23rd Military Zone, Panotla, Tlaxcala, 1989–1990; commander, 25th Military Zone, Puebla, 1990; inspector and controller general, 1991–1993. k—None. l—Rev. de Ejer., July–Aug., 1976, 178, Dec., 1968, 54; Nov., 1977, 70; Nov.–Dec. 1973, 38; www.cronica.diputados.gob.mx, 1958; DBGM92, 336. Ruiz Fernández, Daniel a—Apr. 7, 1927. b—Madrid. c—Elementary studies in Spain, 1933–1949; secondary and preparatory studies at Academia Hispano Mexicana, 1941– 1945; civil engineering degree from National School of Engineering, UNAM, 1945–1958, with thesis on reinforced concrete; director, Engineering Institute, UNAM, 1970–1974; director general of planning, UNAM, 1974–1978. d—None. e—Joined PRI, 1965. f—Director general of buildings, Secretariat of Public Works, 1965–1970; general manager, Federal School Construction Program, Secretariat of Public Education, 1978–1988; secretary-general of public works, Department of the Federal District, 1988–1994, 1994–1997; assistant director, National Water Commission. g—None. h—Engineer, ICA, SA, 1948–1953; superintendent, Estructuras y Cimentaciones de México, SA, 1953–1954; director, Estructuras y Cimentaciones de México, SA, 1964–1965; consultant, Projects and Supervision Engineering Firm, 2003. i—Son of Roberto Ruiz García, public accountant, and Antonia Carrión,; married Ana María Vilá Gimeno. j—None. k—National prize in civil engineering, 2003. l—DBGM92, 333; DBGM89, 315; letter; Pescador, 225.

Ruiz Ferro, Julio César a—Oct. 17, 1949. b—Tapachula, Chiapas. c—Early education unknown; economics degree from National School of Economics, UNAM, 1968–1972, with thesis on price guarantees for basic products; MA in economic development from University of Leicester, Eng., 1977–1978. d—None. e—Joined PRI, 1968. f— Head, Sales Department, CONASUPO bakery, 1968–1970; executive assistant to assistant director of planning, CONASUPO, 1970–1971; chief of technical advisers for products, rural drugstores, CONASUPO, 1972–1973; chief of technical group, National Warehouses, 1974–1975; assistant manager of inventory, National Warehouses, 1975–1976; director general of basic products, Secretariat of Commerce, 1980–1982; director general of payments, 1983–1984, director general of programming and budget, 1984–1987, and director general of energy services, programming, and budgeting, 1987–1988, Secretariat of Programming and Budget; finance director, CONASUPO, 1988–1990; director general of food distribution chain, Secretariat of Industry and Commerce, 1990–1994; representative of Chiapas, Federal District, 1994–1995; substitute governor, Chiapas, 1995–1998. g—None. h—None. i—Son of José Manuel Ruiz Avendaño, civil servant, and Gloria Luz Ferro Ocampo; married Adriana Gabriela Álvarez Flores, graduate in business administration. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM92, 333; DBGM94, CD; Musacchio, 367–368; Pescador, 225. Ruiz-Funes Macedo, Mariano b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; economics degree from ITAM; MA in agricultural economics from University of California, Davis; advance courses in applied mathematics in economics and econometrics at Economics Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder; professor of economics, National School of Economics, UNAM; professor, National Institute of Public Administration; professor, ITAM and Ibero-American University. d—None.

t he b io g ra phies  855

e—None. f—Adviser to director general of delgations, Secretariat of Public Education; researcher on industrial sector projects, Office of Advisers, Office of the Presidency; assistant director of sectoral analysis for director of financial planning and director of political economy, Secretariat of the Treasury; coordinator of advisers to director general of PEMEX, Jesús Reyes Heroles, 2007–2009; assistant secretary of agriculture, 2009– . g—None. h—Director of organization, Somex Bank, SACV; cofounder, partner, and director general, Grupo de Economistas Asociados (GEA), with Jesús Reyes Heroles, 2003–2006. i—Grandson of Mariano Ruiz-Funes García, Spanish politician, Republican, congressional deputy, secretary of justice, and secretary of agriculture, Republican Government, Spain, 1936, and professor at UNAM, as member of Republican exile community. j—None. k—None. l—www.alimentacion.enfasis .com, 2010; www.jornada.unam.mx, Jan. 16, 2007; www.blogs.que.es, Oct. 24, 2008; www.presidencia.gob.mmx, 2010; www .infoseca.gob.mx, 2010. Ruiz Galindo, Antonio (Deceased Jan. 17, 1981) a—July 30, 1897. b—Córdoba, Veracruz. c—Elementary studies at Hernández y Hernández Elementary School, Córdoba; secondary studies at National Preparatory Boarding School; accounting studies (2 years) at School of Business and Administration, UNAM; no degree. d—None. e—None. f—Secretary of industry and commerce, 1946–1948. g—None. h—Began business career in produce; sales agent, General Fireproofing, Córdoba and Atoyac, Veracruz, 1917; founder, Mexican Distribution Co., Mexico City, 1923; founded DM Nacional, 1929; built new plant in 1937 after original factory was destroyed by fire; organizer of large-scale industrial city on outskirts of Mexico City, 1944–1946; president, Board of Directors, National Steel Industry; director general, DM Nacional, 1929–1976. i—Son Antonio, Jr., was ambassador to Germany; married Serafina Gómez

Sariol. j—Joined Constitutionalist Army under Cándido Aguilar, 1913; left army, 1917; participated in fighting in support of Carranza, 1920. k—In exile, 1920–1923; resigned from Secretariat of Industry and Commerce, 1948; DM Nacional was one of the first Mexican firms to institute modern automated facilities and methods of mass production. l—WWM45, 108; HA, Dec. 26, 1951; DBM68, 542–543; DBM70, 490–491; Brandenburg, 102; STYRBIWW54, 986; HA, July 23, 1956, 13; HA, Dec. 28, 1951, 37; DP95, 3036; Time, Apr. 15, 1946. Ruiz González, Pedro (Deceased 1975) a—May 25, 1928. b—Luis Moya (San Francisco de los Adame), Zacatecas. c—Elementary studies in Luis Moya; preparatory studies at Escobar Brothers’ School, Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua; agricultural engineering degree from Escobar Brothers’ School; professor, National School of Agriculture. d—Federal deputy from State of Zacatecas, Dist. 4, 1964–1967, member of Gran Comisión and 4th Ejido Committee, vice president of Chamber, Oct., 1966; governor, Zacatecas, 1968–1974. e—Secretary-general, PRI, Zacatecas, 1962–1963; president, PRI, Zacatecas, 1964. f—Brigade director, foot and mouth disease campaign, Secretariat of Agriculture, 1949–1951; delegate of Agricultural Extension Service, Secretariat of Agriculture; zone director, National Bank of Agricultural Credit, 1956; assistant director, Agricultural Experiment Station, State of Zacatecas; irrigation administrator, National Bank of Ejido Credit; general agent, Secretariat of Agriculture, State of Zacatecas, 1959–1964. g—None. i—Son of Salvador Ruiz Barrios and Guadalupe González; married Guadalupe Berumen. j—None. k—None. l—C de D, 1964–1967, 83; www.somosprimos.com, 2008; www .elsiglodetorreon.com.mx, Sept. 13, 2005; www.luismoya.gob.mx, 2008. Ruiz González, Tomás José a—Mar. 23, 1963. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; law degree from Free Law School, 1981–1986; diploma in finance from

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ITAM, 1987–1988; MA in political economy from Columbia University, New York, 1988–1990. d—Plurinominal federal deputy from PRI, 2003–2004. e—Member, PRI; resigned from PRI, 2006; president, New Alliance Party, 2006–2007. f—Lawyer, Bank of Mexico, 1985–1987; head of Department of Legal Instruction of Exchange Operations, 1987–1988, assistant manager of international technical operations, 1990–1991, assistant manager, 1991–1992, manager of legal international affairs, 1992–1993, Bank of Mexico; director general of multiple banks, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1993– 1995; federal tax attorney, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1995; assistant secretary of revenues, 1996–2000; director general, Banobras, 2000–2003; director general, National Lottery, 2004–2006; assistant secretary of international trade negotiations, 2006– . g—None. h—None. i—Son of Tomás Fernando Ruiz Ramírez, civil engineer, and Rosa María González Manzano; married Beatriz Eugenia Leycegui Gardoqui, lawyer. j—None. k—None. l—www.presidencia. gob.mx, 2005; DBGM94, CD; Musacchio, 368; Pescador, 225–226. Ruiz Madero, Ramiro a—Dec. 14, 1916. b—Torreón, Coahuila. c—Early education unknown; no degree. d—Alternate federal deputy from Federal District, 1961–1964; alternate senator from State of Coahuila, 1976–1982. e—None. f—Employee, Secretariat of Health and Welfare; adviser to Governing Board, ISSSTE, 1971–1974. g—Secretary of organization, Local No. 39, Union of Workers of the Secretariat of Health and Public Welfare; secretarygeneral, Local No. 39, Union of Workers of the Secretariat of Health; finance secretary, CTM, Torreón; secretary of organization, Union of Workers of the Secretariat of Health; secretary-general, Union of Workers of the Secretariat of Health; budget secretary CEN of the FSTSE; secretary of organization, CEN of FSTSE, 1956–1959; secretary of labor relations, CEN of FSTSE; secretary of technical problems, CEN of

FSTSE, 1959–1961; secretary of international relations, CEN of FSTSE, 1961–1965; secretary of labor and conflicts, CEN of FSTSE, 1965–1968; finance secretary, CEN of FSTSE, 1968–1971; founder and director, Finance Committee of the Congress of Labor, 1974–1975; general coordinator, Congress of Labor, 1978. h—Owner of many businesses. i—Son Benjamín served as secretary-general of Congress of Labor. j—None. k—Accused of nepotism by Excélsior for employing 5 sons in Congress of Labor. l—HA, July 10, 1978, 10; Excélsior, Nov. 13, 1982, 21; Sirvent, 180; C de D, 1961– 1964; C de S, 1976–1982. Ruiz Malerva, Demetrio (Deceased July 28, 1986) a—Aug. 6, 1941. b—Tuxpan, Veracruz. c—Elementary, secondary, and preparatory studies in Tuxpan; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, 1964–1969, with thesis titled “A Juridical Sociological Essay on the Mexican Revolution”; professor of juridical sociology, University of Veracruz; professor of political publicity and public opinion, Institute of Political Education of PRI; secondary teacher in Mexican and 20th-century history. d—Federal deputy from State of Veracruz, Dist. 2, 1973–1976, 1979–1982. e—Director, Youth Sector, PRI, Tuxpan, 1961–1963; coordinator of PRI youth, Northern Zone of Veracruz, 1961–1963; joined PRI, 1967; president, PRI, Tuxpan, 1969–1971; secretary of popular action, Regional Committee of PRI, Veracruz, 1971–1973; auxiliary secretary, CEN of PRI, 1974–1975; assistant director of dialogue, Regional Committee of PRI, Veracruz, 1975; director, La República, CEN of PRI, 1977–1978; president, Regional Committee of PRI, Veracruz, 1980–1981; assistant secretary of organization, CEN of PRI, 1981–1982. f—Secretary, Board of Moral, Civic, and Material Improvement, Tuxpan, 1966–1970; 2nd syndic, City Council, Tuxpan, 1967–1970; consulting lawyer, State Legislature of Veracruz, 1971; oficial mayor, State Legislature of Veracruz, 1971–1973; director general of information and public

t he b io g ra phies  857

relations, Chamber of Deputies, 1979; director of social communication, Secretariat of Programming and Budget, 1982. g—Secretary-general, Municipal League, CNOP, Tuxpan, 1968–1969. h—None. i—Married Imelda Sordo; member of Jesús Reyes Heroles’ group; son of Julio Ruiz Garma, public official, and Elia Malerva Garcés; political disciple of Jesús Reyes Heroles. j—None. k—Murdered. l—Letter; Q es QAP, 136; C de D, 1979–1982; C de D, 1973–1976; Protag., 307; www.sintesisdigital.com.mx, 2008; www.enlance.vazquezchagoya.mx, Aug. 27, 2007. Ruiz Mariscal, María de la Luz a—Apr. 20, 1958. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; law degree from La Salle University, Mexico City, 1976–1981; teacher, Isabel Grassetreau Institute, 1978–1982. d—None. e—None. f—Analyst, Department of Legal Assistance and Documentation, 1982–1983, Secretariat of Programming and Budget; chief, Department of Methodological Analysis, 1983–1985, Secretariat of Programming and Budget; chief of methodological planning, Secretariat of Programming and Budget, 1985–1986; director, Department of Legal Research and Compilation, Secretariat of Programming and Budget; 1986; director of research and legal studies, Secretariat of Programming and Budget, 1988–1991; director general of public works regulations, Secretariat of Public Education, 1991–1992; director general of legal affairs, Secretariat of Programming and Budget, 1992; general auditor, International Control Unit, Secretariat of Public Education, 1992–1996; oficial mayor, Secretariat of Commerce and Transportation, 1996–2000, 2000–2006; oficial mayor of energy, 2006– . g—None. h—Lawyer, Vallarta firm, 1980–1982. i—Daughter of Antonio Ruiz Abascal and María de la Luz Mariscal Abascal; married Moisés Herrera Solís, lawyer and director of legal affairs, Secretariat of Public Function, 2006; uncle Federico Mariscal Abascal, ambassador to European Union and federal deputy,

1952–1955. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM94, CD; Pescador, 226; DBGM92, 334; Musacchio, 368. Ruiz Massieu, José Francisco

(Deceased Sept. 28, 1994) a—July 22, 1946. b—Acapulco, Guerrero. c—Elementary studies in Acapulco; secondary and preparatory studies at CUM, Mexico City; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, 1965–1969, with thesis titled “Legal and Political Characteristics of the LAFTA”; scholarship to write thesis under Diego Valadés; fellowship from National School of Law, UNAM, to study politics at University of Essex, Eng., at same time as Jorge Carpizo and Jorge Montaño at University of London, 1970–1980. d—Governor, Guerrero, 1987–1993; elected federal deputy and appointed majority leader, 1994. e—Secretary, Housing Committee, IEPES of PRI, 1975–1976; assistant director general of regional coordination, IEPES of PRI, 1981; secretary-general, CEN of PRI, 1994. f—Private secretary to assistant director general, Legal Department, IMSS, 1970–1972; director of orientation and legal services, INFONAVIT, 1972–1979; agrarian adviser, Agrarian Advisory Body, Secretariat of Agriculture, 1979–1980; director general of legal affairs, Secretariat of Public Health, 1980–1981; secretary-general of government, State of Guerrero, 1981–1982; oficial mayor of health, 1982; assistant secretary of planning, Secretariat of Health, 1983–1986; director general, Federal Workers’ Housing Institute, 1993. g—Member, Pilot Group 303, students with highest grades in law school. h—None. i—Son of Armando Ruiz Quintanilla, surgeon, and María del Refugio Massieu Helguera, editor, writer, and daughter of Wilfrido Massieu, rector of IPN; nephew of Guillermo Massieu Helguera, rector of IPN, 1964–1970; first wife, Adriana Salinas, sister of President Salinas; married María Fernanda Riveroll Sánchez; brother Mario was technical secretary of social welfare cabinet group; brother Armando was director general in Secretariat of

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Health; close ties to Carlos Salinas’ group since law school; student of Miguel de la Madrid, Miguel González Avelar, and Sergio García Ramírez at National School of Law, daughter Claudia Ruiz Massieu Salinas, plurinominal federal deputy from PRI, 2003–2006. j—None. k—National prize in public administration, 1981; prominent PRI politicians from Tamaulipas allegedly responsible for his assassination, 1994. l—QesQAP, 333; DBGM, 374; HA, Aug. 26, 1986, 10; DBGM89, 742; DBGM92, 828; www.elvaledor.com.mx, 2008; NYT, Sept. 29, 1994, 1; Líderes, Nov., 1992. Ruiz Mateos, Gerardo a—Jan. 22, 1965. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; degree in industrial and systems engineering, specializing in economics and finance, ITESM; graduate in higher management, IPADE. d—None. e—Joined PAN, 1995; oficial mayor, CEN of PAN, 1996– 1998; president, Surveillance Committee, CEN of PAN, 2001–2002; member, CEN of PAN, 2002–2005; chief manager and economic coordinator, Felipe Calderón presidential campaign, 2006–2008. f—Chief of staff, President Felipe Calderón, 2006–2008; secretary of economic development, Aug. 6, 2008– . g—President, Council of the Social Union of Mexican Businessmen, 2000. h—Director general, Automolive de México (Linde Pullman of Mexico), 1989; president, Mexican Foundation for Rural Development, State of Mexico, 1995. j—None. k—None. l—www.presidencia.gob.mx, 2007; www.economia.gob.mx, 2008. Ruiz Ortiz, Ulises Ernesto a—Apr. 9, 1958. b—Chalcatongo de Hidalgo, Oaxaca. c—Elementary studies in public school, Juchitán, Oaxaca; secondary studies at Regional Technological Institute No. 19, Juchitán; preparatory studies at Colegio La Salle, Federal District; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, 1976–1980. d—Local deputy, State Legislature of Oaxaca, 13th Session, 1992–1995; federal deputy from State of Oaxaca, Dist. 6, 1997–2000; senator from Oaxaca,

2000–2004; governor, Oaxaca, 2004–2010. e—Joined PRI, 1981; general delegate, CEN of PRI, 1982–1989; assistant secretary of elections, CEN of PRI, 1989–1994; secretary-general, Colosio Foundation, 1995; secretary of organization, PRI, Oaxaca, 1998–2002; coordinator, Roberto Madrazo’s campaign for president of PRI, 1999–2000. f—None. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Cutberto Ruiz Daza, prominent lawyer, and Juventina Ortiz Vizairo; married María de Lourdes Salinas de Ruiz; grandson of Odilón Ruiz Zafra, one of first Mixtecs to promote new roads to open up isolated indigenous communities. j—None. k—None. l—QesQ en el Congreso, 2000– 2003, 368; DCM, 2000–2003, 1999–2000; www.bbs.oaxaca.com, 2008; letter; Musacchio, 368; www.secgob.gob.mx, 1997, 2008; QesQ en el Congreso, 1997, 225; www.oa xaca.gob.mx, 2008. Ruiz Sacristán, Carlos a—Oct. 27, 1949. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; business administration degree from Anáhuac University, 1967–1972, with thesis titled “The Application of Administrative Process to Exports in Mexico”; MA in finance, marketing, and international economics, Northwestern University, Evanston, Ill., 1972–1974; professor, Anáhuac University, 1979–1982. d—None. e—Joined PRI, 1974. f—Moneychanger, 1974–1976; director of investment and exchange, Bank of Mexico, 1976–1978; assistant manager of exchanges and investment, Bank of Mexico, 1978–1982; manager of international banking operations, Bank of Mexico, 1982–1984, treasury official, Bank of Mexico, 1984–1987; adviser and delegate, Exchange Risk Trust Fund, Bank of Mexico, 1987–1988; director general of public credit, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1988–1992; assistant secretary of budget, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1992–1994; director general, PEMEX, 1994; secretary of communications, 1994–2000. g—None. h—Partner, Maxen Capital, with Enrique Vilatela Riba, 2001– . i—Son of Federico

t he b io g ra phies  859

Ruiz Fulcheri, businessman, and María Eulalia Sacristán Núñez; married María Regina Fernández Malvido. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM92, 336; El Financiero, Dec. 1, 1994, 50; Musacchio, 369; DBGM89, 317. Ruiz Soto, Agustín (Deceased) a—Feb. 15, 1930. b—Canatlán, Durango. c—Elementary studies at General Lázaro Cárdenas School, Canatlán, under Soledad Álvarez; law degree from School of Law, University of Durango; studies in English and sociology, LSU, Baton Rouge, La.; professor of world history, University of Durango. d—Local deputy, State Legislature of Durango, Dist. 7, Canatlán, 1956–1959; federal deputy from State of Durango, Dist. 3, 1961–1964; federal deputy from State of Durango, Dist. 1, 1967–1970; senator from State of Durango, 1970–1976, president of Forestry Committee, 2nd secretary of 2nd Credit Committee and National Lands Committee, and 1st secretary of 2nd Mines Committee. e—General delegate, CEN of PRI, Baja California del Norte, 1969; president, PRI, Durango, 1985. f—Assistant director, Department of Multifamily Control and Administration, ISSSTE; private secretary to governor of Durango, Francisco González de la Vega, 1956–1961; assistant secretary of government, Durango; assistant director of political and social research, Secretariat of Government, 1970; assistant director of labor regulations, Labor and Social Welfare Division, Department of the Federal District, 1996; representative of Durango, Federal District, 2000. g—Legal adviser, National Federation of Apple Growers; secretary of organization and statistics, CEN of CNOP. i—Son of Simplicio Ruiz Cardona and Luz Soto; married Magdalena Torres San Martín. j—None. k—None. l—C de D, 1967–1970; C de S, 1970–1976, 85; PS, 5512; www.perio distasenlinea.org, 2008; www.elsiglode durango.com.mx, May 18, 2008. Ruiz Vasconcelos, Ramón a—Sept. 16, 1913. b—Oaxaca, Oaxaca. c—Law degree.

d—Federal deputy from State of Oaxaca, 1955–1958, Dist. 9, secretary of Gran Comisión, member of Legislative Studies Committee (1st year), Livestock Committee, 2nd Treasury Committee; senator from State of Oaxaca, 1958–1964, member of 2nd Government Committee, 1st Mines Committee, 1st Foreign Relations Committee, Special Tourist Affairs Committee, and Special Legislative Studies Committee, president of Social Security Committee, substitute member of Securities Committee. e—President, State Committee of PRI, Oaxaca. f—Lawyer, Secretariat of Public Works; agent, Ministerio Público, Office of the Attorney General; assistant to the attorney general of Mexico; chief of preparatory investigations, Office of the Attorney General, Federal District; ambassador to Dominican Republic, 1964–1967; ambassador to Guatemala, 1967–1968; ambassador to Yugoslavia, 1968–1971. g—None. h—Technical adviser, IMSS. j—None. k—None. l—DPE65, 31; Func., 303; C de S, 1961–1964, 69; DGF56, 26, 29, 33, 34, 30; Ind. Biog., 142. Ruiz Vázquez, Guillermo (Deceased May 20, 2006) a—Nov. 5, 1919. b—La Barca, Jalisco. c—Elementary studies at Colegio Salesiano, Guadalajara; secondary and preparatory studies at Institute of Sciences, Guadalajara; law degree from School of Law, Autonomous University of Guadalajara, 1940. d—Federal deputy from State of Jalisco, Dist. 2, 1964–1967; PAN federal party deputy, 1970–1973. e—Joined PAN, 1944; member, Regional Committee of PAN, 1955; secretary of studies and press secretary, Regional Committee of PAN, Jalisco, 1955–1960; president, Regional Committee of PAN, Jalisco, 1963–1966; national advisor, CEN of PAN, 1959–1975, 1984–1991; PAN candidate for local deputy to State Legislature of Jalisco, 1955; PAN candidate for federal deputy, 1946, 1955, 1958; member, CEN of PAN, 1966–1968, 1973–1975; PAN candidate for president, 1972. f—Official, Puerto Vallarta,

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1992–1995. g—President, Catholic Association of Mexican Youth of Jalisco, 1942–1943. h—Bookseller; practicing lawyer. i—Son of Adolfo Ruiz Díaz and Concepción Vázquez Herrera; married María Luisa Higuera; son Pedro Ruiz Higuera, local deputy from PAN, 2000, and social attorney, Jalisco; close to Guillermo Cosío Vidaurri, despite his being a PRIista; son Francisco, Notary No. 3, Puerto Vallarta. j—None. k—None. l—C de D, 1964–1967; C de D, 1970–1973; Mabry; www.ochocolumnasl.com, 2008; Pérez Franco, 297–298. Ruiz Vega, Ofelia a—June 20, 1940. b—Acámbaro, Guanajuato. c—Elementary studies at Benito Juárez School and La Corregidora School; secondary studies at Dr. Benjamín Lara Secondary School; teaching certificate from Federal Institute of Teaching; teaching certificate from Higher Normal School; teacher, Elementary Urban School No. 1, Valle de Santiago, Guanajuato, 1956–1966; director, Elementary Urban School No. 2, Valle de Santiago, 1966–1979. d—Member, City Council, Valle de Santiago, 1974–1976; federal deputy from State of Guanajuato, Dist. 8, 1979– 1982; alternate senator from Guanajuato to Carlos Chaurand, 2000–2003; plurinominal federal deputy from PRI, 2003–2006. e—Leader, CNOP of PRI, Guanajuato, 1975–1978. f—None. g—Secretary of labor and conflicts, Local No. 15, SNTE, 1972–1974; secretary-general, Local No. 15, SNTE, 1975–1978; secretary of health and welfare, CEN of SNTE, 1977–1979. h—None. i—Daughter of Alfonso Ruiz Ojeda, teacher, and Sofía Vega Ramírez. j—None. k—School named for her father in Buenavista, Guanajuato. l—C de D, 1979–1982; Romero Aceves, 734; www .mexico.pueblosamerica.com, 2008. Ruiz Zavala, José María Leoncio

(Deceased) a—Apr. 30, 1904. b—San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí. c—Elementary studies in Irapuato, Guanajuato; some secondary in various locations; no degree. d—Federal deputy from Federal District,

Dist. 5, 1952–1955, 1958–1961. e—None. f—None. g—Official, Transportation Workers’ Union. h—Employee. i—From working-class family. j—None. k—None. l—Func., 180; C de D, 1952–1955; C de D, 1958–1961. Ruvalcaba Gutiérrez, Aurora a—May 24, 1928. b—Colima, Colima. c—Elementary studies in Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz, Colima; secondary in Colima; teaching certificate from Normal School of Colima; degree in diplomacy from School of Political and Social Sciences, UNAM. d—Senator from State of Colima, 1970–1976, president of 2nd Foreign Relations Committee, 2nd secretary of Department of the Federal District Committee, member of 1st Sec. of Legislative Studies Committee. e—Delegate, Women’s Sector, PRI, Puebla. f—None. g—Secretary-general, SNTE, Colima; president, Women’s Sector, SNTE, Colima; president, Women’s Sector, CEN of SNTE; director, Women’s Sector, FSTSE; vice president, Congress of Labor; president, Congress of Labor. j—None. k—First female senator elected from Colima. l—C de S, 1970–1976, 85; PS, 5519. Ruvalcaba Sánchez, Filiberto G.

(Deceased) a—Feb. 4, 1905. b—Ixtlahuacán del Río, Jalisco. c—Elementary studies; no further education. d—Federal deputy from State of Jalisco, Dist. 7, 1952–1955; federal deputy from State of Jalisco, Dist. 8, 1961–1964; senator from State of Jalisco, 1964–1970. e—Joined PNR, 1929. f—None. g—First organizer of agrarian workers in Jalisco; representative of Mexican labor, ILO Conference, Geneva, 1954; representative of Mexican labor to United Nations Labor Meetings, New York, 1959; secretarygeneral, National Miners’ and Metallurgical Workers’ Union; president, Latin American Federation of Miners, 1960. h—Worked as farm laborer; miner. j—None. k—None. l—C de D, 1952–1955; C de D, 1961–1964; C de S, 1964–1970; MGF69; www.e-local.gob .mx, 2008.

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S Sabines Guerrero, Juan a—Aug. 20, 1968. b—Chiapas. c—Early education unknown; degree in political science and public administration from Ibero-American University; studies in international relations at UNAM; studies in public finance at University of California, Berkeley. d—Local deputy, State Legislature of Chiapas, 2001– 2003; mayor, Tuxtla Gutiérrez, 2004–2006; governor, Chiapas, 2006–2012. e—Assistant secretary-general, PRI, Chiapas, 1998; president, Colosio Foundation, Tuxtla Gutiérrez, 1999; secretary-general and president, PRI, Tuxtla Gutiérrez, 2000; resigned from PRI, 2006; joined PRD, 2006; ran for governor as candidate of PRD, PT, and Convergencia, 2006. f—Representative of Chiapas, Mexico City, 1994; director of social development and medical services, Cuauhtémoc, Federal District, 1995. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Juan Sabines Gutiérrez, governor of Chiapas, 1980–1986, and María de los Ángeles Guerrero; uncle Jaime Sabines Gutiérrez is a well-known poet and was a federal deputy from Chiapas, 1976–1979; grandson of Julio Sabines Pérez, Lebanese businessman and major in Venustiano Carranza’s forces, and Luz Gutiérrez Moguel Milton; father, childhood friend of Milton E. Castellanos; grandmother is a descendant of Joaquín Miguel Gutiérrez, for whom the state capital is named; married Isabel Aguilera. j—None. k—None. l—www.esmas.com, 2007; www .cocoso.chiapas.sch.mx, Mar. 2, 2008; www .es.wikipedia.org, 2008; www.chiapas.gob .mx, 2009. Sabines Gutiérrez, Juan (Deceased Mar. 3, 1987) a—1920. b—Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas. c—Elementary and secondary studies in Tuxtla Gutiérrez; no degree. d—Mayor, Tuxtla Gutiérrez; federal deputy from State of Chiapas, Dist. 3, 1952–1955, member of 2nd Balloting Committee and 4th Sec. of Credentials Committee; federal deputy from State of Chiapas, Dist. 1, 1958–1961, member of Colonization Committee,

Foreign and Domestic Trade Committee, Fifth Sec. of Legislative Studies Committee, Inspection Committee for the General Accounting Office (1st year), Credentials Committee, substitute member of Consular and Diplomatic Service Committee, and president of Permanent Committee; senator from Chiapas, 1970–1976, member of the Gran Comisión, President of the Industries Committee, First Secretary of 2nd Instructive Sec. of the Grand Jury and First Secretary of the Hydraulic Resources Committee; governor, Chiapas, 1980–1986. e—President, State Regional Committee of PRI, Chiapas; general delegate, CEN of PRI, various states, 1964–1967; secretary-general, CEN of PRI, 1976–1978. f—Representative of State of Guanajuato, Federal District, 1953–1956; adviser to president of Mexico, 1977–1978. g—President, Chamber of Commerce, Tuxtla Gutiérrez. h—Businessman. i—Brother Jaime Sabines Gutiérrez is wellknown poet and was federal deputy from Chiapas, 1976–1979; son of Julio Sabines Pérez, Lebanese businessman and major in Venustiano Carranza’s forces, and Luz Gutiérrez Moguel Milton; brother Jorge was his national press secretary; childhood friend of Milton E. Castellanos; mother is descendant of Joaquín Miguel Gutiérrez, for whom the state capital is named; son Juan Sabines Guerrero, governor of Chiapas, 2006–2012. j—None. k—None. l—Func., 154; C de D, 1958–1960, 90; C de D, 1952– 1954, 58; C de S, 1970–1976; DB de C, 229; Almanaque de Chiapas, 29; Proceso, Feb. 1, 1982, 13–15; DP95, 3045. Sacramento Garza, José Julián

a—Aug. 21, 1956. b—Tamaulipas. c—Early education unknown; agricultural engineering degree from University of Nuevo León; MA. d—Plurinominal federal deputy from PAN, 2003–2006; senator from Tamaulipas, 2006–2012. e—Member, PAN; secretary of political action, PAN, Matamoros, 1996– 1998; secretary of government action, PAN, Matamoros, 1998–2001. f—Director general of agricultural industrial development,

t he b io g ra phies  861

S Sabines Guerrero, Juan a—Aug. 20, 1968. b—Chiapas. c—Early education unknown; degree in political science and public administration from Ibero-American University; studies in international relations at UNAM; studies in public finance at University of California, Berkeley. d—Local deputy, State Legislature of Chiapas, 2001– 2003; mayor, Tuxtla Gutiérrez, 2004–2006; governor, Chiapas, 2006–2012. e—Assistant secretary-general, PRI, Chiapas, 1998; president, Colosio Foundation, Tuxtla Gutiérrez, 1999; secretary-general and president, PRI, Tuxtla Gutiérrez, 2000; resigned from PRI, 2006; joined PRD, 2006; ran for governor as candidate of PRD, PT, and Convergencia, 2006. f—Representative of Chiapas, Mexico City, 1994; director of social development and medical services, Cuauhtémoc, Federal District, 1995. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Juan Sabines Gutiérrez, governor of Chiapas, 1980–1986, and María de los Ángeles Guerrero; uncle Jaime Sabines Gutiérrez is a well-known poet and was a federal deputy from Chiapas, 1976–1979; grandson of Julio Sabines Pérez, Lebanese businessman and major in Venustiano Carranza’s forces, and Luz Gutiérrez Moguel Milton; father, childhood friend of Milton E. Castellanos; grandmother is a descendant of Joaquín Miguel Gutiérrez, for whom the state capital is named; married Isabel Aguilera. j—None. k—None. l—www.esmas.com, 2007; www .cocoso.chiapas.sch.mx, Mar. 2, 2008; www .es.wikipedia.org, 2008; www.chiapas.gob .mx, 2009. Sabines Gutiérrez, Juan (Deceased Mar. 3, 1987) a—1920. b—Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas. c—Elementary and secondary studies in Tuxtla Gutiérrez; no degree. d—Mayor, Tuxtla Gutiérrez; federal deputy from State of Chiapas, Dist. 3, 1952–1955, member of 2nd Balloting Committee and 4th Sec. of Credentials Committee; federal deputy from State of Chiapas, Dist. 1, 1958–1961, member of Colonization Committee,

Foreign and Domestic Trade Committee, Fifth Sec. of Legislative Studies Committee, Inspection Committee for the General Accounting Office (1st year), Credentials Committee, substitute member of Consular and Diplomatic Service Committee, and president of Permanent Committee; senator from Chiapas, 1970–1976, member of the Gran Comisión, President of the Industries Committee, First Secretary of 2nd Instructive Sec. of the Grand Jury and First Secretary of the Hydraulic Resources Committee; governor, Chiapas, 1980–1986. e—President, State Regional Committee of PRI, Chiapas; general delegate, CEN of PRI, various states, 1964–1967; secretary-general, CEN of PRI, 1976–1978. f—Representative of State of Guanajuato, Federal District, 1953–1956; adviser to president of Mexico, 1977–1978. g—President, Chamber of Commerce, Tuxtla Gutiérrez. h—Businessman. i—Brother Jaime Sabines Gutiérrez is wellknown poet and was federal deputy from Chiapas, 1976–1979; son of Julio Sabines Pérez, Lebanese businessman and major in Venustiano Carranza’s forces, and Luz Gutiérrez Moguel Milton; brother Jorge was his national press secretary; childhood friend of Milton E. Castellanos; mother is descendant of Joaquín Miguel Gutiérrez, for whom the state capital is named; son Juan Sabines Guerrero, governor of Chiapas, 2006–2012. j—None. k—None. l—Func., 154; C de D, 1958–1960, 90; C de D, 1952– 1954, 58; C de S, 1970–1976; DB de C, 229; Almanaque de Chiapas, 29; Proceso, Feb. 1, 1982, 13–15; DP95, 3045. Sacramento Garza, José Julián

a—Aug. 21, 1956. b—Tamaulipas. c—Early education unknown; agricultural engineering degree from University of Nuevo León; MA. d—Plurinominal federal deputy from PAN, 2003–2006; senator from Tamaulipas, 2006–2012. e—Member, PAN; secretary of political action, PAN, Matamoros, 1996– 1998; secretary of government action, PAN, Matamoros, 1998–2001. f—Director general of agricultural industrial development,

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Matamoros, 1990–1991; director of human resources, Matamoros, 1992–1995; oficial mayor, Matamoros, 1996–1998. g—None. h—President and general manager, Pizza Mágica, 1990–1999; director general, Río Cable, 2000–2006. j—None. k—None. l—Directorio del Congreso, 2006–2009, 267; www.senado.gob.mx, 2008; C de D, 2003–2006; www.pan.senado.gob.mx, 2009. Sáenz (Ortiz), Liébano a—July 22, 1949. b—Nuevas Casas Grandes, Chihuahua. c—Elementary studies at Francisco González Bocanegra Public School; preparatory studies at Jesuit School, El Paso, Tex.; studies in political science and public administration at University of Texas, Austin, and Texas A&M University, College Station, 1970; law degree from National School of LAW, UNAM, 1970–1974. d—None. e—Joined PRI, 1982; coordinator, IEPES of PRI, Miguel de la Madrid presidential campaign, 1982; coordinator of information, Luis Donaldo Colosio presidential campaign, 1994. f—Director of administration, Cananea Mining Co.; director of operations, Mining Development Commission; director general, Empresas Azufueras; director general of mines, Secretariat of Energy and Mines, 1982–1986; director of customs, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1988; director general of real estate, Secretariat of Social Development, 1992–1993; oficial mayor of social development, 1993–1994; private secretary to President Ernesto Zedillo, 1994–2000. g—None. h—Lawyer, Arsenio Farell law firm, 1974; president, Gabinete de Communicación Estratégica, consulting firm, 2007. i—From influential business family in Chihuahua. j—None. k—None. l—Pescador, 227–228; Musacchio, 370; www.liebanosaenz.com, 2008. Sala Casanova, Adelor (Donacio)

(Deceased) a—Jan. 28, 1897. b—Teapa, Tabasco. c—Primary and secondary studies at Juárez Institute of Villahermosa; preparatory studies at National Preparatory School; teaching certificate from National Normal School, Mexico City, 1926; law degree

from National School of Law, UNAM, 1934. d—Senator from State of Tabasco, 1946–1952, member of Gran Comisión, Legislative Studies Committee, 2nd Tariff and Foreign Trade Committee, and 1st Petroleum Committee, member of Permanent Committee, 1947. e—None. f—Judge, Superior Tribunal of Justice, Tabasco; president, Superior Tribunal of Justice, 1939; judge, Thirteenth Civil Judicial District, Mexico City; secretary-general of government, State of Tabasco. g—None. h—Publisher, Tabasco Nuevo, 1949. i—Brother Obelio Sala Casanova, mayor of Teapa, 1934; son or nephew of Antenor Sala, hacendado and constitutional deputy from Tabasco, 1916–1917. j—None. k—None. l—C de S, 1946–1952; DGF51, I, 7, 9–11, 13; www.e-local.gob.mx; www.tumundo.com, 2008; www.jcs-tabasco .gob.mx, 2008; www.cadem.gob.mx, 2009. Salas (Penieres), Ismael (Deceased) a—May 2, 1897. b—San Luis Potosí. c—Early education unknown; studied accounting. d—Federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. 4, 1930–1932; federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. 5, 1932–1934; federal deputy from State of San Luis Potosí, Dist. 5, 1943–1946; governor, San Luis Potosí, 1949–1955. e—Treasurer, CEN of PRM, 1941–1943. f—Director, Federal Tax Office, Río Verde, San Luis Potosí, 1934–1937; director of administrative office, Department of Labor, 1937–1940; director, Federal Tax Office, Iguala, Guerrero, 1940–1941; treasurer general, State of San Luis Potosí, under Gonzalo N. Santos, 1946–1948. g—None. i—Protégé of Gonzalo N. Santos; brother of Herminio Salas, federal deputy from State of San Luis Potosí, 1940–1943; brother‑in‑law of Alberto Bremauntz; father was small shoe store owner. i—Related to Herminio Salas, federal deputy from State of San Luis Potosí. j—None. k—Member, anticlerical group of deputies in 1932–1934 Legislature. l—Bremauntz, 109; C de D, 1943–1946, 20; C de D, 1930–1932; C de D, 1928–1930; DGF51, I, 92; HA, Oct. 7, 1949, 23–26.

t he b io g ra phies  863 Salazar Adame, Florencio a—Apr. 5, 1948. b—Chilpancingo, Guerrero. c—Completed preparatory school only. d—Federal deputy from State of Guerrero, Dist., 1973–1976; alternate federal deputy from State of Guerrero, Dist. 5, Federal District, 1979–1982; federal deputy from State of Guerrero, Dist. 1, 1991–1994, coordinator of Guerrero delegation. d—Mayor, Chilpancingo, 1987–1990; e—Joined PRI, 1964; director of youth, PRI, Guerrero, 1969–1971; secretary-general, PRI, Guerrero, 1971–1972; assistant secretary, PRI, Federal District, 1983–1986; special delegate of PRI, Federal District, 1986; coordinator, José F. Ruiz Massieu for governor, 1987; secretary-general, Colosio Foundation; resigned from PRI, 2000; joined PEN, 2000; coordinator, National Coordination of Affiliations with Alliance for Change, PAN, 2000; assistant secretary-general, PAN, 2006. f—Secretary-general of government, Guerrero, 1999–2000; director of social organization, Secretariat of Government, 2002–2003; secretary of agrarian reform, 2003–2006; assistant secretary of migration and religion, Secretariat of Government, 2006. g—Secretary-general, CNOP, Guerrero, 1972–1974. h—None. i—Son of Florencio Eduardo Salazar Arriaga, lawyer, and Arcadia Adame Aponte, businesswoman. j—None. k—None. l—Musacchio, 371–372; www.shcp.gob.mx, 2008; D del Y, Apr. 3, 2003; Pérez Franco, 306; www.gobernacion .gob.mx, 2008. Salazar Hurtado, Daniel (Deceased) a—Aug. 27, 1911. b—Colima, Colima. c—Elementary studies at Colegio Cuauhtémoc, Guadalajara, Jalisco; preparatory studies in Guadalajara; law degree from School of Law, University of Guadalajara, Dec. 13, 1934; studies in international, criminal, and labor law at UCLA, 1928–1929. d—None. e—None. f—Oficial mayor, Penal Division, Supreme Court, 1934; secretary of studies and accounts, Justice Hermilo López Sánchez, 1940; judge, Superior Tribunal of Justice, Federal District, 1940–1946; president,

3rd Arbitration Sec., FSTSE Arbitration Board, 1946. g—Student leader, Federation of Students of Jalisco, 1934. h—None. i—Son of Daniel N. Salazar, railroad dispatcher and initiator of the railroad nationalization in Colima, and Estela Hurtado Vizcaíno. j—None. k—None. l—Moreno, 148–149; www.cronica.diputados.gob.mx, 2008. Salazar Martínez, Florencio a—Dec. 31, 1931. b—San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí. c—Elementary studies at Colegio Inglés, San Luis Potosí; secondary and preparatory studies at University of San Luis Potosí; law degree from School of law, University of San Luis Potosí; Professor of tributary law, University of San Luis Potosí. d—Federal deputy from State of San Luis Potosí, Dist. 3, 1967–1970; senator from State of San Luis Potosí, 1970–1976, member of Gran Comisión, president of Agriculture and Development Committee and 1st Ejido Committee, 1st secretary of 1st Justice Committee, member of 2nd Sec. of Legislative Studies Committee; governor, San Luis Potosí, 1985–1991. e—Joined PRI, 1956; director of legal development, PRI, San Luis Potosí, 1964–1967; president, PRI, San Luis Potosí, 1967; finance secretary, CEN of PRI, 1981; general delegate, CEN of PRI, Yucatán, 1984; general delegate, CEN of PRI, 16 other states. f—None. g—President, Association of Lawyers of San Luis Potosí, 1965–1967. h—Founder, Plan de San Luis. i—Son of Florencio Salazar Méndez, federal deputy from San Luis Potosí, 1940–1943, 1946– 1949, and founder of first teachers’ union in San Luis Potosi; married María del Socorro Mendoza; daughter María, director of Historical Archives, San Luis Potosí, 2008. j—None. k—None. l—C de D, 1967–1970; C de S, 1970–1976, 86; Excélsior, July 27, 1984, 20; Excélsior, Jan. 12, 1985, 17. Salazar (Méndez), Florencio (Deceased) a—1904. b—El Carmen, Tierra Nueva, San Luis Potosí. c—Teaching certificate, on a government scholarship, 1921–1925, from Normal School of San Luis Potosí,

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graduating 1925; professor, Normal School of San Luis Potosí, 1929. d—Federal deputy from State of San Luis Potosí, Dist. 1, 1940–1943, member of Gran Comisión; local deputy, State Legislature of San Luis Potosí, 1943–1945; federal deputy from State of San Luis Potosí, Dist. 1, 1946–1949; alternate senator from State of San Luis Potosí, 1964– 1970. e—President, PRI, San Luis Potosí, 1965. f—Federal school inspector, San Luis Potosí; director of public education, State of San Luis Potosí. g—Founder, Workers’ Federation of the State of San Luis Potosí; secretary-general, CTM, State of San Luis Potosí, 1938. i—From humble background; father of Florencio Salazar Martínez, federal deputy from San Luis Potosí, 1967–1970, and senator, 1970–1976. j—Joined the Revolution at age 11 as bugler, 1915–1918; served in Social Defense Militia, Tierra Nueva. k—Accompanied Manuel Ávila Camacho to Monterrey for his meeting with Franklin D. Roosevelt. l—López, 985; MGF69, 106; C de D, 1940–1943; C de D, 1946–1949; www .armandor.mx, 2008. Salazar Mendiguchía, Pablo a—Aug. 9, 1954. b—Soyaló, Chiapas. c—Elementary studies at Guillermo Prieto School, Soyaló; secondary studies at Adolfo López Mateos Public School, Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas; preparatory studies at Institute of Arts and Sciences of Chiapas; legal studies at University of Puebla, 1972–1977, graduating in 1978; professor of law, Higher Normal School of Chiapas and University of Chiapas. d—Senator from Chiapas, 1997–2000; governor, Chiapas, 2000–2006. e—Member, Galileo Group, group of independent PRI senators, 1997–1998; resigned from PRI, 1998; not a member of PAN; ran for governor as Alliance for Chiapas candidate, consisting of PAN, PRD, PVEM, PT, and others. f—Assistant attorney general of Chiapas, 1978–1982; legal director, Secretariat of Education and Culture, Chiapas, 1983–1993; executive, Federal Electoral Institute, 1993; secretary-general of government, Chiapas, 1993–1994. g—None. h—Attorney,

indigenous rights specialization; lawyer, Diocese of San Cristóbal. i—Son of Héctor Salazar Rodas and Deifilia Mendiguchía Molina, schoolteachers; married Martha López Camacho. j—None. k—None. l—QesQ en el Congreso, 1997–2000, 333; www.csis.org, 2000; Musacchio, 372; www .esmas.com, 2007; Pérez Franco, 307. Salazar Sáenz, Francisco Javier

a—Oct. 29, 1940. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; industrial chemical engineering degree from UNAM, 1957–1963; chemical engineering studies at Ibero-American University, 1957–1963, graduating in 1964 with thesis on a process for making concentrated fish proteins; MA in administration from University of San Luis Potosí, 1979–1980; PhD in the social sciences from La Salle University, Mexico City, 2007; professor, University of San Luis Potosí, 1971–1991. d—Plurinominal federal deputy from PAN, 1991–1994; senator from San Luis Potosí, 1994–2000, president of Science and Technology Committee; plurinominal federal deputy from PAN, 2009– 1912. e—Joined PAN, 1976; president, PAN, San Luis Potosí City, 1990–1991; secretarygeneral and president, PAN, San Luis Potosí, 1991; national adviser, PAN, 1991–1998, 2004–2007. f—Assistant secretary of human development, Secretariat of Labor, 2000– 2005; secretary of labor, 2005–2006. g—Secretary-general, Union of Academic Personnel, University of San Luis Potosí, 1979–1985; secretary-general, National Association of Unions of Academic Personnel, 1983–1987; secretary-general, National Federation of University Workers, 1987–1990. h—Director general, Cibermex del Centro, 1980–1988; director general, Chemical Products of Latin America, 1988–1991. i—Son of Manuel Salazar Arce, researcher and geographer, and Ema Sáenz Dosal; married María Elena Díez de Sollano Ortega. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM92, 572; DBGM94, CD; Musacchio, 372; www.stps.gob.mx, 2008; www .esmas.com, 2008; QesQ en el Congreso, 1997–2000, 272–273; Pérez Franco, 308.

t he b io g ra phies  865 Salazar (Salazar), Antonio (Deceased Dec. 6, 1998) a—Nov. 14, 1921. b—Villa de Álvarez, Colima. c—Enrolled in National Military College, 1939, as 2nd sergeant; graduated from National Military College as 2nd infantry lieutenant, July 1, 1942; preparatory studies at National Preparatory Night School, Federal District; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, Jan. 25, 1951, with honorable mention; professor of the general theory of the state and military law, University of Michoacán, Morelia, 1951. d—Federal deputy from State of Colima, Dist. 1, 1955–1958, member of Military Justice Committee and 2nd National Defense Committee; senator from Colima, 1958–1964, member of Gran Comisión, 2nd Tariff and Foreign Trade Committee, 2nd Constitutional Affairs Committee, Special Legislative Studies Committee, president of 3rd National Defense Committee, substitute member of War Matériel Committee; senator from Colima, 1976–1982. e—Three-time PRI precandidate for governor of Colima. f—Agent, Ministerio Público, attached to 21st Military Zone, Morelia, Michoacán; legal adviser to attorney general of military justice; public defender, First Judicial District, 1st Military Region; legal adviser, Secretariat of National Defense. g—Chief, Census Department, CNC. h—Worked as farm laborer, age of 16. i—Son of José María Salazar Ureña, governor of Colima. j—Joined 17th Cavalry Regiment, Jan. 19, 1938, as private; fought against Saturnino Cedillo in San Luis Potosí; adjutant general, 9th Infantry Regiment; chief of resolutions, 3rd Sec., Department of Justice and Pensions, Secretariat of National Defense; career army officer; rank of lieutenant colonel. k—None. l—Func., 147; DGF56, 22, 32, 35; C de S, 1961–1964, 69; Excélsior, Jan. 7, 1979, 12; www.ucol.mx, 2008; es.wikipedia .org, 2010. Salazar Toledano, Jesús a—Feb. 23, 1940. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; legal studies at National School of Law, UNAM, 1958–1962,

graduating in 1965. d—Delegate of Venustiano Carranza, Department of the Federal District, 1992–1994. e—Joined PRI, 1958; coordinator of youth action, PRI, Federal District, 1960–1961; president, PRI, Federal District, 1985–1986; secretary of organization, CEN of PRI, 1990. f—Director general of social action, Department of the Federal District, 1966–1970; director general, CONASUPO Centers for Peasant Training, 1973–1976; general manager of Rural Electrification, CFE, 1976–1977; director general of trade coordination, Secretariat of Commerce, 1977–1978; assistant director of delegations, CONASUPO, 1978–1982; executive secretary, National Forestry Commission, Secretariat of Agriculture, 1988–1989; director general, INMECAFE, 1989–1992; secretary-general of government, Department of the Federal District, 1995– 1997; corporate director of administration, PEMEX, 1997; assistant director general of loans, ISSSTE, 1998; assistant secretary of government, Secretariat of Government, 1998. g—Oficial mayor, CEN of CNC, 1970–1971; director of electoral action, CEN of CNC, 1972. h—None. i—Son of Jesús Salazar Romero, public employee, and Carolina Toledano Navarro; married María de la Paz Ham López. j—None. k—None. l—Pescador, 229; DBGM92, 339; Musacchio, 372. Salcedo Aquino, Roberto a—Nov. 26, 1943. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; teaching certificate in language and literature from Higher Normal School; political science degree from School of Political and Social Sciences, UNAM; MA in political science from School of Political and Social Sciences, UNAM; director of political science and international relations, UNAM, 1979–1983. d—None. e—Joined PRI, 1965; auxiliary secretary, CEN of PRI, 1971–1973; general assistant delegate, CEN of PRI, Tabasco, 1978–1980, 1982–1983. f—Private secretary to director general, Mexican Corporation of Radio and Television, Secretariat of Government,

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1974–1976; assistant director, National Textbook Committee, Secretariat of Public Education, 1980–1982; regional delegate to Tabasco, Secretariat of Programming and Budget, 1983–1987; oficial mayor, Secretariat of Urban Development and Ecology, 1987–1988; oficial mayor, Department of the Federal District, 1988; assistant secretary of urban development and Housing, Secretariat of Social Development, 1998–2000; special auditor for federal government, 2003–2005. g—President, Mexican Political Science Association, 2000. h—None. i—Son of Roberto Salcedo Ruiz, businessman, and María Apolonia Aquino Ramírez; married Teresa Cisneros Gudiño, sociologist. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM89, 320; DBGM92, 339. Salcedo (Monteón), Celestino a—July 26, 1935. b—Ocotlán, Jalisco. c—Teaching certificate; studied for agricultural engineering degree at School of Agriculture, Navojoa, Sonora; agricultural engineering degree from Antonio Narro School, Saltillo, Coahuila, 1957; rural schoolteacher. d—Federal deputy from State of Baja California del Norte, Dist. 3, 1967–1970, member of Hydraulic Resources Committee; federal deputy from State of Baja California del Norte, Dist. 3, 1973–1976; senator from Baja California, 1976–1982. e—Secretary of agrarian action, CEN of PRI, 1973. f—Director of colonies, Department of Agrarian Affairs, 1973; director of national lands, Department of Agrarian Affairs; director, National Agrarian Program, Department of Agrarian Affairs; director general, National Fund for Financing Entrepreneurial Activity, 1977. g—Student leader, Navojoa and Saltillo; secretary, League of Agrarian Communities of Baja California del Norte, 1960–1970; ejido commissioner, Mexicali, 1963–1966; CNC delegate to Yucatán, 1970; secretary-general, CNC, Feb. 15, 1973–1974. h—Ejidatario in Mexicali. i—Father, Pedro Salcedo Rivera, was peasant and agrarian leader who cofounded League of Agrarian Communities in Baja California. j—None. k—None.

l—Excélsior, Mar. 8, 1973, 14; Excélsior, Mar. 13, 1973, 11; C de D, 1967–1969, 85; MGF69, 89; Excélsior, Feb. 15, 1973, 19; HA, Feb. 12, 1973, 11–13; Excélsior, Feb. 17, 1973; HA, Mar. 18, 1974; Loret de Mola, 38; Excélsior, Jan. 27, 1975, 16; Excélsior, Dec. 8, 1975, 22. Saldaña Villalba, Adalberto

(Deceased) a—Apr. 30, 1908. b—Federal District. c—Primary and secondary studies in Federal District; preparatory studies in Federal District; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM. d—None. e—None. f—Legal adviser, PEMEX; assistant to director, NAFIN; director general, NAFIN, 1946–1952; director of legal affairs, Altos Hornos de México, 1964–1970. g—None. h—Adviser, Carlos Trouyet, SA. i—Son of lawyer Adalberto Saldaña and Ignacia Villalba. j—None. k—None. l—DGF50, II, 57; DGF51, II, 77; DGF47, 344; MGF69, 443. Sales Gasque, Renato (Deceased Feb. 15, 1995) a—Mar. 26, 1931. b—Mérida, Yucatán. c—Elementary studies in Campeche; preparatory studies at Instituto Campeche, 1943–1945; legal studies at National School of Law, UNAM, 1957–1959, graduating with honorable mention, 1963; 3 years of medical studies at University of Yucatán; professor, School of Business, University of Campeche, 1966–1968; professor, Autonomous University of Hidalgo, 1971–1972; professor, University of Tabasco, 1973–1975; professor, University of Veracruz, 1976– 1977; coordinator, Graduate Division, University of Campeche, 1980–1982; director general, Instituto Campechano, 1993–1995; professor of legal procedures, National School of Law, UNAM. d—Senator from State of Campeche, 1982–1985. e—Joined PRI, 1964; special delegate of CEN of PRI to Federal District, Dists. Nos. 7 and 16, 1965. f—Secretary of agreements, Second District Court, Criminal Division, Federal District, 1964; secretary, First District Court, Civil Division, Federal District, 1965; first secretary, District Court, Campeche, 1966–1968; secretary of studies and accounts, Supreme Court of Justice, 1968–1969; judge, Second

t he b io g ra phies  867

District Court, Tapachula, Chiapas, 1969– 1970; judge, First District Court, Puebla, Puebla, 1970–1971; judge, District Court, Pachuca, Hidalgo, 1971–1972; judge, Tenth Circuit Court, Villahermosa, Tabasco, 1973– 1975; judge, Seventh Circuit Court, Veracruz, Veracruz, 1975–1977; judge, Administrative Division, Circuit Court, Federal District, 1977–1980; president, Superior Tribunal of Campeche, 1980–1982; attorney general, Federal District, Dec. 27, 1985–1988; circuit court judge, Mérida, 1989–1993. g—Oficial mayor, National Federation of Workers and Peasants, 1984–1985. h—None. i—Son of Raúl Sales Guerrero, lawyer, and Elia Gasque Espejo; married Ana Florencia Heredia Ávila, normal school teacher; uncle Gonzalo Sales Guerrero, interim governor of Campeche, 1920–1921. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM89, 641; DBGM92, 697– 698; www.barradeabogadosdecampeche .com.mx, 2008. Sales Gutiérrez, Carlos Enrique

a—Apr. 13, 1938. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; studies in economics at Autonomous Technological Institute of Mexico, 1961–1966, graduating with thesis titled “The Structure of the Tax System in Mexico,” 1967; professor of economics. d—Senator from State of Campeche, 1991–1997. e—Joined PRI, 1959. f—Assistant economist, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1954–1956; analyst of foreign trade, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1956–1958; researcher, Economic Indicators Sec., Secretariat of the Treasury, 1958–1962; chief, Income Sec., Secretariat of the Treasury, 1961–1965; chief, Public Debt Sec., Secretariat of the Treasury, 1965–1966; adviser, Division of Financial Studies, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1966–1967; chief, Office of Tax Policy, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1967–1968; director, Department of Economic Studies, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1969–1970; director general of internal taxes, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1975–1976; director general of tax promotion and internal affairs, Secretariat of the Treasury,

1976; general manager, Finance Program, NAFIN, 1977–1979; assistant director general of credit, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1979–1982; assistant secretary of national banks, 1982–1986; director general, National Public Works Bank, 1986–1988; treasurer, Department of the Federal District, 1988–1989; secretary-general of planning and evaluation, Department of the Federal District, 1990–1991; director general NAFIN, 1997–2000. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Leopoldo Sales Rovira, public official, federal deputy from Campeche, Dist. 2, 1952–1955, and member of Braulio Sánchez Maldonado’s group, and Dolores Gutiérrez Presciat, from prominent Campechano family; married Jacqueline Arlette Sarra y Fabre; second wife, Raquel Wigisser; began his career under Gustavo Petricioli; professor and friend of Pedro Aspe. j—None. k—None. l—Q es QAP, 108–109; IEPES; DBGM, 382; DBGM89, 321; DBGM92, 573; CDDWeb, Cámara de Senadores, 1997; Pescador, 228. Salgado Cordero, Enrique a—July 10, 1937. b—Federal District. c—Preparatory studies at IPN, 1954; preparatory studies at Heroic Military College, 1953–1956; staff and command diploma, Higher War College, 1962–1964; MA in national security from National Defense College, 1986–1987, with thesis titled “Mass Communications as a Factor of National Security”; officer, 4th Co., Heroic Military College, 1960–1962; assistant adjutant of cadets, Heroic Military College, 1965; commander of cadets, Heroic Military College; director, National Defense College, 1988. d—None. e—None. f—Military attaché, Mexican embassy, Israel, 1982–1984; chief of staff, Secretariat of National Defense, 1988–1994; chief of police, Federal District, 1996–1997. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Enrique Salgado, laborer, and Ángela Cordero García; brother Arturo, career officer who worked for presidency; married Angelica Garza González. j—Career army officer; joined army as cadet, 1953; 2nd infantry lieutenant, 1956; rank of 1st lieutenant, 1958; rank

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of 2nd captain, 1964; officer, 43rd Infantry Battalion, 1964–1965; rank of major, 1968; assistant director general of police, Department of the Federal District, 1970–1973, under General Daniel Gutiérrez Santos; official, presidential staff of Luis Echeverría Álvarez, 1973; chief of promotions, Sec. 3, staff, 1973–1977; rank of lieutenant colonel, 1973; assistant chief, Sec. 3, staff, Secretariat of National Defense, 1978–1980; rank of colonel, 1979; assistant chief of operations, staff, Secretariat of National Defense, 1980– 1982; commander, 65th Infantry Battalion, 1984; commander, 68th Artillery Battalion, 1984–1985; chief of staff, 21st Military Zone, Morelia, 1986–1987; commander, garrison, Reynosa, 1987–1988; chief of staff, 1st Army Corps of the Center, 1988; commander, 27th Military Zone and 9th Region, Guerrero, 1994–1996; director general of map services, Secretariat of National Defense, 1997–1998; commander, 3rd Military Region, Mazatlán, 1999–2002; rank of division general. k—None. l—www.sedena.gob.mx, 2000; Rev. de Ejer., Dec., 1998, 19–20; DBGM92, 341; Excélsior, Aug. 2, 1997. Salgado Macedonio, José Félix a—Jan. 14, 1957. b—Ciudad Altamirano, Guerrero. c—Elementary, secondary, and preparatory studies in Ciudad Altamirano; agricultural engineering degree from University of Guerrero, 1976–1981. d—Federal deputy from State of Guerrero, Dist. 2, 1988–1991; senator from Guerrero, 1994–2000, president of Social Security Committee; plurinominal federal deputy from PAN, 2000– 2003. e—Member, PFCRN, 1987–1991; joined PRD, 1991; president, PRD, Guerrero, 1991–1994; candidate for president of PRD, 1999; PRD candidate for governor of Guerrero, 1993, 1999; member, PRD National Council, 1999–2002. f—None. g—Secretary-general, Local No. 30, National Union of Newspaper Editors, 1984–1988. h—Herded cattle and worked as muleteer after his father died when he was 13, leaving 12 children behind; actor; director general, Acción de México, 1980–1989. i—Son of

Nicanor Salgado Castañeda, peasant, and Aurora Macedonio Juárez, peasant and servant; married María de Jesús Pineda Echeverría. j—None. k—None. l—www.jornada. unam.mx, May 6, 1999; DCM, 2000–2003, 443; www.secgob.gob.mx, 1997, 2007; QesQ en el Congreso, 1997–2000, 283; QesQ en el Congreso, 2000–2003, 132; DBGM89, 535; Musacchio, 374. Salgado Páez, Vicente (Deceased) a—July 17, 1893. b—Valle de Santiago, Guanajuato. c—Elementary studies in Valle de Santiago and Villa de Uriangato, Guanajuato, 1900–1906; engineering degree from University of Guanajuato, 1909–1915. d—Federal deputy from State of Guanajuato, Dist. 3, 1949–1952, member of Department of Agrarian Affairs and Colonization committees, 1st Balloting Committee, Social Action Committee (1st year), president of 1st Instructive Sec. of the Grand Jury; federal deputy from State of Guanajuato, Dist. 6, 1958–1961, member of Agriculture and Development Committee, Library Committee (1st year), Plaints Committee, Credentials Committee, National Lands Committee; federal deputy from State of Guanajuato, Dist. 5, 1964–1967, member of 1st Sec. of Agrarian Affairs Committee and Livestock Committee. e—Agrarian secretary, CEN of PRI, 1952–1953. f—Field agent, National Agrarian Commission, 1918; topographical engineer, National Agrarian Commission; agent, National Bank of Ejido Credit; director, New Centers for Agricultural Villages, 1937; assistant director, Henequeneros de Yucatán, 1937–1938; adviser, Department of Agrarian Affairs and Colonization, 1940–1949; director, Department of Credit, National Bank of Ejido Credit, 1953–1954; director, Department of Commerce, National Bank of Ejido Credit, 1954–1958. g—Founding member, Local Agrarian Committees of Oaxaca and Guanajuato, 1916; topographer, Agrarian Committee of Guanajuato, 1918; founder, agrarian delegation, Querétaro. h—Worked in soap factory, 1906–1908; assistant stoker,

t he b io g ra phies  869

Municipal Light Plant, Valle de Santiago, 1908; topographer, Guanajuato, Guanajuato. i—Father of engineer Felipe Salgado Pérez; married Carmen Pérez Espinosa; son Enrique Salgado Pérez, agricultural engineer. j—None. k—None. l—Func., 213; C de D, 1958–1960, 91; C de D, 1964–1966, 55, 78, 86; DGF51, 21, 31, 33, 34; C de D, 1949–1951; WNM, 207. Salgado Salgado, Alberto a—Nov. 23, 1941. b—Teloloapan, Guerrero. c—Early education unknown; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, 1960–1964. d—Plurinominal federal deputy from PST, 1982–1985, member of Justice and Rules Committees. e—Joined PST, 1975; legal adviser, PST. f—None. g—Legal adviser to various labor groups. h—Practicing lawyer. i—Son of Alberto Salgado Cuevas, lawyer and alternate federal deputy from Guerrero, Dist. 2, 1943–1946, and Celia Salgado Lagunas, businesswoman. j—None. k—PST candidate for federal deputy from Guerrero, Dist. 2, 1979. l—HA, Apr. 23, 1979, I; Lehr, 657; C de D, 1982–1985; www.cronica .diputados.gob.mx, Aug. 21, 1943. Salido Beltrán, Roberto a—Oct. 8, 1912. b—Álamos, Sonora. c—Early education unknown; enrolled in National Military College, 1929, graduated as tactical artillery officer, Jan. 1, 1932; graduate of Military Aviation School as lieutenant of aeronautics and pilot, Mar. 1, 1937; studies in air transport in United States; diploma as an air force staff officer from Higher War College, 1948–1953; professor and founder, course in air staff subjects, Higher War College; professor of aeronautical tactics, Higher War College, 1941–1943; director of teaching and instructor in air tactics, Higher War College, 1952; professor of aerodynamics, Military School of Aviation Mechanics, 1947; founder, Air Force College; director, Military School of Aviation, 1959–1964. d—None. e—None. f—Assistant director, Mexican Air Force, 1953–1955; military attaché, Mexican embassy, Washington, DC, 1964–1969; director, Mexican Air Force,

1970–1976. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Division General Conrado C. Salido, zone commander, 1956; nephew of Brigadier General Francisco Salido; married Alejandrina Reyero. j—Career air force officer; rank of 2nd captain for campaign merits, 1938; fought against Saturnino Cedillo in San Luis Potosí, 1939; rank of 1st captain, 1943; rank of major, Sept. 1, 1945; fought in World War II as member of 201st Squadron, 1945; rank of lieutenant colonel, 1947; rank of colonel, 1950; rank of brigadier general, 1952; rank of brigade general, 1964; reached rank of division general, Nov. 20, 1969. k—None. l—Enc. Mex., XI, 235; DPE71, 17; DGF56, 202; Enc. Mex., Annual, 1977, 596; Rev. de Ejer., Sept., 1972, 114. Salinas Altés, Juan Heriberto a—June 20, 1939. b—Federal District. c—Preparatory studies at Heroic Military College, 1956-1957; staff and command diploma from Higher War College, 1970–1973; officer, Cadet Squadron, Heroic Military College, 1960–1963; commander, Cadet Squadron, Heroic Military College, 1968–1970; professor of arms, explosives, military legislation, Heroic Military College. d—None. e—None. f—Military attaché, Costa Rica and Nicaragua; chief of staff, Secretariat of National Defense, 1994–2000; secretary of public security and citizen protection, Guerrero, 2005–2010. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Marcelino Salinas Ramírez, chauffeur, and Otilia Altés; served with General Clemente Vega as 1st company commander, Heroic Military College, 1968; brother Jesús graduated from Heroic Military College, 1967. j—Career army officer; joined army as cadet, 1955; 2nd cavalry lieutenant, Jan. 1, 1958; commander, 4th, 8th, and 20th cavalry regiments; aide to assistant chief of staff, Secretariat of National Defense; chief, Sec. 3, staff; assistant chief of staff; rank of colonel, 1979; commander, 1st Armored Car Squadron, Presidential Guards; commander, 2nd Military Zone, Tijuana, Baja California, 1985–1988; commander, 27th Military Zone, Guerrero,

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1988–1994; commander, 9th Military Region, 1990–1994; director general of military education, 2000–2002; commander, 3rd Military Region, Mazatlán, 2002–2003; retired, 2004 k—None. l—www.guerrero. gob.mx, 2008; letter; www.diariozl.com.mx, May 31, 2007. Salinas Camiña, Gustavo A. (Deceased 1964) a—July 19, 1893. b—Monclova, Coahuila. c—Elementary studies in Monclova; secondary studies at Moviles Military Academy, New York; graduated from Moisant Aviation School, New York, as pilot, Sept. 24, 1912. d—None. e—None. f—Military attaché, Mexican embassy, Paris; military attaché, Mexican embassy, Brussels; military attaché, Mexican embassy, London; director, National Artillery Foundry; director, Department of Cavalry, Secretariat of National Defense; director, Mexican Air Force, 1940; director general of military aviation, 1940–1945. g—None. h—None. i—Son of General Emilio Salinas Salamanca, provisional governor of Coahuila; nephew of Venustiano Carranza. j—Joined the Revolution, 1912, fought against Pascual Orozco; rank of 2nd lieutenant, July 25, 1912; fought against Victoriano Huerta; chief, 21st Artillery Regiment, 1915–1920; rank of brigadier general, 1924; supported General Escobar against the government, 1929; fought in World War II in 201st Air Squadron, which he organized; reached rank of division general. k—First Mexican to lead an aerial bombardment of a ship, the Guerrero, during the Revolution; tried to save Francisco Madero by bombing rebellious troops in Mexico City, 1913. l—López, 987; DP70, 1840; Enc. Mex., XI, 1971, 235–236. Salinas Carranza, Alberto (Deceased Oct. 30, 1970) a—Nov. 11, 1892. b—Cuatro Ciénegas, Coahuila. c—Secondary studies at Manlinos High School, United States; studied mechanics at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, New York; studied aviation at Moisant School of Aviation, Garden City, N.Y., and Curtis Aviation School, Long Island, N.Y., 1911–1912. d—Senator from

State of Coahuila, 1934–1940. e—None. f—Founder and director, 1st Department of Aviation, Department of War, 1915; director, Cartridge Industry, Secretariat of National Defense; director of stores and inventories, Secretariat of Public Works; director, Military Industry Department, Secretary of National Defense; founder and director, Civil Aviation Department, 1928, 1942–1944, 1953–1957, 1957–1958; chief, Mexican Air Force, 1939–1940; military attaché, Washington, DC; military attaché Rome; military attaché, Belgrade; military attaché, Paris, 1959–1960; adviser to president of Mexico. g—President, Veterans of the Revolution in the Service of the State. h—Author of various books. i—Nephew of President Carranza. j—Joined 1st Air Squadron under Carranza during the Revolution; career army officer; brigadier general, July 1, 1942; brigade general, Jan. 1, 1951. k—Founder, 1st school for military pilots; promised official party nomination for governor of Coahuila in 1957 by PRI president Agustín Olachea Aviles. l—Peral, 738–739; DP70, 2441; WWM45, 110; C de S, 1934–1940; López, 987; Excélsior, Dec. 23, 1979, 18; Q es Q, 535–536. Salinas de Gortari, Carlos a—Apr. 3, 1948. b—Federal District. c—Elementary studies at Abraham Lincoln School, Mexico City, 1953–1959; secondary studies at Secondary School No. 3, Heroes de Chapultepec, Mexico City, 1960–1963; preparatory studies at National Preparatory School No. 1, San Ildefonso, 1963–1966; economics studies at National School of Economics, UNAM, 1966–1969, graduating June 18, 1971, with honorable mention and thesis titled “Agriculture, Industry, and Employment: The Case of Mexico”; MA in public administration from Harvard University, 1972–1973; MA in political economy from Harvard University, 1976; PhD in political economy and government from Harvard University, 1978; research assistant, Harvard University, 1974; professor of public finance, Autonomous Technological Institute of

t he b io g ra phies  871

Mexico, 1976; professor of fiscal policy, CEMLA, 1978; adjunct professor, National School of Economics, UNAM, 1970–1972; professor, PRI Institute for Political Education. d—President of Mexico, 1988–1994. e—Representative, IEPES of PRI, in diverse studies analyzing presidential State of the Union addresses, 1973–1979; assistant director of economic studies, IEPES of PRI, 1979; secretary, IEPES of PRI, 1981–1982. f—Aide to Gonzalo Martínez Corbalá, 1966–1968; adviser to assistant director of public finance, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1971–1974; director, Department of Financial Studies and International Affairs, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1974–1976; assistant director of economic studies, Division of Economic and Treasury Studies, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1976; technical secretary of internal groups, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1976–1977; director of economic studies, Division of Treasury Planning, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1976–1977; assistant director general of treasury planning, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1978; director general of treasury planning, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1978–1979; technical secretary, Economics Cabinet, 1979–1981; director general of social and economic policy, Secretariat of Programming and Budget, 1979–1981; secretary of programming and budget, 1982–1988. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Raúl Salinas Lozano, secretary of industry and commerce, 1958–1964, and Margarita de Gortari Carvajal; married Yolanda Cecilia Occelli González; organized group of friends, including Manuel Camacho, José Ruiz Massieu, into a civic association in 1971; nephew of Antonio Ortiz Mena, who is married to Martha Salinas; nephew of General Eduardo de Gortari and philosopher Eli de Gortari; brother Raúl was director general of public works, 1977; thesis committee at UNAM included David Ibarra and Jesús Silva Herzog; early political patrons included Hugo B. Margáin, Miguel de la Madrid, and Leopoldo Solís. j—None. k—Youngest member of 1982 cabinet.

l—Excélsior, Dec. 2, 1982, 4; HA, Dec. 13, 1982, 12; Q es QAP, 131; Proceso, Oct. 4, 1981, 16; WSJ, Dec. 2, 1982; News, Dec. 2, 1982, 8; DBGM87, 563; HA, Oct. 13, 1987, 40; Proceso, July 20. 1987, 10; Proceso, Jan. 25. 1988, 19; El Financiero, July 18, 1999, 2. Salinas Iñiguez, Gustavo a—Nov. 22, 1941. b—Tlaltenango, Zacatecas. c—Elementary studies at Cultural Restoration School, Tlaltenango; secondary studies at Prevocational School No. 2, IPN; preparatory studies at Vocational School, IPN; economics degree from IPN, 1964–1968; graduate studies at Federal University of Cora, Brazil, 1969; professor, IPN. d—Federal deputy from State of Zacatecas, Dist. 1, 1976– 1979; senator from Zacatecas, 1988–1994, member of Gran Comisión; federal deputy from State of Zacatecas, Dist. 3, 1994–1997. e—Joined PRI, 1965; president, Colosio Foundation, 2006. f—Public debt analyst, Economic Studies Department, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1965–1970; adviser to assistant secretary of the presidency, 1970–1972; assistant director of documentation and presidential State of the Union addresses, Office of the Presidency, 1972–1975; supervisor of delegations, Migration Division, Secretariat of Government, 1980–1982; director of publications, Office of the Presidency, 1982–1986. g—Secretary of programming and budget, CEN of CNOP, 1976–1979. h—None. j—None. k—None. l—www. nochesblancas.com.mx, 2008; DBGM84, 383; DBGM89, 536l DBGM92, 574; Integrantes, 1991–1994. Salinas Leal, Bonifacio (Deceased Oct. 9, 1982) a—May 14, 1900. b—General Bravo, Nuevo León. c—Graduated from National Military College. d—Governor, Nuevo León, 1939–1943; senator from State of Nuevo León, 1970–1976, member of Gran Comisión, president of 2nd National Defense Committee, 1st secretary of Navy Committee, and 2nd secretary of 2nd Petroleum Committee. e—None. f—Inspector general of police, Monterrey, Nuevo León, 1915; governor, Baja California del Sur,

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1959–1965. g—None. h—None. i—Married Altagracia Cantú; related to Sada Muguerza family, prominent Monterrey entrepreneurs, through his mother; early political patron of Arturo B. de la Garza, Eduardo Livas Villarreal, and José Ortiz Ávila. j—Career army officer; joined army, 1913, fought under Carranza; rank of major, 1918; rank of brigadier general, 1929; commander, 3rd Cavalry Regiment, 1937, Silao, Guanajuato; brigade general, June 1, 1938; division general, Sept. 16, 1946; commander, 8th Military Zone, Tampico, 1946; commander, 5th Military Region, Guadalajara, Jalisco, 1951–1956. k—Founder, nursery schools for children of military men; New York Times claims he resigned from governorship of Baja California del Sur because he lost support of labor and professional groups. l—DGF51, 183; Brandenburg, 80; Q es Q, 536; DBM68, 562; DBM70, 508; DGF56, 201; Casasola, V; NYT, Apr. 12, 1965, 11; Rev. de Ejer., Jan., 1952, 137. Salinas Lozano, Raúl (Deceased Feb. 23, 2004) a—May 1, 1917. b—Monterrey, Nuevo León. c—Primary and secondary studies in Monterrey; preparatory studies in Federal District; economics degree from National School of Economics, UNAM, Aug. 11, 1944, with thesis on state intervention and prices; MA in public administration, American University, Washington, DC, 1945; MA in economics from Harvard University, 1946, on government fellowship; professor of economics, National School of Economics, UNAM, 1947–1970; professor of economics, Ibero‑American University; professor of economics, University of San Salvador, 1950–1952. d—Senator from State of Nuevo León, 1982–1988. e—None. f—Economist, National Bank of Foreign Commerce; economist, CONASUPO; economist, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1946; economic coordinator, Secretariat of National Properties, 1947; chief, Department of Economic Studies, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1948–1950; tax consultant, government of Honduras, 1950–1952; economist, Technical

Commission, Secretariat of National Patrimony, 1952–1954; director of treasury studies, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1952–1954; director, National Investment Commission, 1954–1958; director of economic investigations, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1950–1951; alternate governor, IMF, 1956– 1958; secretary of industry and commerce, 1958–1964; adviser to various public agencies, 1965–1976; technical director, National Price Commission, 1977–1979; ambassador to Soviet Union, 1979–1980; director general, Mexican Institute of Foreign Trade, 1980–1982. g—None. h—Author of many books and articles. i—Student of Eduardo Bustamante at UNAM; attended UNAM with Flores de la Peña; married Margarita de Gortari; brother-in-law of General Eduardo de Gortari and philosopher Eli de Gortari; son of Carlos Salinas Reyna, bookkeeper, and María de Jesús Lozano Garza; son Carlos Salinas de Gortari was president of Mexico, 1988–1994; son Raúl was government official. j—None. k—None. l—El Universal, Dec. 2, 1958, 1; HA, Dec. 8, 1958, 25–26; DGF56, 59; DGF51, I, 149; D del Y, Dec. 2, 1958, 7; Func., 79; Enc. Mex., XI, 236; Excélsior, Nov. 1, 1978, 22; Excélsior, Nov. 14, 1977, 9; Excélsior, July 28, 1979, 1; WNM, 207; HA, June 14, 1982, 22; C de S, 1982–1988; Excélsior, Dec. 27, 1981, 17; Lehr, 335–336; Excélsior, July 27, 1984, 20. Salinas Torre, Armando a—Jan. 21, 1965. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM; teacher, Centro Universitario Anglo-Mexicano, 1989–1991; professor, Pan American University, 1992– 1993. d—Plurinominal federal deputy from PAN, 1994–1997, president of Committee for the Disabled; representative, Assembly of the Federal District, 1997–2000, president of Public Security Committee; plurinominal federal deputy from PAN, 2000–2003. e—Joined PAN, 1987; delegate of CEN of PAN, Zacatecas and Durango, 1998; national adviser, PAN, 2001–2004; representative of PAN to Federal Electoral

t he b io g ra phies  873

Institute, 2002. f—Private secretary to attorney general of Mexico, 1994–1996; assistant secretary of migration and religious affairs, Secretariat of Government, 2003–2005; assistant secretary of legislative liaison, Secretariat of Government, 2006– . g—None. h—None. i—Married María del Rosario Domínguez. j—None. k—None. l—www .camara.diputados.gob.mx, 2008; DCM, 2000–2003, 424; Musacchio, 376; www .diputados.gob.mx, 2008; QesQ en el Congreso, 2000–2003, 91–92; www.goberna cion.gob.mx, 2007. Salmorán de Tamayo, María Cristina

(Deceased Feb. 1, 1993) a—Aug. 10, 1918. b—Oaxaca, Oaxaca. c—Elementary studies in Oaxaca; secondary studies at Public School No. 8, Mexico City; preparatory studies at National Preparatory School, Mexico City; studies at School of Humanities, UNAM; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, 1945, with thesis titled “The Condition of Women under Labor Law”; LLD studies at National School of Law, UNAM, 1951–1952; studies in France at ILO; founding teacher, Preparatory School No. 5, Coapa, Mexico City; professor of second course in labor law, National School of Law, UNAM, 1955–1985; professor of agricultural law, Superior School of Commerce and Administration, IPN. d—None. e—None. f—Employee, Federal Board of Conciliation and Arbitration, 1941–1942; secretary of hearings, Federal Board of Conciliation and Arbitration, 1942; secretary of resolutions, Federal Board of Conciliation and Arbitration; assistant to groups, under Mario de la Cueva, president of Federal Board of Conciliation and Arbitration, 1949; assistant member, Federal Board of Conciliation and Arbitration, 1949–1953, under Manuel Ramírez Vázquez; president, Federal Board of Conciliation and Arbitration, Jan. 2, 1954–May 12, 1961; justice, Supreme Court, 1961–1964, 1964–1970, 1970–1976, 1976–1982, 1982–1985. g—None. h—Mexican delegate, ILO. i—Student of Alfonso Noriega, Salvador

Azuela, and Mario de la Cueva; married Alberto Tamayo, lawyer. j—None. k—First woman member of Supreme Court of Mexico. l—DGF56, 399; DPE61, 117; WWW70– 71, 888; letter; Justicia, Mar., 1968; WNM, 206; Aceves Romero, 360–361; Chumacero, 210–213; DBGM, 680; www.scjn.gob.mx, 646–647. Salvat Rodríguez, Agustín (Deceased) a—Oct. 23, 1908. b—Veracruz, Veracruz. c—Elementary studies at Escuela Benito Juárez, Salina Cruz, Oaxaca, and in Mexico City; preparatory studies at Night Preparatory School No. 5, 1934–1935; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM; professor of world history, 1942–1943. d—None. e—Finance secretary, CEN of PRI, 1952–1958, 1958–1964; organized youth groups for 1940 presidential campaign of Ávila Camacho; personal representative in the Federal District of Adolfo Ruiz Cortines during his campaign for the presidency, 1952. f—Head, Department of Tourism, 1964–1970; ambassador to World Tourism Organization, 1979–1981; ambassador to Czechoslovakia, 1981–1982. g—Foreign secretary of Mexican Electricians’ Union, 1935. h—Employed by Mexican Power and Light Co., 1924–1939; author of numerous articles on technical subjects. i—Married Julieta Dorantes; son Agustín Salvat Dorantes is manager of a public relations firm; son of Agustín Salvat, streetcar conductor, and Clotilde Rodríguez; grandfather, a sea captain. j—None. k—Had to leave school at age 16 to support himself. l—HA, Dec. 29, 1958, 8; HA, Dec. 7, 1964, 20–21; letter; WWW70– 71, 794; DBM68, 565; El Universal, Dec. 1, 1964; DBM70, 509; Excélsior, Aug. 22, 1978, 22; Excélsior, Aug. 19, 1981, 14. Samaniego Breach, Norma a—Feb. 24, 1944. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; economics degree from National School of Economics, 1962–1966, with thesis on the international monetary system and developing countries; MA in economic planning, Netherlands’ Institute of Social Studies, 1969–1970, with thesis

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on import substitution; professor, Center of Applied Economics, UNAM, 1971. d—None. e—Joined PRI, 1982. f—Analyst for director general of planning, Office of the Presidency, 1967–1969; assistant director of studies of income distribution, National Minimum Salary Commission, 1976; adviser to assistant director general of institutional services, IMSS, 1978–1982; technical director, 1983–1988, and president, 1988–1990, National Minimum Salary Commission, 1988–1990; assistant secretary “B” of labor, 1991–1994; presidential adviser, 1995–2000. g—None. h—None. i—Daughter of Juan Antonio Samaniego Dávila, surgeon and director of Perú Clinic, 1964, and Isaura Breach Russ, private accountant; married to Fernando Villarreal Puga Colmenares, economist; brother Ricardo, department head, Secretariat of Energy, 1997–1999. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM92, 342; Musacchio, 327. Sámano (León), Maríano (Deceased Mar. 16, 1960) a—Apr. 17, 1895. b—Chiapa de Corzo, Chiapas. c—Primary and secondary studies in Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas, and Mexico City; normal school teaching certificate from Normal School of Mexico, Mexico City, 1914. d—Federal deputy from State of Chiapas, 1922–1924; federal deputy from State of Chiapas, Dist. 4, 1940–1943, member of Permanent Commission, 2nd Committee on Public Education, 2nd Balloting Committee, Tourism Committee, and 2nd Instructive Sec. of the Grand Jury; secretary, Chamber of Deputies, Sept., 1942. e—Founding member, CNOP of PRI; member, Cooperatist Party. f—Director of public education, State of Chiapas; assistant director of agricultural education, Secretariat of Public Education; director of indigenous affairs, Secretariat of Public Education, 1946–1952; secretary-general of government, State of Chiapas, under Efraín Gutiérrez, 1936–1937; interim governor, Chiapas. g—None. h—None. j—Participated in the Revolution, but in nonmilitary affairs; major, Veterans of the Revolution.

k—None. l—DGF51, I, 290; DGF51, II, 635; DGF50, II, 465; C de D, 1940–1942, 49, 54, 55; Peral, 740; DP70, 1845; DBC, 231–232; López, 989; Contreras, 138. San Pedro (Salem), Fernando

(Deceased) a—Feb. 14, 1902. b—Tampico, Tamaulipas. c—Elementary studies at Public School No. 1, Tampico; secondary studies in New York, San Antonio, Tex., and Houston, Tex.; no degree. d—Member, City Council, Tampico, 1928–1929, 1936; local deputy, Tampico district, to State Legislature of Tamaulipas, 1943–1945; mayor, Tampico, 1946–1948, 1972–1975; federal deputy from State of Tampico, Dist. 5, 1976–1979, member of Government Properties Committee. e—Member, Partido Socialista Fronterizo of Tamaulipas; member, PRI, but elected mayor of Tampico, 1972, as PPS candidate; elected federal deputy as representative of PARM. f—Traffic inspector, Tampico, 1926; alternate member, City Council, Tampico, 1930–1931; director, 9th Forestry District, 1931; head, Office of Rents, State of Tamaulipas, 1934–1935; adviser, Board of Water and Drainage, 1959–1961; adviser, Federal Board for Material and Moral Improvement, Tampico (20 years); adviser, Chamber of Commerce, Tampico, 1962–1968; vice president, Chamber of Commerce, Tampico. g—None. h—Businessman, automobiles and trucks, 1918–1956. j—None. k—None. l—Letter; C de D, 1976–1979, 63. Sánchez, Graciano (Deceased Nov. 12, 1957) a—1890. b—San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí. c—Rural school teaching certificate from Normal School of San Luis Potosí, 1906; no degree; rural school teacher; principal, Normal School of San Luis Potosí. d—Local deputy, State Legislature of San Luis Potosí; federal deputy from State of Tamaulipas, Dist. 2, 1930–1932; federal deputy from State of Tamaulipas, Dist. 2, 1943–1946. e—Supported Miguel Henríquez Guzmán in 1952. f—Secretary-general of government, Tamaulipas, under Emilio Portes Gil; head, Department of Indigenous

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Affairs, Secretariat of Public Education. g—Cofounder, 1st state teachers’ union, 1923; founding member, League of Agrarian Communities, State of Tamaulipas, during governorship of Emilio Portes Gil; founder, Mexican Peasant Federation, which supported Lázaro Cárdenas, 1933–1934, and eventually became CNC; secretary-general, National Farmers’ Confederation, 1938–1942; resigned from CNC, 1943, to support Gabriel Leyva. h—Worked on hacienda in his youth. i—Son of José Issac Sánchez, peasant, and María Refugio Roma; longtime friend of Emilio Portes Gil. j—Joined Francisco Villa, rank of colonel; joined forces of Úrsulo Galván, 1915; rose to rank of brigadier general. k—Imprisoned for opposing Porfirio Díaz; member of Old Guard of CNC; Brandenburg places him in Inner Circle of power, 1940–1946. l—Annals, Mar., 1940; Brandenburg, 80; Peral, 743; DP70, 1907; C de D, 1943–1945, 20; Kirk, 331; López, 992; Guerra Leal, 24; Castillo, 283; Michaels, 48–49; www.busca biografias.com, 2008. Sánchez, J. Salvador (Deceased) a—Oct. 15, 1892. b—Guadalajara, Jalisco. c—Elementary studies in Guadalajara; veterinary degree from Military Medical School, 1910–1912; professor, Applied Military School; professor, Higher War College; chief of general instruction, Heroic Military College; commander of students, Higher War College. d—None. e—None. f—Oficial mayor, Secretariat of National Defense, 1940–1941; chief of staff, Secretariat of National Defense, 1944–1946. g—None. h—None. j—Career army officer; chief, Lárraga Brigade, during the Revolution; chief of military studies, Secretariat of National Defense. k—None. l—PS, 5678. Sánchez Anaya, Alfonso Abraham

a—Jan. 23, 1941. b—Apizaco, Tlaxcala. c—Early education unknown; veterinary degree from National Medical School, UNAM, 1960–1964. d—Federal deputy from State of Tlaxcala, Dist. 2, 1994–1997; governor, Tlaxcala, 1999–2005; senator from

Tlaxcala, 2006–2012. e—Joined PRI, 1958; director, CEPES of PRI, Tlaxcala, 1987; resigned from PRI, Apr., 1998; joined PRD. f—Director of agriculture and livestock, Tlaxcala, 1975; chief, Livestock Program, Tlaxcala, 1975–1979; private secretary to assistant secretary of livestock, Secretariat of Agriculture, 1981–1982; assistant director general of livestock development, 1983– 1984, director general of livestock development, 1984–1985, Secretariat of Agriculture and Hydraulic Resources; finance secretary, Tlaxcala, 1991–1994. g—Assistant secretary of livestock affairs, CEN of CNC. h—Division Director, Sintex. i—Son of Lauro Sánchez Piedras, rancher from hacienda-owing family, and Dolores Anaya Armas; married María del Carmen Ramírez García, plurinominal senator and candidate to succeed him as governor, 2004; nephew of Governor Emilio Sánchez Piedras. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM92, 830; D del Y, Sept. 15, 2004; NYT, Nov. 10, 1998; Musacchio, 377; Líderes; Directorio del Congreso, 2006–2009, 275. Sánchez Acevedo, Antonio (Deceased June 14, 1976) a—Sept. 17, 1899. b—Mérida, Yucatán. c—Early education unknown; adjutant general, Heroic Military College. d—None. e—None. f—Chief of staff, Secretariat of National Defense, 1948–1951. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Manuel Sánchez Tirado and Ana Elena Acevedo; cousin of Víctor Manzanilla Schaffer, governor of Yucatán, 1988–1991. j—Career army officer; joined army as infantry lieutenant, Dec. 25, 1914; fought in 51 battles in Veracruz, Querétaro, Puebla, Jalisco, Chihuahua, Durango, and Sinaloa, 1915, 1917–1918, 1923–1924, 1927, 1929, 1935–1940; officer, 4th and 5th battalions, Division of the East, Constitutional army; officer, 44th Infantry Battalion (later 1st Presidential Guard Battalion); commander, 40th and 53rd infantry battalions; commander, 2nd Group, Presidential Guards; commander, 33rd Military Zone, Campeche, Campeche; commander, 32nd Military Zone, Mérida; commander, 18th Military Zone, Pachuca, Hidalgo;

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commander, 4th Military Zone, Hermosillo, Sonora; commander, 1st Military Zone, Mexico City, 1956–1958; inspector general of the army, 1953–1954; director of military justice, 1961–1964; adviser to secretary of national defense, 1974; reached rank of division general, Nov. 28, 1951. k—None. l—Rev. de Ejer., Oct., 1974, 128; Rev. de Ejer., June, 1976, 136; DPE65, 41; DPE61, 34; DGF56, 201; Rev. de Ejer., July, 1957, 39. Sánchez Aguilar, Luis (Deceased Dec. 3, 1997) a—1942. b—Torreón, Coahuila. c—Early education unknown; industrial engineering degree from Monterrey Institute of Higher Technological Studies; PhD in political economy from University of Paris. d—Plurinominal federal deputy (independent) but part of PRD group, 1994–1997. e—Founding member, Association of Community Political Activities, 1967; PARM candidate for federal deputy, 1979; founder, PSD, 1981; president, PSD, 1982–1997; cofounder, National Democratic Front, 1988. f—None. g—Adviser to Roberto Guajardo Suárez, president of the Employees’ Association of the Mexican Republic, 1970. h—Founded Mexican Institute of Public Opinion; founder of SINTEMEX, with Roberto Guajardo Suárez. i—Related to prominent entrepreneurial leader Roberto Guajardo Suárez. j—None. k—National prize in economics, 1996; National prize in public administration, 1997. l—Letter; www .jornada.unam.mx, 2008. Sánchez Cárdenas, Carlos (Deceased Oct. 4, 1982) a—Aug. 31, 1913. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; preparatory studies in science and letters at National Preparatory School, 1932; no degree. d—PPS federal party deputy, 1967–1970; plurinominal deputy from PCM, 1979–1982. e—Member, Communist Youth of PCM, 1932; joined PCM, 1933–1948; member, PCM Central Committee, 1936; founder, Unified Socialist Youth of Mexico; cofounder and secretary-general, Workers’ and Peasants’ Party, 1959–1963; leader, PPS, 1967–1970; left PPS and founded Action and

Unified Socialist Movement, 1970; member, PSUM Central Committee and Political Committee PSUM, 1982; secretary-general, Social Unity and Action Movement; representative of MAUS to the Federal Electoral Commission, 1982. f—None. g—Founder, Federation of Working Students (later Revolutionary Student Federation), 1932; director, Tren Blindado, official paper of Revolutionary Student Federation, 1933. h—Director, La Voz de México, 1943–1947; founder and director, Noviembre, 1948. j—None. k—Arrested during May 1, 1952, strike; first Mexican tried under social dissolution law; in prison, 1952–1954. l—Excélsior, Oct. 5, 1982, 4; Protag., 316; C de D, 1967–1970; C de D, 1979–1982. Sánchez Carreño, Miguel Sadot

a—Sept. 29, 1948. b—San Miguel Cajones, Oaxaca. c—Early education unknown; law degree from University of Oaxaca, 1970; LLD from National School of Law, UNAM, 1975; PhD in political science from Sorbonne, 1978; chief, Department of Legislation, IPN, 1979–1984; professor, UNAM, University of Oaxaca, and Anáhuac University. d—Local deputy, State Legislature of Oaxaca, 1995–1997, president of Gran Comisión; federal deputy from state of Oaxaca, Dist. 4, 1997–2000, president of Justice Committee; senator from Oaxaca, 2000– 2006. e—Member, PRI. f—Agent, Ministerio Público, Office of the Attorney General of Oaxaca, 1968–1970; coordinator of Statistics and consulting, Legal Division, NAFIN, 1985–1986; director and coordinator of programs, Oaxaca, 1986–1988; director of legal guarantees, Office of the Attorney General of Mexico, 1991. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Francisco Sadot Sánchez Palacios, career military, and Rebeca Carreño Avendaño; married Laura Elena Ruiz Godoy Rivera, dentist. j—None. k—None. l—DCM, 2000–2003, 199; DBGM94, CD; QesQ en el Congreso, 2000–2003, 368–369; Musacchio, 370; www.secgob.gob.mx, 1997, 2007. Sánchez Celis, Leopoldo (Deceased Aug. 7, 1989) a—Feb. 14, 1916. b—Cosalá,

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Sinaloa. c—Primary and secondary studies in Cosalá; completed 3rd year of secondary; studies at Workers’ University of Mexico, Mexico City; no degree. d—Local deputy, State Legislature of Sinaloa, 1950–1952; federal deputy from State of Sinaloa, Dist. 4, 1955–1958, member of Gran Comisión, 3rd Ejidal Committee, Legislative Studies Committee (2nd year), Instructive Committee for the Grand Jury, and Balloting Committee; senator from State of Sinaloa, 1958–1963, president of 2nd Naval Committee, member of Social Welfare Committee, and 1st Balloting Committee; governor, Sinaloa, 1963–1967. e—Member, peasant sector of PRM; secretary of popular action, Regional Committee of PRM, Sinaloa, 1941; member, National Council of PRM, 1944; general delegate, PRM to Jalisco, Zacatecas, Guanajuato, Tamaulipas; president, Regional Committee of PRI, Sinaloa, 1950–1956; campaign coordinator, Adolfo López Mateos’ presidential campaign, 1957–1958; general delegate, CEN of PRI, to various states, 1959–1962; secretary of political action, CEN of PRI, 1959. f—None. g—Secretary-general, 1st Youth Federation, Sinaloa, 1940; secretary of youth action, League of Agrarian Communities, 1941; secretary-general, Federation of Popular Organizations, Sinaloa, 1942; chief, Sinaloa delegation to founding of CNOP, 1943; considered a precandidate for secretary-generalship of the National Farmers’ Confederation, 1962. h—None. i—Close friend of Amado Estrada, senator from Sinaloa, 1964–1970; Alfredo Valdez Montoya was treasurer of Sinaloa during his governorship and was his choice to succeed him; son Leopoldo Sánchez Duarte was delegate of Department of the Federal District to Coyoacán, later arrested on fraud charges; part of Rodolfo Sánchez Taboada’s political group; political protégé of General Gabriel Leyva Velázquez. j—None. k—One of PRI leaders most responsible for defeat of Carlos Madrazo’s reform program and ouster of Madrazo from party leadership; peasants were reported to be invading lands

owned illegally by Sánchez Celis in Sinaloa in summer 1972. l—DGF56, 28; El Universal, July 1, 1972; González Navarro, 232; Por Qué? Sept. 25, 1969, 29; Excélsior, Feb. 1, 1974, 10; Excélsior, July 30, 1978, 23; Func., 351; DAPC77, 51; Excélsior, Mar. 24, 1979, 4; www.galeon.com, 2008. Sánchez Colín, Salvador (Deceased 2002) a—May 14, 1912. b—Atlacomulco, State of Mexico. c—Elementary studies in Atlacomulco; secondary studies in Mexico City; studies at Industrial Technical Institute; studied at Central Agricultural School, El Mexe, Hidalgo, on government scholarship; studied on scholarship from Secretariat of Agriculture at National School of Agriculture, 1930–1935, and received agricultural engineering degree with specialization in agricultural industry from same institution in 1939; professor of botany and mathematics, Industrial Institute of Tijuana, Baja California del Norte; advanced studies in United States in citrus fruit production. d—Alternate senator from State of Mexico, 1946–1952; local deputy from Texcoco to State Legislature of Mexico, 1950; governor, State of Mexico, 1951–1957. e—Member, Technical Advisory Commission on Agricultural Questions during Alemán’s presidential campaign, 1946; cofounder, Civic Front for Revolutionary Affirmation, 1963. f—Director of agricultural instruction, Department of Prevocational Education, Secretariat of Public Education, 1936–1937; chief of instruction, Schools for Military Dependents, Secretariat of National Defense, 1937–1938; director of agricultural instruction, Industrial Institute of Tijuana, Baja California del Norte, 1939–1940; technical inspector, National Bank of Agricultural Credit, 1941–1943; scientific investigator, Department of Agriculture, Secretariat of Agriculture, 1944–1946; director general of agriculture, 1946–1951; adviser, National Bank of Ejido Credit, 1948; technical consultant to the president, 1949; adviser to secretary of agriculture, 1972. g—None. h—Founder, Tierra, 1946, official

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publication of Secretariat of Agriculture; founder, Agrícola Mexicana publishing house; author of numerous technical studies. i—Son of peasants Silvano Sánchez Lobrera and María Colín Pérez; married María Trinidad Rodríguez Carrillo; worked in print shop as a boy. j—None. k—Created special variety of lemon known as the Colín lemon; CCI accused him in 1979 of being one of the principal landholders in State of Mexico. l—Q es Q, 539–540; DGF51, I, 6, 206; DGF56, 95; DGF47, 20, 123; HA, Sept. 11, 1956, 17–20; DGF51, II, 181; DGF50, II, 139; letter; Colín, 242–251; WNM, 209; HA, Oct. 22, 1979, 29. Sánchez Cono, Edmundo M. (Deceased) a—Nov. 20, 1894. b—Oaxaca, Oaxaca. c—Early education unknown; medical degree from Free School of Homeopathy of Mexico. d—Governor, Oaxaca, 1944–1947. e—Secretary of social and military action, CEN of PNR, 1938–1940. f—None. g—None. j—Career army officer; returned to active duty, 1948; rank of brigadier general; director, schools for children of army personnel. k—PNR precandidate for governor of Oaxaca, 1940; forced to resign as governor, Jan. 19, 1947, because of his financial policies and municipal political impositions. l—Anderson, 86–87; NYT, Jan. 20, 1947, 4; NYT, Jan. 26, 1947, 37; HA, Aug. 25 1944, 23; Correa, 377. Sánchez Cordero Dávila, Olga María del Carmen a—July 16, 1947. b—Federal

District. c—Elementary and secondary studies at Colegio Francés del Pedregal, Mexico City; preparatory studies at Colegio Alemán; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, with thesis on revolution in legal interpretation; graduate studies at Swansea University College, Eng.; professor of constitutional law, UNAM, 1975; teacher, Colegio Francés del Pedregal, 1971–1972; teacher, Colegio Alemán Alexander Von Humboldt; secretary of school affairs, National School of Law, UNAM, 1976–1979; director of general sociology and legal seminar, UNAM, 1980–1984; professor of

sociology, National School of Engineering, UNAM, 1989–1994. d—None. e—None. f—Judge, Sixth Civil Division, Superior Tribunal of Justice, Federal District, 1993–1995; justice, Supreme Court, 1995–2010. g—None. h—Public Notary No. 182, Federal District, 1984–1993. j—None. k—First female public notary in Federal District. l—www.scjn.gob .mx, 2008; Musacchio, 378; www.lideres mexicanos.com, 2008; www.wikipedia, 2008; www.femumex.org, 2008. Sánchez Cuen, Manuel a—1900s. c—Preparatory studies at National Preparatory School, 1920–1924; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, May 18, 1928; professor, UNAM. d—None. e—None. f—Secretary, Judicial District, Tacubaya; justice of the peace, 1928; secretary of agreements, 3rd District, Mexico City, 1928–1929; secretary, Fourth Civil Court, Mexico City, 1929–1930; auxiliary lawyer, Legal Department, Secretary of Industry and Commerce, 1930; agent, Ministerio Público, Mexico City, 1930; lawyer, Petroleum Department, Secretary of Industry and Commerce, 1930; assistant director, Legal Department, Secretariat of Industry and Commerce, 1930–1932; director, Legal Department, Secretariat of Public Education, 1932–1933; director, Legal Department, Secretariat of Industry and Commerce, 1933–1934; president, Committee to Revise the Trade Code, Secretariat of Industry and Commerce, 1934–1935; director, Tax Department, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1934–1935; assistant director of revenues, Secretariat of the Treasury, under Jesús Silva Herzog, 1935–1936; judge, Federal Tax Court, 1936–1938; oficial mayor of industry and commerce, 1939–1940, under Efraín Buenrostro; assistant director general, PEMEX, 1940–1946, under Efraín Buenrostro; assistant secretary of industry and commerce, Oct. 23, 1948–1952; director general, National Mortgage Bank, 1952– 1958. g—None. i—Attended UNAM with José Castro Estrada, Antonio Carrillo Flores, Miguel Alemán, and Alfonso Noriega; student of Antonio Martínez Báez and Eduardo

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Suárez; son Luis was director general of Sofimex Bank; son Manuel, was director general of Multibanco Comermex; married Elisa Lugo Ángulo. j—None. k—None. l—D del Y, Oct. 23, 1948, 1; DGF51, I, 95; DGF50, II, 78; Siempre, Jan. 28, 1959, 6; letters; DBGM, 387. Sánchez de Mendiburu, Fidela

(Deceased) a—May 10, 1909. b—Mérida, Yucatán. c—Primary and secondary studies in Mérida; normal school teaching certificate from Rodolfo Menéndez Urban Normal School, Mérida, Dec. 30, 1931; certificate as educator, 1945; special courses in mental hygiene at Superior Normal School, Federal District, 1955; diploma in mental hygiene from Manuel Ávila Camacho Maternal Center, 1950; urban normal school teacher. d—Member, City Council, Mérida, 1956–1958; federal deputy from State of Yucatán, Dist. 1, 1964–1967, member of Social Action Committee (1st year), Public Welfare Committee, 2nd Public Education Committee, and 3rd Ejido Committee. e—Director of women’s action, PRI, Mérida, 1953–1958, 1954–1966. f—Director, Federal School No. 5, Mérida, 1970. g—Director, women’s action, CNOP of PRI, 1959–1964, member of state delegation; organizer, Women’s Congress of CNOP, 1957. h—Director of various children’s nurseries. j—None. k—Organized first civic orientation course for women in Yucatán. l—C de D, 1964–1966, 77, 78, 82; Q es QY, 231; Directorio, 1964–1967. Sánchez de Velasco, Abraham

(Deceased 1985) a—1909. b—Huastla, Jalisco. c—Elementary studies at Episcopal Boarding School, Chilapa, Guerrero, and Colegio Francés, Mexico City; secondary studies in Mexico City; preparatory studies at National Preparatory School; economics studies at National School of Economics, 1929–1933; economics degree from University of Guadalajara, 1936, with thesis on tax policy; professor, School of Law, School of Economics, and Business School, University of Guadalajara, 1935–1961. d—None.

e—None. f—Chief of economics archives, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1934–1935; consultant, general archives, State Government of Jalisco, 1935–1936; representative, National Workers’ Industrial Development Bank, Jalisco, 1937–1938; secretary-general of government, State of Jalisco, 1942–1944; chief of economic studies, Costal Planning Commission, Guadalajara, 1954–1959; president, Water Services Board, Guadalajara, 1959–1964; director of economic development, State of Jalisco, 1959–1961; department head, Treasury Office, State of Guadalajara, 1961–1964; president, Popular Planning Assembly, 1964; oficial mayor, Secretariat of Agriculture, 1964–1970; director, Department of Statistics, IMSS, 1971–1974; assistant director of personnel, IMSS, 1974– 1976. g—None. h—Consulting economist, 1942–1944; president, Committee for Industrial Development of Jalisco, 1942–1944; adviser to many private industries, 1940– 1955; adviser, Chamber of Commerce and Industries, Guadalajara, 1939–1941. j—None. k—None. l—Enc. Mex., XI, 341–342; EN de E, 228; DP95, 3163. Sánchez Díaz de Rivera, Antonio

a—June 12, 1953. b—Puebla, Puebla. c—Early education unknown; administration degree from ITESM, 1971–1975; MA studies in economics at University of Nuevo León; professor of economics, Autonomous Popular University, Puebla, 1980–1982. d—Federal deputy from State of Puebla, Dist. 12, 2006–2009. e—Joined PAN, 1975; PAN candidate for mayor of Puebla, 2007. f—Assistant secretary of social and human development, Secretariat of Social Development, 2000–2006. g—President, Business Center of Puebla, 1990–2002; president, CCE, Puebla, 1993–1995; president, Coparmex of Mexico, 1993–1995. h—Manager of organization and systems, Grupo Industrias Ramírez, 1976–1980; manager, Futuratex, 1980–1983; manager, Sanro Textiles, 1980–1983. i—Son of Francisco Sánchez Rodríguez and María Eugenia Díaz de Rivera Rangel. j—None k—None.

