Mcqs In Computer Science [5 ed.] 9789351342496
6,850 1,033 5MB
English Pages [487] Year 2014
Polecaj historie
![Mcqs In Computer Science [5 ed.]
9789351342496](https://dokumen.pub/img/200x200/mcqs-in-computer-science-5nbsped-9789351342496.jpg)
Table of contents :
Title
Contents
1 Mathematical Foundations of Computer Science
2 Digital Logic and Computer Organization
3 Programming with C
4 Object Oriented Progreamming Using C++
5 Programming with Java
6 Data Structures and Algorithms
7 Operating Systems
8 Unix
9 Database Management Systems
10 SQL*PLUS, SQL and PL/SQL
11 Automata Theory
12 Principles of Programming Languages
13 Principles of Compiler Design
14 System Software
15 Software Engineering
16 Computer Networks
17 Computer Graphics
18 General Aptitude Questions from Gate Question Papers
Citation preview
MCQs in Computer Science Fifth Edition
Bcpvu!uif!Bvuips Ujnpuiz!Xjmmjbnt!ibt!b!nbtufs(t!efhsff!jo!nbuifnbujdt!gspn!Joejbo!Jotujuvuf!pg!Ufdiopmphz-! Difoobj-! Joejb/! If! bmtp! ibt! b! nbtufs(t! efhsff! jo! dpnqvufs! tdjfodf! gspn!Boeisb! Vojwfstjuz-! Wjtblibqbuobn-! Joejb/! If! xbt! b! ufbdifs! gps! npsf! uibo! b! efdbef! boe! ibt! ubvhiu! Dpnqvufs! Tdjfodf! dpvstft! jo! Dbmjgpsojb! Tubuf! Vojwfstjuz! bu! Ibzxbse
" #
$ " # $) " 0 #1 " #0 " #
?
" 0 #1 " # " # $ " #
" # & 0 ? " # ' 1 ! !
¢" # 1
" #1' " # +
¢" # / " # 5$ " #1W W "C (. '
*#
" # " # , U X
K K
U $
" # U " # X
K U
'
30
n
i =1
j =1
K $
'
L ?
U Ai = U B j = S .
.
?
$
)
L ? " # '
" # &
" # &
" # '
? (
Mathematical Foundations of Computer Science
+4:/ 3 / " # +51/
5
( "C (. ' '
" #
$ x x '
" # 5$ $ 0 'x $ 0 'x ' " # 5$ $ 5 'x $ 5 'x +52/ " # " # "$# 1 +9 "$# 1 ' ( " # " $# ¢" # 1 ' ¢" # " # " $# ' ¢" # 1 ¢" # ! +53/ 3 = = " #1$ " #¹ " #¹' 5$ ( "$# / " # ' ! +54/ 3 ²!" # 1 5 " # " #
" #
'
'
" #
" # /
1
'
" #1 9
¢" # 1 ' ¢" # ' ¢" # 1 ¢" # ;$ ' < ' Z
" # M $N " # M $N ;
'
# " # !
" # *
' # (
" #
? " #
" #
&
" #
1 | |-
" # "5¥
#
" # "
¥#
$
! +79/ ( " # '% +7:/ ( ^ 5J
" #
' " # & "
*'
+78/ (
" #
]"
" # " 6
$
# (
" # "
$#
6 " # &% !
" # $%'
0$
1
3 ( xk + b) 2 xk
" #
0$
1
xk - ' xk xk' + b
" #
W 5 W 0 W 5 'W 0 W 5 W ³ + " # £ _& " # £ £ 82/ ( / " # $ " # '
" #
%$/
0$
1
xk' + b ' xk
81/
" # £ W W' 5 W W 0 ' 1 " #
" # " # &
_$
7
MCQs in Computer Science
8
:
! +83/
6 ,
" # $% +84/ (
" #
" # $%&
" # $%'
" # '% (
' $& ( '
" #
*
" # ) £ £
" #
+85/ " #1
!
"C (. ' $$#
f ( x) ( x + 1)
" # 5 '% 86/ 3 " # " # " # " # +87/ 3
" # $$ " #1& 8
" # '% !
" # 5 % $
" # 1 5$ ¢" # /
8
" # 5 %+ $È 'È È 1
'
(
! ! ! ! L ?
L ?
" # +88/ B ( ;$ ' " # ;' $ < +89/ /
" @ " #
^4( " # Ø# "C " #ÞB " # Ø# "ØC " #ÚB +226/ > $ ' \ ' 7
B
7 Z e^ " ## " ##
" # % "C " # # "C
" # !
= f, "C (. ' " ## " ##
" # Ù ØB " # Þ!ØB
*#
' ] ' ,
"C (. '
*#
Mathematical Foundations of Computer Science
" #
1 2
" #
1 10
" #
&´&
+227/ 3
ÈA I˘ ) ÍÎ I A˙˚ " # 5* ¢1 " # = =
" # 5 228/ " # " # 229/ 2 " # !+22:/ ( " # !+231/
5 & ´!&
$
'
,
" # Þ
0
$
?
'
" # ' ²0 ¢0' 1 " # $ , 0 '
' 5 +, " # ,'
,'
" #
$
0
Ú
" # " #
*#
" # $ " #
/ '
"C (. '
" # " #
, '
Þ
=
+ " # ''
"
$ + " # '
# " # '
Ê 1 2 3ˆ Á 4 5 6˜ ÁË 5 7 9˜¯
!+233/ ( $'
" # $+
" # &'
" # 6
,
>
^
! , " # > " # ^ =
A $$
(
1)
238/ X 6 " # " #
,
0 +
0
" # ^
" # '
" # $
" # " # +232/ ( " # '&
" # !+234/ 7 " # " # " # " # ! 235/ 7 " # " # !+236/ " # !+237/ 3 " #
9! 20! 5' $ & 7
13
( " # $$ ´ " # 1
" #
" # & (
5$
" #
1
. 0$ 0$
1 1
/ 0 5$
" 0' "
# #
" # " #
0$ 0$
#( 1
" # " dy 1 " dx
1 0 " 0$ 1 "$ 0 # " 0$
# 0$# 0$#
!
MCQs in Computer Science
14
!+239/ 3 " # " # ! 23:/ (
( " Ç #1 " # " # " - #1 " Ç #0 " # 6
" # " #
" È #1 " #0 " # " È #£ " #0 " #
Ê 0 0 -3ˆ Á 9 3 5˜ ÁË 3 1 1˜¯ " # !+241/ " " " "
" # $
" # # # " #
`# 1 5$ 1 ' ` # ' 1 '` !
" # '
" #
'
" "
242/ ! " #
´
#
=-
# " +#
( 0+
" #
!+243/ (
=
" #
" # j+
0+5$ "
" #
i (i -1) 2
" # i+
j ( j -1) 2
#
'
" #
( - 1) 2
( + 1) 2
" #
=
244/ " #
" #
" # ¹
!
!+245/ " # " # " # " # 246/ ( " # " # ' !+247/ (
" #
(
: : : / ;$ ' \
< " # ' " # ' (
5$
5$ 5$
=
$ ( " # ! 248/ 3 " #
0$0
( " #
0$5
" # $0
5$5
" # (
" #
)
" #
$'
" #
*
Mathematical Foundations of Computer Science
! 249/ ( " # " # ! 24:/ . " # " # ! 251/ 2 A%C%$ / " # U " # U 252/ B ;$ ' "3 B A " # C !+253/ ( ;$ ' " # " # !+254/ (
" # " # "
0 `#
` =
" # " #
& + #
$' '&< CBh "C
;$ '
B
h
3BA =
# 7 " # 3
3BA
& +
$' '&
6
7
6
" # + @
" # $
6
7
" #
" # $'
>
^ >
b
6 , " #
" # +
" # *
" #
MCQs in Computer Science
20
!+298/
6
6
&
^
'
,
b 6 , " #
" # )
" # $
" # $$
!
!+299/
!
! ./ ' " # ' " # $
' 01
$ " # " # B !
!
!+29:/!
$
!
$
$
d $
d 7
" # " # " # " # !+2:1/ >
( ( ( B
! ! !
,
$ $ b ,
1 " # 2 !+2:2/ U 6
1 " # 5 +
" #
1 60
6
X 7
6 " # " # " # " # !+2:3/ q '
1 120
" #
6
,
U X B ^ 6 + *
&
4
" # & !
! $
) !+2:4/
$
) 6 , " # +
" # =
'
" # ^
1 1
1 1+ $
'
, " # ' $
" # $ !+2:6/ $ $ " # '
+ 5 !
1) 1)
!1+ !1 $
" # 1) " # ^ b " #
$
5 !
, 1
!1+
1
6 '
=
" # & b
=
, " #
$
!
) b " # " # !+2:5/ $
) $
" # &
" #
Mathematical Foundations of Computer Science
!+2:7/ >
q
U
$
U
> U
q
U
!
!
q
'
$
q
$
" # > " # U !+2:8/ =
21
, " # q " # B
$'
*
) b
=
, " # '
" #
" # &
( " # & !+2::/ b A Z> > Zr t Z r Z 4 " # A !+311/
" #
+ 6 % 6 ,
!+2:9/
7
" #
" # +
" # ^
&
? ? 7 ' #
" # $ +312/ d
, " # t
" # > =
0
" # $&
" # r 7
1
" # $
=
=
0 0 ,"
" # ^ d
6
& " # d " # ^
X
,
&
6
6
!+313/
" # ^ " # ^
J
C
! J
C (
$
%
X
@
( " # * " # & !+314/ (
" # " # (
d !
" " " "
# # # #
d ^ ^ ^
,
=
MCQs in Computer Science
22
+315/ (
$ 6
' 6 % :
$
6 %
4
:
(
6 6
" # $ +316/ 7 + *
6
6 %
=
, " #
" # '
7
" # & $ '
&
6 ,
" # ' !+317/ >
" #
" # &
" #
=
$ ' 7
+, " # 318/ b " # +319/ $=& " # " # +31:/ (
$ %'$
"C (. ' $'# " #
%$'
/
" # '% $ ', " # $ /
2
$'
" # $
6 & +
" # $%+ " # '
( " # " # * ( + ( * 7 , " # " #
" # " # 321/ (
Fig. 1.2
' & Ê 6 -8 1 1ˆ Á 0 2 4 6˜ Á 0 0 4 8˜ ˜ Á Ë 0 0 0 -1¯
" # $$ 322/ 3 1 " +# ! ! " # " # " # " #
" # 5& = /
" # )$' =
-
" # 5'& (
)$'
Mathematical Foundations of Computer Science
!+323/ 7 " # +
" # $
" #1' " # $'
'
5' 0+
23
M
'N,
" #
+324/ C ( 224 ) 1 "$ # " # $ " # " # " # + +325/ ( / ;$ ' &< " # $ " # $+ " # '& " # & 326/ 7 , " # " Ú #® " # Ú" ® # " # Ú" ® # " # ®" ® # 327/ 3 : ! 2 ! 2 1;" #W" #Î " #Î < ( " # " # " # / " # +328/ b " @ # = " ³!v'# '= , "C (. ' $'# " # ' " # ' =$ " # ' 5' " # '"' 5 '# !+329/! Åv ! Å 1 '0 ' 7 USVF Å, "C (. ' $ # " # B " # X " # " # ^ +32:/! B 1; < B & p $ p' p p& Z p$ 1 {abcd } p' 1 { ab, cd } p 1 { abc, d } p& 1 { a, b , c , d } 3 C ¢ 1 ;p$ p' p p&< ! Z p C p+ p+ ( " ¢ C# "C (. ' *# p ! " #
" #
" #
" #
MCQs in Computer Science
24
!+331/ B
" # 1 M $ ' N &< 7 " # ;M$ 5$ N& M$ 5$N&< & " # ;M 5$ N M$ 5$N&
" + 0 $# +333/ b
"$ "
Ê 20ˆ " # Á ˜ Ë10 ¯ !+334/ > 7
Æ•
$ # "C (. '
*#
" # ^ " &# "$ $ # "C (. ' *#
#,
)
" # '$)
Ê 8 ˆ Ê11ˆ " # Á ˜ ¥Á ˜ Ë 4¯ Ë 5 ¯ !+335/ lim
" # '$
" 0 $ +#
"& &# "
" # '
#, " # ''
*#
- sin equals + cos
Ê 20ˆ Ê 8 ˆ Ê11ˆ " # Á ˜ -Á ˜ ¥Á ˜ Ë10 ¯ Ë 4¯ Ë 5 ¯ "C (. '
#
" # $ " # 5$ " # ¥ " # 5¥ !+336/ $ 3 " Ç $ Ç # È " !Ç!$!Ç! #!È!$ ! "C (. ' #! È! ! " # $ È " # È$ È " # È$ È " # 3 !+337/ ( / "C (. ' # 0 0 ' 1 $ $ ' 1' $ 0 ' ' 0 ' 0 & 0 a 1& $ ' / U " # a % " # " # $ " # $ 5$ " #
Mathematical Foundations of Computer Science
+338/ (
^
5J
0$
1
Rˆ 1Ê xn + ˜ Á 2Ë xn ¯
" # / " # / !+339/! 3
"C (. '
#
"C (. '
#
" # " #
Â
1
1$54
Â
$1
(
1£ i £ 2 k i even
1£ i £ 2 k i odd
" #
25
1$04
" #
" #
1$
1 $ 0 '4
" #
=
!+33:/! &
( " #
" # $
5 $+
" # '
0 '&
'
0 * "C (. '
#
7 "C (. '
, #
"C (. '
#
" #
+341/ + & C A " # +342/ b
'&
" #
+
" #
È 1 0˘ Í0 0 ˙ Î ˚ " # (
È0 1˘ Í0 0 ˙ Î ˚
" # /
+344/
# # # #
" # $,
" # 4 +343/ 3
" " " "
&
"
#
5 ( '( ( 6(7 (7 ' "# " ## Þ "% " #Ù / a # "% " #Þ " #Ú / # % " " #Ù " #Ù / # % " " #Ù " #Ù / $ 7
Ú a$ " Ù $# " Ù $# Ú " Ù a$# Ú "a Ù a$# q " Ù $# Ú " Ù a$# Ú "a Ù $# a a
+
È1 -1˘ È-1 0˘ Í1 1˙ and Í 1 -1˙ Î ˚ Î ˚ " # ( " # 2 " # ! 3 / / 7 ! = Z "C (. ' # 6 8 9 ( 6' 7: 6(7 (7 " ## " ## " ## " ## / , "C (. ' #
MCQs in Computer Science
26
" # 4 " # 4 +345/ 7
" # 4 " #
q
" # B " # . !+346/ B " " " "
q
^4(
1 ;"
, " # " # . # " # " #
. ^ . ^ @ +
" #
U
%"' #
7
" # )%"' #
+361/ 7
" # $*%"' #
OPU /
1 x
x2
1 y
y2 ,
1 z 1 x( x + 1) " # 1 y ( y + 1) 1 z ( z + 1)
x2 - y 2
y-z
y2 - z2
z
z2
" # 0 1
z
" # 1 y + 1 y2 + 1 1 z + 1 z2 + 1 2 x+ y
x2 + y 2
y+z
y2 + z2
z
z2
" # 2 1
!+362/ 7
" #
" #
1 , Ï ÔÔ " #1Ì Ô ÔÓ
2, if - 1 if +3 if 3
=3 >3
Ï + 3 if " #1 Ì Ó - 4 if
£3 >3
!+363/ 2
" #
! >
/
: b
:
>
MCQs in Computer Science
32
/ "$ $# "' '#< 27/ ( 28/ )
2
1 ;$ '
< 3
1 ;"$ '# "' $# " #
: >
' 1
182 + 62 + ( 4.5)2
29/ 2:/ 4
/
+
+
1'
( 31/ ( / 37/ > / 38/ B p 5 "5$# 1 p 0 $ "J K &# M5$ $N b 39/ $ 5$ " 0 $# 3:/ 0 =$ 1 &*
> 41/ (
&
0
&*
1
$ " #1
M "
&
" # !
"
0 $# ´ " '´'
0 $#
-
>
"$#
=-
&
=
6 =
$
43/ (
' (
> ´ 44/ $ 5 " +# " +# " +# 1 45/ 3 " # 1 0 $% ¢" # 1 $ 5 $% ' ¢" # 1 Þ 1 $ 2 ²" # V ²" # 1 '% ²" # V 46/ ²" # 1 lim
Æ0
'
>
'
* &
1$ ( 1
"$# 1 '
lim lim " 0 # 1 lim Æ0 " # 0 " # Þ Æ0 " # 0 Æ0 " # 1 " #
> 47/
'
! $
= $´$
"p#
&
6 ´ $
5
> "$ 0 ' 0 $ 0 $ 0 $' 0 1) 1 5 " # " # 5 $ 1 5$ > pN ! 1#
( 4 ' 5 ' 1 '+ 0 #1'
¢" # 1 lim
hÆ0
f ( 5 + h ) - f ( 5) f ( h ) - f ( 0) 1 " # ¢" # 1 + = f (5) lim h Æ 0 h h b
48/ 1
'
Mathematical Foundations of Computer Science
7 7
V 8
7
1
1 > #15 >
$ 5$
1 lim
lim
1
Æ0+
Æ0-
1
>
lim
h Æ0
1
( V
1
33
8
b
( f ( 0 + h ) - f ( 0) |0 + h| - |0| |h| h = lim = lim = lim = lim 1 = 1 + + h h h Æ0 h Æ0 h h Æ0+ h h Æ0+
+
lim
X
hÆ 0
-
f ( 0 + h ) - f ( 0) -h = lim = lim ( -1) = -1 h hÆ 0 h hÆ 0-
(
?
49/ h
9
h
9
30
´ %$ 1 $
1
=1 N
> 4:/ 3
+
j =$
% 1$
1 " ´ #%) 1 %
1& $
'
\
: "
$
2 (
$
# "
'
'
# \ "
/
=
/
=
:
#
(
6
( >
(
" #
" #
6 "
/
(
$
'
#
"
'
$
#
" # >
" # '
b
,( (
:
(
( "
'
¹
#
b
" 5 $# . > (
1 ' 2 "' '# " ! 51/ C ( 0 0 0 q
= ,
# "$ '# "$ $ x x' / 1 5 "5 #
;$ ' < # "' $# "'
0
0
= 0 " 5 $#
) "$ $# # " $# " '# 5 $ 1 > $ 0 x 0 x' 1 9 $ ´ x ´ x' 1 x 1 $ / 3 7 1 15* 4 !
MCQs in Computer Science
34
g" # 1 " # 5 ' " # g" # !
52/ B g" # 1 g"$# 1 ' >
J
?
M
B " $# g¢" # 1 ¢" # 5 ' ¢" # g¢"B# 1 Þ ¢"B# 1 ' ¢"B# " #¹' 53/ ( 54/ ¢" # 1 ' " # ¢" # 0 ' " # ¢" # > ¢" # 1 ' " # " # 0 ' " # "5 " ## 1 Þ " # > 56/ 3 1 (6 1 "# r q%' 1 "r# 0 "r# U r 1 q%' 1 q%' # 1 ´ q %' " # 1 5q %' > 1 " ,q%' b 1 58/ ( "$ 0 '# ´ '$' 0 "$ 0 ' 0 & 0 # ´ ' 0 "$ 0 &# ´ '& 0 "$ 0 '# $ 1 '$ 0 '$' 0 '$$ 0 '$ 0 ') 0 ' 0 '+ 0 '& 0 '$ 0 ' ( 5:/ 7 $ ' \ ^ $ ' ^ ' ^ > Z
$N
>
'
0 62/! 63/!
0
0\0
1
5 5+ 5-
75
7 5
5+
7 0 5 57 5
75
# b ?
= " # ( "5 #
? ?
'
" *
= 66/! J
7 0 5 5-
/
" # b
" #
65/
?
5-
7 0
?
>
" # 1 $$
>
" 64/ X h
"$# 1
! 7 0
5 5-
5$
n (n r - 1) n -1
/ 5+
>
*
# X >
1
1
" #
"¥#
K
' =
/ b
! >
Mathematical Foundations of Computer Science
¥#
"
> "5$
# >
" #
35
"5$# "¥#
' '
" "5 ¥# $ 68/ ( " # 1 " 5 a# " "a# 1 %a 0 69/! $ 6:/! 7 0 h 72/! W 5 W 8 W 5 W8 67/
"0 ¥# "5 ¥ #
X
# > " 0 ¥# 3 % 0 > / # U 1 a
" #
! 5 b # $ 0 "% 0 # " "b# 1 %b 0 > $ 5¥ ! 5 1 " 5 $# " 5 '# \ " 5
$
# 1
5 8 5 8 5 8 5 8 / 5" 0 #8 5 8 0 74/ ! \ 0 "$%'# 0 \ > 75/!
W 5 >8 /
>
0¥
$
$
0 "$%'# 0 "$%'# '% /
'?
$ *
\ ' & 0 ´
> 76/! B
$
' (
' \'
(
? (
0 $ 1 &) ( ! ´
] !
78/! 8
79/! ( "$ %' # ( "$ %' #
*' > W W5 V W W1 > V W W15 > 5 V ! ´ "$ %'&# 1 $%& ! ´ "$ %'&# 1 $& >
7:/! ( " #1
5
&
(
'
$' ! " 5 $# ´ " 5 $# ( &" # 1 &" 5$# 1 ´ " 5$# &" 5'# \ 1 ]
+ W WV 8 6 6 / 0$
'
(
( b
]
'?
? (
'
? (
1
$%& 0 $%& 1 $%' 0
f ( xk ) b f ¢ ( xk )
1
'
5
1
(6
MCQs in Computer Science
36
83/ ( 2
"bb b( (b# $ "bb#
U
1
1 3
( A « B ) 1 $ 5 " ´ # 1 $ 5 " " # 0 " # 0 " ´ ## 1
84/!
85/ X 3 " # 87/ ( !
?
M ¢"B# 1 " " # 5 " ## % " 5 # 1 5 %+
N
B (
5$
U 0 $#
" 5 ´ " 5 # ´ " 5 '# ´ \ " 5 88/ ! 89/ X ! q " # 1 M 'N 5 M > / ^ Zq ! 8:/ 3 ! !# e f ! !% e ! !Þ e f ! ! Ø" 1 $# e ! ! # "% " 1 ` # Þ " 1 ` ( 91/! : 5 5 1 92/! 7 $ ' ' & > = 93/!
= >
0 $# 1
N' -
q " #³
f / $f 1 # Ú " 1 $## $ ! 5 5 $
$
e2 f :
'
'
=
=
$
> $
'
'
$
7 & $¹' > /
$ 96/ B $ "$ C
)
X ' 1 # "$ $# "$ $ X
'
"
# "
6 $# "
$
# "
$ $#
# "$ $ $# ' "
X
" #
> (
" #
$#
' ' ´ ' ´ ' ´ \ "'
X
= >
# b
Mathematical Foundations of Computer Science
U
97/
=
(
)
1 -b ±
:4/ (
b 2 - 4 ac / 2 a
h 2 " :5/ ( :6/ %
1 ´$ 5 1 5' 1 $ /
6
% b 2 - 4 ac ´$
1
'
/
A
> :9/ (
' 1
> 212/! ( 0 5
1* ?' ´ ?' ?& 2 C 1 1 5 ">
214/ s 1 s 215/ ^ 2
´$ 2
5 1
5 15
U
'9 &
9
(
#
´&1'
B ' '0
1$
0 .
0&
1 $) f
" # q
! p &
' '0
7
(
5+
&
216/ > ""%$ ´ "%' ´ % ## ´ %& # 2 "%' ´ % # / 2 "%$ ´ "%' ´ % # / 2 ""%$ ´ "%' ´ % ## ´ %&# / 0 '( > ' ( $ ´' ´ 0$ ´$ ´ 0$ ´ ´ 217/ 2 218/!( e 6
!219/! 2
1&
! 1
' $9 4 1 1 1 20 5
= ' ´
6
x2n + 2 (2n + 2)!
'
5
#
' '´
213/
37
3p 2
'
MCQs in Computer Science
38
Fig. 1.3
!21:/! % ( 7 0@
l$)
l 5 ' ( ! 1 " #" # 1 " &# " &# 1 " $+# " '#
$)
(
=
0 '
$)
% ( 7 .@ 2 ' M$N B M N B $ M N B !221/! 4 " # "%! " " ## ( !222/! X ! *" # 1 " £ # *"5$# 1 " £ 5$# 1 " 1 5$# 1 *"$# 1 " £ $# 1 " 1 5$# 0 " 1 $# 1 !223/! "$# 9 ")# 2
)(
(7 D $ '
225/! ( 226/! (
4 M'N B M&N B M+N B # e>
0
>
=
7 " #
^ ^ ^
)
'
f
1$
7 " # $ $ $
$) ! & 1 " '# " '# $+ 1 " #" # $) 1 " $#" # " " ## ^h "Ù#
7 " #
U U U
'
' ] $
U U 8p
V
! '&+ \ '
(
'
= &
2 '
3 a $ ´a1' ]
'
Mathematical Foundations of Computer Science
39
> ( 20!/10) 1 = 20! 10 5$
227/ 22:/ > /
( 2 0 20'1 '
, $
231/ X
5& 2 1 5$ 5'
(
Z
' a
´
1
( b
,'
0 !
a
232/ +
6
a a
Þ$ Ú "a Ú $#
´
?
a
" #Ú$ Ú$ (
´'´'´' & >
= $ '
>
?
' 1 '& ! ?#
&´'´ ?
? '?
Ú " Þ $#
+
$" "
a
(
( +
?#
2 3 ˆ Ê 1 Á 4 5 6 ˜ ÁË 4 + 1 5 + 2 6 + 3˜¯
233/
>
1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 = 4 5 6 + 4 5 6 =0+0=0 4 5 6 1 2 3 5 7 9
234/! ^ 236/! (
6 $$ ?
237/! 7
"
#( 1
( (
>
=
X
239/! " È # 1 " # 0 " # 5 " Ç # " È #0 " Ç #1 " #0 " # > " Ç # " È #£ " #0 " # ' 241/ " ` # 1 " ` # " ` # 1 " ` # " ` # 1 ` " ` #` 1 ` '` 1 ` ` ' 1 '` ' 243/ ^ $ ^ ' 5 ^ 5' ^ 5$ ' ^ $ ( $ 0 ' 0 \ 0 1 " 0$# % ' 245/! 7 ' ' ' ' / '
(
(
1
' '
1
b
'
MCQs in Computer Science
40
1" Ç #È" Ç " #1 " Ç #0
!247/!
# " Ç
1$0 253/ $
#
$ 3BA
1 3BA $ 1 3BA 1 3BA 1 $ ^ '& CBh 1 CBh '& 1
,
7
254/ '& X ? 256/ ( $ 1$ 258/ "5 # 1 "5 # M "5 # 0 " #N "5 # 1 " # > "5 # 1 " # M " # 0 "5 #N 1 " # b 261/ x ' ' ' ' 2 x x 1 "x # $ 1 "x # 262/ 1 % "$% # 3?b ? 263/ 7 " # " # # 264/ 3 1 0' '0 0\ ' 1 0' 0\ 5 1 0 ' 0 0 \ 1 "$ 5 # % "$ 5 # 1 % "$ 5 # "$ 5 # 1 % "$ 5 # > 1 % "$ 5 # ' Z %
1T
5$
1
T
1
#1 " # )W 1
*"
#
U
1
7
W W1
$ '
>/ " #' 1
>
282/ >/
= #' 0
/ >/ "
"
"
1
281/ >/ "
x
M %"$ 5 #N 1 $%"$ 5 #'
% "$ 5 #' 265/ * ! *" *" 0 0 #1*" #0*" # 4 266/ . ! / W 5 > 1 276/ . = )$ )'\ ) )$ )' \ ) $ b " 0 5 $# \ ( >
1$
#' 1
>
/
#' 0
Mathematical Foundations of Computer Science
41
U®K
!283/ d a
=
K ® aU
285/ 3
´ * ´ * ´ $* ´ $* ( $* K $'&) 1 ´ ´ ' ´ ´ * ´ * ´ $* ( $* K ( '$ 7 & . . X C X K . . X C > 5 "' ' *# "$ *# " 5 "d X C# "r . C # ". . ^# J K ! ! ". . ^#
-
286/ 3
6 K ´'´*
´
´
+ *'&
6
+= ( ( '
´
$&#
K..^ 287/ 3 $) $$
-
$
´
1 6
5
( 5B
7 $'
6 $' >
t B . > 288/ 3
-
. ^ 7 t . $ = & ^
289/ ( & (
$'
´ $$ ´ $) ( > ( 6 t 7 4"
= $ #
. 3
4
5> t 4 ^ ´$ $ > 6 > t 4 ( 5B . 6 B t.> $'+ 1 ´ $$ ´ ' ( 6 7 ( 6 t 7 . 7 6 6 7. t 7 t. ) *+ & '$ & 6 $ ' $ > $ ' '$ $' > $' &
) *+ & $' 28:/ ( $ =
> >4 t > ' $$ 7 t
3
) *+ & '$ ^
(
291/ (
6 ' $ $' $ ' ) *+ & $' $ =
$ > '$ $' > $ ' & +* )
^
6 $'
3
MCQs in Computer Science
42
(
6 * * ) *) *)
3
) * ^ & + * + *) + )* +)* +) * *+ ) *+)
3 *)+
$ ) > )* )*
+* ) +*) ( ! 6 $ ' & * )+ $$
*) +
292/
) 7 * +) * )+ * )+ > =
$$9 / B
$$ 4 )
" # * +
g g
g
g g
$$ 4 &
" # ' $
^
= &
& ' $ =& 3
* ' g g g g $$ ) *+ '&$ 293/! !
^ ' 7
=&
7 6
)
* +
$ 6
6 = '
294/! '´'0
´'0&´'1$
296/ . 297/ (
! !
& 6
'
6 6
+ =
!
Fig. 1.4
298/ (
=
Fig. 1.5
=
Mathematical Foundations of Computer Science
43
6
299/
Fig. 1.5
!
' U
$ U
>
' /-01 6
29:/ (
'
Fig. 1.6
/-01
(
'
$ U
$ U 6 4
$ U 2:1/ ( 2:2/
] $
U
6
$
2:3/ 3
45 + ( - 9) ¥ 10
6 b
./ 2:4/ 1 + 2:5/ $ $ ' '
1
) !1)
1 $ $
1& $
$ ' '
$ $ '
. $
$ >
$
/
$ "
1' $
' $
= !
$ $ +
>
$ $
´ 2:6/ $ $
$
$
$ $
= (
#
/ '
MCQs in Computer Science
44
= $
$
>
$ = / q
$ 2:7/
$ /
U
$ (
$ =
'
0
1
h $+
A
>
> (
?
? r
t
311/
$' &
t ?
$ ( "$' $+ 0 $ #
$' *)
\
(
r
\ \
? (
?
t
> r ? > r
\ ?
r
? ( t
\ r
?
?
t
'=
$) $
> 0 1$ $ > $$ 1 $ $ 5
$'
( \
?
?
$ $
$' (
&
t > >
? r
r > (
? ? > A
r
?
$'
9 6 20
>
> (
= $
0
1 6 2
2::/ 2 > (
! $ U
$
5 $' $+
#
q
)
$'
0
q >
U )
* *
> $' $+ $ * ) > "$' $+ 0 $ 0 $ # 2:9/ ( 1 1 6 20 (
X
! '
2:8/ (
´+
"
U X
*
/
>
B
$
0 "$
0 # 0 "$
0 #1$
0$
0$
Mathematical Foundations of Computer Science
>
$$X ' >
1$
!312/! 2
$$ $ $= 1) b
1'
$$ ( 0
U .
45
(
0 (
$' '
'
2
( 6
2
"
'
# 7
&
!313/
Fig. 1.7
(
e@
f
7
@
C 1 5
2 5
J
´$ 1*
b
314/ 3
X
>
7
^
( (
'
(
( 315/ 2
6 '
'
316/ ( 317/ ( $ +
6 $6
!
h
6
&6 1 # 6
"
' $ ! 1 2 ¥ # 6 6 ' ! 1 3 ¥ # 6 6 & !
+
&
J / $6 $5& 6
6
"
+
& 1 4 ¥ # 6 6
319/ (
'
6
"
+
1 2 3 4 15 5 + + + = = 6 36 36 36 36 12 )6 '* 6 7
"
=
MCQs in Computer Science
46
31:/ 3
323/
" #1 " #1 + " È #1 * " Ç #1 " #0 " #5 " È # ¢" # 1 & 5 ' " # ¢" # V 1'
324/
2
2
+2 +4 1
0
325/ ;"$ $# "' '# "
>
1
" # 5$ >
1
# "& &#< /
: 7
V >
/
( /
/ 3
! "$ '# '
' >
&
/ "' $# &
> / "$ '# "' $# " &# "& # U 36 / + 6 "$ '# "' # " $# "' $# " '# "$ # / !
/ !b (
/ ;$ '
;$ '
&< 2
U $ ' 1 + & 1& & " '#%' 1 $ &
0$ 0$ &
( !328/! 3 $
>
B' 1 + 6 & B' % ' 1 = & B 1& ( $
&< ^
' $ '
&
$ $
$9 >
$
'
\
'
3 ¢ V1'
$ . '´'´'´\8
b 329/! B ^ 32:/ p
? ?
p
! !
p
p
$ Å 1 Å Å" Å #¹" Å #Å p ? ! p'
p b
p'
?
Mathematical Foundations of Computer Science
331/! ( $ ( ! ! !' ( ( b M$ (
333/! 3
M$ 5$
N1
5$N
3 Ml m 5 l 5 mN ! Ml m 5l 5 mN 1 6M$ 5$ N 0 8M$ 5$N ./ 6 ! 6 1 5m J / $ $ 0$
332/ >
b
!
47
J
" J33J ^
#
"' '# ( " $ 3?
!334/! J
/ "
$ U ' U U 7
#
"$
"& &# "& &# "& &#
2 $ #
6
8 8 1 m0l ! ! $ $
'
&
d
B 33JJ JJ33 3J3J 3JJ3 J3J3 33JJ ( # "$ $ # 20! $ ? ( 10! ¥ 10! / = ' ]%$ ]´$ ] -
" &# " &#
!
^
"& &# "
#
" &# 1 ^ "& &# " &# ´ ^
"& &# ´ ^ " &# "$ $ #
^
"
& 3? ^
# "& &# ]%&]&] " & ? # "& &# " &# @ $ "
/
# " &#
"$ $ # 6 " &# "$ $ # $$]% ]+] ' ] % "$ ] ´!$ ]# = " ]%&]&]# ´ $ ´ "$$]% ]+]#
b - sin + cos
335/!
U
1
1-
sin
1+
cos
1 $
^
®¥
®
+
>
MCQs in Computer Science
48
" Ç$Ç #È"
336/! h q d ? 337/! a 1
Ç$Ç #È$ È
!
-
( a
>
338/!
1
0$
!339/! $ 1 ' 0 & 0 + 0 \ 0 ' 1$0 0 0\0' 5$ $ 5 1 "' 5 $# 0 "& 5 # 0 "+ 5 # 0 \ 8 1 &
33:/! 3 " # 1 2 > $' 341/! J /
5 $+
5& 7
0 '& '
'
1Ê Rˆ ÁË X + ˜¯ > 2 X
1
V
0 * ¢" # 1
0& 1 1 "> # 0 "> 7
1
' # ´ "> ( # ´ ">
( #1
+´
&0
&´
&
b A 6 (
1 ( (
(
=
1 È0.4 0.6˘ 2 ÍÎ0.4 0.6˙˚ A 7
"$
# "$ #
'
È0.4 0.6˘ È0.4 0.6˘ 0) Í ˙ Í ˙ Î0.4 0.6˚ Î0.4 0.6˚ 1 M & +N > 7 342/! 4 ! $ $ "$ 5 #"5 # 1 343/! 4 "B# e2 2> Uh 344/! B 345/! 346/! ^ " #Î " #Î ^ " #Œ " #Î
(1
& / /
f
Mathematical Foundations of Computer Science
347/! " >
#0 "
#1$ )
"
10 9 " #1 19 19 V # 1 "&# 0 " # 0 "+#
#1
"
1 3
"&# 1 "+# 1
"
V #1
=
20 0 3 ¥ 19
" #
3 (4) + (6) 1 4 (4) + (5) + (6)
>
" #
>
"&# 0 " # 0 "+# 1 ` `
1 9 1 9
" #1
20 3 ¥ 3 ¥ 19
20 20 0 » 3 ¥ 3 ¥ 19 3 ¥ 19
(1 - tan[ ]) 1 (1 + tan[ ])
Êp ˆ ÁË - ˜¯ &
È Êp ˆ˘ ˆ ˜¯ 1 9 Í cos ÁË - ˜¯ ˙ 4 Î ˚
Êp
Ú tan ÁË 4 -
'=$%'# 1
"
$# 5 " "% #" " ## "# #" " ##
351/! "# # " # "% # " # 352/! 3
&+*
` ` 1 ` 1 9 ` ` ` 1 ` 1 ` ` 1 ` 1 9 ` ` ` 1 ` 1 e f
349/! (
34:/!
10 "X 19 #
C
348/!
'
" #1 + *
5$
(
5 "=
!
'# 1
0
:
353/!
'
(3.5) 1 ¢(3.5)
0
$ *$ »
J
3 !
49
3 +
1;
< X 96' -
!
: (
Z
^
3
MCQs in Computer Science
50
^ U
^
J
6
U $ +
E
F
E
FÈ
$
E
FÈ
+
'
E
FÈ
*
$
E
FÈ
+
E
FÈ!
$
E
FÈ
&
) > 3
$ 0 + 0 $ 0 ' 0 $ 0 + 0 $ 1 +& : " =$#
96' -
: ^ U
^
J
U $
;
W
Î
'+
Ejhjubm!Mphjd!boe! Dpnqvufs Pshboj{bujpo
3 2/ 1 1
2 2 BOE
BOE
PS
PS! 1
+3/
2 2 boe!1
!
PS "#
$%&
"#
+4/ ' ) Y
$ %&
(
* 1! ,! Y! >! Y Y! ,! Y! >! Y +5/ ) Y Z [ Y/YÔ! >! 2 Y! ,! Y[! >! Y +6/
2! ,! Y! >! Y Y! ,! YÔ! >! 1 *
%+ ,
Y)Z! ,! [*! >! ! )Y!,!Z*)Y!,![* Y! ,! Z! >! Z! ,! Y -$ . %& # %& / +" -011
7/ & "#
2$
! *
Digital Logic and Computer Organization
55
8/ +
$
+9/ ) Y Z [ Y Z [ 3 2-1-1 +:/ ) ) ! #
2*
Y)Z!,![* , 1-2-1
)Y!,!Z*)Y!,![*
2-2-1 4
1-2-2 '
4'
( &%5( ( (
+21/ ) )234* 6! >! )B4* CÔ 6 1 22/ + 8 ! +23/ ) )23B* 4! >! )234* B 2 ! +24/! + 9 :%4 :
B 2
'47
B 2
6
4
*
(P + Q + R ) ◊ (P + Q + R) ◊ (P + Q + R ) (P ◊ Q + R ) (P ◊ Q + R)
/ +" -011
(P + Q ◊ R ) ( P ◊ Q + R) #
25/ ;0;< >$;0
5
26/ +
#
!& 5 $=;00
5%: $ $
+27/ +
* # Y! ,! YÔZ , Y! ,! Z Y! ,! YZ Z! ,! ZY +28/ )Y! PS! Z*! PS! [! >! Y! PS! )Z! PS! [* * PS * PS * BOE
YÔZ! ,! ZÔY
56
MCQs in Computer Science
29/ : 2:/ ) ;?6?-?1 ' 1-26! b! +! b< ! !~ ! !fmtf! | ! !! ! ! e! >! e! +! e< ! !! ! ! f! >! f! +! f< ! !~ +64/ :
(+ 8 ( / +" -012
0
1
-
2
+65/! 8 2
8 6
! / +" -012
(
! 2 ( 87/! 89/!
Z¢ (
Y,Z ¢
0 ()
G>2-
(; ´ -0 I 1 ? (; ´ 1-0 R 60 (: 3 3( D
3 ( ( & O
(%
1
!
xsjuf & O 3
(%
(+ ( (
OBOE
( 3
sfbe. 3 3
200 1! OVMM* ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! +nzQus! >! OVMM! < ! ! ! ! ! ! ! fmtf! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! +nzQus! >! OVMM! < !!!!!!!!!ibt!uif!tbnf!fggfdu!bt!uif!tubufnfou)t* ! )b*! jg)nzQus*! ! +nzQus! >! OVMM! < ! !! fmtf! +nzQus! >! OVMM! < ! )c*! +nzQus! >! OVMM< ! )d*! jg)"nzQus*! +nzQus! >! OVMM! < ! ! !fmtf! +nzQus! >! OVMM! < ! )e*! jg)nzQus! >>! OVMM*! +nzQus! >! OVMM! < ! ! !fmtf! +nzQus! >! OVMM! < ! +26/! Uif!gpmmpxjoh!dpef!gsbhnfou ! jou! y-! z! >! 3-! {-! b< ! y! >! )z! +>! 3*! ,! ){! >! b! >! z*< ! qsjoug! )Ñ&eÒ-! y*< ! )b*! qsjout!9 ! )c*! qsjout!7 ! )d*! qsjout!7!ps!9!efqfoejoh!po!uif!dpnqjmfs!jnqmfnfoubujpo ! )e*! jt!tzoubdujdbmmz!xspoh ! +27/! Jg! o!ibt!uif!wbmvf! 4!uifo!uif!pvuqvu!pg!uif!tubufnfou! qsjoug)Ñ&e! &eÒ-! o,,-! ,,o*< ! )b*! jt!4! 6! !! )c*! jt!5! 6 ! )d*! jt!5! 5! !! )e*! jt!jnqmfnfoubujpo!efqfoefou ! 28/! y! Ï>! z! ,! 2! y! Ï! z! ,! 2! )c*! y! >! Ïy! Ï! z! Ï! 2 ! )d*! y! >! .y! ,! z! ,! 2! )e*! y! >! y! Ï! z! Ï! 2 ! +29/! Uif!fyqsfttjpo!6! Ï! 3! Ï! 4! +! 6! Ï! 3!xjmm!fwbmvbuf!up!29-!jg ! )b*! Ï!jt!mfgu!bttpdjbujwf!boe!+!ibt!qsfdfefodf!pwfs!Ï ! )c*! Ï!jt!sjhiu!bttpdjbujwf!boe!+!ibt!qsfdfefodf!pwfs!Ï ! )d*! Ï!jt!sjhiu!bttpdjbujwf!boe!Ï!ibt!qsfdfefodf!pwfs!+ ! )e*! Ï!jt!mfgu!bttpdjbujwf!boe!Ï!ibt!qsfdfefodf!pwfs!+ ! 2:/! qsjoug)Ñ&dÒ-! 211*< ! )b*! qsjout!211! !! )c*! qsjout!uif!BTDJJ!frvjwbmfou!pg!211 ! )d*! qsjout!hbscbhf! !! )e*! opof!pg!uif!bcpwf ! +31/! Uif!qsphsbn!gsbhnfou jou! j! >! 374< qvudibs)j*
! 2< jou! k! >! Ï5< qsjoug)Ñ&vÒ-! j! ,! k*< ! ! qsjout ! )b*! hbscbhf ! )c*! Ï4 ! )d*! bo!joufhfs!uibu!dibohft!gspn!nbdijof!up!nbdijof ! )e*! opof!pg!uif!bcpwf ! +35/! Jg!uif!gpmmpxjoh!qsphsbn!gsbhnfou!)bttvnf!ofhbujwf!ovncfst!bsf!tupsfe!jo!3Ôt!dpnqmf. nfou!gpsn* votjhofe! j! >! 2< jou! k! >! Ï5! < qsjoug)Ñ&vÒ-! j! ,! k*< ! ! qsjout!y!uifo!qsjoug)Ñ&eÒ-! 9!+!tj{fpg)jou**< ! ! pvuqvut!bo!joufhfs!uibu!jt!tbnf!bt!)mph!jo!uif!botxfst!bsf!up!uif!cbtf!uxp* ! )b*! bo!voqsfejdubcmf!wbmvf! )c*! 9!+!mph)y,4* ! )d*! mph)y,4*! !! )e*! opof!pg!uif!bcpwf ! +36/! Uif!gpmmpxjoh!qsphsbn!gsbhnfou ! gps)j! >! 4! 4*< ! qsjoug)Ñ&eÒ-! j*< ! ! sftvmut!jo ! )b*! b!tzouby!fssps! !! )c*! bo!fyfdvujpo!fssps ! )d*! qsjoujoh!pg!23! !! )e*! qsjoujoh!pg!26 ! +37/! Uif!gpmmpxjoh!qsphsbn!gsbhnfou gps! )j! >! 2>! 4*! dpoujovf< fmtf! qsjoug)Ñ&e! Ò-! j*
! 1* qsjoug)Ñb! jt! {fspÒ*< fmtf qsjoug)Ñb! jt! opu! {fspÒ*< ! sftvmut!jo!uif!qsjoujoh!pg )b*! b! jt! {fsp! !! )c*! b! jt! opu! {fsp )d*! opuijoh! !! )e*! hbscbhf 39/! Uif!gpmmpxjoh!qsphsbn!gsbhnfou jg)b! >! 8* qsjoug)Ñb! jt! tfwfoÒ*< fmtf qsjoug)Ñb! jt! opu! tfwfoÒ*< ! sftvmut!jo!uif!qsjoujoh!pg )b*! b! jt! tfwfo! ! ! )c*! b! jt! opu! tfwfo )d*! opuijoh! !! )e*! hbscbhf +3:/! Uif!gpmmpxjoh!qsphsbn!gsbhnfou jou! l! >! .8< qsjoug)Ñ&eÒ-! 1! =! "l*< )b*! qsjout!1! !! )c*! qsjout!b!opo.{fsp!wbmvf )d*! jt!jmmfhbm! !! )e*! qsjout!bo!voqsfejdubcmf!wbmvf 41/! Uif!gpmmpxjoh!mppq gps)qvudibs)ÓdÔ*! 2-! k! >! 21! 5-! c! >! 7< qsjoug)Ñ&eÒ-! b! >>! c*
! 5-! c! >! 7< qsjoug)Ñ&eÒ-! b! ">! c*< )b*! pvuqvut!bo!fssps!nfttbhf! )c*! qsjout!1 )d*! qsjout!2! !! )e*! opof!pg!uif!bcpwf 45/! Uif!gpmmpxjoh!qsphsbn!gsbhnfou jou! b! >! 5-! c! >! 7< qsjoug)Ñ&eÒ-! b! >! c*< )b*! pvuqvut!bo!fssps!nfttbhf! )c*! qsjout!1 )d*! qsjout!2! !! )e*! opof!pg!uif!bcpwf 46/! B!qpttjcmf!pvuqvu!pg!uif!gpmmpxjoh!qsphsbn!gsbhnfou gps)j! >! hfudibs)*>! ÓyÔ*! csfbl< fmtf! qvudibs)j*< ! jt )b*! nj! !! )c*! njy )d*! njyy! !! )e*! opof!pg!uif!bcpwf 47/! Uif!gpmmpxjoh!qsphsbn nbjo)* | ! ! jou! j! >! 6< ! ! jg! )j! >>! 6*! sfuvso< ! ! fmtf! qsjoug)Ñj! jt! opu! ÝwfÒ*< ! ! qsjoug)ÑpwfsÒ*< ~ ! sftvmut!jo )b*! b!tzouby!fssps )c*! bo!fyfdvujpo!fssps )d*! qsjoujoh!pg!pwfs )e*! fyfdvujpo!ufsnjobujpo-!xjuipvu!qsjoujoh!bozuijoh +48/! Uif!gpmmpxjoh!qsphsbn!gsbhnfou jou! j! >! 6< ep! |qvudibs)j! ,! 211*! 218-! y! >! 6< qsjoug))y! ?! 8*@! Ñ&eÒ;! Ñ&dÒ-! j*< ! ! sftvmut!jo ! )b*! bo!fyfdvujpo!fssps! ! ! )c*! b!tzouby!fssps ! )d*! qsjoujoh!pg!l! !! )e*! opof!pg!uif!bcpwf ! +4:/! Sfqmbdjoh!?!cz!=!jo!uif!qsfwjpvt!rvftujpo!sftvmut!jo ! )b*! qsjoujoh!pg!218! ! ! )c*! b!tzouby!fssps ! )d*! qsjoujoh!pg!l! !! )e*! opof!pg!uif!bcpwf ! +51/! Uif!gpmmpxjoh!mppq xijmf)qsjoug)Ñ&eÒ-! qsjoug)Ñb{Ò*** qsjoug)ÑczÒ*< ! )b*! qsjout!b{czczczcz///! )c*! qsjout!b{czb{czb{czb{cz///! ! )d*! sftvmut!jo!b!tzouby!fssps! )e*! opof!pg!uif!bcpwf ! 52/! Uif!gpmmpxjoh!tubufnfout gps)j! >! 4! 4* |! qsjoug)Ñ&e! Ñ-! j*< ! ! ,,j< ~ ! ! xjmm!sftvmu!jo!uif!qsjoujoh!pg ! )b*! 4!7!:!23! )c*! 4!7!:!23!26! )d*! 4!8!22! )e*! 4!8!22!26 ! 53/! Jg!b!>!:-!c!>!6!boe!d!>!4-!uifo!uif!fyqsfttjpo!)b!.!b0c!+!c&d*!?!b&c&d!fwbmv. buft!up ! )b*! usvf! )c*! gbmtf! )d*! jowbmje! )e*! 1 ! 54/! Dpotjefs!uif!gpmmpxjoh!qsphsbn!gsbhnfou jg! )b! ?! c* jg! )c! ?! d* t2< fmtf! t3< ! ! t3!xjmm!cf!fyfdvufe!jg ! )b*! b!=>!c! !! )c*! c!?!d ! )d*! c!=>!d!boe!b!=>!c! ! ! )e*! b!?!c!boe!c!=>!d ! +55/! Uif!gpmmpxjoh!qsphsbn!gsbhnfou jg! )3! =! 2* < fmtf y! >! )3! =! 1*@! qsjoug)ÑpofÒ*! ;! qsjoug)ÑgpvsÒ*< qsjoug! )Ñ&eÒ-! y*< ! )b*! qsjout!opuijoh! !! )c*! sftvmut!jo!b!tzouby!fssps ! )d*! qsjout!gpvs1! !! )e*! opof!pg!uif!bcpwf
Programming with C
! +56/! Dpotjefs!uif!gpmmpxjoh!qsphsbn!gsbhnfou jg! )b! ?! c*! ! ! qsjoug)Ñb! ?! cÒ*< fmtf! ! ! qsjoug)Ñfmtf! qbsuÒ*< ! ! qsjoug)Ñb! =>! cÒ*< !b! =>! c!xjmm!cf!qsjoufe!jg ! )b*! b!?!c! !! )c*! b!=!c ! )d*! b!>!>!c! !! )e*! opof!pg!uif!bcpwf ! 57/! Dpotjefs!uif!gpmmpxjoh!Þpx!dibsu/
Fig. 3.1
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! +58/!
! ! ! ! !
Xijdi!pg!uif!gpmmpxjoh!dpssfdumz!jnqmfnfout!uif!bcpwf!Þpx!dibsu@ )b*! jg! )b! ?! c*! ! ! )c*! jg! )b! =>! c* !jg! )c! ?! d*! !! !jg! )c! ?! d* !b! >! 2! 2< !fmtf! jg! )d! ?! e*! !! fmtf! jg! )d! =>! e* !c! >! 3! 3< )d*! jg! )b! ?! c*! ! ! )e*! jg! )b! ?! c* ! ! 2! 2< !fmtf! jg! )d! =>! e*! !! f mtf! jg! )d! ?! e* !c! >! 3! 3< Uif!cpez!pg!uif!gpmmpxjoh!gps!mppq gps)qvudibs)ÓbÔ*>! b*! qsjoug)ÑuxpÒ*< fmtf! qsjoug)ÑuisffÒ*< fmtf! qsjoug)ÑgpvsÒ*< ! )b*! sftvmut!jo!b!tzouby!fssps! )c*! qsjout!gpvs!jg!d!=>!c ! )d*! qsjout!uxp!jg!d!=>!c! )e*! qsjout!gpvs!jg!b!=>!c ! 5:/! Uif!tubufnfou!jo!uif!qsfwjpvt!rvftujpo!dbo!ofwfs!qsjou ! )b*! pof! )c*! uxp! )d*! uisff! )e*! gpvs ! 61/!!Uif!gpmmpxjoh!qsphsbn!gsbhnfou ! !jou! y! >! 5-! z! >! y-! j< ! !gps! )j! >! 2! y< ! ! ! pvuqvut!bo!joufhfs!uibu!jt!tbnf!bt !!!!!!! )b*! 9! +! z! !! )c*! z! +! )2! ,! 3! ,! 4! ,! 5* ! )d*! z! +! 5! !! )e*! z! +! z ! 62/! Dpotjefs!uif!efdmbsbujpo tubujd! dibs! ifmmp\^>ÒifmmpÒ< ! ! Uif!pvuqvu!pg!qsjoug)Ñ&t]oÒ-! ifmmp*< ! ! xjmm!cf!uif!tbnf!bt!uibu!pg ! )b*! qvut)ÑifmmpÒ*! 1! 1! y\k^\j^< ! )b*! usbotqptft!uif!hjwfo!nbusjy!y! )c*! nblft!uif!hjwfo!nbusjy!y-!tznnfusjd ! )d*! epftoÔu!bmufs!uif!nbusjy!y! )e*! opof!pg!uif!bcpwf ! 64/! Dpotjefs!uif!gpmmpxjoh!uzqf!efÝojujpo/ ! ! uzqfefg! ! dibs! y\21^< ! !y! nzBssbz\6^< ! ! Xibu!xjmm!tj{fpg)nzBssbz*!cf@!)Bttvnf!pof!dibsbdufs!pddvqjft!2!czuf* ! )b*! 26!czuft! )c*! 21!czuft! )d*! 61!czuft! )e*! 41!czuft
Programming with C
117
! +65/! Uif!gpmmpxjoh!qsphsbn nbjo)! * | ! ! ! tubujd! jou! b\^! >! |8-9-:~< ! ! ! qsjoug)Ñ&eÒ-! 3\b^! ,! b\3^*< ~ ! )b*! sftvmut!jo!cvt!fssps!! ! )c*! sftvmut!jo!tfhnfoubujpo!wjpmbujpo!fssps ! )d*! xjmm!opu!dpnqjmf!tvddfttgvmmz! )e*! opof!pg!uif!bcpwf ! 66/! Uif!gpmmpxjoh!qsphsbn!gsbhnfou jou! n-! o-! c! >! n! >! o! >! 9< dibs! xfs\91^< tqsjoug)xfs-! Ñ&e&e&eÒ-! n-! o-! c*< qvut)xfs*< ! )b*! qsjout!uif!tusjoh!!!9! 9! 9! )c*! qsjout!uif!ovmm!tusjoh ! )d*! qsjout!uif!tusjoh!!!999! )e*! opof!pg!uif!bcpwf ! +67/! Uif!gpmmpxjoh!qsphsbn nbjo)* | ! ! ! tubujd! dibs! b\4^\5^! >! |ÑbcdeÒ-! ÑnopqÒ-! ÑghijÒ~< ! ! ! qvudibs)++b*< ~ ! )b*! xjmm!opu!dpnqjmf!tvddfttgvmmz! )c*! sftvmut!jo!svo.ujnf!fssps! ! )d*! qsjout!hbscbhf! !! )e*! opof!pg!uif!bcpwf Answer the next three questions based on the program fragment given below. jou! ii! >! 27< tubujd! dibs! xfs\^! >! ÑOP! TVCTUJUVUF! GPS! IBSE! XPSLÒ< ! 68/! qsjoug)Ñ&21/6tÒ-! xfs*< ! ! pvuqvut ! )b*! OP! TV ! )c*!!OP! TVCTUJU ! )d*! OP! TV ! )e*!!VUF! G ! 69/! qsjoug)Ñ&.21/6tÒ-! xfs*< ! ! pvuqvut ! )b*! OP! TV ! )c*!!OP! TVCTUJU ! )d*! OP! TV ! )e*! VUF! G
118
MCQs in Computer Science
! 6:/! qsjoug)Ñ&.21/+tÒ-! ii-! xfs*< ! ! pvuqvut ! )b*! OP! TV! !! )c*! OP! TVCTUJUVUF! GP ! )d*! OP! TV! !! )e*! fssps!nfttbhf ! 71/! Jg!o!ibt!uif!wbmvf!4-!uifo!uif!tubufnfou!b\,,o^! >! o,,< ! )b*! bttjhot!4!up!b\6^!! ! )c*! bttjhot!5!up!b\6^ ! )d*! bttjhot!5!up!b\5^!! ! )e*! bttjhot!b!dpnqjmfs.efqfoefou!wbmvf!up!b\6^ ! +72/! Uif!efgbvmu!qbsbnfufs!qbttjoh!nfdibojtn!jt ! )b*! dbmm!cz!wbmvf! !! )c*! dbmm!cz!sfgfsfodf ! )d*! dbmm!cz!wbmvf!sftvmu!! ! )e*! opof!pg!uif!bcpwf ! +73/! Uif!gpmmpxjoh!qsphsbn nbjo)* |qsjoug)ÑujnÒ*< ! ! nbjo)*! 3< ! ! |! jou! j! >! 5-! k! >! 6< ! ! ! qsjoug)Ñ&e&eÒ-! j-! k*< !!~ ! ! qsjoug)Ñ&e&eÒ-! j-! k*< ~ )b*! xjmm!opu!dpnqjmf!tvddfttgvmmz! )c*! qsjout!5636 )d*! qsjout!3636! !! )e*! opof!pg!uif!bcpwf +78/! Uif!gpmmpxjoh!qsphsbn ! nbjo)* ! | ! jod)*! 7831! 5< xijmf! ))j&k*>>1*
119
120
MCQs in Computer Science
! |! j! >! j! 0! k< ! ! ! k! >! k! ,! 2< !~ ! ! Po!ufsnjobujpo!k!xjmm!ibwf!uif!wbmvf ! )b*! 5! )c*! 9! )d*! :! )e*! 7831 ! 82/! Uif!pvuqvu!pg!uif!gpmmpxjoh!qsphsbn!jt nbjo)* |! tubujd! jou! y\^! >! |2-! 3-! 4-! 5-! 6-! 7-! 8-! 9~< ! ! jou! j< ! ! gps)j! >! 3! y\j^< ! ! gps! )j! >! 1! 6-! c! >! 3< ! ! qsjoug)Ñ&eÒ-! b,,,c*< ~ ! )b*! sftvmut!jo!tzouby!fssps! )c*! qsjout!8 ! )d*! qsjout!9! !! )e*! opof!pg!uif!bcpwf ! +84/! Uif!qsphsbn!gsbhnfou jou! b! >! 6-! c! >! 3< qsjoug! )Ñ&eÒ-! b,,,,,c*< ! )b*! qsjout!8! !! )c*! qsjout!9 ! )d*! qsjout!:! !! )e*! opof!pg!uif!bcpwf ! +85/! Dpotjefs!uif!gpmmpxjoh!qsphsbn; nbjo)* |! jou! y! >! 3-! z! >! 6< ! ! jg! )y! =! z*! sfuvso! )y! >! y! ,! z*< ! ! fmtf! qsjoug! )Ñ{mÒ*< ! ! qsjoug! )Ñ{3Ò*< ~ ! ! Dipptf!uif!dpssfdu!tubufnfout; ! )b*! Uif!pvuqvu!jt!{3! ! ! )c*! Uif!pvuqvu!jt!{2{3 ! )d*! Uijt!xjmm!sftvmu!jo!dpnqjmbujpo!fssps! )e*! Opof!pg!uif!bcpwf ! +86/! qvut)bshw\1^*< ! )b*! qsjout!uif!obnf!pg!uif!tpvsdf!dpef!Ýmf ! )c*! qsjout!bshw
Programming with C
! ! !
! ! ! !
! ! ! ! !
! !
121
)d*! qsjout!uif!ovncfs!pg!dpnnboe!mjof!bshvnfout )e*! qsjout!uif!obnf!pg!uif!fyfdvubcmf!dpef!Ýmf 87/! B!qpttjcmf!pvuqvu!pg!uif!gpmmpxjoh!qsphsbn!gsbhnfou tubujd! dibs! xfs\^\6^! >! |ÑibsnpuÒ-! ÑnfsmjÒ-! ÑbybsjÒ~< qsjoug)|Ñ&e! &e! &eÒ-! xfs-! xfs\1^-! 'xfs\1^\1^*< ! jt )b*! 373275! 373275! 373275! )c*! 373275! 373276! 373277 )d*! 373275! 373276! 373276! )e*! 373275! 373275! 373276 +88/! Uif!gpmmpxjoh!qsphsbn nbjo)* |qsjoug)Ñ&vÒ-! nbjo*! xfs
! 5< ++d! >! 6< ! )b*! epft!opu!dibohf!uif!wbmvf!pg!b! )c*! bttjhot!beesftt!pg!d!up!b ! )d*! bttjhot!uif!wbmvf!pg!c!up!b! )e*! bttjhot!6!up!b ! +97/! Jg!uif!tubufnfou c! >! )jou! +*++d< ! ! jt!bqqfoefe!up!uif!bcpwf!qsphsbn!gsbhnfou!uifo ! )b*! wbmvf!pg!c!jt!vobggfdufe! )c*! wbmvf!pg!c!xjmm!cf!uif!beesftt!pg!d ! )d*! wbmvf!pg!c!cfdpnft!6! )e*! opof!pg!uiftf ! 98/! Dpotjefs!uif!uxp!efdmbsbujpot ! ! wpje! +wpjeQus! < ! !dibs! +dibsQus! < ! ! Xijdi!pg!uif!gpmmpxjoh!bttjhonfout!bsf!tzoubdujdbmmz!dpssfdu@ ! )b*! wpjeQus! >! dibsQus! )c*!!!dibsQus! >! wpjeQus ! )d*! +wpjeQus! >! +dibsQus! )e*! +dibsQus! >! wpjeQus ! 99/! Dpotjefs!uif!gpmmpxjoh!qsphsbn!gsbhnfou/ jou! w! >! 4-! +qw! >! 'w< qsjoug! )Ñ&e! &eÒ-! w-! +qw*< ! ! Uif!pvuqvu!xjmm!cf ! )b*! bo!fssps!nfttbhf! ! ! )c*! 4!beesftt!pg!w ! )d*! 4! 4! !! )e*! opof!pg!uif!bcpwf ! 9:/! Jg!uif!uxp!tubufnfout +qw! >! 1< qsjoug! )Ñ&e! &eÒ-! +qw-! w*< ! ! bsf!bqqfoefe!up!uif!qsfwjpvt!qsphsbn!gsbhnfou!uifo!uif!pvuqvu!xjmm!cf ! )b*! 1! 4! !! )c*! 1! 1 ! )d*! voqsfejdubcmf! !! )e*! opof!pg!uif!bcpwf
Programming with C
!
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
123
:1/! Dpotjefs!uif!gpmmpxjoh!qsphsbn/ nbjo)* | ! ! ! dibs! y\mP^-! +qus! >! y< ! ! ! tdbog)Ñ&tÒ-! y*! 6-! +c! >! 'b< ! ! Uif!tubufnfou! qsjoug)Ñ&eÒ-! b! +! c*! /6-! c! >! /8< ! ! jg! )c! =! /8* ! ! ! ! jg! )b! =! /6*! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! qsjoug)ÑUFMPÒ*! y< ! ! ! fmtf! n! >! z! 31-! k! >! 6-! l! >! 1< ! ! nby)j-! k-! l*! 2! < qsjoug)Ñ&eÒ-! )+)dibs! +*'y**! < !!!!!~ ! ! Jg!uif!nbdijof!jo!xijdi!uijt!qsphsbn!jt!fyfdvufe!jt!mjuumf.foejbo!)nfbojoh-!uif!mpxfs! tjhojÝdbou!ejhjut!pddvqz!mpxfs!beesfttft*-!uifo!uif!pvuqvu!xjmm!cf ! )b*! 1! )c*! ::::::::! )d*! 2! )e*! voqsfejdubcmf! ! 217/! b!®!c!jt!tzoubdujdbmmz!dpssfdu!jg ! )b*! b!boe!c!bsf!tusvduvsft ! )c*! b!jt!b!tusvduvsf!boe!c!jt!b!qpjoufs!up!b!tusvduvsf ! )d*! b!jt!b!qpjoufs!up!b!tusvduvsf!boe!c!jt!b!tusvduvsf ! )e*! b!jt!b!qpjoufs!up!b!tusvduvsf!jo!xijdi!c!jt!b!Ýfme ! 218/! Uif!qsphsbn nbjo)*! | ! ! ! jou! j! >! 6! ),,j*! 0! )j,,*! 'dsjnjobm< 219/! tfy!dbo!cf!bddfttfe!cz )b*! dsjnjobm/tfy! ! ! )c*! le! ®! tfy )d*! )+le*/tfy! !! )e*! fjuifs!)b*!ps!)d*-!cvu!opu!)c* 21:/! qjodpef!dbo!cf!bddfttfe!cz )b*! dsjnjobm/mpdbuf/qjodpef! )c*! dsjnjobm/qjodpef )d*! le! ®! mpdbuf/qjodpef! )e*! le/mpdbuf! ®! qjodpef 221/! Uif!uijse!dibsbdufs!jo!uif!dsjnjobm!obnf!dbo!cf!bddfttfe!cz )b*! dsjnjobm/obnf\3^! )c*! le! ®! obnf\3^ )d*! ))+le*/obnf*\3^! )e*! fjuifs!)c*!ps!)d*-!cvu!opu!)b* 222/! +)le! ®! obnf! ,! 3*!dbo!cf!vtfe!jotufbe!pg )b*! +)dsjnjobm/obnf! ,! 3*! )c*! le! ®! )obnf! ,! 3* )d*! +))+le*/obnf! ,! 3*! )e*! fjuifs!)b*!ps!)c*-!cvu!opu!)d* 223/! Uif!pvuqvu!pg!uif!gpmmpxjoh!qsphsbn ! nbjo)* ! |! jou! b! >! 2-! c! >! 3-! d! >! 4< ! ! ! qsjoug)Ñ&eÒ-! b! ,>! )b! ,>! 4-! 6-! b**< ! ~ ! xjmm!cf ! )b*! 9! )c*! 23! )d*! :! )e*! 7 ! 224/! Dpotjefs!uif!gpmmpxjoh!qsphsbn!tfhnfou/ dibs! +b-! +c-! d\21^-! e\21^< b! >! c< c! >! d< d! >! e< e! >! b< ! ! Dipptf!uif!tubufnfout!ibwjoh!fsspst/ ! )b*! Op!fssps! !! )c*! b! >! c! d< ! )d*! d! >! e! b! c! b< !+225/! Uif!pqfsbujpo!pg!b!tubjsdbtf!txjudi!cftu!fyqmbjot!uif !! )c*! boe!pqfsbujpo ! )b*! ps!pqfsbujpo! ! )d*! fydmvtjwf!ops!pqfsbujpo! )e*! fydmvtjwf!ps!pqfsbujpo ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
Programming with C
127
b! ==! 2!jt!frvjwbmfou!up )b*! nvmujqmzjoh!b!cz!3!! ! )c*! ejwjejoh!b!cz!3 )d*! beejoh!3!up!b! !! )e*! opof!pg!uif!bcpwf Jo! b! dfsubjo! nbdijof-! uif! tvn! pg! bo! joufhfs! boe! jut! 2Ôt! dpnqmfnfou! jt! 3 31! Ï! 2/!Uifo! tj{fpg)jou*-!jo!cjut-!xjmm!cf ! )b*! 27! !! )c*! 43 ! )d*! voqsfejdubcmf! !! )e*! opof!pg!uif!bcpwf ! 228/! Jg!uif!xpse!tj{f!jt!27!cju!uifo!1yd6!xjmm!cf ! )b*! 1y4b! !! )c*! 1ygg4b ! )d*! 1y6d! !! )e*! opof!pg!uif!bcpwf ! 229/! Xijdi!pg!uif!gpmmpxjoh!pqfsbujpot!qspevdf!bo!2-!jg!uif!joqvu!cjut!bsf!2!boe!2@ ! )b*! ps! )c*! boe! )d*! fydmvtjwf! ps! )e*! fydmvtjwf!ops ! 22:/! Uif!ovncfs!pg!qpttjcmf!wbmvft!pg!n-!tvdi!uibu!n!'!1y4g!frvbmt!1y34!jt ! )b*! 2! )c*! 3! )d*! 4! )e*! 5 !+231/! Uif!gps!mppq gps)j! >! 1! 1< gps)j! >! 2! 2! 2>! 1* ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! e! >! e,2! 2< xijmf! )k! =>! o* ! ! ! ! k! >! k+3< ! ! Uif!ovncfs!pg!dpnqbsjtpot!nbef!jo!uif!fyfdvujpo!pg!uif!mppq!gps!boz!o!?!1!jt; ! )b*! émph3! où!,!2! )c*! o! )d*! émph3! où! )e*! ëmph3! oû!,!2 ! +246/! Dpotjefs!uif!gpmmpxjoh!D!gvodujpo;! )HBUF!3118*! ! ! jou! g)jou! o* ! ! |tubujd! jou! s! >! 1< ! ! jg! )o! =>! 1*! sfuvso! 2< ! ! jg! )o! ?! 4* ! ! ! !!!|s! >! o< ! ! ! !!!sfuvso! g)oÏ3*!,!3< ! ! ! !!!~ ! ! sfuvso! g)oÏm*!,!s< ! ! ~ ! ! Xibu!jt!uif!wbmvf!pg!g!)6*@ ! )b*! 6! )c*! 8! )d*! :! )e*! 29 !+247/! Dpotjefs!uif!gpmmpxjoh!D!qsphsbn!tfhnfou!xifsf!DfmmOpef!sfqsftfout!b!opef!jo!b!cjobsz! )HBUF!3118* usff;! ! !! tusvdu! DfmmOpef| ! !! tusvdu! DfmmOpef! +mfguDijme< ! !! jou! fmfnfou< ! !! tusvdu! DfmmOpef! +sjhiuDijme< ! !! ~< ! !! jou! HfuWbmvf! )tusvdu! DfmmOpef! +qus*! | ! !! jou! wbmvf! >! 1< ! !! jg! )qus! ">! OVMM*! | ! !! ! jg! ))qus®mfguDijme! >>! OVMM*! '' ! !! ! ! )qus®sjhiuDijme! >>! OVMM** ! !! ! ! !wbmvf! >! 2< ! !! fmtf ! !! ! wbmvf! >! wbmvf! ,! HfuWbmvf! )qus®mfguDijme* ! !! ! ! ! ! ! !!!,! HfuWbmvf! )qus®sjhiuDijme*< ! !! ~ ! !! sfuvso! )wbmvf*< ! !! ~
130
!
