Mastering Arabic Vocabulary: For Beginner to Intermediate Learners of Modern Standard Arabic 1000854027, 9781000854022

Table of contents :
Cover
Half Title
Title
Copyright
Contents
Introduction
Arabic-derived Verb Forms
The Participles
Notes on the Text
Use of Symbols and Abbreviations
1 Family and Feelings العائِلةُ والعَواطِفُ
Family Relations العلاقاتُ العائِليّةُ
Emotions and Feelings المشاعِرُ والعواطِفُ
Exercises
2 Health الصِّحةُ
The Body الجِسمُ
The Senses الحَواسُّ
Sex and Reproduction الجِنسُ والتَّناسُلُ
The Mind العَقلُ
Ailments, Illnesses, and Disabilities الْوَعكاتُ والأَمراضُ والإعاقاتُ
Treatments, Cures, and Death المُداواةُ والعِلاجُ والْموتُ
Exercises
3 Education التَّعليمُ
School المَدارِسُ
Education التَّعليمُ
Performance Levels الأَداءُ التّعليمِيُّ
University الْجامعةُ
Subjects المَواضيعُ
Extracurricular and Recreational Activities النَّشاطاتُ اللاّصَفِّيَّةُ والتَّرفيهيَّةُ
Exercises
4 Politics عِلمُ السّياسَةِ
Government and Politics الحُكومَةُ والسِّياسَةُ
Political Parties and Ideologies الأحزابُ السِّياسِيَّةُ والايديولوجيات
Security Measures الإجراءاتُ الأمنيَّةُ
War and Peace الحَربُ والسّلامُ
Civil Disobedience العِصيانُ المَدَنيُّ
Elections and Voting الانتخاباتُ والتّصويتُ
Displacement and Aid النُّزوعُ والمُساعداتُ
Exercises
5 Work, Business, and Economics العَملُ والتِّجارةُ والِاقتِصادُ
Work and Employment العَملُ والتَّوظيفُ
Business, Trade, and Commerce العَملُ والتِّجارةُ
Economics and Finance الاِقتِصادُ والمالُ
Exercises
6 Media وَسائِلُ الإعلام
Journalism and News الصَّحافَةُ والأَخبارُ
Publishing النَّشرُ
Commentary التَّعليقُ
Censorship رِقابةُ الْمَطبوعاتِ
Exercises
7 Law and Order القانونُ والنِّظامُ
The Legal Process الإجراءاتُ القانونِيَّةُ
Treaties and Contracts المُعاهداتُ والعُقودُ
Crimes الجَرائِمُ
Under Arrest الإعتِقالُ
Evidence and Proof الأَدِلَّةُ والبَراهينُ
Verdicts and Convictions أحكامُ الإدانةِ
Prison السِّجنُ
Appeals and Settlements الإستِئنافُ والتَّسويةُ
Exercises
8 Culture, Religion, and Society الدّينُ والثَّقافةُ والمُجتَمَعُ
Religion الدّينُ
Culture and Society الثَّقافَةُ والمُجتَمعُ
Exercises
9 Earth, Nature, and the Environment الَأرضُ والطَّبيعَةُ والبيئَةُ
Animals الحَيَواناتُ
Weather and Climate الطَّقسُ والمُناخُ
Natural Disasters الكَوارِثُ الطَّبيعِيَّةُ
Natural Resources and Energy المَوارِدُ الطَّبيعِيَّةُ والطّاقَةُ
The World and Beyond العالَمُ والفَضاءُ
Exercises
10 Information Technology تِقنيَّةُ المَعلوماتِ
Useful Terms مُصطَلَحاتٌ مُفيدَةٌ
Exercises
Answer Key
Index

Citation preview

Mastering Arabic Vocabulary

Mastering Arabic Vocabulary: For Beginner to Intermediate Learners of Modern Standard Arabic provides a structured vocabulary course for novice students of Arabic. Arranged thematically, and by root, the course is a flexible resource that can be used alongside other learning materials. The unique root organisation supports students’ understanding of the structure of Arabic words and of the connection between form and meaning in Arabic vocabulary. The wealth of exercises throughout are designed to reinforce learning and help students gain a solid foundation in the key vocabulary needed to reach an intermediate level. Mastering Arabic Vocabulary is the ideal reference for building a strong foundation in Arabic vocabulary, for students from beginner level up to B1-B2 CEFR and ACTFL Intermediate-Low to Intermediate-High. Nadia R. Sirhan has a PhD in Arabic Linguistics from SOAS, University of London.

Mastering Arabic Vocabulary For Beginner to Intermediate Learners of Modern Standard Arabic

Nadia R. Sirhan

Designed cover image: proksima via Getty Images First published 2023 by Routledge 4 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN and by Routledge 605 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10158 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2023 Nadia R. Sirhan The right of Nadia R. Sirhan to be identified as author of this work has been asserted in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalog record for this book has been requested ISBN: 978-1-032-16901-9 (hbk) ISBN: 978-1-032-16900-2 (pbk) ISBN: 978-1-003-25089-0 (ebk) DOI: 10.4324/9781003250890 Typeset in Times New Roman by Apex CoVantage, LLC

Contents

Introduction

1

Arabic-derived Verb Forms 3 The Participles 5 Notes on the Text 6 Use of Symbols and Abbreviations 7

 1 Family and Feelings ‫ف‬ ِ َ‫العائِلةُ والع‬9 ُ ‫واط‬ Family Relations ُ‫ العالقاتُ العائِليّة‬9 ‫ المشا ِع ُر‬16 Emotions and Feelings ‫ف‬ ِ ُ ‫والعواط‬ Exercises 35

 2 Health ُ‫صحة‬ ّ ِ ‫ال‬38 The Body ‫الجس ُم‬ ِ  38 The Senses ‫واس‬ ُّ ‫ ال َح‬50 ُ ‫س‬ Sex and Reproduction ‫ل‬ ُ ‫نس والتَّنا‬ ُ ‫الج‬ ِ  52 ُ ‫ العَق‬57 The Mind ‫ل‬ َ ‫واأل‬ Ailments, Illnesses, and Disabilities ُ‫مراض واإلعاقات‬ ُ ْ ‫ ال ُمداواة ُ وال ِعال ُج‬72 Treatments, Cures, and Death ُ‫والموت‬ Exercises 79

ُ‫  ْال َوعكات‬58

 3 Education ‫التَّعلي ُم‬81 School ‫س‬ ُ ‫دار‬ ِ ‫ ال َم‬81 Education ‫ التَّعلي ُم‬85 Performance Levels ‫ي‬ ِ ّ ‫ األَدا ُء الت‬91 ُّ ‫عليم‬ ْ ُ University ‫ الجامعة‬94 Subjects ‫ ال َمواضي ُع‬109 Extracurricular and Recreational Activities ُ‫ص ِفّيَّةُ والتَّرفيهيَّة‬ َ ّ‫ النَّشاطاتُ الال‬110 Exercises 122

 4 Politics ‫س ِة‬ ّ ‫ ِعل ُم ال‬125 َ ‫سيا‬ Government and Politics ُ‫سة‬ ّ ‫ ال ُحكو َمةُ وال‬125 َ ‫سِيا‬

vi Contents Political Parties and Ideologies ‫سيَّةُ وااليديولوجيات‬ ّ ‫ال‬ ِ ‫سِيا‬ Security Measures ُ‫ اإلجراءاتُ األمنيَّة‬149 War and Peace ‫رب والسّال ُم‬ ُ ‫ ال َح‬159 Civil Disobedience ‫ي‬ ُّ ‫ ال ِعصيانُ ال َمدَن‬177 Elections and Voting ُ‫ االنتخاباتُ والتّصويت‬178 Displacement and Aid ُ‫ع وال ُمساعدات‬ ُ ‫ النُّزو‬180 Exercises 185

‫األحزاب‬  145 ُ

 5 Work, Business, and Economics ُ ‫واالقتِصاد‬ ِ ُ ‫العَم ُل وال ِت ّجارة‬187

َّ ‫ العَم ُل والت‬187 Work and Employment ‫وظيف‬ ُ ُ ‫ العَم‬196 Business, Trade, and Commerce ُ ‫ل وال ِت ّجارة‬ ُ ‫االقتِصادُ والما‬ Economics and Finance ‫ل‬  208 ِ Exercises 225

ُ ِ‫ َوسائ‬227  6 Media ِ ‫ل اإلعالم‬ Journalism and News ‫خبار‬ َّ ‫ ال‬227 ُ َ ‫صحافَةُ واأل‬ َّ ‫ن‬ ‫ال‬ Publishing ‫شر‬  235 ُ ُ َّ ‫ الت‬239 Commentary ‫عليق‬ Censorship ‫ت‬ ِ ‫  ِرقابةُ ْال َمطبوعا‬250 Exercises 252

ُ  7 Law and Order ‫القانون وال ِنّظا ُم‬ 254 The Legal Process ُ‫ اإلجراءاتُ القانونِيَّة‬254 Treaties and Contracts ُ ‫ ال ُمعاهداتُ والعُقود‬268 Crimes ‫جرائِ ُم‬ َ ‫ ال‬270 ُ ‫ اإلعتِقا‬279 Under Arrest ‫ل‬ Evidence and Proof ُ‫ األَدِلَّةُ والبَراهين‬282 Verdicts and Convictions ‫ أحكا ُم اإلدان ِة‬284 Prison ُ‫سجن‬ ّ ِ ‫ ال‬289 Appeals and Settlements ُ‫ئناف والتَّسوية‬ ُ ِ‫ اإلست‬290 Exercises 292

ُ ‫الد‬294  8 Culture, Religion, and Society ‫ّين والثَّقافةُ وال ُمجت َ َم ُع‬ Religion ُ‫ الدّين‬294 Culture and Society ‫ الثَّقافَةُ وال ُمجت َم ُع‬319 Exercises 335

َّ  9 Earth, Nature, and the Environment ُ‫والطبيعَةُ والبيئَة‬ ‫رض‬ ُ ‫ َاأل‬337 Animals ُ‫حيَوانات‬ َ ‫ ال‬337 َّ  350 ُ ‫قس وال ُمنا‬ Weather and Climate ‫خ‬ ُ ‫الط‬ َّ ُ ُ Natural Disasters ‫َوارث الطبي ِعيَّة‬ ِ ‫ الك‬356 ّ َّ ُ‫وارد‬ ُ‫الطبي ِعيَّة‬ Natural Resources and Energy ُ‫والطاقَة‬ ِ ‫ ال َم‬359

Contents  vii The World and Beyond ‫والفَضا ُء‬ Exercises 377

‫ العالَ ُم‬366

10 Information Technology ‫ت‬ ِ ‫ ِتقنيَّةُ ال َمعلوما‬380 Useful Terms ٌ ‫ُمفيدَة‬ Exercises 401

Answer Key Index

َ ‫  ُمص‬400 ٌ‫طلَحات‬

403 415

Introduction

The Arabic language is based on a consonantal root system whereby almost every word in the language is derived from a root. Although there are exceptions, most Arabic words have a triliteral root (made up of three consonants or radicals), and it is this root that defines the underlying meaning of the word. Consequently, words which are derived from the same root will frequently have a shared basic meaning. Using the root ‫( ك ت ب‬k t b), we can see how the consonantal root system works:

‫َب‬ َ ‫( َكت‬kataba) he wrote ‫َب‬ ٌ ‫( َمْكت‬maktabun) an office or desk ٌ‫( َمكت َبَة‬maktabatun) a library or bookshop ‫ب‬ ٌ ‫كات‬ ِ (kātibun) an author As can be seen, words derived from this root have a meaning linked to ‘writing’. By adding certain vowels and affixes to the root, particular noun or verb patterns are reproduced, which may lead to a vast number of words which are predictable in both form and meaning. When you come across a new word, assuming you recognise the root, you can approximate the word’s basic meaning. There are instances, however, where one root can have two different meanings (which might have originally been linked), and either each form applies to both meanings or each form produces a different meaning. The root ‫( س و س‬s w s), for example, carries both the meaning ‘to govern or dominate’ and ‘to rot or decay’. Another difficulty arises from homonymous roots: words which share the same root letters but are different roots with different meanings. They are listed both here and in dictionaries as separate roots. An example of a homonymous root is ‫( د ي ن‬d y n), which has one root that means ‘to borrow or loan’ and one root that means ‘to profess or affirm one’s religion’. Since Arabic is the language of Quranic revelation, the Arabic language resists, where possible, the acceptance of loanwords. This reluctance to adopt foreign words has necessitated the practice of modernization, which involves the DOI: 10.4324/9781003250890-1

2

Introduction

controlled creation of new terms to fill semantic gaps and includes the following linguistic processes: extension, calques, and Arabisation. Extension is when the meaning of a word is extended to include a new term. One such example ُ ‫( دََّوَن – يُدَ ّ ِو‬dawis the root ‫( د و ن‬d w n) which gives the Form II pattern ‫ن‬ wana – yudawwinu) ‘to record or write down’; its meaning has been extended to include the meaning ‘to blog’. Calques are essentially the literal translations of words from foreign languages into Arabic. The word email, for example, has been translated as ‫ي‬ ٌّ ِ‫( بَريدٌ ِإلكترون‬barīdun iliktrūniyyun) ‘electronic mail’. Another form of modernisation is Arabisation which morphologically and phonologically changes an adopted foreign word. Examples include the word for television ‫ِتْلفاٌز‬ (tilfāzun), which has been changed to fit the Arabic morphological pattern. It has now entered the Arabic language ‫( ت ل ف ز‬t l f z) and has a productive root. Calques and extensions tend to have roots (because they usually make use of Arabic words and roots that already exist), while only some Arabised words have roots (Versteegh 2014 (1997)). Loanwords, however, have become more frequent as a result of the introduction of the internet and social media. Examples of these include the words email (‫ – إْيميل‬īmayl), computer (‫ – كومبيوتر‬kumbūtar), and the internet (‫َرنت‬ ِ ‫ – اإلنت‬alinternet). Most loanwords have no roots in Arabic. To find a root, we begin with the premise that most Arabic words are based on a triliteral root; in other words, the root we are looking for will have three consonants. (If not, the root will most likely be quadrilateral and we know to look for a root with four consonants.) The long vowels (‫)ا و ي‬, which are also letters of the alphabet, are considered weak letters and they can be part of the root. However, if this is the case, it is worth remembering that they may not be present in every root pattern and they are considered irregular. They will, therefore, not follow the regular patterns provided later. If a word has only three letters then the learner can assume that those letters are the root letters. Lastly, the tā marbūṭa (‫ )ة‬and short vowels can never be part of the root. In learning Arabic vocabulary, understanding roots (‫الجذر‬ ِ ) is essential, if only because all Arabic dictionaries use the root system. In order to look a word up in an Arabic dictionary one must know the root of the word. The roots are listed in alphabetical order and all words derived from the root are listed under the same root. The roots of some words are inevitably harder to work out than others. However, this should not discourage the learner, because we will provide tips on how to recognise the root, and go over the root patterns so the learner can become acquainted with them. This will help the learner recognise the pattern of an unknown word, and from there work out its meaning. It is believed that in order to maximise vocabulary learning and its retention, synonymous rather than antonymous words should be learned together. As such, using root patterns when learning vocabulary can greatly enhance the learning process.

Introduction 3

Arabic-derived Verb Forms The derived forms are forms derived using the root in combination with affixes and vowels. Each of the following derived forms is associated with a particular meaning pattern. Knowing these patterns will aid in the retention of vocabulary. It is standard practice to convey these derived forms using the root (‫ل‬ َ َ‫ فَع‬/ ‫)ف ع ل‬ fa‘ala – ‘to do’ where the f represents the first radical, ‘ the second radical, and l the third radical. Form

Perfect

Imperfect 3rd person m/s ‫ فَعََل‬fa‘ala ‫ يَفعَُل‬yaf‘alu

Form I Form II

‫ فَعَّ َل‬fa‘‘ala

Verbal Noun

ٌ ‫ ت َْف‬taf‘īlun ‫عيل‬ ٌ‫ ت َْفِعلَة‬taf‘ilatun

‫ يُفَِعّ ُل‬yufa‘‘ilu

Form meaning: strengthening or intensification of meaning. Applying the act to a more general object. Causative action. Examples:

‫ علََّم‬to teach

‫ُعلُّم‬ ِ ‫ي‬

ْ ٌ‫تعِلَمة‬ ْ  / ‫يم‬ ٌ ‫تعل‬

Form III

‫فاعَل‬ َ fā‘ala

‫فاع ُل‬ ِ ُ‫ ي‬yufā‘ilu

ٌ ‫ ِف‬fi‘ālun ‫عال‬ ٌ‫فاعلَة‬ َ ‫ ُم‬mufā‘alatun

Form meaning: relation of the action to another person. Reciprocity of an action. Examples:

‫َب‬ َ ‫ كات‬to write to

‫ب‬ ُ ‫ُكات‬ ِ ‫ي‬

ٌ‫ ُمكات َبَة‬/ ‫تاب‬ ٌ ‫ِك‬

Form IV

‫ ْأفعََل‬af‘ala

‫ يُْفِعُل‬yuf‘ilu

ٌ ‫ ْإف‬if‘ālun ‫عال‬

Form meaning: causative of transitive verbs. Transitive of intransitive verbs. Stative verbs from derived nouns. Examples:

‫أعلَ َم‬ ْ to inform

‫ي ُْعِل ُم‬

‫الم‬ ْ ٌ ‫إع‬

Form V

‫ تفعََّل‬tafa‘‘ala

‫ يَت َفَعَُّل‬yatafa‘‘alu

‫ ت َفَعٌُّل‬tafa‘‘ulun

Form meaning: reflexive of Form II. Can be intensive of Form I. Verbs are derived from nouns of quality or status. Examples:

‫سَر‬ َّ ‫ ت ََك‬to break

‫سُر‬ َّ ‫يَت ََك‬

‫سٌر‬ ُّ ‫ت ََك‬

Form VI

‫فاعَل‬ َ َ ‫ ت‬tafā‘ala

‫فاع ُل‬ َ َ ‫ يَت‬yatafā‘alu

‫فاع ٌل‬ ُ َ ‫ ت‬tafā‘ulun

4

Introduction

Form meaning: the reflexive of Form III, can imply the mutual application of the action.

‫ب‬ ٌ ُ ‫ت َكات‬

Examples:

‫َب‬ َ ‫ ت َكات‬to write to each other

‫َب‬ ُ ‫يَت َكات‬

Form VII

‫ ِاْنفَعََل‬infa‘ala

ٌ ‫ ِاْنِف‬infi‘ālun ‫ يَ ْنفَِعُل‬yanfa‘ilu ‫عال‬

Form meaning: renders passive or reflexive meaning of Form I. Examples:

‫سَر‬ َ ‫ ِاْنَك‬to break/be broken

‫يَ ْنَكِسُر‬

‫سار‬ ٌ ‫ِاْنِك‬

Form VIII

‫ ِاْفت َعََل‬ifta‘ala

‫ يَفت َِعُل‬yafta‘ilu

ٌ ‫ اِْفِت‬ifti‘ālun ‫عال‬

Form meaning: reflexive of Form I. Examples:

‫ ِاْنت َفََع‬to profit

‫يَنت َِفُع‬

‫فاع‬ ٌ ‫ِاْنِت‬

Form IX

‫ ِاْفعََّل‬if‘alla

‫ يَ ْفعَُّل‬yaf‘allu

‫ ِاْفِعالٌل‬if‘ilālun

Form meaning: relates to colours or body defects.

‫رار‬ ٌ ‫ِاْحِم‬

Examples:

‫ ِاْحَمَّر‬to become red

‫يَْحَمُّر‬

Form X

‫ ِاْست َْفعََل‬istaf‘ala

‫ يَ ْست َْفِعُل‬yastaf‘ilu ‫ ا ِْس ِتْفعاٌل‬istif‘ālun

Form meaning: thinking or attributing someone or something with the quality of the root or the Form I verb. In other words, considering someone to have the quality of the Form I verb. Examples:

‫سَن‬ َ ‫ ِاْست َْح‬to think good

‫يَست َْحِسُن‬

ٌ ‫ِاْسِتْح‬ ‫سان‬

The verb patterns and conjugations of irregular verbs vary somewhat from the regular verb patterns shown earlier. Irregular verbs are of three types: •

•

Verbs with doubled consonants: these are verbs where the second and third root letters/radicals are the same. For example: ‫( ت ََّم‬tamma) ‘to end or comَّ (dalla) ‘to guide or show’. plete’ or َّ‫( َرد‬radda) ‘to reply or restore’ or ‫دل‬ Verbs where one of the three root letters is a weak letter (‫ و‬or ‫)ي‬. These are known as weak verbs and they are of three types: assimilated verbs, hollow verbs, and defective verbs. Assimilated verbs will have the weak letter as the first radical, hollow verbs will have the weak letter as the middle radical, and defective verbs will have the weak letter as the final radical. Examples

Introduction 5

•

respectively include ‫ل‬ َ ‫ص‬ ِ ‫ام‬ َ ‫( َو‬waṣala) ‘to arrive’ or ‫ب‬ َ َ‫( ق‬qāma bi) ‘to stand َ up or rise’ and ‫ي‬ ( laqiya) ‘to encounter or meet’. ‫ق‬ ‫ل‬ ِ َ Verbs where one of the three root letters is a hamza (‫)ء‬. For example, ‫ألف‬ َ (alafa) ‘to be acquainted or familiar with’, ‫سأل‬ (sa’ala) ‘to ask’, and ‫قرأ‬ َ (qara’a) ‘to read’.

The Participles All forms of the participles are prefixed with ‫ م‬vowelled with damma ◌ُ . The middle radical ‫ )‘( ع‬is vowelled with kasra ◌ِ for the active and fatḥa ◌َ for the passive. Form

Perfect

Form I Form II Form III Form IV Form V Form VI Form VII Form VIII Form IX Form X

‫ فَعََل‬fa‘ala ‫ فَعََّل‬fa‘‘ala ‫فاعَل‬ َ fā‘ala ‫ ْأفعََل‬af‘ala ‫ ت َفَعَّ َل‬tafa‘‘ala ‫فاعَل‬ َ َ ‫ ت‬tafā‘ala ‫ ِاْنفَعََل‬infa‘ala ‫ ِاْفت َعََل‬ifta‘ala ‫ ِاْفعََّل‬if‘alla ‫ ِاْست َْفعََل‬istaf‘ala

Participles Active Passive ‫فاعٌل‬ ‫عوٌل‬ ِ fā‘ilun ْ ‫ َمْف‬maf‘ūlun ‫ ُمفَِعّ ٌل‬mufa‘‘ilun ‫ ُمفَعَّ ٌل‬mufa‘‘alun ٌ‫فاعل‬ ‫فاعٌل‬ ِ ‫ ُم‬mufā‘ilun َ ‫ ُم‬mufā‘alun ‫ ُمْفِعٌل‬muf‘ilun ‫ ُمْفعٌَل‬muf‘alun ‫ ُمت َفَِعّ ٌل‬mutafa‘‘ilun ‫ ُمت َفَعَّ ٌل‬mutafa‘‘alun ‫فاعٌل‬ ‫فاعٌل‬ ِ َ ‫ ُمت‬mutafā‘ilun َ َ ‫ ُمت‬mutafā‘alun ٌ‫ ُمْنفَِعل‬munfa‘ilun ٌ‫ ُمْنفَعَل‬munfa‘alun ‫ ُمْفت َِعٌل‬mufta‘ilun ‫ ُمْفت َعٌَل‬mufta‘alun ‫ ُمْفعٌَّل‬muf‘allun ‫ ُمْست َْفِعٌل‬mustaf‘ilun ‫ ُمْست َْفعٌَل‬mustaf‘alun

Just as there are derived verb forms in Arabic, there are also derived noun patterns. A pattern (‫ )َوزن‬can be applied to any root. The pattern conveys a grammatical meaning of the root. There are seven types of derived nouns. Locative Noun/Noun of Place and Time ‫الظرف‬ ِ

‫اسُم‬ ‫كان‬ ْ  / ‫والزمان‬ ْ َ ‫اسُم‬ ِ ِ ‫الم‬

ٌ َ‫ َمْفع‬maf‘alun Pattern: ‫ل‬ Meaning: the time when or place where the root meaning is enacted ْ ‫ َم‬restaurant, ٌ‫ َمْدرسة‬school, ‫ َمْسبٌَح‬swimming pool Examples: ‫عم‬ ٌ ‫ط‬ Active Participle ‫الفاعِل‬ ِ

‫اسُم‬ ْ

ٌ ‫فاع‬ Pattern: ‫ل‬ ِ fā‘ilun Meaning: the one that enacts the base meaning of root Examples: ‫ب‬ the hitter/one who hits, ‫ب‬ ٌ ‫ضار‬ ٌ ‫شار‬ ِ ِ ِ the drinker/one who drinks, ‫عالٌم‬ scholar

6

Introduction

Hyperbolic Participle (Nouns of Intensity) ‫غة‬ ِ َ‫المبال‬ ُ

‫اسُم‬ ْ

ٌ َّ‫ فع‬/ ٌ‫ فعَّالَة‬fa‘‘ālun/fa‘‘ālatun Pattern: ‫ال‬ Meaning: the one that enacts the root meaning in an exaggerated way Examples: ٌ‫رحالَة‬ َّ one who travels a lot, ٌ‫ عالََّمة‬one who knows a lot Passive Participle ‫عول‬ َ ِ ‫المْف‬

‫اسُم‬ ْ

ٌ ‫عو‬ Pattern: ‫ل‬ ْ ‫ َمْف‬maf‘ūlun Meaning: the one upon whom the root meaning is enacted Examples: ‫هوٌم‬ ْ ‫ َمْف‬understood/concept, ‫ َمْعْلوٌم‬that which is known Resembling Participle ُ‫شبََّهة‬ َ ‫الم‬ ِ ُ ُ‫الصفة‬

ٌ ‫ فَِعْي‬fa‘īlun Pattern: ‫ل‬ Meaning: the one who enacts (or upon whom is enacted) the base meaning intrinsically Examples: ‫ليم‬ َ the all-knowing ٌ ‫ع‬ Nouns of Instrument ‫اآللة‬ ِ

‫اسم‬ ُ

ٌ ‫ ِمْف‬mif‘ālun Pattern: ‫عال‬ Meaning: the thing/instrument used to enact the root meaning Examples: ‫تاح‬ ٌ ‫ ِمْف‬key/the thing that is used to open Elative ‫التفضيل‬ ِ

‫اسُم‬ ْ

ْ af‘al Pattern: ‫أفعَل‬ Meaning: the one who enacts (or upon whom is enacted) the root meaning the most Examples: ‫أحلى‬ ْ most beautiful, ‫ ْأبعد‬furthest, ‫ ْأقصى‬furthest Notes on the Text This book is divided into ten chapters, each covering different subject matter. Within each chapter, words have been listed by root and categorised by topic. Inevitably, some roots are relevant to more than one chapter, in which case a comprehensive treatment has been given in one chapter (as indicated), and only relevant words listed in the other. For roots which have two forms (the same root but they can be written differently), both forms have been included. A single root can sometimes have more than one basic meaning and so the reader may find that certain words seem out of place under the chapter heading

Introduction 7 or topic. Nevertheless, words which are deemed to be part of a student’s core vocabulary have been included under the appropriate root. Under each subheading, roots have been listed alphabetically. Words with no roots have also been listed alphabetically. In some instances, a word has no root but through the process of verbing (making verbs from nouns), some foreign origin words or loanwords have become productive. These words will not have a root. Under each root, verbs tend to be listed first (Form I–X in order, depending on which forms are relevant for each root), followed by the nouns. Nouns are given in the masculine, and only in some noteworthy instances has the feminine form been given. The Arabic plurals are given in brackets. There are exercises at the end of each chapter to help reinforce vocabulary learning and give the student an opportunity to use the vocabulary in context.

Use of Symbols and Abbreviations ( ) Brackets are used to give the plural form. / A forward slash is used to separate synonyms from the same root. – A dash is used to separate past and present verb forms. (adj) adjective (adv) adverb (CA) Classical Arabic (conj) conjunction (esp) especially (f) feminine (inc) including (lit) literally (m) masculine (n) noun (pl) plural (prep) preposition (s) singular (sth) something Standard Arabic spellings have been used for common proper names as well as Arabic words found in English.

References Abu-Chakra, F. (2007) Arabic: An Essential Grammar. London and New York: Routledge.

8

Introduction

Haywood, J. A. and Nahmad, H. M. (1984 (1965)) A New Arabic Grammar of the Written Language. London: Lund Humphries. Versteegh, K. (2014 (1997)) The Arabic Language. Second Edition. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. Wightwick, J. and Gaafar, M. (2008) Arabic Verbs and Essentials of Grammar. Second Edition. USA: McGraw Hill.

1

Family and Feelings ‫ف‬ ُ ‫العائلةُ والع واِط‬

Family Relations ُ‫العائليّة‬ ‫العالقات‬ ُ ِ No root (‫آباء‬ ٌ َ ‫ أ‬father; ancestors ٌ )‫ب‬ ٌ ‫ اُب َُّوة‬fatherhood, paternity ‫ أبو‬father of; possessor of, owner of

‫أخو‬ ‫ آخى – يُؤاخي‬to fraternise ّ to act like brothers ‫تآخى – يَتآخى‬ ٌ(‫ ِإخوان‬/ ٌ ‫خوة‬ ٌ brother, neighbour, friend1 َ ‫أخ )ِإ‬ ُ ٌ ‫خت )أ ََخ‬ ٌ ‫ أ‬sister; counterpart; cognate (grammar) (‫وات‬ َ fraternal ‫ي‬ ٌّ ‫أخِو‬ ٌ ‫ ا ُ ُخَّوة‬fraternity No root

‫ آدَ ُم‬Adam ‫ ِابُن آدَ َم‬human being (‫وادُم‬ َ ‫آدمي‬ ِ َ ‫ أ‬/ ‫ّون‬ ِ )‫ي‬ ٌّ ‫ آدَِم‬human, humane; poor, meagre ٌ‫آدميَّة‬ ِ humanity ‫أهل‬ ‫أهَل – يَأ َْهُل‬ َ to get married; to be on familiar terms; to be populated (of a place) َّ to fit; to qualify; to enable or make accessible ‫أهَل – ي َُؤ ِ ّهُل‬

DOI: 10.4324/9781003250890-2

10 Family and Feelings

ّ – ‫ تأ َ ّهَل‬to be or become fit, suitable, or qualified; to marry ‫يتأهُل‬ ‫تأهُل‬ َ ‫اس‬ ْ to deserve or merit; to be worthy ِ ‫تأهَل – يَْس‬ َ ٌ ‫هل‬ ‫أ‬ (‫أهال‬ ) parents, family, relatives; people, inhabitants; possessors ٍ ْ ُ the native population ‫أهل البَلَِد‬ ْ domestic, national; of or relating to family ‫ي‬ ٌّ ‫أهِل‬

ٌ‫حرب أهليَّة‬ civil war ٌ ٌ‫ أهليَّة‬aptitude, competence; suitability ‫كامُل َاألهليَِّة‬ ِ legally competent ْ ‫ديم‬ ‫األهليَِّة‬ َ legally incompetent ُ ‫ع‬ ٌ‫ مأهول‬/ ‫آهٌل‬ ِ inhabited, populated ّ ِ ‫ ُم‬qualifications ٌ ‫ؤه‬ ‫الت‬ ُ‫األكاديميَّة‬ ُ ‫ؤه‬ ‫الت‬ ْ ِ ‫الم‬ ُ academic credentials ّ ِ ‫ ُم‬qualified; married ‫تأهٌل‬ ٌ‫ستأهل‬ ِ ‫ ُم‬worthy, deserving, entitled ً‫ أهالً وسهال‬welcome ‫بنن‬

‫ى – يَت َبنّى‬ َ ّ‫ ت َبن‬to adopt as a son; to adopt; to embrace ٌ son; descendant, offspring (‫نون‬ َ َ‫ ب‬/ ‫بناء‬ ٌ َ ‫ابن )أ‬ ٌ ) ‫نت‬ ٌ ‫ ِب‬/ ٌ‫ ابنَة‬daughter; girl (‫بنات‬ ‫ التّبنّي‬/ ‫ ت َبٍَن‬adoption (children, principles) No root (ٌ ‫ أ َجداد‬/ ٌ ‫جدود‬ ُ ) ٌّ‫ َجد‬grandfather; ancestors ٌ ‫ َجدَّة ٌ )َجد‬grandmother (‫ّات‬ No root

ٌ ‫أج‬ ٌ generation, people; nation (‫يال‬ ْ ) ‫جيل‬ ‫حمى‬ (Full treatment in Law chapter)

‫ حمى – يَحمي‬to defend, guard, or protect2 (‫حماء‬ ٌ َ ‫ َحٌم )أ‬father-in-law (pl: wife’s in-laws) ٌ ‫ حماة ٌ )َحَم‬mother-in-law (‫وات‬

Family and Feelings 11

‫خلف‬ ‫ف‬ ُ ُ‫ف – يَخل‬ َ َ‫ َخل‬to be the successor; to succeed or follow; to be detained ّ ‫ف‬ ُ ‫ف – ي َُخِل‬ َ َّ‫ َخل‬to appoint as successor; to have offspring or descendants ‫ف‬ ِ ُ‫ف – ي‬ ُ ‫خال‬ َ َ‫ خال‬to be contradictory or at variance; to offend ‫ف‬ ِ َ‫ف – ي‬ ُ ‫ختل‬ َ َ‫ ِاختل‬to differ or vary ْ ‫ف‬ َ ‫ َخل‬back, behind ْ )‫ف‬ (‫الف‬ ٌ ‫أخ‬ ٌ َ‫ َخل‬successor, descendant; substitute (‫فاء‬ ُ َ‫ َخْليفَةٌ )ُخل‬caliph; deputy, successor ٌ‫ ِخالفَة‬caliphate; succession, deputyship ٌ (‫الفات‬ ‫الف )ِخ‬ ٌ ‫ ِخ‬difference, deviation, disparity; dispute, disagreement َ ٌ ‫ ُمخالَفةٌ )ُمخال‬contrast; inconsistency; violation; a fine (‫فات‬ ْ ) ‫الف‬ ْ difference, disparity; variety; disagreement, controversy ٌ (‫الفات‬ ‫اخِت‬ ٌ ‫اخِت‬ ‫ف‬ ِ ‫ ُم‬different; inconsistent, contradictory, conflicting; a transgressor ٌ ‫خال‬ ّ ‫ف‬ ِ ‫ ُمت‬residual; retarded, underdeveloped, slow ٌ ‫َخل‬ ً ‫عْقليّا‬ ٌ ّ‫ ُمت ََخِل‬mentally disabled َ ‫ف‬ ‫ف‬ ٌ ‫ ُمخت َِل‬different; varied, diverse ‫رعى‬ ‫ َرعى – يَرعى‬to tend, guard or protect; to graze (animals); to comply ‫ راعى – يُراعي‬to supervise or watch; to control or maintain; to comply; to allow ‫عي‬ ٌ ‫ َر‬care, custody, protection ٌ‫ ِرعايَة‬guardianship; patronage, sponsorship; custody, charge ّ ِ ُ‫ ِرعاية‬childcare ‫فل‬ ِ ‫الط‬ (ٍ‫عى )َمراع‬ ً ‫ َمْر‬pasture, grazing land ٌ (‫عيَّة )َرعايا‬ ِ ‫ َر‬herd, flock; subjects (of a monarch) ٌ ‫ ُمراعاة‬consideration, regard; deference, respect; compliance (ٌ ‫ راعٍ )ُرعاة‬shepherd; guardian, sponsor, patron ‫رمل‬ ‫ َرَّمَل – ي َُر ِ ّمُل‬to sprinkle with sand ‫ُرمُل‬ َ َ ‫ أ‬to become a widow or widower ِ ‫رمل – ي‬ ‫ ت ََرَّمَل – يَت ََرّمُل‬to become a widow or widower ٌ ‫مل )ِر‬ ٌ ‫ َر‬sand (‫مال‬ َ ُ ‫رام‬ (‫ل‬ ِ ‫رمُل )أ‬ َ َ ‫ أ‬widower ُ ‫رام‬ (‫ل‬ ِ َ ‫رملةٌ )أ‬ َ َ ‫ أ‬widow

12 Family and Feelings

‫زوج‬ ‫ َزَّوَج – ي َُز ّ ِوُج‬to pair, couple, or double; to marry off ‫ ت ََزَّوَج – يَت ََزّوُج‬to get married ‫زاوُج‬ َ َ ‫زاوَج – يَت‬ َ َ ‫ ت‬to intermarry; to be double ‫زدوَج – يَزدَ ِوُج‬ َ ‫ ِا‬to pair or be in pairs; to be double (‫أزواج‬ ) ‫وج‬ ٌ ٌ ‫ َز‬one of a pair; husband, wife, partner ُ ِ ‫وج األّم‬ ُ ‫ َز‬stepfather ٌ(‫ َزوجةٌ )َزوجات‬wife ‫ب‬ ِ ‫ َزْوجةُ َاأل‬stepmother ‫ي‬ ٌّ ‫ َزْوِج‬marital; double; in pairs; even numbers ‫ ت ََزُّوٌج‬/ ‫واج‬ ٌ ‫ َز‬marriage, wedding ِ ‫واج‬ ِ ‫ ا‬coupling, pairing; doubleness ٌ ‫زد‬ ‫َزوٌج‬ ِ ّ ‫ ُمت‬married ‫ ُمزدَ َوٌج‬double, twofold ‫سلف‬ ‫ف‬ ُ ُ‫ف – يَسل‬ َ to be over or past; to precede َ َ‫سل‬ َّ ّ ‫ف‬ – ‫ف‬ ‫ل‬ ‫س‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ُس‬ ‫ي‬ ِ ُ َ َ َ to lend or loan ‫ف‬ ُ ‫ف – يَْست َِل‬ َ َ‫ ِاست َل‬to borrow, to contract a loan َ (‫سالف‬ ‫لف )أ‬ ٌ ٌ ‫ ِس‬brother-in-law ٌ‫ ِسْلفَة‬sister-in-law (‫أسالف‬ )‫ف‬ ٌ ٌ َ‫سل‬ َ predecessors, ancestors, forefathers; advance payment ً ‫سلَفا‬ َ beforehand, in advance (‫ف‬ ُ a loan or advance; inner sole (of shoe) ُ ) ٌ‫سلفَة‬ ٌ َ‫سل‬ ‫ليف‬ ٌ ‫ ت َْس‬credit, advance َ ‫ أ‬/ ‫ف‬ (‫سالف‬ ِ predecessor; former, previous ٌ ٌ َ‫سل‬ ٌ ‫سال‬ َ )‫ف‬ ً ‫سالفا‬ ِ previously, formerly ‫سمى‬ ‫سَّمى – ي َُسّمي‬ َ to name, call, or designate ‫ أ َ ْسمى – ي ُْسمي‬to name, call, or designate ‫ ت ََسَّمى – يَت ََسَّمى‬to be called or named ٌ ‫ ت َْسِميَةٌ )ت َْسِم‬naming, appellation, designation (‫يات‬

Family and Feelings 13

‫شبب‬ ‫ب‬ َ to become a young man; to grow up ُّ ‫ب – يَِش‬ َّ ‫ش‬ (‫باب‬ َ ) ‫شاب‬ َ youth, young man ٌّ ‫ش‬ ٌ ‫ش‬ ٌ  / ‫ب‬ ‫باب‬ َ youth, youthfulness; adolescents ٌ ‫ش‬ َّ ُ youth hostel ‫باب‬ ‫الش‬ ‫بيت‬ ِ َّ ‫ نادي‬youth club ‫باب‬ ِ ‫الش‬ ‫شقق‬ ُ َ‫شَّق – ي‬ ‫شُّق‬ َ to split, part, tear, rip, or break ُّ‫نشق‬ َ َ‫شَق – ي‬ َ ‫ اِن‬to be split or cleft; to crack; to withdraw ‫ ِاشت ََّق – يَشت َُّق‬to derive (a word from) ٌ ‫ش‬ ُ ) ‫شٌّق‬ (‫قوق‬ َ crack, crevice, split, gap ‫ ِشٌق‬half; side, portion; trouble, difficulty ٌ َ‫شق‬ ُ ) ٌ‫شقّة‬ (‫ق‬ َ apartment, flat َ ّ ٌ ‫ق‬ ‫ش‬ ‫أ‬ (‫اء‬ ) ‫قيق‬ ‫ش‬ َ full brother; a half ِ ُ ٌ stepbrother, half-brother َ ‫أخ‬ ‫قيق‬ َ ‫غْيُر‬ ٍ ‫ش‬ ُ ‫شقائ‬ ٌ (‫ق‬ ) ٌ‫شقيقة‬ َ full sister ِ  / ‫شقيقات‬ ُ ٌ َ ‫ اخت‬stepsister, half-sister ‫قيقة‬ َ ‫غْيُر‬ ٍ ‫ش‬ ُّ ‫ َم‬/ ‫ات‬ ٌ ّ‫شق‬ (‫شاق‬ َ ‫ َم‬misfortune, hardship, difficulty, trouble َ ‫شقّةٌ )َم‬ ٌ ‫شت‬ ‫قاق‬ ِ ‫ ِا‬derivation; etymology ٌ ّ‫ ُمشت ٌَّق )ُمشت َق‬derivative (‫ات‬ ‫صبو‬ ‫صبا – يَصبو‬ َ to be a child; to be childish; to bend or incline ‫بى‬ ‫ص‬ ‫صبا‬  /  ٌ ‫ص‬ ِ ً ِ  / ‫باء‬ َ childhood, youth, boyhood ٌ ‫بوة‬ َ childish manners َ ‫ص‬ ٌ(‫صْبيَة‬ ٌ ‫ص‬ ِ )‫ي‬ ِ  / ‫بيان‬ َ youth, boy ٌّ ‫صِب‬ ٌ (‫صبايا‬ َ young girl َ ) ‫صِبيَّة‬ ‫صهر‬ ‫صهُر‬ َ to melt or fuse َ ‫ص‬ َ َ‫هر – ي‬ ‫صاهُر‬ to become related by marriage ِ ُ‫صاهر – ي‬ َ ‫صِهُر‬ َ ‫صَهَر – يَْن‬ َ ‫ ِان‬to melt or fuse; to vanish (‫أصهار‬ ) ‫هر‬ ٌ ٌ ‫ص‬ ِ son-in-law, brother-in-law; relationship by marriage

14 Family and Feelings No root (‫س‬ ِ ‫ع‬ ُ ‫وان‬ َ )

‫س‬ ِ spinster ٌ ‫عان‬

‫عزب‬ ُ َ‫ب – ي‬ ‫ب‬ ُ ‫عز‬ َ to be single or unmarried; to be far or distant; to escape َ ‫عَز‬ َ ‫ أ‬/ ‫اب‬ (‫عزاب‬ ٌ ٌ ‫عّز‬ ٌ ‫عَز‬ ُ )‫ب‬ َ celibate; single, unmarried; a bachelor ٌ‫عزوبة‬ ٌ ْ ُ  / ‫عزبَة‬ ُ celibacy, bachelorhood َ ‫ب‬ ‫أعز‬ celibate; single, unmarried; a bachelor (m) ُ ‫زباء‬ َ celibate, single, unmarried (f) ُ ‫ع‬ ‫عول‬ ُ َ‫عال – ي‬ ‫عيل‬ َ to support a family; to have a large family; to oppress or distress ُ ُ‫عال – ي‬ ‫عيل‬ َ َ ‫ أ‬to support or provide for; to be responsible for; to have a large family ٌ ‫عِي ٌّل )ِع‬ (‫يال‬ َ family, household; children, dependants ٌ‫ إعالَة‬sustenance, support ٌ (‫عاالت‬ ) ٌ‫ عالَة‬burden ٌ ‫عائ‬ ُ ‫وائ‬ (‫ل‬ ِ family, household ِ ‫ع‬ ِ ) ٌ‫عائلة‬ َ  / ‫الت‬ ‫لة‬ ِ ‫العائ‬ ِ ُ ‫ شجرة‬family tree ‫قرب‬ ‫ب‬ ُ ‫قر‬ ُ َ‫ب – ي‬ َ ‫ قَُر‬to be near; to approach; to approximate ‫ب‬ ُ ‫ب – يُقَ ِ ّر‬ َ ‫ قََّر‬to bring close, to bring home; to advance; to approximate ‫ب‬ ُ ‫ب – يَقت َِر‬ َ ‫ ِاقت ََر‬to approach, advance, or get close ‫ب‬ ُ ‫ قُ ْر‬in the vicinity of, near; towards; proximity ٌ ‫ ِقربَةٌ )ِقْر‬hot water bottle; waterskin (‫ب‬ ٌ ‫ ِقَر‬/ ‫بات‬ (‫باء‬ ٌ َ‫ ق‬a relative; near, close (pl: relatives) ُ ‫قر‬ ِ َ ‫ريب )أ‬ ً ‫ قَريبا‬soon ٌ‫ قَرابَة‬relation, relationship, kinship َ‫ربان )ق‬ ٌ ُ‫ ق‬sacrifice, offering; the Eucharist (of Christian tradition) ُ (‫رابين‬ (‫ب‬ َ ‫قر‬ ُ ‫قار‬ ُ ‫قر‬ َ َ ‫ب )ا‬ َ َ ‫ أ‬nearer, nearest; more probable (pl: relations, relatives) ِ َ ‫ أ‬/ ‫بون‬ ‫روف‬ ‫المْع‬ ‫ َاأل‬charity begins at home َ ِ َ ‫قربون أ َ ْولى ِب‬ ً ‫ ت َقريبا‬approximately ‫قرن‬ ‫قرُن‬ ِ َ‫ قََرَن – ي‬to join, couple, link, or connect ‫يقارُن‬ َ to compare; to unite or connect ِ – ‫قارَن‬

Family and Feelings 15

‫ ِاقت ََرَن – يَقت َِرُن‬to marry; to be joined or connected to; to be interconnected ٌ ُ‫رن )ق‬ ٌ َ‫ ق‬century; horn, tentacle (‫رون‬ ٌ ‫ قُْرنَةٌ )قَُر‬corner, nook (‫ن‬ ٌ َ‫ ق‬husband, spouse; companion; connected, linked ُ َ ‫رين )أ‬ (‫رناء‬ ُ ُ‫ ق‬/ ‫قران‬ ٌ َ‫ قَرينَة )ق‬wife, spouse; consort; female demon who haunts women ٌ (‫رينات‬ ٌ‫ ِقران‬marriage, wedding; close union ‫ران‬ ِ ‫ عقدُ ْالِق‬marriage contract ٌ ‫قار‬ (‫نات‬ َ ‫ ُم‬comparison َ ‫قارنَةٌ )ُم‬ ‫نسب‬ ‫ب‬ ُ ‫س‬ ُ ‫ب – يَْن‬ َ ‫س‬ َ َ‫ ن‬to relate (sth) to; to link or correlate; to attribute or ascribe; to trace ‫ب‬ ُ ‫ناس‬ ِ ُ‫ب – ي‬ َ ‫ناس‬ َ to be or become related by marriage; to be of the same family;

to correspond or agree ‫ب‬ ُ ‫َناس‬ َ ‫َناس‬ َ ‫ب – يَت‬ َ ‫ ت‬to be related to one another; to be alike; to be in agreement َ ‫ب )أ‬ (‫نساب‬ ٌ ٌ ‫س‬ َ َ‫ ن‬lineage; derivation; relationship, kinship, relationship by marriage ٌ (‫ب‬ ٌ ‫س‬ َ ‫ ِنسبة )ِن‬relationship, kinship; link, affinity; proportion, rate, percentage ‫سبة إلى‬ ِ ‫الن‬ ِ ‫ ِب‬in comparison with; in relation to, with regard ‫ي‬ ِ ‫ ِن‬relative, comparative ٌّ ‫سب‬ (‫باء‬ ِ َ ‫سيب )أ‬ ٌ َ‫ ن‬kinsman, relative; son-in-law ُ ‫نس‬ ٌ(‫ناسبات‬ َ ‫ ُم‬occasion, opportunity; suitability, adequacy; relationship َ ‫ناسبةٌ )ُم‬ ‫ب‬ ٌ ‫ناس‬ ِ ‫ ُم‬suitable, appropriate; adequate; convenient ‫ب‬ ِ ‫غير ُم‬ ٍ ‫ناس‬ ُ unsuitable

‫نكح‬ ‫نكُح‬ ِ َ‫ ن ََكَح – ي‬to marry or get married ٌ ‫ ِن‬marriage, marriage contract ِ ُ‫عقد‬ َ  / ‫كاح‬ ِ‫النّكاح‬ ‫هرم‬ ‫هرُم‬ َ َ‫ َهِرَم – ي‬to become senile or decrepit ‫ َهَرٌم‬old age, senility َ ‫ أ‬/ ‫هرام‬ ٌ (‫هرامات‬ ٌ َ ‫ َهَرٌم )أ‬pyramid ‫ َهِرٌم‬senile, aged; an old man ‫ولد‬ ُ‫ َولَدَ – يَِلد‬to bear children or procreate; to generate or produce; to give birth ُ‫ُولّد‬ ِ ‫ َولَّدَ – ي‬to assist in childbirth; to bring up or raise (children); to breed

16 Family and Feelings (ٌ ‫ َولد ٌ )أوالد‬descendent, offspring, child, son ٌ ‫ ِوالدَة‬childbirth, delivery, birth ٌ ‫ َوليدٌ )ِو‬newborn, baby; child, boy, son (also a boy’s name in the singular) (‫لدان‬ (ُ ‫ َمْوِلد ٌ )َمواليد‬birthplace; birthday, anniversary ‫واليد‬ ِ ‫الم‬ َ ‫ ُمعدَُّل‬birth rate َّ ‫بوي‬ ‫ريف‬ ِ ‫الم‬ ُ ‫الش‬ ُّ َّ‫ولدُ الن‬ َ Prophet Muhammad’s birthday (ُ ‫ ميالد ٌ )َمواليد‬birth, birthday, time of birth ‫ميالد‬ ‫بل ْال‬ ِ َ َ‫ ق‬BC (before Christ) AD (Anno Domini) ‫ي‬ ِ ٌّ ‫ميالد‬ ٍ ‫ميالد‬ ُ‫ عيد‬birthday ‫ميالد‬ ‫ عيدُ ْال‬Christmas ِ ُّ ُ ‫ َم‬/ ‫الميالد‬ ‫الميالد‬ ‫كان‬ ‫محل‬ place of birth ِ ِ ٌ‫ ت َْوليد‬procreation; generating (power, energy); midwifery ٌ ّ‫ول‬ (‫دات‬ ِ ‫ ُمَوِلّدٌ )ُم‬generating, procreative; obstetrician (pl: generators) ٌ‫والد‬ ِ father; parent ٌ ‫وال‬ (‫دات‬ ِ ) ٌ ‫والدَة‬ ِ mother (ُ ‫ َمْولود ٌ )َمواليد‬produced, born; child, baby, son ٌ ّ‫ ُمَّوِلّدة ٌ )ُمَّوِل‬midwife (‫دات‬

‫يتم‬ ‫ يَت َّ َم – يُيَِت ّ ُم‬to be or become an orphan ‫ ت َيَت َّ َم – يَتيَت َّ ُم‬to be or become an orphan (‫ يَتامى‬/ ‫أيتام‬ ٌ ) ‫تيم‬ ٌ َ‫ ي‬orphan; unique (‫ياتُم‬ ِ ‫ َميت ٌَم )َم‬orphanage

‫المشاعُر‬ Emotions and Feelings ‫ف‬ ِ ِ ُ ‫والعواط‬ ‫أسف‬ ‫ف‬ ُ ‫أس‬ َ َ‫ف – ي‬ َ to regret, feel sorry, or be sad َ ‫أس‬ ‫ف‬ َّ ‫ف – يَت‬ َّ to regret, feel sorry, or be sad ُ ‫َأس‬ َ ‫تأس‬ َ ‫ف‬ ٌ ‫س‬ َ ‫ أ‬sorrow, grief, regret ‫ف‬ ُّ ‫ ت‬regret; apology ٌ ‫َأس‬ ‫ف‬ ‫آس‬ ٌ ِ regretful, sorry, sad ‫ف‬ ٌ ‫ ُمْؤِس‬distressing, sad, regrettable ‫ف‬ ّ ِ َ ‫ ُمت َأ‬sad, sorry, regretful ٌ ‫س‬

Family and Feelings 17 No root

‫ أنا‬I ‫ي‬ ِ َ ‫ أ‬selfish, egotistic ٌّ ‫نان‬ ٌ‫نانيَّة‬ ِ َ ‫ أ‬selfishness, egoism ‫أنق‬ ‫ أ َِنَق – يَأ ْنَُق‬to be neat, smart, or pretty ‫ تأَنَّق – يَتأَنّ ُق‬to be meticulous, to be chic or elegant ٌ‫ أَناقَة‬elegance ٌ َ ‫ أ‬classy, elegant, chic ‫نيق‬ No root

ٌ (‫خوت‬ ُ‫)ب‬

ٌ َ‫ ب‬fortune, good luck ‫خت‬ ‫بخت‬ bad luck ِ ‫سوء ْال‬ ُ ْ ُ َ‫ ق‬unlucky ‫بخت‬ ِ ‫ليل ال‬ ٌ ٌ َ‫ ب‬fortunate, lucky ‫خوت‬ ‫ َمْب‬/ ‫خيت‬ ‫بخل‬ َ َ‫ بَِخَل – ي‬to be stingy ‫بخُل‬ ٌ ‫ ب‬greed, avarice ‫ُخل‬ ٌ َ‫ ب‬greedy person, miser (‫خالء‬ ُ ُ‫خيل )ب‬ ‫بده‬ ُ‫ بَدَهَ – يَبدَه‬to surprise; to descend suddenly or befall unexpectedly ِ ُ‫ بادَهَ – ي‬to appear unexpectedly ُ‫باده‬ ٌ‫ديهة‬ َ َ‫ ب‬spontaneity, impulse َ َ‫ ب‬/ ُ‫داهة‬ ُ ‫ديهِة‬ ‫الب‬ ‫رعة‬ ‫س‬ ُ wit َ َ ‫بذخ‬ ‫ بَذَ َخ – يَبذُ ُخ‬to be haughty or proud ‫ بَِذٌخ‬luxury, pomp; pride (‫واذُخ‬ ِ َ‫ باذٌخ )ب‬/ ِ ‫ بَِذٌخ‬haughty, proud, lofty; lavish, extravagant

18 Family and Feelings

‫بسط‬ ُ ‫بس‬ َ ‫س‬ ‫ط‬ ُ َ‫ط – ي‬ َ َ‫ ب‬to spread or flatten; to expand; to offer; to unfold ُ‫سط‬ َ َّ َ‫ ب‬to spread or flatten; to simplify or make simple ّ ِ َ‫سط – يُب‬ ُ‫نبسط‬ َ ِ َ‫سط – ي‬ َ ‫ اِنِب‬to spread or extend; to be glad, delighted, or happy ٌ ‫ُس‬ ٌ ‫ ِب‬carpet, rug َ ‫بس‬ ٌ (ٌ‫طة‬ ‫ساط )ِب‬ ِ َ ‫ أ‬/ ‫ط‬ ُ ‫ ب‬/ ‫ساطات‬ ٌ (‫طاء‬ ُ ‫ بَسيط )بَُس‬simple, plain, uncomplicated ٌ‫ ِاِنبساط‬delight, joy, happiness ٌ ‫بسوط‬ ‫ َم‬content, happy, cheerful; spreading, extended ٌ ‫ ُمنبَِس‬happy, cheerful; spreading, extended ‫ط‬ ‫بسم‬ ‫َبسُم‬ َّ ‫سَم – يَت‬ َّ َ‫ ت َب‬to smile ‫تسُم‬ ِ ‫تسم – يَْب‬ َ ‫ ْاب‬to smile ٌ ‫سمةٌ )بَ ْس‬ (‫مات‬ َ َ‫ ب‬a smile (also a girl’s name in the singular) ٌ ‫ ِا‬/ ‫سام‬ (‫سامات‬ ‫بتسامةٌ )ِاِبت‬ ٌ ‫ ِاِبت‬a smile َ ‫بغض‬ ‫ض‬ ُ َ‫ض – يَبغ‬ َ ‫ بَِغ‬to be hated; to be hateful or odious ‫ض‬ ُ ّ‫ض – يُبَِغ‬ َ َّ‫ بَغ‬to make hateful ُ ‫ض‬ ُ ‫ض – يَبغ‬ َ َ‫ أَبغ‬to loathe, detest, or hate َ ‫ض – يَت‬ َ َ‫ ت َب‬to hate each other ‫ض‬ ُ ‫َباغ‬ َ ‫اغ‬ ‫غضاء‬ ٌ ُ‫ ب‬hatred َ‫ ب‬/ ‫غض‬ ُ ‫بؤس‬ ‫س‬ ُ َ‫س – ي‬ ُ ‫بؤ‬ َ ‫ بَُؤ‬to be strong, brave, or intrepid َ ‫س‬ ُ ‫س – يَبأ‬ َ ِ‫ بَئ‬to be wretched or miserable ‫س‬ ُ ‫س – يَبت َِئ‬ َ َ ‫ ِابت َأ‬to be sad, worried, or grieved ‫أس‬ َ َ‫ ال ب‬no problem; no objection; not bad ‫س‬ ٌ ‫ ب ُْؤ‬misery, wretchedness, distress (‫ساء‬ ِ  / ‫ئيس‬ ٌ ‫بائ‬ ٌ َ‫ ب‬miserable, wretched ُ ‫س )بَُؤ‬ ‫ؤساء‬ ُ‫ الب‬Les Misérables ُ ‫تعس‬ ‫س‬ ُ َ‫س – يَتْع‬ َ َ‫ ت َع‬to fall; to perish; to become wretched or miserable ‫تعس‬ ُ ُ‫تعس – ي‬ َ َ ‫ أ‬to make unhappy or miserable

Family and Feelings 19

ٌ‫َعاسة‬ ٌ َ‫ ت َع‬wretchedness, misery, misfortune َ ‫ ت‬/ ‫س‬ ُ ‫عيس )ت‬ (‫عساء‬ ٌ َ ‫ ت‬wretched, miserable, unfortunate (adj, noun) ُ ‫ َم‬wretched, miserable, unfortunate (‫تاعيس‬ ) ‫م‬ ٌ ُ َ ‫تعوس‬ ‫جرؤ‬ ‫جرُؤ‬ ُ َ‫ َجُرَؤ – ي‬to dare, venture, risk, or hazard ُ ‫ ت ََجَّرأ – يَت ََجَّرأ‬to dare, risk, or hazard ‫ريء )َج‬ (‫ريئون‬ َ ٌ ‫ َج‬brave, bold, courageous َ ٌ ‫راءة‬ ٌ  /  ‫ج‬ ‫ة‬ ‫رأ‬ ‫ ُج‬bravery َ َ ‫جشع‬ ‫جشُع‬ َ َ‫ َجِشَع – ي‬to be greedy or covetous َّ َ ‫ ت‬to be greedy or covetous ‫جشُع‬ َ َ ‫جشَع – يَت‬ ‫شٌع‬ َ ‫ َج‬greed ‫جود‬ ُ‫ جادَ – يَجود‬to be good; to improve; to be liberal; to donate ُ‫ َجَّودَ – ي َُج ّ ِود‬to recite the Quran; to do well ُ‫ أ َجادَ – يُجيد‬to do well; to be proficient or outstanding ٌ ‫ َجْودَة‬excellence (ٌ ‫جِيّد ٌ )ِجياد‬ َ good, great, perfect, faultless َ (ُ ‫ أجاويد‬/ ٌ ‫جواد ٌ )أجواد‬ َ generous, magnanimous (also a boy’s name in the singular) ٌ‫ ت َجويد‬recitation of the Quran ‫حبب‬ ‫ب‬ ُّ ‫ب – يُِح‬ َّ ‫ َح‬to love or like ‫ّب‬ ُ ‫َّب – ي َُحِب‬ َ ‫ َحب‬to endear or make (sth) attractive; to urge or suggest ‫ب‬ ُّ ‫ب – ي ُِح‬ َّ ‫ أ َ َح‬to love or like; to wish or want ‫َّب‬ ُ ‫َّب – يَت ََحب‬ َ ‫ ت ََحب‬to woo, court, or ingratiate oneself ‫ب‬ ُ َ‫ب – يَت َحاب‬ َ َ‫ تحاب‬to love one another ‫ب‬ ُّ ‫ب – يَست َِح‬ َّ ‫ ِاست ََح‬to like, to deem desirable ٌ‫ َمَحبَّة‬/ ‫ب‬ ٌّ ‫ ُح‬love, affection; attachment َ ‫ أ‬/ ‫اء‬ (‫حباب‬ ٌ ٌ ‫ َح‬friend; beloved, sweetheart ِ ) ‫بيب‬ ُ ّ‫أحب‬ ٌ (‫ب‬ ‫ َحبيبةٌ )َح‬sweetheart, darling, beloved woman ُ ‫بائ‬ ِ ‫ َح‬/ ‫بيبات‬ ‫ َم‬beloved ‫حبوب )َم‬ (‫حابيب‬ ٌ ُ

20 Family and Feelings

‫ب‬ ٌ َّ‫ ُمَحب‬likeable, pleasant, agreeable ‫ب‬ ٌّ ‫ ُمست ََح‬desirable; well-liked ‫حرج‬ ‫ َحَرَج – يَْحَرُج‬to be close or narrow; to be oppressed or anguished; to be forbidden ‫حرُج‬ َ َ ‫ أ‬to embarrass; to confine or constrain ِ ُ‫حرَج – ي‬ ‫ ُمْحِرٌج‬embarrassing; disconcerting ‫حرص‬ ‫ص‬ ُ ‫حر‬ َ ‫ َحَر‬to desire or want; to strive ِ َ‫ص – ي‬ ‫رص‬ ‫ح‬ greed; desire, aspiration ِ ٌ ‫ريص )ِح‬ ‫ َح‬greedy; eager ‫ ُح‬/ ‫راص‬ (‫رصاء‬ ٌ ٌ ُ ‫حزم‬ ‫حزُم‬ ِ َ‫ َحَزَم – ي‬to tie, fasten, wrap, or pack َّ‫ ت ََحَّزَم – يَت ََحزُم‬to put on a belt ‫زم‬ ٌ ‫ َح‬determination; packaging, wrapping (‫حَزٌم‬ ُ ) ٌ‫زمة‬ َ ‫ ُح‬parcel, bundle; radiation beam ٌ(‫حزمة‬ َ ٌ ‫زام )ِح‬ ٌ ‫ ِح‬belt, girdle, cummerbund ِ ‫ أ‬/ ‫زامات‬ َ ‫مان‬ ُ ‫ ِح‬seat belt ِ ‫زام األ‬ َ ‫ز‬ ‫ح‬ (‫ماء‬ َ ‫حاز‬ ُ  / ‫مون‬ ُ ِ ) ‫حازٌم‬ ِ decisive, resolute; judicious, prudent (also a boy’s name in the singular)

‫حزن‬ َ َ‫ َحِزَن – ي‬to sadden; to grieve or mourn ‫حزُن‬ ُ‫حزن‬ َ َ ‫ أ‬to sadden or grieve ِ ُ‫حزن – ي‬ ٌ ٌ ‫ ُح‬sadness, grief, sorrow (‫أحزان‬ ) ‫زن‬ ٌ ‫ َح‬sad, sorrowful, mournful (‫زناء‬ ُ ‫ ُح‬/ ‫زين )َحزانى‬ ‫ ُمْحِزٌن‬sad, tragic ‫حسم‬ ‫حسُم‬ ِ َ‫سم – ي‬ َ ‫ َح‬to cut or sever; to complete or terminate; to settle; to deduct ‫نحِسُم‬ ‫ي‬ – َ َ ‫سم‬ َ ‫ ِا‬to be severed or cut off; to be finished; to be settled (argument) َ ‫نح‬ ‫ َحْسٌم‬completion, termination; settlement; shutdown

Family and Feelings 21

‫سام‬ ٌ ‫ ُح‬sword, sword edge (also a boy’s name) ‫حاسٌم‬ ِ decisive, definite; conclusive ‫حشم‬ ‫حشُم‬ َ ‫ َح‬to shame (someone) ِ َ‫شَم – ي‬ ‫ ِاحت ََشَم – يَحت َِشُم‬to be modest or shy; to dress modestly ٌ‫شمة‬ َ ‫ ِح‬shame; bashfulness, timidity, diffidence ‫حاشُم‬ ِ ‫ َم‬pubes, groin, genitals ُّ ‫ ت ََح‬/ ‫شام‬ ‫شٌم‬ ِ ‫ ِا‬shyness, modesty; decorum, decency ٌ ‫حت‬ ‫ ُمحت َِشٌم‬shy, bashful, modest ‫حقد‬ ُ‫حقد‬ ِ َ‫ َحقَدَ – ي‬to harbour bad feelings, to resent ُ‫ُحقد‬ ِ ‫ أَحقَدَ – ي‬to embitter, to incite to hatred (ٌ ‫حقود‬ ُ  / ٌ‫ ِحقدٌ )أ َحقاد‬hatred, malice, resentment ٌ‫حاقد‬ ِ  / ٌ‫ َحقود‬spiteful, resentful, malicious ‫حقر‬ ‫ َحقََر – يَْحِقُر‬to despise, scorn, or look down on ‫ ِاحت َقََر – يَحت َِقُر‬to despise or scorn (‫قراء‬ ٌ ‫ َح‬meagre, humble; mean, contemptible; a despised person ُ ‫قير )ُح‬ ٌ ‫قارة‬ َ ‫ َح‬vulgarity, infamy, lowness; insignificance ‫قار‬ ِ ‫ ِا‬contempt, disdain, scorn ٌ ‫حت‬ ‫حمس‬ ‫س‬ ُ ‫حم‬ َ ‫ َحِم‬to be zealous or eager; to get excited َ َ‫س – ي‬ – ‫س‬ ‫م‬ ‫َح‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ي‬ ُ ّ َ َ ‫س‬ َ ‫ ت ََحَّم‬to be zealous or overzealous; to get excited ٌ‫ َحماسة‬/ ‫ماس‬ ٌ ‫ َح‬enthusiasm, fire, zeal; Hamas (‫س )ِل‬ ٌ ‫ ت ََحُّم‬enthusiasm (for); fanaticism ‫س‬ ٌ ‫ ُمت ََح ِ ّم‬enthusiastic; zealous, fanatical ‫حنن‬ ‫ َحَّن – يَِحُّن‬to crave, long, or yearn for; to feel affection or sympathy ‫ ت ََحنََّن – يَت ََحنَُّن‬to feel sympathy, pity, or compassion; to be tender or affectionate

22 Family and Feelings

ٌ ‫ َح‬sympathy, compassion; love, affection (also a girl’s name) ‫نان‬ ٌ‫ َحنين‬nostalgia; yearning, desire (also a girl’s name) ‫حير‬ ‫حار‬ ُ َ‫حار – ي‬ َ to be at a loss; to hesitate ‫ َحي ََّر – ي َُحِي ُّر‬to confuse, baffle, or bewilder ‫ ت ََحيََّر – يَت ََحي َُّر‬to become confused, perplexed, or at a loss; to be startled ‫حتار‬ ُ َ‫حتار – ي‬ َ ‫ ِا‬to become confused, perplexed, or at a loss; to be startled ٌ ‫ َحْيَرة‬confusion, perplexity ُ ‫ َحْي‬perplexed, confused (‫يارى‬ َ ‫ران )َح‬ ‫ ُمت َحيِ ٌّر‬/ ‫حتار‬ ِ dismayed; confused, perplexed, uncertain ٌ ‫ ُم‬/ ‫حائٌر‬ ‫خبث‬ ُ ‫ُث – يَ ْخب‬ َ ‫ َخب‬to be bad, evil, or malicious; impurities ‫ُث‬ ُ َ‫ث – يَت َخاب‬ َ َ‫ ت َخاب‬to behave viciously or with malice ‫ث‬ ٌ‫ َخباثَة‬/ ‫بث‬ ٌ ‫ ُخ‬malevolence, malice, viciousness ٌ ‫بيث )ُخب‬ ٌ ‫ َخ‬devious, malicious, wicked, spiteful (‫ثاء‬ ُ َ‫ ُخب‬/ ‫ُث‬ ‫خجل‬ ‫خجُل‬ َ َ‫ َخِج َل – ي‬to become embarrassed or feel ashamed ‫ َخَّجَل – ي َُخ ِ ّجُل‬to shame or embarrass ‫ َخَجٌل‬shame; shyness, timidity ُ ٌ ‫ َخ‬shy, timid ‫جالن‬ ‫ َخ‬/ ‫جول‬ ‫خجٌل‬ ِ ‫ ُم‬shameful, shocking, disgraceful ‫رأف‬ ‫ف‬ ُ َ ‫ف – يَ َرأ‬ َ َ ‫ رأ‬to show mercy, be kind, or have pity ٌ‫ رآفة‬/ ٌ‫ رأْفة‬mercy, compassion, pity ‫ؤوف‬ ٌ ‫ َر‬kind, merciful, compassionate ‫ردؤ‬ ‫ َرد َُؤ – يَردُُؤ‬to be bad ُ ‫ ت ََردّأ – يَتردّأ‬to become bad, to be spoiled َ ‫رديء )أ‬ (‫ردياء‬ bad, evil, wicked, vile ٌ ُ ٌ ‫داءة‬ wickedness, maliciousness ‫ر‬ َ َ

Family and Feelings 23

‫رشق‬ ُ َ‫شَق – ي‬ ‫رشُق‬ َ ‫ َر‬to throw, strike, or hurt; to be elegant or graceful ‫راشُق‬ َ َ ‫راش َق – يَت‬ َ َ ‫ ت‬to hurt one another ٌ ‫ َرشيق )َر‬graceful, elegant; slender (‫شيقون‬ َ ٌ‫ َرشاقَة‬elegance, grace, agility ‫رقق‬ ‫ َرَّق – يَِرُّق‬to be thin, delicate, or fine; to relent; to have sympathy ‫ ت ََرقََّق – يَت ََرقَُّق‬to soften, relent, or sympathise ٌ‫ ِرقَّة‬gentleness, finesse ٌ ‫ َر‬gentle, sensitive, soft; slaves (‫اء‬ ُ ّ‫قيق )أ َ ِرق‬ ‫زعج‬ ‫عَج – يََزِعُج‬ َ ‫ َز‬to disturb, harass, trouble, or inconvenience ‫زعُج‬ ِ ُ‫زعَج – ي‬ َ َ ‫ أ‬to disturb, harass, trouble, or inconvenience; to wake up َ ِ‫ ا‬to be alarmed, roused, or stirred up; to feel uneasy َ َ‫عج – ي‬ ‫نزِعُج‬ َ ‫نز‬ ‫زعاج‬ ‫ ِإ‬disturbance ٌ ْ ‫عدَم ا‬ َّ please do not disturb َ ‫جاء‬ ُ ‫الر‬ ِ‫إلزعاج‬ ‫عاج‬ ٌ ‫نز‬ ِ ‫ ِا‬inconvenience, discomfort, confusion ‫زعٌج‬ ِ ‫ ُم‬annoying, troublesome, unpleasant ‫سعد‬ ُ‫سِعدَ – يَسعَد‬ َ to be happy, fortunate, or lucky ُ‫ساعد‬ to help, aid, or assist; to support or encourage; to contribute ِ ُ‫ساعدَ – ي‬ َ َ ُ‫ أسعدَ – يُسعد‬to make happy; to help (ٌ ‫سعود‬ ُ ) ٌ‫سعد‬ َ good luck, good fortune ٌ ‫س‬ ‫عيد‬ ‫س‬ (‫عداء‬ ) ُ َ lucky; happy, radiant ُ ٌ ‫سعادَة‬ َ happiness, bliss; good fortune, success ‫ي‬ ِ ‫س‬ َ Saudi ٌّ ‫عود‬ ٌ ‫سْع‬ ُ(‫سعادين‬ َ ape َ ) ‫دان‬ ٌ (‫ساعدات‬ ‫ساعدَة ٌ )ُم‬ َ ‫ ُم‬assistance, aid, help ٌ‫عاجلَة‬ ٌ ‫ساع‬ َ ‫ ُم‬emergency aid ِ ‫دات‬ (ُ ‫واعد‬ ِ forearm ِ ‫س‬ َ ) ٌ‫ساعد‬ (‫دون‬ َ ‫ساع‬ ِ ‫ساعدٌ )ُم‬ ِ ‫ ُم‬helper, aide, assistant ٌ ‫ي‬ ‫خص‬ ‫ش‬ ‫د‬ ‫ساع‬ ‫ ُم‬personal assistant َ ِ ٌّ ِ

24 Family and Feelings

‫شجع‬ ‫شجُع‬ َ to be courageous, brave, or valiant ُ َ‫شُجَع – ي‬ ‫شَّجَع – ي َُش ِ ّجُع‬ َ to encourage or embolden ‫ ت ََشَّجَع – يَت ََشَّجُع‬to take heart or be encouraged; to be courageous ٌ ُ ) ‫جاع‬ ُ courageous, brave ‫ش‬ (‫جعان‬ ٌ ‫ش‬ ٌ‫جاعة‬ َ bravery, courage َ ‫ش‬ َ ‫ ت‬encouragement; promotion, advancement ‫شجيع‬ ٌ (‫عون‬ َ ‫ ُم‬supporter, advocate َ ‫ش ِ ّجٌع )ُم‬ َ ‫ش ِ ّج‬ ‫شعر‬ ‫عر – يَشعُُر‬ َ to feel, know, or perceive; to be aware َ ‫ش‬ َ ‫عر )أ‬ (‫شعار‬ َ hair; fur; bristles ٌ ٌ ‫ش‬ ٌ (‫عرات‬ ‫ش‬ َ ) ٌ ‫عرة‬ َ hair َ ‫ش‬ َ ‫عر )أ‬ (‫شعار‬ ٌ ٌ ‫ ِش‬knowledge; poetry ُ  / ‫عارات‬ ٌ (‫شعُ ٌر‬ ‫عار )ِش‬ ٌ ‫ ِش‬slogan, motto; password; sign, signal ٌ‫مويَّة‬ ُ blood capillaries ٌ ‫شعَْي‬ ِ َ‫رات د‬ ُ feeling, sensation, awareness, perception ‫عور‬ ٌ ‫ش‬ ُّ ُ‫ فاقد‬unconscious ‫عور‬ ُ ‫الش‬ ُّ the feeling is mutual ‫عور ُمتبادَ ٌل‬ ُ ‫الش‬ ُ emotional; conscious (adj) ‫ي‬ ِ ‫ش‬ ٌّ ‫عور‬ ُ ‫ ال‬unconscious, subconscious (adj) ‫ي‬ ِ ‫ش‬ ٌّ ‫عور‬ ‫شاعُر‬ ِ ‫ َم‬feelings; rituals ‫لمشاعِر‬ ‫ثير ِل‬ ِ ٌ ‫ ُم‬touching, emotional ُ ) ‫شاعٌر‬ (‫عراء‬ ِ poet ُ ‫ش‬ ‫شفق‬ ‫ُشفُق‬ ِ ‫ أَشفََق – ي‬to pity or sympathise with; to shun or shirk (duties) ‫شفٌَق‬ َ evening glow; twilight, dusk ٌ‫شفقَة‬ َ pity, sympathy; tenderness ‫شوق‬ ُ َ‫شاق – ي‬ ‫شوق‬ to please, delight, or give joy َ ‫شَّوَق – ي َُش ّ ِوُق‬ َ to arouse longing, craving, or desire ُ‫شتاق – يَشتاق‬ َ ِ‫ ا‬to long, yearn, or crave; to covet ٌ ٌ ‫ش‬ (‫أشواق‬ ) ‫وق‬ َ longing; desire, wish

Family and Feelings 25

ٌ َ ‫ ت‬arousal of desire or fascination ‫شويق‬ ٌ‫ ت ََشُّوق‬longing, yearning, desire ‫ش ّ ِوٌق‬ َ ‫ ُم‬thrilling, exciting, fascinating ‫طمأن‬ َ to calm, pacify, or soothe َ ‫طَمأ َ َن – ي‬ ‫ُطْمِئُن‬ ْ ‫ ِا‬to feel assured or confident; to be or become quiet; to be certain َّ ‫ط‬ ‫طمِئُّن‬ َ َ‫مأن – ي‬ ْ ْ ٌ ُ tranquility, calm, peace ٌ ْ‫ ِاطِمئ‬/ ‫طَمأنينَة‬ ‫نان‬ ‫طمِئٌّن‬ َ ‫ ُم‬calm, at ease; trust, reassurance ‫طمع‬ ‫طمُع‬ ِ to covet or desire; to be greedy or covetous َ َ‫طمَع – ي‬ َ to fill someone with greed; to tempt or entice َ ُ‫طَّمَع – ي‬ ‫ط ِ ّمُع‬ ْ َ َ greed, avarice (‫ماع‬ ٌ ‫طَمٌع )أط‬ َ greedy ‫اع‬ ٌ ‫طَّم‬ ‫طمن‬ َ to quiet, calm, or pacify َ ُ‫طَّمَن – ي‬ ‫طّمُن‬ َ َ to quiet, calm, or pacify ‫طمئُن‬ ِ ُ‫طمأ َن – ي‬ ٌ‫طَمأْنِينَة‬ ُ  / ‫طمئنان‬ ٌ ‫ ِإ‬reassurance, calmness, peace of mind ‫طيش‬ to be inconstant, undecided, or fickle; to be reckless or thoughtless ‫طيش‬ ُ َ‫طاش – ي‬ َ َ ‫ش‬ ٌ ‫ طْي‬inconstancy, frivolity, fickleness ٌ‫ياشة‬ َ inconstancy; recklessness, thoughtlessness َ  / ‫شان‬ ٌ َ ‫طي‬ َ ‫ط‬ ‫ش‬ ِ inconstant, fickle; aimless ٌ ‫طائ‬

‫ظرف‬ َ to be charming, elegant, nice, or neat ‫ف‬ ُ َ‫ف – ي‬ ُ ‫ظر‬ َ ‫ظُر‬ َ to embellish or polish; to envelop or wrap up َ ‫ف –ي‬ ‫ف‬ ُ ‫ُظ ِ ّر‬ َ ‫ظَّر‬ ‫ف‬ ُ ‫ف – يَست َْظِر‬ َ ‫ ِاست َْظَر‬to find something cute, charming, or witty ُ )‫ف‬ َ envelope; condition; adverb (pl: circumstances, condition) (‫روف‬ ‫ظ‬ ٌ ٌ ‫ظْر‬ َّ ‫روف‬ ‫ب الظ‬ ِ َ ‫س‬ َ ‫ َح‬according to the conditions, depending on the circumstances ُ َ cute, charming, witty (‫رفاء‬ ٌ ‫ظ‬ ُ ‫ريف )ظ‬ ٌ‫ظرافَة‬ َ grace, charm

26 Family and Feelings

‫عشق‬ ُ َ‫عِشَق – ي‬ ‫عشق‬ َ to love passionately; to be passionate about ٌ ‫ ِع‬love, passion, obsession ‫شق‬ ٌ lover, sweetheart ‫عشيق‬ ّ ‫ع‬ ٌ ‫ش‬ (‫اق‬ َ ‫عاش‬ ُ  / ‫قون‬ ِ ) ‫عاشٌق‬ ِ lover or fan of ‫عطف‬ َ ‫ع‬ ‫ف‬ ِ َ‫ف – ي‬ ُ ‫عط‬ َ to bend, incline, or lean; to awaken affection or sympathy َ ‫ط‬ َّ َّ ‫ف‬ ُ ‫ف – يَت َعَط‬ َ ‫ ت َعَط‬to have compassion or sympathy َ َ َ ‫ ت‬to harbour mutual affection َ ‫ف‬ ُ ‫ف – يَتعاط‬ َ ‫عاط‬ َ ‫ اِست‬to ask for someone’s compassion, to entreat or implore ‫ف‬ ِ َ ‫عطف – يَست‬ ُ ‫عط‬ َ ‫طف‬ ٌ ‫ع‬ َ inclination, bending, curvature; sympathy ْ ‫ ِع‬side (of the body) َ ‫ف )أ‬ (‫عطاف‬ ٌ ٌ ‫ط‬ َ ‫ ِم‬coat; frock (‫ف‬ ِ ‫ف )َم‬ ٌ ‫عط‬ ُ ‫عاط‬ (‫ف‬ sympathy, compassion; affection, emotion ِ ‫ع‬ ِ ُ ‫واط‬ َ ) ٌ‫عاطفة‬ ُ ‫ف‬ ٌ ‫ ت َعاط‬sympathy sentimental, emotional ‫ي‬ ِ ٌّ ‫عاطِف‬ ٌ‫عاطفيَّة‬ sentimentality ِ ‫عند‬ ُ‫عنَدَ – يَ ْعِند‬ َ to swerve, deviate, diverge, or depart from ُ‫ُعاند‬ ِ ‫ عانَدَ – ي‬to resist or oppose (ٌ ‫عنُد‬ ُ ) ٌ‫عنيد‬ َ stubborn, obstinate, opinionated ٌ ‫ ُمعانَدَة‬/ ٌ‫ ِعناد‬stubbornness, obstinacy َ‫( ِعْند‬prep) at, near, with, upon ‫ ِعْندَما‬as soon as, whenever ‫ ِعندَِئٍذ‬at that time, then ‫غرر‬ ‫غر – يَغُُّر‬ َّ to mislead, deceive, or beguile ‫ ِاغت ََّر – يَغت َُّر‬to be conceited, deceived, or mistaken; to be fooled or misled َ risk, hazard, danger ‫غَرٌر‬ ُ conceit, arrogance; deception ‫رور‬ ٌ ‫غ‬ ‫غرور‬ ‫ َم‬deceived, deluded, fooled; arrogant, vain ٌ

Family and Feelings 27

‫غزل‬ َ to spin; to woo or make love to ‫غزُل‬ ِ َ‫غَزَل – ي‬ ‫ ت َغََّزَل – يَت َغََّزُل‬to woo or make love to; to eulogise َ ‫غازل – يَت‬ ‫َغازُل‬ َ َ ‫ ت‬to flirt (with one another) َ spinning; yarn ‫غْزٌل‬ َ flirtation; love ‫غَزٌل‬ ٌ ‫زال )ِغ‬ ٌ ‫غ‬ َ gazelle (‫زالن‬ ٌ‫غّزالة‬ َ spider ‫ ت َغَُّزٌل‬flirtation ‫غشم‬ َ to treat unjustly, to wrong or oppress ‫شَم – يَْغِشُم‬ َ ‫غ‬ ُ َ‫شَم – ي‬ َ to be ignorant ‫غشُم‬ َ ‫غ‬ ‫َغشُم‬ َ ‫ اِست‬to regard as stupid or ignorant ِ ‫َغشَم – يَست‬ َ oppression, repression ‫غْشٌم‬ ُ ) ‫شيم‬ َ ignorant, inexperienced; foolish (‫ماء‬ َ ‫غ‬ ُ ‫ش‬ ٌ ‫غ‬ ‫غضب‬ َ to be or become angry, mad, or vexed ‫ب‬ ُ ‫غض‬ َ َ‫ب – ي‬ َ ‫ض‬ ِ ‫غ‬ ‫ب‬ ُ ‫غض‬ َ َ ‫ أ‬to annoy, anger, or infuriate َ ‫غض‬ ِ ُ‫ب – ي‬ َ wrath, rage, anger ‫ب‬ ٌ ‫ض‬ َ ‫غ‬ ‫ب‬ ِ ‫ض‬ َ َ‫ريع ْالغ‬ ُ ‫س‬ َ short-tempered ُ َ angry, irate, furious َ  / ‫ضاب‬ ‫ضبان )ِغ‬ ‫غ‬ (‫غضابى‬ ٌ (‫غاضبون‬ )‫ب‬ angry, annoyed, irritated َ ٌ ‫غاض‬ ِ ‫غفل‬ َ to neglect, disregard, or ignore; to be heedless ‫غفََل – يَْغفُُل‬ ‫ غافََل – يُغافُِل‬to take advantage of another’s negligence; to surprise or take unawares ‫ ت َغَفََّل – يَت َغفَُّل‬to take advantage of another’s negligence; to surprise or take unawares ‫ ت َغافََل – يَت َغافَُل‬to feign inattention; to neglect or ignore ‫َغفُل‬ ِ ‫ ِاست َغفََل – يَست‬to take advantage of another’s negligence; to make a fool of someone

ُ careless, heedless; anonymous ‫غْفٌل‬ ٌ‫غفَل‬ َ negligence, carelessness

28 Family and Feelings

ٌ‫غفلَة‬ َ carelessness, negligence, indifference; stupidity ٌ‫ ت َغافُل‬/ ‫غفال‬ ٌ ِ‫ إ‬neglect, disregard; omission ‫ ُمغَفٌَّل‬indifferent; gullible, idiotic ‫غلق‬ َ to close, lock, or bolt ‫غلََق – يَْغِلُق‬ َّ ّ َ to close, lock, or bolt ‫غلَق – يُغَِلُق‬ ُ‫ ِانغَلََق – يَنغَِلق‬to be closed, locked, or bolted ‫َغلُق‬ ِ ‫ ِاست َغلَ َق – يَست‬to be dark, ambiguous, or complicated َ dark, ambiguous, dubious ‫غِلٌق‬ ٌ ‫غالق‬ ‫ ِإ‬closing, locking; foreclosure (mortgage) ٌ‫ ُمغلَق‬closed, locked; obscure ‫ ُمنغَِلٌق‬introvert ‫غلم‬ َ to be seized by desire or lust ‫غلُم‬ ِ َ‫غِلَم – ي‬ َ lustful, seized by desire; in heat ‫غِلٌم‬ ٌ(‫ ِغْلَمة‬/ ‫مان‬ ُ boy, youth, lad; servant ٌ ‫الم )ِغْل‬ ٌ ‫غ‬ ‫غمر‬ َ  / ‫غَمَر‬ َ to be plentiful or copious; to overflow; to submerge; to lavish ‫غمُر‬ ُ َ‫غُمَر – ي‬ ‫غامُر‬ ِ ُ‫غام َر – ي‬ َ to venture or risk; to throw oneself into (sth) ٌ ‫غام‬ (‫رات‬ َ ‫غامَرة ٌ )ُم‬ َ ‫ ُم‬adventure, risk; hazardous ‫غامٌر‬ ِ ‫ ُم‬adventurous ‫غير‬ ‫غار‬ ُ َ‫غار – ي‬ َ to be jealous; to vie for; to display zeal َ to alter, modify, or change ‫غي ََّر – يُغَِي ُّر‬ ‫ ت َغَيََّر – يَت َغيَُّر‬to change, alter, or modify ‫غيَر‬ ْ (prep) except, other than, different from ٌ ‫غيرة‬ َ jealousy ُ  / ‫يورون‬ َ ) ‫يور‬ َ jealous; zealous ‫غ‬ (‫غي ٌُّّر‬ َ ٌ ‫غ‬ ٌ َ ‫غيير )ت‬ (‫غييرات‬ ٌ َ ‫ ت‬change, alteration, variation

Family and Feelings 29

‫فرح‬ ‫فرُح‬ َ َ‫ فَ ِرَح – ي‬to rejoice, to be glad or delighted ‫ُفرُح‬ ّ ِ ‫ فَ َّرَح – ي‬to gladden, delight, or cheer (‫فراح‬ ٌ َ ‫ فََرٌح )أ‬joy, rejoicing, happiness; wedding (also a girl’s name in the singular) ٌ‫ فَْرَحة‬joy ‫فرٌح‬ ِ ‫ ُم‬joyous, delightful ‫كبر‬ ‫ َكِبَر – يََكبَُر‬to grow older; to become or be great; to augment ‫ َكب ََّر – ي َُكِب ُّر‬to make greater or bigger, to enlarge or magnify ‫ ت َكب ََّر – يَت ََكب ُّر‬to be proud or haughty; to be overbearing ‫بر‬ ٌ ‫ ِك‬greatness, importance; pride, arrogance (‫براء‬ ٌ ‫بير )ِك‬ ٌ ‫ َك‬big, great, spacious, significant; old ُ ‫ ُك‬/ ‫بار‬ ٌ (‫كبائُر‬ ) ٌ ‫كبيرة‬ a great sin or offence; atrocious ِ  / ‫كبيرات‬ َ ‫برياء‬ ‫ ِك‬glory, magnificence; pride, arrogance ُ ْ -‫ا‬, Allah is great ‫كبير‬ ٌ َ ‫ ت‬increase, enlargement; saying ‫أكبَر‬ ‫ ت َكاب ٌُر‬/ ‫ ت َكبٌُّر‬pride, presumption, arrogance َ ‫ ُم‬proud, haughty ‫تكِب ٌّر‬ ‫كرم‬ ‫كرُم‬ ُ َ‫ َكُرَم – ي‬to be noble or generous; to be precious ‫ َكَّرَم – ي َُك ِ ّرُم‬to honour, revere, or venerate ‫كرم‬ ُ ُ‫كرم – ي‬ َ َ ‫ أ‬to honour, to treat with reverence; to show hospitality ‫ ت ََكَّرَم – يَت ََكَّرُم‬to feign generosity; to be noble; to be friendly; to present or bestow (‫روم‬ ٌ ‫ َكْرٌم )ُك‬vineyard; grapevine ‫ َكَرٌم‬nobility of nature; generosity, kindness (also a boy’s name) ٌ‫امة‬ َ ‫ َكَر‬honour, dignity, nobility (‫رام‬ ُ ‫ريم )ُك‬ ٌ ‫ ِك‬/ ‫رماء‬ ٌ ‫ َك‬noble, distinguished; generous, liberal (also a boy’s name in the singular) (‫ائُم‬ ِ ‫ريمةٌ )َكَر‬ َ ‫ َك‬precious thing; valuable; daughter ‫كريم‬ ٌ َ ‫ ت‬honouring; honour, tribute ‫كرام‬ ٌ ‫ ِإ‬honour, respect, tribute ٌ ‫كراميَّةٌ )ِإْكرامي‬ (‫َّات‬ ِ ‫ ِإ‬bonus, tip

30 Family and Feelings

‫ ُمَكَّرٌم‬honoured, revered ُ‫مكةُ ْالُمَكَّرَمة‬ ّ venerable Mecca ‫كره‬ ُ‫كره‬ َ َ‫ َكِرهَ – ي‬to dislike, hate, or loathe ُ‫ َكَّرهَ – ي َُك ِ ّره‬to make someone hate; to arouse aversion ٌ‫راهية‬ ِ ‫ َك‬/ ٌ‫ ُكره‬hatred, hate, dislike ‫ساء‬ ِ ِّ‫ ُكرهُ الن‬misogyny ‫راهيِّة‬ ِ ‫رائُم ْالَك‬ ِ ‫ َج‬hate crimes ٌ‫ َكريه‬unpleasant, disagreeable, offensive ٌ‫ َمْكروه‬detested, odious, loathsome ‫لطف‬ ُ َ‫ف – ي‬ َ َ‫ ل‬to be kind or friendly; to be thin or delicate; to be graceful ‫ف‬ ُ ‫لط‬ َ ‫ط‬ ّ ّ َ ‫ف‬ ُ ‫ف – يُلِط‬ َ ‫ لَط‬to make mild, soft, or gentle; to moderate; to diminish or reduce َّ َ‫ف – يَت َل‬ َّ َ‫ ت َل‬to be moderated; to be polite; to be tender or affectionate; to do ‫ف‬ ُ ‫ط‬ َ ‫ط‬

in secret َ ‫ ِاست‬to find pretty, sweet, or pleasant ‫ف‬ ِ ‫ف – يَست‬ ُ ‫َلط‬ َ ‫َلط‬ ُ ‫طف‬ ٌ ‫ ل‬kindness, benevolence, gentleness ٌ‫ لَطافَة‬charm, politeness, refinement; benevolence (‫طفاء‬ ٌ ‫طيف )ِل‬ ٌ َ‫ ل‬fine, delicate; agreeable, nice ُ ُ‫ ل‬/ ‫طاف‬

‫مرح‬ ‫مرُح‬ َ َ‫ َمِرَح – ي‬to be cheerful or lively ‫ َمَرٌح‬cheerful; joy, glee (also a girl’s name) ‫مقت‬ ُ ُ‫ت – يَمق‬ ‫ت‬ َ َ‫ َمق‬to detest or hate ّ ‫ت‬ َ ‫ت – يَُمِق‬ َ َّ‫ َمق‬to make hateful or loathsome ٌ ‫ َم‬hatred, aversion, disgust ‫قت‬ ٌ ‫ َمْم‬/ ‫قيت‬ ٌ ‫ َم‬detested, odious, loathsome ‫قوت‬ ‫مكر‬ ُ َ‫ َمَكَر – ي‬to deceive, delude, cheat, or dupe ‫مكُر‬ َ to try to deceive ‫ماكُر‬ ِ ُ‫ماكَر – ي‬ ‫كر‬ ٌ ‫ َم‬cunning; deception, trickery

Family and Feelings 31

‫ار‬ ٌ ‫ َمّك‬cunning, sly, shrewd (‫ماكر )َمَكَرة‬ ِ cunning, sly, shrewd ‫ملح‬ ‫ َملَُح – يَملُُح‬to be or become salty; to be beautiful, elegant, or nice ‫ َملََّح – يَُمِلُّح‬to season with salt (‫مالح‬ ٌ َ ‫لح )أ‬ ٌ ‫ ِم‬salt; gunpowder; wit ‫ي‬ ِ salty ِ  / ‫مالٌح‬ ٌّ ‫ملِح‬ ٌ َ (‫ح‬ ٌ ‫ ُمْلَحة )ُمل‬anecdote, funny story, witticism ٌ‫الحة‬ َ ‫ َم‬beauty, elegance; kindness ٌ‫الحة‬ َ ‫ ِم‬navigation ٌ‫ ُملوحة‬saltiness (‫الح‬ ٌ ‫ليح )ِم‬ ٌ ‫ َم‬handsome, beautiful, pleasant; salty ‫مالٌح‬ ِ salty ‫ملل‬ ‫ َمَّل – يََمُّل‬to be tired of or bored; to become fed up َّ َ ‫ أ‬to be tiresome or boring; to annoy or irritate ‫مل – ي ُِمُّل‬ ‫ ت َملَّ َل – يَت َملَُّل‬to be bored or fed up; to embrace a religion ٌ َ‫ ِملّةٌ )ِمل‬religion, denomination, faith (‫ل‬ ٌ ‫ َملٌَل )َم‬boredom, ennui (‫الل‬ ‫ ُمِمٌّل‬tedious, boring ‫نبه‬ ُ‫ نَبَهَ – يَْنبَه‬to be well-known or famous; to observe or take notice ُ‫ نَبَّهَ – يُنَِبّه‬to warn; to inform or show; to waken (from sleep) ُ‫ ت َنَبَّهَ – يَت َنبَّه‬to wake up; to alert; to notice or become aware ُ‫ ِانت َبهَ – يَنت َِبه‬to notice or pay attention; to understand or realise ٌ‫ نُبه‬insight, perception, acumen ٌ‫ ت َنَبُّه‬awakening, alertness ٌ‫ ِاِنتباه‬attention, vigilance, prudence, care ٌ ّ‫ ُمنَِبّهٌ )ُمنَ ِب‬awakening, alerting; alarm clock; stimulant (‫هات‬ ‫نجب‬ ‫ب‬ ُ ‫نج‬ ُ َ‫ب – ي‬ َ ‫ نَُج‬to be noble, distinguished, or generous ‫ب‬ ُ ‫ُنج‬ َ ‫نج‬ َ َ ‫ أ‬to be noble, distinguished, or generous; to give birth ِ ‫ب –ي‬

32 Family and Feelings

ٌ‫ نَُجبَة‬/ ‫جب‬ ٌ َ‫ ن‬noble, generous, magnanimous ٌ‫ نَجابَة‬nobility, excellence, superiority (‫جباء‬ ٌ ‫جيب )نُ ُج‬ ٌ َ‫ ن‬noble, aristocratic, excellent (also a boy’s name) ُ ُ‫ ن‬/ ‫ب‬ ‫نذل‬ ‫ نَذُ َل – يَنذُ ُل‬to be vile, base, or despicable ٌ ُ‫ ن‬/ ‫نذال‬ ٌ َ ‫ذل )أ‬ ٌ َ‫ ن‬vile, mean; simpleton; coward (‫ذول‬ ٌ ‫ ِن‬/ ‫ذالء‬ ٌ َ‫ ن‬base, mean, vile, depraved; coward (‫ذال‬ ُ ُ‫ذيل )ن‬ ٌ‫ نَذالَة‬depravity; cowardice ‫نعم‬ ‫ نَعُ َم – يَنعُ ُم‬to live in comfort; to be happy; to enjoy or savour ‫ نَعََّم – يُنَِعّ ُم‬to smooth, soften, or pamper; to pulverise or make (sth) into a

powder ‫ُنعُم‬ ِ ‫نعم – ي‬ َ َ ‫ أ‬to make good, comfortable, or pleasant; to bestow favours ‫ نَعٌَم‬yes, indeed (‫نعام‬ ٌ َ ‫ نَعَ ٌم )أ‬livestock (‫نعم‬ ٌ َ ‫ أ‬/ ‫ ِنعمةٌ )ِنعٌَم‬favour, benefit, blessing (‫عائُم‬ ِ َ‫عام )ن‬ ٌ َ‫ ن‬ostrich ‫َعيم‬ ٌ ‫ ن‬comfort, ease, happiness ٌ‫عومة‬ َ ُ‫ ن‬softness, tenderness, fineness ‫ناعٌم‬ ِ gentle, soft, tender, fine

‫نمم‬ ‫ ن ََّم – يَنُ ُّم‬to betray, reveal, or show; to sow dissension ‫ نٌَّم‬slander, backbiting ‫ام‬ ٌ ‫ نََّم‬gossiper, slanderer; informer (‫مائُم‬ ِ َ‫ميمةٌ )ن‬ َ َ‫ ن‬slander, defamation, backbiting ‫هدأ‬ ُ ‫ َهدَأ – يهدَأ‬to be calm, quiet, or tranquil ُ ‫ َهدَّأ – ي َُهِد‬to calm, pacify, soothe, or tranquilise ‫ّئ‬ ‫دوء‬ ٌ ‫ ُه‬peace, calm, tranquility ٌ ‫هاد‬ ‫ئ‬ ِ quiet, calm, tranquil, peaceful

Family and Feelings 33

‫هزأ‬ ُ ‫ َهزأ َ – يََهَزأ‬to jeer, sneer, mock, or ridicule ُ ‫َهزأ‬ َّ ‫ ت ََهَّزأ – يَت‬to deride or mock ُ ‫َهز‬ ‫ئ‬ ِ ‫ اِْست َْهَزأ – يَست‬to deride or mock ‫هزاء‬ ِ ‫ ِا‬ridicule, derision, scorn ٌ ‫ست‬ ‫هزاء‬ ٍ ‫إست‬ ِ ‫ ِب‬mockingly ٌ ‫َهز‬ ٌ ‫هاز‬ ‫ئ‬ ِ ‫ ُمست‬/ ‫ئ‬ ِ someone who mocks, mocker ‫هزل‬ ُ َ‫ َهَزَل – ي‬to joke or jest; to be lean or skinny ‫هزُل‬ ‫ َهَّزَل – ي َُه ِ ّزُل‬to waste away; to enervate to joke, mock, or jest ‫هازُل‬ َ ِ ُ‫هازل – ي‬ ‫ َهْزٌل‬joking, jesting, fun ٌ ‫ َه‬lean, skinny, emaciated (‫هزلى‬ َ ) ‫زيل‬ ٌ ُ ‫هاز‬ (‫ل‬ ‫ َمْهزلَةٌ )َمْه‬comedy3 ِ ‫ َم‬/ ‫زالت‬ ‫هنأ‬ ُ ‫ َهنأ َ – يهنَأ‬to be beneficial, wholesome, or healthy ‫ئ‬ ُ ّ‫ َهنّأ َ – يَُهِن‬to congratulate or felicitate; to gladden or delight ُ ‫ ت ََهنَّأ – يَتهنَّأ‬to enjoy or take pleasure ٌ ‫ناءة‬ ٌ ‫ َه‬pleasure, happiness, delight َ ‫ َه‬/ ‫ناء‬ ٌ ‫ ت َْهِن‬/ ‫هانُؤ‬ (‫ئات‬ ِ َ ‫ ت‬congratulations, felicitation ِ َ ‫ ت‬/ ‫هان‬ ٍ َ ‫هنئ َةٌ )ت‬ ‫هور‬ ‫يهور‬ – ‫هار‬ ُ َ to topple, demolish, or destroy; to be destroyed ‫ َهَّوَر – يَُه ّ ِوُر‬to endanger, jeopardise, or imperil ‫ ت ََهَّوَر – يَت ََهّوُر‬to be destroyed; to collapse or crash down; to elapse (time) (‫هوار‬ ٌ َ ‫ور )أ‬ ٌ ‫ َه‬lake ‫َهوٌر‬ ‫ت‬ carelessness, hastiness, rashness ُّ ‫َهوٌر‬ ِ ّ ‫ ُمت‬reckless, hasty, irresponsible ‫نهيار‬ ٌ ‫ ِإ‬crash, collapse, breakdown ‫هون‬ ُ َ‫هان – ي‬ ‫هون‬ َ to be or become easy; to be of little importance ُ‫ َهَّوَن – يَُه ّ ِون‬to make easy or facilitate; to minimise or belittle

34 Family and Feelings

ُ ُ‫هان – ي‬ ‫هين‬ َ َ ‫ أ‬to despise; to humiliate or demean ُ َ ‫هان – يَست‬ ‫هين‬ َ َ ‫ ِاست‬to consider easy; to undervalue; to misunderstand or misjudge; to disdain or despise ‫ َهْوٌن‬ease, leisure, convenience (‫نون‬ َ ِّ‫ َهِيّ ٌن )َهي‬easy; insignificant, negligible ُ‫هون‬ َ َ ‫ أ‬easier; smaller; more comfortable

ٌ‫ إهانة‬an insult; abuse, contempt ‫هيم‬

‫هيم‬ ُ َ‫هام – ي‬ َ to fall or be in love; to be enthusiastic or ecstatic ‫ َهي ََّم – ي َُهِيُّم‬to confuse, bewilder, or mystify; to infatuate or captivate ‫يام‬ ٌ ‫ ُه‬passionate love; burning thirst ُ ‫ َهْي‬madly in love ‫مان‬ ‫ودد‬ ُّ‫ َودَّ – يََود‬to love or like; to want or wish ُ‫ ت ََودَّدَ – يَت ََودَّد‬to show love or affection; to flatter; to ingratiate oneself; to attract ُ‫ ت َوادَدَ – يَت َوادَد‬to love each other, to be on friendly terms ٌ ‫ َمَودَّة‬/ ٌّ‫ ُود‬affection, love, friendship ‫ّي‬ ٌّ ‫ ُوِد‬friendly, amicable ٌ‫ َوداد‬love; friendship (also a girl’s name) ٌ‫ َودود‬affectionate; devoted, fond, friendly ‫وعى‬ ‫عى – يَعي‬ َ ‫ َو‬to hold, comprise, or contain; to remember; to perceive ‫عي‬ ّ ‫عى – ي َُو‬ َّ ‫ َو‬to warn or caution ‫عى‬ َّ ‫عى – يَت ََو‬ َّ ‫ ت ََو‬to act with caution or prudence ‫ي‬ ٌ ‫ َوْع‬awareness, consciousness, attention (ٌ‫أوعيَة‬ ْ ) ‫عاء‬ ٌ ‫ ِو‬container, vessel ٍ‫ واع‬attentive, careful, conscious ‫وقح‬ ‫ َوقََح – يَِقُح‬to be shameless, impudent, or insolent ‫ ت ََوقََّح – يَت ََوقَُّح‬to behave impudently

Family and Feelings 35

‫ ت َواقََح – يَت َواقَُح‬to behave in an insolent way ٌ‫قاحة‬ َ ‫ َو‬impertinence, impudence, insolence ‫ َوقٌِح‬insolent, shameless, cheeky ‫ولع‬ ‫ولَع – يَْولَ ُع‬ ِ to catch fire or burn; to be madly in love; to be fond of ّ‫ َولََّع – ي َُوِلُع‬to kindle, light, or set on fire; to enamour ‫ ت ََولََّع – يَت َولُّع‬to catch fire or burn; to be madly in love ‫لوع‬ ٌ ‫ ُو‬/ ‫ َولَ ٌع‬passionate love, passion ٌ‫عة‬ َ ّ‫ َوال‬lighter ‫ ت ََولُّ ٌع‬passionate love, ardent desire, passion ‫ ُمولَ ٌع‬in love; mad or crazy (about someone); passionate or enthusiastic about Exercises 1) Give two derived nouns for each of these roots:

‫ب ن ن‬ ‫خ ل ف‬ ‫ر م ل‬ ‫س ل ف‬ ‫ع و ل‬ ‫و ل د‬ 2) Find the roots of these words:

َ ‫ب‬ ُ ‫أعز‬ ً ‫سالفا‬ ِ ‫ف‬ ٌ ‫ُمخت َِل‬ ٌ‫ناسبة‬ َ ‫ُم‬ ّ ِ ‫ُم‬ ٌ ‫ؤه‬ ‫الت‬ 3) Give a synonym for each of the following words:

ٌ ‫ ُجرأَة‬bravery ٌ‫ َجواد‬generous ‫رص‬ ٌ ‫ ِح‬greed ‫باء‬ ٌ ‫ص‬ َ youth ٌ‫ ُكره‬hatred ‫كاح‬ ٌ ‫ ِن‬marriage

36 Family and Feelings 4) Give an antonym for each of the following words:

ٌ‫ ِحقد‬hatred, malice, resentment ٌ‫سعيد‬ َ happy ‫ َكَرٌم‬generosity; nobility of nature 5) Compose three sentences using the following verbs:

‫ف‬ َ َ‫ ِاست َل‬to borrow ‫ب‬ َ ‫ ِاقت ََر‬to approach, advance, or get close ‫ى‬ َ ّ‫ ت َبن‬to adopt; to embrace ‫ ت ََرَّمَل‬to become a widow or widower َ‫ َولَد‬to bear children or procreate 6) Give the plural of the following words (some may have more than one plural form):

ٌ ‫ِب‬ ‫ساط‬ ‫عيس‬ ٌ َ‫ت‬ ‫زام‬ ٌ ‫ِح‬ ٌ ‫َخ‬ ‫بيث‬ ٌ َ‫ق‬ ‫رن‬ ٌ‫ساعد‬ ِ ‫ُم‬ ‫َهَرٌم‬ 7) Give the Arabic words which best match these definitions: a) b) c) d) e)

a poet a lover a vineyard; grapevine an envelope an ostrich

8) Translate the following into Arabic: • • • •

Her husband was a cunning man. She separated from her husband because of his miserliness. Her mother was delighted when she gave birth to twins. I became angry when I heard the disgraceful news.

9) Translate the following sentences into English: .ً ‫ح كثيرا‬ َ ‫– َوَجدَ الولدُ أهلَه وفَِر‬ .‫عيش أ ُختي في ألمانيا مع َزوجها‬ ُ َ‫– ت‬ ٌ ٌ ٌ َّ َ ٌ ٌ.‫رجل َكريهٌ َوَحقود‬ َ ‫وجها‬ َ ‫ ولكن ز‬،‫ي امرأة جميلة وكريمة‬ َ ‫– ِه‬

Family and Feelings 37

Notes

ْ is more commonly used to refer to members of an order like the Muslim 1 Note that ‫إخوان‬ brotherhood. 2 It is worth mentioning that there is some ambiguity regarding this root. There are those that consider the in-laws and ‫‘ حمى‬to protect’ to share the root ‫ ;ح م ى‬others, however, believe that ‘the in-laws’ has no root and should be listed separately. 3 This is used in colloquial Arabic to mean ‘a disaster or disgrace’.

2

Health ُ‫ص ح ة‬ ّ ِ ‫ال‬

The Body ‫سم‬ ُ ‫الج‬ ِ

‫أبط‬ ُ َّ‫َّط – يَت َأب‬ َ ‫ تأب‬to hold or carry under one’s arm ‫ط‬ ٌ ) ‫بط‬ ٌ ‫ ِإ‬armpit (‫آباط‬ ‫أنف‬ ‫ف‬ ُ َ‫ف – يَأن‬ َ ‫ ِأن‬to disdain or scorn ُ (‫نوف‬ ٌ ‫أنف )أ‬ ٌ nose; pride ٌ‫ أنَفَة‬pride, rejection, disdain ً ‫ ِآنفا‬previously ‫بدن‬ ‫ بَدَ َن – يَبد ُُن‬to be fat or corpulent ٌ َ ‫ بدَ ٌن )أ‬body, trunk, torso (‫بدان‬ ‫ي‬ ٌّ ‫ بَدَِن‬physical, relating to the body ٌ‫ بَدانَة‬obesity, corpulence, fat ٌ ‫باد‬ ٌ َ‫ ب‬fat, obese, corpulent (‫ن )بُد ٌُن‬ ِ  / ‫دين‬ ‫بطن‬ ُ َ‫طَن – ي‬ َ َ‫ ب‬to hide; to be hidden or concealed ‫بطُن‬ ٌ ُ‫طن )ب‬ ٌ َ‫ ب‬belly, stomach, abdomen (‫طون‬ ‫ي‬ ِ َ‫ ب‬abdominal ٌّ ‫طن‬ ٌ‫ ِبطنة‬gluttony ُ ‫بواط‬ (‫ن‬ ِ inner, interior; intrinsic ِ ) ‫باطٌن‬ DOI: 10.4324/9781003250890-3

Health 39

‫بول‬ ُ َ‫بال – ي‬ ‫بول‬ َ to urinate ‫ ت َبَ َّوَل – يَت ََّبوُل‬to urinate ٌ َ ‫ بَْو ٌل )أ‬urine (‫بوال‬ ‫جبه‬ ٌ ‫ َج‬/ ٌ‫)ِجباه‬ (‫بهات‬

ٌ‫بهة‬ َ ‫ َج‬forehead, brow; front, façade

‫جسم‬ ‫جس ُم‬ ّ ِ ُ‫س َم – ي‬ َّ ‫ َج‬to shape or materialise; to enlarge; to exaggerate ‫سُم‬ ّ ‫سَم – يَت ََج‬ َّ ‫ ت ََج‬to materialise or take shape; to become big َ (‫جسام‬ ‫سم )أ‬ ٌ ٌ ‫ ِج‬body; matter, mass; shape physical, of or relating to the body ‫ي‬ ‫سم‬ ‫ج‬ ِ ِ ٌّ (‫سام‬ ٌ ‫سيم )ِج‬ ٌ ‫ َج‬great, big, large; corpulent ‫جلد‬ ُ‫جلد‬ ِ َ‫ َجلَدَ – ي‬to whip or flog ُ‫ َجلَّدَ – يَُجِلّد‬to bind (a book); to freeze ُ‫ُجالد‬ ِ ‫ جالَدَ – ي‬to fight (an illness) ٌْ‫ َجلد‬flogging (ٌ ‫ أ َجالد‬/ ٌ ‫جلود‬ ُ ) ٌ‫ ِجلد‬skin, hide, leather ٌ ‫ ُجلودة‬/ ٌ ‫ َجالدة‬/ ٌ‫ َجلَد‬endurance, patience; suffering ٌ‫ َجليد‬ice No root (‫ماجُم‬ ِ ‫)َج‬

ٌ‫ ُجْمُجَمة‬skull, cranium

‫ي‬ ٌّ ‫ ُجْمُجِم‬cranial ‫حلق‬

‫حلُق‬ َ ‫ َح‬to shave or shave off ِ َ‫لق – ي‬ ‫ ت ََحلََّق – يَت َحلَُّق‬to form a circle ٌ ‫ َحْلٌق )ُح‬throat, gullet, pharynx; shaving (‫لوق‬ ٌ ‫ َح‬/ ‫ َحلَقَةٌ )َحلٌَق‬ring, link, circle (‫لقات‬ (‫قون‬ َ ّ‫ َحّالٌق )َحال‬barber

40 Health

‫حلم‬ ‫ َحلَ َم – يَحلَُم‬to reach puberty; to reflect or meditate on ‫ ِاحت َلََم – يَحت َِلُم‬to reach puberty ‫الحلُ ُم‬ ُ sexual maturity, puberty ٌ‫ َحلََمة‬nipple, teat; tick, mite (‫لماء‬ ٌ ‫ َح‬mild, gentle; patient َ ‫ليم )ُح‬ ‫حمض‬ ‫ض‬ ُ ‫حم‬ ُ َ‫ض – ي‬ َ ‫ َحُم‬to be sour ‫ض‬ ُ ‫ض – ي َُح ِ ّم‬ َ ‫ َحَّم‬to make sour or acidify; to oxidise َ ‫مض )أ‬ (‫حماض‬ ٌ ٌ ‫ َح‬acid ‫ي‬ ُ ‫ ْالَح‬DNA ُّ ‫مض النََّوِو‬ ٌ‫موضة‬ ‫ ُح‬heartburn, acidity, sourness َ No root

‫ ُح‬/ ٌ ‫نجَرة‬ ‫ َح‬/ ‫ناجُر‬ (‫ناجير‬ ٌ ُ َ ‫ َح‬larynx, throat ِ ‫نجور )َح‬ ُ ّ ُ ْ ُ ‫احة آدَ َم‬ ُ Adam’s apple ُ ‫عقدَة‬ ِ ‫الحنَج‬ َ ‫ تف‬/ ‫رة‬ ‫حنك‬ ‫ َحنََّك – ي َُحنُِّك‬to sophisticate; to make experienced ٌ ٌ َ‫ َحن‬palate (‫أحناك‬ )‫ك‬ ٌ‫ ُحْنَكة‬/ ‫ ِحْنٌك‬worldly experience No root

َ ‫ض )أ‬ (‫حواض‬ ٌ ٌ ‫ َحْو‬pelvis ‫خدد‬ ُّ‫ َخدَّ – يَُخد‬to furrow or plough (the ground) ُ ) ٌّ‫ َخد‬cheek; side (ٌ ‫خدود‬ ٌ ‫ ِمَخدَّة )ِمَخد‬cushion, pillow (‫ّات‬ ‫خصر‬ ‫خصُر‬ ِ ‫ َخ‬to become cold, to suffer from the cold َ َ‫صَر – ي‬ ‫َصُر‬ ِ ‫َصَر – يخت‬ َ ‫ ِاخت‬to shorten or condense; to summarise

Health 41

‫خاصَرة ٌ )ُخ‬ (‫خواصُر‬  / ‫صور‬ ٌ ٌ ‫ َخ‬waist, hip ِ ِ  / ‫صر‬ ٌ(‫ختصارات‬ ِ ‫ ِا‬shortening, summarisation; shortcut ِ ‫صار )ِا‬ ٌ ‫خت‬ No root (‫ماء‬ ٌ ‫)ِد‬

‫ دَ ٌم‬blood

‫ي‬ ٌّ ‫ دََمِو‬bloody ِ ‫ فَصيلةُ الدَّم‬/ ُ‫الفئةُ الد ََّمِويَّة‬ ِ blood type ُ ِ ‫ضغط الدَّم‬ blood pressure ُ َ‫ ن‬blood transfusion ِ ‫قل الدَّم‬ ِ ‫فيف الدَّم‬ ُ ‫ َخ‬amiable ُ َ ‫ ث‬unpleasant, disagreeable ِ ‫قيل الدَّم‬ ‫ذرع‬ ‫ع‬ ُ ‫ذر‬ َ ‫ ذََر‬to measure; to cover or cross (distance); to intervene or mediate َ َ‫ع – ي‬ َ ‫ع‬ ُ ‫ع – يَتذ َّر‬ َّ ‫ ت‬to use or employ (excuse or pretext) َ ‫َذر‬ ‫ع‬ ٌ ‫ ذَ ْر‬power, ability, capability ُ‫ ذ‬/ ‫ع‬ ٌ (‫رعان‬ ٌ ‫ذر‬ ٌ ‫ ِذ‬arm, forearm ُ َ ‫راع )أ‬ ٌ‫ ذَريعَة‬excuse, pretext No root

ٌ ُ‫ ذ‬/ ‫ذقان‬ ٌ َ ‫قن )أ‬ ٌ َ‫ ذ‬chin (‫قون‬ No root

ٌ ‫ ِرئةٌ )ِر‬lung (‫ئات‬ ‫ي‬ ٌّ ‫ ِرئ َِو‬pulmonary, pulmonic ‫ي‬ ٌ ‫ ِاْلِت‬pneumonia ٌّ ‫هاب ِرئ َِو‬ ‫رأس‬ (Full treatment in Politics chapter) (‫ؤوس‬ ٌ ‫س )ُر‬ ٌ ْ‫ َرأ‬head; chief, leader No root

‫اق‬ ّ ُ‫ َربلَة‬calf (leg) ِ ‫الس‬

42 Health

‫رجل‬ ‫رجُل‬ َ َ‫ َرِجَل – ي‬to walk or go on foot ‫ ت ََرَّجَل – يت ََرَّجُل‬to assume masculine manners, to behave like a man ٌ ‫رج‬ ٌ ‫ ِر‬leg, foot (‫ل‬ ُ َ ‫جل )أ‬ ٌ ‫ َرُجٌل )ِر‬an important man1 (‫جال‬ ٌ‫ ُرجوليَّة‬/ ٌ‫ ُرجولَة‬masculinity, virility ‫ردف‬ ‫ف‬ ُ َ‫ف – يَرد‬ َ َ‫ َرد‬to follow or succeed َ ‫ف‬ ُ َ‫ف – يَتراد‬ َ َ‫ ت َراد‬to come in succession; to be synonymous َ ‫دف )أ‬ (‫رداف‬ ٌ ٌ ‫ ِر‬bottom, backside, rear ٌ ‫راد‬ (‫فات‬ ِ ‫ف )ُم‬ ِ ‫ ُم‬synonym; synonymous, analogous ٌ ‫راد‬ No root

‫عاب‬ ‫ ُر‬saliva ٌ ُ‫ ل‬/ ‫ضاب‬ ٌ ‫رفق‬ (Full treatment in Education chapter)

ُ ‫راف‬ (‫ق‬ ِ ‫رفٌق )َم‬ ِ ‫ َم‬elbow ‫ركب‬ َ َ‫ب – ي‬ ‫ب‬ ُ ‫رك‬ َ ‫ َرِك‬to mount or ride; to go or travel ‫ب‬ ُ ‫ب – يرت َِك‬ َ ‫ ِارت ََك‬to commit (crime); to pursue (sth) ٌ (‫ب‬ ٌ ‫ ُركبة )ُرَك‬knee (‫ب‬ ٌ ‫ َمْرَك‬boat, ship ُ ‫راك‬ ِ ‫ب )َم‬ ‫كاب‬ ٌ ‫رت‬ ِ ‫ ِا‬perpetuation (of a crime or sin) No root

ٌ ‫ ِشْر‬artery ُ (‫شرايين‬ ) ‫يان‬ No root

ٌ ‫ش‬ (‫فوات‬ َ lip; edge َ  / ٌ‫شفةٌ )ِشفاه‬ ‫ف‬ َ lips ِ ‫ش‬ ُ ‫شفاي‬ ُ ‫فائ‬ ِ  / ‫ف‬

Health 43

‫صبع‬ ‫صبََع – يَصبُُع‬ َ to point with the finger َ (‫صابُع‬ ْ a finger or toe ِ ‫إصبٌَع )أ‬ ْ ‫إصبع اليَِد‬ finger ُ ‫صدر‬ (Full treatment in Work chapter) (‫دور‬ ٌ ‫ص‬ ُ )

‫در‬ ٌ ‫ص‬ َ chest, breast, bust, bosom ‫در‬ َّ ‫ظم‬ َ sternum, breastbone ِ ‫الص‬ ُ ‫ع‬

No root

َ ‫غ )أ‬ ٌ ٌ ‫صْد‬ (‫صداغ‬ ُ temple ‫ضلع‬ ‫ضلَ َع – يَضلُ ُع‬ َ to be strong or sturdy; to be crooked or bent َ (‫ضالع‬ ٌ ‫ أ‬/ ‫لوع‬ ٌ ‫ض‬ ُ ) ‫ض ْلٌع‬ ِ ribs (body); cutlet, chops َّ‫ضل ٌع‬ َ ‫ ُم‬ribbed; polygon ‫ظفر‬ َ to be successful or triumphant; to defeat or conquer ‫ظِفَر – يَظفَُر‬ ُ fingernail, nail, toenail; claw, talon (‫ظافُر‬ ِ َ ‫فر )أ‬ ٌ ‫ظ‬ ‫ظافٌر‬ ِ victor, conqueror (also a boy’s name) ‫ظهر‬ (Full treatment in Politics chapter)

ُ ) ‫ظْهٌر‬ َ back; rear side, reverse; surface (‫هور‬ ٌ ‫ظ‬ ‫عتق‬ ‫عت ُ َق – يَعت ُ ُق‬ َ to grow old, age, or mature; to be free (of a slave) ٌ ‫ع‬ ‫تيق‬ َ old, ancient, antique; noble ُ(‫واتق‬ ِ ‫ع‬ ِ shoulder َ ) ‫عاتٌق‬

44 Health

‫عرق‬ ‫عَّرَق – يُعَ ِ ّرُق‬ َ to take root; to sweat ‫عصب‬ ‫ب‬ ُ ‫عص‬ َ to tie or bind; to wrap or bandage َ ‫ص‬ ِ َ‫ب – ي‬ َ ‫ع‬ ‫ب‬ ُ ‫ص‬ َّ َ‫ب – يت َع‬ َّ َ‫ ت َع‬to bandage; to be a fanatic; to plot or conspire َ ‫ص‬ َ ‫ب )أ‬ (‫عصاب‬ ٌ ٌ ‫ص‬ َ nerves َ ‫ع‬ ‫ي‬ َ nervous َ ‫ع‬ ٌّ ‫صِب‬ ُ ‫الج‬ ‫ي‬ ِ the nervous system َ َ‫هاز ْالع‬ ُّ ‫صِب‬ ٌ ٌ(‫صبيّات‬ َ nervousness; fanaticism, religious bigotry َ ) ‫صبيَّة‬ َ ‫ع‬ َ ‫ع‬ ٌ (‫صابات‬ ‫ ِعصابةٌ )ِع‬gang, group; league, federation ‫ب‬ ٌ ‫ص‬ ُّ َ‫ ت َع‬fanaticism ‫ب‬ ٌ ‫عص‬ ّ ِ َ ‫ ُمت‬fanatic, extremist ‫عضل‬ ‫عضُل‬ ُ َ‫ضَل – ي‬ َ ‫ع‬ َ to be muscular; to prevent (a woman) from marrying ‫ضٌل‬ ‫ع‬ muscular, brawny ِ َ ٌ ‫ض‬ ٌ ‫ض‬ (‫ل‬ َ ‫ع‬ َ ‫ع‬ َ ‫ع‬ َ  / ‫الت‬ َ muscle َ ) ٌ‫ضلَة‬ ٌ ‫ضال‬ ‫ع‬ ُ chronic, incurable (of a disease) ‫عظم‬ ُ َ‫ظَم – ي‬ ُ ‫ع‬ ‫عظُم‬ َ to be or become large or great; to be distressing or painful َّ ‫ع‬ ّ ِ َ‫ظَم – يُع‬ ‫ظُم‬ َ to make greater or more powerful; to enlarge َ ‫ظم )أ‬ (‫ظام‬ َ bone ٌ ‫ ِع‬/ ‫عظام‬ ٌ ٌ ‫ع‬ ْ‫عظٌم‬ ُ greatness, power, might ‫ع‬ (‫ظماء‬ ُ ) ‫ظيم‬ َ great, big, significant; powerful; sublime ُ ٌ ‫ع‬ َ ‫ ُم‬most of (them), the majority of (people) (ِ ‫عظُم )النَّاس‬ ‫عين‬ ‫عي ََّن – يُعَِي ُّن‬ َ to specify or determine; to nominate or appoint ‫ُعايُن‬ ِ ‫ عايََن – ي‬to see, examine, or inspect; to be appointed ٌ(‫عيون‬ ٌ ‫ع‬ ُ ) ‫ين‬ َ eye; the evil eye; spring, fountain ٌ ٌ ‫عِي‬ َ ‫ة‬ ‫ن‬ (‫ّنات‬ ) ّ‫ع ِي‬ َ َ sample, specimen ٌ ‫عَوْي‬ ‫نات‬ ُ glasses, spectacles

Health 45

‫ ُمعَيٌَّن‬fixed, determined; nominated, appointed ِ ‫ ُمعايَنَةُ المريض‬patient observation No root

ُ ) ٌ ‫غدَّة‬ ُ gland (ٌ ‫غدَد‬ ُ‫ الغُدّة ُ الد َُرقيَّة‬thyroid gland No root (ٌ ‫ فؤاد ٌ )أَفئِدَة‬heart

‫فخذ‬ (ٌ ‫ فَخذ ٌ )أ َفخاذ‬thigh; leg (of meat)

‫فقر‬ ‫ فَقََر – يَفقَُر‬to pierce or perforate; to be or become poor ‫قر‬ ٌ َ‫ ف‬poverty, need, lack ٌ َ‫ فَقََرة ٌ )فق‬vertebra; section, paragraph, passage (‫رات‬ ‫ي‬ ِ ُ‫ ْالعَمود‬spine ُّ ‫الفقَِر‬ ُ ّ‫قاري‬ ‫ات‬ ِ َ‫ الف‬/ ٌ‫ َحيوانات ِفقَِريَّة‬vertebrates (‫قراء‬ ٌ َ‫ ف‬poor, poverty-stricken; a pauper ُ ُ‫قير )ف‬ ‫فكك‬ ‫ فَ َّك – يَفُ ُّك‬to dislocate or separate; to break up or disintegrate ٌّ jaw, jawbone; redemption (of a pledge) ٌ ُ‫فك )ف‬ (‫كوك‬ ٌ‫ فَ َّكة‬small change (money) No root (‫فمام‬ ٌ َ ‫ أ‬/ ٌ‫فم )أ َفواه‬ ٌ mouth; orifice, aperture, hole

‫قدم‬ (‫دام‬ ٌ ‫)ْأق‬

‫ قدَ ٌم‬foot, step ْ ‫إصبع القدَ ِم‬ toe ُ

46 Health

‫قصب‬ ‫ب‬ ُ ‫قص‬ َ ‫ص‬ ِ َ‫ب – ي‬ َ َ‫ ق‬to cut up ‫ب‬ ٌ ‫ص‬ َ َ‫ ق‬cane, reed; sugar cane; brocade ٌ(‫صبات‬ َ windpipe, trachea; cane, reed َ َ‫قصبَةٌ )ق‬ ُ ‫الرئ َِة‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ب‬ ‫قص‬ ّ ِ َ َ windpipe, trachea ‫مريء‬ ‫قصبَةُ ْال‬ ِ َ oesophagus ‫قصص‬ (Full treatment in Media chapter)

‫ص‬ ٌّ َ‫ ق‬sternum, breastbone; clippings, cuttings ‫قضب‬ ‫ب‬ ُ ‫قض‬ َ َ‫ ق‬to prune or trim; to cut off َ ‫ض‬ ِ َ‫ب – ي‬ ُ‫ضيب )ق‬ َ‫ ق‬penis; twig, stick ٌ (‫ضبان‬ ٌ ‫قفو‬ ‫ قَفا – يُقَفو‬to follow (ٌ‫ قفا ً )أَقفيّة‬nape; back of the head; posterior (colloquial) ‫فاء‬ ٌ َ‫ ق‬nape; back of the head ‫قلب‬ ‫ب‬ ُ ‫ب – يَِقل‬ َ َ‫ قَل‬to turn around; to topple or reverse ‫ب‬ ُ ‫نقل‬ ِ َ‫ب – ي‬ َ َ‫ ِانقَل‬to be reversed; to be overthrown ْ ‫ب‬ ٌ ‫ قَل‬reversal; upheaval; overthrow (of government) (‫لوب‬ ٌ ُ‫ب )ق‬ ٌ ‫ ْقل‬heart; centre, core ُ ّ‫ دَق‬heartbeat ‫قلب‬ ِ ‫ات ْال‬ ْ َ kind-hearted ‫لب‬ ُ ّ‫طِي‬ ِ َ‫ب الق‬ ٌ‫ نَْوبَةٌ قَِلبيَّة‬/ ٌ‫زمة‬ َ َ ‫ أ‬heart attack ٌ (‫البات‬ ‫الب )اِِنق‬ ٌ ‫ اِِنق‬coup, revolution; change, alteration ‫كبد‬ ُ‫ َكبَدَ – يَكبَد‬to affect severely; to wear out or wear down ُ‫ ت ََكبَّدَ – يَت َكبَّد‬to endure, bear, or suffer (ٌ ‫  ُكبود‬/ ٌ ‫ َكِبد ٌ )أ َكباد‬liver; interior, heart (i.e. essence)

Health 47

‫كتف‬ ‫ف‬ ِ َ‫َف – ي‬ ُ ‫كت‬ َ ‫ َكت‬to shackle, bind, or tie (hands) behind the back َّ ‫ف‬ ُ ‫ف – يَت َكت‬ َ َّ ‫ ت َكت‬to cross or fold one’s arms ‫َف‬ ُ ‫َف – يَت َكات‬ َ ‫ ت َكات‬to stand shoulder to shoulder, to stand together and united َ (‫كتاف‬ ) ‫أ‬ ‫ف‬ ٌ ٌ ‫ َكِت‬shoulder, scapula, shoulder blade ‫كحل‬ ‫ َكَحَل – يَْكَحُل‬to rub kohl on eyes ‫ ت ََكّحَل – يَت ََكّحُل‬to colour the eye with kohl َ ‫ ُكْحٌل )أ‬antimony, kohl ٌ (‫كحال‬ ٌ ‫ َك‬black ُ ‫حائ‬ (‫ل‬ ِ ‫حيل )َك‬ ٌ ‫ ُك‬alcohol ‫حول‬ ُ ‫واح‬ (‫ل‬ ِ ankle, ankle bone ِ ‫كاحٌل )َك‬ ‫كعب‬ ‫ب‬ ُ ُ‫ب – يَكع‬ َ َ‫ َكع‬to be full and round; to be swelling (of breasts) (‫عوب‬ ٌ ‫ ُك‬/ ‫عاب‬ ٌ ‫عب )ِك‬ ٌ ‫ َك‬heel; joint; cube ٌ ٌ ‫ َكعبة )َك‬cube; cubic; structure (‫عبات‬ ُ‫شَّرفَة‬ َ the Kaaba in Mecca َ ‫الم‬ ُ ُ‫الكْعبة‬ No root (‫لى‬ ً ‫ ُكْلَوة ٌ )ُك‬/ ٌ‫ ُكليَة‬kidneys ُ ‫غسل ْالُكلى‬ dialysis

‫كهل‬ ‫كهُل‬ َ َ‫ َكَهَل – ي‬to be in middle age ٌ‫ ُكهولَة‬middle-aged, mature ُ ‫كواه‬ (‫ل‬ ِ shoulders, upper back ِ ) ‫كاهٌل‬ No root

ٌ ‫ ِلثَّةٌ )ِل‬gum (‫ثى‬ ً ‫ ِل‬/ ‫ثات‬ ‫لسن‬ ‫لسُن‬ َ َ‫ لَِسَن – ي‬to be eloquent

48 Health

ٌ ‫س‬ (‫ن‬ ُ ُ‫لسُن )ل‬ َ َ ‫ أ‬/ ‫ لَِسٌن‬eloquent ٌ ‫ ِل‬tongue, mouthpiece; language (ٌ‫لسنة‬ ِ َ ‫سان )أ‬ No root

ٌ (‫ثانات‬ ‫ َمثانَةٌ )َم‬bladder No root

ٌ ‫ ُمٌخ )ِم‬brain; marrow, core (‫خاخ‬ ‫ي‬ ٌّ ‫ ُمِخ‬cerebral ‫مرر‬ ‫ َمَّر – يَُمُّر‬to be or become bitter (‫مرار‬ ٌ َ ‫ ُمٌّر )أ‬bitter; severe, painful ٌ (‫رارات‬ ‫رارة ٌ )َم‬ َ ‫ َم‬gall bladder; bitterness, rancour ‫معد‬ (ٌ ‫ َمِعدَة ُ )ِمعَد‬stomach No root (ٌ‫ أ َمعيَة‬/ ‫معاء‬ ٌ َ ‫)أ‬

‫عاء‬ ٌ ‫ ِم‬/ ‫عى‬ ً ‫ ِم‬intestines, bowels, gut ُ‫معاء الدَّقيقَة‬ َ small intestines ‫األ‬ ُ ُ‫ليظة‬ َ َ‫معاء الغ‬ ُ ‫ َاأل‬large intestines ‫نبض‬ ‫ض‬ ُ ‫ض – يَ ِنب‬ َ َ‫ نَب‬to beat, throb, or pulse َ ‫نبض )أ‬ (‫نباض‬ pulse ٌ ٌ ٌ َ ‫ب‬ ‫ن‬ (‫ضات‬ a pulse or beat ‫ضةٌ )نَْب‬ ْ َ ‫نسل‬ ‫نسُل‬ ُ َ‫سَل – ي‬ َ َ‫ ن‬to beget or father; to unravel or fall out ٌ ‫ ن‬progeny, descendants; procreation ‫َسل‬ ‫سل‬ ِ َّ‫ ت َحديدُ الن‬birth control ‫َناسٌل‬ ُ ‫ ت‬reproduction, procreation

Health 49

ُ‫ناسليَّة‬ ‫ َاأل‬genitals ُ َّ ‫عضاء الت‬ ُ ‫ي‬ ُ ‫ض ت‬ ٌ ‫ َمَر‬venereal disease ٌّ ‫َناسِل‬ َّ ُ ‫الج‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ناس‬ ‫الت‬ ‫هاز‬ ِ ِ the reproductive system ُّ ُ ٌ‫َناسِليَّة‬ َ ‫ أ‬/ ‫ّات‬ ٌ ‫اسلي‬ ُ ‫عضاء ت‬ ُ َ‫ ت َن‬sexual organs ٌ ‫نشق‬ ‫نشُق‬ َ َ‫ نَِشَق – ي‬to smell, sniff, or inhale ‫ ِانت ََشَق – يَنت َِشُق‬to inhale or breathe in ُّ َ‫ ت َن‬/ ‫ نَْشٌق‬inhaling, inhalation, breathing ٌ ‫ست‬ ‫نشاق‬ ِ ‫ ِا‬/ ‫شٌق‬ ‫نمل‬ ‫ ن َِمَل – يَن ََمُل‬to tingle or be numb ٌ ‫َمل )ِن‬ ٌ ‫ ن‬ants (‫مال‬ ٌ‫ ت َنميل‬/ ‫ نََم ٌل‬tingling, itching, pins and needles ُ ‫نام‬ (‫ل‬ ِ َ ‫نملَةٌ )أ‬ ُ ُ ‫ ا‬fingertips ‫نهد‬ ُ‫نهد‬ َ َ‫ نََهدَ – ي‬to become round and full; to swell (of breasts) ُ‫ ت َنََّهدَ – يَت َنََّهد‬to sigh (ٌ ‫ نهد ٌ )نُهود‬breast, bosom; elevation, rise ٌ ‫َنه‬ (‫دات‬ ُّ ‫ ت َن َُّهدٌ )ت‬sigh ‫هبل‬ ‫يهبَُل‬ ْ – ‫ َهِبَل‬to be bereaved of a son (as a mother) ٌ ‫ َمْه‬/ ‫بيل‬ ٌ ‫ َه‬a fool or simple person ‫بول‬ ٌ(‫ أَهبَُل )ُهْبل‬idiotic, dim-witted, weak-minded ُ ‫هاب‬ (‫ل‬ ِ ‫ َمْهبَ ٌل )َم‬vagina ‫هضم‬ ‫هضُم‬ ُ َ‫ضَم – ي‬ َ ‫ َه‬to digest (food); to oppress or terrorise ‫ضم‬ ٌ ‫ َه‬digestion ‫ضِم‬ ْ ‫اله‬ ُ indigestion ُ ‫ع‬ َ ‫سر‬ ُ ‫ ْالِج‬the digestive system ‫ي‬ ِ ‫اله‬ َ ‫هاز‬ ُّ ‫ضم‬

50 Health No root

َ ‫ َه‬skeleton, frame; temple, altar ُ ‫ياك‬ (‫ل‬ ِ ‫يكٌل )َه‬ No root

ٌ (‫جنات‬ ‫ َوجنَةٌ )َو‬cheek ‫وجه‬ (Full treatment in Media chapter) (ٌ‫جهٌ )ُوجوه‬ ْ ‫ َو‬face No root

‫داج‬ ٌ ‫ ِو‬jugular vein ‫ورد‬ (ٌ ‫وردَة‬ ِ َ ‫ َوريدٌ )أ‬vein, jugular vein No root

َ ‫ ِوْرٌك )أ‬hip, thigh ٌ (‫وراك‬ No root

ٍ َ ‫ أ‬/ ‫يد‬ ٍ َ ‫ يدٌ )أ‬hand; control, authority; assistance, help (‫ياد‬ ‫ي‬ ٌّ ‫ يَدَ ِو‬manual The Senses ‫واس‬ َ ُّ ‫الح‬

‫بصر‬ ‫بصُر‬ ُ َ‫صَر – ي‬ َ َ‫ ب‬to look or see; to understand or realise َ ‫بصُر‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ي‬ – ‫ر‬ َّ َ َ ‫ص‬ َّ َ‫ ت َب‬to look or regard; to ponder َ ‫صٌر )أ‬ (‫بصار‬ ٌ َ َ‫ ب‬gaze, vision, eyesight; insight ‫حسس‬ ‫س‬ ُّ ‫س – يَُح‬ َّ ‫ َح‬to feel or sense; to sympathise

Health 51

‫س‬ َّ ‫ َح‬to grope or feel ّ ِ ‫س – ي َُح‬ ُ ‫س‬ َ ‫س‬ ‫اس‬ ّ ‫ َح‬sensitive; sensible; sensual ٌ ‫س‬ ٌ‫ساسيَّة‬ ِ ‫ َح‬sensitivity ‫س‬ ٌّ ‫ ِح‬feeling, sensation; sense; voice َ ‫ أ‬/ ‫إحساسات‬ ٌ (‫حاسيس‬ ) ‫إحساس‬ feelings, sensation, emotion ٌ ُ ٌ (‫واس‬ sense َّ ُّ ‫حاسة )َح‬ ْ ْ َ ‫مس‬ ‫خ‬ ‫ال‬ ‫واس‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ال‬ ُّ َ the five senses ُ ‫ذوق‬ ُ َ‫ذاق – ي‬ ‫ذوق‬ َ to taste or sample (food); to test or try out ‫َذوُق‬ َّ ‫ ت َذَ َّوَق – يَت‬to savour or relish; to sense or perceive ٌ(‫وق )أ َذواق‬ ٌ َ‫ ذ‬taste; inclination; sensitivity ‫ الذَّ ْوُق‬/ ‫واق‬ sense of taste َّ ِ ّ‫حاسةُ الذ‬ ‫سمع‬ ‫سمُع‬ َ to hear or listen; to pay attention َ َ‫سِمَع – ي‬ ‫ ِاست ََمَع – يَست َِمُع‬to hear or listen; to overhear or eavesdrop َ ‫سَمٌع )أ‬ (‫سماع‬ ٌ َ hearing, sense of hearing auditory ‫ي‬ ‫مع‬ ‫س‬ ِ ٌّ َ ٌ‫سْمعَة‬ ُ reputation, standing ٌ (‫اعات‬ ‫سَّم‬ َ ‫سَّم‬ َ earphone, earpiece; stethoscope َ ) ٌ‫اعة‬ ‫عون‬ َ ‫المست َِم‬ ُ the audience ‫شمم‬ ُ َ‫شَّم – ي‬ ‫شُّم‬ َ to smell or sniff َّ‫حاسةُ الش ِ ّم‬ sense of smell َّ ‫لمس‬ ‫س‬ ُ ‫س – يَِلم‬ َ ‫ لَ َم‬to touch or handle; to perceive; to search for ‫س‬ ِ ‫س –ي‬ ُ ‫ُالم‬ َ ‫الم‬ َ to be in touch or contact; to have sex with َ ‫مس‬ ٌ ‫ ل‬feeling, touching ‫ي‬ ِ َ‫ ل‬tactile ٌّ ‫مس‬ ٌ ‫ لَمسةٌ )لَْم‬touch, retouch (‫سات‬ ‫ميس‬ ٌ َ‫ ل‬soft to the touch (also a girl’s name)

52 Health (‫س‬ ِ ‫س )َم‬ ٌ ‫ َمْلَم‬point of contact; tentacle, feeler ُ ‫الم‬ ٌ‫المسة‬ َ ‫ ُم‬touching; sexual intercourse

Sex and Reproduction ‫ناسُل‬ ُ َّ ‫نس والت‬ ُ ‫الج‬ ِ

‫بلغ‬ ‫ بَلََغ – يَْبلُ ُغ‬to reach or arrive; to come of age or reach puberty ‫ بلَّ َغ – يُبَ ِلّ ُغ‬to make (someone) reach; to inform, convey, or notify َ to exaggerate, overdo, or to go to great lengths ‫بالُغ‬ ِ ُ‫بالغ – ي‬ َ ٌ (‫غاء‬ ُ ‫ بَليغ )بُل‬eloquent; intense, serious ٌ ‫ ب‬maturity, legal majority ‫ُلوغ‬ ْ ِ‫ ِسُّن البُلوغ‬puberty ٌ‫الغة‬ َ َ‫ ب‬eloquence; literature ُ ‫ َمبلٌَغ )َم‬a sum of money, an amount; scope, range (‫بالغ‬ ٌ َ ‫ ت‬a communication, announcement, or report; transmission, delivery ٌ َ ‫بليغ )ت‬ (‫بليغات‬ َ ٌ ‫ ُمبالَغَةٌ ) ُمبال‬exaggeration (‫غات‬ (‫غون‬ َ ‫بال‬ ِ ) ‫بالٌغ‬ ِ excessive, considerable; serious; mature (of age) (pl: adults) ‫جذب‬ ‫ب‬ ِ َ‫ذب – ي‬ ُ ‫جذ‬ َ ‫ َج‬to attract, pull or draw ‫ب‬ ِ َ‫ب – ي‬ ُ ‫نجذ‬ َ َ‫ ِان َجذ‬to be attracted or gravitate towards ‫ذب‬ ٌ ‫ َج‬attraction, appeal; gravitation ‫اب‬ ٌ ّ‫ َجذ‬attractive, magnetic ٌ‫جاذبيَّة‬ ِ attraction, gravitation ‫جنس‬ ‫س‬ ِ ‫س –ي‬ ُ ّ‫ُجن‬ َ َّ‫ َجن‬to make similar or assimilate; to classify or sort ‫س‬ ُ َّ‫س – يَت َجن‬ َ َّ‫ ت ََجن‬to become naturalised or receive citizenship َ ‫نس )أ‬ (‫جناس‬ ٌ ٌ ‫ ِج‬sexual intercourse; kind, sort, category ‫ي‬ ِ ‫ ِج‬sexual; generic ٌّ ‫نس‬ ‫ي‬ ‫نس‬ ٌّ ِ ‫ ال ِج‬asexual ُ homosexuality ‫ي‬ ِ ‫شذوذٌ ِج‬ ٌّ ‫نس‬ ٌ ٌ َّ‫ ِجنسيّة )ِجنسي‬nationality, citizenship (‫ات‬ ‫ناس‬ ٌ ‫ ِج‬a pun; assonance; rhetoric

Health 53

‫جنن‬ ‫ َجَّن – يَِجُّن‬to cover, hide, or conceal ‫ َجنّ َن – ي َُجنُّن‬to craze, madden, or enrage ‫ ت ََجنَّن – يَت ََجنُّن‬to go mad or become crazy ‫ ِجٌّن‬jinn, demons ٌ ّ‫ َجنّةٌ )َجن‬paradise, heaven (‫ات‬ ُ ‫نائ‬ ٌ (‫ن‬ ‫ ُجنَينَةٌ )ُج‬little garden ِ ‫ َج‬/ ‫نينات‬ ٌ َ ‫نان )أ‬ ٌ ‫ َج‬heart, soul (‫جنان‬ ٌ ‫ َج‬embryo, foetus; a seed or bud (ٌ‫نين )أ َ ِجنَّة‬ ٌ ‫ ُج‬possession (by jinn); madness, obsession ‫نون‬ ٌّ jinn, demons ‫جان‬ ٌ ُ ‫ َم‬obsessed; possessed; mad ‫جنون )َم‬ (‫جانين‬ ‫جهض‬ َ ‫ أ‬to have a miscarriage; to have a litter ‫ض‬ ُ ‫جه‬ َ ِ ُ‫جهض – ي‬ ‫جهاض‬ ‫ ِإ‬abortion, miscarriage ٌ ‫حبل‬ ‫ َحِبَل – يَحبَُل‬to conceive or be pregnant ‫ َحبََّل – يَُحِبُّل‬to impregnate ‫ َحبٌَل‬conception; pregnancy (‫حبالى‬ َ ) ‫ ُحبلى‬pregnant ‫حمل‬ ‫حمُل‬ ِ َ‫ َحَمَل – ي‬to carry or lift; to bear (a child) ُ‫ُحمل‬ ّ ِ ‫ َحَّمَل – ي‬to load or burden; to charge or task; to upload (file) ‫َحمَل‬ َّ ‫ ت ََحَّمَل – يَت‬to endure or tolerate; to assume (responsibilities) ٌ ‫ َح‬pregnancy; carrying, bearing ‫مل‬ ‫حمل‬ ُ ‫ ُحبو‬contraceptive pills ِ ‫ب َمنعِ اْل‬ ٌ(‫مل )أ َحمال‬ ٌ ‫ ِح‬load, burden; cargo ٌ (‫مالت‬ ‫ َحْملَةٌ )َح‬a campaign; an attack or offensive ‫حامٌل‬ ُ َ ‫ ت‬prejudice, bias; intolerance ‫ ُمحت ََمٌل‬bearable; likely, probable

54 Health

‫حيض‬ ْ ‫حاض‬ َ‫ت – ت‬ ‫حيض‬ to menstruate ُ َ ‫ياض‬ ٌ ‫ ِح‬/ ‫ض‬ ٌ ‫ َحْي‬menstruation ‫خصب‬ ‫ب‬ ُ ‫خص‬ َ ‫ص‬ ِ َ‫ب – ي‬ َ ‫ َخ‬to be fertile ‫ب‬ ُ ‫خص‬ َ ‫خص‬ ِ ُ‫ب – ي‬ َ َ ‫ أ‬to fertilise or make fertile ‫صيب‬ ‫ َخ‬/ ‫ب‬ ٌ ٌ ‫ص‬ ِ ‫ َخ‬fertile ٌ ُ fertility ‫إخصاب‬  / ‫خصوبَة‬ ٌ َ ‫ ت‬fertilisation ‫خصيب‬ ٌ ‫خلط‬ ُ ‫خل‬ َ َ‫ َخل‬to mix or mingle; to confuse ‫ط‬ ِ َ‫ط – ي‬ ُ ّ‫ط – ي َُخِل‬ َ َّ‫ َخل‬to mix or mingle; to cause confusion ‫ط‬ ُ ‫ط – يَخت َِل‬ َ َ‫ ِاختل‬to be mixed; to be promiscuous; to be on intimate terms ‫ط‬ ٌ‫ َخْلط‬a combination; mingling ٌ‫طة‬ َ ‫ َخْل‬a mixture or blend ٌ ‫ ُمخت َِل‬mixed ‫ط‬ ‫رضع‬ ‫رضُع‬ َ َ‫ضَع – ي‬ ِ ‫ َر‬to suckle or suck ‫ضُع‬ ّ ِ ‫ضَع – ي َُر‬ َّ ‫ َر‬to nurse, breastfeed, or suckle ‫راضٌع )ُر‬ (‫ضٌع‬ َّ ‫ ُر‬/ ‫ضعاء‬ ٌ ‫ َر‬baby or infant ِ  / ‫ضيع‬ ُ ‫رهق‬ ‫رهُق‬ َ َ‫ َرِهَق – ي‬to overtake; to begin to affect (someone) ‫راهُق‬ َ to be adolescent or to reach the age of sexual maturity ِ ُ‫راهَق – ي‬ ٌ‫راهقَة‬ َ ‫ ُم‬puberty ‫راهقَِة‬ َ ‫الم‬ ُ ‫ ِسُّن‬adolescence ٌ fatigue ‫إرهاق‬ (‫قون‬ َ ‫راه‬ ِ ‫راهٌق )ُم‬ ِ ‫ ُم‬adolescent, teenager ‫سقط‬ ُ ُ‫– يَسق‬ ‫ط‬ ُ ‫ُسق‬ ‫ط‬ ِ ‫–ي‬