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l—Directorio del Congreso, 2006–2009, 218; www.coparmex.org.mx, 2008; www. ed.wikipedia.org, 2008; C de D, 2006–2009. Sánchez Díaz (Martell), Raúl a—Apr. 15, 1915. b—Guadalajara, Jalisco. c—Early education unknown; engineering degree from National School of Engineering, UNAM. d—Governor, Baja California del Norte, 1965–1971. e—None. f—Division engineer, Sonora–Baja California Railroad; director, Campeche Division, Southeast Railroad, 1949; director, Sonora–Baja California Railroad, 1965. g—None. i—Student of Antonio Dovalí Jaime, director general of PEMEX, 1970–1976; father of Raúl Sánchez Diaz, Jr., assistant secretary of education of Baja California, 1983. j—None. k—Moved to Baja California del Norte, 1942. l—Aguirre, 515; DPF65, 109; Excélsior, Oct. 28, 1983, 23; www.bajacalifornia.gob.mx, 2008. Sánchez (García), Enrique Wenceslao

(Deceased) a—Sept. 28, 1911. b—Canatlán, Durango. c—Elementary studies in Canatlán; secondary studies at Conciliar Seminary of Durango; teaching certificate from Federal Institute of Teacher Education and Normal School of the State of Mexico, 1928. d—President, State Legislature of Durango; federal deputy from State of Durango, Dist. 3, 1958–1961, member of Library Committee, 2nd Public Education Committee, 6th Sec. of Legislative Studies Committee, Consular and Diplomatic Service Committee; federal deputy from State of Durango, Dist. 3, 1964–1967, member of Library Committee, 1st Public Education Committee. e—Secretary of political action, PRI, Durango, 1950–1954. f—Director, Tax Office, Canatlán, 1944. g—Secretary, Federation of Teachers, 1936; joined Union of Teachers of Durango, 1940; assistant to secretary of conflicts and organization, SNTE; secretary of labor and conflicts, FSTSE, 1956–1959; director, Department of Labor and Social Welfare, SNTE, Durango; secretary of educational action, CTM, Durango; secretary, Local No. 10, STERM; secretary-general, SNTE, 1955–1958. h—None. j—None.

k—None. l—C de D, 1964–1967, 82; Func., 202; C de D, 1958–1961, 92; www.sesa-dgo .gob.mx, 2008. Sánchez Gavito (Piña), Vicente

(Deceased Jan. 20, 1977) a—May 25, 1910. b—Federal District. c—Primary and secondary studies in Federal District; completed preparatory studies at National Preparatory School, 1928; law degree from Free Law School, Oct. 27, 1933, with thesis titled “The Place of Penal Law in the General Classification of Law.” d—None. e—None. f—Joined Foreign Service, Jan. 1, 1936; career Foreign Service officer; consultant, United States–Mexico Claims Commission, 1936–1938; director of North American affairs, Secretariat of Foreign Relations, 1939–1943; counselor, Mexican embassy, Washington, DC, 1944–1947; director general, Diplomatic Service, 1947–1951; member, United Nations Tribunal on the Libya and Eritrea Question, 1951–1955; minister, Washington, DC, 1956–1959; ambassador to OAS, 1959–1965; ambassador to Brazil, 1965–1970; ambassador to Great Britain, 1970–1973; ambassador to Germany, 1974– 1977. g—None. h—Chairman and member of various international committees. i—Student of Javier Gaxiola at Free Law School; personal adviser to Manuel Tello; married María Murguía; grandson of Indalecio Sánchez Gavito, lawyer, and Antonio Beltrán; son of Vicente Sánchez Gavito Beteta, prominent lawyer, and María Piña Aguayo; sister María Antonia was consul-general in Milan; grandmother was niece of Ignacio Pavón y Jiménez, president of Mexico, and intimate friend of Manuel Tello. j—None. k—None. l—DPE61, 25; DPE65, 24; IWW67, 1072; letter; Excélsior, May 8, 1972, 2B; HA, Apr. 8, 1974, 13; HA, Jan. 31, 1977, 15; Excélsior, Jan. 21, 1977, 4; DBGM, 390; DP95, 3164. Sánchez Gochicoa, Antonio a—Aug. 1, 1950. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; economics degree from ITAM, 1969–1974; MA in economics from Cambridge University, 1975–1977. d—None.

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e—Joined PRI, 1980. f—Analyst, Secretariat of Government Properties, 1973–1974; head, Department of International Financial Organizations, Credit Division, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1978–1979; assistant director of analysis of production structures, politics, economics, and social division, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1979–1982; director, State and Regional Statistics Sec., INEGI, 1982–1985; coordinator of advisers to assistant secretary of planning and budget control, Secretariat of Programming and Budget, 1985–1987; director general, Programming and Regional Budgeting, Secretariat of Programming and Budget, 1987–1988; oficial mayor, Treasury, 1988– 1994; assistant secretary of urban development and housing, 1997–1998; assistant director, Public Works Bank, 1998–2000. g—None. h—Private consultant, 2008. i—Son of Antonio Sánchez Andrew, PhD in zoology, and Guadalupe Gochicoa Guerrero; married Carmen Alicia Borboa Vega, psychologist. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM92, 343–344; Musacchio, 378. Sánchez Hernández, Tomás (Deceased Sept. 24, 1980) a—Oct. 17, 1894. b—León, Guanajuato. c—Elementary studies at Sollano Institute and Colegio de Guanajuato, León; graduated from National Military College, Dec. 11, 1914, as artillery lieutenant; industrial engineering degree from Heroic Military College, 1920–1923; graduated from Artillery School, Fontainebleau, France, 1925–1928; attended General Staff School, Paris, 1931–1933; commander of administrative students, Heroic Military College, 1920; director, Higher War College, Secretariat of National Defense, 1934–1940; director, Heroic Military College, 1950–1953. d—Federal deputy from State of Guanajuato, Dist. 4, 1973–1976. e—None. f—Chief of staff, Secretariat of National Defense, 1942–1943; assistant secretary of public education, 1943–1946; military attaché, France and Poland, 1947–1950; chief of staff, Secretariat of National Defense, 1954–1957. g—None. h—Author of many technical military

articles. i—Married Jeannette Marle; son of Jesús Sánchez and Guadalupe Hernández; served under Francisco Urquizo in cadet guard, 1913. j—Career army officer; rank of major, 1920; rank of lieutenant colonel, 1923; assistant director of technical schools, Secretariat of National Defense, 1924; rank of colonel, 1928; commander, mountain artillery regiment, 1928–1930; director, National Artillery Foundry, 1933–1934; technical military director, 1940–1942; rank of division general, Sept. 16, 1952; inspector general of the army, June 16, 1953–June 16, 1954; director, Military Industry Department, Secretariat of National Defense, 1958–1960; chief, Mexican delegation to United States–Mexico Defense Board during World War II. k—Member, President Madero’s cadet guard during Tragic Ten Days, 1913. l—WWM45, 111; DGF56, 199; Peral, 744; Kirk, 254; DPE61, 31; DGF51, I, 179; Excélsior, Mar. 13, 1973, 13; López, 993; Rev. de Ejer., Sept., 1976, 135; Rev. de Ejer., June, 1953, 64; DP95, 3165. Sánchez Jiménez, Jesús a—Dec. 6, 1940. b—Tampico, Tamaulipas. c—Early education unknown; degree in economics from National School of Economics, UNAM, Mar. 14, 1977, with thesis on industrial protectionism in Mexico. d—None. e—None. f—Economist, Division of Treasury Studies, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1970–1976; private secretary to assistant secretary of foreign trade, 1976–1982; private secretary, Secretariat of Commerce, 1982–1985; assistant secretary of domestic trade, Secretariat of Commerce, 1985–1988. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Pascual Sánchez Calderón and Guadalupe Jiménez Gómez; married Rosa María González Topete. j—None. k—None. l—Musacchio, 378; DBGM87, 357; DBGM84, 386. Sánchez Juárez (Lazo), Delfín a—Oct. 6, 1916. c—Early education unknown; law degree. d—Delegate of Department of the Federal District to Cuauhtémoc, 1971–1973. e—None. f—Director of internal affairs, IMSS, 1958; special ambassador of State

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of Mexico to inauguration of President Rómulo Betancourt, Caracas, 1958; secretary-general of tourism, 1959–1960; joined Foreign Service, 1961; chief of mission to Yugoslavia, 1961–1965; ambassador to Low Countries, 1965; ambassador to Poland, 1965–1966; ambassador to Guatemala, 1966–1970. g—None. i—Married Mercedes Lazo Barreiro, sister of Carlos Lazo Barreiro, secretary of public works; second wife, Nadine Jean, mother of Emilio Azcárraga Jean; son Delfín was director general in Secretariat of Commerce and Industrial Development; direct descendant of Benito Juárez. j—None. k—None. l—MGF73, 395; HA, Feb. 26, 1973, 27; DAPC, 66; Siempre, Jan. 14, 1959, 6; Siempre, Feb. 18, 1959; MGF69, 182; DBGM, 390; www.lahoradelpueblo.blog spot.com, 2008 Sánchez López, Alberto (Deceased) a—May 5, 1914. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; graduated from Heroic Military College as communications specialist; completed officer courses, Tacubaya Instructors’ Center; staff and command diploma, Higher War College, 1948–1951; completed basic and advanced courses in armored cars, Ft. Knox, Ky., 1953. d—None. e—None. f—Chief of staff, Secretariat of National Defense, 1972–1976. g—None. h—None. j—Career army officer; joined army as private, 4th Infantry Battalion, Dec. 18, 1930; assistant chief of staff, 30th Military Zone, Villahermosa, Tabasco; assistant chief of staff, 33rd Military Zone, Campeche, Campeche; rank of colonel, Oct. 20, 1964; commander, Unit 5, in response to student movement, Sept. 18, 1968; commander, Unit 2, Tlatelolco Plaza, Oct. 2, 1968; commander, 12th Mechanized Cavalry Regiment; adjutant, Military Transportation Division, Secretariat of National Defense; chief of staff, 15th Military Zone, Guadalajara, Jalisco; commander, 20th Military Zone, Colima, Colima; rank of division general, 1976; commander, 25th Military Zone, Puebla, Puebla, 1976–1977; commander, 19th Military Zone, Tuxpan,

Veracruz, 1977–1978; commander, 18th Military Zone, Pachuca, Hidalgo, 1978–1979; commander, 15th Military Zone, Guadalajara, Jalisco, 1979–1980. k—None. l—MGF, 1972–1973, 175; Rev. de Ejer., Oct.–Nov., 1976, 67; Rev. de Ejer., May, 1953, 65; Rev. de Ejer., Apr., 1972, 21–22. Sánchez López, Espiridión a—Dec. 14, 1945. b—Delicias, Chihuahua. c—Secondary studies as electrical technician, 1957–1960; no degree. d—Local deputy, State Legislature of Baja California del Sur, 1987–1988; plurinominal federal deputy from PAN, 1988–1991; plurinominal federal deputy from PAN, 1997–2000, president of Fisheries Committee. e—Joined PAN, 1962; secretary-general of PAN, Baja California del Sur, 1974; president of PAN, Baja California del Sur; PAN candidate for governor of Baja California del Sur, 1987. f—IMSS liaison to Congress, 2001. g—None. h—General manager, Wiring and Electrical of La Paz, 1976–1997; general administrator, Commercial Electrical and Wiring, SACV, 1987–1997. i—Married Graciela Arliga González. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM89, 537; www .secgob.gob.mx, 1997, 2008; QesQ en el Congreso, 1997–2000, 56. Sánchez López, Héctor a—Aug. 29, 1950. b—Juchitán, Oaxaca. c—Early education unknown; degree in electricomechanical engineering from IPN; graduate studies in mathematics, University of Guerrero; secondary teacher, Federal District, 1972–1973; professor of mathematics, physics, and chemistry, Regional Institute of the Isthmus, 1974–1976; professor of mathematics, University of Guerrero, 1978–1981. d—Plurinominal federal deputy from PSUM/COCEI, 1982–1985; mayor, Juchitán, 1989–1991; senator from Oaxaca, 1994–2000, coordinator of PRD delegation, president of Foreign Relations Committee, Sec. 4; plurinominal federal deputy from PRD, 2000–2003. e—Cofounder, PRD, 1989; PRD candidate for governor, 1998; member, CEN of PRD, 1999–2002; national adviser, CEN of PRD, 1999–2002. f—None. g—None. h—None.

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i—Brother, Carlos, founder of COCEI, lawyer, and local deputy, was murdered in 2003. j—None. k—None. l—www.osdir. com, 2008; www.secgob.gob.mx, 1997, 2007; QesQ en el Congreso, 1997–2000, 284; Musacchio, 378–389; www.es.wikipedia.org, 2009. Sánchez Madariaga, Alfonso

(Deceased Apr. 1, 1999) a—Nov. 15, 1904. b—Federal District. c—Completed primary and secondary studies; no degree. d—Senator from Federal District, 1940–1946, member of Gran Comisión, president of Department of the Federal District Committee, 1st Labor Committee; federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. 8, 1949–1952, member of 2nd Balloting Committee, General Means of Communication Committee, and 2nd Labor Committee; federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. 5, 1955–1958, president of Child Welfare and Social Security Committee (1st year) and 1st Labor Committee; senator from Federal District, 1970–1976, president of Senate, Sept., 1974. e—Secretary-general, PRM, Federal District, 1937–1938; secretary of labor action, CEN of PRM, 1938–1940; secretary of labor action, CEN of PRI, 1949–1952. f—Member, Advisory Council, Department of the Federal District, 1929. g—Active in labor movement, 1925; member, Executive Committee, Dairy Workers’ Union; labor representative to Federal Board of Conciliation and Arbitration, 1939; secretary of organization, Union of Workers of the Federal District; secretary-general, Union of Workers of the Federal District, 1945; assistant secretarygeneral, ORIT, 1953–1956; secretary-general, ORIT, 1961; co‑organizer, Union of Workers of the Federal District, 1929; member, Secretariat of the Federation of Regional Workers and Farmers of the Federal District. h—Worked in a milk-producing plant. j—None. k—Helped Fidel Velázquez form Dairy Workers’ Union, 1920s, which adhered to CROM, 1925; longtime labor leader who split with Luis Morones of CROM, 1929, to help form CTM, 1936; ran

against Joaquín Gamboa Pascoe for secretary-general of Workers’ Confederation of the Federal District, 1973. l—Brandenburg, 154; Peral, 745; DGF51, I, 21, 34, 36; DGF51, II, 127; DGF56, 23, 31, 33, 36, 37; C de D, 1949–1951; C de D, 1955–1957; C de S, 1940– 1946; C de S, 1970–1976; López, 994. Sánchez Mendoza, Cirila a—July 9, 1952. b—Santa Cruz Tepenixtlahuaca, Juquila, Oaxaca. c—Elementary studies, in San Miguel Panixtlahuaca and Santa Catarina Juquila, Oaxaca, while working as a maid; secondary studies, bilingual curriculum; secondary studies at Institute for Research and Social Integration, Oaxaca, on a scholarship; teaching certificate. d—Local deputy, State Legislature of Oaxaca, 1983–1986; federal deputy from State of Oaxaca, Dist. 8, 1988–1991; senator from Oaxaca, 1994–2000, president of Indigenous Affairs Committee. e—Secretary of indigenous action, CEN of PRI, 2000. f—Regional director of indigenous education, Juquila, Secretariat of Public Education, 1974–1980; director, Preschool Education Department, Secretariat of Public Education, 1980–1981; attorney for the defense of the indigenous, Oaxaca, 1992. g—None. h—None. i—Daughter of Moisés Sánchez and Rosa Elia Mendoza; married Gerardo Ruiz Cerón, secretary of Learning Center, University of the Americas. j—None. k—First indigenous Chatina to become local deputy. l—www.criterios. com, 2008; www.es.wikipedia.org, 2009; DBGM89, 537; QesQ en el Congreso, 1997– 2000, 333–334; DBGM92, 832; www.indesol .gob.mx, 2008; Musacchio, 379; www.secgob .gob.mx, 2007. Sánchez Meza de Solís (Ogarrio), Guillermina a—Jan. 22, 1926. b—Federal

District. c—Elementary studies at Benito Juárez School, Mexico City; secondary studies at Secondary School No. 11; preparatory studies at National Preparatory School; economics studies at National School of Economics, UNAM, 1942–1946, graduating with thesis on an economic interpretation of Latin America, July 31, 1950; degree

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in consular law and diplomacy, School of Political and Social Sciences, Women’s University of State of Mexico; graduate studies at University of California, Berkeley, and University of Hawaii; professor of economic geography and credit institutions, Women’s University of Mexico. d—Federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. 22, 1970–1973, member of Tariff and Foreign Trade Committee, 1st Tax Committee, Money and Institutions of Credit Committee, Budget and Accounts Committee. e—Joined PRI, 1949; coordinator of professional organizations, IEPES of PRI; 1971–1974; oficial mayor, CEN of PRI, 1982–1984. f—Economist, Department of Chemical Industries, Secretariat of Industry and Commerce; technical adviser, Secretariat of Industry and Commerce; private secretary to oficial mayor, Federal Electric Commission, 1961– 1964; analyst, Secretariat of Industry and Commerce, 1965–1968; Mexican representative to UN Conference on Trade Organizations; director, Office of Regional Economic Organizations, Secretariat of Industry and Commerce, 1960–1964; director, Office of Medicines, Secretariat of Industry and Commerce; director general of administrative services, Department of the Federal District, 1973–1976; oficial mayor, Secretariat of Foreign Relations, 1976–1978; assistant secretary of foreign relations “D”, 1978–1979. g—Member, Executive Council, College of Economists; president, League of Revolutionary Economists. h—Sales director, Abastos, SA; assistant director, Factores Mexicanos, SA, 1951. i—Daughter of José Sánchez Bauche and María L. Meza García; classmate of José López Portillo in elementary and high school; married Jorge Solís Ogarrio, lawyer. j—None. k—One of 2 Mexican women to have held both the position of oficial mayor and of assistant secretary in a cabinet agency prior to 1980; first female oficial mayor of PRI. l—Excélsior, June 22, 1979, 18; Directorio, 1970–1972, 184–185; C de D, 1970–1973, 136; En de E, 239; Chumacero, 303–305; WWM87, 546.

Sánchez Mireles, Rómulo a—1914. b—Coahuila. c—Preparatory studies at Ateneo Fuente, Saltillo, Coahuila; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM. d—Federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. 8, 1952–1955, member of Department of the Federal District Committee, Legislative Studies Committee, 1st Balloting Committee; federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. 14, 1961–1964, president of Gran Comisión, member of 1st Government Committee and Constitutional Affairs Committee, president of Chamber of Deputies, Sept., 1963; member, Interparliamentary Congress, Mexico and the United States. e—Assistant secretary of popular action, CEN of PRI, 1952. f—Director general, ISSSTE, 1964–1970. g—Delegate, Ateneo Fuente to National Convention of Preparatory Schools; president, Society of Law School Students and member of University Council; first oficial mayor, CNOP, 1943; director, Legal Department, FSTSE, 1943–1946; finance secretary, FSTSE, 1946– 1949; secretary-general, FSTSE, 1958–1964. h—Author of an article on bureaucracy. j—None. k—Formed political alliance with Alfonso Martínez Domínguez and Jesús Robles Martínez called the “Three Colonels.” l—Padgett, 129; González Navarro, 118; WWMG, 37; C de D, 1961–1963, 90; C de D, 1952–1954, 19; Hoy, Dec., 1952; Siempre, Feb. 4, 1959, 6; Excélsior, Dec. 10, 1978, 18; PS, 5665; Sirvent, 181. Sánchez Moreno, Armando a—July 23, 1943. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; engineering degree from Heroic Naval College, 1959–1965, graduating Sept. 1, 1965; MA from Center for Higher Naval Studies, 15th generation; professor, Heroic Naval College, 1972–1976; chief of studies, Heroic Naval College; director, Heroic Naval College, 1992. d—None. e—None. f—Assistant naval attaché, Mexican embassy, Brazil, Uruguay, and Argentina; assistant secretary of the navy, 2000–2006. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Armando Sánchez Patiño and Carmen

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Moreno; married Velia Guevara. j—Career naval officer; joined navy as cadet, Jan. 2, 1959; chief, Accounting Department, assistant director of finance and budget, Division of Naval Administration; chief of staff, Pacific Naval Forces; chief of staff, Gulf Naval Forces; commander, 3rd Gulf Fleet; director general of decentralized service assistant agencies, Secretariat of the Navy; commander, 16th Naval Zone; commander, Naval Military Sector, Ixtapa Zihuantanejo; commander, 8th Naval Zone; vice admiral, 1993; commander, 2nd Naval Zone, 1999–2000; rank of admiral. k—None. l—DBGM92, 344; www.semar.gob.mx, 2003; www.cronica.diputados.gob.mx, Feb. 2, 1994. Sánchez Navarrete, Federico a—Mar. 22, 1917. b—Federal District. c—Elementary studies at Colegio Francés de Mixcoac, Mexico City; studies at National Contractors’ School; degree in agricultural engineering with specialization in parasitology, National School of Agriculture, Feb. 6, 1943; studies at English Language Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 1948; MS, on fellowship from the Bank of México and Secretariat of Agriculture, with thesis on sugarcane diseases, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, 1949–1950, graduating July 19, 1956,; PhD in agricultural sciences, Louisiana State University; professor of sugarcane diseases, Veracruz Technological Institute of Sugarcane. d—Federal deputy from State of Morelos, Dist. 1, 1955–1958. e—Member, PAN. f—Secretariat of Agriculture delegate to State of Morelos, 1942–1948; zone director, Secretariat of Agriculture; technician, Secretariat of Agriculture, 1951–1955; director, Agricultural Experiment Station, Zacatepec, Morelos, 1955; technical inspector, Institute for the Improvement of Sugarcane Production, 1956–1957; chief, Sugarcane Research Program, Institute of Agricultural Research, 1959. g—None. j—None. k—None. l—Ind. Biog., 147; DGF56, 26; C de D, 1955–1958; BdM, 236–237.

Sánchez Ochoa, José de Jesús a—1945. b—San Román, Jalisco. c—Early education unknown; degree in philosophy and religion, 1961–1968; MA in history from Higher Normal School. d—PAN federal party deputy, 1973–1976; mayor, Zapopan, Jalisco, 1980–1982; plurinominal federal deputy from PAN, 1988–1991, 1994–1997. e—Secretary of organization, PAN, State of Jalisco, 1973–1976; secretary, PAN, various states, 1976–1980; president, PAN, Zapopan, 1980–1987. f—None. g—None. h—Educator. i—Son of Enrique Sánchez Plascencio, cattle rancher; married Ruth Alina Guzmán Ramírez, normal school teacher. j—None. k—None. l—C de D, 1973–1976; C de D, 1988–1991; DBGM89. Sánchez Pérez, Daniel Ángel a—June 13, 1939. b—Uruapan, Michoacán. c—Early education unknown; law degree from School of Law, University of Michoacán, 1957–1962, with thesis titled “Labor Conciliation.” d—Plurinominal federal deputy from PSUM, 1982–1985. e—Originally member of PRI; joined PCM, 1978; PCM candidate for federal deputy from State of Michoacán, 1979; PCM candidate for mayor of Apatzingán, Michoacán, 1980; joined PSUM, 1981; PSUM candidate for federal deputy from State of Michoacán, 1982; member, PSUM Central Committee, 1982; member, PSUM Political Committee, Michoacán, 1982; member, PSUM State Committee, Michoacán, 1982; president, PSUM, Apatzingán, Michoacán. f—None. g—None. h—Practicing lawyer; writer for Época. i—Son of Daniel Sánchez Núñez, white-collar worker, and María de los Ángeles Pérez Solís; married María Inés García Díaz. j—None. k—None. l—Directorio, 1982–1985; Lehr, 648; DBGM, 600. Sánchez Piedras, Emilio (Deceased June 13, 1981) a—Nov. 1, 1915. b—Tlaxcala, Tlaxcala. c—Primary and secondary studies in Tlaxcala; preparatory studies in Federal District; law degree with honorable mention from National School of Law, UNAM, Feb. 3, 1941. d—Local deputy, State

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Legislature of Tlaxcala (10 years); federal deputy from State of Tlaxcala, Dist. 2, 1952–1955, member of Legislative Studies Committee, 2nd Justice Committee, and Consular Service Committee, substitute member of Military Justice and Small Agricultural Property committees; federal deputy from State of Tlaxcala, Dist. 1, 1958– 1961, president of Gran Comisión, member of 1st Government Committee and Rules Committee; governor, Tlaxcala, 1975–1981. e—Representative of Adolfo López Mateos during his presidential campaign in State of Coahuila; general delegate, CEN of PRI, to Yucatán, Colima, Jalisco, and Coahuila. f—Agent, Ministerio Público, Office of the Attorney General, Federal District and Federal Territories, 1941–1944; consulting lawyer, Department of Indigenous Affairs, under Isidro Candia, 1941–1944; director of public works, State of Tlaxcala, 1944–1951; private secretary to Governors Mauro Ángulo and Rafael Ávila Bretón, 1945–1951; president, Committee for the Industrial Development of Tlaxcala, 1951–1952; representative of Tlaxcala, Federal District, 1952–1955; director of legal affairs, Federal Electric Commission, 1965. g—Active in student politics; president, Student Association, National School of Law, UNAM. h—Practicing lawyer since he received his degree; tied to the important Pliana Group and Industrias Polifil, SA. i—Married Elena Santiago; son of Emilio Sánchez González, owner of numerous pulque farms, and Elena Piedras; son Alfonso Sánchez Anaya, governor of Tlaxcala; brother Lauro, mayor of Tlaxco, 1977–1979. j—None. k—Caused government of Adolfo López Mateos diplomatic difficulties with United States after making a speech favoring Cuba, 1960; supposedly lost presidency of Gran Comisión, Oct., 1960. l—Func., 382; C de D, 1958–1960, 92; C de D, 1952–1954, 19, 52, 60, 69; Excélsior, Nov. 13, 1978, 6; Excélsior, Nov. 15, 1978, 23; HA, June 14, 1981, 4, 31. Sánchez Pontón, Luis (Deceased June 19, 1969) a—Aug. 5, 1889. b—Puebla,

Puebla. c—Primary and secondary education in public and private schools in Puebla; preparatory studies at National Preparatory School; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, 1912; professor of law and economics, UNAM, 12 years; founder and president, Council of Primary Education, 1932–1940. d—Federal deputy from State of Puebla, Dist. 2, 1914–1915; constitutional deputy from State of Puebla, Dist. 2, 1916–1917; senator from State of Puebla. e—Member, Constitutional Liberal Party, 1916, but opposed Venustiano Carranza for president. f—Secretary-general of government, Federal District, 1914; secretary-general of government of Veracruz, 1915; oficial mayor, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1930– 1931; interim governor, Puebla, 1920–1921; director, Budget Department, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1928–1929; secretary of public education, 1940–1941; minister to Ecuador, 1942; appointed ambassador to Soviet Union, 1946–1947, but did not serve; ambassador to Switzerland, 1946. g—Member, 1st Congress of Students, 1910. h—Author of education books; president, Financiera Hispano‑Mexicana, SA; member, National Council of Higher Education; Mexican delegate to 7th Pan American Conference. i—Son of José Mariano Pontón y Ponce, lawyer and judge of Superior Tribunal of Justice of Puebla, and Basilia Ponce; uncle Fructoso Pontón y Ponce, prominent lawyer; Carlos Madrazo and German Parra were close collaborators when he served as secretary of education; attended school with Juan Andreu Almazán; married Ana María Garfías. j—None. k—Distinguished student at law school; as student leader asked for resignation of Porfirio Díaz, 1910; one of the first of the radical holdovers from Cárdenas period to be forced out of a cabinet position. l—D del Y, Dec. 3, 1940, 6; Correa41, 96; Hoy, Dec., 1940, 3–4; EBW46, 516; Kirk, 137, 148; Strode, 374; DP70, 1914; WWM45, 111; Vázquez de Knauth, 200; Enc. Mex., XI, 340; López, 996; www.juridicas.unam.mx, 2008

t he b io g ra phies  887 Sánchez Taboada, Rodolfo (Deceased May 2, 1955) a—1985. b—Tepeaca (Hacienda de Macuila), Acatzingo, Puebla. c—Elementary studies in San Sebastián Villa Nueva, Acatzingo, Puebla; secondary studies at Colegio de San José and Hospicio de Puebla, Puebla; preparatory studies at Colegio del Estado de Puebla; completed 2nd year in premed program at Colegio del Estado de Puebla, but terminated his studies in 1914; enrolled in National Military College to become 2nd lieutenant in Medical Corps; no degree. d—None. e—President, Regional Committee of PRI for the Federal District during Alemán presidential campaign, 1946; president, CEN of PRI, Dec. 5, 1946–Dec. 1, 1952; a national director of Ruiz Cortines’ presidential campaign, 1952. f—Assistant to President Cárdenas, 1935; director, Budget Office, Office of the Presidency, 1935; governor, Baja California del Norte, Feb. 22, 1937–1940; 1940–1944; secretary of the navy, 1952–1955. g—None. h—None. i—Brother Ruperto was federal deputy from Puebla, 1946–1949; son Rodolfo Sánchez Cruz was federal deputy from Puebla, 1970–1973, and precandidate for governor of Puebla, 1974; close friend of Teófilo Borunda; married Emma Cruz; nephew Germán Sierra Sánchez was federal deputy from Puebla, 1985; brother Tirso Sánchez Taboada was Supreme Court justice, 1941–1942; mentor to one of the most influential political groups in Mexican politics, including President Luis Echeverría Álvarez. j—Career army officer; joined the Revolution as 2nd lieutenant under General Fortunato Maycotte, Nov. 10, 1914; fought Zapata in Morelos under Colonel Jesús Guajardo; rank of colonel, Oct. 4, 1939; rank of brigade general, Nov. 1, 1952; reached rank of division general. k—Brandenburg places him in the Inner Circle during the 1940s; Norberto López Avelar was his assistant in 1919; resigned from governorship July 31, 1944, because of supposed discontent with the inefficiency of his regime and the incompetent men he

appointed; remained at direct disposal of President Ávila Camacho, Aug. 1, 1944–Oct. 15, 1945; considered benefactor of university pentathlon. l—Brandenburg, 80; HA, May 9, 1955; HA, Aug. 25, 1944; Morton, 59; HA, Dec. 5, 1952, 9; DP70, 1915; Peral, 749; Polémica, I, 1969, 73; Excélsior, Mar. 3, 1974, 16; López, 998; Excélsior, Nov. 7, 1978, 13; Anderson; Excélsior, Mar. 3, 1974, 16; Enc. Mex., XI, 340–341; Loret de Mola, 76; www .scjn.gob.mx, 654, 2008. Sánchez Tapia, Rafael (Deceased 1946) a—Sept. 24, 1887. b—Aguililla, Michoacán. c—Elementary studies in Morelos; secondary studies at Conciliar Seminary of Zamora, Michoacán, and Spain; abandoned studies, 1911; completed equivalent of preparatory in arts and letters; no degree. d—Governor, Michoacán, Dec. 3, 1934–June 30, 1935. e—None. f—Prefect, Jiquilpan, Michoacán; prefect, Coalcomán, Michoacán; secretary of industry and commerce, June 18, 1935–Dec. 31, 1937. g—High-level member, Cárdenas Schismatic Masonic Lodge. h—None. i—Married Dolores Reus. j—Joined the Revolution, 1911; brigadier general, 1915; opposed de la Huerta rebellion, 1923; rank of division general, Apr. 1, 1938; commander, 1st Military Zone, Federal District, 1937–1939; retired from active duty, 1940. k—Appointed governor of Michoacán by state legislature after predecessor was killed in an accident; PRI precandidate for president of Mexico, 1939, but in the opinion of Bermúdez, had the least chance of receiving the official party nomination; ran for president on Centro Unificador ticket, 1939; Inner Circle status, 1934–1937. l—Michaels, 3, 50; NYT, Feb. 12, 1939; Bermúdez, 88; Brandenburg, 80; Peral, 749; DP70, 1915; Lieuwen, 130; DP64, 1314; López, 998; Enc. Mex., XI, 341. Sánchez Trejo, Antonio a—Jan. 17, 1940. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; studies in economics at National School of Economics, UNAM, 1962–1966; diploma in finance from CEMLA, 1968; professor, National Preparatory School,

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1966–1968; professor, School of Business Administration, UNAM, 1969–1970. d—None. e—Joined PRI, 1972. f—Analyst, Telephones of Mexico, 1962–1966; economic studies analyst, Bank of Mexico, 1966–1970; assistant manager for productivity, Light and Power, 1972–1976; chief of services, evaluation of rules, and results, IMSS, 1976– 1980; IMSS delegate, Morelos, 1980–1983; delegate, Secretariat of Health, Secretariat of the Controller, 1983–1987; general coordinator of planning, ISSSTE, 1987–1989; controller general, Banrural, 1989–1993; assistant director, Banrural, 1993–1995; auditor general, Secretariat of Agriculture, 1995; director of administration and finance of federal highways and bridges, 1995–1998; oficial mayor, Office of the Controller General, 1998–2000. g—None. h—General manager, Chemical Products and Dyes, BTG, 1970–1972. i—Son of Lino Sánchez Colín and Jerónima Trejo Uribe; married Sara Guadalupe Gamboa García. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM94, CD; Musacchio, 380; DBGM92, 345. Sánchez Ugarte, Fernando de Jesús

a—Dec. 18, 1949. b—Federal District. c—Elementary studies at Colegio Tepeyac, Mexico City, 1956–1961; secondary and preparatory studies at Colegio Tepeyac, Mexico City, 1962–1967; economics degree from Autonomous Technological Institute of Mexico, 1968–1973; MA in economics from University of Chicago, 1974–1975; PhD in economics from University of Chicago, 1975–1977, with dissertation on tax incentives to promote industrialization; teacher, Colegio Tepeyac; professor, ITAM. d—None. e—None. f—Economist, Office of the Presidency, 1972–1973; adviser, Economic Studies Unit, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1976–1978; area director, Investment Policy Division, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1978–1980; assistant director general, Investment Policy Division, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1980–1984; director general, Investment Policy Division, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1986–1988; assistant

secretary of industry, Secretariat of Trade and Industrial Development, 1988–1994; president, Federal Competition Commission, 1994–2004; consul, Portland, Ore., 2004–2006; assistant finance secretary, Secretariat of the Treasury, 2006–2007. g—None. h—Economist, IMF, 1983–1986. i—Son of Héctor Sánchez Núñez, ophthalmologist, and María Guadalupe Ugarte Valdez; married Mary Anne Lennheer Simmons, translator. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM89, 327; DBGM92, 345; Pescador, 229–230. Sánchez Unzueta, Horacio a—Apr. 17, 1949. b—San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí. c—Early education unknown; law degree from University of San Luis Potosí, 1968– 1972; MA in regional development from Institute of Social Studies, Netherlands, 1977–1978; MA in urban development from Colegio de México, 1978–1979; MA from Swansea University, Eng. d—Federal deputy from State of San Luis Potosí, Dist. 6, 1991–1993. e—Joined PRI, 1972; president, PRI, San Luis Potosí, 1992. f—Researcher, San Luis Potosí Historical Archives, 1980–1981; adviser to assistant secretary of programming and budget, 1982–1983; secretary of programming and budget, San Luis Potosí, 1985–1986; coordinator of advisers, Coyoacán delegation, Federal District, 1989–1990; coordinator of advisers to oficial mayor, Secretariat of Urban Development and Ecology, 1990–1991; substitute governor, San Luis Potosí, 1993–1997; ambassador to the Vatican, 1998–2000. g—Secretary of the interior, CNOP of PRI, 1989–1999. h—None. i—Son of division general Leandro Sánchez Salazar, chief of Secret Service, Mexico City, who investigated and later wrote about the Trotsky assassination, 1940, and Eladia Unzueta Flores; married María Concepción Guadalupe Nava Calvillo, lawyer and daughter of distinguished historian Salvador Nava. j—None. k—None. l—www.sre.gob.mx/ vaticano, 2008; DBGM94, CD; Musacchio, 380; Pescador, 230; DBGM92, 576.

t he b io g ra phies  889 Sánchez Vargas, Julio (Deceased Dec., 2005) a—Aug. 17, 1914. b—Ojo de Agua, Omealca, Veracruz. c—Early education unknown; legal studies at Free Law School, 1931–1935, graduating with thesis on expropriation for the public good, May 18, 1936. d—None. e—None. f—Lawyer, Legal Department, Secretariat of Foreign Relations, 1936–1937; lawyer, Office of Presidential Resolutions, Department of Agrarian Affairs, 1937–1941; attorney general, State of San Luis Potosí, under Governor Reynaldo Pérez Gallardo, 1940–1942; oficial mayor of government, State of San Luis Potosí, 1942–1943; secretary-general of government, State of San Luis Potosí, under General Ramón Jimenez, 1943–1944; secretary to chief of police, Federal District, 1944–1946; supernumerary justice, Superior Tribunal of Justice, Federal District and Federal Territories, 1946–1963; president, Superior Tribunal of Justice, Federal District and Federal Territories, 1963–1967; assistant attorney general of Mexico, 1967; attorney general of Mexico, 1967–1970, 1970–1971; justice, Supreme Court, 1977–1983, retired Aug. 16, 1983; general coordinator of privatization of state enterprises, Secretariat of Programming and Budget, 1987–1990; director general, National Institute of Senility, Secretariat of Health, 1990–2000. g—None. h—Director general, Mexican Society of Industrial Credit, 1971–1976. i—Attended Free Law School with Julio Santos Coy and Donato Miranda Fonseca; married Rosa Beristáin Escobedo, social worker; son of Celedonio Sánchez Serna, lawyer and federal judge, 1922, and Cristina Vargas Sánchez. j—None. k—Resigned from attorney general’s office after student demonstration. l—Excélsior, Aug. 21, 1971, 1; DGF56, 514; DPE71, 160; HA, Dec. 7, 1970, 26; WNM, 212; DBGM94, CD; NYT, July 24, 2004, A5; www.ihapamigah.mx, 2008; DBGM92, 345–346; www.scjn.gob.mx, 658–659. Sánchez Vázquez, Salvador a—Oct. 21, 1940. b—Tepic, Nayarit. c—Elementary studies at Fernando Montaño school, Tepic;

secondary and preparatory studies at public schools in Tepic; public accounting degree from School of Accounting and Business Administration, UNAM, 1961–1966, with thesis on accounting as a technique for union control; professor, National School of Political Science, UNAM, Acatlán Campus, 1977–1989; professor, National School of Law, UNAM, 1977–1989; professor, Higher School of Business and Administration, IPN, 1978–1982. d—Federal deputy from State of Nayarit, Dist. 1, 1988–1991; senator from State of Nayarit, 1991–1997, president of Foreign Relations Committee, Sec. 3, member of Legislative Studies and Government committees; federal deputy from State of Nayarit, Dist. 2, 1997–2000; plurinominal federal deputy from PRI, 2003–2006. e—Joined PRI, 1957; general delegate, CEN of PRI, Durango and Hidalgo, 1979, Zacatecas, 1977–1979, and Quintana Roo, 1969; president, PRI, Nayarit, 1987–1988; PRI precandidate for governor of Nayarit, 2005. f—Director general, ISSSTE, 1975–1977; controller of bridges and federal highways, 1982–1988. g—Secretary-general, National Union of IPN Workers, 1965–1968; secretary of acts, FSTSE, 1968–1971; secretary of promotion, FSTSE, 1971–1974; secretary-general, FSTSE, 1974–1975; secretary of bureaucratic action, CEN of CNOP, 1975–1976; secretary of administration, CEN of CNOP, 1995–1996. h—Controller general, Dean Export Mexicana, 1967–1970; director, Consultores Mexicanos, 1977–1982. i—Son of José Sánchez Arellano, public official, and Ángela Vázquez López, public official; married María de los Ángeles Medina Orozco. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM89, 539; DBGM92, 577; C de D, 1988–1991; C de S, 1991–1997; QesQ en el Congreso, 1997–2000, 228; www.diputados.gob.mx, 2006; www.pri .org, 1997. Sánchez Vite, Manuel (Deceased Oct. 6, 1994) a—Mar. 17, 1915. b—Molango, Hidalgo. c—Elementary studies in Molango; secondary studies at Rural Normal School, Actopan, Hidalgo, 1931, and at Secondary School No. 4, Mexico City; rural

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teaching certificate from Rural Normal School, El Mexe, Hidalgo, 1934; normal school certificate from National Teachers’ School, Mexico City, 1942–1944; preparatory studies in social sciences at National Preparatory School, 1945–1946; law degree, National School of Law, UNAM, 1947–1951; teacher in various rural schools, El Mexe and Actopan, State of Mexico. d—Federal deputy from State of Hidalgo, Dist. 2, 1955– 1958, member of Social Action Committee, Public Education Committee, 3rd Ejido Committee, the Committee on the Development and Promotion of Sports; senator from State of Hidalgo, 1964–1969, secretary of Gran Comisión; governor, Hidalgo, 1969–1970, 1972–1975. e—General delegate, CEN of PRI, Colima, State of Mexico, and Veracruz; president, CEN of PRI, 1970–1972. f—Legal adviser, National Teachers’ Union and ISSSTE; attorney general, State of Hidalgo, 1963–1964; oficial mayor, Office of the Controller, Secretariat of the Treasury. g—Secretary, National Teachers’ Union, Hidalgo, 1942–1944; secretary-general, Local No. 9, SNTE, 1947–1952; secretary of publicity, CEN of SNTE, 1949; secretarygeneral, Local No. 14, SNTE; secretary of youth action, CNOP; secretary-general, SNTE, Nov. 19, 1952–1955; president, Political Committee of SNTE, 1955. h—None. i—Married María Guadalupe Jiménez; Abel Ramírez Acosta, part of his political group; son of Maximino Sánchez Vargas, peasant, and María Trinidad Vite; Carlos Jonguitud Barrios, his political disciple from Local No. 9, SNTE. j—None. k—As president of PRI, asked for 3 6‑month leaves from governorship of Hidalgo, making it possible for him to return as governor in May, 1972, in a rather unusual fashion even by Mexican political standards; imposed his own successor as governor, 1975, but he remained in office only one month. l—HA, Mar. 15, 1971, 12; Hoy, Dec. 19, 1970, 4; MGF69; DBM70, 514; DGF56, 24; HA, Nov. 28, 1955, 10; WNM, 212; Excélsior, Jan. 24, 1975, 18; Pérez López, 440–441; Reforma,

Oct 10, 1994, 7A; Excélsior, Aug. 31, 1996, 1A. Sandoval Castarrica, Enrique

(Deceased Sept. 5, 1976) a—June 19, 1901. b—Federal District. c—E1ementary studies in Villa de Santa Úrsula, public school in Coyoacán, Federal District; preparatory studies at Heroic Military College, graduated as 2nd lieutenant; completed staff and command course, Higher War College, 1935; professor and chief of tactics and arms, 1945, and assistant director, Heroic Military College, 1952; chief of technical studies, Heroic Military College, 1946–1947; professor and chief of courses and assistant director, Higher War College. d—None. e—None. f—Assistant secretary of national defense, 1972–1975. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Pedro Sandoval and Ana Castarrica. j—Career army officer; joined army as 1st cavalry sergeant, Nov. 1, 1919, as member of staff of General Sidronio Méndez, commander of 14th Brigade; fought Zapatistas, State of Mexico, 1919–1920; fought in western Campeche, 1920; fought in Michoacán and Guanajuato, 1921; fought in Guerrero, 1927; fought Cristeros, 1927–1929; assistant chief of staff, Presidential Guards; assistant chief of staff, Air Force Expeditionary Force to Philippines, 1945; assistant chief of operations, general staff, Secretariat of National Defense, 1953; assistant chief of staff, Secretariat of National Defense, under Tomás Sánchez Hernández, 1954–1956; rank of brigade general, 1961; director, Department of Military Identification and Recruitment, Secretariat of National Defense, 1961–1962; rank of division general, 1968; director of military transportation, Secretariat of National Defense, 1962–1972. k—None. l—DGF69, 196; Rev. de Ejer., Jan., 1972, 22; DPE61, 34; Rev. de Ejer., Nov., 1968, 53; Rev. de Ejer., Nov., 1961, 68; Rev. de Ejer., June, 1953, 65; DP95, 317. Sandoval López, Rodolfo (Deceased) a—1912. b—Oaxaca, Oaxaca. c—Secondary studies at Annex School, Normal School of Oaxaca, 1920–1926; preparatory studies at Institute of Arts and Sciences, Oaxaca; law

t he b io g ra phies  891

degree from Institute of Arts and Sciences, Oaxaca, 1934–1939; professor, preparatory and law school, Institute of Arts and Sciences, Oaxaca, 1929–1942; fellowship student, Center of Social Studies, Colegio de México, 1943–1945. d—Alternate senator from State of Oaxaca, 1964–1968, but replaced Senator José Pacheco Iturribarría, 1969–1970. e—None. f—Employee, Legal Department, Petroleum Workers’ Union, 1946–1950; employee, Legal Department, Federal Electric Commission, 1951–1955; interim secretary general of government of Oaxaca under General José Pacheco Iturribarría, 1956; director, Aprovechamientos Forestales, Oaxaca, 1963–1965; representative of Secretariat of Industry and Commerce to Hydroelectric Co. of Oaxaca, 1957–1965. g—None. h—Practicing lawyer, Oaxaca. j—None. k—None. l—C de S, 1964–1970; MGF69; PS, 5689. Sandoval Ochoa, Jorge Esteban

a—Nov. 18, 1952. b—San Juanito, Bocoyna, Chihuahua. c—Early education unknown; law degree from University of Chihuahua, 1974–1979. d—Member, City Council, Chihuahua, 1992–1995; local deputy, State Legislature of Chihuahua, 1983–1984, 1986–1988; federal deputy from State of Chihuahua, Dist. 5, 1988–1991; federal deputy from State of Chihuahua, Dist. 7, 2000–2003. e—Joined PRI, 1969; secretary-general, National Revolutionary Youth Movement, PRI, Chihuahua, 1975; national political adviser, 1991; general delegate, CEN of PRI, Zacatecas, 1991, Coahuila, 1992, Nayarit, 1991–1993. f—Delegate, National Arid Zones Commission, Chihuahua, 1995–1998. g—Secretarygeneral, League of Agrarian Communities, Chihuahua, 1987–1990. h—None. i—Son of Esteban Sandoval Valenzuela, farmer and director of public services, Bocoyna, 2007, and Esperanza Ochoa Cota; married Rosa Aurelia Peña Lozoya, teacher. j—None. k—None. l—DCM, 2000–2003, 70; www. omnia.com.mx, Oct. 10, 2004; QesQ en el Congreso, 2000–2003, 251; DBGM89, 539; Musacchio, 381.

Sandoval Ramírez, Cuauhtémoc

a—Aug. 14, 1950. b—Chilpancingo, Guerrero. c—Elementary studies at José María Morelos Public School, Chilpancingo; secondary studies at Secondary School No. 1, Chilpancingo; preparatory studies at Vocational School No. 7, IPN; degree in historical anthropology, 1971–1975; professor, University of Guerrero, University of Sinaloa, IPN, National School of History and Anthropology, and UNAM. d—Plurinominal federal deputy from PRD, 1994–1997, 2006–2009; senator from PRD, 1997–2000. e—Member, Central Committee of PCM, PSUM, and PMS; joined Democratic National Front, 1987; PRD candidate for governor of Guerrero; national adviser, PRD, 1989–2006; state adviser, PRD, 1989–2006. f—None. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Dr. Pablo Sandoval Cruz, who participated in National Liberation Movement with Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas and General Cárdenas and was jailed in Morelia, 1966, and Susana Ramírez; he and his brother Pablo had to go to Cuba because of student activism at University of Guerrero; parents were militant Cardenistas and social activists; father was persecuted by General Caballero Aburto in Guerrero and received a national award for social activism in Guerrero, 2007; grandparents were Zapatistas; brother Pablo was federal deputy, 1997–2000, cofounder of PRD, and national director of PCM, PSUM, and PMS. j—None. k—None. l—www.suracapulco .com, Apr. 18, 2008; www.cuauhtemoc .sandoval.org, 2008; www.palabra/viento .blogspot.com, Aug. 22, 2007; Directorio del Congreso, 2006–2009, 409; www.sur acapulco.com, Oct. 23, 2003; www.diario21, Aug. 25, 2007; www.diputados.gob.mx, 2006–2009, 2009. Sandoval Rodríguez, Eufrasio

(Deceased) a—Apr. 9, 1908. b—Ramos Arizpe, Coahuila. c—Engineering studies at National School of Engineering, UNAM, 1930–1934, received degree in 1955. d—Mayor, Ramos Arizpe, 1979–1981.

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e—None. f—Began career with National Railroads of Mexico, 1934, worked as leveler, assistant engineer, engineer, and supervisory engineer, 1934–1943; principal engineer, Southern Zone, 1943–1944; principal engineer, Northern Zone, 1944; conservation engineer of tracks and structures, 1954–1955; 2nd assistant to director general for studies and projects, 1955–1958; head, Department of Tracks and Structures, 1958–1962; assistant director of tracks and structures, 1962–1964; director general, National Railroads of Mexico, 1964–1970. g—Founding member, Ex-Students of School of Engineering, UNAM. h—None. i—Member, political clique called “Los Compadres,” headed by Benjamín Méndez Aguilar while director general of National Railroads of Mexico. j—None. k—None. l—WWMG, 37; DPE65, 109; Excélsior, Dec. 1, 1964; PS, 5690; www.sefi.mineria.unam .mx, 2008. Sandoval Vallarta, Manuel (Deceased Apr. 18, 1977) a—Feb. 11, 1899. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; preparatory studies at National Preparatory School, 1913–1916; BS from MIT, 1917–1921; PhD in physics from MIT, 1924; Guggenheim Fellow, Berlin, 1927–1928; visiting professor, University of Louvain, Belgium, 1935–1936; lecturer, Harvard University, 1937; lecturer, University of Toronto, 1937; research associate, MIT, 1923–1926; assistant professor of physics, MIT, 1926–1930; associate professor of physics, MIT, 1930–1939; professor, MIT, 1939; resident associate, Carnegie Institute, Washington, DC, 1939–1943. d—None. e—None. f—Director, Department of Scientific Research, UNAM, 1943–1944; director general, IPN, 1943–1946; assistant secretary of public education, 1955–1958; director, Mexican‑North American Cultural Institute, 1961–1966; member, National Nuclear Energy Commission, 1961–1967. g—None. h—Author of many articles in the physical sciences; president, Commission for the Promotion and Coordination of Scientific Cooperation

in Mexico; member, National College; recipient of national prize in arts and sciences, 1959. i—Son of Pedro Sandoval Gual Vallarta, lawyer and director of National Lottery, and Isabel Vallarta Lyon, daughter of distinguished Liberal politician Ignacio Vallarta; brother‑in‑law of Hugo B. Margáin; married María Luisa Margáin; student of Albert Einstein; son of Pedro Sandoval Gual Vallarta and Isabel Lyon. j—None. k—None. l—WWM45, 111; DGF56, 299; EBW46, 876; DP70, 1076; Libro de Oro, 1967–1968, xvi; DGF51, I, 629; Peral, 750; DGF50, I, 455; HA, Feb. 9, 1954; HA, May 2, 1977, 56; Excélsior, Apr. 30, 1977; letter; JSH, 367–369; Proceso, Apr. 23, 1977, 28; www .ejournal.unam.mx, 2008. Sandoval Zavala, J. Inocencio a—Dec. 28, 1920. b—Puruandiro, Michoacán. c—Elementary studies at Escuela Maestro Vicente Lombardo Toledano, Mexico City (6 years); no secondary or preparatory education; no degree. d—PAN federal party deputy, 1970–1973, member of Public Assistance Committee, Rural Electrification Committee, Television Industry Committee, and 2nd Sec. of Instructive Committee of the Grand Jury. e—Member and district director, PAN. f—None. g—None. h—Textile worker. j—None. k—PAN candidate for federal deputy (5 times). l—C de D, 1970– 1972, 136; Directorio, 1970–1972; www .fundacion.christlieb.org.mx, 2008; Excélsior, July 12, 1997, July 7, 1997. Sangri Aguilar, María Cristina

a—Jan. 1, 1941. b—Chetumal, Quintana Roo. c—Completed secondary studies at St. Catherine Academy, Belize, 1955–1959; taught English. d—Local deputy, State Legislature of Quintana Roo, 1975; mayor, Othón P. Blanco, Quintana Roo, 1981–1984; federal deputy from State of Quintana Roo, Dist. 1, 1985–1988; senator from Quintana Roo, 1988–1991. e—Coordinator of political action, Women’s Committee, PRI, Quintana Roo, 1965–1970; secretary of social action, PRI, Quintana Roo, 1971–1973; secretary of women’s action, PRI, Quintana Roo,

t he b io g ra phies  893

1971–1973; president, Internal Procedures Committee, CEN of PRI, 2008. f—Coordinator of women’s programs, Quintana Roo, 1993–1999. g—Secretary-general, CNOP, Quintana Roo, 1984. h—Bilingual secretary. i—Daughter of Antonio Sangri Serrano and Natalia Aguilar Carrasco; niece of Gil Aguilar Carrasco, commander of naval services, Francisco Murguía Port; niece of Eduardo Sangri Serrano, agricultural engineer and father of Enrique Sangri Namur, chief of staff, Secretariat of the Navy, 1990–1992; niece of José Guadalupe Aguilar Carrasco, prominent businessman in Payo Obispo. j—None. k—First woman in Quintana Roo to be elected mayor. l—www.dzibanche .biblos.uqroo.mx, 2008; www.opb.gob.mx, 2008; DBGM89, 539; DBGM87, 564; Musacchio, 380–381. Sangri Namur, Enrique a—Aug. 19, 1931. b—Chetumal, Quintana Roo. c—Early education unknown; geographic engineering degree from Antón Lizardo Naval College, 1951; MA in military administration from Higher War College, Peru, 1983; MA in national security from National Defense College, 1982–1982. d—None. e—None. f—Chief of staff, Secretariat of the Navy, 1990–1992. g—None. h—Director, airport, Cancún, Quintana Roo. i—Son of Eduardo Sangri Serrano, agricultural engineer, and Esther Namur Aguilar; married Martha Eva Romero Godínez; cousin of María Cristina Sangri Aguilar, federal deputy from Quintana Roo, 1985–1988, and senator, 1988– 1991; cousin’s uncle Gil Aguilar Carrasco, commander of naval services, Francisco Murguía port. j—Career naval officer; commander of various ships; commander, Naval Sector, Coatzacoalcos; director of naval armament; coordinator of advisers to chief of naval operations, 1983–1985; commander, Naval Zone, Puerto Vallarta, 1985–1986; general coordinator of administrative services, Secretariat of the Navy, 1986–1988; rank of admiral. k—None. l—DBGM87, 360; www.dzibanche.biblos.uqroo.mx, 2008; www.opb.gob.mx, 2008;

Sansores Pérez, Carlos (Deceased Dec. 21, 2005. a—Dec. 25, 1918. b—Champotón, Campeche. c—Secondary studies at Instituto Campechano; law degree from School of Law, University of Campeche. d—Federal deputy from State of Campeche, Dist. 2, 1946–1949, member of Gran Comisión, National Waters and Irrigation Committee, Hunting and Fishing Committee; federal deputy from State of Campeche, Dist. 2, 1955–1958, member of Committee on Credit, Money, and Credit Institutions, Legislative Studies Committee, and Rules Committee, vice president of Chamber of Deputies, 1955, secretary of Chamber of Deputies, 1956; federal deputy from State of Campeche, Dist. 2, 1961–1964, secretary of Permanent Commission, 1963, member of Treasury Committee, Balloting Committee, Instructive Committee for the Grand Jury, and Budget and Accounts Committee, vice president of Chamber of Deputies, Dec., 1962; senator from State of Campeche, 1964–1967; governor, Campeche, 1967–1973; federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. 26, 1973–1976, president of Gran Comisión; senator from State of Campeche, 1976, president of Gran Comisión, 1976. e—Founding member, PRI, Campeche; secretary-general, Committee to Elect Miguel Alemán, Campeche; founder, Revolutionary Campeche Party, 1957; auxiliary secretary, CEN of PRI, 1966; PRI delegate to Chihuahua, 1965; assistant secretary-general, CEN of PRI, 1973–1974; president, CEN of PRI, 1976–1979. f—Secretary to Penal Court, State of Campeche, 1941–1943; justice, Penal Courts, State of Campeche; chief, Judicial Police, Campeche, 1943–1944; secretarygeneral of government, State of Campeche, 1949–1950, under Manuel López Hernández; agent, Ministerio Público, Federal District; federal defense attorney for labor, 1953–1955; director general, ISSSTE, 1979. g—Delegate, National Farmers’ Confederation; president, Campeche Student Federation, 1935–1937. h—None. i—Son of Ulises Sansores; married Elsa San Román; supporter of Carlos

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Hank González; daughter Rosa María Martínez Denegri was alternate senator in functions, 1977–1982; daughter Layda Elena Sansores San Román was plurinominal federal deputy from PRI, 1991–1994, senator, 1994– 1997, PRD candidate for governor, 1997, and candidate for governor on the Convergencia ticket, 2003; Eugenio Echeverría Castellot was his secretary when he was president of the student association; obtained position as chief of the judicial police with assistance of María Lavalle Urbina. j—None. k—Early supporter of women’s suffrage in Chamber of Deputies; resigned as governor of Campeche to become majority leader of Chamber of Deputies, 1973; accused of fraudulent business dealings by media. l—Hoy, Mar. 4, 1967, 7; WWMG, 37; DGF56, 21; DGF47, 5; Morton, 55; HA, Jan. 1, 1965, 8; C de D, 1961–1963, 91; C de D, 1946–1948, 89; HA, Mar. 12, 1973, 31; Excélsior, Dec. 18, 1973, 15; HA, Aug. 27, 1973, 7; Ind. Biog., 148–149; Proceso, Oct. 10, 1977, 6–9; HA, Jan. 7 1974, 12; Proceso, Dec. 11, 1976, 20; Proceso, June 19, 1978, 29. Sansores San Román, Layda Elena

a—Aug. 7, 1945. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; degree in social psychology from UNAM; MA in elementary education from National Teachers’ College, 1964–1968; MA in psychology from University of Buenos Aires, 1963–1967. d—Plurinominal federal deputy from PRI, 1991–1994; senator from Campeche, 1994– 2000; plurinominal federal deputy from Convergencia, 2006–2009. e—Member, PRI, 1960–1989; director of voluntary promotion, CEN of PRI, 1987–1988; secretarygeneral, CEN of PRD, 1993–1996; PRD candidate for governor of Campeche, 1997; candidate for governor of Campeche, Convergencia, 2003; vice president, Convergencia. f—Assistant director, Policy Division, 1984; coordinator of special projects, Office of the Secretary General of Government, 1985; director of political affairs, 1985–1986; assistant delegate for social development in Álvaro Obregón, Department of the

Federal District, 1988–1989; g—Secretarygeneral, National Association of Voluntary Social Servants, ISSSTE, 1978. h—None. i—Daughter of Carlos Sansores Pérez, president of CEN of PRI and governor of Campeche, and Elsa San Román Cambranis; married Romero Ruiz Armento, teacher and federal deputy, 1967–1970. j—None. k—None. l—Musacchio, 381–382; DBGM92, 577; www.diputados.gob.mx, 2006–2009; Q es Q en el Congreso, 1997, 284; Directorio del Congreso, 2006–2009, 391; www.secgob.gob.mx, 1997, 2007. Santana Benhumea, Graciela a—Jan. 15, 1941. b—Morelia, Michoacán. c—Elementary studies at Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz School, Toluca, State of Mexico; secondary studies at Secondary School No. 2, attached to Normal School of Toluca, 1953–1955; teaching certificate from Montessori Normal School, Toluca, 1953–1958; law degree from Autonomous University of the State of Mexico, 1962–1968; MA in anthropology; professor, Autonomous University of the State of Mexico. d—Local deputy, Legislature of the State of Mexico; federal deputy from State of Mexico, Dist. 15, 1979–1982. e—President, PRI, State of Mexico (first woman). f—Director, House of Artisans, State of Mexico; director of artisan development, State of Mexico; director of State of Mexico delegation, National Institute of Anthropology and History, 2001. g—Secretary of women’s action, CNC; secretary-general of artisans, State of Mexico; secretary, Regional Peasant Committee, Santo Tomás, State of Mexico. h—Poet. i—Daughter of Lauro Santana Martínez and Imelda Benhumea Contreras. j—None. k—First woman to direct a newspaper in Toluca, Eco. l—C de D, 1979–1982; Romero Aceves, 735–736; www.66.34.60/74, 2008. Santa Ana (García), Miguel (Deceased Aug. 8, 1972) a—Nov. 5, 1896. b—Colima, Colima. c—Elementary studies at Colegio San Luis Gonzaga; secondary at Liceo de Varones, Guadalajara, Guadalajara, 1912. d—Governor, Colima, 1935–1939; senator

t he b io g ra phies  895

from State of Colima, 1940–1946, secretary of Senate, member of Gran Comisión and 2nd Balloting Committee, 1st secretary of National Defense Committee, 2nd secretary of Military Justice Committee. e—Candidate of Reconstruction Party for governor of Colima, 1931; PRI precandidate for federal deputy, 1946. f—None. g—None. h—None. i—Son Cuauhtémoc Santa Ana served as federal deputy from Federal District, 1970–1973, and was secretary of Gran Comisión and president of PRI in the Federal District, 1972. j—Joined the Revolution; fought under General Miguel Diéguez, 1914; career army officer; commander of various military zones; rank of brigadier general. k—According to Moreno, directed a campaign against Governor Torres Ortiz, 1941–1942; originally defeated by Francisco Carrillo Torres for governor, 1935. l—Peral, 751; D del Y, Nov. 8, 1935, 1; letter; Excélsior, Aug. 9, 1972, 10; Correa41, 76–77; Enc. Mex., II, 588; Moreno, 86–88. Santa Ana (Seuthe), Cuauhtémoc

a—Oct. 10, 1938. b—Colima, Colima. c—Elementary studies at Emiliano Zapata Primary School, 1944–1949; secondary studies at Public Secondary School No. 16, 1950– 1952; preparatory studies at National Preparatory School, 1953–1955; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, 1956–1960; studied at University of Geneva, 1963–1964. d—Federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. 17, 1970–1973, member of the Department of the Federal District Committee, 2nd Government Committee, and 1st Constitutional Affairs Committee, secretary of Gran Comisión; delegate of Benito Juárez to Department of the Federal District, 1976; delegate of Cuauhtémoc to the Department of the Federal District, 1978. e—President, PRI, Federal District, 1973–1975; secretary of political action, CEN of PRI, 1970–1973; director of publications, National Youth Sector, PRI. f—Assistant director general of government, Secretariat of Government; private secretary to the Assistant Secretary of government; auxiliary secretary to oficial

mayor of government, 1968–1969; auxiliary secretary to Luis Echeverría, 1969–1970; secretary-general of public works and services of the Federal District, 1979–1982; coordinator of administrative simplification, Office of the Controller General, 1984–1987; technical administrative assistant director, PEMEX, 1987. g—Practicing lawyer, CNC. h—None. i—Son of Governor Miguel Santa Ana and Martha Seuthe; married Urinda Angélica Otero Torres, art historian. j—None. k—PRI precandidate in 1973 for governor of Colima, but lost nomination; precandidate for Senator from Colima, 1981. l—Directorio, 1970–1972; C de D, 1970–1972, 136; DAPC, 1977, 66; Excélsior, Dec. 26, 1981, 16; DBGM92, 347; DBGM89, 329; Excélsior, July 27, 1984, 20. Santamaría, Francisco J. (Deceased Mar. 1, 1963) a—Sept. 10, 1886. b—Cacaos, Tabasco. c—Elementary studies, 1st–4th, at San Joaquín School, Macuspana, Tabasco; passed Secretariat of Public Education test for 5th and 6th grades, 1903; secondary education, elementary teaching certificate, Instituto Juárez, Tabasco, 1909, on scholarship, with thesis on pedagogy and Tabasco; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, Oct. 24, 1912, with thesis on Art. 91 of the 1917 Constitution; professor of mathematics, Instituto Juárez (University of Tabasco); director, Porfirio Díaz Primary School; director, Manuel Romero Rubio Secondary School. d—Governor, Tabasco, 1947–1952. e—Orator, A. R. Gómez gubernatorial campaign, Federal District; campaigned for Generals Gómez and Serrano during their 1927 presidential campaign. f—Penal judge, Third District, Mexico City; assistant secretary of government, Veracruz; secretary-general of government, State of Tabasco, under 3 governors; consulting lawyer, Mexican embassy, Washington, DC. g—Member, National Student League, 1927. h—Member, National Language Academy, 1954; author of numerous geographical, historical, and language dictionaries on Mexico, especially on the State of Tabasco;

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poet. i—Participated with Miguel Alemán, Braulio Maldonado Sánchez, and Efraín Brito Rosado in 1927 presidential campaign; married Isabel Calzada; his nephews Francisco and Joaquín Bates Caparroso served in his administration. j—Constitutionalist; supported Escobar Movement, 1929, represented the movement abroad. k—Only survivor of a massacre at Huitzilac, Cuernavaca, 1927; in exile, 1927; known as the “sharp-eyed judge” in Mexico City. l—Peral, 752–753; DP70, 1943; WWM45, 111–112; DGF51, 92; STYRBIWW54, 994–995; Dulles, 443; López, 1008; Bremauntz, 71; Enc. Mex., XI, 346–347; www.diariodela tarde.com.mx, 2009. Santiago Ramírez, César Augusto

a—May 27, 1943. b—San Cristóbal de la Casas, Chiapas. c—Elementary teaching certificate from Federal Institute for Teacher Training; law degree from School of Law, University of Chiapas; MA in law from Harvard University. d—Federal deputy from State of Chiapas, Dist. 9, 1979–1982; federal deputy from State of Chiapas, Dist. 2, 1985– 1988; representative to Assembly of the Federal District, Dist. 40. 1988–1991; plurinominal federal deputy from PRI, 1991–1994, 2000–2003. e—Oficial mayor, PRI, State of Chiapas; assistant secretary of electoral action, CEN of PRI, 1987–1988; director, Information and Electoral Studies System, CEN of PRI, 1988–1989; secretary of electoral action, CEN of PRI, 1989–1993, 2002–2003, 2006; technical secretary, National Political Council of PRI, 1995; secretary-general, CEN of PRI, 2005; secretary of organization, CEN of PRI, 2006. f—Consul, Boston, 1970–1975; judge of 1st instance, Tuxtla Gutiérrez; assistant secretary-general of government, State of Chiapas, 1976–1977; private secretary to governor of Chiapas, 1978; adviser to secretary of commerce, 1981; assistant secretary of political development, Secretariat of Government, 1993; assistant director general, PEMEX, 1993–1994. g—Member, Advisory council, CNC. h—None. i—Son of Filiberto Santiago Flores, mayor of San Cristóbal,

1941–1942, and Francisca Ramírez; married Elena Ruiz. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM92, 578; C de D, 1979–1982; C de D, 1985–1988; DBGM87, 565; DBGM89, 582; DBGM94, CD; Musacchio, 382; QesQ en el Congreso, 2000–2003, 252. Santillán Oseguera, Francisco Javier

a—Jan. 6, 1949. b—Mazamitla, Jalisco. c—Early education unknown; economics degree from National School of Economics, UNAM, Sept. 13, 1995. d—Federal deputy from State of Jalisco, Dist. 10, 1976–1979, 1988–1991; federal deputy from the State of Jalisco, Dist. 19, 1997–2000. e—President, PRI, Jalisco, 1987–1988; assistant secretary of regional coordination, CEN of PRI, 1992– 1994; assistant secretary to president of CEN of PRI, 1997; special delegate to local elections, CEN of PRI, Puebla. f—Assistant director of agricultural training, Secretariat of Agrarian Reform; director of agriculture social development, Secretariat of Agrarian Reform, 1979–1980; regional coordinator, Banobras, Western Division, 1991; executive secretary, Gran Comisión, Chamber of Deputies, 1994–1996. g—None. h—None. j—None. k—None. l—QesQ en el Congreso, 1997–2000, 229; www.secgob.gob.mx, 1997, 2007; C de D, 1976–1979; DBGM89, 539–540. Santillán (Osorno), Manuel (Deceased) a—Sept. 29, 1894. b—Hacienda de Xalostoc, Tlaxcala. c—Preparatory studies in Jalapa, Veracruz; engineering degree from National School of Engineering, UNAM; advanced studies in geology. d—Governor, Tlaxcala, 1941–1944. e—None. f—Chief of mining and petroleum geologists, Secretariat of Industry and Commerce, 1929; consulting engineer, Office of the Presidency, 1933; chief geologist, Secretariat of Industry and Commerce, 1934; member, Technical Commission, Office of the Presidency, 1935; director, National Institute of Geology, 1929; assistant secretary of industry and commerce, 1935–1936; director general of petroleum administration, 1937–1938; assistant secretary of public works, 1939–1940.

t he b io g ra phies  897

g—None. h—Began career as mining engineer, Pachuca, Hidalgo, 1919; author of several geology books. i—Married Luz Gamper; son of Calixto Santillán. j—None. k—Anderson says he was forced to resign as governor because he tried to oppose the national PRM leadership, 1933. l—WWM45, 112; EBW46, 1090; Peral, 754; Anderson, 86; López, 1010. Santillana Santillana, Ernesto

a—Sept. 15, 1943. b—Puebla, Puebla. c—Early education unknown; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, 1966–1970. d—Assistant delegate from Benito Juárez, Department of the Federal District, 1981–1982. e—Member, PRI; adviser to Roberto Madrazo on justice issues, 2006. f—Agent, Ministerio Público, Tlaxcala, 1971–1972; director, Administrative Unit, Vegetable Chemical Products, 1975–1977; adviser to director general of legal affairs, Secretariat of Industry and Commerce, 1978–1980; assistant inspector general, Tamaulipas, 1983–1984; director, Ministerio Público, Tamaulipas, 1984–1986; coordinator, Antidrug Program, Tamaulipas, 1986– 1987; federal prosecutor, State of Mexico, 1987–1988; director general, Division of Prior Investigations, Attorney General, State of Mexico, 1990–1991; assistant attorney general State of Mexico, 1991–1992; attorney general, Federal District, 1994; police chief, Tijuana, 2006; assistant prosecutor, Nezahualcóyotl, State of Mexico, 2006. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Ernesto Santillana Nava, CPA, and María Santillana López; married María del Carmen Andraca Dumit. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM93, 91. Santos Cervantes, Ángel (Deceased) a—Sept. 1, 1905. b—Villa Aldama, Nuevo León. c—Elementary studies in Villa Aldama; law degree from University of Nuevo León, 1929; professor of obligations and contracts, School of Law, University of Nuevo León. d—Senator from State of Nuevo León, 1958–1964, member of Gran Comisión, president of 2nd Tariff and Foreign Trade Committee, 1st secretary of

2nd Credit, Money, and Credit Institutions Committee, president of Tax Committee, 1st secretary of Insurance Committee, 2nd secretary of 2nd Mines Committee, member of 1st Balloting Group. e—None. f—Secretary-general of government, State of Nuevo León, under Gov. Pablo Quiroga, 1935; provisional governor, Nuevo León, Sept.–Oct. 4, 1935; president, Water and Drainage Services of Monterrey. g—None. j—None. k—None. l—C de S, 1961–1964, 70; Func., 293; www.villaldama.com, 2008; www.universidadabierta.com, 2008. Santos Coy Perea, Julio (Deceased) a—July 18, 1909. b—Piedras Negras, Coahuila. c—Law degree from Free Law School, June 21, 1922, with thesis on arbitration in the 1931 Legal Code. d—None. e—None. f—Agent, Ministerio Público, Office of the Attorney General, Isthmus of Tehuantepec, 1934; federal agent, District Courts; assistant agent of attorney general of Mexico; director, Department of Preliminary Investigations, Department of the Federal District; legal adviser to Adolfo López Mateos, secretary of labor, 1952–1956; labor conciliator, Secretariat of Labor, 1956; director of conciliators, Secretariat of Labor, 1956–1958; assistant secretary of labor, 1958–1964; assistant secretary “A” of labor, 1964–1970. g—None. h—Private law practice, 1940– 1952. i—Son of Julio Santos Coy, general and lawyer, and María Petra Perea; married Angelina Cobo Zambrano; son Julio, official historian of Piedras Negras, director of the treasury, and local deputy to State Legislature of Coahuila, 1968, 1982–1984. j—None. k—None. l—DPE65, 154; DGF56, 398; DBM68, 571–572; D del Y, Dec. 6, 1958; DPE61, 115; Libro de Oro, xxxvi; www.coahuila.gob.mx, 2008. Santos de Hoyos, Alberto a—Sept. 13, 1942. b—Monterrey, Nuevo León. c—Early education unknown; business administration degree from ITESM; executive in residence, Graduate Business School, ITESM, 2007. d—Federal deputy from State of Nuevo León, Dist. 1, 1982–1985; senator

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from Nuevo León, 1994–2000. e—Founding member, Galileo Group of PRI senators, 1997. f—None. g—President, Chamber of Sugar Industries, 1998; president, Chamber of Industries, Nuevo León. h—President, Board of Directors, Grupo Santos Enterprises, SACV, 1991–2008; president, Grupo Gamesa, SACV. i—Son of industrialist Alberto Santos González, president of Gamesa, founded by his father, and Francisca de Hoyos; father member of the Boards of Directors of Cydsa, Axtel, ING Commercial Insurance of America, 1997; father and uncles founded Coli del Valle; nephew Alberto Garza Santos, regional chairman of CEMEX and grandson of Eugenio Garza Sada, leading Monterrey industrialist; son Alberto Santos Boesch, alternate director of Board of Directors of Axtel; uncle of Tomás Milmo Santos. j—None. k—none. l—www.marinosmercantesdemexico, 2008; www.zoominfo.com, 2008; www.sanpedro.gob.mx, Nov. 11, 2004; www.egade.itesm.mx, 2007; Musacchio, 382; www.cydsa.com, 2008; www.monter reyculturaindustrial, 2008; www.secgob .gob.mx, 1997, 2007; DBGM84, 601; QesQ en el Congreso, 1997–2000, 334; www.cydsa .com, 2007. Santos Galván Villanueva, Raúl

a—Dec. 1, 1944. b—Monterrey, Nuevo León. c—Elementary and secondary studies; enrolled in Heroic Naval College, Jan. 15, 1963, graduating with degree in mechanical engineering; MA in national security from National Defense College; MA in continental security from Inter-American Defense Board, Washington, DC; staff and command diploma from Center for Higher Naval Studies; studies in strategic intelligence at Higher War College, Argentina; professor, Heroic Naval College. d—None. e—None. f—Assistant naval attaché, Mexican embassy, Washington, DC; naval attaché, Mexican embassy, Buenos Aires; oficial mayor of the navy, 2006–2008; assistant secretary of the navy, Mar. 7, 2008– . g—None. h—None. i—Married Olga Millán Salcido.

j—Career naval officer; rank of corvette lieutenant, 1969; rank of frigate lieutenant, 1972; rank of corvette captain, 1979; rank of frigate captain, 1983; commander, Polimar 1, Tlaxcala transport, Durango transport, Santos and Azueta coast guard ships, and destroyers Manzanillo, V. Guerrero, and Guanajuato; commander, training ship Cuauhtémoc; rank of captain, 1988; rank of rear admiral, 1992; commander, 4th Naval Zone, 2nd Region, 6th Regiment; director general of administration and finances, Secretariat of the Navy; sec. chief, staff; sec. chief, 1st Naval Zone; chief of staff, 1st, 5th, 10th naval zones; rank of vice admiral, 1997; chief of staff, 11th Naval Zone, 1999; commander, 2nd Naval Region, 2003; commander, 4th Naval Zone, 2002–2003; adviser to chief of staff; commander, 6th Naval Region, 2006; rank of admiral, Nov. 20, 2006. k—None. l—www.blogalaxia.com, 2008; www.milieno.com.mx, Apr. 18, 2008; www.semar.gob.mx, 2008; www.jornada .unam.mx, Nov. 23, 2006. Santos Guajardo, Vicente (Deceased May 26, 1962) a—Feb. 9, 1895. b—Villa de Progreso, Coahuila. c—Elementary studies in Villa Unión and Múzquiz, Coahuila; preparatory studies at Ateneo Fuente, Saltillo, Coahuila, and National Preparatory School, Mexico City; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, 1916–1921; professor of administrative law, National School of Law, UNAM; professor of law, Ateneo Fuente, 1922. d—Local deputy, State Legislature of Coahuila, 1922–1923; federal deputy from Coahuila, 1924–1926. e—None. f—Director, Legal Department, Secretariat of Agriculture and Livestock; judge, Superior Tribunal of Justice, Federal District, 1928–1934; justice, Supreme Court, Jan. 1, 1935–Dec. 31, 1940; assistant secretary of government, 1938–1940; assistant secretary of labor, 1940–1943; director general, IMSS, 1943–1944; assistant secretary of foreign relations, 1944; justice, Supreme Court, June 28, 1944–1952, 1952–1958; president, Supreme Court, 1955–1956; resigned Jan. 21, 1958.

t he b io g ra phies  899

g—None. i—Collaborated with Ignacio García Téllez in several positions, met him at National School of Law; son of Antón Santos and Maximina Guajardo. j—Student leader during the Revolution. k—None. l—D del Y, Jan. 5, 1938, 2; DGF51, I, 568; DP70, 1342, 1953; Peral, 755; STYRBIWW57, 416; DGF56, 567; López, 1011; NYT, Jan. 4, 1944, 31; www.scjn.gob.mx, 662–663; DP95, 3214; www.cronica.diputados.gob.mx, Apr. 10, 1958. Santos (Rivera), Gonzalo N. (Deceased Oct. 17, 1978) a—Jan. 10, 1897. b—Tampamolón Corona, Villa Guerrero, San Luis Potosí. c—Early education unknown; no degree. d—Federal deputy from State of San Luis Potosí, Dist. 10, 1924–1926, member of Gran Comisión; federal deputy from State of San Luis Potosí, 1926–1928, answered State of the Union address, 1926, and served as majority leader while head of Alliance of Socialist Parties; federal deputy from State of San Luis Potosí, Dist. 10, 1928–1930, member of Gran Comisión; federal deputy from State of San Luis Potosí, Dist. 3, 1930– 1932, member of Gran Comisión; federal deputy from State of San Luis Potosí, Dist. 6, 1932–1934, member of Gran Comisión; senator from State of San Luis Potosí, 1934– 1940; governor, San Luis Potosí, 1943–1949. e—Secretary of affairs, Federal District, CEN of PRM, 1929; secretary-general, CEN of PNR, 1931. f—Customs’ agent, 1917; minister to Belgium, 1940; director of fishing, Secretariat of Industry and Commerce, 1959–1961. g—None. h—Actor, bullfighter. i—Parents were ranchers; son Gastón Santos, involved in San Luis Potosí politics; political enemy of Federico Medrano. j—Fought with Venustiano Carranza during the Revolution; rank of division general. k—Regional caudillo in San Luis Potosí; Brandenburg places him in the Inner Circle during Alemán’s administration; his power in San Luis Potosí declined after mid-1950s; accused by media of large-scale illegal landholdings in San Luis Potosí; important Callista congressional leader and member

of the “Reds” in Congress; answered Calles’ State of the Union address, 1926. l—Por Qué? Oct. 4, 1968, 35; Hoy, June 3, 1972, 9; HA, Oct. 7, 1949, 22; Peral, 755; Johnson, 32–33; HA, Sept. 28, 1944, 8; DP70, 1581; Brandenburg, 80, 102; HA, Oct. 8, 1943, 13; HA, Aug. 28, 1978, 20; HA, Oct. 23, 1978, 18; Excélsior, June 26, 1975, 4; NYT, Jan. 7, 1959, 11; Excélsior, Sept. 28, 1976; Excélsior, Sept. 2, 1972, 11; NYT, May 18, 1958, 7; NYT, Dec. 4, 1958, 13; Excélsior, Aug. 23, 1978; Campa, 157; www.letras.libres.com, 2008; www .wam.umd.edu, 2008; www.pachuca.com .mx, 2007. Santoyo, Ramón Víctor (Deceased July 12, 1957) a—Mar. 6, 1901. b—Guanajuato, Guanajuato. c—Early education unknown; law degree from University of Guanajuato; professor of political science, School of Political and Social Science, UNAM. d—Local deputy, State Legislature of Guanajuato; federal deputy from State of Guanajuato, Dist. 9, 1928–1930; federal deputy from State of Guanajuato, Dist. 3, 1930–1932; federal deputy from State of Guanajuato, 1934–1937, secretary of the Chamber, Sept., 1936; federal deputy from State of Guanajuato, Dist. 1, 1946–1949, member of 2nd Credentials Committee, Budget and Accounts Committee, 2nd Constitutional Affairs Committee, Inspection Committee of the General Accounting Office (1st year). e—None. f—Lower court judge; judge, Ministerio Público; judge, Superior Tribunal of Justice; secretary-general of government, State of Guanajuato; oficial mayor of government, State of Jalisco; secretary-general of government, State of Jalisco; secretary-general of government, Baja California del Norte, 1931; head of lawyers, Department of the Federal District; assistant attorney general “2,” Office of the Attorney General, 1952– 1957. g—None. h—Government representative, Federal Board of Conciliation and Arbitration, Federal District, 1957. i—Son Ramón, lawyer in Mexico City. j—None. k—None. l—DP70, 1953–1954; DGF51, I,

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535; DGF51; C de D, 1946–1948, 89; Casasola, V; Aguirre; www.cronica.diputados .gob.mx, 2009. Santoyo Feria, Vinicio (Deceased 1996) a—Dec. 26, 1932. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; cadet, Heroic Military College, 1949–1951, graduating as 2nd lieutenant in personnel administration and artillery; completed Applied Military School in artillery; diploma in military administration from Higher War College, 1963–1966; professor, military school classes, 1954–1957, and School of Military Engineering, 1965–1967; director, 1st-year course, Staff and Command Program, Higher War College, 1968–1970; professor of staff and general tactics, Higher War College, 1967–1970; assistant director, Heroic Military College, 1976–1978; assistant director, Higher War College, 1970–1972; director, National Defense College, 1981–1982. d—None. e—None. f—Chief of staff, Secretariat of National Defense, 1982–1985. g—None. h—None. i—Married Socorro Cortés Cruz; son of Héctor Santoyo Galván, teacher, and Rosa María Fería Ugalde, nurse. j—Joined army as cadet, Jan. 1, 1948; sec. commander, 2nd Artillery Regiment; chief, Sec. 1, staff, 2nd Infantry Brigade; commander, PMS Battery, 2nd Artillery Battalion; chief, Pedagogical Sec., staff, Secretariat of National Defense; adviser, State of Mexico, 1966–1968; adviser to director general of police and traffic, Department of the Federal District, 1969–1971; rank of colonel, 1972; assistant chief of staff, 29th Military Zone, Veracruz, Veracruz, 1972–1973; chief of staff, 30th Military Zone, Tabasco, 1973–1974; commander, 2nd 105 Artillery Battalion, 1974–1976; rank of brigadier general, 1977; military attaché, Mexican embassy in Brazil, 1978–1980; commander, 15th Military Zone, Guadalajara, Jalisco, 1985–1989; commander, 26th Military Zone, La Boticaria, Veracruz, and 6th Military Region, 1989–1991; director general of military education, Secretariat of National Defense, 1991–1994; director

general of artillery, 1994–1996. k—None. l—Rev. de Ejer., Nov., 1972, 50; Rev. de Ejer., Nov., 1977, 70; QesQAP, 73; HA, Mar. 25, 1985, 15; DBGM, 392; DBGM92, 349; Rev. de Ejer., May, 1996, 52. Santoyo Núñez, Hortensia a—June 1, 1933. b—Acapulco, Guerrero. c—Teaching certificate; social work degree; completed studies as private accountant. d—Federal deputy from State of Guerrero, Dist. 4, 1976– 1979. e—Organizer, Women’s Assemblies, PRI. f—Director, Center of Educational Action No. 36, Secretariat of Public Education. g—President, Consumer Protection Committee, Acapulco. i—Married Emilio García Vélez. j—None. k—None. l—Excélsior, Aug. 27, 1976, 1C; C de D, 1976–1979. Sanz Cerrada (López Goerne), Jesús

(Deceased June, 1975) a—Jan. 18, 1909. b—San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí. c—Elementary, secondary and preparatory studies at Colegio Francés Morelos, Mexico City; no degree. d—Federal deputy from State of Chihuahua, Dist. 3, 1955–1958. e—Founder, PAN, Durango, 1939; national adviser, PAN, 1954–1975; member, CEN of PAN, 1957–1959; member, Regional Committee, PAN, Durango and Michoacán; PAN candidate for senator, 1958; PAN candidate for federal deputy, 1964. f—None. g—Militant, National Defense League for Freedom of Religion, 1934; organizer of employer organizations, various cities, 1940; member, ACJM. h—Writer, El Siglo de Torreón, El Tiempo, Monterrey, El Porvenir, Monterrey; founder, El Diario de Nuevo León. i—Son of Jorge Sanz Cerrada and María López Goerne; married Isabel Gómez Palacio; Héctor Federico Ling Altamirano, married to his sister Mercedes. j—None. k—Captain, Cristero forces in Michoacán and Durango; imprisoned for 9 months in Morelia, 1934; persecuted locally for membership in PAN; had to leave Durango, 1939; first opposition party member to win a congressional seat in Chihuahua; women voters were responsible for his victory, 1955. l—Ind. Biog., 149; C de D, 1955–1958; www.fronterizo, Aug. 8, 1955;

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www.docentes.uacj.mx, 2008; Pérez Franco, 345. Saracho Álvarez, Jorge (Deceased Sept. 28, 1991) a—Mar. 16, 1907. b—Guadalajara, Jalisco. c—Early education unknown; law degree, 1932; professor of English and general legal theory, University of Guanajuato, 1948–1952; professor of Roman law and labor law, University of Veracruz; professor of political economy, IPN. d—Local deputy, State Legislature of Jalisco, 1947–1948; federal deputy from State of Jalisco, Dist 9, 1949–1952. e—Popular secretary, CEN of PRI, 1953. f—Public defender and minor judge, federal judiciary, 1930–1932; secretary, Conciliation and Arbitration Board, Veracruz, 1923–1933; president, Conciliation and Arbitration Board, and director, Labor Department, Veracruz, 1933–1934; public assistance lawyer, 1937–1943; adviser to president of Mexico, 1950–1952; judge, Superior Tribunal of Justice, 1953; director, Legal Department, Secretariat of Government, 1953–1964; special ambassador to Cuba, 1959; president, Federal Conciliation and Arbitration Board, 1964–1970; justice, Supreme Court, 1970–1977; president, Superior Tribunal of Justice, Jalisco, 1980–1982. g—Delegate, CNC, Jalisco, 1949–1952. h—Oratory champion, Jalisco, 1929; runner-up, National Oratory Championionships, 1939. j—None. k—None. l—www .cronica.diputados.gob.mx, Sept. 2, 1949, Apr. 23, 1970; www.scjn.gob.mx, 2008. Sarmiento Sarmiento, Manuel

b—Sinaloa. c—Primary and secondary studies in Sinaloa; preparatory studies in Sinaloa; graduated as 2nd lieutenant, National Military College. d—Local deputy, State Legislature of Sinaloa, 1944–1946; mayor, Guasave, Sinaloa, 1948; federal deputy from State of Sinaloa, Dist. 2, 1961–1964; senator from State of Sinaloa, 1964–1970. e—None. f—None. g—Finance secretary, CEN of CNC, 1964. j—Career army officer; rank of lieutenant colonel. k—None. l—C de D, 1961–1964; C de S, 1964–1970; MGF69; www.qsl.net, 2008.