MCQs in Computer Science
! Uif!wbmvf!sfuvsofe!cz!HfuWbmvf!xifo!b!qpjoufs!up!uif!sppu!pg!b!cjobsz!usff!jt!qbttfe! bt!jut!bshvnfou!jt ! )b*! uif!ovncfs!pg!opeft!jo!uif!usff! )c*! uif!ovncfs!pg!joufsobm!opeft!jo!uif!usff ! )c*! uif!ovncfs!pg!mfbg!opeft!jo!uif!usff! )e*! uif!ifjhiu!pg!uif!usff !+248/! Xijdi! dpncjobujpo! pg! uif! joufhfs! wbsjbcmft! y-! z! boe! {! nblft! uif! wbsjbcmf! b! hfu! uif! wbmvf!5!jo!uif!gpmmpxjoh!fyqsfttjpo@! )HBUF!3119* ! ! ! b!>!)y!?!z*!@!))y!?!{*!@!y!;!{*!;!))z!?!{*!@!z!;!{* ! )b*! y!>!4-!z!>!5-!{!>!3! ! ! )c*! y!>!7-!z!>!6-!{!>!4 !! )d*! y!>!7-!z!>!4-!{!>!6! ! ! )e*! y!>!6-!z!>!5-!{!>!6 !++249/!Xibu!jt!qsjoufe!cz!uif!gpmmpxjoh!D!qsphsbn@! )HBUF!3119* ! jou!g)jou!y-!jou!+qz-!jou!++qq{*! wpje!nbjo)!* ! |!! | ! ! jou!z-!{!2!++qq{!5!'d< ! ! ! ! b!>!'c< ! ! +qz!,>3!+qz!4! (]o(* ! !@3! jt! hfudibs)d*< ! )d*!@2! jt! )d! ">! (]o(* ! !@3! jt! qvudibs)d*< ! )e*!@2! jt! ))d! >! hfudibs)! *! *! ">! (]o(* ! !@3! ! jt! qvudibs)d*
! 1! :< ! !!5/!! ! ep! | ! !!6/!! ! ! ! ! l! >! )j! ,! k*! 0! 3< ! !!7/!! ! ! ! ! jg! )Z\l^! =! y*! j! >! l! l< ! !!8/!! ! ! ! ~! xijmf! )! )Z\l^! ">! y*! ''! )j! =! k**< ! !!9/!! ! jg! )Z\l^! >>! y*! qsjoug)#y! jt! jo! uif! bssbz#*< ! !!:/!! ! fmtf! qsjoug)#y! jt! opu! jo! uif! bssbz#*< ! !!21/!! ! ~ !+251/! Po!xijdi!pg!uif!gpmmpxjoh!dpoufout!pg!Z!boe!y!epft!uif!qsphsbn!gbjm@ ! )b*! Z!jt!\2!3!4!5!6!7!8!9!:!21^!boe!y!=!21 ! )c*! Z!jt!\2!4!6!8!:!22!24!26!28!2:^!boe!y!=!2 ! )d*! Z!jt!\3!3!3!3!3!3!3!3!3!3^!boe!y!?!3 ! )e*! Z!jt!\3!5!7!9!21!23!25!27!29!31^!boe!3!=!y!=!31!boe!y!jt!fwfo !+252/! Uif!dpssfdujpo!offefe!jo!uif!qsphsbn!up!nblf!ju!xpsl!qspqfsmz!jt ! )b*! Dibohf!mjof!7!up;!jg!)Z\l^!=!y*!j!>!l!,!2!l!Ï!2< ! )c*! Dibohf!mjof!7!up;!jg!)Z\l^!=!y*!j!>!l!Ï!2!l!,!2< ! )d*! Dibohf!mjof!7!up;!jg!)Z\l^!=!>!y*!j!>!l!l< ! )e*! Dibohf!mjof!8!up;!!~!xijmf!))Z\l^!> >!y*!''!)j!=!k**< !+253/! Dpotjefs!uif!qsphsbn!cfmpx;! )HBUF!311:* ! ! $! jodmvef! =tuejp/i? !! ! jou! gvo)jou! o-! jou! +g`q*! | !! ! jou! u-! g< !! ! jg! )o! =>! 2*! | !! ! ! +g`q! >! 2< !! ! ! sfuvso! 2< !! ! ~ !! ! u! >! gvo! )o.2-! g`q*< !! ! g! >! u! ,! +g`q< !! ! +g`q! >! u< !! ! sfuvso! g< ! ~ ! ! jou! nbjo)*! |
132
!
MCQs in Computer Science
!! ! jou! y! >! 26< !! ! qsjoug! )#&e]o#-! gvo)6-! 'y**< !! ! sfuvso! 1< ! ~ ! Uif! wbmvf! qsjoufe! jt!
! )b*! 7! )c*! 9! )d*! 25! )e*! 26 !+254/! Xibu!epft!uif!gpmmpxjoh!qsphsbn!qsjou@! )HBUF!3121* $jodmvef! =tuejp/i? wpje! g)jou! +q-! jou! +r*! | ! q! >! r< ! +q! >! 3< ~ jou! j! >1-! k>2< jou! nbjo! )! *! | ! ! ! g)'j-! 'k*< !! ! ! qsjoug)#&e! &e]o#-! j-! k*! < !! ! ! sfuvso! 1< !! ! ~ ! )b*! 3!3! )c*! 3!2! )d*! 1!2! )e*! 1!3 !+255/! Xibu!jt!uif!wbmvf!qsjoufe!cz!uif!gpmmpxjoh!D!qsphsbn@! )HBUF!3121* $jodmvef! =tuejp/i? jou! g)jou! +b-! jou! o* | ! ! jg! )o! =>! 1*! sfuvso! 1< ! ! fmtf! jg)+b&3! >>! 1*! sfuvso! +b! ,! g)b,2-o.2*< ! ! fmtf! sfuvso! +b! .! g)b,2-! o.2*< ~ jou! nbjo! )! * | ! ! jou! b\! ^! >! |23-! 8-! 24-! 5-! 22-! 7~< ! ! qsjoug! )#&e#-! g)b-7**< ! ! sfuvso! 1< ~ ! )b*! Ï :! )c*! 6! )d*! 26! )e*! 2: !+256/! Uif!gpmmpxjoh!D!gvodujpo!ublft!b!tjohmz!mjolfe!mjtu!bt!joqvu!bshvnfou/!Ju!npejÝft!uif!mjtu! cz!npwjoh!uif!mbtu!fmfnfou!up!uif!gspou!pg!uif!mjtu!boe!sfuvsot!uif!npejÝfe!mjtu/!Tpnf! qbsu!pg!uif!dpef!jt!mfgu!cmbol/
Programming with C
133
uzqfefg! tusvdu! opef! | ! ! jou! wbmvf< ! ! tusvdu! opef! +ofyu< ~! Opef< Opef! +npwf`up`gspou)Opef! +ifbe*! | ! ! Opef! +q-! +r< ! ! jg!))ifbe!>>!OVMM*!}}!)ifbe.?ofyu!>>!OVMM**!sfuvso! ifbe< ! ! r! >! OVMM! ifbe< ! ! xijmf! q.?ofyu" >! OVMM !! ! r! >! q< !! ! q! >! q.?ofyu< ~ sfuvso! ifbe< ~ ! ! Dipptf!uif!dpssfdu!bmufsobujwf!up!sfqmbdf!uif!cmbol!mjof/ ! )b*! r! >! OVMM! ifbe! q< ! )c*!r.?ofyu! >! OVMM! q! ifbe< ! )d*!ifbe! >! q! r! OVMM< ! )e*!r.?ofyu! >! OVMM! ifbe! q< !+257/! Xibu!epft!uif!gpmmpxjoh!gsbhnfou!pg!D!qsphsbn!qsjou@! )HBUF!3122* ! ! ! ! ! dibs! d\^! >! ÑHBUF3122Ò< ! ! !! !dibs! +q! >! d< ! ! !! !qsjoug)Ñ&tÒ-! q! ,! q\4^! Ï! q\2^*< ! )b*! HBUF3122! )c*! F3122! )d*! 3122! )e*! 122
Common Data for Questions 147 and 148: ! !
! Dpotjefs!uif!gpmmpxjoh!sfdvstjwf!D!gvodujpo!uibu!ublft!uxp!bshvnfout/
! ! ! !
! votjhofe! jou! gpp! )votjhofe! jou! o-! votjhofe! jou! s*! | !! !jg! )o?1*! sfuvso! ))o&s*! ,! gpp)o0s-! s**! < !! !fmtf! sfuvso! 1< !~
! ! ! !
!+258/! Xibu!jt!uif!sfuvso!wbmvf!pg!uif!gvodujpo!gpp!xifo!ju!jt!dbmmfe!bt!gpp!)456-! 21*@ )HBUF!3122* ! )b*! 456! )c*! 23! )d*! 6! )e*! 4 !+259/! Xibu!jt!uif!sfuvso!wbmvf!pg!uif!gvodujpo!gpp!xifo!ju!jt!dbmmfe!bt!gpp!)624-! 3*@ )HBUF!3122* ! )b*! :! )c*! 9! )d*! 6! )e*! 3 !+25:/! Xibu!xjmm!cf!uif!pvuqvu!pg!uif!gpmmpxjoh!D!qsphsbn!tfhnfou@! )HBUF!3123* Dibs! joDibs! >! (B(! < txjudi! )! joDibs! *! |
MCQs in Computer Science
134
! ! ! ! !
)b*! )c*! )d*! ! )e*!
dbtf! (B(! ;! qsjoug! )#dipjdf! B]o#*! < dbtf! (C(! ; dbtf! (D(! ;! qsjoug! )#dipjdf! C#*! < dbtf! (E(! ; dbtf! (F(! ; efgbvmu! ! ;! qsjoug! )#! Op! Dipjdf#! *! ! 1< wpje! qsuGvo! )wpje*< nbjo! )! * |! tubujd! jou! b! >! 2! 2< ! qsuGvo)! *< ! qsjoug)#! ]o! &e! ! &e! #-! b-! c*< ~ wpje! qsuGvo)wpje* |! tubujd! jou! ! b! >! 3! 2< ! b! ,>! ,,c< ! qsjoug)#! ]o! ! ! &e! ! &e! ! ! ! #-! ! ! ! b-! c*< ~ !+261/! Xibu!pvuqvu!xjmm!cf!hfofsbufe!cz!uif!hjwfo!dpef!tfhnfou@! )B* )C* )D* 4 2 5 3 5 3 5 2 7 2 7 3 5 3 7 2 3 1 !+262/! Xibu!pvuqvu!xjmm!cf!hfofsbufe!cz!uif!hjwfo!dpef!tfhnfou!jg;! Line 1 is replaced by! bvup! jou! ! b! >! 2< Line 2 is replaced by! sfhjtufs! jou! b! >! 3< )B* 4 5 5
2 2 3
)C* 5 7 7
3 2 2
)D* 5 7 3
3 3 1
)E* 4 6 6
)E* 5 5 3
)HBUF!3123*
2 3 3 )HBUF!3123*
3 3 1
Programming with C
135
BOTXFST ! 2/! e! ! 6/! b! ! :/! c! ! 24/! d! ! 28/! e! ! 32/! e! ! 36/! e! ! 3:/! b! ! 44/! d! ! 48/! b! ! 52/! d! ! 56/! b-!c-!d! ! 5:/! c! ! 64/! d! ! 68/! d! ! 72/! b! ! 76/! d! ! 7:/! e! ! 84/! e! ! 88/! d! ! 92/! c! ! 96/! e! ! 9:/! c! ! :4/! c-!d! ! :8/! b-!c! !212/! e! 216/! d! !21:/! b-!d! 224/! d! 228/! c! 232/! d! 236/! b! 23:/! e! !244/! e! 248/! b! 252/! b! 256/! e! !25:/! d!
3/! d! 7/! c! 21/! c! 25/! b-!c-!d-!e! 29/! d! 33/! b! 37/! c! 41/! e! 45/! e! 49/! d! 53/! b! 57/! c-!d-!e! 61/! b! 65/! e! 69/! d! 73/! c! 77/! b! 81/! d! 85/! e! 89/! c! 93/! b! 97/! d! :1/! d! :5/! b-!c-!e! :9/! d! 213/! b! 217/! e! 221/! b-!c-!d! 225/! e! 229/! b-!c-!e! 233/! e! 237/! e! 241/! b! 245/! b! 249/! c! 253/! c! 257/! d! 261/! d!
4/! e! 8/! c! 22/! d! 26/! d! 2:/! c! 34/! d! 38/! c! 42/! b! 46/! b! 4:/! b! 54/! e! 58/! b! 62/! b-!c-!d! 66/! d! 6:/! c! 74/! d! 78/! c! 82/! b! 86/! e! 8:/! c! 94/! b-!c! 98/! b! :2/! b! :6/! b-!d-!e! ::/! c! 214/! b! 218/! b! 222/! b-!d! 226/! e! 22:/! e! 234/! e! 238/! b! 242/! e! 246/! e! 24:/! e! 254/! e! 258/! c! 262/! e
5/! b 9/! e 23/! d! 27/! e 31/! d! 35/! d 39/! b! 43/! c! 47/! e! 51/! e! 55/! e! 59/! e! 63/! c! 67/! e! 71/! e 75/! b-!d-!e 79/! b! 83/! c! 87/! b! 91/! b! 95/! b-!c-!d 99/! d! :3/! d :7/! b 211/! b 215/! d 219/! b-!c-!d 223/! b! 227/! e! 231/! b! 235/! e! 239/! d! 243/! b 247/! d 251/! d 255/! d 259/! e
136
MCQs in Computer Science
FYQMBOBUJPOT ! 2/! Xjuipvu!boz!ufnqpsbsz!wbsjbcmf-!pof!dbo!txbq!uxp!hjwfo!wbsjbcmft/!Sfgfs!Ro/!3/ ! 7/! Jo!tjhofe!nbhojuvef!gpsn-!pof!cju!jt!efejdbufe!up!tupsf!uif!tjho/!)f/h/-!2!gps!ofhbujwf! boe!1-!puifsxjtf*/!Pomz!uif!sfnbjojoh!26!cjut!bsf!bwbjmbcmf!up!tupsf!uif!nbhojuvef/!Ifodf! uif!botxfs/ ! 8/! Boz!gvodujpo!)jodmvejoh! nbjo)**-!sfuvsot!b!wbmvf!up!uif!dbmmjoh!fowjsponfou/!Jo!uif! dbtf!pg!qsjoug-!ju!jt!uif!ovncfs!pg!dibsbdufst!ju!qsjoufe/!Tp-!uif!pvuqvu!xjmm!cf!ujn4! )tjodf!ju!qsjoufe!uif!uisff!dibsbdufst!b-! c-! d*/! ! 9/! Sfgfs!Ro/!8/ ! ! Uif!tdbog!gvodujpo!sfuvsot!uif!ovncfs!pg!tvddfttgvm!nbudift/!j/f/-!4!jo!uijt!dbtf/ ! :/! Uif!joqvu!jt!bduvbmmz!b]oc/!Tjodf!xf!bsf!sfbejoh!pomz!uxp!dibsbdufst-!pomz!b!boe!]o! xjmm!cf!sfbe!boe!qsjoufe/ ! 23/! Jg!z!>!22-!uif!fyqsfttjpo!4!+!)z!.!9*!0!:!cfdpnft!4!+!4!0!:-!xijdi!fwbmv. buft!up!2/!Cvu!uif!fyqsfttjpo!)z! .! 9*! 0! :! +! 4!cfdpnft!4! 0! :! +! 4-!xijdi! fwbmvbuft!up!1!)tjodf!40:!jt!1*/ ! 26/! z!+>!3!nfbot!z!>!z+3-!j/f/-!z!>!5-!jo!uijt!rvftujpo/!Tp-!uif!fyqsfttjpo!jt!frvjwb. mfou!up!y! >! 5! ,! 5-!xijdi!jt!9/!Tp-!9!xjmm!cf!qsjoufe/!Ipxfwfs-!uif!psefs!jo!xijdi! uif!pqfsboet!bsf!fwbmvbufe!jt!jnqmfnfoubujpo.efqfoefou/!Jg!uif!sjhiu!pqfsboe!jt!fwbmvbufe! Ýstu-!uif!sftvmu!xjmm!cf!7/!EpoÔu!ublf!uijoht!gps!hsboufe/ ! 27/! N ! ptu!pg!uif!dpnqjmfst!hjwf!5!5!bt!uif!pvuqvu/!Uijt!jt!cfdbvtf!nptu!pg!uif!dpnqjmfst!vtf! tubdlt! up! fwbmvbuf! uif! bshvnfout/! Jg! tp-! ! uif! Ýstu! bshvnfou! o,,! xjmm! cf! qvtife! cfgpsf! uif! ,,o! jt! qvtife/! Uijt! jnqmjft! uibu! ,,o! xjmm! cf! fwbmvbufe! cfgpsf! o,,! jt! fwbmvbufe/!! Ipxfwfs-! uif! psefs! pg! qsjoujoh! xjmm! cf! jo! bddpsebodf! xjui! uif! psefs! uif! wbsjbcmft! bsf! mjtufe!jo!uif!qsjoug!tubufnfou/ !+29/! 6! Ï! 3! Ï! 4! +! 6! Ï! 3!xjmm!zjfme!29-!jg!ju!jt!usfbufe!bt!)6! Ï! )3! Ï! 4**! + )6! Ï! 3*/!j/f/-!jg!Ï!ibt!qsfdfefodf!pwfs!+!boe!jg!ju!bttpdjbuft!gspn!uif!sjhiu/ ! 31/! 374!jo!cjobsz!gpsn!jt!211111222/!Jg!pof!usjft!up!qsjou!bo!joufhfs!bt!b!dibsbdufs-!pomz!uif! mbtu!9!cjut!xjmm!cf!dpotjefsfeÐuif!sftu!dipqqfe!pgg/!Tp-!jo!uijt!dbtf!uif!BTDJJ!wbmvf!pg! 11111222!)j/f/-!efdjnbm!8*!xjmm!cf!qsjoufe/!Mppl!jo!uif!BTDJJ!ubcmf/!Ju!jt!sjohjoh!b!cfmm" ! 32/! :06!zjfmet!joufhfs!2/!Qsjoujoh!2!bt!b!Þpbujoh!qpjou!ovncfs!qsjout!hbscbhf/ ! 34/!!Jo!uif!dpnqvufs!J!vtfe!up!fyfdvuf!uijt!qsphsbn-!uif!pvuqvu!xbt!53:5:783:4/!UibuÔt!cfdbvtf! jo!nz!tztufn! ! tj{fpg)jou*!jt!5!czuft!)43!cjut*-!boe!ofhbujwf!ovncfst!bsf!sfqsftfoufe!jo!3Ôt!dpnqmf. nfou!gpsn/!Uijt!nfbot!Ï5!xjmm!cf!sfqsftfoufe!bt!22222222!22222222!22222222!22222211! )j/f/!41!pofÔt!gpmmpxfe!cz!3!{fspft*/!Opuf!uibu!uijt!ovncfs!jt!343!Ï!2!Ï!4/!Cfgpsf!k!hfut! beefe!up!j-!ju!xjmm!cf!dpowfsufe!up!bo!votjhofe!joufhfs/!Tp-!j,k!jt!fttfoujbmmz!beejoh!2! up!343!Ï!2!Ï!4-!xijdi!hjwft!53:5:783:4/! ! 35/! Mfu!tj{fpg)jou*! >! 2/!Tp-!Ï5!xjmm!cf!tupsfe!bt!22222211/!Tjodf!xf!bsf!beejoh votjhofe! boe! tjhofe! joufhfst-! uif! tjhofe! hfut! dpowfsufe! up! votjhofe/! Tpj!,!k!xjmm!cfdpnf!22222212/!Xf!bsf!uszjoh!up!qsjou!uijt!bt!bo!votjhofe!joufhfs/!Tp-! xibu!jt!qsjoufe!xjmm!cf!39!Ï!2!Ï!3/!Tp-!mph)y!,!4*!>!9)j/f/-!9+tj{fpg)jou**/
Programming with C
137
! 36/! ÓjÔ!jt!jojujbmj{fe!up!4-!boe!jodsfnfoufe!cz!4/!Xifo!j!jt!26-!dpouspm!xjmm!hp!pvu!pg!uif!mppq/! Tp!26!xjmm!cf!qsjoufe/!)Uif!fnquz!tfnjdpmpo!jnnfejbufmz!gpmmpxjoh!uif! ÓgpsÔ!tubuf. nfou-!nfbot!uif!cpez!pg!uif!gps!mppq!jt!fnquz/* ! 37/! Uif!vtf!pg!dpoujovf!tubufnfou!gpsdft!uif!fyfdvujpo!up!tljq!uif!sfnbjoefs!pg!uif!dvs. sfou! qbtt! pwfs! uif! mppq! boe! jojujbuft! uif! ofyu/! Jg! ÓjÔ! jt! 4-! qsjoug! tubufnfou! xjmm! cf! tljqqfe/!Ifodf!uif!botxfs!jt!c/ ! 3:/! l! >! Ï8/!Tp-!jg!ÓlÔ!jt!vtfe!bt!b!Cppmfbo!wbsjbcmf-!ju!xjmm!cf!usfbufe!bt!b!usvf!dpoejujpo/! Tp-!"l!xjmm!cf!gbmtf!j/f/-!1/!Tp-!1!=!"l!jt!bduvbmmz!1!=!1-!xijdi!jt!gbmtf/!Tp-!1!xjmm!cf! qsjoufe/ ! 48/! qvudibs)216*!xjmm!qsjou!uif!BTDJJ!frvjwbmfou!pg!216!j/f/-!ÓjÔ/!Uif!qsjoug!tubufnfou! qsjout!uif!dvssfou!wbmvf!pg!j-!j/f/-!6!boe!uifo!efdsfnfout!ju/!Tp-!i5!xjmm!cf!qsjoufe!jo!uif! ofyu!qbtt/!Uijt!dpoujovft!voujm!ÓjÔ!cfdpnft!1-!bu!xijdi!qpjou!uif!mppq!hfut!ufsnjobufe/ ! 49/! Tjodf!y!?!8!jt!gbmtf-!uif!ufsobsz!pqfsbups!@;!sfuvsot!Ñ&dÒ/!Tp-!qsjoug)Ñ&dÒ-!j*! xjmm!cf!fyfdvufe/!Tp-!uif!BTDJJ!dibsbdufs!dpssftqpoejoh!up!218-!j/f/-!ÓlÔ!xjmm!cf!qsjoufe/ ! 4:/! Sfgfs!Ro/!49/ ! 51/! qsjoug)Ñb{Ò*!qsjout!b{!boe!sfuvsot!b!wbmvf!3!)tjodf!ju!qsjoufe!uxp!dibsbdufst*/!Tp-! uif! dpoejujpo! sftvmut! jo! uif! qsjoujoh! pg! b{3/! Tjodf! ju! bmxbzt! sfuvsot! 3-! ju! jt! bo! joÝojuf! mppq/!Uif!pvuqvu!xjmm!cf!b{3czb{3cz/! /! / ! 55/! Sfgfs!Ro/!51 ! ! Ifsf!uif!fmtf!dmbvtf!xjmm!cf!fyfdvufe/!Tjodf!3! =! 1!jt!gbmtf-!gpvs5!xjmm!cf!qsjoufe/ ! 56/! Uif!fmtf!dmbvtf!ibt!op!csbdft!j/f/-!|!boe!~/!Uijt!nfbot!uif!fmtf!dmbvtf!jt!nbef!vq!pg! pomz!pof!tubufnfou/!Tp-!qsjoug)Ñb! =>! cÒ*c/!Ifodf!uif!botxfs/ ! 58/! Uif!dpoejujpo!jt!qvudibs)1*/!Uijt!sfuvsot!b!wbmvf!1!xijdi!jt!b!gbmtf!dpoejujpo/!Tp-! uif!mppq!xjmm!opu!cf!fyfdvufe!fwfo!podf/ ! 65/! b\3^!xjmm!cf!dpowfsufe!up!+)b! ,! 3*/ ! ! +)b! ,! 3*!dbo!bt!xfmm!cf!xsjuufo!bt!+)3! ,! b*/ ! ! +)3!,!b*!jt!opuijoh!cvu!3\b^/!Tp-!b\3^!jt!fttfoujbmmz!tbnf!bt!3\b^-!xijdi!jt!tbnf!bt +)3! ,! b*/!Tp-!ju!qsjout!:!,!:!>!29/!Tpnf!pg!uif!npefso!dpnqjmfst!epoÔu!bddfqu!3\b^/ ! 67/! +b! qpjout! up! uif! tusjoh! ÑbcdeÒ/! ++b! jt! uif! Ýstu! dibsbdufs! pg! ÑbcdeÒ-! xijdi! jt! uif! dibsbdufs!ÓbÔ/ ! 72/! Xijdi!nfbot!b!gvodujpo!xjmm!cf!nbojqvmbujoh!b!dpqz!pg!uif!mpdbm!wbsjbcmf-!qbttfe!bt!bshv. nfou/!Tp-!boz!dibohf!xjmm!cf!mpdbm!boe!ifodf!xjmm!opu!cf!sfÞfdufe!jo!uif!dbmmjoh!spvujof/! )Sfgfs!Ro/!76* ! 73/! Uijt!jowpmwft!sfdvstjpo!Ï! nbjo)*!dbmmjoh!jutfmg/!Tp-!ju!lffqt!po!qsjoujoh!ujn ! 74/! Tjodf!Nbebn!jt!uif!sfrvjsfe!pvuqvu-!uif!gvodujpo!Ýstu)*-!tipvme!qsjou!ÓbÔ-!dbmm!uif! gvodujpo! tfdpoe)*! uibu! qsjout! uif! ÓeÔ! boe! qsjou! ÓbÔ! bhbjo/! Ifodf! d! jt! uif! dpssfdu! botxfs/ ! 76/! Sfgfs! Ro/! 72/! dibohf)b*-! qsjout! 6! cvu! uif! wbmvf! pg! ÓbÔ! jo! nbjo)*! jt! tujmm! 5/! Tp-! nbjo)*!xjmm!qsjou!5/
138
MCQs in Computer Science
! 77/! Uijt!xjmm!opu!dpnqjmf!tvddfttgvmmz/!Uif!tdpqf!pg!uif!wbsjbcmf!ÓkÔ!jt!uif!tjohmf!qsjoug! tubufnfou!uibu!gpmmpxt!ju/!Tp-!uif!mbtu!tubufnfou!uibu!jowpmwft! ÓkÔ!xjmm!dpnqmbjo!bcpvu! uif!voefdmbsfe!jefoujÝfs!ÓkÔ/ ! 78/! Cz!efgbvmu!y!xjmm!cf!jojujbmj{fe!up!1/!Tjodf!jut!tupsbhf!dmbtt!jt!tubujd-!ju!qsftfswft!jut!fyju! wbmvf!)boe!gpscjet!sfjojujbmj{bujpo!po!sf.fousz*/!Tp-!234!xjmm!cf!qsjoufe/ ! 83/! Uif!dpnqjmfs!xjmm!uplfoj{f!b,,,c!bt!b-!,,-!,-!c/!Tp-!b,,,c!jt!frvjwbmfou!up!b,,!, c-! xijdi!fwbmvbuft!up!8/ ! 84/! Sfgfs!Ro/!83/!b,,,,,c!xjmm!cf!uplfoj{fe!up!b-!,,-!,,-!,-!c/!Uif!dpnqjmfs!)qbstfs*-! xijmf!hspvqjoh!uif!uplfot!up!fyqsfttjpo-!Ýoet!uif!tfdpoe! ,,-!bqqmjfe!up!b,,-!bo!jo. ufhfs/!Tjodf!,,!pqfsbups!offet!beesftt!)j/f/-!M.wbmvf*-!ju!xjmm!ejtqmbz!uif!fssps!nfttbhf! Ï!Jowbmje! mwbmvf! jo! jodsfnfou/!Tp-!up!bee!b,,!boe!,,c-!vtf!qbsfouiftjt! ps!cmbolt!up!uplfoj{f!uif!xbz!zpv!joufoefe/ ! 85/! sfuvso!bmxbzt!ufsnjobuft!uif!gvodujpo!uibu!fyfdvufe!ju/!nbjo)*!cfjoh!b!gvodujpo-!xjmm!cf! ufsnjobufe!xifo!ju!fyfdvuft!uif!sfuvso!tubufnfou/!Uif!sfuvso!wbmvf!xjmm!cf!sfuvsofe! up!uif!dbmmjoh!fowjsponfou-!xijdi!jt!uif!pqfsbujoh!tztufn!jo!uijt!dbtf/ ! 86/! bsh\1^!jt!b!qpjoufs!up!uif!fyfdvubcmf!dpef!Ýmf!obnf/!Tp-!qvut)bshw\1^*!6-!fttfoujbmmz!nfbot!b!>!6-!bt!dbo!cf!tffo!xjui!uif!gpmmpxjoh!qjdupsjbm!sfq. sftfoubujpo!pg!uif!hjwfo!efdmbsbujpot/ Beesftt 211
Wbmvf 5
Obnf b
231
211
c
246
231
d
! 97/! Uif! tubufnfou! jt! tbnf! bt! )jou! +*b/! Tp-! uif! wbmvf! pg! ÓbÔ! j/f/-! 6! jt! dpowfsufe! joup! b! qpjoufs!up!joufhfs!ebub!uzqf-!cfdbvtf!pg!uif!dbtujoh!bttjhofe!up!b/ ! :9/! Uif! Ýstu! efdmbsbujpo! nfbot-! Ýstu! jt! b! gvodujpo! )sfuvsojoh! b! dibsbdufs*-! xiptf! pomz! bshvnfou!jt-!b!qpjoufs!up!b!gvodujpo!uibu!ublft!b!dibsbdufs!boe! Þpbu!bt!bshvnfout!boe! sfuvsot! bo! joufhfs/! Uif! obnf! pg! b! gvodujpo! dbo! cf! vtfe! bt! uif! tubsujoh! beesftt! pg! uif! gvodujpo!)j/f/-!b!qpjoufs!up!ju*/!Tp-!pqujpo!d!jt!dpssfdu/ !212/! Tjodf!ÓbÔ!jt!bo!joufhfs!boe!ÓcÔ!jt!b!qpjoufs-!uifz!dboÔu!cf!nvmujqmjfe/ !213/! b++c! xjmm! cf! tfnboujdbmmz! joufsqsfufe! bt! b! +)+c*/! Tjodf! ÓbÔ! boe! +c! bsf! joufhfst-! uifz!dbo!cf!nvmujqmjfe/ !225/! Gjstu!gpsn!uif!usvui!ubcmf!pg!uif!fydmvtjwf!PS!pqfsbujpo/!Jg!cpui!uif!txjudift!bsf!pgg!j/f/-! 1-!1!uifo!uif!mjhiu!xjmm!cf!pgg!j/f/-!1/!Tp-!1-!1!zjfmet!1/!Jg!zpv!txjudi!po!fjuifs!pg!uif!
Programming with C
139
uxp!txjudift-!j/f/-!1! 2!ps!2! 1-!uif!mjhiu!xjmm!cf!po/!Tp-!1! 2!zjfmet!2!)tp!epft!2! 1*/! Opx-!jg!zpv!txjudi!po!uif!puifs!pof-!xijdi!jt!dvssfoumz!pgg-!ju!xjmm!cf!2! 2/!Uijt!tipvme! zjfme!b!1/!Dpnqbsf!uiftf!sftvmut!xjui!uif!usvui!ubcmf!pg!YPS/ !226/! Uif!mfgu!tijgu!pqfsbups!==-!qvtift!pvu!uif!nptu!tjhojÝdbou!)mfgu.nptu*!cju/!Jg!ju!ibqqfot! up!cf!b!2-b! ==! 2-!xjmm!opu!cf!tbnf!bt!nvmujqmzjoh!b!cz!3/ !227/! Uif!tvn!)ps!cju.xjtf!PS*!pg!b!ovncfs!boe!jut!2Ôt!dpnqmfnfou!xjmm!cf!bmm!2Ôt/!Ipx!nboz!2Ôt! efqfoet!po!ipx!nboz!cjut!bsf!offefe!up!sfqsftfou!uif!ovncfs/!Jg!uif!tvn!jt!331!Ï!2-!uifo! uif!tj{fpg)jou*!jo!cjut!nvtu!cf!31/ !231/! Uif!cjobsz!sfqsftfoubujpo!pg!pee!ovncfst!xjmm!ibwf!a!2!bt!uif!mfbtu!tjhojÝdbou!ejhju/!Tp-! bo!pee!ovncfs!BOEfe!xjui!2-!qspevdft!a!2/!Fwfo!ovncfst!foe!xjui!1/!Tp-!bo!fwfo! ovncfs!BOEfe!xjui!2-!qspevdft!a!1/!Uijt!gps!mppq!hfofsbuft!fwfo!boe!pee!ovncfst! bmufsobujwfmz/!Tp-!ju!qsjout!bmufsobuf!1Ôt!boe!2Ôt/ !234/! Uif!nbdsp!dbmm!xjmm!cf!fyqboefe!bt! ! trsu)b! ,! 3! +! b! ,! 3! ,! c! ,! 4! +! c! ,! 4*/ ! j/f/-!! trsu)4!+!b!,!5!+!c!,!6*/!Ifodf!uif!botxfs/ !236/! Mfu!o>8/!Ju!offet!bduvbmmz!b!4!cju.Ýfme/!Cvu!mph)o,2*!,!2!xjmm!cf!mph)9*,2-!j/f/-! 5-!xijdi!jt!xspoh/!Jg!o>9-!5!cjut!bsf!offefe/!Cvu-!mph)o.2*!,!2!xjmm!cf!mph)8*! ,!2-!xijdi!xjmm!ibwf!bo!joufhsbm!qbsu!pg!4/!mph)o*!,!2!xjmm!zjfme!uif!dpssfdu!sftvmu! jo!cpui!uif!dbtft/ !242/! 'tusffu!boe!tusffu!xjmm!ibwf!uif!wbmvft!xijdi!jt!uif!tubsujoh!beesftt!pg!uif!tusffu! bssbz/!Ipxfwfs-!tusffu!jt!b!qpjoufs!up!uif!Ýstu!dibsbdufs!xifsfbt!'tusffu!jt!b!qpjoufs! up!uif!foujsf!bssbz/!Uif!jodsfnfoufe!wbmvft!pg! tusffu!boe!'tusffu!sfÞfdu!uijt!ejg. gfsfodf/ !243/! b,c,d&4!xjmm!cf!1!jg!b,c,d!jt!b!nvmujqmf!pg!4/!Uijt!xjmm!ibqqfo!jo!pof!pg!uif!gpmmpx. joh!xbzt/!Bmm!uisff!Ï!b-! c-!boe!d!bsf!nvmujqmft!pg!4/!Uijt!dbo!pomz!ibqqfo!jg!b-! c-! boe!d!ublf!pof!pg!uif!21!wbmvft-!Ï!4-! 7-! :-! É-! 41-!joefqfoefou!pg!pof!bopuifs/! Tp-!uifsf!bsf!21y21y21!>!2111!xbzt!uijt!dbo!ibqqfo/!Bopuifs!qpttjcjmjuz!jt!uibu!b-! c-!boe!d!bmm!mfbwf!b!sfnbjoefs!2!tp!uibu!b,c,d!jt!fwfomz!ejwjtjcmf!cz!4/!Dpotjefsjoh! bmm!uif!ejggfsfou!qpttjcjmjujft!boe!beejoh-!xf!hfu!:111/!Uibu!xjmm!cf!uif!joufhfs!uibu!hfut! qsjoufe/ !244/! Sfgfs!Ro/!243/ ! ! Uif!sftvmu!dbo!cf!bobmzujdbmmz!sfbtpofe!pvu/!Ju!dbo!bmtp!cf!qsphsbnnbujdbmmz!wfsjÝfe!cz! ibwjoh!bo!joufhfs!wbsjbcmf!dpvouBeejujpo!)jojujbmj{fe!up!1*!boe!jodsfnfoujoh!uijt!wbsj. bcmf!fbdi!ujnf!bo!beejujpo!jt!qfsgpsnfe/!Xjui!uiftf!dibohft!uif!qsphsbn!gsbhnfou!mpplt! mjlf! !jou! dpvouBeejujpo! >! 1< ! !e! >! 1< ! !gps)j>222>! 1*! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!!!!!|
140
MCQs in Computer Science
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! e! >! e,2< !!!!!! ! ,,dpvouBeejujpo!e,2 !!!!!!!!!!,,dpvouBeejujpo!42/!Uijt!jt!Èmph 3o,2Ø ! ! 8!dpnqbsjtpot!bsf!offefe!xifo!o!>!43/!Uijt!jt!Èmph 3o,2Ø ! ! 8!dpnqbsjtpot!bsf!offefe!xifo!o!>!44/!Uijt!jt!Èmph 3o,2Ø ! ! 8!dpnqbsjtpot!bsf!offefe!xifo!o!>!74/!Uijt!jt!Èmph 3o,2Ø ! ! 9!dpnqbsjtpot!bsf!offefe!xifo!o!>!75/!Uijt!jt!Èmph 3o,2Ø !246/ Uif!tubujd!wbsjbcmf-!s-!cfibwft!mjlf!b!hmpcbm!wbsjbcmf!xjui!b!mpdbm!tdpqf/!Bmm!uif!ejggfsfou! bdujwbujpot!pg!uif!gvodujpo!g-!tibsf!uijt!tubujd!wbsjbcmf/ g)6*! >! g)4*! ,! 3! 0+! uif! wbmvf! s-! xjmm! cf! 6! bu! uijt qpjou! +0 g)4*! >! g)3*! ,! 6 g)3*! >! g)2*! ,! 6 g)2*! >! g)1*! ,! 6 g)1*! >! 2 ! ! Cbdl!tvctujuvujoh-!g)6*!jt!29/ !247/! Pomz!uif!mfbg!opef!xjmm!ibwf!cpui!uif!mfguDijme!boe!sjhiuDijme!bt!OVMM/ !248/! Gjoe!cfmpx!uif!Þpxdibsu!gps!uif!hjwfo!fyqsfttjpo-! ! ! )y!?!z*!@!))y!?!{*!@!y!;!{*!;!))z!?!{*!@!)z!;!{*
Fig. 3.2
! !
! Pqujpot!C!boe!D!dboopu!cf!dpssfdu!tjodf!opof!pg!uif!wbsjbcmft!ibt!uif!wbmvf!5/ ! Jo! pqujpot!B! boe! E-! 5! jt! uif! wbmvf! pg! z/!Uif! wbsjbcmf! z! jt! sfuvsofe! xifo! uif! dpoejujpo )y!?!z*!jt!gbmtf!boe!uif!dpoejujpo!)z!?!{*!jt!usvf/!
Programming with C
141
! 249/! Jojujbmmz-!y!>!5-!qz!jt!qpjoujoh!up!y!boe!qq{!jt!qpjoujoh!up!qz/ ! ! ++qq{!,>!2!jodsfnfout!uif!wbmvf!jo!uif!nfnpsz!mpdbujpo!qpjoufe!up!cz!qz/ ! ! Ifodf-!{!ublft!uif!wbmvf!6 ! ! +qz!,>!3!jodsfnfout!uif!wbmvf!jo!uif!nfnpsz!mpdbujpo!qpjoufe!up!cz!qz-!opx!cfdpnft!8/ ! ! Ifodf-!z!ublft!uif!wbmvf!8 ! ! Tjodf!y!jt!qbttfe!cz!wbmvf-!ju!jt!tujmm!bu!5-!cvu!hfut!jodsfnfoufe!cz!4/ ! ! Ifodf-!ju!sfuvsot!8!,!8!,!6!>!2: ! 24:/! Xifo!uif!dibsbdufs!sfbe!jt!Ó]oÔ!uif!tubufnfou!@3!xjmm!cf!fyfdvufe/!Jg!@3!jt!uif!tubufnfou! qvudibs)d*y< ! !! ! ! dpvu! ==! 'q! ==! 'y< ! !! ! ~ ! )b*! qsjout!21!boe!uif!beesftt!pg!y! )c*! sftvmut!jo!b!svo!ujnf!fssps ! )d*! qsjout!uif!beesftt!pg!y!uxjdf! )e*! qsjout!uif!beesftt!pg!q!uxjdf ! +26/! Uif!efdmbsbujpo ! ! ! ! ! jou! y21< !!! jou! 'o>n< !!! o>22< ! !! dpvu! ==! n! ==! o< ! )b*! sftvmut!jo!dpnqjmf!ujnf!fssps! )c*! sftvmut!jo!svo!ujnf!fssps ! )d*! qsjout!2222! !! )e*! qsjout!2122 ! +28/! Uif!gpmmpxjoh!qsphsbn!tfhnfou !! jou! b>21< !! jou! dpotu! 'c>b< !! b>22< !! dpvu! ==! b! ==! c< ! )b*! sftvmut!jo!dpnqjmf!ujnf!fssps! )c*! sftvmut!jo!svo!ujnf!fssps ! )d*! qsjout!2222! !! )e*! opof!pg!uif!bcpwf ! 29/! Xijdi!pg!uif!gpmmpxjoh!jt!opu!b!tupsbhf!dmbtt!tvqqpsufe!cz!D,,@ !!!!!!!!!!)b*! sfhjtufs! ! )c*!bvup! ! )d*!nvubcmf! ! )e*!ezobnjd ! +2:/! Dpotjefs!uif!gpmmpxjoh!qsphsbn!tfhnfou/ !! !tubujd! dibs! Y\4^! >! Ñ2345Ò! < !! !dpvu! ==! Y!
! ÓiÔ< ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! dibs! +dq< ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! dpotu! dibs! +dpotu! ddqd! >! 'dd< ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! dibs! +dpotu! +dqdq< ! Xijdi!pg!uif!gpmmpxjoh!tubufnfout ! Tubufnfou!J;!!!!!dq! >! +dqdq< ! Tubufnfou!JJ;!!!++dqdq! >! +dq< ! Tubufnfou!JJJ;!!+dq! >! ++dqdq< ! bsf!mfhbm@ )b*! Bmm!bsf!mfhbm! !! )c*! Bmm!bsf!jmmfhbm )! d*! Pomz!tubufnfou!J!jt!jmmfhbm/! )e*! Tubufnfout!J!boe!JJJ!bsf!jmmfhbm/ 32/! Xijdi!pg!uif!gpmmpxjoh!pqfsbupst!dboopu!cf!pwfsmpbefe@ )b*! ??! !! )c*! @; )d*! /! !! )e*! Op!tvdi!pqfsbups!fyjtut
The next two questions are based on the following program segment. !! ! !! ! !! ! !!! !! ! !!! !! ! !! ! !! ! !! ! !! ! !! ! !! ! !! ! ! ! !
dmbtt! B |! qvcmjd! ; !!!!B)wpje* !!!!|!dpvu! ==! ÑIpx{ibuÒ! 1-! jou! z-! jou! {>1* ! !! ! | ! !! ! ! ! ! dpvu! ==! y! ==! z! ==! {2-! c>3< !! ! ! ! b! >! dih)c*< !! ! ! ! dpvu! ==! b! ==! c
! 2121< ! !! ! sfuvso)22*< ! !! ~ ! ! uifo ! )b*! ju!sftvmut!jo!dpnqjmf.ujnf!fssps! )c*! ju!sftvmut!jo!svo!ujnf!fssps ! )d*! ju!qsjout!223! !! )e*! ju!qsjout!2221 ! 45/! Dipptf!uif!dpssfdu!tubufnfout!gspn!uif!gpmmpxjoh; ! )b*! Jo!b!tusvdu-!uif!bddftt!dpouspm!jt!qvcmjd!cz!efgbvmu/ ! )c*! Jo!b!tusvdu-!uif!bddftt!dpouspm!jt!qsjwbuf!cz!efgbvmu/
150
MCQs in Computer Science
! )d*! Jo!b!dmbtt-!uif!bddftt!dpouspm!jt!qvcmjd!cz!efgbvmu/ ! )e*! Jo!b!dmbtt-!uif!bddftt!dpouspm!jt!qsjwbuf!cz!efgbvmu/ ! 46/! Pwfsmpbejoh!jt!puifsxjtf!dbmmfe!bt ! )b*! wjsuvbm!qpmznpsqijtn! )c*! usbotjfou!qpmznpsqijtn ! )d*! qtfvep!qpmznpsqijtn! )e*! be.ipd!qpmznpsqijtn ! 47/! Dpotjefs!uif!gpmmpxjoh!qsphsbn!tfhnfou/ ! !! dpotu!dibs!+q2!>!ÑUp!nblf!uif!cjuufs!cvuufs!cfuufs!Ò! ÑSfdpnnfoe! uijt! cppl! 3! puifst! Ò! Ñbee! tpnf! cfuufs! cvuufs! opu! cjuufs/! Ò! ! Ñtp! uibu! uifz! 3! xjmm! hfu! cfofÝufe/! Ò! ! ÓBÔ! ! ÓBÔ! b.b
! 'bb< ! ! jt0bsf!jmmfhbm@ ! )b*! Pomz!J!boe!JJ! !! )c*! Pomz!JJ!boe!JJJ ! )d*! Pomz!J!boe!JJJ! !! )e*! Bmm!uif!uisff!tubufnfout!bsf!jmmfhbm ! 65/! Gpshfuujoh!up!jodmvef!b!Ýmf!)mjlf!dnbui!ps!nbui/i*!uibu!jt!ofdfttbsz!xjmm!sftvmu!jo ! )b*! dpnqjmbujpo!fssps! ! ! )c*! xbsojoh!xifo!uif!qsphsbn!jt!svo ! )d*! fssps!bu!mjol!ujnf! ! ! )e*! xbsojoh!xifo!uif!qsphsbn!jt!dpnqjmfe ! +66/! Bttvnf! uibu! uif! sboepn! ovncfs! hfofsbujoh! gvodujpo! Ï! sboe)! *-! sfuvsot! bo! joufhfs! cfuxffo!1!boe!21111!)cpui!jodmvtjwf*/!Jg!zpv!xbou!up!tjnvmbuf!uif!uispxjoh!pg!b!ejf! vtjoh!uijt!sboepn!gvodujpo-!vtf!uif!fyqsfttjpo ! )b*! sboe)! *! &! 7! !! )c*!sboe)! *! &! 7! ,! 2 ! )d*!sboe)! *! &! 6! ,! 2! )e*!opof!pg!uif!bcpwf ! +67/! Bttvnf!uibu!uif!sboepn!ovncfs!hfofsbujoh!gvodujpo!Ï!sboe)!*-!sfuvsot!bo!joufhfs!cf. uxffo!1!boe!21111!)cpui!jodmvtjwf*/!Up!sboepnmz!hfofsbuf!b!ovncfs!cfuxffo!b!boe!c! )cpui!jodmvtjwf*-!vtf!uif!fyqsfttjpo ! )b*! sboe)! *! &! )c.b*! )c*!)sboe)! *! &! b*! ,! c ! )d*!)sboe)! *! &! )c.b**! ,! b! )e*!)sboe)! *! &! )c.b,2**! ,! b ! 68/! Xijdi!pg!uif!gpmmpxjoh!dpnnfout!bcpvu!jomjof!dpnnfout!bsf!usvf@ ! )b*! B!gvodujpo!jt!efdmbsfe!jomjof!cz!uzqjoh!uif!lfzxpse!jomjof!cfgpsf!uif!sfuvso!wbmvf! pg!uif!gvodujpo/ ! )c*! B!gvodujpo!jt!efdmbsfe!jomjof!cz!uzqjoh!uif!lfzxpse!jomjof!bgufs!uif!sfuvso!wbmvf!pg! uif!gvodujpo/ ! )d*! B!gvodujpo!uibu!jt!efdmbsfe!jomjof!nbz!opu!cf!usfbufe!jomjof/ ! )e*! Jomjof!gvodujpot!bsf!fttfoujbmmz!tbnf!bt!jnqmfnfoujoh!b!gvodujpo!bt!nbdsp/ ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
Object Oriented Programming using C++
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
155
69/! Xijdi!pg!uif!gpmmpxjoh!efdjeft!jg!b!gvodujpo!uibu!jt!efdmbsfe!jomjof!jt!joeffe!hpjoh!up! cf!usfbufe!jomjof!jo!uif!fyfdvubcmf!dpef@ )b*! Dpnqjmfs! )c*! Mjolfs! )d*! Mpbefs! )e*! Qsfqspdfttps +6:/! Xijdi!pg!uif!gpmmpxjoh!uzqf!pg!gvodujpot!jt!bo!jefbm!dboejebuf!gps!cfjoh!efdmbsfe!jomjof@ )b*! B!gvodujpo!uibu!jt!tnbmm!boe!jt!opu!dbmmfe!gsfrvfoumz/ )c*! B!gvodujpo!uibu!jt!tnbmm!boe!jt!dbmmfe!gsfrvfoumz/ )d*! B!gvodujpo!uibu!jt!opu!tnbmm!boe!jt!opu!dbmmfe!gsfrvfoumz/ )e*! B!gvodujpo!uibu!jt!opu!tnbmm!boe!jt!dbmmfe!gsfrvfoumz/ +71/! Pof!pg!uif!ejtbewboubhft!pg!qbtt.cz!sfgfsfodf!jt!uibu!uif!dbmmfe!gvodujpo!nbz!jobewfs. ufoumz!dpssvqu!uif!dbmmfsÔt!ebub/!Uijt!dbo!cf!bwpjefe!cz )b*! qbttjoh!qpjoufst! ! ! )c*! efdmbsjoh!uif!gpsnbm!qbsbnfufst!dpotubou )d*! efdmbsjoh!uif!bduvbm!qbsbnfufst!dpotubou )e*! bmm!pg!uif!bcpwf +72/! Xibu!jt!uif!pvuqvu!pg!uif!gpmmpxjoh!D,,!qsphsbn@ !wpje! bcd)jou! y! >! 1-! jou! z! >! 1* !|! dpvu! ==! ÑIj! UifsfÒ! 6< !! bcd)n*< !~ )b*! Ij!Uifsf! !! )c*! Ipx!S!V!epjoh!upebz@ )d*! Xibu!hfut!qsjoufe!efqfoet!po!ipx!uif!qbsujdvmbs!dpnqjmfs!jt!jnqmfnfoufe )e*! Ju!sftvmut!jo!dpnqjmbujpo!fssps 73/! Dipptf!uif!cftu!botxfs/ ! B!gvodujpo!uibu!epft!uif!tbnf!pqfsbujpo!po!ejggfsfou!ebub!uzqft!jt!up!cf!jnqmfnfoufe! vtjoh )b*! nbdspt! !! )c*! pwfsmpbejoh )d*! gvodujpo!ufnqmbuft!! ! )e*! efgbvmu!bshvnfout 74/! Bu!xibu!qpjou!pg!ujnf!b!wbsjbcmf!dpnft!joup!fyjtufodf!jo!nfnpsz!jt!efufsnjofe!cz!jut )b*! tdpqf! !! )c*! tupsbhf!dmbtt )d*! ebub!uzqf! !! )e*! bmm!pg!uif!bcpwf +75/! Xijdi!pg!uif!gpmmpxjoh!tqfdjÝfst!offe!opu!cf!ipopsfe!cz!uif!dpnqjmfs@ )b*! sfhjtufs! )c*! jomjof! )d*! tubujd! )e*! fyufso
MCQs in Computer Science
156
! 76/! ! ! ! +77/!
Xijdi!pg!uif!gpmmpxjoh!dboopu!cf!efdmbsfe!tubujd@ )b*! Dmbtt! !! )c*! Pckfdu )d*! Gvodujpot! !! )e*! Nfncfs!wbsjbcmft Uif!psefs!jo!xijdi!pqfsboet!bsf!fwbmvbufe!jo!bo!fyqsfttjpo!jt!qsfejdubcmf!jg!uif!pqfsb. ups!jt !!!! !!!!!)b*! +! )c*! ,! )d*! &! )e*! ''
BOTXFST ! 2/! ! 6/! ! :/! ! 24/! ! 28/! ! 32/! ! 36/! ! 3:/! ! 44/! ! 48/! ! 52/! ! 56/! ! 5:/! ! 64/! ! 68/! ! 72/! ! 76/!
e! e! b-!d! b-!c! d! c-!d! b-!c-!e! c-!d-!e! b! b! b-!c-!d! b! e! d! b-!d! e! b-!c!
3/! 7/! 21/! 25/! 29/! 33/! 37/! 41/! 45/! 49/! 53/! 57/! 61/! 65/! 69/! 73/! 77/!
d! b! c! d-!e! e! b! b-!c! d! b-!e! c! c-!e! e! e! d! b! d! e
4/! b! 8/! b-!c! 22/! c-!d! 26/! c! 2:/! e! 34/! c! 38/! d! 42/! d! 46/! e! 4:/! d! 54/! c! 58/! d! 62/!!e! 66/! c! 6:/! c! 74/! c!
5/! 9/! 23/! 27/! 31/! 35/! 39/! 43/! 47/! 51/! 55/! 59/! 63/! 67/! 71/! 75/!
b-!e b-!d b b b b b-!c-!d e b b d b-!c-!d e e c b-!c!
FYQMBOBUJPOT ! 3/! Xifo!D,,!xbt!efwfmpqfe/!ju!eje!opu!ibwf!b!dpnqjmfs/!Ju!vtfe!dgspou-!xijdi!usbotmbufe! uif!D,,!dpef!joup!b!D!dpef!boe!uifo!uif!fyjtujoh!D!dpnqjmfs!xbt!vtfe!up!dpnqjmf!uif! qsphsbn!psjhjobmmz!xsjuufo!jo!D,,/ ! 4/! ;;!jt!cbtjdbmmz!nfbou!up!nbojqvmbuf!b!hmpcbm!wbsjbcmf-!jo!dbtf!b!mpdbm!wbsjbcmf!bmtp!ibt!uif! tbnf!obnf/ ! 5/! Qspdfevsbm!mbohvbhft!tfrvfoujbmmz!fyfdvuf!b!tfu!pg!jnqfsbujwf!tubufnfout!up!bdijfwf!uif! eftjsfe!fggfdu/!Nptu!pg!uif!usbejujpobm!mbohvbhft!gbmm!jo!uijt!dbufhpsz/ ! 6/! Cpui!uif!bshvnfout!bsf!pqujpobm/!Bmm!uif!dbmmt!bsf!mfhbm/
Object Oriented Programming using C++
157
! 8/! Sfvtbcmf!dpef!jt!bo!bmsfbez!vtfe!dpef-!bt!uif!obnf!jnqmjft/!Ifodf!ju!jt!cvh.gsff!boe!qsf. uftufe/!Uifsf!jt!op!offe!up!uftu!ju/ ! 9/! Fbdi!pddvssfodf!pg!uif!jomjof!gvodujpo!dbmm!xjmm!cf!sfqmbdfe!cz!jut!cpez/!Op!gvodujpo! dbmm!pwfsifbe!xjmm!cf!uifsf!cvu!uif!tj{f!pg!uif!dpef!xjmm!jodsfbtf/ ! 21/! Uif!tzncpm!==!ibt!b!dpoufyu!tfotjujwf!nfbojoh/!Uif!==!jo!)b==3*!nfbot!tijgujoh!b!cz! 3!cjut!up!uif!mfgu-!xijdi!jt!opuijoh!cvu!nvmujqmzjoh!ju!cz!5/!Tp-!b==3!xjmm!cf!6!´!5!>!31! boe!ifodf!uif!pvuqvu!xjmm!cf!GJSTU31TFDPOE/ ! 24/! Tjodf!eftusvdupst!ep!opu!ublf!bshvnfout-!uif!rvftujpo!pg!pwfsmpbejoh!epft!opu!bsjtf!bu!bmm/ ! 25/! jou! 'q>y!bmjbtft!q!up!y/!Uijt!nfbot!uifz!sfgfs!up!uif!tbnf!nfnpsz!mpdbujpo/!Tp-!uif! beesftt!pg!y!xjmm!cf!tbnf!bt!uibu!pg!q/ ! 26/! Jo!uif!Ýstu!efdmbsbujpo-!q!jt!bmjbtfe!up!y/!Jo!uif!tfdpoe!dbtf-!q!jt!b!tfqbsbuf!wbsjbcmf!boe! ju!xjmm!ibwf!bo!beesftt!uibu!jt!ejggfsfou!gspn!uibu!pg!y/ ! 28/! Uif! wfsz! jefb! pg! efdmbsjoh! c! bt! b! dpotubou! joufhfs! jt! up! qspufdu! ju! gspn! dibohft/! Ipx. fwfs-!tjodf!ju!jt!bmjbtfe!up!b!wbsjbcmf!xiptf!buusjcvuf!jt!opu!dpotu-!uif!wbmvf!pg!c!dbo! cf!joejsfdumz!dibohfe!cz!dibohjoh!uif!wbmvf!pg!b/!Uijt!jt!b!cbe!qsphsbnnjoh!qsbdujdf/ ! 2:/! D,,!gpscjet!jojujbmj{bujpo!xjui!tusjoht-!xiptf!mfohui!jt!npsf!uibo!uif!tj{f!pg!uif!bssbz/!B! D!dpnqjmfs!qfsnjut/ ! 37/! Tjodf!uif!tfdpoe!bshvnfou!jt!nboebupsz-!boz!dbmm!tipvme!ibwf!bu!mfbtu!uif!Ýstu!uxp!qbsbn. fufst/!Tpnf!dpnqjmfst!fyqfdu!uif!pqujpobm!qbsbnfufst!up!gpmmpx!uif!puifst/!Tvdi!dpnqjmfst! hjwf!b!dpnqjmbujpo!fssps/ ! 42/! Ifsf! uif! efgbvmu! qbsbnfufs! qbttjoh! nfdibojtn! pg! qbtt! cz! wbmvf! xjmm! cf! vtfe/!Boz! dibohf!epof!up!uif!qbsbnfufs!xjmm!opu!cf!sfÞfdufe!pvutjef!uif!gvodujpo/!Tp-!c!sfubjot!jut! wbmvf!3/ ! 43/! Ifsf!uif!qbsbnfufs!qbttjoh!nfdibojtn!jt!qbtt!cz!sfgfsfodf/!Boz!dibohf!epof!up!uif!qb. sbnfufs!xjmm!cf!sfÞfdufe!pvutjef!uif!gvodujpo/!Tp-!uif!wbmvf!pg!c-!bgufs!uif!fyju!pg!uif! gvodujpo!xjmm!cf!21/ ! 44/! Ifsf!uif!gvodujpo!dih!usjft!up!dibohf!uif!qbsbnfufs!y-!xijdi!jt!opu!bmmpxfe!bt!ju!jt!ef. dmbsfe!up!cf!b!dpotubou!joufhfs/!Tp-!uif!dpnqjmfs!hjwft!bo!fssps/ ! 49/! Bt! tvdi! D! epft! opu! tvqqpsu! qbtt! cz! sfgfsfodf/! Cvu! ju! dbo! cf! tjnvmbufe! cz! vtjoh qpjoufst/ ! 53/! Nbdspt!ep!opu!ibwf!bo!beesftt!bttpdjbufe!xjui!uifn!bt!uifz!bsf!qspdfttfe!cz!uif!qsf. qspdfttps/!Uifz!dboopu!cf!qbttfe!bt!bshvnfout!up!b!gvodujpo-!fud/!Bmtp-!nbdspt!bsf!sf. qmbdfe!jo!b!cmjoe!nboofs!xjuipvu!boz!sfhbse!up!uif!dpoufyu!xijdi!nbz!sftvmu!jo!b!tuvqje! dpef-!mjlf ! ! ! ! ! ! $efÝof! nvm)b-c*! b+c ! ! Uif!nbdsp!dbmm!nvm)b-c,2*!xjmm!cf!fyqboefe!bt!b+c,2-!cvu!pvs!joufoujpo!xbt!up!hfu! b+)c,2*/ ! 56/! Xifofwfs!b!dmbtt!wbsjbcmf!jt!efdmbsfe-!jut!dpotusvdups!xjmm!cf!bdujwbufe/!Ifsf!uif!dpotusvd. ups!jt!dpefe!up!qsjou!Uifsf! xbt/!Ifodf!ju!xjmm!cf!qsjoufe!uxjdf!bt!uxp!wbsjbcmft!bsf! efdmbsfe/
158
MCQs in Computer Science
! 57/! Uif! efdmbsbujpo! nip! b-! sftvmut! jo! uif! qsjoujoh! pg! Uifsf! xbt/! Uif! ofyu! tubufnfou! b>b.b-!xjmm!cf!nbudife!xjui!uif!dpssftqpoejoh!qspupuzqf-!nip!pqfsbups!Ï!)nip!z*/! Tp-!uif!wbmvf!pg!b-!xjmm!cf!dpqjfe!poup!z/!Uijt!qspdftt!jowplft!uif!dpqz!dpotusvdups!nip! )nip! 'y*-! xijdi! qsjout! b! dfsubjo! nbo/! Ofyu! jt! uif! efdmbsbujpo! nip! pin-! xijdi! sftvmut!jo!uif!qsjoujoh!pg!Uifsf!xbt/!Gjobmmz-!uif!dpqz!dpotusvdups!xjmm!bhbjo!cf!dbmmfe!cz! uif!bttjhonfou!pqfsbups!jo!b>bÏc-!xijdi!qsjout!b!dfsubjo! nbo/ ! 58/! Jo!uijt!dbtf!uif!wbmvf!pg!b-!xjmm!opu!cf!dpqjfe!poup!z-!bt!uif!qbsbnfufs!z!jt!sfgfsfodfe/! Tp-!dpqz!dpotusvdups!xjmm!opu!cf!dbmmfe!boe!tp-!b!dfsubjo! nbo!xjmm!opu!cf!qsjoufe/! Ipxfwfs-!uif!bttjhonfou!pqfsbups!jowplft!uif!dpqz!dpotusvdups!boe!tp!b!dfsubjo!nbo! xjmm!cf!qsjoufe!Ýobmmz/ ! 61/! Tjodf!bcd!jt!b!gsjfoe!pg!efg-!ju!dbo!bddftt!bmm!jut!ebub-!epft!opu!nbuufs!xifuifs!ju!jt!ef. dmbsfe!qsjwbuf-!qspufdufe!ps!qvcmjd/ ! 66/! Ju!tipvme!sboepnmz!hfofsbuf!boz!joufhfs!cfuxffo!2!boe!7/!sboe)!*!&!7!sfuvsot!bo!joufhfs! gspn!1!up!6/!Up!nblf!ju!2!up!7-!xf!offe!up!bee!2 ! 67/! Bo!fybnqmf!xjmm!ifmq!zpv!voefstuboe/!Mfu!b!cf!7!boe!c!cf!21/!Uifsf!bsf!6!ovncfst!cf. uxffo!7!up!21!)cpui!jodmvtjwf*/!Uijt!jt!cÏb,2!)21!Ï!7!,!2*/!sboe)!*!&!)c!Ï!b!,!2*!sfuvsot! bo!joufhfs!gspn!1!up!)c!Ï!b*/!Up!nblf!ju!b!up!c-!bee!b-!hjwjoh!sboe)!*!&!)cÏb,2*!,!b/ ! 6:/! Jg!uif!gvodujpo!jt!tnbmm-!ju!jt!opu!hpjoh!up!tjhojÝdboumz!jodsfbtf!uif!dpef!tj{f/!Jg!ju!jt!nbef! jomjof-! uifsf! jt! op! gvodujpo! dbmm! pwfsifbe/! Ipx! nvdi! zpv! hbjo! jt! qspqpsujpobm! up! uif! gsfrvfodz!pg!dbmm/ ! 71/! Jg!uif!gpsnbm!qbsbnfufst!bsf!efdmbsfe!dpotubout-!uif!dpnqjmfs!xjmm!opu!bmmpx!boz!dibohft! up!cf!nbef/!Tp!uif!rvftujpo!pg!.!jobewfsufoumz!dpssvqujoh!uif!dbmmfsÔt!ebub-!epft!opu!bsjtf! bu!bmm/ ! 72/! Uif! dbmm! bcd)! *! nbudift! xjui! uif! tjhobuvsft! .! wpje! bcd)jou! y! >! 1-! jou! z! >! 1*!boe!wpje! bcd)jou! y*/!Uif!dpnqjmfs!dboopu!vobncjhvpvtmz!sftpmwf!uijt! dpoÞjdu/!Tp!ju!dpnqmbjot/ ! 75/! Sfhjtufs!boe!jomjof!bsf!opu!dpnqjmfs!ejsfdujwft!cvu!sbuifs!sfrvftu!up!uif!dpnqjmfs/!Uiftf! sfrvftut!offe!opu!cf!ipopsfe!cz!uif!dpnqjmfs/ ! 77/! Uif! psefs! jo! xijdi! pqfsboet! bsf! fwbmvbufe! jo! bo! fyqsfttjpo! jt! opu! efgjofe! cz! uif! mbohvbhf! boe! jt! dpnqjmfs.efqfoefou/! Gps! fybnqmf-! qpq)! *! Ï! qpq)! *! nbz! ep! )dvssfou!upq!tubdl*!Ï!)uif!ebub!kvtu!cfmpx!uif!dvssfou!upq*-!ps!wjdf.wfstb-!efqfoejoh!po! xijdi!qpq)!*!dbmm!jt!fyfdvufe!gjstu/!Ipxfwfs-!uif!psefs!pg!fwbmvbujpo!gps!uif!pqfsbups! ''!jt!efgjofe!cz!uif!mbohvbhf/!Ju!fwbmvbuft!gspn!mfgu!up!sjhiu/!Ep!opu!dpogvtf!psefs! pg!fwbmvbujpo!xjui!bttpdjbujwjuz/
6
Qsphsbnnjoh! xjui!Kbwb
Opuf;!Vomftt!tubufe!puifsxjtf-!bmm!rvftujpot!qfsubjo!up!Kbwb/ ! ! !
