Medieval Islamic Medicine [Reprint 2020 ed.] 9780520350953

Citation preview

Medieval Islamic Medicine

Comparative Studies of Health Systems and Medical Care General Editor CHARLES LESLIE

Editorial Board University of California, San Francisco R E N É E FOX, University of Pennsylvania ELIOT FREIDSON, New York University YASUO OTSUKA, M.D., Yokohama City University Medical School CARL E . TAYLOR, M.D., T h e Johns Hopkins University K. N . UDUPA, M . S . , F . R . C . S . , Banaras Hindu University PAUL U . UNSCHULD, University of Munich FRANCIS ZIMMERMANN, French Indological Institute FRED D U N N , M.D.,

John M. Janzen, The Quest for Therapy in Lower Zaire Paul U. Unschuld, Medical Ethics in Imperial China: A Study in Historical Anthropology Margaret M. Lock, East Asian Medicine in Urban Japan: Varieties of Medical Experience Jeanie Schmit Kayser-Jones, Old, Alone, and Neglected: Care of the Aged in Scotland and in the United States Arthur Kleinman, Patientsand Healers in the Context of Culture: An Exploration of the Borderland Between Anthropology, Medicine and Psychiatry Stephen J. Kunitz, Disease Change and the Role ofMedicine: The Navajo Experience Carol Laderman, Wives and Midwives: Childbirth and Nutrition in Rural Malaysia Victor G . Rodwin, The Health Planning Predicament: France, Québec, England, and the United States Michael W. Dois, Medieval Islamic Medicine: Ibn Ridwâns Treatise "On the Prevention of Bodily Ills in Egypt"

• M E D I E V A L ISLAMIC M E D I C I N E • Ibn Ridwän's Treatise "On the Prevention of Bodily Ills in Egypt" Translated, with an Introduction, by Michael W. Dols

Arabic Text edited by Adil S. Gamal

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS Berkeley • Los Angeles • London

University of California Press Berkeley and Los Angeles, California University of California Press, Ltd. L o n d o n , England © 1984 by T h e Regents of the University of California

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data 'Ali ibn Ridwän, d. ca. 1068. Medieval Islamic medicine. (Comparative studies of health systems and medical care) T e x t in Arabic and English Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Medicine, A r a b i c — E a r l y works to 1800. 2. 'All ibn Ridwän, d. ca. 1068. Risälah ft daf 'madärr al-abdän bi-ard Misr. I. Dols, Michael W . , 1 9 4 2 . II. Jamal, 'Ädil Sulaymän. III. Title. I V . Series. R128.3.A4513 1984 610 83-5017 I S B N 0-520-05836-9 1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

Printed in the United States of America

Contents

Preface

vii

Acknowledgments

xi

Transliteration

xii

Abbreviations

xiii

PARTI:

M E D I E V A L ISLAMIC. M E D I C I N E

1

Galenism T h e Medical Profession Egypt in the Fâtimid Period 'Alî ibn Ridwân Ibn al-Jazzâr Ibn Ridwân's Medical Description of Egypt Manuscript Sources

P A R T I I : I B N R I D W Â N ' S ON THE PREVENTION BODILY'ILLS IN EGYPT 1. On the Description of Egypt and Its Temperament 2. On the Description of the Various Kinds of Air in Egypt and What is Generated in the Land of Egypt 3. O n the Six Causes Determining Health and Illness in Egypt 4. On the Seasons of the Year in Egypt 5. On the Incorrectness of Most of Ibn al-Jazzâr's Reasons for the Unhealthiness of Egypt 6. On the Peculiarity of the Capital of Egypt Concerning Its Air and All Its Conditions 7. On the Causes of Pestilence 8. A Summary of All That Has Been Said and an Addition to the Commentary on the Six Causes That Determine Health and Illness 9. On the General Stratagem for Preserving Health and the Treatment of Illnesses 10. On What is Necessary for Doctors to Do in Egypt

3 24 42 54 67 69 72

OF 75 79 86 89 94 99 104 112

115 119 126

CONTENTS

11. On the Prescription of the Body's Regimen in Egypt 12. On the Means of Improving the Badness of the Air, Water, and Food in Egypt 13. On the Means of Preventing Injury from Epidemic Diseases in Egypt 14. On the Prescriptions for Compound Remedies That Are Useful in Preventing Injury and Preserving Health 15. On the Desirability of Choosing T o Live in Egypt Although It Would Have a Bad Effect on the Body

129 131 138 143 148

Maps

150

Glossary to the Translation

153

Indexes: Introduction Text and Translation Arabic English Arabic Text

169 175 175 181 1-63

Preface

I have attempted two things in this book: to describe medieval Islamic medicine1 and to illustrate my account with a specific medical text, On the Prevention of Bodily Ills in Egypt by 'All ibn Ridwan (A. D. 998 —1068). In my introductory essay, I have placed Islamic medicine in its historical context by describing the medical profession in medieval Islamic society. The questions that demanded my attention were: What did it mean to be a doctor in medieval Islamic society? What was the nature of the medicine that physicians practiced? And what was the relationship between physician and patient? My description of Islamic medicine is not—given the present state of scholarship, it could not be—a comprehensive history. Moreover, I have deliberately avoided the more common biobibliographical or purely theoretical approaches to this subject. Instead, I have used Ibn Ridwan's treatise as a guide to the central features of medical theory and practice in medieval Islamic society. The treatise is a graphic account of medical conditions in Egypt, unlike most medieval medical writings that are largely theoretical. Furthermore, Ibn Ridwan is an important figure in Islamic medicine because his numerous works are remarkably informative about the profession. Ibn Ridwan wrote his treatise to answer the provoking claim of a Tunisian doctor, Ibn al-Jazzar (d. A.D. 980), that Egypt was a particularly unhealthy place, a common and ancient complaint by foreigners. Ibn al-Jazzar's work is lost, save for the excerpts that Ibn Ridwan quotes in his refutation. The two men disagree, not about ' T h e designation of scientific medicine in Muslim society as Islamic seems most suitable for a number of reasons. It is used in the sense of "Islamicate," a neologism proposed by Marshall Hodgson, to describe the nonreligious cultural elements of society in which Islam was the predominant religious faith. Islamic has the advantage of encompassing the vast medical literature written in oriental languages and of suggesting the inpingement of religious belief on medical theory and practice. The term, however, has two distinct disadvantages: it should not imply that all medical practitioners were Muslims, nor should it be interpreted as dealing with folkloric or "Prophetic" medicine. The latter was a quasi-medical tradition of religious medicine based on the sayings of the Prophet and his companions, which is discussed in the Introduction. Arabian or Middle Eastern medicine is simply too restrictive in its geographical connotations. See Vorlesungen, pp. 3 - 4 .

Vlll

PREFACE

methods of treatment, but about the causes of disease in Egypt. Ibn Ridwan resorts to Greek medical theory to explain his position and criticizes Ibn al-Jazzar both for his lack of experience in Egypt and for his misunderstanding of that theory, particularly of the notion of temperament. T o treat patients successfully, Ibn Ridwan asserts, doctors must understand the unique temperament of Egypt and its people. Ibn Ridwan's tract is, however, more than a rebuttal of Ibn al-Jazzar. It is a didactic discourse on the proper duties of doctors in the prevention and treatment of endemic and epidemic diseases.2 Ibn Ridwan allows us to see the continuity of the classical Greek or Hippocratic tradition in Islamic medicine and its application in medieval Islamic society.3 In translation, the Greek tradition was transmitted to the Islamic world in the eighth to tenth centuries A.D. and was incorporated into Islamic culture. From the Hippocratic tradition,4 Ibn Ridwan and his fellow doctors learned a naturalistic view of health and illness, which accepted only natural elements and forces and excluded the supernatural or spiritual. In his treatise, Ibn Ridwan emphasizes preventive over curative medicine and the treatment of the individual over the disease.5 He follows Hippocratic tradition, too, by his interest in medical topography and gives a valuable description of Egypt and its capital in the mid-eleventh century A.D.6 In the elaborate system of Greco-Roman medical theory and practice, which Owsei Temkin has conveniently termed Galenism,7 Islamic physicians found a coherent set of medical concepts, definitions, and techniques. Ibn Ridwan lets us watch Islamic physicians use the Galenic theory of humoral pathology in their everyday work. He presumes, however, a knowledge of this pathology on the part of the 2 In

this regard, our text is representative of Islamic medical literature on epidemic diseases. See, for example, S. K. Hamarneh, "Ibn al-'Ayn Zarbl and His Definitions of Diseases and Their Diagnoses," Proceedings of the First International Symposium for the History of Arabic Science (Aleppo, 1978), 2:310. 3A

comparable, but more tenuous, continuity of the Hippocratic tradition can be traced in medieval European medicine. See Pearl Kibre, "Hippocratic Writings in the Middle Ages," BUM 18 (1946):371 —412, and Loren C. MacKinney, Early Medieval Medicine (New York, 1979 repr.).

"See EI2 Supplement, s.v. "Bukrat" (A. Dietrich). ' S e e Owsei Temkin, " T h e Scientific Approach to Disease: Specific Entity and Individual Sickness," in his The Double Face of Janus (Baltimore, 1977), pp. 441—455. 'Concerning Ibn Butlan's comparable description of Baghdad, see the discussion below. Manfred Ullmann notes (MI, p. 159, n. 2) that Ya'qub ibn Ishaq al-Isra'Ili al-Mahalli (d. 598/1202) gives a similar account in his Maqalah ft mazdj Dimasbq. 7 Owsei Temkin, Galenism: The Rise and Decline ofa Medical Philosophy (Ithaca, 1973); see also EI2, s.v. "Djalinus" (R. Walzer).

IX

PREFACE

reader. Consequently, the first part of this book outlines the framework of Galenic medicine as it was conceived by Ibn Ridwan and Ibn al-Jazzar. From a wider perspective, the study of medical history makes a significant contribution to our understanding of Islamic society. Medicine may be viewed with an eye to its intriguing relationships, not only with economic conditions, social structures, and religious beliefs but also with Islamic culture in general. For example, medicine appears to have played a greater role in Islamic literature than in Greco-Roman literature. 8 The treatise suggests a world view, which is found in all medical systems, about the nature of man and his relationship with his surroundings. Finally, my lengthy annotation is intended as a guide to the widely dispersed literature. It should also alert the reader to the fact that the history of Islamic medicine is still imperfectly understood because of the vast amount of poorly edited and unpublished medical material in oriental languages that remains to be studied. This translation and edition of the text are a small contribution to that endeavor.

M. W. D. San Francisco, 1983 8

Vorlesungen, p. 1.

Acknowledgments

We would like to acknowledge the generous support given to the translation and edition of the text by the Program for Translations of the National Endowment for the Humanities and by the Foreign Currency Program of the Smithsonian Institution. In addition, the award of a John S. Guggenheim Memorial Fellowship to Professor Dols made possible, in part, the final revision of the work. Publication has been facilitated by the University of Arizona, California State University, Hayward, the University of California, San Francisco, and the University of California Press. Our editor at the Press, Karen Reeds, has been of inestimable help in her encouragement, patience, and criticism. We would also like to express our gratitude to those who have read all or part of the manuscript with great care: Professors Franz Rosenthal, William Brinner, Carlo Cipolla, and especially Manfred Ullmann, Felix Klein-Franke, Emilie Savage-Smith, and Charles Leslie. T h e following libraries kindly allowed us access to their collections or supplied us with microfilm copies of the text: The Egyptian National Library, The Arab League Microfilm Library, The Vatican Library, T h e Royal College of Physicians Library, The Chester Beatty Library, and T h e Baghdad Museum Library. With regard to the last, we would like to thank Ambassador Herman F. Eilts and his associates for their assistance.

Transliteration

T h e system of Arabic transliteration adopted here follows that of the Library of Congress, the single exception being that the definite article preceding "sun letters" is transliterated as pronounced. Wherever an Arabic word has assumed a more familiar English form than the strict transliteration, such as Cairo for al-Qahirah, the former has been adopted. For dates, as a rule, we give the Muslim year or century first, then its equivalent in the Christian calendar. In many instances, however, Muslim and Christian dates are cited singly as A.H. {anno hegirae) and A.D. (anno Domini), respectively.

Abbreviations

Bedevian

Armenag K. Bedevian. Illustrated Poly glottic Dictionary of Plant Names. Cairo, 1936.

BHM

Bulletin of the History of Medicine. Baltimore.

Darby

William Darby, Paul Ghalioungui, and Louis Grivetti. Food: Gift of Osiris. 2 vols. London, 1977.

de Sacy

A. I. Silvestre de Sacy, trans. Relation de VÉgypte, par Abd-Allatif médecin arabe de Baghdad. Paris, 1810.

Dozy

R. Dozy. Supplément aux dictionnaires arabes. 2 vols. Leiden, 1881; repr. Beirut, 1968.

EP

The Encyclopaedia of Islam. 4 vols. Leiden-London, 1913-1934.

EP

The Encyclopaedia of Islam. New ed. Leiden-London, I960-,

EP Supplement

The Encyclopaedia of Islam. New ed. Supplement, Leiden, 1980-.

GAL

Carl Brockelmann. Geschichte der arabischen Litteratur. 2 vols. Leiden, 1892-1902; 2d ed., 2 vols. Leiden, 1945 — 1949; Supplement, 3 vols. Leiden, 1937-1942.

Grand'henry

Jacques Grand'henry, ed. and trans. Le Livre de la méthode du médecin de All b. Ridwän (998—1067), vol. 1. Louvain-la-Neuve, 1979.

Graziani

Joseph Graziani. Ihn Jazlaiïs Eleventh-Century Tabulated Medical Compedium, Taqwïm al-Abdân. Ph.D. dissertation, University of California, Los Angeles, 1973.

XIV

ABBREVIATIONS

Hippocrates

W. H. S. Jones, ed. and trans. Hippocrates, The Loeb Classical Library. 4 vols. CambridgeLondon, 1923-1931.

Hunayn

Hunayn ibn Ishäq. Questions on Medicine for Scholars. Trans. Paul Ghalioungui. Cairo, 1980.

Ibn Bakhtïshû'

Abü Sa'ïd ibn Bakhtïshû'. Risälab f i t-tibb walahdäth an-nafsânïyah (Uber die Heilung der Krankheiten der Seele und des Körpers). Ed. and trans. Felix Klein-Franke, in Recherches, n.s., Orient chrétien, vol. 4. Beirut, 1977.

Ibn Hawqal

Ibn Hawqal. Configuration de la Terre. Trans. J. H . Kramers and G. Wiet. 2 vols. Paris-Beirut, 1964.

Ishäq

Ishäq ibn 'Imrän, Maqäla f i l-mälikhüliyä (Abhandlung über die Melancholie) und Constantini Africani, Liberi duo de melancholia. Ed. and trans. Karl Garbers. Hamburg, 1977.

Issa

Ahmed Issa Bey (Ahmad 'ïsâ). Dictionnaire des nomes des plantes en latin, français, anglais et arabe. Cairo, 1930.

Kühn

Carolus Gottlob Kühn, ed. Claudii Galeni Opera omnia. 20 vols. Leipzig, 1821 — 1833; repr. Hildesheim, 1965.

Lane

E. W. Lane. An Arabic-English Lexicon. 8 vols. London, 1886-1893; repr. New York, 1955-56.

Maimonides

Moses Maimonides' Two Treatises on the Regimen of Health: "Fi Tadbîr al-Sihhab" and "Maqälahfibayän Ba'd al-A'räd wa-al-Jawäb 'anhä." Trans. Ariel Bar-Sela, H. E. Hoff, and Elias Faris. In Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, n.s., vol. 54, pt. 4 (1964).

MI

Manfred Ullmann. Die Medizin im Islam. In Handbuch der Orientalistik, vol. 1, no. 6, pt. 1. Ed. B. Spuler. Leiden, 1970.

Näsir-i Khusraw

Sefer Nameh—Relation du voyage de Nasir-i Khusraw. Ed. and trans. Charles Schefer. Paris, 1881; repr. Amsterdam, 1970.

ABBREVIATIONS

XV

Schacht and Meyerhof

Joseph Schacht and Max Meyerhof, ed. and trans. The Medico-Philosophical Controversy Between Ibn Butlan ofBaghdad and Ibn Ridwan of Cairo: A Contribution to the History of Greek Learning Among the Arabs. The Egyptian University, Faculty of Arts, no. 13. Cairo, 1937.

Sontheimer

Joseph von Sontheimer, trans. Grosse Zusammenstellung über die Kräfte der bekannten einfachen Heilund Nahrungsmittel von . . . . Ibn Baytär. 2 vols. Stuttgart, 1840.

Vorlesungen

Felix Klein-Franke. Vorlesungen über die Medizin im Islam. In Sudhoffs Archiv, Beihefte, vol. 23. Wiesbaden, 1982.

WKAS

Manfred Ullmann et al., ed. Wörtbuch der klassischen arabischen Sprache. 2 vols. Wiesbaden, 1970-.

• Part I •

MEDIEVAL ISLAMIC MEDICINE

Introductory Essay

Galenism 9 T h e dramatic A r a b invasion of the Middle East and North Africa in the seventh century A.D. did not destroy the intellectual life of the conquered lands. 1 0 By a selective process of assimilation, Islamic society came to e m b o d y significant elements of Hellenistic culture. T h i s continuity can be seen most vividly in Islamic art and architecture; in a less visible but no less important form, it can be seen in the philosophic and scientific tradition that flourished in medieval Islamic society. Despite an early acquaintance with the scientific achievements of other cultures, notably of India, it was the Greek tradition that was decisive for Islamic learning. T h e predominance of the Greek tradition was largely d u e to the Hellenized Christians, J e w s , and Persians, who made up the bulk of the population in the newly established empire, and to the persistence of their centers of learning. T h e Islamic empire, in its initial expansion, encompassed Egypt, one of the most important centers of Hellenistic learning. T h e cultural continuity with Islamic learning is well illustrated by the history of the so-called Alexandrian school, which had been famous in antiquity for ' F o r the general theory of Islamic medicine, see: MI, pp. 97—100, 108—184; M. Ullmann, Islamic Medicine (Edinburgh, 1978), pp. 5 5 - 1 0 6 ; M. H . Shah, " T h e Constitution of Medicine," Theories and Philosophies of Medicine (New Delhi, 1962), pp. 92—140; F. E. Peters, Allah's Commonwealth ( N e w York, 1973), pp. 373 — 396; O . C. Gruner, A Treatise on the Canon of Medicine of Avicenna ( L o n d o n , 1930), which should be used with caution. A distinction has been made (see n. 1 above) between "Islamic" and "Prophetic" medicine (at-tibb an-nabawf); regarding the latter, see MI, p p . 185 — 189; J . C. Biirgel, "Secular and Religious Features of Medieval Arabic Medicine, "Asian Medical Systems: A Comparative Study, ed. Charles Leslie (Berkeley, 1976), pp. 4 4 - 6 2 ; Cyril E l g o o d , " T i b b - u l - N a b b i or Medicine of the Prophet. Being a Translation of T w o Works of the S a m e N a m e . . . , " Osiris 14 (1962): 33 — 192; Vorlesungen, chap 1. 1 0 T h e following survey relies on the following works: S. Pines, "Philosophy," in The Cambridge History of Islam, ed. P. M. Holt, A . K . S. Lambton, and B. Lewis (Cambridge, 1970), 2 : 7 8 0 784; Martin Plessner, " T h e Natural Sciences and Medicine," in The Legacy of Islam, 2d ed., ed. J . S c h a c h t a n d C . E. Bosworth, (Oxford, 1974), pp. 4 2 5 - 4 6 0 ; and Max Meyerhof, "Science and M e d i c i n e , " in The Legacy of Islam, 1st ed., ed. T . Arnold and A. Guillaume (Oxford, 1931), p p . 31 1 - 3 5 5 .

4

MEDIEVAL

ISLAMIC

MEDICINE

its study of medicine. In the centuries before the advent of Islam, the school had lost its former vigor, it had been Christianized, and its medical literature was subjected to condensation and commentary. The institution survived the Arab conquest of Egypt and lasted until the early eighth century A.D. when the school was transferred to Antioch by the Caliph 'Umar (A.D. 717—720), who clearly intended to encourage scientific and medical studies. 11 Medical education continued at Antioch and other cities, and the medical curriculum of the late Alexandrian school became the basis of professional medical education. 12 The transmission of the Greek scientific tradition during the early Islamic empire was complemented on a more popular level by the infiltration of Greek ideas into Islamic culture via the educated, nonspecialist classes. The nascent Islamic society was quite receptive to the ideas of these newly converted, educated peoples, 13 as can be seen by the infusion of Greek ideas into early Muslim law and theology. 14 Similarly, the Greek philosophical heritage continued uninterrupted "in a more or less underground way," especially skepticism, and, therefore, was never truly revived. 15 The continuity of Hellenistic learning with Islamic science was also maintained in the Middle East by the Syriac- (or neo-Aramaic) speaking Christians, mainly the Nestorians. 16 The adherents of this persecuted sect were expelled from the Byzantine Empire and migrated 11 Klein-Franke ( Vorlesungen, p. 30) has emphasized the importance of Ibn Ridwân's statement that some of the teachers in Alexandria were persuaded by 'Umar (before he had become caliph) to convert to Islam because it is the first mention of the Alexandrian school in an Islamic source. 12 See James Longrigg, "Superlative Achievement and Comparative Neglect: Alexandrian Medical Science and Modern Historical Research, " History ofScience I9(I981):I55-200. The history of the late Alexandrian school(s) and its relationship to Islamic learning has been studied by Max Meyerhof in the following publications: "Von Alexandrien nach Bagdad," Sitzungsberichte der preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Berlin, phil. -hist. Kl. 2 3 ( 1930): 389-429; "Le Fin de l'école d'Alexandrie d'après quelques autuers arabes," Bulletin de l'Institut d'Égypte 15 (1932 — 33): 109— 12 3 ; and "Sultan Saladin's Physician on the Transmission of Greek Medicine to the Arabs," BHM 18 (1945):169- 178. See also Vorlesungen, chaps. 1 and 2. 13 See A. I. Sabra, "The Scientific Enterprise," in Islam and the Arab World, ed. Bernard Lewis ( N e w York, 1976), pp. 183-184. 14 J. Schacht, "Remarques sur la transmission de la pensée grecque aux arabes," Histoire de la médecine 2 (1952): 11 - 19. l5

Josef van Ess, "Skepticism in Islamic Religious Thought," al-Abhath 21 (1968):3.

" T h i s Christian sect originated in A.D. 428 with Nestorius (d. ca. A.D. 451), patriarch of Constantinople. Nestorianism was the doctrine that there were two separate Persons in Christ, one divine and the other human, as opposed to the orthodox doctrine, which held that Christ was a single Person, at once man and God. The heresy was condemned by the Council of Ephesus in A.D. 431; see F. L. Cross, ed., The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (London, 1974), s.v. "Nestorianism."

MEDIEVAL ISLAMIC

MEDICINE

5

eventually to Persia, where they were well received by the Sasanian rulers. T h e Nestorians transferred their scientific center, which included a medical school, from Edessa (Urfa) to Nisibis in Mesopotamia in A.D. 489, and then moved again in the first half of the sixth century A.D. to Gondéshápür. 1 7 Gondéshápür, near ancient Susa, had been established as an imperial city by the Sasanian king Shápür (A.D. 241—271). He had enlarged the older settlement to accommodate a large number of prisoners of war after he defeated the Roman Emperor Valerian. Shápür married the daughter of the Emperor Aurelian, and among those who accompanied the bride to Gondéshápür were two Greek physicians who publicly taught the Hippocratic system of medicine there. The king encouraged these Greek physicians in his provincial capital as well as the physicians and scholars from Persia and India. The city thereafter maintained a tradition of cosmopolitan learning, especially in medicine. A successor, Shápür II (A.D. 306—80), further enlarged the city and founded an academy or university, which included faculties of theology, astronomy, and medicine, and housed both an observatory and a hospital. T h e movement of Nestorians to Gondéshápür augmented the intellectual life of the city, particularly strengthening its Greek orientation. In addition, Greek scholars migrated from Athens to Gondéshápür when Justinian closed the Neoplatonic academy in A.D. 529. Consequently, the city became the most important intellectual center of its time. Philosophic and scientific works in Greek and Sanskrit were translated into Syriac and Pahlavi. The literary momentum continued into the eighth century A.D., creating a scientific syncretism that formed the basis for the development of many fields of Islamic thought. 1 8 During the U m a y y a d period (A.D. 661—750), when Syria and Egypt appear to have provided most of the court physicians, Gondéshá17 EP, s.v. "Gondéshápür" (CI. Huart and Aydin Sayili); R. McC. Adams and D. P. Hansen, "Archaeological Reconnaissance and Soundings in Jundi Sháhpür," Ars Orientalis 1 (1968):5 3—73, including an appendix: "Jundí Shahpür: A Preliminary Historical Sketch" by Nabia Abbott; Heinz H. Schoeffler, Die Akademie von Gondiscbapur. Aristóteles auf dem Wege in den Orient (Stuttgart, 1979).

"Gondéshápür seems to have enjoyed some reputation among the Arabs; the early Islamic sources indicate the existence of scientific education only in the field of medicine. For al-Harith ibn Kaladah (d. A.D. 635), a contemporary of the Prophet, is supposed to have received his medical training at Gondéshápür, although it is very improbable. His medical pronouncements, however, bear evidence of Hellenistic influence, so it is likely he received his training secondhand. Although the art of medicine was sanctioned by the Prophet—tradition has it that he referred patients to al-Harith—there were already dpubts about its practice among the early religionists. See MI, p. 19f.; Vorlesungen, pp. 2 7 - 2 9 .