Saro Boardman, Ernesto a—July 25, 1950. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; chemical engineering degree from ITESM, 1967–1972; diploma in higher management from IPADE, Monterrey, 1994–1995, 1999–2000. d—Mayor, Ramos Arizpe, Coahuila, 1997–1999, 2003–2005; plurinominal federal deputy from PAN, 2000–2003; senator from Coahuila, 2006– 2012. e—Joined PAN, 1994; national adviser, PAN, 2001–2007; secretary of government action, PAN, Coahuila, 2000. f—None. g—None. h—Production superintendent of primary materials, Laboratories of the North, 1971–1972; chief of production, Laboratories of the North, 1972–1974; chief of production, Chemical Division, 1974–1978, plant manager, 1985–1987, chief of production, Operations Division, 1987–1991, Química y Farmacia, SA; director general, Química y Farmacia, SA, 1992–2000; involved in numerous businesses with other Coahuilan politicians. j—None k—None. l—QesQ en el Congreso, 2000–2003, 1994; www.senado.gob.mx, 2008; Musacchio, 383; Directorio del Congreso, 2006–2009, 43; www.razonesdeser.com, Nov. 8, 2007. Sarro (Tresarrieu), Enrique (Deceased) a—Sept. 14, 1905. b—Federal District. c—Elementary studies in Mexico City; secondary studies at Colegio Alemán, Mexico City; professional studies at National School of Law and Economics, UNAM; no degree; professor of economics, National School of Economics, 1934, 1938–1939; professor, School of Commerce, UNAM; professor, National School of Law, UNAM. d—None. e—None. f—Assistant to Jesús Silva Herzog, chief of Library and Economics Archives, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1928; assistant to Jesús Silva Herzog, Department of Economic Studies, National Railroads of Mexico, 1932–1933; assistant director of economic studies, Secretariat of Industry and Commerce, 1933–1934; director, Department of Special Taxes, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1935–1937; director, Department of Economic Studies, Bank of Mexico, 1937–1940;

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director, NAFIN, Feb. 21, 1941–Nov. 15, 1945; director general, National Steel Industry, 1946–1952. g—None. h—Author of numerous works on economics. i—Coauthored several books with Jesús Silva Herzog; married María Teresa Pérez Pliego; son of Germán Sarro and María Teresa Tresarrieu; son Enrique, an architect. j—None. k—Served as 1st director of NAFIN. l—WWM45, 112; DGF51, II, 231, 327; DGF50, II, 225, 229; letter; López, 1014–1015. Sarukhán Casamitjana, Arturo

a—1963. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; degree in international relations, 1988; MA in U.S. foreign policy from School of Advanced International Studies, Baltimore, Md., 1999; studies in history at UNAM; professor, ITAM, National Defense College, National Defense University, Washington, DC, and Inter-American Defense Board, Washington, DC; studied in United States on Fulbright and Ford Foundation fellowships, 1989. d—None. e—Foreign policy adviser and transition coordinator, Felipe Calderón. f—Executive secretary, Bilateral Committee on the Future of US-Mexican Relations, 1988–1989; adviser to secretary of foreign relations, 1991; chief of staff, Mexican ambassador to the United States, 1993; joined Foreign Service, 1994; director of counternarcotics and lawyer for security issues, Mexican embassy, Washington, DC, 1995; senior adviser on security matters to secretary of foreign relations, 1998–2000; national coordinator of multilateral evaluation mechanisms against illegal drugs, OAS, 2000; chief of staff to secretary of foreign relations, 2000–2003; consulgeneral, New York, 2003–2006; ambassador, 2006; ambassador to United States, 2007–. g—None. h—None. i—Son of José Sarukhán Kermez, rector, UNAM, and member of National College, and Adelaida Casamitjana, biologist; married Verónica Valencia; grandparents were Armenian refugees from the genocide and Spanish Civil War; studied under Edmundo O’Gorman. j—None. k—None. l—www.sre.gob.mx, 2007; letter.

Sarukhán Kermez, José a—July 15, 1940. b—Doctores Colonia, Federal District. c—Secondary studies at Cristóbal Colón School, 1952–1955; degree in biology from School of Sciences, UNAM, June, 1964; MA in agricultural botany, National School of Agriculture, Chapingo, 1963–1965; PhD in ecology from University of Wales, 1967–1971, graduating in 1972; fieldwork in Gulf of Mexico region, 3 years; professor, National School of Agriculture, 1963–1965; professor, Organization of Tropical Studies, Costa Rica, 1965, 1973–1976; professor, UNAM, 1973– ; director, Biology Institute, UNAM, 1979–1985; coordinator of humanities, UNAM, 1985–1987; coordinator of scientific research, UNAM, 1987–1988; rector, UNAM, 1989–1993, 1993–1997. d—None. e—None. f—Coordinator of social development, Office of the Presidency, 2000–2006. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Arturo Sarukhán and Angela Kermez; father arrived in Mexico in 1920s from Venice; father educated by Armenian monks, spoke 8 languages but was a shoemaker in Mexico; married Adelaida Casamitjana, biologist; son Arturo Sarukhán Casamitjana, ambassador to United States, 2007. j—None. k—Member, National College. l—Líderes, IV, 1993, 81–87; www.csis.org, 2007; WWM87, 542; Musacchio, 383; www .cddhcu.gob.mx, 2008. Saucedo Pérez, Francisco Javier

a—Apr. 24, 1955. b—Guadalajara, Jalisco. c—Early education unknown; degree in philosophy from Free Institute of Philosophy, 1977–1982. d—Plurinominal federal deputy from PRD, 1991–1994; federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. 12, 2003–2006, president of Social Economy and Cooperative Development Committee. e—Joined PRD, 1989; national adviser, PRD, 1989; representative of PRD to Federal Electoral Institute, Federal District, 1990–1991; secretary of electoral affairs, PRD, Federal District. f—Assistant legal delegate, Tlalpan delegation, Federal District; director general of social development, Tlalpan delegation,

t he b io g ra phies  903

Federal District. i—Son of Mario Guillermo Saucedo Galindo, psychiatrist, and María de la Luz Pérez Aguilar; married Yolanda Tello Mondragón, federal deputy, 1997–2000, and official in the Federal District; brother Mario Gilberto Saucedo Pérez, plurinominal senator from PRD, 1997–2000, and secretary general of PRD, 1993–1996. j—None. k—None. l—www.elecionesdf.com.mx, 2008; DBGM92, 580; C de D, 2003–2006. Saucedo Pérez, Mario Gilberto a—Feb. 4, 1951. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; degree in industrial relations from ITESO, Guadalajara, 1972; professor and researcher, ITESO, 1972–1977. d—Plurinominal senator from PRD, 1997–2000, president of Sports Committee. e—Secretary of peasant affairs, PMT, Federal District, 1977–1978; founding member, PRD, 1989; secretary of administrative affairs, CEN of PRD, 1989–1990; PRD candidate for governor of Jalisco, 1995; national adviser, PRD, 1999–2002; secretary-general, CEN of PRD, 1993–1996. f—Research analyst, Secretariat of Agriculture and Hydraulic Resources, 1978–1979; founder, Center for Coordination and Promotion of Agroindustry, 1980–1981. g—Founding member and leader, National Revolutionary Civic Association, 1983–1989; secretary-general, Union of Professors and Workers of the Regional Center of Industry and Technology, 1980– 1981. h—Consultant, 1982–1999. i—Son of Mario Guillermo Galindo, psychiatrist, and María de la Luz Pérez Aguilar; brother Francisco J. Saucedo Pérez, federal deputy from PRD, 1991–1994, and from Federal District, 2003–2006. j—None. k—None. l—Musacchio, 383; www.secgob.gob.mx, 1997, 2007; QesQ en el Congreso, 1997, 285–286. Saucedo (Pérez), Salvador (Deceased Mar., 1963) a—Nov. 9, 1890. b—Colima, Colima. c—Early education unknown; no degree. d—Federal deputy from State of Colima, Dist. 1, 1917–1918, member of Gran Comisión; federal deputy from State of Colima, Dist. 1, 1918–1920, member of

Gran Comisión; federal deputy from State of Colima, Dist. 1, 1920–1922, member of Gran Comisión; governor, Colima, Nov. 20, 1931–Aug. 21, 1935. e—Organizer and member, Colima Liberal Party. f—Director of government printing, 1914, under Gov. J. Trinidad Alamillo, State of Colima; director, Federal Treasury Office, Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas, Tuxpan, Veracruz, and Federal District; director of the Federal Treasury Office, Colima, 1961–1963; director, Federal Treasury Office, Zacatecas, Zacatecas, 1956. g—None. h—Became a printer in his youth; writer, newspaper La Revancha; published El Popular, 1909; founded Colima Libre, 1917; newspaper editor in Guadalajara. i—Brother Miguel was interim governor of Colima, 1935, and local deputy; defeated General Miguel Santa Ana and Higinio Álvarez for governor, 1931; nephew Carlos Pizano y Saucedo was private secretary to Jesús González Lugo, 1949–1951; nephew Roberto Pizano Saucedo was federal deputy from Colima. j—Maderista during the Revolution. k—Removed from governorship through federal dissolution of powers because of his friendship with Calles. l—Peral, 759; letter; DP70, 1958; DGF56, 168; Moreno, 83–85; Hurtado, 311–312. Sauri Riancho, Dulce María a—Aug. 14, 1951. b—Mérida, Yucatán. c—Early education unknown; degree in sociology from School of Sociology, Ibero-American University, 1969–1974, with thesis on social classes in the Mexican countryside. d—Federal deputy from State of Yucatán, Dist. 4, 1982–1985, president of Programming and Budgeting Committee, 1985; senator from Yucatán, 1988–1991, president of Social and Economic Development Committee; plurinominal federal deputy from PRI, 1994–1997; senator from Yucatán, 2000–2006. e—Joined PRI, 1981; director, CEPES of PRI, Yucatán, 1982–1983; director, PRI, Yucatán, 1983–1987; general delegate, CEN of PRI, San Luis Potosí, 1987–1988; finance secretary, PRI, Federal District, 1989–1990; secretary-general, CEN of PRI,

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1999; president, CEN of PRI, 1999–2002; precandidate for PRI nomination for governor of Yucatán, 2007. f—Researcher, Secretariat of Labor, 1971–1972; coordinator of planning and social development, Plan Lerma, Jalisco, 1975–1976; director of evaluation, supervision, and control, Secretariat of Programming and Budget, Yucatán, 1979–1981; regional delegate, Secretariat of Programming and Budget, Yucatán, 1981–1982; substitute governor, Yucatán, 1991–1994. g—None. h—Oratory champion in preparatory school. i—Daughter of Alberto Sauri López, businessman and president of COPARMEX, Yucatán, 1968, and Dulce María Riancho Gamboa, volunteer social worker; married José Luis Sierra Villarreal, sociologist, professor, University of Guadalajara and ITESM, and political activist. j—None. k—First woman governor of Yucatán; husband was imprisoned in Monterrey, 1972–1978, accused of sedition, granted amnesty by President José López Portillo; media claim she was unconstitutional substitute governor because she never obtained congressional permission under Art. 62 of the Constitution. l—Musacchio, 383; www. Yucatán.com.mx, Dec. 1, 1999, Dec. 5, 1999; QesQ en el Congreso, 2000–2003, 359; www.es.wikipedia.org, 2009; DBGM92, 835; DBGM94, CD; www.senado.mx.gob, 2003; DCM, 2000–2003, 332–333. Sáyago Herrera, Indalecio (Deceased) a—Apr. 14, 1910. b—Meczalco, Altotonga, Orizaba, Veracruz. c—Completed primary and secondary studies; teaching certificate from Federal Institute for Teacher Education; primary school teacher. d—Local deputy, State Legislature of Veracruz, 1977; PPS federal party deputy, 1967–1970; plurinominal federal deputy from PPS, 1985–1988. e—Founding member, Popular Party, 1948; finance secretary, Popular Party, 1956; member, PPS Central Committee, 1960–1988; finance secretary, PPS, 1960–1987; president, PPS, 1989–1997. f—None. g—Secretary-general, CROM, Zongolica, Veracruz, 1933; secretary of foreign relations, Union

of Intellectual Workers, CROM, Orizaba, Veracruz, 1936; secretary-general, CTM, Orizaba, 1939; secretary of international relations, CEN of SNTE, 1942; secretary, Vigilance Committee, CEN of SNTE, 1947; secretary of national relations, CEN of SNTE, 1967. i—Married Sara Zúniga Herrera; common-law marriage to Manuela Vargas Godines; son of Ciro Sáyago García and Esther Herrera Carballo. j—None. k—None. l—Directorio, 1967–1970; C de D, 1967–1970; DBGM87, 566. Saynez Mendoza, Mariano Francisco

a—Sept. 20, 1942. b—Veracruz, Veracruz. c—Elementary and secondary studies in Veracruz; degree in geographical engineering from Heroic Naval College, 1959–1984; MA in continental defense, Inter-American Defense Board, Washington, DC; completed staff and command, national security, and human behavior courses at Center for Higher Naval Studies, graduating 1st in his class, 1986–1987. d—None. e—None. f—Assistant naval attaché, Mexican embassy, Washington, DC; naval attaché, Mexican embassy, London; secretary of the navy, 2006– . g—None. h—None. j—Career naval officer, joined navy as cadet, Jan. 22, 1959; rank of corvette lieutenant, Nov., 1965; rank of lieutenant, 1968; rank of corvette captain, Nov. 20, 1974; rank of frigate captain, 1978; rank of captain, Nov. 20, 1982; commander, Minesweeper No. 14; commander, Coast Guard ship Uribe; commander, destroyers Manzanillo, Álvarez, and Galeana; rank of rear admiral, Sept. 16, 1988; chief of staff, 3rd Naval Zone; chief of staff, 6th Naval Zone; chief of staff, Gulf Naval Forces; commander, 8th, 12th, and 14th naval fleets; rank of vice admiral, Nov. 20, 1993; commander, 3rd, 5th, and 10th naval zones; rank of admiral, Nov. 20, 2000; commander, 1st, 3rd, and 4th naval regions; commander, Naval Forces of the Pacific, 2005; assistant chief and chief of sections, staff, Secretariat of the Navy; director, Institute of Social Security and Services, 2006. k—None. l—www.es.wikipedia.org, 2007;

t he b io g ra phies  905

www.semnar.gob.mx, 2008; www.notiver. com.mx, 2007; D del Y, Nov. 30, 2006; www.poresto.net, Dec. 3, 2006. Schaufelberger (Alatorre), Luis F.

(Deceased Feb. 11, 1958) a—June 21, 1893. b—Puebla, Puebla. c—Primary and secondary studies in Puebla; graduated from Naval College at Veracruz, as coast guardsman. d—None. e—None. f—Assistant secretary‑in‑charge, Secretariat of the Navy, 1946–1948. g—None. h—None. i—Son Carlos pursued military career. j—Career naval officer; commander, corvette Zaragoza; commander, destroyer Bravo; commander, Pacific Naval Zone; commander, Gulf Naval Zone; inspector general of the navy; rank of vice admiral; commander, Isla Margarita Naval Zone, Baja California. k—None. l—DGF47; CyT, 636–637. Scherman Leaño, María Esther de Jesús a—Jan. 5, 1957. b—Guadalajara,

Jalisco. c—Early education unknown; law degree from University of Guadalajara; secondary and preparatory school teacher; professor, University of Guadalajara. d—Alternate local deputy, State Legislature of Jalisco, 1983–1985; federal deputy from State of Jalisco, Dist. 3, 1985–1988; senator from State of Jalisco, 1988–1991; federal deputy from State of Jalisco, Dist. 16, 1991–1994; Miguel Hidalgo delegate to Federal District, 1997; plurinominal federal deputy from PRI, 2003–2006, 2009–1912. e—Joined PRI, 1979; secretary of promotion, PRI, State of Jalisco, 1983–1986; assistant secretary of electoral action, CEN of PRI, 1987; assistant secretary to president of CEN of PRI, 1989; PRI candidate for federal deputy, 9th Dist., Jalisco; PRI precandidate for governor of Jalisco, 1992; national political adviser, CEN of PRI, 2000–2005; assistant secretary to president of CEN of PRI, 2001; coordinator of state linkages for president and secretary-general of CEN of PRI, 2002; secretary of organization, CEN of PRI, 2002–2003. f—Oficial mayor, Secretariat of Energy, 1994–1996. g—Secretary of women’s action, Student Federation of Guadalajara, 1977–1980.

h—Announcer, University Radio. i—Daughter of Jesús María Scherman y Guzmán, surgeon, and María Esther Leaño, executive secretary; married Sergio Torres Mariscal. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM89, 542; DBGM92, 580; Pescador, 231; www .diputados.gob.mx, 2007. Schleske Sánchez, Mauricio a—Feb. 20, 1926. b—Veracruz, Veracruz. c—Early education unknown; geographical engineering degree from Heroic Naval College, 1941–1947; staff and command course in Newport, R.I. d—None. e—Member, PRI. f—Naval attaché, Mexican embassy, Washington, DC. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Santiago Schleske Moreno, small businessman and naval hardware outfitter, and Lilia Sánchez Ramírez; married María Luisa Haces Villegas; brother-in-law Rodrigo del Peón Álvarez, oficial mayor of navy; nephew Antonio Gilberto Schleske, director general of public works acquisitions, Secretariat of Programming and Budget. j—Career naval officer; joined navy as cadet, 1941; commander of various ships; commander, Matamoros Naval Sector; commander-in-chief of naval forces, Gulf and Caribbean; commander, 4th and 2nd naval zones; aide to naval attaché, Mexican embassy, Washington, DC; director general of services, Secretariat of the Navy; assistant chief of staff, Secretariat of the Navy; chief of staff, 1985–1986; assistant director for naval training, Heroic Naval College; rank of Admiral; chief of naval operations, 1986–1988; secretary of the navy, 1988–1990, resigned July 18, 1990. k—El Nacional and Proceso claims he was fired for nepotism and inexplicable enrichment; forced to fire brother-in-law, Mar. 17, 1989; first navy secretary in 4 decades to leave office before the end of a presidential term. l—DBGM87, 363; DBGM89, 331; El Nacional, July 19, 1990, 5; Proceso, July 23, 1990, Aug. 13 1990, 8–13. Schmill Ordóñez, Ulises a—Apr. 4, 1937. b—Federal District. c—Elementary studies at Mexico Institute, 1943–1948; secondary studies at Latin American Military

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University, 1949–1951, and Vasco de Quiroga Institute, 1952–1953; preparatory studies at Vasco de Quiroga Institute, 1953–1954; legal studies at National School of Law, UNAM, 1954–1958, graduating Nov. 30, 1959, with thesis on the problems of sovereignty; LLD from National School of Law, UNAM, 1961–1962; professor, UNAM, 1961–1973, 1977–1980; researcher, Institute of Legal Research, UNAM, 1983–1985. d—None. e—None. f—Secretary of agreements, Federal Tax Court, 1960; secretary of studies and accounts, Supreme Court, 1965; judge, Federal Tax Court, 1968–1970; technical assistant director, Income Tax Division, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1970; ambassador to Germany, 1973; general coordinator, Income Tax Division, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1977; justice, Supreme Court, 1985–1990; president, Supreme Court, 1991–1995, retired Feb. 1, 1995. g—None. h—Lawyer, Bremer, Quintana firm, 1977–1978; in private practice, 1979–1985. i—Son of José Schmill Sada, mechanical and electrical engineer, and Carmen Ordóñez Moralli; married Ángela Peralta di Gregorio; daughter Alma Peralta di Gregorio, visiting federal tax court judge, 2001. j—None. k—None. l—El Nacional, Jan. 1, 1991, 1; DBGM87, 661; DBGM89, 643; DBGM92, 700; www.scjn.gob.mx, 669–672. Segura Rangel, Sandra Lucía a—Feb. 5, 1964. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; law degree from Free Law School, 1984–1988; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, 1988–1989. d—Plurinominal federal deputy from PAN, 1988–1991; representative to Assembly of the Federal District, 1994–1997; plurinominal federal deputy from PAN, 1997–2000; representative to Assembly of the Federal District, 2003–2006. e—Joined PAN, 1982; secretary of electoral action, CEN of PAN, 1985; lawyer, CEN of PAN, 1988–1989; legal adviser, PAN, Chamber of Deputies, 1988–1991; president, PAN, 39th District, Federal District, 1994. f—Oficial mayor, Assembly of the Federal District, 1991–1994; general coordinator of civil

protection, Secretariat of Government. g—None. h—None. i—Daughter of Emilio Segura Muñoz, engineer, and Ana María Rangel Santoyo; married José Antonio Zepeda López, delegate of Secretariat of Social Development to Nayarit; sister María del Carmen Segura Rangel, member of PAN National Council, plurinominal federal deputy, 1988–1991, and representative to Assembly of the Federal District, 1991–1994. j—None. k—None. l—QesQ en el Congreso, 1997–2000, 57; DBGM92, 625; DBGM89, 542; Musacchio, 385; www .secgob.gob.mx, 1997, 2007. Sempe Minvielle, Carlos a—Feb. 8, 1948. b—Veracruz, Veracruz. c—Elementary, secondary, and preparatory studies in Veracruz; best student of his preparatory generation; law degree from National School of Law, graduating with honorable mention, 1969, with thesis on the role of foreign societies in Mexico; engineering studies at West London College, 1970–1971; PhD studies in economics and public finance at University of Paris, 1976. d—None. e—None. f—Area director, Division of Legal Studies, Office of the Presidency; assistant director and director, Legal Department, Office of the Presidency. g—None. h—Practicing lawyer; justice, Supreme Court, Dec. 14, 1993–Dec. 31, 1994, replacing Salvador Rocha Díaz. j—None. k—None. l—www.scjn.gob.mx, 675, 2008. Sentíes Echeverría, Yolanda Elisa

a—Jan. 1, 1940. b—Toluca, State of Mexico. c—Early education unknown; studies in chemical pharmaceutical biology at School of Chemical Sciences, UNAM, 1957–1960, graduating with thesis on the measurement of carbon monoxide in the blood of Mexico City drivers, 1961, for which she received an honorable mention; MA in public administration from Autonomous University of the State of Mexico, 1974–1976; studies in law at National School of Law, UNAM; professor of chemistry and physics, Preparatory School of Autonomous University of the State of Mexico, 1964–1971; founder

t he b io g ra phies  907

and technical secretary, School of Chemical Sciences, Autonomous University of the State of Mexico. d—Local deputy, State Legislature of Mexico, 1974–1976; mayor, Toluca, 1976–1978; federal deputy from State of Mexico, Dist. 16, 1979–1982, member of Gran Comisión; senator from State of Mexico, 1982–1988, president of Health Committee, secretary of 2nd Internal Trade Committee, member of 1st Public Education Committee, 1st Balloting Committee, 1st Sec. of the Grand Jury Committee, 3rd Sec. of Legislative Studies Committee. e—Secretary of cultural action, PRI, State of Mexico, 1971–1972; director of promotion, CEN of PRI, 1980–1981; assistant secretary-general, CEN of PRI, 1980–1981. f—Director general of maternal and infant health, Secretariat of Health, 1988. g—Coordinating secretary of population affairs, CNOP, State of Mexico, 1970–1971; secretary-general, National Revolutionary Feminists’ Association, 1981. h—Active in social works; founded many children’s theaters in Toluca. i—Daughter of Octavio Sentíes, head of Department of the Federal District, 1971–1976, and María del Carmen Echeverría Mondragón; married Dr. Carlos Ballesteros; niece of President Luis Echeverría Álvarez. j—None. k—Won more than 70% of votes as PRI candidate for federal deputy; first female mayor of Toluca and senator from State of Mexico. l—HA, Aug. 21, 1972, 39; HA, July 30, 1979, 29; C de D, 1979–1982; Lehr, 254; C de S, 1982–1988; Romero Aceves, 732–734; Andrade, 37–40; Excélsior, Sept. 25, 1981, 20; HA, May 25, 1981, 15; Excélsior, Mar. 1, 1982, 26; DBGM87, 567; DBGM89, 331; DBGM92, 351–352; DBGM, 602–603. Sentíes (Gómez), Octavio (Deceased May 23, 1996) a—Feb. 9, 1915. b—Veracruz, Veracruz. c—Primary, secondary, and preparatory studies in Veracruz; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, Nov. 17, 1942, with thesis titled “Constitutional Federalism and Economic Centralism”; temporary professor of commercial law, National School of Law, UNAM, 1958;

professor, National School of Law, UNAM, 1981. d—Federal deputy from State of Mexico, Dist. 8, 1943–1946; federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. 4, 1970–1971, president of Gran Comisión, 1970–1971, member of Department of the Federal District Committee, 1st Government Committee, Gran Comisión, and 1st Constitutional Affairs Committee, president of Chamber of Deputies, Sept., 1970. e—Member, PNR. f—Private secretary to governor of State of Mexico, Wenceslao Labra García, 1937– 1941; head, Federal District Department, 1971–1976. g—Student leader, Vasconcelos movement in Veracruz, 1929; editor, El Eco Estudiantil. h—Mexican delegate to international conferences on motor transportation; private law practice with a specialty in transportation law, 1942, 1947–1970. i—Student of Alfonso Noriega at National School of Law, UNAM; daughter Yolanda Sentíes Echeverría was senator from State of Mexico, 1982–1988; married to María del Carmen Echeverría; related to Roberto Mantilla Molina; wife is sister of Luis Echeverría; son of Jorge Luis Sentíes and Elisa Gómez; lawyer for Rubén Figueroa, 1980; close to Miguel Alemán. j—None. k—PRI precandidate for governor of Veracruz, 1979. l—HA, Aug. 21, 1972, 39; Hoy, June 16, 1971, 6; Hoy, Feb. 27, 1971, 10; DPE71, 140; HA, Jan. 8, 1973, 29; C de D, 1970–1972, 136; Enc. Mex., XI, 378; WNM, 215; Loret de Mola, 91, 211; Excélsior, May 24, 1996. Septién García, Carlos (Deceased Oct. 18, 1953) a—Jan. 15, 1915. b—Querétaro, Querétaro. c—Elementary studies and part of preparatory studies at Colegio Civil, Querétaro; preparatory studies at Colegio Apostólica, Querétaro; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, 1940; director, School of Journalism, Mexican Catholic Action, 1951–1953. d—None. e—Joined PAN, 1940; national adviser, PAN, 1941–1949, 1953; PAN candidate for federal deputy, 1943, 1946; member, CEN of PAN, 1945–1953; founder and director, La Nación, PAN, 1941–1948. f—None. g—Founder,

908  m e xic a n p oli t i c a l b i o g ra ph i e s , 1935–20 0 9

Federation of Querétaro Students, 1934; press secretary, National Catholic Students, 1937; president, National Catholic Students, 1937–1938. h—Journalist; founder, El Chinto, 1927; founder, El Escolapia, 1930; writer, Excélsior; founder, Revista de la Semana of El Universal; editor, Provincia, Querétaro; writer, Heraldo de Navidad. i—Son of José Septién Uribe and Carmen García; related to Alfonso María Septién Díaz, prominent lawyer in Querétaro, president of Mexican Bar Association, 1939, and PAN candidate for federal deputy from Querétaro, Dist. 1, 1955; great-grandson of Colonel José Antonio Septién; relative Carlos Septién Olivares, judge of Superior Tribunal of Justice of Querétaro, 2003. j—None. k—Catholic Action journalism school named for him. l—Mabry; Lemus, 38; Enc. Mex., XI, 379; DP70, 1978; Díaz, 120; www.cronica.diputa dos.gob.mx, Aug. 29, 1955. Sepúlveda (Amor), Bernardo a—Dec. 14, 1941. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, 1964, with thesis titled “Constitutional Debate in Mexico, 1821–1924”; MA in international law from Cambridge University, 1966, Rockefeller Foundation Fellow; cofounder, Center for Studies of the United States, Colegio de México; professor of international law, Colegio de México, 1967–1979; professor, Division of Graduate Studies, School of Political and Social Sciences, UNAM, 1971– 1975. d—None. e—Secretary of international affairs, CEN of PRI, 1981–1982. f—Adviser to Miguel de la Madrid, 1966; assistant director general of legal affairs, Office of the Presidency, 1968–1970; adviser to secretary of the treasury, 1971–1975; director general of international financial affairs, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1976–1981; international affairs adviser to Miguel de la Madrid, 1981–1982; ambassador to United States, 1982; secretary of foreign relations, 1982–1988; ambassador to Great Britain, 1988–1993; member, UN International Law Commission, 1996–2005; judge, International Court of Justice,

2005–2014. g—None. h—Prolific author of books on international affairs; practicing lawyer, 1997–2005. i—Son of distinguished physician and professor Bernardo Sepúlveda and Margarita Amor de Ferreira; nephew of César Sepúlveda; great-grandson of Dr. Adolfo Schmidtlein, military physician in Maximilian’s entourage, and Gertrudis García; grandson of Carolina Schmidtlein and Emmanuel Amor de Ferreira; mother’s family, wealthy descendants of landowners in the Porfiriato; wife is granddaughter of José Ives Limantour, secretary of the treasury, 1893‑1911; brother Jaime was assistant secretary of health, 1991. j—None. k—None. l—Excélsior, Dec. 22, 1982, B1, 4; Linajes, 15–17; HA, Dec. 13, 1982, 10; IEPES; Q es QAP, 46; Excélsior, Dec. 1, 1982, 20, 34; HA, Apr. 12, 1982, 14; Proceso, Oct. 4, 1982, 16; DBGM89, 332; DBGM92, 352–353. Sepúlveda Amor, Jaime a—Mar. 22, 1954. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; medical degree from National School of Medicine, UNAM, 1973–1978; MA in public health from Harvard University, 1979–1980; MA in tropical medicine, 1981; PhD in science from Harvard University, 1981–1985; member, Board of Trustees, Harvard University; professor, UNAM, 1988– ; national researcher, UNAM, 1989– . d—None. e—None. f—Chief, Vital Statistics Department, Secretariat of Programming and Budget, 1978–1979; coordinator of research, Center for the Study of Primary Health Issues, Secretariat of Public Health, 1982–1984; assistant coordinator, National Institute of Health, 1983–1985; director general of epidemiology, 1985–1991, assistant secretary of organization and development, 1991–1994, director general of Institute of Public Health, 1995–2000, 2000–2005, Secretariat of Health. g—None. h—None. i—Son of distinguished physician and professor Bernardo Sepúlveda and Margarita Amor de Ferreira; nephew of César Sepúlveda, ambassador to Germany and dean of National School of Law; great-grandson

t he b io g ra phies  909

of Dr. Adolfo Schmidtlein, military physician in Maximilian’s entourage, and Gertrudis García; grandson of Carolina Schmidtlein and Emmanuel Amor de Ferreira; mother’s family, wealthy descendants of landowners in the Porfiriato; wife is granddaughter of José Ives Limantour, secretary of the treasury, 1893‑1911; nephew of Guadalupe Teresa Amor (Pita Amor), prominent poet who modeled for Diego Rivera; brother Bernardo was secretary of foreign relations, 1988–1994; brother Fernando was director general of planning, Secretariat of Health, 1972–1977. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM94, CD; Musacchio, 386; www.insp.cudata, 2008; www .cenedic.4col.mx, 2008 Sepúlveda (Gutiérrez de Lara), César

(Deceased June 11, 1994) a—Feb. 1, 1916. b—Laredo, Tex. c—Primary and secondary studies at Colegio Hidalgo, Monterrey; preparatory studies at University of Nuevo León, Monterrey, 1933–1934, and National Preparatory School, 1934–1939; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, 1940–1944; MA in history and letters from UNAM, 1943; professor of international public law, National School of Law, UNAM; professor of law and international relations, Colegio de México, 1962; visiting professor, School of Law, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; secretary, National Preparatory School, 1947–1948; director, National School of Law, UNAM, 1962–1966; director, Institute of Comparative Law, UNAM, 1966– 1971. d—None. e—None. f—Director general of scholarly services, UNAM; adviser to secretary of foreign relations, 1946–1950; director general of industrial property, Secretariat of Industry and Commerce, 1950– 1959; director, Diplomatic Studies Institute, 1973–1977, 1979–1983; ambassador, 1976; ambassador to West Germany, 1983–1985. g—Student leader; candidate for president of his law school class. h—Director, Inter‑American Center for Social Security, 1977–1979. i—Son of Ricardo A. Sepúlveda, self-made businessman, banker, and

supporter of Madero and Villa during the Revolution; mother, Ana Gutiérrez de Lara, teacher; married Alicia Núñez Ramírez; uncle of Bernardo Sepúlveda Amor; nephew Jaime was assistant secretary of health, 1991. j—None. k—None. l—DBM68, 578; DGF56, 284; letters; WNM, 215; Excélsior, Aug. 2, 1979, 1; Uno Más Uno, Feb. 26, 1983, 2; DBGM, 395; DP95, 3261. Serdán Álvarez, María Isabel a—Feb. 27, 1948. b—Puebla, Puebla. c—Early education unknown; chemical engineering degree from University of Puebla, 1965–1970; special studies in chemistry, Trinity College, 1970–1971; professor of chemistry and engineering, University of Puebla, 1976–1978. d—Federal deputy from State of Puebla, Dist. 7, 1982–1985, member of Health and Welfare Committee, Social Security Committee, Tourism Committee. e—Member, CNC; adviser, CEPES of PRI, Puebla, 1980–1981. f—Chemist, Secretariat of Health and Public Welfare, 1972–1975; adviser, Secretariat of Agrarian Reform, 1976–1978; director, Nursery No. 1, IMSS, Puebla, 1977–1979; chemist, Clinic No. 2, IMSS, Puebla. g—Secretary-general, ANFER, Puebla, 1978–1982; secretary of women’s action, CNOP, 1983. h—Chemist, private labs, 1969–1972. i—Daughter of Aquiles Serdán del Valle, civil engineer, and María Isabel Álvarez Dávalos; granddaughter of prerevolutionary leader Aquiles Serdán and Filomena Valle. j—None. k—None. l—Directorio, 1982–1985; C de D, 1982–1985; Lehr, 324; DBGM, 603. Serna (Leal), Donaciano (Deceased Mar. 2, 2001) a—May 24, 1919. b—Molango, Hidalgo. c—Elementary studies at Heroes de Chapultepec Public School; finished elementary and completed secondary studies at El Mexe Rural School, Molango; elementary school teaching certificate; public accounting degree; study toward PhD in education; PhD in pedagogy; professor, University of Hidalgo; professor, Regional Technical Institute, Regional Normal Center, Hidalgo. d—Local deputy,

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State Legislature of Hidalgo, 1960–1963. e—PRI precandidate for mayor of Pachuca, 1972; PRI precandidate for federal deputy from State of Hidalgo, Dist. 4, 1973. f—Tax collector, Pachuca, Hidalgo; treasurer general, State of Hidalgo, 1969–1970; interim governor, Hidalgo, 1970–1972. g—Secretarygeneral, Rural Normal Students of Hidalgo, 1936; secretary-general, Local No. 15, SNTE, 1959–1962. h—Regular contributor to Magisterio and El Heraldo de México. i—Son of Epifania Serna Ramírez, single mother; son Gonzalo Serna Alcántara, professor of history of education; related to Dr. Ruperta Serna, first mayor of Molango after 1911. j—None. k—Appointed by state legislature to replace Manuel Sánchez Vite when he took leave to become president of CEN of PRI. l—Novedades, Feb. 21, 1972, 13; Excélsior, Mar. 17, 1973, 13; Excélsior, Mar. 27, 1973, 12; HA, Dec. 20, 1971, 44; Pérez López, 449– 450; www.jornada,unam.mx, 2008; www .trielectoralhidalgo.org.mx, 2008. Serra Puche, Jaime José a—Jan. 11, 1951. b—Federal District. c—Elementary studies at Instituto Luis Vives, Mexico City, 1956–1962; secondary and preparatory studies at Instituto Luis Vives, 1962–1968; degree in political science from National School of Political and Social Sciences, UNAM, 1969–1973, with thesis on transnational corporations and power groups; MA in economics, with neoclassical model of economic growth, from Colegio de México, 1973–1975; PhD in economics from Yale University, with thesis on fiscal policies; interim director and director, Center of Economic Studies, Colegio de México, 1981–1982, 1983–1985; professor and researcher, Center of Economic Studies, Colegio de México, 1979–1986; professor, Stanford University, 1982–1983; visiting professor, University of Barcelona. d—None. e—Joined PRI, 1979. f—Analyst, Division of Presidential State of the Union addresses, Secretariat of the Presidency, 1972–1975; adviser to director general of industrial investment, 1977; adviser, Secretariat of

the Treasury, 1979–1986; chief of advisers, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1986; assistant secretary of income, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1986–1988; secretary of commerce and industrial development, 1988–1994; secretary of treasury, 1994. g—None. h—President, Sal Consulting, 1997–2007; member, Board of Directors, Grupo Modelo, Vitro, and Chiquita Brands. i—Son of Jorge Serra Perayre, industrialist, and Carmen Puche Planes, Spanish Republican exiles; married Joanna Wright Abbott, economist; studied at Yale University with Ernesto Zedillo, secretary of education, 1991. j—None. k—National prize in economics, 1979. l—DBGM87, 366; DBGM89, 334; DBGM92, 354; Líderes, IV, 1993, 97–103. Serra Rojas, Andrés (Deceased Sept. 23, 2001) a—Oct. 13, 1904. b—Pichucalco, Chiapas. c—Elementary studies in Veracruz, Veracruz; preparatory studies at Instituto Veracruzano and National Preparatory School, 1920–1924; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, 1928; LLD from National School of Law, UNAM; professor of administrative law, general theory of the state, sociology, political economy, and the Mexican economy, National School of Law, UNAM; professor, IPN; professor, National Preparatory School; professor emeritus, UNAM, having taught there 77 years. d—Federal deputy from State of Chiapas, Dist. 1, 1943–1946; senator from State of Chiapas, 1964–1970. e—Assistant director, Institute for Social and Political Studies, PNR, 1936; official orator, presidential campaign of Miguel Alemán, 1946. f—Agent, Ministerio Público, Office of the Attorney General, Federal District, 1929–1930; director, Department of the Nationalization of Property, Office of the Attorney General of Mexico, 1930; assistant attorney general of Mexico, 1933; director general of national properties, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1935; private secretary to secretary of health, Gustavo Baz, 1940–1942; secretary of labor, Dec. 1, 1946–Jan. 12, 1948; adviser to president of Mexico, 1948; director

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general, National Cinematography Bank, 1949–1952. g—Member, Executive Committee, 5th National Student Congress, 1928. h—Adviser, Mexican delegation to United Nations, 1945; author of numerous works on administration and law. i—Son of José Serra Miró, businessman, who had to leave Chiapas for Villahermosa, Veracruz, and Havana, and Romayra Rojas; grandson of Andrés Serra and María Miró, and Hipólito Rojas and María Enedina Lorca; married Oliva Beltri Bocanegra; friend of Octavio S. Mondragón, assistant secretary of health, 1946; friend of Antonio Carrillo Flores, Antonio Armendáriz, Alfonso Noriega, José Castro Estrada, Miguel Alemán, and Eduardo Bustamante at National Preparatory School or National Law School; protégé of Emilio Portes Gil; grandson of Hipólito Rojas, revolutionary who fought Victoriano Huerta; obtained first post through his professor, José María Puig Casauranc, head of Department of the Federal District, 1929–1930. j—None. k—Fired for not finding Valentín Campa guilty of government charges, 1930; according to Valentín Campa, Serra Rojas resigned as secretary of labor because of intrigues on the part of his assistant secretary; received the prestigious Belisario Domínguez Award from Chamber of Deputies, 1990. l—WWMG, 38; WWM45, 112–113; HA, Feb. 6, 1948, 9; DGF50, 292; DGF50, I, 292; DGF51, I, 83; HA, Oct. 29, 1943, 14; DBC, 235–237; Campa, 70–71; letter; Bulnes, 64; DBC, 235–237; www.pichu calco.net, 2008. Serrano, Gustavo P. (Deceased Sept. 10, 1979) a—Nov. 23, 1887. b—Altar, Sonora. c—Law degree from National School of Law, UNAM; member, Board of Trustees, UNAM. d—Federal deputy from Sonora, 1920–1922. e—None. f—Secretary, Mexican Sec., International Boundary Commission, 1922; president, International Boundary Commission, 1923; secretary of communication and public works, 1931–1932; ambassador to Guatemala, 1931–1934; member, Mexico–United States International Water

Commission, 1935–1938; commissioner, Mexico–United States Agrarian Claims Commission, 1938–1945; executive director, National Irrigation Commission, 1939–1944; secretary of industry and commerce, 1944– 1946; adviser, Administrative Council, Federal Electric Commission, 1951. g—Member, 1st Student Congress, UNAM, 1910; president, National Chamber of Mining Industries, 1940. h—None. i—Father‑in‑law of engineer José B. Zozaya, director of mining, Cía. Minería Autlán. j—None. k—None. l—DGF51, 345; DP70, 1088; WWM45, 113; DGF50, II, 245; EBW46, 132; HA, July 7, 1944, 7; Correa, 319; HA, July 21, 1944, 54; NYT, July 2, 1944, 11; López, 1021; Excélsior, Sept. 12, 1979, 4. Serrano Castro, Julio (Deceased Sept. 21, 1988) a—Apr. 12, 1907. b—Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas. c—Elementary studies in Juchitlán, Oaxaca; secondary studies in Tapachula, Chiapas; preparatory studies at Institute of Arts and Sciences, Chiapas, Tuxtla Gutiérrez; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, Oct. 31, 1930, with thesis on salaried peasants in Mexican agrarian law. d—Senator from State of Chiapas, 1952–1958, president of 2nd Petroleum Committee, member of Gran Comisión, 3rd Labor Committee, Special Legislative Studies Committee. e—None. f—Adviser on labor law to President Cárdenas; judge, First Civil District Court, Federal District; president, Federal Board of Conciliation and Arbitration, 1946; chief, Office of Strikes and Conflicts, Secretariat of Labor; assistant secretary of labor and social welfare, 1946; technical assistant director, PEMEX, 1946–1950. g—President, Socialist Front of Lawyers of the Federal District; represented workers in petroleum conflicts; president, Union of Truck and Bus Drivers of the Federal District, 1958. h—Specialist in labor law. i—Son of Federico Conrado Serrano Figueroa, judge, Superior Tribunal of Justice, Chiapas, and Gabriela Castro (from Guatemala); married Betty Castillejos Madariaga; attended UNAM with

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Miguel Alemán; son Julio Serrano Castillejos was close friends with sons of Ezequiel Padilla and Nicolás Pizarro Suárez; brother José Segundo married Esperanza Guillén Caballero, niece of General Raúl Caballero Aburto. j—None. k—PRI precandidate for governor of Chiapas, 1948. l—DGF47; DGF56, 5; HA, Jan. 5, 1959, 14; HA, Feb. 6, 1948, 10; DBC, 238; Ind. Biog., 149–151; www.poetavirtual.com, 2008. Serrano del Castillo, Nicanor a—Nov. 1, 1918. b—Zacatelco, Tlaxcala. c—Elementary studies in Tlaxcala; secondary studies at School for Workers’ Children, Coyoacán, Federal District; preparatory studies from National Preparatory School; studies in economics at National School of Economics, UNAM. d—Senator from State of Tlaxcala, 1970–1976, president of Foreign and Domestic Trade Committee, 1st secretary of Economics and Statistics Committee, 2nd secretary of Electric Industry Committee. e—None. f—Archivist, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1941–1945; general manager, Small Business Bank, 1952–1955; economist, Federal Electric Commission, 1955–1956; general manager, Federal Electric Commission, 1965–1967; oficial mayor, Federal Electric Commission, 1968–1970. g—None. h—Department head, Properties and Services, SA, 1956–1959; general manager, Laminated Copper, SA, 1960–1964. i—Related to Arturo Serrano, prerevolutionary supporter of Mexican Labor Party in Zacatelco; related to Nicanor Serrano, deputy to State Constitutional Convention, 1918. j—None. k—None. l—C de S, 1970–1976, 86; MGF69. Serrano García, Ramón a—Mar. 5, 1913. b—Colima, Colima. c—Completed elementary studies at Miguel Hidalgo School, 1921–1927; no degree. d—Member, City Council, Colima; local deputy, State Legislature of Colima; federal deputy from State of Colima, Dist. 1, 1976–1979; federal deputy from State of Colima, Dist. 2, 1982–1985, member of Rules and Labor and Social Welfare committees. e—Joined PNR, 1935; secretary of labor action, PNR,

Colima, 1938–1941; secretary of labor action, PRI, State of Colima, 1941–1983. f—None. g—Secretary of organization, CTM, Colima; secretary of cooperative action, CTM, Colima, 1937; secretary of political action, CTM, Colima; attorney for the defense of labor, local Arbitration Board, Colima, 1954–1975; secretary of labor and conflicts, CTM, Colima; secretary-general, CTM, Colima, 1982. h—Laborer and shoe cutter. i—Son of Federico Serrano Gaytán, small merchant, and Maximina García Cervantes; married Esther Ahumada Gutiérrez; son Ramón Serrano Ahumada, senator from Colima, 1991–1997, and leader of CTM in Colima. j—None. k—None. l—Directorio, 1982–1985; Lehr, 78; C de D, 1976–1979; C de D, 1982–1985; DBGM, 603; DBGM92, 580. Serrano Robles, Arturo a—Apr. 15, 1919. b—Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas. c—Elementary and secondary studies in Tuxtla Gutiérrez; preparatory studies at National Preparatory School; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, Oct. 6, 1943; teacher, English School for Boys, Colegio Groso, and Colegio Hispano-Mexicano; professor of guarantees and Amparo, National School of Law, UNAM; professor of guarantees and Amparo, University of Guanajuato. d—None. e—None. f—Judicial official, Second Judicial District, Administrative Law, Mexico City, 1943; auxiliary, 5th Dist., Federal District, 1943; actuary and secretary, Second Sec. of Accounts and Studies, Supreme Court, 1960; district court judge, Guerrero, 1961–1964; circuit court judge, Puebla, 1964–1969; judge, Second Tribunal, Administrative Matters, First Circuit Court, Mexico City, 1969–1973; supernumerary justice, Supreme Court, Apr. 25, 1972–1974; justice, Supreme Court, 1975–1981, retired, June 30, 1981; director, Institute of Judicial Specialization, Supreme Court of Justice, 1982–1994; member, Federal Judicial Council, 1982–1994. g—None. h—None. k—Wrongly accused by CCI of taking 50 million–peso bribe; CCI retracted charges July 8, 1980, after an outcry in the

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press. l—Excélsior, July 3, 1980, 13; Excélsior, July 8, 1980; Protag., 324; www.scjn.gob.mx, 678–679, 2008; Justicia, Sept., 1969, 3–5. Serrano (Tellechea), Raúl (Fernando)

(Deceased 1995) a—May 20, 1907. b—Guaymas, Sonora. c—Early education unknown; engineering agronomy degree from Agricultural School, Ciudad Juárez. d—Federal deputy from the State of Mexico, Dist. 2, 1940–1943, member of Administration Committee (2nd year) and National Waters and Irrigation Committee, substitute member of Budgets and Accounts Committee; federal deputy from State of Mexico, Dist. 8, 1949–1952, member of Foreign and International Trade Committee. e—None. h—None. i—Son of Juan José Serrano Prieto and María Francisca Concepción Merce Tellechea Otero; married Luz María Serrano Santibáñez; son-in-law of Carlos Serrano Prieto and Sofía Santibáñez Isita; brother Carlos Serrano Tellechea, local deputy to State Legislature of Sonora, 1946– 1949. j—None. k—None. l—Peral, 764; DGF51, I, 23, 31; C de D, 1940–1942, 43, 57; C de D, 1949–1951, 90; www.familytreemaker .genealogy.com, 2008. Servín Murrieta, Acela a—Feb. 6, 1932. b—Totutla, Veracruz. c—Early education unknown; certificate in primary education; elementary and secondary school teacher, 1952–1965; professor of teacher education, Enrique Rebsamen Normal School, Veracruz. d—Federal deputy from State of Veracruz, Dist. 7, 1967–1970; plurinominal senator from PRI, 1997–2000, replacing Heberto Castillo Martínez, 1997; prosecretary of Senate, 1999. e—Joined PRI, 1952. f—None. g—Secretary of radio publicity, CNOP, Veracruz; joined SNTE, 1961; founder and secretary-general, SNTE, Veracruz, 1962–2006. h—Hospital file clerk, 1952–1965. i—Son of Joaquín Humberto Servín Andrade, farmer and teacher, who founded own school, and Angelina Murrieta Herrera, teacher; father worked in La Purísima Tile factory, where he became interested in workers’ rights; grandson of

Dr. Joaquín Guadalupe Servín and Antonia Andrade. j—None. k—None. l—Directorio, 1967–1970; C de D, 1967–1970; Musacchio, 388; www.grupoacontecer.com, 2008; www .primariaservinandrade.blogspot.com, 2008. Setzer Marseille, Elmar Harald

a—Dec. 5, 1937. b—Chilón, Chiapas. c—Early education unknown; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, 1957. d—Mayor, Yajalón, Chiapas, 1965–1967; alternate local deputy, State Legislature of Chiapas, 1968–1970; local deputy, State Legislature, president of Permanent Committee and Gran Comisión; governor, Chiapas, 1993–1994, resigned Nov. 30, 1994. e—Joined PRI, 1958. f—None. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Ricardo Elmar Setzer Laugh, wealthy coffee rancher, Yajalón, and Enriqueta Marseille Domínguez; married Mercedes de María Pedrero Corzo. j—None. k—Forced to resign after Zapatista uprising, 1994. l—DBGM94, CD. Sheffield Padilla, Francisco Ricardo

a—Oct. 30, 1966. b—Los Angeles, Calif. c—Early education unknown; law degree from Ibero-American University, León Campus, 1985–1989; MA in private law from Harvard University, 1991; founder and teacher, Manuel Doblado Theater Workshop. d—Member, City Council, León, Guanajuato, 1995–1997; local deputy, State Legislature of Guanajuato, 1997–2000; federal deputy from State of Guanajuato, Dist. 3, 2000–2003; mayor, León, 2009. e—Joined PAN, 1994. f—Director of international media organizations; private secretary to governor of Guanajuato, 1991; private secretary to governor of Guanajuato, 1991; assistant secretary of rural property, Secretariat of Agrarian Reform, 2006–2008. g—President, Calzado Industrial Chamber, Guanajuato, 1992–1994. h—Assistant director, Legal Department, Grupo Industrial Fox, Guanajuato, 1985–1989; commercial director, Calzado Coqueta, 1994–1998; partner and sales manager, Calzado Infantil Bolo, 1997–2000; partner and director of international legal area, García and Martín,

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1996–2000. i—Son of Francisco Ricardo Sheffield Azalea, lawyer and director of relations of US-Mexico Sister Cities Association, and María de Jesús Padilla Gutiérrez; married María Eugenia González Gutiérrez. j—None. k—None. l—QesQ en el Congreso, 2000–2003, 1995; DCM, 2000–2003, 104; Musacchio, 388; www.diputados.gob .mx, 2000–2003. Sidaoui Dib, José Julián a—Sept. 25, 1953. b—Puebla, Puebla. c—Early education unknown; University of the Americas, 1971– 1973; MA in economics from University of Pennsylvania, 1973–1974; PhD in economics from George Washington University, Washington, DC, 1974–1978; research economist, Wharton Econometrics Assoc., 1974; professor, Anáhuac University, 1983–1987. d—None. e—None. f—Researcher, Latin American Division, World Bank, 1976–1977; economist, 1979–1982, assistant manager of financial programs, 1982–1984, assistant treasurer general, 1984–1987, treasurer general, 1988, director of operations, 1988–1994, Bank of Mexico; assistant secretary of the treasury, 1994–1996; assistant governor, Bank of Mexico, 1997–2004. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Alberto Sidaoui Kuri, Public Notary No. 18, Puebla, who authored a textbook on labor law, 1946, and María Teresa Dib Thomé; married Silvia Soraiz Mosqueda; brothers Alberto and Pablo, prominent businessmen in Puebla. j—None. k—None. l—www.banxico.gob.mx, 2008; DBGM92, 355–356; Pescador, 232. Sierra Macedo, Manuel (Deceased July 12, 1988) a—Mar. 4, 1919. b—Federal District. c—Primary, secondary, and preparatory studies at Colegio Francés Morelos (now Colegio México), Mexico City; law degree from Free Law School, Nov. 3, 1943, with thesis on bills of exchange. d—Federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. 9, 1955–1958, member of Legislative Studies Committee and Insurance Committee. e—Joined PAN, 1949; member, PAN National Executive Committee, 1957–1966, 1968–1971; national adviser, PAN, 1953–1971;

president, PAN, Federal District, 1958–1960; PAN candidate for senator, 1958. f—None. g—President, Parents’ Association, Colegio Franco‑Inglés, 1963. h—Practicing lawyer, 1944–1987; director, Cía. Mexicana de Garantías, 1963–1987. i—Son of lawyer Manuel Sierra and Julia Macedo; married Margarita Arratia; daughter Margarita is in Mexican Foreign Service. j—None. k—PAN candidate for senator, 1958. l—Ind. Biog., 151–152; WNM, 216; ELD, 96; DGF56, 23, 33, 37; C de D, 1955–1958; www.df.pan.org.mx, 2008. Sierra (Mayora), Manuel J. (Deceased 1970) a—Jan. 4, 1885. c—Early education unknown; law degree from University of Campeche; LLD from National School of Law, UNAM; professor of history and international public law, National School of Law, UNAM, 1930; director, Institute of Public International Law, UNAM. d—None. e—None. f—Director, Diplomatic Department, Secretariat of Foreign Relations, 1921; director, Consular Department, Secretariat of Foreign Relations, 1921; representative on special mission to the United States, 1924; director, Press Department, Secretariat of Foreign Relations; director, Diplomatic Department, Secretariat of Foreign Relations, 1927; director, Department of Political Affairs, Secretariat of Foreign Relations, 1933; president, Spanish-Mexican Arbitration Commission; delegate, 7th Pan American Conference; oficial mayor of foreign relations, 1935–1936; director of press and publications, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1952–1958; oficial mayor of the treasury, 1959–1964. g—None. h—Author of several books. i—Son of Justo J. Sierra, Supreme Court justice and secretary of public education under Díaz, and Luz Mayora; uncle of Javier Barros Sierra; married Margarita Casasús; father‑in‑law Joaquín de Casasús was senator, banker, and diplomat; uncle of Miguel Lanz Duret, Jr.; became friends with Adolfo López Mateos during a regular breakfast gathering, 1933; professor of and mentor to Manuel Tello; grandson Manuel

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Justo Sierra Noriega was a director general in Secretariat of Tourism; great-granddaughter Paulina Sierra Rivera married Adrián del Mazo, son of Alfredo del Mazo, 2004. j—None. k—None. l—Libro de Oro, 1935–1936, 258; Enc. Mex., XI, 387; Beltrán, 361; DGF56, 172; www.eluniversal.com.mx, 2008; letter. Sierra Olivares, Carlos a—July 8, 1939. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; degree in industrial relations from Ibero-American University, 1958–1961, with thesis on the evaluation of directive actions; professor, Anáhuac University, 1970–1972; professor, Higher School of Business and Administration, IPN, 1968. d—None. e—None. f—Director of administration and finances, Institute of Urban Action and Social Integration, State of Mexico, 1972–1974; general coordinator of administration, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1977–1978; director general of administration and personnel development, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1979–1982; director, Modernization of Public Administration Unit, Secretariat of Programming and Budget, 1983–1984; oficial mayor, Secretariat of Agriculture, 1984–1988; director of administration, Banrural, 1988–1989; controller, Assembly of the Federal District, 2001. g—None. h—Manager, Advisory Group on Human Resources, Somatec, Grupo Somex, 1975–1976. i—Son of Manuel Sierra Magaña, civil engineer, and Isabel Olivares Morales; married Juana Inés Abreu Santos, public official and director general of cultural promotion, Secretariat of the Treasury, 2001. j—None. k—None. l—QesQAP, 135; DBGM, 399; DBGM89, 335; Uno Más Uno, July 18, 1984, 4. Sierra Rivera, Daniel (Deceased) a—July 7, 1905. b—Orizaba, Veracruz. c—Completed primary and secondary studies, Workers Education Center, Veracruz, 1918; no degree. d—Member, the City Council of Orizaba, Veracruz, 1932–1933; federal deputy from State of Veracruz, Dist. 7, 1946–1949; mayor, Orizaba, 1952–1954; federal deputy;

federal deputy from State of Veracruz, Dist. 9, 1967–1970; alternate senator from the State of Veracruz, 1970–1976; federal deputy from State of Veracruz, Dist. 9, 1982–1985, member of the Labor and Social Welfare and the Industrial Development Committees. e—Joined PRI, 1929. f—None. g—Founding member of CROC; secretarygeneral, Union of Beer Workers, CROC, Orizaba, Veracruz, 1940; president, CROC, 1960. h—Employee, Moctezuma Brewery, 1940. i—Married Lourdes Alicia Álvarez Spíndola; son of Rafael Sierra, peasant, and María Rivera Blanco, seamstress. j—None. k—None. l—Directorio, 1967–1970; C de D, 1946–1949; C de D, 1967–1970; C de D, 1982–1985; Lehr, 500; C de S, 1970–1976; DBGM, 603. Sierra Sánchez, Germán a—Sept. 27, 1956. b—Puebla, Puebla. c—Elementary, secondary, and preparatory studies at American School Foundation, Puebla; veterinary medical degree from Autonomous Metropolitan University, Xochimilco Campus, 1974–1979. d—Federal deputy from State of Puebla, Dist. 12, 1985–1988; local deputy, State Legislature of Puebla, 1989–1990; senator from Puebla, 1991–1997, 2000–2006. e—Joined PRI, 1974; president, PRI, Puebla, 1987–1988, 1995; member, National Political Council of PRI, 1995; regional secretary, Region No. 4, CEN of PRI, 1996. f—Director, Agroindustrial Development Program, Secretariat of Agricultural, Puebla, 1981–1985; delegate, ISSSTE, Puebla, 1988–1989; delegate of Secretariat of Social Development, Puebla, 1997–1998; secretary of rural development, Puebla, 1999–2000. g—Delegate of CEN of CNOP, Tlaxcala, 1988. h—None. i—Son of Germán Sierra García and Matilde Sánchez Cruz; married Martha San Martín García. j—None. k—None. l—DCM, 2000–2003, 209–210; Musacchio, 388; QesQ en el Congreso, 2000–2003, 369–370; DBGM87, 569; DBGM92, 581–582. Silberstein Tenenbaum, Jorge a—Apr. 2, 1959. b—Federal District. c—Early

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education unknown; mathematics degree from ITAM, 1978–1982; MA in business administration from MIT, 1983. d—None. e—Joined PRI, 1991. f—Director, Research Department, Policy Information Division, INEGI, 1980–1982; adviser to secretary of the treasury, 1989–1990; director general of financial engineering for unincorporated enterprises, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1990–1992; assistant coordinator of Financial Engineering for parastatal enterprises, Secretariat of Communications and Transportation, 1992–1994; general coordinator of assistance for structure change, 1995–1999; assistant secretary of communications and transportation, 1999–2001. g—None. h—Assistant treasurer, Republic Corporation, New York, 1985–1986; consultant, Republic National Bank, New York, 1986; international consultant, Safrabank, 1987–1988; investment banker, UBS, 2004–2007. i—Son of Arnold Silberstein Sourasky, businessman and vice president of Board of Equitativa Insurance, including members Francisco Alcalá Quintero and Ernesto Fernández Hurtado, and Merly Tennenbaum Kimel; married Raquel Llerner Popko. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM92, 356; DBGM94, CD; Musacchio, 388. Silerio Esparza, Maximiliano a—Mar. 14, 1939. b—Ejido Yerbabuena, Rodeo, Durango. c—Elementary studies in Rodeo, began 1950; secondary studies at Rural Normal School, Salaices, Chihuahua; law degree from Benito Juárez University, Durango, 1959–1963, with thesis on property and marriage. d—Local deputy, State Legislature of Durango, 1968–1971; mayor, Durango, 1971–1974; alternate local deputy, State Legislature of Durango, 1975–1976; federal deputy from State of Durango, Dist. 2, 1976–1979; federal deputy from State of Durango, Dist. 4, 1982–1985, member of Gran Comisión, Government and Constitutional Affairs Committees, Agrarian Reform Committee, Secretary of Rules Committee; senator from State of Durango, 1988–1991; governor, Durango, 1992–1998. e—Joined

PRI, 1959; youth director, PRI, Durango, 1964–1965; president, PRI, Durango, Durango, 1965; president, PRI, State of Durango, 1968; general delegate, CEN of PRI, Veracruz, Chihuahua, Tamaulipas, Sonora, and Guanajuato, 1979‑1982; general delegate, CEN of PRI, Sonora, 1982; general delegate, CEN of PRI, 2006. f—Agent, Ministerio Público; secretary-general of government, State of Durango, 1974–1975. g—President, Student Federation, Benito Juárez University; secretary of organization, League of Agrarian Communities of Durango, 1968– 1971; secretary-general, League of Agrarian Communities, Durango, 1975–1978; secretary-general, CNC, 1989–1992. i—Son of Maximiliano Silerio Arreola, ejidatario, and Blanca Elisa Esparza; parents died when he was 12; married Elvira Díaz Quiñones; son Alejandro director general of a Secretariat of Transportation and Communications Center, Durango. j—None. k—None. l—Lehr, 167; Directorio, 1982–1985; C de D, 1976–1979; C de D, 1982–1985; DBGM, 604; DBGM89, 544; Pescador, 232. Silva Beltrán, Reyes Antonio a—Jan. 6, 1957. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; economics degree from Anáhuac University, 1974–1978. d—Mayor, Huixquilucan, State of Mexico, 1982–1986; member, City Council, Huixquilucan, 1985– 1987; federal deputy from State of Mexico, Dist. 13, 1988–1991; local deputy, State Legislature of Mexico, 1993–1996; plurinominal federal deputy from PRI, 2000–2003. e—Joined PRI, 1972. f—Adviser to director of government, State of Mexico, 1978–1981; director general, Research and Statistics Institute, State of Mexico, 1998–1999. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Concepción Silva Germán, alternate federal deputy from State of Mexico, Dist. 3, 1976–1979, and María Isabel Beltrán Tirado; married Miriam Patricia Murillo Chagoya. j—None. k—None. l—www.cronica.diputados.gob .mx, 2008; DCM, 2000–2003, 444; DBGM89, 544; QesQ en el Congreso, 2000–2003, 254; Musacchio, 389.

t he b io g ra phies  917 Silva Cota, Guilebaldo a—Apr. 16, 1923. b—Ensenada, Baja California. c—Early education unknown; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, 1951. d—Federal deputy from State of Baja California, Dist. 2, 1955–1958; mayor, Ensenada, 1968; senator from Baja California, 1994– 2000. e—President, PRI, Baja California; general delegate, CEN of PRI, Michoacán, Jalisco, Nayarit; member, National Political Council. f—Agent, Ministerio Público, Baja California; attorney for the defense of labor; president, Conciliation and Arbitration Board, Baja California; director, Department of Labor, Baja California; secretary-general of government, Baja California; manager, Rural Development Bank, Ensenada and Tijuana, Baja California; g—None. h—Public notary. j—None. k—None. l—C de D, 1955–1958; www .secgob.gob.mx, 1997, 2007; QesQ en el Congreso, 1997–2000, 334–335; Musacchio, 389. Silva García, Pablo (Deceased 1991) a—July 28, 1904. b—Colima, Colima. c—Elementary studies at Ramón R. de la Vega School, Colima, 1910–1916; teaching certificate from Normal School of Colima, May 22, 1920; professor, Federal Institute of Teacher Education; adviser to the Papaloapan Commission on Education. d—Governor, Colima, 1967–1973. e—None. f—Director of federal education, Jalisco, 1951; director of federal education, Guanajuato, 1956; director general of primary instruction, type B, states and federal territories. g—None. i—Son of Pablo Silva Zamora, federal deputy from State of Colima, Dist. 2, 1937–1940, and María Luz García Aznar; grandson of Esteban García, governor of Colima, 1883–1987; student of Alberto Larios Gaytán, secretary general of SNTE; son Librado Silva, federal deputy from State of Colima, Dist. 2, 1997–2000. j—None. k—None. l—DGF51, I, 301; DPE61, 99; DGF56, 306; Hoy, Sept. 12, 1970, 63; letter; Romero Aceves, 165–166; www .es.wikipedia.org, 2008.

Silva Herzog, Jesús (Deceased Mar. 13, 1985) a—Nov. 14, 1892. b—San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí. c—Elementary studies at a seminary in San Luis Potosí, completed, 1905; secondary studies at Paine Uptown Business School, New York, 1912–1914; studies at Graduate School, UNAM, 1919–1923; founder, National School of Economics, UNAM; professor of economic policy, general economic history, and history of economic thought, National School of Agriculture, 1923–1938; professor of literature and English, College for Elementary School Teachers, 1919–1924; professor of economic policy, National Teachers’ College, 1925–1928; professor emeritus, UNAM, 1960; professor of the history of economic thought, UNAM, 1931–1959; professor of economic and social problems, School of Philosophy, UNAM, 1928–1930; director, National School of Economics, UNAM, 1940–1942. d—None. e—Writer, campaign of Aurelio Manrique for governor of San Luis Potosí, 1923; secretary of foreign affairs, CEN of PNR, 1930. f—Employed in Customs Office, San Luis Potosí, 1910–1912; director of economic statistics, National Statistics Department, 1926–1927; oficial mayor, Secretariat of Public Education, 1932; assistant secretary of public education, 1933–1934; founder and director of economic studies, National Railroads of Mexico, 1931–1932; founder and director, Department of Libraries and Economics Archives, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1928; Minister to Soviet Union, 1928–1930; economic adviser during petroleum conflict, 1937–1938; general manager, National Petroleum Co., 1939–1940 (before it became PEMEX); founder and director, Department of Financial Studies, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1942–1945; assistant secretary of the treasury, 1945–1946; president, Technical Council, Secretariat of National Patrimony, 1947–1948. g—None. h—Reporter, 1914–1915; businessman, 1916–1917; author of major works on political and economic history; founder, Mexican Institute of

918  m e xic a n p oli t i c a l b i o g ra ph i e s , 1935–20 0 9

Economic Investigations, 1928; founder of several revolutionary newspapers; adviser to secretary of national patrimony, 1946–1947; member, Board of Governors, UNAM, 1945–1962; director, Cuadernos Americanos, 1948–1981. i—Son of Joaquín Silva, English teacher, and Estefania Herzog; boyhood friend of Aurelio Manrique; studied under Antonio Caso, Carlos Lazo, Ezequiel A. Chávez, and Alfonso Goldschmidt; son Jesús Silva Herzog Flores was secretary of the treasury. j—Accompanied Eulalio Gutiérrez during the Revolution as a reporter and supporter, 1914. k—Jailed in 1916 for 4 months. l—Wilkie, 634–1635; Strode, 336–337; DGF59, II, 129; Peral, 769; DBM68, 582–583; Dulles, 934; WWM45, 113; López, 1029; Enc. Mex., XI, 394–395; Excélsior, Jan. 27, 1973, 9. Silva Herzog (Flores), Jesús a—May 8, 1935. b—Federal District. c—Elementary studies at Hispano-Americano Academy, 1942–1948; secondary studies at National Preparatory School No. 2, 1948–1951; preparatory studies at National Preparatory School, 1951–1953; studied economics at National School of Economics, UNAM, 1953–1957; scholarship to study at CEMLA, 1958; economics degree with honorable mention from UNAM, Dec. 7, 1959, with thesis titled “Considerations about the Petroleum Industry and Economic Development in Mexico”; MA in economics, Yale University, 1960–1962; professor of theory and monetary fiscal policy, Center of Economic and Demographic Studies, Colegio de México, 1964–1969; professor of international economic cooperation, National School of Economics, UNAM, 1963–1969; director, CEMLA, 1989–1991. d—None. e—None. f—Economist, Department of Economic Studies, Bank of Mexico, 1956–1960; economist, Division of Economic Development, IADB, 1962–1963; director, Technical Office, Bank of Mexico, 1964–1968; coordinator, Bank of Mexico, 1969–1970; director general of credit, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1970–1972; director

general, National Institute of Housing, Apr. 24, 1972–1976; general manager, Bank of Mexico, 1977–1978; director general of Credit, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1978–1979; assistant secretary of credit, May 22, 1979–1982; secretary of the treasury, 1982–1986; ambassador to Spain, 1991–1993; secretary of tourism, 1993–1994; ambassador to United States, 1994–1998. g—None. h—Delegate, inter‑American and international economics conferences; author of several articles and a book on economics. i—Son of Jesús Silva Herzog, assistant secretary of the treasury, 1945–1946, and Josefina Flores Villarreal; married María Teresa Márquez Díez-Cañedo; father-in-law Javier Márquez, economist at CEMLA; friend of Carlos Bermúdez Limón, director general of PIPSA, 1970–1972, while both were students at UNAM; considers father and Rodrigo Gómez the major influences on his professional life. j—None. k—None. l—Excélsior, Apr. 30, 1972, 418; letters; HA, May 7, 1973, 17; Excélsior, Dec. 1, 1982, 36; Q es QAP; DBGM92, 357; D del Y, July 27, 1999. Silva Meza, Juan Nepomuceno a—Sept. 13, 1944. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, 1964–1969, graduating with thesis on Art. 333 of the Penal Code, 1970; professor of positivist law, National Preparatory School; professor of positivist law, UNAM and National Institute of Criminal Science, 1972. d—None. e—Joined PRI, 1976. f—Secretary, First Circuit Court, Criminal Division, 1971–1973; assistant director general of legislation, Department of Agrarian Affairs, 1973–1974; adviser, National Institute of Credit Directors, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1974–1976; auxiliary secretary to director general of Banrural, 1977–1978; director, Legal Division, Office of the Federal Tax Attorney, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1978; assistant director of immigrants and emigrants and migration services, Secretariat of Government, 1982; secretary of studies and accounts, Supreme Court of Justice,

t he b io g ra phies  919

1984–1986; judge, Eighth District, Federal District, 1986–1988; judge, Second Division, First Circuit, Federal District, 1988; justice, Supreme Court, 1995–2010. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Juan Silva Vega, lawyer, petroleum workers’ union labor secretary, novelist, and local court official, and Ana María Meza Romeo, college professor; married Marcel García Hernández, union leader. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM89, 644; DBGM92, 201–202; www.scjn.gob.mx, Mar. 29, 2000; Musacchio, 389. Silva Nava, Carlos de a—May 29, 1941. b—Federal District. c—Elementary studies in Mexico City and Guadalajara, Jalisco; secondary and preparatory studies at Colegio Cervantes, Guadalajara; law degree from School of Law, Autonomous University of Guadalajara, 1959–1964; professor, School of Law and Social Sciences, University of Guadalajara, 1965–1967; professor, National School of Law, UNAM, 1968–1972, 1978–1981. d—None. e—None. f—Judicial official, Fourth Circuit Court, Guadalajara, 1965; secretary, Fourth Circuit Court, Guadalajara, 1965–1966; first secretary, Appeals Court, Fourth Circuit, Guadalajara, 1966– 1968; secretary of studies and accounts, Supreme Court, 1968–1972; third district court judge, Nuevo Laredo, Tamaulipas, 1972; second judge, Administrative District, Federal District, 1972–1977; judge, Appeals Court, Tenth Circuit, 1977–1978; judge, Second Appeals Court, First Circuit, Administrative Division, Federal District, 1978–1984; justice, Supreme Court, 1984–1985, First Division, 1985–1994, Second Division, retired Dec. 31, 1994. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Alfonso de Silva Reynoso, lawyer, and Consuelo Nava Palacios; married Adriana Magallanes Medina. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM, 688; DBGM89, 644; DBGM87, 663; DBGM92, 702; www.scjn.gob.mx, 682–683, 2008. Silva Nieto, Fernando a—Nov. 24, 1950. b—San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí. c—Elementary studies at Ing. Manuel de Alba School, San Luis Potosí; secondary

studies at Latino Institute, San Luis Potosí; preparatory studies at University of San Luis Potosí; law degree from University of San Luis Potosí, 1968–1973, graduating with thesis on state intervention in dynamic demography; MA in political science, Colegio de México, 1976–1977; studies in planning and social policy, University of Swansea, Eng., 1977; professor, National Teachers’ University, 1977–1979. d—Senator from San Luis Potosí, 1988–1991; governor, San Luis Potosí, 1997–2003. e—Joined PRI, 1971; founder and secretary-general, Revolutionary Youth Movement of PRI, 1972–1975; oficial mayor, PRI, San Luis Potosí, 1973–1974. f—Private secretary to governor of San Luis Potosí, 1973; secretary, City Council, San Luis Potosí, 1974–1976; director of states and municipalities advisers, 1982–1983; private secretary to Manuel Camacho, assistant secretary of regional development, Secretariat of Programming and Budget, 1984–1986; coordinator, PRONASOL, Federal District; private secretary to secretary of social development, 1986; coordinator general of delegates, Secretariat of Social Development, 1987–1988; secretary of planning and finance, San Luis Potosí, 1994–1995; secretary of education, San Luis Potosí, 1995; secretary-general of government, San Luis Potosí, 1995–1996. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Rafael Silva Ochoa and Celia Nieto Castillo; married Montserrat Carreras Lomelí; political mentor, Manuel Camacho. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM89, 545; DBGM92, 545; Musacchio, 390; www .elector.com.mx, 2008; www.pri.org, 2003. Siurob Ramírez, José (Deceased Nov. 5, 1965) a—Nov. 11, 1886. b—Querétaro, Querétaro. c—Began studies in Querétaro; medical degree from National School of Medicine, UNAM, 1912. d—Constitutional deputy from State of Guanajuato, Dist. 13, 1916–1917; federal deputy from State of Querétaro, Dist. 3, 1918–1920; federal deputy from State of Querétaro, Dist. 1, 1920–1922; federal deputy from State of Querétaro, 1922–1924; federal deputy from

920  m e xic a n p oli t i c a l b i o g ra ph i e s , 1935–20 0 9

State of Querétaro, Dist. 3, 1924–1926, secretary of Gran Comisión, president of Congress (twice). e—Campaigned for Madero, 1909. f—Governor, Querétaro, 1914–1915; governor, Guanajuato, 1915–1916; governor, Quintana Roo, 1928–1931; director of military health, Secretariat of National Defense, 1934–1935; secretary, Department of Public Health, June 19, 1935–Jan. 4, 1938; head, Department of the Federal District, 1938– 1939; secretary of health, Aug. 5, 1939–Nov. 30, 1940. g—None. h—Author of books on medicine and health in Mexico. i—Distant relative of Father Hidalgo. j—Joined the Revolution as medical student in support of Madero, 1911–1912, fought at Tampico and San Luis Potosí; physician, Northeast Medical Corps, Constitutional Army; fought against Villa’s forces in León, Guanajuato; career army officer; rank of brigadier general, 1915; rank of division general; director of military health, Secretariat of National Defense, 1945; retired from army, 1945; commander, 17th Military Zone, Querétaro, Querétaro; inspector general of the army, 1932–1934. k—A founder of the Army Bank; Brandenburg puts him in the Inner Circle of Influence, 1934–1940. l—Peral, 771; DP70, 1996, 2022; Brandenburg, 80; D del S, June 19, 1935, 1; López, 1035; Enc. Mex., XI, 442. Sobarzo (Díaz), Horacio (Deceased Apr. 19, 1963) a—Aug. 2, 1896. b—Magdalena de Kino, Sonora. c—Elementary studies at Colegio de Sonora, Hermosillo, Sonora; secondary and preparatory studies at Colegio Sonora; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, 1925. d—None. e—Founding member, National Council of PAN, 1939; removed from his position as notary for participating in the founding of PAN; national adviser, PAN, 1939–1941; resigned from PAN because of political pressures in Sonora. f—Judge in Nogales, Sonora, 1928; judge, Superior Tribunal, State of Sonora, 1929–1937; secretary-general of government, State of Sonora, 1946–1949; substitute governor, Sonora, Apr., 1948–Aug. 31, 1949, for General Abelardo Rodríguez. g—None.

h—Notary, Miguel A. López firm, Nogales; public notary, Hermosillo, 1937–1940, 1943; author of several historical biographies. i—Father of Alejandro Sobarzo Loaiza, federal deputy, 1979–1982, and director general in Secretariat of Government; married Julia Loaiza Lacy. k—None. l—DP70, 1997; Anderson; Mabry; Enc. Mex., XI, 443; Pérez Franco, 319. Sobarzo Loaiza, Alejandro a—Feb. 16, 1934. b—Hermosillo, Sonora. c—Preparatory studies at Instituto Patria, Mexico City, 1954; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM; LLD from Central University, Madrid, 1961; professor of international law, National School of Law, UNAM, 1965–1968; professor of international relations, Graduate School of Political Science, UNAM, 1967–1968. d—Federal deputy from State of Sonora, Dist. 2, 1973–1976; alternate senator from State of Sonora, 1976–1982, in functions, 1981–1982; federal deputy from state of Sonora, Dist. 2, 1979–1982, President of Foreign Relations Committee, 1981; alternate senator from State of Sonora, 1982–1988, in functions as senator, 1983–1988. e—Private secretary to president of CEN of PRI, Jesús Reyes Heroles, 1972–1973; general delegate, CEN of PRI, Aguascalientes and Baja California, 1977–1978; secretary of organization, CEN of PRI, 1978; secretary of international affairs, CEN of PRI, 1978–1979; secretary of international relations, CEN of PRI, 1987. f—Secretary of studies and accounts, Second Division, Supreme Court, 1965–1966; adviser to director general of PEMEX, Jesús Reyes Heroles, 1966–1970; director general of government, Secretariat of Government, 1982–1983; ambassador to Venezuela, 1989. g—None. h—Public notary, Sonora, 1963–1965; author of many articles and monographs. i—Son of Horacio Sobarzo, interim governor of Sonora, 1948–1949, and Julia Loaiza Lacy; married María Dolores Morelos. j—None. k—PRI precandidate for governor of Sonora, 1978. l—HA, Mar. 19, 1979, I; Excélsior, Sept. 10, 1978, 12; C de D, 1973–1976; C de S, 1976–1982; C de D,

t he b io g ra phies  921

1979–1982; C de S, 1982–1988; HA, May 11, 1981, 11; Q es QAP, 39; DBGM89, 336–337; DBGM, 605; Excélsior, July 25, 1984, 20. Soberanes Muñoz, Manuel (Deceased) a—Feb. 11, 1911. b—La Paz, Baja California del Sur. c—Elementary studies at Melchor Ocampo School; preparatory studies at National Preparatory School; graduated from National Military College, 2nd infantry lieutenant, 1929; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, 1939; professor of military ethics, National Military College. d—Federal deputy from State of Querétaro, Dist. 2, 1952–1955; senator from State of Querétaro, 1964–1970. e—Advisor to military sector, PNR; president, PRI, Querétaro; general delegate, CEN of PRI, to various states. f—Private secretary to governor of Hidalgo, Alfonso Corona del Rosal, 1957–1958; director, Office of Business Revenues, Treasury Department, Federal District; director, Office of Infractions, Department of the Federal District; director, License Office, Department of the Federal District; treasurer, State of Querétaro. g—None. i—Son of career army officer; brother Urbano Soberanes Muñoz was colonel in 1959; brother Gregorio graduated from National Military College in 1929; part of Alfonso Corona del Rosal’s political group; his alternate as federal deputy, Samuel Palacios, was father of Mariano Palacios Alcocer. j—Career army officer; rank of colonel, Nov. 20, 1961; rank of brigadier general, Nov. 20, 1972. k—None. l—C de D, 1952–1955; C de S, 1964–1970; MGF69; Rev. de Ejer., Nov., 1961, 11; Rev. de Ejer., Nov., 1972, 51; letter. Soberanes Reyes, José Luis a—May 18, 1950. b—Culiacán, Sinaloa. c—Early education unknown; civil engineering degree from Monterrey Institute of Technological and Higher Studies, 1966–1971, with thesis on water distribution systems; MA in urban planning from University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 1973–1976; MA in operations research from University of Pennsylvania, 1973–1976; professor, UNAM, 1978–1980.

d—Senator from State of Sinaloa, 1994-1997, president of Social Development Committee. e—Joined PRI, 1977; coordinator, Transportation Studies Committee, CEPES of PRI, Federal District, 1982; treasurer, CEN of PRI, 1990–1992; secretary of organization, CEN of PRI, 1993. f—Technical adviser to assistant secretary of human dwellings, Secretariat of Housing and Public Works, 1977– 1979; coordinator, Division of Regional Programming and Budgeting, Secretariat of Programming and Budget, 1983–1985; executive coordinator and director general of policy information, Secretariat of Programming and Budget, 1985–1988; director of urban operations and retail distribution, CONASUPO, 1988–1990; assistant secretary of urban development and infrastructure, Secretariat of Social Development, 1990–1993; president, National Commission on Human Rights, 1999–2008, g—None. h—Technical director of studies and projects in urban and regional planning, ACE Ingenieros Consultores, 1979–1982. i—Son of José Luis Soberanes Cázares, rancher, and Aurora Reyes Medina; married Patricia Elvira Torres Nafarrate, lawyer; attended Monterrey Institute of Higher Studies with Luis Donaldo Colosio; student with Luis Donaldo Colosio at University of Pennsylvania; political disciple of Luis Donaldo Colosio. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM92, 357–358; letter; www.secgob.gob.mx, 2007; Musacchio, 391; QesQ en el Congreso, 1997, 335. Soberanis Sosa, Eraclio a—June 8, 1946. b—Tixmucuy, Campeche. c—Early education unknown; teaching certificate from Justo Sierra Méndez Rural Normal School, Hecelchakán, Campeche; education degree from National Teachers’ University, Campeche, 1993–1996. d—Member, City Council, Campeche, 1977–1980; alternate senator from San Luis Potosí, 1982–1988; federal deputy from State of Campeche, Dist. 1, 1988–1991; local deputy, State Legislature of Campeche, 1986–1989, 1994–1997; plurinominal federal deputy from PRI,

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1997–2000. e—Joined PRI, 1969; secretary of political action, PRI, Campeche, 1982; assistant secretary of elections, CEN of PRI, 1997; member, PRI National Council. f—Auxiliary secretary to governor of Campeche, 1973–1979; director of peasant affairs, Campeche, 1975; secretary, Mixed Agrarian Commission, Campeche, 1976–1985; secretary of fishing development, 1991–1993, Campeche. g—Secretary of fishing and aquaculture, CEN of CNC, 1995; h—None. i—Son of Agustín Soberanis and Ana María Sosa; married Pilar Montalvo Alcocer. j—None. k—None. l—QesQ en el Congreso, 1997–2000, 231; www.sec.gob.mx, 1997, 2007; DBGM89, 545; DBGM92, 836. Soberón (Acevedo), Guillermo a—Dec. 29, 1925. b—Iguala, Guerrero. c—Primary and secondary studies, public schools, Mexico City; preparatory studies at National Preparatory School; medical studies at National School of Medicine, UNAM, 1943–1948, graduating 1949 with honorable mention for thesis titled “Some Aspects of Paludism in Apatzingán, Michoacán”; PhD in chemical physiology from University of Wisconsin, Madison, 1952–1956, with dissertation titled “Study of the Peroxidatic System of Leucocytes and Its Role in the Formation of Alloxan from Uric Acid”; full-time professor, Institute of Biomedical Research, UNAM, 1965–1980; full-time researcher, Institute of Biomedical Research, UNAM, 1965–1980, UNAM; director of biomedical research, UNAM, 1965–1971; founder and coordinator of scientific research, UNAM, 1971–1973; professor, Graduate School, IPN; visiting professor, various United States universities. d—None. e—None. f—Intern, National Institute of Nutrition, 1950–1951; chief, Department of Biology, National Institute of Nutrition, 1956–1965; founder, Department of Biochemistry, National Institute of Nutrition, 1957; director of research, National Institute of Nutrition, 1956–1965; rector, UNAM, Jan. 3, 1973–1977, 1977–1981; coordinator of health services, Secretariat of the Presidency of Mexico, 1981–1982;

secretary of health, 1982–1988. g—Founding president, Mexican Society of Biochemistry. h—Author of numerous articles on medical subjects; employed as medical expert by United Nations; member, National College, 1981; president, Mexican Health Foundation, 1994–2007. i—Studied under Enrique Beltrán, Francisco Gómez Mont, and Salvador Zubirán at UNAM; brother of Jorge Soberón Acevedo, senator from Guerrero, 1976–1982; son of Galo Soberón y Parra, prominent physician and federal deputy from Guerrero, 1937–1940, and Carmen Acevedo. j—None. k—National prize in science, 1980. l—HA, Jan. 8, 1973, 18; letter; Enc. Mex., XI, 443; Excélsior, Dec. 1, 1982, 34; Q es QAP, 331. Soberón Acevedo, Jorge (Deceased Aug. 21, 1980) a—Oct. 6, 1921. b—Iguala, Guerrero. c—Early education unknown; medical degree, with specialized studies in cardiology, from National School of Medicine, UNAM, 1946; professor of cardiology, National School of Medicine, UNAM, 1948–1980. d—Federal deputy from State of Guerrero, Dist. 2, 1955–1958, member of Health Committee, Budget Committee, Instructive Sec. of the Grand Jury; alternate senator from State of Guerrero, 1964–1970; senator from State of Guerrero, 1976–1980, member of Permanent Committee, 1976–1980. e—Became active in CNOP, 1948. f—Intern, National Institute of Cardiology; adjunct physician, National Institute of Cardiology; director of clinical services, National Institute of Cardiology. g—Founder, Mexican Association of Guerrero Residents, Mexico City. h—Founder, Voz del Sur newspaper. i—Brother of Guillermo Soberón, rector of UNAM, 1973– 1981; son of Galo Soberón y Parra, federal deputy from State of Guerrero, 1937–1940, and Carmen Acevedo; married Carmen Silva. j—None. k—None. l—Ind. Biog., 152– 153; DGF56, 24, 34, 35, 37; C de D, 1955–1958; C de S, 1976–1982; C de S, 1964–1970; HA, Sept. 1, 1980, 7–8. Sobrino Sierra, Carlos Hernando

a—Jan. 31, 1953. b—Mérida, Yucatán

t he b io g ra phies  923

c—Elementary studies at Cuauhtémoc public school, Mérida; secondary studies at Adolfo Cisneros Cámara Public School; preparatory studies in social sciences at University of Yucatán; economics degree from University of Yucatán, 1977. d—Senator from Yucatán, 1991–1997; federal deputy from State of Yucatán, Dist. 5, 1997–2000. e—Joined PRI, 1971; assistant secretary of promotion and administration, CEN of PRI, 1987–1988; general delegate, CEN of PRI, Nayarit, 1999; president, PRI, Yucatán, 2003–2006; precandidate for PRI nomination for governor of Yucatán, 2007. f—Adviser on economic studies, Secretariat of Agriculture, 1971–1972; head, Credit Organizations Department, Rural Peninsular Credit Bank, 1972–1978; manager, Henequen Workers’ Trust, 1978–1980; director of primary materials, CORDEMEX, 1986–1990; coordinator, National Solidarity Program, Yucatán, 1990–1991. g—Private secretary to secretary-general, CNC, 1981– 1982. h—None. i—Son of Carlos Sobrino Canto and Adela Sierra Burgos; married Noemí del Socorro Argáez Aguilar; brother Eduardo, local deputy and president of PRD in Yucatán. j—None. k—None. l—www .carlossobrino.org, 2008; www.larevista .com.mx, 2008; www.secgob.gob.mx, 1997, 2007; DBGM92, 582; QesQ en el Congreso, 1997–2000, 232. Sodi de la Tijera, Demetrio Javier

a—Sept. 25, 1944. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; degree in business administration from IberoAmerican University, 1962–1966; business studies in administrative development at Harvard University, 1973. d—Federal deputy from Federal District, Dist 25, 1988–1991, president of Trade Committee; representative, Assembly of the Federal District, 1991–1994; federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. 26, 1997–2000, vice coordinator of PRD delegation; plurinominal senator (independent), 2000–2006. e—Member, PRI; assistant secretary to president, CEN of PRI, 1989–1990; joined PRD, 1997; national

adviser, PRD, 1999–2002; PRD candidate for governor of Federal District, 2000. f—Assistant director, Fosfatados Fertilizantes Mexicanos, 1975–1976; manager of operations, CONASUPO, 1977; director general, Urban Development Commission, Federal District, 1982; general coordinator of warehouses, Department of the Federal District, 1983–1988; g—Founding member, San Ángel Group. h—Radio commentator and editorial writer; assistant director, Aurrerá, 1963–1973; director general, Suburbia, 1973–1975; general manager, Diconsa, 1975–1982. i—Son of Demetrio Sodi Pallares, internationally renowned cardiologist, president of Mexican Academy of Medicine, 1964–1965, and “master teacher” of American College of Cardiology, and Soledad Alicia de la Tijera Alarcón; married Iris Edith Santacruz Fabila, economist; grandson of Carmen Pallares and Demetrio Sodi, Supreme Court justice, 1906–1911, and minister of justice, 1911, under Porfirio Díaz, who was defense lawyer for José de León Toral, assassin of President-elect Álvaro Obregón; great-nephew of Carlos Sodi, senator from Michoacán, 1900–1908; maternal grandfather, Jacinto Pallares, active opponent of Díaz. j—None. k—None. l—QesQAP82, 451; www.secgob.gob.mx, 1997, 2008; Musacchio, 391; DBGM84, 399– 400; www.sodipallares.magnetotec.com.mx, 2008; QesQ en el Congreso, 1997–2000, 115. Sojo Garza-Adalpe, Eduardo a—Jan. 9. 1956. b—León, Guanajuato. c—Early education unknown; economics degree from ITESM; MA in economics from University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; PhD in organization and finance from University of Pennsylvania; professor and researcher, ITESM, León, Guanajuato, Campus; researcher, Link Project, University of Pennsylvania. d—None. e—Economic adviser to Felipe Calderón during presidential campaign, 2000; coordinator of Economic Program, Friends of Fox, 1998–2000; coordinator of economic team, Fox Transition, 2000. f—Analyst, Political, Economic,

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and Social Division, 1979–1982; director of statistics, INEGI; director, Technical Office, INEGI; coordinator, Economics Cabinet, Guanajuato, 1995–1999; coordinator, Economics Cabinet, and chief of staff, President Vicente Fox, 2000–2006; coordinator, Transition to President Calderón, 2006; secretary of the economy, 2006–2008; director general, INEGI, 2008–2010. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Andrés Sojo Anaya and Catalina Garza Aldape; married Lourdes Santos; brother Arturo, prominent businessman, Guanajuato; nephew Arturo Sojo Quiroz, assistant director of NAFIN. j—None. k—None. l—www.jornada.unam .mx, 2008; D del Y, Nov. 21, 2006; www .economia.gob.mx, 2007; www.foros .presidencia.gob.mx, 2008; Pérez Franco, 320–321. Solana (Morales), Fernando a—Feb. 8, 1931. b—Federal District. c—Preparatory studies at Instituto Patria, 1947; studies in civil engineering at National School of Engineering, UNAM, 1948–1952; studies in philosophy at School of Philosophy and Letters, UNAM, 1955; degree in political science and public administration at School of Political and Social Sciences, UNAM, 1964, with honorable mention; professor of economic organization and Mexican public administration, National School of Economics, UNAM, 1965–1966; professor of world politics, 1964–1965, government and politics of the State of Mexico, 1967–1970, political science, 1970, 1973–1974, society and politics of contemporary Mexico, 1971– 1972, and political analysis of public finance, 1976, School of Political and Social Sciences, UNAM; professor of theory and politics, Graduate School, UNAM, 1973– ; director, Public Administration Seminar, UNAM, 1965–1968; secretary-general, UNAM, 1966–1970. d—Senator from Federal District, 1994–2000, president of Foreign Relations Committee. e—Member, Advisory Board, IEPES of PRI. f—Researcher in international economic problems, NAFIN, 1961–1965; member, Committee on Public

Administration, Office of the Presidency, 1965–1966; assistant director of planning and finance, CONASUPO, 1970–1976; managing director of industries, CONASUPO, 1975–1976; secretary of industry and commerce, 1976–1977; secretary of commerce, 1977; secretary of public education, 1977– 1982; director general, Banamex, 1982–1988; secretary of foreign relations, 1988–1993; secretary of public education, 1993–1994. g—Representative of faculty of School of Political Science, UNAM, 1975–1979; adviser, National Sugar Producers’ Union, 1964–1966. h—Journalist, 1952–1966; editor, Transformación, 1963–1964; director, Informac, SA, 1965–1966; member, Board of Directors, National Productivity Council, 1966–1970; assistant director, Mañana; author of many works on public administration. i—Collaborator of Javier Barros Sierra; student of Víctor Flores Olea; nephew of Daniel Morales Blumenkron, newspaper editor; nephew of Guillermo Morales Blumenkron, governor of Puebla; son of Fernando Solana Castillo, industrialist, and Concepción Morales Blumenkron; sonin-law of Adrián Lajous Martínez; brother Luis Javier was coordinator of social affairs for presidency; married Roberta Lajous. j—None. k—None. l—Plural, Dec., 1977, 97–98; Excélsior, May 13, 1977, 6; Excélsior, Dec. 10, 1977, 13, 1; HA, Jan. 31, 1977, 19; WNM, 217; HA, Dec. 6, 1976, 22; Excélsior, Dec. 3, 1976, 15; Excélsior, Oct. 14, 1982, 26; DBGM, 466; letter; DBGM89, 337; DBGM92, 358. Solares Chávez, Miguel Ángel a—Sept. 29, 1945. b—Xochimilco, Federal District. c—Elementary teaching certificate from National Teachers’ University, 1961–1963; degree in commercial relations from National Teachers’ University, 1972–1976; professor of biology, National Teachers’ University, 1977–1981; elementary school teacher, 1977–1981; secondary school teacher, 1981–1993. d—Federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. 28, 1997–2000; local deputy, State Legislature of the Federal

t he b io g ra phies  925

District, 2003–2006; federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. 25, 2006–2009. e—Member, PMT, 1977–1979; member, PSUM, 1980–1984; founding member, PMS, 1988; joined PRD; national adviser, PRD, 1997–2000; regional adviser, PRD, 2002–2006. f—Director general of social development, Xochimilco Delegation, Federal District, 2000–2002. g—None. h—Sales manager, Trillas Publishers, 1974–1977. i—Son of Ángel Solares Peralta and Amalia Chávez Jiménez. j—Directorio del Congreso, 2006–2009, 90; www.diputados.gob .mx, 2006–2009; www.secgob.gob.mx, 1997, 2007. Solís Cámara y Jiménez Canet, Fernando a—Feb. 14, 1959. b—Federal District.

c—Early education unknown; economics degree from Anáhuac University, 1977–1981; MA in public administration from Harvard University, 1982–1984; PhD in public policy from Harvard University, 1984–1986; MA in economics from Boston University, 1985–1986; professor, Anáhuac University, 1988–1992. d—None. e—Joined PRI, 1981; general coordinator, presidential campaign, 1987–1988; coordinator of strategy, Francisco Labastida presidential campaign, 2000; official spokesperson for Roberto Madrazo, PRI presidential candidate, 2006. f—Analyst and assistant director, Department of Macroeconomic Project Variables, Monetary and Credit Policy Division, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1980–1981; director of economic studies, Program and Evaluation Division, INFONAVIT, 1986–1988; director general of material resources and general services, Secretariat of Programming and Budget, 1988–1992; coordinator of decentralized education, Secretariat of Public Education, 1992–1994; director general of migration, Secretariat of Government, 1994–1998; assistant secretary of population and migratory services, Secretariat of Government, 1998–1999. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Pedro Solís Cámara Gómez, lawyer, and Betty Jiménez Canet Corder, government employee; married Alejandrina

Díaz Peña, economist. j—None. k—None. l—www.cronica.diputados.gob.mx, 2008; DBGM92, 359; Musacchio, 392; Pescador, 234. Solís Gómez, Gerardo Octavio a—Nov. 19, 1957. b—Guadalajara, Jalisco. c—Early education unknown; law degree from University of Guadalajara; MA in criminal law from University of Guadalajara; professor, School of Law, ITESO. d—None. e—Not active member of PAN. f—Official, Superior Tribunal of Justice, Jalisco; assistant attorney general of process, Jalisco, 1995–1996; assistant attorney general of prior complaints, Jalisco, 1996–1998; director general, Legal Department, Secretary of Transportation and Roads, Jalisco, 1998–2000; attorney general, Jalisco, 2000–2005; secretary of government, Jalisco, 2005–2006; governor, Jalisco, Nov. 21, 2006–Feb. 28, 2007; coordinator of advisers, Secretariat of Government, 2007–2008. g—None. j—None. k—None. l—La Jornada, Nov. 21, 2006; Milenio, Mar. 15, 2007; Pérez Franco, 321. Solís López, Ernesto (Deceased Aug. 5, 1988) a—Mar. 14, 1905. b—Puebla, Puebla. c—Elementary, secondary, and preparatory studies, public schools, Puebla; law degree from School of Law, University of Puebla, Oct. 28, 1929; legal studies at UNAM; professor of social economics, Preparatory School of Puebla; professor, School of Law, University of Puebla, 1932–1938; professor of industrial law, labor law, and sociology, University of Puebla. d—None. e—None. f—Secretary-general, Puebla, 1932; public defender, Criminal District Court and Fifth Civil Circuit Court, Puebla, 1934–1938; private secretary to director, Department of Public Health; legal adviser, Secretariat of Government; actuary, Third Judicial District, Civil Division, Puebla; supernumerary justice, Supreme Court, 1966–1967; justice, Supreme Court, 1967–1975. g—None. h—Practicing lawyer, Puebla and Mexico City, 37 years. j—None. k—None. l—www. cronica.diputados.gob.mx, Aug. 31, 1966; www.scjn.gob.mx, 686–687, 2008.