+2/! Xijdi!pg!uif!gpmmpxjoh!jt!opu!b!qsjnjujwf!ebub!uzqf@ ! !)b*! cppmfbo! )c*! czuf! )d*! tusjoh! 3/! Xibu!jt!uif!pvuqvu!pg!uif!gpmmpxjoh!qsphsbn@
!
!
!
! !)b*! 5!
!
)e*! epvcmf
)c*! 7!
)d*! 6!
)e*! 2
4/! Dpotjefs!uif!gpmmpxjoh!qsphsbn/
!
!
! !
! Dipptf!uif!dpssfdu!tubufnfou)t*/ ! !)b*! Uijt!qsphsbn!xjmm!opu!dpnqjmf!tvddfttgvmmz!cfdbvtf!uif!mpdbm!wbsjbcmf!xfs!jt!vtfe! xjuipvu!cfjoh!bttjhofe!b!wbmvf/ ! !)c*! Uif!wbmvf!pg! xfs!uibu!jt!qsjoufe!jt!bo!voqsfejdubcmf!hbscbhf!wbmvf/ ! !)d*! Uif!wbmvf!pg! xfs!uibu!jt!qsjoufe!jt!1/ ! !)e*! Uif!wbmvf!pg! xfs!uibu!jt!qsjoufe!jt!dpnqjmfs!efqfoefou/
! ! !
160
MCQs in Computer Science
!
+5/! Uif!tubufnfout! byte var = ~9; ! !! ! System.out.println(var); ! ! )! b*! qsjout!Ï:! )c*! qsjout!Ï21! )d*! qsjout!Ï22:! ! 6/! Uif! Ýobmmz!cmpdl!jt!fyfdvufe ! ! !)b*! pomz!xifo!b!difdlfe!fydfqujpo!jt!uispxo ! ! !)c*! pomz!xifo!bo!vodifdlfe!fydfqujpo!jt!uispxo ! ! !)d*! pomz!xifo!bo!fydfqujpo!jt!uispxo ! ! !)e*! jssftqfdujwf!pg!xifuifs!bo!fydfqujpo!jt!uispxo!ps!opu
)e*! qsjout!229
The next two questions are based on the following program.
! ! !
! ! ! ! !
7/! Xibu!jt!uif!pvuqvu!pg!uijt!qsphsbn@! ! !)b*! 734! )c*! 347! )d*! 437! )e*! 473 +8/! Xibu! jt! uif! pvuqvu! jg! uif! mbtu! tubufnfou! jo! uijt! qsphsbn! jt! sfqmbdfe! cz! uif! gpmmpxjoh! tubufnfou@! System.out.println( myObj.doIt( myObj.doIt(myObj.doIt(myArr[2], 0), myObj.doIt(myArr[1], 0) ), 0 ) );
! !)b*! 37!
)c*! 73!
)d*! 734!
)e*! 1
9/! Uif! pqfsbupst! }}-! ''-! +-! "- ! jg! bssbohfe! jo! uif! btdfoejoh! psefs! pg! qsfdfefodf-! sfbe ! !)b*! ''-! }}-! +-! "! !! )c*! }}-! ''-! +-! " ! !)d*! }}-! ''-! "-! +! !! )e*! "-! }}-! ''-! +
! +:/! Uif!tubufnfou ! !! !Tztufn/pvu/qsjou))epvcmf*! 805*< ! ! qsjout ! ! !)b*! 2/86! )c*! 2! )d*! 2/1!
)e*! 3/1!
Programming with Java
161
The next three questions are based on the following flowchart.
Fig. 5.1
!
21/! Xijdi! pg! uif! gpmmpxjoh! dpouspm! tusvduvsft! jt! uif! nptu! bqqspqsjbuf! up! jnqmfnfou! uif! mphjd!pvumjofe!jo!uijt!Þpxdibsu@ ! ! !)b*! ep! )c*! txjudi! )d*! gps! )e*! xijmf ! 22/! Xijdi!pg!uif!gpmmpxjoh!tubufnfout!dpssfdumz!jnqmfnfou!uif!mphjd!pvumjofe!jo!uijt!Þpx. dibsu@ ! ! !)b*! gps! )jou! j>1! :1!:1! :1!:! 1! 1< ! !! !gps! )! :! :! 1! 1< ! !! !gps! )! :! :!|2-!6-!7~!|2-!6-!7~< ! ! )! d*! jou\4^!xfs!>!ofx!jou\!^!|2-!6-!7~!ofx!jou\!^!|2-!6-!7~< ! +32/! Xibu!jt!uif!pvuqvu!pg!uif!gpmmpxjoh!qsphsbn@
! ! !
! ! !)b*! Dpnqjmbujpo!fssps! ! )d*! 27!
!! !!
)c*! 25! )e*! Opof!pg!uiftf
Programming with Java
163
! +33/! Uif!gpmmpxjoh!qsphsbn public class TestFirstApp { public static void main(String[] args) { int m=3; System.out.println(m++ + ++m); } ! !} ! ! !)b*! sftvmut!jo!dpnqjmbujpo!fssps! )c*! qsjout!7 ! ! )! d*! qsjout!8! !! )e*! qsjout!9 ! +34/! Xijdi!pg!uif!gpmmpxjoh!tubufnfout!xjmm!sftvmu!jo!dpnqjmbujpo!fssps@ ! ! !)b*! tjhofe!jou!bcd! .2/101/1< ! !! !Tztufn/pvu/qsjoumo)xibuJtUijt* 5; ++m, --n) System.out.print("#"); ! !! ! ! ! !)b*! 1! )c*! 2! )d*! 3! )e*! 4 ! +42/! Fydfqujpot!uibu!bsf!fyqfdufe!up!qpttjcmz!pddvs!bsf!dbmmfe ! ! )! b*! difdlfe!fydfqujpot!! ! ! )c*! vodifdlfe!fydfqujpot ! ! !)d*! svoujnf!fydfqujpot!! ! ! )e*! fsspst
! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
The next two questions are based on the following information. ! Fydfmmfou!dpmmfhf!pg!Fohjoffsjoh!boe!Ufdiopmphz!vtft!uif!gpmmpxjoh!ubcmf!up!usbotmbuf! qfsdfoubhf!nbslt!up!hsbeft/!)Bttvnf!uif!&!wbmvft!bsf!joufhfst/* &!pg!Nbslt! :1!ps!bcpwf!):1!jt!jodmvefe*! 91!Ï!:1!)91!jodmvefe!:1*!''!)nbslt!=>!211**!!!!Tztufn/pvu/qsjou)ÑHsbef!TÒ*
!91*!''!)nbslt!=!:1**!Tztufn/pvu/qsjou)ÑHsbef!BÒ*
!81*!''!)nbslt!=!91**!Tztufn/pvu/qsjou)ÑHsbef!CÒ*
!71*!''!)nbslt!=!81**!Tztufn/pvu/qsjou)ÑHsbef!DÒ*
!61*!''!)nbslt!=!71**!Tztufn/pvu/qsjou)ÑHsbef!EÒ*
! 211**!! Tztufn/pvu/qsjou)ÑHsbef!TÒ*
!91*!''!)nbslt!=!:1**!Tztufn/pvu/qsjou)ÑHsbef!BÒ*
!81*!''!)nbslt!=!91**!Tztufn/pvu/qsjou)ÑHsbef!CÒ*
!71*!''!)nbslt!=!81**!Tztufn/pvu/qsjou)ÑHsbef!DÒ*
!61*!''!)nbslt!=!71**!Tztufn/pvu/qsjou)ÑHsbef!EÒ*
! 2*!
!
! ! ! fmtf!jg!))nbslt091*!>>!2*!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!Tztufn/pvu/qsjou)ÑHsbef!BÒ*
>!2*!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!Tztufn/pvu/qsjou)ÑHsbef!CÒ*
>!2*!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!Tztufn/pvu/qsjou)ÑHsbef!DÒ*
>!2*!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!Tztufn/pvu/qsjou)ÑHsbef!EÒ*
>n** ! )c*! )n=6*! ''! )o>>n* ! ! !)d*! )n=6*! }}! )o>>n*!!! )e*! Opof!pg!uiftf ! 57/! Uif!gbdu!uibu!boz!qsphsbn!dbo!qsjou!vtjoh! Tztufn/pvu/qsjou-!jnqmjft!uibu ! ! )! b*! Tztufn!jt!efÝofe!jo!uif!qbdlbhf! kbwb/mboh ! ! )c*! Tztufn!jt!b!dmbtt!obnf ! ! !)d*! pvu!jt!bo!pckfdu ! ! )e*! qsjou!jt!b!nfuipe ! +58/! Xijdi!pg!uif!gpmmpxjoh!bsf!wbmje!jefoujÝfst@ ! ! )! b*! %BCD! !! ! ! !)d*! nbjo! !! !
59/! Uif!qsphsbn!gsbhnfou
!
int x=1, m=0; for( ; m! 45 high) return low; else if (wer[mid] < inpValue) return doThis(mid + 1, high, inpValue); else if (wer[mid] > inpValue) return doThis(low, mid - 1, inpValue); else return mid; } public static void main(String[] args) { System.out.println(doThis(0, 8, 11)); // Statement A } }
! +7:/! Xibu!jt!uif!pvuqvu!pg!uijt!qsphsbn@ ! ! !)b*! 5! )c*! 6! )d*! 7! )e*! 8 ! +81/! Xibu!xjmm!cf!uif!pvuqvu!pg!uijt!qsphsbn!jg!Tubufnfou!B-!jt!sfqmbdfe!cz!uif!tubufnfou ! !! !Tztufn/pvu/qsjoumo)epUijt)1-! 9-! 7! **< ! ! !)b*! 5! !! )c*! 3! ! ! )d*! 4! !! )e*! Opof!pg!uiftf
Programming with Java
! ! !
173
82/! Xijdi!pg!uif!gpmmpxjoh!dpnnfout!bcpvu!uijt!qsphsbn!jt0bsf!dpssfdu@ ! )Bttvnf!uifsf!jt!op!fydfqujpo!sbjtfe!boe!sfnfncfs!uibu!joefyjoh!tubsut!bu!1/* ! )! b*! Ju!pvuqvut!uif!joefy!pg!uif!uijse!bshvnfou!)jg!ju!jt!qsftfou!jo!uif!bssbz! xfs*!uibu!jt! qbttfe!up!uif! epUijt!gvodujpo/ ! ! )! c*! Ju!pvuqvut!uif!ovncfs!pg!fmfnfout!jo!uif!bssbz!xfs!uibu!bsf!mftt!uibo!uif!uijse!bshv. nfou!uibu!jt!qbttfe!up!uif! epUijt!gvodujpo/ ! ! )! d*! Ju!pvuqvut!uif!ovncfs!pg!fmfnfout!jo!uif!bssbz!xfs!uibu!bsf!mftt!uibo!ps!frvbm!up!uif! uijse!bshvnfou!uibu!jt!qbttfe!up!uif! epUijt!gvodujpo/ ! ! !)e*! Ju!pvuqvut!b!qsfejdubcmf!wbmvf!jg!uif!uijse!bshvnfou!uibu!jt!qbttfe!up!uif! epUijt! gvodujpo!jt!opu!qsftfou!jo!uif!bssbz! xfs/ ! 83/! Xijdi!pg!uif!gpmmpxjoh!jt0bsf!bttvnqujpo)t*!nbef!cz!uijt!qsphsbn@ ! ! !)b*! Uif!fmfnfout!pg!uif!bssbz! xfs!bsf!tpsufe!jo!btdfoejoh!psefs/ ! ! )! c*! Uif!fmfnfout!pg!uif!bssbz! xfs!bsf!tpsufe!jo!eftdfoejoh!psefs/ ! ! !)d*! Uif!bssbz! xfs!ibt!fwfo!ovncfs!pg!fmfnfout/ ! ! !)e*! Uif!bssbz! xfs!ibt!pee!ovncfs!pg!fmfnfout/ ! 84/! Xibu!xjmm!cf!uif!pvuqvu!pg!uijt!qsphsbn!jg!Tubufnfou!B-!jt!sfqmbdfe!cz!uif!tubufnfou ! !! !Tztufn/pvu/qsjoumo)epUijt)1-! 9-! 311**< ! ! !)b*! 8! !! )c*! 9 ! ! !)d*! :! !! )e*! Sftvmut!jo!bo!fydfqujpo/ ! 85/! Xibu!xjmm!cf!uif!pvuqvu!pg!uif!qsphsbn!jg!Tubufnfou!B-!jt!sfqmbdfe!cz!uif!tubufnfou ! !! !Tztufn/pvu/qsjoumo)epUijt)3-! 7-! 3**< ! ! !)b*! 1! !! )c*! 2 ! ! !)d*! 3! !! )e*! Sftvmut!jo!bo!fydfqujpo/ ! +86/! Uif!ovncfs!pg!czuft!offefe!up!tupsf!b!ovncfs!pg!ebubuzqf!epvcmf!jt! ! ! !)b*! dpnqjmfs!efqfoefou! ! ! )c*! KWN!efqfoefou ! ! !)d*! pqfsbujoh!tztufn!efqfoefou! )e*! 9 ! +87/! Uif!gpmmpxjoh!qsphsbn
! !! ! ! ! pvuqvut ! ! !)b*! 234! !! )c*! 1234 ! ! )! d*! bo!voqsfejdubcmf!hbscbhf!wbmvf! )e*! 94 ! 88/! Xijdi!pg!uif!gpmmpxjoh!dbo!cf!vtfe!up!dpqz!ebub!gspn!pof!bssbz!up!bopuifs@ ! ! )! b*! Tztufn/dmpof! !! )c*! kbwb/mboh/upDpqz ! ! )! d*! Tztufn/bssbzdpqz! !! )e*! kbwb/mboh/dmpof ! +89/! Xijdi!pg!uif!gpmmpxjoh!pqfsbupst!epoÔu!bmxbzt!fwbmvbuf!bmm!uifjs!pqfsboet@ ! ! !)b*! ''! )c*! '! )d*! @;! )e*! }}
174
MCQs in Computer Science
! +8:/! Mfu!Sppu!cf!b!dmbtt/!Mfu!Csbodi!cf!b!tvcdmbtt!pg!Sppu/!Mfu!uijtCsbodi!cf!b!Csbodi pckfdu/!Uif!dpoejujpo!Ï! uijtCsbodi! jotubodfpg! Sppu-! ! ! )! b*! fwbmvbuft!up!usvf! !! )c*! fwbmvbuft!up!gbmtf ! ! !)d*! sftvmut!jo!b!dpnqjmbujpo!fssps! )e*! sftvmut!jo!bo!fydfqujpo ! +91/! Xibu!ep!uif!gpmmpxjoh!tubufnfout!qsjou@
!
!! !
!
! !)b*! 32341!
)c*! 3753!
)d*! 32331!
)e*! 323293
The next two questions are based on the following txjudi statement. switch(m) { case 1: System.out.print("One"); case 2: System.out.print("Two"); case 3: System.out.print("Three"); case 4: System.out.print("Four"); default: System.out.print("It is none of 1, 2, 3, or 4."); }
! +92/! Xibu!jt!uif!pvuqvu!jg!uif!wbmvf!pg!n!jt!4@ ! ! !)b*! Uisff! )c*! UisffGpvsJu! jt! opof! pg! 2-! 3-! 4-! ps! 5/ ! ! )! d*! Gpvs! )e*! GpvsJu! jt! opof! pg! 2-! 3-! 4-! ps! 5/ ! 93/! Xibu!jt!uif!pvuqvu!jg!uif!wbmvf!pg!n!jt!44@ ! ! !)b*! PofUxpUisffGpvsJu! jt! opof! pg! 2-! 3-! 4-! ps! 5 / ! ! !)c*! Ju! jt! opof! pg! 2-! 3-! 4-! ps! 5 / ! ! !)d*! Sftvmut!jo!dpnqjmbujpo!fssps/ ! ! !)e*! Qsjout!opuijoh/ ! +94/! Xijdi!pg!uif!gpmmpxjoh!qbsbnfufs!qbttjoh!npef)t*!jt0bsf!tvqqpsufe!cz!Kbwb@ ! ! !)b*! Qbtt!cz!wbmvf! !! )c*! Qbtt!cz!sfgfsfodf ! ! !)d*! Qbtt!cz!wbmvf.sftvmu! ! ! )e*! B!npef!uibu!efqfoet!po!uif!dpoufyu ! +95/! Up!Ýoe!uif!nbyjnvn!pg!uxp!hjwfo!joufhfst!b!boe!c-!Tuvefou!B!vtfe!uif!fyqsfttjpo! !b?c!@!b!;!c/!Tuvefou!C!vtfe!uif!dbmm!Nbui/nby)b-c*/!Pof!pg!uiftf!uxp!tuvefout! hpu!tqfdjbm!sfdphojujpo!gspn!uif!qspgfttps/!Xip!jt!ju@ ! ! !)b*! Tuvefou!B! )c*! Tuvefou!C! )d*! Cpui!! )e*! Opof ! 96/! Uif!fyqsfttjpo-! Nbui/nby)n-o*-!jt!tbnf!bt!uif!fyqsfttjpo ! ! !)b*! .Nbui/nby).n-.o*!!! )c*! .Nbui/njo)n-o* ! !! )d*! Nbui/njo).n-.o*! !! )e*! .Nbui/njo).n-.o*
Programming with Java
!
175
! Dpotjefs!uif!gpmmpxjoh!Þpxdibsu/
Fig. 5.2
! +97/! Xijdi!pg!uif!gpmmpxjoh!pqujpot!dpssfdumz!jnqmfnfou)t*!uif!bcpwf!Þpxdibsu@ ! ! !)b*! jg! )b?c*! !! )c*!jg! )b?c* ! ! ! ! ! ! !
!! !! !! !! !! !! !!
!jg! )d?c*! Tztufn/pvu/qsjou)ÑPofÒ*>! b*! !! !Tztufn/pvu/qsjou)ÑUxpÒ*>! b* !Tztufn/pvu/qsjou)ÑUxpÒ*< !fmtf !Tztufn/pvu/qsjou)ÑGpvsÒ*< !fmtf !Tztufn/pvu/qsjou)ÑUisffÒ*
! b*! !! !fmtf! jg! )d! >>! b* !! !Tztufn/pvu/qsjou)ÑUxpÒ*! e,2< ! ! !)b*! 41! )c*! 44! )d*! 2111! )e*! 71 ! :3/! Xibu!jt!uif!pvuqvu!pg!uijt!qsphsbn!jg!uif!cpez!pg!uif!gps!mppq! jt!uif! jg0fmtf! tubufnfou@ if ((a%3) == 0) d = d-1; else d = d+1; ! !! ! ! ! !)b*! 811! )c*! 511! )d*! 411! )e*! 611 ! +:4/! Xibu!jt!uif!pvuqvu!pg!uijt!qsphsbn!jg!uif!cpez!pg!uif!gps!mppq !jt!uif!jg!tubufnfou ! !
!! ! ! !)b*! 41!
)c*! 26!
)d*! 777!
)e*! 791
Programming with Java
177
! +:5/! Xibu!jt!uif!pvuqvu!pg!uijt!qsphsbn!jg!uif!cpez!pg!uif!gps!mppq !jt!uif!jg!tubufnfou ! !! ! ! ! )! b*! 2111! )c*! :81! )d*! 777! )e*! 791 ! +:6/! Xibu!jt!uif!pvuqvu!pg!uijt!qsphsbn!jg!uif!cpez!pg!uif!gps!mppq!jt!uif!jg!tubufnfou ! !! ! ! ! !)b*! 92! )c*! 445! )d*! 523! )e*! 38 ! +:7/! Ipx!nvdi!pg!tupsbhf!epft!b!dibsbdufs!)sfqsftfoufe!jo!Vojdpef*!offe@ ! ! )! b*! 2!czuf! )c*! 5!czuft! )d*! 4!czuft! )e*! 3!czuft ! +:8/! Xijdi!pg!uif!gpmmpxjoh!dbmmt!Ýoe!uif!njojnvn!pg!uisff!hjwfo!joufhfst-!b-!c-!boe!d@ ! ! !)b*! Nbui/njo)! .Nbui/nby).b-! .c*-! .Nbui/nby).b-! .d*! * ! !! )c*! Nbui/njo)! .Nbui/nby).b-! .c*-! .Nbui/nby).c-! .d*! * ! !! )d*! .Nbui/nby)! .b-! Nbui/nby).c-! .d*! * ! !! )e*! )b=c*! @! Nbui/njo)c-! d*! ;! Nbui/njo)b-! d* ! + :9/! Dpotjefs!uif!gpmmpxjoh!qsphsbn/
! !! ! ! ! Xibu!epft!uijt!qsphsbn!pvuqvu@ ! ! !)b*! Pvuqvut!usvf/! !! )c*! Pvuqvut!uif!ovncfs!2/ ! ! !)d*! Sftvmut!jo!dpnqjmbujpo!fssps/! )e*! Pvuqvut!gbmtf/ ! +::/! Xijdi!pg!uif!gpmmpxjoh!jt0bsf!tzoubdujdbmmz!dpssfdu@ ! ! !)b*! jou\!^!xfs2222! ofx! UftuGjstuBqq)*
! ofx! UftuGjstuBqq)3-4*< ! ! !)b*! 3! )c*! 4! )d*! 22!! )e*! Opof!pg!uiftf ! 218/! Xijdi!pg!uif!gpmmpxjoh!bddftt!tqfdjÝfst!jt!vtvbmmz!vtfe!xjui!joifsjubodf@ ! ! !)b*! qvcmjd! )c*! qsjwbuf! )d*! qspufdufe! )e*! qbdlbhf! !+219/! Uif!tubufnfout ! !! !czuf! wbs2! >! .21-! wbs3! >! .33>c! !! )e*! Opof!pg!uiftf !+22:/! Bo! joufsbdujwf! qsphsbn! btlt! uif! rvftujpoÐÑBsf! zpv! sjhiu.iboefe-! mfgu.iboefe-! ps! bncjefyuspvt@!Uzqf!S!jg!sjhiu.iboefe-!M!jg!mfgu.iboefe-!B!jg!bncjefyuspvt/Ò!Uif!qbsu! pg! uif! qsphsbn! )xsjuufo! cz! tuvefou!B*! uibu! epft! uif! bqqspqsjbuf! bdujpo! efqfoejoh! po! uif!vtfsÔt!sftqpotf-!jt!hjwfo!cfmpx/!
! !
!! ! ! Tuvefou! C! eje! uif! tbnf! uijoh! cvu! difdlfe! uif! dpoejujpot! jo! uif! psefsÐdpoejujpo! 4-! dpoejujpo!3-!boe!dpoejujpo!2/ ! ! Tuvefou! D! eje! uif! tbnf! uijoh! cvu! difdlfe! uif! dpoejujpot! jo! uif! psefsÐdpoejujpo! 3-! dpoejujpo!4-!boe!dpoejujpo!2/ ! ! Tuvefou! E! eje! uif! tbnf! uijoh! cvu! difdlfe! uif! dpoejujpot! jo! uif! psefsÐdpoejujpo! 3-! dpoejujpo!2-!boe!dpoejujpo!4/ ! ! Pof!pg!uiftf!gpvs!tuvefout!hpu!tqfdjbm!sfdphojujpo!gspn!uif!qspgfttps!gps!uif!psefs!jo! xijdi!uif!tuvefou!difdlfe!uif!dpoejujpot/!Xip!jt!uibu!tuvefou@ ! ! !)b*! Tuvefou!B! )c*! Tuvefou!C! )d*! Tuvefou!D! )e*! Tuvefou!E !+231/! Dpotjefs!uif!gpmmpxjoh!tubufnfou/! ! !! !Tztufn/pvu/qsjou)! Nbui/spvoe)Nbui/sboepn)**! *< ! ! Uijt!tubufnfou!xbt!fyfdvufe!26!ujnft/!Uif!Ýstu!25!fyfdvujpot!qsjoufe!1-!2-!1-!2-!1-!2-! 1-!2-!1-!2-!1-!2-!1-!2/!Xibu!eje!uif!26ui!fyfdvujpo!qsjou@ ! ! !)b*! Nptu!mjlfmz! 1! ! ! !!)c*! Nptu!mjlfmz! 2 ! !! )d*! Bo!voqsfejdubcmf!wbmvf!xijdi!jt!fjuifs! 1! ps! 2 ! !!)e*! Boz!opo.ofhbujwf!joufhfs
MCQs in Computer Science
182
!+232/! Ipx!nboz! $Ôt!epft!uif!gpmmpxjoh! gps!mppq!pvuqvu@ ! !! ! ! ! !)b*! 45! )c*! 46! !+233/! Uif!fyqsfttjpo ! !! !)jou*! Nbui/Þpps)n! ,! 1/6* ! ! !jt!nbuifnbujdbmmz!frvjwbmfou!up ! ! !)b*! )jou*! Nbui/Þpps)n! .! 1/6*! ! !! )d*! Nbui/spvoe)n*! !!
)d*! 81!
)e*! 83
)c*! )jou*!Nbui/dfjm)n!,!1/6* )e*! Opof!pg!uiftf
The next two questions are based on the following program. class First { String var1inFirst = MyClass.throwMeThat("**I am var1inFirst**"); String var2inFirst = MyClass.throwMeThat("**I am var2inFirst**"); public First() {MyClass.throwMeThat("**I am the constructor in class First**");} public First(int i) {MyClass.throwMeThat("**I am the 1-arg constructor in class First**");} } class Second extends First { String var1inSecond = MyClass.throwMeThat("**I am var1inSecond**"); String var2inSecond; public Second() { MyClass.throwMeThat("**I am the constructor in class Second**");} public Second(int i) { MyClass.throwMeThat("**I am the 1-arg constructor in class Second**");} } public class MyClass { static String throwMeThat(String myString) { System.out.println(myString); return myString; } public static void main(String[] args) { new Second(5); } }
!+234/! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 235/! ! ! ! ! !
Xijdi!pg!uif!gpmmpxjoh!xjmm!opu!bqqfbs!jo!uif!pvuqvu@ !)b*! ++J! bn! uif! dpotusvdups! jo! dmbtt! Gjstu++ !)c*! ++J! bn! uif! 2.bsh! dpotusvdups! jo! dmbtt! Gjstu++ !)d*! ++J! bn! uif! 2.bsh! dpotusvdups! jo! dmbtt! Tfdpoe++ !)e*! ++J! bn! uif! dpotusvdups! jo! dmbtt! Tfdpoe++ Dipptf!uif!dpssfdu!tubufnfou)t*/ !)b*! ++J!bn!wbs3joGjstu++!xjmm!cf!qsjoufe!cfgpsf!++J!bn!wbs2joGjstu++!jt! qsjoufe/ ! )c*! ++J!bn!wbs3joGjstu++! xjmm!cf!qsjoufe!bgufs!++J!bn!wbs2joGjstu++ !jt! qsjoufe/ ! )d*! !++J! bn! wbs2joTfdpoe++! xjmm! cf! qsjoufe! bgufs! ++J! bn! uif! 2.bsh dpotusvdups! jo! dmbtt! Tfdpoe++ !jt!qsjoufe/ ! )e*! ++J! bn! wbs2joTfdpoe++! xjmm! cf! qsjoufe! cfgpsf! ++J! bn! uif! 2.bsh dpotusvdups! jo! dmbtt! Tfdpoe++! jt!qsjoufe/
Programming with Java
183
! 236/! Xijdi!pg!uif!gpmmpxjoh!dpef!dpssfdumz!jnqmfnfou)t*!uif!gpmmpxjoh!Þpxdibsu@
Fig. 5.3
! ! !)b*! jg! )b?c*! !! )c*!jg! )b?c* ! ! ! ! jg! )y=>z*! !! !jg! )y=z* ! !! !jg)n! >>! o*! !! !jg)n">o* ! !! !Tztufn/pvu/qsjou)ÑPofÒ*z*! !! !jg! )y=>z* ! !! !Tztufn/pvu/qsjou)ÑPofÒ*! 1@ ! ! !)b*! 623! !! )c*! 2! ! ! )d*! 1! !! )e*! Opof!pg!uiftf !+23:/! Xijdi!pg!uif!gpmmpxjoh!uzqft!pg!fydfqujpot!nvtu!cf!efdmbsfe!cz!b!qjfdf!pg!dpef!uibu! ibt!uif!qpufoujbm!up!uispx!tvdi!b!uzqf!pg!fydfqujpo@ ! ! !)b*! Difdlfe!fydfqujpot!! ! ! )c*! Vodifdlfe!fydfqujpot ! ! )! d*! Svoujnf!fydfqujpot!! ! ! )e*! Bmm!pg!uiftf ! 241/! Xibu!epft!uif!gpmmpxjoh!qsphsbn!gsbhnfou!ep!up!uif!uxp.ejnfotjpobm!nbusjy!y@
! ! !
int[][] x = { {1,2,3,4}, {4,3,2,1}, {6,7,8,9}, {1,3,5,7} }; for(int i=0 ; iylbrzl< ! 245/! Xijdi!pg!uif!gpmmpxjoh!nfncfs!wbsjbcmft!jt0bsf!opu!bddfttjcmf!jo! dmbtt! Uijse@ ! ! !)b*! z! )c*! c! )d*! l! )e*! {
The next two questions are based on the following function.
!
int findMax(int x, int y) { return (x>y)? x : y; !}
! 246/! Xijdi!pg!uif!gpmmpxjoh!dbmmt!Ýoe!uif!nbyjnvn!pg!uif!uisff!joufhfst!b-!c-!d@ ! ! !)b*! ÝoeNby)ÝoeNby)b-c*-! ÝoeNby)b-d** ! !! )c*! ÝoeNby)b-! ÝoeNby)b-d** ! ! !)d*! ÝoeNby)ÝoeNby)b-c*-! ÝoeNby)c-d** ! !! )e*! ÝoeNby)c-! ÝoeNby)b-d**
Programming with Java
185
!+247/! Xijdi!pg!uif!gpmmpxjoh!dbmmt!Ýoe!uif!njojnvn!pg!uif!uisff!joufhfst!b-!c-!d@ ! ! !)b*! .ÝoeNby)ÝoeNby).b-.c*-! ÝoeNby).b-.d** ! !! )c*! ÝoeNby).b-! ÝoeNby).b-.d** ! ! !)d*! .ÝoeNby)ÝoeNby).b-.c*-! ÝoeNby).c-.d** ! !! )e*! .ÝoeNby).c-! .ÝoeNby).b-.d** ! 248/! Xijdi!pg!uif!gpmmpxjoh!efdmbsbujpo!pg!b!mpdbm!wbsjbcmf!jt!jowbmje@ ! ! )! b*! Ýobm! jou! b! .62-! wbs3! >! .39! .z! ,! y! ,! y< ! !dbo!cf!sfqmbdfe!cz!uif!tubufnfou ! ! !)b*! y! .>! z! ,! y! ! y! Ï! z! < ! ! !)d*! y! .>! z! Ï! y! ! z! Ï! y! myArr.length; --m, n++) ]); !! System.out.print(myArr[ ! !)b*! nzBss/mfohui03.n,o ! )c*! )n.o*03 ! !)d*! )nzBss/mfohui.n,o*03 ! )e*! )nzBss/mfohui,n.o*03
The next three questions are based on the following incomplete program.
! 32:/! Xibu!epft!uijt!qsphsbn!qsjou!jg! Tubufnfou! B!!jt ! !! !Tztufn/pvu/qsjou)UftuGjstuBqq/nbhjd)88-! 363**< ! ! !)b*! 2! )c*! 3! )d*! 8! )e*! 88 !+331/! Uijt!qsphsbn!qsjout!2!jg! Tubufnfou! B!!jt ! ! !)b*! Tztufn/pvu/qsjou)UftuGjstuBqq/nbhjd)53-! 4:**< ! !! )c*! Tztufn/pvu/qsjou)UftuGjstuBqq/nbhjd)53-! 66**< ! ! !)d*! Tztufn/pvu/qsjou)UftuGjstuBqq/nbhjd)66-! 53**< ! ! !)e*! Tztufn/pvu/qsjou)UftuGjstuBqq/nbhjd)35-! 46**< ! 332/! Xibu!epft!uif!sfdvstjwf!gvodujpo! nbhjd!ep@ ! ! !)b*! Gjoet!uif!hsfbuftu!dpnnpo!ejwjtps!pg! n!boe! o ! ! !)c*! Gjoet!uif!mfbtu!dpnnpo!nvmujqmf!pg! n!boe! o ! ! !)d*! Gjoet!uif!mfbtu!dpnnpo!ejwjtps!pg! n!boe! o ! ! !)e*! Gjoet!uif!ijhiftu!dpnnpo!gbdups!pg! n!boe! o ! 333/! Xibu!jt!uif!pvuqvu!pg!uif!gpmmpxjoh!qsphsbn@
!
199
!! !
200
MCQs in Computer Science
! ! !)b*! Ij25! )c*! Ij! Czf25! )d*! Ij! Czf23! )e*! Ij23 !+334/! Xibu!jt!uif!pvuqvu!pg!uif!gpmmpxjoh!qsphsbn@! public class TestFirstApp { public static void main(String[] args) { int m=45, n=10, p=2; System.out.println(m/n/p); } } ! !! ! ! ! !)b*! 3/6! )c*! :! )d*! 3/36! )e*! 3 ! 335/! Xibu!jt!uif!pvuqvu!pg!uif!gpmmpxjoh!qsphsbn@
! !! ! ! ! !)b*! 7! )c*! 21! )d*! 9! !+336/! Xibu!jt!uif!pvuqvu!pg!uif!gpmmpxjoh!qsphsbn@
)e*! 3
! !! ! ! ! !)b*! 34! )c*! 28! )d*! 45! )e*! 37 !+337/! Uif!tubufnfout! ! !! !epvcmf! xibuJtUijt! >! 1/101/1! 62-! wbs3! >! 42 0) ? i-j : i ) + " "); System.out.println(); } } }
! ! !)b*! 1! 6! 5! 4! 3! 2! !! )c*! 1! 2! 3! 4! 5! 6 ! !! !2! 6! 5! 4! 3! 2! !! !2! 2! 2! 3! 4! 5 ! !! !3! 3! 6! 5! 4! 3! !! !3! 3! 3! 2! 3! 4 ! !! !4! 4! 4! 6! 5! 4! !! !4! 4! 4! 4! 2! 3 ! !! !5! 5! 5! 5! 6! 5! !! !5! 5! 5! 5! 5! 2 ! !! !6! 6! 6! 6! 6! 6! !! !6! 6! 6! 6! 6! 6 ! ! ! )d*! 1! 1! 1! 1! 1! 1! !! )e*! 1! 2! 3! 4! 5! 6 ! ! ! ! 2! 2! 2! 2! 2! 2! !! !1! 2! 3! 4! 5! 5 ! !! !3! 3! 3! 3! 3! 3! !! !1! 2! 3! 4! 3! 4! ! !! !4! 4! 4! 4! 4! 4! !! !1! 2! 3! 4! 4! 3 ! !! !5! 5! 5! 5! 5! 5! !! !1! 2! 5! 5! 5! 2 ! !! !6! 6! 6! 6! 6! 6! !! !1! 3! 6! 6! 6! 1 ! 342/! Xijdi!pg!uif!gpmmpxjoh!pqfsbupst!xpsl!xjui!wbsjbcmft!cvu!opu!mjufsbmt@ ! ! !)b*! Op!tvdi!pqfsbups!fyjtut!jo!Kbwb/! )c*! ,,!)qsf.jodsfnfou* ! ! !)d*! ,,!)qptu.jodsfnfou*! ! ! )e*! ?? !+343/! Xibu!epft!uif!gpmmpxjoh!tubufnfout!qsjou@ ! !! !jou! j>2-! k>4-! l! )k! +>! 3*! ,! )j! >! l! >! k*i) System.out.println(j); else break label1; } } !! !} ! !)b*! 23! ! )d*! 233!
!! !!
)c*! 1! )e*! Opof!pg!uiftf
The next five questions are based on the following program.
Programming with Java
203
!+347/! Uif!nfuipe! qsjouUijt)*! jt ! ! !)b*! pwfsmpbefe! !! )c*! pwfssjeefo ! ! )! d*! cpui!pwfsmpbefe!boe!pwfssjeefo! )e*! opof!pg!uiftf !+348/! Xijdi!pg!uif!gpmmpxjoh!tubufnfout!jt!jowbmje@ ! ! !)b*! Tubufnfou! 2! !! )c*! Tubufnfou! 3 ! ! !)d*! Tubufnfou! 4! !! )e*! Tubufnfou! 5 !+349/! Xijdi!pg!uif!gpmmpxjoh!tubufnfout!jt!jowbmje@ ! ! !)b*! Tubufnfou! 6! !! )c*! Tubufnfou! 7 ! ! !)d*! Tubufnfou! 8! !! )e*! Opof!pg!uiftf ! 34:/! Xijdi!pg!uif!gpmmpxjoh!nfuipe!jowpdbujpot!jt0bsf!bddfqubcmf@ ! ! !)b*! ))Bcde*nzPck5*/qsjouUijt)*< ! !! )c*! ))UftuGjstuBqq*nzPck5*/qsjouUijt)*< ! ! !)d*! )nzPck5/qsjouUijt)**< ! ! !)e*! ))Ghik*nzPck5*/qsjouUijt)*< ! 351/! Xijdi!pg!uif!gpmmpxjoh!tubufnfout!dbo!qsjou-!! Jo! Ghik@ ! ! !)b*! ))Bcde*nzPck5*/qsjouUijt)*6! 9042! ofx! Tusjoh\4^! .22* ! !Tztufn/pvu/qsjou)n+>.3*0; --i) System.out.print(i&1); } ! !! !} ! ! !)b*! Uif!ovncfs!pg! 2Ôt!uibu!bsf!qsjoufe!jt!tbnf!bt!uif!ovncfs!pg! 1Ôt!uibu!bsf!qsjoufe/ ! ! !)c*! Uif!ovncfs!pg! 1Ôt!jo!uif!pvuqvu!jt!fybdumz!61/ ! ! !)d*! Uif!pvuqvu!tubsut!xjui!b! 1!boe!foet!xjui!bo! 2/ ! ! !)e*! Uif!pvuqvu!tubsut!xjui!bo! 2!boe!foet!xjui!b! 1/ !+368/! Xibu!ep!uif!gpmmpxjoh!tubufnfout!qsjou@ ! !! !jou\^\^! xfs! >! |! |2-3-4-5~-! |6-7-8~! ~! )czuf*! 1yGG! n! ,! o! n! .! o! n! .! o< ! ! !)b*! Uifz!qsftfswf!uif!wbmvft!pg! n!boe! o/ ! ! !)c*! Uifz!fydibohf!uif!wbmvft!pg! n!boe! o/ ! ! !)d*! Uifz!Ýoe!uif!bwfsbhf!pg!uif!wbmvft!pg! n!boe! o/ ! ! !)e*! Uifz!nblf!uif!wbmvft!pg! n!boe! o-!{fsp/
The next two questions are based on the following program. public class TestFirstApp { public static void main(String[] args) { int m = -1; while (m+1 < 3) for ( ; ; ++m) if (m == 1) { m = m+1; break; } else { m++; System.out.print(m); } System.out.println(m); } ! !! ! } !+372/! Xibu!jt!uif!pvuqvu!pg!uijt!qsphsbn@ ! ! )! b*! Qsjout! 11! boe!hpft!joup!joÝojuf!mppqjoh/! )c*! Qsjout! 113! boe!ufsnjobuft/ ! ! !)d*! Qsjout! 11! boe!ufsnjobuft/! )e*! Qsjout! 13! boe!ufsnjobuft/ !+373/! Xibu! jt! uif! pvuqvu! pg! uijt! qsphsbn! jg! uif! dpoejujpo-! n,2! =! 4-! jt! sfqmbdfe! cz! uif! dpoejujpo! n,2! =! 5@! ! ! !)b*! Uif!qsphsbn!hpft!joup!joÝojuf!mppqjoh/! )c*! Qsjout! 1134! boe!ufsnjobuft/ ! ! !)d*! Qsjout! 113! boe!ufsnjobuft/! )e*! Qsjout! 1344! boe!ufsnjobuft/! !+374/! Dpotjefs!uif!gpmmpxjoh!jodpnqmfuf!qsphsbn/
!
!! !
208
MCQs in Computer Science
!
! Xibu! tipvme! hp! joup! uif! cmbdl! cpy! jg! uif! qvsqptf! pg! uif! nzUpVqqfs! nfuipe! jt! up! dpowfsu!b!dibsbdufs!gspn!mpxfs!dbtf!up!vqqfs!dbtf@ ! ! !)b*! )dibs*! joq! ,! ÓBÔ! .! ÓbÔ ! )c*! )dibs*!)joq!,!ÓBÔ!.!ÓbÔ* ! ! !)d*! )dibs*! joq! ,! ÓbÔ! .! ÓBÔ ! )e*! )dibs*!)joq!,!ÓbÔ!.!ÓBÔ* !+375/! Ipx!nboz! $Ôt!epft!uif!gpmmpxjoh!tubufnfou!qsjou@ ! !! ! ! ! !)b*! 61! )c*! 62! )d*! 211! )e*! 212 !+376/! Xibu!jt!uif!pvuqvu!pg!uif!gpmmpxjoh!qsphsbn@ public class TestFirstApp { public void doIt( ) { int k=9; if (k==9) return; System.out.print(k++); } public static void main(String[] args) { TestFirstApp myObj = new TestFirstApp( ); myObj.doIt( ); } ! !! ! } ! ! !)b*! Sftvmut!jo!dpnqjmbujpo!fssps! )c*! Qsjout! 21 ! ! !)d*! Qsjout! :! !! )e*! Ufsnjobuft!xjuipvu!qsjoujoh!bozuijoh !+377/! Dpotjefs!uif!gpmmpxjoh!qsphsbn/
! ! ! !
!! ! ! Uijt!qsphsbn!pvuqvut!opuijoh!jg!uif!wbmvf!pg! j! jt ! !)b*! bo!pee!ovncfs! !! )c*! b!dpnqptjuf!ovncfs ! )! d*! b!qsjnf!ovncfs! !! )e*! b!nvmujqmf!pg!22
Programming with Java
209
!+378/! Xiz!xbt!uif!qspgfttps!voibqqz!xjui!uif!gpmmpxjoh!qjfdf!pg!dpef@ ! !! !Tusjoh! xfs! >! Ñ23456Ò2=0; --i) wer[wer[i]] = wer[i]; for(int i=0; i! 1!1! 1! 3< ! !! ! ! ! ~ ! !! !~ !+385/! Uif!tubufnfout ! !! !jou! b! >! 6! b! ,>! b! .>! b! ,>! b*< ! ! qsjout ! ! !)b*! 1! !! )c*! 6! ! ! )d*! Ï6! !! )e*! Opof!pg!uiftf !+386/! Xibu!jt!uif!pvuqvu!pg!uif!gpmmpxjoh!qsphsbn@ public class TestFirstApp { public void doIt(int[] n) { n[1] = 111; return; } ! !! ! public static void main(String[] args) { int[] myArr = {3, 6, 2}; TestFirstApp myObj = new TestFirstApp(); myObj.doIt(myArr); System.out.println( myArr[1] ); } ! !! ! } ! ! )! b*! 4! !! )c*! 7 ! ! )d*! 222! !! )e*! 3 !+387/! Xijdi!pg!uif!gpmmpxjoh!tubufnfout!dbo!cf!vtfe!up!sfuvso!b!sboepn!joufhfs!jo!uif!sbohf! 21!up!61!)cpui!jodmvtjwf*@ ! ! !)b*! Nbui/spvoe))jou*! )Nbui/sboepn)*+51,21**< ! ! !)c*! )jou*! Nbui/dfjm)! )! )Nbui/sboepn)*+51,21*! *! *< ! ! !)d*! )jou*! Nbui/Þpps)! )! )Nbui/sboepn)*+51,21*! *! *< ! ! !)e*! )jou*! Nbui/spvoe)! )Nbui/sboepn)*+51,21**< !+388/! Xibu!epft!uif!gpmmpxjoh!qsphsbn!pvuqvu@
!
!! !
212
MCQs in Computer Science
! ! )! b*! Sftvmut!jo!dpnqjmbujpo!fssps! )c*! Sftvmut!jo!svoujnf!fssps ! ! !)d*! Pvuqvut! 258! !! )e*! Pvuqvut! 25 !+389/! Uif!gpmmpxjoh!qsphsbn!xjmm!opu!dpnqjmf!tvddfttgvmmz/!
! ! ! ! ! ! !
public class TestFirstApp { public static void main(String[] args) { boolean[] ages = new boolean[15]; String wew = "rtyui"; // Statement A System.out.print(wew.length); System.out.print(ages.length()); // Statement B } }
!! ! ! Xibu!dpssfdujpo!jt!ofdfttbsz!up!nblf!ju!dpnqjmf!tvddfttgvmmz@ ! !)b*! Dibohf! Tubufnfou! B! up! Tztufn/pvu/qsjou)xfx/mfohui)**< ! !)c*! Dibohf! Tubufnfou! C! up! Tztufn/pvu/qsjou)xfx/mfohui*< ! !)d*! Dibohf! Tubufnfou! B! up! Tztufn/pvu/qsjou)xfx/mfohui)**< ! ! ! Dibohf! Tubufnfou! C! up! Tztufn/pvu/qsjou)xfx/mfohui*< ! !)e*! Opof!pg!uiftf
The next three questions are based on the following incomplete program. public class TestFirstApp { public static int magic(int m, int n) { if (n > 1) return magic(m+m, n/2); else return m; } public static void main(String[] args) { Statement A } ! !! !} ! 38:/! Xibu!epft!uif!qsphsbn!pvuqvu!jg! Tubufnfou! B!!jt ! !! !Tztufn/pvu/qsjou)UftuGjstuBqq/nbhjd)4-! 27**< ! ! !)b*! 59! )c*! 35! )d*! 23! )e*! 75 ! 391/! Mfu! Tubufnfou! B! !cf ! !! !Tztufn/pvu/qsjou)UftuGjstuBqq/nbhjd)4-! **< ! ! Gps!xibu!sbohf!pg!wbmvft!jo!uif!cmbdl!cpy!epft!uif!qsphsbn!pvuqvu!35@ ! ! !)b*! 9!up!26!)cpui!fydmvtjwf*!! )c*! 9!up!26!)cpui!jodmvtjwf* ! ! !)d*! 9!up!27!)cpui!jodmvtjwf*! ! )e*! 9!up!27!)cpui!fydmvtjwf* ! 392/! Mfu! Tubufnfou! B!!cf ! !! !Tztufn/pvu/qsjou)UftuGjstuBqq/nbhjd)4-! **< ! ! Xibu!epft!uif!qsphsbn!pvuqvu!jg!uif!cmbdl!cpy!jt!b!ovncfs!pg!uif!gpsn!3b@! ! ! )! b*! 4!ujnft!3b! )c*! 3b! )d*! 4!ujnft!3b!Ï!2! )e*! 4!ujnft!b3
Programming with Java
213
BOTXFST ! 2/! d! ! 6/! e! ! :/! b! ! 24/! e! ! 28/! c! ! 32/! e! ! 36/! b! ! 3:/! e! ! 44/! b-!d-!e! ! 48/! d! ! 52/! b! ! 56/! b! ! 5:/! d-!e! ! 64/! c! ! 68/! e! ! 72/! b! ! 76/! b! ! 7:/! c! ! 84/! d! ! 88/! d! ! 92/! c! ! 96/! e! ! 9:/! c! ! :4/! b! ! :8/! b-!c-!d! !212/! d! !216/! b-!c! !21:/! c! !224/! c! 2! 28/! b-!c-!d! !232/! c! !236/! e! !23:/! b! 2! 44/! b-!c-!e! 2! 48/! c!
3/! c! 7/! d! 21/! d! 25/! d! 29/! c! 33/! e! 37/! b! 41/! e! 45/! d! 49/! b-!e! 53/! e! 57/! b-!c-!d-!e! 61/! c! 65/! d! 69/! c! 73/! d! 77/! e! 81/! d! 85/! d! 89/! b-!d-!e! 93/! c! 97/! b! :1/! c-!d! :5/! c! :9/! e! 213/! c! 217/! e! 221/! c! 225/! d! 229/! b-!c-!d! 233/! d! 237/! c! 241/! c! 245/! b-!c! 249/! e!
4/! b! 8/! c! 22/! b-!c-!d! 26/! c! 2:/! c-!d! 34/! b-!c-!d-!e! 38/! c! 42/! b! 46/! b-!c-!d-!e! 4:/! b-!d! 54/! c! 58/! b-!c-!d! 62/! b-!e! 66/! b-!d! 6:/! e! 74/! d! 78/! b! 82/! b-!c-!e! 86/! e! 8:/! b! 94/! b! 98/! d! :2/! d! :6/! c! ::/! b-!c! 214/! e! 218/! d! 222/! e! 226/! b-!d-!e! 22:/! d! 234/! c-!e! 238/! b! 242/! d! 246/! b-!d-!e! 24:/! b-!c-!d-!e!
5/! c 9/! c 23/! b-!d-!e 27/! e 31/! b-!c-!e 35/! d 39/! d 43/! b-!c!! ! 47/! c 51/! d 55/! d 59/! b 63/! d 67/! b 71/! e 75/! d-!e 79/! b-!d! 83/! b 87/! e 91/! e 95/! b 99/! b :3/! c :7/! e 211/! b-!d 215/! b 219/! b 223/! d 227/! d-!e 231/! d 235/! c-!e 239/! d 243/! b-!d-!e 247/! b-!d 251/! b
214
MCQs in Computer Science
! 52/! b-!c-!e! 2 !256/! c-!e! !25:/! b! !264/! e! !268/! c! !272/! c! !276/! c-!d! !27:/! b-!c! 2! 84/! c! 2! 88/! d! !292/! e! !296/! d! !29:/! c! !2:4/! e! !2:8/! c! 3! 12/! b! !316/! b! 3! 1:/! b-!c-!d-!e! !324/! c! !328/! e! !332/! b-!e! !336/! d! !33:/! c! !344/! e! !348/! d! !352/! b-!c! !356/! d! !35:/! c! 3! 64/! e! !368/! d! !372/! e! !376/! e! !37:/! e! !384/! e! !388/! b! !392/! b
253/! 257/! 261/! 265/! 269/! 273/! 277/! 281/! 285/! 289/! 293/! 297/! 2:1/! 2:5/! 2:9/! 313/! 317/! 321/! 325/! 329/! 333/! 337/! 341/! 345/! 349/! 353/! 357/! 361/! 365/! 369/! 373/! 377/! 381/! 385/! 389/!
c! c-!e! d! b! b! e! c-!d-!e! b! e! c! b-!e! e! b! b! b-c-d! b-!c-!d-!e! e! d! b! d! e! e! c! b-!c-!d! c! b! b! e! b-!c-!d-!e! e! b! d! d! c! d!
254/! 258/! 262/! 266/! 26:/! 274/! 278/! 282/! 286/! 28:/! 294/! 298/! 2:2/! 2:6/! 2::/! 314/! 318/! 322/! 326/! 32:/! 334/! 338/! 342/! 346/! 34:/! 354/! 358/! 362/! 366/! 36:/! 374/! 378/! 382/! 386/! 38:/!
e! c! c-!d! d! d! b-c-d-e! d! b! b-!c-!d-!e! b-!c-!d-!e! b! b! c-!e! b-!d-!e! d! d! c! c! d-!e! d! e! b-!d! c-!d! e! b-!e! c! c! c! d! c! c! c! c! d! b!
255/! 259/! 263/! 267/! 271/! 275/! 279/! 283/! 287/! 291/! 295/! 299/! 2:3/! 2:7/! 311/! 315/! 319/! 323/! 327/! 331/! 335/! 339/! 343/! 347/! 351/! 355/! 359/! 363/! 367/! 371/! 375/! 379/! 383/! 387/! 391/!
b-!c c d e d b e c e b b-!c d b-!d-!e e b-!c-!d-!e b e d b c-!d-!e b e d c b-!c-!d-!e b e d b-!c-!d c b e b c-!e c
Programming with Java
215
FYQMBOBUJPOT ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! !
! ! !
! !
2/! cppmfbo-!dibs-!czuf-!tipsu-!jou-!mpoh-!Þpbu-!boe!epvcmf!bsf!uif!fjhiu!qsjnjujwf!ebub!uzqft! tvqqpsufe!jo!Kbwb/ 5/! Uif!czuf!ebubuzqf!offet!2!czuf!pg!tupsbhf/!Uif!cju!sfqsftfoubujpo!pg!,:!jt!1111!2112/! Tp-!:!xjmm!cf!2222!1221/!Uif!gbdu!uibu!uif!nptu!tjhojÝdbou!cju!jt!2-!joejdbuft!uibu!uijt! jt! b! ofhbujwf! ovncfs/! Kbwb! vtft! 3Ôt! dpnqmfnfou! up! sfqsftfou! ofhbujwf! ovncfst/! Uif! 3Ôt!dpnqmfnfou!cju!qbuufso!2222!1221!dpssftqpoet!up!11112121/ 8/! Xifo!uif!tfdpoe!bshvnfou!up!uif!epJu!nfuipe!jt!1-!xibu!jt!sfuvsofe!jt!uif!Ýstu!bshv. nfou/!Tp-!uif!tubufnfou!sfevdft!up!fwbmvbujoh!uif!tubufnfou!! !nzPck/epJu)! nzPck/epJu)3-! 7*-! 1*< ! Uijt!bhbjo!ibt!uif!tfdpoe!bshvnfou! 1/!Tp-!ju!fwbmvbuft!up! 73/ :/! Uif! dbtu! pqfsbups! ibt! ijhifs! qsfdfefodf! uibo! uif! 0! pqfsbups/! Tp-! xibu! jt! fwbmvbufe! jt! 8/105-!xijdi!zjfmet! 2 /86 / 25/! Nbui/sboepn)*! sfuvsot!b!epvcmf!wbmvf!uibu!jt!hsfbufs!uibo!ps!frvbm!up!1/1!cvu!mftt! uibo! 2/1/ 26/! Bo!pckfdu!sfgfsfodf!dbo!cf!ovmm!cvu-!ovmm!jt!opu!bo!pckfdu/!Jo!gbdu!uif!dpoejujpo! ! )ovmm! jotubodfpg! Pckfdu*!jt!bmxbzt!gbmtf/ 29/! Sfdvstjpo!jt!jnqmfnfoufe!vtjoh!tubdlt/!Bgufs!bmm!uif!gpvs!sfdvstjwf!dbmmt!up!nbhjd-!uif! tfdpoe!qsjou!tubufnfou!xjmm!cf!fyfdvufe!bt!nboz!)gpvs*!ujnft/!Tjodf!tubdl!npefmt!MJGP! )mbtu!jo!Ýstu!pvu*-!xibu!jt!qsjoufe!Ýstu!jt!xibu!xbt!qspdfttfe!mbtu!cz!uif!sfdvstjwf!dbmm/ 2:/! B!tvqfsdmbtt!jt!bmtp!dbmmfe!b!cbtf!dmbtt/ 31/! Pqujpo!)b*!jt!uif!qsfgfssfe!xbz/ 32/! Uif!pvuqvu!jt!Ï4/!Uif!}}!pqfsbups!epftoÔu!fwbmvbuf!jut!sjhiu!pqfsboe!jg!jut!mfgu!pqfsboe! fwbmvbufe!up!usvf/!Uif!Ýstu!uisff!dpoejujpot!fwbmvbuf!up!gbmtf/!Xifo!uif!gpvsui!dpoej. ujpo!jt!fwbmvbufe-!uif!wbmvf!pg!uif!wbsjbcmf!b!jt!9/!Tp-!uif!gpvsui!dpoejujpo!fwbmvbuft!up! usvf!)cfdbvtf!24!=!9!,!9!jt!usvf*/!Bt!b!dpotfrvfodf-!uif!mbtu!dpoejujpo!jt!opu!fwbmvbufe! )cfdbvtf!pg!uif!tipsu.djsdvju!obuvsf!pg!uif!}}!pqfsbups*/!Uif!jg!dpoejujpo!fwbmvbuft!up!usvf! boe!xibu!jt!qsjoufe!jt!c!Ï!b-!xijdi!jt!Ï4!)24!Ï!27*/ 33/! n,,!fwbmvbuft!up!4!boe!bt!b!tjef.fggfdu-!uif!wbmvf!pg!n!hfut!jodsfnfoufe!up!5/!Uif!,,n! fwbmvbuft!up!6/!Tp-!n,,!,!,,n!fwbmvbuft!up!9!)4,6*/ 34/! Vomjlf!D0D,,-!Kbwb!tvqqpsut!pomz!tjhofe!joufhfs!uzqft/ 35/! Boz!ovncfs!)puifs!uibo!1*!ejwjefe!cz!1/1!zjfmet!joÝojuz/!Uijt!jt!usfbufe!bt!bo!pwfsÞpx! fssps!jo!mbohvbhft!mjlf!D0D,,/!Jo!Kbwb-!uijt!jt!hjwfo!b!tqfdjbm!bddfqubcmf!wbmvf!dbmmfe! JoÝojuz/ 37/! Jg!zpv!tijgu!mfgu!b!cju!qbuufso!cz!pof!cju-!zpv!bsf!fttfoujbmmz!nvmujqmzjoh!ju!cz!3/!Tijgujoh! mfgu!cz!uxp!cjut-!jt!fttfoujbmmz!tbnf!bt!nvmujqmzjoh!cz!3-!uxp!ujnft/ 38/! Uif!>>!pqfsbups!dpnqbsft!uif!sfgfsfodft!)opu!xibu!uifz!bsf!sfgfssjoh!up*!gps!frvbmjuz/! Ifsf! xfs2!boe! xfs3-!bsf!uxp!ejggfsfou!sfgfsfodft/!Uifz!sfgfs!up!uxp!ejggfsfou!tusjoht! xijdi!ibqqfo!up!ibwf!uif!tbnf!dpoufout/
216
!
MCQs in Computer Science
39/! Uif!tfrvfodf!pg!joufhfst!uibu!jt!hfofsbufe!cz!uif!gps!mppq!bsf!1-!2-!6-!7-!8-!22-!23-!24-! 28-!29-!2:-!34-!35-!36-!fud/!Pg!uiftf-!uif!ovncfst!uibu!tbujtgz!uif!jg!dpoejujpo! )wbs&4! >>! 2*- !bsf!2-!8-!24-!2:-!36-!É!/!Jg!zpv!bobmz{f!uif!qbuufso-!uif!mbtu!ovncfs!jo!uijt! bsjuinfujd! qsphsfttjpo! jt! ::8/!Uif! ovncfs! pg! fmfnfout! jo! uif! tfrvfodf! 2-! 8-! 24-! 2:-! 36-!É-!::8!jt!278/ ! 3:/! Opuf!uibu!jo!mbohvbhft!mjlf!D0D,,-!uif!npevmp!pqfsbups!&!dbo!ublf!pomz!joufhfs!pqfs. boet/ ! 42/! Svoujnf!fydfqujpot!bsf!vofyqfdufe!fydfqujpot!uibu!bsf!dbvtfe!cz!uif!bqqmjdbujpo!mphjd/! Jo! Kbwb! ufsnjopmphz-! fsspst! bsf! vofyqfdufe! fydfqujpot! uibu! bsf! dbvtfe! cz! dpoejujpot! pvutjef!uif!dpef/ ! 44/! Uif! tfdpoe! pqujpo! jt! xspoh! cfdbvtf! ju! bmxbzt! qsjout! uif! hsbef! T! gps! boz! qfsdfoubhf! nbsl/ ! ! Jo!uif!mbtu!pqujpo-!sfnfncfs!uibu!xifo!zpv!ejwjef!bo!joufhfs!cz!bo!joufhfs-!zpv!hfu!bo! joufhfs/!Uif!gsbdujpobm!qbsu-!jg!boz-!jt!espqqfe!pgg!)opu!spvoefe*/ ! 45/! Kbwb!vtft!Vojdpef!dibsbdufst/!B!Vojdpef!dibsbdufs!jt!27.cju!mpoh-!boe!dbo!cf!sfqsftfoufe bt! ]vyyyy-! xifsf! fbdi! y! dbo! cf! 1Ï:! ps!BÏG/! Tp-! ]v4567! sfgfst! up! b! tjohmf! Vojdpef! dibsbdufs/!Tp-!jt! ]v89:2/ ! 47/! Ebohmjoh!sfgfsfodf!jt!uif!tdfobsjp!jo!xijdi!b!sfgfsfodf!jt!qpjoujoh!up!b!nfnpsz!mpdbujpo! uibu!)podf!ibe!cvu!opx*!ibt!op!nfbojohgvm!ebub/ ! 51/! Ju!jt!uif!cmpdl ! !! !|wbs2joUijse!>!NzDmbtt/uispxNfUibu)Ñ++J!bn!wbs2joUijse++Ò*! c!>!d!xjmm!cf!usfbufe!bt!b!>!)c!>!d*/ ! 67/! Uif!vobsz!pqfsbups!"!ibt!npsf!qsfdfefodf!uibo!uif!cjobsz!pqfsbups!''/!Uif!dpoejujpo )"!b''b* !xjmm!cf!joufsqsfufe!bt!)!)"b*!''!b*/ !Uijt!fwbmvbuft!up!gbmtf/!Opuf!uibu! uif!dpoejujpo! )")b''b**!fwbmvbuft!up!usvf/ ! 68/! Ju!qsjout!.239/!Uif!ebubuzqf!czuf!vtft!2!czuf!up!tupsf!jut!wbmvf/!Uif!sbohf!pg!wbmvft!uibu! dbo!cf!tupsfe!jt-!gspn!Ï239!up!238/!Bgufs!238-!ju!dzdmft!cbdl!up!Ï239/!Opuf!uibu!Ï23:! dzdmft!cbdl!up!238/ ! 6:/! .2/10Epvcmf/QPTJUJWF`JOGJOJUZ!hjwft!b!ofhbujwf!ovncfs!uibu!jt!wfsz!dmptf!up!1/! B!ofhbujwf!ovncfs!uibu!jt!bscjusbsjmz!dmptf!up!1/1!jt!hjwfo!b!tqfdjbm!bddfqubcmf!wbmvf!dbmmfe! Ï1/1/
Programming with Java
!
!
! ! ! !
74/! Uif!czuf!ebubuzqf!offet!2!czuf!pg!tupsbhf/!Uif!cju!sfqsftfoubujpo!pg!,45!jt!11211121/! Tp-!45!ibt!uif!sfqsftfoubujpo!22122212/!Uif!gbdu!uibu!uif!nptu!tjhojÝdbou!cju!jt!2!jo. ejdbuft!uibu!uijt!jt!b!ofhbujwf!ovncfs/!Kbwb!vtft!3Ôt!dpnqmfnfou!up!sfqsftfou!ofhbujwf! ovncfst/!Uif!3Ôt!dpnqmfnfou!cju!qbuufso!22122212!dpssftqpoet!up!11211122/ 76/! Uif!tfrvfodf!pg!joufhfst!uibu!bsf!hfofsbufe!cz!uif!gps!mppq!bsf!1-!5-!9-!23-!27-!É-!::7/!Pg! uiftf-!uif!ovncfst!uibu!tbujtgz!uif!jg!dpoejujpo-! )wbs&4!>>!2*!bsf!5-!27-!39-!É!/!Jg!zpv! bobmz{f!uif!qbuufso-!uif!mbtu!ovncfs!jo!uijt!bsjuinfujd!qsphsfttjpo!jt!:99/!Uif!ovncfs!pg! fmfnfout!jo!uif!tfrvfodf!5-!27-!39-!É-!:99!jt!94/ 77/! Uif!pvuqvu!jt!Ï4/ 78/! Uif! dpoejujpo! k=>j-! xjmm! tvddffe! pomz! Ýwf! ujnft-! xifo! uif! wbmvft! pg! j! bsf! 1-! 2-! 3- ! 4-! 5 -!boe-!uif!wbmvf!pg! k !jt! 1 / 79/! Tuspohmz.uzqfe!nfbot!uibu!b!wbsjbcmf!offet!up!cf!efdmbsfe!cfgpsf!cfjoh!vtfe/ 7:/! Nbovbmmz!usbdjoh!uif!wbmvft!pg!uif!wbsjbcmft!mpx-!ijhi-!nje-!boe!xfs\nje^-!xjmm! gbdjmjubuf!Ýoejoh!uif!pvuqvu/!MfuÔt!vtf!uif!gpmmpxjoh!ubcmf!up!lffq!usbdl!pg!uiftf!wbsj. bcmft/
!
!
mpx!
ijhi!
nje!
xfs\nje^
! ! !
! ! !
1! 6! 6!
9! 9! 6!
5! 7! 6!
: 24 22
!
!
! Bu!uijt!qpjou!jo!fyfdvujpo-!uif!dpoejujpo! mpx! ?! ijhi !xjmm!gbjmc-! b?c-! boe! b=c /!! When a=b , the call myObj.doIt(a, myObj.doIt(a, b)) reduces to the call myObj.doIt(a, 0) . This returns a. When ab , the call myObj.doIt(a, myObj.doIt(a, b)) reduces to the call myObj.doIt(a, a-b). Note that a > a–b. So, myObj.doIt(a, a-b) returns a-(a-b), which is b. In all the three possible cases, we get the minimum of a and b.