َ َ‫سق‬ ‫ط‬ َ to fall, drop, or tumble َ‫ أ َسقط‬to miscarry; to drop or let fall

Health 55

ٌ ‫ ِس‬a miscarried foetus ‫قط‬ ٌ َ‫ َمسق‬a place where something falls ُ ‫ساق‬ (‫ط‬ ِ ‫ط )َم‬ ُ َ‫ َمسق‬birthplace ِ ‫الرأس‬ َّ ‫ط‬ ٌ‫ َمسقَط‬Muscat (capital of Oman) ٌ ‫إسقاط‬ an abortion ‫شبق‬ ‫شِبَق – يَشبَُق‬ َ to be lustful; to be lewd or lecherous ‫شبٌَق‬ َ lust; lewdness ٌ‫شبَقيَّة‬ erogenous zones َ ‫مناطُق‬ ِ ‫شذذ‬ ُّ‫يشذ‬ َ to segregate, separate, or isolate; to be lacking ِ – َّ‫شذ‬ ٌ(‫شذوذ‬ ُ ) ٌّ‫شذ‬ َ deviation, irregularity, anomaly; sexual deviance (ُّ‫شواذ‬ َ ) ٌ‫ شاذ‬irregular, peculiar; isolated ‫ ش ه ى‬/ ‫ش ه و‬ ‫شها – يَشهو‬ َ to desire, crave, or long for ‫ ِاشت َهى – يَشت َهي‬to crave, desire, or wish; to be covetous or greedy ٌ (‫هوات‬ ‫ش‬ َ ) ٌ ‫هوة‬ َ a craving or desire; pleasure, indulgence َ ‫ش‬ pleasant, delicious ‫ي‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ش‬ َ ٌّ ِ ٌ‫شهيَّة‬ َ appetite ‫طمث‬ َ to menstruate; to deflower ُ ‫طم‬ َ ‫طَم‬ ‫ث‬ ُ َ‫ث – ي‬ َ menstruation, period ٌ ‫طَم‬ ‫ث‬ َّ ‫نقطاع‬ ‫ث‬ ‫ ِا‬menopause ُ ِ ‫الطَم‬ ‫عري‬ ‫ي – يَْعرى‬ َ to be naked or nude َ ‫ع ِر‬ ‫ى – يُعَ ّري‬ َ to undress or strip; to deprive َ ‫عّر‬ ‫راء‬ ُ nakedness, nudity َ  / ‫ري‬ ٌ ‫ع‬ ٌ ‫ع‬ ٌ ‫ريان‬ ‫ع‬ (‫عرايا‬ ) ُ naked, bare َ

56 Health

‫عقر‬ ‫عقُر‬ ِ َ‫عقََر – ي‬ َ to wound; to be barren or sterile ‫قر‬ ُ ُ‫ الع‬sterility ٌ (‫قارات‬ ‫ع‬ ٌ ‫ع‬ َ real estate َ ) ‫قار‬ ٌ‫عقاقير ِطبّيَّة‬ medical drugs ُ (‫واقُر‬ ِ barren, sterile ِ ‫ع‬ َ ) ‫عاقٌر‬ ‫عقم‬ ‫عقَ َم – يَعقُ ُم‬ َ to be barren or sterile; to render barren ّ‫ ت َعَقَّ َم – يَتعَق ُم‬to be sterilised (person / thing) ‫قم‬ ُ infertility ٌ ‫ع‬ (‫قام‬ ُ ) ‫قيم‬ َ sterile; infertile; ineffective ٌ ‫ ِع‬/ ‫عقُ ٌم‬ ٌ ‫ع‬ ‫عقيم‬ ٌ َ ‫ ت‬sterilisation, disinfection, pasteurisation ‫ ُمعَقٌَّم‬sterilised, pasteurised, disinfected ‫ م ن ى‬/ ‫م ن و‬ ‫ َمنا – يَمنو‬to put to the test; to afflict; to tempt ‫ َمنّى – ي َُمنّي‬to wish; to promise; to awaken the desire (in someone for sth) ‫ أ َمنى – يُمني‬to shed (blood); to emit or ejaculate ‫ ت ََمنّى – يَت َمنَّى‬to desire ‫ ِاست َمنى – يَست َمني‬to masturbate ‫نى‬ ً ‫ ِم‬sperm (‫مان‬ ٍ َ ‫ أُمنِيَةٌ )أ‬a wish or desire; a demand ٌ ّ‫تمِني‬ (‫ات‬ َ ) ‫ ت ََمٍن‬a wish or desire; a request ‫نصب‬ ‫نتصاب‬ ‫ ِا‬erection ٌ ‫نتصاب‬ ‫ضعف ِاال‬ erectile dysfunction ِ ُ ‫ومض‬ ‫ض‬ ُ ‫مض – يَِم‬ َ ‫ َو‬to flash or flush ‫ض‬ ِ –‫ض‬ ُ ‫يوم‬ َ ‫أوم‬ َ to glance furtively; to wink ٌ‫راريّة‬ ٌ ‫ح‬ ‫ة‬ ‫مض‬ ‫و‬ ِ َ َ َ hot flushes; menopause

Health 57

‫يفع‬ ‫ يَفَ َع – يَْيفَُع‬to reach adolescence or puberty ‫ يَفَ ٌع‬adolescence, puberty ‫يافٌع‬ ِ an adolescent; a grown-up The Mind ‫قل‬ ُ َ‫الع‬ No root

ٌ mind; state, condition ‫بال‬ ُ leisure; being stress-free ‫بال‬ ِ ‫فراغ ْال‬ ْ ُ ‫بال‬ ‫ َم‬anxious, worried ِ ‫شغول ال‬ No root

ٌ َ ‫هن )أ‬ ٌ ‫ ِذ‬mind, intellect (‫ذهان‬ ‫صوب‬ ‫صوب‬ to hit (a target); to be right or hold true ُ َ‫صاب – ي‬ َ ‫ب‬ ُ ‫ُص ّ ِو‬ َ ‫صَّو‬ َ to aim or point; to agree, approve, or assent َ ‫ب –ي‬ ‫واب‬ ٌ ‫ص‬ َ that which is proper or correct; reason, intellect ُ‫صوابَه‬ َ َ‫ فَقَد‬he lost his mind ٌ (‫إصابات‬ ) ٌ‫ إصابَة‬an injury or wound; a goal ٌ (‫صيبات‬ ‫ ُم‬/ ‫ب‬ ُ ‫صائ‬ ِ ‫ ُمصيبَةٌ )َم‬a misfortune, calamity, or disaster ‫فصم‬ ‫فصُم‬ ُ َ‫صم – ي‬ َ َ‫ ف‬to split or crack; to cause to crack َ ‫صُم‬ ِ ‫صم – يَنف‬ َ َ‫ اِنف‬to be split, cleft, or cracked ‫صام‬ ٌ ‫ ِاِنف‬a split; schizophrenia َّ ‫نفصام‬ ‫خصيَِّة‬ ‫ ِا‬schizophrenia, split personality ِ ‫الش‬ ُ ‫مزج‬ ‫مزُج‬ ِ َ‫ َمَزَج – ي‬to mix, mingle, or blend ‫زج‬ ٌ ‫ َم‬blending, mixing (ٌ‫مزجة‬ ٌ ‫ ِم‬mood, temper; physical constitution; mixture َ َ ‫زاج )أ‬

58 Health

‫نفس‬ ‫س‬ ُ ُ‫س – يَنف‬ َ َ‫ نَف‬to be precious, priceless, or valuable َّ ‫س‬ ُ ‫س – يَت َنف‬ َ ُّ‫ ت َنَف‬to breathe; to rest or have a break ‫س‬ ُ َ‫س – يَت َناف‬ َ َ‫ ت َناف‬to rival, compete, or contend (‫نفاس‬ ٌ َ ‫س )أ‬ ٌ َ‫ نَف‬breath (‫فوس‬ ٌ ُ‫س )ن‬ ٌ ‫ نَْف‬soul, self; a person ُ ِ ‫الثّقة ِبالنَّفس‬ ِ self-confidence ‫ي‬ ِ َ‫ ن‬spiritual, mental, psychological ٌّ ‫فس‬ ٌ َ ‫ ت‬psychoanalysis ‫ي‬ ‫فس‬ ٌّ ِ َ‫حليل ن‬ ٌ‫فسيَّة‬ ِ َ‫ ن‬psyche, mentality; psychology ّ ِ psychiatry ‫ي‬ ُّ ‫فسان‬ ُّ ‫الط‬ ِ َ‫ب الّن‬ psychiatrist ‫ي‬ ٌ ِ ‫طبيب ن‬ ٌّ ‫َفسان‬ َ psychologist ‫ي‬ ‫فسان‬ ‫ن‬ ‫م‬ ‫عال‬ ِ ِ ٌ ٌّ ‫فيس‬ ٌ َ‫ ن‬precious, costly ٌ َ‫ ُمنافَسةٌ )ُمناف‬competition, rivalry (‫سات‬ ‫س‬ ٌ ُّ‫ ت َنَف‬respiration

َ ‫عكات‬ ‫مراض‬ ‫واأل‬ ‫ْالَو‬ Ailments, Illnesses, and Disabilities ‫واإلعاقات‬ ُ ُ ُ ‫أرق‬ ‫ ِأرَق – يأ َْرُق‬to be unable to sleep ‫ أ َ َّرَق – ي َُؤ ِ ّرُق‬to make sleepless or to prevent (someone) from sleeping ‫ أ َ َرٌق‬insomnia, sleeplessness ‫أزم‬ ّ ‫َأزَم – يَت‬ َّ ‫ ت‬to be critical; to come to a head ‫َأزُم‬ ٌ َ ٌ ‫زمة )أ َز‬ (‫مات‬ َ َ ‫ أ‬emergency, crisis; asthma No root

ُ cholesterol ُ ‫سترول‬ ‫ول‬ ِ ‫الك‬ ‫ألم‬ ‫ أ َ ِلَم – يَألَُم‬to suffer or feel pain; to be in pain ‫لم – يَت َألَّ ُم‬ َ َ ‫ ت َأ‬to suffer or feel pain

Health 59 (‫آالم‬ ٌ )

‫ ألٌَم‬pain, ache; grief

‫ؤلٌم‬ ِ ‫ ُم‬aching, painful; sad, distressing ‫ ُمتأ َ ِلٌم‬aching, painful; suffering, in pain ‫أنن‬ ‫ أ َ َّن – يَِئُّن‬to groan or moan ٌ ّ‫ أَنَّةٌ )أَن‬a groan or moan (‫ات‬ ‫بثر‬ ‫ بَث َ َر – يَبث ُ ُر‬to break out in spots (‫ثور‬ ٌ ُ‫ بَثٌْر )ب‬a spot or pimple; a blister ٌ (‫ثرات‬ َ‫ بَثْرة ٌ )ب‬a spot or pimple; a blister ‫برد‬ ُ‫برد‬ ُ َ‫ بََردَ – ي‬to be or feel cold; to soothe ُ‫ بَ َّردَ – يُبَ ِ ّرد‬to cool or refrigerate; to soothe ٌ‫ بَرد‬cold, catarrh; coldness, chilliness ٌ‫ بَ َرد‬hail ٌ‫ بُرود‬/ ٌ ‫ بُرودَة‬coldness; emotional coldness, frigidity ٌ‫ بَّراد‬/ ٌ ‫برادَة‬ ّ fridge ٌ‫بارد‬ cold, chilly; silly ِ No root

‫ بكتيريا‬bacteria ‫بكم‬ َ َ‫ بَِكَم – ي‬to be dumb; to hold one’s tongue or be silent ‫بكُم‬ ‫ُكم‬ ٌ ‫ ب‬dumbness (‫ُكم‬ ٌ ‫بكم )ب‬ ُ َ ‫ أ‬dumb (m) ٌ (‫ُكم‬ َ‫ماء )ب‬ ُ ‫ بََك‬dumb (f ) ٌ ‫ ب‬/ ‫كماوات‬ ‫تعب‬ ‫ب‬ ُ َ‫ب – يَتع‬ َ ‫ ت َِع‬to work hard, toil, wear oneself out, be or become tired ‫ب‬ ُ ‫ُتع‬ ِ ‫ب –ي‬ َ َ‫ أَتع‬to trouble or inconvenience; to fatigue

60 Health

‫ب‬ ٌ َ‫ ت َع‬exertion, fatigue; inconvenience, burden, nuisance ٌ‫ ت َعبان‬/ ‫ب‬ ٌ َ‫  ُمتع‬/ ‫ب‬ ٌ ‫ ت َ ِع‬tired, exhausted ‫تمتم‬ ‫َمتُم‬ ِ ‫ ت َمت ََم – يُت‬to stammer; to mumble or mutter ‫جدر‬ ‫ َجِدَر – يَْجدَ ُر‬to have smallpox ‫ي‬ ٌّ ‫ َجدَ ِر‬smallpox ‫جدور‬ ‫ َم‬infected with smallpox; pockmarked ٌ No root (‫راثيم‬ ٌ ‫ ُج‬germ, microbe ُ ‫رثومةٌ )َج‬ َ ‫ ُج‬/ ‫رثوم‬

‫حدب‬ ‫ب‬ ُ َ‫ب – يَحد‬ َ ‫ َحِد‬to be hunchbacked; to be nice or kind ‫ب‬ ٌ َ‫ َحد‬fondness, love (‫ب‬ ٌ ‫ب )ُحْد‬ ُ َ‫ أَحد‬hunchbacked ‫حصب‬ ‫ب‬ ُ ‫حص‬ َ ‫ص‬ ِ ‫ َح‬to have measles َ َ‫ب – ي‬ ٌ‫صبَة‬ ‫ح‬ measles ْ َ ‫حمم‬ ‫ َحَّم – يََحُّم‬to be feverish; to make hot ‫ َحَّمَم – يَُح ِ ّمُم‬to heat; to bathe or wash ‫ ِاست ََحَّم – يَست َِحُّم‬to bathe ٌ ‫ ُحَّمى )ُحَّم‬fever (‫يات‬ ‫ ِ ُح َّمى الدَّريس‬hay fever ٌ (‫مامات‬ ‫مام )َح‬ ٌ ‫ َح‬/ ٌ‫مامة‬ َ ‫ َح‬pigeon ٌ ‫ام )َحَّم‬ (‫امات‬ ٌ ‫ َحَّم‬bathroom; spa, hammam ‫خدش‬ ‫ش‬ ِ َ‫ش – ي‬ ُ ‫خد‬ َ َ‫ َخد‬to scratch; to violate; to ruin (reputation) َ ‫ أ‬/ ‫وش‬ (‫خداش‬ ٌ ٌ ُ‫ش ) ُخد‬ ٌ ‫ َخ ْد‬bruise, scratch, mark

Health 61

‫خرس‬ ‫س‬ ُ ‫خر‬ َ َ‫س – ي‬ َ ‫ َخِر‬to be dumb or mute; to be silent َ ‫ أ‬to silence or gag ‫س‬ ُ ‫خر‬ ِ ُ‫خرس – ي‬ َ ٌ ‫ ُخ‬/ ‫رس‬ (‫رسان‬ ٌ ‫س )ُخ‬ ُ ‫خر‬ َ َ ‫ أ‬dumb ‫خطر‬ َ َ‫ط َر – ي‬ َ ‫ َخ‬to shake, tremble, or vibrate; to swing or wave ‫خطُر‬ ُ ُ ‫ َخطَر – يَخطُر‬to become dangerous َ ‫طٌر )أ‬ َ ‫ َخ‬danger, peril (‫خطار‬ ٌ ُ ‫طير )ُخ‬ (‫طٌر‬ ٌ ‫ َخ‬weighty, momentous; dangerous, perilous; grave ٌ ‫طورة‬ ُ importance, significance; danger; gravity ‫خ‬ َ ‫خاطُر‬ ِ ‫ َم‬dangers ‫خطٌر‬ ِ ‫ ُم‬critical; perilous, risky ‫دمن‬ ‫ دَ ِمَن – يَ ْدَمُن‬to fertilise (soil) ‫ُدمُن‬ ِ ‫دمَن – ي‬ َ َ ‫ أ‬to be addicted; to give or devote oneself ٌ ‫من )ِدَم‬ ٌ ‫ ِد‬fertiliser, manure (‫ن‬ ٌ ‫ ِاإل‬addiction; excess; mania ‫دمان‬ ُ ‫إدمان‬ ُ alcoholism ‫حول‬ ِ ‫الك‬ ُ ‫رات‬ ‫إدمان‬ drug addiction ِ َّ‫المخد‬ ُ ‫دمٌن‬ ِ ‫ ُم‬addicted; an addict ‫دوء‬ ‫داء‬ ٌ illness, disease ‫رجج‬ ‫رج – يَُرُّج‬ َّ to convulse or shake ‫ َرٌّج‬shaking, convulsion ‫جاج‬ ٌ ‫رت‬ ِ ‫ ِا‬/ ٌ‫ َرَّجة‬convulsion; concussion ‫رمد‬ ُ‫رمد‬ َ َ‫ َرِمدَ – ي‬to have sore eyes; to be inflamed (of eyes) ُ‫ُرمد‬ ّ ِ ‫ َرَّمدَ – ي‬to burn to ashes or incinerate

62 Health

ٌ‫ َرَمد‬inflammation of the eyes ٌ‫ َرِمد‬sore-eyed (ٌ ‫رمدَة‬ ِ َ ‫ َرمادٌ )أ‬ashes ‫ي‬ ِ ‫ َر‬ashen, grey ٌّ ‫ماد‬ ٌ‫ ت َرميد‬cremation No root rheumatism ‫زم‬ ِ ٌ ‫رومات‬

‫زكم‬ ُ َ‫ َزَكَم – ي‬to catch a cold ‫زكُم‬ ‫كام‬ ٌ ‫ ُز‬cold, catarrh ‫زمن‬ ‫زمُن‬ َ َ‫ َزِمَن – ي‬to be chronically ill ُ‫زمن‬ َ َ ‫ أ‬to be chronic (disease); to remain or stay (for a long time) ِ ُ‫زمن – ي‬ ٌ َ ‫ َزَمٌن )أ‬time, period, duration (‫زمان‬ ٌ(‫مان )أ َزمنَة‬ ٌ ‫ َز‬time, duration; fortune, fate ‫زمٌن‬ ِ ‫ ُم‬chronic (illness); enduring ٌ‫زمن‬ ِ ‫رض ُم‬ ٌ ‫ َم‬terminal or chronic illness ‫سرط‬ ُ ‫يسَر‬ َ ‫سَر‬ ‫ط‬ َ to swallow or gulp َ –‫ط‬ ٌ ‫طان‬ (‫رطانات‬ ) ‫س‬ َ ٌ ‫سر‬ َ crayfish; cancer; Cancer ٌ ‫ي‬ ‫س‬ َ lobster ِ َ‫رطان ب‬ ٌّ ‫حر‬ ْ ُ ‫ض الَخ‬ ُ ‫السَر‬ ‫بيث‬ َّ cancer ُ ‫ ْالَمَر‬/ ‫طان‬ ‫سعل‬ ‫سعََل – يَسعُ ُل‬ َ to cough ٌ َ ٌ‫سعال‬ ُ  / ‫سعلة‬ ُ cough ‫سقم‬ ‫سِقَم – يَسقَُم‬ َ to be ill; to become thin; to be poor َ (‫سقام‬ ُ  / ‫سقٌَم‬ َ illness; thinness ٌ ‫قم )أ‬ ٌ ‫س‬ َ (‫ماء‬ ُ  / ‫قام‬ َ ill, unwell ُ ‫سق‬ ٌ ‫قيم )ِس‬ ٌ ‫س‬

Health 63

‫سمم‬ ‫سُّم‬ ُ َ‫سم – ي‬ َّ to poison ‫س ِ ّمُم‬ َ to poison oneself or to be poisoned َ ُ‫سَّمَم – ي‬ (‫مام‬ ُ ) ‫سٌّم‬ َ poison, toxin, venom; eye of a needle ٌ ‫ ِس‬/ ‫موم‬ ٌ ‫س‬ ٌ (‫سامات‬ ‫م‬ ‫سام )َم‬ ٌّ َ pores (of the skin) (‫مائُم‬ ِ ‫س‬ َ ) ‫موم‬ َ hot wind or sandstorm, simoom ٌ ‫س‬ ‫ ت ََسُّمٌم‬poisoning ‫ ُمِسٌّم‬/ ‫سام‬ ٌّ poisonous, toxic ‫سمن‬ ‫سمُن‬ ِ to be fat or obese َ َ‫سمَن – ي‬ ُ‫سَّمَن – ي َُس ِ ّمن‬ َ to fatten or make plump ٌ ‫س‬ ‫من‬ cooking butter, ghee َ ٌ‫سمنَة‬ ٌ ُ  / ‫ ِسمنَة‬corpulence, obesity ٌ ‫مين )ِس‬ ٌ ‫س‬ (‫مان‬ َ overweight, fat, obese ‫سهل‬ ‫سهُل‬ َ to be smooth, even, or easy ُ َ‫سُهَل – ي‬ ‫ُسهُل‬ ّ ِ ‫سَّهَل – ي‬ َ to smooth or level; to facilitate ُ‫سهل‬ َ َ ‫ أ‬to purge or relieve; to have diarrhoea ِ ُ‫سهل – ي‬ ٌ ‫س‬ ‫هل‬ َ easy, convenient; level, smooth ‫سهولة‬ ‫ ِب‬easily ٍ ٌ ‫سهال‬ ‫ ِإ‬diarrhoea ٌ(‫س ِ ّهالت‬ َ ‫ ُم‬laxative َ ‫س ِ ّهٌل )ُم‬ ٌ facilities ‫تسهيالت‬ ‫شحب‬ ‫ب‬ ُ ‫شح‬ ُ َ‫ب – ي‬ َ ‫شح‬ َ to be or become pale; to be lean or emaciated; to look ill ُ pallor, emaciation ‫حوب‬ ‫ش‬ ٌ (‫ب‬ )‫ب‬ ٌ ‫شاح‬ ُ ‫شواح‬ ِ pale, dull; haggard; emaciated ِ ‫شلل‬ ‫شَّل – يَِشُّل‬ َ to be lame or paralysed; to dry up or wither ‫نشُّل‬ َ َ‫شَّل – ي‬ َ ‫ ِان‬to be paralysed ٌ‫شلَل‬ َ paralysis

64 Health

ٌ ّ‫شال‬ (‫الت‬ َ waterfall; cataract َ ) ‫شّالٌل‬ ٌ‫ َمشلول‬paralysed, lame ‫شنج‬ ‫شنََج – يَشن َُج‬ َ to contract or shrink َّ َّ ‫ ت ََشنَج – يَت ََشنُج‬to contract or shrink; to suffer convulsions ‫ ت ََشنُّ ٌج‬contraction, shriveling, shrinking; convulsions, cramps ٌ ُّ‫ ت ََشن‬cramps, seizures ‫جات‬ ‫شوه‬ ُ‫شوهَ – يَْشَوه‬ ِ to be or become deformed or disfigured َ to disfigure, deface, or mutilate; to slander ُ‫شَّوهَ – ي َُش ّ ِوه‬ ٌ‫ ت َشويه‬/ ٌ‫شَوه‬ َ deformity, malformation ٌ(‫ ت ََشُّوهٌ )ت ََشُّوهات‬deformity, malformation َ ‫ ُم‬disfigured, deformed ٌ‫شَّوه‬ ‫شيخ‬ ُ َ‫شاخ – ي‬ to age or grow old ‫شيخ‬ َ ُ ) ‫يخ‬ ٌ َ ‫ أ‬/ ‫يوخ‬ ٌ ‫ش‬ ٌ ‫ش‬ (‫شياخ‬ َ old man, venerable person, elder; sheikh ٌ ٌ َ ‫ش‬ (‫يخات‬ ‫ش‬ َ old or elderly woman َ ) ‫يخة‬ ُ‫يخوخة‬ َّ old age, senility َ ‫الش‬ ‫صدع‬ ‫ّع‬ ُ ‫صِد‬ َ ‫صد‬ َ ُ‫َّع – ي‬ َ to cause a headache; to molest, harass, or trouble ‫داع‬ ٌ ‫ص‬ ُ headache ‫صدف‬ ‫ف‬ ْ َ‫ف – ي‬ ُ ‫صِد‬ َ to avoid, shun, or turn away َ َ‫صد‬ َ ‫ف‬ ‫صاد‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ي‬ – ‫ف‬ َ َ َ‫ ت َصاد‬to happen by chance ُ َ َ (‫صداف‬ ‫ف )أ‬ ٌ ٌ َ‫صد‬ َ pearl oyster, sea shell ُ‫الصدَفِيَّة‬ َّ psoriasis (‫ف‬ ُ chance, coincidence ُ ) ٌ‫صدفَة‬ ٌ َ‫صد‬ ‫صمم‬ ‫صُّم‬ َ َ‫صَّم – ي‬ َ to be or become deaf; to cork or plug ‫ُص ِ ّمُم‬ – ‫صَّمَم‬ ‫ي‬ َ to deafen; to decide; to design or plan َ

Health 65

‫صَمٌم‬ َ deafness ‫ميم‬ َ heart, core, essence; true, sincere ٌ ‫ص‬ ‫ميم‬ ‫َص‬ ٌ ْ ‫ ت‬determination, resolve; plan, design, sketch (‫صٌّم‬ ُ ) ‫صُّم‬ َ َ ‫ أ‬deaf (m) ٌ ‫صّم‬ (‫صٌّم‬ ُ  / ‫اوات‬ ُ ‫صّم‬ َ deaf (f ) َ ) ‫اء‬ ‫ضرر‬ ‫ضُّر‬ ُ َ‫ضر – ي‬ َّ to injure, harm, hurt, or damage ‫نضُّر‬ َ َ‫ض َّر – ي‬ َ ‫ ِان‬to be damaged, injured, or harmed َ َ ‫ ِاض‬to force, compel, or coerce ‫ط َّر – يَضطُّر‬ ‫ضٌّر‬ ُ damage, harm َ ‫رير )أ‬ (‫ضرار‬ ٌ ٌ ‫ض‬ َ blind ٌ (‫رورات‬ ‫ض‬ َ ) ٌ ‫رورة‬ َ necessity, need; stress, distress َ ‫ض‬ ‫ي‬ َ necessary ِ ‫ض‬ ٌّ ‫رور‬  /  harmful, injurious, detrimental; disadvantageous ‫ضٌّر‬ ‫م‬ ٌّ ِ ُ ‫ضار‬ ‫ضغط‬ ُ َ‫ط – يَضغ‬ َ َ ‫ضغ‬ ‫ط‬ َ to press, squeeze, oppress, or compress ٌ ‫ض‬ ٌ ‫ض‬ (‫غوط‬ ُ ) ‫غط‬ َ pressure, stress, tension ٌ‫ َمضغوط‬compressed, under pressure, stressed ‫ضمر‬ ‫ضمُر‬ َ to be or become emaciated or skinny; to contract or shrink ُ َ‫ضَمَر – ي‬ ‫ُض ِ ّمُر‬ َ to make thin or lean; to conceal or hide َ ‫ضَّمَر – ي‬ ‫مور‬ ُ emaciation, leanness, skinniness ٌ ‫ض‬ (‫مائُر‬ ِ ‫ض‬ ٌ ‫ض‬ َ heart, mind, conscience; pronoun (grammar) َ ) ‫مير‬ ‫طرأ‬ ُ ‫طرأ‬ َ to descend; to occur or happen unexpectedly َ َ‫طرأ – ي‬ ُ ‫طوار‬ (‫ئ‬ ) ٌ‫طارئة‬ accident, unforeseen event ِ ِ َّ accident and emergency ‫ئ‬ ‫وار‬ ‫الط‬ ‫قسم‬ ِ ِ ُ ٌ‫طارئ َة‬ ٌ ِ ‫ حالَة‬emergency ‫طرش‬ َ to be or become deaf ‫ش‬ ُ ‫طر‬ َ َ‫ش – ي‬ َ ‫طَر‬ َ deafness ‫ش‬ ٌ ‫طَر‬

66 Health

ُ )‫ش‬ (‫رش‬ ٌ ‫ط‬ ُ ‫طر‬ َ َ ‫ أ‬deaf (m) ُ  / ‫رشاوات‬ َ deaf (f ) َ ) ‫رشاء‬ ٌ ‫ط‬ (‫رش‬ ‫ط‬ ٌ ‫ط‬ ُ ‫طفل‬ َ to intrude or impose; to sponge off other people َ ‫طفََّل – ي‬ ‫ُطِفّ ُل‬ َ soft, tender ٌ ‫ط‬ ‫فل‬ ٌ َ ‫فل )أ‬ ٌ ‫ ِط‬infant, baby, child (‫طفال‬ ْ َ ‫فال‬ ُّ ‫ ِط‬paediatrics ِ ‫ب األط‬ ٌ‫فوليَّة‬ ُ  / ٌ‫طفولَة‬ ُ infancy, childhood; childishness ِ ‫ط‬ ‫عرج‬ ‫عرُج‬ ُ َ‫عَرَج – ي‬ َ to ascend or mount; to be lame or to walk with a limp (‫رج‬ ٌ ‫ع‬ ُ ) ‫عرُج‬ َ َ ‫ أ‬lame, limping; the jack in a deck of cards ٌ ‫ع‬ (‫رج‬ ‫ع‬ ٌ ‫ع‬ ُ  / ‫رجاوات‬ َ lame, limping َ ) ‫رجاء‬ ُ ‫عطس‬ ُ َ‫س – ي‬ َ ‫ع‬ ‫س‬ ُ ‫عط‬ َ to sneeze َ ‫ط‬ ْ ‫س‬ ُ sneezing ٌ ‫عط‬ ٌ ‫ع‬ َ  / ‫طاس‬ ‫علل‬ ‫عَّل – يَِعُّل‬ َ to be or fall ill ُّ‫ ِاعت ََّل – يَعت َل‬to be weak or fall ill; to pretend or allege ٌ ّ‫ ِعلَّةٌ )ِعال‬illness, disease, malady (‫ت‬ ٌ َ‫ ِعلَّةٌ )ِعل‬cause, reason; excuse, pretext, plea (‫ل‬ ٌ ‫ع‬ (‫عالّ ُء‬ ِ َ ‫ليل )أ‬ َ a sick or ill person, a patient ٌ‫عتالل‬ ِ ‫ ِإ‬illness, sickness, disease, malady ‫عمى‬ ‫ي – يَعمى‬ َ to lose one’s eyesight or to be blind َ ‫عِم‬ ٌ ‫ع‬ (‫ميان‬ ُ  / ‫مي‬ ُ ) ‫ أ َ ْعمى‬blind (m) ٌ ‫ع‬ ٌ (‫مي‬ ‫ع‬ ُ  / ‫مياوات‬ َ blind (f ) َ ) ‫مياء‬ ُ ‫ع‬ ٌ ‫ع‬ ‫مى‬ َ blindness ً ‫ع‬ ‫عيي‬ ‫عِييَى – يَْعيا‬ َ  / ‫ي‬ َ to fall ill; to lack strength or be incapable; to be unable to express َّ ‫ع‬

Health 67 (‫عياء‬ َ weak, impotent; unable to express oneself ٌ َ ‫ي )أ‬ ٌّ ‫ع‬ ُ‫عيَّان‬ َ sick, ill; tired, fatigued

‫غثى‬ َ to confuse, muddle, or jumble ‫غثى – يَغثي‬ َ ٌ َ nausea, sickness َ  / ‫غثيان‬ ‫ثي‬ ٌ ‫غ‬ ‫غوط‬ ُ ‫ط – يُغَ ّ ِو‬ َ ‫غَّو‬ َ to deepen or make deep ‫ط‬ ُ‫َغوط‬ َ َّ ‫ ت‬to relieve nature, to evacuate the bowels َّ ‫َغوط – يَت‬ ٌ(‫ أ َغواط‬/ ‫وط‬ ٌ ‫غ‬ ٌ ‫غْو‬ ُ )‫ط‬ َ cavity, depression ٌ ‫غ‬ َ deep ‫ويط‬ ٌ ‫غائ‬ ‫ط‬ ِ human faeces No root

ٌ ‫ فأ ْفأ‬stuttering ‫فتك‬ ‫فتُك‬ ِ َ‫ فَت ََك – ي‬to destroy; to assassinate or murder ٌ َّ ‫ فَت‬deadly (illness), lethal, fatal; murderous ‫اك‬ ٌ ّ ‫مرض فَت‬ ‫اك‬ deadly illness ٌ ‫فحص‬ ‫ص‬ ُ ‫فح‬ َ َ‫ص – ي‬ َ ‫ فََح‬to inspect, scrutinise, or examine; to search ُ‫حص )ف‬ (‫حوص‬ ٌ ٌ َ‫ ف‬check-up, examination; investigation; search ‫فحل‬ ‫فحُل‬ َ َ ‫ اِست‬to become dreadful or serious; to get out of control ِ َ ‫فحل – يَست‬ ٌ(‫حل )فُحول‬ ٌ َ‫ ف‬stallion; a star or celebrity; a master ٌ‫ فُحولَة‬virility; excellence, perfection ٌ ‫ست‬ ‫فحال‬ ِ ‫ ِا‬gravity, seriousness; difficulty ‫ض‬ ُ ‫َفحَل ْالَمَر‬ َ ‫ ِاست‬the illness spread ‫فشو‬ ‫ فَشا – يَفشو‬to spread, diffuse, or circulate

68 Health

ّ ‫شى – يَت‬ ّ َ‫ ت َف‬to spread, gain ground, or rage ‫َفشى‬ ‫ض‬ ُ ‫المَر‬ َ ‫شى ِبِه‬ َ َ‫ ت َف‬the illness spread in his body ٍ ‫ ت َفَش‬spreading, outbreak No root

ٌ ‫ فَْي‬viruses (‫روسات‬ ‫روس )فَ ْي‬ ٌ ‫قلص‬ ‫ص‬ ُ ‫ص – يَِقل‬ َ َ‫ قَل‬to contract, shrink, or decrease ‫ص‬ ٌ ُّ‫ ت َقل‬contraction, shrinking, shrinkage ُّ‫ ت َقل‬cramps ٌ ‫صات‬ ‫كدم‬ ‫ َكدَ َم – يَْكِدُم‬to bruise; to bite (with front teeth) ٌ ‫كدم‬ (‫ات‬ َ ) ٌ‫ َكْدمة‬a bruise; a bite or wound ‫كسر‬ ‫كسُر‬ ِ َ‫سَر – ي‬ َ ‫ َك‬to break, shatter, or fracture; to destroy or defeat (an army) َ ‫سَر – يَنكِسُر‬ َ ‫ ِانَك‬to break or be broken; to be defeated (‫سور‬ ٌ ‫سر )ُك‬ ٌ ‫ َك‬breaking, fracturing, shattering ٌ ‫ َكْسَرة‬defeat; breakdown; vowel (i) ◌ِ in Arabic grammar ‫كسور‬ ‫ َم‬broken, fractured ٌ ‫كئب‬ ‫ب‬ ُ َ ‫ب – يَْكأ‬ َ ‫ َكِئ‬to be dejected, dispirited, or sad ‫ب‬ ُ ‫ب – يَكت َِئ‬ َ َ ‫ ِاكت َأ‬to be depressed or sad; to be worried ٌ‫ َكآبة‬/ ‫ئاب‬ ٌ ‫كت‬ ِ ‫ ِا‬depression, sadness, sorrow, grief ‫ب‬ ٌ ‫ ُمكت َِئ‬/ ‫ئيب‬ ٌ ‫ َك‬sad, dejected, depressed, melancholy ‫لهب‬ ‫ب‬ ُ ‫له‬ َ ‫ لَ ِه‬to flame, burn, or blaze َ َ‫ب – ي‬ ْ ‫ب‬ ُ ‫ته‬ َ َ ‫ ِالت‬to flare up or to be inflamed; to catch fire ِ ‫هب – يَل‬ َ ‫هيب‬ ٌ ‫ ل‬/ ‫ب‬ ٌ ‫ لََه‬flame, blaze

Health 69

‫ب‬ ٌ ‫ ُملت َِه‬inflamed, burning ‫هاب‬ ٌ ‫ ْإل‬/ ‫هاب‬ ٌ ‫ ِاْلِت‬inflammation, burning ‫مفاصِل‬ ُ ‫ ِاْلِت‬arthritis, inflammation of the joints ِ ‫هاب ْال‬ ‫مرض‬ ‫ض‬ ُ ‫مر‬ َ ‫ َمِر‬to fall ill or to be sick َ َ‫ض – ي‬ ‫ض‬ ُ ‫ض – ي َُم ِ ّر‬ َ ‫ َمَّر‬to make ill or sick; to nurse َ ‫ض )أ‬ (‫مراض‬ ٌ ٌ ‫ َمَر‬disease, ailment, illness َ ‫ أ‬symptoms (of illness) ِ ‫عراض ْالَمَرض‬ ُ ْ َ ‫ ت‬diagnosis ِ ‫شخيص ال َم َرض‬ ُ ‫ي‬ ٌ ‫ َم‬mental illness َ ‫رض‬ ٌّ ‫عِقل‬ ‫ َم‬sick; a patient, an ill person (‫ريض )َمْرضى‬ ٌ ‫مر‬ ‫م‬ ‫ض‬ (‫ضون‬ ) َ ّ ِ ُ ٌ ‫ ُمَم ِ ّر‬nurse, hospital attendant ٌ (‫ضات‬ ‫ضةٌ )ُمَم ِ ّر‬ َ ‫ ُمَم ِ ّر‬female nurse ‫مسك‬ ‫مسُك‬ ِ َ‫سَك – ي‬ َ ‫ َم‬to grab, grasp, seize, or hold ‫سُك‬ َّ ‫ ت ََم‬to hold on, persist, or adhere ّ ‫سَك – يَت ََم‬ ‫ َمْسٌك‬seizure; grip, hold ‫ ِمْسٌك‬musk ٌ ‫مساك‬ ‫ ِإ‬constipation; restraint ‫منع‬ (Full treatment in Law chapter)

‫ َمنََع – يَمنَُع‬to defend, protect, or guard; to detain or prevent from entering ‫ناع‬ ٌ ‫مت‬ ِ ‫ ِا‬abstention; refusal ٌ‫ناعة‬ َ ‫ َم‬immunity, strength, impenetrability ُ ‫الج‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ي‬ ِ ِ ‫هاز ْالَم‬ ِ human immune system ُّ ‫اإلنسان‬ ُّ ‫ناع‬ ْ ُ ‫ناعِة‬  / ‫ اإليدز‬AIDS ُ َ ‫قدان الَم‬ ِ ‫مرض ف‬ ‫نحف‬ ‫ف‬ ُ ‫نح‬ َ َ‫ف – ي‬ َ ‫ نَُح‬to be thin, slim, or slender; to lose weight ٌ‫ نَحافَة‬leanness, thinness, slenderness (‫حفاء‬ ٌ ِ‫حيف )ن‬ ٌ َ‫ ن‬thin, slim, slender; delicate ُ ُ‫ ن‬/ ‫حاف‬

70 Health

‫نزف‬ ‫ف‬ ُ ‫نز‬ ِ َ‫ف – ي‬ َ ‫ نََز‬to bleed; to drain, exhaust, or empty ‫زيف‬ ٌ َ‫ ن‬/ ‫زف‬ ٌ َ‫ ن‬haemorrhage, bleeding, loss of blood ‫نسي‬ ‫ي – يَنسى‬ َ ‫ ن َِس‬to forget ‫ أ َنسى – يُنسي‬to make (someone) forget ٌ َ‫ ِنسي‬forgetfulness, forgetting; oblivion ‫ان‬ ‫نفخ‬ ‫ نَفََخ – يَنفُ ُخ‬to blow or puff; to breathe; to inflate ‫ ِانت َفََخ – يَنت َِفُخ‬to be inflated; to swell or puff up ٌ َ‫ ن‬blowing, inflation, filling with air ‫فخ‬ ٌ ‫ اِِنت‬swelling; bloating, flatulence ‫فاخ‬ ٌ ‫ َم‬blown up; flatulent; conceited ‫نفوخ‬ ‫هشش‬ ‫ش‬ ُّ ‫ش – يَِه‬ َّ ‫ َه‬to be crisp (bread); to smile; to be in good spirits ‫ش‬ ٌّ ‫ َه‬delicate, fragile; crisp, brittle ٌ‫شاشة‬ َ ‫ َه‬softness; happiness ‫ظام‬ َ ‫ َه‬osteoporosis ِ ‫شاشةُ ْالِع‬ ‫هور‬ ‫هور‬ ُ َ‫هار – ي‬ َ to be destroyed; to fall down or collapse ‫نهار‬ ‫ي‬ – ‫نهار‬ ُ َ َ ‫ ِا‬to collapse or break down ‫ ت ََهُّوٌر‬light-headedness; carelessness, hastiness ‫نهيار‬ ٌ ‫ ِا‬a collapse or breakdown ‫َهوٌر‬ ِ ّ ‫ ُمت‬hasty, rash; frivolous ‫وبئ‬ ُ ‫ىء – يَ ْوبَأ‬ َ ‫ َوِب‬to be plague-stricken; to be infected or poisoned ٌ(‫وبئ َة‬ َ ٌ ‫ َو‬epidemic, plague ِ ‫باء )أ‬ ‫بوء‬ ٌ ‫ َمْو‬poisoned; contaminated, infested, infected

Health 71

‫وتر‬ ‫ َوت ََر – يَِتُر‬to wrong, cheat, or dupe; to stretch; to string (instrument) ‫ُوت ّ ُر‬ ِ ‫ وت َّ َر – ي‬to stretch or strain; to tighten or pull taut (rope, string) ‫تر‬ ٌ ‫ ِو‬odd (number) (‫تار‬ ٌ ‫ َوت ٌَر )أ َ ْو‬tendon, chord; string (of instrument) ٌ ُّ ‫ ت َ َوت ُّ ٌر )ت َ َوت‬tension; instability (‫رات‬ ‫ ُمت ََوِت ّ ٌر‬stressed; tight, tense ‫وجع‬ ‫ َوِجَع – يَْوِجُع‬to feel pain; to hurt or cause pain ‫ ت ََوَّجَع – يَت ََوَّجُع‬to suffer pain; to lament; to feel sorrow or compassion َ ‫ َوَجٌع )أ‬pain, ache, ailment (‫وجاع‬ ٌ ‫وجوع‬ ٌ ‫ َم‬feeling pain; in pain, suffering ‫ورث‬ ُ ‫ث – يَِر‬ َ ‫ َوِر‬to inherit or be heir to ‫ث‬ ٌ ‫ ِو‬/ ‫رث‬ ٌ ‫ ِإ‬inheritance; heritage ‫رث‬ ٌ‫ ِوراثَة‬hereditary; inheritance, legacy ‫ي‬ ِ ‫ ِو‬hereditary ٌّ ‫راث‬ ٌ‫راثيّة‬ ِ ‫وامُل ِو‬ ِ ‫ع‬ َ genetic factors ‫ورم‬ ‫ َوَرَم – يَِرُم‬to swell or be swollen ‫َورُم‬ َّ ‫َورَم – يَت‬ َّ ‫ ت‬to swell or be swollen (‫رام‬ ٌ ‫ َوَرٌم )ْأو‬a swelling or tumour ٌ‫ َوَرٌم َخبيث‬malignant tumour ٌ‫ َوَرٌم َحميد‬benign tumour ‫وارٌم‬ ِ swollen ‫وعك‬ ‫عُك‬ َّ ‫ ت ََو‬to be indisposed or unwell َّ ‫عَك – يَت ََو‬ ٌ‫ َوْعَكة‬illness, indisposition ‫ َوِعٌك‬/ ‫َوعٌك‬ ّ ِ ‫ ُمت‬indisposed, unwell, ill

72 Health

‫وهن‬ ‫ َوَهَن – يَِهُن‬to be weak or feeble, to lack strength ‫يوهُن‬ َ َ ‫ أ‬to weaken; to discourage ِ – ‫وهَن‬ ‫ َوْهٌن‬weakness ُ ‫ َو‬heart failure ‫ب‬ ِ َ‫هن ْالقَل‬ ٌ ‫واهٌن )ُوُه‬ (‫ن‬ ِ weak, feeble, debilitated; unnerved

ْ ‫الج‬ Treatment, Cures, and Death ‫موت‬ ُ ‫وال‬ ُ ‫والع‬ ِ ُ‫المداواة‬ ُ ‫بتر‬ ‫ بَت ََر – يَبت ُ ُر‬to cut off, sever, or amputate; to mutilate ‫ اِنبَت ََر – يَنبَِتُر‬to be cut or severed ‫ بَتٌْر‬amputation, severance ‫بتور‬ ٌ ‫ َم‬/ ‫بتر‬ ُ َ ‫ أ‬cut off; isolated; childless ‫بكى‬ ‫ بَكى – يَبكي‬to weep or cry; to lament or mourn ‫ أ َبكى – يُبكي‬to make (someone) cry ‫اء‬ ٌ ‫ بََّك‬tearful (ٌ ‫باك )بُكاة‬ ٍ weeping, crying; a mourner ‫جثث‬ ُّ ‫ث – يَُج‬ َّ ‫ َج‬to uproot ‫ث‬ َ ‫ أ‬/ ‫ثث‬ ٌ ٌ ‫ ُجث ّةٌ )ُج‬corpse, body (‫جثاث‬ ‫جرح‬ ‫جرُح‬ َ َ‫ َجَرَح – ي‬to hurt, wound, or injure (‫روح‬ ٌ ‫ ُجْرٌح )ُج‬a wound, cut, or injury ٌ ‫طيرة‬ ٌ ‫ ُج‬serious injuries َ ‫روح َخ‬ ٌ‫طفيفَة‬ َ ‫روح‬ ٌ ‫ ُج‬minor injuries ‫اح )َجَّر‬ (‫احون‬ َ ٌ ‫ َجَّر‬surgeon ‫ َم‬wounded, injured, hurt (‫جاريح‬ ‫جروح )َم‬ ٌ ُ ‫جرع‬ ‫ع‬ ُ ‫جر‬ َ ‫ َجَر‬to swallow, gulp, or devour َ َ‫ع – ي‬ ٌ(‫ ُجُرعات‬/ ‫ع‬ ٌ ‫رعةٌ )ُجَر‬ َ ‫ ُج‬a dose, gulp, or mouthful

Health 73

‫حقن‬ ‫حقُن‬ ِ َ‫ َحقََن – ي‬to give (someone) an injection; to hold back or detain ‫ ِاحت َقََن – يَحت َِقُن‬to be injected; to become congested; to take an enema ٌ ‫ َح‬injection ‫قن‬ ٌ َ‫ ُحقنَةٌ )ُحق‬an injection; an enema (‫ن‬ ُ ‫حاق‬ (‫ن‬ ِ ‫ ِمحقنَةٌ )َم‬syringe ‫ ح ي ي‬/ ‫ح ي و‬ (Full treatment in Earth chapter)

‫ي – يَحيا‬ َّ ‫ َح‬to live, experience, or witness ‫ حيَّا – ي َُحيّي‬to keep alive; to grant (someone) long life ‫ ِاست َحى – يَست َحي‬to be ashamed; to feel or become embarrassed ‫ياء‬ ٌ ‫ َح‬shyness; shame, diffidence ٌ َ‫ َحياة ٌ )َحي‬life; liveliness, animation (‫وات‬ ‫ي‬ ٌّ ‫ ُمضادٌّ َحيَ ِو‬antibiotics ٌ ‫ َح‬animal, beast, living creature ٌ (‫يوانات‬ ‫يوان )َح‬ ‫خدر‬ ‫ َخِدَر – يَخدَ ُر‬to be numb or paralysed; to tingle ‫ َخد ََّر – ي َُخِد ُّر‬to anaesthetise or numb, to put to sleep ‫ َخدَ ٌر‬numbness, insensibility; daze ‫خدير‬ ٌ َ ‫ ت‬anaesthetisation, numbing ٌ ّ‫ ُم َخ ِد ٌّر ) ُم َخِد‬anaesthetic, tranquiliser; narcotics, drug (‫رات‬ ‫دوى‬ ‫ دَوى – يَدوي‬to echo, reverberate; to sound ‫ داوى – يُداوي‬to treat (a patient or disease) ‫ ت َداوى – يَت َداوى‬to treat or medicate oneself; to be cured (‫دواء‬ disease, sickness, illness ٌ َ ‫دوى )أ‬ ً َ ‫أ‬ (ٌ‫دويَة‬ ) medicine, remedy, drug ‫د‬ ‫واء‬ َ ِ ٌ ‫واء‬ ِ َّ‫ناو ُل الد‬ ُ َ ‫ ت‬taking medicine ٌ ‫ ُمداواة‬treatment, therapy ‫سعف‬ ‫ف‬ to help or support ِ ُ‫ف – ي‬ ُ ‫ساع‬ َ َ ‫ساع‬ َ ‫ف‬ ِ ُ‫ف – ي‬ ُ ‫سع‬ َ َ‫ أسع‬to help or assist; to comply with someone’s wishes

74 Health

ٌ (‫إسعافات‬ ) ‫إسعاف‬ medical aid; relief, help, assistance ٌ ‫اإلسعاف‬ ambulance ُ َ ‫ي‬ ‫ل‬ ‫و‬ ‫أ‬ ‫سعاف‬ ‫ ِإ‬first aid ِ ٌّ َّ ٌ ‫شفى‬ ‫شفَى – يَشفي‬ َ to cure or heal ‫ي – يَشفى‬ َ to be healed or cured َ ‫شِف‬ cure, recovery, healing ‫فاء‬ ‫ش‬ ِ ٌ ّ ِ ‫الهنا‬ ‫صحتين‬ َ  / ‫والشفا‬ َ ‫ ِب‬bon appetit ٌ َ‫ ُمْست َشفَي‬/ ‫شاف‬ (‫ات‬ ٍ ‫ى )َم‬ ً َ‫ ُمْست َشف‬/ ‫ى‬ ً َ‫ َمشف‬hospital ‫صحح‬ ‫صُّح‬ ِ َ‫صَّح – ي‬ َ to be healthy; to recover or recuperate ‫ُص ِ ّحُح‬ َ to cure or restore to health; to correct or rectify َ ‫صَّحَح – ي‬ ٌ‫صَّحة‬ ِ health; hygiene; correctness ‫مان‬ ‫واأل‬ ّ ِ health and safety ِ َ ُ‫الصحة‬ ُ َّ ‫ الت‬health insurance ‫ي‬ ّ ِ ‫أمين‬ ُّ ‫الصِح‬ ‫ي‬ ٌ ‫ َح‬quarantine ِ ‫جر‬ ٌّ ‫ص ِ ّح‬ ُ‫طنِيّة‬ َ ‫الو‬ ُ َ‫الخد‬ َ national health services ّ ِ ‫مات‬ َ ُ‫الص ِ ّحيّة‬ َ ‫ح‬ ‫ص‬ ‫أ‬ ‫حيح‬ ‫ص‬ ‫حاح‬ ‫ص‬ (‫اء‬  /  ) ّ ٌ ٌ ِ ُ ِ َ healthy, well, sound; genuine, authentic ‫حيح‬ ٌ ‫َص‬ ْ ‫ ت‬correction, rectification ‫صون‬ ُ ‫صون‬ to preserve or conserve; to retain or maintain َ َ‫صان – ي‬ ‫صْوٌن‬ َ protection; preservation, conservation; maintenance ٌ ‫صون‬ ‫ َم‬immune; well-protected, sheltered No root

ٌ‫صيدَلَة‬ َ pharmacy; pharmacology ٌ(‫يادلَة‬ ِ ‫ص‬ َ )‫ي‬ َ chemist, pharmacist; pharmacy ٌّ ‫صيدَ ِل‬ ٌ ٌ(‫صيدَِليّات‬ َ pharmacy; chemist َ ) ‫صيدليَّة‬ ‫ضعف‬ ‫ف‬ ُ ّ‫ضِع‬ َ ُ‫ف – ي‬ َ to double or multiply َ َّ‫ضع‬ ‫ف‬ to double or multiply ِ ُ‫ف – ي‬ ُ ‫ضاع‬ َ َ ‫ضاع‬

Health 75

َ ‫عف )أ‬ (‫ضعاف‬ ٌ ٌ ‫ض‬ ِ double, multiple ٌ ٌ(‫ضاعفات‬ ‫ ُم‬complications (disease); side effects; doubling, multiplying ‫ضاعفة )ُم‬ َ َ ٌ‫جانبيَّة‬ ٌ ‫آثار‬  /  ‫فات‬ ‫ضاع‬ ‫ ُم‬side effects, complications ٌ َ ِ ‫طبب‬ ُ َ‫ب – ي‬ َ to treat medically or to give treatment ‫ب‬ ُّ ‫ط‬ َّ ‫ط‬ َ َ ‫ ت‬to receive medical treatment; to practise medicine ‫ب‬ ُ َّ‫َّب – يت َطب‬ َ ‫َطب‬ ‫ب‬ ٌّ ‫ ِط‬medicine, medical treatment (‫ّاء‬ doctor, physician ٌ ُ ‫طبيب )أ َ ِطب‬ َ general practitioner ‫عام‬ ٌ ‫ط‬ ٌّ ‫بيب‬ ْ ّ ِ alternative medicine ُ َ‫ب البد‬ ‫يل‬ ُ ‫الط‬ ‫عصم‬ ‫عصُم‬ َ to immunise or guard; to preserve; to restrain or check ِ َ‫صَم – ي‬ َ ‫ع‬ ٌ‫صمة‬ َ ‫ ِع‬safeguarding, protection, defence immune, protected; guardian ‫عاصٌم‬ ِ (‫واصُم‬ capital city, metropolis َ ) ٌ‫عاصَمة‬ ِ ‫ع‬ ِ ‫م‬ (‫عاصُم‬ ) wrist ‫م‬ ‫عص‬ ‫م‬ ِ ِ َ ٌَ ٌ (‫صامات‬ ‫عت‬ ِ ‫صام )ِا‬ ِ ‫ ِا‬a vigil; maintenance, preservation ٌ ‫عت‬ ‫علج‬ to attend to or treat ‫عالُج‬ ِ ُ‫عالج – ي‬ َ ‫ ت َعالَ َج – يَت َعالَُج‬to receive medical treatment ‫الج‬ ٌ ‫ ِع‬/ ٌ‫ ُمعالَ َجة‬medical treatment, nursing; manipulation َ ‫الج‬ ‫ي‬ ٌ ‫ ِع‬natural treatment; physiotherapy ِ ‫ط‬ ٌّ ‫بيع‬

‫عنى‬ ‫ي – يَعنى‬ َ to worry or discomfort; to be worried or anxious َ ‫عِن‬ ‫ عانى – يُعاني‬to suffer or endure ‫ ِاعت َنى – يَعت َني‬to take care (of); to provide; to be concerned ‫ناء‬ َ trouble, pains, difficulty ٌ ‫ع‬ ٌ‫ ِعنايَة‬care, concern, attention (also a girl’s name) ‫المَرَّكَزِة‬ ُ ‫قسم ْالِعنايَِة‬ ُ intensive care unit (‫عان‬ ٍ ‫عنى )َم‬ ً ‫ َم‬sense, meaning, signification; concept, idea ٌ ‫ ُمعاناة‬suffering

76 Health

‫عوق‬ ُ َ‫عاق – ي‬ ‫عوق‬ to hinder, delay, prevent, or restrain; to withhold or defer َ ‫َعوَق – يَت َعَّوُق‬ َّ ‫ ت‬to be hindered, delayed, prevented, or restrained ٌ‫ ِإعاقَة‬/ ‫عْوٌق‬ َ retardation; hindering, restraining ٌ‫ ِإعاقَة‬disability, hindrance; delaying ُ ‫وائ‬ (‫ق‬ ِ ‫ع‬ ِ  / ‫عائٌق‬ ِ obstacle, barrier, impediment, hindrance َ ) ٌ‫عائقة‬ ٌ ‫ ُم‬disabled ‫عاق )ُم‬ (‫عاقون‬ َ ‫عيش‬ to live or be alive ‫عيش‬ ُ َ‫عاش – ي‬ َ َ ‫أ‬ – to keep alive; to feed or provide for ‫عيش‬ ‫ي‬ ‫عاش‬ ُ ُ َ ‫ش‬ ُ َ‫عايش – يَت َعاي‬ َ َ ‫ ت‬to live together ٌ ‫ش‬ life; way of life; livelihood َ ٌ ‫عْي‬ َ  / ‫عيشة‬ ٌ(‫عاش )َمعاشات‬ ٌ ‫ َم‬life; subsistence; livelihood, income ٌ ‫ش‬ ‫َعاي‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ش‬ ‫عاي‬  /  َ ُ ٌ َ ‫ ُم‬co-existence

‫ غ ش ى‬/ ‫غ ش و‬ َ to cover, wrap, or conceal ‫ي – يَغشى‬ َ ‫غِش‬ ُ to faint or lose consciousness ‫ليه‬ ِ ‫ع‬ ِ ‫ع‬ َ ‫غشي‬ َ ‫ي‬ َ ُ‫ليه – ي‬ َ ‫غ ِش‬ َ fainting, swooning; unconsciousness ‫شي‬ ٌّ ‫غ‬ (ٌ‫غشيَة‬ ِ َ ‫شاء )أ‬ ٌ ‫ ِغ‬cover, wrap, envelope ‫فقد‬ ُ‫ فَقَدَ – يَ ِفقد‬to lose, miss, or be deprived ُ‫ أَفقَدَ – ي ُِفقد‬to bereave, deprive, dispossess, or rob ُ‫ اِفت َقَدَ – يَفت َِقد‬to seek; to miss ٌ‫ فَقد‬loss; bereavement (‫قداء‬ ُ ُ‫ فَقيدٌ )ف‬deceased; lost, missing ‫كرب‬ ‫ب‬ ُ ‫كر‬ ُ َ‫ب – ي‬ َ ‫ َكَر‬to oppress, distress, grieve, or worry َ ‫ب‬ ُ ‫رب – يَكت ِر‬ َ َ ‫ اِكت‬to be concerned, worried, or distressed ‫رب )ُك‬ (‫روب‬ ٌ ٌ ‫ َك‬grief, sorrow, sadness ‫ب‬ ٌ ‫ ُمكت َِر‬sad, worried, grieved; apprehensive, fearful

Health 77

‫كمل‬ ‫كمُل‬ َ ‫ َك‬to be whole, entire, or integral; to be completed or finished ُ َ‫مل – ي‬ ‫ َكَّمَل – يَُك ِ ّمُل‬to finish, complete, or conclude ‫َكمُل‬ ِ ‫َكمَل – يَست‬ َ ‫ اِست‬to perfect; to complete or fulfil; to complement or supplement ٌ ‫ َك‬perfection; completeness; termination ٌ (‫ماالت‬ ‫مال )َك‬ ٌ ‫ ُمَك ِ ّم‬supplements, complements ‫الت‬ ُ ‫ ُمَك ِ ّم‬vitamin supplements ‫الفيتامينات‬ ‫الت‬ ِ ‫مرأ‬ ‫مرُؤ‬ ُ َ‫ َمَرأ – ي‬to be palatable (of food); to be wholesome or healthful ُ ‫َمر‬ ‫ئ‬ َ ‫ ِاست‬to enjoy, savour, or derive pleasure from ِ ‫َمرأ َ – يَست‬ ً ‫ئ‬ ُ person (nominative, accusative, genitive); man; human being ٍ ‫ ِامِر‬/ ‫ ِامَرأ‬/ ‫إمرٌؤ‬ ً ‫ َهنيئا ً َمرئيا‬bon appetit ‫ ْالَمْرُء‬a person, a human being (ٌ ‫سوة‬ ٌ ‫ ِاْمرأَة ٌ )ِن‬woman َ ‫ ِن‬/ ‫ساء‬ ُ ‫والوالدَة‬ ُ ِّ‫ الن‬gynaecology ِ ‫ساء‬ ٌ ‫ ُمُرّوة‬/ ٌ ‫روَءة‬ ْ ‫ ُم‬honour ُ ‫المرأَة‬ the woman (note with definite article, initial alif is dropped) َ ‫ي‬ ِ ‫ ِن‬feminine, womanly, relating to women ٌّ ‫سائ‬ ُ‫سِويّة‬ َّ ‫الن‬ ِ feminism ‫موت‬ ُ َ‫مات – ي‬ ‫موت‬ َ to die or perish ٌ‫ َمْوت َة‬/ ‫ت‬ ٌ ‫ َمْو‬death, demise ْ ُ ‫هد‬ ِ ‫ َمْوت الَم‬cot death ٌ ‫ت )أ َ ْم‬ ٌ ّ‫مي‬ (‫ َمْوتى‬/ ‫وات‬ ِ dead, lifeless, deceased; inanimate ‫نوم‬ ‫نام‬ ُ َ‫نام – ي‬ َ to sleep; to be inactive; to be numb; to neglect or overlook ‫ نََّوَم – يُن ّ َِوُم‬to put to bed or lull to sleep; to anaesthetise ‫ نَْوٌم‬sleep, slumber ٌ (‫نامات‬ ‫نام )َم‬ ٌ ‫ َم‬dream, sleep ْ ُ‫نامة‬ َ ‫ الَم‬Manama (Bahrain)

78 Health

‫نويم‬ ٌ َ ‫ ت‬drugging, anaesthetisation; hypnosis ٌ ‫ ُمنَ ّ ِوٌم )ُمنَ ّ ِو‬sleep-inducing, soporific; sleeping pills (‫مات‬ ‫وصف‬ ‫ف‬ ُ ‫ص‬ ِ َ‫ف – ي‬ َ ‫ َو‬to describe, depict, characterise, or picture َ ‫ص‬ ‫ف‬ ُ ‫وص‬ ِ َ ‫ف – يَست‬ َ َ ‫ ِاست‬to consult (a doctor) َ ‫وص‬ ٌ ٌ ‫ص‬ (‫فات‬ ِ trait, quality, characteristic ِ ) ‫صفَة‬ ٌ ‫سائدَة‬ ٌ ِ ‫صفات‬ ِ dominant characteristics ٌ‫فات ُمت َنَ ِ ّحيَة‬ ٌ ‫ص‬ ِ recessive characteristics َ (‫صاف‬ ‫صف )أ ْو‬ ٌ ٌ ‫ َو‬description, portrayal, characterisation ٌ‫ َوصفَة‬description; medical prescription ٌ ‫ص‬ (‫فات‬ ٌ ‫ص‬ َ ‫ف )ُمست َْو‬ َ ‫ ُمست َْو‬clinic ‫وفى‬ ‫ى – يَفي‬ َ َ‫ َوف‬to be complete or perfect; to fulfil or satisfy; to pay; to suffice ‫ي – يُت ََوفّى‬ َ ّ‫ ت ُ ُوِف‬to die; to take one’s full share ‫فاء‬ ٌ ‫ َو‬loyalty; fulfilment (of a promise); payment (of a debt); (also a girl’s name) ٌ َّ‫ َوفاة ٌ )َوفي‬death, demise (‫ات‬ ‫ات‬ ِ ّ‫الوِفي‬ َ ‫ ُمعَدَّل‬mortality rate َ ‫ي )أ‬ (‫وفياء‬ ُ ٌّ ‫ َوِف‬faithful, reliable, trustworthy ّ ‫ى‬ ً ‫ ُمت َوف‬deceased, dead ‫ي‬ َّ ‫ ت ُ ُوِف‬he died ‫وقى‬ ‫ َوقَى – يَقي‬to protect, preserve, shield, or safeguard ‫ ِاتَّقى – يَتَّقي‬to fear (God); to protect oneself; to be wary or on one’s guard ٌ‫ ِوقاية‬/ ‫ َوقاء‬protection; prevention ‫ي‬ ِ ‫ ِو‬prevention, protection, defence ٌّ ‫قائ‬ ٌ‫قائيَّة‬ ٌ ‫ ِإ‬preventive measures ِ ‫جراءات ِو‬ ‫قى‬ ً َ ‫ ت‬devotion, piety, godliness ً ُ ‫ ت‬/ ‫قوى‬ ‫يئس‬ ‫س‬ ُ َ ‫س – يَْيأ‬ َ ‫ يَِئ‬to despair or give up all hope ‫س‬ ُ ‫س – يَست َْيِئ‬ َ َ ‫ ِاست َيأ‬to despair or give up all hope

Health 79

‫س‬ ٌ ْ ‫ يَأ‬desperation, hopelessness, resignation ‫ئس‬ ِ desperate, hopeless ٌ ‫ ُمست َْي‬/ ‫ؤوس‬ ٌ َ‫ ي‬/ ‫س‬ ٌ ‫يائ‬ Exercises 1) Give two derived nouns for each of the following roots:

‫ب د ن‬ ‫ج ل د‬ ‫ر ج ل‬ ‫س م ع‬ ‫ع ص ب‬ ‫ق ل ب‬ 2) Find the roots of the following words:

ٌ ‫إرهاق‬ ٌ‫إصابَة‬ ‫ئاب‬ ٌ ِ‫ِاكت‬ ‫نهيار‬ ٌ ‫ِا‬ ٌ‫بارد‬ ِ ٌ‫ِجنسيّة‬ ٌ‫مامة‬ َ ‫َح‬ ٌ ‫ضرورة‬ َ ‫عاقٌر‬ ِ ٌ ‫جنون‬ ‫َم‬ 3) Give a synonym for each of the following words:

‫َحْلٌق‬ ‫رير‬ ٌ ‫ض‬ َ ُ َّ‫عي‬ ‫ان‬ َ ٌ‫فؤاد‬ ‫زمٌن‬ ِ ‫ُم‬ ‫َوَجٌع‬ 4) Give the plural of these words (some may have more than one plural):

ٌ‫ُجنَينَة‬ ٌ‫ُحقنَة‬ ٌ ‫َز‬ ‫مان‬

80 Health

‫سٌّم‬ َ ‫مير‬ ٌ ‫ض‬ َ ‫س ِ ّهٌل‬ َ ‫ُم‬ ‫باء‬ ٌ ‫َو‬ 5) Translate the following sentences into Arabic: a) b) c) d)

She injured her leg playing football. He suffers from bad headaches. Their daughter died. She divorced her husband when she found out that he was infertile.

6) Translate the following into English:

َّ ‫زارت سارة‬ َ ‫شعر بألم ٍ في‬ ْ .‫ظهرها‬ – ُ َ ‫بيب ألنها ت‬ َ ‫الط‬ ُ .‫المستشفى‬ َ – ِ ‫مات‬ ُ ‫والدهم بعدَ يومين ِ في‬ َ َ ٍ .‫الحاسوب‬ ‫م‬ ‫خد‬ ‫ست‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ما‬ ‫ند‬ ‫ع‬ ‫كتفي‬ ‫في‬ ‫ديد‬ ‫ش‬ ٍ ‫ع‬ ‫ج‬ ‫و‬ ‫ب‬ ‫حس‬ َ ِ ِ َ َ َ َ ِ ُّ ُ ‫– أ‬ ُ ْ َ ‫دانة مشكلة ً كبيرة ً في دَُول ال‬ .‫خليج‬ ِ ‫– أ َصبَحت‬ ِ َ‫ظاهرة ُ الب‬ ‫الس‬ .‫جسمِه‬ ُ‫حص اَخبَ َره‬ َ َّ ‫الطبيب ِبأ َ َّن‬ ُ ِ ‫رطان قد ِانت ََشَر في‬ ٌ َ‫– بعدَ الف‬ Note 1 In the Levantine dialects, this is used to mean ‘a man’ and not necessarily a distinguished one.

3

Education ‫يم‬ ُ ‫الت َّع ل‬

School ‫س‬ َ ُ ‫دار‬ ِ ‫الم‬

‫بدأ‬ ُ ‫ بَدأ َ – يَبدَأ‬to begin or start ُ ‫ بَدَّأ َ – يُبَِد‬to give precedence or priority ‫ّئ‬ ُ ‫ أَبدأ َ – ي ُِبد‬to produce; to bring out ‫ئ‬ ُ ‫تد‬ ‫ئ‬ ِ ‫ ِابت َدَأ – يَْب‬to begin or start ٌ‫ ِبدايَة‬/ ‫ بَْدٌء‬beginning, start ‫ي‬ ِ primitive ٌّ ‫بدائ‬ ُ ‫باد‬ (‫ئ‬ ِ ‫ َمْبدَأ ٌ )َم‬principle, basis; concept; start ‫داء‬ ٌ ‫ ِاِبت‬beginning, start ‫ي‬ ِ ‫ ِا‬primary, elementary, original ٌّ ‫بتدائ‬ ٌ ‫ ُمبت َِد‬beginner; apprentice, novice; beginning (‫ئون‬ َ ‫ئ )ُمبت َِد‬ ٌ ‫ ُمبت َدأ‬subject (Arabic grammar); beginning ‫تلمذ‬ ُ‫ ت َْلَمذَ – يُت َْلِمذ‬to take on as a pupil; to be or become a pupil ٌ ‫ ت َْلَمذَة‬school days; college years; working as an apprentice (ُ ‫ ِتلميذ ٌ )ت َالميذ‬school student, pupil, apprentice ‫ثنى‬ ‫ ثَنى – يَثني‬to double; to fold or bend ‫ ثَنَّى – يُثنّي‬to double or repeat; to form the dual (grammar) ‫ أ َثنى – يُثْني‬to commend or praise ‫ ِاستثنى – يَست َثني‬to exclude ‫ني‬ ٌ َ ‫ ث‬bending, folding, turning away DOI: 10.4324/9781003250890-4

82 Education

‫ثناء‬ َ َ ‫( أ‬prep) during, while ٌ َ ‫ ث َنيَةٌ )ث‬fold, pleat (‫نيات‬ ‫ثناء‬ ٌ commendation; eulogy ‫ي‬ ٌّ ِ‫ ثُنائ‬twofold, double, dual ‫نان‬ ِ ْ‫ اث‬two (m) ‫نتان‬ ِ ْ‫ اث‬two (f ) ‫عشر‬ َ ‫ اثْنا‬12 (m) َ ‫ اثنَتا عشرة‬12 (f ) ‫ اإلثْنين‬/ ‫ يَْوُم اإلثنين‬Monday ‫ الث ّاني‬the second (‫ثوان‬ ِ a second (unit of time) ٍ ) ‫ثانيَة‬ ‫ي‬ ٌّ ‫ ثانَِو‬secondary; minor ُ‫سةُ الثّانَويَّة‬ َ ‫در‬ َ ‫الم‬ َ secondary school ‫ثناء‬ ٌ ‫ ِاْسِت‬exception, exclusion ‫ي‬ ِ ‫ ِاْسِت‬exceptional ٌّ ‫ثنائ‬ ‫ي‬ ٌّ ‫ َمِثن‬folded; doubled ‫المثَنّى‬ ُ dual ‫حصص‬ ‫ص‬ ُّ ‫ص – يَُح‬ َّ ‫ َح‬to fall as a share (‫ص‬ ٌ ‫ص‬ َّ ‫ ِح‬class, lesson; share, portion َ ‫صةٌ )ِح‬ ‫حضن‬ ‫حضُن‬ ُ َ‫ضَن – ي‬ َ ‫ َح‬to embrace; to nurse; to raise َ َ ‫ ِاحت‬to embrace; to raise (child); to concoct or contrive ‫ضن‬ ‫ضُن‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ي‬ – َ ْ ِ َ َ ٌ ٌ ‫ ِح‬breast, bosom; armful ‫ضن )أ‬ (‫حضان‬ ٌ (‫ضانات‬ ‫ َحضانَةٌ )َح‬a nursery; raising, bringing up ‫الحضانَِة‬ ُ nursery, crèche َ ‫دار‬ ُ ‫واض‬ ‫ح‬ (‫ن‬ ) nursemaid; incubator ِ ِ َ ٌ‫حاضنَة‬ ‫درس‬ ‫س‬ ُ َ‫س – ي‬ ُ ‫در‬ َ ‫ دََر‬to study or learn; to obliterate or extinguish ‫س‬ ِّ ‫س – ي‬ ُ ‫ُدر‬ َ ‫ دَ َّر‬to teach or instruct ُ‫رس )د‬ (‫روس‬ ٌ ٌ َ‫ د‬lesson, chapter, lecture; study; obliteration ٌ‫صوصيَّة‬ ُ ُ‫ د‬private lessons ‫روس خ‬ ٌ ِ

Education 83

ٌ‫ ِدراسة‬study ُ term, semester ‫ي‬ ِ ‫فصل ِد‬ ٌّ ‫راس‬ ٌ‫سنةٌ ِدراسيَّة‬ academic year َ ُ‫الدّراسيَّة‬ ِ ‫راح ُل‬ ِ ‫الم‬ َ educational stages ُ ‫العالي‬ ‫ ِد‬higher education studies ِ ‫عليم‬ ِ َّ ‫راسات الت‬ ُ‫ّراسات الدّينيَّة‬ ُ ‫الد‬ ِ religious studies ُ‫ضاريَّة‬ ّ‫الد‬ ُ ‫الح‬ ‫راسات‬ ِ cultural studies ِ َ ٌ (‫س‬ ُ ‫دار‬ َ ‫در‬ َ ‫ َم‬school; religious school ِ ‫سة )َم‬ ‫سٍة‬ ُ ‫ ُم‬head teacher َ ‫در‬ َ ‫دير َم‬ ٌ‫سةٌ ابتدائية‬ َ ‫در‬ َ ‫ َم‬primary school ٌ‫إعداديَّة‬ ٌ‫سة‬ ‫در‬ ِ َ َ ‫ َم‬secondary school ٌ‫ثانويَّة‬ ٌ َ ‫در‬ َ ‫ َم‬high school ِ ‫سة‬ ٌ‫خاصة‬ ٌ ‫سة‬ َّ َ ‫در‬ َ ‫ َم‬private school ٌ‫كوميَّة‬ ٌ ِ ‫سة ُح‬ َ ‫در‬ َ ‫ َم‬public or state school ْ َ ‫بار‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ال‬ ِ ‫عليم‬ ‫ت‬ ‫س‬ adult educational schools ِ ُ ‫مدار‬ ِ ِ ‫ي‬ َ ‫ َم‬scholastic, of or relating to school ٌّ ‫درِس‬ ‫ي‬ ٌ َ ‫ ت‬school report َ ‫قرير َم‬ ٌّ ‫درِس‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ب‬ ٌ ‫واج‬ ِ ِ homework ٌّ ‫مدرس‬ َ ‫دريس‬ ‫ت‬ teaching, tuition, instruction ٌ (‫سون‬ َ ‫س )ُمدَ ِ ّر‬ ٌ ‫ ُمدَ ِ ّر‬teacher, lecturer ٌ (‫راسات‬ ‫)ِد‬

‫روض‬ ‫روض‬ to tame or domesticate; to train; to placate ُ َ‫راض – ي‬ َ ‫ض‬ ُ ‫َرو‬ َّ ‫ض – يَت‬ َّ ‫ ت‬to practise; to exercise َ ‫َرو‬ ٌ (‫ياض‬ ٌ ‫ ِر‬/ ‫ َرْوضةٌ )َرْوضات‬nursery, kindergarten; garden ‫طفال‬ ِ ‫ َرْوضةُ َاأل‬kindergarten ٌ (‫ياضات‬ ‫ ِرياضةٌ )ِر‬sport, practice, exercise; walk, promenade ُ‫دنيّة‬ ِ َ‫ التَّربيَةُ الب‬/ ُ‫ياضيَّة‬ ّ ِ ُ‫ التَّربيَة‬physical education ِ ‫الر‬ ُ‫ياضيَّة‬ sports ُ ّ ِ ‫األلعاب‬ ِ ‫الر‬ sporty ‫ي‬ ‫ياض‬ ‫ر‬ ٌّ ِ ِ ٍ sports club ‫ي‬ ‫ناد‬ ِ ٌّ ‫رياض‬ ٌ ‫ياضي‬ ‫ّات‬ ِ ‫ ِر‬mathematics ‫سبر‬ ‫سبُر‬ َ to examine or explore ِ َ‫سبََر – ي‬ ‫سْبٌر‬ َ exploring, examination

84 Education

‫سبار )َم‬ (‫سابير‬ ٌ ‫ ِم‬a medical probe ُ ٌ ‫ّورة‬ َ ‫ سب‬blackboard ٌ‫َفاعليَّة‬ ُ ‫ورة ٌ ت‬ َ interactive whiteboard َ ّ ‫سب‬ ‫صفف‬ ‫ف‬ ُّ ‫ص‬ َّ ‫ص‬ ُ َ‫ف – ي‬ َ to set; to arrange or line up; to park a car (colloquial) (‫فوف‬ ٌّ ‫ص‬ ُ )‫ف‬ ٌ ‫ص‬ َ classroom; line, queue (‫صاف‬ ‫ف )َم‬ ُّ ٌّ ‫ص‬ َ ‫ َم‬position, rank (army); row, line; parking space (colloquial) ‫طلب‬ َ to demand or ask for; to seek ‫ب‬ ُ ُ‫ب – يَطل‬ َ َ‫طل‬ ‫ب‬ ُ ‫طال‬ ِ ُ‫ب – ي‬ َ َ‫ طال‬to demand, claim, or reclaim َّ َ ‫ب – يت‬ َ ‫ ت‬to require or necessitate ‫ب‬ ُ ‫َطل‬ َ َّ‫َطل‬ َ َ َ َ ٌ ‫ب )طل‬ (‫بات‬ ٌ ‫ طل‬search; request, demand; form; application; petition َّ َ ‫ب‬ supply and demand ُ ‫العرض والطل‬ ُ َ ُ ِ  /  application form ‫لتحاق‬ ‫طلب ِا‬ ‫لب‬ ‫ط‬ ‫مارة‬ ‫ت‬ ‫س‬ ‫ا‬ ْ ُ ِ ٍ ٍ ٌ َ order, commission َ ) ‫طلَبيَّة‬ ٌ ّ‫طلَِبي‬ (‫ات‬ ٌ(‫طلَبة‬ ُ ّ َ  / ‫ب‬ ٌ ‫ب )طال‬ ٌ ‫طال‬ ِ seeker, claimant; student, scholar ّ ‫بان‬ ِ ‫ الطِال‬the Taliban (literally ‘seekers of knowledge’, dual form) ٌ ‫ َم‬liabilities; wanted; debts; requested, required ‫ َم‬/ ‫طلوبات‬ (‫طاليب‬ ‫طلوب )َم‬ ٌ ُ (‫بون‬ َ ‫طال‬ ٌ ‫طال‬ ِ ‫ب )ُم‬ ِ ‫ ُم‬claimant َّ ٌ ‫ ُمت َطل‬requirements ‫بات‬ ‫غيب‬ ‫غيب‬ to be or remain absent; to withdraw or leave; to disappear ُ َ‫غاب – ي‬ َ ‫ب‬ ُ ّ‫ب – يَتغي‬ َ ّ‫ ت َغي‬to be absent; to play truant ‫غتاب‬ ُ َ‫َاب – ي‬ َ ‫ ِاغت‬to backbite ُ )‫ب‬ َ absence; concealed, invisible (‫يوب‬ ٌ ‫غ‬ ٌ ‫غْي‬ ٌ ٌ (‫غابات‬ ) ‫ غابَة‬forest, jungle ٌ‫ ِغيبة‬slander ‫ياب‬ ٌ ‫ ِغ‬absence ٌ‫غْيبوبَة‬ َ loss of consciousness; coma ‫ي‬ ِ ‫ب‬ ٌ ُّ‫ ت َغي‬truancy ُ ُّ‫ التَّغَي‬/ ‫ب‬ ِ ّ‫الد‬ ُّ ‫راس‬ ‫ياب‬ ٌ ‫غت‬ ِ ‫ ِا‬gossip, defamation, backbiting (‫بون‬ َ ‫غائ‬ ٌ ‫غائ‬ ِ )‫ب‬ ِ absent, concealed, invisible

Education 85

‫مهد‬ ُ‫ َمَّهدَ – يَُم ِ ّهد‬to smooth, facilitate, or prepare; to arrange ُ‫ ت ََمَّهدَ – يَت ََمَّهد‬to be paved; to go smoothly; to put in order ّ َ‫ َمَّهد‬to pave the way ‫الطريق‬ (ٌ ‫ َمْهد ٌ )ُمهود‬cradle, bed ٌ‫ ت َمهيد‬facilitation; preparation; levelling; foreword ‫ي‬ ِ َ ‫ ت‬introductory, preparatory ٌّ ‫مهيد‬ Education ‫عليم‬ ُ َّ ‫الت‬ No root (ٌ ‫اتذَة‬ ِ ‫س‬ َ َ ‫ أ ُْستاذٌ )أ‬professor, teacher

‫جمل‬ ‫جمُل‬ ُ َ‫ َجَمَل – ي‬to sum up or summarise; to be beautiful; to be proper ‫ُجمُل‬ ّ ِ ‫ َجَّمَل – ي‬to beautify or embellish ‫جامُل‬ ِ ُ‫جامَل – ي‬ َ to be polite or amiable ٌ(‫ ُجملَةٌ )ُجَمل‬sentence or clause (grammar); totality, sum; group ٌ‫اسميّة‬ ْ ٌ‫ ُجملَة‬nominal clause ٌ‫ ُجملَةٌ ِفْعليّة‬verbal clause ٌ‫شرطيّة‬ َ ٌ‫ ُجملَة‬conditional clause ٌ ‫ َج‬beauty (also a boy’s name) ‫مال‬ ‫الجمال‬ ‫ ِع ْلُم‬aesthetics ِ ٌ ‫ َج‬beautiful, lovely ‫ميل‬ ْ ‫رفان‬ ٌ ‫ ِع‬gratitude ‫جميل‬ ‫بال‬ ِ ٌ‫ ت َْجميل‬beautification; cosmetics ‫ميل‬ ِ ‫ع‬ ٍ ‫مليَّةُ ت َْج‬ َ plastic surgery ٌ ‫جام‬ (‫الت‬ َ ‫ ُم‬flattery; amiability, civility َ ‫جاملَةٌ )ُم‬ ً‫ ِإجماال‬on the whole, in general ‫ ُمْجَمٌل‬summary; sum, total ‫درى‬ ‫ دَرى – يَدري‬to know; to understand or comprehend ‫ أ َدرى – يُدري‬to inform or notify ‫دار‬ ٍ aware, knowing ‫ ال أدري‬I don’t know

86 Education

‫ذكر‬ ُ َ‫ ذَ َكَر – ي‬to mention; to remember ‫ذكُر‬ َ to negotiate or confer; to memorise, learn, or study ‫ُذاكُر‬ ِ ‫ذاكَر – ي‬ ‫كر‬ ٌ ‫ ِذ‬memory, remembrance; quoting َّ ‫الذّ ْكر‬ ‫أن ِمن‬ ِ ‫دير ِب‬ َ it is worth mentioning that ِ ‫الج‬ (‫كور‬ ٌ ُ‫ ذََكٌر )ذ‬male ٌ (‫ريات‬ ‫ ِذكرى )ِذَك‬memory; reminder ْ ‫كار‬ ٌ ‫ ِتذ‬memento, reminder (‫اكُر‬ ِ َ‫َذكرة ٌ )ت َذ‬ ِ ‫ ت‬ticket َ ‫ ُم‬studying; negotiation; decree; memoirs ٌ (‫ذاكرات‬ ‫ذاكَرة ٌ )ُم‬ ٌ ‫ذاكرة‬ ِ memory َّ ‫ ُمذَكٌر‬masculine (grammar) ٌ ‫ ُمذَ َّك‬memoirs; notes ‫رات‬ ‫ربو‬ ‫ َربا – يَربو‬to increase or grow; to exceed ‫ ربَّى – ي َُربّي‬to raise or breed; to educate or instruct; to develop ‫ رابى – يُرابي‬to practise usury ‫ ت ََربَّى – يَت َربَّى‬to be brought up or educated ‫ َرْبٌو‬asthma ٌ ‫ َر‬/ ‫بى‬ (‫بوات‬ َ ‫ َر‬hill ً ‫بوة ٌ )ُر‬ ً ‫ ِربا‬usury, interest ٌ‫َربيَة‬ ِ ‫ ت‬education, instruction; breeding ُ َ‫ ق‬ill-bred ‫ربيَِة‬ ِ َّ ‫ليل الت‬ ُ‫اضيَّة‬ ّ ِ ُ‫َربيَةُ البَدَنِيَّة‬ ِ ‫والري‬ ِ ‫ الت‬/ ُ‫َربيَةُ البَدَنِيَّة‬ ِ ‫ الت‬physical education ‫ي‬ ٌّ ‫ ت َْربَِو‬pedagogic (‫ون‬ َ ُّ‫ب )ُمَرب‬ ٍّ ‫ ُمَر‬educator, teacher; breeder َ ُ ‫ ُمربَّيَة أطفال‬nanny, childminder ٌ َّ‫بى )ُمَرب‬ (‫يات‬ ّ ‫ ُمَر‬jam, preserves ‫بى‬ ٍ َ ‫ ُمت‬well mannered, well bred ً ‫  ُم َر‬/ ‫رب‬ ‫عليم‬ ُ َّ ‫ الت َّربيةُ والت‬education1 ‫عليم‬ ِ َّ ‫ ِوزارة ُ الت‬Ministry of Education ُ َّ ‫ربيَ ِة والت‬ ‫رجع‬ ‫ َرَجَع – يَْرِجُع‬to return or come back; to consult

Education 87

‫ َرَّجَع – ي َُر ِ ّجُع‬to cause to return, to give or send back ‫ُراجُع‬ َ to revise; to return; to reiterate ِ ‫راجَع – ي‬ َ ‫راجُع‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ي‬ – ‫ع‬ َ َ َ ‫راج‬ َ َ ‫ ت‬to withdraw or retreat; to diminish (‫جوع‬ ٌ ‫ َرْجٌع )ُر‬a return; coming back ‫الصدى‬ ِ ‫الص‬ َّ ‫ َرْجُع‬echo َّ  / ‫وت‬ ‫ي‬ ٌّ ‫ َرْجِع‬reactionary (‫راجُع‬ ِ ‫ َمْرِجٌع )َم‬an authority or expert; reference books; a return or retreat ٌ‫راجعَة‬ َ ‫ ُم‬revision, repetition; examination ‫راجٌع‬ ُ َ ‫ ت‬withdrawal, retreat ‫رشد‬ ُ – َ ‫شد‬ ُ‫يرشد‬ َ ‫ َر‬to be well guided or on the right path ُ‫رشد‬ ِ ُ‫ أ َرشدَ – ي‬to lead on the right path; to direct; to inform ُ‫َرشد‬ َ ‫ ِاْست َر‬to ask (someone) for guidance, to consult ِ ‫شدَ – يَست‬ ٌ‫ ُرشد‬proper, sensible; reason, maturity (of the mind) ‫شد‬ ِ ‫الر‬ ُّ ‫ ِسُّن‬majority, full legal age ٌ‫ ِإرشاد‬guidance, instruction (‫دون‬ َ ‫راش‬ ِ ) ٌ‫راشد‬ ِ rightly guided, reasonable; adult; (also a boy’s name in the singular) (‫دون‬ َ ‫ ُمْرِشدٌ )ُمْرِش‬advisor, spiritual guide, instructor ‫صفح‬ ‫صفََح – يَصفَُح‬ َ to widen or flatten; to pardon or forgive ‫ صافَ َح – يُصافُِح‬to shake hands or greet; to touch ‫َصفُّح‬ َ ‫ ت‬to leaf through a book; to examine or scrutinise; to browse َ ‫َصفََّح – يَت‬ ‫صفُح‬ ِ َ ‫ اِ ْست َصفَ َح – يَ ْست‬to apologise or ask someone’s forgiveness ْ ‫صفٌح‬ َ forgiveness; side, surface ٌ (‫فحات‬ ‫ص‬ َ ‫ص‬ َ page, sheet; surface َ ) ٌ‫فحة‬ ‫َصفٌُّح‬ َ ‫ ت‬examination, scrutiny; browsing ‫طرق‬ َ to bang or hammer; to reach; to touch upon a topic ‫طرُق‬ ُ َ‫طَر َق – ي‬ َ a knock; banging َ ) ‫طرقَة‬ ٌ (‫رقات‬ ‫ط‬ ُ  / ‫طُرٌق‬ ُ ) ‫طريق‬ ٌ ٌ ‫طُر‬ (‫قات‬ way, road, path; way, method ٌ ُ ) ‫طريقَة‬ َ method, manner, mode; system ٌ ‫طُر‬ (‫ق‬ ٌ ُ ‫طار‬ (‫ق‬ َ ‫ ِم‬hammer ِ ‫طرقَة )َم‬

88 Education

‫علم‬ ‫عِلَم – يَْعلَُم‬ َ to know; to be aware, familiar, or acquainted; to learn َّ ّ‫ُعلُم‬ ِ ‫علَم – ي‬ َ to teach, instruct, or train; to designate; to mark َّ‫ ت َعَلَّ َم – يَت َعَل ُم‬to learn or study; to know ‫لم‬ ُ ‫ ِاست َعلََم – يَست َِع‬to inquire or ask; to gather information (‫لوم‬ ُ ) ‫لم‬ ٌ ‫ع‬ ٌ ‫ ِع‬science, knowledge of (with subject, corresponds to -ology suffix) ‫حياء‬ ِ ‫لم َاأل‬ ُ ‫ ِع‬biology ‫اآلثار‬ ‫لم‬ ِ ُ ‫ ِع‬archaeology ‫جتماع‬ ‫اال‬ ِ ‫لم‬ ُ ‫ ِع‬sociology ِ ‫اإلحصاء‬ ‫لم‬ ِ ُ ‫ ِع‬statistics ‫قتصاد‬ ‫لم ِاال‬ ِ ُ ‫ ِع‬economics ْ ‫كيمياء‬ ‫لم ال‬ ِ ُ ‫ ِع‬chemistry ٌ‫ فَلسفَة‬/ ‫الفلسفَِة‬ َ ‫لم‬ ُ ‫ ِع‬philosophy ِ ‫لم النَّ ْفس‬ ُ ‫ ِع‬psychology ُ‫اإلنسانيَّة‬ ‫لوم‬ ِ ُ ُ‫ الع‬humanities ‫اإلقتصاد‬ ‫لم‬ ِ ُ ‫ ِع‬economics scientific ‫ي‬ ‫لم‬ ‫ع‬ ِ ِ ٌّ (‫الم‬ َ sign or token; flag or banner ٌ ‫علٌَم )أ َ ْع‬ َ (‫والُم‬ ِ ‫ع‬ َ ) ‫ عال ٌم‬world; universe, cosmos َ ‫ي‬ َ worldly, secular; global ٌّ ‫عالِم‬ ٌ‫عْولَمة‬ َ globalisation ٌ‫مانيَّة‬ ِ ‫ ِعْل‬/ ‫ماني‬ ٌّ ‫ ِعْل‬layman; secular (‫لماء‬ ُ ) ‫ليم‬ َ learned, erudite; knowing ُ ‫ع‬ ٌ ‫ع‬ ٌ ٌ(‫المات‬ َ mark, sign, characteristic; badge, emblem َ ) ‫المة‬ َ ‫ع‬ َ ‫ع‬ (‫معالُم‬ ِ ) ‫ َمعلَ ٌم‬place, landmark; sign ٌ َ ‫عليم )ت‬ (‫عاليم‬ ٌ َ ‫ ت‬teaching, education; information, instructions; doctrines ُ َ ‫ ت‬/ ‫عليمات‬ َّ ‫ي‬ ِ ‫عليم ِاإلِبت‬ ُ ‫ الت‬primary education ُّ ‫دائ‬ ّ ‫وي‬ ُّ ‫عليم الثِان‬ ُ َّ ‫ الت‬secondary education ‫عليم العالي‬ ُ َّ ‫ الت‬higher education ٌ‫عليم ُمختلَط‬ ٌ َ ‫ ت‬co-education ‫اإللكتروني‬ ِ ‫عليم‬ ِ َ ‫ع ْبَر اإلنت‬ َ ‫عليم‬ ٌ َ ‫ ت‬e-learning ُ َّ ‫ الت‬/ ‫رنت‬ َ ‫ي‬ ِ ِ‫عليم إفت‬ ٌ ‫ ت‬virtual learning ٌّ ‫راض‬ َّ ‫شرة ُ الت‬ ‫عليمات‬ ِ َ َ‫ ن‬instructions ُّ‫ ت َعَلٌم‬learning, education; studying ٌ (‫عالمات‬ ‫ست‬ ِ ‫عالم )ِا‬ ِ ‫ ِا‬inquiry; information ٌ ‫ست‬ ٌ(‫علومةٌ )َمعلومات‬ َ ‫ َم‬information, data; instructions

Education 89 (‫مون‬ َ ّ‫ ُمعَ ِلٌّم )ُمعَِل‬teacher, instructor, master (‫مون‬ َ ّ‫ ُمت َعَ ِلٌّم )ُمت َعَِل‬educated person

‫فكر‬ ‫ فََّكَر – يُفَ ِ ّكُر‬to think or reflect; to remind ‫ ِافت ََكَر – يَفت َِكُر‬to remember or recall (‫فكار‬ ٌ َ ‫كر )أ‬ ٌ ‫ ِف‬thinking, reflection; cognition; thought, notion َ ٌ (‫ ِفكٌر‬/ ‫ ِفْكَرة ٌ )ِفكرات‬thought, idea, concept; hesitation ‫ي‬ ِ ‫ ِف‬intellectual ٌّ ‫كر‬ َ َّ ‫ الت‬intellectual growth ‫ي‬ ِ ‫طُّوُر ْالِف‬ ُّ ‫كر‬ ‫فكير‬ ٌ َ ‫ ت‬thinking; cognition; thought (‫رون‬ َ ‫ ُمفَ ِ ّكٌر )ُمفَ ِ ّك‬thinkers ‫فهم‬ ‫فهُم‬ َ َ‫ فَ ِهَم – ي‬to understand or comprehend; to realise ‫فهُم‬ ّ ِ ُ‫ فَ َّهَم – ي‬to instruct or make (someone) understand ‫َفاهُم‬ َ ‫َفاهَم – يَت‬ َ ‫ ت‬to agree; to understand َ َ (‫فهام‬ ٌ ‫هم )أ‬ ٌ ‫ ف‬understanding, comprehension ِ ‫سوء ْالفَهم‬ misunderstanding ُ (‫ماء‬ ُ ‫هيم )فُ َه‬ ٌ َ‫ ف‬sensible, intelligent ُ َّ ‫ الت‬/ ‫َفاهٌم‬ ُ ‫ ت‬mutual understanding or agreement ‫المت َبادَُل‬ ُ ‫فاهُم‬ ُ ٍ ‫وء ت َفاهم‬ ُ misunderstanding ُ ‫س‬ ِ ‫ستْفهام‬ ِ ‫عالمةُ ِاال‬ َ question mark ‫ي‬ ِ ‫ست‬ ِ ‫ ِا‬interrogative (grammar) ٌّ ‫فهام‬ (‫فاهيم‬ ٌ ‫ َم‬concept, notion; understood; comprehensible ُ ‫فهوم )َم‬ ‫لوح‬ ‫لوح‬ ُ َ‫الح – ي‬ َ to appear or emerge; to show or seem ‫ُلوُح‬ ِ ّ ‫ لََّوَح – ي‬to signal or beckon; to hint (‫لواح‬ ٌ َ ‫وح )أ‬ ٌ َ‫ ل‬board, blackboard, slab; shoulder blade ٌ ‫وحةٌ )لَْو‬ (‫حات‬ َ َ‫ ل‬board, blackboard, tablet, slab ٍ ‫النات‬ ‫إع‬ ْ ُ‫وحة‬ َ َ‫ ل‬notice board ٌ ٌ ‫الئ‬ (‫حات‬ ِ project; bill, motion; decree ِ ) ‫الئحة‬ ٌ‫الئحةٌ قانونيَّة‬ ِ bill, draft law َّ ُ‫الئحة‬ ِ ‫الطعام‬ ِ menu

90 Education

‫محن‬ ‫ َمَحَن – يَْمَحُن‬to try out; to examine; to afflict ‫ ِامت ََحَن – يَمت َِحُن‬to try out or test; to examine; to afflict ٌ ‫ ِمْحنَةٌ )ِمَح‬affliction, misfortune, hardship (‫ن‬ ٌ ‫مت‬ ٌ (‫حانات‬ ‫مت‬ ِ ‫ ِا‬exam, test; experiment ِ ‫حان )ِا‬ ُ ‫ اِ ْم ِت‬entrance exam ‫خول‬ ِ ُّ‫حان الد‬ ٌ ‫ ِاْمِت‬final exam ‫ي‬ ِ ‫حان ِن‬ ُّ ‫هائ‬ ٌ‫ ُمْمت َِحن‬examiner ‫منح‬ ‫ َمنََح – يَمنَُح‬to grant, give, or bestow (‫َح‬ ٌ ‫نحةٌ )ِمن‬ َ ‫ ِم‬scholarship, grant; gift, present; stipend ‫مانٌح‬ ِ donor, giver ‫نهج‬ ‫نهُج‬ َ َ‫ نََهَج – ي‬to proceed; to pursue a plan; to follow; to be out of breath ‫ُنهُج‬ ّ ِ ‫ ن ََّهَج – ي‬to clarify or explain; to make breathless (‫هوج‬ ٌ ُ‫هج )ن‬ ٌ َ‫ ن‬open way; method, procedure; road (‫ج‬ ِ ‫نهاج )َم‬ ٌ ‫ ِم‬/ ‫نهٌج‬ ُ ‫ناه‬ َ ‫ َم‬method, procedure; course; syllabus, curriculum ْ ‫ي‬ ِ ‫نهاج ال‬ ِ routine ُ ‫الم‬ ُّ ‫يوم‬ ‫هذب‬ ‫ب‬ ِ َ‫ب – ي‬ ُ ‫هذ‬ َ َ‫ هذ‬to prune or trim; to clean or purify; to smooth ّ ‫ب‬ ُ ‫ب – ي َُهِذ‬ َ َّ‫ َهذ‬to improve or refine; to educate or instruct ‫ذيب‬ ٌ ‫ ت َْه‬correction; refinement, culture, education ‫ب‬ ٌ ُّ‫ ت ََهذ‬manners; education ‫ب‬ ٌ ّ‫ ُمَهِذ‬educator, teacher ‫ب‬ ٌ ّ‫ ُمت ََهِذ‬/ ‫ب‬ ٌ َّ‫ ُمَهذ‬well behaved, courteous; refined, polished ‫وجب‬ ‫ب‬ ُ ‫جب – يَِج‬ َ ‫ َو‬to be necessary or obligatory ‫ب‬ ُ ‫ب – ي َُو ِ ّج‬ َ ‫ َوَّج‬to impose; to enjoin or obligate ‫ب‬ ُ ‫َوج‬ َ ‫َوج‬ َ ‫ ِاست‬to deserve or merit; to be worthy or entitled ِ ‫ب – يَست‬ ‫ب‬ ُ ‫ كما يَِج‬as it should be

Education 91

ٌ (‫جبات‬ ‫ َوجبَةٌ )َو‬meal ‫إيجاب‬ obligation, commitment; positive ٌ positive, affirmative ‫ي‬ ‫إيجاب‬ ٌّ ِ ٌ ‫واج‬ (‫بات‬ ٌ ‫واج‬ ِ necessary, essential; duty, homework ِ )‫ب‬ ‫نزلي‬ ٌ ‫واج‬ ِ homework ٌّ ‫ب َم‬ ‫وعب‬ ‫ب‬ ُ ‫ب – يَست َْوِع‬ َ ‫ ِاست َْو‬to absorb or comprehend; to study; to uproot َ ‫ع‬ ‫ستيعاب‬ ‫ ِا‬understanding, comprehension; study; capacity ٌ Performance Levels ‫ي‬ ِ ّ ‫داء الت‬ ُ ‫َاأل‬ ُّ ‫عليم‬

‫برع‬ ‫ع‬ ُ ‫بر‬ َ ‫ بََر‬to surpass or excel; to distinguish oneself; to be skilful َ َ‫ع – ي‬ ‫ع‬ ُ ‫ع – يَتبََّر‬ َ ‫ ت َبََّر‬to donate or contribute; to undertake or volunteer ٌ‫روعة‬ ٌ َ ُ‫ ب‬/ ‫راعة‬ َ َ‫ ب‬skill, proficiency; capacity ٌ ‫َبر‬ (‫عات‬ ) ‫ت‬ ٌ ‫َبر‬ ُّ ‫ع‬ ُّ ‫ ت‬donation, contribution ‫جهل‬ ‫جهُل‬ َ َ‫ َجِهَل – ي‬to be ignorant; to be irrational or foolish َ ‫ ت‬to ignore or disregard; to feign ignorance ‫تجاهُل‬ َ َ‫جاهل – ي‬ َ ‫َجهُل‬ ِ ‫َجهَل – يَست‬ َ ‫ ِاست‬to consider ignorant ٌ‫ َجهالَة‬/ ‫هل‬ ٌ ‫ َج‬ignorance, foolishness, stupidity ُ َ ‫ ت‬ignoring, disregarding ‫جاهٌل‬ (‫هالء‬ ِ ‫ َج‬ignorant, illiterate, uneducated ُ ‫ ُج‬/ ٌ‫اهٌل )َجَهلة‬ ‫لي‬ ِ pagan ٌّ ‫جاه‬ ُ‫الجاهليَّة‬ Days of Ignorance (i.e. days before Islam) ِ ٌ ‫ َمْج‬unknown (passive form in grammar) ‫هول‬ ‫دقق‬ ‫ دَ َّق – يَ ِدُّق‬to be fine or fragile; to be insignificant; to grind or pound ‫ دَقَّ َق – يُدَقُِّق‬to be precise or exact; to scrutinise; to pulverise ‫ دَ ٌّق‬crushing; knocking; ringing (bell) ٌ‫ ِدقّة‬/ ‫ ِدٌّق‬fine, delicate, fragile; precision ٌ ّ‫ دَقّةٌ )دَق‬a bang, knock, beat, or stroke (‫ات‬

92 Education

ٌ ‫قيق ) ِد‬ ٌ َ‫ د‬precise, meticulous; delicate, little (‫قاق‬ ُ(‫قائق‬ ِ َ‫ دَقيقةٌ )د‬minute (time); detail ٌ َ ‫ ت‬precision, exactitude ‫دقيق‬ ‫ ذ ك ى‬/ ‫ذ ك و‬ ‫ ذَكا – يَذكو‬to blaze or flare up (of fire) ‫ ذَكى – يَذكي‬to be sharp-witted or intelligent ‫كاء‬ ٌ َ‫ ذ‬intelligence, acumen َ ‫ي )أ‬ (‫ذكياء‬ ِ intelligent, sharp-witted ُ ٌّ ‫ذك‬ No root

َ‫عبق‬ (‫ريون‬ َ ِ ‫ع‬ َ  / ٌ ‫باقَرة‬ َ genius, a genius (noun, adj) َ )‫ي‬ ٌ ‫عبقَِر‬ ٌ‫عبقَِريَّة‬ genius (noun) َ ‫عزم‬ ‫عَزَم – يَْعِزُم‬ َ to decide; to be determined ‫َزم‬ ُ ‫ ِاعت ََزَم – يَعت‬to decide or resolve ‫عْزٌم‬ َ determination, firm will, decisiveness ٌ‫زومة‬ ُ invitation َ ‫ع‬ (‫عازٌم )على‬ ِ determined (to do) ‫ غ ب ي‬/ ‫غ ب و‬ َ to not understand, to be ignorant or unfamiliar ‫ي – يَغبى‬ َ ‫غِب‬ ‫ ت َغابى – يَت َغابى‬to be unaware; to feign stupidity َ ignorant, stupid, foolish (‫ياء‬ ُ ‫غب‬ ِ َ ‫ي )أ‬ ٌّ ‫غِب‬ ٌ ‫باوة‬ َ  / ‫باء‬ َ ignorance, stupidity ٌ ‫غ‬ َ ‫غ‬ ‫لحح‬ ‫ لََّح – يَِلُّح‬to be close (of relationships) ‫لح – يُِلُّح‬ َّ َ ‫ أ‬to implore or beseech; to pester ‫حوح‬ ٌ َ‫ ل‬stubborn, persistent ‫إلحاح‬ insistence, emphasis ٌ ‫ ُمِلٌّح‬pressing, urgent, persistent

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‫مطل‬ ُ َ‫طَل – ي‬ َ ‫ َم‬to postpone or delay; to draw out; to strengthen; to hammer or shape ‫مطُل‬ َ to take one’s time; to put off or delay ‫ماطُل‬ ِ ُ‫ماطَل – ي‬ ٌ‫ماطلَة‬ َ ‫ ُم‬procrastination, postponement ‫ماطٌل‬ ِ ‫ ُم‬procrastinator ‫نبغ‬ ‫ نَبََغ – يَنبَُغ‬to arise or emerge; to excel or be distinguished; to be a genius ٌ ُ‫ ن‬eminence; gifted, genius ‫بوغ‬ ‫نابٌغ‬ ِ outstanding, talented; man of genius ُ(‫نابغَةٌ )نوابغ‬ ِ a genius;2 distinguished person ‫نشط‬ ُ ‫نش‬ َ ‫ نَِش‬to be lively, eager, or zealous ‫ط‬ َ َ‫ط – ي‬ ُ ‫ُنش‬ َ ‫ش‬ َّ َ‫ ن‬to incite or spur on; to stimulate or energise ِّ ‫ط – ي‬ ‫ط‬ ُ‫َنشط‬ َ ‫ش‬ ّ َ‫ ت َن‬to be lively, energetic, or active ّ ‫ط – يَت‬ ٌ‫ نَشاط‬activity, animation; energy ٌ ِ‫شيط )ن‬ ٌ َ‫ ن‬active, lively, energetic ُ‫ ن‬/ ‫شاط‬ (‫شطاء‬ ُ ٌ َ ‫ ت‬encouragement, incitement; animation ‫نشيط‬ ٌ ‫ناش‬ (‫طون‬ َ ‫ناش‬ ِ )‫ط‬ ِ activist ‫همل‬ ‫همُل‬ ُ َ‫ َهَمَل – ي‬to shed tears ‫همُل‬ ِ ُ‫همَل – ي‬ َ َ ‫ أ‬to neglect or omit; to overlook ٌ ‫إهمال‬ neglect, disregard; negligence ٌ ‫هامٌل )ُهَّم‬ (‫ل‬ ِ roaming; vagabond ‫همٌل‬ ِ ‫ ُم‬inattentive, careless ‫همٌل‬ َ ‫ ُم‬neglected, omitted; lacking, devoid ‫الت‬ ِ ‫هم‬ ُ ُ‫سلَّة‬ َ wastebasket َ ‫الم‬ ‫وظب‬ َ ‫ َو‬to do persistently or practise constantly ‫ب‬ ُ ‫ب – يَِظ‬ َ ‫ظ‬ َ to persevere or to apply oneself assiduously ‫ب‬ ُ ‫واظ‬ ِ ُ‫ب – ي‬ َ ‫واظ‬ ٌ‫واظبَة‬ َ ‫ ُم‬diligence, perseverance, persistence ‫ب‬ ٌ ‫واظ‬ ِ ‫ ُم‬diligent, persevering, persistent

94 Education

ْ University ُ‫الجامعة‬ ‫أبى‬ ‫ أَبى – يأْبى‬to refuse, reject, or deny

‫باء‬ ٌ ‫ ِإ‬rejection, disdain; pride ‫ي‬ ٌّ ‫ أ َ ِب‬proud, lofty, disdainful ‫أثر‬

‫ أَث َ َر – يَأث ُ ُر‬to transmit, relate, or report ‫ أَث َّ َر – ي َُؤِث ّ ُر‬to affect or influence; to produce an effect ‫ ت َأث َّ َر – يَت َأث َّ ُر‬to be impressed or influenced; to be moved or touched (‫آثار‬ ٌ ) ‫ أث َ ٌر‬trace, impression, mark; remnants; ruins; antiquities ٌ ‫ أَث َ َرة‬selfishness (noun) ‫أثير‬ ٌ َ ‫ ت‬influence, effect; action ٌ ُّ ‫ ت َأ َث ُّ ٌر )ت َأ َث‬feeling, emotion; sensation, perception; influence (‫رات‬ ٌ ّ ‫ؤث‬ (‫رات‬ ِ ‫ ُم‬influencing factor, influence; moving, touching (pl: effects) ِ ‫ؤث ٌّر )ُم‬ ٌ‫رات ِتقنيَّة‬ ٌ ّ ‫ؤث‬ ‫م‬ ِ ُ special effects (technological) ٌ‫صْوِتيَّة‬ ٌ ّ ‫ؤث‬ ِ ‫ ُم‬sound effects َ ‫رات‬ ‫أدب‬ ‫ُب‬ ُ ‫ُب – يَأد‬ َ ‫ أَد‬to be well-bred, well mannered, or cultured ‫ّب‬ ُ ‫َّب – ي َُؤِد‬ َ ‫ أَد‬to discipline, punish, or chastise; to refine or educate (‫آداب‬ ٌ ) ‫دب‬ ٌ َ ‫ أ‬culture, refinement, good manners; literature ‫مقارُن‬ ُ ‫ َاأل‬comparative literature َ ‫دب ْال‬ ُ َ‫ ق‬ill-mannered ‫دب‬ ِ ‫ليل َاأل‬ ‫لوك‬ etiquette ُّ ‫آداب‬ ُ ِ ‫الس‬ ‫اآلداب‬ morals ُ ‫ي‬ ٌّ ‫ أَدَ ِب‬literary; ethical, moral ُ‫األدبيَّة‬ ِ ُ‫ الفَْلسفة‬ethics (‫دباء‬ ٌ َ ‫ أ‬cultured, refined, educated; writer, author ُ ُ ‫ديب )أ‬ ‫أديب‬ ٌ َ ‫ ت‬education; discipline, punishment ‫ب‬ ٌ ُّ‫ ت َأد‬good manners, courteousness (‫بون‬ َ َّ‫ب ) ُمؤد‬ ٌ َّ‫ مؤد‬polite, well-bred ‫ألف‬ ‫ف‬ ُ َ‫ف – يَأل‬ َ ‫ أ َ ِل‬to be acquainted, familiar, or conversant; to be habituated

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‫ف‬ ُ ّ‫ف – ي َُؤِل‬ َ َّ‫ أل‬to compile, compose, or write; to habituate; to tame or domesticate ‫ف‬ ُ َّ‫ف – يَت َأل‬ َ َّ‫ ت َأل‬to be composed of; to be united ٌ‫ أُلفَة‬affection, intimacy, familiarity ‫ليف‬ ٌ َ ‫ أ‬tame, domesticated; familiar, intimate ‫أليف‬ ٌ َ ‫ ت‬formation; literary works ‫ف‬ ٌ ُ‫ ت َآل‬harmony; familiarity, intimacy ‫الف‬ ٌ ‫ ِاِئت‬concord, harmony; union, coalition ‫ي‬ ِ ‫ ِاِئت‬coalition (adj) ٌّ ‫الف‬ ‫لوف‬ ٌ ْ ‫ َمأ‬familiar, accustomed; customary (‫فون‬ َ ّ‫ف )ُمَؤِل‬ ِ ‫ ُم‬author, writer ٌ ّ‫ؤل‬ ‫بحث‬ ُ ‫بح‬ َ ‫ بََح‬to search, examine, or study; to investigate or research ‫ث‬ َ َ‫ث – ي‬ ُ ‫ُباح‬ َ ‫باح‬ ‫ث‬ ِ ‫ث –ي‬ َ to discuss َ ٌ ٌ ٌ ‫ بَ ْح‬search, study, research, investigation ‫ أ‬/ ‫حوث‬ (‫بحاث‬ ُ‫ث )ب‬ ٌ ُ ‫باح‬ (‫ث‬ ِ ‫بحث )َم‬ َ ‫ َم‬subject, theme, research, examination, investigation ٌ ٌ(‫باحثات‬ َ ‫ ُم‬negotiation, talk, discussion; research َ ‫باحثَة )ُم‬ ٌ ‫ ب ُّح‬/ ‫باحثون‬ ٌ ‫باح‬ (‫اث‬ ِ scholar; researcher, examiner, investigator ِ )‫ث‬ ‫بيت‬ ُ َ‫بات – ي‬ ‫بيت‬ َ to spend the night ُ ‫َّت – يُبَ ِي‬ ‫ّت‬ َ ‫ بَي‬to brood; to plot; to put up for the night ٌ ‫ت )ب‬ ٌ ‫ بَ ْي‬house, building; tent; room (‫ُيوت‬ ٌ(‫ت )أ َ ْبيات‬ ٌ ‫ بَْي‬line, verse (poetry) ‫ي‬ ِ domestic ٌّ ‫بيت‬ ٌ ‫بائ‬ ‫ت‬ ِ stale, old ‫ترجم‬ ‫رجم‬ َ َ ‫ ت‬to translate; to interpret; to write a biography ُ َ ‫رجَم – يُت‬ ٌ (‫راجُم‬ َ َ ‫ ت‬translation; interpretation; biography ِ َ ‫رجَمة )ت‬ َّ ُ ‫رجَمِة‬ ‫ َخ‬translation services َ ‫دمات الت‬ ٌ‫َرجَمةٌ َمطبوعة‬ َ ‫ ت‬subtitles ٌ‫رج َمةٌ فَ ْو ِريَّة‬ َ َ ‫ ت‬simultaneous translation (‫مون‬ َ ‫رج‬ ِ َ ‫رجٌم )ُمت‬ ِ َ ‫ ُمت‬translator, interpreter; biographer ‫َرجٌم‬ َ ‫ ُمت‬translated

96 Education

‫تمم‬ ‫ ت ََّم – يَِتُّم‬to be or become complete or finished ‫تم – يُِتُّم‬ َّ َ ‫ أ‬to complete or finish; to execute or perform ‫َمام‬ ٌ ‫ ت‬completeness, entirety; perfection ً ‫ ت َماما‬exactly, perfectly, completely (‫َمائُم‬ ِ ‫ميمةٌ )ت‬ َ َ ‫ ت‬talisman, amulet ‫تمام‬ ٌ ‫ ِإ‬completion, fulfilment; perfection ‫تام‬ ٌّ complete, perfect, entire ‫جرر‬ ‫ َجَّر – يَُجُّر‬to pull or drag; to put a word in the genitive case, to pronounce the final consonant with i ◌ِ (kasra) ‫نجُّر‬ َ َ‫ ِانَجَّر – ي‬to be pulled or dragged; to have put a word in the genitive case ‫ َجٌّر‬dragging; causing; genitive case (‫رار‬ ٌ ‫ َجَّرة ٌ )ِج‬jar, urn ٌ ‫ار )َجَّر‬ (‫ارات‬ ٌ ‫ َجّر‬tractor ٌ ‫جرة‬ َّ ‫ َم‬galaxy ‫جارور )َج‬ (‫وارير‬ drawer ٌ ُ ْ ‫مجرور‬ ‫ال‬ genitive case ُ ‫جزم‬ ‫جزُم‬ ِ َ‫ َجَزَم – ي‬to cut off; to judge or settle; to pronounce the final consonant of a word without a vowel

‫ َجْزٌم‬cutting off; resolve; jussive form ‫جازٌم‬ ِ decisive, definite; final ‫زوم‬ ٌ ‫ َمْج‬vowelless (final consonant); cut off, clipped ‫جزوم‬ ‫ ْالَم‬jussive mood (for verbs) ُ ‫جمع‬ ‫جمُع‬ َ َ‫ َجَمَع – ي‬to gather, unite, or bring together; to summarise; to convene ‫ َجَّمَع – ي َُج ِ ّمُع‬to amass, accumulate, or assemble ‫جامُع‬ ِ ُ‫جام َع – ي‬ َ to have sexual intercourse ‫ ت ََجَّمَع – يَت ََجَّمُع‬to gather or congregate; to rally together ‫ ِاجت ََمَع – يَجت َِمُع‬to join or get together (‫موع‬ ٌ ‫ َجْمٌع )ُج‬gathering, crowd; collection

Education 97

ٌ‫ ُجْمعَة‬week; Friday ُ‫ظيمة‬ ُ‫ ُجُمعة‬Good Friday ُ  / ‫اآلالم‬ ِ َ َ‫الجُمعةُ الع‬ ٌ َّ‫ َجمعيَّةٌ )َجمعي‬assembly; society, club, organisation (‫ات‬ ٌ (‫ماعات‬ ‫ماعةٌ )َج‬ َ ‫ َج‬community, group, party ‫ماع‬ ٌ ‫ ِج‬sexual intercourse ٌ ‫ ت ََجُّمٌع )ت ََجُّم‬meeting, gathering; crowd, mob (‫عات‬ ٌ (‫ماعات‬ ‫جت‬ ٌ ‫جت‬ ِ ‫ماع )ِا‬ ِ ‫ ِا‬meeting, gathering; assembly; rally ْ ‫لم‬ ُ ‫ ِع‬sociology ِ‫اإلجِتماع‬ ‫ي‬ ِ ‫إجت‬ ِ social, community related; socialist ٌّ ‫ماع‬ ُ‫اإلجتماعيَّة‬ ُ‫ الحالة‬social status ِ ُ‫ماعيَّة‬ ‫عايير‬ ِ ‫اإلجت‬ ِ ُ ‫الم‬ َ social norms ُ‫اإلجِتماعيَّة‬ ُ َ social services ‫الخ‬ ْ ‫دمات‬ ‫جامٌع‬ ِ comprehensive, extensive; general (‫وامُع‬ ِ mosque ِ ‫جامٌع )َج‬ ٌ ‫جام‬ (‫عات‬ ِ university; league, union ِ ) ٌ‫جامعة‬ ‫ي‬ ‫الحَرُم‬ ِ َ university campus ُّ ‫الجامِع‬ ‫عي‬ ِ academic; university related ٌّ ‫جام‬ ٌ(‫جموعةٌ )َمجموعات‬ ‫ َم‬group َ ٌ ‫ ُمجت ََمٌع )ُمجت ََم‬society, community (‫عات‬ ٌ (‫معات‬ ‫)ُج‬

‫جيء‬ ‫جيء‬ ُ َ‫جاء – ي‬ َ to come or arrive; to perpetuate ‫جيء‬ ٌ ‫ َم‬coming, arrival, advent ‫حبط‬ ُ ‫حب‬ َ َ‫ َحب‬to be futile; to fail or miscarry ‫ط‬ ِ َ‫ط – ي‬ ُ ‫حب‬ َ ‫ أ َ ْح‬to frustrate, thwart, or foil ‫ط‬ ِ ُ‫بط – ي‬ ٌ ‫ ُح‬futility, failure ‫بوط‬ ٌ ‫إحباط‬ depression, decline; lack of motion; frustration ‫حضر‬ ‫حضُر‬ ُ َ‫ضَر – ي‬ َ ‫ َح‬to be present or appear; to participate or attend; to be sedentary

(as opposed to nomadic) ‫ضُر‬ ّ ِ ‫ضَر – ي َُح‬ َّ ‫ َح‬to ready or prepare; to study; to civilise ‫ُحاضُر‬ to lecture ِ ‫حاضر – ي‬ َ

98 Education

‫ضُر‬ َ َ ‫ أ‬to fetch or get; to supply ِ ‫حضَر – ي ُْح‬ ‫ضُر‬ َّ ‫ضَر – يَت ََح‬ َّ ‫ ت ََح‬to prepare oneself; to become urbanised ‫ضٌر‬ ‫ح‬ civilised or settled region; town dwellers َ َ ‫ي‬ َ ‫ َح‬settled, resident; non-Bedouin ِ ‫ َح‬/ ‫ي‬ ٌّ ‫ضار‬ ٌّ ‫ضِر‬ ‫ضور‬ ‫ ُح‬attendance, presence ٌ ‫ي‬ ‫ ُح‬compulsory attendance ْ ‫ضور‬ ٌ ِ ‫إج‬ ٌّ ‫بار‬ ٌ (‫ضارات‬ ‫ضارة ٌ )َح‬ َ ‫ َح‬civilisation, culture ٌ َ ‫ ت‬preparing, making ready َ ‫حضير )ت‬ (‫حضيرات‬ ٌ َ ‫ ت‬preparatory ‫ي‬ ِ ٌّ ‫حضير‬ ٌ(‫حاضرات‬ ‫حاضرة ٌ )ُم‬ ‫ ُم‬a lecture َ َ ُ ‫رات‬ ‫الم‬ ‫قاعة‬ lecture hall ِ ‫حاض‬ َ ُ ‫حاضٌر )ُح‬ (‫ضور‬ present; attending ٌ ِ (‫رون‬ َ ‫حاض‬ ِ ‫حاضٌر )ُم‬ ِ ‫ ُم‬lecturer, speaker ‫حضٌر‬ ّ ِ َ ‫ ُمت‬civilised ‫حكى‬ ‫ َحكى – يَْحكي‬to speak or relate; to imitate ‫ي‬ ٌ ‫ َحْك‬speech ٌ (‫كايات‬ ‫ ِحكايَةٌ )ِح‬story, tale, narrative ‫حاك‬ narrator, storyteller ٍ ‫حوج‬ ‫حوَج – ي ُْحِوُج‬ َ َ ‫ أ‬to need or require; to compel; to impoverish ‫حتاج‬ ُ َ‫حتاج – ي‬ َ ‫ ِا‬to be in want; to require ‫ َحْوٌج‬need, want, lack ٌ (‫حاجات‬ ) ٌ‫حاجة‬ َ need, requirement; an object ٌ ّ‫حاجي‬ (‫ات‬  /  ‫ج‬ ِ ‫حاجةٌ )َح‬ ُ ‫وائ‬ َ need, necessities; belongings, stuff ِ ٌ (‫ّاجات‬ ‫حتي‬ ٌ ‫حت‬ ِ ‫ ِا‬needs, wants, requirements, necessities ِ ‫ياج )ِا‬ ‫حتاج‬ ٌ ‫ ُم‬in need, poor ‫حوى‬ ‫ َحوى – يَحوي‬to gather, collect, or unite; to include or comprise ‫ ِاحت َوى – يَحت َوي‬to encompass or embrace; to possess ٌ ‫ ُمحت ََو‬contents (of a book) ‫يات‬

Education 99

‫خرج‬ ‫خرُج‬ ُ َ‫ َخَرَج – ي‬to go out; to depart ‫ُخرُج‬ َ َ ‫ أ‬to bring (sth) out; to evict; to dislodge; to unload or disembark ِ ‫خرَج – ي‬ ‫ ت ََخَّرَج – يت ََخَّرُج‬to be educated; to graduate ‫روج‬ ٌ ‫ ُخ‬exit, departure, emigration, exodus ‫َخرٌج )ِخ ِ ّر‬ (‫جون‬ َ ‫ ُمت ََخ ِ ّر‬/ ‫يجون‬ َ ٌ ‫ ِخ ِ ّر‬graduate ّ ِ ‫ ُمت‬/ ‫يج‬ (‫ج‬ ُ ‫خار‬ َ ‫ َم‬exit, way out, escape ِ ‫خرٌج )َم‬ َ َ ‫ ت‬graduation ‫ تَخُّرٌج‬/ ‫خريج‬ ٌ ُ graduation ceremony ٍ‫حفل ت ََخُّرج‬ ‫خراج‬ ‫ست‬ ٌ ِ ‫ ِا‬removal, extraction; derivation ‫خارٌج‬ ِ outer, exterior; foreign; outside (‫ون‬ َ ‫خرج‬ ِ ‫خرٌج )ُم‬ ِ ‫ ُم‬director ‫خطئ‬ ُ ‫خطأ‬ َ ُ‫ َخ ِطئ – ي‬to be mistaken َّ ‫ َخ‬to charge with an offence; to declare guilty ّ ِ ‫طأ – ي َُخ‬ ‫ئ‬ ُ ‫ط‬ َ ‫ َخطأ ٌ )أ‬mistake, fault (‫خطاء‬ ٌ ٌ َ  / ‫طيئات‬ (‫خطايا‬ ‫ َخطيئ َةٌ )َخ‬mistake, lapse; fault, crime, sin ُ  / ‫واطئ‬ ‫ئ )َخ‬ (ٌ ‫خطاة‬ wrong, incorrect ٌ ‫خاط‬ ِ ُ ‫ئ‬ ٌ ‫ ُمْخِط‬mistaken, wrong, at fault ‫خيب‬ ‫خيب‬ to fail or miscarry ُ َ‫خاب – ي‬ َ ‫ب‬ ُ ّ‫َّب – ي َُخِي‬ َ ‫ َخي‬to thwart or frustrate; to disappoint; to defeat ٌ‫ َخيبَة‬failure, defeat; disappointment ‫ َخيبَةُ أ َ َمٍل‬disappointment ‫ب‬ ٌ ‫خائ‬ ِ failing, unsuccessful; disappointed ‫خيل‬ ُ َ‫خال – ي‬ ‫خال‬ َ to imagine, think, or believe ‫ َخيََّل – ي َُخِيُّل‬to suggest; to make someone believe; to gallop on a horse ‫ ت َخيََّل – يَت ََخيُّل‬to imagine or fancy ٌ ‫ َخ‬imagination, fantasy; vision; ghost (ٌ‫خيلَة‬ ِ َ ‫يال )أ‬ ٌ ‫ي‬ ٌّ ‫ َخيال ِعِلم‬science fiction

100 Education

ٌ (‫ياالت‬ ‫ َخيالَةٌ )َخ‬ghost, spirit ‫ي‬ ِ amazing, unreal; fictitious ٌّ ‫خيال‬ ٌ ُّ‫ ت َخي ٌُّل )ت َخي‬imagination, fantasy; delusion (‫الت‬ ٌ ‫خت‬ ‫الء‬ ِ ‫ ِا‬pride, arrogance ُ َ‫ ُخي‬/ ‫يال‬ ٌ‫ ُمَخيِّلَة‬imagination, fantasy; vision No root

‫تور‬ ٌ ‫ دُْك‬doctors ْ ٌ ‫ دُكتوراة‬doctorate ُ ‫ أ‬/ ‫توراة‬ ُ‫طروحة‬ ‫ ِرسالَةُ الدَ ْك‬PhD thesis ِ َ (ٌ ‫كاتَرة‬ ِ َ‫)د‬

‫رسب‬ ‫ب‬ ُ ‫رس‬ ُ َ‫ب – ي‬ َ ‫س‬ َ ‫ َر‬to fail an examination; to sink, settle, or subside ‫ب‬ ّ ِ ‫ب – ي َُر‬ َّ ‫ َر‬to cause to settle (sth in liquid); to deposit (sediment) ُ ‫س‬ َ ‫س‬ ‫سوب‬ ‫ ُر‬sediment; failure (exam) ٌ ‫رطن‬ ُ َ‫طَن – ي‬ َ ‫ َر‬to talk gibberish ‫رطُن‬ ٌ‫ َرطانَة‬gibberish; lingo ٌ ‫ َر‬gibberish; foreign language ‫طن‬ ‫رفض‬ ‫ض‬ ُ ُ‫ض – يَرف‬ َ َ‫ َرف‬to refuse or reject; to abandon or leave ‫فض‬ ٌ ‫ َر‬rejection, refusal ‫رفوض‬ ‫ َم‬rejected ٌ ‫رفع‬ ‫ رفََع – يَرفَُع‬to lift; to put a word in the nominative or indicative case; to pronounce the final consonant with u ◌ُ (damma) ّ‫ َرفََّع – يُرفُِع‬to raise or lift ‫َفع – يَرت َِفُع‬ َ ‫ ِارت‬to rise or lift; to become higher ‫فع‬ ‫ر‬ lifting; elevation; pronunciation of the final consonant with u ◌ُ ٌ َ ‫فيع‬ ٌ ‫ َر‬thin, fine; high, lofty ‫فاع‬ ٌ ‫رت‬ ِ ‫ ِا‬elevation; increase ٌ(‫ ُمرت َفٌَع )ُمرت َفَعات‬height, altitude; elevated place

Education 101

ُ َ‫ ُمرت َف‬the Golan Heights ‫جوالن‬ ‫عات ْال‬ ِ ‫رفوع‬ ‫الم‬ ُ َ indicative mood (verbs), nominative case (nouns) ‫سجل‬ ‫ُسجُل‬ ّ ِ ‫سَّجَل – ي‬ َ to register, document, or record; to give evidence ٌ ّ‫ ِسِجٌل )ِسجال‬record, register, list; archives (‫ت‬ ٌ ٌ َ ‫سجيل )ت‬ َ ‫ ت‬registration; documentation, recording (‫سجيالت‬ (‫لون‬ َ ‫س ِ ّج‬ َ ‫س ِ ّجٌل )ُم‬ َ ‫ ُم‬registrar; notary public; tape recorder ٌ ٌ(‫س ِ ّجالت‬ َ ‫ ُم‬tape recorder َ ‫س ِ ّجل )ُم‬ ‫سَّجٌل‬ ‫م‬ recorded َ ُ ‫سعى‬ ‫ سعى – يَسعى‬to strive; to attempt; to achieve ‫عي‬ َ course; effort ٌ ‫س‬ (ٍ‫سعى )َمساع‬ ً ‫ َم‬effort, endeavour (‫ساعون‬  / ٌ ‫سعاة‬ َ ُ ) ٍ‫ ساع‬messenger; delivery boy ‫بريد‬ ِ ‫ ساعي ْال‬postman ‫سكن‬ ُ َ‫سَكَن – ي‬ ‫سكُن‬ َ to live or inhabit; to be tranquil; to be vowelless (grammar) ‫سّكَن – ي َُس ِ ّكُن‬ َ to reassure, or soothe َ َ ‫ أ‬to provide living quarters (for someone) ‫ُسكُن‬ ِ ‫سكَن – ي‬ ‫سَكٌن‬ َ dwelling, abode, habitation ‫ي‬ ‫ل‬ ‫الداخ‬ َّ ُ‫ قاعة‬dormitory ِ ِ ّ ِ ‫السَكِن‬ ٌ ‫س‬ ‫كون‬ ُ calm, tranquility, peace; silence; symbol for vowellessness ٌ ‫ ِسّك‬knife ُ ‫س‬ (‫كاكين‬ َ ) ‫ين‬ ٌ‫ ِسّكينَة‬knife ٌ‫سكينَة‬ َ presence of God; calm, tranquility َ ‫ َم‬home, dwelling ُ ‫ساك‬ (‫ن‬ ِ ‫سكٌن )َم‬ ٌ ‫ ِإْس‬settling; settlement ‫كان‬ ٌ ‫سّك‬ (‫نون‬ َ ‫ساك‬ ِ  / ‫ان‬ ِ inhabitant, resident (pl: population) ُ ) ‫ساكٌن‬ ّ َ ُ population ‫ان‬ ‫ك‬ ‫الس‬ ‫عداد‬ ‫ت‬ ُّ ِ ُ ‫واك‬ (‫ن‬ ِ calm, motionless; vowelless ِ ‫س‬ َ ) ‫ساكٌن‬ ٌ ‫ َمْس‬populated, inhabited; possessed (by demons or jinn) ‫كون‬ ٌ ‫س ِ ّك‬ (‫نات‬ َ ‫ ُم‬sedative, pacifier َ ‫س ِ ّكٌن )ُم‬

102 Education

‫سلب‬ ‫ب‬ ُ ُ‫لب – يَسل‬ َ ‫س‬ َ to take or snatch away; to deny; to be in mourning َّ ‫ب‬ ُ ‫ب – يَت َسل‬ َ َّ‫ ت َسل‬to be in mourning ‫ب‬ ٌ ‫سال‬ ِ  / ‫ي‬ َ negative ٌّ ‫سِلب‬ ٌ‫سِلبيَّة‬ negativity َ َ ‫لب )أ‬ (‫سالب‬ ٌ ٌ ‫س‬ َ loot, booty ُ ‫ أ‬style (especially literary); method, way, manner َ ‫سلوب )أ‬ (‫ساليب‬ ٌ ُ ‫شخص‬ َ َ‫ص – ي‬ ‫ص‬ َ to rise, ascend, or appear; to stare ُ ‫شخ‬ َ ‫شَخ‬ َّ ّ ‫ص‬ – ‫ص‬ ‫خ‬ ‫ش‬ ‫خ‬ ‫ُش‬ ‫ي‬ َ ِ ُ َ َ to personify; to specify; to identify; to act or play َ ‫خص )أ‬ (‫شخاص‬ َ person, individual, character ٌ ٌ ‫ش‬ ‫ي‬ َ personal, private ِ ‫ش‬ ٌّ ‫خص‬ ٌ(‫خصيّات‬ َ personality, individuality َ ) ٌ‫خصيَّة‬ ِ ‫ش‬ ِ ‫ش‬ ٌ‫خصيّة‬ ٌ ‫ش‬ ‫طاقة‬ ‫ب‬ ID card َ ِ ِ ٌ‫خصيّة‬ ٌ ‫ َم‬personal information َ ‫علومات‬ ِ ‫ش‬ ‫خيص‬ ‫ ت َْش‬personification; diagnosis; performance, acting ٌ ‫صدق‬ ‫صد ُُق‬ ْ َ‫صدَ َق – ي‬ َ to speak the truth, to be right; to be sincere ‫ُصِد ُّق‬ َ ‫صد ََّق – ي‬ َ to believe; to give credence to ‫صادُق‬ ِ ُ‫ صادَ َق – ي‬to treat as a friend; to agree, approve, or grant ُ‫َصدَّق‬ َ ‫َصد ََّق – يَت‬ َ ‫ ت‬to give alms; to donate ٌ ‫ص‬ truth, sincerity ‫دق‬ ِ ٌ َ‫صد‬ (‫قات‬ َ ) ٌ‫صدَقَة‬ َ charity ٌ ٌ (‫داقات‬ ‫ص‬ َ friendship َ ) ‫صداقَة‬ َ ٌ (‫قاء‬ ِ ‫صديق )أ‬ ُ ‫صد‬ َ friend, friendly true; truthful (also a boy’s name) ‫صادٌق‬ ِ ٌ‫صداقيَّة‬ ٌ ‫ص‬ ِ ‫داق‬ ْ ‫ م‬/ ْ ‫ ِم‬credibility; confirmation ‫ضرع‬ ‫ع‬ ُ ‫ضر‬ َ ‫ضَر‬ َ to be humble or submissive; to implore َ َ‫ع – ي‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ي‬ – to be similar or equal, to resemble ‫ع‬ ‫ضار‬ ُ ‫ضار‬ ُ َ َ ِ ٌ‫راعة‬ َ submissiveness; humility; begging; entreaty َ ‫ض‬ ‫ع‬ ُ ‫ضار‬ ُ imperfect tense ِ ‫الم‬

Education 103

‫طمح‬ َ to turn or be directed; to strive; to aspire or yearn ‫طمُح‬ َ َ‫طَمَح – ي‬ ُ ambitions, aspirations; endeavour; striving ُ ٌ (‫موحات‬ ‫موح )ط‬ ٌ ‫ط‬ ‫طامٌح‬ ِ ambitious, eager; yearning ‫عجب‬ ‫ب‬ ُ ‫عج‬ َ to wonder at; to be astonished َ ‫عِج‬ َ َ‫ب – ي‬ ‫ب‬ ُ ‫ب – يُعَ ِ ّج‬ َ to amaze, surprise, or delight َ ‫عَّج‬ ‫ب‬ ُ ‫ب – يَت َعَّج‬ َ ‫ ت َعََّج‬to wonder or marvel َ ‫ب )أ‬ (‫عجاب‬ ٌ ٌ ‫عَج‬ َ amazement; marvel, wonder ‫جيب‬ wonderful, remarkable, strange, odd ٌ ‫ع‬ َ ٌ (‫ب‬ ُ ‫جائ‬ ِ ‫ع‬ َ ) ‫عجيبَة‬ َ wondrous or strange things; curiosities ٌ َ ‫ أ ُعجوبة )أ‬wondrous thing, miracle, prodigy (‫عاجيب‬ ُ ‫إعجاب‬ admiration; pleasure, satisfaction ٌ ‫عجاب‬ ‫ست‬ ٌ ٌ ‫َعج‬ ُّ ‫ ت‬astonishment, amazement ِ ‫ ِا‬/ ‫ب‬ ‫ب‬ ٌ ‫ ُمْعَج‬admirer ‫عجم‬ ‫عجُم‬ ُ َ‫عَجَم – ي‬ َ to try or test ‫جم‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ي‬ – ‫عجم‬ ُ ْ َ َ َ ‫ أ‬to provide a letter with a diacritical point ‫جم – يَنعَ ِجُم‬ َ َ‫ ِانع‬to be incomprehensible or unintelligible ‫َعجُم‬ ِ ‫عجم – يَست‬ َ َ ‫ ِاست‬to become un-Arabic ‫عَجٌم‬ َ barbarians, non-Arabs; Persians ‫العجُم‬ Persians َ َ (‫عجام‬ ‫ي )أ‬ َ barbarian, non-Arab ٌ ٌّ ‫عَجِم‬ ٌ ‫عْجَم‬ ‫ع‬ (‫اوات‬ َ beast َ ) ‫جماء‬ ُ َ َ (‫عاجُم‬ ِ ‫عجم )أ‬ ُ ‫ أ‬speaking incorrect Arabic; barbarian; non-Arab; a Persian َ foreigner, alien, non-Arabic; non-Arab, Persian ‫ي‬ ‫م‬ ‫عج‬ ‫أ‬ ِ ٌّ َ (‫عاجُم‬ َ ‫ ُم‬incomprehensible; dictionary, lexicon; provided with a diacritical ِ ‫عجٌم )َم‬ point

‫عمد‬ ُ‫عمد‬ َ to support or prop; to intend; to approach; to undertake; to baptise َ َ‫عَمدَ – ي‬ ُ‫عمد‬ ّ ِ َ‫عَّمدَ – ي‬ َ to baptise or christen ُ‫ ت َعََّمدَ – يَت َعَّمد‬to intend or do intentionally; to approach; to be baptised

104 Education

ٌ‫عمد‬ َ intention, premeditation, purpose ٌ‫ ُمت َعََّمد‬/ ‫ي‬ ِ ‫ع‬ َ deliberate ٌّ ‫مد‬ (ٌ ‫عَمد‬ ُ ) ٌ ‫عْمدَة‬ ُ magistrate (ٌ ‫عَمد‬ َ ) ٌ‫ ِعماد‬support, pillar (‫مداء‬ ُ ) ٌ‫عميد‬ َ dean, headmaster, head, chief; support ُ ‫ع‬ ٌ (ُ ‫عواميد‬ ِ َ ‫ عامودٌ )أ‬/ ٌ‫عمود‬ َ flagpole, pillar, column َ  / ‫عمدَة‬ ٌ‫َعمد‬ ‫ت‬ intention, determination, design ُّ ٌ‫ ت َعميد‬baptism ٌ‫ ُمت َعَ ِ ّمد‬deliberate ٌ‫ ُمعت ََمد‬reliable; approved ‫فرد‬ ُ‫فرد‬ ِ َ‫ فََردَ – ي‬to be single or alone; singular, unique ُ‫ ِانفََردَ – يَنفَ ِرد‬to stand alone; to be without parallel; to withdraw (ٌ ‫ فَرد ٌ )أ َفراد‬singular (grammar); an individual; single, only (ٌ ‫ فَرد ٌ )فُرود‬gun ٌ ‫ فَردَة‬one of a pair ٌ‫رديَّة‬ ِ َ‫ ف‬individuality ٌ‫ فَريد‬unique; alone, solitary (also a boy’s name) (ُ ‫رائد‬ ِ َ‫ فَريدة ٌ )ف‬precious gem, solitaire (also a girl’s name) ٌ‫ ِاِنفراد‬seclusion, solitude, loneliness ٌ‫فرد‬ َ ‫ ُم‬singular (grammar); solitary, lone ٌ ‫فر‬ ‫دات‬ َ ‫ ُم‬vocabulary, words, terms ‫فردات‬ ‫الم‬ ِ ُ ُ‫ قائمة‬lexicon ٌ‫ ُمنفَ ِرد‬isolated, detached, solitary ‫فشل‬ ‫فشُل‬ َ َ‫ فَِشَل – ي‬to fail; to lose courage ‫فاشٌل‬ ِ unsuccessful, futile, worthless ‫فصح‬ ‫فصُح‬ ُ َ‫ ف‬to be eloquent ُ َ‫صَح – ي‬ ‫صُح‬ َّ َ‫ ف‬to use correct Arabic ّ ِ َ‫صَح – يُف‬ َ ‫ أ‬to express oneself in flawless Arabic; to speak clearly ‫فصُح‬ ِ ُ‫فصح – ي‬ َ ُ‫صيح )ف‬ َ‫ ف‬pure Arabic; fluent, eloquent; clear, distinct (language) (‫ح‬ ٌ ‫ص‬ ٌ ُ ُ‫ ف‬/ ‫صحاء‬ ُ

Education 105

ٌ‫صاحة‬ َ‫ ف‬eloquence, fluency; purity of language َ ‫إفصاح‬ flawless literary Arabic; an open declaration ٌ ‫فنن‬ ‫ فَنَّ َن – يُفَنُِّن‬to diversify or vary; to mingle or jumble ‫ ت َفنَّن – يَت َفنُّن‬to be versatile; to be a specialist; to do something in an artistic way ٌ ُ‫ فٌَن )ف‬art; field, discipline (‫نون‬ ّ ِ ‫ فَ ُّن ْال‬calligraphy ‫خط‬ ُ‫نون ْالجميلَة‬ ُ ُ‫ الف‬fine arts ْ ُ‫عسكريّة‬ ُ ُ‫ الف‬martial arts ‫نون ال‬ ِ ُ ‫نون‬ ِ ُ‫ قاعة الف‬art gallery ‫ي‬ ٌّ ّ‫ فَِن‬artistic; technical; professional ٌ ّ‫ فَن‬artist, craftsman (‫انون‬ َ ّ‫ان )فَن‬ ‫ ت َفَنٌُّن‬diversity, variety; versatility; skill ‫قبس‬ ‫س‬ ُ ‫قب‬ ِ َ‫س – ي‬ َ َ‫ قَب‬to derive; to loan or borrow; to acquire ‫س‬ ُ ‫س – يَقت َِب‬ َ َ‫ ِاقت َب‬to take; to learn; to loan or borrow ‫قابوس‬ nightmare ٌ ‫باس‬ ِ ‫ ِا‬adaptation (text); loaning, borrowing (words); quotation ٌ ‫قت‬ ٌ‫ ُمقت َبَسات‬loans, borrowings; quotations ‫قمس‬ ‫س‬ ِ َ‫س – ي‬ ُ ‫قم‬ َ ‫ قََم‬to dip, immerse, or soak َ‫قاموس )ق‬ (‫واميس‬ dictionary, lexicon; ocean ٌ ُ ‫كرر‬ ‫ َكَّر – يَُكُّر‬to turn around and attack; to return; to withdraw or retreat َ – ‫كرَر‬ ‫يك ِ ّرُر‬ َّ to repeat; to ask repeatedly; to clarify ‫َكرُر‬ ّ ‫َكرَر – يَت‬ ّ ‫ ت‬to be repeated; to be refined or purified َ ‫ كٌّر‬attack ٌ ‫ َكَّرة ٌ )َكَّر‬attack; return, comeback, recurrence; one time (‫ات‬ ‫كرار‬ ٌ َ ‫ ت‬/ ‫كرير‬ ٌ َ ‫ ت‬repetition, reiteration ً ‫ ِمرارا ً وت َكرارا‬repeatedly ‫َكرٌر‬ َّ ‫ ُم‬repeated, reiterated ّ ِ ‫ ُمت‬/ ‫كرٌر‬

106 Education No root

‫( ُكُّل‬followed by a definite noun) all, entire, whole; (followed by an indefinite noun) every ‫ ُكلَّما‬whenever ‫ي‬ ٌّ ّ‫ ُكِل‬complete, absolute, total ٌ ّ‫ ُكِلّيّةٌ )ُكِلّي‬totality (pl: college, university faculty) (‫ات‬ ‫فنون ْالجميلَ ِة‬ ِ ‫ ُكِلّيَّةُ ْال‬department of fine arts ‫جارِة‬ ِ ُ‫ ُك ِلّيَّة‬faculty of trade and commerce َ ّ ‫الت‬ ‫قوق‬ ُ ُ‫ ُكِلّيَّة‬faculty of law ِ ‫الح‬

‫لحظ‬ ُ ‫ظ – يَْلَح‬ َ ‫ لََح‬to observe, look, or view; to notice ‫ظ‬ ُ‫ُالحظ‬ َ to view, observe, see, or notice; to perceive or notice ِ ‫الحظ – ي‬ ٌ َ ‫حظ )أ‬ ٌ َ‫ ل‬look, glance (‫لحاظ‬ َ َ‫ ل‬look, glance, glimpse; moment َ‫حظةٌ )ل‬ ٌ (‫حظات‬ َ ‫الح‬ ٌ ‫الح‬ (‫ظات‬ َ ‫ ُم‬remark, comment, note; observation َ ‫ظةٌ )ُم‬ ٌ‫ َملحوظ‬noteworthy, remarkable َ ٌ ‫ َم‬observation, remark, note; seeing, perception (‫لحوظات‬ ‫لحوظةٌ )َم‬ ‫لفظ‬ ُ ‫يلف‬ َ َ‫ لَف‬to pronounce, enunciate, or articulate; to emit; to spit out ‫ظ‬ ِ –‫ظ‬ ُ َّ‫ظ – يَت َلف‬ َ َّ‫ ت َلَف‬to pronounce, enunciate, or articulate ‫ظ‬ ٌ(‫فظ )أ َلفاظ‬ ٌ َ‫ ل‬expression, term; articulation, pronunciation ٌ‫نابيَة‬ ٌ َ ‫ أ‬rude words, swear words ِ ‫لفاظ‬ ‫ي‬ ِ َ‫ ل‬verbal; literary; oral ٌّ ‫فظ‬ َ َ‫ ل‬word; utterance َ‫فظةٌ )ل‬ ٌ (‫فظات‬ ٌ‫ ت َلفُّظ‬pronunciation, articulation ٌ ‫ َم‬pronounced ‫لفوظ‬ ‫لكن‬ َ َ‫ لَِكَن – ي‬to speak incorrectly; to stammer ‫لكُن‬ ٌ‫ لُكنَة‬stutter, stammer; incorrect pronunciation; ungrammatical language ٌ‫ لَكانَة‬speech defect ‫لهج‬ ‫لهُج‬ َ َ‫ لَِهَج – ي‬to be devoted or dedicated; to be in love َ‫هجةٌ )ل‬ ٌ (‫هجات‬ َ َ‫ ل‬dialect, vernacular; tongue; manner of speaking; tone

Education 107

‫مدح‬ ‫ َمدَ َح – يَمدَ ُح‬to praise or commend; to eulogise ‫ َمْدٌح‬commendation, praise, glorification (‫ح‬ ٌ ‫ َم‬praise, commendation; eulogy ِ ‫ديح )َم‬ ُ ‫دائ‬ ‫مدد‬ (Full treatment in Politics chapter)

ُّ‫ مدَّ – يُمد‬to extend or spread out; to help or assist; to supply or provide; to reinforce (army) (ٌ ‫ َمدٌّ )ُمدود‬stretching, lengthening; extension ٌ ‫ َمدَّة‬long sign over alif (‫)آ‬ (ٌ ‫ ُمدّة ٌ )ُمد ُد‬period; interval; duration (ُّ‫ مادَّة ٌ )َمواد‬subject, topic, theme; chemical element; component; material ٌ‫ياريَّة‬ ِ ‫ َموادُّ ِا‬optional subjects ِ ‫خت‬