6

MEDIEVAL

ISLAMIC

MEDICINE

pur made little mark on Islamic culture. When the 'Abbasids established their new capital in Baghdad, however, the new regime soon recognized the fame of Gondeshapur. In A.D. 765 the 'Abbasid Caliph al-Mansur fell ill, and no physician apparently could be found; therefore, he sent for Jurjis ibn Jibril ibn Bakhtishu', who was chief physician at the well-known hospital at Gondeshapur. 1 9 Al-Mansur showed a lively interest in the sciences, providing a suitable intellectual environment for the cultivation of philosophic medicine. Under the caliphate of Harun ar-Rashld (A.D. 786— 809), the Bakhtishu' family was clearly established as court physicians and produced seven generations of distinguished doctors. They were probably responsible for the propagation of Greek medical knowledge in the capital and throughout the empire. 20 Although other medical centers existed at the same time, most of these centers were influenced by Gondeshapur, particularly in the organization and administration of hospitals. N o t surprisingly, the first important Islamic hospital or bimaristan was founded by Harun ar-Rashld in Baghdad, and it was designed and staffed by Gondeshapur physicians. T h e greatest impetus to medical studies in Islamic society came from the translation of Greek scientific works into Arabic, the lingua franca of the new empire. T h e Arabic language thereby became the primary vehicle of medical science, as Latin would be in the West. Even though Arabic was held a sacred language, its scientific tradition remained secular. T h e translations were sponsored and supported by the 'Abbasid caliphs and other wealthy patrons. H a r u n ar-Rashid's successor, al-Ma'mun (A.D. 813 — 833) established the House of Wisdom (Bayt al-hikmah) in Baghdad in A.D. 830 as the central institute for Arabic translations of scientific texts. It is possible that al-Ma'mun sought in this way to imitate the cultural tradition of pre-Islamic Persia or to rival that of Byzantium. In any case, Islamic society was particularly receptive at this time to Hellenistic culture, particularly to its scientific literature. 21 T h e transfer of this knowledge is well represented by Hunayn ibn Ishaq (A.D. 808—873), the most important early translator of the " S e e Vorlesungen, pp. 40—41. 20

£ / 2 , s.v. "Bukhtlshu' " (D. Sourdel); Mi, p. 108; Vorlesungen, pp. 4 4 - 4 7 .

21

See the discussion of this matter in Vorlesungen, pp. 68—70.

MEDIEVAL

ISLAMIC

MEDICINE

7

Greek medical works. 22 He was born to an Arab Nestorian family in al-Hlrah, in southern Iraq, where his father was a pharmacist. According to one account, the young Hunayn studied medicine at Gondëshâpûr. He clearly studied in Baghdad with Yuhannâ ibn Màsawayh (d. A.D. 857), the famous court physician and director of the House of Wisdom. 23 Hunayn's teacher eventually sent him away because he asked too many troublesome questions. Hunayn left Baghdad for more than two years, during which time he mastered Greek. He also perfected his skill in Syriac, Arabic, and Persian in order to read and translate original texts. Hunayn returned to Baghdad and was reconciled with Ibn Màsawayh, who encouraged him to translate Greek works. Under the caliph al-Mutawakkil (A.D. 847—861), Hunayn was appointed chief physician to the 'Abbâsid court. Hunayn translated an immense number of works, frequently from Greek into Syriac and, then, from Syriac into Arabic; he also collaborated closely with other translators and revised their works. 24 His translations were remarkable for their fluency, precision (particularly in the creation of Arabic scientific terminology), and thoroughness. He described his procedure succinctly in comments about his translation of Galen's On Sects: I translated it when I was young from a defective Greek manuscript; when I was forty, my pupil Hubaysh asked me to correct it after I had collected a number of Greek copies of the same work. I therefore arranged these in such a way that I could build up a correct copy. I then compared this work with the Syriac text which I corrected, and this is the method I followed in everything I translated. 25

Hunayn is also credited with translating religious texts and nonmedical scientific works. In his medical treatises, he summarized and explained ancient medicine using the scholastic form of questions and 22

Ibid., pp. 74—75; £ / 2 , s.v. "Hunayn b. Ishâk al-'Ibâdï" (G. Strohmaier); G. Strohmaier, " H o m e r in Bagdad," Byzantinoslavica 41 ( 1980): 196- 200; MI, pp. 115-119 et passim. "EP, s.v. "Ibn Màsawayh" (J.-C. Vadet); Yuhannâ ibn Màsawayh, Le Livre des axiomes médicaux (Aphorismi), ed. and trans. D. Jacquart and G. Troupeau (Geneva, 1980). 24 Aside from Hunayn's revision of others' translations and his own summaries, he reportedly translated fifty-eight books into Syriac alone; twelve directly into Arabic, and twenty-seven into Syriac and Arabic. O n this matter, see Hunayn, Questions on Medicine, p. xx. 25

H u n a y n , pp. xvi —xvii.

8

MEDIEVAL

ISLAMIC

MEDICINE

answers, following the model of Galen's Arsparva,26 His main work, Questions on Medicine for Scholars (al-Masa'ilft t-tibb lil-muta'allimin),21 was an introduction to Galenic teaching set forth in this didactic style and was widely read by medical students. In the span of about two hundred years—from the time of Hunayn until the early eleventh century A.D.—much of the Greek philosophic and scientific literature was rendered into Arabic. The translations were introduced primarily because of the need for practically useful sciences. 28 T h e medical literature, along with the astrological and alchemical, formed an early and significant part of the translations.29 Although this massive translation of Greek works had been preceded by earlier translations from before the Arab conquests, mainly into Syriac, the later activity was remarkable for its scope, quality, and wide dissemination. Indeed, this cultural transference seems to represent, as S. Pines has asserted, "the earliest large-scale attempt known in history to take over from an alien civilization its sciences and techniques regarded as universally valid." 30 Thanks to the translation of classical works as well as to numerous summaries and commentaries, the doctors of the Islamic era had available every work by Hippocrates and Galen that was still being read in the Greek centers of learning during the seventh to ninth centuries A.D.31 Subsequently, many of these Arabic translations, augmented by the significant additions of Arabic authors, were translated into Latin from the late eleventh century A.D. and had a profound effect on the intellectual life of Europe in the High Middle Ages. 32 The Latin

" S t r o h m a i e r (EI2, 3:580) points out that this kind of literature was very common in the biblical exegesis o f the Nestorian church at this time. " S e e the edition o f Paul Ghalioungai, Cairo, 1980. " P i n e s , "Philosophy," p. 784. T h e Muslims were indifferent, generally, to the nonscientific literature o f antiquity, so that a wide range of Graeco-Roman belles lettres were not translated into Arabic. " S e e the account of this cultural transference in Ullmann, Islamic Medicine, pp. 7 - 4 0 , and more fully in his AT/, pp. 25 —107; concerning Ibn Ridwan specifically, see Joseph Schacht, " U b e r den Hellenismus in Baghdad und Cairo im 11. Jahrhundert," Zeitscbrift der Deutschen Morgenlandiscben Gesellscbaft 9 0 (1936):526—545, and Schacht and Meyerhof, pp. 7 - 1 2 . For a succinct account of medieval views about the origin of Greek medicine and its transmission to Arabic culture, see Meyerhof, "Sultan Saladin's Physician," pp. 169—178. " P i n e s , "Philosophy," p. 782. 31£/2,

s.v. " D j a l l n u s " (R. Walzer).

" O n e might, perhaps, interpret the evolution of modern Islamic society in terms of the transmission, or forceful interjection, of this scientific tradition once again back into Islamic culture, beginning in the nineteenth century.

MEDIEVAL

ISLAMIC

MEDICINE

9

translations of Arabic medical works transplanted Galenism to the West, where it became deeply rooted until modern times. O f all the ancient medical authors, Galen ruled over medieval medicine. Both his comprehensiveness and his philosophic interests made his work congenial to medieval philosopher-physicians. Late Hellenistic doctors promoted the works of Galen, seeing in him the highest development of the Hippocratic art and of medical science. 33 Like the contemporary development of Christianity in the religious life of late antiquity, Galenism greatly narrowed ancient tradition: where there had once been lively debate, now there was a single strong voice. 34 Not surprisingly, the works of Galen were conspicuous among Greek medical texts translated during the Islamic era. Paradoxically, the tradition of Hippocrates only followed in the shadow of Galen. 3 5 Although medieval physicians greatly esteemed Hippocrates, his works did not attract the interest of translators and their patrons as Galen's did. T h e Arabic versions of Hippocrates' works were derived almost entirely from the translated works of Galen and other late Hellenistic writers. 36 These secondary works digested the difficult Hippocratic writings in simpler and briefer form and refashioned them in the Galenic spirit. As Ibn Ridwän said in another treatise, "Galen refined the teaching of Hippocrates and made the art [Ar. sinä'ab] of medicine easy and comprehensible for people of outstanding talent who desire it." 37 On the one hand, medieval medical literature did not include the entire corpus of Hippocratic and Galenic writings; on the other hand, a number of later pseudonymous works were added to it. T h e Arabic medical literature, then, encompassed a few major works of both men as well as books falsely attributed to ancient authors and numerous epitomes and commentaries—the last a scholarly enterprise that had developed long before the Arabs adopted ancient medicine. T h e frequent obscurity of Hippocrates and the prolixity of Galen justified such

" M a x Neuburger, History of Medicine, trans. Ernest Playfair, (Oxford, 1910-1925), 1:302. " S e e Wesley D. Smith, The Hippocratic Tradition (Ithaca, 1979), pp. 61-246;Temkin, Galenism; idem, "History of Hippocratism in Late Antiquity: The Third Century and the Latin West," in his The Double Face of Janus, pp. 167—177; Heinrich Schipperges, "Die arabische Medizin als Praxis und als Theorie," Sudboffs Archiv 43 (1959):318. "Ullmann, Islamic Medicine, p. 11 f. 36Vorlesungen,

p. 72.

"Albert Dietrich, ed. and trans., 'All ibn Ridwän: "Über den Weg zur Glückseligkeit durch den ärztlichen Beruf" (Göttingen, 1982), p. 12/13.

MEDIEVAL

IO

ISLAMIC

MEDICINE

commentaries. In fact, these learned but not highly original translations stimulated Islamic authors to classify Greek medical knowledge in large encyclopedic works, best exemplified by the enormously influential Canon of Medicine (al-Qanun f t t-tibb) by Ibn Sma, a contemporary of Ibn Rid wan. 38 Although Ibn Ridwan did not write this type of encyclopedic work, he stands at the end of a long tradition of Galenic scholarship that had formalized and idealized Galen's work, as Galen himself had done to the works of Hippocrates. 39 T h e essence of the Galenic system, humoral pathology,40 had originated with the Hippocratic school. 41 It had been modified by other medical schools and especially by Aristotle, whose influence on medical theory, such as psychology, was decisive.42 Galen molded this notion of humors into a comprehensive theory. 43 He conceived of all things as composed of the four elements of fire, earth, air, and water, embodying the four qualities of hot, cold, dry, and wet. Food and drink, like everything else, consisted of these basic elements and their qualities; the physician was responsible for knowing their attributes, as well as those of simple and compound drugs. 44 In the process of digestion in the stomach, food and drink were transformed (literally "cooked") by natural heat into different substances (Ar. banat al-arkan, "the daughters of the elements"). Four humors (Ar. al-akhlat) resulted: blood, phlegm, yellow bile, and black bile. Air corresponded to blood, which is hot and wet; water to phlegm, which is cold and wet; fire to yellow bile, which is hot and dry; and earth to black bile, which is cold and dry. 45 After another "cooking" in the liver, a portion of these substances was transported by the blood to the various organs of the body to nourish them, " A r a b i c ed.: 3 vols. (Cairo, 1877); see MI, pp. 1 5 2 - IS4. For Ibn Slna, see EP, s.v. "Ibn Sina" ( A . - M . Goichen); MI, pp. 153 — 156 et passim. It should be noted that Ibn Ridwan never appears to refer to Ibn Slna in his medical works. " S e e Vorlesungen, pp. 77—80 for an analysis of the structure of the Galenic system according to the QabOs-Namab (A.D. 1 0 8 2 - 8 3 ) of Kai-Ka'us. 40For

a historical survey of the humoral theory, see Raymond Klibansky, Erwin Panofsky, and Fritz Saxl, Saturn and Melancholy (New York, 1964), pp. 3 - 1 5 .

41See

especially, Hippocrates,

" S e e Vorlesungen,

On the Nature of Man, 4:1 —41.

pp. 8 0 - 8 3 .

43See

Rudolph E . Siegel, Galen's System of Physiology and Medicine (Basel, 1968), pp. 211—215, which discusses morphological pathology and its relation to the humoral theory. Galen was not entirely consistent and did not regard each humor as uniform, nor did he limit the humors to four; see ibid., p. 216. " S e e Galen, On the Temperament 4 5 Siegel,

and Force of Simple Drugs, ed. Kiihn, 1 1:379 to 12:377.

Galen's System, pp. 216—241 on the properties of the humors; Ullmann, Islamic Medicine, pp. 57—60 on the four humors according to al-Majusi.

MEDIEVAL

ISLAMIC

MEDICINE

while the rest was excreted. Galen believed that the bodily parts and their actions resulted from varying combinations of these four elements, qualities, and humors. The precise proportions in which the qualities were combined were very important; the proper krasis (Ar. mizàj),46 temperament or blending, produced health. 47 The equilibrium of the four qualities, therefore, created wellbeing. 48 In Greek medicine this balance was termed eukrasia, literally "the state of being well mixed," or symmetric, both terms had strong philosophical and ethical connotations. 49 In Arabic medicine this notion was usually translated as ïtidàl (al-mizâj) and retained the classical connotations. If there was too much or too little of a humor, the balance was upset, and eukrasia was displaced by dyskrasia (Ar. sû' al-mizàj or khârij 'an al-ïtidàl ). The result was illness, the particularity of which depended on the affected humor. 50 Sickness was also caused by changes in the normal qualitative makeup of the humors, the tissues and organs, or the spirits.51 Ibn Ridwân stresses this influential theme, which can be traced back to ancient Egypt. 46

Lane, s.v. "mizâj." "The word mizdj, or mixture, is to this day the word used in Persian and Turkish, as well as sometimes in Arabic, to denote 'health.' 'How is your noble mizdj?' you ask of your friends." (Reuben Levy, "Avicenna—His Life and Times," Medical History 1 [1957]:255). 47

"The association of well-being with proper temperament had complex roots in the pre-Socratic physical doctrine of opposites or contrariety. . . . Medical application of the doctrine of opposites had a complex history in post-Aristotelian thought culminating in the use of the idea by Galen, who devoted one whole treatise of considerable length (Peri KraseOn) to blending, or temperament [see the discussion of this work below], and invoked the subject repeatedly in other treatises as well. Blends—generally of opposed dynamic qualities (hot and cold, dry and moist) rather than elements or humors—differ (a) in different species, (b) in different individuals within each species, (c) in different tissues within each individual, and (d) in the same tissue when sick and when well. It is also the temperament of each tissue that determines its function." (R. J. Pennella and T . S. Hall, "Galen's 'On the Best Constitution of our Bodv.' Introduction, Translation, and Notes," BHM 47 [1973]:284). See also Ml, p. 39. 48

Pennella and Hall (ibid., p. 285) state that, according to Galen, the best constitution must comprise both a proper temperament and proper arrangement (diaplasis)-, pathologies can be either temperamental, diaplastic, or both. 4,

" T h e health of the body is at its very best when the powers and qualities are evenly balanced [i'tadalat] and especially when they are intermixed." (Hippocrates, KitabBuqrûtfrtabfat al-insàn: On the Nature of Man, ed. and trans. J. N. Mattock and M. C. Lyons [Cambridge, 1968], p. 6/7). For the central idea of i'tiddl, see J. C. Biirgel, "Adah und i'tiddl in ar-Ruhâwîs Adab at-Tablb-. Studie zur Bedeutungsgeschichte zweier Begriffe," Zeitscbrift der Deutscben Morgenlandischen GeselIscbaft 117 (1967):97- 102; Biirgel also points out the importance of the related idea of mesotes, the mean between two extremes, in Islamic ethics: "khayr al-umûr awsâtuhâ" (ibid., p. lOOf.: Ignaz Goldziher, Muslim Studies, ed. S. M. Stern, [London, 1971], 2:360ff.). See also Martin Levey, "Medical Ethics of Medieval Islam with Special Reference to al-Ruhâwï's 'Practical Ethics of the Physicians'," Transactions ofthe American Philosophical Society, n.s., vol. 57/3 (1967):64—65;ar-Râzî, Guide du médecin nomade, trans. El-Arbi Moubachir (Paris, 1980), p. 22 et passim. 50

Cf. Ibn BakhtishO', p. 78v.

" I b i d . , p. 85v.

12

MEDIEVAL ISLAMIC

MEDICINE

T h e ancient Egyptians assumed that most internal, suppurative, and infectious illnesses were cases of the universally observable corruptibility of organic matter. This seminal idea was widely accepted by Greek doctors and was integrated into the humoral doctrine: The Egyptian opinion of the superfluities and their putrefaction was absorbed by the Greeks and modified to form an integral part of almost all their later theories. Even Galen in his elaboration of the humoral doctrine was unable to avoid fusing the more ancient views on putrefaction as the cause of disease with humoral theory. 52

T h e etiological agent in Greek medicine was thus considered to be either a quantitative or a qualitative change of a humor; in the latter case, putrefaction rendered the humor pathogenic. Galen distinguishes, therefore, between a superabundance of humors, constituting a plenitude, and a qualitative change in the humors. 53 Ibn Ridwan follows traditional Galenic views about the need for purging the bodily superfluities that, by putrefying, cause illness. These bodily surpluses could be eliminated by a wide variety of activities aside from normal excretion, such as gymnastics, bathing, coition, purges, and external medications. 54 N o t every deviation from the balance of the humors was considered an illness. Where the Hippocratic school proposed the existence of an ideal equilibrium, Galen argued that there was a wide latitude of health, ranging from the ideal to the chronically sick. Exterior factors, such as climate, occupation, and the season of the year, made one of the four humors dominate in every human body. This gave a man his individual habits and complexion, his disposition, which might be sanguine, phlegmatic, choleric, or melancholic. Thus, the humoral doctrine was applied not only to the causes and course of illness but also to the analysis of the constitutional variations of healthy people. 55 " J . B. de C. M. Saunders, The Transitions from Ancient Egyptian to Greek Medicine (Lawrence, Kansas, 1963), p. 32. " I b i d . , p. 126. " S e e , for example, ar-RazI, Guide, pp. 6 8 - 7 2 , 84-89, 92. " S e e Pseudo-Aristotle, PfioMe»» 14, ed. and trans. W. S. Hett (Cambridge/London, 1961); for the Arabic version of this work, see F. E. Peters, Aristotles Arabus: The Oriental Translations and Commentaries on the Aristotelian "Corpus" (Leiden, 1968), pp. 66—67. Klibansky et al. in their historical account of melancholy (Saturn and Melancholy, pp. 99—102) allege that the types of disposition based on the doctrine of the four temperaments were not adopted by Arabic medicine because of their close adherence to Galenism. The preponderance of a primary humor was, consequently, simply a pathological condition. This appears to be mistaken, but the subject has

MEDIEVAL

ISLAMIC

MEDICINE

'3

Galen's interpretation of the temperaments, put forth in his On Temperaments,56 was well known to medieval Arabic doctors 57 and was a basic source for Ibn Ridwan. In this work Galen states that the qualities coalesce in all living things; they are not composed of one quality exclusively but of the blending of qualities in varying proportions. Bodies are only relatively hot, cold, wet, or dry. Therefore, the mixture of qualities or temperament of living things varies considerably and each is distinguished by the predominant quality or qualities. Yet, he asserts that there is a symmetrical or median temperament proper to the nature of men, animals, and plants, although man is the most well tempered of all things, animate and inanimate. 58 In short, Galen says that there are nine different temperaments, 59 one, the ideal, in which all qualities are well balanced; four in which one of the qualities—hot, cold, dry, or moist—predominates; and four others in which the predominating qualities appear in couples of hot and moist, hot and dry, cold and dry, or cold and moist. 60 Galen systematically worked out the medical implications of this theory in his Ars parva. T h e treatise outlines medicine under the categories of health and illness. All the principal organs have their own temperament, as has the body as a whole. The diagnostic signs of the various temperaments fill about one-third of the work. Medieval physicians studied the work assiduously, and Ibn Ridwan is one of many who wrote a commentary on it. 61 There are causes that maintain good health, those that prevent not been sufficiently studied. T h e question has been raised anew by Hellmut Flashar in his Melancholie und Melancholiker in den medizinischen Theorien der Antike (Berlin, 1966). See also José Luis Pinillos et al., Constitución y Personalidad. Historia y teoria de un problema (Madrid, 1966). " K ü h n , 1:509-694; De temperamentis libri III, ed. Georgius Helmreich (Leipzig, 1904). See MI, p. 39; S . Sambursky, The Physical World of Late Antiquity (New York, 1962), pp. 3 8 - 4 2 . See also Pennella and Hall, "Galen's 'On the Best Constitution,' " pp. 290—296: " T h e best constitution of the body, then, will be that in which all the homogeneous parts—that, of course, is the name given to the parts that are uniform to our perception—have their own proper temperament, and in which the composition of each of the organic parts out of the homogeneous parts has been achieved with perfect proportion in respect to their size, number, configuration, and arrangement in relation to one another" (p. 292). " S e e , for example, ar-RäzI, Guide, pp. 53—57. 58

De temperamentis libri III, ed. Helmreich, pp. 4 1 - 4 2 .

" I b i d . , pp. 23, 32, 40. " S e e Temkin, Galenism, p. 19; Hunayn, p. 2; ar-RäzI, Guide, p. 54, where the editor mistakenly considers this division of temperaments to have originated with ar-RäzI (n. 22). Cf. Ullmann, Islamic Medicine, p. 57 for this scheme of temperaments according to al-Majüsi; Levey "Medical Ethics of Medieval Islam," p. 49 for this scheme according to ar-Ruhäwi. " S c h a c h t and Meyerhof, p. 41; MI, p. 45.

H

MEDIEVAL ISLAMIC

MEDICINE

illness, and those that restore the sick body to well-being. T h e influence of some causes is inescapable. These include the surrounding air, the motion and rest of the body, sleep and wakefulness, food, excretion or retention of superfluities, and the passions of the soul. 62 Eventually, they became known among medieval Galenists as the six "non-naturals," as opposed to the seven "naturals." 6 3 T h e doctrine of the six "non-naturals," along with the temperaments, was one of Galenism's most enduring contributions to medical thought. 6 4 L . J . Rather defined them as "six categories of factors that operatively determine health or disease, depending on the circumstances of their use or abuse, to which human beings are unavoidably exposed in the course of daily life." 6 5 According to Galen's Arsparva, the six factors are constantly acting on the human body in such a way as to alter the balance of the primary qualities and, thus, affecting the character of the humors and the state of the humoral balance. Therefore, directing an individual's regimen, according to the six factors, was the physician's principal task. 6 6 Moreover, men's habits with regard to " S e e Ibn BakhtTshu', where the pyschic causation of illness is discussed in detail; on the "non-naturals" generally, see pp. 75r—75v. "Temkin, Galenism, pp. 101-104; Vorlesungen, p. 80. The notion of "naturals" was fundamental to Galenic medical theory; according to Hunayn (p. 1), "pathology is deduced by the deviation of the naturals from their normal states." The "naturals" were the elements, temperaments, humors, organs, forces, actions, and spirits or pneumata (see discussion below). "Temkin, Galenism, p. 180. L. J . Rather, "The 'Six Things Non-Natural'; A Note on the Origins and Fate of a Doctrine and a Phrase," Clio Medica 3 (1968):33. 65

®6As a corrective to Rather's discussion, Peter H. Niebyl ("The Non-Naturals," BHM 45 [ 1971]:486—492) has shown that the term non-naturals goes back to Galen but that it did not originate with him. The term was used, especially, in Galen's works on the pulse and in chapters dealing with exercise, baths, foods, and drink. "Non-naturals" are identified with causes by virtue of quantity (overeating, overdrinking, etc.). Because the Book on the Pulse for Beginners was one of the four Galenic treatises named for beginning students in Alexandria, Galen's threefold classification into natural, non-natural, and praeternatural must have had considerable exposure. This theoretical classification can be found in Paul of Aegina and in Arabic medical writings, especially in Hunayn's Questions in Medicine (pp. 74—81), al-MajusT's Kitdb al-MalaiT, and Ibn Slna's alUrjUzah and al-Qsnttn. Al-MajusT directly connected the six factors with "things non-natural'' several times, and because of his work's early translation into Latin by Constantinus Africanus (before Gerard of Cremona's translation of Ibn Sina), it is reasonable to assume that al-MajusT's terminology of "six non-naturals" was the source of the long-lived Western terminology. Ibn Ridwan simply refers to the "six causes" (al-asbsb as-sittah). Cf. Levey, "Medical Ethics of Medieval Islam," pp. 29—44. See also Ullmann, Islamic Medicine, pp. 97—103; Temkin, Galenism, pp. 102, 155, 180; S. K. Hamarneh, "Medical Education and Practice in Medieval Islam," in The History of Medical Education, ed. C. D. O'Malley (Berkeley, 1970), pp. 46—47; idem, "Some Aspects of Medical Practice and Institutions in Medieval Islam," Episteme 1 (1973): 15—17; Saul Jarcho, "Galen's Six Non-Naturals: A Bibliographic Note and Translation," BHM 44 (1970): 'ill-Ill-, F. Kudlien, "The Old Greek Concept of Relative Health," Journal of the History of Behavioral Sciences 9 (1973):52 — 59.