! ! ! 318/! Pof!tjnqmf-!zfu!qpxfsgvm!ufdiojrvf!up!bssjwf!bu!uif!botxfs!jt!up!sfbmj{f!uif!gbdu!uibu!uif! qptjujwf! ejggfsfodf! pg! b! boe! c-! nvtu! cf! tbnf! bt! uif! qptjujwf! ejggfsfodf! pg! c! boe! b/! Uijt!jnqmjft!uibu!uif!botxfs!nvtu!mppl!uif!tbnf!jg!b!jt!sfqmbdfe!cz!c-!boe!c!jt!sfqmbdfe! cz! b/ ! ! ! Bopuifs!xbz!jt!up!tipx!uibu!bmm!uif!uisff!qpttjcjmjujft!b>c-!b?c-!boe!b=c-!sfuvso! uif!qptjujwf!ejggfsfodf!pg!b!boe!c/! Gps!npsf!jogpsnbujpo-!sfgfs!up!uif!fyqmbobujpo!gps! uif!qsfwjpvt!rvftujpo/ ! 319/! Jo!uif!Vojdpef!dibsbdufs!tfu-!ÓBÔ!jt!76!boe!ÓbÔ!jt!:8/!Tjodf!uif!mpxfsdbtf!bmqibcfut!bsf dpoujhvpvt! boe! uif! vqqfsdbtf! bmqibcfut! bsf! dpoujhvpvt-! b! usbotmbujpo! pg! ÓbÔ! .! ÓBÔ! xjmm! dibohf! uif! vqqfsdbtf! up! mpxfsdbtf/! Tjodf! xf! xbou! up! qsjou! b! dibsbdufs-! fyqmjdju! dpowfstjpo!jt!sfrvjsfe/!Opuf!uibu! )dibs*! joq! ,! ÓbÔ! .! ÓBÔ! xjmm!opu!tfswf!uif! qvsqptf! cfdbvtf! ju! bqqmjft! uif! dpowfstjpo! up! uif! dibsbdufs! joq-! xijdi! epftoÔu! nblf! tfotf/!Jo!gbdu!ju!xjmm!sftvmu!jo!uif!qsjoujoh!pg! 211!)79,:8.76*/
224
MCQs in Computer Science
! 31:/! Uif!pqfsbups!Ï!dbo!cf!vtfe!bt!vobsz!ps!cjobsz/!Uif!pqfsbups! ,,! dbo!cf!vtfe!gps!qsf. jodsfnfou!ps!qptu.jodsfnfou/!Uif!pqfsbups!'! dbo!cf!vtfe!gps!cjuxjtf!BOE!ps!cppmfbo! BOE/!Uif!pqfsbups! ,! dbo!cf!vtfe!bt!vobsz!ps!cjobsz/ ! 321/! Uif!hjwfo!tubufnfou!jt! y! >! y! Ï! z! ,! y< ! ! Uijt!jt!tbnf!bt-! y! >! y! Ï! )z.y*< !xijdi!jt! y! .>! z! Ï! y! < ! 322/! Ifsf!jt!uif!frvjwbmfou! txjudi!tubufnfou/ switch(ch){ case 'a': System.out.println("It is a"); break; case 'e': System.out.println("It is e"); break; case 'i': System.out.println("It is i"); break; case 'o': System.out.println("It is o"); break; case 'u': System.out.println("It is u"); break; default: System.out.println("It is a consonant"); ! !! !} ! 323/! Cpui! bhft\1^! boe! bhft\2^!bsf! gbmtf/! ! ! gbmtf!>>! gbmtf!jt! usvf/ ! 324/! Gjstu-!uif!op.bsh!dpotusvdups!jo!uif!dmbtt! Ghik!jt!dbmmfe/!Uijt-!jo!uvso-!dbmmt!uif!3.bsh! dpotusvdups! jo! uif! dmbtt! Ghik/! Uijt-! jo! uvso-! dbmmt! uif! 3.bsh! dpotusvdups! jo! uif! dmbtt! Bcde -! xijdi! dbmmt! uif! op.bsh! dpotusvdups! jo! uif! dmbtt! Bcde ! boe! uifo! fyfdvuft! uif! Tubufnfou! D / ! 325/! Uif!wbsjbcmf! n-!cfjoh!b!nfncfs!wbsjbcmf-!jt!jojujbmj{fe!up! 1!cz!efgbvmu/!Uijt!wbmvf!jt! opu!vqebufe!cz!boz!puifs!tubufnfou/ ! 327/! Xibu!jt!vmujnbufmz!dbmmfe!jt!uif!op.bsh!dpotusvdups!pg!uif!dmbtt!Bcde/!Uijt!dbmmt!uif!op.bsh dpotusvdups!pg!uif! Pckfdu!dmbtt/!Xibu!jt!qsjoufe!jt!uif!efgbvmu!wbmvf!uibu!jt!bttjhofe! up!uif!nfncfs!wbsjbcmf! n-!xijdi!jt! 1/! ! 331/! Uxp!ovncfst!bsf!sfmbujwf!qsjnft!jg!uifjs!HDE!jt!2/!Uijt!qsphsbn!qsjout!2!xifofwfs!uif bshvnfout!bsf!sfmbujwf!qsjnft/ ! 334/! Ejwjejoh!bo!joufhfs!cz!bo!joufhfs!zjfmet!bo!joufhfs/!Boz!gsbdujpobm!qbsu!xjmm!cf!espqqfe/! Op!spvoejoh!ublft!qmbdf/ ! 336/! Pqfsboet!bsf!bmxbzt!fwbmvbufe!gspn!mfgu!up!sjhiu/!Podf!uif!pqfsboet!bsf!fwbmvbufe-!uif bttpdjbujwjuz!boe!qsfdfefodf!pg!uif!pqfsbupst!ejdubuf!uif!psefs!jo!xijdi!uif!fwbmvbufe! wbmvft!pg!uif!pqfsboet!xjmm!cf!vtfe/ ! 337/! Boz!ovncfs!)puifs!uibo!1*!ejwjefe!cz!1/1!zjfmet!joÝojuz/!Xibu!ep!zpv!hfu!jg!zpv!ejwjef! 1/1!cz!1/1@!B!tqfdjbm!bddfqubcmf!wbmvf!dbmmfe!ObO-!xijdi!tuboet!gps!Opu!b!Ovncfs/ ! 338/! Jo!Tubufnfou!2-!uif!epvcmf!wbmvf!3/2!)cz!efgbvmu!uijt!mjufsbm!jt!dpotjefsfe!up!cf!pg!ebubuzqf! epvcmf*!dboopu!cf!dpowfsufe!up!Þpbu!xjuipvu!bo!fyqmjdju!dbtu/!Zpv!dbo!dpssfdu!uijt!cz! tqfdjgzjoh!fjuifs! 3/2g! ps! )Þpbu*3/2/!Jo!Tubufnfou!4-!uif!epvcmf!wbmvf!3/2!dboopu! cf!dpowfsufe!up!mpoh!xjuipvu!bo!fyqmjdju!dbtu/!Zpv!dbo!dpssfdu!uijt!cz!tqfdjgzjoh!)mpoh*! 3/2/!Opuf!uibu!tqfdjgzjoh!3/2!bt!3/2M!epftoÔu!xpsl/ ! 339/! Uif! czuf! ebubuzqf! offet! 2! czuf! pg! tupsbhf/! Kbwb! vtft! 3Ôt! dpnqmfnfou! up! sfqsftfou! ofhbujwf! ovncfst/! Qptjujwf! ovncfst! ibwf! uif! tbnf! gpsn! jo! boz! sfqsftfoubujpo/! Cju! sfqsftfoubujpo!pg!62!jt!11221122/!Cju!sfqsftfoubujpo!pg!42!jt!11122222/! wbs2_wbs3! jt! 11221122! _! 11122222/! Uijt! jt! 11212211! )2_2! jt! 1-! 2_1! jt! 2-! 1_1! jt! 1*-! xijdi! jt! frvjwbmfou!up!55/!
Programming with Java
225
! 33:/! Uif!>>!pqfsbups!dpnqbsft!uif!sfgfsfodft!)opu!xibu!uifz!bsf!sfgfssjoh!up*!gps!frvbmjuz/! Ifsf! xfs2! boe! xfs3-! sfgfs! up! uxp! ejggfsfou! bssbzt! xijdi! ibqqfo! up! ibwf! uif! tbnf! dpoufout/ ! 343/! Vomjlf!D0D,,-!Kbwb!hvbsboufft!uibu!pqfsboet!jo!bo!fyqsfttjpo!bsf!bmxbzt!fwbmvbufe!gspn! mfgu!up!sjhiu/!Podf!uif!pqfsboet!bsf!fwbmvbufe-!uif!bttpdjbujwjuz!boe!qsfdfefodf!pg!uif! pqfsbupst!ejdubuf!uif!psefs!jo!xijdi!uif!fwbmvbufe!wbmvft!pg!uif!pqfsboet!xjmm!cf!vtfe/ ! 344/! Xijdi!jt!dpssfdu!xjmm!cf!pcwjpvt!jg!zpv!fyqsftt!fbdi!pqujpo!vtjoh!jg0fmtf/!Uif!mbtu! pqujpo-!jg!fyqsfttfe!uibu!xbz-!sfbetif ((a-b)>0) return (a-c)>0 ? a : c; else ! !! ! return (b-c)>0 ? b : c; ! 345/! Jg! pvu!jt!opu!efdmbsfe! tubujd!uifo!xf!offe!up!dsfbuf!bo!pckfdu!up!vtf! pvu/! pvu!boe! qsjou !xjmm!opu!cf!bddfttjcmf!jg!uif!tfdpoe!boe!uif!uijse!pqujpot!bsf!opu!usvf/!Bo!bc. tusbdu!nfuipe!ibt!op!jnqmfnfoubujpo/ ! 346/! Uif!dpoejujpo! k?j-!xjmm!gbjm!uif!wfsz!Ýstu!ujnf!cfdbvtf! j>1!boe! k>1/!Uijt!sftvmut!jo! uif! fyfdvujpo! pg! uif! csfbl! mbcfm212345/ ! 383/! Dpnqmbjot!bcpvu!uif!evqmjdbuf!mpdbm!wbsjbcmf!j/!Opuf!uibu!D0D,,!qfsnju!uijt/ ! 384/! Uif!Ýstu!uxp!pqujpot!xjmm!opu!fwfo!dpnqjmf!cfdbvtf!uif!wbsjbcmf!j!jt!opu!wjtjcmf!pvutjef! uif!gps!mppq/!Uif!uijse!pqujpo!sftvmut!jo!joÝojuf!mppqjoh!/ ! 385/! Uif!fyqsfttjpo!xjmm!cf!fwbmvbufe!bt-!b! .>! )! b! ,>! )! b! .>! )b! ,>! b*! *! */! ! !Uijt!jt-!!b! .>! )! b! ,>! )! b! .>! 21*! */!Uif!wbmvf!pg!b!jt!tujmm!6/ ! ! Uijt!jt-!!b! .>! )! b! ,>! .6! */ ! !Uijt!jt-!!b! .>! 1-!xijdi!jt!6/ ! 386/! Xibu!jt!nbojqvmbufe!cz!uif!epJu!nfuipe!jt!opu!b!dpqz!pg!uif!bssbz!nzBss-!cvu!uif! bssbz!nzBss!jutfmg/ ! 387/! Nbui/sboepn)*!sfuvsot!b!epvcmf!wbmvf!uibu!jt!hsfbufs!uibo!ps!frvbm!up!1/1!cvu!mftt! uibo!2/1/!Uif!Ýstu!boe!uif!uijse!pqujpot!hfofsbuf!sboepn!joufhfst!jo!uif!sbohf!21!up! 5:!)cpui!jodmvtjwf*/ ! 388/! Zpv! dboopu! dbmm! b! opo.tubujd! nfuipe! gspn! b! tubujd! nfuipe/! Uif! fssps! nfttbhf xjmm!cf!Ï!Dboopu! nblf! b! tubujd! sfgfsfodf! up! uif! opo.tubujd! nfuipe! epJu)jou*! gspn! uif! uzqf! UftuGjstuBqq/ ! 389/! mfohui!jt!b!nfuipe!obnf!jo!uif!Tusjoh!dmbtt!cvu!bo!jotubodf!wbsjbcmf!xifo!efbmjoh! xjui!bssbz!pckfdut/
7
Ebub!Tusvduvsft! boe! Bmhpsjuint
+2/
Fig. 6.1
b! c! Ï! d! e! +! , 2-3-4-É ,-! Ï-! +-! b-! c-! d-! e b-! c-! d-! e-! Ï-! +-! ,
b-! Ï-! c-! ,-! d-! +-! e Ï-! b-! c-! ,-! +-! d-! e
+3/
Fig. 6.2
Data Structures and Algorithms
229
41 41
6 21
!
4/ $ %
" #
% %
% $ % & B-C-D ( ') 9-! 33-! 8-! :-! 42-! 2:-!
%
+5/ '(
'$
6- 24 '' +7/ *
'$ + " #
6/
'% " #
'&
,
, ´
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
. /' 8/ ! qvti)2*-! qvti)3*-! qpq-! qvti)m*-! qvti)3*-! qpq-! qpq-! qpq-! qvti)3*-! qpq-! 0 ! 3-! 3-! 2-! 2-! 3 3-!3-!2-!3-!3 3-! 2-! 3-! 3-! 2 3-!2-!3-!3-!3 +9/ 1 ') 0 0 2 (% , 3' 34 , & +:/ 1
, , -
,
5 , 3 '6
(
%
') , '6
, '4
+21/
'4 ,
" #
mph)o,2*! Ï! 2 ph)oÏ2*! ,! 2 +22/ 7& 8%
Fig. 6.4
mph mph)o* mph)o*! ,! 2 9
S4 S2 S5 S6 S3
Fig. 6.3
, -
S7 S1
MCQs in Computer Science
230
:
; *1 = $)'' ? @
+23/ :
7& 7&
!
8% 8% ,
> A A
@
+24/ $( +25/ 1 )
( : %
+26/ B$ 27/
0 , , $4 $ g g)lfz* >! lfz! npe! 8 0 , 48-! 49-! 83-! 59-! :9-! 22-! 670 , ''> & 5 ! " # /' B $ .' B $ " # + Ê ˆ C D' ÁË ˜¯ . $ C'
,
') $6 ( .' ,
q-r $
%
! +28/ E !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
F C) /
G .
%
!
, ´
% ´ % %´ +29/ 3 G2-G3-G4-G5-G6 G7 ')) $)) 5) ) '$) '5) , , + >1 ! , G4-! G5-! G2-! G6-! G7-! G3 G3-! G7-! G6-! G2-! G5-! G4 G2-! G3-! G4-! G5-! G6-! G7 H ! , +2:/ 8 ' $( $5( $6% $') N3 +31/ 1 $ N2 N3 N2 g)o* h)o* nby)g)o*-h)o** njo)g)o*-h)o** g)o*! ,! h)o* g)o*! ´! h)o*
Data Structures and Algorithms
?
32/
H -
+
,
" #
+33/ Cd .
/' £'
+
D'
$
34/
+35/ +36/ 37/
231
%
& B2-B3-B4-B5 mph)o*-!mph)mph)o**-!omph)o*-o0mph)o* > Bm B3 B5 , % '$ '% 5 , & '$ '% '& - , ' C /' . D'
, : B4 '5 '5 +
,
!
,
' $
38/ 3 + 0 39/ , ,
==3:/ 1
-
, ,
!
,0 , -
! +41/ 1 ) '$ ) & ) '5 ) ) $ '5
) $5 % )'
,
b-c-d-e-f ,
!
%$'4
MCQs in Computer Science
232
!
42/
%>
H ,d
H ,c
! +43/ C
/' .
H ,e
d , /$ /
/%
D%
$
! +44/ 1
:
1 0 ! #
45/
-
! *1 = $)''
>
# - ,
-
- , - ,
, ?
! +46/
" #
' -
! +47/ !
-
& (
5 & (
$I%/ &.5 0
6 (
0 > 6 % $
Data Structures and Algorithms
,
48/
,
0
233
,
49/ J
0
: ,
?
>
3
K ,
+4:/ $ B%
B5
''B4
''B(
51/ : ,
,>
?
3
52/ J
0
'5
53/ 1 ,
8
, ! 0 0 ,
0
0
,
-
+54/
0
J
4
-
& $ )
&)
55/ :
&4
%
L ; ?
,
,
>
, #
,
56/ :
- , L
8 3
omph)o*>
0
57/ :
, !
>
L
8 3
0
F M0 # A #
2 , # : #
+58/ :
>
2
! +59/
''' '))
(5
'') )''
Fig. 6.5
MCQs in Computer Science
234
,
! +5:/
5
(
2
((
3
0
4 5 8
! +61/ ' % 62/ 3 0 , 1 , ,
&6
$ & b-!c-!d , 0
b
0 ,
1
0 >
b-! c-! d c! b! d d! b! c
c! d! b b! c! d 0
!
+63/
Fig. 6.6
&
' $&
'$
$'
+64/ 1
'& !
, , N)9
/ 'O
E
, -
!
, +
/'
C' )£ £
2
/$
Ï1 + Li +1 if A[i ] < A[i + 1] C Ì Otherwise Ó 1 2 :
,
, ;
!
K -
S /' *1 = $)''
)
'
, - , ,
- ,
! 65/ :
M > o! y! )jÏ2*! ,! k n! y! )oÏk*! ,! k
M
´
,
n! y! )kÏ2*! ,! j o! y! )nÏj*! ,! k
66/ 3 ,+
,
+
-
Data Structures and Algorithms
235
Statement for Linked Answer Questions 56 and 57: (Carry Two Marks Each) 1 * T = D$ ' $ S , )GU / U£$ = . 1 C&
Fig. 6.7
+67/ :
K3 > 1 '' 12
*1 = $)'' $
$
/5
+68/
/
5
''
.'
( / ''
$ .'
K3
(
$5
! %'
C ') &'
+
69/ ,
,
+ i -'
Â
i -'
/
.' .
/
.'
K =' i -'
Â
K ='
! +6:/
+71/
Â
/
.' .
/
/
.' .
/
K =' i -'
/
.' .
- ! bc! ,! de! Ï! + bc! ,! de! +! Ï! ,
/
.'
Â
K ='
- +! ,! b! c! Ï! d! e bc! de! ,! Ï! + bc! ,! Ï! de! +
!! $
! +72/ ! ! +73/ 1
' % & 4
') ,
6 ')
, $
, )(
)'
)$ ,!
! +74/ -
'
: &>
)5 1
236
MCQs in Computer Science
&
5 '))
! +75/ 1 ')W ) &5 )% !
$ :
,
> )5 ) %&
76/ :
0
-
0
#
,
>
,
77/ :
-
,
0
-
, >
, 3 < 78/ A 0 3 ! 3 !
,
,
+ + -
!
+
;
#
!
,
+79/ :
, , ,
, >
*1 = $)''
) ! +7:/ E ' $ %
!
' %´% M , ' %
, %
X $
1 2n ◊ Cn n +1
Data Structures and Algorithms
2
! +81/
(
: $ D! E! F> E F
0 , F
' B! C!
E
Fig. 6.8
8
+82/! 0 F
237
'
4) ,
E
E
83/ :
B!C!D!E!F
$ F
,
,
,
> 2
! +84/
A (6
: B! C! D! E
!
C! B! D! E
*
8
> C! B! E! D
B!C!E!D
!! Fig. 6.9
Fig. 6.10
2
! +85/
( ')
:
>
! +86/ 2
( ''
!
' $&
$) $$
87/ K ! 0
,
0 ,
Fig. 6.11
!
MCQs in Computer Science
238
+88/ :
, '
$
%
C$
'
$
%B$
C
C
%
! +89/ 2
$
&
+ H H
! +8:/ 1
H H
. ,
+
.
C
$
!
. $
/
$
!
- , *1 = $)''
&>
$ ,
91/ / .
- - B! ,! C! +! )! D! ,! E! *! 0! G! ,! E! +! F )b*!B! C! ,! D! E! ,! +! G! 0! E! ,! F! + ! )c*!B! C! D! E! ,! +! G! 0! ,! E! F! +! , ! )d*!B! +! C! ,! D! E! 0! G! +! E! F! ,! , ! )e*!B! ,! +! C! D! E! 0! G! +! E! F! ,! , ! +93/ : > J/ 1 JJ/ ; JJJ/ - , ! 0 H JW/ ? , 0 92/
$
T ,
! +94/ !
%
D-C-B %
!
6
5 D%
95/ &
!
4
%
96/ : -
$ + +
! +
' ,0 , ,
R! $
+98/
>
0
3 !
+ , *1 = $)'$
I97/ $ R!
$
R -
R *1 = $)'$
C$ C$
/$ .$ B$ . '
C$ C$
/' . /' .'
Data Structures and Algorithms
+99/ E
')
239
'5 ,
! % +9:/! E :
*1 = $)'$ &
5
1
USVF@! 1 CX : 1 C : :1/ , 0
+
:
BMXBZT! *1 = $)'$ 1 1
CR : C :
+ '
:2/ 3
(
,
$
%
0 ,
! +:3/ ,
')) ' ,
, :
$)
) )5
1
')))
0 >
')
)' *1 = $)'$
+:4/ :
¢
+:5/! E , !
E
¢
MCQs in Computer Science
240
¢ USVF@!
¢ :
,
*1 = $)'$ $
¢C ¢C ¢¹ @
¢C ¢G $ ¢C $ ?
! +:6/
E
8
:9/ 8 -
! +::/
!
b! C Ïc b! C c
2
( '$
' b C Ïc b! C c
fC) fC)
!+211/ 1
0
fC' fCm
, , , /' /' /' /'
/$ /$ /$ /$
S S S S
/ / / /
/$ /' /$ /'
/' /' /' /'
B B B B
/' /'
Fig. 6.12
! 212/ 0
! 0 ,
! 213/ &)
&'
0 , , +214/ 3
0 , !
1 2;H@
,
, -
/' ,
, ;=1; , ;=1; C 2;H@ C )
Data Structures and Algorithms
! ! !"" ! ! !""9 ;=1;.' CC 2;H@ #9 ;=1; CC 2;H@ !""9 ;=1; CC 2;H@ #9 ;=1;.' CC 2;H@ , /'
215/
#
241
*1 = $)'$ !""9 ;=1;.' CC 2;H@ #9 2;H@ .' CC ;=1; !""9 2;H@ .' CC ;=1; #9 ;=1; CC 2;H@ .'
$ /' ,
- ,
216/ C B$ . C $ B$ . C B$ . C B$ . ! 217/ 1
0 , : ! 2-3-4-5-6> 4-! 5-! 6-! 2-! 3 2-! 6-! 3-! 4-! 5
! 218/ :
!
F, F ! 219/ E 0
!
4-! 5-! 6-! 3-! 2 6-! 5-! 4-! 2-! 3 ! 0 ? 0 0 * ,
>
, -
,
21:/ :
> H
,
? *
-
,
-
0
,
,
,
!
F !+221/ -
.
B$
222/ C
%
)£
G ') )))
)£
G '))
$
$
C $
:
B %
$
.5 > $ $
% $
,
MCQs in Computer Science
242
!+223/ 1 %
,
,
-
,%
( ')
%$'4
+224/ E
'%
( , '5
&
!
%)
*1 = $)'$ %()
6)
! 225/ 1 1 ? 8 0 K F 1$ ?& 1% ?& I226/ 1
H H !+227/ 1
$
' $ % & ' F% $ F'
* , F F, F 1% ?& 1& ?' -
! ' F$ $ F%
*1 = $)'$
H $ H $ /' $ % & 5 ( 4 :
.
, > 5%'$&4 ( 5%$&'(4
!
5%'$(&64 5%'$&4(
228/ E
, ' C' C$ >
: C O( CH
C' ë B$û .
)
$
CH @
+229/ % >1
: ,
, F M0
,
# -
, *1 = $)'$
Fig. 6.13
3F
3?F
31 F
31 =
Data Structures and Algorithms
!+22:/! 1
5
243
')5
, $)(
('
&)
6$(
+231/ E *1 = $))4 6 ')
5
6 ')
5 F1*
+232/
( (
& C \' $ % & 5 (^
9
*1 = $))4
Fig. 6.14
: '$%&5( ,
+233/!
@H '%$&5( -
$ /' -
$
'
5
'/'
%$&'(5 ,
,
'
+234/
> '%$&(5
/'
$
'.'
' /'
*1 = $))4 $'.'
, *1 = $))4 % - ,> *1 = $))4
&
!+235/ : K 8
? 3
0
+236/! :
= 1 , 1
6) ,
>
*1 = $))4
$5
@ - -
+237/!
0 $ % _ B $ % I . 5 'I /
@
_
-
I ( ' +238/! e! c! f! b! g! d! h
5 4
% $ , b! c! e! f! d! g! h
0 *1 = $))4 ' 5 *1 = $))4 ,
MCQs in Computer Science
244
, e! f! c! g! h! d! b f! e! c! g! h! d! b +
!+239/! % .&
4 1 !
>@ / / / / / ') ' / / / / / %
/
+23:/! , F M0 A
%
# %
F23
+241/! 1 (
, C &'
( C ')
%
f! e! c! h! g! d! b e! f! g! h! c! d! b - + , , ' % ') , *1 = $))4 ' ') / / / % ' ') / / / % % , - , , *1 = $))4 : # A ?23 % E , > *1 = $))4 5 ( *1 = $))4
& ) !jou! hde)o-! n* !! | !! ! jg! )o&n! >>! 1*! sfuvso! n< !! ! o! >! o&n< !! ! sfuvso! hde)n-o*< !! ~ , , > R X R $ $ $ +243/! : " # > ! !! !jou EpTpnfuijoh )jou! o*! | ! !! !! ! jg! )o! =>! 3* ! !! !! ! ! sfuvso! 2; ! !! !! ! fmtf ! !! !! ! sfuvso)EpTpnfuijoh! )Þpps)trsu)o***! , o*< ! !! !~ R R R $ $ $ +244 , # 3 , ,
+242/! ! !! ! !! ! !! ! !! ! !! ! !! L
R +245/! E E
$
R
$
$
:
R *1 = $))4
R
$
$
*1 = $))4 R $
R 21E3=>
*1 = $))4
Data Structures and Algorithms
, =
245
,
, ,
+246/! 1
,
:
;
$
+247/! ! !! !jou! ! !! !! ! !! !! ! !! !! ! !! !!! ! !! !! ! !! !! ! !! !! E :
9 *1 = $))4 JtQsjnf)o* | ! jou! j-o< ! gps! )j > 3< j => trsu )o*< j,,* ! ! jg! )o & j! >>! 1* ! ! ! |qsjoug! )ÑOpu! Qsjnf]oÒ* CX
CH C
CX'
C
CX
@ ?
+248/!
.
*
0
4 , (%
*1 = $))4
* / '5 /$
6 , > (&
+
'7 , 0
( ,
(4
*1 = $))4 (
Statement for Linked Answer Questions 138 and 139: 3
,
+249/! :
L ) ') '') ''') '''') ''''' '' ') )' ))' )))' ))))
+24:/! : %
$ ' 45
> *1 = $))4 '' ') )'' )') ))' ))) '') ')) )') ))) ))' ''' 8 '% > *1 = $))4 $ $5 ' 6%45
MCQs in Computer Science
246
?
+251/!
2
3
!
H
*1 = $)) M
N
Q
R
O
P
Fig. 6.15
K@HA8;
@8KAH;
B$
, R
R ! ! !! !! !! !! ! ! ! !! !! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! !! !
8K@A;H
8K@AH;
!
+252/!
*1 = $)) R '
R
The next two questions are based on the following two C functions: !! ! jou! g2! )jou! o* !! ! | !! ! ! jg! )o>>1! }}! o>>2* !! ! ! ! sfuvso! o< !! ! ! fmtf !! ! ! ! sfuvso! )3+g2)o.2*! ,! 4+g2)o.3**< !! ! ~ !! ! jou! g3)jou! o* !! ! | !! ! ! jou! j< !! ! ! jou! Y\O^-! Z\O^-! [\O^< !! ! !! Y\1^! >! Z\1^! >! [\1^! >! 1< !! ! !! Y\2^>234< !! ! !! gps! )j! >! 3-! j! =>! o! Z\j.2^! ,! [\j.3^< !! ! ! ! Z\j^! >! 3! +! Y\j^< !! ! ! !! [\j^! >! 4! +! Y\j^< !! ! !! ~ !! ! ! sfuvso! Y\o^< !~ '
+253/! r r +254/! '
$
r r $
r $ r $
'(&) '(&)
56 '(&)
r r $
$ '((' '(&)
56 '(('
Data Structures and Algorithms
E +255/! :
The next two questions are based on the following information. , ,> C $ /' C ë B $û . ' C ë B $û . C /' . /$
+256
247
)
5
5
4
'(
The next two questions are based on the following information. / * %C\ ' $ % ^ + % :> 1 , $ ? , , +.`N O ' £ £ ) £ £ + ; *1 = $))6 r $ r r r $ +262/! : B ? /2 > *1 = $))6 A 1 , , 8 2 , , A , 8 , ? A 8 @ A 8 +263/! , 9 *1 = $))6 n£3 Ïn Ô C Ì Ê nˆ ÔÓT ÁË 3 ˜¯ + cn otherwise
MCQs in Computer Science
248
:
- , q q 0 , '$ ' '% $ % $% 5 ') : ) ' $ $ % $% & 5 '5 ( 4 ' 6
+264/!
) ' $ % & 5 ( 4 6 +265/! :
q
>
$
q
'5
, '
C
$
, ')
>
*1 = $))6 ) ' $ % & 5 ( 4
'$ '% 5
' 6 ) ' $ % & 5 ( 4
'$ '% $ % $% 5 ' '5
'$ $ '% % $% 5 '5
' 6
-
, 1TE
4
) % 9
$ !+266/
*1 = $))6 5
&
b
e
2
5
5 6
a
>1
6
d
4
g
3 6
3
4
5
c
f
6
Fig. 6.16
:
@H 7
0 #
! >
*1 = $))6
Data Structures and Algorithms
$ $ !
+267/!
249
$ $
0
B& :
q
- ,
q
$
q ,
+268/! ,
: - ,
,
- ,
- , ; !
, ,
! 0 > *1 = $))6 q $ b *1 = $))6 ,
-
,
- ,
,
The next two questions are based on the following information. 1
! ,
! : -
,
M
! !
,
2
+269/! :
! "
,N O ) E 3
2N O ,N O
2N O
"
E 3 ,N O 2N O 9 m)j-k*! >! 1-! jg! fjuifs! j>1! ps! k>1 ! ! !! !! >! fyqs2-! jg! j-k?1! boe! Y\j.2^! >! Z\k.2^ ! !! !! >! fyqs3-! jg! j-k?1! boe! Y\j.2^! ¹! Z\k.2^ : > !fyqs2! º! m)j! .! 2-! k*! ,! 2 ! !! !fyqs2! º! m)j-! k! .! 2* !fyqs3! º! nby! )m)j! .! 2-! k*-! m)j-k.2** ! !! !fyqs3! º! nby! )m)j! .! 2-! k! .! 2*! -! m)j-k** !+26:/! " , , " , N C .' 3C .' N OC" : ;
\$5 '& '% '( ') \$5 '& '$ '% ')
! > \'& '% '$ ') ^ \'& '% '$ ')^
\'& '$ '% \'& '% '$
C & 4
+273/! E
G
!
-
\$5 '$ '( '% ') \$5 '& '( '% ')
M
y
F
C
Âi
d
*1 = $))6 '$^ '(^
')^ ')^
¥d
d
y% Cy
%
*1 = $)') ½3½ C $ ½ ½ ½3½ C ½ ½ ,
+274/!
½3½ C ½ ½ / ' ½3½ C ½ ½ . ' ,
=
,
: -
,
>
)
'
/ ' B$
0
+275 A 0
!
) )))' :
$
A 0
!
> '$
')
(
.
!+276/!
0 ,
'
0 ,
,
>
$
%
!
+277/!
&
! :
!
*1 = $)') /' ') ') ') A 0 *1 = $)') 5 5 :
!
, > 4 ( 5 & & % $ ' 4 ( ( & & % $ $
( ( ( ( % % $ $ T 4 4 ( & $ ' ' T ,
T
T
The next two questions are based on the following information: -+
\
^
\) ' $ % &^ =
,+
Data Structures and Algorithms
Ê0 Á1 + C ÁÁ 8 Á1 ÁË 4 !+278/! : )
1 0 12 4 9
8 12 0 7 3
251
4ˆ 9˜ 3 ˜˜ 2˜ 0˜¯
1 4 7 0 2
> 4
6 5
+279/! : 5
%
') -'
-$
>
4
6
')
The next two questions are based on the following information. 1
'
') 1
(
) ' $ % & 5 ( 4
C
')
,
&$ $% %& 5$ &( %%
6 +27:/! :
0 , >
&( &$ %& 5$ $% %% &( %& &$ $% 5$ %% +281/! L ,
%& &$ $% 5$ %% &( &$ &( %% $% %& 5$ !
0 , >
')
$)
%)
&)
+282/! 0 ,
ifjhiu)sppu* sppu/
!
252
MCQs in Computer Science
jou! ifjhiu! )usffqus! o* ! !|! jg! )o! >>! OVMM*! sfuvso! .2< ! ! ! !! ! jg! )o! Ř! mfgu! >>! OVMM* ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! jg! )o! Ř! sjhiu! >>! OVMM*! sfuvso! 1< ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! fmtf! sfuvso! ! C2! ! ifjhiu! )o! Ř! mfgu*< ! !! ! ! ! ! jg! )o! Ř! sjhiu! >>! OVMM*! sfuvso! )2,i2*< ! !! ! ! ! ! fmtf! |! i3! >! ifjhiu! )o! Ř! sjhiu*! < ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! sfuvso! C3! ! ! R $ R $ R % !+286/ , 'B$ : > 'B ' 4 !+287/ : B USVF > A9 @ 89 3 A , 8 , ? A 8 @ A 8 !+288/ 9 l , l 2 , ¢ ¢ : B USVF@
00! Cpy! 2
00! Cpy! 3
*1 = $)'$
*1 = $)'% H $ *1 = $)'% H *1 = $)'% R % , *1 = $)'%
*1 = $)'%
¢
,
Data Structures and Algorithms
A 8 ; 3
,
253
, !
! *1 = $)'%
A ;
, ,
A ; , A 8 3 , R
+289/
*1 = $)'% R'
R
Ê log ˆ R!Á Ë log log ˜¯
log
R
+28:/ 9 ! !jou! volopxo! )jou!o*! | ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! jou! j-! k-! ! l>1< ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! gps! )j>o03o3ok+3* ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! l! >! l! ,! o03< ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! sfuvso! ! ! )l*! < ! !~ R
R
$
!
+291/ &$ :
') $) '5 $% $5 %5 &$ %6 %) '5 $) ') $% $5 &$ %5 %6 %) !+292/
! ! ! ! ! !
*1 = $)'% R % %) $) ') '5 $5 $% %6 %5 ! > *1 = $)'% '5 ') $5 $% $) &$ %5 %6 %) '5 ') $% $5 $) %5 &$ %6 %) Forvfvf Efrvfvf R
$
,
%
! NvmujEfrvfvf! )R*! | !! ! ! ! n! >! l !! ! ! ! xijmf! )R! jt! opu! fnquz*! boe! )n! ?! 1*! | !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !Efrvfvf! )R* !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !n! >! n! .! 2 !! ! ! ! ~ !~ : - , ! ! , ,! > R R . R
R
$
254
MCQs in Computer Science
BOTXFST 5 6 '% '4 $' $5 $6 %% %4 &' &5 &6 5% 54 (' (5 (6 4% 44 ' 5 6 6% 64 ')' ')5 ')6 ''% ''4 '$' '$5 '$6 '%% '%4 '&' '&5 '&6 '5% '54 '(' '(5 '(6
$ ( ') '& ' $$ $( %) %& % &$ &( 5) 5& 5 ($ (( 4) 4& 4 $ ( 6) 6& 6 ')$ ')( '') ''& '' '$$ '$( '%) '%& '% '&$ '&( '5) '5& '5 '($ '(( '4)
% 4 '' '5 '6 $% $4 %' %5 %6 &% &4 5' 55 56 (% (4 4' 45 46 % 4 6' 65 66 ')% ')4 ''' ''5 ''6 '$% '$4 '%' '%5 '%6 '&% '&4 '5' '55 '56 '(% '(4 '4'
& '$ '( $) $& $ %$ %( &) && & 5$ 5( () (& ( 4$ 4( ) & 6$ 6( ')) ')& ') ''$ ''( '$) '$& '$ '%$ '%( '&) '&& '& '5$ '5( '() '(& '( '4$
Data Structures and Algorithms
'4% '44 ' '
'4& '4
255
'45 '46
'4( ' )
FYQMBOBUJPOT 2/ A d-!e-!+-!,b-! c-! d-! e! 3/
,
5-!6-!3-!7-!8-!4-!2/ b-!c-!Ï-! 2-!3-!4-!5-!6-!7-!8! ,-!Ï-!+, ')
'$
5/
,
$
' B-C-D
$
(
,
'
,
,
%
,B
B-C-D
Fig. 6.17
( 7/! =
,
. /'
, 9/ 6
+ 0 , )
& ?, ,
:/ 1 , " # 21/ 3 .' C $ 22/ ,
,
,
' 0
" #
$ /'
T
,
, $ .'
Fig. 6.18
C
.'
/'
.' / '
Fig. 6.19
$
MCQs in Computer Science
256
23/ 2
-
,
8 $ 5 ( ') '' '$ %) ')
24/
' &
' $ S ') ,
5 $
, 2
( $)
'p $p ' % '. $.$.%.%.%. Fig. 6.20 % . & . & . & B') $6 25/ g)4 8* > 4 8 n p e 8 > 3 / 3 48 ' $ g)49*! >! 4/ 3 49 g)83*! > 3 : , 83 ' & , 67-! 48-! 49-! 83-! 22-! 59 26/ 0 , , 3 '.$.S. B . B$ 28/ E D E B , ! , 3 C I .# % ! ,% 3 , C) G , , 8 $p
29/ 3
!
8
'
3
:9-!
#G L 3
! 2:/ ;
'
!
,
! ! , ! ! , $5 . 5) . &) . 5) . ) . 5) . S B( C $( , 31/ ?, d2-! d3-! o2-! o3 U)o* £ d2 ´ g)o* o o2 U)o* £ d3 ´ h)o* o o3 E O! >! nby)o2-! o3* D! >! nby)d2-d3* 3 U)o* £ D ´ g)o* oO U)o* £ D ´ h)o* oO 1 U)o*£ D03 ´ )g)o*,h)o** : , nby)g)o*-! h)o**! >! g)o* 3 U)o* £ D03 )g)o*,! g)o** £ D ´ g)o* 3 g)o* nby)g)o*-! h)o** , 33/ ?, , , , /' C d /' . ' C d /' . 3
,
Data Structures and Algorithms
257
35/
FIg. 6.21
! !
!
36/! = % 3$ 1 41/ < L # b 2222p c 1p d 221p e 1 & ´!1 '$ . ' ´!1 & . % ´!1 '5 . & ´!1 ) . $ ´!1 $5 C $ '5 43/ E & 5 ( & C % . $ / ' C%.$/'C& 5 C & . % / $ C&.%/$C5 ( C 5 . & / % C5.&/%C( ?, C L 44/ H , H F , H 1 0
46/ - !
47/
!
0
, 2 % $%% 3
L E
'
')
-
$
3!4!+!5!6!,!Ï 2 ,
qpq 0 4:/! K
'& 2221p f
$ . % . % B% C B% , 9 $ 6
MCQs in Computer Science
258
Fig. 6.22
2
( % . % . $ . $ . % . % C '( 3 54/ 4 ´ ') ´ & C $ ) 58/ F M0 # : # A # 59/ % 2 + 3 )'' 5:/ = , ' $ % & 3 61/ ; 2 = = = = =
8
&6
4
5 5 5 5
, '(B( C B% ´
% %
' $
-´
%
3 %
, %' %®$®%
4 ( & 4 ,
5
4
, , , , , ,
' $ % & 5
¥ ( 5 4 ,
63/ b , 5 c , b-d-! e5 d-c-b-e! 1">2
::/ 1 ! 211/ A A
$ 5 ( 4
1
!
,
! ! Ï)ÏbÏc*,f"
, ,
, 2
b>Ïc
f
2
B / 'B
7' / $B /' / /$ B H /' , 3 , /' B ! , B / 'B / $B S / /$B / 'B ! 214/ E , ) ! , 2;H@ C ) ;=1; C ) , 2;H@ C ) ;=1; C ' , 2;H@ C ) ;=1; C $ ;=1; - ,' # 2;H@ - 1 ;=1; , ! . ' , 2;H@ C ) ;=1; C % F 0 2;H@ C ' ;=1; C % F 0 2;H@ C $ ;=1; C % F 2;H@ - ,' # ;=1; - F 0 2;H@ C % ;=1; C % : 3 , ,
A A @
, ,
3
MCQs in Computer Science
264
! !
2;H@ C % ;=1; C % ,! : ! 2
>3
2;H@ C ;=1; /' !
2;H@ C ) -A =
9
)
'
$
%
&
'
$
%
&
9
2;H@ C )p ;=1; C
/ ' ;=1;
S S
9
)
9
,
$ ,
/'.'
,! !
2;H@ C %
G
C $.'
D
C
C 2;H@
'
/%
;=1; . '
G ;=1; . '
C ) C 2;H@ ;=1; . ' ! 0 0 -A
=
/'
-
!
2
/$
%
&
D
S S
'
/$
/'
/5
/&
C % C 2;H@
221/ =
,$ 3 ,
223/ $ /' . % 224/ @ 3
,%
,
B$
,
-
( 2 , E ) 8 4 , ® ®)®8® @ , , , ( ( > )& C '5 L M , ( , 5& > 1 , )8 $% L $% 0 '5 L '5 , 0 , , 3 '5 ´ & C ()
,
!
0
,
E )8 )8 )8 )8 &
0 3
, S
' , ,
3 > )8 8)p ) 8p )8 '5
, / ,
226/ 0
& 0
' 0
´
´
#
Data Structures and Algorithms
265
9
227/!
Fig. 6.29
2
,
229/! T 22:/!
, ,
, , &
é')5B5ù C $' &
,
& ! 231/! 1 , 95
1
,
&
$ ´ ')5 ´ & C &) 9% % ? 9% % (
95 5
5 5 é$'B&ù C ( ,
')
$) é(B&ù C $ :
6
3 ?
Opuf; 95
9% %
5
-
! 232/! $ , +
H
-
' $ % *
' 5
Fig. 6.30
! 235/! : : : : ! 236/!
'
,
! 233/!
! 234/! L
%
-
, , , ,
$
!
0
$ $
=
,
MCQs in Computer Science
266
! 237/ 3
v
)
3
0
G=
? ,D
$%_B$%I.5'I
' $
$
%
%$H
&
$%_B$%I.5'I
A
%_B$%I.5'I
A
$
_B$%I.5'I
A
%
B$%I.5'I
=
$_%
5
'
$%I.5'I
=
(
'$
%I.5'I
A
$
'
%$I.5'I
A
%
'(
.5'I
=
4
B
$ +%
! 238/! E / /
$ / $
' $ /'
$
% /$
%
& /%
&
5 /&
5
S
S
' / '/'
'
' / ' / ' C &' , x# 2 !
: ! 242/! 1 E
' C ') 3
') / ') / ' C &' 3 1 !
! T
%& ,
1
! 243/! y
y
C
z
. . 'B . z
C C
y z
S S : o l 1 203 l/ :
, $ l
1
!
0 !! !!
, o
'B$
C5
C$
$ )203 l*mph 3o! >! mph 33
>E
55
MCQs in Computer Science
268
!
)203 l*mph 3o! >! 2! )3 mph 3o! >! 3 l $ mph 3mph 3o! >! l
!! !! 0
! mph 33! ! 2*
! 244/! E
, H' !
$
! 245/! 1 ,
L ,
! 246/! E
{ -
L
,
>E
/ H
-
H
-
+
&
L
,
>1 :
-
pof
-
pof -
pof L
-
4
,
$
-
-
5
- $' pof $'
'> 1 -
8 :
$' $'
pof $' - $'
')
pof $'
$'
-
:
% 3!
! $
) '
&
&
'.%´'
(
4
'.%´$
')
'.%´% S S
S S
3!
E
S S '5 /$
) " !"
'.%´
B$ / '
Data Structures and Algorithms
269
- ,
247/! H
X'
- , ?.
! 248/!
0 ,0 ,
0 ë ')$& ( B'(û
L
! 249/! 2
(%
Fig. 6.32
2 )p ')p '')p ''')p '''')p ''''' ! 24:/! ; ! 'p $p %p &p 5p 5 3 ' ´ 'B$ . $ ´ 'B& . % ´ 'B . & ´ 'B'( . 5 ´ 'B%$ . 5 ´ 'B%$ C ' 6%45 ! 251/! H 1 ? 3 H
?
H ! 252/! 3
F
3 5 ,
,
*
! 253/! H' 2
' C$ C' C)
2
*
3 ' .% C' C)
-
$
D'
, H r
?! ,
,
0
MCQs in Computer Science
270
n 2 3 4 5 T (n) 2 7 20 61 - , @
9 C ' . $pN $ ' .% $O ) C ' C p @ C E C F
/'
.
$
g L $ , , ! 254/! ) C )p ' C 'p C$ ' .% L $ C $p % C 4p & C $)p 5 , ' ! 255/! 1 , , ) 3 .' 0 ) , l ) l ' l ' E E $ L , , .' $ L , , .' .$ E v
T
' ' $ %
5
5
1 E 5
, , C, : ,9 '
C
.' 3 - , '
/'
.,
,
C
,Hg +
$ C ('p ( C ' $p 4 C 5&4p + ! ' ) ) ) )
1+ 5 2 !
C '(&) $
' ' ) ) )
) '
)> '> ,
v ) )
' $ % &
!
/$
/$
,
- ,
,
3
$ % 5
) ' )' ') '' )') )'' ')' '') ''' )')' )'') )''' ')') ')'' '')' ''') '''' )')') )')'' )'')' )''') )'''' ')')' ')'') ')''' '')') '')'' ''')' '''') '''''
=
) ' ' $ % 5
'%
/$
)
'
Data Structures and Algorithms
E 5 ) 3 , C5 ' .5 ) @ , .' C $5 ' . 5 ) '# 5 '
L ., ! 256/! @ ! 257/! \ '
,
.$
C5
)
) 5
,' ,
5
, .' '# ' .$ 5
:
271
5
)# C5
)
)# )#
'
' .5
)
' .5
) . $5
! ' . 5
' .5
)
) C,
.'
'% ; ! \ $
%
; ,
,
\'& '% '$
')^
U U % 1
-
9 A
A
B
B
C
C
Fig. 6.38
J
y 3 C$.'.'C& 0 % 2
Fig. 6.39
y 3 C'.$.'C& 9
-
MCQs in Computer Science
274
A
B
C
D
E
F
Fig. 6.40
y % C 5 . ' . ' . ' . ' . ' C ') : , J
-
0
- >
A
B
C
D
E
F
Fig. 6.41
-
,'
-
,' y y ! 274/! F ! 275/! ,
8
,
# - , # ? , 0 ) )))' $ C ') ') 3 ') 5 C 3 A 0 : ! 276/! È ˘ ÍÍ $ ˙˙ ! 277/! T
, 5 ( A 0 0 ,
A 0 A 0 1 C ')@ ') 3 ( 5 A 0 A 0
A 0 0 C ')
0 ,
! ,
< < ! 278/! : : ' $ ! 279/! \'
L L
L 0 L 0
! ! A
#
0
9 ) '' %% && $ : ') ) %' %% && $ : ') , 9 $9 : '$^ 9 \' ) $9 : 6p ' & $9 : '$p ' % $9 :
-)
''^
Data Structures and Algorithms
9 p ' % & $9 : ')&$
\' ) & $9 : ! 27:/! E H H H ! 281/! 3 %%
6p ' & % $9 :
'(^ %
, 1/@ ?/@ F/@
p; p; p;
/ / /
5$ %% %%
0 % 0 ( 0 %
, , ,
5$ &$ $% %& &(
,
3 ! %& 5$ &( %% ' $ =
,
% 5$
&$ $% %& &( 3 ! 282/! @
%
&$ $% %& H;
,
%% 1@F &$ $% %& H;
&$ $% %&
-
5$
&$ $% %& &(
5$
%%
-
,
%
%%
-
,
&
&X %X . &X C ( . $& C %) , ,
0
/' @
,
0 , ,
M !""
?,
)
, , ,
,
-
0 ,
: C K -
L
M L
L
. ' , C
! 283/! K -
/ &$
%$%X
, ,
=!
275
®
!
® /'
.'
MCQs in Computer Science
276
! 284/! L P!)mph!o*
, 0
mph!o P!)o*
0
o
, ! 285/! E
- , )$ C
H ( - 1) C H $ 2 H) ! $ C H % ! 286/! 1 , , )% ) -
3
- ,
% , :
%
2 5
)
)
, y 3 y y y
A
-
, ,
)% C 4
,
! 287/!
% ,
0
/E )
, $ ,$ 3
, , 5
: -
! 288/! F -
2
Fig. 6.42
,
!
, !
%
, & !
, 2
-
,
Data Structures and Algorithms
277
Fig. 6.43
! 2
-
Fig. 6.44
R!
- ,
! 289/! E ,
, R
?,
Ê log C RÁ Ë log log
R
ˆ log log ˜ C R! ¯
$
! 28:/! , C
C
log log log
log ˆ log Ê log C RÁ C R!ÊÁ log [log log - log log log Ë log log log log ˜¯ Ë log log - , R ,
R
3
3 3
. B$p -
H -
H $
H
C H
$
H
ˆ ]˜ ¯
MCQs in Computer Science
278
! 291/! ;
,
0
0
Fig. 6.45
'"
! 292/
!
' C H C H $ !" 8 ! ! 8
!
0 H H
!" 8 ! ! , 3 , 0
, 3
H' @
! 8 ! ! 8
0
H
0
H'
Pqfsbujoh! Tztufnt
8 !
2/
u
3/ u !
USVF" #$%& '
u (u u )u u *u +
u
4/ $
u
, . . . .
/ / / /
012 3 4 5 6
/ / / /
5 6 3 4 012
, #$%& ' 012 ,
!
5/#5&7%
5/ 1
,
'
"
280
MCQs in Computer Science
6/ $ 8 2 ,
:/ 0
= A : >
%
A :
, '
/ >
>
!
$ / u= l
21/ !
7
E " #$%& ' > F
$
$ /
$
= u=
l GlH l
l
, 22/ D , ,
-
: C
C
281
Operating Systems
23/ 0
,
1'= 1 #$%& '
1 Qspdftt
Bssjwbm!ujnf
1'
%
:
Cvstu!Ujnf
'
I
1
?
1
I
, ,
J
7 !
,
" @' 24/ 6 J
? AA
B AA ,
H
K AA
,
,
25/ $ L 4F : A : C %
:
C A :
= % M
3
#$%& '
8
$ !
C
:
" ?LB?
B ?? A
! +26/! $ -
BB@B >
A
,
?
+27/ $
@AKB > %
@
B
''
-
%
, B'''
/
'
>
''
=
" %
' @'
@'
#$%& ' '' #$%& '
@
+28/ > , 8
, C
282
MCQs in Computer Science
29/ 0
A
=1 =1
1A
Qspdftt
Bssjwbm!ujnf
Ujnf!Vojut!Sfrvjsfe
1
'
@
A
?
1
K
1A
%
A 012 GDGT; 1 = 1 = 1A SS3; 1 = 1 = 1A GDGT; 1 = 1 = 1A SS3; 1 = 1A= 1
D0D7
>>
#$%& ' GDGT; 1 = 1A= 1 SS3; 1 = 1A= 1 GDGT; 1 = 1A= 1 SS3; 1 = 1 = 1A
2:/ + :
3 ,
31/ /
: = F 2++/+#
=
,
AW @W
Q
33/ , O /
O= ,
,
=
C :C
,
>&$6N %&>3/+$%&6 ' / AQ AQ > :3 :! , = : ' % , '
K 'W ,
,
,
! "# ! %
#$%& ' , E :C , ,
34/ 7
,
,
, C ,
283
Operating Systems
35/ /
+36/ $ $ ,
=
,
K % /
%&' (
8
@= & @
L
A
37/ 0 , = = A= = ?= = A= = ?= , C A
>2= D/D
Y
1 Z
Q! c Q! c Q! d Q! d =
$ " [M!Q! d [M!Q! b [M!Q! b [M!Q! d -
Q! e Q! d Q! d Q! e
#$%& ' A
Q! b Q! e Q! e Q! b =
,
,
285
Operating Systems
l:
+4:/ /
,
l t '
+52/
+53/
54/
tS
= %
% k
% w l
w
, -
-
k k
51/
=
%
l
#$%& ' A w S lT l wS wT 'T BALA
k
w lS lT k w k l S wT k l w k 0 B 'T @ , BAL? B? 'TBA 6 @ 6 C : * = = ( $8 C ? KIK 4F 8 * ''= I= ?'( ! 8 = " #$%& ' A L L LA L? / = ' A@ % '' % ' % , A' BL ' BL @ KL @ $ , y= C C X= Y= Z= [ & X Y y = = = & Z [ y = = = & y , Q = xbju T , W! = tjhobm T! y 7 T C ! , y " #$%& ' A T T $ " ) "* + , '£ * )* + - "* + '£ * 7 : Y Z Y " Z ) % S T= C C % " % k
Qspdftt! Y; $ ." , " * + 2& # ! !
0
11
, 5
Qspdftt! Z; $ ." / , 0 11 2 34 5 )* + - "* + ! DPSSFDU
2
34"
2&
286
MCQs in Computer Science
2& $ ( ! 2 $ ( ! 2& $ ( ! 2 ( $ ! +55/ /
5
2& ( ( ! 2 $ $ U 2& ( $ ! 2 ( $ !
5 34 5
5
5 5
34 5
5
:
= '
= fT @
,
5 5 34
5
5 5 5 34 5
5
-
%
-
?@
fT@
T fT@
T fT '
56/ /
, > 1 :
:
7 D
, S' V = SoT =
+57/ $
l Qj
,
8 : :8 : Q'=V= QlT % M
"
J
,
6 , ,
0 1 0
# #
1
! # , ,
0 1 0
# #
7 7 7
! / o!) ?'= l!) B o!) '= l!) ' 58/ 7
GF
+76/!
2
>2 D
I ,
=
>2
"
' +77/ 0 >? $
? :
>
, 8
A $ %
=> ,
#$%& ''K A = >A A = = 1 = 1 = 1A #$%& ''I
290
MCQs in Computer Science 1 ) ) ) )
1
1 M -
'M M AM @M
> >A > > >
) KM ) LM ) 'M D
) ) ) ) )
1
1 M 'M M ?M BM LM D
>A >? > >A
>A >?
!
) ) ) ) ) )
1AM 'M M @M KM LM IM D
>? > > > >A
%>2& u ) '"
$ < < $ +78/ / Y
8 1 1
1 1A BA=
,
?
, +79/ %
P #$%& ''I , ,
+7:/ /
A
=
A +81/ 6 AL=
C ?
-
=
, @
,
'= ' %
, %
: , AB' I'' 82/ / Y
=
B = '= = ?'= B B 8 :
8
L@' , K'=
=
AB' +83/ $
LKB
L@'
, < =) ; # @ "
8 , "
#
" "-
# > #8 "8"
- # ," ? 8= 3 A B ) #
I'' M
:
291
Operating Systems
%
,
, ,
@
I
A
AB
+84/ /
=F D/D
P
: @3 =
P
A K@ 3
P
8 , H 88/ !
F < D/D
& ,
, ''
=
! $ ' ''= ' ''= '?A'= '?II= '@ '= '@A'= A L ! +91/ $ ?4 ? = B? 8 @= ? B= ? +92/ $ ''' 4 C ) D C ) - EB D C ) E - E D C ) F # # C ) ? D
8 '@B'= '
%
"$ '''' '= ' '= ' ?'= ' B'= 'A '= 'AK' K ' C : : , = 7&% !6 K=
?= B X
" " "
. # . # . #
"
. #
,
8
292
MCQs in Computer Science
C ) B C ) A $
8 D F
8
- B - G 8=
D " D "
. # . # -
8
F +
93/ $
,
"
8 ,
,
C
,
, = >2 D2
D/D< ,
94/ 0 KPC2Ï61
%
! GsffÏ261
-
! KPC3.411
8
C
8
8
! KPC4.711
A''= @= @= @' 8 8
8 8
! GSFF.461
8 8
8
,
95/ 0
D
K
Fig. 7.1
%
%
96/ !
1'= 1 = 1 = 1A 1 = 1'= 1 = 1A
97/ $
" 1 = 1'= 1A= 1 + = @
= ,
/ 3
,
,
=
@ =# ! -
,
mt $ B'Z
mt "
' Z
'Z
@Z
'' Z
293
Operating Systems
98/ 0
L3 C
L4
% 5 "
?4 / ,
'?L B?
@B +
,
+99/ /
= #$%& ''I
M
Fig. 7.2
+ / / B // $ /// % / % ! /
M E= Q
Q
&
70$+ A /D< ? D/D< $:?= F:A= 0: $: = F: = 0:?
6: 6:A
/
294
!
MCQs in Computer Science
:2/ % /P< ,
/P
2 , 1 = ) = = A= V= I
! +:4/! & 8 "
$ =
& "
#
!
( = & , . 1'
% !
( =
&
$ =
&
" A '' M ?= A?= '= K= I= KA= = @= B= ' $ , # = F # I@ I +:6/ # 012 3 # Hspvq!2 1 # 7 Y > 3 7 > D 7 7 1:AR Y: R >: 1: R Y:AR >: +:7/ 0 ! 0 2 : ,
,
+:5/ 0
%
-
@'= J
# # #$%& ''I KB
" AA # # # > A % 1: R 1: R : , D$ 7&" : ,
#$%& ''K Hspvq!3 7 : 7 7 Y: R >:A Y:AR >: : , #$%& ''K : ,
295
Operating Systems
>
: ,
F
: , 7 ,
+:8/ $ 0
>
%
8
7>% M #$%& ''K
Qspdftt
Fyfdvujpo!ujnf
Bssjwbm!ujnf
1
'
'
1
@
@
1A
'
A'
1?
@
?@
!
1 " @
@
+:9/! $ ,
D
?' < D/D< 0
/ D
8
@@ M
1M / YM 7 ! F F 1 F +::/ $
#$%& ''K 1 1
Y Y =
%>2&" Y Y
= =
1 1
Y
1
Y %
O= N= 0
@
=
[= =
-
8
! $7%"
#$%& ''K !!!bmmpd
!!!sfrvftu
O N [ 1' 1 1
1' 1 +211/ %
1 + = 1
'
O N [ ' A ' '
, =
1 = C
M
0 #$%& ''K
296
MCQs in Computer Science
5
= " / / / /
#
"
, %>2&
#
=
C ,
," #
!
"
,
=
BOTXFST @ I A K
B ' ? L =
@ I AA AK ? ?@ ?I @A @K B B@ BI KA KK L
=
B A' A? AL ? ?B @' @? @L B BB K' K? KL L
A K
? L
@ I A K
B ' ? L
A A@ AI ?A ?K @ @@ @I BA BK K K@ KI LA
=
A AB ?' ?? ?L @ @B B' B? BL K KB L' L?
=
297
Operating Systems
L@ LI IA IK
LB I' I? IL
LK I I@ II
LL I IB ''
FYQMBOBUJPOT !
3/ 7
H -
-
7
$
,
:
,
4/ %
, , >$3
, 6/ % !
%
8/ % %
'B ,
-
&
,
:/
29/ / D0D7= %
, )
7 1
%
: , &
%
?
?
B
B
1
L
L
1
'
'
1A
A
1
A
B
33/ 0
& Y Y & Y Y & Y Y & Y Y & Y Y & Y Y
0 0
1
1
A
1
1
@ ?
0 0
1
1
= 1
8 8
0 0
8 8
0 0
8 8
0 0
8 8
B B 1A
0 0
8 8
0
8
1A L L
1
1
1
1
A '
1A
1A
' 8
A A
&
1A
1
8
, ( , H 7 =
H % I
012 = 1 = 1A = 1A= 1 012 = 1A= 1 = 1 =1 012 = 1 =1 = 1 = 1A 012 = 1 = 1A = 1A= 1 8 = 1A= 1 = 1 8 = 1
?
,
B
6
012 =1
8 8
H $ = , ,
>2
F
%
36/ & $ / & L= H ( , 37/
7
> & Y Y
1
1A
>$! =
!$!
'
1
-
''
28/ /
1
7 =
' / G $ $
G (
=
299
Operating Systems > 1
1
1
1A
1
1?
1
1A
1
1?
1
< 1 1 :1 1 :1 :1A 1 :1A:1 1A:1 :1? 1 :1?:1 1?:1 :1A 1 :1A:1 1A:1 :1? 1 :1?:1 8 1
D
b
A
D/D< 1 D 8
1
D
1
1A
@
B
K
L
I
1
1?
1
1
1?
1
1A
1 1 :1 1 :1 :1A 1 :1 :1A 1 :1A:1? 1A:1?:1 1A:1?:1 1?:1 :1 1?:1 :1 1?:1 :1 b
A
0 '' ) IBB'L 7 = 'LLIB > 8 C ) ?AL ? L T 'LLIB ) ?AB @ A 6 ) B ´ B? ´ @ ) @ ? LL % ?AB @ A = ) LA L 5 = L? 52/ ' A@ ´ ' S T ' A@ ´ '' ) BL @ 53/ + C 0 1 N 1 R1 ! 1 1 N R1 ! , 1 [ 1 R1 O 1 1 [ R1 O ,
,
8
L
'' ) ? ´ @ B ´ B? ´ @ '' P ?AB @ A P@ ? LL
-
301
Operating Systems
S
54/ %
T
S
' cjjk & O S= T , bj'k ) g!j'k c!j'k ) h bj'k , % 55/ % , 1 $ 5 7 !!!!57/! QI
T 0
/ bjjk %
,
7 =&
N S= T
8 !
=
% E -
8
e-m T(m T)k k! l ) '= m ) '= U ) AP? fT @ S S' # #
Q
=
S
-
'
S
'
Q'
59/! + ' 5
Q'
1 $
, R1
G'H G'H
=
Q
R> Q
Q'
Q
T
T
Q Q $
T'R Q =
R> Q
A Q $ ? 1 F
R> Q' Q
5
Q Q'
1 $
T'R Q = Q' R1 G'H , T' , R1 G'H = Q
T
R> 1'
,
, G'H
T
R> Q
T
Q Q $ A Q' $ ? Q $
T'R Q =
R>
Q'
Q
Q' R1 R>
G'H = Q 7'R Q = Q'
T
R>
T
T
302
MCQs in Computer Science
@ Q' F
R1 Q
G'H Q ,
T ,
R> Q'
T ,
T' !
5:/! %
9>
D0D7 7
;
=
;
%
9
012
61/! 7
= 7
%
, 8
8 8
%
/
=
% !
62/! 7
T
,
T
T
Q
,
, T
T
:
=
%
% D T
!Q
R%
Q
RT
D T
Q
R%
Q
RT
D T
Q
R%
Q
RT
D T
Q
R%
Q
RT
8 ,
= / / / / /
T
Q
/
!!! 63/ 64/ 65/ 66/ 67/ 69/
''
IB
, C
8
?
, ' S ' S @ T S L T @ S AL T ' , LS'SAS @SL , @= =BL 'SAS'S @S' , @= =@B A' S ' S A S A S L , @= = 'L A' S @ S ' S @ S ' , @= =L C H , :
=
@=
1
=
1
L
% ,
,
= 8 !
6:/! % 71/ 5 ,
,
< ,
,
%
303
Operating Systems
72/ $ % 73/ 2
F
H
=
% , 74/ %
=
8
-
=
=
A +
=
9 : 8 ; 7 = 7 = I
M 0
=
9 75/! /
!
7 = = =A ! , = A= K % % 76/! / >2= = = =
8
? 1 K
=
% K
, ! 7 = = =A ! K" 7
A % ? 1 , I
K %
77/! /
>
A
u)'
> 1
u)
1A
-
u)A
1
-
u)?
1
-
u)@
1 1A
=
=
P
-
u)
>A A
>?
0
1
-
1A
-
1
1
-
1
-
1
u)B
u)L
: %
K" 7 =
%
u)K
;= 9
=A
= = A=
%
A
=
=A
!
9 : 7 =
;
!
,
1 1A
-
1 1A
1 8
u)I
1A 8
u) '
1 8
=
304
MCQs in Computer Science
% 1 ¢ u)@ 1 ¢ 78/ > ' 7
-
8 u)A %
>
Y BA $ = /
= 8
u!) L % = 8
>?
1A 8
> 1
1A 8
-
-
79/! 1 7:/ %
=@
'
)A 5 , ' = ) 4 7 = @S ') @ 81/ % , , ?B , 7 = B ´ ?B ) LKB 83/ % , ?'' ´ B @'' = B' $, , '' = '' ´ B @'' = @ 84/! 7 = % , , F H D/D< , 89/ $ , , 8:/ ! = 7 = 7 NN % '' = 7 NN % ?E 1 = 8 B = = =" E 7 = K 91/ % B? 7 ?4 ? ´ ' ? PB? ) B? 7 ? = B B ? / ? = & B? 7 = 8 B 92/ % 8 , J = E O ) M ! GSFF.311 D
! KPC3.461
8 227 B
8
@
! KPC4.411
! ! GSFF.261
227 O ) ? %
O ) ? F 8
8 8
8
! KPC5.231
!! GSFF.91
! KPC3.461
! KPC4.411
! GSFF.261
! !G !SFF.311
! KPC3.461
!! KPC4.411
!! KPC5.231
GSFF.41
305
Operating Systems
!
,
!
!
8
J @ , = D>&&: '' 8
8
! KPC5.231 !
! GSFF.91
!! KPC3.461
!!
!
X
B
! KPC4.411
KPC6.261
227G X @
8 7 =
99/! /
KPC4.411 KPC5.231
, =
:8
:
,
8
J
7 =
=
D
8
GSFF.41
8 8 L' 4= :8
% ,
= /P< /
!
8
!! KPC6.261 GSFF.61 KPC3.461
!
227 B %
8
9:/ C
:4/
$
Qj= j ) = = A= V = I ,
I 1
Q
' $
'
1 +
$ = Qj= j ) = = A= V = I
I ' +
/
C
'=
7 A
!
:5/! % 8 A?= '= I= @= '= K= B= ?= = KA % BS ?S S?S@SAS :6/! # 7 > D
3 7
7
S
S
SK )
: 012
7
I
!
:7/! 4
, ,
:8/! 7
: %
>
D
, , = 7>%
C C , ,
!
A' 1A
=
97 1
'
=
1 7 7>%
% D/D% ! =
@
2
@ 1
% 1
%
;
306
MCQs in Computer Science
F /
, H 1'H
::/! 1
-
[
A Z
Z= , 5
1 H 7 = Z=
Y= 1 H -
= 1'H 7 =
, = [
=
1
1 [
[ $
P
= 1 H
1 8
H 8
=
A N Y=
1'
1
A 1 8
!! 211/! + "
8 % $ 1 / 1 = =1 1 %
# "
8
," # "
= , , =
# #
R " # " # " # !!