‫نجح‬ ‫نجُح‬ َ َ‫ نََجَح – ي‬to succeed or progress well; to pass (exam) ‫ نََّجَح – يُنَ ِ ّجُح‬to let or make someone succeed ‫جاح‬ ٌ َ‫ ن‬success; passing (an exam) (also a girl’s name) ‫ناجٌح‬ ِ successful; having passed (exam) ‫نجز‬ ‫نجُز‬ ُ َ‫ نََجَز – ي‬to carry out or execute; to fulfil or accomplish ‫نجُز‬ َ َ ‫ أ‬to carry out, execute, or implement; to accomplish or complete ِ ُ‫نجَز – ي‬ ٌ َ‫ ن‬/ ‫نجيز‬ ٌ َ ‫ ت‬/ ‫إنجاز‬ ٌ ٌ َ‫ ن‬achievement; performance; execution, implementation ‫جاز‬  / ‫جز‬ ‫ناجٌز‬ ِ completed; entire, complete, total ‫نحو‬ ‫ نحا – يَنحو‬to wend one’s way; to go, walk, or move ‫ نََّحى – يُن َّحي‬to remove; to put aside or push away (‫نحاء‬ ٌ َ ‫حو )أ‬ ٌ َ‫ ن‬direction; side; course, method ‫حو‬ ُ َّ‫ الن‬Arabic grammar; grammar ‫حو‬ َ َ‫( ن‬prep) in the direction of, towards; according to; similar to (ٍ‫ ناحيَةٌ )نَواح‬side, direction; viewpoint; domain ‫ َوِمْن ناحيٍَة ا ُخرى‬. . . ‫ من ناحيٍَة‬on the one hand . . . on the other hand

108 Education

‫نسخ‬ ‫نسُخ‬ َ َ‫ ن‬to transcribe or copy; to delete, abolish, invalidate, or repeal َ َ‫سَخ – ي‬ ‫َنسُخ‬ ِ ‫َنسَخ – يَست‬ َ ‫ ِاست‬to transcribe or copy; to demand the abolition of ٌ‫ نَْسخ‬abolition, cancellation; copying, transcription ‫ي‬ ٌّ ‫ نَْسِخ‬ordinary Arabic cursive script ٌ ‫س‬ َ ُ‫ ن‬a copy or transcript (‫خ‬ َ ُ‫سخةٌ )ن‬ ‫َناسٌخ‬ ُ ‫ ت‬succession ٌ‫ اِْسِتنساخ‬cloning; copying, transcription ٌ ‫س‬ (‫اخ‬ ّ ُ‫ناسٌخ )ن‬ ِ transcriber, copyist ‫نصح‬ ‫صُح‬ َ َ‫ ن‬to advise or counsel; to be sincere or act in good faith َ ‫صَح – يَ ْن‬ to give someone sincere advice; to be sincere in one’s intentions ‫ناصُح‬ ِ ُ‫ناصَح – ي‬ َ َ ‫نصُح‬ ِ ‫نص َح – يَست‬ َ َ ‫ اِست‬to ask someone for advice ‫صح‬ ٌ ُ‫ ن‬good advice, counsel, guidance ‫َصيح‬ ‫ ن‬sincere and faithful advisor ٌ َ‫ ن‬advice, friendly advice (‫ح‬ ِ َ‫صيحةٌ )ن‬ ُ ‫صائ‬ َ ُ (‫اح‬ ٌ ‫ص‬ ّ ‫ناصٌح )ن‬ ِ sincere; good counsellor or advisor3 ‫نصص‬ ‫ص‬ ُّ ُ‫ص – يَن‬ َّ َ‫ ن‬to fix, determine, or compose; to state in writing ُ‫ص )ن‬ (‫صوص‬ ٌّ َ‫ ن‬text, wording; version; sentence, clause, passage ٌ ‫ي‬ ‫ص‬ ِ ُّ َّ‫ الن‬creative text ُّ ‫اإلبداع‬ ‫نصِه‬ ّ ِ ‫ ِب‬verbatim َ ‫ ت‬quotation ‫نصيص‬ ٌ ُ ِ ‫عالمات الت َّنصيص‬ quotation marks ٌ ٌ(‫َصات‬ ّ ‫ ِم‬raised platform, podium ّ ‫نصة )ِمن‬ ‫نون‬ ‫ نََّوَن – يَنَ ّ ِوُن‬to add a final nūn to a noun, to provide with nunnation ٌ َ ‫ ت‬nunnation (grammar) ‫نوين‬ No root

‫ ُهَو‬he, it ٌ‫ ُهِويَّة‬ID card; identity; essence, nature

Education 109

‫وجد‬ ُ‫ َوَجدَ – يَ ِجد‬to find or come across; to invent; to experience or feel ُ‫يوجد‬ ِ – َ‫ أ َوجد‬to produce; to provoke or cause; to create or invent ٌ‫ َوْجد‬strong emotion, passion, ardour ٌ‫ ُوجود‬existence, presence; finding, discovery ‫ي‬ ِ ‫ ُو‬existential ٌّ ‫جود‬ ٌ‫ إيجاد‬creation, origination, production ٌ‫ َموجود‬present, existent, available, found ‫وسع‬ ‫سُع‬ ُ ‫ َو‬to be wide, spacious, or extensive; to include; to accommodate َ َ‫ ي‬/ ‫سعِ – يَْوِسُع‬ ‫سُع‬ ّ ِ ‫سَع – يَُو‬ َّ ‫ َو‬to widen or expand ‫َوسُع‬ ّ ‫َوسَع – يَت‬ َّ ‫ ت‬to be extended, expanded, or widened ٌ‫سعَة‬ wideness, roominess, capacity; ability َ ‫سعٍَة‬ َ ‫ ذو‬wealthy ‫سع‬ ٌ ‫ ُو‬capability, ability, capacity, power ٌ‫ ُوسعَة‬wideness, spaciousness; extent, range (‫ساع‬ ٌ ‫سيع )ِو‬ ٌ ‫ َو‬wide, vast, roomy ‫سٌع‬ ُّ ‫ ت ََو‬/ ‫سيع‬ ٌ ‫ ت َْو‬extension, expansion, widening, increase ‫ي‬ ُّ ‫ ت ََو‬expansionist ٌّ ‫سِع‬ ‫ساع‬ ٌ ّ ‫ ِإت‬vastness, spaciousness ‫واسٌع‬ ِ wide, broad, spacious, roomy ٌ (‫سوعات‬ ‫سوعةٌ )َمْو‬ َ ‫ َمْو‬encyclopaedia, thesaurus ‫وضع‬ (Full treatment in Media chapter)

‫ضُع‬ َ َ‫ضَع – ي‬ َ ‫ َو‬to put down, place or lay; to set up; to bear (children) ‫ضوع )َم‬ (‫واضيع‬ ٌ ‫ َمْو‬subject, theme, topic; issue, question ُ ُ‫راسيَّة‬ ‫ ْالَم‬subjects ِ ‫واضيع‬ ِ ّ‫الد‬ ُ ُ ‫واضيع‬ ‫صلٍَة‬ ‫ َم‬related topics ِ ‫ذات‬ ُ

‫الم‬ Subjects ‫واضيع‬ ُ َ ‫أرخ‬ ‫ أ َ َّرَخ – يَُؤّرُخ‬to date (a letter etc.); to write the history of something

110 Education

ٌ ُ َ ‫تاريخ )ت‬ date; time; history (‫واريخ‬ ُ‫ الت ّاريخ‬history (‫خون‬ َ ‫ؤر‬ ّ ِ ‫ؤرٌخ )ُم‬ ّ ِ ‫ ُم‬historian ‫لغو‬ ‫ لَغا – يَلغو‬to speak; to talk nonsense or make mistakes in speech; to be null ‫ أ َلغى – يُلغي‬to cancel or nullify; to withdraw; to render ineffectual ‫غو‬ ٌ َ‫ ل‬foolish talk, nonsense; ungrammatical language ٌ ُ‫ لُغَةٌ )ل‬language, dialect, idiom, vernacular (‫غات‬ ُ‫العاميَّة‬ ّ ِ ُ‫ اللُّغة‬colloquial language ‫غة‬ ِ ُّ‫لم الل‬ ُ ‫ ِع‬linguistics ُّ ‫غة‬ ِ ‫ قواعدُ الل‬grammar ‫الضِاد‬ ّ ُ‫ لُغة‬/ ُ‫ اللُّغَةُ ْالعَربِيَّة‬Arabic language ‫ اللُّغَةُ ُاألُّم‬mother tongue ُ‫اإلنجليزيَّة‬ ُ‫ اللُّغَة‬English language ِ ُ‫فرنسيَّة‬ ِ ‫ اللُّغَةُ ْال‬French ‫اإلشارِة‬ ُ‫ لُغة‬sign language ِ ‫ي‬ ٌّ ‫ لُغَِو‬linguistic ٌ‫غويّة‬ ِ ُ‫ ثُنائيَّةٌ ل‬bilingualism ٌ ‫ لَْغوة‬dialect, idiom, vernacular ‫غاء‬ ٌ ‫ ْإل‬abolition, elimination, cancellation ‫غى‬ ً ‫ ُمْل‬invalid; abolished, annulled

ُ ‫واضيع‬ Other Subjects ‫األخرى‬ ‫الم‬ ُ َ ‫األعمال‬ ُ ‫ إدارة‬business administration ِ ‫االنسان‬ ‫لم‬ ُ ‫ ِع‬/ ‫ َاالنثروبولوجيا‬anthropology ِ ّ ُ ‫جارة‬ َ ِ‫ الت‬trade, business ‫ي‬ ُ ّ ‫ الت‬home economics ِ ‫الم‬ َ ‫دبير‬ ُّ ‫نزِل‬ َّ ‫ الت‬design and technology ‫صاميم والتِّكنولوجيا‬ ُ ُ‫الصحافَة‬ َّ journalism ‫ ْالُجغرافيا‬geography ‫ ْالموسيقى‬music ُ ِ ‫اإلعالم‬ media studies ْ ‫دراسات‬ Extracurricular and Recreational Activities

ُ‫ص ِفّيَّةُ والت َّرفيهيَّة‬ ّ ‫شاطات‬ َّ‫الن‬ ُ َ ‫الال‬

Education 111

‫أنس‬ ‫س‬ ُ َ‫س – يَأن‬ َ ‫ أ َ ِن‬to be sociable, friendly, or nice ‫س‬ ِ ‫آنس – ي‬ ُ ‫ُؤن‬ َ to keep someone company; to entertain or amuse ُ ‫نس‬ ٌ ‫ أ‬intimacy; sociability ‫نس‬ ٌ ‫ ِإ‬man, human, mankind (‫ناس‬ ٌ ُ ‫ناس )أ‬ ٌ people َ ‫نيس‬ ٌ ‫ أ‬close friend (also a boy’s name) ٌ‫ ْإنسان‬human, man human, humane ‫ي‬ ِ ٌّ ‫إنسان‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ ال‬inhumane ِ ٌّ ‫إنسان‬ ٌ‫إنسانيَّة‬ humanity; kindness, politeness ِ ‫إيناس‬ intimacy; friendliness, sociability (also a girl’s name) ٌ ٌ (‫آنسات‬ ) ٌ‫آنسة‬ َ Miss; a young lady ‫برى‬ ‫ بَرى – يَبري‬to trim or shape; to exhaust or wear out ‫ ت َبارى – يَت َبارى‬to vie, compete, or contend ‫ اِنبَرى – يَنبَري‬to be sharpened or trimmed; to defy or oppose; to undertake ٌ‫ بَّرايَة‬pencil sharpener ٌ (‫باريات‬ ‫ ُمباراة ٌ )ُم‬competition, match, tournament ‫َبار‬ ٍ ‫ ُمت‬contestant, competitor, rival ‫بطل‬ ُ َ‫ ب‬to be brave or heroic, to be a hero ُ َ‫طَل – ي‬ ‫بطُل‬ َ َ‫ ب‬champion, hero, protagonist; brave, heroic ٌ َ ‫ط ٌل )أ‬ (‫بطال‬ ٌ (‫طوالت‬ ُ‫ بُطولَةٌ )ب‬championship, tournament; bravery, heroism; leading role ‫بنى‬ ‫ بَنى – يَْبني‬to build, erect, or establish (ٌ‫بنيَة‬ ِ َ ‫ناء )أ‬ ٌ ‫ ِب‬building, construction, structure ٌ ‫ب‬ ‫ة‬ (‫ُنى‬ ) َ‫ بُني‬structure; build, frame ً (‫اءون‬ َ َّ‫اء )بَن‬ ٌ َّ‫ بَن‬constructive; builder (pl: builders) ٍ َّ‫غير بَن‬ ٍ‫اءة‬ ُ  / ‫اء‬ ُ unconstructive َ َّ‫غير بَن‬ ٌ(‫ ِبنايَةٌ )ِبنايات‬building, structure, edifice (‫بان‬ ٍ ‫بنى )َم‬ ً ‫ َم‬building, construction, structure

112 Education No root

ٌ ُ ‫بغ )ت‬ ٌ ‫ ِت‬tobacco (‫بوغ‬ No root

َ ‫ َجوقَةٌ )أ‬/ ‫ َجْو ٌق‬troop, group, choir, theatrical group ٌ ٌ (‫وقات‬ ‫ َج‬/ ‫جواق‬ ‫ق‬ ُ ‫ ُم‬conductor ِ ‫دير ْالَجْو‬ ٌ‫موسيقيَّة‬ ٌ‫ َجوقة‬orchestra ِ ‫حشش‬ ‫ش‬ ُّ ‫ش – يَِح‬ َّ ‫ َح‬to mow grass َّ ‫ َح‬to smoke hashish ّ ‫ُحش‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ش‬ – ‫ش‬ ُ ِ َ ‫ش‬ ‫شيش‬ ٌ ‫ َح‬grass, cannabis, weed, hashish ّ ‫اش )َح‬ ّ ‫ َح‬hashish smoker ‫ش‬ (‫اشون‬ َ ٌ ‫ش‬ ‫حطط‬ ُّ ‫ َحط َّ – يَُح‬to put or place; to lower or dismount ‫ط‬ َّ ‫ ِح‬relief; abasement, humiliation, insult, indignity ٌ‫طة‬ ّ ‫ َمَح‬stopping place, station, post; broadcasting station ّ ‫طةٌ )َمَح‬ ٌ ‫ط‬ (‫ات‬ ْ ّ ّ ‫ َمَح‬coach or bus station ُ ‫باصات‬ ‫ َمَحطة ال‬/ ‫الت‬ ِ ‫حاف‬ ِ ِ ‫طةُ ْال‬ ‫حين‬ ُ َ‫حان – ي‬ ‫حين‬ َ to draw near or approach ‫ حي ََّن – ي َُحِي ُّن‬to set a time ُ ‫الوقت‬ ‫حان‬ َ the time has come, it is the right time ٌ (‫حانات‬ ) ٌ‫ حانَة‬bar, pub, tavern ٌ َ ‫حين )أ‬ ٌ time, opportunity (‫حيان‬ ً ‫ أحيانا‬occasionally ‫األحيان‬ ‫عض‬ ُ َ‫ ب‬sometimes ِ ‫ حينَِئٍذ‬at that time, that day ‫( حينَما‬conj) while, when, as ‫خلل‬ ‫ َخَّل – يَ ِخُّل‬to pierce; to transfix ‫خالُل‬ ِ ُ‫ خالََل – ي‬to treat as a friend

Education 113

‫ ِاخت ََّل – يَخت َُّل‬to be defective, faulty, or imperfect; to be upset or unbalanced ُ َ ‫ اِخت َ َّل ت‬to lose one’s balance ُ‫وازنُه‬ َ ‫ ِخٌل )أ‬friend, buddy ٌ (‫خالل‬ ٌ ‫ َخلَ ٌل )ِخ‬rupture; imbalance; defectiveness, damage (‫الل‬ ٌ ‫ َخ‬friend, companion; lover (‫ليل )أ َ ِخالّ ُء‬ ْ ُ ‫ الَخ‬Hebron in Palestine ‫ليل‬ ٌ ٌ ‫ ِإ‬violation (of law), offence, transgression; harm (‫خالالت‬ ‫خالل )ِإ‬ ٌ ‫خت‬ ‫الل‬ ِ ‫ ِا‬disorder, confusion; imperfection, deficiency ‫دخن‬ ‫ دَ َخَن – يَْدَخُن‬to smoke (food, cigarette) ‫ دَ َّخَن – يُدَ ِ ّخُن‬to smoke (food, cigarette); to fumigate ٌ ُ‫ د‬smoke, tobacco, fumes, vapour (ٌ‫دخنَة‬ ِ َ ‫خان )أ‬ ُ ‫داخ‬ َ ‫ َم‬chimney; chain smoker (‫ن‬ ِ ‫دخنةٌ )َم‬ ٌ َ ‫ ت‬smoking ‫دخين‬ giving up smoking ‫دخين‬ ُ ِ َّ ‫اإلقالع عن الت‬ ‫ ُمد ِ َّّخٌن‬smoker ‫درب‬ ‫ب‬ ُ ‫در‬ َ ‫ دَ ِر‬to be accustomed; to be trained or skilled َ َ‫ب – ي‬ ‫ب‬ ُ ‫ب – يُدَ ِ ّر‬ َ ‫ دَ َّر‬to practise; to habituate or accustom; to train or coach ‫ب‬ ُ ‫ب – يَتدَ ّر‬ َ ‫ ت َدَ َّر‬to be accustomed; to be trained َ ‫ ت‬training, practice, habituation ‫دريب‬ ٌ (‫بون‬ َ ‫ب )ُمدَ ِ ّر‬ ٌ ‫ ُمدَ ِ ّر‬trainer, coach, instructor ‫درج‬ ‫ُدرُج‬ ُ ‫ دََرَج – ي‬to go or depart; to walk, proceed, or advance ‫ُدرُج‬ ّ ِ ‫ دَ َّرَج – ي‬to advance by steps; to approximate; to circulate; to grade ‫َدرُج‬ َّ ‫ ت َدَ َّرَج – يَت‬to progress by steps, to advance gradually (‫دراج‬ ٌ َ ‫ دُ ْر ٌج )أ‬drawer; desk (‫دراج‬ ٌ َ ‫ دَ َرٌج )أ‬stairs, steps; route ٌ ‫ دَ َرَجةٌ )دَ َر‬step, degree, grade, class; stairs (‫جات‬ ‫ دََرَجةٌ أولى‬first class ُ‫ الد ََّرَجةُ الث ّ ِانيَة‬second class ‫األعمال‬ ‫رجال‬ ُ‫ دَ َرَجة‬business class ِ ِ

114 Education

ٌ‫اجة‬ َ ‫ دَ َّر‬bicycle ٌ‫ناريّة‬ ٌ َ ‫ دَّر‬motorcycle ِ ‫اجة‬ َ gradual ‫ي‬ ‫دريج‬ ‫ت‬ ٌّ ِ ‫دارٌج‬ ِ current; widespread, common ُ‫ اللُّغةُ الد ِّارَجة‬colloquial, spoken language ٌ ‫درٌج )ُمدَ َّر‬ (‫جات‬ َّ ‫ ُم‬open staircase; amphitheatre; graduated ُ‫اإلستاد‬ ‫ياض‬ ْ  / ‫ي‬ ّ ِ ‫المدَ َّرُج‬ ُ stadium ُّ ِ ‫الر‬ ٌ (‫اجات‬ ‫)دَ َّر‬

‫دعب‬ ‫ب‬ ُ ‫دع‬ َ َ‫ب – ي‬ َ َ‫ د‬to joke, jest, or make fun َ ‫ع‬ ‫ب‬ ُ ‫داع‬ ِ ُ‫ب – ي‬ َ to play, joke, or jest َ ‫داع‬ ‫ب‬ ٌ ‫ دَ ِع‬joking, playful, funny ٌ ُ‫ دُعابَةٌ )د‬joking, jesting (‫عابات‬ ‫رفق‬ ‫يرفُق‬ ِ – ‫ َرفََق‬to be kind, friendly, or courteous ‫ُرافُق‬ ِ ‫ رافََق – ي‬to be a companion or friend; to accompany or escort ٌ‫ ِرفق‬friendliness, kindness ْ ‫فق‬ ‫حيوان‬ ‫بال‬ ّ ِ ُ‫ جمعيَّة‬Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals ِ ِ ‫الر‬ ٌ ٌ ‫ ِرفقَة )ِر‬group, troop, company (‫فاق‬ ٌ ‫ َر‬friend, companion, escort (‫قون‬ َ ‫راف‬ ِ ‫ ُم‬/ ‫قاء‬ ِ ‫ ُم‬/ ‫فيق‬ ُ َ‫رافٌق )ُرف‬ ٌ ُ(‫رافق‬ ِ ‫رفق )َم‬ ِ ‫ َم‬elbow; utilities, conveniences, facilities ُ‫عامة‬ ُ ‫ق‬ ‫راف‬ ‫ َم‬public utilities ِ َّ ٌ‫عامة‬ ٌ ِ ‫رافُق‬ ِ ‫ َم‬public toilets َّ ‫صحيّة‬ ٌ‫ ُمرافَقَة‬accompaniment; association ‫رفه‬ ُ‫رفه‬ ِ َ‫ َرفَهَ – ي‬to be comfortable; to be pleasant ُ‫ َرفَّهَ – يَُرِفّه‬to make pleasant and comfortable; to live in comfort; to relax ٌ‫ َرفاه‬/ ٌ‫ َرفَه‬well-being, welfare; good living ٌ‫ َرفاهيَّة‬/ ٌ‫ َرفاهة‬luxurious life; comfort ٌ‫ ت َرفيه‬recreation, relaxation ‫ي‬ ِ َ ‫ ت‬recreational ٌّ ‫رفيه‬ َ ‫  َم‬/ ‫ي‬ َ ‫ َم‬recreational centre ‫سليَِة‬ ِ َّ ‫رفيه والت‬ ِ َّ ‫رك ُز الت‬ ِ َ ‫رك ٌز ت‬ ٌّ ‫رفيه‬

Education 115

‫رقص‬ ‫ص‬ ُ ُ‫ص – يَرق‬ َ َ‫ َرق‬to dance or prance ّ ‫ص‬ ِ ُ‫ص – ي‬ ُ ‫رق‬ َ َّ‫ َرق‬to make someone dance; to make the heart tremble ‫قص‬ ٌ ‫ َر‬dancing, dance ‫ي‬ َ ‫قص‬ ٌ ‫ َر‬folk dancing ٌّ ‫شْعِب‬ ‫ي‬ َ ‫قص‬ ِ ‫ش‬ ٌ ‫ َر‬belly dancing ٌّ ‫رق‬ ِ ‫الرقص‬ َّ ُ‫ َحلَبَة‬dance floor ٌ (‫صات‬ ‫صةٌ )َرْق‬ َ ‫ َرْق‬dance ‫ركز‬ ‫يركُز‬ ِ – ‫ َرَكَز‬to plant in the ground; to fix or embed firmly ّ ‫ ت ََرَّكَز – يَت‬to concentrate ‫َركُز‬ (‫كائُز‬ ِ ‫ َركيزة ٌ )َر‬treasure; support, post, pillar ُ(‫راكز‬ َ ‫ َم‬centre, office; station, post; basis ِ ‫ركٌز )َم‬ َ ‫ َم‬sports centre ‫ي‬ ِ ‫ركٌز ِر‬ ٌّ ‫ياض‬ ‫سلو‬ ‫ سال – يسلو‬to forget ‫سلّى – ي َُسلَّي‬ َ to comfort, console, or cheer someone up; to distract ّ ‫ ت َسلّى – يَت ََسلى‬to delight in or have fun; to find comfort (‫تسال‬ ٍ ) ٌ‫ ت َْسليَّة‬consolation; amusement, fun, distraction ‫س ٍّل‬ َ ‫ ُم‬amusing, entertaining ‫صحب‬ ‫ب‬ ُ ‫صح‬ َ ‫ص ِح‬ َ َ‫ب – ي‬ َ to be a companion, associate, or friend ‫ب‬ to keep company ُ ‫صاح‬ ِ ُ‫ب – ي‬ َ ‫صاح‬ َ َ َ‫حب – ي‬ َ ‫ب‬ ‫صط‬ ‫ ِا‬to accompany or escort ُ ‫صطِح‬ َ ٌ‫صحبَة‬ ُ friendship, company; companions, associates ُ‫الصحابَة‬ َّ companions of the Prophet Mohammad ٌ‫صاحبة‬ ‫ ُم‬company; companionship, escort َ َ ‫ب )أ‬ (‫صحاب‬ friend, companion; adherent, follower ٌ ٌ ‫صاح‬ ِ ‫طرب‬ َ to be moved, delighted, or overjoyed ‫ب‬ ُ ‫طر‬ َ ‫طِر‬ َ َ‫ب – ي‬

116 Education

ْ َ ‫)أ‬ (‫راب‬ ٌ ‫ط‬

َ joy, pleasure, amusement ‫ب‬ ٌ ‫طَر‬ َّ ُ‫ آلة‬musical instrument ‫ب‬ ِ ‫الطَر‬ ‫ب‬ ٌ ‫طر‬ ِ ‫ ُم‬musician, singer; delightful, amusing, charming ‫طلع‬ َ to rise or ascend; to appear or emerge ‫لع – يَطلُُع‬ َ ‫ط‬ ‫ُطالُع‬ to read (as a hobby), peruse, or study; to elucidate ِ ‫طالع – ي‬ َ ّ‫َطلُع‬ َ ‫َطلَّع – يت‬ َ ‫ ت‬to have an eye on something; to look out for ٌ (‫طالعات‬ ‫ ُمطالَعةٌ )ُم‬reading, perusal, study (pl: announcements) ‫عزف‬ ‫ف‬ ُ ‫عز‬ َ to play (an instrument); to make music; to avoid or refrain from ِ َ‫ف – ي‬ َ ‫عَز‬ َ ‫عاز‬ ‫م‬ (‫ف‬ ) ‫ف‬ ‫عز‬ ُ ِ َ ٌ ‫ ِم‬stringed instrument, piano ‫ف‬ ٌ ‫عاز‬ ِ performer, musician ‫فرغ‬ ُ ‫فر‬ َ ‫ فََر‬to be empty or void; to finish or terminate ‫غ‬ َ َ‫غ – ي‬ ُ‫ُفرغ‬ َ ‫ فََّر‬to empty, discharge, or unload ِّ ‫غ – ي‬ ُ‫غ – يَت َفَّرغ‬ َ ‫ ت َفََّر‬to have leisure, to be free from work; to be idle ُ ‫َفر‬ َ ‫َفر‬ ‫غ‬ َ ‫ ِاست‬to empty; to vomit; to make every effort ِ ‫غ – يَست‬ ٌ‫ فَراغ‬void, empty space, gap ْ ُ free time ِ‫وقت الفَراغ‬ ٌ‫ستفراغ‬ ِ ‫ ِا‬vomiting; emptying ٌ ‫فار‬ ‫غ‬ ِ empty, void, vacant ‫فكه‬ َ َ‫ فَِكهَ – ي‬to be cheerful or humorous ُ‫فكه‬ ُّ‫فكه‬ ِ ُ‫ فََّكهَ – ي‬to amuse with jokes ٌ‫كاهة‬ َ ُ‫ ف‬joking, jesting ٌ‫فاكهة‬ َ ‫ ُم‬joking, banter, kidding (ُ‫واكه‬ ِ َ‫فاكَهةٌ )ف‬ ِ fruit No root

ٌ ‫ ُكَرة ٌ )ُك‬ball (‫رات‬ ِ ‫ ُكرة ُ ْالقدَم‬football

Education 117

‫السلَِّة‬ َّ ُ ‫ ُكَرة‬basketball ّ ُ ‫الكرة‬ ُ volleyball ُ ‫الطِائرة‬ ِ ‫ي ِلُكَرِة ْالقَدَم‬ ِ FIFA ُّ ‫االتّحادُ الد َُّوِل‬ ‫كيف‬ ‫ف‬ ُ ّ‫ُكي‬ ِ ‫ّف – ي‬ َ ‫ َكي‬to form, shape, or fashion; to adjust or regulate; to dope (drugs) ‫ف‬ ُ َّ‫ف – يَتكي‬ َ َّ‫ ت َكي‬to be shaped or formed; to amuse oneself; to be tipsy; to smoke (tobacco)

‫ف؟‬ ْ how? َ ‫كي‬ ‫ َكْيفَما‬however (‫يوف‬ ٌ ‫يف )ُك‬ ٌ ‫ َك‬state, condition, mood; well-being, good humour, will (pl: narcotics) ٌ‫ َكِيفيَّة‬manner, mode, fashion; nature, state ٌ ّ‫كي‬ (‫فات‬ ٌ ‫كي‬ ِ ‫ّف ) ُم‬ ِ ‫ ُم‬air conditioning ‫لحن‬ ‫لحُن‬ َ َ‫ ل‬to speak ungrammatical Arabic; to be intelligent َ َ‫حن – ي‬ ‫ُلحُن‬ ّ ِ ‫ لَ ّحَن – ي‬to chant; to compose ٌ ُ‫ ل‬/ ‫حان‬ ٌ ‫ لَْحٌن )أَْل‬tune, melody; grammatical mistake (‫حون‬ ‫ لَِحٌن‬intelligent; sensible ٌ َ ‫ ت‬musical composition ُ َ ‫لحين )ت‬ (‫الحين‬ ْ ٌ ‫ َمل‬ungrammatical (language) ‫حون‬ ‫لعب‬ ‫ب‬ ُ َ‫ب – يَلع‬ َ ‫ لَِع‬to drool; to play; to trick or cheat ‫ب‬ ُ ّ‫ب – ي ُِلع‬ َ َّ‫ لَع‬to make someone play; to wag (tail) ‫ب‬ ُ ‫الع‬ ِ ُ‫ب – ي‬ َ to play with someone; to have fun; to jest َ ‫الع‬ َْ َ (‫عاب‬ ٌ ‫ب ) أل‬ ٌ ‫ لِع‬play, game, joke, jest, fun َ ُ ‫ لَِع‬board game ِ‫ب األلواح‬ ْ ‫اح ِة‬ ‫يدان‬ ٌ َ ‫ أ‬athletics ّ ‫لعاب‬ ُ َ ‫ أ‬/ ‫عاب ْالقُوى‬ ُ ‫ أ َل‬/ ٌ‫لعاب ِرياضيَّة‬ َ ‫الس‬ ِ ‫والَم‬ ‫لعاب‬ ‫ ساحةُ َاأل‬sports field, athletics field ِ ‫تال‬ ُ َ ‫ أ‬martial arts ِ ‫لعاب‬ ِ ‫الق‬ ُ‫ ُاألولمبياد‬/ ُ‫ولمبيَّة‬ ُ ‫ َاأل‬Olympic games ِ ‫لعاب ُاأل‬ ٌ‫ناريَّة‬ ٌ َ ‫ أ‬fireworks ِ ‫لعاب‬ (‫ب‬ ٌ َ‫ لُعبَةٌ )لُع‬toy, doll; sport ّ ِ ‫ لُعبَةُ ِتنس‬table tennis ‫اولَِة‬ ِ ‫الط‬ ‫الراغبي‬ ّ ُ‫ لُعبَة‬rugby

118 Education

ِ ‫ لُعبةُ السكواش‬squash ‫عاب‬ ٌ ُ‫ ل‬saliva َ ‫ أ ُلعوبَةٌ )أ‬toy; play, sport (‫العيب‬ ُ (‫ب‬ ٌ َ‫ َملع‬playground, stadium, theatre ُ ‫الع‬ ِ ‫ب )َم‬ ‫ب‬ ٌ ‫الع‬ ِ player, sportsman ‫ ل ه ى‬/ ‫ل ه و‬ ‫ لَها – يَلهو‬to amuse oneself or have fun; to pass time ‫ى – يُلَ ّهي‬ َ ‫ لَ ّه‬to delight or amuse; to distract or divert ‫هو‬ ٌ َ‫ ل‬pleasure, amusement, entertainment ‫ي‬ ٌّ ‫ لَ َهِو‬velar (adj) (‫اله‬ ٍ ‫هى )َم‬ ً ‫ َمْل‬amusement centre; fun, diversion ‫المالهي‬ َ ُ‫ َمدينة‬fairground, amusement park ٌ‫ ت َلهيَة‬distraction, diversion, amusement ‫ليق‬ ُ َ‫الق – ي‬ ‫ليق‬ َ to be suitable, worthy, or fit ٌ‫ ِليَاقَة‬propriety, decency; worthiness; competence, efficiency ُ‫اللّياقَةُ البدَ ِنيَّة‬ ِ physical fitness ‫الئٌق‬ ِ suitable, appropriate, proper ‫ق‬ ْ unsuitable ِ ‫غيُر‬ ٍ ‫الئ‬ ‫متع‬ ‫ َمت ََع – يَْمت َُع‬to carry or take away; to be strong or firm ‫مت ّ ُع‬ ِ ُ‫ َمت َّ َع – ي‬to make someone enjoy; to equip, or supply ‫متع – يَست َمتِ ُع‬ َ َ ‫ ِاست‬to enjoy, savour, or relish ٌ (‫ ُمتعَة )ُمت ٌَع‬enjoyment, pleasure, gratification (ٌ‫تاع )أَمتِعَة‬ ٌ ‫ َم‬pleasure, gratification; an object of delight; goods, luggage, gear َ ‫ أ‬luggage ُ ‫فر‬ ‫الس‬ ‫متعة‬ َّ ِ ‫ ت ََمت ُّ ٌع‬/ ‫متاع‬ ٌ ‫ ِاْسِت‬enjoyment ‫ ُمْمِتٌع‬pleasant, enjoyable ‫مرس‬ ‫س‬ ُ ‫مار‬ َ to exercise; to pursue or practise ِ ُ‫س – ي‬ َ ‫مار‬ ٌ‫سة‬ َ ‫مار‬ َ ‫ ُم‬pursuit; exercise, execution, implementation ‫س‬ ُّ ‫ ت‬practising ٌ ‫َمر‬

Education 119

‫مرن‬ ‫مرُن‬ ُ َ‫ َمَرَن – ي‬to be flexible or elastic; to be accustomed ‫ َمَّرَن – ي َُم ِ ّرُن‬to train; to accustom; to get used to ‫تمرُن‬ َّ َ‫ ت ََمّرَن – ي‬to become accustomed; to exercise or practise; to be trained ‫ َمِرٌن‬flexible, elastic, supple ٌ‫ ُمرونَة‬flexibility, elasticity, plasticity, agility ٌ ‫ ت َْم‬practice, training, exercise, drills ُ ٌ َ ‫ ت‬/ ‫رينات‬ (‫مارين‬ ‫رين )ت َْم‬ ٌ‫ ت ََمُّرن‬exercise, practice ‫مزح‬ َ َ‫ َمَزَح – ي‬to joke or make fun ‫مزُح‬ ٌ‫زاحة‬ ٌ ‫ ُم‬/ ‫ َمْزٌح‬joking; joke, jest, fun َ ‫ ُم‬/ ‫زاح‬ ‫اح‬ ٌ ‫ َمَّز‬joker ‫مضى‬ ‫ َمضى – يَمضي‬to leave; to pass or elapse; to terminate; to carry out ‫ أ َمضى – يُمضي‬to spend time; to perform or accomplish; to terminate ‫ضاء‬ ٌ ‫ َم‬sharpness; wisdom ٌ‫َمضيَة‬ ِ ‫ ت‬completion; accomplishment; passing of time ٍ ‫ ماض‬sharp, cutting, acute; effective; past, bygone ‫ الماضي‬the past tense, the perfect tense ‫ندو‬ ‫ نَدى – يَندَى‬to call or summon; to assemble or convene; to be moist ‫ نَدّى – يُندّي‬to moisten ‫ نادى – يُنادي‬to exclaim, shout, or call out; to announce; to summon ‫ تنادَى – يَت َنادى‬to get together, meet, or assemble; to form a club ٌ ‫ نَْدَوة‬seminar; council; club, group (‫أنداء‬ ٌ )‫ى‬ ً َ‫ نَد‬dew; moisture; generosity, liberality (also a girl’s name in the singular) ٌ (‫داءات‬ ‫داء )ِن‬ ٌ ‫ ِن‬shout, call, exclamation; summons, appeal ٌ ‫ ُمناداة‬calling, shouting; announcement ٍ َ‫ ن‬/ ٌ‫ناد )أَنديَة‬ ٍ club, centre, association; vocative (grammar) (‫واد‬ ٍ sports centre ‫ي‬ ِ ّ‫ناد ري‬ ٌ ‫اض‬ ٍ ‫ ُم‬caller, crier ‫ناد‬

120 Education

‫نزه‬ ُ‫ نَُزهَ – يَْنُزه‬to be far; to be untouched or unblemished; to be free ُ‫ ت َن ََّزهَ – يَت َنَّزه‬to go for a walk or stroll; to enjoy oneself (‫هاء‬ ُ ‫ نَزيهٌ )نُ َز‬pure, blameless, decent, honourable ُ‫زهةٌ )ن‬ ٌ (‫زهات‬ َ ُ‫ ن‬amusement, pleasure, recreation; a walk or stroll; excursion ٌ ‫ ُمت َنََّزهٌ )ُمت َنََّز‬recreation ground, a park; a walk or stroll (‫هات‬ ‫نغم‬ ‫ نَغ ََم – يَْنغَُم‬to hum or sing a tune ٌ َ‫ نَغَمةٌ )نَغ‬melody, song; inflection, intonation; musical note (‫مات‬ (‫نغام‬ ٌ َ ‫ نَغ ٌَم )أ‬melody, tune; voice; sound, tone (also girl’s name in the singular) ‫نكت‬ ُ َ‫ت – ي‬ ُ ‫نك‬ ‫ت‬ َ ‫ نََك‬to scratch up (the ground); to think deeply ّ ُ ‫ُنك‬ ‫ت‬ َ ‫ نََّك‬to crack jokes, poke fun, or ridicule ِ ‫ت –ي‬ ٌ ‫ ِن‬/ ‫ت‬ ٌ ‫ نُكت َةٌ )نُ َك‬joke, witticism; anecdote (‫كات‬ ‫حاضُر النُّ ْكت َِة‬ quick-witted ِ ٌ ‫ ُمنَ ِ ّك‬/ ‫ات‬ ٌ ‫ ن ََّك‬witty, humorous; joker ‫ت‬ ‫هرج‬ ‫هرُج‬ ِ َ‫ َهَرَج – ي‬to be excited or agitated ‫ َهَّرَج – ي َُه ِ ّرُج‬to make someone drunk; to joke or make fun ‫ َهَرٌج‬excitement, agitation; disorder, confusion ‫ ُمَه ِ ّرٌج‬jester, clown ‫رج َوَمَرٌج‬ ٌ ‫ َه‬confusion, turmoil ‫هوى‬ ‫ َهوى – يَهوي‬to drop, fall, or topple; to love or like; to take up as a hobby ‫ َهَّوى – ي َُهّوي‬to air or ventilate; to expose to the wind ‫ هاوى – يُهاوي‬to humour; to flatter ‫ ِاست َهوى – يَست َهوي‬to attract someone, to seduce, tempt, or entice ٌ ‫ ُهّو‬/ ‫وى‬ (‫ات‬ ً ‫ ُهَّوة ٌ )ُه‬gap; abyss, hole; pit, ditch (‫هواء‬ ٌ َ ‫وى )أ‬ ً ‫ َه‬love, affection, passion; wish, desire َ (‫هواء‬ ٌ ‫واء )أ‬ ٌ ‫ َه‬air, atmosphere; wind; weather, climate

Education 121

ٌ‫ ِهوايَة‬hobby; amateur sport or art ً‫مارس ِهوايَة‬ to pursue a hobby َ ٌ ‫ َهّوايَةٌ )َهّو‬fan, ventilator (‫ايات‬ ‫هواء‬ ٌ ‫ ِاْسِت‬fascination, captivation; temptation ُ ) ‫هاو‬ (ٌ ‫هواة‬ ٍ sinking; in love; lover ٌ (‫وايات‬ ‫)ِه‬

‫ولي‬ ‫ي – يَلي‬ َ ‫ َوِل‬to be near someone, to border or be adjacent to; to be friends with ّ ‫ َولَّى – ي َُولي‬to turn, avoid, or shun; to appoint as governor or ruler; to entrust ‫ َوالى – يُوالي‬to be a friend, helper, or patron ‫ ت َولّى – يت َولّى‬to occupy, seize, or control; to be entrusted or to take charge ‫ ِاست َولى – يَست َولي‬to take possession, capture, or confiscate; to overpower (‫ولياء‬ ُ َ ‫ي )أ‬ ٌّ ‫ َوِل‬near, close; sponsor, legal guardian, patron, next of kin ‫هد‬ ‫ل‬ ِ َ‫ي ْالع‬ ِ ُّ ‫ َو‬heir, crown prince ‫األمر‬ ‫ي‬ ِ ُّ ‫ َوِل‬legal guardian, ruler ‫الء‬ ٌ ‫ َو‬friendship, amity, fidelity, good will ٌ (‫اليات‬ ‫ ِواليةٌ )ِو‬sovereign power, rule, government; state, province ٌ ّ‫ولوي‬ (‫ات‬ ِ َ ‫ أًولَويَّةٌ )أ‬priority; essential component or element ‫ على التَّوالي‬consecutively, continuously (ٌ ‫وال )ُوالة‬ ٍ ruler, governor, executive; leading, managing ‫تيالء‬ ْ appropriation, capture ٌ ‫اس‬ َ ‫وال‬ ‫ت‬ ‫م‬ ٍ ُ successive, consecutive Words with roots that are uncommon, less frequently used, or have no root:

‫ الباليه‬ballet ُ ‫ ْال‬trumpet ‫بوق‬ ‫البيانو‬ ِ piano ‫ البيسبول‬baseball َّ ‫ الت‬rowing ‫جذيف‬ ُ ‫ الت َّ َزحلُُق‬skateboarding ‫ التَّزلُُّج‬skiing, skating ‫ي‬ ِ ‫ الت َّ َزلُُّج‬jet skiing ُّ ‫المائ‬ ‫ التَّسلُُّق‬climbing َّ ‫ الت‬photography ‫صوير‬ ُ ‫س‬ ِ tennis ُ ِ‫التّن‬

122 Education

‫كض‬ َّ  / ‫ العَْدُو‬/ ‫ري‬ ُ ‫الر‬ ُ ‫ ْالَج‬running ُ ‫الج‬ ‫مباز‬ ُ gymnastics, calisthenics, athletics ْ ‫ف‬ ‫ول‬ ‫الج‬ ُ ُ golf ‫سم‬ َّ drawing ُ ‫الر‬ ‫قص‬ َّ dancing ُ ‫الر‬ ُ‫الرمايَة‬ ّ ِ archery, shooting ُ ‫ارة‬ ُ clarinet ‫م‬ َ ّ ‫الز‬ ْ ‫وم‬ ّ ِ swimming َ ‫الس‬ ُ َ‫ الع‬/ ُ‫باحة‬ ‫السينما‬ ّ cinema ْ َّ chess ‫الشطرنُج‬ ُ‫الهَرَولَة‬ َ‫ العَ ْدو ْالب‬jogging ُ َ  / ‫طيء‬ ْ ُ‫ العود‬lute ‫َطس‬ ُ ‫ الغ‬diving ‫ناء‬ ِ singing ُ ‫الغ‬ ُ‫روسيَّة‬ ِ ُ‫ الف‬horsemanship, equitation ُ ‫قيثارة‬ َ ‫ ْال‬guitar ُ ‫ ْالَك‬violin ‫مان‬ ُ ‫بارَزة‬ ُ fencing َ ‫الم‬ ‫المْسَرُح‬ َ theatre ُ‫عة‬ َ ‫صار‬ ُ wrestling َ ‫الم‬ ُ‫الكَمة‬ َ ‫الم‬ ُ boxing ‫ ْالموسيقى‬music ‫اي‬ ُ ّ‫ الن‬flute ‫بال‬ ِ ‫ ت َسلُُّق ْالِج‬mountain climbing ّ ‫س‬ ‫اولَ ِة‬ ُ ‫ ت َِن‬table tennis ِ ‫الط‬ َ ‫ثقال‬ ُ ‫ َر‬weightlifting ِ ‫فع األ‬ َ ‫مواج‬ ‫األ‬ ‫كوب‬ ُ ‫ ُر‬surfing ِ ‫اجات‬ ‫كوب الدَّّر‬ ِ ُ ‫ ُر‬cycling Exercises 1) Give two derived nouns for each of the following roots:

‫ب د أ‬ ‫ج م ل‬ ‫د ر س‬ ‫س ك ن‬ ‫ع ل م‬

Education 123 2) Find the roots of these words:

‫ي‬ ِ ‫ِا‬ ٌّ ‫بتدائ‬ ٌ‫متحان‬ ِ ِ‫ا‬ ‫عليم‬ ٌ َ‫ت‬ ٌ ‫ذاكرة‬ ِ ٌ‫صداقَة‬ َ ٌ‫غابَة‬ ٌ‫راجعَة‬ َ ‫ُم‬ ٌ ‫فر‬ ‫دات‬ َ ‫ُم‬ ‫ناجٌح‬ ِ 3) Give the singular of the following words (some may have more than one):

ٌ ‫ماعات‬ ‫جت‬ ِ ِ‫ا‬ َ‫أ‬ ‫ساليب‬ ُ ٌ ُ‫ب‬ ‫يوت‬ ٌ ُّ‫ت َخي‬ ‫الت‬ ٌ ‫كايات‬ ‫ِح‬ ٌ ‫فحات‬ ‫ص‬ َ ‫فوف‬ ُ ٌ ‫ص‬ ٌ ‫لَْو‬ ‫حات‬ ‫س‬ ُ ‫دار‬ ِ ‫َم‬ 4) Translate the following sentences into Arabic: a) b) c) d) e)

Students must register for ID cards at the start of the academic year. I don’t know where the teacher is. The entrance exam is in March, but the final exam is in July. My sister is a genius. They neglected their duties.

5) Translate the following sentences into English:

ّ ‫– أَبى‬ .‫س‬ ُ ‫الطِال‬ ُ َ‫ب أ َ ْن ي‬ َ ‫در‬ ُ ْ .‫جامعَِة باريس‬ َ ‫دب الُم‬ ِ ‫قارن في‬ ُ ‫–ت‬ ُ ‫َدر‬ َ ‫س أختي َاأل‬ ْ ّ ً.‫ف َمشهورا ً ِجدَّا‬ ِ ‫صبََح الُم‬ ْ َ‫– أ‬ ُ ‫ؤل‬ ٌ ‫– ُهَو َولَدٌ ُمهِم‬ .‫ل‬ ُ ‫حاضرة َ ِل‬ ‫الم‬ ‫رجَمت‬ .‫ديد‬ ِ ‫بي ْالَج‬ ِ َ ُ ‫البنت‬ َ َ‫– ت‬ ّ ‫لتلميذ العََر‬ ‫الحَرِم‬ .ِ ‫ي‬ ِ َ ‫– َممنوع الت َدخين في‬ ّ ‫الجامِع‬ 6) Give synonyms of the following words:

‫ ت َفَنٌُّن‬skill ‫ب‬ ٌ ‫طال‬ ِ student, scholar

124 Education

‫ري‬ َ a genius ٌ َ‫عبق‬ َ stupidity ‫باء‬ ٌ ‫غ‬ Notes 1 The Arabic language uses synonyms and near synonyms stylistically to convey a single meaning. 2 Note that although the singular is feminine, grammatically it is used for both masculine and feminine. 3 In Levantine dialects this is also used to mean ‘fat’.

4

Politics ‫س ِة‬ َ ‫سيا‬ ّ ‫ِع ل ُم ال‬

ُ‫كومة‬ Government and Politics ُ‫ياسة‬ ُ َ ‫والس‬ ِّ َ ‫الح‬ No root

ٌ (‫إرهاصات‬ ) ‫إرهاص‬ precursors, indicators; catalysts ٌ ‫أمر‬ ‫أمر‬ ُ َ‫مر – ي‬ َ َ ‫ أ‬to order or command; to instruct ‫ أ َ َّمَر – يَُؤ ِ ّمُر‬to invest with authority; to make someone an emir ‫َأمُر‬ َّ ‫َأمَر – يَت‬ ّ ‫ ت‬to be imperious; to come to power ‫َآمُر‬ َ to plot or conspire; to take counsel َ ‫تآمر – يَت‬ َ (‫وامُر‬ ِ ‫مر )أ‬ ٌ َ ‫ أ‬an order or decree; power ٌ ‫ ِإْمرة‬power, influence ٌ (‫إمارات‬ ) ٌ ‫ إمارة‬emirate ُ (‫راء‬ ٌ َ ‫ أ‬prince, commander ُ ‫مير )أَم‬ َ ‫ أ َميرة ٌ )أ‬princess ٌ (‫ميرات‬ ٌ ‫ؤام‬ (‫رات‬ َ ‫ؤامَرة ٌ )ُم‬ َ ‫ ُم‬plot, conspiracy ٌ (‫مارات‬ ‫ست‬ ِ ‫مارة ٌ )ِا‬ ِ ‫ ِا‬a form َ ‫ست‬ ‫رون‬ َ ‫تآم‬ َ ‫ؤتم‬ ِ ‫ ُم‬/ ‫رون‬ ِ ‫ ُم‬conspirators; members of a congress or convention ٌ(‫ ُمؤت ََمٌر )ُمؤت ََمرات‬conference, convention ‫أمم‬ ‫أم – يَُؤُّم‬ َّ to lead in prayer; to lead the way ‫ أ َ َّمَم – يَُؤ ِ ّمُم‬to nationalise ٌ ‫ ا ُ ٌّم )ا ُ َّم‬mother; origin, source (‫هات‬ (‫ ا ُ َّمةٌ )ا ُ َمٌم‬a nation or people DOI: 10.4324/9781003250890-5

126 Politics

ُ ‫المت َّ ِحدة‬ ُ ‫ ُاألَمُم‬United Nations (UN) (‫ون‬ َ ّ‫ي )ا ُ ّمي‬ ٌّ ‫ أ ُ ِ ّم‬illiterate, uneducated ٌ‫مومة‬ َ ُ ‫ أ‬motherhood ‫مام‬ َ َ ‫ أ‬in front of, in the presence of (prep) ‫ي‬ ِ َ ‫ أ‬front, fore-, anterior ٌّ ‫مام‬ (ٌ‫إمام )أَئَِّمة‬ ٌ leader; Imam, prayer leader nationalisation ‫تأميم‬ ٌ ‫بدر‬ ‫ بدَ َر – يَبدُُر‬to come unexpectedly ‫ُبادُر‬ ِ ‫ بادََر – ي‬to embark; to enter (‫دور‬ ٌ ُ‫ بَ ْد ٌر )ب‬full moon ٌ َ‫ ُمبادَ َرة ٌ )ُمباد‬initiative, enterprise (‫رات‬ (‫وادُر‬ ِ َ‫بادرة ٌ )ب‬ ِ precursor, sign No root

ٌ َ‫ بَْرل‬parliament ‫مان‬ ٌ‫لمانيَّة‬ ِ ‫ دَ ْورة ٌ بَ ْر‬parliamentary term or session ‫بطش‬ ُ َ‫ش – ي‬ َ َ‫ ب‬to attack violently or hit ‫ش‬ ِ َ‫ ي‬/ ‫ش‬ ُ ‫بط‬ ُ ‫بط‬ َ ‫ط‬ ‫طش‬ ٌ َ‫ ب‬power, force; tyranny ‫بعث‬ ُ َ‫ث – يَْبع‬ َ َ‫ بَع‬to send, dispatch, or delegate; to awaken (from death) ‫ث‬ ُ‫نبعث‬ َ َ‫ ِانبَع‬to be sent out, dispatched, or delegated; to arise ِ َ‫ث – ي‬ ٌ ‫ ِبعثَةٌ )ِب‬mission, expedition; scholarship (‫عثات‬ ٌ ‫ َمْب‬delegate, envoy; dispatched ‫عوث )َمْب‬ (‫عوثون‬ َ ‫بلد‬ ُ‫ بَلَدَ – يَبلُد‬to be stupid ُ‫ ت َبلَّدَ – يَت َبلَّد‬to become stupid; to show oneself as stupid ٌ ‫ بُْل‬/ ٌ‫ بَلَدٌ )ِبالد‬country, town, city (‫دان‬ ٌ َ‫ ب‬/ ٌ ‫ بَلدَة‬town, city, rural township ‫لدات‬

Politics 127

ٌ‫ بَلَِديَّة‬municipality, council ‫دار البلَِديَِّة‬ ُ town hall, council, municipality ٌ ‫ بَالدَة‬stupidity, silliness ٌ ‫)بَلَِدي‬ (‫َّات‬

‫جبر‬ ‫ َجبََر – يَْجب ُُر‬to restore; to force or compel ‫ُجبُر‬ َ َ ‫ أ‬to force or compel ِ ‫جبر – ي‬ ‫ ت َجبََّر – يَت َجبَُّر‬to demonstrate one’s strength; to oppress ‫بر‬ ٌ ‫ َج‬force, compulsion, power ‫بر‬ َ ‫لم‬ ِ ‫الج‬ ُ ‫ ِع‬algebra ‫ار )جب‬ (‫ّارون‬ َ ٌ ّ‫ جب‬giant; tyrant, oppressor; omnipotent (God) ‫جبار‬ ٌ ‫ ِإ‬compulsion, coercion ‫ي‬ ِ ‫ ِإ‬compulsory ٌّ ‫جبار‬ ‫جبه‬ ُ‫ َجبَهَ – يَجبَه‬to face or confront ُ‫ جابَهَ – يُجابِه‬to face or confront; to oppose or defy ٌ ‫بهةٌ )َج‬ (‫بهات‬ َ ‫ َج‬front (political, military), movement; forehead ٌ‫ ُمجابَهة‬confrontation, opposition ‫تال‬ ِ ‫بهةُ ْالِق‬ َ ‫ َج‬battlefield ‫جلس‬ ‫س‬ ِ َ‫س – ي‬ ُ ‫جل‬ َ َ‫ َجل‬to sit down ٌ (‫لسات‬ ‫لسةٌ )َج‬ َ ‫ َج‬session (parliament), seat; gathering ‫س‬ (‫س‬ ) ‫مجال‬ ِ ‫ َم‬session, meeting; commission, council ِ ٌ ‫جل‬ ُ ‫راء‬ ِ ‫الوَز‬ ِ ‫ َم‬Cabinet ُ ‫جل‬ ُ ‫س‬ ُّ ‫س‬ ِ ‫ َم‬Senate ُ ‫جل‬ ِ‫الشيوخ‬ ُّ ‫اب‬ ِ ‫جلس النّو‬ ُ ‫ َم‬parliament, council of MPs ‫األمِن‬ ‫س‬ ِ ‫ َم‬the Security Council (UN) ْ ُ ‫جل‬ ‫ ح د و‬/ ‫ح د ا‬ ‫ َحدا – يَحدو‬to urge, egg on, or prompt ‫ ت ََحدَّى – يَت ََحدَّى‬to challenge or compete; to defy or resist; to provoke or incite ٌ ّ‫ ت َ َحٍد )ت َ َحِد‬challenge, provocation (‫يات‬

128 Politics

‫حرر‬ ‫ َحَّر – يَِحُّر‬to be hot ‫ َحَّرَر – ي َُح ِ ّرُر‬to liberate; to write or edit ‫َحرَر – يَت ََح ِ ّرُر‬ َّ ‫ ت‬to be liberated ‫ َحٌّر‬heat, warmth (‫رار‬ ٌ ‫ ُحٌّر )أ َ ْح‬noble, unadulterated; a freeman; free, independent; liberal ٌ َّ‫ ُح ِ ّريَّةٌ )ُح ِ ّري‬freedom, liberty, independence (‫ات‬ ‫الصحافَِة‬ َّ ُ‫ ُح ِ ّريَّة‬freedom of the press ‫كر‬ ِ ُ‫ ُح ِ ّريَّة‬freedom of thought ِ ‫الف‬ ِ ‫ ُح ِ ّريَّةُ الكالم‬freedom of speech ‫عبير‬ ِ َّ ‫ ُح ِ ّريَّةُ الت‬freedom of expression ُ‫المدَنِيَّة‬ ُ ّ‫الح ِ ّري‬ ُ civil liberties َ ‫ات‬ (‫حرائُر‬ silk ِ ) ‫حرير‬ ٌ ٌ ‫رارة‬ َ ‫ َح‬heat, temperature; warmth; a fever ‫رارِة‬ thermometer ُ َ ‫مقياس‬ َ ‫الح‬ ٌ ‫ َوْحدَة ٌ َحراريَّةٌ )ُحَرِاري‬calorie (‫الحَراريَّة‬ ُّ /‫ّات‬ َ ‫السعرات‬ َ ‫رير )ت‬ (‫حارير‬ ٌ ‫ ت َ ْح‬writing; freedom, liberation ُ ‫حار‬ ٌّ hot (‫رون‬ َ ‫حر‬ ّ ِ ‫حرٌر )ُم‬ ّ ِ ‫ ُم‬liberator; editor ‫حرك‬ ‫ َحَّرَك – يَُح ِ ّرُك‬to vowelise or put a vowel on a consonant; to move; to awaken ‫َحرَك – يَت ََحَّرُك‬ َّ ‫ ت‬to move or set in motion ٌ(‫ َحَرَكةٌ )َحركات‬vowel (grammar); movement, motion ٌ ‫حر‬ (‫كات‬ ّ ِ ‫ ُمَح ِ ّرٌك )ُم‬agent; instigator; motive, incentive; engine ‫حرٌك‬ ّ ِ َ ‫ ُمت‬vowelised (grammar); moving, mobile ‫حصن‬ ‫صُن‬ ُ ‫ َح‬to be well fortified or inaccessible; to be chaste ُ ‫صَن – يَْح‬ ‫حصُن‬ َّ ‫ َح‬to fortify; to immunise; to make inaccessible ّ ِ ُ‫صَن – ي‬ ُ‫حصن‬ َ َّ ‫ ت َ َح‬to be fortified or secure َّ ‫ص َن – يَت‬ ٌ ‫صٌن )ُح‬ (‫صون‬ ْ ‫ ِح‬stronghold, fortress; protection ٌ ‫ص‬ ٌ ‫ ِح‬horse, stallion (‫ن‬ ُ ‫صان )ُح‬ ٌ ‫صين‬ ‫ َح‬inaccessible, fortified; strong, secured; immune ‫صْيِن‬ ُ ‫ أبو‬fox َ ‫الح‬

Politics 129

ٌ‫ َحصانة‬immunity, strength ٌ‫ُبلوماسيَّة‬ ‫ َحصانةٌ د‬diplomatic immunity ِ ُ ٌ ‫ ت َْح‬fortification, entrenchment (‫صينات‬ ‫صين )ت َْح‬ ‫صٌن‬ ُّ ‫ ت ََح‬protection, safeguarding ‫صٌن‬ َّ ‫ ُمَح‬fortified, immune ٌ (‫صانات‬ ‫)َح‬

‫حكم‬ (Full treatment in Law chapter)

ُ – ‫ َحَكَم‬to rule or govern; to judge; to sentence ‫يحكُم‬ (‫حكام‬ ٌ َ ‫كم )أ‬ ٌ ‫ ُح‬verdict; rule, order, law ‫القانون‬ ‫كم‬ ُ ‫ ُح‬rule of law ِ ‫ي‬ ‫رف‬ ‫ع‬ ‫كم‬ ُ ِ ٌ ‫ ُح‬martial law ٌّ ٌ (‫كومات‬ ‫كومةٌ )ُح‬ َ ‫ ُح‬government َّ ‫ي‬ ِ ‫ف ُح‬ ٌ ‫ ُمَوظ‬civil servant ٌّ ‫كوم‬ ٌ‫كوميَّة‬ ٌ ِ ‫ دائرة ُح‬governmental department ‫ي‬ ‫حكوم‬ ‫غير‬ ِ ُ non-governmental ٍ َّ َ‫ ُمن‬non-governmental organisation (NGO) ‫كوميَِّة‬ ِ ‫الح‬ ُ ‫غير‬ ُ ُ‫ظمة‬ ‫ ت ََحُّكٌم‬rule, dominion, control (‫ام‬ ِ a ruler or judge; ruling ٌ ‫حاكٌم )ُحّك‬ ُ‫الحاكَمة‬ ُ ‫ ُاألْسرة‬ruling family ِ ‫خطط‬ ُّ ‫ط – يَُخ‬ َّ ‫ َخ‬to outline, sketch, or write ‫ط‬ َّ ‫ َخ‬to plan; to survey ّ ِ ‫ط – يَُخ‬ ُ ‫ط‬ َ ‫ط‬ ‫ط‬ ٌّ ‫ َخ‬line, stroke; script, calligraphy ٌ(‫ط )ُخطوط‬ َّ ‫ ُخ‬plan, project ٌ ‫ط‬ َ ‫طةٌ )ُخ‬ (‫ط‬ َّ ُ‫طة‬ َّ ‫ ُخ‬emergency plan ‫ئ‬ ِ ‫وار‬ ِ ‫الط‬ ّ ‫ َخ‬calligrapher ٌ ‫ط‬ ‫اط‬ ٌ‫ ت َخطيط‬planning, designing ُ َ ‫ ت‬operational planning ‫ي‬ ِ ‫خطيط ت َْن‬ ٌّ ‫فيذ‬ َّ ‫ ُمَخ‬planned; controlled (pl: plans, sketches; maps) ّ ‫ط )ُمَخ‬ ٌ ‫ط‬ ٌ(‫ططات‬ No root (‫ساتير‬ َ ‫)د‬ ُ

‫تور‬ ٌ ‫ دُْس‬constitution

‫ي‬ ِ ‫ د ُْس‬constitutional ٌّ ‫تور‬

130 Politics

َ unconstitutional ‫غْيُر د ُْس‬ ٍ ‫توري‬ ّ ‫ي‬ ِ constitutional government ِ ‫ظام الد ُْس‬ ُّ ‫تور‬ ُ ّ‫الن‬ ُ constitutional law ‫ي‬ ‫تور‬ ‫ُّس‬ ‫الد‬ ‫القانون‬ ْ ُّ ِ ٌ‫ستوريَّة‬ ٌ ِ ُ‫ حكومة د‬constitutional government ‫دول‬ ُ َ‫دال – ي‬ ‫دول‬ َ to take turns or alternate ‫داوُل‬ ِ ُ‫داوَل – ي‬ َ to alternate; to discuss ٌ(‫ دَ ْولَةٌ )د َُول‬state, country ‫فاه‬ ِ ‫الر‬ َّ ُ‫ دَ ْولَة‬utopia; welfare state ْ ُ ‫ د‬the Gulf States ِ‫ُول الَخليج‬ ‫جامعةُ الدَُّوِل العََربيَِّة‬ ِ the Arab League ُ ‫ الدَُّوُل الكبرى‬/ ‫ظمى‬ َ ُ‫ الدَُّوُل الع‬the Superpowers ُ‫ الدَُّوُل النَّاميَّة‬developing countries ‫داعش‬ ْ ُ‫ الدَّْولَة‬Islamic State (ISIS), Daesh ِ  / ُ‫اإلسالميَّة‬ ٌ َ ٌ ‫داو‬ (‫الت‬ َ ‫ ُم‬negotiation, deliberation َ ‫داولة )ُم‬ ٌ‫َداول‬ ُ ‫ ت‬alternation, rotation; circulation (blood, money) ‫َداوٌل‬ َ ‫ ُمت‬current, in circulation, valid No root (‫)ذوو‬

‫ ذو‬possessor or owner of; endowed (m) ‫ ذو َمكانٍَة‬influential ُ ُ possessor or owner of; endowed (f ) (‫ذوات‬ ) ‫ذات‬ ُ‫ الذّاتِيَّة‬subjectivity; personality ‫ي‬ ُ self-determination, autonomy ُ ‫الح‬ ُّ ِ‫كم الذَّات‬ ُ‫اإللهيَّة‬ ُ ّ‫ الذ‬God ِ ‫ات‬ ‫رأس‬ ‫س‬ ُ َ ‫س – يَرأ‬ َ َ ‫ َرأ‬to be in charge; to head or lead ‫س‬ ُ ‫س – يَرت َِأ‬ َ َ ‫ ِارت َأ‬to become or be the head (‫ؤوس‬ head; leader; top, peak ٌ ‫رأس )ُر‬ ٌ َ َ ِ ‫الرأس‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ق‬ beheading َّ ُ ٌ ُ ‫ َر‬capital (‫ساميل‬ ‫أسمال )َر‬ ‫ي‬ ِ ‫أس‬ ُ ‫ َر‬capitalist ٌّ ‫مال‬ ُ‫سماليَّة‬ ِ َ ‫الرأ‬ َّ capitalism

Politics 131 (‫ساء‬ ٌ ‫ َر‬head, director, president ُ ‫ئيس )ُرَؤ‬ ‫مر‬ ‫ َم‬subordinates (‫ؤوسون‬ َ ْ ) ‫رؤوس‬ ٌ ٌ‫اسة‬ ‫رئ‬ leadership, presidency ِ َ ‫ئيس‬ َّ the boss ُ ‫الر‬ ‫ئيس‬ ٌ ‫ َر‬principal ‫ئيس‬ َّ ‫المقَ ُّر‬ ُ ‫الر‬ َ head office

‫راء‬ ِ ‫الوَز‬ ُ ‫ َر‬prime minister ُ ‫ئيس‬ ‫ردد‬

ُّ‫ َردَّ – يَُرد‬to bring back; to repel or resist ُّ‫ ِارت َدَّ – يَرت َد‬to withdraw or retreat; to abandon (religion, principles) (ٌ ‫ َرد ٌ )ُردود‬answer, reply; rejection ٌ‫ َمَرد‬underlying factor ٌ ‫ ِردَّة‬apostasy ٌ‫ ت َرديد‬repetition, reiteration ٌ‫ ت ََردُّد‬hesitation, indecision ٌّ‫ ُمْرت َد‬renegade; apostate ٌ‫ َمردود‬yield, returns ‫رسخ‬ ‫يرسُخ‬ َ ‫ َر‬to be deeply rooted; to be conversant َ – ‫سَخ‬ ُ‫سخ‬ َّ ‫ َر‬to entrench or secure; to establish ّ ِ ‫سَخ – ي َُر‬ ‫راسٌخ‬ ِ deep-rooted, stable; conversant ‫ركز‬ ‫ركُز‬ ِ َ‫ َرَكَز – ي‬to set up; to embed firmly ‫ َرَّكَز – ي َُر ِ ّكُز‬to concentrate (mind); to position or embed firmly ‫ ت ََرَّكَز – يَت ََرَّكُز‬to concentrate ٌ َ ‫ ت‬setting up, installation; concentration, focus ‫ركيز‬ َ ‫ َم‬centre; station, post, office (‫راكُز‬ ِ ‫ركٌز )َم‬ َ ‫ َم‬remand centre ‫جز‬ ٍ ‫ركُز َح‬ َ ‫الشْر‬ ُّ ‫ركز‬ ُ ‫ َم‬police station ‫طِة‬ َ ‫ َم‬central ‫زي‬ ٌّ ‫رك‬ ‫ي‬ ِ ‫الم‬ ٌّ ‫ركز‬ َ decentralised

132 Politics

‫سفر‬ ‫سفُر‬ ِ ُ‫فر – ي‬ َ to unveil, to remove the veil َ ‫س‬ َّ ّ‫سِف ُر‬ َ to unveil or uncover; to dispatch or send away َ ُ‫سفَر – ي‬ ‫سافر – يُسافُِر‬ to travel; to depart َ َ َ ‫أ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ف‬ ‫س‬ (‫سفار‬ ) travel, trip; departure ٌ ٌ َ ٌ (‫فرات‬ ‫س‬ َ ) ٌ ‫فرة‬ َ trip, journey َ ‫س‬ (‫سفَ ٌر‬ ُ ) ٌ ‫سفرة‬ ُ dining table َ (‫راء‬ ُ ) ‫فير‬ ٌ ‫س‬ َ ambassador ُ ‫سف‬ ٌ ٌ (‫فارات‬ ) ‫س‬ ‫فارة‬ ‫س‬ َ َ embassy (‫رون‬ َ ‫ساف‬ ِ ‫سافٌر )ُم‬ ِ ‫ ُم‬traveller; passenger ‫سقط‬ ُ ُ‫ط – يُسق‬ َ َ‫سق‬ ‫ط‬ َ to fall, drop, or stumble; to be abolished ُ‫ط – ي ُْسِقط‬ َ َ‫ أسق‬to drop (sth); to shoot down; to suffer a miscarriage; to eliminate ُ َ‫ساقط – يَت َساق‬ َ َ ‫ ت‬to collapse or fall down; to come gradually ‫ط‬ َ َ ‫ أ‬to overthrow or topple the regime ‫ظام‬ ِ ‫سقط‬ َ ّ‫الن‬ ٌ(‫قط )أ َسقاط‬ ٌ ‫س‬ َ rubbish, junk ٌ‫سقوط‬ ُ collapse, ruin, decline, downfall ٌ ‫إس‬ ‫قاط‬ ْ overthrow; miscarriage; abortion ٌ ّ‫سق‬ ٌ ‫ساق‬ (‫اط‬ ِ fallen, vile, disreputable ُ )‫ط‬ ‫سلط‬ ُ ّ‫سِل‬ َ ّ‫سل‬ ‫ط‬ َ to give power or establish as ruler; to impose, inflict, or load َ ُ‫ط – ي‬ َّ‫ ت َسل‬to exercise power or to command; to overcome ُ َّ‫تسل‬ َ ‫ط‬ – ‫ط‬ ‫ي‬ َ َ ٌ َ ‫س‬ ٌ (‫لطات‬ ‫س‬ ُ power, might, authority; sovereign power ُ ) ‫لطة‬ ْ ٌ‫ضائيَّة‬ ٌ ِ َ‫سلطة ق‬ ُ judicial power ٌ‫ريعيَّة‬ ٌ ْ ِ ‫سْلطة ت َش‬ ُ legislative power ْ ‫سْلطةٌ ُم‬ ٌ‫طلَقة‬ ُ absolute power ٌ ُّ‫ ت ََسل‬dominion, control, authority ‫ط‬ ‫سود‬ ُ‫ سادَ – يَسود‬to prevail; to be or become master or lord; to rule or govern ُ‫سيّد‬ ِ ُ‫ سيَّدَ – ي‬to make someone master or chief (ٌ ‫س ِيّد ٌ )أَسياد‬ َ master, sir, gentleman ٌ ‫سِي‬ (‫ّدات‬ َ ) ٌ ‫سِيّدَة‬ َ lady, mistress

Politics 133

ٌ ‫ ِسيادة‬command, mastery; sovereignty, rule, dominion ٌ‫سائد‬ ِ prevailing ُ ٌ‫ دولة‬sovereign state ٍ‫ذات سيادَة‬ ‫سوس‬ to dominate, govern, or rule; to guide; to administer ‫سوس‬ َ‫ساس – ي‬ ُ َ ‫س‬ ُ ‫سو‬ َ to be or become worm-eaten, to rot or decay (of teeth, bones) َ ‫سَّو‬ ِ ّ ُ‫س – ي‬ ٌ ‫سي‬ (‫سان‬ woodworm ْ ) ‫سوس‬ ٌ ‫سوس‬ licorice ٌ ٌ (‫ياسات‬ ‫ياسةٌ )ِس‬ َ ‫ ِس‬politics; policy; administration (‫ون‬ politician, political; diplomatic َ ّ‫ي )ِسياسي‬ ِ ٌّ ‫سياس‬ ‫ي‬ ٌ ‫ ِح‬political party ِ ‫زب ِس‬ ٌّ ‫ياس‬ ُ‫الخارجيَّة‬ ُ‫ياسة‬ ّ ِ foreign policy َ ‫الس‬ ِ ٌ‫ جيوسياسيَّة‬geopolitical ٌ ‫ ِش‬political dissension ‫ي‬ ٌ ‫ ِن‬/ ‫ي‬ ِ ‫قاق ِس‬ ِ ‫زاع ِس‬ ِ ‫الف ِس‬ ٌ ‫ ِخ‬/ ‫ي‬ ٌّ ‫ياس‬ ٌّ ‫ياس‬ ٌّ ‫ياس‬ ‫ياسات‬ ‫الس‬ ِ ّ ِ ‫واضعو‬ ِ policymakers ٌ ‫ي‬ ‫ناشط‬ ِ ِ political activist ٌّ ‫سياس‬ ٌ‫ دَوائُِر سياسيَّة‬political circles ‫ي‬ ّ ِ ‫وء‬ ِ ‫الس‬ ُ ‫ اللُّ ُج‬political asylum ُّ ‫ياس‬

‫سيطر‬ َ ‫سْي‬ ‫طَر – ي َُسْيِطُر‬ َ to control or dominate َ َ ‫ ت ََسيطَر – يَت ََسيطُر‬to control or dominate َ ‫سْي‬ ٌ ‫طَرة‬ َ rule, domination, supremacy, control ‫سيِطٌر‬ ْ ‫ ُم‬ruler, sovereign (‫)على‬

‫شرط‬ ُ ‫شر‬ َ ‫ش َر‬ ‫ط‬ َ to stipulate; to tear or make an incision ُ َ‫ط – ي‬ ُ ‫َشر‬ َ ‫َشر‬ ‫ط‬ َّ ‫ ت‬to impose terms or conditions َّ ‫ط – يت‬ ُ‫ط – يَشت َِرط‬ َ ‫ ِاشت ََر‬to stipulate ٌ ‫ش‬ ٌ ‫ش‬ ُ ) ‫رط‬ (‫روط‬ َ condition; stipulation; cut, incision ْ ‫شرط‬ .. ‫أن‬ ِ ‫ ِب‬on the condition that ٌ‫شْرِطيَّة‬ َ ٌ‫ ُجْملة‬conditional clause ٌ ‫شر‬ ُ ‫شار‬ (‫ط‬ َ ‫ ِم‬scalpel ِ ‫ط )َم‬ ‫ي‬ َ conditional ٌّ ‫شْرِط‬

134 Politics

ٌ‫رطة‬ َ ‫ش‬ ُ police َ ‫ش‬ ُ metropolitan police ‫العاصَمِة‬ ُ‫رطة‬ ِ ٌ‫سكِريَّة‬ َ ‫ش‬ ُ military police َ ‫ع‬ َ ٌ‫رطة‬ َ ‫الش‬ ُّ ‫ئيس‬ ‫رطِة‬ ُ ‫ َر‬police chief ُ َ‫شرطٍة‬ ُ ‫ضابط‬ ُ police officer ِ ‫ش‬ ِ  / ‫ي‬ ٌّ ‫رط‬ َ‫شرطٍة‬ ُ ‫ ُمَحِقُّق‬police investigation ٌ ‫ش‬ ُ ‫رائ‬ َ ‫شر‬ (ٌ‫طة‬ َ ribbon, tape; braid َ ) ‫ريط‬ ِ ‫ش‬ ِ َ ‫ أ‬/ ‫ط‬ ٌ ٌ (‫راطات‬ ‫شت‬ ِ ‫ ِا‬condition, stipulation ِ ‫شتراط )ِا‬ ‫شكل‬ ُ َ‫شَكَل – ي‬ ‫شكُل‬ َ to vowel (a text); to be dubious or ambiguous َّ ّ ‫شكَل – ي َُشِكُل‬ َ to form or shape; to create; to organise; to diversify ّ ‫ ت‬to be formed or shaped َّ ‫َشكَل – يَت‬ ‫َشكُل‬ َ ‫كل )أ‬ ٌ ٌ ‫ش‬ (‫شكال‬ َ form, shape, figure; appearance; resemblance ٌ ‫ش‬ ٌ ‫ ت َْش‬voweling, vowelisation ‫كل‬ َ  / ‫كيل‬ ٌ ‫ ت َْش‬forming; creation, formation ٌ(‫كيل )ت َْشكيالت‬ ٌ‫ ت َْشكيلَة‬selection, variety ٌ ‫شكال‬ ‫ ِإ‬ambiguity; obscurity ٌ ‫ ُمْشِك‬/ ‫شاكُل‬ (‫الت‬ ِ ‫ ُم‬problem, difficulty ِ ‫ ُم‬/ ‫شكٌل‬ ِ ‫شكلَةٌ )َم‬ ‫صعد‬ ُ‫صِعدَ – يَصعَد‬ َ to rise or ascend; to escalate ُ‫صِعّد‬ ‫د‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ص‬ – ‫ي‬ ُ َ َّ َ to ascend; to go upstream; to escalate َ ٌ‫َصعيد‬ ْ ‫ ت‬escalation (political) ٌ‫صعود‬ ُ rising, lifting, ascending; boom (ُ ‫مصاعد‬ ) ٌ ‫ ِمصعَد‬elevator ِ ‫ضهد‬ ُ‫ضَهد‬ ْ َ‫ضَهدَ – ي‬ َ to suppress, oppress, or persecute َ ‫ ِاض‬to suppress, oppress, or persecute ُ‫ضطهد‬ َ‫طَهدَ – ي‬ ِ ٌ (‫هادات‬ ‫ضط‬ ِ ‫ ِا‬persecution, oppression ِ ‫ضطهادٌ )ِا‬ َ ٌ‫ ُمضطِهد‬oppressor, persecutor َ ‫ ُم‬oppressed, persecuted ٌ‫ضطَهد‬

Politics 135

‫ ط غ ى‬/ ‫ط غ و‬ َ to be tyrannical or to terrorise; to dominate; to flood or inundate ‫طغَى – يَطغى‬ ُ ٌ ‫ طْغ‬flood; tyranny, oppression; terrorisation ‫يان‬ ُ ) ٍ‫ طاغ‬tyrant, oppressor (ٌ ‫طغاة‬ ٌ‫طاغيَة‬ tyrant, oppressor, bully ِ ‫طول‬ ُ َ‫طال – ي‬ to be long, to extend or lengthen; to excel ‫طول‬ َ ‫ل‬ ‫طو‬ – ‫طوُل‬ ‫ي‬ ُ َ َّ to lengthen, extend, or prolong; to be detailed ِّ ُ َ ‫طال – يَست‬ ‫طيل‬ َ َ ‫ ِاست‬to be long; to be overbearing or presumptuous َ ‫ طْوٌل‬might, power ْ َ ‫طول )أ‬ ٌ ‫ط‬ ٌ (‫وال‬ length, size, height َ tall, long ٌ ‫ويل )ِط‬ ٌ ‫ط‬ (‫وال‬ ٌ‫طائلَة‬ ِ might, power; retaliation ٌ َ ‫ ُمست‬rectangle, oblong; elongated ‫طيل‬ ‫عرض‬ ‫ض‬ ُ ‫عر‬ َ to exhibit or demonstrate; to offer or suggest (sth); to be wide َ ‫عَر‬ ِ َ‫ض – ي‬ ‫ض‬ ُ ‫عار‬ َ ‫عار‬ َ to resist, oppose, or contradict; to avoid ِ ُ‫ض – ي‬ ‫ض‬ َّ ‫ض – يَت‬ ُ ‫َعر‬ َ ‫ ت َعََّر‬to resist, oppose, or object; to expose; to risk ‫ض‬ ُ ‫ض – يَعت َِر‬ َ ‫ اِعت ََر‬to object, protest, or resist; to hinder ‫ض‬ ُ ‫َعر‬ َ ‫َعر‬ َ ‫ ِاست‬to review or inspect; to consider ِ ‫ض – يَست‬ ‫ع‬ (‫روض‬ ُ ) ‫رض‬ ٌ ٌ ‫ع‬ َ an offer or tender; exhibition or show; breadth or width ْ َّ َ ‫ب‬ ‫ ال‬supply and demand ُ ‫عرض والطل‬ ُ ‫أزياء‬ ‫رض‬ ٍ ُ ‫ع‬ َ fashion show ‫رضحال‬  /  ُ ‫ع‬ ُ ‫ع‬ ٍ ‫رض‬ َ ‫حال‬ َ petition َ ‫رض )أ‬ (‫عراض‬ ٌ ٌ ‫ ِع‬honour, dignity ‫أع‬ (‫راض‬ ْ )‫ض‬ ٌ ٌ ‫عَر‬ َ accident; symptom (of disease) ‫ريض )ِع‬ ‫ع‬ (‫راض‬ ٌ ٌ َ broad, extensive ٌ ‫رائ‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ريضة‬ ‫ع‬ (‫ض‬ ) ِ ُ َ َ petition ‫ َم‬exhibition, show; a stage or showroom (‫ض‬ ٌ ُ ‫معار‬ ِ ) ‫عرض‬ ٌ‫ضة‬ َ ‫عار‬ َ ‫ ُم‬opposition, resistance; contradiction ‫ض‬ ٌ ‫عار‬ ُ َ ‫ ت‬conflict, clash; contradiction ٌ ‫عت‬ (‫راضات‬ ‫عت‬ ِ ‫ ِا‬objection, protest; resistance; exception ِ ‫راض )ِا‬ ٌ

136 Politics

‫عراض‬ ‫ست‬ ِ ‫ ِا‬parade; examination; survey, review ٌ (‫ض‬ ٌ ‫عار‬ ُ ‫عوار‬ ِ obstacle, impediment; an attack or fit ِ )‫ض‬ ٌ‫ضة‬ ‫عار‬ ‫م‬ opposition, resistance; contradiction َ َ ُ ‫ض‬ ٌ ‫عتر‬ ِ ‫ ُم‬lying across something; opponent, antagonist No root

‫ضو‬ ُ member, limb, organ ٌ ‫ع‬ ْ َ ‫ أ‬organs ِ ‫عضاء الجسم‬ ُ ‫ضو‬ ُ ‫غير‬ ُ non-member ٍ ‫ع‬ َ ‫ أ‬members of parliament َ ‫مان‬ ُ ِ ‫عضاء البَرل‬ ‫ضوي‬ ‫ع‬ ُ organic ٌّ ‫وي‬ ُ ‫ع‬ ُ ‫غير‬ ُ inorganic ٍّ ‫ض‬ ٌ ّ‫عضوي‬ (‫ات‬ ُ membership; organism ُ ) ٌ‫ضويَّة‬ ِ ‫ع‬ (‫أعضاء‬ ) ٌ

‫عمل‬ (Full treatment in Work chapter)

‫عمُل‬ َ to do or act; to work or operate; to produce; to endeavour َ َ‫عِمَل – ي‬ ‫عامُل‬ ِ ُ‫عامَل – ي‬ َ to treat or act towards; to trade or deal with; to proceed َ ‫ ت‬to trade or do business with ‫عامل‬ – ‫َعامُل‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ي‬ َ َ َ ‫َعمُل‬ ِ ‫َعمَل – يَست‬ َ ‫ ِاست‬to use or operate ٌ ‫ع‬ ‫مل‬ َ work, practice, activity; production, operation; an act َّ َ‫ ت َع‬to be unemployed ‫طَل عن ْالعََمِل‬ ‫ي‬ ِ ‫ع‬ َ practical; relating to work ٌّ ‫مل‬ ٌ ّ‫عَملي‬ (‫ات‬ َ activity, work; operation, process, technique; surgery َ ) ٌ‫عَمليَّة‬ ٌ‫عَمليَّةٌ ِسريَّة‬ َ covert operation ُ ٍ ‫سالم‬ َ peace process َ ‫عَمليَّة‬ ٌ‫ستشهاديَّة‬ ٌ َّ‫عَملي‬ ِ ‫ات ِا‬ َ martyr bombings ٌ‫ات ِاِنتحاريَّة‬ ٌ َّ‫عَملي‬ َ suicide bombings ٌ َ ٌ (‫مالت‬ ‫ع‬ ُ money, currency ُ ) ‫عملة‬ ‫ال‬ ُ ‫ ِح‬Labour Party ِ ‫زب العُّم‬ ٌ ‫ع‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ميل‬ (‫مالء‬ ) ُ َ agent, representative; ally; customer; patient ُ ٌ ٌ ‫عام‬ (‫الت‬ َ ‫ ُمعاملَة )ُم‬treatment ٌ ‫عام‬ (‫الت‬ ُ َ ‫ ت‬transactions, dealings; trade, business ُ َ ‫عامٌل )ت‬ ٌ‫ستعمال‬ ِ ‫ ِا‬use, application

Politics 137

‫عامٌل‬ ِ factor ٌ‫َعمل‬ َ ‫ ُمست‬used ُ ‫عوام‬ (‫ل‬ ِ )

No root

ُ ‫واه‬ (‫ل‬ ِ monarch, ruler ِ ‫ع‬ َ ) ‫عاهٌل‬ No root

ٌ ‫ ِفئةٌ )ِف‬group, class; band; faction (‫ئات‬ ‫وي‬ ٌّ َ ‫ فِئ‬factional ٌ‫ ِفئ َِويَّة‬factionalism ‫فرق‬ ‫ فََرَق – يَْفُرُق‬to separate or divide; to differentiate or discriminate ‫فرُق‬ ّ ِ ُ‫فرَق – ي‬ َّ to separate or divide; to differentiate or discriminate ‫َفرَق – يَت َفََّرُق‬ َّ ‫ ت‬to be or become separated; divided, separated ْ‫ فَ ِ ّرْق ت َُسد‬divide and rule ٌ ُ‫ فَ ْر ٌق )ف‬difference; division (‫روق‬ ٌ ‫ ِفْرقَةٌ )ِفَر‬part, portion, section; division (‫ق‬ ٌ‫ فُْرقَة‬division, separation ٌ ُ‫ريق )ف‬ ٌ َ‫ ف‬team, party, faction, unit (‫رقاء‬ ُ ُ‫ ف‬/ ‫روق‬ ُ َ‫ ف‬think tank ‫كير‬ ٍ ‫ريق ت َْف‬ ُ َ‫ ف‬task force ‫عمل‬ ٍ ‫ريق‬ ُ ٌ ‫ فْر‬proof, evidence ‫قان‬ ُ‫ الفُ ْرقان‬the Quran ُ ‫فار‬ (‫ق‬ َ ‫ َم‬crossing, intersection ِ ‫فرٌق )َم‬ ٌ‫َفرقَة‬ ِ ‫ ت‬separation, partition, division ٌ‫نصريَّة‬ ُ ٌ‫َفرقَة‬ ِ ‫ع‬ ِ ‫ ت‬racism, racial discrimination ٌ‫ ِفراق‬separation, difference, parting ‫َفرٌق‬ ّ ِ ‫ ُمت‬scattered, dispersed; sporadic ‫فعل‬ ُ َ‫ فَعََل – ي‬to act or do; to affect or have an influence ‫فعل‬ ‫فاعُل‬ َ َ ‫ ت‬to interact; to combine َ َ ‫فاع َل – يَت‬ ‫نفعُل‬ ِ َ‫ ِانفَعََل – ي‬to be done; to be or become affected; to be agitated or excited

138 Politics

ٌ َ ‫عل )أ‬ ٌ ‫ ِف‬verb (grammar); activity, work, action; impact (‫فعال‬ َ ‫ي‬ ِ ‫ ف‬actual, real, factual ٌّ ‫عل‬ َ‫ فَعلَةٌ )ف‬deed, act ٌ (‫عالت‬ ٌ َّ‫ فَع‬effective; actual ‫ال‬ ٌ‫ فَعّاليَّة‬efficiency ٌ ‫فاع‬ (‫الت‬ ُ َ ‫فاع ٌل )ت‬ ُ َ ‫ ت‬interaction, interplay; chemical reaction

ْ ‫َفاع ٌل ُم‬ ْ َ ‫فاع ٌل ت‬ ‫ي‬ ُ َ ‫ ت‬/ ‫تسل ِس ٌل‬ ُ ‫ ت‬chain reaction ُِ ‫سل‬ ٌّ ‫سل‬ ٌ ‫ ِاِنف‬agitation, irritation, excitement ٌ (‫عاالت‬ ‫عال )ِاِنف‬ (‫لون‬ َ ‫فاع‬ ِ ) ‫فاعٌل‬ ِ effective, efficient; actor, perpetrator ٌ(‫فاعٌل )فَعَلة‬ ِ workers, labourers; subject of a verbal clause ‫فاعِل‬ ِ ‫اسم ْال‬ ُ active participle ٌ‫فاعليَّة‬ ِ effectiveness; activity ٌ ُ ‫ َم‬object (grammar); effect, impact, or impression; validity (‫فاعيل‬ ‫فعول )َم‬ ٌ ‫ َمفعول ِبِه‬object (grammar) ‫فعول‬ ‫الم‬ ِ ُ passive participle َ ‫اسم‬ ْ indeed, really ً ‫ ِف‬/ ‫عل‬ ‫عال‬ ِ ‫بالِف‬ ‫ ُمنفَِعٌل‬excited, agitated ‫ ُمفت َعَ ٌل‬artificial, fabricated, forged ‫فوض‬ ‫ض‬ ُ ‫ُفو‬ َ ‫ فَّو‬to entrust; to authorise; to commit; to consign ِّ ‫ض – ي‬ ‫ض‬ ُ ‫فاو‬ َ ‫فاو‬ ِ ُ‫ض – ي‬ َ to negotiate; to confer َ ‫ ت‬to negotiate with each other; to confer ‫ض‬ ُ ‫َفاو‬ َ َ ‫فاوض – يَت‬ ‫ فَْوضى‬chaos, confusion ٌ‫سياسيَّة‬ ‫ فَْوضى‬political anarchy ِ ‫ي‬ َ ‫ فَْو‬anarchist; chaotic ٌّ ‫ضِو‬ ٌ َ ‫ ت‬power of attorney; entrusting; delegation; authority َ ‫فويض )ت‬ (‫فويضات‬ ٌ ٌ ٌ (‫ضات‬ ‫فاو‬ َ ‫ ُم‬negotiations, talk َ ‫فاوضة )ُم‬ ‫فو‬ (‫ضون‬ َ ٌ ‫فو‬ َّ ‫ض )ُم‬ َّ ‫ ُم‬commissioner; agent, proxy ‫قلل‬ َّ to be small, insignificant, or scarce ‫قل – يَِقُّل‬ ّ‫ قلَّ َل – ي ُِقلُل‬to diminish, decrease, or reduce ُّ ‫َقل – يَست‬ َّ ‫ ِاست‬to be independent; to despise or undervalue; to transport ‫َقل‬ ٌ‫ ِقلَّة‬a few; insignificance; lack, want ٌ ‫ِق‬/‫قالئُل‬ ٌ little, few; insignificant (‫الل‬ ِ /‫قليل )ِأقّالُء‬

Politics 139

ٌ‫ أقليَّة‬small number, minority ‫األقلّيَِّة‬ ِ ‫كم‬ ُ ‫ ُح‬minority rule ٌ‫نصِريَّة‬ ‫ع‬ ٌ‫ أقليَّة‬ethnic minority ُ ُ ٌ ‫ست‬ ‫قالل‬ ِ ‫ ِا‬independence ‫ ُمست َِقٌّل‬independent, autonomous; separate ٌ ّ‫)أقلي‬ (‫ات‬

‫قمع‬ ‫ قََمَع – يَْقَمُع‬to suppress, repress, or prevent; to tame ‫ قَْمٌع‬oppression, repression; crackdown ‫عي‬ ٌ ‫ ِن‬oppressive regime ٌّ ‫ظام قَْم‬ No root

‫نصُل‬ ُ ُ‫ الق‬the consul ‫ي‬ ُ ُ‫ ق‬consular ٌّ ‫نصِل‬ ٌ ‫نصلي‬ (‫ّات‬ ُ ُ‫ ق‬consulate ُ ُ‫نصليَّةٌ )ق‬ ٌ‫عامة‬ ٌ ُ ُ‫ ق‬consulate general َّ ‫نصليَّة‬ ‫قود‬ ُ‫ قادَ – يَقود‬to lead; to guide, steer, or pilot; to pimp ُ‫ ِانقادَ – يَنقاد‬to be led or guided; to follow or obey ٌ‫ قَ ْود‬leadership; pimping ٌ‫ قََّواد‬pimp ٌ ‫ ِقيادَة‬guidance, leadership ِ‫ ِبقيادَة‬under the leadership of (plus idafa) (ٌ ‫قائد ٌ )قَُّواد‬ ِ guide, leader; commander No root

ْ ‫الكابِن‬ ‫ت‬ ِ the Cabinet No root

ْ ‫نيس‬ ‫ت‬ ِ ‫الك‬ ِ the Knesset No root

ْ ‫غرس‬ Congress ِ ‫الكون‬

140 Politics

‫لحق‬ ‫لحُق‬ َ َ‫ لَِحَق – ي‬to follow or keep close; to overtake; to cling or join ‫ُالحُق‬ to follow, pursue, or chase َ ِ ‫الحق – ي‬ ُ‫ُلحق‬ ِ ‫ألحَق – ي‬ َ to attach; to be annexed ٌ attachment, annexation; enrolment ‫إلحاق‬ ٌ ‫ ِاِلت‬enrolment (in); affiliation (with) (‫ب‬ ِ ) ‫حاق‬ ‫الحٌق‬ ِ subsequent, following; attached (‫قون‬ َ ‫لح‬ َ ‫لحٌق )ُم‬ َ ‫ ُم‬attaché; assistant No root

‫ اللّوبي‬a lobby ‫ضاء اللّوبي‬ ُ ‫ أ َ ْع‬/ ‫ اللّوبيّون‬lobbyists ‫مثل‬ ‫ َمث َ َل – يَمث ُ ُل‬to resemble; to copy; to compare or liken ‫ َمث َّ َل – ي َُمِث ّ ُل‬to make similar; to liken; to represent; to act ‫ ت ََمث َّ َل – يَت ََمث َّ ُل‬to become similar or imitate; to assimilate or absorb ٌ َ ‫ثل )أ‬ ٌ ‫ ِم‬resemblance, similarity (‫مثال‬ ‫ ِمثلما‬as (conj) ُ‫المثليَّة‬ ِ homosexuality ٌ ‫ َم‬metaphor, simile, proverb; example ٌ َ ‫ثل )أ‬ (‫مثال‬ ً ‫ َم‬for example ‫ثال‬ ِ ‫بيل‬ ِ ‫الم‬ ِ ‫ على س‬/ ‫ثال‬ ٌ ‫ ِم‬simile, parable, allegory; example; pattern (ٌ‫أمِثلة‬ ْ ) ‫ثال‬ ‫ي‬ ِ ‫ ِم‬exemplary; allegorical, model ٌّ ‫ثال‬ ٌ ُ ‫ثيل )ُمث‬ ٌ ‫ َم‬like, similar (‫ل‬ ٌ ‫ ِت‬statue, sculpture َ ‫مثال )ت‬ ُ (‫ماثيل‬ ٌ(‫مثيل )ت َماثيل‬ ٌ َ ‫ ت‬representation; portrayal ٌ َ ‫ ت‬proportional representation ‫ي‬ ٌّ ‫مثيل ِنْسِب‬ ٌ َ ‫ ت‬acting ‫مثيل‬ ٌ‫ ت َمثيليَّة‬series; play (‫لون‬ َ ّ ‫ ُمَمِث ٌّل )ُمَمِث‬representative, deputy; actor ‫مكن‬ ُ َ‫ َمَكَن – ي‬to be or become strong; to have power ‫مكُن‬ ‫ َمّكَن – ي َُم ِ ّكُن‬to strengthen or consolidate; to make possible ّ ‫ ت ََمّكَن – يَت‬to be able to; to have influence; to have or gain power ‫َمكُن‬

Politics 141

ٌ َ ‫ ت‬strengthening, consolidation ‫مكين‬ ٌ‫ إمكان‬power, ability; faculty ٌ ّ‫ إمكانيَّةٌ )إمكاني‬possibilities (‫ات‬ ‫ ت ََمُّكٌن‬power, authority, self-control ‫ ُمْمِكٌن‬possible, conceivable ‫المْمِكِن‬ ُ ‫ ِمن‬it is possible َ not possible َ ‫ ِمن‬/ ‫غْيُر ُمْمِكٍن‬ ‫مكِن‬ ِ ‫الم‬ ُ ‫ير‬ ِ ‫غ‬ ‫ملك‬ ‫ملُك‬ ِ َ‫ َملََك – ي‬to rule or dominate; to acquire, possess, or seize َّ ‫ ت َملََّك – يَت َملُك‬to appropriate or seize ‫متلُك‬ ِ َ‫ ِامتلََك – ي‬to possess or own; to gain or acquire; to dominate or master ٌ ‫ ُم‬reign, dominion, power ‫لك‬ ٌ َ ‫لك )أ‬ ٌ ‫ ِم‬property, possessions, goods, wealth (‫مالك‬ ٌ ‫ َمِلٌك )ُم‬king, monarch (‫لوك‬ ٌ‫ َملَِكيَّة‬monarchy, royalty ٌ ‫ َمِلكةٌ )َمِل‬queen (‫كات‬ ٌ  / ‫ َملٌَك‬angel (ٌ‫الئكة‬ ِ ‫مالك )َم‬ ْ ٌ ّ‫ ِمْلكيَّةٌ )ِملكي‬property, ownership (‫ات‬ ٌ ‫مال‬ (‫ك‬ ِ ‫ َمْملَكةٌ )َم‬kingdom, empire, country ‫ ت ََملٌُّك‬taking possession; ownership, domination, control ٌ ‫إمت‬ ‫الك‬ ِ occupancy; possession; domination, control ٌ ٌ ‫ َمْم‬owned, belonging to; Mameluke ‫لوك )َم‬ (‫ماليك‬ َ ٌ ‫ ُمْمت َلٌَك )ُمْمتل‬owned; property, estates (‫كات‬ ‫ندب‬ ‫ُب‬ ُ ‫ب – يَند‬ َ َ‫ نَد‬to mourn or lament; to detail; to delegate or commission ‫ب‬ ُ ‫ب – يَنت َِد‬ َ َ‫ ِانت َد‬to appoint, commission, authorise, or empower; to detail ‫ب‬ ٌ ‫ نَْد‬lamentation; deputation, delegation; authorisation ٌ ‫ ِا‬mandate; assignment, mission; detailing; appointment (‫دابات‬ ‫نتداب )ِاِنت‬ ٌ ‫ندوب )َم‬ ‫ َم‬agent, delegate, representative; lamented (‫ندوبون‬ َ ٌ ٌ‫ َمندوبيَّة‬delegation; High Commission ‫نزل‬ ‫نزُل‬ ِ َ‫ نََزَل – ي‬to go down, descend, or fall; to camp or lodge ‫ ن ََّزَل – يُنَ ِ ّزُل‬to make come down; to dismount; to reveal; to lower

142 Politics

َ ‫ ت‬to renounce, waive, or relinquish; to resign ‫َنازُل‬ ِ ‫َنازَل – يَت‬ ٌ(‫ نُ ُز ٌل )نُزول‬quarters, lodging; hotel ٌ َ‫ نَزلَةٌ )ن‬cold, catarrh (‫زالت‬ ٌ ُ‫ ن‬descending, dismounting; surrender ‫زول‬ ُ ‫مناز‬ (‫ل‬ ِ ‫ َم‬house; stopping place ِ ) ‫نزٌل‬ ٌ‫نزلَة‬ ِ ‫ َم‬status, rank; dignity ُ concessions; transfer; surrender; abdication ُ ) ‫تنازٌل‬ ٌ ‫تناز‬ (‫الت‬ ‫نظم‬ ُ ‫ظَم – يَ ْن‬ َ َ‫ ن‬to organise or arrange; to classify or group; to write poetry ‫ظُم‬ َّ‫ظَم – يَت َنَظُم‬ َّ َ‫ ت َن‬to be well arranged or well organised ُ ُ‫ظام )ن‬ (ٌ‫نظَمة‬ ِ َ ‫ أ‬/ ‫ظٌم‬ ٌ ‫ ِن‬system, method; rule, order, law; organisation; regime ْ ‫ظام‬ ‫األكث َ ِريَِّة‬ ‫ن‬ majority system ِ ُ ِ ‫النّظام‬ ِ ‫غيير‬ ُ َ ‫ ت‬regime change ‫ي‬ ِ ‫ظام ِس‬ ٌ ‫ ِن‬political regime ٌّ ‫ياس‬ ٌ(‫نظيم )ت َنظيمات‬ ٌ َ ‫ ت‬arrangement, organisation; reform; regulation ِ order, regularity; systematic ‫ظام‬ ‫نت‬ ‫ا‬ ِ ٌ َّ َّ ٌ ٌ ‫ ُمنظَمة )ُمنظ‬organisation (‫مات‬ ْ ‫مال َاأل‬ َّ َ‫ ُمن‬North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) ‫سي‬ َ ‫ظمةُ ِحْلف‬ ِ ‫ش‬ ِّ َ‫طل‬ َ ‫ ُمنت‬regular, even, uniform ‫َظٌم‬ ‫نهز‬ ‫نهُز‬ َ َ‫ نََهَز – ي‬to push, shove, or thrust; to drive or urge on (ً‫صة‬ َ ‫ ِانت ََهَز – يَْنت َِهُز )فُ ْر‬to seize or take (opportunity) ‫ي‬ ِ ‫ ِاِنت‬opportunist ٌّ ‫هاز‬ ‫نوب‬ ‫نوب‬ ُ َ‫ناب – ي‬ َ to act as representative; to substitute or replace; to frequent ‫ب‬ ُ ‫ب – يُنَ ّ ِو‬ َ ‫ نََّو‬to deputise; to delegate or commission ‫ب‬ to alternate; to take shifts ُ ‫ُناو‬ َ ِ ‫ناوب – ي‬ ٌ (‫ب‬ ٌ ‫ نَْوبة )نََو‬change, rotation, shift; a calamity or misfortune ٌ ‫ نَْوبَةٌ )نَْو‬a fit or attack; a crisis (‫بات‬ ٌ‫ ِنيابَة‬representation; replacement, substitution; proxy ‫بالنّيابَ ِة عن‬ ِ on behalf of ‫ي‬ ِ parliamentary; representative ٌّ ‫نياب‬

Politics 143

ٌ‫ناوبَة‬ َ ‫ ُم‬alternation, rotation; successively, in shifts ‫ب‬ ِ ‫ناو‬ ُ َّ ‫ بِالت‬successively, alternately (‫اب‬ ٌ ‫ب )نُ َّو‬ ٌ ‫نائ‬ ِ MP; deputy, representative, delegate ِ ‫الرئيس‬ ُ ‫نائ‬ ِ deputy head َّ ‫ب‬ ‫اب‬ ِ ‫لس النُّ ّو‬ ُ ‫مج‬ ِ parliament ّ ُ ‫ َو‬public prosecutor, district attorney ‫النيابَِة‬ ِ ‫كيل‬ ‫ب‬ ‫م‬ ٌ ‫ناو‬ ِ ُ on duty ‫همش‬ ‫ش‬ ِ َ‫ش – ي‬ ُ ‫هم‬ َ ‫ َهَم‬to bite (‫ش‬ ِ margin ِ ‫ش )َه‬ ٌ ‫هام‬ ُ ‫وام‬ ‫ميش‬ ٌ ‫ ت َْه‬marginalising ِ ‫هامش‬ ِ ‫ على ْال‬on the sidelines ِ ‫هامش‬ to be marginalised ِ ‫يضع على ْال‬ ُ ‫هيمن‬ ‫يمن – ي َُهْيِمُن‬ َ ‫ َه‬to dominate or control; to guard or watch; to say amen ٌ‫هيمنَة‬ َ hegemony, control; supervision, surveillance ‫ ُمَهْيِمٌن‬supervising; controlling; guardian, master ‫وحد‬ ُ‫يوحد‬ ِ – َ‫ َوَحد‬to be alone; to be without equal ُ‫ َوَّحدَ – ي َُو ِ ّحد‬to unify, unite, or standardise ُ‫ ِاتّحدَ – يَت َّ ِحد‬to be united or combined; to unite َ‫ َوَّحدَ الله‬to declare God to be one, to be a monotheist ٌ ‫ َوْحدَة ٌ )َوْح‬unit (military); oneness, unity; privacy, solitude (‫دات‬ ٌ‫ َوحيد‬alone, solitary, lonely, single, individual ٌ‫ ت َوحيد‬union, combination, consolidation ‫ التَّوحيد‬monotheism ّ ‫ ِاِتّحادٌ )ِاِت‬union; concord, agreement; combination ٌ (‫حادات‬ ‫ي‬ ُ‫ ِاالت ّحاد‬the European Union ِ ُّ ّ‫األوروب‬ ‫ي‬ ِ ّ ‫ ِات‬federal ٌّ ‫حاد‬ ٌ‫واحد‬ ِ one (number); someone, somebody; separate, individual ٌ‫ ُمت َّ ِحد‬united; uniform

144 Politics

‫وزر‬ ‫ ت ََوَّزَر – يَت ََوَّزُر‬to become a minister (‫راء‬ ٌ ‫ َو‬minister, vizier; queen (in chess) ُ ‫زير )ُوَز‬ ْ ‫خارجيَِّة‬ ُ ‫ َو‬foreign minister ِ ‫زير ال‬ ‫ّاخِليِّة‬ ِ ‫زير الد‬ ُ ‫ َو‬home secretary ّ ِ ‫زير‬ ُ ‫ َو‬defence minister ِ‫الدفاع‬ ْ ‫راء‬ ِ ‫ َهيئةُ الُوَز‬Cabinet ٌ (‫زارات‬ ‫ ِوزارة ٌ )ِو‬ministry ‫الخارجيَِّة‬ ُ ‫ ِوزارة‬foreign ministry ِ external, exterior; outside ‫ي‬ ِ ٌّ ‫خارج‬ ‫ّاخليَِّة‬ ِ ‫زارة ُ الد‬ َ ‫ ِو‬ministry of interior ‫ي‬ ِ internal, interior, inside ٌّ ‫داخِل‬ ‫الدفاع‬ َ ‫ ِو‬ministry of defence ِ ّ ِ ُ ‫زارة‬ ْ ‫دل‬ ِ َ‫زارة ُ الع‬ َ ‫ ِو‬ministry of justice ‫وطن‬ َ ‫ َو‬to live, reside, or stay ‫يوطُن‬ ِ – ‫طَن‬ َ ‫ اِْس‬to live, settle, or become naturalised ‫توطُن‬ ِ ‫توطَن – يَ ْس‬ َ ‫ َو‬nation, homeland, country ٌ ٌ ‫ط‬ (‫أوطان‬ )‫ن‬ َ ‫ي )َو‬ َ ‫ َو‬indigenous, national; patriotic, nationalist; patriot (‫ّون‬ َ ‫طني‬ ُّ ‫طِن‬ ٌ‫طِنيَّة‬ َ ‫ َو‬nationalism; patriotism ُ ‫اط‬ (‫ن‬ ِ ‫ َم‬native land, residence, domicile ِ ‫وطٌن )َمَو‬ ٌ ‫ستيطان‬ ‫ ِا‬immigration, colonisation; settling ‫واطٌن‬ ِ ‫ ُم‬compatriot, citizen (‫نون‬ َ ‫توط‬ ِ ‫َوطٌن )ُمْس‬ ِ ‫ ُمْست‬settler; domestic; resident َ ‫ ُمْس‬settlement َ ‫توطنَةٌ )ُمْست‬ ٌ(‫َوطنات‬ ‫وفق‬ ‫ َوِفَق – يَْوِفُق‬to be right, suitable, or appropriate ‫ َوفََّق – يَُوِفُّق‬to adapt or make suitable; to accommodate; to reconcile; to be lucky ‫وافُق‬ ِ ُ‫ وافََق – ي‬to befit; to agree; to be agreeable or convenient ‫ ِاتَّفَق – يَت َّ ِفُق‬to agree, be consistent, or reach an agreement; to happen accidentally ‫ ِوفقا ً ِل‬according to ٌ َ‫ ُموافَقَةٌ )ُمواف‬agreement; analogy; suitability; consent, approval (‫قات‬

Politics 145

‫ ت َوافٌُق‬coincidence; agreement, conformity ّ ‫فاق ) ِات‬ ٌ ّ ‫ اِت‬agreement, treaty, pact; coincidence, accident ٌ (‫فاقات‬ ٌ َّ‫ ِاتّفاقِيَّةٌ )ِاتّفاقِي‬agreement, treaty, convention (‫ات‬ ‫وقع‬ ‫ َوقََع – يَقَُع‬to fall or drop; to occur or happen; to arrive; to meet ‫ُوقُّع‬ ِ ‫ َوقّ َع – ي‬to let fall; to sign (sth); to carry out; to register; to seize or confiscate ‫ ت ََوقَّع – يَت َوقَُّع‬to expect, anticipate, or dread ٌ ‫ َوقعَةٌ )َو‬a fall, drop, tumble; an incident (‫قعات‬ ‫قوع‬ ٌ ‫ ُو‬occurrence, happening (‫واقُع‬ ِ ‫ َم‬place, spot, location; event; website ِ ‫وقٌع )َم‬ ْ ْ geolocation ِ ‫المْوِقعِ الُج‬ َ ُ‫تحديد‬ ّ ‫غراف‬ ِ‫ي‬ (‫واقُع‬ ِ ‫ َمْوِقعَةٌ )َم‬battlefield; a battle or combat ٌ (‫قيعات‬ ‫قيع )ت َْو‬ ٌ ‫ ت َْو‬performance; registration; recording (pl: signature) ‫الحال‬ ‫واقُع‬ ِ state of affairs ِ ‫عي‬ ِ realistic, real ٌّ ‫واق‬ ٌ‫واقعيَّة‬ ِ reality ‫ ُمَوقٌَّع‬signed, recorded, registered ‫ ُمتوقٌَّع‬expected Political Parties and Ideologies ‫ياسيَّةُ وااليديولوجيات‬ ِ ‫الس‬ ّ ِ ‫األحزاب‬ ُ No root

‫ي‬ ‫ ِا‬imperialist ِ ٌّ ‫مبراطور‬ ٌ‫مبراطوريَّة‬ ِ ‫ا‬ empire; imperialism ِ َ (ٌ ‫باطرة‬ emperor ِ ‫إمبراطور )أ‬ ٌ ‫بدد‬ ُّ‫ بدَّ – يَبِد‬to distribute, spread, or disperse ُّ‫ ِاست َبَدَّ – يَست َِبد‬to rule tyrannically; to be independent; to be obstinate ٌّ‫ بُد‬way out, escape َّ‫ ال بُد‬inevitably, definitely ٌ‫ستبداد‬ ِ ‫ ِا‬tyranny, oppression, autocracy ‫ي‬ ِ ‫ست‬ ِ ‫ ِا‬arbitrary; autocratic, despotic ٌّ ‫بداد‬ ُ‫بداديَّة‬ ِ ‫ست‬ ِ ‫ ِاال‬authoritarianism

146 Politics No root

‫ بوليس‬police ٌ‫ دَ ْولَةٌ بوليسيَّة‬police state No root

ُ‫ البيروقراطيَّة‬bureaucracy ‫جدد‬ ُّ‫ َجدَّ – يَ ِجد‬to be new; to be serious; to take seriously or strive earnestly ُ‫ َجدَّدَ – ي َُجدّد‬to renew or fix; to limit; to establish; to be an innovator ُ‫ ت َجدَّدَ – يَت َجدَّد‬to be renewed; to revive (ٌ ‫جد ُود‬ ُ ) ٌّ‫ َجد‬good fortune ً ‫ ِجدا‬very, much ‫ّي‬ ٌّ ‫ ِجِد‬serious (ٌ ‫جد ُد‬ ُ ) ٌ‫ َجديد‬new, recent, modern; unprecedented ٌ‫ ت َْجديد‬renewal, modernisation; innovation (‫ّدون‬ َ ‫ ُمَجِدّدٌ )ُمَجِد‬modernists, reformists; innovator ‫جمهر‬ ‫ َجْمَهَر – ي َُجْمِهُر‬to gather, collect, or assemble ‫هر‬ ُ ‫َجم‬ َ ‫مهَر – يَت‬ َ ‫ ت ََج‬to gather or flock together ٌ ‫ َجْمَهرة‬crowd, multitude; the populace ‫ور )َج‬ (‫ماهير‬ ٌ ‫مه‬ ُ ُ ‫ ُج‬crowd, multitude; the public ‫ماهير‬ ‫الج‬ the people, the masses ُ َ ‫ي )ُج‬ (‫ّون‬ ‫ ُج‬republican َ ‫مهوري‬ ِ ِ ٌّ ‫مهور‬ ٌ ٌ ّ‫مهوري‬ ‫ ُج‬republic (‫ات‬ ‫مهوريَّة )ُج‬ ِ ِ ْ ‫ي‬ ُ ‫الحز‬ ِ the Republicans ُ ‫ب‬ ِ ‫الجْم‬ ُّ ‫هور‬ ‫حزب‬ ‫ب‬ ُ ‫حز‬ َ ‫ َحَز‬to befall, happen, or occur ِ َ‫ب – ي‬ ّ ‫ب‬ ُ ‫ب – يَت ََحز‬ َ ‫ ت ََحّز‬to take sides; to form a party or join forces (‫أحزاب‬ )‫ب‬ ٌ ٌ ‫ ِحْز‬party, faction, group; one-sixtieth of the Quran ‫حاكٌم‬ ٌ ‫ ِحْز‬ruling party ِ ‫ب‬ Labour party ‫ال‬ ُ ِ ‫حزب العُّم‬ ‫حافظين‬ ‫الم‬ َ ُ ‫ ِح‬Conservative party ُ ‫زب‬

Politics 147

‫حفظ‬ ُ َ‫ظ – يَْحف‬ َ ‫ َحِف‬to preserve, guard, or defend; to learn or observe; to comply ‫ظ‬ ُ‫ظ – يُحافِظ‬ َ َ‫ حاف‬to preserve or maintain; to supervise or control; to observe ُ َّ‫ظ – يَتحف‬ َ َّ‫ ت َحف‬to be mindful or wary; to be on one’s guard; to observe ‫ظ‬ ٌ ‫ ِح‬preservation, maintenance, guarding, custody; memorisation ‫فظ‬ ُ ‫قو‬ ِ ‫السالم‬ َّ ‫فظ‬ ِ ‫ات ِح‬ ّ peacekeeping forces ٌ ٌ (‫فاظات‬ ‫ ِحفاظ )ِح‬dressing, bandage; a nappy ٌ‫ َحفيظ‬attentive; heedful, mindful ُ ‫فائ‬ َ (‫ظ‬ grudge, resentment ِ ‫حفيظةٌ )َح‬ ُ(‫حافظ‬ َ ‫ َم‬folder, bag ٌ ‫حفظةٌ )َم‬ ِ ‫ َم‬/ ‫حفظات‬ ٌ‫ ِحفاظ‬defence, protection, guarding َ ٌ َ‫حافظةٌ )ُمحاف‬ ‫ ُم‬district; guarding, preservation; defence (‫ظات‬ ٌ ّ‫ظ )ُحف‬ ٌ ‫حاف‬ (‫اظ‬ ِ Hafiz;1 guardian, custodian, caretaker ٌ ‫حاف‬ ‫ظ‬ ِ ‫ ُم‬conservative; governor ٌ ‫حاف‬ ٌ‫ظ َجديد‬ ِ ‫ ُم‬neoconservative ٌ‫َحفّظ‬ ِ ‫ ُمت‬cautious or vigilant; sedate No root

ٌ‫كتاتوريَّة‬ ‫ ِد‬hegemony, dictatorship, monopoly ِ ‫كتاتور‬ ‫د‬ dictator ِ ٌ No root democratic ‫ي‬ ِ ٌّ ‫ديموقراط‬ َ undemocratic ‫غْيُر‬ ِ ٍ‫ي‬ ّ ‫ديموقراط‬ ٌ‫ديموقراطيَّة‬ democracy ِ ّ‫ الد‬/ ‫ي‬ ‫ون‬ ‫ب‬ َ ّ‫يموقراطي‬ ُ ‫الح ْز‬ ِ ِ ِ the Democrats ُّ ‫الديموقراط‬

‫شمل‬ ‫شمُل‬ َ to comprise or include َ َ‫شَمَل – ي‬ ُ‫ اِشت ََمَل – يَشت َِمل‬to comprise or include ‫شامٌل‬ ِ total, comprehensive, universal ٌ‫موليَّة‬ ُ totalitarianism ِ ‫ش‬ ُ totalitarian ‫ي‬ ِ ‫ش‬ ٌّ ‫مول‬ No root

‫صْهيون‬ َ Zion

148 Politics

‫ي‬ ِ ‫صْه‬ َ Zionist ٌّ ‫يون‬ ُ‫يونيَّة‬ ِ ‫الصْه‬ َّ Zionism No root

ُ‫ الفاشيَّة‬fascism No root

‫ّون‬ َ ‫ الليبرالي‬the Liberals ُ‫ الليبراليَّة‬liberalism No root

‫كسي‬ ْ ‫ َم‬Marxist ٌّ ‫ار‬ ُ‫اركسيَّة‬ ‫الم‬ ِ َ Marxism No root

ُ‫ازيَّة‬ ِ ّ‫ الن‬Nazism ُ ‫النازيَّةُ ْالَجديدة‬ ِ neo-Nazism ٌ‫ي جديد‬ ِ neo-Nazi ٌّ ‫ناز‬ ‫يسر‬ ‫سر‬ ُ ‫ يَِسَر – يَْي‬to be or become easy; to be small or little ‫سُر‬ ّ ِ َ‫سَر – يُي‬ َّ َ‫ ي‬to level, smooth, or pave; to ease or facilitate ‫سُر‬ َّ َ‫سَر – يَت َي‬ َّ َ‫ ت َي‬to become easy; to be possible; to thrive or prosper ‫سار‬ ٌ َ‫ ي‬left side; ease, comfort; prosperity, affluence ‫ي‬ ِ َ‫ ي‬left-wing, leftist ٌّ ‫سار‬ ‫سير‬ ٌ َ‫ ي‬easy; small, little, slight ‫سٌر‬ ّ ِ َ‫ ُمت َي‬facilitated, made easy; well off ‫سار‬ ُ َ‫ الي‬the Left ‫يمن‬ ‫ يَ َمَن – يَ ْيِمُن‬to be lucky or fortunate ‫ يَ َّمَن – يُيَ ِ ّمُن‬to go to the right ٌ ‫ ي‬good fortune ‫ُمن‬ ُ َ‫ الي‬the Yemen ُ‫السعيد‬ َّ ‫من‬

Politics 149

ٌ ‫مين )ْأي‬ ٌ َ‫ ي‬the right-hand side; an oath (‫مان‬ ‫ي‬ ٌّ ِ‫ يَمين‬right-wing ُ َ‫ الي‬the Right ‫مين‬ Security Measures ُ‫اإلجراءات األمنيَّة‬ ُ No root

ُ ‫األيديولوجي‬ (‫َّات‬ ْ ) ُ‫ األيديولوجيَّة‬ideology No root

‫البنتاغون‬ ِ Pentagon No root

ُ‫بلوماسيَّة‬ ُّ‫ الد‬diplomacy ِ No root

‫ الفيتو‬veto No root

‫ي‬ ‫ ِا‬strategic ِ ٌّ ‫ستراتيج‬ ٌ‫ستراتيجيَّة‬ ‫ ِا‬strategy ِ ‫أمن‬ ‫أمُن‬ َ َ‫ أ َ ِمَن – ي‬to be faithful, reliable, or trustworthy ‫ أ َ َّمَن – ي َُؤ ِ ّمُن‬to reassure; to safeguard ‫ُؤمُن‬ َ to believe ِ ‫آمن – ي‬ ٌ َ ‫ أ‬/ ‫من‬ ٌ َ ‫ أ‬safety, protection, security, shelter, peace ‫مان‬ ٌ َ ‫ أ‬reliable, loyal, trustworthy (‫مناء‬ ُ ُ ‫مين )أ‬ ٌ ‫بيت‬ ٌ safe house ‫آمن‬ ٌ َ ‫ أ‬national security ‫قومي‬ ‫من‬ ٌّ ِ ‫من‬ ِ ‫ تهديدٌ َلأل‬national security threat ّ ‫القوم‬ ِ‫ي‬ ‫من‬ ُ ‫ َمْج‬Security Council ِ ‫لس َاأل‬ ُ ‫ قُ ّو‬security forces ‫من‬ ِ ‫ات َاأل‬ ُ َ ‫ أ‬national security ‫من الدَّولَِة‬

150 Politics

ٌ َ ‫ أ‬secretary general ‫عام‬ ٌّ ‫مين‬ ‫ آمين‬amen َ ‫ أ َمانةٌ )أ‬reliability, trustworthiness; deposit ٌ (‫مانات‬ ٌ ‫إيمان‬ faith, belief (also a girl’s name) ٌ َ ‫ ت‬insurance, guarantee, warranty ‫أمين‬ (‫نون‬ َ ‫ؤم‬ ِ ‫ؤمٌن )ُم‬ ِ ‫ ُم‬faithful; a believer; Muslim ‫أهب‬ ‫ب‬ ُ ‫ب – ي َُؤ ِ ّه‬ َ ‫ أ َ َّه‬to prepare or make ready ُّ ‫ب – يَت‬ ‫ب‬ َ to get ready ُ ‫َأه‬ َ ‫تأه‬ ُ ُ ٌ (‫ب‬ ٌ ‫ أ ْهبَة )أ َه‬preparation, readiness; equipment, gear ُّ preparedness, readiness (pl: preparation) ُّ ) ‫ب‬ ٌ ‫تأه‬ (‫بات‬ ٌ ‫تأه‬ ّ ِ ‫ ُمت‬ready, prepared ‫ب‬ ٌ ‫َأه‬ ُّ ‫وضَع في َحالَِة‬ ‫ب قُصوى‬ to put on red alert ٍ ‫تأه‬ َ ‫بغت‬ ُ َ‫ت – يَبغ‬ ‫ت‬ َ َ‫ بَغ‬to come unexpectedly ُ ‫ت – يَنبَ ِغ‬ ‫ت‬ َ َ‫ ِانبَغ‬to be taken by surprise, to be taken aback ٌ‫ بَغت َة‬surprise, a surprising event ٌ ‫باغ‬ َ ‫ ُم‬surprise attack or raid; sudden arrival َ ‫باغتةٌ )ُم‬ (‫تات‬ No root

ٌ ‫تيكات‬ ‫ ت َْك‬tactics ‫جذر‬ ‫ َجذَ َر – يَْجذُ ُر‬to uproot ‫ َجذَّر – ي َُجذّ ُر‬to uproot; to extract the root (of number); to take root (‫ذور‬ ٌ ‫ذر )ُج‬ ٌ ‫ ِج‬root, base, stem ‫ي‬ ِ ‫ َج‬radical; root ٌّ ‫ذر‬ ‫جرى‬ ‫ َجرى – يَجري‬to occur or come to pass; to flow or stream ‫ َجَّرى – ي َُجّري‬to cause to run ‫ أ َ ْجَرى – يُْجري‬to cause to flow or run; to carry out, execute, or launch; to bestow

Politics 151

‫ َم‬sewage system; drain; stream, current; course (of events) (‫جار‬ ٍ ‫جرى )َم‬ ً ٌ(‫إجراء )إجراءات‬ performance; measures ٌ ٌ‫منيَّة‬ ٌ security measures ِ َ ‫إجراءات أ‬ operational ‫ي‬ ِ ٌّ ‫إجرائ‬ ‫جار‬ ٍ flowing, circulating, current ‫جسس‬ ‫س‬ ُّ ‫س – يَِج‬ َّ ‫ َج‬to touch, handle, or probe ‫س‬ َّ ‫ ت ََج‬to scout, explore, or spy َّ ‫س – يَت ََج‬ ُ ‫س‬ َ ‫س‬ (‫واسيس‬ spy ‫جاسوس )َج‬ ٌ ُ ‫س‬ ُّ ‫ ت ََج‬espionage ٌ ‫س‬ ‫حدد‬ ُّ‫ َحدَّ – يَ ُحد‬to sharpen; to delimit or restrict ُ‫ َحدَّدَ – ي َُحِدّد‬to sharpen; to establish; to determine; to restrict, define, or delimit ُ‫ ت ََحدَّدَ – يَت ََحدَّد‬to be scheduled; to be delimited; to be established ُّ‫ ِاحت َدَّ – يَحت َد‬to be or become angry or agitated (ٌ ‫حدود‬ ُ ) ٌّ‫ َحد‬border, edge, limit, extremity, end ‫ إلى َحٍدّ ما‬to some extent ‫واء‬ ٍ ‫س‬ َ equally َ ّ‫علَى َحٍد‬ َ ‫ش‬ ُ border police ‫دود‬ ِ ‫رطةُ ْالُح‬ ٌ ‫ ِحدَّة‬sharpness; violence, fury, anger; pitch ٌ‫ ِحداد‬mourning (ُ ‫دائد‬ ِ ‫ َحديدٌ )َح‬iron, hardware; forgings (‫ادون‬ َ ّ‫ َحدّادٌ ) َحد‬blacksmith, ironmonger ٌ َ ‫ ت َحديدٌ )ت‬limitation, restriction; delimitation, delineation (‫حديدات‬ ٌّ‫ حاد‬sharp, keen; high pitched ٌ‫ َمْحدود‬limited, restricted, circumscribed ٌ‫ ُمَحدَّد‬sharpened; clearly defined ‫حرس‬ ‫س‬ ُ َ‫س – ي‬ ُ ‫حر‬ َ to guard, watch, or protect; to control َ ‫حر‬ ‫س‬ ُ ‫رس – يَحت َ ِر‬ َ َ ‫ اِحت‬to be wary or on one’s guard ‫س‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ح‬ guard, bodyguards, security, escort ٌ َ َ َ ‫الو‬ ‫ي‬ ُ ‫الحَر‬ َ the national guard ُّ ‫طِن‬ َ ‫س‬

152 Politics

ٌ‫راسة‬ ِ ‫ ِح‬guarding, supervision, protection, custody (‫اس‬ ٌ ‫س )ُحّر‬ ٌ ‫حار‬ ِ guard, bodyguard, porter (in a building) ‫س ْالَمْرمى‬ ‫حار‬ ُ ِ goalkeeper ‫حروس‬ ‫ َم‬guarded, secured, protected ٌ ‫حرض‬ ‫ض‬ ّ ِ ُ‫ض – ي‬ ُ ‫حر‬ َ ‫ َح َّر‬to incite, provoke, or instigate ‫ريض‬ ‫ ت َْح‬incitement, provocation, instigation ٌ َّ ‫ الت‬incitement to terror ‫اإلرهاب‬ ‫حريض على‬ ُ ِ ‫حر‬ (‫ضون‬ َ ٌ ‫حر‬ ّ ِ ‫ض )ُم‬ ّ ِ ‫ ُم‬instigator, agitator ‫خرق‬ ‫خرُق‬ ُ َ‫ َخَرَق – ي‬to tear, pierce, or penetrate; to cross; to violate; to impair ُ‫خرق‬ َ َ ‫ أ‬to lie in wait ِ ُ‫خرق – ي‬ ‫ ِاخت ََرَق – يَخت َِرُق‬to pierce; to cross, exceed, or go beyond ٌ ‫خت‬ ‫ي‬ ِ ‫راق‬ ِ ‫ ِا‬security breach ٌّ ‫أمن‬ ٌ ٌ ‫ ِخرقة )ِخَر‬cloth; rag (‫ق‬ ٌ ٌ (‫راقات‬ ‫خت‬ ‫ ِا‬infiltration, penetration, hacking; disruption; crossing ِ ‫ختراق )ِا‬ ‫خطف‬ ُ ‫ف – يَْخ‬ َ ‫ َخ‬to snatch or seize; to kidnap or abduct ‫ف‬ ُ ‫ط‬ َ ‫ط‬ َ ‫ ِانَخ‬to be snatched away or carried away َ َ‫ف – ي‬ ‫ف‬ ُ ‫نخِط‬ َ ‫ط‬ َ ‫ ِاخت‬to hijack, take hostage, abduct, or kidnap; to seize or grab ‫ف‬ ُ ‫ف – يَخت َِط‬ َ ‫َط‬ ْ ‫ف‬ ٌ ‫ َخط‬grabbing, seizing; abduction, kidnapping ّ ‫ َخ‬kidnapper; robber ‫اف‬ ٌ ‫ط‬ ٍ ‫طائ‬ hijacker ‫رات‬ ِ ‫ف‬ ِ ُ ‫خاط‬ ِ a hijacking; abduction ‫طاف‬ ‫خت‬ ‫ا‬ ِ ٌ ‫خلو‬ ‫ خال – يَخلو‬to be empty or vacant; to lack; to isolate ‫ خلّى – ي َُخلّي‬to vacate or evacuate; to leave alone; to desist ‫ ت َخلّى – يَت َخلّى‬to relinquish or abandon; to withdraw or surrender ‫الء‬ ٌ ‫ َخ‬emptiness, vacancy, void; open country, open space َ ) ٌ‫ َخِليَّة‬cell; beehive (‫خاليا‬

Politics 153

ُ‫ ْالخاليا النِّائمة‬sleeper cells ٌ‫ َخليَّةٌ إرهابيَّة‬terrorist cell ‫خون‬ ُ َ‫خان – ي‬ ‫خون‬ َ to be disloyal or false; to cheat or deceive ‫ُخوُن‬ ِ ّ ‫ َخَّوَن – ي‬to regard as false or treacherous; to distrust ٌ‫ ِخيانَة‬treason, treachery, betrayal ‫الخيانَةُ العُظمى‬ ِ high treason َ ) ‫خائٌن‬ (ٌ‫خَونَة‬ ِ treacherous; traitor ‫دهم‬ ‫دهُم‬ َ َ‫ دََهَم – ي‬to come or descend upon suddenly; to raid or invade; to surprise ‫ دَ َّهَم – يُدَ ِ ّهُم‬to blacken ‫ُداهُم‬ َ to seize; to attack suddenly; to catch in the act ِ ‫داهَم – ي‬ ٌ‫ دُْهمة‬blackness (‫أدهُم )د ُْهٌم‬ َ black ‫ماء‬ ُ ‫ الدَّْه‬the masses, the populace ٌ ‫داه‬ (‫مات‬ َ ‫ ُم‬raids, attacks; home search َ ‫داهمةٌ )ُم‬ ‫رهب‬ ‫ب‬ َ َ‫ب – ي‬ ُ ‫ره‬ َ ‫ َرِه‬to be frightened or afraid; to fear or dread ‫ب‬ ُ ‫ب – ي َُر ِ ّه‬ َ ‫ َرَّه‬to frighten, alarm, or intimidate ‫ب‬ َ َ ‫ أ‬to terrorise ِ ُ‫ب – ي‬ ُ ‫ره‬ َ ‫ره‬ َّ ‫ ت‬to threaten; to become a monk ‫ب‬ ُ ‫ب – يَت ََرَّه‬ َ ‫َره‬ ٌ‫ َرهبَة‬fear, terror, fright َ ‫ ت‬intimidation ‫رهيب‬ ٌ ‫إرهاب‬ terror, terrorism, intimidation ٌ ‫رهاب‬ ‫ ُمكافَحةُ ِاإل‬counterterrorism ِ (‫ون‬ terroristic, terrorist َ ّ‫ي )إرهابي‬ ِ ٌّ ‫إرهاب‬ ‫ي‬ ‫جوم‬ ٌ ‫ ُه‬terrorist attack ِ ٌّ ‫إرهاب‬ ‫ي‬ ٌ‫ ت َْهديد‬terrorist threat ِ ٌّ ‫إرهاب‬ َّ ‫ ُمن‬/ ‫ي‬ ٌ‫إرهابيَّة‬ ٌ‫ظَمة‬ ‫ظيم‬ ٌ ‫ ت َْن‬terrorist organisation ِ ِ ٌّ ‫إرهاب‬ ٌ‫إرهابيَّة‬ َ ‫نش‬ ٌ‫طة‬ ِ َ ‫ أ‬terrorist activities ِ ‫عن الد َّْولَِة‬ ‫ إ‬state-sponsored terrorism ٌ ٌ ‫رهاب ص‬ َ ‫ادر‬ ‫ب‬ ٌ ‫ ت ََرُّه‬monasticism

154 Politics

ٌ ‫ب )ُرْه‬ (‫بان‬ ٌ ‫راه‬ ِ monk ٌ ٌ(‫راهبات‬ ِ nun ِ ) ‫راهبَة‬ ‫رهن‬ ‫رهُن‬ َ َ‫ َرَهَن – ي‬to pawn or mortgage ُ‫راهن‬ to bet or make a wager َ ِ ُ‫راهن – ي‬ ٌ ‫هن )ُر‬ ٌ ‫ َر‬hostage; pawning; security (‫هون‬ ٌ ‫ َر‬mortgage ‫قاري‬ ‫ع‬ َ ‫هن‬ ٌّ ُ ‫هائ‬ (‫ن‬ ِ ‫ َرهينَةٌ )َر‬pawn, pledge, security, mortgage ً‫ِحتجز َرهينَة‬ َ ‫ ا‬to hold to ransom ُ ‫هائِن‬ ‫ز‬ ‫َج‬ ‫ت‬ ِ ‫الر‬ َّ ِ ‫ ُمْح‬hostage taker ُّ hostage release ‫هائِن‬ ِ ‫الر‬ َّ ‫فك‬ ٌ ‫ ِر‬a bet or wager ‫هان‬ ٌ ‫راه‬ (‫نات‬ َ ‫ ُم‬bet, wager َ ‫راهنَةٌ )ُم‬ ‫سرر‬ ‫سُّر‬ ُ َ‫سَّر – ي‬ َ to make (someone) happy or delight ‫س ِ ّرُر‬ َ to make (someone) happy, delight, or cheer َ ُ‫سَّرَر – ي‬ ‫يسارُر‬ – ‫سار‬ َّ to confide a secret ِ َ (‫رار‬ ٌ ‫ ِسٌّر )أ ْس‬secret, mystery; heart ‫األسرار‬ ‫ف‬ ِ whistle-blower ُ ‫كاش‬ ِ ‫ي‬ ٌّ ‫ ِس ِ ّر‬secret, private, confidential ‫ي ِلْلغايَ ِة‬ ّ top secret ٌّ ‫سر‬ (‫سَرٌر‬ ُ ) ٌ ‫سَّرة‬ ُ navel, belly button ُ ‫ ْال‬umbilical cord ‫ي‬ ُّ ‫حبل‬ ُّ ‫الس ِ ّر‬ ‫رور‬ ُ joy, happiness ٌ ‫س‬ (ٌ ‫سَّرة‬ ِ َ ‫رير )أ‬ ٌ ‫س‬ َ bed; throne (‫ب‬ ٌ ‫ َمْس‬glad, happy, delighted (at), pleased (with) ِ ) ‫رور‬ ‫سطو‬ ‫سطا – يَ ْسطو‬ َ to raid or attack; to burglarise; to rush; to pounce ‫طو‬ َ attack, assault, raid; burglary ٌ ‫س‬ َّ ‫سلُح‬ َّ armed raid ُ ‫طو‬ َ ‫الم‬ ُ ‫الس‬ ْ ‫س‬ ْ ‫س‬ ٌ ٌ(‫طوات‬ َ ) ‫طَوة‬ َ attack, assault; influence, authority, power

Politics 155

‫سلل‬ ‫سَّل – يَِسُّل‬ َ to withdraw or pull out; to remove gently َّ‫ ت ََسلََّل – يَت َسلُل‬to infiltrate, penetrate, or invade; to steal away َّ ِ‫ ا‬to escape; to infiltrate; to have tuberculosis ‫نسُّل‬ َ َ‫نسل – ي‬ ‫ ِسٌّل‬tuberculosis ٌ ‫ ِس‬/ ‫ت‬ ٌ ‫سّال‬ (‫الل‬ َ basket َ ) ٌ‫سلّة‬ ٌ َ ٌ (‫الالت‬ ‫س‬ ُ descendants, offspring ُ ) ‫ساللة‬ ٌ‫ ت َسلُّل‬infiltration (‫لون‬ َ ّ‫َسل‬ ِ ‫َسلٌل )ُمت‬ ِ ‫ ُمت‬infiltrator ‫ضدد‬ ُ‫ضادد‬ ِ ُ‫ ضادَّ – ي‬to oppose, antagonise, or contravene; to be contrary; to violate (ٌ ‫ضدٌّ )أ َضداد‬ ِ adversary, opponent; anti-, opposite َّ‫ضد‬ ِ (prep) against, opposite ٌ ‫ ُمضادَّة‬contrast, contradiction ٌ ‫من ُمضا دَّة‬ ُ ‫ تد ا‬security countermeasures ٍ َ ‫بير أ‬ ٌ ٌ ‫ ُمراقبَة ُمضادَّة‬counter surveillance ٌّ‫ ُمضاد‬opposed, opposite, anti-, counter‫طرف‬ َ to blink, wink, or squint; to twinkle ‫ف‬ ُ َ‫ف – ي‬ ُ ‫طر‬ َ ‫طَر‬ َ َ ‫ف – يَت‬ ‫ف‬ َّ َ ‫ ت‬to be radical or extreme ُ ‫ط َّر‬ َ ‫طر‬ َ ‫ف‬ ٌ ‫ طْر‬eye, glance, look َ ‫ف )أ‬ َ extremity, tip, edge; side, party (‫طراف‬ ٌ ٌ ‫طَر‬ ‫ف‬ ِ ‫طر‬ َ ‫ ِمن‬by َّ Trafalgar, the glorious edge َ ‫ف َاأل‬ ‫غُّر‬ ُ ‫الطَر‬ َ strange, odd; novel, rare; exquisite ‫ريف‬ ٌ ‫ط‬ َ ‫ ت‬extremism, excess, immoderation, radicalism ‫ف‬ ٌ ‫َطُّر‬ َ ‫ ُمت‬extremist, extreme, radical ‫ف‬ ٌ ‫َط ِ ّر‬ ‫عدو‬ ‫عدا – يَْعدو‬ َ to run, speed, or dash; to abandon or leave ‫عدَّى – يُعَدَّي‬ َ to cross or exceed ‫ عادَى – يُعادي‬to feud or be at war; to contravene

156 Politics

‫ أ َعدى – يُعدي‬to infect (with disease) (‫ ِانعَدى )ِمن ( – يَنعَدي )ِمن‬to be infected (by) ‫ ِاعت َدى على – يَعت َدي على‬to overstep or infringe; to violate, attack, or raid ‫ ما عدا‬except ‫دوى‬ َ infection َ ‫ع‬ ْ‫عدٌو‬ َ running ‫طيء‬ َ‫ العَْدُو ْالب‬jogging ُ (‫داء‬ َ enemy ٌ ‫عد ٌُّو )أ َ ْع‬ ‫داء‬ ٌ ‫ ِع‬animosity ٌ (‫داوات‬ ‫ع‬ َ ) ٌ ‫داوة‬ َ enmity, hostility, aggression َ ‫ع‬ ٌ ‫ع‬ ‫دوان‬ ُ hostility, aggression; assault ٌ (‫داءات‬ ‫داء )ِاْعِت‬ ِ ‫ ِا‬assault, aggression, raid ٌ ‫عت‬ ٍ ‫ ُم‬hostile, antagonistic ‫عاد‬ ‫ ُمْعٍد‬contagious, infectious ٌ ‫ ُمعاداة‬anti-, against; fighting No root

ٌ ِ‫ ف‬/ ‫خوخ‬ ٌ ُ‫ فَ ٌّخ )ف‬trap, snare (‫خاخ‬ ُ َ sting operation ٍ‫عمليّة ت َفخيخ‬ ‫فدى‬ ‫ فَدَى – يَفدي‬to sacrifice ‫ ت َفادى – يَت َفادى‬to beware or to guard; to prevent or avoid ‫ ِافت َدى – يَفت َدي‬to free oneself; to obtain by sacrificing something else; to redeem

oneself ‫داء‬ ٌ ‫ ِف‬/ ‫دى‬ ً ‫ ِف‬redemption; ransom; sacrifice ‫بش ْالِفدى‬ ُ ‫ َك‬scapegoat ٌ ‫ ِفْديةٌ )ِفْد‬redemption; ransom; sacrifice (‫يات‬ (‫ّون‬ َ ‫دائي‬ ِ ‫ي )ِف‬ ِ ‫ ِف‬Fedayeen; one who sacrifices himself ٌّ ‫دائ‬ ٌ‫دائيَّة‬ ٌ ِ ‫موعة ِف‬ َ ‫ َمْج‬guerrilla group

‫قحم‬ ‫ُقحم‬ َ َ ‫ أ‬to push, drag, or introduce forcibly ُ ‫قحَم – ي‬ ‫ ِاقت ََحَم – يَقت َِحُم‬to raid, storm, or invade; to defy

Politics 157 (‫حٌم‬ َ ُ‫حمةٌ )ق‬ َ ُ‫ ق‬hazardous undertaking ٌ (‫حامات‬ ‫قت‬ ِ ‫حام )ِا‬ ِ ‫ ِا‬intrusion; raids, invasion, capture by storm ٌ ‫قت‬

‫قوي‬ ‫ي – يَقوى‬ َ ‫ قَِو‬to be strong, forceful, or powerful ‫ قََّوى – يُقَ ّوي‬to strengthen, fortify, or intensify ٌ ‫ قُ َّوة ٌ )قُ ّو‬power, strength, force; troops; intensity; courage (‫ات‬ ُ ‫ميزان ْالقُ َوى‬ the balance of power ِ ‫خدام ْالقُ َّوِة‬ ‫ست‬ ‫ا‬ use of force ِ ُ ٌ‫عاديَة‬ ِ ‫ قَُّوة ٌ ُم‬hostile force ٌ‫فاعيَّة‬ ِ ‫ قُ َّوة ٌ ِد‬defence force ٍ‫ قُ َّوة ُ َرْدع‬deterrent force ُ ‫ قُّو‬police force ‫ات الد ََّرِك‬ ٌ‫خاصة‬ ٌ ‫ قُ ّو‬special forces ‫ات‬ َّ ُ‫ات ْالَج ّ ِويَّة‬ ُ ‫ ْالقُ ّو‬air force َ ‫ي )أ‬ (‫قوياء‬ ُ ٌّ ‫قو‬ ِ strong, powerful ‫كمن‬ ‫كمُن‬ ُ َ‫ َكَمَن – ي‬to hide, to be hidden or concealed َ َ‫ ت ََكَّمَن – ي‬to lie in wait or ambush ‫تكَّمُن‬ ٌ ‫ َك‬secret attack, ambush (‫مناء‬ ِ ) ‫مين‬ ُ ‫ ُك‬/ ‫كمائُن‬ ‫نحر‬ ‫ نََحَر – يَْنَحُر‬to slaughter, butcher, or kill ‫نتحُر‬ ِ َ‫ ِانت ََح َر – ي‬to commit suicide (‫حور‬ ٌ ُ‫حر )ن‬ ٌ َ‫ ن‬throat; killing, slaughter ْ ‫حور‬ ‫ن‬ ‫م‬ ‫حير‬  /  ٌ َ ٌ َ‫ ن‬slaughtered, butchered ‫نحٌر‬ َ ‫ َم‬throat, neck ‫حار‬ ٌ ‫ ِاِنت‬suicide ‫نصت‬ ُ ‫ص‬ ‫ت‬ َ ‫ص‬ ُ ‫ت – يَْن‬ َ َ‫ ن‬to listen ُ ‫ص‬ ‫ت‬ َ ‫ص‬ َّ َ‫ت – يَت َن‬ َّ َ‫ ت َن‬to eavesdrop; bugging, tapping َّ ‫ت‬ ‫ن‬ ‫الت‬ ‫ف‬ ‫كاش‬ bug detector ِ ‫َص‬ ِ ُّ ُ ُ ‫ ِج‬a bug ٍ ‫ص‬ ‫ت‬ ُّ َ‫هاز ت َن‬

158 Politics

‫نفر‬ ‫ نَفََر – يَْنِفُر‬to shy or run away; to avoid ‫ نفَّ َر – يُنَِفّ ُر‬to startle, frighten, or chase away; to alienate ‫ اِْست َنفََر – يَْست َِنفُر‬to be frightened away; to fight or go to war (‫فار‬ ٌ ‫ نَفَ ٌر )أ َ ْن‬man, person, individual ‫َفور‬ ٌ ‫ ن‬shy; scared, fearful (‫وافير‬ fountain ُ َ‫نافورة ٌ )ن‬ َ َ ‫نفير‬ ٌ ‫ ت‬alienation, deterrence, repulsion ‫ ت َنافُ ٌر‬mutual aversion ‫نفار‬ ٌ ‫ ِاْسِت‬operational status; mobilisation ‫وشى‬ ‫ َوشى – يَشي‬to defame or slander; to inform on or denounce; to embroider ٌ‫ ِوشايَة‬defamation, slander (ٌ ‫ واش ٍ )ُوشاة‬informant, traitor; slanderer ‫وغل‬ َ ‫ َو‬to penetrate deeply or intrude ‫غَل – يَِغُل‬ َّ ‫ ت ََو‬to advance further or penetrate َّ ‫غَل – يَت ََو‬ ‫غُل‬ ‫اغٌل‬ ِ ‫ َو‬intruder; parasite; deep-rooted ُّ ‫ ت ََو‬incursions, penetration ‫غٌل‬ ‫وفد‬ ُ‫ َوفَدَ – يَِفد‬to reach, arrive, or come; to travel or visit ُ‫ َوفَّدَ – ي َُوِفّد‬to send, dispatch, or delegate ُ‫ُوفد‬ ِ ‫ أ َ ْوفدَ – ي‬to send, delegate, or dispatch; to send a delegation (ٌ ‫ أ َوفاد‬/ ٌ ‫ َوفد ٌ )ُوفود‬deputation, delegation ‫ي‬ ُّ ِ‫ َوفدٌ أَمن‬security delegation ٌ‫ ت َوافُد‬/ ٌ‫ ُوفود‬arrival ‫دون‬ َ ‫واف‬ ِ migrants No root (‫كار‬ ٌ ‫)أ َ ْو‬

‫كر‬ ٌ ‫ َو‬nest, abode; retreat ‫هاب‬ ْ ‫كر‬ ُ ‫ َو‬terrorist den ِ ‫اإلر‬

Politics 159

War and Peace ‫الم‬ ‫رب‬ َ ّ ُ ‫الح‬ ُ ‫والس‬

‫أسر‬ ‫أسُر‬ ِ َ‫سَر – ي‬ َ َ ‫ أ‬to capture or take prisoner; to shackle ‫َأسُر‬ ِ ‫سَر – يَْست‬ َ ‫ ِاْست َأ‬to surrender ُ ُ ٌ (‫سٌر‬ َ ‫سرة )أ‬ َ ‫ أ‬family, dynasty, relatives َْ ‫سير )أ‬ (‫سَرى‬ ٌ َ ‫ أ‬captive, prisoner ‫آسٌر‬ ِ captor; winning, captivating No root

ُ ‫ أ‬fleet, flotilla َ ‫سطول )أ‬ ٌ ُ (‫ساطيل‬ No root (‫ج‬ ُ ‫وار‬ ِ warship, battleship; barge ِ َ‫بارجةٌ )ب‬ No root

ٌ‫ بُندُقيَّة‬gun, rifle ٌ‫ ب ُْندُقيَّةٌ آليَّة‬automatic rifle ُ‫ البند ُِقيَّة‬Venice ُ ‫ناد‬ (‫ق‬ ِ َ ‫)ب‬

‫بيد‬ ُ‫ بادَ – يَبيد‬to perish, die, or become extinct ُ‫ أَبادَ – يُبيد‬to annihilate or destroy (ٌ ‫داء )بيد‬ ُ ‫ ْبي‬desert, steppe ٌ ‫ إبادَة‬annihilation, extermination ٌ‫ماعيَّة‬ ِ ‫ إبادَة ٌ َج‬genocide ٌ‫بائد‬ ِ transitory, temporal; past No root

ٌ‫ ت َرسخانَة‬/ ٌ‫ ت َرسانَة‬arsenal; shipyard, dockyard ‫ثبر‬ ‫ ثَبََر – يَثب ُُر‬to destroy, ruin, or perish ‫ُثابُر‬ ِ ‫ ثابَ َر – ي‬to persist or persevere

160 Politics

‫بور‬ ٌ ُ ‫ ث‬ruin, destruction ٌ ‫ ُمثابَرة‬persistence, perseverance, endurance No root

ٌ َ ‫ ث‬/ ‫)ث ُ َك ٌن‬ (‫كنات‬

ٌ‫ ثُكنَة‬barracks

ٌ‫سكِريَّة‬ َ ‫ع‬ َ ٌ‫ ثُكنَة‬military barracks ‫جمع‬ (Full treatment in Education chapter)

