Marshfield: Ironmongers Piece Excavations 1982-3: An Iron Age and Romano-British Settlement in the South Cotswolds 9780860543435, 9781407317540

Table of contents :
Front Cover
Copyright
Dedication
Table of Contents
List of Plates
List of Figures in the Text
Abbreviations
Bibliography
Acknowledgements
Introduction
Part I: The Site
Period I: Pre-Roman Occupation
Period II: Early Roman Religious Centre
Period III: Later Romano-British Farmstead
Period IV: Sub-or Post-Roman Occupation
Period V: Post-Roman Robbing
Medieval and Later
List of Contexts and Their Location
Part II: The Finds
Introduction
The Coins
Coin List
The Coins from Marshfield, A Short Note
Objects of Copper Alloy
Objects of Lead
Objects of Iron
Objects of Bone
The Glass
The Glass Beads
The Flintwork
Objects of Stone
Painted Plaster
Motar Samples
Miscellaneous Objects
Part III: The Pottery
Introduction
A. Fabric-Type Classification
B. Pottery Catalogue
C. Discussion of the Pottery Corpus
D. The Pottery Sources
E. Fabric Frequency Analysis
Part IV: Specialist Reports
Animal Bones
Human Bones
Oysters
The Plant Remains
The Technology
Post-Roman Artefacts from the Site
Conclusions
Excavations Conducted During 1984: Preliminary Report

Citation preview

Marshfield Ironmongers Piece Excavations 19 8 2 - 3 An Iron Age and Romano-British Settlement · in the "South Cotswolds by

Kevin Blockley with sections by Ian Anders on, Paul Barford, Tom Blagg, Jeremy Branfoot, Anne Everton, Bob Everton, Martin Henig, Alison Hicks , Maggie Hughes , Don Mackreth, Richard Reece· and John Shepherd

BAR British Series 141 1985

B.A.R.

5, Centremead, Osney Mead, Oxford OX2 OES, England.

GENERAL EDITORS A.R Hands, B.Sc., M.A., D.Phil. D.R. Walker, M.A.

llAR-11*1, 1985 : 'Marshfield;Ironmong.ers Piece Excavations 1982-J ©

Avon County Council,1985

The author’s moral rights under the 1988 UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act are hereby expressly asserted.

All rights reserved. No part of this work may be copied, reproduced, stored, sold, distributed, scanned, saved in any form of digital format or transmitted in any form digitally, without the written permission of the Publisher. ISBN 9780860543435 paperback ISBN 9781407317540 e-book DOI https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860543435 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library This book is available at www.barpublishing.com

T he a uthor g ratefully a cknowledges A von C ounty C ouncil P lanning D epartment f or s ponsoring t he p roject a s p art o f t heir S cheme , S ervices C ommission f or f unding i t .

a nd t he M anpower

t o M arion a nd T homas

V

C ONTENTS P AGE

L ist o f P lates

x i

L ist o f F igures i n t he T ext

x iii

A bbreviations

x vii

B ibliography A CKNOWLEDGEMENTS

1

I NTRODUCTION

5

R OMANO-BRITISH S ITES I N T HE A REA

9

S UMMARY

1 0

P ART I T HE S ITE

K evin B lockley

P ERIOD I :

P RE-ROMAN O CCUPATION

1 7

T imber S tructure P 1

1 7

D itches a nd g ullies D ating e vidence f or P eriod I D iscussion

1 7 1 8 1 8

P ERIOD I I:

E ARLY R OMAN R ELIGIOUS C ENTRE

2 1

T he b oundary w all

2 1

M asonry B uilding R 1 D ating e vidence f or B uilding R 1 F eatures t o t he e ast o f B uilding R 1

2 2 2 8 2 8

P ossible m ortuary E nclosure R 2 D ating e vidence f or S tructure R 2 M iscellaneous f eatures D iscussion P ERIOD I II :

L ATER R OMANO-BRITISH F ARMSTEAD

B uilding R 3, P eriod I IIA

3 1

3 3 3 3 3 6 3 7 3 7

D ating e vidence f or B uilding R 3 a nd a ssociated f eatures , P eriod I II F eatures a djacent t o B uilding R 3 , P eriod I IIA B uilding R 3, P eriod I IIB

4 0 4 3 4 4

D ating e vidence f or B uilding R 3 , P eriod I IIB D iscussion B uilding R 3

6 1

S ome n otes o n t he e levations o f B uilding R 3 F eatures a djacent t o B uilding R 3, P eriod I IIB

6 3 6 5

B uilding R 3, P eriod I IIC

6 6

D ating e vidence f or P eriod I IIC

6 6

v ii

6 1

M asonry B uilding R 4

6 6

M asonry B uilding R 5 a nd a ssociated s tratigraphy D rying-oven 1 39 O ven 1 35

6 6 6 7 7 0

T he P eriod I II c emetery

7 1

D ating e vidence f or t he c emetery D iscussion

7 6 7 7

M iscellaneous f eatures i n t he s outh -w est c orner o f t he e xcavation W alls o f u nknown d ate w est o f D rying-oven 1 39

7 7

P ERIOD I V :