MEDIEVAL

ISLAMIC

MEDICINE

'5

the "non-naturals" were important in both the preservation of health and the treatment of illness; the ancient and medieval doctor was expected to investigate thoroughly his patients' customary behavior.67 Altogether, the doctrine of elements, humors, qualities, and temperaments served as a basis for a corresponding system of therapy. Therapeutics were based on the allopathic principle of contraria contraria or "contraries"—that is, "hot" diseases could be cured by "cold" remedies, "wet and cold" by "dry and hot," and so forth. Every part of nature possessed such qualities in one degree or another; even the four seasons had specific qualities, as did the successive stages in men's lives. Above all, foods, drinks, and drugs possessed these qualities, and the doctor had to know just how they affected.people's health. If a patient's prescribed regimen was ineffective, drugs were administered as correctives to the humoral imbalance. They should be equal in strength but opposite in quality to the imbalanced complexion. T o help with this therapy, Galen categorized drugs according to four degrees of potency. 68 Regarding drugs, Galen considered the Materia Medica of Dioscorides69 a definitive source, and its Arabic translation served as the foundation of Islamic pharmacology. Like the Greeks, Islamic pharmacologists distinguished between simple drugs (Ar. adwiyah mufradah) and compound drugs (Ar. adwiyah murakkabah).10 Medieval pharmacology added considerably to classical materia medica; hundreds of names of simple and compound drugs, not known to the Greeks, were added " S e e F. Klein-Franke, " T h e Arabic Version of Galen's irepi ÇOôtv" Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam I (1979): 125— 150; J . N. Mattock, "A Translation of the Arabic Epitome of Galen's Book nepL -r)d59

s.v. " 'ushbun"; Issa, p. 115, no. 20. Herb (baql), see Lane, s.v. "baqlun." Honey ('asal). See Lane s.v. "'asalun"; Sontheimer, 2:190—193; Darby, p. 55 et passim; Finkel, "King Mutton," p. 137f. Hornets (zanabir). See Lane s.v. "zunburun." Houseleek (bayy al-'alam), Sempervivum arboreum L. See Bedevian, no. 3144; Sontheimer, 1:341; Issa, p. 167, no. 1; Graziani, p. 308. Incense (bakhur). See Lane, s.v. "bakhurun." Jasmine (yOsmin), Jasminum officinale L. See Bedevian, no. 1966; Sontheimer, 2:591; Issa, p. 101, no. 10; de Sacy, p. 35f. Julep (jullab). Maimonides, p. 42: A sweet medicated drink prepared usually from rose water. The English term is derived from the Arabic, which in turn is derived from the Persiangullab—a combination of gul (rose) and ab (water). Kid (jadt). See Maimonides, p. 42. Kishk. See chap. 12, n. 16. Lakhalikh. See chap. 12, n. 29. Lamb (hamal, pi. bumlari). See Lane, s.v. "hamalun." Larks (qanabir). See Lane, s.v. "qunburun." Laudanum (ladbin), Cistus ladaniferus L. See Bedevian, no. 1053. Lead (rasas), Plumbum. See Sontheimer, 1:494—496. Leaven (khamir). See Lane, s.v. "khamlrun"; Sontheimer, 1:383 — 384; Anawati, Drogues, p. 96. Leek (kurrath), Allium Porrum L. See Ishaq, p. 207, no. 117; Bedevian, no. 211; Maimonides, p. 42; Sontheimer, 2:363 —367; Issa, p. 9, no. 11; Darby, p. 673ff. Lemon (laymun), Citrus Medica L., var. limonum Ris. See Bedevian, no. 1073; Sontheimer, 2:452—459; Issa, p. 52, no. 1; de Sacy, pp. 31, 36; Darby, p. 705. Lentil ('ados), Lens esculenta Moench. See Bedevian, no. 2065; Sontheimer, 2:185; Issa, p. 107, no. 1. Lettuce (khass), Lactuca sativa L. See Ishaq, p. 201, no. 50; Bedevian, no. 2002; Sontheimer, 1:264—267; Issa, p. 103, no. 26; Darby, pp. 675-680. Licorice (sits), Glycyrrhiza glabra L. See Ishaq, p. 203, no. 81; Bedevian, no. 1732; Maimonides, p. 43; Sontheimer, 2:66—67; Issa, p. 58, no. 6; Graziani, p. 326. Lily of the valley (sawsan), Lilium candidum L. See Ishaq, p. 203, no. 82; Bedevian, no. 2091; Sontheimer, 2:68—71; Issa, p. 109, no. 2; Graziani, p. 326. Lion (asad).

i6o

GLOSSARY

Lotus of India (fagbirah), Xantboxylon Avicennae DC. See Bedevian, no. 3625; Sontheimer, 2:241; Issa, p. 191, no. 4. Lupine (turmus), Lupinus termis Forsk. See Bedevian, no. 2158; Sontheimer, 1:203 —205; Issa, p. 112, no. 13; Darby, p. 689f.;Graziani, p. 328. Mahaleb or perfumed cherry (mahlab), Prunus mabaleb L. See Bedevian, no. 2845; Sontheimer, 2:490-491; Issa, p. 149, no. 4. Maidenhair (kuzburat [al-J bi'r), Adiantum Capillus veneris L. See WKAS, 1:564b, 1. 5ff.; Bedevian, no. 114; Maimonides, p. 43; Sontheimer, 2:379; Issa, p. 6, no. 1. Mandrake (lujfàb), Mandragora officinarum L. See Bedevian, no. 2206; Sontheimer, 2:440; Issa, p. 114, no. 13; Graziani, p. 329. Marble (rukhàm). See Lane "rukhamun"; Sontheimer, 1:493. Marjoram, sweet (marzanjusb), Origanum majorama L. See Ishaq, p. 208, no. 134; Bedevian, no. 2481; Sontheimer, 2:494-496; Issa, p. 130, no. 2; Darby, p. 802f.; Graziani, p. 316. Marrow (qulub). Mastic (mastaka\ mastaka), Pistacia lentiscus L. Maimonides, p. 43: The gum that exudes from the bark of P. lentiscus and some other related trees. The English mastic is probably derived from the Arabic. See also Ishaq, p. 208, no. 137; Bedevian, no. 2719; Sontheimer, 2:518 —521; Graziani, p. 316. Oil of mastic, see Issa, p. 141, no. 12; Sontheimer, 1:448. Mats (husur). See Serjeant, Islamic Textiles, s.v. "haslr." Melilot (handaqùq), Trigonella caerulae Ser. See Ishaq, p. 200, no. 44; Bedevian, no. 3465; Sontheimer, 1:335 —338; Issa, p. 183, no. 2;EI2 Supplement, s.v. "IklTl al-Malik" (A. Dietrich). Melon (bittikh), Citrullus vulgaris Schrad. See Bedevian, no. 1060; Sontheimer, 1:145-148; Issa, p. 50, no. 12; de Sacy, p. 34f.; Darby, p. 717f. Milk (laban). Coagulated sour milk {albati). See Sontheimer, 2:413 —426; Darby, pp. 760-772. Mint (nainai), Mentha sativa L. See Ishaq, p. 209, no. 147; Bedevian, no. 2271; Sontheimer, 2:556—558; Issa, p. 117, no. 14; Darby, p. 803. Aquatic mint (fùdanj), M. pulegium L. or M. aquatica L. See Ishaq, p. 206, no. 108; Dozy, s.v. "fudhanj"; al-Kindi, The Medical Formulary, s.v. "faudanaj"; Sontheimer, 2:267—270; Graziani, p. 305; EI2 Supplement, s.v. "fudhandj" (A. Dietrich). Mithridatium (Mithrudaytus). See chap. 13, n. 4. Molasses Casal as-sukkar). Musk (misi:). Maimonides, p. 43: The secretion obtained from a sac

GLOSSARY

161

under the abdominal skin of the male musk-deer; it is an odiferous reddish-brown substance. The English term is derived from the Arabic misk or the Persian muskb. See also Sontheimer, 2:513—516; Graziani, p. 316. Mustard, white (khardal), Sinapis alba L. See Ishàq, p. 200, no. 48; Bedevian, no. 3204; Issa, p. 169, no. 16; Darby, p. 803f.; Graziani, p. 312f. Myrrh (murr), Commiphora myrrha Engl. See Ishàq, p. 208, no. 132; Bedevian, no. 1139; Sontheimer, 2:496—500; Issa, p. 55, no. 6; Graziani, p. 317. Myrtle (as), Myrtus communis L. See Bedevian, no. 2374; Maimonides, p. 43; Sontheimer, 1:38—41; Issa, p. 122, no. 19;EI 2 Supplement s.v. "As" (A. Dietrich); Graziani, p. 299f. Nadd. See chap. 12, n. 23. Narcissus (narjis), Narcissus poeticus L. See Bedevian, no. 2382; Sontheimer, 2:552 — 553; Issa, p. 123, no. 3; Graziani, p. 318. Oil of narcissus, see Sontheimer, 1:434; Anawati, Drogues, p. 91. N a r d (nàrdìn), Nardus strida L. See Ishàq, p. 209, no. 143; Anawati, Drogues, p. 91; Bedevian, no. 2388; Sontheimer, 2:546. Oil of nard, see Sontheimer, 1:437—438; Graziani, p. 326. Nàrmashak. See chap. 14, n. 13. Nenuphar (nilufar), Nymphaea alba L. See Ishàq, p. 209, no. 149; Sontheimer, 2:564—565; Graziani, p. 318. Oil of nenuphar, see Sontheimer, 1:443. Nightshade, black (Hnab atb-tbaHab), Solanum nigrum L. See Issa, p. 171, no. 17; Bedevian, no. 3243; Sontheimer, 1:212—215. Oak (ballùt), Quercus L. See Bedevian, no. 2907; Sontheimer, 1: 164-166. Onion {basal), Allium Cepa L. See Bedevian, no. 209; Sontheimer, 1:142 —Ì44; Issa, p. 9, no. 7; Darby, pp. 477, 660-663. Orache (qatf), Atriplex bortensis L. See Bedevian, no. 575; Maimonides, p. 43; Lane, s.v. "baqlun"; Sontheimer, 2:307—308; Issa, p. 27, no. 4. Orange, bitter, or Seville orange (naranj), Citrus Aurantium var. amara L. See Bedevian, no. 1062; Sontheimer, 2:545 — 546; Issa, p. 51, no. 9. Oxymel. See chap. 10, n. 2. Papyrus (bardi), Cyperuspapyrus L. See Bedevian, no. 1334; Issa, p. 66, no. 11; Sontheimer, 1:127-129; EI2, s.v. "Kirtàs" (R. Sellheim); Darby, pp. 244-249. Partridge (tayhuj). See chap. 12, n. 42.

IÖ2

GLOSSARY

Peach (khawkh), Prunus persica Stokes. See Bedevian, no. 2847; Issa, p. 149, no. 5; Sontheimer, 1:400; de Sacy, p. 36; Darby, p. 733ff. Pearl (durr). See Lane, s.v. "durrun." Pelts ifirf). Pepper (fulfill, filfil), Piper nigrum, L. See Bedevian, no. 2714; Sontheimer, 2:261—263; Darby, p. 804. Long pepper (därafilfil), Piper Cbaba Hunter. See Dozy, s.v. "därfilfil"; Ishäq, p. 201, no. 56; al-Kindl, The Medical Formulary, p. 266, no. 97; Bedevian, no. 991; Sontheimer, 1:409. Perfume (tib) and compound perfume (sukk). See chap. 12, ns. 13 and 26.

Pistachio (fustuq), Pistacia vera L. See Ishäq, p. 205, no. 105; Bedevian, no. 2722; Maimonides, p. 43; Sontheimer, 2:255—256; Näsir-i Khusraw, p. 154; de Sacy, p. 312f. Pit (nawan). Pomegranate (rummän), Punica Granatum L. See Ishäq, p. 202, no. 61; Bedevian, no. 2880; Anawati, Drogues, p. 93; Maimonides, p. 43; Sontheimer, 1:499-503; de Sacy, p. 36; Darby, pp. 703, 740-744. Poppy, white (al-kbashkhäsh al-abyad), Papaversomniferum L., var. album. See Bedevian, no. 2541; Maimonides, p. 43; Sontheimer, 1:367 — 369; Issa, p. 134, no. 8; Graziani, p. 313. Prune (ijjäs), Prunus domestica L. Maimonides, p. 43: The Arabic ijjäs is now used to designate "pear" rather than "prune." This usage probably originated in the Maghrib, where the term ijjäs, or injäs, was always employed to designate the pear. Formerly, however, the term ijjäs was used to designate the prune. See also Sontheimer, 1:16—18; Issa, p. 149, no. 1; de Sacy, p. 36. Pulp (samin). See Lane, s.v. "samTnun." Pumpkin or gourd (qar'), Cucurbita. See Bedevian, nos. 1270—1273; Maimonides, p. 43; Sontheimer, 2:284—287; de Sacy, p. 35; Graziani, p. 319. Purslane (rijlah, al-baqlab al-bamqä'), Portulaca oleracca L. See Maimonides, p. 43; Sontheimer, 1:155, 492; Issa, p. 147, no. 10; Dozy, s.v. "al-baqlah al-hamqä' "; Darby, p. 681; Graziani, p. 301. Quince {safarjal), Pyruscydonia L. See Ishäq, p. 203, no. 75; Rodinson, "Recherches," p. 131 et passim; Bedevian, no. 1304; Sontheimer, 2:25—27; de Sacy, p. 36. Radish (fuß), Raphanussativus L. See Ishäq, p. 205, no. 102; Bedevian, no. 2937; Sontheimer, 2:246—248. Oil of radish, see Sontheimer, 1:452-453; Darby, p. 663f.

GLOSSARY

.63

Raisins (zabïb). See Sontheimer, 1:515—517; Darby, pp. 715f., 794; and chap. 12, n. 44. Rambling vetch (julubbân), Vicia peregrina L. See Bedevian, no. 3593; Sontheimer, 1:252; Issa, p. 189, no. 5. Rams (kibàsh). See Lane s.v. "kabshun." Rats (far, far). See Lane, s.v. "fa'run"; EP Supplement, s.v. "Fa'r" (F. Viré). Reeds (qasab). See Ishâq, p. 206, no. 114; Bedevian, nos. 502, 2649, 3023; Sontheimer, 2:302-303. Resin (Hlk). See Sontheimer, 2:206-209; Lane, s.v. " 'ilkun," "kundurun." Rice (aruzz), Oryza sativa L. See Bedevian, no. 2495; Sontheimer, 1:24-25; Darby, p. 492f. Roosters, castrated (khasïy ad-duyûk). Root (asl). Rose (ward), Rosa Tourn. See Bedevian, no. 2987; Sontheimer, 2:582 — 585; de Sacy, p. 35; Graziani, p. 329. Rose oil, see Sontheimer, 1:440—442; Anawati, Drogues, p. 91. Musk-rose (nisrtn), Rosa moschata Herrm. See Bedevian, no. 2995; Sontheimer, 2:553—554; Issa, p. 157, no. 10. Red rose (al-ward al-ahmar), Rosagallica L., see Bedevian, no. 2993. Rose-honey or rose-preserve (julanjabtn), Mel rosarum. See athTha'alibï, p. 128, n. 70; Sontheimer, 1:255. Rose jam (al-ward al-murabba). Rose water (ma' al-ward). See Sontheimer, 2:482. Rue (sadhâb), Ruta graveolens L. See Bedevian, no. 3020; Sontheimer, 2:6—8; Issa, p. 159, no. 9; Graziani, p. 322. Saffron (zafaràn), Crocussativus L. See Ishâq, p. 202, no. 67; Bedevian, no. 1233; Maimonides, p. 44; Sontheimer, 1:530—532; Darby, p. 805f.; Graziani, p. 330. Salt (milh). Saltwort (ushnàn), Salsola kali L. See Bedevian, no. 3042; Lane and Dozy, s.v. "ashnàn"; Sontheimer, 1:53; Issa, p. 161, no. 6. Sand (rami). Sandalwood (sandal), Santalum. Maimonides, p. 44: The yellowish, fragrant wood obtained from several species of the genus Santalum, especially the parasitic Indo-Malayan tree S. album. See also Sontheimer, 2:138—139; Graziani, p. 323. White Sandalwood (sandal abyad), S. album L. See Bedevian, no. 3064; Sontheimer, 2:138— 139; Issa, p. 162, no. 13.

164

GLOSSARY

Sandarac (sandarus), Callitris quadrivalvis Vent. See Bedevian, no. 799; Sontheimer, 2:61—62; Issa, p. 37, no. 1. Sapphire (yaqut), see Maimonides, p. 42; Sontheimer, 2:591 — 592. Sawtq. See chap. 12, n. 17. Schoenanthum or camel's hay (idbkar). Andropogon Schoenanthus L. See Bedevian, no. 349; Sontheimer, 1:19—21; Anawati, Drogues, p. 90; Lane and Dozy, s. v. "idhkhir." Flower of the schoenanthum (fuqqab al-idhkhir), see Lane, s.v. "fuqqahun." Scorpion ('aqarib). See Lane, s.v. " 'aqrabun." Sea buckthorn (gbasul), Hippophae rhamnoides L. Seed (habb, bizr). Sesame {ball). See Ishaq, p. 200, no. 41; Lane, s.v. "hallun"; Sontheimer, 1:460; Issa, p. 169, no. 1; Darby, p. 497f. Sheep (4a'»). See Darby, pp. 85, 211-221. Silk (harlr). Silk brocade (dibaj). See Serjeant, Islamic Textiles, s.v. "dlbadj," Lane, s.v. "Dibaj." Silver (fiddab). Skins (julud). Snakes (tba'abin). See Lane, s.v. "thu'banun"; Darby, p. 41 If. Soft-haired basil or Frankish musk (afranjamusk), Ocimumpilosum var. 0. Basilicum Willd. See Ishaq, p. 205, no. 104; Maimonides, p. 42; Bedevian, no. 2434; Sontheimer, 2:254; Issa, p. 127, no. 1. Southernwood (qaysum), Artemisia Abrotanum L. See Bedevian, no. 478; Sontheimer, 2:331 — 332; Issa, p. 21, no. 20. Sparrows ('asafir). See Sontheimer, 2:196—197. Spices (afawib, s. afwab). Spikenard (sunbul), Nardus celtica L. or Andropogart Nardus L. An aromatic balsam or ointment manufactured from the fragrant rhizome of Nardostachys jatamansi D.C., a small plant found in the alpine Himalayas. T h e Arabic word is also identified with "hyacinth." See Dozy and Lane, s.v. "sunbul"; al-Kindl, The Medical Formulary, s.v. "sunbul"; Ishaq, p. 203, no. 80; Bedevian, nos. 3549, 2387, 348, 3550; Maimonides, p. 43; Issa, p. 123, nos. 9, 10. Spinach (isfanakb), Spinacia oleracea L. See Ishaq, p. 197, no. 4; Bedevian, no. 3282; Sontheimer, 1:34—35. Starch (nasba). See Sontheimer, 2:554—555. Sticks {qudban). Stones (fusus). Storax (may'ah), Styrax officinale L. See Ishaq, p. 209, no. 142; Bedevian, no. 3327; Sontheimer, 2:539—541.

GLOSSARY

165

Sugar (sukkar) and lump sugar (as-sukkar at-tabarzadh). See chap. 14, nn. 6 - 8 . Sugarcane (qasab as-sukkar), Saccharum ojficinarum L. See Bedevian, no. 3023; Sontheimer, 2:304; and chap. 3, n. 18. Sumac (summaq), RbusCoriaria L. See Bedevian, no. 2973; Maimonides, p. 44; Sontheimer, 2:48—49; Issa, p. 159, no. 3; Graziani, p. 326. Sweetmeats {halawah, s. halwa). Tabashir. See chap. 12, n. 37. Tamarind (tamrihindi), Tamarindus indica L. Maimonides, p. 44: The pulp of the fruit of Tamarrindus indica, which was usually preserved in sugar. The English term is a derivative of the Arabic, meaning "Indian date." See also Bedevian, no. 3344; Sontheimer, 1:212—213; Issa, p. 176, no. 16; Graziani, p. 327. Tamarisk, French (tarfa1), Tamarix gallica L. See Lane, s.v. "tarfa' "; Bedevian, no. 3347; Sontheimer, 2:153 — 155; Issa, p. 177; no. 3; Graziani, p. 327. Tamarisk, oriental (athl), Tamarixorientalis Forsk. See Lane, s.v. "athl"; Bedevian, no. 3346; Sontheimer, 1:13 — 15; Issa, p. 177, no. 2; Graziani, p. 327. Tanafis. See chap. 12, n. 9. Tar (qatran). See Dozy, s.v. "qatrana"; Graziani, p. 320. Taranjubln. See chap. 13, n. 2. Tents (buyut). Theriac (tiryaq). See chap. 13, n. 4. Thyme, wild (nammam, sa'tar), Thymusglaber Mill, and T. serpyllum L. See Ishaq, p. 209, no. 148; Bedevian, nos. 3414, 3416; Sontheimer, 2:128-131, 559-60; Issa, p. 181, nos. 2, 4; Graziani, pp. 317f., 323. Tubs (ijjanat). See Lane, s.v. "ijjanatun." Turnip {lift), Brassica Rapa L. See Bedevian, no. 703; Sontheimer, 2:440; Darby, p. 665. Vessels (aniyah, zuruf). See Lane s.v. "ina'un," "zarfun." Vinegar (khall). See Sontheimer, 1:377—380; Darby, p. 617. Wine vinegar (khall al-khamr). Violets (banafsaj), Viola odorata L. See Ishaq, p. 198, no. 22; Bedevian, no. 4605; Sontheimer, 1:170—172; de Sacy, p. 36; Graziani, p. 301. Oil of violets, see Sontheimer, 1:442—443. Walnuts (jawz), Juglans regia L. See Bedevian, no. 1975; Sontheimer, 1:266-269; Darby, p. 753; Graziani, p. 3lOf. Water moss (tuhlub), Lemna minor L. See Bedevian, nos. 2063, 1173;

GLOSSARY

Sontheimer, "2:152—153; de Sacy, p. 333, n. 15. Waterskins (asqàn, qirabàt). Wax {sham'). See Graziani, p. 324. Wheat (hintah), Triticum aestivum L. See Bedevian, no. 3483; Sontheimer, 1:334-335; Darby, pp. 460-465, 482-492. Whey {masi), see Sontheimer, 2:522. Willow {safsàf), Salixsafsaf Forsk. See Bedevian, no. 3038; Issa, p. 160, no. 13. Egyptian willow {kbilàf), S. aegyptiaca L., var. S. safsaf YorsV.. See Bedevian, no. 3032; Sontheimer, 1:381 — 382; Issa, p. 160, no. 5. Wine {khamr, sharàb, nabtdh). See Sontheimer, 1:383-393; 2:548-550; Lane, s.v. "nabldhun," "mizrun"; EI1, s.v. "nabld" (Wensinck). Date wine {an-nabidh at-tamrl). Wool (suf ). Worms {dud). Wormwood {shih), Artemisia herba alba Asso. See Bedevian, no. 486; Sontheimer, 2:116—117; Issa, p. 22, no. 6; Graziani, p. 325.