‫جمُع‬ َ َ‫ َجَمَع – ي‬to gather or unite; to summarise; to convene ٌ ّ‫ َجْمِعيَّةٌ )َجْمعي‬assembly; society, club, or organisation; association (‫ات‬ ٌ ‫َمع )َمجت ََم‬ (‫عات‬ ٌ ‫ ُمجت‬society, community ‫ي‬ ُ the international community ُّ ‫المجت ََمُع الدَُوِل‬ ‫جند‬ ُ‫ َجنَّدَ – يَُجِنّد‬to draft (into army) or conscript; to mobilise ُ‫ ت َجنَّدَ – يَت َجنَّد‬to be drafted or conscripted (military service) (ٌ ‫جنود‬ ُ ) ‫دي‬ ٌّ ‫ ُجْن‬a soldier ‫شاة البَْحِريَِّة‬ ِ ‫ندي ُم‬ ُّ ‫ ُج‬a marine ٌ‫ ت َْجنيد‬draft, enlistment; recruitment ‫جهد‬ ُ‫جهد‬ ِ َ‫ َجَهدَ – ي‬to endeavour or strive; to fatigue or exhaust ُ‫جاهد‬ َ to endeavour or strive; to fight; to wage holy war ِ ُ‫جاهدَ – ي‬ (ٌ ‫جهود‬ ُ ) ٌ‫ َجهد‬strain, exertion, effort ٌ‫إجهاد‬ ْ  / ٌ‫ ُجهد‬strain, exertion, stress ٌ‫ ِجهاد‬struggle, battle, fight, striving; jihad ٌ (‫هودات‬ ‫ َمجهودٌ )َمْج‬endeavour, effort, exertion (‫دون‬ َ ‫جاه‬ ِ ‫جاهدٌ )ُم‬ ِ ‫ ُم‬freedom fighter, warrior, mujahid (‫دون‬ َ ‫ ُمجت َِهدٌ )ُمجت َِه‬diligent, industrious ‫جول‬ ُ َ‫جال – ي‬ ‫جول‬ َ to roam or wander ‫َجوُل‬ َّ ‫ ت ََجَّوَل – يَت‬to roam, patrol, wander, or tour; to surf (web) ٌ ‫ َجْولَةٌ )َجْو‬circuit, round, patrol; tour, trip (‫الت‬ ٌ ‫ َجّو‬wandering, travelling; a traveller ‫ال‬

Politics 161

ٌ ‫ف َجّو‬ ‫ال‬ ِ mobile phone ٌ ‫هات‬ ٌ ‫ َم‬field, domain, sphere; theories ٌ(‫جال )َمجاالت‬ ‫ ت ََجُّوٌل‬roaming, wandering, migration ‫نع الت َّ َجُّوِل‬ ُ ‫ َم‬curfew ‫جيش‬ to be excited or agitated; to rage, storm, or simmer ‫جيش‬ ُ َ‫جاش – ي‬ َ ‫ّش‬ ُ ‫َّش – ي َُجِي‬ َ ‫ َجي‬to mobilise an army ‫ج‬ ‫يش‬ (‫يوش‬ ) ٌ ُ ٌ ‫ َج‬army

‫حرب‬ ‫ب‬ ُ ‫حر‬ ُ َ‫ب – ي‬ َ ‫ َحِر‬to be furious or angry ‫ب‬ ُ ‫حار‬ َ ‫حار‬ َ to fight or combat; to wage war ِ ُ‫ب – ي‬ ‫ب‬ ُ ‫تحار‬ َ ‫حار‬ َ َ‫ب – ي‬ َ َ ‫ ت‬to fight one another or be engaged in war ‫رب )ُح‬ (‫روب‬ ٌ ٌ ‫ َح‬war,2 fight, combat ُ‫رب ْالعالَِميَّة‬ ُ ‫ ْالَح‬world war ‫اإلرهاب‬ ‫رب على‬ ُ ‫الح‬ ِ َ war on terror (‫رب‬ ٍ ‫جرمو َح‬ ٍ ‫ ُمْجِرُم َح‬war criminal ِ ‫رب )ُم‬ َ prisoner of war ‫رب‬ ‫ح‬ ‫سير‬ ‫أ‬ ٍ َ ُ ‫رب‬ ِ ‫ َج‬war crime ٍ ‫رائُم َح‬ ٌ‫رب أ َ ْهليَّة‬ ٌ ‫ َح‬civil war ٌ‫فسيَّة‬ ِ َ‫رب ن‬ ٌ ‫ َح‬psychological warfare ‫ي‬ ‫رب‬ ‫ح‬ ٌّ ِ َ pertaining to law; military ٌ‫ ُمحاربَة‬struggle, combat, battle, warfare (‫بون‬ َ ‫حار‬ ٌ ‫حار‬ ِ ‫ب )ُم‬ ِ ‫ ُم‬fighter, combatant ُ ‫ماء‬ ‫ ُم‬veterans َ ُ َ‫حاربون قد‬ ‫حشد‬ ُ َ ‫شد َ – ي‬ ُ‫حشد‬ َ ‫ َح‬to mobilise or gather troops ّ ‫ ت ََح‬to rally, assemble, or gather; to fall into line (troops) ّ ‫شدَ – يَت ََح‬ ُ‫شد‬ (ٌ ‫حشود‬ ُ ) ٌ‫ َحْشد‬crowd, assembly, gathering ٌ‫حاشد‬ ِ numerous, crowded ‫حصر‬ ‫حصُر‬ ُ َ‫صَر – ي‬ َ ‫ َح‬to surround, encircle, or enclose; to restrict; to besiege or blockade ‫حاصُر‬ to besiege, surround, or blockade ِ ُ‫حاصَر – ي‬ َ

162 Politics

‫صر‬ ٌ ‫ َح‬restriction, detention; siege, enclosure ٌ ‫حاصَرة‬ ‫ ُم‬/ ‫صار‬ ٌ ‫ ِح‬blockade, siege; barrier َ (‫صائُر‬ ِ ‫صيرة ٌ )َح‬ َ ‫ َح‬mat ‫حصور‬ ‫ َم‬besieged ٌ ‫حظر‬ ُ َ‫ظَر – ي‬ َ ‫ َح‬to forbid or prohibit; to fence in ‫حظُر‬ ْ ‫ َح‬ban, embargo; prohibition ‫ظٌر‬ ٌ ‫ َم‬prohibited, forbidden; embargoes (‫حظورات‬ ‫حظور )َم‬ ٌ ‫ظر الت َّ َجُّوِل‬ ُ ‫ َح‬curfew ٌ ‫محظورة‬ ٌّ‫ مواد‬prohibited items َ ٌ‫نوعة‬ ِ ‫ َم‬prohibited or restricted zone َ ‫ َمْم‬/ ٌ ‫ظورة‬ َ ‫نطقَةٌ َمْح‬ ْ ْ ُ َ ‫ي‬ ‫و‬ ‫ج‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ظر‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ق‬ ‫نط‬ ‫م‬ ِ َ no-fly zone ِ ّ ِّ َ ِ َ ‫حور‬ ‫يحور‬ – ‫حار‬ ُ َ to return; to recede or diminish ‫حاوُر‬ to talk, discuss, debate, or argue َ ِ ُ‫حاور – ي‬ ‫يتحاور‬ – ‫تحاور‬ to continue a discussion ُ َ ٌ (‫حارات‬ ) ٌ ‫حارة‬ district, quarter; section, part; side street َ ٌ (‫وارات‬ ‫وار )ِح‬ ٌ ‫ ِح‬dialogue, talk, conversation (‫حاوُر‬ ِ ‫حوٌر )َم‬ َ ‫ ِم‬axis, pivot; core ‫حار‬ ٌ ‫ َم‬oyster, shellfish, mussel ٌ ‫حاورة‬ َ ‫ ُم‬talk, dialogue, argument ‫حاوٌر‬ َ َ ‫ ت‬discussion ‫وار‬ ٌ ‫ ِح‬dialogue ‫خندق‬ ‫ندُق‬ َ ‫ َخْن‬to dig a trench; to prepare for battle ِ ‫دق – ي َُخ‬ ُ ‫ناد‬ (‫ق‬ ِ ‫ َخندٌَق )َخ‬trench, ditch ‫دبب‬ ‫ُب‬ ُّ ‫دب – يَد‬ َّ to creep or crawl; to advance or enter; to invade ‫ب‬ ُ ِّ‫ب – يُدَب‬ َ َّ‫ دَب‬to sharpen, point ٌ(‫ُب )ِدبَبَة‬ ٌّ ‫ د‬bear ‫بيب‬ ٌ َ‫ د‬creeping, crawling; infiltration, influx

Politics 163

ٌ ّ‫ دَبّابَةٌ )دَب‬tank, armoured car (‫ابات‬ (‫واب‬ ُّ َ‫ دابَّةٌ )د‬animal, beast; riding animal ‫دثر‬ ‫دثُر‬ ِ َ‫ دَث َ َر – ي‬to be obliterated, extinct, or wiped out ‫ دَث َّ َر – يُدَثِ ّ ُر‬to cover or envelop; to annihilate or destroy ‫ ت َدث َّ َر – يَتدَث ّ ُر‬to wrap or cover oneself (‫ثار )د ُث ُ ٌر‬ ٌ ‫ ِد‬blanket, cover ِ ‫ثار‬ ‫ند‬ ‫ا‬ obliteration ِ ٌ ‫درع‬ ‫ع‬ ُ ‫ع – يُدَ ِ ّر‬ َّ to arm or equip with armour َ ‫در‬ ‫ع‬ ُ ‫ع – يَت َدَ َّر‬ َ ‫ ت َدَ ّر‬to arm oneself or take up arms; to put on armour (‫روع‬ ٌ ُ‫رع )د‬ ٌ ‫ ِد‬armour, shield ‫ي‬ ٌ ‫ ِدْر‬human shield َ َ‫ع ب‬ ٌّ ‫شِر‬ ‫ع‬ ٌ ‫ ُمدَ َّر‬reinforced, armoured ‫ع‬ ُ ‫المدَ َّر‬ ُ armadillo ٌ ‫در‬ ‫عات‬ َّ ‫ ُم‬armoured vehicles, tanks ‫دمر‬ ‫ دَ َمَر – يَْدُمُر‬to perish, to be ruined or destroyed ‫ دَ َّمَر – يُدَ ِ ّمُر‬to destroy, ruin, or demolish ‫ ت َدَ َّمَر – يَتدَ َّمُر‬to be destroyed, demolished, or ruined ‫مار‬ ٌ َ‫ د‬ruin, destruction ّ ‫مار‬ ‫امِل‬ ِ weapons of mass destruction (WMD) ِ ‫الش‬ ِ َّ‫أسلحةُ الد‬ ‫مار‬ ِ ‫ ِا‬utter defeat, destruction ٌ ‫ند‬ ‫ذبح‬ ‫بح‬ ُ َ‫ ذَبََح – يَذ‬to kill, slaughter, or butcher ‫بح‬ ٌ َ‫ ذ‬slaughtering, slaughter (‫ح‬ ٌ ِ‫بيحةٌ )ذَبائ‬ َ َ‫ ذ‬slaughter animal, sacrificial victim, blood sacrifice ٌ (‫ح‬ ُ ‫ذاب‬ ِ ‫ َمذبَ َحة )َم‬massacre ‫ردع‬ ‫ع‬ ُ َ‫ع – يَرد‬ َ َ‫ َرد‬to keep from or prevent (someone) from

164 Politics (‫ع‬ ُ ‫واد‬ ِ ‫)َر‬

‫ع‬ ٌ ‫راد‬ ِ deterrent; restriction, impediment ُ ُ ‫ ق ّو‬deterrent forces َّ ‫ات‬ ِ‫الردع‬ No root (ٌ ‫)أَزنِدة‬

ٌ‫ ِزناد‬the trigger of a gun, the cock or hammer of a rifle ّ ِ ‫جر‬ ‫ناد‬ ِ ‫الز‬ ُ ‫ َح‬flint ‫ ز ي ل‬/ ‫ز و ل‬ ُ َ‫زال – ي‬ ‫زول‬ َ to withdraw, abandon, or vanish; to cease (with negation) ُ ُ‫زال – ي‬ ‫زيل‬ َ َ ‫ أ‬to remove or eliminate; to cause to stop ُ َ‫ ال ي‬/ ‫ لَْم يََزْل‬/ ‫زال‬ ‫زال‬ َ ‫ ما‬to continue or carry on; it is still . . . ٌ‫ إزالة‬removal, elimination ‫قنابِل‬ ِ ‫ إزالةُ ْال‬bomb disposal ‫زائٌل‬ ِ transitory, fleeting ‫سبى‬ ‫سبى – يَ ْسبي‬ َ to capture or take prisoner; to captivate ‫ي‬ َ capture, captivity ٌ ‫سْب‬ (‫سبايا‬ َ )‫ي‬ َ captive, prisoner of war ٌّ ‫سِب‬ ‫سدس‬ ‫ّس‬ ُ ‫َّس – ي َُسِد‬ َ to multiply by six or make hexagonal َ ‫سد‬ َ ْ ‫س‬ ‫أ‬ ‫س‬ ‫د‬ (‫داس‬ ) ْ ُ one-sixth ٌ ٌ ‫س‬ ‫ي‬ ِ ‫س‬ ُ hexagon ٌّ ‫داس‬ ٌ َّ‫سد‬ (‫سات‬ ٌ َّ‫ ُمسد‬revolver, pistol, gun; hexagon, hexagonal َ ‫س )ُم‬ ٌ‫ ُمسدَّسة‬pistol, gun, revolver ‫سلح‬ ‫سلَ َح – يَْسلَ ُح‬ َ to drop excrement (bird); to empty the bowels ‫ُسلُّح‬ ِ ‫ سلََّح – ي‬to arm (ٌ‫حة‬ ٌ ‫ ِس‬weapon ِ َ ‫الح )أ‬ َ ‫سل‬ ‫ي‬ ٌ ‫ ِس‬firearm ِ ‫الح‬ ٌّ ‫نار‬ ّ َ ‫في‬ ٌ ‫ ِس‬ballistic weapon ٌّ ‫الح قذ ِائ‬ َّ ‫ران‬ ‫ي‬ ‫الط‬ ُ ‫ ِس‬air force ِ َ ‫الح‬

Politics 165

ُ  / ِ‫السالح‬ ّ ِ ‫نزع‬ ّ ِ ‫ ت َْجريدٌ ِمن‬disarmament, demilitarisation ِ‫السالح‬ ٌ‫سلَحةٌ ذَكيَّة‬ َ ِ ‫ أ‬precision weapons (intelligent weapons) َ ‫ ت‬weapons smuggling ‫األسلَحِة‬ ‫هريب‬ ُ ِ ٌ(‫سليح )ت َسليحات‬ ٌ َ ‫ ت‬arming (‫حون‬ َ َّ‫ ُمسلٌَّح )ُمسل‬armed (man); gunman َ unarmed َ ‫غْيُر ُم‬ ٍ‫سلَّح‬ ُ‫سلََّحة‬ ُ ‫ القُ ّو‬the armed forces ُ ‫ات‬ َ ‫الم‬ ‫سلم‬ ‫سِلَم – يَْسلَُم‬ َ to be safe and sound, to be unharmed; to be certain or established َّ ّ‫سِل ُم‬ َ to hand over; to deliver; to preserve or keep from harm; to greet َ ُ‫سلَم – ي‬ ‫سالُم‬ to keep the peace; to make peace with someone ِ ُ‫سالم – ي‬ َ َّ‫يتسل ُم‬ ّ َ – ‫ ت ََسل َم‬to obtain or receive ‫ستلُم‬ ِ َ‫ ِاست َلََم – ي‬to receive or obtain; to touch ‫َسلُم‬ ِ ‫ ِاست َسلََم – يَست‬to surrender or capitulate ْ‫ ِسلٌم‬/ ‫الم‬ َ  / ‫سْلٌم‬ َ peace ٌ ‫س‬ ّ (‫اللُم‬ ِ ‫س‬ ُ ladder, stairs َ ) ‫سلٌم‬ ٌ (‫سالمات‬ ) ‫الم‬ َ peace, safety, well-being; a greeting ٌ ‫س‬ ٌ‫المة‬ َ safety, integrity, welfare َ ‫س‬ (‫لماء‬ safe, unhurt, healthy, secure; free (also a boy’s name in the singular) ُ ) ‫سليم‬ ُ ‫س‬ ٌ ٌ‫ ُمسالََمة‬conciliation, pacification ‫سليم‬ ٌ َ ‫ ت‬handing over, submission, surrender; admission; extradition ‫الم‬ ْ submission ٌ ‫إس‬ ‫الم‬ Islam ْ ُ ‫اإلس‬ ‫الم‬ ِ ‫ ِا‬receipt; taking over; acceptance ٌ ‫ست‬ ُ ‫ َو‬receipt ٍ ‫استالم‬ ِ ‫صل‬ ‫سالم‬ ِ ‫ ِا‬surrender, capitulation, submission; resignation ٌ ‫ست‬ ‫سالٌم‬ ِ safe, secure, free, intact ‫سالٌم‬ ِ ‫ ُم‬peaceful, mild-tempered, gentle ‫ ُمْسِلٌم )ُم‬Muslim (‫سلمون‬ َ ‫سوح‬ to travel or roam ‫سيح‬ ُ َ‫ساح – ي‬ َ ٌ(‫ساحةٌ )ساحات‬ َ courtyard, open square, arena, field ْ ُ ‫رب‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ساح‬ ِ َ َ theatre of war

166 Politics (‫ّاح‬ ٌ ‫سي‬ ٌ ‫سّو‬ ِ traveller, tourist ُ  / ‫اح‬ ُ ) ‫سائٌح‬ ُ‫ياحيّة‬ ُ ‫ ْالمنت ََج‬tourist resorts ّ ِ ‫عات‬ ِ ‫الس‬ No root

ٌ (‫سيناريوهات‬ )

‫ سيناريو‬scenarios َ ‫األحوال‬ ‫ سيناريو أ ْسوأ‬worst-case scenario ِ ‫شبك‬

‫شبُك‬ َ to entangle, fasten, or tighten ِ َ‫شبََك – ي‬ ‫شتبُك‬ َ ‫ ِاشت‬to fight with; to be entangled or embroiled with; to be complicated ِ َ‫َبك – ي‬ ‫ ت ََشبَّك – يَت َشبَُّك‬to be entangled; to be or become complicated or involved ٌ َ ‫شب‬ ٌ َ ‫شب‬ (‫ك‬ َ  / ‫كات‬ َ network َ ) ٌ‫شبََكة‬ ُ window, grid ٌ ‫شب‬ ُ ‫ش‬ (‫بابيك‬ َ ) ‫ّاك‬ ٌ ‫شت‬ ٌ (‫باكات‬ ‫شت‬ ِ ‫ ِا‬clash, scuffle ِ ‫باك )ِا‬ ‫شظى‬ ‫ي – يَْشظى‬ َ to be splintered or shattered َ ‫شِظ‬ ّ ّ ‫شظى – يَت َشظى‬ َ َ ‫ ت‬to be splintered or shattered ‫ شظايا‬shrapnel (plural in Arabic) ‫شنن‬ ُ َ‫شَّن – ي‬ ‫شُّن‬ َ to launch (war, attack, campaign) ‫أشَّن – يَ ِشُّن‬ َ to launch (war, attack, campaign) ً‫ يَِشُّن حملَة‬to campaign ً ‫شَّن َحْربا‬ َ to wage war ‫صرخ‬ ‫صرُخ‬ ُ َ‫صَرَخ – ي‬ َ to cry, scream, or shout ٌ ٌ َ ‫ة‬ ‫خ‬ ‫صْر‬ (‫رخات‬ ) ‫ص‬ َ a cry, scream, or yell َ ٌ ‫ص‬ ‫راخ‬ ُ crying, yelling, screams ٌ ُ (‫واريخ‬ missile, rocket; siren ‫ص‬ َ ) ‫صاروخ‬ ُ َ ِ rocket or missile launcher َّ ‫قاذفة‬ ِ‫الصواريخ‬ ‫صرع‬ ‫ع‬ ُ ‫صَر‬ ْ َ‫ع – ي‬ َ ‫صَر‬ َ to throw down or bring to the ground; to be epileptic ‫ع‬ ‫ي‬ – to wrestle; to fight ‫ع‬ ‫صار‬ ُ ‫صار‬ ُ َ َ ِ

Politics 167

‫ع‬ ُ ‫نصِر‬ َ ‫صَر‬ َ َ‫ع – ي‬ َ ‫ ِان‬to be or go mad ‫ع‬ ٌ ‫صَر‬ َ epilepsy ‫راع‬ ٌ ‫ص‬ ِ struggle, fight; wrestling match َّ ‫راع ُمسلٌح‬ ٌ ‫ص‬ ِ armed conflict ٌ‫صارعة‬ َ ‫ ُم‬wrestling; wrestling match; a fight or struggle ‫ع‬ ٌ ‫صار‬ ِ ‫ ُم‬wrestler, fighter ‫صعق‬ ‫صعَ َق – يَصعَُق‬ َ to strike (with lightning); to destroy or hit; to stun or stupefy َ ‫ أ‬to strike down, slay, or destroy; to stun or stupefy ‫ُصعُق‬ َ ِ ‫صعق – ي‬ ٌ ‫ص‬ ‫عق‬ َ thunder ٌ‫صاعق‬ detonator ِ ُ ‫واع‬ (‫ق‬ thunderbolt, lightning bolt ِ ‫ص‬ ِ َ ) ٌ‫صاعقة‬ ٌ ‫ص‬ ‫عوق‬ ْ ‫ َم‬struck by lightning, thunderstruck; destroyed; dumbfounded ‫صلح‬ ‫صلَ َح – يَصلُ ُح‬ َ to be good, valid, or proper; to thrive َّ ّ ‫ُصِلُح‬ َ to put in order; to repair; to make amends َ ‫صلَح – ي‬ to make peace or reconcile ‫صالُح‬ ِ ُ‫صالح – ي‬ َ َ ‫صلُح‬ ِ ُ‫ أصلَ َح – ي‬to reform or repair; to make amends; to make peace ‫لح‬ ٌ ‫ص‬ ُ peace, compromise, settlement َ ‫ َم‬reconciliation court ُّ ُ‫حكمة‬ ِ‫الصلح‬ ‫الح‬ ٌ ‫ص‬ َ goodness, properness, piety (also a boy’s name) ٌ‫الحيَّة‬ ِ ‫ص‬ َ suitability (‫ح‬ ُ ‫صِال‬ َ ‫ َمصلَحةٌ )َم‬benefit, advantage, interest; (government) department ٌ َ ‫ ت‬restoration, restitution; mending َ ‫صليح )ت‬ (‫صليحات‬ ٌ ٌ‫ ُمصالََحة‬reconciliation ٌ (‫الحات‬ reforms ‫إص‬ ٌ ْ ) ‫إصالح‬ ٌ‫سياسيَّة‬ ٌ ‫إصالحات‬ political reform ِ ٌ(‫صطالحات‬ ٌ ‫صط‬ ِ ‫ ِا‬agreement; convention, usage; technical term ِ ‫الح )ِا‬ ‫صالٌح‬ good, right, virtuous ِ ‫صالٌح‬ ِ ‫ ُم‬peacemaker َ ‫ ُم‬idiom; terminology; technical term َ ‫صطلٌَح )ُم‬ ٌ َ‫صطل‬ (‫حات‬ ‫طير‬ ‫طير‬ ُ َ‫طار – ي‬ َ to fly or fly away; to hurry ‫ي‬ ‫طي ُّر‬ – ‫ر‬ ُ َ َّ‫ طي‬to make or let fly; to dispatch or forward without delay ِ

168 Politics

‫ ت َطيََّر – يَت َطيَُّر‬to see an evil omen ُ ) ‫طائٌر‬ َ birds; omen (‫يور‬ ِ  / ‫طْيٌر‬ ٌ ‫ط‬ َ ) ‫طيَّار‬ َ flying; pilot (‫ارون‬ ّ ‫طي‬ َ ٌ ٌ ‫طائ‬ (‫َّارات‬ ‫ طي‬/ ‫رات‬ ِ ) ٌ ‫ارة‬ ِ airplane; kite َ ّ‫ طي‬/ ٌ ‫طائَرة‬ َ ٌ َ‫ طي‬flight, flying, aviation ‫ران‬ ٌ (‫طارات‬ ‫طار )َم‬ ٌ ‫ َم‬airport ٌ‫وحيَّة‬ ٌ ‫ر‬ ‫م‬ ‫رة‬ ‫طائ‬ helicopter ِ ِ َ ْ َ ‫طائرة ٌ بدون‬ ‫ار‬ ِ drone, unmanned aerial vehicle ٍ ّ ‫طي‬ ‫ ع ب و‬/ ‫ع ب أ‬ ‫ئ‬ ُ ّ‫ُعب‬ َ to fill, pack, load, or charge; to load (a gun) ِ ‫عبّأ َ – ي‬ َ (‫باء‬ ٌ ‫بء )أ ْع‬ ٌ ‫ ِع‬burden, load, encumbrance ٌ‫ ت َْعِبئ َة‬mobilisation; drafting, conscription ٌ ‫عْب‬ (‫وات‬ ُ ) ٌ ‫عْبَوة‬ ُ package, container ٌ‫حارقَة‬ ُ incendiary device ِ ٌ ‫عبوة‬ ٌ‫ناسفَة‬ ٌ ُ booby traps, explosives ِ ‫عبوات‬ ٌ‫ناسفة‬ ُ improvised explosive device (IED) ِ ٌ ‫عْبَوة‬ ٌ (‫باءات‬ ‫ع‬ َ ) ٌ ‫باءة‬ َ abaya, cloak-like wrap َ ‫ع‬ ‫عتد‬ ُ‫عتُدَ – يَعتُد‬ َ to be ready or prepared ُ‫عتد‬ ِ َ‫ أ َ ْعت َدَ – ي‬to prepare (sth) (ٌ ‫عتاد‬ ْ َ ‫عتادٌ )أ‬ َ equipment; ammunition, material (for war) َ‫ع ذ‬ ٍ ‫ع‬ ‫خيرة‬ ُ َ‫ ُمست َْود‬/ ‫تاد‬ ُ َ‫ستود‬ ٍ َ ‫ع‬ ْ ‫ ُم‬ammunition depot ‫عرك‬ ‫عرُك‬ َ to play havoc with or damage severely ِ َ‫عَرَك – ي‬ ‫عارُك‬ َ to fight or struggle ِ ُ‫عارَك – ي‬ ٌ‫ركة‬ َ ‫ع‬ َ fight, struggle, battle ُ ‫عار‬ (‫ك‬ ِ ‫ َمعركةٌ )َم‬battle ٌ ‫ ِع‬battle, combat, struggle ‫راك‬ ‫عزز‬ ‫عَّز – يَِعُّز‬ َ to be strong or powerful; to be respected or cherished ّ ‫عَّزَر – يُعَ ِزُر‬ َ to strengthen or fortify; to confirm or corroborate ‫ ِاعت ََّز – يَعت َُّز‬to feel strong or powerful; to be proud or boastful

Politics 169

‫ ِعٌّز‬power, might; high rank, honour; fight ٌّ ‫ ِعَّزة‬power, might; standing, honour ٌ ‫ع‬ (‫اء‬ َ powerful, strong; noble; dear (also a boy’s name in the singular) ُ ‫زيز )أ َ ِعّز‬ ٌ ‫ َمعَ ّزة‬esteem, regard; affection, love ٌ َ ‫ ت‬strengthening, consolidation, support ٌ َ ‫عزيز )ت‬ (‫عزيزات‬ ٌ‫ ُمعت َز‬proud, mighty, powerful (also a boy’s name) No root (‫اكُر‬ ِ ‫س‬ َ soldier; military, army, troops َ ) ‫عْسَكٌر‬ َ ‫ع‬ (‫ون‬ َ ّ‫سكري‬ َ )‫ي‬ َ military, of or relating to the army ِ ‫ع‬ ِ ‫عْس‬ ٌّ ‫كر‬ ٌ‫كريَّة‬ َ military service; militarism ِ ‫عْس‬ َ َ‫ ُمع‬army camp, camp َ َ‫سكٌر )ُمع‬ ٌ(‫سكرات‬ َ َ‫ ُمع‬concentration camp, detention centre ‫قال‬ ِ ‫سكُر ِا‬ ٍ ‫عت‬ َ ‫سكر ت‬ ‫دريب‬ ٍ ُ َ‫ ُمع‬training camp َ ‫ع‬ ‫ي‬ َ ‫ ت َدَ ُّخٌل‬military intervention ٌّ ‫سكِر‬ ٌ‫سكِريَّة‬ َ ‫ع‬ ِ military base َ ٌ ‫قاعدة‬ ُ‫العسَكِريَّة‬ ْ ُ‫الخدمة‬ ِ military service

‫عمر‬ ‫عمُر‬ َ to live long or flourish; to populate; to erect or build ُ َ‫عَمَر – ي‬ ‫ُعمُر‬ ّ ِ ‫عَّمَر – ي‬ َ to grant long life (of God); to populate; to let someone live ‫َمر‬ ُ ‫َمر – يَعت‬ َ ‫ ِاعت‬to visit; to perform umra (in Mecca) ‫عم ُر‬ ِ َ ‫عمر – يَست‬ َ َ ‫ ِاست‬to settle or colonise َ (‫عمار‬ ُ life, life span, age ٌ ‫مر )أ‬ ٌ ‫ع‬ ٌ ‫عْمَرة‬ ُ umra, pilgrimage out of the Hajj season ٌ(‫مارة ٌ )ِعمارات‬ َ ‫ ِع‬structure, building ‫عمار‬ ‫م‬ builder, architect, mason ِ ٌ ‫عمار‬ ِ ‫ ِا‬colonialism, colonisation, imperialism ٌ ‫ست‬ ‫عمار‬ ِ ‫ محاربَةُ ِاإل‬anti-colonialism ِ ‫ست‬ ُ ‫عمورة‬ ‫الم‬ َ َ earth ‫َعمٌر‬ ِ ‫ ُمست‬settler, colonist, imperialist ٌ ‫َعم‬ (‫رات‬ َ ‫َعمَرة ٌ )ُمست‬ َ ‫ ُمست‬colony, settlement ‫غرب‬ َ to depart, leave, or withdraw; to be strange or odd ‫ب‬ ُ ‫غر‬ ُ َ‫ب – ي‬ َ ‫غَر‬ ‫ب‬ ُ ‫َغر‬ َّ ‫ب – يَت‬ َّ ‫ ت‬to emigrate; to assimilate oneself into a Western culture َ ‫َغر‬ ‫رب‬ ُ َ ‫رب – يَغت‬ َ َ ‫ اِغت‬to emigrate or go to a foreign country

170 Politics

‫ب‬ ُ ‫ستغر‬ َ َ ‫ ِاست‬to find strange or unusual; to deem absurd ِ َ‫غرب – ي‬ َ west, occident ‫ب‬ ٌ ‫غْر‬ ُ‫المحت َلّة‬ َّ the Occupied West Bank ُ ُ‫الضفَّةُ ْالغربيَّة‬ ٌ‫غربَة‬ ُ exile; life outside of one’s native country ُ crow, raven ٌ ‫راب )ِغ‬ (‫ربان‬ ٌ ‫غ‬ ُ َ a stranger; strange, bizarre (‫رباء‬ ٌ ‫غ‬ ُ ‫ريب )غ‬ ُ setting (of the sun) ‫روب‬ ‫غ‬ ٌ (‫ب‬ ٌ ‫مغار‬ ٌ ‫غر‬ ِ )‫ب‬ ِ ‫ َم‬place or time of sunset; west, occident ‫ب‬ ُ ‫غر‬ ِ ‫الم‬ َ Maghrib; North Africa; prayer at sunset ‫راب‬ ٌ ‫غت‬ ٌ ‫ ت َغَُّر‬emigration ِ ‫ ِا‬/ ‫ب‬ ‫غراب‬ ‫ست‬ ٌ ِ ‫ ِا‬wonder, astonishment (‫بون‬ َ ‫غتر‬ ٌ ‫غتر‬ ِ ‫ب )ُم‬ ِ ‫ ُم‬immigrants ‫غزو‬ َ to attack, raid, or invade; to strive or aspire; to intend ‫غزا – يَْغزو‬ َ raid, invasion, attack, conquest ‫غْزٌو‬ ٌ(‫غزوات‬ َ ) ٌ ‫زوة‬ َ incursion, raid, attack, aggression َ ‫غ‬ ‫م‬ ‫غزى‬ ‫م‬ (‫غاز‬ ) ٍ َ ً َ intention, purpose ُ ) ‫غاز‬ (ٌ ‫غزاة‬ ٍ invader, aggressor ‫غلب‬ َ to conquer, subdue, or defeat; to surmount; to seize ‫لب‬ ُ ‫ب – يَِغ‬ َ َ‫غل‬ َّ ‫ب على‬ ُ ‫ب على – يت َغل‬ َ َّ‫ ت َغل‬to triumph or overcome; to master ٌ‫غلبَة‬ ُ victory, conquest َ ‫ب‬ ُ ‫( أَغل‬followed by genitive) the greater portion, majority ‫ب‬ ِ َ‫ في األغل‬mostly, generally, in general ٌ‫غالبيَّة‬ ِ  / ٌ‫ أ َغلبيَّة‬majority ‫غلوب‬ ‫ َم‬defeated (struggle, spirit), overcome ٌ No root

‫ غوانتانامو‬Guantanamo ‫غور‬ ‫غور‬ ُ َ‫غار – ي‬ َ to penetrate deeply or sink in; to become hollow ‫غير على‬ ُ ُ‫غار على – ي‬ َ َ ‫ أ‬to raid, invade, or attack َ bottom; depression, declivity (‫أغوار‬ ) ‫ور‬ ٌ ٌ ‫غ‬

Politics 171 (‫غوار‬ ٌ َ ‫غار )أ‬ ٌ cave, cavern ٌ(‫غارة ٌ )غارات‬ َ raid, invasion, attack ٌ‫غارات َج ّ ِويَّة‬ ٌ air strikes ٌ (‫غارات‬ ‫غارة ٌ )َم‬ َ ‫ َم‬cave, grotto

‫فجر‬ ‫فجُر‬ ُ َ‫ فََجَر – ي‬to break up; to dig up; to sin; to commit adultery ‫ فََّجَر – يُفَ ِ ّجُر‬to explode (sth) or split; to create an outlet ‫ ِانفََجَر – يَنفَ ِجُر‬to explode, detonate, or discharge; to overflow ‫جر‬ ٌ َ‫ ف‬dawn, daybreak; the beginning; the morning prayer ‫ ت َفَ ُّجٌر‬outbreak, eruption (‫نفجارات‬ ِ ‫جار )ِا‬ ٌ ‫ ِاِنف‬explosion, outbreak, detonation َ ُ َ ‫فجير‬ ‫ت‬ ‫داة‬ ‫أ‬ explosive device ٍ ٌ ‫ ُمت َفَ ِ ّجٌر )ُمت َفَ ِ ّج‬explosives (‫رات‬ ‫فزز‬ َّ to jump up; to startle or frighten ‫فز – يَِفُّز‬ ُ‫ ِاستفََز – يَست َِفز‬to agitate, incite, or provoke; to startle ٌ ‫ فََّزة‬a start or a jump (in surprise) ٌ ‫ست‬ ٌ (‫فزازات‬ ‫ست‬ ِ ‫ ِا‬provocation; instigation ِ ‫فزاز )ِا‬ ‫ي‬ ِ ‫ ِا‬provocative ِ ‫ست‬ ٌّ ‫فزاز‬ No root

‫فشٌك‬ َ cartridges ‫فوز‬ ُ َ‫فاز – ي‬ َ to be triumphant or win; to defeat; to obtain ‫فوز‬ ‫فوُز‬ َّ to cross or travel through the desert ِ ّ ُ‫فوَز – ي‬ ‫ فَ ْوٌز‬success, victory ‫فائٌز‬ ِ successful, victorious; victor, winner ‫قدم‬ ‫ قَِدَم – يَقدُُم‬to precede; to arrive, come, or reach; to be old ‫ُقد ُّم‬ ِ ‫ قَد ََّم – ي‬to offer; to precede; to dispatch; to prefer ‫ ت َقَد ََّم – يَت َقد َُّم‬to go forward, progress, or proceed; to be at the head

172 Politics

‫ ِقدَ ٌم‬antiquity, time immemorial (‫قدام‬ ٌ َ ‫ قَدٌَم )أ‬foot, step (‫دماء‬ ُ ُ‫ديم )ق‬ ٌ َ‫ ق‬old, ancient, antique ‫ ت َقد ٌُّم‬progress ٌ ّ‫قد‬ (‫مات‬ ِ ‫ ُم‬introduction, forefront, prelude, head ِ ‫قدَّمةٌ )ُم‬ ‫تقدٌّم‬ ِ ‫ ُم‬advancing, moving forward ‫قذف‬ ‫ف‬ ِ –‫ف‬ ُ ‫يقذ‬ َ َ‫ قذ‬to bomb, throw, drop, or toss ‫ف‬ ٌ ‫ قَ ْذ‬slander, false accusation (‫ف‬ ُ ِ‫ قَذيفَةٌ )قَذائ‬shell, projector, bomb; missile ٌ‫  ُمفرقَعَة‬/ ‫السفُِن‬ ُ‫ قَذيفة‬torpedo ِ ُ ‫نسف‬ ‫قصف‬ ‫ف‬ ُ ‫قص‬ ِ َ‫ف – ي‬ َ َ‫ ق‬to bomb; to break; to oppress or harass َ ‫ص‬ َ ‫ف‬ ُ ‫ص‬ ِ ‫ف – يَنق‬ َ َ‫ ِانق‬to be broken; to break or snap َ ‫ص‬ ‫ف‬ ْ َ‫ ق‬bombardment, shelling, thunder (of cannon) ٌ ‫ص‬ ‫ي‬ ‫صف‬ ِ ٌ َ‫ ق‬rocket fire ٌّ ‫صاروخ‬ ٌ َ‫صف د‬ ‫قيق‬ ٌ َ‫ ق‬precision bombing ‫قعد‬ ُ‫ قَعَدَ – يَقعُد‬to sit down; to stay or remain; to desist ُ‫ُقعد‬ ِ ‫ أَقعَدَ – ي‬to make someone sit down, to seat; to hold back ُ‫قاعد‬ َ َ ‫قاعدَ – يَت‬ َ َ ‫ ت‬to retire; to withdraw; to abstain (ُ ‫مقاعد‬ ِ ) ٌ‫ َمقعَد‬seat, chair ٌ‫َقاعد‬ ُ ‫ ت‬retirement ٌ‫تقاعد‬ ِ ‫ ُم‬retired; pensioner (ٌ ‫قاعد ٌ )قُعود‬ ِ sitting, seated, inactive, idle (ُ ‫قواعد‬ ِ ) ٌ ‫قاعدَة‬ ِ base; basis, foundation, rule, principle (pl: Arabic grammar) ْ ُ‫قواعد‬ ِ ‫حو وال‬ ُ َّ‫ الن‬grammar ٌ‫قاعدة ٌ َج ّ ِويَّة‬ ِ air base ُ ‫القاعدة‬ Al-Qaeda ِ ٌ‫ ُمقعَد‬infirm, lame, disabled ‫قنبل‬ ‫ قَنبََل – يُقَنبُِل‬to bomb ُ ‫قناب‬ (‫ل‬ ِ ) ٌ‫ قُنبلُ َة‬bomb, grenade, shell

Politics 173

‫القنابِل‬ ُ ُّ‫ َمواد‬bomb-making materials ِ ِ‫صنع‬ ٌ‫ قُنبلُ َةٌ يَدَ ِويَّة‬hand grenade ‫ قُنبُلة ذَ ّريّة‬atomic bomb ‫قنص‬ ‫ص‬ ُ ُ‫ص – يَقن‬ َ َ‫ قَن‬to hunt or shoot; to take advantage ‫نص‬ ٌ َ‫ ق‬hunting, shooting; a hunt (ٌ‫اصة‬ ٌ ّ‫ قَن‬sniper; hunter َ ّ‫اص )قَن‬ ٌ (‫صات‬ ‫قان‬ ِ tank destroyer ِ ) ٌ‫صة‬ َ ‫قان‬ ‫قهر‬ ‫قهُر‬ َ َ‫ قََهَر – ي‬to defeat or conquer; to subjugate ‫هر‬ ٌ َ‫ ق‬subjugation; coercion ‫قهُر‬ َ ُ‫ ال ي‬invincible ُ ‫القاهرة‬ Cairo ِ ‫ار‬ ٌ ‫ قَّه‬conquering, vanquishing ‫قهقر‬ ‫ُقهقُر‬ ِ ‫ قَْهقَ َر – ي‬to regress or deteriorate; to retreat or withdraw َ‫ ت َقهقََر – يَتقَْهقُر‬to regress or deteriorate; to retreat or withdraw ‫قهقر‬ ٌ َ ‫ ت‬recession; a retreat ‫ قَهقَرى‬/ ٌ ‫ قَهقََرة‬backward movement; degeneration; retreat ‫قوم‬ ‫قوم‬ ُ َ‫قام – ي‬ َ to rise or stand; to rebel or revolt; to leave; to undertake ‫قاوم‬ ُ ُ‫قاوَم – ي‬ َ to resist, withstand, or oppose; to fight or argue َ ‫قيم‬ ُ ُ‫قام – ي‬ َ ‫ أ‬to live in; to set up, establish, or erect َ (‫قوام‬ ) ‫أ‬ ‫وم‬ ٌ ٌ َ‫ ق‬nation, people, tribe, race; kin ‫ي‬ ٌّ ‫ قَْوِم‬national ٌ‫ قَْوِميَّة‬nationalism ُ‫وميَّة‬ ِ َ‫صالُح الق‬ ِ ‫الم‬ َ national interests ٌ‫قامة‬ figure, stature َ (‫قيمةٌ )ِقيٌَم‬ َ value, price ٌ‫يامة‬ َ ‫ ِق‬resurrection; upheaval ‫يامِة‬ ِ ‫ يَ ْوُم‬Judgement Day َ ‫الق‬ ٌ (‫قامات‬ ‫قام )َم‬ ٌ ‫ َم‬place, location; shrine, tomb; rank

174 Politics (‫قاويم‬ ُ َ ‫)ت‬

‫قويم‬ ٌ َ ‫ ت‬calendar; setting up; correction, amendment ‫ي‬ ‫قويم‬ ِ ُّ ‫الميالد‬ ُ َّ ‫ الت‬the Gregorian calendar ‫ي‬ ِ ‫اله‬ ُّ ‫جر‬ ُ َّ ‫ الت‬the Islamic (Hijri) calendar ِ ‫قويم‬ ‫األسنان‬ ‫قويم‬ ُ َ ‫ ت‬braces (teeth) ِ ٌ‫قاوَمة‬ َ ‫ ُم‬resistance, opposition; fight ٌ‫إقامة‬ َ residency; establishment, setting up ٌ ‫قائ‬ (‫مات‬ ِ ) ٌ‫قائمة‬ ِ list, register, schedule; leg, foot, pillar, stand ِ  / ‫قوائُم‬ ٌ ‫قو‬ (‫مات‬ ِ ّ ‫قوٌم )ُم‬ ِ ّ ‫ ُم‬factor; elements, components ‫قيم‬ ٌ ‫ ُم‬resident; permanent ‫َقيم‬ ٌ ‫ ُمْست‬straight, upright, correct ‫كفح‬ ‫ َكفََح – يَكفَُح‬to face, encounter, or confront ‫ُكافُح‬ ِ ‫ كافَ َح – ي‬to struggle, combat, or battle; to defend ٌ‫كافحة‬ ٌ ‫ ِك‬opposition; fight, battle; struggle (also a girl’s name3 in the singular) َ ‫ ُم‬/ ‫فاح‬ ‫لغم‬ ‫ لَغََم – يَلغُ ُم‬to plant mines (‫ام‬ ٌ َ‫ لَغٌَم )ْألغ‬a mine ‫غوم‬ ٌ ‫ َمْل‬ambushed; covered with mines No root

ٌ ‫ناو‬ (‫رات‬ َ ‫ناوَرة ٌ )ُم‬ َ ‫ ُم‬manoeuvre, military manoeuvres ‫ميد‬ ُ‫ مادَ – يَميد‬to be moved; to be shocked or upset; to swing or sway; to be dizzy ٌ ‫ َمْي‬square, field, domain, arena, battleground ُ ‫دان )َم‬ (‫يادين‬ ُ ‫ َمْي‬field of operations ‫ات‬ ِ َّ‫دان العَ َمِلي‬ ْ ُ ‫ َمْي‬battlefield ‫تال‬ ِ ‫دان الِق‬ ٌ ‫مائ‬ (ُ ‫موائد‬ ِ  / ‫دات‬ ِ ) ٌ ‫مائدة‬ ِ table (with food on it) No root (‫ ميليشيا )ميليشيات‬militia

‫نزع‬ ‫ع‬ َ ‫ع – يَ ْنَز‬ َ ‫ نََز‬to remove; to spoil; to leave one’s land; to dismiss or deprive

Politics 175

َ to dispute with, fight, or challenge; to be on the verge of death ‫ع‬ ُ ‫ناز‬ َ ‫ناز‬ ِ ُ‫ع – ي‬ ْ ُ ‫ نَز‬disarmament ّ ِ ‫ع‬ ِ‫السالح‬ ٌ (‫زاعات‬ ‫زاع )ِن‬ ٌ ‫ ِن‬conflict, struggle, fight; dispute, controversy ٍ‫ بال ِنزاع‬indisputably ٌ ‫ناز‬ َ ‫ ُم‬a fight or struggle; controversy, quarrel َ ‫عةٌ )ُم‬ (‫عات‬ َ ‫ناز‬ ُ ‫ع‬ ٌ ‫ ت َناز‬fight, struggle ‫زاع‬ ٌ ‫ ِاِنت‬withdrawal, elimination ‫نضل‬ ‫نضُل‬ ُ َ‫ضَل – ي‬ َ َ‫ ن‬to surpass, beat, or defeat ‫ناضُل‬ to compete, dispute, or struggle; to stand up for someone َ ِ ُ‫ناضَل – ي‬ ٌ‫ناضلَة‬ ٌ ‫ ِن‬fight, dispute, defensive battle َ ‫ ُم‬/ ‫ضال‬ ٌ‫ضاليَّة‬ ٌ َ ِ ‫ َحَركة ِن‬resistance movement ‫ناضٌل‬ ِ ‫ ُم‬fighter, combatant, defender ‫نفض‬ ‫ض‬ ُ ُ‫ض – يَ ْنف‬ َ َ‫ نَف‬to shake or dust off; to shiver ‫ض‬ ُ ‫ض – يَنت َِف‬ َ َ‫ ِانت َف‬to be shaken off; to shiver or tremble ‫فاض‬ ٌ ‫ ِاِنت‬shaking; a shiver, shudder, or tremor ٌ‫فاضة‬ َ ‫ ِاِنت‬intifada, uprising ُ‫ ِاالنتفاضة‬the Palestinian Intifada ‫نهب‬ ‫ب‬ ُ ‫نه‬ َ ‫ ن ََه‬to plunder, pillage, or loot َ َ‫ب – ي‬ ‫ب‬ ٌ ‫ نَْه‬robbery, pillaging; booty ‫اب‬ ٌ ‫ نَّه‬robber, looter ‫نور‬ ‫ُنوُر‬ َّ to blossom or bloom; to fill with light; to enlighten ِ ّ ‫نوَر – ي‬ ‫ ت َنََّوَر – يَت َنََّوُر‬to be lit or illuminated; to receive enlightenment ٌ (‫نيران‬ ) ‫نار‬ ٌ fire; gunfire ّ ‫ار‬ ُ ‫ الن‬hell ْ ‫وقف‬ ‫ار‬ ceasefire ُ ِ َّ‫الق الن‬ ِ ‫إط‬ ْ ‫ار‬ ِ ّ‫الق الن‬ ِ ‫ تبادُل إط‬to exchange fire ‫يران‬ َ َ ‫ أ‬to discharge or fire (a gun) َ ّ‫طلق الن‬ (‫نوار‬ ٌ َ ‫نور )أ‬ ٌ light, brightness, illumination; a ray

176 Politics

َ‫ار )ن‬ (‫واوير‬ ٌ ‫ نُّو‬blossom, flowers ُ ٌ (‫مناوُر‬ َ ‫ َم‬lighthouse ِ  / ‫نارة ٌ )َمنارات‬ َ ‫نوير‬ ‫ت‬ enlightenment, illumination; flowering, blossoming ٌ ‫نوش‬ ‫ش‬ ُ ‫ُناو‬ َ ‫ناو‬ ِ ‫ش –ي‬ َ to engage in a skirmish; to brush against; to play ٌ‫شة‬ َ ‫ناو‬ َ ‫ ُم‬skirmishes, hostilities

ٌ ‫ناو‬ (‫شات‬ َ ‫)ُم‬ ‫هجم‬

(‫هجُم )على‬ ُ َ‫ )َهَجَم )على ( – ي‬to attack, assault, or raid ‫هاجُم‬ ‫ي‬ – ‫هاجَم‬ ُ َ to attack, raid, or assault ِ (‫َهجُم )على‬ ّ ‫َهجَم )على ( – يَت‬ ّ ‫ ت‬to fall upon, attack, or assault ٌ‫هاجَمة‬ َ ‫ ُم‬/ ‫جوم‬ ٌ ‫ ُه‬an attack, assault, or raid ‫ي‬ ٌ ‫ ُه‬ground offensive, attack ٌّ ‫جوم بَ ِ ّر‬ ‫ي‬ ٌ ‫ ُه‬air raid ٌّ ‫جوم َج ّ ِو‬ ٌّ‫جوم ُمضاد‬ ِ ‫جوم ُم‬ ٌ ‫عاك‬ ٌ ‫ ُه‬/ ‫س‬ ٌ ‫ ُه‬counter-attack

‫هدف‬ ‫ف‬ ِ َ‫ف – ي‬ ُ ‫هد‬ َ َ‫ َهد‬to approach or draw near; to aim or target ‫ف‬ ِ ‫ف – يَست‬ ُ ‫َهد‬ َ َ‫ ِاست َهد‬to target or aim; to have in mind َ (‫داف‬ ٌ ‫ف )أ ْه‬ ٌ َ‫ َهد‬target, aim, objective, purpose; goal (sport) ‫ف‬ ٌ َ‫ ُمست َهد‬exposed, open ُ َ‫ ْالق‬targeted killings ‫ف‬ ُ َ‫المست َهد‬ ُ ‫تل‬ ‫هدن‬ ‫هدُن‬ ِ َ‫ َهدَ َن – ي‬to be quiet; to calm down ‫ُهادُن‬ ِ ‫ هادَ َن – ي‬to conclude a truce ٌ ‫ ُه‬/ ‫ ُهدنَةٌ )ُهدَ ٌن‬truce, peace, calm (also a girl’s name in the singular) (‫دنات‬ ٌ‫ ُمهادَنة‬truce negotiations ‫هزم‬ ‫هزُم‬ ِ َ‫ َهَزَم – ي‬to defeat or vanquish; to neutralise (opponent) َ ‫ ِا‬to be defeated ‫ينهِزُم‬ َ – ‫نهزَم‬ ٌ (‫زائُم‬ ِ ‫زيمة )َه‬ َ ‫ َه‬defeat ‫ ُمْنَهِزٌم‬defeated

Politics 177

‫زام‬ ٌ ‫نه‬ ِ ‫ ِا‬defeat, flight ٌ‫زاميّة‬ ِ ‫نه‬ ِ ‫ ِا‬defeatism

ُ Civil Disobedience ‫ني‬ ‫الع‬ ِ َ ‫صيان‬ ُّ ‫المَد‬ ‫ثور‬ ‫ثور‬ ُ َ‫ثار – ي‬ َ to revolt, stir, excite, or arouse ٌ (‫ثيران‬ ) ‫ ث َ ْوٌر‬bull, ox; Taurus ٌ ‫ ث َ ْوَرة ٌ )ث َ ْو‬revolution, uprising, revolt; agitation, excitement (‫رات‬ ‫ي‬ ٌّ ‫ ث َ ْوِر‬revolutionary ٌ ‫ إثارة‬excitation, agitation; incitement (‫ار‬ ِ insurgent, revolutionary; excited, agitated ٌ ‫ثائٌر )ث ُ ّو‬ ‫ثير‬ ٌ ‫ ُم‬exciting, provocative; stimulant ‫حجج‬ ‫ َحَّج – يَُحُّج‬to overcome or defeat; to convince; to perform Hajj ‫ ِاحت ََّج – يَحت َُّج‬to justify; to plea or protest; to vindicate ‫ َحٌّج‬Hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca) (‫ج‬ ٌ ‫ ُحّجةٌ )ُحَج‬pretence; excuse; proof, evidence ‫ ت ََحُّجٌج‬argumentation, pleading; pretence ٌ (‫جاجات‬ ‫حت‬ ٌ ‫حت‬ ِ ‫ ِا‬plea, protest, argumentation; excuse; pretence ِ ‫جاج )ِا‬ (‫اج‬ title given to people who have been on pilgrimage to Mecca ٌّ ٌ ‫حاج )ُحّج‬ (‫ون‬ َ ‫ ُمحت ٌَّج )ُمحت َّج‬protestor ‫شغب‬ ‫ب‬ َ to make trouble; to stir riots or provoke dissension ُ َ‫ب – يَشغ‬ َ َ‫شغ‬ َ ‫ب‬ to make trouble, disturb the peace, or riot ‫شاغ‬ ُ ‫شاغ‬ ِ ُ‫ب – ي‬ َ ‫ب‬ َ riot, unrest ٌ َ‫شغ‬ َّ ِ‫شْرطةُ َمنع‬ ُ anti-riot police ‫ب‬ ِ َ‫الشغ‬ ٌ ٌ(‫شاغبات‬ َ ‫ ُم‬disorder, disturbance, riot, dissension, controversy َ ‫شاغبة )ُم‬ (‫بون‬ َ ‫شاغ‬ ٌ ‫شاغ‬ ِ ‫ب )ُم‬ ِ ‫ ُم‬troublemaker, agitator, rioter ‫ظهر‬ ْ َ‫ظَهَر – ي‬ َ to emerge or appear; to be visible; to publish ‫ظَهُر‬ ‫ُظهُر‬ ِ ‫ظهَر – ي‬ َ َ ‫ أ‬to make visible or apparent; to demonstrate; to initiate

178 Politics

‫ظاهُر‬ َ َ ‫ظاهَر – يَت‬ َ َ ‫ ت‬to demonstrate or show; to pretend or feign ُ َ (‫هور‬ ٌ ‫ ظْهٌر )ظ‬back, reverse, rear side; deck, surface َ ‫ظْهٌر )أ‬ ُ noon, midday; midday prayer (‫ظهار‬ ٌ ُّ ‫هر‬ ِ ‫ بَعدَ الظ‬the afternoon (‫ظواهُر‬ ) ٌ ‫ظاهَرة‬ ِ ِ phenomenon ْ ‫ َم‬appearance, view, sight (‫مظاهُر‬ ) ‫هر‬ ِ ٌ ‫ظ‬ ٌ ‫ظاه‬ (‫رات‬ َ ‫ظاهرة ٌ )ُم‬ َ ‫ ُم‬demonstration, rally, protest (‫رون‬ َ ‫ظاه‬ ِ َ ‫تظاه ٌر ) ُمت‬ ِ ‫ ُم‬demonstrator ُ َ ‫ ت‬pretending, hypocrisy (pl: demonstration, rally) ُ ‫ظاهٌر )ت‬ ٌ ‫َظاه‬ (‫رات‬ No root

َ mob, riff-raff; noise, clamour ‫غاء‬ ُ ‫غْو‬ ُ‫غائيَّة‬ ِ ‫ الغَْو‬mob chaos ‫غول‬ ُ َ‫غال – ي‬ ‫غول‬ َ to snatch, grab, or seize; to destroy; to take unawares ُ ‫غتال – يَْغ‬ ‫تال‬ َ ‫ ِا‬to assassinate or murder ٌ ٌ(‫ أ َ ْغوال‬/ ‫غيالن‬ ٌ ) ‫غول‬ ogre, desert demon, ghoul4 ٌ ٌ ‫ ِا‬assassination, murder (‫غتياالت‬ ‫غتيال )ِا‬ ٌ ُ ‫وائ‬ َ ) ‫غائلة‬ (‫ل‬ ِ calamity, disaster; danger ِ ‫غ‬ ‫مرد‬ ُ‫مرد‬ ُ َ‫ َمَردَ – ي‬to be rebellious; to revolt or rebel ُ‫ ت ََمَّردَ – يَت ََمَّرد‬to revolt or rebel; to be insolent or arrogant ٌ‫ ت ََمُّرد‬revolt, insurrection, mutiny (ٌ ‫ َمَردَة‬/ ‫دون‬ َ ‫مار‬ ِ ) ٌ‫مارد‬ ِ defiant; demon, evil spirit, devil; giant (‫دون‬ َ ‫ ُمت ََم ِ ّردٌ )ُمت ََم ِ ّر‬rebel, insurgent ‫مرِد‬ ُّ َّ ‫ ُمكافََحةُ الت‬counter-insurgency

ّ ‫االنتخابات والت‬ Elections and Voting ‫صويت‬ ُ ُ ‫أيد‬ ُ‫ أَيَّدَ – ي َُؤِيّد‬to support; to confirm or back ُ‫ ت َأيَّدَ – يَت َأيَّد‬to be supported ٌ‫ ت َأييد‬support, confirmation, endorsement (‫دون‬ َ ِّ‫ؤيّدٌ )ُمؤي‬ ِ ‫ ُم‬supporter

Politics 179

‫رشح‬ َّ ‫ َر‬to nominate ّ ِ ‫شَح – يَُر‬ ‫شُح‬ َّ َ ‫رش َح – يَت‬ َّ َ ‫ ت‬to be qualified; to be nominated as a candidate; to catch a cold ‫رشُح‬ ْ ‫ َرشٌح‬a cold; perspiration, sweating َ ‫ ت‬nomination ‫رشيح‬ ٌ َّ ‫رشٌح )ُم‬ َّ ‫ ُم‬candidate; nominated, voted in; having a cold (‫حون‬ َ ‫رش‬ ّ ِ ‫تر‬ ّ ِ ‫ ُمت ََر‬candidate, nominee (‫حون‬ َ ‫ش‬ َ ‫شٌح )ُم‬ ‫صوت‬ ُ ‫صوت‬ to ring, sound, or shout َ َ‫صات – ي‬ ُ ‫ُص ّ ِو‬ ‫ت‬ – ‫ت‬ ‫و‬ ‫ص‬ ‫ي‬ َ َّ َ to vote or cast ballots َ َ ٌ ‫ص‬ ٌ ‫صْو‬ (‫وات‬ ْ ‫ت )أ‬ َ a vote; a voice; a sound (pl: interjections) (grammar) ‫وت‬ ِ ‫الص‬ ِ silencer (gun) َّ ‫كاتُم‬ َ ‫صوات‬ ‫ فَْرُز األ‬vote count ِ ‫تي‬ َ vocal; acoustic, phonetic ٌّ ‫صْو‬ ٌ ‫صْوتي‬ ‫لم‬ ‫ّات‬ ِ ‫األص‬ ْ َ  / ‫وات‬ ُ ‫ ِع‬phonetics ٌ ‫َص‬ ‫ويت‬ ْ ‫ ت‬voting, a vote (‫تون‬ َ ‫صو‬ ِ ّ ‫صوت )ُم‬ ِ ّ ‫ ُم‬voters ‫قرع‬ ‫ع‬ ُ ‫قر‬ َ ‫ قَ َر‬to hit, bump, knock, beat, or strike َ َ‫ع – ي‬ ‫ع‬ ُ ‫ع – يَقت َِر‬ َ ‫قتر‬ َ ‫ ِا‬to cast lots or vote ٌ (‫ع‬ ُ ‫قوار‬ َ ‫قار‬ ِ ) ‫عة‬ ِ misfortune, calamity, adversity ٌ‫عة‬ َ ‫قار‬ َ ‫ ُم‬fight, struggle ٌ (‫راعات‬ ‫قت‬ ٌ ‫قت‬ ِ ‫راع )ِا‬ ِ ‫ ِا‬ballot, vote; draft (military) ُ ‫ص‬ ِ ‫ندوق ِاال‬ ُ ballot box ِ‫قتراع‬ َ ‫ َم‬polling station ِ ‫ركُز ِاال‬ ِ‫قتراع‬ ‫نخب‬ ُ َ‫ب – ي‬ ‫ب‬ ُ ‫نخ‬ َ ‫ نََخ‬to select or choose; to vote or elect ‫ب‬ ُ ‫تخ‬ ِ ‫ب – يَ ْن‬ َ ‫ ِانت ََخ‬to select or choose; to vote or elect ْ ‫ب‬ ٌ ‫ نَخ‬selection, choice; a drink to one’s health (‫ب‬ ٌ ‫ نُْخبَةٌ )نُ َخ‬elite, selected ٌ (‫خابات‬ ‫خاب )ِاِنت‬ ٌ ‫ ِاِنت‬election; choice, selection ٌ‫ئاسيَّة‬ ٌ ‫ ِاِنت‬presidential elections ِ ‫خابات ِر‬ ٌ‫خابات َمَحِلّيَّة‬ ٌ ‫ اِِنت‬local elections

180 Politics

ٌ‫خابيَّة‬ ِ electoral roll ِ ‫الئحةٌ ِاِنت‬ ٌ‫ َحْملَةٌ ِانتِخابِيَّة‬election campaign (‫ناخبون‬ )‫ب‬ َ ٌ ‫ناخ‬ ِ voter; electorate ٌ ‫نتخ‬ َ ‫ب ) ُمنت‬ َ ‫  ُم‬/ ‫خبون‬ (‫بات‬ َ ٌ ‫ ُمنت َ َخ‬nominated, voted in; elected candidate; team (sports)

‫والم‬ Displacement and Aid ‫ساعدات‬ ُ ُ ُّ‫الن‬ ُ ‫زوع‬ ‫جور‬ ‫جور‬ ُ َ‫جار – ي‬ َ to deviate or stray; to persecute or oppress ‫ُجاور‬ ‫جاوَر – ي‬ ُ َ to live next to, to be the neighbour of; to adjoin or border ‫جير‬ ُ ُ‫جار – ي‬ َ َ ‫ أ‬to grant asylum; to protect or aid ‫ َجْوٌر‬injustice, oppression, tyranny ٌ (‫جيران‬ ) ‫جار‬ ٌ neighbours ٌ ‫جاوَرة‬ َ ‫ ُم‬neighbourhood; proximity ٌ(‫جائٌر )َجَوَرة‬ ِ aggressive, tyrannical, unjust ‫جاوٌر‬ ‫م‬ neighbouring, adjacent, near ِ ُ ‫خيم‬ ‫ خيََّم – ي َُخِي ُّم‬to pitch a tent or camp; to settle ٌ ‫ َخْيمةٌ )َخْي‬tent, pavilion (‫يام‬ ٌ ‫ ِخ‬/ ‫مات‬ ٌ ‫( ُمَخي ٌَّم )ُمَخي‬refugee) camp, encampment (‫َّمات‬ ‫رحل‬ ‫رحُل‬ َ َ‫ َرَح َل – ي‬to set out or depart; to leave, emigrate, or move away ‫ َرَّحَل – ي َُر ِ ّحُل‬to make someone leave; to urge; to evacuate or emigrate ٌ (‫حالت‬ ‫ ِرْحلةٌ )ِر‬journey, trip, tour ٌ ‫ َر‬departure, emigration, exodus; demise ‫حيل‬ (‫الون‬ َ ‫ َرّحالةٌ )َرّح‬explorer, globetrotter ُ ‫راح‬ (‫ل‬ ِ ‫ َمْرَحلةٌ )َم‬stage, phase; a leg of a journey ٌ َ ‫ ت‬emigration, exodus; deportation ‫رحيل‬ ٌ ‫راحٌل )ُرَّح‬ (‫ل‬ ِ departing, leaving, travelling; deceased ‫شرد‬ ُ‫شَردَ – يَْشُرد‬ َ to flee, run away, or desert ُ‫شرد‬ َ to scare, frighten, or chase away ّ ِ ُ‫ش َّردَ – ي‬ ُ‫تشرد‬ َّ َ‫شردَ – ي‬ َّ َ ‫ ت‬to roam or be homeless

Politics 181

ٌ‫شريد‬ َ fugitive, expelled; a vagrant ٌ‫ ت َْشريد‬expulsion, banishment, eviction ُ  / ُ‫وارد‬ (ٌ ‫شُرد‬ َ ) ٌ‫شارد‬ ِ deserter, fugitive; intimidated, frightened ِ ‫ش‬ ٌ‫شرد‬ َّ ‫ ُم‬fugitive, refugee, displaced person ‫صمد‬ ُ‫صمد‬ ُ َ‫صَمدَ – ي‬ َ to withstand, defy, resist, or oppose; to apply oneself ُ‫صامد‬ to fight or come to blows ِ ُ‫صامدَ – ي‬ َ ٌ‫صَمد‬ lord; eternal, everlasting َ ٌ‫صمود‬ ُ resistance, defiance, staying power ‫طور‬ َ to develop or advance; to promote َ ‫طَّوَر – ي‬ ‫ُط ّ ِوُر‬ َ ‫ ت‬to develop, evolve, or change ‫َطوُر‬ َّ ‫َطَّوَر – يَت‬ ْ ) ‫طْوٌر‬ َ one time; stage, degree; condition, state (‫وار‬ ٌ ‫أط‬ ْ َ ‫طور )أ‬ (‫وار‬ mountain ٌ ‫ط‬ ٌ Mount Sinai ‫ناء‬ ْ ‫طور‬ ُ َ ‫سي‬ ً ٌ ‫َطوٌر )ت َطُّو‬ (‫رات‬ ُّ ‫ ت‬development, evolution ُ َ َّ ‫طوِر‬ ُّ ‫ نَظريَّة الت‬the Theory of Evolution ‫ي‬ ‫ر‬ ُّ ‫ ت‬evolutionary ٌّ ِ ‫َطو‬ ٌ (‫ويرات‬ ‫وير )ت َْط‬ ٌ ‫ ت َْط‬development (‫رون‬ َ ‫َطو‬ ِ ّ ‫َطور )ُمت‬ ِ ّ ‫ ُمت‬developed َ ‫المت‬ ُ ‫َط ّ ِوَرة‬ ُ ُ ‫ البلدان‬developed countries ‫عون‬ ‫عاوُن‬ ِ ُ‫عاوَن – ي‬ َ to help, assist, or support ُ‫عان – يُعين‬ َ َ ‫ أ‬to help, assist, or support; to free, liberate, or relieve ‫عاوُن‬ َ َ ‫عاو َن – يَت‬ َ َ ‫ ت‬to cooperate, help, or assist each other َ ٌ ‫عْوٌن )أ ْع‬ (‫وان‬ َ help, aid, assistance (pl: helper, assistant, servant) ْ ُ َ ‫عون‬ ِ ‫ َوكالة ال‬aid agency ٌ‫عاونَة‬ َ ‫ ُم‬/ ٌ‫ َمعونَة‬help, aid, relief, assistance ‫عاوٌن‬ ُ َ ‫ ت‬cooperation ‫عاوٌن‬ ِ َ ‫ ُمت‬collaborator ٌ‫تعاونيَّة‬ ُ cooperation; cooperative spirit ٌ ‫ ُم‬helper, supporter ‫عين )ُم‬ (‫عينون‬ َ

182 Politics

‫غوث‬ ُ ُ‫أغاث – ي‬ َ to help or succour ‫غيث‬ ُ‫غاث – يَست َغيث‬ َ َ ‫ ِاست‬to appeal for help, to seek the aid of ٌ‫ ِإغاثة‬/ ‫ث‬ ٌ ‫غْو‬ َ aid, succour, help ‫عامُل اإلغاث َ ِة‬ ِ aid worker ‫قرر‬ ‫قر – يَقَُّر‬ َّ to settle down, reside, or dwell; to establish oneself ‫قرُر‬ َّ to decide, determine, or establish ّ ِ ُ‫قرَر – ي‬ ‫ اِست َقََّر – يَست َِقُّر‬to settle down, establish oneself, or dwell َ‫رار )ق‬ ٌ (‫رارات‬ ٌ َ‫ ق‬resolutions, decisions; abode, dwelling ‫رار ُاألَمم ِ المت َّ ِحدَِة‬ ُ َ‫ ق‬UN resolution ٌ ‫قر‬ (‫قار‬ ّ ‫قر )َم‬ ٌّ ‫ َم‬/ ‫ات‬ ٌّ ‫ َم‬dwelling, residence َ َ ‫قرير )ت‬ (‫قارير‬ ٌ ‫ ت‬settlement, decision; report ُ ْ ‫مصير‬ ‫ال‬ ‫قرير‬ ُ َ ‫ ت‬self-determination ِ ‫إقرار‬ acknowledgement; confirmation ٌ ‫قرار‬ ِ ‫ ِا‬constancy, stability; establishment ٌ ‫ست‬ ‫قرار‬ ْ ‫دم‬ َ instability ِ ‫اإلسِت‬ ُ ‫ع‬ ٌ ٌ ‫قار‬ (‫ات‬ ) ‫قار‬ ‫ة‬ ّ َّ continent; mainland ٌ ‫قر‬ (‫رات‬ َّ ‫ ُم‬decisions; established, settled َّ ‫قرٌر )ُم‬ ‫قطن‬ ُ َ‫طَن – ي‬ َ َ‫ ق‬to live, dwell, or reside ‫قطُن‬ ْ ُ‫ ق‬cotton َ ٌ ‫ط ٌن )أ‬ (‫قطان‬ ّ ُ‫قاطٌن )ق‬ ٌ ‫ط‬ (‫ان‬ ِ resident, inhabitant ‫لبث‬ ُ َ‫ث – يَلب‬ َ ‫ لَِب‬to hesitate or linger; to remain or stay ‫ث‬ ُ‫َّث – يَت َلبَّث‬ َ ‫ ت َلب‬to hesitate or linger; to remain or stay ‫لجأ‬ ُ ‫لجأ‬ َ َ‫ لجأ َ – ي‬to take refuge; to resort to; to seek information ‫ئ‬ ُ ‫لتج‬ ِ َ‫ ِالتجأ َ – ي‬to flee or take refuge; to resort to (‫ئ‬ ُ ‫الج‬ ِ ‫ َم ْلجأ ٌ )َم‬refuge, retreat, shelter, sanctuary ٌ ‫الج‬ (‫ئون‬ ٌ ‫الج‬ ِ )‫ئ‬ ِ refugee; emigrant; inmate of asylum ‫ي‬ ‫ئ‬ ٌ ‫الج‬ ِ ِ political refugee ٌّ ‫سياس‬

Politics 183 (‫ئون‬ َ ‫ئ )ُمْلت َِج‬ ٌ ‫ ُمْلت َِج‬refuge; one seeking refuge ‫جوء‬ ٌ ُ‫ ل‬seeking refuge, asylum ‫جوء‬ ِ ُّ‫طالب الل‬ ِ ُّ‫س الل‬ ِ  / ‫جوء‬ ِ ‫ ُم‬asylum seeker ُ ‫لتم‬

‫لزم‬ َ َ‫ لَِزَم – ي‬to be necessary; to adhere; to belong; to accompany; to persist ‫لزُم‬ َ َ ‫ أ‬to force or compel; to press or obligate ‫لزَم – ي ُِلزُم‬ ‫ ِالت ََزَم – يَلت َِزُم‬to adhere or stick; to persist or persevere; to be obligated or forced ‫زوم‬ ٌ ُ‫ ل‬necessity, exigency; need, want ٌ (‫زامات‬ ‫زام )ِاِلت‬ ٌ ‫ ِاِلت‬necessity, obligation, commitment, liability ‫الزٌم‬ ِ necessary, imperative; inevitable; intrinsic ‫لوازُم‬ ِ (pl) necessities, requirements ‫مدد‬ ُّ‫ مدَّ – يَُمد‬to extend or spread out; to help or aid; to provide; to reinforce (army) ُّ‫ أ َ َمدَّ – يُِمد‬to help or aid; to reinforce (army); to supply; to postpone; to fester ُ‫ ت ََمدَّدَ – يَت ََمدّد‬to be spread; to extend, lengthen, or stretch out (ٌ ‫ َمدٌّ )ُمدود‬stretching, lengthening; extension ٌ ‫ َمدَّة‬long sign over alif (‫)آ‬ (ٌ ‫ ُمدّة ٌ )ُمدَّد‬period; interval; duration (ٌ ‫ َمدَد ٌ )أ َ ْمداد‬help, aid, assistance, support (pl: resources, supplies) ٌ (‫إمدادات‬ ) ٌ ‫ إمداد‬supplies, provisions; sustenance ٌ‫ ت ََمدُّد‬expansion, spreading, stretching ٌ‫متداد‬ ِ ‫ ِا‬stretching, widening, extension (ُّ‫ مادَّة ٌ )َمواد‬subject, topic, theme; chemical element; component, material ‫ّي‬ ِ materialistic ٌّ ‫ماد‬ ٌّ‫ ُمْمت َد‬stretched, extended; comprehensive ‫مكث‬ ُ ‫مك‬ ُ َ‫ث – ي‬ َ ‫ َمَك‬to remain or stay; to dwell or reside ‫ث‬ ٌ(‫ث )ُمكوث‬ ٌ ‫ َمْك‬remaining, lingering, stay ‫نجد‬ ُ‫ُنجد‬ ِ ‫ نََجدَ – ي‬to help or assist; to sweat ُ‫ُنجد‬ ّ ِ ‫ ن ََّجدَ – ي‬to upholster; to furnish ُ‫َنجد‬ َ ‫ ِاست‬to ask for help; to seek aid; to take liberties ِ ‫َنجدَ – يَست‬

184 Politics

ٌ ‫ نَْجدَة ٌ )نََج‬help, aid, succor, assistance, support (‫دات‬ !‫ النَّجدة‬help! ٌ‫ ت َنجيد‬upholstering ‫نزح‬ ‫ نََزَح – يَْنَزُح‬to migrate; to be distant ‫نتزُح‬ ِ َ‫ ِانت ََزَح – ي‬to emigrate ‫زوح‬ ٌ ُ‫ ن‬emigration, forced migration ‫نازٌح‬ ِ emigrant, emigrating; distant, remote ‫نقذ‬ ُ‫ نَقَذَ – يَ ِنقذ‬to save or rescue; to escape ُ‫ أَنقَذَ – ي ُِنقذ‬to save, rescue, or recover ٌ‫ إنقاذ‬bailout (economic); rescue, relief, recovery; salvation ُ ‫ ِر‬rescue men ‫اإلنقاذ‬ ‫جال‬ ِ ٌ‫ستنقاذ‬ ِ ‫ ِا‬recovery, relief; salvation ٌ‫ ُمْنِقذ‬rescuer, saviour ‫نكب‬ ُ –‫ب‬ ‫ب‬ ُ ‫ينك‬ َ ‫ نََك‬to afflict or distress َّ َّ ‫ ت‬to deviate, avoid, or shun ‫ب‬ ُ ‫ب – يَت َنك‬ َ ‫َنك‬ (‫كوب‬ ٌ ُ‫ب )ن‬ ٌ ‫ نَ ْك‬misfortune, calamity, catastrophe ٌ ‫ نَْكبَةٌ )نَْك‬misfortune, calamity, catastrophe (‫بات‬ ُ‫ النَّ ْكبة‬the Palestinian Nakba ‫كوب‬ ٌ ‫ َمْن‬afflicted by disaster, unfortunate, miserable; victim (of catastrophe) ‫هجر‬ ‫هجُر‬ ُ َ‫ َهَجَر – ي‬to emigrate; to separate; to abandon or surrender ‫هاجُر‬ َ to emigrate ِ ُ‫هاجَر – ي‬ ‫جر‬ ٌ ‫ َه‬abandonment, forsaking ٌ ‫جرة‬ َ ‫ ِه‬flight, migration, departure, exit, exodus ُ‫الهجرة ُ النَّبويَّة‬ ِ emigration of Prophet Muhammad from Mecca to Medina in ad 622 ‫شْرِعيٍَّة‬ َ ‫غير‬ ُ ٌ ‫ ِهجرة‬illegal immigration ‫ي‬ ِ ‫ ِه‬pertaining to Islamic calendar ٌّ ‫جر‬ (‫رون‬ َ ‫هاج‬ ِ ‫هاجٌر )ُم‬ ِ ‫ ُم‬immigrants َ ‫غير‬ ُ ‫هاجٌر‬ ِ ‫ ُم‬illegal immigrant ٍ‫ي‬ ّ ‫شْرِع‬

Politics 185

Exercises 1) Give two derived nouns for each of the following roots:

‫أ م م‬ ‫ح ر ر‬ ‫د ب ب‬ ‫ر أ س‬ ‫ع ر ض‬ ‫غ ر ب‬ 2) Find the roots of these words:

‫ي‬ ِ ‫ِإ‬ ٌّ ‫جبار‬ ٌ‫ِاختراق‬ ٌ ‫مارة‬ ِ ‫ِا‬ َ ‫ست‬ َ ‫ت‬ ‫ف‬ ٌ ‫َطُّر‬ ‫روب‬ ‫ُح‬ ٌ ٌ‫َحصانة‬ ٌ‫كومة‬ َ ‫ُح‬ ٌ‫دَْولَة‬ ‫الم‬ َ ٌ ‫س‬ ٌ‫ياسة‬ َ ‫ِس‬ 3) Give the singular of these words (some may have more than one singular form):

ٌ ‫إمارات‬ ‫واسيس‬ ‫َج‬ ُ ٌ ‫ركات‬ ‫َح‬ ٌ ‫فارات‬ ‫س‬ َ ٌ ‫ش‬ ُ ‫روط‬ ٌ ‫عَملي‬ ‫ّات‬ َ ُ ٌ ‫ق ّو‬ ‫ات‬ ‫راكُز‬ ِ ‫َم‬ ٌ ‫ضات‬ ‫فاو‬ َ ‫ُم‬ ‫مالٌك‬ ِ ‫َم‬ ‫اب‬ ٌ ‫نُ َّو‬ 4) Give the present tense of these verbs:

‫ ِاست َسلَ َم‬to surrender or capitulate ‫غرب‬ َ َ ‫ اِست‬to find strange or unusual; to deem absurd

186 Politics

‫عان‬ َ َ ‫ أ‬to help, assist, or support َ ‫ ت‬to develop, evolve, or change ‫َطَّوَر‬ ‫ثار‬ َ to revolt, stir, excite, or arouse ‫ب‬ َ ‫حار‬ َ to fight or combat; to wage war َ to flee, run away, or desert َ‫شَرد‬ ‫ت‬ َ ‫صَّو‬ َ to vote or cast ballots ‫قرَر‬ َّ to decide, determine, or establish َ‫ قَعَد‬to sit down; to stay or remain; to desist َ to dispute with, fight, or challenge ‫ع‬ َ ‫ناز‬ 5) Translate the following into English: .‫بحث قَضي َِّة الحرب في أوكرانيا‬ ‫ئيس‬ ِ ‫الفرنسي ِل‬ َّ ‫ُقابُل‬ ّ ‫ئيس‬ َّ – ُ ‫الر‬ ِ ‫وسي ي‬ َ ‫الر‬ ّ ُّ ‫الر‬ ‫التطبيع بين اإلمارات وإسرائيل؟‬ ‫دف‬ ‫ه‬ ‫– ما‬ َ ُ ‫إلخوِتهم ِ الفلسطينيّن؟‬ ‫َبر‬ ُ ‫– هل يُعت‬ ُ َ ً ‫موقف اإلمارات خيانة‬ َ .‫فحة فيروس ِ كورونا‬ ِ ‫ق قواِعِد مكا‬ َّ ‫ير ا‬ ُ ‫– قَدََّم وز‬ ِ ‫لصَّحة ا‬ ِ ‫ني اِستقالت َهُ بعدَ خر‬ ّ ‫لبريطا‬ 6) Translate the following into Arabic:   

Israel kills two journalists in one month. The UN has declared the situation in Yemen a disaster. The UK has become a police state.

7) Give the Arabic words which best match these English definitions:     

To To To To To

raid or attack organise or arrange resist, oppose, or contradict take sides; to form a party wage holy war

Notes 1 Someone who has memorised the Quran by heart. 2 This is a feminine word in Arabic. 3 This is particulary prevalent in Palestinian societies, reflecting the Palestinian struggle for independence. ٌ 4 This is usually feminine. In the dialects, however, ‫غول‬ is used for the masculine and the feminine is made by adding the ‫ ة‬which gives ٌ‫غولَة‬.

5

Work, Business, and Economics

‫قت صاُد‬ ِ ‫لت ّجارةُ واِال‬ ِ ‫العَ م ُل وا‬

َّ ‫مل والت‬ Work and Employment ‫وظيف‬ ُ َ‫الع‬ ُ ‫أجر‬ ‫أجُر‬ ُ َ‫أجر – ي‬ َ to reward or remunerate ‫أجَر – ي َُؤ ِ ّجُر‬ َّ to let out, rent, or lease ‫َأجُر‬ َ ‫ ِا‬to let out, rent, or lease; to engage the services of ِ ‫ستأجَر – يَْست‬ ُ َ (‫جور‬ ٌ ‫جر )أ‬ ٌ ‫ أ‬wages, pay; fee, rate ُ ُ ‫جور‬ ‫األ‬ ‫يادة‬ ‫ ِز‬wage increase ِ ‫جور‬ َ minimum wage ِ ‫الحدُّ َاألدنى ِلُأل‬ ُ ٌ ‫ أجرة‬hire, rent; fixed rate, price (‫راء‬ ٌ َ ‫ أ‬a workman or labourer ٌ ‫جير )أ َُج‬ ْ ‫جير‬ ٌ ‫ ت َأ‬renting out, leasing, hiring out ٌ (‫إيجارات‬ ) ‫إيجار‬ rent, letting, leasing ٌ ‫تأجٌر‬ ِ ‫ ُمْس‬tenant or leaseholder ‫أشر‬ ‫ُأشُر‬ َ َ ‫ أ‬to saw or file; to sharpen ِ ‫شَر – ي‬ ّ ِ ‫شَر – ي‬ َّ َ ‫ أ‬to mark; to indicate; to state, record; to grant a visa ‫ُؤشُر‬ ٌ َ ‫ فيزا )ت‬/ ٌ ‫ ت َأشيرة‬visa (‫  ِفيَ ٌز‬/ ‫أشيرات‬ ‫عمل‬ َ ُ ‫ تأشيرة‬work visa ّ ِ ‫ ُمَؤ‬index; indicator, sign; needle ّ ِ ‫شٌر )ُمَؤ‬ ٌ(‫شرات‬ ‫بشر‬ ُ َ‫شَر – ي‬ ‫بشُر‬ َ َ‫ ب‬to peel or scratch off; to grate or shred ‫باشُر‬ َ to pursue or practise (task, job); to touch; to have sex with ِ ُ‫باش َر – ي‬ ‫شٌر‬ َ َ‫ ب‬man, human being; mankind DOI: 10.4324/9781003250890-6

188 Work, Business, and Economics

‫ي‬ َ َ‫ ب‬human, human being; of or relating to skin ٌّ ‫شِر‬ dermatologist ‫ي‬ َ َ‫طبيب ب‬ ٌ ٌّ ‫شِر‬ ٌ ‫بشَرة‬ َ skin, complexion; cuticle ُ‫شِريَّة‬ َ َ‫ الب‬humanity ُ‫شِريَّة‬ َ َ‫ المواردُ الب‬human resources ‫شِريَِّة‬ َ َ‫وارِد الب‬ ِ ‫الم‬ َ ُ ‫ دائرة‬human resources department ٌ ‫باشرة‬ َ ‫ ُم‬a pursuit or practice ً ‫باشرة‬ َ ‫ ُم‬immediately, directly (‫رون‬ َ ‫باش‬ ِ ‫باشٌر )ُم‬ ِ ‫ ُم‬direct, immediate; live (TV); director, operator, practitioner ‫بطل‬ ُ َ‫طَل – ي‬ َ َ‫ ب‬to be or become invalid; to be false; to be untenable ‫بطُل‬ َّ َ‫ ب‬to thwart, frustrate; to counteract, invalidate, neutralise ّ ِ ‫طَل – ي‬ ‫ُبطُل‬ ْ ٌ ‫ بُط‬futility, vanity; falseness ‫الن‬ ٌ‫ بَطالة‬unemployment; idleness; holidays ٌ‫ماعيَّة‬ ِ ‫ بَطالةٌ َج‬mass unemployment ‫ ُمعدَّل ْالبَطالَ ِة‬unemployment rate ‫باطٌل‬ ِ vain, futile; invalid or worthless ‫حرف‬ ‫ف‬ ُ ‫ف – ي َُح ِ ّر‬ َ ‫ َحَّر‬to distort, twist, or corrupt; to incline or deflect ‫ف‬ ُ ‫نحِر‬ َ َ‫ف – ي‬ َ ‫ ِانَحَر‬to deviate, digress, or depart from; to slant or to be twisted َ ‫ف‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ي‬ – ‫رف‬ ْ ُ ِ َ َ َ ‫ ِاحت‬to practise (sth) as a profession; to strive for success (‫ف‬ ٌ ‫ف )ِحَر‬ ٌ ‫ َحْر‬edge (knife); border, verge (‫روف‬ ‫ ُح‬/ ‫ف‬ ْ )‫ف‬ ٌ ٌ ‫أحُر‬ ٌ ‫ َحْر‬letter, consonant; particle (grammar) ُ‫األبجديّة‬ ‫روف‬ ‫الح‬ ُ letters of the alphabet ُ َ literal ‫ي‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ح‬ ِ ٌّ ْ َ ً ‫ َحْرِفيّا‬literally (‫ف‬ ٌ ‫ ِحرفةٌ )ِحَر‬vocation, trade, craft, occupation, profession; skill ‫ي‬ ِ ‫ ِح‬professional; craftsmen ٌّ ‫رف‬ ٌ َ ‫حريف )ت‬ َ ‫ ت‬alteration; distortion, corruption (‫حريفات‬ ٌ ٌ (‫رافات‬ ‫نح‬ ِ ‫راف )ِا‬ ِ ‫ ِا‬deviation, digression; inclination, slant ٌ ‫نح‬ ‫ف‬ َّ ‫ ُم‬corrupted (word) ٌ ‫حر‬ ‫ف‬ ٌ ‫نحِر‬ َ ‫ ُم‬slanted, twisted; distorted, corrupted ‫ف‬ ‫َر‬ ‫حت‬ ٌ ِ ‫ ُم‬professional, skilful

Work, Business, and Economics 189

‫خدم‬ ‫خدُم‬ ِ َ‫ َخدَ َم – ي‬to serve or wait on; to work or have a job ‫ َخد ََّم – يَُخِد ُّم‬to employ, hire, or engage services ‫َخدُم‬ ِ ‫ اِست َخدَ َم – يَست‬to use or employ; to hire or engage the services of ‫خدام‬ ِ ‫ ِا‬utilisation, use; employment, service, occupation ٌ ‫ست‬ ٌ َ‫دمةٌ )ِخد‬ (‫مات‬ َ ‫ ِخ‬service, attendance; occupation, job, employment; office ُ َّ ‫دمة‬ ‫بائِن‬ ِ ‫الز‬ َ ‫ ِخ‬customer services ُ‫دنيَّة‬ ُ ِ ‫الم‬ ِ civil service َ ‫دمة‬ َ ‫الخ‬ ٌ ّ‫لوجستي‬ ُ ‫الخْد‬  / ُ‫ستيَّة‬ ‫ات‬ ِ ِ ‫وج‬ ِ logistics ِ ّ‫مات الل‬ َ / ‫ َخد ٌَّام )ُخد ٌّام‬/ ‫خادٌم‬ (‫خدٌَم‬ ِ servant / attendant ٌ ٌ ّ‫ َخد‬/ ‫مات‬ ٌ ‫خاد‬ (‫امات‬ ِ maid, female servant ِ ) ‫ َخدّامة‬/ ٌ‫خادمة‬ ‫درب‬ ‫ب‬ ُ ‫در‬ َ ‫ دَِر‬to be accustomed or used to; to be practised, trained, or skilled ِ َ‫ب – ي‬ ‫ب‬ ُ ‫ُدر‬ ِّ ‫ب – ي‬ َ ‫ دَ َّر‬to habituate or accustom; to practise or train; to coach or tutor (‫روب‬ ٌ ُ ‫ب )د‬ ٌ ‫ دَ ْر‬alley, lane; narrow mountain pass ‫انة‬ ُ َ‫ د‬the Milky Way ِ ّ‫رب الت َب‬ ‫ريب‬ ٌ ‫ ت َْد‬habituation; practice, training, tutoring (‫بون‬ َ ‫ب )ُمدَ ِ ّر‬ ٌ ‫ ُمدَ ِ ّر‬instructor, trainer, coach (‫بون‬ َ ‫َدر‬ ٌ ‫َدر‬ ّ ِ ‫ب )ُمت‬ ّ ِ ‫ ُمت‬trainee ‫دوم‬ ‫دوم‬ ُ َ‫دام – ي‬ َ to last or continue; to persevere or persist ‫داوُم‬ to persevere, persist, or pursue diligently ِ ُ‫داوم – ي‬ َ ‫ دَ ْوٌم‬permanence, duration, continuance ‫وام‬ ٌ َ‫ د‬duration, perpetuity; working hours ُ ِ ‫ساعات الدَّوام‬ working hours ُ ‫الكامل‬ ‫َّوام‬ ُ ‫ الد‬full time (work) ‫ي‬ ِ ‫الج‬ ُ ‫َّوام‬ ُ ‫ الد‬part time (work) ُّ ‫زئ‬ ٌ‫امة‬ ‫و‬ ‫د‬ vortex, whirlpool َ َ ّ ٌ‫داوَمة‬ َ ‫ ُم‬duration; perseverance, persistence ‫دائٌم‬ ِ lasting, eternal; continuous, constant ً ‫دائما‬ ِ always ‫دام‬ َ ‫ ما‬so long as, as long as

190 Work, Business, and Economics

‫َديم‬ ٌ ‫ ُمست‬constant, continuous, uninterrupted ٌ‫ عاهةٌ ُمست َديمة‬chronic disability ‫رتب‬ ‫ب‬ ُ ّ ‫ُرت‬ ِ ‫ب –ي‬ َ َّ ‫ رت‬to arrange or organise; to appoint or fix; to decorate or dress ‫ب‬ ُ َّ ‫ب – يَت ََرت‬ َ َّ ‫ ت َرت‬to be arranged or organised; to result or follow; to fall in line ٌ (‫َب‬ ٌ ‫ ُرتبَة )ُرت‬grade, level, rank, class, degree, position (‫ب‬ ُ ‫رات‬ ِ ‫ َمرت َبَةٌ )َم‬elevation; step, grade, degree, status ٌ َ ‫ ت‬arrangement, order, sequence; set-up; succession َ ‫رتيب )ت‬ (‫رتيبات‬ ٌ ‫ي‬ ِ َ ‫ ت‬ordinal ٌّ ‫رتيب‬ ‫ي‬ ٌ ‫ َر‬ordinal number ِ َ ‫قم ت‬ ٌّ ‫رتيب‬ (‫ب‬ ٌ ‫رات‬ ُ ‫وات‬ ِ salary, pay ِ ‫ب )َر‬ pension ‫دي‬ ‫َقاع‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ب‬ ‫رات‬ ٌ ُ ِ ٌّ ٌ َّ ‫ب )ُمرت‬ (‫بات‬ ٌ َّ ‫ ُمَرت‬arranged, organised, regulated (pl: salary, wages) ‫رقي‬ ‫ي – يَرقى‬ َ ‫ َرِق‬to be promoted; to rise, climb, or mount ّ ‫ َرقّى – ي َُرِقي‬to promote; to raise or advance ‫ ِارت َقى – يَرت َقي‬to be promoted; to rise; to ascend (as a martyr); to increase ‫ي‬ ٌّ ‫ ُرِق‬rise; progress ٌ ّ‫ ت َرقيَةٌ )ت َرقي‬a promotion, upgrade, or advancement (‫ات‬ ‫زمل‬ ُ to accompany or to be a companion; to be a colleague or associate ‫زامل‬ ُ‫زامل – ي‬ َ ُ ‫تزامل‬ َ َ ‫ ت‬to be comrades or close companions َ‫زامل – ي‬ ٌ ‫ َز‬colleague, associate (‫مالء‬ ُ ‫ميل )ُز‬ ٌ‫ َزمالَة‬comradeship, fellowship No root

‫تير‬ ٌ ‫كر‬ ِ ‫ ِس‬secretary ‫شغل‬ ‫شغََل – يَشغَُل‬ َ to work; to occupy, distract, or divert ‫شغَُّل‬ َ to busy, occupy; to employ; to work; to fabricate; to invest َ ُ‫شغََّل – ي‬ ‫ أ َ ْشغََل – يُْشغ َُل‬to employ; to occupy or busy

Work, Business, and Economics 191

‫نشِغُل‬ َ ‫ ِان‬to occupy or busy oneself; to be concerned َ َ‫شغََل – ي‬ َ ُ work, job, occupation; activity; distraction ٌ ٌ ‫ش‬ ‫غل )أ‬ (‫شغال‬ ّ ّ‫شغ‬ ٌ ‫غ‬ ‫ش‬ ‫ال‬ (‫الون‬ ) َ َ worker, labourer; very busy َ ٌ ّ‫شغ‬ (‫شغّيلَة‬ َ worker, employee, labourer; hard working َ ) ‫يل‬ ُ ‫شاغ‬ (‫ل‬ ِ ‫ َمشغٌَل )َم‬workshop ٌ ‫نش‬ ‫غال‬ ِ ‫ ِا‬being busy or occupied; work or occupation ٌ ‫شغول‬ ‫ َم‬busy, occupied, distracted ‫طرد‬ َ to fire or expel; to banish, exile, or drive away ُ‫طرد‬ ُ َ‫طَردَ – ي‬ ُ‫طارد‬ َ to assault or attack; to pursue, follow, or stalk (an animal) ِ ُ‫طاردَ – ي‬ َ eviction; firing; a parcel ٌ‫طْرد‬ َ evicted, expelled; banished, exiled; a fugitive ٌ‫طريد‬ ‫طوع‬ ‫طيع‬ to be obedient or to obey َ ُ ُ‫طاع – ي‬ َ ‫ع‬ ُ ‫ع – يُط ّ ِو‬ َ ‫طو‬ َّ to subdue or subjugate; to subject ‫ع‬ – ‫ع‬ ُ ‫يطاو‬ َ ‫طاو‬ ِ َ to obey, consent, or comply with َ ‫ع‬ ُ ‫ع – يَتطَّو‬ َ ‫َطو‬ َّ ‫ ت‬to volunteer َ ‫طيع‬ ‫ست‬ ‫ي‬ – ‫طاع‬ َ َ َ ‫ اِست‬to carry out; to be able or capable of ُ َ subjugation; voluntariness; spontaneity ‫ع‬ ٌ ‫طْو‬ َ ‫ ت‬/ ‫ي‬ َ voluntary ‫ي‬ ٌّ ‫َطُّوِع‬ ٌّ ‫طْوِع‬ ّ َ‫ ُمن‬/ ٌ‫طْوعيّة‬ َّ َ‫ ُمن‬voluntary organisation ٌ‫َطُّوِعيَّة‬ َ ‫ظَمةٌ ت‬ َ ٌ‫ظَمة‬ ً ‫طْوعيّا‬ َ / ً ‫طْوعا‬ َ voluntarily ‫ع‬ ٌ ‫تطو‬ ُّ volunteering, voluntary service; obedience, compliance َ ‫ ت‬subjugation ‫طويع‬ ٌ َ ‫مل ت‬ ٌ ‫ع‬ ‫ي‬ َ voluntary work ٌّ ‫َطُّوِع‬ ٌ ٌ (‫طاعات‬ ) ‫طاعة‬ obedience, compliance, submissiveness (pl: pious deeds) َ ‫طائٌع‬ ِ  / ‫طيع‬ ٌ ‫ ُم‬obedient, compliant َ ‫ع )ُمت‬ َ ‫ ُمت‬volunteer (‫عون‬ ٌ ‫َط ّ ِو‬ َ ‫َط ّ ِو‬ ‫طاع‬ ٌ َ ‫ ُمست‬possible, feasible ‫عطل‬ َ ‫ع‬ ‫عطُل‬ ِ َ‫طَل – ي‬ َ to lack or be destitute; to be idle or unemployed َّ َّ ‫ ت َعَطَل – يَت َعطُل‬to be or become unemployed; to be delayed; to be out of order

192 Work, Business, and Economics

ْ ‫ع‬ َ ‫ع‬ ٌ ‫ط‬ (‫الت‬ ُ ) ٌ‫عطلَة‬ ُ holiday, leisure; unemployment ُ  / ‫طٌل‬ ٌ‫سميَّة‬ ٌ َ ُ public holiday ِ ‫عطلة َر‬ ٌ‫صَرفيَّة‬ ٌ َ ‫م‬ ‫ة‬ ‫طل‬ ‫ع‬ ُ bank holiday ْ َ ٌ َ ‫ ت‬obstruction, closure, suspension ‫عطيل‬ ُّ ‫ ت َعَطٌل‬unemployment; inactivity, idleness (‫لون‬ unemployed; inactive, idle; destitute َ ‫عاط‬ ِ ) ‫عاطٌل‬ ِ َّ َ‫ ُمع‬unemployed; inactive, idle; out of work; out of order ‫طٌل‬ ‫عمل‬ ‫عمُل‬ َ to do or act; to work or operate; to produce َ َ‫عِمَل – ي‬ ‫عامُل‬ ِ ُ‫عامَل – ي‬ َ to treat; to trade or deal with ‫تعامُل‬ َ َ ‫ ت‬to trade or do business with َ َ‫عامل – ي‬ َ ‫عَمٌل )أ‬ ٌ (‫عمال‬ َ work, labour, job, business, trade; production, operation ْ َّ ‫ الت‬apprenticeship; work experience ‫مل‬ ُ ِ َ‫دريب على الع‬ ْ employer ‫مل‬ ُ ‫صاح‬ ِ ِ َ‫ب الع‬ َ ُ ‫ َر‬businessman ‫عمال‬ ‫جل أ‬ ٍ َ ُ ‫عمال‬ ‫أ‬ ‫دة‬ ّ‫ سي‬businesswoman ٍ ‫األعمال‬ ُ ‫ إدارة‬business administration ِ ‫ي‬ َ practical ٌّ ‫عَمِل‬ ‫عمال‬ ‫دوُل َاأل‬ ِ َ ‫ َج‬agenda ٌ ٌ َّ‫عَمِلي‬ ‫َّة‬ (‫ات‬ ) َ activity, work; operation, process, method; surgery َ ‫عَمِلي‬ ٌ ٌ (‫مالت‬ ‫ع‬ ُ money, currency ُ ) ‫عملَة‬ ٌ‫عملَةٌ أ َجنبيَّة‬ ُ foreign exchange ُ َ ‫ ت‬currency exchange ‫مالت‬ ِ ُ‫بادل الع‬ ٌ ‫م‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ميل‬ ‫ع‬ (‫الء‬ ) ُ َ agent or representative; customer; ally ُ َ ‫الء‬ ِ ‫دمةُ العُ َم‬ َ ‫ ِخ‬customer services ٌ (‫موالت‬ ‫ع‬ ُ commission ُ ) ٌ‫عمولَة‬ ٌ ُ ‫عام‬ (‫ل‬ ِ ‫ َمْعمل )َم‬laboratory, factory, workshop; establishment ٌ ‫عام‬ (‫الت‬ َ ‫ ُم‬treatment; business relations َ ‫عاملَةٌ )ُم‬ ٌ ‫عام‬ (‫الت‬ ُ َ ‫عام ٌل )ت‬ ُ َ ‫ ت‬transactions, trade relations, business ٌ ‫ست‬ ‫عمال‬ ِ ‫ ِا‬use, utilisation, handling ُ ‫وام‬ (‫ل‬ ِ factor ِ ‫ع‬ َ ) ‫عامٌل‬ ٌ ‫عَّم‬ (‫ال‬ ُ ) ‫عامٌل‬ ِ worker; agent ‫ال‬ ُ ‫ ِح‬Labour party ِ ‫زب العُّم‬ ‫لون‬ staff َ ‫العام‬ ِ ُ‫العاملة‬ ِ ُ‫ اليد‬/ ُ‫العاملة‬ ِ ‫ القُوى‬/ ُ‫ العَمالَة‬the workforce; manpower

Work, Business, and Economics 193

َ‫عَمٌل ف‬ ‫ريقي‬ َ teamwork ٌّ َ ‫مل‬ ُ ‫ ط‬application form ٍ ‫ع‬ َ ‫لب‬ ‫العمل‬ ‫ص‬ ُ ‫ فَُر‬job opportunities ِ ‫العمل‬ ُ ‫ ِخْبَرة‬work experience ِ ْ َّ ‫ ت‬to become unemployed ‫عمل‬ ِ ‫َعطَل عن ال‬ ُ ‫ ْال‬self-employment ِ ‫الخاص‬ ‫ساب‬ ّ ِ ‫عمل ِلْلِح‬ ‫ب ْالعََمِل‬ ُّ ‫ َر‬employer ُ ‫صاح‬ ِ  / ‫مل‬ ِ َ‫ب الع‬ ْ ُ working conditions ‫عمل‬ ‫ظ‬ ُ ِ ‫روف ال‬ ْ ُ ‫فال‬ َ child labour ِ ‫عمالة َاألط‬ ‫فرص‬ ‫ص‬ َّ to go on holiday ِّ ‫ص – ي‬ ُ ‫ُفر‬ َ ‫فر‬ ٌ ُ (‫ص‬ ٌ ‫صة )ف َر‬ َ ‫ فُ ْر‬opportunity, chance; holiday, vacation ‫فلح‬ ‫ فَلََح – يَفلَُح‬to split or cleave; to cultivate or plough ‫ أَفلََح – ي ُِفلُح‬to thrive or prosper; to become happy; to be lucky ‫لح‬ ُ ‫ ِاست َفلَ َح – يَست َِف‬to thrive or prosper; to become happy; to be lucky ‫الح‬ ٌ َ‫ ف‬prosperity, success; welfare, salvation ٌ‫الحة‬ َ ِ‫ ف‬cultivation, agriculture (‫حون‬ َ ّ‫ فَ َّالٌح )فال‬farmer, peasant ‫ ُمِفلٌح‬/ ‫فالٌح‬ ِ lucky, successful ‫قيل‬ ُ َ‫قال – ي‬ ‫قيل‬ َ to take a midday nap ُ ُ‫قال – ي‬ ‫قيل‬ َ َ ‫ أ‬to abolish, cancel, dismiss, or discharge ُ ‫َقال – يَست‬ ‫َقيل‬ َ ‫ ِاست‬to resign; to demand the cancellation (of); to apologise ٌ‫ إقالة‬cancellation, annulment; dismissal (work) ٌ‫ستقالَة‬ ِ ‫ ِا‬retirement, resignation; withdrawal ٌ ‫ ُمست‬retired, discharged, resigned ‫َقيل‬ ‫كدح‬ ‫ َكدَ َح – يَْكدَ ُح‬to work hard, toil, or slave

194 Work, Business, and Economics

‫ ِاكت َدََح – يَكت َِدُح‬to earn a living ‫دح‬ ٌ ‫ َك‬exertion; toil (‫حون‬ َ ‫كاد‬ ِ ) ‫كادٌح‬ ِ labourer ‫كدد‬ ُّ‫ َكدَّ – يَِكد‬to work hard, exhaust, wear out, slave away ٌّ‫ َكد‬hard work, labour, pains ٌ‫ َكدُود‬industrious, hard working ٌ‫ َمكدود‬worn out, exhausted, overworked ‫كسب‬ ‫ب‬ ِ َ‫ب – ي‬ ُ ‫كس‬ َ ‫س‬ َ ‫ َك‬to earn, gain, or win; to acquire (knowledge) ‫ب‬ ّ ‫ب – ي َُك‬ َّ ‫ َك‬to make or let someone gain ُ ‫س‬ َ ‫س‬ ‫ب‬ ُ ‫ب – يَكت َِس‬ َ ‫ ِاكت ََس‬to possess; to earn ‫سب‬ ٌ ‫ َك‬acquisition; gains, earnings (‫ب‬ ٌ ‫كس‬ ُ ‫كاس‬ ِ ‫ب )َم‬ َ ‫ َم‬gain, profit ‫ساب‬ ٌ ‫كت‬ ِ ‫ ِا‬acquisition, gaining ‫ب‬ ٌ ‫كاس‬ ِ winner ‫كسل‬ ‫كسُل‬ َ َ‫ َكِسَل – ي‬to be lazy or negligent َ ‫ ت‬to be lazy or negligent ‫َكاسُل‬ َ َ ‫كاسل – يَت‬ َ ‫سٌل‬ ‫ك‬ laziness, inactivity, negligence َ ٌ ‫ َك‬lazy, idle ‫كاسٌل‬ ِ َ ‫  ُمت‬/ ‫سول‬ ٌ ‫ َك‬lazy, idle (‫سالن )َكسالى‬ ‫مهن‬ ‫مهُن‬ َ َ‫ َمَهَن – ي‬to serve; to degrade; to treat; to wear out by use ‫ماهُن‬ to practise (a profession) َ ِ ُ‫ماهن – ي‬ ٌ ٌ ‫ ِم‬/ ‫ ِمهنَة )ِمَهٌن‬job, vocation, profession (‫هنات‬ ‫ي‬ ٌّ ‫ ِمَهِن‬professional, vocational; employed ‫ي‬ ِ ُ‫ اإلرشاد‬career advice ُّ ‫المَهِن‬ apprenticeship ‫ي‬ ٌ ٌّ ‫تدريب ِمَهِن‬ ٌ‫ سيرة ٌ ِمَهِنيّة‬career ٌ ‫ َم‬despised, despicable, contemptible ‫هين‬

Work, Business, and Economics 195

‫نطر‬ ُ ‫طَر – ْين‬ َ َ‫ ن‬to watch or guard ‫طُر‬ ْ ٌ ‫طارة‬ َ ‫ ِن‬/ ‫ نَطٌر‬watch, protection; a guard ّ ُ‫ناطور )ن‬ َ‫ ن‬/ ‫ار‬ (‫واطير‬  / ‫ناطٌر‬ ِ a guard, warden, or lookout ٌ ‫ط‬ ٌ ُ ‫نقب‬ ‫ب‬ ُ ُ‫ب – يَنق‬ َ َ‫ نَق‬to pierce or perforate; to dig or excavate; to inquire ‫ب‬ ُ َّ‫ب – يَتنق‬ َ ّ‫ ت َنق‬to examine, study, or investigate; to be perforated; to veil the face (of women) (‫نقاب‬ ٌ َ ‫قب )أ‬ ٌ َ‫ ن‬digging, drilling, excavation; a perforation, hole, or opening ُ ُ (‫ب‬ ٌ ‫قاب )نق‬ ٌ ‫ ِن‬a veil ٌ (‫قابات‬ ‫ ِنقابةٌ )ِن‬syndicate, corporation, union, association ‫ال‬ ِ ‫ ِنقابةُ العُ ّم‬trade union (‫قباء‬ ٌ َ‫ ن‬chief or head; lieutenant ُ ُ‫قيب )ن‬ No root

ٌ‫ َهندَسة‬engineering; architecture; geometry ُ‫الكْهربائِيّة‬ َ ُ‫سة‬ َ َ‫الهند‬ َ electrical engineering ُ‫المدَ ِنيّة‬ ُ ‫ة‬ ‫س‬ ‫ند‬ ‫اله‬ َ َ َ َ civil engineering ُ‫سةُ الميكانيكيّة‬ َ َ‫الهند‬ َ mechanical engineering ُ‫ماريّة‬ ُ ِ ‫سة‬ َ َ‫الهند‬ ِ ‫المْع‬ َ architecture ‫ي‬ ٌّ ‫ َهندَ ِس‬technical; industrial; geometrical (‫سون‬ َ ‫ند‬ ِ ‫س )ُمَه‬ ِ ‫ ُمَه‬engineer, technician; architect ٌ ‫ند‬ ‫ي‬ ِ ‫ ُم‬architect ٌ ‫هند‬ ِ ‫س ِم‬ ٌّ ‫عمار‬ ‫ربائي‬ ‫س َكْه‬ ِ ‫ ُم‬electrical engineer ٌ ‫هند‬ ٌّ ‫وبخ‬ ‫ َوب ََّخ – ي َُوبُِّخ‬to reprimand or scold ٌ ‫ ت َْو‬a reproach or reproof ‫بيخ‬ No root

ٌ ‫شةٌ )َوْر‬ (‫شات‬ َ ‫ َوْر‬workshop ‫وظف‬ َّ ‫ َو‬to employ, appoint, or give office to; to invest; to burden or impose ّ ِ ‫ف – يَُو‬ ‫ف‬ ُ ‫ظ‬ َ ‫ظ‬

196 Work, Business, and Economics

َّ ‫ف – يَت ََو‬ َّ ‫ ت ََو‬to get a job or obtain a position; to be appointed to an office ‫ف‬ ُ ‫ظ‬ َ ‫ظ‬ (‫ف‬ ِ ‫ َوظيفةٌ )َو‬work, job, post, duty, task, assignment ُ ‫ظائ‬ ٌ ‫شاغرة‬ ِ ‫ف‬ ِ ‫ َو‬job vacancies ُ ‫ظائ‬ ‫ظيف‬ ٌ ‫ ت َْو‬employment, hiring َّ ‫مكتب الت‬ ‫وظيف‬ employment office ُ ِ َّ َّ (‫فون‬ َ ‫ف )ُمّوظ‬ ٌ ‫ ُمَّوظ‬employed; a worker or employee; an official َّ ‫قبال‬ ِ ‫ف ِا‬ ٍ ‫ست‬ ُ ‫ ُموظ‬receptionist َّ ‫ ُمّو‬civil servant ‫كومي‬ ‫ف ُح‬ ٌ ‫ظ‬ ٌّ َّ ‫ؤون ْالُم‬ ُ personnel department ُ ‫ش‬ ‫فين‬ َ ‫وظ‬ ‫وقت‬ ُ ّ‫ت – ي َُوِق‬ ‫ت‬ َ َّ‫ َوق‬to fix, appoint, or determine a time ٌ َ ‫قت )أ‬ ٌ ‫ َو‬time; a period of time, a moment, or an instant (‫وقات‬ ْ ‫قت‬ ِ ‫ في نَفس ِ الَو‬simultaneously ٌ َ ‫ ت‬timing ‫وقيت‬ ٌ‫ َمْوقوت‬appointed; fixed; temporary or limited in time ٌ َّ‫ ُمَؤق‬/ ‫ت‬ ٌ َّ‫ ُمَوق‬temporary, transient, provisional; a fixed or set time ‫ت‬ ً ‫ ُمؤقَّتا‬temporarily, provisionally ‫وهب‬ ‫ب‬ ُ ‫ب – يَ َه‬ َ ‫ َوَه‬to give, donate, grant, present, or endow ٌ(‫ ِهبةٌ )ِهبات‬a gift, present, donation, or grant ٌ‫ َوهبَة‬tip, gratuity ُ‫الوهابيَّة‬ َ Wahabism (‫ب‬ ِ ‫ َمْوِهبةٌ )َم‬skill, talent, gift ُ ‫واه‬ ‫هاب‬ ٌ ‫ ْإي‬donation; granting (also a boy’s name) ‫ب‬ ٌ ‫واه‬ ِ giver, donor ‫هوب‬ ٌ ‫ َمْو‬gifted, talented Business, Trade, and Commerce ُ‫والت ّجارة‬ ُ َ‫الع‬ ِ ‫مل‬

‫أسس‬ ‫س‬ َّ َ ‫ أ‬to establish, set up, or lay the foundation ّ ِ ‫س – ي َُؤ‬ ُ ‫س‬ َ ‫س‬ ‫س‬ َّ َ ‫ ت َأ‬to be founded, established, or set up َّ َ ‫س – يَت َأ‬ ُ ‫س‬ َ ‫س‬ َ ‫ أ‬/ ‫س‬ ٌ (‫ساسات‬ ُ ُ ‫ساس )أ‬ ٌ ‫س‬ ٌ َ ‫ أ‬foundation, basis, groundwork

Work, Business, and Economics 197

‫ساس‬ ِ َ ‫ أ‬fundamental; basic, elementary ٌ َ ‫ أ‬/ ‫ي‬ ٌّ ‫ساس‬ ٌ ّ‫ساسي‬ ‫ات‬ ِ َ ‫ أ‬fundamentals, principles ٌ َ ‫ ت‬setting up or establishing (pl: facilities, utilities) َ ‫أسيس )ت‬ (‫أسيسات‬ ٌ (‫سون‬ َ ‫ؤس‬ ّ ِ ‫س )ُم‬ ّ ِ ‫ ُمَؤ‬founder ٌ ‫س‬ ٌ ٌ ‫س‬ (‫سات‬ َّ ‫ ُمَؤ‬institution, establishment, organisation َّ ‫سة )ُمَؤ‬ َ ‫س‬ ‫بدل‬ ‫ بَدَ َل – يَْبدَ ُل‬to replace or exchange ‫ بَد ََّل – يُبَِد ُّل‬to change, alter, substitute, or exchange ‫ ت َبد َّل – يَت َبد ُّل‬to change or be exchanged ُ َ ‫بادل – يَت‬ ‫بادل‬ َ َ ‫ ت‬to exchange ٌ(‫ بَدٌَل )أ َ ْبدال‬substitute, replacement; compensation, reimbursement; price, rate ‫( بَدََل‬prep) instead of, in place of ‫( بَدَ ًال ِمن‬prep) in place of, instead of ٌ َ‫ بَدلةٌ )ب‬suit, costume (‫دالت‬ ٌ َ‫ ب‬substitute ‫ديل‬ ‫ ت َبَد ٌُّل‬change, shift, transformation ‫ تباد ٌُل‬exchange ‫ ُمت َبادٌَل‬mutual, reciprocal ‫بضع‬ ‫ضُع‬ َ ‫ضَع – يَ ْب‬ َ َ‫ ب‬to cut or slash; to dissect ‫بضُع‬ َّ َ ‫بض َع – يَت‬ َّ َ ‫ ت‬to trade or make purchases ‫بضُع‬ َ َ ‫ ِاست‬to trade ِ َ ‫بضَع – يَست‬ ‫ضٌع‬ ْ َ‫ ب‬amputation (‫ضائ ُع‬ ِ َ‫ضاعةٌ )ب‬ َ ِ‫ ب‬products, commodities, merchandise ٌ َ‫وخد‬ َ ‫ضائُع‬ ‫مات‬ ِ َ‫ ب‬goods and services ‫بكر‬ ‫ بََكَر – يُْبُكُر‬to set out early in the morning; to come early ‫باكر‬ ُ ُ‫باكر – ي‬ َ to be ahead of someone; to anticipate ‫َكر – يَبت َِكُر‬ َ ‫ ِابت‬to be the first to do something; to deflower; to invent or create (‫أبُكٌر‬ ْ ) ‫ بََكٌر‬young camel (‫كار‬ ٌ ‫كر )ْأب‬ ٌ ‫ ِب‬firstborn, eldest; new; virgin, virginal ْ ٌ ‫ بُكرة‬early morning

198 Work, Business, and Economics

‫باكٌر‬ ِ  / ‫ير‬ ٌ ‫ بَّك‬coming early, premature, precocious ٌ (‫كارات‬ ‫كار )ِاِبت‬ ٌ ‫ ِاِبت‬invention, innovation; foresight ً ‫ ُمبَ ِ ّكرا‬/ ً ‫باكرا‬ ِ early; in the morning ‫ ُمبت َِكٌر‬creator, inventor ‫بيع‬ ‫بيع‬ َ to sell ُ َ‫باع – ي‬ ‫بايع – يَتبايَُع‬ َ َ ‫ ت‬to agree the terms of a sale, to conclude a bargain ‫بتاع‬ ٌ َ‫بتاع – ي‬ َ ‫ ِا‬to buy or purchase ‫ بَْيٌع‬selling ‫لة‬ ِ ‫الجْم‬ ُ ‫ البَْيُع ِب‬wholesale ‫جزئ َِة‬ ٌ َ‫ ب‬retail ِ َّ ‫يع ِبالت‬ ٌ‫ بَْيعة‬agreement, arrangement; business deal, bargain, sale, purchase ‫بائٌع‬ ٌ ‫ بَي‬salesman, merchant, dealer ِ  / ‫َّاع‬ ٌ ‫بيع )َمْبي‬ (‫عات‬ ٌ ‫ َم‬sales ٍ ‫بيعات‬ ‫دير َم‬ ُ ‫ ُم‬sales manager (‫عون‬ َ ‫بائ‬ ِ salesman ِ  / ٌ‫باعة‬ َ ) ‫بائٌع‬ ‫تجر‬ ‫تجُر‬ ِ َ‫ ت ََجَر – ي‬to trade, deal, or do business ‫تاجُر‬ َ to trade, deal, or do business ِ ُ‫تاجَر – ي‬ ٌ ‫جارة‬ َ ‫ ِت‬commerce, trade; merchandise ُ‫العادلَة‬ ِ ُ ‫جارة‬ ِ fair trade َ ّ ‫الت‬ ‫ي‬ ِ ‫ ِت‬commercial, business, or trade related ٌّ ‫جار‬ ‫جاري‬ ‫رض ِت‬ ٌ ‫ َمْع‬trade fair ٌّ ّ ‫ي‬ ِ ‫ الت َّباد ُُل‬trade exchange ِ ‫الت‬ ُّ ‫جار‬ ْ ‫ َح‬trade embargo ‫ي‬ ِ ‫ظٌر ِت‬ ٌّ ‫جار‬ ُ‫جاريَّة‬ ِ ُ‫ الغُرفَة‬chamber of commerce ِ ّ ‫الت‬ (‫تاجُر‬ ِ ‫ َمتَْجٌر )َم‬business; store; dealing; merchandise (‫ار‬ ٌ ‫تاجٌر )ت ُ ّج‬ ِ merchant, trader; businessman ّ ِ ‫جار‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬ trade, business ِ ٌ No root

ٌ ‫ ُجُم‬customs, duty ‫رك‬ ‫مارِك‬ َ ‫سم‬ ِ ‫الج‬ ُ ‫ َر‬customs duty, tariff

ُ ‫مار‬ (‫ك‬ ِ ‫)َج‬

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‫ي‬ ٌّ ‫ ُجْمُرِك‬customs, tariff ٌ‫ َرقابةٌ ُجمركيَّة‬customs control ‫ ُمَجْمَرٌك‬duty paid ‫حكر‬ ‫ ِاحت ََكَر – يَحت َِكُر‬to buy up; to hoard; to monopolise ٌ ‫ ُحْكرة‬hoarding of goods; monopoly ٌ (‫كارات‬ ‫كار )ِاْحِت‬ ِ ‫ ِا‬monopoly, cartel; supremacy, hegemony ٌ ‫حت‬ ‫دمج‬ ‫ دَ َمَج – يَ ْدِمُج‬to merge; to enter; to be inserted or incorporated ‫ ِاندََمَج – يَندَ ِمُج‬to be inserted or incorporated; to merge ‫إدماج‬ insertion, incorporation ٌ ٌ(‫ندماجات‬ ِ ‫ ِا‬merger, annexation, incorporation ِ ‫ماج )ِا‬ ٌ ‫ند‬ ‫ ُمدَ َّمٌج‬compact ‫دور‬ ‫دور‬ ُ َ‫دار – ي‬ َ to turn, revolve, or circle; to circulate or spread; to roam; to lead or

guide ‫ دَ ّوَر – يُدَ ّ ِوُر‬to turn into a circle; to spin, revolve, or circulate; to set in motion ‫دير‬ ُ ُ‫دار – ي‬ َ َ ‫ أ‬to turn; to direct, set in motion, or initiate; to administer, lead, or guide ‫ ت َدَ َّوَر – يَت َدَ َّوُر‬to be circular ‫دير‬ ُ َ ‫دار – يَست‬ َ َ ‫ اِست‬to rotate or spin; to look back (‫دور‬ ٌ ) ‫دار‬ ٌ home, house, residence َ ْ ‫د‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ دَ ْوٌر‬a role or part; a round; a degree or step; age, period; rotation (‫وار‬ ) ٌ ٌ ‫ دَ ْورة ٌ )دَ ْو‬cycle; procession; circulation; parliamentary session (‫رات‬ ٌ ّ‫ دَ ْوِريَّةٌ )دَْوِري‬patrol, round, squad (‫ات‬ (ٌ ‫ دَ ْيٌر )أ َ ْدِيَرة‬monastery, convent ٌ ‫ديرة‬ َ region, area, land ٌ (‫إدارات‬ ) ٌ ‫ إدارة‬management, administration; committee, department; turning ‫األعمال‬ ُ ‫ إدارة‬business administration ِ ‫ي‬ ِ administrative ٌّ ‫إدار‬ ‫دائٌر‬ ِ turning, spinning, revolving (‫دائرة ٌ )دَوائُِر‬ ِ circle; circumference, perimeter; field, domain, department, office ‫دير‬ ٌ َ ‫  ُمست‬/ ‫ ُمدَ َّو ٌر‬round, circular

200 Work, Business, and Economics

‫ ُم‬/ ‫راء‬ (‫ديرون‬ َ ٌ ‫ ُم‬director, head, chief, manager, administrator ُ َ‫دير )ُمد‬ ‫العام‬ ُ ‫الم‬ ُ managing director, director general ُّ ‫دير‬ ‫رزق‬ ُ َ‫ َرَزَق – ي‬to provide with means of subsistence; to bestow or endow ‫رزُق‬ ‫ ِارت ََزَق – يَرت َِزُق‬to make a living or gain one’s livelihood; to live َ ‫زق )أ‬ ٌ ٌ ‫ ِر‬livelihood, subsistence, income; nourishment (‫رزاق‬ ٌ ‫ َمْر‬blessed, prosperous, successful ‫زوق‬ ٌ ‫ ُمْرت ََز‬hired; mercenary (ٌ‫ق )ُمْرت ََزقة‬ ‫ ُمْرت ََزٌق‬livelihood, living ‫رسم‬ ‫رسُم‬ ُ َ‫س َم – ي‬ َ ‫ َر‬to draw, trace, or sketch; to describe or depict ‫سُم‬ ّ ِ ‫سَم – ي َُر‬ َّ ‫ َر‬to enter, mark, or indicate; to appoint to public office ٌ (‫سومات‬ ‫ ُر‬/ ‫سوم‬ ٌ ‫سم )ُر‬ ٌ ‫ َر‬drawing, sketch; impression, mark; fees ‫خول‬ ِ ُّ‫سم الد‬ ُ ‫ َر‬admission fee ٌ‫تحرَكة‬ ّ ِ ‫سوم ُم‬ ٌ ‫ ُر‬animation, cartoons official, formal, conventional ‫ي‬ ‫م‬ ‫س‬ ‫ر‬ ْ ِ َ ٌّ (‫امون‬ َ ‫س‬ ّ ‫ام )َر‬ َّ ‫ َر‬painter, artist ٌ ‫س‬ ‫راسُم‬ ِ ‫ َم‬ceremonies; ceremonial, ritual; protocol ‫سوم )َم‬ (‫راسيم‬ ٌ ‫ َمْر‬drawn; decreed, ordered; a decree; ceremonies; an act ُ ‫روج‬ ‫روج‬ ُ َ‫راج – ي‬ َ to circulate; to be current or in demand ‫ َرَّوَج – ي َُر ّ ِوُج‬to promote or put into circulation; to make propaganda ‫واج‬ ٌ ‫ َر‬circulation; sales; marketability ‫ويج‬ ٌ ‫ ت َْر‬promotion, spreading, circulation, distribution; sale ‫رائٌج‬ ِ circulating, widespread, common; selling well ٌ َ‫ ن‬promotional activity ‫ي‬ ِ َ ‫شاط ت‬ ٌّ ‫رويج‬ No root

ٌ ‫ َز‬customer, client ُ ‫بائ‬ (‫ن‬ ِ ‫بون ) َز‬ ٌ‫ ِزبانَة‬clientele; custom ‫سلع‬ ‫سِلَع – يَسلَُع‬ َ to crack or become cracked

Work, Business, and Economics 201

ٌ‫ ِسْلعة‬commodity, goods ٌ‫رائجة‬ ِ ٌ‫ ِسلعة‬popular goods (‫سلَ ٌع‬ ِ )

‫سوق‬ ُ َ‫ساق – ي‬ ‫سوق‬ to drive or herd; to draft or conscript; to send; to convey َ ‫ُسوُق‬ َ to market or sell ِ ّ ‫سَّوَق – ي‬ ‫َسوُق‬ َّ ‫َسوَق – يَت‬ َّ ‫ ت‬to trade in the market, to buy and sell ُ‫ساق – يَْنساق‬ َ ‫ ِاْن‬to drift; to be driven or carried away ٌ‫ ِسواقَة‬/ ‫سْوٌق‬ َ driving (car); conscription; mobilisation (of troops/forces) ٌ  / ‫سيقان‬ ٌ ٌ (‫سوق‬ ) ‫ساق‬ thigh, leg, side; stem, stalk َ ٌ ‫سوق )أ ْس‬ ٌ (‫واق‬ market, bazaar, fair َ ُ ‫الحَّرة‬ ُ ُ ‫ األْسواق‬duty free shop ُ‫المشت ََرَكة‬ ُ ‫الس‬ ّ the Common Market ُ ‫وق‬ ُ ‫وداء‬ black market َّ ‫السوق‬ ُ ‫الس‬ ْ ُ‫بورصة‬ ُ ‫سوق‬ the Stock Exchange ‫ ال‬/ ‫األوراق الماليَِّة‬ َ ِ ُ‫اشئ َة‬ ّ َ ُ ِ ‫ األْسواق الن‬emerging or developing markets ُ ‫ قُ ّو‬market forces ‫وق‬ ّ ‫ات‬ ِ ‫الس‬ ٌ ‫سّو‬ (‫قون‬ َ ‫سائ‬ َ ‫سّو‬ ِ  / ‫اقون‬ ِ  / ‫اق‬ َ ) ‫سائٌق‬ َ driver ٌ ‫ ت َْس‬marketing, sale ‫ويق‬ ‫سوم‬ ‫سوم‬ ُ َ‫سام – ي‬ َ to offer for sale; to impose, force, or demand ‫ساوُم‬ ‫ي‬ – to bargain, haggle, or negotiate ‫ساوم‬ ُ ِ َ ٌ ٌ ‫ساو‬ (‫مات‬ َ ‫ ُم‬bargaining, haggling َ ‫ساوَمة )ُم‬ ‫شرك‬ ‫شرُك‬ َ to share or participate; to be or become a partner or associate ِ َ‫شِرَك – ي‬ ‫شارُك‬ َ to share or participate; to be or become a partner or associate ِ ُ‫شارَك – ي‬ ‫رك – يَشت َ ِرُك‬ َ َ ‫ ِاشت‬to enter into partnership or collaborate; to participate or share ‫ ِشْرٌك‬polytheism; share, lot ٌ ‫شِر‬ (‫كات‬ َ company, corporation, partnership, firm َ ) ٌ‫شِرَكة‬ ٌ ‫ات‬ َ  / ٌ‫شِرَكةٌ ِعمالقة‬ َ multinational corporation ِ ‫القار‬ ّ ‫عبر‬ َ ‫شِرَكة‬ ٍ ‫ركات‬ ‫ش‬ َ ُ‫ َمْجموعة‬conglomerate ُ ) ‫ريك‬ ٌ ‫ش‬ (‫كاء‬ َ partner, associate; companion; ally ُ ‫شَر‬ ٌ ‫ش‬ ‫ي‬ َ trade partner ِ ‫ريك ِت‬ ٌّ ‫جار‬ ٌ ‫شاركة في‬ َ ‫ ُم‬participation (in); cooperation, collaboration

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ٌ ‫شت‬ ٌ (‫راكات‬ ‫شت‬ ِ ‫ ِا‬cooperation, partnership; sharing; subscription ِ ‫راك )ِا‬ ‫ي‬ ِ ‫شت‬ ِ ‫ ِا‬socialist ٌّ ‫راك‬ ٌ‫راكيَّة‬ ِ ‫شت‬ ِ ‫ ِا‬socialism (‫كون‬ َ ‫ ُمْشِرٌك )ُمْشِر‬polytheist (‫كون‬ َ ‫ ُمشت َِرٌك )ُمشت َِر‬participant; subscriber ٌ‫ ُمشت ََرك‬common, joint, combined ‫شرى‬ ‫شرى – يَشري‬ َ to sell or vend; to buy or purchase ‫ ِاشت ََرى – يَشت َري‬to buy, purchase, or acquire; to sell ‫راء‬ ٌ ‫ ِش‬purchase, buying ّ ِ ُ ‫ قُ َّوة‬purchasing power ‫الشراء‬ ٌ ‫شْرَوة‬ َ purchase ٌ ‫ ِشْر‬artery ُ(‫شرايين‬ َ ) ‫يان‬ ُ ) ‫شار‬ (ٌ ‫شراة‬ ٍ seller, salesman ‫ ُمشت ٍَر‬purchaser, customer; seller, vendor ‫المشت َري‬ ُ Jupiter ٌ(‫ى )ُمشت ََريات‬ ً ‫ ُمشت ََر‬purchases, buying; goods ‫صدر‬ ‫صدََر – يَصدُُر‬ َ to leave; to proceed; to arise or stem from; to appear; to be published

‫ُصِد ُّر‬ َ ‫صد ََّر – ي‬ َ to export; to send off, dispatch, or forward; to publish ‫صادُر‬ ِ ُ‫ صادَ َر – ي‬to seize, impound, or confiscate; to urge or press (‫دور‬ ٌ ‫ص‬ ٌ ‫ص‬ ُ ) ‫در‬ َ chest, heart; a part or portion ‫دور‬ ٌ ‫ص‬ ُ coming out, appearance; publication (book, article) (‫صادُر‬ ِ ‫صدَ ٌر )َم‬ ْ ‫ َم‬starting point, source; the infinitive (grammar); a verbal noun ٌ ‫ ُمصادَرة‬seizure, confiscation ‫دار‬ ْ export; issue, bringing out; publication ٌ ‫إص‬ ٌ(‫صادرات‬ exports; yield; originating, emanating; published ِ ِ ) ‫صادٌر‬ ‫صِد ٌّر‬ ‫م‬ exporter َ ُ ‫صفق‬ ‫صفُق‬ ِ َ‫صفََق – ي‬ َ to slap, smack, or bang; to set in motion; to be thick or heavy ٌ ٌ ‫صْف‬ (‫قات‬ َ a deal or bargain; the conclusion of a contract َ ) ‫صْفقة‬ ٌ ‫َص‬ ‫فيق‬ ْ ‫ ت‬applause, hand clapping

Work, Business, and Economics 203

‫صنع‬ ‫صنََع – يَصنَُع‬ َ to make, manufacture, produce, build; to stage or arrange ‫صنََّع – يُصنِّ ُع‬ َ to industrialise َّ‫َصنُع‬ َّ َ ‫َصنَع – يت‬ َ ‫ ت‬to pretend, simulate, or affect ‫نع‬ ‫ص‬ production, manufacture, fabrication ٌ ُ ‫وي‬ ُ handmade ٌ ‫ص‬ ٌّ َ‫نع يَد‬ ٌ‫صْنعَة‬ َ work, manufacture; trade, skill; workmanship; fabrication, art ْ ‫الصنعَِة‬ artisan ُ ‫صاح‬ ِ َّ ‫ب‬ ٌ ٌ ‫ناعة‬ ‫ص‬ (‫ناعات‬ ) ‫ص‬ ِ industry, manufacturing; skill, occupation, profession ِ ‫ي‬ ِ ‫ص‬ ِ artificial, synthetic; trade, industrial ٌّ ‫ناع‬ (‫صانُع‬ ِ ‫ َمصن ٌَع )َم‬factory, plant, works; establishment, firm ٌ‫ َمصنَِعيَّة‬wages, pay; workmanship ‫نيع‬ ْ ‫ ت‬industrialisation ٌ ‫َص‬ ‫َصنُّ ٌع‬ َ ‫ ت‬hypocrisy, affectation ‫ناع‬ ٌ ‫صِط‬ ْ ‫ ِا‬production, making ‫ي‬ ِ ‫صِط‬ ْ ِ‫ ا‬artificial, synthetic ٌّ ‫ناع‬ (‫اع‬ manufacturer, producer ٌ ّ‫صن‬ ِ ُ ) ‫صانٌع‬ ٌ (‫نوعات‬ ‫ص‬ ٌ ‫ص‬ ْ ‫نوع )َم‬ ْ ‫ َم‬products, articles, produce, manufactured goods ‫َصِنّ ٌع‬ َ ‫ ُمت‬fake, affected, stilted ‫عدد‬ ُّ‫عدَّ – يَعُد‬ َ to count or calculate ُّ‫عدَّ – ي ُِعد‬ َ َ ‫ أ‬to prepare, make ready, or arrange ُ‫ ت َعَدَّدَ – يَت َعَدَّد‬to be or become numerous; to be manifold or multiple ُّ‫ ِاْست َعدَّ – يَست َِعد‬to get or be ready; to prepare oneself; to be willing ٌّ‫عد‬ َ counting, enumeration, calculation (ٌ ‫عدَد‬ ُ ) ‫عدّة‬ ُ readiness; equipment, tools; outfit ٌ ‫ ِعدّة‬a number (of); several, many, numerous (ٌ ‫عداد‬ ْ َ ‫عدَدٌ )أ‬ َ number, figure, digit ٌ‫عديد‬ َ numerous, many ٌ‫ ِإْعداد‬preparation, readying, arranging ٌ‫ ت َعَدُّد‬variety, diversity ٌ (‫عدادات‬ ‫ست‬ ِ ‫ ِا‬readiness, willingness; inclination, tendency ِ ‫ستعدادٌ )ِا‬ ٌ‫ ُمعَدّات‬equipment, material ٌ‫ ُمت َعَِدّد‬multiple, plural, diverse (‫ست َِعد ٌ )ِل‬ ْ ‫ ُم‬prepared, ready (for)

204 Work, Business, and Economics

‫عربن‬ ‫ُعرِبُن‬ َ ‫عْر‬ ْ ‫بن – ي‬ َ to make a down payment ٌ ‫عَر‬ ُ (‫عرابين‬ ) ‫بون‬ َ deposit, token, down payment ‫غلل‬ َ to enter, penetrate, or insert; to handcuff; to produce or yield ‫غَّل – يَِغُّل‬ ‫ ِاست َغََّل – يَ ْست َِغُّل‬to utilise; to profit, capitalise, or gain َ ‫غٌّل )أ‬ ُ burning thirst; shackles, handcuffs ٌ (‫غالل‬ ٌ ّ ٌ ‫غلة )ِغ‬ َ daily income; yield (‫الل‬ ٌ‫ستغالل‬ ِ ِ ‫ ا‬utilisation; exploitation; working ‫ ُمْست َِغٌل‬exploiter; beneficiary ‫فضل‬ ‫فضُل‬ ُ َ‫ضَل – ي‬ َ َ‫ ف‬to be surplus or in excess; to be excellent or superior ‫ضُل‬ ّ ِ َ‫ضَل – يُف‬ َّ َ‫ ف‬to prefer or give preference ٌ(‫ضل )فُضول‬ ٌ َ‫ ف‬surplus, excess, remainder; importance ٌ ‫ض‬ (‫الت‬ ْ َ‫ ف‬remainder, surplus, residue; waste, scraps (pl: excrements) َ َ‫ضلَةٌ )ف‬ ٌ‫ضوليَّة‬ ُ‫ ف‬curiosity, inquisitiveness ٌ ِ ُ‫ ف‬/ ‫ضول‬ ٌ ُ ‫ضائ‬ (‫ل‬ ِ َ‫ فَضيلة )ف‬virtue, merit, advantage, excellence ٌ‫ ت َفضيل‬preference, favouring, esteem ‫ضٌل‬ َّ َ‫ ُمف‬preferable, preferred ‫قطع‬ َ َ‫طَع – ي‬ َ َ‫ ق‬to cut, sever, or amputate; to divide or interrupt ‫قطُع‬ َ to dissociate or snub; to boycott; to cut or interrupt ‫قاطُع‬ ِ ُ‫قاطَع – ي‬ َ َ‫ اِنق‬to be cut off, severed, or chopped; to be torn apart; to be disrupted ‫طَع – يَنقَِطُع‬ َ ‫ ِاست‬to deduct ‫َقطُع‬ ِ ‫َقطَع – يَست‬ ‫طع‬ ٌ َ‫ ق‬cutting off, amputation; disruption ‫ي‬ ِ َ‫ ق‬positive, decided, final, decisive ٌّ ‫طع‬ ْ ‫ ِق‬piece, fragment, part, portion, section, division َ ‫طعةٌ )ِق‬ (‫طٌع‬ ٌ (‫طاعات‬ ‫طاع )ِق‬ ٌ ‫ ِق‬sector, section َ ‫ َم‬crossing, passage; section, division (‫قاطُع‬ ِ ‫قطٌع )َم‬ َ ‫ َم‬video clip َ ‫ي‬ ِ ‫ َمقطٌع َم‬/ ‫قطُع فيديو‬ ٌّ ‫رئ‬ ٌ‫قاطعَة‬ َ ‫ ُم‬boycott; interruption; indifference

Work, Business, and Economics 205

َ ‫ ُمقاطعَةٌ )ُم‬area, region, district; section ٌ ‫قاط‬ (‫عات‬ ‫طاع‬ ٌ ‫ ِاِنق‬separation, break, severance َ ‫طاع‬ ‫دمات‬ ‫الخ‬ ُ ‫ ِق‬service sector ِ ‫عام‬ ٌ ‫ ِق‬public sector ٌّ ‫طاع‬ ‫خاص‬ ‫طاع‬ ٌ ‫ ِق‬private sector ٌّ ‫كفى‬ ‫ َكفى – يَكفي‬to be sufficient or enough; to suffice; to save or spare ‫ كافى – يُكافي‬to suffice; to recompense or reward ‫ ِاكت َفَى – يَكت َفي‬to be content ٌ‫ ِكفايَة‬enough, sufficient; degree, extent; sufficiency ٌ ‫ ُمكافَاة‬reward, gratification ‫فاء‬ ِ ‫ ِا‬contentment ٌ ‫كت‬ ِ ‫ ِاال‬self-sufficiency ُ ‫كت‬ ّ ‫فاء الذّ ِات‬ ِ‫ي‬ (ٌ ‫كاف )ُكفاة‬ enough, sufficient; skilled, qualified; appropriate ٍ ‫كلف‬ ‫ف‬ ُ َ‫ف – يَكل‬ َ ‫ َكِل‬to like; to be in love; to be intent or set on (sth) ‫ف‬ ُ ّ‫ف – ي َُكِل‬ َ َّ‫ َكل‬to give a task, commission, or assign; to go to the trouble ٌ (‫ف‬ ٌ َ‫ ُكلفَة )ُكل‬expenditure, cost; inconvenience; formality; ceremonial َ ‫ليف )ت‬ (‫كاليف‬ ٌ ‫ ت َ ْك‬expenses, costs; burdening, nuisance, bother ُ ‫ف‬ ٌ َّ‫ ُمَكل‬commissioned, authorised, charged; liable No root

ٌ (‫ماركات‬ ) ٌ‫مارَكة‬ ِ mark, sign, token ٌ‫سَّجلَة‬ ٌ َ ‫مارَكة ُم‬ ِ  / ٌ‫مارَكةٌ ِتجاريَّة‬ ِ trademark ‫نفذ‬ ُ‫ نفَذَ – يَنفُذ‬to pierce, penetrate, or break through; to arrive; to communicate ُ‫ نَفَّذَ – ي ُِنفّذ‬to implement or execute; to pierce or penetrate; to send; to be effective (ٌ ‫ نَفَذ ٌ )أ َنفاذ‬opening, outlet, hole, vent ٌ‫ نُفوذ‬penetration, influence; person of interest ٍ ُ‫ ذو نُف‬influential; person of influence ‫وذ‬ (ُ ‫نافذ‬ ِ ‫ َمنفَذٌ )َم‬outlet, exit, way out; window

206 Work, Business, and Economics

ٌ‫ ت َنفيذ‬execution, fulfilment, implementation ‫ي‬ ِ َ ‫ ت‬executive ٌّ ‫نفيذ‬ ّ ‫ ُم‬an executive َ ‫ف ت‬ ‫ي‬ ‫نفيذ‬ ِ ٌ ‫وظ‬ ٌّ ‫ي‬ ِ َّ ‫دير الت‬ ُ ‫الم‬ ُ executive manager ُّ ‫نفيذ‬ ‫ي‬ ِ َّ ‫ئيس الت‬ َّ chief executive ُ ‫الر‬ ُّ ‫نفيذ‬ ُ(‫وافذ‬ ٌ ِ َ‫نافذة )ن‬ ِ window ‫نفع‬ ‫ نَفََع – يَنفَُع‬to be useful, profitable, or advantageous ‫ ِانت َفََع – يَنت َِفُع‬to utilise, use, or take advantage of; to profit, benefit, or enjoy (‫نافُع‬ ِ ‫ َمنفَعَةٌ )َم‬use, benefit, advantage, profit ‫نافٌع‬ ِ useful, profitable, advantageous (also a boy’s name) ‫نفق‬ ‫ نَفََق – يَنفُُق‬to be active; to sell well; to die or perish ‫ نَفَّ َق – يُنَِفُّق‬to sell ‫ُنافُق‬ ِ ‫ نافََق – ي‬to be a hypocrite ُ‫ أَنفََق – يُِنفق‬to spend: to squander; to disburse; to support or bear the costs of ٌ َ ‫ نَفٌَق )أ‬tunnel (‫نفاق‬ ٌ َ‫ نَفَقةٌ )نَف‬expense, cost; maintenance, support (‫قات‬ ٌ ‫ ِن‬/ ٌ‫ ُمنافَقة‬hypocrisy ‫فاق‬ ٌ spending, expenses ‫إنفاق‬ ‫نافٌق )ُم‬ (‫نافقون‬ َ ِ ‫ ُم‬hypocrite ‫نقص‬ ‫ص‬ ُ ُ‫ص – يَنق‬ َ َ‫ نَق‬to decrease or diminish; to be reduced ‫ص‬ to invite bids ِ ُ‫ناقص – ي‬ ُ ‫ناق‬ َ َ ‫ص‬ ُ ‫ص – ي ُِنق‬ َ ‫ أنق‬to decrease, diminish, reduce, or cut َ ‫قص‬ ‫ن‬ decrease, deficit, loss ٌ ِ ‫عقدة ُ النّقص‬ ُ inferiority complex َ‫صةٌ ) ُمناق‬ ٌ (‫صات‬ َ َ‫ ُمناق‬competition; tender (commerce); public auction ‫ص‬ ِ defective, diminished; incomplete ٌ ‫ناق‬ No root (‫ج‬ ِ َ‫)ن‬ ُ ‫ماذ‬

‫ نَموذَ ٌج‬sample, model, type

‫ي‬ ٌّ ‫ نَموذَ ِج‬exemplary, model

Work, Business, and Economics 207

‫هلك‬ ‫ َهلََك – يَْهلَ ُك‬to perish, die, or be destroyed ‫ُهلُك‬ ِ ‫ أَهلَ َك – ي‬to ruin or destroy ‫َهلُك‬ ِ ‫ اِست َهلََك – يَست‬to exert oneself; to squander, spend, or consume ٌ ‫ ُه‬/ ‫الك‬ ٌ ‫ َه‬ruin, destruction ‫لك‬ ٌ ‫ست‬ ‫هالك‬ ِ ‫ ِا‬consumption; attrition; wear and tear ٌ‫هالكيَّة‬ ِ ‫ ثَقافَةٌ ِاْسِت‬consumer culture ٌ‫هالكيَّة‬ ِ ‫ ِسلَ ٌع اِْسِت‬consumer goods ‫ ُمْهِلٌك‬destructive, devastating, annihilating (‫كون‬ َ ‫َهل‬ ِ ‫َهلٌك )ُمست‬ ِ ‫ ُمست‬consumer ‫هيئ‬ ‫ َهيَُؤ – يَ ْهي ُُؤ‬to be shapely, well formed, or beautiful to look at ‫ّئ‬ ُ ‫ َهيّأ َ – يَُهي‬to prepare, get ready, fix up, or arrange ٌ ‫ َهيئ َةٌ )َه‬form, shape, appearance; group, council, corporation, organisation (‫يئات‬ ٌ‫َهيئ َة‬ ِ ‫ ت‬preparation, training; adjustment ٌ ‫ ُمهيَّأ‬prepared, ready ِ‫المت َّ ِحدَة‬ ُ ِ ‫ هيئ َةُ ُاالمم‬United Nations ‫ريطانيَِّة‬ ‫الب‬ ُ‫ هيئ َة‬British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) ِ ِ ِ ‫اإلذاعة‬ ‫ورد‬ ُ‫ َوَردَ – يَِرد‬to arrive, reach, appear, or show up; to be said or mentioned ُ‫ َوَّردَ – ي َُو ِ ّرد‬to bring, import, supply, or deposit ُ‫َورد‬ َ ‫ اِست‬to import, supply, buy, or get ِ ‫َوردَ – يَست‬ (ٌ ‫وردَة‬ ِ َ ‫ وريدٌ )أ‬vein (ُ ‫وارد‬ ِ ‫ َمْوِردٌ )َم‬source, well; destination ُ‫شِريَّة‬ َ َ‫واردُ الب‬ ِ ‫الم‬ َ human resources ٌ‫ ُورود‬coming, arrival ٌ‫ ِاستيراد‬importing ٌ ‫وار‬ (‫دات‬ ِ ) ٌ‫وارد‬ ِ imports ٌ ‫ ُمْست َْوَر‬imported goods, imports ‫دات‬ ‫وزع‬ ‫ع‬ ُ ‫ع – ي َُو ِ ّز‬ َ ‫ َوَّز‬to distribute, apportion, share, or deal out َّ ‫ ت‬to be distributed or divided ‫ع‬ ُ ‫ع – يَت ََوَّز‬ َ ‫َوز‬ َ ‫ ت‬distribution, division, delivery, sale ‫وزيع‬ ٌ

208 Work, Business, and Economics

ّ ِ ‫ ُم‬distributor; distributing ‫ع‬ ٌ ‫وز‬ ‫ع‬ ٌ ‫ ُمَوَّز‬distributed, scattered َّ ‫وزيع والت‬ َّ ‫ الت‬distribution and marketing ُ ‫سويق‬ ُ

‫صاد‬ Economics and Finance ‫والمال‬ ُ ‫قت‬ ُ ِ ‫ِاال‬ No root

ٌ ُ‫)ب‬ (‫نوك‬

ٌ َ‫ ب‬bank ‫نك‬ ُ َ‫ الب‬the World Bank ‫ي‬ ُّ ‫نك الد َُوِل‬ ُ ُ‫ الب‬banking ‫نوك‬ ‫ ث ر و‬/ ‫ث ر ى‬ ‫ي – يَثْرى‬ َ ‫ ث َ ِر‬to become wealthy ‫رى‬ ً َ ‫ ث‬moist earth, ground, or soil (‫رياء‬ ُ ْ‫ي )أَث‬ ٌّ ‫ ث َ ِر‬wealthy, rich; wealthy people ‫راء‬ ٌ َ ‫ ث‬/ ٌ ‫ ث َْرَوة‬wealth, riches, fortune ٌ ّ‫ ثُريَّا )ث ُ َري‬chandelier (also a girl’s name in the singular) (‫ات‬ ‫ثمر‬ ‫ ث َ َمَر – يُثِْمُر‬to bear fruit ‫َثمَر – يَست َِثمُر‬ َ ‫ ِاست‬to invest or exploit; to profit or benefit ٌ(‫ ث َ َمرات‬/ ‫مار‬ ٌ ‫ ث َ َمَرة ٌ )ِث‬/ ‫ ث َ َمٌر‬fruit, fruits; result; yield, profit, gain ٌ (‫ثمارات‬ ‫ست‬ ِ ‫ ِا‬investment; utilisation, exploitation ِ ‫ثمار )ِا‬ ٌ ‫ست‬ ‫باشُر‬ ِ ‫الم‬ ِ ‫ ِاال‬foreign direct investment ُ ‫ست‬ ُ ‫ي‬ ُّ ‫ثمار َاألجنَِب‬ ُ‫ثمارات َاألجنبيَّة‬ ُ ‫ست‬ ِ ‫ ِاال‬foreign investments ‫ثمٌر‬ ِ ‫ ُم‬fruitful, productive, profitable (‫رون‬ َ ‫ ُمست َِثمٌر )ُمست َِثم‬investor; exploiter; beneficiary ‫حسب‬ ‫ب‬ ُ ‫يحِس‬ َ ‫س‬ َ ‫ َح‬to compute, count, or reckon; to charge; to debit or credit َ –‫ب‬ ‫ب‬ to settle an account; to hold accountable ُ ‫حاس‬ ِ ُ‫ب – ي‬ َ ‫حاس‬ َ ‫ب‬ ُ ‫ب – يَحت َِس‬ َ ‫ ِاحت ََس‬to take into account or consideration; to debit or credit ‫( َحْسبَما‬conj) according to ٌ (‫سابات‬ ‫ساب )ِح‬ ٌ ‫ ِح‬account, invoice, reckoning; arithmetic, calculation ْ ‫ساب‬ ُ ‫ الِح‬the bill; arithmetic