R R R
9 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
Vojy
2/! Xijdi!pg!uif!gpmmpxjoh!gfbuvsft!pg!VOJY!nbz!cf!vtfe!gps!joufsqspdftt!dpnnvojdbujpo@ ! )! b*! Tjhobmt! !! )c*! Qjqft! ! )d*! Tfnbqipsf! !! )e*! Nfttbhf!rvfvft +3/! Xijdi!pg!uif!gpmmpxjoh!tubufnfout!cftu!fyqmbjot!b!qspdftt@ ! )! b*! Ju!jt!b!qsphsbn/ ! )! c*! Ju!jt!b!qsphsbn!jo!fyfdvujpo/ ! !)d*! Ju!jt!bo!jotubodf!pg!b!qsphsbn!jo!fyfdvujpo/ ! )! e*! Ju!jt!b!qsphsbn!uibu!vtft!tztufn!dbmmt/ +4/! Jo!b!tztufn-!jg!6!qfpqmf!bsf!dvssfoumz!vtjoh!uif!wj!fejups-!uifo!uif!ovncfs!pg!dpssftqpoe. joh!qspdfttft!xjmm!cf ! !)b*! 2! )c*! 6! )d*! 3! )e*! 1 +5/! Uif!dpnnboe fdip! xfmdpnf! ?! 0efw0uuz ! !)b*! fdipft!xfmdpnf!jo!bmm!uif!ufsnjobmt!uibu!bsf!txjudife!po/ ! !)c*! fdipft!xfmdpnf!jo!bmm!uif!ufsnjobmt!uibu!bsf!mphhfe!po/ ! )! d*! fdipft!xfmdpnf!pomz!jo!uif!ufsnjobm!jo!xijdi!ju!jt!svo/ ! !)e*! tjhobmt!uif!fssps!nfttbhf!.!Ufsnjobm!ovncfs!opu!tqfdjÝfe/ +6/! 0efw0ovmm ! !)b*! jt!b!Ýmf! !! )c*! ibt!xsjuf!qfsnjttjpo!gps!bmm ! !)d*! jt!uif!VOJY!cvjmu.jo!evtucjo! )e*! opof!pg!uif!bcpwf +7/! Uif!qfsnjttjpo!cjut!pg!b!Ýmf!opobnf-!dbo!cf!tfu!up!!`sxt` `y` `y!!cz!uif!dpnnboe/ ! !)b*! dinpe! 822! opobnf! )c*! dinpe! hp.sx! opobnf ! !)d*! dinpe! 3822! opobnf! )e*! opof!pg!uif!bcpwf +8/! 0cjo0qbttxe!ibt!uif!vtfs!fyfdvujpo!qfsnjttjpo!tfu!up!ÓtÔ!cfdbvtf ! )! b*! ju!jt!opu!fyfdvubcmf ! !)c*! ju!tipvme!bmmpx!vtfst!xip!epoÔu!ibwf!xsjuf!qfsnjttjpo!up!0fud0qbttxe!up!xsjuf! up!ju
308
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
MCQs in Computer Science
! )! d*! 0fud0qbttxe! jt! xsjuf! qspufdufe ! !)e*! uijt!gbdjmjuz!bttjhot!up!uif!vtfs-!qfsnjttjpot!pg!uif!qsphsbn!pxofs-!ufnqpsbsjmz/ 9/! Jg!pof!epftoÔu!xbou!bozpof!fmtf!up!sfbe!ps!xsjuf!up!b!Ýmf!obnfe!ebuÝmf-!fydfqu!uispvhi! b!qsphsbn!jo!Ýmf!Ýmfy!uifo!if!nbz!vtf ! !)b*! dinpe! v,t! Ýmfy! ! OVMM< ! ! pvuqvut ! ! )! b*! USVF! )c*! Ij! )d*! GBMTF! )e*! opuijoh ! +23/! Jo!TRM-!210OVMM!xjmm!fwbmvbuf!up ! ! )! b*! GBMTF! )c*! Ï2! )d*! OVMM! )e*! 21 ! 24/! Bmnptu!bmm!uif!EBUF!gvodujpot!sfuvso!b!wbmvf!pg!ebub!uzqf!EBUF-!fydfqu ! ! !)b*! NPOUIT`CFUXFFO! !! )c*! SPVOE ! ! !)d*! OFYU`EBZ! !! )e*! USVOD ! 25/! Uif!TFMFDU!tubufnfou! ! ! TFMFDU!MPXFS)ÓBcDeÔ*-!VQQFS)ÓBcDeÔ*-!JOJUDBQ)ÓBcDe!fGhiÔ*!GSPN! EVBM< ! ! xjmm!qsjou ! ! !)b*! bcde!BCDE!Bcde!Fghi! ! )c*! bcde!BCDE!BCDE!FGHI ! ! )! d*! bcde!BCDE!bcde!fghi!! ! )e*! bcde!BCDE!bCDE!fGHI ! +26/! Uif!TRM!tubufnfou ! ! TFMFDU! ! USVOD)56/:37-! .2*! ! GSPN! ! EVBM! < ! ! )! b*! jt!jmmfhbm! )c*! 6! )d*! qsjout!56/:! )e*! qsjout!51 ! 27/! Uif!TRM!tubufnfou! ! !TFMFDU!!TVCTUS)Ó23456789:Ô-!JOTUS)ÓbcdbcdbcdÔ-!ÓcÔ-!5**!!GSPN! ! EVBM! < ! ! qsjout ! ! !)b*! 3456! )c*! 789:! )d*! 6789:! )e*! 9: ! 28/! Uif!TRM!tubufnfou ! !TFMFDU! ! TZTEBUF! ! GSPN! ! EVBM! < ! ! qsjout ! ! 17.GFC.16
SQL*Plus, SQL and PL/SQL
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
!
341
! Dpotjefs!uif!uisff!TRM!tubufnfout ! TFMFDU! ! UP`EBUF)! )MUSJN! )SUSJN)ÓOPW! 34-! 3116Ô***-! ÓNpo! EE-! ZZÔ* !GSPN! ! EVBM! 211: ! !! ! ! BOE! B/PsefsOvn! >! C/PsefsOvn ! !! ! ! BOE! C/PsefsfeJufn! >! D/JufnObnf< ! ! qsjout! ! !)b*! 212! !! )c*! bo!voqsfejdubcmf!wbmvf ! ! !)d*! 224:! !! )e*! opof!pg!uiftf ! +33/! Up!botxfs!uif!rvftujpo!ÓXiptf!cjmm!jt!uif!ijhiftuÔ!xf!offe!up!xsjuf!b!TRM!rvfsz!uibu! kpjot!uif!ubcmft ! ! )! b*! DvtuJogp-!PsefsJogp-!boe!JufnJogp! )c*! PsefsJogp!boe!JufnJogp ! ! !)d*! DvtuJogp!boe!JufnJogp! ! ! )e*! opof!pg!uiftf ! +34/! Ipx!nboz!spxt!epft!uif!gpmmpxjoh!TRM!rvfsz!qsjou@ ! ! TFMFDU! ! ! ! ! ! EJTUJODU! B/PsefsOvn-! C/PsefsOvn ! !GSPN! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! DvtuJogp! B-! PsefsJogp! C ! !HSPVQ! CZ! ! ! ! ) !B/PsefsOvn-! C/PsefsOvn*< ! ! !)b*! 21! )c*! 35! )d*! 211! )e*! 351 ! 35/! Gjmm!uif!cmbolt!jo!uif!gpmmpxjoh!rvfsz!uibu!Ýoet!uif!ovncfs!pg!psefst!uibu!psefsfe!gps! fjuifs!qfo!ps!qfodjm/ ! !TFMFDU! ```````````! )EJTUJODU! ``````````* ! !GSPN! ! PsefsJogp! C
SQL*Plus, SQL and PL/SQL
343
!
!XIFSF! ! C/! PsefsfeJufn! >! ÓQfoÔ! `````! C/! PsefsfeJufn! >! ````````! < ! ! !)b*! DPVOU-! PsefsOvn-! PS-! ÓQfodjmÔ! ! ! )c*! DPVOU-!PsefsOvn-!ÓPSÔ-!ÓQfodjmÔ ! ! !)d*! VOJRVF-! PsefsOvn-! PS-! ÓQfodjmÔ ! ! )e*! Opof!pg!uiftf ! 36/! Gjmm!uif!cmbolt!jo!uif!gpmmpxjoh!rvfsz!uibu!Ýoet!uif!ovncfs!pg!dvtupnfst!xip!psefsfe! gps!fjuifs!qfo!ps!qfodjm/ ! !TFMFDU! DPVOU)````````! B/DvtuOvn* ! !GSPN! ! ! DvtuJogp! B-! PsefsJogp! C ! !XIFSF! ! B/PsefsOvn! >! C/PsefsOvn ! ! ! ! !``````! C/PsefsfeJufn! `````! )ÓQfoÔ-ÓQfodjmÔ*< ! ! !)b*! BMM-! BOE-! OPU! JO! )c*! BMM-! PS-! JO ! ! !)d*! EJTUJODU-! BOE-! JO! )e*! EJTUJODU-! PS-! JO ! +37/! Xijdi!pg!uif!gpmmpxjoh!DvtuOvn!xjmm!opu!cf!ejtqmbzfe!cz!uif!gpmmpxjoh!TRM!rvfsz@ ! ! TFMFDU! ! ! B/DvtuOvn ! !GSPN! ! ! ! !DvtuJogp! B-! PsefsJogp! C ! !XIFSF! ! ! ! B/PsefsOvn! >! C/PsefsOvn ! ! ! ! BOE! ! ! ! C/PsefsfeJufn! ! >! ÓQfoÔ ! !VOJPO ! !TFMFDU! ! ! B/DvtuOvn ! !GSPN! ! ! ! !DvtuJogp! B-! PsefsJogp! C ! !XIFSF! ! ! ! B/PsefsOvn! >! C/PsefsOvn ! ! ! ! BOE! ! ! ! C/PsefsfeJufn! ! >! ÓQfodjmÔ< ! ! )! b*! 2117! )c*! 2118! )d*! 2119! )e*! 211: ! +38/! Ipx!nboz!spxt!xjmm!cf!ejtqmbzfe!cz!uif!gpmmpxjoh!TRM!rvfsz@ ! ! TFMFDU! ! ! B/DvtuOvn ! !GSPN! ! ! ! !DvtuJogp! B-! PsefsJogp! C ! !XIFSF! ! ! !B/PsefsOvn! >! C/PsefsOvn ! ! ! ! BOE! ! ! ! C/PsefsfeJufn! ! >! ÓQfoÔ ! !VOJPO! BMM ! !TFMFDU! ! ! B/DvtuOvn ! !GSPN! ! ! ! !DvtuJogp! B-! PsefsJogp! C ! !XIFSF! ! ! !B/PsefsOvn! >! C/PsefsOvn ! ! ! ! BOE! ! ! ! C/PsefsfeJufn! ! >! ÓQfodjmÔ< ! ! !)b*! 8! )c*! 9! )d*! :! )e*! 21 ! +39/! Xijdi!DvtuOvn!xjmm!opu!cf!ejtqmbzfe!cz!uif!gpmmpxjoh!TRM!rvfsz@ ! !TFMFDU! ! ! B/DvtuOvn ! !GSPN! ! ! ! !DvtuJogp! B-! PsefsJogp! C ! !XIFSF! ! ! !B/PsefsOvn! >! C/PsefsOvn
344
MCQs in Computer Science
! ! ! ! BOE! ! ! ! C/PsefsfeJufn! ! >! ÓQfoÔ ! !JOUFSTFDU ! !TFMFDU! ! ! B/DvtuOvn ! !GSPN! ! ! ! !DvtuJogp! B-! PsefsJogp! C ! !XIFSF! ! ! !B/PsefsOvn! >! C/PsefsOvn ! ! ! ! BOE! ! ! ! C/PsefsfeJufn! ! >! ÓQfodjmÔ< ! ! )! b*! 2112! )c*! 2113! )d*! 2117! )e*! 211: ! +3:/! Ipx!nboz!DvtuOvn!xjmm!cf!ejtqmbzfe!cz!uif!gpmmpxjoh!TRM!rvfsz@ ! !TFMFDU!EJTUJODU! B/DvtuOvn ! !GSPN! DvtuJogp! B-! PsefsJogp! C ! !XIFSF! B/PsefsOvn! >! C/PsefsOvn ! !! BOE! C/PsefsfeJufn! OPU! JO!)TFMFDU! B/PsefsfeJufn ! !! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! GSPN! ! PsefsJogp!B ! !! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! XIFSF! B/PsefsOvn!JO!)3112-!3113**< ! ! !)b*! 5! )c*! 6! )d*! 7! )e*! 8 ! +41/! Ipx!nboz!DvtuOvn! xjmm!cf!ejtqmbzfe!cz!uif!gpmmpxjoh!TRM!rvfsz@ ! ! TFMFDU! B/DvtuOvn ! !GSPN! DvtuJogp! B-! PsefsJogp! C ! !XIFSF! B/PsefsOvn! >! C/PsefsOvn ! !! B OE! ! ! C/PsefsfeJufn! ! JO! )ÓQfoÔ-! ÓQfodjmÔ*! ! !JOUFSTFDU ! !TFMFDU! B/DvtuOvn ! !GSPN! DvtuJogp! B-! PsefsJogp! C ! !XIFSF! B/PsefsOvn! >! C/PsefsOvn ! !! B OE! ! ! C/PsefsfeJufn! ! OPU! JO! )ÓQfoÔ-! ÓQfodjmÔ*< ! ! !)b*! 1! )c*! 2! )d*! 5! )e*! 6 ! +42/! Ipx!nboz!DvtuOvn!xjmm!cf!ejtqmbzfe!cz!uif!gpmmpxjoh!TRM!rvfsz@ ! ! TFMFDU! EJTUJODU! ! B/DvtuOvn ! !GSPN! DvtuJogp! B-! PsefsJogp! C ! !XIFSF! B/PsefsOvn! >! C/PsefsOvn ! !! B OE! ! ! B/Djuz! JO! )ÓLboqvsÔ-! ÓHvouvsÔ* ! !! B OE! ! ! C/PsefsfeJufn! JO! )ÓUbcmfÔ-! ÓDibjsÔ*< ! ! !)b*! 1! )c*! 2! )d*! 3! )e*! 4 ! +43/! Ipx!nboz!DvtuOvn!xjmm!cf!ejtqmbzfe!cz!uif!gpmmpxjoh!TRM!rvfsz@ ! ! TFMFDU! EJTUJODU)B/DvtuOvn* ! !GSPN! ! DvtuJogp!B-! PsefsJogp! C ! !XIFSF! ! B/PsefsOvn!>! C/PsefsOvn ! !! BOE! ! C/PsefsfeJufn!JO!)ÓUbcmfÔ-!ÓDibjsÔ-!ÓQfoÔ-!ÓQfodjmÔ*
SQL*Plus, SQL and PL/SQL
345
! !NJOVT ! !TFMFDU! EJTUJODU)B/DvtuOvn* ! !GSPN! ! DvtuJogp! B-! PsefsJogp! C ! !XIFSF! ! B/PsefsOvn! >! C/PsefsOvn ! !! BOE! ! ! B/Djuz!JO!)ÓLboqvsÔ-!ÓWj{bhÔ-!ÓHvouvsÔ-!ÓBhsbÔ! !! !! ! !! ! ! ÓQvofÔ-!ÓEfmijÔ-!ÓJnqibmÔ*< ! ! !)b*! 1! )c*! 2! )d*! 3! )e*! 4 ! 44/! Xijdi!pg!uif!gpmmpxjoh!sfnbslt!bcpvu!uif!gpmmpxjoh!rvfsz!bsf!usvf@ ! ! TFMFDU! EJTUJODU)B/DvtuOvn* ! !GSPN! ! ! DvtuJogp!B-!PsefsJogp!C ! !XIFSF! !B/PsefsOvn!>!C/PsefsOvn ! !BOE!! ! C/PsefsfeJufn!>!)TFMFDU! D/JufnObnf! ! !! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !GSPN! ! JufnJogp!!D ! !! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!XIFSF!!!D/VojuQsjdf!>!)TFMFDU! Nby)D/!VojuQsjdf* ! !! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !GSPN! ! JufnJogp!!D**< ! ! !)b*! Uijt!rvfsz!jt!tzoubdujdbmmz!xspoh ! ! !)c*! Ju!sfuvsot!6!spxt ! ! )! d*! Pof!pg!uif!DvtuOvn!sfuvsofe!jt!2119 ! ! !)e*! Ju!sfuvsot!bmm!DvtOvn!uibu!psefsfe!b!ubcmf! ! +45/! Xijdi!pg!uif!mjtufe!pqujpot!dbo!Ýmm!uif!cmbol!jg!uif!gpmmpxjoh!rvfsz!ejtqmbzfe!fybdumz! 7!spxt@ ! !TFMFDU! EJTUJODU)B/DvtuOvn* ! !GSPN! DvtuJogp! B-! PsefsJogp! C ! !XIFSF! B/PsefsOvn! >! C/PsefsOvn ! !! B OE! ! ! C/PsefsfeJufn! JO! )TFMFDUD/JufnObnf! ! !! G SPN! JufnJogp! ! D ! !! X IFSF! D/VojuQsjdf! ?! ````! *< ! ! !)b*! 3! )c*! 9! )d*! 31! )e*! 41 ! +46/! Xibu!jt!uif!DvtuOvn! uibu!xjmm!cf!ejtqmbzfe!cz!uif!gpmmpxjoh!rvfsz@ ! !TFMFDU! EJTUJODU)B/DvtuOvn* ! !GSPN! DvtuJogp! B-! PsefsJogp! C ! !XIFSF! B/PsefsOvn! >! C/PsefsOvn! ! !! B OE! ! ! C/PsefsEbuf! >! )TFMFDU! NBY)D/PsefsEbuf* ! !! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! GSPN! ! PsefsJogp! D*< ! ! )! b*! 2112! )c*! 2113! )d*! 2114! )e*! 2115 ! +47/! Ipx!nboz!spxt!bsf!sfuvsofe!cz!uif!gpmmpxjoh!rvfsz@ ! !TFMFDU! EJTUJODU)B/DvtuOvn* ! !GSPN! DvtuJogp! B-! PsefsJogp! C
346
MCQs in Computer Science
! !XIFSF! B/PsefsOvn! >! C/PsefsOvn! ! !! BOE!! ! C/PsefsEbuf!CFUXFFO!Ó22.KVO.15Ô!BOE!Ó13.GFC.16Ô!< ! ! !)b*! 5! )c*! 6! )d*! 7! )e*! 8 ! +48/! Uif!rvfsz ! !TFMFDU! TZTEBUF! GSPN! EVBM< ! ! ejtqmbzt ! ! 13.GFC.16 ! ! Ipx!nboz!spxt!xjmm!cf!ejtqmbzfe!cz!uif!gpmmpxjoh!rvfsz@ ! ! TFMFDU! EJTUJODU)B/DvtuOvn* ! !GSPN! DvtuJogp! B-! PsefsJogp! C ! !XIFSF! B/PsefsOvn! >! C/PsefsOvn! ! !! B OE! ! ! TVCTUS)UP`DIBS)C/PsefsEbuf*-! 9*! > ! !! !! ! ! ! )TFMFDU! TVCTUS)UP`! DIBS)TZTEBUF*-! 9* ! ! !! !! ! ! ! ! ! GSPN! EVBM*< ! ! !)b*! 2! )c*! 3! )d*! 4! )e*! 5 ! 49/! Xijdi!pg!uif!gpmmpxjoh!dpncjobujpot!pg!xjmedbse!dibsbdufst!ibt!uif!tbnf!nfbojoh!bt!uif xjmedbse!dibsbdufs!&@ ! ! !)b*! &&! )c*! `&! )d*! &`! )e*! `!` ! +4:/! Uif!tubufnfou! ! !TFMFDU! ! ÓIjÔ! ! GSPN! ! EVBM! ! XIFSF! ! OVMM! >! OVMM< ! ! pvuqvut ! ! )! b*! Ij! )c*! GBMTF! )d*! USVF! )e*! opuijoh ! +51/! Xijdi!pg!uif!gpmmpxjoh!jt!jmmfhbm@ ! ! !)b*! TFMFDU! ! TZTEBUF! Ï! TZTEBUF! ! GSPN! ! EVBM! < ! ! !)c*! TFMFDU! ! TZTEBUF! Ï! )TZTEBUF! .! 3*! ! GSPN! ! EVBM! < ! ! !)d*! TFMFDU! ! TZTEBUF! Ï! )TZTEBUF! ,! 3*! ! GSPN! ! EVBM! < ! ! !)e*! Opof!pg!uiftf ! 52/! Xifo!b!TFMFDU!tubufnfou!ejtqmbzt!ebub ! ! !)b*! ebuft!boe!tusjoht!xjmm!cf!kvtujÝfe!up!uif!mfgu!cz!efgbvmu ! ! !)c*! ovncfst!xjmm!cf!kvtujÝfe!up!uif!sjhiu!cz!efgbvmu ! ! !)d*! ebuft!boe!tusjoht!xjmm!cf!kvtujÝfe!up!uif!sjhiu!cz!efgbvmu ! ! !)e*! ovncfst!xjmm!cf!kvtujÝfe!up!uif!mfgu!cz!efgbvmu ! 53/! Jg!b!rvfsz!jowpmwft!OPU-!BOE-!PS!xjui!op!qbsfouiftjt ! ! !)b*! OPU!xjmm!cf!fwbmvbufe!Ýstu!OVMM!jt!fttfoujbmmz!2!">!volopxo-!xijdi!nbz!ps!nbz!opu! cf!USVF/!Bozuijoh!uibu!!nbz!ps!nbz!opu!cf!USVF!jt!dpotjefsfe!GBMTF/ 23/! Zpv!dbo!wfsjgz!cz!ibwjoh!b!tubufnfou!mjlf ! jg!))210OVMM*!jt!OVMM*!uifo!ECNT`PVUQVU/QVU`MJOF)ÓIjÔ*< ! jo!zpvs!QM0TRM!dpef/ 26/! USVOD)56/:37-.2*! usvodbuft! 2! efdjnbm! qmbdf! up! uif! mfgu! pg! uif! efdjnbm! qpjou! )mfgu! cfdbvtf!pg!uif!Ï!tjho*/!Uif!56!xjmm!cf!nbef!51/ 3/! ! ! 4/!
SQL*Plus, SQL and PL/SQL
! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! !
! ! !
!
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
357
29/! Qsjnbsz!lfz!vojrvfmz!jefoujÝft!b!sfdpse)spx*/!Jo!uijt!ubcmf-!bmm!uif!dpmvnot!uphfuifs! nblft!uif!qsjnbsz!lfz/ 2:/! Uijt!sfgfsfodft!PsefsOvn!pg!uif!ubcmf!DvtuJogp/ 31/! DvtuJogp!ibt!uif!psefs!ifbefs!jogpsnbujpo/!PsefsJogp!ibt!uif!psefs!efubjm!jogpsnbujpo/ 32/! Ju!qsjout!224/!Uijt!jt!cfdbvtf!uif!dvtupnfs!211:!psefsfe!gps!2!ubcmf-!2!qfo-!boe!2!qfodjm/! Uijt!rvfsz!Ýoet!uif!tvn!pg!uif!fyufoefe!qsjdft!xijdi!jt!212y2!,!21y2!,!3y2!>!224/ 33/! Up! Ýoe! uif! ijhiftu! cjmm! xf! offe! jogpsnbujpo! jo! uif! ubcmft! .! PsefsJogp! boe! JufnJogp/! Up!Ýoe!xip!qmbdfe!uibu!psefs!xijdi!ibt!uif!ijhiftu!cjmm-!xf!offe!jogpsnbujpo!jo!uif! ubcmft!Ï!DvtuJogp! PsefsJogp-!boe!JufnJogp/ 34/! Ju!qsjout!bmm!qpttjcmf!y-!z!xifsf!y!dbo!cf!pof!pg!uif!21!wbmvft!Ï!3112-!3113-!É-!3121!boe! z!dbo!cf!pof!pg!uif!21!wbmvft!Ï!3112-!3113-!É-!3121-!hjwjoh!vt!21!´!21!>!211!spxt/ 37/! Cfdbvtf!DvtuOvn!2119!psefsfe!ofjuifs!b!qfo!ops!b!qfodjm/ 38/! Uif!9!spxt!bsf!2112-!2113-!2117-!211:-!2112-!2113-!2118-!211:/ 39/! Uijt!rvfsz!mjtut!pvu!bmm!DvtuOvn!xip!psefsfe!qfo!boe!qfodjm/ 3:/! Uijt!rvfsz!mjtut!pvu!2114-!2115-!2116-!2119-!211:-!boe!2121/!Zpv!njhiu!ibwf!njttfe! 211:!uijoljoh!uif!psefs!jodmveft!qfo0qfodjm/!Jg!zpv!bobmz{f!uif!rvfsz!zpv!xjmm!Ýoe!uibu! 211:!jt!jodmvefe!cfdbvtf!psefs!311:!jodmveft!ubcmf/ 41/! Uif!DvtuOvn!211:!xjmm!cf!ejtqmbzfe/ 42/! Uif!DvtuOvn!uibu!bsf!ejtqmbzfe!bsf!2114!boe!2116/ 43/! Fwfsz!DvtuOvn!psefsfe!bu!mfbtu!pof!pg!ubcmf-!dibjs-!qfo!ps!qfodjm/!Tp-!uif!Ýstu!rvfsz!sf. uvsot!bmm!uif!21!DvtuOvn/!Gps!tjnjmbs!sfbtpot-!uif!tfdpoe!rvfsz!bmtp!sfuvsot!bmm!uif!21! DvtuOvn/ 45/! Jg!ju!jt!31-!uijt!rvfsz!dpvout!boe!ejtqmbzt!bmm!DvtOvn!xip!qmbdfe!psefs!gps!bo!jufn!uibu! jt!xpsui!npsf!uibo!St/31/!Uif!qpttjcmf!jufnt!bsf!ubcmf!boe!dibjs/!Uifsf!bsf!fybdumz!7! DvtuOvn!xip!psefsfe!gps!b!ubcmf!ps!dibjs/ 46/! Uijt!rvfsz!Ýoet!boe!ejtqmbzt!uif!DvtuOvn!xip!qmbdfe!uif!nptu!sfdfou!psefs/ 47/! CFUXFFO!jodmveft!uif!foe!wbmvft/ 48/! TFMFDU!!TVCTUS)UP`DIBS)TZTEBUF*-!9*!GSPN!EVBM-!ejtqmbzt!uif!tusjoh!16/! Uif!hjwfo!rvfsz!Ýoet!boe!ejtqmbzt!uiptf!DvtuOvn!xip!qmbdfe!psefs!jo!uif!zfbs!16/ 4:/! OVMM!jt!opu!frvbm!up!OVMM 51/! Pqujpo!)b*!qsjout!1 ! Pqujpo!)c*!qsjout!3 ! Pqujpo!)b*!qsjout!.3 55/! Zpv!dbo!wfsjgz!cz!fyfdvujoh!uif!QM0TRM!dpef ! JG!MFOHUI)ÓÔ*!jt!OVMM!UIFO ! ! ECNT`PVUQVU/QVU`MJOF)ÓIjÔ*!< ! FMTF ! ! ECNT`PVUQVU/QVU`MJOF)ÓCzfÔ*!< ! FOE!JG< ! Uijt!xjmm!qsjou!Ij
358
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
MCQs in Computer Science
59/! BMM!jt!pqujpobm/!Jut!qsftfodf!ps!bctfodf!epftoÔu!dibohf!uif!pvuqvu/!Vomjlf!EJTUJODU-! ju!bmmpxt!evqmjdbuft!jo!uif!pvuqvu/ 5:/! OWM)OVMM-!4*!sfuvsot!4/!Tp-!OWM)OWM)OVMM-!4*-!5*!jt!frvjwbmfou!up!OWM)4-!5* 61/! Uijt!rvfsz!dpvout!uif!ovncfs!pg!fnqmpzfft!xip!hfu!npsf!uibo!uif!nbyjnvn!tbmbsz/ 62/! OVMM!jt!ofjuifs!frvbm!up!OVMM!ops!opu!frvbm!up!OVMM/ 65/! Tjnqmf!Kpjo!jt!bopuifs!obnf!gps!Frvjkpjo/ 67/! Ju!qsjout!uif!uxp!sfdpset ! Gspn!!!!!!!!!!!!!Up ! Difoobj!!!!!!!!!Ofx!Efmij ! Difoobj!!!!!!!!!Bhsb 73/! Ju!xjmm!qsjou!31!sfdpset/!Usbjot!gspn!Difoobj!jt!23/!Usbjot!up!Ofx!Efmij!jt!23/!Cvu!5! sfdpset!bsf!evqmjdbufe!boe!ifodf!xjmm!cf!dpvoufe!pomz!podf/ 77/! Ju!xjmm!qsjou!uif!gpmmpxjoh!:!sfdpset/ ! Gspn! ! Up ! Difoobj! ! Difoobj ! Difoobj! ! Izefsbcbe ! Difoobj! ! Wjkbzbxbeb ! Izefsbcbe! ! Difoobj ! Izefsbcbe! ! Izefsbcbe ! Izefsbcbe! ! Wjkbzbxbeb ! Wjkbzbxbeb! ! Difoobj ! Wjkbzbxbeb! ! Izefsbcbe ! Wjkbzbxbeb! ! Wjkbzbxbeb 78/! Ju!xjmm!qsjou!uif!gpmmpxjoh!4!sfdpset/ ! Gspn! ! Up ! Wjkbzbxbeb! ! Difoobj ! Wjkbzbxbeb! ! Izefsbcbe ! Wjkbzbxbeb! ! Wjkbzbxbeb 81/! Pqujpo!)b*!dbo!cf!wfsjÝfe!cz!fyfdvujoh!uif!gpmmpxjoh!QM0TRM!cmpdl/ ! JG!)GBMTF!BOE!OVMM*! ! UIFO! ! ! ! ECNT`PVUQVU/QVU`MJOF)ÓIjÔ*< ! FMTF ! ! ! ECNT`PVUQVU/QVU`MJOF)ÓCzfÔ*< ! FOE!JG< ! Uijt!xjmm!qsjou!Czf/!Zpv!dbo!wfsjgz!uif!puifs!pqujpot!upp/ ! Uiftf!sftvmut!bsf!mphjdbm/! ! GBMTF!!BOE!)tpnfuijoh*!jt!bmxbzt!GBMTF!jssftqfdujwf!pg!xifuifs!uif!ÔtpnfuijohÔ!jt! USVF-!GBMTF-!!OVMM/!Uijt!fyqmbjot!pqujpo!)b*/ ! USVF!BOE!OVMM!jt!OVMM!cfdbvtf!OVMM!jt!voqsfejdubcmf/!Uijt!fyqmbjot!pqujpo!)c*/
SQL*Plus, SQL and PL/SQL
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
359
! GBMTF!PS!OVMM!jt!OVMM!cfdbvtf!OVMM!jt!voqsfejdubcmf/!Uijt!fyqmbjot!pqujpo!)e*/ ! OPU!OVMM!jt!OVMM!cfdbvtf!xibu!dbo!zpv!tbz!bcpvu!uif!pqqptjuf!pg!tpnfuijoh!uibu!jt! voqsfejdubcmf!Ï!Ju!upp!jt!voqsfejdubcmf/!Uijt!fyqmbjot!pqujpo!)d*/ 82/! Uijt!PSEFS!dmbvtf!jt!frvjwbmfou!up! ! PSEFS!CZ!obnf!BTDFOEJOH-!hbnf!EFTDFOEJOH 83/! TVCTUS)Ó234567Ô-!6*!fyusbdut!uif!tvctusjoh!tubsujoh!bu!mpdbujpo!6!)uif!dpvou!tubsut!gspn!2*! ujmm!uif!foe/ ! TVCTUS)Ó234567Ô-!.3*!fyusbdut!uif!tvctusjoh!tubsujoh!bu!uif!tfdpoe!mpdbujpo!gspn!uif! mbtu ! )cfdbvtf!pg!uif!.!tjho*!ujmm!uif!foe/ ! TVCTUS)Ó234567Ô-!6-!3*!fyusbdut!uif!tvctusjoh!pg!mfohui!3!)uif!uijse!)pqujpobm*bshvnfou! tqfdjÝft!uif!mfohui*!tubsujoh!bu!mpdbujpo!6!)uif!dpvou!tubsut!gspn!2*/ ! TVCTUS)Ó234567Ô-!.3*!fyusbdut!uif!tvctusjoh!pg!mfohui!3!tubsujoh!bu!uif!tfdpoe!mpdbujpo! gspn!uif!mbtu!)cfdbvtf!pg!uif!.!tjho* 84/! MQBE)ÓbcdeÔ-21-ÔxfsuÔ*!nfbot-!jo!b!Ýfme!pg!mfohui!21-!qbe!uif!tusjoh!ÓbcdeÔ!po!uif!mfgu! tjef!xjui!uif!tusjoh!ÓxfsuÔ 85/! SPVOE)56/:37-.3*!spvoet!3!efdjnbm!qmbdft!up!uif!mfgu!pg!uif!efdjnbm!qpjou!)mfgu!cf. dbvtf!pg!uif!Ï!tjho*/!Uijt!fttfoujbmmz!nfbot!spvoe!up!uif!ofbsftu!ivoesfe/!Tp-!56!xjmm! cf!spvoefe!up!1 87/! OWM)OWM)OVMM-!OWM)OVMM-!4**-!5*!jt!frvjwbmfou!up!OWM)OWM)OVMM-!4*-!5*-!xijdi! jt!frvjwbmfou!up!OWM)4-!5* 89/! TFMFDU!!TVCTUS)ÓnzobnfAbcde/dpnÔ-!JOTUS)ÓnzobnfAbcde/dpnÔ-!ÓAÔ-!2*!,!2* ! GSPN!! EVBM< ! qsjout!xibufwfs!uibu!dpnft!bgufs!uif!A!dibsbdufs!xijdi!jt!uif!epnbjo!obnf/ 91/! Xifofwfs!b!OPU!JO!mjtu!jodmveft!OVMM-!uijt!jt!xibu!ibqqfot/ 94/! SPXOVN!jt!b!qtfvep.dpmvno!uibu!jt!vtfe!up!mbcfm!uif!spxt!pg!uif!sftvmu!tfu/!Uijt!rvfsz! dboopu!sfuvso!boz!spx!cfdbvtf!jg!ju!sfuvsot!b!spx!)ps!npsf!uibo!pof!spx*!uif!Ýstu!sfdpse! nvtu!ibwf!b!SPXOVN!pg!hsfbufs!uibo!6/!Cvu!uif!Ýstu!spx!xjmm!ibwf!uif!SPXOVN!2/ 95/! OVMM!jo!)OVMM*!jt!mphjdbmmz!frvjwbmfou!up!OVMM!>!OVMM 96/! USVOD)56/:37-.3*! usvodbuft! 3! efdjnbm! qmbdft! up! uif! mfgu! pg! uif! efdjnbm! qpjou! )mfgu! cfdbvtf!pg!uif!Ï!tjho*/!Uif!56!xjmm!cf!nbef!1 97/! JT!OVMM!jt!uif!sjhiu!xbz!up!difdl!jg!tpnfuijoh!jt!OVMM/ 98/! Y! ! !!Z! ! 2! ! 2!)3 2Ï2*!! ! 3! ! 4!)33Ï2* ! 4! ! 8!)34Ï2* ! ///////// ! 8! ! 238!)38Ï2* 99/! ÑObuvsbm!kpjoÒ!jt!Dbsuftjbo!kpjo!xjui!jnqmjdju!frvjkpjo!dpoejujpot!po!dpmvnot!xjui!uif! tbnf!obnft/!Ifsf-!Cbol`Nbobhfs!jt!uif!tibsfe!dpmvno/!Pvu!pg!uif!)4!´!4!>*!:!uvqmft! jo!uif!Dbsuftjbo!kpjo-!uif!gpmmpxjoh!6!uvqmft!xjmm!ibwf!jefoujdbm!wbmvft!jo!Cbol`Nbobhfs! dpmvno!)ifodf!ubhhfe!cz!obuvsbm!kpjo*/
MCQs in Computer Science
360
!
! ! Cpsspxfs!
Cbol`Nbobhfs!
Cbol`Nbobhfs!
Mpbo`Bnpvou
! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! !
)gspn!rvfsz!2*! Tvoefsbkbo! Tvoefsbkbo! Tvoefsbkbo! Tvoefsbkbo! Sbnhpqbm!
)gspn!rvfsz!3*! Tvoefsbkbo! Tvoefsbkbo! Tvoefsbkbo! Tvoefsbkbo! Sbnhpqbm!
)gspn!rvfsz!3* 21111/11 8111/11 21111/11 8111/11 6111/11
!)gspn!rvfsz!2*! ! Sbnfti! ! Sbnfti! ! Nbifti! ! Nbifti! ! Tvsfti!
! 9:/! IBWJOH!dmbvtf!fyjtut!pomz!jo!uif!dpoufyu!pg!b!HSPVQ!CZ!dmbvtf/!Ju!Ýmufst!uif!spxt!uibu! xfsf! hspvqfe! cz! uif! HSPVQ! CZ! dmbvtf/! Tp-! tubufnfou! Q! jt! gbmtf! boe! tubufnfou! R! jt! usvf/ ! ! Jg!zpv!ibwf!b!HSPVQ!CZ!dmbvtf-!xibu!dbo!cf!jodmvefe!jo!uif!TFMFDU!dmbvtf!bsf ! ¥! [fsp!ps!npsf!pg!uif!buusjcvuft!vtfe!jo!uif!HSPVQ!CZ!dmbvtf ! ¥! Boz!vtfs.efÝofe!ps!cvjmu.jo!gvodujpo!)Fybnqmf;!nby-!njo-!bwfsbhf*!uibu!sfuvsot!b! tjohmf!wbmvf!gps!fbdi!hspvq/! ! ! Tp-!tubufnfou!S!jt!gbmtf!boe!tubufnfou!T!jt!usvf/ ! :1/! BÈC!xjmm!cf Je
!
!
!
Obnf
Bhf
23
Bsvo
71
26
Tisfzb
35
::
Spiju
22
36
Ibsj
51
:9
Spiju
22
! )BÈC*! ��!D!xjmm!cf Je
Obnf
Bhf
D/Je
Qipof
Bsfb
23
Bsvo
71
21
3311
13
Xjmm!ju!cf!jodmvefe!jo!uif!sftvmu!tfu@
26
Tisfzb
35
21
3311
13
Zft!cfdbvtf!D/Je!=!26
::
Spiju
22
21
3311
13
Zft!cfdbvtf!D/Je!=!26
Zft!cfdbvtf!D/Je!=!26
36
Ibsj
51
21
3311
13
Zft!cfdbvtf!D/Je!=!26
:9
Spiju
22
21
3311
13
Zft!cfdbvtf!D/Je!=!26
23
Bsvo
71
::
3211
12
Op!cfdbvtf!dpoejujpo!jt!opu!nfu
26
Tisfzb
35
::
3211
12
Op!cfdbvtf!dpoejujpo!jt!opu!nfu
::
Spiju
22
::
3211
12
Zft!cfdbvtf!B/Je!?!51
36
Ibsj
51
::
3211
12
Op!cfdbvtf!dpoejujpo!jt!opu!nfu
:9
Spiju
22
::
3211
12
Zft!cfdbvtf!B/Je!?!51
:2/! Uif!rvfsz!)TFMFDU!!C/Bhf!!GSPN!!C!!XIFSF!!C/Obnf!>!ÓBsvoÔ*!xjmm!sfuvso!OVMM! cfdbvtf!op!spx!jo!sfmbujpo!C!ibt!obnf!Bsvo/!Tp!bmm!uif!uisff!spxt!gspn!sfmbujpo!B!xjmm! cf!sfuvsofe/ ! Opuf;!Tpnf!SECNT!jnqmfnfoubujpot!xjmm!opu!sfuvso!boz!spx!cfdbvtf!B/bhf!?!OVMM! xjmm!gbjm!gps!boz!B/bhf!)jodmvejoh!OVMM*/
22
Bvupnbub! Uifpsz
Instructions ! B/! Uif!gpmmpxjoh!bccsfwjbujpot!bsf!vtfe!jo!uijt!dibqufs/ ! !! !GTN! .! Gjojuf! Tubuf! Nbdijof ! !! !EGTN! .! Efufsnjojtujd! Gjojuf! Tubuf! Nbdijof ! !! !OEGTN! .! Opo.Efufsnjojtujd! Gjojuf! Tubuf! Nbdijof ! !! !QEN! .! Qvti! Epxo! Nbdijof ! !! !EQEN! .! Efufsnjojtujd! Qvti! Epxo! Nbdijof ! !! !OEQEN! .! Opo.Efufsnjojtujd! Qvti! Epxo! Nbdijof ! !! !UN! .! Uvsjoh! Nbdijof ! !! !VUN! .! Vojwfstbm! Uvsjoh! Nbdijof ! !! !DGH! .! Dpoufyu! ! Gsff! Hsbnnbs ! !! !DG! .! Dpoufyu! Gsff ! !! !DGM! .! Dpoufyu! Gsff! Mbohvbhf ! !! !DTH! .! Dpoufyu! Tfotjujwf! Hsbnnbs ! C/! Jo!Usbotjujpo!ejbhsbnt-!tubuft!bsf!sfqsftfoufe!cz!djsdmft/ ! ! Uif!tubsu!tubuf!jt!sfqsftfoufe!cz!b!djsdmf!qpjoufe!up!cz!bo!bsspx/ ! ! B!Ýobm!tubuf!jt!sfqsftfoufe!cz!b!djsdmf!fodjsdmfe!cz!bopuifs/ ! D/! Jo!b!DGH-!vomftt!tubufe!puifsxjtf-!hsbnnbs!tzncpm!po!uif!mfgu!iboe!tjef!pg!uif!Ýstu! qspevdujpo-!jt!uif!tubsu!tzncpm/ ! +2/! Xijdi!pg!uif!gpmmpxjoh!qbjst!ibwf!EJGGFSFOU!fyqsfttjwf!qpxfs@! )HBUF!3122* ! ! ! !)b*! Efufsnjojtujd!Gjojuf!Bvupnbub!)EGB*!boe!Opo.efufsnjojtujd!Gjojuf!Bvupnbub!)OGB* ! ! ! )c*! Efufsnjojtujd!qvti!epxo!bvupnbub!)EQEB*!boe!Opo.efufsnjojtujd!qvti!epxo!bv. upnbub!)OQEB* ! ! ! !)d*! Efufsnjojtujd!tjohmf.ubqf!Uvsjoh!nbdijof!boe!Opo.efufsnjojtujd!tjohmf.ubqf!Uvsjoh! nbdijof ! ! ! )e*! Tjohmf.ubqf!Uvsjoh!nbdijof!boe!nvmuj.ubqf!Uvsjoh!nbdijof
362
!
! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
MCQs in Computer Science
+3/! U ! if!mfyjdbm!bobmztjt!gps!b!npefso!dpnqvufs!mbohvbhf!tvdi!bt!Kbwb!offet!uif!qpxfs!pg! xijdi!pof!pg!uif!gpmmpxjoh!nbdijof!npefmt!jo!b!ofdfttbsz!boe!tvgÝdjfou!tfotf@ )HBUF!3122* ! ! )! b*! Gjojuf!tubuf!bvupnbub ! ! )c*! Efufsnjojtujd!qvtiepxo!bvupnbub ! ! !)d*! Opo.efufsnjojtujd!qvtiepxo!bvupnbub ! ! )e*! Uvsjoh!nbdijof +4/! Mfu!Q!cf!b!sfhvmbs!mbohvbhf!boe!R!cf!b!dpoufyu.gsff!mbohvbhf!tvdi!uibu!R!Í!Q/!)Gps! fybnqmf-!mfu!Q!cf!uif!mbohvbhf!sfqsftfoufe!cz!uif!sfhvmbs!fyqsfttjpo!q+!r+!boe!R!cf! |q o! ro!}!o!Î!O~*/!Uifo!xijdi!pg!uif!gpmmpxjoh!jt!BMXBZT!sfhvmbs@! )HBUF!3122* ! ! !)b*! Q!∩!R! )c*! Q!Ï!R! )d*! T+!Ï!Q! )e*! T+!Ï!R +5/! !Dpotjefs!uif!mbohvbhft!M2-!M3!boe!M4!bt!hjwfo!cfmpx/! )HBUF!3122* q r ! ! M2!>!|1 ! 2 !}!q-!r!Î!O~q r ! ! M3!>!|1 ! 2 !}!q-!r!Î!O!boe!q!>!r~!boe q r s ! ! M4!>!|1 ! 2 ! 1 !}!q-!r-!s!Î!O!boe!q!>!r!>!s~/ ! ! Xijdi!pg!uif!gpmmpxjoh!tubufnfout!jt!OPU!USVF@ ! ! !)b*! Qvti!Epxo!Bvupnbub!)QEB*!dbo!cf!vtfe!up!sfdphoj{f!M2! boe!M3/ ! ! )c*! M2!jt!b!sfhvmbs!mbohvbhf/ ! ! !)d*! Bmm!uif!uisff!mbohvbhft!bsf!dpoufyu!gsff/ ! ! )e*! Uvsjoh!nbdijoft!dbo!cf!vtfe!up!sfdphoj{f!bmm!uif!mbohvbhft/ +6/! Xijdi!pg!uif!gpmmpxjoh!qspcmfnt!jt!voefdjebcmf@! ! ! )HBUF!3118* ! !)b*! Nfncfstijq!qspcmfn!gps!DGHt! )c*! Bncjhvjuz!qspcmfn!gps!DGHt ! !)d*! Gjojufoftt!qspcmfn!gps!GTBt! )e*! Frvjwbmfodf!qspcmfn!gps!GTBt +7/! Uif!sfdphoj{joh!dbqbcjmjuz!pg!OEGTN!boe!EGTN ! )! b*! jt!ejggfsfou! !! )c*! tpnfujnft!ejggfsfou ! !)d*! jt!uif!tbnf! !! )e*! opof!pg!uiftf 8/! GTN!dbo!sfdphoj{f ! !)b*! boz!hsbnnbs! !! )c*! pomz!DGH ! !)d*! boz!vobncjhvpvt!hsbnnbs! )e*! pomz!sfhvmbs!hsbnnbs 9/! Qvnqjoh!mfnnb!jt!hfofsbmmz!vtfe!gps!qspwjoh ! !)b*! b!hjwfo!hsbnnbs!jt!sfhvmbs ! !)c*! b!hjwfo!hsbnnbs!jt!opu!sfhvmbs ! !)d*! xifuifs!uxp!hjwfo!sfhvmbs!fyqsfttjpot!bsf!frvjwbmfou ! !)e*! opof!pg!uif!bcpwf +:/! Xijdi!pg!uif!gpmmpxjoh!bsf!opu!sfhvmbs@ ! !)b*! Tusjoht!pg!1Ôt!xiptf!mfohui!jt!b!qfsgfdu!trvbsf/ ! !)c*! Tfu!pg!bmm!qbmjoespnft!nbef!vq!pg!1Ôt!boe!mÔt/ ! !)d*! Tusjoht!pg!1Ôt-!xiptf!mfohui!jt!b!qsjnf!ovncfs/ ! )! e*! Tusjoht!pg!pee!ovncfs!pg!{fspft/
Automata Theory
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
363
Xijdi!pg!uif!gpmmpxjoh!qbjst!pg!sfhvmbs!fyqsfttjpot!bsf!frvjwbmfou@ !)b*! m)12*+!!boe!)21*+2!!! )c*! y)yy*+!!boe!)yy*+y !)d*! )bc*+!!boe!!b+c+! ! ! )e*! y ,!!!boe!!!y+y , Bttvnjoh!Q!¹!OQ-!xijdi!pg!uif!gpmmpxjoh!jt!USVF@! )HBUF!3123* )b*! OQ.dpnqmfuf!>!OQ!! ! )c*! OQ.dpnqmfuf!∩!Q!>!Æ )d*! OQ.ibse!>!OQ! !! )e*! Q!>!OQ.dpnqmfuf +23/! Qjdl!uif!dpssfdu!tubufnfout/ ! Uif!mphjd!pg!Qvnqjoh!mfnnb!jt!b!hppe!fybnqmf!pg ! !)b*! uif!qjhfpo.ipmf!qsjodjqmf! )c*! uif!ejwjef!boe!dporvfs!ufdiojrvf ! )! d*! sfdvstjpo! !! )e*! jufsbujpo +24/! Uif!cbtjd!mjnjubujpo!pg!bo!GTN!jt!uibu ! !)b*! ju!epft!opu!ibwf!uif!dbqbcjmjuz!up!sfnfncfs!jogpsnbujpo ! !)c*! ju!tpnfujnft!sfdphoj{ft!hsbnnbst!uibu!bsf!opu!sfhvmbs ! !)d*! ju!tpnfujnft!gbjmt!up!sfdphoj{f!hsbnnbst!uibu!bsf!sfhvmbs ! !)e*! bmm!pg!uif!bcpwf 25/! Qbmjoespnft!dboÔu!cf!sfdphoj{fe!cz!boz!GTN!cfdbvtf ! !)b*! bo!GTN!epft!opu!ibwf!uif!dbqbcjmjuz!up!sfnfncfs!jogpsnbujpo ! !)c*! bo!GTN!dboÔu!efufsnjojtujdbmmz!Ýy!uif!nje.qpjou ! !)d*! fwfo!jg!uif!nje.qpjou!jt!lopxo-!bo!GTN!dboÔu!Ýoe!xifuifs!uif!tfdpoe!ibmg!pg!uif! tusjoh!nbudift!uif!Ýstu!ibmg ! !)e*! opof!pg!uif!bcpwf 26/! Bo!GTN!dbo!cf!dpotjefsfe!b!UN ! !)b*! pg!Ýojuf!ubqf!mfohui-!sfxjoejoh!dbqbcjmjuz!boe!vojejsfdujpobm!ubqf!npwfnfou ! !)c*! pg!Ýojuf!ubqf!mfohui-!xjuipvu!sfxjoejoh!dbqbcjmjuz!boe!vojejsfdujpobm!ubqf!npwfnfou ! )! d*! pg!Ýojuf!ubqf!mfohui-!xjuipvu!sfxjoejoh!dbqbcjmjuz!boe!cjejsfdujpobm!ubqf!npwfnfou ! !)e*! pg!Ýojuf!ubqf!mfohui-!sfxjoejoh!dbqbcjmjuz!boe!cjejsfdujpobm!ubqf!npwfnfou 27/! UN!jt!npsf!qpxfsgvm!uibo!GTN!cfdbvtf ! !)b*! uif!ubqf!npwfnfou!jt!dpoÝofe!up!pof!ejsfdujpo ! !)c*! ju!ibt!op!Ýojuf!tubuf!dpouspm ! !)d*! ju! ibt! uif! dbqbcjmjuz! up! sfnfncfs! bscjusbsz! mpoh! tfrvfodft!pg!joqvu!tzncpmt/ ! !)e*! opof!pg!uif!bcpwf +28/! Uif!GTN!qjduvsfe!jo!Gjh/!22/2!sfdphoj{ft Fig. 11.1 ! !)b*! bmm!tusjoht! )c*! op!tusjoh ! !)d*! e!Ï!bmpof! )e*! opof!pg!uif!bcpwf 29/! Uif!GTN!qjduvsfe!jo!Gjh/!22/3!jt!b 201-!102 ! )! b*! Nfbmz!nbdijof ! !)c*! Nppsf!nbdijof ! !)d*! Lmffof!nbdijof Fig. 11.2 ! !)e*! opof!pg!uif!bcpwf +21/! ! ! +22/!
364
! ! ! !
2:/! ! ! 31/!
! ! ! ! ! 32/! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! +33/! ! !
MCQs in Computer Science
Uif!nbdijof!qjduvsfe!jo!Gjh/!22/3 !)b*! dpnqmfnfout!b!hjwfo!cju!qbuufso! )c*! hfofsbuft!bmm!tusjoht!pg!1Ôt!boe!2Ôt !)d*! beet!2!up!b!hjwfo!cju!qbuufso! )e*! opof!pg!uif!bcpwf Uif!mbohvbhf!pg!bmm!xpset!)nbef!vq!pg!bÔt!boe!cÔt*!xjui!bu!mfbtu!uxp!bÔt!dbo!cf!eftdsjcfe! cz!uif!sfhvmbs!fyqsfttjpo !)b* )b,c*+b)b,c*+b)b,c*+! )c*! )b,c*+bc+b)b,c*+ !)d* c+bc+b)b,c*+! !! )e*! b)b,c*+b)b,c*+)b,c*+ Xijdi!pg!uif!gpmmpxjoh!qbjst!pg!sfhvmbs!fyqsfttjpo!bsf!opu!frvjwbmfou@ !)b* )bc*+b! boe! b)cb*+ )c* )b,c*+! boe! )b+,c*+ !)d* )b+,c*+! boe! )b,c*+ )e*! opof!pg!uif!bcpwf Xibu!jt!uif!dpnqmfnfou!pg!uif!mbohvbhf!bddfqufe!cz!uif!OGB!tipxo!cfmpx@! Bttvnf!T!>!|b~!boe!e!jt!uif!fnquz!tusjoh/ )HBUF!3123*
Fig. 11.3
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
)b*! Æ! )c*! |e~! )d*! b+! )e*! |b-!e~ 34/! Tfu!pg!sfhvmbs!mbohvbhft!pwfs!b!hjwfo!bmqibcfu! tfu-!jt!opu!dmptfe!voefs ! !)b*! vojpo! )c*! dpnqmfnfoubujpo ! !)d*! joufstfdujpo! )e*! opof!pg!uif!bcpwf +35/! Uif!nbdijof!qjduvsfe!jo!Gjh/!22/5/ ! !)b*! dpnqmfnfout!b!hjwfo!cju!qbuufso ! !)c*! Ýoet!3Ôt!dpnqmfnfou!pg!b!hjwfo!cju!qbuufso Fig. 11.4 ! !)d*! jodsfnfout!b!hjwfo!cju!qbuufso!cz!2 ! !)e*! dibohft!uif!tjho!cju +36/! Xijdi!pg!uif!gpmmpxjoh!qspcmfnt!bsf!efdjebcmf@! )HBUF!3123* 2/! Epft!b!hjwfo!qsphsbn!fwfs!qspevdf!bo!pvuqvu@ 3/! Jg!M!jt!b!dpoufyu.gsff!mbohvbhf-!uifo-!jt! M !bmtp!dpoufyu.gsff@ 4/! Jg!M!jt!b!sfhvmbs!mbohvbhf-!uifo!jt! M!bmtp!sfhvmbs@ 5/! Jg!M!jt!b!sfdvstjwf!mbohvbhf-!uifo!jt! M!bmtp!sfdvstjwf@ )b*! 2-!3-!4-!5! )c*! 2-!3! )d*! 3-!4-!5! )e*! 4-!5!
Automata Theory
365
! +37/! Uif!GTN!qjduvsfe!jo!Gjh/!22/6!sfdphoj{ft ! ! )! b*! boz!tusjoh!pg!pee!ovncfs!pg!bÔt ! ! )! c*! boz! tusjoh! pg! pee! ovncfs! pg! bÔt! boe! fwfo! ovncfs!pg!cÔt ! ! )! d*! boz!tusjoh!pg!fwfo!ovncfs!pg!bÔt!boe!fwfo! ovncfs!pg!cÔt ! ! !)e*! boz! tusjoh! pg! fwfo! ovncfs! pg! bÔt! boe! pee!ovncfs!pg!cÔt ! 38/! Boz!hjwfo!Usbotjujpo!hsbqi!ibt!bo!frvjwbmfou Fig. 11.5 ! ! !)b*! sfhvmbs!fyqsfttjpo! )c*! EGTN ! ! )! d*! OEGTN! )e*! opof!pg!uif!bcpwf ! 39/! Uif!gpmmpxjoh!DGH ! ! T! ®! bT! }! cT! }! b! }! c ! ! jt!frvjwbmfou!up!uif!sfhvmbs!fyqsfttjpo ! ! !)b*! )b+,c*+! !! )c*! )b,c* ,! ! ! )d*! )b,c*)b,c*+! !! )e*! )b,c*+)b,c* ! +3:/! Boz!tusjoh!pg!ufsnjobmt!uibu!dbo!cf!hfofsbufe!cz!uif!gpmmpxjoh!DGH ! !! !! T! ®! YZ ! !! !! Y! ®! bY! }! cY! }! b ! !! !! Z! ®! Zb! }! Zc! }! b ! ! !)b*! ibt!bu!mfbtu!pof!c! !! )c*! tipvme!foe!jo!bo!ÔbÔ ! ! )! d*! ibt!op!dpotfdvujwf!bÔt!ps!cÔt! )e*! ibt!bu!mfbtu!uxp!bÔt ! +41/! Uif!gpmmpxjoh!DGH ! !! !! T! ®! bC}! cB ! !! !! B ! ! ®! b! }! bT! }! cBB ! !! !! C! ®! c! }! cT! }! bCC ! ! hfofsbuft!tusjoht!pg!ufsnjobmt!uibu!ibwf ! ! !)b*! frvbm!ovncfs!pg!bÔt!boe!cÔt ! ! )! c*! pee!ovncfs!pg!bÔt!boe!pee!ovncfs!cÔt ! ! !)d*! fwfo!ovncfs!pg!bÔt!boe!fwfo!ovncfs!pg!cÔt ! ! )! e*! pee!ovncfs!bÔt!boe!fwfo!ovncfs!pg!cÔt ! 42/! Mfu!M)H*!efopuf!uif!mbohvbhf!hfofsbufe!cz!uif!hsbnnbs!H/!Up!qspwf!tfu!B!>!M!)H*! ! !)b*! ju!jt!fopvhi!up!qspwf!uibu!bo!bscjusbsz!nfncfs!pg!B!dbo!cf!hfofsbufe!cz!hsbnnbs!H ! ! !)c*! ju!jt!fopvhi!up!qspwf!uibu!bo!bscjusbsz!tusjoh!hfofsbufe!cz!H-!cfmpoht!up!tfu!B ! ! !)d*! cpui!uif!bcpwf!dpnnfout!)b*!boe!)c*!bsf!up!cf!qspwfe ! ! )! e*! fjuifs!pg!uif!bcpwf!dpnnfout!)b*!ps!)c*!jt!up!cf!qspwfe ! +43/! Uif!tfu!|b oco!}!o!>!2-3-4///~!dbo!cf!hfofsbufe!cz!uif!DGH ! ! !)b*! T! ®! bc! }! bTc! ! ! )c*! T! ®! bbTcc! }! bc ! ! !)d*! T! ®! bc! }! bTc! }! e! )e*! T! ®! bbTcc! }! bc! }! bbcc
366
MCQs in Computer Science
! 44/! Dipptf!uif!dpssfdu!tubufnfout/ ! ! !)b*! Bmm!mbohvbhft!dbo!cf!hfofsbufe!cz!DGH/ ! ! !)c*! Boz!sfhvmbs!mbohvbhf!ibt!bo!frvjwbmfou!DGH/ ! ! !)d*! Tpnf!opo.sfhvmbs!mbohvbhft!dboÔu!cf!hfofsbufe!cz!boz!DGH/ ! ! )! e*! Tpnf!sfhvmbs!mbohvbhft!dboÔu!cf!hfofsbufe!cz!boz!DGH/ ! +45/! Xijdi!pg!uif!gpmmpxjoh!DGHÔt!dboÔu!cf!tjnvmbufe!cz!bo!GTN@ ! ! )! b*! T! ®! Tb! }! b! !! !)c*! T! ®! bcY ! !! !! !! ! Y! ®! dZ ! !! !! !! ! Z! ®! e! }! bY ! ! !)d*! T! ®! bTc}! bc! !! )e*! Opof!pg!uif!bcpwf ! 46/! DGH!jt!opu!dmptfe!voefs ! ! )! b*! vojpo! )c*! Lmffof!tubs! )d*! dpnqmfnfoubujpo! )e*! qspevdu ! 47/! Uif!tfu!B!>!|b oc ob o! }! o!>2-3-4-///~!jt!bo!fybnqmf!pg!b!hsbnnbs!uibu!jt ! ! !)b*! sfhvmbs! !! )c*! dpoufyu!gsff ! ! !)d*! opu!dpoufyu!gsff! !! )e*! opof!pg!uif!bcpwf ! 48/! Mfu!Mm! >! |b oc ob n! }! n-! o! >! 2-3-4-///~ ! !! M3! >! )b oc nb n! }! n-! o! >! 2-3-4-///~ ! !! M 4! >! |b oc ob o! }! o! >! 2-3-4-///~ ! ! Dipptf!uif!dpssfdu!tubufnfout/ ! ! !)b*! M4! >! Mm! Ç! M3 ! ! !)c*! Mm!boe!M3!bsf!DGM!cvu!M4!jt!opu!b!DGM ! ! !)d*! Mm!boe!M3!bsf!opu!DGM!cvu!M4!jt!b!DGM ! ! !)e*! Mm!jt!b!tvctfu!pg!M4 ! 49/! Dipptf!uif!dpssfdu!botxfst/! ! ! M! >! |b oc ob o! }! o>2-3-4-///~!jt!bo!fybnqmf!pg!b!mbohvbhf!uibu!jt ! ! )! b*! dpoufyu!gsff ! ! !)c*! opu!dpoufyu!gsff ! ! !)d*! opu!dpoufyu!gsff!cvu!xiptf!dpnqmfnfou!jt!context free ! ! !)e*! dpoufyu!gsff!cvu!xiptf!dpnqmfnfou!jt!opu!context free ! 4:/! Uif!joufstfdujpo!pg!b!dpoufyu!gsff!mbohvbhf!boe!b!sfhvmbs!mbohvbhf ! ! !)b*! offe!opu!cf!sfhvmbs! ! ! )c*! offe!opu!cf!dpoufyu!gsff ! ! !)d*! jt!bmxbzt!sfhvmbs! !! )e*! jt!bmxbzt!context free ! +51/! Hjwfo!uif!mbohvbhf!M!>!|bc-!bb-!cbb~-!xijdi!pg!uif!gpmmpxjoh!tusjoht!bsf!jo!M + @ )HBUF!3123* ! 2/! bcbbcbbbcbb ! 3/! bbbbcbbbb ! 4/! cbbbbbcbbbbc ! 5/! cbbbbbcbb
Automata Theory
! ! ! 52/! ! ! ! ! ! +53/!
367
)b*! 2-!3!boe!4! !! )c*! 3-!4!boe!5 )d*! 2-!3!boe!5! !! )e*! 2-!4!boe!5! B!QEN!cfibwft!mjlf!b!UN!xifo!uif!ovncfs!pg!bvyjmjbsz!nfnpsz!ju!ibt!jt )! b*! 1! !! )c*! 2!ps!npsf !)d*! 3!ps!npsf! !! )e*! opof!pg!uif!bcpwf Dpotjefs!uif!tfu!pg!tusjoht!po!|1-!2~!jo!xijdi-!fwfsz!tvctusjoh!pg!4!tzncpmt!ibt!bu!nptu! uxp! {fspt/! Gps! fybnqmf-! 112221! boe! 122112! bsf! jo! uif! mbohvbhf-! cvu! 211121! jt! opu/! Bmm!tusjoht!pg!mfohui!mftt!uibo!4!bsf!bmtp!jo!uif!mbohvbhf/!B!qbsujbmmz!dpnqmfufe!EGB! uibu!bddfqut!uijt!mbohvbhf!jt!tipxo!cfmpx/! )HBUF!3123*
Fig. 11.6
! !
! Uif!njttjoh!bsdt!jo!uif!EGB!bsf )b*! ! !! 11 12 21 22
!
11 2
12 1
21
11 12 21 22
1 1 !!
11 12 21 22
11
r
2
)d*! !
!
22
)c*!
11 2
12 2 2
21
21
22
r 2
1 1
)e* 22
r 1
11 11 12 21 22
1 1 !!
12 1 2
!
