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English Pages VIII, 336 [356] Year 1888
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THE LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LOS ANGELES
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PRINCE ADAM CZARTORYSK.I.
M
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E
O
I
B
S
OF
PRINCE ADAM
CZARTORYSKI AND
HIS
^teafor
forty
I.
DOCUMENTS RELATIVE TO THE PRINCE'S NEGOTIATIONS WITH PITT, FOX, AND BROUGHAM, AND AN ACCOUNT OF HIS CONVERSATIONS WITH LORD PALMERSTON AND OTHER ENGLISH STATESMEN IN LONDON IN 1832
EDITED BY
ADAM GIELGUD TWO VOL U M ES WITH PORTRAITS
VOL.
I
SECOND EDITION
REMINGTON
&
CO.,
PUBLISHERS
HENRIETTA STREET, COVENT GARDEN 1888 ALL RIGHTS RESERVKD
EBRATA In pages IS and
If),
for "\Volocxyn, rend Wolczyn.
In the footnote to page 73, for 1795, read 1794.
In the footnote to page
74,/-/?' 1434,
rend 1595.
In page 151, line 11, for Wiszniowiec, read Wisniowiec
:
and
in line 13.
far Wiszniowiecki, read Wisniowiecki.
In page 152, line
5.
and the footnote, for Wiszniowiecki, raid Wisnio-
wiecki.
In the footnote to page 152. for 1(575, rnttl In jiage 170, line 27, for 1793, read 1798.
1(>73.
In the footnote to page 183, introduce the word* and at Narva after
v.-here.
[An Alphabetical Index
to this
work will
be found at
end of
Second Volume .] College
Library
DK 435.5*
228 /
.
-~f.oo.5~*-
PREFACE
.......... CHAPTER
I
.....
INTRODUCTORY TO THE MEMOIRS
vii
CHAPTER
I
II
1776-1782
EARLY YOUTH. HOUSE. PRIEST.
FAMILY RECOLLECTIONS. LIFE IN A POLISH COUNTRYPRINCES AND PRINCESSES ON THE STAGE. A CRIMINAL THE POLISH DIET . 17 .
.
CHAPTER
.
.
.
III
1783
........
JOURNEY TO VOLHYNIA AND PODOLIA. THE GREAT
INTERVIEW WITH FREDERICK
1142108
33
CONTENTS
iv
CHAPTER IV 1784-1787
PULAWY.
EDUCATION AND STUDIES
.
.
.
.
42
.
CHAPTER V 1786
A HOLIDAY
IN
VISITS
GERMANY.
TO ENGLAND
.......
WIELAND.
GOETHE.
A POLISH CARNIVAL. 44
CHAPTER VI 1794-1795
JOURNEY TO
ST
PETERSBURG.
LEADING
PERSONAGES
RUSSIAN
IN
UNDKR THE EMPRESS CATHERINE. THE ZUBOFFS. CATHERINE. HER COURT. THE YOUNG PRINCES ENTER THE SOCIETY
RUSSIAN SERVICE
.......
CHAPTER
55
VII
1796 CONVERSATIONS WITH ALEXANDER. STAY AT TSARSKOE-SELO. RELATIONS BETWEEN THE GRAND-DUKE PAUL AND HIS SONS. BIRTH OP NICHOLAS 109 .
.
CHAPTER
.
.
.
.
.
VIII
1796
THE PATE OP THE PRISONERS. REFLECTIONS ON ALEXANDER'S EDUARRIVAL OF THE KING OF SWEDEN. FAILURE OF THE CATION. NEGOTIATIONS FOR HIS MARRIAGE WITH THE GRAND-DUCHESS ALEXANDRA. DEATH OF CATHERINE. 127 .
.
.
.
CONTENTS
v
CHAPTER IX 1796-1798
ARRIVAL OP KING STANISHIS CHARACTER. ACCESSION OF PAUL I. LAS AUGUSTUS. THE EMPEROR'S CORONATION AT MOSCOW. A POLISH ENVOY TO ENGLAND. PRINCE ADAM'S RELATIONS WITH ALEXANDER. COUNT STROGONOFF AND M. DE NOVOSILTZOFF. PROPOSED ANNEXATION OF GALICIA TO HUNGARY. DEATH OF STANISLAS AUGUSTUS. PRINCE VOLKONSKY. PRINCE GALITZIN. AN IMPERIAL PROGRESS TO KAZAN. A PALACE PLOT. RUSSIA, ENGLAND, AND MALTA. PITT AND ROSTOPCHIN. EUROPEAN COALITION AGAINST FRANCE I (JO .