Work, Business, and Economics 209

‫سابات‬ ‫سم ْالِح‬ ِ ُ ‫ ِق‬accounts department ْ ‫سابات‬ ‫ ُمدَقُِّق الِح‬auditor ِ ‫ساب‬ َ ‫ ُمقدٌَّم‬deposit ِ ‫تحت ْالِح‬ ‫ساب‬ ٍ ‫ َرقَ ُم ِح‬account number ٌ ‫حاس‬ (‫بات‬ َ ‫ ُم‬accounting, bookkeeping َ ‫حاسبَةٌ )ُم‬ ‫ب‬ ٌ ‫حاس‬ ِ calculator (‫بون‬ َ ‫حاس‬ ٌ ‫حاس‬ ِ ‫ب )ُم‬ ِ ‫ ُم‬accountant ُ‫المحاسبة‬ ُ accountancy ‫ الكومبيوت َُر‬/ ‫الحاسوب‬ computer; ICT ُ ‫حصل‬ ‫حصُل‬ ُ َ‫صَل – ي‬ َ ‫ َح‬to originate; to happen, arise, result, or attain ‫ل‬ ‫ص‬ – ‫صُل‬ ‫ُح‬ ‫ي‬ َ َّ ‫ َح‬to attain, obtain, or acquire; to deduce; to sum up ِّ َ ‫صُل‬ َّ ‫ ت ََح‬to result from; to be obtained; to be collected or demanded َّ ‫صَل – يت ََح‬ ٌ ‫صول‬ ‫ ُح‬obtainment, attainment; achievement; acquisition ُ ‫صائ‬ (‫ل‬ ِ ‫ َحصيلةٌ )َح‬income, proceeds, revenue, receipts ٌ‫صالَة‬ ّ ‫ َح‬money box, piggy bank ٌ ٌ َ ‫حصيل )ت‬ َ ‫ ت‬gain, acquisition; learning; income, revenue, returns (‫حصيالت‬ ُ ‫واص‬ (‫ل‬ occurring; revenues, receipts, proceeds, income ِ ِ ‫حاصٌل )َح‬ ٌ ٌ(‫ َمحصوالت‬/ ‫حاصيل‬ ُ ‫ َمْح‬result, outcome; yield, gain, crop, harvest ‫صول )َم‬ ‫حصى‬ ‫ أ َحصى – يُحصي‬to count, enumerate, or calculate ٌ (‫إحصاءات‬ ) ‫إحصاء‬ statistics; calculation, count ٌ ّ census ‫ان‬ ُّ ‫إحصاء‬ ُ ِ ‫السك‬ ٌ ٌ(‫حصائيَّات‬ ‫ ِإ‬statistics ‫حصائيَّة )ِإ‬ ِ ِ statistician ‫ي‬ ‫حصائ‬ ‫إ‬ ِ ِ ٌّ ‫خزن‬ ‫زن – يَْخِزُن‬ َ ‫ َخ‬to amass or accumulate; to store; to keep secret ‫ َخَّزَن – يَُخ ِ ّزُن‬to store or accumulate; to put into safekeeping; to dam ٌ َ ‫ ت‬/ ‫ َخ ْز ٌن‬storing, hoarding, amassing; accumulation, storage ‫خزين‬ ٌ‫ َخْزنَة‬vault, safe ُ ‫زائ‬ ٌ َ treasury, safe, vault; wardrobe, closet (‫ن‬ ) ٌ‫خزانَة‬ ِ ‫ َخ‬/ ‫خزانات‬ ٌ ‫ َخّز‬tank, reservoir, dam ٌ ‫ان )َخّز‬ (‫انات‬

210 Work, Business, and Economics

ُ ‫خاز‬ َ ‫ َم‬storage room, stockroom, warehouse (‫ن‬ ِ ‫خزٌن )َم‬ ٌ(‫خازٌن )ُخّزان‬ ِ treasurer ٌ ‫ َمْخ‬stored, deposited, warehoused; reserve ‫زون‬ ‫خسر‬ ‫سُر‬ َ ‫ َخِسَر – يَْخ‬to forfeit, lose, or incur a loss; to suffer damage ‫سُر‬ ّ ِ ‫سَر – يَُخ‬ َّ ‫ َخ‬to cause loss or do harm; to damage, destroy, or corrupt ٌ ‫ ُخْس‬/ ‫ ُخسر‬loss, damage; decline, deterioration, depravity ‫ران‬ (‫سائُر‬ ِ ‫سارة ٌ )َخ‬ َ ‫ َخ‬loss, damage; casualties ْ ‫المكسب‬ ُ ‫والخسارة‬ profit and loss ُ ٌ ‫سران‬ ‫ َخ‬/ ‫خاسٌر‬ ِ lost, hopeless; a loser; incurring losses; depraved, corrupted ‫سٌر‬ ّ ِ ‫ ُمَخ‬detrimental; causing damage or harm ‫خصص‬ ‫ص‬ ُّ ‫ص – يَُخ‬ َّ ‫ َخ‬to distinguish, favour, or single out; to demand; to bestow ‫ص‬ َّ ‫ص – يَت ََخ‬ َّ َ ‫ ت‬to specialise; to apply oneself or devote all of one’s attention ُ ‫ص‬ َ ‫خص‬ ‫ص‬ َّ َ ‫ ِاخت‬to distinguish or favour; to devote; to claim or demand ُّ َ ‫ص – يَخت‬ ‫ َخ‬special characteristic or quality (‫ص‬ ِ ‫صيصةٌ )َخ‬ ُ ‫صائ‬ َ ً ‫صيصا‬ ً ُ /  especially, particularly ‫خ‬ ‫صوصا‬ ‫خ‬ ِ ّ ‫ي‬ ‫ ُخ‬private; personal ِ ٌّ ‫صوص‬ ٌ َ ‫ ت‬specialisation; specification, designation; allocation َ ‫خصيص )ت‬ (‫خصيصات‬ ٌ ٌ(‫صصات‬ ٌ ‫ص‬ ُّ ‫ ت ََخ‬specialisation ُّ ‫ص )ت ََخ‬ ٌ ‫خت‬ (‫صاصات‬ ‫خت‬ ِ ‫ ِا‬competence; privileges; jurisdiction ِ ‫صاص )ِا‬ ٌ ‫خت‬ (‫ّون‬ ‫خت‬ َ ‫صاصي‬ ِ ‫ي )ِا‬ ِ ‫ ِا‬specialist ِ ِ ٌّ ‫صاص‬ special, particular, specific; private, exclusive, not public ‫خاص‬ ٌّ (‫ص‬ ِ ‫ خاصيَّةٌ )َخ‬feature, characteristic, trait; speciality; peculiarity ُ ‫صائ‬ ٌ‫صة‬ َ ‫ َخ‬privatisation َ ‫صخ‬ ‫خطر‬ ُ ‫طَر – يَْخ‬ َ ‫ َخ‬to shake or tremble; to vibrate or swing ‫طُر‬ َ ‫خاطُر‬ to risk, hazard, bet, or wager ِ ُ‫خاطَر – ي‬ َ َ ‫ أ‬to notify or inform; to warn or caution ‫خطُر‬ ِ ُ‫خطَر – ي‬ َ َ ‫ َخ‬dangers, perils; consequence; significance ‫طٌر )أ‬ (‫خطار‬ ٌ َ ‫ َخ‬imminent danger ‫طٌر ُمْحِدٌق‬ ُ ‫ ت َْح‬risk analysis ‫طر‬ ِ ‫ليل ْالَخ‬

Work, Business, and Economics 211

‫ َخِطٌر‬/ ‫طير‬ ٌ ‫ َخ‬dangerous, risky; important, significant; serious ‫خاطُر‬ ِ ‫ َم‬dangers, perils, risk, hazard ‫خاطر‬ ‫الم‬ ِ َ ُ ‫ إدارة‬risk management َ ‫خاطَرة ٌ )ُم‬ َ ‫ ُم‬venture; risk, hazard ٌ ‫خاط‬ (‫رات‬ (‫واطُر‬ idea, thought, notion; mind; desire, inclination ِ ِ ‫خاطٌر )َخ‬ ‫خاطٌر‬ ِ ‫ ُم‬daring, bold, venturesome ‫خطٌر‬ ِ ‫ ُم‬dangerous, risky, hazardous; in a critical state ‫خفض‬ ‫ض‬ ِ َ‫ض – ي‬ ُ ‫خف‬ َ َ‫ خف‬to lower, decrease, reduce, or drop ّ ‫ض‬ ُ ‫ض – ي َُخِف‬ َ َّ‫ َخف‬to lower, decrease, or reduce َ َ‫ض – ي‬ ‫ض‬ ُ ‫نخِف‬ َ َ‫ ِانَخف‬to be reduced (price); to decrease or be diminished ‫ض‬ ٌ ‫ َخْف‬decrease, lowering, reduction; subduing ‫نفاق‬ ُ ‫ َخْف‬spending cuts ِ ‫ض ِاإل‬ َ ‫ ُم‬/ ‫فيض‬ ‫ض‬ ٌ ‫نخِف‬ ٌ ‫ َخ‬low, soft, subdued ٌ(‫خفيض )ت َخفيضات‬ َ ‫ ت‬cutbacks, reductions; limitations ٌ ْ َ ‫قيمِة‬ ‫ال‬ ‫خفيض‬ ‫ت‬ devaluation ُ َ ‫فاض‬ ِ ‫ ِا‬decrease, diminution, lowering, sinking, dropping ٌ ‫نخ‬ ‫ض‬ ٌ َّ‫ ُمَخف‬lowered, reduced; moderate ‫دخل‬ ُ َ‫ دَ َخَل – ي‬to enter; to join ‫دخُل‬ ْ to admit, introduce, or bring in; to let enter; to incorporate ‫دخُل‬ َ ‫أد‬ ِ ُ‫خل – ي‬ ‫ ت َدَ َّخَل – يَت َدََّخُل‬to meddle or interfere ٌ َ‫ د‬income, revenue, takings, receipts ‫خل‬ ٌ َ‫ د‬low income َ ‫خل ُم‬ ‫ض‬ ٌ ‫نخ ِف‬ ٌ َ‫ د‬inner, internal, core; foreign, alien; a stranger; false (‫الء‬ ُ ‫خيل )دَُخ‬ ٌ‫ َكِلمةٌ دَخيلَة‬loanword ٌ ُ‫ د‬entry, entrance, admission ‫خول‬ ُ ‫مداخ‬ َ ‫ َم‬entrance, hallway, foyer (‫ل‬ ِ ) ‫دخٌل‬ ‫داخٌل‬ ِ inside ‫لي‬ ِ interior ٌّ ‫داخ‬ ‫ ِوزارة ُ الدَّاخليِّة‬ministry of the interior ‫ ت َدَُّخٌل‬interference, meddling; invasion ٌ ُ (‫داخيل‬ revenue, returns, takings ‫مدخول )َم‬

212 Work, Business, and Economics

‫دعم‬ ‫دعُم‬ َ َ‫عَم – ي‬ َ َ‫ د‬to support or prop; to consolidate or strengthen ‫ ِادَّعَم – يَد َِّعُم‬to be supported; to rest; to be based (on) ‫ دَ ْعٌم‬a subsidy, support, or prop ‫عوم‬ ٌ ‫ َمْد‬subsidised, supported ‫دعيم‬ ٌ َ ‫ ت‬support; subsidising; strengthening, consolidation ‫دفع‬ ‫ دَفََع – يَدفَُع‬to push, repel, or drive back; to dislodge ‫ُدافُع‬ ِ ‫ دافََع – ي‬to resist, oppose, or withstand; to defend ٌ ‫ دَ ْفعَةٌ )دَْف‬a shove, push, or thrust; a payment or deposit; installments (‫عات‬ ٌ‫ دَفعَةٌ ُمقدَّمة‬down payment (‫دافُع‬ ِ ‫ ِمدفٌَع )َم‬gun; cannon ‫فاع‬ ٌ ‫ ِد‬defence, protection ‫ي‬ ُ ّ‫الد‬ ِ civil defence ُّ ‫فاع ْالَم ِد ِن‬ ِ ‫عْن النَّفس‬ ٌ ‫ ِد‬self-defence َ ‫فاع‬ (‫دوافُع‬ ِ incentive, motive, impetus, impulse ِ ) ‫دافٌع‬ ‫دافٌع‬ ِ ‫ ُم‬defender ٌ ‫فوعات‬ ‫ َمْد‬payments ‫دهور‬ ‫هور‬ ُ َ‫هوَر – يُد‬ َ َ‫ د‬to topple, overthrow, or tear down ‫هور – يَت َدَ ْه َوُر‬ َ َ‫ ت َد‬to deteriorate or worsen; to be torn down ‫هوٌر‬ ُ َ‫ ت َد‬decline or slump (economic/health) ‫دين‬ ُ َ‫دان – ي‬ ‫دين‬ َ to borrow or take up a loan; to owe or be indebted; to have as a religion ‫ُدايُن‬ ِ ‫ دايَ َن – ي‬to have a debt or be indebted; to be the creditor ‫ تديََّن – يتدي َُّن‬to be indebted or have debts ٌ ‫ دَ ْيٌن )دُي‬debt, claim, obligation (‫ُون‬ ‫العام‬ ُّ ‫ الد َّْيُن‬public debt ‫ دَ ْيٌن ُمْست ََحٌّق‬outstanding debt ٌ‫ دَ ْينونَة‬judgement; Last Judgement ‫ُّيون‬ ِ ‫ أ َزمةُ الد‬debt crisis

Work, Business, and Economics 213

‫َّين‬ َ ‫سدَّ الد‬ َ to repay a debt ٌ(‫ إدانَةٌ )إدانات‬conviction; guilty conviction ٌ ‫ ُم‬/ ‫دائٌن‬ ‫دين‬ ِ creditor, moneylender ٌ ‫ َم‬/ ‫ديون‬ ٌ ‫ َم‬indebted, in debt ‫دين‬ ٌ ‫ ُم‬convicted, condemned; guilty ‫دان‬ ‫ ُمد ٌُن‬/ ‫مدائٌن‬ ِ  / ٌ‫ َمدينَة‬town, city ُ ‫المنََّوَرة‬ ُ ُ‫المدينَة‬ َ Medina (in Saudi Arabia) ‫ذبذب‬ ‫ب‬ ُ ‫ب – يُذَْبِذ‬ َ َ‫ ذَ ْبذ‬to swing; to dangle ‫ب‬ ُ َ‫ب – يَت َذَبذ‬ َ َ‫ ت َذَبذ‬to swing, vibrate, or fluctuate; to hesitate ٌ(‫ ذَبذَبَةٌ )ذَبذَبات‬oscillation; vibration ‫ب‬ ٌ ُ‫ ت َذَبذ‬fluctuation, oscillation, swinging ‫ب‬ ٌ َ‫ ُمذَ ْبذ‬variable, wavering, hesitant, unsteady ‫ذخر‬ ‫ ذَ َخَر – يَْذُخُر‬to keep, preserve, or save ‫ ِادَّخَر – يَد َِّخُر‬to save, amass, preserve, or hoard (‫خار‬ ٌ ‫خر )أ َ ْذ‬ ٌ ُ‫ ذ‬stores, supplies; treasure (‫خيرة ٌ )ذَخائُِر‬ َ َ‫ ذ‬treasure; stores, supplies, provisions; food; ammunition ‫ّخار‬ ٌ ‫ ِاِد‬storage, hoarding, accumulation ‫ربح‬ ‫ َربَِح – يَربَُح‬to gain or profit ‫ َرب ََّح – ي َُرِبُّح‬to make (someone) gain; to allow (someone) a profit (‫رباح‬ ٌ َ ‫ ِرْبٌح )أ‬profit, gain, yield, revenues, dividends ‫ ُمْرِبٌح‬profitable, lucrative ‫رخص‬ ُ َ‫ص – ي‬ ‫ص‬ ُ ‫رخ‬ َ ‫ َرُخ‬to be cheap or inexpensive ‫ص‬ ُ ‫ص – ي َُر ِ ّخ‬ َ ‫ َرَّخ‬to permit, authorise, license, or empower; to reduce the price ‫ص‬ ِ ‫ص – يَْس‬ ُ ‫ترخ‬ َ ‫ ِاْست َرَخ‬to find cheap; to request someone’s permission ‫خص‬ ٌ ‫ ُر‬inexpensiveness, cheapness (‫ص‬ ٌ ‫خصةٌ )ُرَخ‬ َ ‫ ُر‬permit, licence, authorisation

214 Work, Business, and Economics

‫خيص‬ ‫ َر‬cheap; low, base, mean ٌ ٌ(‫رخيص )ت َرخيصات‬ َ ‫ ت‬permission, authorisation; concession; a price reduction ٌ ‫رصد‬ ُ‫رصد‬ ُ َ‫صدَ – ي‬ َ ‫ َر‬to observe or watch; to control; to lie in wait; to observe (stars); to conjure (a demon) ُ‫ُرصد‬ to provide; to set aside or earmark (funds); to balance (accounts) َّ ّ ِ ‫رصدَ – ي‬ (ٌ ‫)أ َرصاد‬

ٌ‫ َرصد‬observation; a spy; a watchdog; post; talisman ‫فالك‬ ِ ‫ َرصدُ َاأل‬stargazing, astronomy ُ‫الج ّ ِويَّة‬ َ ُ‫ َاألرصاد‬meteorological observation ‫ي‬ ٌّ ‫جو‬ ِ ّ ٌ‫ َمرصد‬meteorological station; weather station ٌ(‫رصدة‬ ِ َ ‫ َرصيدٌ )أ‬balance, available funds ٌ ِ‫ إِئْت‬/ ‫ رصيدٌ دائِ ٌن‬credit َ ‫ ت‬/ ‫مان‬ ‫سليف‬ ٌ (ُ ‫راصد‬ ِ ‫صدٌ )َم‬ َ ‫ َمْر‬observatory ٌ‫ ِمرصاد‬telescope ‫ركد‬

ُ‫ َرَكدَ – يَْرُكد‬to be motionless, stagnant, or still ٌ‫ ُركود‬recession; stagnation, stillness, suspension ٌ‫راكد‬ ِ stagnant; sluggish ‫زيد‬ ُ‫ زادَ – يَزيد‬to increase, multiply, or exceed; to be compounded ُ‫ُزايد‬ ِ ‫ زايَدَ – ي‬to outbid ُ‫ ِازدادَ – يَْزداد‬to grow, increase, or multiply ٌ ‫ ِزيادة‬growth, increase, intensification; elevation; surplus, extra pay ٌ َ‫ ُمزاي‬/ ‫زادات‬ ٌ (‫دات‬ ‫ ُمزايَدَة ٌ )َم‬/ ٌ‫ َمزاد‬auction ‫ي‬ َ ٌ‫ َمزاد‬auction ٌّ ‫عِلن‬ ٌ‫ ت َزايُد‬gradual increase, growth ٌ‫زائد‬ ِ increasing, growing; immoderate (‫دون‬ َ ‫زاي‬ ِ ‫زايدٌ )ُم‬ ِ ‫ ُم‬bidder ‫زيف‬ ‫زيف‬ to be false ُ َ‫زاف – ي‬ َ َ َ ‫ف‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ز‬ ‫ي‬ – to counterfeit (money); to declare something to be false ‫ف‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ز‬ ّ َّ ُ ُ َ

Work, Business, and Economics 215

َ ‫ ت‬forgery, counterfeiting ‫زييف‬ ٌ ‫ف‬ ِ false, counterfeit, forged ٌ ‫زائ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ّف‬ ٌ ِ ‫ ُمَز‬forger, counterfeiter ‫سعر‬ ‫سعُر‬ ِ َ‫سعََر – ي‬ َ to kindle or start (fire, war) ‫سعََّر – ي َُسِعّ ُر‬ َ to kindle or start (fire, war); to set a price ‫ساعُر‬ to bargain or haggle over the price ِ ُ‫ساعَر – ي‬ َ َ ‫س‬ ‫أ‬ ‫عر‬ ‫س‬ (‫عار‬ ) rate, price; exchange rate ْ ِ ٌ ٌ ‫غيل‬ ُ ‫ ِس‬running cost ِ ‫عر الت َّ ْش‬ ْ ُ ‫ ِس‬retail price ِ‫عر البَيع‬ ْ ِ ‫عر ال‬ ِ‫فائدَة‬ ُ ‫ ِس‬interest rate ُ ‫ضْب‬ َ ‫عار‬ ‫س‬ ‫األ‬ ‫ط‬ ْ َ price control ِ ٌ ‫سعيرة‬ ٌ ‫ ت َ ْس‬pricing; price fixing َ َ ‫ ت‬/ ‫عير‬ ‫سمسر‬ ‫سْمِسُر‬ َ ُ‫سَر – ي‬ َ ‫سْم‬ َ to act as broker or middleman ٌ ‫سرة‬ َ ‫سْم‬ َ brokerage ‫ ِس‬broker, middleman, agent (ٌ ‫ماسَرة‬ ِ ‫س‬ ٌ َ ) ‫مسار‬ ‫سهم‬ ‫سَهَم – يَْسَهُم‬ َ to look grave or have a grave expression ‫ساهُم‬ َ to cast or draw lots; to participate or partake; to show ِ ُ‫ساهَم – ي‬ ‫سهُم‬ ِ ُ‫هم – ي‬ َ ‫ أ َ ْس‬to give a share (‫سهٌم‬ َ share, portion, lot; arrow, dart ُ َ ‫هم )أ‬ ٌ ‫س‬ ‫هوم‬ ُ sadness, mourning ٌ ‫س‬ ٌ‫ساهَمة‬ َ ‫ ُم‬participation, sharing, contribution (‫مون‬ َ ‫ساه‬ ِ ‫ساهٌم )ُم‬ ِ ‫ ُم‬shareholder ِ ‫األسُهم‬ ْ ُ‫ َحَملَة‬shareholders ُ َ‫والسن‬ ‫دات‬ َّ ‫ َاألْسُهُم‬shares and bonds ِّ ِ ‫األسُهم‬ share or stock index ْ ‫مؤشُر‬ ‫صرف‬ ‫ف‬ to turn or turn away; to spend or change (money); to inflect ُ ‫صر‬ َ ِ َ‫ف – ي‬ َ ‫صر‬ (a word)

216 Work, Business, and Economics

‫ف‬ ُ ‫ُص ِ ّر‬ َ to dispatch; to circulate; to liquidate (business); to inflect (word) َ ‫ف–ي‬ َ ‫صَّر‬ ‫ف‬ َّ َ ‫ ت‬to behave or act; to move freely; to be inflected (word) ُ ‫ص َّر‬ َ َ ‫ف – يَت‬ َ ‫صر‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ر‬ ‫نص‬ ‫ي‬ – ‫نصرف‬ ‫ ِا‬to depart or turn away; to spend ُ َِ َ َ ‫ف‬ ٌ ‫صْر‬ َ expenditure; money changing; averting or turning away ‫رف‬ exchange rate ِ ‫الص‬ َّ ‫سعر‬ ُ ْ ‫رف‬ ِ ‫الص‬ َّ ‫ ِعلم‬morphology ‫رف‬ ٌ ‫ َمْم‬indeclinable (grammar) ِ ‫الص‬ َّ ‫نوع ِمن‬ ‫الصر افَِة‬ ُ ‫ َمْكت‬exchange bureau ّ ِ ‫َب‬ ‫ف‬ ٌ ‫صْر‬ ِ pure, unadulterated, absolute ‫اف‬ ٌ ‫صّر‬ َ money changer, teller, banker ‫ي‬ ‫آل‬ ‫اف‬ ِ َ ATM ٌّ ٌ ‫صّر‬ (‫ف‬ ‫ َم‬bank; drain ٌ ُ ‫صار‬ ِ ‫صرف )َم‬ ٌ َ ‫ ت‬bank transfer ‫ي‬ َ ‫حويل َم‬ ٌّ ‫صرِف‬ ٌ(‫صرفات‬ ُّ َ ‫ف )ت‬ ُّ َ ‫ ت‬behaviour, conduct; measures, regulations ٌ ‫صر‬ ْ ! Go! Get lost! (imperative) ‫ف‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ص‬ ‫ان‬ ْ ِ ِ ٌ ‫ َم‬/ ‫روفات‬ (‫صاريف‬ ‫ص‬ ‫ص‬ ْ ‫روف )َم‬ ْ ‫ َم‬expenses, costs; devoted, dedicated ٌ ُ ْ ‫جيب‬ ‫مص‬ ْ pocket money ِ ‫روف ال‬ ُ ‫ضبط‬ ُ ‫ضب‬ َ ‫ض‬ ‫ط‬ َ to grab, grasp, seize, or catch; to control ِ َ‫بط – ي‬ ٌ ‫ضْب‬ ‫ط‬ capture, detention, restraint, suppression َ ُ ‫الض‬ ‫وابط‬ َّ controls ‫ضخم‬ ُ َ‫ضُخَم – ي‬ ‫ضخُم‬ َ to be or become big; large, voluminous َّ‫ضخُم‬ َّ َ ُ‫ضخَم – ي‬ َ to inflate َّ ‫َضَّخُم‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ي‬ – ‫م‬ ‫خ‬ َ َ َ ‫َض‬ َ ‫ ت‬to swell or expand (‫خام‬ َ big, large, great, heavy; magnificent, splendid ِ ) ‫ضْخٌم‬ ٌ ‫ض‬ ٌ‫خامة‬ َ greatness, heaviness, volume; obesity; pomp, splendor َ ‫ض‬ ُّ‫َضخٌم‬ َ ‫ ت‬inflation, expansion, swelling ِ ‫ضُّخم‬ َ َّ ‫ ُمعَدَُّل الت‬rate of inflation ‫ضرب‬ ‫ب‬ ُ ‫ضر‬ َ to beat, strike, or shoot; to play (an instrument); to impose (tax) َ ‫ضَر‬ ِ َ‫ب – ي‬ ‫ب‬ to contend, vie, or fight; to speculate ُ ‫ضار‬ َ ‫ضار‬ َ ِ ُ‫ب – ي‬

Work, Business, and Economics 217

َ ‫ أ‬to go on strike; to leave or abandon ‫ب‬ ُ ‫ضر‬ َ ِ ُ‫ضرب – ي‬ ‫ض‬ (‫روب‬ ٌ ٌ ‫ضْر‬ ُ )‫ب‬ َ beating, striking, hitting; species ٌ ٌ ‫ة‬ ‫رب‬ ‫ض‬ (‫ربات‬ ) ‫ض‬ َ َ a blow, knock, punch, or strike َ ٌ‫اسِتباقيّة‬ ٌ ْ ‫ضربَة‬ َ pre-emptive strike ٌ (‫ب‬ ُ ‫رائ‬ ِ ‫ض‬ َ ) ‫ضريبَة‬ َ tax, duty, levy ُ ‫َّخل‬ َ income tax ِ ‫ضريبَة الد‬ ‫اإلرث‬ ُ‫ضريبَة‬ ِ ِ ‫ضريبَةُ الت َّ ِر‬ َ  / ‫كات‬ َ inheritance tax ْ ْ ‫قيمة الُمضافَِة‬ ِ ‫ضريبَةُ ال‬ َ value added tax (VAT) ْ ُ ‫الرأسماليَِّة‬ َّ ِ‫ضريبَة َاألْرباح‬ َ capital gains tax (CGT) ٌ‫ضريبيَّة‬ ٌ َ ‫ ت َخفيضات‬tax cuts ‫ب‬ ‫رائ‬ ‫الض‬ َّ ُ‫ َمصلحة‬inland revenue ِ ِ (‫ب‬ ْ ‫ ِم‬racket, bat; mallet ٌ ‫ضَر‬ ُ ‫ضار‬ ِ ‫ب )َم‬ ٌ ٌ ‫ضار‬ (‫بات‬ َ ‫ ُم‬speculation; partnership َ ‫ضاربة )ُم‬ ٌ(‫إضراب )إضرابات‬ strike ٌ ٌ (‫رابات‬ ‫ضِط‬ ْ ‫ ِا‬riots, unrest; confusion, muddle ْ ‫راب )ِا‬ ٌ ‫ضِط‬ َّ ‫رابات ال‬ ُ ِ ‫طعام‬ ‫ضِط‬ ْ ‫ ِا‬eating disorder ‫ب‬ ٌ ‫ضار‬ ِ َ ‫ ُمت‬contradictory ‫ضمن‬ ‫يضَمُن‬ َ to be or become responsible; to vouch or guarantee; to insure (sth) َ – ‫ضِمَن‬ ‫ُض ِ ّمُن‬ َ to have something insured; to insert or enclose َ ‫ضَّمَن – ي‬ َ ‫ ت‬to be in accord; to have joint liability ‫ضامُن‬ َ َ َ ‫ضامن – يَت‬ ‫ضْمَن‬ ِ inside, within ٌ ‫ض‬ ‫مان‬ َ responsibility, guarantee, security, insurance ٌ ‫ض‬ ‫ي‬ ‫مان‬ ِ َ social security ٌّ ‫إجتماع‬ ٌ ‫ض‬ (‫نون‬ َ ‫ضام‬ ُ ) ‫مين‬ ِ  / ‫مناء‬ َ liable; guarantor ُ ‫ض‬ ٌ‫ضمانَة‬ َ guarantee, warranty, security; bail ‫ضامٌن‬ ُ َ ‫ ت‬mutuality; solidarity; joint liability ٌ ‫ض‬ ‫مون‬ ْ ‫ َم‬guaranteed; insured ‫عجز‬ ‫عجُز‬ َ to be weak; to be unable or incapable ِ َ‫عجَز – ي‬ ٌ ‫ع‬ ‫جز‬ weakness, incapacity, impotence; failure; shortage َ ‫عْجٌز في ميزانيِّة الد َّْولَِة‬ َ budget deficit ‫ي‬ َ trade deficit ِ ‫عْجٌز ِت‬ ٌّ ‫جار‬

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ٌ ‫ع‬ (‫جائُز‬ ِ ‫ع‬ َ old woman; old man; old َ ) ‫جوز‬ ٌ‫إعجاز‬ ْ inimitability of the Quran (ٌ ‫جَزة‬ ) ‫عاجٌز‬ َ  / ‫عواجُز‬ َ ‫ع‬ ِ physically weak, feeble, impotent ِ ٌ ‫ ُمْعِجَزة ٌ )ُمْعِج‬miracle (‫زات‬ ‫عمم‬ ‫عم – يَعُُّم‬ َّ to be or become common or universal; to include, encompass, or extend ‫عَّمَم – يُعَ ِ ّمُم‬ َ to generalise; to popularise ‫َعمَم – يَت َعََّمُم‬ َّ ‫ ت‬to put on a turban ٌ (‫مائُم‬ ِ ‫ع‬ َ ) ‫مامة‬ َ ‫ ِع‬turban َ (‫عمام‬ َ paternal uncles ٌ ‫عٌّم )أ‬ ٌ ٌ(‫عّمات‬ َ paternal aunts َ ) ‫عَّمة‬ public, universal, general ‫ي‬ ‫موم‬ ‫ع‬ ُ ِ ٌّ ‫عميم‬ ٌ َ ‫ ت‬making something public; generalisation; popularisation ‫عام‬ ٌّ public, general, universal ُ َّ‫ الن‬public transport ‫العام‬ ُّ ‫قل‬ ‫العام‬ َّ public opinion ُّ ‫أي‬ ُ ‫الر‬ ‫العام‬ ُ the attorney general; public prosecutor ُّ ‫المدَّعي‬ ُ‫العامة‬ ِ ‫ ْالَم‬public utilities َّ ‫رافُق‬ ِ ‫عامة النَّاس‬ َّ the masses ٍ ‫عام‬ ‫شكل‬ ُ  / ً‫عامة‬ َّ generally, in general ّ ٍ ‫ ِب‬/ ً ‫عموما‬ ‫ي‬ ِ common, popular, vulgar, ordinary ٌّ ‫عام‬ ُ‫العاميَّة‬ colloquial language ِ ‫عور‬ ‫عوُر‬ َ to lose an eye; to be or become one-eyed ِ َ‫عِوَر – ي‬ ‫عير‬ ‫ي‬ – ‫عار‬ ُ ُ َ َ ‫ أ‬to lend or loan ‫عير‬ ُ َ ‫عار – يَست‬ َ َ ‫ ِاست‬to borrow ٌ ‫عْو‬ (‫رات‬ َ ) ٌ ‫عْوَرة‬ َ defectiveness, faultiness, imperfection, weakness (pl: genitals) ٌ ‫عيرة‬ َ false (body parts) (‫ور‬ ُ ) ‫ أ َ ْعَوُر‬one-eyed ٌ ‫ع‬ ٌ ‫إعارة‬ lending َ ٌ ‫عارة‬ ِ ‫ ِا‬borrowing; metaphor َ ‫ست‬ ‫ي‬ ِ ‫ ِا‬metaphorical, figurative ِ ‫ست‬ ٌّ ‫عار‬ ‫عير‬ ‫م‬ ٌ ُ lender

Work, Business, and Economics 219

َ ‫عير ) ُم ْست‬ (‫عيرون‬ َ ٌ َ ‫ ُم ْست‬borrower ‫عار‬ ٌ َ ‫ ُمْست‬borrowed; false or artificial; figurative ‫عار‬ ٌ َ ‫اسم ُم ْست‬ ٌ pseudonym ‫عوض‬ ‫عوض‬ to compensate; to substitute or replace; to pay as a price ُ َ‫عاض – ي‬ َ ‫ض‬ ُ ‫ُعو‬ َ to compensate; to substitute or replace; to pay as a price ِ ّ ‫عَّوض – ي‬ ‫ض‬ ُ ‫َعو‬ َّ ‫ض – يَت‬ َّ ‫ ت‬to seek or receive compensation َ ‫َعو‬ ‫ض‬ ‫و‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ال‬ irreplaceable; irreparable ُ ُ َّ َ ‫ض‬ ٌ ‫ ِعَو‬substitute, exchange; compensation, indemnity ‫ ِعَوضا ً عن‬instead of ٌ َ ‫ ت‬compensation, reparations; replacement, substitution َ ‫عويض )ت‬ (‫عويضات‬ ٌ َ ‫ ت‬redundancy pay ُ ‫عويضات اإلقالَِة‬ ُ‫الماليَّة‬ َّ ‫ الت‬financial reparations ُ ِ ‫عويضات‬ ‫غرم‬ َ to pay (a fine/tax); to suffer a loss ‫غرُم‬ ِ َ‫غِرَم – ي‬ َ to fine or impose a fine ‫غَّرَم – يُغ ِ َّرُم‬ ‫ ت َغََّرَم – يَت َغََّرُم‬to be fined ُ damage or loss ‫رم‬ ٌ ‫غ‬ ُ ) ‫ريم‬ َ opponent, adversary; creditor (‫ماء‬ ُ ‫غَر‬ ٌ ‫غ‬ ٌ ٌ(‫غرامات‬ َ fine; compensation, damages َ ) ‫رامة‬ َ ‫غ‬ ‫م‬ (‫غارُم‬ ) damages, loss; debt, fine ‫م‬ ‫غر‬ ‫م‬ ِ َ ٌ َ َ ‫غلو‬ َ to be excessive or to go too far; to become expensive ‫غال – يَغلو‬ ّ َ to raise the price of something ‫غلّى – يُغَلي‬ ‫ ِا ْست َغلى – يَ ْست َغلي‬to find (something) costly or expensive َ rise in prices; high cost, high price ‫الء‬ ٌ ‫غ‬ ‫غال‬ ٍ expensive; dear, beloved ‫غني‬ ‫– يَغنى‬ ‫ي‬ ُ ّ‫– يُغَن‬

َ to be free from want; to be rich or wealthy ‫ي‬ َ ‫غِن‬ ّ َ to sing or chant; to sing the praises or extol ‫غنى‬

220 Work, Business, and Economics

‫ ِاْست َغنَى – يَْستغني‬to become rich; to have no need َ wealth, riches, affluence ‫نى‬ ٌ ‫غ‬ ً ‫ ِغ‬/ ‫ناء‬ َ َ rich, wealthy, prosperous ‫غن‬ ‫أ‬ (‫ياء‬ ) ‫ي‬ ِ ُ ٌّ ‫غِن‬ ‫ناء‬ ٌ ‫ ِغ‬singing; song ٌ ّ‫ أُغني‬/ ‫غان‬ (‫ات‬ ٍ َ ‫ ا ُغنيَّةٌ )أ‬song, melody ‫ ُمغَ ٍّن‬singer ‫فلس‬ ‫س‬ ُ ّ‫س – يُفَِل‬ َ َّ‫ فل‬to declare someone bankrupt ‫س‬ ُ ‫س – يُِفل‬ َ َ‫ أَفل‬to be or become bankrupt; to fail; to be ruined (‫لوس‬ ٌ ُ‫لس )ف‬ ٌ ‫ ِف‬fils (small coin) (pl: money) ‫فالس‬ ٌ ‫ ِإ‬/ ‫فليس‬ ٌ َ ‫ ت‬bankruptcy (‫فاليس‬  /  ‫م‬ َ ‫س )ُمِفل‬ ٌ ‫ ُمِفل‬bankrupt ُ َ ‫سون‬ ‫فيد‬ ُ‫ أَفادَ – يُفيد‬to benefit, help, or be useful; to notify, advise, or inform ُ‫ ِاست َفادَ – يَست َفيد‬to acquire, gain, or learn; to benefit or profit from ٌ (‫إفادات‬ ) ٌ ‫ ِإفادَة‬utility, benefit, advantage; notice, notification ٌ ‫ ِاْسِتفادَة‬utilisation, use (ُ ‫وائد‬ ِ َ‫فائدَة ٌ )ف‬ ِ interest (money); benefit, advantage, profit ٌ‫ ُمفيد‬useful, beneficial, profitable ٌ‫ ُمفاد‬contents; substance, meaning ‫قرض‬ ‫ض‬ ُ ‫قر‬ َ ‫ قََر‬to cut, sever, bite, or eat; to write poetry ِ َ‫ض – ي‬ َ ‫ أ‬to loan or lend money ‫ض‬ ُ ‫ُقر‬ َ ِ ‫قرض – ي‬ ‫ض‬ ُ ‫ض – يَنقَ ِر‬ َ ‫ ِانقََر‬to die out, perish, or become extinct ‫رض‬ ُ َ ‫رض – يَقت‬ َ َ ‫ ِاقت‬to raise a loan, to borrow ُ ‫ق‬ ‫رض‬ (‫روض‬ ) ٌ ٌ َ‫ ق‬loan ‫سٌن‬ ٌ َ‫ ق‬interest-free loan َ ‫رض َح‬ student loan ‫ي‬ ِ ‫قرض ِد‬ ٌ ٌّ ‫راس‬ ‫راض‬ ‫ ِاِنق‬extinction, disappearance ٌ ‫قر‬ (‫ضون‬ َ ٌ ‫قر‬ ِ ‫ض )ُم‬ ِ ‫ ُم‬lender, moneylender ‫ض‬ ٌ ‫ ُمنقَِر‬extinct, perished

Work, Business, and Economics 221

‫قسط‬ ُ ‫س‬ َ ‫قس‬ ‫ط‬ َّ to distribute, to pay in instalments ّ ِ َ‫ط – يُق‬ ُ‫ُقسط‬ َ ِ ‫ أ َقسط – ي‬to act justly َ ‫سط )أ‬ ٌ ٌ ‫ ِق‬justice, rightness, equity; part, share, instalments (‫قساط‬ ٌ َ ‫ ت‬payment in instalments ‫قسيط‬ ٌ‫قسط‬ ِ ‫ ُم‬just, fair ‫قشف‬ ‫ف‬ ِ َ‫ف – ي‬ ُ ‫قش‬ َ ‫ قَِش‬to live in squalor and misery َّ َ‫ف – يَت َق‬ َّ ‫ ت‬to become rough and chapped (of skin); to live in squalor and misery ‫ف‬ ُ ‫ش‬ َ ‫َقش‬ َّ ُّ ‫ ت‬austerity; a simple or primitive way of life ‫ف‬ ٌ ‫قش‬ ُّ َّ ‫سياسةُ الت‬ ‫ف‬ austerity policy ِ ‫قش‬ َ ُّ َّ ‫ ُمكافَحةُ الت‬anti-austerity ‫ف‬ ِ ‫قش‬ ٌ‫شِفيَّة‬ ُّ َ‫إجراءات تق‬ ٌ austerity measures ‫قصد‬ ُ‫قصد‬ ِ َ‫قصدَ – ي‬ َ to aim or strive for; to pursue; to be economical or to save ُ‫قصد‬ ِ ُ‫ أ َقصدَ – ي‬to induce to go; to compose poetry (qasidas) ُ‫َصد‬ ِ ‫َصدَ – يَقت‬ َ ‫ ِاْقت‬to be frugal or save; to compose poetry (qasidas) ٌ‫ قَصد‬purpose, intent, object, goal, aim; endeavour (ُ ‫قصائد‬ ) ٌ ‫ قَصيدَة‬poetry; qasida1 ِ (ُ ‫مقاصد‬ ِ ) ٌ‫قصد‬ َ ‫ َم‬purpose, object, goal, intention; destination; significance ٌ‫قتصاد‬ ِ ‫ ِا‬economy; saving; thrift, providence َ ‫ي‬ ِ ‫ ِاال‬the global economy ُّ ‫قتصادُ العالِم‬ ُ ِ ‫الحْجم‬ ‫صاد‬ ‫قت‬ ‫ ِا‬economies of scale ِ َ ‫ي‬ ‫ ِا‬economic ِ ٌّ ‫قتصاد‬ economic stability ‫ي‬ ُ ُّ ‫االستقرار ِاالقتصِاد‬ َ َّ ‫صاد‬ ِ ‫قت‬ ِ ‫قت‬ ِ ‫اال‬ ِ ‫ حفَّز ِاال‬to stimulate the economy ِ ‫ نَشط‬/ ‫صاد‬ ٌ‫صاديَّة‬ ٌ ‫ع‬ ِ ‫قت‬ ُ economic sanctions ِ ‫قوبات ِا‬ (‫ون‬ َ ّ‫قتصادي‬ ِ ‫قت‬ ِ ‫ي )ِا‬ ِ ‫ ِا‬economist ٌّ ‫صاد‬ ٌ‫ َمقصود‬intended, deliberate ‫قلص‬ ‫ص‬ ُ ُ‫ص – يَقل‬ َ َ‫ قَل‬to contract, decrease, diminish, or decline

222 Work, Business, and Economics

‫ص‬ ُ ّ‫ص – يُقَ ِل‬ َ َّ‫ قَل‬to contract, draw together, or roll up ‫ص‬ ٌ ُّ‫ ت َقَل‬contraction, shrinking ‫كثر‬ ‫ َكث ُ َر – يَكث ُ ُر‬to outnumber; to increase or multiply; to happen frequently ‫ َكث َّ َر – ي َُكِث ّ ُر‬to increase, augment, or multiply ٌ ‫ثرة‬ َ ‫ َك‬large quantity, abundance, copiousness ‫ َك‬/ ‫ثار‬ (‫ثيرون‬ much, many, numerous َ ٌ ‫كثير )ِك‬ ٌ ‫كسد‬ ُ ‫سد‬ َ ‫ َك‬to be stagnant; to find no market (to sell sth) َ ‫سدَ – يَْك‬ ُ‫كسدَ – يُْكِسد‬ َ َ ‫ أ‬to be dull or listless ٌ‫ َكساد‬recession, economic depression, slump, stagnation (market) ‫مكس‬ ‫س‬ ُ ‫س – يَْمُك‬ َ ‫ َمَك‬to collect taxes َ to haggle or bargain ‫س‬ ِ ُ‫س – ي‬ ُ ‫ماك‬ َ ‫ماك‬ ْ (‫كوس‬ ٌ ‫س )ُم‬ ٌ ‫ َمك‬tax, custom, duty ّ ‫اس‬ ‫ك‬ ‫م‬ tax collector ٌ َ ‫مول‬ ‫موُل‬ ِ ّ ُ‫ َمَّوَل – ي‬to make rich; to finance ‫َموُل‬ َّ ‫ ت ََمَّوَل – يَت‬to be financed; to become rich or wealthy ٌ ‫مال )أ َ ْم‬ ٌ wealth, property, money, capital; revenue (‫وال‬ ‫ي‬ ِ monetary, financial, fiscal ٌّ ‫مال‬ ‫ي‬ ِ ‫نهيار‬ ٌ ‫ ِا‬financial meltdown ٌّ ‫مال‬ ٌ‫ماليَّة‬ ِ monetary affairs, finance; public revenue ٌ‫ماليَّة‬ ِ ٌ ‫ ُمساعدة‬financial aid ٌ‫ماليَّة‬ ِ ٌ‫ أ َزمة‬financial crisis ُ‫الماليَّة‬ ُ ‫ الت َّ ْخ‬financial cuts ِ ‫فيضات‬ ُ‫الماليَّة‬ the financial year َّ  / ‫ي‬ ِ ‫العام‬ ِ ُ‫السنة‬ ُ ُّ ‫المال‬ ‫الماليِّة‬ ِ ‫زير‬ ُ ‫ َو‬finance minister ُ ‫غ‬ َ money laundering ‫وال‬ ِ ‫سيل َاألْم‬ ٌ‫ ت َْمويل‬funding; finance (‫لون‬ َ ‫ ُمَم ّ ِوٌل )ُمَم ّ ِو‬financier; taxpayer

Work, Business, and Economics 223

‫نتج‬ ‫ نَت ََج – يَنت ُ ُج‬to produce, manufacture; to bring forth; to follow, result, or ensue ‫ أَنت ََج – يُِنتُج‬to bring forth, generate, or yield; to originate ‫ اِست َنت ََج – يَ ْست َنتُِج‬to conclude or deduce ‫تاج‬ ٌ ‫ ِن‬brood, litter, offspring (‫ج‬ ِ َ‫ نَتيجةٌ )ن‬result, conclusion, consequence; proceeds, gain, profit ُ ‫تائ‬ ‫نتاج‬ ٌ ‫ ِإ‬production, producing, generation, manufacture, cultivation ‫ناتٌج‬ ِ resulting, following, proceeding, deriving ‫ي‬ ‫ ِإ‬/ ‫مالي‬ ْ ‫ي‬ ِ ‫جمالي النّ ِاتجِ الد‬ َ ‫ النِّاتُج‬Gross Domestic Product (GDP) ُّ ُّ ‫اإلج‬ ُّ ّ‫المَحل‬ ِ ّ ‫ّاخِل‬ ٌ (‫نتاجات‬ ‫ست‬ ٌ ‫ست‬ ِ ‫ ِا‬inference, deduction, conclusion ِ ‫نتاج )ِا‬ ٌ (‫نتوجات‬ ‫نتوج )َم‬ ٌ ‫ َم‬product, creation; work, production ٌ‫ ُمنت َجات‬products; proceeds, returns, yields ‫نقد‬ ُ‫ نَقَدَ – يَنقُد‬to pay in cash; to criticise or examine critically; to peck ُ‫ أ َ ْنقدَ – يَنقُد‬to pay (ٌ ‫ نَقد ٌ )نُقود‬cash; coins, change; criticism ُ ‫صْن‬ ‫قد‬ ِ َّ‫دوق الن‬ ُ fund ُ ‫صْن‬ ‫لي‬ ِ َّ‫دوق الن‬ ُ the International Monetary Fund (IMF) ِّ ‫قد الدَُو‬ ٌ(‫ناقدٌ )نُقّاد‬ ِ critic, reviewer ٌ (‫قادات‬ ‫ ِاِنتقادٌ )ِاِنت‬objection, exception, criticism, critique, disapproval ‫نمى‬ ‫ نَمى – يَْنمي‬to grow, increase, or multiply; to progress; to thrive or prosper ‫ نََّمى – يُنَّمي‬to make grow or increase; to promote or advance ‫ ِاْنتمى – يَْنت َمي‬to be descended from; to depend or be dependent; to belong ‫مو‬ ٌ َ‫ ن‬growth, expansion, increase, augmentation ٌّ ُ‫ ن‬/ ‫َمي‬ ٌ ‫ ن‬/ ‫ماء‬ ٌ‫ ت َِنميَة‬growth, expansion, increase; promotion, advancement ُ‫اميَة‬ ِ ّ‫ الدَُّوُل الن‬developing countries ‫ماء‬ ٌ ‫ ِاْنِت‬membership; belonging (ٍ ‫ناميَةٌ )نوام‬ ِ growth; tumour ُ‫السرطانيَّة‬ َّ ‫ النَّوامي‬cancerous growths ٍ ‫ ُمْنت َم‬belonging, pertaining to ‫هبط‬ ُ ‫هب‬ َ َ‫ َهب‬to descend, fall down, sink, or settle ‫ط‬ ِ َ‫ط – ي‬

224 Work, Business, and Economics

ُ ‫هب‬ َ ‫ أ َ ْه‬to cause to sink; to descend; to lower ‫ط‬ ِ ُ‫بط – ي‬ ٌ ‫ ُه‬/ ‫ط‬ ٌ ‫ َهْب‬reduction, lowering, decline ‫بوط‬ ٌ ‫ َمْهِب‬place of descent, landing place ُ ‫هاب‬ (‫ط‬ ِ )‫ط‬ ‫ودع‬ ‫ع‬ ُ َ‫ع – يَد‬ َ َ‫ َود‬to put down or deposit; to leave; to give up or omit ‫ّع‬ ُ ‫َّع – يَُوِد‬ َ ‫ َود‬to see off, take leave, or bid farewell ‫ع‬ ُ ‫َود‬ ِ ‫ع – يَ ْست‬ َ َ‫ ِاست َود‬to put down, place, deposit, or store  / ‫ع‬ ‫إيداع‬ ٌ ٌ ‫ َوْد‬depositing; lodging ‫داع‬ ٌ ‫ َو‬farewell, leave-taking (‫دائُع‬ ِ ‫ َوديعةٌ )َو‬deposit; trust, charge ‫ديع‬ ٌ ‫ ت َْو‬farewell; leave-taking ‫ع‬ ٌ ‫ ُمْست َْوِد‬depositor ٌ َ‫ع ) ُمست َود‬ (‫عات‬ ٌ َ‫ ُم ْست َ ْود‬storehouse, depot; lodged ‫وزن‬ ‫ َوَزَن – يَ ِزُن‬to weigh; to balance or compensate; to make a comparison َ َ ‫واز َن – يَت‬ َ َ ‫ ت‬to be balanced or in equilibrium ‫وازُن‬ ٌ ‫زن )ْأو‬ ٌ ‫ َو‬noun or verb pattern; metre (poetry); weight, measure (‫زان‬ ٌ ُ ‫ميزان )َم‬ (‫وازين‬ scales ٌ‫ ميزانية‬budget; balance, equilibrium ُ َ ‫ ت‬balance, equilibrium, harmony ٌ ّ ‫ ِات‬/ ‫وازٌن‬ ‫زان‬ ‫وازٌن‬ ِ َ ‫ ُمت‬balanced; in equilibrium ‫وفر‬ ‫ َوفَ َر – يَِفُر‬to be abundant; to increase, augment, grow ‫ َوفََّر – ي َُوِفُّر‬to economise or save; to increase ‫ ت ََوفّ َر – يَت َوفّ ُر‬to be ample or plentiful; to prosper or thrive ‫فر‬ ٌ ‫ َو‬economy, saving; abundance, wealth, excess, surplus ٌ ‫ َوْفَرة‬plenty, abundance ‫فير‬ ِ abundant, plentiful, numerous ٌ ‫ َو‬/ ‫وافٌر‬ ّ‫ َمت ََوِفٌر‬ample, abundant; thrifty, economical; savings ‫وفير‬ ٌ َ ‫ ت‬savings ‫وفير‬ ُ ‫ ِح‬savings account ٍ َ ‫ساب ت‬

Work, Business, and Economics 225

Exercises 1) Give two derived nouns for each of the following roots:

‫أ ج ر‬ ‫ب د ل‬ ‫د و م‬ ‫ش غ ل‬ ‫ن ف ذ‬ 2) Find the roots of these words:

ٌ ‫ست‬ ‫هالك‬ ِ ‫ِا‬ َ‫ت‬ ‫عويض‬ ٌ ٌ ‫َخسارة‬ ‫دَْعٌم‬ ‫خيص‬ ‫َر‬ ٌ ٌ‫ضريبَة‬ َ ‫ب‬ ٌ ‫حاس‬ ِ ‫ُم‬ ‫نافٌع‬ ِ 3) Give the plural of the following words (some may have more than one plural form):

‫ساس‬ ٌ َ‫أ‬ ‫ثمار‬ ِ ‫ِا‬ ٌ ‫ست‬ ٌ‫اُغنيَّة‬ ‫ف‬ ٌ ‫َحْر‬ ‫ب‬ ٌ ‫رات‬ ِ ُ ٌ ‫ش‬ ‫غل‬ ٌ‫رامة‬ َ َ ‫غ‬ ‫لس‬ ‫ف‬ ٌ ِ ٌ ‫مال‬ ‫روف‬ ‫ص‬ ْ ‫َم‬ ٌ 4) Give the past tense of these verbs:

‫بيع‬ ُ َ‫ ي‬to sell ‫دور‬ ُ َ‫ ي‬to turn, revolve, or circle ‫ساوُم‬ ِ ُ‫ ي‬to bargain, haggle, or negotiate ‫ يَشت َري‬to buy, purchase, or acquire ‫صنُّع‬ ِ ُ‫ ي‬to industrialise

226 Work, Business, and Economics

ُ‫طرد‬ ُ َ‫ ي‬to fire or expel ‫عمُل‬ َ َ‫ ي‬to do or act; to work or operate ‫ب‬ ِ َ‫ ي‬to earn, gain, or win ُ ‫كس‬ 5) Translate the following sentences into Arabic: a) b) c) d) e)

The lawyer was very professional but his rates were very high. The rate of unemployment has decreased in Dubai. She complained to her manager about the long working hours. Everyone needs a work visa. These days work experience is essential.

6) Translate the following into English:

ْ ‫– أصبََح‬ ُ َ ‫ت ل‬ ‫صاد‬ ‫أكبر‬ .ِ ‫اإلسالمي‬ ِ ‫القت‬ ِ ‫سوق ِل‬ َ ‫ندن‬ ٍ ّ ْ ُ ‫– يَرفَُع‬ .‫السنَة‬ ِ ‫مرٍة‬ َّ ‫هذِه‬ ِ ‫عر ال‬ َّ ِ‫فائدَ ِة ِلرابع‬ َ ‫بنك إنجلترا ِس‬ ّ ً ً ُ ُّ .ِ‫المست َْوردَة‬ ِ ‫– يَعت َمدُ األردن‬ ِ ‫اعتمادا كليّا على الط‬ ُ ‫اقة‬ ْ ْ َ ُ ‫بنان ت‬ َ ُ .ِ ‫زي‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ر‬ ‫م‬ ‫ال‬ ‫بنك‬ ‫وال‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ل‬ ‫و‬ ‫الد‬ ‫إفالس‬ ‫علن‬ َ ُ‫– ُحكومةُ ل‬ ِ ِ َْ َْ َ ّ 7) Give antonyms for each of the following words:

ٌ‫ بَطالة‬unemployment ‫ض‬ ٌ ‫ َخْف‬decrease, lowering, reduction ٌ ‫وار‬ ‫دات‬ ِ imports Note 1 Arabic poems which have a rigid tripartite structure.

6

Media ِ ‫ئل اإلعالم‬ ُ ‫َوس ا‬

َ ُ‫الصحافَة‬ Journalism and News ‫خبار‬ َّ ُ ‫واأل‬ ‫بثث‬ ُّ ‫ث – يَب‬ َّ َ‫ ب‬to spread or scatter; to broadcast ‫ُث‬ ُّ َ‫ث – ي‬ َّ َ‫ ِانب‬to be spread or scattered ‫نبث‬ ٌّ‫ بَث‬spreading, dissemination ٌّ َ‫ ب‬broadcasting ‫ي‬ ِ ‫ث‬ ٌّ ‫إذاع‬ ‫تلفز‬ ‫ ت َلفََز – يُت َِلفُز‬to televise, to transmit by television ٌ ‫ ِت‬television ٌ ‫لفاز )ِتِلف‬ (‫زيون‬ ٌ ‫ ِتِلِفْز‬satellite television ُ ّ‫ الفَضائي‬/ ‫ي‬ ‫ات‬ ٌّ ِ‫يون فَضائ‬ ٌ‫لفزيونيَّة‬ ‫إذاعةٌ ِت‬ television broadcast ِ َ  / ٌ‫إذاعةٌ ت َلفَزيَّة‬ َ ‫جلل‬ ‫ َجَّل – يَِجُّل‬to be great; to be lofty or sublime ‫ َجلََّل – ي َُجِلُّل‬to honour or dignify; to clothe or drape ‫ َجلٌَل‬important, significant ٌ ‫ َج‬great, important; revered, honourable (‫ليل )أ َ ِجّالُء‬ ٌ ‫ َج‬splendour, loftiness, glory ‫الل‬ ٌ‫ َجاللَة‬majesty ٌ ّ‫ َمَجلَّةٌ )َمجال‬periodical, magazine (‫ت‬ ٌ‫وريَّة‬ ٌ ّ‫ َمَجال‬periodicals ِ َ ‫ت د‬ ٌ‫كترونيَّة‬ ‫ َمَجلّةٌ ِإل‬online journal ِ

DOI: 10.4324/9781003250890-7

228 Media

‫خبر‬ ‫بر – يَخبَُر‬ َ ‫ َخ‬to try or test; to experience or know well ‫خبُّر‬ ِ ُ‫ َخب ََّر – ي‬to inform, tell, or advise ‫خبُر‬ ِ ُ‫ أَخبََر – ي‬to inform, advise, tell, or communicate ‫ ِاخت َبََر – يَخت َبُِر‬to explore or search; to test or examine; to know well ‫َخبُر‬ ِ ‫ ِاست َخبََر – يَست‬to inquire or ask about (‫خبار‬ ٌ َ ‫بر )أ‬ ٌ ‫ َخ‬news, information, intelligence; report; predicate of a nominal clause َ ‫خبار‬ ُ ‫ األ‬the news ‫خبار‬ ِ ‫ نَْشرة ُ َاأل‬news bulletin ٌ‫عاجلَة‬ ٌ َ ‫ أ‬breaking news ِ ‫خبار‬ (‫براء‬ ٌ ‫ َخ‬an expert or specialist; familiar, conversant ُ ‫بير )ُخ‬ ٌ(‫ ُمخت َبَ ٌر )ُمخت َبرات‬laboratory ُ َ‫المخاب‬ ‫رات‬ ُ intelligence service ‫إخبار‬ notification, communication; information; message; report ٌ ٌ (‫بارات‬ ‫خت‬ ِ ‫ ِا‬test, examination; study, investigation ِ ‫بار )ِا‬ ٌ ‫خت‬ َ ‫بار‬ َ ‫ ت‬on probation ِ ‫حت ِاال‬ ِ ‫خت‬ ُ َ‫ ف‬probationary period ‫بار‬ ‫خت‬ ‫اال‬ ‫ترة‬ ِ ِ ِ ٌ (‫خبارات‬ ‫ست‬ ِ ‫ ِا‬inquiry; intelligence (information) ِ ‫خبار )ِا‬ ٌ ‫ست‬ ُ ‫خبارات‬ ‫ست‬ ِ ‫ ِاال‬intelligence bureau ‫ي‬ ِ ِ‫ َمصدَ ٌر ا‬intelligence source ِ ‫ست‬ ٌّ ‫خبار‬ ٌ‫خباريَّة‬ ٌ ‫ َم‬investigative information ِ ‫علومات ِا‬ ِ ‫ست‬ (‫رون‬ َ ‫خب‬ ِ ‫خبٌر )ُم‬ ِ ‫ ُم‬informant; reporter; detective ٌ (‫برات‬ ‫برة ٌ )ِخ‬ َ ‫ ِخ‬experience ُ ‫مل‬ ِ َ‫برة الع‬ َ ‫ ِخ‬work experience ‫برة‬ ٍ ‫ ذو ِخ‬experienced ‫ لَجنَةُ ُخبراء‬expert committee ‫دمغ‬ ‫يدمُغ‬ َ – ‫ دَ َمَغ‬to refute or invalidate; to triumph ٌ(‫دمغَة‬ ٌ ‫ ِد‬brain ِ َ ‫ماغ )أ‬ ٌ‫دامغَة‬ ِ ٌ‫ ُحَّجة‬irrefutable argument َ brainwashing ِ ‫سيل‬ ِ ‫غ‬ ِ‫الدّماغ‬ ‫ذيع‬ ‫ذيع‬ َ to circulate, or spread; to become public ُ َ‫ذاع – ي‬

Media 229

‫ذيع‬ َ َ ‫ أ‬to broadcast, spread, publish, or announce ُ ُ‫ذاع – ي‬ ‫يوع‬ ٌ ُ‫ ذ‬spreading, dispersion, circulation (news) (‫ذاييع‬ ٌ ‫ ِم‬radio or broadcasting station ُ ‫ذياع )َم‬ ٌ (‫إذاعات‬ ) ٌ‫ إذاعة‬broadcasting, spreading; radio; broadcast, transmission ‫ذيع‬ ٌ ‫ ُم‬broadcaster ‫رسل‬ ‫رسُل‬ َ َ‫ َرِسَل – ي‬to be long and flowing (of hair) ‫راسُل‬ ِ ُ‫راسَل – ي‬ َ to correspond with ‫رس ُل‬ ِ ُ‫رس َل – ي‬ َ َ ‫ أ‬to send out or dispatch ٌ ‫ َر‬easy, gentle, leisurely (adj) ‫سل‬ ٌ ‫س‬ ٌ ‫ ُر‬messenger, delegate, envoy (‫ل‬ ُ ‫سول )ُر‬ ُ ‫ َر‬Messenger of God (i.e. Prophet Muhammad) ‫الله‬ ِ ‫سول‬ ٌ ُ ‫سائ‬ (‫ل‬ ‫ ِرسالةٌ )ِر‬letter, message, report, communication; consignment ِ ‫ َر‬/ ‫ساالت‬ ُّ‫ ِرسالةُ الد‬PhD thesis ‫كتوراة‬ ِ ٌ‫راسلَة‬ َ ‫ ُم‬correspondence ُ ‫ ِج‬transmitter ‫إرسال‬ ‫هاز‬ ٍ (‫لون‬ َ ‫راس‬ ِ ‫راسٌل )ُم‬ ِ ‫ ُم‬correspondent, reporter َ ٌ ‫ي‬ ‫ ُم‬foreign correspondent ِ ‫راسل أ‬ ٌّ ‫جنب‬ ‫روي‬ ‫ َروى – يَروي‬to tell a story or report ‫ ت ََرَّوى – يَت ََرّوى‬to ponder or reflect ‫ ِارت َوى – يَرتوي‬to quench one’s thirst; to be watered or irrigated ‫ي‬ ٌّ ‫ ِر‬irrigation, moistening ٌ (‫وايات‬ ‫ ِروايةٌ )ِر‬tale, story, novel ٌ ّ‫ َري‬well-watered; verdant, lush (also a boy’s name in the singular) (‫واء‬ ٌ ‫ان )ِر‬ (ٌ ‫راو )ُرواة‬ ٍ narrator, storyteller ‫صحف‬ ‫ف‬ ُ ‫ُص ِ ّح‬ َ ‫ف –ي‬ َ to misread, misspell, or distort; to misplace diacritical marks َ ‫صَّح‬ ٌ َ (‫حاف‬ ٌ ‫ص‬ ِ ) ‫صحفة‬ َ bowl, dish, platter ‫حائ‬ ‫ص‬ (‫ف‬  /  ‫حف‬ ِ ُ ) ٌ‫صحيفة‬ ٌ ‫ص‬ ُ َ َ a newspaper, journal; a page (of a book); surface (‫ون‬ َ ّ‫صُحفي‬ ُ )‫ي‬ ُ journalist; journalistic ٌّ ‫صُحِف‬ ‫في‬ ُ ‫ ُمْؤت ََمٌر‬press conference ٌّ ‫صُح‬

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ٌ‫صحافَة‬ ِ journalism, the press ‫ي‬ ِ journalist ٌّ ِ‫صحاف‬ َ ‫ ت‬press release ‫ي‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ص‬ ِ ٌ ٌّ ُ ُ ‫صريح‬ ٌ‫حافيَّة‬ ٌ ِ ‫ص‬ ِ ‫ َحملة‬press campaign (‫ف‬ ِ ‫ف )َم‬ ٌ ‫صح‬ ُ ‫صاح‬ َ ‫ ُم‬volume, book; a copy of the Quran ‫صور‬ ‫ُص ّ ِوُر‬ َ to represent form or shape; to mould; to illustrate; to photograph َ ‫صَّوَر – ي‬ َ ‫ص ّوُر‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ي‬ – ‫ر‬ ‫صو‬ َ َ َ َّ َ ‫ ت‬to have been represented; to be shaped or illustrated (‫صَوٌر‬ picture, image, form, representation ُ ) ٌ ‫صورة‬ َ ٌ‫صورة ٌ ن ََمِطيَّة‬ stereotype َ َ ‫ ت‬photography, drawing, sketching; portrayal ‫صوير‬ ٌ ٌ ‫َصُّو‬ (‫رات‬ َ ‫ ت‬imagination, fancy; idea َ ‫َصُّوٌر )ت‬ (‫رون‬ َ ‫ص ّ ِو‬ َ ‫ص ّ ِوٌر )ُم‬ َ ‫ ُم‬photographer, cameraman; creator ‫علم‬ (Full treatment in Education chapter)

‫عِلَم – يَعلَ ُم‬ َ to know; to be aware, familiar, or acquainted; to learn ّ‫علََّم – يُعَِلُم‬ َ to teach, instruct, or train; to designate; to mark ‫ ت َعلََّم – يَت َعلَُّم‬to learn or study; to know ‫َعلُم‬ ِ ‫ ِاست َعلَ َم – يَست‬to inquire or ask; to gather information (‫لوم‬ ُ ) ‫لم‬ ٌ ‫ع‬ ٌ ‫ ِع‬knowledge, learning; information (pl: sciences) َ (‫عالم‬ َ sign, token; flag ٌ ‫علٌَم )أ‬ َ (‫والُم‬ ) world; universe, cosmos ‫م‬ ‫عال‬ ِ ‫ع‬ َ ٌ ‫ي‬ ٌّ ‫ عالَِم‬international ٌ َ ‫عليم )ت‬ (‫عاليم‬ ٌ َ ‫ ت‬teaching, education; information, instructions; doctrines ُ َ ‫ت‬/‫عليمات‬ notification; information; advice ‫إعالم‬ ٌ ِ ‫سائُل اإلعالم‬ ِ ‫ َو‬mass media, media journalist ‫ي‬ ِ ٌّ ‫إعالم‬ ٌ (‫المات‬ ‫ستْع‬ ِ ‫عالم )ِا‬ ِ ‫ ِا‬inquiry; information; news or press agency ٌ ‫ست‬ ٌ(‫علومةٌ )َمعلومات‬ َ ‫ َم‬information ‫علن‬ ‫علََن – يَْعِلُن‬ َ to be known, manifest, or evident; to announce

Media 231

‫ُعلُن‬ َ َ ‫ أ‬to publicise, advertise, or publish; to manifest or reveal ِ ‫علن – ي‬ ‫ العَلَُن‬the public ً ‫علَنا‬ َ publicly, openly ً‫النيَة‬ ِ ‫ع‬ َ openness, overtness; publicity ٌ ٌ (‫إعالنات‬ ) ‫إعالن‬ advertising; statement; revelation ٌ ‫إع‬ ٌ‫الن ُمَمَّول‬ ْ sponsored ads ُ ‫اإلعالنات‬ advertising ‫غطو‬ َ to cover or cover up ‫غطا – يَغطو‬ ّ َّ َ to cover, conceal, or envelop ‫غطى – يُغَطي‬ ّ ّ ‫ ت َغَطى – يَتغَطى‬to be covered, enveloped, or concealed (ٌ‫طاء )أ َغطية‬ ٌ ‫ ِغ‬cover, wrap, wrapper, envelope ٌ‫َغطيَة‬ ِ ‫ ت‬coverage ٌ‫َغطيَةٌ َحيَّة‬ ِ ‫ ت‬live coverage ُ ‫َغطيٍَة‬ ِ ‫ ُمحاولَة ت‬attempted cover-up ‫قبل‬ ‫ قَِبَل – يَقبَُل‬to accept or receive; to approve ‫ قَب ََّل – ي ُِقبُّل‬to kiss ‫ُقابُل‬ َ to interview; to be opposite someone; to confront or face ِ ‫قابل – ي‬ ‫قابل – يَت َقابَُل‬ َ َ ‫ ت‬to face each other; to meet or get together ‫ ِاست َقبَ َل – يَست َِقبُل‬to meet, face, or confront; to receive (guest) ُ َ‫( ق‬adv) before, previously ‫ ِمن قَْبُل‬/ ‫بل‬ ِ َ‫ ِمن ق‬/ ‫بل‬ ْ ‫بل‬ ‫أن‬ َ َ‫( ق‬conj) before ‫ من ِقبَِل‬by ٌ َ‫ قُب‬/ ‫بالت‬ ٌ ُ‫ قُبلَةٌ )ق‬a kiss (‫ل‬ ٌ‫ ِقبلَة‬qibla, direction to which Muslims turn to pray Mecca ٌ ُ‫ ق‬approval, acceptance, admission; reception, welcome ‫بول‬ ُ ‫بائ‬ (‫ل‬ ِ َ‫ قَبيلةٌ )ق‬tribe (‫لون‬ َ ‫قاب‬ ِ ‫قابٌل )ُم‬ ِ ‫ ُم‬interviewer ٌ ٌ َ‫ ُمقابَلة ) ُمقاب‬encounter, meeting; talk, discussion; interview (‫الت‬ ٌ ‫ست‬ ٌ (‫قباالت‬ ‫ست‬ ِ ‫ ِا‬reception; opposition ِ ‫قبال )ِا‬ ٌ‫ َمقبول‬reasonable, acceptable ‫قبول‬ ُ unacceptable ٍ ‫غير َم‬

232 Media

‫قابَل‬ ِ ‫ ُم‬in exchange for; in relation to; in comparison to ٌ‫قبل‬ ِ ‫ ُم‬coming, next ٌ ّ‫ ُمقَ ِب‬appetisers ‫الت‬ ‫ ُمست َِقبٌل‬radio receiver ‫المست َقبَُل‬ ُ the future ‫قرأ‬ ُ ‫قرأ‬ َ َ‫ قََرأ َ – ي‬to recite, read, or study ُ ‫َقر‬ ‫ئ‬ َ ‫ ِاست‬to recite or read; to investigate or explore ِ ‫َقرأ َ – يَست‬ ٌ (‫راءات‬ ‫راءة ٌ )ِق‬ َ ِ‫ ق‬recitation, a reading ُ َ ‫رآن‬ ُ ‫ الق‬the Holy Quran ‫ريم‬ ُ ‫الك‬ ٌ(‫ستقراءات‬ ِ ‫قراء )ِا‬ ِ ‫ ِا‬investigation, examination, exploration ٌ ‫ست‬ ُ ٌ (‫ئون‬  /  ) ‫اء‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ئ‬ ‫قار‬ َ ‫قار‬ ِ ٌ ّ ِ editor; reader, reciter (of Quran) ‫اء‬ ِ ‫ بَريدُ القُ َّر‬letters to the editor ‫قروء‬ ‫ َم‬read; legible ٌ ‫قصص‬ ‫ص‬ ُّ ُ‫ص – يَق‬ َّ َ‫ ق‬to cut or shear; to relate or tell ‫ص‬ to retaliate or take vengeance; to avenge ُ ‫يقاص‬ ِ –‫ص‬ َ ‫قاص‬ َ ‫ص‬ ٌّ َ‫ ق‬clippings, cuttings (‫ص‬ ٌ ‫ص‬ َّ ‫ ِق‬narrative, story; cut َ ‫صةٌ )ِق‬ ُ ‫ أ‬short story َ ‫قصوصةٌ )أ‬ (‫قاصيص‬ ُ َ ٌ ‫ص‬ (‫قاص‬ ُّ ‫ َم‬/ ‫ات‬ ٌّ َ‫ ِمق‬scissors ّ َ‫ص )ِمق‬ ‫صاص‬ ‫ ِق‬punishment; retaliation ٌ ‫قول‬ ُ َ‫قال – ي‬ ‫قول‬ َ to speak, tell, or state; to voice ‫قاوُل‬ ِ ُ‫قاوَل – ي‬ َ to confer; to negotiate or dispute ‫ ت ََّقوَل – يت َقَ َّوُل‬to spread rumours; to pretend; to allege َ ‫ أ‬/ ‫قوال‬ ٌ َ ‫ قَْو ٌل )أ‬word, speech, statement, utterance; doctrine, proverbs ُ (‫قاويل‬ ٌ ‫ َم‬speech; proposition; teaching, doctrine; article ‫قال‬ ٌ ‫ َم‬editorial ‫ي‬ ِ ‫قال ِا‬ ٌّ ‫فتتاح‬ ٌ (‫قاالت‬ ‫ َمقالَةٌ )َم‬article, essay, piece of writing ٌ‫ َمقولَة‬statement ٌ ‫ َم‬saying, utterance, speech ٌ (‫قوالت‬ ‫قول )َم‬

Media 233

‫كتب‬ ‫ب‬ ُ ُ ‫تب – يَكت‬ َ ‫ َك‬to write; to note, record, or register ّ ‫ب‬ ُ ‫ب – ي َُكِت‬ َ َّ ‫ َكت‬to make (someone) write; to deploy troops ‫ب‬ ُ ‫ُكات‬ ِ ‫َب – ي‬ َ ‫ كات‬to correspond ‫ب‬ ُ ‫ُكت‬ ِ ‫كتب – ي‬ َ َ ‫ أ‬to dictate ‫َب‬ ُ ‫َب – يَت َكات‬ َ ‫ ت َكات‬to correspond or write to each other ‫ب‬ ُ ‫ب – يَكت َِت‬ َ َ ‫ ِاكت َت‬to write or copy; to subscribe; to contribute ُ ُ (‫ب‬ ٌ ‫تاب )كت‬ ٌ ‫ ِك‬book; paper, letter; contract; piece of writing ‫تاب‬ ُ ‫ ْالِك‬the Bible; the Quran; the Torah ُ َ ‫ أ‬people of the Book (Christians and Jews) ‫تاب‬ ِ ‫هل ْالِك‬ ‫ي‬ ‫تاب ِإل‬ ٌ ‫ ِك‬e-book ِ ٌّ ‫كترون‬ ْ ْ ‫تاب‬ ُ ‫ َكت‬to write the marriage contract ِ ‫ب الِك‬ ٌ ّ‫ب )ُك ِتي‬ (‫بات‬ ٌ ّ‫ ُكت َِي‬booklet (‫ب‬ ٌ ‫ َمكت‬office, school, study (room) ُ ‫مكات‬ ِ ) ‫َب‬ ‫َب‬ ‫نباء‬ ِ ‫َب َاأل‬ ُ ‫ َمكت‬news agency ُ ‫ َمكت‬/ ‫األخبار‬ ِ ‫تعالمات‬ ‫َب ِاالْس‬ ِ ُ ‫ َمكت‬information office ّ ‫سجيل‬ ‫الت‬ ‫َب‬ ‫كت‬ ‫م‬ ُ ِ َ registration office ْ ‫بول‬ ُ ‫ َمكت‬admissions office ِ ُ‫َب الق‬ ٌ َ ‫ َمكت َبةٌ )َمكت‬library (‫بات‬ ٌ َ ‫  َمكت‬/ ‫ب‬ (‫بات‬ ُ ِ‫ َمكت َبةٌ ) َمكات‬bookshop ٌ‫عامة‬ َّ ٌ‫ َمكت َبة‬public library ٌ (‫تابات‬ ‫ ِكتابةٌ )ِك‬writing; essay ‫سم ْالِكتابَِة‬ ُ ‫ ِا‬pen name ِ ‫تاب‬ ٌ ‫كت‬ ِ ‫ ا‬subscription, registration (‫اب‬ ٌ ّ ‫ب )ُكت‬ ٌ ‫كات‬ ِ writer, scribe ٍ ‫ع‬ ‫مود‬ ُ ‫كات‬ ِ columnist َ ‫ب‬ ‫ َم‬written, destined, pre-ordained (pl: letters) ‫كتوب )َم‬ (‫كاتيب‬ ٌ ُ ٌ َ َ (‫ب‬ ُ ‫تائ‬ ِ ‫ كتيبَة )ك‬battalion, regiment ‫نبأ‬ ‫ّئ‬ ُ ‫ نَبَّأ َ – يُن َِب‬to inform, tell, or advise ‫ئ‬ ُ ‫ أَنبأ َ – ي ُْنِب‬to inform, tell, or advise ُ ‫ ت َنبَّأ َ – يَت َنبَّأ‬to predict or foretell; to claim to be a prophet ‫ئ‬ ُ ‫ ِاست َنبَأ – يَست َِنب‬to ask for news, to inquire (‫نباء‬ ٌ َ ‫ نَبأ ٌ )أ‬news, information, report, newsflash

234 Media

‫نباء‬ ٍ َ ‫ َوكالةُ أ‬press agency ُ‫بوءة ٌ )ن‬ ٌ (‫بوءات‬ َ ُ‫ ن‬prophecy (‫نبياء‬ ُ َ ‫ي )أ‬ ٌّ ‫ نَِب‬prophet ٌ ‫ ت َنَبٌُّؤ )ت َنَب‬prediction, prophecy (‫ُّؤات‬ ‫نظر‬ ُ َ‫ظَر – ي‬ َ َ‫ ن‬to watch, observe, or look; to perceive or see ‫نظُر‬ َ to equal; to liken or compare; to argue; to supervise ‫ناظ ُر‬ ِ ُ‫ناظ َر – ي‬ َ َ ‫ناظ َر – يَت‬ َ َ ‫ ت‬to face each other; to argue or fight ‫ناظُر‬ ‫ظر – يَنت َِظُر‬ َ َ ‫ ِانت‬to wait, expect, or anticipate َ َ َ‫ ن‬vision, eyesight; look, glance; theory, trial (‫نظار‬ ٌ ‫ظ ٌر )أ‬ ْ َ‫ظَرة ٌ )ن‬ ْ َ‫ ن‬a look or glance (pl: reflections) ٌ ‫ظ‬ (‫رات‬ َ َ‫ ن‬visual; theoretical ‫ي‬ ٌّ ‫ظِر‬ ٌ‫ظِريَّة‬ َ َ‫ ن‬theory; contemplation ّ َ‫ارة ٌ )ن‬ ّ َ‫ ن‬telescope (pl: binoculars, glasses) ٌ (‫ارات‬ ‫ظ‬ َ ‫ظ‬ َ ‫ َم‬view, panorama; appearance; outlook (‫ناظُر‬ ِ ‫نظٌر )َم‬ ‫نظار )َم‬ (‫ناظير‬ ُ ُ ‫ ِم‬telescope; magnifying glass; mirror َ ‫ ُم‬dispute; rivalry, competition ٌ ‫ناظرة‬ ‫ظار‬ ٌ ‫ ِاِنت‬waiting, expectation; a wait or delay ‫ظار‬ ٍ ‫ فَترة ُ ِاِنت‬waiting period َّ ُ‫ناظٌر )ن‬ (‫ار‬ ِ inspector, manager, supervisor ٌ ‫ظ‬ ‫وجز‬ ‫ َوَجَز – يَِجُز‬to be brief or concise ُ َ ‫ أ َ ْو‬to be brief or concise; to abridge or summarise – ‫جز‬ ‫يوجز‬ ٌ ‫ َو‬short, brief ‫جيز‬ ٌ ‫إيجاز‬ brevity, conciseness ‫وجٌز‬ َ ‫ ُم‬a summary, abstract, or outline; concise ‫نباء‬ ِ ‫وجُز َاأل‬ َ ‫ ُم‬news summary َ ‫ ُم‬/ ‫خبار‬ ِ ‫وجُز َاأل‬ ‫وجه‬ ُ‫ َوُجهَ – يَ ْوِجه‬to be a man of distinction ُ‫ َوَّجهَ – ي َُو ِ ّجه‬to distinguish or honour; to face; to head ُ‫واجه‬ َ to face or encounter; to defy or oppose ِ ُ‫واجهَ – ي‬ ُ‫َوجه‬ ّ ‫ ت ََوَّجهَ – يَت‬to face or turn

Media 235

ُ‫ ِات َّ َجهَ – يَت َّ ِجه‬to aim or point; to face; to head ٌ ‫ ِجَهةٌ )ِج‬side, section, part; direction (compass) (‫هات‬ (ٌ‫ َوجهٌ )ُوجوه‬face; intent, aim, objective ٌ‫جهة‬ َ ‫ ِو‬direction (compass); intention, aim َ ‫جهةُ ن‬ ‫َظٍر‬ َ ‫ ِو‬point of view (‫هاء‬ ُ ‫ َوجيهٌ )ُوَج‬notable, distinguished ‫جاه‬ َ ُ ‫( ت‬prep) in front of, facing; towards ٌ ‫واج‬ (‫هات‬ َ ‫ ُم‬confrontation, encounter َ ‫واجهةٌ )ُم‬ ّ ‫ ِاِتّجاهٌ )ِاِت‬direction; inclination; trend ٌ (‫جاهات‬ ُ‫الحاليَّة‬ ّ ‫ ِاالِت‬current trends ُ ِ ‫جاهات‬ ٌ ‫واج‬ (‫هات‬ ِ face, front, façade ِ ) ٌ‫واجهة‬ ‫وسل‬ ‫سُل‬ َّ ‫ ت ََو‬to ingratiate oneself; to entreat َّ ‫سَل – يَت ََو‬ ٌ َ ُ ‫سائ‬ (‫ل‬ ِ ‫ َوسيلة )َو‬the means ُ‫رئيَّة‬ ِ ‫الم‬ ِ ‫ َو‬visual media َ ِ ‫سائُل اإلعالم‬ ُ‫المكتوبَة‬ ُ ِ ‫إلعالم‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫سائ‬ ِ ‫ َو‬printed media َ Publishing ‫شر‬ ُ َّ‫الن‬

‫جرد‬ ُ‫جرد‬ ُ َ‫ َجَردَ – ي‬to peel or strip; to take inventory ُ‫َجردَ – يَت ََجَّرد‬ َّ ‫ ت‬to be free; to renounce; to be stripped or divested of ٌ‫ َجْرد‬bare; worn; stocktaking (ٌ ‫جْرد‬ ُ ) ٌ‫ أ َ ْجرد‬/ ٌ‫ َجِرد‬bald, hairless; bleak; shabby, worn; without vegetation ٌ‫ َجَراد‬locusts (ُ ‫رائد‬ ِ ‫ َجريدة ٌ )َج‬newspaper; register, index ُ ‫ ِك‬news kiosk ‫رائِد‬ ِ ‫الج‬ َ ‫شك‬ ٌ‫ ُمَجَّرد‬bare, naked; free; pure, mere (with idafa); first stem of the verb; root (grammar) ‫ي‬ ٌّ ِ‫ ُمَّجردٌ ثُالث‬triliteral root ‫ي‬ ِ ‫ ُمَّجردٌ ُر‬quadrilateral root ٌّ ‫باع‬ ‫حرر‬ (Full treatment in Politics chapter)

‫ َحَّر – يَِحُّر‬to be hot

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‫حرَر – ي َُح ِ ّرُر‬ َّ to write or edit; to liberate or set free ٌ(‫ ُح ِ ّريّةٌ )ُح ِ ّريّات‬freedom, liberty, independence َ ‫رير )ت‬ (‫حارير‬ ْ writing, editing; freedom, liberty ٌ ‫تح‬ ُ َّ ‫ئيس الت‬ ‫حرير‬ ُ ‫ َر‬editor-in-chief ِ َّ ‫ إدارة ُ الت‬editorial staff ‫حرير‬ ِ (‫رون‬ َ ‫ ُمَح ِ ّرٌر )ُمَح ِ ّر‬editor; liberator ِ ‫ ُمَح ِ ّرُر النُّصوص‬text editor (computer) َ ‫ ت‬in writing; liberal ‫ي‬ ِ ٌّ ‫حرير‬ ‫سبع‬ ‫سب ََّع – ي َُسِبُّع‬ َ to make sevenfold; to divide into seven (‫بوع‬ ٌ ‫س‬ ُ  / ‫بع )أَسبٌُع‬ ٌ ‫س‬ َ lion; beast of prey (‫باع‬ lion; predatory animal ٌ ‫سب ٌُع )ِس‬ َ ٌ‫سْبعَة‬ َ seven ‫عون‬ َ ‫سْب‬ َ seventy َ ‫بوع )أ‬ (‫سابيع‬ ٌ ‫ أ ُْس‬week ُ ُ‫ عطلَة‬weekend ِ ِ‫نهاية األسبوع‬ ُ ‫ي‬ ِ ‫ أْس‬weekly ٌّ ‫بوع‬ ً ‫ أ ُ ْسبوعيّا‬weekly No root

ٌ ‫ ِس‬/ ‫وات‬ ٌ َ ‫سن‬ (‫نون‬ َ ) ٌ‫ سنَة‬year ٌ‫بيسة‬ َ ‫سنةٌ َك‬ َ leap year ‫السنَِة‬ َّ ‫دار‬ ِ ‫ على َم‬all year round ‫ي‬ َ annual ٌّ ‫سنَِو‬ ‫ي‬ ٌ ‫كت‬ ِ ‫ ِا‬annual subscription َ ‫تاب‬ ٌّ ‫سنَِو‬ ً ‫نويّا‬ annually ‫س‬ ِ َ ‫شهر‬ ‫شهُر‬ َ to be famous or well-known; to spread; to divulge َ ‫ش‬ َ َ‫هر – ي‬ ‫ُشهُر‬ َ ‫ أ َ ْش‬to announce or make known; to spread ِ ‫هر – ي‬ ‫ ِاشت ََهَر – يَشت َِهُر‬to be or become well-known (‫هور‬ َ  / ‫هر )أ َ ْشُهٌر‬ َ month ٌ ‫ش‬ ٌ ‫ش‬ ‫سِل‬ َ honeymoon ُ ‫ش‬ َ َ‫هر الع‬ ً ‫هرِيّا‬ َ  / ‫ي‬ َ monthly ِ ‫ش‬ ِ ‫ش‬ ٌّ ‫هر‬ ٌ ‫ي‬ َ ‫شتراك‬ ِ ‫ ِا‬monthly subscription ِ ‫ش‬ ٌّ ‫هر‬

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َ ‫صف‬ ُ ‫ ِن‬fortnightly ٍ ‫شْهري‬ ٌ‫هريَّة‬ َ monthly; monthly salary ِ ‫ش‬ ُ fame ‫هار‬ ‫شت‬ ‫ ِا‬/ ٌ ‫شْهَرة‬ ِ ٌ ‫شهور‬ ‫ َم‬/ ‫هير‬ َ famous ٌ ٌ ‫ش‬ ْ announcement, declaration; publicity ‫هار‬ ٌ ‫إش‬ ‫صدر‬ (Full treatment in Work chapter)

‫صدََر – يَصدُُر‬ َ to be published; to go out; to happen; to originate ‫ُصِد ُّر‬ َ ‫صد ََّر – ي‬ َ to send off, dispatch, or forward; to publish; to preface or introduce ‫دور‬ ٌ ‫ص‬ ُ publication (book, article); issuing, coming out, appearance ُ ‫دور‬ date of issue ُّ ‫تاريخ‬ ِ ‫الص‬ ‫م‬ (‫صادُر‬ ِ ‫صدَ ٌر )َم‬ ْ َ source or point of origin; infinitive (grammar) َّ ‫صادُر ُم‬ ٌ‫طِلعَة‬ ِ ‫ َم‬informed sources ٌ‫صادُر َمْوثوقَة‬ ِ ‫ َم‬reliable sources ُ ‫ َمْج‬unknown sources ‫صدر‬ ِ ‫الم‬ َ ‫هول‬ ِ ‫صدار‬ ‫ست‬ ‫ا‬ issue, issuance ِ ٌ ٌ ‫صاد‬ (‫رات‬ exports; yield; originating; published ِ ِ ) ‫صادٌر‬ ‫طبع‬ (Full treatment in Earth chapter)

ْ َ‫طبَ َع – ي‬ َ to impress, print, stamp, or seal ‫طبَُع‬ َ َ‫بع – ي‬ َ ‫ ِا‬to be impressed on or printed ‫نطِبُع‬ َ ‫نط‬ َ characteristic; nature, disposition; print, stamp (‫باع‬ ٌ ‫بع )ِط‬ ٌ ‫ط‬ ٌ َ edition, issue; printing َ ٌ ‫طبعَة )ط‬ (‫بعات‬ َ printer ‫طابٌع‬ ٌ ‫طب‬ ِ  / ‫َّاع‬ ْ ‫ َم‬printing press; publishing house (‫طابُع‬ ِ ‫طبعةٌ )َم‬ َ ) ‫ طابَ ٌع‬character; stamp, seal (‫وابُع‬ ِ ‫ط‬ ٌ (‫طبوعات‬ ‫طبوع )َم‬ ٌ ‫ َم‬printed materials, newspapers and magazines; printed (adj) ٌ(‫نطباعات‬ ٌ ‫نط‬ ِ ‫باع )ِا‬ ِ ‫ ِا‬impression ‫عنون‬ ‫نوُن‬ َ ‫عْن‬ َ to furnish with an address; to title; to give someone a title ِ َ‫ون – يُع‬ ٌ ‫ع‬ ُ ‫ع‬ (‫ناوين‬ ُ headline, title; address; sign, token َ ) ‫نوان‬ ُ‫ئيسيَّة‬ ُ ِ ‫الر‬ َّ ‫ العَناوين‬the headlines

238 Media

‫عوم‬ ‫عوم‬ ُ َ‫عام – ي‬ َ to swim or float ‫عَّوَم – يُعَ ّ ِوُم‬ َ to launch or float; to flood ‫عْوٌم‬ َ swimming (‫وام‬ ٌ ‫عام )أ َ ْع‬ ٌ year ْ ‫عام الجاري‬ ِ ‫عام ْال‬ ُ ‫ ْال‬/ ‫ي‬ ُ ‫ ْال‬present year, current year ُّ ‫حال‬ ‫عام الماضي‬ ُ ‫عام‬ َ ‫الم‬ ُ ‫ ْال‬last year ُ ‫ ْال‬/ ‫نصِرُم‬ ‫قبُل‬ ِ ‫ ْالعام ال‬the coming year, next year ُ ‫عام‬ ِ ‫الم‬ ُ ‫ ْال‬/ ‫قادُم‬ ‫نشر‬ ُ َ‫شر – ي‬ ‫نشُر‬ َ َ‫ ن‬to publish, publicise, spread, or diffuse ‫ ِانت ََشَر – يَنت َِشُر‬to be spread out, unfolded, extended, or expanded ‫شر‬ ٌ َ‫ ن‬publishing; diffusion, propagation; spreading, unfolding ‫كتروني‬ ‫ نَْشٌر ِإل‬electronic publishing ٌّ ٌ َ‫شرة ٌ )ن‬ (‫شرات‬ َ َ‫ ن‬announcement, bulletin; publication, leaflet, report ‫نشار )َم‬ (‫ناشير‬ ٌ ‫ ِم‬a saw ُ ‫شار‬ ٌ ‫ ِاِنت‬dissemination; spreading; circulation ‫ناشٌر‬ ِ publisher ٌ ‫ َم‬made public, published (pl: leaflets, pamphlets) (‫شورات‬ ‫نشور )َمْن‬ ٌ ‫شر‬ ٌ َ ‫ ُمنت‬widespread; current ‫يوم‬ ‫ يَ َّوَم – يُيَ ّ ِوُم‬to hire by the day (‫يام‬ ٌ َ ‫ يَْوٌم )أ‬day ‫ ْالْيوُم‬today ٍ ‫ذات يَ ْوم‬ َ one day; once َ ‫ يَْوَم أمس‬yesterday ‫ يَوما ً ما‬/ ً ‫ يَوما‬some day; one of these days ٍ ‫ ُكَّل يَْوم‬every day, daily ً ‫وميّا‬ ِ َ‫ ي‬daily ‫ومِئٍذ‬ َ َ‫ ي‬then, at that time, on that day ‫ذاك‬ َ ‫ يَْوَم‬on that day, then ‫ي‬ ِ َ‫( ي‬adj) daily ُّ ‫وم‬ ٌ‫وميَّة‬ ِ َ‫ َجريدة ٌ ي‬daily newspaper ٌ‫وميَّة‬ ِ َ‫ ي‬daily wages; daily ration; journal

Media 239

Commentary ‫عليق‬ ُ َّ ‫الت‬

‫أدى‬ ‫ أَدَّى – ي َُؤدّي‬to lead to; to contribute; to convey ٌ (‫أداءات‬ ) ‫داء‬ ٌ َ ‫ أ‬pursuit; execution, performance ٌ‫تأديَة‬ ِ pursuit; performance, execution ‫أكد‬ ُ‫ أ َ َّكدَ – ي َُؤ ِ ّكد‬to confirm; to assure َّ ‫ ت‬to be or become convinced; to make sure ُ‫َأكدَ – يَتأ َ ّكد‬ ٌ (‫تأكيدات‬ ) ٌ ‫ ت َأكيد‬assurances; confirmation; emphasis َ ٌ‫ أكيد‬certain, sure َّ ‫ ُم‬certain, definite, confirmed ٌ‫ؤكد‬ ّ ِ ‫ ُمت‬convinced (of), certain (‫َأكد ٌ )ِمن‬ ‫بعد‬ ُ‫ بَعُدَ – يَبعُد‬to be distant or remote; to exceed ُ‫ُبعد‬ ِ ‫ أَبعَدَ – ي‬to remove or eliminate; to banish or exile ُ‫ ِابت َعَدَ – يَبت َِعد‬to move away, quit, or leave; to avoid ُ‫َبعد‬ ِ ‫ ِاست َبعَدَ – يَست‬to rule out or regard as unlikely; to disqualify (ٌ ‫ بُعد ٌ )أ َبعاد‬distance, remoteness َ‫( بَ ْعد‬prep) after (‫داء‬ ُ َ‫ بَعيدٌ )بُع‬far, distant, remote ٌ‫ ُمست َبعَد‬improbable, unlikely ‫بين‬ ُ َ‫بان – ي‬ ‫بين‬ َ to be plain, clear, or evident; to come to light ‫ بَي ََّن – ي ُِبيُّن‬to make clear, plain, or evident; to announce; to show or demonstrate ‫ ت َبيََّن – يَت َبيَُّن‬to be or become clear; to appear; to turn out ُ ‫َبان – يَست‬ ‫َبين‬ َ ‫ ِاست‬to be or become clear ‫( بَْيَن‬prep) between, among ‫( ْبينَما‬conj) while, whereas ‫ بَ ِيٌّن‬clear, evident, obvious ٌ َ‫ ب‬statement, announcement, declaration ٌ (‫يانات‬ َ‫يان )ب‬ ٌ َ‫ ب‬election manifesto ‫ي‬ ِ ‫يان ِاِنت‬ ٌّ ‫خاب‬

240 Media

ٌ َ‫ ب‬brief statement ‫ب‬ ٌ ‫قتض‬ َ ‫يان ُم‬ ٌ(‫ بَيِّنَةٌ )بَِيّنات‬clear proof, indisputable evidence ٌ ‫ ُم‬clear, plain, evident, obvious1 ‫بين‬ ‫حوز‬ ُ َ‫حاز – ي‬ َ to possess, own, or have ‫حوز‬ ‫ ت ََحيََّز – يَت ََحيُّز‬to stay away; to seclude or isolate oneself ‫ َحْوٌز‬possession, holding ‫ ت ََحيٌُّز‬prejudice, bias ‫نحياز‬ ‫عدَ ُم ِاال‬ َ non-alignment ِ ‫ ُمت ََحِيٌّز‬partial, prejudiced, biased َ non-aligned ‫نحاز‬ ُ ‫غ‬ ٍ ‫ير ُم‬ ‫حيد‬ ُ‫ حادَ – يَحيد‬to depart or abandon; to deviate; to swerve ُ‫ َحيَّدَ – يَُحِيّد‬to keep or put aside ٌ ‫ َحْيدَة‬/ ٌ‫ َحْيد‬deviation, digression; departure; swerving ٌ ‫ ُمحايَدة‬/ ٌ‫ ِحياد‬neutrality ‫ياد‬ ِ ‫ على ْالِح‬/ ‫ي‬ ِ ‫ ِح‬/ ٌ‫حايد‬ ٌّ ‫ياد‬ ِ ‫ ُم‬neutral ‫ختم‬ ‫ختُم‬ ِ َ‫ َخت ََم – ي‬to finish or conclude; to seal or stamp ‫ ت ََخت ّ َم – يَت ََخت ّ ُم‬to wear a ring ‫ ِاخت َت ََم – يَخت َِتُم‬to conclude or finish (‫ختام‬ ٌ َ ‫ َختٌْم )أ‬a seal, stamp, or imprint (‫واتُم‬ ِ ‫خاتٌم )َخ‬ ِ a ring or stamp ٌ ‫خات‬ (‫واتُم‬ ِ ‫ َخ‬/ ‫مات‬ ِ end, termination, conclusion ِ ) ٌ‫خاتمة‬ ‫خطب‬ ُ َ‫ب – ي‬ َ ‫ َخ‬to preach, make a speech, or deliver a sermon; to propose ‫ب‬ ُ ‫خط‬ َ ‫ط‬ َ ‫ب‬ to address; to speak or talk ُ ‫خاط‬ ِ ُ‫ب – ي‬ َ ‫خاط‬ ْ ‫ َخ‬situation, conditions; business; mishap ‫ب )ُخ‬ (‫طوب‬ ٌ ٌ ‫ط‬ ْ ‫ ِخ‬courtship, engagement ٌ‫طبَة‬ ٌ (‫طابات‬ ‫طاب )ِخ‬ ٌ ‫ ِخ‬letter, speech, message, note ُ (‫طباء‬ ٌ ‫ َخ‬speaker, lecturer, preacher; fiancé ُ ‫طيب )خ‬

Media 241

ٌ‫ ِخطابَة‬preaching, oratory ٌ‫ ُخطوبَة‬engagement َ ‫ ُم‬public address or speech ٌ َ‫خاطبَةٌ )ُمخاطب‬ (‫ات‬ ‫خلص‬ ‫ص‬ ُ ُ‫ص – يَخل‬ َ َ‫ َخل‬to be pure or unadulterated; to arrive or come; to be free ّ ‫ص‬ ُ ‫ص – يَُخِل‬ َ َّ‫ َخل‬to clear, purify, or purge; to clarify ‫ص‬ ِ ‫ص –ي‬ ُ ‫ُخال‬ َ َ‫ خال‬to act with integrity or sincerity; to get even ‫ص‬ ِ ُ‫ص – ي‬ ُ ‫خل‬ َ َ‫ أَخل‬to be loyal, devoted, or faithful َّ ‫ص‬ ُ ‫ص – يَت َخل‬ َ َّ‫ ت َ َخل‬to get rid or rid oneself of; to be saved or rescued ‫ص‬ ِ ‫ص – يَست‬ ُ ‫َخل‬ َ َ‫ ِاست َخل‬to deduce or infer; to choose or select ٌ (‫الصات‬ ‫الصةٌ )ُخ‬ َ ‫ ُخ‬essence; extract; abstract, résumé َ ‫ ت‬clearing, purification; rectification ‫خليص‬ ٌ ‫خالص‬ ‫ ِإ‬sincere devotion, loyal attachment, sincerity ٌ (‫ص )ِمن‬ ٌ ُّ‫ ت َخل‬freedom, liberation, release, escape (from) ‫خالص‬ ‫ست‬ ِ ‫ ِا‬extraction; selection; collecting (money) ٌ َّ ُ ‫ل‬ ‫خ‬ ‫ص‬ (‫ص‬ ) ِ clear, pure, unadulterated, sincere ٌ ٌ ‫خال‬ ‫ص‬ ِ ‫ ُم‬sincere, faithful ٌ ‫خل‬ ‫رأى‬ ‫ َرأى – يَرى‬to see, notice, observe, or discern; to express one’s opinion ‫ أ َرى – يُري‬to show or demonstrate ‫ ِارت َأى – يَرت َئي‬to contemplate; to be of the opinion (‫آراء‬ ٌ ) ‫أي‬ ٌ ‫ َر‬opinion, view, idea, notion, suggestion ْ ‫عام‬ َّ public opinion ُّ ‫أي ال‬ ُ ‫الر‬ ‫الرأي‬ ‫ ِاْسِت‬opinion poll ُ َّ ‫طالع‬ ‫اآلراء‬ ‫ ت َباد ُُل‬exchanging opinions and views ِ ٌ َ‫ رايَةٌ )راي‬banner, flag (‫ات‬ ٌ‫ ُرؤيَة‬seeing, looking; insight, vision (real) ‫ ُرْؤيا‬vision (dream) (‫ ِمرآة ٌ )مرايا‬mirror, looking glass; reflection ٌ (‫رايات‬ ‫ ِمرايَة )ِم‬mirror ‫زعم‬ ‫زعُم‬ ُ َ‫عَم – ي‬ َ ‫ َز‬to claim or allege; to pretend ّ ‫عُم‬ َّ ‫ ت ََز‬to be or pretend to be the leader َ ‫عَم – يَت َز‬

242 Media

‫ َزْعٌم‬allegation (‫ماء‬ َ ‫عيم )ُز‬ ُ ‫ع‬ ٌ ‫ َز‬leader; colonel (also a boy’s name in the singular) ٌ‫عامة‬ َ ‫ز‬ leadership َ ‫زاعُم‬ ِ ‫ َم‬claims, allegations; assumptions ‫زعوم‬ ‫ َم‬claimed, alleged ٌ ‫سأل‬ ‫سأ َ َل – يَْسأ َ ُل‬ َ to ask, inquire, or request; to demand or claim ‫ل‬ ‫ ت ََسَّو‬to beg – ‫َسوُل‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ي‬ َ ُّ َ ٌ(‫سئلَة‬ َ ٌ ‫س‬ ِ ‫ؤال )أ‬ ُ question; request; demand ٌ ُ ‫سائ‬ (‫ل‬ ِ ‫ َمْسألة )َم‬problem, question, matter ٌ(‫سائلون‬ ِ ) ‫سائٌل‬ ِ questioner; beggar (‫لون‬ َ ‫ ُمت ََس ّ ِوٌل )ُمت ََس ّ ِو‬beggar ٌ ‫ َمْس‬an official; responsible or accountable for ‫ؤول )َمْس‬ (‫ؤولون‬ َ ‫ؤولين‬ ‫المْس‬ َ ُ ‫ ِك‬high-ranking officials َ ‫بار‬ ٌ(‫سؤوليّات‬ ‫ َم‬responsibility ‫سؤوليَّةٌ )َم‬ ِ ِ ‫سؤوليَِّة‬ ‫ديم ْالَم‬ ‫ع‬ irresponsible ِ ُ َ ‫سبل‬ ‫ُسب ُّل‬ َ to dedicate to charitable purposes ِ ‫سبََّل – ي‬ ُ ‫ أ َ ْسبََل – يُْس‬to let fall or drop; to close (eyes); to shed (tears); to form (ears of corn) ‫بل‬ ‫سبَ ٌل‬ َ ears of corn ٌ ‫س‬ (‫سب ٌُل‬ ُ ) ‫بيل‬ َ way, road, path; access; possibility ْ ‫ثال‬ َ ‫ على‬for example ِ ‫بيل الِم‬ ِ ‫س‬ ‫الله‬ ِ ‫بيل‬ َ ‫ في‬for God’s sake, for the love of God (not expecting anything in return) ِ ‫س‬ ُ tramp; traveller ‫بيل‬ َّ ‫ابن‬ ِ ‫الس‬ ‫شدد‬ ُ َ‫ شدَّ – ي‬to be firm or solid; to be intense or harsh; to tighten or pull ُّ‫شد‬ ُ‫شدَّدَ – ي َُشِدّد‬ َ to emphasise or stress; to strengthen; to exert pressure ُ‫ ت ََشدَّدَ – يَت َشدَّد‬to be strict, severe, or intense; to be violent ُّ‫ ِاشت َدَّ – يَشت َد‬to be or become harsher or more violent; to intensify ٌ ‫شدَّة‬ َ intensification; stress (grammar) (ُ ‫دائد‬ َ ) ٌ ‫ ِشدَّة‬strength, forcefulness; adversity, misery ِ ‫ش‬ (ٌ ‫شداد‬ َ powerful, intense, severe; difficult ِ  / ‫َّاء‬ ُ ‫شديدٌ )أ َ ِشد‬

Media 243 (ُ ‫دائد‬ َ ) ٌ ‫شديدَة‬ َ misfortune, calamity, misery ِ ‫ش‬ ٌ‫ ت ََشدُّد‬intolerance, strictness ٌ‫ َمشدود‬tense, tight, taut ٌ‫شدَّد‬ َ ‫ ُم‬doubled (letter grammatically); emphatic; intense, severe (‫ّدون‬ َ ‫ ُمت ََشِدّدٌ )ُمت ََشِد‬radical, bigot, fanatic; stern

‫شرح‬ ‫شرُح‬ َ to explain or illustrate; to expose or cut open َ َ‫شَرَح – ي‬ ‫ش ِ ّرُح‬ َ to cut in slices; to dissect َ ُ‫شَّرَح – ي‬ ‫شِرُح‬ َ ‫ ِان‬to be relaxed, glad, or happy َ ‫شَرَح – يَْن‬ ُ ) ‫شْرٌح‬ (‫روح‬ َ explanation, commentary ٌ ‫ش‬ ٌ (‫ح‬ َ thin or long slice َ ) ‫ريحة‬ ِ ‫ش‬ ُ ‫رائ‬ َ ‫ش‬ َ ‫ ت‬dissection; anatomy ‫شريح‬ ٌ ُ ) ‫شارٌح‬ (‫اح‬ ٌ ‫شّر‬ ِ explainer, interpreter, commentator ‫شمل‬ ُ ‫شِمَل – يَْش‬ ‫مل‬ َ to incorporate, take in, include, or comprehend ‫ ِاشت ََمَل – يَشت َِمُل‬to contain, comprise, comprehend, or include ٌ ‫ش‬ ‫مل‬ َ uniting, gathering; union ‫شامٌل‬ ِ comprehensive; general, universal ‫ ُمشت َِمٌل‬comprising, including ٌ ‫ ُمشت ََم‬contents ‫الت‬ ‫شهد‬ (Full treatment in Law chapter)

ُ‫شِهدَ – يَْشَهد‬ َ to witness, testify, or attest; to attend or be present ُ‫شاهد‬ َ to see or witness; to view or inspect ِ ُ‫شاهدَ – ي‬ ُ ) ٌ‫اهد‬ (ُ ‫شواهد‬  / ٌ ‫شهود‬ َ witness; notary public ِ ‫ش‬ ِ ُ (‫يان‬ َ eyewitness ٍ ‫يان )شهودُ ِع‬ ٍ ‫شاهدُ ِع‬ ‫م‬ (ُ ‫شاهد‬ view, scene ِ ‫شهدٌ )َم‬ َ َ ‫صرح‬ ‫صُرُح‬ ْ َ‫صُرَح – ي‬ َ to be pure, unadulterated, or clear; to clarify or explain ‫ُص ِ ّرُح‬ َ to state or declare; to explain or clarify َ ‫صَّرَح – ي‬

244 Media

‫ص‬ (‫رحاء‬ ٌ ‫ص‬ ُ ) ‫ريح‬ ُ َ clear; frank, outspoken, sincere ٌ‫راحة‬ َ ‫ص‬ َ clarity; sincerity, openness ٌ َ ‫ ت‬statement, declaration; permission َ ‫صريح )ت‬ (‫صريحات‬ ٌ َ ‫ ت‬press release ‫ي‬ ٌ َ ‫صريح‬ ٌّ ‫صَحِف‬ َ َ ‫ ت‬security clearance ‫ي‬ ِ ‫صريح أ‬ ٌ ٌّ ‫من‬ ‫صرر‬ ‫صُّر‬ ِ َ‫صَّر – ي‬ َ to chirp, creak, or screech; to chatter; to bind ‫ُصُّر‬ َّ َ ‫ أ‬to resolve, determine, or decide; to persist ِ ‫صر – ي‬ ‫رير‬ ٌ ‫ص‬ َ chirping, screeching َّ ‫يل‬ ‫الل‬ ٌ ‫صّر‬ ُ ‫صّر‬ ِ ‫ار‬ َ a cricket َ  / ‫ار‬ ‫إصرار‬ persistence, perseverance ٌ ‫صٌّر‬ ِ ‫ ُم‬persistent ‫ظنن‬ ُ َ‫ظَّن – ي‬ َ to believe, think, or consider; to assume ‫ظُّن‬ َ ‫ ت‬to surmise or form conjectures ‫َظنََّن – يَت َظنُّن‬ ُ ) ‫ظٌّن‬ َ opinion, idea, assumption, belief ٌ ‫ظ‬ (‫نون‬ َّ ‫ ُحْسُن‬benefit of the doubt ‫الظ ِّن‬ َّ ‫سوء‬ mistrust, distrust ‫الظ ِّن‬ ُ ٌ ٌ َ‫ ِظنَّة )ِظن‬suspicion (‫ن‬ َ suspicious, untrustworthy, unreliable ٌ‫ظنين‬ ‫عبر‬ ‫عبََر – يَعب ُُر‬ َ to cross or pass; to swim; to ferry ‫ُعب ُّر‬ َ to state, declare, or express clearly; to interpret (a dream) ِ ‫عب ََّر – ي‬ ‫ ِاعت َبََر – يُعت َِبُر‬to consider, deem, or regard; to take into account; to learn a lesson; to hold in esteem ‫عْبَر‬ َ over (prep), beyond (prep), across (prep); crossing, passage ‫بور‬ ُ crossing, transit ٌ ‫ع‬ ‫بير‬ ‫ع‬ ٌ َ fragrance, scent, perfume (also a girl’s name) ‫ي‬ ٌّ ‫ ِعْبِر‬Hebrew (‫بر‬ ٌ ‫ ِعْبَرة ٌ )ِع‬warning, advice, lesson; example ٌ(‫ ِعبارة ٌ )ِعبارات‬explanation, interpretation; word, clause, phrase, expression ‫ي‬ ِ ‫ ِعْب‬Hebrew ٌّ ‫ران‬

Media 245 (‫عابر‬ ُ ‫ َمعبٌَر )َم‬a passage or crossing ٌ(‫عبير )ت َعبيرات‬ ٌ َ ‫ ت‬declaration, expression, utterance ٌ (‫بارات‬ ‫عت‬ ِ ‫ ِا‬consideration, regard, deference, esteem, respect ِ ‫بار )ِا‬ ٌ ‫عت‬ ‫ ُمعَِب ٌّر‬expressive; significant

‫عرب‬ ‫ب‬ ُ ‫ب – يُعَ ِ ّر‬ َ to Arabise; to express or state clearly; to translate into Arabic َ ‫عَّر‬ ‫ب‬ ُ ‫عر‬ َ ‫عر‬ َ َ ‫ أ‬to express or state clearly; to Arabise; to declare; to decline (a ِ ُ‫ب – ي‬

verb) ‫ب‬ ُ ‫َعر‬ َّ ‫– يَت‬

‫ب‬ َ ‫ ت َعََّر‬to assimilate oneself to the Arabs; to become an Arab ‫ب‬ ُ ‫َعر‬ َ ‫َعر‬ َ ‫ ِاست‬to pretend to be an Arab; to become an Arab ِ ‫ب – يَست‬ ‫إعراب‬ declension; inflection (grammar); declaration, utterance ٌ َ ‫ب )أ‬ (‫عراب‬ ٌ ٌ ‫عَر‬ َ Arabs, Bedouins ‫ي‬ َ an Arab; Arabian ٌّ ‫عَرِب‬ ٌ ‫عَر‬ (‫بات‬ َ carriage, vehicle, cart; a swift river َ ) ٌ‫عَربَة‬ ٌ ٌ(‫عَربيّات‬ َ carriage, vehicle, coach َ ) ‫عَربيَّة‬ ‫اب‬ godfather; sponsor ٌ ‫عّر‬ َ ٌ‫عّرابَة‬ َ godmother; sponsor ٌ‫عروبَة‬ ُ Arabism ‫ريب‬ ٌ ‫ ت َْع‬translating into Arabic; incorporation (of loanwords) into Arabic ‫ب‬ ٌ ‫ ُمْست َْعِر‬Arabist ‫علق‬ ‫عِلَق – يَْعلَُق‬ َ to hang or be suspended; to stick, cling, or adhere ّ َّ ‫علَق – يُعَِلُق‬ َ to comment, remark, or state; to hang; to fasten; to leave undecided ٌ ٌ(‫عالقات‬ َ relation; affiliation, connection; affection َ ) ‫عالقَة‬ ُ‫امة‬ ُ ‫الع‬ ‫القات‬ ‫الع‬ َّ َ َ public relations ُ‫القات الد َُّوِليَّة‬ ُ َ‫ الع‬international relations ُ‫بلوماسيّة‬ ُّ‫العالقات الد‬ ُ diplomatic relations ِ ٌ‫القات َوثيقة‬ ٌ ‫ع‬ َ close relations ٌ َ ‫ ت‬commentary; comment, remark; hanging, suspended ٌ َ ‫عليق )ت‬ (‫عليقات‬ ‫عليق‬ ٍ َ ‫دون ت‬ ِ ِ‫ ب‬no comment ّ (‫قون‬ َ ‫ ُمعَِلٌّق )ُمعَِل‬news, radio, or press commentator ‫ ُمعَلَّ ٌق‬suspended, hanging; in suspense, undecided ٌ َ‫ بَْرل‬hung parliament ‫مان ُمعَلٌَّق‬

246 Media

‫غرض‬ ‫ُغرض‬ ‫ض –ي‬ ُ َ ‫غر‬ َ َ ‫ أ‬to attain (goal); to take sides ‫ض‬ ُ ‫ض – يَت َغََّر‬ َ ‫ ت َغ ََّر‬to take sides or have a bias َ َ target, objective; interest (personal); bias, prejudice; things ‫ض )أ‬ (‫غراض‬ ٌ ٌ ‫غَر‬ ‫ض‬ ٌ ‫ ت َغ َُّر‬prejudice, bias ‫غر‬ (‫ضون‬ َ ٌ ‫غر‬ ِ ‫ض )ُم‬ ِ ‫ ُم‬partial, biased ‫فتح‬ ‫ فَت ََح – يَفت َُح‬to open; to turn on; to build or dig ‫فاتُح‬ ِ ُ‫ فات ََح – ي‬to address first; to confront ‫ ِانفَت ََح – يَنفَِتُح‬to open up or unfold ‫ ِافت َت ََح – يَفت َِتُح‬to inaugurate; to introduce or preface; to conquer or capture ٌ (‫فتوحات‬  / ‫توح‬ ٌ ُ‫ فَت َ ٌح )ف‬opening, introduction; conquest, victory ٌ‫تحة‬ َ َ‫ ف‬the (a) ◌َ vowel in Arabic ُ‫ فُتْ َحةٌ )ف‬opening, aperture ٌ (‫ح‬ ٌ َ ‫ فُت‬/ ‫تحات‬ (‫اتيح‬ ٌ ‫ ِم‬key ُ َ‫فتاح )َمف‬ ِ ‫تاح‬ ٌ ‫فت‬ ِ ‫ ا‬opening, introduction, inauguration ٌ‫تاحيَّة‬ ِ ‫فت‬ ِ ‫ ِا‬editorial; introductory, preliminary ‫فاتٌح‬ ِ light (colour); beginner; victor, conqueror (‫ح‬ ِ start, opening, beginning ِ ) ٌ‫فاتَحة‬ ُ ‫فوات‬ ُ‫الفاتَحة‬ ِ first sura of Quran ‫فتوح‬ ٌ ‫ َم‬opened; open ‫قرح‬ ‫قرُح‬ َ َ‫ قََرَح – ي‬to wound; to ulcerate or fester ‫ترُح‬ ِ ‫ ِاقت ََرَح – يَْق‬to suggest or propose; to invent or improvise (‫روح‬ ٌ ُ‫رح )ق‬ ٌ َ‫ ق‬wound, sore, ulcer ُ ٌ (‫رحات‬ ‫رحةٌ )ق‬ َ ُ‫ ق‬ulcer, sore, abscess ٌ ِ‫ ا‬suggestion, proposal; invention ِ‫قتراح )ا‬ (‫قتراحات‬ ٌ ٌ ‫قتر‬ (‫حات‬ َ ‫ ُم‬proposal, suggestion, proposition َ ‫قترٌح )ُم‬ ‫كشف‬ ‫ف‬ َ ‫ َك‬to expose, reveal, or disclose; to remove ُ ‫ف – يَْكِش‬ َ ‫ش‬ َ َ‫ف – ي‬ ‫ف‬ َ ‫ ِانَك‬to be uncovered, disclosed, or revealed ُ ‫نكِش‬ َ ‫ش‬ ‫ف‬ ُ ‫ف – يَكت َِش‬ َ ‫ ِاكت ََش‬to discover or detect; to uncover

Media 247

‫ف‬ َ ‫ ِاست‬to explore, investigate, or inquire ِ ‫ف – يَست‬ ُ ‫َكش‬ َ ‫َكش‬ ُ َ (‫شوف‬ ‫شف )ك‬ ٌ ٌ ‫ ك‬discovery; investigation, examination (medical); statement (bank) ‫الهويَِّة‬ ‫شف‬ ‫عدَ ُم َك‬ ِ ُّ َ anonymity ٌ(‫شافَة‬ َّ ‫اف )َك‬ َّ ‫ َك‬boy scout; explorer; inventor ٌ ‫ش‬ ٌ (‫شافات‬ ‫كت‬ ِ ‫شاف )ِا‬ ِ ‫ ِا‬discovery, disclosure, uncovering ٌ ‫كت‬ ‫كشاف‬ ‫ست‬ ِ ‫ ِا‬uncovering; exploration ٌ ‫كشوف‬ ‫ َم‬revealed, uncovered, exposed, naked ٌ ‫ف‬ ٌ ‫ ُمكت َِش‬discoverer, explorer ‫كلم‬ ‫ُكلُّم‬ ِ ‫ َكلََّم – ي‬to speak, talk, or address ‫ ت َكلََّم – يَت َكلَّ ُم‬to speak, express, or voice ٌ ‫ َكِلَمةٌ )َكِل‬word, speech, utterance; address; maxim (‫مات‬ ‫الم‬ ٌ ‫ َك‬sentence or clause (grammar); talking, speech; language ٌ‫فارغ‬ ٌ ‫ َك‬nonsense ِ ‫الم‬ ُ (‫لماء‬ ُ ‫ليم )ك‬ ٌ ‫ َك‬spokesperson, speaker; person addressed ٌ َ‫ ُمكالَ َمةٌ )ُمكال‬talk, conversation, discussion (‫مات‬ ّ‫تكِلٌم‬ َ ‫ ُم‬first person (grammar); speaker, spokesman; outspoken ‫لخص‬ ‫ص‬ ُ ‫ص – يُلَ ِ ّخ‬ َ ‫ لََّخ‬to extract; to summarise or outline ‫ص‬ ُ ‫ص – يَت َلَ ّخ‬ َ ‫ ت َلَ ّخ‬to be summarised, summed up, or condensed َ ‫ ت‬summary, résumé, abstract, synopsis ‫لخيص‬ ٌ ٌ (‫صات‬ ‫ص )ُملََّخ‬ ٌ ‫ ُملََّخ‬summarised, abridged, extract ‫لقي‬ ‫ي – يَلقى‬ َ ‫ لَِق‬to encounter or meet; to experience; to endure ‫ القى – يُالقي‬to meet or encounter; to experience ‫ أ َلقى – يُلقي‬to throw, drop, or discard ‫ ت َلَقّى – يَت َلقّى‬to receive, take, or accept; to learn or be informed ‫ ِالت َقى – يَلت َقي‬to meet, come together, or encounter ً ‫ أ َلقى ِخطابا‬to give a speech ‫على‬ َّ ‫ أ َلقى‬to throw light on َ ‫الضْوَء‬ ‫لقاء‬ َ ‫( ِت‬prep) opposite, in front of ‫ي‬ ِ ‫ ِت‬automatic, spontaneous ٌّ ‫لقائ‬

248 Media (‫مالق‬ ) ‫لقى‬ ٍ ً ‫ َم‬meeting place; junction, crossing ٌ(‫قاء )ِلقاءات‬ ٌ ‫ ِل‬encounter, meeting ْ throwing, casting, flinging; delivering a speech ‫قاء‬ ‫إل‬ ٌ ْ (‫قاء )مع‬ ٌ ‫ ِالِت‬meeting (with); reunion ٌ َ‫َقى )ُمْلت َقي‬ (‫ات‬ ً ‫ ُمْلت‬meeting place; rendezvous; junction

‫لمح‬ ‫لمُح‬ َ َ‫ لََمَح – ي‬to glance, see, or notice; to flash or sparkle ‫ لََّمَح – يُلَ ِ ّمُح‬to insinuate, hint, or allude ‫مح – ي ُِلمُح‬ َ ‫ أَْل‬to glance casually ‫ لَْمٌح‬quick look, glance; moment ٌ ‫ لَْمَحةٌ )لَْم‬glance; moment, instant (‫حات‬ ‫المُح‬ ِ ‫ َم‬features, traits ٌ َ ‫ميح )ت‬ (‫تالميح‬  / ‫لميحات‬ ٌ ‫ ت َْل‬allusion, insinuation, hint; refutation ُ ‫نقش‬ ‫ش‬ ُ ُ‫ش – يَنق‬ َ َ‫ نَق‬to engrave or paint; to sculpt or chisel ‫ش‬ ِ ُ‫ش – ي‬ ُ ‫ناق‬ َ َ‫ ناق‬to discuss, argue, or debate; to criticise; to examine ‫ناقش‬ ُ َ ‫ش – يَت‬ َ َ‫ ت َنَاق‬to debate, to carry on a dispute (‫قوش‬ ٌ ُ‫ش )ن‬ ٌ ‫ نَ ْق‬painting, drawing, engraving; inscription ّ ‫اش‬ ٌ ‫ نَق‬sculptor, engraver ٌ ‫ش‬ (‫ات‬ َ َ‫ ُمناق‬discussion, negotiation, argument َ َ‫شةٌ )ُمناق‬ ٌ (‫قاشات‬ ‫قاش )ِن‬ ٌ ‫ ِن‬discussion, debate (‫شون‬ َ ‫ناق‬ ِ ‫ش )ُم‬ ِ ‫ ُم‬disputant, person in dispute ٌ ‫ناق‬ ‫نقض‬ ‫ض‬ ُ ُ‫ض – يَنق‬ َ َ‫ نَق‬to destroy, demolish, or violate; to invalidate ‫ض‬ ِ ُ‫ض – ي‬ ُ ‫ناق‬ َ َ‫ ناق‬to contradict; to be opposite ‫ض‬ ُ ‫ض – يَنت َِق‬ َ َ‫ ِانت َق‬to be destroyed or demolished; to revolt; to attack ‫قض‬ ٌ َ‫ ن‬destruction, demolition; breach, violation ‫َقيض‬ ٌ ‫ ن‬opposite, contrary; antithesis (‫ذلك‬ ِ ‫قيض )ِمن‬ ِ َّ‫ على الن‬on the contrary ‫ض‬ ٌ ُ‫ ت َناق‬contradiction, inconsistency ٌ (‫ضات‬ ‫تناق‬ ِ ‫ ُم‬contradictions, contrasts ِ ‫ض )ُم‬ ٌ ‫تناق‬

Media 249

‫نقل‬ ‫ نَقََل – يَْنقُ ُل‬to communicate; to remove; to transport ‫ نَقَّ َل – يُن َِقُّل‬to move or displace; to advance ‫ ت َنَقََّل – يَت َنقَُّل‬to move about, migrate, or wander ‫َقل – يَنت َِقُل‬ َ ‫ ِانت‬to be carried or transported ‫رحمة الله‬ ‫نتقل إلى‬ َ ‫ ِا‬he died ِ ٌ ‫ ن‬transmission, transfer; carrying, removal, transport ‫َقل‬ ُ َ‫ ن‬information transfer ‫لومات‬ ‫المْع‬ ِ َ ‫قل‬ ُ َ‫ ن‬technology transfer ‫الت ّكنولوجيا‬ ِ ‫قل‬ ْ ُ َّ‫ الن‬public transport ِ ‫عام‬ ِ ‫ َو‬/ ‫عام‬ ِ َّ‫سائُل الن‬ ّ ‫قل ال‬ ُّ ‫قل ْال‬ ً ‫ نَقال عن‬according to ٌ ‫ اِِنت‬transportation, moving, removal ‫قال‬ ‫ ُمت َِنقٌّل‬mobile, itinerant, roaming ٌ ‫ ِاِنت‬/ ‫ ت َنَقٌُّل‬change of residence; roaming, wandering; transmission ‫قال‬ ٌ ّ‫ نَق‬/ ‫ ُمت َنَقّل‬portable, mobile ‫ال‬ ‫همم‬ ‫ َهَّم – يَِهُّم‬to disquiet or worry; to grieve; to be important ‫هم – ي ُِهُّم‬ َّ َ ‫ أ‬to grieve, worry, or trouble; to be of interest or importance ‫هتم – يَهت َُّم‬ َّ ‫ ِا‬to be concerned, distressed, or worried; to pay attention (‫موم‬ ٌ ‫ َهٌّم )ُه‬worry, anxiety, concern, solitude (‫ ِهَّمةٌ )ِهَمٌم‬ambition, resolution, intention ٌ‫ أ َ َهميَّة‬importance, significance; interest (‫هام‬ ُّ ‫ َمَهَّمةٌ )َم‬mission, task, duty ٌ (‫مامات‬ ‫هت‬ ِ ‫مام )ِا‬ ِ ‫ ِا‬interest, concern, attention; an endeavour ٌ ‫هت‬ ‫هام‬ ٌّ important, serious, interesting ‫موم‬ ٌ ‫ َمْه‬concerned, worried, stressed ‫ ُمِهٌّم‬important, significant; interesting ٌ ‫ ُمِهّمةٌ )ُمِهّم‬important things; requirements, provisions (‫ات‬ (‫ب‬ ِ ) ‫ ُمْهت ٌَم‬interested (in), concerned, anxious No root

‫ َهَوٌج‬folly; light-headedness, rashness (‫وج‬ ٌ ‫هوُج )ُه‬ َ َ ‫ أ‬reckless, impatient; violent, frantic

250 Media

‫هائٌج‬ ِ raging (of discussion) ‫ َه‬hurricane, tornado, cyclone (‫هوج‬ ٌ ) ‫وجاء‬ ُ ‫وزع‬ ‫ع‬ ُ ‫ع – يََز‬ َ ‫ َوَز‬to curb or restrain ‫ع‬ ُ ‫ع – ي َُوّز‬ َ ‫ َوَّز‬to distribute, divide, or deliver َّ ‫ع – يَت‬ َّ ‫ ت‬to be distributed or divided ‫ع‬ ُ ‫َوز‬ َ ‫َوز‬ ‫زيع‬ ٌ ‫ ت َْو‬distribution, division, allotment ‫وازع‬ ِ obstacle, impediment; conscience; restraint ‫ع‬ ٌ ‫ ُمَو ِ ّز‬distributor; distributing ّ ِ ‫ ُم‬postman ‫ريد‬ ُ ‫وز‬ ِ َ‫ع الب‬ َّ ‫ع‬ ٌ ‫ ُمَوز‬distributed, scattered, dispersed ‫وضح‬ ‫ضُح‬ َ ‫ َو‬to be clear or evident; to appear or come to light ِ َ‫ضَح – ي‬ ‫يوضُح‬ َ ‫ أ َ ْو‬to clarify, explain, or illustrate ِ – ‫ضَح‬ ‫ضُح‬ َّ ‫ ت ََو‬to be clear or evident; to appear or come to light َّ ‫ضَح – يَت ََو‬ ‫وضُح‬ َ َ ‫ ِاست‬to ask for explanation or clarification ِ َ ‫وض َح – يَست‬ ‫ضوح‬ ‫ ُو‬clarity, distinctness ٌ ‫ضيح‬ ‫ ت َْو‬clarification, explanation, elucidation ٌ ٌ (‫إيضاحات‬ ) ‫إيضاح‬ explanation, clarification ٌ ‫واضٌح‬ ِ clear, plain, distinct

‫ِرقابةُ ْالَم‬ Censorship ‫طبوعات‬ ِ ‫حذف‬ ‫ف‬ ِ َ‫ف – ي‬ ُ ‫حذ‬ َ َ‫ َحذ‬to delete, omit, or suppress; to shorten; to deduct or subtract ‫ف‬ ُ ّ‫ف – ي َُحِذ‬ َ َّ‫ َحذ‬to give something shape; to trim or clip ْ ‫ف‬ ٌ ‫ َحذ‬omission, suppression; ellipsis (grammar); shortening; cancelling ‫رقب‬ ‫ب‬ ُ ُ‫ب – يَرق‬ َ َ‫ َرق‬to observe, supervise, or control ‫ب‬ ُ ‫ُراق‬ ِ ‫ب –ي‬ َ َ‫ راق‬to observe, supervise, or control; to detect ‫ب‬ ُ َّ‫ب – يَت ََرق‬ َ َّ‫ ت ََرق‬to expect, anticipate, or await; to look for ‫ب‬ ُ ‫ب – يَرت َِق‬ َ َ‫ ِارت َق‬to expect or anticipate

Media 251 (‫بون‬ َ ‫راق‬ ٌ ‫راق‬ ِ ‫ب )ُم‬ ِ ‫ ُم‬observer; censor ٌ(‫ َرقَبات‬/ ‫قاب‬ ٌ ‫ َرقَبةٌ )ِر‬neck (‫قباء‬ ٌ ‫ َر‬vigilant; guardian ُ ‫قيب )ُر‬ ٌ‫ َرقابَة‬censorship (of press); supervision, control ٌ‫ ُمراقَبَة‬surveillance, supervision, control ‫رج ْال ُمراقَبَِة‬ ُ ُ‫ ب‬control tower

‫المَراقَبَِة‬ ُ ‫ظام‬ ُ ‫ ِن‬surveillance system (‫بون‬ َ ‫راق‬ ٌ ‫راق‬ ِ ‫ب )ُم‬ ِ ‫ ُم‬supervisor, inspector, controller ‫ستر‬

‫ست ََر – يَست ُ ُر‬ َ to cover, veil, hide, or conceal ‫ ت ََست َّ َر – يَت َست َّ ُر‬to cover up (for someone); to be covered or veiled ‫ ِاست َت ََر – يَست َِتُر‬to be veiled, hidden, or concealed (‫ستار‬ ُ ) ‫تر‬ ٌ َ ‫ أ‬/ ‫تور‬ ٌ ‫س‬ ٌ ‫ ِس‬veil, screen, curtain, covering َ ‫أ‬ ‫تار‬ ‫س‬ (‫ستار‬ ) screen, veil, curtain, covering ِ ٌ ٌ ٌ ‫ست ُّ ِر على‬ ّ ‫ ِق‬cover story َ ّ ‫صة ِللت‬ ‫ي‬ ِ ‫تار د‬ ٌ ‫ ِس‬smokescreen ٌّ ‫ُخان‬ ‫تور‬ ٌ ‫ َمْس‬hidden, invisible, masked ‫عتم‬ ‫عتُم‬ ِ َ‫عت ََم – ي‬ َ to darken; to hesitate (with negative) ‫ُعتُم‬ ِ ‫ أَعت ََم – ي‬to hesitate or waver ٌ‫عتْمة‬ َ dark, gloom, darkness ‫عتيم‬ ٌ َ ‫ ت‬darkening, clouding, obscurity ‫ ُمْعِتٌم‬dark ‫كام ُل‬ ِ ‫عتيم ْال‬ ُ َّ ‫ الت‬complete darkness (no news coverage) ‫كظم‬ َ ‫ َك‬to suppress; to keep silent ‫كظُم‬ ِ َ‫ظَم – ي‬ ‫ظيم‬ ٌ ‫ َك‬one who suppresses his anger; to be filled with anger ‫كمم‬ ‫ َكَّم – يَُكُّم‬to cover up, conceal, or hide; to muzzle ‫ُكمُم‬ ّ ِ ‫ َكَّمَم – ي‬to muzzle; to provide with sleeves

252 Media

ٌ ‫مام‬ (‫مائُم‬ ِ ‫ َك‬/ ‫ات‬ َ ‫ ِك‬muzzle; mask َ ‫مامةٌ )ِك‬ ِ ‫كميم اإلعالم‬ ُ َ ‫ ت‬muzzling the media ‫لغز‬ ‫ لَغََز – يَلغُُز‬to speak in riddles, to equivocate َ ‫ أَْل‬to speak in riddles, to equivocate ‫غز – ي ُِلغُز‬ ٌ َ ‫غز )أ‬ ٌ ُ‫ ل‬riddle, enigma, puzzle (‫لغاز‬ ُ ُ‫ ل‬crossword puzzle ‫تقاطعَِة‬ ِ ‫كل‬ ِ ‫الم‬ ِ ‫غز ْال‬ ُ ‫مات‬ ‫وضع‬ ‫ضُع‬ َ َ‫ضَع – ي‬ َ ‫ َو‬to lay, put, or impose ‫واضُع‬ َ َ ‫واضَع – يَت‬ َ َ ‫ ت‬to behave humbly or modestly ‫ضع‬ َ َّ ‫ اِت‬to humble oneself ُ َّ ‫ضَع – يَت‬ َ (‫وضاع‬ ٌ ‫ضع )أ‬ ٌ ‫ َو‬circumstances; principles; recording, fixing ‫م‬ (‫واضُع‬ ) ِ ‫ َمْو‬place, spot, site, position, situation ِ َ ‫ضٌع‬ ‫واضٌع‬ ُ َ ‫ ت‬humility, modesty; lowliness ‫ضوع )َمَو‬ (‫اضيع‬ ٌ ‫ َمْو‬subject, theme; matter; article ُ ‫ضوع َجدَ ٍل‬ ‫ َمْو‬controversial matter ُ ُ‫وضوعيَّة‬ ‫ ْالَم‬objectivity ِ َ subjective ‫ير َم‬ ِ ُ ‫غ‬ ٍ‫ي‬ ّ ‫وضوع‬ Exercises 1) Give two derived words for each of the following roots:

‫خ ب ر‬ ‫ر س ل‬ ‫ع ل م‬ 2) Find the roots of the following words:

‫بوع‬ ٌ ‫أ ُْس‬ ‫زيع‬ ٌ ‫ت َْو‬ ٌ ‫َجريدة‬ ‫هير‬ َ ٌ ‫ش‬ ‫باع‬ ٌ ‫ِط‬ ‫عام‬ ٌ ٌ‫صة‬ َّ ‫ِق‬

Media 253

‫صادٌر‬ ِ ‫َم‬ ٌ‫َمقاالت‬ 3) Give the plural of these words (some may have more than one plural):

ٌ ‫إعالن‬ ‫عليم‬ ٌ َ‫ت‬ ٌ‫خاتمة‬ ِ ٌ‫قُبلَة‬ ‫تاب‬ ٌ ‫ِك‬ ٌ‫َوسيلَة‬ 4) Give the present tense of these verbs:

‫علن‬ َ َ‫أ‬ ‫َحَّرَر‬ ‫صدَ َر‬ َ ‫قابل‬ َ ‫َب‬ َ ‫َكت‬ َ‫واجه‬ َ 5) Translate the following sentences into Arabic a) b) c) d) e)

The journalist published his first book. The PM gave a brief statement. The president spoke about the allegations in a television broadcast. The correspondent confirmed his neutrality. My friend owns the largest news agency in England.