S UB- O R P OST-ROMAN O CCUPATION

7 9 7 9

B uilding R 3 r e -o ccupied

7 9

D ating e vidence f or P eriod I V

7 9

P ERIOD V :

P OST-ROMAN R OBBING

8 0

R obber t renches

8 0

M EDIEVAL A ND L ATER

P .M . B arford

L IST O F C ONTEXTS A ND T HEIR L OCATIONS

8 3 8 6

P ART I I T HE F INDS 1 25

I ntroduction

1 26

T HE C OINS C oin L ist

1 27

I . A nderson

T he c oins f rom M arshfield , a s hort n ote R ichard R eece O BJECTS O F C OPPER A LLOY B rooches

1 34 1 35

D .F. M ackreth

1 36

O ther o bjects o f c opper a lloy

P .M . B arford a nd M argaret H ughes

1 51

w ith c ontributions b y J . B ailey a nd M artin H enig B racelets

1 51

N ecklace f astenings o f l inks

1 56

R ings S poons S eal -B ox l id N eedles C osmetic a nd t oilet i mplements S tylus

M artin H enig

1 58 1 59 1 59 1 61 1 61 1 62 1 62

B utton-a nd - l oop f astener

v iii

D ome-headed s tuds e tc .

1 63

M iscellaneous o bjects

1 64

P ins W ire S heet f ragments S teelyard

1 66 1 67 1 67 1 67

O BJECTS O F L EAD

P . M . B arford

1 73

a nd M argaret H ughes O BJECTS O F I RON

P . M . B arford

1 75

O BJECTS O F B ONE

S .J. G reep

1 87

T HE G LASS

P . M . B arford

1 91

a nd J .D. S hepherd T HE G LASS B EADS

P .M. B arford a nd

1 97

M argaret H ughes b ased o n c omments b y M . G uido T HE F LINTWORK

A nne E verton

1 99

O BJECTS O F S TONE

P . M . B arford a nd

2 17

J .S. B ranfoot w ith c ontributions b y T .F.C. B lagg Q uerns

2 19

S harpening a nd W hetstones P olished s tones ' Foreign' s tones

2 26 2 30 2 32

O bjects o f s hale O bjects o f l imestone C arved s tonework

2 33 2 35 2 38

P .M. B arford a nd T .F.C. B lagg

2 43 2 48

P ennant s andstone r oof - t iles S tone C offins P AINTED P LASTER

P .M. B arford a nd

2 52

M argaret H ughes 2 52

P eriod I I c ontexts

2 55

P eriod I II c ontexts M ORTAR S AMPLES

P . M . B arford

2 60

M ISCELLANEOUS O BJECTS

P .M . B arford a nd M argaret H ughes

2 61

C eramic t ile F ired c lay C ounters S pindle-whorls C oal

2 61 2 63 2 63 2 63 2 64

P ART I II T HE P OTTERY

A .T . W ard

2 67

I ntroduction

2 69

A . F abric - t ype c lassification B . P ottery C atalogue

2 81

P eriod I

2 81

P eriod I I

2 85

P eriod I II P eriod I II/IV P eriod I V

2 88 2 93 2 95

P eriod I II - c emetery I mports S amian w are

2 95 2 99 3 01

M ortaria C olour -c oated v essels

3 03 3 03

C . D iscussion o f t he p ottery c orpus

3 08

P eriod I

3 08

P eriod I I P eriod I II P eriod I V D iscussion

3 09 3 09 3 10 3 10

D . T he p ottery c orpus

3 11

E . F abric f requency

3 21 P ART I V

S PECIALIST R EPORTS A NIMAL B ONES

N .T. M organ

3 30

H UMAN B ONES

R .F. E verton w ith

3 53

an ote b y K evin B lockely O YSTERS

P .M .Barford

3 56

P LANT R EMAINS

A .J. H icks

3 57

T HE T ECHNOLOGY

P . M . B arford

3 64

P OST-ROMAN A RTEFACTS F ROM T HE S ITE

P .M . B arford

3 71

C ONCLUSIONS

K evin B lockley

3 74

A .J. P arker

3 77

E XCAVATIONS C ONDUCTED D URING 1 984 : P reliminary R eports

I LLUSTRATIONS L IST O F P LATES P AGE

ha b

G eneral v iew o f t he s ite l ooking t owards C astle C ombe.

1 07

L ocation o f s heep s kulls ( 181) a nd m asonry w all t o B uilding R l.

1 08

D eposit o f s heep s kulls a nd l egs ( 181) i nside B uilding R 1

I IIa

H earth 3 40 i n B uilding R l.

b I Va

1 09

P it 3 42 c ontaining t wo p erinatal s keletons a nd a f lagon . G eneral v iew o f B uilding R 1 a nd p athways l ooking

10

n orth -e ast. b

P athways t o t he e ast o f B uilding R 1 l ooking n orth .

V a

B urial B 2 i nside S tructure R 2.

11

B urial B 10 . V Ia

A rrangement o f s tones i n P it 2 35.

b

12

Q uarry -p it 2 37 l ooking n orth .