.
.
.
.
CHAPTER X 1798-9
THE GRAND-DUKE CONSTANTINE. POZZO DI BORGO AND THE BRITISH GOVERNMENT. THE KING OF SARDINIA. ALFIERI. QUARREL BETWEEN RUSSIA AND AUSTRIA. RAPPROCHETHE NEAPOLITAN COURT. A RUSSIAN MENT WITH FRANCE.
STAY AT VIENNA.
LOTHARIO
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
198
CHAPTER XI 1801
....
ASSASSINATION OF THE EMPEROR PAUL
CHAPTER
223
XII
1801-2
MY RELATIONS WITH ALEXANDER.
THE SECRET COUNCIL. EUROPEAN COALITION AGAINST ENGLAND. THE DON COSSACKS MARCH UPON NELSON'S BOMBARDMENT OF COPENHAGEN. INDIA. ARRANGEMENT BETWEEN RUSSIA AND ENGLAND. MISSION FROM NAPOLEON TO ALEXANDER. ALEXANDER'S CORONATION. INTERVIEW BE-
TWEEN ALEXANDER AND FREDERICK WILLIAM STROGONOFFS. THE VORONTZOFFS. PLANS
AT MEMEL. THE OF REFORM. MY APPOINTMENT AS ASSISTANT FOREIGN MINISTER OF RUSSIA. STATE OF EDUCATION IN RUSSIA 256 .
.
.
III
.
.
.
vi
CONTENTS
CHAPTER
XIII
1803-4
DIFFERENCES WITH SWEDEN. THE CHANCELLOR VORONTZOFF's POLICY. THE FOREIGN AMBASSADORS AUSTRIA, PRUSSIA, ENGLAND, ALEXANDER^ PROFESSED LIBERALISM FRANCE, AND SWEDEN. PUT TO THE TEST. HIS FOREIGN POLICY AND THAT OF NAPOLEON. PRINCE CZARTORYSKI BECOMES UNPOPULAR AT COURT. A DUEL. THE CHANCELLOR'S ILLNESS. NAPOLEON AND THE RUSSIAN AMBASSADOR 313
PREFACE PRINCE is
ADAM
perhaps
CZARTORYSKI has long -been known, and
still
remembered, in England as the friend
Lord Brougham, and other leading English statesmen of the time of the first Reform Bill,
of Earl Grey,
and as the representative and champion of
his
unhappy
country during the thirty years which he passed in exile.
His Memoirs,* the greater part of which were
written from his dictation in occasional hours of leisure in Paris,
end at the battle of Austerlitz
vivid pictures of the
life
;
they give
of the Polish aristocracy dur-
ing the latter part of the eighteenth century, of the
Court of the Empress Catherine, of the assassination of the
Emperor Paul, and of the character of Alexander
I,
* A French edition, with a preface by M. Charles de Mazade, of the French Academy, was published in Paris in May, 18S7 by M. M. Plon, Nourrit, & Co.
PREFACE
viii
who had made Prince Adam Of
fidential friend.
eventful It
is
and con-
his Minister
the remainder of his busy and
no detailed history has yet appeared.
life
not attempted in the present work to furnish such
a history, but only to supplement the
Memoirs by
diplomatic papers, and other matter hitherto unpub-
which are of especial interest to an English
lished,
The documents and
reader. letters
and
diaries
extracts
from private
have been copied or translated from
the originals in the archives of the Czartoryski family, the introductory chapter the late
M.
is
based on facts taken from
B. Zaleski's excellent biography of the
Prince, unfortunately unfinished, and the account of his stay in
England
after the collapse of the Polish
Revolution of 1830-1
work now
is
in preparation,
derived from a manuscript
which has been kindly placed
by M. L. de Gadon, secretary to Prince Ladislas Czartoryski, the son of Prince Adam and
at
my disposal
the present head of the family.
In order to elucidate
the text, the Memoirs and other papers have been
arranged in order of date, and are connected by a brief narrative of the incidents to which they refer, thus presenting,
it is
hoped, a
clear, if incomplete,
survey of
the career of a statesman whose distinguished lofty virtue,
abilities,
and ever-fervent patriotism mark him
out as one of the noblest and most striking figures of the century.