6) Translate the following sentences into English: .‫بار العالميَِّة‬ ِ – ِ ‫آخُر َاألْخ‬ ْ ‫حفاظ على‬ .‫الديمقراطيَِّة‬ ِ ِ ‫أساسيّون ِلل‬ ِ ‫الصَحفيّون‬ َّ – ْ ‫وم؟‬ ّ ‫– ما ُهَو دَ ْوُر ال‬ َ َ‫صحفي الي‬ ً ً ‫لعب‬ .‫صرنا هذا‬ ُ َ‫– ت‬ ِ َ ‫وسائ ُل اإلعالم ِ دَ ْورا هاما في‬ ِ ‫ع‬ َ ُ َ ّ ْ َ ‫رئيس‬ ‫ن‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ريطاني‬ ‫الب‬ ‫نباء‬ ‫األ‬ ‫كالة‬ ‫و‬ ‫رت‬ ‫– ذََك‬ .ُ‫ستقالَت َه‬ َّ ِ ‫الوز‬ ِ ِ ‫راء قدََّم ِا‬ ِ َ َ

Note

ُ ‫الم‬ ُ ُ‫الق‬ 1 This is frequently used as an epithet of the Quran ‫بين‬ ُ ‫رآن‬

7

Law and Order ‫القان و ُن واَألم ُن‬

The Legal Process ُ‫القانونيَّة‬ ‫اإلجراءات‬ ُ ِ

‫بوح‬ ‫بوح‬ ُ َ‫باح – ي‬ َ to be revealed; to disclose or divulge ‫بيح‬ ُ ُ‫باح – ي‬ َ َ ‫ أ‬to disclose, reveal, release; to permit, allow ‫تبيح‬ ُ ‫تباح – يَْس‬ َ ‫ ِاْس‬to reveal; to deem permissible or lawful ‫ بَْوٌح‬confession, disclosure ٌ (‫باحات‬ ) ٌ‫باحة‬ َ a wide open space or courtyard ٌ‫إباحة‬ َ permission; disclosure; licentiousness ٌ‫إباحيَّة‬ ِ libertinism; anarchism; freethinking ٌ‫باحة‬ ِ ‫ ِا‬capture or seizure; confiscation َ ‫ست‬ ‫باح‬ ٌ ‫ ُم‬permitted, legal; legitimate ‫جدل‬ ‫جدُل‬ ِ َ‫ َجدَ َل – ي‬to twist or plait; to tighten ‫ُجد ُّل‬ ِ ‫ َجد ََّل – ي‬to plait ُ‫جادل‬ to quarrel, argue, or debate ِ ُ‫جادل – ي‬ َ ‫ َجدَ ٌل‬a quarrel, argument, or debate ‫ثار َجدًَال‬ َ َ ‫ أ‬to cause controversy ‫ي‬ ٌ ‫ ُم‬controversial ٌّ ‫ َجدَِل‬/ ‫ثير ِلْلَجدَ ِل‬ ٌ ُ(‫دائل‬ ِ ‫ َجديلة )َج‬a plait ٌ ‫ ِج‬a quarrel, argument, or debate ٌ َ‫ ُمجاد‬/ ‫داالت‬ ٌ (‫الت‬ ‫ ُمجادَلَةٌ )ِج‬/ ‫دال‬ ‫دال‬ َ ‫ ال ِج‬indisputably ٍ ‫ ِبال ِج‬/ ‫دال‬ ‫جادٌل‬ ِ ‫ ُم‬a disputant or opponent ‫جنى‬ ‫ َجنى – يَجني‬to commit a crime; to pocket or secure; to gather or harvest DOI: 10.4324/9781003250890-8

Law and Order 255

‫ ت ََجنَّى – يَت َجنَّى‬to incriminate; to accuse ٌ (‫نايات‬ ‫ ِجنايَةٌ )ِج‬a crime or felony ٌ‫نائيّة‬ ‫الج‬ ِ ِ ‫كمةٌ ِج‬ ِ ُ‫كمة‬ َ ‫ َمْح‬criminal court َ ‫ َمْح‬/ ‫نايات‬ ‫ي‬ ِ ‫ ِج‬criminal (adj) ٌّ ‫نائ‬ ٌ َ ‫ ت‬criminal investigation ‫نائي‬ ٌّ ‫حقيق ِج‬ ُ‫نائيَّةُ الدَُوليّة‬ ِ ‫الج‬ ِ ُ‫المْحكمة‬ َ the International Criminal Court ‫جوب‬ ‫يجوب‬ – ‫جاب‬ to travel or traverse; to wander or roam ُ َ ‫ب‬ ُ ‫جاو‬ َ ‫جاو‬ ِ ُ‫ب – ي‬ َ to answer or respond ‫ب‬ ُ ‫َجو‬ َ ‫َجو‬ ِ ‫ب – يَست‬ َ ‫ ِاست‬to interrogate or examine ٌ(‫واب )أ َ ْجَوبة‬ ٌ ‫ َج‬a reply; an octave (music) ٌ (‫إجابات‬ ) ٌ‫ إجابة‬an answer or reply ٌ ‫ست‬ (‫جوابات‬ ‫ست‬ ٌ ِ ‫ ِا‬an interrogation or hearing; a debriefing ِ ‫جواب )ِا‬ ‫جوز‬ ُ َ‫جاز – ي‬ َ to pass, come, travel; to be allowed; to be possible ‫جوز‬ ُ‫ُجوز‬ ِ ّ ‫ َجّوَز – ي‬to permit, authorise, warrant ُ ‫ستجاز – يَْس‬ َ ‫ ِا‬to deem permissible; to ask permission ‫تجيز‬ ٌ ‫ َجَو‬permissibility or legality; license or permission ‫از‬ ُ ‫ َج‬passport ‫سفٍَر‬ َ ‫واز‬ ٌ(‫ إجازة ٌ )إجازات‬a holiday; permission, license, or approval ‫جائٌز‬ ِ permitted or lawful; conceivable; passing (‫جوائُز‬ ِ ) ٌ ‫جائَزة‬ ِ a prize or reward; a premium ‫حتم‬ ‫ َحت َّ َم – يَُحِت ّ ُم‬to decree or make necessary; to decide or determine (‫توم‬ ٌ ‫تم )ُح‬ ٌ ‫ َح‬imposition; resolution; final decision final, conclusive ‫ي‬ ‫تم‬ ‫ح‬ ِ ٌّ َ ‫توم‬ ٌ ‫ َمْح‬imposed, determined, definite ‫حرم‬ ‫حرُم‬ ِ َ‫ َحَرَم – ي‬to be prohibited or unlawful; to deprive or dispossess ‫ َحَّرَم – ي َُح ِ ّرُم‬to forbid; to declare unlawful ‫َحرُم‬ ّ ‫ ت ََحَّرَم – يَت‬to be forbidden or prohibited

256 Law and Order

‫َرم – يَحت َِرُم‬ َ ‫ ِاحت‬to honour, respect, or esteem ‫َحرُم‬ ِ ‫ ِاست َْحَرَم – يَست‬to deem sacred or inviolable ّ ‫مان‬ ‫ريفان‬ ‫الش‬ َ ‫ ْال‬the two Holy Places, i.e. Mecca and Medina ِ ِ ‫حر‬ ٌ ٌ ‫ ُحْرَمة )ُحَر‬holiness, sacredness; deference, veneration; woman or wife (‫مات‬ (‫حُرٌم‬ ُ ) ‫رام‬ ٌ ‫ َح‬unlawful, prohibited or inviolable ‫رام‬ ٌ ‫ َح‬Poor thing! (ٌ‫حِرمة‬ ْ َ ‫رام )أ‬ ٌ ‫ ِح‬blanket (‫حَرٌم‬ ُ ) ‫ريم‬ ٌ ‫ َح‬sacred or inviolable; women; harem ‫ي‬ ِ ‫ َح‬thief ٌّ ‫رام‬ ٌ‫ ِحرمان‬deprivation ‫ريم‬ ٌ ‫ ت َْح‬interdiction, prohibition ٌ (‫رامات‬ ‫حت‬ ِ ‫رام )ِا‬ ِ ‫ ِا‬deference, respect, tributes ٌ ‫حت‬ ‫حروم‬ ‫ َم‬deprived; bereaved ٌ ‫ ُمَحَّرٌم‬forbidden; the name of the first Islamic month ُ ‫المَحَّر‬ ‫مات‬ ُ taboos ‫ترٌم‬ َ ‫ ُمْح‬honoured, esteemed (‫محارُم‬ ِ ) ٌ‫ َمْحَرَمة‬handkerchief ‫حظر‬ ُ ‫ظَر – يَْح‬ َ ‫ َح‬to fence or hem in; to forbid or prohibit ‫ظُر‬ ‫ظر‬ ٌ ‫ َح‬a ban, embargo, or prohibition ُ ‫ َح‬curfew ‫جوِل‬ ُّ َّ ‫ظُر الت‬ ٌ (‫ظورات‬ ‫ظور )َمْح‬ ٌ ‫ َمْح‬prohibited; forbidden things or restrictions ‫حقق‬ ‫ َحَّق – يَِحُّق‬to be true or suitable; to be necessary ‫ َحقََّق – ي َُحِقُّق‬to investigate or interrogate; to achieve; to determine or verify ‫ ت ََحقّ َق – يَت َحقُّق‬to check; to ascertain or prove true; to convince ‫ ِاست ََحَق – يَست َِحُق‬to be entitled or to claim; to merit; to necessitate ٌّ truth; rights; law; duty ٌ ‫حق )ُح‬ (‫قوق‬ ً ‫ َحقا‬in reality/truly ُ ‫ ْالُح‬law, jurisprudence ‫قوق‬ ُ ‫قائ‬ (‫ق‬ ِ ‫ َحقيقةٌ )َح‬truth, reality, fact ‫ في ْالحقيقَ ِة‬/ ً‫ َحقيقة‬truly, really ‫ي‬ ِ ‫ َح‬real or true ٌّ ‫قيق‬

Law and Order 257

ٌ ‫ ت َْح‬investigation, inquiry, interrogation; realisation (of); conviction ٌ (‫قيقات‬ ‫قيق )ت َْح‬ ّ ٌ (‫قون‬ َ ‫ ُمَح ِقّق )ُمَحِق‬investigator, examiner, detective; magistrate ‫تحٌق‬ ِ ‫ ُمْس‬deserving, worthy, entitled ‫مل‬ ِ َ‫ َحُّق الع‬right of employment َ ‫ َحُّق ْالُم‬right to fair trial ‫العادلَِة‬ ِ ‫مة‬ ِ ‫حاك‬ ُ ‫ ُح‬human rights ‫اإلنسان‬ ‫قوق‬ ِ

ُ ‫قانون ُح‬ Human Rights Act ‫اإلنسان‬ ‫قوق‬ َ ِ ُ ّ‫ جمعي‬human rights organisations ‫اإلنسان‬ ‫قوق‬ ِ ِ ‫ات ُح‬ ْ ُ‫المدنيَّة‬ ُ ‫ الُح‬civil rights ِ ‫قوق‬ ْ ُ ‫ ُحقوق الَمْرِأة‬women’s rights ُ ‫ ُح‬animal rights ‫وان‬ َ ‫قوق‬ ِ ‫الحْي‬ ‫حكم‬

ُ َ‫ َحَكَم – ي‬to rule or govern; to judge; to sentence ‫حكُم‬ ‫ َحَّكَم – يَُح ِ ّكُم‬to appoint as a ruler or judge َ to try, prosecute, or interrogate; to hear (a defence or prosecution) ‫حاكُم‬ ِ ُ‫حاك َم – ي‬ َّ ‫َحكَم – يَت‬ َّ ‫ ت‬to be in control; to proceed at random ‫َحكُم‬ ‫َحاكم‬ ُ ‫حاكم – يَت‬ َ َ ‫ ت‬to appeal َ (‫حكام‬ ٌ ‫كم )أ‬ ٌ ‫ ُح‬rule, order, law; judgement; verdict (‫كماء‬ ُ ‫كيم )ُح‬ ٌ ‫ َح‬a sage or wise person; a doctor (‫ ِحكمةٌ )ِحَكٌم‬wisdom; an aphorism or witticism ٌ (‫كومات‬ ‫ ُحكومةٌ )ُح‬government (‫محاكُم‬ ِ ) ٌ‫ َمْحَكمة‬court; tribunal ‫مة‬ ٍ ‫ َجلسةُ َمْحَك‬court hearing َ ‫ ُم‬a trial or hearing َ ‫حاكمةٌ )ُم‬ ٌ ‫حاك‬ (‫مات‬ ‫ب‬ ِ ‫كوم‬ ِ ‫عليه‬ ٌ ‫ َمْح‬sentenced to ُّ‫ ت َحكٌم‬rule, domination, power, control (‫ام‬ ِ a ruler or judge; ruling, governing ٌ ‫حاكٌم )ُحُّك‬ َ to take to court ‫مة‬ ِ ‫أخذَ ِلْلَمْحَك‬ ْ on remand َ ‫الم‬ ‫حاكَمِة‬ ِ ‫بان‬ َ ‫تظار‬ ‫براءٍة‬ ُ ‫ ُح‬acquittal َ ‫كم‬ ِ ‫كم اإلعدام‬ ُ ‫ ُح‬death penalty ‫ئناف‬ ِ ‫ست‬ ِ ‫ محكمةُ ِاال‬Court of Appeal ‫ئناف‬ ِ ‫ ِا‬appeal ٌ ‫ست‬ ‫المْحَكَمِة‬ ُ a warrant َ ‫أمر‬ ُ ‫الجنايات‬ ِ ‫ َمْحكمة‬/ ِ‫ َمْحَكمةُ التّاج‬Crown court

258 Law and Order

ْ ُّ ُ‫ َمْحَكمة‬Magistrates’ court ِ‫الصلح‬ ‫عْليا‬ ُ ٌ‫ َمْحَكمة‬the high or supreme court ‫حلف‬ ‫ف‬ ِ َ‫ف – ي‬ ُ ‫حل‬ َ َ‫ َحل‬to swear or take an oath ّ ‫ف‬ ُ ‫ف – ي َُحِل‬ َ َّ‫ َحل‬to make (someone) swear or take an oath; to swear in ‫مين‬ ِ َ‫ ِحْلف الي‬taking the oath (‫الف‬ ٌ ‫ف )أ َ ْح‬ ٌ ‫ ِحْل‬alliance, pact (‫لفاء‬ ٌ ‫ َح‬ally, confederate ُ ‫ليف )ُح‬ ‫وف )َح‬ (‫الليف‬ ٌ ّ‫ َحل‬pig, swine1 ُ ‫ف‬ ٌ ُ‫ ت َحال‬alliance (‫فون‬ َ َّ‫ف )ُمحل‬ ٌ َّ‫ ُمَحل‬juror ‫فين‬ َ َّ‫المَحل‬ ُ ُ‫ َهْيئة‬jury ‫حلل‬ ‫ َحَّل – يَُحُّل‬to untie or solve; to resolve or settle (a dispute); to release ‫ َحلََّل – يَُحِلُّل‬to dissolve or break up; to declare lawful, to allow ‫ ِاحت ََّل – يَْحت َُّل‬to occupy; to hold or have ‫ ِاست ََحَّل – يَست َِحُّل‬to regard (sth) as lawful; to regard as fair game ٌ ‫ َحٌّل )ُح‬solution, explanation; untying, undoing, breaking up (‫لول‬ ٌ‫سط‬ َ ‫ َحٌّل َو‬compromise ّ‫الن‬ ‫زاعات‬ ِ ِ ‫ َحُّل‬conflict resolution ٌ ‫ َح‬lawful, legal, legitimate ‫الل‬ ٌ ّ‫ َمَحٌّل )َمحال‬place, location; a shop or store (‫ت‬ ‫ي‬ ِ ‫ َم‬local ٌّ ّ‫حل‬ ٌ(‫ ت َْحليالت‬/ ‫حاليل‬ ٌ ‫ ت َْح‬analysis, resolution; dissolution, breaking up َ ‫ليل )ت‬ ُ ٌ ‫نح‬ ‫الل‬ ِ ‫ ِا‬dissolution, breakup ٌ ‫حت‬ ‫الل‬ ِ ‫ ِا‬occupation ُ‫المْحت َلّة‬ ُ ‫ َاألراضي‬the Occupied Territories (‫لون‬ َ ّ‫ ُمَحِلّ ٌل )ُمَحِل‬analyst ‫حمى‬ ‫ َحمى – يَْحمي‬to defend, guard, or protect ‫عن‬ َ ‫عن – يُحامي‬ َ ‫ حامى‬to defend (someone in court); to stand up for ٌ ٌ (‫مايات‬ ‫ ِحماية )ِح‬protection; patronage; sponsorship

Law and Order 259

ٌ ‫ ُمحاماة‬defence; the legal profession; the practice of law ُ ‫المحاماة‬ ُ law (the discipline) ‫ ُمحام ٍ )ُم‬lawyer (‫حامون‬ َ ‫ي‬ ٌّ ‫ َمْحِم‬protected ‫البيانات‬ ُ‫ ِحماية‬data protection ِ ‫خصم‬ ‫خصُم‬ ُ َ‫صَم – ي‬ َ ‫ َخ‬to defeat in an argument; to deduct or subtract ‫ُخاصُم‬ ‫ي‬ – to argue or dispute; to sue ‫خاصم‬ ِ َ َ ‫خاصم – يَت‬ َ ‫ ت‬to have a fight; to litigate ‫خاصُم‬ َ َ (‫صوم‬ ‫صم )ُخ‬ ٌ ٌ ‫ َخ‬adversary, opponent, enemy ‫صٌم‬ ْ ‫ َخ‬reduction, discount, rebate ‫صيم )ُخ‬ (‫صماء‬ ُ ٌ ‫ َخ‬adversary, enemy ٌ‫صومة‬ ‫ ُخ‬/ ‫صام‬ ٌ ‫ ِخ‬argument, dispute, quarrel َ ‫ د ع ى‬/ ‫د ع و‬ ‫عو‬ ُ ‫ دَعا – يَْد‬to call or summon; to appeal to someone ‫ داعى – يُداعي‬to challenge; to prosecute ‫ اِدَّعى – يَدَّعي‬to claim, allege, charge, or testify (in court) ‫ ِاست َْدعى – يَست َدعي‬to call or summon; to appeal (a judgement) ٌ (‫عوات‬ َ‫ دَ ْع َوة ٌ )د‬an appeal; a demand; an invitation, call or prayer (‫عاو‬ ٍ َ‫ د‬/ ‫ دَعوى )دَعاوى‬allegation, claim; a case or legal proceedings (ٌ‫عاء )أ َدعيَة‬ ٌ ُ‫ د‬prayer; request; good wish ٌ‫ ِدعاية‬propaganda ٌ ّ‫ّعاء )ِإد‬ (‫عاءات‬ ٌ ‫ ِإد‬claim, allegation, accusation ‫عاء‬ ِ prosecution ُ ّ‫اإلد‬ ‫دعاء‬ ِ ‫ ِا‬summons; citation ٌ ‫ست‬ (ٌ ‫ داعٍ )د ُعاة‬cause or reason; host (‫عون‬ َ َّ‫ ُمدَّعٍ ) ُمد‬a plaintiff or claimant ‫على‬ َ ‫ رفَ َع دَْعوى‬to sue ‫عليه‬ ِ ٍ‫  ُمدَّع‬/ ‫عليه‬ َ ‫المدَّعى‬ ُ defendant ‫زعم‬ ‫زعُم‬ ُ َ‫عَم – ي‬ َ ‫ َز‬to allege, claim, declare, or assert; to pretend ‫عُم‬ َّ ‫َزعَم – يت ََز‬ َّ ‫ ت‬to lead; to pretend to be a leader

260 Law and Order

‫عم‬ ٌ ‫ َز‬allegation, claim (‫ماء‬ َ ‫عيم )ُز‬ ُ ‫ع‬ ٌ ‫ َز‬leader, general, ringleader ‫زاعُم‬ ِ ‫ َم‬allegations, claims; assumptions ‫زعوم‬ ‫ َم‬alleged ٌ ‫شجر‬ ‫شجُر‬ َ to happen, take place or occur; to break out ُ َ‫شَجَر – ي‬ ‫شاجُر‬ َ to quarrel, fight, or dispute ِ ُ‫شاجَر – ي‬ َ ْ (‫جار‬ َ trees, shrubs, bushes ٌ ‫شَجٌر )أش‬ ٌ ‫مشاجرة‬ ‫جار‬  /  ٌ ‫ ِش‬fight, quarrel, dispute َ ‫شحن‬ ‫شحُن‬ َ to load; to ship, freight, or consign َ َ‫شَحَن – ي‬ ‫شاحُن‬ ِ ُ‫شاحَن – ي‬ َ to quarrel or argue ٌ ٌ ‫شْح‬ (‫نات‬ َ cargo, load, freight َ ) ‫شْحنة‬ ٌ ٌ ‫شاح‬ (‫نات‬ َ ‫ ُم‬a grudge, feud, dispute or quarrel; hatred َ ‫شاحنة )ُم‬ ٌ‫شاحن‬ ِ a charger ٌ ‫شاح‬ (‫نات‬ ِ truck, lorry ِ ) ٌ‫شاحنة‬ ‫شرع‬ ‫ع‬ َ to enter, begin or go; to make laws ُ ‫شر‬ َ ‫شَر‬ َ َ‫ع – ي‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ش‬ ُ ‫ع – ي َُش ِ ّر‬ َ َّ َ to legislate or make laws ‫ع‬ ُ ‫رع – يَشت َ ِر‬ َ َ ‫ ِاشت‬to enact (laws); to make laws ‫ي‬ َ legitimate, lawful ٌّ ‫شْرِع‬ َ illegitimate, illegal َ ‫غْيُر‬ ِ ‫ش‬ ٍ‫ي‬ ّ ‫رع‬ ّ ِ forensic medicine َّ ‫ي‬ ‫رع‬ ‫الش‬ ‫ب‬ ‫الط‬ ُّ ِ ُّ ٌ‫شْرعيَّة‬ َ lawfulness, legality, legitimacy ُ‫الشرعيَّة‬ religious courts ِ ْ ‫المحاكُم‬ ٌ (‫شرائُع‬ َ law, legitimacy; a watering hole ِ ) ‫شريعَة‬ ُ‫الميَّة‬ َّ Islamic law, Sharia law ْ ُ‫الشريعة‬ ِ ‫اإلس‬ ‫ي‬ ِ ‫ ت َْش‬legislative ٌّ ‫ريع‬ (‫ع‬ ٌ ‫شار‬ ُ ‫شوار‬ ِ )‫ع‬ ِ street ٌ ‫ َم‬/ ‫روع )َمْشروعات‬ (‫شاريع‬ ٌ ‫ َمْش‬scheme, project, plan ُ (‫عون‬ َ ‫شر‬ ّ ِ ‫شرع )ُم‬ ّ ِ ‫ ُم‬legislators, lawmakers

Law and Order 261

‫شكك‬ ُ َ‫شَّك – ي‬ ‫شُّك‬ َ to doubt or suspect; to pierce or stab ُ ) ‫شٌّك‬ ٌ ‫ش‬ (‫كوك‬ َ doubt, suspicion; uncertainty ٌ‫ ت ََشُّكك‬doubt, scepticism ٌ ‫ َمْش‬suspicious, doubtful ‫كوك ِبِه‬ ‫ش ٍّك‬ َ ‫ بال‬/ ‫ش ٍّك‬ َ ‫دون‬ ِ ‫ ِب‬doubtlessly, no doubt ‫شكو‬ ‫شكا – يَْشكو‬ َ to complain or make a complaint; to suffer from (an illness) ‫ اِشت َكى – يَشت َكي‬to complain (‫شكاوى‬ َ ) ‫شكوى‬ َ a complaint ‫ ُمشت ٍَك‬complainant, plaintiff ‫عليه‬ ِ ‫َكى‬ ً ‫ ُمشت‬defendant, accused, charged ‫شهد‬ ُ‫شِهدَ – يَْشَهد‬ َ to witness, testify, or attest; to attend or be present ُ‫شاهد‬ َ to witness, observe or see; to view or inspect ِ ُ‫شاهدَ – ي‬ ُ‫َشهد‬ ِ ‫ ِاْست َشَهدَ – يَْست‬to call (someone) as a witness; to be martyred; to die ٌ‫شْهد‬ َ honey; honeycomb ُ ) ٌ‫شهيد‬ (‫هداء‬ َ martyr; witness ُ ‫ش‬ ُ  / ُ‫شواهد‬ (ٌ ‫شهود‬ ) ٌ ‫شاهد‬ ِ witness; notary public ِ ُ ) ‫يان‬ (‫يان‬ ِ eyewitness ٍ ‫شهودُ ِع‬ ٍ ‫شاهدُ ِع‬ ٌ (‫شهادات‬ ) ٌ ‫شهادة‬ َ certificate, diploma; witness statement, affidavit ّ testimony ُ ‫الشهادَة‬ ‫ شهادة ُ البكالوريوس‬bachelor’s degree (ُ ‫شاهد‬ ِ ‫شهدٌ )َم‬ َ ‫ َم‬assembly, meeting; scene (‫دون‬ َ ‫شاه‬ ِ ‫شاهدٌ )ُم‬ ِ ‫ ُم‬spectator, onlooker, observer ِ ٌ‫ستشهاد‬ ِ ‫ ا‬martyrdom; quotation ‫شور‬ ‫شَّوَر – ي َُش ّ ِوُر‬ َ to make a sign or signal; to beckon; to wink or blink ‫شاوُر‬ ِ ُ‫شاوَر – ي‬ َ to seek advice or consult ‫شير‬ ُ ُ‫شار – ي‬ َ َ ‫ أ‬to make a sign or signal; to beckon; to hint ‫شير‬ ُ َ ‫شار – يَست‬ َ َ ‫ ِاست‬to ask for advice or counsel

262 Law and Order

ّ ِ ‫ ُم‬signs, indicators ٌ ‫ؤش‬ ‫رات‬ ٌ(‫شاورات‬ َ ‫شاوَرة ٌ )ُم‬ َ ‫ ُم‬consultation ٌ (‫إشارات‬ ) ٌ ‫إشارة‬ signs, precursors َ ٌ (‫شارات‬ ‫ ِاْسِتشارة ٌ )ِاْسِت‬consultation, guidance, advice َ ‫شار )ُمْست‬ (‫شارون‬ َ ٌ َ ‫ ُمْست‬advisor, consultant ‫يوَن‬ ‫ستشارون‬ ‫ ُم‬legal advisors َ ِ ّ ‫قانون‬ ‫عدل‬ ‫عدَ َل – يَْعِدُل‬ َ to act justly or fairly ‫عد ََّل – يُعَ ِد ُّل‬ َ to straighten, balance, or rectify ‫ ت َعد ََّل – يَت َعد َُّل‬to be changed, altered, or modified ‫عْدٌل‬ َ justice, impartiality, fairness; straightness, honesty ْ ‫ي‬ َ legal, judicial; forensic ٌّ ‫عدِل‬ ٌ ‫ع‬ ‫ديل‬ َ equal; corresponding; brother-in-law ٌ‫عدالَة‬ َ justice, fairness, impartiality; integrity ُ‫اإلجتماعيّة‬ ُ‫ العَدالَة‬social justice ِ ٌ ٌ َ ‫ ت‬regulation; alteration, modification َ ‫عديل )ت‬ (‫عديالت‬ ‫ ت َعاد ٌُل‬balance, equilibrium; equivalence ٌ ‫عت‬ ‫دال‬ ِ ‫ ِا‬straightness, evenness, symmetry; moderation (also a girl’s name) ‫عادٌل‬ ِ just, upright (also a boy’s name) ٌ(‫ ُمعدَّ ٌل )ُمعدّالت‬average; rates ‫ ُمْعت َِد ٌّل‬straight; moderate, temperate ‫عرقل‬ ‫رقُل‬ ِ َ‫عرقََل – يُع‬ َ to impede, hinder, obstruct, or delay ‫رقل – يَتعَْرقَُل‬ َ َ‫ ت َع‬to be hindered, impeded, or obstructed; to be aggravated ُ (‫راقيل‬ ‫ع‬ َ obstacles, difficulty, handicap َ ) ٌ‫عرقَلة‬ ‫فتش‬ ‫ش‬ ُّ ّ ‫ش – يُفت‬ َ َّ ‫ فَت‬to inspect, examine, or investigate; to search for َ ‫فتيش )ت‬ (‫فاتيش‬ ٌ َ ‫ ت‬examination, search, investigation ُ (‫شون‬ َ ّ ‫ش )ُمفَِت‬ ٌ ّ ‫ ُمفَِت‬inspector; supervisor ُ ْ (ٍ ‫ نُ ْقطة ت َْفتيش ٍ )نُقاط ت َفتيش‬checkpoint ِ ‫مر الت َفتيش‬ ُ َ ‫ أ‬search warrant

Law and Order 263

‫ ف ت ى‬/ ‫ف ت و‬ ُ ‫ئ – يَفتأ‬ َ ‫ فَِت‬to be youthful; young or adolescent ‫ أ َفتى – يُفتي‬to give a formal legal opinion; to deliver an opinion ‫ اِست َفتى – يَست َفتي‬to ask for a formal legal opinion; to request information ٌ ‫ فَت ًَى )ِف‬a youth or adolescent; young people (‫تيان‬ ٌ َ ‫ فَتاة ٌ )فَت‬a young woman (‫يات‬ (‫ فَتاوى‬/ ‫فتاو‬ ٍ ) ‫ فَتوى‬a fatwa or Islamic legal opinion ‫فتاء‬ ٌ ‫ ِإ‬delivery of a formal legal opinion ‫فتاء‬ ِ ‫ ِا‬request for a formal legal opinion; referendum, poll ٌ ‫ست‬ ٍ ‫ ُمْف‬a mufti or deliverer of formal legal opinion (‫ون‬ َ ‫ت )ُمْفِت‬ ‫فسر‬ ‫ُفسُر‬ ّ ِ ‫سَر – ي‬ َّ َ‫ ف‬to interpret ‫َفسُر‬ ِ ‫َفسَر – يَست‬ َ ‫ اِست‬to seek an explanation َ ‫فسيرر )ت‬ َ ‫ ت‬explanation, elucidation, commentary (esp. of the Quran) (‫فاسير‬ ٌ ُ ٌ (‫فسارات‬ ‫ست‬ ِ ‫ ِا‬inquiry, question ِ ‫فسار )ِا‬ ٌ ‫ست‬ ‫سٌر‬ ّ ِ َ‫ ُمف‬commentator ‫فصل‬ ‫فصُل‬ ِ َ‫صَل – ي‬ َ َ‫ ف‬to separate or divide; to divorce ‫صُل‬ ِ َ‫صل – يَنف‬ َ َ‫ ِانف‬to be separated; to dissociate oneself ُ‫ص ٌل )ف‬ ٌ (‫صول‬ ْ َ‫ ف‬separation, division; season; term; chapter; class ٌ َ ُ ‫واص‬ (‫ل‬ ِ َ‫ ف‬comma ِ َ‫اصلة )ف‬ ٌ َ َ ُ(‫صائل‬ ِ ‫ فَصيلة )ف‬genus, species, group ُ ‫ياص‬ (‫ل‬ ِ َ‫صٌل )ف‬ َ ‫ فَْي‬judge, arbiter (also a boy’s name in the singular) ُ ‫فاص‬ (‫ل‬ ِ ‫ َم‬joint; articulation ِ ‫فصٌل )َم‬ ٌ ٌ َ ‫ ت‬/ ‫فاصيل‬ َ ‫فصيل )ت‬ َ ‫ ت‬details, particulars; a detailed statement ُ (‫فصيالت‬ ٌ‫ اِِنفصال‬separation; withdrawal, secession ‫ي‬ ِ ‫ ِاِنف‬separatist ٌّ ‫صال‬ ‫صٌل‬ ِ َ‫ ُمنف‬separate, detached ‫فقه‬ ُ‫ فَِقهَ – يَفقه‬to understand or comprehend ُ‫ فَقّه – يُفَِقّه‬to teach or make (someone) understand

264 Law and Order

ُ‫ ت َفَقّهَ – يَت َفقّه‬to understand or comprehend; to gain information; to study Fiqh ٌ‫ ِفقه‬Fiqh; jurisprudence; understanding, comprehension (‫قهاء‬ ُ ُ‫ فَقيهٌ )ف‬legislator; man of knowledge ‫قسم‬ ‫قسُم‬ ِ َ‫سَم – ي‬ َ َ‫ ق‬to divide; to distribute ‫سُم‬ ّ ِ َ‫سَم – يُق‬ َّ َ‫ ق‬to divide; to distribute ‫ُقسم‬ ُ ‫قسم – ي‬ َ َ ‫ أ‬to take or swear an oath ‫سَم – يَنقَِسُم‬ َ َ‫ ِانق‬to be divided or separated َ (‫سام‬ ٌ ‫سم )أ ْق‬ ٌ ‫ ِق‬part, section, department ٌ‫ ِقْسمة‬dividing, distribution; fate or destiny; kismet (‫سام‬ َ an oath ٌ ‫قسٌم )ْأق‬ ‫ب‬ ِ ‫سُم‬ ُ ‫الكاذ‬ َ َ‫ الق‬perjury ٌ َ ‫قسيم )ت‬ (‫قسيمات‬ ٌ َ ‫ ت‬exorcism; division, partition, distribution ‫سٌم‬ ‫ َم‬divided َّ َ‫ ُمق‬/ ‫قسوم‬ ٌ ‫قضى‬ ‫ قَضى – يَقضي‬to act as judge; to settle; to execute or finish; to spend time ‫قاضى – يُقاضي‬ to prosecute or sue; to summon before a judge َ ‫ ت َقاضى – يَت َقاضى‬to claim; to litigate ‫ ِانقَضى – يَنقَضي‬to pass away, cease, or end ‫ضاء‬ ٌ َ‫ ق‬decree, judgement, sentence; fate or destiny (‫ضيَّةٌ )قَضايا‬ ِ َ‫ ق‬affair, case, matter, issue or lawsuit (ٌ ‫قاض )قُضاة‬ ٍ judge, magistrate; decisive; lethal ْ ُّ ‫ قاضي‬justice of the peace ِ‫الصلح‬ ‫ي‬ ِ َ‫ظام الق‬ ُ ِّ‫ الن‬the judicial system ُّ ‫ضائ‬ َ ‫ ُمتقاض ٍ ) ُمت‬litigants (‫قاضون‬ َ ‫قنع‬ ‫ قَِنَع – يَقنَُع‬to be content or satisfied; to be convinced ‫ قنََّع – يُقنّ ُّع‬to mask (the face); to veil; to satisfy or persuade ‫ أَقنََع – ي ُْقِنُع‬to convince or persuade ‫َنع‬ ُ ‫َنع – يَقت‬ َ ‫ ِاقت‬to be content; to be convinced ٌ‫ناعة‬ َ َ‫ ق‬satisfaction, contentment; moderation ٌ(‫ناع )أَقنِعة‬ ٌ ‫ ِق‬veil, mask

Law and Order 265

‫ناع‬ ٌ ‫قت‬ ِ ‫ ِا‬contentment; conviction ‫قنٌع‬ ِ ‫ ُم‬convincing ‫قنن‬ ‫ قَنَّ َن – يُقَنُِّن‬to legalise; to legislate or make laws َ‫قانون )ق‬ ٌ ُ (‫وانين‬ law, rule, canon ُ‫ القانون‬law (the discipline) legal ‫ي‬ ِ ٌّ ‫قانون‬ َ illegal ‫غْيُر‬ ِ ٍ‫ي‬ ّ ‫قانون‬ ‫القانون‬ ‫ف‬ َ َ َ‫ خال‬to break the law ُ َ ‫ ت‬applying the law ‫طبيق‬ ‫القانون‬ ِ ُ ‫ قُ ّو‬law enforcement forces ‫القانون‬ ‫إنفاذ‬ ‫ات‬ ِ ِ ُ international law ‫ي‬ ُّ ‫القانون الد َُّوِل‬ ‫كتم‬ ‫ َكت ََم – يَكت ُ ُم‬to hide or conceal; to stifle, muffle, or repress ‫ ت َكت َّ َم – يَت َكت َّ ُم‬to keep silent ٌ ‫ ِك‬/ ‫تم‬ ‫تمان‬ ٌ ‫ َك‬silence, concealment, secrecy ‫تيم‬ ٌ ‫ َك‬impenetrable, impermeable, impervious ‫السِر‬ ّ ِ ‫كاتُم‬ ِ secretary silenced; hidden ‫كتوم‬ ‫م‬ ٌ َ ‫ومكتوم‬ ‫ي‬ ٌ ٌّ ‫ ِسّر‬private and confidential ‫كذب‬ ‫ب‬ ِ َ‫ب – ي‬ ُ ‫كذ‬ َ َ‫ َكذ‬to lie or deceive ‫ب‬ ِ ُ‫ب – ي‬ ُ ّ‫كذ‬ َ َّ‫ َكذ‬to accuse of lying; to refute or deny َ ‫كشاف‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ ِم‬lie detector ِ ‫الكِذ‬ ُ ٌ َ ‫ ِكذبة )أ‬a lie (‫كاذيب‬ ُ ّ َ ‫اب‬ ِ a liar ٌ ‫ كذ‬/ ‫ب‬ ٌ ‫كاذ‬ ‫منع‬ ‫ َمنََع – يَمنَُع‬to prevent or forbid; to restrain or hinder ‫ُمانُع‬ to prevent someone from doing; to put up resistance; to oppose ِ ‫مانع – ي‬ َ ‫ ِامت َنََع – يَمت َِنُع‬to refrain or abstain; to stop or cease; to refuse ٌ ‫نوعات‬ ‫ َمْم‬forbidden things

266 Law and Order

ٌ‫ناعة‬ َ ‫ َم‬immunity; hardiness; inaccessibility ٌ‫ ُممانَعَة‬opposition, resistance ‫نوع‬ ٌ ‫مم‬ ْ forbidden, prohibited ‫نصف‬ ‫ف‬ ُ ‫نص‬ ِ َ‫ف – ي‬ َ َ‫ ن‬to reach noon َ ‫ص‬ ‫ف‬ to share in halves; to share equally ُ ‫ناص‬ ِ ُ‫ف – ي‬ َ َ ‫ناص‬ َ ‫ف‬ ُ ‫نص‬ ِ ُ‫ف – ي‬ َ ‫ أ‬to be fair or just; to halve; to act impartially َ ‫نص‬ ‫ف‬ ‫َص‬ ‫نت‬ ‫ي‬ – ‫ف‬ ُ ِ َ َ ‫َص‬ َ ‫ ِانت‬to appeal for justice; to stand in the middle َ (‫نصاف‬ ‫صف )أ‬ ٌ ٌ ‫ ِن‬half justice; impartiality (also a girl’s name) ‫إنصاف‬ ٌ ‫ف‬ ٌ ‫َص‬ َ ‫ ُمنت‬middle ‫نطق‬ َ ‫ ن‬to speak, utter, or articulate ‫َطَق – يَْنِطُق‬ َ َ ‫ أ‬to make (someone) speak or talk ‫ُنطُق‬ ِ ‫نطَق – ي‬ ‫نطُق‬ َ َ ‫ ِاست‬to interrogate, question, or examine ِ َ ‫نطق – يَ ْست‬ ْ ‫ نُطٌق‬articulated speech; word; utterance; pronouncement ُ ُ‫طاق )ن‬ ٌ ‫ط‬ ٌ ‫ ِن‬limit, boundary; range, scope (‫ق‬ ‫ َمْنِطٌق‬logic; speech, diction, enunciation َ ‫ ِمْن‬area, zone, territory ُ ‫ناط‬ (‫ق‬ ِ ‫طقَةٌ )َم‬ ٌ ‫اسِتْن‬ ‫طاق‬ ْ interrogation, questioning; hearing ٌ‫ناطق‬ ِ spokesperson, speaker; eloquent ِ ‫ ناِطٌق ِباسم‬spokesperson ‫ستنطٌق‬ ِ ‫ ُم‬examining judge; interrogator ‫نكر‬ َ to deny or disavow; to be ignorant or not to know ‫ُنكُر‬ ِ ‫نكَر – ي‬ َّ ّ ‫ نَكَر – يُنَِكُر‬to disguise; to use in its indefinite form (grammar) َ َ ‫ أ‬to deny; to renounce or refuse ‫نكر‬ ُ ُ‫نكَر – ي‬ ٌ ‫ نُ ْك‬/ ‫ نُ ْكٌر‬denial, disavowal ‫ران‬ ‫ نَِكٌر‬unknown ‫إنكار‬ denial, disavowal, rejection, negation ٌ ُّ ‫ ت َنَكٌر‬a disguise or masquerade ‫نكار‬ ِ ‫ ِا‬disapproval; aversion; horror ٌ ‫ست‬ ٌ ‫ ُمْنَكٌر )ُمْنَك‬objectionable; denied, unacknowledged (pl: forbidden actions) (‫رات‬

Law and Order 267

‫ ن ه ى‬/ ‫ن ه و‬ ‫ نَهى – يَْنهى‬to forbid, prohibit, or ban; to reach ‫ أ َنهى – يُنهي‬to finish or terminate; to communicate or transmit; to inform or decide ‫ اِنت ََهى – يَنتهي‬to be concluded; terminated, concluded ‫هي‬ ٌ َ‫ ن‬prohibition, ban, interdiction ‫هى‬ ً ُ‫ ن‬intelligence, understanding, reason (also a girl’s name) ٌ (‫هايات‬ ‫ ِنهايةٌ )ِن‬ending, termination; limit, extremity ‫ي‬ ِ ‫ ِن‬extreme; final, ultimate ٌّ ‫هائ‬ ‫ي‬ ِ ‫الن‬ ِ infinite ٌّ ‫هائ‬ finishing, termination, completion ‫إنهاء‬ ٌ ‫هاء‬ ِ end; termination ٌ ‫انت‬ ‫وسط‬ ُ ‫س‬ َ ‫س‬ ‫ط‬ َّ ‫ َو‬to place in the middle; to appoint as a mediator ّ ِ ‫ط – يَُّو‬ ُ‫سط‬ َ َّ ‫ ت‬to be in the middle or centre; to mediate or act as mediator َّ ‫تو‬ َ َ‫َوسط – ي‬ ٌ(‫ط )أ َوساط‬ ٌ ‫س‬ َ ‫ َو‬middle, centre, heart; medium, average َ ‫واس‬ ‫طِة‬ ِ ‫ ِب‬by means of, through ُ ‫األو‬ َّ the Middle East ُ ‫الش‬ ‫سط‬ ْ ‫رق‬ ٌ‫ ُمت ََوِسط‬middle; medium ٌ‫ساطة‬ َ ‫ َو‬mediation; intervention ٌ (‫طاء‬ mediator, intermediary; middle َ ‫وسيط )ُو‬ ُ ‫س‬ ‫وصى‬ ‫صي‬ ّ ‫صى – ي َُو‬ َّ ‫ َو‬to make a will; to recommend or advise; to order; to bequeath ‫أو‬ (‫صياء‬ ) ‫ىي‬ ْ ُّ ‫ص‬ ِ ‫ َو‬guardian, executor; commissioner ُ ٌ (‫ َوصيَّة )َوصايا‬testament or will; a command or order ‫الوصايا العَْشُر‬ َ the Ten Commandments ٌ ٌ(‫صيات‬ ِ ‫ ت َْو‬recommendations, proposal; advice, counsel; instruction ِ ‫صية )ت َْو‬ ‫وكل‬ ‫كل – يَ ِكُل‬ َ ‫ َو‬to entrust, assign, commission ُ‫ َوّكَل – ي َُو ِ ّكل‬to authorise or empower; to engage as legal counsel ّ ‫ ت‬to be appointed as representative; to put one’s trust in God ّ ‫َوكَل – يَت‬ ‫َوكُل‬ ٌ ّ ‫  ِاِت‬/ ‫ ت ََو ُّك ٌل‬trust, confidence; trust in God ‫كال‬ ٌ ‫ َو‬representative; authority, agent (‫كالء‬ ُ ‫كيل )ُو‬ ٌ(‫ َوكالَةٌ )َوكاالت‬power of attorney; agency (‫لون‬ َ ‫ ُمّو ِ ّكٌل )ُمّوَّك‬lawyer; commissioned, charged

268 Law and Order

‫وهم‬ ‫ َوَهَم – يَِهُم‬to imagine or fancy; to think or believe ‫وهُم‬ ِ ُ‫هم – ي‬ َ ‫ أ َ ْو‬to make someone believe; to instil a prejudice ‫ ت ََوَّهَم – يَت ََوّهُم‬to suspect, think, believe, or imagine ‫هم‬ ُ َّ ‫ ِات َّ َهَم – يَت‬to accuse or charge; to question or suspect (‫همةٌ )ت ُ َهٌم‬ َ ُ ‫ ت‬accusation, charge َ (‫وهام‬ ٌ ‫ َوْهٌم )أ‬imagination, fancy; delusion; bias, prejudice ٌ (‫إيهامات‬ ) ‫إيهام‬ deception, fraud; delusion ٌ ّ ‫هام )ِات‬ ّ ٌ ِ (‫هامات‬ indictment, accusation ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬ ٌ ‫ ُمت َّ َهٌم‬suspected, charged; defendant

‫الم‬ Treaties and Contracts ‫قود‬ ُ ُ‫عاهدات والع‬ ُ ُ No root (ٌ ‫ بَند ٌ )بُنود‬article (of law), clause; banner; group of troops

‫سند‬ ُ‫سند‬ ِ َ‫سنَدَ – ي‬ َ to support oneself; to prop, lean, or recline ُ‫ُساند‬ ِ ‫ ساندَ – ي‬to support, help, or aid ُ‫سند‬ ِ ُ‫ أَسنَدَ – ي‬to make someone rest; to rest or support; to establish a tradition ٌ َ ‫سن‬ (‫دات‬ َ ) ٌ‫سنَد‬ َ document, bill, deed, bonds; support or prop ‫كيل‬ ٍ ‫ سنَدُ ت َْو‬power of attorney (ُ ‫إسناد ٌ )أ َسانيد‬ ْ chain of authorities on which an Islamic tradition is based (ُ ‫ساند‬ ِ ‫ َمْسنَدٌ )َم‬a prop or cushion; the Islamic tradition of tracing sources ٌ ‫ ُمْست َنَدٌ )ُمْست َن‬official papers, document, record; a reason or cause (‫َدات‬ No root

ٌ ‫ش‬ ٌ ‫ش‬ ُ ) ‫أن‬ (‫ؤون‬ َ matter, affairs, circumstance, case . . . ‫شأن‬ ِ ‫ ِب‬regarding, with regard to ‫طرح‬ َ to throw or throw away; to suggest ‫طرُح‬ َ َ‫طَر َح – ي‬ َ to cause a miscarriage َ ‫طَّرَح – ي‬ ‫ُط ِ ّرُح‬ َ ‫ ِا‬to be thrown; to be thrown out or rejected َ ‫رح‬ ُ ‫رح – يَنط‬ َ ‫نط‬

Law and Order 269

ُ ) ‫طْرٌح‬ َ expulsion, rejection; miscarriage, abortion; propositions ٌ (‫روحات‬ ‫ط‬ ْ ُ ‫ أ‬dissertation ٌ‫روحة‬ َ ‫ط‬ ْ ‫ َم‬place, location; place where something is thrown (‫ح‬ ُ ‫طار‬ ِ ‫طَرٌح )َم‬ ‫عقد‬ ُ‫عقَدَ – يَْعِقد‬ َ to convene (a meeting); to conclude; to delegate ُّ‫ ت َعقّدَ – يَت َعقد‬to be complicated; to clot or thicken ُ‫ ت َعاقدَ – يَت َعاقَد‬to make a contract or reach a mutual agreement ُ‫نعقد‬ ِ َ‫ ِانعَقَدَ – ي‬to hold, convene, or assemble; to contract; to be knotted ُ‫ ِاعت َقَدَ – يَعت َِقد‬to believe (ٌ ‫عقُود‬ ُ ) ٌ‫عقد‬ َ a contract; a decade; a necklace; knitting ٍ ‫ع‬ signing a contract ‫قد‬ َ ‫إبرام‬ ُ ُ ‫عقد‬ annulment of a contract ِ ‫فسخ ْال‬ (ٌ ‫عقَد‬ ُ ) ٌ ‫عقدَة‬ ُ a knot or joint (in the body); a dilemma (ُ ‫قائد‬ ِ ‫ع‬ َ ) ٌ ‫عقيدة‬ َ a belief or article of faith; dogma ٌ(‫ ت َْعقيدٌ )ت َْعقيدات‬complications, problems ٌ َ‫ ُمْعت َقَدٌ )ُمْعتق‬believed or received (belief, idea); doctrine, tenet (‫دات‬ ٌ‫عاقد‬ ِ ‫ ُم‬/ ٌ‫تعاقد‬ ِ ‫ ُم‬contractor (‫قداء‬ ُ ) ٌ‫ عقيد‬general, colonel ُ ‫ع‬ ‫عهد‬ ُ‫عِهدَ – يَْعَهد‬ َ to fulfil a promise; to entrust or commission ُ‫عاهد‬ َ to contract, promise, or undertake (to do sth) ِ ُ‫عاهدَ – ي‬ ُ‫َعهدَ – يَت َعََّهد‬ َّ ‫ ت‬to support or advocate; to maintain; to promise (ٌ ‫عهود‬ ُ ) ٌ‫عهد‬ َ a contract, covenant, or obligation; an era or epoch َ ‫ديم‬ ُ ‫ العَهدُ الق‬the Old Testament ُ‫الجديد‬ َ ُ‫ العَهد‬the New Testament (ُ ‫عاهد‬ ِ ‫ َمْعهدٌ )َم‬a place or locality; an institute ٌ ‫عاه‬ (‫دات‬ َ ‫عاهدَة ٌ )ُم‬ َ ‫ ُم‬a treaty, agreement, or arrangement; an institute ٌ(‫ ت َعَ ُّهدٌ )ت َعَ ُّهدات‬a pledge, commitment, or promise; contracting (to do sth) ٍ ‫عاهدة ُ سالم‬ َ ‫ ُم‬peace treaty ‫فسخ‬ ‫فسُخ‬ َ َ‫ ف‬to annul, invalidate, or cancel; to sever َ َ‫سَخ – ي‬ ٌ َ‫ ف‬cancellation, abolition, voiding ‫سخ‬

270 Law and Order

‫وثق‬ ُ َ‫ب ( – ي‬ ‫ثق‬ ِ ) ‫ َوِثَق‬to trust, have confidence in; to rely or depend on ّ َّ ‫ُوث ُق‬ ِ ‫ َوث َق – ي‬to document, authenticate, or notarise; to make firm or strengthen ُ‫ُواثق‬ to enter into an agreement; to intend َ ِ ‫واثق – ي‬ ‫ستوِثُق‬ ‫ي‬ – ‫ثق‬ ‫ستو‬ َ ْ َ ْ ‫ ِا‬to make sure, verify or check; to have confidence ٌ ٌ ‫ ِثقة )ِث‬confidence, trust; authority (‫قات‬ ِ ‫ ِثقةٌ ِبالنَّفس‬self-confidence ‫الثّقَِة‬ ِ ‫دم‬ َ lack of confidence; mistrust ُ ‫ع‬ ٌ ‫ َو‬strong, reliable, secure ‫ثيق‬ ُ ‫ثائ‬ (‫ق‬ ِ ‫ َوثيقةٌ )َو‬documents, deed, record; charter, bill ‫قي‬ ِ ‫فيلم َو‬ ٌ documentary ٌّ ‫ثائ‬ ٌ ‫مي‬ ُ(‫ثاق )َمواثيق‬ ْ convention, covenant, charter, contract ُ ‫مي‬ ‫ثاق ِجنيف‬ ْ Geneva Convention ٌ ‫ ت َْو‬authentication, documentation, strengthening ‫ثيق‬ ٌ ‫ َمْو‬trustworthy, reliable; dependable ‫ثوق ِبِه‬ (‫ب‬ ِ )

Crimes ‫رائُم‬ َ ِ ‫الج‬

‫بزز‬ ‫ اِبت ََّز – يَبت َُّز‬to rob, fleece, or steal; to blackmail ٌ ‫ ِاِبت‬blackmail, extortion ‫زاز‬ ‫بغى‬ ‫ بَغى – يَ ْبغي‬to seek; to desire or covet; to wrong, oppress, or treat unjustly ‫ يَنبَغى‬it is desirable; it is necessary; it is proper ‫غي‬ ٌ َ‫ ب‬injustice, wrong (‫غي )بَغايا‬ ٌ َ‫ ب‬whore, prostitute ‫غاء‬ ُ ‫الب‬ ِ prostitution ‫غاء‬ ٌ ‫ ِاِبت‬desire (ٌ ‫ باغٍ )بُغاة‬oppressive, tyrannical, unjust; tyrant ‫ثأر‬ ‫ يَثأ َ ُر‬- ‫ ثَأ َ َر‬to avenge or take revenge (‫أثآر‬ ٌ ) ‫أر‬ ٌ َ ‫ ث‬revenge, vengeance, blood feud ‫ثائٌر‬ ِ avenger

Law and Order 271

‫جرم‬ ‫جرُم‬ ِ ُ‫ َج َر َم – ي‬to commit an offence; to injure or harm ‫ َجَّرَم – ي َُج ِ ّرُم‬to incriminate; to charge with a crime ‫أجرَم – ي ُْجِرُم‬ َ to commit a crime, sin, or do harm (‫روم‬  /  ‫ج‬ ‫رام‬ ُ ٌ ٌ ‫ ُجْرٌم )أ َ ْج‬crime, offence, sin ‫ ال َجَرَم‬of course, certainly (‫جرائُم‬ ِ ) ٌ‫ َجريمة‬crime, offence, sin crime ‫إجرام‬ ٌ (‫مون‬ َ ‫ ُمْجِرٌم )ُمْجِر‬criminal ٍ ‫كاب ُجرم‬ ُ ‫رت‬ ِ ‫ ِا‬to commit an offence war crimes ‫ب‬ ِ ٍ ‫جرائُم َحْر‬ ‫حرش‬ ‫ش‬ ُ َ‫ش – ي‬ ُ ‫حر‬ َ ‫ َحَر‬to scratch ‫ش‬ – ‫ش‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ُح‬ ‫ي‬ ُ ِّ َ َ ‫ َحَّر‬to incite or provoke; to sow discord ‫ش‬ َّ ‫ش – يَت‬ ُ ‫َحر‬ َ ‫ ت ََحَّر‬to provoke or harass ‫ش‬ ُّ ‫ ت‬provocation or harassment ٌ ‫َحر‬ ‫نسي‬ ُّ ‫ ت‬sexual harassment ٌ ‫َحر‬ ٌّ ‫ش ِج‬ ‫ ح ي ل‬/ ‫ح و ل‬ ُ َ‫حال – ي‬ ‫حيل‬ َ to change; to be transformed ‫ َحَّوَل – ي َُح ّ ِوُل‬to change, transform, or convert; to transfer ‫حايل – يَت َحايَُل‬ َ َ ‫ ت‬to trick, deceive, or cheat; to outsmart or outwit ُ‫تال – يَحتال‬ َ ‫ اِْح‬to defraud ُ َ ‫حال – يَ ْست‬ ‫حيل‬ َ َ ‫ اِ ْست‬to be impossible, absurd, or inconceivable ٌ ‫أح‬ ٌ condition, state, situation (‫وال‬ ْ ) ‫حال‬ َ ‫( حالما‬conj) as soon as ٌ (‫حاالت‬ ) ٌ‫ حالَة‬condition, state, situation َّ ُ‫ حالَة‬state of emergency ‫ئ‬ ِ ‫وار‬ ِ ‫الط‬ ُ‫ماعيّة‬ ِ ‫جت‬ ِ ‫ الحالَةُ ِاال‬marital status ُ‫اهنَة‬ ِ ‫الر‬ ّ ُ‫ الحالَة‬the status quo ‫ي‬ ِ current, present, actual ٌّ ‫حال‬ َ ‫ َحْوٌل )أ‬year; might or power ٌ (‫حوال‬ ‫( َحْوَل‬prep) around ٌ َ‫ حيلةٌ )ِحي‬a trick or ruse; artifice (‫ل‬

272 Law and Order

‫والْي‬ ِ ‫( َح‬prep) around, about, approximately ٌ‫ ت َْحويل‬transformation, conversion, change; transfer ٌ ‫حاو‬ (‫الت‬ َ ‫ ُمحاولَةٌ )ُم‬an attempt, effort, or endeavour ٌ ‫حت‬ ‫يال‬ ِ ‫ ِا‬/ ‫ ت َحايٌُل‬trickery, malice, treachery, fraud ‫يال‬ ُ‫ ُمكافحة‬anti-fraud ِ ِ ‫اإلحت‬ ٌ َ ‫ ُمْست‬impossible; absurd ‫حيل‬ ‫خدع‬ ‫ع‬ ُ َ‫ع – يَخد‬ َ َ‫ َخد‬to cheat, mislead, dupe َ َ‫ع – ي‬ ‫ع‬ ُ ‫نخِد‬ َ َ‫ ِانَخد‬to be deceived, deluded, or misled (‫ع‬ ٌ َ‫ ُخْدعةٌ )ُخد‬deception, cheating َ ‫ أ‬/ ‫ َخديعَةٌ )خدائُِع‬/ ‫داع‬ (‫خاديع‬ ٌ ‫ ِخ‬deception, deceit, betrayal, treachery; swindles, tricks ُ ‫ّاع‬ ٌ ‫ َخد‬/ ‫ع‬ ٌ ‫خاد‬ ِ ‫ ُم‬swindler, imposter, cheat ‫خرب‬ ‫ب‬ ُ ‫خر‬ َ ‫ َخَر‬to destroy, wreck, demolish, or shatter ِ َ‫ب – ي‬ ‫ب‬ ُ ‫ب – ي َُخ ِ ّر‬ َ ‫ َخَّر‬to devastate, lay waste (to), or destroy ‫راب‬ ٌ ‫ َخ‬/ ‫ب‬ ٌ ‫ َخْر‬destruction, devastation ٌ َ ‫ ت‬sabotage, destruction, devastation َ ‫خريب )ت‬ (‫خريبات‬ ٌ َ ‫ ت‬vandalism ٌ‫عمد‬ ٌ َّ َ ‫خريب ُمت‬ (‫بون‬ َ ‫خر‬ ٌ ‫خر‬ ّ ِ ‫ب )ُم‬ ّ ِ ‫ ُم‬saboteur, annihilator, terrorist ‫خلس‬ ْ –‫س‬ ‫س‬ ُ ‫يخِل‬ َ َ‫ َخل‬to steal, pilfer, or swipe ‫س‬ ُ ‫لس – يَخت َ ِل‬ َ َ ‫ اِخت‬to steal, pilfer, or embezzle ْ ْ ً‫سة‬ ً  /  ‫ل‬ ‫خ‬ ‫سة‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ ُخ‬stealthily, furtively ِ َ ٌ (‫السات‬ ‫خت‬ ِ ‫ ِا‬embezzlement, misappropriation ِ ‫الس )ِا‬ ٌ ‫خت‬ ‫خنق‬ ‫ َخنََق – يَخنُُق‬to strangle, choke, smother ‫خانُق‬ ِ ُ‫ خانََق – ي‬to have a fight or quarrel with ُ‫خنق‬ ِ ‫ ِانَخنََق – يَْن‬to be strangled, choked, or smothered ‫ َخْنٌق‬strangulation ٌ ‫ ِخ‬a fight, quarrel, or row ‫ناق‬

Law and Order 273

ٌ ‫خت‬ ‫ناق‬ ِ ‫ ِا‬asphyxiation, suffocation ٌ‫ َمخنوق‬strangled, suffocated, choked ‫دعر‬ ‫عُر‬ َ ‫ دَ ِعَر – يَْد‬to be immoral ٌ ‫عارة‬ َ َ‫ د‬/ ‫ دَ ْع ٌر‬indecency, immorality, prostitution ُ ‫ بَ ْي‬brothel ‫عارة‬ ٍ َ‫ت د‬ ‫ذبح‬ ‫ ذَبََح – يَذبَُح‬to slaughter, kill, murder, slay ‫ ذَ ْبٌح‬slaughter, slaughtering (‫ح‬ ُ ِ‫بيحةٌ )ذَبائ‬ َ َ‫ ذ‬slaughter animal, sacrificial victim, blood sacrifice ٌ‫ َمذبََحة‬massacre, slaughter ‫رشو‬ ‫ َرشا – يَرشو‬to bribe ‫ اِرت َشى – يَ ْرت َشي‬to accept a bribe or be corrupt ‫شاء‬ ٌ ‫ ِاْرِت‬/ ‫ َرْشٌو‬bribery, corruption ٌ ‫ ِرشوة ٌ )ِرْش‬bribe, bribery (‫ َرشاوي‬/ ‫وات‬ ‫زور‬ ‫زور‬ ُ َ‫زار – ي‬ َ to visit or call ‫ُزوُر‬ – ‫ر‬ ‫ي‬ َ ‫ َزَّو‬to forge, falsify, or fake ِّ ‫زاور‬ ُ َ ‫زاور – يَت‬ َ َ ‫ ت‬to exchange visits ‫ َزْوٌر‬throat; upper part of chest ‫ور‬ ٌ ‫ ُز‬a lie or untruth ّ ُ ‫شهادة‬ ‫ور‬ َ false testimony, perjury ِ ‫الز‬ ‫زوير‬ ٌ َ ‫ ت‬falsification, forgery ٌ (‫يارات‬ ‫يارة ٌ )ِز‬ َ ‫ ِز‬a visit or call ُ (‫ار‬ ِ visitor ٌ ‫زائٌر )زَّو‬ ‫سرق‬ ‫سرُق‬ َ to steal, loot, rob ِ َ‫سَرَق – ي‬ ٌ ٌ ‫سِر‬ (‫قات‬ َ burglary, theft, stealing َ ) ‫سِرقة‬

274 Law and Order

ٌ ‫سّر‬ (‫اقون‬ َ ‫سّر‬ َ ‫سار‬ َ  / ‫قون‬ َ  / ‫سارٌق‬ ِ ) ‫اق‬ ِ thief ٌ ‫ َمْس‬stolen; stolen goods ٌ(‫روق )َمْسروقات‬ ‫سفح‬ ‫سفَُح‬ َ to spill or shed َ َ‫سفََح – ي‬ ‫سافح – يَت َسافَُح‬ َ َ ‫ ت‬to whore or fornicate (‫فوح‬ ٌ ‫س‬ ُ ) ‫سْفٌح‬ َ foot (of mountain); a flat, rocky surface ّ ‫اح )سف‬ (‫احون‬ َ ٌ َّ‫سف‬ َ serial killer ‫فاح‬ ٌ ‫ ِس‬fornication ‫سوء‬ ‫سوء‬ ُ َ‫ساء – ي‬ َ to be or become bad, evil, or wicked; to vex or torment ‫سيء‬ ُ ُ‫ساء – ي‬ َ َ ‫ أ‬to do badly; to spoil, harm, or wrong evil, ill, misfortune; injury, offence ‫سوء‬ ٌ ّ ِ ‫الح‬ ‫ظ‬ ِ ‫ ِل‬unfortunately َ ‫سوء‬ ‫ّئ‬ ٌ ‫سي‬ ِ bad, evil, ill ٌ ّ‫سِي‬ (‫ئات‬ َ ) ٌ‫سِيئ َة‬ َ sin, offense, misdeed ٌ ُ ‫مساو‬ (‫ئ‬ ) ‫ َمساءة‬an evil deed or vile action; disadvantages ِ ٌ ‫ إساءة‬misdeed, sin; offense, insult ‫عاملة‬ ‫الم‬ ِ ُ ُ ‫ إساءة‬mistreatment ‫شتم‬ ‫شت ََم – يَشت ُ ُم‬ َ to abuse or swear at someone; to vilify or scold ٌ‫ ُمشات َمة‬/ ‫شتٌْم‬ َ abuse, vilification (‫شتائُِم‬ َ ) ٌ‫تيمة‬ َ abuse, vilification َ ‫ش‬ ‫شرر‬ ‫شر – يَِشُّر‬ َّ to be evil, wicked, or vicious ُ ) ‫شٌّر‬ (‫رور‬ َ evil, ill (thing); mischief, calamity, disaster ٌ ‫ش‬ (‫أشرار‬  / ‫اء‬ ٌ ٌ ‫ ِشّر‬bad, evil, wicked (person) ُ ‫ير )أ َ ِشَّر‬ ‫ضاق‬ ُ ‫ضيق‬ to be narrow or confined; to be anguished َ َ‫ضاق – ي‬ ‫ُضايُق‬ ِ ‫ ضايَ َق – ي‬to vex, annoy, anger, harass, or oppress

Law and Order 275

َ ‫ ت‬to become irritated; to be angry; to be or become narrow ‫ضايق – يَت َضايَُق‬ َ ٌ‫ ضيق‬narrowness, confinement; anxiety ‫ضِيٌّق‬ َ narrow, tight, cramped; limited, restricted ٌ َ‫ ُمضايَقَةٌ )ُمضاي‬harassment, molestation; distress, annoyance; disturbance (‫قات‬ ‫تضايٌق‬ ‫ ُم‬annoyed, angry, exasperated ِ ‫طعن‬ َ to contest; to thrust; to pierce; to defame ‫طعََن – يَطعَُن‬ ُ ) ‫طْعٌن‬ َ defamation, slander; piercing; attacks ٌ ‫ط‬ (‫عون‬ ٌ َ a stab, thrust, or attack َ ) ‫طعنَة‬ ٌ ‫طْع‬ (‫نات‬ ٌ ُ (‫طواعين‬ ) ‫طاعون‬ a plague ْ ‫ َم‬stabbed; plagued ٌ‫طعون‬ ‫عصى‬ ‫عصى – يَعصي‬ َ to disobey, defy, oppose, or resist ‫ ِاست َعصى – يَست َعصي‬to resist, oppose, defy, revolt; to be insidious; to escape َ ‫ي )أ‬ (‫عصياء‬ َ rebel ِ ‫ع‬ ُ ٌّ ‫ص‬ ٌ ‫ص‬ ‫يان‬ ْ ‫ ِع‬disobedience; insubordination, rebellion, mutiny ٌ ‫ص‬ ‫ني‬ ْ ‫ ِع‬civil disobedience, unrest ٌّ َ‫يان َمد‬ (ٍ ‫ َمْعصيَةٌ )َمعاص‬disobedience; insurrection, revolt, rebellion; sin (ٌ ‫عصاة‬ ُ ) ٍ ‫ عاص‬disobedient; insubordinate, rebellious; sinful ‫عنف‬ ‫ف‬ ِ ‫ف –ي‬ ُ ّ‫ُعن‬ َ to treat severely; to reprimand or berate َ َّ‫عن‬ َ ‫ف‬ ‫ُعن‬ ‫ي‬ – ‫ف‬ ‫عن‬ ِ ُ َ َ ‫ أ‬to treat severely or harshly ‫نف‬ ُ violence; harshness ٌ ‫ع‬ ‫ي‬ ُ domestic violence ٌ ‫ع‬ ٌّ ‫نف َمْنِزِل‬ ُ ‫أع‬ ‫نف‬ ْ acts of violence ِ ُ‫مال الع‬ ُ ‫نف‬ ‫الع‬ ‫ذ‬ ‫َب‬ ‫ن‬ renunciation of violence ْ ُ ُ ‫نيف‬ ٌ ‫ع‬ َ severe, harsh, blunt ‫عهر‬ ‫عَهَر – يَ ْعُهُر‬ َ to commit adultery; to whore ٌ ‫هارة‬ ُ adultery, fornication; prostitution َ  / ‫عْهٌر‬ َ ‫ع‬

276 Law and Order

ٌ ‫عاه‬ (‫رات‬ ِ ) ٌ ‫عاهرة‬ ِ prostitute (‫ار‬ ِ adulterer; prostitute ُ ) ‫عاهٌر‬ ٌ ‫عّه‬ ‫غبن‬ َ to cheat, dupe, or defraud ‫غبََن – يَغب ُُن‬ ُ ) ‫غْبٌن‬ ُ fraud, deceit, cheating ٌ(‫غبون‬ ُ criminal fraud (Islamic law) ‫ش‬ ِ ‫غْبٌن‬ ٌ ‫فاح‬ َ stupidity ‫غبٌَن‬ ‫غشش‬ َ to act dishonestly; to deceive, mislead, or cheat ‫ش‬ ُّ ُ‫ش – يَغ‬ َّ ‫غ‬ ‫ش‬ ُّ َ‫ش – يَنغ‬ َّ َ‫ ِانغ‬to be deceived, cheated, or duped ‫غش‬ ُّ َ ‫ش – يَ ْست‬ َّ ‫ ِا ْست َغ‬to regard (someone) as dishonest or as a fraud; to suspect of fraud َ adulteration, corruption, debasement; fraud, deceit ‫ش‬ ٌ ‫غ‬ ّ ‫غ‬ َ a cheat, swindler, or impostor; deceptive, false ‫اش‬ ٌ ‫ش‬ ‫شوش‬ ‫ َمْغ‬corrupted; deceived, cheated, duped ٌ ‫غصب‬ َ to take by violence; to rape; to usurp ‫ب‬ ُ ‫ص‬ َ ‫ص‬ ِ ‫ب – يَْغ‬ َ ‫غ‬ ‫ب‬ ُ ‫َص‬ َ ‫َص‬ ِ ‫ب – يَغت‬ َ ‫ ِاغت‬to take by force; to rape; to usurp َ force, compulsion; illegal seizure ‫ب‬ ٌ ‫ص‬ ْ ‫غ‬ ‫صاب‬ ‫غت‬ ٌ ِ ‫ ِا‬force, compulsion; rape (‫بون‬ usurper َ ‫غاص‬ ٌ ‫غاص‬ ِ )‫ب‬ ِ ‫غصوب‬ ‫ َم‬forced, compelled, coerced ٌ ‫ب‬ ٌ ‫غتص‬ ِ ‫ ُم‬a rapist; violent, brutal ‫فزع‬ َ َ‫ع – ي‬ ‫ع‬ ُ ‫فز‬ َ ‫ فَِز‬to fear or be afraid; to flee or take refuge ِّ ‫ع – ي‬ ‫ع‬ ُ ‫ُفز‬ َ ‫ فََّز‬to frighten, scare, or alarm َّ َ ‫ع‬ ُ ‫ع – يَت َفز‬ َ ‫ ت َفَّز‬to be terrified, startled, or frightened (‫فزاع‬ ٌ َ ‫ع )أ‬ ٌ ‫ فََز‬fear, fright, terror, panic ٌ‫اعة‬ َ ‫ فَّز‬scarecrow; someone who inspires fear ‫قتل‬ ‫ قَت ََل – يَْقت ُ ُل‬to kill, slay, or murder

Law and Order 277

‫قاتُل‬ ِ ُ‫ قات ََل – ي‬to fight, combat, or battle ‫قاتل – يَت َقات َُل‬ َ َ ‫ ت‬to fight one another ٌ َ‫ ق‬murder, assassination, killing ‫تل‬ ٌ َ‫ ق‬deceased (‫تيل )قَتلى‬ ٌ(‫قاتٌل )قَت َلَة‬ ِ murderer, killer, hitman, assassin ٌ ‫ َم‬death, murder, killing ُ ‫قات‬ (‫ل‬ ِ ‫قتل )َم‬ ٌ ‫ ِق‬fight, struggle, combat ‫تال‬ ‫قاتٌل‬ ِ deadly, lethal ْ‫ َجريمةُ القَتِل‬homicide ٌ َ‫ ق‬shooting ِ ‫الرصاص‬ َّ ‫تل ِب‬ ‫كيد‬ ُ‫ كادَ – يَكيد‬to deceive, outwit, ensnare; to plot (ٌ ‫ َكيد ٌ )ِكياد‬a ruse or scheme; artifice; cunning (ُ ‫كائد‬ ِ ‫ ُم‬/ ُ‫كايد‬ ِ ‫ َمكيدة ٌ )َم‬a ruse, trick, or conspiracy; entrapment, schemes ‫لبس‬ ‫س‬ ُ َ‫س – يَلب‬ َ ‫ لَِب‬to put on, wear, or dress ‫ّس‬ ُ ‫س – ي ُِلب‬ َ َّ‫ لَب‬to dress, clothe, or cover; to seize; to deceive ‫س‬ ُ َّ‫س – يَت َلب‬ َ ّ‫ ت َلب‬to be involved or implicated; to dress or clothe ُ َ ‫س‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ل‬ ‫س‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ل‬  /  ْ ْ ٌ ٌ confusion, tangle; obscurity (‫بوس‬ ٌ ُ‫س ) ل‬ ٌ ‫ ِلْب‬clothes, dress, costume ٌ (‫باسات‬ ‫باس )ِل‬ ٌ ‫ ِل‬clothes, costume, garment ‫س‬ ُ ‫الب‬ ِ ‫ َم‬clothes ٍ ‫حالة ت َلَبُّس‬ ِ ‫ في‬/ ‫س‬ ٌ ُّ‫ ت َلَب‬caught in the act, caught red-handed ‫باس‬ ٌ ‫ ِاِلت‬confusion, obscurity, ambiguity ‫س‬ ٌ ّ‫ ُمت َلَِب‬involved, implicated ‫لصص‬ ‫ص‬ ُّ ‫ص – يَِل‬ َّ َ‫ ل‬to rob or steal; to do secretly ‫ص‬ َّ َ‫ص – يَت َل‬ َّ َ‫ ت َل‬to become a thief; to act stealthily ُ ‫ص‬ َ ‫ص‬ ُ ‫ص )ل‬ (‫صوص‬ ٌ ٌ ‫ ِل‬robber ‫مسس‬ ‫س‬ ُّ ‫س – يََم‬ َّ ‫ َم‬to infringe or violate; to feel or touch; to harm or wrong

278 Law and Order

‫ماس‬ to touch or be in contact (physically) ُّ َ‫ماس – ي‬ َّ ‫س‬ ٌّ ‫ َم‬touch, touching; misfortune, calamity; an attack; madness ‫ساس‬ ٌ ‫ ِم‬touching; violation, infringement; connection, relation ‫ماس‬ urgent, pressing; touching, tangency ٌّ ٌ‫ماسة‬ َّ ٌ‫حاجة‬ َ urgent matter ‫نصب‬ ‫ب‬ ُ ‫نص‬ ُ َ‫ب – ي‬ َ ‫ص‬ َ َ‫ ن‬to swindle or dupe; to raise or rear; to erect; to show or display ‫ب‬ ُ ‫َص‬ َ ‫َص‬ ِ ‫ب – يَْنت‬ َ ‫ ِانت‬to get up; to be appointed or hold an office; to be pronounced with a final a ◌َ (fatha)

‫صب‬ ٌ َ‫ ن‬setting up, erection, raising ‫ي‬ ٌ َ‫ ن‬monument ِ ‫صب ِت‬ ٌّ ‫ذكار‬ ‫صاب‬ ‫ ِن‬quorum; origin, beginning ٌ ‫اب‬ ٌ ‫ص‬ ّ َ‫ ن‬a cheat, swindler, or imposter; deceitful, fraudulent َ‫ ن‬a share or dividend; participation; change; fate, lot ‫صيب‬ ٌ َ‫ يا ن‬lottery ‫صيب‬ ٌ (‫ب‬ ٌ ‫ص‬ ُ ‫ناص‬ ِ ‫ َمْن‬position, post, rank, office ِ ‫ب )َم‬ ْ ‫صوب‬ ‫ َمن‬raised, erected, set-up; a word in the accusative (grammar) ٌ ‫نقم‬ ‫ نَقَ َم – يَ ْنقُ ُم‬to take vengeance; to be hostile ‫ ِانت َقََم – يَنت َِقُم‬to take vengeance ٌ َ‫ ن‬/ ‫قمةٌ )ِنقٌَم‬ (‫قمات‬ َ َ‫ ن‬revenge, vengeance; a grudge or resentment; spite ‫تقام‬ ٌ ‫ ِاْن‬vengeance, revenge ‫هدد‬ ُّ‫ َهدَّ – يَِهد‬to break, demolish, ruin, undermine ُ‫ َهدَّدَ – يَُهِدّد‬to threaten, menace, frighten, or intimidate ُ‫ ت َهدَّدَ – يَت َهدَّد‬to threaten or menace; to demolish or ruin ُّ‫ ِانَهدَّ – يَْنهد‬to be demolished or wrecked; to collapse; to be a wreck ٌ (‫ديدات‬ ‫ ت َهديدٌ )ت َْه‬threat, menace, intimidation ٌ‫ َمهدود‬destroyed, wrecked ٌ‫ ُمَهدَّد‬threatened, menaced ‫هرب‬ ‫ب‬ ُ ‫هر‬ ُ َ‫ب – ي‬ َ ‫ َهَر‬to escape, flee, or desert

Law and Order 279

‫ب‬ ُ ‫ب – ي َُه ِ ّر‬ َ ‫ َهَّر‬to smuggle; to put to flight; to liberate or free ‫ب‬ ُ ‫َهر‬ َّ ‫ب – يَت‬ َ ‫ ت ََهَّر‬to escape or evade ‫ريب‬ ٌ ‫ ت َْه‬smuggling, trafficking (‫بون‬ َ ‫ب )ُمَه ِ ّر‬ ٌ ‫ ُمَه ِ ّر‬smuggler, trafficker ‫ب‬ ٌ ‫هار‬ ِ fugitive Under Arrest ‫قال‬ ُ ‫اإلعت‬ ِ

‫أزق‬ ‫ أ َ َزَق – يَأ ِْزُق‬to be narrow ُ ‫آز‬ َ ‫ مأ َْزٌق )َم‬predicament, dilemma; impasse or strait (‫ق‬ ‫بصم‬ ‫بصُم‬ ُ َ‫صَم – ي‬ َ َ‫ ب‬to imprint, print, stamp ٌ(‫صمات‬ ْ َ‫ ب‬imprint, impression ْ َ‫صَمةٌ )ب‬ ُ ‫األصابِع‬ ‫مة‬ ‫ص‬ ْ َ‫ ب‬fingerprinting ِ ‫حجز‬ َ ‫ َح‬to arrest, detain, restrain, or prevent; to seize ‫حجُز‬ ِ َ‫جز – ي‬ ٌ ‫ َح‬arrest, detention, prevention; isolation; a booking or reservation ‫جز‬ (‫واجُز‬ ِ obstacle, barrier, block, wall; boarders ِ ‫حاجٌز )َح‬ ُّ ‫ق‬ ِ ‫ َح‬road blocks ِ ‫واجُز على الطُر‬ ‫ربك‬ ‫ربُك‬ ِ َ‫ َربَ َك – ي‬to muddle, entangle, complicate, confuse ‫َبك – يَرت َِبُك‬ َ ‫ ِارت‬to be confused; to become involved ٌ ‫رت‬ ٌ (‫باكات‬ ‫رت‬ ِ ‫ ِا‬confusion, mess, tangle; involvement ِ ‫باك )ِا‬ ‫ ُمْرت َِبٌك‬confused, bewildered ‫سبق‬ ‫سبُق‬ َ to be or come before; to precede; to anticipate ِ َ‫سبََق – ي‬ ُ‫ُسابق‬ to try to outdo, defeat, or beat; to compete or vie َ ِ ‫سابق – ي‬ ‫ تسابََق – يَت َسابَُق‬to try to outdo each another; to compete or vie ‫سْبٌق‬ َ precedence, priority ٌ ‫ ِس‬contest ‫ ت َسابٌُق‬/ ‫باق‬

280 Law and Order

ٌ َ‫ ُمسابَقةٌ )ُمساب‬contest, competition, race (‫قات‬ (‫قون‬ َ ‫ساب‬ ِ ) ‫سابٌق‬ ِ antecedent, preceding; previous, former, retired, exٌ َ ُ ‫سواب‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ساب‬ (‫ق‬ ) ِ ِ priority; previous (pl: previous convictions) ‫السوابُق من‬ ‫ ذوي‬has a criminal record ِ َ unprecedented ‫سبوقة‬ ‫غير َم‬ ٍ ُ  / ‫بوق‬ ٍ ‫غْيُر َمْس‬ ٌ (‫قون‬ َ ‫َساب‬ َ ‫ساب‬ ِ ‫ ُمت‬/ ‫قون‬ ِ ‫تسابق )ُم‬ ِ ‫ ُم‬/ ‫سابٌق‬ ِ ‫ ُم‬competitor, contestant ‫شبه‬ ُ‫شِبّه‬ َ ُ‫شبَّهَ – ي‬ َ to make equal, similar, comparable; to compare ُ‫ُشابه‬ ِ ‫ شابَهَ – ي‬to resemble or be similar to ُ‫ ت َشابَهَ – يَت َشابَه‬to resemble one another; to be ambiguous or unclear ُ‫ ِاشت َبهَ – يَشت َبه‬to be in doubt; to suspect; to resemble one another ْ َ ‫ ِشبهٌ )أ‬resemblance, similarity; image, picture (ٌ‫شباه‬ ُ obscurity; vagueness, uncertainty, doubt ُ ) ٌ‫شْبَهة‬ ٌ ‫شْب‬ (‫هات‬ ٌ‫ َمْشبوه‬under suspicion, suspect, dubious ٌ َ‫ ُمشابَهةٌ ) ُمشاب‬resemblance, similarity (‫هات‬ ‫ ُمشت َبَهٌ ِبِه‬suspect, suspected ‫صفد‬ ُ‫صفد‬ ِ َ‫صفَدَ – ي‬ َ to bind, shackle, or handcuff ْ ‫ديِن‬ ْ َ‫صفادُ الي‬ ِ handcuffs ‫عقل‬ ‫عقُل‬ ِ َ‫عقََل – ي‬ َ to confine; to detain, arrest; to comprehend; to be reasonable ‫َقل – يَْعِتقُل‬ َ ‫ ِاعت‬to arrest, apprehend, detain, or restrain ٌ ‫ع‬ ٌ ‫ع‬ (‫قول‬ ُ ) ‫قل‬ َ mind, intellect; understanding; comprehension ْ feeble-minded ‫عقل‬ ُ ِ ‫ضعيف ال‬ ُ ُ‫المَو ِ ّجه‬ mastermind ُ ‫العقل‬ intellectual; mental ‫ي‬ ‫قل‬ ‫ع‬ ِ ٌّ َ ْ ْ ‫ي‬ ِ ‫عمر ال‬ ُ ‫ ال‬mental age ُّ ‫عقل‬ ٌ ّ‫عقلي‬ (‫ات‬ َ mentality َ ) ٌ‫عقليَّة‬ ٌ ٌ(‫عقَل‬ ُ ) ‫عقلة‬ ُ a knot, joint, or knuckle ٌ ُ ‫قائ‬ (‫ل‬  /  ‫قيالت‬ ‫ع‬ ِ ‫ع‬ َ a wife or spouse َ َ ) ٌ‫عقيلَة‬ ٌ ‫عت‬ ٌ (‫قاالت‬ ‫عت‬ ِ ‫ ِا‬arrest, detention ِ ‫قال )ِا‬ ٌ ‫عت‬ ‫ي‬ ِ ‫قال ِو‬ ِ ‫ ِا‬protective custody ٌّ ‫قائ‬

Law and Order 281 (‫قالء‬ ُ ) ‫عاقٌل‬ ِ reasonable, sensible ُ ‫ع‬ ٌ‫ َمْعقول‬reasonable, plausible, logical, sensible; possible

‫قبض‬ ‫ض‬ ُ ‫قب‬ َ َ‫ قَب‬to seize, grab, or take; to arrest ِ َ‫ض – ي‬ ‫ض‬ ٌ ‫ قَْب‬arrest, seizing, taking possession ٍ ‫أمر قَْبض‬ ُ arrest warrant ‫ض على‬ َ ‫ أ َلقى القَْب‬to arrest ٌ (‫ضات‬ ‫ضةٌ )قَ ْب‬ َ ‫ قَْب‬seizure, grip, hold, grasp ‫عليه‬ ‫ َم‬person who has been detained or arrested ِ ‫قبوض‬ ٌ ‫قيد‬ ُ‫ قيَّدَ – يُقَيّد‬to bind or shackle; to restrict or limit; to stipulate ُ‫ ت َقيَّدَ – يَت َقيَّد‬to bind oneself; to be bound, limited, or restricted (ٌ ‫ قَيد ٌ )قُيود‬restrictions; shackles, handcuffs; specification, registering ٌ َ ‫ ت َقييدٌ )ت‬shackling, binding; booking; restriction, confinement (‫قييدات‬ ‫كفل‬ ‫ َكفََل – يَكفَُل‬to feed; to support; to vouch, sponsor, or bail; to be legal guardian ‫ َكفَّ َل – ي َُكِفُّل‬to feed or support; to sponsor or bail ‫ ت ََكفََّل – يَت َكفَُّل‬to bail or vouch for ٌ ‫ َك‬guarantor, sponsor; liable, responsible (‫فالء‬ ُ ‫فيل )ُك‬ ٌ‫ َكفالَة‬security, bail, sponsorship; guarantee, warranty ‫حت ْال َكفالَِة‬ َ َ ‫ضع ت‬ َ ‫ َو‬to remand on bail ْ ُ ‫ أ‬he was released on bail ‫كفالة‬ ‫لق‬ َ ‫ط‬ ٍ ‫سراحهُ ِب‬ ُ ‫ ت َكافٌُل‬mutual responsibility; mutual agreement No root

‫ش‬ ٌ َ‫ َكلب‬handcuffs ٌ ‫شةٌ )كلَْب‬ (‫شات‬ َ ‫ َكْلب‬handcuffs, manacles ‫نكل‬ ‫نكُل‬ ِ َ‫ نََكَل – ي‬to abstain; to withdraw; to recoil or shrink from ‫ نََّكَل – يُنَ ِ ّكُل‬to punish severely; to torture or maltreat; to deter or repel

282 Law and Order

ٌ ‫كل )أ َ ْن‬ ٌ ‫ ِن‬a shackle, fetter, or chain (‫كال‬ ٌ‫ نَكال‬exemplary punishment; warning example ‫ورط‬ ُ ‫ور‬ َ ‫ور‬ ‫ط‬ َّ to entangle, embroil, involve, implicate ّ ِ ُ‫ط – ي‬ ُ ‫َور‬ َ ‫ ت ََوَّر‬to be involved or embroiled in; to get into trouble ‫ط‬ ّ ‫ط – يَت‬ َ ‫ َوْر‬dilemma, difficulty, trouble ٌ ‫طةٌ )َوْر‬ (‫طات‬ ٌ‫َورط‬ ّ ِ ‫ ُمت‬in a bind, in a fix; involved in ‫وقف‬ ‫قف‬ ُ َ‫ف – ي‬ َ َ‫ َوق‬to stop; to come to a standstill; to stand up ‫ف‬ ُ ّ‫ف – يَُوِق‬ َ ّ‫ َوق‬to seize or arrest; to erect ‫ف‬ ُ ّ‫ف – يَت َوق‬ َ ّ‫ ت َوق‬to stop or halt; to desist or refrain َ (‫وقاف‬ ‫ف )أ‬ ٌ ٌ ‫ َو ْق‬Wakf; religious endowment; stagnation, stopping ٌ ‫ َوْقفَةٌ )َوْق‬position or standing; stance; halt (‫فات‬ (‫ف‬ ِ ‫ف )َم‬ ٌ ‫ َمْوِق‬position, stance, stand, attitude; situation; place; car park ُ ‫واق‬ ‫ف‬ ِ standing; upright, erect ٌ ‫واق‬ ‫قوف‬ ٌ ‫ َمْو‬arrested, apprehended, detained

ُ Evidence and Proof ‫راهين‬ َ‫َاأل ِدلَّةُ والب‬ ‫برر‬ ‫ بََّر – يَبَُّر‬to be devoted or treat with reverence; to obey or be dutiful ‫ بََّرَر – يُبَ ِ ّرُر‬to justify; to vindicate or acquit; to warrant ‫ ِبٌّر‬piety; kindness, righteousness ٌ ‫بر‬ (‫ات‬ ّ ‫برة ٌ )َم‬ َّ ‫ َم‬act of charity, good deed; charitable organisation ٌ َ ‫برير )ت‬ (‫بريرات‬ ٌ َ ‫ ت‬justification, vindication, explanation ٌ ‫بر‬ (‫رات‬ ّ ِ ‫ ُم‬justification, excuse ّ ِ ‫برٌر )ُم‬ َُ‫ ال ُمبَ ِ ّرَر له‬unjustifiable ‫برهن‬ ‫رهُن‬ َ ‫ بََر‬to prove or demonstrate ِ َ‫هن – يُب‬ ٌ ُ (‫راهين‬ ُ‫ ب‬proof َ‫رهان )ب‬ ٌ‫ بَْرَهنَة‬demonstration

Law and Order 283

‫ثبت‬ ُ ُ‫ت – يَثب‬ ‫ت‬ َ َ‫ ثَب‬to stand or remain firm; to hold one’s ground َ ُ ِّ‫َّت – يُثب‬ ‫ت‬ َ ‫ ثَب‬to convict; to stabilise, secure, or fasten ُ ‫ثبت – يُِثب‬ ‫ت‬ َ َ ‫ أ‬to assert; to confirm or prove; to bear witness ٌ ُ ‫ ث‬constancy, steadiness, permanence ‫بوت‬ ٌ ‫ ِإ‬confirmation, proof, evidence; stabilisation, strengthening ‫ثبات‬ ٍ ‫شاهدُ ِإ‬ ‫ثبات‬ ِ witness for prosecution َّ ‫بات‬ ِ ‫بء الث‬ ُ ‫ ِع‬burden of proof ٌ ‫ثاب‬ firm, fixed, established, steady, stable ‫ت‬ ِ ٌ َ‫ ُمثب‬established, confirmed, proven, certain ‫ت‬ ‫دلل‬ ‫ دَ َّل – يَد ُُّل‬to show, demonstrate, point out, indicate ‫ دَلََّل – يُدَ ِلُّل‬to confirm, to prove, corroborate, or furnish the proof ‫ ت َدَلََّل – يَت َدلَُّل‬to be coquettish or coy; to flirt; to dally ٌ َ‫ د‬coquetry (also a girl’s name) ‫الل‬ ٌ َ‫ د‬evidence, sign, token; indication, guide ُ ‫دالئ‬ (‫ل‬ ِ  / ٌ‫ليل )أ َ ِدلَّة‬ ٌ(‫ دَاللَةٌ )دالالت‬pointing; guidance, leadership ٌ َ ‫ ت‬reasoning; demonstration; confirmation; pampering ‫دليل‬ ٌ ‫ست‬ ‫دالل‬ ِ ‫ ِا‬proof, evidence, demonstration; reasoning, argumentation ‫سبب‬ ‫ب‬ ُّ ‫س‬ َّ ‫س‬ ُ َ‫ب – ي‬ َ to insult, abuse, revile, or curse ‫ّب‬ ُ ‫ُسب‬ َ َّ‫سب‬ َ to cause, arouse, provoke, or produce ِ ‫ب –ي‬ abuse, insults, cursing ‫ب‬ ٌّ ‫س‬ َ ُ‫السبّابَة‬ َّ index finger (‫باب‬ ٌ ‫ب )أ َ ْس‬ ٌ َ ‫سب‬ َ reason, cause ٌ‫سبَِبيَّة‬ َ causality ٌ ‫سب‬ (‫ّات‬ َ ‫ َم‬curses, insults َ ‫سبَّةٌ )َم‬ ٌ ّ‫س ِب‬ (‫بات‬ ٌ ّ‫سِب‬ َ ‫ ُم‬agent (of action); causative factor َ ‫ب )ُم‬ ‫ب‬ َّ cause and effect ُ َّ‫سب‬ ُ َ‫السب‬ ُ ‫ب‬ َ ‫والم‬ ‫فضح‬ ‫فضُح‬ َ َ‫ ف‬to expose, shame, or disgrace; to compromise َ َ‫ضَح – ي‬

284 Law and Order

‫ضُح‬ ِ َ‫ضح – يَنف‬ َ َ‫ ِانف‬to be exposed or disgraced; to be compromised ٌ َ (‫ح‬ ِ ‫ فَضيحة )ف‬exposure; humiliation, mortification, shame, ignominy ُ ‫ضائ‬ ‫فاضٌح‬ ِ disgraceful, shameful, dishonourable ‫فضوح‬ ‫ َم‬exposed; compromised, humiliated, shamed, disgraced ٌ ‫يقن‬ ‫ يَ ِقَن – يَ ْيِقُن‬to be sure or certain; to be convinced ‫ ت َيَقّ َن – يَت َيَقّ ُن‬to convince oneself; to be convinced; to ascertain or make sure ٌ َ‫ ي‬certainty, conviction; belief ‫قين‬ َّ ‫قين‬ ‫أن‬ ٍ َ‫ أنا على ي‬I am convinced that ً ‫ يقينا‬certainly ٌ ّ‫ يَقينِي‬established truths, axioms ‫ات‬ ‫ ُمت َِيقّ ٌن‬convinced, positive

‫أحكام‬ Verdicts and Convictions ‫اإلدانة‬ ِ ُ ‫برئ‬ ُ ‫ئ – يَبرأ‬ َ ‫ بَِر‬to be or become free; to be cleared of guilt; to recover (from illness) ُ ‫ بََّرأ – يُبَ ِ ّر‬to free or acquit ‫ئ‬ ُ ‫ أ َ ْبرأ َ – ي ُْبِر‬to acquit, absolve, or discharge ‫ئ‬ ُ ‫ ت َبََّرأ – يَت َبَ َّرأ‬to disassociate; to clear oneself from suspicion (‫ياء‬ ٌ َ‫ ب‬innocent, guiltless; healthy ُ ‫بر‬ ِ َ ‫ريء )أ‬ ٌ ‫راءة‬ َ َ‫ ب‬acquittal, innocence; license, patent ْ ُ ‫ بَراءة‬patent ٍ‫اختراع‬ ٌ‫ ت َْبِرئ َة‬acquittal; exoneration ‫جنح‬ ‫ َجنََح – يَْجن َُح‬to incline, tend, or lean; to diverge or depart ‫ َجنَّ َح – يَُجِنُّح‬to provide (sth) with wings (‫ح‬ ٌ َ‫ ُجْنحةٌ )ُجن‬misdemeanour (ٌ‫جِنحة‬ ْ َ ‫ناح )أ‬ ٌ ‫ َج‬wing, side, flank ‫ناح‬ ٌ ‫ ُج‬misdemeanour; sin ‫نوح‬ ٌ ‫ ُج‬delinquency; inclination ‫جانٌح‬ ِ side, wing; delinquent (‫ح‬ ِ rib, bosom; heart, soul ِ ‫جانَحةٌ )َج‬ ُ ‫وان‬

Law and Order 285

‫حذر‬ ‫ َحِذَر – يَْحذَ ُر‬to be cautious or wary; to beware or be on one’s guard ‫ َحذَّ َر – ي َُحِذّ ُر‬to warn or tip off ‫ ت ََحذَّ َر – يَت َحذَّ ُر‬to beware, be wary ‫ َحِذٌر‬caution, alertness, precaution ٌ َ ‫حذير )ت‬ (‫حذيرات‬ ٌ َ ‫ ت‬warning, cautioning ٌ ‫ َم‬object of caution; danger, difficulty, misfortune (‫حذورات‬ ‫حذور )َم‬ ٌ ‫ذنب‬ ‫ب‬ ُ ‫ذن‬ ِ ُ‫َب – ي‬ َ ‫ أَذن‬to do wrong; to commit a sin or crime; to be guilty or culpable ‫ب‬ ُ ِ‫ب – يَْست َذن‬ َ َ‫ ِاْست َذن‬to find guilty of a crime or sin; to repent (‫نوب‬ ٌ ُ ‫ب )ذ‬ ٌ ‫ ذَ ْن‬offense, sin, crime َ (‫ذناب‬ ٌ ‫ب )أ‬ ٌ َ‫ ذَن‬tail, end; a follower َ َّ ‫ب‬ ٌ ‫ ُمذن‬comet (‫بون‬ َ ‫ذن‬ ٌ ‫ذن‬ ِ ‫ب )ُم‬ ِ ‫ ُم‬guilty, culpable; a sinner, delinquent, or criminal ‫سمح‬ ‫سَمَح – يَ ْسَمُح‬ َ to permit or allow; to be generous or kind ‫سامُح‬ ِ ُ‫سام َح – ي‬ َ to pardon, excuse, forgive َ to be indulgent or tolerant; to show good will ‫سامُح‬ َ ‫تسام َح – يَت‬ َ ‫ماح‬ forgiveness; kindness/generosity; tolerance, grace (also a girl’s name) ٌ ‫س‬ َ َ ُ ‫ فَتْرة‬grace period ٍ‫سماح‬

ٌ‫سامَحة‬ َ ‫ ُم‬pardon, forgiveness ‫سامٌح‬ ُ َ ‫ ت‬tolerance, lenience َ zero tolerance; intolerance ُ َّ ‫عدَ ُم الت‬ ِ‫سامح‬ ‫موح‬ ٌ ‫ َمْس‬permissible ‫شفع‬

‫شفََع – يَشفَُع‬ َ to mediate or intercede; to attach, add, or double ‫ ت َشفّ َع – يَت َشفُّع‬to mediate, intercede, intervene, or plead (‫فاع‬ ٌ ‫فع )أ َ ْش‬ َ an even number; part of a pair ٌ ‫ش‬ ُ (‫فعاء‬ َ intercessor, advocate; mediator ٌ ‫ش‬ ُ ‫فيع )ش‬ ‫شافٌع‬ ِ mediator; advocate

286 Law and Order

‫طلق‬ ْ َ‫– ي‬ ‫طلُُق‬ َ ‫–ي‬ ‫ُطِلُّق‬ ْ َ‫– ي‬ ‫طِلُق‬

َ to be cheerful or happy; to get a divorce; to be in labour ‫طلُ َق‬ َّ َ ‫ طل َق‬to release, set free; to divorce; to repudiate ْ َ ‫ أ‬to free (someone); to set free; to divorce; to shoot or launch (mis‫طلََق‬

sile etc.)

َ free; uninhibited, unrestrained; labour pains ‫طْلٌق‬ ْ ) ‫طلٌَق‬ َ shot (gun) ٌ ‫أط‬ (‫الق‬ َ divorce ٌ ‫ط‬ ‫الق‬ ُ ) ‫ليق‬ َ freed, released, set free ٌ ‫ط‬ (‫لقاء‬ ُ ‫ط‬ ْ ٌ ‫ إط‬liberation, freeing, release ‫الق‬ ْ ‫ على‬absolutely ْ  / ‫الق‬ ً ‫إطالقا‬ ِ ‫اإلط‬ ُ‫راحه‬ َ ‫ أطلََق‬to set him free َ ‫س‬ ْ ‫ ُم‬free; unlimited, unrestricted; absolute; general ‫طلٌَق‬ ‫عدم‬ ‫عِدَم – يَعدَ ُم‬ َ to be deprived or devoid (of); to lack; to lose ‫دم‬ ُ ‫ أ َ ْعدََم – يُْع‬to execute; to destroy; to be or become poor; to deprive ‫عدَ ٌم‬ َ non-; non-existence, absence; lack, want . . . ‫عدَ ُم‬ َ lack of . . . َّ ‫ح‬ ‫سام‬ ‫الت‬ ‫عدَ ُم‬ َ intolerance ِ ُ ‫دام‬ ْ execution ٌ ‫إع‬ ‫عذب‬ ‫ب‬ ُ ُ‫ب – يَعذ‬ َ to be sweet, pleasant, or agreeable َ ُ ‫عذ‬ ّ َّ ‫ب‬ ُ ‫ب – يُعَِذ‬ َ to pain, afflict, torment, torture, or to punish َ ‫عذ‬ َّ َّ ‫ب‬ ُ ‫ب – يَت َعَذ‬ َ ‫ ت َعَذ‬to be punished or suffer punishment; to feel pain (‫ذاب‬ ٌ ‫ذب )ِع‬ ٌ ‫ع‬ َ sweet, pleasant, agreeable ٌ(‫أعِذبة‬ ٌ ‫ع‬ ْ  / ‫ذابات‬ ٌ ‫ع‬ َ punishment, torture, torment; pain َ ) ‫ذاب‬ ‫ذيب‬ ٌ ‫ ت َْع‬torture, punishment, affliction ‫عرف‬ ‫ف‬ ُ ‫عر‬ َ to know, be aware, or discover; to recognise or perceive ِ َ‫ف – ي‬ َ ‫عَر‬ ‫ف‬ ُ ‫ف – يُعَ ِ ّر‬ َ to advise; to introduce or acquaint َ ‫عَّر‬ ‫ف‬ ‫َعر‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ي‬ – ‫ف‬ ‫ر‬ ُ َّ َ َ َّ َ‫ ت َع‬to become acquainted, meet, or familiarise; to reveal oneself

Law and Order 287

‫ف‬ ُ ‫ف – يَعت َِر‬ َ ‫ ِاعت ََر‬to confess, admit, acknowledge, or concede َ (‫عراف‬ ‫ف )أ‬ ُ custom, usage, tradition; kindness (pl: horse’s mane, cock’s comb) ٌ ٌ ‫عْر‬ traditional, conventional, customary, habitual ‫ي‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ع‬ ُ ِ ٌّ ْ (‫فاء‬ ُ ) ‫ريف‬ ٌ ‫ع‬ َ an expert, authority, or specialist; a teaching assistant; aware ُ ‫عَر‬ ٌ (‫ف‬ ُ ‫عار‬ ِ ‫ َمْعِرفَة )َم‬acquaintance, friend; knowledge, learning; skill, experience ‫ف‬ ُ ‫عار‬ ِ ‫الم‬ َ cultural affairs; education ٌ َ ‫عريف )ت‬ َ ‫ ت‬communication; notification, announcement, introduction (‫عريفات‬ ٌ َ ‫ريف‬ ِ ‫ أداة ُ الت َّ ْع‬definite article ‫راف‬ ِ ‫ ِا‬admission, confession, recognition ٌ ‫عت‬ ‫روف‬ ‫ َمْع‬known, famous; universally accepted, conventional ٌ ‫عفو‬ ‫عفا – يَْعفو‬ َ to pardon or forgive; to free; to be eliminated; to be exempt ‫ عافى – يُعافي‬to restore to health, heal, or cure; to guard or protect ‫ ت َعافى – يَت َعافى‬to recuperate or recover ‫ اِ ْست َعفى – يَ ْست َعفي‬to ask someone’s pardon; to ask for a reprieve; to resign ‫فو‬ َ pardon, amnesty, forgiveness ٌ ‫ع‬ ‫عام‬ ٌ general amnesty ٌّ ‫عفو‬ ‫ي‬ َ spontaneous ٌّ ‫عفَ ِو‬  / ٌ ‫ ُمعافاة‬exemption, dispensation, excuse ‫إعفاء‬ ٌ ‫عفاء‬ ٌ ‫ ِاْسِت‬apology; excuse; resignation ٌ َ‫عافيَةٌ )عاف‬ (‫واف‬ ٍ ‫ع‬ ِ good health, well-being َ  / ‫يات‬ ‫عقب‬ ‫ب‬ ُ ُ‫ب – يَعق‬ َ to follow, succeed, ensue, continue, or come after َ َ‫عق‬ َ ‫ب‬ ُ ‫عاق‬ ِ ُ‫ب – ي‬ َ ‫ عاق‬to punish; to alternate (‫قاب‬ ْ )‫ب‬ ٌ ‫أع‬ ٌ ‫عِق‬ َ heel; end, last part of; offspring ٌ ٌ َ‫عق‬ (‫بات‬ َ difficulty, obstacle, impediment َ ) ‫عقبَة‬ ٌ ‫ع‬ (‫قبان‬ ٌ ‫ع‬ ُ eagle ُ ) ‫قاب‬ ٌ ٌ(‫عقوبات‬ ُ punishment, penalty (pl: sanctions) ُ ) ‫عقوبَة‬ ُ ‫قوبات‬ ‫قانون ْالُع‬ penal code ِ ٌ َ ‫عقيب )ت‬ (‫عقيبات‬ ٌ َ ‫ ت‬follow-up procedures; pursuit, chase; investigation ٌ ٌ َ‫ ُمعاقَبة )ُمعاق‬sanctions; punishment (‫بات‬ ‫قاب‬ ٌ ‫ ِع‬punishment (‫ب‬ ُ ‫واق‬ ِ ‫ع‬ ِ end, result, consequence, outcome َ ) ٌ‫عاقبة‬

288 Law and Order

ُ‫ماعيَّة‬ ُ ِ ‫الج‬ ُ‫ الع‬collateral damage َ ‫قوبات‬ ٌ‫عقوبات‬ ُ sanctions ‫فرج‬ ‫ُفرُج‬ َّ to open; to separate or part; to comfort; to show ّ ِ ‫فرَج – ي‬ ‫عن‬ ُ ُ ‫عن – ي‬ َ ‫فرج‬ َ ‫فرَج‬ َ َ ‫ أ‬to release, free, liberate; to leave (a place) ‫َفرُج‬ َّ ‫ ت َفََّرَج – يَت‬to watch or observe; to part or divide (‫روج‬ ٌ ُ‫ فَْرٌج )ف‬an aperture or opening; female privates (vulva) ‫راج‬ ٌ ‫ ْإف‬liberation, release release of a prisoner ‫جين‬ َّ ‫عن‬ ٌ َ ‫إفراج‬ ِ ‫الس‬ (‫جون‬ َ ‫َفر‬ ّ ِ ‫َفرٌج )ُمت‬ ّ ِ ‫ ُمت‬viewer, observer, watcher ‫فرض‬ ‫ض‬ ُ ‫فر‬ َ ‫ فََر‬to impose, order, or decree; to decide or determine ِ َ‫ض – ي‬ ‫ض‬ ُ ‫تر‬ َ ‫ ِافت ََر‬to suppose or assume; to impose ِ ‫ض – يَْف‬ ُ‫ض )ف‬ (‫روض‬ ٌ ٌ ‫ فَ ْر‬duty; an order or decree; homework; religious duty ‫ي‬ ِ َ‫ ف‬hypothetical ٌّ ‫رض‬ (‫ض‬ religious duty; homework ِ ) ٌ‫فريضة‬ ُ ‫فرائ‬ َ ٌ ‫فت‬ (‫راضات‬ ‫فت‬ ِ ‫ ِا‬assumption, supposition, hypothesis ِ ‫راض )ِا‬ ٌ ‫ي‬ ِ ‫ ِا‬hypothetical ِ ‫فت‬ ٌّ ‫راض‬ ‫لوم‬ ‫لوم‬ ُ َ‫الم – ي‬ َ to blame, censure, reproach َ ‫ َّلوَم – يُل ّ ِوُم‬to reprimand sharply ٌ‫المة‬ َ ‫ َم‬/ ‫ لَْوٌم‬blame, reproach, censure (‫ام‬ ِ accuser/critic ٌ ‫الئٌم )لُ ّو‬ ‫الم‬ ٌ ‫ ُم‬/ ‫لوم‬ ٌ ‫ َم‬blamed; blameworthy ‫ندد‬ ُّ‫ نَدَّ – يَِند‬to run or slip away; to flee ُ‫ نَدَّدَ – يُن َِدّد‬to expose or show up; to compromise or criticise (ٌ ‫ ِندٌّ )أ َ ْنداد‬antagonist, rival; equal, partner ٌ‫ ت َنديد‬defamation, criticism

Law and Order 289

‫نذر‬ ‫نذُر‬ ِ َ‫ نَذَ َر – ي‬to dedicate; to vow ‫ أَنذَ َر – ي ُِنذُر‬to warn or caution; to admonish; to announce (‫ذور‬ ٌ ُ‫ نَْذٌر )ن‬a vow or solemn pledge ٌ (‫نذارات‬ ‫نذار )ِإ‬ ٌ ‫ ِإ‬a warning, announcement, or alarm

ُ ‫الس‬ Prison ‫جن‬ ِّ ‫أبد‬ ُ‫ أَبَدَ – يَأ ْ ِبد‬to stay or linger; to run wild; to shy away from ُ‫ ت َأبَّدَ – يَت َأَبَّد‬to be perpetuated, to become lasting or permanent (ٌ ‫ أبَد ٌ )آباد‬eternity; endless, eternal; duration ُ‫األبديّة‬ eternity, endless time ِ ٌ‫ ُمَؤبَّد‬life sentence; endless, forever ٌ ‫ ِس‬life imprisonment ٌ‫جن ُمَؤبَّد‬ ‫حبس‬ ‫س‬ ُ ‫حب‬ ِ َ‫س – ي‬ َ َ‫ َحب‬to detain, imprison, or apprehend; to block or obstruct َ – ‫س‬ ‫ب‬ ‫حت‬ ‫ي‬ ُ ِ َ ‫بس‬ َ َ ‫ اِحت‬to confine or detain; to obstruct (‫بوس‬ ٌ ‫س )ُح‬ ٌ ‫ َحْب‬confinement, imprisonment, prison, arrest ٌ‫ ُحْبسة‬speech impediment ‫باس‬ ِ ِ‫ ا‬/ ‫باس‬ ِ ِ‫ ا‬retention; restraint, obstruction ٌ ‫نح‬ ٌ ‫حت‬ ‫ َم‬imprisoned; inmate, captive (‫حابيس‬ ‫حبوس )َم‬ ٌ ُ ‫ي‬ ِ ‫س ِاِنف‬ ٌ ‫ َحْب‬solitary confinement ٌّ ‫راد‬ No root

ُ ٌ (‫زنازين‬  / ‫نزانات‬ ‫ ِزنزانَةٌ )ِز‬prison cell ‫سجن‬ ‫سَجَن – يَْسُجُن‬ َ to imprison ٌ ‫س‬ ٌ ‫ ِس‬prison (‫جون‬ ُ ) ‫جن‬ ‫سْجٌن‬ َ imprisonment ٌ ‫س‬ (‫جناء‬ ُ ) ‫جين‬ َ prisoner, captive ُ ‫س‬ ٌ ‫سّج‬  / ‫ان‬ ‫جن‬ ّ ِ ‫مأمور‬ ُ َ prison warden ِ ‫الس‬

290 Law and Order

‫شنق‬ ‫شنََق – يَشنُ ُق‬ َ to hang someone ‫شْنٌق‬ َ hanging ً ‫شْنقا‬ َ ‫مات‬ َ death by hanging ُ ‫شان‬ (‫ق‬ ِ ‫ ِمْشنَقةٌ )َم‬gallows ‫عزل‬ ‫عزُل‬ َ to remove; to set aside, isolate, or segregate ِ َ‫عَزَل – ي‬ ‫ ِانعََزَل – يَنعَ ِزُل‬to be isolated, separated, segregated ‫ ِاعت ََزَل – يَعت َِزُل‬to withdraw; to resign or retire; to segregate ‫عْزٌل‬ َ removal; dissociation; isolation ‫ي‬ ‫ ْالعَْزُل‬solitary confinement ِ ُّ ‫اإلنفراد‬ ٌ‫عْزلة‬ ُ retirement; isolation, seclusion, separation ٌ ‫نع‬ ‫زال‬ ِ ‫ ِا‬seclusion, isolation ‫ ُمنعَ ِزٌل‬isolated, single, solitary No root (‫نابُر‬ َ prison wing; ward or wing; warehouse َ ) ‫عنبَ ٌر‬ ِ ‫ع‬

Appeals and Settlements ُ‫ئناف والت َّسوية‬ ِ ُ ‫اإلست‬

‫توب‬ ‫توب‬ ُ َ‫تاب – ي‬ َ to repent or be penitent; to renounce ‫ب‬ ُ ‫ب – يُت ّ َِو‬ َ ‫تو‬ َّ to make (someone) repent ٌ‫ ت َْوبَة‬repentance, contrition, penance ‫ب‬ ٌ ‫تائ‬ ِ repentant, penitent ‫سوي‬ ‫ي – يَسوى‬ ِ to be equivalent or equal َ ‫سو‬ ‫ ساوى – يُساوي‬to be equivalent or equal; to equalise; to be worth ‫ ت ََساوى – يَت َساوى‬to be equal or similar ‫ اِْستوى – يَْست َوي‬to be straight; to ripen ‫واء‬ ٌ ‫س‬ َ equal, sameness; except ٍ ‫ على‬equally ‫سواء‬ ‫حد‬ ٍ (‫وياء‬ ْ )‫ي‬ ٌ ‫أس‬ َ straight, right, correct, intact ٌّ ‫سِو‬

Law and Order 291

ً ‫سِويّا‬ َ together, jointly َ  / ً‫سويَّة‬ ٌ ‫ ُمساواة‬equality, equivalence; equal rights ‫ماعيِّة‬ ‫الم‬ ْ ‫ساواة‬ ِ ‫االجِت‬ ِ َ social inequality ُ ‫عدَُم‬ ‫واء‬ ِ straightness, evenness, equality ٌ ‫است‬ ُّ the equator ‫واء‬ ‫خط‬ ِ ‫اإلست‬ ِ ٌ َ ‫وى ) ُمست‬ (‫ويات‬ ً َ ‫ ُمست‬level; standard ٌ‫ ت َْسِوية‬settlement (of a dispute or bill) ‫الف‬ ِ ‫ ت َْسِويَةُ ْالِخ‬to resolve a dispute ‫ب‬ ِ ‫ ت َْسِويَةُ ْالَم‬settlement of demands ِ ‫طال‬ ‫عكس‬ ‫س‬ ِ َ‫س – ي‬ ُ ‫عك‬ َ to reverse, invert, or reflect َ ‫عَك‬ َ to counteract, oppose, or contradict; to disturb, harass, or tease ‫س‬ ِ ُ‫س – ي‬ ُ ‫عاك‬ َ ‫عاك‬ َ ‫ ِا‬to be reversed, inverted, or reflected ‫س‬ ِ ‫س – يَْن‬ ُ ‫عك‬ َ ‫نعك‬ ْ ‫س‬ ٌ ‫عك‬ َ opposite, reverse; inversion ‫العكس‬ ‫ ِب‬on the contrary ِ ْ ‫ على‬contrary to . . . ‫كس ِمن‬ ِ َ‫ على الع‬/ ‫عكِس‬ ‫س‬ ِ ‫ ُم‬counter-, contra-, antiٌ ‫عاك‬ َ ‫ ُم‬disturbance; pestering, harassment َ ‫عاكسةٌ )ُم‬ ٌ(‫عاكسات‬ ٌ (‫كاسات‬ ‫نع‬ ِ ‫ ِا‬reflection; repercussion ِ ‫كاس )ِا‬ ٌ ‫نع‬ ‫كفأ‬ ُ ‫ كفأ – يَ ْكفَأ‬to reverse, turn over, or invert ‫ئ‬ ِ ‫ كافَأ – ي‬to reward, recompense, or repay ُ ‫ُكاف‬ ٌ (‫كفاءات‬ ) ٌ ‫كفاءة‬ equality; adequacy; qualifications, capabilities َ َ ٌ (‫كافآت‬ ‫ ُمكافَأة ٌ )ُم‬reward, recompense; compensation ُ‫ ت َكاف ٌؤ‬mutual correspondence; equivalence ِ ‫ مبدأ ُ تكافُ ِؤ الفَُرص‬principle of equal opportunities ‫ندم‬ ‫ نَِدَم – يَندَ ُم‬to repent or regret ٌ‫دامة‬ َ َ‫ ن‬/ ‫ نَدَ ٌم‬remorse, regret, repentance (‫ّام‬ ِ repentant/regretful ٌ ‫نادٌم )نُد‬ ُ ‫ن‬ (‫دماء‬ ) ‫ديم‬ ُ ٌ َ‫ ن‬friend, confidant (also a boy’s name in the singular) ٌ ‫ نَْد‬remorseful, penitent (‫مان )نُدامى‬ ‫تندٌّم‬ ِ ‫ ُم‬remorseful, penitent

‫‪292 Law and Order‬‬

‫‪Exercises‬‬ ‫‪1) Give two derived nouns for each of the following roots:‬‬

‫ج د ل‬ ‫ح ر م‬ ‫ش ر ع‬ ‫ع ق ل‬ ‫و ث ق‬ ‫‪2) Find the roots of these words:‬‬

‫عت ٌ‬ ‫قال‬ ‫ِا ِ‬ ‫راض‬ ‫فت‬ ‫ِا ِ‬ ‫ٌ‬ ‫برير‬ ‫تَ ٌ‬ ‫ناح‬ ‫ُج ٌ‬ ‫واب‬ ‫َج ٌ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫َح ِ‬ ‫رام ٌّ‬ ‫سجينٌ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫شريعَةٌ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َك ٌ‬ ‫فيل‬ ‫َورطٌ‬ ‫ُمت ِ ّ‬ ‫موح‬ ‫َمْس ٌ‬ ‫‪3) Give the singular of the following plurals:‬‬

‫ٌ‬ ‫إجابات‬ ‫ٌ‬ ‫إشارات‬ ‫جار‬ ‫أ َ ْش ٌ‬ ‫ٌ‬ ‫قيقات‬ ‫ت َْح‬ ‫ٌ‬ ‫نايات‬ ‫ِج‬ ‫ُح ٌ‬ ‫قوق‬ ‫ٌ‬ ‫عوات‬ ‫دَ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫ماء‬ ‫ز َ‬ ‫ع ُ‬ ‫قهاء‬ ‫فُ ُ‬ ‫قُضاة ٌ‬ ‫ُمجادَ ٌ‬ ‫الت‬ ‫حامون‬ ‫ُم‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َوصايا‬

Law and Order 293 4) Give the present tense of these verbs:

‫ ِابت ََّز‬to blackmail ‫ اِت َّ َهَم‬to accuse or charge; to question or suspect ‫تغش‬ َّ ‫ ِاْس‬to regard (someone) as dishonest or as a fraud; to suspect of fraud ‫ ِانت َقََم‬to take vengeance ‫ َجَّرَم‬to incriminate; to charge with a crime ‫ع‬ َ َ‫ َخد‬to cheat, mislead, dupe ‫ َرشا‬to bribe َ‫عقَد‬ َ to convene (a meeting); to conclude; to delegate ‫سَخ‬ َ َ‫ ف‬to annul, invalidate, or cancel; to sever ‫ َوّكَل‬to authorise or empower; to engage as legal counsel 5) Translate the following sentences into Arabic. a) b) c) d) e) f)

The man regretted his behaviour. My friend sued the police for discrimination. It is forbidden to go out during curfew. He was charged with fraud. The prisoner fled. My neighbour has a criminal record.

6) Translate the following sentences into English: .‫سبوق‬ ‫غير َم‬ ُ ‫رت‬ ِ ‫فاع ُمعدّالت َج‬ ِ ‫– ِا‬ ٍ ‫القتل في أمريكا ِب‬ ِ ‫رائُم‬ ٍ ِ ‫شكل‬ َّ .‫ّالتها‬ – ِ ‫َصُل أعلى ُمعد‬ ِ ِ ‫عن في بريطانيا ت‬ ِ ‫جرائُم الط‬ َ ْ ُ ‫أصبحت‬ .‫رقات في بريطانيا‬ ‫الس‬ – ِ َّ ‫لندن عاصمة‬ 7) Give the antonyms of the following words:

‫ادَّعى‬ ‫ريء‬ ٌ َ‫ب‬ ‫ور‬ ٌ ‫ُز‬ ‫سَمَح‬ َ (‫ب‬ ِ ) ‫َوِثَق‬ Note 1 In spoken Arabic, this is only used by North Africans.

8

Culture, Religion, and Society

ُ ‫لد‬ ‫ين والث َّقافةُ وال ُم ج ت ََم ُع‬ ّ ‫ا‬

ُ ‫الد‬ Religion ‫ين‬ ّ No root

ٌ ) ٌ‫ آيَة‬Quranic verse; sign, token (also a girl’s name in the singular) (‫آيات‬ ‫أخر‬ ‫ أ َ ّخَر – ي َُؤ ِ ّخُر‬to delay or postpone; to obstruct; to defer َّ ‫ ت‬to be late or delayed; to be in arrears ‫َأخَر – يت َأ َ ّخُر‬ َ (‫واخُر‬ َ ‫آخ‬ ِ ) ‫آخٌر‬ ِ last; ultimate, extreme ِ ‫ أ‬/ ‫رون‬ ُ ‫اآلخرة‬ ِ the hereafter َ ‫ آخُر‬another (m) ‫ أ ُخرى‬another (f) ‫آخٌر‬ ِ  / ‫خير‬ ٌ َ ‫ أ‬last, latest ً ‫ أ َخيرا‬finally ‫أخير‬ ٌ َ ‫ ت‬delay, postponement ‫ ت َأ َ ُّخٌر‬delay, lag; hesitation ٌ ‫ ُمَؤَّخَرة‬rear part, tail, end ً ‫ ُمَؤَّخرا‬recently, lately; finally ‫ ُمت َأ َ ِ ّخٌر‬delayed, belated, late ‫أذن‬ ‫ أ َ ِذَن – يَأذَ ُن‬to listen or hear; to allow or permit ‫ أَذَّ َن – ي َُؤِذّ ُن‬to call to prayer; to call ‫ ِاست َأذَ َن – يَست َِأذُن‬to ask permission or take leave ٌ permission, authorisation ‫إذن‬ DOI: 10.4324/9781003250890-9

Culture, Religion, and Society 295

ٌ ) ‫ اُذُ ٌن‬ear (‫آذان‬ ٌ call to prayer ‫أذان‬ (‫نون‬ َ ّ‫ؤذ‬ ِ ‫ ُمِؤِذّ ٌن )ُم‬muezzin (person who does the call to prayer) ُ ‫ َمأذَنَةٌ )َمِآذ‬/ ٌ‫ ِمئذَنَة‬minaret (‫ن‬ No root

ٌ ) ‫ أ َ َزٌل‬eternity (‫آزال‬ ‫ي‬ ِ َ ‫ أ‬eternal ٌّ ‫زل‬ ٌ‫األزِليّة‬ ُ ‫ َاأل‬eternity َ  / ‫زل‬ No root (‫ف‬ ِ َ ‫ أ‬/ ٌ‫ساقفَة‬ ِ َ ‫ف )أ‬ ٌ ُ‫ أ ُْسق‬bishop ُ ‫ساق‬ ‫ساقفَِة‬ ِ ‫ئيس َاأل‬ ُ ‫ َر‬archbishop ُ ُ ‫ي‬ ٌّ ‫ أ ْسقِف‬episcopal No root

‫ البابا‬the Pope No root

ُ‫البوذيّة‬ Buddhism ِ No root

ُ ‫ الت َّ ْوراة‬the Torah No root

ُ‫شتيّة‬ َّ Zoroastrianism ِ ‫الز‬ ِ ‫راد‬ No root

ُ‫يخيّة‬ ّ Sikhism ِ ‫الس‬ No root

ُ ‫الفاتيكان‬ the Vatican

296 Culture, Religion, and Society No root

َ‫س )ف‬ (‫راديس‬ ِ paradise ُ ُ ‫الفْردَ ْو‬ heavenly ‫ي‬ ‫وس‬ ‫د‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ف‬ ٌّ ِ َ ْ ِ No root

ُ ‫بط )َاأل‬ ُ ‫الق‬ (‫قباط‬ ِ the Copts ‫ي‬ ِ ‫ ِق‬Coptic ٌّ ‫بط‬ ‫أله‬ ُ‫ُؤلّه‬ ِ ‫ أَلَّهَ – ي‬to deify ُ‫ ت َأَلَّهَ – يَت َأَلَّه‬to become a deity or to deify oneself (ٌ‫ إلَهٌ )ِآلهة‬a god or deity, divinity ‫ ﷲ‬Allah, God in Christianity and Islam ٌ (‫إالهات‬ ) ٌ‫ إالهة‬goddess ‫ي‬ ِ celestial, divine ٌّ ‫ إلَِه‬/ ‫ي‬ ٌّ ‫إاله‬ ُ ٌ‫لوهيّة‬ ِ ‫ أ‬divine power, divinity No root

ُ‫دوسيّة‬ ِ ‫الهْن‬ ِ Hinduism No root

‫ عيسى‬/ ‫سوع‬ ُ َ‫ الي‬Jesus ‫ي‬ ‫سوع‬ ‫ي‬ ٌّ ِ َ Jesuit No root

َ ‫نجيل )أ‬ ٌ ‫ ِإ‬the Gospel, the Bible ُ (‫ناجيل‬ ٌ‫نجيليَّة‬ ‫ ِإ‬evangelical; evangelist ِ ‫ ِإ‬/ ‫نجيلي‬ ٌّ No root

ُ ‫ أ‬Orthodox ‫ي‬ ِ ٌّ ‫ورثودوكس‬ ُ‫ ُاألرثودكسيّةُ اليونانِيّة‬Greek Orthodox (‫ورثودوكس‬ ‫)ُاأل‬ ُ

No root (‫ون‬ Yazidi َ ّ‫زيدي‬ َ ‫ي )إيزيدي‬ ِ َ‫ ي‬/ ‫ّون‬ ِ َ‫ ي‬/ ‫ي‬ ِ ٌّ ‫زيد‬ ٌّ ‫إيزيد‬

Culture, Religion, and Society 297

‫برقع‬ ‫ بَرقََع – يُبََرِقُع‬to veil or drape ‫رقع‬ ُ َ‫ ت َبَرقَ َع – يَت َب‬to veil oneself (‫راقُع‬ ِ َ‫ بُرقُ ٌع )ب‬burqa ‫برك‬ ‫برُك‬ ُ َ‫ بََرَك – ي‬to kneel down (of a camel) ‫بارُك‬ َ to bless ِ ُ‫بارَك – ي‬ ُ‫َبارَك – يَتبارك‬ َ ‫ ت‬to be blessed; to delight in ٌ ‫ بََرَكةٌ )بََر‬blessing (‫كات‬ ‫بارٌك‬ َ ‫ ُم‬blessed ٌ ‫بروك‬ ‫ َم‬congratulations No root (‫ون‬ َ ّ‫تاني‬ ِ ‫ي )بُروت ُ ْس‬ ِ ‫ بُروت ُ ْس‬Protestant ٌّ ‫تانت‬ ُ‫ستانتيَّة‬ ِ ُ ‫ البروت‬Protestantism

‫بشر‬ ُ َ‫شَر – ي‬ ‫بشُر‬ َ َ‫ ب‬to rejoice, to be delighted or happy َّ َ‫ ب‬to announce or spread; to preach ّ ِ َ‫شَر – يُب‬ ‫شُر‬ ‫بشُر‬ to rejoice at good news ِ ُ‫أبشر – ي‬ َ ‫شر‬ ٌ ‫ ِب‬joy ٌ (‫ بَشائُِر‬/ ‫شارات‬ ‫ ِبشارة ٌ )ِب‬good news, prophecy, good omen; messenger ‫بشير‬ ٌ َ ‫ ت‬preaching the Gospel, evangelism ّ ِ َ‫شٌر )ُمب‬ ّ ِ َ‫ ُمب‬missionary (Christian), preacher, messenger (‫رون‬ َ ‫ش‬ ‫بهل‬ ‫هل – يَْبَهُل‬ َ َ‫ ب‬to curse ‫ ِابت ََهَل – يَبت َِهُل‬to supplicate or pray ٌ ‫ ِاِبت‬supplication, prayer ٌ (‫هاالت‬ ‫هال )ِاِبت‬ ‫بهو‬ ‫ بَها – يَبهو‬to be beautiful ‫ ت َباهى – يَت َباهى‬to compete with another; to be proud or boast ‫هاء‬ ٌ َ‫ ب‬beauty, splendour

298 Culture, Religion, and Society

ُ‫هائيَّة‬ ِ َ‫ الب‬Bahai’ism (‫ّون‬ َ ‫ي )بَهائي‬ ِ َ‫ ب‬adherent of the Bahai sect ٌّ ‫هائ‬ ‫َباه‬ ٍ ‫ ت‬/ ٌ ‫ ُمباهاة‬pride, boastfulness No root

‫حيم‬ ٌ ‫ َج‬fire, hell ‫ي‬ ِ ‫ َج‬hellish, infernal ٌّ ‫حيم‬ ‫جسد‬ ُ‫سد‬ َّ ‫ َج‬to embody or represent in a corporeal form ّ ِ ‫سدَ – ي َُج‬ ُ ‫سد‬ ّ ‫تج‬ ّ ‫سدَ – يَت ََج‬ َ to materialise; to become incarnate (Christianity) َ (ٌ ‫جساد‬ ْ ‫ َجسدٌ )أ‬body ‫سد‬ ِ ‫الج‬ َ ُ‫ عيد‬Corpus Christi ٌ‫ ت َجسيد‬portrayal ٌ‫سد‬ ُّ ‫ ت ََج‬materialisation, incarnation ‫ي‬ َ ‫ َج‬carnal ٌّ ‫سِد‬ ٌ‫سد‬ َّ ‫ ُمَج‬embodied ‫جلب‬ ‫ب‬ ُ ‫جل‬ ِ َ‫لب – ي‬ َ ‫ َج‬to attract; to gain or win; to bring; to heal (wound) ّ ‫ب‬ ُ ‫جل‬ ِ ُ‫ب – ي‬ َ َّ‫ َجل‬to shout or be noisy ‫ب‬ ُ ‫جل‬ ِ ُ‫ب – ي‬ َ َ‫ أَجل‬to earn, gain, or acquire ْ ‫ب‬ ٌ ‫ َجل‬bringing, procurement ٌ ‫ َجَّالبيَّةٌ )َجّالبي‬loose, shirt-like garment, jalabiya ‫ َج‬/ ‫َّات‬ (‫البيب‬ ُ ‫جلبب‬ ‫ب‬ ُ َ‫ب – يَت ََجلب‬ َ َ‫ ت ََجلب‬to be clothed ‫لباب )َج‬ (‫البيب‬ ٌ ‫ ِج‬garment, dress, gown ُ No root

‫ َجَهنَُم‬hell ‫ي‬ ٌّ ‫ َجهنَِّم‬hellish No root rabbi ‫حاخام‬ ٌ

Culture, Religion, and Society 299

‫حجب‬ ‫ب‬ ُ ‫ب – ي َُح ِ ّج‬ َ ‫ َحَّج‬to veil, hide, conceal, or mask ‫ب‬ ُ ‫ب – يَت ََحَّج‬ َ ‫ ت ََحَّج‬to conceal oneself or hide; to flee from sight ‫ب‬ ٌ ‫ َحْج‬seclusion (ٌ‫حجبة‬ ٌ ‫ ِح‬hijab, cover, wrap; a screen ِ َ ‫جاب )أ‬ (‫ب‬ ٌ ‫حاج‬ ُ ‫واج‬ ِ eyebrows ِ ‫ب )َح‬ ‫جوب‬ ‫ َمْح‬concealed, veiled ٌ ‫حسد‬ ُ‫حسد‬ ِ َ ‫سد َ – ي‬ َ ‫ َح‬to envy or be envious; to bear a grudge ٌ ‫سد‬ ‫ح‬ envy َ َ ٌ‫ َحسود‬envious (ٌ ‫سدَة‬ ّ ‫حاسدٌ )ُح‬ ِ envious; an envious person َ ‫ َح‬/ ٌ‫ساد‬ ٌ‫ َمحسود‬envied, afflicted by the evil eye ‫حمد‬ ُ‫حمد‬ ُ َ‫ َحَمدَ – ي‬to praise or commend ُ‫ َحَّمدَ – ي َُح ِ ّمد‬to praise highly ٌ‫ َحمد‬commendation, praise, laudation ‫ ْالَحمدُ ِللِّه‬thank God ٌ‫ َحميد‬praiseworthy, laudable, commendable ُ‫الحميد‬ َ the Benign (one of Allah’s names) ُ‫ أ َحمد‬more laudable, more praiseworthy; another one of the Prophet Muhammad’s names (also a boy’s name) (ُ ‫حامد‬ ِ ‫حمدَة ٌ )َم‬ َ ‫ َم‬praises ٌ‫ َمْحمود‬praised; praiseworthy ٌ‫ ُمَحَّمد‬praised, commended; Muhammad

‫ختن‬ ‫ختُن‬ ِ َ‫ خت ََن – ي‬to circumcise (a boy) ‫ ِاخت َت ََن – يَخت َِتُن‬to be circumcised ٌ ‫ َخ‬/ ٌ‫ ِختانة‬/ ‫تان‬ ٌ ‫ ِخ‬circumcision ‫تن‬ ْ ُ ‫ ِخ‬female circumcision ‫بنات‬ ِ ‫تان ال‬

300 Culture, Religion, and Society

‫خشع‬ ‫خشُع‬ َ َ‫شَع – ي‬ َ ‫ َخ‬to be submissive or humble َّ ‫شَع – يَت ََخ‬ َّ ‫ ت ََخ‬to act with humility; to be humble or moved (in spiritual worship) ‫شُع‬ ُ ‫شوع‬ ٌ ‫ خ‬submission (to God); submissiveness, humility َّ ‫  ُخ‬/  ‫عون‬ (‫شٌع‬ َ ‫خاش‬ ِ submissive, humble ِ ) ‫خاشٌع‬ ‫خلد‬ ُ‫ َخلَدَ – يَخلُد‬to last forever or be immortal ُ‫ُخلّد‬ ِ ‫ َخلَّدَ – ي‬to immortalise ُ‫ ت ََخلَّدَ – يَت َخلَّد‬to become eternal or immortal ٌ‫ ُخلد‬eternity َ mind, heart, spirit (ٌ ‫خلد ٌ )أ َخالد‬ ٌُّ‫ ت َخلد‬/ ٌ‫ ُخلود‬eternity; immortality ٌ‫خالد‬ ِ eternal, immortal (also a boy’s name) ‫خلق‬ ‫خلُق‬ ِ َ‫ َخلَ َق – ي‬to create, make, or shape َّ ‫ ت ََخلََّق – يَت َخلُق‬to be created, made, or shaped ُ ‫ ِاخت َلََق – يَخت‬to invent or fabricate ‫َلق‬ ‫ َخْلٌق‬creation; mankind َ ‫ ُخلٌُق )أ‬morals, character, nature ٌ (‫خالق‬ ُ ُ ‫سوء‬ ‫ق‬ bad manners ُ ِ ‫الخل‬ ُ ُ ‫ ُحْسُن‬good manners ‫ق‬ ِ ‫الخل‬ ُ ‫ي‬ ٌّ ‫ ُخلِق‬ethical, moral ‫ي‬ ِ َ ‫ أ‬moral ٌّ ‫خالق‬ ٌ‫خالقيّة‬ ِ َ ‫ أ‬morality ٌ َ‫ ِخلقَةٌ )ِخل‬creation; nature, constitution (‫ق‬ ٌ ‫ َخ‬fit, suitable, worthy (‫لقاء‬ ُ ‫ليق )ُخ‬ ‫خالٌق‬ ِ  / ‫ َخّالٌق‬creator, maker ٌ ُ ٌ ‫ َم‬/ ‫خلوقات‬ (‫خاليق‬ ‫خلوق )َم‬ ‫ َم‬created; creature, created being ُ‫الخليقَة‬ َ the creation, nature; people No root (ٌ‫خوارنَة‬ ِ )‫ي‬ ِ reverend, parson, priest ٌّ ‫خور‬

Culture, Religion, and Society 301

‫خير‬ ‫يخير‬ – ‫خار‬ ُ َ to choose; to prefer ‫ َخيََّر – ي َُخِي ُّر‬to make choose; to prefer; to alternate ‫ختار‬ ُ َ‫ختار – ي‬ َ ِ‫ ا‬to choose or select ‫خير‬ ُ َ ‫خار – يَست‬ َ َ ‫ ِاست‬to seek what is best; to consult; to ask God َ (‫خيار‬ ٌ ‫ أ‬/ ‫يار‬ ٌ ‫ير ) ِخ‬ ٌ ‫ َخ‬good, excellent, superior ‫ير‬ ٌ ‫ َخ‬good thing, blessing; wealth; charity ‫ي‬ ِ ‫ َخ‬charitable, beneficent ٌّ ‫ير‬ ٌ charity, voluntary work ‫ي‬ ‫ير‬ ٌّ ِ ‫عمل َخ‬ َّ ٌ‫يريَّة‬ ٌ ِ ‫ َج‬charitable organisation ِ ‫ ُمنَظمة َخ‬/ ٌ‫يريَّة‬ ِ ‫معيَّةٌ َخ‬ ‫يار‬ ٌ ‫ ِخ‬choice, option ٌ (‫يارات‬ ‫خت‬ ِ ِ‫ ا‬choice, selection, preference; free will ِ ِ‫يار )ا‬ ٌ ‫خت‬ ‫ختيار‬ ‫ ُحريّةُ ِاال‬free will ِ ‫ختار )َم‬ (‫خاتير‬ ٌ ‫ ُم‬chosen, preferred; voluntary; village chief or elder, a Mukhtar ُ ‫دجل‬ ‫ دَ َجَل – يَْدَجُل‬to deceive or cheat; to be a cheat ‫ دَ َّجَل – يُدَ ِ ّجُل‬to smear; to deceive or cheat ‫ دََجٌل‬deceit, trickery, swindle ٌ ‫ دَ َّج‬charlatan, pretender (‫الون‬ َ ‫ال )دَ َّج‬ No root

ٌ ُ ‫ي )د‬ (‫روز‬ ٌّ ‫ دُ ْرِز‬Druze ‫دعر‬ ‫عُر‬ َ ‫ دَ ِعَر – يَْد‬to be immoral ٌ ‫دعارة‬ َ َ‫ د‬immorality, indecency, debauchery َ  / ‫عٌر‬ ُ brothel ‫عارٍة‬ َ َ‫بيت د‬ ‫ د ن ى‬/ ‫د ن و‬ ‫ دَنا – يَدنو‬to be near or close; to approach or approximate ‫ أ َدنى – يُدني‬to be near or close; to approach or approximate ‫ ت َدَنّى – يَت َدَنَى‬to approach gradually; to sink low or decline; to abase oneself (‫نياء‬ ُ ‫ي )أ َ ْد‬ ٌّ ِ‫ دَن‬infamous, depraved, despicable, lowly, mean

302 Culture, Religion, and Society

‫ أ َ ْدنى‬nearer, closer َّ the near East ُ ‫الش‬ ‫رق َاألدنى‬ ‫ الدُّنيا‬the world, earth (‫ون‬ َ ّ‫ي )دُْنيَِوي‬ ٌّ ‫ دُنيَِو‬secular, worldly ‫دان‬ ٍ low; near, close ‫دين‬ (Same root letters as ‘to borrow, take up a loan’ but different root)

ُ َ‫دان – ي‬ ‫دين‬ َ to profess (a conviction, belonging to a religion) ‫ ت َدَيَُّن – يَت َدَيَُّن‬to profess (a religion) ٌ ‫دين )أ َ ْد‬ ٌ religion, faith, belief (‫يان‬ ‫ّين‬ ِ ‫ يَْوُم الد‬day of judgement ‫ي‬ ِ religious (objects) ٌّ ‫دين‬ ‫ ُمت َدَيٌّن‬/ ‫ دَ ِي ٌّن‬religious (person) ٌ (‫يانات‬ ‫ ِديانَةٌ )ِد‬religion ‫ ت َدَيٌُّن‬devoutness, piety ‫ذهب‬ ‫هب‬ ُ ‫ب – يَْذ‬ َ ‫ ذَ َه‬to leave or depart; to decline or perish ‫ب‬ ُ ‫ب – يُذَ ِ ّه‬ َ ‫ ذَ َّه‬to gild ‫ب‬ ٌ ‫ ذََه‬gold; gold coin ‫ب‬ ٌ ‫ ُمذََه‬gilded ‫هاب‬ ٌ َ‫ ذ‬going, passing; passage (‫ب‬ َ ‫ َم‬way; sect, ideology, doctrine; an escape ٌ ‫ذه‬ ِ ‫ب )َم‬ ُ ‫ذاه‬ ‫ي‬ َ ‫ َم‬sectarian ٌّ ‫ذهِب‬ ٌ‫ذهبيَّة‬ ِ ‫ َم‬sectarianism ‫ربب‬ ‫ب‬ ُّ ‫ب – يََر‬ َّ ‫ َر‬to be master or lord; to control or have possession ‫ب‬ ُ ّ‫ب – ي َُر ِب‬ َ َّ‫ َرب‬to raise or bring up; to idolise or deify َ ‫ب )أ‬ (‫رباب‬ ٌّ ‫ َر‬lord, master, owner; God (with definite article) ٌ ٌ ٌ َّ‫ َربَّة )َرب‬mistress, lady (‫ات‬ ‫نزل‬ ٍ ‫ َربَّةُ َم‬housewife ‫ ُربَّما‬perhaps, maybe

Culture, Religion, and Society 303

ٌ‫ َربابة‬/ ‫باب‬ ٌ ‫ َر‬fiddle ٌ‫ ُربوبِيَّة‬divinity, deity ‫ي‬ ٌّ ‫ َرب ِّان‬divine, pertaining to God ‫رجم‬ ‫رجُم‬ ُ َ‫ َرَجَم – ي‬to stone; to curse, damn, or revile (‫جوم‬ ٌ ‫ َرْجٌم )ُر‬stoning (pl: a missile) ‫جيم‬ ٌ ‫ َر‬cursed, damned َّ the cursed devil ُ ‫الش‬ ‫جيم‬ َّ ‫يطان‬ ُ ‫الر‬ ‫رحم‬ ‫ َرِحَم – يَ ْرَحُم‬to show mercy or compassion; to be merciful ‫ ت ََرَّحَم – يَت ََرَّحُم‬to plead for God’s mercy ‫َرحُم‬ ِ ‫َرحَم – يَست‬ َ ‫ ِاست‬to plead for mercy َ (‫حام‬ ٌ ‫ َرْحٌم )أ ْر‬a womb; relationship, kinship ٌ‫ َرْحَمة‬mercy, pity, compassion (‫ماء‬ ُ ‫حيم )ُرَح‬ ٌ ‫ َر‬merciful, compassionate ُ ‫الرْح‬ ‫من‬ َّ the Merciful (one of Allah’s names) ‫حيم‬ َّ the Merciful (one of Allah’s names) ُ ‫الر‬ ‫حوم‬ ٌ ‫ َمْر‬late, deceased ‫رذل‬ ‫رذُل‬ ِ َ‫ َرِذَل – ي‬to be low, vile, or despicable; to despise or scorn ‫رذُل‬ ِ ُ‫رذل – ي‬ َ َ ‫ أ‬to reject, discard, or disown َ ٌ ‫ أ‬/ ‫ذول‬ ٌ ‫ذل )ُر‬ ٌ ‫ َر‬rejection; low, base, despicable, mean (‫رذال‬ ٌ ‫ َر‬base, mean, vile (‫الء‬ ُ َ‫ذيل )ُرذ‬ ٌ‫ َرذالَة‬depravity, baseness ُ ‫ذائ‬ (‫ل‬ ِ ‫ َرذيلَةٌ )َر‬vice, depravity ‫رضى‬ ‫ي – يَرضى‬ ِ ‫ َر‬to be satisfied or content; to approve or agree َ ‫ض‬ ‫ راضى – يُراضي‬to try to please ‫رضى – يُرضي‬ َ َ ‫ أ‬to satisfy, gratify, or please ٌ‫َرضيَة‬ ِ ‫ ت‬satisfaction, gratification; compensation ُ ‫ي‬ ُ‫ﷲ عنه‬ ِ ‫ َر‬may God be pleased with him َ ‫ض‬

304 Culture, Religion, and Society

‫ضاء‬ ٌ ‫ ِر‬/ ‫ضى‬ ً ‫ ِر‬contentment, satisfaction; approval, acceptance ٌ‫ضوان‬ ْ ‫ ِر‬consent, agreement, approval; good will (also a boy’s name) ‫ركع‬ َ َ‫ َرَكَع – ي‬to kneel down; to bow down (in prayer) ‫ركُع‬ َ َ ‫ أ‬to make someone kneel down ‫ُركُع‬ ِ ‫ركَع – ي‬ ٌ ‫ َرْكعةٌ )َرْك‬prostrations, bending (as in Muslim prayer) (‫عات‬ ‫كوع‬ ٌ ‫ ُر‬kneeling No root

ُ ‫مضان‬ ‫ َر‬Ramadan (the month of fasting), ninth month in Islamic calendar ‫روح‬ ‫روح‬ ُ َ‫راح – ي‬ َ to go away or leave; to set out to do ‫ َرَّوَح – ي َُر ّ ِوُح‬to fan (air); to refresh or revive ‫ُروُح‬ ِ ‫روَح – ي‬ َ َ ‫ أ‬to stink or smell bad ‫ريح‬ ُ ُ‫راح – ي‬ َ َ ‫ أ‬to give rest; to deliver, release, or relieve ‫رتاح‬ ُ َ‫رتاح – ي‬ َ ‫ ِا‬to find rest, to relax; to be satisfied ‫ريح‬ ُ َ ‫راح – يَست‬ َ َ ‫ ِاست‬to be calm; to take a rest or a break (‫رياح‬ ٌ ) ‫ريح‬ ٌ wind; smell; fart َ ‫روح )أ‬ (‫رواح‬ soul, spirit; breath ٌ ٌ spiritual ‫ي‬ ِ ٌّ ‫روح‬ ٌ‫راحة‬ َ rest, leisure, vacation ٌ‫رائحة‬ ِ  / ٌ‫ ريحة‬smell, odour ٌ ‫ َرْي‬sweet basil (pl: aromatic plants) ُ ‫حان )َر‬ (‫ياحين‬ ٌ (‫ح‬ ُ ‫راو‬ َ ‫ ِم‬fan, ventilator ِ ‫روحة )َم‬ َ prayer performed during the nights of Ramadan ِ‫صالة ُ الت َّراويح‬ ٌ(‫ستراحات‬ ِ ‫ ِا‬relaxation, recreation; break, intermission ِ ‫راحةٌ )ِا‬ َ ‫ست‬ ‫ريح‬ ٌ ‫ ُم‬comfortable ‫رتاح‬ ٌ ‫ ُم‬resting, relaxing; calm ‫ ز ك ى‬/ ‫ز ك و‬ ‫ زكا – يَزكو‬to thrive or flourish; to be just or righteous ّ ُ‫ َزّكى – ي‬to increase; to justify, commend, or praise ‫زكي‬ ‫ى‬ َ ‫ ت ََزّكى – يَت ََزّك‬to be purified

Culture, Religion, and Society 305

‫كاء‬ ٌ ‫ َز‬growth; purity, integrity ٌ ‫ َزكاة‬alms (one of Islam’s pillars), charity; integrity, honesty ٌ‫َزكيَة‬ ِ ‫ ت‬purification ‫زمت‬ ُ ‫ت – يَت ََزَّم‬ ‫ت‬ َ ‫ ت ََزَّم‬to be prim; to be sedate ٌ ‫ ت ََزُّم‬primness; gravity, sedateness ‫ت‬ ٌ ‫ ُمت ََز ِ ّم‬narrow-minded, intolerant; grave, stern (‫تون‬ َ ‫َزم‬ ّ ِ ‫ت )ُمت‬ ‫زندق‬ ‫ندق – يَت ََزندَ ُق‬ َ ‫ ت ََز‬to be a freethinker; to be an atheist ٌ‫ َزندَقَة‬disbelief, atheism ٌ ‫ ِز‬freethinker; atheist; unbelievable (ٌ‫نادقَة‬ ِ ‫نديق )َز‬ ‫زنى‬ ‫ َزنى – يَزني‬to fornicate, to commit adultery ‫ناء‬ ٌ ‫ ِز‬/ ‫نى‬ ً ‫ ِز‬adultery, fornication ‫زهد‬ ُ‫ َزَهدَ – يَْزَهد‬to abstain from or renounce; to forsake; to lead a pious, ascetic life ُ‫ َزَّهدَ – ي َُز ِ ّهد‬to induce to withdraw; to spoil someone’s pleasure in (sth) ُ‫َزهد‬ َ ‫ ِاست‬to deem (sth) insignificant or trifling ِ ‫َزهدَ – يَست‬ ٌ‫ ُزهد‬indifference; renunciation, abstinence ٌ‫ َزهيد‬little, low, insignificant ٌ‫ ت ََزُّهد‬asceticism ّ ‫زاهدٌ )ُز‬ (ٌ ‫هاد‬ ِ ascetic; abstinent (adj) (also a boy’s name in the singular) ‫سجد‬ ُ‫سَجدَ – يَْسُجد‬ َ to bow down or prostrate oneself; to worship (God) ٌ ٌ(‫سجدات‬ َ ) ‫سجدة‬ َ prostration in prayer ٌ‫سجود‬ prostration; adoration, worship ُ (ُ ‫سجاجيد‬ َ ) ٌ ‫سَّجادَة‬ َ carpet; prayer rug (ُ ‫ساجد‬ ِ ‫ َم‬mosques ِ ‫سجدٌ )َم‬ ْ ‫حرام‬ ‫المْسِجدُ ال‬ ُ َ the Holy Mosque in Mecca َّ ‫ريف‬ ‫الش‬ ‫قصى‬ ‫المْسجدُ َاأل‬ ُ َ the Holy Al-Aqsa Mosque in Jerusalem

306 Culture, Religion, and Society

‫سحر‬ ‫حر – يَْسَحُر‬ َ to bewitch, enchant, or fascinate َ ‫س‬ ‫ ت ََسَّحَر – يَت ََسَّحُر‬to have a light meal (before daybreak) َ ‫ أ‬/ ‫حور‬ (‫سحار‬ ُ ) ‫حر‬ ٌ ٌ ‫س‬ ٌ ‫ ِس‬magic, sorcery, witchcraft َ ‫أ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ح‬ ‫س‬ (‫سحار‬ ) early morning, dawn (also a girl’s name in the singular) ٌ ٌ َ َ ‫حور‬ ُ  / ‫حور‬ ٌ ‫س‬ ٌ ‫س‬ َ meal taken at night before the start of a fast (ٌ ‫حَرة‬ ِ sorcerer, magician, wizard َ ) ‫ساحٌر‬ َ ‫س‬ ٌ (‫واحُر‬ ِ ‫س‬ ِ ) ٌ ‫ساحرة‬ ِ witch, sorceress َ  / ‫ساحرات‬ ‫سلم‬ (Full treatment in Politics chapter)

‫سِلَم – يَ ْسلَ ُم‬ َ to be safe and sound, to be unharmed; to be certain or established ‫َسلُم‬ ِ ‫ ِاست َسلََم – يَست‬to surrender, capitulate, submit, or succumb ٌ (‫سالمات‬ ) ‫الم‬ َ peace, safety, security, well-being; a greeting ٌ ‫س‬ ‫الم‬ ْ submission ٌ ‫إس‬ ‫الم‬ ‫اإلس‬ Islam ُ ْ ُ‫اإلسالميّة‬ ْ ُ‫الرِابطة‬ ّ the Muslim League ‫سالم‬ ِ ‫ ِا‬surrender, capitulation, submission ٌ ‫ست‬ ‫سلٌم )ُم‬ (‫سلمون‬ َ ِ ‫ ُم‬Muslim ‫سنن‬ ‫سُّن‬ ُ َ‫سَّن – ي‬ َ to sharpen or hone; to introduce or establish (laws, customs) ‫سَّن – ي ُِسُّن‬ َ َ ‫ أ‬to teethe or grow teeth; to age or grow old ‫ ِاست ََّن – يَست َُّن‬to take or follow (a way); to establish or enact (law, custom) ‫سٌّن‬ َ introduction; enactment (law, custom) ٌ ‫ ِسٌّن )أ َ ْس‬a tooth or tusk; age (‫نان‬ ‫قاعِد‬ ُ َّ ‫ ِسُّن الت‬retirement age ٌ َ‫سن‬ (‫ن‬ ُ ) ٌ‫سنَّة‬ ُ custom, tradition, practice ُ‫السنَّة‬ ُّ Prophet’s Sunna, teaching of the Prophet Muhammad ّ ‫ي‬ ‫ن‬ ِ ُ Sunni ٌّ ‫س‬ ‫ ُمِسٌّن‬advanced in years ‫سور‬ ‫ُسوُر‬ َ to enclose, fence in, or surround ِ ّ ‫سَّوَر – ي‬

Culture, Religion, and Society 307

‫ساوُر‬ ِ ُ‫ساوَر – ي‬ َ to leap, attack, or assault (‫وار‬ wall, enclosure, fence ْ ) ‫سور‬ ٌ ‫أس‬ ٌ ٌ (‫سَوٌر‬ ) sura, chapter of the Quran ‫ة‬ ‫ور‬ ‫س‬ ُ َ ُ No root (‫شباح‬ َ ghost, apparition; an indistinct shape ٌ َ ‫شبٌَح )أ‬

‫شيأ‬ ‫شيء‬ ُ َ‫شاء – ي‬ َ to want or wish َ (‫شياء‬ َ thing, something ٌ ‫ش‬ ُ ‫يء )أ‬ ٌ‫شَويَّة‬ ُ a little, a bit ٌ‫ َمشيئ َة‬wish, will, desire ِ ‫ ِبمشيئ َِة‬by God’s will ‫ﷲ‬ ‫شيطن‬ َ ‫شي‬ ُ َ ‫ط َن – يَت‬ ‫شيطن‬ ْ َ ‫ ت‬to behave like a devil ٌ ُ ‫ش‬ (‫ياطين‬ Devil, Satan َ ) ‫شيطان‬ ‫ي‬ َ devilish, demonic ِ ‫ش‬ ٌّ ‫يطان‬ ٌ‫يطنَة‬ َ ‫ش‬ َ villainy ‫شيع‬ ‫شيع‬ to be spread or become public; to dominate َ ُ َ‫شاع – ي‬ ‫شيع‬ ‫ي‬ – to spread, publish, or publicise ‫أشاع‬ ُ َ ُ ‫ ت َشيََّع – يَت َشيَُّع‬to take sides; to join; to become a Shiite (‫شيٌَع‬ ِ ) ٌ‫ شيعة‬followers, disciples; sect; party ُ‫الشيعَة‬ ّ the Shiites (ٌ‫شيَعَة‬ َ ّ‫ي )شيعي‬ ِ  / ‫ون‬ ِ Shiite ٌّ ‫شيع‬ ُ spread or circulation (of news) ‫يوع‬ ٌ ‫ش‬ ُ )‫ي‬ ُ Communist (‫ون‬ َ ّ‫يوعي‬ ِ ‫ش‬ ِ ‫ش‬ ٌّ ‫يوع‬ ُ‫يوعيَّة‬ ُ ِ ‫ الش‬communism ٌ‫ إشاعة‬rumour ‫شائٌع‬ ِ common, widespread ٌ ‫شائ‬ (‫عات‬ ِ rumour ِ ) ٌ‫شائعَة‬ ‫شاع‬ ٌ ‫ ُم‬the public domain; widespread

308 Culture, Religion, and Society

‫صبر‬ ‫صبُر‬ َ to be patient; to bind or tie ِ َ‫صبََر – ي‬ ‫ُصِب ُّر‬ َ ‫صبََّر – ي‬ َ to ask someone to be patient; to console or comfort ‫َصب َُّر‬ َ ‫َصب ََّر – يَت‬ َ ‫ ت‬to be patient or persevere ‫صبٌر‬ ْ patience, endurance; self-control; shackling ٌ ‫بارة‬ َ  / ٌ ‫صبرة‬ َ severe cold َ ‫ص‬ (‫صب ٌُر‬ ٌ ‫ص‬ ُ ) ‫بور‬ َ patient, enduring, steadfast (‫صابرون‬ ) ‫صابَر‬ patient, long suffering, steadfast َ ِ ‫صلب‬ ‫ب‬ ُ ُ‫ب – يَصل‬ َ َ‫صل‬ َ to crucify َّ ّ ‫ب‬ ُ ‫ُصِل‬ َ ‫صل‬ َ to crucify; to make the sign of the cross; to fold (arms) َ ‫ب –ي‬ ْ ‫ب‬ ٌ ‫صل‬ َ crucifixion ٌ(‫صْلبان‬ ٌ ‫ص‬ ُ ) ‫ليب‬ َ crucifix, cross ُ‫الصليبيّة‬ ‫ ْالُح‬the Crusades ُ َّ ‫روب‬ ‫ون‬ َ ّ‫الصليبي‬ َّ the Crusaders ‫صلو‬ ‫صلّي‬ َ ُ‫صلّى – ي‬ َ to pray or worship ٌ ٌ(‫صلَوات‬ َ ) ‫صالة‬ َ Islamic prayer; blessing, benediction ُ‫الربّانيَّة‬ ُ the Lord’s Prayer ‫الة‬ ‫الص‬ َّ َّ ّ ‫ى‬ ً ‫ ُمصل‬prayer place No root (‫واف‬ wool ْ َ ‫صوف )أ‬ ٌ ‫ص‬ ٌ woollen; Sufi, Islamic mystic ‫ي‬ ِ ٌّ ‫صوف‬ ُ‫وفيَّة‬ ِ ‫الص‬ ّ Sufism

‫صوم‬ ‫صوم‬ to fast; to abstain from food, drink, and sexual intercourse َ‫صام – ي‬ ُ َ ‫صْوٌم‬ َ fasting; abstinence ‫كبير‬ َّ Lent ُ ‫الصْوم ْال‬ fasting (noun); fast ‫يام‬ ‫ص‬ ٌ ِ (‫مون‬ fasting (adj); one who fasts َ ‫صائ‬ ِ ) ‫صائٌم‬ ِ

Culture, Religion, and Society 309

‫ ض ح ى‬/ ‫ض ح و‬ ‫ي – يَضحى‬ َ to appear or become visible َ ‫ضِح‬ ‫ضّحي‬ َ ُ‫ضَّحى – ي‬ َ to sacrifice ‫ أ َضحى – يُضحي‬to begin, start, or commence ‫حى‬ ُ forenoon ً ‫ض‬ (‫ضحايا‬ َ forenoon; sacrifice, victim َ ) ٌ‫ضحيَّة‬ ‫ عيدُ َاألضحى‬Eid al-Adha ٌ َ‫ضحي‬ (‫ات‬ ِ َ ‫ضحيَةٌ )ت‬ ِ َ ‫ ت‬sacrifice (ٍ‫ضواح‬ َ ) ٌ‫ ضاحيَة‬vicinity; suburb, outskirts ‫طهر‬ ْ َ‫طَهَر – ي‬ َ to be clean or pure ‫طُهُر‬ َ to clean, disinfect, or sterilise; to circumcise َ ُ‫طَّهَر – ي‬ ‫ط ِ ّهُر‬ َ ‫ ت‬to clean oneself; to do one’s ablutions ‫َطهُر‬ ّ ‫َطَّهَر – يَت‬ ُ ‫ طُهٌر‬cleanliness, purity َ cleanliness; sanctity; circumcision ٌ ‫هارة‬ َ ‫ط‬ َ ‫ ت‬cleansing, cleaning, purification ‫طهير‬ ٌ َ ‫ ت‬ethnic cleansing ‫ي‬ ٌ ٌّ ِ‫طهير ِعرق‬ ‫طاهٌر‬ ِ clean, pure َ ‫ ُم‬antiseptic َ ‫ط ِ ّهٌر )ُم‬ ٌ(‫ط ِ ّهرات‬ ‫طوف‬ ‫طوف‬ to circle, go about, or wander; to overflow َ‫طاف – ي‬ ُ َ َ ‫ف‬ ُ ‫َطو‬ ّ ‫ف – يَت‬ َ ‫ ت َطَّو‬to roam, wander, or walk (around Kaaba) َ round, circuit, circumambulation (of the Kaaba) ‫واف‬ ‫ط‬ ٌ ُ ٌ ‫ ط‬flood, inundation, deluge ‫وفان‬ ‫ف‬ ِ itinerant, migrant ٌ ‫طائ‬ ‫ي‬ ِ factional, sectarian; confessional ٌّ ‫طائِف‬ َ ) ٌ‫طائفَة‬ (‫ف‬ ِ ‫ط‬ ِ faction, sect, party; number ُ ‫وائ‬ ٌ‫طائفةٌ أ َ ِقلّية‬ ِ minority faction ٌ‫طائفيَّة‬ ِ sectarianism ‫عبد‬ ُ‫عبَدَ – يَْعبُد‬ َ to worship; to serve; to adore or idolise