• INDEXES •

Index to Introduction

'Abbäsids, 6 - 7 , 22, 43, 46 'Abd al-Latlf al-Baghdädl, 30 Abu Dulaf^ 34 n. 176 Abü 1-Mu'askar, 57 Abü I-Qäsim az-ZahräwI, 22 Abyssinia, 50 Afrä'im ibn az-Zaffän, 62 Air, 10, 14, 17-20, 53, 69-71 Alchemy, 8 Alexander of Aphrodisias, 59 Alexandria, viii n. 4, 27—28, 46, 63 Alexandrian school(s), 3—4, 14 n. 66, 27-28, 63 'Alf ibn al-'Abbäs, 31 n. 155 'Amir ibn al-'Äs, 45—46; Mosque of, 44 Amnesia, 68 Andalusia, 68 Animal spirit. See Spirits Antioch, 4, 52 n. 255 Arab conquests, 3 - 4 . 8, 45, 69 Arabic, 6 - 9 , 27-28 Aristotle, 10, 20, 27, 59, 65, 65 n. 342, 69; On Economics, 58; Organon, 28 al-'Askar, 46 Asthma, 63 Astrology, 18-20, 28, 51, 55, 62-63 Astronomy, 5, 8, 44, 52 n. 255, 63 Athens, 5 Aurelian, 5 Autopsy. See Dissection al-Azhar Mosque, 44 Babylon, 4 5 - 4 6 Baghdad, viii n. 6, 6 - 7 , 22-23, 26, 31 n. 157, 3 2 , 4 3 , 4 6 - 4 7 , 4 9 , 5 I n . 250, 52 n. 255, 53, 72, 250, 255 Banät al-arkän, 10 Basra, 49 Bimäristän. See Hospitals Black bile, 10. See also Humors

Blood, 10, 20, 21 n. 101. See also Humors Bloodletting, 70, 36 n. 184 Bone-setting, 36, 65 Brain, 20 Brown, P., 39 Burial, 19 n. 89 Byzantium, 4, 6, 27-28, 36, 50, 52 n. 255; medicine in, 25 n. 122, 41 n. 217 Caesarean section, 22 n. 108 Cairo, 26, 31, 4 2 - 4 3 , 45-51, 53, 55-56, 58, 70; sanitation in, 70 Canard, M., 44 Certification of doctors. See Examination Charlatanry, 24, 34, 64, 34 n. 176 Chickens, 65 Chinese porcelain, 49 Christianity/Christians, 4, 9, 22, 31, 37, 41, 43, 45. See also Nestorians Climate, 12, 16-18, 2 4 , 6 9 - 7 0 Coition, 12, 17 Commentaries, medical, 4, 8 - 10, 13, 17—18, 28-29, 31, 35, 57, 63-65 Compendia, medical, 4, 7—8, 27—29, 57, 63-65 Constantinus Africanus, 68, 14 n. 66 Consultation, medical, 39 Contagion. See Infection Continuity, cultural, 3—8, 24 "Contraries," 15, 71. See also Therapeutics Corruption. See Putrefaction Crapanzano, V., 39 Crusader Kingdom, 32 n. 166 Cupping, 66 Damascus, 26 Diaplasis, 11 n. 48 Deaf and dumb, 50 Diet, 16, 71. See also Drink; Food Dietetics, 74

i7o Digestion, 10, 70, 16 n. 74 Dioscorides, 15, 59 Disease prevention. See Prophylaxis Diseases, 23 — 24; endemic, viii, 53, 70; epidemic, viii, 18-20, 5 0 - 5 3 , 58, 70-72; unclean, 23 n. 117 Disequilibrium, bodily, 11-15, 18, 6 9 - 7 1 Dissection, 22, 22 n. 108 Dobbins, R., 73 Doctors, vii-viii, 5 - 6 , 9 , 12-13, 21-29, 35, 40—42, 44—45, 54, 56; artistic representation, 15 n. 68; competition, 29, 58 n. 282; duties, viii, 10, 14-17, 38-39, 71; education (see Education, medical); fees, 35, 37— 38, 60, 60 n. 308; organization (iff Profession, medical); regulation (see Examination and certification); social status, 36—38, 41, 27 n. 130; travel, 35-36, 56. See also (Ibn al-Jazzar; Ibn Ridwan, medical career Dogmatists, 21, 23, 27 Dreams, 66 Drink, 10, 14-15, 20, 48, 6 9 - 7 1 Drugs, 10, 15-16, 28, 36, 38, 59, 6 3 - 6 4 , 68, 71 Dyskrasia. See Disequilibrium

INDEX TO

INTRODUCTION

al-Färäbf, 59, 27 n. 130 Fätimah, 43 Fätimid Period, 4 1 - 5 3 , 67, 69; art, 4 3 - 4 4 , 48—49; economic conditions, 43 —44, 46— 50, 5 2 - 5 3 ; population, 43, 4 6 - 4 7 , 52. See also Epidemics; Famines Fees. See Doctors Fevers, 63, 68 Flight, 20 Food, 10, 14-15, 20, 28, 6 9 - 7 1 al-Fustät, 4 6 - 4 9 , 51, 53, 58, 70, 45 n. 235 Galen, 8 - 2 4 , 2 7 - 3 0 , 32-33, 35, 3 7 - 3 8 , 4 1 42, 54, 5 6 - 5 7 , 59, 60 n. 308, 6 2 - 6 6 ; Ad Glauconem, 63; Ars parva, 8, 13—14, 63; Dt elementis, 63 \ De febrium differentiis, 18—19; De metbodo medendi, 56,66; De sanitate tuenda, 28; On Sects, 7, 63, 66; On Temperaments, 13, 63; On tbe Pulse for Beginners, 14 n. 66,63; On the Theories of Hippocrates and Plato, 56; Sixteen Books, 2 7 - 2 9 ; That tbe Excellent Physician Must Be a Philosopher, 27; That tbe Mental Faculties Follow tbe Bodily Constitution, 18 Galenism, viii—ix, 3 — 24, 41, 69. See also Galen; Medicine, Greek Geography, 17, 47, 6 9 - 7 0 Geometry, 28, 57 Georgia, 50 Gerard of Cremona, 14 n. 66 Geriatrics, 68 al-Ghazäll, 40 al-Gizah, 46, 49, 55 Goitein, S. D., 27 n. 133, 36-37, 41, 41 n. 216, 43 Gondeshäpür, 5—7, 22 Gout, 68 Grammar, 27—28 Greek, 7, 27 n. 134, 68 Greek medicine. See Medicine, Greek Guilds, 36

Ecology, 16-18, 24, 53, 6 9 - 7 1 . See also Topography, medical Edelstein, L., 72 Edessa, 5 Education, 2 5 - 2 6 ; medical, 4, 22, 24-33, 41, 5 5 - 5 7 , 6 3 - 6 5 , 67; self-, 2 9 - 3 0 , 29 n. 146, 5 5 - 5 6 , 62, 64 Egypt, vii-viii, 3 - 5 , 16-17, 18 n. 88, 25 n. 122, 31, 33, 37, 39 n. 201, 4 1 - 5 3 , 58, 65, 6 9 - 7 2 ; ancient, 11-12, 18 n. 88 Electuaries, 63 Elements, 10-11, 15. See also Air; Water Empiricists, 21—22 Epidemics. See Diseases, epidemic Epilepsy, 23 n. 117 Hajari ibn 'Umar an-Nahwäti al-Azharf, Equilibrium, bodily, 11-16, 6 9 - 7 1 ' 72-73 Ethics, 11, 11 n. 49, 17, 20, 28, 33-35, 34 n. Hakim, 37 173 al-Häkim, 45 Eukrasia. See Equilibrium, bodily Europe, 6, 8 - 9 , 28 n. 139, 36, 4 3 - 4 4 , 66 n. al-Härith ibn Kaladah, 5 n. 18 Härün ar-Rashld, 6 345, 67; medicine in, viii, 21, 23, 32 Headache, 66 Evacuation, 11-12, 14, 7 0 - 7 1 Examination and certification of doctors, 32 — Hebrew, 63, 68 Hemiplegia, 57 36, 41 Hijäz, 43 Exercise, 12, 14, 60, 71 Hippocrates, 8 - 1 0 , 11 n. 49, 16-21, 16 n. 74, 2 3 - 2 4 , 27, 30, 5 6 - 5 7 , 5 9 - 6 0 , 6 3 - 6 5 , Famines, 44, 5 0 - 5 2 , 58

INDEX

TO

INTRODUCTION

63 n. 331; Airs, Waters, and Places, 17, 18 n. 88, 28; Aphorisms, 28; Epidemics, 18; Nomas, 35; Oath, 33, 35; Prognostics, 28; Regimen in Acute Diseases, 28; Testament, 35 Hippocratic tradition, viii, 5, 9—10, 12. See also Medicine, Greek al-Hlrah, 7 Hisbab, 33-34 Hodgson, M. G. S., vii n. 1 Hospitals, 5 - 6 , 16, 26, 30-32, 35, 52 n. 255; 'Adudl Hospital, 23, 32 House of Wisdom (Bayt al-bikmab), 6—7 Humoral balance. See Equilibrium, bodily Humors, viii, 10—15, 21, 23, 58, 65-66, 70-71 Hunayn ibn Ishaq, 6—8, 14 n. 66, 56, 64; Questions on Medicine for Scholars, 8,31 Ibn Abl Usaybi'ah, 30, 58, 61-64, 66 Ibn Bakhtishu': Abu Sa'Id, 22-23, 22 n. 108; Jurjis ibnjibrfl, 6 Ibn Butlan, viiin. 6, 19 n. 92, 28 n. 139, 34 n. 176, 40, 51-53, 52 n. 255, 61-62, 64-66, 72, 255; Conflict of the Physicians, 61; Taqwtm as-sibbah, 52 n. 255 Ibn Hawqal, 47 Ibn al-Haytham, 44, 60 Ibn IthirdI, 34 n. 176 Ibn al-jawzl, 40, 50 Ibn al-Jazzar, vii-ix, 40-41, 53, 67-69; Akbbar ad-daw lab, 69; Magbazi Ifriqiya, 69; Ft Na't al-asbab, vii, 68; at-Ta'rif 69; Zad al-musafir, 68 Ibn Masawayh, 7 Ibn al-Qifti, 28-29, 59-62, 64-66 Ibn Ridwan, vii-ix, 9 - 1 3 , 14 n. 66, 15 n. 67, 16-17, 19-20, 22-25, 28-31, 33-38, 4 0 - 4 7 , 50-51; childhood, 55; education, 55 — 57, 64; medical career, 57—66; personality, 54, 58, 60-64-, an Nafi', 61-65; On the Prevention of Bodily Ills in Egypt, vii—viii, 42, 52-53, 62, 69-73; Ft t-Tatarruq bi t-tibb, 63 n. 331 Ibn Rushd, 64 Ibn Slna, ns. 66, 146; Canon of Medicine, 10 Ibn at-Tayyib, 62 Ibn at-Tilmldh, 32 n. 166 Ibn Tulun, Ahmad, 46 Ibn Ukhuwwah, 33 Ibn Yunus, 44 Vda\ See Infection Ijazab, 32

India, 3, 5, 16, 43, 50 Infection, 12, 18, 23 n. 117 Innate heat, 20-21 Insanity. See Mental illness Iraq, 7, 56 Ishäq ibn 'Imrän, 67 Ishäq ibn Sulayman al-Isra'TlT, 67 Iskandar, A. Z., 63 Islam, vii n. 1, 4, 22, 25-26, 27 n. 130, 4 0 41, 43-44, 67 Isma'IlIyah, 43 Italy, 32, 36 n. 188, 68 I'tidäl. See Equilibrium al-Jähiz, 17 Jawämi' al-lskandaräntytn, 29 Judaism/Jews, 3, 31, 37, 41, 45, 62 Justinian, 5 Kai-Kä'üs, 10 n. 39 Karmi, G. 33 n. 167 Khalij Canal. See Red Sea Canal Klein-Franke, F., 22 Krasis. See Temperament Kudlien, F., 60 n. 308 Lapidus, I. M., 36 Latin, 6, 8, 14 n. 66, 63, 68 Law, Islamic, 4, 26, 30, 32, 40, 58 Leiser, G., 29 n. 146 Leprosy, 23-24, 23 n. 117, 63, 68 Liberal arts, 27-28, 36, 38 Libraries, 30-31, 56, 60 Licensing of doctors. See Examination Lieber, E., 38 Liver, 10, 20 Logic, 23, 28, 30, 57, 62, 64 Lusterware, 49 Lyons, M. C., 63—64 Madrasah, 26, 30-31 Maimonides, 16 n. 74 al-MajusI, 10 n. 45, 14 n. 66, 19 n. 92 Makdisi, G., 26 Makrän, 57 Malpractice, medical, 32 n. 166, 34 al-Ma'mün, 6 al-Mansür, 6 Mansür ibn Sahlän ibn Muqashshir, 45 al-Maqrlzi, 50, 72 Market inspector, 33 — 34 Mathematics, 26—28, 44

I72

I N D E X TO

INTRODUCTION

Measles, 22 Medical education. See Education Medical profession. See Profession, medical Medicine, Greek, viii, 3 - 2 1 , 24, 26, 54, 54 n. 262, 5 8 - 5 9 , 63, 65, 6 7 - 6 8 , 72 Medicos, 28 n. 139 Mediterranean Sea, 43 Melancholy, 12, 12 n. 55, 21 n. 101. See also Mental illness Mental illness, 21, 23, 58, 21 n. 101, 22 n. 110, 34 n. 177, 39 n. 204 Mesotes, 11 n. 49 Meyerhof, M., 54 n. 262, 63, 65, 72 Miasma, 1 8 - 2 0 Middle East, vii n. 1, viii n. 4, 3 Mibnat at-tainb, 33 Mizäj. See Temperament Morocco, 39 Mosques, 2 5 - 2 6 , 30, 4 7 - 4 8 al-Mubashshir ibn Fätik, 62 Muhammad, 5 n. 18, 40, 43 Mubtasib. See Market inspector al-MuqaddasI, 46—47 al-Muqtadir, 32 n. 166 Müsä ibn Al'azär al-Isrä' îlï, 44—45 al-Mustansir, 4 9 - 5 0 , 57 Mutatabbib, 28

Pharmacology. See Drugs Philosophy: Greek, 3 - 1 1 , 15 n. 69, 20-21, 23, 2 6 - 2 7 , 31, 31 n. 154, 59,65; Islamic, 3, 20, 2 2 - 2 3 , 27, 37, 44, 55, 59, 6 3 - 6 5 Phlegm. See Humors Physicians. See Doctors Pbysicus, 28, n. 139 Pines, S., 8 Plague, 23 n. 117, 53 Plato, 16 n. 76, 2 2 - 2 3 , 59 Plurialism, medical, 39 Pneumata. See Spirits Poisons, 68 Posology, 15 n. 68 Profession, medical, vii, 15 n. 69, 16—17, 2 4 - 4 2 , 64, 71 Prophetic medicine, vii n. 1, 3 n. 9 Prophylaxis, viii, 1 5 - 16, 19 n. 89, 20, 7 1 - 7 2 Psyche, 14, 2 0 - 2 3 , 7 0 - 7 1 Psychic spirit. See Spirits Psychology, 10 Ptolemy: Almagest, 59; Quadripartitum, 59, 63 Public health, 70 Public physician, 33 n. 167, 36 n. 188 Pulse, 14 n. 66 Purges, 12, 63 Putrefaction, 12, 18 n. 88, 19, 6 9 - 7 1

Näsir-i Khusraw, 4 7 - 4 9 Natural spirit. See Spirits Naturals, 14 Nerves, 20 Nestorians, 4—7, 8 n. 26 Neuburger, M., 24 Nile, 4 5 - 5 0 , 55, 70; inundation, 52, 69 Nisibis, 5 Non-naturals, 13—15, 71 North Africa, 3, 4 2 - 4 3 , 50, 69 Nubia, 43, 50 Nursing, 31 n. 159

Qasr ash-Sham'ah, 58 al-Qatä'i'. 46 Qayrawän, 67 Qualities, 10-12, 14-15, 71

Occipital protuberance, 66 Ophthalmology, 36 Oribasius, 59 Ottoman Period, 34, 36

Räbitat al-Munastir, 67 Ra'is atibbä, 32 n. 166, 36, 57 Rather, L. J., 14 ar-Rawdah Island, 47, 49 ar-Räzi, 22, 22 n. 108, 59, 64 Red Sea, 43 Red Sea Canal, 4 9 - 5 0 Richer of Rheims, 66 n. 345 Rome, 39 Rosenthal, F., 35 n. 179, 40, 42 Rufus of Ephesus, 59 ar-RuhäwI, 38 n. 196

Pahlavi, 5 Palestine, 43 Paul of Aegina, 59, 14 n. 66 Pediatrics, 68 Persia, 3 - 6 , 16, 50 Pharmacists, 7, 16, 18, 49, 68

Saint worship, 40 Saladin, 43 Salerno, 67 Sanitation. See Cairo Sanskrit, 5 Sari d-Din ibn as-Sä'igh al-Hanafi, 73

INDEX

TO

INTRODUCTION

Sasanians, 5 Schacht, J., 52 n. 255, 54 n. 262, 63, 65, 66 n. 344 Scholasticism, 7—8, 31, 65 Science: Greek, 3 - 8 , 2 6 - 2 7 , 37, 41, 58; Islamic, 3 - 5 , 2 6 - 2 7 , 40, 4 4 - 4 5 , 64 Seasons, 12, 15, 18, 69—70. See also Climate Seidel, E., 72 n. 365 Self-education. See Education Sepsis. See Putrefaction Shapur I, 5 Shapur II, 5 ash-SharqawI, Ahmad M., 73 Sicily, 43 Sixteen Books. See Galen Skepticism, 4 Slavonia, 50 Sleep, 14, 71 Smallpox, 22, 51 n. 252 Soul, 14, 20 Spirits, 11, 18, 2 0 - 2 1 Spontaneous generation, 22, 69 Stones, 68 Sufism,40 Summaria Alexandrinorum, 29 Summaries, medical. See Compendia Sumptuary laws, 41 n. 216, 45 n. 233 Superfluities, 12, 14, 16 n. 74, 70 Surgery, 22, 22 n. 108, 36 Susa, 5 Symmetria. See Equilibrium, bodily Syria, 5, 43, 52 n. 255 Syriac, 4 - 5 , 7 - 8 , 27 Tabtb, 28 at-Tamimi, M. ibn Ahmad, 44 Ta'utt. See Plague

1

73

Tazkiyab, 33 Temkin, O., viii, 19 n. 90, 23 n. 117 Temperament, viii, 11 — 16, 19, 65 n. 342, 69-71 Thäbit ibn Qurra, 19 n. 90 Themistius, 59 Therapeutics, viii, 15, 21, 23, 39, 52 n. 255, 5 7 - 5 8 , 65, 69, 7 1 - 7 2 . See also "Contraries" Tibbön, Moses, 68 Toledo, 67 Topography, medical, viii, 17—18, 17 n. 81, 42, 53, 6 9 - 7 2 . See also Ecology Translations, Arabic, 6—9, 15, 22, 27, 63 n. 331 Tumors, 63 Tunisia, vii, 67—68 Turkestan, 50 'Umar, 4 'Umar ibn Hafs ibn Bariq, 68 Umayyad Period, 5 Umayyah ibn Abl s-Salt, 62 n. 314 Universities, European, 32 Valerian, 5 Venerai disease, 23 n. 117 Wabä. See Diseases, epidemic Water, 10, 20, 4 8 - 4 9 , 53, 6 9 - 7 0 Women, 29, 29 n. 144, 39 Yahuda ibn Sa'ädah, 62 Ya'qüb ibn Ishäq al-lsraìll, viii Yäqüt, 17 Yellow bile. See Humors Yemen, 43, 50

Index to Text and Translation Arabic*

Äbär, 5a, 22b, 42b Abäzlr, 43a, 43b, 47b 'Abbâdânî, 39a Abîb, 13b al-'Abïd, 22b Abqarât, 3a, 4b, 6b, 8a, 14a, 17a-18b, 21a, 25b, 31a, 31b, 33a, 36a, 44a 'Adas, 9b Adhän, 39b, 40b, 45a Adhkhir, 41a, 48b, 50a Admadah, 45b, 47a 'Afan/'ufünah, 5b, 6b, 7a, 8a-9a, 15a, 19b, 21a—22a, 23a, 24a, 25b, 26b-28b, 44b, 46b, 47b Afâwîh, 40b, 46a Aflanjah, 40b Afranjamusk, 40b Afuris, 5b al-Ahdâth an-nafsânîyah, 25a, 26a, 30a, 30b Ahshä', 51a Akhlâq, 51b, 52a Akhlât, 7b, 10b, l i b , 12b, 15a, 17b, 25b, 29b, 32a, 36b, 37a, 47b Balgham, 15a, 17b, 18a, 28b, 30a Khilt khäm, 15a, 17b, 25a Khilt safrâwî, 15a, 18a Mirrah muhtiraqah, 15a Mirrah safrä', 15a, 25a, 28b, 30a, 49a Mirrah sawdä', 15a, 17a, 17b, 30b al-Albän, 1 la, 40a 'All ibn Ridwän, lb, 52a 'Amai Fawq, 21a 22a, 23b Amïrbârïs, 50a al-Amrâd al-wäfidah, 2b, 17b, 19b, 24a, 25a27b; 30b, 44a, 44b, 45a-47b, 48b Amshlr, 12b, 13a, 18a

Amtar, 5a, 7b, 8a, 14b, 18a, 18b 'Anbar, 40b, 41a, 46a Anlsun, 41a, 48b 'Aqarib, 7a 'Aqiq, 46b 'Aqrab, 14b 'Araq, 31b, 35b, 46a Aristutalis, 7a 'Armad, 6b, 39b Arnab, 12a Aruzz, 6a As, 39b, 45a, 46b Asad, 12a, 13b 'Asafir, 40b 'Asal, 10b, 37a, 41a, 46a, 48a, 49a, 50b, 51a 'Asal as-sukkar, 48b As'ar, 26a—27a, 51b Asarun, 48b al-Asbab as-sittah, 2a, 2b, 9a-12a, 27b-30b Asfal ard Misr, 6a, 11a, l i b Ashab al-qiyas, 31b, 32a, 38a Ashjar, 20b, 23a, 45b al-'Askar, 21a Aswan, 3b, 4b 'Atash, 47a, 49a Athl, 41a, 46b Atibba', 2a, 9a, 13b, 14a, 29b, 31a-37b, 38b, 43b Aw'iyah, 7b, 15a, 29b, 30a, 38b 'Ayn Shams, 24b Ba'at al-adwiyah, 34a Babih, 14b, 16b Babunaj, 40b Bahr ar-Rum, 4a, 4b, 6a, 28a Bakhur, 46b

*The pagination of the indexes refers to the folios of the edited Arabic text.

176 Balasan, 40b Ballut, 41a Ban, 40b Banafsaj, 39b D u h n al-banafsaj, 39b, 45a, 45b Baqilla', 9b, 40a, 42a Baql, 47b al-Baqlah al-hamqa', 51a Baramhat, 12b Bard, 4a, 7b, 12a-13b, 15a, 15b, 16b, 17a, 19a,.25b, 28a, 39a, 40a, 44b, 45b Bardl, 6a Barmudah, 12b Barqah, 27a Basal, 40b Bashans, 12b, 13b Batallmus, 3a al-Batiliyah, 22b Batn, 49a Ba'unah, 13b Bawaslr, 31b, 49a Bawl, l i b , 31b, 47b, 48a, 50a Bawraq, 4b, 5b Bayd, 6b, 7a Bilad al-Habashah, 25b Bilad al-Yunaniyln, 25b Bittikh, 40a Biz'r, 42a, 47b, 48a, 48b, 50a al-Buhayrah, 24a Buhran, 18b, 32a, 34b Bukhar, 5b, 7b, 8a, 13a-15b, 21a-23b, 26b, 27a, 28b, 29a, 39a Bunduq, 41a Busaq, 3 lb al-Bushmur, 27b—28a Busut, 39a Dabab, 7 a - 8 a , 13a, 13b, 15b, 18a-19a Dablqi, 40a Dalw, 12b, 15b Dam, 12a, 17b, 29b Damyat, 4a, 5a Da'n, 40b Daniq, 50a, 50b Daqlq, 10a, 42a, 43a, 47a Daqlatiyanus, 16a Darafiifil, 41a, 50b DarsinI, 41a, 49b, 50b Dhahab, 46b Dhibhah, 17b Dibaj, 39a Dimagh, 38b

ARABIC

INDEX

Dirham, 34b, 47b, 48a, 49b, 50a, 50b D u d , 7a, 15b Durr, 46b Durraj, 43a Faghirah, 40b Fahm, 6a Fakihah, 40a, 41a, 47a Fallahln, 11a, 17a, 28b Fanld, see Sukkar Faqqus, 40a Fa'r, 7a, 15b al-Farama, 4a Fararij, 43a Fa?d, 45b, 47a al-Fayyum, 6a, 24a, 24b Fiddah, 39b, 46b Filfil, 41a, 49b Fudhanj, 40b Fudul, 7a, 15b, 25a, 28a-29a, 31b, 43b, 47a, ' 49b Fuji, 40b al-Furs, 36b Furush, 39a—41a, 4 4 b - 4 6 b al-Fustat, 5a, 11a, 20b-24b, 27b, 34a, 35a, 41b Fustuq, 41a Fusul as-sanah, 2a, 17a-18b, 28a, 30b, 3 1 a ' 32a, 37b al-GazTrah, 23a, 24a Ghaliyah, 40b Ghasul, 40a, 41a Ghibb, 17b Ghidha', 2b, 9 b - 10a, 1 la, 19a, 20b, 24a, 25a, 26a, 26b, 28a, 28b, 30b, 3 l b - 3 2 b , 36b, 37b, 38b—41a, 42b-44a, 4 5 a - 4 6 b al-Gizah, 20b, 23a-24a, 41b H a b b , 45b H a d m , 12a, 15a, 15b, 26a, 28b, 29a, 30b, 38b, ' 43a, 46b, 47a, 47b, 49b Hal, 40b, 50b Halawah, 11a, 40a, 41a Hall, 40b Halyawn, 40b Hamal, 12b, 13b H a m m a m , 35b, 45b, 46a al-Hamra', 22a, 23b Handaquq, 41a Harakah/sukun, 9b, l i b , 46b Hararah, 3 a - 4 b , 5b, 6 b - 7 b , 8b, 10b, l i b -