A. G.
JHtmoirs of prince Jltmm QUariorgsfei
CHAPTER
I
INTRODUCTORY TO THE MEMOIRS.
THE
Czartoryskis come of an old Lithuanian family, related to the royal dynasty of the Jagiellons. In 1569, John and Alexander Czartoryski took a promi-
nent part in bringing about the union of Poland with Lithuania, and during the seventeenth century various other members of the family distinguished themselves
by their valour in battle and their ability a,s politicians and churchmen, but it did not attain the height of its celebrity until the middle of the eighteenth centur}^ when, in the words of Mickiewicz, it became the only
private family in Europe that had a political history. The heads of the house were at that time the Princes
Michael and Augustus. Michael, the eldest, a man of remarkable talents and energy, received an excellent statesmanship under his friend Count Fleming, the Minister of King Augustus II, and A VOL. I.
training in
2
MEMOIRS OF PRINCE ADAM CZARTORYSKI
rapidly rose to a position of almost unexampled influence among his countrymen. Augustus, his brother,
proud and reserved
in character,
but ambitious and
He
became a passionate, chose the military career. in the of and took Malta, part capture of Knight Belgrade under Prince Eugene, who presented him with a sword of honour in recognition of his bravery on
In 1729, he became a Major-General in the Polish army, and in 1731, after a duel with one the occasion.
of his rivals for the hand of
Madame
Denhoff, a lady of rare intelligence and immense wealth, she selected him out of a crowd of suitors, among whom were various foreign princes, such as the the Prince of Charolais, and the
Duke Duke
of Braganza, of Holstein.
Prince Augustus thus became one of the wealthiest men in Europe, and by good management he not only paid the debts on his wife's estates, but doubled her income. At the end of the first year after their marriage, he sent to her a number of boxes full of
gold pieces, representing the revenue from her estates, which she at once ordered to be returned to him
;
and
this
ceremony was repeated annually during the
forty years of their married
When Augustus
life.
III was called to the
Polish
throne in 1741, Poland was enjoying the blessings of peace, while the surrounding countries were desolated
and her people the outward of But as presented signs prosperity. a State she was powerless. In some countries it is a with the
conflicts of hostile armies
;
all
frequent subject of complaint that the people do riot take sufficient interest or part in politics, and that the Government consequently falls into the hands of pro-
INTRODUCTORY fessional
3
In Poland, not to take part
politicians.
was regarded almost as a crime. Nearly every voter* was an active politician but this produced an exaggerated sense of the importance of Each man had his own individuals in the State.
in public life
;
opinions,
the
and refused to be bound by those of others
liberum
in
times
;
when the
veto, originating of government by majority had not yet principle been discovered, was regarded as a palladium of liberty.
Under such circumstances government was imposThe Diets had repeatedly to be dissolved withsible. t out passing the measures necessary for administration, and a wide field was opened for the intrigues of foreign
powers and ambitious magnates, especially as the old The principle of elective monarchy was still retained.
two Czartoryski princes
set themselves to the task of
restoring order in this chaos, of combining and directing the national forces which were dissipating themselves in futile individual effort,
and of enabling Poland to
resume her position among the independent States of Europe. But the difficulty of the task was greatly increased * It
by the
fact that the Poles did not see their
common
'
mistake among Englishmen to talk of Poland as an aristocratic form an aristocracy in our sense of the term, republic. but consisted of all those who had political privileges. In the eighteenth century they numbered one-fifth of the population a proportion considerably greater than that of the electorate to the population in England, even after the first Reform Bill. t Another cause of the weakness of Poland as a State is thus indicated by Mr Lecky (History of England in the Eighteenth Century, vol. vi. chap. xxii. p. 104) ' The objects of Governments are not only various, but in some measure incompatible, and the Dutch constitution, like the old constitutions of Poland, being mainly constructed with the object of opposing obstacles to the encroachments of the central power, had left the country wholly incapable of prompt and energetic action in times No augmentation of the military or naval forces, no serious of public danger. measure of defence, could be effected without the separate assent of all the provinces, and the forms that were required by law were so numerous and so cumbrous that it was probably chiefly its more favourable geographical position that saved the United Provinces from the fate of Poland. is '
a
The
so-called nobles did not
:
'
MEMOIRS OF PRINCE ADAM CZARTORYSKI
4
danger and did nothing to second the were made to save them.