310 Culture, Religion, and Society

ُ‫عبَّدَ – يُعَِبّد‬ َ to enslave or subjugate ُ‫ ت َعبَّدَ – يَت َعبَّد‬to devote oneself to God ُ‫َعبد‬ ِ ‫ ِاست َعبدَ – يَست‬to enslave or subjugate (ٌ ‫عبيد‬ َ ) ٌ‫عْبد‬ َ slave, servant ٌ (‫بادات‬ ‫ ِعبادَة ٌ )ِع‬worship, adoration (pl: acts of worship) َّ ِ ‫ ِعبادَة ُ الشخص‬cult of personality ٌ‫بوديّة‬ ِ ‫ع‬ ُ slavery, servitude; worship (ُ ‫عابد‬ ِ ‫ َمْعبَدٌ )َم‬place of worship ٌ‫ ت َعبُّد‬worship, devotion ٌ‫ستعباد‬ ِ ‫ ِا‬enslavement, subjugation (‫دون‬ َ ‫عاب‬ ِ ) ٌ‫عابد‬ ِ worshipper ٌ‫ َمعبود‬worshipped, adored; an idol ٌ‫ ُمت َعَِبّد‬pious, devout ‫عذر‬ ‫عذَ َر – يَعذُ ُر‬ َ to excuse or forgive ‫عتذر – يَعت َِذُر‬ َ ‫ ِا‬to excuse oneself or apologise َ (‫عذار‬ ُ an excuse ٌ ‫ذر )أ‬ ٌ ‫ع‬ ٌ (‫ذراوات‬ ‫ع‬ َ virgin َ ) ‫ذراء‬ َ  / ‫عذارى‬ ُ ‫ع‬ ‫ذراء‬ ُ َ‫ َمريَُم الع‬the Holy Virgin Mary (‫عاذُر‬ ِ ‫عذرة ٌ )َم‬ ِ ‫ َم‬an excuse, a pardon ٌ (‫ذارات‬ ‫عت‬ ِ ‫ ِا‬apology, excuse ِ ‫ذار )ِا‬ ٌ ‫عت‬ ‫عذور‬ ‫ َم‬excused, justified ٌ ‫عفرت‬ ُ ‫فر‬ ‫ت‬ َ ‫فر‬ َ َ‫ت – يَتع‬ َ َ‫ ت َع‬to behave like a demon ٌ ُ ‫ع‬ (‫فاريت‬ ) ‫فريت‬ ‫ ِع‬demon, devil; sly, cunning َ ٌ‫فرت َة‬ َ villainy; a dirty trick َ ‫ع‬ ‫عفف‬ ‫ف‬ ُّ ‫ف – يَِع‬ َّ ‫ع‬ َ to refrain or abstain; to be chaste or virtuous َّ ‫ف‬ ُ ‫ف – يَت َعف‬ َ َّ‫ ت َعَف‬to refrain or abstain; to be chaste or virtuous; to be shy ٌ‫ ِعفَّة‬abstinence; virtue, decency, chastity (‫اء‬ ٌ ‫ع‬ َ modest, virtuous, pure (also a boy’s name in the singular) ُ ّ‫فيف )أ َ ِعف‬ ُّ ‫ف‬ ٌ ‫ ت َعَف‬abstinence, restraint; chastity, modesty ‫ف‬ ِ ‫ ُمت‬chaste, modest, decent ٌ ّ‫َعف‬

Culture, Religion, and Society 311

‫علو‬ ‫عال – يَعلو‬ َ to be high or elevated; to rise or ascend ّ ‫علّى – يُعَلي‬ َ to raise, lift, or elevate َ ‫ اِست َعلى – يَستعلي‬to rise; to master; to become haughty ‫علُ ٌّو‬ ُ height, elevation; greatness (‫ون‬ َ ّ‫ي )العَلَ ِوي‬ َ upper; heavenly, celestial; Alawi (pl: Alawites) ٌّ ‫لو‬ ِ ‫ع‬ ‫على‬ َ (prep) on, above, over ‫ي‬ َ high, tall, elevated (also a boy’s name) ٌّ ‫عِل‬ ٌ‫َعليَّة‬ ِ ‫ ت‬elevation, raising; enhancement ‫عالء‬ ِ ‫ ِا‬superiority ٌ ‫ست‬ ‫عنق‬ ‫عنَّق – يُعَِنّ ُق‬ َ to grab by the neck or collar ُ‫ُعانق‬ ِ ‫ عانََق – ي‬to embrace or hug; to associate closely ‫ ِاعت َنََق – يَعت َِنُق‬to adopt or embrace (a religion/person); to be converted ٌ َ ‫عنُ ٌق )أ‬ (‫عناق‬ ُ neck, nape ٌ‫ ُمعانَقة‬/ ‫ناق‬ ٌ ‫ ِع‬an embrace or hug ٌ‫عتناق‬ ِ ِ ‫ ا‬adoption (of a religion, doctrine) ‫عيد‬ ُ‫عيَّدَ – يُعَ ِيّد‬ َ to celebrate, to observe a feast; to wish a merry feast َ (ٌ ‫ عيد ٌ )أعياد‬festival, feast, celebratory day ٌ‫عيديَّة‬ ِ gift presented on a feast day ٍ ‫ميالد‬ ُ‫ عيد‬birthday ٍ ‫س‬ ٍ ‫عيد‬ ُ‫ عيد‬happy birthday َ ‫ميالد‬ َ ‫ير‬ َ ‫ ُكُّل عام ٍ وأ ْن‬many happy returns of the day (birthdays, religious festivals) ٍ ‫ت ِبَخ‬ ُ‫طِنيَّة‬ َ ‫ َاألعيادُ ْالَو‬national holidays ِ ‫ عيدُ ُاألّم‬Mother’s Day ‫األب‬ ُ‫ عيد‬Father’s Day ِ ‫ب‬ ُ ُ‫ عيد‬Valentine’s Day ِ ّ ‫الح‬ ْ ‫الفطِر‬ ِ ُ‫ عيد‬Eid al-Fitr (at the end of Ramadan) ٌ‫بارك‬ َ ‫ عيدٌ ُم‬Blessed Eid, Blessed festival1 ُ‫اإلسالميّة‬ ُ‫ َاألْعياد‬Muslim festivals ِ ُ‫سيحيّة‬ ِ ‫الم‬ َ ُ‫ َاألْعياد‬Christian festivals ُ‫ عيد‬Jesus’s birthday ِ َ ‫ميالد‬ ِ‫المسيح‬ ‫جيد‬ ُ‫ عيد‬Christmas ِ ‫الم‬ ِ َ ‫الميالد‬

312 Culture, Religion, and Society

ٌ‫سعيد‬ ٍ ُ‫ عيد‬Merry Christmas َ ‫ميالد‬ ‫قاق‬ ُّ ُ‫ عيد‬Passover ِ ‫الر‬ ‫ُوم كيبور‬ ُ ‫ ي‬/ ِ ‫ عيدُ العُرش‬Yom Kippur ‫غفر‬ َ to forgive or pardon ‫غفُر‬ ِ َ‫غفََر – ي‬ ‫غفُر‬ ِ َ ‫غفر – يَست‬ َ َ ‫ اِست‬to ask someone’s pardon or forgiveness ّ َ  / ‫فور‬ َ very forgiving ‫ار‬ ٌ ‫غف‬ ٌ ‫غ‬ ّ َ ‫ار‬ ‫ف‬ ‫الغ‬ ‫فور‬  /  ُ ُ َ‫ الغ‬Very Forgiving (two of Allah’s names) ُ forgiveness, pardon (also a girl’s name) ٌ ‫غ‬ ‫فران‬ ‫فران‬ ِ ُ‫ عيدُ ْالغ‬Day of Atonement, Yom Kippur َ ‫ أ‬I ask for God’s forgiveness, forgive me; Heaven forbid ‫ﷲ‬ ُ َ ‫ستغفر‬ ‫غفار‬ ِ ‫ ِا‬asking for forgiveness (from God), repentance ٌ ‫ست‬ ٌ ‫غفَرة‬ ِ ‫ َم‬pardon, forgiveness ‫غفور‬ ٌ ‫ َم‬forgiven ‫فتن‬ ‫ فَت ََن – يَفتُِن‬to seduce, tempt, or entice; to torture or torment; to denounce (‫ ِفتنَةٌ )ِفت ٌَن‬sedition; temptation ‫فحش‬ ‫ش‬ ُ َ‫ش – ي‬ ُ ‫فح‬ َ ‫ فََح‬to behave atrociously; to exceed accepted bounds; to be shameless ‫ش‬ ِ ‫ش –ي‬ ُ ‫ُفح‬ َ َ ‫ أ‬to use obscene language; to commit atrocities َ ‫فح‬ ٌ‫فاحشة‬ ِ  / ‫حش‬ ٌ ُ‫ ف‬indecency, obscenity ‫شاء‬ ُ ‫ فَْح‬abomination, atrocity; fornication ‫ش‬ ِ monstrous, excessive, obscene ٌ ‫فاح‬ (‫ش‬ ِ sin, abomination, atrocity; fornication ِ ) ٌ‫فاحشة‬ ُ ‫فواح‬ ‫فسد‬ ُ‫فسد‬ ِ َ ‫سد َ – ي‬ َ َ‫ ف‬to be or become rotten; to be wicked or corrupt ُ‫ُفسد‬ َّ َ‫ ف‬to spoil, corrupt, or degrade ّ ِ ‫سدَ – ي‬ ُ‫ُفسد‬ ِ ‫ أ َفسدَ – ي‬to spoil, destroy, or corrupt; to undermine ٌ‫ فَساد‬decay, decomposition; corruption, depravity (ُ ‫فاسد‬ ِ ‫فسدَة ٌ )َم‬ َ ‫ َم‬cause of evil; scandalous deed (‫دون‬ َ ‫اس‬ ِ َ‫فاسدٌ )ف‬ ِ bad, rotten, spoiled, corrupt

Culture, Religion, and Society 313

‫فصح‬ (Same root letters as ‘to be eloquent’ but different root) to celebrate Easter; to celebrate Passover ‫فصُح‬ ِ ُ‫أفصَح – ي‬ َ ُ ‫صح )ف‬ (‫صوح‬ ٌ ٌ ‫ ِف‬Passover, Easter ِ ُ‫ عيد‬Easter ْ ‫الف‬ ِ‫صح‬ ‫جيد‬ ِ ‫الم‬ ِ ُ‫أحد‬ ْ ‫الف‬ َ Easter Sunday َ ِ‫صح‬

‫فطر‬ َ َ‫ ف‬to break the fast, to have breakfast; to split or cleave ‫فطُر‬ ِ َ‫طَر – ي‬ ‫فطُر‬ ِ ُ‫فطر – ي‬ َ َ ‫ أ‬to break the fast, to have breakfast ْ َ‫ ف‬a crack or rupture (‫طور‬ ٌ ُ‫طٌر )ف‬ ‫طر‬ ٌ ‫ ِف‬fast breaking ْ ُ‫ ف‬mushrooms, fungi ‫طٌر‬ ْ ‫ ِف‬nature, disposition, constitution َ ‫طَرة ٌ )ِف‬ (‫طٌر‬ ‫إفطار‬ breaking the fast during Ramadan ٌ ‫طور‬ ٌ َ‫ ف‬breakfast outside of Ramadan ‫الفاطُر‬ the Creator (one of Allah’s names) ِ ‫قدر‬ ‫قدُر‬ ِ َ‫ قَدَ َر – ي‬to decree or ordain (of God); to decide; to be able or to possess strength ‫ قَد ََّر – يُقَِد ُّر‬to determine or decree; to value or assess ‫ُقدُر‬ ِ ‫قدر – ي‬ َ َ ‫ أ‬to enable ‫ ِاست َقدََر – يَست َِقدُر‬to ask (God) for strength (‫قدار‬ ٌ َ ‫ قَدَ ٌر )أ‬fate, divine decree; value; extent, scope ‫ ْليلَةُ القَْدِر‬Lailat al-Qadr2 ‫ضاء والقَدَ ُر‬ ُ َ‫ الق‬fate and pre-destiny ٌ ‫درة‬ َ ُ‫ ق‬power, might (‫قادير‬ ٌ ‫ ِم‬amount, quantity, measure ُ ‫قدار )َم‬ َ ‫ ُمقد ٌَّر‬destined, written ‫ ُمقت َِدٌر‬powerful, potent; capable ‫قدس‬ ‫ُس‬ ُ ‫ُس – يَقد‬ َ ‫ قَد‬to be holy or pure ‫ّس‬ ُ ‫َّس – يُقَ ِد‬ َ ‫ قَد‬to sanctify, glorify, or worship

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‫َّس‬ ُ ‫َّس – يَت َقَد‬ َ ‫ ت َقَد‬to be sacred, or sanctified َ (‫قداس‬ ٌ ‫دس )أ‬ ٌ ُ‫ ق‬holiness, sanctity; sanctuary; shrine ُ  / ‫دس‬ ‫المقدِس‬ ِ ‫بيت‬ ُ ُ‫ الق‬Al-Quds/Jerusalem ‫قديس‬ ٌ َ ‫ ت‬sanctification, hallowing; celebration ٌ ‫َّس )ُمقَد ََّس‬ (‫ات‬ ٌ ‫ ُمقد‬holy, sacred, sanctified َ ‫َّس‬ ُ ‫ ْالِك‬the Bible ُ ‫المقد‬ ُ ‫تاب‬ ‫ُس‬ ُ ‫الر‬ ُّ the Holy Ghost ُ ‫وح القُد‬ ‫قرأ‬ (Full treatment in Education chapter)

َ ‫آن‬ ُ ‫ القُ ْر‬the Holy Quran ‫ريم‬ ُ ‫الك‬ ‫قسس‬ ‫س‬ ُّ ُ‫س – يَق‬ َّ َ‫ ق‬to seek, strive for, or aspire ُ (‫س‬ ُّ ‫س )ق‬ ٌّ ‫ ِق‬priest, pastor, minister ٌ ‫س‬ ‫س‬ (‫يسون‬ َ ّ ِ ‫يس )ِق‬ ّ ‫ ِق‬priest, pastor, minister ٌ ‫س‬ No root

ٌ‫كاتدرائيَّة‬ cathedral ِ ‫كثلك‬ ‫ ت ََكثْلَ َك – يَت َكثْلَُك‬to become a Catholic َ ‫ي )َك‬ (ٌ‫ثلكة‬ Catholic ِ ٌّ ‫كاثوليك‬ ُ‫الكاثوليكيَّة‬ َ Catholicism  / ُ‫الكثلَكة‬ ِ ‫كفر‬ ‫ َكفََر – يَكفُ ُر‬to be irreligious, to disbelieve in God; to cover or hide ‫ُكفّ ُر‬ ِ ‫ َكفَّ َر – ي‬to make (someone) an infidel; to charge with unbelief; to atone (‫فور‬ ٌ ‫فر )ُك‬ ٌ ‫ َك‬small village, hamlet ‫فر‬ ٌ ‫ ُك‬atheism ٌ ‫ارة‬ َ ّ‫ َكف‬penance, atonement; money paid when a fast is not kept (‫عن‬ ٌ َ ‫ ت‬expiation (of), atonement, penance َ ) ‫كفير‬ ّ ُ (‫ار‬ َ ‫كاف‬ ِ ) ‫كافٌر‬ ِ those who don’t believe in one God, kafirs ٌ ‫ كف‬/ ‫رون‬

Culture, Religion, and Society 315

‫كنس‬ ‫س‬ ُ ّ‫س – ي َُكِن‬ َ َّ‫ َكن‬to sweep ‫س‬ ٌ ‫ َكْن‬sweeping, cleaning ‫اس‬ ٌ َّ‫ َكن‬street sweeper or cleaner ‫نيس‬ ٌ ‫ َك‬synagogue (‫س‬ ِ ‫نيسةٌ )َك‬ ُ ‫نائ‬ َ ‫ َك‬temple; church, synagogue ٌ (‫س‬ ِ ‫سة )َم‬ ُ ‫كان‬ َ َ‫ ِمكن‬broom ٌ‫بائيّة‬ ٌ ِ ‫كهر‬ َ ‫ ِمكنَسة‬vacuum cleaner No root

‫كوشر‬ َ  / ‫ كوشير‬kosher No root

ٌ deity, divinity; divine nature ‫الهوت‬ ّ ‫هوت‬ ‫علم الال‬ ِ ُ theology theological ‫ي‬ ِ ٌّ ‫الهوت‬ ُ‫هوتيَّة‬ ِ ّ‫ الال‬theology ‫لثم‬ ‫ لَث َ َم – يَِلثُم‬to kiss; to strike, hit, or wound ‫ لَث َّ َم – يُلَِث ّ ُم‬to veil (face); to cover (sth) ‫ ت َلَث َّ َم – يَت َلَث َّ ُم‬to veil one’s face; to cover oneself up ٌ‫ لَثمة‬kiss ‫ثام‬ ٌ ‫ ِل‬veil, cover, wrapping ‫ ُملَث َّ ٌم‬veiled ‫لحد‬ ُ‫ لََحدَ – ْيلَحد‬to dig a grave, to bury; to deviate from the straight path ُ‫ اِْلت ََحدَ – يَْلت َِحد‬to deviate or digress; to tend to or be inclined; to abandon one’s faith (ٌ ‫ لَحد ٌ )لُحود‬grave, tomb ٌ‫ ِإْلحاد‬atheism, apostasy, heresy (‫دون‬ َ ‫ ُمْلِحدٌ )ُمْلِح‬apostate, heretic, atheist

316 Culture, Religion, and Society

‫لعن‬ ‫ لَعََن – يَلعَُن‬to curse or damn ‫العُن‬ ِ ُ‫العَن – ي‬ َ to utter oaths of condemnation ٌ‫ لَعن‬cursing, malediction ٌ َ‫ لَعنةٌ )ل‬curse, imprecation (‫عنات‬ ٌ ‫ َمْل‬/ ‫عين‬ ٌ َ‫ ل‬cursed, damned; detested ُ ‫عون )َم‬ (‫العين‬ َّ ُ ‫ الل‬the cursed one, the Devil ‫عين‬ ‫لهم‬ ‫هم‬ ُ ‫هم – يُْل‬ َ ‫ أَْل‬to inspire; to swallow ‫َلهم – يَست َِلهُم‬ َ ‫ ِاست‬to ask for inspiration or advice; to pray or turn to God ْ ٌ (‫هامات‬ revelation; inspiration; instinct (also a girl’s name in the singular) ‫إلهام )ِإل‬ ٌ ْ ‫ ُملَهٌم‬inspired ‫مسح‬ ‫مسُح‬ َ ‫ َم‬to stroke with the hand; to wipe, polish, or clean َ َ‫سَح – ي‬ ‫سُح‬ َّ ‫ َم‬to wipe off; to rub or anoint; to persuade ّ ِ ‫سَح – ي َُم‬ ‫سح‬ ٌ ‫ َم‬wiping, cleaning, anointing ‫اح‬ ّ ‫ َم‬land surveyor ٌ ‫س‬ ‫سيح‬ ُ ‫الم‬ َ the Messiah, Christ (‫ون‬ َ ّ‫ي )َمسيحي‬ ِ ‫ َم‬Christian ٌّ ‫سيح‬ ٌ (‫ح‬ ِ ‫سحة )َم‬ ُ ‫ماس‬ َ ‫ ِمْم‬dust cloth, dish rag; doormat ُ‫ ْالَمسيحيَّة‬Christianity ‫ص‬ ُ ‫الم‬ ُ ّ‫المَخِل‬ ُ ‫سيح‬ َ Messiah ‫نبر‬ ‫بر – يَِنبُر‬ َ َ‫ ن‬to raise or elevate; to sing in a high pitched voice; to emphasise ‫ ِانت َبََر – يَنت َِبُر‬to swell or become swollen ‫ نَْبٌر‬accent, stress ٌ ‫ نَْبَرة ٌ )نَْب‬swelling; stress, accent (pl: inflection or intonation of voice) (‫رات‬ (‫نابُر‬ ِ ‫ ِمنبَ ٌر )َم‬pulpit, platform ‫نجس‬ ‫س‬ ُ َ‫س – ي‬ ُ ‫نج‬ َ ‫ نَُج‬to be impure or dirty ‫س‬ ُ ‫س – يُنَ ِ ّج‬ َ ‫ نََّج‬to defile, soil, or dirty

Culture, Religion, and Society 317

‫س‬ ُ ‫س – يَت َنََّج‬ َ ‫ ت َنََّج‬to be or become impure, soiled, or defiled ٌ‫جاسة‬ ٌ ‫ نََج‬impurity, dirt, filth, squalor َ َ‫ ن‬/ ‫س‬ َ ‫نجيس‬ ‫ت‬ soiling, defilement, contamination ٌ No root

َ‫ نَْجمةُ داوود‬Star of David ‫نسك‬ ‫نسُك‬ ُ َ‫سَك – ي‬ َ َ‫ ن‬to lead a devout life; to live an ascetic life ‫َسُك‬ َّ َ‫ ت َن‬to be pious, to lead a devout life َّ ‫سَك – يَت َن‬ ٌ‫ نَْسك‬piety, devoutness, ascetism ‫سٌك‬ ُ ُ‫ ن‬sacrifice; ceremonies (of pilgrimage) ُ ‫ناس‬ (‫ك‬ ِ ‫ َم‬hermitage; place of sacrifice; ceremony, ritual (of pilgrimage) ِ ‫نسٌك )َم‬ ‫نصر‬ ‫نصُر‬ ُ َ‫صَر – ي‬ َ َ‫ ن‬to help or aid; to protect or save ‫نص ُر‬ ّ ِ ُ‫ص َر – ي‬ َّ َ‫ ن‬to Christianise or convert to Christianity ‫صُر‬ َّ َ‫صَر – يَت َن‬ َّ َ‫ ت َن‬to try to help; to convert to Christianity ‫َصُر‬ ِ ‫َصَر – يَنت‬ َ ‫ ِانت‬to come to someone’s aid; to conquer or vanquish َ ‫صٌر‬ ‫ن‬ aid, victory, help, assistance ْ ٌ ‫صرة‬ َ ُ‫ ن‬help, aid, assistance (‫ي )نَصارى‬ ‫ ن‬Christian ِ ٌّ ‫َصران‬ ُ‫رانيَّة‬ َّ ِ ‫ص‬ ْ ‫ الن‬Christianity ‫ص‬ (‫راء‬ ٌ َ‫ ن‬helper, supporter, protector; follower ُ َ ُ‫صير )ن‬ ٌ (‫صارات‬ ‫صار )ِاِنت‬ ٌ ‫ ِاِنت‬victory, triumph; revenge َ ‫ناصٌر )أ‬ (‫نصار‬ ٌ ِ helper, supporter, protector; follower (also a boy’s name in the singular)

‫اصَرة‬ ِ ّ‫ الن‬Nazareth ‫َصٌر‬ ‫ َم‬triumphant; victor, conqueror (also a boy’s name) ٌ ِ ‫ ُمنت‬/ ‫نصور‬ ‫ ن ق ي‬/ ‫ن ق و‬ ‫ي – يَنقى‬ َ ‫ ن َِق‬to be pure ‫ أ َنقى – ي ُْنقي‬to purify, cleanse, or clean ‫ ِانت َقى – يَنت َقي‬to pick out or select ٌ ‫قوة‬ ٌ َ‫ ن‬purity; fineness َ َ‫ ن‬/ ‫قاء‬

318 Culture, Religion, and Society (‫نقياء‬ ُ َ ‫ي )أ‬ ٌّ ‫ نَِق‬pure, clean, immaculate ٌ‫ ت َِنقيَة‬cleaning, purification, sifting ‫قاء‬ ٌ ‫ ِاِنت‬selection ‫َقى‬ ً ‫ ُمنت‬selected, select

‫هدى‬ ‫ َهدَى – يَهدي‬to guide, direct, or show; to supply ‫ أ َهدى – يُهدي‬to bring, lead, or conduct; to give as a present; to dedicate ‫ ت ََهدَّى – يَت ََهدَّى‬to be well led or rightly guided ‫ ِاهت َدى – يَهت َدي‬to be rightly guided; to find or discover ‫دى‬ ً ‫ ُه‬guidance (religious), the right way (‫هدايا‬ َ ) ٌ‫ َهديَّة‬a gift, present, or donation ٌ‫ ِهداية‬guidance ‫داء‬ ٌ ‫ ِإْه‬presentation, award, donation ‫هود‬ ُ‫ هادَ – يَهود‬to be a Jew ُ‫ َهَّودَ – ي َُه ّ ِود‬to make Jewish; to intoxicate; to proceed slowly ُ‫َهود‬ َّ ‫ ت ََهَّودَ – يَت‬to convert to Judaism ُ‫ اليَهود‬the Jews ُ‫هوديَّة‬ ِ َ‫ ْالي‬Judaism (ٌ ‫ي )يَهود‬ ِ َ‫ ي‬Jew; Jewish ٌّ ‫هود‬ ُ‫ثودوكسيَّة‬ ْ ‫األر‬ ْ ُ‫ ْاليَهوديَّة‬Orthodox Judaism No root

ٌ ‫ َوث َ ٌن )أ َ ْو‬idol, image (‫ثان‬ ‫ي‬ ٌّ ِ‫ َوثَن‬pagan, heathen, idolater ُ‫الوثَنِيَّة‬ َ paganism ‫وحى‬ ‫ َوَحى – يَحي‬to inspire or reveal ‫ أ َ ْوحى – يَوحي‬to inspire or reveal ‫حي‬ ٌ ‫( َو‬divine) inspiration, revelation suggestion; inspiration ‫إيحاء‬ ٌ ٍ‫ ُموح‬inspiring; revealing

Culture, Religion, and Society 319

‫وسوس‬ ‫س‬ ُ ‫وس – ي َُوْسِو‬ َ ‫ َوْس‬to whisper or instill evil (usually devil); to prompt or tempt ‫س‬ ْ ‫ ت‬to feel uneasy or anxious; to be suspicious or in doubt ْ ‫س – يَت‬ ُ ‫َوسَو‬ َ ‫َوسَو‬ ٌ (‫س‬ ُ ‫ساو‬ َ ‫ َوْسَو‬devilish insinuation, temptation; suspicion ِ ‫سة )َو‬ ‫واس‬ (‫س‬ ) ‫ساو‬ ‫و‬ ُ ِ َ ٌ ‫ َوْس‬whisperer, suggester (Satan); devilish insinuation ‫واس‬ ُ ‫الوْس‬ َ Satan ‫س‬ ٌ ‫ ُمَوْسَو‬obsessed with delusions; suffering from OCD ‫وضؤ‬ ‫ضُؤ‬ ُ ‫ َو‬to be pure or clean ُ ‫ضَؤ – يَْو‬ ُ ‫وضأ‬ َ ّ َ ‫وضأ – يَت‬ َّ َ ‫ ت‬to perform religious ablutions

‫ضاء‬ ٌ ‫ ُو‬brilliant, radiant ٌ ‫ضاءة‬ َ ‫ َو‬purity, cleanliness ‫ضوء‬ ‫ ُو‬ritual ablution before prayer; purity, cleanliness ٌ ‫وعظ‬ ُ ‫ظ – يَِع‬ َ ‫ع‬ ‫ظ‬ َ ‫ َو‬to preach; to appeal to someone’s conscience; to admonish َ ‫ ِع‬a moral, sermon, or warning ٌ(‫ظةٌ )ِعظات‬ ٌ‫عظة‬ ٌ ‫ َوْع‬admonition, warning, sermon َ ‫ َو‬/ ‫ظ‬ ُ(‫واعظ‬ َ ‫ َمْوِع‬religious lecture, spiritual counsel ِ ‫ظةٌ )َم‬ ٌ(‫عاظ‬ ٌ َّ ‫واعظ )ُو‬ ِ a preacher Culture and Society ‫مع‬ ُ َ ‫والمجت‬ ُ ُ‫الثَّقافَة‬

‫أدى‬ ‫ أَدَّى – ي َُؤِدّي‬to lead to or bring about; to convey; to contribute ‫ ت َأَدَّى – يَت َأَدَّى‬to lead to; to be carried out; to contribute; to arrive َ ‫داء )أ‬ ٌ (‫داءات‬ ٌ َ ‫ أ‬rendering (of a service); pursuit, performance, realisation (of a task)

ٌ‫ ت َِأديَة‬pursuit; performance, discharge (of duty) ‫ّى‬ ً ‫ ُمؤد‬assignment, task; function ‫أذى‬ ‫ي – يَأذى‬ َ ‫ أ َ ِذ‬to suffer damage or be harmed ‫ أَذّى – يَُؤذي‬to harm, hurt, or wrong

320 Culture, Religion, and Society

‫ ت َأَذَّى – يَت َأذَّى‬to suffer damage; to feel offended, to be hurt ٌ‫ أ َ ِذيَّة‬/ ‫ذى‬ ً َ ‫ أ‬evil, harm, injury, trouble ٍ ‫ ُم‬hurtful, painful, harmful ‫ؤذ‬ ‫ أ س ى‬/ ‫أ س و‬ ‫ي – يَأ ْسى‬ َ ‫ أ َِس‬to be sad, grieved, or distressed ‫ أَسا – يَأسو‬to nurse or treat; to make peace ‫سي‬ ّ ‫سى – يَُؤ‬ ّ َ ‫ أ‬to console, comfort, or nurse ‫سى‬ ً َ ‫ أ‬grief, sorrow, distress (ٍ ‫ َمأساة ٌ )َمآس‬tragedy, disaster ٌ ‫ ُمواساة‬/ ٌ‫َأسيَة‬ ِ ‫ ت‬consolation, comfort ‫أصل‬ ‫أصُل‬ ُ َ ‫ أ‬to be or become firmly rooted; to be of noble origin ُ َ‫صَل – ي‬ ‫صُل‬ َّ َ ‫ ت َأ‬to be ingrained or firmly rooted َّ َ ‫صَل – يَت َأ‬ ‫أصُل‬ َ َ ‫ اِست‬to uproot or annihilate; to remove surgically ِ َ ‫أصل – يَست‬ ُ ٌ ٌ َ ‫ أ‬root, trunk; origin, source; cause; principles ‫صل )أ‬ (‫صول‬ ‫ي‬ ِ َ ‫ أ‬original, primary, authentic ٌّ ‫صل‬ ُ ‫صيل )أ‬ ٌ َ ‫ أ‬original, authentic, proper; of noble birth (‫صالء‬ ُ ُ ‫ي‬ ِ ‫ أ‬in accordance with the rules, traditional ٌّ ‫صول‬ ‫ي‬ ِ ُ ‫ أ‬fundamentalist ٌّ ‫صول‬ ٌ‫ أ ُصوليَّة‬fundamentalism ٌ‫ أ َصالَة‬steadfastness; nobility of descent (also a girl’s name) ‫صٌل‬ ّ ِ َ ‫ ُمت َأ‬deep-rooted; chronic (illness) ‫أمل‬ ‫أمُل‬ ُ َ‫ أ َ ِمَل – ي‬to hope or entertain hopes ‫ أ َ َّمَل – ي َُؤ ِ ّمُل‬to hope or expect; to raise one’s hopes ‫ ت َأ َ َّمَل – يَت َأ َ َّمُل‬to look closely or regard; to contemplate or meditate ٌ ) ‫مل‬ ٌ َ ‫ أ‬hope, expectation (‫آمال‬ ‫مل‬ ٍ َ ‫ َخيبَةُ أ‬disappointment ُ ‫مآم‬ (‫ل‬ ِ ) ‫مأمٌل‬ َ hope ٌ ‫ ت َأ َ ُّمٌل )ت َأ َ ُّم‬consideration, contemplation, meditation (‫الت‬ ‫ ِآمٌل‬hopeful

Culture, Religion, and Society 321

‫بدو‬ ‫ بَدا – يَبدو‬to appear, show, or become evident ‫ أ َبدى – يُْبدي‬to disclose, reveal, or show ‫ ت َبَدَّى – يَت َبدّى‬to live in the desert; to show or appear ‫ بَْدٌو‬desert nomads, Bedouins ‫ي‬ ٌّ ‫ بَدَ ِو‬Bedouin, nomadic ٌ ‫داوة‬ َ َ‫ ب‬desert life, Bedouin life, nomadism ‫داء‬ ُ ‫ بَْي‬desert, wilderness expression, manifestation; declaration ‫إبداء‬ ٌ ٍ apparent, evident, obvious ‫باد‬ ٍ َ‫باديَةٌ )ب‬ (‫واد‬ ِ desert nomads, Bedouins ‫بذل‬ ‫ بَذَ َل – يَبذُ ُل‬to grant or give freely and generously; to offer or sacrifice ‫ ِابت َذََل – يَبت َِذُل‬to make commonplace; to use vulgar language ‫ بَْذٌل‬giving, spending; sacrifice ٌ‫ بَذلَة‬suit (clothes) ٌ ‫ اِِبت‬vulgarity, degradation, commonness ‫ذال‬ ‫ ُمبت َذَ ٌل‬base, vulgar, common No root (‫براج‬ ٌ َ ‫ أ‬/ ‫روج‬ ٌ ُ‫رج )ب‬ ٌ ُ‫ ب‬tower, castle; horoscope ‫رج ْآيِفل‬ ُ ُ‫ ب‬Eiffel Tower ْ ‫حمام‬ ُ ُ‫ ب‬dovecot ِ ‫رج ال‬ َ ‫األ‬ ‫رج‬ ‫سِد‬ ُ‫ ب‬Leo ُ َ َّ ‫ور‬ ُ ُ‫ ب‬Taurus ِ ‫رج الث‬ ُ ُ‫ ب‬Capricorn َ ‫رج‬ ِ ‫الج ْدي‬ ‫زاء‬ ِ ‫الجْو‬ ُ ُ‫ ب‬Gemini َ ‫رج‬ ‫الحَمِل‬ ‫ُرج‬ ‫ ب‬Aries ُ َ ‫رج‬ ‫الحوت‬ ِ ُ ُ‫ ب‬Pisces ْ‫رج الدَّلِو‬ ُ ُ‫ ب‬Aquarius ‫رطان‬ ‫الس‬ َّ ‫رج‬ ُ ُ‫ ب‬Cancer ِ ‫رج ْالعذراء‬ ُ ُ‫ ب‬Virgo ‫قرب‬ ُ ُ‫ ب‬Scorpio ِ َ‫رج ْالع‬

322 Culture, Religion, and Society

ِ ‫رج ْالقوس‬ ُ ُ‫ ب‬Sagittarius ‫الميزان‬ ‫رج‬ ُ ُ‫ ب‬Libra ِ ‫ ب ل ى‬/ ‫ب ل و‬ ‫ بَال – يَ ْبلو‬to test or put (someone) to the test; to afflict ‫ بالى – يُبالي‬to care, to be concerned, to take into consideration ‫ ِابت َلَى – يَبت َلي‬to afflict; to put (someone) to the test ‫بال‬ ٍ  / ٌ‫ بَِالية‬worn, old, shabby, threadbare (‫ بَِليَّة )بَاليا‬trial, tribulations, misfortune, calamity ‫الء‬ ٌ ‫ ِاِبت‬/ ‫الء‬ ٌ َ‫ ب‬trial, tribulation, affliction, distress ْ ‫ بَلوى‬calamity, trial, tribulation, misfortune ٌ ‫ ُمباالة‬consideration, regard, attention ُ ‫المباالة‬ ُ ‫ ْال‬/ ٌ ‫ ال ُمباالة‬indifference, carelessness ‫تحف‬ ‫حف‬ ُ ْ‫تحف – يُت‬ َ َ ‫ أ‬to present (‫ف‬ ٌ ‫ ت ُ ْحفَةٌ )ت ُ َح‬precious article, masterpiece; gift (‫ف‬ ِ ‫ف )َم‬ ٌ ‫تح‬ ٌ ‫تح‬ ُ ‫تاح‬ َ ‫ ُم‬/ ‫ف‬ َ ‫ َم‬museum ‫ثرثر‬ ‫ ثَرث َ َر – يُثَرثُِر‬to chatter ٌ ‫ ثَرث َ َرة‬gossip َ ‫رثار )ث‬ (‫رثارون‬ َ ٌ َ ‫ ث‬chatterbox ‫ثقف‬ ‫ف‬ ُ َ‫ف – يَثق‬ َ ‫ ث َ ِق‬to find or meet; to be skilful ‫ف‬ ُ ّ‫ف – يُث َ ِق‬ َ َّ‫ ثَق‬to straighten or correct; to train ‫ف‬ ِ ‫ف –ي‬ ُ ‫ُثاق‬ َ َ‫ ثاق‬to fence (sport) ‫ف‬ ُ َ‫ف – يَت َثاق‬ َ َ‫ ت َثاق‬to be trained or educated ٌ(‫ ث َقافَةٌ )ث َقافات‬culture ّ ‫تداخُل الث‬ ‫قافات‬ ِ ِ ‫ ُم‬multicultural ‫ي‬ ٌّ ِ‫ ثَقاف‬educational, intellectual, cultural ٌ‫ فَجوة ٌ ثَقافِيَّة‬cultural gap ‫ثقيف‬ ٌ َ ‫ ت‬cultivation of the mind; education, training

Culture, Religion, and Society 323

ٌ‫ ُمثاقَفَة‬fencing (sport), swordsmanship ‫ف‬ ٌ ّ‫ ُمثَق‬educated, trained, cultured ‫جنز‬ ‫ َجنََّز – ي َُجِنّ ُز‬to conduct the funeral service, to say the burial prayers ٌ َ ‫ َج‬funeral, funeral procession (‫نائُز‬ ‫نازة ٌ )َج‬ ِ ‫ َج‬/ ‫نازات‬ ‫حظظ‬ ُّ ‫ظ – يَ ِح‬ َّ ‫ َح‬to be lucky or fortunate ‫ظ‬ ٌّ ‫ َح‬good fortune; fate, destiny ٌ ‫ظ )ُح‬ (‫ظوظ‬ ّ ِ ‫سن ْالَح‬ ‫ظ‬ ِ ‫ ِلُح‬fortunately ّ‫سوء ْالَحِظ‬ ِ ‫ ِل‬unfortunately ٌ‫ َمْحظوظ‬lucky, fortunate ‫حفل‬ ‫حفُل‬ ِ َ‫ َحفََل – ي‬to gather or congregate; to be replete; to pay attention ّ‫ َحفََّل – ي َُحفُل‬to adorn, decorate, or ornament ‫ ِاحت َفََل – يَحت َِفُل‬to gather or rally; to celebrate or honour; to pay attention ‫ َحْفٌل‬gathering, congregation; performance ٌ ‫ َحفلَةٌ )َح‬assembly, gathering, congregation; concert, performance (‫فالت‬ ‫أبين‬ ِ َّ ‫ َحفلَةُ الت‬commemoration ٌ‫ َحفلَةٌ موسيقيّة‬concert ٌ ‫ َح‬diligent, eager ‫فيل‬ ٌ ‫حت‬ ٌ (‫فاالت‬ ‫حت‬ ِ ‫ ِا‬celebration, ceremony, festival ِ ‫فال )ِا‬ ٌ ‫حاف‬ ُ ‫واف‬ (‫ل‬ ِ bus ِ ‫ َح‬/ ‫الت‬ ِ ) ٌ‫حافلَة‬ No root

‫ ُخَزْعبٌَل‬idle talk ٌ َ‫ ُخَزْعبَلَةٌ )ُخَزْعب‬superstitions; idle talk; joke (‫الت‬ ‫خطو‬ ‫ َخطا – يَخطو‬to step, pace, or walk; to proceed ّ ‫طى – يَت ََخ‬ َّ ‫ ت ََخ‬to overstep, transgress, or traverse; to overflow; to surpass ‫طى‬ َ ‫ ُخ‬/ ‫طوات‬ ٌ (‫ى‬ ‫ َخطوة ٌ )َخ‬a step, pace, or stride ً ‫ط‬

324 Culture, Religion, and Society

‫ذلل‬ ‫ ذَ َّل – يَِذُّل‬to be low, humble, or contemptible َّ َ ‫ أ‬to debase, degrade, humiliate, or humble ‫ذل – ي ُِذُّل‬ ‫ ت َذَلََّل – يَت َذَلَُّل‬to humble oneself; to be humble ‫ ِاست َذََل – يَست َِذُل‬to think oneself low or despicable; to disparage ‫ ذُ ٌّل‬lowness, insignificance, humility; disgrace, shame, humiliation ٌ‫ ِذلَّة‬lowness, baseness, depravity ٌ َ‫ ذ‬low, abject, despised, humble (‫أذالّ ُء‬ ِ  / ٌ‫ليل )أ َ ِذلَّة‬ ٌ‫ َمذَلَّة‬humiliation; submissiveness, meekness ٌ ‫ ِإ‬/ ‫ذليل‬ ٌ َ ‫ ت‬degradation, humiliation ‫ذالل‬ ‫ذمم‬ ‫ ذَ َّم – يَِذُّم‬to blame, criticise, or find fault ‫ُذمُم‬ ّ ِ ‫ ذَ َّمَم – ي‬to criticise, rebuke, or censure ‫ ذَ ٌّم‬censure, disparagement (‫ ِذَّمةٌ )ِذَمٌم‬conscience; protection, care; guarantee; debt (‫ميمةٌ )ذَمائُِم‬ َ َ‫ ذ‬blame, censure ‫ذموم‬ ٌ ‫ َم‬objectionable, reprehensible ‫رحب‬ ‫ب‬ ُ ‫ب – يَْرُح‬ َ ‫ َرُح‬to be wide, spacious, or roomy ‫ب‬ ُ ‫ب – يُِر ِ ّح‬ َ ‫ َرَّح‬to welcome or receive graciously ‫ب‬ ٌ ‫ َرْح‬wide, spacious ً ‫ َمرحبا‬hello ‫ َمْرحبا ً ِبكم‬welcome ‫حيب‬ ٌ ‫ ت َْر‬welcoming ‫ردى‬ ‫ َردَى – يَردي‬to perish or be destroyed ‫ ت ََردَّى – يَت ََردَّى‬to fall, tumble, or deteriorate; to clothe ‫ ِارت َدَى – يَرت َدي‬to wear or put on; to be clothed ‫الردى‬ َّ death (ٌ‫رديَة‬ ِ َ ‫داء )أ‬ ٌ ‫ ِر‬garment, cloak, robe ‫روع‬ ‫ريع‬ to frighten, scare, or startle; to please or delight َ ُ ُ‫راع – ي‬

Culture, Religion, and Society 325

‫ع‬ ُ ‫ع – يََر ّ ِو‬ َ ‫ َرَّو‬to frighten, scare, or alarm ‫ع‬ ُ ‫ع – يَت ََرَّو‬ َ ‫ ت ََرَّو‬to be frightened or alarmed ‫ع‬ ٌ ‫ َرْو‬fright, alarm; beauty ٌ‫عة‬ َ ‫ َرْو‬fright, alarm, fear; awe, splendour ‫رائٌع‬ ِ splendid, admirable, wonderful ‫ريع‬ ٌ ‫ ُم‬dreadful, horrible ‫زحم‬ ‫زحُم‬ َ َ‫ َزَحَم – ي‬to push, shove, or jostle ‫زاحُم‬ َ َ ‫زاح َم – يَت‬ َ َ ‫ ت‬to press or crowd together; to compete with one another ‫ ِازدََحَم – يَزدَ ِحُم‬to be crowded; to swarm ‫حام‬ ٌ ‫ ِز‬/ ٌ‫حمة‬ َ ‫ َز‬crowd; traffic jam ٌ ‫زاح‬ (‫مات‬ َ ‫ ُم‬competition, rivalry َ ‫زاحَمةٌ )ُم‬ (‫مون‬ َ ‫زاح‬ ِ ‫زاحٌم )ُم‬ ِ ‫ ُم‬competitor, rival ‫ ُمزدَ ِحٌم‬overcrowded, packed, crowded ‫زدحام‬ ‫ ِا‬crowding, overcrowding ٌ ‫سخر‬ َ َ‫سِخَر – ي‬ ‫سخُر‬ َ to mock, ridicule, or make fun of ‫سَّخَر – ي َُس ِ ّخُر‬ َ to make subservient; to employ or utilise ٌ ‫خرة‬ ُ labour, forced labour; ridicule َ ‫س‬ ّ ‫سِخٌر‬ َ ‫ ُم‬oppressor ‫خير‬ ٌ ‫ ت َْس‬subjugation, exploitation ‫ساخٌر‬ ِ satirical ‫ي‬ ُ ridiculed (person); forced labour ِ ‫س‬ ٌّ ‫خر‬ ٌ‫خريَة‬ ُ scorn, derision, mockery; irony; ridiculed (person) ِ ‫س‬ (‫ساخُر‬ ِ ‫ َمْسَخَرة ٌ )َم‬laughing stock, object of ridicule; ridiculous, ludicrous ‫سخط‬ ُ ‫سخ‬ َ ‫سِخ‬ َ َ‫ط – ي‬ ‫ط‬ َ to be annoyed, displeased, or angry ُ ‫ط – ي ُْسِخ‬ َ ‫ أ َ ْسَخ‬to embitter, anger, or enrage ‫ط‬ ٌ ‫ ت ََسُّخ‬/ ‫ط‬ ٌ ‫سْخ‬ ‫ط‬ َ anger, resentment, indignation ٌ ُ(‫خوط )مساخيط‬ ‫ َمْس‬loathsome, odious (pl: idols) ‫سطر‬ ُ َ‫ط َر – ي‬ َ ‫س‬ ‫سطُر‬ َ to rule or draw lines; to write or compose

326 Culture, Religion, and Society (‫طور‬ ُ ) ‫طر‬ ٌ ‫س‬ ٌ ‫س‬ َ line, row (‫سواطير‬ ) ‫ساطور‬ cleaver ٌ ُ ُ َ ٌ ‫أ‬ (‫ساطير‬ ) fable, legend, myth ‫ة‬ ‫سطور‬ ‫أ‬ ُ َ ُ ‫ي‬ ‫ أ‬legendary, mythical ِ ٌّ ‫سطور‬ َ ‫ ِم‬ruler (‫ساطُر‬ ِ ‫سطَرة ٌ )َم‬ ‫طير‬ ٌ ‫ ت َْس‬recording, writing down

َّ ‫س‬ ‫طٌر‬ َ ‫ ُم‬ruled ‫شأم‬

‫شاءُم‬ َ َ ‫ ت‬to perceive an evil omen; to regard as ominous; to be pessimistic َ َ ‫اءَم – يَت‬ َ ‫ش‬ ْ ‫َشئُم‬ ‫َش‬ ِ ‫أم – يَ ْست‬ َ ‫ ِاست‬to perceive an evil omen; to regard as ominous ّ Syria, Damascus ‫ام‬ ُ ‫الش‬ ‫ي‬ ِ Syrian ٌّ ‫شام‬ ُ bad omen; bad luck, calamity ‫شْؤٌم‬ ‫شاؤٌم‬ ُ َ ‫ ت‬pessimism (‫يم‬ ‫ َم‬inauspicious, ominous ِ ) ‫شوم‬ ٌ ‫ َم‬/ ‫شؤوم‬ ٌ ُ ‫مشائ‬ ‫تشائٌم‬ ِ ‫ ُم‬pessimist ‫شرف‬ ‫ف‬ َ to be high-born, noble, or illustrious ُ َ‫ف – ي‬ ُ ‫شر‬ َ ‫شَر‬ ‫ف‬ َ to honour, elevate, exalt, or ennoble ُ ‫ف – ي َُش ِ ّر‬ َ ‫شَّر‬ َ ‫ أ‬to be high or mighty; to supervise; to look down on, to overlook ْ ‫ف‬ ُ ‫شرف – يُشِر‬ َ ‫ف‬ َّ َ ‫ف – يَت‬ َّ َ ‫ ت‬to be honoured, to have the honour of ُ ‫شر‬ َ ‫شر‬ ‫ف‬ َ honour, glory, nobility ٌ ‫شَر‬ ُ balcony ُ ) ٌ‫شْرفَة‬ ٌ (‫رفات‬ ‫ش‬ َ ْ ُ ) ‫ريف‬ (‫راف‬ َ distinguished, illustrious, noble, exalted; Sherif (title) ٌ ‫ أش‬/ ‫فاء‬ ٌ ‫ش‬ ُ ‫شَر‬ (‫إشراف )على‬ supervision, control (over); patronage ٌ ‫ف‬ ٌ ‫ ُمْشِر‬supervisor, overseer, superintendent ‫شعب‬ ‫ب‬ َ to gather, assemble, or rally ُ َ‫ب – يَشع‬ َ َ‫شع‬ ‫ب‬ ُ َّ‫ب – يَت ََشع‬ َ َّ‫ ت ََشع‬to branch, diverge, or separate ُ )‫ب‬ (‫عوب‬ َ people, tribe ٌ ‫ش‬ ٌ ‫شْع‬ ‫ي‬ َ national, the people’s; folksy ٌّ ‫شْعِب‬ ٌ‫شْعبيَّة‬ َ popularity

Culture, Religion, and Society 327 (‫عاب‬ ٌ ‫عب )ِش‬ ٌ ‫ ِش‬mountain path, ravine, canyon ُ‫شْعبان‬ َ eighth Islamic month

‫شمت‬ ‫شمت‬ َ to gloat or rejoice in someone’s misfortune َ ‫شِم‬ َ َ‫ت – ي‬ ُ ‫ت – ي َُش ِ ّم‬ ‫ت‬ َ to disappoint َ ‫شَّم‬ ُ ُ‫ت – ي‬ ‫شمت‬ َ ‫شم‬ َ َ ‫ أ‬to take malicious pleasure in another’s misfortunes ٌ‫شمات َة‬ َ malicious joy, schadenfreude ُ )‫ت‬ ٌ ‫شّم‬ ُ ‫وام‬ ُ ‫شام‬ (‫ت‬ َ  / ‫ات‬ ِ ‫ش‬ ِ gloating ‫ ش ق ى‬/ ‫ش ق و‬ ‫ي – يَشقى‬ َ to make someone wretched or miserable َ ‫شِق‬ ‫ أ َشقى – يُشقي‬to make someone wretched or miserable ‫قى‬ َ  / ‫قاء‬ َ misfortune, distress, misery ٌ ‫ش‬ ً ‫ش‬ َ ْ ‫ش‬ ‫أ‬ (‫قياء‬ ) ‫ي‬ َ miserable, unhappy, wretched ُ ٌّ ‫شِق‬ ٌ ‫قوة‬ َ misfortune, distress, misery َ ‫ش‬ ٌ ‫شقاوة‬ mischief, naughtiness; misery َ ‫صدف‬ ‫ف‬ ِ َ‫ف – ي‬ ُ ‫صد‬ َ to turn away, avoid, or shun; to discourage or restrain َ َ‫صد‬ ‫ف‬ ‫صاد‬ ‫ي‬ – to meet or encounter by chance; to come across; to coincide ‫صاد‬ ‫ف‬ ِ ُ ُ َ َ ‫ف‬ ُ َ‫ف – يَت َصاد‬ َ َ‫ ت َصاد‬to happen by chance; to come to pass َ (‫صداف‬ ‫ف )أ‬ ٌ ٌ َ‫صد‬ َ seashell, oyster ٌ َ (‫ف‬ ُ chance occurrence, coincidence; accidentally ُ ) ‫صدفة‬ ٌ َ‫صد‬ ٌ (‫صادفات‬ ‫ ُمصادَفَةٌ )ُم‬encounter, meeting; chance, coincidence ‫الصْدفَِة‬ ُّ ‫ ِب‬by coincidence ‫ضيف‬ ‫ضيف‬ to stay as a guest َ‫ضاف – ي‬ ُ َ ‫ّف‬ ُ ‫ُضِي‬ َ ‫ف –ي‬ َ to take in as a guest, to receive hospitably, to entertain َ َّ‫ضي‬ َ ‫ أ‬to add, join, or connect; to take in as a guest ‫ضيف‬ ‫ي‬ – ‫ضاف‬ ُ ُ َ َ ‫ضاف – يَست‬ َ ‫ ِاست‬to invite (someone) as a guest ‫ضيف‬ ُ َ (‫يوف‬ ُ ) ‫يف‬ ٌ ‫ض‬ ٌ ‫ض‬ َ guest, visitor ٌ‫ضيافَة‬ ِ accommodation, hospitality ُ ‫ ُح‬hospitality ‫الضيافَِة‬ ّ ِ ‫سن‬

328 Culture, Religion, and Society

‫ضياف‬ ‫ ِم‬hospitable; host ٌ ٌ‫ َمضافَة‬hostel, guesthouse ٌ‫ ِإضافَة‬addition, attachment; annexation; genitive construction ‫ي‬ ِ ‫ ِإ‬additional, supplementary ٌّ ‫ضاف‬ ‫ضيف )ُم‬ (‫ضيفون‬ ‫ ُم‬host, flight attendant َ ٌ ‫طرز‬ َ to embroider, embellish, or garnish ‫طرُز‬ ّ ِ ُ‫طَّرَز – ي‬ ُ ) ‫طْرٌز‬ َ type, model, brand, sort ٌ ‫ط‬ (‫روز‬ ْ َ ُ ) ‫راز‬ ٌ ‫طُر‬ ٌ ‫ ِط‬type, model, class, brand; fashion, style; embroidery (ٌ ‫ أطِرَزة‬/ ‫وز‬ ْ ّ ‫حديث‬ ‫راز ال‬ ِ ِ ‫ على‬latest fashion ِ ‫الط‬ ٌ‫ ت َْطريز‬embroidery ‫طفئ‬ َ to be extinguished (fire or light) ‫ئ‬ ِ َ‫طفَأ َ – ى‬ ُ ‫طف‬ ْ ْ َ ‫ أ‬to extinguish; to smother or stifle; to switch off َ ‫ئ‬ ُ ‫طفأ – يُطِف‬ ٌ‫طفَّايَة‬ َ fire extinguisher; ashtray (in some dialects) ْ extinguishing; firefighting ‫فاء‬ ٌ ‫إط‬ ْ ‫جال‬ ُ ‫ ِر‬firemen, fire department ‫فاء‬ ِ ‫اإلط‬ ْ ‫ي‬ ِ ‫ إط‬fireman ٌّ ‫فائ‬ ْ ‫ ِإ‬fire department ٌ‫فائيَّة‬ ِ ‫ط‬ ‫ ع ز و‬/ ‫ع ز ا‬ ‫عزا – يَعزو‬ َ to charge, incriminate, or blame; to trace (back), ascribe (sth to) ‫عَّزى – يُعَّزي‬ َ to comfort or console ‫زو‬ َ tracing back; accusation ٌ ‫ع‬ ‫زاء‬ َ ceremony of mourning; solace; composure ٌ ‫ع‬ (‫عاز‬ ٍ َ ‫ ت َعزيَةٌ )ت‬consolation, solace, condolence ‫ ُمعَ ٍ ّز )ُم‬comforter, condoler (‫عزون‬ َ ‫عشر‬ ‫عاشُر‬ to be on intimate terms ِ ُ‫عاشر – ي‬ َ ‫عاشُر‬ َ َ ‫عاش َر – يَت‬ َ َ ‫ ت‬to be on intimate terms, to live together َ ‫شر )أ‬ (‫عشار‬ ُ tenth part, tithe ٌ ٌ ‫ع‬ decimal ‫ي‬ ‫شر‬ ‫ع‬ ُ ٌّ ِ

Culture, Religion, and Society 329

ٌ ‫شرة‬ َ ‫ ِع‬intimacy, companionship, relations (‫شائُر‬ ِ ‫ع‬ َ ) ٌ ‫عشيرة‬ َ tribe, kinsfolk, clan ‫يوم عاشوراء‬ Ashura, tenth day of Muharram ُ ٌ ‫عاشَرة‬ َ ‫ ُم‬intimacy, companionship, association, social relations ‫رة‬ َ ‫الم‬ ِ ‫عاش‬ ُ ‫ آداب‬etiquette ‫عطو‬ ‫ عاطى – يُعاطي‬to give ‫ أ َعطى – يُعطي‬to give, offer, grant, or bestow ‫ ت َعاطى – يَت َعاطى‬to pursue (activity); to take (medicine); to be busy or occupy oneself

ٌ (ٌ‫عطيَة‬ ‫ع‬ ِ َ ‫ أ‬/ ‫طاءات‬ َ ) ‫طاء‬ َ offer, tender; gift, present ٌ ‫ع‬ ٌ (‫عطايا‬ َ gift, present َ ) ‫عطيَّة‬ ‫عطاء‬ ‫ ِإ‬donation, presentation; granting ٌ ‫عط‬ ٍ ‫ ُم‬donor No root (‫ناصُر‬ ُ race, breed; origin; element (chemistry) ُ ‫ع‬ َ ) ‫نصٌر‬ ِ ‫ع‬ racial, ethnic; racist ‫ي‬ ‫ر‬ ‫نص‬ ‫ع‬ ُ ٌّ ِ ُ ُ َّ ‫ الت‬racial discrimination ‫ي‬ ُ ُ‫مييز الع‬ ُّ ‫نص ِر‬ ُ َ‫ الف‬apartheid ‫ي‬ ُ ُ‫صل الع‬ ُّ ‫نصِر‬ ْ ّ ‫ الت‬ethnic cleansing ْ ‫ري‬ ُ ‫هير العُن‬ ُ ‫ط‬ ُّ ‫ص‬ ٌ‫صِريّة‬ ُ racism ُ ‫عْن‬

‫عود‬ ُ‫ عادَ – يَعود‬to return or come back; to refer or relate ُ‫ُعود‬ َ to accustom or habituate ِ ّ ‫عَّودَ – ي‬ ُ‫ ت َعََّودَ – يَت َعََّود‬to be accustomed, to get used to, to habituate oneself ٌ (‫عيدان‬ ) ٌ ‫عود‬ ُ wood, stick, branch, twig ٌ ‫عودَة‬ َ return, reversion, recurrence َ  / ٌ‫عْود‬ ‫ ْالعَْودَ ِة َحُّق‬the right of return (for Palestinians) ٌ (‫عادات‬ ) ٌ ‫ عادَة‬habit, custom, usage, practice ٌ ُ‫عادات وت َقَاليد‬ customs and traditions ً ‫ عادَة‬usually ‫ي‬ ِ usual, customary, common ٌّ ‫عاد‬

330 Culture, Religion, and Society

ٌ (‫يادات‬ ‫ ِعيادَة ٌ )ِع‬clinic, office; consultation ٌ‫ ت َعويد‬/ ٌ‫عود‬ ُّ َ ‫ ت‬habituation ٌ ‫ إعادَة‬return; repetition; giving back; re(‫دون‬ َ ِ‫عائدٌ )عائ‬ ِ returning; belonging (pl: people who return to their native country) (ُ ‫عوائد‬ ِ ) ٌ ‫عائدة‬ ِ benefit, profit, advantage, gain ٌ‫ ُمت َعَ ّ ِود‬used to, accustomed to, habituated, conditioned (person) ٌ‫ ُمعتاد‬used to, accustomed to, habituated, conditioned (object) ‫عتاد‬ ِ ‫الم‬ ُ ‫ َك‬as usual ‫عيب‬ ‫عيب‬ to be defective, blemished, or deficient; to frown upon ُ َ‫عاب – ي‬ َ ‫ب‬ ُ ّ‫ب – يُعَِي‬ َ to render faulty; to blame or find fault َ َّ‫عي‬ (‫يوب‬ ٌ ‫ع‬ ٌ ‫ع‬ ُ ) ‫يب‬ َ fault, shortcoming; shame, disgrace ‫يوب‬ ٌ ‫ َمْع‬/ ‫عيب‬ ٌ ‫ َم‬defective, deficient, faulty ‫غجر‬ َ to scold; to curse or swear ‫غَّجَر – يُغَ ِ ّجُر‬ ٌ‫غَجِريَّة‬ َ gypsy ََ ) ‫ي‬ َ gypsy ‫غ‬ (‫جٌر‬ ٌّ ‫غَجِر‬ ‫غجير‬ ٌ َ ‫ ت‬scolding, cursing; abusive language ‫فأل‬ ‫َفاءُل‬ َ ‫ ت‬to be hopeful or optimistic َ ‫َفاءَل – يَت‬ ٌ(‫ فَأ ْ ٌل )فُؤول‬good omen, auspice, sign ‫َفاؤٌل‬ ُ ‫ ت‬optimism ‫تفائٌل‬ ِ ‫ ُم‬optimist ‫فجأ‬ ُ ‫ فَ َجأ – يَْفَجأ‬to come suddenly; to attack or confront suddenly ‫ئ‬ ُ ‫ُفاج‬ َ to come suddenly, to attack or confront suddenly ِ ‫فاجأ َ – ي‬ ً ‫ فَجأَة‬suddenly, unexpectedly ٌ ‫فاج‬ (‫آت‬ َ ‫فاجأَة ٌ )ُم‬ َ ‫ ُم‬surprise ‫ئ‬ ٌ ‫فاج‬ ِ ‫ ُم‬surprising

Culture, Religion, and Society 331

‫فخم‬ ُ َ‫ فَ ُخَم – ي‬to be imposing, splendid, or magnificent ‫فخُم‬ ‫ فََّخَم – يُفَ ِ ّخُم‬to intensify; to honour or treat with respect ‫خم‬ ٌ َ‫ ف‬imposing, splendid, superb ٌ‫خامة‬ َ َ‫ ف‬honour, excellence, eminence ‫فوت‬ ُ َ‫فات – ي‬ ‫فوت‬ َ to elapse; to pass away or vanish; to anticipate; to relinquish3 ُ ‫ت – يُفَ ّ ِو‬ ‫ت‬ َ ‫ فََّو‬to make (someone) escape; to cause (someone) to miss; to let

(someone) pass ٌ َ ‫وت )أ‬ ٌ َ‫ ف‬distance, interval; difference (‫فوات‬ ٌ َ‫ ف‬passing; lapse (time) ‫وات‬ ٌ ‫فائ‬ ‫ت‬ ِ past, elapsed (time)

‫قبر‬ ‫ قَبَ َر – يَقب ُُر‬to bury or inter (‫بور‬ ٌ ُ‫بر )ق‬ ٌ َ‫ ق‬grave, tomb (‫قابُر‬ ٌ ‫ َم‬/ ٌ ‫ َمقبَرة‬tomb, burial ground, cemetery ِ ‫قبر )َم‬ ‫قلد‬ ُ‫ قَلَّدَ – يُقَِلّد‬to adorn with a necklace; to imitate; to appoint (someone to office) ُ‫ ت َقَلَّدَ – يَت َقَلَّد‬to wear a necklace; to adorn; to take over (power, control) (ُ ‫الئد‬ ِ َ‫ ِقالدَة ٌ )ق‬necklace (pl: poems) (ُ ‫ ت َقليد ٌ )ت َقاليد‬imitation, copying (pl: tradition, custom, convention) ‫ي‬ ِ َ ‫ ت‬traditional, customary ٌّ ‫قليد‬ ٌ‫ ُمقَلَّد‬imitation; imitated, forged, counterfeit ٌ‫ ُمِقلّد‬copycat ‫قلق‬ ‫ قَِلَق – يَقلَُق‬to be disturbed, restless, agitated, or apprehensive ‫ أَقلَ َق – يُِقلُق‬to trouble, worry, alarm, or disquiet ‫ قَلٌَق‬worry, fear, apprehension ‫ قَِلٌق‬restless

332 Culture, Religion, and Society

‫ ك ن ى‬/ ‫ك ن و‬ ‫ َكنى – يَ ْكني‬to use metonymically; to allude to ‫ َكنَّى – ي َُكنّي‬to call (someone) by an agnomen (abu or umm followed by name of oldest son)

‫ ت ََكنّى – يَت َكنّى‬to call oneself or be known by the surname of ٌ ‫ ُكْنيَةٌ )ُك‬surname, epithet, agnomen (abu or umm followed by name (‫نى‬ ً ‫ ُك‬/ ‫نيات‬ of oldest son)

ٌ‫ ِكنايَة‬metonymy; indirect expression, allusion ‫لقب‬ ‫ب‬ ُ ّ‫ب – يُلَ ِق‬ َ َّ‫ لَق‬to refer to someone by surname, title, or honorific ‫ب‬ ُ َّ‫ب – يَت َلَق‬ َ َّ‫ ت َلَق‬to be referred to by surname, title, or honorific َْ (‫قاب‬ ٌ ‫ب )أل‬ ٌ َ‫ لَق‬title, nickname, honorific ‫ب‬ ٌ َّ‫ ُملَق‬surnamed, nicknamed ‫لهف‬ ‫ف‬ ُ ‫له‬ َ ‫ لَ ِه‬to sigh, lament, or deplore َ َ‫ف – ي‬ ‫ف‬ ُ ‫ف – يَت َلَ َّه‬ َ ‫ ت َلََّه‬to be eager; to yearn; to sigh, regret, or deplore ٌ‫ لَْهفَة‬/ ‫ف‬ ٌ ‫ لَ ْه‬regret, sorrow, lamentation, anxiety ْ ‫هوف‬ ِ worried, troubled, grieved, anxious ٌ ‫ َمل‬/ ‫ف‬ ٌ ‫اله‬ َ ‫ف‬ ٌ ‫ ُمت َل ِ ّه‬yearning, longing ‫مدن‬ ‫ َمد ََّن – يَُمِد ُّن‬to found or build cities; to urbanise; to civilise; to refine ‫ ت ََمد ََّن – يَت ََمد َُّن‬to be or become civilised; to enjoy the comforts of civilisation (‫ون‬ َ ّ‫ي )َمدَنِي‬ ُّ ِ‫ َمدَن‬a civilian; urban, city dweller (‫ َمدينَةٌ )ُمد ٌُن‬town, city ‫ي‬ ُّ ِ‫ َمدَن‬urban, city dwelling; refined, polished; civil, civic; a civilian ٌ ‫ ت َْم‬civilisation; refining (manners, culture) ‫دين‬ ‫ ت ََمد ٌُّن‬civilisation, refinement of culture ‫ ُمت ََمِد ٌّن‬civilised, refined No root

ٌ ٌ (‫موضات‬  / ‫مودات‬ ) ٌ‫موضة‬  / ٌ ‫ مودَة‬fashion, style; fashionable َ ُ ‫ أ‬fashion week ‫سبوع ْالمودَِة‬ ُ

Culture, Religion, and Society 333

‫ميز‬ ُ َ‫ماز – ي‬ َ to distinguish or separate ‫ميز‬ ‫ َميََّز – ي َُمِيُّز‬to distinguish, honour, or favour; to segregate or discriminate ‫ ت ََميَّز – يَت َميُّز‬to be separated or distinguished; to be honoured ٌ ‫ميزة‬ َ characteristic; peculiarity ٌ َ ‫ ت‬distinction, segregation, discrimination ‫مييز‬ ُ َّ ‫ الت‬sexism ِ ‫الجنس‬ ِ َ ‫على أ‬ َ ‫مييز‬ ِ ‫ساس‬ ُ ageism ‫الس ِّن‬ ّ ِ ‫بار‬ ِ ‫التمييز‬ ِ ‫ضدَّ ِك‬ ٌ ‫ ِا‬advantage, benefit; distinction, discrimination ٌ (‫متيازات‬ ‫متياز )ِا‬ ‫ ُمَمي ٌَّز‬distinguished, favoured, privileged ‫َميٌّز‬ ِ ‫ ُمت‬distinguished, prominent, outstanding ٌ‫ ُممتاز‬excellent ‫ميل‬ ُ َ‫مال – ي‬ ‫ميل‬ َ to bend, lean, turn, or incline ‫ َميََّل – ي َُم ِيُّل‬to incline or bend; to make someone favourably disposed; to alienate ‫ ت ََمي ََّل – يَت ََميَُّل‬to stagger, sway, or swing ُ َ ‫مال – يَست‬ ‫ميل‬ َ َ ‫ اِست‬to cause to incline, to tip or tilt; to win over or attract ٌ ‫ َمْيٌل )ُم‬tendency, inclination; tilt, bend, slope; affection, attachment (‫يول‬ ‫مائٌل‬ ِ inclining, leaning, sloping ‫نزل‬ ‫نزُل‬ ِ َ‫ نََزَل – ي‬to alight, descend, or get off; to be revealed (of Quran); to stay or lodge ُ‫ ن ََّزَل – يُنَ ِ ّزل‬to lower, let down, or unload; to lodge; to download َ َ ‫ أ‬to bring or take down; to dismount; to reveal (of God); to bestow ‫نزَل – ي ُْنِزُل‬ (of God) َ ‫ ت َن‬to give up, renounce, or abandon; to waive or surrender َ ‫َازَل – يَت‬ ‫َنازُل‬ ٌ ُ(‫نازل‬ ِ ‫ َم‬house, dwelling, apartment; lunar phase ِ ‫نزل )َم‬ ٌ ُ‫ ن‬descending; descent, landing (plane); arrival; a stay ‫زول‬ ٌ ٌ َ ‫ ت‬revelation, inspiration; sales; downloading َ ‫نزيل )ت‬ (‫نزيالت‬ ُ ‫ ت‬relenting; relinquishment, surrender ‫َنازٌل‬ ُ َّ ‫عدَ ُم الت‬ ‫نازِل‬ َ relentlessness, intransigence

‫نشد‬ ُ َ ‫شد َ – ي‬ ُ‫نشد‬ َ َ‫ ن‬to seek or search; to implore

334 Culture, Religion, and Society

ُ‫ُناشد‬ َ to implore ِ ‫ناشدَ – ي‬ ُ‫نشد‬ َ َ ‫ أ‬to seek or search; to sing or recite ِ ُ‫نشدَ – ي‬ (ُ ‫ أناشيد‬/ ُ ‫شائد‬ ِ َ‫ أ ُنشودَة ٌ )ن‬/ ٌ‫ نَشيد‬anthem, song, hymn, chant ْ ‫ي‬ ِ ‫ النَّشيدُ الَو‬national anthem ُّ ‫طن‬ ٌ ‫ناش‬ (‫دات‬ َ ‫ناشدَة ٌ )ُم‬ َ ‫ ُم‬appeal, urgent request ٌ‫ ِإنشاد‬recitation, recital No root

ٌ َ ‫ط )أ‬ ٌ ‫ نََم‬fashion, manner, way; shape; stereotype (‫نماط‬ ٌ‫صورة ٌ نََمِطيَّة‬ stereotype َ ٌ‫ ت َْنميط‬stereotyping ‫نهض‬ ‫ض‬ ُ ‫نه‬ َ ‫ نََه‬to rise or get up; to pursue; to espouse or support َ َ‫ض – ي‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ناه‬ ‫ي‬ – ‫ض‬ َ to resist, oppose, or defy ُ ِ ُ َ ‫ناه‬ ‫ض‬ ُ ‫ُنه‬ َ ‫نه‬ ِ ‫ض –ي‬ َ َ ‫ أ‬to rise or awaken; to stir up or excite ‫ض‬ ُ ‫ض – يَنت َِه‬ َ ‫ ِانت ََه‬to get or stand up ‫ض‬ ُ ‫َنه‬ َ ‫َنه‬ ِ ‫ض – يَست‬ َ ‫ إست‬to awaken or rouse; to animate; to encourage or incite ٌ َ َ‫هضةٌ )ن‬ ‫ن‬ (‫هضات‬ awakening, revival, renaissance; rise, boom َ ُ‫ ن‬raising; promotion; activation ‫هوض‬ ٌ ٌ‫ضة‬ َ ‫ ُم‬resistance, opposition َ ‫ناه‬ ‫هجن‬ ‫هجُن‬ ُ َ‫ َهُجَن – ي‬to be incorrect or faulty ‫ َهَّجَن – ي َُه ِ ّجُن‬to censure scathingly, to disparage or excoriate ‫َهجُن‬ َ ‫ ِاست‬to consider (sth) as bad; to disapprove, condemn, or reject ِ ‫َهجَن – يَست‬ ٌ‫ ُهجنَة‬fault, defect, shortcoming ٌ ‫ َه‬lowly, base, mean; hybrid (‫ناء‬ ُ ‫جين )ُهَج‬ ٌ ‫هجان‬ ‫ست‬ ِ ‫ ِا‬disapproval, disapprobation ‫وصم‬ ‫صُم‬ ِ َ‫صَم – ي‬ َ ‫ َو‬to disgrace or tarnish (name or honour) ٌ‫صمة‬ ٌ ‫ َو‬a disgrace َ ‫ َو‬/ ‫صم‬

Culture, Religion, and Society 335

‫وكب‬ ‫ب‬ ُ ‫ب – يَِك‬ َ ‫ َوَك‬to walk, proceed, or advance slowly ‫ب‬ to accompany or escort ُ ‫واك‬ ِ ُ‫واكب – ي‬ َ (‫ب‬ ٌ ‫ َمْوِك‬procession, parade, cortege ُ ‫واك‬ ِ ‫ب )َم‬ ٌ‫ ُمواكبَة‬military escort ‫يقظ‬ ُ ‫ظ – يَْيِق‬ َ ‫ يَِق‬to be awake or vigilant; to wake ‫ظ‬ ُ‫يوقظ‬ َ َ‫ أَيق‬to wake up or awaken; to arouse or provoke ِ –‫ظ‬ ُ َ‫ظ – يَست َيق‬ َ َ‫ اِست َيق‬to wake up or awaken; to be watchful or vigilant ‫ظ‬ ٌ َ ‫ظ )أ‬ ٌ ‫ يَِق‬awake; watchful, alert, vigilant (‫يقاظ‬ ٌ‫ ت َيَقُّظ‬vigilance, caution, alertness ٌ ‫ ُمْست َْيِق‬awake ‫ظ‬ Exercises 1) Give two derived nouns for each of the following roots:

‫أ ل ه‬ ‫ج س د‬ ‫ح ج ب‬ ‫ر و ح‬ ‫س ج د‬ 2) Find the roots of the following words:

‫الم‬ ْ ُ ‫اإلس‬ ‫صار‬ ٌ ‫ِاِنت‬ ٌ ‫شيطان‬ ‫ليب‬ ٌ ‫ص‬ َ ٌ ‫ِعبادَة‬ ٌ‫فاحشة‬ ِ 3) Give the plural of the following words (some may have more than one plural form):

ٌ ‫حت‬ ‫فال‬ ِ ‫ِا‬ ٌ‫َضحيَة‬ ِ ‫ت‬

336 Culture, Religion, and Society

ٌ‫ثَقافَة‬ ٌ ‫ساحرة‬ ِ ٌ‫شائعة‬ ِ ‫ذراء‬ َ ُ ‫ع‬ ‫يس‬ ّ ‫ِق‬ ٌ ‫س‬ ‫كافٌر‬ ِ ‫ف‬ ٌ ‫تح‬ َ ‫َم‬ ٌ‫َهديَّة‬ 4) Give the Arabic words for the following definitions: a b c d e

National holidays Cult of personality I ask for God’s forgiveness. The Holy Quran Orthodox Judaism

5) Translate into English:

َّ ‫هم ِ الث‬ ُ‫عربيَّة‬ .‫قافات‬ ِ ِ ّ َ ‫اإلسالميَّةُ ِمن أ‬ َ ‫– تُعَدُّ الث ّقافةُ ْال‬ ٌ ‫هر ُم‬ ‫هر‬ .‫بارك‬ َ ‫رمضان‬ َ – َ ٌ ‫ش‬ ُ ‫ش‬

6) Translate these sentences into Arabic: a) b) c) d) e)

There are over one billion Muslims in the world. The Copts are the largest group of Christians in the Middle East. The boy performed his ablutions before praying. London is a multicultural city. The Jews consider themselves to be God’s chosen people.

Notes 1 Usually said on either of the two Muslim Eids. 2 Literally, ‘The Night of Decree’. This is the night in the month of Ramadan on which the Quran was first revealed to the Prophet Muhammad. 3 This is also used in Levantine dialects to mean ‘to enter’.

9

Earth, Nature, and the Environment

ُ‫لط بيعَ ةُ وال بي ئ َة‬ َّ ‫ض وا‬ ُ ‫األر‬

Animals ‫وانات‬ ُ َ َ‫الحي‬ No root

‫سيف‬ ٍ ‫ أ َبو‬swordfish No root

‫ب‬ ٌ َ‫ أ َ ْرن‬rabbit, hare ‫ي‬ ٌ َ‫ أ َ ْرن‬guinea pig ٌّ ‫ب ِهْنِد‬ (‫ب‬ ُ ِ‫)أَران‬

‫أسد‬ ُ‫ ِاست َأ ْسدَ – يَْست َأ ِْسد‬to display the courage of a lion (ٌ ‫ أَسد ٌ )أ ُسود‬lion No root

‫ البَندا‬panda No root

‫ الغُ َرْيُر‬badger No root

ُ koala ُ ‫الك‬ ‫ي‬ ٌّ ‫ د‬/ ‫وال‬ ِ ُ ‫ُب أُست‬ ٌّ ‫رال‬ No root

‫ الهامست َُر‬hamster DOI: 10.4324/9781003250890-10

338 Earth, Nature, and the Environment

‫أوز‬ (‫ ِإَوَّزة ٌ )ِإَوٌّز‬goose

‫أوى‬ ‫ أ َوى – يَأ ْوي‬to seek refuge or shelter; to house or accommodate (‫آو‬ ٍ ‫وى )َم‬ ً ْ ‫ َمأ‬retreat, shelter; habitation, abode ُ jackal ُ َ‫ابن آوى )ب‬ (‫نات آوى‬ No root

ٌ ‫ بََجعَةٌ )بََج‬swan; pelican (‫جٌع‬ َ َ‫ب‬/‫عات‬ No root

‫ بٌَّر‬land, terra firma; mainland ً ‫ بَ ّرا‬outside; by land ‫ي‬ ٌّ ‫ بَ ِ ّر‬terrestrial, of or relating to land (‫ بَِريَّةٌ )بَراري‬open country; desert ُ‫البريَّة‬ ّ ِ ُ ‫الحياة‬ َ wildlife ُ ‫رمائ‬ ‫يات‬ ِ َ‫ الب‬amphibians No root

ٌ ُ (‫طاريق‬ ‫ ِب‬penguin َ‫طريق )ب‬ No root

َّ َ‫ ب‬duck ٌ ‫طة‬ َّ َ‫ ب‬the calf of the leg ُ ‫اق‬ ّ ‫طة‬ ِ ‫الس‬

ٌّ َ‫)ب‬ (‫ط‬

No root

ٌ َ ‫ أ‬/ ‫غال‬ ٌ ‫غل )ِب‬ ٌ َ‫ ب‬mule (‫بغال‬ No root

ُ ‫الب‬ (‫ل‬ ِ َ‫ بُلب ٌُل )ب‬a finch ‫بهم‬ ‫ُبهُم‬ ِ ‫بهَم – ي‬ َ َ ‫ أ‬to make obscure or unintelligible

Earth, Nature, and the Environment 339 (‫هيم )ب ُُهٌم‬ ٌ َ‫ ب‬jet black (‫هائُم‬ ِ َ‫هيمةٌ )ب‬ َ َ‫ ب‬animal, beast; livestock, cattle ٌ‫هيميَّة‬ ِ َ‫ ب‬/ ‫ي‬ ِ َ‫ ب‬bestial, animal related; brutality ٌّ ‫هيم‬ َ (‫باهيم‬ ٌ ‫ ِإ‬thumb; big toe ُ ‫بهام )أ‬ ‫بهٌم‬ َ ‫ ُم‬dark, obscure, vague ‫بهٌم‬ َ abstract number َ ‫عدَدٌ ُم‬

‫بيطر‬ ‫طر – يُبَْيِطُر‬ َ ‫ بَْي‬to practise veterinary science َ ‫ بَْي‬/ ‫طار‬ (‫ون‬ َ ّ‫ ْبيطري‬/ ٌ ‫اطَرة‬ ِ َ‫ي )بَي‬ ٌ ‫ بَ ْي‬veterinarian, vet ٌّ ‫طِر‬ ّ َ ‫ البَ ْي‬/ ‫ي‬ َ ُ ‫طَرة‬ ‫الط‬ veterinary science ‫ر‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ي‬ ‫الب‬ ‫ب‬ ْ ُّ ِ ُّ ِ َ No root (‫ب‬ ٌ َ ‫ ث‬fox ُ ‫عال‬ ِ َ ‫علب )ث‬

‫ثور‬ ٌ (‫ثيران‬ ) ‫ثوٌر‬ ْ bull, ox; Taurus ‫جرد‬ (ٌ ‫جراد‬ َ ) ٌ ‫ َجرادَة‬locusts ْ ‫حر‬ ِ َ‫ َجرادُ الب‬crayfish, langoustine No root

ٌ ‫ون )ُج‬ ٌ َ‫ ِجْرذ‬/ ٌ‫ ُجَرذ‬large rat ُ ‫ َج‬/ ‫رذان‬ (‫راذين‬ No root

َ ‫ أ‬/ ‫مال‬ ٌ ٌ ‫مل )ِج‬ ٌ ‫ َج‬camel (‫جمال‬ ُ ‫ َج‬chameleon ‫هود‬ ِ َ‫مل الي‬ ‫حبر‬ ‫ُحب ُّر‬ ِ ‫ َحبََّر – ي‬to embellish or refine; to compose in elegant style ‫ ِحْبٌر‬ink ‫ّار‬ ِ ‫ ا ُ ُّم‬squid, cuttlefish ُ ‫الحب‬ َ  / ‫بر‬ ِ ‫الح‬ ٌ (‫باريات‬ ‫ ُحبارى )ُح‬bustard

340 Earth, Nature, and the Environment

‫حشر‬ ُ َ‫شَر – ي‬ ‫حشُر‬ َ ‫ َح‬to gather or assemble; to cram, pack, or squeeze ْ ‫شر‬ ِ ‫ يَْوُم الَح‬Day of Resurrection ٌ ‫ش‬ (‫رات‬ َ ‫شَرة ٌ )َح‬ َ ‫ َح‬insect No root

ٌ َ‫ َحل‬snail; spiral ٌ (‫لزونات‬ ‫زون )َح‬ ‫ ح ي ي‬/ ‫ح ي و‬ ‫ي – يَحيا‬ َّ ‫ َح‬to live; to experience or witness; to be ashamed ‫ أ َ ْحيا – ي ُْحيي‬to enliven, animate, or revive; to celebrate ‫ اِست َحى – يَست َحي‬to be ashamed or embarrassed (‫حياء‬ ٌ َ ‫ي )أ‬ ٌّ ‫ َح‬living, alive; active, energetic; organism; district ُ‫الحيَّة‬ َ ُ ‫ المادَّة‬living matter ‫ياء‬ ِ ‫لم َاأل‬ ُ ‫ َاألْح‬/ ‫حياء‬ ُ ‫ ِع‬biology ٌ‫حيائيّة‬ َ bio-chemistry ِ ‫كيمياء أ‬ ٌ (‫ون‬ ‫حيائ‬ ‫ ِإ‬biological; biologist َ ّ‫ي )ِإْحيائي‬ ِ ٌّ ٌ ٌ َّ‫ َحيَّة )َحي‬snake, viper (‫ات‬ ‫ياء‬ ٌ ‫ َح‬shyness ُ َ‫ ق‬shameless, impudent ‫ياء‬ ِ ‫ليل ْالَح‬ ٌ َ‫ َحيَاة ٌ )َحي‬life; liveliness (‫وات‬ ‫ي‬ ٌّ ‫يو‬ ِ ‫ َح‬lively, vigorous ٌ‫ َحيَويَّة‬vitality, vigour (n); bio, vital, important (adj) ٌ َ‫ َحي‬animal, beast; living creatures ٌ (‫وانات‬ َ‫وان )َحي‬ ‫وان‬ َ ُ‫ َحديقة‬zoo ِ َ‫الحي‬ َ ٌ َ‫ َحي‬domesticated animal ‫ليف‬ ٌ ‫وان أ‬ ‫يوان‬ َ ‫لم‬ ُ ‫ ِع‬zoology ِ ‫الح‬ ْ ُ‫وانيّة‬ ِ َ‫المملَكةُ الَحي‬ َ animal kingdom ْ ‫وان‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ب‬ ‫فق‬ ‫الر‬ ِ ‫ َج‬RSPCA ِ َ َ ِ ِ ّ ِ ُ‫معيَّة‬ ٌ‫دييَّة‬ ٌ َ‫ َحي‬mammals ِ َ ‫وانات ث‬ ُ َ‫انات ذ‬ ُ ‫الحيَو‬ ُ ‫البارِد‬ َ‫الحي‬ ُ ‫وانات‬ َ  / ِ‫رارة‬ َ ُ ‫المت َغيِّ َرة‬ َ cold-blooded animals َ ‫الح‬ ِ ِ ‫وات الدَّم‬ ٌ ُ‫ الفَقاريّات‬/ ٌ‫فقرِيّة‬ ِ ‫ َحيَوانات‬vertebrates ُّ  / ٌ‫طْفيليَّة‬ ُ ‫وانات‬ ٌ ُ ّ‫الطفيلي‬ ‫ات‬ َ‫ َحي‬parasites ٌ ٌ ُ ّ‫الرَخوي‬ ‫ات‬ ّ  / ‫وانات ُهالميَّة‬ َ‫ َحي‬molluscs ٌ ٌ ّ‫ ت َحيَّة )ت َحي‬greeting (‫ ت َحايا‬/ ‫ات‬

Earth, Nature, and the Environment 341 No root

َ ‫سيّد ِق‬ ٌ ‫شطة‬ ‫ َخ‬hippopotamus ِ  / ‫رتيت‬ No root

‫ش‬ ٌ َ‫ َخف‬day blindness (‫فش‬ ٌ ‫ش )ُخ‬ ُ َ‫ أَخف‬poor sighted (‫فافيش‬ ‫اش )َخ‬ ٌ ّ‫ ُخف‬bat ُ ‫خلب‬ ‫ب‬ ُ ُ‫لب – يَخل‬ َ ‫ َخ‬to claw or clutch; to pounce; to coax; to charm ْ ‫ب‬ ‫تل‬ ‫خ‬ ‫ي‬ – ُ ِ َ ‫ب‬ َ َ‫ ِاخت َل‬to claw, clutch; to pounce; to enchant (‫الب‬ ٌ ‫ب )أ َ ْخ‬ ٌ ‫ ِخْل‬claw, talon; fingernail ّ ‫ب‬ ٌ ‫ َخال‬captivating, attractive; deceitful (‫ب‬ ٌ َ‫ ِمخل‬claw, talon ُ ‫خال‬ ِ ‫ب )َم‬ No root (‫س‬ ِ ‫س )َخ‬ ٌ ُ‫ ُخنف‬dung beetle, scarab ُ ‫ناف‬

‫دجن‬ ‫دجُن‬ ُ َ‫ دَ َجَن – ي‬to be domesticated or tame; to be gloomy; to remain or stay ‫ دَ َّجَن – يُدَ ِ ّجُن‬to tame or domesticate ‫ُدجُن‬ َ َ ‫ أ‬to be murky, gloomy, or dark ِ ‫دجن – ي‬ ٌ‫ دُجنَة‬darkness, gloom ‫داجٌن‬ ِ tame, domesticated; dark, gloomy ٌ‫داجنَة‬ ٌ ‫ َح‬domesticated animals ِ ‫يوانات‬ ‫واجُن‬ ِ َ‫ د‬poultry ‫دود‬ ُ‫ دَ َّودَ – يُدَ ّ ِود‬to be or become worm-eaten ٌ (‫ديدان‬ ) ٌ ‫ دود‬/ ٌ ‫ دودَة‬worm, maggot, caterpillar, larva ‫ دودة ُ القَ ِ ّز‬/ ‫رير‬ ِ ‫ دودَة ُ ْالَح‬silkworm ُ ‫ الدّودَة ُ ْالَوحيدَة‬tapeworm ِ ‫ دودَة ُ َاألرض‬earthworm ٌ‫ ُمدَ ّ ِود‬worm-eaten

342 Earth, Nature, and the Environment No root

‫ريم‬ ٌ white antelope ‫زأر‬ ‫ زأ َ َر – يَْزأ َ ُر‬to roar or bellow ‫ئير‬ ٌ ‫ َز‬roaring, bellowing ‫زحف‬ ‫ف‬ ُ ‫زح‬ َ َ‫ف – ي‬ َ ‫ َزَح‬to crawl or creep; to advance (army) (‫حوف‬ ‫ف )ُز‬ ٌ ٌ ‫ َزْح‬advance; march (army) َ creeping, crawling ‫اف‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ز‬ ٌ ّ (‫ف‬ ِ )‫ف‬ ِ reptiles ٌ ‫زاح‬ ُ ‫زواح‬ ‫زرزر‬ ‫ َزْرَزَر – ي َُزْرِزُر‬to chirp ‫زور )َز‬ (‫رازير‬ ٌ ‫ َزْر‬/ ‫ ُزْرُزٌر‬starling ُ No root (‫ف‬ ِ ‫عنَفَةٌ )َز‬ ُ ‫عان‬ َ ‫ َز‬/ ٌ‫ ِزْعِنفَة‬riff-raff, mob; low, base, mean ‫ف‬ ِ ‫ َز‬fins (fish), flippers (whales, dolphins, etc.) ُ ‫عان‬

‫سرح‬ ‫سرُح‬ َ to move away or leave; to graze freely َ َ‫سَرَح – ي‬ ٌ ‫رحان‬ ‫س‬ َ wolf No root

َ ‫س‬ ٌ ‫لط‬ ُ ‫سَر‬ ‫عون‬ َ  / ‫بحر‬ َ crab ِ ‫طان ْال‬ No root (‫ف‬ ِ ‫س‬ ُ tortoise, turtle ُ ‫الح‬ َ ) ٌ ‫سلَْحفاة‬ ْ ٌ َ ُ ‫َّة‬ ‫ي‬ ‫حر‬  /  ‫ماء‬ ‫ال‬ ‫حفاة‬ ‫ل‬ ‫س‬ ِ ُ turtle ُ ِ َ‫سلَْحفاة ٌ ب‬

‫سمك‬ ‫سَّمَك – ي َُس ِ ّمُك‬ َ to thicken

Earth, Nature, and the Environment 343

‫سْمٌك‬ ُ thickness ٌ(‫س َم ٌك )أ َسماك‬ َ fish ُ ‫ردين‬ ‫الس‬ ‫ك‬ ‫م‬ َّ َ sardines َ‫س‬ ِ ‫سلطان إبراهيم‬ ُ  / ‫سَمكةُ البوري‬ َ red mullet ُ ُ ‫سَمكة الت ّ َرْوت َة‬ َ  / ‫سَمكة األطروط‬ َ trout ُّ‫سَمكةُ التن‬ َ tuna ‫الس ْلمون‬ َّ ُ‫سَمكة‬ َ salmon َّ ُ‫سَمكة‬ ‫ص‬ ِ َ‫الشب‬ َ seabass َ  / ‫سَمكةُ القاروص‬ ُّ‫سَمكةُ الق ِد‬ َ cod ْ ُ ‫رش‬ ِ ‫سَمكة الِق‬ َ shark ُ ‫اله ْلبوت‬ ‫كة‬ ‫م‬ َ halibut َ‫س‬ َ ‫سَمكةُ موسى‬ َ plaice/sole ُ‫ اللََّخَمة‬/ ‫ساع‬ ّ َّ‫الراي ْالل‬ ّ ‫سَمُك‬ َ stingray ‫شبل‬ ‫شبََل – يَشبُُل‬ َ to live and grow up in luxury ُ ‫شبل – ي ُْش‬ ‫بل‬ َ َ ‫ أ‬to take care of or look after; to give birth to lion cubs ٌ َ ‫بل )أ‬ ٌ ‫ ِش‬lion cub (‫شبال‬ ‫صهل‬ ‫صَهُل‬ َ to whinny or neigh (horse) َ َ‫صَهَل – ي‬ ٌ‫صهيل‬ َ neighing No root

َ ‫ض‬ َ ‫ض‬ (ٌ‫ضراغمة‬  / ‫راغُم‬ ِ ‫ض‬ ِ َ ) ‫ام‬ َ lion ِ  / ‫رغٌم‬ ٌ ‫رغ‬ No root (‫ع‬ ٌ َ‫ضفد‬ ُ ‫فاد‬ ِ ‫ض‬ َ )‫ع‬ ِ frog

‫طير‬ (Full treatment in Politics chapter)

‫طير‬ ُ َ‫طار – ي‬ َ to fly ُ َ bird; omen (‫يور‬ ِ  / ‫طْيٌر‬ ٌ ‫طائٌر )ط‬

344 Earth, Nature, and the Environment No root (‫باء‬ ْ gazelle ٌ ‫ي )ِظ‬ ٌ ‫ظب‬ َ female gazelle َ ) ٌ‫ظبيَة‬ ٌ ‫ظ‬ (‫بيات‬ َ ‫ أَبو‬Abu Dhabi ‫ظبي‬

‫عجل‬ ‫عجُل‬ َ to hurry, hasten, speed ِ َ‫عِجَل – ي‬ ٌ ‫ع‬ (‫جول‬ ُ ) ‫ ِعِجٌل‬calf ٌ‫ فُقمة‬/ ‫بحر‬ ِ ‫ ِعْجُل ْال‬seal ‫عشش‬ َّ ‫ع‬ ّ ِ َ‫ش – يُع‬ ‫ش‬ ُ ‫ش‬ َ to nest or build a nest; to take root or settle in َ ‫ش‬ َ ‫ أ‬/ ‫شاش‬ (‫عشاش‬ ُ nest ٌّ ‫ع‬ ٌ ٌ ‫ش )ِع‬ No root

‫صفور‬ ‫ع‬ ُ sparrow; any small bird ٌ ْ ‫صفور الَجنّ ِة‬ ‫ع‬ ُ swallow ُ ‫ي‬ ‫ع‬ ُ house sparrow ٌ ِ ‫صفور‬ ٌّ ‫دور‬ ‫صفور ُمغ ٍَن‬ ‫ع‬ ُ warbler ٌ ‫صفور كناري‬ ‫ع‬ ُ canary ُ ٌ ‫صفورة‬ ‫ع‬ ُ female bird َ ُ‫صفوريَّة‬ ُ‫ الع‬insane asylum ِ ‫ع‬ (‫صافير‬ ُ َ )

No root (‫ب‬ ٌ ‫قر‬ ُ ‫قار‬ َ scorpion; sting; hand (clock, watch) َ )‫ب‬ َ ‫ع‬ ِ ‫ع‬ No root

ُ ‫ناد‬ (‫ل‬ ِ ‫ع‬ َ )

‫ليب‬ ٌ َ‫عند‬ َ nightingale

No root

ٌ ‫نز )ِع‬ ٌ ‫ع‬ (‫ناز‬ َ goat ٌ َ ‫ع‬ (‫نزات‬ ‫ع‬ َ ) ٌ ‫نزة‬ َ nanny goat

Earth, Nature, and the Environment 345 No root

ٌ ‫عْنَك‬ ‫بوت‬ َ spider ْ ُ َ‫ ب‬spider web, cobweb َ ‫نكبوت‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ال‬ ‫سيج‬ ‫ن‬ ‫نكبوت‬  /  ِ ِ َ ُ َ‫يت ْالع‬ (‫ب‬ ُ ‫ناك‬ ِ ‫ع‬ َ )

‫فحل‬ (Full treatment in Health chapter)

ٌ ُ‫حل )ف‬ ٌ َ‫ ف‬stallion; male (of large animals); a star or celebrity; virile (‫حول‬ ‫فرس‬ ‫س‬ ُ ‫فر‬ ِ َ‫س – ي‬ َ ‫ فََر‬to kill or tear (of a predatory animal) ‫س‬ ُ ‫س – يَفت َِر‬ َ ‫ ِافت ََر‬to kill prey; to ravish or rape (a woman) َ ‫أ‬ ‫س‬ (‫فراس‬ ) ٌ ٌ ‫ فَ َر‬horse, stallion, mare (this is both m and f ) ‫هر‬ ُ ‫ فََر‬/ ‫حر‬ ُ ‫ فََر‬hippopotamus ِ َّ‫س الن‬ ِ َ‫س الب‬ ٌ‫روسة‬ ٌ ِ ُ‫ ف‬knighthood; valour َ ُ‫ ف‬/ ‫روسيَّة‬ ٌ‫راسة‬ َ ‫ ِف‬perspicacity, acumen (‫س‬ ِ ) ٌ‫ريسة‬ ُ ‫فرائ‬ َ َ‫ ف‬prey ٌ ‫س )فُ ْر‬ (‫سان‬ ٌ ‫فار‬ ِ knight, horseman (pl: cavalry) (also a boy’s name in the singular) ‫س‬ ٌ ‫ ُمفت َِر‬rapacious; ravenous (of an animal) ‫فرش‬ ‫ش‬ ُ َ‫ش – ي‬ ُ ‫فر‬ َ ‫ فَ َر‬to spread; to pave or cover – ‫ش‬ ‫َر‬ ‫فت‬ ‫ي‬ ُ ِ َ ‫ش‬ َ ‫ ِافت ََر‬to spread out or lie down; to sleep with (a woman) ُ‫رش )ف‬ (‫روش‬ ٌ ٌ َ‫ ف‬furnishings, furniture; bedding (when laid out on the ground) َ‫رشةٌ )ف‬ ٌ (‫رشات‬ َ َ‫ ف‬mattress, bed ‫اش‬ ٌ ‫ فَ َر‬moths, butterflies ٌ‫راشة‬ َ َ‫ ف‬moth, butterfly; a fickle or flighty person ُ‫ يَرقة‬caterpillar ‫سروع‬ ٌ َ َ‫ ي‬/ ‫الفراشِة‬ No root

ٌّ َ‫ ف‬walrus; rude, uncivil َ ‫ظ )أ‬ ٌ (‫فظاظ‬ No root (ٌ‫)ِفيَلَة‬

ٌ elephant ‫فيل‬ ْ ُ walrus ‫حر‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ال‬ ِ َ ‫فيل‬

346 Earth, Nature, and the Environment No root (ٌ ‫ أ َفهاد‬/ ٌ ‫ فَهد ٌ )فُهود‬cheetah, lynx, panther, leopard No root (‫ قُب ََّرة ٌ )قُبٌَّر‬lark No root (ٌ ‫ قُرود‬/ ٌ ‫ ِقرد ٌ )ِقَردَة‬monkey, ape ٌ ‫ قُرادَة ٌ )ِق‬/ ٌ‫ قُراد‬tick (‫ردان‬

‫قرض‬ (Full treatment in Work chapter)

ٌ‫اضة‬ َ ‫ قَ ّر‬clothes moth ‫ض‬ ُ ‫وار‬ ِ َ‫ الق‬rodents ‫قرن‬ (Full treatment in Family chapter)

ٌ ُ‫)ق‬ (‫رون‬

ٌ َ‫ ق‬horn, tentacle ‫رن‬ ْ ‫قرن‬ ِ ‫ ا ُ ُّم ال‬/ ‫رن‬ ِ َ‫ َوحيدُ ْالق‬rhinoceros No root

‫ قَشعَ ٌم‬lion ٍ ‫ أ ُ ُّم قَْشعَم‬hyena; eagle (female); calamity, disaster (‫قشاعُم‬ ِ )

No root

ٌ ‫ط‬ ٌ ‫ ِق‬tomcat, cat َ ‫ط )ِق‬ (‫ط‬ َّ ‫ ِق‬female cat ٌ‫طة‬ ٌ‫طة‬ َ ‫طْي‬ َ ُ‫ ق‬kitten No root

ٌ ‫ ِقْن‬lamp, candlestick ‫ديل‬ ُ ‫ ِقْن‬jellyfish ‫حر‬ ِ َ‫ديل الب‬

ُ َ‫)ق‬ (‫ناديل‬

Earth, Nature, and the Environment 347 No root

ٌ‫ قُنفُذ‬hedgehog ‫حر‬ ِ َ‫ قُنفُذُ الب‬sea urchin

(ُ ‫افذ‬ ِ َ‫)قَن‬

No root

‫ قَوقٌَع‬seashell (‫واقُع‬ ِ َ‫ قَْوقَعَةٌ )ق‬snail; crustaceans ‫لقلق‬ ‫ لَقلََق – يُلَِقلُق‬to clatter (stork); to babble, chatter, or prattle ٌ َ‫ ل‬/ ‫ لَْقلٌَق‬stork ُ ‫قال‬ (‫ق‬ ِ َ‫قالق )ل‬ ٌ‫ لَقلَقَة‬clatter (of a stork); babble, chatter, prattle; gossip No root (‫واعُز‬ ِ  / ‫ َمعٌَز‬goat ِ ‫ َم‬/ ‫ماعٌز )أَمعُ ُز‬

‫نبح‬ ‫ نَبََح – يَنبَُح‬to bark ‫بيح‬ ٌ ُ‫ ن‬/ ‫بح‬ ٌ َ‫ ن‬/ ‫باح‬ ٌ َ‫ ن‬barking ‫نجم‬ ‫نجُم‬ ُ َ‫ نََجَم – ي‬to appear or come into sight; to rise (star); to begin; to follow ‫ ت َنََّجَم – يَت َنَّجُم‬to observe the stars; to predict the future using the stars (‫جوم‬ ٌ ُ‫جم )ن‬ ٌ َ‫ ن‬star, lucky star, constellation; male film star; partial payment ‫البحر‬ ‫جم‬ ِ ُ َ‫ ن‬starfish ُ‫جيَمة‬ ْ ُ‫ ن‬small star; starlet (‫ناجُم‬ ِ ‫ َمْنَجٌم )َم‬a mine; origin (‫مون‬ َ ‫ ُمنَ ِ ّجٌم )َمن َّج‬astrologers ‫نجيم‬ ٌ َ ‫ ت‬astrology ‫نسر‬ ‫سُر‬ َّ َ‫سَر – يَت َن‬ َّ َ‫ ت َن‬to be torn; to break or snap ‫َنسُر‬ ِ ‫َنسَر – يَ ْست‬ َ ‫ ِاست‬to become eagle-like ُ ‫سور‬ (ٌ ‫سورة‬  /  ‫ن‬ ٌ ُ‫سر )ن‬ ٌ َ‫ ن‬eagle, vulture َ

348 Earth, Nature, and the Environment

‫نعم‬ ‫ نَعَ َم – يَنعُ ُم‬to live in comfort and luxury; to be happy or delighted ‫ نَعَّ َم – يُنَِعّ ُم‬to smooth, soften, or pulverise; to pamper ‫ نَعٌَم‬yes, indeed, certainly (‫نعام‬ ٌ َ ‫ نَعَ ٌم )أ‬grazing livestock ٌ (‫عمات‬ ‫ ِن‬/ ‫ ِنعمةٌ )ِنعَ ٌم‬benefit, blessing, favour ُ ‫ نُ ْع‬blood ‫مان‬ (‫عائُم‬ ِ َ‫عام )ن‬ ٌ َ‫ ن‬ostrich comfort, ease, happiness ‫َعيم‬ ‫ن‬ ٌ ٌ‫ومة‬ َ ُ‫ نُع‬softness, tenderness ‫ناعٌم‬ ِ soft ‫نقر‬ ‫ نَقََر – يَنقُُر‬to dig or excavate; to pierce; to engrave or inscribe ‫ نَقَّ َر – يُنَِقّ ُر‬to peck; to investigate or examine ‫ار‬ ٌ ّ‫ نَق‬carver, engraver ‫شب‬ ُ ّ‫ نَق‬woodpecker ِ ‫ار ْالَخ‬ (‫ناقير‬ ٌ ‫ ِم‬beak, bill (of bird) ُ ‫نقار )َم‬ ‫نمر‬ ‫ ت َنََّمَر – يَت َنََّمُر‬to become angry or furious; to turn into a tiger (‫نمار‬ ٌ َ ‫ أ‬/ ‫ور‬ ٌ ‫ نَ ِم ٌر )نُ ُم‬tiger (‫ نُْمَرة ٌ )نَُمٌر‬spot, speck; tag ‫ ُمنََّمٌر‬spotted, striped ‫نمس‬ ‫س‬ ِ –‫س‬ ُ ‫ينم‬ َ ‫ نََم‬to hide, conceal, or keep secret (‫موس‬ ٌ ُ‫مس )ن‬ ٌ ‫ ِن‬mongoose, ferret, weasel (‫َواميس‬ mosquito; sly; a confidant ‫ناموس )ن‬ ٌ ُ ‫نهق‬ ‫نهُق‬ َ َ‫ نََهَق – ي‬to bray (donkey) ٌ َ‫ ن‬braying ‫هيق‬

Earth, Nature, and the Environment 349 No root

‫حر‬ ُ ‫َور‬ َ ‫ ن‬/ ‫ نَْوَرٌز‬seagull ِ َ‫س ْالب‬ ‫نوق‬ ‫ ت َنََّوَق – يَت َنََّوُق‬to be squeamish; to be fastidious ٌ ) ٌ‫ ناقة‬she-camel ٌ (‫ناقات‬  / ‫نوق‬ ‫ نَِي ٌّق‬squeamish; fastidious ‫هرر‬ ‫ َهَّر – يَِهُّر‬to growl, whimper, or whine (ٌ ‫ ِهٌّر )ِهَرَرة‬tomcat, cat (‫ ِهَّرة ٌ )ِهَرٌر‬cat ‫رير‬ ٌ ‫ َه‬growling; whining, whimpering; spitting (of a cat) ٌ ‫ريَرة‬ ْ ‫ ُه‬kitten ‫وحش‬ ‫ش‬ ِ –‫ش‬ ُ ‫يوح‬ َ َ ‫ أ‬to be deserted; to oppress; to make someone feel lonely َ ‫وح‬ ‫ش‬ َّ َ‫ش – ي‬ ُ ‫توح‬ َ ‫ ت ََوَّح‬to be brutal; to be desolate; to be or become wild or savage ‫و‬ ‫حش‬ (‫حوش‬ ) ٌ ُ ٌ ‫ َو‬wild animal or beast; wild, untamed; lonely ُ‫اريَة‬ ‫ ْالُو‬predatory animals ّ ‫حوش‬ ُ ِ ‫الض‬ ٌ ‫إيحاش‬  / ‫حشة‬ َ ‫ َو‬loneliness ٌ ‫ي‬ ِ ‫ َو‬wild, untamed, brutish, cruel ٌّ ‫حش‬ ‫ش‬ ٌ ‫ ت ََوُّح‬savagery, brutality ‫ش‬ ٌ ‫ ُمت ََو ِ ّح‬wild (animal); savage, barbaric ‫ولول‬ ‫ َوَلوَل – يَُوْلِوُل‬to howl; to wail ُ ‫الو‬ (‫ل‬ ِ ‫ َوَلولَةٌ )َو‬wailing; wails ‫يرع‬ ‫ع‬ ُ ‫ يََرع َ – يَْيَر‬to be a coward ‫راع‬ ٌ َ‫ ي‬firefly, glowworm; cowardly; cane, reed; pen

350 Earth, Nature, and the Environment No root

ٌ ‫ يََر‬larvae; jaundice; mildew ‫قان‬ ُ ‫ يَ َر‬tadpoles ‫ع‬ ِ ‫الض‬ َّ ‫قان‬ ِ ‫فاد‬ َّ ُ ‫والم‬ ‫قس‬ Weather and Climate ‫ناخ‬ ُ ُ ‫الط‬ ‫برق‬ ‫برُق‬ ُ َ‫ بََرَق – ي‬to strike (of lightning); to light up or flash; to shine or sparkle ‫ُبرُق‬ َ َ ‫ أ‬to strike (of lightning); to light up or flash; to cable or telegraph ِ ‫برق – ي‬ ٌ ُ‫رق )ب‬ ٌ َ‫ ب‬lightning flash; a telegraph (‫روق‬ ‫جفف‬ ‫ف‬ ُّ ‫ف – يَِج‬ َّ ‫ َج‬to become dry or dry out ‫ف‬ ُ ّ‫ف – ي َُجِف‬ َ َّ‫ َجف‬to dry or make dry ‫فاف‬ ٌ ‫ َج‬drought; dryness َ ‫ ت‬drying; dehydration ‫جفيف‬ ٌ َّ ‫ف‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ج‬ ‫م‬ ٌ َ ُ dried, dehydrated No root

َ ‫ َجٌّو )أ‬sky, atmosphere, air, weather (‫جواء‬ ٌ ً ‫ َجّوا‬by air ‫ي‬ ٌّ ‫ َج ّ ِو‬air, atmospheric, aerial, aero‫ي‬ ٌ ‫ ِغ‬atmosphere ٌّ ‫الف َج ّ ِو‬ ُ ‫الض‬ ‫ي‬ َّ atmospheric pressure ُّ ‫غط ْالَج ّ ِو‬ ُ‫عات ْالَج ّ ِويَّة‬ ُ ُّ‫ الت ََوق‬weather forecast ُ‫الج ّ ِويّة‬ ُ ‫األح‬ ْ atmospheric conditions َ ‫وال‬ ‫خرف‬ ‫ف‬ ُ ‫خر‬ َ َ‫ف – ي‬ َ ‫ َخِر‬to be senile; to talk foolishly; to spend the autumn ‫ف‬ ٌ ‫ َخَر‬feeble-mindedness, senility َ autumn ‫ريف‬ ُ ‫الخ‬ ‫ي‬ ِ ‫ َخ‬autumnal ٌّ ‫ريف‬ ٌ ‫روف )ِخ‬ (‫رفان‬ ‫ َخ‬young sheep, lamb ٌ ٌ (‫رافات‬ ‫ ُخرافَةٌ )ُخ‬superstition; fable, fairy tale ‫ي‬ ِ ‫ ُخ‬fabulous; legendary ٌّ ‫راف‬

Earth, Nature, and the Environment 351

‫ربع‬ ‫ َربََع – يَربَُع‬to sit, stay, or live; to gallop (horse); to approach (of spring) ‫ َربََّع – ي َُرِب ُّع‬to quadruple; to square (a number) (‫بوع‬ ٌ ‫ َرْبٌع )ُر‬home, residence; region, area; group of people (‫رباع‬ ٌ َ ‫بع )أ‬ ٌ ‫ ُر‬a quarter ‫بيع‬ ٌ ‫ َر‬spring ٌ‫ أ َربَعة‬four ‫عاء‬ ِ ‫رب‬ ِ ‫وم َاأل‬ ُ َ‫ ي‬Wednesday ٌ َّ‫ ُمَربٌَّع )ُمَرب‬square (‫عات‬ ‫رذذ‬ ُ‫ َرذ َّ – يَ َرذ‬to drizzle ٌ‫ َرذاذ‬drizzle ‫رطب‬ ُ َ‫ب – ي‬ َ ‫ َر‬to be moist, damp, or humid ‫ب‬ ُ ‫رط‬ َ ‫ط‬ ْ ‫ َر‬moist, damp, humid; juicy ‫ب‬ ٌ ‫ط‬ ٌ‫ ُرطوبَة‬humidity, moisture, dampness ‫الرطوبَِة‬ ُّ ‫ ُمعَد َُّل‬humidity levels ‫طب‬ ٌ ‫ َر‬/ ‫طيب‬ ٌ ‫ َر‬/ ‫ب‬ ٌ ‫راط‬ ِ moist, damp, humid, wet ّ ِ ‫ ُم‬refreshments, soft drinks ٌ ‫رط‬ ‫بات‬ ‫رعد‬ ُ‫رعد‬ َ ‫ َر‬to thunder َ َ ‫عد َ – ي‬ (ٌ ‫عد ٌ )ُرعود‬ ْ ‫ َر‬thunder ٌ‫عاد‬ ّ ‫ َر‬a stingray or electric ray ‫سحب‬ ‫ب‬ ُ ‫سح‬ َ ‫سَح‬ َ to withdraw; to pull out; to drag along َ َ‫ب – ي‬ ‫ب‬ ُ ‫نسِح‬ َ ‫سَح‬ َ َ‫ب – ي‬ َ ‫ ِان‬to pull out or retreat; to fall back ‫حب‬ ٌ ‫س‬ َ withdrawal (troops, money, rights, etc.) ‫حاب‬ ٌ ‫س‬ َ clouds (‫ب‬  / ‫ب‬ ٌ ‫سُح‬ ُ ‫سحائ‬ ِ ُ ) ٌ‫سحابَة‬ َ clouds ُ ٍ ‫سحابَة َر‬ ‫ماد‬ َ ash cloud ‫اب‬ ٌ ‫سّح‬ َ zip

352 Earth, Nature, and the Environment

‫الهواء‬ ‫حوب‬ ‫ َمْس‬air vacuum ِ ُ ‫حاب‬ ِ ‫ ِا‬withdrawal, retreat; evacuation ٌ ‫نس‬ ‫سرب‬ ‫ب‬ ُ ‫سر‬ ُ َ‫ب – ي‬ َ ‫سَر‬ َ to flow, run out, or leak ‫ب‬ ُ ‫سر‬ َّ َ ‫ب – يَت‬ َ ‫س َّر‬ َ َ ‫ ت‬to flow; to escape, to sneak or steal away; to penetrate ْ ‫ب‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ي‬ – ‫ب‬ ‫نسر‬ ُ ‫سر‬ ِ َ َ َ ‫ ِا‬to hide in or crawl into its lair (animal) ٌ َ ‫ ت‬/ ‫لومات‬ ‫المع‬ ‫سريبات‬ ِ َ َ ‫ ت‬leaked information َ ‫س ُّرب‬ َ ‫ب )أ‬ (‫سراب‬ ٌ ٌ ‫ ِسْر‬group; herd, flock, swarm; squadron َّ ‫حل‬ ُ ‫ ِسْر‬swarm of bees ِ ‫ب ِمن الن‬ َ ‫ب )أ‬ (‫سراب‬ ٌ ٌ ‫سَر‬ َ burrow, lair, den; underground passage ٌ (‫ب‬ ٌ ‫سَر‬ ُ ) ‫سْربَة‬ ُ herd, flock, swarm ‫راب‬ ٌ ‫س‬ َ mirage, phantom (‫ب‬ ٌ ‫سر‬ ُ ‫مسار‬ َ ‫ َم‬river bed; drain, sewer; lane, motorway ِ )‫ب‬ ‫شتو‬ ‫شتا – يَشتو‬ َ to pass the winter; to become cold; to hibernate ّ ‫شتَّى – ي َُشتي‬ َ to rain; to pass the winter; to hibernate winter; rainy season ‫تاء‬ ‫ش‬ ِ ٌ ‫شمس‬ ‫س‬ َ to be sunny; to be headstrong ُ ‫شم‬ ُ َ‫س – ي‬ َ ‫شَم‬ ‫س‬ ‫م‬ ‫ش‬ – ‫س‬ ‫م‬ ‫ُش‬ ‫ي‬ َ ِ ُ ّ َ َّ َ to expose (sth) to the sun; to lay (sth) out in the sun to dry ‫س‬ ِ ‫س –ي‬ ُ ‫ُشم‬ َ ‫شم‬ َ َ ‫ أ‬to be sunny ‫س‬ ُ ‫س – يَت ََشَّم‬ َ ‫ ت ََشَّم‬to sunbathe ُ (‫موس‬ َ sun ٌ ‫مس )ش‬ ٌ ‫ش‬ َّ ‫روق‬ ُ sunrise ُ ‫ش‬ ِ ‫الشمس‬ َّ ‫روب‬ ُ sunset ِ ‫الشمس‬ ‫غ‬ ُ َّ ‫ار‬ ِ ‫الشمس‬ ُ ‫ دََّو‬sunflower ‫ي‬ َ solar/sunٌّ ‫شْمِس‬ ُ‫مسيّة‬ َّ ‫روف‬ ‫الح‬ ِ ‫الش‬ ُ the sun letters (in Arabic grammar) ُ ٌ‫شمسيَّة‬ ٌ َ ‫ طاقَة‬solar power ّ ‫لواح‬ َّ ‫الطاقَ ِة‬ ‫مسيَِّة‬ ِ ‫الش‬ ُ َ ‫ أ‬solar panels ُ‫مسيَّة‬ َّ ُ‫جموعة‬ ‫ ْالَم‬the solar system ِ ‫الش‬ َ

Earth, Nature, and the Environment 353

ٌ ‫شمسي‬ (‫ّات‬ َ umbrella, parasol َ ) ٌ‫شمسيَّة‬ ‫س‬ ِ ‫ ُم‬sunny ٌ ‫شم‬ ‫صقع‬ ‫صقََع – يَصقَُع‬ َ to crow (cock) ّ‫صق ُع‬ َّ ِ ُ‫صق َع – ي‬ َ to be icy or ice-cold َ ‫قع )أ‬ (‫صقاع‬ ٌ ٌ ‫ص‬ َ area, region, district ٌ‫صقعَة‬ َ frost; severe cold1 ‫قيع‬ ٌ ‫ص‬ َ frost, ice ‫صيف‬ ‫ّف‬ ُ ‫ُصِي‬ َ ‫َّف – ي‬ َ to spend the summer َ ‫صي‬ َ (‫صياف‬ ‫يف )أ‬ ٌ ٌ ‫ص‬ َ summer ‫ي‬ َ summery ٌّ ‫صِيف‬ ‫ ُم‬/ ‫صايف‬ ‫صطاف )َم‬ (‫صطافون‬ ‫ ُم‬/ ‫ف‬ َ ْ ‫ َم‬summer resort ٌ ٌ َ ‫صي‬ ُ ‫ضبب‬ ‫ب‬ ُّ ‫ض‬ َّ ‫ض‬ ُ َ‫ب – ي‬ َ to take hold; to keep under lock and key, or to guard carefully َ ‫ أ‬to be foggy – ‫ب‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ضب‬ ُّ ‫ُض‬ َّ ِ ٌ ‫ضب‬ (‫ّان‬ ٌّ ‫ض‬ ٌ ‫ض‬ ُ  / ‫باب‬ َ lizard ِ )‫ب‬ ‫باب‬ ٌ ‫ض‬ َ fog, mist ‫طقس‬ َ to introduce into one of the orders of the Christian church ‫س‬ ِ ُ‫س – ي‬ ُ ّ‫طق‬ َ َّ‫طق‬ َّ َّ َ ‫ ت‬to perform a rite or ritual ‫س‬ ُ ‫س – يَت َطق‬ َ ‫َطق‬ ُ ) ‫قس‬ َ weather, climate (pl: rites, rituals, religious customs) (‫قوس‬ ٌ ‫ط‬ ٌ ‫ط‬ ّ ‫ؤات‬ ُ ُ‫ ت َنَب‬weather forecast ِ ‫الطقس‬ ٌ‫دينيّة‬ ُ religious rituals ِ ‫قوس‬ ٌ ‫ط‬ ‫غيم‬ ‫غيم‬ ُ َ‫غام – ي‬ َ to become cloudy or overcast (of sky); to become blurred َ to cloud over or become cloudy; to billow or waft (smoke) ‫غي ََّم – يُغَِيُّم‬ ُ ) ‫يم‬ َ clouds, mist, fog (‫يوم‬ ٌ ‫غ‬ ٌ ‫غ‬ ‫غائٌم‬ ِ foggy, overcast, cloudy ‫ ُمغَِيٌّم‬/ ‫َغيٌّم‬ ِ ‫ ُمت‬clouded, overcast

354 Earth, Nature, and the Environment

‫فصل‬ (Full treatment in Law chapter)

ُ‫)ف‬ ٌ (‫صول‬

‫صٌل‬ ْ َ‫ ف‬season; semester, term; class; separation ُ‫ ف‬seasons of the year ُ ‫السنَِة‬ ّ ‫صول‬ ‫قحط‬

ُ ‫قح‬ ‫ط‬ َ َ‫ قَ َحط َ – ي‬to be withheld (also of rain) ُ‫ُقحط‬ ِ ‫قحط َ – ي‬ َ َ ‫ أ‬to be rainless ٌ ‫ قَْح‬drought, famine; scarcity ‫ط‬ ‫قحل‬ ‫قحُل‬ َ َ‫ قَِحَل – ي‬to be or become dry or arid; to wither or dry up ٌ‫ قُحولَة‬/ ‫حل‬ ٌ َ‫ ق‬dryness, aridity ‫ قَِحٌل‬/ ‫قاحٌل‬ ِ barren; dry, arid ‫قوس‬ ‫س‬ ُ ‫قو‬ َ ‫ قَِو‬to be bent, curved, or crooked َ َ‫س – ي‬ ‫س‬ ُ ‫س – يُقَ ّ ِو‬ َ ‫ قََّو‬to bend or curve; to shoot (an arrow) َ ‫وس )أ‬ (‫قواس‬ ٌ ٌ َ‫ ق‬arch, arc; a violin or bow ُ ُ َ‫ ق‬rainbow ٍ‫وس ق َزح‬ ‫مطر‬ ُ َ‫طَر – ي‬ َ ‫ َم‬to rain or pour out; to shower or douse ‫مطُر‬ َ ‫ُمطُر‬ ِ ‫ أَمطَر – ي‬to rain or cause to rain; to shower (someone with things) َ ‫طٌر )أ‬ َ ‫ َم‬rain (‫مطار‬ ٌ ٌ‫ضيَّة‬ َ ‫ أ‬acid rain ٌ ِ ‫مطار ِحْم‬ َ ‫وداء‬ ‫ أ‬black rain ٌ َ ‫مطار‬ ُ ‫س‬ ْ ْ ‫ َم‬downpour (rain) ٌ ‫طرة ٌ )َمط‬ (‫رات‬ ‫مطٌر‬ ِ ‫ ُم‬/ ‫اطٌر‬ ِ ‫ َم‬/ ‫ َمِطٌر‬rainy ٌ‫وسِميَّة‬ َ ‫ أ‬monsoon rain ِ ‫مطار َم‬ ٌ ٌ ‫مطَرة‬ ِ ‫واسُم ُم‬ ِ ‫ َم‬rainy seasons No root

ٌ (‫ناخات‬ ‫)ُم‬

‫ ُمناخ‬climate

Earth, Nature, and the Environment 355

‫ي‬ ِ ‫ ت َْغيُُّر ُم‬climate change ٌّ ‫ناخ‬ ُ ‫ ُمكافََحةُ ت َغَي ُِّر‬combatting climate change ِ‫المناخ‬ ُ ‫االخت‬ climate change ‫ي‬ ِ ‫الم‬ ِ ُ ‫الل‬ ُّ ‫ناخ‬ ‫موج‬ ‫موج‬ ُ َ‫ماج – ي‬ َ to heave, swell, or roll; to be excited ‫َموُج‬ َّ ‫ ت ََمَّوَج – يَت‬to rise in waves or undulate; to be rippled (‫مواج‬ ٌ َ ‫ َمْوٌج )أ‬waves, ripples; billows ٌ (‫وجات‬ ‫ َمْوَجةٌ )َم‬sea; waves, ripples, undulation; vibration ٌ ‫ َمْوَجة َح ٍ ّر‬heat wave ٌ ‫ ت ََمُّوٌج )ت ََمُّو‬oscillation, vibration, undulation (‫جات‬ ٌ‫صْوِتيَّة‬ ٌ ‫ ت ََمُّو‬sound waves َ ‫جات‬ ‫مائٌج‬ ِ surging, tumultuous, stormy, high (sea) ‫نسم‬ ‫نسُم‬ ِ َ‫سَم – ي‬ َ َ‫ ن‬to blow gently َ (‫نسام‬ َ َ‫ ن‬breath ٌ ‫سٌم )أ‬ ٌ(‫سمات‬ َ َ‫ ن‬breath, breeze; person, soul (also a girl’s name in the singular) َ َ‫سَمةٌ )ن‬ (‫َسائُم‬ ‫ن‬ ِ ‫ ن‬/ ‫سام‬ ِ ٌ ) ‫سيم‬ ٌ َ‫ ن‬breeze, fresh air (also a boy’s name in the singular) ‫هطل‬ َ ‫ َه‬to rain heavily or pour down ‫هطُل‬ ِ َ‫طَل – ي‬ َ َ ‫هاط َل – يَت‬ َ َ ‫ ت‬to rain heavily or pour down ‫هاطُل‬ ٌ َ ‫ َهْي‬/ ‫طل‬ َ ٌ ‫ ِه‬wolf ُ ‫هياط‬ (‫ل‬ ِ ‫طٌل )َه‬ ِ  / ‫ياطلة‬ ٌ‫ ُهطول‬heavy rain, downpour ‫هوى‬ (Full treatment in Education chapter)

ٌ ‫ ُهّو‬/ ‫وى‬ (‫ات‬ ً ‫ ُهَّوة ٌ )ُه‬abyss, chasm, hole; pit, ditch ْ  / ٌ‫واء )أ َ ْهويَة‬ (‫واء‬ ٌ ‫أه‬ ٌ ‫ َه‬air, atmosphere; weather, climate; a draft of air, wind ْ ُ windmill ‫هواء‬ ِ ‫طواحين ال‬ ‫ي‬ ٌّ ِ‫ َهوائ‬airy, breezy; atmospheric ٌ ‫هو‬ (‫ايات‬ ّ ) ٌ‫ َهّوايَة‬fan, ventilator ٌ‫َهويَة‬ ِ ‫ ت‬airing, ventilation

356 Earth, Nature, and the Environment

‫وبل‬ ‫ َوبََل – يَِبُل‬to pour down (rain) ‫ َوبُُل – يَْوب ُُل‬to be unhealthy or noxious (climate, air) ٌ ‫ َو‬downpour ‫بل‬ ‫وابٌل‬ ِ hail ٌ ‫ َو‬unhealthy, unwholesome (climate), hurtful, noxious; disastrous ‫بيل‬ ‫وسم‬ ‫سَم – يَِسُم‬ َ ‫ َو‬to brand, stamp, or mark; to stigmatise ‫سُم‬ ّ ِ ‫سَم – ي َُو‬ َّ ‫ َو‬to distinguish ٌ ٌ ‫ ِسَمة )ِس‬sign, mark, characteristic; features, facial expression (‫مات‬ (‫سوم‬ ٌ ‫سم )ُو‬ ٌ ‫ َو‬brand, mark; characteristic; coat of arms; tag (internet) (ٌ‫سَمة‬ ِ ‫سام )أ َ ْو‬ ٌ ‫ ِو‬badge, medal; decoration (also a boy’s name in the singular) (‫ماء‬ َ ‫سيم )ُو‬ ُ ‫س‬ ٌ ‫ َو‬handsome, graceful, beautiful (‫واسُم‬ ِ ‫وسٌم )َم‬ ِ ‫ َم‬season; festival َّ ‫ث‬ ُ ‫وار‬ َ Natural Disasters ُ‫بيعيَّة‬ ِ ‫الط‬ ِ ‫الك‬ No root

ٌ ُ ‫ ب‬volcanoes (‫راكين‬ َ‫ُركان )ب‬ ‫ي‬ ِ ُ‫ ب‬volcanic ٌّ ‫ركان‬ No root

‫ تسونامي‬tsunami ‫زلزل‬ ‫زل – يَُزْلِزُل‬ َ ‫ َزْل‬to shake or convulse; to cause to tremble َ ‫ ت ََز‬to quake (earth); to be shaken َ ‫لزَل – يَت ََز‬ ‫لزُل‬ ٌ َ ٌ ‫ ِز‬earthquake; convulsion; shock, concussion ُ ‫الز‬ َ َ ‫ة‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ز‬ ‫ َزْل‬/ ‫لزال‬ (‫ل‬ ) ‫ز‬ ِ No root (‫وابُع‬ ِ ‫)َز‬

ٌ‫ َزْوبَعَة‬storm, hurricane

‫طبع‬ ْ َ‫طبََع – ي‬ َ to impress, print, stamp, or seal ‫طبَُع‬

Earth, Nature, and the Environment 357

َ ‫طبََّع – ي‬ َ to tame, domesticate, or train ‫ُطِب ُّع‬ َ ‫َطب ََّع – يَت‬ َ ‫ ت‬to assume another’s characteristics or traits ‫َطب َُّع‬ َ characteristic; nature, disposition; print, stamp (‫باع‬ ٌ ‫بع )ِط‬ ٌ ‫ط‬ ً ‫طبعا‬ َ naturally َ edition, issue; printing َ ) ٌ‫طبعَة‬ ٌ ‫ط‬ (‫بعات‬ َ printer ‫طابٌع‬ ٌ َّ‫طب‬ ِ  / ‫اع‬ ٌ‫باعة‬ َ ‫ ِط‬printing َ ) ٌ‫طبيعَة‬ َ nature, constitution, character (‫بائُع‬ ِ ‫ط‬ َّ nature ُ‫الطبيعة‬ ‫حال‬ ‫ ِب‬naturally ِ ِ ‫طبيعة ْال‬ َ‫الطبيعة‬ َ ‫ فَْوَق‬supernatural َّ ‫وراء‬ ‫الطبيعَِة‬ ‫ ما‬metaphysics َ َ ‫ي‬ ِ ‫ ط‬natural, innate, relating to nature ٌّ ‫بيع‬ َّ ‫نتقاء‬ ‫ي‬ ِ ‫الط‬ ُ ‫ ِاال‬natural selection ُّ ‫بيع‬ ٌ‫بيعيَّة‬ َ ُ‫وارد‬ ِ ‫ط‬ ِ ‫ َم‬natural resources ْ ‫ َم‬printing press; publishing house ٌ (‫طابُع‬ ِ ‫طبعَة )َم‬ َ ) ‫ طابٌَع‬character; stamp, seal, imprint (‫وابُع‬ ِ ‫ط‬ ٌ (‫طبوعات‬ ‫طبوع )َم‬ ٌ ‫ َم‬printed materials, newspapers and magazines; printed (adj) ٌ (‫باعات‬ ‫نط‬ ٌ ‫نط‬ ِ ‫باع )ِا‬ ِ ‫ ِا‬impression ‫عصر‬ ‫عصُر‬ ُ َ‫صَر – ي‬ َ to press or squeeze (fruits, olives etc.); to wring or compress َ ‫ع‬ ‫عاصُر‬ to be a contemporary ِ ُ‫عاص َر – ي‬ َ ‫صُر‬ ِ َ‫نعصَر – يَنع‬ َ ‫ ِا‬to be squeezed or pressed ‫صر‬ ‫ع‬ pressing, squeezing; wringing ٌ َ ‫ع‬ (‫صور‬ ُ ) ‫صر‬ ٌ ٌ ‫ع‬ َ time, age, period; afternoon ‫ي‬ ْ ‫ع‬ َ contemporary, modern, recent ٌّ ‫صِر‬ ‫صير‬ ٌ ‫ع‬ َ juice َ ‫عصار )أ‬ ‫ ِإ‬whirlwind, hurricane, typhoon, tornado, cyclone (‫عاصير‬ ٌ ُ (‫رون‬ َ ‫عاص‬ ِ ‫عاصٌر )ُم‬ ِ ‫ ُم‬contemporary ‫عصف‬ ‫ف‬ ُ ‫عص‬ َ to storm, rage, or blow violently ِ َ‫ف – ي‬ َ ‫ع‬ َ ‫ص‬ ‫ف‬ ْ ‫ع‬ ٌ ‫ص‬ َ storming, blowing blowing violently (also a boy’s name) ‫ف‬ ‫عاص‬ ٌ ِ ‫ف‬ ٌ violent wind, gale ٌ ‫عاص‬ ِ ‫ريح‬

358 Earth, Nature, and the Environment

ٌ‫عاصفَة‬ hurricane, tempest, gale, storm ِ ٌ‫عديَّة‬ ِ ‫ف َر‬ ُ ‫واص‬ َ thunderstorms ِ ‫ع‬ ٌ‫ف َرمليَّة‬ ‫واص‬ ‫ع‬ ُ ِ َ sandstorms (‫ف‬ ُ ‫واص‬ َ ) ِ ‫ع‬

No root

‫ ِبِمقياس ِ ريخت َر‬/ ‫ على مقياس ِ ريخت َر‬on the Richter scale ‫كرث‬ ُ ‫رث – يَكت َ ِر‬ َ َ ‫ اِكت‬to take care or heed ‫ث‬ ٌ‫ ُكَّراث‬leek (food) ٌ ‫كت‬ ‫راث‬ ِ ‫ ِا‬attention, care, heed, concern ‫راث‬ ِ ‫اإلكت‬ ِ ُ‫ ِقلَّة‬indifference ٌ ‫كار‬ ‫ث‬ ِ oppressive, depressing, grievous, painful ُ(‫وارث‬ ِ disaster, catastrophe ِ ‫كارثَةٌ )َك‬ َّ ‫ث‬ ُ‫بيعيَّة‬ ُ ‫وار‬ ِ ‫الط‬ ِ ‫ ْالَك‬natural disasters ٌ‫بيئيَّة‬ ٌ ِ ‫كارثَة‬ ِ environmental disaster ‫نوء‬ ‫نوء‬ ُ َ‫ ناء – ي‬to collapse, fall, or sink down; to oppress someone grievously (‫نواء‬ ٌ َ ‫ نَْوٌء )أ‬tempest, storm, gale, hurricane; disaster َّ ‫نواء‬ ُ‫الطبيعية‬ ُ ‫ َاأل‬natural disasters ٌَ ‫ناوأة‬ َ ‫ ُم‬resistance, opposition, struggle; insubordination ‫هزز‬ ‫ َهَّز – يَِهُّز‬to shake, rock, swing, or make tremble ‫ ِاهت ََّز – يَهت َُّز‬to tremble, quake, or quiver; to be moved ٌ ‫ َهَّزة ٌ )َهّز‬tremor, shake, vibration; motion; agitation, convulsion (‫ات‬ ٌ‫ َهَّزة ٌ أ َرضيَّة‬earth tremor, seismic shock ٌ ‫هت‬ ‫زاز‬ ِ ‫ ِا‬shock, tremor; trembling, shaking ‫زاز‬ ِ ‫ َموجةُ ِا‬shock wave ٍ ‫هت‬ ‫هور‬ (Full treatment in Health chapter)

‫نهيار‬ ٌ ‫ ِا‬a crash, fall, or downfall; a collapse or breakdown

Earth, Nature, and the Environment 359

‫ي‬ ٌ ‫ ِا‬avalanche ِ َ ‫نهيار أ‬ ٌّ ‫رض‬ ‫ي‬ ِ ‫نهيار‬ ٌ ‫ ِا‬mudslide ٌّ ‫طين‬

ُ‫بيعيَّة‬ ّ َّ ‫وارُد‬ Natural Resources and Energy ُ‫والطاقَة‬ ِ ‫الط‬ َ ِ ‫الم‬ No root

‫دوير‬ ِ َّ ‫ إعادَة ُ الت‬recycling No root

ٌ (‫ارات‬ َّ‫ار )ت َي‬ ٌ َّ‫ ت َي‬flow, stream, course, current ‫جذب‬ ‫ب‬ ِ َ‫ب – ي‬ ُ ‫جذ‬ َ َ‫ َجذ‬to pull, draw, attract, or appeal to َ َ َ ‫ ت‬to pull back and forth; to contend; to attract each other ‫ب‬ ُ ‫جاذب – يَتجاذ‬ َ ‫ذب‬ ٌ ‫ َج‬attraction, gravitation; appeal, lure ‫ب‬ ِ  / ‫اب‬ ٌ ‫جاذ‬ ٌ َّ‫ َجذ‬attractive; charming, captivating ‫ذاب‬ ٌ ‫نج‬ ِ ‫ ِا‬attraction; tendency ٌ‫جاذِبيَّة‬ ِ attraction, gravitation; charm, fascination ُ‫رضيَّة‬ ِ ‫ ْال‬gravity ِ ‫جاذِبيَّةُ َاأل‬ ‫ َم‬possessed (by demons); insane (pl: maniac, madman, idiot) ‫جذوب )َم‬ (‫جاذيب‬ ٌ ُ ‫جرب‬ ‫ب‬ ُ ‫ب – يَْجَر‬ َ ‫ َجِر‬to be mangy; to fade (colour) ‫ب‬ ُ ‫ب – ي َُج ِ ّر‬ َ ‫ َجَّر‬to test, to try, or sample; to rehearse ‫ب‬ ٌ ‫ َجَر‬itch, scabies (‫رب‬ ٌ ‫ب )ُج‬ ُ ‫جر‬ َ َ ‫ أ‬mangy ٌ (‫رابات‬ ‫راب )ُج‬ ٌ ‫ ُج‬socks ٌ (‫ب‬ ُ ‫جار‬ ِ َ ‫جربة )ت‬ ِ َ ‫ ت‬trial, test, experiment; attempt, practice َ ُ ‫ب‬ ‫جار‬ ‫ت‬ ‫قل‬ ‫ح‬ ٍ ُ َ field of experiment or guinea pig ‫ي‬ ِ َ ‫ ت‬experimental ٌّ ‫جريب‬ ‫ب‬ ٌ ‫ ُمَجَّر‬tried, tested ‫جزأ‬ ُ ‫جزأ‬ َ َ‫ َجَزأ َ – ي‬to be content ُ ‫ ت ََجَّزأ َ – يَت ََجَّزأ‬to divide; to be separated or partitioned off

360 Earth, Nature, and the Environment

َ ‫زء )أ‬ (‫جزاء‬ ٌ ٌ ‫ ُج‬part, portion, component, division; section (of the Quran) ‫ي‬ ِ ‫ ُج‬partial; minor, trivial ٌّ ‫زئ‬ ً ‫زئيَّا‬ ِ ‫ ُج‬partly ٌ ‫يٌء )ُجَزْي‬ (‫ئات‬ ْ ‫ ُجَز‬particle, molecule ٌ‫ ت َْجِزئ َة‬division, partition ‫حطب‬ َ َ‫ب – ي‬ َ ‫ َح‬to gather firewood ‫ب‬ ُ ‫حط‬ َ ‫ط‬ َ َ ‫ َح‬firewood ‫ب )أ‬ (‫حطاب‬ ٌ ٌ ‫ط‬ ‫حفز‬ ‫حفُز‬ ِ َ‫ َحفََز – ي‬to pierce or stab; to incite or urge ‫ ت ََحفََّز – يَت ََحفَُّز‬to get ready or prepare oneself; to pay attention َ ‫ ِاحت‬to be ready ‫َفز – يَحت َِفُز‬ ُّ‫ ت ََحفٌز‬readiness, preparedness (‫وافُز‬ ِ drive, incentive ِ ‫حافٌز )َح‬ (‫ ُمت ََحِفٌّز )ِل‬ready, prepared (for) ٌ ‫عامل ُمَحِفّ ٌز‬ external factor; catalyst No root

ٌ (‫خامات‬ )

‫خام‬ ٌ raw materials; raw, unprocessed, unskilled ْ ُّ ‫خام‬ ‫ال‬ ‫واد‬ ‫م‬ ُّ َ ‫ ْال‬raw materials ‫خشب‬

َّ ‫ َخ‬to become wood-like; to line with wood ّ ِ ‫ب – ي َُخ‬ ‫ب‬ ُ ‫ش‬ َ ‫ش‬ َّ َّ ‫ ت ََخ‬to become wood-like; to become hard, stiff, or rigid ‫ب‬ ُ ‫ب – يَت ََخش‬ َ ‫ش‬ (‫شاب‬ َ ‫ َخ‬wood, timber, lumber ٌ ‫ب )أ َ ْخ‬ ٌ ‫ش‬ َ ٌ ‫ش‬ ‫ أ‬/ ‫بات‬ (‫خشاب‬ َ ‫ َخ‬a piece or plank of wood َ ‫شبَةٌ )َخ‬ ٌ ُّ ‫ ت ََخ‬stiffness, rigor, rigidity ‫ب‬ ٌ ‫ش‬ ُ ِّ‫المي‬ ‫ت‬ َ ‫ ْالَخ‬dead wood ُ ‫ش‬ َ ‫ب‬ ‫خصب‬ (Full treatment in Health chapter)

‫ب‬ ُ ‫خص‬ َ ‫ص‬ ِ َ‫ب – ي‬ َ ‫ َخ‬to be fertile

Earth, Nature, and the Environment 361

‫ب‬ ُ ‫خص‬ ّ ِ ُ‫ب – ي‬ َّ ‫ َخ‬to enrich; to fertilise or make fertile َ ‫ص‬ ‫صيب‬ ‫ َخ‬/ ‫ب‬ ٌ ٌ ‫ص‬ ِ ‫ َخ‬fertile ِ ‫صيب ْاليورانيوم‬ ‫ ت َْخ‬uranium enrichment ُ ً ‫ب ِجدا‬ ٌ ‫ص‬ َّ ‫ يورانيوم ُمَخ‬highly enriched uranium ‫دمج‬ ‫يدمُج‬ ِ – ‫ دَ َمَج‬to be incorporated ‫ دَ َّمَج – يُدَ ِ ّمُج‬to write shorthand ‫ ِاندََمَج – يَندَِمُج‬to be inserted or incorporated; to be annexed; to merge or be

absorbed ‫دميج‬ ٌ َ ‫ ت‬shorthand ‫ماج‬ ِ ‫ ِا‬fusion, merging; assimilation, insertion ٌ ‫ند‬ ‫ي‬ ‫و‬ ‫و‬ ِ ‫ ِا‬nuclear fission ٌ ‫ند‬ ٌّ ِ َ َ‫ماج ن‬

‫ذرر‬ ‫ ذَ َّر – يَذُ ُّر‬to scatter, sprinkle, or spread ‫ ذَ ٌّر‬atoms; specks; sprinkling ٌ ‫ ذَ َّرة ٌ )ذَ َّر‬atom; tiny particle, speck (‫ات‬ ‫ي‬ ٌ ‫ ذَ ِ ّر‬atomic ٌ‫ قُنبلُ َةٌ ذَ ِ ّريَّة‬atomic bomb ٌ‫ طاقَةٌ ذَ ِ ّريَّة‬atomic energy ٌ ‫ ذُ ّريَّةٌ )ذُ ِ ّري‬descendants, children (‫ّات‬ ‫شعع‬ ‫شَّع – يَِشُّع‬ َ to radiate; to diffuse or spread ‫شَّع – ي ُِشُّع‬ َ َ ‫ أ‬to radiate or emit rays; to spread or diffuse ُ rays, beams (ٌ‫شعَّة‬ ٌ ‫ش‬ ِ َ ‫عاع )أ‬ ُ‫ َاألِشعَّة‬radiology ‫ أ َ ِشعةُ ِإكس‬/ ٌ‫سينيَّة‬ ِ ٌ‫ أ َ ِشعة‬X-rays ْ ‫فسِجيِّة‬ َ َ‫ َاألِشعَّةُ ف‬ultra-violet rays َ َ‫وق البن‬ ْ ‫حمراء‬ ‫حت ال‬ َ َ ‫ َاأل ِشعَّةُ ت‬infrared rays ِ ٌ (‫إشعاعات‬ ) ‫إشعاع‬ radiation; radioactive ٌ ْ radioactive ‫ي‬ ‫عاع‬ ‫إش‬ ‫نشاط‬ ‫ذو‬ ٍ ِ ٍّ ‫ي‬ ‫ب‬ ٌ ‫تسُّر‬ ِ َ radioactive fallout ٌّ ‫إشعاع‬ ‫ ُمِشٌّع‬radioactive

362 Earth, Nature, and the Environment

‫صفو‬ ‫ صفا – يَصفو‬to be or become clear, unpolluted, or pure ‫ُصفّي‬ َ ‫صفَّى – ي‬ َ to purify or filter; to settle, pay or liquidate (accounts) ‫ صافى – يُصافي‬to be sincere or deal honestly َ َ‫صطفى – ي‬ َ ‫ ِا‬to choose or select ‫صطفى‬ ُ ‫ص‬ ‫فوان‬ َ stone, rock ٌ ‫صفوة‬ ِ sincere friend, best friend ‫فاء‬ ٌ ‫ص‬ َ clearness, clarity, purity; serenity, happiness (also a girl’s name) (‫ياء‬ ِ َ ‫ي )أ‬ ُ ‫صف‬ َ clear, serene, pure (pl: good friends) ٌّ ‫صِف‬ ‫ ِمصفاة ٌ )َم‬strainer, filter, sieve; refinery, purification plant (‫صاف‬ ٍ ‫فط‬ ِ َّ‫ ِمصفاة ُ الن‬oil refinery ٌ ‫صف‬ (‫يات‬ ِ َ ‫صفيَةٌ )ت‬ ِ َ ‫ ت‬purification, filtration; settlement, liquidation (accounts) ٌ‫هائيَّة‬ ِ ‫صفيَةٌ ِن‬ ِ َ ‫ ت‬final settlement ‫سابات‬ ‫الح‬ ِ ِ ُ‫صفيَة‬ ِ َ ‫ ت‬settlement of accounts َ ‫ ت‬compromise (between), peaceful settlement; good will (‫ين‬ َ َ‫صاف )ب‬ ٍ ‫الصافي‬ net ٍ ّ  / ‫صاف‬ ّ ‫ى‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ص‬ ‫م‬ purified, pure, clear, limpid ً َ ُ َ ‫ص‬ ‫طفى‬ ْ ‫ ُم‬chosen, selected (also a boy’s name) ‫صطفى‬ ْ ‫الم‬ ُ epithet of Prophet Muhammad ‫طوق‬ ُ َ‫طاق – ي‬ ‫طوق‬ to be able or capable; to bear, stand, or sustain َ َ to put a collar or necklace on someone; to surround or enclose َ ‫طَّوَق – ي‬ ُ‫ُط ّ ِوق‬ ُ ُ‫طاق – ي‬ ‫طيق‬ َ َ ‫ أ‬to be able or capable; to bear, stand, or sustain; to master ْ َ ‫طْوٌق )أ‬ َ ability, faculty, power (pl: necklace, headband, collar) ٌ ‫ط‬ (‫واق‬ ٌ ٌ (‫طاقات‬ ) ‫ طاقَة‬energy, power, capacity; ability ٌ ‫ ُم‬bearable ‫طاق‬ ّ ِ ُ‫ طاقَة‬wind power ِ‫الرياح‬ ٌ‫ طاقَةٌ بَديلَة‬alternative energy َّ ُ‫ ِكفايَة‬energy efficiency ‫الطاقَ ِة‬ ‫ديد‬ ِ ‫قابلَةٌ ِللت َّ ْج‬ ِ ‫ طاقَةٌ ُم‬renewable energy ِ ٌ‫ طاقَة‬/ ٌ ‫تجدّدَة‬ ِ ‫غير ُم‬ ٍ‫تجدّدَة‬ ُ ٌ‫ طاقَة‬non-renewable energy ّ nuclear power ُ‫الطاقَةُ النَّ َوِويَّة‬ No root

‫عدَ ٌن‬ َ Eden, Paradise; Aden (city in Yemen)