ARABIC

177

INDEX

13b, 14b, l i b , 17a, 19a, 25b, 27b, 28a, 29a, 35b, 39a, 39b, 44b, 45a, 49a, 51a al-Harärah al-gharîrîyah, 12a, 15b, 26a, 28b, 30b Harïr, 40b Hasbah, 49b Hashä'ish, 39a, 43a, 45b Hatür, 14b, 15a, 16a, 16b Hawä, 2a, 2b, 5b, 7 a - 1 0 b , 12a-15b, 1 6 b 19a, 20b—24a, 25a-27b, 28b, 29b, 37a, 38b—41b, 44b—47a, 49b, 50a Hayawänät, 5 a - 7 a , 8b, 9a, 10a-10b, 12b, 15b, 21a, 21b, 26a, 33b, 43a, 43b Dhabh, 43a, 43b Hayd, 31b H a y y al-'älam, 39b, 51a Hijâmah, 45b al-Hijäz, 27a, 42a Hi'mär, 12a Himmis, 9b, 10a, 40b, 41a Hindibä', 39b, 48a, 49b, 50a Hintah, 8b, 9b, 10a, 11a, 43a Hisrim, 40a, 45b, 48b, 49b Hudüd, 3a—4b Humlän, 39b Hummä r-rib', 17b Hummayât, 17b, 34b, 48b Humrânïyah, 39a Husur, 39a Hüt, 12b Ibn al-Jazzâr, lb, 2b, 16b-20a, 27b, 28a, 33a, 49b, 50a Ibn Mäsawayh, 48b Iddikhär, 26b Idhkar, 39b, 40b, 45a Ifranjamu shk, 40b Ihtiqän, 9b, l i b , 2 9 a - 3 0 b Ijjäs, 40a, 45a, 47b, 48b, 49a 'Ilk,' 49a 'Inab ath-tha'lab, 39b, 51a Iqlim, 4a, 6a Isfänäkh, 39b Iskandarïyah, 4a, 5a, 24b, 28a Istifrägh, 9b, l i b , 29a-30a, 31a-32a, 35b, 36b, 45b, 46a, 48b, 49a Isturläb, 35a Jadf, 15a, 39b Jälmüs, 4b, 6b, 12a, 14a, 18a, 18b, 20a, 25b, 29b, 31b, 33a—34b, 36a, 44a, 46b al-Jâmi' al-'Atfq, 23b

al-Jämi' ibn Tülün, 21a Jarrähün, 36a Jawhar, 46b Jawz, 41a al-Jawza', 3b, 13b, 14a Jazar, 40b Jibäl, 4b—5b, 7b Jimâ', 45b, 47a Jiss/jibs, 39a Judari, 49b Julanjabfn, 41a Julläb, 37a, 40a, 4 8 a - 4 9 a , 50b Julubbän, 10a, 11a Juwârish, 41a, 46a, 50b Kabid, 38b, 47b, 50b Käfür, 39b, 40a, 42a, 45a, 50a, 51a Kahhälün, 36a Ka'k; 11a Karafs, 40b, 48a, 48b, 50a Karawyä', 41a Karm, 10b, 39b, 41a, 43b, 45b, 46b, 48a Kashüth abyad, 48a, 50a Kattän, 6a Khali", 40a al-Khalij, 23a Khali, 41b, 45b, 46b, 48b Khali khamrin, 48b, 50a Khamfr, 43a Khamr, 10b, 40a, 41a, 47b, 48a al-Khandaq, 23b Khardal, 40b Kharîf, 6a, 8a, 14a-15a, 16a-17b, 25a, 28a, 29b, 30a Khashkhäsh, 39b, 42a Khasïy ad-duyük, 43a Khass, 39b, 51a Khatt al-istiwä', 3b, 4a, 20b Khawkh, 40a Khiläf, 39b, 45a, 46b Khïrî, 40b, 46a Khirwa', 40b Khiyär, 39b, 51a Khiyär shanbar, 45b Khubz, 10a, 11a, 43a Khülanjän, 41a, 49b Kibäsh, 27a, 39a, 41a al-Kibäsh al-barqïyah, 10b Kîhak, I5a, 16a, 18a Kiläb, 12a, 17a, 21a Kishk, 40a Kulan, 49a

i78 al-Küm al-Ahmar, 41b Kundur, 40b, 41a, 479 Saft, 24a as-Sahir, 47b, 48a, 50b Sahra', 22a as-Sa'Td, 6a, 11a, l i b Sakanjabln, 36b, 40a, 45a, 48a Sakat, 17b Samak, 6b, 7a, 11a, 14b-15b, 23b, 43b Sananlr, 21a Sandal, 39b, 40a, 42a, 42b, 44b, 45a, 45b, 47a, 50a, 51a Sandal abyad, 50a, 51a Sandarus, 41a • Sant, 6a, 41a as-Saqalibah, 19a Sara', 17b as-Saratan, 3b, 13b Sa'tar, 41b ar-rayhan as-sa'tari, 39b Sawiq, 40a, 45b Sawm, 45b, 47a Sawsan, 40b Sayf, 5b, 6a, 8a, 13b-14b, 16a, 17a, 21b, 24a, 29b, 35b, 41b, 42a, 49a Sha'ir, 9a, 40a, 42a, 45b, 47a Shajarat Ibrahim, 40b ash-Sham, 27a Sham', 51a ash-Shams, 3a-4a, 5a, 6b, 7b, 12b-15a, 39a, 44b ash-Shamsi, 10b, 11a, 41a ash-Sharaf, 21a, 22a, 23b Shatrghibb, 17b Shawsah, 34b Shibitth, 41b Shlh, 40b Shita', 13a, 15a-16a, 17b-18b, 23b, 25a, 28a, 29b, 41b-42b, 49a Shu'ur, 3b, 4a, 33b, 34a Sidr, 41a Silq, 40b Su'al, 34b Su'd, 41a, 42b, 44b Sudan, 6a, 6b, 19a, 27a Suf, 39a, 40b Sukk, 40b Sukkar, 40a, 41a, 45b, 48a, 48b as-Sukkar as-Sulaymam, 49b as-Sukkar at-tabarzadh, 49a, 49b, 50b Fanid sukkari, 49a, 49b Summaq, 39b, 45b Sunbul, 47b, 48b Sunbulah, 13b, 14b Sus, 50a

i8o Tabarï, 39a Tabâshîr, 41b, 42a, 44b, 47a, 50a Tabkhïr, 3 9 b - 4 1 b , 44b, 4 5 b - 4 6 b Tadblr, 2b, 3 7 b - 3 8 b, 44a, 45a T a m r an-nakhl, 11a Tamrihindï, 40a, 45a, 45b Tanaffus, 31b, 45a, 50a Tanäfis, 39a Taranjubin, 45b, 50a Tarfä', 41a, 46b T a y h ü j , 43a Tha'âbîn, 7a T h a w r 12b, 13b T h u m , 40b, 44b T ï b , 39b, 40b T i n , 41a, 49a at-Tïn al-asfar, 49a T i n , 4a, 5b, 6b at-Tïn al-armanî, 41b, 42a, 44b, 46b, 47a Tinnls, 4a, 5a, 28a Tiryäq, 46b T ü b a h , 15a, 16a, 18a, 39b, 42a, 42b T u f f ä h , 40a, 45b, 47a, 47b, 48a, 49b, 50a Tufifâh Shâmï, 50b T u h l u b , 6b, 39b T u k h a m , 26a T u r â b , 6b, 19a, 20b, 22b T u r m u s , 41a T u t , 14b, 16b 'Ubaydalläh ibn Tähir, 48a ' U d , 40b, 41a, 42b, 46a, 46b, 50b

ARABIC

INDEX

Uqhuwân, 40b Ûqïyah, 47a, 48b ' U r ü q , 7b, 15a, 29b, 38b, 50a 'Ushb, 15b Ushnän, 41a, 42b Utrujj, 40b, 45b, 48b, 50a Wabä', 2b, 17b, 18a, 19a, 19b, 24b-28a, 34a, 48a, 49b, 50b Ward, 39b, 40a, 47a D u h n al-ward, 39b, 45a, 51a al-Ward al-ahmar, 50a al-Ward al-'irâqï, 48a al-Ward al-murabba, 46a Warshakin, 49b Yäqüt, 46b Yaraqän, 26a, 27a Yasmin, 40b, 46a Yubüsah, 3b, 6a, 7b, 8b, 10b, 12a-14b, 16b, 17a, 25b, 27a, 29a, 41a, 44b, 46a al-Yünäniyün, 25b, 36b Zabïb, 10b, 41a, 43b Za'farän, 40b, 46a, 47a, 47b, 50b Zanäblr, 7a ZanjabTl, 40b, 47b, 49b, 50b az-Züfä' ar-ratb, 41a Zujäj, 42a Zumurrad, 46b Z u ' r ü r , 41b

English 'Abbàdânî mats, 39a Abtb, 13b al-'Abîd, 22b Abraham's balm, 40b Acacia, 6a, 41a Aflanjab, 40b Air, 2a, 2b, 5b, 7 a - 1 0 b , 12a-15b, 1 6 b - 19a, 20b—24a, 2 5 a - 2 7 b , 28b, 29b, 37a, 3 8 b 41b, 4 4 b - 4 7 a , 49b, 50a Alexandria, 4a, 5a, 24b, 28a 'All ibn Ridwân, lb, 52a Almonds, 41a, 41b Aloe, 47a Aloeswood, 40b, 41a, 42b, 46a, 46b, 50b 'Amai Fawq, 21a, 22a, 23b Ambergris, 40b, 41a, 46a ' A m r , Mosque of, 23b Amsbir, 12b, 13a, 18a Angina, 17b Animal spirit, 7b, 12a, 15a, 21b, 28b, 38b Animals, 5 a - 7 a , 8b, 9a, 10a, 10b, 12b, 15b, 21a, 21b, 26a, 33b, 43a, 43b Slaughter, 43a—43b Anise, 41a, 48b Apoplexy, 17b Apple, 40a, 45b, 47a, 47b, 48a, 49b, 50a Syrian apples, 50b Apricot, 41b, 42b Aquarius, 12b, 15b Arabian costus, 40b, 46a Aries, 12b, 13b Aristotle, 7a Aromatics, 39b, 40b Asarabacca, 48b al-'Askar, 21a Asparagus, 40b Astrolabe, 35a Aswan, 3b, 4b A u t u m n , 6a, 8a, 14a-15a, 16a-17b, 25a, 28a, 29b, 30a ' A y n Shams, 24b Azarole, 41b Bobih, 14b, 16b

Balasan, 40b Bananas, 6a Bandaging, 45b, 47a Barambat, 12b Barberry, 50a Bark, 41a, 46b, 48b Barley, 9b, 40a, 42a, 45b, 47a Barmudab, 12b Barqah, 27a Basbans, 12b, 13b Basil, sweet, 40b, 46a, 48a Bath, 35b, 45b, 46a Al-Batiliyah, 22b Ba'unab, 13b Beer, 11 a Beet, 40b Ben oil, 40b Bile, 15a Blight, 26a, 27a Blood, 12a, 17b, 29b Vessels, 7b, 15a, 29b, 30a, 38b Bloodletting, 45b, 47a Borage, 51a Borax, 4b, 5b Boundaries of Egypt, 3a, 4b Brain, 38b Bread, 10a, 11a, 43a Broad bean, 9a, 40a, 42a al-Buhayrah, 24a al-Bushmur, 27b, 28a Cairo, 20b, 22a, 22b, 23a, 23b, 24a Camomile, 40b Camphor, 39b, 40a, 42a, 45a, 50a, 51a Cancer, 3b, 13b Capital of Egypt, 2b, 20b, 24a, 24b, 28a, 33a, 34a Capons, 43a Capricorn, 15a Caraway, 41a Cardamom, 40b, 50b Carnelian, 46b Carpets, 39a Carrots, 40b Cassia, purging, 45b

i82 Castor, 40b Cats, 21a Celery, 40b, 48a, 48b, 50a Cemeteries, 20b Cerate, 51a Charcoal, 6a Chest, 45b, 47a Chicken, 43a Chick-pea, 9b, 10a, 40b, 41a Christ's thorn, 40a, 41a, 41b Cinnamon, 41a, 49b, 50b Bark, 41a, 50b Citron, 40b, 45b, 48b, 50a Clay, 4a, 5b, 6b Armenian, 41b, 42a, 44b, 46b, 47a Clime, 4a, 6a Clothing, 33b, 34a, 35b, 40a, 40b, 46b Clove, 40b Clover dodder, white, 48a, 50a Cold, 4a, 7b, 12a-13b, 15a, 15b, 16b, 17a, 19a, 25b, 28a, 39a, 40a, 44b, 45b Colic, 48b, 49a Colocasia, 6a, 11a, l i b Congestion, 29a—30b "Contraries," 31b, 44a, 44b Coptic months, 12b—16b Corruption, 5b, 6b, 7a, 8 a - 9 a , 15a, 19b, 21a—22a, 23a, 24a, 25b, 26b, 27a-28b, 44b, 46b, 47b Cotton, 40b "Crisis," 18b, 32a, 34b C u c u m b e r , 39b, 51a Snake cucumber, 40a Squirting cucumber, 40a Cupping, 45b Cyperus, 41a, 42b, 44b Dabiqi, 40a Damietta, 4a, 5a Daniq (weight), 50a, 50b Date palm, 6a, 11a Desert, 22a Digestion, 12a, 15a, 15b, 26a, 28b, 29a, 30b, 38b, 43a, 46b, 47a, 47b, 49b Dill, 41b Diocletian, 16a Dirham, 34b, 47b, 48a, 49b, 50a, 50b Disposition, 47b, 51b, 52a Doctors, 2a, 9a, 13b, 14a, 29b, 31a-37b, 38b, 43b Dogmatists, 31b, 32a, 38a Dogs, 12a, 17a, 21a

ENGLISH

INDEX

Dog's fennel, 40b Donkey, 12a Drink, 9 a - 10b, 28b, 40a, 41a, 43b, 44a, 45a, 46a, 47a—50b Druggists, 34a Dryness, 3b, 6a, 7b, 8b, 10b, 12a-14b, 16b, 17a, 25b, 27a, 29a, 41a, 44b, 46a Duckweed, 6b, 39b Dyspepsia, 26a Egg yolk, 43a Eggs, 6b, 7a Elecampane, 41a Electuary, 37a, 41a, 46a, 50b Emerald, 46b Endive, 39b, 48a, 49b, 50a Ephorus of Cyme, 5b Epidemic diseases, 2b, 17b, 19b, 24a, 25a— 27b, 30b, 44a—47b, 48b Epilepsy, 17b Equator, 3 b, 4a, 20b Erysipelas, 49b Ethiopia, 25b Evacuation, 9b, l i b , 29a-30a, 3 l a - 3 2 a , 35b, 36b, 45b, 46a, 48b, 49a Exercise, 28b, 29a, 37b, 45b, 46a Famine, 26b, 27b Fantd, see Sugar Fans, 39b, 41a al-Farama, 4a Fasting, 45b, 47a al-Fayyum, 6a, 24a, 24b Felts, 39a Fennel, 40b, 48a, 48b, 50a Fevers, 17b, 34b, 48b Figs, 41a, 49a Yellow figs, 49a Fish, 6b, 7a, 11a, I 4 b - 1 5 b , 23b, 43b Flax, 6a Flour, 10a, 42a, 43a, 47a Fog, 7a—8a, 13a, 13b, 15b, 18a-19a Food, 2b, 9 b - 1 0 a , 11a, 19a, 20b, 24a, 25a, 26a, 26b, 28a, 28b, 30b, 3 1 b - 3 2 b , 36b, 37b, 38b—41a, 4 2 b - 4 4 a , 4 5 a - 4 6 b Francolin, 43a Frankincense, 40b, 41a, 46a, 46b Fruit, 40a, 41a, 47a Fumigation, 3 9 b - 4 1 b , 44b, 4 5 b - 4 6 b Furnishings, 39a—41a, 44b—46b al-Fustat, 5a, 11a, 2 0 b - 2 4 b , 27b, 34a, 35a, 41b

ENGLISH

.83

INDEX

Galangale, 41a, 49b Galen, 4b, 6b, 12a, 14a, 18a, 18b, 20a, 25b, 29b, 31b, 33a—34b, 36a, 44a, 46b Garlic, 40b, 44b Al-Gazirah, 23a, 24a Gemini, 3b, 13b, 14a Gems, 46b Gbaliyub, 40b Gillyflower, 40b, 46a Ginger, 40b, 47b, 49b, 50b al-Glzah, 20b, 23a-24a, 41b Glass, 42a, 49a Gold, 46b Gooseberry, 39b Grapes/grapevine, 10b, 39b, 41a, 43b, 45b, 46b, 48a Unripe and sour grapes, 40a, 45b, 48b, 49b Grasses, 39a, 43a, 45b Greece, 25b Greeks, 25b, 36b Gypsum, 39a Hair, 3b, 4a, 33b, 34a al-Hamra', 22a, 23b Hare, 12a Hatar, 14b, 15a, 16a, 16b Hazelnuts, 41a Heart, 38b, 50b, 51a Heat, 3a—4b, 5b, 6 b - 7 b , 8b, 10b, l i b - 1 3 b , 14b, 15b, 17a, 19a, 25b, 27b, 28a, 29a, 35b, 39a, 39b, 44b, 45a, 49a, 51a Natural heat, 12a, 15b, 26a, 28b, 30b Heliopolis, 24b Hemiplegic, 36a Hemorrhoids, 31b, 49a Herbs/herbage, 15b, 47b al-Hijaz, 27a, 42a Hippocrates, 3a, 4b, 6b, 8a, 14a, 17a-18b, 21a, 25b, 31a, 31b, 33a, 36a, 44a Hoarding, 26b Honey, 10b, 37a, 41a, 46a, 48a, 49a, 50b, 51a Hornets, 7a Houseleek tree, 39b, 51a Humidity, see Moisture Humors, 7b, 10b, l i b , 12b, 15a, 17b, 25b, 29b, 32a, 36b, 37a, 47b Black bile, 15a, 17a, 17b, 30b Burnt bile, 15a Phlegm, 15a, 17b, 18a, 28b, 30a Raw humor, 15a, 17b, 25a Yellow bile, 15a, 18a, 25a, 28b, 30a, 49a Humramyah carpets, 39a

Ibn al-Jazzar, lb, 2b, 16b-20a, 27b, 28a, 33a, 49b, 50a Ibn Masawayh, 48b Ibn Tulun, Mosque of, 21a Incense, 46b Intestines, 51a Jasmine, 40b, 46a Joints, 48b Julep, 37a, 40a, 48a-49a, 50b Ko'k, 11a al-Khallj, 23a al-Khandaq, 23b Kid, 39b Kidneys, 49a Kibak, 15a, 16a, 18a Kisbk, 40a al-Kum al-Ahmar, 41b Lakbalikb, 40b Lamb, 39b Lanolin, 41a Larks, 43a Latrines, 21b, 22b Laudanum, 46b Lead, 39b Leaven, 43a Leeks, 40b Lemon, 40a, 45b Lentils, 9b Leo, 13b Lion, 12a Lettuce, 39b, 51a Libra, 14b Licorice, 50a Lily of the valley, 40b Liver, 38b, 47b, 50b Lotus of India, 40b Lower Egypt, 6a, 11a, l i b Lupine, 41a Madman, 35b Mahaleb, 40b Maidenhair, 50a Mandrake, 39b al-Maqsim, 23b Marble, 39a Marisi, 13a Marjoram, sweet, 40b, 46a Mastic, 40b, 42b, 44b, 46a, 46b, 47b, 50a, -50b al-Mawqif, 21a

ENGLISH

184 al-Mawtän, 25a Maysânï carpets, 39a Measles, 49b Meat, 39b, 40b, 4 3 a - 4 3 b Mediterranean Sea, 4a, 4b, 6a, 28a Melilot, 41a Melon, 40a Memphis, 24b Menstruation, 31b Milk, 1 la, 36a, 40a Mint, 40b Aquatic mint, 40b Misrä, 13b, 14b Mithqäl (weight), 47a, 50b Mithridatium, 46b Moisture, 3 a - 4 a , 5 b - 7 a , 8a, 8b, 12a-15a, 17a-18b, 25b, 27a-28a, 29b, 30a, 44b, 46a, 46b Molasses, 48b Moon, 3a, 3b Mountains, 4b—5b, 7b Movement and rest, 9b, 1 lb, 46b Muqattam Mountains, 4b, 5a, 20b, 21a, 22a Musk, 40b, 46a, 47b, 50b, 51a Mustard, 40b M y r r h , 46b, 47a Myrtle, 39b, 45a, 46b Nadd, 40b, 41a Nahyä, 24a Narcissus, 40b, 46a N a r d , 40b Närmasbak, 50b Nenuphar, 39b, 45a Nightshade, black, 39b, 51a Nile, 3a, 5 b - 6 b , 8a, 8b, 10b, 13b, 14a-15a, 16a, 19a, 20a-21b, 22a-24a, 27a, 27b, 41b, 42b, 45a Noah, 3a "Non-naturals," 2a, 2b, 9a-12a, 2 7 b - 3 0 b Nosebleed, 31b Oak, 41a Oculists, 36a Oils, 39b, 40b, 45a Old Mosque, 23b Onions, 40b Orache, 39b Orange, bitter, 46a Oxymel, 36b, 40a, 45a, 48a Papyrus, 6a Partridge, 43a

INDEX

Peach, 40a Pearl, 46b Peasants, 11a, 17a, 28b Pepper, 41a, 49b Long pepper, 41a, 50b Perfume, 39b, 40b Compound perfume, 40b Persians, 36b Perspiration, 31b, 35b, 46a Pestilence, 2b, 17b, 18a, 19a, 19b, 24b-28a, 34a, 48a, 49b, 50b Pisces, 12b Pistachios, 41a Plants, 4b—5b, 6b, 7a, 8b, 9a, 15b, 23a, 26a Pleurisy, 17b, 34b,.35a Pomegranate, 40a, 45a, 45b, 47b, 48a, 48b, 49b, 50a Poppy, white, 39b, 42a Pores, 46a Prices, 26a, 26b, 27a, 51b Prunes, 40a, 45a, 47b, 48b, 49a Psychic events, 25a, 26a, 30a, 30b Ptolemy, 3a Pulse, 36a Pumpkin, 39b, 51a Purgatives, 13b, 14a, 29b, 30a, 31a, 36b, 37a, 45b Purslane, 39b, 42a, 43b, 51a al-Qarafah, 20b, 22a, 23b Quartan fever, 17b Quince, 40a, 45b, 4 7 a - 4 8 b , 49b, 50b, 51a Radish, 40b Rain, 5a, 7b, 8a, 14b, 18a, 18b Raisins, 10b, 41a, 43b Rambling vetch, 10a, 11a Rams, 27a, 39a, 41a Cyrenaican rams, 10b Rati (weight), 47b, 48b, 4 9 a - 5 0 b Rats, 7a, 15b ar-Razi, 43b, 4 8 b - 4 9 b Red earth, 41b, 42a, 47a Reeds, 6a, 6b Regimen, 2b, 37b-38b, 44a, 45a Resin, 49a Respiration, 31b, 45a, 50a Rice, 6a Robes of honor, 40a Rose, 39b, 40a, 47a Iraqi rose, 48a Musk-rose, 40b

ENGLISH

185

INDEX

Red rose, 50a Rose jam, 46a Rose-honey, 41a Rose oil, 39b, 45a, 51a Rose water, 39b, 40a, 42a, 45a, 45b, 47a, 49b, 51a, Rosetta, 4a Rue, 40b Rufus, 21a Saffron, 40b, 46a, 47a, 47b, 50b Saft, 24a Sagittarius, 15a As-Sahir, 47b, 48a, 50b Salt, 4b, 5b, 43a Saltwort, 41a, 42b Sandalwood, 39b, 40a, 42a, 42b, 44b, 45a, 45b, 47a, 50a, 51a White sandalwood, 50a, 51a Sandarac, 41a Sapphire, 46b Sawiq, 40a, 45b Schoenanthum, 41a, 48b, 50a Scorpio, 14b Scorpions, 7a Scythians, 19a Sea buckthorn, 40a, 41a Seasons, 2a, 17a-18b, 28a, 30b, 31a-32a, 37b Seeds, 42a, 45b, 47b, 48a, 48b, 50a Semitertian fever, 17b Sesame, 40b Sewers, 21b, 22b Sexual intercourse, 33b, 35a, 45b, 47a Asb-Sbamsi, 10b, 41a Ash-Sharaf, 21a, 22a, 23b Sheep, 40b Silk, 40b Brocade, 39a Silver, 39b, 46b Sleep and waking, 9b, 26a, 28b—29a Smallpox, 49b Snakes, 7a Soft-haired basil, 40b Soil, 6b, 19a, 20b, 22b Southernwood, 40b Sparrows, 40b Spices, 40b, 43a, 43b, 46a, 47b Spikenard, 47b, 48b Spinach, 39b Spitting, 31b Spring, 12a-14b, 16a, 23b, 24a, 29b, 30a Starch, 40a

Stomach, 29b, 38b, 47b, 48a, 49a, 49b, 51a Storax, 40b, 41a, 46b Sudan, 6a, 6b, 19a, 27a Sugar, 40a, 41a, 45b, 48a, 48b Cane, 1 la Fantd, 49a, 49b Lump, 49a, 49b, 50b SulaymanI, 49b Sumac, 39b, 45b Summer, 5b, 6a, 8a, 13b-14b, 16a, 17a, 24a, 29b, 35b, 41b, 42a, 49a Sun, 3a—4a, 5a, 6b, 7b, 12b-15a, 39a, Superfluities, 7a, 15b, 25a, 28a, 28b, 29a, 43b, 47a, 49b Surgeons, 36a Swamps, 6a, 6b, 26a Sweetmeats, 11a, 40a, 41a Syria, 27a

50b,

21b, 44b 31b,

Tabari mats, 39a Tabmbtr, 41b, 42a, 44b, 47a, 50a Tamarind, 40a, 45a, 45b Tamarisk, French, 41a, 46b Oriental Tamarisk, 41a, 46b Tanijis, 39a T a r , 44b, 46b Taranjubfn, 45b, 50a Taurus, 12b, 13b Temperament, 2a, 3a, 3b, 4 b - 5 b , 7a, 8b, 1 0 a - l i b , 13b, 14b, 18a, 23b, 25b, 26b, 27b, 28b, 30b, 31b, 32a-33a, 37b, 38b, 39b, 41b, 43a, 44b, 45b, 47b Tertian fever, 17b Theriac, 46b Thirst, 47a, 49a T h y m e , wild, 39b, 40b, 41b, 46a Tinnls, 4a, 5a, 28a Treatment, 2a, 30b-36b, 38a-38b Trees, 20b, 23a, 45b Tubab, 15a, 16a, 18a, 39b, 42a, 42b Tunisia, 16b Turnip, 40b Tut, 14b, 16b 'Ubaydallàh ibn Tàhir, 48a Upper Egypt, 6a, 11a, l i b Uqlyah (weight), 47a, 48b Urine, l i b , 31b, 47b, 48a, 50a Vapors, 5b, 7b, 8a, I 3 a - 1 5 b , 21a-23b, 26b, 27a, 28b, 29a, 39a Veins, 7b, 15a, 29b, 38b, 50a

ENGLISH

Vinegar, 41b, 45b, 46b, 48b Wine vinegar, 48b, 50a Violets, 39b, 45a, 45b Virgo, 13b, 14b Vomiting, 31a, 31b

Walnuts, 41a Water, 2b, 5a, 6b, 7a, 8a, 8a, 10b, 13a, 13b, 14b, 15b, 19a, 20b, 21b, 22a-23a, 24a, 25a—26a, 27a-28a, 38b, 39a, 39b, 4 1 a 42b, 44b, 45a, 46a-47a, 48a-49a, 50a Clarification, 41b—42b, 44b Water moss, 6b, 39b Wax, 51a

INDEX

Wells, 5a, 22b, 42b Wheat, 8b, 9b, 10a, 11a, 43a Whey, 40a Willow, 39b Egyptian willow, 39b, 45a, 46b Winds, 5a, 12b- 14a, 20b, 21a-22b, 24a, 28a, 42a, 45b Wine, 10b, 40a, 41a, 47b, 48a, 49a, 49b Date wine, 11a Decocted wine, 11a Winter, 13a, 15a-16a, 17b- 18b, 23b, 25a, 28a, 29b, 41b-42b, 49a Wool, 39a, 40b Worms, 7a, 15b Wormwood, 40b

ARABIC

TEXT

63 ... j —

0

J

J

; ^UAJl

^ ^J * L> ( o n )

:

f-l« " J > t > ll ^

• ^

" : «-Jj-i (o$T)

. •. • . . I ^ji «^l Ä» j j . L f t j ü u ! iJ-5^» üi-® : i^-* ( o i f ) y j ' ^ ^ * Ub^L**»t jjJ Ü-T*-* Q I .. « I I flA^- ! ^ '.'A, ,"• (^M ÄX -UM '.J »7 "tjl It öjjt> ^ ^ I ä ä j : »jJL. I-« Jo.iJl I jla j ^ U aJJI ij-loj AU j t all ^ j J l £ ^ ^ j 1 v tj I ^ ... ( 1ft...1... "• A-Aej «JT V^* '"It AaxO '- ..-• ü * O-*^' .