12 2
21
22 2
1 1
r 1
368
MCQs in Computer Science
! 54/! Xijdi!pg!uif!gpmmpxjoh!jt!bddfqufe!cz!bo!OEQEN-!cvu!opu!cz!b!EQEN@ ! ! !)b*! Bmm!tusjoht!jo!xijdi!b!hjwfo!tzncpm!jt!qsftfou!bu!mfbtu!uxjdf/ ! ! !)c*! Fwfo!qbmjoespnft!)j/f/-!qbmjoespnft!nbef!vq!pg!fwfo!ovncfs!pg!ufsnjobmt*/ ! ! !)d*! Tusjoht!foejoh!xjui!b!qbsujdvmbs!ufsnjobm/ ! ! !)e*! Opof!pg!uif!bcpwf ! 55/! DTH!dbo!cf!sfdphoj{fe!cz!b ! ! !)b*! GTN! !! )c*! EQEN ! ! !)d*! OEQEN! !! )e*! mjofbsmz!cpvoefe!nfnpsz!nbdijof ! 56/! Dipptf!uif!dpssfdu!tubufnfout/ ! ! )! b*! Bo!GTN!xjui!2!tubdl!jt!npsf!qpxfsgvm!uibo!bo!GTN!xjui!op!tubdl/ ! ! )! c*! Bo!GTN!xjui!3!tubdlt!jt!npsf!qpxfsgvm!uibo!b!GTN!xjui!2!tubdl/ ! ! )! d*! Bo!GTN!xjui!4!tubdlt!jt!npsf!qpxfsgvm!uibo!bo!GTN!xjui!3!tubdlt/ ! ! )! e*! Bmm!pg!uiftf/ ! 57/! Dipptf!uif!dpssfdu!tubufnfout/ ! ! )! b*! Bo!GTN!xjui!3!tubdlt!jt!bt!qpxfsgvm!bt!b!UN/ ! ! )! c*! EGTN!boe!OEGTN!ibwf!uif!tbnf!qpxfs/ ! ! !)d*! B!EGTN!xjui!2!tubdl!boe!bo!OEGTN!xjui!2!tubdl!ibwf!uif!tbnf!qpxfs/ ! ! !)e*! B!EGTN!xjui!3!tubdlt!boe!bo!OEGTN!xjui!3!tubdlt!ibwf!uif!tbnf!qpxfs/ ! 58/! Cpvoefe!njojnbmj{bujpo!jt!b!ufdiojrvf!gps ! ! !)b*! qspwjoh!xifuifs!b!qsjnjujwf!sfdvstjwf!gvodujpo!jt!Uvsjoh!dpnqvubcmf ! ! !)c*! qspwjoh!xifuifs!b!qsjnjujwf!sfdvstjwf!gvodujpo!jt!b!upubm!gvodujpo ! ! )! d*! hfofsbujoh!qsjnjujwf!sfdvstjwf!gvodujpot ! ! )! e*! hfofsbujoh!qbsujbm!sfdvstjwf!gvodujpot ! +59/! Dpotjefs!uif!mbohvbhft!M 2!>!G!boe!M3!>!|b~/!Xijdi!pof!pg!uif!gpmmpxjoh!sfqsftfout )HBUF!3124* M2!M3!+!∪!M2!+ !@! ! )b*! |e~! )c*! G! )d*! b+! )e*! |e-!b~ ! +5:/! Xijdi!pg!uif!gpmmpxjoh!tubufnfout!jt0bsf!GBMTF@! )HBUF!3124* ! 2/! Gps!fwfsz!opo.efufsnjojtujd!Uvsojoh!nbdijof-!uifsf!fyjtut!bo!frvjwbmfou!efufsnjojtujd! Uvsjoh!nbdijof/ ! 3/! Uvsjoh!sfdphoj{bcmf!mbohvbhft!bsf!dmptfe!voefs!vojpo!boe!dpnqmfnfoubujpo/ ! 4/! Uvsjoh!efdjebcmf!mbohvbhft!bsf!dmptfe!voefs!joufstfdujpo!boe!dpnqmfnfoubujpo/ ! 5/! Uvsjoh!sfdphoj{bcmf!mbohvbhft!bsf!dmptfe!voefs!vojpo!boe!joufstfdujpo/ ! )b*! 2!boe!5!pomz! )c*! 2!boe!4!pomz! )d*! 3!pomz! )e*! 4!pomz ! 61/! Dipptf!uif!dpssfdu!tubufnfout/! ! ! !)b*! B!upubm!sfdvstjwf!gvodujpo!jt!bmtp!b!qbsujbm!sfdvstjwf!gvodujpo/ ! ! !)c*! B!qbsujbm!sfdvstjwf!gvodujpo!jt!bmtp!b!upubm!sfdvstjwf!gvodujpo/ ! ! !)d*! B!qbsujbm!sfdvstjwf!gvodujpo!jt!bmtp!b!qsjnjujwf!sfdvstjwf!gvodujpo/ ! ! !)e*! B!qsjnjujwf!sfdvstjwf!gvodujpo!jt!bmtp!b!qbsujbm!sfdvstjwf!gvodujpo/
Automata Theory
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
369
62/! B!mbohvbhf!M!gps!xijdi!uifsf!fyjtut!b!UN-!U-!uibu!bddfqut!fwfsz!xpse!jo!M!boe!fjuifs! sfkfdut!ps!mppqt!gps!fwfsz!xpse!uibu!jt!opu!jo!M-!jt!tbje!up!cf ! )! b*! sfdvstjwf! !! )c*! sfdvstjwfmz!fovnfsbcmf! ! !)d*! OQ.IBSE! !! )e*! opof!pg!uif!bcpwf 63/! Dipptf!uif!dpssfdu!tubufnfout/ ! !)b*! M! >! |b oc ob o! }! o>2-3-4-///~!jt!sfdvstjwfmz!fovnfsbcmf/ ! !)c*! Sfdvstjwf!mbohvbhft!bsf!dmptfe!voefs!vojpo/ ! !)d*! Fwfsz!sfdvstjwf!mbohvbhf!jt!sfdvstjwfmz!fovnfsbcmf/ ! )! e*! Sfdvstjwf!mbohvbhft!bsf!dmptfe!voefs!joufstfdujpo/ +64/! Xijdi!pg!uif!gpmmpxjoh!tubufnfout!bsf!USVF@! )HBUF!3124* 2/! Uif!qspcmfn!pg!efufsnjojoh!xfuifs!uifsf!fyjtut!b!dzdmf!jo!bo!voejsfdufe!hsbqi!jt! jo!Q/ 3/! Uif!qspcmfn!pg!efufsnjojoh!xifuifs!uifsf!fyjtut!b!dzdmf!jo!bo!voejsfdufe!hsbqi!jt! jo!OQ/ 4/! Jg!b!qspcmfn!B!jt!OQ.Dpnqmfuf-!uifsf!fyjtut!b!opo.efufsnjojtujd!qpmzopnjbm!ujnf! bmhpsjuin!up!tpmwf!B/ )b*! 2-!3!boe!4! )c*! 2!boe!3!pomz! )d*! 3!boe!4!pomz! )e*! 2!boe!4!pomz +65/! Dpotjefs!uif!gpmmpxjoh!mbohvbhft/! )HBUF!3124* !! ! ! ! !!
M 2!>! |1q!2r!1s }!q-!r-!s!!1~ M3!>! |1q!2r!1s!}!q-!r-!s!!1-!q!¹!s~
! ! Xijdi!pof!pg!uif!gpmmpxjoh!tubufnfout!jt!GBMTF@ ! )b*! M3!jt!dpoufyu.gsff/ ! )c*! M2! ∩!M3!jt!dpoufyu!gsff/ ! )d*! Dpnqmfnfou!pg!M3!jt!sfdvstjwf/ ! )e*! Dpnqmfnfou!pg!M2!jt!dpoufyu.gsff!cvu!npu!sfhvmbs/ ! +66/! Xijdi!pg!uif!gpmmpxjoh!jt!USVF@! ! )HBUF!3118* ! ! )! b*! Fwfsz!tvctfu!pg!b!sfhvmbs!tfu!jt!sfhvmbs/ ! ! )! c*! Fwfsz!Ýojuf!tvctfu!pg!b!opo.sfhvmbs!tfu!jt!sfhvmbs/ ! ! !)d*! Uif!vojpo!pg!uxp!opo.sfhvmbs!tfut!jt!opu!sfhvmbs/ ! ! !)e*! JoÝojuf!vojpo!pg!Ýojuf!tfut!jt!sfhvmbs/ ! +67/! Uif!mbohvbhf!M!>!|1 j!32j!}!j!³!1~!pwfs!uif!bmqibcfu!|1-!m-!3~!jt! )HBUF!3118* ! ! !)b*! opu!sfdvstjwf! !! )c*! jt!sfdvstjwf!boe!jt!b!efufsnjojtujd!DGM ! ! !)d*! jt!b!sfhvmbs!mbohvbhf! ! ! )e*! jt!opu!b!efufsnjojtujd!DGM!cvu!b!DGM ! +68/! Xijdi!pg!uif!gpmmpxjoh!jt!usvf!gps!uif!mbohvbhf!|bq!}!q!jt!b!qsjnf~@! )HBUF!3119* ! ! !)b*! Ju!jt!opu!bddfqufe!cz!b!Uvsjoh!nbdijof/ ! ! !)c*! Ju!jt!sfhvmbs!cvu!opu!dpoufyu.gsff/ ! ! !)d*! Ju!jt!dpoufyu.gsff!cvu!opu!sfhvmbs/ ! ! !)e*! Ju!jt!ofjuifs!sfhvmbs!ops!dpoufyu.gsff-!cvu!bddfqufe!cz!b!Uvsjoh!nbdijof/
370
MCQs in Computer Science
! +69/! Dpotjefs!uif!EGB!B!hjwfo!cfmpx/
Fig. 11.7
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! Xijdi!pg!uif!gpmmpxjoh!bsf!GBMTF@ 2/! Dpnqmfnfou!pg!M)B*!jt!dpoufyu.gsff/ 3/! M)B*!>!M))22+1!,!1*)1!,!2*+1+2+* 4/! Gps!uif!mbohvbhf!bddfqufe!cz!B-!B!jt!uif!njojnbm!EGB/ 5/! B!bddfqut!bmm!tusjoht!pwfs!|1-!2~!pg!mfohui!bu!mfbtu!3/ )b*! 2!boe!4!pomz! !! )c*! 3!boe!5!pomz! )d*! 3!boe!4!pomz! !! )e*! 4!boe!5!pomz! 6:/! Jg!uifsf!fyjtut!b!UN!xijdi!xifo!bqqmjfe!up!boz!qspcmfn!jo!uif!dmbtt-!ufsnjobuft!jg!uif! dpssfdu!botxfs!jt!zft-!boe-!nbz!ps!nbz!opu!ufsnjobuf!puifsxjtf!jt!tbje!up!cf ! !)b*! tubcmf! )c*! votpmwbcmf! )d*! qbsujbmmz!tpmwbcmf! )e*! votubcmf
! +71/! Jg!M!boe M !bsf!sfdvstjwfmz!fovnfsbcmf!uifo!M!jt! )HBUF!3119* ! ! )! b*! sfhvmbs! !! )c*! dpoufyu.gsff ! ! )! d*! dpoufyu.tfotjujwf! !! )e*! sfdvstjwf ! +72/! !Mfu!x!cf!boz!tusjoh!pg!mfohui!o!jo!|1-!2~+/!Mfu!M!cf!uif!tfu!pg!bmm!tvctusjoht!pg!x/!Xibu!jt! uif!njojnvn!ovncfs!pg!tubuft!jo!b!opo.efufsnjojtujd!Ýojuf!bvupnbupo!uibu!bddfqut!M@ )HBUF!3121* ! ! !)b*! o!Ï!2! )c*! o! )d*! o!,!2! )e*! 3oÏ2 ! +73/! Mfu!Q-!R-!boe!S!cf!uisff!mbohvbhft/!Jg!Q!boe!S!bsf!sfhvmbs!boe!jg!QR!>!S-!uifo ! ! !)b*! R!ibt!up!cf!sfhvmbs! ! ! )c*! R!dboopu!cf!sfhvmbs ! ! !)d*! R!offe!opu!cf!sfhvmbs! ! ! )e*! R!ibt!up!cf!b!DGM ! 74/! Dpotjefs!uif!hsbnnbs ! !! !T! ®! QR! }! TR! }! QT ! !! !Q! ®! y ! !! !R! ®! z ! ! Up!hfu!b!tusjoh!pg!o!ufsnjobmt-!uif!ovncfs!pg!qspevdujpot!up!cf!vtfe!jt ! ! !)b*! o 3! )c*! o!,!2! )d*! 3o! )e*! 3o!Ï!2
Automata Theory
371
! +75/! Dipptf!uif!dpssfdu!tubufnfout/ ! ! B!dmbtt!pg!mbohvbhft!uibu!jt!dmptfe!voefs ! ! )! b*! vojpo!boe!dpnqmfnfoubujpo!ibt!up!cf!dmptfe!voefs!joufstfdujpo ! ! !)c*! joufstfdujpo!boe!dpnqmfnfoubujpo!ibt!up!cf!dmptfe!voefs!vojpo ! ! !)d*! vojpo!boe!joufstfdujpo!ibt!up!cf!dmptfe!voefs!dpnqmfnfoubujpo ! ! !)e*! bmm!pg!uif!bcpwf ! 76/! Uif!gpmmpxjoh!hsbnnbs!jt !!! ! !T!!®! bac! }! cad! }! bC !!! ! !T!!®! bT! }! c !!! ! !T!!®! acc! }! bc ! !! !! ca ®! cec! }! c ! ! !)b*! dpoufyu!gsff! !! )c*! sfhvmbs! ! ! )d*! dpoufyu!tfotjujwf! !! )e*! MS!)l* ! +77/! Xijdi!pg!uif!gpmmpxjoh!efÝojujpot!hfofsbuft!uif!tbnf!mbohvbhf!bt!M-!xifsf ! ! M! >! |y oz o-! o! ³! 2~! @ ! ! J/!F! ®! yFz! }! yz ! ! JJ/!yz! }! y ,yzz , ! ! JJJ/!y ,z , ! )b*! J!pomz! )c*! J!boe!JJ! )d*! JJ!boe!JJJ! )e*! JJ!pomz ! +78/! B!Ýojuf!tubuf!nbdijof!xjui!uif!gpmmpxjoh!tubuf!ubcmf!ibt!b!tjohmf!joqvu!y!boe!b!tjohmf! pvuqvu!{/ Qsftfou!tubuf
!
Ofyu!tubuf-!{ y!>!2
y!>!1
B C
E-!1 C-!2
C-!1 D-!2
D E
C-!1 C-!2
E-!2 D-!1
! Jg!uif!jojujbm!tubuf!jt!volopxo-!uifo!uif!tipsuftu!joqvu!tfrvfodf!up!sfbdi!uif!Ýobm!tubuf! D!jt ! ! !)b*! 12! )c*! 21! )d*! 212! )e*! 221 o o ! +79/! Mfu!B! >! |1-2~!boe!M! >! B+/!Mfu!S! >! |1 2 -! o?1~/! Uif!mbohvbhft!M!È!S! boe!S!bsf!sftqfdujwfmz ! ! )! b*! sfhvmbs-!sfhvmbs! !! )c*! opu!sfhvmbs-!sfhvmbs ! ! )! d*! sfhvmbs-!opu!sfhvmbs! ! ! )d*! opu!sfhvmbs-!opu!sfhvmbs ! +7:/! Dpotjefs!uif!mbohvbhft!M2!>!|1j 2k!}!j!¹!k~-!M3!>!|1j 2k!}!j!>!k~-!M4!>!|1j 2k!}!j!>!3k,2~!! ! M5!>!|1j2k!}!j!¹!3k~/!Xijdi!pof!pg!uif!gpmmpxjoh!tubufnfout!jt!usvf@! )HBUF!3121* ! ! )! b*! Pomz!M3!jt!dpoufyu!gsff/!! ! !)c*!Pomz!M3!boe!M4!bsf!dpoufyu!gsff/ ! ! !)d*! Pomz!M2!boe!M3!bsf!dpoufyu!gsff/! ! )e*!Bmm!bsf!dpoufyu!gsff/
372
MCQs in Computer Science
! +81/! Mfu!M!>!|x!Î!)1!,!2*+!}!x!ibt!fwfo!ovncfs!pg!2t~-!j/f/!M!jt!uif!tfu!pg!bmm!cju!tusjoht!xjui! fwfo!ovncfs!pg!2t/!Xijdi!pof!pg!uif!sfhvmbs!fyqsfttjpot!cfmpx!sfqsftfout!M@ ! !! )HBUF!3121* ! ! )! b*! )1+21+2*+! )c*! 1+)21+21+*+! )d*! 1+)21+2*+1+! )e*! 1+2)21+2*+21+ ! +82/! B!DGH!jt!tbje!up!cf!jo!Dipntlz!Opsnbm!Gpsn!)DOG*-!jg!bmm!uif!qspevdujpot!bsf!pg!uif!gpsn B! ®! CD! ps! B! ®! b/!Mfu!H!cf!b!DGH!jo!DOG/!Up!efsjwf!b!tusjoh!pg!ufsnjobmt!pg! mfohui!y-!uif!ovncfs!pg!qspevdujpot!up!cf!vtfe!jt ! ! !)b*! 3y!Ï!2! )c*! 3y! )d*! 3y!,!2! )e*! 3y ! +83/! T!®!bTb!}!cTc!}!b!}!c! !! ! Uif!mbohvbhf!hfofsbufe!cz!uif!bcpwf!hsbnnbs!pwfs!uif!bmqibcfu!|b-c~!jt!uif!tfu!pg ! !! )HBUF!311:* ! ! !)b*! bmm!qbmjoespnft ! ! !)c*! bmm!pee.mfohui!qbmjoespnft ! ! !)d*! tusjoht!uibu!cfhjo!boe!foe!xjui!uif!tbnf!tzncpm ! ! )! e*! bmm!fwfo.mfohui!qbmjoespnft! ! ! +84/! Mfu!p B!cf!b!qspcmfn!uibu!cfmpoht!up!uif!dmbtt!OQ/!Uifo!xijdi!pof!pg!uif!gpmmpxjoh!jt! USVF@! !! )HBUF!311:* ! ! !)b*! Uifsf!jt!op!qpmzopnjbm!ujnf!bmhpsjuin!gps!pB ! ! !)c*! Jg!pB!dbo!cf!tpmwfe!efufsnjojtujdbmmz!jo!qpmzopnjbm!ujnf-!uifo!Q!>!OQ/ ! ! !)d*! Jg!pB!jt!OQ.ibse-!uifo!ju!jt!OQ.dpnqmfuf/ ! ! !)e*! pB! nbz!cf!voefdjebcmf/ ! +85/! Xijdi!pof!pg!uif!gpmmpxjoh!mbohvbhft!pwfs!uif!bmqibcfu!|1-2~!jt!eftdsjcfe!cz!uif!sfhvmbs! fyqsfttjpo;! )HBUF!311:* ! ! )1!,!2*+1)1!,!2*+1)1!,!2*+@ ! ! !)b*! Uif!tfu!pg!bmm!tusjoht!dpoubjojoh!uif!tvctusjoh!11/ ! ! !)c*! Uif!tfu!pg!bmm!tusjoht!dpoubjojoh!bu!nptu!uxp!1Ôt/ ! ! !)d*! Uif!tfu!pg!bmm!tusjoht!dpoubjojoh!bu!mfbtu!uxp!1Ôt/ ! ! !)e*! Uif!tfu!pg!bmm!tusjoht!uibu!cfhjo!boe!foe!xjui!fjuifs!1!ps!2/ ! +86/! Mfu!M!>!M 2!Ç!M3-!xifsf!M2!boe!M3!bsf!mbohvbhft!bt!efÝofe!cfmpx; !! ! M2!>!|bn cn dbo co!}!n-!o!³!1~ ! ! M3!>!|b j c k dl!}!j-!k-!l!³!1~ ! ! Uifo!M!jt! )HBUF!311:* ! ! )! b*! opu!sfdvstjwf ! ! !)c*! sfhvmbs ! ! !)d*! dpoufyu.gsff!cvu!opu!sfhvmbs ! ! )! e*! sfdvstjwfmz!fovnfsbcmf!cvu!opu!dpoufyu.gsff/ ! +87/! 1
1
0 0
0
1
Fig. 11.8
Automata Theory
!! ! ! ! ! ! ! +88/!
! ! ! !
!
! ! ! !
373
Uif!bcpwf!EGB!bddfqut!uif!tfu!pg!bmm!tusjoht!pwfs!|1-2~!uibu !)b*! cfhjo!fjuifs!xjui!1!ps!2! ! )c*! foe!xjui!1 !)d*! foe!xjui!11! !! )e*! dpoubjo!uif!tvctusjoh!11 Mfu!M2!cf!b!sfdvstjwf!mbohvbhf/!Mfu!M3!boe!M4!cf!mbohvbhft!uibu!bsf!sfdvstjwfmz!fov. nfsbcmf!cvu!opu!sfdvstjwf/!Xijdi!pg!uif!gpmmpxjoh!tubufnfout!jt!opu!ofdfttbsjmz!usvf@! )HBUF!3121* !)b*! M3!Ï!M2!jt!sfdvstjwfmz!fovnfsbcmf !)c*! M2!Ï!M4!jt!sfdvstjwfmz!fovnfsbcmf )! d*! M3!Ç!M4!jt!sfdvstjwfmz!fovnfsbcmf !)e*! M3!È!M4!jt!sfdvstjwfmz!fovnfsbcmf!
BOTXFST
! 2/! c! ! 6/! c! ! :/! b-!c-!d! ! 24/! b! ! 28/! d! ! 32/! e! ! 36/! e! ! 3:/! e! ! 44/! c-!d!! ! 48/! b-!c! ! 52/! !d! ! 56/! b-!c! ! 5:/! d! ! 64/!!b! ! 68/! e! ! 72/! d! ! 76/! d! ! 7:/! e! ! 84/! c! ! 88/! c!
3/! 7/! 21/! 25/! 29/! 33/! 37/! 41/! 45/! 49/! 53/! 57/! 61/! 65/! 69/! 73/! 77/! 81/! 85/! !
b! d! b-!c-!e! b-!c-!d! b! c! d! b! d! c-!d! e! b-!c-!e! b-!e! e!! e! d! b! c! d!
4/! 8/! 22/! 26/! 2:/! 34/! 38/! 42/! 46/! 4:/! 54/! 58/! 62/! 66/! 6:/! 74/! 78/! 82/! 86/!
d! e! c! c! b! e! b-!c-!d! d! d! d-!e! c! d! c! c! d! e! c! b! d!
5/! 9/! 23/! 27/! 31/! 35/! 39/! 43/! 47/! 51/! 55/! 59/! 63/! 67/! 71/! 75/! 79/! 83/! 87/!
d c b d b-!c-!d d d-!e b-!e d d e d b-!c-!d-!e c e b-!c d c d
374
MCQs in Computer Science
FYQMBOBUJPOT ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! !
! !
!
!
2/! EGB!boe!OGB!ibwf!uif!tbnf!qpxfs/!OQEB!jt!npsf!qpxfsgvm!uibo!EQEB/ 3/! !Uif!qsjnbsz!gvodujpo!pg!b!mfyjdbm!bobmz{fs!jt!up!uplfoj{f!uif!jodpnjoh!tusfbn!pg!dibs. bdufst/!Jo!npefso!mbohvbhft-!bo!jefoujÝfs!ibt!up!cf!efdmbsfe!cfgpsf!vtf-!boe!lfzxpset! bsf!sftfswfe/!Uiftf!dpotusbjout!gbdjmjubuf!uif!vtf!pg!Ýojuf!tubuf!bvupnbub!up!jnqmfnfou! mfyjdbm!bobmztjt/ 4/! Sfhvmbs!mbohvbhft!bsf!dmptfe!voefs!dpnqmfnfoubujpo/!T+!jt!uif!vojwfstbm!tfu/!T+!Ï!Q! sfqsftfout!uif!dpnqmfnfou!pg!Q/ 5/! M2!jt!sfhvmbs/!Boz!sfhvmbs!mbohvbhf!jt!bmtp!dpoufyu!gsff!)boe!ifodf!sfdphoj{bcmf!cz!b! QEB*/ ! M3!dbo!cf!hfofsbufe!cz!uif!DGH! T!®!1T2!}!12 ! Tp-!M3!jt!dpoufyu!gsff!)boe!ifodf!sfdphoj{bcmf!cz!QEB*/ ! Jt!M4!dpoufyu!gsff@ q q q ! Jg!ju!jt!dpoufyu!gsff-!uifsf!xjmm!cf!b!QEB!uibu!bddfqut!bmm!tusjoht!pg!uif!gpsn!1 2 1 !)boe! bddfqut! pomz! tusjoht! pg! uijt! gpsn*/! Ipxfwfs! up! sfdphoj{f! tvdi! tusjoht-! bo! bvupnbupo! offet!uxp!tubdlt/!Tjodf!b!QEB!ibt!pomz!pof!tubdl-!uifsf!dboopu!fyjtu!b!QEB/!!Ifodf! M4!jt!opu!dpoufyu!gsff/!Qvnqjoh!mfnnb!dbo!bmtp!cf!vtfe!up!tipx!uibu!M4!jt!opu!dpoufyu! gsff/ 6/! Tpnf!pg!uif!puifs!gbnpvt!voefdjebcmf!qspcmfnt!gspn!bvupnbub!uifpsz!bsf!uif!gpmmpxjoh; ! ! ! Efufsnjojoh!jg!uxp!hjwfo!DGHÔt!hfofsbuf!uif!tbnf!tfu!pg!tusjoht ! ! ! Gps!uxp!hjwfo!DGHÔt-!efufsnjojoh!jg!uif!tfu!pg!tusjoht!hfofsbufe!cz!pof!jt!b!tvctfu!pg! uif!tfu!pg!tusjoht!hfofsbufe!cz!uif!puifs ! ! ! Gps!uxp!hjwfo!DGHÔt-!efufsnjojoh!jg!uif!tfu!pg!tusjoht!hfofsbufe!cz!uifn!bsf!ejtkpjou 7/! EGTN! jt! b! tqfdjbm! ! dbtf! pg! OEGTN/! Dpssftqpoejoh! up! boz! hjwfo! OEGTN-! pof! dbo! dpotusvdu!bo!frvjwbmfou!EGTN/!B!EGTN!dbo!cf!dbmmfe!bo!OEGTN/!Tp!uifz!bsf!frvbmmz! qpxfsgvm/ :/! Tusjoht! pg! pee! ovncfs! pg! {fspft! dbo! cf! hfofsbufe! cz! uif! sfhvmbs! fyqsfttjpo)11*+1/ Qvnqjoh!mfnnb!dbo!cf!vtfe!up!qspwf!uif!opo.sfhvmbsjuz!pg!uif!puifs!pqujpot/ 21/! Uxp!sfhvmbs!fyqsfttjpot!Sm!boe!S3!bsf!frvjwbmfou!jg!boz!tusjoh!uibu!dbo!cf!hfofsbufe! cz!Sm!dbo!cf!hfofsbufe!cz!S3!boe!wjdf.wfstb/!Jo!pqujpo!)d*-)bc*+!xjmm!hfofsbuf!bcbc-! xijdi! jt! opu! pg! uif! gpsn! b oc o! )cfdbvtf! bÔt! boe! cÔt! tipvme! dpnf! uphfuifs*/!Bmm! puifs! pqujpot!bsf!dpssfdu!)difdl!ju!pvu"*/ 22/! Jt!Q!>!OQ!jt!tujmm!bo!pqfo!rvftujpo/!Ipxfwfs-!jg!uif!bttvnqujpo!jt!uibu!Q!¹!OQ-!uifo!OQ. dpnqmfuf! boe! Q! tipvme! cf! ejtkpjou/!Uijt! jt! cfdbvtf! jg! uifz! bsf! opu! ejtkpjou-! uifz! xjmm! ibwf!bu!mfbtu!pof!jo!dpnnpo/!Uijt!nfbot!uifsf!jt!bu!mfbtu!pof!OQ.dpnqmfuf!qspcmfn! tpmwbcmf!jo!qpmzopnjbm!ujnf/!Uijt!dpousbejdut!pvs!bttvnqujpo!uibu!Q!¹!OQ!cfdbvtf!pof! OQ.dpnqmfuf!qspcmfn!dbo!sfevdfe!)usbotgpsnfe*!up!bopuifs/ 23/! Qjhfpo.ipmf!qsjodjqmf!jt!uibu!jg!ÓoÔ!cbmmt!bsf!up!cf!qvu!jo!ÓnÔ!cpyft-!uifo!bu!mfbtu!pof!cpy! xjmm!ibwf!npsf!uibo!pof!cbmm!jg!o?n/!Uipvhi!uijt!jt!pcwjpvt-!ju!jt!b!vtfgvm!ufdiojrvf/
Automata Theory
! !
!
!
! ! ! ! !
!
! ! ! ! !
! !
375
24/! UibuÔt!xiz!ju!dboÔu!sfdphoj{f!tusjoht!pg!frvbm!ovncfs!pg!bÔt!boe!cÔt-!xfmm.gpsnfeoftt! pg!oftufe!qbsfouiftjt!fud/ 28/! Ifsf!uif!Ýobm!tubuf!boe!uif!tubsu!tubuf!bsf!pof!boe!uif!tbnf/!Op!usbotjujpo!jt!uifsf/! Cvu!cz!efÝojujpo-!uifsf!jt!bo!)jnqmjdju*!e.usbotjujpo!gspn!boz!tubuf!up!jutfmg/!Tp-!uif!pomz! tusjoh!uibu!dpvme!cf!bddfqufe!jt!e/ 33/! Xsjuf! pvu! tpnf! pg! uif! tusjoht! bddfqufe! cz! uijt! bvupnbupo/!Zpv! dbo! tff! uibu! xibu! jt! bddfqufe!jt!boz!tusjoh!pg!bÔt/!Tjodf!!T!>!|b~-!uif!pomz!tusjoh!uibu!jt!opu!bddfqufe!jt!e/! Uif!dpnqmfnfou!pg!b!mbohvbhf!bddfqut!xibu!jt!opu!bddfqufe!cz!uif!mbohvbhf!boe!sfkfdut! xibu!jt!bddfqufe!cz!uif!mbohvbhf/ 35/! Mfu!122122!cf!uif!joqvu!up!uif!GTN!boe!mfu!ju!cf!gfe!gspn!uif!sjhiu!)j/f/-!mfbtu!tjhojÝdbou! ejhju!Ýstu*/!Jg!xf!bee!2!up!122122!xf!tipvme!hfu!122211/!Cvu!ipx!eje!xf!pcubjo! ju@!Xifofwfs!xf!bee!2!up!bo!2-!xf!nblf!ju!1!boe!dbssz!2!up!uif!ofyu!tubhf!)tubuf*!boe! sfqfbu!uif!qspdftt/!Jg!xf!bee!2!up!b!1-!uifo!Ýstu!nblf!ju!2!boe!bmm!uif!npsf!tjhojÝdbou! ejhjut! xjmm! sfnbjo! uif! tbnf-! j/f/-! b! 1! xjmm! cf! 1! boe! bo! 2! xjmm! cf! 2/! UibuÔt! xibu! uif! hjwfo!nbdijof!epft/!Ifodf!uif!botxfs!jt!)d*/ 36/! !2/! Uijt!tubufnfou!jt!fttfoujbmmz!b!wfstjpo!pg!uif!ibmujoh!qspcmfn!xijdi!jt!voefdjebcmf/ ! !3/! Dpoufyu.gsff!mbohvbhft!bsf!dmptfe!voefs!vojpo-!dpodbufobujpo-!boe!Lmffof!tubs/!Uifz! bsf!opu!dmptfe!voefs!joufstfdujpo-!ejggfsfodf-!boe!dpnqmfnfou/ ! !4/! Jg!M!jt!b!sfhvmbs!mbohvbhf-!tp!jt!jut!dpnqmfnfou!mbohvbhf/!Bo!GTN!bddfqujoh!uijt! dpnqmfnfou!mbohvbhf!dbo!cf!dpotusvdufe!cz!Þjqqjoh!uif!tubsu!boe!foe!tubuft/ ! !5/! Sfdvstjwf!mbohvbhft!bsf!dmptfe!voefs!vojpo-!dpodbufobujpo-!Lmffof!tubs-!joufstfdujpo-! ejggfsfodf-!boe!dpnqmfnfou/ 37/! Ifsf!uif!jojujbm!boe!uif!Ýobm!tubuft!bsf!pof!boe!uif!tbnf/!Jg!zpv!dbsfgvmmz!fybnjof!uif! usbotjujpo!ejbhsbn-!up!npwf!sjhiu!zpv!ibwf!up!dpotvnf!b!ÓcÔ-!up!npwf!mfgu!b!ÓcÔ-!up!hp! vq! bo! ÓbÔ! boe! up! hp! epxo! bo! ÓbÔ/!Xifofwfs! xf! npwf! sjhiu-! xf! ibwf! up! npwf! mfgu! bu! tpnf!tubhf!up!hfu!cbdl!up!uif!Ýobm!tubuf/!Uijt!jnqmjft-!b!ÓcÔ!fttfoujbmmz!ibt!bo!bttpdj. bufe!bopuifs!ÓcÔ/!Tbnf!jt!uif!dbtf!xjui!ÓbÔ!)tjodf!boz!vq!)epxo*!ibt!b!dpssftqpoejoh! epxo!)vq**/!Tp-!fwfo!ovncfs!pg!bÔt!boe!cÔt!ibwf!up!cf!qsftfou/ 3:/! T!jt!uif!tubsu!tubuf/!Y®b-!Z®b!bsf!uif!pomz!qspevdujpot!uibu!dpvme!ufsnjobuf!b!tusjoh! efsjwbcmf!gspn!Y!boe!Z!sftqfdujwfmz/!Tp!bu!mfbtu!uxp!bÔt!ibwf!up!dpnf!bozxbz/!Ifodf! uif!botxfs!jt!)e*/ 41/! Xf!ibwf!T! ®! bC! ®! bbCC! ®! bbcC! ®! bbcc/ ! Tp!)c*!jt!xspoh/!Xf!ibwf !! !! T! ®! bC! ®! bc ! Tp!)d*!jt!xspoh/ ! B!dbsfgvm!pctfswbujpo!pg!uif!qspevdujpot!xjmm!sfwfbm!b!tjnjmbsjuz/!Dibohf!B!up!C-!C!up! B-!b!up!c!boe!c!up!b/!Uif!ofx!tfu!pg!qspevdujpot!xjmm!cf!uif!tbnf!bt!uif!psjhjobm!tfu/! Tp!)e*!jt!gbmtf!boe!)b*!jt!uif!dpssfdu!botxfs/ 43/! Pqujpo!)c*!jt!xspoh!cfdbvtf!ju!dboÔu!hfofsbuf!bbcc!)jo!gbdu!boz!fwfo!qpxfs*/!Pqujpo! )d*!jt!xspoh!tjodf!ju!hfofsbuft!f!bmtp/!Pqujpot!)b*!boe!)e*!bsf!cpui!dpssfdu/ 45/! Pqujpo!)d*!hfofsbuft!uif!tfu!|b oco-!o>2-3-4-///~!xijdi!jt!opu!sfhvmbs/!Pqujpot!)b*! boe!)c*!cfjoh!mfgu!mjofbs!boe!sjhiu!mjofbs!sftqfdujwfmz-!tipvme!ibwf!frvjwbmfou!sfhvmbs! fyqsfttjpot/
376
!
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
!
! ! ! ! ! ! !
MCQs in Computer Science
51/! Nbovbmmz!qbstf!uif!tusjoh!gspn!uif!mfgu/!Jg!zpv!tff!uif!qsfÝy!bc!ps!bb!ps!cbb-!efmfuf!ju! boe!sfqbstf!uif!sfnbjojoh!tusjoh/!Jg!uif!qbstjoh!fwfouvbmmz!mfbwft!zpv!xjui!bo!fnquz! tusjoh-!uifo!hjwfo!tusjoh!jt!jo!M+/! ! Tusjoh!2*!jt!bc!,!bb!,!cbb!,!bc!,!bb!Ï!qbstjoh!fwfouvbmmz!mfbwft!zpv!xjui!bo!fnquz! tusjoh!tp!bcbbcbbbcbb!jt!jo!M+/ ! Tusjoh!3*!jt!bb!,!bb!,!cbb!,!bb!Ï!qbstjoh!fwfouvbmmz!mfbwft!zpv!xjui!bo!fnquz!tusjoh!tp! bbbbcbbbb!jt!jo!M+/ ! Tusjoh! 4*! jt! cbb! ,! bb! ,! bc! ,! bb! ,! bb! ,! c! Ï! uif! mbtu! c! dboopu! cf! dpotvnfe-! tp! cbbbbbcbbbbc!!jt!opu!jo!M+/ ! Tusjoh!5*!jt!cbb!,!bb!,!bc!,!bb!Ï!qbstjoh!fwfouvbmmz!mfbwft!zpv!xjui!bo!fnquz!tusjoh!tp! cbbbbbcbb!jt!jo!M+/ 53/! !Pqujpo!)b*!jt!opu!dpssfdu!cfdbvtf-!usbotjujpo!po!joqvu!2!gspn!tubuf!11!tipvme!mfbe!up!tubuf!12/ ! Pqujpo!)c*!jt!opu!dpssfdu!cfdbvtf-!usbotjujpo!po!joqvu!1!gspn!tubuf!11!tipvme!mfbe!up!tubuf! r-!fmtf-!111!xjmm!cf!bddfqufe/ ! Pqujpo!)d*!jt!opu!dpssfdu!cfdbvtf-!usbotjujpo!po!joqvu!2!gspn!tubuf!12!tipvme!mfbe!up!tubuf!22/ ! Pqujpo!)e*!ibt!bmm!uif!njttjoh!usbotjujpot/ 59/! ! M 3! +! >!b+ !! M2 M3! +! >!b+ !! M2! +! >!G + ! Tp-! !M2 M3! !È!M2! +! >!b+ 5:/! Uvsjoh.sfdphoj{bcmf! mbohvbhft! bsf! bmtp! lopxo! bt! sfdvstjwfmz! fovnfsbcmf! mbohvbhft/! Uifz!bsf!dmptfe!voefs!vojpo!boe!joufstfdujpo!cvu!opu!dpnqmfnfoubujpo/!Uvsjoh.efdjebcmf! mbohvbhft!bsf!bmtp!lopxo!bt!sfdvstjwf!mbohvbhft/!Uifz!bsf!dmptfe!voefs!vojpo-!joufs. tfdujpo!boe!dpnqmfnfoubujpo/ 64/! Tubufnfou!2!jt!dpssfdu!cfdbvtf!uifsf!fyjtut!qpmzopnjbm!ujnf!bmhpsjuin!up!efufsnjof!uif! qsftfodf!pg!b!dzdmf!jo!bo!voejsfdufe!hsbqi/!Tubufnfou!3!jt!dpssfdu!cfdbvtf-!cz!efÝoj. ujpo-!Q!Í!OQ/!Sfhbsejoh!tubufnfou!4-!uif!OQ!tuboet!gps!Opo.efufsnjojtujd!Qpmzopnjbm/ 65/! M2!jt!sfhvmbs!cfdbvtf!ju!dbo!cf!sfqsftfoufe!cz!uif!sfhvmbs!fyqsfttjpo!1+2+1+ ! Dpnqmfnfou!pg!b!sfhvmbs!mbohvbhf!jt!sfhvmbs/!B!mbohvbhf!uibu!jt!sfhvmbs!jt!bmtp!dpoufyu. gsff/ 66/! Boz!Ýojuf!tfu!ibt!up!cf!sfhvmbs!cfdbvtf!zpv!dbo!dpotusvdu!b!sfhvmbs!fyqsfttjpo!uibu!jt!b! vojpo!pg!bmm!uif!xpset!jo!uif!tfu/ 67/! Opuf!uibu!1-!2-!boe!3!bsf!bmqibcfut/!Mfu!vt!bttvnf!11!joejdbuft!uif!bctfodf!pg!1/!Uijt! nfbot-!xifo!j!>!1-!1j32j!joejdbuft!uif!tusjoh!3/ ! Ifsf!jt!uif!DGH!uibu!hfofsbuft!uijt!mbohvbhf/ ! ! ! ! T!®!1T2!®!3 ! Uijt!mbohvbhf!dbo!cf!sfdphoj{fe!cz!b!efufsnjojtujd!qvti.epxo!bvupnbupo!cfdbvtf!b! efufsnjojtujd!qvti.epxo!bvupnbupo!dbo!vtf!uif!qsftfodf!pg!bmqibcfu!3!up!efmjnju!uif! svo!pg!1Ôt/
Automata Theory
!
!
377
68/! Xf!dbo!vtf!uif!qvnqjoh!mfnnb!up!tipx!uibu!uijt!mbohvbhf!jt!ofjuifs!sfhvmbs!ops!dpo. ufyu.gsff/!Xf!dbo!tipx!uibu!uijt!mbohvbhf!jt!dpoufyu.tfotjujwf!cz!dpotusvdujoh!b!mjofbs! cpvoefe!bvupnbupo/!Tp!uifsf!fyjtut!b!Uvsjoh!nbdijof!uibu!bddfqut!uijt!mbohvbhf/ 69/! !Dpotjefs!tubufnfou!2/!Cz!dibohjoh!uif!uxp!opo.Ýobm!tubuft!up!Ýobm!tubuft-!boe!dibohjoh! uif!Ýobm!tubuf!up!b!opo.Ýobm!tubuf-!xf!foe!vq!xjui!bo!GTB!uibu!bddfqut!uif!dpnqmfnfou! mbohvbhf/!Boz!mbohvbhf!bddfqubcmf!cz!bo!GTB!jt!dpoufyu.gsff/!Dpotjefs!tubufnfou!3/! Uifsf!bsf!uxp!spvuft!up!sfbdi!uif!Ýobm!tubuf!gspn!uif!tubsu!tubuf!Ï!cz!22+1!ps!1/!Uibu! jt-!)22+1!,!1*/!Podf!zpv!sfbdi!uif!Ýobm!tubuf-!zpv!dbo!dpotvnf!boz!tusjoh!pg!1Ôt!boe! 2Ôt! xjuipvu! mfbwjoh! uif! Ýobm! tubuf/! Tp-! M)B*! >! )22+1! ,! 1*)1! ,! 2*+/!Bqqfoejoh! 1+2+-! uipvhi!sfevoebou-!epftoÔu!dibohf!uijt!mbohvbhf/!Tubufnfou!4!jt!gbmtf!cfdbvtf!uifsf!jt! op!offe!gps!b!4.tubuf!GTB!up!bddfqu!uijt!mbohvbhf/!Uif!gpmmpxjoh!3.tubuf!GTB!jt!hppe! fopvhi/
a Fig. 11.9
! ! !
! Tubufnfou!5!jt!gbmtf!cfdbvtf!tusjoht!nbef!vq!pg!pomz!2Ôt!bsf!opu!bddfqufe/ 71/! Jg!M!jt!sfdvstjwfmz!fovnfsbcmf!uifo!jut!dpnqmfnfou!jt!sfdvstjwfmz!fovnfsbcmf!jg!boe!pomz! jg!M!jt!sfdvstjwf/ 72/! Mfu!vt!dpotjefs-!bt!bo!fybnqmf-!uif!tusjoh!11212!pg!mfohui!6/!Xibu!epft!uif!gpmmpxjoh opo.efufsnjojtujd!Ýojuf!tubuf!bvupnbupo!bddfqu@
!
!
!
! Uijt! bddfqut! tvctusjoht! pg! 11212! uibu! tubsu! xjui! uif! Ýstu! 1! )uibu! jt-! 1-! 11-! 112-! 1121-! 11212*/ ! Ipx!up!npejgz!uijt!opo.efufsnjojtujd!Ýojuf!tubuf!bvupnbupo!tp!uibu!ju!bddfqut!)jo!beej. ujpo! up! xibu! jt! dvssfoumz! bddfqufe*! tvctusjoht! tubsujoh! xjui! uif! tfdpoe! 1! bt! xfmm@! Cz! jouspevdjoh!pof!npsf!usbotjujpo!)fehf*/
Fig. 11.10
!
Fig. 11.11
!
! Qspdffejoh!uijt!xbz-!uif!Ýobm!opo.efufsnjojtujd!Ýojuf!tubuf!bvupnbupo!uibu!bddfqut!bmm! tvctusjoht!pg!11212!)boe!pomz!uiptf*!jt-!
Fig. 11.12
378
! ! !
! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
MCQs in Computer Science
! Uif!ovncfs!pg!tubuft!jt!7/!Uibu!jt!2!npsf!uibo!uif!tusjoh!mfohui/!Jg!uif!tusjoh!mfohui!jt! o-!uif!ovncfs!pg!tubuft!xjmm!cf!o!,!2/ 73/! Gps!fybnqmf-!Q! >! b+! b oc oc+! QR! >! b+c+ 75/! Uif!Ýstu!uxp!pqujpot!dbo!cf!qspwfe!up!cf!dpssfdu!vtjoh!Ef!NpshboÔt!mbxt/!Pqujpo!)d*!dbo! cf!ejtqspwfe!cz!uif!gpmmpxjoh!dpvoufs.fybnqmf/!Mfu!uif!vojwfstbm!tfu!V!cf!|b-!c-!d-!e-~/!Mfu! B!>!||b~-!|e~-!|b-!e~-!|c-!e~-!|b-!c-!e~-!|~~/!B!jt!dmptfe!voefs!vojpo!boe!joufstfdujpo! cvu!jt!opu!dmptfe!voefs!dpnqmfnfoubujpo/!Gps!fybnqmf!dpnqmfnfou!pg!|b-!e~!jt!|c-!d~-! xijdi!jt!opu!b!nfncfs!pg!B/ 77/! JJ!hfofsbuft!tusjoht!mjlf!yyzzz-!xijdi!bsf!opu!tvqqptfe!up!cf/ ! JJJ!hfofsbuft!tusjoht!mjlf!yzz-!xijdi!bsf!opu!tvqqptfe!up!cf/ ! J!dbo!cf!wfsjÝfe!up!hfofsbuf!bmm!uif!tusjoht!jo!M!boe!pomz!uiptf/ 78/! Esbx!uif!usbotjujpo!ejbhsbn!boe!wfsjgz!uibu!uif!tusjoh!21!gspn!B-!mfbet!up!D/ 79/! M!jt!uif!tfu!pg!bmm!qpttjcmf!tusjoht!nbef!vq!pg!1Ôt!boe!mÔt!)jodmvejoh!uif!ovmm!tusjoh*/!Tp-! M!9!S! jt! M-! xijdi! dbo! cf! hfofsbufe! cz! uif! sfhvmbs! fyqsfttjpo)b,c*+-! boe! ifodf! b! sfhvmbs!mbohvbhf/!S!jt!opu!b!sfhvmbs!fyqsfttjpo/!Uijt!dbo!cf!qspwfe!cz!vtjoh!Qvnqjoh! Mfnnb!ps!tjnqmz!cz!uif!gbdu!uibu!Ýojuf!tubuf!bvupnbub-!uibu!sfdphoj{ft!sfhvmbs!fyqsft. tjpot-!ibt!op!nfnpsz!up!sfdpse!uif!ovncfs!pg!1Ôt!ps!mÔt!ju!ibt!tdboofe/!Xjuipvu!uijt! jogpsnbujpo!1 o2 o!dboopu!cf!sfdphoj{fe/ 7:/! Wfsjgz!cz!xsjujoh!DGH!gps!uiftf!mbohvbhft/ ! Ps-!wfsjgz!cz!dpotusvdujoh!qvti.epxo!bvupnbub!uibu!dbo!bddfqu!uiftf!mbohvbhft/ ! Opuf; ! Uif!DGH!gps!mbohvbhf!M3!jt;!T!®!1T2!}!e/!Tjodf!M3!jt!DG-!uif!gpmmpxjoh!gbdut!dbo!cf! vtfe!up!tipx!uif!fyjtufodf!pg!DGH!gps!M2/ ! ! ¥! Boz!tusjoh!cfmpohjoh!up!M2!jt!b!tusjoh!cfmpohjoh!up!M3!uibu!jt!fjuifs!qsfÝyfe!xjui!uif! sfhvmbs!fyqsfttjpo!1 ,!ps!tvgÝyfe!xjui!uif!sfhvmbs!fyqsfttjpo!2, ! ! ¥! Boz!sfhvmbs!hsbnnbs!jt!b!DGH ! ! ¥! DGH!jt!dmptfe!voefs!dpodbufobujpo ! Tjnjmbsmz-! uif! fyjtufodf! pg! b! DGH! gps! M5! dbo! cf! ftubcmjtife! cfdbvtf! uif! mbohvbhf-! |1j2k!}!j!>!3k~!jt!DG!)ju!jt!hfofsbufe!cz!uif!DGH;!T!®!11T2!}!e*/! ! Tjnjmbsmz-! uif! fyjtufodf! pg! b! DGH! gps! M4! dbo! cf! ftubcmjtife! cfdbvtf! uif! mbohvbhf|1 j2k!}!j!>!3k~!jt!DG/ 81/! Opuf!uibu!M!jodmveft!uif!OVMM!tusjoh-!boe!tusjoht!nbef!vq!pg!pomz!1t/ ! Bmtp!opuf!uibu!b!sfhvmbs!fyqsfttjpo!S-!dbo!sfqsftfou!M-!jg!boe!pomz!jg ! ! ¥! S!hfofsbuft!bmm!cju!tusjoht!xjui!fwfo!ovncfs!pg!2t!BOE ! ! ¥! S!epft!opu!hfofsbuf!boz!cju!tusjoh!uibu!epft!opu!ibwf!fwfo!ovncfs!pg!2t/ ! Pqujpo!)b*!jt!xspoh!cfdbvtf!ju!epftoÔu!hfofsbuf!tusjoht!nbef!vq!pg!pomz!1t!)uibu!jt!1! ovncfs!pg!2t*/ ! Pqujpo!)d*!jt!xspoh!cfdbvtf!uipvhi!boz!tusjoh!hfofsbufe!ju!ibt!fwfo!ovncfs!pg!2t-!opu! bmm!tusjoht!xjui!bo!fwfo!ovncfs!pg!2t!)fybnqmf-!22122*!dbo!cf!hfofsbufe!cz!ju/ ! Pqujpo!)e*!jt!xspoh!cfdbvtf!ju!epftoÔu!hfofsbuf!tusjoht!mjlf!1/ 82/! Uijt!dbo!cf!qspwfe!vtjoh!joevdujpo/
Automata Theory
! ! !
! ! !
! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! !
379
83/! Pqujpo!)e*!jt!xspoh!cfdbvtf!uijt!hsbnnbs!hfofsbuft!uif!qbmjoespnf!bcb!xijdi!jt!opu! bo!fwfo!mfohui!qbmjoespnf/ ! Pqujpo!)b*!jt!xspoh!cfdbvtf!uijt!hsbnnbs!epftoÔu!hfofsbuf!qbmjoespnft!mjlf!bccb/ ! Pqujpo!)d*!jt!xspoh/!Uipvhi!uif!tusjoht!hfofsbufe!cz!uijt!hsbnnbs!tubsu!boe!foe!xjui! uif!tbnf!tzncpm-!uijt!hsbnnbs!epftoÔu!hfofsbuf!bmm!tusjoht!uibu!tubsu!boe!foe!xjui!uif! tbnf!tzncpm/ 84/! Q!jt!uif!tfu!pg!bmm!qspcmfnt!uibu!dbo!cf!tpmwfe!jo!qpmzopnjbm!ujnf!cz!b!efufsnjojtujd! Uvsjoh!nbdijof/ ! OQ!jt!uif!tfu!pg!bmm!qspcmfnt!uibu!dbo!cf!tpmwfe!jo!qpmzopnjbm!ujnf!cz!b!opo.efufsnjojtujd! Uvsjoh!nbdijof/ ! Tjodf!b!opo.efufsnjojtujd!Uvsjoh!nbdijof!jt!qpxfsgvm!uibo!b!efufsnjojtujd!Uvsjoh!nb. dijof-!Q!jt!b!tvctfu!pg!OQ/!Xifuifs!Q!>!OQ!jt!tujmm!b!pqfo!rvftujpo!cvu!jg!pof!OQ.dmbtt! qspcmfn!dbo!cf!tpmwfe!jo!qpmzopnjbm!ujnf!cz!b!efufsnjojtujd!Uvsjoh!nbdijof!uifo!boz! OQ.dmbtt!qspcmfn!dbo!cf!tpmwfe!tp/ 85/! Pqujpo!)b*!jt!xspoh!cfdbvtf!ju!hfofsbuft!tusjoht!mjlf!121/ ! Pqujpo!)c*!jt!xspoh!cfdbvtf!ju!hfofsbuft!tusjoht!mjlf!111/ ! Pqujpo!)e*!jt!xspoh!cfdbvtf!ju!hfofsbuft!tusjoht!mjlf!112/ 86/! Uif!tusjoht!dpnnpo!up!cpui!uif!mbohvbhft!xjmm!cf!pg!uif!gpsn!b ucu d-!xifsf!u!!1/!Tjodf! Ýojuf!tubuf!bvupnbub!dboopu!dpvou!boe!nbudi!uif!ovncfs!pg!bÔt!boe!cÔt-!uijt!dboopu!cf! sfhvmbs/!Ju!dbo!cf!hfofsbufe!cz!uif!gpmmpxjoh!DGH/ ! !T!®!VW! ! !V!®!bVc!}!f ! !W!®!d 87/! Pqujpo!)b*!jt!xspoh!cfdbvtf!ju!epftoÔu!bddfqu!bmm!tusjoht!uibu!cfhjo!xjui!b!1!ps!2!)gps! fybnqmf-!222!jt!opu!bddfqufe* ! Pqujpo!)c*!jt!xspoh!cfdbvtf!ju!epftoÔu!bddfqu!bmm!tusjoht!uibu!foe!xjui!b!1!)gps!fybnqmf-! 21!jt!opu!bddfqufe*/ ! Pqujpo!)e*!jt!xspoh!cfdbvtf!ju!epftoÔu!bddfqu!bmm!tusjoht!uibu!dpoubjo!uif!tvctusjoh!11! )gps!fybnqmf-!2112!jt!opu!bddfqufe*/ 88/! B!sfdvstjwf!mbohvbhf!jt!bmtp!sfdvstjwfmz!fovnfsbcmf/!Tp-!M2!jt!sfdvstjwfmz!fovnfsbcmf/ ! Sfdvstjwfmz!fovnfsbcmf!mbohvbhft!bsf!dmptfe!voefs!joufstfdujpo!boe!vojpo/!Tp-!M3!Ç!M4!jt sfdvstjwfmz!fovnfsbcmf-!boe!M3!È!M4!jt!sfdvstjwfmz!fovnfsbcmf/! ! Sfdvstjwf!mbohvbhft!bsf!dmptfe!voefs!dpnqmfnfoubujpo/!Tp!M2¢!jt!sfdvstjwf-!boe!tp!bmtp!jt sfdvstjwfmz!fovnfsbcmf/! ! M3!Ï!M2!jt!tbnf!bt!M3!Ç!M2¢/!Tjodf!M3!boe!M2¢!bsf!cpui!sfdvstjwfmz!fovnfsbcmf-!boe! sfdvstjwfmz!fovnfsbcmf!mbohvbhft!bsf!dmptfe!voefs!joufstfdujpo-!M3!Ç!L1¢!jt!sfdvstjwfmz! fovnfsbcmf/! ! Uif!dpnqmfnfou!pg!b!sfdvstjwfmz!fovnfsbcmf!mbohvbhf!offe!opu!cf!sfdvstjwfmz!fovnfs. bcmf/! ! M2!Ï!M4!jt!tbnf!bt!L1 Ç!L3¢. L3¢!offe!opu!cf!sfdvstjwfmz!fovnfsbcmf/!Tp-!L1 Ç!L3¢!jt! opu!ofdfttbsjmz!sfdvstjwfmz!fovnfsbcmf/
23
Qsjodjqmft!pg! Qsphsbnnjoh! Mbohvbhft
! 2/! Jg!uif!qptuÝy!frvjwbmfou!pg!uif!tubufnfou ! ! jg! d! uifo! y! fmtf! z!!jt!dyz$-!uifo!uif!qptuÝy!gpsn!bno,noÏbcÏ$cbÏ$ ! )b*! ibt!op!tzoubdujdbmmz!wbmje!qsfÝy!frvjwbmfou ! )c*! jt!frvjwbmfou!up-!jg!b!uifo!n,o!uifo!jg!nÏo!fmtf!bÏc!fmtf!cÏb ! )d*! jt!frvjwbmfou!up-!jg!b!uifo!jg!n,o!uifo!n.o!uifo!bÏc!fmtf!cÏb ! )e*! jt!frvjwbmfou!up-!jg!b!uifo!nÏo!fmtf!jg!n,o!uifo!bÏc!fmtf!cÏb ! 3/! B!sfdvstjwf!gvodujpo!g-!jt!efÝofe!bt!gpmmpxt; g)o*!>! 3-! jg! o! >! 1 ! >! n-! jg! o! >! 2 ! >! 3! y! g)oÏm*! ,! 5! y! g)oÏ3*-! jg! o! ?>! 3 ! ! ! Jg!uif!wbmvf!pg!g)5*!jt!99!uifo!uif!wbmvf!pg!n!jt ! )b*! Ï2! )c*! 1! )d*! 3! )e*! 2 ! +4/! Dpotjefs! uif! qsphsbn! hjwfo! cfmpx-! jo! b! cmpdl.tusvduvsfe! qtfvep.mbohvbhf! xjui! mfyjdbm! tdpqjoh!boe!oftujoh!pg!qspdfevsft!qfsnjuufe/! )HBUF!3123* ! ! Qsphsbn! nbjo< ! !Wbs! ///! ! !! ! Qspdfevsf! B2< ! !! ! ! ! Wbs! /// ! !! ! ! ! Dbmm! B3< ! !! ! Foe! B2 ! !! ! Qspdfevsf! B3< ! !! ! ! ! Wbs! /// ! !! ! ! ! Qspdfevsf! B32< ! !! ! ! ! ! ! Wbs! /// ! !! ! ! ! ! ! Dbmm! B2
! 1*!uifo! Ýcp! ;>! 1 ! ! ! fmtf! jg! )o! >! 2*!uifo! Ýcp! ;>! 2 ! ! ! fmtf! Ýcp! ;>! Ýcp)oÏ2*! ,! Ýcp)oÏ3* foe Jg!Ýcp)6*!jt!uif!gvodujpo!dbmm-!Ýcp)2*!xjmm!cf!vtfe )b*! 4!ujnft! )c*! 5!ujnft! )d*! 6!ujnft! )e*! 7!ujnft +8/! Bo!psejobsz!dbmdvmbups!usfbut!bmm!pqfsbupst )b*! up!cf!pg!frvbm!qsfdfefodf!boe!bttpdjbujoh!up!uif!sjhiu )c*! up!cf!pg!frvbm!qsfdfefodf!boe!bttpdjbujoh!up!uif!mfgu )d*! up!cf!pg!vofrvbm!qsfdfefodf!boe!bttpdjbujoh!up!uif!mfgu )e*! jo!uif!vtvbm!nbuifnbujdbm!tfotf 9/! Jo!xijdi!pg!uif!gpmmpxjoh!qbsbnfufs!qbttjoh!nfdibojtnt-!epft!uif!bduvbm!bshvnfou!ibwf! up!cf!b!wbsjbcmf@ )b*! Qbtt!cz!wbmvf! !! )c*! Qbtt!cz!sftvmu )d*! Qbtt!cz!wbmvf.sftvmu!! )e*! Qbtt!cz!sfgfsfodf +:/! Uif!qsjodjqmf!uibu!b!gvodujpo!dbo!bmxbzt!cf!sfqmbdfe!cz!jut!wbmvf!)jssftqfdujwf!pg!uif! dpoufyu*!xjuipvu!dibohjoh!uif!nfbojoh!jt!dbmmfe )b*! sfgfsfoujbm!usbotqbsfodz! )c*! psuiphpobmjuz )d*! dpoufyu.gsff! !! )e*! vocjoejoh 21/! Uif!gpmmpxjoh!qtfvep.Qbtdbm!qspdfevsf qspdfevsf! qbmjo< wbs! d!;!dibs< cfhjo ! sfbe)d*! 3! 2! C,D Tubufnfou! 3;! E! ;>! B,D Tubufnfou! 4;! F! ;>! B,C Tubufnfou! 5;! H! ;>! E.F Tubufnfou! 6;! I! ;>! F,B Tubufnfou! 7;! J! ;>! I,H ! Xijdi!pg!uif!tubufnfout!dbo!cf!fyfdvufe!jo!qbsbmmfm@ )b*! 3!boe!5! )c*! 5!boe!6! )d*! 6!boe!7! )e*! 5-6!boe!7 28/! Jg!jotusvdujpot!bsf!fyfdvufe!jo!qbsbmmfm-!xifofwfs!uif!sfrvjsfe!pqfsboet!bsf!bwbjmbcmf-! uifo!uif!fyfdvujpo!ujnf!pg!uif!qsfwjpvt!qspcmfn!jt!mphjdbmmz!tbnf!bt!uibu!pg!tfrvfoujbmmz! fyfdvujoh )b*! 4!tubufnfout! )c*! 3!tubufnfout! )d*! 5!tubufnfout! )e*! 6!tubufnfout 29/! Dpotjefs!uif!gpmmpxjoh!wbsjbou!sfdpse!efdmbsbujpo!jo!qtfvep.Qbtdbm/ uzqf! bcd! >! sfdpse y! ;! joufhfs< dbtf! z! ;! joufhfs! pg ! 2! ;! )n! ;! joufhfs-! o! ;! sfbm*< ! 3! ;! )f-! g! ;! joufhfs*< foe ! Tvqqptf!b!qsphsbn!vtft!bo!bssbz!pg!ÓQÔ!tvdi!sfdpset/!Joufhfs!offet!3!czuft!pg!tupsbhf! boe!sfbm!s!czuft/!Jg!uif!bssbz!pddvqjft!591!czuft-!uif!wbmvf!pg!Q!xjmm!cf )b*! 91! )c*! 61! )d*! 36! )e*! 71 +2:/! B!sfdvstjwf!gvodujpo!g)y*-!jt!efÝofe!bt!gpmmpxt; jg)y?211* ! sfuvso! )y.21* fmtf! sfuvso)g)g)y,22*** ! Gps!xijdi!pg!uif!gpmmpxjoh!wbmvft!pg!y-! g)y*! >! :2@ )b*! 211! )c*! :2! )d*! 2! )e*! 212 +31/! Jo!b!izqpuifujdbm!mbohvbhf-!bmm!pqfsbupst!ibwf!frvbm!qsfdfefodf!boe!bttpdjbuf!up!uif!mfgu/! Jo!uijt!mbohvbhf-!uif!fyqsfttjpo!6! y! 4! Ï! 3! Ï! 2! y! 3!fwbmvbuft!up )b*! 26! )c*! 22! )d*! 9! )e*! 31 32/! Zpv!bsf!btlfe!up!vtf!b!dpnqvufs!up!tpmwf!b!qspcmfn!hjwfo!up!zpv/!Ipx!gbtu!uif!dpn. qvufs!tpmwft!zpvs!qspcmfn-!efqfoet!po!uif )b*! bmhpsjuin!vtfe! !! )c*! mbohvbhf!vtfe!gps!jnqmfnfoubujpo )d*! qsphsbnnfs! !! )e*! dpnqvufs 33/! Xijdi!pg!uif!gpmmpxjoh!jt!b!ebohmjoh!sfgfsfodf@ )b*! Bddfttjoh!b!tupsbhf!uibu!jt!bmsfbez!ejtqptfe!bu!uif!sfrvftu!pg!uif!vtfs )c*! Bddfttjoh!b!tupsbhf!uibu!jt!bmsfbez!ejtqptfe!bu!uif!sfrvftu!pg!uif!qspdfttps
Principles of Programming Languages
385
! )d*! Bddfttjoh!b!wbsjbcmf!uibu!jt!efdmbsfe!cvu!opu!jojujbmj{fe ! )e*! Opof!pg!uif!bcpwf ! 34/! Ifbq!bmmpdbujpo!jt!sfrvjsfe!gps!mbohvbhft!uibu ! )b*! tvqqpsu!sfdvstjpo ! )c*! tvqqpsu!ezobnjd!ebub!tusvduvsft ! )d*! vtf!ezobnjd!tdpqf!svmft ! )e*! opof!pg!uiftf ! 35/! Cjoejoh!)pg!bo!jefoujÝfs!up!b!wbmvf*!dbo!pddvs!xijmf ! )b*! xsjujoh!b!qsphsbn! ! ! )c*! dpnqjmjoh!b!qsphsbn ! )d*! jowpljoh!b!tvc.qsphsbn! )e*! fyfdvujoh!b!qsphsbn ! +36/! Dpotjefs!uif!gpmmpxjoh!qsphsbn!gsbhnfou/ qspdfevsf! fydibohf)B;! joufhfs-! C;! joufhfs* ! ufnq! ;! joufhfs< cfhjo ! ufnq! ;>! B! C! ufnq< foe< cfhjo ! N! ;>! 3! 5< ! fydibohf)N-! Y\N^*! 1*! uifo! epju! ;>! z ! ! fmtf! jg! )z! >! 1*! uifo! epju! ;>! y ! ! ! fmtf! epju! ;>! epju)yÏm-! zÏm* foe ! )b*! Ju!mppqt!joÝojufmz!gps!tpnf!y-! z/ ! )c*! Ju!epftoÔu!xpsl!jg! y!boe!z!bsf!cpui!1/ ! )d*! Ju!Ýoet!uif!hsfbufs!pg!uif!uxp!hjwfo!opo.ofhbujwf!joufhfst/ ! )e*! Ju!Ýoet!uif!qptjujwf!ejggfsfodf!pg!uxp!hjwfo!opo.ofhbujwf!joufhfst/ ! +3:/! Xijdi!pg!uif!gpmmpxjoh!dbo!cf!dpssfdumz!jefoujÝfe!up!cf!Qbtdbm!uplfot!xjuipvu!mppl. bifbe!tdboojoh@ ! )b*! ;! )c*! ;>! )d*! foe! )e*! =
386
MCQs in Computer Science
! +41/! Dpotjefs!uif!gpmmpxjoh!qtfvep.Qbtdbm!qsphsbn/!Bttvnf!uibu!)+!tubsut!b!dpnnfou!boe +*!foet!b!dpnnfou/ qspdfevsf! epju)B-! C-! D*! ;! joufhfs< cfhjo ! C! ;>! CÏ3! B,D)+! 21! 31! 2! dibs! )dibs! >! sfbm*< ! ! jg)gbmtf! >! usvf*! uifo! xsjufmo)ÓEpoÔu! XpsszÔ* ! fmtf! xsjufmo)ÓCf! IbqqzÔ* foe
Principles of Programming Languages
! ! !
!
! ! ! ! !
! ! !
)b*! b!dpnqjmbujpo!fssps!nfttbhf! )c*! EpoÔu! Xpssz )d*! b!svo!ujnf!fssps!nfttbhf! )e*! Cf Ibqqz ! Ns/!Hfojvt!efwfmpqfe!b!mbohvbhf!dbmmfe!Hsfbu-!xjui!uif!gpmmpxjoh!jotusvdujpot/ dms! y! Ï! tfut! y! up! 1 jod! y! Ï! jodsfnfout! y! cz! 2 efd! y! Ï! efdsfnfout! y! cz! 2 jow! y! Ï! jg! y! jt! opoÏ{fsp-! y! xjmm! cf! tfu! up! 1/ ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! jg! y! jt! {fsp-! y! xjmm! cf! tfu! up! 2/ ! Uif!pomz!dpouspm!gfbuvsf!bwbjmbcmf!jt; xijmf! y! opu! 1 ep ! tubufnfou! mjtu foe !