926  m e xic a n p oli t i c a l b i o g ra ph i e s , 1935–20 0 9 Solís Manjárrez, Leopoldo a—Sept. 2, 1928. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; studies in economics at National School of Economics, UNAM, 1948–1952; graduate studies in macroeconomic models, Yale University, 1957–1959; professor of international trade, Autonomous Technological Institute of Mexico, 1960–1962; professor of macro- and microeconomic Theory, monetary theory, growth theories, and economic development, Center for Economic and Demographic Studies, Colegio de México, 1962–1970; visiting professor, Princeton University, 1975–1976; researcher, Center for Economic and Demographic Studies, Colegio de México, 1976. d—None. e—Assistant director, IEPES of PRI, 1971. f—Director, Department of Economic Studies, Bank of Mexico, 1964– 1970; director, Joint Commission of Economic and Social Planning, Secretariat of the Presidency of Mexico, 1970–1975; assistant secretary of commercial planning, Secretariat of Commerce, 1977; assistant director general, Bank of Mexico, 1976–1985; director general, Banca Confía, 1982; coordinator of economic advisers, Secretariat of the Presidency of Mexico, 1985–1988, 1988–1994. g—None. h—Author of various articles and books on economics; member, National College, 1976; member, Executive Board, Latin American Institute of Economic and Social Planning, Santiago, Chile, 1971–1974; president, Board of Directors, International Bank, 1973–1974; adviser, Cía. Minera Autlán, 1977–1982. i—Son of Jorge Solís Avendaño, surgeon, and Emilia Manjárrez Gasca; brother Marco Aurelio was director general of the Secretariat of Commerce and Industrial Development; mentor of Hugo Cervantes del Río, Manuel Camacho, Emilio Lozoya, Ernesto Zedillo, and Francisco Gil Díaz. j—None. k—None. l—Letters; Enc. Mex., XI, 451; Excélsior, Sept. 5, 1982, 20; IEPES; DBGM, 401; DBGM, 87, 372. Solórzano (Gutiérrez), Roberto A.

(Deceased) a—July 20, 1904. b—Colima, Colima. c—Elementary studies in Colima;

secondary studies at Colegio Francés La Salle; preparatory studies at National Preparatory School; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, 1930. d—Federal deputy from State of Colima, Dist. 1, 1949–1952, member of Tariff and Foreign Trade Committee, Gran Comisión, General Accounting Office Committee; senator from Colima, 1952–1958, member of 2nd Tariff and Foreign Trade Committee, Treasury Committee, 2nd Constitutional Affairs Committee. e—None. f—Attorney, Workers of the Mexican Light and Power and Streetcar Co., 1930–1945; director, Trolley Car Co., Department of the Federal District. g—None. h—Practicing lawyer. i—Classmate of Miguel Alemán and Manuel Ramírez Vázquez at National School of Law. j—None. k—None. l—Ind. Biog., 153–154; DGF51, I, 20, 29, 30, 34; C de D, 1949–1952, 91; DGF56, 5, 8, 9, 11, 12. Solórzano Juárez, Carlos Enrique

a—July 15, 1942. b—Morelia, Michoacán. c—Early education unknown; business administration degree from School of Accounting and Administration, UNAM, 1964–1968; degree in public administration from International Institute of Public Administration, France, 1971–1972, with a thesis on improving human resources. d—None. e—Joined PRI, 1966. f—Head, Department of Organization and Systems, Secretariat of Industry and Commerce, 1968–1971; head, Department of Organization and Methods, Division of Expenditures, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1973–1975; chief of advisers to assistant secretary of expenditures, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1976; general coordinator of regional delegations, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1976; chief of technical advisers to assistant secretary of the budget, Secretariat of Programming and Budget, 1977–1981; general coordinator of budget control, Secretariat of Programming and Budget, 1981–1982; coordinator general of budget, Department of Federal District, 1982–1983; oficial mayor, Department of

t he b io g ra phies  927

the Federal District, 1983–1986; secretary general of social development, Department of the Federal District, 1986–1988; director general of administration, Federal Auditor’s Office, 2006. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Jesús Solórzano Castrejón, businessman, rancher, sales agent, and Esperanza Juárez Ortega; married Susana Teresita Ibarrola Cortés; brother Jesús, president of Superior Tribunal of Justice, Michoacán. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM, 402; HA, May 27, 1986, 22; DBGM87, 374. Somuano López, Rubén Darío (Deceased Aug. 10, 1992) a—May 29, 1909. b—Ocotlán de Morelos, Oaxaca. c—Early education unknown; graduated from Military Aeronautical School, July 4, 1924; staff and command diploma, Higher War College, 1932–1935; professor of Infantry Tactics and Military History, Heroic Military College; professor of General Tactics and Tactics of Information and Military History, Higher War College; chief, pedagogical sec. in military geography and military history, Heroic Military College; technical adviser, Heroic Military College. d—Federal deputy from State of Oaxaca, Dist. 9, 1979–1982. e—None. f—Oficial mayor, Secretariat of National Defense, 1973–1975. g—None. h—None. i—Brother of General Daniel Somuano López, director of Higher War College, 1945–1947. j—Career army officer; military attaché to Chile; chief, Technical Sec., Department of Rural Defenses; director of security, Department of Military Industry; director of archives and correspondence, Secretariat of National Defense; secretary of presidential staff; assistant chief of staff, Secretariat of National Defense; rank of division general; assistant director of administration, Institute of Social Security of the Armed Forces, 1977–1979. k—None. l—Rev. de Ejer., 1953; MGF, 175; C de D, 1979–1982; www.cronica.diputados .gob.mx, June 11, 1947. Sosa Castelán, Gerardo a—July 26, 1955. b—Acaxochitlán, Hidalgo. c—Early education unknown; law degree from

University of Hidalgo, 1975–1979; MA in criminology from University of Hidalgo, 1982–1984, graduating 1985; diploma in economics from Harvard University, 1990; professor of introduction to law, preparatory school; professor of political theory and social science institutions, 1984, University of Hidalgo; secretary-general, University of Hidalgo, 1986–1991; rector, University of Hidalgo, 1991–1998. d—Local deputy, State Legislature of Hidalgo, 1981–1984; federal deputy from State of Hidalgo, Dist. 4, 2000–2003; plurinominal federal deputy from PRI, 2006–2009. e—Joined PRI, 1970; PRI precandidate for governor of Hidalgo, 1998; coordinator, National Higher Educational Institutions, CEN of PRI; president, PRI, Hidalgo, 2004–2006. f—None. g—President, Federation of University Students, Hidalgo; secretary-general, Only Union of State Workers, Hidalgo, 1980– 1986; press secretary, Congress of Labor, 1990. h—None. i—Son of Gerardo Sosa Gómez and María Ángela Herminia Castelán López; married Adriana Cravioto, from an influential political family. j—None. k—None. l—QesQ en el Congreso, 2000– 2003, 256; www.diputados.gob.mx, 2006– 2009; Musacchio, 394; Directorio del Congreso, 2006–2009, 430–431; DCM, 2000–2003, 127. Soto Alba, Francisco a—Nov. 18, 1927. b—Dolores Hidalgo, Guanajuato. c—Early education unknown; completed secondary studies; private accounting degree, 1944–1945. d—Plurinominal federal deputy from PAN, 1982–1985, member of Information and Complaints Committee, Radio, Television, and Film Committee. e—Joined PAN, 1958; president, District PAN Committee, Dolores Hidalgo, Guanajuato, 1963; adviser, National Committee of PAN, 1965; adviser, state committee of PAN, 1967; PAN candidate for federal deputy from Dist. 1, State of Guanajuato, 1964, 1967, 1979, 1982; PAN candidate for local deputy, State Legislature of Guanajuato, 1976; PAN candidate for governor of Guanajuato, 1979; PAN

928  m e xic a n p oli t i c a l b i o g ra ph i e s , 1935–20 0 9

precandidate for alternate federal deputy, Guanajuato, 2006. f—None. g—President, CANACINTRA, Northern Region, State of Guanajuato, 1967–1970. h—Businessman. i—Son of José Jesús Soto and María del C. Alba; married Lucilia Sánchez. j—None. k—First PAN candidate in Guanajuato. l—Directorio, 1982–1985; Lehr, 579; C de D, 1982–1985; DBGM, 600. Soto González, Cecilia Guadalupe

a—Jan. 24, 1950. b—Hermosillo, Sonora. c—Elementary, secondary, and preparatory studies at Colegio Vallarta (Catholic), completing preparatory, 1968; studies in physics at School of Sciences, UNAM, 1969–1973. d—Local deputy, State of Sonora, 1988–1991; plurinominal federal deputy from PARM, 1991–1994. e—Member, PARM, 1985–1994; secretary-general, PARM, Sonora, 1985– 1988; joined Democratic National Front, 1988; secretary of organization, PARM, Sonora, 1988–1990; joined PT, 1993; PT presidential candidate, 1994. f—Ambassador to Brazil, 2001. g—Participated in student movement, 1968; participated in student demonstration, June 10, 1971. h—Columnist, Reforma, 1995. i—Daughter of Enrique Soto Durazo and Consuelo González Domínguez; married Manuel Patricio Estévez Nénninger; father died when she was 5 and mother when she was 12, lived with maternal grandparents in Mexico City; granddaughter of Ignacio Soto, businessman and governor of Sonora, 1949–1955. j—None. k—None. l—Musacchio, 394; letters; Líderes, 6, 1994, 137–143; DBGM94, CD. Soto Guevara, (José Ignacio) Carlos

(Deceased 1957) a—Feb. 2, 1897. b—Puebla, Puebla. c—Early education unknown; law degree from University of Puebla, 1927; professor of languages, 1919–1921, New York. d—Member, the City Council, Puebla, Puebla; local deputy, State Legislature of Puebla, 1925–1926; federal deputy from State of Puebla, 1932–1934; alternate senator from State of Puebla, 1934–1939. e—None. f—Agent, Ministerio Público, Hermosillo, Sonora; director, Department of Economic

Statistics, Secretariat of the Economy, 1931–1932; justice, Superior Tribunal of Justice, Federal District and Federal Territories, 1939–1942; justice, Federal Tax Court, 1942– 1957. g—None. i—Son of Pedro Soto García and María Josefa Guevara; grandson of José Patricio Soto and Guadalupe García, and José de Jesús Guevara and Mariana Barrientos. j—None. k—None. l—DP70, 2015; C de S, 1934–1940; C de D, 1932–1934; DGF51, I, 550; DGF56, 552; www.geocities .com.gmolleda, 2008. Soto Izquierdo, Enrique a—Dec. 13, 1935. b—Cusihuiriachi, Chihuahua. c—Elementary studies at Víctor María Flores School in Cusihuiriachi and Miguel de Unamuno School in the Federal District; secondary studies at Secondary School No. 3, Federal District; preparatory studies at National Preparatory School No. 1; legal studies at National School of Law, UNAM, 1954–1959, graduating in 1961; professor of law and economics, UNAM, 1965– . d—Federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. No. 23, 1976–1979, member of Agrarian Affairs Committee, Scientific and Technological Development Committee, Physical Education Subcommittee, 4th Tourism Development Committee, 4th Housing Development Committee, 2nd Government Committee, Credit Sec. of Treasury Committee, and Juvenile Study Committee; federal deputy from State of Chihuahua, Dist. 3, 1982–1985, secretary of Gran Comisión, member of Government and Constitutional Affairs Committee, member of Budget and Public Accounts Committee. e—Orator, Adolfo López Mateos presidential campaign, 1958; director, La República (official magazine of PRI), 1968–1970; general delegate, CEN of PRI, various states; assistant director of legal affairs, IEPES of PRI, 1981–1982. f—Lawyer, Department of Legal Affairs, Secretariat of Government, 1962–1978; director, Department of Saline Waters, Secretariat of Human Dwellings and Public Works, 1977; director general, National Institute of Youth, 1971–1976. g—Member,

t he b io g ra phies  929

Society of Students of Chihuahua, School of Law, UNAM, 1954–1955; president, Society of law Students, 1956; member, Technical Advisory Council, CNC, 1963. h—Runnerup oratory champion, National Preparatory School, 1952; international oratory champion, El Universal contest, 1957; translated Mexican Constitution into English and French for the Senate, 1961; published 1st trilingual (English, French, and Spanish) edition of Mexican Constitution, 1962; director, Sunday Culture Supplement, El Día and El Gallo Ilustrado, 1965–1970. i—Student leader, National Preparatory School, with Alfredo Bonfil, Pedro Vázquez Colmenares, and Pindaro Urióstegui, 1952–1953; son of engineer Enrique Soto, Constitutional deputy, and Joséfina Izquierdo; married Luz María Magaldi Aguilar. j—None. k—None. l—HA, Nov. 12, 1973; Enc. Mex., XI, 500; HA, Feb. 19, 1979, 5–6; Excélsior, Sept. 5, 1976, 1; D de C, 1976–1979, 5, 15, 22, 43, 45, 56, 58, 77; C de D, 1982–1985; Lehr, 102; Directorio, 1982–1985; HA, Mar. 1, 1982, 13; DBGM, 606; Lehr, 102. Soto (Martínez), Ignacio (Deceased July 28, 1962) a—May 12, 1890. b—Bavispe, Sonora. c—Elementary studies in Moctezuma, Sonora; no degree. d—Governor, Sonora, Sept. 1, 1949–Sept. 1, 1955. e—None. f—None. g—None. h—Bank employee, Moctezuma; employee, First National Bank, Douglas, Ariz., 1912–1915; employee, International Commission Co., Agua Prieta, Naco, and Nogales, 1915–1917; organized Cía. Bancaria Mercantil y Agrícola de Sonora, 1917; founder, El Popo (which became General Popo); founder, Portland Cement of Hermosillo, 1929; founder, Bank of Nogales, 1932; founder, Cementos del Pacífico, Mazatlán, Sinaloa. i—Son of Jesús Ángel Soto, businessman, and Trinidad Martínez; married Rosa Durazo; granddaughter Cecilia, Labor Party candidate for president of Mexico, 1994; son Humberto, president of CANACINTRA, Hermosillo. j—None. k—None. l—DP70, 2014; DGF51, I, 92; Alonso, 219; Líderes, VI, 1994, 137.

Soto Maynes, Óscar (Deceased Aug. 12, 1974) a—Oct. 16, 1904. b—Valle de Allende, Chihuahua. c—Elementary studies at Ciudad Jiménez, Chihuahua; secondary studies in Mexico City; preparatory studies at National Preparatory School; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, 1928. d—Federal deputy from State of Chihuahua, Dist. 1, 1949–1950, member of Administration Committee and 1st Grand Jury; governor, Chihuahua, 1950–1955. e—None. f—Judge of 1st instance, State of Chihuahua; judge, Superior Tribunal of Justice, State of Veracruz; judge, Superior Tribunal of Justice, State of Chihuahua; attorney general, State of Chihuahua; judge, First Appeals Court; adviser to private secretary of president of Mexico, 1946–1948. g—None. i—Member, “Alemán generation,” UNAM; close friend of Miguel Alemán from childhood, when he lived with Alemán family; tied by marriage to Terrazas‑Creel families in Chihuahua; mother ran a boardinghouse; brother Roberto Soto Maynes was a federal deputy from Jalisco, Dist. 2, 1946–1949. j—None. k—Took leave from governorship after minor riot and popular campaign against him; accused in the press of graft; PRI precandidate for senator from Chihuahua, 1970. l—DGF51, I, 20, 34, 89; HA, Aug. 29, 1955, 16; Anderson; Excélsior, Aug. 10, 1955; Scott, 277; C de D, 1949–1952, 91; Hoy, Feb. 12, 1955, 23; DGF47; Hoy, Mar. 21, 1970, 4; NYT, Aug. 10, 1955, 13; HA, Oct. 25, 1954, 15; letter; Almada, 1968, 505; www.e-local .gob.mx, 2008. Soto Priante, Sergio c—Early education unknown; biochemical engineering degree from ITESM; postgraduate studies in food engineering at ITESM; MA in business administration from ITESM; professor, University of the Americas, ITESM, Popular University of Puebla. d—None. e—None. f—Chief of staff to assistant secretary of social and human development, Secretariat of Government, 2000–2001; chief, Micro Regions Unit, Secretariat of

930  m e xic a n p oli t i c a l b i o g ra ph i e s , 1935–20 0 9

Social Development, 2001–2006; assistant secretary of social and urban development, Secretariat of Social Development, 2006; assistant director of hydrological infrastructure, National Water Commission, 2009. g—Director of international relations, COPARMEX, 1993–2000. h—Partner in textile, graphic arts, and pneumatic engineering companies. j—None. k—None. l—www.oecd.org, 2008; www.cna.ucr.edu, 2009. Soto Prieto, Roberto a—Aug. 6, 1931. b—Piedras Negras, Coahuila. c—Early education unknown; public accounting degree from ITAM, 1953–1957; professor, ITAM, 1961–1971, 1986–1988; professor, Banking School, 1962–1970. d—Mayor, Naucalpan, State of Mexico, 1979–1981, 1989–1990; federal deputy from State of Mexico, Dist. 20, 1991–1994. e—Joined PRI, 1951; special delegate, CEN of PRI, Mexico. f—General auditor, National Bank of Agricultural Credit, 4 states, 1965–1969; president, Board of Directors, National Bank of Agricultural Credit, 1965–1969; director general of administration, Secretariat of Health, 1970–1971; oficial mayor, Secretariat of Health, 1971–1976; coordinator of advisers of assistant secretary of sports, Secretariat of Public Education, 1982–1985. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Esteban Soto Sarabia and Elvira Prieto; married Teresa Leyva. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM94, CD; www.estadodemexico .com.mx, 2008. Soto Reyes, Ernesto (Deceased Apr. 29, 1972) a—Apr. 16, 1899. b—Puruándiro, Michoacán. c—Secondary studies at Colegio Primitivo; preparatory studies at Colegio de San Nicolás, Morelia, Michoacán; professional studies at Colegio de San Nicolás and UNAM; no degree. d—Member, City Council, Morelia, 1921‑22; mayor, Morelia, 1921; federal deputy from State of Michoacán; senator from State of Michoacán, 1934–1940, president of Senate, 1935, president of National Revolutionary Bloc. e—Founding member, Michoacán Socialist Party, 1917; president, PNR,

Michoacán, 1929–1932; secretary, CEN of PNR, 1932–1934; member, Cárdenas’ presidential campaign committee, 1933–1934; secretary of agrarian action, CEN of PNR, 1935–1936. f—Private secretary to governor of Michoacán, 1929; member, Federal Electoral Commission, 1936; minister to Paraguay, 1941–1943; ambassador to Venezuela, 1943–1946; ambassador to Uruguay, 1946; ambassador to Panama, 1964–1965; ambassador to Haiti, 1965; ambassador to Turkey, 1967–1968. g—None. h—Author of several books. i—Close personal friend of Lázaro Cárdenas and Francisco Múgica; member, Múgica political group; nephew of Alberto Bremauntz; brother Arturo was active in politics; mother, Abigail Reyes, ran first student boardinghouse in Morelia. j—None. k—Leader, Michoacán radicals, Senate; led fight to defeat Portes Gil’s candidates for the Senate, which eventually caused Portes Gil to resign, on Aug. 19, 1936, as president of CEN of PNR; head, National Orientation Committee for General Henríquez Guzmán, 1951–1952. l—DPE65, 27; Kirk, 141; EBW46, 54; Excélsior, Apr. 30, 1972; Morton, 334, 26, 19–20; González Navarro, 122; López, 1044; Casasola, V; Bremauntz, 56, 59, 101. Soto Rodríguez, Humberto a—Sept. 2, 1944. b—Colima, Colima. c—Early education unknown; mechanical engineering degree from IPN, 1963–1967; PhD in administrative sciences from IPN, 1981; professor, Anáhuac University, 1974; professor, National Center of Technical Instruction, 1974–1977. d—None. e—Joined PRI, 1969. f—Credit manager, National Bank of Foreign Trade, 1979–1980; assistant director of credit, National Bank of Foreign Trade, 1980–1982; assistant director general, National Bank of Foreign Trade, 1982–1988; director general, National Bank of Foreign Trade, 1988–1993. g—None. h—Director of program and control of production, Tornillos Spasser Co., 1962–1964; project coordinator, Department of Design and New Projects, Hulera Euzkadi, 1964–1967; project supervisor, Institute for Technical

t he b io g ra phies  931

Assistance, 1967–1977; director of planning and operations control, Fertica, Costa Rica, 1977–1979; president, Board of Directors, Exporters’ Credit Union. i—Son of Francisco Soto Rizo, retailer, and Esperanza Rodríguez Espinosa; married Imelda Milán Brito. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM89; Musacchio, 395; DBGM92, 360. Soto Sánchez, Antonio a—June 12, 1964. b—Tumbiscatio, Michoacán. c—Early education unknown; degree in political science and public administration from National School of Political Studies, Acatlán, UNAM, 1984–1988; diploma in political analysis from Ibero-American University, 1993; MA in public administration from IPN, 2000. d—Alternate local deputy, State Legislature of Michoacán, 1989–1992; mayor, Tumbiscatio, 1990–1992; local deputy, State Legislature of Michoacán, 1992–1995; federal deputy from State of Michoacán, Dist. 13, 1997–2000, secretary of Foreign Relations Committee; plurinominal senator from PRD, 2000–2006; federal deputy from State of Michoacán, Dist. 1, 2006–2009. e—Joined PRD, 1989; president, PRD, Michoacán, 1995–1997; national adviser, PRD, 1996–1999. f—Department head, Miguel Hidalgo delegation, Department of the Federal District, 1987–1989. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Francisco Soto Alcazar, owner of Los Lobos cattle ranch and PARM candidate for federal deputy from Michoacán, Dist. 5, 1985, and Celia Sánchez Ambríz; married María de Lourdes Sedeño. j—None. k—None. l—www.cronica.diputa dos.gob.mx, 2008; Musacchio, 395; www .secgob.gob.mx, 1997, 2007; Directorio del Congreso, 2006–2009, 169; QesQ en el Congreso, 2000–2003, 329; www.diputados .gob.mx, 2006–2009. Sousa (Gordillo), Mario (Deceased) a—Apr. 7, 1903. b—Veracruz, Veracruz. c—Elementary studies in Veracruz’ preparatory studies at National Preparatory School; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, 1925, economics degree from National School of Economics, UNAM,

1940; LLD from National School of Law, UNAM, 1950; professor, National School of Law, UNAM; professor of economics, UNAM, 1925–1938; director, National School of Economics, UNAM, 1938–1940. d—None. e—Secretary, National Renovation Federation, in support of General Obregón for president, 1927. f—Economic adviser, National Bank of Ejido Credit; chief, Legal Department, Secretariat of Agriculture; chief, Legal Department, Secretariat of Labor; chief, Institute of Rural Economy, Secretariat of Agriculture; secretary, National Workers’ Bank for Industrial Development; private secretary to rector of UNAM, Roberto Medellín, 1933; assistant secretary of industry and commerce, 1940–1942; director general, Government Printing Office, 1942–1946; head, Department of Agrarian Affairs and Colonization, 1946–1952. g—None. h—Writer, Hoy; author of articles on economics. i—Knew Eduardo Bustamante at UNAM; student assistant to Manuel Gómez Morín; close friend of Enrique González Aparicio; father, a commissioner in Veracruz. j—None. k—None. l—WWM45, 113; DP70, 2386; Hoy, Dec. 14, 1940; DGF51, I, 465; DGF51, II, 165, 181; DGF50, II, 129, 139; López, 1045; Illescas, 622. Stephens García, Manuel a—June 2, 1925. b—Bellavista, Nayarit. c—Elementary studies at Benito Juárez School, Bellavista; secondary studies at Normal School of Jalisco and Normal Institute of Sciences, Nayarit; teaching certificate from Higher Normal School of Mexico, Mexico City; secondary school teacher. d—Federal deputy from State of Nayarit, Dist. 1, 1961–1964, member of Plaints Committee and General Means of Communication Committee; PPS federal party deputy, 1970–1973, member of National Lands and Resources Committee, 1st Public Education Committee, 2nd Tax Committee, Military Health Committee; plurinominal federal deputy from PCM, 1979–1982. e—Secretary of press and publicity, PPS, 1961–1968; secretary-

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general, PPS, Federal District; cofounder, PPM, 1977; member, Executive Committee, PPM, 1977–1978; executive secretary, PPM, 1977–1978. f—Director of foreign secondary schools, Tuxpan, Nayarit. g—Secretary of union education, Local No. 20, SNTE, Nayarit. h—None. j—None. k—PPS candidate for senator from Federal District, 1964; PPS candidate for governor of Nayarit; first federal deputy from PPS in Nayarit. l—C de D, 1961–1963, 92; C de D, 1970–1972, 137; Directorio, 1970–1972; C de D, 1979–1982. Suárez (Aranzolo), Eduardo (Deceased Sept. 19, 1976) a—Jan. 3, 1895. b—Texcoco, State of Mexico. c—Elementary studies at Colegio del Estado de México, and Colegio Williams, Mexico City; preparatory studies at National Preparatory School, 1908–1912; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, 1913–1917; professor of juridical sociology, National School of Law, UNAM, 1916; professor of civil procedures, National School of Law, UNAM, 1917; professor of business law, School of Business, UNAM, 1917; professor of industrial law and general theory of the state, UNAM, 1920–1932. d—None. e—None. f—Oficial mayor in charge of secretary general of government, State of Hidalgo, 1917‑19; president, Board of Conciliation and Arbitration, Federal District, 1926; assistant lawyer, Mexican–U.S. General Claims Commission, 1926–1928; assistant agent, Mexican–British Claims Commission, 1928–1929; technical adviser, Legal Department, Secretariat of Foreign Relations, 1929–1930; member, Mexican‑French Claims Commission, 1930; member, Mexican delegation to International Monetary Conference, 1934; secretary of the treasury, 1935–1940, 1940–1946; ambassador to Great Britain, 1965–1970; president, Federal Board of Conciliation and Arbitration. g—None. h—Member, Drafting Commission for General Banking Law, 1932; member, Technical Commission, International Waters Commission (Mexico– United States); technical adviser, PEMEX, NAFIN, and National Railroads of Mexico;

director, Mexican‑North American Institute of Cultural Relations, 1959–1961. i—Father, a notary and lawyer; great-uncle Julian Villagrán was general in insurgent army of Nicolás Bravo; married Leonor Vázquez, widowered, married Luz María Dávila; mentor to Antonio Carrillo Flores; son Eduardo Suárez Dávila was assistant secretary of the treasury, 1982–1988, and federal deputy, 1994–1997, 2003–2006. j—None. k—Ran for local deputy in Hidalgo, 1920, election disputed and won by his friend Javier Rojo Gómez; offered appointment as Supreme Court justice and assistant secretary of government by Emilio Portes Gil. l—Kirk, 168; DGF51, II, 5; Peral, 779; DGF50, II, 10; HA, July 30, 1945; WWM45, 114; DP70, 1076; DPE65, 26; Enc. Mex., XI, 509; López, 1046; NYT, Oct. 26, 1942, 28; HA, July 30, 1943, 38; HA, Sept. 27, 1976, 7; DBGM, 404; DBGM89, 341. Suárez Coppel, Juan José c—Early education unknown; economics degree from ITAM, 1977–1982; MA from University of Chicago; PhD in economics, with a specialization in monetary economics and international trade, from University of Chicago; professor, ITAM, Autonomous University of Barcelona, and Brown University, Providence, R.I. d—None. e—None. f—Coordinator of advisers of secretary of the treasury; assistant director of derivatives, Bank of Mexico; finance director, PEMEX, 2004–2006; director general, PEMEX, 2009– . g—None. h—Corporate treasurer, Televisa; director general of administration and finance, Grupo Modelo, 2006–2009. j—None. k—None. l—www.expansion.com, July 9, 2009; www.noticias.prodigy.msn, 2008; www.pemex.com, 2009. Suárez Dávila, Francisco a—Apr. 20, 1943. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; law studies at National School of Law, UNAM, 1961–1965, with thesis titled “Juridical Study of the Juridical Personality,” 1965; MA in economics from Kings College, Cambridge, 1965–1967; postgraduate work in economics at University

t he b io g ra phies  933

of Paris, 1968–1969, University of Chicago, 1972; professor of economics, UNAM, 1970– 1972; professor of economics, Autonomous Technological Institute of Mexico, 1971– ; professor, Colegio de México, 2001–2002; professor, Ibero-American University, 2002. d—Plurinominal federal deputy from PRI, 1994-1997, president of Treasury and Public Credit Committee; plurinominal federal deputy from PRI, 2003–2006, secretary of Treasury Committee. e—Assistant secretary of international economic affairs, CEN of PRI, 1981–1982. f—Economist, Technical Office of the Director General, Bank of Mexico, 1970–1971; manager of internal economic affairs, Bank of Mexico, 1977–1978; general manager of international economic affairs, Bank of Mexico, 1978–1980; director of financial programming and external financing, NAFIN, 1980–1982; assistant secretary of the treasury, 1982–1988; director general, Workers’ Bank, 1992–1994; representative of Mexico, OECD, Paris, 1997–2000. g—None. h—Director general, Somex Bank, 1988–1991. i—Son of Francisco Suárez Aransolo, secretary of the treasury, 1935–1946, and Luz Dávila; married Diana Mogollón Abad. j—None. k—None. l—Excélsior, Dec. 4, 1982, 14; Q es QAP, 107–108; DBGM, 404; DBGM89, 341; www.diputados.mx.gob, 2003. Suárez Molina, José Luis (Deceased) a—Dec. 9, 1920. b—Tula, Hidalgo. c—Elementary studies in Tula; secondary studies at Heroic Military College, 1940–1943, graduating as 2nd lieutenant; preparatory studies, 1945–1954; law degree. d—Federal deputy from State of Hidalgo, Dist. 2, 1952–1955, member of Gran Comisión; federal deputy from State of Hidalgo, Dist. 2, 1961–1964; alternate senator from Hidalgo, 1976–1978. e—President, Regional Committee of PRI, State of Hidalgo, 1951; president, National Youth of CEN of PRI, 1951; general delegate, CEN of PRI, Nayarit, Yucatán, Baja California, Zacatecas, Tlaxcala, and San Luis Potosí. f—Director of customs, Mexicali, Baja California; interim governor,

Hidalgo, 1976–1978. g—None. i—Son of Lucio Suárez Centeno and Soledad Molina; close to Guillermo Rossell, who served as his alternate federal deputy; political enemy of Jorge Rojo Lugo. j—None. k—Nearly exiled from the State of Hidalgo by Jorge Rojo Lugo, formerly a close friend; member of Rodolfo Sánchez Taboada’s political group. l—Excélsior, Dec. 24, 1979, 23; C de D, 1952–1955; C de D, 1961–1964; Pérez López, 463; www.pri-hidalgo.org.mx, 2008; www .trielectoralhidalgo.org.mx, 2008. Suárez (Ruiz), Marcos Manuel a—Jan. 5, 1935. b—Cuernavaca, Morelos. c—Elementary studies at Colegio México, Mexico City; secondary studies at Secondary School No. 2, Mexico City; studies at Loyola College, Montreal; engineering degree from MIT; completed 4th year of law at National School of Law, UNAM. d—Substitute mayor, Cuernavaca, 1966–1968; local deputy, State Legislature of Morelos, 1968–1970; federal deputy, State of Morelos, Dist. 1, 1970–1973, member of Artisans’ Committee, Public Works Committee, Public Housing Committee, and Gran Comisión, majority leader of Chamber of Deputies, 1973. e—Secretary of housing, CEN of CNOP, 1975–1976. f—Executive director of tourism development, State of Morelos; oficial mayor of labor, 1976–1978. g—Founding member, Platform of Mexican Professionals. h—None. i—Son of Manuel Suárez y Suárez and Raquel Ruiz; married Magdalena Gérard Butler; friend of Pedro Ojeda Paullada since founding of the Platform of Mexican Professionals; related to Carlos Salinas’ second wife, Ana Paula Gérard; son Marcos Manuel, secretary of tourism, Morelos, 2003–2007. j—None. k—PRI precandidate for governor of Morelos, 1974. l—Excélsior, Dec. 26, 1974, 15; Directorio, 1970–1972, C de D, 1970–1973, 138; www.journals.unam .mx, 2008. Suárez Torres, Ángel (Deceased Oct. 6, 1996) a—Jan. 28, 1929. b—Chiapa de Corzo, Chiapas. c—Early education unknown; legal studies at National School of Law,

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UNAM, 1947–1951, graduating with thesis on permanent criminal patterns, Dec. 2, 1952; professor, University of Michoacán, 1966; professor, University of Coahuila, 1970–1971. d—None. e—None. f—Second secretary, Second Judicial Division, Federal District, 1960–1962; secretary of studies and accounts, Supreme Court of Justice, 1962– 1965; district court judge, Michoacán, 1965– 1967; circuit court judge, Saltillo, Coahuila, 1967–1979; president, Superior Tribunal of Justice, Chiapas, 1979–1982; circuit court judge, 10th Circuit, Villahermosa, 1983– 1984; circuit court judge, Tenth Circuit, Federal District, 1984; circuit court judge, Fourth Circuit, Federal District, 1985–1987; justice, Supreme Court, 1987–1989; circuit court judge, Tuxtla Gutiérrez, 1990–1994. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Ángel María Suárez, peasant, and Ofilia Torres Ruz, campesina; married Mercedes Camacho Calvo. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM89, 645; DBGM84, 690; www.scjn.gob.mx, 690–691, 2008. Suárez Torres, Gilberto (Deceased) a—Feb. 5, 1912. b—Oaxaca, Oaxaca. c—Elementary studies at Pestalozzi School, Oaxaca; secondary studies at Institute of Arts and Sciences, Oaxaca; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, 1932–1937. d—Senator from State of Oaxaca, 1970–1976, member of Gran Comisión, president of 2nd Government Committee, 1st secretary of Rules Committee. e—General delegate, CEN of PRI. f—Secretary, Second Judicial District of Oaxaca, 1933–1934; local judge, Oaxaca, 1934–1935; consulting lawyer to chief of police, Oaxaca, 1935–1946; agent, Ministerio Público, Office of the Attorney General, Federal District, 1946–1952; assistant director, Department of Federal Security, Secretariat of Government, 1952–1958; assistant attorney general “2” of Mexico, 1958–1964; attorney general, Federal District and Federal Territories, 1964–1970. g—None. h—Practicing lawyer, 1935–1946. i—Married María de la Luz Herrera. j—None. k—None. l—Libro de Oro, xl;

DPE65, 211; DGF56, 89; HA, Dec. 22, 1958, 8; D del Y, Dec. 2, 196, 2; D del Y, Dec. 9, 1958, 1; Por Qué? Dec. 4, 1969, 7; letter. Suárez Warden, Francisco a—1942. b—Monterrey, Nuevo León. c—Early education unknown; public accounting degree from ITESM; higher management course at IPADE; diplomas in strategic administration and human rights from Harvard University and Stanford University. d—None. e—None. f—Oficial mayor, Secretariat of Government, 2001–2005; director of administration and evaluation of delegations, IMSS, 2007–2009; oficial mayor of government, 2009– . g—President, Mexican Institute of Financial Executives. h—Management positions in automobile industry, 25 years; management positions in financial groups, 10 years; member, Boards of Directors of numerous firms; CPA, Hylsa, Monterrey; director, various divisions, Grupo Financiero Bancomer, 1996–2001; director, Board of Vitech America, 2000–2002 j—None. k—None. l—www.imss.gob.mx, 2007; www.elsemanario.com.mx, 2008. Székely Pardo, Miguel a—Sept. 27, 1965. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; economics degree from ITAM, 1985–1989; MA in public policy from ITAM, 1988–1990; MA in economic development from Oxford University, 1992–1993; tutor in economics, St. Hilda College, Oxford University, 1994–1995; professor and researcher, Economic Studies Center, Colegio de México, 1989–1993; professor, ITAM, 1990–1992. d—None. e—None. f—Economist, Research Department, IADB, 1996–2001; director of regional development, Strategy Planning Office, Office of the Presidency, 2001–2002; assistant secretary of prospective planning and evaluation, Secretariat of Social Development, 2002–2006; assistant secretary of mid-level education, Secretariat of Public Education, 2006– . g—None. h—Director of planning and management, Tarszek, SACV, 1987–1993. i—Member, Josefina Vazquez’s group. j—None. k—None. l—www.jornada.

t he b io g ra phies  935

unam.mx, Dec. 13, 2006; www.oecd.org /speaker, 2008. Székely Sánchez, Francisco Ladislao

a—1947. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; mechanical engineering degree from National School of Engineering, UNAM, 1969; MA in engineering from Tufts University, Medford, Mass., 1971; MA in technology management from Washington University, 1972; PhD in environmental economics and science, Washington University, St. Louis, Mo., 1974; professor, Department of Urban Studies and Planning, MIT, 1985–1988; assistant director, Center for Energy and Environmental Policy, Harvard University, 1986–1989; director general and professor, International Academy of Environment, Geneva, 1996–2000. d—None. e—None. f—Adviser, IADB, World Bank, UN Program on the Environment; assistant secretary of planning, Secretariat of the Environment, 2000–2003. g—None. h—Adviser, GE, McKinsey, DuPont. i—Son of Geza Székely Schweiger, surgeon, and Rosario Sánchez Morales; brother Alberto, alternate representative to OAS. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM84, 404.

T Talamantes (Esparza), Gustavo L.

(Deceased Nov. 22, 1958) a—Aug. 10, 1891. b—Hacienda de Roncesvalles, Matamoros, Chihuahua. c—Elementary studies in Hidalgo del Parral; agricultural engineering degree from Agricultural College of Ciudad Juárez (founding student), 1910. d—Mayor, Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua, 1916–1918; senator from State of Chihuahua, 1930–1934; governor, Chihuahua, 1935–1940. e—Secretary of agrarian action, CEN of PNR, 1935–1936. f—President, Agrarian Commission, Chihuahua, Chihuahua, 1920–1924; delegate, National Agrarian Commission, Secretariat of Agriculture, Chihuahua, Durango, and Zacatecas 1924–1930; director, National Agricultural Credit Bank,

Durango; manager, National Bank of Ejido Credit, Durango; director, Federal Treasury Office, Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, 1930–1932; inspector general, Secretariat of Agriculture, 1940s. g—None. h—Director, El Sol de Aguascalientes, 1940. i—Son of Narciso Talamantes, from landowning family, and Elodia Esparaza Morales; married Carmen Ponce Morales, from landowning family; son Ángel Talamantes Ponce, mayor of Aguascalientes, secretary-general of government of Aguascalientes, 1969–1972, and president of PRI, Aguascalientes; brother Narciso, local deputy to State Legislature of Aguascalientes; classmate of Alfredo Chávez at college. k—Imposed Colonel Alfredo Chávez as his successor over PRM’s choice of Fernando Foglio Miramontes by running him on Independent Revolutionary Party of Chihuahua ticket; had to leave Chihuahua and reside in Aguascalientes for political reasons. l—Siempre, Dec. 3, 1958, 6; Peral, 783; Anderson, 74–76; C de S, 1930–1934; Almada, 582; www.wikipedia.org, 2008; www.ags.gob.mx, 2007. Talán Ramírez, Raúl Eric a—Jan. 9, 1942. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; electrical engineering degree from IPN with thesis on the IBM computer, 1959–1965; MA in computing from National Center of Calculation, IPN; MA in electrical engineering from Center for Research and Advanced Studies, IPN, 1968; PhD in engineering from UCLA, 1973; assistant, Computer Center, UCLA, 1973; professor, Higher School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, IPN, 1965–1978; systems analyst, National Center of Calculation, IPN, 1964–1965; director general, IPN, 1985–1988. d—None. e—None. f—General delegate, Secretariat of Public Education, Quintana Roo, 1978–1979; director general of accreditation and certification, Secretariat of Public Education, 1979–1981; technical secretary of global programming and administrative improvement, Secretariat of Public Education, 1981–1982; assistant secretary of education and technical research, Secretariat

t he b io g ra phies  935

unam.mx, Dec. 13, 2006; www.oecd.org /speaker, 2008. Székely Sánchez, Francisco Ladislao

a—1947. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; mechanical engineering degree from National School of Engineering, UNAM, 1969; MA in engineering from Tufts University, Medford, Mass., 1971; MA in technology management from Washington University, 1972; PhD in environmental economics and science, Washington University, St. Louis, Mo., 1974; professor, Department of Urban Studies and Planning, MIT, 1985–1988; assistant director, Center for Energy and Environmental Policy, Harvard University, 1986–1989; director general and professor, International Academy of Environment, Geneva, 1996–2000. d—None. e—None. f—Adviser, IADB, World Bank, UN Program on the Environment; assistant secretary of planning, Secretariat of the Environment, 2000–2003. g—None. h—Adviser, GE, McKinsey, DuPont. i—Son of Geza Székely Schweiger, surgeon, and Rosario Sánchez Morales; brother Alberto, alternate representative to OAS. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM84, 404.

T Talamantes (Esparza), Gustavo L.

(Deceased Nov. 22, 1958) a—Aug. 10, 1891. b—Hacienda de Roncesvalles, Matamoros, Chihuahua. c—Elementary studies in Hidalgo del Parral; agricultural engineering degree from Agricultural College of Ciudad Juárez (founding student), 1910. d—Mayor, Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua, 1916–1918; senator from State of Chihuahua, 1930–1934; governor, Chihuahua, 1935–1940. e—Secretary of agrarian action, CEN of PNR, 1935–1936. f—President, Agrarian Commission, Chihuahua, Chihuahua, 1920–1924; delegate, National Agrarian Commission, Secretariat of Agriculture, Chihuahua, Durango, and Zacatecas 1924–1930; director, National Agricultural Credit Bank,

Durango; manager, National Bank of Ejido Credit, Durango; director, Federal Treasury Office, Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, 1930–1932; inspector general, Secretariat of Agriculture, 1940s. g—None. h—Director, El Sol de Aguascalientes, 1940. i—Son of Narciso Talamantes, from landowning family, and Elodia Esparaza Morales; married Carmen Ponce Morales, from landowning family; son Ángel Talamantes Ponce, mayor of Aguascalientes, secretary-general of government of Aguascalientes, 1969–1972, and president of PRI, Aguascalientes; brother Narciso, local deputy to State Legislature of Aguascalientes; classmate of Alfredo Chávez at college. k—Imposed Colonel Alfredo Chávez as his successor over PRM’s choice of Fernando Foglio Miramontes by running him on Independent Revolutionary Party of Chihuahua ticket; had to leave Chihuahua and reside in Aguascalientes for political reasons. l—Siempre, Dec. 3, 1958, 6; Peral, 783; Anderson, 74–76; C de S, 1930–1934; Almada, 582; www.wikipedia.org, 2008; www.ags.gob.mx, 2007. Talán Ramírez, Raúl Eric a—Jan. 9, 1942. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; electrical engineering degree from IPN with thesis on the IBM computer, 1959–1965; MA in computing from National Center of Calculation, IPN; MA in electrical engineering from Center for Research and Advanced Studies, IPN, 1968; PhD in engineering from UCLA, 1973; assistant, Computer Center, UCLA, 1973; professor, Higher School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, IPN, 1965–1978; systems analyst, National Center of Calculation, IPN, 1964–1965; director general, IPN, 1985–1988. d—None. e—None. f—General delegate, Secretariat of Public Education, Quintana Roo, 1978–1979; director general of accreditation and certification, Secretariat of Public Education, 1979–1981; technical secretary of global programming and administrative improvement, Secretariat of Public Education, 1981–1982; assistant secretary of education and technical research, Secretariat

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of Public Education, 1988–1994; director general of distribution and commercial development, CONASUPO, 1994–1997; assistant secretary of education and technical research, 1997–1998. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Raúl Talán González, government employee, and María del Refugio Ramírez López, normal school teacher; married Manijeh Esrahi Godsinia, public accountant; son Eric, engineer. j—None. k—None. l—QesQAP, 323; Excélsior, Dec. 4, 1985, 5; DBGM, 404; DBGM92, 362; DBGM89, 342; Pescador, 235. Talancón Escobedo, Jaime Hugo

a—Apr. 15, 1947. b—Zacatecas, Zacatecas. c—Early education unknown; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, 1966–1970; MA in political science and law from University of Paris, 1974–1975; studies toward PhD, University of Paris; professor and private secretary to president, National Teachers’ University, 1979–1981. d—Plurinominal federal deputy from PRI, 1997–2000. e—Secretary-general, Colosio Foundation, PRI, 1999. f—Private secretary to director general of administration, Secretariat of the Presidency of Mexico, 1973–1976; adviser to director general of professions, Secretariat of Public Education, 1980–1982; director general of personnel, Secretariat of Public Education, 1983; secretary treasurer, National Indigenous Institute, 1983–1988; adviser to assistant secretary of migration services, Secretariat of Government, 1988–1991; private secretary to director general, IMSS, 1993–1994; oficial mayor of agrarian reform, 1994–1995; oficial mayor of public education, 1995–1997. g—None. h—Practicing lawyer, 1970–1972; assistant manager of commercial airports, 1977–1978. i—Son of Jaime Talancón Linares and Soledad Escobedo Inguanzo; married Liana Martínez Rubín. j—None. k—None. l—QesQ en el Congreso, 1997–2000, 233– 234; Pescador, 236; DBGM94, CD; www .secgob.gob.mx, 1997, 2007. Talavera López, Abraham (Deceased Jan. 27, 1997) a—July 16, 1949. b—Tenango

del Valle, State of Mexico. c—Early education unknown; degree in international relations from Center of International Studies, Colegio de México, 1967–1969, with thesis on writers and the Cuban Revolution; courses from Colegio de México; postgraduate work in Mexico and abroad; researcher, Library of Congress, Washington, DC, 1972; professor, Autonomous University of the State of Mexico, 1969. d—Federal deputy from State of Mexico, Dist. 12, 1973–1976; plurinominal federal deputy from PRI, 1991–1994. e—Joined PRI, 1967; director of youth of PRI, State of Mexico, 1969–1971; director general, CEPES of PRI, State of Mexico, 1974; general delegate, CEN of PRI, Campeche, 1976; director general, IEPES of PRI, 1989–1991; president, National Editorial Committee, PRI, 1997. f—Adviser, State of Mexico, 1974; adviser to director, National Bank of Public Works and Services, 1977; delegate from Venustiano Carranza to Department of the Federal District, 1977; director of political and social research, Secretariat of Government, 1979–1980; oficial mayor of government, 1980–1982; ambassador to Guatemala, 1984–1989. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Raúl Talavera Mondragón, public official and farmer, and Crispina López Mondragón. j—None. k—Murdered in Naucalpan, State of Mexico. l—HA, July 14, 1980, 15; DBGM89, 377–378; DBGM92, 585; Excélsior, Jan. 28, 1997, A1. Tamayo Casillas, José Armando a—July 8, 1947. b—Morelia, Michoacán. c—Preparatory studies at Heroic Military College, 1964–1967; staff and command diploma from Higher War College, 1977–1980; MA from National Defense College; completed staff and command course, Ft. Leavenworth, Kan., 1983. d—None. e—None. f—Assistant military attaché, Costa Rica and Nicaragua; aide to president of Mexico; chief of staff, Presidential Guards; assistant chief of operations, presidential staff; chief, presidential staff, 2000–2006. g—None. h—None. j—Career army officer, joined

t he b io g ra phies  937

army as cadet, 1964; 2nd lieutenant, 1967; rank of major, 1979; chief of staff, 21st Military Zone, Morelia, Michoacán; commander, 52nd Infantry Battalion, Guadalupe, Zacatecas; chief, Sec. 3, Operations, Secretariat of National Defense, 1988–1991; chief of staff, 8th Military Zone, Tancol, Tamaulipas; commander, 56th Infantry Battalion, Acapulco; assistant chief of staff, 25th Military Zone, Puebla; assistant chief, Sec. 5, Strategic Plans, Secretariat of National Defense; commander, 6th Military Region, La Boticaria, Veracruz, 2008. k—None. l—Rev. de Ejer., Dec., 1970, 79; www.csis.org, 2002; www.presidencia.gob .mx, 2006; Musacchio, 397. Tamayo (Castillejos), Jorge L.

(Deceased Dec. 17, 1978) a—Aug. 8, 1912. b—Oaxaca, Oaxaca c—Primary and secondary studies in Oaxaca and Mexico City; preparatory studies in mathematics and physical sciences at National Preparatory School, Mexico City, 1930–1932; civil engineering degree from National School of Engineering, UNAM, Oct., 1932–1936; founder, School of Irrigation; member, Governing Board, UNAM; professor of regional geography, economic geography, geological resources, and necessities of Mexico, Superior Normal School and Workers’ University, Mexico City; professor, School of Philosophy and Letters, UNAM, 1943; assistant, National School of Engineering, 1934–1935. d—None. e—Member, Popular Party; member, PRM, until 1944. f—Director, Water Department, Lagunera Irrigation District, 1935–1937; director of technical water inspections, Valle de México, 1937–1938; engineer, Secretariat of Hydraulic Resources, 1939–1943; controller, Mexican Railroads, 1946–1949; controller, National Railroads of Mexico, 1947–1949; technical consultant, ECLA, 1950; director general, Tuxtepec Paper Co., 1973–1978; executive secretary, Papaloapan Commission, 1974–1978. g—Student leader at the National School of Engineering, 1935. h—Author of dozens of books; Sales manager, Mechanical

Equipment, S.A., 1951–1956. i—Son of José E. Tamayo, federal deputy from State of Oaxaca, Dist. 8, 1922–1924, 1922–1924, and Eloísa Castillejos; married Martha López Portillo, cousin of José López Portillo; father of Jorge Tamayo. j—None. k—Resigned from PRM after he felt unjustly denied election as federal deputy, 1944; Popular Party candidate for governor of Oaxaca several times. l—HA, Dec. 25, 1978, 16; Excélsior, Oct. 9, 1978, 12; Enc. Mex., XII, 1; Excélsior, Dec. 19 1978, 4; www.cronica.diputados.gob .mx, Dec. 21, 1922. Tamayo (López Portillo), Jorge a—July 17, 1937. b—Oaxaca, Oaxaca c—Early education unknown; economics studies at National School of Economics, UNAM, 1955–1959, graduating June 3, 1960, with thesis on integration in the State of Oaxaca; graduate studies at Georgetown University, Washington, DC, 1960; graduate studies at Central School of Planning and Statistics, Warsaw, 1962–1963; assistant in economic theory to Mario Ramón Beteta, 1961–1963; professor of planning, National School of Economics, UNAM, 1964–1973; professor and director, Seminar on the Economics of Production, 1968–1970; secretary-general, National School of Economics, UNAM, 1965–1967. d—None. e—Joined PRI, 1970; secretary, IEPES of CEN of PRI, 1981. f—Assistant director general, Central Light and Power Co., Mexico City, 1970–1976; assistant secretary of internal trade, Secretariat of Commerce, 1976–1981; assistant director general, NAFIN, 1981–1982; corporate director, SIDERMEX, 1982–1983; general coordinator of commissariats, Secretariat of the Controller General, 1983–1988; director general, Concarril, 1988–1992; director general of railroads, Secretariat of Communications and Transportation, 1992–1994. g—President, National College of Economists, 1974. i—Son of Martha López Portillo, cousin of José López Portillo, and Jorge L. Tamayo Castillejos, member of Popular Party, famous geographer, and executive director of Papaloapan

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Commission, 1974–1978; married Isabel Castroparedes Ortiz, economist; grandson of José E. Tamayo, federal deputy from State of Oaxaca, Dist. 8, 1922–1924; son Gerardo, assistant secretary of expenditures, Federal District, and director of international affairs, Secretariat of Public Function, 2007; nephew of painter Rufino Tamayo. j—None. k—None. l—Letter; Excélsior, Oct. 9, 1978, 12; DBGM92, 363; Pescador. Tame Shear, Amado a—Apr. 8, 1927. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; engineering degree, Mexico City. d—PPS alternate federal party deputy, 1964–1967; plurinominal federal deputy from PPS, 1979–1982. e—Member, PCM, 1949–1960; joined PPS, 1960; secretary of educational policy, PPS Central Committee. f—None. g—None. j—None. k—PPS candidate for federal deputy from Dist. 33, Federal District, 1979. l—HA, Apr. 16, 1979, V. Támez (Cavazos), Ramiro (Deceased) a—Jan. 18, 1889. b—General Terán, Nuevo León. c—Elementary studies in General Terán; secondary and preparatory studies at Colegio Civil, Monterrey, Nuevo León; medical degree from National School of Medicine, UNAM. d—Mayor, General Terán; local deputy, State Legislature of Nuevo León; interim governor, Nuevo León; 1922–1923; director of coordinating services, State of Nuevo León; senator from State of Nuevo León, 1940–1946, president of Consular and Diplomatic Service Committee, member of Health Committee, alternate member of Tariff and 2nd Foreign Trade Committee. e—None. f—Secretary-general of government, State of Nuevo León, 1936–1939, under Governor Anacleto Guerrero. g—None. h—Author of several amendments to Federal Labor Law concerning strikes by workers employed in public services; practicing physician, 1946–1968. i—During the Revolution, became friends with Dr. Francisco Castillo Nájera and Aurelio Manrique; met Antonio Díaz Soto y Gama at UNAM; brother Nicandro L. Támez was senator and deputy

from Nuevo León; son of Porfirio Támez and Modesto Cavazos; married Margarita Rodríguez. j—Left medical school in his 3rd year, 1911, to participate in the Revolution with other medical students; Francisco Villa had a great affection for him because he saved a friend’s life. k—President Obregón forced him from office as governor of Nuevo León in 1923; Támez went into exile and practiced medicine in San Benito, Tex., 1924–1935; returned to Mexico in 1936. l—C de S, 1940–1946; PdM, 362; Peral, 785; letter; López, 1055. Támez Guerra, Reyes Silvestre a—Apr. 18, 1952. b—Monterrey, Nuevo León. c—Early education unknown; degree in bacteriology from University of Nuevo León, 1975; MS in immunology from University of Nuevo León; PhD in immunology from IPN; postdoctoral studies at Cancer and Immunology Institute, Villejuif, France; professor of immunology, IPN, University of Nuevo León, and UNAM; chief, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Nuevo León, 1986; academic secretary to dean of biological sciences, 1991–1992, secretary-general, 1992–1996, rector, 1996–2000, University of Nuevo León. d—Plurinominal federal deputy from New Alliance Party, 2009–2012, coordinator of New Alliance delegation. e—None. f—Secretary of education, Nuevo León, 2007. g—Student activist, University of Nuevo León. h—None. i—Sister Patricia, professor of microbiology, University of Nuevo León. j—None. k—National prize in medical research. l—www.suracapulco. com.mx, 2007; www.es.wikipedia.org, 2008; www.csis.org, 2001; Musacchio, 398; www .oecd.org, 2008. Tapia Aceves, Santiago a—May 1, 1941. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; degree in electrical engineering from Modelo Institute; professor, police academy, 1980. d—None. e—None. f—Chief, Milpa Alta District, Department of the Federal District, 1978–1979; chief, Tláhuac District, Department of the Federal

t he b io g ra phies  939

District, 1979–1983; commander, tow truck group, Department of the Federal District, 1983–1988; chief, Sector 16, Azcapotzalco, 1988, Department of the Federal District; director general of protection and traffic operations, 1988–1991, Department of the Federal District; chief, Sector 3, Protection and Traffic, Department of the Federal District; secretary-general of protection and traffic, Department of the Federal District, 1991–1992. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Andrés Tapia Ruiz, retailer, and María Jonás Aceves Saldaña; married Victoria Soto, retailer. j—None. k—Arrested by Attorney General’s office for allegedly participating in the release of a major drug figure. l—Musacchio, 398; DBGM92, 364; DBGM89, 344; www.pgr.gob, 2010; www .wesfryer.com, 2009. Tapia Camacho, Manlio Fabio a—Sept. 18, 1928. b—Veracruz, Veracruz c—Elementary studies at Xicoténcatl School, Veracruz; secondary and preparatory studies at Illustrious Preparatory School, Veracruz, 1941–1945; law degree from School of Law, University of Veracruz, May 18, 1951; professor of agrarian law, University of Veracruz, 1951–1964; secretary, School of Law, University of Veracruz; professor of civil law, University of Veracruz, 1951–1964; professor, secondary school, Vespertina, Veracruz, and normal and preparatory schools, Veracruz, 1953–1964. d—Local deputy, State Legislature of Veracruz, 1959–1962; alternate senator, 1964–1968, but replaced Senator Murillo Vidal, 1968–1970, as senator from Veracruz; mayor, Veracruz, 1964–1967. e—Member of PRI since 1947; director, official PRI newspaper, El Constitucionalista; president, PRI in Veracruz, 1960–1962. f—Director of publicity, Department of Health, State of Veracruz; assistant, Office of the Secretary-General of Government, Veracruz; group secretary, Board of Conciliation and Arbitration, State of Veracruz; director, Legal Department, State of Veracruz, 1956–1959; judge, Superior Tribunal of Justice, Veracruz, 1962–1964;

private secretary to secretary of agriculture, Bernardo Aguirre, 1970–1973; private secretary to governor of Chihuahua, Bernardo Aguirre, 1974–1977; director, Office of Social Prevention, Chihuahua, 1992. g—Lawyer, League of Agrarian Communities, State of Veracruz. h—As a student, worked for judicial police of Veracruz; State of Veracruz oratory champion from University of Veracruz, 1950; national runner-up in revolutionary oratory; founder of several magazines; professional journalist since student days. i—Son of Antonio Tapia Reyes, schoolteacher, and Genoveva Camacho; studied under Ángel Carvajal and Fernando Román Lugo at University of Veracruz. j—None. k—None. l—C de S, 1964–1970; DBM68, 594; letter; DAPC, 1977; Excélsior, Aug. 11, 1978, 23. Tapia Conyer, Roberto Constantino

a—Sept. 4, 1954. b—Apaseo el Grande, Guanajuato. c—Early education unknown; medical degree from National School of Medicine, UNAM, 1972–1977; MA in public health from School of Public Health, Harvard University, 1983–1984; MA in science from Harvard University, 1984–1985; professor of public health, Harvard University, 1984–1985; professor, UNAM, 1980–1982; professor, National Research System, 1990– . d—None. e—Joined PRI, 1989. f—Director, health center, Querétaro, 1977–1978; private secretary to director general of health, Department of the Federal District, 1983; director of epidemiological surveys, 1985–1991, director general of epidemiology, Secretariat of Public Health, 1991–1994; assistant secretary of health, prevention, and control of diseases, 1994–2000, 2000–2006. g—None. h—None. i—Son of José Constantino Tapia and Louise Conyer, teacher; married Ana Luisa Sosa Ortiz, psychiatrist. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM92, 364; Musacchio, 396. Tapia Freyding, José María (Deceased 1969) a—May 16, 1896. b—Nogales, Sonora. c—Early education unknown; technical military studies in New York; no degree.

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d—Federal deputy from Baja California del Norte, Dist. 1, 1926–1928, member of Gran Comisión; senator from State of Baja California del Norte, 1958–1964, president of Mail and Telegraph Committee and First National Defense Committee, member of Committee on Taxes, Military Justice Committee, and War Matériel Committee, vice president of Senate, Sept., 1961. e—None. f—Chief of staff, Secretariat of National Defense, 1928; chief of staff, President Emilio Portes Gil, 1929; governor and military commander, Baja California del Norte, 1929–1930; director general of federal retirement and pensions; director general of public charities, 1932–1935; consul-general, New York; director general of the mails, 1944; chief of staff, Secretariat of National Defense, 1952; director general of customs; director general, National Army‑Navy Bank, 1964–1969. g—None. h—None. j—Fought in the Revolution, 1913–1920; fought against General Maytorena; fought against Victoriano Huerta, 1913; career army officer; staff member, Abelardo Rodríguez, 1920; fought against Adolfo de la Huerta, 1923; brigadier general, May 16, 1929; reached rank of division general; chief of staff, Baja California del Norte, Nayarit and Sinaloa; commander, 25th Military Zone, Puebla, Puebla, 1952; commander, 1st Infantry Regiment; commander, 6th Military Region, Tijuana, 1956. k—None. l—C de S, 1961–1964, 70; Peral, 785; D070, 2045; Func., 122; Rev. de Ejer., Apr.–June, 1952, 134. Taracena (Alpuin), Antonio (Deceased) a—Jan. 17, 1901. b—Villahermosa, Tabasco c—Elementary studies in a public school, Villahermosa; preparatory studies at National Preparatory School, 1918–1921; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, May 21, 1926; professor of criminal law, National School of Law, UNAM, 1930–1935; professor of labor law, School of Law, University of Guanajuato, 1940–1941; professor of civics and ethics, Juárez Institute of Tabasco, 1943–1944. d—Senator from State of Tabasco, 1946–1952, member

of Legislative Studies Committee, Electric Industry Committee, Public Works Committee, 2nd Balloting Group. e—None. f—Criminal court scribe, 1923–1926; assistant attorney general, Baja California del Sur, 1926; agent, Ministerio Público, Federal District, 1926–1928; attorney general, State of Tabasco, under Governor Noé de la Flor Casanova, 1943–1946; judge, Superior Tribunal of Justice, Federal District and Federal Territories, 1963–1970. g—None. h—Practicing lawyer, 1928–1943, 1952–1963; author of the penal code of Tabasco. i—Son of a businessman; married Consuelo Cisneros Aviles; daughter Berta, prominent artist and secretary-general of Museum of Fine Arts, Mexico City, 1955–1958; related to Salomé Taracena, poet from Tabasco. j—None. k—Involved in trial of José León Toral, assassin of General Obregón, 1928. l—Letters; López, 1056; DGF51, I, 7, 11–14; Santamaría, 262–263; www.reneavilasfabela .com.mx, 2008. Tavira Urióstegui, Martín a—Nov. 1, 1932. b—Ajuchitlán, Guerrero. c—Early education unknown; law degree from University of Michoacán, 1954–1958; studies in history at Higher Normal School, 1958– 1962; professor, University of Michoacán, 1985–1988; member, Governing Board, University of Michoacán, 1973–1982. d—Plurinominal federal deputy from PPS, 1979–1982, 1985–1988, 1991–1994. e—Joined PPS, 1952; director, PPS Youth, Michoacán, 1954–1958; member, Central Committee, PPS, 1960. g—Secretary-general of professors, University of Michoacán. h—None. i—Son of Félix Tavira López, music teacher, and Modesta Urióstegui Pineda; married Alicia Morales Béjar. J-None. k—None. l—DBGM92, 586; Musacchio, 399; DBGM87, 572–573. Tejeda (Olivares), Adalberto (Deceased Sept. 8, 1960) a—Mar. 28, 1883. b—Chicontepec, Veracruz. c—Elementary studies at Cantonal School, Chicontepec; preparatory studies at National Preparatory School, Mexico City; engineering studies, National School of Engineering; no degree.

t he b io g ra phies  941

d—Elected deputy to Constitutional Congress, State of Veracruz, Dist. 4, 1916–1917, but never served; senator from State of Veracruz, 1918–1920; governor, Veracruz, 1920–1924, 1928–1932. e—PCM candidate for president of Mexico, 1934. f—Secretary of communications and public works, Dec. 1, 1924–Aug. 25, 1925; secretary of government, 1925–1928; ambassador to France, 1936–1937; ambassador to Spain, 1938–1940; ambassador to Peru, 1942–1948. g—None. h—Land surveyor. i—Son of Luis Tejada Guzmán, political boss of Jalacingo, Veracruz, and Eutiquia Olivares; son Luis Tejeda Tejeda served under his father in Spain and became a consul in the Mexican Consular Service, 1961; mentor to Fabio Manlio Altamirano. j—Enlisted under General Alfredo Aburto Landero under the Constitutionalists, 1913, participated in attack on Chicontepec against Victoriano Huerta’s forces; chief of staff and lieutenant colonel of Eastern Division under General Cándido Aguilar, 1914; head of military operations for the North but never wore a uniform; rank of brigadier general, 1948. k—Did not attend Constitutional Congress because of military activities and personal affairs; caudillo, State of Veracruz, during 1920s; Brandenburg considers him an Inner Circle favorite of President Calles, 1924–1928. l—DP70, 2064; Scott, 122; Brandenburg, 63; Peral, 787; DBM68, 595; López, 1058; Michaels, 28–29; Enc. Mex., XII, 34; www.es.wikipedia.org, 2008; www.portal .veracruz.gob, 2007; www.veracruzpuerto .info/2006. Telleache (Merino), Ramón (Deceased Feb. 22, 1972) a—May 3, 1914. b—Villahermosa, Tabasco c—Elementary studies in Villahermosa; secondary studies in Puebla; preparatory studies at National Preparatory School; law degree from the National School of Law, UNAM, 1940. d—Mayor, Frontera, Tabasco, 1965–1967. e—None. f—Agent, Ministerio Público, Office of the Attorney General, Federal District, 1940–1943; substitute president, Federal

Board of Conciliation and Arbitration, 1944–1947; assistant secretary of livestock, 1970–1972. g—President, Livestock Association of Frontera (3 times); delegate, National Federation of Cattlemen; member, Executive Council, State Cattlemen’s Association, Tabasco. h—Involved in cattle ranching in Tabasco since 1947; secretary and treasurer, Tabasco Credit Union. j—None. k—None. l—HA, Dec. 14, 1970, 21; D del S, Feb. 23, 1972, 1; DP95, 3435; DP95, 3435. Téllez Benoit, María Emilia a—Dec. 27, 1921. b—Washington, DC. c—Elementary studies in Washington, DC; secondary studies in Rome; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, 1947, with thesis titled “The Continental Shelf ”; assistant professor of public international law, National School of Law, UNAM, 1946; assistant professor of Public International Law and General State Theory Seminar, UNAM, 1946–1947, 1958–1961; professor of international public law, Women’s University of Mexico, 1949–1950; professor of public international law, National School of Law, UNAM, 1957–1958. d—None. e—None. f—Career Foreign Service officer; joined Foreign Service, Apr. 1, 1946, with rank of vice consul; assistant, Office of Protocol, Secretariat of Foreign Relations, 1946; lawyer, Department of Legal Affairs, Secretariat of Foreign Relations, 1946; director, Postwar Sec., Secretariat of Foreign Relations, 1946–1948; director, United States and Canada Sec., Secretariat of Foreign Relations, 1948–1955; director, Europe, Asia, and Africa Department, Secretariat of Foreign Relations, 1958–1959; director, Department of American Affairs, Secretariat of Foreign Relations, 1959; director, Department of Information, Office of the Presidency, 1959; 3rd secretary, Washington, DC, 1947–1948; vice consul, Washington, DC, 1947–1948; 2nd secretary, Havana, 1955–1958; director general of international organizations, Secretariat of Foreign Relations, 1964–1968; assistant director general of international organizations, 1961–1964; oficial mayor,

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Secretariat of Foreign Relations, 1970–1976; assistant secretary of special studies and international affairs, Secretariat of Foreign Relations, 1976–1982. g—None. h—None. i—Father, Manuel C. Téllez, was secretary of government and secretary of foreign relations, 1931–1932; attended UNAM with Luis Echeverría and José López Portillo. j—None. k—First woman oficial mayor in a Mexican cabinet. l—HA, Dec. 14, 1970, 20; DPE61, 17; Libro de Oro, xxv; letter. Téllez Cruz, Agustín a—Nov. 15, 1918. b—Guanajuato, Guanajuato c—Early education unknown; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, 1938–1942, with thesis on Amparo; professor, School of Law, University of Hidalgo, 1945–1946. d—Senator from State of Guanajuato, 1982–1988. e—Joined PRI, 1966. f—Secretary, Second Judicial District, Hidalgo, 1944–1946; secretary, Judicial District, Puebla, 1946–1947; lawyer, relator “B”, 1947–1948; director, Office of Law Compilation, Supreme Court, 1949; secretary of studies and accounts, Supreme Court, 1949; judge, District Court, Chihuahua, Sonora, and Federal District, 1951–1958; judge, Collegiate Court, Puebla, 1960–1964; director general of legal services, Department of the Federal District, 1965– 1974; director general of juridical and governmental affairs, Department of the Federal District, 1974; supernumerary justice, Supreme Court, 1974–1975; justice, Supreme Court, 1975–1977; president, Supreme Court, 1977–1982; interim governor, Guanajuato, June 26, 1984–1985; personal representative of President Carlos Salinas to the Vatican, 1990–1992. g—President, Federation of University Students, Hidalgo, 1936. h—None. i—Son of Agustín Téllez López, supreme court justice, and Elena Cruces Sánchez; married Rosa María Straffon Rabling; son Rolando Téllez Straffon, Supreme Court of Justice official. j—None. k—None. l—Almanaque de México, 1982, 77; Protag., 335; HA, July 9, 1984, 25; Excélsior, Dec. 26, 1981, 16; letter; Lehr, 176; DBGM89, 345; DBGM, 608; www.scjn.gob.mx, 695–696, 2008.

Téllez Kuenzler, Luis Manuel Enrique

a—Oct. 13, 1958. b—Federal District. c—Preparatory studies at Colegio Alemán Alexander Von Humboldt, 1977; degree in economics from ITAM, 1977–1980, with thesis on macrostabilization of an open economy; law degree from UNAM, 1977–1980; PhD in economics from MIT, 1982–1986, with thesis on real and financial aspects of an open economy; professor, ITAM, 1986–1989. d—None. e—Joined PRI, 1980; coordinator, IEPES Committee; coordinator of advisers, Ernesto Zedillo presidential campaign, 1994. f—Analyst, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1979–1982; adviser to assistant secretary of programming and budget, Pedro Aspe, 1987–1988; coordinator of advisers, Secretariat of Programming and Budget, 1988; director general of treasury planning, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1988–1990; assistant secretary of planning, Secretariat of Agriculture and Hydraulic Resources, 1991–1994; chief of staff, President Ernesto Zedillo, 1994–1997; secretary of energy, 1997–2000; secretary of communications, 2006–2009. g—None. h—Member, Board of Directors, FEMSA, 2001; vice president and CEO, Desc, 2003. i—Son of Luis Téllez Benoit, civil engineer, and Cristina Kuenzler; married Consuelo Morales Viesca; nephew of María Emilia Téllez Benoit, assistant secretary of foreign relations; grandson of Manuel C. Téllez, secretary of government and secretary of foreign relations, 1930–1932; student of Guillermo Ortiz Martínez and Pedro Aspe at ITAM; student at Colegio Alemán with Óscar de Buen Richkarday, his assistant secretary, 2006. k—None. l—DBGM92, 365; De del Y, Mar. 28, 2001; De del Y, Nov. 21, 2006; Pescador, 237; Musacchio, 399. Téllez Oropeza, Esperanza a—1920s. b—Zacatlán, Puebla c—Elementary studies at Benito Juárez School, Zacatlán; completed secretarial studies at Oliver Pestalozzi Academy, Mexico City, 1931; teacher, Oliver Pestalozzi Academy. d—Federal

t he b io g ra phies  943

deputy from State of Puebla, Dist. 10, 1958–1961, member of Library Committee and Committee on the Radio and Television Industry. e—None. f—Personal secretary to Enrique Rodríguez Cano, secretary of the presidency, 1952–1956; employee, Administrative Department, Office of the Presidency, 1956–1958. g—Employee, National Teachers’ Union, 1937. j—None. k—First female deputy from state of Puebla. l—Func., 327; C de D, 1958–1961, 92; www .lajornadadeoriente.com.mx, Oct. 17, 2003. Tello (Baurraud), Manuel (Deceased Nov. 27, 1971) a—Nov. 1, 1898. b—Zacatecas, Zacatecas c—Elementary studies at Christian Brothers School, Zacatecas; secondary studies at Instituto Científico, Zacatecas; preparatory studies at National Preparatory School; law studies at Free Law School and National School of Law, UNAM; no degree. d—Senator from State of Zacatecas, 1964–1970. e—None. f—Joined Foreign Service, 1923; vice consul, Brownsville, Tex., 1924; vice consul, Nuevo Laredo, 1925; consul, Antwerp, 1925–1927; consul, Berlin and Hamburg, 1927–1929; consul, Yokohama, 1930–1933; alternate Mexican delegate, League of Nations, 1934–1937; Mexican delegate, League of Nations, 1938–1941; director general, Diplomatic Service and Political Affairs, Secretariat of Foreign Relations, 1942–1943; oficial mayor of foreign relations, Secretariat of Foreign Relations, 1943–1944; assistant secretary of foreign relations, Secretariat of Foreign Relations, 1944–1948; assistant secretary‑in‑charge of the secretariat, Secretariat of Foreign Relations, 1948–1951; secretary of foreign relations, 1951–1952; ambassador to United States, 1952–1958; secretary of foreign relations, 1958–1964. g—None. h—Author of several books on foreign relations. i—Student of Manuel J. Sierra Mayora at UNAM, who was his mentor in the Secretariat of Foreign Relations; close friendships with Vicente Sánchez Gavito, José Gorostiza, and Jaime Torres Bodet; married Guadalupe Macías; son Manuel Tello Macías became ambassador

to Great Britain in 1976; son Carlos was appointed secretary of programming and budget, 1976–1977; father, a rancher. j—None. k—None. l—HA, Aug. 10, 1951, 14; DGF56, 126; WWW70–71, 894; EBW46, 128; HA, Dec. 6, 1971, 22; HA, Dec. 8, 1958, 25; WWMG, 38; WWM45, 116; DPE70, 7; STYRBIWW54, 1046; López, 1059; NYT, Nov. 29, 1971, 42; Latin America, Dec. 3, 1976; letter. Tello Macías, Carlos (Alejandro)

a—Nov. 4, 1938. b—Geneva. c—Primary and secondary at various public and private schools; BS from Georgetown University, Washington, DC, 1955–1958; MS from Columbia University, New York, 1958–1959; economics degree from King’s College, Cambridge University, 1961–1963; assistant professor of modern economic systems, National School of Economics, UNAM, 1960–1961; professor, Seminar on Foreign Trade, School of Political Science, UNAM, 1964; researcher, Colegio de México, 1963–1964; professor of economic theory, Colegio de México, 1964–1970; professor of economic doctrines, National School of Economics, UNAM, 1966–1975; professor of the revision of economic concepts, CEMLA, IADB; researcher, National School of Economics, UNAM, 1983–1984; guest scholar, Woodrow Wilson Center for International Scholars, Washington, DC, 1984; visiting researcher, Center for Mexican–United Studies, UCSD, La Jolla, 1984–1985. d—None. e—None. f—Economist, Department of External Savings, NAFIN, 1959–1960; economist, Governing Board of State Organizations and Enterprises, 1960–1961; adviser to José López Portillo, assistant secretary of the presidency, 1968–1970; assistant director general of credit, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1971–1975; assistant secretary of revenues, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1975–1976; Secretary of programming and budget, 1976–1977; director general of Financiera Nacional Azucarera, 1978–1982; director general, Bank of Mexico, 1982; ambassador to Portugal,

944  m e xic a n p oli t i c a l b i o g ra ph i e s , 1935–20 0 9

1987–1989; president, Executive Council of Solidarity, 1989–1990; ambassador to Russia, 1990–1994; director general, National Indigenous Institute, 1996. g—None. h—Author of many economics works. i—Son of Manuel Tello, secretary of foreign relations, 1958–1963, and Guadalupe Macías Viadero; brother of Manuel Tello Macías, ambassador to Great Britain, 1977–1979; married Catalina Díaz Casasús, direct descendant of Porfirio Díaz; son Carlos Tello Díaz, historian. j—None. k—Resigned as secretary of programming and budget because of policy disagreements with Julio Moctezuma Cid and José López Portillo; not a member of PRI; López Portillo personally chose him as his undersecretary when he headed the treasury ministry. l—Excélsior, Jan. 4, 1975, 10; Excélsior, Dec. 1, 1976; El Día, Dec. 1, 1976; Excélsior, Nov. 17, 1977; Latin America, Nov., 1977; HA, Jan. 13, 1975, 9; HA, Dec. 6, 1976, 24; DPE71, 32; WSJ, Sept. 3, 1982, 3; HA, Sept. 13, 1982, 42; letters; Latin America, Sept. 17, 1982, 3, 6; DBGM92, 365. Tello Macías, Manuel a—Mar. 15, 1935. b—Geneva. c—Primary and secondary education at Colegio Benavente (Christian Brothers Boarding School), Puebla; preparatory studies at Cristóbal Colón School, Mexico City; undergraduate studies in the Foreign Service Program at Georgetown University, Washington, DC; studies at UNAM; professor, Center for Higher Naval Studies and Higher War College. d—None. e—None. f—Joined Foreign Service with rank of vice consul, 1957; rank of 3rd secretary, 1960; rank of 2nd secretary, 1962; rank of 1st secretary, 1964; rank of counselor, Sept., 1966; rank of minister, Oct. 15, 1969; assistant director, Department of International Organizations, Secretariat of Foreign Relations, 1967–1970; director general of international organizations, Secretariat of Foreign Relations, 1970–1972; director‑in‑chief of international organizations, 1972–1975; director‑in‑chief, bilateral political affairs, Secretariat of Foreign Relations, 1975–1976; ambassador to Great

Britain, 1976–1979; assistant secretary of multilateral relations, 1979–1982; permanent representative to International Organizations, Geneva, 1982–1988; ambassador to France, 1989–1993; ambassador to the United Nations, 1993–1994; secretary of foreign relations, 1994; director, Matías Romero Institute, 2002. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Manuel Tello, secretary of foreign relations, 1958–1963, and Guadalupe Macías Viadero; brother-in-law of Catalina Díaz Casasús, direct descendant of Porfirio Díaz; brother of Carlos Tello Macías, secretary of the presidency, 1976–1977. j—None. k—None. l—HA, Jan. 20, 1975, 9; HA, June 11, 1979, 9; letter; DBGM92, 366. Tello Peón, Jorge Enrique a—May 22, 1956. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; civil engineering degree from National School of Engineering, UNAM, 1975–1979, with thesis on potable water alternatives in Mexico City; postgraduate studies in public administration at UNAM, 1979–1980, and CIDE, 1982–1983; preparatory school teacher, 1981–1990. d—None. e—None. f—Analyst, National Hydraulic Planning Commission, Secretariat of Agriculture and Hydraulic Resources, 1979–1980; area director of organization, systems, and human resources, United Distillers, 1981–1982; adviser to assistant secretary of government, 1982–1985; assistant director of technical development, Office of the Director General of Research and National Security, 1985–1987; director of technical services, Office of the Director General of Research and National Security, 1989–1990; director general, Drug Control Planning Center, Office of the Attorney General of Mexico, 1991–1993; coordinator, CISEN, Secretariat of Government, 1993– 1994; director general, CISEN, Secretariat of Government, 1994; assistant secretary of public safety, Secretariat of Government, 1999–2000; assistant secretary of public security, Secretariat of Public Security, 2001. g—None. h—Vice president of Information, Cementos Mexicanos, 2006. i—Son of

t he b io g ra phies  945

Jorge Tello Desentis, public accountant, and Bertha Peón Góngora, oral surgeon; grandson of Roberto Tello Ortiz, administrator of Cuyamaloya Hacienda, Hidalgo, and mayor of Tulancingo, 1920–1922, 1925–1927, 1958–1960, and Clemencia Desentis Villegas; married Laura Emma Luna Díaz, actuary. j—None. k—None. l—De del Y, May 26, 1999; DBGM94, CD; Musacchio, 400. Tena, Felipe de Jesús (Deceased 1958) a—1870. b—Panindícuaro, Puruándiro, Michoacán. c—Elementary studies at Seminary of Morelia and Colegio de San Simón, Zamora, Michoacán; secondary studies at the Colegio de San Simón; preparatory studies at Seminary of Morelia; law degree from School of Law, University of Michoacán, July 24, 1899; professor of law, University of Michoacán; director, School of Law, University of Michoacán; professor of mercantile law, National School of Law, UNAM, 1930. d—Local deputy, State Legislature of Michoacán, 1911. e—None. f—Secretarygeneral of government, State of Michoacán, 1911, under Governor Miguel Silva; director, Legal Department, Secretariat of Agriculture; director, Legal Department, Secretariat of Government; justice, Supreme Court of Mexico, 1941–1943. g—None. h—Member, Editorial Committee for new commercial code, 1926; translator of various legal works; author of works on commercial law. i—Father of Supreme Court justice Felipe Tena Ramírez; father, a lawyer; married Sara Ramírez. j—None. k—One of Mexico’s outstanding jurists. l—DP70, 2072; letter; Enc. Mex., XII, 53; www.scjn.gob.mx, 703, 2008. Tena Ramírez, Felipe (Deceased Oct. 9, 1994) a—Apr. 23, 1905. b—Morelia, Michoacán c—Early education unknown; law degree from Free Law School, May 18, 1929, with thesis titled “The Foundation of Law: From Individualism to Socialism”; LLD from National School of Law, UNAM, Apr. 10, 1950; professor of civil proceedings, National School of Law, UNAM, 1931–1964; professor of constitutional law, Free Law School and National School of Law, UNAM,

1941–1969. d—None. e—Consultant, IEPES of PRI, 1982. f—Member, Social Security Commission to write the original law, 1943; secretary of studies and accounts, Supreme Court of Justice, 1946–1947, 1948–1951; justice, Supreme Court, 1947–1948; supernumerary justice, Supreme Court, 1951–1956; justice, Supreme Court, 1957–1970, retired Apr. 1, 1970. g—None. h—Author of law books. i—Son of Supreme Court justice Felipe de J. Tena and Sara Ramírez; married María Gómez. j—None. k—None. l—Justicia, Dec., 1966; WNM, 224; La Reforma, Oct. 10, 1994, 14A; www.scjn.gob.mx, 706, 2008. Tenorio Adame, Francisco Antonio

a—July 26, 1936. b—Tehuacán, Puebla. c—Preparatory studies at National Preparatory School, 1959–1961; studies in economics at National School of Economics, UNAM, 1961–1965, graduating, Apr. 7, 1967; director, Statistics Department, University of Sinaloa, 1967; professor, University of Sinaloa; professor, UNAM, 1971–1975. d—Federal deputy from State of Puebla, Dist. 6, 1976–1979; federal deputy from State of Puebla, Dist. 14, 1985–1988; plurinominal federal deputy from prd, 1994–1997. e—General delegate, CEN of PRI, Chiapas, 1979; assistant secretary of political training, CEN of PRI; resigned from PRI; joined PRD. f—Analyst, Río Balsas Commission, 1966–1967. g—President, Student Society, National Preparatory School, 1959–1960; president, Federation of University Studies, UNAM; secretary of international affairs, CEN of CNC. h—None. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM87, 574; Musacchio, 400. Terán Mata, Juan Manuel (Deceased Nov. 14, 1992) a—Mar. 2, 1917. b—Tampico, Tamaulipas c—Elementary studies in Tampico; secondary studies in Federal District; preparatory studies at National Preparatory School, Mexico City; legal studies at National School of Law, UNAM, 1935–1938, graduating with honorable mention, 1939; MA in philosophy, UNAM, 1939–1940, graduating with honorable mention, 1941; PhD in philosophy from UNAM, 1954