. da ^ .

JaJLi

^

^J

O-i.Lä

a

L-® I •••••.. iTJ . LAj-fj.J j^jc

i^jJi

:

J

tf^l

dö*

{oii)

^

(oiö)

^ ^

(on)

ARABIC T E X T I ÄA '¿-¿O

£¿>1 ^o-Jl

A

I 'i . t^i

i>° M j " * • 11

*•

1^1 J :

oT-

: f'j-^-11 oTl

ST^J' . A

UÄ-.^ J^

* 0»La*Jl c^äj ; Jj

OTT

n .. JI J) oTr

.• .• 11 ; «ji OJJ ^ oTi

•

• j ^ l - " - 1 ! : J j o->j • >-> o-» •

Sr*

J» ^'"-LJ-5 o n

H' " *

• cj 1 •>. lüLi i^J I

öj*

:

:

-¿»J

Jo«-,...

^'j) oT1

a

• ' 11 M I 11 J'i-* I

ij-* oTY

< >-3ft-»hi I Jub m "•oTA "i "p

^yi ** "•

• » ( i ° A )

. ¿.I. II (,>1— t>o y-jjo". IIJI a -I... .. ; £-0. >lJj< Jv>Sl y j ( t o i ) •

Jj ^ •

jIj, (£!•)

:

-Jlj ( i l l ) • ->_> i^ju-^J ( n r )

; tii j j

j l j , {£ "IT* ) • ->_> «-»u-^-1 ( n s )

. oJJj J i L j - L : i^LS-. jJt

yj JLjjSI

•

J

.

"

pJ. " f j e J l j "

^IJ^AU I IpJjL^i

erJj " JA*

4* L»j

tjjjp * • '•> "• : ^r-ef

.

ri

:

i>J" J j '

->5ll iji : . j i ^-Ii j< J : «-»• •»J V" ( n r ) ¿ j J l Cy, * . II ' L^lill .ÜJil . l_J>_, S.JJ " : i J j j j . . . . " I ( >^,1 • I j.i.Sl o-»

I j » u-L^j

Lis* " •

f

I

yjJL»

J "

I .''»¿j 1.

Oj

•

Jl

j

... i o j t Ijj^K* O ^ I ¿J-i OLS o j j Jl

,1 . . . •-..,.

J

^ ,.1

Ol J

>-> sr* r

¿J-T^J

'

1

• o!> : ts. i>j

Üb^ j f. •is ü i J l ¿ i l i S l

: ¿J.

•

:

" i-jLMJI ö

I

i a,i. II J

»ill

* I "imi ll

J

¿J*J)

ST*,?

•

jj

"

• •

yj

•

(

dj

ARABIC 'J

jl_.UJl . " uii—iJl

1

....

o ^"

i^u^j-li

"

y-*

:

jj

TIT ,L

« « „ • Ü o-^J " J j i^i

>

Uo.,

i^j^Jl

•

t^-i ¿j^f

1

: jy ^

^ I; * j | j THo «JJL- J I J

p j , " j l a... II j ^ L - ^ ^ J I . !.•• II

:

• »

» II Sl-w^XJI '• r * -

1

TIA

l—jLoJI * -

. -tJ. J j

: Jj 11

j w> II

H

«-I—J j l j

^ • I' ^¿U«

pJ. " J^IAJI jlAjSlI "

• "jJJ i T J ^ ' j

AJ

U

-UL> E-^ 5 "-» :

. ; — - t j i^-i u*^-' * (j^^äJl ^ J j * . . • II j

¿J

*' -

; i j i Jsj

yl jdJl

^iiiftin ll

Jl j Jlj,

. J^-KJl . ^iii '• II ji* L,

rn

" A J j j T1Y

• -k-1 li-*

11

TIT T"U

• ^ p j ; '.ii* < i>J< J j ^ J . ,>.>JI

rv

ST* H I J=J.

:

TEXT

: jj yj tilji

HI i

ARABIC

TEXT

55 O — ü J l j : ^ ^ (TY • filSJ h i in " * I O L5Lo

Jj

J., J i j ; ^ i j L i j (TY1 L-. u J j " y j " : ^ j * (rYT " ¿LS j j " o-^ " : (rYr

i » II J-,. L» ^

^ I 11

r1-

ÜJ : J j (TYi j " : dJjü (TYo TYI

i.-kj.

yJ

-iljj

•

f-Lcf

I •«» .....

: t.^« . uJ^

J^iljlii.

fl

•»J TYY ajI—:

i-...o II

tyi ty •o ^ TAoAl

: >>511 •

»»

>1 : .

• ^ o-® . (^j Ä-,1 « II o-* I -tj ^ u ^ J oJo

tat (TAT) TA£

J :

•.

aIJI j ;

o1-5

Jl

TAo TAI TAY (TAA TAI

ARABIC

54

JfJ-J'

TEXT

: ¿ j (to•

.

^ o — J (Vol

. o^l

^

:

(roT

. f j A J l : J»J> -»j i^-» (Tor . i".*jt ; " aJj-

" 0 LS 0 1_, " ; a J j j j • 0 1 f j ^ l

^jS-.

(roi y j (Too

:

• »ilj y j .

; ¿j ¡ji

¿1 j

(Xo"\

• c .•••> : -ij (TOY •

i^u-*- 1 ' "

>7

L j ^ ^ S

i^Jj":

• f : v4' " J U , l_ «¡JJju- J l _ i i " :

el J j _ . « J f ULi " aJ^Ji ^

j

A

l^i A»- ¿ J ilj

J

^ L - y j «L?- " 0 L k J _ J l Ü ^Ji (ni . u ..oll Jja.1 j L l j j . " „ . L j J l u J x ijU " . ^ i i y - j -.v^. ¿ j . ;

oj

: Jj uj

. " ^ i i J l J U j ^ J I J " : 4 : 1 1 . ' L . J . L> ^ i u ^ J "

,1

o - O1-5 .J^i

1

(ru

" «JjJi(rio

. d j ^ „ ^ J . ^ j j J L J I " oJl Ui J l j j • j a * » LJ.!

(nr

y j j i j, ( n r . «¿Si

:i

j ^ (Tol «L» ( f l -

..• .•*>

" :

J : ->_> Sr* " J—LxJl "

(T1Y y j (rtA

ARABIC

TEXT

53 J

"J

o

'

V.» :

• J . I • l| .

Ii 1

I jiL. -it

jm

^Ün -

¿j

Y)

. f^i-« ^... II ft j 1 , ¡JA

t

L-« I ••"..*. 1 jt

It I•o

D

^

'' v- :

. j U l f j ; J^^ll

'i-Lfjit

A)

J-P^lt (^J

^

1)

tjLS

•)

T) • j ^ J J 3

"

"

:

^ L j oj-" "

. L t i . . jUj-Ji ^ J f . I

r)

«-JJ-*

i)

¿j

:

0)•

i", ll ; .Lj y j

• 'i •

:

^

II I J j t

:

V)

"''. 11 ^ILn 1

• J

i -^'

1)

: •»_>

A) ^

1) •)

•J)jti"

J « J J |

t_> il^mj^ " &-C U*> " •

-

0^

' J * ¿'~ ' *' «J^ (^j I öS • j'j-J'' Aj.1 1 c

t-j^'oXJ I 4-«^»

• pAj^Jl

L.» JI l»o ; US


n • n 1 ru

Ii > -j ^jJ

:

-kj

* u'^"

tj-l*

ij—a< ' JI> JÜ^S oli«U : u-U I.,; L. u« 'i " t J j J «ili aJ Lo—V*. 1 i^f-wj iiLJj g j A '.a J L-%^.' jjf . A-Ul ^^lc

nr (^i j l j

ru

1 5

o - ^ J ^ O^Ti no

•

k

" di I

• £¿1 j-AJI

"m.I

A OA ^

J»l

L_e

A—I

^P J-iJ :

ru i j j r>Y ru

• «Jj«-» : .

-f pji

" * L^Sl

^j^J ;

l^JO'I 11

Til

y * TIT

• j-^-" O1 -vf : ^ in 11 y-s i—.

TEXT

I

^

Tir

«¿A o-s^Ji .¿Ji ¿J-i ftJ^Ji Tit (III ; ( ji » . •. ' » J l V . . " . n

.I

Tie io yj JÜ—i-" : *

• Oj ^-i

T*IY

Jj

¿j

TIA

11

Til

^ I tii'i 11 j ÄjL-ijJI * ; ftj^j» TY-

^J« "

. i - U L i - f-l : ¿ J . •

1 ijJLa^

;

y j TY1

y j ¿JC. .¿I J

• Jl_»»J|l ; j j .

•

J

»JiLJl

J

; Jj

TYT TYT

y j

TYi TYo

Ü 11 9 c

•

Til

1 Lio 11

;

.bj I

J j

yj

TYI

j j i d j (^i ft I ü J l j TYY

; I. •._,JI "

; «j
jill irLc "

Jljj •

o-°

(in)

:

j.

: J j i (J1,511 o-U Jl

••• J j 11 j #

• i>» ÙI " :•!»•» y j

(ITA)

: » : J j I , j (1J>)

• • ...o'. Il j v l ^ ^ l j .

(in)

a l j , ( 1TY)

j , J^jil J^g

.

(ir-) (in)

• «i j -

TEXT

j

( 1 £T)

~> (IST) yj

(US)

o ... ' : dia * J>o5l I y» ( l í o ) 1 i^-» I—» :

»—-Ijj

(vàt-Jl

i;* 0 * 1 ) : •-»

(1SY)

• ^.n. II

Ä^L_.jrJl

(ISA)

.

«.jl^jJl

(l£l)

-, Ii ^iU«

ARABIC

TEXT

43 •D

•Y) •A) •1)

H ii)

IT) ir)

is) i°) n) IV) u) ii) T-) n)

tt) TT) TO To) n)

TY)

ARABIC

42 ^ J j A I J

y

;

1-9 I

U
0 JaJL. J^aJJl I AÄ I La» LJLJ H aJ^I 11 A„. i

UF-1*

"

a

J

j

f

-

^ J ' Lt-i^.1 • tix> «

. "

.—J I " • AJ^J •

J

*_i_l I l

^

"

* :

^

LJj: " a • m,*l >

'

V^4 ^ Sr® 1 0

-

i j - J , ^ .j^-J

:

A_. 1Q1 ; ' • i J j

* t

^yj 1Y) 1A)

< • ---- «

GL^

^j

J l j Yl)

.

•

:

» •;

•- Li^A •

H

" :

^

>—^ö^Jl j ' tja>< A-*-Le A_> L-0

^

^ YT)

^j

^

^«ii ... II Jof £1) J in II 3IJ

" I öS " I IrtL-of1 ' ' ^jm ... : il.Jtt-^fo . ) t^i . !sJL.o_,U ; uojil v - i — . L^i« I ji

h "•... ... ^J

.Lki,

:

jj

iji

OT) • J ' J .. ~ •

I i •. Ii

a—»

11

• * ^ ; !_»
• !•• l^'- JJ J*—* . V. J V* ¿1 a «¿Lej • Or"*^' J' ol nhi II I * i • n-v 1 A-ACj dJT 0I o-Sl jl fca-e Ljk .Ii I ^jjj 4L.

j >

1 I aJJl ^t^ji Jt Ju :f (T) i^LoJl j* cjL—LLSJI -V1 ^ ' " ": L-» f^LSJl aj tSl jjl oL-yjlL-, j.,,.. II uJi fiL-Jl j AJU i\ UÖjL "

(^o)

jl jJbLtLti. ^ I , ; J*>^ll( yj n) I jjb J c ^ j i " : J»j.

^ J (l wJ )

ARABIC

TEXT

37

.,.-.< II

ü—i : Joill II j l J ;

Hoy D o b b i n (

^ J , )

, .-.«; I I

j t J

:

J

->

;

¿

J

Chester Bentty

v4

i s . ,i_«Ji

j

0

A R A B I C

T E X T

(n)

J—tet f

i

j

t*•.*«.'»'j

^.t

i,

01

j j j

y

»

V1

JJjj. 'v^li

I Ii

jiUJl ' *

LiJl J'.V.

- ilji

J

o-^

L« j L.1 J j - i

[In^

»¿J

Ait-j.

.

. rt

(^i-Jl

,. II

ft-äül

¿1

f I h . 11 uJJ I ( O 11 ^ 'iL-Jlj ili. l _

I

f

I

• i J J j

ÄiwJ

i-L.ji«-'! V . » " - 1 1 . » ,j.LjJl o-U

Ä *I • .-V ll

. (on) f, m-

Jl

I ( l».1 J ^ f i rt *•...

L-t^iUJ . J i ä J l j . f.) . " ^ U L J l

I

c^iojii-»

III n-v

V*' o i »

(o i i ) J Li ä !

.Sil o ^ J

LfJUfei

0

Ve

JJL-. : j l

1

o-i^-1 - 11

t

1

I^

1

J *< V 1 o

II

•

ii-^L

j

LJiili.1 .

J-ö-il

^JU^

d

J ,jjJ Ul

J «

Li

0{

fct-j

ARABIC

TEXT

35 (To)

I M J ^ I - V S I ifi JjLiz umJUS o j j '

( o n ) . _ r » S l * - u - ^ - j i (oro) ¿1 J-J (on ) uJ o' ifj^- i^- 11 ! J - S l Ol ^ J j rj»^- 1 ! I u - l * J , - J U^S. t - ^ l j l m i". II ¿ilil y L«lJ ' / v o l / L l- J l J j u 1 1 1 O* .' * '< y — j j . r Ü u- * • V—^ V* J jrt" o I I ^ o^l * *t Äi . zJl ¿¿I J ^ J I J . „ . L J l J i_,t-.jJl "öS-» J . (oTT)JI J j - " al i. "Jj-^-i-» ¿..h IU- ' o I—^ 3) I J . U,>. -• (ofA) i/» L^-lLa. O " 1 t ..• » .AäI t-® ä ^ ^ I« (o£ •) lUi-ilj (otl) g^lj^JI O". i Ii Ä I,. I 9 ^ ^ L j ( o j ^ ) L ä - i j . f l jJ I i ... Ij ^y^Jl f L_^Sll (oJT) - i — 1 ' O* ft-*»-» J o-» LrJj j i d J u J l j t-i I 1 II i • • „n I ¿^oj

ÄAi ^

(otT) o ^ j J ^

' U-. j t ^,1—i-ll * L«J ft IÜ II • Lu»j ^ J U x ^ ^ J l )«>• "• II. ,JI »¿^ * 1_«J —t J ¿¿-Oj j^-iLS ' l-o^-V« '1

4

UÜ!

(orr)

A R A B I C

33

T E X T

(rr)

—

^

(0-1

)

1 • O ^t' ^ ' Jj-f < j j

I^'U'J.

Ä-OJ ..FIT

'l_Lll

(oir

OJJ sr» ( o i r

)

L-pt

(o'A

'

"

t^?-11

u-lx

'I

'^liU

)

F - j L

)

(o-Y)

ijJi J-j^i j i j i J ¿p**J'

Jj-^i

*U»JL

jU-Jl ^ «L*J|

JJ-r^-11

o-"

jl.li. (oil ) .A—Jl

• oj^ij 31... I » » L » « !*.•>. J t j o oK^"-" Q... ,..*! Jj IJ^j 6J I I ^ ih*. i o I J^JLJ I—. » i ...n 11 i g j i - > j t t i j ' v..- . ' 11 ' v I < V *« eL ^ C ij ' ' j i p II j i k i - i j 0 h... II .-,*. I*. , .¿.h. Ji II ¿ tjJ£Jl ^ n I 'i o

o'

.1 Ii

...... J

o^ u

" ^

( ^ - L - * I "••?. II ^ J o » "MM J ^ j l ^Jl I* ...ht ( o 1 £ ) (>« ^ J-fv^ 1' I ' ^ ^ l J t ^ M aJL0 lyJLe Jrt • ii J -

...• A - - i L i J l I j t f j l j j : Jj-it U j I j ^ j i j ( o l o ) 3 j S « j o-IJ g... j ' I o j j : iS_>! j - " J 1 - * V 1 "••• 1 — Ii Jl Cr" l - a A j l J-ll ( ° 1 1 ) L - * J f c v ' .^¿-Jl 0"° J^®«; Kf* ( o l Y ) I t S J l ¿ » - ¡ I • J... .•> o L - » » J « I « 11 - I j t jl^cUÄ^II '.'I I.". J n i . ' ' ^ A .j t « A...« ¿ L u j ^ ..h Jl ot

J o' V; 1

-^Lt^^Jlj ( L-^Jl , j ^ A l.o

( j j yjj-ä Jl I (juUlJl ^ o ( o T • )

( ©T \ ) ^ t\^

'

Jl

^

L rOi>

I

Ä

II c-^J

a_a ) I 11 j

j^Jll j * I Jxm L^J I ^ L-sl^J I

L-o

(

J l_»
^

11 ' j ' *

^

j« « i L « » J l » ^ » ^ »JJa^ ^ "-**- A 'i.ji I j 1 *I_i JLiij < J j ^ j s 1 4 - : (orr) J - ^ j c ^'

J

)l ^-i "• i "J ^^^a-J I ^ _____ ___ jljJl ^-Jrf : ' ¿ ^ j j » - * L ^ J l ij-oi * L=fcJ ^ £ L_ä_»J. (J-U5II Jj^ps-Jl ^ ^ - J l j J^Tj' t ^ A ^ J O s

a t ( j ^ U J ^jEUrfl J

joj

L J )J

L
?• ' L_ 11 ^ J a ^ j i * I f ä "m. j^XJI ^JI * j> i.iu> »' Ij ¿ ^ j i «JiM.« ) I •1 • f W l y» ( £ H T) pi -X^SII ^ t i i y (£11) « ^ V1 .r 1 ü - ^ e (jL-Ä^I f I—OJ ¿ Z ^ 1 L-» j ( £ Hf) Lj. ^LJL^ f L_oj ^ e I—oj j j j O1 J 1 lA»*' V ' ^ f j ' - t o ' j 3 s o-vA"1-^-1! O1—J-'i, ' J ( £ ** S ) L=»—1 ü AJ j . n ' jj-^- , n-% Ii g... Ii (J-^-» I j " * „. ^J j ...PC . jjLj, iij-i JjLJJJJ, ( i l l ) i^^ill j - i i j (JIA)J^-Jl JLi-Jl «i» (J1Y) ^Jl u-j^ i-/^-» jy* _ O- JLi»,)' i ^ - j l ¿-«-Ii« fL_T ' ¿ j - j I ^ l i H I ) 1 0 f * „'J ' JJ* "* 'I(J II i... II L-B 4 fl jji I ¿J ij^'S**'" ' * uL«

IJJ^- 11 J JS ¿i-jlf f^ JL-^J^

Ajuf u>l h>hi 'i (o« 1 ) ll ^"• ' ' j

' ' ^ J 1 -1»1 J J 5 O ^ (o-T) L^^r^-J 11 Ä L• tJäJl C u j iil—l^ .i - ^ 11 h ^J I " I* J J > ^ j u J l * Laj ^ u b J l Q l—ajJ I * ^ j » ^ < '• II '*. . • Ii ^ .It . -Jl .1 J»«Ii AJ . I... c A I * llI I • . B • * ' u. « J • \. I ."\ _. . « ". ^Q A- . vI * M w AJ.1 (jjjl ^Jl ^L^^lI • * ^...N. < L « ^ yA j ^Jk-Lgki« !• I I (o*o)

ARABIC

TEXT

31 (n)

O1-5 t-« J l o J l

Jl j l j . il

sr'o—'i-Sj

* J1 "•"

»A» j ^ . ( m ) i^-»

11

• fj*^'J

"•>

t—

11

l^JLS JL+iill ijJLI i-jJl— j-iLi-l I I"i O >1 o - ^ 1 W j I j j j o If i'I^cU*. ^ ^ i II oij >1 "•>1 J • A^LSOJL-S« JM I 11 '^wJl •^ I ' ^ i j'üu-^I • 1 - .'•' • • ' '*•» • JUs-Jl «.¿» J-^» y j / ' i I/o' oa-Sj a j J J 1> l^j j L a w ^ J U ir-^* ll 'cLvZjjj 1 ' ^¿J " j"j ^ h r t t 11 j o ' wHLe ' ',>-'' j S^J J J - ' J J' * '' J i*lm w 11 cJ' f »jLII ii..hlll (J1Y) '«^jjSl j f S l j . i j U J l t-jLiSlI •J * I ji—ll

t^l^u-ll

L-« L a y *

Ä J Ü a J j * ' 1 ji-ll

^J i i • I

^f^a—ll J ^ j J l ,J. c cJ»jjf a i I ' I o^uS IIJ L-iUJLS äiA.o II i - : u 5 l l j ^ A3 oLSoJj aü « i ö i s 0 j j . "M>j-ii ; Z) (JY1) H . g* t j j j "a^uiLj _ J_il yJl ip >äJ| ( £Y* M

Jin« 11^

(HA) liUiSJi ( t u ) ÜWjJl J j • ' I I I J II ¿)l .«-...I JLJJI

v

i a u » i t j j j ^ J i j o i b - i i j u - S ^ ^ j j jj(iVT) f j S J i J J i S i J « L j > J i I . 'i-j—¿5)1 j-i-1 J • • U J L . "jiJLi'^^—Ji . ^ J j j (jyr) f>sj| ^t ^^j-^-ll • ^ II I | Tl oK*' J - i/1 •' * ^ ^ C r - ' ) ^ j ^ U l ^ J j • Ii ^ 11—. ^ i 11 j ^jl jln 11 * iii-16 j x j j . J j ^ *•« II j u-l-J

iJJ^S .JLSJI I j i / l l j

I Jub u-9 j j LJ. i j ^ i j J »¿jJlj (JYO) V J 1

0

L_JJjJij|j j-i-ll J Jj-^j-1!

o U i^JLv-ll ' * ^' U-^J U^.5. ¿ii-ll JJL». 0lS" • * (^J I 'A J In i 11 • Uv-i) * L—I I • r< •

^ (iVA)

L»
*; o ^ 1 , JJ J1 I ,J , ,„, ulJ^S^ • i11 I . AJLS. "iL¿L j-i Ai > o II j IjJ »L-Jl'jiUjj . (iof, ) l ^ S ^ t j J ^ ^ . 0 1 ijL»Jl ^ i • 11 vlLL. T^LÄi I—^ O ^ ¿-j^ J ^jL. tJjS-f J IJ .1»—II— j l l i j , . o«:'^'. IL-. ({o>0 »-ii J o-»--" •• J*-11 Cfj V-^jSi o — ^ i • " --Ji u, J» CJ.LS I o-° c-'^*"' ^i-*

-Li

. ¿u j .....>., LSS •i-e

iSnm)

(S-^* -r 15 I jJ ' 1 J«-" J* j-^l I o-H

i^-UJl J-Liit «JJjSj . «I Jt-J Jl L)« . . J L s J I «Jjk Jlf

-jJl • I—j j ^iÜ-Jl j JS ij^L-Jl 0L»J3|I "fij. (OT) i ^ ^ l J . / t-io/JjjJl • U.j J.i-.o II j < II äiJj I ' n v y j eijj ^AJi ( ^ I ' i *-••- " - " 1 '^J ^. ^ J1 * : I I • j j ^ * i^i J' * j u ^jJI ijLüw. L,^. j ^ i ¿¿JI at. 11 j L_oj li^lk ^ ^ ^ ^ i j i AJ^ji 31J I i J ^ i L-O^j; JS^i

_)-i-tlnl^jjJl

isi.