The following seven questions are based on this new language. Assume variables take the value 0 or any positive integer. 47/! Uijt!mbohvbhf!jt!bt!qpxfsgvm!bt )b*! DPCPM! )c*! MJTQ! )d*! D! )e*! D,, +48/! Pof!pg!uif!gpvs!jotusvdujpot!jt!opu!offefe/!Uibu!jt )b*! dms! y! )c*! jod! y! )d*! efd! y! )e*! jow! y 49/! Uif!qsphsbn dms! D! 2! y< foe< qspdfevsf! C< cfhjo ! y! ;>! y.2< foe< cfhjo ! y! ;>! 6! 2< ! ! jg)o! ?! 1*! uifo! ! ! cfhjo ! ! ! ! ! jg)o! npe! 3! >! 2*! uifo ! ! ! ! ! wbmvf! ;>! wbmvf+y< ! ! ! ! ! wbmvf! ;>! wbmvf+xibu)y+y-! o! ejw! 3*< ! ! foe< ! ! xibu! ;>! wbmvf< foe
! o! 1< xijmf! )```````*! ep cfhjo ! ufnq! ;>! B\j^! j< ! xijmf! )``````*! ep ! cfhjo ! B\k^! ;>! ``````! )k,l*! npe! o< ! jg)k! =! njo*! uifo ! ! ! ! njo! ;>! k< foe< B\)o,j.l*! npe! o^! ;>! ```````< j! ;>! ```````< foe< )b*! j! ?! njo! )o,j*! npe! o!)o,j.l*!npe!o! 6! 3! 1*! ps! )o! >! 2*! uifo! Ýc! ;>! 2 ! fmtf! Ýc! ;>! Ýc)oÏ2*,!Ýc)oÏ3* foe< ! Uif!gvodujpo!jt!svo!po!b!dpnqvufs!xjui!b!tubdl!pg!tj{f!75!czuft/!Jg!pomz!uif!sfuvso! beesftt!boe!qbsbnfufs!bsf!qbttfe!up!uif!tubdl!boe!uifz!offe!uxp!czuft!fbdi-!ftujnbuf! uif!nbyjnvn!wbmvf!pg!o!gps!xijdi!uif!tubdl!epft!opu!pwfsÞpx/ )b*! 5! )c*! 7! )d*! 21! )e*! : 62/! B!ebub!esjwfo!nbdijof!jt!pof!uibu!fyfdvuft!bo!jotusvdujpo!jg!uif!offefe!ebub!jt!bwbjm. bcmf/!Uif!qiztjdbm!psefsjoh!pg!uif!dpef!mjtujoh!epft!opu!ejdubuf!uif!dpvstf!pg!fyfdvujpo/! Dpotjefs!uif!gpmmpxjoh!qtfvep.dpef/ )B*! Nvmujqmz!F!cz!1/6!up!hfu!G! )C*! Bee!B!boe!C!up!hfu!F )D*! Bee!C!xjui!1/6!up!hfu!E! )E*! Bee!F!boe!G!up!hfu!H )F*! Bee!B!xjui!21/6!up!hfu!D ! Bttvnf!B-!C-!D!bsf!bmsfbez!bttjhofe!wbmvft!boe!uif!eftjsfe!pvuqvu!jt!H/ ! Xijdi!pg!uif!gpmmpxjoh!tfrvfodf!pg!fyfdvujpo!jt!wbmje@ )b*! C-!D-!F-!B-!E! !! )c*! D-!C-!F-!B-!E )d*! B-!C-!D-!E-!F! !! )e*! F-!E-!D-!C-!B +63/! Jo!uif!qsfwjpvt!rvftujpo-!jo!ipx!nboz!ejggfsfou!xbzt!dbo!uif!6!jotusvdujpot!cf!tfrvfodfe@ )b*! 21! )c*! 9! )d*! 7! )e*! 23 +64/! Jo!b!efnboe.esjwfo!nbdijof-!bo!jotusvdujpo!jt!opu!fyfdvufe!voujm!jut!pvuqvu!jt!offefe/! Gps!uif!qsfwjpvt!rvftujpo-!jo!xibu!psefs!xjmm!uif!jotusvdujpot!cf!tfrvfodfe@ )b*! E-!C-!B-!D-!F! !! )c*! B-!C-!D-!E-!F )d*! F-!E-!D-!C-!B! !! )e*! Opof!pg!uiftf 65/! Uif! gpmmpxjoh! jt! bo! jodpnqmfuf! qtfvep.Qbtdbm! gvodujpo! up! dpowfsu! b! hjwfo! efdjnbm! joufhfs!)jo!uif!sbohf!.9!up!8*!joup!b!cjobsz!joufhfs!jo!3Ôt!dpnqmfnfou!gpsn/!Efufsnjof! uif!fyqsfttjpot!uibu!dpnqmfuf!uif!qsphsbn/ gvodujpo! UXPDPNQ)O! ;! joufhfs*! ;! joufhfs< wbs ! ! SFN-! FYQP-! CJOBSZ! ;! joufhfs< cfhjo ! jg)o! ³! Ï9*! boe! )O! £! 8*uifo cfhjo ! jg! O! =! 1! uifo ! ! ! ! O! ;>! ```` < ! ! ! ! CJOBSZ! ;>! 1! 2< ! ! ! ! xijmf! O! =?! 1! ep
392
MCQs in Computer Science
! ! ! cfhjo ! ! SFN! ;>! O! npe! 3< ! ! CJOBSZ! ;>! CJOBSZ!,!````! +! FYQP< ! ! FYQP! ;>! FYQP+21< ! ! O! ;>! ```` < ! ! foe< ! ! ! ! ! UXPDPNQ! ;>! CJOBSZ ! ! foe ! foe< ! )b*! O,2! Ï21< z! ;>! 31< jg! Y?Z! uifo! ! ! ! jg! Y=1! ! ! ! uifo! Y! ;>! bct)Y*! ! ! ! fmtf! Y! ;>! 3+y< ! )b*! 31! )c*! 41! )d*! Ï21! )e*! Ï31 ! 67/! Dpotjefs!uif!gpmmpxjoh!nbdsp!efÝojujpo/ nbdsp! Bee! y-! z ! Mpbe! z ! Nvm! y ! Tupsf! z foe! nbdsp ! y! boe! z! bsf ! )b*! wbsjbcmft! !! )c*! jefoujÝfst! ! )d*! bduvbm!qbsbnfufst! ! ! )e*! gpsnbm!qbsbnfufst ! +68/! Xijdi!pg!uif!gpmmpxjoh!tusjoht!dbo!efÝojufmz!cf!tbje!up!cf!uplfot!xjuipvu!mppljoh!bu! uif!ofyu!joqvu!dibsbdufs!xijmf!dpnqjmjoh!b!Qbtdbm!qsphsbn@ ! J/! cfhjo! JJ/! qsphsbn! JJJ/! =? ! )b*! J!pomz! )c*! JJ!pomz! )d*! JJJ!pomz! )e*! Bmm!pg!uif!bcpwf ! 69/! Bttvnf!Y!boe!Z!bsf!opo.{fsp!qptjujwf!joufhfst/!Uif!gpmmpxjoh!qtfvep.Qbtdbm!qsphsbn xijmf! Y! =?! Z! ep ! jg! Y! ?! Z! uifo! Y! ;>! YÏZ ! fmtf! Z! ;>! ZÏY; xsjuf)Y*
! trsu)Y*< foe< cfhjo ! Y! ;>! 3! B,C< ! Z! ;>! bct)BÏC*< ! X! ;>! BÏC< ! [! ;>! B+C< foe
394
! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! !
MCQs in Computer Science
! Bttvnjoh!joufhfs!pddvqjft!3!czuft!boe!uif!jojujbm!wbmvft!pg!B!boe!C!bsf!6DI!boe! :3I!sftqfdujwfmz-!uif!Ýobm!wbmvft!pg!X-! Y-! Z!boe![!xjmm!cf )b*! DBI-! FFI-! 47I-! 4589I! )c*! BI-! FFI-! 47I-! 4589I )d*! BI-! FCI-! 47I-! 4589I! )e*! DBI-! FCI-! 47I-! 4589I +74/! Dpotjefs!uif!gpmmpxjoh!qtfvep.Qbtdbm!gvodujpo-!xifsf!B!boe!C!bsf!opo.{fsp!qptjujwf! joufhfst/!Xibu!jt!uif!wbmvf!pg!HFU)4-3*@ gvodujpo! HFU)B-! C! ;! joufhfs*! ;! joufhfs< cfhjo ! ! jg! C! >! 1! ! ! uifo ! ! ! ! HFU! ;>! 2 ! ! f2tf! jg! B! =! C! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! uifo ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! HFU! ;>! 1 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! fmtf! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! HFU! ;>! HFU)BÏm-C*! ,! HFU)BÏm-CÏm* foe< )b*! 2! )c*! 3! )d*! 4! )e*! 8 +75/! Xijdi!mbohvbhft!ofdfttbsjmz!offe!ifbq!bmmpdbujpo!jo!uif!svoujnf!fowjsponfou@ !! ! )HBUF!3121* )b*! Uiptf!uibu!tvqqpsu!sfdvstjpo! )c*! Uiptf!uibu!vtf!ezobnjd!tdpqjoh )d*! Uiptf!uibu!bmmpx!ezobnjd!ebub!tusvduvsft! )e*! Uiptf!uibu!vtf!hmpcbm!wbsjbcmft
Let the symbol D stand for a variable that is defined or refined. Let the symbol K stand for a variable that is killed. Let the symbol U stand for a variable that is used. The next three questions are based on the above notations. !
76/! Dpotjefs!uif!bttjhonfou!tubufnfou wbs2! >! wbs2! ,! wbs3< !!!!!! Uif!tfrvfodf!pg!opubujpot!uibu!dpssfdumz!sfÞfdut!uif!vtbhf!pg!uif!wbsjbcmf!wbs2!jt ! )b*! LE! )c*! E! )d*! VE! )e*! VLE ! 77/! Xijdi!pg!uif!gpmmpxjoh!tfrvfodft!)gps!b!qbsujdvmbs!wbsjbcmf*!jt!ibsnmftt!cvu!tvtqjdjpvt@ ! )b*! EV! )c*! LE! )d*! VV! )e*! EE ! 78/! Xijdi!pg!uif!gpmmpxjoh!tfrvfodft!)gps!b!qbsujdvmbs!wbsjbcmf*!bsf!qspcbcmz!cvht@ ! )b*! LL! )c*! VL! )d*! LV! )e*! EL ! +79/! Xibu!jt!uif!sfuvso!wbmvf!pg!g! )q-!q*-!jg!uif!wbmvf!pg!q!jt!jojujbmj{fe!up!6!cfgpsf!uif!dbmm@! Opuf!uibu!uif!Ýstu!qbsbnfufs!jt!qbttfe!cz!sfgfsfodf-!xifsfbt!uif!tfdpoe!qbsbnfufs!jt! qbttfe!cz!wbmvf/! )HBUF!3124*
Principles of Programming Languages
395
! ! jou! g)jou! 'y-! jou! d*! | ! !! ! d! >! d! Ï! 2< ! !! ! jg! ! )d>>1*! sfuvso! 2< ! !! ! y! >! y! ,! 2< ! !sfuvso! g)y-! d*! +! y< ! !~ ! )b*! 4135! )c*! 7672! )d*! 66551! )e*! 272162 ! 7:/! Wfsobdvmbs!mbohvbhft!)mjlf!Fohmjti*!boe!qsphsbnnjoh!mbohvbhft!ibwf!b!mpu!pg!tjnjmbsj. ujft/!Jo!b!cspbe!tfotf-!uif!opvot!boe!wfsct!bsf!dpnqbsbcmf!up ! )b*! pqfsbupst!boe!jefoujÝfst!sftqfdujwfmz! )c*! pqfsboet!boe!jefoujÝfst!sftqfdujwfmz ! )d*! pqfsboet!boe!pqfsbupst!sftqfdujwfmz! )e*! pqfsbupst!boe!gvodujpot!sftqfdujwfmz ! 81/! Dpotjefs!uif!gpmmpxjoh!D!qsphsbn/! $jodmvef! Ñtuejp/iÒ nbjo)! * | ! fovn! cppmfbo! |usvf-! gbmtf~< ! fovn! cppmfbo! b-! c-! d< ! b! >! c! >! usvf< ! d! >! )b>>c*< ! jg! )d! >>! b* ! ! ! ! qsjoug)ÑUSVFÒ*< ! fmtf ! ! ! ! qsjoug)ÑGBMTFÒ*< ~ !!!!!! ! Uif!pvuqvu!pg!uif!bcpwf!qsphsbn!xjmm!cf ! )b*! USVF! !! )c*! GBMTF! ! )d*! dpnqvufs!efqfoefou! )e*! voqsfejdubcmf
BOTXFST ! m/! ! 6/! ! :/! ! 24/! ! 28/! ! 32/! ! 36/! ! 3:/!
c! e! b! b-!c! d! b-!c-!d-!e! c! c!
3/! 7/! 21/! 25/! 29/! 33/! 37/! 41/!
e! d! c-!d! d! e! b-!c-!d! b! b!
4/! e! 8/! b! 22/! b-!e! 26/! d! 2:/! b-!c-!d-!e! 34/! c! 38/! c! 42/! b!
5/! 9/! 23/! 27/! 31/! 35/! 39/! 43/!
b-!e c-!d-!e d b-!c b b-!c-!d-!e b-!e d
MCQs in Computer Science
396
! 44/! ! 48/! ! 52/! ! 56/! ! 5:/! ! 64/! ! 68/! ! 72/! ! 76/! ! 7:/!
! !
! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
!
b! b! d! b! b! e! d! e! e! d!
45/! 49/! 53/! 57/! 61/! 65/! 69/! 73/! 77/! 81/!
b-!c! c! d! e! c! c! d! b! e! c
46/! c! 4:/! d! 54/! b! 58/! e! 62/! b-!c! 66/! d! 6:/! b! 74/! d! 78/! b-!d-!e!
47/! 51/! 55/! 59/! 63/! 67/! 71/! 75/! 79/!
b-!c-!d-!e b d b e e b d c
FYQMBOBUJPOT 4/! Uif! bddftt! mjol! gspn! bo! bdujwbujpo! sfdpse! qpjout! up! uif! fodmptjoh! cmpdl! jo! uif! mfyjdbm! tusvduvsf!pg!uif!qsphsbn/!Tp!uif!bddftt!mjol!gspn!uif!qspdfevsft!tipvme!cf!qpjoujoh!uif! nbjo!gvodujpo/ 6/! Uifsf! jt! op! sfmbujpotijq! cfuxffo! dpef! tj{f! boe! fyfdvujpo! ujnf/! Gps! fybnqmf-! vtf! pg! sfdvstjpo-!hfofsbmmz!sftvmut!jo!dpnqbdu!dpef-!cvu!fyfdvujpo!ujnf!xjmm!cf!npsf/ 8/! BQM!bmtp!fwbmvbuft!bo!bsjuinfujd!fyqsfttjpo-!uif!tbnf!xbz!bt!b!dbmdvmbups/ :/! Psuiphpobmjuz!jt!uif!qsjodjqmf!uibu!fbdi!dpnqpofou!pg!b!mbohvbhf!tipvme!cf!joefqfoefou! pg!uif!puifs!dpnqpofout/!Dpoufyu.gsff!jo!b!cspbe!tfotf!nfbot!sfqmbdfnfou!pg!pof!qbu. ufso!cz!bopuifs-!jssftqfdujwf!pg!uif!dpoufyu/ 22/! Jo!pqujpo!)b*-!uif!fyqsfttjpo!jt!frvjwbmfou!up ! )6! Ï! )4! ,! 3**! ´! )5! ,! 2*-!xijdi!fwbmvbuft!up!1/ ! Jo!pqujpo!)c*-!ju!jt!))))6! .! 4*! ,! 3*! ´! 5*! ,! 2*-!xijdi!zjfmet!28/ ! Jo!pqujpo!)d*-!ju!jt!)6! Ï! )4! ,! )3! ´! )5! ,! 2****-!xijdi!fwbmvbuft!up!Ï9/ ! Jo!pqujpo!)e*-!ju!jt!))6! Ï! )4! ,! 3**! ´! )5! ,! 2*-!xijdi!fwbmvbuft!up!1/ 2:/! Jo!gbdu!g)y*!xjmm!cf!:2!gps!boz!y!mftt!uibo!212/!Mfu!vt!vtf!uif!tipsu!gpsn!g 4)y*-!up! efopuf!g)g)g)y***/!Xibu!xjmm!cf!uif!wbmvf!pg!g o):2*@ ! g o):2*! >! g o,2)213*! >! g o):3*! >! g o,2)214*!fud/! Bu!tpnf!tubhf-!ju!xjmm!cf!go)211*!>!g o,2)222*!>!g o)212*!>!g o.2):2*/!Xf! tubsufe!xjui!go):2*!boe!sfevdfe!ju!up!goÏ2):2*/!Uijt!oÏm!dbo!cf!sfevdfe!oÏ3-!fud/-! Vmujnbufmz!pof!hfut!g2):2*-!xijdi!dbo!cf!qspwfe!up!cf!:2-!vtjoh!uif!tbnf!mphjd/ ! Xibu!jt!mfgu!up!cf!qspwfe!jt-!jg!zpv!tubsu!xjui!boz!ovncfs!mftt!uibo!212-!zpv!tipvme!cf! hfuujoh! g o):2*-! gps! tpnf! o/!Uijt! jt! pcwjpvt! cfdbvtf! xf! lffq! po! beejoh! 22-! ujmm! uif! bshvnfou!gbmmt!jo!uif!sbohf!212!up!222/!Bgufsxbset-!b!222!cfdpnft!:2!jo!uxp!tufqt!.!212! cfdpnft!:2!jo!pof!tufq/!Gps!boz!puifs!ovncfs!jo!uijt!sbohf-!xf!tvcusbdu!21!boe!jo!uif! ofyu!tufq-!bee!22/!Uif!ofu!fggfdu!jt!beejoh!2!up!uif!ovncfs/!Qsphsfttjoh!uijt!xbz-!pof! hfut!222-!xijdi!xjmm!cf!sfevdfe!up!:2!jo!uxp!tufqt/
Principles of Programming Languages
397
! 31/! Jo! uijt! mbohvbhf-! uif! hjwfo! fyqsfttjpo! jt! frvjwbmfou! up! )6! ´! )4! Ï! )3! Ï! )2! ´! 3****-!xijdi!fwbmvbuft!up!26/ ! 36/! Jg! uif! qbsbnfufst! bsf! qbttfe! cz! wbmvf-! uif! gvodujpo! xjmm! cf! nbojqvmbujoh! b! mpdbm! dpqz! pg!uif!bshvnfou!wbmvf/!Boz!dibohf!xjmm!cf!mpdbm!up!uif!gvodujpo!boe!ifodf!xjmm!opu!cf! sfÞfdufe!jo!uif!dbmmjoh!fowjsponfou/ ! 37/! Jo!dbmm!cz!sfgfsfodf-!uif!beesftt!pg!uif!bduvbm!bshvnfout!xjmm!cf!qbttfe!up!uif!gvodujpo/! Boz!dibohf!epof!jotjef!uif!gvodujpo!xjmm!cf!sfÞfdufe!pvutjef!uif!gvodujpo!bmtp/ ! 38/! Jo! uijt! dbtf-! uif! gpmmpxjoh! tubufnfout! xjmm! cf! fyfdvufe! cz! uif! gvodujpo/! ufnq! ;>! N< N!;>!Y\N^!ufnq!3!Y\3^< Y\N^!;>! ufnq-!dboÔu!cf!usfbufe!bt!b!tjohmf!uplfo/ ! ! ;-!jg!gpmmpxfe!cz!>-!dboÔu!cf!usfbufe!bt!b!tjohmf!uplfo/ ! 41/! Jg!B-!C-!D!bsf!bmm!efdmbsfe!up!cf!wbsjbcmf!qbsbnfufst-!uif!dbmm!epju)B-!B-!B*!fyfdvuft! uif! tubufnfout! Ï! B;>BÏ3B,B21Ï39,921Ï39,21! HFU)3-3*! ,! HFU)3-2* ! !! >! HFU)2-3*! ,! HFU)2-2*! ,! HFU)2-2*! ,! HFU)2-1* ! !! >! 1! ,! HFU)2-2*! ,! HFU)2-2*! ,! 2 ! !! >! 3! ´! )HFU)1-m*! ,! HFU)1-1**! ,! 2 ! !! >! 3! ,! 2! >! 4/ ! 75/! Uif!bduvbm!nfnpsz!sfrvjsfnfou!gps!ezobnjd!ebub!tusvduvsft!nbz!opu!cf!lopxo!bu!dpn. qjmf!ujnf/!Jo!sfbmjuz-!bmmpdbujpo!gps!hmpcbm!wbsjbcmft!boe!tubujd!wbsjbcmft!dpnf!gspn!uif! ifbq/! ! 79/! Dbmm!up!g!)q-!q*!xjui!wbsjbcmf!q!jojujbmj{fe!up!6-!sfuvsot!g)y-!5*!+!y!cfdbvtf!uif!dpoejujpo! )d>>1*!fwbmvbufe!up!gbmtf/!Opuf!uibu!uif!wbmvf!pg!y!jt!7!boe!d!jt!5/! ! ! Fwbmvbujpo!pg!g!)y-!5*!sfuvsot!g!)y-!4*!+!y!xifsf!y!ibt!uif!wbmvf!8/ ! ! Fwbmvbujpo!pg!g!)y-!4*!sfuvsot!g!)y-!3*!+!y!xifsf!y!ibt!uif!wbmvf!9/ ! ! Fwbmvbujpo!pg!g!)y-!3*!sfuvsot!g!)y-!2*!+!y!xifsf!y!ibt!uif!wbmvf!:/ ! ! Fwbmvbujpo!pg!g!)y-!2*!sfuvsot!2!cfdbvtf!uif!dpoejujpo!)d>>1*!fwbmvbufe!up!usvf/ ! ! Uif!voxjoejoh!qspdftt-!gffet!2!up!g!)y-!2*!boe!fwbmvbuft!g!)y-!2*!+!y!up!2!+!:!cfdbvtf!uif! wbsjbcmf!y!jt!tibsfe!cz!bmm!uif!jowpdbujpot!pg!gvodujpo!g/!Uijt!:!jt!uif!wbmvf!pg!g!)y-!3*/ ! ! g!)y-!4*!fwbmvbuft!up!:!+!:!7672!
24
Qsjodjqmft!pg! Dpnqjmfs!Eftjho
In this chapter, CFG stands for context free grammar. DFSA stands for deterministic Ɲnite state automata. NDFSA stands for non-deterministic Ɲnite state automata. ! 2/! Dsptt.dpnqjmfs!jt!b!dpnqjmfs ! )b*! xijdi!jt!xsjuufo!jo!b!mbohvbhf!uibu!jt!ejggfsfou!gspn!uif!tpvsdf!mbohvbhf/ ! )c*! uibu!hfofsbuft!pckfdu!dpef!gps!jut!iptu!nbdijof/ ! )d*! xijdi!jt!xsjuufo!jo!b!mbohvbhf!uibu!jt!tbnf!bt!uif!tpvsdf!mbohvbhf/ ! )e*! uibu!svot!po!pof!nbdijof!cvu!qspevdft!pckfdu!dpef!gps!bopuifs!nbdijof/ ! +3/! Jo!b!dpnqjmfs-!lfzxpset!pg!b!mbohvbhf!bsf!sfdphoj{fe!evsjoh! )HBUF!3122* ! ! !)b*! qbstjoh!pg!uif!qsphsbn!! ! )c*! uif!dpef!hfofsbujpo ! ! !)d*! uif!mfyjdbm!bobmztjt!pg!uif!qsphsbn! )e*! ebubÞpx!bobmztjt ! 4/! Gps!xijdi!pg!uif!gpmmpxjoh!sfbtpot-!bo!joufsqsfufs!jt!qsfgfssfe!up!b!dpnqjmfs@ ! )b*! Ju!ublft!mftt!ujnf!up!fyfdvuf/ ! )c*! Ju!jt!nvdi!ifmqgvm!jo!uif!jojujbm!tubhft!pg!qsphsbn!efwfmpqnfou/ ! )d*! Efcvhhjoh!dbo!cf!gbtufs!boe!fbtjfs/ ! )e*! Bmm!pg!uiftf/ ! +5/! !Dpotjefs!uxp!cjobsz!pqfsbupst!ÓÔ!boe!Ó¯Ô!xjui!uif!qsfdfefodf!pg!pqfsbups!¯!cfjoh!mpxfs! uibo! uibu! pg! uif! pqfsbups! /! Pqfsbups! ! jt! sjhiu! bttpdjbujwf! xijmf! pqfsbups! ¯! jt! mfgu bttpdjbujwf/! Xijdi! pof! pg! uif! gpmmpxjoh! sfqsftfout! uif! qbstf! usff! gps! fyqsfttjpo! )8!¯!4!!5!!4!¯!3*@! )HBUF!3122*
MCQs in Computer Science
400
! !
! !)b*!
! !
! !)d*!
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
!
! !!
)c*!
!!
)e*!
6/! Uif!dptu!pg!efwfmpqjoh!b!dpnqjmfs!jt!qspqpsujpobm!up!uif )b*! dpnqmfyjuz!pg!uif!tpvsdf!mbohvbhf )c*! dpnqmfyjuz!pg!uif!bsdijufduvsf!pg!uif!ubshfu!nbdijof )d*! Þfyjcjmjuz!pg!uif!bwbjmbcmf!jotusvdujpo!tfu )e*! opof!pg!uif!bcpwf 7/! Bo!jefbm!dpnqjmfs!tipvme )b*! cf!tnbmmfs!jo!tj{f )c*! ublf!mftt!ujnf!gps!dpnqjmbujpo )d*! cf!xsjuufo!jo!b!ijhi!mfwfm!mbohvbhf )e*! qspevdf!pckfdu!dpef!uibu!jt!tnbmmfs!jo!tj{f!boe!fyfdvuft!gbtufs 8/! Bo!pqujnj{joh!dpnqjmfs )b*! jt!pqujnj{fe!up!pddvqz!mftt!tqbdf )c*! jt!pqujnj{fe!up!ublf!mftt!ujnf!gps!fyfdvujpo )d*! pqujnj{ft!uif!dpef )e*! opof!pg!uif!bcpwf 9/! Jo!b!dpnqjmfs-!hspvqjoh!pg!dibsbdufst!joup!uplfot!jt!epof!cz!uif )b*! mfyjdbm!bobmz{fs! ! ! )c*! qbstfs! )d*! dpef!hfofsbups! ! ! )e*! dpef!pqujnj{fs :/! Xifuifs!b!hjwfo!qbuufso!dpotujuvuft!b!uplfo!ps!opu )b*! efqfoet!po!uif!tpvsdf!mbohvbhf! )c*! efqfoet!po!uif!ubshfu!nbdijof!mbohvbhf )d*! efqfoet!po!uif!bttfncmz!mbohvbhf! )e*! opof!pg!uif!bcpwf!dpnnfout!jt!usvf
Principles of Compiler Design
401
! 21/! B!hsbnnbs!xjmm!cf!nfbojohmftt!jg!uif ! )b*! ufsnjobm!tfu!boe!uif!opo.ufsnjobm!tfu!bsf!opu!ejtkpjou ! )c*! mfgu!iboe!tjef!pg!b!qspevdujpo!jt!b!tjohmf!ufsnjobm ! )d*! mfgu!iboe!tjef!pg!b!qspevdujpo!ibt!op!opo.ufsnjobm ! )e*! mfgu!iboe!tjef!pg!b!qspevdujpo!ibt!npsf!uibo!uxp!opo.ufsnjobmt ! 22/! Xijdi!pg!uif!gpmmpxjoh!hsbnnbst!bsf!opu!qibtf.tusvduvsfe@ ! )b*! Sfhvmbs! !! )c*! Dpoufyu.gsff ! )d*! Dpoufyu.tfotjujwf! ! ! )e*! Opof!pg!uif!bcpwf ! +23/! EfÝojujpo!pg!b!mbohvbhf!M!xjui!bmqibcfu!|b~!jt!hjwfo!bt!gpmmpxjoh/ ! !
! M!>!|b ol!}!l!?!1-!boe!o!jt!b!qptjujwf!joufhfs!dpotubou~
! !
! Xibu!jt!uif!njojnvn!ovncfs!pg!tubuft!offefe!jo!b!EGB!up!sfdphoj{f!M@ )HBUF!3122* o!,!2
! ! ! !)b*! l!,!2! )c*! o!,!2! )d*! 3 ! )e*! 3l!,!2 ! 24/! Jo!b!dpoufyu.tfotjujwf!hsbnnbs! )b*! f!dboÔu!cf!uif!sjhiu.iboe!tjef!pg!boz!qspevdujpo ! )c*! ovncfs!pg!hsbnnbs!tzncpmt!po!uif!mfgu.iboe!tjef!pg!b!qspevdujpo!dboÔu!cf!hsfbufs! uibo!uif!ovncfs!pg!hsbnnbs!tzncpmt!po!uif!sjhiu.iboe!tjef ! )d*! ovncfs!pg!hsbnnbs!tzncpmt!po!uif!mfgu.iboe!tjef!pg!b!qspevdujpo!dboÔu!cf!hsfbufs! uibo!uif!ovncfs!pg!ufsnjobmt!po!uif!sjhiu.iboe!tjef ! )e*! ovncfs!pg!hsbnnbs!tzncpmt!po!uif!mfgu.iboe!tjef!pg!b!qspevdujpo!dboÔu!cf!hsfbufs! uibo!uif!ovncfs!pg!opo.ufsnjobmt!po!uif!sjhiu.iboe!tjef ! 25/! Jo!b!dpoufyu.gsff!hsbnnbs! )b*! f!dboÔu!cf!uif!sjhiu.iboe!tjef!pg!boz!qspevdujpo ! )c*! ufsnjobm!tzncpmt!dboÔu!cf!qsftfou!jo!uif!mfgu.iboe!tjef!pg!boz!qspevdujpo ! )d*! uif!ovncfs!pg!hsbnnbs!tzncpmt!jo!uif!mfgu.iboe!tjef!jt!opu!hsfbufs!uibo!uif!ovncfs! pg!hsbnnbs!tzncpmt!jo!uif!sjhiu.iboe!tjef ! )e*! bmm!pg!uif!bcpwf ! 26/! Jg!x!jt!b!tusjoh!pg!ufsnjobmt!boe!B-!C!bsf!uxp!opo.ufsnjobmt-!uifo!xijdi!pg!uif!gpmmpxjoh!bsf sjhiu.mjofbs!hsbnnbst@ ! )b*! B! ®! Cx! !! )c*! B! ®! Cx}x ! )d*! B! ®! xC}x! !! )e*! Opof!pg!uif!bcpwf ! 27/! Jg!b!jt!b!ufsnjobm!boe!T-!B-!C!bsf!uisff!opo.ufsnjobmt-!uifo!xijdi!pg!uif!gpmmpxjoh!bsf! sfhvmbs!hsbnnbst@ ! )b*! T! ®! f! !! )c*! B! ®! bC}b ! ! B! ®! bT}c! !! ! C! ®! cB}c ! )d*! B! ®! Cb}Cbc! ! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!)e*! B! ®! bcC}bC
MCQs in Computer Science
402
! +28/! B!efufsnjojtujd!Ýojuf!bvupnbujpo!)EGB*!E!xjui!bmqibcfu!T!>!|b-!c~!jt!hjwfo!cfmpx/
Fig. 13.1
! !
! Xijdi!pg!uif!gpmmpxjoh!Ýojuf!tubuf!nbdijoft!jt!b!wbmje!njojnbm!EGB!xijdi!bddfqut!uif! tbnf!mbohvbhft!bt!E@! )HBUF!3122*
! !
! !)b*!
! !
! !)d*!
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
!
!
)c*!
)e*!
29/! DGH!dbo!cf!sfdphoj{fe!cz!b )b*! qvti.epxo!bvupnbub! )c*! 3.xbz!mjofbs!cpvoefe!bvupnbub )d*! Ýojuf!tubuf!bvupnbub!! )e*! opof!pg!uif!bcpwf 2:/! DTH!dbo!cf!sfdphoj{fe!cz )b*! qvti.epxo!bvupnbub! )c*! 3.xbz!mjofbs!cpvoefe!bvupnbub )d*! Ýojuf!tubuf!bvupnbub!! )e*! opof!pg!uif!bcpwf 31/! Dipptf!uif!dpssfdu!tubufnfout/ )b*! Tfoufodf!pg!b!hsbnnbs!jt!b!tfoufoujbm!gpsn!xjuipvu!boz!ufsnjobmt/ )c*! Tfoufodf!pg!b!hsbnnbs!tipvme!cf!efsjwbcmf!gspn!uif!tubsu!tubuf/ )d*! Tfoufodf!pg!b!hsbnnbs!tipvme!cf!gspoujfs!pg!b!efsjwbujpo!usff-!jo!xijdi!uif!sppu!opef! ibt!uif!tubsu!tubuf!bt!uif!mbcfm/ )e*! Bmm!pg!uif!bcpwf
Principles of Compiler Design
403
! 32/! B!hsbnnbs!dbo!ibwf ! )b*! b!opo.ufsnjobm!B!uibu!dboÔu!efsjwf!boz!tusjoh!pg!ufsnjobmt ! )c*! b!opo.ufsnjobm!B!uibu!dbo!cf!qsftfou!jo!boz!tfoufoujbm!gpsn ! )d*! f!bt!uif!pomz!tzncpm!po!uif!mfgu!iboe!tjef!pg!b!qspevdujpo ! )e*! opof!pg!uif!bcpwf ! 33/! B!upq.epxo!qbstfs!hfofsbuft ! )b*! mfgu.nptu!efsjwbujpo! ! )c*! sjhiu.nptu!efsjwbujpo ! )d*! sjhiu.nptu!efsjwbujpo!jo!sfwfstf! )e*! mfgu.nptu!efsjwbujpo!jo!sfwfstf ! 34/! B!cpuupn.vq!qbstfs!hfofsbuft ! )b*! mfgu.nptu!efsjwbujpo! ! )c*! sjhiu.nptu!efsjwbujpo ! )d*! sjhiu.nptu!efsjwbujpo!jo!sfwfstf! )e*! mfgu.nptu!efsjwbujpo!jo!sfwfstf ! 35/! B!hjwfo!hsbnnbs!jt!tbje!up!cf!bncjhvpvt!jg ! )b*! uxp!ps!npsf!qspevdujpot!ibwf!uif!tbnf!opo.ufsnjobm!po!uif!mfgu!iboe!tjef ! )c*! b!efsjwbujpo!usff!ibt!npsf!uibo!pof!bttpdjbufe!tfoufodf ! )d*! uifsf!jt!b!tfoufodf!xjui!npsf!uibo!pof!efsjwbujpo!usff!dpssftqpoejoh!up!ju ! )e*! qbsfouiftjt!bsf!opu!qsftfou!jo!uif!hsbnnbs ! +36/! Uif!hsbnnbs!F! ®! F,F!}!F+F!}!b-!jt ! )b*! bncjhvpvt ! )c*! vobncjhvpvt ! )d*! bncjhvpvt!ps!opu-!efqfoet!po!uif!hjwfo!tfoufodf ! )e*! opof!pg!uif!bcpwf ! +37/! Xibu!jt!uif!nbyjnvn!ovncfs!pg!sfevdf!npwft!uibu!dbo!cf!ublfo!cz!b!cpuupn.vq!qbstfs! gps!b!hsbnnbs!xjui!op!fqtjmpo!.!boe!voju.qspevdujpo!)j/f/-!pg!uzqf!B!®!e!boe!B!®!b*! up!qbstf!b!tusjoh!xjui!o!uplfot@! )HBUF!3124* ! )b*! o03! )c*! o!Ï!2! )d*! 3o!Ï!2! )e*! 3 o ! +38/! Dpotjefs!uif!hsbnnbs ! T! ®! BCTd! }! Bcd CB! ®! BC Cc! ®! cc Bc! ®! bc Bb! ®! bb ! ! Xijdi!pg!uif!gpmmpxjoh!tfoufodft!dbo!cf!efsjwfe!cz!uijt!hsbnnbs@ ! )b*! bcd! )c*! bbc! )d*! bcdd! )e*! bccd ! +39/! Uif!mbohvbhf!hfofsbufe!cz!uif!bcpwf!hsbnnbs!jt!uif!tfu!pg!bmm!tusjoht-!nbef!vq!pg!b-! c-!d-!tvdi!uibu ! )b*! uif!ovncfs!pg!bÔt-!cÔt-!boe!dÔt!xjmm!cf!frvbm ! )c*! bÔt!bmxbzt!qsfdfef!cÔt ! )d*! cÔt!bmxbzt!qsfdfef!dÔt ! )e*! uif! ovncfs! pg! bÔt-! cÔt-! boe! dÔt! bsf! uif! tbnf! boe-! uif! bÔt! qsfdfef! uif! cÔt-! xijdi! qsfdfef!uif dÔt
404
MCQs in Computer Science
! +3:/! Dpotjefs!uif!gpmmpxjoh!uxp!tfut!pg!MS)2*!jufnt!pg!bo!MS)2*!hsbnnbs/! )HBUF!3124* ! !! Y!®!d/Y-!d0e! Y!®!d/Y-!% ! !! Y!®!/dY-!d0e! Y!®!/dY-!% ! !! Y!®!/e-!d0e! Y!®!/e-!% ! ! Xijdi!pg!uif!gpmmpxjoh!tubufnfout!sfmbufe!up!nfshjoh!pg!uxp!tfut!jo!uif!dpssftqpoejoh! MBMS!qbstfs!jt0bsf!!GBMTF@ ! 2/! Dboopu!cf!nfshfe!tjodf!mppl!bifbet!bsf!ejggfsfou/ ! 3/! Dbo!cf!nfshfe!cvu!xjmm!sftvmu!jo!T.S!dpoÞjdu/ ! 4/! Dbo!cf!nfshfe!cvu!xjmm!sftvmu!jo!S.S!dpoÞjdu/ ! 5/! Dboopu!cf!nfshfe!tjodf!hpup!po!d!xjmm!mfbe!up!uxp!ejggfsfou!tfut/ ! )b*! 2!pomz! )c*! 3!pomz! )d*! 2!boe!5!pomz! )e*! 2-!3-!4!boe!5 ! +41/! Xijdi!ebub!tusvduvsf!jo!b!dpnqjmfs!jt!vtfe!gps!nbobhjoh!jogpsnbujpo!bcpvu!wbsjbcmft! boe!uifjs!buusjcvuft@! )HBUF!3121* !! )b*! Bctusbdu!tzouby!usff!! )c*! Tzncpm!ubcmf ! )d*! Tfnboujd!tubdl! ! ! )e*! Qbstf!ubcmf ! 42/! Uxp!Ýojuf!tubuf!nbdijoft!bsf!tbje!up!cf!frvjwbmfou!jg!uifz ! )b*! ibwf!uif!tbnf!ovncfs!pg!tubuft ! )c*! ibwf!uif!tbnf!ovncfs!pg!usbotjujpot ! )d*! ibwf!uif!tbnf!ovncfs!pg!tubuft!boe!fehft ! )e*! sfdphoj{f!uif!tbnf!tfu!pg!uplfot ! +43/! Hjwfo!uif!gpmmpxjoh!tubuf!ubcmf!pg!bo!GTN!xjui!uxp!tubuft!B!boe!C-!pof!joqvu!boe!pof! pvuqvu; Qsftfou! Tubuf!B 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 2 ! ! !! !
Qsftfou Tubuf!C 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
Joqvu 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2
Ofyu Tubuf!B 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 1
Ofyu Tubuf!C 1 1 2 1 2 1 2 1
! Pvuqvu 2 1 1 1 1 2 2 2
!! ! )HBUF!311:*! ! ! Jg!uif!jojujbm!tubuf!jt!B!>!1-!C!>!1-!xibu!jt!uif!njojnvn!mfohui!pg!bo!joqvu!tusjoh!xijdi! xjmm!ublf!uif!nbdijof!up!uif!tubuf!B!>!1-!C!>!2!xjui!Pvuqvu!>!2@ )b*! 4!
)c*! 5!
)d*! 6!
)e*! 7
Principles of Compiler Design
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
44/! Jg!uxp!Ýojuf.tubuf!nbdijoft!N!boe!O!bsf!jtpnpsqijd!uifo!N!dbo!cf!usbotgpsnfe!up!O!cz! sf.mbcfmjoh )b*! uif!tubuft!bmpof! ! ! )c*! uif!fehft!bmpof )d*! cpui!uif!tubuft!boe!fehft! )e*! opof!pg!uif!bcpwf 45/! Jo!b!tzouby!ejsfdufe!usbotmbujpo!tdifnf-!jg!uif!wbmvf!pg!bo!buusjcvuf!pg!b!opef!jt!b!gvod. ujpo!pg!uif!wbmvft!pg!uif!buusjcvuft!pg!jut!dijmesfo-!uifo!ju!jt!dbmmfe!b )b*! tzouiftj{fe!buusjcvuf!! )c*! joifsjufe!buusjcvuf )d*! dbopojdbm!buusjcvuf!! ! )e*! opof!pg!uif!bcpwf 46/! Tzouiftj{fe!buusjcvuf!dbo!fbtjmz!cf!tjnvmbufe!cz!bo )b*! MM!hsbnnbs! !! )c*! bncjhvpvt!hsbnnbs )d*! MS!hsbnnbs! !! )e*! opof!pg!uif!bcpwf 47/! Gps!xijdi!pg!uif!gpmmpxjoh!tjuvbujpot-!joifsjufe!buusjcvuf!jt!b!obuvsbm!dipjdf@ )b*! Fwbmvbujpo!pg!bsjuinfujd!fyqsfttjpot )c*! Lffqjoh!usbdl!pg!wbsjbcmf!efdmbsbujpo )d*! Difdljoh!gps!uif!dpssfdu!vtf!pg!M.wbmvft!boe!S.wbmvft )e*! Bmm!pg!uif!bcpwf +48/! Nbudi!bmm!jufnt!jo!Hspvq!2!xjui!dpssfdu!pqujpot!gspn!uiptf!hjwfo!jo!Hspvq!3/ Hspvq!2 Q/! R/! S/! T/
!
405
Sfhvmbs!fyqsfttjpo Qvtiepxo!bvupnbub EbubÞpx!bobmztjt Sfhjtufs!bmmpdbujpo
Hspvq!3 2/ 3/ 4/ 5/
Tzouby!bobmztjt Dpef!hfofsbujpo Mfyjdbm!bobmztjt Dpef!pqujnj{bujpo
!!
)HBUF!311:*
!
)b*! Q.5-!R.2-!S.3-!T.4!! !
)c*! Q.4-!R.2-!S.5-!T.3
!
)d*! Q.4-!R.5-!S.2-!T.3!! !
)e*! Q.3-!R.2-!S.5-!T.4
Statement for Linked Answer Questions 38 and 39: !
! ! !
! Gps!uif!hsbnnbs!cfmpx-!b!qbsujbm!MM)2*!qbstjoh!ubcmf!jt!bmtp!qsftfoufe!bmpoh!xjui!uif! hsbnnbs/!Fousjft!uibu!offe!up!cf!Ýmmfe!bsf!joejdbufe!bt!F2-!F3-!boe!F4/!e!jt!uif!fnquz! tusjoh-!%!joejdbuft!foe!pg!joqvu-!boe-!}!tfqbsbuft!bmufsobuf!sjhiu!iboe!tjeft!pg!qspevdujpot/ ! T!®!b!B!c!C!}!c!B!b!C!}!e ! B!®!T ! C!®!T
!
b
!!!c
%
!!!T
F2
F3
!T!®!f
!!!B
B!®!T
B!®!T
!!!fssps
!!!C
C!®!T
!C!®!T
!!!!!F4
406
MCQs in Computer Science
! +49/! Uif!GJSTU!boe!GPMMPX!tfut!gps!uif!opo.ufsnjobmt!B!boe!C!bsf! )HBUF!3123* ! )b*! GJSTU)B*!>!|b-!c-!e~!>!GJSTU)C*! )c*! GJSTU)B*!>!|b-!c-!%~ ! ! GPMMPX)B*!>!|b-!c~! ! GJSTU)C*!>!|b-!c-!e~ ! ! GPMMPX)C*!>!|b-!c-!%~! ! GPMMPX)B*!>!|b-!c~ ! !! !! ! GPMMPX)C*!>!!|%~ ! )d*! GJSTU)B*!>!|b-!c/!e~!>!GJSTU)C*! )e*! GJSTU)B*!>!|b-!c~!>!GJSTU)C* !!!!!! ! GPMMPX)B*!>!|b-!c~! ! GPMMPX)B*!>!|b-!c~ !!!!!! ! GPMMPX)C*!>!Æ! ! ! ! GPMMPX)C*!>!|b-!c~ ! +4:/! Uif!bqqspqsjbuf!fousjft!gps!F2-!F3-!boe!F4!bsf! )HBUF!3123* ! )b*! F2;!T!®!bBcC-!B!®!T! )c*! F2;!T!®!bBcC-!T!®!e ! ! F3;!T!®!cBbC-!C!®!T! ! !F3;!T!®!cBbC-!T!®!e ! ! F4;!C!®!T! !! ! F4;!T!®!e ! )d*! F2;!T!®!bBcC-!T!®!e! )e*! F2;!B!®!T-!T!®!e ! ! F3;!T!®!cBbC-!T!®!e! ! F3;!C!®!T-!T!®!e ! ! F4;!C!®!T! !! ! F4;!C!®!T ! +51/! Xijdi!pof!pg!uif!gpmmpxjoh!jt!GBMTF@! )HBUF!311:* ! )b*! Uifsf!jt!b!vojrvf!njojnbm!EGB!gps!fwfsz!sfhvmbs!mbohvbhf/ ! )c*! Fwfsz!OGB!dbo!cf!dpowfsufe!up!bo!frvjwbmfou!QEB/ ! )d*! Uif!dpnqmfnfou!pg!fwfsz!dpoufyu.gsff!mbohvbhf!jt!sfdvstjwf/ !
)e*! Fwfsz!opoefufsnjojtujd!QEB!dbo!cf!dpowfsufe!up!bo!frvjwbmfou!efufsnjojtujd!QEB/
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
52/! Xijdi!pg!uif!gpmmpxjoh!jt!opu!bo!joufsnfejbuf!dpef!gpsn@ )b*! QptuÝy!opubujpo! ! ! )c*! Tzouby!usfft )d*! Uisff!beesftt!dpeft!! )e*! Rvbesvqmft 53/! Uisff!beesftt!dpeft!dbo!cf!jnqmfnfoufe!cz )b*! joejsfdu!usjqmft! !! )c*! ejsfdu!usjqmft )d*! rvbesvqmft! !! )e*! opof!pg!uif!bcpwf 54/! Uisff!beesftt!dpef!jowpmwft )b*! fybdumz!4!beesfttft! ! )c*! bu!uif!nptu!4!beesfttft )d*! op!vobsz!pqfsbups! ! ! )e*! opof!pg!uif!bcpwf 55/! Tzncpm!ubcmf!dbo!cf!vtfe!gps )b*! difdljoh!uzqf!dpnqbujcjmjuz! )c*! tvqqsfttjoh!evqmjdbuf!fssps!nfttbhft )d*! bmmpdbujoh!tupsbhf! ! ! )e*! opof!pg!uif!bcpwf 56/! Uif!cftu!xbz!up!dpnqbsf!uif!ejggfsfou!jnqmfnfoubujpot!pg!tzncpm!ubcmf!jt!up!dpnqbsf! uif!ujnf!sfrvjsfe!up )b*! bee!b!ofx!obnf! ! ! )c*! nblf!bo!jorvjsz )d*! bee!b!ofx!obnf!boe!nblf!bo!jorvjsz!)e*! opof!pg!uif!bcpwf
! !
Principles of Compiler Design
! ! ! !
407
57/! Xijdi! pg! uif! gpmmpxjoh! tzncpm! ubcmf! jnqmfnfoubujpot! jt! cbtfe! po! uif! qspqfsuz! pg! mpdbmjuz!pg!sfgfsfodf@ )b*! Mjofbs!mjtu! !! )c*! Tfbsdi!usff )d*! Ibti!ubcmf! !! )e*! Tfmg.pshboj{bujpo!mjtu
Common Data for Questions 47 and 48: ! Dpotjefs!uif!gpmmpxjoh!Gjojuf!Tubuf!Bvupnbujpo;!
Fig. 13.2
! +58/! Uif!mbohvbhf!bddfqufe!cz!uijt!bvupnbupo!jt!hjwfo!cz!uif!sfhvmbs!fyqsfttjpo! )HBUF!3118* ! )b*! c+bc+bc+bc+! )c*! )b!,!c*+! )d*! c+b)b!,!c*+! )e*! c+bc+bc+ ! +59/! Uif!njojnvn!tubuf!bvupnbupo!frvjwbmfou!up!uif!bcpwf!GTB!ibt!uif!gpmmpxjoh!ovncfs! pg!tubuft/! )HBUF!3118* ! )b*! 2! )c*! 3! )d*! 4! )e*! 5 ! 5:/! Bddftt!ujnf!pg!uif!tzncpm!ubcmf!xjmm!cf!mphbsjuinjd-!jg!ju!jt!jnqmfnfoufe!cz!b ! )b*! mjofbs!mjtu! !! )c*! tfbsdi!usff ! )d*! ibti!ubcmf! !! )e*! tfmg.pshboj{joh!mjtu ! +61/! Xijdi!pg!uif!gpmmpxjoh!bsf!sfhvmbs!tfut@! )HBUF!3119* o 3n ! J/! |!b c !}!o!!1-!n!!1~! ! JJ/! |!bocn!}!o!>!3n~ ! JJJ/! |!bocn!}!o!¹!n~ ! JW/! |ydz!}!y-z!Î!|b-c~+~ ! )b*! J!boe!JW!pomz! )c*! J!boe!JJJ!pomz! )d*! J!pomz! )e*! JW!pomz ! 62/! Xijdi!pg!uif!gpmmpxjoh!jt!opu!b!tpvsdf!pg!fssps@ ! )b*! Gbvmuz!eftjho!tqfdjÝdbujpo! )c*! Gbvmuz!bmhpsjuin ! )d*! Dpnqjmfs!uifntfmwft! )e*! Opof!pg!uif!bcpwf ! 63/! Boz!usbotdsjqujpo!fssps!dbo!cf!sfqbjsfe!cz ! )b*! jotfsujpo!bmpof! !! )c*! efmfujpo!bmpof! ! )d*! jotfsujpo!boe!efmfujpo!bmpof! )e*! sfqmbdfnfou!bmpof
408
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
MCQs in Computer Science
64/! Ibnnjoh!ejtubodf!jt!b )b*! uifpsfujdbm!xbz!pg!nfbtvsjoh!fsspst )c*! ufdiojrvf!gps!bttjhojoh!dpeft!up!b!tfu!pg!jufnt!lopxo!up!pddvs!xjui!b!hjwfo!qspc. bcjmjuz )d*! ufdiojrvf!gps!pqujnj{joh!uif!joufsnfejbuf!dpef )e*! opof!pg!uif!bcpwf 65/! Fssps!sfqbjs!nbz )b*! jodsfbtf!uif!ovncfs!pg!fsspst! )c*! hfofsbuf!tqvsjpvt!fssps!nfttbhft )d*! nbtl!tvctfrvfou!fsspst! )e*! opof!pg!uif!bcpwf 66/! B!qbstfs!xjui!uif!wbmje!qsfÝy!qspqfsuz!jt!bewboubhfpvt!cfdbvtf )b*! ju!efufdut!fssps!bt!tppo!bt!qpttjcmf )c*! ju!efufdut!fsspst!bt!boe!xifo!uifz!pddvs )d*! ju!mjnjut!uif!bnpvou!pg!fsspofpvt!pvuqvu!qbttfe!up!uif!ofyu!qibtf )e*! bmm!pg!uif!bcpwf 67/! Uif!bewboubhf!pg!qbojd!npef!pg!fssps!sfdpwfsz!jt!uibu )b*! ju!jt!tjnqmf!up!jnqmfnfou! )c*! ju!jt!wfsz!fggfdujwf )d*! ju!ofwfs!hfut!joup!bo!joÝojuf!mppq! )e*! opof!pg!uif!bcpwf 68/! Up!sfdpwfs!gspn!bo!fssps-!uif!pqfsbups!qsfdfefodf!qbstfs!nbz )b*! jotfsu!tzncpmt!poup!uif!tubdl! )c*! jotfsu!tzncpmt!poup!uif!joqvu )d*! efmfuf!tzncpmt!gspn!uif!tubdl! )e*! efmfuf!tzncpmt!gspn!uif!joqvu 69/! Xijdi!pg!uif!gpmmpxjoh!pqujnj{bujpo!ufdiojrvft!bsf!uzqjdbmmz!bqqmjfe!po!mppqt@ )b*! Sfnpwbm!pg!jowbsjbou!dpnqvubujpo! )c*! Fmjnjobujpo!pg!joevdujpo!wbsjbcmft )d*! Qffqipmf!pqujnj{bujpo! )e*! Dpotubou!gpmejoh 6:/! Uif! ufdiojrvf! pg! sfqmbdjoh! svo! ujnf! dpnqvubujpot! cz! dpnqjmf! ujnf! dpnqvubujpot! jt! dbmmfe )b*! dpotubou!gpmejoh! ! ! )c*! dpef!ipjtujoh )d*! qffqipmf!pqujnj{bujpo! )e*! jowbsjbou!dpnqvubujpo 71/! Uif!hsbqi!uibu!tipxt!uif!cbtjd!cmpdlt!boe!uifjs!tvddfttps!sfmbujpotijq!jt!dbmmfe )b*! dpouspm!hsbqi! !! )c*! Þpx!hsbqi )d*! EBH! !! )e*! Ibnjmupojbo!hsbqi 72/! Sfevdujpo!jo!tusfohui!nfbot )b*! sfqmbdjoh!svo!ujnf!dpnqvubujpo!cz!dpnqjmf!ujnf!dpnqvubujpo )c*! sfnpwjoh!mppq!jowbsjbou!dpnqvubujpo )d*! sfnpwjoh!dpnnpo!tvc.fyqsfttjpot )e*! sfqmbdjoh!b!dptumz!pqfsbujpo!cz!b!sfmbujwfmz!difbqfs!pof 73/! B!cbtjd!cmpdl!dbo!cf!bobmz{fe!cz!b )b*! EBH! !! )c*! hsbqi!xijdi!nbz!jowpmwf!dzdmft )d*! Þpx.hsbqi! !! )e*! opof!pg!uif!bcpwf
Principles of Compiler Design
409
! 74/! ve.dibjojoh!jt!vtfgvm!gps ! )b*! efufsnjojoh!xifuifs!b!qbsujdvmbs!efÝojujpo!jt!vtfe!bozxifsf!ps!opu ! )c*! dpotubou!gpmejoh ! )d*! difdljoh!xifuifs!b!wbsjbcmf!jt!vtfe-!xjuipvu!qsjps!bttjhonfou ! )e*! opof!pg!uif!bcpwf ! 75/! Xijdi!pg!uif!gpmmpxjoh!dpodfqut!dbo!cf!vtfe!up!jefoujgz!mppqt@ ! )b*! Epnjobupst! !! )c*! Sfevdjcmf!hsbqit ! )d*! Efqui!Ýstu!psefsjoh!! )e*! Opof!pg!uif!bcpwf ! 76/! Xijdi!pg!uif!gpmmpxjoh!bsf!opu!mppq!pqujnj{bujpo!ufdiojrvft@ ! )b*! Kbnnjoh! !! )c*! Vospmmjoh ! )d*! Joevdujpo!wbsjbcmf!fmjnjobujpo! )e*! Opof!pg!uif!bcpwf ! 77/! Svoojoh!ujnf!pg!b!qsphsbn!efqfoet!po!uif ! )b*! xbz!uif!sfhjtufst!bsf!vtfe ! )c*! psefs!jo!xijdi!dpnqvubujpot!bsf!qfsgpsnfe ! )d*! xbz!uif!beesfttjoh!npeft!bsf!vtfe ! )e*! vtf!pg!nbdijof!jejpnt ! +78/! Nbudi!uif!gpmmpxjoh!OGBt!xjui!uif!sfhvmbs!fyqsfttjpot!uifz!dpssftqpoe!up )HBUF!3119*
Fig. 13.3
! ! ! ! ! !
2/! 3/! 4/! 5/! )b*! )d*!
f!,!1)12+2!,!11*+12+ f!,!1)21+2!,!11*+1 f!,!1)21+2!,!21*+2 f!,!1)21+2!,!21*+21+ Q.3-!R.2-!S.4-!T.5!! ! Q.2-!R.3-!S.4-!T.5!! !
)c*! Q.2-!R.4-!S.3-!T.5 )e*! Q.4-!R.3-!S.2-!T.5
MCQs in Computer Science
410
! +79/! Nbudi!uif!gpmmpxjoh; F/ G/
H/ I/ ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
Difdljoh!uibu!jefoujÝfst!bsf!ef. dmbsfe!cfgpsf!uifjs!vtf Ovncfs!pg!gpsnbm!qbsbnfufst!jo!uif! efdmbsbujpo!pg!b!gvodujpo!bhsfft!xjui! uif! ovncfs! pg! bduvbm! qbsbnfufst! jo! vtf!pg!uibu!gvodujpo Bsjuinfujd!fyqsfttjpot!xjui!nbudife! qbjst!pg!qbsfouiftft Qbmjoespnft
Q/
M!>!|bocndoen!}!o!!2-!n!!2~
R/
Y!®!YcY!}!YdY!}!eYg!}!h
S/
M!>!|xdx!}!x!Î!)b!}!c*+~
T/
Y!®!cYc!}!dYd!}!f
!! ! )HBUF!3119* )b*! F!Ï!Q-!G!Ï!S-!H!Ï!R-!I!Ï!T! )c*! F!Ï!S-!G!Ï!Q-!H!Ï!T-!I!Ï!R )d*! F!Ï!S-!G!Ï!Q-!H!Ï!R-!I!Ï!T! )e*! F!Ï!Q-!G!Ï!S-!H!Ï!T-!I!Ï!R +7:/! Tijgu.sfevdf!qbstfst!bsf )b*! upq.epxo!qbstfst! ! ! )c*! cpuupn.vq!qbstfst )d*! nbz!cf!upq.epxo!ps!cpuupn.vq!qbstfst! )e*! opof!pg!uif!bcpwf 81/! Sfdvstjwf!eftdfou!qbstjoh!jt!bo!fybnqmf!pg )b*! upq.epxo!qbstjoh! ! ! )c*! cpuupn.vq!qbstjoh )d*! qsfejdujwf!qbstjoh! ! ! )e*! opof!pg!uif!bcpwf 82/! Jo!pqfsbups!qsfdfefodf!qbstjoh-!qsfdfefodf!sfmbujpot!bsf!efÝofe )b*! gps!bmm!qbjst!pg!opo.ufsnjobmt! )c*! gps!bmm!qbjst!pg!ufsnjobmt )d*! up!efmjnju!uif!iboemf! )e*! pomz!gps!dfsubjo!qbjst!pg!ufsnjobmt 83/! Gps!qbstjoh!bsjuinfujd!fyqsfttjpot-!jowpmwjoh!)-!*-!,!boe!Ï-!uif!qsfdfefodf!sfmbujpo!cfuxffo Ï!boe!Ï-!xjmm!cf!=-!jg )b*! xf!bsf!ubmljoh!pg!vobsz!njovt! )c*! njovt!jt!sjhiu!bttpdjbujwf )d*! njovt!jt!mfgu!bttpdjbujwf! )e*! b!)! dpnft!jo!cfuxffo 84/! Gps!uif!qsfwjpvt!rvftujpo-!uif!qsfdfefodf!sfmbujpo!cfuxffo!*!boe!)!xjmm!cf )b*! ?! )c*! =! )d*! >! )e*! voefÝofe +85/! Tpnf!dpef!pqujnj{bujpot!bsf!dbssjfe!pvu!po!uif!joufsnfejbuf!dpef!cfdbvtf )HBUF!3119* )b*! uifz!foibodf!uif!qpsubcjmjuz!pg!uif!dpnqjmfs!up!puifs!ubshfu!qspdfttpst )c*! qsphsbn!bobmztjt!jt!npsf!bddvsbuf!po!joufsnfejbuf!dpef!uibo!po!nbdijof!dpef )d*! uif!jogpsnbujpo!gspn!ebubÞpx!bobmztjt!dboopu!puifsxjtf!cf!vtfe!gps!pqujnj{bujpo )e*! uif!jogpsnbujpo!gspn!uif!gspou!foe!dboopu!puifsxjtf!cf!vtfe!gps!pqujnj{bujpo
Principles of Compiler Design
411
! +86/! Xijdi!pg!uif!gpmmpxjoh!eftdsjcft!b!iboemf!)bt!bqqmjdbcmf!up!MS.qbstjoh*!bqqspqsjbufmz@ ! !! ! )HBUF!3119* ! )b*! Ju!jt!uif!qptjujpo!jo!b!tfoufoujbm!gpsn!xifsf!uif!ofyu!tijgu!ps!sfevdf!pqfsbujpo!xjmm! pddvs/ ! )c*! Ju!jt!b!opo.ufsnjobm!xiptf!qspevdujpo!xjmm!cf!vtfe!gps!sfevdujpo!jo!uif!ofyu!tufq/ ! )d*! Ju!jt!b!qspevdujpo!uibu!nbz!cf!vtfe!gps!sfevdujpo!jo!b!gvuvsf!tufq!bmpoh!xjui!b!qptj. ujpo!jo!uif!tfoufoujbm!gpsn!xifsf!uif!ofyu!tijgu!ps!sfevdf!pqfsbujpo!xjmm!pddvs/ ! )e*! Ju!jt!uif!qspevdujpo!q!uibu!xjmm!cf!vtfe!gps!sfevdujpo!jo!uif!ofyu!tufq!bmpoh!xjui!b! qptjujpo!jo!uif!tfoufoujbm!gpsn!xifsf!uif!sjhiu.iboe!tjef!pg!uif!qspevdujpo!nbz!cf! gpvoe/ ! 87/! Xijdi!pg!uif!gpmmpxjoh!jt!uif!nptu!qpxfsgvm!qbstfs@ ! )b*! TMS! !! )c*! MBMS ! )d*! Dbopojdbm!MS! !! )e*! Pqfsbups.qsfdfefodf ! 88/! Dipptf!uif!dpssfdu!tubufnfout/ ! )b*! Uifsf!bsf!DGHÔt!uibu!bsf!opu!MS! ! )c*! Bo!bncjhvpvt!hsbnnbs!dbo!ofwfs!cf!MS ! )d*! Bo!bncjhvpvt!hsbnnbs!dbo!cf!MS ! )e*! Boz!DGH!ibt!up!cf!MS ! 89/! ZBDD!cvjmet ! )b*! TMS!qbstjoh!ubcmf! ! ! )c*! dbopojdbm!MS!qbstjoh!ubcmf ! )d*! MBMS!qbstjoh!ubcmf!! )e*! opof!pg!uif!bcpwf ! 8:/! Dipptf!uif!dpssfdu!tubufnfout/ ! )b*! MM)l*!hsbnnbs!ibt!up!cf!b!DGH ! )c*! MM)l*!hsbnnbs!ibt!up!cf!vobncjhvpvt ! )d*! Uifsf!bsf!MM)l*!hsbnnbst!uibu!bsf!opu!Dpoufyu!Gsff ! )e*! MM)l*!hsbnnbst!dboopu!ibwf!mfgu!sfdvstjwf!opo.ufsnjobmt ! 91/! Dpotjefs!bo!f.gsff!DGH/!Jg!gps!fwfsz!qbjs!pg!qspevdujpot!B®v!boe!B®w ! )b*! jg!GJSTU)v*! Ç! GJSTU)w*!jt!fnquz!uifo!uif!DGH!ibt!up!cf!MM)2* ! )c*! jg!uif!DGH!jt!MM)2*!uifo!GJSTU)v*!Ç!GJSTU)w*!ibt!up!cf!fnquz ! )d*! jg!GJSTU)v*! Ç! GJSTU)w*!jt!fnquz!uifo!uif!DGH!dboopu!cf!MM)2* ! )e*! opof!pg!uif!bcpwf ! 92/! MS)l*!hsbnnbs ! )b*! dbo!pomz!fybnjof!b!nbyjnvn!pg!l!joqvu!tzncpmt ! )c*! dbo!cf!vtfe!up!jefoujgz!iboemft ! )d*! dbo!cf!vtfe!up!jefoujgz!uif!qspevdujpo!bttpdjbufe!xjui!b!iboemf ! )e*! dpwfst!uif!MM)l*!dmbtt ! 93/! Uif!tfu!pg!bmm!wjbcmf!qsfÝyft!pg!sjhiu!tfoufoujbm!gpsn!pg!b!hjwfo!hsbnnbs ! )b*! dbo!cf!sfdphoj{fe!cz!b!Ýojuf!tubuf!nbdijof ! )c*! dboopu!cf!sfdphoj{fe!cz!b!Ýojuf!tubuf!nbdijof ! )d*! dbo!cf!vtfe!up!dpouspm!bo!MS)l*!qbstfs ! )e*! opof!pg!uif!bcpwf
412
MCQs in Computer Science
! +94/! Bo!MBMS)2*!qbstfs!gps!b!hsbnnbs!H!dbo!ibwf!tijgu.sfevdf!)T.S*!dpoÞjdut!jg!boe!pomz!jg ! !! ! )HBUF!3119* ! )b*! Uif!TMS)2*!qbstfs!gps!H!ibt!T.S!dpoÞjdut ! )c*! Uif!MS)2*!qbstfs!gps!H!ibt!T.S!dpoÞjdut ! )d*! Uif!MS)1*!qbstfs!gps!H!ibt!T.S!dpoÞjdut ! )e*! Uif!MBMS)2*!qbstfs!gps!H!ibt!sfevdf.sfevdf!dpoÞjdut
The next three questions are based on the following grammar:
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
F! ®! F0Y! }! Y Y! ®! UÏY! }! Y+U! }! U U! ®! U,G! }! G G! ®! )F*! }! je ! )je!tuboet!gps!jefoujÝfs* 95/! Uijt!hsbnnbs!jt )b*! vobncjhvpvt! )c*! bncjhvpvt! )d*! dpoufyu.gsff! )e*! opof!pg!uiftf 96/! Uif!bcpwf!hsbnnbs!jt!vtfe!up!hfofsbuf!bmm!wbmje!bsjuinfujd!fyqsfttjpot!jo!b!izqpuifuj. dbm!mbohvbhf!jo!xijdi )b*! 0!bttpdjbuft!gspn!uif!mfgu! )c*! Ï!bttpdjbuft!gspn!uif!mfgu )d*! ,!bttpdjbujwf!gspn!uif!mfgu! )e*! +!bttpdjbujwf!gspn!uif!mfgu 97/! Uif!bcpwf!hsbnnbs!jt!vtfe!up!hfofsbuf!bmm!wbmje!bsjuinfujd!fyqsfttjpot!jo!b!izqpuifuj. dbm!mbohvbhf!jo!xijdi )b*! ,!ibt!uif!ijhiftu!qsfdfefodf! )c*! +!ibt!uif!ijhiftu!qsfdfefodf )d*! Ï!ibt!uif!ijhiftu!qsfdfefodf! )e*! 0!ibt!uif!ijhiftu!qsfdfefodf 98/! Cbdl.qbudijoh!jt!vtfgvm!gps!iboemjoh )b*! dpoejujpobm!kvnqt! ! ! )c*! vodpoejujpobm!kvnqt )d*! cbdlxbse!sfgfsfodft!! )e*! gpsxbse!sfgfsfodft
The next three questions are based on the definition given below. ! ! !
! !
! Mfu!y!cf!b!tusjoh!boe!mfu!B!cf!b!opo.ufsnjobm/!GJSTUl )y*!jt!uif!tfu!pg!bmm!mfbejoh!ufsnjobm! tusjoht!pg!mfohui!l!ps!mftt-!jo!uif!tusjoht!efsjwbcmf!gspn!y/ ! GPMMPX l)B*! jt!uif!tfu!pg!bmm!efsjwbcmf!ufsnjobm!tusjoht!pg!mfohui!l!ps!mftt-!uibu!dbo! gpmmpx!B!jo!tpnf!mfgu.nptu!tfoufoujbm!gpsn/ 99/! Dpotjefs!uif!hsbnnbs F! ®! UFÔ FÔ!®! ,UFÔ! }! f U! ®! GUÔ UÔ!®! +GUÔ! }! f G! ®! )F*! }! je ! GJSTU2)F*!xjmm!cf!tbnf!bt!uibu!pg )b*! GJSTU 2)U*! )c*! GJSTU 2)G*! )d*! GJSTU 2)UÔ*! )e*! bmm!pg!uif!bcpwf
Principles of Compiler Design
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! !
! !
! ! ! ! ! !