946  m e xic a n p oli t i c a l b i o g ra ph i e s , 1935–20 0 9

(magna cum laude); professor, National Preparatory School beginning in 1937; professor by competition of law and political philosophy, National School of Law, UNAM; professor of the theory of knowledge, Normal School, 1945–1951; professor of legal philosophy, School of Philosophy and Liberal Arts, UNAM. d—Federal deputy from State of Tamaulipas, Dist. 1, 1952–1955, member of Legislative Studies Committee, Military Justice Committee, Budget and Accounts Committee (3rd year), Constitutional Affairs Committee, and 1st Sec. of Credentials Committee; senator from State of Tamaulipas, 1958–1964, member of Gran Comisión, Special Legislative Studies Committee, 1st Tariff and Foreign Trade Committee, 1st Justice Committee, 2nd Petroleum Committee, and Committee on Taxes, president of 2nd Constitutional Affairs Committee. e—None. f—Member, Legislative Studies Committee, Secretariat of Public Education, 1941–1942; head, Department of Intellectual Cooperation, Secretariat of Public Education, 1948; private secretary to director, Mexican delegation, UNESCO, Jaime Torres Bodet, 1945; director general, Professions Division, Secretariat of Public Education, 1955‑57; president, Advisory Council, Secretariat of the Navy, 1960–1970; adviser, Secretary of Hydraulic Resources, 1968–1970. g—None. h—Author and noted legal philosopher; editor, El Universal, 1946– 1948. i—Student of Antonio Caso; married Olga Contreras; son of Manuel Terán and Encarnación Mata; son Juan Manuel Terán Contreras, federal tax court judge, 2005. j—None. k—None. l—Func., 373; DGF56, 302; DPE65, 55; C de D, 1952–1954, 51; C de S, 1961–1964, 71; WNM, 224; DP70, 775; DP95, 3472. Terán Terán, Héctor (Deceased Oct. 4, 1998) a—Apr. 3, 1931. b—Moctezuma, Sonora. c—Elementary studies at Vicente Guerrero public school, Agua Prieta; secondary studies at Secondary School No. 10, Agua Prieta; preparatory studies in business administration at ITESM, Monterrey,

graduating from Technological Institute of Higher Studies, Mexicali, with thesis on organizing a better grocery store. d—Local deputy, State Legislature of Baja California, Dist. 3, 1980; plurinominal federal deputy from PAN, 1985–1988; senator from Baja California, 1991–1995; governor, Baja California, 1995–1998. e—Joined PAN as member of youth sector, 1951; president, PAN Regional Committee, State of Baja California (twice); publicity secretary, Youth Sector of PAN; coordinator, Salvador Rosas Magallón’s campaign for governor of Baja California; editor, El Debate, PAN; CEN of PAN delegate to Sonora; PAN candidate for city council of Mexicali; PAN candidate for federal deputy from Baja California, 1964; PAN candidate for senator from Baja California, 1970; PAN candidate for mayor of Mexicali, 1971; PAN candidate for governor of Baja California, 1977; PAN precandidate presidential nomination, 1981; PAN candidate for governor of Baja California, 1983; adviser, CEN of PAN, 1985–1988; adviser to PAN, Baja California, 1985–1988; member, CEN of PAN, 1984–1987, 1992–1996; national adviser, PAN, 1965–1966, 1971–1975, 1978–1998. f—Secretary-general of government, Baja California, 1989–1991. g—None. i—Son of José B. Terán and Josefa Terán; married Alma Corella Gilsamaniego. j—None. k—Persecuted and imprisoned for political activities; first opposition party member elected to state legislature of Baja California; first senator from PAN. l—La Nación, Sept. 16, 1981; HA, June 6, 1983, 32–33; Protag., 336; DBGM87, 574; Pescador, 239; Pérez Franco, 325–326. Terán Torres, Héctor (Deceased Nov. 30, 1987) a—Feb. 4, 1922. b—Zitácuaro, Michoacán. c—Elementary studies in Zitácuaro; secondary and part of preparatory studies at Literary Institute of Toluca; preparatory studies completed at National Preparatory School; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM; professor of criminal law, National School of Law, UNAM, 1953–1963. d—Federal deputy from

t he b io g ra phies  947

State of Michoacán, Dist. 8, 1976–1979. e—None. f—Typist, Ministerio Público, 7th delegate, Federal District, 1945–1947; agent, Ministerio Público, 1948–1950; agent, Ministerio Público, attached to criminal courts, Federal District, 1950–1955; chief of agents, Ministerio Público, 1955–1957; second judge, First Criminal Court, 1957–1967; lawyer, Office of the Attorney General, Federal District; judge (Criminal Division), Federal District; 1st assistant attorney general, Federal District, 1969–1970; attorney general, Federal District, 1970; justice, Superior Tribunal of Justice, Federal District, 1970–1976; coordinator of advisers, National Warehouses, 1979; director of prior investigations, Office of the Attorney General, State of Mexico, 1997. g—None. i—Supported in his studies in Mexico City by his aunts Esperanza and Consuelo Colín Carrillo, teachers. j—None. k—None. l—Excélsior, Sept. 1, 1976, 1C; C de D, 1976–1979; www .zitacuaro.gob.mx, 2008. Terán (Zozaya), Horacio (Deceased 1970) a—1905. b—Ciudad Victoria, Tamaulipas c—Law degree from National School of Law, UNAM. d—Governor, Tamaulipas, 1951–1957. e—None. f—Agent, Ministerio Público; second civil judge, Mexico City; criminal judge, Eighteenth Court District, Mexico City; civil judge, Tampico; director, Legal Department, Department of the Federal District; oficial mayor, Secretariat of Government, 1946–1950; delegate, National Council of Tourism, San Antonio, Tex., 1970. g—None. i—Sister María Terán de González served as first lady when he was governor; law school companion of Miguel Alemán. j—None. k—None. l—DGF56, 101; DP70, 2096; Siempre, Sept. 19, 1956, 10; DGF47, 71; HA, Oct. 25, 1954, 15; Casasola, V.; www.manuelhaces.com, 2008. Terrazas Guerrero, Manuel a—June 22, 1923. b—Federal District. c—Teaching certificate from National Teachers’ College, 1939–1943; legal studies at National School of Law, UNAM, 1944; elementary school teacher, 1945–1949. d—Plurinominal federal

deputy from PST, 1979–1982; plurinominal federal deputy from PSUM, 1985–1988; plurinominal federal deputy from PMS, 1991– 1994. e—Joined PCM, 1939; member, Youth Committee, PCM, Federal District, 1939– 1940; director, La Voz de México, PCM, 1952–1960; secretary-general, PCM, Federal District, 1955; member, PCM Central Committee, 1945–1973; secretary-general of organization, PCM; finance secretary, PCM; secretary of labor action, PCM; expelled from PCM, 1973; member, CEN of National Liberation Movement, 1961–1966; member, National Committee, Communist Youth of Mexico; founder and director, Leftist Communist Unity, 1973–1987; secretary-general, PMS, 1977–1986; joined Leftist Communist Unity with the PMS, 1987; member, CEN of PMS, 1987–1989; formed Leftist Socialist Current, 1989; joined PFCRN, 1989; coordinator, World Council of Peace in Latin America, 2006. f—None. g—None. i—Son of Pedro Terrazas Oter, military officer and public servant, and Melitona Guerrero Verduzco; married Antonieta Barrón Pérez, economics professor. j—None. k—None. l—Musacchio, 400; DBGM92, 587; DBGM87. Terrazas Sozaya, Samuel (Deceased) a—Apr. 7, 1924. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; no degree. d—Senator from State of Veracruz, 1970– 1976, member of Gran Comisión, president of 1st Petroleum Committee, 1st secretary of 2nd Labor Committee, and 2nd secretary of 2nd Tariff and Foreign Trade Committee. e—None. f—None. g—Member, CTM, 1950; secretary of education, Petroleum Workers’ Union of the Mexican Republic, 1962–1964; treasurer, STPRM, 1964–1966; secretary-general, Local No. 30, Poza Rica, Veracruz, 1966–1968; secretary-general, STPRM, 1966–1968. i—First cousin Rita H. Sozaya Gallegos married Pedro González Azcuaga, president of PARM, 1973–1975. j—None. k—Leadership of STPRM during this period rotated among the secretariresgeneral of 3 regional locals. l—C de S,

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1970–1976, 86; MGF73; PS, 5982; Guerra Leal, 365; www.puntovaportexal.com, 2008; tsjmorelos.gob.mx, 2008; www.orizabaen red.com, 2008; www.cronica.diputados .gob.mx, 2007. Terroba Garza, Óscar a—Aug. 26, 1955. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; economics degree from IberoAmerican University, 1974–1978; professor, University of the Americas, 1985. d—None. e—Joined PRI, 1984; finance secretary, CEN of PRI, 2001. f—Director of compensation system, Treasury of State of Mexico, 1981– 1982; assistant treasurer, Control and Information Division, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1982–1992; assistant secretary of planning, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1993–1994; director general, National Bank of Rural Credit, 1994–2001. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Enrique Terroba Aguilar, public accountant, and Graciela Garza Garza, retailer; married Irene Alagón Conesa, economist. j—None. k—Attorney General ordered him arrested on charges of using public resources for personal gain, 2002. l—DBGM84, 409; Pescador; DBGM89, 347; www.dgcs.pgr.gob.mx, July 21, 2002; www .pri.org.mx. Terrones Benítez, Alberto (Deceased Dec. 28, 1981) a—June 3, 1887. b—Villa de Nombre de Dios, Durango. c—Elementary studies in Nazas, Topoia, and Durango, Durango, under his father; preparatory studies at Juárez Institute, Durango, 1900; preparatory studies in engineering at National Preparatory School; studies toward a degree in mining engineering, National School of Engineering, UNAM; law degree from Juárez Institute, Dec. 10, 1910, with specialization in mining labor law. d—Deputy from Querétaro from State of Durango, Dist. 6, Constitutional Convention, 1916–1917; alternate federal deputy from State of Durango, Dist. 4, 1920–1922, 1922–1924; federal deputy from State of Durango, Dist. 6, 1924; senator from State of Durango, 1924–1926; provisional governor, Durango, 1929–1930; senator from

State of Durango, 1952–1958, member of Indigenous Affairs Committee, Special Legislative Studies Committee, president of Special Committee on Small Agricultural Property, president of 1st Mines Committee, 1st secretary of Military Justice Committee; senator from State of Durango, 1964–1970. e—None. f—Judge, State of Durango, 1917; legal adviser, Durango, 1930–1931; attorney general, Durango, 1931–1932; lawyer, Office of the Attorney General, State of Durango; official, Department of Agrarian Affairs; Durango representative, Federal District, 1947–1950. g—Organizer and president, Agrarian Union of Durango, 1917; president, Miners’ Association of Mexico, 1963. h—Manager, Soto Mining Co., 1911–1916; practicing lawyer, Mexico City. i—Son of Antonio Terrones, schoolteacher, and Candelaria Benítez; brother of General Adolfo Terrones Benítez, director of the infantry, Secretariat of National Defense, 1956; married María Lanone; son José served as president of CANACINTRA. j—None. k—Removed as provisional governor of Durango after attempting to implement stronger pro-agrarian reforms. l—C de D, 1922–1924, 34; C de D, 1920–1922, 34; C de D, 1924–1926, 35; C de S, 1924–1926; Ind. Biog., 155; DGF56, 6, 8, 9, 11, 12, 14; Excélsior, Dec. 29, 1981, 10; www.familysearch.org, 2008; DP95, 7438. Thomas Torres, Lorenzo Manuel

a—Dec. 24, 1944. b—Tijuana, Baja California. c—Early education unknown; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, 1962–1966; higher management diploma, IPADE; professor, Acatlán campus, UNAM, 1974. d—None. e—Joined PRI, 1978. f—Department director, National Registry of Foreign Investment, Secretariat of Industry and Commerce, 1973–1974; coordinator of legal advisers, Industrial Division, Secretariat of Government Properties, 1975–1976; assistant director, Legal Department, Foreign Investment Division, 1977–1978; assistant director general, Foreign Investment Division, Secretariat of

t he b io g ra phies  949

Government Properties, 1982–1983; general manager of trusts, NAFIN, 1983; attorney general, Federal District, 1997; director general of planning, Office of the Attorney for the Environment, 2003. g—None. h—Practicing lawyer, Tijuana, 1970–1971; partner, L. Thomas and Associates, 2007– .i—Son of Carlos Thomas Ramírez, surgeon, and Carmen Torres Landa; married Rocío Ruiz Chávez, economist. j—None. k—None. l—www.ceja.org.mx, 2008; DBGM84, 410. Tiburcio González, Adrián (Deceased Sept. 21, 1972) a—June 22, 1907. b—Alvarado, Veracruz. c—Primary and secondary studies in Veracruz; preparatory studies in Veracruz; naval studies at Fernando Siliceo Nautical School; professor of algebra, analytical mechanics and physics, School of Engineering, UNAM; professor, National Military College. d—Federal deputy from State of Veracruz, Dist. 11, 1967–1970. e—Member, PARM; orator for Lázaro Cárdenas, 1939–1940. g—Founder, General Federation of Labor; secretary-general, CTM, Veracruz. h—Seaman by profession. i—Son of Guillermo Tiburicio Hernández, in the navy and later a highly successful businessman, and Rosaura González; personal friend of Lázaro Cárdenas; married Mercedes Pérez. j—Captain in the navy; naval inspector; adviser to port captain, Veracruz. k—Headed dissident PARM faction, 1962; candidate for federal deputy numerous times. l—MGF69, 96; C de D, 1967–1969; HA, Oct. 2 1972, 64; López, 1067; Excélsior, Sept. 29, 1974; www.sct.gob.mx, 2008. Tinoco Rubí, Víctor Manuel a—Jan. 26, 1946. b—Zitácuaro, Michoacán. c—Elementary studies at March 18 Public School, Zitácuaro; secondary studies at N. Romero Public School, Zitácuaro; preparatory studies at National Preparatory School No. 7, Federal District; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, 1963–1967; professor, UNAM, 1964–1966; professor, La Salle University, 1973–1977; professor, Ibero-American University,

1980–1983. d—Local deputy, State Legislature of Michoacán, 1989–1991; senator from State of Michoacán, 1991–1996; governor, Michoacán, 1996–2002. e—None. f—None. g—Secretary of the interior, Department of the Federal District Workers’ Union, 1968– 1970. h—None. i—Son of Abelardo Tinoco Aguilar, surgeon, and María Elena Rubí Santaolalla; married María Rosario Ortiz Patiño. j—None. k—None. l—Integrantes, 1991–1994; DBGM92, 588; Pescador, 240; Musacchio, 401. Todd Pérez, Luis Eugenio a—Oct. 22, 1935. b—Monterrey, Nuevo León. c—Early education unknown; medical degree from School of Medicine, Autonomous University of Nuevo León, 1953–1958; resident, Nutritional Hospital of Mexico, 1961; resident, Kidney Division, Washington University Hospital, St. Louis, Mo., 1962–1963; resident, Kidney Division, Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, DC, 1963–1964; professor, School of Medicine, Autonomous University of Nuevo León, 1959–1960; director, Metabolic Unit, University Hospital, Nuevo León, 1965–1988; dean, School of Nursing, Autonomous University of Nuevo León, 1968; rector, Autonomous University of Nuevo León, 1973–1979; director general, College of Scientific and Technical Studies, Nuevo León, 2004. d—None. e—Joined PRI, 1961; PT candidate for governor of Nuevo León, 1997. f—Chief of coordination, Public Health Services, State of Nuevo León, 1979–1982; assistant secretary of higher education and scientific research, Secretariat of Public Education, 1988–1992; ambassador to UNESCO, 1992–1995; director, Council of Science and Technology, Nuevo León, 2004. g—None. h—Practicing physician, 1960– . i—Son of Hiram Todd Grajales, mechanical engineer, and Carmen Pérez Maldonado Garza; married Elvira Lozano González, member of City Council of San Pedro Garza García, Nuevo León, 2000. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM89, 349; DBGM92, 367–368; letter.

950  m e xic a n p oli t i c a l b i o g ra ph i e s , 1935–20 0 9 Toledo Corro, Antonio a—Apr. 1, 1919. b—Escuinapa, Sinaloa. c—Primary and secondary studies in Sinaloa; no degree. d—Local deputy, State Legislature of Sinaloa, 1952; mayor, Mazatlán, Sinaloa, 1957–1962; mayor, Mazatlán, 1970–1976; federal deputy from State of Sinaloa, Dist. 4, 1976–1978, coordinator of deputies from CNC sector, 1976; governor, Sinaloa, 1980– 1986. e—Participant, presidential campaigns of Adolfo López Mateos, 1958, Gustavo Díaz Ordaz, 1964, and Luis Echeverría, 1970. f—Director, National Grain Promotion Program, Juchitlán Irrigation District; director of rural mechanization, Secretariat of Agrarian Reform; secretary of agrarian reform, June 9, 1978–1980. g—President, Chamber of Commerce, Mazatlán, 1957; delegate, Livestock Association of Southern Sinaloa; member, National Livestock Federation. h—Rancher; owner of an agricultural machinery business. i—Married Estela Ortiz; part of Francisco Merino Rábago’s camarilla. j—None. k—PRI precandidate for governor of Sinaloa against Leopoldo Sánchez Celis, 1963, suffered political ostracism; strongest precandidate for governor of Sinaloa against Alfonso Calderón Velarde, 1974; Adolfo López Mateos praised him as an outstanding mayor of Mazatlán; Excélsior accused him of being a large landholder in El Rosario region. l—Excélsior, Aug. 28, 1976, 1C; Excélsior, June 10, 1978, 1, 4, 8, 18; News, June 10, 1978, 2; Proceso, June 12, 1978, 7; Excélsior, Apr. 27, 1980, 4. Topelson de Grinberg, Sara Halina

a—1947. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; degree in architecture from National School of Architecture, UNAM; professor of architecture, Anáhuac campus, UNAM, 1972–2006; professor of architecture, UAM, Mexico City; professor of architecture, International Academy of Architecture, Sofia, Bulgaria. d—None. e—None. f—Director of architecture, National Institute of Fine Arts, 2001; assistant secretary of urban development, Secretariat of Social Development, 2006– .

g—Secretary of international relations, Mexico College of Architects. h—Private architectural practice with husband, José Grinberg, specializing in housing projects. i—Married José Grinberg. j—None. k—Woman of the Year, 1996. l—Letter, Musacchio, 402; www.uia-architects.org, 2008. Topete Ibáñez, Rosendo (Deceased) a—1892. b—Jicaltepec, Veracruz. c—Elementary studies in Martínez de la Torre, Veracruz; secondary studies in Tlapacoyan, Veracruz; studied business and accounting in Tlapacoyan. d—Local deputy, State Legislature of Veracruz, under Governor Adolfo Ruiz Cortines, 1947–1950; federal deputy from State of Veracruz, Dist. 4, 1955–1958, president of Gran Comisión, member of 1st Government Committee; senator from State of Veracruz, 1958–1964, member of Gran Comisión, 2nd National Defense Committee, 2nd Petroleum Committee, Special Livestock Committee, and Consular and Diplomatic Service Committee, president of Special Hydraulic Resources Committee. e—Assistant to treasurer, Pro Ávila Camacho Political Committee, 1940; official, Adolfo Ruiz Cortines campaign, 1952. f—Treasurer general, Veracruz, under Governor Adolfo Ruiz Cortines, 1944–1947; chief, presidential offices, Adolfo Ruiz Cortines, 1952–1955. g—None. h—Businessman, 1929–1930, 1946. i—Brother of Ricardo Topete, federal deputy under President Calles; uncle of Flavio Romero de Velasco. k—None. l—Func., 387; C de S, 1961–1964, 71; DGF56, 29, 33, 30; Ind. Biog., 155–157; www.portal.veracruz.gob.mx, 2008. Torreblanca Galindo, Carlos Zeferino

a—Mar. 14, 1954. b—Guadalajara, Jalisco. c—Elementary and secondary studies at Colegio MacGregor, Acapulco, Guerrero; preparatory studies in Monterrey, Nuevo León; degree in public accounting from ITESM; studies in finance and business administration in England. d—Plurinominal federal deputy from PRD, 1994–1997; mayor, Acapulco, 1999–2002; plurinominal

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federal deputy from PRD, 2003–2005; governor, Guerrero, 2005–2011. e—PRD candidate for mayor of Acapulco, 1993, 1996. f—None. g—President, Chamber of Commerce, Acapulco, 1985–1986. h—Took over family auto repair chain; adviser, Banco Mexicano, 1987–1994. i—Son of Luis Torreblanca González, businessman and state government employee, including president of Technical Council for Papagayo Park, Guerrero, and Luisa Galindo Ochoa. j—None. k—None. l—www.lajornadaguerrero.org, June 28, 2007; www.guerrero.gob.mx, 2008. Torres Bodet, Jaime (Deceased May 13, 1974) a—Apr. 17, 1902. b—Federal District. c—Preparatory studies at National Preparatory School, graduating, 1917; legal studies at National School of Law, UNAM, 1918–1920; instructor of free preparatory course in general literature, 1920; secretary, National Preparatory School, under Ezequiel Chávez, 1920; professor of art history, National Preparatory School, 1922–1923; professor of French literature, School of Philosophy and Letters, UNAM, 1925–1929. d—None. e—None. f—Private secretary to José Vasconcelos, rector of UNAM, 1921; director, Department of Libraries, Secretariat of Public Education, 1922–1924; joined Foreign Service, 1929; 2nd secretary, Spain, 1929–1931; 1st secretary of legation, Paris, 1935–1936; secretary, Buenos Aires, 1934–1935; chargé d’affaires, Netherlands, 1932–1934; director, Diplomatic Service, Secretariat of Foreign Relations, 1936–1937; chargé d’affaires, Brussels, 1938–1940; assistant secretary of foreign relations, 1940–1943; secretary of public education, 1943–1946; secretary of foreign relations, 1946–1948; secretary-general, UNESCO, 1949–1952; ambassador to France, 1953–1958; secretary of public education, 1958–1964; ambassador‑at‑large, 1970–1971. g—None. h—National prize for literature, 1966; founded and published Contemporáneos, 1928–1931, which included such authors as Xavier Villaurrutia and Salvador Novo; head, Mexican delegation which

formed UNESCO, 1945; head, Mexican delegation to Bogotá Conference, 1948; writer and poet, published first book at age 16. i—Son of Alejandro Torres Girbent, theatrical producer and businessman, and Emilia Bodet; married Josefina Juárez; studied under Alfonso Caso at UNAM, 1918; founding member, Ateneo de la Juventud, 1918, which included Luis Garrido and José Gorostiza; studied with Rafael de la Colina at preparatory and UNAM; classmate of Salvador Novo; attended UNAM with Daniel Cosío Villegas. j—None. k—Member of the revolutionary family, 1940–1948; received Belisario Domínguez award from the Senate, 1971. l—HA, Dec. 8, 1958, 26; WWMG, 39; Daniels, 108–109, 140–141; Brandenburg, 178, 180; IWW, 1231; WWM5, 117; DGF56, 126; HA, Oct. 11, 1972, 18–21; Peral, 798; HA, Oct. 4, 1971, 18; Novo, 166; STYRBIWW54, 1054; letters; Enc. Mex., XII, 193–194. Torres Chavarría, Celia a—June 3, 1928. b—Iztapaluca, State of Mexico. c—Primary and secondary studies in Mexico City; studies in journalism and labor law; 5 years of special studies at Conservatory of Music of National Institute of Fine Arts; law degree from Ibero-American University, 1979–1983. d—Federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. 25, 1976–1979, member of Public Foodstuffs Committee, Agrarian Affairs Committee, Development of Social Security Committee, Public Health Committee; federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. 6, 1988–1991. e—Member, PPS, 1957–1988; member, National Liberation Movement, 1959; joined PRD, 1989; member, CEN of PRD. f—Representative of women of indigenous origin to Secretariat of Agrarian Reform and Department of the Federal District; director, Indigenous Cultural Center, Secretariat of Public Education. g—None. i—Daughter of Julio Torres, peasant leader in Valle del Tenango, and Julia Chavarría García; recruited into PRI by Rodolfo González Guevara; married to Fernando Sánchez Ramírez, lawyer. j—None.

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k—None. l—D de C, 1976–1979, 3, 5, 37; HA, May 31, 1976, 10–11; Excélsior, Sept. 3, 1976; DBGM89, 548. Torres Gaitán, Ricardo (Deceased) a—Dec. 1, 1911. b—Coalcomán, Michoacán. c—Economics degree from National School of Economics, UNAM, Apr. 12, 1944, with thesis on Mexican monetary policy; assistant professor of organization and financing of private enterprise, National School of Economics, UNAM, 1943; assistant professor of credit operations and institutions, National School of Economics, UNAM, 1944–1949; chief of labs, National School of Economics, UNAM, 1944–1949; professor of international trade theory and developing credit institutions, National School of Economics, UNAM, 1944–1978; director, National School of Economics, UNAM, 1953–1961; professor, Seminar on Economic Development, National School of Economics, UNAM, 1963–1977; member, Governing Board, UNAM, 1962–1974; professor emeritus of economics, UNAM, 1978. d—None. e—None. f—Researcher, Committee on Tariffs and Subsidies for Foreign Trade, 1944–1945; chief, Banking Department, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1946; director, Department of Administration and Development of Enterprises, NAFIN, 1947–1952; director, Institute of Economic Research, UNAM, 1950–1952; director of statistics, Secretariat of Industry and Commerce; oficial mayor of industry and commerce, 1953–1961; director general, National Bank of Ejido Credit, 1958–1964; adviser, Mexican Institute of Foreign Trade, 1971–1976; adviser, Secretariat of Agriculture and Hydraulic Resources, 1977–1982. g—None. i—Professor of Julio Faesler Carlisle, director general of Mexican Institute of Foreign Trade, 1970–1976; relative of Carlos Torres Manzo. j—None. k—Supported Carlos Torres Manzo for governor of Michoacán, 1974. l—D del Y, Dec., 1958; HA, Dec. 15, 1958, 5; letter; JSH, 402–404; www.iiec.unam.mx, 2008. Torres Herrera, Víctor Manuel a—Feb. 12, 1958. b—Martínez de la Torre, Veracruz.

c—Early education unknown; agricultural engineering degree from UAM, Xochimilco campus, 1977–1981; one semester of studies toward MA in public administration and political science at University of Colima, 1996; diploma in municipal management from University of Colima, 1999. d—Plurinominal local deputy to State Legislature of Colima, 1994–1997, coordinator of PAN delegation; senator from Colima, 2000–2006; plurinominal federal deputy from PAN, 2006–2009. e—Joined PAN, 1985; secretary-general, PAN, Colima, 1995–1998; president, PAN, Colima, 1998– 2001; member, National Council of PAN, 1995. f—Design technician, Secretariat of Agriculture and Hydraulic Resources, 1981–1982; agronomist, Morelia, 1982–1984; Supervisor of vegetable sanitation, Colima, 1984–1986; chief, Agrology Division, Secretariat of Agriculture, 1986–1989; chief, Basic Studies Department, 1989–1992, hydraulic specialist, 1992–1994, and department head, 1997–1998, National Water Commission. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Bulmaro Torres Cardeña and Aurora Herrera Muñoz. j—None. k—None. l—Musacchio, 403; Directorio del Congreso, 2006–2009, 431; DCM, 2000–2003, 47–48; QesQ en el Congreso, 2000–2003, 315–316; www .diputados.gob.mx, 2006–2009. Torres Landa, Juan José (Deceased June 16, 1980) a—Apr. 16, 1911. b—Hacienda El Saucillo, Cuerámaro, Guanajuato. c—Primary and secondary studies in León, Guanajuato; preparatory studies at University of Guanajuato, León; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, 1937, with thesis on the regulation of marriage; director, Normal School of León, 1938. d—Federal deputy from State of Guanajuato, Dist. 2, 1949–1952, member of 2nd Administrative Committee, 1st Treasury Committee, Consular Service and Diplomatic Committee; governor, Guanajuato, 1961–1967. e—Joined PNR, 1935; general delegate of PRI to Baja California, 1968–1970; general delegate to CEN of PRI, Michoacán,

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1978. f—Director, preparatory schools of Guanajuato, 1943–1944; ambassador to Brazil, 1970–1974. g—Member, League of Workers and Peasants, 1929; president, Society of Preparatory Students, University of Guanajuato, 1931; founder and president, Vanguard of Revolutionary Guanajuato Students, 1935; student leader, 1933 strike at UNAM; delegate, 1st convention of CNOP of PRI, 1943. h—Conductor, TijuanaMexico bus line; practicing lawyer, León, 1935–1955. i—Son Juan José Torres Landa García was precandidate for federal deputy, 1976; son Sergio Torres Landa was director general of Secretariat of public Works, 1977; son Juan Ignacio was federal deputy from Guanajuato, 1991–1994, PST candidate for governor of Guanajuato, 1985, and PRD/ PRI candidate for governor, 2000; married Mara Teresa García; son of Hermión Torres Aranda and Ana María de Landa y Yermo; uncle Hilaron was an industrialist; grandfather Hermión Torres Aranda was a large landowner. j—None. k—¿Por Qué? alleges he left the State of Guanajuato 1, 500 million pesos in debt after the fiasco of his Plan Guanajuato; ¿Por Qué? also claims he was involved in several land scandals. l—C de D, 1949–1951, 92; Por Qué? Sept. 18, 1968, 32ff; Hoy, Mar. 13, 1971, 10; Por Qué? Dec. 4, 1969, 20, 22; Excélsior, Nov. 7, 1978, 13; Torres Martínez, 189, 206; HA, June 23, 80, 12; Almanaque de México, 500; DBGM92, 589; www.familytreemaker.genealogy.com, 2008. Torres Manzo, Carlos a—Apr. 25, 1923. b—Coalcomán, Michoacán. c—Elementary studies at Ignacio Manuel Altamirano School, Uruapan, Michoacán, 1937–1941; secondary studies at Boarding School for Workers’ Children, Zamora, Michoacán, 1942–1944; preparatory studies at National Preparatory School, Mexico City, 1945–1946; studies in economics at National School of Economics, UNAM, 1947–1952, graduating with thesis on the pure theory of international trade, Aug. 25, 1961, thesis received recognition from Bank of Mexico; graduate studies at London School of Economics,

1955–1957; diploma from government of Japan for studies in Tokyo on economic planning and free trade; professor of literature, etymology, history of economic thought, economic theory, and international trade, National School of Economics, UNAM, 1958–1970. d—Governor, Michoacán, 1974–1980. e—Joined PRI, 1947; director, Foreign Commerce Studies Commission, IEPES of PRI; campaigned for Luis Echeverría for president by presenting reports on tourism, electric industry, and industrialization; director, IEPES of PRI, 1987–1989. f—Librarian, secondary school of Zamora, 1944–1945; employee, Secretariat of Education, 1946–1947; warehouseman, Commerce Bank, 1947; technician, Secretariat of National Properties, 1947–1949; supervisor, Department of Commercial Policy, Secretariat of Industry and Commerce, 1952–1954; economist, Secretariat of Industry and Commerce, 1958; economist, National Bank of Ejido Credit, 1959–1961; director, Department of Commercial Policy, Secretariat of Industry and Commerce, 1961–1964; manager, CONASUPO, 1964– 1970; secretary of industry and commerce, 1970–1974; assistant secretary of planning and development, Secretariat of Tourism, 1989–1990. g—President, Federation of University Students, 1950; secretary-general, League of Revolutionary Economists, CNOP of PRI; president, College of Economists, 1970–1971; director, Association of Small Business Banks. h—Researcher, Institute of Investigations, National School of Economics, UNAM, 1958–1964; author of many articles on economic subjects for El Nacional and Prensa Gráfica. i—Studied under Eduardo Bustamante and Ricardo Torres Gaitán at UNAM; as student at UNAM, knew Jorge de la Vega Domínguez and Jesús Silva Herzog Flores. j—None. l—Letters; HA, Dec. 7, 1970, 24; Hoy, Jan. 9, 1971, 4; Excélsior, Jan. 19, 1974, 8; Enc. Mex., Annual, 1977, 546; Enc. Mex., XII, 195; HA, Sept. 16, 1974, 36; www.lajornadamichoacan .com, Jan. 7, 2007.

954  m e xic a n p oli t i c a l b i o g ra ph i e s , 1935–20 0 9 Torres Mercado, Tomás a—Dec. 15, 1960. b—El Tular, Valparaíso, Zacatecas. c—Early education unknown; law degree from University of Zacatecas, 1977–1982; MA in legal studies from National School of Law, UNAM, 1982–1984; professor of law, University of Zacatecas; professor, National Preparatory School No. 4, 1982– 1984; professor, University of Guadalajara, 1982–1984, 1992. d—Plurinominal federal deputy from PRD, 2000–2003; senator from Zacatecas, 2006–2012. e—Member, PRI; joined PRD, 1998. f—Aide to attorney general of Zacatecas and agent, Ministerio Público, 1981–1982; legal adviser to director general of IPN, 1982–1984; chief of legal services and general counsel, Zacatecas, 1993–1994; coordinator of disputed affairs, IMSS, 1994–1998; legal coordinator, Zacatecas, 1998–2000; secretary-general of government, Zacatecas, 2003, 2004–2006. g—None. h—Practicing lawyer, 1984–1992. j—None. k—None. l—Musacchio, 403; Directorio del Congreso, 2006–2009, 303; QesQ en el Congreso, 2000–2003, 136; www.senado.gob.mx, 2007. Torres Mesías, Luis (Deceased) a—Mar. 26, 1916. b—Mérida, Yucatán c—Primary and secondary studies in Mérida; teaching certificate; no degree. d—Mayor, Mérida, 1959–1960; federal deputy from State of Yucatán, Dist. 1, 1961–1964, member of Gran Comisión, Public Works Committee, Budget and Accounts Committee; governor, Yucatán, 1964–1970. e—President, Regional Committee of PRI, Yucatán, 1956–1958; member, PRI student political group in Yucatán, Juventudes Sociales. f—Secretary-general of government, State of Yucatán, Feb.–Oct., 1958, under Governor Agustín Franco Aguilar. g—None. h—None. j—None. k—Unpopular gubernatorial candidate; opposed José Vallejo Novelo; member, Ernesto Novelo Torres’ group. l—Informes, 1964–1970; C de D, 1961–1963, 93; D del Y, Nov. 24, 1964, Q es Q, 242–243; Richmond, 395; Siempre, Oct. 23, 1963, 93; Novedades, Aug. 5, 1963.

Torres Origel, Ricardo a—Sept. 8, 1956. b—León, Guanajuato. c—Elementary and secondary studies at Colegio La Salle, León; teaching certificate from Cristóbal Colón Normal School, Federal District; degree in education from Benavente Normal School, Puebla, Puebla, 1980; studies in philosophy at La Salle University, Mexico City; postgraduate studies in political science at Pontifical University, Salamanca, Spain, 1999; director, Cristóbal Colón School, Mexico City, 1978–2003; director, HispanoAmerican Education Complex, Guanajuato, 1983–1984. d—Local deputy, State Legislature of Guanajuato, 1997–2000, coordinator of PAN delegation; plurinominal federal deputy from PAN, 2000–2003; plurinominal senator from PAN, 2006–2012. e—Secretary of citizen action, PAN, León, 1995–1997; national adviser, PAN, 2001–2007. f—Secretary of social development, León, 1995–1997; secretary of government, Guanajuato, 2004–2006. g—None. h—Plant manager, Stoever Chemical, 1984–1988; manager, Chemical Division, Sandoz de México, León, 1989–1990; founder and director general, Industrial Tordia, 1989–1997; founder and director general, Ibero-American Institute of Human Development, 2000–2004. i—Son of Salvador Torres Gómez and Celia Origel Orozco. j—None. k—None. l—DCM, 2000–2003, 354; QesQ en el Congreso, 2000–2003, 100; Musacchio, 404; Directorio del Congreso, 2006–2009, 324. Torres Ortiz, José Nerio a—Aug. 3, 1942. b—Mérida, Yucatán. c—Elementary studies at V. Guerrero Public School, Mérida; secondary studies at A. Vadillo Cicero Public School, Mérida; completed preparatory studies at S. Alvarado Public Preparatory School, Mérida. d—Member, City Council, Mérida, 1971–1973, 1976–1978, 1985; federal deputy from State of Yucatán, Dist. 2, 1985– 1988, coordinator of PRI delegation from Yucatán; alternate senator from Yucatán, 1988–1991; local deputy, State Legislature of Yucatán, 1991; senator from Yucatán, 1991– 1997. e—Joined PRI, 1966; president, PRI,

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Mérida; secretary of political action, PRI, Yucatán. f—None. g—Assistant secretarygeneral, The Drivers’ Front. i—Son of Julio Torres González, freight handler, and María Ortiz Baeza; married Emma Arcila Arce, teacher. j—None. k—None. l—Integrantes, 1991–1997; DBGM92, 590; DBGM87, 575–576. Torres Ortiz, Pedro a—May 13, 1887. b—Colima, Colima. c—Elementary studies in Colima; no degree. d—Mayor, Zamora, Michoacán; mayor, Puruándiro, Michoacán; mayor, Ciudad Guzmán, Michoacán; governor, Colima, Nov. 1, 1939–Oct. 31, 1940; senator from State of Colima, 1934–1939. e—Cooperative Party candidate for governor of Colima, 1923; formed own political party, The Revolutionary Front of Colima, 1939, to oppose General Miguel G. Santa Ana; supported General Miguel Henríquez Guzmán, 1945; supported General Miguel Henríquez Guzmán, 1951. f—Provisional governor, Colima, 1931. g—None. h—None. i—Brother of Dr. Conrado Torres Ortiz, senator from Colima, 1940–1946. j—Career army officer; commander, 57th Cavalry Regiment; joined the Revolution, 1914; initially opposed Carranza; supported Carranza, 1920; supported General Maycotte in Oaxaca against Obregón, 1923; rank of brigadier general, Oct. 1, 1942. k—Political opponent of Miguel G. Santa Ana; in exile in United States, 1923. l—Letter; Peral, 800– 801; López, 1081; Moreno, 84. Torres Pancardo, Óscar (Deceased Sept. 9, 1983) a—May 20, 1935. b—Poza Rica, Veracruz. c—Completed primary and secondary studies; no degree. d—Federal deputy from State of Veracruz, Dist. 3, 1979–1982; mayor, Poza Rica, 1983. e—None. f—None. g—Joined Petroleum Workers’ Union, 1961; secretary of conflicts, Local No. 30, STPRM, 1967–1969; secretary of collective bargaining, Local No. 30, STPRM, 1969–1971; president, General Council of Vigilance, STPRM, 1970–1973; secretary of interior and accords, Local No. 30, STPRM, 1973–1975; secretary-general, Local No.

30, STPRM, 1976–1977; secretary-general, Union of Petroleum Workers of the Mexican Republic, 1977–1979; president, Congress of Labor, 1977–1978; secretary-general, Sec. 30, STPRM, 1979–1983. h—Joined PEMEX as laborer, 1952; assistant plumber, Department of Production and Gas, PEMEX, 1961. i—Married Olivia Plascencia; son Óscar Torres Plascencia, director of external relations, PEMEX. j—None. k—Foul play suspected in his death. l—HA, July 10, 1978, 9; C de D, 1979–1982; www .informatepr.com, 2008. Torres Ramírez, Víctor Manuel a—Jan. 12, 1928. b—Tecolotlán, Jalisco c—Early education unknown; law studies at National School of Law, UNAM, 1954–1958, graduating with thesis on constitutional liberties and social dissolution violations, 1961; studies at Colegio de México, 1960–1969; professor of law, National School of Law, UNAM, 1966–1967. d—Federal deputy from State of Jalisco, Dist. 11, 1982–1985, member of Agrarian Reform and Foreign Relations committees. e—Joined PRI, 1964; adviser, IEPES of PRI, 1973–1976. f—Legal adviser to assistant secretary of colonization and national lands, Department of Agrarian Affairs, 1963–1965; director, Office of Land Titles, Department of Agrarian Affairs, 1967–1968; secretary, Advisers’ Center, Secretariat of Agriculture; adviser to secretary of agrarian reform; secretary-general, Department of Agrarian Affairs, 1970–1975; assistant secretary, Secretariat of Agrarian Reform, 1975–1976; assistant delegate of labor, Secretariat of Labor, 1978–1979. g—Legal adviser, CTM, 1981–1983; auxiliary secretary of agrarian action, CNC, 1968– 1970; member, Technical Council, CNC, 1968–1982; adviser, Union of Sugar Industry Workers of Mexico, 1979–1983. h—General manager, Administradora General de Inmuebles, SA, 1978–1979. i—Brother nominated as PRI candidate for mayor of Puerto Vallarta; son of Agustín Torres Olmedo, surgeon, and Soledad Ramírez Villaseñor; married Julieta Bueno Soria. j—None.

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k—None. l—Directorio, 1982–1985; Excélsior, Nov. 3, 1976, 4; Lehr, 236; DBGM, 611. Torres Sánchez, Enrique (Deceased Apr. 1, 1965) a—Feb. 22, 1903. b—Nazas, Durango. c—Primary studies in Nazas; secondary studies at Juárez Institute, Durango, Durango; preparatory studies at National Preparatory School; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, June 14, 1928. d—Governor, Durango, 1950–1956; retired to private life on La Alianza ranch, 1956. e—None. f—District judge and public notary; judge, Superior Tribunal of Justice, Durango, 1932–1935; interim governor, Durango, 8 times, 1932–1935. g—None. h—Practicing lawyer, 1928. i—Son of Pedro Torres Saldaña, prominent businessman in Torreón, secretary of 1st Board of Directors, Refaccionario Bank, 1907, with Juan F. Brittingham, Ernesto Madero, co-owner and treasurer, Metalúrgica with Evaristo Madero, 1901, and founder and owner of La Alianza Cotton Seed Mill, 1890; student with Miguel Alemán, Mariano Azuela, Eduardo Bustamante, Ángel Carvajal, Manuel Sánchez Cuen, and Horacio Terán Z. at UNAM in 1920s; Miguel Alemán was his compadre. j—None. k—Murdered. l—HA, Oct. 25, 1954, 15; DGF56, 92; www.elsiglo detorreon.com.mx, Dec. 31, 2005, Oct. 7, 2003; www.durango.gob.mx, 2008 Torres Torija (y Solórzano), José

(Deceased 1952) a—1885. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; medical degree from School of Medicine, UNAM, 1908; professor of clinical surgery and legal medicine, School of Medicine, UNAM; secretary-general, UNAM, 1940–1942; member, 1st Governing Board of UNAM, 1944, with Mario de la Cueva, Manuel Sandoval Vallarta, Antonio Martínez Báez, Ignacio Chávez, Gabino Fraga, Alfonso Reyes. d—None. e—None. f—Oficial mayor, Department of Public Health, 1931; director, Juárez Hospital, 1921–1929. g—None. h—Physician, Juárez Hospital, 1908–1948; author of many medical books; president, Mexican Academy of Medicine, 1929.

i—Son of José Torres Torija, lawyer and prominent professor, National University, who served on Miguel Macedo’s Law Committee with Jacinto Pallares and Juan Sánchez Azcona, secretary of foreign relations, 1920; uncle Antonio Torres Torija, engineer and director of public works, Federal District, 1881-1902; descendant of Josefa Ortiz de Domínguez. j—None. k—None. l—Enc. Mex., XII, 196; López, 1002; DP70, 2156; Q es Q, 584; www.juntadegobierno.unam .mx, 2008; www.cronica.diputados.gob.mx /cedip, 2007. Torzano Fernández, Fernando a—Sept. 12, 1950. b—Venado, San Luis Potosí. c—Elementary studies at Carlos Gómez Institute; preparatory studies at Preparatory School of University of San Luis Potosí; medical degree from School of Medicine, University of San Luis Potosí. d—Local deputy, State Legislature of San Luis Potosí, Dist. 12, president of Health and Social Assistance Committee; governor, San Luis Potosí, 2009– . e—Member, PRI. f—Director, General Hospital, Ciudad Valles, San Luis Potosí, 1981–1997; assistant director, ISSSTE hospital, 1982; secretary of health, San Luis Potosí, 1997–2000, 2003–2008. g—None. h—Surgeon, IMSS hospital, 1981–1986. i—Married Dr. María Luisa Ramos Segura. j—None. k—None. l—www .regionvalles.com, 2010; www.es.wikipedia .org, 2010. Toussaint Ribot, Juan Mauricio a—Jan. 17, 1953. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; degree in political science and public administration from UNAM, 1971–1975; professor of political science, UNAM, 1973–1976; professor of philosophy and letters, UNAM, 1975–1976; professor, National School of Political Studies, Acatlán campus, UNAM, 1976–1978; professor, Matías Romero Institute, 1984–1988. d—None. e—Joined PRI, 1976. f—Analyst, Division of Control and Inspection of Peasant Organizations, 1971–1973, adviser to assistant secretary of nonrenewable resources, Secretariat of Government

t he b io g ra phies  957

Properties, 1973–1975; secretary, Federal Government Mineral Trust, 1975–1979, Secretariat of Government Properties; private secretary to secretary of foreign relations, 1979–1982; minister, Foreign Service, 1982–1989; internal controller, Secretariat of Foreign Relations, 1984–1989; director general of mineral metallurgical operations, 1990–1992, director general of energy policy, 1993, 1995–1996, Secretariat of Energy; assistant director of airports, 1996–1999; director of modernization, Federal Electric Commission, 1999; assistant secretary of energy operations, Secretariat of Energy, 1999–2000; oficial mayor of foreign relations, 2000–2002; assistant secretary of United Nations, Secretariat of Foreign Relations, 2002–2003; ambassador to Portugal, 2004–2010. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Agustín Toussaint Lavín, retailer, and Agustina Ribot Crespo; married Marcela Paz y Puente; brother Agustín Toussaint Ribot, prominent banker. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM84, 415–416; DBGM94, CD; Musacchio, 404; DBGM92, 371; www.el universal.com.mx, Aug. 28, 2006; www.sre .gob.mx, 2010. Tovar de la Cruz, Elpidio a—Apr. 6, 1949. b—Los Ramones, Nuevo León. c—Early education unknown; degree in social sciences from Higher Normal School, Tamaulipas, 1979–1985. d—Local deputy, State Legislature of Tamaulipas, 1984–1986; plurinominal federal deputy from PRD, 1991–1994, 2003–2006. e—Secretarygeneral, PCM, Tamaulipas, 1978–1981; president, PSUM, Tamaulipas, 1984–1987; president, PMS, Tamaulipas, 1988; president, PRD, Tamaulipas, 1989–1991; assistant secretary of organization, CEN of PRD, 1995; secretary-general of PRD, Tamaulipas, 1995–1996; assistant secretary of political relations, CEN of PRD, 1996–1997; delegate, CEN of PRD, Nuevo León, 1997–1998; private secretary to president, CEN of PRD, 1999–2001. f—None. g—None. i—Son of Aurelio Tovar Salinas, retailer, and Cristina de la Cruz Gonz; married Rosa Velia

Martínez Infante. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM92, 590; Directorio del Congreso, 2003–2006. Tovar y de Teresa, Rafael a—Apr. 6, 1954. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; law degree from UNAM, 1974–1978; diploma in English from Cambridge University, 1978–1979; MA in international relations and history from Sorbonne, 1984–1986; PhD in Latin American history from Sorbonne, 1986. d—None. e—Member, PRI. f—Director of cultural relations, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1974– 1976; adviser to director general, Institute of Fine Arts, 1976–1982; director general of cultural affairs, France, 1979–1982; minister to France, 1983–1988; adviser to secretary of foreign relations, 1987–1988; coordinator of special projects and cultural exchanges, National Institute of Fine Arts, 1988–1991; president, National Council of Culture and Arts, 1992–2000; ambassador to Italy, 2001–2007. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Rafael Tovar Villa Gordoa, surgeon, and Isabel de Teresa Wiechers; married Carmen Beatriz López Portillo Romano, daughter of President Jose López Portillo; brother Fernando, director of Government Unit, Secretariat of Government, 2004–2005. j—None. k—None. l—Musacchio, 404; DBGM92, 371. Tovilla Cristiani, Homero a—Oct. 13, 1940. b—Comitán de Domínguez, Chiapas c—Early education unknown; studies in economics at National School of Economics, UNAM, 1958–1962, graduating Sept. 10, 1965; PhD in public administration and political science from UNAM, 1967–1970; professor of economics at National School of Economics, UNAM, 1963–1965. d—Federal deputy from State of Chiapas, Dist. 3, 1976–1979; federal deputy from State of Chiapas, Dist. 3, 1982–1985, member of Programming, Budget, and Public Accounts Committee and Inspection Committee of the General Accounting Office. e—Joined PRI, 1961. f—Director, Business Studies Sec., Department of

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Marketing and Statistics, National Diesel Co., 1962–1966; assistant director, Statistics Department, UNAM; assistant director general of administration, UNAM, 1966–1970; manager of operations and of administration, CONASUPO, 1970–1975; director of administration and public relations, FERTIMEX, 1976–1982; secretarygeneral, Chiapas, 1997. g—Secretary of organization, League of Revolutionary Economists, 1974–1975; special CNOP delegate, Querétaro; oficial mayor, CNOP, 1975–1976. h—None. i—Son of Gustavo Tovilla Morales, public official, and Consuelo Cristiana Abarca, businesswoman; married Estela María Lara Díaz; son Carlos Aurelio Tovilla Lara, assistant director of public transportation, San Cristóbal, Chiapas, and PARM candidate for senator from Chiapas, 2000. j—Rank of corporal. l—C de D, 1976–1979; C de D, 1982–1985; Directorio, 1982–1985; Lehr, 87. Toxqui Fernández de Lara, Alfredo

(Deceased Apr. 1, 2004) a—Aug. 5, 1913. b—Cholula, Puebla c—Elementary studies at José María Lafragua School, Puebla; secondary studies in Puebla; preparatory studies at University of Puebla; medical degree from University of Puebla, Oct., 1940, with thesis on autochemotherapy; professor, School of Medicine, University of Puebla, professor of general surgery, IMSS hospital, Puebla. d—Substitute member, City Council, Puebla, 1948–1951; local deputy, State Legislature of Puebla; federal deputy from State of Puebla, Dist. 3, 1955–1958, member of 2nd Public Education Committee, 2nd Balloting Committee, Military Health Committee; senator from State of Puebla, 1970–1974, member of Gran Comisión, 1st secretary of Immigration Committee, president of Insurance Committee; governor, Puebla, 1975–1981; senator from State of Puebla, 1988–1991; mayor, Cholula, 1993–1996. e—Secretary-general, PRI, Puebla, 1970; interim president, PRI, Puebla, 1970; official orator of PRI, 1948; cofounder, CEPES, Puebla; president, PRI

Regional Committee, Puebla. f—Director, Sanatorium No. 1, IMSS regional hospital; director, IMSS Clinics Nos. 1 and 2; assistant director of government, State of Puebla, 1966–1967; oficial mayor, Puebla, 1967; ambassador to Algeria, 1981–1982. g—General delegate, CNOP of PRI, Puebla, 1957; secretary-general, CNOP, Puebla, 1957–1963; member, student directorate, preparatory school, University of Puebla, 1933; secretary, University of Puebla Student Federation, 1934. h—Winner, first prize in oratory, University of Puebla, 1938; intern, General Hospital, Puebla; medical director, Green Cross, Puebla, 1940–1944. i—Son of Federico Toxqui Cuahonte, lawyer and coauthor of Morelos Constitution, 1930, with Eduardo Vasconcelos and Jorge Gabriel García Rojas, and Inés Fernández de Lara; grandson of Manuel Fernández de Lara and Macrina Contreras, and Juan Toxqui and Paulina Conte. j—None. k—None. l—DBP, 679–680; C de D, 1955–1957; DGF56, 27, 32, 35, 37; letter; CyT, 679–680; C de S, 1970–1976, 87; Ind. Biog., 157–158; www .machorro.net/arbol. Trasviña Taylor, Armando a—Feb. 23, 1933. b—La Paz, Baja California del Sur. c—Teaching certificate from Normal School, Baja California del Sur, 1960; elementary, secondary, and normal school teacher. d—Local deputy, State Legislature of Baja California del Sur, 1974–1975, president of Constitutional Legislature; federal deputy from State of Baja California del Sur, Dist. 1, 1979–1982; senator from Baja California del Sur, 1982–1988. e—Joined PRI, 1946; director of youth, PRI, Baja California del Sur, 1952; oficial mayor, PRI, Baja California del Sur, 1952; president of PRI, Baja California del Sur, 1972–1974. f—Director general of social action, La Paz, 1965–1972; juvenile court judge, Baja California del Sur, 1965–1972; oficial mayor, Baja California del Sur, 1972–1974. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Victoriano Trasviña Palacio, public employee, and Martha Taylor; married Concepción Castro Carrillo, teacher.

t he b io g ra phies  959

j—None. k—None. l—DBGM84, 612; Musacchio, 405. Trejo González, Abel a—Aug. 8, 1951. b—Santiago Miltepec, Juchitán, Oaxaca. c—Early education unknown; degree in mechanical engineering from Regional Technical Institute of Oaxaca, 1972–1976; MA in systems and planning from IberoAmerican University, 1978–1980; MA in public administration from University of the Valley of Mexico; professor, Regional Technical Institute of Oaxaca, 1976–1977; director, Regional Technical Institute of Oaxaca, 1991–1993. d—Mayor, Juchitán, 1995; federal deputy from State of Oaxaca, Dist. 1, 1993–1997; federal deputy from State of Oaxaca, Dist. 7, 2000–2003. e—Joined PRI, 1971; held local positions in PRI. f—Delegate of Oaxaca, Isthmus of Tehuantepec, 1992–1994. g—Delegate of CNOP, CEN of PRI, 1996–1999. h—Manager of construction planning, INFI, 1983–1985. i—None. j—None. k—None. l—QesQ en el Congreso, 2000–2003, 258–259; Musacchio, 405; DCM, 2000–2003, 203–204; www. cddhcu.gob.mx, 1994, 2006. Trejo Hernández, Melquiades a—Dec. 10, 1918. b—Puebla, Puebla. c—Elementary studies only; no degree. d—Local deputy, State Legislature of Puebla, 1960–1963; member, City Council, Puebla, 1957–1960; federal deputy from State of Puebla, Dist. 1, 1964–1967, member of Textile Industry Committee and 1st General Means of Communication Committee; federal deputy from State of Puebla, Dist. 1, 1970–1973, member of Public Assistance Committee, Small Industries Committee, 1st General Means of Communication Committee. e—None. f—Representative to Group 1, Central Board of Conciliation and Arbitration, State of Puebla, 1963–1964. g—Secretary of labor and conflicts, Local No. 120, Textile Workers’ Union of the Mexican Republic, 1946; secretary-general, Local No. 120, Textile Workers’ Union of the Mexican Republic, 1948; delegate of CTM of Puebla to CTM, 1950; finance secretary, CTM, State of

Puebla, 1951–1954; secretary of labor and conflicts, CTM, State of Puebla, 1954–1957; secretary of labor, CTM, State of Puebla, 1957–1966. h—Textile worker. j—None. k—None. l—C de D, 1970–1972, 138; C de D, 1964–1966, 87, 95; Directorio, 1970–1972. Trejo Reyes, José Isabel a—Apr. 9, 1959. b—Zacatecas. c—Early education unknown; public accounting studies at University of Zacatecas, University of Guanajuato, graduating from University of Tamaulipas, 1979–1985. d—Local deputy, State Legislature of Zacatecas, 1995–1998; plurinominal federal deputy from PAN, 2003–2006; senator from Zacatecas, 2006– 2012. e—National adviser, PAN, 1995–1998. f—News director, Zacatecas Radio System, 1988–1991; legislative adviser, State Legislature of Zacatecas, 1992–1995, 1998–2000, 2000–2003. g—None. h—Professional soccer player, 1979–1987; manager, Carlos de Alba Accounting Firm, 1985–1987; executive director, Imágen newspaper, 1990–1992. j—None. k—None. l—Directorio del Congreso, 2006–2009, 304; www.senado. gob.mx, 2007; www.diputados.gob.mx, 2003–2006, 2008. Treviño Cantú, Javier a—Dec. 11, 1960. b—Monterrey, Nuevo León. c—Early education unknown; began professional studies in law at University of Monterrey, 1978–1980, transferred to Colegio de México to work under Luis Medina Peña, 1981–1985, graduating with degree in international relations; MA in public policy from Harvard University, 1985–1987; Fulbright Scholar, 1986–1987; coordinator, Public Administration Program, Colegio de México, 1988–1989. d—None. e—Worked on Luis Medina Peña’s campaign for federal deputy, 1979; adviser to secretary of information and press, CEN of PRI, 1987–1988, during Carlos Salinas’ presidential campaign; strategy adviser and speech writer, Luis Donaldo Colosio’s presidential campaign, 1993–1994; international affairs adviser to Ernesto Zedillo during his presidential campaign, 1994; senior adviser

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to Francisco Labastida during presidential campaign, 2000. f—Director of planning, A. Rosenblueth Center, Secretariat of Public Education, 1987; adviser to director of social communication, Office of the Presidency; counselor and information minister, Mexican embassy, Washington, DC, 1989– 1993; adviser to secretary of social development, Luis Donaldo Colosio, 1993; assistant secretary of international cooperation, Secretariat of Foreign Relations, 1994–1998; oficial mayor, treasury, 1998–2000. g—None. h—Senior vice president of corporate communications, CEMEX, 2001–2009. i—Son of Leonelo Treviño, owner of leather tanning business, and Hortensia Cantú. j—None. k—None. l—Letters; Musacchio, 405; Pescador, 241. Treviño (González), Jacinto B.

(Deceased Nov. 6, 1971) a—Sept. 11, 1883. b—Ciudad Guerrero, Coahuila. c—Elementary studies in Ciudad Guerrero and at Colegio Hidalgo and Colegio Bolívar, Monterrey, Nuevo León; preparatory studies at Colegio Civil of Monterrey, enrolled in National Military College, Dec. 26, 1900, graduated as industrial engineer with rank of artillery lieutenant, Dec. 6, 1908. d—Federal deputy from Coahuila, 1917–1918; senator from State of Coahuila, 1952–1958, member of 2nd Foreign Relations Committee, Public Welfare Committee, Gran Comisión. e—Supporter and organizer, pro‑Almazán Revolutionary Committee for National Reconstruction, 1939–1940; founder and president, PARM, 1957–1965. f—Secretary of industry, commerce, and labor, June 6, 1920–Nov. 30, 1920; oficial mayor, Secretariat of War, Sept. 1–Oct. 20, 1914; director of free ports, 1957–1966. g—None. h—None. i—Son‑in‑law of Colonel Lauro Carrillo, governor of Chihuahua, 1887–1992; son of Francisco Z. Treviño, national guard colonel, and Trinidad González; married María Carrillo Gutiérrez; father of Salvador F. Treviño, mining engineer and director general of mines, Secretariat of Industry and Commerce, 1957–1959. j—Rank of 2nd

captain, Nov. 10, 1910; member of Madero’s staff, 1911; organized 25th Irregular Regiment, Saltillo, Coahuila, 1913; joined Constitutionalists, Feb. 19, 1913: rank of major, 1913; rank of lieutenant colonel, Mar. 7, 1913; chief of staff for Carranza, 1913–1914; rank of colonel, June 8, 1913; brigadier general, June 5, 1914; commander, 1st Brigade of 1st Division of the Army of the Center, 1914; rank of brigade general, 1915; rank of division general, Dec. 22, 1915; general-in-chief of the forces against Francisco Villa, 1916; military commander of Chihuahua, 1916; supported Obregón against Carranza, Apr. 29, 1920; supported de la Huerta; resigned from army, Oct. 3, 1927; reincorporated on active duty, Apr. 1, 1941. k—First signer of Plan of Guadalupe, Mar. 26, 1913; supported de la Huerta movement, 1923; jailed, 1923–1925; opposed Obregón’s reelection, 1927; supported Escobar rebellion, 1929; in exile, 1929–1936; returned to Mexico, rejoined army, 1940, at rank of division general, 1941; PRI precandidate for governor of Coahuila, 1957. l—DGF56, 8, 9; HA, Nov. 15, 1971; Peral, 806; Enc. Mex., Annual, 1977, 597–598; Ind. Biog., 159; Moreno, 195–200; WNM, 228; Cien Biografías, 223–227. Treviño Landois, Humberto a—Nov. 6, 1944. b—Melchor Múzquiz, Coahuila. c—Early education unknown; degree in mechanical and electrical engineering from ITESM, 1962–1967; MA in administration from ITESM, 1967–1969; MA in industrial engineering and research operations from Lancaster University, UK, 1969–1971; professor, ITESM, 1970–1974; professor, University of Nuevo León, 1971–1973. d—Member, City Council, Monterrey, 1988–1991; local deputy to the State Legislature of Nuevo León, Nuevo León, 66th Session, 1991–1994; plurinominal federal deputy from PAN, 1997–2000; mayor, Monterrey, 2000. e—Joined PAN, 1970; national adviser, CEN of PAN, 1995; secretary-general, PAN, Nuevo León, 1996–1997. f—Director general of federal bridges and highways, 2007–2009; assistant secretary of transportation, 2009– .

t he b io g ra phies  961

g—Director, Chamber of Manufacturing Industries, Nuevo León; member, Democratic Army of Nuevo León, NGO, 1985–1987. h—Adviser, Grupo Proeza, SA, and Grupo Gamesa; director, Gentur, SA, 1974–1979; director, Banamex, 1979–1985; director, Proeza, SA, 1985–1997. j—None. k—None. l—www.todito.com, 2007; www .sct.gob.mx, 2008; QesQ en el Congreso, 1997–2000, 58. Treviño Martínez, Jorge A. a—Nov. 2, 1935. b—Monterrey, Nuevo León. c—Early education unknown; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, 1952–1956, graduating with honorable mention; PhD in administrative law from University of Paris, 1959–1963; postgraduate studies in public finance at University of Rome, 1962–1963; professor of economics, Autonomous University of Nuevo León, 1963–1965; professor of law, Autonomous University of Nuevo León, 1983; professor of business, Autonomous University of Nuevo León, 1965–1966; professor of finance and administration, ITESM, Monterrey, 1968–1969. d—Federal deputy from State of Nuevo León, 1982–1985; governor, Nuevo León, 1985–1991. e—Joined PRI, 1958. f—Secretary, Federal Tax Court, 1957–1959; tax adviser to governor of Nuevo León, 1968– 1970; assistant treasurer general, Nuevo León, 1970–1973; regional tax administrator, Secretariat of the Treasury, Nuevo León, 1973–1982. g—None. h—Legal adviser to law firm, 1963–1972. i—Son of Dr. Luis J. Treviño, pediatrician, and Julia Martínez Ugarte; married Cristina Larralde Laguera; met Miguel de la Madrid at UNAM. j—None. k—None. l—DBM68, 607; Lehr, 343; Excélsior, Mar. 17, 1985, 1; DBGM, 612; DBGM89, 748; www.iea.gob.mx, 2008. Treviño Medina, Carlos Alberto a—Jan. 13, 1970. c—Early education unknown; degree in engineering, specializing in food industry, from ITESM, 1990; MA in science with specialization in food engineering, 1993; MA in business administration from ITESM, 1996. d—None. e—None.

f—Adviser, Office of Government Innovation; collaborator, National Development Plan, Office of the Presidency, 2000–2001; director of strategic planning, Office of the Presidency; oficial mayor of energy, 2005; oficial mayor of the economy, 2005–2006; administrative manager, Information Committee, Secretariat of the Treasury; director general of programming and budget “B, “ Secretariat of the Treasury, 2008. g—None. h—None. j—None. k—None. l—www .normateca.energia.gob.mx, 2008; www .banjercito.gov.mx, 2010. Treviño Ríos, Óscar (Deceased) a—Oct. 26, 1910. b—Coahuila. c—Primary, secondary, and preparatory studies in Monterrey, Nuevo León; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, 1929–1934; director, Seminar in Diplomatic Sciences, School of Political and Social Sciences, UNAM; director, Seminar in International Law, National School of Law, UNAM, replacing Manuel Pedroso. d—None. e—None. f—Lawyer, United States–Mexico Claims Commission; director general of legal affairs, Secretariat of Foreign Relations, 1946–1952, 1952–1958; assistant attorney general “1” of Mexico 1958– 1962; attorney general of Mexico, 1962–1964. g—None. h—Practicing lawyer. i—Married Guadalupe Serrato; close friend of Rosario Green’s father and her professor. j—None. k—None. l—Letter; DGF47, 89; HA, Dec. 22, 1958, 8; D del Y, Dec. 9, 1958, 1; DGF56, 150; www.derecho.una.mx, 2008; www.dos sierpolitico.com, 2008; www.pgr.gob.mx, 2009; www.cronica.diputados.gob.mx, 2007. Treviño Zapata, Norberto a—1911. b—Matamoros, Tamaulipas c—Early education unknown; medical degree from National School of Medicine, UNAM; professor of medicine, National School of Medicine, UNAM; professor, Gastroenterology Clinic, UNAM. d—Federal deputy from State of Tamaulipas, Dist. 2, 1952–1955, president of Gran Comisión, member of 1st Government Committee; governor, Tamaulipas, 1957–1963. e—None. f—Director of school hygiene, Secretariat of Public

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Education; director general, National Institute for the Protection of Infants, 1970–1972; ambassador to Italy, 1972–1976. g—Delegate, 10th National Student Congress, 1933; delegate, Student University Federation, 1933–1934; president, Student Association, National School of Medicine, 1933–1934; founder and secretary-general, National Doctors’ Bloc. h—Practicing physician, Mexico City; director, Gastroenterology Department, General Hospital, Mexico City. i—Son of Colonel and Dr. Rafael Treviño Garza and María Zapata; political mentor of Emilio Martínez Manatou, with whom he practiced medicine; met Ángel Carbajal as student, who introduced him to Adolfo Ruiz Cortines; became president’s personal physician and friend. j—None. k—As governor, founded School of Social Work and Veterinary and Zoology schools, University of Tamaulipas. l—Hayner, 211; Ind. Biog., 102; HA, June 21, 1976, 20; Morton, 67; HA, Dec. 8, 1958, 42; HA, Oct. 23, 1972, 21; www .es.yahoo.com, 2008. Trigo (Cortines), Octavio Marciano

(Deceased Dec. 1, 1973) a—Nov. 2, 1885. b—Veracruz, Veracruz. c—Primary and secondary studies in Veracruz; preparatory studies at School of Law, Jalapa, Veracruz; law degree from School of Law, Jalapa; professor of labor law, National School of Law, UNAM. d—Federal deputy from State of Chihuahua, Dist. 3, 1918–1920, 1932–1934. e—None. f—Agent, Ministerio Público, Office of the Attorney General of Mexico; judge, Superior Tribunal of Justice, and public defender, each in states of Chihuahua and Coahuila; district court judge; secretary-general, Veracruz, 1911; interim governor, Chihuahua; justice, Supreme Court, 1936–1940. g—None. h—Author of federal labor law book, 1937; practiced law with Manuel Zamora after graduation. i—Married Angelina Gómez; son Óscar served as general manager of Syntex; son Gaspar served as secretary to several Supreme Court justices; son of Gaspar Trigo and Dolores Cortines. j—Fought in

the Revolution under Pablo González, 1913; fought with Francisco Murguía; member of Carranza’s staff. k—PNR precandidate for governor of Veracruz, 1937, but was prevented from campaigning after a grave injury suffered in an automobile accident. l—Novo35, 216; HA, Dec. 10, 1973, 16; López, 1095; Pasquel, 388; Illescas, 469–470, 728; www.scjn.gob.mx, 710, 2008. Truchuelo, José María (Deceased May 20, 1953) a—Apr. 29, 1880. b—Querétaro, Querétaro c—Primary, secondary, and preparatory studies in Querétaro; law degree from University of Querétaro; professor of constitutional law, School of Law, University of Querétaro. d—Governor, Querétaro, 1920–1923; deputy to Constitutional Convention of Querétaro, 1916–1917, from State of Querétaro; secretary, Constitutional Convention. e—None. f—Syndic, City Council, Querétaro; public defender, Querétaro; secretary, First Civil Judicial District, Querétaro; consulting lawyer, government of State of Querétaro; judge, Superior Tribunal of Justice, State of Querétaro; secretary-general of public instruction, State of Querétaro; justice, Supreme Court, 1917–1918; justice, Supreme Court, 1935–1940; president, Superior Tribunal of Justice, Federal District. g—President, Student Association, University of Querétaro. i—Related to J. Manuel Truchuelo, senator from Querétaro, 1922–1925. j—None. k—Initiated idea of dividing Supreme Court into 4 divisions. l—DP70, 2176; López, 1096; Noriega, 477; www.scjn.gob.mx, 714, 2008. Trueba Barrera, Eduardo a—Jan. 25, 1920. b—Mérida, Yucatán. c—Elementary studies at Felipe Carrillo Puerto Public School, Mérida; secondary studies at Agustín Vadillo Ciero Public School; preparatory studies at Free Preparatory School of Yucatán; degree in pharmaceutical chemistry from School of Chemistry, University of Yucatán, 1948. d—Federal deputy from State of Yucatán, Dist. 1, 1964–1967. e—Member, PAN. f—Secretary, Board of Moral, Civic, and Material Improvement,

t he b io g ra phies  963

Mérida. g—Secretary-general, Secondary School Student Circle, 1937–1938; president, Student Circle, School of Chemistry, University of Yucatán, 1944–1945; president, Parents’ Union of Yucatán, 1963–1964; various positions in National Chamber of Pharmaceutical Industries, Yucatán, 1955–1965. h—Chemist. j—None. k—None. l—Directorio, 1964–1967; C de D, 1964–1967; www .larevista.com.mx, 2008. Trueba Rodríguez, Salvador (Deceased) a—Apr. 5, 1922. b—Toluca, State of Mexico. c—Early education unknown; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, 1948; professor, Free Law School, 1954–1957. d—None. e—Joined PRI, 1980; precandidate for PRI nomination for governor of State of Mexico. f—Private secretary to Antonio Carrillo Flores, NAFIN, 1947–1950; director, Office of Liquidation of Credit Institutions, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1950–1954; director of legal affairs, NAFIN, 1976–1977; oficial mayor, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1977–1980; assistant secretary of tax investigation, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1980–1982; director general, Financiera Nacional Azucarera, SA, 1983–1988, 1988–1991. g—Director general, National Union of Sugarcane Producers, 1972–1974; director general, Coordinating Council of Entrepreneurs, 1975–1976. h—Private law practice, 1954–1975. h—None. i—Son of Domingo Trueba Mercado, lawyer, and María Rodríguez Guillén; married Susana Fournier Vogel; son Gerardo Trueba Fournier, bullfighter in Spain. j—None. k—None. l—Excélsior, Apr. 8, 1980, 23; Excélsior, Apr. 9, 1980, 22; HA, Apr. 21, 1980, 21; DBGM, 419; DBGM87, 388; DBGM92, 373; www.fundacion.unam.mx, 2008; www .jornada.unam.mx, Oct. 30, 2006; www .pulso.quadroclientes.com.mx, Apr. 23, 1998. Trueba Urbina, Alberto (Deceased Jan. 22, 1984) a—Sept. 19, 1906. b—Campeche, Campeche. c—Elementary and secondary studies at Campeche Institute; preparatory studies at Campeche Institute; law degree from University of the Southeast, Mérida,

Yucatán, Dec., 1927; LLD from National School of Law, UNAM, 1950; professor of labor law, National School of Law, UNAM, 1937–1945; director, Seminar on Social Law, LLD Program, UNAM. d—Federal deputy from State of Campeche, Dist. 1, 1940–1943, member of 1st Constitutional Affairs Committee and 4th Labor Committee; federal deputy from State of Campeche, Dist. 1, 1949–1952, member of Legislative Studies Committee (1st and 2nd years), and 1st Labor Committee; senator from State of Campeche, 1952–1955; governor, Campeche, 1955–1961. e—None. f—Civil and criminal judge, Mérida, 1928–1929; attorney general, Yucatán, 1930; lawyer, Office of the Attorney General, Federal District, 1935–1936; assistant director, Department of Social Security, Department of the Federal District, 1936; president, federal Board of Conciliation and Arbitration, Federal District, 1937–1939; adviser to the presidency, 1944–1945. g—Director, Legal Department, Mexican Federation of Labor, 1944. h—Adviser, Mexican delegation to United Nations, San Francisco, 1945; author of widely used law texts. i—Son of Alberto Trueba Macgregor and Rosa Urbina; son Jorge, professor of law at UNAM and coauthor with his father of a 1972 book on labor law. j—None. k—None. l—D del S, Dec. 1, 1940, 1; D del Y, June 26, 1937, 1; C de D, 1949–1951, 92; G of M, 10–11; WWM45, 118–119; DGF56, 6, 90; Peral, 808; C de D, 1940–1942, 21. Trujillo García, Mario (Deceased Jan. 10, 2007) a—Jan. 21, 1920. b—Villahermosa, Tabasco. c—Primary and secondary studies in Villahermosa; preparatory studies in social science at National Preparatory School; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM. d—Federal deputy from State of Tabasco, Dist. 1, 1967–1970, member of Petroleum Committee; senator from State of Tabasco, 1970–1971; governor, Tabasco, 1971–1977. e—Delegate, CEN of PRI, States of Mexico and Guerrero; president, PRI, Guerrero; official of CNOP. f—Managing director, Santa Rosalía Mill; adviser, State of

964  m e xic a n p oli t i c a l b i o g ra ph i e s , 1935–20 0 9

Tabasco; director general of social welfare, Secretariat of Labor, 1951; private secretary to the secretary of labor; director, National Sugar Industry Commission, 1978–1982. g—None. i—Nephew of Francisco Trujillo Gurría, governor of Tabasco, 1939–1943, and secretary of labor, 1943–1946; son of Juan Trujillo Gurría, mayor of Villahermosa, and Beatriz Zentella; daughter Georgina Trujillo Zentella was president of PRI, Tabasco, local deputy to state legislature, and senator; daughter Graciela was secretary of education of Tabasco under Roberto Madrazo. j—None. k—None. l—Excélsior, Oct. 11, 1978, 22; HA, Sept. 6, 1971; C de D, 1967–1970, 82; DGF51, I, 400; Almanaque de México, 44; www.elporvenir.com.mx, 2008. Trujillo Gurría, Francisco (Deceased 1948) a—1900. b—Villahermosa, Tabasco. c—Secondary education in Mexico City; law degree. d—Federal deputy from State of Tabasco, 1928–1930; senator from State of Tabasco, 1934–1939; governor, Tabasco, 1939–1943. e—None. f—Assistant secretary of government, State of Tabasco; secretary of government, State of Tabasco, 1931–1935; provisional governor, Tabasco, 1931; secretary of labor, 1943–1946. g—None. h—Special diplomatic mission to Europe for Lázaro Cárdenas. i—Relative of Ernesto E. Trujillo Gurría, federal deputy from Tabasco, 1943–1946; became friend of Manuel Ávila Camacho when latter was zone commander of Tabasco, 1932–1933; cousin of Alfonso Gutiérrez Gurría, senator from Tabasco, 1940–1946; uncle of Mario Trujillo García, governor of Tabasco, 1971–1977; brother of Juan Trujillo, mayor of Villahermosa. j—Member, Constitutional Forces. k—None. l—HA, Mar. 12, 1943, 11; WWM45, 119; letter; Enc. Mex., V, 45; Peral, 808–809; NYT, Mar. 3, 1943, 4; López, 1097; Almanaque de Tabasco, 154; www.e-local .gob.mx, 2008. Tudela Abad, Fernando a—1940s. b—Seville, Spain. c—Early education unknown; degree in architecture from Higher Technical School of Madrid, 1971;

PhD in architecture from University of Seville, awarded prize for extraordinary work; research professor, Portsmouth Polytechnic University, UK; research professor, School of Environmental Studies, University College, London; director, Graduate Studies Program in Sustainable Development and Environment, Colegio de México; director, LEAD Program for Researchers, Colegio de México; researcher, Center for Demographic Studies and Urban Development, Colegio de México; Academic director, Environment and Development Program, Colegio de México, 2001–2003; researcher professor, UNAM and IberoAmerican University. d—None. e—None. f—Officer, UN Program for Human Dwellings, Mexico; coordinator of advisers to secretary of the environment, Julia Carabias, 1995–2000; chairman, Interministerial Committee for Climate Change, 1997–2000; assistant secretary of planning and environmental policy, Secretariat of the Environment, 2003–2006; 2006– . g—None. j—None. k—None. l—www.123people .com, 2009; www.undp.org.mx, 2010; www .abogadocorporativo.com.mx, 2010. Tudón Hurtado, Luis (Deceased) a—June 21, 1904. b—Ciudad del Maíz, San Luis Potosí. c—Elementary studies at Benito Juárez School, Ciudad del Maíz; no secondary studies; no degree. d—Federal deputy from State of San Luis Potosí, Dist. 4, 1964–1967; federal deputy from State of San Luis Potosí, Dist. 4, 1970–1973. e—None. f—Coordinator of government, Central Region, State of San Luis Potosí, 1925; director of purchasing, Secretariat of Agriculture; director of regulations, Department of the Federal District. g—Secretary, League of Agrarian Communities, San Luis Potosí. h—None. i—Personal assistant to Saturnino Cedillo; married María Flores; daughter Rebeca was a representative of Benito Juárez delegation, Federal District; son Pedro was representative of Álvaro Obregón Guadalupe Inn delegation, Federal District. j—Joined

t he b io g ra phies  965

the Revolution, 1916. k—None. l—C de D, 1964–1967; Directorio, 1970–1973; C de D, 1970–1973; www.sedesore.gob.mx, 2008. Tuirán Gutiérrez, Rodolfo a—1955. b—Nicaragua. c—Early education unknown; degree in economics from University of San Luis Potosí; MA in demography from Colegio de México; PhD in sociology from University of Texas, Austin; professor, Colegio de México; fellowship from Hewlett Foundation; researcher, National Research System, 1991– . d—None. e—None. f—President, Special Committee on Politics and Development, ECLA, 1997–1998; delegate, UN Committee on Population and Development, 1997–1998; secretary-general, National Population Council, Secretariat of Government, 1997–2000, 2000–2001; assistant secretary of urban development, Secretariat of Social Development, 2002–2006; assistant secretary for education and scientific research, Secretariat of Public Education, 2006– . g—None. h—None. j—None. k—None. l—Musacchio, 406; www.loscandidatos .com, 2008; www.gobernacion.gob.mx, 2008; www.interamericanos.itam.mx, 2010.

U Ugarte, Gerzáyn (Deceased July 31, 1955) a—Jan. 13, 1881. b—Terrenate, Tlaxcala. c—Elementary studies in Huamantla, Tlaxcala; preparatory studies at University of Puebla, Puebla; schoolteacher. d—Federal deputy from State of Tlaxcala, Dist. 2, 1914–1916; local deputy to State Legislature of Tlaxcala, 1908; deputy, Constitutional Convention, Federal District, Dist. 3, 1916–1918; senator from State of Tlaxcala, 1918–1920, 1920–1924; senator from State of Tlaxcala, 1946–1952, member of Foreign and Domestic Trade Committee, Gran Comisión, 1st National Defense Committee, 1st Instructive Sec. of Grand Jury, 1st Balloting Group. e—Supported General Bernardo Reyes for vice president of Mexico; member,

Antireelectionist Party; campaigned for Francisco Madero. f—Private secretary to Próspero Cahuantzi, governor of Tlaxcala; minister to Venezuela, Colombia, and Ecuador, 1918–1920; assistant director of inspectors, Traffic Department, Federal Highway Police, 1935–1940; director, Department of Traffic, Federal Highway Police, 1940–1946, 1952–1955. g—None. h—Director, La Antigua República, 1907; director, El Liberal, with Venustiano Carranza, 1914. i—Son of Apolinar Ugarte and Dolores Rodríguez. j—Member, staff of Venustiano Carranza, 1914–1915; rank of 1st captain, 1915; reached rank of major. k—Representative of General Arnulfo Gómez in United States, 1927; representative of General Gonzalo Escobar in United States, 1929; had to leave school to work in the textile factories of Puebla and Tlaxcala. l—DGF51, I, 8–14; C de S, 1946– 1952; DP70, 320; PS, 6098; Noriega, 479; www.sepdf.gob.mx, 2008; www.mexico-ten och.com, 2008; www.tlaxcala.gob.mx, 2007; www.boauds.ancestry.com, 2009. Ulloa Ortiz, Manuel (Deceased May 30, 1975) a—1910. b—Federal District. c—Combined secondary and preparatory studies at National Preparatory School, 1924–1928; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, 1928–1932; professor, National School of Law, UNAM, 1934–1969; professor, Ibero-American University. d—None. e—Cofounder, PAN, 1939; member, CEN of PAN, 1939–1959, 1960–1966; national adviser, PAN, 1944–1949, 1959–1975; president, PAN, Federal District, 1954–1955; PAN candidate for federal deputy, 1946; PAN candidate for senator, 1952; PAN representative, Federal Electoral Commission, 1962–1964; author of numerous pamphlets for PAN. f—None. g—Founder and president, UNEC, 1931–1934. h—Assistant director general, Bank of Mexico and London. i—Son of lawyer Manuel G. Ulloa and Paula Ortiz; married María Luisa Herrero; greatly influenced by Manuel Gómez Morín, his law school professor; among his students was José González Torres, president of PAN,

t he b io g ra phies  965

the Revolution, 1916. k—None. l—C de D, 1964–1967; Directorio, 1970–1973; C de D, 1970–1973; www.sedesore.gob.mx, 2008. Tuirán Gutiérrez, Rodolfo a—1955. b—Nicaragua. c—Early education unknown; degree in economics from University of San Luis Potosí; MA in demography from Colegio de México; PhD in sociology from University of Texas, Austin; professor, Colegio de México; fellowship from Hewlett Foundation; researcher, National Research System, 1991– . d—None. e—None. f—President, Special Committee on Politics and Development, ECLA, 1997–1998; delegate, UN Committee on Population and Development, 1997–1998; secretary-general, National Population Council, Secretariat of Government, 1997–2000, 2000–2001; assistant secretary of urban development, Secretariat of Social Development, 2002–2006; assistant secretary for education and scientific research, Secretariat of Public Education, 2006– . g—None. h—None. j—None. k—None. l—Musacchio, 406; www.loscandidatos .com, 2008; www.gobernacion.gob.mx, 2008; www.interamericanos.itam.mx, 2010.

U Ugarte, Gerzáyn (Deceased July 31, 1955) a—Jan. 13, 1881. b—Terrenate, Tlaxcala. c—Elementary studies in Huamantla, Tlaxcala; preparatory studies at University of Puebla, Puebla; schoolteacher. d—Federal deputy from State of Tlaxcala, Dist. 2, 1914–1916; local deputy to State Legislature of Tlaxcala, 1908; deputy, Constitutional Convention, Federal District, Dist. 3, 1916–1918; senator from State of Tlaxcala, 1918–1920, 1920–1924; senator from State of Tlaxcala, 1946–1952, member of Foreign and Domestic Trade Committee, Gran Comisión, 1st National Defense Committee, 1st Instructive Sec. of Grand Jury, 1st Balloting Group. e—Supported General Bernardo Reyes for vice president of Mexico; member,

Antireelectionist Party; campaigned for Francisco Madero. f—Private secretary to Próspero Cahuantzi, governor of Tlaxcala; minister to Venezuela, Colombia, and Ecuador, 1918–1920; assistant director of inspectors, Traffic Department, Federal Highway Police, 1935–1940; director, Department of Traffic, Federal Highway Police, 1940–1946, 1952–1955. g—None. h—Director, La Antigua República, 1907; director, El Liberal, with Venustiano Carranza, 1914. i—Son of Apolinar Ugarte and Dolores Rodríguez. j—Member, staff of Venustiano Carranza, 1914–1915; rank of 1st captain, 1915; reached rank of major. k—Representative of General Arnulfo Gómez in United States, 1927; representative of General Gonzalo Escobar in United States, 1929; had to leave school to work in the textile factories of Puebla and Tlaxcala. l—DGF51, I, 8–14; C de S, 1946– 1952; DP70, 320; PS, 6098; Noriega, 479; www.sepdf.gob.mx, 2008; www.mexico-ten och.com, 2008; www.tlaxcala.gob.mx, 2007; www.boauds.ancestry.com, 2009. Ulloa Ortiz, Manuel (Deceased May 30, 1975) a—1910. b—Federal District. c—Combined secondary and preparatory studies at National Preparatory School, 1924–1928; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, 1928–1932; professor, National School of Law, UNAM, 1934–1969; professor, Ibero-American University. d—None. e—Cofounder, PAN, 1939; member, CEN of PAN, 1939–1959, 1960–1966; national adviser, PAN, 1944–1949, 1959–1975; president, PAN, Federal District, 1954–1955; PAN candidate for federal deputy, 1946; PAN candidate for senator, 1952; PAN representative, Federal Electoral Commission, 1962–1964; author of numerous pamphlets for PAN. f—None. g—Founder and president, UNEC, 1931–1934. h—Assistant director general, Bank of Mexico and London. i—Son of lawyer Manuel G. Ulloa and Paula Ortiz; married María Luisa Herrero; greatly influenced by Manuel Gómez Morín, his law school professor; among his students was José González Torres, president of PAN,

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1958–1962. j—None. k—None. l—Letter; Mabry; Pérez Franco, 331–332; www.df.pan .org.mx, 2008; www.diputados.gob.mx, Sept. 23, 1952; www.ccmgm.itam.mx, 2009; www.lecturasazules.galeon.com, 2008. Ulloa Pérez, Emilio a—May 31, 1964. b—Jiquipilas, Chiapas. c—Early education unknown; economics degree from IPN, 1984–1989; adjunct professor, Higher Economics School, IPN, 1987, 1989. d—Local deputy, State Legislature of State of Mexico, 1993–1996, 2003–2006; member, City Council, Nezahualcóyotl, State of Mexico, 1996–2000; plurinominal federal deputy from PRD, 2000–2003; federal deputy from State of Mexico, Dist. 29, 2006–2009. e—Cofounder, PRD, 1989; president, PRD, Nezahualcóyotl, 1992–1994; regional coordinator, PRD, State of Mexico, 1994–1996; secretary-general, PRD, State of Mexico, 1997–1999. f—None. g—Founder and president, Movimiento de la Lucha, Nezahualcóyotl. h—None. i—Married María del Carmen Vega Tora. j—None. k—None. l—Directorio del Congreso, 2006–2009, 158; DCM, 2000–2003, 448; www.diputa dos.gob.mx, 2006–2009; www.diputados .gob.mx, 2006–2009; QesQ en el Congreso, 137; Musacchio, 408. Unzueta Lorenzana, Gerardo a—Aug. 3, 1925. b—Tampico, Tamaulipas. c—Early education unknown; one year of legal studies; 2 years of studies at National School of Plastic Arts. d—Plurinominal federal deputy, Communist Coalition of the Left, 1979–1982, member of Social Security and Department of the Federal District committees; plurinominal federal deputy from PSUM, 1985–1988. e—Joined Communist Youth of PCM, 1946; member, Central Committee and Executive Committee, PCM, 1960; director, official paper of PCM, 1960–1963; joined PRD; national adviser emeritus, PRD. f—None. g—Organizer, General Union of Workers and Peasants. h—Director, La Voz de México, 1979–1981. j—None. k—Imprisoned during Student Movement, 1968. l—Protag., 341; C de D,

1979–1982; www.jornada.unam.mx, Jan. 20, 2006; www.laip.sinaloa.gob.mx, Dec., 2005. Uranga Gutiérrez, Luis E. a—Jan. 21, 1947. b—Chihuahua, Chihuahua. c—Early education unknown; college degree. d—None. e—None. f—Assistant to coordinator and assistant coordinator, National Tourism Council, 1968–1969; assistant to general assistant coordinator, National Tourism Council, 1969–1971; assistant to director general, National Tourism Council, 1971–1972; chief, Office of Promotion, National Tourism Council, 1972–1973; adviser, Private Fund for Tourism Development, 1976; director general of promotion, National Tourism Council, 1976–1979; assistant secretary of operations, Secretariat of Tourism, 1980–1982. g—None. h—Coordinator, Viva Aerobus, 2007. j—None. k—None. l—Protag., 341; DAPC, 1981, 141. Urbina Fuentes, Manuel a—Mar. 15, 1948. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; medical degree from National School of Medicine, UNAM, 1968–1973; MA in public health from University of Texas, Austin, 1974–1976; studies in epidemiology at University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, 1975; studies in communicable diseases at University of London; coordinator of research, 1976–1977, and professor, 1972–1974, Department of Family Medicine, UNAM. d—None. e—None. f—Director of education and communication, Office of the National Coordinator of Family Planning, IMSS, 1977–1980; assistant director, Family Planning Services, IMSS, 1980–1982; director general of family planning, Secretariat of Public Health, 1983–1990; secretary-general, National Population Council, 1990–1994; assistant secretary of sector coordination, Secretariat of Public Health, 1998–2000; assistant medical director, ISSSTE, 2000–2006. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Alberto Urbina Muciño, journalist, and Estela Fuentes Fajardo, nurse; married Patricia León Villanueva, surgeon. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM94, CD; www.issste.gob.mx, 2010.

t he b io g ra phies  967 Urbina y Frías, Salvador (Deceased Sept. 12, 1961) a—June 4, 1885. b—Mexico City. c—Elementary studies at private school and Public School No. 5, Mexico City; secondary studies at Colegio de Joaquín Noreña; preparatory studies at National Preparatory School; legal studies at National School of Law, UNAM, 1902–1907, graduating with thesis on the conflict of administrative laws in international law, Oct. 12, 1907; professor of political economy, National School of Law, UNAM, 1912; professor of civil proceedings, National School of Law, UNAM. d—Senator from Federal District, 1952–1958. e—None. f—Agent, Ministerio Público, District Court of Durango, 1909; oficial mayor, Supreme Court of Mexico, 1910–1912; 1st agent, Ministerio Público, 1913; 1st agent, Ministerio Público, Office of the Attorney General of Mexico, 1914; represented President Francisco Carbajal in negotiations with Carranza, 1914; director, Advisory Department, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1915–1916; oficial mayor, Secretariat of the Treasury; assistant secretary of the treasury, 1922; attorney general of Mexico; justice, Supreme Court of Mexico, 1923–1935; president, Supreme Court of Mexico, 1929–1934; president, Supreme Court, and justice, Supreme Court, 1941– 1946, 1946–1951; interim secretary of the treasury, 1922; director, National Lottery, 1958. g—None. h—Delegate, Pan American Conference, 1928; private law practice, 1914–1915, 1935–1940; founder and principal writer, Mexican Petroleum Review, 1915. i—Son of Dr. Manuel Urbina, official of the National Museum of Mexico, and Concepción Frías; married Leticia Bolland Palomo, daughter of Luis Bolland, mining engineer from Vienna, and Leticia Andrea Palomo y Morales, from Guatemala; son Salvador married María Luisa Terrazas, daughter of Eduardo Terrazas, from Chihuahua. j—None. k—Gruening considered him completely honest as a public official in the 1920s. l—Gruening, 504; WWM45, 119;

DGF56, 6; Peral, 811; EBW46, 411; DGF47, 29–30; DP70, 2201; HA, Dec. 14, 1951, 6; Ind. Biog., 160–161; Enc. Mex., XII, 277; www.homepage.mac.com, 2008. Urdapilleta Núñez, Jorge a—Dec. 26, 1950. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; degree in industrial engineering from National Center for Industrial Technical Instruction; postgraduate studies in business administration at National Center for Industrial Technical Instruction; high school teacher; professor, ITESM, 1997. d—Plurinominal federal deputy from PAN, 1994–1997; federal deputy from State of Jalisco, Dist. 10, 2000–2003. e—Joined PAN, 1989; secretary-general, PAN, Jalisco. f—Coordinator of entrepreneurial competitiveness, Secretariat of Economic Promotion, Jalisco, 2008. g—None. h—None. i—Married Cecilia Carrasco. j—None. k—None. l—DCM, 2000–2003, 137; QesQ en el Congreso, 2000–2003, 101; Musacchio, 409; www.cddhcu.gob.mx, 94. Urías Germán, Gregorio a—Dec. 29, 1955. b—Tetaroba, El Fuerte, Sinaloa. c—Early education unknown; degree in chemical sciences from University of Sinaloa, 1978; history teacher, Flores Magón Preparatory School, 1978–1985; professor of history, Higher Agricultural School, University of Sinaloa, 1978–1985. d—Plurinominal federal deputy from PFCRN, 1988–1991; plurinominal federal deputy from PRD, 2000–2003, vice coordinator of PRD delegation. e—Founding member, Democratic Current, PRI, 1987; resigned from PRI, 1987; cofounder, PRD, 1989; delegate, CEN of PRD, various states; president, PRD, Sinaloa, 1992–1993; technical secretary, CEN of PRD, 1992–1994; secretary of foreign relations, CEN of PRD, 1994; assistant secretary-general, PRD, 1999. f—Director of information and political analysis, Federal District, 1997–1999. g—Union leader, University of Sinaloa. h—None. i—Son of Gregorio Urías Ayala and Beatriz Germán; married Isabel Ruiz Ramírez. j—None. k—None. l—DCM, 2000–2003, 355; QesQ

968  m e xic a n p oli t i c a l b i o g ra ph i e s , 1935–20 0 9

en el Congreso, 2000–2003, 137–138; DBGM89, 1551; Musacchio, 409. Uribe Castañeda, Manuel a—May 12, 1938. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; business administration degree from Ibero-American University, 1957–1961; MA in public administration from Harvard University, 1964–1965; MA in economics from Harvard University, 1965– 1966; PhD in economics from Harvard University, 1965–1967; professor of economics, Ibero-American University, 1962–1963, ITAM, 1963–1964, CEMLA, 1963–1964, and Colegio de México, 1973–1974. d—None. e—Joined PRI, 1967. f—Economist, Technical Office, Bank of Mexico, 1960–1964; manager of economic research, Bank of Mexico, 1970–1974; oficial mayor of labor, 1974–1976; president, Minimum Wage Commission, 1976–1981; director general, Workers’ Bank, 1981–1982; coordinator, Investment Council, Department of the Federal District, 1988–1989; ambassador to Singapore and Myanmar, 1990–1993; ambassador to Korea, 1993–1995; ambassador to Japan, 1995–2001; consul-general, Canada, 2001. g—None. h—Assistant director general, Bancomer, 1982–1988. i—Son of Pedro Uribe Torres, civil engineer, and Elena Castañeda Moray de Río; married Barbara Coughlan Norton, economist; brother Bernardo, director general of resources and general services, Secretariat of Foreign Relations, 1984. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM92, 375; Pescador, 242. Urquizo (Benavides), Francisco L.