efforts
which
The
princes began by associating with them in the execution of their plan some of the younger and more
members
great Polish families the Oginskis, the Poniatowskis, and the Zamoyskis. They thus formed a strong party in the country, which by active
of the
wealth and influence was able to give effective support to the Government and to check the flood
its
of anarchy which was rapidly undermining the State. In the midst of the general indolence and disorganisa-
looked up with respectful awe to these self-denying patriots who, in the midst of wealth and luxury, devoted their days and nights to the improve-
tion, people
ment of the administration and the strengthening of the position of their country with regard to foreign Not content with being themselves hard powers. workers in the cause, the two princes selected a
number of trained
at
intelligent
their
and able young men
own expense, both
at
whom
they
home and
abroad, for the various branches of the public service. Their object was, above all things, to establish a strong
and orderly government in Poland, and their own conduct of affairs was a model on a small scale of such
With their immense wealth and a government. extensive social relations all over the country, they constantly stepped in to remedy the defects of the existing system, protecting the poor and weak against the rich, coming forward as the champions of order in
the midst of the incessant conflict of opinion in the Diets, and setting an example of steady work and high political
aims.
This naturally excited the jealousy
INTRODUCTORY
5
and alarm of other great Polish families, such as the Potockis and the Radziwills but they persistently ;
carried out their
scheme of action
in the face of all
obstacles.
Foreign alliances at that time took a very different In 1746 Engshape from what they do at present. land,
Austria
and
Russia were combined
Frederick the Great,
and Turkey.
against
who was supported by France
The Czartoryskis
sided with the former
Poland had powers, the Potockis with the latter. sunk into such a state of anarchy that no Polish statesman could gain any great influence among his countrymen unless he had the support of some foreign ambassador, and it was therefore necessary for the Czartoryskis to declare themselves openly as the partisans of one of the great powers which struggled with each other for leadership in the moribund Polish State, especially as the King himself, alarmed at their steadfast and uncompromising honesty, had gone over
to the side of Prussia
and France.
This was the
beginning of the alliance of the Czartoryskis with Russia an alliance into which they entered with the best of motives, but which had the most disastrous consequences. The first fruit of the alliance was the mission of Stanislas Augustus Poniatowski,
the nephew of the Czartoryski princes, to the Russian Court in the capacity of secretary to Sir Hanbury Williams,
the
British
Ambassador.
Poniatowski,
young, handsome, and with all the accomplishments of a courtier, speedily gained the favour of the Grand-
Duchess, afterwards Empress, Catherine, and this greatly strengthened the position of the Czartoryskis
MEMOIRS OF PRINCE ADAM CZARTORYSKI
6
at the Russian Court.
Finding themselves abandoned by the King, they looked more and more to St Petersburg for support, and the accession to the Russian throne of the Empress Catherine in 1762
seemed at length to hold out a prospect of the realisation of their hopes. In a long letter announcing the event to Poniatowski, she informed him that she would at once send Count Keyserling to Warsaw to
make Poniatowski King
after the death of the reigning
sovereign or, if this should not be possible, to endeavour to obtain the election to the throne of Prince ;
Adam Casimir Czartoryski, the son of Prince Augustus and the father of the writer of the following Memoirs.* Catherine was thought at that time to be a who would
give her people a constitution, and would introduce a new era of
sovereign of liberal ideas,
freedom and universal
justice.
These
illusions
were
so general that even such experienced and sagacious politicians as the Czartoryski princes were deceived by
them
they thought that the regeneration of Poland, for which they had worked thirty years, was at hand. ;
But King Augustus's utmost to
his
favourite Minister, Brlml, did
their plans.
foil
The
chief dignities
were taken from the Czartoryskis and their adherents and given to their adversaries, and in the country
scandalous scenes were got up in the Diets with the object of decrying thorn in the eyes of the public.! *
'
J'envoie incessamment le
faire roi, apres le deces soit le
Prince Adam.'
de
en cas
qu'il
II.
:
re"ussir
pour vous,
letter, of
qxie ce
et sa corres-
Posen, 1862.
which there
is a addressed on this subject by the Empress ' M. le Comte de Keyserling Keyserling Pologne est rompue et que vos amis ont pense"
t
ne puisse
Memoires de Stanislas Auguste Pouiatowski
pondance avec Catherine
The following
Comte Keyserling ambassadeur en Pologne pour vous
celui-ci, et
:
copy in the Czartoryski archives, was Catherine to her ambassador Count Je viens d'apprendre que la diete en Je vous recommande etre massacres.