Earth, Nature, and the Environment 363

ُ ‫عاد‬ (‫ن‬ ِ ‫ َم‬mineral; metal; mine; source ِ ‫عدٌن )َم‬ ٌ‫فيسة‬ ُ ِ ‫ َم‬/ ٌ‫عادُن ثَمينَة‬ ِ ‫ َم‬precious metals َ َ‫عادن ن‬ ‫عادِن‬ ِ ‫ ِعْلُم ْالَم‬minerology ‫ي‬ ٌّ ‫ َمعدَ ِن‬metallic; mineral (adj) ‫ي‬ ٌ mineral water ٌّ ‫ماء َمعدَ ِن‬ ‫فحم‬ ‫فحُم‬ ُ َ‫ فَُحَم – ي‬to be or become black; to be unable to answer ‫ فَ َّحَم – يُفَ ِ ّحُم‬to blacken (with charcoal); to carbonise ‫حم‬ ٌ َ‫ ف‬coal (‫حمات‬ ْ َ‫ فَْحمةٌ )ف‬lump of coal ٌ‫ فَْحمة‬blackness ‫فاحٌم‬ ْ pitch-black ِ ُ‫أسَود‬ ‫كتل‬ ‫ َكت ََل – يَكت َُل‬to agglomerate or gather into a mass ‫ ت ََكت َّ َل – يَت َكت َّ ُل‬to be heaped up; to cluster or gather in a mass; to unite in a bloc (‫ ُكتْلةٌ )ُكت ٌَل‬clot, lump ٌ‫ ُكتْلَةٌ ذَ ِ ّريَّة‬atomic mass ‫كهرب‬ ‫ب‬ ُ ‫هر‬ َ ‫ َكْهَر‬to electrify or ionise ِ ‫ب – يَُك‬ ‫ب‬ ُ ‫هر‬ َ ‫هر‬ َ ‫ب – يَت ََك‬ َ ‫ ت ََك‬to be electrocuted or ionised ٌ َ َ ‫هرباء‬ ‫ ك‬/ ‫هربَة‬ ٌ َ ‫ ك‬electricity َ ‫ب‬ ‫ َكْهَر‬electron ‫ك‬ (‫ب‬ ) ٌ ُ ‫هار‬ ِ ْ ّ ‫ َم َح‬power station ‫باء‬ ِ َ ‫طةُ ت‬ ِ ‫كه َر‬ َ ‫وليد ال‬ ‫ي‬ ِ ‫ َكْه‬electric, electrician ٌّ ‫ربائ‬ ‫ي‬ ِ ‫ار َكْه‬ ٌ َّ‫ ت َي‬electric current ٌ ‫ربائ‬ ّ ُ‫شبََكة‬ َ ‫اقة‬ ‫هربائيَِّة‬ ‫الك‬ َ power grid ِ ِ ‫الط‬ ‫ب‬ ٌ ‫ ُمَكْهَر‬electrically charged, electrified, ionised No root chemistry ‫كيمياء‬ ٌ ‫الكيمياء‬ chemistry, alchemy ُ  /  chemical; chemist ‫ي‬ ‫كيمائ‬ ‫ي‬ ِ ٌّ ‫كيماو‬ ِ ٌّ

364 Earth, Nature, and the Environment

ُ‫الحيَِويَّة‬ ‫ ْال‬bio-chemistry ُ َ ‫كيمياء‬ ٌ ّ‫كيماوي‬ chemicals ‫ات‬ ِ ‫مغطس‬ َ ‫ َم‬to magnetise ‫س‬ ِ ‫س – يَُم‬ ُ ‫غط‬ َ ‫غط‬ ٌ‫سة‬ َ ‫ َمْغ‬magnetism َ ‫ط‬ ‫مغنط‬ ُ ‫غن‬ ‫ط‬ ِ ‫ َمغنَط َ – يَُم‬to magnetise ‫غناطيس‬ ‫ َم‬/ ‫طيس‬ ٌ ٌ َ‫ َمغن‬magnet ‫نبط‬ ُ ُ‫ط – يَْنب‬ َ َ‫ نَب‬to well or gush out ‫ط‬ ُ ‫ اِست َنبط َ – يَست َِنب‬to find or discover (oil, water); to invent or devise ‫ط‬ ٌ ‫ ن‬depth, core, heart ‫َبط‬ ٌ ‫ست‬ ‫نباط‬ ِ ‫ ِا‬discovery, invention ‫نضب‬ ‫ب‬ ُ َ‫ب – ي‬ ُ ‫نض‬ َ َ‫ ن‬to be absorbed into the ground; to dry up; to be depleted َ ‫ض‬ ‫ب‬ ُ ‫نض‬ َ َ ‫ أ‬to exhaust or drain; to deplete or dry up ِ ُ‫ب – ي‬ َ ‫نض‬ (‫ب‬ َّ ُ‫ب )ن‬ ٌ ‫ض‬ ٌ ‫ناض‬ ِ dried up, arid; barren, sterile ‫ب‬ ‫اليورانيوم‬ depleted uranium َّ َ‫المن‬ ُ ‫ض‬ َ ُ No root

ٌ ‫ ن‬oil, petroleum, naphtha ُ َّ‫ الن‬/ ‫َفط‬ ُ ‫ترول‬ ‫الب‬ ِ  / ‫فط‬ ‫َفط‬ ٍ ‫ئر ن‬ ُ ‫ ِب‬oil well ٌ ‫خام‬ ٌ ‫ نَفط‬crude oil ‫فط‬ oil production ِ َّ‫إنتاج الن‬ ُ َ ‫فط‬ ‫ت‬ oil refining ِ َّ‫كرير الن‬ ُ ٌ‫فطيَّة‬ ٌ ‫ ُح‬oil fields ِ َ‫قول ن‬ ‫ ن ف ى‬/ ‫ن ف و‬ ‫ نَفَى – يَنفي‬to deny, reject, or negate; to expel, banish, or exile ‫ نافى – يُنافي‬to hunt, chase, or pursue; to contradict or be inconsistent ‫ ِانتفى – يَنت َفي‬to be banished or exiled

Earth, Nature, and the Environment 365

‫َفي‬ ٌ ‫ ن‬exile, banishment, expatriation ‫رف النَّفي‬ ُ ‫ َح‬negation particle (grammar) ُ‫ نُفايَةٌ )ن‬refuse, waste, garbage ٌ (‫فايات‬ ٌ‫فايات ُمِشعَّة‬ ُ‫ ن‬radioactive waste ٌ ُ‫وويَّة‬ ُّ‫ الن‬nuclear waste ُ ِ ّ َّ‫فايات الن‬ ‫نوى‬ ‫ نَوى – يَنوي‬to intend or plan; to resolve or determine ‫ نََّوى – يُن َّوي‬to miaow ‫ ِانت َوى – يَ ْنتوي‬to propose or intend ‫َوى‬ ً ‫ ن‬distance, remoteness; destination ٌ ‫ نَواة ٌ )نَِوي‬nucleus, atomic nucleus; core, stone, pit (‫ّات‬ ‫ي‬ ٌّ ‫ نََوِو‬atomic, nuclear ‫ي‬ ُ ‫ ت‬nuclear reaction ٌّ ‫َفاعٌل نََوِو‬ ‫ي‬ ِ ‫ ُم‬nuclear reactor ٌّ ‫فاعٌل نََوِو‬ ‫ي‬ ِ nuclear deterrent ٌّ ‫رادع نََوِو‬ ‫ي‬ ٌ ‫نص‬ ِ ‫ ِا‬nuclear meltdown ٌّ ‫هار نََوِو‬ ْ َ ‫ي‬ ‫و‬ ‫و‬ ‫ن‬ ‫عاع‬ ٌ ‫ش‬ ‫ ِإ‬nuclear radiation ٌّ ِ َ ٌ‫كارثَةٌ نََوِويَّة‬ ِ nuclear disaster ّ ُ‫طة‬ َّ ‫ َمَح‬nuclear power station ‫اقة النَّ َوِويَِّة‬ ِ ‫الط‬ ٌ‫سلَحةٌ نََوِويَّة‬ ِ َ ‫ أ‬nuclear weapons ‫سلَحِة النَّ َوِويَِّة‬ ِ ‫خاليَةٌ ِمن َاأل‬ ِ ٌ‫نطقة‬ ِ ‫ َم‬nuclear-free zone ‫حة النََّوِويَِّة‬ ِ ‫شار َاألْسِل‬ ُ ‫ ِاْنِت‬nuclear proliferation ٌ ٌ َّ‫ ِنيَّة )ِني‬intention, purpose, plan (‫ نَوايا‬/ ‫ات‬ ّ ُ ‫النيَِّة‬ ِ ‫ ُحْسن‬good intention, honesty ‫النّيَِّة‬ bad intention, malice ِ ‫سوء‬ ُ ‫وقد‬ ُ‫ َوقَدَ – يَ ِقد‬to ignite or burn ُ‫ أَوقَدَ – يَوقِد‬to kindle, ignite, or light ُ‫َوقد‬ ِ ‫ ِاست َوقَدَ – يَست‬to kindle, light, or ignite ٌ‫ َوقد‬fuel; fire, combustion ٌ‫ َوقيد‬/ ٌ‫ َوقود‬/ ٌ‫ ِوقاد‬fuel (ُ ‫واقد‬ ِ ‫ َمْوِقدٌ )َم‬fireplace, stove ٌ‫ إيقاد‬kindling, ignition ‫ي‬ ‫ ْالَوقودُ ُاأل‬fossil fuel ِ ُّ ‫حفور‬

366 Earth, Nature, and the Environment

‫ولد‬ (Full treatment in Family chapter)

ٌ‫ ت َْوليد‬generating (power, electricity); procreation; midwifery ٍ ‫ َمحطةُ ت َْو‬power station ‫ليد‬ َ ‫ليد القُ َّوِة‬ ‫ربائيِّة‬ ِ ‫ َمحطةُ ت َْو‬electric power station ِ ‫الكْه‬ ٌ‫ ِاستيالد‬/ ٌ‫ ت ََولُّد‬generation, production ٌ ّ‫ول‬ (‫دات‬ ِ ‫ ُمَوِلّدٌ )ُم‬generating, producing; generative; obstetrician (pl: generator) The World and Beyond ‫ضاء‬ ُ َ‫العالَ ُم والف‬ No root (ٍ ‫رض )أ َراض‬ ٌ َ ‫ أ‬earth; land, country, region ‫ي‬ ِ َ ‫ أ‬terrestrial ٌّ ‫رض‬

‫أقلم‬ ‫قلم – ي َُؤِقلُم‬ َ َ ‫ أ‬to acclimatise, adapt, or adjust َ ‫ ت َأَقلََم – يَت َأقلَُم‬to acclimatise (oneself) (‫قاليم‬ area, region, province; administrative district ٌ ُ َ ‫إقليم )أ‬ ‫ي‬ ِ ‫ ِإ‬climatic; territorial; regional, local ٌّ ‫قليم‬ No root

ُ ‫المَجَّرة‬ ِ galaxy, constellation of stars ‫بأر‬ ‫ بَأ َ َر – يَبأ َ ُر‬to dig a well (‫آبار‬ ٌ ) ‫ئر‬ ٌ ‫ ِب‬well, spring ٌ (‫ ب ُْؤَرة )ب َُؤٌر‬abyss; pit; site ‫بحر‬ ‫ بَ َّحَر – يَبَ ِ ّحُر‬to travel by sea or make a voyage ‫حر – يُْبِحُر‬ َ ‫ أ َ ْب‬to travel by sea; to go on board; to go downstream ‫ ت َبََّحَر – يَت َبََّحُر‬to delve or penetrate deeply; to study thoroughly (‫حار‬ ٌ ‫حر )ِب‬ ٌ َ‫ ب‬sea, large river; a noble or great man

Earth, Nature, and the Environment 367

‫حر‬ ُ ‫س‬ َ sea level ِ َ‫طح ْالب‬ ً ‫ بَحرا‬by sea ‫ البَْحرين‬the Bahrain islands ‫ي‬ ِ َ‫ ب‬marine, nautical ٌّ ‫حر‬ ُ seaweed ‫حري‬ ٌ ُ‫طحل‬ َ‫ب ب‬ ٌّ ُ‫حريَّة‬ ِ َ‫ الب‬the navy ٌ ‫ُحي‬ (‫رات‬ ْ ‫ ب َُحْيَرة ٌ )ب‬lake ‫َبحٌر‬ ّ ِ ‫ ُمت‬profound; erudite; well informed ‫ب‬ ُ َ‫ ب‬Arabian Sea ِ ‫حر ْالعَ َر‬ ُ‫سط‬ ْ ‫حر‬ ّ ِ ‫تو‬ ُ ‫األب‬ ُ َ‫ الب‬the Mediterranean ُ ‫يض‬ َ ‫الم‬ َّ the North Sea ‫مال‬ ‫الش‬ ‫حر‬ ‫ب‬ ُ َ ِ ْ ‫طيق‬ ُ َ‫ ب‬the Baltic ِ ‫حر البَل‬ ُ‫حر َاألسود‬ ُ َ‫ الب‬the Black Sea َ ‫حمر‬ ُ ‫حر األ‬ ُ َ‫ الب‬the Red Sea ُ ‫المِي‬ ‫حر‬ ‫ّت‬ َ ُ َ‫ الب‬the Dead Sea ‫بعث‬ (Full treatment in Politics chapter)

ُ ‫عاثات‬ ‫ ِاالِنب‬emissions ٌ‫كربونيَّة‬ ٌ ‫عاثات‬ ‫ ِاِنب‬carbon emissions ِ ُ‫الغازيّة‬ ُ ِ ‫عاثات‬ ِ‫ ِاالنب‬gas emissions ‫بقي‬ ‫ي – يَبقى‬ َ ‫ بَ ِق‬to remain or stay; to maintain or keep up ‫ أ َ ْبقى – يُبقي‬to make (someone) stay; to retain, preserve, or maintain (‫ بَ ِقيَّةٌ )بَقايا‬remainder, residue ‫قاء‬ ٌ َ‫ ب‬survival, continuation; immortality, eternal life ‫بوء‬ ‫بوء‬ ُ َ‫باء – ي‬ َ to come again or return; to yield ُ ‫ ت َبَّوأ َ – يَت َبَ ّوأ‬to settle down or occupy ٌ (‫بيئات‬ ) ٌ‫ بيئ َة‬environment; home, habitat, domicile ُ‫ ْالبيئ َة‬the environment ‫لم ْالبيئ َِة‬ ُ ‫ ِع‬ecology

368 Earth, Nature, and the Environment

ٌ ‫ص‬ ‫ديق ِللبيئ َِة‬ َ eco-friendly َ ‫ ِمن أ‬environmentalist َ‫نصار ْالبيئِة‬ ِ َ ‫محافظةُ على ْالبيئ َِة‬ ‫ ْال‬preservation of the environment ْ ‫ي‬ ُ ‫نو‬ ُّ َّ ‫ الت‬ecological diversity ُّ ِ‫ع البيئ‬ ْ ‫ي‬ ِ ‫ظام ال‬ ُ ِّ‫ الن‬ecosystem ُّ ‫بيئ‬ ْ ُ‫حريّة‬ ُ marine biology ِ َ‫البيئات الب‬ No root

ٌ ‫ ِت‬straw ‫بن‬ ‫درب التّبان َِة‬ ُ Milky Way ‫ترب‬ ‫ب‬ ُ ‫تر‬ َ ‫ ت َِر‬to be dusty or covered in dust َ َ‫ب – ي‬ ‫تارب‬ to be someone’s comrade ُ‫تارب – ي‬ ُ َ (‫راب‬ ٌ ‫ ِتْر‬contemporary; friend, companion ٌ ْ‫ب )أَت‬ (ٌ‫تربة‬ ٌ ‫راب )ت َُر‬ ٌ ُ ‫ ت‬/ ٌ‫ ت ُْربَة‬earth, dirt, dust, ground, soil ِ َ ‫ أ‬/ ‫ب‬ No root

ٌ َ ‫ أ‬/ ‫بال‬ ٌ ‫بل )ِج‬ ٌ ‫ َج‬mountain, mountain range (‫جبال‬ No root

ُ ‫داو‬ (‫ل‬ ِ ‫دوٌل )َج‬ َ ‫ َج‬little stream, creek, brook; timetable ‫جرف‬ ‫ف‬ ُ َ‫ف – ي‬ ُ ‫جر‬ َ ‫ َجَر‬to sweep or wash away; to tear away or remove ‫ف‬ ُ ‫نجِر‬ َ َ‫رف – ي‬ َ ‫ ِا‬to be swept or carried away َ ‫نج‬ ُ  / ‫جريف‬ َ ‫ ت‬soil erosion ‫ربة‬ ِ ُّ ‫تآكل الت‬ ٌ َ (‫جراف‬ ‫ أ‬/ ‫روف‬ ‫رف )ُج‬ ٌ ٌ ٌ ‫ ُج‬shore; cliff, precipice avalanche ‫ي‬ ‫ليد‬ ‫ج‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ج‬ ِ ٌّ َ ٌ ْ ُ ٌ ‫ َجَّرافَةٌ )َجَّر‬rake; tractor (‫افات‬ ‫ف‬ ٌ ‫جار‬ ِ torrential (of water), stormy, violent (of emotions) ‫جزر‬ ُ َ‫ َجَزَر – ي‬to massacre, slaughter, or kill; to sink; to drop (of water) ‫جزُر‬

Earth, Nature, and the Environment 369

‫ َجْزٌر‬slaughter, butchering; ebb (of the sea) ْ ُّ‫المد‬ ‫والَجْزُر‬ َ ebb and flow ٌ (‫جُزٌر‬ ) ‫ة‬ ‫زير‬ ُ َ ‫ َج‬island ‫زيرٍة‬ َ ‫ ِشبهُ َج‬peninsula (‫ون‬ َ ّ‫زائري‬ ِ ‫ي )َج‬ ِ ‫ َج‬Algerian ٌّ ‫زائِر‬ َ ‫ َم‬slaughterhouse, abattoir (‫جازُر‬ ِ ‫جزٌر )َم‬ ٌ َ ‫ َم‬massacre, carnage, butchery ‫م‬ (‫جازُر‬ ) ‫ة‬ ‫ر‬ ِ َ َ ‫جز‬ ‫ار )َجّز‬ (‫ارون‬ َ ٌ ‫ َجّز‬butcher ‫حسن‬ ‫حسُن‬ ُ ‫ َح‬to be handsome or beautiful; to be suitable or proper ُ َ‫سَن – ي‬ ‫سُن‬ َّ ‫ ت ََح‬to improve; to become more beautiful or handsome ّ ‫سَن – يَت ََح‬ ُ‫حسن‬ ِ َ ‫حس َن – يَست‬ َ َ ‫ ِاست‬to approve or condone; to admire (sth) ‫ ُحْسٌن‬beauty, handsomeness, excellence ٌ ‫سٌن )ِح‬ (‫سان‬ َ ‫ َح‬beautiful, handsome, lovely َ ‫حس ُن‬ َ ‫ أ‬better, nicer ٌ(‫ َحسنَةٌ )َحسنات‬good deed; charity, alms (pl: advantages) ٌ ‫س‬ ُ ‫ون )َح‬ (‫ساسين‬ ّ ‫ َح‬goldfinch ٌ ُ ‫حاس‬ (‫ن‬ ِ ‫ َمْحسنَة )َم‬something good; advantage ٌ َ ‫ ت‬beautification; improvement, amelioration ‫حسين‬ ٌ َ ‫ ت‬genetic modification ‫ي‬ ِ ‫حسين ِو‬ ٌّ ‫راث‬ ٌ ‫حسان‬ ‫ ِإ‬charity, alms-giving ‫سٌن‬ ُّ ‫ ت ََح‬improvement, amelioration ‫حسٌن‬ َ َ ‫ ُمست‬approved; pleasant, agreeable ‫حوط‬ ُ َ‫حاط – ي‬ َ to guard, protect, or watch; to attend; to surround ‫حيط‬ ُ‫ط – يَُح ّ ِوط‬ َ ‫ َحَّو‬to build a wall; to surround ُ ‫َحو‬ َ ‫ ت ََحَّو‬to guard or protect; to be careful or cautious ‫ط‬ َّ ‫ط – يَت‬ ُ َ ‫ ِا‬to be cautious or on one’s guard; to surround; to guard or protect ‫حتاط‬ َ‫حتاط – ي‬ ٌ ‫طة‬ َ ‫ َحْي‬caution, circumspection ٌ‫حاطة‬ َ ‫ ِإ‬understanding, knowledge; encirclement ٌ ‫ ت ََحُّو‬provision, precaution ‫ط‬ ٌ ٌ ‫ ِا‬caution, prudence, care; precautionary measures (‫حتياطات‬ ‫حتياط )ِا‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ ِا‬precautionary, preventive; reserve funds; military reserves ِ ٌّ ‫حتياط‬ ٌ ‫حائ‬ ُ(‫وائط‬ ٌ )‫ط‬ ِ wall ِ ‫ َح‬/ ‫حيطان‬

370 Earth, Nature, and the Environment

ٌ ‫ ُم‬ocean; circumference (of circle); milieu ‫حيط‬ ُ ‫ ْالُم‬/ ‫حيط الهادي‬ ُ ‫ ْالُم‬Pacific Ocean ُ ‫الهاد‬ ‫ئ‬ ِ ‫حيط‬ ُ ‫الم‬ ‫ي‬ ِ ‫حيط‬ ُ Indian Ocean ُّ ‫الهند‬ ُ ‫الم‬ ‫ي‬ ُ Atlantic Ocean ُّ ‫حيط َاألطلَِس‬ ُ ‫الم‬ َّ ُ‫َجمد‬ ‫ي‬ ِ ‫الش‬ ّ ِ ‫المت‬ ُ ‫حيط‬ ُ Arctic Ocean ُّ ‫مال‬ ُ ‫ي‬ ّ ِ ‫المت‬ ُ ‫المحيط‬ ُ Antarctic Ocean َ ُ‫َجمد‬ ِ ‫الج‬ ُّ ‫نوب‬ ٌ (‫حيطات‬ ‫)ُم‬

‫خسف‬ ‫ف‬ ِ َ‫ف – ي‬ ُ ‫خس‬ َ ‫ َخ‬to be eclipsed (of moon); to sink; to disappear َ ‫س‬ ‫سف‬ ِ َ‫ف – ي‬ ُ ‫نخ‬ َ ‫ ِانَخ‬to sink or go down َ ‫س‬ ‫ف‬ ٌ ‫ َخْس‬baseness, disgrace; causing to sink ‫سوف‬ ‫ ُخ‬lunar eclipse ٌ ‫قمر‬ ‫ ُخ‬moon eclipse ُ ِ ‫سوف ْال‬ ‫خضم‬ ‫خضُم‬ َ ‫ َخ‬to bite or munch on ِ َ‫ضَم – ي‬ ‫ضٌّم‬ َ ‫ ِخ‬sea, ocean (n); vast (said of the sea) (adj) ‫ ذ ر ى‬/ ‫ذ ر و‬ ‫ ذَرى – يَذري‬to disperse or scatter; to carry off ‫ ت َذَ َّرى – يَت َذَ َّرى‬to be fanned; to climb or scale; to take refuge ٌ ‫ ذُ َرة‬corn, maize ٌ ‫ ذُ ْرَوة ٌ )ذُ ُر‬summit, top, peak; climax (‫ى‬ ً ‫ ذُ َر‬/ ‫وات‬ ‫رود‬ ُ‫ رادَ – يَرود‬to walk about; to look; to search or prowl ُ‫راود‬ ِ ُ‫ راودَ – ي‬to entice; to approach or accost ُ‫ أ َرادَ – يُريد‬to want, wish, or have in mind; to desire; to be bound (place) ُ‫ ِارتادَ – يَرتاد‬to return (to a place); to explore ٌ ‫ ِريادَة‬/ ‫ َرْود‬exploration ٌ (‫إرادات‬ ) ٌ ‫ إرادَة‬will, desire; decree ‫ي‬ ِ intentional ٌّ ‫إراد‬ (ٌ ‫رائد ٌ )ُرّواد‬ ِ astronaut; visitor; explorer; leader (also a boy’s name in the singular) ٌ‫ ُمراد‬wanted, desired; intended (also a boy’s name)

Earth, Nature, and the Environment 371

‫زهر‬ ‫ َزَهَر – يَْزَهُر‬to shine, give light, or be radiant ‫ ِازدََهَر – يَزدَ ِهُر‬to blossom, flourish, or prosper (‫زهار‬ ٌ َ ‫ أ‬/ ‫هور‬ ٌ ‫هر )ُز‬ ٌ ‫ َز‬flowers, blossoms ٌ َ (‫هرات‬ flower, blossom; splendour, beauty ‫هرة ٌ )َز‬ ‫ز‬ َ ٌ ‫ ُزْهرة‬brilliancy, light, brightness ُّ planet Venus ُ ‫الزَهَرة‬ ٌ‫ َمْزَهِريَّة‬flowerpot, vase ‫زدهار‬ ‫ ِا‬boom (economic); flourishing ٌ ‫زهٌر‬ ِ ‫ ُم‬in bloom; luminous, bright ‫سمو‬ ‫سما – يَ ْسمو‬ َ to be high, elevated, or tall; to exceed ‫ سامى – يُسامي‬to excel ‫ ت َسامى – يَت َسامى‬to vie with one another for glory; to be high or elevated ‫مو‬ ُ height, altitude; eminence ٌّ ‫س‬ ٌ ‫سَم‬ (‫وات‬ ٌ ‫س‬ َ ) ‫ماء‬ َ heaven, sky, firmament ‫ي‬ ِ ‫س‬ َ heavenly, celestial; open air, outdoor َ  / ‫ي‬ ٌّ ‫ماو‬ ِ ‫س‬ ٌّ ‫مائ‬ َ ‫ أ ْسمى‬higher, above, more exalted (also a girl’s name) (ٌ ‫سماة‬ ُ ) ٍ ‫ سام‬high, exalted, elevated ‫سيل‬ ُ َ‫سال – ي‬ ‫سيل‬ َ to flow or stream; to be or become liquid ُ‫ُسيّل‬ َ to make flow or cause to stream; to liquefy ِ ‫سي ََّل – ي‬ ٌ ‫س‬ (‫يول‬ ُ ) ‫سْيٌل‬ َ flood, inundation, torrential stream ٌ‫سيولَة‬ ُ liquidity ٌ ‫وائ‬ (‫ل‬ ِ ‫س‬ ِ fluid, liquid َ ) ‫سائٌل‬ No root

ٌ (‫حراوات‬ desert ‫ص‬ ُ ٍ ‫ص‬ َ ) ‫صحراء‬ َ  / ‫حار‬ َ  / ‫صحارى‬ ‫ي‬ َ desolate; (of or relating to the) desert ٌّ ‫راو‬ ِ ‫صْح‬ ٌ‫حراويَّة‬ ‫ص‬ َ ٍ ‫ أ َراض‬desert areas ِ ‫صنف‬ ‫ف‬ ُ ّ‫ُصِن‬ َ ‫ف –ي‬ َ to classify, sort, or categorise; to compile or write َ َّ‫صن‬

372 Earth, Nature, and the Environment

َ ‫نف )أ‬ (‫نوف‬ ُ  / ‫صناف‬ ٌ ‫ص‬ ٌ ٌ ‫ص‬ ِ type, species, genus; article َ َ ‫ ت‬classification, categorisation; compilation; literary work ‫صنيف )ت‬ (‫صانيف‬ ٌ ُ ٌ‫ ت َصنيفَة‬assortment, selection ‫غدر‬ َ to deceive or betray ‫غدَ َر – يَغدُُر‬ ‫غادُر‬ ِ ُ‫ غادََر – ي‬to leave or depart ْ‫غدٌر‬ َ treachery, betrayal; treason ُ  / ‫ران‬ ُ ) ‫دير‬ ٌ ‫غْد‬ َ pond, pool; stream, brook (also a girl’s name in the singular) (‫غد ٌُر‬ ٌ ‫غ‬ َ treacherous, deceitful, false ‫غادٌر‬ ِ  / ‫َّار‬ ٌ ‫غد‬ ‫غوص‬ ‫غوص‬ to plunge or submerge; to dive ُ َ‫غاص – ي‬ َ َ ) ‫اص‬ َ diver, pearl diver ‫غّو‬ ‫و‬ (‫اصون‬ َ ٌ ّ‫غ‬ ٌ ٌ َ submarines َ ) ‫اصة‬ (‫اصات‬ ‫غّو‬ َ ‫غّو‬ ‫ ف ض ى‬/ ‫ف ض و‬ ‫ فَضا – يَفضو‬to be or become spacious ‫فضي‬ ّ ُ ‫ضى – ي‬ َّ َ‫ ف‬to empty, void, or vacate ‫اء‬ َ َ‫ ف‬outer space; vast and unlimited space ٌ ‫ض‬ ‫فضاء‬ ‫رائدُ ْال‬ ِ ِ spaceman, astronaut ٌ‫ضائيَّة‬ َ ‫ َم‬/ ‫ضاء‬ ِ َ‫سفينةٌ ْالف‬ ِ َ‫ركبَةٌ ف‬ َ spaceship ٌ‫ضائيَّة‬ ٌ ‫كائ‬ ِ َ‫نات ف‬ ِ UFOs ٍ ‫ فاض‬empty ‫فيض‬ ‫فيض‬ to overflow, flood, or inundate; to flow or stream ُ َ‫فاض – ي‬ َ َ ‫فيض‬ ُ ُ‫فاض – ي‬ َ ‫ أ‬to pour forth; to be verbose; to dwell ُ ‫ض )ف‬ (‫يوض‬ ٌ ٌ ‫ فَْي‬inundation, deluge; abundance; streams ‫اض‬ ٌ ّ‫ فَي‬overflowing, bountiful, liberal ٌ َ‫ فَي‬flood, inundation ٌ (‫ضانات‬ َ‫ضان )فَي‬ (‫ض‬ ِ abundant, plentiful (pl: interest (on money)) ِ َ‫ض )ف‬ ٌ ‫فائ‬ ُ ‫وائ‬ ‫قطب‬ َ َ‫ ق‬to gather or collect; to frown or scowl ‫ب‬ ُ ‫قط‬ ِ َ‫ب – ي‬ َ ‫ط‬

Earth, Nature, and the Environment 373

َّ َ‫ ق‬to frown ِّ ‫ب – ي‬ ‫ب‬ ُ ‫ُقط‬ َ ‫ط‬ ‫ب‬ ُ ‫قط‬ ِ َ ‫قطب – يَست‬ َ َ ‫ ِاست‬to polarise ْ ُ‫ ق‬pole, axis, pivot; leader َ ‫ب )أ‬ (‫قطاب‬ ٌ ٌ ‫ط‬ ْ ُ‫ ْالق‬the North Pole َّ ‫ب‬ ‫ي‬ ُ ‫ط‬ ِ ‫الش‬ ُّ ‫مال‬ ْ ُ‫ ْالق‬the South Pole ‫ي‬ ُ ‫ط‬ ِ ‫ب ْالُج‬ ُّ ‫نوب‬ ُ‫نوبيَّة‬ َّ Antarctica َ ُ‫طبيّة‬ ِ ‫الج‬ ِ ُ‫القارة ُ الق‬ ْ ُ polar ‫ي‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ق‬ ٌّ ِ ‫ي‬ ُّ ‫ الد‬polar bear ِ ُ‫ُّب الق‬ ُّ ‫طب‬ ‫قطاب‬ ‫ست‬ ٌ ِ ‫ ِا‬polarisation ‫قطر‬ ُ َ‫طَر – ي‬ َ َ‫ ق‬to drip or trickle ‫قطُر‬ َّ َ‫ ق‬to let drip; to dribble; to filter; to form a train of camels ّ ِ َ‫طَر – يُق‬ ‫طُر‬ َ َ ‫اط َر – يَت‬ َ َ‫ ت َق‬to come in successive groups; to crowd or flock ‫قاطُر‬ ْ َ‫ ق‬drops َ ٌ ‫طرة ٌ )قَط‬ (‫رات‬ ْ ُ‫ ق‬region, district; country, land; diameter (of a circle) (‫أقطار‬ ) ‫طٌر‬ ٌ ٌ (‫طارات‬ ‫طار )ِق‬ ٌ ‫ ِق‬train; a train or caravan of camels; single file (of soldiers) ‫قمر‬ ‫قمُر‬ ُ َ‫ قََمَر – ي‬to gamble; to defeat in gambling ‫قامُر‬ ِ ُ‫قامَر – ي‬ َ to gamble, stake, bet, or speculate ‫قمُر‬ ِ ُ‫قمر – ي‬ َ َ ‫ أ‬to be moonlit (night) (‫قمار‬ ٌ َ ‫ قََمٌر )أ‬moon; satellite ٌ ‫قامرة‬ ٌ ‫ ِق‬gambling; bet, wager َ ‫ ُم‬/ ‫مار‬ ْ ‫مار‬ ُ ‫ لَِع‬gambling ِ ‫ب الِق‬ ‫قمم‬ ‫ قََّم – يَِقُّم‬to sweep (‫ ِقَّمةٌ )ِقَمٌم‬summit, top, peak ‫شرين‬ ‫الع‬ ‫ ِقَّمةُ َم‬G20 Summit َ ِ ‫جموعة‬ ِ ٌ‫مامة‬ ُ َ ‫ ق‬rubbish, refuse No root

ٌ َ‫ ق‬canal ‫نال‬ ُ َ‫ ق‬Suez Canal ِ ‫السَوْيس‬ ُّ ‫نال‬

374 Earth, Nature, and the Environment

‫ ق ن ى‬/ ‫ق ن و‬ ‫ قَنا – يَقنو‬to acquire or appropriate; to possess or own; to adhere to ‫ قَنَّى – يُقَنّي‬to dig a canal; to acquire ٌ َ‫ قَناة ٌ )قَن‬stream, canal, channel (‫وات‬ ٌ‫َوات دُبلوماسيَّة‬ ٌ ‫ قن‬diplomatic channels ‫كسف‬ ‫ف‬ ِ َ‫ف – ي‬ ُ ‫كس‬ َ ‫ َك‬to be or become dark or gloomy; to be eclipsed; to reprimand َ ‫س‬

or shame َ َ‫ف – ي‬ ‫ف‬ ُ ‫نكِس‬ َ ‫ اِنَك‬to be eclipsed; to be shamed or ashamed; to blush َ ‫س‬ ‫ف‬ ٌ ‫ َكْس‬darkening, eclipse ‫سوف‬ ‫ ُك‬eclipse, solar eclipse ٌ ‫ف‬ ِ dejected, downcast, sad, gloomy ٌ ‫كاس‬ َّ ‫سوف‬ ِ ‫الشمس‬ ‫ ُك‬solar eclipse ُ No root

َ ‫ َك‬star; a planet (‫ب‬ ٌ ‫وك‬ ُ ‫واك‬ ِ ‫ب )َك‬ ٌ (‫ب‬ ُ ‫كواك‬ ِ ) ‫ َكْوَكبة‬star; group, troop, squadron ‫ي‬ ٌّ ‫ َكْوَكِب‬star shaped; stellar, astral ‫كون‬ ُ َ‫كان – ي‬ ‫كون‬ َ to be or to exist; to happen, occur, or take place ‫كوَن – ي َُك ّ ِوُن‬ َّ to make, create, or originate; to bring forth; to shape ‫ ت ََكَّوَن – يَت ََكّوُن‬to be created or formed; to consist of ٌ ‫ َكْوٌن )أ َ ْك‬being, existence; an event (‫وان‬ َ the universe, the cosmos ‫الكْوُن‬ ٌ ‫ ِك‬being, essence, substance ‫يان‬ ٌ ‫ َم‬place, site, location ُ ‫ماك‬ (‫ن‬ ِ َ ‫ أ‬/ ٌ‫كان )أ َ ْمِكنة‬ ٌ ٌ (‫كانات‬ ‫ َمكانَة )َم‬place, location, position; office; influence ٌ َ ‫ ت‬forming, shaping; origination (pl: rock formations) ُ(‫كوين )ت َكاوين‬ ‫ ت ََكُّوٌن‬genesis, birth, origin ٌ ‫كائ‬ (‫نات‬ ِ being, creature ِ ) ‫كائٌن‬ ‫ي‬ ِ living creature ٌّ ‫كائٌن َح‬ ٌ‫ ُمَك ّ ِون‬creator; shaper

Earth, Nature, and the Environment 375

‫لوث‬ ُ َ‫الث – ي‬ َ to pollute, tarnish, or sully; to hesitate ‫لوث‬ ُ‫ُلوث‬ َ ‫ لََّو‬to pollute, tarnish, or sully; to hesitate ِّ ‫ث – ي‬ ُ ‫ث – يَت َلََّو‬ َ ‫ ت َلََّو‬to be stained, tarnished, or polluted ‫ث‬ ٌ ‫ ُملََّو‬stained, tarnished, polluted ‫ث‬ ٌ ‫ ت َلَُّو‬pollution ‫ث‬ No root

ٌ ‫رجان‬ ‫ َم‬small pearls; coral ‫ي‬ ِ ‫ َم‬coral; coral-red ٌّ ‫رجان‬ ُ‫رجانيَّة‬ ُّ coral reefs ُ ‫الش‬ ِ ‫الم‬ َ ‫عاب‬ ٌ‫جانيَّة‬ ِ ‫ َجزيرة ٌ َمْر‬atoll ‫موه‬ (ٌ‫)ِمياه‬

‫ماء‬ ٌ water, liquid, fluid ٌ‫ماء فُرات‬ ٌ ‫ع ْذ‬ َ ‫ماء‬ ٌ fresh or potable water ٌ  / ‫ب‬ carbonated water ‫ي‬ ‫غاز‬ ‫ماء‬ ٌّ ِ ٌ ٌ‫ ِمياهٌ إقليميّة‬territorial waters ٌ‫ ِمياهٌ َجْوِفيّة‬groundwater ٌ‫ساحليّة‬ ِ ٌ‫ ِمياه‬coastal waters ٌ‫عميقَة‬ َ ٌ‫ ِمياه‬deep waters ٌ‫طحيّة‬ ِ ‫س‬ َ ٌ‫ ِمياه‬rivers ‫ياه‬ water shortage ِ ‫الم‬ ِ ‫نقص‬ ُ ُ ‫ياه‬ ِ ‫الم‬ ِ ‫ ت َِنقيَة‬water purification ‫ياه‬ ِ ‫الم‬ ِ ُ‫َحليَة‬ ِ ‫ ت‬water desalination ‫ي‬ ِ aquatic, relating to water ٌّ ‫مائ‬ ‫نقع‬ ‫ نَقَ َع – يَنقَُع‬to stagnate or be stagnant; to quench; to infuse or brew ‫ أَنقََع – ي ُِنقُع‬to soak; to quench (thirst) ‫ ِاست َنقََع – يَست َِنقُع‬to stagnate or be stagnant; to be swamp-like (ground) (‫قوع‬ ٌ ُ‫ ن‬/ ‫قع )أ َ ْنقٌُع‬ ٌ َ‫ ن‬soaking, steeping, infusing (pl: stagnant water, swamps, bogs) ٌ َ‫ ُمست َنقَ ٌع )ُمست َنق‬marsh, swamp (‫عات‬ ‫عات‬ ِ َ‫المْست َنق‬ ُ ‫ ُحّمى‬malaria

376 Earth, Nature, and the Environment

‫نهر‬ ‫نهُر‬ َ َ‫ نََهَر – ي‬to stream forth; to scold or reject; to drive away ‫ ِانت ََهَر – يَنت َِهُر‬to scold; to drive away (‫هور‬ ٌ ُ‫ ن‬/ ‫نهار‬ ٌ َ ‫ أ‬/ ‫نه ٌر‬ ُ َ ‫ نَ َه ٌر )أ‬river, stream ‫يل‬ ِ ّ‫ نََهُر الن‬the Nile َ‫دجلَة‬ ْ ‫ نََهُر‬Tigris River ‫هر ُاالردُِّن‬ ُ َ‫ ن‬Jordan River ُ (‫ ن ُه ٌر‬/ ‫نه ٌر‬ ٌ َ‫ ن‬daytime; day ُ َ ‫هار )أ‬ ‫نوع‬ ‫ع‬ ُ ‫ع – يُنَ ّ ِو‬ َ ‫ نََّو‬to sort or classify; to compose; to diversify; to change or modify ‫ع‬ ُ ‫ع – يَت َنَّو‬ َ ‫ ت َنََّو‬to be diverse in kind or form; to be complex َ (‫نواع‬ ٌ ‫ع )أ‬ ٌ ‫ نَْو‬species, sort, kind; classification َ ‫نويع‬ ٌ ‫ ت‬diversity; change, alteration, modification ‫ع‬ ٌ ‫ ت َُّنو‬diversity, variety, multiplicity; change ٌ ‫ ُمنََّو‬different, diverse, various; complex ‫ع‬ ٌ ‫َنو‬ ِ ّ ‫ ُمت‬/ ‫ع‬ ‫هجن‬ ‫ َهُجَن – يَْهُجُن‬to be incorrect or faulty ‫ َهَّجَن – ي َُه ِ ّجُن‬to censure or disparage ‫َهجُن‬ َ ‫ ِاست‬to consider (sth) bad; to disapprove or condemn ِ ‫َهجَن – يَست‬ ٌ‫ ُهجنَة‬fault, defect; baseness, meanness ٌ ‫ َهَّج‬camel rider (ٌ‫جانَة‬ ّ ‫ان )َه‬ ٌ(‫جين )ُهُجن‬ ٌ ‫ َه‬low, base, mean ُ ‫هجائ‬ (‫ن‬ ِ ) ٌ‫ َهجينة‬hybrid; racing camel ٌ ‫هجان‬ ‫ست‬ ِ ‫ ِا‬disapproval ‫هضب‬ ‫ب‬ ُ ‫هض‬ َ ‫ َه‬to be long-winded or verbose َ ‫ض‬ ِ َ‫ب – ي‬ ٌ ‫ضبَة )ِه‬ (‫ضاب‬ ٌ َ ‫ َه‬hill, mountain, elevation ‫هلهل‬ ‫ َهَّل – يَِهُّل‬to appear or come up; to show (of crescent moon); to begin ‫ َهلََّل – ي َُهِلُّل‬to say ‘la illah illa allah’; to rejoice or applaud

Earth, Nature, and the Environment 377

‫ ت َهلّ َل – يَت َهلَُّل‬to be radiant or glow; to be delighted ‫نهُّل‬ َ َ‫ ِانَهَّل – ي‬to pour down; to undertake َ ‫ أ‬/ ٌ‫الل )أ َِهلَّة‬ ٌ ‫ ِه‬new moon, half moon, crescent ُ (‫هاليل‬ ُ ‫اله‬ ‫حمر‬ ُ ‫الل َاأل‬ ِ the Red Crescent ‫ي‬ ِ ‫ ِه‬crescent shaped, lunar ٌّ ‫الل‬ ٌ َ ‫ ت‬utterance of formula ‘la illaha illa allah’; rejoicing, cheering ُ َ ‫هليل )ت‬ (‫هاليل‬ ‫ ت َهلٌُّل‬joy, jubilation, exultation No root

ٌ (‫واحات‬ ) ٌ‫واحة‬ ٌ oasis َ  / ‫واح‬ No root

ٍ valley (ٌ‫وديَة‬ ِ َ ‫واد )أ‬ ‫وحل‬ ‫ َوِحَل – يَ ْوِحُل‬to get stuck in the mud; to be stuck or stranded; to be in a fix ‫ َوَّحَل – ي َُو ِ ّحُل‬to become muddy ‫ ت ََوّحَل – يَت ََوَّحُل‬to be or become dirty or muddy ٌ ‫ َوْحٌل )ُو‬mud, mire (‫حول‬ ٌ‫ َوِحل‬/ ‫ ُمَوَّحٌل‬muddy, dirty ‫يبس‬ ‫س‬ ُ ‫س – يَْيِب‬ َ ‫ يَِب‬to be or become dry ‫ّس‬ ُ ‫س – يُيَِب‬ َ َّ‫ يَب‬to dry ‫س‬ ٌ ‫ يَْب‬dry, arid ُ‫اليابسة‬ ُ َ‫ الي‬dry land; land, terra firma ِ  / ‫بس‬ ٌ‫بوسة‬ ‫ي‬ dryness (also of speech and writing) ُ َ ‫س‬ ٌ ‫ياب‬ ِ dry, arid, rigid, hard Exercises 1) Give two derived nouns for each of the following roots:

‫ح ب ر‬ ‫ح ي ي‬ ‫خ ر ف‬

378 Earth, Nature, and the Environment

‫ف ر ش‬ ‫ن ج م‬ ‫و ح ش‬ 2) Find the roots of these words:

ٌ‫أسد‬ ‫حاب‬ ِ ‫ِا‬ ٌ ‫نس‬ ٌ‫ت َلَ ُّوث‬ ٌ‫جاذِبيَّة‬ ِ َ ‫َح‬ ‫ب‬ ٌ ‫ط‬ ٌ‫ُرطوبَة‬ ٌ‫طبيعَة‬ َ ٌ‫هربَة‬ َ ‫َك‬ ‫واء‬ ٌ ‫َه‬ 3) Give the plural of the following words (some may have more than one plural):

ُ ‫ابن آوى‬ ٌ‫بيئ َة‬ ٌ‫جربة‬ ِ َ‫ت‬ ٌ ‫زيرة‬ َ ‫َج‬ ٌ ‫هرة‬ َ ‫َز‬ ‫ب‬ ٌّ ‫ض‬ َ ٌ‫عاصفَة‬ ِ ‫قََمٌر‬ ‫سيم‬ ٌ َ‫ن‬ 4) Give the present tense of the following verbs:

‫س‬ َ ‫ ِافت ََر‬to kill prey ‫ دَ َّوَد‬to be or become worm-eaten ‫ َزْرَزَر‬to chirp ‫شتَّى‬ َ to rain; to pass the winter; to hibernate ‫طار‬ َ to fly ‫ نَبََح‬to bark 5) Translate these sentences into Arabic: a) Climate change is a global problem. b) The weather forecast: sunny and humid.

‫‪Earth, Nature, and the Environment 379‬‬ ‫‪c) Pollution is a direct result of human behaviour.‬‬ ‫‪d) Russia increases the price of petrol.‬‬ ‫‪6) Translate these sentences into English:‬‬

‫األوروبيَِّة ‬ ‫قارة ‬ ‫قبل‪.‬‬ ‫الم َ‬ ‫– َمْوَجةُ َح ٍ ّر ُمقبلةٌ على ْال َّ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫األسبوع ُ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫يدرس أخي ِ ّ‬ ‫جامعَِة ”كامبريدج“‪.‬‬ ‫–‬ ‫الط ُّ‬ ‫ي في ِ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫ب البَْي ِ‬ ‫طر ُّ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫ي ٌ‬ ‫َجدّدَةِ‪.‬‬ ‫المت ِ‬ ‫– طاقَة ِ ّ‬ ‫نوع من أنواعِ الطاقَ ِة ُ‬ ‫الرياح ِه َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫نهيار ‬ ‫سقوف الَمباني‪.‬‬ ‫– ِإ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ٌ‬ ‫عصار في ألمانيا تسبب في ا ُ‬ ‫ٌ‬ ‫ٌ‬ ‫ٌ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫تعرض ْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ت أوكرانيا ِلهجوم ٍ من روسيا؟‬ ‫إذا‬ ‫حتملة‬ ‫م‬ ‫َّة‬ ‫ي‬ ‫و‬ ‫و‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ث‬ ‫كار‬ ‫هل‬ ‫–‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ ِ ُ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫‪Note‬‬ ‫‪1 This is used in the dialects to mean ‘cold’.‬‬

10 Information Technology

‫ت‬ ِ ‫تقن يَّ ةُ ال َم ع ل وما‬ ِ

No root

ٌ َ‫ أَداة ٌ )أَد‬tool, instrument; apparatus, device (‫وات‬ ُ َ‫ أَد‬language tools ‫غة‬ ِ ُّ‫وات الل‬ No root (ٍ ‫ أ َسام‬/ ‫سماء‬ ٌ َ ‫ اسم )أ‬name; reputation; noun (grammar) ‫الكامُل‬ ِ ‫سم‬ ُ ‫ ِاال‬full name ‫عار‬ ُ َ ‫المست‬ ُ ‫سم‬ ُ ‫ ِاال‬alias No root

ْ online listing ‫َرنت‬ ّ ِ ‫راج‬ ِ ‫على اإلنت‬ ُ ‫إد‬ َ ِ‫السلَع‬ ٌ ‫حت‬ ‫َرنت‬ ِ ‫عْبَر اإلنت‬ ِ ‫ ِا‬phishing, online fraud َ ‫يال‬ ‫َرنت‬ ِ ‫ اإلنت‬the internet ُ َ ‫ أ‬internet security ‫َرنت‬ ِ ‫من اإلنت‬ ‫َرنت‬ ُّ ‫ ت ََج‬online spying ِ ‫عْبَر اإلنت‬ ٌ ‫س‬ َ ‫س‬ ‫َرنت‬ ِ ‫ ت ََسُّوُق على اإلنت‬internet shopping ‫َرنت‬ ِ ‫ ت َغطيةُ اإلنت‬internet coverage ‫رنت‬ ِ َ ‫ ت َهديدٌ على اإلنت‬cyberthreat ُ net generation ‫َرنت‬ ِ ‫جيل اإلنت‬ ‫َرنت‬ ِ ‫ عالَُم االنت‬cyberspace, internet space ‫َرنت‬ ِ ‫ كاميرا اإلنت‬webcam ‫َرنت‬ ِ ‫تجٌر على اإلنت‬ َ ‫ َم‬online shop ُ ‫َرنت‬ ‫اإلنت‬ ‫حتال‬ ‫م‬ internet scammer ِ ُ ‫َرنت‬ ِ ‫ ُمزايَدَة ٌ على اإلنت‬online bidding ‫َرنت‬ ِ ‫عْبَر اإلنت‬ َ ٌ ‫طاردة‬ َ ‫ ُم‬cyberstalking ْ ‫َرنت‬ ِ ‫ َمقهى اإلنت‬internet café DOI: 10.4324/9781003250890-11

Information Technology 381

‫َرنت‬ ِ ‫ ُمنت َدى اإلنت‬discussion forum ‫َرنت‬ ِ ‫ ميم اإلنت‬internet meme ‫َرنت‬ ‫الح‬ ِ ‫كة على اإلنت‬ ِ ‫شار‬ ُ ‫ ِنسبَة‬online presence ُ ‫ضور‬ َ ‫والم‬ ِ ُ َ‫ ن‬internet activism ‫َرنت‬ ِ ‫شاط اإلنت‬ ‫َرنت‬ ِ ‫عْبَر اإلنت‬ َ ‫جوم‬ ٌ ‫ ُه‬cyberattack No root

‫ي‬ ‫ ِإل‬electronic (loanword), eِ ٌّ ‫كترون‬ ٌ‫كترونيَّة‬ َ ُ ‫ستمارة‬ ‫ب ِإل‬ ِ ِ ‫ ِا‬online application ٍ َ‫طل‬ ُ ‫اإللكترونِيَِّة‬ ِ ‫طاقات الت َّ ْهنِئ َِة‬ ِ‫ ب‬e-cards ٌ‫كترونيَّة‬ ٌ ‫ ِتجارة ِإل‬e-commerce, e-business ِ ‫ي‬ ‫كترون‬ ‫إل‬ ‫س‬ ُّ ‫ ت ََج‬online spying ِ ِ ٌ ‫س‬ ٌّ ٌ َ ‫ ت‬e-marketing ‫ي‬ ‫سويق ِإل‬ ِ ٌّ ‫كترون‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ ت َنَُّمر ِإل‬cyberbullying ِ ٌّ ‫كترون‬ ُ‫اآلمنة‬ ُ ُ ‫اإلل‬ ‫ ِخ‬secure online payment service ِ ‫كترونيَّة‬ ِ ِ ِ‫دمات الد َّْفع‬ ٌ‫كترونيَّة‬ ٌ ‫دمات ِإل‬ ‫ ِخ‬e-services ِ ‫ي‬ ‫فع ِإل‬ ِ ٌ َ‫ د‬e-payment ٌّ ‫كترون‬ ‫ي‬ ‫تاب ِإل‬ ٌ ‫ ِك‬e-book ِ ٌّ ‫كترون‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ ُمجت ََمٌع ِإل‬online community ِ ٌّ ‫كترون‬ ‫ي‬ ‫كترون‬ ‫إل‬ ِ ِ ٌ‫ َمزاد‬online auction ٌّ ‫كترونيَِّة‬ ‫اإلل‬ ِ ِ ‫جارِة‬ ِ ‫ َم‬e-commerce site َ ‫وقٌع ِلِلت‬ ‫أمر‬ (Full treatment in Politics chapter)

ٌ ‫)ُمؤت ََم‬ (‫رات‬

‫ ُمؤت ََمٌر‬conference, convention, congress ٍ ‫عقدُ ُمؤت ََم‬ ‫َرنت‬ ِ ‫عْبَر اإلنت‬ َ ‫رات‬ َ web conferencing ‫يانات‬ ِ ِ ‫عقدُ ُمؤت ََم‬ َ‫رات الب‬ َ data conferencing ْ ْ ‫رات ِبال‬ ٍ ‫عقدُ ُمؤت ََم‬ ‫فيديو‬ َ videoconferencing ‫بحث‬ (Full treatment in Education chapter)

ُ ‫ث – يَ ْبَح‬ َ ‫ بََح‬to search ‫ث‬ ُ ‫حث‬ web search engine ِ َ‫ َمْوِقُع ُمَح ِ ّرِك الب‬/ ‫حث‬ ِ َ‫ ُمَح ِ ّرُك ْالب‬/ ‫الباحوث‬ ْ َ‫حث َاألْمث ِل‬ ِ َ‫ ُمَح ِ ّرُك الب‬search engine optimisation (SEO) ْ ‫حث‬ ِ َ‫تائجِ الب‬ ِ َ‫آخُر ن‬ ِ recent searches

382 Information Technology

‫برد‬ (Same root letters as ‘feeling cold, getting a cold’ but different root)

ُ‫برد‬ َ َ ‫ أ‬to send by mail; to mail ِ ُ‫بردَ – ي‬ ٌ‫ بَريد‬post, mail ‫ريد‬ ِ َ‫ ساعي ْالب‬postman ‫ي‬ َ ٌ‫ بَريد‬voicemail ٌّ ‫صْوِت‬ ‫ريد‬ ِ َ‫قائمةُ ْالب‬ ِ mailing list ‫سٌل‬ َ ‫ بَريدٌ ُمْر‬sent mail ُ ‫صْن‬ ‫الوارِد‬ ِ َ‫دوق الب‬ ُ inbox ِ ‫ريد‬ ُ ‫صْن‬ ‫الصِادِر‬ ِ َ‫دوق الب‬ ّ ‫ريد‬ ُ outbox َ ‫ريد‬ ‫فيه‬ ‫الم‬ ِ َ‫ إرسال الب‬/ ِ‫الم ْز ِعج‬ ِ َ‫ إرسال الب‬spamming ِ ‫رغوب‬ ُ ‫غ‬ ِ ُ ‫ريد‬ َ ‫ير‬ َ ‫سائِل‬ ‫غوبة‬ ‫المْر‬ ِ ِ ‫الر‬ َّ ‫ ُمْرِسُل‬spammer َ ‫غْيِر‬ ٌ ‫ي‬ ‫ بَريد ِإِل‬email ِ ٌّ ‫كترون‬ ٍ َ‫ساب ب‬ ‫ي‬ ‫كترون‬ ‫ل‬ ُ ‫ ِح‬email account ِ ِ ‫ريد ِإ‬ ٍّ ُ ‫عْن‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ريد ِاإلِل‬ ِ َ‫وان ْالب‬ ُ email address ِ ّ ‫كترون‬ No root (A verb that has been formed through the process of verbing)

‫رمُج‬ ِ َ‫رمَج – يُب‬ َ َ‫ ب‬to programme (‫ج‬ ِ َ‫رنامٌج )ب‬ ُ ‫رام‬ َ َ‫ ب‬a programme or schedule ْ ‫حاسوب‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ج‬ ‫رنام‬ ُ ِ َ َ‫ ب‬software ْ َ ‫ ُم‬software developer ِ َ‫ط ّ ِو ُر الب‬ ِ‫رامج‬ َ ‫صان ِطروادَة‬ َ َ‫ ب‬Trojan ِ ‫رنامُج ِح‬ ْ ٌ َ ‫يروسات‬ ‫رامُج ُمضادَّة ِللف‬ ِ ِ َ‫ ب‬antivirus software ٌ‫رمَجة‬ ‫ب‬ programming َ َ ٌ‫رمجيّات ت َْطبيقيَّة‬ َ َ‫ ب‬application software ٌ‫ات َخبيثَة‬ ٌ ّ‫رمجي‬ َ َ‫ ب‬malicious software, malware ُ ٍ ‫سس‬ ُّ ‫رمجيّات ت ََج‬ َ َ‫ ب‬spyware ‫رمٌج‬ ‫ب‬ ‫م‬ programmed َ َُ ‫بوب‬ ‫ب‬ ُ ‫ب – يُبَ ّ ِو‬ َ ‫ بَ َّو‬to divide into sections; to arrange or classify ٌ  / ‫بواب‬ (‫بيبان‬ ٌ َ ‫باب )أ‬ ٌ door, gate, entrance ٌ(‫ بَّوابةٌ )بَ ّوابات‬large gate, portal

Information Technology 383

‫َرنت‬ ِ ‫ بََّوابةُ اإلنت‬web portal ‫ويب‬ ٍ ‫المةُ ت َْب‬ َ tab َ ‫ع‬ ‫بين‬ (Full treatment in Media chapter)

ٌ َ‫ ب‬data; clarity; announcement ‫يان‬ ْ ‫يانات‬ ِ َ‫ ِإدارة ُ الب‬data management ُ َ ‫ ت‬data storage ‫يانات‬ ِ َ‫خزين ْالب‬ ْ ُ ‫يانات‬ ِ ِ database َ‫قاعدة الب‬ ‫يانات‬ ‫عالجةُ ْال َب‬ ِ َ ‫ ُم‬data processing ‫ باند ويدث‬/ ‫يانات‬ ِ َ‫َقل الب‬ ِ ‫ ُمعَد َُّل ن‬internet bandwidth ‫فتوح‬ ٌ ‫ باند ويدث َم‬unlimited bandwidth ٌ (‫يانات‬ َ‫)ب‬

‫تبع‬ ‫ ت َِبَع – يَتْبَُع‬to follow or succeed; to trail or pursue; to observe ‫ُتابُع‬ ِ ‫ تابَ َع – ي‬to follow up; to agree; to pursue or chase ‫ ت َتابََع – يَت َتابَُع‬to be consecutive or successive ‫بع‬ ُ ّ ‫ ِاتَّبَع – يَِت‬to follow or come after; to prosecute (‫تباع‬ ٌ َ ‫ ت َْب ٌع )أ‬succession; subordinate (pl: followers) ٌ ‫َبعي‬ (‫ّات‬ ِ ‫ ت َبَِعيَّةٌ )ت‬subordination; dependency, reliance; citizenship ُ‫ الت ّ ِابِعيَّة‬following (online) ‫عة‬ ِ َ‫المتاب‬ ُ ‫غاء‬ ُ ‫ ْإل‬unfollowing (online) ‫ ُمت َِّبٌع‬/ ‫بوع‬ ٌ ْ‫ َمت‬followed; succeeded (‫عون‬ َ ‫تاب‬ ِ ‫ ُم‬follower (on a blog, site) ِ ‫تابٌع )ُم‬ ‫جرى‬ (Full treatment in Politics chapter)

‫ َجرى – يَجري‬to occur or take place; to flow or stream; to hurry ...‫ جاري ال‬/ ‫جار‬ ٍ in progress, in the process of َّ ‫قيق‬ ِ ‫ جاري الت ْح‬verifying ‫جيه‬ ‫ جاري‬redirecting ِ ‫إعادة الت َّ ْو‬ ِ ‫سال‬ ِ ‫ جاري ِاالْر‬sending ‫صال‬ ِ ّ ‫ جاري ِاالِت‬connecting ‫ف‬ ِ ‫الحْذ‬ َ ‫ جاري‬deleting

384 Information Technology

‫جمع‬ (Full treatment in Education chapter)

ُ ‫َرن‬ ‫اعي‬ ‫جت‬ ِ ‫ ْالويب ِاال‬/ ‫ماعي‬ ِ ‫ت ِاال‬ ِ ‫ اإلنت‬the web, the social web ُّ ‫جتم‬ ُّ ُ‫جاهات ِاالجتماعيَّة‬ ُ ّ ُ ‫الم‬ ُ ‫  ِاالت‬/ ‫يول ِاالجتماعيَّة‬ ُ social trends ِ social media ‫ماعي‬ ‫جت‬ ِ ‫إعالم ا‬ ٌ ٌّ electronic media ‫ي‬ ‫كترون‬ ‫ل‬ ‫إ‬ ‫إعالم‬ ِ ِ ِ ٌ ٌّ ‫جهز‬ َ ‫ َج‬to finish (someone) off ‫هز – يَْجَهُز‬ ‫ َجَّهَز – يَُج ِ ّهُز‬to arrange or prepare; to supply, provide, or equip ٌ ‫ ِج‬device, equipment, apparatus (ٌ ‫جهَزة‬ ِ َ ‫هاز )أ‬ ُ ‫ ِج‬output device ٍ‫هاز َخرج‬ ْ ‫زة‬ ِ ٌ‫ نُْقطة‬mobile hotspot ِ ‫ساخنةٌ ِلَأل ْجِه‬ ‫جول‬ (Full treatment in Politics chapter)

‫ ت ََجَّوَل – يَت ََجَّوُل‬to surf the web; to roam, patrol, or wander َّ ‫بر‬ ‫كة العالَِميَِّة‬ ِ َ‫الشب‬ َ ‫ ت ََجُّوٌل‬surfing the net َ ‫ع‬ ٌ ‫ َجْولَةٌ )َجْو‬circuit; patrol; trip, tour (‫الت‬ ٌ‫راضيّة‬ ِ ‫ َجْولَةٌ ِا‬virtual tour ِ ‫فت‬ ٌ ‫ َجّو‬mobile phones ٌ ‫ال )َجّو‬ (‫االت‬ ُ‫الجّوال‬ ِ ‫ اإلنت‬the mobile internet َ ‫َرنت‬ ‫ال‬ ‫و‬ ‫الج‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ب‬ ْ ِ ‫َصِفُّح اإلنت‬ َ ‫َرنت‬ ِ َّ َ ‫ع‬ َ ‫ ُمت‬mobile browser ْ ُ ‫ال‬ ‫ ت َط‬mobile applications, mobile apps َ ‫بيقات‬ ِ ‫الجّو‬ ٌ ‫ َم‬domain, field; theories; room, space ٌ (‫جاالت‬ ‫جال )َم‬ ْ ِ ‫جال‬ ِ ‫سم الَم‬ ُ ‫ ا‬domain name ‫حجب‬ (Full treatment in Culture chapter)

‫حجوب‬ ‫ َم‬concealed; appear offline; blocked ٌ ٌ ‫راب‬ ‫حجوب‬ ‫ط َم‬ ٌ ِ blocked link ‫حجوب‬ ‫َخدٌم َم‬ ِ ‫ ُمست‬blocked user ٌ

Information Technology 385

‫حدث‬ ُ ‫ث – ي َُحِد‬ َ َّ‫ َحد‬to upgrade or update (system or software); to tell or relate ‫ّث‬ ٌ ٌ َ ‫ ت‬update َ ‫حديث )ت‬ (‫حديثات‬ َّ ‫حديث‬ ‫ جاري الت‬updating ِ ُ َ ‫ ت‬system upgrade ِ ‫حديث النِّظام‬ ‫حسب‬ (Full treatment in Work chapter)

‫ ُكْمْبيوت ٌَر‬/ ‫ي‬ computer ‫حاسوب ِإل‬ ٌ ِ ٌ ‫كترون‬ desktop computer ‫ي‬ ٌ ٌّ ‫حاسوب َمكت َِب‬ ْ notebook ‫ي‬ ٌ ِ ‫حاسوب دَف‬ ٌّ ‫تر‬ ٌ ّ‫حاسوب نَق‬ ٌ ‫ال‬ ‫حاسوب َم‬  / ‫حمول‬ laptop ٌ ٌ ‫َرنت‬ netbook ٌ ِ ‫َصفُّح اإلنت‬ َ ‫حاسوب ِلت‬ َ tablet PC ‫ي‬ ٌ ٌّ ‫حاسوب لْوِح‬ ْ ‫حاسوب‬ ‫عتادُ ال‬ ِ َ computer hardware ْ ‫حاسوب‬ ‫ال‬ ‫م‬ ‫عال‬ ‫عالُم‬ ِ ِ computer scientist ِ ِ ُ  / ‫الكمبيوتر‬ ْ ْ ‫حاسوب‬ ‫( فأرة ُ ال‬computer) mouse ِ ‫حاسوب‬ ‫فيروس ْال‬ computer virus ِ ُ ْ ُ ‫حاسوب‬ ‫ذاكرة ال‬ ِ computer memory ِ ‫حفظ‬ (Full treatment in Politics chapter)

ُ َ‫ظ – يَْحف‬ َ ‫ َحِف‬to save ‫ظ‬ . . . ‫اسم‬ ْ ‫الحْفظ ِب‬ ِ to save as . . . ُ ْ ‫ييرات‬ ‫ ِحفظ الت َْغ‬save changes ِ ‫حمل‬ (Full treatment in Health chapter)

‫ َحَّمَل – ي َُحّمُل‬to upload (a file); to load (software); to load or burden ٌ َ ‫ ت‬uploading (a file); loading, burdening ‫حميل‬ َ ‫ ت‬music upload ُ ‫حميل َاألغاني‬ َّ ‫حميل‬ ‫ جاري الت‬loading ِ ٌ‫ ت َحميالت‬uploads

386 Information Technology

‫خدم‬ (Full treatment in Work chapter)

ٍ ‫يرفَر‬  / ‫خادٌم‬ ُ ‫ قاعدة‬server ِ  / ‫َرنت‬ ِ ‫بيانات ِلإلنت‬ ْ ‫ ِس‬/ ‫خادوم‬ ٌ ‫دمة بروكسي‬ proxy server ُ ِ ‫حاسوب ِخ‬ ّ ْ َ ‫صال ِباإلنترنِت‬ ِ ‫ ُم َز ّ ِودُ ِخد‬internet service provider ِ ‫مة ِاالِت‬ ‫خادٌم ِآمٌن‬ ِ secure server (‫ون‬ َ ‫خدم‬ ِ َ ‫ ُمست‬user; employee ِ َ ‫خدٌم )ُمست‬ ِ ‫َخدم‬ ِ ‫المْست‬ ُ ‫ ِح‬user account ُ ‫ساب‬ ِ ‫َخدم‬ ِ ‫المْست‬ ُ ‫سم‬ ُ ِ‫ ا‬username ِ ‫واجهةُ ِاالْسِتخدام‬ ِ user interface ‫خرق‬ (Full treatment in Politics chapter)

ٌ ‫خت‬ ‫راق‬ ِ ‫ ِا‬hacking; breakthrough, penetration ُ ُ ِ‫ اِخت‬computer hacking, internet piracy ‫رنت‬ ‫زة‬ ِ َ ‫رصنة ِاالنت‬ ِ ‫راق أ َ ْجِه‬ ٌ َ ‫ ت‬/ ‫الحاسوب‬ ِ َ َ‫ ق‬/ ‫هكير‬ َ ُ ِ ‫الحاسوب‬ ‫زة‬ ِ ‫ناشط ا‬ ِ hacktivist ِ ‫راق أ ْجِه‬ ِ ِ ‫خت‬ ُ َ َ‫ ق‬/ ٌ‫راصنة‬ ٌ ُ ‫رصان‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ق‬ (‫راصين‬ ) hacktivist ِ َ ُ ‫الحاسوب‬ ‫زة‬ ِ ‫ نَشاط ِا‬hacktivism ِ ‫راق أ ْجِه‬ ِ ِ ‫خت‬ ٌ (‫راقات‬ ‫خت‬ ِ ‫)ِا‬

‫خزن‬ (Full treatment in Work chapter)

ٌ َ ‫ ت‬storage; store ‫خزين‬ ُ ‫ ِج‬/ ‫خزين‬ َ ‫هاز ت‬ َ ‫ َوسيلَةُ ت‬storage device ‫خزين‬ ٍ ٍ ٌ َ ‫ ت‬web storage ‫على اإلنت َرنِت‬ َ ‫خزين‬ ْ ٌ ٌ َّ‫خزين ُمَؤق‬ َ ‫ ت‬buffering ‫يانات‬ ِ َ‫ت ِللب‬ ٌ َ ‫ ت‬cloud storage ‫ي‬ َ ‫خزين‬ ِ ‫س‬ ٌّ ‫حاب‬ ‫خصر‬ (Full treatment in Health chapter)

ٌ (‫صارات‬ ‫خت‬ ِ ِ‫ ا‬shortcut; summarisation ِ ِ‫صار )ا‬ ٌ ‫خت‬ ‫خفى‬ ‫ َخفى – يَخفي‬to hide or conceal

Information Technology 387

‫ي‬ ِ ‫ َم‬/ ‫ي‬ ٌّ ‫خق‬ ٌّ ‫ َخِف‬hidden, concealed; secret, unknown hide; hiding, concealment ‫إخفاء‬ ٌ No root (A verb that has been formed through the process of verbing)

‫ش‬ ُّ ‫ش – يُدَ ْرِد‬ َ َ‫ دَْرد‬to chat ٌ‫شة‬ َ َ‫ دَ ْرد‬idle talk, chatter ‫َرنت‬ ِ ‫ دَ ْردَشةُ اإلنت‬chat ُ chatroom ‫شة‬ ٍ َ‫غْرفةُ دَ ْرد‬ ٌ‫دشةٌ َمْرِئيّة‬ َ ‫ دَْر‬video chat ‫دفع‬ (Full treatment in Work chapter)

‫ق‬ ٌ َ‫ د‬to nudge or push (on social media) ٍ ‫فع ِبِرْف‬ ْ ٌ ‫ دَْفعَةٌ )دَف‬a push or nudge (on social media) (‫عات‬ ‫دول‬ (Full treatment in Politics chapter)

‫َداوٌل‬ ُ ‫ ت‬access access attempt ‫داول‬ ٍ َ ‫محاولَةُ ت‬ َ ُ ‫ َر‬access code ‫داوِل‬ ُ َّ ‫ كود الت‬/ ‫داوِل‬ ُ َّ ‫مز الت‬ ‫دون‬ ‫ُدوُن‬ ِ ّ ‫ دََّوَن – ي‬to blog; to record, register, or write down; to book (something) ُ‫ ت َدَ َّوَن – يَت َدَ ّون‬to be recorded or written down ٌ ُ (‫دواوين‬ ) ‫ديوان‬ an anthology; account books; governmental offices ٌ َ ‫ ت‬blogging; recording, writing down ‫دوين‬ ‫دوين‬ ٍ َ ‫ َمْوِق ُع ت‬blogging site ٌ َ ‫ ت‬video blogging, vlogging ُ َ ‫ ت‬/ ‫ي‬ ‫دوين فيديو‬ ٌّ ‫دوين َم ْرِئ‬ ٌ َ ‫ ت َدوينَةٌ )ت‬blog post (‫دوينات‬ ٌ َ ‫ ت‬related posts ُ ‫دوينات‬ ‫القة‬ ٍ ‫ع‬ َ ‫ذات‬ (‫نون‬ َ ‫ ُمدَ ّ ِوٌن )ُمدَ ّ ِو‬blogger ٌ ‫دون‬ (‫َات‬ ّ ‫ ُمدَ َّونَةٌ )ُم‬a record or note; body of laws (pl: writings) ْ ُ‫ ُمدَ َّونة‬/ ٌ‫رئية‬ ‫فيديو‬ ِ ‫ ُمدَ َّونَةٌ َم‬video blog, vlog ٌ‫صْوتيّة‬ ٌ َ ‫ ُمدَ َّونَة‬podcast (literally audio blog)

388 Information Technology

‫ربط‬ ُ ‫رب‬ َ َ‫ َرب‬to bind or tie up; to fasten or attach ‫ط‬ ِ َ‫ط – ي‬ ُ‫ط – يَْرِتبط‬ َ َ‫ ِارت َب‬to be linked or connected; to bind or commit oneself; to be tied ٌ ‫ َرْب‬connecting, binding, fastening ‫ط‬ ٌ ‫رت‬ ‫باط‬ ِ ‫ ِا‬connection, link; commitment ٌ ‫راب‬ ُ(‫وابط‬ َ ‫راب‬ ِ  / ٌ‫طة‬ ِ link; internet link; union, league ِ ‫ط )َر‬ ٌ ‫رابط ُمَمَّوٌل‬ ِ sponsored link ُ ‫واب‬ ٌ ‫ط ُمفيدَة‬ ِ ‫ َر‬useful links ٌ ‫ط‬ ‫َب‬ ‫ت‬ (‫ب‬ ) ِ ِ ‫ ُمْر‬connected, linked (with) ‫رجع‬ (Full treatment in Education chapter)

‫رجاع‬ ٌ ‫ست‬ ِ ‫ ِا‬recovery, retrieval; withdrawal ‫يات الموبايل‬ ‫ست‬ ُ ِ ‫رجاع ُمْشت ََر‬ ِ ‫ ِا‬restoring mobile purchases ٌ‫المةٌ َمْرِجِعيّة‬ َ bookmark َ ‫ع‬ ‫ردد‬ (Full treatment in Politics chapter)

ُّ‫ ِارت َدَّ – يَرت َد‬to bounce (emails) (ٌ ‫ َردٌّ )ُردود‬answer, reply; rejection ‫الفعل‬ ُّ‫ َرد‬reaction; feedback ِ ‫حايدٍَة‬ ٍ ‫ ُردودُ ِف‬neutral feedback ِ ‫عل ُم‬ ٌ‫إيجابيّة‬ ‫عل‬ ٍ ‫ ُردودُ ِف‬positive feedback ِ ٌ‫سلبيّة‬ َ ‫ ُردودُ ِفْعٍل‬negative feedback ‫رسل‬ (Full treatment in Media chapter)

ٌ ‫إرسال‬ submitting, sending (‫لون‬ َ ‫رس‬ ِ ‫رسٌل )ُم‬ ِ ‫ ُم‬sender (person); transmitter ‫إليه‬ ‫م‬ recipient ِ ‫رسٌل‬ َ ُ ‫سالة‬ ٍ ‫ ِكتابةُ ِر‬/ ‫صياغةُ ِرسالَ ٍة‬ ِ composing a message ٌ‫صيَّة‬ ٌ َ ّ ِ َ‫ ِرسالة ن‬text message

Information Technology 389

ٌ‫ ِرسالَةٌ َمْرِئيَّة‬video message ٌ‫صْوتِيَّة‬ َ ٌ‫ ِرسالَة‬voice message ‫صيرِة‬ ّ ِ ُ‫ ِخْدمة‬short message service (SMS) َ َ‫الرسالَِة ْالق‬ ٌ‫راسلَةٌ فَ ْوِريَّة‬ َ ‫ ُم‬instant messaging (IM) ‫رقب‬ (Full treatment in Media chapter)

‫َرنت‬ ِ ‫الرقابةُ على اإلنت‬ ِ internet censorship ‫داوِل‬ ِ ُّ‫ ُمراقَبةُ الد‬access control ُ َّ ‫  ُمراقَبةُ الت‬/ ‫خول‬ ‫رقم‬ ‫ َرقََم – يَرقُ ُم‬to write; to imprint or mark; to number ‫ َرقََّم – يَُرقُّم‬to digitise; to number; to rule (‫رقام‬ ٌ َ ‫ َرقٌَم )أ‬numeral, number ‫ي‬ ِ ‫ َر‬digital ٌّ ‫قم‬ ‫ي‬ ٌ ‫ ِك‬digital book ِ ‫تاب َر‬ ٌّ ‫قم‬ ٌّ ‫ي‬ ‫قم‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ل‬ ِ ٌّ َ ‫ ِظ‬digital footprint (literally digital shadow) ٌ‫قميَّة‬ ِ ‫ صورة ٌ َر‬digital image ٌ‫قميَّة‬ ِ ‫ بَصمةٌ َر‬internet identity (literally digital fingerprint) ٌ‫قميَّة‬ َ digital network ِ ‫شبَكةٌ َر‬ ٌ‫قميَّة‬ digital signal ِ ‫إشارة ٌ َر‬ َ ‫قميَِّة‬ ُ ‫ قُ َّوة‬signal strength ِ ‫الر‬ ِ َّ ‫اإلشارة‬ ‫رمز‬ ‫ َرَمَز – يَْرِمُز‬to make a sign; to wink or nod; to point ٌ ‫مز )ُر‬ ٌ ‫ َر‬a sign, nod, or wink; symbol; hint, allusion (‫موز‬ ُ ‫ ُر‬emoticons ‫شاعِر‬ ِ ‫الم‬ َ ‫موز‬ ُ ‫ ُر‬computer code ‫الحاسوب‬ ‫موز‬ ِ ُّ َ ‫الر‬ ‫موز‬ ُّ ‫ حل‬to decode ‫ي‬ ‫ز‬ ‫م‬ ٌّ ِ ْ ‫ َر‬symbolic; in code (also a boy’s name) ٌ‫مزيَّة‬ ِ ‫ َكِلَمةٌ َر‬code word ٌ‫مزيَّة‬ ِ ‫ ِرسالَةٌ َر‬encoded message ٌ ّ‫ َرْمزي‬cipher, code ‫ات‬

390 Information Technology

‫رود‬ (Full treatment in Earth chapter) (ٌ ‫رائد ٌ )ُرّواد‬ ِ surfer or reader (online); visitor, scout, explorer

‫سجل‬ (Full treatment in Education chapter)

ٌ ّ‫)ِسِجال‬ (‫ت‬

‫ ِسِجٌّل‬list, register; records ‫خصيِّة‬ َ ‫القات‬ ِ ِ ‫الش‬ َ‫ ِسِجُّل الع‬online contacts ٌ ‫ ت َْس‬sign-up (for mailing list or website) ‫جيل‬ ٌ ُ‫ د‬log in, sign in ُ ‫ ت َ ْس‬/ ‫خول‬ ‫خول‬ ِ ُّ‫جيل الد‬ ُ ‫جيل‬ ُ ‫ ت َْس‬/ ‫روج‬ ٌ ‫ ُخ‬sign off, log off ِ‫الخروج‬ ‫سحب‬ (Full treatment in Earth chapter)

‫ب‬ ُ ‫سح‬ َ ‫سَح‬ َ to drag (a file); to pull or drag; to withdraw َ َ‫ب – ي‬ ْ‫سقط‬ َ ُ ‫حب‬  / ‫واإلسقاط‬ ْ َّ drag and drop ُ ‫الس‬ ِ ‫إسحب وأ‬ ‫سلك‬ ‫سلَ َك – يَسلُُك‬ َ to follow or travel (a road); to behave; to thread (a needle) ‫سلُك‬ ِ ُ‫ أسلََك – ي‬to insert; to thread a needle َ ‫لك )أ‬ ٌ ٌ ‫ ِس‬wire, thread, string; line (‫سالك‬ ْ ‫ي‬ ٌّ ‫ ِسلِك‬by wire; wire (adj) ‫ي‬ ٌّ ‫ ال ِسْلِك‬wireless, radio (noun, adj) ٌ‫السْلِكيَّة‬ ِ ٌ ‫ قناة‬radio channel ٌ‫السْلِكيَّة‬ ّ ‫ ِات‬wireless or radio communications ٌ ِ ‫صاالت‬ ٌ َ‫ ب‬Wi-Fi ‫فاي‬ ِ ‫فائُق‬ ُّ ‫الدقِّة‬ ِ ‫والس‬ ِ ‫ي‬ ِ ‫ث‬ ْ ‫واي‬ ْ  / ‫رعة‬ ٌّ ‫السْلِك‬ ‫سود‬ ُ‫سَّودَ – ي َُس ّ ِود‬ َ to draft; to scribble; to make black ٌ‫سواد‬ black or dark َ َ (ٌ ‫سود ُ )سود‬ َ ‫ أ‬black ٌ‫ ت َسويد‬rough draft ٌ ‫ ُمْسَودَّة ٌ )ُمْسَود‬draft; rough copy (‫ّات‬

Information Technology 391

‫شبك‬ ‫شبُك‬ َ to entangle; to fasten or attach ِ َ‫شبََك – ي‬ ‫ ت ََشبََّك – يَت َشبَُّك‬to be entwined; to be or become complicated ‫ اِشت َبََك – يَشت َِبُك‬to be or become entangled; to be complicated; to merge or fuse ٍ ‫ َمْوِقُع ت َْش‬social networking site ِ ‫بيك ِاْجِت‬ ٍ‫ي‬ ّ ‫ماع‬ ٌ َ ‫شب‬ ٌ ‫ش‬ (‫ك‬ َ  / ‫بكات‬ َ net, snare; network َ ) ٌ‫شبَكة‬ ُ ‫ت‬ ‫اإلل‬ َ  / ‫كتروني ِّة‬ َ internet ِ ‫َرن‬ ِ ‫شبَكةُ ْالمعلو‬ ِ ‫شبََكة اإلنت‬ ِ ِ ‫مات‬ ُ ُ‫الميّة‬ ُ َ َّ َ World Wide Web (www) ِ ‫َرن‬ ِ ‫شبَكة اإلنت‬ ِ ‫ الشبكة الع‬/ ‫ت العالميِّة‬ َّ ‫على‬ ‫الشبََكِة‬ online َ َّ ‫خارُج‬ ‫كة‬ ِ َ‫الشب‬ ِ offline ُ‫الشبَكيَّة‬ َ the retina (eye) ُ network; window ٌ ‫شب‬ ُ(‫شبابيك‬ َ ) ‫ّاك‬ ‫شخص‬ (Full treatment in Education chapter)

‫ي‬ َ ‫ َمْوِقٌع‬personal site ِ ‫شْخ‬ ٌّ ‫ص‬ ٌ‫خصيّة‬ َ ٌ‫صفحة‬ ِ ‫ش‬ َ personal profile ٌ‫خصيّة‬ ٌ َ ‫شبَكة‬ َ personal network ِ ‫ش‬ ‫شرط‬ (Full treatment in Politics chapter)

ٌ ‫ش‬ ُ ‫رائ‬ َ ‫شر‬ (ٌ‫طة‬ َ strip, band, ribbon; tape, film َ ) ‫ريط‬ ِ ‫ش‬ ِ َ ‫ أ‬/ ‫ط‬ ُ ‫ش‬ ‫وات‬ َ toolbar ِ َ‫ريط َاألد‬ ُ ‫ش‬ ِ ‫هام‬ َ task bar ّ ‫الم‬ َ ‫ريط‬ ‫شرك‬ (Full treatment in Work chapter)

‫ ِاشت ََرَك – يَشت َِرُك‬to subscribe ٌ ‫شت‬ ٌ (‫راكات‬ ‫شت‬ ِ ِ‫ ا‬subscription; partnership, collaboration ِ ِ‫راك )ا‬ ‫راك‬ ِ ‫شت‬ ِ ‫غاء ِاال‬ ُ ‫ ْإل‬unsubscribe ٌ‫كترونيَّة‬ ٌ ‫شِركة ِإل‬ َ online company ِ (‫كون‬ َ ‫ ُمْشت َِر‬/ ‫كون‬ َ ‫شار‬ ِ ‫ ُمشت َِرٌك )ُم‬/ ‫شارٌك‬ ِ ‫ ُم‬subscriber (to a blog) ٌ‫شاركة‬ َ ‫ ُم‬partnership, collaboration, cooperation

392 Information Technology

‫شغل‬ (Full treatment in Work chapter)

‫شغََّل – ي َُشِغّ ُل‬ َ to load (software); to engage; to work or produce ٌ َ ‫ ت‬loading; computer processing; employment ‫شغيل‬ No root (A verb that has been formed through the process of verbing)

‫شِفُّر‬ َ to encrypt or encode َ ُ‫شفََّر – ي‬ ْ ٌ ‫شيفرة‬ ٌ ‫ ِش‬cipher, code َ  / ٌ ‫ ِشفَرة‬/ ‫فر‬ ُّ ‫فرة‬ ِ ‫ حل‬to decode ِ ‫الش‬ ‫شفير‬ ٌ َ ‫ ت‬encryption ‫شفير‬ ِ َّ ‫ فَ ُّك الت‬decryption ‫رة‬ َ ‫ َكِلمةُ ِس ٍ ّر ُم‬encrypted password ٍ َّ‫شف‬ ‫شهد‬ (Full treatment in Law chapter)

ٌ ‫شاه‬ (‫دات‬ َ ‫شاهدَة ٌ )ُم‬ َ ‫ ُم‬watching things online; seeing, viewing ْ ‫حة‬ ِ ‫شاه‬ َ ‫عدَدُ ُم‬ ِ ‫الصف‬ َّ ‫دات‬ َ page views ‫شوش‬ ‫ش‬ َ to muddle or confuse; to disturb ُ ‫ش – ي َُش ّ ِو‬ َ ‫شَّو‬ ‫ش‬ ُ ‫َشو‬ ّ ‫ش – يَت‬ َ ‫ ت ََشَّو‬to be confused; to be disturbed; to be ill ٌ(‫شاشةٌ )شاشات‬ screen; cloth َ ّ ‫اسم‬ ‫اشِة‬ screen name, username َ ‫الش‬ ُ ُ َ َ‫ ل‬screenshot ‫شاشة‬ ‫قطة‬ ٍ ُ َ ٍ ‫ شاشة لْمس‬touchscreen ‫صفح‬ (Full treatment in Education chapter)

‫َصفُّح‬ َ ‫ ت‬to browse; to leaf or thumb through (book); to scrutinise َ ‫َصفََّح – يَت‬ ٌ ٌ(‫صفحات‬ َ ‫ص‬ َ page, sheet; surface, exterior َ ) ‫فحة‬ ٌ‫كترونيَّة‬ ‫فحةٌ ِإل‬ ‫ص‬ ِ َ َ webpage ُ‫الرئيسيَّة‬ ُ َّ homepage َ ‫الص‬ َ ‫فحة‬

Information Technology 393

‫َصفٌُّح‬ َ ‫ ت‬browsing; examination, scrutiny ‫َرنت‬ ‫ تصفّ ُح‬surfing, browsing the net ِ ‫شبكة اإلنت‬ ِ َّ ‫ناء الت‬ ‫جوال‬ ِ ‫المْعلوم‬ ِ َ ‫ ت‬data roaming َ ‫َصفُُّح‬ َ ْ‫ات أ َث‬ ‫ كوكي‬/ ِ‫صفّح‬ ِ َ ‫المت‬ ُ ‫ ِسِج ُّل‬cookie (web) ّ ‫َصِفُح الويب‬ َ ‫ ُمت‬web browser ّ ُ ‫ ِسِجُّل‬browser history َ ‫المت‬ ِ‫َصِفح‬ ‫صيد‬ ُ‫ صادَ – يَصيد‬to catch or ensnare; to hunt ُ‫َصيَّد‬ َ ‫ ت‬to troll (online); to hunt for prey َ ‫َصيَّد – يَت‬ ُ‫صطاد‬ ْ َ‫ ِاصطادَ – ي‬to catch in a trap; to hunt ٌ‫صْيد‬ َ hunting; hunt ‫مك‬ َّ ُ‫صْيد‬ ِ ‫الس‬ َ fishing (‫ادون‬ َ ّ‫صي‬ َ ) ٌ‫صيّاد‬ َ hunter, fisher ‫السَمِك‬ َّ ُ‫صيّاد‬ َ fishermen ٌ (ُ ‫ ِمصيَدَة )َمصايد‬trap, snare, net; fishing grounds ٌ‫َصيُّد‬ َ ‫ ت‬trolling (online); catching ‫ت‬ ِ ‫َرن‬ ِ ‫عْبَر اإلنت‬ َ ٌ‫َصيُّد‬ َ ‫ ت‬phishing (‫ّدون‬ َ ‫َصِي‬ َ ‫َصِيّدٌ )ُمت‬ َ ‫ ُمت‬phisher ‫ضرب‬ (Full treatment in Work chapter)

ٌ‫ضربَة‬ َ hits (internet); a knock or punch ‫حة‬ ‫ربات‬ ‫ض‬ ِ ِ ‫الصْف‬ َّ َ ُ‫عدَد‬ َ page hits

ٌ (‫ربات‬ ‫ض‬ َ ) ‫ضيف‬

(Full treatment in Culture chapter)

َ ‫ضاف – يَست‬ َ ‫ ِاست‬to host (websites) ‫ضيف‬ ُ َ ُ ِ ‫ستضافة َم‬ ِ ‫ ِا‬web hosting ٍ‫واقع‬ َ ‫ ُمست‬web host ُ ٍ‫ضيف َمواقِع‬ ‫طبق‬ َ ‫طبَّق – ي‬ َ to apply or implement; to cause, to coincide; to cover ‫ُطِبُّق‬ ْ ٌ ‫ ت َْط‬application, app; adaptation ٌ (‫بيقات‬ ‫بيق )ت َط‬

394 Information Technology

ُ ‫ ت َْط‬web application ‫بيق ْالويب‬ ْ َّ ‫ط ّ ِوُر الت‬ ّ ‫ ُم‬application developer ‫بيقات‬ ‫ط‬ ِ ْ َّ ‫ َمتَْجُر الت‬application store, app store ‫بيقات‬ ‫ط‬ ِ ‫عبر‬ (Full treatment in Media chapter)

ٌ َ ‫عبير )ت‬ (‫عبيرات‬ ٌ َ ‫ ت‬expression, phrase, term ٌ‫عبيرات اِِنفعاليّة‬ ٌ َ ‫ ت‬emoticons ‫عرض‬ (Full treatment in Politics chapter)

َ ‫ض‬ ِ ‫ش‬ ُ ‫عْر‬ َ slideshow ٍ‫رائح‬ ‫علق‬ (Full treatment in Media chapter)

‫علَّ َق – يُعَِلُّق‬ َ to comment; to remark or state; to tie ٌ َ ‫ ت‬seller feedback ِ ‫عليقات َحْو ُل‬ ِ‫البائع‬ ‫علم‬ (Full treatment in Education chapter) (‫عاليم‬ ٌ َ ‫ أ‬/ ‫ أ ُعلومةٌ )أ ُعلومات‬tag ٌ ‫علومات‬ ‫ َم‬knowledge; information, data ٌ‫خاصة‬ ٌ ‫علومات‬ ‫ َم‬personal information ّ َ ُ ‫ أ‬information security ‫علومات‬ ‫الم‬ ِ َ ‫من‬ ‫علومات‬ ‫الم‬ ‫ َم‬information technology (IT) ِ ِ َ ‫ ِتكنولوجيا‬/ ٌ‫علوماتيَّة‬ ‫ي‬ ‫المْع‬ ِ َ ‫ي‬ ُّ ‫لومات‬ َ digital literacy ُ ‫الوْع‬ َ cyberspace ‫ي‬ ‫علومات‬ ‫م‬ ‫ضاء‬ ‫ف‬ ِ َ ٌ ٌّ

‫غرد‬ ُ‫غرد‬ َ to sing; to twitter (a bird); to tweet (online) َ َ‫غِردَ – ي‬ ُ‫غَّردَ – يُغ ِ َّرد‬ َ to sing; to twitter (a bird); to tweet (online) ٌ‫ ت َغريد‬/ ٌ‫غريد‬ َ  / ٌ‫غَرد‬ َ song, singing; twittering

Information Technology 395

ٌ َ ‫ ت َغريدَة ٌ )ت‬a tweet (‫غريدات‬ َّ ُ ‫غريد‬ ِ ‫ إعادة الت‬retweeting (‫دون‬ َ ‫غر‬ ّ ِ ‫ ُمغَ ِ ّردٌ )ُم‬singing, twittering; Twitter users, tweeters ‫اسِتخدام ت َويت َر‬ ْ ‫رسَل ِرسالة ً ِب‬ َ َ ‫ أ‬to tweet ‫ تويت َر‬Twitter ‫ ِرسالةُ ت َويت َر‬Twitter message ‫التويت َر‬ ِ ‫على‬ َ ‫تابعونا‬ ِ follow us on Twitter ‫غلق‬ ‫غلُق‬ ِ َ‫ غلَ َق – ي‬to shut, close, or lock ٌ ‫غالق‬ ‫ ِإ‬collapse; closing, shutting ٌ‫ ُمغلَق‬closed, shut, blocked; obscure ‫غمز‬ َ to wink; to blink; to signal ‫غَمَز – يَْغِمُز‬ ُ َ ‫غامز – يَت‬ َ َ ‫ ت‬to wink at one another ‫غامز‬ ٌ َ ) ٌ ‫مزة‬ َ ‫غ‬ َ signal, sign, wink, hint (‫مزات‬ ‫غ‬ ‫فعل‬ (Full treatment in Politics chapter)

ٌ َ ‫ ت‬activation ‫فعيل‬ ُ َ ‫ ت‬activating an account ‫ساب‬ ِ ‫فعيل ْالِح‬ ‫ي‬ ُ َ ‫ ت‬interactive ٌّ ‫فاعِل‬ No root

‫ فيديو‬video ‫ف فيديو‬ ُّ َ‫ ِمل‬video file َ ‫ َمْق‬video clip ْ ‫ فيديو كليب‬/ ‫طُع فيديو‬ ‫بة الفيديو‬ ِ ‫ظام لُْع‬ ُ ‫ ِن‬video game console No root

‫فيسبوك‬ ْ Facebook ‫فيسبوك‬ ْ ُ‫ َحْملة‬Facebook campaign ‫الفيسبوك‬ ْ ‫تابعونا على‬ ِ follow us on Facebook

396 Information Technology

‫قرص‬ َ ‫)أ‬ (‫قراص‬ ٌ

‫رص‬ ٌ ُ‫ ق‬a round, flat loaf of bread; a plate; a disc ‫لب‬ ٌ ‫ص‬ ٌ ُ‫ ق‬hard drive َ ‫رص‬ ِ ‫غيل َاألقراص‬ ِ ‫ َوحدَة ُ ت َْش‬disc drive ‫قطع‬ (Full treatment in Work chapter)

َ َ‫ ِانق‬to log off; to be cut off ‫طَع – يَنقَِطُع‬ ‫نقطاع‬ ٌ ‫ ِا‬logged-off ‫كلم‬ (Full treatment in Media chapter)

ٌ‫ َكِلَمة‬word, speech, utterance, remark ُ ‫الس ِ ّر‬ ّ ِ ‫ َكِلَمة‬/ ‫رور‬ ُ ُ‫ َكِلَمة‬password ِ ‫الم‬ ‫رور‬ ّ ِ ‫ قُ ّوة ُ َكِلَمِة‬password strength ُ ‫ قُّوة ُ َكِلَمِة‬/ ‫الس ِ ّر‬ ِ ‫الم‬

ٌ ‫)َكِل‬ (‫مات‬

‫لفف‬ ‫ف‬ ٌّ َ‫ ِمل‬file ‫ف‬ ِ ّ َ‫المل‬ ِ ُ‫ صيغَة‬file type ‫ات‬ ِ ّ‫الملَف‬ ِ ُ‫شاركة‬ َ ‫ ُم‬file sharing ٌ‫ات ُمْرفَقَة‬ َ ّ ٌ ‫ ِملف‬attachments ُ ّ‫ ِملَف‬internet cookies ‫باط‬ ِ ‫رت‬ ِ ‫ات ِاال‬ ٌ ّ‫)ِملَف‬ (‫ات‬

‫لوح‬ (Full treatment in Education chapter)

ٌ‫وحة‬ َ َ‫ ل‬board; blackboard ُ َ َ‫ ل‬keyboard َ ‫وحة‬ ِ‫المفاتيح‬ ُ ‫َص‬ َ َ‫ارات ل‬ َ ‫ ِاخت‬keyboard shortcuts َ ‫وحِة‬ ِ‫المفاتيح‬ ٌ‫وحةٌ لَمسيّة‬ َ َ‫ ل‬touchpad ِ ‫وحةُ الت َّ َحُّكم‬ َ َ‫ ل‬control panel َ‫)ل‬ ٌ (‫وحات‬

‫مسح‬ ٌ‫ماسَحة‬ ِ  / ‫ي‬ ِ scanner َ ‫ماسٌح‬ ٌّ ‫ضْوِئ‬ ْ retina scan ‫عين‬ ‫ال‬ ‫مسح‬ ُ ِ

Information Technology 397

‫نبه‬ (Full treatment in Family chapter)

ٌ َ ‫ ت‬notifications ‫نبيهات‬ َ ‫غيل الت‬ ُ ‫ ت َ ْش‬notifications on ‫نبيهات‬ ِ َ َ ‫إيقاف ت‬ ‫نبيهات‬ ‫شغيل الت‬ notifications off ِ ُ ِ ‫نزل‬ (Full treatment in Culture chapter)

‫ نََّزَل – يُنَ ِ ّزُل‬to download (a file); to unload; to lower; to diminish ٌ َ ‫ ت‬downloading ‫نزيل‬ ‫نزيل‬ ِ َّ ‫ جاري الت‬downloading ُ َ ‫ ت‬music download ‫نزيل َاألغاني‬ َّ ‫نزيل‬ ٌّ َ‫ ِمل‬downloadable file ِ ‫قابٌل ِللت‬ ِ ‫ف‬ ٌ َ ‫ ت‬downloads ‫نزيالت‬ ‫نسخ‬ ‫نسُخ‬ َ َ‫ ن‬to copy or transcribe; to cancel (contract); to repeal (law); to abolish َ َ‫سَخ – ي‬ ُ‫ناس َخ – يَت َناسخ‬ َ َ ‫ ت‬to follow successively ُ to copy or transcribe ‫ستنسخ‬ َ َ‫إستنسخ – ي‬ ٌ ‫ ن‬copying, transcription; abolition, cancellation ‫َسخ‬ ٌ َ‫ ن‬backup (data) ‫ي‬ ‫سخ ِا‬ ِ ٌّ ‫حتياط‬ َُ ‫سخةٌ )ن‬ ٌ(‫سخ‬ َ ُ‫ ن‬copy; transcript ٌ‫صيَّة‬ َ ُ‫ ن‬text version ّ ِ َ‫سخةٌ ن‬ ٌ‫ربونيَّة‬ َ ُ‫ ن‬carbon copy (CC) ِ ‫سخةٌ َك‬ ٌ‫خفيَّة‬ ٌ َ ُ‫ ن‬blind carbon copy (BCC) ِ ‫سخةٌ َكربونِيَّة َم‬ ُ‫ستنساخ‬ ِ ‫ ِاال‬cloning ‫نسق‬ ‫نسُق‬ ُ َ‫سَق – ي‬ َ َ‫ ن‬to format (computer); to arrange or set up ُ‫سق‬ ّ ِ َ‫سَق – يُن‬ َّ َ‫ ن‬to place in order, arrange, or set up ‫سُق‬ َّ َ‫َنسَق – يَت َن‬ َّ ‫ ت‬to be well ordered or arranged; to be disposed ‫سٌق‬ َ َ‫ ن‬/ ‫ نَْسٌق‬order, arrangement; sequence, system, method ٌ َ ‫ ت‬setting up (computer); ordering, arrangement ‫نسيق‬ ٌ‫َناسق‬ ُ ‫ ت‬arrangement, order; symmetry

398 Information Technology

‫نطق‬ (Full treatment in Law chapter)

ٌ ‫ ِن‬subdomain ‫ي‬ ِ َ‫طاق ف‬ ٌّ ‫رع‬ ‫طاق‬ ُ ‫ ِا‬domain name ِ ِّ‫سم الن‬ ‫نظم‬ (Full treatment in Politics chapter)

ُ ُ‫ ن‬/ ٌ‫نظمة‬ (‫ظٌم‬ ِ َ ‫ظام )أ‬ ٌ ‫ ِن‬system; method; order ّ َ ُ ِ ‫النظام‬ َ ‫ ف‬system failure ِ ‫شل‬ ُّ ّ ‫ي‬ ‫نائ‬ ‫الث‬ ‫د‬ ‫الع‬ ِ ِ َ ‫ظام‬ ُ ‫ ِن‬binary code ِّ ‫نفذ‬ (Full treatment in Work chapter)

ُ‫ نَفَذَ – يَنفَذ‬to pierce; to arrive or reach; to open (a door or window) (ُ ‫وافذ‬ ِ َ‫نافذة ٌ )ن‬ ِ window ٌ(‫وافذُ ُمنبَِثقَة‬ ِ َ‫نافذة ٌ ُمنبَِثقَةٌ )ن‬ ِ pop-up window ٌ‫نوافذُ إعالنيّةٌ ُمْنبَِثقَة‬ ِ pop-up ads َّ ‫المنبَِثقَِة‬ ‫ذ‬ ‫واف‬ ‫الن‬ ‫ع‬ ِ ِ ِ pop-up blocker ُ ُ ‫مان‬ ‫نقر‬ (Full treatment in Earth chapter)

‫قر – يَنقُ ُر‬ َ َ‫ ن‬to tap or click (an icon); to dig, bore, or pierce ‫واحدة‬ ‫نقرة‬ ٍ ٍ ‫ ِب‬with one click ‫نقل‬ (Full treatment in Media chapter)

‫ ِانت َِقْل إلى‬scroll ‫ ِانت َِقْل إلى أ َ ْعلى‬scroll up ‫ اِنت َِقْل إلى أ َ ْسفَل‬scroll down ‫نكز‬ ‫ ن ََكَز – يَ ْنُكُز‬to poke (online)

Information Technology 399

‫وجه‬ (Full treatment in Media chapter)

‫ويِن‬ ْ َ‫ ت َوجيهُ َاألب‬parental guidance ُ‫ الت َّوجيه‬routing ‫وسط‬ (Full treatment in Law chapter)

ٌ‫سيطة‬ َ ‫ َو‬/ ٌ‫طة‬ َ ‫واس‬ ِ the means; a medium ٌ‫صريَّة‬ ٌ ُ ُ ‫سائ‬ ‫وب‬ ‫ة‬ ‫عي‬ ‫م‬ ‫س‬ ‫ط‬ ‫سائ‬ ‫ َو‬/ ٌ ‫ط ُمت َعَِدّدَة‬ ّ ِ ِ ‫ َو‬multimedia َْ َ َ ٌ‫فاعليّة‬ ُ ُ َ ‫سائط مت َعَِدّدَة ٌ ت‬ ِ ‫ َو‬interactive multimedia ُ ‫سائ‬ (‫ط‬ ِ ‫)َو‬

‫وسل‬ (Full treatment in Media chapter)

ٌ‫ َوسيلَة‬the means; medium; device ْ ُ‫معيَّة‬ ُ‫صِريّة‬ audiovisual aids َّ ِ‫وسائُل اإليضاح‬ ِ ‫الس‬ ِ َ َ‫والب‬ ُ ‫سائ‬ (‫ل‬ ِ ‫)َو‬

‫وصل‬ ‫صُل‬ َ ‫ َو‬to connect, link, join, unite, or combine ِ َ‫صل – ي‬ to be connected; to continue or persist ‫واصُل‬ ِ ُ‫واصَل – ي‬ َ ‫واصُل‬ َ َ ‫واص َل – يَت‬ َ َ ‫ ت‬to be interconnected ّ ّ ُ‫صل‬ ِ ‫ اِتصَل – يَت‬to connect (online); to log on; to be attached or connected; to unite ٌ ‫ص‬ (‫الت‬ ِ link, bond, connection; relation; kinship ِ ) ٌ‫صلَة‬ َ ٌ ‫صٌل )أ ْو‬ (‫صال‬ ْ ‫ َو‬union, combination; relation, link, connection ٌ ٌ ‫ص‬ (‫صالت‬ ‫ َو‬/ ‫الت‬ ْ ‫ ُو‬connection; fastening, link, attachment ْ ‫ َوصلَةٌ )ُو‬/ ٌ‫صلة‬ ُ َ ٍ ‫بيانات‬ ‫ ُوصلة‬data link ٌ ‫صول‬ ‫ ُو‬arrival; receipt; voucher ُ‫ ال‬open access ُ ‫فتوح‬ ُ ‫الم‬ َ ‫وصول‬ Mosul (in Iraq) ‫الموصُل‬ ِ ٌ(‫واصالت‬ َ ‫ ُم‬connection; continuity (pl: lines of communication1) َ ‫واصلَةٌ )ُم‬ ٌ (‫إيصال )إيصاالت‬ joining, connecting; communication; transport ‫اصٌل‬ ُ ‫ ت ََو‬continuity; continuance ‫ي‬ ‫واصُل ِاال‬ ِ ُ َّ ‫ الت‬social networking ُّ ‫جتماع‬ ُ social network ٍ ‫ماعى‬ ِ‫واص ِل ِاالجت‬ ُ َّ ‫شبكةُ الت‬ ّ

400 Information Technology

‫ماعي‬ ‫جت‬ ِ ‫واصٍل ِا‬ ُ َ ‫ َمْوِقُع ت‬social networking site ٍّ ٌ(‫صال ) ِات ّصاالت‬ ٌ ّ ‫ ِات‬contact, liaison; connectedness (pl: telecommunications) ٌ ّ ‫ ِات‬remote logon ‫عن بُ ْعٍد‬ َ ‫صال‬ ٌ ّ ‫ ِات‬instant messaging ‫ي‬ ٌّ ‫صال فَْوِر‬ ‫صال‬ ُ connection speed ِ ّ ‫س ْرعةُ ِاالِت‬ ّ ‫ ِاالِت‬telecommunications ُ ‫صاالت البعيدَة‬ ُ ّ ‫واالت‬ ُ ‫قن‬ ‫صاالت‬ ِ ِ ‫المعلوم‬ ِ ‫ات‬ ِ َ ‫ ت‬IT and communications َ ‫يات‬ ‫صٌل‬ ِ َّ ‫ ُمت‬online; uninterrupted َ offline ‫صٍل‬ ِ َّ ‫غْيُر ُمت‬ ‫وقع‬ (Full treatment in Politics chapter) (‫واقُع‬ ِ ‫ َمْوِقٌع )َم‬website, site; position ‫ي‬ ‫إباح‬ ٌّ ِ ‫ َمْوِقٌع‬porn site ‫ي‬ ِ ‫ َمْوِقٌع ِإ‬news site ٌّ ‫خبار‬ ‫ف‬ ٍ ‫عار‬ ُ َ ‫ َمْوِقُع ت‬dating site ‫ات‬ ِ ّ‫رئي‬ ِ ‫الم‬ َ ‫ َمْوِقُع تباد ُِل‬video sharing site ‫ماعي‬ ‫ج‬ ٍ ‫ َمْوِقُع ت َْم‬crowdfunding site َ ‫ويل‬ ٍّ ‫حظور‬ ‫ َمْوِقٌع َم‬blocked site ٌ ‫كة َاألغاني‬ ِ ‫شار‬ َ ‫ َمْوِقُع ُم‬music sharing site ‫الصَوِر‬ ِ ‫شار‬ ُّ ‫كة‬ َ ‫ َمْوِقُع ُم‬photo sharing site ُ ‫ع‬ ‫ت‬ ِ ‫َرن‬ ُ website address ِ ‫نوان َمْوِقعِ اإلنت‬ ِ َ ‫ظام ت‬ ُ ‫ ِن‬Global Positioning System (GPS) َ ‫حديد‬ ّ ‫المْوِقعِ العالَِم‬ ِ‫ي‬ ِ ‫الم‬ َ ‫ ُم‬website designer َ ‫ص ِ ّمُم‬ ِ‫واقع‬ َ ‫ ت‬website design ‫كترونيَِّة‬ ‫اإلل‬ ِ ِ ِ‫المواقِع‬ ُ َ ‫صميم‬

َ ‫ُم‬ Useful Terms ٌ‫فيدة‬ َ ‫حات ُم‬ ٌ َ‫صطل‬ (These terms are largely calques or loanwords)

‫ إس إم إس‬SMS ٌ‫شائعة‬ ِ ٌ‫ أ َ ْسِئلَة‬frequently asked questions (FAQS) ْ ‫كشاف‬ ‫الحها‬ ِ ‫األخ‬ ِ‫ ِاست‬troubleshooting ْ ِ‫طاء وإ‬ ُ ‫ص‬ ُ ٌ‫ ِإشعارات‬notifications ُ ‫اإلعدادات‬ settings ْ ‫رويد‬ Android ْ ‫األند‬

‫‪Information Technology 401‬‬

‫‪ profile‬البروفايل‬ ‫زامُن‬ ‫‪ syncing‬الت َّ ُ‬ ‫الثال ُ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫ث ‪ /‬ثْري جي‬ ‫‪3G‬‬ ‫الجيل ِ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫الرِابُع ‪ /‬فور جي‬ ‫‪4G‬‬ ‫الجيل ّ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫فايف جي‬ ‫الجيل ‬ ‫‪5G‬‬ ‫س ‪ْ  /‬‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫الخام ُ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫يارات‬ ‫الخ‬ ‫‪ِ options‬‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ن‬ ‫الف‬ ‫ ‬ ‫م‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫‪ technical support‬الد َّْع ُ‬ ‫ُّ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫الح ُ‬ ‫راحات‬ ‫قت‬ ‫ظات ِ‬ ‫واال ِ‬ ‫‪ُ feedback and suggestions‬‬ ‫الم َ‬ ‫واص ُ‬ ‫فات‬ ‫‪ُ specifications‬‬ ‫الم َ‬ ‫‪ْ icon‬أيقونةٌ )ْأيقونات(ٌ‬ ‫بايت‬ ‫‪ْ byte‬‬ ‫خاصةٌ‬ ‫ٌ‬ ‫‪ special effects‬ت َ‬ ‫أثيرات ‬ ‫َّ‬ ‫البلوتووث‬ ‫‪ْ Bluetooth‬‬ ‫َ‬ ‫بعاد‬ ‫ي األ ِ‬ ‫‪ three-dimensional, 3D‬ثُالثِ ُّ‬ ‫دار ْالِحمايَِة‬ ‫‪ِ firewall‬ج ٌ‬ ‫ي ‪ِ /‬ج ُ‬ ‫دار ِ‬ ‫نار ٌّ‬ ‫بايت‬ ‫‪ gigabyte‬جيجا ْ‬ ‫‪َ link‬حلَقَةٌ‬ ‫‪ algorithm‬خوارزميَّةٌ ‪ /‬‬ ‫خوارزم‬ ‫ٌ‬ ‫الرأس ِ‬ ‫اعةُ ّ‬ ‫سّم َ‬ ‫‪َ headphones‬‬ ‫ٌ‬ ‫صيَ ٌغ(‬ ‫‪ format‬صيغة ) ِ‬ ‫‪ USB flash drive‬فالش ”يو ِاس بي“‬ ‫‪ code‬كود‬ ‫بايت‬ ‫‪ kilobyte‬كيلو ْ‬ ‫‪ُ receiver‬مست َِقبٌل‬ ‫‪ُ data‬م َ‬ ‫عطيَةٌ )ُمعطيَ ٌ‬ ‫ات(‬ ‫الت ّ ْكنولوجيا ‪ /‬غيك‬ ‫ووس ِب ِ‬ ‫‪َ geek‬مْه ٌ‬ ‫ٌ‬ ‫ٌ‬ ‫موبايالت(‬ ‫موبايل )‬ ‫‪mobiles‬‬ ‫بايت‬ ‫‪ megabyte‬ميغا ْ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫‪ِ smartphone‬‬ ‫هات ٌ‬ ‫ف ذَ ِك ٌّ‬ ‫فتاحيّة(ٌ‬ ‫هاشتاجات ‪َ /‬كِل ٌ‬ ‫ٌ‬ ‫فتاحيّةٌ )‬ ‫‪hashtag‬‬ ‫ٌ‬ ‫مات ِم ِ‬ ‫هاشتاج ‪َ /‬كِلَمةٌ ِم ِ‬ ‫‪Exercises‬‬ ‫‪1) Give the roots of the following words:‬‬

‫ٌ‬ ‫إرسال‬ ‫بَ ٌ‬ ‫يان‬

402 Information Technology

ٌ َ‫ت‬ ‫حديث‬ ٌ‫ِجهاز‬ ٌ‫شاشة‬ َ ‫ُمؤت ََمٌر‬ 2) Give the plural of the following words:

‫صار‬ ِ ‫ِا‬ ٌ ‫خت‬ ‫باب‬ ٌ ٌ‫َجْولَة‬ ٌ ‫ِس‬ ‫لك‬ ٌ‫شبََكة‬ َ ‫تابٌع‬ ِ ‫ُم‬ ٌ ‫نافذة‬ ِ ٌ‫َوسيلَة‬ 3) Translate these sentences into Arabic: a) b) c) d)

She is the most famous blogger online. Most people do their shopping online. There are some areas that have no internet coverage. Cyberattacks are very common nowadays.

4) Translate the following into English:

ّ ‫عزلَِة‬ .ً ‫فل اجتماعيّا‬ ‫عض‬ َ ُ ‫َرنت يُؤدي إلى‬ ِ ‫رون أ َ َّن اإلنت‬ ُ َ‫– ب‬ ْ َ‫الباحثين ي‬ ِ ‫الط‬ َّ َ .‫قاء‬ ‫ت‬ ‫– ِمن َم‬ ِ ‫واصِل َمَع األ‬ ِ ‫َرن‬ ِ ‫صد‬ ِ ‫حاسن اإلنت‬ ُ ‫استخدامه ِللت‬ ُ ِ ُ ‫َخدُم‬ .‫نين‬ َ ‫واط‬ ِ ‫– ت َست‬ َ ‫َرن‬ ُّ ‫ت ِللت ََج‬ ِ ‫سِس على ْالُم‬ ِ ‫الحكومات اإلنت‬ ‫ي؟‬ ‫اإلل‬ ِ ِ ‫– ما ُهَو الت َنَُمُر‬ ُّ ‫كترون‬ Note 1 In some dialects this is also used to mean ‘transportation’.

‫‪Answer Key‬‬

‫‪Chapter 1: Family‬‬ ‫)‪1‬‬

‫سلفَةٌ‬ ‫لف ‪ُ  /‬‬ ‫ِس ٌ‬ ‫عالَةٌ ‪ /‬عائِلةٌ‬ ‫َولدٌ ‪ِ /‬والدَة ٌ‬

‫ٌ‬ ‫ابن ‪ِ /‬ب ٌ‬ ‫نت‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫الف‬ ‫َخْليفَةٌ ‪ /‬اخِت ٌ‬ ‫رملةٌ‬ ‫َر ٌ‬ ‫مل ‪ /‬أ َ َ‬ ‫)‪2‬‬

‫ن س ب‬ ‫أ ه ل‬

‫ع ز ب‬ ‫س ل ف‬ ‫خ ل ف‬ ‫)‪3‬‬

‫باب‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ش ٌ‬ ‫غض‬ ‫بُ ٌ‬ ‫واج‬ ‫َز ٌ‬

‫جاعةٌ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ش َ‬ ‫ريم‬ ‫َك ٌ‬ ‫شٌع‬ ‫َج َ‬ ‫)‪4‬‬

‫ب ٌ‬ ‫ُخل‬

‫ب‬ ‫ُح ٌّ‬ ‫َح ٌ‬ ‫زين‬ ‫)‪5‬‬

‫ُوِلد ُ‬ ‫ّت في هذا اليوم‪.‬‬

‫ِا‬ ‫ديقِه‪.‬‬ ‫ستلف ا َ‬ ‫ص ِ‬ ‫لمال ِمْن َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫سنتين ِمن َّ‬ ‫الزواجِ‪.‬‬ ‫ت ََرَّمَل َّ‬ ‫الرُجُل بَْعدَ َ‬

‫‪404 Answer Key‬‬ ‫)‪6‬‬

‫قُ ٌ‬ ‫رون‬ ‫دون‬ ‫ساع َ‬ ‫ُم ِ‬ ‫هرام ‪ /‬أ َ‬ ‫ٌ‬ ‫هرامات‬ ‫أَ ٌ‬

‫طةٌ‬ ‫ُس ٌ‬ ‫بس َ‬ ‫ٌ‬ ‫ِب‬ ‫ط ‪ /‬أ َ ِ‬ ‫ساطات ‪ /‬ب ُ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫عساء‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫حزمةٌ‬ ‫ٌ‬ ‫ِح‬ ‫زامات ‪ /‬أ َ ِ‬ ‫ٌ‬ ‫ثاء‬ ‫ُخبُث ‪ُ /‬خبَ ُ‬ ‫)‪7‬‬

‫َ‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ظْر ٌ‬ ‫عام‬ ‫نَ ٌ‬

‫شاعٌر‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ٌ‬ ‫عشيق‬ ‫َكْرٌم‬ ‫)‪8‬‬

‫جال ً َمّكارا ً‪.‬‬ ‫– لَقد َ‬ ‫كان َزْوجها ر ُ‬ ‫ُخلِه‪.‬‬ ‫سبب ب ِ‬ ‫نفصلت عن َزْوجها ِب ِ‬ ‫– اِ َ‬ ‫– لَقد فَِرَح ْ‬ ‫أمها كثيرا ً ألن ابنتها ولدت توأماً؟‬ ‫ت ُّ‬ ‫– ُ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫خجلة‪.‬‬ ‫غ‬ ‫ضبت عندما ‬ ‫سمعت األخبار ُ‬ ‫الم ِ‬ ‫)‪9‬‬

‫‪The boy found his parents and was very happy.‬‬ ‫‪My sister lives in Germany with her husband.‬‬ ‫‪She is a beautiful and generous woman but her husband is an unpleasant‬‬ ‫‪and spiteful man.‬‬

‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬

‫‪Chapter 2: Health‬‬ ‫)‪1‬‬

‫اعةٌ‬ ‫سَّم َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫سَمٌع ‪َ  /‬‬ ‫ب ‪ِ /‬عصابةٌ‬ ‫ص ٌ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ع َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫الب‬ ‫ب ‪ِ /‬اِنق ٌ‬ ‫قَل ٌ‬

‫بدَ ٌن ‪ /‬بَدانَةٌ‬ ‫ِجلدٌ ‪َ /‬جليدٌ‬ ‫ِر ٌ‬ ‫جل ‪َ /‬رُجٌل‬ ‫)‪2‬‬

‫ج ن س‬ ‫ح م م‬ ‫ض ر ر‬ ‫ع ق ر‬ ‫ج ن ن‬

‫ر ه ق‬ ‫ص و ب‬ ‫ك ئ ب‬ ‫ه و ر‬ ‫ب ر د‬

Answer Key

405

3)

ٌ ‫نجَرة‬ َ ‫َح‬ ‫أ َ ْعمى‬ ‫قيم‬ َ ٌ ‫س‬

‫ب‬ ٌ ‫ْقل‬ ٌ ‫ضال‬ ‫ع‬ ُ ‫ألَ ٌم‬

4)

ٌ ‫ُج‬ ‫نائُن‬ ِ ‫ َج‬/ ‫نينات‬ ‫ُحقٌَن‬ ٌ‫أ َزمنَة‬ ‫مام‬ ُ ٌ ‫س‬ ٌ ‫ ِس‬/ ‫موم‬

‫مائُر‬ ِ ‫ض‬ َ ٌ ‫س ِ ّه‬ ‫الت‬ َ ‫ُم‬ ٌ‫وبئ َة‬ َ ِ ‫أ‬

5)

ْ ‫– َج َر‬ ‫لعب ُكرة ْالقدم‬ ُ َ ‫ي ت‬ َ ‫حت رجلها َوِه‬ َّ .‫الصداع الشديد‬ ُّ ‫– ُهَو يُعاني من‬ ْ ‫– مات‬ .‫َت ابنت ُ ُهم‬ َّ َ ‫– لَقد‬ ْ ‫قت َزْوَجها ِعندما ِاكت ََش‬ ْ ‫طل‬ .‫قيم‬ َ ُ‫فت أنَّه‬ ٌ ‫ع‬ .ِ

6)

• • • • •

Sara visited the doctor because she feels pain in her back/because her back hurts. Their father died after two days in the hospital. I feel intense pain in my shoulder when I use the computer. Obesity has become a big problem in the Gulf States. After the examination, the doctor informed her that the cancer had spread throughout his body.

Chapter 3: Education 1)

ٌ ‫ َمْبدَأ‬/ ٌ‫ِبدايَة‬ ٌ ‫ َج‬/ ٌ‫ُجملَة‬ ‫مال‬ ٌ‫ ِدراسة‬/ ‫رس‬ ٌ َ‫د‬

ٌ ‫ ِسّك‬/ ‫سَكٌن‬ ‫ين‬ َ َ‫ عالٌم‬/ ‫لم‬ ٌ ‫ِع‬

2)

‫ب د أ‬ ‫م ح ن‬ ‫ع ل م‬ ‫ذ ك ر‬ ‫ص د ق‬

‫غ ي ب‬ ‫ر ج ع‬ ‫ف ر د‬ ‫ن ج ح‬

‫‪406 Answer Key‬‬ ‫)‪3‬‬

‫فحةٌ‬ ‫ص َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ص‬ ‫َ ٌّ‬ ‫لَ ْو َحةٌ‬ ‫سةٌ‬ ‫در َ‬ ‫َم َ‬

‫ع‬ ‫اِجتِما ٌ‬ ‫أ ُسلوبٌ‬ ‫بَ ْيتٌ‬ ‫ت َخيُّ ٌل‬ ‫ِحكايَةٌ‬ ‫)‪4‬‬

‫بطاقة ‬ ‫للحصول على ‬ ‫جب على الطالَّب التسجيل ‬ ‫راسي ِ‪.‬‬ ‫ٍ‬ ‫– يَ ِ ُ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫شخصيّ ٍة في بِدايَ ِة العام ِ الدّ ِ ّ‬ ‫س‪.‬‬ ‫– ال أ َدري ْأيَن ُ‬ ‫المدَ ِ ّر َ‬ ‫ي في شهر يوليو‪.‬‬ ‫– ِا ْم ِتحان الدُّخول في شهر ِ‬ ‫مارس‪ ،‬ولكن ِاال ْمتِحان النِهائِ ّ‬ ‫– أ ُختي نابغة‪.‬‬ ‫باتهم‪.‬‬ ‫واج ِ‬ ‫– أهملوا ِ‬ ‫)‪5‬‬

‫‪The student refused to study.‬‬ ‫‪My sister studies comparative literature at the University of Paris.‬‬ ‫‪The writer became very famous.‬‬ ‫‪He is a careless boy.‬‬ ‫‪The girl translated the lecture for the new Arab student.‬‬ ‫‪Smoking is not allowed on the university campus.‬‬

‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫)‪6‬‬

‫نابغَةٌ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫َج ٌ‬ ‫هل‬

‫راعةٌ‬ ‫بَ َ‬ ‫تِلميذٌ‬ ‫‪Chapter 4: Politics‬‬ ‫)‪1‬‬

‫ٌ‬ ‫أسمال‬ ‫رأس ‪َ /‬ر‬ ‫ٌ‬ ‫عريضةٌ‬ ‫رض‬ ‫ ‪ /‬‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ع ٌ َ‬ ‫غربَةٌ‬ ‫ب ‪ُ  /‬‬ ‫َ‬ ‫غْر ٌ‬

‫ا ُ ٌّم ‪ /‬ا ُ َّمةٌ‬ ‫َحٌّر ‪ُ /‬ح ِ ّريَّةٌ‬ ‫ُب ‪ /‬دَبّابَةٌ‬ ‫د ٌّ‬ ‫)‪2‬‬

‫ط ر ف‬ ‫ح ر ب‬ ‫ح ص ن‬

‫ج ب ر‬ ‫خ ر ق‬ ‫أ م ر‬

Answer Key

‫ح ك م‬ ‫د و ل‬

407

‫س ل م‬ ‫س و س‬

3)

ٌ ‫إمارة‬ ‫جاسوس‬ ٌ ٌ‫َحَرَكة‬ ٌ ‫سفارة‬ َ ٌ‫شرط‬ َ ٌ‫عَمليَّة‬ َ

ٌ ‫قُ َّوة‬ َ ‫َم‬ ‫ركٌز‬ ٌ‫فاوضة‬ َ ‫ُم‬ ٌ‫َمْملَكة‬ ‫ب‬ ٌ ‫نائ‬ ِ

4)

‫يَست َِلُم‬ ‫ب‬ ُ ‫ستغر‬ ِ َ‫ي‬ ُ ‫ي‬ ‫ُعين‬ ‫َطوُر‬ َّ ‫يَت‬ ‫ثور‬ ُ َ‫ي‬ ‫ب‬ ُ ‫حار‬ ِ ُ‫ي‬

ُ‫يَْشُرد‬ ُ ‫ص ّ ِو‬ ‫ت‬ َ ُ‫ي‬ ‫ُقرُر‬ ِّ ‫ي‬ ُ‫يَقعُد‬ ‫ع‬ ُ ‫ناز‬ ِ ُ‫ي‬

5)

• • • •

The Russian president meets with the French president to discuss the war in Ukraine. What is the purpose of normalisation between the Emirates and Israel? Could the Emirati position be considered a betrayal of their Palestinian brothers and sisters? The British minister of health resigned after breaking the rules in the fight against Coronavirus.

6)

ٍ .‫واحد‬ ‫شهر‬ ٍ ‫– إسرائيل تقتل صحفيّين في خالل‬ ْ َّ ‫مم المتحدة‬ ْ َ‫– لقد أعل‬ .‫ضع في اليَمن كارثي‬ ُ ‫نت ُاأل‬ َ ‫الو‬ َ ‫ان‬ ْ .ً ‫المتحدة ُ دَ ْولَة ً بوليسيَّة‬ – ُ ُ‫المملَكة‬ َ ‫أصبحت‬ 7)

‫سطا‬ َ ‫َظم‬ َ ‫ن‬ ‫ض‬ َ ‫عار‬ َ

‫ب‬ َ ‫ت ََحّز‬ َ َ‫جاهد‬

‫‪408 Answer Key‬‬

‫‪Chapter 5: Work‬‬ ‫)‪1‬‬

‫ُ‬ ‫ش ٌ‬ ‫ش ٌ‬ ‫غيل‬ ‫غل ‪َ  /‬‬ ‫نَفَذٌ ‪َ /‬منفَذٌ‬

‫إيجار‬ ‫جر ‪ /‬‬ ‫ٌ‬ ‫أَ ٌ‬ ‫ديل ‪ /‬بَدلةٌ‬ ‫بَ ٌ‬ ‫امةٌ‬ ‫و‬ ‫د‬ ‫ ‪ /‬‬ ‫دَ ٌ‬ ‫وام َ ّ َ‬ ‫)‪2‬‬

‫ر خ ص‬ ‫ض ر ب‬ ‫ح س ب‬ ‫ن ف ع‬

‫ه ل ك‬ ‫ع و ض‬ ‫خ س ر‬ ‫د ع م‬ ‫)‪3‬‬

‫أَ‬ ‫ٌ‬ ‫شغال‬ ‫ٌ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫رامات‬ ‫غ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫لوس‬ ‫ف ٌ‬ ‫أ َ ْم ٌ‬ ‫وال‬ ‫ٌ‬ ‫صاريف‬ ‫روفات ‪َ /‬م‬ ‫ص‬ ‫َم ْ‬ ‫ُ‬

‫س ‪ /‬أ َ‬ ‫ٌ‬ ‫ساسات‬ ‫أُ ُ‬ ‫س ٌ‬ ‫ٌ‬ ‫ثمارات‬ ‫ست‬ ‫ِا ِ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫غان ‪ /‬أغنيّ ٌ‬ ‫ات‬ ‫أَ ٍ‬ ‫روف‬ ‫ف ‪ُ /‬ح‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫ٌ‬ ‫أحُر ٌ‬ ‫ب‬ ‫وات ُ‬ ‫َر ِ‬ ‫)‪4‬‬

‫صنََّع‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫طَردَ‬ ‫عِمَل‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ب‬ ‫س َ‬ ‫َك َ‬

‫باع‬ ‫َ‬ ‫دار‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ساوم‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ِاشت ََرى‬

‫َّ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫كانت عالية ً ِجدّا ً‪.‬‬ ‫جورهُ ‬ ‫كان المحامي مهنيا ً ِجدا ً‪ ،‬‬ ‫– َ‬ ‫ولكن أ ُ َ‬ ‫انخفض ُمعد َُّل البَطالَِة في دبي‪.‬‬ ‫– لقد ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫سبب ساعات الدَّوام الطويلة‪.‬‬ ‫– اشت َكت إلى ُمديرها ِب ِ‬ ‫عمل‪.‬‬ ‫حتاج ُكُّل شخص ٍ إلى ‬ ‫– يَ ُ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫تأشيرة ٍ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫– َّ‬ ‫هذِه األيام ِ‪.‬‬ ‫أساس‬ ‫ ‬ ‫شيء‬ ‫ ‬ ‫العمل‬ ‫ ‬ ‫برة‬ ‫إن ِخ‬ ‫ي ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ ٌّ‬

‫)‪5‬‬

‫)‪6‬‬

‫‪London has become the biggest market for Islamic finance.‬‬ ‫‪The Bank of England raises the interest rate for the fourth time this year.‬‬ ‫‪Jordan relies completely on imported energy.‬‬ ‫‪Lebanon’s government declares the country and the central bank bankrupt.‬‬

‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬

‫‪409‬‬

‫‪Answer Key‬‬ ‫)‪7‬‬

‫صاد ٌ‬ ‫رات‬ ‫ِ‬

‫ظيف‬ ‫ت َْو ٌ‬ ‫ِزيادة ٌ‬ ‫‪Chapter 6: Media‬‬ ‫)‪1‬‬

‫عالٌَم ‪ /‬‬ ‫إعالم‬ ‫ٌ‬

‫بير‬ ‫َخبٌَر ‪َ /‬خ ٌ‬ ‫سول ‪ِ /‬رسالةٌ‬ ‫ُر ٌ‬ ‫)‪2‬‬

‫ع و م‬ ‫ق ص ص‬ ‫ص د ر‬ ‫ق و ل‬

‫س ب ع‬ ‫و ز ع‬ ‫ج ر د‬ ‫ش ه ر‬ ‫ط ب ع‬ ‫)‪3‬‬

‫قُ ٌ‬ ‫بالت ‪ /‬قُبٌَل‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ُكت ُ ٌ‬ ‫سائُل‬ ‫َو ِ‬

‫ٌ‬ ‫إعالنات‬ ‫ٌ‬ ‫تَ‬ ‫َعاليم‬ ‫عليمات ‪ /‬ت ُ‬ ‫خات ٌ‬ ‫واتُم‬ ‫مات ‪َ /‬خ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫)‪4‬‬

‫قابُل‬ ‫يُ ِ‬ ‫ب‬ ‫يَكت ُ ُ‬ ‫واجهُ‬ ‫يُ ِ‬

‫ُعلُن‬ ‫ي ِ‬ ‫ي َُح ِ ّرُر‬ ‫يَصدُُر‬ ‫)‪5‬‬

‫األول‪.‬‬ ‫قام َّ‬ ‫تابِه َّ‬ ‫حفي ِبنَْشِر ِك ِ‬ ‫الص ُّ‬ ‫– َ‬ ‫قتضبا‪ً.‬‬ ‫ً‬ ‫رئيس ‬ ‫– قَد ََّم ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫الوزراء بَيانا ُم َ‬ ‫– ت َحد َ‬ ‫المزاعم ِ في التلفاز‪.‬‬ ‫َّث ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫الرئيس عن َ‬ ‫– َّ‬ ‫راس ُ‬ ‫ل على حياديته‪.‬‬ ‫الم ِ‬ ‫أكدَ ُ‬ ‫أنباء في إنجلترا‪.‬‬ ‫كالة ٍ‬ ‫أكبر َو ِ‬ ‫– يَ ِ‬ ‫ملُك صديقي َ‬ ‫)‪6‬‬

‫‪The latest world news.‬‬ ‫‪Journalists are essential in maintaining democracy.‬‬

‫•‬ ‫•‬

‫‪410 Answer Key‬‬ ‫?‪What is the role of journalists today‬‬ ‫‪The media play an important role in our time.‬‬ ‫‪The British press agency mentioned that the prime minister has resigned.‬‬

‫ •‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬

‫‪Chapter 7: Law‬‬ ‫)‪1‬‬

‫عت ٌ‬ ‫ع ٌ‬ ‫قال‬ ‫قل ‪ِ /‬ا ِ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ِثقةٌ ‪َ /‬وثيقةٌ‬

‫ٌ‬ ‫جادل‬ ‫َجدَ ٌل ‪ُ /‬م‬ ‫ي‬ ‫رام ‪َ /‬ح ِ‬ ‫ِح ٌ‬ ‫رام ٌّ‬ ‫شار ٌ‬ ‫روع‬ ‫ع ‪َ /‬مْش ٌ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫)‪2‬‬

‫س ج ن‬ ‫ش ر ع‬ ‫ك ف ل‬ ‫و ر ط‬ ‫س م ح‬

‫ع ق ل‬ ‫ف ر ض‬ ‫ب ر ر‬ ‫ج ن ح‬ ‫ج و ب‬ ‫ح ر م‬ ‫)‪3‬‬

‫عيم‬ ‫َز ٌ‬ ‫فَقيهٌ‬ ‫قاض ٍ‬ ‫ُمجادَلَةٌ‬ ‫ُمحام ٍ‬ ‫َوصيَّةٌ‬

‫إجابةٌ‬

‫إشارة ٌ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫شَجٌر‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ت َْح ٌ‬ ‫قيق‬ ‫ِجنايَةٌ‬ ‫ٌّ‬ ‫حق‬ ‫دَ ْعَوة ٌ‬ ‫)‪4‬‬

‫ع‬ ‫يخدَ ُ‬ ‫يَرشو‬ ‫يَ ْعِقدُ‬ ‫فسُخ‬ ‫يَ َ‬ ‫يَُو ِ ّكُل‬

‫يَبت َُّز‬ ‫هم‬ ‫يَت َّ ُ‬ ‫غش‬ ‫يَ ْست َ ُّ‬ ‫يَنت َِقُم‬ ‫ي َُج ِ ّرُم‬

‫‪411‬‬

‫‪Answer Key‬‬ ‫)‪5‬‬

‫صرِفِه‪.‬‬ ‫الرُج ُل على ت َ ّ‬ ‫– لقد نَِدَم َ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫– َرفََع ‬ ‫سبب الت َمييز‪.‬‬ ‫ب‬ ‫الشرطة‬ ‫لى‬ ‫ع‬ ‫وى‬ ‫ع‬ ‫د‬ ‫صديقي‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ِ ِ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫جوِل‪.‬‬ ‫– َمْمنوع الخروج ِخالل َحظُر الت َّ ُّ‬ ‫– ات ّ ِهَم ِبالت َحايُِل‪.‬‬ ‫السجين‪.‬‬ ‫ب َّ‬ ‫– َهَر َ‬ ‫السواب ُ‬ ‫ذوي‬ ‫من‬ ‫جاري‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ق‪.‬‬ ‫–‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫)‪6‬‬

‫‪There has been an unprecedented increase in murder rates in America.‬‬ ‫‪Knife crimes in Britain have reached an all-time high.‬‬ ‫‪London has become the capital of thefts in Britain.‬‬

‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫)‪7‬‬

‫َحَّرَم‬ ‫شَّك‬ ‫َ‬

‫ت‬ ‫أَثبَ َ‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ذن ٌ‬ ‫ُم ِ‬ ‫َحقيقةٌ‬ ‫‪Chapter 8: Culture‬‬ ‫)‪1‬‬

‫روح‬ ‫ريح ‪ٌ  /‬‬ ‫ٌ‬ ‫سجدٌ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫س َّجادَة ٌ ‪َ /‬م ِ‬

‫إلَهٌ ‪ /‬إالهةٌ‬ ‫َجسدٌ ‪ /‬ت َجسيدٌ‬ ‫ب‬ ‫حاج ٌ‬ ‫ِح ٌ‬ ‫جاب ‪ِ  /‬‬ ‫)‪2‬‬

‫ص ل ب‬ ‫ع ب د‬ ‫ف ح ش‬

‫س ل م‬ ‫ن ص ر‬ ‫ش ي ط ن‬ ‫)‪3‬‬

‫ٌ‬ ‫ذراوات‬ ‫ع‬ ‫َ‬ ‫عذارى ‪َ  /‬‬ ‫يسون‬ ‫س‬ ‫َ‬ ‫قِ ِ ّ‬ ‫ار‬ ‫كاف َ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫رون ‪ُ  /‬كفّ ٌ‬ ‫ف‬ ‫َم ِ‬ ‫تاح ُ‬ ‫َهدايا‬

‫ٌ‬ ‫فاالت‬ ‫حت‬ ‫اِ ِ‬ ‫ضحيَ ٌ‬ ‫ات‬ ‫تَ ِ‬ ‫ثَ‬ ‫ٌ‬ ‫قافات‬ ‫ساح ٌ‬ ‫واحُر‬ ‫س ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫رات ‪َ  /‬‬ ‫شائعاتٌ‬ ‫ِ‬

‫‪412 Answer Key‬‬ ‫)‪4‬‬

‫القُ ْرآنُ ال َكري ُم‬ ‫ثودوكسيَّةُ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫األر‬ ‫ْاليَهوديَّةُ ْ‬

‫طنِيَّةُ‬ ‫الو َ‬ ‫َاألعيادُ ْ َ‬ ‫بادة ُ َّ‬ ‫الشخص ِ ‬ ‫ِع َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ستغفر ﷲ‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫)‪5‬‬

‫‪The Arabic Islamic culture is considered one of the most important.‬‬ ‫‪Ramadan is a blessed month.‬‬

‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫)‪6‬‬

‫ليون ُمسلم ٍ في العالَم ِ‪.‬‬ ‫– ُه َ‬ ‫ناك ما يزيدُ على بَ ِ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫جموعة مسيحيٍَّة في َّ‬ ‫أكبر َم‬ ‫وسط‪.‬‬ ‫ٍ‬ ‫رق َاأل ِ‬ ‫– َاألقباط ُ‬ ‫الش ِ‬ ‫الة‪.‬‬ ‫– ت َ َّ‬ ‫الص ِ‬ ‫وضأ َ ْالولَدُ قَ ْبَل َّ‬ ‫ٌ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫– ُ‬ ‫تداخلة الث‬ ‫قافات‪.‬‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫لندن َمدينة ُم ِ‬ ‫المختار‪.‬‬ ‫هم َ‬ ‫عب ﷲ ُ‬ ‫ش َ‬ ‫عتبُر ْاليَهودُ َ‬ ‫أنفس ْ‬ ‫– يَ ِ‬

‫‪Chapter 9: Earth‬‬ ‫)‪1‬‬

‫اش‬ ‫رش ‪ /‬فََر ٌ‬ ‫فَ ٌ‬ ‫جم ‪َ /‬مْنَجٌم‬ ‫نَ ٌ‬ ‫إيحاش‬ ‫حش ‪ /‬‬ ‫َو ٌ‬ ‫ٌ‬

‫ِحْبٌر ‪ُ /‬حبارى‬ ‫ي ‪َ /‬حيَّةٌ‬ ‫َح ٌّ‬ ‫روف‬ ‫ف ‪َ /‬خ‬ ‫ٌ‬ ‫َخَر ٌ‬ ‫)‪2‬‬

‫ر ط ب‬ ‫ط ب ع‬ ‫ك ه ر ب‬ ‫ه و ى‬

‫أ س د‬ ‫س ح ب‬ ‫ل و ث‬ ‫ج ذ ب‬ ‫ح ط ب‬ ‫)‪3‬‬

‫ضبّ ٌ‬ ‫ان‬ ‫ض ٌ‬ ‫باب ‪ُ  /‬‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ف‬ ‫واص ُ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ع ِ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫قمار‬ ‫أ ٌ‬ ‫سائُم‬ ‫سام ‪ /‬نَ ِ‬ ‫ِن ٌ‬

‫بَ ُ‬ ‫نات آوى‬ ‫ٌ‬ ‫بيئات‬ ‫ب‬ ‫جار ُ‬ ‫تَ ِ‬ ‫ُجُزٌر‬ ‫ٌ‬ ‫هرات‬ ‫َز‬

‫‪413‬‬

‫‪Answer Key‬‬ ‫)‪4‬‬

‫شّتي‬ ‫يُ َ‬ ‫طير‬ ‫يَ ُ‬ ‫يَنبَ ُح‬

‫س‬ ‫يَفت َ ِر ُ‬ ‫يُدَ ّ ِودُ‬ ‫يُزَ ْر ِز ُر‬ ‫)‪5‬‬

‫مشك َلةٌ عالميَّةٌ‪.‬‬ ‫ناخي ِ‬ ‫– االختِال ُل ُ‬ ‫الم ِ ُّ‬ ‫س وفيه ُرطوبَة‪ٌ.‬‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫– الت ََوقُّ ُ‬ ‫ج ّ ِويَّة ‪:‬‬ ‫الطقس ُم ِ‬ ‫شم ٌ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫عات ْال َ‬ ‫ٌ‬ ‫– الت َلَُّو ُ‬ ‫لسلوك البشريَّة ‪.‬‬ ‫ث نتيجة ُمباشرة ٌ ِل‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫أسعار ‬ ‫– ت َْرفَُع روسيا ‬ ‫البترول‪.‬‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫)‪6‬‬

‫‪A heatwave is heading to the European continent this coming week.‬‬ ‫‪My brother studies veterinary science at Cambridge University.‬‬ ‫‪Wind power is a type of renewable energy.‬‬ ‫‪A hurricane in Germany destroys the roofs of buildings.‬‬ ‫?‪Is a nuclear disaster possible if Ukraine is subject to a Russian attack‬‬

‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫ •‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬

‫‪Chapter 10: Technology‬‬ ‫)‪1‬‬

‫ج ه ز‬ ‫ش و ش‬ ‫أ م ر‬

‫ر س ل‬ ‫ب ي ن‬ ‫ح د ث‬ ‫)‪2‬‬

‫ش ٌ‬ ‫شبَ ٌك‬ ‫بكات ‪َ  /‬‬ ‫َ‬ ‫عون‬ ‫تاب َ‬ ‫ُم ِ‬ ‫وافذُ‬ ‫نَ ِ‬ ‫سائُل‬ ‫َو ِ‬

‫ٌ‬ ‫صارات‬ ‫خت‬ ‫ِا ِ‬ ‫بواب ‪ /‬بيبان‬ ‫أَ ٌ‬ ‫َجْو ٌ‬ ‫الت‬ ‫أَ‬ ‫ٌ‬ ‫سالك‬ ‫)‪3‬‬

‫ت‪.‬‬ ‫َرن ِ‬ ‫شهر ُمدَ ّ ِونٍَة على اإلنت ِ‬ ‫ي أ َ ُ‬ ‫– ِه َ‬ ‫– َم َ‬ ‫ت‪.‬‬ ‫اس يَت ََسَّو َ‬ ‫قون على اإلنت َرنِ ِ‬ ‫عظُم النّ ِ‬ ‫غير ت َ‬ ‫ت‪.‬‬ ‫بعض ‬ ‫ناك ‬ ‫رن ِ‬ ‫– ُه َ‬ ‫غطية لإلنت َ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫ق من ِ‬ ‫المناط ِ‬ ‫ً‬ ‫ً‬ ‫هذِه األيام‪.‬‬ ‫–‬ ‫شائعا ِجدّا ِ‬ ‫َرن ِ‬ ‫ت ِ‬ ‫عْبَر اإلنت ِ‬ ‫جوم َ‬ ‫أصبح ُ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫اله ُ‬

414 Answer Key 4)

• • • •

Some researchers believe that the internet leads to social isolation in children. One of the positives of the internet is its use to communicate with friends. Governments use the internet to spy on their citizens. What is cyberbullying?

Index

accountancy 209 acid 40, 354 agriculture 193 aid 23, 180–182 alcohol 47, 61 animals 11, 73, 114, 163, 236, 257, 273, 337–350, 352 Arab 103, 130, 245 Arabic 104–105, 108, 110, 117, 124; grammar 1–7, 68, 81, 107, 172, 246, 352 Arabisation 2 atheism 305, 314

crime 30, 42, 99, 161, 254, 255, 270–271, 285, 293, 411 crisis 58, 142, 212, 222 culture 90, 94, 98, 207, 294, 319, 322–323, 332, 412 cure 72–74, 287 currency 136, 192

bank 192, 208, 216, 247, 408 bankruptcy 220, 408 blogging 2, 383, 387, 391, 402 body 4, 26, 38–39, 43, 68, 72, 218, 269, 298, 405 borrowings 105, 218 British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) 207 budget 217, 224 business 110, 113, 136, 187, 192, 196, 198–199, 216, 240, 381

data 88, 259, 381, 383, 393–394, 397, 399, 401 death 72, 77–78, 126, 175, 277, 290, 324 debt 78, 84, 212–213, 219, 324 defence 75, 78, 144, 147, 157, 212, 257, 259 deficit 206, 217 deposit 150, 204, 207, 209, 212, 224 derivation 1–6, 13, 15, 99, 105, 224 development 181 dictionary 2, 103, 105 digital 389, 394 disability 76, 190 displacement 180 DNA 40 drugs 56, 117

calques 2, 400 censorship 250–251, 389 Christianity 296, 298, 316–317 clause 85, 108, 133, 138, 228, 244, 247, 268 climate 120, 350, 353–356, 378 commerce 106, 196, 198, 206, 381 communication 228, 287, 390, 399–400 computer 2, 209, 236, 385–386, 389, 392, 397, 405 constitution 57, 129, 130, 300, 313, 357 convictions 280, 284 court 167, 255, 257–260

earth 169, 208, 308, 337, 356, 358, 366, 368, 412 Easter 313 economics 88, 110, 187, 208 education 81, 83, 85–86, 88, 90, 94, 230, 287, 322, 405 elections 178–180, 239 electronic 2, 238, 381, 384 emotions 16, 24, 26, 51, 59, 94, 109, 368 employment 187–189, 192–193, 196, 226, 257, 392 energy 16, 93, 359, 361–362, 408, 413 engineering 195

416

Index

environment 337, 358, 367–368 European Union 143 Facebook 395 family 9, 10, 14–15, 129, 159, 403 finance 208, 222, 408 freedom 128, 160, 236, 241 government 46, 121, 125, 129–130, 167, 387, 408, 414 hacking 152, 386 health 33, 38, 74, 77, 165, 179, 212, 284, 287, 356, 404, 407 history 109, 110, 393 horoscopes 321 human 9, 67, 69, 77, 111, 163, 187, 188, 207, 257, 379 illness 39, 58, 61–62, 66–69, 71, 73, 261, 284, 320 industry 203 information technology 380 internet 2, 356, 380–381, 383–384, 386, 388–389, 391, 393, 396, 402, 414 investment 208 Islam 91, 130, 165, 174, 184, 256, 260, 263, 268, 276, 296, 304–306, 308, 327, 408, 412 journalism 110, 186, 227, 229–230, 253, 409–410 Judaism 318, 336 justice 144, 180, 221, 262, 264, 266, 270 language 1, 2, 48, 100, 104–106, 110, 114, 117, 124, 218, 247, 312, 321, 330, 380; see also Arabic law 89, 106, 113, 129–130, 142, 161, 226, 254–260, 265, 268, 276, 306, 387, 397, 410 lexicon 103–105 linguistics 2, 110 loanwords 2, 7, 211, 245, 381, 400 love 19, 22, 26–27, 34–35, 60, 106, 120–121, 169, 205, 242, 369 media 110, 227, 252, 384, 399, 410; social media 384 medicine 73, 75, 260, 329 member of parliament (MP) 127, 136, 143 Middle East 267, 336 mind 57, 280 modernisation 146

money 45, 52, 130, 192, 209, 213–216, 220, 222, 241, 314, 351, 372 monopoly 147, 199 multimedia 399 nature 108, 117, 237, 300, 313, 315, 337, 357 network 166, 389, 391, 399–400 news 227–228, 230, 234–235, 251, 253, 400 non-governmental organisation (NGO) 129 North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) 142 nouns 3, 5–7, 101 nuclear 361–362, 365, 413 offense 274, 285 opinion 26, 218, 241, 244, 263 parliament 126–127, 136, 142–143, 199, 245 party 133, 136–137, 146, 155, 186, 192, 307, 309 peace 25, 32, 101, 136, 147, 149, 159, 165, 167, 176, 269, 306, 320, 362 politics 125, 406 pollution 375, 379 press 229–230, 234, 244, 245, 410 profession 105, 188, 194, 203, 259 programming 382 publishing 235, 237–238, 357 radiation 20, 361, 365 Ramadan 304, 311, 313, 336, 412 refugee 180–182 religion 1, 31, 131, 212, 294, 302, 311 rights 256–257, 291, 351 roots 1–2, 6, 7 school 5, 81–83, 233 security 149, 151–152, 154–155, 217, 244, 281, 306, 380, 394 sex 40, 49, 51–52, 54, 96–97, 187 society 97, 160, 294, 319 sociology 88, 97 statistics 88, 209 Stock Exchange, the 201 subjects 107, 109–110 synonym 7, 42, 124 tax 216–217, 219, 222 television 2, 227, 253 terrorism 153 trade 106, 110, 136, 188, 192, 195–198, 201, 203, 217 tradition 268, 287, 306, 320, 329, 331

Index treaty 142, 145, 260 Twitter 394–395 United Nations (UN) 126, 207 verb 1, 3, 4–5, 7, 85, 96, 101, 138, 202, 224, 235, 245

417

war 10, 161, 166, 271, 407 weapons 163, 165, 365; weapons of mass destruction (WMD) 163 weather 120, 214, 350, 353, 355, 378 website 145, 390, 393, 400 wireless 390 world 88, 208, 230, 302, 366