(^I^Ibl

J

. ^LL

f j OL,

I ¿J

Jw»-"

ü^

ijj^ji ^y-LiJi ( i n ) Jjk» • (jrA J—rfji—.SI jii*-" ij-» -o1—'J J^ " 1 h-....i jtiJ L ^ j j I—« u-fj JIj OOM^II * JmJ fS "• II ^LuJl • A« «Ii .J ^-U L_o oJ * j "• » ^ ^ » I » VaJJI LÜ1J ^ »J ÄJLfl Jj—^¿./ytT/ (££•) {¿IJ-« y j c-i^Jl J—' I.t JJ . £ I—oj * Lf-M »A--1 ¡j* • o".> n Ii J^ÄiJl J T-» 1 1 ) .f ' l^f-Jl I j—t-e Jit hUii. II ^ j • 'j^t ^UL. I V^r*^ ojj^-Lru-i-^Ji o1-5 «-3-Jj • i ^ s i ^ i l : ^-OJL^ *l-i II l^*, 11 j I j j I "i-v j ^ j Ic (t^O

. >>° .

f

t 'A

_

l j J l / 1

_

oi

•

. . .

Jwj^Sl

^jJl ¿¿JJl JJJSSI J I O ^ - J L J VA-» " J- O ^-1 : II . I . I N J V | J ^.I^SJI J JI—JI J

»-O

(JE-A ) OW-LL

- I ;

V '•>«

11

:

0L»J5II_,

JJL J J-I_L» J \ JJL J J « I« II II ¿*\\II I ' I - 11 -

I-OJJ.IL! ^ .-. Ii oo-^il—ä f J oj-* •. J-" j j j l_.'. II j—J !>•»i II - O «A» ^ ^ H Lv^ JI11J* i^lJo^JLJ ^ÄJo'ImJIIJ« ^JlLaJ « tjLÄÄ^Jl «-J • IiI ¿J41? -Lc ^in "j *" • L_> f ^(—¡Ja^ I AA ¿f* p-J I V i II j 0 i l l k J l j j t i J l JJ>»I j j n n ) js 11 j Ä l-vj j I j LJ LJuh^I I j -Jl J y . U w j J l J (L1Y)ö "j- L ^ - I I j o - ^ l i - i i j c J V ' j / T j - / £ > - i i j j i - ^ i - i i j ( r u X ^ S i J i i L i J l J "triLwjJl j j i i . y . l - l l l Jjuj.1 J J 1'l.i.S ILS ^..«.f. II *j * Lo j J ^ ' " *' J JJULSJU-- 1 - -J • A n'l l| • II • I * II J ^ o i l k . II J oL-jL«S_ll J . ( T i l ) f J ^ H l J vLl^wl I o ^ S l I IJ ol ^J5ll j ^ j l f ^ L J l » L . j . j i . L i J l Qj.'Vl'n «1_.J »L-jJilJl II J ^ j j l ^ '^LiL-Jl J,,. i - l j J j i M . II 3 - i ^ : J . ÄÄeL»JI jL jJl j j J>jX-JI j CLA^JI : V51-»-11 J ^ ' J • J-^-»-JI J v i i J l -j j ' j j j J t « L . J j_j j_L S J L , J ^ i U, : tfpiJlj . v ^ - f J l j c^-11-» 4^1 ' i^jSLiJl JJ-ÜJ II ' L^.J 0,J> II : J • ?J3LJi ¡jiii ll j oi^-Sll j ^ i - l l : v l ^ f i J U j • i V ^ l i J l ' I _..:.Sll ' J - i l j ^ - J I „ J ] l-eOS 'l—¿Sil i lo> 11—-j . ( j . i ) 0l_S jU.jili^oiijjSij Ü 10^.1 j S u - l l ^ J l y j o J j U * . I j j l w ' I j ^ - J l ¿ J J J iJ ^i/vi i t ^ J J^- (£ • T ) i J u J l . ' ll 11 ' J O - J - f ^ J J J O1 üL-^J (i'T) J f j ( ij-/) j öjjj o y ^ J i j J j ^ - i i j A^JL-'^iwj ^ i ' j j j J i J gi^ii—Jij f J ^ X i iJ 0i>!äSiij "• ' i y . I »Si J JLt-Jl O-» "»-1J« • • II » L b J • « * " o J . J L-t-^S j i i I » I j l J-» Ii» J J S il_jl a * 'l—iSll g „. -. ¿ f ^ J i l ^ j . « I j l - U ^ J l ¿yj, j ^ j t 1fi * L—iSlI - - - h i v -. ^ f ^L-2-Jl J • Ä-Läl_aJl Ii a [ ^ J l ,.->« II

0I

Ju,3l

(TY1 )

oSj

»JSLi-

u-U

»Jl j • i l j (TAT) I sr-Jl J i..» II o ' - ^ S l if* LjJjSlI ¡JL^JLJI j . ¿, t - , J g l ^ - w d - U L i J l i i - ^ J l y j y ^ J l ^ T A / o l ^ S ' (TAT) u-U J l AAcill OoJ -UxiLi (_• u-U jJ-JL^ ^ J ^J-» h - .„I ¿ ¿ t j i j , u l O 1 — - i E1 j - ^ " j i t .• ' I • ( T A I ) / T r i / «äLii o - C r

ARABIC

TEXT

25 (To)

>-»•• iJoJ (rY-) Jh^JI A^Jjl ^ ^ * 0 L S Lo 4-iU ( r Y l ) ( ) O^j A » 11 y.r>y\',jt iLJJ» J^M '¿oUl^JI a t > Ii ^ J j «¿LJj J»>„> ¿1 ^ 1 LaI. QI I t^-S 6 jJb i l < ¿ J a i j J J' J A » O1-^ j I "•.>_,J . o L I V» 11 ^ J ^ J I '¿JU-.^ LP II ¿-.t rt IS Cj ,L. 3 ^j—w^^lo 11 Ä • „.-.Ja ^ ij-** Ubj-fj J 'i. IjULH ^ f^s J*.J^Ji iL^üill (J-I.C ^JJL^ • äj^« L^. '.v> J "i .. ')I .i^yj 0 I r/l/t LftJ^s] J J.^JLJI J . , I 0 ¿f A fc ^LUo fjj» * a j j t j • rth .u Ja aJLo ^ ^ i ' w j « Lj-^Jf j U i - j i AAAI (^J LJLJJ^W )l .'•> '• S.I.. 11 > ! •> "..„1 9« o 4J0LJL0 p^ 5 UM I ^ I j-f^ fl .•••... LÄ^t j « J ^ J l i l ^ - v i ^ ' j ' V,'"'" " O- ^ ^ /' TY/ 0f • j^i I jZ* L—J ci> • a 11 Jai^ * I ^A ^jf L t-e-J]

/ vT"! / f1—>5)' «-t-jjsl Lj-B-» L-o ao1 " ^ h J< ^ « ¿ y , ^J . lr

^jsLiiJi; ils^iji j ¿jj-iiJi ^UoiLii o-J^ o1-5 ' j . ^ (TYT) i ^ ^ j L ^ I ^ o>^ J, -- J, •« L^o d-o il liL)^ ^ a J L i ^ J ] i.. j JxJl 5 •• "• ^ ^Ls< '¿^»l j J t * - 11 *• I J J J L , • ° • < ^J I j j j ^ • ÄjJJl \ v.* Ii » 1 j > li^ vi j ^ ^ ¿ f iiUä oJM* ,J U J J^—.1 jjLS I * jp. ^iis I JA1 j I '¿jt ill • J ÄJU3J 1 ^ I * • • ä^-l ^ iüiO ^ ( fYt) iiliill V « J Ü ^ »J-ä-Jl o-» j l s l ^ «ÜLiSi ^ . i-ljj J j i jZJ^, JL^.^1 j . 1 — i _ J S oJL.^ i>t •... ^ l j ^ ^ s J j . 'i—iSii «At-, ( r v i ) ü-» ui-f j fcXY/ J.*.« II ' i J I.A.'. L^S . II) I| ^ ¿Vit jht jH 11 U I |Q ^ ( I «J 4.~ (To-)

JI.' Ii I-«-. ''"'•• II i-J>Li4 (roo ) o 1 - 5 o'-'u"1-^-" Irl* J i j . L^jb^"ilii üL_ij f^J; .xäij. üJJ^Sj. (ron) c u s ^ j i ,>. < .,..*; »jf.hr / y f o / ijliil f! «•» J i^LtaJl J — — u-Lc i L _ — » _ , fJL^Ji ^ o' 1< (roA) (vH-jiTij^i • (rov) o ^ J I-» II L_: J » ^ .yb ; A", i K «JL« ÖAAjI I ( K a^yt-^yjI j ¿T Ja-jJl I j » • Jr-^t' u - i J ^ V O ' foJUl J^-Li' f L % J l (ro^)-U—Li L^lil^, ^.LSill ju-LJJI u J i i'UX, AJ .Lii (n* I i^f (riT) u ^ * Jtli) O 1 h I|"1 oil JLaJI «¿Jfc . «

^

A • lr r-. k j l o I » UOJI J jJui^ ^g^* Li i y ^ P

# Jl sS jiXSl fj-r! j Il ¿j^-" . o j j 1 Jl -H ^j-jU- ( m j u j J i J i y ^ , , O-^J'

j (_, J Ifi'o 11 J^^JiJL-t I 4 J i I il

J

j (rio) at »I j j ^ j J i j »i—M j u (riY) fJn-> I"*) W

I t tlXi tJfi^uJl A l j l ^ i j Li. ( n i )

L i ^ i viUj,

f

iXoSll

h

ARABIC TEXT

2

3

(TT)

HI ' (rfY)1-*-^ O-0

Oi * ^

*1

1 -i-lw

a

\f*> * I ,..:.5lt «ÄA

f ^ A - o *** L—tl

g

L_W> ^

O» is>> ^f • ^Jj-T-

J|

. ji.1

o^Le a i J j • *

^ii,.

I— 11 oj

(m)

j

: j U L i . AJL> j u» J-* ^ ^' 'o^^J

V ^ I

o-S O l A ^ ÜJ JUö-Jl

«ÄA *J «".«."••vl

(Xi *) OJ " ^• '

I • A* ' JÄL»J|

j-II

, ji^511

^

LfcJj .jD^oiJl

¡L-O^Jl _ I

(

1-Si -tJi j

^

I Jjpi

J^^Jil j i l i ^ i » !

y

(f£T)l

J

viJJj 0-C/--V x

"

«">0

Ml

J — ( T i i )

01

, ^^aUl

w

J'jl—-II

«... If IJ.U-JI Lo

Ji^u^J,

J>

'W^ll

J L,-,

: »J cUjLi . ( r t r )

'l-Sj- 1 1 v ' ^

; J LJ»^ ^ ^ t "•Ls • J UkJ I 0

ui

i

Otfj-"

I

... I j • üJJö

^J J L Ü

/

1

j

JI

1 - -J < . ilj

•j

rj^Kf* ^ O-»

r < = », ' -t •« (nT ^Jj i A ) ' rÄg^M. ^ O11 ^jl I J> »It I

^

u^ •

,

t>

f^ijJ-'ij

u-1«

'm-

PÜ

r* i..• J•LT^J

«I-J^IOJ:

g^j

>»T (rn) JL-äj • l^-^-J U^J • »J 'r—i

UL-f

rWt

J^-j.Jl—Jl

^UcJtJj, I , . » oi

v'j^-i'- 1

1

Jl_> Jl—s L_e A l i i J t - > 11

^ i i l j ^A—, j i l j . Crrfjji .?.» Ii -b I K... % 11 » L_it

')

. uJjJl

o-* oUj5li ^ ft—**0 /t r i / ^ «j-»^^-» I I * - J ^ I * "• it ' L v j A '• ->••*1M7- " "- ° • •• - -*• I I -* ^7 •*' J J j J j I* "'• 'a I jJbw

.„••:. II ¿-«(TTA) V^Jl J^» yiaJl

(rfo)

.,-^5" 0-" ^ ^

(riY)

o-; ^—I t". I

• v o J L i ^ J I ^ i ^ /tro / ^ » j -

ir1 »J^-J I ¿LJ^

I"|

r

filÜl

j5^

•t •

I

(r^) j i j j

«-aiij

ARABIC

TEXT

(TT)

3

" - i l L .

- \i

-

_ 10

•

ci>. A 11 i j ^ j n 11 * °

\ r

. d . j ^ ^ j j i

j... i. ii

««_.

\T

|

_

n

• - 1A Uli v - . •._. 1_„ _ ~

ol

^

f

-

ri

• ^fl^-ll

¡¿¿J

'-x H

¡j*

I , ',.

- v ..

•

J

Ts' - Tr

oi1

fj

"(fTA)

pi

rfJ-Mj

^

II

i

a I.ijlo

I

4_»Jin,-

i"

I £ (ju

_i

j

Ij • _ . %".

I(

*^jaJI

tj-l^

^ I

o Ii ^J*^ n... t

jAO

1

cj ^

t

l l j

j * 4 t > *

^¿J — ÄJ I

3

I V ÜJ

iii_»i

*

r

I j j j • vT ^--

11

1

^L»

J^laI

(trv)

o

Le J i j l l_ *< I4 I ". ' i j ^ j a I I I ^ 4 J & i Li I

0 "|

-

i I | ...L-J^B

* '••• "J n» • A

11

JJ - Ä 1 Jfb . ^

/ VTT / 1 0

-r

*

i .• fc

— . J ( ".J

^i-l^ Ä L—

f*- ' j „-v— p, l urJJ »>>511 Sr" J - ^ ' o'

* ". i... pJ I ... '.A Ii Ja»

1 >

j-

J

•

i

IA«.

LÄiiJl

i S j j I j* "ia-i j J I 1

^

1

O^-* f-J 0-° .- *^

•

. i l j j ^ f JULi . (

ilj '^ij *

j tj" * ''

_• I L^J • 'in J tr^Jl

( "—

J

< J... J I ( * ' L-Xill ^ oLj.1 oö Ii

aJli

I h ".... I Ji

I ^

1

L^-JU*

• "

'^-r'J • I ... U tJZj^ji

1

j&Jt (TT ^ ) I^aI U M A «.A •» "• ^y-U _ ^ I j p J l

11 «^ib

-.11 J i l j i l y-Jik « « I j J (^j J - j t J l i ^Lm^^I

(^j

I < _.* ' ¿ ¿ L ^ - l l ( r r - ) i^)-» •

^T* J t ^ - f i r r T ) ^ J j J-.-4J Ii tj-o I . L_a *

yj

A ii^i

i^j J=Jl

« 1—1.5(1

Ä-fco 11 h

i ^ u j ;

J j I ,;,-. Ii

iL; o - / ' r r / f^-ll p J 5... 4 n ,h • II * • > - " 4Ä* ^ AJ^A-. 4 I • > iL*

^

¿1^1

) _ TT

.

OJ^* ol — To

Ir

* I '. t j

: I( m

.'I

e iLtJI

u-U ...... > II L,-. ( r T l ) j ^ L ?

.. I 1 j —* J « i II j ^

¿¿I jU c^üj j t

cAjiS*^*-» O J ^ ! ol - TS i i l j i tJ 1 ^- i f

OjZ-*

1

I ••.•«'-' o ^ j L»jH»i

*•

j

I

Ii

-.^¿Sl y j J»L»-Jl i , . . « i i

i«

dj

«

gl ".>... I n...»

!"...._. IJ. ( r v i )

»>»31 -I»»

j u U j i j>o ( r r o ) u-l^-ji . o-^-Sl

2I

ARABIC TEXT (Tl) Jl J—«iJI ¿>\j

«Si 21 j l o i , ¡mJI JU» ¡fi

IS II i

ll

oU- 'i-L-e-ii «a» »i-tSij üu.iUJi (r-i) L^ii jj/In/ . (nr)-kij-iJ j y j j j L^JL^il «.„.> IL. (n\) . li' 'n ^Mli •• *AU i ° o-^l \ - «• ..O-V I CI^-JZ* pt-UJIi i-i II11j .o£^JI « ¿JII' '. . L«Ao"1*-2 1I . 0..i < ¿Jj« 1 n I tJ^Z,J ilLJj '' V ^ '• ••' O* •' '•••' ¿J-^ O" i (n() • ( n r ) ^ L - ^-Si ols oS* H w ^l .^ill t^jj ¿'>—-11 ^ I . Ii ig*J Ä *H i I 11 c^L-ä^l ^o I -t II citj^Jl "0t .. .... 0 j : LÄ-1 jLJij . f1 iil^-i^it-. .'...». ¿1 jJti-l . I . (no) ul J*- I ¿li- «...%» Lü-b ^ ^ 'I J-Ul o-» -.1 ¿-1 j u i j . jj^-i ¿us 0 i yjL-^-i ¿Lij Jjii-'vO« (rn) ij » c-1 ^ ¿3-i^-i o1 v ^ t S - ^ o1 s r ^ sr1-" 15 oil ^Sl ,>. o ¡JL-fj -l-tjl t-LoS —11 JJUt 'J 0j

L. ¿^S-^l J^ill ^U, '' I i.T.j . » 31 ••. 1—, ¿1 i j . A—u j» u „J. Jo^z y .¿i^Ji-fco^inYjJ^j ¿f a I . • 0 ti... \ *". A ^A-Jl Ij-Le h I. Qt^^Jl j j i j i j i (rr-l^^*-11 L f ' ^ i j i J i j ^ J i f-ij^LJJ-Hyö"-»-^1 J 'i '.-»... 11 j ' ^ i J l j 1 ...J I J A ... 11 cjLijf ^o ^¿LaJl ^oJi^Jl^ .. ll ( * J '^ 1 j Ä^Äi^ll )>" O*^-'' I * ..• * J • < ' • . lijj^jl ÄjLÄJl J uvt •*.„.> ii "0i uSj . c iL^jf V J > /frr/^ii-ji o' (rvi) i •• I........ düAS. 0 i ^ ¿ j u s . j 1j i j ^ j i L-i^kl »II üjjjj ^iJl J.i«Jl ^ -tJj-ll c^« o-^ sr* ft • i .ih^y I .-> II O-ii^Jl J 4A-L. gl rt "i i^j..' lall JL> LoLiijij^ii^iJi^¡Ji ä^öiSli^ i^jjSli -.J. jtTj l.LM.1 j -^J^ivol ulJjJj ^j^Jl dJljjj d-Jljjj A ".V^¿jö. L-^JI J\ ••«\ « g g-1 vol uLljJ^ I I ^ — T I J L« ... — < - • j^1—j ^ „ r ^ 1 j Cj-iiij (rrr) j^M» i^i . »u-til o-. ,J.I ... i ll vL^p1 J

S iljlAi

(rvf )

>Ji

t-aLl

0t

^jJij i

I?* j

^¿LaJl clJi^Jl —If

I.' 'I

-T

Ail j j l J>J-Jl —o

vijill i j j

i i . -A

^ (rrv)J^-l—'i »J«-n

•u^l • < - i •

j j I dLJÄ ^ I y-f —£

ARABIC

TEXT

(T -)

"l^jJI »^rMTIS ) ' ¿ J j / v T I / ^ . J ^ , ü 0 a _ J i Joiil ^Xj ^ * ¿J ' """' 1 " * L-iJ1-—*'® u -I Lo ^jjj J j •... i • ^^»«Jl (THO ) A^S I J -SiI ^ f Lji^JI g . ^ . l ^ l O j ' y w IL» Ö* 0 t d u J I o—*-- ig* (T^l ) I"' oily . " ** JJ (T1Y ) jrv'j-i-"-» " 4l - ; - iJl u j o ^ i ? o-j I-.-. L^S öj_r»-h J v^-jl >» >JUI A . n» L Ii I jLj • ^Jp Jj p^-II ' ¿ 1 - j S l (T1AJ L^- E -jSll O-" J.'.V.ji f-l-ll of ¿J of I Ii ; .11-.«' t*'l •

*I ll I • Ä-. it_>1 J^jll 5 I . . II y J . I^l t^j i f J ^ j • f'i'l /J ' C i i 1 i - - i^-JI / vTA/ J " IIJ « " J V « 11 i

y »

o '

V*

( T A - )

I

.»OJ

» L - i S l

cüLS

JjJL^i. I

I j j

J

I

CjjJI

r^i-11 (TAI) O ^ 1 e l > . JL^• J ü « — ' I 'l^^^-Jl o j j - i i i (TAT) vi^l V - ^ - " V ^ ^ " ( TAT) V w A - l l olj ,Sll ( T A £ ) ^ ? J ' - ^ - f l 'I^Jlj .Jl^l ^ I üld^l.1 i ^ i i o' ^iJL^I i^Jl o ' - v S l H l^-11 . J l ^ l i i l l ^ (TAo) i^JU. j t I y

1

>s

. I4 (Til)

t ' ^ ¿LLi

i L , Ä^üf I J j j f a i ^ p j o v i L l j o1-5^ U ^ I ^ -•

1

1

* ^ * 1 1>«J { TY* ) Q1 H J «JL-^Jl ^ j, o-JI * I A A « .11 - . I #

I

J

S i^j — J

»

-

9 -

i^LjJl ^

J

„' -

» l^t—'I

I

(TIA)

.^JI •- 11 J

Of C P 5 ^ ( • - J-T- ; tj*j*

1

«JLil j f 1 » ^H*-0 tJ®^^

( T l l ^ ^ i - " T^'J *1

J*5l i > • jAÄJ I J L>J ^O 4 Lä. J „• •. 11 'A-J^-i^ h I .•vi JI f „• 4 h> < »1 j'

O* * I—¿5)1 ¿JA g j ^ c1 _ «I—iJ1^' I ¿A j * j*?^ I —11 o-!»1 o-* (TY >) — . (TYT) ^ l ^ J ! IAJ-J'I t ^ j » - 1

ARABIC

TEXT

'7 Ov)

_.jj| v 1

L-,— 1 — L ^ J (TiY) ' • - t ^ — y ^ J l Cl ¿ i II LA-i

'¿jji^Ji ^

j S X l

i

05ll

f j

i

•

^

oJLi i J i J - J l _^/(To ( Oil J * 1 (Til) oi «iUj «>• j A y ' C ' - i S

^

^ J p itiJI j j |

Lit j

c^j^JI

••

^jJl y

t

¿

I

•

J

JL.

tit I»»—II 1

lis,.

4

< S> J—s-

i t r

O ' J j i

1.1 Vim l^'IAJI^ I a« I AjI «L-O^-o Lö 00=>w i. il I I j ./vTo/ Jj|_jj| ¿'J^i LS'^-11 J* I •i»J jLL 3L» i jjLJJI L j J l U-U y-U J 0 1 £>J Jl4 ^ J l ^ J l .AjljJl i i ^ i i-ll-^Jl ^ U - j l i 01 L I J j

„ jl j! o i - * (T£ 1) ¿ J o ^ o* ' ~ Jl J l ^ J l , .(Tol) SJ^ii (TO.) ( J l ^ ) JxJLiT j l ^ jt (ToT) j J ^ - u ^ J o' j - M Ö H1 • '' Jl jlL, y i I-.« .-.•>! L^Jil J'yfj» ^J**- 1 liLv J o-" J uJj: O-y^Il j o-lj o i l j l j 5J • j j l j J l i A / ^ " f ^ l i - ' f

«¿1^.1

j - i i

J ^ i

J ^ .

i j L ^ J l

^

Ui^t

j i i ^ ,

U

i'Mjiiil ^ J S ^ S . ^ ' I «-JliJLiJLi. (Tor) o« L-J ^-wJI 'J,JLlI I ^ j i l i i LiJl > J .Ail ^Jl ^»Jl . o-U-ll 0 t_. l i j . Ail 1 i iL J Wi-J. A* .» JU> »kJlki j l . pi / i ' l Ii ijl_-j,Jl f i f l T ' \ / «J1 !r i aLJLi^; JLaJI «Aäj . h -.oll »I U>-l t-, a - , ^ ^JJ ^-l-^Jl 1—0 1 I g 0 I jji (Yoi)v^psr'-J^ '•" .' ' ~ . ^t ' _ j Cij • rt n ••••> t ^ h iLäw^y rt • n La^j ^y , f S i f g-L I ij A I . . J • ^ • * * ( ^00 ) {

>".« i-.jl j qLÜ^^^JI I ( '-jy I I l I j .Ail j J l x j * J l Ä^^^l J O ^y j I It .OO I I I IIjj]j LSI 4-iSL. J o J j u-LjJl j^Sf J OJ (Toy) f i ^ J l (Tol) ! 1—oJl ^Lw-i j t € l 1 5 Ä J I o' J ^ II ^-o ^U^j j . Lfr— I ••. l-p^o .sXil _jJl ^»^,-oJl liaa^; I ... 9 II lil a>5ll j *o' J J I I c? j-JI

..i . I i» ^ ä .....w II j A ^ i l L - I t'l.y o- f ^ j . j Y U ) I , l . > O^ f ^ - J • ( Y i o ) f^^l-^l (J-^ J * ^ ^ ' AtÄA

11

J^^j

o ! o ^ l o 1 ^ - 1 •>•" • • t yi_,t_, (TST)-I1-^^ * 1 _ j j J | (TEV) «-^^«-ii ^ I^ pi '"J

A R A B I C

T E X T

•5

(lo)

^ J j . J a l h,„ * Ii ,

-

' I

jL-oi

®_JALJLJ| ^ u U ^ J l

•• - J . -. II j . l _ w > J l

t

.Vll

f-j^L,^«

¡J* j L t

• I

...L^.y.1

J—isfj

j j j

^SJ,

h l h . . t II

j I j J j '

1

*

( ..• H kU^t I

' . I

O J ^

o •••

ll

ijU»

ft.L-äJl

I

Let—

ilUa.

t n:T j I

.. ~

1

*^^Sl

•

K II

j

J '• 'i

Iwt

0

l i .

y j

L

I v

1

.