(Deceased Apr. 6, 1969) a—June 27, 1891. b—San Pedro de las Colonias, Coahuila. c—Primary education in Torreón, Coahuila; secondary education at Liceo Fournier, Mexico City; no degree. d—None. e—None. f—Oficial mayor, Secretariat of War, 1916–1917, 1919; assistant secretary of war (in charge of the ministry), Nov. 18, 1919–Feb. 20, 1920; assistant secretary of war, 1920; director, Federal Office of the Treasury, Pachuca, Hidalgo; bureau director, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1930–1934; chief

of staff, Secretariat of National Defense, 1939–1940; assistant secretary of national defense, 1940–1945; secretary of national defense, 1945–1946; director, Military Industry Department, 1952–1958. g—Worked on father’s hacienda after completing preparatory school. h—Author of many books and articles on the history of the Revolution. i—Son of Francisco Urquizo Antunes, owner of a cotton hacienda, and Teresa Benavides Sotelo; grandson of Magdaleno Urquizo and Rómula Antunes, and Marcos Benavides and Fabiana Sotelo; related to Francisco Madero; friend of Matías Ramos Santos and Marcelino García Barragán. j—Joined Emilio Madero’s forces, Feb. 7, 1911, as private; served in 1st Regiment, 2nd Cavalry Division, 1911; joined Presidential Guards, 1911–1913, as 2nd lieutenant; resigned from army, Mar. 1, 1913, in opposition to Victoriano Huerta; joined Venustiano Carranza’s staff, Apr. 1, 1913, as 1st captain; commander, Combat Engineers’ Battalion, 1913; assistant chief of staff, 1st Brigade, Northeast Division, 1913; rank of lieutenant colonel, Oct. 29, 1913; rank of brigadier general, Aug. 25, 1914; chief of staff of military operations, Veracruz, 1914; chief of arms, Port of Veracruz, 1914–1916; commander, Mexico City Plaza, 1916; accompanied Carranza to Tlaxcalaltongo, 1920; rejoined army, 1935; garrison commander, Ciudad Juárez, 1939; commander, 7th and 8th military zones, 1940; rank of division general, Nov. 16, 1940; member, Presidential Council for National Defense, 1959–1969; commander, Legion of Honor. k—Voluntary exile to Spain, 1920–1925; recipient of Belisario Domínguez Award from Senate, 1967. l—WWM45, 119; DBM68, 612; DGF56, 529; Hoy, Apr. 19, 1969, 8; DP70, 1104–1105; STYRBIWW54, 299; Peral, 814; Strode, 261; EBW46, 1148; Siempre, Feb. 4, 1959, 6; Enc. Mex., XII, 279–280; www.groups.google. com, 2008; Cien Biografías, 215–220. Uruchurtu Peralta, Ernesto (Deceased Oct. 8, 1997) a—Feb. 28, 1906. b—Hermosillo, Sonora. c—Elementary studies in

t he b io g ra phies  969

Álamos and at Escuela Normal, Hermosillo, Sonora; secondary studies at Escuela Normal, Hermosillo; law studies at National School of Law, UNAM, 1925–1929, degree in 1931. d—None. e—Auxiliary assistant secretary during Alemán presidential campaign, 1946; secretary-general, CEN of PRI, 1946; member, National Council of PRI, under Teófilo Borunda, 1946; state chairman, PRI Regional Committee, Sonora; precandidate for governor of Sonora, 1978. f—Justice, State Supreme Court, Sonora, under Governor Yocupicio; judge, State Court, Nogales, Sonora; agent, Ministerio Público, State of Sonora; adviser, Department of Legal Affairs, Secretariat of Agriculture and Livestock; legal adviser, National Bank of Ejido Credit; director, Department of Legal Affairs, Secretariat of Agriculture; director of the Legal Department, National Bank of Ejido Credit, 1940–1946; director of government, Secretariat of Government, 1946; assistant secretary of government, 1946–1951; secretary of government, Oct. 14, 1951–1952; head, Federal District, 1952–1958, 1958–1964, 1964–1966. g—None. h—Practicing lawyer, Ciudad Obregón, 1937; practicing lawyer, 1967–1970. i—Son of Gustavo Adolfo Uruchurtu Ramírez and María Luisa Regina Peralta Arvizu; attended UNAM with Miguel Alemán, Antonio Carrillo Flores, Andrés Serra Rojas, and Alfonso Noriega; nephew of Francisco Martínez Peralta, federal deputy from Sonora, 1946–1949; sister María Mercedes is mother of José Manuel Orozco Uruchurtu, secretary-general of IMSS and diplomat; brother Dr. Gustavo Adolfo Uruchurtu Peralta, senator from Sonora, 1946–1952; uncle Manuel Uruchurtu Ramírez, federal deputy, 1912, who died on the Titanic; never married. j—None. k—Precandidate for PRI presidential nomination, 1958, but considered too close to the right wing; PRI precandidate for governor of Sonora, 1972, 1978; resigned as head of Federal District amidst anticorruption campaign after the mishandling of a squatters’ affair. l—D del S, Dec. 6, 1946; HA, Feb. 15,

1952, 3; Quién Será, 136–137; Morton, 63; Q es Q, 592; HA, Dec. 7, 1964, 21; DGF56, 465; HA, Dec. 8, 1958, 30; HA, Nov. 2, 1964, 30; WWMG, 39–40; Excélsior, Nov. 23, 1977, 18; HA, Aug. 16, 1946; NYT, July 28, 1957, 2; Scott, 78; WNM, 230; www.es.wikipedia .org, 2008; www.elimparcial.com, Apr. 13, 2008; www.ssh.org.mx, 2008. Uruchurtu Peralta, Gustavo Adolfo

a—1890s. b—Hermosillo, Sonora. c—Early education unknown; medical degree from National School of Medicine, UNAM. d—Federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. 15, 1928–1930; senator from State of Sonora, 1946–1952. e—None. f—Director of hygiene education, Secretariat of Public Education; director, Department of Disinfection, General Hospital, Mexico City. g—None. h—Author of numerous articles on medical subjects; specialist in urology; internship at General Hospital, Mexico City. i—Son of Gustavo Adolfo Uruchurtu Ramírez and María Luisa Regina Peralta Arvizu; nephew of Francisco Martínez Peralta, federal deputy from Sonora, 1946–1949; sister María Mercedes is mother of José Manuel Orozco Uruchurtu, secretary-general of IMSS and diplomat; uncle Manuel Uruchurtu Ramírez, federal deputy, 1912, who died on the Titanic; brother of Ernesto P. Uruchurtu, head of Department of the Federal District, 1952–1966; never married. j—None. k—None. l—C de S, 1946–1952; Peral, 814; López, 1105. Urzua Flores, María Guadalupe

a—Dec. 12, 1922. b—San Martín Hidalgo, Jocotepec, Jalisco. c—Elementary studies at Josefa Ortiz de Domínguez School, San Martín Hidalgo; secondary studies in Guadalajara, Jalisco, and at Rural Normal School, Zocoalco de Torres, Jalisco; studies at Pedro J. Vizcarra School of Commerce and Accounting, Guadalajara (3 years). d—Member, City Council, San Martín Hidalgo, 1953–1955; federal deputy from State of Jalisco, Dist. 11, 1955–1958, member of 2nd Government Committee and 2nd Balloting Committee; federal deputy

970  m e xic a n p oli t i c a l b i o g ra ph i e s , 1935–20 0 9

from State of Jalisco, Dist. 10, 1964–1967, member of Public Assistance Committee and National Lands Committee; federal deputy from State of Jalisco, Dist. 9, 1970–1973, member of 1st Ejido Committee, Small Agricultural Properties Committee, National Lands Committee; federal deputy from State of Jalisco, Dist. 9, 1976–1979; mayor, Jocotepec, 1983–1985; mayor, San Martín Hidalgo, Jalisco, 1998–2000. e—Secretary of women’s action, PRI, San Martín Hidalgo, 1948–1950; member, National Women’s Council, PRI, 1958–1960; assistant director, National Women’s Directorate, PRI, 1965. f—Ejido commissioner, San Martín Hidalgo; secretary, Civic and Moral Improvement Board, San Martín Hidalgo, 1949–1952; solicitor, Department of Plaints, Office of Agrarian Affairs, Office of the Presidency, 1961–1963. g—Founding member, CNC, 1938; secretary of women’s action, Peasants’ Committee, San Martín Hidalgo, 1951–1953; secretary of women’s action, League of Agrarian Communities and Peasants, Jalisco, 1938, 1951–1953, 1966– 1969; secretary of women’s action, CEN of CNC, 1953–1956, 1958, 1964–1967. h—Nurse, Green Cross, Mexico City and Guadalajara. j—None. k—Served more times as a federal deputy from 1955 to 1979 than any other Mexican woman; one of the first 4 women to become a federal deputy in Mexico. l—Directorio, 1970–1972; C de D, 1955–1957; C de D, 1970–1972, 139; C de D, 1964–1966, 78, 94; DGF56, 25, 34, 35; C de D, 1976–1979, 80; Ind. Biog., 161–162; www.jalisco.gob.mx, 2008; www.berks.umn.edu, 2008; www .e-local.gob.mx, 2007. Usabiaga Arroyo, Javier (Bernardo)

a—Aug. 20, 1939. b—Celaya, Guanajuato. c—Early education unknown; studies in public accounting at School of Banking and Commerce, Mexico City. d—Federal deputy from State of Guanajuato, Dist. 12, 2000; plurinominal federal deputy from PAN, 2009–2012. e—Joined PAN, 2000; candidate for PAN nomination for governor, 2005. f—Secretary of agricultural

development, Guanajuato, 1995–2000; secretary of agriculture, 2000–2005. g—President, Garlic Growers of Central Mexico, 1984–1995. h—Began business career as manager, Hays Farms, Ltd., Ontario, Canada, 1956–1958; directed family farms and businesses, Covmex, SA, including 7, 000 acres of vegetables, 1958–1995; president, Holstein Friesian of Mexico, 1972–1974; vice president, Board of Directors, Banamex; member, Boards of Directors, Serfin, Inverlat, and Accival; produced 35% of total Mexican garlic crop in 2000. i—Son of Ángel Usabiaga Villanueva, major agricultural landholder and owner of packing and export companies in Bajío region; grandson of Luis Usabiaga Llaguno, owner of La República granary. j—None. k—Known as “Garlic King” in Mexico. l—www.vsppp.8m .com, 2008; www.sagarpa.gob.mx/cgcs, 2008; www.csis.org, 2001; Musascchio, 409; www.es.wikipedia.org, 2008; QesQ en el Congreso, 2000–2003, 102. Uscanga Uscanga, César (Deceased 1990) a—1930. b—Ignacio de la Llave, Veracruz. c—Secondary studies at Secondary School No. 3, Mexico City; preparatory studies at National Preparatory School; chemical engineering degree from National School of Biological Sciences; teacher, Rafael Dondé School; director, Rafael Dondé School. d—None. e—None. f—Director of technical, industrial, and commercial schools, Secretariat of Public Education; assistant director of technical, industrial, and foreign schools, Secretariat of Public Education; director of technological and industrial education, Secretariat of Public Education, 1970–1974; assistant secretary of intermediate, technical, and higher education, Mar. 15, 1974–1976; assistant secretary of technical education, 1977; adviser to secretary of public education, 1977; director of coordinated services, Secretariat of Public Education, Morelos, 1985. g—None. h—None. i—Brother Serafín was founder and director of Technical and Industrial School No. 261, Veracruz j—None.

t he b io g ra phies  971

k—None. l—HA, Mar. 25, 1974, 10; DPE71, 106; DAPC, 1977, 71; Excélsior, June 16, 1976, 4; DP95, 3650; www.notiver.com.mx, Feb. 15, 2008.

V Valadés (Rocha), José Cayetano

(Deceased Jan. 24, 1976) a—Dec. 10, 1902. b—Mazatlán, Sinaloa. c—Secondary studies at St. Vincent College, Los Angeles, Calif.; preparatory studies at University of Guadalajara and Free Preparatory School, Mexico City; studies at National Homeopathic College, Mexico City; no degree; professor of history, UNAM, 1941–1959; professor, history of political ideas in Mexico, National Preparatory School. d—None. e—Secretary, Latin American Bureau of Third Communist International, 1922; supported José Vasconcelos for president, 1929; secretary-general, Federation of the People’s Parties, 1946. f—Private secretary to secretary of foreign relations, Ezequiel Padilla, 1940–1942; ambassador to Lebanon, Iran, and Syria, 1951–1953; ambassador to Colombia, 1953–1956; ambassador to Uruguay, 1956–1957; ambassador to Portugal, 1963–1965; ambassador to Morocco, 1965–1966. g—Founder and director, World Youth Organization, 1920; organizer, Communist Youth Organization; secretarygeneral of a labor union, 1921. h—Author of dozens of books; director, El Correo de Occidente, Mazatlán, 1942–1945. i—Son of Francisco Valadés Félix, editor of El Correo de la Tarde and political enemy of Porfirio Díaz, and Inés Ríos Flores; father associated with leading intellectual figures of his era, including Heriberto Frías, José Juan Tablada, and Amado Nervo; married Josefita Lafragua Maldonado; grandfather Juan Jacobo Valadés, important man of letters, physician, and wealthy businessman; greatuncle José Cayetano Valadés, journalist, federal deputy, poet, alledgedly murdered on orders of Governor Francisco Cañedo,

1879; members of his father’s family were actively involved in Sinaloa politics; son Diego Valadés Ríos was assistant secretary of health, 1984. j—None. k—Skirius, 205; WWM45, 120; Enc. Mex., XII, 290–291; DBGM, 422; DP95, 3655; www.congreso sinaloa.gob, 2008. Valadés Ríos, Diego a—May 8, 1945. b—Mazatlán, Sinaloa. c—Elementary studies at José Pedro Varela Modern Gymnasium, Bogotá, 1950–1956; secondary and preparatory studies at Colegio Franco-Español, 1956–1962; legal studies at Classical University, Portugal, 1963–1966; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, 1967–1969, with thesis on social law; researcher, Institute of Legal Research, UNAM, 1970–1981; professor, National School of Law, UNAM, 1973–1979; director general of cultural publicity, UNAM, 1973– 1976; general counsel, UNAM, 1977–1980; coordinator of humanities, UNAM, 1981– 1987; director, Institute of Legal Research, UNAM, 1998–2006. d—Plurinominal federal deputy from PRI, 1985–1988. e—Joined PRI, 1962. f—Auxiliary legal coordinator, Office of the Coordinator of Health Services, Office of the Presidency of Mexico, 1981–1982; director general of legal affairs, Secretariat of Government, 1982–1984; assistant secretary of health regulation, Secretariat of Health, 1984–1985; secretarygeneral of government, Sinaloa, 1987–1988; ambassador to Guatemala, 1988; coordinator of legal affairs, Department of the Federal District, 1988–1991; secretary-general of metropolitan coordination, Department of the Federal District, 1991–1992; attorney general of justice, Federal District, 1992–1994; justice, Supreme Court, 1994, resigned Dec. 31, 1994. g—None. h—None. i—Son of José C. Valadés, historian and ambassador, and Inés Ríos Flores; married Patricia Galeana Herrera, teacher. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM, 422; El Nacional, June 23, 1992, 29; DBGM92, 376; www.scjn.gob .mx, 726–727, 2008; Musacchio, 410; www .infosel.com, 2008.

t he b io g ra phies  971

k—None. l—HA, Mar. 25, 1974, 10; DPE71, 106; DAPC, 1977, 71; Excélsior, June 16, 1976, 4; DP95, 3650; www.notiver.com.mx, Feb. 15, 2008.

V Valadés (Rocha), José Cayetano

(Deceased Jan. 24, 1976) a—Dec. 10, 1902. b—Mazatlán, Sinaloa. c—Secondary studies at St. Vincent College, Los Angeles, Calif.; preparatory studies at University of Guadalajara and Free Preparatory School, Mexico City; studies at National Homeopathic College, Mexico City; no degree; professor of history, UNAM, 1941–1959; professor, history of political ideas in Mexico, National Preparatory School. d—None. e—Secretary, Latin American Bureau of Third Communist International, 1922; supported José Vasconcelos for president, 1929; secretary-general, Federation of the People’s Parties, 1946. f—Private secretary to secretary of foreign relations, Ezequiel Padilla, 1940–1942; ambassador to Lebanon, Iran, and Syria, 1951–1953; ambassador to Colombia, 1953–1956; ambassador to Uruguay, 1956–1957; ambassador to Portugal, 1963–1965; ambassador to Morocco, 1965–1966. g—Founder and director, World Youth Organization, 1920; organizer, Communist Youth Organization; secretarygeneral of a labor union, 1921. h—Author of dozens of books; director, El Correo de Occidente, Mazatlán, 1942–1945. i—Son of Francisco Valadés Félix, editor of El Correo de la Tarde and political enemy of Porfirio Díaz, and Inés Ríos Flores; father associated with leading intellectual figures of his era, including Heriberto Frías, José Juan Tablada, and Amado Nervo; married Josefita Lafragua Maldonado; grandfather Juan Jacobo Valadés, important man of letters, physician, and wealthy businessman; greatuncle José Cayetano Valadés, journalist, federal deputy, poet, alledgedly murdered on orders of Governor Francisco Cañedo,

1879; members of his father’s family were actively involved in Sinaloa politics; son Diego Valadés Ríos was assistant secretary of health, 1984. j—None. k—Skirius, 205; WWM45, 120; Enc. Mex., XII, 290–291; DBGM, 422; DP95, 3655; www.congreso sinaloa.gob, 2008. Valadés Ríos, Diego a—May 8, 1945. b—Mazatlán, Sinaloa. c—Elementary studies at José Pedro Varela Modern Gymnasium, Bogotá, 1950–1956; secondary and preparatory studies at Colegio Franco-Español, 1956–1962; legal studies at Classical University, Portugal, 1963–1966; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, 1967–1969, with thesis on social law; researcher, Institute of Legal Research, UNAM, 1970–1981; professor, National School of Law, UNAM, 1973–1979; director general of cultural publicity, UNAM, 1973– 1976; general counsel, UNAM, 1977–1980; coordinator of humanities, UNAM, 1981– 1987; director, Institute of Legal Research, UNAM, 1998–2006. d—Plurinominal federal deputy from PRI, 1985–1988. e—Joined PRI, 1962. f—Auxiliary legal coordinator, Office of the Coordinator of Health Services, Office of the Presidency of Mexico, 1981–1982; director general of legal affairs, Secretariat of Government, 1982–1984; assistant secretary of health regulation, Secretariat of Health, 1984–1985; secretarygeneral of government, Sinaloa, 1987–1988; ambassador to Guatemala, 1988; coordinator of legal affairs, Department of the Federal District, 1988–1991; secretary-general of metropolitan coordination, Department of the Federal District, 1991–1992; attorney general of justice, Federal District, 1992–1994; justice, Supreme Court, 1994, resigned Dec. 31, 1994. g—None. h—None. i—Son of José C. Valadés, historian and ambassador, and Inés Ríos Flores; married Patricia Galeana Herrera, teacher. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM, 422; El Nacional, June 23, 1992, 29; DBGM92, 376; www.scjn.gob .mx, 726–727, 2008; Musacchio, 410; www .infosel.com, 2008.

972  m e xic a n p oli t i c a l b i o g ra ph i e s , 1935–20 0 9 Valadez Montoya, Baltazar Ignacio

a—June 2, 1944. b—Puebla, Puebla. c—Elementary studies completed; studies in journalism at Carlos Septién García School, 1966–1968. d—Plurinominal federal deputy from PDM, 1982–1985, member of Human Dwellings and Public Works Committee, Foreign Relations Committee. e—Secretary of peasant action, UNS, 1965–1967; head, UNS, Federal District, 1965–1967; director of UNS weekly paper, Orden 1967–1970; founding member, PDM, 1970; PDM candidate for federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. 30, 1979–1982; PDM candidate for governor of Puebla, 1980; secretary of organization, UNS, 1980–1982; campaign manager, PDM presidential candidate, 1981, 1988; president, PDM, 1988–1991, 1994; editor, El Demócrata, PDM, 1991–1994; PDM candidate for governor of Federal District, 1997. f—None. g—None. i—Married Martha Silvia Tavera. j—None. k—Imprisoned 3 times for UNS activities. l—Lehr, 567; Directorio, 1982–1985; C de D, 1982–1985; www.csis.org, 2003. Valadez Montoya, Miguel José a—Mar. 22, 1949. b—Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes. c—Primary and secondary studies in Aguascalientes; preparatory studies in Aguascalientes; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, Aug. 1, 1976; professor of law, Carlos Septién García School of Journalism. d—PDM party federal deputy, 1979–1982. E—Secretary of Labor Action, PDM, 1979; director of Orden. f—Lawyer, Legal Department, Secretariat of Communications and Transportation, 1979. g—None. h—None. i—Brother of Baltazar Ignacio Valadez Montoya. j—None. k—None. l—HA, Feb. 12, 1979, 23; C de D, 1979–1982; www.grupos.yahoo.com, 2008. Valdemar y Lima, Hilda Luisa a—Apr. 17, 1940. b—Puebla, Puebla. c—Completed secondary studies; teaching certificate; English teacher, Belisario Domínguez Higher Normal School, 1972–1977. d—Local deputy, State Legislature of Puebla, 1977–1980; alternate federal deputy from State of Puebla,

Dist. 1, 1976–1979; federal deputy from State of Puebla, Dist. 1, 1982–1985, member of Social Security and Labor and Social Welfare committees. e—Joined group of women in 1950s to participate in politics. f—None. g—Member, Radio Workers’ Union; secretary of organization and publicity, 27th Delegation, SNTE, Puebla; secretary of social action, CTM, Puebla, 1972–1983; secretary of workers’ action, ANFER, Puebla, 1976–1981; assistant director of information, CEN of ANFER, 1981–1982; secretarygeneral, Workers’ Federation of Women’s Organizations, Puebla, 1982; secretarygeneral, Association of Mexican Journalists, 2006. h—Radio announcer, Gold Stars Station, Puebla, 1975–1982. i—Daughter of Luis Valdemar González, railroad worker, and Consuelo Lima Sánchez, social worker and teacher; widow of Roberto Camacho Sologuren, public accountant. j—None. k—None. l—Directorio, 1982–1985; Lehr, 378; C de D, 1982–1985; Lehr, 378; DBGM, 614; www.catarina.gdlap.mx, 2008; www .fapermex.com, 2008. Valdés, José Ramón (Deceased) a—Aug. 31, 1888. b—Santiago Pasquiaro, Durango. c—Elementary and secondary studies in Durango; no degree. d—Federal deputy from State of Durango, Dist. 1, 1928–1930; substitute governor, Durango, 1930–1931; federal deputy from State of Durango, Dist. 5, 1930–1932, member of Gran Comisión; substitute governor, Durango, 1947–1950. e—None. f—Inspector of police, Durango; oficial mayor, Federal Auditor’s Office, Secretariat of the Treasury; oficial mayor, Chamber of Deputies. g—None. h—None. j—Commander of military forces, Durango; rank of colonel. k—None. l—HA, Feb. 6, 1948, 8; Peral, 820; López, 1109; www.estudioeshistoricos.inah.gob.mx, 2008; www.cronica.diputados.gob.mx, Aug. 20, 1928, 2009. Valdés (González Salas), Renata María

a—July 6, 1938. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; degree in industrial relations from Ibero‑American

t he b io g ra phies  973

University, 1962–1964; MA, Sorbonne, 1965; professor, Ibero-American University, 1966–1982. d—None. e—None. f— Head of transportation service, PEMEX, Paris, 1967–1972; manager of international trade, Maya International, SA, 1972–1977; director, Special Telephone Information Service, Teleinformation Service of Mexico, SA, 1977–1980; assistant manager of corporate banks, Foreign Trade Bank, 1982; oficial mayor of tourism, 1982–1986. g—None. h—Director of personnel, Rodecarga, SA, 1966–1967. i—Daughter of Fernando Valdés Villarreal, surgeon, and Renée González Salas; married Alejandro Danón Gattegno, industrialist; close friend of Dr. Ismael Cosío Villegas, prominent surgeon and brother of Daniel Cosío Villegas. j—None. k—First woman graduate of a private university to reach position of oficial mayor. l—Q es QAP; DBGM, 423; www.scilo.unam .mx, 2008; www.facdyc.uanl.mx, 2009. Valdés Ornelas, Óscar a—Oct. 22, 1914. b—Guadalajara, Jalisco. c—Early education unknown; studies in veterinary medicine at Military Medical School, 1931–1933, and National School of Veterinary Medicine, UNAM, 1934–1935, graduating from UNAM, 1935; professor, postgraduate program, National School of Biological Sciences, IPN, 1941–1951; professor of general pathology and infectious diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, UNAM, 1951–1967; secretary, National School of Veterinary Medicine, UNAM, 1948–1949; dean, National School of Veterinary Medicine, UNAM, 1954–1959; director, National Institute of Livestock Research, 1962, 1965–1967. d—None. e—None. f—Veterinarian, State of Sonora, 1936; veterinarian, State of Coahuila, 1937; veterinarian, Livestock Institute, Secretariat of Agriculture and Livestock, 1937–1945; assistant secretary of livestock, 1962–1965; director general of animal health, Secretariat of Agriculture and Hydraulic Resources, 1981; assistant secretary of livestock, 1981–1982, 1982–1984. g—None. h—Author of many

scientific works on livestock; alternate president, Board of Directors, Albamex, SA, Nutrimex, SA, and Fermex, SA. i—Son of Ceferino Valdés Cepeda, businessman, and Amparo Ornelas Anguiano; married Gertrud Krieg Beschta; daughter Adriana, PRI candidate for delegate from Benito Juárez, Federal District; son Ernesto, scientist and civic activist. j—None. k—None. l—Q es QAP, 212; DPE65, 98; HA, Aug. 3, 1981, 24; DGF66, 28; DBGM, 423–424; www.cimac .org.mx, 2008. Valdés Rodríguez, Mauricio a—Sept. 22, 1948. b—Texcoco, State of Mexico. c—Early education unknown; degree in political science and public administration from UNAM, 1965–1970; MA in political science and public administration from London School of Economics, 1982–1983; professor, UNAM, 1972; professor, National Institute of Public Administration, 1984–1988. d—Mayor, Texcoco, 1973–1975; federal deputy from State of Mexico, Dist. 8, 1979–1982; federal deputy from the State of Mexico, Dist. 27, 1988–1991; senator from State of Mexico, 1991–1997, president of Senate. e—Joined PRI, 1967; general delegate, CEN of PRI, Tlaxcala, 1987–1988; president, PRI, State of Mexico, 1990–1991; founded Humanist Party but was denied party registration; resigned from PRI and joined PRD; PRD candidate for governor, 1998; supported Vicente Fox’s campaign, 2000. f—Adviser to controller general, Federal Electric Commission, 1977–1979; delegate, Secretariat of the Controller, 1984–1987; ambassador to Denmark, 1994; agrarian attorney of Mexico, 2000–2001. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Miguel Ángel Valdés Villanueva, journalist, and Ana María Gonzasa Rodríguez, teacher; married Lilia Valdés Sánchez, flower grower. j—None. k—None. l—www.es.wikipedia.org, 2010; DBGM92, 593; Musacchio, 411; DBGM89. Valdés Sánchez, Jesús Lázaro

(Deceased, June 10, 1959) a—Dec. 17, 1872. b—Bella Unión, Arteaga, Coahuila. c—Elementary studies in Bella Unión;

974  m e xic a n p oli t i c a l b i o g ra ph i e s , 1935–20 0 9

preparatory studies at Ateneo Fuente, Coahuila, 1890; medical degree from National School of Medicine, July 5, 1899; teacher, 1925–1927, and director, 1927–1933, Ateneo Fuente. d—Governor, Coahuila, 1933–1937. e—None. f—None. g—Secretary-general, Teachers’ Union, Coahuila. h—Practicing physician, Concepción de Oro, Zacatecas, 1900–1910; practicing physician, Saltillo, Coahuila. i—Son of Florentino Valdés Zertuche and Carmen Sánchez Peña; married María Muriel; grandson of Jesús M. Ramón Valdés, senator from Coahuila, 1906–1912, and Juana Zertuche. j—None. k—None. l—www.coahuila.gob.mx, 2008; www.mex icangenealogy.com, 2009. Valdez Abascal, José Rubén a—Aug. 23, 1951. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, 1971–1975; professor, Pan American University. d—None. e—Joined PRI, 1974. f—Lawyer, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1971–1976; director, Department of Legislations and Regulations, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1977–1979; assistant director of legislation and legal affairs for parastatal industries, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1979–1980; director of legislation and legal affairs for parastatal industries, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1981–1982; director general of legal affairs, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1982–1987; oficial mayor of programming and budget, 1987–1988; director general of legal affairs, Office of the Presidency, 1988–1994; attorney general, Federal District, 1994–1995. g—None. h—Lawyer, Valdés Abascal and Brito Anderson, SC, 2005; notary public, State of Mexico, 2005. i—Son of Salvador Valdez Saucedo, retailer, and Asunción Abascal Abildúa; married Guadalupe del Castillo Abildúa, graduate in industrial relations. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM92, 378; Musacchio, 411; DBGM84, 425. Valdez Fontes, Ramiro a—May 8, 1928. b—Ciudad Obregón, Sonora. c—Completed elementary studies. d—Federal deputy from State of Sonora, Dist. 7, 1982–1985,

1988–1991; senator from Sonora, 1991–1997. e—Joined PRI, 1947. f—None. g—Member, Ejido Commission, Cajeme, Valle de Yaqui, Sonora, 1950–1956; founder and president, Agricultural Credit Union of Southern Sonora, 1968–1991; secretary-general, CTM of Sonora, 1981–1991. h—Ejidatario. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM84, 615; Lehr, 450; Integrantes, 91–94; DBGM92, 593–594; DBGM89, 552. Valdez Montoya, Alfredo a—Feb. 14, 1920. b—Ahome, Sinaloa. c—Early education unknown; economics degree from School of Economics, University of Guadalajara, 1943, graduating first in his generation. d—Governor, Sinaloa, 1969–1974. e—None. f—Employee, Secretariat of Public Education; employee, Secretariat of the Treasury; treasurer, State of Sinaloa, 1968. g—None. i—Married Judith Gaxiola Castro, related to Francisco Gaxiola; father-inlaw, engineer Alfonso Leodegario Gaxiola Alcalde, was mayor of Ahome, 1930–1931. j—None. k—Accused by Proceso of representing large landowners’ interests in Sinaloa as governor. l—Proceso, Aug. 7, 1978, 12; DNED, 255; www.losmochisdestruido .blogspot.com, 2008; www.es.wikipedia.org, 2009; www.fallingrain.com, 2007. Valdivia, José Antonio a—May 16, 1938. b—La Paz, Baja California del Sur. c—Preparatory studies at Heroic Military College, 1955–1958; staff and command diploma from Higher War College, 1963– 1966; courses in history and international relations at Matías Romero Institute; MA in national security from National Defense College, 1985–1986; professor and coordinator of strategy and social sciences, Higher War College, 1977–1981. d—Senator from Baja California del Sur, 1988–1991, member of National Defense Committee; plurinominal federal deputy from PRI, 1991–1994; senator from Baja California del Sur, 1994–2000, president of Navy Committee. e—Joined PRI, 1964; member, PRI National Political Council. f—Military attaché, Mexican embassy, Washington, DC, 1982–1984.

t he b io g ra phies  975

g—None. h—None. i—Son of Ana María Valdivia Peña, normal school teacher; married María T. Alvarado Soto, educator. j—Career army officer; joined army as cadet, 1955; commander, 3rd Brigade; commander, 24th Infantry Battalion, Hermosillo; commander, 32 Infantry Battalion; commander, 75th Infantry Battalion; assistant chief and chief of staff, various military zones. k—None. l—QesQ en el Congreso, 1997–2000, 337–338; DBGM92, 594; Musacchio, 411–412; www.secgob.gob.mx, 1997, 2007; DBGM89, 554; DBGM94, CD. Valencia (Valencia), Daniel (Deceased Dec. 18, 1948) a—Dec. 25, 1886. b—Cotija, Michoacán. c—Elementary studies at Auxiliary School of Cotija; enrolled in Zamora, Michoacán, Seminary, 1896–1901; enrolled in Lycée of Jalisco, 1911, graduating with degree in law, Apr. 13, 1916. d—None. d—None. f—Public defender, Jalisco, 1916; secretary, Judicial District, Querétaro, 1918– 1919; named justice of Supreme Court, but did not accept, 1919; secretary-general, Michoacán, under Lázaro Cárdenas; district court judge, Puebla, Jalisco, Tamaulipas, and Veracruz; civil judge, Guadalajara; interim auxiliary secretary, Supreme Court, 1924– 1928; justice, Supreme Court, 1928–1935; president, Supreme Court of Justice, 1935– 1940. g—None. h—Practiced law with his brother, 1940. i—Student of Bishop Rafael Guizar Valencia, Zamora Seminary, 1896– 1901. j—None. k—None. l—www.cotijaon line, 2008; www.scjn.gob.mx, 730–731, 2008. Valenzuela Ceballos, Maríano

(Deceased) a—July 26, 1908. b—Mapimí, Durango. c—Early education unknown; completed 2 years of studies in labor law; no degree. d—Federal deputy from State of Chihuahua, Dist. 2, 1952–1955; federal deputy from State of Chihuahua, Dist. 1, 1967– 1970, member of Gran Comisión. e—None. f—None. g—None. h—Controlled concession for Moctezuma beer for State of Chihuahua; retired from beer distribution business, 1963. i—Married Aniceta García. j—None. k—None. l—C de D, 1967–1970;

Directorio, 1967–1970; C de D, 1952–1955; www.jumanos.net, 2008; www.chihuahua .gob.mx, 2009. Valenzuela (Esquerro), Gilberto

(Deceased 2007) a—Dec. 1, 1922. b—Federal District. c—Elementary studies at St. Patrick School, El Paso, Tex.; secondary studies at English School and Colegio Francés Morelos, Mexico City; civil engineering degree from National School of Engineering, UNAM, 1947. d—None. e—None. f—Director, Office of Paving, Department of Public Works, Department of the Federal District, 1952–1953; chief, Technical Department, Office of the Controller, Department of the Federal District, 1953; adviser head of Department of the Federal District, Ernesto P. Uruchurtu, 1953; assistant director, Department of Construction, Department of Public Works, Department of the Federal District, 1955–1958; assistant director general of public works, Department of the Federal District, 1958–1959; director general of public works, Department of the Federal District, 1959–1964; secretary of public works, 1964–1970; secretary of works and services, Department of the Federal District, 1978–1979. g—None. h—Consulting engineer, Ford, Bacon, and Davis; private engineering practice; engineer, National Railroads of Mexico; consulting engineer, Department of Public Works, 1953. i—Student of Antonio Dovalí Jaime at National School of Engineering and later worked with him in several positions; brother of Raúl Valenzuela Esquerro, assistant director general of Consular Service, Secretariat of Foreign Relations, 1967; son of Gilberto Valenzuela, secretary of government, 1923– 1925, and Supreme Court justice, 1953–1960. j—None. k—None. l—HA, Dec. 7, 1964, 19; DGF56, 467; Hoy, July 12, 1969, 10; DBM68, 615; WWMG, 40; El Universal, Dec. 1, 1964; Libro de Oro, xxxiv; D del Y, Dec. 2, 1964, 2; HA, Dec. 5, 1977, 31; HA, Jan. 9, 1978, 25; Excélsior, Feb. 10, 1978, 5. Valenzuela (Galindo), Gilberto

(Deceased Feb. 9, 1978) a—Apr. 27, 1891.

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b—Valle de Tacupeto, Sahuaripa, Sonora. c—Elementary studies in Sonora under Epifano Vieyra; preparatory studies at Boys’ Liceo, Guadalajara, Jalisco; law studies at National School of Law, UNAM, 1910–1914, law degree; studies in Switzerland, Belgium, and England; director, Bacanora Elementary School, 1906; rural school teacher, Sahuaripa; professor of constitutional law and philosophy of law, Ateneo Fuente, Saltillo, Coahuila. d—Local deputy, State Legislature of Sonora, 1919–1921, president of State Legislature. e—Candidate for president, 1928; supported General Almazán for president, 1940; PAN candidate for senator from the Federal District, 1946. f—Interim governor, Sonora, 1916–1917; assistant secretary in charge of government, 1920; assistant secretary of government, 1922–1923; minister to Belgium, 1923–1924; secretary of government, 1925; minister to England, 1925–1929; justice, Supreme Court, 1953–1960. g—President, Literary Center, Fiat Lux Preparatory School, Guadalajara; founded Student Antireelectionist Union, 1910. h—None. i—Father of Gilberto Valenzuela Esquerro, secretary of public works, 1964–1970; son of Federico Valenzuela, wealthy businessman and founder of largest chain of stores in Northeast Mexico, and Eustaquia Galindo; married Olga Esquerro; nephew Pedro was president of Board of Directors of Serfin Bank in northern Sonora; he and his brothers own Mercados del Noroeste, SA, and founded the Mini Max self-service stores, 1963. j—Joined Constitutionalists under Carranza in Veracruz, 1914; chief military instructor, Jalapa, Veracruz; agent, Ministerio Público, military attorney general; opposed Carranza, 1920; supported Escobar movement, 1929. k—In exile, Mesa, Az., 1929; offered post of Supreme Court justice, 1928, but broke ties with Calles; offered post of secretary of foreign relations by Emilio Portes Gil, 1929, but refused. l—López, 1111–1112; Excélsior, Feb. 10, 1978, 5; Balboa, 46; Meyer, No. 12, 93; DP95, 3664; www.historiadelhermosillo

.com, 2008; www.elimparcial.com, 2009; www.scjn.gob.mx, 734–735, 2008. Valero (Becerra), Ricardo a—Nov. 29, 1942. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; studies in political science at School of Political and Social Science, UNAM, 1961–1963; degree in international relations from Colegio de México, 1964–1966; MA in international relations from Colegio de México, 1967–1968, with thesis titled “Fundamentals and Tendencies in the Foreign Policy of Brazil”; professor of political science, Center for International Studies, Colegio de México, School of Political and Social Science, UNAM, UAM. d—Plurinominal federal deputy from PRD, 1991–1994. e—Director, Línea, CEN of PRI, 1975–1976; secretary, National Consultation Committee of Ideology and Programs, CEN of PRI, 1976; assistant secretary of international affairs, CEN of PRI, 1981–1982; secretary of international affairs, CEN of PRI 1982; joined PRD, 1989; secretary of foreign relations, CEN of PRD, 1989. f—Chief, Department of Studies, Division of Documents and Presidential Addresses, Office of the Presidency, 1971; assistant director of studies, Division of Documents and Presidential Addresses, Office of the Presidency, 1972; director general of documents and international affairs, Secretariat of Labor, 1972–1976; coordinator, Center of Documentation, Secretariat of Government, 1978; director general, Government Printing Office, 1978–1982; assistant secretary of international cooperation, Secretariat of Foreign Relations, 1985–1988; ambassador to Chile, 2001–2005. g—None. h—None. i—Son of General Francisco Valero Recio, lawyer and military officer and member of Mexican Olympic Fencing Team, 1932, with Antonio Haro Oliva and Eduardo Prieto López, and Eugenia Becerra Vila; married Nuria Pie Contisoch, psychologist. j—None. k—Arrested during 1968 student movement. l—IEPES; Protag., 346; Q es QAP; DBGM87, 394; DBGM92, 595; DBGM, 427; www.mty.itesm.mx, 2008.

t he b io g ra phies  977 Vallarta Ceceña, José Álvaro a—Aug. 25, 1939. b—Santiago Ixcuintla, Nayarit. c—Preparatory studies at Heroic Military College, 1956–1960, graduating Jan. 1, 1960, as a 2nd infantry lieutenant; staff and command diploma from Higher War College, 1965–1968; studies in psychological operations and intelligence at Ft. Bragg, N.C., and Ft. Huachuca, Az.; graduate of US Army War College, Carlisle, Pa., 1983–1984; MA in national security from National Defense College, 1985–1986; chief, Teaching Sec., National Defense College. d—Senator from Nayarit, 1994–2000, president of National Defense Committee, 1994–2000; federal deputy from State of Nayarit, Dist. 1, 2000–2003. e—Delegate, CEN of PRI, 22 states, 1964–1981; coordinator of flights and administration, José López Portillo’s presidential campaign, 1976; secretary of organization, CEN of PRI, 1980–1982; precandidate for PRI nomination for governor, 1998; member, National Political Council of PRI. f—Assistant military attaché, Mexican embassy, Washington, DC; military attaché, Germany; member, presidential staff. g—None. h—None. i—Married María de Lourdes Tello. j—Career army officer; joined army as cadet, 1957; assigned to 22nd Infantry Battalion, Minatitlán, Veracruz, as 2nd lieutenant, 1961; 4-time battalion commander, including of First Presidential Guards and 4th Infantry Battalion; rank of lieutenant colonel, 1976; rank of colonel, 1981; commander, 16th Military Zone, Guanajuato, 1993–1994. k—None. l—QesQ en el Congreso, 2000–2003, 261–262; www .secgob.gob.mx, 1997, 2007; www.diputa dos-pri.org.mx, 2008; Rev. de Ejer., Nov., 1981, 24; Musacchio, 413; DCM, 2000–2003, 184–185; QesQ en el Congreso, 1997–2000, 338–339. Vallejo, Demetrio (Deceased Dec. 24, 1985) a—Nov. 7, 1910. b—Espinal, Tehuantepec, Oaxaca. c—Completed 3 years of primary; self-educated. d—Plurinominal federal deputy from PSUM, 1985. e—Militant, Socialist Unified Action (later Workers’

Peasanat Party), with Valentín Campa and Hernán Laborde; cofounder, Mexican Workers’ Party, with Heberto Castillo, 1974; secretary of organization, CTM, 1974–1983. f—None. g—Began labor organizing in Coatzacoalcos, Veracruz, 1934; active in CTM under Vicente Lombardo Toledano; secretary-general, Federation of Petroleum Workers of the South; organizer, National Petroleum Workers’ Union; secretary-general, STFRM, 1958–1959. h—Sold alcohol in train station in Mogoñe, Oaxaca; employee, National Railroads of Mexico, 1934; employee, Express Department, National Railroads of Mexico, Coatzacoalcos, Veracruz, 1958. i—From extremely poor Zapotec family. j—None. k—Directed 1958–1959 railroad workers’ strike; imprisoned under Social Dissolution Law, 1959–1970; removed from CTM post, 1983. l—Protag., 346; HA, Mar. 21, 1983, 7; HA, Jan. 7, 1986, 14; Excélsior, Dec. 26, 1985, 1; www.loscuentos.net, 2008; www.proceso.com.mx, 2007; DP95, 3674. Valles Vivar, Tomás (Deceased Apr. 7, 1989) a—Oct. 31, 1900. b—Camargo, Chihuahua. c—Elementary studies in Camargo; secondary studies in Camargo; no degree. d—Federal deputy from State of Chihuahua, Dist. 1, 1943–1946; senator from State of Chihuahua, 1958–1964, member of 1st Credit, Money, and Credit Institutions Committee, 1st Tariffs and Foreign Trade Committee, president of 1st Mines Committee and Special Livestock Committee. e—None. f—Treasurer general, Chihuahua, 1940–1943; treasurer, National Railroads of Mexico; director general, CONASUPO, 1952–1956; minister to Lisbon, 1956–1957. g—None. h—Businessman in Camargo; livestock dealer; founded Tomás Valles Vivar Development Co. and built Plaza México and bullfight arena, Chihuahua. i—Children created Tomás Valles Vivar Cultural Foundation. j—None. k—Resigned from CONASUPO because of internal policy disputes over imports and food prices, Mar. 10, 1956. l—Func., 163; C de S,

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1961–1964, 71–72; D del Y, Dec. 6, 1952, 1; NYT, Mar. 11, 1956, 24; www.e-local.gob.mx, 2008; www.frontenet.com, Oct. 30, 2007. Valls Hernández, Sergio Armando

a—May 20, 1941. b—Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas. c—Early education unknown; legal studies at National School of Law, UNAM, 1959–1963, graduating Aug. 29, 1964, with honorable mention and thesis on administrative processes; professor of administrative law, UNAM, 1963–1965; professor of administrative law, Ibero-American University, 1969–1986. d—None. e—Joined PRI, 1960; coordinator of analysis, Office of the Oficial Mayor, CEN of PRI, 1984–1985; president, PRI, Chiapas, 1986–1987. f—Chiapas representative, Federal District, 1964–1965; agent, Ministerio Público, Office of the Attorney General of Mexico, 1969–1974; adviser, Legal Division, Office of the Presidency, 1974–1976; director general of legal affairs, Secretariat of Housing and Public Works, 1980–1983; director, Appointments Unit, Office of the Presidency, 1983–1985; legal director, IMSS; judge, Superior Tribunal of Justice, Federal District; justice, Supreme Court, 2004– . h—Practicing lawyer, 1960–1965; legal administrator, Bancomer, 1970–1972. i—Son of Jaime Valls Lorca, federal employee, and Concepción Hernández Ferrer; married María Guillermina Esponda Orantes. j—None. k—None. l—www.scjn.gob.mx, 2009; DBGM87, 581; www.es.wikipedia.org, 2008. Valner Onjas, Gregorio a—June 26, 1929. b—Toluca, State of Mexico. c—Elementary studies in Toluca; medical degree from National School of Medicine, UNAM, 1954; postgraduate studies in psychiatry and psychoanalysis at Mexican Psychoanalytical Association and University of Chicago; professor of psychoanalysis, UNAM; professor of psychoanalysis, Mexican Association of Psychotherapy, 1967–1969. d—None. e—Joined PRI as member of IEPES, 1970; member, Advisory Council, CEPES of State of Mexico; coordinator of public housing advisers, IEPES; director, CEPES, Federal

District, during José López Portillo’s presidential campaign, 1975–1976. f—President, Regulatory Commission on Land Tenure, State of Mexico, 1970–1975; assistant secretary of public housing, 1977–1982. g—Founding director general, Institute of Urban Action and Social Integration, State of Mexico, 1970. h—Practicing physician, Benito Juárez General Hospital, Mexico City; physician, Central Military Hospital; physician, National Institute of Nutrition; intern, National Institute of Cardiology and Michael Reese Hospital (Chicago); director general, Yeka Real Estate Development, 1983–1986. i—Son of Kissel Valner Band and Cecilia Onjas. j—None. k—President, UN Human Rights Commission, Mexico, 1980–1981. l—Letter; DAPC, 72; WWM87, 597. Varela Mayorga, Juan J. a—May 1, 1915. b—Huejúcar, Jalisco. c—Elementary studies at Zaragoza School, Zacatecas, Zacatecas; secondary studies at Institute of Sciences, Zacatecas (3 years); preparatory studies at National Preparatory School, Federal District (2 years); studies at National School of Law, UNAM; no degree. d—Member, City Council, León, Guanajuato, 1952–1954; mayor, Fresnillo, Zacatecas; local deputy, State Legislature of Guanajuato; federal deputy from State of Guanajuato, Dist. 4, 1964–1967; federal deputy from State of Guanajuato, Dist. 6, 1970–1973, member of 2nd Public Education Committee and Plaints Committee (1st year); federal deputy from State of Guanajuato, Dist. 3, 1976–1979, member of 2nd Labor Committee, Complaints Committee, Pension Subcommittee, Cooperatives Development Committee. e—None. f—General inspector of alcohol, industry, and commerce, State of Guanajuato. g—Secretary-general, CTM, Guanajuato, 1962; secretary-general, Local No. 12, Union of Cement Workers, León; secretary to secretary-general, Cement Workers’ Union. h—Technician, Portland Cement. i—Married Olga Flores. j—None. k—None. l—C de D, 1970–1972, 139; C de D,

t he b io g ra phies  979

1964–1966; Directorio, 1970–1972; C de D, 1976–1979, 81; Excélsior, Aug. 31, 1976, C1. Varela Ruiz, Gustavo Everardo a—July 9, 1942. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; economics studies at National School of Economics, UNAM, 1960–1965, graduating Apr. 27, 1970; professor of economics, UNAM, 1971–1973. d—None. e—None. f—Chief of sales, advisers, and Commercial Department, Banrural, 1961–1965; assistant director of economic studies, Federal Electric Commission, 1965– 1966; assistant director, Office of the Executive Secretary of the Commerce Committee, National Agrarian Bank, 1966–1971; director of special projects, Technical Office, Federal Electric Committee, 1971–1973; controller general, Light and Power, 1973–1976; director general of federal delegates, Secretariat of Industry and Commerce, 1976–1981; director general, National Fund for Industrial Development, 1984–1989; assistant director general of administration, Mexican Institute of Petroleum, 1989–1990; manager of warehouses and purchasing, PEMEX, 1990–1992; assistant director of administration and finance, PEMEX Exploration, 1993–1994; oficial mayor of environment, 1998–2000. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Everardo Gustavo Varela Sierra, engineer and federal deputy from State of Oaxaca, Dist. 9, 1961–1964, and Margarita Ruiz; married Lydia Pinillos. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM92, 381; www.cronicadediputados .gob.mx, 2008. Vargas Aguiar, Mario a—Aug. 15, 1948. b—La Paz, Baja California del Sur. c—Early education unknown; law degree from University of Sonora and University of Guadalajara, 1966–1971; postgraduate studies at UNAM, 1991; teacher, Elmer Mason Preparatory School, San Rosalía, Baja California del Sur, 1975–1977; professor, University of Baja California, 1975–1977. d—Local deputy, State Legislature of Baja California del Sur, 1981–1984; federal deputy from State of Baja California del Sur, Dist. 2, 1991–1994; senator from Baja California, 1994–2000.

e—Joined PRI, 1966; held state-level positions. f—Lawyer, Tax Attorney’s Department, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1972–1975; president, Arbitration and Conciliation Board, Santa Rosalía, 1975–1977; treasurer, Mulegé, Baja California del Sur; secretarygeneral, Mulegé, 1975–1977; oficial mayor of government, 1984–1987; assistant secretarygeneral of government, 1987–1988, secretary-general of government, Baja California del Sur, 1988–1991. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Lucio Vargas Orantes, tailor, baseball player, manager, and league president, Progreso Baseball Club, and Juana Aguiar Ceseña; married María de la Luz Galván García. j—None. k—None. l—Musacchio, 414; www.secgob.gob.mx, 1997, 2007; www. oem.com.mx, 2008; DBGM89, 751; QesQ en el Congreso, 1997, 339–340; DBGM92, 596. Vargas Bravo, David (Deceased) a—Jan. 2, 1913. b—San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí. c—Elementary studies in Mexico City; secondary studies at Felipe Carrillo Puerto Night School, Mexico City; preparatory studies in social sciences at National Preparatory School; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, 1953. d—Senator from State of San Luis Potosí, 1952–1958, president of 2nd Labor Committee, member of 1st Instructive Sec. of the Grand Jury, 1st secretary of Electrical Industry Committee, 2nd secretary of Railroad Committee. e—None. f—Director, Electrical Department, National Railroads of Mexico; director of real property, National Railroads of Mexico; director, Legal Department, National Railroads of Mexico; assistant to controller general, National Railroads of Mexico; assistant director and finance director, National Railroads of Mexico; general attorney, National Railroads of Mexico. g—Cofounder, National Railroad Workers’ Union (later the STFRM), 1931; secretary, Local 16, STFRM; general representative of STFRM, 1938; labor representative, Federal Board of Arbitration and Conciliation, 1948; secretary-general, STFRM, 1951–1954. h—Began working for National Railroads of

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Mexico as laborer, 1927; later, an electrician. i—Active in the Unified Socialist Action group with Valentín Campa. j—None. k—Forced into exile, 1954–1958, for union political activities. l—Proceso, Dec. 18, 1976, 18–19; HA, Feb. 1, 1954, 6–7; Ind. Biog., 163; DGF56, 7, 9, 11, 13; www.stfrm.org, 2008. Vargas de Garza Montemayor, Carlota

a—Feb. 8, 1943. b—Monterrey, Nuevo León. c—Early education unknown; economics degree from University of Nuevo León, 1960–1965; MA in economics from University College, London, 1965–1967, on Rockefeller Foundation Fellowship; professor of economics and macroeconomics, University of Veracruz, 1968–1969; professor of economics, Technological Institute of Higher Studies, Monterrey; researcher, Center for Economic Research, University of Nuevo León. d—Alternate local deputy, State Legislature, Nuevo León, 1973–1976; federal deputy from State of Nuevo León, Dist. 1, 1976–1979; federal deputy from State of Nuevo León, Dist. 3, 1982–1985, member of Treasury, Government Properties, and Industrial Development committees; local deputy, State Legislature of Nuevo León, 1988–1991; federal deputy from the State of Nuevo León, Dist. 3, 1994–1997. e—Special PRI delegate, Teziutlán, Puebla, 1977; special PRI delegate, León, Guanajuato, 1979. f—Director, Department of Economic Studies, Division of Planning, State of Nuevo León, 1971–1973; oficial mayor, State Government of Nuevo León, 1973–1975; secretary of economic development, State of Nuevo León, 1980–1982. g—Secretary of industry and commerce, CNOP, Nuevo León, 1980. h—Author of various articles on urban planning. i—Daughter of Carlos Francisco Vargas de León, surgeon, and Carlota Garza. j—None. k—None. l—Excélsior, Aug. 27, 1976, 1C; C de D, 1976–1979; C de D, 1982–1985; Directorio, 1982–1985; Lehr, 340; Almanaque de Nuevo León, 27; DBGM, 618. Vargas Saldaña, Mario (Deceased) a—Mar. 13, 1935. b—Boca del Río, Veracruz.

c—Early education unknown; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM. d—Mayor, Veracruz; federal deputy from State of Veracruz, Dist. 11, 1964–1967, 1973–1976; federal deputy from the State of Veracruz, Dist. 11, 1982–1985, member of Gran Comisión, secretary of Government and Constitutional Affairs Committee, member of Rules Committee; federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. 30, 1988–1991, member of Government and Constitutional Affairs committees. e—General delegate, CEN of PRI, Sonora and Nuevo León, 1976; general delegate, CEN of PRI, Coahuila, 1982; secretary-general, PRI, Sinaloa, Veracruz, and Federal District; secretary-general, CEN of PRI, 1982–1984. f—General coordinator of relations, Secretariat of Public Relations; representative of the government of Veracruz to Technical Council, Secretariat of Public Education; director of political and social research, Secretariat of Government. g—None. h—None. j—None. k—One of the youngest deputies in Mexico in the 1964–1967 session. l—HA, Dec. 20, 1982, 6; Directorio, 1982–1985; Lehr, 502; C de D, 1964–1967; C de D, 1973–1976; C de D, 1982–1985; DBGM89, 555; www.vera cruzpuerto.gob.mx, 2008; www.terraes .com.mx, 2008; www.notiver.com.mx, 2007; www.diariocambio.com.mx, 2009. Vasconcelos, Eduardo (Deceased Apr. 26, 1953) a—Oct. 11, 1895. b—Oaxaca, Oaxaca. c—Elementary studies in Oaxaca; secondary and preparatory studies at Instituto of Arts and Sciences, Oaxaca; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, 1910, with thesis on Article 123; professor, Preparatory School, Chilpancingo, Guerrero; professor, Institute of Arts and Sciences, Oaxaca, professor, Institute of Sciences and Letters, Toluca, State of Mexico. d—Local deputy, State Legislature of Oaxaca; federal deputy from State of Oaxaca, Dist. 1, 1920–1922, 1922–1924, president of Chamber of Deputies, 1921. e—Founder, Socialist Student Party, 1912. f—Secretary of government, Baja California del Norte,

t he b io g ra phies  981

1917; secretary-general of government, State of Mexico, 1926; attorney general, Guerrero, 1925–1926; legal adviser to cities of Chilpancingo, Cuernavaca, and Toluca; justice, Supreme Court, 1940–1946, 1947; minister to Italy, 1935; oficial mayor, Secretariat of Government, 1930–1932; secretary of government, 1932–1934; secretary of public education, May 9, 1934–Nov. 30, 1934; interim governor, Oaxaca, 1947–1950. g—None. h—None. i—Nephew of José Vasconcelos, secretary of education, 1920–1923; son of Joaquín Vasconcelos. j—Joined the Revolution under General Mosta in Sinaloa, 1915; fought under General Benjamin Hill, 1919. k—None. l—Gaxiola, 90; Hayner, 214; Enc. Mex., XII, 42; STYRBIWW54, 1070; Peral, 832–833; López, 1123; www.scjn.gob.mx, 742–743, 2008. Vasconcelos de Berges, Justina

(Deceased) a—Jan. 1, 1905. b—Toris, Sonora. c—Early education unknown; teaching certificate; concert diploma from National Conservatory of Music; studies at UNAM; representative, School of Music, University Council, UNAM. d—Federal deputy from State of Oaxaca, Dist. 5, 1964–1967. e—Joined PRI, 1940. f—Director, National Institute for the Protection of Children, Oaxaca, 1964. g—Founder and president, Union of Women’s Associations; founder and secretary-general, Alliance of Women in Mexico; president, Women’s Committee of Ex-Students of Institute of Oaxaca; member, National Newspaper Editors’ Union. i—Father, a military officer. j—None. k—None. l—Directorio, 1964– 1967; C de D, 1964–1967. Vásquez Ávila, Fernando (Deceased) a—Sept. 21, 1891. b—Río Verde, San Luis Potosí. c—Early education unknown; graduated with engineering degree from National Military College; professor of mathematics, IPN. d—PARM party federal deputy, 1967–1970. e—Cofounder, PARM, with Generals Juan Barragán Rodríguez, José Gonzalo Escobar, Jacinto B. Treviño, Raúl Madero, and Franciso J. Aguilar; vice

president, PARM. f—None. g—None. h—None. i—Friend of General Juan Barragán, president of PARM, 1965–1974, since boyhood in Río Verde. j—Career military officer; fought in the Revolution; rank of brigadier general, Feb. 1, 1942; director of military engineering, Secretariat of National Defense. k—Allegedly discharged from service for attending church services in uniform and receiving communion, Apr. 14, 1944, with 8 cadets. l—C de D, 1967–1970; Directorio, 1967–1970; www.laicismo.org, 2008; www.kaosenlared.net, 2010. Vázquez Cano, Luis Ignacio a—Sept. 22, 1949. b—Chihuahua, Chihuahua. c—Early education unknown; business administration degree from Ibero-American University, 1968–1983; MA in public administration, Florida International University, Miami, 1978–1980; professor, Ibero-American University, 1973–1987; professor, National Institute of Public Administration, 1979–1988. d—None. e—Joined PRI, 1973. f—Corporate finance executive, 1970–1971; director of new projects and systems, Bancomer, 1971–1973; director, Systems Department, Secretariat of Agrarian Reform, 1973–1976; assistant director of programming and budget, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1976; director general of personnel, Administrative System, Secretariat of Programming and Budget, 1979–1982; director general of administrative modernization, Secretariat of Programming and Budget, 1984; director general, Civil Service, Secretariat of Programming and Budget, 1985–1987; technical secretary, Civil Service Commission, Secretariat of Programming and Budget, 1987–1988; assistant secretary “B,” Office of the Controller General, 1988–1990; assistant secretary “A,” Office of the Controller General. g—None. h—None. i—Son of José Luis Vázquez Oceguera, federal employee, and Amelia Cano García; married Pastora de la Fuente Lezama, educator. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM92, 383; DBGM94, CD; Musacchio, 415.

982  m e xic a n p oli t i c a l b i o g ra ph i e s , 1935–20 0 9 Vázquez Colmenares, Pedro a—Nov. 2, 1934. b—Tuxtepec, Oaxaca. c—Law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, 1960; professor of sociology, National Preparatory School, 1959–1965; professor by opposition in penal law and sociology, National School of Law, UNAM, 1962–1965; assistant director of scholarly services, UNAM; director, National Preparatory School No. 2. d—Governor, Oaxaca, 1980–1985. e—Assistant director of youth action, PRI Regional Executive Committee, Federal District, 1955; oficial mayor, PRI, Federal District, 1975–1976. f—Agent, Ministerio Público, Office of the Attorney General of Mexico, 1959–1964; private secretary to oficial mayor of labor, 1960–1963; private secretary to governor of Baja California del Sur, Hugo Cervantes del Río, 1965–1970; private secretary to secretary of the presidency, Hugo Cervantes del Río, 1970–1971; oficial mayor, Office of the Presidency, 1971– 1973; director general of airports, 1973–1974; assistant secretary of new population centers, Secretariat of Agrarian Reform, 1976; director general, Aeroméxico, 1976–1980; director general of investigations and national security, Secretariat of Government, 1985–1988; ambassador to Guatemala, 1988–1994; general coordinator, Mexican Commission to Assist Refugees, 1996. g—President, National Federation of University Students, 1956; president, National Association of Law Students, 1957. h—Member, National Association of Lawyers, since 1964; directed conferences at Schools of Law in Guatemala and El Salvador. i—Son of Genaro V. Vázquez Quiroz, secretary of labor, and Amparo Colmenares Garmendía; brother Genaro Vázquez Colmenares served as federal deputy from Oaxaca, 1961–1963; married Ana María Guzmán Rodríguez, lawyer. j—None. k—Lost as PRI precandidate for governor of Oaxaca, 1974; lost as PRI precandidate for senator from Oaxaca, 1976. l—HA, Nov. 1, 1971, 5; Tiempo Mexicano, 56; Excélsior, Oct. 16, 1975, 12; HA, Dec. 5, 1977, 30; HA, Apr. 12, 1976, 32; Excélsior, Jan. 29, 1974, 13; HA, Apr. 19, 1980, 32; DBGM89, 363; DBGM92, 382.

Vázquez del Mercado, Antonio

(Deceased) a—Nov. 2, 1903. b—Federal District. c—Elementary studies in Puebla, Puebla; enrolled in Naval Academy, Apr. 8, 1917; director, Heroic Naval College, 1941. d—Plurinominal federal deputy from PARM, 1979–1982. e—Vice president, PARM, 1977–1979. f—Manager, Navy Department, PEMEX; secretary-general, Department of the Navy, 1940–1941; naval attaché, Washington, DC, 1948; director general of fishing and related industries, Secretariat of Industry and Commerce, 1960–1964; secretary of the navy, 1964–1970. g—None. h—None. i—Son Antonio, vice admiral and commander, 3rd Naval Zone, 2004; married Lucia Muñoz de la Guardia. j—Career naval officer; rank of navy lieutenant, 1928; commander, coast guard ship Guaymas, 1928; commander, naval garrison, Islas Marías, 1929; rank of captain, Dec. 29, 1943; director general, merchant marine, 1947–1948; rank of commodore, Dec. 29, 1946; commander, 4th Naval Zone; rank of admiral, 1956; commander of the fleet, 1956; rank of rear admiral. k—PARM precandidate for federal deputy, 1978. l—WWMG, 40; DGF56, 386; HA, Dec. 7, 1964, 18; D del Y, Dec. 2, 1964, 2; DPE61, 65; Excélsior, July 2, 1977, 15; HA, Apr. 16, 1979, I; C de D, 1979–1982. Vázquez Montes, Gustavo Alberto

(Deceased Feb. 24, 2005) a—Aug. 16, 1962. b—Elementary studies in Tecomán, Colima; secondary studies at Normal School of Colima, 1989–1991; teacher, Benito Juárez School, Tecomán, 1989–1994. d—Member, City Council, Tecomán, 1986–1988; local deputy, State Legislature of Colima, 1994–1997, 2000–2003; mayor, Tecomán, 1998–2000; governor, Colima, 2003–2005. e—President, PRI, Tecomán and Colima. f—None. g—None. h—None. i—Married Norma Galindo. j—None. k—None. l—www.colima.gob.mx, 2008; www.hosting .diputados.gob.mx, 2008. Vázquez Mota, Josefina Eugenia a—Jan. 20, 1961. b—Federal District. c—Began

t he b io g ra phies  983

preparatory studies at a private school for women; completed preparatory studies at CECYT No. 9, IPN, paying for her own education; degree in economics from Ibero-American University, 1979–1983, with thesis titled “Informality: A Basic Problem of Legality”; diploma from Pan American Institute of Higher Management, 1985; diploma in ideas and institutions, ITAM, 1979–1983; founder, Center for Integral Development, Colegio de México. d—Plurinominal federal deputy from PAN, 2000; plurinominal federal deputy from PAN, 2009–2012, coordinator of PAN delegation. e—Coordinator of social development, Vicente Fox’s transition team; participated in Felipe Calderón’s presidential campaign, 2006. f—Secretary of social development, 2000–2006; secretary of public education, 2006–2009. g—Adviser, CONCANACO and COPARMEX. h—Employee in training and production, Comex (painting firm); contributor, Novedades, 1990–, El Financiero, 1991–1992, El Economista, 1992– . i—Daughter of Sergio O’Campo Muñoz, communications degree. j—None. k—None. l—QesQ en el Congreso, 2000– 2003, 103; www.el-universal.com.mx, Mar. 31, 2007; De del Y, Jan. 3, 2006, Nov. 11, 2006; www.pan.org.mx, 2008; www.csis .org, 2001; www.sedesol.gob.mx, 2005; Pérez Franco, 338. Vázquez Nava, María Elena a—July 1, 1954. b—Federal District. c—Elementary studies at Instituto Mexicano; secondary studies at Regina School; preparatory studies at Colegio Montaignac del Valle; sociology degree from School of Political and Social Sciences, UNAM, 1973–1975; economics degree from National School of Economics, UNAM, 1974–1977, with thesis on impact of oil revenues on tax policy; special studies in programming and finance policy at IMF, 1979. d—None. e—Joined PRI, 1979; member, Advisory Council, IEPES of PRI, 1986; finance secretary, CEN of PRI, 1987–1988. f—Analyst and department head, Department of

Analysis and Federal Financing, Secretariat of Programming and Budget, 1975–1979; auxiliary assistant director of tax analysis and public sector financing, Secretariat of Programming and Budget, 1979–1981; technical coordinator, Division of Budget Policy, Secretariat of Programming and Budget, 1982; director general of public works standards, Secretariat of Programming and Budget, 1982–1984; coordinator General of Federal Public Administration modernization, Secretariat of Programming and Budget, 1984–1985; technical secretary, Intersectoral Committee of Civil Services and Public Works, Secretariat of Programming and Budget, 1985–1987; secretary of controller general, 1988–1994; adviser to President Zedillo, 1994–2000. g—None. h—None. i—Daughter of Pedro Vázquez López, physician, and María Elena Nava de la Vega, English teacher and principal, Lomas de Chapultepec; married Alfredo Valdés Gaxiola, economist; maternal grandfather, Carlos Nava Galván, legal director of presidency under Álvaro Obregón; studied economics under Carlos Tello. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM92, 384–385; Musacchio, 416; DBGM84, 43. Vázquez (Osequerra), Gabino (Deceased 1967) a—1889. b—Morelia, Michoacán. c—Preparatory studies at Colegio de San Nicolás, Morelia; law degree from Colegio de San Nicolás, 1924–1929; rector, Colegio de San Nicolás. d—Federal deputy from State of Michoacán, Dist. 1, 1932–1934; federal deputy from State of Michoacán, Dist. 5, 1964–1967. e—Member, National Committee for Lázaro Cárdenas’ presidential campaign, 1933–1934; secretary-general, PNR, 1934. f—Judge, Superior Court, State of Michoacán; provisional governor, Michoacán, 1930–1931; secretary-general of government, State of Michoacán, 1930–1932; attorney general, Michoacán; personal representative of General Cárdenas on committee writing the 1934 agrarian code; head, Department of Colonization and Agrarian Affairs, 1934–1940. g—None. i—Married

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Consuelo Alfano; classmate of Alberto Bremauntz and José María Mendoza Pardo at Colegio de San Nicolás; uncle of Luis Ignacio Vázquez Cano, assistant secretary of Secretariat of the Controller General, 1989; son Guillermo was 3rd Secretary, UN Mission, 1946–1951. j—None. k—None. l—Peral, 47, 48; Kirk, 3, 118; Gaxiola, 448; Peral, 834; López, 1127; Bremauntz, 93; Meyer, 227. Vázquez Pallares, Natalio (Deceased Mar. 26, 1981) a—Jan. 5, 1913. b—Coalcomán, Michoacán. c—Elementary studies at public school, Coalcomán; secondary and preparatory studies at Colegio de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia, Michoacán, on scholarship; initially enrolled in medical school but had to leave for reasons of health; studied law 1st year at University of Guadalajara, and then at School of Law, University of Michoacán, graduating Feb. 12, 1938; professor, Normal School of Michoacán, 1938–1941; professor of general theory of the state, University of Michoacán, 1943; professor of civil law, University of Michoacán, 1956; rector, University of Michoacán, 1939. d—Federal deputy from State of Michoacán, Dist. 8, 1949–1952, member of Editorial Committee, Legislative Studies Committee, Petroleum Committee, and 2nd Constitutional Affairs Committee, secretary of 2nd Constitutional Affairs Committee (2nd year); senator from State of Michoacán, 1958–1964, member of Gran Comisión, National Lands Committee, Special Legislative Studies Committee, and Lands and Natural Resources Committee; substitute member of 1st Labor Committee, president of Agriculture and Development Committee and 2nd Ejido Committee. e—Adviser, PRI, 1981. f—Scribe, local tax office, 1924; various judgeships in State of Michoacán; private secretary to governor of Michoacán; attorney general, Michoacán, 1940–1943; director, Department of Professions, Michoacán, 1953–1955; ambassador to Yugoslavia, 1965–1968; director general, National Bank of Agricultural

Credit, 1969–1971; agrarian adviser no. 4, Department of Agrarian Affairs and Colonization, 1970–1972; assistant director general, National Fund for Ejido Development, 1973–1975; director general, Center of Historical Studies of Agrarianism in Mexico, Secretariat of Agrarian Reform, 1980–1981. g—Participant, student movement, Morelia, 1933; leader and cofounder, with Rodolfo González Guevara, of Socialist Student Front of the West, 1935; director, Unified Socialist Youth of Mexico; worked with leader of Federation of University Students of Mexico, David Franco Rodríguez, during the 1939 Autonomy Movement; auxiliary secretary to secretary-general, CNC, 1961–1964, Jorge Rojo Gómez; oficial mayor, CNC, 1973. i—Son of Natalio Vázquez Sánchez, rancher who was murdered in 1924, and Reinalda Pallares, whose family was active in local politics; Reinalda’s mother was granddaughter of Judge José María Chávez and granddaughter of Antonio Pallares, who held numerous positions in Coalcomán; grandson of Rafael Vázquez and María del Refugio Sánchez, campesinos; grandfather was 2nd Alcalde of Coalcomán; General Cárdenas established his military headquarters in Vázquez’s mother’s home during Cristero rebellion, 1929. k—Supported Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas for governor of Michoacán, 1973; PRI precandidate for governor of Michoacán, 1962; resigned as ambassador, 1968. l—Func., 267; C de S, 1961–1964, 72; C de D, 1949–1951, 93; DGF51, 23, 32, 35; DPE65, 32; DPE71, 130; NYT, May 20, 1962, 30; DBM68, 618; Excélsior, Oct. 30, 1973, 12; Enc. Mex., XII, 310; HA, Apr. 6, 1981; HA, June 2, 1980, 15; DBM68, 618; DP95, 3685–3686; www .e-local.gob.mx, 2008; www.dieumsuh .gfb.umich.mx, 2008. Vázquez Pérez, Francisco (Deceased) a—Apr. 25, 1904. b—Chilpancingo, Guerrero. c—Early education unknown; law degree from Free Law School, 1922, with honorable mention, 1st prize during 1917– 1920 classes; 2nd prize, 1921 class. d—None.

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e—None. f—President, Committee to Revise the Health Code, 1933; director, Legal Services Department, Department of Health, 1931–1934; oficial mayor, Department of Agrarian Affairs, 1935; oficial mayor, Department of Indigenous Assistance, 1937; president, Committee on the Organization of Territorial Properties, 1935–1939; secretary, Federal Electoral Commission, 1960. g—President, National Association of Notaries, 1959–1960. i—Son of General Francisco Vázquez de Hurtado and Enriqueta Pérez; married Magdalena Fernández Díaz. j—None. k—None. l—WNM, 232–233; www.notariadomexicano.org.mx, 2008. Vázquez (Quiroz), Genaro Vicente

(Deceased May 22, 1967) a—July 10, 1892. b—Oaxaca, Oaxaca. c—Elementary studies in Oaxaca; teaching certificate in bookkeeping from Normal School of Oaxaca; secondary studies at Institute of Arts and Sciences, Oaxaca; enrolled in law school while teaching; law degree from Institute of Arts and Sciences, Oaxaca. d—Federal deputy from State of Oaxaca, Dist. 3, 1918–1920; federal deputy from the State of Oaxaca, Dist. 3, 1922–1924; federal deputy from State of Oaxaca, Dist. 3, 1924–1926, member of Gran Comisión; federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. 7, 1926–1928; senator from State of Oaxaca, 1930–1934, e—Secretarygeneral, PNR, 1930; general delegate, PNR, State of Oaxaca, 1930. f—Secretary-general of government, Oaxaca; interim governor, Oaxaca, 1925–1928; director, Consultation Department, Secretariat of Government; secretary-general, Department of the Federal District, 1930; judge, Superior Tribunal of Justice, Federal District, 1934–1935; secretary of labor, 1935–1937; attorney general of Mexico, 1937–1940; justice, Supreme Court, 1940–1941, 1952; civil judge, Dist. 10, 1948; legal counsel, National Pawnshop, 1952; director of agrarian rights, Department of Agrarian Affairs, 1958. g—Secretarygeneral, Mexican Society of Geography and Statistics. h—Author of legislation for indigenous groups in Mexico; Notary

Public No. 4, Tlalnepantla, State of Mexico, 1967. i—Son of Pedro Vázquez, Mixtec, who died in 1902, and Amada Quiroz, Zapotec, humble peasants; married Amparo Colmenares; son Pedro Vázquez Colmenares was assistant secretary of Secretariat of Agrarian Reform, 1976; son Jenaro Vázquez Colmenares, was a federal deputy from Oaxaca, Dist. 4, 1961–1964. j—None. k—PRM precandidate for governor of Oaxaca, 1939; founder, Department of Indigenous Affairs; political enemy of Colonel Constantino Chapital, governor of Oaxaca, 1936–1940. l—D del S, June 21, 1937; DP70, 2230; Peral, 835; D del Y, June 22, 1937, 2; López, 1128; Enc. de Mex., XII, 308; Excélsior, Mar. 14, 1974, 11; www.geocities.com, 2008; www .scjn.gob.mx, 750–751, 2008. Vázquez Ramírez, Celso a—July 28, 1913. b—Hueyapan, Santiago Tuxtla, Veracruz. c—Elementary studies in Tlacotalpan, Veracruz; secondary studies in Alvarado, Veracruz; preparatory studies in Veracruz; graduated from National Military College, 1938–1941; professor, Heroic Military College. d—Federal deputy from State of Veracruz, Dist. 11, 1958–1961, member of Forest Affairs Committee, 1st National Defense Committee, War Matériel Committee, Social Welfare Committee, Complaints Committee; federal deputy from State of Veracruz, Dist. 13, 1967–1970, member of Internal Trade Committee, 1st National Defense Committee, Military Industry Committee, Foreign Relations Committee, Military Justice Committee; alternate federal deputy from State of Veracruz, Dist. 13, 1979–1982; federal deputy from State of Veracruz, Dist. 13, 1982–1985, member of Information Committee, Complaints Committee, National Defense Committee, Tourism Committee. e—Joined PNR, Aug. 10, 1938. f—Chief of services, presidential staff, 1946–1952. g—President, student society, preparatory school. h—None. i—Married Carmen Enrique; son of Policarpo Vázquez Camacho, cattle rancher, and Francisca Ramírez Crespo; married María del Carmen

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Enríquez Chávez; son Octavio was consulgeneral, Denver, Colo., 1978–1980. j—Career army officer; rank of colonel, Dec. 17, 1957; assistant director, Arms and Munitions Department, Secretariat of National Defense; commander, 1st Marine Infantry Battalion; director of artillery, Secretariat of the Navy; director of infantry, Secretariat of National Defense; rank of division general. k—None. l—Func., 398; PS; C de D, 1958– 1961, 94; C de D, 1967–1970, 61, 75, 80, 86; C de D, 1982–1985; C de D, 1979–1982; Directorio, 1982–1985; Lehr, 504; DBGM, 619; www. portal.sre.gob.mx, 2007. Vázquez Rodríguez, Guillermo a—Nov. 13, 1933. b—La Barca, Jalisco. c—Early education unknown; agricultural engineering degree from National School of Agriculture, Chapingo, 1951–1957, with thesis on damage to Bajío corn; postgraduate studies in Department of Parasitology, National School of Agriculture, 1960–1962. d—None. e—None. f—Inspector of trusts, Bank of Mexico, 1959–1960; president, Trust for Guarantee and Development of Agriculture, Bank of Mexico, Celaya, Guanajuato, 1959–1960; director, Department of Technical Cooperation, Northern Agroindustrial Bank, Chihuahua, 1966–1967; regional supervisor, Trust for Guarantee and Development of Agriculture, Chihuahua, 1966– 1969; director, Planning and Operations Division, FIRA, Bank of Mexico, 1975–1981; assistant director of programming and credit operations, FIRA, 1981–1982; assistant director general, FIRA, 1983–1984; assistant secretary of planning, Secretariat of Agricultural and Hydraulic Resources, 1984; director general, FIRA, 1991–1994; director general, Fund for Capital and Investment in the Rural Sector, Secretariat of the Treasury, 2001. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Roberto Vázquez García, agricultural engineer, and Juana Rodríguez Rivera, economist. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM, 432; DBGM92, 385. Vázquez Rojas, Genaro (Deceased Feb. 2, 1972) a—June 10, 1931. b—San Luis

Acatlán, Guerrero. c—Elementary studies in Guerrero; primary teaching certificate from National Teachers’ School, 1950; preparatory studies in law at National Preparatory School. d—None. e—Organizer of political organization known as Comité Cívico Guerrerense, which rallied support in opposition to the government of General Caballero Aburto in Guerrero, 1960–1961; head of various guerrilla groups, State of Guerrero, 1968–1972. f—Teacher, School No. 5, Federal District, 1957; left teaching because of political activities, 1960. g—Student leader, National Teachers’ School; CCI delegate to Guerrero, 1961. h—None. i—Son of Alfonso Vázquez Rojas and Felícitas Tojas Ruis, peasants; married Consuelo Solís, teacher. j—None. k—Comité Cívico Guerrerense helped students to organize strikes against state government in Guerrero, 1961, which eventually forced federal government to remove Raúl Caballero Aburto as governor; captured at MLN headquarters in Mexico City, 1967, and imprisoned in Iguala until Apr., 1968, when he escaped after his group attacked the prison; responsible for muchpublicized kidnapping of rector of University of Guerrero, Jaime Castrejón Díaz; died in the Public Hospital of Morelia from cranial fractures resulting from automobile accident; supporters and some critics of the Mexican government maintain he was killed by the army. l—HA, Feb. 14, 1972, 14–15; DP95, 3686. Vázquez Segura, María Antonia

a—June 13, 1955. b—Arteaga, Michoacán. c—Early education unknown; law degree from University of Michoacán, 1975–1980; schoolteacher; professor, AgriculturalTechnological Institute of Morelia, 1980. d—Federal deputy from State of Michoacán, Dist. 13, 1982–1985. e—Joined PRI, 1970; PRI representative to local elections in Ciudad Hidalgo, Michoacán, 1981. f—Assistant to Salvador Gudiño Cervantes, president, Regional Commission on the Minimum Wage, 1975–1977; adviser, Legal Services of Michoacán, 1977–1978.

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g—Legal adviser, League of Agrarian Communities, Michoacán, 1979–1980; secretary of women’s action, CCE, League of Agrarian Communities of Michoacán, 1980; secretary-general, National Group of Revolutionary Women, Michoacán, 1982. h—Lawyer, Ramos Santillán law firm, 1978–1979. i—Daughter of José Vázquez Chávez Chávez, dairy farmer, and María de Jesús Segura Ramírez. j—None. k—None. l—Directorio, 1982–1985; C de D, 1982–1985; Lehr, 310; DBGM, 619. Vázquez Soto, Jesús a—July 13, 1932. b—Vega Larga, San Pedro de la Colonias, Coahuila. c—Early education unknown; agricultural engineering degree from National School of Agriculture, 1952–1958; diploma in photographic interpretation from Rural University of Brazil; special courses at Forestry Institute, Oxford University, 1963. d—None. e—None. f—Director general of protection and reforestation, Secretariat of Agriculture, 1971–1972; assistant secretary of forestry and fauna, 1972– 1976; director general of forestry operations, Tuxtepec Paper Factory, Oaxaca, 1977–1980; director general of reforestation, Secretariat of Agriculture and Hydraulic Resources, 1982–1983. g—None. h—Technical forestry director, Fibracel, SA, Ciudad Valles, San Luis Potosí, 1966–1970; private sector forestry consultant, 1980–1982. j—None. k—None. l—Excélsior, Jan. 8, 1972; HA, Jan. 19, 1972, 26; Q es QAP, 242; DPE70, 70. Vázquez Torres, Ignacio a—Aug. 13, 1939. b—Sauz de Méndez, Pénjamo, Guanajuato. c—Early education unknown; law studies at National School of Law, UNAM, 1957–1961, graduating with thesis on the law and nonrenewable natural resources, Aug. 12, 1961. d—Federal deputy from State of Guanajuato, Dist. 15, 1967–1970, member of National Properties and Resources Committee, Budget and Accounts Committee, General Means of Communication Committee; federal deputy from State of Guanajuato, Dist. 8, 1973–1976; alternate senator from State of Guanajuato, 1976–1980, in

functions as senator, 1980–1982; federal deputy from State of Guanajuato, Dist. 7, 1979–1982; Cuauhtémoc delegate to Department of the Federal District, 1988–1990; senator from Guanajuato, 1994–2000. e—PRI youth director, Pénjamo, 1958; secretary of agrarian action, PRI National Youth Committee, 1962; auxiliary secretary, CEN of PRI, 1972; general delegate, CEN of PRI, States of Veracruz, Mexico, Yucatán, Jalisco, Zacatecas, Hidalgo, Nayarit, and Puebla (22 different states), 1964–1981; secretary of organization, CEN of PRI, 1982; PRI candidate for governor of Guanajuato, 1995; resigned from PRI, 2005, to protest charges brought against Manuel López Obrador; coordinator of López Obrador’s presidential campaign in Guanajuato (Vázquez Torres was not a PRD member), 2006. f—Director general of political and social research, Secretariat of Government, 1976–1978; oficial mayor of government, 1978–1979; director of delegates, Secretariat of Public Education, 1982–1983; general coordinator of educational Decentralization, Secretariat of Public Education, 1983–1986; general coordinator of distribution and supplies, Department of the Federal District, 1990–1992. g—Secretary of youth action, CEN of CNC, 1962; auxiliary secretary, CEN of CNC, 1964. h—None. i—Son of Miguel Vázquez Guzmán, farmer, and María Socorro Torres Hermosillo; married Irma Lucía Chavolla Hernández. j—None. k—None. l—DAPC, 73; C de D, 1973–1976; C de D, 1967–1970, 60, 83, 90; PS, 6250; Excélsior, June 8, 1979, 4, 12; Almanaque de Guanajuato, 32; Q es QAP, 325; DBGM89, 365; DBGM, 433; DBGM92, 386; Musacchio, 416. Vázquez Vela, Gonzalo (Deceased Sept. 28, 1963) a—July 3, 1893. b—Jalapa, Veracruz. c—Elementary studies in Veracruz; preparatory studies at University of Veracruz, Jalapa; law degree from Law School, University of Veracruz. d—Local deputy, State Legislature of Veracruz; governor, Veracruz, 1932–1935. e—Member, League of Professionals and Intellectuals of the PRM.

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f—Assistant secretary-general of government, State of Veracruz, 1920; secretarygeneral of government, State of Veracruz, 1920, under Cándido Aguilar; judge, Superior Tribunal of Justice, Veracruz; secretarygeneral of government, State of Veracruz, 1928–1932, under Adalberto Tejeda; oficial mayor, Secretariat of Government, 1929– 1932; secretary of public education, June 17, 1935–Nov. 30, 1940. g—None. h—Advisor to various businesses, president of Mexico, and National Mortgage Bank; manager, Aseguradora Mexicana. i—Protégé of Adalberto Tejeda; son of lawyer Manuel Vázquez. j—None. k—None. l—DP64, 1537; DP70, 2234; Excélsior, June 18, 1935; Dulles, 629; Gaxiola, 167–168; Hoy, Nov. 4, 1939, 18; Michaels, 128; Meyer, 13, 280; www .es.wikipedia.org, 2007; www.veracruz .gob.mx, 2008. Vázquez Vigil, Tomás a—Aug. 30, 1944. b—Guadalupe, Jalisco. c—Teaching certificate from Rural Normal School of Jalisco; degree in education from Higher Normal School of Nayarit; law degree from University of Guadalajara. d—Member, City Council, Guadalajara; delegate from Coyoacán, Department of the Federal District, 1995–1996; plurinominal senator from PRI, 2000–2006. e—Member, PRI; member, National Political Council. f—Assistant director general of basic education, Jalisco; director of administration, Jalisco. g—Secretary-general, Local No. 16, National Teachers’ Union, Jalisco; secretary-general, National Teachers’ Union, 1998–2000. h—None. i—Married Bertha Alicia Mendoza Tejeda. j—None. k—None. l—Musacchio, 416; QesQ en el Congreso, 2000–2003, 372; DCM, 2000–2003, 334. Vega Alvarado, Renato a—Jan. 19, 1937. b—San Miguel de Allende, Guanajuato. c—Elementary studies at Álvaro School, Culiacán, Sinaloa; secondary and preparatory studies at University of Sinaloa; agricultural engineering degree from Higher School of Agriculture, Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua, with thesis on cultivation of

tomatoes in the Culiacán Valley, 1960. d—Federal deputy from State of Sinaloa, Dist. 3, 1970–Sept. 28, 1972, member of Administrative Committee (2nd year), Agricultural Committee, 4th Ejido Committee, and Agricultural Development Committee, president of Chamber of Deputies, 1972; federal deputy from State of Sinaloa, Dist. 9, 1985–1988; governor, Sinaloa, 1993–1999. e—Public administration technical adviser, CEPES of PRI, Sinaloa; general delegate, CEN of PRI, Jalisco, 1982–1985; secretary-general, PRI, Federal District, 1975–1976; general delegate, CEN of PRI, Yucatán, 1982. f—Agent, National Bank of Ejido Credit, Sinaloa; agent, Bank of Agricultural Credit, Jalisco; manager of agricultural banks, Jalisco and Veracruz, 1962–1965; oficial mayor, Department of the Federal District, Aug. 9, 1972–1975; director general of population, Secretariat of Government, 1976–1979; director of immigration, Secretariat of Government, 1979; assistant secretary of agrarian affairs, Secretariat of Agrarian Reform, 1986–1988, 1988–1992. g—Assistant secretary of workers’ action of the Central Executive Committee, Mexican Agronomy Society; president, Mexican Agronomy Society, Martínez de la Torre, Veracruz, and Los Mochis, Sinaloa; secretary-general, Mexican Agronomy Society, Jalisco; member, CEN, Political Committee, CNC, 1971–1974; general delegate, CNC, Yucatán, 1971. h—Agricultural extension agent, States of Mexico and Jalisco. i—Son of General Renato Vega Amador, former chief of police of Federal District and director general of traffic, and Graciela Alvarado Valdés; married Juana María Carrillo Hernández. j—None. k—PRI precandidate for governor of Sinaloa, 1974; precandidate for senator from Sinaloa, 1981. l—Directorio, 1970–1972; HA, Sept. 13, 1971, 10; C de D, 1970–1972, 139–140; HA, Aug. 21, 1972, 13; Excélsior, Aug. 10, 1972, 10; HA, Oct. 9, 1972, 12; Excélsior, Feb. 20, 1974; DAPC, 1977; Excélsior, 26 Dec. 1981, 16; Excélsior, 14

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Apr. 1982, 23; DBGM89, 366; Pescador, 245: www.notarios.com.mx, 2008; www.libre dederecho.sinaloa.edu.mx, 2009. Vega Camacho, Jorge Adolfo a—Aug. 26, 1931. b—Ciudad del Carmen, Campeche. c—Elementary studies at Public School No. 5, Ciudad del Carmen; secondary and preparatory studies at Liceo Carmelita, Ciudad del Carmen; degree in naval engineering from Heroic Naval College, Veracruz, 1948–1952, with thesis on tactical reorganization of Mexico’s fleet; attended Naval School of Greece, 1968; MA from Inter-American Defense Board, 1978–1979; MA from Center for Higher Naval Studies, 1983–1984; PhD from Center for Higher Naval Studies; staff, Center for Higher Naval Studies, 1973–1974; professor, Heroic Naval College, 1968–1969; professor, University of Nayarit, 1980–1982; director, Center for Naval Training, 1983–1985. d—Senator from Campeche, 1988–1994, president of Naval Committee. e—Joined PRI, 1956; represented CEN of PRI in Nayarit. f—None. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Alfredo Vega Aguayo, retailer, and Evangelina Camacho Porter; married Bertha Rodríguez Casados. j—Career naval officer; enlisted in navy as cadet, 1948; commander of various ships, 1961–1975; chief of staff, 7th Naval Zone, Campeche, 1976–1977; director general of personnel for chief of naval operations, 1977–1978; commander, Naval Zone, Nayarit, 1978–1981; director of training, 3rd Naval Zone, Veracruz; commander, 10th Naval Zone, Quintana Roo, 1986–1987; commander, 1st Naval Zone, Tamaulipas, 1988. k—None. l—Integrantes; DBGM89, 555; DBGM92, 597–598. Vega Camargo, Javier a—May 30, 1959. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; degree in business administration from Anáhuac University, Federal District, 1977–1982; MA in public administration from London School of Economics, 1983–1985; diploma in public finance from Sorbonne, 1985; professor, Anáhuac University, 1980–1981. d—Alternate federal deputy

from State of Mexico, Dist. 4, 1985–1988, but in functions, 1987–1988. e—Joined PRI, 1982. f—Auxiliary secretary to the governor, State of Mexico, 1981–1982; private secretary to governor State of Mexico, 1982–1983; coordinator of advisers of governor of State of Mexico, Alfredo del Mazo, 1985–1986; director general of international affairs, Secretariat of Energy, Mines, and Government Industries, 1989–1994; secretary-general of education, health, and social development, Department of the Federal District, 1994–1997; assistant secretary of tourism promotion, Secretariat of Tourism, 1997–1999; director general, Mexican Tourism Board, 2000. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Javier Vega Manzo, lawyer and public servant, and Sonia Camargo Piñeda, psychologist and public servant; married Silvia Thompson Calva, psychologist; father served as director general of Aseguradora Mexicana, 1982–1989, and held numerous posts in Bank of Mexico and private banking sector, including membership on Governing Board of Bank of Mexico with Antonio Carrillo Flores, Alfredo Phillips, Mario Ramón Beteta, 1982. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM89, 367; DBGM92, 386; Musacchio, 417; Pescador, 245–246; DBGM89, 366. Vega Casillas, Salvador a—Aug. 18, 1961. b—Apatzingán, Michoacán. c—Early education unknown; public accounting degree from School of Accounting, University of Michoacán, 1979–1984; diploma in marketing from ITAM, 1997–1998; MA in local public administration, Charles III University, Madrid, 1999–2000; professor, Technical Institute of Lázaro Cárdenas, 1997– 1998. d—Local deputy, State Legislature of Michoacán, 1999–2001; plurinominal federal deputy from PAN, 2003–2006. e—PAN candidate for mayor of Ciudad Lázaro Cárdenas, 1995, 2001; president, PAN, Ciudad Lázaro Cárdenas, 1996–1998; secretary of electoral action, PAN, Michoacán, 1999– 2001; coordinator of Vicente Fox’s presidential campaign, Michoacán, 2000; national adviser, PAN, 2001–2003. f—Assistant

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secretary of public function, 2006–2007; secretary of public function, 2007– . g—None. h—Director, Vega Casillas and Associates, 1987–1988. i—Married Gladys López, coordinator of Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas’ campaign in Michoacán, 2000. j—None. k—None. l—Letter; CdeD, 2003–2006; www.presi dencia.gob.mx, Sept. 28, 2007; www.eluni versal.com.mx, Sept. 28, 2007. Vega García, Antonio (Deceased) a—Jan. 4, 1909. b—Santa Inés Zacatelco, Tlaxcala. c—Early education unknown; no degree. d—Federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. 3, 1946–1949; federal deputy from State of Tlaxcala, Dist. 2, 1976–1979. e—Campaigned in various elections for federal deputy and senator; delegate from Tlaxcala, PRI Basic Plan of Government, 1976–1982; founder and president, PRI National Railroads Political Committee. f—None. g—Director of statistics, STFRM. j—None. k—None. l—C de D, 1946–1949; MGF49, 6; Excélsior, Sept. 3, 1976, 1C; C de D, 1976–1979; www.cronica.diputados.gob .mx, Sept. 7, 1948, Nov. 18, 1976. Vega García, Gerardo Ricardo a—Mar. 28, 1940. b—Puebla, Puebla. c—Preparatory studies at Heroic Military College, 1957–1960; completed counterinsurgency course at School of the Americas, Ft. Gulick, Panama Canal Zone; completed war games course, Ft. Leavenworth, Ks.; staff and command diploma from Higher War College, 1965–1968; MA in national security from National Defense College, 1985–1986; studies in educational planning from Secretariat of Public Education; course on the Persian Gulf conflict, Ibero-American University; officer, 5th Co., Heroic Military College, 1962–1963; commander, 1st Co. of Cadets, Heroic Military College, 1968–1970; professor, Higher War College; assistant director and director, National War College, 1988–1992. d—None. e—None. f—Military attaché, Soviet Union, Poland, and East Germany; secretary of national defense, 2000–2006. g—None. h—None. j—Career army officer; joined army as cadet, Jan. 1,

1957; graduated as 2nd lieutenant, Jan. 1, 1960; assigned to 32nd Infantry Battalion, Guerrero, 1959; 1st lieutenant, 55th Infantry Battalion, Quintana Roo; captain, 13th Infantry Battalion, Veracruz; captain, 15th Cavalry Regiment, Sarabia, Guanajuato, 1968; major, chief of instruction, 13th Infantry Battalion; chief of staff, 28th Military Zone, Ixcotel; chief of staff, 19th Military Zone, Tuxpan; chief, Sec. 1, 26th Military Zone; commander, 11th Infantry Battalion, Mérida; commander, 17th Infantry Battalion, Villahermosa, Tabasco; staff, Sec. 3, Secretariat of National Defense; staff, Sec. 5, Secretariat of National Defense; commander, 34th Military Zone, Chetumal, 1994–1996; commander, 5th Military Zone, Chihuahua, 1996; director general of military education, 1998–2000; commander, 1st Military Region, 2000; rank of division general, Jan. 20, 2000; commander, military parade, Mexico City, Sept. 16, 2000. k—Most junior division general in 2000. l—De del Y, Aug. 8, 2001; letters; www.sed ena.gob.mx, 2003; De del Y, Sept. 13, 2000; www.imagenpolitica.com.mx, 2004. Vega Macías, José Guadalupe

(Deceased Feb. 14, 2006) a—June 13, 1926. b—Hacienda de la Flor, Ahualulco, San Luis Potosí. c—Completed elementary studies at Colegio Cristóbal Colón; some secondary studies. d—Local deputy, State Legislature of San Luis Potosí, Dist. 3, 1972–1975; member, City Council, Soledad Díez Gutiérrez, San Luis Potosí; federal deputy from State of San Luis Potosí, Dist. 2, 1976–1979; mayor, Soledad Díez Gutiérrez, 1980–1982; federal deputy from State of San Luis Potosí, Dist. 2, 1982–1985, member of Information and Complaints Committee, Labor and Social Welfare Committee. e—Joined PRI, 1952; secretary of labor action, PRI, San Luis Potosí. f—Attorney for the defense of labor, San Luis Potosí; director, Department of Labor and Social Welfare, San Luis Potosí. g—Joined Textile Workers’ Union of CTM, 1951; representative of labor, Board of Conciliation and

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Arbitration; assistant secretary, Textile Workers’ Union of Mexico, 1975–1981; secretary-general, CTM, San Luis Potosí, 1982; secretary of labor, CTM. h—Textile worker; laborer. i—Son of José Refugio Vega Mora, administrator, and Agustina Macías; married María Cruz Escobedo Nieto. j—None. k—None. l—Directorio, 1982–1985; C de D, 1982–1985; Lehr, 417; C de D, 1976–1979; DBGM, 620; www.congresoslp.gob.mx, 2008; www.angelfire.com, 2007; www.la jornadasanluis, Feb. 15, 2006. Vega Memije, Carlos Javier a—Jan. 21, 1948. b—Chilpancingo, Guerrero. c—Early education unknown; law degree, with honors, from National School of Law, UNAM, 1967–1971; MA from UNAM, 1974; LLD from National School of Law, UNAM, 1975; assistant professor of political structure of the state, Graduate Division, UNAM, 1975–1976; professor of constitutional law, National School of Law, UNAM; professor, Ibero-American University, 1985. d—Federal deputy, State of Guerrero, Dist. 1, 1988–1991; delegate of Cuauhtémoc, Federal District, 1997. e—Technical secretary, IEPES of PRI, 1986–1987; director, IEPES of PRI, Guerrero, 1987. f—Secretary, Twelfth Criminal Judicial District, Mexico City; director general of administration, National Warehouses; controller general, National Warehouses; secretary, Board of Directors, National Warehouses; assistant to private secretary of president of Mexico, 1981–1982; private secretary to president of Mexico, José López Portillo, 1982; assistant delegate of government, Department of the Federal District, 1983–1984; secretary of administrative development, State of Guerrero, 1987– 1988; secretary-general of government, State of Guerrero, 1991–1992; general coordinator of delegations, ISSSTE, 1993–1994; assistant attorney general of Mexico, 2000. g—None. h—None. i—Worked in several posts with his mentor, Roberto Casillas Hernández; son of Juan Manuel Vega García, retailer, and Carlota Memije Pastor; married María Teresa Adame Navarro, teacher. j—None.

k—None. l—Excélsior, Aug. 13, 1982, 4; HA, Aug. 23, 1982, 8; DAPC81; DBGM89, 557; DBGM92, 846; DBGM94, CD. Vega Murillo, Wintilo a—Mar. 13, 1962. b—Purísima del Rincón, Guanajuato. c—Early education unknown; studies in economics at UNAM, 1980–1985. d—Federal deputy from State of Guanajuato, Dist. 11, 1997–2000; plurinominal federal deputy from PRI, 2003–2006. e—Secretary-general, PRI, Guanajuato; general delegate, CEN of PRI, Baja California del Sur, Jalisco, Baja California del Norte, 1998; PRI candidate for senator from Guanajuato, 2000; member, PRI National Political Council, 2003. f—Auxiliary secretary to director general of planned housing, Secretariat of Public Works, 1980–1985; advisory coordinator general of supplies and distribution, 1990–1992; advisory coordinator general of transportation, Department of the Federal District, 1992–1994. g—None. h—None. j—None. k—None. l—CdeD, 2003–2006; www.secgob.gob.mx, 1997, 2007; QesQ en el Congreso, 1997–2000, 230. Véjar Vázquez, Octavio (Deceased Nov. 10, 1974) a—Apr. 20, 1900. b—Jalapa, Veracruz. c—Elementary and secondary studies at Escuela Práctica, Jalapa; preparatory studies at Colegio Preparatoria, under Salvador Díaz Mirón, and National Preparatory School; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, Dec. 6, 1923; LLD from National School of Law, UNAM; professor of aeronautical law, School of Military Aviation; professor of military law, National School of Law, UNAM; professor, National War College; professor, National Military College. d—None. e—Founder, National Independent Democratic Party, 1944; member, National Coordinating Committee, Popular Party, 1947–1948; vice president, Popular Party, 1951; interim president, Popular Party, 1949, 1952. f—Public defender; agent, Ministerio Público; justice, Superior Tribunal of Military Justice; prosecuting attorney of military justice; attorney general, Federal District and Federal

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Territories, 1940–1941; secretary of public education, Sept. 12, 1941–Dec. 22, 1943. g—None. h—Practicing attorney, 1923; president, Postwar Studies Commission, 1943; member of committee in charge of writing 2nd Six-year Plan, 1940. i—Close friend of José Vasconcelos; uncle of physician Carlos Véjar Lacave, ambassador to Finland, 1964–1965; brother of Pedro Véjar Vázquez, military engineer and chief of federal highways, 1932; son of Pedro Véjar Gómez and María Vázquez. j—None. k—Detained in military prison of Tlatelolco, 1952, for ostensibly disobeying a military superior’s order, raising the issue of whether career officers were really free to participate in politics. l—Hoy, Sept. 20, 1941; WWM45, 123; Millon, 156; EBW46, 568; Peral, 841–842; Correa, 2; Kirk, 335, 148–155; Strode, 374–375; D del S, Dec. 2, 1940, 1–6; González Navarro, 161; López, 1134; NYT, Sept. 12, 1941, 8; Raby, 63; Excélsior, Nov. 12, 1949; HA, Nov. 18, 1974, 10; NYT, Apr. 15, 1952; NYT, Apr. 18, 1952, 5; Excélsior, Nov. 11, 1974, 20; Illescas, 603–604; WNM, 233. Vela Rodríguez, Alberto Régulo

(Deceased May 12, 1966) a—Apr. 8, 1901. b—Villa de San Buenaventura, Coahuila. c—Elementary studies in San Buenaventura; preparatory studies at Colegio Civil, Nuevo León; law degree from University of San Luis Potosí, Apr. 8, 1926. d—None. e—None. f—Scribe, judicial district, San Luis Potosí, 1926; director of public defenders, San Luis Potosí; auxiliary agent, Office of the Attorney General, San Luis Potosí; correctional judge, San Luis Potosí; first secretary, Correctional Division, Federal Correctional Court; judge, Correctional Division, Federal Correctional Court; judge, Administration Division, Third Sec., Penal Division, Federal District; judge, Superior Tribunal of Justice, Federal District; interim justice, Supreme Court, Oct. 10, 1960–1961; justice, Supreme Court, May 10, 1961–1964; retired July 9, 1964. g—None. h—None. j—None. k—None. l—www.scjn.gob.mx, 754, 2008.