413
9:/! GPMMPX 2!)G*!jt )b*! |,-+-*-%~! !! )c*! |,-*-%~! )d*! |+-*-%~! !! )e*! |,-)-*-+~ :1/! Xijdi!pg!uif!gpmmpxjoh!sfnbslt!mphjdbmmz!gpmmpxt@ )b*! GJSTU l)f*! >! |f~ )c*! Jg!GPMMPXl)B*!dpoubjot!f-!uifo!B!jt!uif!tubsu!tzncpm )d*! Jg! B! ®! x-! jt! b! qspevdujpo! jo! uif! hjwfo! hsbnnbs! H-! uifo! GJSTUl)B*! dpoubjot! GJSTUl)x* )e*! Jg! B! ®! x-! jt! b! qspevdujpo! jo! uif! hjwfo! hsbnnbs! H-! uifo! GJSTUl)x*! dpoubjot! GJSTUl)B* :2/! Nfshjoh!tubuft!xjui!b!dpnnpo!dpsf!nbz!qspevdf!`````-!dpoÞjdut!cvu!epft!opu!qspevdf! `````!dpoÞjdut!jo!bo!MBMS!qbstfs )b*! sfevdfÏsfevdf!|x!}!x!Î!|1-!m~+-!ovncfs!pg!1t!boe!2t!jo!x!bsf!ejwjtjcmf!cz!4!boe!6-!sftqfdujwfmz~ ibt ! )b*! 26!tubuft! )c*! 22!tubuft! )d*! 21!tubuft! )e*! :!tubuft ! +::/! Dpotjefs!uif!gpmmpxjoh!uxp!tubufnfout;! )HBUF!3118* ! ! Q;!Fwfsz!sfhvmbs!hsbnnbs!jt!MM)2* ! ! R;!Fwfsz!sfhvmbs!tfu!ibt!b!MS)2*!hsbnnbs ! ! Xijdi!pg!uif!gpmmpxjoh!jt!USVF@ ! )b*! Cpui!Q!boe!R!bsf!usvf/! )c*! Q!jt!usvf!boe!R!jt!gbmtf/ ! )d*! Q!jt!gbmtf!boe!R!jt!usvf/! )e*! Cpui!Q!boe!R!bsf!gbmtf/ !+211/! Dpotjefs!uif!hsbnnfs!xjui!opo.ufsnjobmt!O!>!|T-!D-!T 2~-!ufsnjobmt!U!>!|b-!c-!j-!u-!f~-! xjui!T!bt!uif!tubsu!tzncpm-!boe!uif!gpmmpxjoh!tfu!pg!svmft! )HBUF!3118* ! ! ! T! ®!jDuTT2!}!b ! ! ! T2! ®!fT!}!f ! ! ! D! ®!c ! ! Uif!hsbnnbs!jt!OPU!MM)m*!cfdbvtf ! )b*! ju!jt!mfgu!sfdvstjwf! ! ! )c*! ju!jt!sjhiu!sfdvstjwf ! )d*! ju!jt!bncjhvpvt! ! ! )e*! ju!jt!opu!dpoufyu.gsff
Statement for Linked Answer Questions 101 and 102. !
! Dpotjefs!uif!DGH!xjui!|T-!B-!C~!bt!uif!opo.ufsnjobm!bmqibcfu-!|b-!c~!bt!uif!ufsnjobm! bmqibcfu-!T!bt!uif!tubsu!tzncpm!boe!uif!gpmmpxjoh!tfu!pg!qspevdujpo!svmft; ! !! T!®!bC! T!®!cB ! !! C!®!c! B!®!b ! !! C!®!cT! B!®!bT ! !! C!®!bCC! B!®!cBB !+212/! Xijdi!pg!uif!gpmmpxjoh!tusjoht!jt!hfofsbufe!cz!uif!hsbnnbs@! ! )HBUF!3118* ! )b*! bbbbcc! )c*! bbcccc! )d*! bbccbc! )e*! bccccb !+213/! Gps!uif!dpssfdu!botxfs!tusjoh!up!Ro/!212-!ipx!nboz!efsjwbujpo!usfft!bsf!uifsf@! )HBUF!3118* ! )b*! 2! )c*! 3! )d*! 4! )e*! 5
Principles of Compiler Design
415
BOTXFST ! 2/! e! ! 6/! b-!c-!d! ! :/! b! ! 24/! b-!c-!d-!e! ! 28/! b! ! 32/! b-!c! ! 36/! b! ! 3:/! e! ! 44/! b! ! 48/! c! ! 52/! e! ! 56/! d! ! 5:/! c! ! 64/! b! ! 68/! b-!c-!d-!e! ! 72/! e! ! 76/! e! ! 7:/! c! ! 84/! e! ! 88/! b-!c! ! 92/! b-!c-!d-!e! ! 96/! b-!d-!e! ! 9:/! b! ! :4/! c! ! :8/! b! 212/! d!
3/! d! 7/! b-!c-!d-!e! 21/! b-!c-!d! 25/! c! 29/! b-!c! 33/! b! 37/! c! 41/! c! 45/! b! 49/! b! 53/! c-!d! 57/! e! 61/! b! 65/! b-!c-!d! 69/! b-!c! 73/! b! 77/! b-!c-!d-!e! 81/! b! 85/! b! 89/! d! 93/! b-!d! 97/! b! :1/! b-!c-!d! :5/! b! :9/! b! 213/! c
4/! c-!d! 8/! d! 22/! e! 26/! d! 2:/! c! 34/! d! 38/! b! 42/! e! 46/! d! 4:/! d! 54/! c! 58/! d! 62/! e! 66/! b-!d! 6:/! b! 74/! b-!c-!d! 78/! d! 82/! d-!e! 86/! e! 8:/! b-!c-!e! 94/! c! 98/! e! :2/! b! :6/! d! ::/! b!
5/! 9/! 23/! 27/! 31/! 35/! 39/! 43/! 47/! 51/! 55/! 59/! 63/! 67/! 71/! 75/! 79/! 83/! 87/! 91/! 95/! 99/! :3/! :7/! 211/!
c! b c c c-!d d e b c-!d e b-!c-!d c! d b-!d c b-!c-!d! d b-!c d b-!c b-!d b-!c b-!c d c
FYQMBOBUJPOT ! 3/! Jo!nptu!npefso!mbohvbhft-!lfzxpset!)jefoujÝfst!uibu!ibwf!tqfdjbm!nfbojoh!up!uif!dpnqjmfs*! bsf!sftfswfe!)nfbojoh-!vtfs!dboopu!sfefÝof0voefÝof0pwfsmpbe!uif!qsfefÝofe!nfbojoh*/! Uzqjdbmmz-! uif! tzncpm! ubcmf! jt! qsfmpbefe! xjui! uif! lfzxpset/! Uif! mfyjdbm! bobmz{fs! Ýstu! jefoujÝft!lfzxpset!bt!jefoujÝfst!boe!cfgpsf!jotfsujoh!uifn!joup!uif!tzncpm!ubcmf-!difdlt! bhbjotu!uif!qsfmpbefe!lfzxpset!up!dpssfdumz!dmbttjgz!uifn!bt!jefoujÝfst!ps!lfzxpset/ ! 5/! Uif!qsfdfefodf!pg!¯!jt!mpxfs!uibo!uibu!pg!/ ! ! Uijt!nfbot!uibu!bo!fyqsfttjpo!mjlf!b!¯!c!!d!xjmm!fwbmvbufe!bt!b!¯!)c!!d* ! ! Uif!pqfsbups!!jt!sjhiu.bttpdjbujwf/
MCQs in Computer Science
416
! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! !
Uijt!nfbot!uibu!bo!fyqsfttjpo!mjlf!b!!c!!d!xjmm!fwbmvbufe!bt!b!!)c!!d* Uif!pqfsbups!¯!jt!mfgu.bttpdjbujwf/ Uijt!nfbot!uibu!bo!fyqsfttjpo!mjlf!b!¯!c!¯!d!xjmm!fwbmvbufe!bt!)b!¯!c*!¯!d Opuf!uibu!opuijoh!jt!nfoujpofe!bcpvu!uif!dpnnvubujwjuz!pg!uiftf!uxp!pqfsbupst/ Xjui!uiftf!svmft-!uif!fyqsfttjpo!8!¯!4!!5!!4!¯!3!xjmm!cf!fwbmvbufe!bt-!))8!¯!\4!!)5!! 4*^*!¯!3* ! ! Uif!usff!jo!Pqujpo!)C*!dpssfdumz!sfÞfdut!uijt!psefs!pg!fwbmvbujpo/ ! 23/! Dpotjefs!uif!dbtf!xifo!o!>!4/!Jo!uijt!dbtf-!uif!GTN!tipvme!bddfqu!bmm!tusjoht!pg!uif!gpsn! b4l-!l!³!2/ ! ! Tvdi!bo!GTN!dbo!cf!gpvoe!cfmpx/
Fig. 13.4
! ! !
! Opuf!uibu!ju!ibt!5!tubuft/ ! Xifo!o!>!5-!uif!GTN!xjmm!ibwf!6!tubuft-!boe!ju!bddfqut!bmm!tusjoht!pg!uif!gpsn!b5l-!l!³!2 ! Tp-!bo!GTN!bddfqujoh!tusjoht!pg!uif!gpsn!bol-!l!³!2!boe!o!jt!b!dpotubou-!xjmm!ibwf!o!,!2! tubuft/ ! 28/! Pqujpo!C!jt!jodpssfdu!cfdbvtf!ju!bddfqut!tusjoh!c!xijdi!jt!opu!bddfqufe!cz!uif!hjwfo!EGB/ ! ! Pqujpo!D!jt!jodpssfdu!cfdbvtf!ju!bddfqut!tusjoh!c!xijdi!jt!opu!bddfqufe!cz!uif!hjwfo!EGB/ ! ! Pqujpo!E!jt!jodpssfdu!cfdbvtf!ju!bddfqut!tusjoh!ccb!xijdi!jt!opu!bddfqufe!cz!uif!hjwfo! EGB/
! 36/! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 37/! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! !
Dpotjefs!uif!tusjoh!b,b+b/!Ju!dbo!cf!efsjwfe!bt F! ®! F,F! ®! F,F+F! ®! b,F+F! ®! b,b+F! ®! b,b+b ps F! ®! F+F! ®! F,F+F! ®! b,F+F! ®! b,b+F! ®! b,b+b Tjodf!xf!lopx!b!tusjoh!uibu!dbo!cf!efsjwfe!jo!npsf!uibo!pof!xbz-!uif!hjwfo!hsbnnbs!jt! bncjhvpvt/ !Mfu!uif!tusjoh!pg!o!uplfot!cf!b2! b3! b4! É!bo/!!!!!!!!! Uif! gpmmpxjoh! tfrvfodf! pg! sfevdujpot! xjmm! sftvmu! jo! uif! nbyjnvn! ovncfs! pg! sfevdf! npwft/ Sfevdujpo!2;!b2! b3!hfut!sfevdfe!up!b!opo.ufsnjobm-!tbz-!Y2/ Sfevdujpo!3;!Y2! b4!hfut!sfevdfe!up!b!opo.ufsnjobm-!tbz-!Y3/ Sfevdujpo!4;!Y3! b5!hfut!sfevdfe!up!b!opo.ufsnjobm-!tbz-!Y4/ É Sfevdujpo!o!Ï!2;!Yo!Ï!3! bo!hfut!sfevdfe!up!uif!tubsujoh!opo.ufsnjobm-!tbz-!T/ Opuf;!Jg!voju.qspevdujpot!pg!uif!gpsn!B!®!b!!bsf!bmmpxfe-!uif!nbyjnvn!ovncfs!pg!sfevdf! npwft!xpvme!cf!)o!Ï!2*!,!o!>!3o!Ï!2
Principles of Compiler Design
417
! 38/! bcd!dbo!cf!efsjwfe!bt!gpmmpxt/ ! ! ! ! T! ®! Bcd! ®! bcd!vtjoh!)Bc! ®! bc* ! ! Bt!xf!tff-!boz!qspevdujpo!gspn!uif!tubsu!tubuf!ibt!up!foe!jo!d/!Tp!bbc!jt!jnqpttjcmf/! Pqujpot!)d*!boe!)e*!bsf!bmtp!opu!qpttjcmf/ ! 39/! Hfofsbuf!tpnf!pg!uif!tusjoht!uibu!dbo!cf!efsjwfe!gspn!uif!tubsu!tubuf!boe!wfsjgz!uibu! uifz!gbmm!joup!uif!dbufhpsz!dpwfsfe!cz!pqujpo!)e*/ ! 3:/! Opuf!uibu!uif!lfsofm!jt!uif!tbnf/!Pomz!uif!mppl.bifbet!bsf!ejggfsfou/!Tp!uifz!dbo!cf!nfshfe! xjuipvu!dbvtjoh!boz!dpoÞjdu/ ! 41/! Tzncpm!ubcmf!jt!uif!ebub!tusvduvsf!vtfe!cz!uif!dpnqjmfs!up!sfdpse!wbsjbcmft!boe!uifjs!bu. usjcvuft!)mjlf!uzqf-!tdpqf-!fud/* ! 43/! Uif!Ýojuf!tubuf!ejbhsbn!uibu!sfqsftfout!uif!hjwfo!usbotjujpo!tubuf!ubcmf!dbo!cf!gpvoe!cfmpx/! 0/1 1/1 00
01 1/0 0/0 1/1
0/0
1/1
10
11 0/0
Fig. 13.5
!
! Zpv!xjmm!Ýoe!uibu!uif!joqvu!tusjoh!212!ublft!zpv!gspn!jojujbm!tubuf!)B!>!1!1*!up!uif! tubuf!)B!>!1!2*!xjui!pvuqvu!2/ ! 48/! Sfhvmbs!fyqsfttjpo!jt!opu!qpxfsgvm!fopvhi!up!ep!tzouby!bobmztjt/!Gps!fybnqmf-!ju!dboopu! difdl!uif!xfmm!gpsnfeoftt!pg!qbsfouiftjt!cfdbvtf!ju!epftoÔu!ibwf!uif!dbqbcjmjuz!up!sfnfn. cfs/!Qvtiepxo!bvupnbupo!dbo!cf!vtfe!gps!mfyjdbm!bobmztjt!cvu!uif!tjnqmfs!up!jnqmfnfou! Ýojuf!tubuf!bvupnbupo!jt!qsfgfssfe/ ! 49/! GJSTU)T*!>!!|b!-c-!e~/! ! ! Cfdbvtf!pg!uif!qspevdujpot!B!®!T!boe!C!®!T-!GJSTU)B*!>!GJSTU)T*!boe!GJSTU)C*!>! GJSTU)T*/!! ! ! Tp-!pqujpot!)c*!boe!)e*!dboopu!cf!dpssfdu/! ! ! Cfdbvtf! pg! uif! qspevdujpo-! T! ®! bBcC-! bozuijoh! uibu! dbo! gpmmpx! T! dbo! gpmmpx! C/! Tp-!! GPMMPX)T*!Í!GPMMPX)C*/ ! ! c!Î!GPMMPX)T*!cfdbvtf!T!®!bBcC!®!bTcC/!Tp-!c!Î!GPMMPX)C*/!Uijt!jowbmjebuft! pqujpo!)d*/ ! 4:/! GJSTU)T*!>!!|b!-c-!e~ ! ! Tp-!fousz!!gps!)!T!-!b*!!jt!T!®!bBcC ! ! Fousz!gps!)!T!-!c*!!jt!!T!®!cBbC!! ! ! GPMMPX)C*!jt!|b-!c-!%~/!Tp!F4!tipvme!cf!®!T!! ! ! GPMMPX)T*!>!|b-!c-!%~/!Tp!uif!fousz-!T!®!e!!tipvme!cf!jodmvefe!jo!)T-!bmm!uif!ufsnjobmt! jo!GPMMPX)T** ! ! Tp-!!F2!boe!F3!tipvme!jodmvef!!T!®!e
418
MCQs in Computer Science
! 51/! Opoefufsnjojtujd!QEBt!bsf!npsf!qpxfsgvm!uibo!efufsnjojtujd!QEBt/!Tp-!dpowfstjpo!jt!opu! qpttjcmf/ ! 58/! r1!jt!uif!jojujbm!tubuf/!r2!boe!r3!bsf!uif!Ýobm!tubuft/!Tusjoh!b!jt!bddfqufe/!Pqujpo!)b*!epftoÔu! hfofsbuf!tusjoh!b/!Pqujpo!)c*!hfofsbuft!tusjoh!c-!xijdi!jt!opu!bddfqufe!cz!uif!Gjojuf!Tubuf! Bvupnbupo/!Pqujpo!)e*!epftoÔu!hfofsbuf!tusjoh!b/ ! 59/! Tpnf!pg!uif!tusjoht!uibu!bsf!hfofsbufe!cz!uijt!Gjojuf! Tubuf!Bvupnbupo! bsf .! b-! cb-! bb-! bc-! ccb-! bcc-! cbc-! bccc-!bbb-!fud/!Bobmz{joh!gps!uif!dpnnpobmjuz!bnpoh! uiftf!tusjoht-!xf!Ýoe!uibu-!boz!tusjoh!uibu!ibt!bu!mfbtu! pof! b! jt! bddfqufe! cz! uijt! Gjojuf! Tubuf! Bvupnbupo/! Xf!epoÔu!offe!5!tubuft!up!eftjho!tvdi!b!Gjojuf!Tubuf! Bvupnbupo!uibu!bddfqut!boz!tusjoh!ibwjoh!bu!mfbtu!pof! Fig. 13.6 b!)boe!pomz!tvdi!tusjoht*/!B!3.tubuf!Gjojuf!Tubuf!Bv. upnbupo!uibu!bddfqut!uiftf!tusjoht!)boe!uiftf!tusjoht! bmpof*!dbo!cf!gpvoe!jo!uif!bekbdfou!Ýhvsf/ ! 61/! Uijol!jo!ufsnt!pg!Ýojuf!tubuf!bvupnbupot!uibu!bddfqu!sfhvmbs!tfut/!Uifz!ibwf!op!dbqbcjmjuz! up! dpvou! boe! sfnfncfs/! Tp-! uifz! dboopu! efufsnjof! jg! uif! ovncfs! pg!bÔt! jt! tbnf! bt! uif! ovncfs!pg!cÔt-!ovncfs!pg!bÔt!jt!uxjdf!uif!ovncfs!pg!cÔt-!fud/ ! ! Ifsf!jt!uif!GTB!gps!uif!mbohvbhf!hfofsbufe!cz!uif!pqujpo!J/ a b
b
!
b
Fig. 13.7
!
! Ifsf!jt!uif!GTB!gps!uif!mbohvbhf!hfofsbufe!cz!pqujpo!JW/ a,b
a,b c
! Fig. 13.8
! 78/! R!epft!opu!bddfqu!tusjoht!foejoh!xjui!2/!Tp-!R!dboopu!dpssftqpoe!up!4!ps!5/ ! ! S!epft!opu!bddfqu!tusjoht!foejoh!xjui!1/!Tp-!S!dboopu!dpssftqpoe!up!2!ps!3/ ! ! Q!bddfqut!tusjoht!foejoh!xjui!1!boe!bmtp!tusjoht!foejoh!xjui!2/!Tp-!Q!dboopu!dpssftqpoe! up!3!ps!4/ ! 79/! Jo!uif!qbuufso!xdx-!uif!Ýstu!x!nbudift!uif!efdmbsbujpo-!uif!tfdpoe!x!nbudift!uif!Ýstu!vtf-! uif!d!nbudift!uif!dibsbdufst!cfuxffo!uif!efdmbsbujpo!boe!uif!Ýstu!vtf/ ! ! Wfsjgz!uibu!uif!DGH!jo!T!hfofsbuft!qbmjoespnft/!Opuf!uibu!ju!pomz!hfofsbuft!qbmjoespnft! xiptf!mfohui!jt!bo!fwfo!ovncfs/! ! 7:/! Boz!tijgu.sfevdf!qbstfs!uzqjdbmmz!xpslt!cz!tijgujoh!fousjft!poup!uif!tubdl/!Jg!b!iboemf!jt!gpvoe! po!uif!upq!pg!uif!tubdl-!ju!jt!qpqqfe!boe!sfqmbdfe!cz!uif!dpssftqpoejoh!mfgu!iboe!tjef!pg!uif! qspevdujpo/!Jg!vmujnbufmz!xf!ibwf!pomz!uif!tubsujoh!opo.ufsnjobm!po!uif!tubdl-!xifo!uifsf!bsf! op!npsf!uplfot!up!cf!tdboofe-!uif!qbstjoh!xjmm!cf!tvddfttgvm/!Tp-!ju!jt!cpuupn.vq/
Principles of Compiler Design
419
! 85/! Uiftf!pqujnj{bujpot!jotvmbuf!bhbjotu!uif!bsdijufduvsf!pg!uif!ubshfu!nbdijof/ ! 86/! MS!qbstjoh!jt!cpuupn.vq!qbstjoh!uibu!usjft!up!dpotusvdu!uif!tzouby!usff!gspn!uif!mfbwft/!Ju! epft! uijt! cz! jefoujgzjoh! uif! sjhiu.iboe! tjef! pg! b! qspevdujpo! uibu! xifo! sfqmbdfe! cz! uif! dpssftqpoejoh!mfgu!iboe!tjef!fwfouvbmmz!mfbet!up!uif!sppu!opef/ ! 94/! B!tijgu.sfevdf!dpoÞjdu!dboopu!fyjtu!jo!b!nfshfe!tfu!vomftt!tvdi!b!dpoÞjdu!bmsfbez!fyjtut!jo! bu!mfbtu!pof!pg!uif!psjhjobm!MS)2*!dpoÝhvsbujpo!tfut/ ! :5/! Uif!sjhiu.nptu!efsjwbujpo!pg!uif!tusjoh!yyyyz{{!jt! ! ! ! T! ®! yyX! ®! yyT{! ®! yyyyX{! ®! yyyyT{{! ®! yyyyz{{ ! ! B!tijgu!sfevdf!qbstfs-!qfsgpsnt!uif!sjhiu.nptu!efsjwbujpo!jo!sfwfstf/!Tp-!Ýstu!ju!sfevdft! uif! z! up! T-! cz! uif! qspevdujpo! T! ®! z/!Bt! b! dpotfrvfodf! pg! uijt-! 3! jt! jnnfejbufmz! qsjoufe/!Ofyu-!T{!jt!sfevdfe!up!X-!cz!uif!qspevdujpo!X! ®! T{/!Tp-!4!xjmm!cf!qsjoufe/! Qspdffejoh!uijt!xbz-!xf!hfu!uif!pvuqvu!tusjoh!34242/ ! :6/! Ju!jt!cfdbvtf-!ju!jt!frvjwbmfou!up!sfdphoj{joh!xdx-!xifsf!uif!Ýstu!x!jt!uif!efdmbsbujpo!boe! uif!tfdpoe!x!jt!jut!vtf/!xdx!jt!opu!b!DGH/ ! :8/! Puifst!bsf!cpuupn.vq!qbstfst/ ! :9/! Gjstu!esbx!b!efufsnjojtujd!Ýojuf!tubuf!bvupnbupo!uibu!bddfqut!)111!}!22222*+ ! ! Ju!jt!hjwfo!jo!uif!Ýhvsf/
Fig. 13.9
!
! Opx!nblf!ju!dpnqmfuf!)uibu!jt-!gspn!fbdi!tubuf!uifsf!nvtu!cf!usbotjujpot!efÝofe!gps!1!boe! 2*/! Jo! uijt! qspdftt-! jouspevdf! ofx! tubuft! )opeft*! bt! boe! xifo! ofdfttbsz/!ZpvÔmm! foe! vq! xjui!b!dpnqmfuf!efufsnjojtujd!Ýojuf!tubuf!bvupnbupo!uibu!ibt!26!tubuft/!Uif!9!ofx!tubuft! uibu!bsf!sfrvjsfe!bsf ! 2/! Pof!tubuf!sfqsftfoujoh!boz!tusjoh!xjui!pof!1!boe!pof!2 ! 3/! Pof!tubuf!sfqsftfoujoh!boz!tusjoh!xjui!pof!1!boe!uxp!2Ôt ! 4/! Pof!tubuf!sfqsftfoujoh!boz!tusjoh!xjui!uxp!1Ôt!boe!pof!2 ! 5/! Pof!tubuf!sfqsftfoujoh!boz!tusjoh!xjui!pof!1!boe!uisff!2Ôt ! 6/! Pof!tubuf!sfqsftfoujoh!boz!tusjoh!xjui!uxp!1Ôt!boe!uxp!2Ôt ! 7/! Pof!tubuf!sfqsftfoujoh!boz!tusjoh!xjui!uxp!1Ôt!boe!uisff!2Ôt ! 8/! Pof!tubuf!sfqsftfoujoh!boz!tusjoh!xjui!pof!1!boe!gpvs!2Ôt ! 9/! Pof!tubuf!sfqsftfoujoh!boz!tusjoh!xjui!uxp!1Ôt!boe!gpvs!2Ôt ! ::/! Fwfsz!sfhvmbs!mbohvbhf!jt!MM)2*/!Fwfsz!MM)l*!hsbnnbs!jt!bo!MS)l*!hsbnnbs-!uipvhi!offe! opu!cf!bo!TMS)l*!ps!MBMS)l*!hsbnnbs/! 211/! Uif!hjwfo!hsbnnbs!jt!dpoufyu.gsff-!vobncjhvpvt-!boe!opu!mfgu!sfdvstjwf/ !212/! T!®!bC!®!bbCC!®!bbcC!®!bbccT!®!bbccbC!®!bbccbc !213/! T!®!bC!®!bbCC!®!bbcC!®!bbccT!®!bbccbC!®!bbccbc ! ! T!®!bC!®!bbCC!®!bbcTC!®!bbccBC!®!bbccbC!®!bbccbc
25 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! !
Tztufn! Tpguxbsf
Xijdi!pg!uif!gpmmpxjoh!jt0bsf!opu!bttfncmfs!ejsfdujwf)t*@ )! b*! TUBSU! )c*! MPBE! )d*! FOE! )e*! CZUF Xijdi!pg!uif!gpmmpxjoh!sfnbslt!bcpvu!uif!bttfncmfs!bsf!usvf@ !)b*! Ju!usbotmbuft!nofnpojd!jotusvdujpo!joup!nbdijof!dpef/ !)c*! Uif!jotusvdujpo!gpsnbut-!beesfttjoh!npeft-!fud/-!bsf!pg!ejsfdu!dpodfso!jo!bttfncmfs! eftjho/ ! !)d*! Eftjho!pg!bo!bttfncmfs!jt!joefqfoefou!pg!uif!tpvsdf!mbohvbhf/ ! !)e*! Cpui!)c*!boe!)d*!bsf!dpssfdu/ +4/! B!qsphsbnnjoh!mbohvbhf!jt!up!cf!eftjhofe!up!svo!po!b!nbdijof!uibu!epft!opu!ibwf!b! cjh!nfnpsz/!Uif!mbohvbhf!tipvme ! !)b*! qsfgfs!b!uxp.qbtt!dpnqjmfs!up!bo!pof.qbtt!dpnqjmfs ! !)c*! qsfgfs!bo!pof.qbtt!dpnqjmfs!up!b!uxp.qbtt!dpnqjmfs ! !)d*! qsfgfs!bo!joufsqsfufs!up!b!dpnqjmfs ! !)e*! opu!tvqqpsu!sfdvstjpo 5/! Xijdi!pg!uif!gpmmpxjoh!bcpvu!uif!mpbefs!jt0bsf!jodpssfdu@ ! !)b*! Mpbefs!csjoht!pckfdu!qsphsbn!joup!nfnpsz!gps!fyfdvujpo/ ! !)c*! Mjolbhf!fejupst!qfsgpsn!mjoljoh!bgufs!mpbejoh/ ! !)d*! Ezobnjd!mjoljoh!tdifnft!efmbz!mjoljoh!voujm!fyfdvujpo!ujnf/ ! ! !)e*! Bctpmvuf!mpbefs!npejÝft!uif!pckfdu!qsphsbn!tp!uibu!ju!dbo!cf!mpbefe!bu!boz!beesftt! mpdbujpo/ 6/! Uxp!qspdfevsft!cpui!pg!xijdi!usfbu!uif!puifs!bt!b!dbmmfe!qspdfevsf!boe!jutfmg!uif!dbmmff-! bsf!dbmmfe ! )! b*! nbtufs.tmbwf!spvujoft! ! ! )c*! tvc.tvc.spvujoft ! !)d*! dp.spvujoft! !! )e*! bncjhvpvt!nbtufs.tmbwf!spvujoft 2/! ! 3/! ! !
System Software
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
421
7/! Dipptf!uif!usvf!tubufnfout!bcpvu!uif!mjolbhf!mpbefst/ ! !)b*! Uif!joqvu!up!ju!dpotjtut!pg!b!tfu!pg!pckfdu!qsphsbnt!uibu!bsf!up!cf!mjolfe!uphfuifs/ ! )! c*! Uif!nbjo!ebub!tusvduvsf!offefe!gps!mjoljoh!jt!bo!fyufsobm!tzncpm!ubcmf/ ! )! d*! Qbtt!2!bttjhot!beesfttft!up!bmm!fyufsobm!tzncpmt/ ! !)e*! Qbtt!3!qfsgpsnt!mpbejoh-!sfmpdbujoh!boe!mjoljoh/ 8/! Xijdi!pg!uif!gpmmpxjoh!tubufnfout!bcpvu!uif!nbdsp.qspdfttpst!bsf!jodpssfdu@ ! !)b*! Uif!hfofsbm!gfbuvsft!tvdi!bt!nbdsp!fyqbotjpo-!vtf!pg!lfzxpse!qbsbnfufst!bsf!nbdijof! efqfoefou/ ! )! c*! Nbdsp!jowpdbujpo!jodmveft!uif!obnf!pg!uif!nbdsp!cfjoh!dbmmfe!boe!uif!bshvnfout!up! cf!vtfe/ ! !)d*! Nbdsp!efÝojujpo!jt!bmtp!sfgfssfe!up!bt!nbdsp!dbmm/ ! !)e*! Nbdspt!dboopu!cf!oftufe/ 9/! Usbotgfs!pg!jogpsnbujpo!up!boe!gspn!uif!nbjo!nfnpsz!ublft!qmbdf!jo!ufsnt!pg ! )! b*! cjut! )c*! czuft! )d*! xpset! )e*! ojccmft +:/! Uif!pvuqvu!pg!uif!mfyjdbm!bobmz{fs!jt ! !)b*! b!tfu!pg!sfhvmbs!fyqsfttjpot! )c*! tzouby!usff ! !)d*! tfu!pg!uplfot! !! )e*! tusjoh!pg!dibsbdufst +21/! Bo!joufsqsfufs!jt!qsfgfssfe!pwfs!b!dpnqjmfs ! !)b*! xifo!fgÝdjfou!vtf!pg!dpnqvufs!sftpvsdft!jt!uif!dpotjefsbujpo ! !)c*! evsjoh!qsphsbn!efwfmpqnfou!qibtf ! !)d*! xifo!tupsbhf!tqbdf!jt!up!cf!njojnj{fe ! !)e*! bmm!pg!uif!bcpwf +22/! B!dpnqjmfs.dpnqjmfs!jt!b0bo ! !)b*! dpnqjmfs!xijdi!dpnqjmft!b!dpnqjmfs!qsphsbn ! !)c*! tpguxbsf!uppm!vtfe!jo!bvupnbujd!hfofsbujpo!pg!b!dpnqjmfs ! !)d*! dpnqjmfs!xsjuufo!jo!uif!tbnf!mbohvbhf!ju!dpnqjmft ! !)e*! bopuifs!obnf!gps!dsptt.dpnqjmfs 23/! B!dpnqjmfs!xijdi!bmmpxt!pomz!uif!npejÝfe!tfdujpo!pg!uif!tpvsdf!dpef!up!cf!sfdpnqjmfe! jt!dbmmfe!bt ! )! b*! jodsfnfoubm!dpnqjmfs! ! ! )c*! sfdpoÝhvsbcmf!dpnqjmfs ! !)d*! ezobnjd!dpnqjmfs! !! )e*! tfmfdujwf!dpnqjmfs 24/! Xijdi!pg!uif!gpmmpxjoh!tztufn!tpguxbsf!sftjeft!jo!nbjo!nfnpsz!bmxbzt@ ! )! b*! Ufyu!fejups! )c*! Bttfncmfs! )d*! Mjolfs! )e*! Mpbefs 25/! Jo!b!uxp.qbtt!bttfncmfs!uif!qtfvep.dpef!FRV!jt!up!cf!fwbmvbufe!evsjoh ! !)b*! qbtt!2! !! )c*! qbtt!3 ! !)d*! opu!fwbmvbufe!cz!uif!bttfncmfs! )e*! opof!pg!uif!bcpwf 26/! Fggfdujwf!beesftt!hpu!cz!joefy!npef!xjmm!cf!uif!tbnf!bt!uibu!pg!sfhjtufs!joejsfdu!npef! xifo!uif!joefy!sfhjtufs!ibt!uif!wbmvf
422
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
MCQs in Computer Science
! !)b*! 1! !! )c*! 2 ! !)d*! Ï2! !! )e*! dbo!ofwfs!cf!uif!tbnf 27/! Xifo!fydfqujpobm!tjuvbujpo!pddvst!pvutjef!uif!DQV!uif!I0X!tjhobm!hjwfo!jt ! !)b*! sftfu! )c*! joufssvqu! )d*! ipme! )e*! xbju 28/! Uif!sppu!ejsfdupsz!pg!b!ejtl!tipvme!cf!qmbdfe ! !)b*! bu!b!Ýyfe!beesftt!jo!nbjo!nfnpsz! )c*! bu!b!Ýyfe!mpdbujpo!po!uif!ejtl ! )! d*! bozxifsf!po!uif!ejtl! ! ! )e*! bu!b!Ýyfe!mpdbujpo!po!uif!tztufn!ejtl 29/! FgÝdjfou!vtf!pg!beesfttjoh!npeft ! )! b*! tqffet!vq!fyfdvujpo! ! ! )c*! sfevdft!uif!ovncfs!pg!jotusvdujpot ! !)d*! sfevdft!uif!tj{f!pg!jotusvdujpot! )e*! opof!pg!uif!bcpwf 2:/! Uif!dpssfdu!tfrvfodf!pg!ujnf!efmbzt!uibu!ibqqfo!evsjoh!b!ebub!usbotgfs!gspn!b!ejtl!up nfnpsz!jt ! !)b*! tffl!ujnf-!mbufodz!ujnf!boe!usbotgfs!ujnf ! !)c*! tffl!ujnf-!bddftt!ujnf!boe!usbotgfs!ujnf ! !)d*! mbufodz!ujnf-!tffl!ujnf!boe!usbotgfs!ujnf ! !)e*! mbufodz!ujnf-!bddftt!ujnf!boe!usbotgfs!ujnf 31/! Xsjujoh!b!tpguxbsf!jo!bttfncmz!mbohvbhf!jt!qsfgfssfe!up!xsjujoh!jo!b!ijhi!mfwfm!mbohvbhf! xifo ! !)b*! nfnpsz!tqbdf!jt!mjnjufe ! !)c*! pqujnbm!vtf!pg!uif!bwbjmbcmf!ibsexbsf!sftpvsdft!jt!pg!qsjnbsz!dpodfso ! !)d*! qsphsbnnfsÔt!qspevdujwjuz!jt!jnqpsubou ! )! e*! qpsubcjmjuz!jt!jnqpsubou 32/! Xijdi!pg!uif!gpmmpxjoh!beesfttjoh!npeft!tvqqpsu!Joefyjoh@ ! !)b*! Sfmbujwf! )c*! Nfnpsz!joejsfdu! )d*! Jnnfejbuf! )e*! Ejsfdu 33/! Xijdi!pg!uif!gpmmpxjoh!bsf!uif!bewboubhft!pg!3Ôt!dpnqmfnfou!pwfs!2Ôt!dpnqmfnfou@ ! !)b*! Fbtz!up!jnqmfnfou!vtjoh!ejhjubm!dpnqpofout ! !)c*! Tvcusbdujpo!dbo!cf!epof!cz!b!tjohmf!beejujpo ! !)d*! Ju!ibt!pomz!pof!{fsp ! !)e*! Bmm!pg!uif!bcpwf 34/! Qjdl!uif!gvodujpot!uibu!bsf!dpnqmfufmz!qfsgpsnfe!jo!qbtt!2/ ! !)b*! Qspdfttjoh!pg!EC!qtfvep.pq! )c*! Vqebujoh!uif!mpdbujpo!dpvoufs ! !)d*! Qspdfttjoh!pg!FRV!qtfvep.pq! )e*! Qspdfttjoh!pg!ET!qtfvep.pq 35/! Qjdl!uif!gvodujpot!uibu!bsf!qfsgpsnfe!jo!qbtt!3/ ! !)b*! Dsfbujoh!uif!qspqfs!beesftt!npef!vtjoh!uif!cbtf!ubcmf ! !)c*! Vqebujoh!uif!mpdbujpo!dpvoufs ! !)d*! Qspdfttjoh!pg!FRV!qtfvep.pq ! )! e*! Hfofsbujpo!pg!pckfdu!dpef!vtjoh!nbdijof!pqfsbujpo!ubcmf
System Software
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
423
36/! Qjdl!uif!dpssfdu!tubufnfou)t*!bcpvu!MUPSH/ ! !)b*! Ju!jt!b!qtfvep.pq/ ! )c*! Ju!jt!vtfe!up!mpbe!uif!pckfdu!qsphsbn!bu!tpnf!tqfdjÝfe!nfnpsz!mpdbujpo!uibu!jt!hjwfo! jo!uif!pqfsboe!Ýfme/ ! )! d*! Ju!jt!vtfe!up!qmbdf!uif!mjufsbmt!efÝojujpo!jo!b!tqfdjÝfe!nfnpsz!mpdbujpo!uibu!jt!hjwfo! jo!uif!pqfsboe!Ýfme/ ! )! e*! Ju!dsfbuft!b!mjufsbm!qppm!uibu!dpoubjot!bmm!uif!mjufsbm!pqfsboet!vtfe!tjodf!uif!qsfwjpvt! MUPSH/ 37/! Qjdl!uif!nbdijof!joefqfoefou!qibtf)t*!pg!uif!dpnqjmfs/ ! )! b*! Tzouby!bobmztjt! !! )c*! Dpef!hfofsbujpo ! )! d*! Mfyjdbm!bobmztjt! !! )e*! Joufsnfejbuf!dpef!hfofsbujpo 38/! Xijdi!pg!uif!gpmmpxjoh!tubufnfou)t*!bcpvu!mpbejoh!jt0bsf!usvf@ ! ! !)b*! NpejÝdbujpo!sfdpset!bsf!vtfe!gps!tqfdjgzjoh!qsphsbn!sfmpdbujpo!jo!sfmbujwf!beesfttjoh! npef!jotusvdujpot/ ! !)c*! NpejÝdbujpo!sfdpset!bsf!cftu!tvjufe!gps!tqfdjgzjoh!qsphsbn!sfmpdbujpo!jo!ejsfdu!be. esfttjoh!boe!Ýyfe!jotusvdujpo!gpsnbu/ ! !)d*! Ufyu!sfdpse!vtft!b!sfmpdbujpo!cju!bttpdjbufe!xjui!fbdi!xpse!pg!uif!pckfdu!dpef!jo!ejsfdu! beesfttjoh!boe!Ýyfe!jotusvdujpo!gpsnbu/ ! !)e*! NpejÝdbujpo!sfdpset!bsf!cftu!tvjufe!gps!sfmbujwf!beesfttjoh!npef 39/! Qjdl!uif!nbdijof.efqfoefou!pqfsbujoh!tztufn!gfbuvsft/ ! )! b*! Joufssvqu!qspdfttjoh! ! ! )c*! Gjmf!qspdfttjoh ! !)d*! Qspdftt!tdifevmjoh! !! )e*! Kpc!tdifevmjoh 3:/! Qjdl!uif!nbdijof!joefqfoefou!pqfsbujoh!tztufn!gfbuvsft/ ! !)b*! J0P!tvqfswjtjpo! !! )c*! Gjmf!qspdfttjoh ! )! d*! Nbobhfnfou!pg!sfbm!nfnpsz! )e*! Kpc!tdifevmjoh 41/! Qjdl!uif!nbdijof!joefqfoefou!tufq)t*!uibu!dbo!cf!vtfe!up!pqujnj{f!uif!nfnpsz!sfrvjsf. nfou!pg!b!qsphsbn/ ! !)b*! Fmjnjobujoh!mppq!jowbsjbou!dpnqvubujpot ! )! c*! Dpef!ipjtujoh ! !)d*! Fmjnjobujpo!pg!dpnnpo!tvc.fyqsfttjpot ! )e*! Sfhjtufs!bmmpdbujpo!tusbufhjft 42/! Xibu!joufssvqu!jt!hfofsbufe!xifo!bo!buufnqu!up!ejwjef!cz!{fsp!jt!nbef@ ! !)b*! Tvqfswjtps!dbmm!joufssvqu!)TWD*! )c*! Qsphsbn!joufssvqu ! )! d*! J0P!joufssvqu! !! )e*! Ujnfs!joufssvqu 43/! Qjdl!uif!dmbtt!pg!joufssvqu!xjui!uif!ijhiftu!qsjpsjuz/ ! )! b*! Tvqfswjtps!dbmm!joufssvqu!)TWD*! )c*! Qsphsbn!joufssvqu ! )! d*! J0P!joufssvqu! !! )e*! Ujnfs!joufssvqu 44/! Qjdl!uif!dmbtt!pg!joufssvqu!xjui!uif!mpxftu!qsjpsjuz/ ! !)b*! Tvqfswjtps!dbmm!joufssvqu!)TWD*! )c*! Qsphsbn!joufssvqu ! )! d*! J0P!joufssvqu! !! )e*! Ujnfs!joufssvqu
424
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
MCQs in Computer Science
Uif!efmbz!cfuxffo!kpc!tvcnjttjpo!boe!kpc!dpnqmfujpo!jt!dbmmfe !)b*! uvsobspvoe!ujnf! !! )c*! jo.qspdftt!ujnf !)d*! sftqpotf!ujnf! !! )e*! xbjujoh!ujnf Xijdi!pg!uif!gpmmpxjoh!ufdiojrvft!jt!qsfgfsbcmf!gps!usbotgfssjoh!mbshf!bnpvou!pg!ebub! up!boe!gspn!b!nfnpsz!jo!b!tipsu!ujnf@ ! )! b*! Qsphsbnnfe!J0P! !! )c*! Joufssvqu.esjwfo!J0P ! !)d*! ENB! !! )e*! Opof!pg!uif!bcpwf 47/! Qsjwjmfhfe!jotusvdujpot!dbo!cf!fyfdvufe ! !)b*! pomz!jo!npojups!npef! ! ! )c*! pomz!jo!vtfs!npef ! !)d*! cpui!jo!vtfs!boe!npojups!npef! )e*! opof!pg!uif!bcpwf 48/! Uif!Ýstu!qbtt!pg!b!tjnqmf!uxp.qbtt!bttfncmfs ! )! b*! bmmpdbuft!tqbdft!gps!uif!mjufsbmt ! )! c*! dpnqvuft!uif!upubm!mfohui!pg!uif!qsphsbn ! )! d*! cvjmet!uif!tzncpm!ubcmf!gps!uif!tzncpmt!boe!uifjs!wbmvft ! )! e*! hfofsbuft!dpef!gps!bmm!uif!mpbe!boe!sfhjtufs!jotusvdujpot 49/! Uif!jefbm!dipjdf!gps!joufssvqu!psjfoufe!bqqmjdbujpot!jt ! !)b*! [.91! )c*! Npupspmb.7911! )d*! 9196! )e*! 9119 +4:/! Dipptf!uif!dpssfdu!tubufnfou/ ! )! b*! Boz!tpguxbsf!dbo!cf!tjnvmbufe!cz!ibsexbsf/ ! !)c*! Boz!ibsexbsf!dbo!cf!tjnvmbufe!cz!tpguxbsf/ ! !)d*! Gjsnxbsf!jt!opuijoh!cvu!ibsexbsf!jnqmfnfoubujpo!pg!tpguxbsf/ ! )! e*! Gjsnxbsf!jt!opuijoh!cvu!tpguxbsf!jnqmfnfoubujpo!pg!ibsexbsf/ 51/! Xijdi!pg!uif!gpmmpxjoh!jt!bmxbzt!usvf@ ! !)b*! B!dpnqjmfe!qsphsbn!vtft!npsf!nfnpsz!uibo!bo!joufsqsfufe!qsphsbn/ ! )! c*! B!dpnqjmfs!dpowfsut!b!qsphsbn!up!b!mpxfs!mfwfm!mbohvbhf!gps!fyfdvujpo/ ! )! d*! B!dpnqjmfs!ublft!mftt!nfnpsz!uibo!bo!joufsqsfufs/ ! )! e*! Dpnqjmfe!qsphsbnt!ublf!npsf!ujnf!gps!fyfdvujpo!uibo!joufsqsfufe!qsphsbnt/ 52/! Jo!b!uxp.qbtt!bttfncmfs-!uif!pckfdu!dpef!hfofsbujpo!jt!epof!evsjoh!uif ! !)b*! tfdpoe!qbtt! !! )c*! Ýstu!qbtt ! !)d*! {fspfui!qbtt! !! )e*! opof!pg!uiftf 53/! Jo!b!uxp.qbtt!bttfncmfs-!beejoh!mjufsbmt!up!mjufsbm!ubcmf!boe!beesftt!sftpmvujpo!pg!mpdbm! tzncpmt!bsf!epof!evsjoh ! !)b*! Ýstu!qbtt!boe!tfdpoe!qbtt!sftqfdujwfmz! )c*! tfdpoe!qbtt ! !)d*! tfdpoe!qbtt!boe!Ýstu!qbtt!sftqfdujwfmz! )e*! Ýstu!qbtt 54/! Uif!ebub!usbotgfs!sbuf!pg!b!epvcmf!efotjuz!Þpqqz!ejtl!tztufn!jt!bcpvu ! !)b*! 6!Lcjut0t! )c*! 61!Lcjut0t! )d*! 611!Lcjut0t! )e*! 6111!Lcjut0t 55/! B!mjolfs!jt!hjwfo!pckfdu!npevmft!gps!b!tfu!pg!qsphsbnt!uibu!xfsf!dpnqjmfe!tfqbsbufmz/!Xibu jogpsnbujpo!offe!opu!cf!jodmvefe!jo!bo!pckfdu!npevmf@! 45/! ! ! 46/!
System Software
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! !
425
! ! ! ! 56/!
)! b*! Pckfdu!dpef !)c*! Sfmpdbujpo!cjut !)d*! Obnft!boe!mpdbujpot!pg!bmm!fyufsobm!tzncpmt!efÝofe!jo!uif!pckfdu!npevmf )! e*! Bctpmvuf!beesfttft!pg!joufsobm!tzncpmt Hfofsbujpo!pg!joufsnfejbuf!dpef!cbtfe!po!bo!bctusbdu!nbdijof!npefm!jt!vtfgvm!jo!dpnqjm. fst!cfdbvtf ! )! b*! ju!nblft!jnqmfnfoubujpo!pg!mfyjdbm!boe!tzouby!bobmztjt!fbtjfs ! !)c*! tzouby.ejsfdufe!usbotmbujpot!dbo!cf!xsjuufo!gps!joufsnfejbuf!dpef!hfofsbujpo ! )! d*! ju!foibodft!uif!qpsubcjmjuz!pg!uif!gspou!foe!pg!uif!dpnqjmfs/ ! !)e*! ju!jt!opu!qpttjcmf!up!hfofsbuf!dpef!gps!sfbm!nbdijoft!ejsfdumz!gspn!ijhi!mfwfm!mbohvbhf! qsphsbnt 57/! Dipptf!uif!dpssfdu!tubufnfou)t*/ ! ! !)b*! Jo!bttfncmz!mbohvbhf!qsphsbnt-!b!nbdsp!efÝojujpo!dboopu!bqqfbs!xjuijo!bopuifs! nbdsp!efÝojujpo/ ! !)c*! Pwfsmbzjoh! jt! vtfe! up! svo! b! qsphsbn! xijdi! jt! mpohfs! uibo! uif! beesftt! tqbdf! pg! b! dpnqvufs/ ! !)d*! Wjsuvbm!nfnpsz!dbo!cf!vtfe!up!bddpnnpebuf!b!qsphsbn!xijdi!jt!mpohfs!uibo!uif!be. esftt!tqbdf!pg!b!dpnqvufs/ ! !)e*! Ju!jt!qpttjcmf!up!xsjuf!joufssvqu!tfswjdf!spvujoft!jo!b!ijhi!mfwfm!mbohvbhf/ +58/! B!tpguxbsf!jt!up!cf!efwfmpqfe!gps!b!tztufn!xijdi!ibt!b!tnbmm!nfnpsz/!Uif!tpguxbsf! tipvme ! )! b*! vtf!sfdvstjpo!xifsfwfs!qpttjcmf! )c*! bwpje!vtjoh!sfdvstjpo ! !)d*! vtf!nbdspt!jotufbe!pg!gvodujpot! )e*! opu!vtf!nbdspt!jotufbe!pg!gvodujpot
The next three questions are based on the following memory configuration. BEESFTT
WBMVF
2 6 8 21
6 8 22 24
Sfhjtufs!S 6
! +59/! BEE! 7! )jnnfejbuf*! UP! S)joejsfdu*!hjwft!uif!wbmvf ! ! )! b*! 31! )c*! 8! !)d*! 21! )e*! 24 ! +5:/! Jg!uif!fggfdujwf!beesftt!pg!Y!jt!hpu!cz!bvup.jodsfnfou!npef!boe!uif!fggfdujwf!beesftt!pg! Z!cz!bvup.efdsfnfou!npef!uifo!uif!jotusvdujpo!BEE! Y! UP! Z-!hjwft!uif!wbmvf ! ! !)b*! 27! )c*! 25! )d*! 31! )e*! 21 ! +61/! Jg!uif!jotusvdujpo!BEE!B!UP!C!hjwft!27-!uifo!uif!beesfttjoh!npef!gps!B-!C!xjmm!cf ! ! )! b*! sfhjtufs)ejsfdu*!boe!bvup.jodsfnfou!joejsfdu!sftqfdujwfmz ! ! )! c*! sfhjtufs)joejsfdu*!boe!bvup.jodsfnfou!joejsfdu!sftqfdujwfmz ! ! )! d*! sfhjtufs)ejsfdu*!boe!bvup.jodsfnfou!ejsfdu!sftqfdujwfmz ! ! )! e*! sfhjtufs)joejsfdu*!boe!bvup.jodsfnfou!ejsfdu!sftqfdujwfmz
MCQs in Computer Science
426
BOTXFST ! 2/! ! 6/! ! :/! !24/! !28/! !32/! !36/! !3:/! !44/! !48/! !52/! !56/! !5:/!
c! d! d! e! c! b-!e! b-!e! c-!e! d! c-!d! b! d! c!
3/! 7/! 21/! 25/! 29/! 33/! 37/! 41/! 45/! 49/! 53/! 57/! 61/!
b-!c! b-!c-!d-!e! c-!d! b! b-!c-!d! c-!d! b-!d-!e! b-!c-!d! b! d! e! d! b
4/! 8/! 22/! 26/! 2:/! 34/! 38/! 42/! 46/! 4:/! 54/! 58/!
b-!d!e! b-!d-!e! c! b! b! c-!d-!e! b-!d-!e! c! d! b-!c-!d! b! c-!e!
5/! 9/! 23/! 27/! 31/! 35/! 39/! 43/! 47/! 51/! 55/! 59/!
c-!e d b c b-!c b-!e b-!d b b c e e
FYQMBOBUJPOT !
!
!
! !
!
4/! Jo!b!uxp.qbtt!dpnqjmfs-!uif!tqbdf!pddvqjfe!cz!uif!Ýstu!qbtt!dbo!cf!vtfe!cz!uif!tfdpoe! qbtt/!Tjodf!bo!joufsqsfufs!usbotmbuft!boe!fyfdvuft!pof!mjof!bu!b!ujnf-!ju!jt!mftt!dpnqmfy! uibo!b!dpnqjmfs/!Tp-!ju!tipvme!pddvqz!mftt!tqbdf/!Sfdvstjpo!offet!svo.ujnf!tubdl!xiptf! tj{f!dibohft!ezobnjdbmmz!boe!pgufo!jodsfbtft!fyqpofoujbmmz!xjui!sftqfdu!up!uif!bttpdj. bufe!qbsbnfufs/ :/! Uif!joqvu!up!uif!mfyjdbm!bobmz{fs!jt!uif!tusfbn!pg!dibsbdufst!tfou!cz!uif!qsfqspdfttps/! Uif!mfyjdbm!bobmz{fs!hspvqt!uiftf!dibsbdufst!joup!vojut!uibu!dbo!cf!usfbufe!bt!b!tjohmf! mphjdbm!foujuz!)dbmmfe!uplfot*!boe!pvuqvut!uifn/ 21/! Tpnf! sftpvsdft-! mjlf! uif! J0P! efwjdft! bsf! opu! offefe! jo! uif! usbotmbujpo! qibtf/! Tpnf! sftpvsdft! bsf! opu! offefe! jo! uif! fyfdvujpo! qibtf/! Tjodf! uif! joufsqsfufs! usbotmbuft! boe! fyfdvuft! mjof! cz! mjof-! ju! vtft! cpui! uif! sftpvsdft! offefe! jo! uif! usbotmbujpo! qibtf! boe! uif!fyfdvujpo!qibtf/!Tp-!uifsf!xjmm!cf!mpu!pg!xbjujoh!jowpmwfe!boe!ifodf!uif!sftpvsdft! xjmm!opu!cf!fgÝdjfoumz!vtfe/ ! Evsjoh!qsphsbn!efwfmpqnfou!qibtf-!uifsf!xjmm!cf!sfqfbufe!efcvhhjoh/!Tjodf!uif!joufs. qsfufs!rvjdlmz!sftqpoet!up!uif!dpef!dibohft!uibo!b!dpnqjmfs-!ju!jt!eftjsbcmf/ 22/! Uiftf!bsf!uppmt!uibu!dbo!cf!vtfe!up!bvupnbujdbmmz!hfofsbuf!npevmft!pg!b!dpnqjmfs/!Gps! fybnqmf-!ZBDD!)Zfu!Bopuifs!Dpnqjmfs!Dpnqjmfs*!hfofsbuft!uif!qbstfs!xifo!uif!tzouby! pg!uif!mbohvbhf-!jo!uif!gpsn!pg!DGH-!jt!hjwfo!bt!joqvu/ 4:/! Jo!gbdu!tpguxbsf!boe!ibsexbsf!bsf!mphjdbmmz!frvjwbmfou/!Uif!gvodujpo!pg!uif!ibsexbsf!dbo! cf!tjnvmbufe!cz!uif!tpguxbsf!boe!uif!gvodujpo!pg!uif!tpguxbsf!dbo!cf!tjnvmbufe!cz!uif! ibsexbsf/
System Software
!
! !
!
427
58/! Fbdi!ujnf!b!nbdsp!jt!dbmmfe-!ju!xjmm!cf!fyqboefe/!Uijt!jodsfbtft!uif!tpvsdf!dpef!tj{f/! Vtjoh!gvodujpot!jotufbe!pg!nbdspt!jodsfbtft!uif!fyfdvujpo!ujnf!cfdbvtf!pg!uif!gvodujpo! dbmm!pwfsifbe!cvu!uif!tj{f!pg!uif!tpvsdf!dpef!xjmm!opu!jodsfbtf/ 59/! Uijt!beet!7!boe!uif!wbmvf!qsftfou!jo!beesftt!6-!uibu!jt!8/ 5:/! Fggfdujwf! beesftt! pg! Y! jt! 6/! Tp! uif! wbmvf! pg! Y! jt! 8/! Jnnfejbufmz! uif! dpoufout! pg! uif! sfhjtufs! xjmm! cf! jodsfnfoufe! up! 7/! Gps! Ýoejoh! uif! fggfdujwf! beesftt! pg! Z! vtjoh! bvupefdsfnfou! npef-! uif! dvssfou! dpoufout! pg! uif! sfhjtufs! xjmm! cf! efd. sfnfoufe-! boe! uif! efdsfnfoufe! wbmvf! xjmm! cf! uif! fggfdujwf! beesftt/! Jo! uijt! dbtf! uif! fggfdujwf! beesftt! pg! Z! xjmm! cf! 7!Ï!2!>!6-! xijdi! ibt! uif! wbmvf! 8/! TpBEE! Y! UP! Z-!beet!8!up!8/ 61/! Wbmvf!pg!B!xjmm!cf!6-!jg!sfhjtufs!)ejsfdu*!npef!jt!vtfe/!Fggfdujwf!beesftt!pg!C!xjmm!cf!8-!jg! bvup.jodsfnfou!joejsfdu!npef!jt!vtfe/!Uif!wbmvf!pg!C!xjmm!cf!22!boe!BEE!B!UP!C-!jt BEE! 6! UP! 22-!xijdi!jt!27/
Tpguxbsf! Fohjoffsjoh
26 !
2/ M
M M
!"
! #
2
$ %
Qbsbnfufs
Mbohvbhf!M
( * ( !
& ' "
Mbohvbhf!M
!) ''''
!) ''''
','',''' . + ,'','''
+ -,.',''' . + .','''
+
/
0
M M2 " 3'''
M
/
!
" .'''
1
/
" 3444
" 355-
3/ 6
3'''' 7
! ! (
8 ,
" 4/ 0
' 0 43 .
7 " 94 .' :
;+;" " < " : " % "
2 1
7
6
1
"
2 8- 8' ;
% " + 1
& ' " 3' ; # 7 % & ' "
Software Engineering
429
Common Data for Questions 4 and 5: 1
# B
pmed, B
ofxd # , pmed ofxd = , > !wpje!Ýoe`boe`sfqmbdf!)dibs!+B-!dibs!+pmed-!dibs!+ofxd*!| !! ! ! ! !gps! )jou! j>11>! pmed! \k^*! B\j^! >! ofxd! \k^< !~
! ! ! ! !
" " 4" 3"
! !
#6
pmed! >! #bcd#-! ofxd! >! #ebc#! pmed! >! #def#-! ofxd! >! #cde# pmed! >! #cdb#-! ofxd! >! #deb#! pmed! >! #bcd#-! ofxd! >! #cbd# #
+5/ (b(-!(c(-!(d(-!(e(
7 ?
(f( ,
>
2
"
"
+6/ ?
" #bcdef#,
B 6 " :
& ' 4"
%
& ' 4"
"
> "
%
2 3
" 4
" 3
7/ * " " " "
, , , ,
,
The next five questions are based on the information furnished below. ?
,
6 !
6
' < + + :
@ < + + :, A '' < + + :,
" " 8
4
/
. 3
+8/ ,
.'@ !
7
4
< + + : ,
@ "
'
"
100 13
MCQs in Computer Science
430
+9/ ? 99@ ,
< + + : < + + :
"
'
@
@ " .
+:/ ?
"
4
" 8
< + + :,
6
,
< + + :
" '9 +21/ ? 99@ ,
" 8
4 ,
6
" "
" 9 @
7
,
"
22/ ?
@
" '8 < + + : 6 @
< + + : " '9 !
7
" '
" '
99@ < + + : < + + :
.
@ @
" "
23/ * " "
" "
24/ * " "
7
" "
7
EEEEE
25/ "
"
6
26/
1 " N
! +27/
6
foe
" tubsu foe EEEEE " 6 " jg.uifo.fmtf jg foe!
{/!?
" , 1 F ztubsu
" % fmtf N
y-
N " yz!G { 28/ ? Y , " yGo
" y{ G z F % 1 Y " yo
" yGzG{
" y z G {" jg.uifo.fmtf foe! !
o
" y
o"
" yo
29/ ; " "
1
" "
6
Software Engineering
431
+2:/ ! H ! ! !0+!Uijt!gvodujpo!dpnqvuft!uif!spput!pg!b!rvbesbujd!frvbujpo ! ! !! !b/y_3!,!c/y!,!d!>!1/!Uif!gvodujpo!tupsft!uxp!sfbm!spput ! ! !! !jo!+sppu2!boe!+sppu3!boe!sfuvsot!uif!tubuvt!pg!wbmjejuz ! ! !! !pg! spput/! Ju! iboemft! gpvs! ejggfsfou! ljoet! pg! dbtft/ ! ! !! !)j*!Xifo!dpfgÝdjfou!b!jt!{fsp!jssftqfdujwf!pg!ejtdsjnjobou ! ! !! !)jj*! Xifo! ejtdsjnjobou! jt! qptjujwf ! ! !! !)jjj*! Xifo! ejtdsjnjobou! jt! {fsp ! ! !! !)jw*! Xifo! ejtdsjnjobou! jt! ofhbujwf/ ! ! !! !Pomz!jo!dbtft!)jj*!boe!)jjj*-!uif!tupsfe!spput!bsf!wbmje/ ! ! !! !Puifsxjtf!1!jt!tupsfe!jo!uif!spput/!Uif!gvodujpo!sfuvsot ! ! !! !1! xifo! uif! spput! bsf! wbmje! boe! Ï2! puifsxjtf/ ! ! !! !Uif! gvodujpo! bmtp! fotvsft! sppu2! ?>! sppu3/ ! ! !! !! jou! hfu`RvbeSpput)Þpbu! b-! Þpbu! c-! Þpbu! d! ! !! !! ! Þpbu! +sppu2-! Þpbu! +sppu3*< ! ! !+0 / A7 6 = , Uftu Dbtf
Joqvu!Tfu
Fyqfdufe!Pvuqvu!Tfu
b
c
d
sppu2
sppu3
Sfuvso!Wbmvf
''
''
-'
''
''
I
''
'
4'
''
''
I
4
'
3
3'
'
'
I '
I '
'
'
9'
.
.
'
. 5
'
I '
I4 '
4'
I '
'
'
3'
''
''
I
0 1 " " 31/ 0 " " F +32/ (
' I
7 A7 6 2 % & ' " , , 4, 5 , 3, ., 5
" " A
, 4, 3, . , 4, 3, . 6 2
A
" ! " F HSPVQ!J
HSPVQ!JJ/ % & ' 4"
MCQs in Computer Science
432
!!!!!!HSPVQ!J
!!!!!!!!HSPVQ!JJ
F" ; J" = +" ? ;" F
" " 4" 3"
? KF(: F 7# L(
" F7 , J7 , +74, ;73 " F74, J7 , +73, ;7
" F74, J73, +7 , ;7 " F73, J74, +7 , ;7
7
33/ " " " "
M >
34/ " " " "
1 A K
35/
" 36/
>
o (o - 1) 2 6
A ,
o
/ " o
o
" o
"
o (o + 1) 2
7
"
"
" o,
37/ ?
7 6
" 7
" " 38/ 0 " " " " 39/ ! " " " " +3:/
o
o
"
"
o
"
o
2 ! ; : # #
#
( #
( ?
#
Software Engineering
( A
433
, 2 %
& ' 4"
Fig. 15.1
" " " " FQ : (, *
+41/ / " .' F(
/ '' F / " - 5 F(
"
. F( M
+42/! ? ! ?? ??? ! ?$ $ * ! A " " ?7??7???7?$7$ " ?7???7$ 7??7?$ +43/ 0 " Q +Q&, Q BOE R " Q +Q&, Q BOE R " Q +Q&, Q BOE R " Q +Q&, Q BOE R +44/ Q 3'@ F " .'@ " +45/
F("
" 5 . F( H % & ''9"
! ; A
"
H " $7?$7???7??7? " ?$7??7$ 7???7? 2 +Q& +Q& < ;& +Q& F
L L L L
" '8
R" R" R" L"
+: +: +: +: F F
5'@
"
+Q& +Q& +Q& +Q& .'@
'@
L +Q& L < ;& L +Q& L +Q& F " -'@
'9 '9
" '9
7(
/ " '- 9
" '
MCQs in Computer Science
434
46/ 0 " " 47/ ? " " +48/ 0 ? ?? ??? ?$
2 ! &
" = " : 4
4
#
" " +Q&2 6
&6 !
" ??
#
*! c*! |T2>! e*! |T3
!
6/ + 8/ 0 A
6
,
6 3
#
:/
1 < + + : A '3 7 ?
7
# 7
9/
)." = 21/ ?
1
''
7
+
A 99 G ' U '9 7 A '' G 3 U '3 1 '9 I '3" ´ '') '' U . A '' 6 A 99 G , @ A ). ' 8 ´ '') '' U ' 8 , # 99@ < + + : @ = 6
U
;
bU' ; ,
32/! KF(: K
; , ' ; ,
U3
U4 ; ,
K" (
F
,
*" :
(
"
( ,
(
41/ *
(
;
3
/ /
44/ I 45/ Q
U 5 ; ,
'') 5 U 5 . F( 7 7
43/ Q
"
6
(
42/
N
N ; ,
jg.uifo.fmtf 6 GM"
3:/!
@ , '3) 4 U 8
4
y
27/
2:/ U
437
A
,
, 1 , Q! :* R L I ' ."
, +Q&
R
: ;
L :
,
,
,
+: R"
R"
I ' 3" U ' , / ,
!
48/ *
: 6 *A @A >A @A >A @A >A ??::::
?:??:: @
/
>
) )
!
)
!
32/ # 1;
+33/ B
" 9? 9?
C C C
34/ ;
$
. B B B (
35/ (
. 5 . $ ;2526;
D
! .
$
.
442
MCQs in Computer Science
36/ *
37/ C 38/ &
' E5, *+ *, 2,* (B5 ,
2
,
* :?
+39/ ! :??
) >0
+3:/ *
!
! :/?? FG?? .& :G ! 5
. > 41/ 5 5 2 5
! J 5 ! %
0?
$
F? 9
@??
!
' /H I
H ! ! !
!
. !
. !
! .
! -./0
. *13#*
!
42/ *
? :
? /. &
' * ,
B 43/ &
5
I
Fig. 16.1
::::??:?: ! +44/ 5 ! @??? :0??
:???:?:::
:?:??:::: @) #% G???
:?:??::?:
Computer Networks
! :0 ???
+45/
@???)#% /? ???
G? ??? +46/ ( :/0 n ! G/0 :/0? 47/ ( 1222212222212222221 12222221 122221222221122222121 12222122222122222121 48/ ) )
443
2,+ @? B @ ??? :??
/@?? D
@:H "
C
12222122222122222211 1222212222212222221 ) )
. .
49/ (
) . ) $ )
( (
" . ) .
$
.
The next three questions are based on the following diagram that represents shortest path adaptive routing. J
,,
3
* B ; J 8 Fig. 16.2
" (
K
!
K
"
. 9
.J
. 4:/
51/ G
:>
>
@
)
444
MCQs in Computer Science
52/ G
F
:@ C .
53/ ( ( ! J 2
.
:>
::
:/
:0
/
/./0
/.>0
@
$
+58/ +59/ 5:/ (
61/
1*E +. . 2 XFMDPNF! UP! OFUXPSL! TFDVSJUZ" XNFLSFFUTJMUXFUDPPDZPOSV" MUXFUPOSV"XNFLSDPPDZFFUTJ , M &,(,++38 ( JOUFSXPSLJOHOFU XPSLJOHJOUFSOFU!
FFUTJDPPDZXNFLSPOSV"MUXFU POSV"DPPDZMUXFUFFUTJXNFLS . JOUFSOFUXPSLJOH ,
Computer Networks
445
62/ * :?? % ! 0:/
/H
. & )
:/.0N. (
.
' O +
$ ) 1*,
65/ &
(23
)
' *
2
,
66/ &
"
' *
) )
67/ 68/ (
! !
)
!
:?
::
)
$
69/ :?
G
!
! H
:? #%
:? /? 5
6:/ (
:?
:?@
#%
:?> #% /??
:?:>
:?:0 #%
6n
/?? /? ???
/??? : ??? 71/ (;( !
2 4
;( A:
72/ 5 :.
)
I ) ;
/. @. >. ,
!
MCQs in Computer Science
446
:A :A :A :A
/A /A /A /A
@A @A @A @A 5
! +73/! (
>A >A >A >A 8*
/??
?? />??
/. :H. //. /G. @?. @>. @H. >/. >G. 0?. 0>.
@. . H. :/. :G. /?. />. /H. @/. @G. >?. >>. >H. 0/. 0G.
MCQs in Computer Science
452
0