(TTr)»-^fj

.»l_j!äJI

.*.

oil.

(^o

-bl h... ^ ll

o'

J1—9

'¿¿¿Jl

( T T i ) ' l -.. . O j " - ^ i

l ^ 11

i>U

Ji-»

• ' j - « j i i - l | J• «öjb J *

' S j -

^

yJj

v—» O 1 - 5 1 J Ii AjJb

11

^

J

?

^

d i S U j

' L i l ^ I

- 3 ^J . 1 II C i

J < •. '

gh

'i

(TU)

:

Ä^Jb l_SÜ I jjt

it

(jj

t I ..... i

I

i

-

f i ...» J ^ J j i « i l J j

1

* V-*-^J^

^

f

( T Y1 ) ' I

1

(TT1), o ^- '

LSt .

l I 0

.• h „ • > «

!

jAL

11

J-9

JaLla*»-»Jl j Ü w J - b l Ii o ^

'¿^ALÄJI

J-a> ft

^i-«

J 1 1 ^I '

s w -¿Jl r

J I n.M II

Ä^S

¿^j . *.^ J ^ Ö - 9

iJJj

J

Ä

6J.,>J IJ i

M

L l ' j

. . . ^ II ^

L»

O- 0 ®

• J t Jm*. ll -.f Ii j - L a J l

JÄji

^Q

" I——II

O

./vrr/

•

t

(TTf)_^,LiJl

(TTo) (•( ... I... ij-ä-JI A '. J ¿n I I ^ I . ••- n Jg I U... tt 1 |

«j-Lc i j b j

IY^/

b

»j^-ll

^

jLviSl

( T T A ) ( A !«>•••) J ^ J U J *-< jdwJl •

j

»-of

• J j i

* V4»^

J

y«-»

jUJlill

l

j

p ( "i I 4

ly" 5 "-*--

( TT 1 )

^

t ^ J •'!

"i-iUiil,!-— C ^ - L S

' J j j '

.iLt^iJl 0

g ^ l A .1 I

(T\A)

( TT - )

•

I ( ...i j \ < , '

^

' , •— •jJL;

^fyZ

Z^J*

'j*l-iJl

L-Ä-f

L-B ^j-o ^ t j i ^ t

'-•J JjjL^Jl

6 L j J f ^J L o ^ j

Jl

LS

**'

(jlu

c

O j i j

^ *• „• > T 11 X f j ^ ¿ J ^ i .Ja-I J ^ l J J - j J l ^y-L ^Jj

L^iübf

II

«^bLJUl i

I > ^ I ^ . . . * "• .> « ^ I J Ä J

«f

( *J|'

...J a Ii U

Lsjs .-» II

Cr*

^

ll Ji

iiJ

^

Ul u

J

qV. j ^itjLiJ

. i » l h... i I

1

ä

Ä^U»

J^-Jl jUxiSl

*« U ^ J l j . j U s — J l

Ä J ...

I , Itil

L-« > i'. 11 ' L ^ j S s ¿j.c I j i i i p L—'1 ^ ybjSl

«¿a,

ll j
j i l l

•J' (TIY)

^ . j

Ul U . i ll J

u ^ j

J L Ä t - 0-° o ^ l l l - l •

. . \.., .,n 11

{ ' -

AJ^iti

I t " 'I^C

I | ¿jf

I

j ' '

»L—•O o-»

« L j _ J i

TH)

JL>

J

| I Li

J» 1 J j

31... I»

w ^ j i j

Ij j j

^ j i

• j J

f - j !

Ui L.. a II

^

L-t-»^

I ( •„.

( t n )

^ I

(Tli)

«... . ..ill

öjAUUl

o1

( .. ' • ..X '

. ' I

'A^Jtl—Jl

»". ^

( j j i>Lk~-SuJl

Lo-,1

' IJ f j l

I M ' j i j k i l j

LLC J» I l-i... * 11 j Jl O l ,1 1

J I S w 11 J j • i-^Jj s " 11

A

' '

j t h l ll paÜJl

¿Li^jlS

l y » ^ A". j ^ j J l

•

'iJ

(Tlo)

(jLS i j / j '

«„.'. .1

• ~

aj

j J i

ÖJ-»^

L> " • •••» " ' I "••* I

11 J j t j I

i J C^j L « j

-i-® I

^ ^ 1

O -"^»-

11

^

1

I V ^ 9 Ja I h... 9 11 d^ja. l - Q^i ' aJ ^ ^ ^ a* ^c ^ I. .. o ^

( T T \ ) ' v..«» II U-Jj

1

J j ' j ^

I

I ÖÄ

*

^Jb L b j

F

(

-«-'l

A R A B I C

H

T E X T

( U )

( n r ) L j J l J>\

Ij-ejl'

1 J*

u-L*

^ijil

»il-Jj

iAJ> y j

J

^J I j 1

( ^^

J - ^ J l

^

¿ j j j j k

•

( T M )

* * *

f> J

''J1 J (H-* J 1 ^ - t f - ^ l / v T 1/ •

*

r

—

1

I—4

^

'

V J

' - "J^fj-

1

1

! .. '

J1

~.

J a l h m ^ 11

P

11

-fcI h... 'i ll

^t

( T - i ) t s j ^ j ' Uy ^ i - j « «

1

ll

'l_n--ll

' I Jir-l11

11

y j

^

fi

'.«

iSj^

j L a J l

»i J

JJ »J

(T-A)lli^ I

J J

ftjtt

ftO^—l

•

öt

o-JI

o-»

O ^ :u—

i>lij_jJl

(TIT)

J

I

J l i ^

I j

* J I «-a' ^

uJL--ll

i l i w i J j ^ J

1

y J l

*

a J j

ä. i

. Lj_JI ^ I w ^ - l l

J

f-1

o-»

I

Jl

(jLw

^ « j

f Lbj

«iL^-1

_>Sl y j ^ J i

V»

j - » t

¿ J i

,. 11

(

' " '

J

.

O^

J9I

ftji^f o '

J l j t .

'I

f

^

. i L b . ^ U u i j

(T• • )

1 ' _)5ll o-"

a I . J»\»k A ft I a/. "..1 \ll . 'I ¿1 -\llj ^ i l l fjl-iilj S-ßLiJi y ilj . j j l _ L j . '¿JLjiJI ^jJl J J*** J , ^ L , L ^ o L i L • l i j i i u»-» ( U i ) J-^Jl • l—c^iI J I , ... i i j i U i i l l 31. L ^ j H U i i L i i l (lAo)Lj,1 j S y j 0 1 j_.il I i U I ) J ^ S J>} Ol I I , ,,„ »iLJj ¿ L S ' ¿ j L « J I CjS C j b ^ j-ol I • AJ i l ^ J l ^ ^ - o - l l tOjj , . 4 - J I.] , » , •> OAJI I j A H lift c **

O p

j

1-t-^JI

_.-.-so>>-ll J - j ^ ( n i ) - " v * o M ckijLJitw ^ < oJj_5 ^.Xo ^ - e U ^ J l ^ ^ • f ^ . « .... II o U i J ¿»a I^f ^ ¿LS tj^o i ¿^.i j u i j . • i ^ j i . j . i j J ( n r ) ' > i j j > ' [ i > i j

g

11 j a I • *..• * „ r ® - * ^^iSl-i [ p l j J - . i J Ü ^>-11J ^ J l .ta.1 j j l ^ I p l w f v O l ^ A i ( j j I j . *.^ (5^-11 o j ' V^J l_,t y j i l i J l il to-iUJl J»f ^AoLaJI o' ^ f ^ D"a- I ' ' - f t r f i J • rf'i-^J! pL^ill i - J j Ä-. K II ¿J t ^ i » . p ^ l "JJil j^SlI i^Ä iY/t-UiJi i i » 4—u j i j ( n v ) • ^jSi «a» ^ ii 0 I o-4 ^ ^ L-o A J ^ J l *J I ft I i i ^ ä - o AJt.t, mi • ^ J . i - v ^ ö J ^ J * ' J V * 4 I n II Jib dj^ot-^b ( i j j ^ ' I II t ¿T % j... ^ j L v X - ü J l 'i.,^!»^! fijJL: 1 o .s

Ii

/

v

L"

L - i ^ j V j t ^ - i i «jj» o* . I... II L t t ^ t J j i ^ J L ^ , ^ , i l 'A ••••• II u i — ^ ^ it ^ ¿ L S cS^-Jl * < I A-f-i AJj I J..,. •J I J L tS^^m I a-^-c « Ci_, »¿JI

Lo2| «ÖJb

... I J \oo) I L^ -TS CS'v»

IO

ARABIC

TEXT

l^yj^j-^iül _ JojJl (in) ( J'IIII o 0 .| n M. II ^Jj) . ^ J It I jfr Üb** j l jib ( \ i • ) ^ ^ .. k i n , l-if—lj . 'iJlLjb J I n M. 11 ^ OJ^ ^ J-0^® ö l ^ 1 0 L -°>-'' 1 ^ S o i '¿I il] ill « ll-L ¿ - ¿ L ^ j j ; > a—^y I q j ) ^ S J ^ i j L s - J l * " 11 oj^)" * ÜJ-) -i Tn "i j ' J*bl_s_ll JjJ> ¿JSjZ-.J ' u.. o.ii II •J * J .. * I ^ _J ^ ..' ' ° " * I I (^7 »J fJ~

.. i Ii I OA ^ybLk^ .1 X j J j O — 0 °J ' ^ ,• ^ i ü ^ l J.J "•*> Jl '[¿¡r*5>l l> t ... 9 i ^ ^ J JUaJl «.¿f-1 ^ "• KL-SJo^y lüL^ä-Jt I .¿A ^y-Ls f ^ l Ju^l . l_J»j . V...n II 0 L i I U^-t ¿1 _rä_,t f- 1

j i ¿.r ( U T ) Ö Ihy.

JÄJJI

i I I Aft J j i

Ul j l S j j h » II

O-» f L L^J J ^ ^ J l '¿Jl—j J ^ t - . * . v^-LLlI J 0 1 < ' I a 11 . (ur) •Ü

I

J-o-äJl I ÖA J j f ^.s

*

,J I

'vJ-JJl (5jLyu l—O^ltaf « 1I ' -^ I' i . . * i JirJ\ ^la-el 11 I JA ^ V..?.,,^ . * I * Lu»Jl • J * J 4 ' I—^ ( ^ i i ) I L> 4^Jo < 1 ^öill "• 1 ' 1—iijl 4 I ^< I— I "> .-I I Q *» "»"fc I j I ni.ijl I O^-iSj ' I ^—11 O ^ i j viü| il^-l^ ^r'i'l ( ^ V ) f h II J L J «llJj •.„•I . '¿^j i • 11 . jiSt ^ i ^ i i f ^ j ^ ' ^ L : u . 0 USJ «u-i5ii «AJ» ( u A ) ( ^ ^ ) 0

:

10. LJJKO O J I s -ill J J ,5li

I " * I'

I vXt» ^ J^ i i l j i

4 j A.*y,i rt. Ljil I L I '¿i. ajvJ LS ^ J >_• «,5^-Jl 1 — ) I r-1 r/ ^L S ¿J^^-. ) I • ". 'J^i *«>• it ¿^ I • HaJl_. "ä J j j i 11 J A AJb ' j J ^Jj. 'I^t-Jl o-i j ^ - j J l J ^ i 0LS I j j j . ^iJl Il (t -..„.> «... M yJj uJJ c^JLJJ iiJU. i ^-.v... jtOt^mj j,.«. Joill join ^^ y i j ' i-SiLü)l oiLüii iI jj> . 4 I J J 6J ^L-^^Jl * • i to i ^ til I j Jjrf^ i 11 •' '1 'k I n i i J I > .. 11 '1 4—j L-tSll | ^^^ j '4",...... Li-'i UyÜJl 4-jJ^ll (ITT) ^sji. tji^Vj J ^ J ^ J U*'""' JI ^ I **^ ' .• ^' * ' 1 11 ^p : j Juw^lj^ o Lia^w-J I j e I I L_> (j.. it m 11 .ill I ^¿o .•v..,j._,L-^Jl j i ^ i j o i i J l cij^j 0 L - j J l I jJ> •ill .. I L-oJIjLi ^ c 1 j*-*1 i*-9 iir'Aj I c'

ARABIC TEXT (A)

/M 1 / cPjW yl ^¡Jt J LS« ^

11 -.¿li ¿y

( l l j oijSlI

Jl I A* L-a L!1 9 ATI I w - ••.... 1 Ii Jjft• o 11 jj^Ji J jKn Ii^ äIIjft«ft11 Ä^LxJ I J J-v '. 11 J a .1 I J \ ••••».. > 11 ,Jjb1

J»1 J

^^aä-Jl j e

. J S ' ^ i j ¿Li»

iLbijJl

^J

Lj—j

1 "> - J ' o1 ¿L-^ii J>ÜwiJl uJJ liUj II Ju-I'l' "-T' (IV) < 1 iJUj ••Ifti, Ii JSl ü J j ^ i J»1 Oi (1A) • js ¡pj -'-J'L JoJ

"-•l s A - J i j - v ^ ' j (m) o—? •i OJ^ o^ ^ i jj^i "JJJf (IJf) i« I o»-1»-1! i>-»J JiLiJl-, / t u / u-1

I

Li S ^ II.. ,. IiII

ll J t

(in)

.-v ll

ft " j •

.^JI o- (Iiv)

1 f-J u"«• 11 «..• '••»11 jjjZ-i i j o^?-11 iS» U^f L^lilSj • Jlw^l ( J j '-t ä ^ «JLM1 Ij L-Q ^¿L*. tiLJASj . ^jiill J i LV> L^JLS. jLaJl f i t (111) , •.. oLSL. iL» L^

ARABIC

TEXT

7 (Y)

i ^ j L ^ ^ J l j 4mJL«

"iin 11 wt^ytiSlI itf-

rt

..I l-fö«-. * L—-i5l I (3-i» LaJ vJs-j ¿ilI J > I J 4>-aU J-ft->i j J « 11 j ö ^ - ' l j (AT) J ^a^JLS LiLi^l L* ' t — • U_.L_—t 1 f f j ^ L-o ' t - j • * 'w ^ «Äft ,• Ij • «¿JJJi ^a^Jj : I ( '.o Jj5)l « ¡Li-» J i l j i l l L-> Jj-U ^ J , I / vV ÄS^-JI : CJLÜI j . v i - ^ j J ^ y L. ; ^ L ^ J I ^ • ^ i l j J i 0 i h„,>« h * i ^ J i : j » £1 j i"cm^lI j l «Ll-v^lI • . L a » J I j • ÄKJL^JI ^ ; j • . I ... 4 •• I} C, I a^Sl I •

J^l

Qj .» ^

d I ,jb jJk

.

* f»*-*-

^»-AJI .JJ^.I * I J>« "

U^W

Jj* I I 'i^V J

I ®1

AliS L^; A JI J Ml "oh. I ^ '¿-ISL5N*J|

j b J t

^Ji

J>~\

I)' A-ill

I • L*>^e C/Os^i j»J L ^ C — t j j I^tb I j j i ' J^-SJl «iU^ij ^ C V^^J L^I • y j (Ao) J i ^ (AO ^5)1 1 ft l> " ä-su-i^i« ^JliJiJl ÖJL-,^ ö^LäJ I oj-f' j** J .I!••..• Il o^Jr-" ü»^" -fro/-9' O /Ii- / J ^ I j I j j 1 t • - J r> B t ^ J l 'Kf^ 31 (>• ' y - 1 U ••' ' J •• ' 11 Ä^»-" lg* I ikl>Jl ^ Jj-ui^Jl « ^ j j ' o l ^ M ' ^ (AT) j * \ )j J\ ^dJj I .>1 IA»\ V«t .J A M f l v l •'•••Ä Sil ¿ ¿Ij l V^.ü--j JNl-.Kft.' S ^ J a (AY) Ij I . I. l - . - . ^ - . J . ^^ •j Ä - I l (AA) Cfj- 11 ¿/Sil i - S J j . 4—i «•> JLs-Jl •»! I S^j • vi^ill ,jl % . I .. II Li^UI jj> I jJfcj . j « * I' '.'I I . • "| 11 J '¿-11 -i. "mi.^I I Ä * i J | J j - i I A . . l . j II — t S 1 I ^ fi ,J t, J 1—oJ I ^ *> I y ^ J tiil is-lw jrv."... yo' (AI) ^Lt-» J»Lbj '. ui .1 u-Jj t-JI ^ J Ü J I-« l i L j J-i-^- Uj.1 o-; i

ft

o-?

O1-

^ l - S C L c tXt^j^Lj

*

5

J

. I (...,

\r.

« I

JAM

—11

JUh I Ä^wlL« J ^ i ^o *•••.. j .. ^JLs ^ ^... IL-. » Il ^ . .^Ji 1 ^Ij^AJ Jl >1 ä . \ * ^ ä f II a . * ** ^ I | ^ I < I I < i 1 . , . - K*-! I | „ . - . - ' 1 JL o I jJ l i t - J j • ^ . j C ^ J l glj^i J ^ L i i il Lfcililj I ••• *,* . J ^ j o « Ii ^Ijr® ¿ j l j j Ji^-3* LaJL« 't . - ^ • I Ub^^^lSf •irfUiSJl iU^J^-Jl ^ «I -^Jl LiLi .

• »—, J rt, n < . • -^-a A

f)

U-L» J j i j . (1\) J - ^ J l o-» f * - * -. KL^, ^ v - . ^

BJ'W &J: iLI i l j i w^-Jlj « '** ilj Lft^o^lJL^ 3-SL9«

" V^i

(J öJ I J-ÜJI lm p-JL>

I—«t^ • * i jib

' * 11 |»AJ '• C »5«^-'I O^Jr^'^ ui^L ^-o v-.^-li-o

ARABIC

TEXT

(1)

J y

J,

i I-O Q *• i "a*. I «ÄJb ^ L j I (A!) ' L ^ ä l l . Mjp-JI I Lj-. A« A ' Kl A- ib^ t

^' J J^yO-iJ I « y f ^ J I -'V—J I (,¿-9 4J U« a I . •.j L^-j au,» I (/kl • Lf-ll—^ (AT) • i-äLj J j l .1 ••• - •

A R A B I C

5

T E X T

(o)

i L i J l

-.... il

^J l v " . .

11

'

("\T )

( i f )

o^Li^^ll

*'

J ^

"¿-i^tJ^Jl

1

^ o -iV?

1

J 1

*.. ^

' I

^

( o i )

U » ^ » !

^ ""•>..•

i n^

•

Ji_,LwiLk«illd_Ls

j^j

•

' I^-JII

fi . I c

^t r rl ^ ^l ^» -- =J> -l l l

' I « Il

^

j

t_o

--¿iUiiOJI

ilLlj

(^j j i j

. 11

{Y-)

^ ' i

ö

j

-

J—^-Jl

1

v A /

o


t S _ , i t j .

¿1

3

U

¿ ¿ i J i

•

..

jA*

'

( n ) ä j

u

J ^ j

ft j *

Ä Ii ^

. Ir

I n I

^YY )

S

^

^ r

^

M j - p J l j j r - t l

( Y l )

X
. VJ * I J z, Lo liLlj J»t~ l^j-Jl ^¿l^oJl ^. i * • < >' L£ Jl o ' ^ J O^-Jl O 1 ^ '-«tf' •(Jo)i>LT_.Oj ( i i ) 4 Aft ^ It - ~-*- 11 ¿L*i (Jl) oL-J OJ^!-* • o-1* ^ L i I A.iA Jj^ JL>_ll A.AA . Xj»... II ^ JJil o_,Sl —t-JI ( £Y) ¿jSj / v 0/

j) K I l> Ki' u-U

I | a IjJl j

". ^ I ^". i1! '.j 9 • I ^ 7 w o-jj>j1 jLs Ä l-C lv ft | j b ^ j

II ¿¿I^Jl 01 JJ.I j i l A^A U-L« LA^I go ".71 O 1 ^ ^ 1 O-

L. (n) Ifl'. . h J^.1 i^LJ^ J>I • LfJI I j l L - j j j - j ^ J ' (°*) £.""..' Ji?-1' Cr» ipLi a it J J^Mll Jl f L l

ill ' L ^ - p ü L I j *Ä_Uj j—ft II "¿j I as. I « ^ i uljj ,1 -•< II A ' Ift>11 » tiJLJ>j Lft uJj

VJ^?-11

J^a

II I .¿AÄ* I j ol_^Jl j fL»5ll J j j j j . L^JI_,jlj / v V (of) V^-l^»- 1 ! " J-io ' ( '. LJ ^J^11 A^A U^l J-J ^ AlaJL»j* &JU liLJj ^... ft> • I A—i ^ I - j • ' ( " < Lx« t tj-o J... J_Ji O^J ( o j ) jiLJL-Jl iiA y j Cr-ji iS^1 Jjj ... AO^ J j l A l ^ liljj (oo) * • I' - ' ' - • 11 «L^ft L» Aj-i L>I J

j J l

i

¿-o J l ^ ' ^ l l

i ^ U a J I

LXO

-I

f ^ t

..'

,j

•

^

( t l )

L

» ^iv

ö-'

p ^ "> I

-

|Ul>
J

^j:

JA!

^

o " ..• ' ¿ J ' J* ^ ' " e

11

i tr-L«

i ^ - ' I ftrn 11

• Ii

ÜJS

j

* I

AÄÄ

o-*

J

^ ^

'¿>X-LJl .

J>*->

^-J-i

-

_i_Li ^ ^ ^ j t * Ij

)

(TH)

J i l . ^ '¿.AJ_>J| äj-UJl

^ J l

-r-

ÖJ^-* J

I

_

^

(

L f J i j ^

o ^ * ^

"-sux^Jl

(^j

a i l

J •

^ ^ r ^ '

iai

1

O J ^

^Jm-I 1 « — 1 I J

J-r'^l -^-J L ^ / 1 ^-o

'

> 1

^ y - S i s u i v J l

olo^JI

O-o j j n » " ^Jaj I _J I M

M. 9

L^Jj^^i,

1

J.. '

y l i

11

*

A - Q — i

v . ^

' ^

(T£)

Jl

^

I

•

( T \ )

( t t ) -(tt)

I

o

1

J l

Z

-Lt— ^ ftm

l

/ H -

> !

J l

5

^ ^

' - " I j II

,t •Jt

(Tl)

J L i

I jj» J > i

j L^-Ijy-*

^J

I I ^

ARABIC

TEXT

I

( 0

(1) ( ^ » j J l

U 10 - u-lc J L-s • ^j-11

«—Ul f-

t ¡¿j o 1 -V-SI

(r)

IT* 01 •» ,

ft

•

1 u*V '

L« a M.LÄaJ| 4 )*> • 1 &JU I J L ^ . j • (i) ^ Ä II ij-Lz • (O) a-jJkj A o , i_.L»}ll ^ J j J^J •J^JI 0 LS j j , fi 3"... J pJ (Y) ¿ ¿ J - i l U j ^p^ 1 II ^I—MU^I tJuoj-Jl ' ° ' I J' J J-Lll J-» o ^ ? ¿1 ¿ « ^ » j • ^ j j * ^ U-Li. f-Ji Vj-»-"-11 i •••< I .ito ' ' * ( ^ ) 1 " L-t-? ^i« ,.J. -Ii.. I i II (^j * .• 11 ^ A< 1 ' ll ^ j J | j. j . J^_sJl I Ä a > tj-ix • i * T... 4 JajcJI . , - , . . . . ^-L-i ^ iSjJl II ¿-o «J-e^ I i j j . Ubj j J , ' u i C ' j (IT) Jji^-Jl

I J ¿jji-Jl

" i^-1-? •jjj-»-^! (l) >> I" o-; E;1-^ 1 I( C Loji J. 11 ' — - I (A)J4» a ? o 1 ü 1 "-"••>1 J j\ ,.".^1 (j L* I •. ••.jjs J ^ j ^ I i q « . «-JU. /T T/ tjU^LJill (l*) t - C u : , ^w^i II v j — — 0„ s I I