Velasco, Miguel Ángel a—Apr. 30, 1903. b—Jalapa, Veracruz. c—Completed elementary studies; no degree; professor of the history of the labor movement in Mexico, Workers’ University, 1964–1977. d—None. e—Member, Federation of Communist Youth, 1926; joined PCM, 1927, resigned, 1943; member, CEN of PCM, 1928–1943; cofounder and member, Unified Socialist Action, 1945–1950; cofounder and member, Mexican Workers’ and Peasants’ Party, 1955; member, PPS National Committee, 1963–1968; founder, MAUS, 1970; secretarygeneral, MAUS, 1977–1982; leftist coalition candidate for federal deputy and governor of Veracruz, 1979. f—None. g—Began union activity as official in Bakery Workers’ Union, 1919; secretary of acts, Bakery Workers’ Union, 1921; founder, Federation of Workers’ and Peasants’ Unions, Córdoba, Veracruz, 1925; organizer, The Chamber of Labor of Nuevo León, 1932; peasant organizer, major strikes, Lombardia and New Italy haciendas, 1933; representative, The Federation of Unions, 1935; member, 1st CEN of CTM, 1936. h—Baker; prolific author. i—Married Dolores Pomar, secretary to Hernán Laborde. j—Fought against de la Huerta in Jilotepec, 1923; staff member, Heriberto Jara. k—Imprisoned many times; prisoner on Islas Marías, 1932. l—Enc. de Mex., XII, 314–315; Protag., 349; www.jalapa .gob.mx, 2008. Velasco Coello, Manuel a—Apr. 7, 1980. b—Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas. c—Early education unknown; law degree from Anáhuac University, Mexico City. d—Local deputy, State Legislature of Chiapas; plurinominal federal deputy from PVEM, 2003–2006, coordinator of PVEM delegation; plurinominal PVEM senator from Chiapas, 2006–2012. e—President, PVEM, Chiapas. f—None. g—None. i—Son of Dr. José Manuel Velasco Siles and Leticia Coello Garrido; grandson of Manuel Velasco Suárez, governor of Chiapas, 1970– 1976; father, who died at age 39, was one of first pediatric neurosurgeons in Mexico;

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great-grandson of José Manuel Velasco Balboa, noted lawyer, graduate of Sorbonne, mayor of San Cristóbal de las Casas, federal deputy, and secretary of government; greatuncle Enrique Suárez Solórzano was deputy to Constitutional Convention of 1917 and private secretary to Venustiano Carranza; mother, assistant delegate of the Federal District (3 times) and founder of first home for battered women in the Federal District; maternal grandfather, Fernando Coello Pedrero, coffee grower in San Cristóbal. j—None. k—None. l—www.manuelvelasco .com.mx, 2008; Directorio del Congreso, 2006–2009, 57; www.senado.gob.mx, 2008; www.diputados.gob.mx, 2003–2006. Velasco Curiel, (Fernando) Francisco

(Aug. 5, 2005) a—Sept. 15, 1917. b—San Jerónimo, Cuauhtémoc, Colima. c—Elementary studies at Gertrudis Bocanegra School, Colima, Colima; preparatory studies at National Preparatory School; economics degree from National School of Economics, UNAM, Apr. 28, 1944, with thesis on cooperatives in Mexico and other countries. d—Senator from State of Colima, 1958–1961, member of Economics and Statistics Committee, 1st Ejido Committee, and Agricultural Development Committee, substitute member of Agriculture and Development Committee; Governor, Colima, 1961–1967. e—General delegate, CEN of PRI, Jalisco, Guanajuato, Colima, and Querétaro. f—Director, Federal Automobile Registration Department, Secretariat of Industry and Commerce; director, Department of Special Studies and Administrative Affairs, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1952–1958. g—None. i—Son of Fernando Velasco Galindo and María Curiel Márquez; married Carmen Villa; student of Eduardo Bustamante at UNAM; school companion of Antonio Salazar Salazar, senator from Colima, 1958–1964; sister Clotilde Velasco Curiel, who married Francisco Vizcaíno Fernández, father of Rafael Vizcaíno, director of administration, Public Works Bank; son Fernando Francisco Velasco Villa,

lawyer. j—None. k—None. l—WWMG, 40; DBM70, 558; DGF56, 164; letter; Func., 146; DBGM87, 410; www.registrocivil.col.gob .mx, 2008; www.colima-estado.gob. 2008. Velasco Fernández, Federico Rafael

a—Oct. 24, 1927. b—Pánuco, Veracruz. c—Early education unknown; degree in medicine from National School of Medicine, UNAM, 1946–1951; postgraduate studies in psychiatry at UNAM, 1965–1966; professor of medicine, UNAM, 1964–1988; professor, University of Veracruz, 1958–1963; secretary-general, University of Veracruz, 1963–1965; rector, University of Veracruz, 1971–1973. d—None. e—None. f—Director of medical services, Veracruz, 1958–1963; director, medical clinic, Secretariat of Public Education, 1965–1971; director general of mental health, Secretariat of Health, 1971, 1973–1977; assistant secretary of education and scientific research, 1985–1988; secretary of health and assistance, State of Veracruz, 1989–1994; director of mental health, Secretariat of Public Health, 1995. g—Secretarygeneral, National Association of University and Higher Education Institutions, 1977–1985. h—None. i—Son of José Velasco Mendoza, lawyer, and María del Carmen Fernández Fuentes; married Esperanza Muñoz Ledo Vázquez. j—None. k—None. l—Musacchio, 417–418; DBGM87. Velasco Ibarra, Enrique a—June 28, 1927. b—Acámbaro, Guanajuato. c—Elementary studies at public school and Colegio Franco-Español, 1933–1936; secondary and preparatory studies at Colegio Francés; completed preparatory studies at National Preparatory School; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, 1944–1948, with honorable mention; highest grades of his generation at National School of Law, 1947; professor of political philosophy, School of Political and Social Sciences, UNAM, 1962–1965; professor, Graduate School of Business Administration, UNAM, 1958; member, Governing Board, UNAM, 1974; professor of general theory of the state, National School of Law,

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UNAM, 1958–1966. d—Governor, Guanajuato, 1979–1984. e—None. f—Director, Banking Sec., Secretariat of the Treasury, 1956; general attorney, Mexican Tobacco Co., 1960–1961; private secretary to rector of UNAM, Ignacio Chávez, 1962–1966; assistant director general of planning, Office of the Presidency, 1966–1970; auxiliary secretary-general, UNAM, 1970–1973; coordinator of planning and development, UNAM, 1973; director general of administration, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1974–1975; oficial mayor of the Secretariat of the Treasury, 1975–1976; private secretary to President José López Portillo, 1976–1978. g—Executive secretary, Industrial Center for Productivity, 1956–1960. h—Author of many works; researcher, Institute of Comparative Law, UNAM, 1959–1962; practicing lawyer, 1949– 1955. i—Longtime collaborator of José López Portillo’s. j—None. k—Reportedly handled López Portillo’s personal finances as his secretary; forced to resign as governor, June 26, 1984. l—El Día, Dec. 1, 1976; Proceso, Dec. 4, 1976, 27; Latin America, Dec. 15, 1978, 388; HA, Dec. 25, 1978, 39; Excélsior, Dec. 1, 1976; Almanaque e Guanajuato, 25; www .es.wikipedia.org. 2009. Velasco Lafarga, Ernesto (Deceased) a—Nov. 14, 1911. b—Tampico, Tamaulipas. c—Elementary studies at Colegio San Borja, Colonia del Valle, Mexico City; preparatory at Colegio La Salle and Colegio Morelos, Mexico City; engineering degree from School of Mining and School of Engineering, UNAM, May 9, 1935. d—PAN federal party deputy, 1970–1973, member of Sugar Industry Committee, Department of the Federal District Committee, 2nd Sec. of Agrarian Affairs Committee. e—Active member of PAN since 1939; head, PAN, Mazatlán, Sinaloa, 1952–1962; PAN candidate for federal deputy, 1967, 1979; director, PAN, 17th District, Federal District; national adviser, PAN, 1947–1954, 1959–1965, 1978–1988; member, CEN of PAN, 1960–1962, 1968–1972. f—Head, Board of Civic, Moral and Material

Improvements, Mazatlán; adviser, City of Mazatlán; engineer, National Mortgage Bank, 1935; engineer, National Irrigation Commission, 1936–1937; superintendent and engineer of irrigation works, Ixmiquilpan, Hidalgo, 1938–1947. g—Adviser, National Chamber of Construction Industries. h—Civil engineer. i—Married Josefa León Bermejillo. j—None. k—Candidate for federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. 17, 1967. l—Directorio, 1970–1972; C de D, 1970–1972, 139; Pérez Franco, 338–389. Velasco Oliva, Jesús Cuauhtémoc

a—June 8, 1945. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; studies in economics at National School of Economics, UNAM, 1965–1969, graduating Dec. 16, 1970; professor of higher education. d—Representative, Assembly of the Federal District, 2000–2003; federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. 10, 1997–2000; plurinominal federal deputy from Convergencia, 2006–2009. e—Member, PRD; cofounder Convergencia, 1999; vice president of citizen participation, Convergencia; president, Convergencia National Council. f—Assistant director of projects and finances, National Sugar Industry Bank, 1972–1975; assistant Manger, Credit Division, National Sugar Industry Bank, 1975; coordinator of advisers of secretary of social development, Department of the Federal District, 1994; director of cultural and social activities, Department of the Federal District; g—None. h—None. j—None. k—None. l—www.secgob.gob.mx, 1997, 2007; Directorio del Congreso, 2006–2009, 411; www .diputados.gob.mx, 2008; Musacchio, 418. Velasco Pérez, Juan Carlos a—Aug. 3, 1952. b—Morelia, Michoacán. c—Early education unknown; law degree from University of Michoacán, 1970–1974, 1978–1980, with thesis on reforms in the new federal labor law. d—Member, City Council, Morelia, 1981–1983; alternate local deputy, State Legislature of Michoacán, 1983–1985; federal deputy from State of Michoacán, Dist. 9, 1985–1988; plurinominal federal

t he b io g ra phies  995

deputy from PRI, 2006–2009. e—Secretary of labor action, PRI, Michoacán, 1975–1977; secretary of organization, PRI, Michoacán, 1984–1985; secretary-general, PRI, Michoacán, 1988–1990. f—None. g—Secretarygeneral of hotel workers, State of Michoacán, 1975–1977; assistant secretary-general, CTM, 1995–2006; secretary of transportation, CEN of CTM, 1995–2006; secretarygeneral, Local No. 30, auto transportation industry, 2005. h—None. i—Son of Juan Velasco Vargas, federal deputy from State of Michoacán, Dist. 6, 1961–1964, and María Irene Pérez; married Rosas María Figueroa Barajas. j—None. k—None. l—Directorio del Congreso, 2006–2009, 433; DBGM87, 583; www.diputados.gob.mx, 2006–2009. Velasco Rodríguez, Verónica a—Jan. 23, 1972. b—Tampico, Tampico. c—Early education unknown; degree in textile design from Ibero-American University; MA studies in ecology and sustainable development at Ibero-American University, 1997. d—Plurinominal federal deputy from PVEM, 1997–2000, 2006–2009; plurinominal senator from PVEM, 2000–2006, president of Environmental Committee. e—Joined PVEM, 1994; secretary of organization, PVEM, Baja California del Sur. f—None. g—None. i—Daughter of Luis Velasco, art teacher, and Hilda Rodríguez; married Francisco Agundis Arias, PVEM plurinominal federal deputy, 2000–2003; brother Guillermo Velasco Rodríguez, candidate for federal deputy, 2003. j—None. k—None. l—www.foros.fox.presidencia. gob.mx, July 1, 2003; Musacchio, 418; DCM, 2000–2003, 334; Directorio del Congreso, 2006–2009, 434; www.secgob.gob.mx, 1997, 2008; QesQ en el Congreso, 1997, 252; QesQ en el Congreso, 2000–2003, 378; www .diputados.gob.mx, 2006–2009. Velasco Suárez, Manuel (Deceased Dec. 2, 2001) a—Dec. 18, 1915. b—San Cristóbal de las Casas, Chiapas. c—Elementary, secondary, and preparatory studies in San Cristóbal de las Casas; medical degree from National School of Medicine, UNAM,

1933–1939; studies in orthopedic surgery at University of Iowa, Iowa City, 1940; studies in neurology and neurosurgery at Harvard University Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, 1941–1942; studies in neuropathology at George Washington University, Washington, DC, 1942–1943; professor, National School of Medicine, UNAM, 1944– 1996; professor of neurosurgery, National School of Medicine, UNAM, 1959–1970; professor of clinical surgery, National School of Medicine, UNAM, 1950–1959; professor emeritus, 1989. d—Governor, Chiapas, 1970–1976. e—Joined PRI, 1952. f—Neurosurgeon, Juárez Hospital, Mexico City, 1948–1963; director, neuropsychiatric assistance, Secretariat of Health, 1951–1959; director, Neuro and Neurosurgery Services, Juárez Hospital, 1958–1963; founder and director, National Neurology Institute, 1952–1970; director general, Neurological, Mental Health, and Rehabilitation Division, Secretariat of Health, 1958–1970. g—None. h—Author of numerous works in his specialty. i—Physician and close friend of Luis Echeverría; son of lawyer José Manuel Velasco Balboa, judge, mayor of San Cristóbal, secretary-general of government, Chiapas, and deputy to Constitutional Congress, 1916–1917, and María Suárez Solórzano, pianist and teacher; married Elvira Siles Aguilera; uncle Enrique Suárez Solórzano, private secretary to Venustiano Carranza and deputy to Constitutional Congress, 1916–1917; father-in-law of Manuel Camacho, head of Federal District Department; in business with Camacho’s father and Jesús Lozoya Solís; grandson Manuel Velasco Coello, senator from Chiapas, 2006–2012. j—None. k—Founder of numerous hospitals in Mexico City; shared Nobel Peace Prize for founding an international medical organization against nuclear war, 1985. l—DPE65, 151; DPE61, 111; letter; WNM, 234–235; DBC, 261–263; DBGM94, CD. Velasco Zimbrón, Raúl a—July 1, 1910. b—Federal District. c—Elementary and

996  m e xic a n p oli t i c a l b i o g ra ph i e s , 1935–20 0 9

secondary studies at Colegio FrancoInglés, Mexico City; preparatory studies at National Preparatory School; degree in dental surgery from National School of Medicine, UNAM, 1929. d—Plurinominal federal deputy from PAN, 1979–1982. e—Joined PAN, 1939; regional adviser, PAN, 1942–1962; president, PAN Federal District, 1949–1951; member, CEN of PAN, 1945–1972; secretary-general, CEN of PAN, 1951–1956; member, PAN National Council, 1953–1981; PAN candidate for federal deputy from Federal District, 1946, 1949, 1952, 1958, 1961, 1967; PAN candidate for senator from Federal District, 1964; PAN representative, Federal Electoral Commission, 1967; secretary-general, CEN of PAN, 1968–1969; emeritus member, PAN National Council, 2001. f—None. g—None. h—Dentist. i—Son of Octavio Velasco and Teresa Zimbrón; married María del Carmen Gómez Poliza. j—None. k—None. l—Pérez Franco, 339; C de D, 1979–1982. Velázquez Carmona, Manuel a—Mar. 12, 1945. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; legal studies at National School of Law, UNAM, graduating in 1968; graduate studies in law at National School of Law, UNAM, 1971; professor of constitutional law, National School of Law, UNAM, 1969–1984; professor of constitutional law, National School of Political and Social Science, UNAM, 1971–1972; professor of the theory of the state, National School of Law, UNAM. d—None. e—Member, National Executive Council of PRI Youth, 1965; assistant secretary of organization, National Youth Committee of PRI, 1965; secretary of planning, National Youth Committee of PRI, 1965; auxiliary secretary, CEN of PRI, 1969; PRI director of voter registration and electoral action, 1969. f—Private secretary to director general, Olympic Organizing Committee, Pedro Ramírez Vázquez, 1967– 1969; adviser to director general of legal affairs, Secretariat of Communications and Transportation, 1969–1970; adviser to oficial mayor, Office of the Presidency, 1970–1971;

adviser to attorney general of Mexico, 1971–1972; assistant director general of documentation and presidential speeches, Office of the Presidency, 1972–1973; assistant director general of legal affairs and presidential legislation, Office of the Presidency, 1973–1975; director general of legal affairs and legislation, Office of the Presidency, 1976–1976; director general of legal affairs and legislation, Secretariat of Public Works, 1976–1977; assistant secretary of real property and urban works, 1981–1982; adviser to secretary of health, 1983. g—Director of electoral action, CEN of CNOP, 1972. h—None. i—Son of Ezequiel Velázquez Carmona, public accountant and alternate federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. 36, 1985– 1988, and Sofía Carmona Barrera, public official; married Orlanda Yamilet Garrido Vargas. j—None. k—None. l—DAPC81, 19; DAPC77, 74; www.cronica.diputados.com .mx, Aug. 26, 1985. Velázquez de Alba, Elpidio G. (Deceased Nov. 14, 1977) a—May 12, 1892. b—San Juan de Guadalupe, Durango. c—Primary and secondary studies in state rural schools, Durango; studied at Military Academy of Mexico. d—Governor, Durango, 1941–1944. e—None. f—Assistant director, Administrative Department, Secretariat of National Defense; director, War Matériel Department, Secretariat of National Defense, 1935. g—Member, Chamber of Commerce, Durango. h—General merchant in Durango; first employment as factory laborer before 1910. i—Son of Severiano Velázquez, industrial worker. j—Joined the Revolution in 1910 under Aguirre Benavides, with rank of 2nd lieutenant; assistant chief of staff, General Lázaro Cárdenas, 1933; chief of staff, various revolutionary generals; commander, 55th Regiment; commander, 64th Regiment; rank of brigadier general, 1939; rank of division general, Nov. 20, 1968. k—None. l—WWM45, 123; Peral, 847–848; EBW46, 1135; Hoy, May 4, 1940, 13; López, 1138; Casasola, V; Rev. de Ejer., Nov., 1968, 53; Enc. de Mex., Annual, 241.

t he b io g ra phies  997 Velázquez de la Parra, Manuel

(Deceased) a—Mar. 1, 1937. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; economics degree from National School of Economics, UNAM, with thesis on economic aspects of budget expenditures of the Department of the Federal District, Nov. 5, 1964; seminar at World Bank, Washington, DC, 1969; professor of political economy, PRI Institute of Political Education, 1974. d—None. e—Technical secretary, Housing Committee, IEPES of PRI, 1981–1982. f—Analyst, Secretariat of the Treasury Group, Bank of Mexico, 1965–1970; adviser to assistant finance director, PEMEX, 1971–1972; financial assistant director of housing, Office of the Director General of Credit, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1972–1976; adviser on housing, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1972–1982; director general, Housing Trust Fund for Bank Financing and Operations, Bank of Mexico, 1972–1982; assistant secretary of housing, Secretariat of Urban Development and Ecology, 1982–1984; director general, Technical Secretariat of the Cabinet, 1984–1988. g—None. h—Employee, insurance company, Monterrey, Nuevo León, 1953–1955; employee, Hilaturas Lourdes, 1955–1962. i—Worked with Miguel de la Madrid early in his career. j—None. k—None. l—IEPES; Q es QAP, 274; DBGM, 436; DBGM89, 370; HA, July 30, 1984, 14. Velázquez Hernández, José Socorro

a—Aug. 10, 1953. b—Santiaguito de Velázquez, Arandas, Jalisco c—Early education unknown; economics degree from University of Guadalajara, 1971–1976; law degree from University of Guadalajara, 1987–1993. d—Member, City Council, Arandas, 1974–1976; member, City Council, Guadalajara, Jalisco, 1980–1982, 1986–1988; local deputy, State Legislature of Jalisco, 1989–1991; federal deputy from State of Jalisco, Dist. 7, 1991–1994; plurinominal federal deputy from PRI, 2000–2003. e—Joined PRI, 1969; auxiliary secretary to president, CEN of PRI, 1981; assistant secretary of

organization, CEN of PRI, 1992–1993; adviser to president, CEN of PRI, José Antonio González Fernández, 1999. f—None. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Guadalupe Velázquez Velázquez, farmer, and Elvira Hernández Ramírez; married María del Rosario Hernández Torres. j—None. k—None. l—DCM, 2000–2003, 355–356; QesQ en el Congreso, 2000–2003, 265; DBGM92, 599; Musacchio, 418. Velázquez Jaacks, Luis a—June 21, 1936. b—Federal District. c—Elementary studies at Orozco y Berra and Damián Carmona schools, Mexico City; secondary studies in Mexico City; preparatory studies at National Preparatory School No. 1; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM; professor of the sociology of education and economic policy, Pasteur Institute, Geneva. d—Federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. 14, 1970–1973, member of Department of the Federal District Committee, Labor Sec. of Legislative Studies Committee, Promotion and Development of Sports Committee; federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. 37, 1979–1982; plurinominal federal deputy from PRI, 1997– 2000. e—Assistant director, National Youth Sector of PRI, 1960–1970. f—Employee, Federal Electric Commission; legal adviser, La Forestal, 1973–1976; legal director, Tlalnepantla, 1974–1976; legal adviser, Secretariat of Labor, 1978–1979. g—Employee, CTM Archives, 1956–1958; president, Subcommittee on Youth, Congress of Labor, 1960–1964; general cashier, CTM, 1960; adviser, ILO; secretary of social action, CTM, 1968–1974; secretary-general, National Youth Sector, CTM, 1960–1970; secretary-general, Union of Employees of General Commerce and Similar Trades, Federal District, 1989–2001. i—Nephew of longtime CTM leader Fidel Velázquez; son of Gregorio Velázquez, 4‑time federal deputy from State of Mexico. j—None. k—None. l—Directorio, 1970– 1972, 140; C de D, 1970–1973, 140; C de D, 1979–1982; www.secgob.gob.mx, 1997; www.jornada.unam.mx, Mar. 6, 1998.

998  m e xic a n p oli t i c a l b i o g ra ph i e s , 1935–20 0 9 Velázquez Sánchez, Fidel (Deceased June 21, 1997) a—May 12, 1900. b—Villa Nicolás Romero, State of Mexico. c—Elementary studies in Villa Nicolás Romero, completed, 1914; no degree. d—Senator from Federal District, 1946–1952; senator from Federal District, 1958–1964, member of Department of the Federal District Committee, Social Welfare Committee, 1st Labor Committee, 1st Balloting Committee, 1st Instructive Sec. of the Grand Jury. e—Representative of labor to PRI. f—None. g—Founded his first union on Rosario Hacienda, 1921; secretary of interior, Union of Dairy Industry Workers, 1921; secretarygeneral, Union of Dairy Industry Workers, Federal District, 1929; left CROM, 1930, and formed Union of Workers of the Federal District; cofounder, General Federation of Mexican Workers and Farmers, 1933; cofounder, with Vicente Lombardo Toledano, CTM, and member of the Executive Committee of the Confederation of Mexican Labor, 1936–1940; secretary of organization and propaganda, CEN of CTM, 1936; secretary-general, CTM, 1940–1946, 1946–1952, 1952–1958, 1958–1964, 1964–1970, 1970–1976, 1976–1982, 1982–1988, 1988– 1994, 1994–1997. h—Worker in lumber yard, Mexico City, 1914–1916; he and his father worked on a tree farm in Puebla, 1916, attacked by supporters of General Obregón, who killed his father and seriously injured him; worked as a field laborer on a pulque hacienda in Tlaxcala, 1917; diary worker, Hacienda Rosario, owned by a Canadian, 1918–1921. i—Son of Gregorio Velázquez Reyna, farm laborer and administrator, La Encarnación Hacienda, and Herlinda Sánchez Chávez, farm laborer; married Nora Quintana Perera; close personal friend of Lauro Ortega and Jesús Yurén; brother Gregorio was secretary-general of CTM for State of Mexico and a federal deputy, 1955–1958; nephew Luis Velázquez Jaacks was federal deputy, 1970–1973. j—None. k—Brandenburg puts him in Inner Circle of Influence, 1940–1946; most powerful labor

leader in Mexico after the 1950s; founded Dairy Industry Workers’ Union with Alfonso Sánchez Madariaga; cofounder, CGOCM, with Vicente Lombardo Toledano. l—WWW70–71; HA, Feb. 7, 1972, 12–14; Brandenburg, 80, 93; Johnson, 68; Morton, 47, 90; C de S, 1946–1952; Padgett, 170–172; C de S, 1961–1964, 72–73; Strode, 373; Kirk, 90–93; Enc. Mex., XII, 318; López, 1138; HA, Oct. 20, 1950; Excélsior, May 22, 1973, 19; Excélsior, Mar. 16, 1973, 22; Alonso, 192; WNM, 235; NYT, June 22, 1997; Líderes, IV, 1993, 125–131. Velázquez Sánchez, Gregorio

(Deceased) a—Mar. 5, 1910. b—Villa Nicolás Romero, Mexico. c—Elementary studies in public school, Mexico City; secondary studies at Night Secondary School No. 5, Mexico City; no degree. d—Local deputy, State Legislature of Mexico, 1940–1942; federal deputy from State of Mexico, Dist, 1, 1943–1946; federal deputy from State of Mexico, Dist. 5, 1949–1952, member of Administration Committee and Budgets and Accounts Committee; federal deputy from State of Mexico, Dist. 5, 1955–1958, member of Economics and Statistics Committee, 2nd Balloting Committee, General Accounting Office Committee; federal deputy from State of Mexico, Dist. 2, 1967– 1970, member of 10th Sec. of Legislative Studies Committee, General Accounting Office Committee, Social Welfare Committee. e—Secretary of labor organizations of PRI, State of Mexico, 1946. f—Supervisor of theaters, Department of the Federal District, 1938–1940. g—Founder, Regional Organization, CTM, Tlalnepantla; CTM representative to ILO meeting on social security, Rio de Janeiro, 1952; CTM delegate, State of Mexico, 1946. h—Began working at La Sirena Iron Works, 1924; dairy industry employee, 1925; employee, National Railroads of Mexico, 1932–1938. i—Son of Gregorio Velázquez Reyna, farm laborer and administrator, La Encarnación Hacienda, and Herlinda Sánchez Chávez, farm laborer; brother of Fidel Velázquez

t he b io g ra phies  999

Sánchez, secretary-general of CTM; father of Luis Velázquez Jaacks, federal deputy from Federal District, 1970–1973, 1979–1982. j—None. k—Federal deputy from State of Mexico more times between 1943 and 1970 than any other Mexican. l—Ind. Biog., 164–165; C de D, 1949–1942, 94; C de D, 1955–1958; DGF56, 25, 32, 34–35; C de D, 1967–1970, 68, 78, 83. Velázquez Sánchez, Sara Estela

a—Dec. 11, 1953. b—Jilotepec, State of Mexico. c—Early education unknown; private accounting graduate of Juana de Arco Institute, Cuernavaca, Morelos; political science degree from School of Political and Social Sciences, UNAM, 1970–1974. d—Alternate local deputy, State Legislature of Mexico, 1981–1984; federal deputy from State of Mexico, Dist. 1, 1988–1991; plurinominal federal deputy from PRI, 1997–2000. e—Joined PRI, 1972; executive director, Secretariat of Organization, CEN of PRI, 1995–1996. f—Press director, Irrigation District No. 44, State of Mexico, 1972–1974; director, Statistics Department, Secretariat of Agriculture and Hydraulic Resources, 1976–1979; director of vehicle inspection, Secretariat of Communications and Transportation, State of Mexico, 1978–1979; director, Government Information Office, State of Mexico, 1981–1982; director of public works, Southern Region, State of Mexico, 1991–1993. g—Private secretary to secretary-general, CNC, 1983–1985; secretary of women’s action, CNC, State of Mexico, 1987–1991. h—Director, Brazo Latino Migrantes sin Frontera Foundation. j—None. k—None. l—www.secgob.gob.mx, 1997, 2007; DBGM89, 557; QesQ en el Congreso, 1997–2000, 237–238. Velázquez Torres, Consuelo (Deceased Jan. 22, 2005) a—Aug. 21, 1922. b—Ciudad Guzmán, Jalisco. c—Studied singing at age 4 under Ramón Serratos and Aurora Garibay; continued studies under Serratos at Normal School of Music, Mexico City, graduating as piano teacher, 1939. d—Federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. 36, 1979–1982. e—Joined PRI, 1940. f—None.

g—None. h—Notable Mexican composer whose work was performed by Frank Sinatra, the Beatles, and other groups; singer; wrote internationally famous song “Bésame Mucho, “ 1941, which was translated into 20 languages; acted in several movies. i—Married Mariano Rivera Conde, artistic director at RCA Victor, who discovered numerous prominent musicians; father was a military officer and poet. j—None. k—None. l—C de D, 1979–1982; Romero Aceves, 1740–1741; www.articles.latimes, Jan. 26, 2005; www .guardian.co.uk, Jan. 20, 2005. Velez Fernández Varela, Félix a—Feb. 10, 1961. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; economics degree from ITAM; MA in public policy from ITAM; MA in public policy from Woodrow Wilson School, Princeton University; studies in development political analysis at Princeton University, 1985–1987; PhD candidate, Princeton University, 1993–1996; director, MA Program in Public Policy, ITAM, 1997–2005; professor of economics, ITAM, 1987–2006. d—None. e—Adviser, Rafael Preciado Hernández Foundation, PAN, 1997–2006. f—Economic adviser Office of the Presidency, 1988–1989; economic adviser to assistant secretary of planning, Secretariat of Agriculture, 1990–1997; assistant secretary of planning, evaluation, and perspectives, Secretariat of Social Development, 2006– . g—None. h—None. j—None. k—None. l—Letters. Ventura, Julián c—Early education unknown; history degree from University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Can. d—None. e—None. f—Joined Foreign Service, 1990; director general, Asia Pacific Division, Secretariat of Foreign Relations; private secretary to secretary of foreign relations; private secretary to assistant secretary for Africa, Asia Pacific, Europe, and United Nations, Secretariat of Foreign Relations; alternate representative, OAS; in charge of political affairs, Mexican embassy, Havana; alternate representative, Permanent Mission to International Organizations, Geneva;

1000  m e xic a n p ol i t i c a l b i o g ra ph i e s , 1935 –20 0 9

chancellor, Mexican embassy, Washington, DC, 2007–2009; assistant secretary for North America, Secretariat of Foreign Relations, 2009– . g—None. h—None. j—None. k—None. l—www.presidencia.gob.mx, 2010; www.sre.gob.mx, 2010. Ventura Valle, Ángel A‑July 27, 1939. b—Cuernavaca, Morelos. c—Elementary, secondary and preparatory studies at Colegio Cristóbal Colón, Cuernavaca; economics degree from National School of Economics, UNAM, 1959–1963, graduating with thesis on reconstituted milk as a means of increasing the Mexican market, Dec. 13, 1969; professor, University of the Valley of Mexico, 1966–1968; professor, School of Accounting and Administration, University of Morelos, 1972–1974. d—Senator from State of Morelos, 1976–1982, secretary of Permanent Committee of Congress, 1976–1982; senator from State of Morelos, 1991–1997. e—Joined PRI, 1960; member, Advisory Council, IEPES of PRI, 1981–1982. f—Analyst, Office of the Presidency, 1963– 1965; secretary of economic promotion, State of Morelos, 1970–1976; secretary of budget and finance, State of Morelos, 1988– 1991. g—President, Revolutionary Youth of CNOP, State of Morelos, 1960–1962; president, Technical Council of CNOP, 1981–1982. h—None. i—Son of Ángel Ventura Neri, surgeon, and Estela Valle Segura; married Graciela Dávalos Villa. j—None. k—Hospital named after father in Morelos. l—IEPES; C de S, 1976–1982; DBGM92, 599–600; C de S, 1991–1994. Vera Cervantes, Rafael Sergio

(Deceased Oct. 1, 1993) a—July 28, 1934. b—San Sebastián, Tecomaxtlahuaca, Oaxaca. c—Studies in pedagogy at National Teachers’ School, 1955–1957. d—Federal deputy from State of Oaxaca, Dist. 6, 1991– 1993. e—Secretary-general, PRI, Oaxaca, 1956; secretary-general of youth, CEN of PRI, 1966–1970. f—None. g—Secretarygeneral, League of Agrarian Communities and Peasant Unions, Oaxaca; secretary-general, CNC, 1974–1976. h—None. j—None.

k—None. l—DP95, 3706; www.cnc.org.mx, 2008. Verdugo Quiroz, Leopoldo a—Mar. 1, 1898. b—Álamos, Sonora. c—Elementary studies in Álamos; no degree. d—Senator from State of Baja California del Norte, 1952–1958, president of Public Health Committee, 1st secretary of Social Security Committee and the Agricultural and Development Committee, and 2nd secretary of Administration Committee. e—None. f—Director of Customs, Mexicali, Baja California; director of customs officers, Mexicali, Matamoros, and Veracruz. g—None. j—Fought in the Revolution as enlisted man. k—None. l—Ind. Biog., 166–167; DGF56, 5, 9, 13; C de S, 1952–1958. Vergara Ahumada, José G. (Deceased) a—Feb. 13, 1905. b—Guadalajara, Jalisco. c—Early education unknown; enrolled in Military Aeronautical School, Aug. 21, 1923; instructor, Military Aviation School. d—None. e—None. f—Head, Mexican Air Force, 1964–1970. g—None. h—None. j—Career air force officer; combat missions in Colima, Jalisco, Veracruz, and Chihuahua during Gómez and Escobar rebellions, 1927, 1929, and against Cedillo in San Luis Potosí, 1939; flew confidential mission for Mexican government from Mexico City to Rio de Janeiro; commander, 1st and 2nd air regiments; commander, Aeronautical Division, army; commander, 1st Air Transportation Squadron; commander, 1st Air Group; retired, Nov. 1, 1973; rank of division general. k—None. l—Rev. de Ejer., May 1993, 68. Verges (Xochihua), Juan Víctor

(Deceased) a—1913. b—Federal District. c—Preparatory studies at National Preparatory School; economics degree from National School of Economics, UNAM, 1939–1942, graduating July 7, 1944, with thesis on military insurance. d—None. e—None. f—Director of technical administrative organizations, Secretariat of Government Properties; director general of administration, Secretariat of Government

t he b io g ra phies  1001

Properties, 1951–1955; assistant director general of administration, Secretariat of Government, 1956–1961; director general of administration, Secretariat of Government, 1965–1968; oficial mayor of government properties, 1968–1970. g—None. j—None. k—None. l—En de E, 265; DGF51, I, 445; DPE61, 11; DGF56, 83; DPE65, 13. Vicencio Álvarez, Felipe de Jesús

a—Dec. 26, 1959. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; philosophy degree from Valle de Atemajac University, Guadalajara, 1981–1985; professor, University Center of Human Sciences, Guadalajara, 1986–1987; professor, ITESO, Guadalajara, 1993–1996; professor, Free Philosophical Institute, Guadalajara, 1994–1997. d—Federal deputy from State of Jalisco, Dist. 6, 1997–2000, coordinator of PAN delegation from Jalisco; senator from Jalisco, 2000–2006. e—Joined PAN, 1996; secretary of studies, PAN, Zapopan, Jalisco, 1998–2000; member, State Committee of PAN, Jalisco, 1998–2000; member, National Council of PAN, 2004–2007. f—Delegate, Secretariat of Social Development, Jalisco, 2010. g—Executive director, Association of Municipalities of Jalisco. j—None. k—None. l—www.es.wikipedia.org, 2008; www.secgob.gob.mx, 1997, 2007; QesQ en el Congreso, 1997–2000, 60–61; DCM, 2000–2003, 31; QesQ en el Congreso, 2000–2003, 316; Musacchio, 418. Vicencio Tovar, Abel Carlos (Deceased Nov. 26, 1994) a—Nov. 4, 1925. b—Mexico. c—Elementary studies at Colegio Williams, 1931–1933, and public school, 1933–1936, Mexico City; secondary studies at Secondary School No. 10, 1937–1939, Mexico City; preparatory studies at National Preparatory School, 1939–1941, Mexico City; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, 1952, with thesis on citizens’ and public rights; professor of political economy, sociology, social dynamics, and history of economic thought, School of Accounting and Administration and National School of Law, UNAM, 1954–1994. d—Federal deputy

from Federal District, Dist. 17, 1964–1967, member of Labor Sec. of Legislative Studies Committee; PAN federal party deputy, 1973–1976, coordinator of PAN delegation; plurinominal federal deputy from PAN, 1979–1982, 1988–1991. e—Joined PAN, Oct., 1946; chief, PAN, 17th Dist., Federal District, 1957; president, PAN, Federal District, 1958–1960; national adviser, PAN, 1959–1994; member, PAN National Executive Council, 1959–1994; secretary-general, CEN of PAN, 1960–1962; member, CEN of PAN, 1969; president, CEN of PAN, 1978–1984; represented PAN before Federal Electoral Commission, 1976; PAN candidate for senator, 1981, 1991; secretary-general, CEN of PAN, 1987–1991. f—Lawyer, Legal Department, Secretariat of Public Works, 1952–1958. g—President, ACJM, 1955–1958. h—Practicing lawyer. i—Brother of Astolfo Vicencio Tovar, secretary-general of PAN, 1961–1966; son of Gustavo Arturo Vicencio Copado, president of Supreme Court, 1926–1928, and Dolores Tovar Ortiz; married María Elena Álvarez Bernal, teacher, PAN party deputy, 1976–1979, senator, 1997–2000, and member of CEN of PAN, 1991–1998; uncle of Gustavo A. Vicencio Acevedo, plurinominal federal deputy from PAN, 1982–1985; grandfather Celso was senator and judge; Fernando A. Lozano García was his protégé. j—None. k—None. l—C de D, 1973–1976, 29; C de D, 1964–1967, 84; Mabry; letter; C de D, 1979–1982; HA, Feb. 20, 1984, 16; DBGM89, 559; www.or denjuridico.gob.mx, 2008; www.pan.org .mx, 2009; Pérez Franco, 340. Vicencio Tovar, Astolfo a—Mar. 20, 1927. b—Xonacatlán, State of Mexico. c—Elementary studies; completed secondary and preparatory studies; completed 4 years of CPA program at School of Business and Banking, Mexico City, 1948–1952. d—PAN federal party deputy, 1967–1970; plurinominal federal deputy from PAN, 1982–1985, member of Trade Committee and Budget and Public Accounts Committee; plurinominal federal deputy from PAN,

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1988–1991; local deputy, State Legislature of Mexico, 1996–2000, president of Gran Comisión. e—Joined PAN, 1947; youth propagandist for PAN, 1949–1952; chief, PAN, 6th District, Federal District, 1958–1960; secretary-general, PAN Regional Committee, Federal District, 1960–1962; member, CEN of PAN, 1961–1975, 1978–1987; PAN candidate for senator, 1964; PAN candidate for federal deputy, 1958, 1979; member, PAN Regional Council, and delegate of CEN of PAN to State of Mexico, 1969–1975, 1981–1982; national director of electoral campaigns for PAN, 1966–1968; president, PAN Regional Committee, State of Mexico, 1970–1973, 1981–1988; secretary-general, CEN of PAN, 1962–1966; director, PAN presidential campaign, 1970. f—None. g—None. h—Assistant accountant, Banamex branch, 1952–1955; assistant accountant, Titan Carton Co., 1952–1955; general administrator, Flagasa, SA, 1958–1973; president, ASVIC Advertising Agency, 1971–2000. i—Son of Gustavo A. Vicencio Copado, president of Supreme Court, 1926–1928, and former rector of Institute of Arts and Sciences of State of Mexico, Toluca, and Dolores Tovar Ortiz; brother of Abel Vicencio Tovar, president of PAN, 1978–1984; good friend of José González Torres, president of PAN, 1959–1962; married María del Carmen Acevedo; father of Gustavo A. Vicencio Acevedo, plurinominal federal deputy, 1982–1985; grandfather Celso was senator and judge. j—None. k—PAN candidate for mayor of Naucalpan, State of Mexico, 1969. l—Mabry; C de D, 1967–1970; letter; PS, 6336; C de D, 1982–1985; Directorio, 1982–1985; Lehr, 578; DBGM, 621; Pérez Franco, 340–341; www.cronica.diputados .gob.mx, Aug. 7, 1990; www.eluniversal.com .mx, Dec. 31, 1999. Viesca Palma, Jorge (Deceased Oct., 1952) a—1909. b—Saltillo, Coahuila. c—Elementary and secondary studies in Mexico City; law degree from Free Law School, Oct. 2, 1931, with thesis on Amparo and the Jan. 6, 1915, law. d—Federal deputy from State

of Hidalgo, Dist. 1, 1949–1952, member of Mines Committee. e—None. f—Judge, Superior Tribunal of Justice, Veracruz; director, Legal Department, Secretariat of Government, 1940–1946; private secretary to president of Mexico, Miguel Alemán, 1946–1949. g—None. h—Owner of Rancho Atotonilco el Grande, Hidalgo, 1949. i—Son of Francisco Viesca Lobatón, lawyer, civil judge, 1st district, Mexico City, and distinguished author, and Ángela Palma Vega; grandson of Enrique Viesca y Peña and Amalia Lobatón Lavallier; grandson of Rafael Palma, one of last owners of San José Hacienda; uncle Dr. Enrique Viesca Lobatón, local deputy to State Legislature of Coahuila, coauthor of teachers’ day bill, and alternate federal deputy under Aarón Saenz, 1917–1918; uncle Carlos Viesca Lobatón, physician and member of City Council of Torreón, 1907–1908, 1908–1909; became friends with Miguel Alemán as law school student. j—None. k—Introduced electricity and potable water and built an elementary school in Atotonilco el Grande. l—C de D, 1949–1952, 19, 94; Pérez López, 496; www. elsiglodetorreon.co.mx, Jan. 12, 2006; www. campus-e-mexico.edu.mx, 2008; www. juridicas.unam.mx, 2009. Viguera Lázaro, Filiberto a—Aug. 22, 1918. b—Tlalchapa, Guerrero. c—Teaching certificate from Rural Normal School, 1934. d—Local deputy, State Legislature of Guerrero (twice); alternative federal deputy from State of Guerrero, Dist. 3, 1967–1970; federal deputy from State of Guerrero, Dist. 8, 1979–1982; senator from Guerrero, 1982– 1988; federal deputy from State of Guerrero, Dist. 2, 1988–1991. e—Secretary-general, PRI, Morelos; PRI precandidate for governor of Guerrero. g—Founding member, CTM, 1936; secretary-general, Federation of Workers of Morelos, 1945–1955; secretarygeneral, Local No. 72, Sugarcane Workers, Zacatepec. h—Elementary school teacher, 1935–1938. i—Son of Ángel Viguera Jaimes, retailer, and Simona Lázaro Ortiz; married Aurora Iturbe Beltrán. j—None. k—None.

t he b io g ra phies  1003

l—www.suracapulco.com.mx, 2010; DBGM84, 623; DBGM89; DBGM87. Vilatela Riba, Enrique a—Jan. 7, 1954. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; actuary degree from UNAM, 1972–1976; MBA in finance, Wharton School, Philadelphia, 1978–1979; professor, Anáhuac University, 1979–1980. d—None. e—None. f—Assistant manager of international operations, NAFIN, 1975–1981; director of finance and international affairs, National Bank of Foreign Trade, 1981–1989; director general of public credit, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1989–1993; member, NAFTA negotiating team; director general, National Bank of Foreign Trade, 1993–2000. g—None. h—Partner, Maxen Capital, 2001. i—Son of Enrique Vilatela Sorra and Clara Riba Villa; married Patricia Prado de Silva. j—None. k—None. l—Pescador, 246; DBGM89, 372; www.maxencapital.com, 2008. Vildósola Almada, Gustavo (Deceased) a—Sept. 15, 1905. b—Álamos, Sonora. c—Elementary studies in Mexicali, Baja California; secondary and preparatory studies in Hermosillo, Sonora, and Arizona; no degree. d—Senator from State of Baja California del Norte, 1958–1964, member of Gran Comisión, 1st secretary of National Properties Committee, 2nd secretary of Economy and Statistics Committee, and member of 2nd Balloting Group. e—None. f—None. g—President, Chamber of Industries, Baja California del Norte; president, Regional Agricultural Union, Baja California del Norte; president, Highway Association of Baja California del Norte. h—Businessman; joined son’s business, 1952. i—Son of Vildósola Soto; mother from wealthy family; married Carmelita Castro Montaño; family bought land in Topolobampo but lost all of its property during the Revolution, 1914, and had to work as agricultural laborers; family returned to Valle de Mexicali and pioneered development of new lands, 1917; brother Miguel Vildósola Almada, member of City

Council of Mexicali and mayor, 1925; son Gustavo Vildósola Castro, president of Kenworth Mexicana; 2nd cousin of general and governor of Sonora Fausto Topete, supporter of Escobar rebellion, 1929. j—None. k—Arrested and deported, 1929. l—Func., 123; C de S, 1961–1964, 73; Líderes, XIV, 1993, 133–140. Villa Issa, Manuel Rafael a—Aug. 24, 1943. b—Mexicali, Baja California. c—Early education unknown; agricultural engineering degree from National School of Agriculture, Chapingo, 1961–1967; MA in science from National School of Agriculture, 1969– 1971; PhD from Purdue University, 1971– 1973; professor, National School of Agriculture, 1971– ; researcher, administrator, and director, National School of Agriculture, 1985–1986; president, Colegio de Puebla. d—Federal deputy from State of Puebla, Dist. 12, 1982–1985; alternate mayor, Puebla, 1984–1987. e—Joined PRI, 1974. f—Regional delegate, Secretariat of Programming and Budget, Puebla, 1978–1982; assistant secretary of development, agriculture, and forestry development, Secretariat of Agriculture and Hydraulic Resources, 1986–1988; director general, National Institute of Agriculture and Forestry Research, 1988–1989; delegate, Secretariat of Agriculture and Hydraulic Resources, Puebla, 1990–1991; secretary of agricultural development, Puebla, 1993. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Manuel Villa López, agricultural engineer, and Sara Issa Habib; married María del Carmen Elizabeth Rodríguez Werninger. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM87, 405; DBGM84, 624; Musacchio, 419; DBGM94, CD; DBGM89, 372. Villa Michel, Primo (Deceased Aug. 22, 1970) a—Nov. 7, 1893. b—Ciudad Carranza, Jalisco. c—Primary and secondary studies at Colegio de la Inmaculada, Zapopan, Jalisco; preparatory studies at Instituto San José, Guadalajara, Jalisco; law studies at School of Law, University of Guadalajara; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM. d—None. e—None. f—Judge,

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Lower Court, Sonora, 1915; public defender, Nogales, Sonora, 1917; federal public defender, State of Sonora, 1920; director of records, Secretariat of Government, 1923; oficial mayor, Secretariat of Industry and Commerce, 1923–1924; assistant secretary of government, 1925; secretary-general, Department of the Federal District, 1925–1926; head, Department of the Federal District, 1927–1928; ambassador to Germany, 1929; assistant secretary of industry and commerce, 1930–1932; secretary of industry and commerce, 1932–1934; ambassador to Uruguay, 1935–1936; ambassador to Great Britain, 1937–1938; ambassador to China (but resided in Japan), 1938–1941; ambassador to Japan, 1939–1941; 1st secretary, Mexican embassy, Washington, DC, 1941–1943; oficial mayor, Secretariat of Government, 1944–1945; secretary of government, 1945–1946; ambassador to Canada, 1947–1951; ambassador to Guatemala, 1952–1953; ambassador to Syria, 1956–1957; ambassador to Luxembourg, 1959–1960; ambassador to Belgium, 1960–1964. g—Secretary, National Chamber of Commerce. h—Delegate to many international conferences; manager, PEMEX; director, National Institute of Housing; director, Bulletin of Federal Statutes, Secretariat of Government, 1923. i—Son of Primo F. Villa Michel and Mariana Michel de la Fuente; son Primo, Jr., was director of Department of Basic Statistics, Investment Commission, 1956; married María Dávila. j—None. k—None. l—WWM45, 125; DP64, 1968; DP70, 2266; D del Y, Aug. 23, 1970; Correa, 360; STYRBIWW54, 1074; EBW46, 128; DPE61, 20; Peral, 859; López, 1162; NYT, May 15, 1938, 36; NYT, July 27, 1954, 10; NYT, Dec. 24, 1941, 3; NYT, Dec. 3, 1942; HA, July 5, 1946, 4; Enc. Mex., XII, 404–405; Medina, 20, 48; www.es.wikipedia.org, 2008. Villa Rivera, José Enrique a—1954. b—Sinaloa. c—Elementary studies under parents; preparatory studies at University of Sinaloa, 1969–1972; chemical engineering degree from IPN; MA in petroleum

engineering from Petroleum Graduate School, French Institute of Petroleum; PhD in petroleum engineering, French Institute of Petroleum, 1983; professor, IPN, 1983– ; director, Graduate Studies, School of Chemical Engineering, IPN; director, Science and Technology Research Division, IPN. d—None. e—None. f—None. g—None. h—None. i—Father, educator at rural normal school; grandmother founded an elementary school; mother, teacher; father from Valle de Ahuato, Sinaloa, founded a school on coast of Sinaloa. j—None. k—Chosen as best student in Sinaloa at age 11, meeting President Gustavo Díaz Ordaz and Agustín Yáñez. l—www .reneavilesfabila.com.mx, 2008; www.ipn .mx, 2009; www.presidencia.gob.mx, 2008; www.jornadaunam.mx, Nov. 8, 2006. Villa Salas, Avelino B. a—Nov. 16, 1940. b—El Paso, Tex. c—Early education unknown; agricultural engineering degree from National School of Agriculture, Chapingo, State of Mexico, 1963; studies in Stockholm. d—None. e—None. f—Director of calculations and statistics, Department of Photometry and Inventories, National Institute of Forestry Research, 1965–1968; assistant director general, National Forestry Inventory, 1968–1972; chief, Department of Technical Services, National Institute of Forestry Research, 1972–1973; director, National Institute of Forestry Research, 1977–1980; director general of research and forestry education, Secretariat of Agriculture and Hydraulic Resources, 1980; assistant secretary of forestry and fauna, 1980–1982. h—Representative of Plan-fosur, Villahermosa, 1998. j—None. k—None. l—Protag., 352; Excélsior, Mar. 11, 1980, 4; www.iplexingtonplant, 2008. Villa Treviño, Jorge a—1930. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, with thesis on gambling and the law, 1963. d—None. e—Secretary of press and publicity, CEN of PRI, Aug. 3, 1972–1975; member of various commissions,

t he b io g ra phies  1005

IEPES and CNOP; active in presidential campaign of Luis Echeverría; joined PRI, 1957. f—Member, Department of Publicity, Secretariat of Public Works, 1955–1956; adviser to administration, federal Postal Service, 1968; assistant director (A), PIPSA. g—None. h—Cofounder, Voz, with Mario Moya Palencia; editor, Ferronales, official publication of National Railroads of Mexico. j—None. k—None. l—HA, Aug. 14, 1972, 11–12; Hoy, Aug. 19, 1972, 65; Excélsior, Aug. 4, 1972, 4–5. Villafranca Andrade, Juan de a—June 27, 1954. b—Jalapa, State of Mexico c—Early education unknown; law degree from IberoAmerican University, 1972–1976; professor, Ibero-American University, 1984–1986. d—None. e—None. f—Analyst, NAFIN, 1977; adviser to oficial mayor, Secretariat of Programming and Budget, 1979; assistant director general of international technical cooperation, Secretariat of Foreign Relations, 1981–1983; director, Inventions and Copyrights Division, Secretariat of Industry and Commerce, 1983–1984; director general, National Registry for Foreign Investment, Secretariat of Industry and Commerce, 1984–1987; director general of inventions, copyrights, and technical development, Secretariat of Industry and Commerce, 1987–1988; director general of legal affairs, Secretariat of Foreign Relations, 1988–1991; private secretary to secretary of foreign relations, 1991–1993; ambassador to Singapore, 1993–1998; oficial mayor of foreign relations, 1999–2000. g—None. h—Vice president, Club Necaxa soccer team, 2007. i—Son of Raúl de Villafranca Rabasa, lawyer, and Carmen Andrade Cárdenas; married Mónica Fernández de Teresa; brother Luis, architect and coordinator of MA program in urban development projects, Ibero-American University. j—None. k—Sports Hall of Fame for squash. l—www. es.wikipedia, org., 2008; DBGM92, 391; Musacchio, 419; Pescador, 246–247. Villafuerte Mijangos, Manuel a—Apr. 16, 1921. b—Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas.

c—Early education unknown; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, 1945– 1949. d—Member, City Council, San Cristóbal de las Casas, 1947; federal deputy from State of Chiapas, Dist. 4, 1976–1979; senator from Chiapas, 1982–1988. e—Member, PRI. f—Federal attorney for labor, 1975–1976. g—President, Federation of University Students, 1949–1950. h—Practicing lawyer, 1952–1975. i—Son of José Lisandro Villafuerte, career military, and Petra Mijangos Gómez; married Rosario Thomas Palacios. j—None. k—None. l—C de D, 1976–1979; C de S, 1982–1988; DBGM84, 625; www .cronica.diputados.gob.mx, Sept. 3, 1977. Villagordoa Lozano, José Manuel

a—Feb. 28, 1930. b—Federal District. c—Elementary, secondary, and preparatory studies in Mexico City; legal studies at National School of Law, 1948–1952, graduating with thesis on a brief study of trusts, Nov. 11, 1955. d—None. e—Joined PRI, 1965. f—Legal adviser to technical assistant director, IMSS, 1965–1971; chief of technical services, Department of Contracts, IMSS, 1971–1977; assistant treasurer, IMSS, 1977; assistant treasurer of revenues, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1977–1978; director general of legal affairs, Secretariat of Programming and Budget, 1978–1982; director general of government and law, Department of the Federal District, 1982–1984; general legal counsel, Department of the Federal District, 1984–1986; justice, Supreme Court, 1986–1994, retired Dec. 31, 1994; special investigator, Office of the Agrarian Attorney General, 1997. g—None. h—Adviser, Azteca Bank, 1953–1965; assistant fiduciary manager, Financiero México, 1953–1965. i—Son of Luis Villa Gordoa, lawyer, prosecutor for Federal District, 1922, and civil judge, and María Luisa Lozano Levy; married Magdalena Mesa Iturbe. j—None. k—None. l—www.scjn.gob.mx, 2008; DBGM84, 440; www.cronica.diputados.gob.mx, 1922. Villalobos Chaparro, Florentina

a—Apr. 27, 1931. b—Parral, Chihuahua. c—Primary and secondary studies in

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Parral; special journalism studies at Carlos Septién García School of Journalism, 1958–1962; scholarship to study documentation, Hispanic Cultural Institute, Madrid, 1963; teaching certificate; studies in private accounting; preparatory school teacher; teacher in private accounting courses, various private schools, Chihuahua, 1948–1978; director, Local Institute for Women, Guadalajara, 1998. d—Federal deputy from State of Chihuahua, Dist. 2, 1964–1967; plurinominal federal deputy from PAN, 1982–1985, member of Radio, Television, and Film Committee and Labor and Social Welfare Committee. e—Joined PAN, 1956; member, PAN Municipal Committee, Parral, 1963– 1967; regional adviser, PAN, Chihuahua, 1967–1971; member, PAN National Executive Committee, 1966–1968, 1972–1975, 1981–1984; national adviser, PAN, 1965– 1988, 2004–2007; PAN candidate for mayor of Parral, 1968; PAN candidate for senator from Jalisco, 1976; president, PAN Regional Committee, Chihuahua, 1971–1972; coordinator, PAN National Women’s Committee, 1980; Secretary for political promotion of women, CEN of PAN, 1966–1968, 1978– 1981. f—None. g—Leader, Catholic Action, 1951–1957. h—Wrote for El Correo de Parral, 1964–1967; wrote for Señal, 1960–1961. i—Daughter of Tomás Villalobos Loya, civil engineer, and Elvira Chaparro; married Carlos Pineda Flores, lawyer and plurinominal federal deputy from PAN, 1979–1982. j—None. k—First female deputy from PAN, 1964. l—C de C, 1964–1967; Directorio, 1964–1967; Lehr, 644; C de D, 1982–1985; DBGM, 625; www.pan.prg.mx, 2008; www .pannl.org, 2009; www.panbc.org, 2008; www.cronica.diputados.gob.mx, Aug. 31, 1979; Pérez Franco, 341–342. Villalobos López, Jesús a—Oct. 26, 1974. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; degree in administration and public finance from Anáhuac University; studies toward an MA in economics and government at Anáhuac University; diploma in government from Harvard

University; diploma in management and economics in health services from InterAmerican Center for the Studies of Social Security. d—None. e—None. f—Official, Office of Economic Research Direction in Social Services, Bank of Mexico, 1997; director, Planning Department, Secretariat of Communications and Transportation, 1998; adviser, Office of the Treasury of Mexico, 1998–2001; assistant director general of programming and budget, Programming and Budget Division “A, “ Secretariat of the Treasury, 2000–2005; director general of budget and organization, 2005, director general of material resources and general services, 2005; assistant director general, 2006, Office of the Attornegy General of Mexico; director general of administration and finances, Secretariat of Public Security, 2006; finance director, ISSSTE, 2007–2010; director general, ISSSTE, 2010– . g—None. h—None. j—None. k—None. l—www .exonline.com.mx, 2010; www.jornada.com .mx, 2010; www.mileno.com.mx, 2010. Villalobos (Maillard), Antonio

(Deceased Dec. 27, 1965) a—Dec. 16, 1894. b—Federal District. c—Preparatory studies at National Preparatory School, Mexico City; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, 1910–1914. d—Federal deputy from State of Oaxaca, 1918–1920; federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. 4, 1934–1935; senator from Federal District, 1940–1946, 1st secretary of Department of the Federal District Committee, and president of 1st Constitutional Affairs Committee. e—Private secretary to president, PNR, Lázaro Cárdenas, 1930–1931; secretary-general, CEN of PNR, 1934–1935; president, CEN of PRM, 1940–1946. f—Agent, Ministerio Público; judge, District Court, San Luis Potosí, La Paz, Aguascalientes, Zacatecas, Pachuca, and Tijuana, 1927–1930; secretary-general of government to Governor Jesús Agustín Castro, State of Oaxaca, 1915–1916; secretary-general, State of Durango, under Governor Jesús Agustín Castro, 1921–1924; attorney for military

t he b io g ra phies  1007

justice; oficial mayor, Secretariat of Government; secretary-general, Department of the Federal District, 1935–1937; secretarygeneral of government, Baja California del Norte, 1933–1934, under General Agustín Olachea Aviles; attorney general of Mexico, 1937; secretary of labor and social welfare, 1937–1940; ambassador to Brazil, 1946– 1952; president, Federal Board of Conciliation and Arbitration, Federal District, 1952–1958. g—None. h—Member, Commission for the Adjustment of the Public Debt, Secretariat of the Treasury. i—Son of Carolina Maillard. j—Joined the Revolution under General Jesús Agustín Castro, Veracruz, 1914. k—Brandenburg places him in Inner Circle, 1940–1946. l—WWM45, 126; Polémica, 1969, 71; DGF56, 559; DP70, 2269; letter; Peral, 861; HA, Nov. 5, 1943, 35; Brandenburg, 80; STYRBIWW54, 1074; López, 1160; NYT, Dec. 3, 1940, 12; www .pgr.gob, 2008. Villalobos Rivera, Haydée Eréndira

a—Mar. 13, 1948. b—Guadalajara, Jalisco. c—Early education unknown; public accounting degree from Technical Institute, Guadalajara; degree in business administration from University of Guadalajara; studies toward an MA in public administration at Monterrey Institute of Higher Studies; professor of public administration, University of Guadalajara, 1974–1982. d—Federal deputy from State Jalisco, Dist. 12, 1982– 1985, member of Treasury Committee and Program and Budget Committee. e—Joined PRI, 1970; assistant director of patrimony, CEN of ANFER of PRI; Convergencia Party candidate for mayor of Guadalajara, 2003. f—Oficial mayor, State of Jalisco, 1977–1982. g—Member, Technical Council of CNOP; general delegate of CNOP to Guadalajara, 1983. h—Auditor, Olavarría and Associates, CPA firm, 1970; general controller, Tequila Products of Jalisco, 1964–1973; general controller, Regional Chamber of Tequila Industries, 1967–1973. i—Daughter of Carlos Villalobos Díaz, public accountant, and Irene Rivera Espinosa. j—None. k—None.

l—C de D, 1982–1985; Directorio, 1982–1985; Lehr, 237; DBGM, 625. Villalobos Rodríguez, Ángel c—Early education unknown; economics degree from ITAM, 1980; MA in economics from Northwestern University, Evanston, Ill.; PhD candidate in economics, Northwestern University; diploma in global enterprise administration from Thunderbird School of Global Management, 1991; course in higher management at Pan American Institute of Higher Management, 1992; professor, ITESM. d—None. e—Member, Vicente Fox transition team, and coordinator of Macroeconomics Sec., 2000. f—Adviser, IADB; assistant secretary of international trade negotiations, Secretariat of the Economy, 2002–2006. g—None. h—Director of industrial studies and economic studies, Vitro Corporate; director of economic studies, Vitro Containers; partner and director, Compass Consulting, 1996–2000. j—None. k—None. l—www.egade.itesm.mx, 2008; www.oecd.org, 2010. Villalpando Núñez, Sara a—Mar. 11, 1939. b—Jiquilpan, Michoacán. c—Completed secondary studies; studies in business at a private academy, Jiquilpan, 1956–1959. d—Federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. 19, 1982–1985, member of Department of the Federal District Committee, Information and Complaints Committee, Health and Welfare Committee; federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. 6, 1988–1991; representative of Assembly of the Federal District, Dist. 18, 1991–1994. e—Joined PRI, 1961; secretary-general, ANFER of PRI, 15th Dist., Federal District, 1979–1982; labor delegate, 6th PRI district, Federal District; president, PRI, 6th Dist., Federal District, 1985–1991. f—None. g—Secretary, Committee for Sports Promotion, CTM, Federal District; secretary of interior, Union of Drugstore, Drug, and Laboratory Workers, 1981–1984; member, CEN of Women’s Organizations, CTM, Federal District; secretary of social welfare, CTM, Federal District, 1989–1994; secretary-general, Seamstress

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Workers, 1991–1993. h—None. i—Daughter of Enrique Villalpando Magallón, public official and mayor of Indaparapeo, Michoacán, 1956–1957, and Victoria Núñez Ortiz. j—None. l—Directorio, 1982–1985; C de D, 1982–1985; Lehr, 137; DBGM92, 627–628; DBGM89, 560; DBGM94, CD. Villanueva Abraján, Patricia a—Feb. 15, 1955. b—Oaxaca, Oaxaca. c—Early education unknown; law and social science degree from University of Oaxaca, 1972– 1978; teaching diploma from Oaxaca Technological Institute, 1983–1984; professor of labor law, University of Oaxaca, 1979–1985; professor of tourist law, University of Oaxaca, 1979–2006; professor, Oaxaca Technological Institute, 1979. d—Federal deputy from State of Oaxaca, Dist. 7, 1985–1988; federal deputy from State of Oaxaca, Dist. 2, 2006–2009. e—Secretary-general, ANFER, PRI, 1985–1986; president, PRI, Oaxaca, 2004. f—Coordinator of regional labor relations, Secretariat of Labor, 1979–1980; federal labor delegate, Oaxaca, 1981–1985; assistant secretary of government, Oaxaca, 1995–1997; secretary of citizen protection, Oaxaca, 1997–1998; director general of pawn shops, Oaxaca, 2003–2004; attorney general, Oaxaca, 2004–2006. g—None. h—None. i—Daughter of José Villanueva Villalobos, federal employee, and Josefina Abraján Iglesias; married Porfirio Chacoya Méndez, engineer; niece of Julián Villanueva Villalobos, federal deputy from State of Oaxaca, Dist. 8, 1946–1949. j—None. k—None. l—Directorio del Congreso, 2006–2009, 203; DBGM87, 585; www .diputados.gob.mx, 2006–2009. Villanueva Madrid, Mario Ernesto

a—July 2, 1948. b—Calderitas Ejido, Chetumal, Quintana Roo. c—Elementary studies at Belisario Domínguez Public and Hidalgo Private School, Chetumal; secondary studies at Adolfo López Mateos Public School, Chetumal; scholarship to Escobar Brothers’ School of Agriculture, Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua, for preparatory and college, agricultural engineering degree, 1963–1968;

MA in agriculture from National School of Agriculture, Chapingo, 1972–1974. d—Local deputy, State Legislature of Quintana Roo, 1987–1989, coordinator of PRI delegation; mayor, Cancún, Quintana Roo, 1990–1991; senator from Quintana Roo, 1991–1993; governor, Quintana Roo, 1993–1999. e—President, PRI, Quintana Roo; coordinator of gubernatorial campaign of Pedro Joaquín Coldwell, 1980; finance secretary, CEN of PRI, 1980–1983. f—Secretary of economic development, Quintana Roo; secretary of government, Quintana Roo, 1981–1983, 1984–1985, under Governor Jesús Martínez Ross. g—Finance secretary, CEN of CNC, 1980–1983; coordinator, Consulting Council, League of Agrarian Communities, CNC, 1984–1986; secretary of agrarian action, CEN of CNC, 1986–1989. h—None. i—Son of ejidatario Ernesto Villanueva Martínez and Antonia Madrid Santín; married Isabel Tenorio Romero, rancher. j—None. k—Served 6-year sentence for money laundering, 2001–2007; released by federal judge, 2007. l—D del S, Apr. 5, 1999; DBGM92, 608; C de S, 1991–1994; www .pa.gob.mx, June, 2001; D del Y, June 21, 2007; Musacchio, 420; Pescador, 247. Villanueva Mukul, Erick Eber a—Oct. 16, 1953. b—Tekit, Yucatán. c—Early education unknown; economics degree from University of Yucatán, 1973–1978; PhD in economic history from University of Havana, 1999; professor, UNAM, 1976–1977, 1981–1983; professor, University of Yucatán, 1978–1979; researcher, National Research System, 1990–1999. d—Member, City Council, Mérida, 1974–1975; plurinominal federal deputy from PRD, 1994–1997, 2000– 2003. e—President, PRD, Yucatán, 1994– 1996; assistant secretary of peasant affairs, CEN of PRD 1996–1997; assistant secretary of studies and press, CEN of PRD, 1999– 2000; secretary, National Political Council, PRD. f—Treasurer, Indigenous Development Department, Yucatán, 1976; director of assistance for rural development, Secretariat of Economic Development, Federal

t he b io g ra phies  1009

District, 1997–1998. g—None. h—None. i—Son of José Villanueva Fuentes and Paula Mukul Yah; married Susana P. Medina. j—None. k—None. l—www .cddhcu.gob.mx, 1994; DCM, 2000–2003, 402; QesQ en el Congreso, 2000–2003, 138; Musacchio, 420. Villarreal García, Luis Alberto a—Nov. 11, 1974. b—San Miguel de Allende, Guanajuato. c—Early education unknown; law degree from La Salle University Benavente, Celaya, Guanajuato, with thesis on internal regulations for city governments as instruments of democratic governance; numerous diplomas abroad from France, Germany, and England. d—Alternate federal deputy from State of Guanajuato, Dist. 2, 1997–2000; federal deputy from State of Guanajuato, Dist. 2, 2000–2003; mayor, San Miguel de Allende, 2003; senator from Guanajuato, 2006–2012. e—Joined PAN, 1996. f—External adviser, Banrural, 1996–1999. g—None. h—Notary Public No. 12, San Miguel de Allende, 1994–1995; lawyer, Usabiaga Reynoso law firm, 1996–1999; lawyer, Villarreal Finklestein, and Arteaga. i—Married Lilia de la Rosa Escamilla. j—None. k—None. l—Directorio del Congreso, 2006–2009, 101; DCM, 2000–2003, 103; QesQ en el Congreso, 2000–2003, 107; Musacchio, 421. Villarreal (González), Antonio I.

(Deceased Dec. 16, 1944) a—July 3, 1879. b—Lampazos, Nuevo León. c—Secondary education at Normal School of San Luis Potosí and Monterrey; primary teaching certificate from Normal School of Monterrey; teacher in Monterrey normal schools; principal, elementary school, Villaldama, Nuevo León. d—None. e—Three-time candidate for president of Mexico, last time in 1934; secretary, Organization Committee, Mexican Liberal Party, Saint Louis, Mo., 1906. f—Consul-general for President Madero in Barcelona, 1912–1913; secretary of agriculture, June 1, 1920–Nov. 26, 1921. g—Reopened Casa del Obrero Mundial, 1914. h—Writer for Liberal newspaper

Regeneración, published by Juan Sarabia and Ricardo Flores Magón, 1904. i—Relative of General Zuazua, commander of Northern Armies during War of the Reform; good friend of José Vasconcelos during the Revolution; married Blanca Sordo; son of Próspero Villarreal Zuazua and Ignacia González; sister María Andrea Villarreal González, secretary of Flores Magón junta, San Antonio, Tex., 1911, and in exile with her brother. j—Leader of revolt in Las Vacas, Coahuila, 1908; joined the Revolution, 1910; rank of colonel, 1910; rank of brigade general, 1913, supported Plan of Guadalupe; governor and military commander, State of Nuevo León; 1st president, Convention of Aguascalientes, 1914; supported Carranza until 1920; supported de la Huerta, 1923; supported Generals Serrano and Gómez, 1927; supported General Escobar, 1929; rank of division general, Nov. 16, 1940. k—Imprisoned for publishing El Liberal in Nuevo León, 1906; went into exile, 1920, 1923, 1929; imprisoned several times. l—DP70, 2274; Peral, 863; Womack, 202– 203; López, 1163; Enc. Mex., XII, 407; Almanaque de Nuevo León, 100–101; Morales Jiménez, 19–22; www.villadama.com, 2008; www.bibliotecas.tv, 2009. Villarreal, Rafael b—Soto la Marina, Tamaulipas. c—Elementary and secondary studies at public schools in Tamaulipas; medical degree from Military Medical College. d—Local deputy, State Legislature of Tamaulipas; governor, Tamaulipas, 1933–1935. e—None. f—None. g—None. h—Physician. i—Parents were peasants. j—Physician to military forces in Ciudad Victoria, Tamaulipas. k—None. l—Letter. Villarreal Arrambide, René Patricio

a—Jan. 3, 1947. b—Monterrey, Nuevo León. c—Early education unknown; economics degree from University of Nuevo León, 1964–1969, with thesis titled “External Disequilibrium in the Industrialization of Mexico, 1929–1975: A Structuralist Focus”; MA in economics from Colegio de México, 1969–1971; PhD in economics from Yale

1010  m e xic a n p ol i t i c a l b i o g ra ph i e s , 1935 –20 0 9

University, 1972–1975; professor, Anáhuac University, 1971–1972; professor of economics, Autonomous Technological Institute of Mexico, 1975; professor of economics, Colegio de México, 1978–1979. d—None. e—None. f—Adviser to director of projects and industrial programs, NAFIN, 1971–1972; adviser to assistant secretary of the treasury, 1974–1975; adviser to secretary of government properties, 1975; adviser to assistant secretary of foreign trade, Secretariat of Commerce, 1977–1982; director of international finances, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1977–1979; assistant director general of planning, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1979–1982; technical secretary, Committee of Industrial Development for Government Planning, 1982; assistant secretary of Industrial and Commercial Planning, Secretariat of Trade and Industrial Development, 1983– 1985; general coordinator, Center of Project Development and Evaluation, Secretariat of Energy, Mines, and Government Industries, 1985–1988; director general, PIPSA, 1988– 1998. g—Interior secretary, National Council of Economists, 1981–1983. h—None. i—Son of Patricio Villarreal Quintanilla, businessman, and Esther Arrambide Páez; married Norma Rocío, technical secretary, Economics Cabinet, 1984. j—None. k—None. l—Q es QAP, 191; letter; DBGM, 441; DBGM89, 373–374; DBGM92, 394; Musacchio, 421. Villarreal Caravantes, Guillermo

a—Jan. 10, 1921. b—Durango, Durango. c—Early education unknown; economics degree from Higher School of Economics, IPN, 1943; professor of economics, Higher School of Economics, IPN, 1953–1970; member, Advisory Commission, Superior School of Economics. d—None. e—None. f—Economist, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1938–1945; economist, Secretariat of Agriculture, 1954–1970; economist, CONASUPO, 1954–1970; economist, Department (Regulatory) of Acquisitions, Secretariat of National Patrimony, 1954–1970; economist, Bank of Mexico, 1954–1970; oficial mayor,

Federal Electric Commission, 1970–1971; director general, Federal Electric Commission, 1971–1972. g—None. h—Author of numerous economics studies. i—Married Alicia Chávez, physician. j—None. k—None. l—HA, Dec. 7, 1970, 27; HA, Apr. 12, 1971; WNM, 237. Villarreal Guerra, Américo a—Apr. 3, 1931. b—Ciudad Victoria, Tamaulipas. c—Early education unknown; civil engineering degree from National School of Engineering, UNAM, 1949–1953, with thesis on drainage systems. d—Senator from State of Tamaulipas, 1982–1988, president of Agricultural Committee; governor, Tamaulipas, 1987–1993. e—Joined PRI, 1956; adviser, IEPES of CEN of PRI, 1981–1982. f—Chief of small irrigation works, Secretariat of Hydraulic Resources, Tamaulipas, 1956– 1960; assistant director of small irrigation works, Secretariat of Hydraulic Resources, 1960–1967; director of hydraulic resources, Secretariat of Hydraulic Resources, 1970– 1976; director general of hydraulic works and agricultural engineering for rural development, Secretariat of Agriculture and Hydraulic Resources, 1976; assistant secretary of hydraulic infrastructure, Secretariat of Agriculture and Hydraulic Resources, 1976–1980. g—Member, Liberal Youth of Tamaulipas, 1946–1948; member, Liberal Youth of Mexico, 1949–1953. h—None. i—Son of Emilio Villarreal Villarreal, businessman, and Oralia Guerra Hinojosa, businesswoman; married Beatriz Anaya Guerrero; son Américo, assistant director of health, Tampico. 2007. j—None. k—Member, national champion track team, 1946–1948, and national high jump champion, 1951. l—DBGM92, 849; IEPES; Lehr, 465–466; C de S, 1982–1988; DBGM, 627; DBGM89, 755. Villaseñor (Ángeles), Eduardo

(Deceased Oct. 15, 1978) a—Sept. 13, 1896. b—Angamacutiro, Villa Unión, Michoacán. c—Elementary studies in Angamacutiro; preparatory studies at Colegio de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia, Michoacán; studies at University of London; 2 years of study in

t he b io g ra phies  1011

engineering; 3 years of study in law; graduate studies in philosophy; never received a degree; professor of economics, National School of Agriculture, 1921–1925; professor of international trade, National School of Economics, UNAM. d—None. e—None. f—Director, Department of Cooperative Societies, National Bank of Agricultural Credit, 1926–1928; director of economic statistics, British-Mexican Claims Commission, 1928–1929; secretary, British-Mexican Claims Commission, 1928–1929; commercial attaché, Mexican delegation, London, 1929–1931; director, Consular Department, Secretariat of Foreign Relations, 1931–1932; director, Department of Printing and Publicity, Secretariat of Finance, 1932; member, National Banking Commission, 1932–1933; secretary, National Council of Economics, 1932–1934; secretary, Board of Directors, National Mortgage Bank of Urban and Public Works, 1932–1934; consul-general, New York, 1935; director, National Bank of Agricultural Credit, 1936–1937; assistant secretary of the treasury, Jan. 17, 1938, to 1940; director general, Bank of Mexico, 1940–1946. g—Leader, student movement, Colegio de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia; alternate delegate, International Congress of Students, Mexico City, 1921. h—Author of many books on economic questions in Mexico; cofounder, Fondo de Cultura Económica, 1934; president, Banco del Atlántico, 1949–1965; president, Bank of Mexico City, 1966–1970. i—Brother Roberto was director general of National Institute of Forestry Research; married Margarita Urueta; friends since 1920s with Eduardo Suárez, Manuel Gómez Morín, and Daniel Cosío Villegas; father was a small storekeeper. j—None. k—None. l—Letter; EBW46, 311; Peral, 865; Kirk, 174–176; Strode, 394; D del Y, Jan. 18, 1938, 1; WWM45, 126; Simpson, 368; Novo35, 196; López; HA, Oct. 23, 1978, 13; NYT, May 16, 1945, 11; HA, Apr. 16, 1945, 34.

Villaseñor (Martínez de Arredondo), Víctor Manuel (Deceased Dec., 1981)

a—Dec. 23, 1904. b—Federal District. c—Professional studies at University of Southern California, Los Angeles, 1921– 1924; studies at Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y.; specialized studies at University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 1924–1926; law degree from University of Michigan, 1926; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, 1929; founder, with Lombardo Toledano, of the Workers’ University, 1936; director, Karl Marx Workers’ University, 1936–1940. d—None. e—Founder and president, Socialist League, 1944; secretary-general, Popular Party, 1948–1949. f—Lawyer, Mexico–United States Claims Commission, 1929–1933; delegate, 7th Pan American Conference, 1933; legal adviser to Mexican ambassador, Washington, DC, 1934; director of archives, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1934; member, National Council of Higher Education, 1935–1938; director, Department of the Six‑Year Plan, Secretariat of Government, 1939–1940; director, Siderúrgica Nacional, 1949–1952; director general, Constructora Nacional de Carros de Ferrocarril, 1952–1958; director general, Diesel Nacional, 1959–1970; director general, National Railroads of Mexico, 1971– 1973. g—Founding member, CTM; CTM representative, Zurich, 1939. h—Member, National Council of Scientific Investigation; director, Futuro, 1936–1940; director general, Siderúrgica Nacional, 1964–1970. i—Longtime friend of Narciso Bassols and, in his youth, of Vicente Lombardo Toledano; practiced law with Luis Cabrera, 1927–1928; father, Manuel F. Villaseñor, was engineer and federal deputy under Madero; grandfather was senator and Supreme Court justice under Porfirio Díaz; married Martha de la Portilla. j—None. k—Participated in IX Olympic Games, Amsterdam, 1928; champion in the 400 meters; Popular Party candidate for federal deputy, 1943. l—Millon, 156; HA, Dec. 7, 1970, 26–27; WWM45, 126; Hoy, Mar. 13, 1971, 10; HA, Apr. 19, 1971, 16; letters; Enc. Mex., XII, 408.

1012  m e xic a n p ol i t i c a l b i o g ra ph i e s , 1935 –20 0 9 Villaseñor Saavedra, Arnulfo

(Deceased Apr. 18, 2005) a—July 19, 1928. b—Guadalajara, Jalisco. c—Early education unknown; legal studies at National School of Law, UNAM, 1947–1948, graduating from School of Law, University of Guadalajara, 1949–1951; professor, University of Guadalajara; professor, Women’s University of Guadalajara. d—Federal deputy from State of Jalisco, Dist. 8, 1967–1970; senator from State of Jalisco, 1976–1980; mayor, Guadalajara, 1980–1982; federal deputy from State of Jalisco, Dist. 14, 1985–1988. e—Joined PRI, 1950; general delegate, CEN of PRI, Chihuahua and Durango, 1968; general delegate, CEN of PRI, Jalisco, 1972–1976; president, PRI, Jalisco, 1972–1976. f—Oficial mayor, City of Guadalajara, 1953; secretary, City of Guadalajara, 1954; chief, Legal Department, City of Guadalajara, 1962; private secretary to governor of Jalisco, 1967; finance secretary, State of Jalisco, 1992. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Tomás Villaseñor and Isaura Saavedra Padilla; married Teresa Fierro García. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM87, 586; DBGM92, 850. Villegas Arreola, Alfredo a—Jan. 12, 1951. b—Navolato, Sinaloa. c—Early education unknown; electrical engineering degree from IPN, 1969–1973; MA in administration from IPN; professor, IPN, 1976–1982. d—Representative, Assembly of the Federal District, Dist. 24, 1988–1991; federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. 24, 1991–1994; alternate senator from Sinaloa, 1991–1994; federal deputy from State of Sinaloa, Dist. 3, 1997–2000; alternate senator from Sinaloa, 2000–2003; plurinominal federal deputy from PRI, 2003–2006. e—Joined PRI, 1970; special delegate, CEN of PRI, Veracruz, 1975; secretary-general, PRI, Federal District, 1980–1981; general delegate, CEN of PRI, Tlaxcala, 1989–1990, and to State of Mexico, 2000; president, PRI, Sinaloa, 1995–1997; regional secretary, CEN of PRI, State of Mexico, 2000. f—None g—None. h—None. i—Son of Manuel Villegas Uríaz and Agustina Arreola Gómez; married

Caritina Padilla Díaz, dentist. j—None. k—None. l—www.secgob.gob.mx, 1997, 2007; www.ceehuc.gob.mx, 1994; www .diputados.gob.mx, 2003; DBGM92, 601. Villegas (Lora), Otilio (Deceased Aug. 10, 1961) a—Dec. 13, 1888. b—Jacala, Hidalgo. c—Elementary studies in Jacala; no degree. d—Mayor, Jacala, 1922–1923; federal deputy from State of Hidalgo, Dist. 11, 1928–1930; federal deputy from State of Hidalgo, Dist. 6, 1932–1934; federal deputy from State of Hidalgo, Dist. 6, 1940–1943; mayor, Zimapán, Hidalgo, 1944–1945. e—None. f—Interim governor, Hidalgo, 1940–1942. g—None. j—Joined the Revolution as lieutenant, 1913; rank of colonel, 1913; rank of brigadier general, 1916; commander of forces, Hidalgo; commander of forces, Puebla, 1918; supported Plan of Agua Prieta, 1920; supported de la Huerta against the government, 1923–1924. k—None. l—Peral; Pérez López, 503–504; C de D, 1940–1943; C de D, 1932–1934; C de D, 1928–1930; www .tulancingo.com.mx, 2008. Villegas Nájera, Dora a—June 19, 1934. b—Gómez Palacio, Chihuahua. c—Early education unknown; completed preparatory studies; completed nursing studies at Escuela Justo Sierra, Ciudad Cuauhtémoc, Chihuahua, 1975. d—Member, City Council, Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua, 1977–1980; federal deputy from State Chihuahua, Dist. 8, 1982–1985, member of Industrial Development and Property Committee, Human Dwellings and Public Works Committee, Labor and Social Welfare Committee. e—Joined PRI, 1953; secretary of organization, ANFER of PRI, Ciudad Juárez, 1976– 1979; secretary of social action, Executive Committee, ANFER of PRI, Chihuahua, 1979–1982; secretary-general, ANFER of PRI, Ciudad Juárez, 1979–1982. f—None. g—Secretary of political action, CTM, Chihuahua, 1978–1982; alternate secretary of labor, CTM, 1980; secretary-general, Union of Assembly Workers of Ciudad Juárez, 1982. i—Daughter of Basilio Villegas Pineda, laborer, and Eduarda Nájera López;

t he b io g ra phies  1013

married Ángel Montañez Magdaleno, white-collar worker. j—None. k—None. l—Lehr, 108; Directorio, 1982–1985; C de D, 1982–1985; DBGM, 627. Villegas Piña, José Isabel (Deceased Jan. 2, 2007) a—Mar. 2, 1938. b—Ciudad Lerdo, Durango. c—Completed primary school; studies in private accounting at Banking and Business School, Ciudad Lerdo. d—Local deputy, State Legislature of Durango; plurinominal federal deputy from PAN, 1982–1985, member of Complaints and Information Committee. e—Joined PAN, 1968; secretary, PAN, Lerdo, 1969– 1972; president, PAN, Lerdo, 1972–1974; PAN candidate for alternate federal deputy, Durango, 1973; PAN candidate for federal deputy from Durango, Dist. 11, 1979; PAN candidate for mayor of Lerdo, 1979; regional adviser, PAN, Durango, 1982; national adviser, PAN, 1982. f—Delegate, Secretariat of Government, La Laguna, Durango, 2005. g—President, Parents’ Association, Ricardo Flores Magón Secondary School, Lerdo, 1978–1980. h—Accountant, Juárez Furniture Store; businessman. i—Son of Juan Villegas Castro and María de la Luz Piña. j—None. k—None. l—Directorio, 1982–1985; Lehr, 584; C de D, 1982–1985. Viñals Padilla, Sergio a—Jan. 20, 1941. b—Morelia, Michoacán. c—Early education unknown; communications and electrical engineering degree from IPN; MA in science from IPN; professor of graduate studies, IPN; dean, Higher School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, IPN; coordinator of libraries and services, IPN; technical assistant director, IPN; director general, IPN, 1976– 1979; director, Center for the Diffusion of Science and Technology, IPN, 2007. d—None. d—None. f—Director general of acquisitions, Secretariat of Communications and Transportation; director general, Regional Technical Institutions System, Secretariat of Public Education. g—None. h—None j—None. k—None. l—www.ipn.mx/contenida/cono cemos, 2008; www.cudi.edu.mx, 2008; www .mexicomaxico.org, 2009.