INTRODUCTORY
^
The two heads of matters to a crisis. This brought o the Czartoryski family were growing old, and Catherine was showing an inclination to conclude an with Frederick the Great
alliance
that fruit
;
it
seemed to them
they did not at once take decisive action, all the The occasion of their life-labour might be lost.
if
was afforded by the candidature of Prince Charles of Saxony, the favourite son of the King of Poland, for The Russian candidate, the dukedom of Courland. Biron, was supported by the Czartoryskis, but the majority of the senate declared itself in favour of Prince Charles, and a note asserting his claims and intimating doubts as to the legitimacy of Catherine was addressed by the Ministry to the Russian ambassador.
This was equivalent to a rupture with Russia, and the Czartoryskis proposed to Catherine that they should form an armed confederacy, not against the King of Poland, but against his Minister Bruhl, recalling the words of the Due de Gramont to Louis
XIV
' :
We
make war
against Cardinal Mazarin, but
we
serve your Majesty.' The confederacy was to take the government of the country into its own hands, restore order and reform abuses, and after
the death of Augustus III give up the throne to a prince whose election should be agreeable to Russia.
In order to avoid a
civil
war, the Czartoryskis asked
that Russia should send an overwhelming force into the country to support them, and in return they
promised to recognise Catherine as Empress of Russia, tout mon appui aux princes Czartoryski et a leurs amis et de ne rien negliger en tout ce qui leur peut procurer surete, appui, et profit. Je vous fais cette lettre a ce sujet, vous assurant d'ailleurs de mon affection. Moscou, ce 13 Octob. 1762.
d'offrir
Catherine.
'
8
MEMOIRS OF PRINCE ADAM CZARTORYSKI
and Biron as Duke of Courland to regulate the frontier between Poland and Russia and to give the ;
;
which had been That the upon Czartoryskis, mistaken and disastrous as their policy has proved, were sincere in their professions of disinterestedness and wished only for the good of their country, was uni-
Empress
satisfaction for the insult
inflicted
her.
acknowledged at the time, and even Herr Benoit, the Prussian Ambassador, wrote to Frederick the Great that they were too patriotic to seek the versally
'
throne for themselves so long as Augustus III was alive, and only thought of the regeneration of their Their only object was to establish a strong country.' arid orderly
system of government
in
Poland
;
and
finding that they could not obtain sufficient support
among their own countryin the apparent liberalism trusted men, they unhappily and justice of the young Empress of Russia.
for carrying out this object
The
hesitation of Catherine,
and the death of
Augustus III in 1763, necessarily postponed the execution of their projects. The Empress, who had been gradually entering into friendly relations with Frederick the Great, wrote to him that she agreed in opinion that the crown of- Poland should not be retained by the House of Saxony, and that it should be given to a Pole and she suggested that
his
;
Poniatowski should be elected king, as having the least right to the crown, he would be most under
two powers that helped him to it. Frederick readily consented, and a treaty was accordingly concluded between the two sovereigns binding them to joint action with regard to Poland. This
obligation to the
INTRODUCTORY
9
opened the eyes of the Czartoryskis to the danger which threatened their country their nephew Poniatowski was fully aware of their plans and had so
alliance
:
supported them, but he was totally unfitted to occupy the throne of Poland at so critical a period far
it seemed only too evident that intended to use him merely as a Russia and Prussia
of her fortunes, and
tool for
establishing their
influence
in
Poland and
perhaps destroying her independence. What they most dreaded, however, was a civil war, which they were convinced could only precipitate the dangers by
which Poland was threatened
and they accordingly the course of policy on which they had
persisted in
;
When
the Diet was convoked they came supported by a large Russian force their opponents protested, and left the House and the Czartoryskis started.
;
;
at once took the opportunity of introducing the reforms for which they had laboured so long. The system
under which the high State dignitaries were independent of each other and of the King, which was one of the chief causes of the anarchy into which Poland had
was abolished, and replaced by an organisation of Ministers appointed by the sovereign and responsible
fallen,
to the Diet
;
all classes
of the population were made and a multitude of smaller
equal before the law reforms, all in the same spirit of liberty and order, became part of the Polish constitution. Rulhiere, the ;
historian of the
Saxon
party, could not restrain his
admiration at the Czartoryskis having in six weeks carried out reforms which the French., kings had only '
executed in six centuries.'* *
Histoire