Viramontes de la Mora, Oralia Estela

a—June 12, 1938. b—Ríoverde, San Luis Potosí. c—Early education unknown; architecture degree from University of Guadalajara, 1956–1961; courses at School of Plastic Arts, University of Guadalajara; courses at Women’s University of Mexico, Mexico City; member, Board of Directors, Women’s University of Guadalajara; professor of interior design, Women’s University of Guadalajara, 1962–1974; director, Technical Department, Interior Decorating Division, Women’s University of Guadalajara, 1963– 1976; secretary-general, Women’s University of Guadalajara, 1976–1977. d—Member, City Council, Guadalajara, 1979–1982; federal deputy from State of Jalisco, Dist. 13, 1982– 1985, member of Human Dwellings and Public Works Committee, National Defense Committee, Ecology Committee. e—Joined PRI, 1971. f—None. g—None. j—None. k—None. l—C de D, 1982–1985; Directorio, 1982–1985; Lehr, 238; DBGM84, 628. Viramontes Paredes, José Salvador

a—Dec. 15, 1930. b—Ciudad Serdán, Puebla. c—Early education unknown; studies in architecture at IPN, 1952–1953; professor of architecture, School of Architects, Morelos, 1960. d—Plurinominal federal deputy from PAN, 1982–1985. e—Joined PAN, 1965; PAN candidate for alternate federal deputy, 1973; PAN candidate for senator from Morelos, 1976; president, PAN Regional Committee, Morelos, 1975–1978; national adviser, PAN, 1975–1978. f—Janitor for department head, Post Office Department, Federal District, 1944–1951; agent, Secretariat of Health and Welfare, Cuernavaca, Morelos, 1977. g—Coordinator, Christian Family Movement, 1960–1968. h—Owner, Art and Construction Co., 1969–1980; owner and manager, Exclusive Crafts, 1976–1980; superintendent of construction, Río Tijuana & Co. Business Center, 1980–1981. i—Son of Salvador Antonio Viramontes Paredes, public official, and Carmen Paredes Vázquez; married María Elizabeth Leonor Montejo. j—None. k—None. l—Directorio,

1014  m e xic a n p ol i t i c a l b i o g ra ph i e s , 1935 –20 0 9

1982–1985; Lehr, 555; C de D, 1982–1985; DBGM, 628. Vista Altamirano, Flavio César

(Deceased) a—Mar. 7, 1922. b—Jalapa, Veracruz. c—Early education unknown; legal studies at University of Veracruz, Jalapa, 1939–1942, graduating in 1943 with thesis titled “The Criminal Judge”; professor, School of Business and Law, University of Veracruz, 1957–1964; professor, National School of Law, UNAM, 1968–1971. d—Federal deputy from State of Veracruz, Dist. 5, 1964–1967, vice president of Gran Comisión, vice president of Chamber, Dec., 1964, member of Legislative Studies Committee, 3rd Sec. on Criminal Affairs, 1st Government Committee, Budget and Accounts Committee (1st year), Foreign Relations Committee. e—Joined PRI, 1947; secretary-general, CNOP of PRI, Veracruz, 1962–1965; interior secretary, CNOP, 1965–1968; secretary of political action, CEN of PRI, 1964–1965; oficial mayor, PRI, 1968–1970. f—President, Board of Conciliation and Arbitration, Orizaba, Veracruz, 1944; secretary, First Criminal Court, Federal District, 1946–1947; agent, Ministerio Público, Criminal Courts for the Federal District, 1947–1956; judge, State Supreme Court, Veracruz, 1956–1962; oficial mayor, State of Veracruz, 1962–1964; oficial mayor, Department of the Federal District, 1970–1971; director general of legal affairs, Secretariat of Agrarian Reform, 1982. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Francisco Vista Criscuela, businessman, and Blidah Lucila Altamirano Flores; married Dora Pérez Barrientos; son Fluvio Vista Pérez, director of trusts, Veracruz, 2008. j—None. k—None. l—HA, Dec. 14, 1970, 25; DBM70, 570; C de D, 1964–1966, 57; DBGM, 444. Vital Jáuregui, Ignacio a—Oct. 18, 1929. b—Fresnillo, Zacatecas. c—Early education unknown; civil engineering degree from University of Guadalajara, 1947–1952. d—Plurinominal federal deputy from PDM, 1982–1985. e—Joined UNS, 1947; joined Sinarquista Youth, Jalisco, 1949; director,

Sinarquista Youth, Jalisco, 1951–1952; regional director, Popular Force, UNS; joined PDM, 1976; president, PDM, Sinaloa, 1970–1974; PDM candidate for governor of Sinaloa, 1980; national adviser, PDM, 1981. f—Engineer, Secretariat of Health, 1967–1969. g—None. h—Director, Vitmar Construction Co., 1973. i—Son of Anastasio Vital Enríquez and Micaela Jáuregui Jiménez; married Magdalena Martín Romo. j—None. k—None. l—Directorio, 1982– 1985; Lehr, 652; C de D, 1982–1985; DBGM, 628; www.valledeguadalupe.com, 2009. Vivanco García, Pedro (Deceased) a—June 29, 1915. b—Álvaro Obregón, Michoacán. c—Early education unknown; no degree. d—Federal deputy from State of Veracruz, Dist. 3, 1952–1955; mayor, Poza Rica, Veracruz, 1955–1958; federal deputy from State of Veracruz, Dist. 3, 1964–1967. e—None. f—None. g—1st secretarygeneral, Local No. 30, Petroleum Workers’ Union, Poza Rica; secretary-general, National Petroleum Workers’ Union, 1959– 1961; secretary of social action, CTM, 1966. h—Petroleum worker; owned popular pulque bar. i—Compadre of Jaime J. Merino, a leader of the STPRM. j—None. k—Local No. 30 was source of many leaders of the national union; media alleged that he was linked to the murder of journalist Alberto J. Altamirano from El Diario in Poza Rica. l—C de D, 1952–1955; C de D, 1964–1967; www.gentsur.com.mx, 2008; www.infor matepr.com, 2008; www.notiver.com.mx, 2009. Vivanco (Lozano), José (Santiago)

(Deceased July 7, 1978) a—Mar. 29, 1899. b—Linares, Nuevo León. c—Elementary studies in Monterrey; secondary studies at Colegio del Sagrado Corazón de Jesús, Monterrey, Nuevo León; studies in business administration; no degree. d—Senator from State of Nuevo León, 1946–1952. e—None. f—Treasurer, State of Nuevo León, 1939– 1946; secretary-general of government, State of Nuevo León, 1952; substitute governor, Nuevo León, 1952–1955; director general,

t he b io g ra phies  1015

CONASUPO, 1956–1958; director general, National Border Program, 1966–1969. g—None. h—Sales agent in Monterrey, 1939. i—Son of Manuel Vivanco Ramírez and María Anunciación Lozano del Yerro, middle-class family; married Juana Loza Loza; personal friend of Adolfo López Mateos. j—None. k—None. l—DGF47, 21; HA, Sept. 28, 1945, 16; DBM68, 629; PdM, 395–396; letter; NYT, Mar. 14, 1956, 27; www.family treemaker.genealogy.com, 2008; www .geneaology.com, 2007. Vivanco Montalvo, Isabel a—July 31, 1934. b—Federal District. c—Elementary studies at Lorenzo Rosales School, Mexico City; 2 years of secondary studies at Technical Secondary School No. 2, IPN; no degree. d—Alternate federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. 6, 1976–1979; federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. 29, 1979–1982. e—None. f—None. g—Representative of labor sector, 20th District, Mexico City; member, CTM. i—Daughter of Vicente Vivanco and Remedios Montalvo; married Javier Gaeta Vázquez. j—None. k—None. l—Romero Aceves, 742; C de D, 1976–1979; C de D, 1979–1982. Viveros Pérez, Ernesto (Deceased Apr., 1953) a—1900s. b—Tetepango, Hidalgo. c—Early education unknown; teaching certificate; teacher. d—Federal deputy from State of Hidalgo, Dist. 4, 1930–1932; mayor, Pachuca, Hidalgo, 1932–1933; governor, Hidalgo, 1933–1937. e—None. f—Director of tax collections, Pachuca; treasurer general, State of Hidalgo. g—Encouraged creation of Union of Mining and Metallurgical Workers, Apr. 27, 1934, joined by 12, 256 workers from 10 states. i—Friend and collaborator of Matías Rodríguez. j—None. k—None. l—C de D, 1930–1932; Pérez López, 506; www.tri electoralhidalgo.org.mx, 2008; www.desde abajo.org.mx, 2009. Vizcaíno Murray, Francisco a—Oct. 31, 1935. b—Guaymas, Sonora. c—Early education unknown; accounting degree, CPA from UNAM, 1956–1961, thesis entitled “Some Aspects of Fractioning”; MA from

School of Business and Administration, IPN, 1964–1965; PhD in administrative sciences from School of Business and Administration, IPN, 1965; professor, School of Business and Administration, UNAM; professor, School of Business and Administration, IPN. d—None. e—None. f—Fiscal adviser to secretary of industry and commerce, 1967; auditor general, Department of Agrarian Affairs, 1965–1970; financial adviser, State of Durango, 1968–1970; secretary-general, IMSS, 1970; assistant director general of accounting, IMSS, 1971–1972; assistant secretary of the environment, Secretariat of Health, 1972–1976; director, Institute of Nuclear Energy, 1977–1979; director general, Mexican Uranium, 1979–1982; director general of food industry, Department of the Federal District, 1982–1984. g—None. h—Accountant, Roberto Casas Alatriste firm, 1956–1958; general auditor, Inmobiliaria y Comercial Bustamante, 1959–1960; vice president, Firma Vizcaíno, 1960–1970; representative to various international conferences on the environment. i—Protégé of Manuel B. Aguirre; son of Faustino Vizcaíno Valdez, public official, and Rosalina Murray Garay, teacher; married Yvonne Marianne Larrazolo. j—None. k—PRI precandidate for governor of Sonora, 1973, 1978. l—Letter; HA, Aug. 14, 1972, 14; Excélsior, Jan. 6, 1973; Excélsior, Nov. 23, 1977, 18; Excélsior, Sept. 10, 1978, 12; Excélsior, Aug. 11, 1978, 1, 11; Q es QAP, 454; DBGM, 444–445. Vizcarra (Campos), Rubén (Deceased Aug. 19, 1948) a—Nov. 28, 1892. b—Colima, Colima. c—Elementary studies in Colima; teaching certificate from National Normal School, Aug. 30, 1914, on government scholarship; public accounting degree from National Cash Register Co., 1926–1930; professor of publicity and sales, Business School, Havana, 1930–1933. d—Federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. 13, 1922–1924; federal deputy from State of Colima, 1943–1946, vice president of Chamber of Deputies, 1943; senator from State of

1016  m e xic a n p ol i t i c a l b i o g ra ph i e s , 1935 –20 0 9

Colima, 1946–1952. e—None. f—Inspector of military instruction, National Preparatory School, Preparatory Boarding School, Normal School, and Higher Schools, 1916; administrative inspector, government of Mexico City, 1919; technical administrative inspector, Secretariat of Public Education, 1919. g—None. h—Manager, Rex Publishing Co., Havana, 1924–1925; agent, National Cash Register Co., Santa Clara, 1926–1930. i—Descendant of historian Ignacio G. Vizcarra. j—Joined the Revolution with students from Casa M. de Lara, 1913; joined forces of Maj. Paulino Navarro Blanca, Sinaloa, 1915; Constitutionalist, 1915–1917; member, Council of War, Mexico City, 1917; retired with rank of lieutenant colonel, 1917; imprisoned after Plan of Agua Prieta, Guadalajara, May 11, 1920. k—Imprisoned by Victoriano Huerta, 1913. l—Romero Aceves, 211–213; C de D, 1922–1924, 33; C de S, 1946–1952.

W Warman (Gryj), Arturo (Deceased Oct. 21, 2003) a—Sept. 9, 1937. b—Federal District. c—Elementary and secondary studies at Colegio Israelita de México (dropped out during secondary); graduated from School of Banking and Commerce, 1955; enrolled in writing program at UNAM, 1956; completed secondary at Félix Zurita Night School No. 17, Mexico City, 1957; attended Preparatory School No. 4, 1958; studied at Folklore Society of Mexico, 1957–1960; ethnology degree from National School of Anthropology and History, 1960–1963, with thesis titled “The Dance of the Moors and Christians: A Study in Acculturation”; MA in ethnology from UNAM, 1964–1965; PhD in social anthropology from Ibero-American University, 1970–1975, with dissertation published as We Come to Object; professor, UNAM, 1969; researcher, Institute of Social Research, UNAM, 1979–1988; researcher, Institute for Advanced Studies, Princeton

University. d—None. e—Joined PRI, 1987; joined Francisco Labastida presidential campaign, 1999–2000. f—Employee, National Bank of Agricultural Credit, 1960; assistant director, Communications Department, National Bank of Ejido Credit; anthropologist, National Bank of Agricultural Credit, 1968; director, Rural Development Research Center, Secretariat of Programming and Budget, 1978–1979; director general, National Indigenous Institute, 1988–1992; agrarian attorney, Secretariat of Agrarian Reform, 1992–1994; secretary of agriculture and hydraulic resources, 1994–1995; secretary of agrarian reform, 1995–1999; coordinator, Social Development Cabinet, 1999. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Isaac Warman Langman, merchant, tailor, and certified cutter and tailor in Paris, and Elena Bela Gryj Moses, jewelry store owner; grandson of Sara Langman and Gil-Nute Warman; both parents active in politics and Mexico City Jewish community; brother Nathan was assistant secretary of industrial development, 1976–1982. j—Joined navy as a marine, completed military service, 1955–1956. k—None. l—DBGM92, 397; El Financiero, Dec. 1, 1994; www.es.wikipedia .org; Pescador, 248; Musacchio, 423; letters; www.catedrawarman.org, 2009. Warman (Gryj), Nathan a—Jan. 1, 1930. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; architecture degree from School of Architecture, UNAM, 1950; studies in economics at National School of Economics, UNAM, 1955; postgraduate studies at Manchester University, UK, 1961; postgraduate studies at University of Glasgow, Scotland, 1963; fellow, United Nations, 1960–1963; professor, University of Glasgow, 1963–1971; professor, Colegio de México. d—None. e—None. f—Economist, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1955–1974; assistant director, Department of Tariffs, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1957–1959; director, Department of Special Studies, Division of Financial Studies, Secretariat

1016  m e xic a n p ol i t i c a l b i o g ra ph i e s , 1935 –20 0 9

Colima, 1946–1952. e—None. f—Inspector of military instruction, National Preparatory School, Preparatory Boarding School, Normal School, and Higher Schools, 1916; administrative inspector, government of Mexico City, 1919; technical administrative inspector, Secretariat of Public Education, 1919. g—None. h—Manager, Rex Publishing Co., Havana, 1924–1925; agent, National Cash Register Co., Santa Clara, 1926–1930. i—Descendant of historian Ignacio G. Vizcarra. j—Joined the Revolution with students from Casa M. de Lara, 1913; joined forces of Maj. Paulino Navarro Blanca, Sinaloa, 1915; Constitutionalist, 1915–1917; member, Council of War, Mexico City, 1917; retired with rank of lieutenant colonel, 1917; imprisoned after Plan of Agua Prieta, Guadalajara, May 11, 1920. k—Imprisoned by Victoriano Huerta, 1913. l—Romero Aceves, 211–213; C de D, 1922–1924, 33; C de S, 1946–1952.

W Warman (Gryj), Arturo (Deceased Oct. 21, 2003) a—Sept. 9, 1937. b—Federal District. c—Elementary and secondary studies at Colegio Israelita de México (dropped out during secondary); graduated from School of Banking and Commerce, 1955; enrolled in writing program at UNAM, 1956; completed secondary at Félix Zurita Night School No. 17, Mexico City, 1957; attended Preparatory School No. 4, 1958; studied at Folklore Society of Mexico, 1957–1960; ethnology degree from National School of Anthropology and History, 1960–1963, with thesis titled “The Dance of the Moors and Christians: A Study in Acculturation”; MA in ethnology from UNAM, 1964–1965; PhD in social anthropology from Ibero-American University, 1970–1975, with dissertation published as We Come to Object; professor, UNAM, 1969; researcher, Institute of Social Research, UNAM, 1979–1988; researcher, Institute for Advanced Studies, Princeton

University. d—None. e—Joined PRI, 1987; joined Francisco Labastida presidential campaign, 1999–2000. f—Employee, National Bank of Agricultural Credit, 1960; assistant director, Communications Department, National Bank of Ejido Credit; anthropologist, National Bank of Agricultural Credit, 1968; director, Rural Development Research Center, Secretariat of Programming and Budget, 1978–1979; director general, National Indigenous Institute, 1988–1992; agrarian attorney, Secretariat of Agrarian Reform, 1992–1994; secretary of agriculture and hydraulic resources, 1994–1995; secretary of agrarian reform, 1995–1999; coordinator, Social Development Cabinet, 1999. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Isaac Warman Langman, merchant, tailor, and certified cutter and tailor in Paris, and Elena Bela Gryj Moses, jewelry store owner; grandson of Sara Langman and Gil-Nute Warman; both parents active in politics and Mexico City Jewish community; brother Nathan was assistant secretary of industrial development, 1976–1982. j—Joined navy as a marine, completed military service, 1955–1956. k—None. l—DBGM92, 397; El Financiero, Dec. 1, 1994; www.es.wikipedia .org; Pescador, 248; Musacchio, 423; letters; www.catedrawarman.org, 2009. Warman (Gryj), Nathan a—Jan. 1, 1930. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; architecture degree from School of Architecture, UNAM, 1950; studies in economics at National School of Economics, UNAM, 1955; postgraduate studies at Manchester University, UK, 1961; postgraduate studies at University of Glasgow, Scotland, 1963; fellow, United Nations, 1960–1963; professor, University of Glasgow, 1963–1971; professor, Colegio de México. d—None. e—None. f—Economist, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1955–1974; assistant director, Department of Tariffs, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1957–1959; director, Department of Special Studies, Division of Financial Studies, Secretariat

t he b io g ra phies  1017

of the Treasury, 1959–1960; coordinator of research for Mexico, ECLA, 1971–1974; director general of credit, National Sugar Finance Bank, 1974–1976; assistant secretary of industrial development, Secretariat of Government Properties, 1976–1982. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Isaac Warman Langman, merchant, tailor, and certified cutter and tailor in Paris, and Elena Bela Gryj Moses, jewelry store owner; grandson of Sara Langman and Gil-Nute Warman; both parents active in politics and Mexico City Jewish community; member of Emilio Mújica Montoya’s group at UNAM; brother of Arturo Warman, director general of National Indigenous Institute, 1988, and secretary of agrarian reform, 1995–1999; brother José held positions in Secretariat of Commerce and Industry. j—None. k—None. l—Excélsior, Feb. 29, 1980, 13; Protag., 357. Weckmann Muñoz, (José) Luis a—Apr. 7, 1923. b—Lerdo, Durango. c—Early education unknown; MA in history from UNAM, 1944; graduate studies at University of California, Berkeley, 1946–1948; PhD in letters from UNAM, 1949; postgraduate studies at University of Paris, 1951–1952; professor, UNAM, 1944, 1948, 1961; professor, Colegio de México, 1949–1954; professor, National School of Anthropology and History, 1949– 1954; professor, University of the Americas, 1950–1964. d—None. e—Joined PRI, 1960. f—Chargé d’affaires, Czechoslovakia, 1952; chargé d’affaires, France, 1952; director, United Nations Department, Secretariat of Foreign Relations, 1952–1953; counselor, France, 1965–1967; ambassador to Israel, 1967–1969; ambassador to Australia, 1969– 1973; ambassador to Germany, 1973–1974; special representative of secretary-general of United Nations in Cyprus, 1975–1976; ambassador to Iran, 1976–1979; ambassador to Italy, 1981–1986; ambassador to Belgium and European Union, 1986–1988; g—None. h—None. i—Son of José Bernardo Weckmann Reyes, farmer, and Ana Teresa Muñoz Máynez. j—None. k—None.

l—DBGM87, 411; DBGM84, 445–446; Musacchio, 423.

Werner Wainfield, Alejandro Mariano

b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; economics degree from ITAM, 1990, graduating summa cum laude; PhD in economics from MIT, 1990–1994, with dissertation on exchange rate target zones and stabilization policies; research assistant, Colegio de México, 1987–1988; visiting assistant professor, Economics Department, Yale University, 1994–1995; professor of economics, ITAM, 1997– . d—None. e—None. f—Research assistant, Division of Research, Bank of Mexico, 1988; adviser to assistant secretary of income, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1988–1990; economist, Research Department, IMF, 1995–1996; economist, 1996–1998, manager of economic studies, 1998–1999, director of economic studies, 1999–2003, Division of Economic Research, Bank of Mexico; coordinator of advisers, Secretariat of the Treasury, 2003; director, Economic Policy Unit, Secretariat of the Treasury, 2003–2006; assistant secretary of the treasury, 2006– . g—None. h—None. i—Brother of Martín Werner Wainfield, assistant secretary of credit, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1997–1999. j—None. k—None. l—Letters; www.secure.imn.org, 2009. Werner Wainfield, Martín Máximo

a—1963. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; economics degree from ITAM, 1986; PhD in international economics, Yale University; professor of economics, ITAM, 1991–1994. d—None. e—None. f—Adviser to assistant secretary of the treasury, 1985–1987; adviser to secretary of programming and budget, Ernesto Zedillo, 1991; coordinator of advisers to assistant secretary of the treasury, 1992; director general of the public debt, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1992–1994; director general, Development Bank, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1994; assistant secretary of communications and development, Secretariat of Communications and Transportation, 1994–1995; director general of public credit,

1018  m e xic a n p ol i t i c a l b i o g ra ph i e s , 1935 –20 0 9

Secretariat of the Treasury, 1995–1996; assistant secretary of credit, 1997–1999. g—None. h—Director of investment, Goldman Sachs, 2007. i—Brother of Arturo Werner Wainfield, assistant secretary of the treasury, 2006. j—None. k—None. l—Musacchio, 423; letter. Wimer (Zambrano), Javier a—Jan. 6, 1933. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, 1952–1956; postgraduate studies in philosophy at UNAM, 1952–1956; PhD, Sorbonne, University of Paris, 1956–1958. d—None. e—None. f—Adviser to president of Mexico, 1959– 1964, 1970–1976; cultural attaché, Mexican embassy, San José, Costa Rica, 1966–1967; cultural attaché, Mexican embassy, Buenos Aires, 1967–1970; coordinator of audiovisual education, Secretariat of Public Education, 1976–1978; joined Foreign Service, 1980; director general of archives, libraries, and publications, Secretariat of Foreign Relations, 1979–1981; ambassador to Yugoslavia and Albania, 1981–1982; assistant secretary of government “2,” 1982–1984; director, Free Textbook Commission, 1984–1988, 1988–1989; adviser to president, National Council for Culture and the Arts, 1992– 1994. g—None. h—Director, Nueva Política, 1973–1982; director general, National Council of Culture and Recreation for Workers, 1974–1976; director, Espiral Publications, SA, 1977–1981; director general, Latin American Center for Political Studies, 1977–1981. i—Son of Esperanza Zambrano Sánchez, famous poet, and Miguel Wimer Toscano, surgeon; married Angelina del Valle Fuentes, sociologist; part of Medio Siglo group with Porfirio Muñoz Ledo and served as codirector of the magazine; classmate of Miguel de la Madrid. j—None. k—None. l—Excélsior, Aug. 22, 1983, 7; Q es QAP, 26; IEPES; DBGM, 447; DBGM89, 377; Musacchio, 424. Wolpert Barraza, Enrique a—Aug. 18, 1939. b—Culiacán, Sinaloa. c—Elementary studies at Miguel Hidalgo School, Tijuana,

Baja California, 1945–1951; secondary studies at Special Studies School No. 29, Tijuana, 1951–1954; preparatory studies at public preparatory school, Tijuana, 1954–1956; medical degree from National School of Medicine, UNAM, 1957–1962; specialization in internal medicine at National Nutrition Institute, 1964–1967; studies in gastroenterology at Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn., 1967–1970; professor, National School of Medicine, UNAM, 1973; professor, National Nutrition Institute, 1973, 1985. d—None. e—None. f—Director, Clinical Services and Department of Gastroenterology, National Nutrition Institute, 1971–1988; assistant secretary of health services, Secretariat of Public Health, 1988–1994. g—President, National Academy of Medicine. h—Practicing physician. i—Son of León Wolpert Franck, businessman, and Manuela Barraza Pereda; married Rossa Kkrui Alfaro, psychologist. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM89, 378; DBGM92, 397; Musacchio, 425.

X Ximénez González, Héctor a—Sept. 19, 1938. b—Tlalmanalco, State of Mexico. c—Early education unknown; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, 1955–1959. d—Mayor, Chalco, State of Mexico, 1970–1972; federal deputy from State of Mexico, Dist. 15, 1976–1979, 1985–1988; plurinominal senator from PRI, 1997–2000. e—Member, PRI; regional delegate, PRI, 1982–1983; president, PRI, Puebla, 1988– 1989, 1994; general delegate, CEN of PRI, Puebla, 1990; secretary of electoral action, CEN of PRI, 1993. f—Secretary of city government, Tlalnepantla, State of Mexico, 1966; assistant director of expenditures, State of Mexico, 1975–1976; attorney general, State of Mexico, 1987–1988; director general of legal affairs, Secretariat of Social Development, 1995; secretary-general of government, State of Mexico, 1995–1997. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Salvador

1018  m e xic a n p ol i t i c a l b i o g ra ph i e s , 1935 –20 0 9

Secretariat of the Treasury, 1995–1996; assistant secretary of credit, 1997–1999. g—None. h—Director of investment, Goldman Sachs, 2007. i—Brother of Arturo Werner Wainfield, assistant secretary of the treasury, 2006. j—None. k—None. l—Musacchio, 423; letter. Wimer (Zambrano), Javier a—Jan. 6, 1933. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, 1952–1956; postgraduate studies in philosophy at UNAM, 1952–1956; PhD, Sorbonne, University of Paris, 1956–1958. d—None. e—None. f—Adviser to president of Mexico, 1959– 1964, 1970–1976; cultural attaché, Mexican embassy, San José, Costa Rica, 1966–1967; cultural attaché, Mexican embassy, Buenos Aires, 1967–1970; coordinator of audiovisual education, Secretariat of Public Education, 1976–1978; joined Foreign Service, 1980; director general of archives, libraries, and publications, Secretariat of Foreign Relations, 1979–1981; ambassador to Yugoslavia and Albania, 1981–1982; assistant secretary of government “2,” 1982–1984; director, Free Textbook Commission, 1984–1988, 1988–1989; adviser to president, National Council for Culture and the Arts, 1992– 1994. g—None. h—Director, Nueva Política, 1973–1982; director general, National Council of Culture and Recreation for Workers, 1974–1976; director, Espiral Publications, SA, 1977–1981; director general, Latin American Center for Political Studies, 1977–1981. i—Son of Esperanza Zambrano Sánchez, famous poet, and Miguel Wimer Toscano, surgeon; married Angelina del Valle Fuentes, sociologist; part of Medio Siglo group with Porfirio Muñoz Ledo and served as codirector of the magazine; classmate of Miguel de la Madrid. j—None. k—None. l—Excélsior, Aug. 22, 1983, 7; Q es QAP, 26; IEPES; DBGM, 447; DBGM89, 377; Musacchio, 424. Wolpert Barraza, Enrique a—Aug. 18, 1939. b—Culiacán, Sinaloa. c—Elementary studies at Miguel Hidalgo School, Tijuana,

Baja California, 1945–1951; secondary studies at Special Studies School No. 29, Tijuana, 1951–1954; preparatory studies at public preparatory school, Tijuana, 1954–1956; medical degree from National School of Medicine, UNAM, 1957–1962; specialization in internal medicine at National Nutrition Institute, 1964–1967; studies in gastroenterology at Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn., 1967–1970; professor, National School of Medicine, UNAM, 1973; professor, National Nutrition Institute, 1973, 1985. d—None. e—None. f—Director, Clinical Services and Department of Gastroenterology, National Nutrition Institute, 1971–1988; assistant secretary of health services, Secretariat of Public Health, 1988–1994. g—President, National Academy of Medicine. h—Practicing physician. i—Son of León Wolpert Franck, businessman, and Manuela Barraza Pereda; married Rossa Kkrui Alfaro, psychologist. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM89, 378; DBGM92, 397; Musacchio, 425.

X Ximénez González, Héctor a—Sept. 19, 1938. b—Tlalmanalco, State of Mexico. c—Early education unknown; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, 1955–1959. d—Mayor, Chalco, State of Mexico, 1970–1972; federal deputy from State of Mexico, Dist. 15, 1976–1979, 1985–1988; plurinominal senator from PRI, 1997–2000. e—Member, PRI; regional delegate, PRI, 1982–1983; president, PRI, Puebla, 1988– 1989, 1994; general delegate, CEN of PRI, Puebla, 1990; secretary of electoral action, CEN of PRI, 1993. f—Secretary of city government, Tlalnepantla, State of Mexico, 1966; assistant director of expenditures, State of Mexico, 1975–1976; attorney general, State of Mexico, 1987–1988; director general of legal affairs, Secretariat of Social Development, 1995; secretary-general of government, State of Mexico, 1995–1997. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Salvador

t he b io g ra phies  1019

Ximénez Hernández and Aurora González del Valle; married Josefina Esparza Berumen. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM87, 587; Musacchio, 426; Q es Q en el Congreso, 1997, 341.

Y Yáñez Centeño, Francisco José

(Deceased) a—Dec. 19, 1909. b—Villa de Álvarez, Colima. c—Elementary studies at Hidalgo School, Colima; secondary studies at Ramón R. de la Vega School, Colima; teaching certificate from Normal School of Colima, 1924–1929; law degree from School of Law, University of Guadalajara, Jan. 28, 1935, with thesis on the importance of international law in international relations; professor of Colima history, political economy, economic problems of Mexico, and Spanish literature, Popular University of Colima, 1941–1951; professor of introduction to law, general theory of the state, philosophy of law, School of Law, University of Colima. d—Alternate federal deputy from State of Colima, Dist. 1, 1946–1948; local deputy, State Legislature of Colima, 1948–1951. e—None. f—Secretary, City Council, Manzanillo, Colima, 1939–1940; judge, Superior Tribunal of Justice, Colima, 1940–1941; president, Arbitration and Conciliation Board of Colima, 1941; penal judge, Colima, 1941; chief of public defenders, Colima, 1947–1948; interim governor, Colima, Mar. 18–31, 1951. g—None. h—Editor-in-chief, Horizonte, Colima; editor, El Heraldo, Guadalajara. i—Son of Leonardo Yáñez Centeno Córdoba, mayor of Colima, 1914, and local deputy to State Legislature of Colima, Dist. 16, 1917, and Sara Rangel Arroyo; son Francisco José was director general in Secretariat of Agrarian Reform, 1992; married Hermelinda Cabrera Gudiño. j—None. k—None. l—C de D, 1946–1949; Romero Aceves, 213–215; DBGM92, 398; www.congreso.col.gob.mx, 2008.

Yáñez Robles, Elizabeth Oswelia

a—Sept. 19, 1945. b—Celaya, Guanajuato. c—Early education unknown; business administration degree from Technical Institute, Celaya; MA in municipal public administration from Charles III University, Madrid; numerous postgraduate courses in Japan. d—Federal deputy from State of Guanajuato, Dist. 12, 2003–2006; alternate plurinominal senator from PAN, 2006. e—None. f—Coordinator of tourism, Guanajuato, 1996–2000; assistant secretary of citizen attention and norms, Secretariat of Public Function, 2006– . g—Member, CCE, 1994–1996. h—General manager, Royal Blooms, 1986–1991; director general, Productos Gab, SACV, Celaya, 1992–1996; administrative director, Productos Gab, 2002. j—None. k—None. l—C de D, 2003– 2006; letter. Yáñez Ruiz, Manuel (Deceased Sept. 10, 1985) a—Nov. 16, 1903. b—Huehuetoca, Hidalgo. c—Elementary studies in Tulancingo, Hidalgo; secondary studies in Tulancingo; preparatory studies at National Preparatory School; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, June 2, 1926, specialization in fiscal legislation. d—Federal deputy from State of Hidalgo, Dist. 2, 1958–1961, member of Legislative Studies Committee (4th Sec.), Tax Committee, Budget and Accounts Committee, substitute member of Foreign Relations Committee. e—None. f—Judge of 1st instance, Mextitlán, Hidalgo, 1926–1927; judicial conciliator, Pachuca, Hidalgo, 1927–1928; judge, Second Penal Court, Pachuca, 1927–1928; judge, Second Penal Court, Pachuca, 1928–1929; judge of 1st instance, Tulancingo, 1929–1930; judge, Civil Court, Pachuca, 1930–1931; judge, Superior Tribunal of Justice, State of Hidalgo, 1931; president, Conciliation and Arbitration Board of Hidalgo, 1933; secretary-general of government, State of Hidalgo, under Governor Rojo Gómez, 1937–1940; treasurer, Federal District, 1940–1944; representative of Central Zone, National Arbitration Commission,

t he b io g ra phies  1019

Ximénez Hernández and Aurora González del Valle; married Josefina Esparza Berumen. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM87, 587; Musacchio, 426; Q es Q en el Congreso, 1997, 341.

Y Yáñez Centeño, Francisco José

(Deceased) a—Dec. 19, 1909. b—Villa de Álvarez, Colima. c—Elementary studies at Hidalgo School, Colima; secondary studies at Ramón R. de la Vega School, Colima; teaching certificate from Normal School of Colima, 1924–1929; law degree from School of Law, University of Guadalajara, Jan. 28, 1935, with thesis on the importance of international law in international relations; professor of Colima history, political economy, economic problems of Mexico, and Spanish literature, Popular University of Colima, 1941–1951; professor of introduction to law, general theory of the state, philosophy of law, School of Law, University of Colima. d—Alternate federal deputy from State of Colima, Dist. 1, 1946–1948; local deputy, State Legislature of Colima, 1948–1951. e—None. f—Secretary, City Council, Manzanillo, Colima, 1939–1940; judge, Superior Tribunal of Justice, Colima, 1940–1941; president, Arbitration and Conciliation Board of Colima, 1941; penal judge, Colima, 1941; chief of public defenders, Colima, 1947–1948; interim governor, Colima, Mar. 18–31, 1951. g—None. h—Editor-in-chief, Horizonte, Colima; editor, El Heraldo, Guadalajara. i—Son of Leonardo Yáñez Centeno Córdoba, mayor of Colima, 1914, and local deputy to State Legislature of Colima, Dist. 16, 1917, and Sara Rangel Arroyo; son Francisco José was director general in Secretariat of Agrarian Reform, 1992; married Hermelinda Cabrera Gudiño. j—None. k—None. l—C de D, 1946–1949; Romero Aceves, 213–215; DBGM92, 398; www.congreso.col.gob.mx, 2008.

Yáñez Robles, Elizabeth Oswelia

a—Sept. 19, 1945. b—Celaya, Guanajuato. c—Early education unknown; business administration degree from Technical Institute, Celaya; MA in municipal public administration from Charles III University, Madrid; numerous postgraduate courses in Japan. d—Federal deputy from State of Guanajuato, Dist. 12, 2003–2006; alternate plurinominal senator from PAN, 2006. e—None. f—Coordinator of tourism, Guanajuato, 1996–2000; assistant secretary of citizen attention and norms, Secretariat of Public Function, 2006– . g—Member, CCE, 1994–1996. h—General manager, Royal Blooms, 1986–1991; director general, Productos Gab, SACV, Celaya, 1992–1996; administrative director, Productos Gab, 2002. j—None. k—None. l—C de D, 2003– 2006; letter. Yáñez Ruiz, Manuel (Deceased Sept. 10, 1985) a—Nov. 16, 1903. b—Huehuetoca, Hidalgo. c—Elementary studies in Tulancingo, Hidalgo; secondary studies in Tulancingo; preparatory studies at National Preparatory School; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, June 2, 1926, specialization in fiscal legislation. d—Federal deputy from State of Hidalgo, Dist. 2, 1958–1961, member of Legislative Studies Committee (4th Sec.), Tax Committee, Budget and Accounts Committee, substitute member of Foreign Relations Committee. e—None. f—Judge of 1st instance, Mextitlán, Hidalgo, 1926–1927; judicial conciliator, Pachuca, Hidalgo, 1927–1928; judge, Second Penal Court, Pachuca, 1927–1928; judge, Second Penal Court, Pachuca, 1928–1929; judge of 1st instance, Tulancingo, 1929–1930; judge, Civil Court, Pachuca, 1930–1931; judge, Superior Tribunal of Justice, State of Hidalgo, 1931; president, Conciliation and Arbitration Board of Hidalgo, 1933; secretary-general of government, State of Hidalgo, under Governor Rojo Gómez, 1937–1940; treasurer, Federal District, 1940–1944; representative of Central Zone, National Arbitration Commission,

1020  m e xic a n p ol i t i c a l b i o g ra ph i e s , 1935 –20 0 9

Secretariat of the Treasury, 1946–1953; director general of domestic taxes, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1953–1958; justice, Supreme Court, 1961–1964, 1965–1970, 1971–1973. g—President, National Student Federation, 1925. i—Political protégé of Javier Rojo Gómez; descendant of Mariano Yáñez, secretary of the treasury in 19th century; married María Teresa Crespo; son of Carlos Yáñez Ortiz de Montellano and Esther Ruiz Beckar. j—None. k—None. l—Func., 231; C de D, 1958–1960, 9; DGF56, 165; letter; Justicia, June, 1968; WNM, 245; HA, Nov. 26, 1973, 10; www.scjn.gob.mx, 766–767. Yáñez (Santos Delgadillo), Agustín

(Deceased Jan. 17, 1980) a—May 4, 1904. b—Guadalajara, Jalisco. c—Elementary and secondary studies in Guadalajara; preparatory studies in Guadalajara; law degree from University of Guadalajara, Oct. 15, 1929, with thesis titled “Toward an American International Law”; MA in philosophy from UNAM, Sept. 12, 1951, with thesis on Justo Sierra; professor, José Paz Camacho Preparatory School, Guadalajara, 1926–1929; professor, Preparatory School, University of Guadalajara, 1931–1932; normal school teacher, Guadalajara, 1923–1929; professor, UNAM, 1932–1942; professor, Women’s University of Mexico, 1946–1950; professor of Spanish and literature, National Preparatory School, 1932–1976 (with leaves of absence); founder and director, Institute of the State of Nayarit, 1930–1931; professor of literary theory, School of Philosophy and Letters, UNAM, 1942–1953, 1959–1962; member, Education Committee, UNAM, 1945–1952. d—Governor, Jalisco, 1953–1958. e—Member, Political Education Sec., IEPES of PRI, 1972. f—Director of radio educational extension programs, Secretariat of Public Education, 1932–1934; director of primary education, State of Nayarit, 1930–1931; assistant director and director, Library and Economics Archives, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1934–1952; president, Editorial Committee, UNAM, 1944–1947; president, Technical Council of Humanistic Research,

UNAM, 1945–1952; adviser, Office of the Presidency, 1959–1962; special ambassador to Argentina, 1960; assistant secretary of the presidency, 1962–1964; secretary of public education, 1964–1970; president, Free Textbook Commission, 1978–1979. g—Member, Catholic Youth Association, with Efraín Gonzalez Luna, in the 1920s. h—Practiced law with Saturnino Coronado, 1927–1929; major Mexican novelist and author of many literary studies. i—Son of Elpidio Yáñez, labor activist and active in politics, and María Santos Delgadillo; married Olivia Ramírez Ramos; grandfather was baker and bookbinder; daughter María de los Ángeles, historian. j—None. k—Sympathetic to Cristero movement in Jalisco, 1928–1929; supported José Vasconcelos, 1929; candidate for director of the National Preparatory School, Aug., 1944, but did not win. l—DBM68, 633–634; WWMG, 41; Johnson, 183; HA, July 10, 1972, 10; DGF56, 94; IWW67–68, 1341; Correa, 255; Peral, 873; DEM, 13–14; Enc. Mex., XII, 433–434; letter; López, 1172– 1173; HA, Dec. 17, 1973, 30; Excélsior, Jan. 19, 1980, B1, 3. Yarrington (Ruvalcaba), Tomás Jesús

a—Mar. 7, 1957. b—Matamoros, Tamaulipas. c—Early education unknown; economics degree from ITESM, 1975–1979; law degree from Autonomous University of Nuevo León, 1975–1979; MA in public administration from University of Southern California, Los Angeles, 1986–1987, and on CONACYT Fellowship, 1978–1979. d—Federal deputy from State of Tamaulipas, Dist. 3, 1991–1994; governor, Tamaulipas, 1999– 2005. e—Joined PRI, 1975; participant in PRI youth groups. f—Analyst, Division of Economic and Social Policy, Secretariat of Programming and Budget, 1979; adviser to assistant director, Secretariat of Programming and Budget, 1980; chief of advisers of director general of economic policy, 1981– 1982, coordinator of Division of Planning, 1983–1985, adviser of president of INEGI, 1987, Secretariat of Programming and Budget; secretary of finance, Tamaulipas,

t he b io g ra phies  1021

1997–1998. g—President, Student Association of ITESM, 1978–1979. h—None. i—Son of Tomás Yarrington Santos, civil servant and official in Matamoros government, and María del Carmen Ruvalcaba López; married María Antonieta Morales Loo, economist and MA in economics from ITAM. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM92, 602; Musacchio, 427; www.tomasyarrington.org, 2008. Yocupicio (Valenzuela), Román

(Deceased Sept. 4, 1949) a—Feb. 28, 1890. b—Masiaca, Álamos, Sonora. c—Primary education in Masiaca; no degree. d—Mayor, Navojoa, Sonora, 1921–1923. e—None. f—Substitute governor, Sonora, 1937–1939. g—None. h—Farmer, 1929. i—Son of Yaqui Indian, Juan Yocupicio, and Paulina Valenzuela; married Patrocinia Andura. j—Joined the Revolution, 1909, as ordinary soldier; first action was at Álamos, 1910; joined Constitutional army, 1913; fought in Battle for Culiacán, Oct. 23, 1913; fought Francisco Villa at Celaya, 1915; rank of major, 1915; special escort to General Obregón, 1915; fought in Battle of Puebla, Jan., 1915; opposed Convention of Aguascalientes, 1914–1915; rank of major, July 10, 1915; fought against de la Huerta, Ocotlán, Jalisco, 1923; commander, 2nd line against Yaquis, 1926–1927; rank of brigadier general, 1929; supported General Escobar against federal government, 1929; reached rank of division general. k—Unsympathetic to Cárdenas’ agrarian reform program in his state, supported the interests of industrialists and large landowners; CTM accused him of being a fascist. l—DP70, 2312; Millon, 134; Annals, Mar., 1940, 18; Peral, 874–875; NYT, July 17, 1938; NYT, Aug. 20, 1938, 4; Almanaque de Sonora, 130; de Parodi, 45–53; www.historia.com, 2008. Yunes Linares, Miguel Ángel a—Dec. 5, 1952. b—Soledad de Doblado, Veracruz. c—Early education unknown; law degree from School of Law, University of Veracruz, 1970–1974; diploma in political analysis in United States, 1990; professor,

University of Veracruz, 1974; professor of law, UNAM. d—Local deputy, State Legislature of Veracruz, 1980; federal deputy from State of Veracruz, Dist. 8, 1991–1994; plurinominal federal deputy from PRI, 2003–2006. e—Joined PRI, 1969; president, PRI, Veracruz (twice); secretary of electoral action, PRI, Federal District, 1987–1988; representative, CEN of PRI, Federal Electoral Commission, 1988; assistant secretary of electoral action, CEN of PRI, 1988; technical secretary, National Political Council, 1991; joined PAN, June 15, 2008. f—Agent, Ministerio Público, 1974–1975; adviser of legislative legal affairs, Veracruz, 1977; president, Tax Court, Veracruz, 1977–1978; oficial mayor, Gran Comisión, Chamber of Deputies, 1982–1985; assistant director general, ASA, 1985–1987; coordinator of delegations, Secretariat of Urban Development, 1988–1991; director general of prevention and social readaptation, Secretariat of Government; secretary-general of government, Veracruz; executive secretary, National Public Security System, Secretariat of Public Security, 2004–2005; assistant secretary of prevention and social readaptation, Secretariat of Public Function, 2005–2006; director general, ISSSTE, 2006–2010. g—Coordinator of state federations, CEN of CNOP, 1981–1982. i—Nephew of César Yunes Linares, industrialist. J-None. k—None. l—DBGM92, 602; www.presidencia.gob .mx, 2006; Musacchio, 427. Yurén Aguilar, Jesús (Deceased Sept. 22, 1973) a—Jan. 1, 1901. b—Federal District. c—Elementary studies in Federal District; studies in business administration, Federal District; left school in 1915; no degree. d—Federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. 9, 1937–1940; federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. 8, 1943–1946; senator from Federal District, 1952–1958, member of Gran Comisión, 2nd Navy Committee, Securities Committee, Legal Studies Committee; senator from Federal District, 1964–1970. e—Secretary of labor action, CEN of PRI, 1958–1964. f—Driver,

1022  m e xic a n p ol i t i c a l b i o g ra ph i e s , 1935 –20 0 9

Department of the Federal District; head, Chauffeurs’ Department, Department of the Federal District. g—Began union activity, 1922; head, Sanitation Workers of the Department of the Federal District; organized Workers’ Central, Federal District, 1928; leader, Street Cleaners’ and Transportation Workers’ Union, 1929; chief, Mexican delegation, International Labor Conference, Geneva, 1938; 1st secretary, Federation of Workers of the Federal District, 1941–1943; member, Executive Committee, CTM, 1952; secretary-general, Federation of Workers of the Federal District, 1949–1973. h—Worked for El Águila Petroleum Co. i—Married Blanca Guerrero; early labor ally of Vicente Lombardo Toledano; political supporter of Fidel Velázquez since 1941; founded CTM with Fidel Velázquez, Fernando Amilpa, and Alfonso Sánchez Madariaga in 1936; cofounder with Fidel Velázquez of Federation of Workers of the Federal District, 1941. j—Fought in Constitutionalist Army under Carranza, 1920. k—None. l—C de S, 1952– 1958; C de D, 1937–1939; C de S, 1964–1970; C de D, 1943–1945; DGF56, 6, 8, 11, 13, 14; HA, Sept. 30, 1973, 18; Ind. Biog., 168; www .ctm-seccion15.com.mx, 2008.

Z Zabludovsky Kuper, Jaime Enrique

a—Mar. 29, 1956. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; economics degree from ITAM, 1973–1978; MA in science from Yale University, 1979–1980; MA in arts from Yale University, 1980–1981; PhD in economics from Yale University, 1981–1984; teaching assistant, Yale University, 1982–1983; professor of economic history, Anáhuac University, 1986; professor of economic history, ITAM, 1985. d—None. e—Joined PRI, 1989. f—Researcher for general assistant director, Bank of Mexico, 1977–1979; economist and researcher, Bank of Mexico, 1984–1985; member, Council of Economic Advisers, Secretariat of the

Presidency, 1985–1988; director general of foreign trade policy, Secretariat of Commerce, 1989–1990; coordinator, Office of NAFTA Negotiations, Secretariat of Commerce, 1990–1993; adviser to assistant secretary of trade, 1990–1994; assistant secretary of trade negotiations, Secretariat of Commerce, 1994–1998; ambassador to European Union, 1998–2001. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Abraham Zabludovsky Kraves, Polish-born architect who worked with Mario Pani and helped design Colegio de México and Rufino Tamayo Museum, and Alinka Kuper; married Sonia Freiman Kahan; nephew of Televisa announcer Jacobo Zabludovsky. j—None. k—None. l—www.espectador.com.mx, 2008; DBGM92, 399; Musacchio, 428; Pescador, 250. Zaldívar Lelo de Larrea, Arturo

c—Early education unknown; law degree from Free Law School; LLD from National School of Law, UNAM; professor of 2nd course in constitutional law, Free Law School; professor, postgraduate program in constitutional law and legal procedure; professor of constitutional law, UNAM; professor of constitutional procedure, constitutional law, and human rights, Pan American University. d—None. e—None. f—Justice, Supreme Court, 2009–2024. g—None. h—Practicing lawyer in constitutional law, 25 years. j—None. k—None. l—www.arturozaldivar.com.mx, 2010; www.eluniversal.com.mx, Dec. 1, 2009; www.es.wikipedia.org, 2010. Zamora Verduzco, Elías a—Nov. 3, 1946. b—Cuauhtémoc, Colima. c—Early education unknown; degree in political science and public administration from National School of Political and Social Sciences, UNAM, 1974–1977; studies in accounting from IPN. d—Mayor, Manzanillo, Colima, 1983–1985; governor, Colima, 1985–1991. e—Joined PRI, 1965; secretary of sports action, CEN of PRI, 1965; auxiliary secretary of organization, CEN of PRI, 1979. f—Auxiliary director general, Banobras,

1022  m e xic a n p ol i t i c a l b i o g ra ph i e s , 1935 –20 0 9

Department of the Federal District; head, Chauffeurs’ Department, Department of the Federal District. g—Began union activity, 1922; head, Sanitation Workers of the Department of the Federal District; organized Workers’ Central, Federal District, 1928; leader, Street Cleaners’ and Transportation Workers’ Union, 1929; chief, Mexican delegation, International Labor Conference, Geneva, 1938; 1st secretary, Federation of Workers of the Federal District, 1941–1943; member, Executive Committee, CTM, 1952; secretary-general, Federation of Workers of the Federal District, 1949–1973. h—Worked for El Águila Petroleum Co. i—Married Blanca Guerrero; early labor ally of Vicente Lombardo Toledano; political supporter of Fidel Velázquez since 1941; founded CTM with Fidel Velázquez, Fernando Amilpa, and Alfonso Sánchez Madariaga in 1936; cofounder with Fidel Velázquez of Federation of Workers of the Federal District, 1941. j—Fought in Constitutionalist Army under Carranza, 1920. k—None. l—C de S, 1952– 1958; C de D, 1937–1939; C de S, 1964–1970; C de D, 1943–1945; DGF56, 6, 8, 11, 13, 14; HA, Sept. 30, 1973, 18; Ind. Biog., 168; www .ctm-seccion15.com.mx, 2008.

Z Zabludovsky Kuper, Jaime Enrique

a—Mar. 29, 1956. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; economics degree from ITAM, 1973–1978; MA in science from Yale University, 1979–1980; MA in arts from Yale University, 1980–1981; PhD in economics from Yale University, 1981–1984; teaching assistant, Yale University, 1982–1983; professor of economic history, Anáhuac University, 1986; professor of economic history, ITAM, 1985. d—None. e—Joined PRI, 1989. f—Researcher for general assistant director, Bank of Mexico, 1977–1979; economist and researcher, Bank of Mexico, 1984–1985; member, Council of Economic Advisers, Secretariat of the

Presidency, 1985–1988; director general of foreign trade policy, Secretariat of Commerce, 1989–1990; coordinator, Office of NAFTA Negotiations, Secretariat of Commerce, 1990–1993; adviser to assistant secretary of trade, 1990–1994; assistant secretary of trade negotiations, Secretariat of Commerce, 1994–1998; ambassador to European Union, 1998–2001. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Abraham Zabludovsky Kraves, Polish-born architect who worked with Mario Pani and helped design Colegio de México and Rufino Tamayo Museum, and Alinka Kuper; married Sonia Freiman Kahan; nephew of Televisa announcer Jacobo Zabludovsky. j—None. k—None. l—www.espectador.com.mx, 2008; DBGM92, 399; Musacchio, 428; Pescador, 250. Zaldívar Lelo de Larrea, Arturo

c—Early education unknown; law degree from Free Law School; LLD from National School of Law, UNAM; professor of 2nd course in constitutional law, Free Law School; professor, postgraduate program in constitutional law and legal procedure; professor of constitutional law, UNAM; professor of constitutional procedure, constitutional law, and human rights, Pan American University. d—None. e—None. f—Justice, Supreme Court, 2009–2024. g—None. h—Practicing lawyer in constitutional law, 25 years. j—None. k—None. l—www.arturozaldivar.com.mx, 2010; www.eluniversal.com.mx, Dec. 1, 2009; www.es.wikipedia.org, 2010. Zamora Verduzco, Elías a—Nov. 3, 1946. b—Cuauhtémoc, Colima. c—Early education unknown; degree in political science and public administration from National School of Political and Social Sciences, UNAM, 1974–1977; studies in accounting from IPN. d—Mayor, Manzanillo, Colima, 1983–1985; governor, Colima, 1985–1991. e—Joined PRI, 1965; secretary of sports action, CEN of PRI, 1965; auxiliary secretary of organization, CEN of PRI, 1979. f—Auxiliary director general, Banobras,

t he b io g ra phies  1023

1966–1972; housing supervisor, Banobras, 1972–1974; assistant manager, Villa Coapa Development, Banobras, 1975–1976; general administrator, Vicente Guerrero Housing Unit, Department of the Federal District, 1978–1979; general administrator, Ermita Zaragoza Housing Unit, Department of the Federal District, 1979. g—Auxiliary secretary, Youth Sector, CNC, 1968–1970. h—None. i—Son of Salvador Zamora Vizcaíno, laborer, and Petra Verduzco Contreras; married Elba Cecilia Vega Ochoa, teacher. j—None. k—None. l—Excélsior, Jan. 21, 1985, 6; Excélsior, Jan. 18, 1985, 12; DBGM89, 756–757. Zamorano Esparza, Fausto Manuel

a—Apr. 26, 1939. b—Federal District. c—Preparatory studies at Heroic Military College, 1958–1961; graduate of Applied Arms and Services School, 2nd captain; staff and command diploma from Higher War College, 1967–1969; MA in national security from National Defense College, 1987–1988; commander, Sec. 5, Artillery Battery, Heroic Military College, 1966; major and chief, Academic and Teaching Sec., Higher War College; professor, Higher War College; adjutant and instructor, Heroic Military College; director, Higher War College. d—None. e—None. f—Assistant military attaché, Guatemala and Honduras; military attaché, Mexican embassy, Washington, DC, 1989–1992; oficial mayor of national defense, 1998–2000. g—None. h—None. i—None. j—Career army officer; joined army as cadet, Jan. 1, 1958; graduated from Heroic Military College as 2nd lieutenant, Jan. 1, 1961; commander, Artillery Battery, 1961; group commander, 2nd Artillery Regiment; commander, 2nd Observers Battalion, 105mm, 3rd Artillery Regiment; 1st captain and commander, Antiaircraft Battery, 2nd Artillery Regiment; assistant chief of Sec. 5, plans, staff; chief of Subsec. of International Plans and Assistance, Sec. 5, staff; lieutenant colonel and chief of instruction and operations, executive officer, 5th Artillery Regiment; colonel and chief of Sec. 9 (military

doctrine), staff, 1986–1987; rank of colonel, 1981; rank of brigadier general, 1988; chief, Sec. 5 (strategic plans), 1988; chief, delegation to Inter-American Defense Board; rank of division general, 1997; commander, 3rd Artillery Regiment; director general of military education and rector, Army/Air Force University, 1994–1998; director general of administration, 2000–2003. k—None. l—www.sedena.gob.mx, 2004; Rev. de Ejer., Nov., 1981, 25; letter. Zapata García, Jorge Doroteo a—Sept. 26, 1949. b—Chihuahua, Chihuahua. c—Early education unknown; law degree from University of Chihuahua, 1975; professor, School of Law, University of Chihuahua, 1975–1982, 1985; professor, School of Accounting, University of Chihuahua, 1975–1985. d—Federal deputy from State of Chihuahua, Dist. 7, 1985–1988; local deputy, State Legislature of Chihuahua, 1992–1995; plurinominal federal deputy from PRI, 1997–2000; senator from Chihuahua, 2000–2006. e—Joined PRI, 1969. f—Secretary of city government, Delicias, Chihuahua; secretary-general of water and sanitation, Chihuahua; private secretary to governor of Chihuahua; oficial mayor, Office of the Attorney General of Mexico; 1st assistant attorney general of Mexico. g—Joined CTM, 1967; secretary-general, Federation of Chihuahua State Workers, CTM, 1974–1984; secretary of organization, CTM, Chihuahua, 1974–1984; secretarygeneral, CTM, Chihuahua, 1984; secretarygeneral, maquiladora industry unions, 1998; secretary of education, CEN of CTM, 1998. h—None. i—Son of Doroteo Zapata Acuña and Guadalupe García Pérez; married María Emilia Lucero Castro. j—None. k—None. l—DCM, 2000–2003, 66; DBGM87, 587; www.es.wikipedia.org, 2008; QesQ en el Congreso, 2000–2003, 373–374; Musacchio, 429. Zapata Loredo, Fausto a—Dec. 18, 1940. b—San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí. c—Elementary studies at Niños Héroes School, San Luis Potosí; secondary studies

1024  m e xic a n p ol i t i c a l b i o g ra ph i e s , 1935 –20 0 9

at Normal School of San Luis Potosí; preparatory studies from the University of San Luis Potosí; legal studies at School of Law, University of San Luis Potosí, 1958–1961, no degree; studies at World Press Institute, Macalester College, St. Paul, Minn., 1964; seminars at Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y.; professor of information science, School of Political and Social Sciences, UNAM, 1967–1968. d—Alternate federal deputy from State of San Luis Potosí, Dist. 4, 1967–1970, but in functions, 1968–1970; senator from State of San Luis Potosí, 1976–1982; delegate from Coyoacán, Department of Federal District, 1988; governor, San Luis Potosí, Oct. 1–9, 1991. e—Member, PRI National Council; campaigned for Antonio Rocha during his gubernatorial campaign, 1967; National Press Coordinator for presidential campaign of Luis Echeverría, 1970; assistant secretary-general, CEN of PRI, 2003; PRI candidate for delegate from Coyoacán, Federal District, 2009. f—Assistant secretary of the presidency, 1970–1976; ambassador to Italy, 1977; ambassador to China, 1987; ambassador to Korea, 1987; consul-general in Los Angeles, Calif., 1992; consul-general in New York, 1993. g—Secretary of press and publicity, National Farmers’ Confederation, 1965. h—Reporter, La Prensa, Mexico City; assistant director and director of information, La Prensa, 1962–1965; columnist, Excélsior, 1986–1987; interviewer, Political Dialogues, Channel 34, 2010. i—Son of Fausto Zapata Delgadillo and María Concepción Loredo de Ávila; married Laurie Gershenson Shapiro. j—None. k—1st assistant secretary of information, Secretariat of the Presidency; elected as alternate deputy but replaced Guillermo Fonseca Álvarez, 1968–1970; PRI precandidate for governor of San Luis Potosí, 1984; forced to resign as governor of San Luis Potosí after 9 days because of public protests. l—Hoy, Dec. 19, 1970, 4; HA, Dec. 14, 1970, 23; MGF69, 95; Latin America, Dec. 3, 1976, 3; Excélsior, July 27, 1984, 20; El Nacional, Oct. 10, 1991, 1; www.es.wikipedia.org, 2009.

Zapata Perogordo, José Alejandro

a—Nov. 20, 1958. b—San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí. c—Elementary, secondary, and preparatory studies in San Luis Potosí; law degree from University of San Luis Potosí, 1982. d—Local deputy, State Legislature of San Luis Potosí, 1989; federal deputy from State of San Luis Potosí, Dist. 2, 1994–1997; mayor, San Luis Potosí, 1997–2000; plurinominal federal deputy from PAN, 2000–2003, coordinator of PAN delegation, 2003; senator from San Luis Potosí, 2006–2012. e—Joined PAN, 1982; national adviser, PAN, 1995–2007; member, CEN of PAN, 2002–2008; secretary-general, CEN of PAN, 2005; secretary of government action, CEN of PAN, 2006. f—None. g—President, Mexican Association of Municipalities. h—Practicing lawyer, Zapata and Candia. i—Son of Manuel Antonio Zapata and Martha Perogordo Salas; married Marcela Suárez del Real. j—None. k—None. l—Directorio del Congreso, 2006–2009, 235; DCM, 2000–2003, 379; Pérez Franco, 348; www.senadores.gob.mx, 2006–2012; QesQ en el Congreso, 2000–2003, 108; Musacchio, 429.

Zapata Portillo de Manrique, Ana María a—June 22, 1915. b—Cuautla, More-

los. c—Completed elementary studies. d—Federal deputy from State of Morelos, Dist. 2, 1958–1961, member of Library Committee and Agrarian Committee. e—Began political activities in 1934; PRI secretary of women’s action, State of Morelos. f—Syndic, City Council, Cuautla, 1958–1960. g—President, National Union of Revolutionary Women; secretary of women’s action, League of Agrarian Communities, Morelos, 1937; president of women’s action, Morelos, 1940. i—Granddaughter of Gabriel Zapata and Cleofas Salazar; daughter of Emiliano Zapata (Salazar) and Petra Portillo Torres; married José Manrique, telegrapher. j—None. k—1st female deputy elected from state of Morelos. l—Func., 283; C de D, 95; www.lajornadamorelos.com, June 10, 2008; www.bibliotecas.tv, 2009.

t he b io g ra phies  1025 Zapata Vela, Carlos (Deceased) c—Preparatory studies at National Preparatory School; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, with thesis titled “Socialization of Land, “ 1931. d—Federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. 10, 1940–1943, secretary of preparatory groups, member of 2nd Constitutional Affairs Committee, 1st Government Committee, Political Control Committee; federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. 11, 1961–1964, member of Credit, Money, and Institutions of Credit Committee and 2nd Balloting Committee. e—Member, Legal Sec. of Advisory Body, National Revolutionary Bloc of the Senate, 1937. f—Assistant director, National Bank of Agricultural Credit, 1946–1950; ambassador to USSR, 1967–1969. g—Leader, 1929 strike movement at UNAM, with Salvador Azuela, Alejandro Gómez Arias, and Ricardo García Villalobos. h—Founder, Tren Blindado, with other students; editor, National Preparatory School newspaper, Avalancha; director, Institute of Friendship and Intercultural Exchanges, USSR–Mexico, 1974. i—Assistant to General Jara; brother José Zapata Vela, professor of the philosophy of law, UNAM, and Marxist philosopher. j—None. k—Marxist. l—NYT, May 24, 1964, 3; DGF47, 354; DGF49, 468; C de D, 1961–1963, 95; C de D, 1940–1942, 22, 46, 51; DGF49, 468; Novo35, 570; www.isla-negra .zoomblog.com, 2008. Zárate Albarrán, Alfredo (Deceased Mar. 8, 1942) a—Aug. 21, 1900. b—Tamascaltepec, State of Mexico. c—Elementary studies while working to help parents in Real de Arriba, State of Mexico; preparatory studies at Scientific and Literary Institute, State of Mexico, 1913; no degree. d—Federal deputy from State of Mexico, Dist. 9, 1937–1940; senator from State of Mexico, 1940–1941; governor, State of Mexico, 1941–1942. e—None. f—Employee, Mixed Judicial District, First Appeals Division, Tamascaltepec; agent, Ministerio Público, Temascaltepec. g—None. i—Son of Ángel Zárate Huerta and Natalia Albarrán

Cuevas, peasants; father had tiny business in Real de Arriba, State of Mexico. j—None. k—Assassinated by Fernando Ortiz Rubio, police inspector and president of State Legislature, State of Mexico; his assassination revived political career of Isidro Fabela, who replaced him as governor; part of a bloc of governors opposed to Ávila Camacho’s administration. l—Correa, 134; NYT, Mar. 7, 1942, 5; Hoy, Dec., 1940, 64–65; HA, Jan. 8, 1943; HA, Mar. 5, 1942; Siliceo, 202–203; www.edomex.gob.mx, 2008. Zárate Aquino, Manuel (Deceased) a—Dec. 25, 1911. b—Yanhuitlán, Nochistlán, Oaxaca. c—Early education unknown; normal school teaching certificate, 1929–1933; degree in elementary education from Urban Normal School, Mar. 27, 1946; legal studies at University of Oaxaca (Benito Juárez), 1943–1949, graduating with thesis on the unconstitutionality of civil administrative boards, 1955; professor, Institute of Arts and Sciences, Oaxaca, 1948–1974; professor, Urban Normal School, Oaxaca. d—Member, City Council, Oaxaca, Oaxaca, 1933, 1936–1938; federal deputy from State of Oaxaca, Dist. 6, 1964–1967, president of Chamber, Nov., 1964, secretary of Gran Comisión, member of 1st General Means of Communication Committee, 2nd Constitutional Affairs Committee, Editorial Committee, and secretary of Legislative Studies Committee; governor, Oaxaca, 1974–Mar. 3, 1977. e—Member, Oaxacan Socialist Party, 1929; president, PRI Economic, Social, and Planning Council for López Mateos presidential campaign, 1958; former member of PPS. f—Penal judge, Oaxaca, 1958–1960; president, Superior Tribunal of Justice, Oaxaca, 1960–1964, 1969–1974. g—Secretary-general, Local 22, SNTE, 1951; secretary-general, FSTSE, State of Oaxaca, 1949–1952. i—Personal friend of Víctor Bravo Ahuja, secretary of public education, 1970–1974; son of Manuel Zárate Ramírez, leading supporter of Flores Magón brothers in Yanhuitlán, and Carmen Aquino. j—None. k—PRI candidate for governor of

1026  m e xic a n p ol i t i c a l b i o g ra ph i e s , 1935 –20 0 9

Oaxaca, 1974; his candidacy surprised most political observers; political enemy of Jesús Robles Martínez during his union activities in SNTE in 1950s; resigned from governorship. l—Excélsior, Mar. 14, 1974, 11; Excélsior, Mar. 15, 1974, 17; C de D, 1964–1967, 81, 83, 92, 95; Excélsior, Mar. 4, 1977; HA, Mar. 14, 1977, 20; Excélsior, Aug. 11, 1978, 4. Zárate Pineda de Lino, Irma a—Dec. 23, 1939. b—Toluca, State of Mexico. c—Early education unknown; secondary teaching certificate from Normal School, Toluca, 1958; kindergarten certificate from Higher Normal School, Toluca, 1962; primary teacher, 1959; teacher, Girls’ Normal School, 1961. d—Federal deputy from State of Mexico, Dist. 4, 1982–1985, member of Public Education Committee, Tourism Committee, Radio, Television, and Film Committee. e—Secretary, local PRI electoral committee; ANFER of PRI delegate to senatorial elections; secretary-general, ANFER of PRI, State of Mexico, 1981. f—Director, Department of Artistic Activities, Division of Public Education, State of Mexico, 1969–1981. g—Finance secretary, SNTE, State of Mexico. h—None. i—Widow of Manuel Lino Velázquez, career military; daughter of Manuel Zárate Rodríguez, public official, and Consuelo Pineda Moreno, teacher. j—None. k—None. l—C de D, 1982–1985; Directorio, 1982–1985; Lehr, 260; DBGM, 630. Zavala Echavarría, Roberto a—Mar. 13, 1943. b—El Dorado, Culiacán, Sinaloa. c—Early education unknown; law degree from University of Sinaloa; professor, University of Sinaloa, 1971–1973; professor, Free Law School, Sinaloa, 1973–1994. d—Local deputy, State Legislature of Sinaloa, 1989–1992, coordinator of PRI delegation; plurinominal federal deputy from PRI, 2000–2003. e—Joined PRI, 1964; secretarygeneral, PRI, Sinaloa, 1978–1981. f—Secretary of city government, Guasave, Sinaloa, 1975–1977; director of legal affairs, Sinaloa, 1981–1983; director general, Institute of Social Readaptation, Sinaloa, 1983–1985;

regional coordinator for legal affairs, Secretariat of Programming and Budget, 1985–1986; assistant secretary of government, Sinaloa, 1987–1988; assistant legal director for federal highways and bridges, 1995; director general of legal affairs, Secretariat of Agriculture, 1995–1997; assistant secretary of public security, Secretariat of Government, 1998; chief, Legislative Studies Unit, Secretariat of Government, 1998–1999. g—Secretary-general, CNOP of PRI, Sinaloa. h—None. j—None. k—None. l—Musacchio, 430; Q es Q en el Congreso, 268; DCM, 2000–2003, 356. Zavala Peniche, María Beatriz a—Oct. 23, 1957. b—Mérida, Yucatán. c—Early education unknown; social anthropology degree from University of Yucatán; MA in sociology from University of Kentucky, Lexington; professor, University of Yucatán, 1979–1995; coordinator of social sciences, University of Yucatán, 1982–1985. d—Plurinominal federal deputy from PAN, 1997–2000, president of Social Development Committee; local deputy to State Legislature of Yucatán, 2001–2003; plurinominal federal deputy from PAN, 2003–2006; senator from Yucatan, 2006, 2008–2012, president of Editorial Committee, 2008. e—Joined PAN, 1995; member, PAN State Committee, Yucatán, 1997–2007; member of Vicente Fox’s transition team, 2000; national adviser to PAN, 2001–2007; member, CEN of PAN, 2002; member, PAN National Committee, 2006; secretary of government relations, CEN of PAN, 2008. f—Assistant director of communications development, City Council, Mérida, 1995–1997; adviser, National Council of Culture and Arts, 2001–2002; secretary of social development, 2006–2008. g—None. h—Editorial writer, La Jornada, Diario de Yucatán, Enfoque, Crónica. i—Daughter of Mario A. Zavala Velázquez and Beatriz Peniche González. j—None. k—None. l—Pérez Franco, 349; www.secgob.gob.mx, 1997, 2007; D del Y, Nov. 24, 2006; www.sedesol .gob.mx, 2008; www.es.wikipedia.org, 2008; www.diputados.gob.mx, 2003.

t he b io g ra phies  1027 Zavala (Vallado), Silvio a—Feb. 7, 1909. b—Mérida, Yucatán. c—Elementary and secondary studies at Consuelo Zavala and Modelo schools; preparatory studies at University of the Southeast, Mérida; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, 1931; LLD from Central University of Madrid, 1931–1933, on fellowship; professor, history of social institutions of America, School of Philosophy and Letters, UNAM, 1945; founder, director, and professor, Center of Historical Studies, Colegio de México, 1940–1956; lectured at Columbia University, Princeton University, and University of Pennsylvania under a grant from Carnegie Endowment for International Peace; Guggenheim Fellow, Library of Congress, 1938–1940; Rockefeller Foundation Fellow, 1944. d—None. e—None. f—Researcher, Hispanic American Sec., Center of Historical Studies, Madrid, 1933–1936; secretary, National Museum, Mexico City, 1937–1938; director, Historical Series of Unedited Mexican Works, 1938–1940; director, National Museum of Mexican History, 1946–1954; director, Educational and Cultural Sec., United Nations, 1947; cultural adviser, Mexican embassy, Paris, 1954–1958; permanent Mexican delegate to UNESCO, 1956–1962; president, Colegio de México, 1963–1966; ambassador to France, 1970–1975. g—Member, National College. h—Director, Revista de Historia de América, 1938. i—Married María Castelo Biedma; son of Arturo Zavala Castillo and Mercedes Vallado García; disciple of Rafael Altamirano; studied under Daniel Cosío Villegas. j—None. k—National prize in letters, 1969. l—Letters; Enc. Mex., XII, 569–570; López, 1188; WNM, 247–248; B de M, 267–268; WWM45, 129; JSH, 436–438. Zazueta Aguilar, Jesús Hernández

a—Feb. 22, 1956. b—Costa Rica, Sinaloa. c—Early education unknown; education degree in social studies, Higher Normal School, La Laguna, Durango, 1977–1982; studies in economics, University of Guerrero, 1984. d—Plurinominal federal

deputy from PRD, 1991–1994, 2006–2009. e—Joined PRD, 1989; member, CEN of PRD, 1989–1991; secretary of education, CEN of PRD, 1989; secretary of human rights, CEN of PRD, 1996–1999; secretary of organization, CEN of PRD, 2000–2003. f—None. g—Director, National Revolutionary Civic Association, 1983–1989. h—None. i—Son of Humberto Zazueta Guzmán, laborer, and Amelia Aguilar Sepúlveda; married Leticia Burgos Ochoa, chemical biologist and federal deputy, 1994–1997, senator, 2000–2006, and secretary of organization of CEN of PRD. j—None. k—None. l—Directorio de Congreso, 2006–2009, 413; DBGM92, 604; www.diputados.gob.mx, 2006–2009; Musacchio, 430. Zebadúa (Liévano), José Humberto

a—Mar. 14, 1921. b—San Cristóbal las Casas, Chiapas. c—Elementary studies in San Cristóbal; secondary studies in Mexico City; BA from Holy Cross College, Worcester, Mass. d—Federal deputy from State of Chiapas, Dist. 2, 1958–1961, member of Legislative Studies Committee, 4th Ejido Committee, and 1st General Means of Communication Committee. e—Joined PAN, 1957. f—None. g—None. h—Businessman. i—Son of Daniel Zebadúa, theatrical promoter. j—None. k—Elected alternate federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. 6, but replaced Antonio Zoreda Cebada as deputy from Chiapas. l—Func., 155; C de D, 1958–1961, 95. Zedillo Ponce de Léon, Ernesto a—Dec. 27, 1951. b—Federal District. c—Elementary studies at Cuauhtémoc Elementary School, Mexicali, Baja California; secondary studies at Public School No. 18, Mexicali; preparatory studies at IPN Vocational School No. 5, 1967–1969; economics degree from Higher School of Economics, IPN, 1969–1972; special studies in human resources, University of Bradford, UK, 1973; MA in economics from Yale University; PhD in economics from Yale University, 1974–1978, with thesis on external public debt in Mexico; professor, Higher School of Economics, IPN, 1973–1974, 1978–1980; professor,

1028  m e xic a n p ol i t i c a l b i o g ra ph i e s , 1935 –20 0 9

Colegio de México, 1981–1983; professor, Yale University, 2001– . d—President of Mexico, 1994–2000. e—Joined PRI, 1971; director of Luis Donaldo Colosio’s presidential campaign, 1993–1994; replaced Colosio as PRI presidential candidate after he was assassinated in mid-campaign, Mar. 23, 1994. f—Economic researcher, Division of Economic and Social Planning, Office of the Presidency, 1971–1974; economist, Bank of Mexico, 1978–1982; assistant manager of economics and treasury research, Bank of Mexico, 1982–1983; director, FICORCA, Bank of Mexico, 1983–1987; assistant secretary of planning and budget control, Secretariat of Programming and Budget, 1987–1988, under Pedro Aspe; secretary of programming and budget, 1988–1992; secretary of public education, 1992–1993. g—Not an activist leader but participated in 1968 student movement while at IPN Vocational School No. 5. h—None. i—Son of Rodolfo Zedillo Castillo, electrical contractor, and Martha Alicia Ponce de León, who sold candies on the street and was politically active in PRI; married Nilda Alicia Ponce de León, his former student and economist; disciple of Leopoldo Solís, who supervised him at Secretariat of the Presidency; student with Jaime Serra Puche at Yale University; came in contact with Carlos Salinas de Gortari as an analyst in Office of the Presidency, 1972. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM89, 385; Proceso, Jan. 13, 1992, 13; DBGM92, 402; Excélsior, Apr. 18, 1996; Washington Quarterly, Autumn, 1997, 103–116. Zegbe Sanen, Alfonso a—Huauchinango, Puebla. b—Aug. 21, 1938. c—Early education unknown; law degree from National School of Law, UAN, 1957–1961; d—Federal deputy from State of Puebla, Dist. 10, 1979–1982; senator from Puebla, 1982–1988, member of Gran Comisión. e—Joined PRI, 1957; private secretary to secretary of political action, CEN of PRI, 1968–1969; general delegate, CEN of PRI, Quintana Roo, 1980. f—Private secretary to director of public investment, Secretariat

of the Presidency, 1964–1965; private secretary to oficial mayor of labor, 1965–1970; director, Industrial Research Department, Secretariat of Labor, 1970–1971; director, Department of Association Registration, Secretariat of Labor, 1971; director, Administrative Services Department, Federal Electric Commission, 1971–1974; press coordinator, National Institute of Community Development and Popular Housing, 1974–1976; assistant director of association registration, Secretariat of Labor, 1977–1978; adviser to assistant secretary of labor, 1979. g—Secretary of youth political action, CNOP, 1961–1962; director of public relations, CEN of CNOP, 1980–1983. h—None. i—Son of José Zegbe Fares, retailer, and Anita Sanen Ahedo, retailer; married Patricia Camarena Chávez Sanen; sister Yolanda Zegbe de González, local deputy to State Legislature of Puebla, 1996–1999. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM84, 630; Musacchio, 431. Zepeda Torres, David a—May 30, 1924. b—Mazatlán, Sinaloa. c—Early education unknown; pilot, Nautical School, Mazatlán; naval engineering degree from Heroic Naval Military School of the Pacific, Mazatlán, 1941–1945; continental defense course at Inter-American Defense College, Washington, DC, 1967–1968; staff and command diploma, Center for Higher Naval Studies, 1970; professor, Center for Heroic Naval School, 1957–1961; director, Center for Higher Naval Studies, 1973–1975. d—None. e—None. f—Assistant secretary of the navy, 1988–1993. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Pablo Zepeda Contreras, small businessman, and Irene Torres Hernández; married Irma Concepción Girón Lacunza. j—None. k—None. l—Sec. chief, staff, Secretariat of the Navy, 1966–1967, 1968–1970; aide to naval attaché, United States, 1967–1968; assistant chief of staff, Secretariat of the Navy, 1970–1973; commander, 2nd Naval Zone, Puerto Cortés, 1975–1977; inspector, Secretariat of the Navy, 1978–1979; director general of services, Secretariat of the Navy,

t he b io g ra phies  1029

1979–1982; naval attaché, Lima, 1983–1985; inspector and controller general of the navy, 1986–1988. k—None. l—DBGM87, 418; DBGM89, 385; DBGM92, 403. Zermeño Araico, Manuel (Deceased) a—Oct. 26, 1901. b—Guadalajara, Jalisco. c—Primary and secondary studies in Guadalajara; graduated from Naval Academy of Veracruz; professor, Higher War College; director, Naval School, Mazatlán. d—None. e—Vice president, PARM, 1977. f—Adviser to chief of staff under President Cárdenas, 1935–1939; naval chief of staff, 1946–1947; naval attaché, Mexican embassy, Washington, DC, 1941–1945; director general of the fleet, Secretariat of the Navy, 1951–1955; ambassador to Norway, 1955–1958; secretary of the navy, 1958–1964. g—None. h—Author of various works on naval subjects. i—Married María Antonia del Peón; son Manuel Zermeño del Peón was 1st captain of the Cuauhtémoc, 1982, and reached the rank of vice admiral. j—Career naval officer; joined navy, 1917; put down a revolt in Frontera, Tabasco, Apr. 22, 1924; fought against de la Huerta rebellion, 1923; rank of frigate captain, 1940; rank of navy captain, 1943; rank of commodore, 1946; commander, 3rd Naval Zone, Veracruz (3 times); commander, Anáhuac Unit; served on corvette Zaragoza; rank of rear admiral, 1950; rank of vice admiral, 1952; rank of admiral, 1962; adjutant general, Naval College, Veracruz; retired from active duty, 1967. k—None. l—D del Y, Dec. 2, 1958, 7; HA, Dec. 8, 1958, 30; DGF56, 128; DGF47, 234; D del S, Dec. 3, 1952, 1; Func.; HA, Mar. 19, 1979, 6; Excélsior, July 2, 1977, 15; www.larevista.com.mx, Feb. 25, 2000. Zermeño Infante, Jorge a—Jan. 23, 1949. b—Federal District. c—Elementary and secondary studies at Colegio Cristóbal Colón, Mexico City; preparatory studies at La Salle University and Technical School No. 5, IPN; law degree from Ibero-American University, Laguna campus, 1983–1987, with thesis on democratic integration and proportionality in Congress (1st graduate

in law from this campus). d—Alternate federal deputy from State of Coahuila, Dist. 2, 1979–1982; plurinominal federal deputy from PAN, 1991–1994; mayor, Torreón, Coahuila, 1996–1999; senator from Coahuila, 2000–2006; PAN candidate for governor of Coahuila, 2005; plurinominal federal deputy from PAN, 2006–2009. e—Joined PAN, 1968; national adviser to PAN, 1978–1981, 1984–1985, 1988–2007; president, PAN, Torreón, 1982–1984; president, PAN, Coahuila, 1984–1985; representative of PAN, Federal Electoral Institute, 1991–1994, 2000–2006; director, Miguel Estrada Iturbide Foundation, PAN, 1994–1996; member, CEN of PAN, 1995–2005. f—None. g—None. h—Employee, First National City Bank, 1966–1968; sales director, Bardahl of Mexico, SA, 1969–1974; owner, Aditivos de la Laguna, SA, 1974–1996. i—Son of Epigmenio Zermeño Márquez, industrialist, and Gabriela Infante Torres; married María Teresa González Alcocer, social worker; grandson of Jesús Zermeño Padilla and María de los Ángeles Márquez Zermeño; great-uncle Epigmenio Zermeño Padilla, mayor of San Julián, Jalisco, 1913. j—None. k—None. l—Directorio del Congreso, 2006–2009, 369; DCM, 2000–2003, 39; Pérez Franco, 350–351; QesQ en el Congreso, 2000–2003, 317–318; Musacchio, 431; www.diputados.gob.mx, 2006–2009; DBGM92, 604; www.zermeno.com, 2010. Zertuche Muñoz, Fernando a—Feb. 3, 1936. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, 1961; developed course in methodology and historical research, Colegio de México; professor of sociology and constitutional law, Women’s University of Mexico, 1957–1958; researcher, Seminar of History, Colegio de México, 1959–1960; professor of history of the Mexican Revolution, 1968–1970; professor of labor law, School of Accounting and Administration, UNAM, 1962–1964. d—None. e—Director, Fondo para la Historia de las Ideas Revolucionarias en

1030  m e xic a n p ol i t i c a l b i o g ra ph i e s , 1935 –20 0 9

México, PRI, 1976–1978. f—Assistant secretary, Technical Council, IMSS, 1966–1970; oficial mayor of labor, 1970–1974; president, Federal Board of Conciliation and Arbitration, 1974–1976; secretary-general, IMSS, 1976–1982; assistant secretary “A” of labor, 1982–1985; director general, National Institution for Adult Education, 1985–1989; secretary, Council for the Official Chronicler of Mexico City, 1989–1991; assistant director general of national promotion and conservation, National Institute of Fine Arts, 1991; secretary-general, Federal Electoral Institute, 1998–2004. g—None. h—Executive secretary, Medio Siglo, 1956–1958, founded by Porfirio Muñoz Ledo; director, Department of Labor Relations, Teléfonos de México, SA, 1961–1966. i—Married Martha Sánchez Servín; son of Albino Zertuche Carrillo, engineer and naval officer, and Sofía Muñoz Amparo. j—None. k—None. l—HA, Dec. 14, 1970, 23; DPE71; letters; Excélsior, June 14, 1974, 19; Q es QAP; DBGM, 452.

Zevada (Martínez de Castro), Ricardo José (Deceased Oct. 25, 1979) a—July 5,

1904. b—Federal District. c—Elementary studies in Colima and Mexico City; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM, 1925; professor of administrative law, UNAM, 1927–1934. d—None. e—None. f—Chief of Lawyers, Committee to Liquidate Old Banks, 1930–1932; chief lawyer, National Mortgage Bank of Urban and Public Works, 1932–1934; director general of credit, Secretariat of the Treasury, 1934–1936; financial adviser, Ambassador Narciso Bassols, London, 1936–1937; director, Department of Credit, National Bank of Ejido Credit, 1937–1938; executive director, Commodities Market Regulatory Commission, 1938–1940; member, Editorial Committee for Second Six‑year Plan, 1940; founder and director general, National Savings Bank, 1941–1952; director general, National Bank of Foreign Trade, 1952–1958, 1958–1964, 1965; president, Board of Directors, National Savings

Bank, 1965–1976. g—None. h—Book clerk, UNAM; author of many works on Mexico; founder, National Bank of Ejido Credit, 1936; practicing lawyer with Narciso Bassols, 1925–1934; founding stockholder, GE of Mexico and many other companies. i—Friend of Antonio Martínez Báez at UNAM; close personal friend of Narciso Bassols; son of a mining engineer, Alfonso María Zevada Baldenebro, and Catalina Martínez de Castro de la Vega; grandfather Ricardo Martínez de Castro was senator; married Guadalupe Moreno Garcini, daughter of railroad engineer; uncle José María Zevada married Francisco González de la Vega’s aunt; mentor to Miguel de la Madrid in his early career. j—None. k—None. l—Letter; González Navarro, 161; WWM45, 129; Enc. Mex., XII, 572–573; Linajes, 293–294; Excélsior, Oct. 27, 1979, 2. Zierold Reyes, Pablo (Deceased) b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; degree in veterinary medicine from UNAM, 1938; professor, School of Veterinary Medicine, UNAM, 1957–1965; director, School of Veterinary Medicine, UNAM, 1965. d—None. e—None. f—Veterinarian, Secretariat of Agriculture and Livestock (14 years); assistant secretary of livestock, Secretariat of Agriculture, 1975–1976. g—None. h—President, 3rd and 4th Pan American Veterinary Congresses. j—None. k—None. l—El Universal, June 27, 1975, 2; News; HA, July 7, 1975, 20. Zincúnegui Tercero, Leopoldo

(Deceased) a—Feb. 23, 1895. b—Zinapécuaro, Michoacán. c—Secondary studies at Scientific and Literary Institute, Toluca, State of Mexico; preparatory studies at National Preparatory School, Mexico City; law degree from National School of Law, UNAM. d—Federal deputy from State of Michoacán, Dist. 4, 1918–1920, 1920–1922, 1926–1928, 1928–1930; federal deputy from Federal District, Dist. 1, 1924–1926; alternate federal deputy from State of Michoacán, Dist. 11, 1937–1940; federal deputy from State of Michoacán,

t he b io g ra phies  1031

Dist. 11, 1940–1943, member of Permanent Commission, 1940, Protocol Committee, 1st Balloting Committee, Rules Committee, 1st Instructive Sec. of the Grand Jury. e—None. f—Judge, Civil Registry, Mexico City; federal inspector, Secretariat of the Treasury; assistant director, Technical Industrial Department, Secretariat of Public Education. g—None. h—Author and poet; journalist in Toluca; founder, Alma Bohemia, Toluca. i—Grandson of General Miguel Zincúnegui, governor of Michoacán in 1850s; Governor Miguel Silva was his patron; disciple of poet Juan B. Garza. j—None. k—None. l—Peral, 886–887; DP70, 2345; C de D, 1937–1939; C de D, 1940–1942, 47, 53, 55, 59; López, 1190–1191; C de D, 1918–1920; C de D, 1920–1922; C de D, 1924–1926; C de D, 1926–1928; C de D, 1928–1930; www.conculta.gob.mx, 2008. Zorrilla (Carcaño), Manuel (Deceased Mar. 13, 2006) a—May 13, 1921. b—Puebla, Puebla. c—Early education unknown; degree in communications and electrical engineering from ESIME, IPN; director, Graduate School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, IPN, 1968; director of electronics and communication engineering curriculum, IPN, 1970; academic director, National College of Professors of Technical Education; director, Regional Center of Technical Industrial Education, Guadalajara. d—None. e—None. f—Member, Committee to Coordinate Scientific Research and director of education, Secretariat of Public Education, 1945–1946; director general of the IPN, 1970–1973; adviser, Secretary of Public Education, 1973. g—President, Mexican Association of Engineers. h—None. i—Married Irma Hidalgo. j—None. k—Remained on good terms with students during 1968 strike. l—HA, Sept. 6, 1971, 21; HA, Dec. 21, 1970, 72; Glade and Ross, 178; www.ipn.mx/contenido, 2008; www.etcetera.com.mx, 2008; www.ipn.edu .mx, 2009. Zorrilla Cosío, Raúl a—Dec. 19, 1950. b—Federal District. c—Early education

unknown; business administration degree fro, UNAM, 1970–1974; professor, Anáhuac University. d—None. e—Joined PRI, 1972; Administrative coordinator, Miguel de la Madrid presidential campaign, 1982. f—Assistant director and director of Training and development, Secretariat of Health, 1980–1982; director of administration and assistant secretary, President Miguel de la Madrid, 1982–1988; general coordinator of delegates, INFONAVIT, 1988–1991; assistant director general of delegates, IMSS, 1991–1993; assistant secretary of communications and transportation, Secretariat of Communication and Transportation, 1993–1995. g—None. h—Assistant director and director, Human Resource Planning, Bancomer, 1971–1974; director general of human resources, Grupo Infra, 1974–1975; director general of marketing, GEO Corp., 2004. i—Son of Raúl Zorrilla Strother, professional, and Blanca Cosío y Cosío; married Carmen Yolanda de Fuentes Socantro Sáinz, art historian. j—None. k—None. l—DBGM89, 380; DBGM84, 452; DBGM92, 404; DBGM94, CD. Zorrilla Cuevas, Nahum Ildefonso

(Deceased Mar. 6, 2006) a—Dec. 1, 1938. b—Juquila, Oaxaca. c—Early education unknown; law degree from Free Law School; professor of law, National School of Law, UNAM; professor of economics, IPN; professor, University of Oaxaca; rector, University of Oaxaca. d—Mayor, Oaxaca; federal deputy from State of Oaxaca, Dist. 8, 1991–1994; federal deputy from State of Oaxaca, Dist. 11, 2000–2003. e—President, PRI, Oaxaca. f—Secretary-general, Superior Tribunal of Justice; director general, Oaxaca Institute of Culture; secretarygeneral of government, Oaxaca, 1990. g—None. h—None. i—Son of Ildefonso Zorrilla, peasant, and Lidia Cuevas, peasant; married Magdalena Solana. j—None. k—None. l—DCM, 2000–2003, 205; www. noticias-oax.com, 2008; QesQ en el Congreso, 2000–2003, 268–269; DBGM92, 604; Musacchio, 432.

1032  m e xic a n p ol i t i c a l b i o g ra ph i e s , 1935 –20 0 9 Zorrilla de la Garza, Carlos a—Apr. 7, 1922. b—Monterrey, Nuevo León. c—Early education unknown; legal studies at National School of Law, UNAM, 1941–1945, graduating in 1946; postgraduate studies in American law, LSU, Baton Rouge, La., 1946–1947; professor of institutions and credit operations, Autonomous Technological Institute of Mexico, 1960–1963. d—None. e—None. f—Assistant finance director, PEMEX, 1967–1970; finance director, Sahagún Industrial Complex, 1970– 1975; adviser to director general, IMSS, 1975–1977; chief of sectoral unit coordination, Secretariat of Government, 1977–1978; director of credit, NAFIN, 1978–1982. g—None. h—Assistant director of trusts, Bancomer, 1947–1953; lawyer, Monterrey Glass Group, 1953–1956; manager of trusts, Bancomer, 1956–1963; assistant director general, Crédito Minero y Mercantil, SA, 1963–1968. i—Son of Carlos Zorrilla Gómez, lawyer, and Josefina de la Garza Evia; married María Guadalupe Sada de la Garza; cousin of Pedro Zorrilla Martínez. j—None. k—None. l—Letter. Zorrilla Martínez, Pedro Gregorio

a—July 30, 1933. b—Monterrey, Nuevo León. c—Primary, secondary, and preparatory studies in Monterrey; 1st year of law studies at School of Law, University of Nuevo León; legal studies at National School of Law, 1950–1954, law degree, Oct. 27, 1955; LLD from School of Law and Economic Sciences, University of Paris, 1956–1958; PhD, Dec. 2, 1958; postgraduate work in economic planning and public finance, University of London and International Academy, the Hague, 1958; professor of public administration and economic development, National Preparatory School; professor, PhD program, School of Political and Social Sciences, UNAM, 1967–1973; professor of administrative law, IberoAmerican University, 1966–1967; professor of labor law, School of Social Workers, 1959–1960; guest professor, CEMLA, 1967–1970; visiting professor, St. Mary’s

University, San Antonio, Tex.; professor of administrative theory, National School of Law, UNAM, 1959–1984. d—Governor, Nuevo León, 1973–1979. e—Professor, Institute of Political Training, PRI. f—Legal adviser, Federal Board for Decentralized Agencies; secretary, Third Division, Superior Tribunal of Justice, Federal District, 1955; director general of population, Secretariat of Government, 1970–1971; secretarygeneral, State of Tamaulipas, 1968; adviser, Office of the Presidency, 1980–1982; assistant director of legal counsel, Office of the Presidency, 1965; general attorney, National Border Program, 1961; legal adviser, Secretariat of National Patrimony, 1961; commissioner, Public Administration Commission, Office of the Presidency, 1964–1968; oficial mayor, Department of the Federal District, 1971–1972; attorney general, Federal District and Federal Territories, Aug. 9, 1972–1973. g—None. h—Considered an expert on administrative theory. i—Brother Rodrigo is an architect; assistant to Horacio Flores de la Peña; impressed Octavio Sentíes as an adviser to 11th Interparliamentary Reunion between Mexico and the United States; married María Concepción Velasco Laddaga; son of Pedro Zorrilla Gómez, lawyer, and María Aurora Martínez Lozano; compadre of Miguel de la Madrid. j—None. k—As secretarygeneral of government under Governor Ravize, Zorrilla Martínez actually served as governor for a year when Ravize was ill, giving him the opportunity to meet Luis Echeverría in 1969. l—B de M, 269–270; HA, Sept. 13, 1971; HA, Aug. 21, 1972, 13; Excélsior, Aug. 10, 1972, 10; Excélsior, Mar. 8 1973, 14; HA, Aug. 13, 1973, 33; letter; Q es Q, 77, 243–244; Enc. Mex., Annual, 1977, 547–548; DBGM, 453–454. Zubirán (Anchondo), Salvador

(Deceased 1998) a—Dec. 23, 1898. b—Federal District. c—Preparatory studies at National Preparatory School, Mexico City, 1913–1916; medical degree from National School of Medicine, UNAM,

t he b io g ra phies  1033

1923; advanced studies at Harvard University and Brigham Hospital, 1924–1925; professor of medicine, Graduate School, UNAM, 1946–1966; professor of therapeutics, National School of Medicine, UNAM, 1925–1927; professor of clinical medicine, National School of Medicine, UNAM, 1934–1967; professor emeritus, School of Medicine, UNAM, 1967. d—None. e—None. f—Director, Office of Food and Drink, Secretariat of Health, 1931–1935; member, Presidential Study Commission, 1935–1937; 1st director, Department of Child Welfare, 1937–1938; assistant secretary of health, 1938–1940 (in charge of secretariat, 1938–1939); assistant secretary of health, 1940–1943; rector, UNAM, 1946–1948; director general, National Industry of Pharmaceutical Chemicals, 1949–1952; director, Dietetics Service, General Hospital, 1943–1945; director, Hospital for Nutritional Diseases, 1949–1964; director, Institute of Nutrition, Secretariat of Health, 1964–1970. g—None. h—Author of various medical studies. i—Friend of Gustavo Baz from preparatory school days; personal physician to Presidents Calles, Cárdenas, and Ávila Camacho; son of José María Zubirán and María Anchondo; married Ana María Villarreal. j—None. k—Resigned as rector of UNAM after students rioted and held him prisoner in his office. l—Novo, 173; D del Y, June 25, 1937, 1; DGF50, 348; DPE61, 114; D del S, Dec. 2, 1940, 1, 6; letter; DPE65, 153; Simpson, 354–355; Hayner, 247; letter; Enc. Mex., XII, 595; López, 1194; WNM, 249. Zubiría Maqueo, Manuel a—Jan. 5, 1948. b—Federal District. c—Early education unknown; business administration degree from Ibero-American University; MA in business administration from Northwestern University, Chicago. d—None. e—None. f—Director general of federal highways and bridges, 2001–2007. g—None. h—Employee, National Bank of Mexico, 1979–1987; assistant director general, National Bank of Mexico,

1984–1987; director general, Sabre Group, 1987–1988; president, Executive Committee of the Board, Mexican Stock Exchange, 1988–1989; president, Board of Directors, Mexican Stock Exchange, 1989–1990; partner, Finbest Co., 1990; chairman, Afore SCSI Investment, 1997; member, Boards of Directors, Industrias Nacobre, Union Carbide of Mexico, Hoteles Camino Real, Inversa Bursatil, Hulera Euskadi, Ford Motor Co., and City Bank. i—Brother José María Zubiría Moreno, director of Mexico’s tax agency, 2005; brother Emiliano, notary public and lawyer; brother Eugenio, chief of Internet division, Banamex. j—None. k—None. l—www.sat.gob.mx, 2008; www .fox.presidencia.gob.mx, 2008. Zuckermann Duarte, Conrado

(Deceased Aug. 8, 1984) a—Nov. 7, 1900. b—Mérida, Yucatán. c—Preparatory studies at National Preparatory School, Mexico City, 1914–1917; medical studies at National School of Medicine, UNAM, first in his generation, g