V ila b

J ar 5 21 b efore e xcavation . O ven 9 9 i n R oom 2 , B uilding R 3.

13

V illa

G eneral v iew o f B uilding R 3 a fter r emoval o f p loughsoil ,

14

l ooking n orth-west. b G eneral v iew o f B uilding R 3 u nder e xcavation ,

l ooking s outh .

I Xa b

O ven 2 92 i n R oom 1 , B uilding R 3, l ooking s outh . P itched s tone w ater -t ank f oundation 1 66 , i n R oom 2 , B uilding R 3.

15

X a

F lagstone F loor 8 1 i n s outh -e ast c orner o f R oom 6 , B uilding R 3.

16

G eneral v iew o f b athroom 1 1 a nd p raefurnium , B uilding R 3. X Ia

D etail o f d rain a nd l ead p ipe ( 192) i n R oom 1,

17

B uilding R 3. D etail o f f lues c onstructed o f r e-used i mbreces i n

b

R oom 1, B uilding R 3. X IIa

F loor 1 52 i n p raefurnium , B uilding R 3.

b

X IIIa

18

L ater f loor 1 52A o ver s tokehole i n p raefurnium , B uilding R 3. B uilding R 5 l ooking n orth .

19

b D rying - o ven 1 39 l ooking s outh . X IVa b

D rying -o ven 1 39 l ooking n orth . D rying-oven 1 39 l ooking s outh .

1 20

X Va

V iew o f v ents i n w all 1 39J o f O ven 1 39 ,

b

l ooking e ast.

1 21

D etail o f s tep 1 44 i n s tokehole t o O ven 1 39 .

X VIa

G eneral v iew o f P eriod I II c emetery l ooking w est.

b X VIIa b c

1 22

G eneral v iew o f B urials B 4 , B 5 , a nd B 19 , l ooking e ast. B urial B i.

1 23

B urial B 4. B urial B 7.

X VIIIa D etail o f r e -u sed s tone i n F loor 1 52A , R oom 1 2 , B uilding R 3. S imulation o f r oof c lad w ith p ennant s andstone r oofing-slates f ound i n t he d estruction- l evels t o B uilding R 3.

1 24

L IST O F F IGURES I N T HE T EXT P AGE 1

K ey t o c onventions

3

2

T he p osition o f t he s ite

4

3

P lan o f t he t renches

7

4

R oman s ites i n a nd a round M arshfield

1

5

P eriod p lans s howing m ajor f eatures

1 3

6

G eneral p lan s howing m ajor f eatures

1 4

7

P eriod I d itch a nd g ully s ections

1 6

8

P lan o f g ateway i n b oundary w all 6 7

2 0

9

E arly f loor i n B uilding R 1

2 3

1 0

S ection t hrough p ostholes i n B uilding R 1

2 3

1

M atrix o f B uildings P 1 a nd R 1

2 4

1 2

P lan o f B uilding P 1 a nd R 1

2 6

1 3

B urials B 10 , B 25 a nd B 26

2 7

1 4

P lan o f p athways a djacent t o B uilding R 1

2 9

1 5

P lan o f S tructure R 2 a nd b urials

3 0

1 6

B urial B 2

3 2

1 7

P lan a nd s ection o f P it 2 35

3 2

1 8

S ection t hrough P its 2 37 a nd 3 01

3 5

1 9

P lan o f B uilding R 3 , P eriod I IIa

3 8

2 0

M atrix o f B uilding R 3 , R ooms 1 t o 3

3 9

2 1

P lan a nd s ection o f O ven 9 9

4 1

2 2

P lan a nd s ection o f O ven 5 02

4 2

2 3

P lan o f B uilding R 3 ; P eriod I IIB

4 5

2 4

P lan o f O ven 2 92

4 6

2 5

S ection a nd e levations t hrough O ven 2 92

4 6

2 6

P lan o f H earths 1 57 a nd 5 30

4 8

2 7

M atrix o f B uilding R 3 , R ooms 5 , 6 , a nd 8

4 9

2 8

P lan o f f eature 9 5

5 1

2 9

M atrix o f B uilding R 3 , R ooms 1 0 t o 1 2

5 3

3 0

P lan o f B uilding R 3 , f eatures a ssociated w ith h eated R oom 1

5 4

3 1

S ection t hrough f oot -b ath 1 50

5 6

3 2

S ection t hrough s tokeholes i n R oom 1 2

5 6

3 3

M atrix o f B uilding R 3 , R ooms 9 a nd 1 3 t o 1 5

5 7

3 4

P lan o f H earths 9 0 a nd 9 1 i n R oom 1 3

5 9

3 5

E levations o f B uilding R 3

6 4

3 6

P lan o f O vens 1 35 a nd 1 39

6 8

3 7

S ection a nd e levations t hrough O ven 1 39

6 9

3 8

P eriod I II b urials B 1, B 3 , B 4 a nd B 8

7 2

3 9

P eriod I II b urials B 5 , B 7 a nd B 19

7 5

4 0

P eriod I II b urials B 6 , B 20 a nd B 21

7 8

4 1

P lan o f B uilding R 3 , P eriods I V a nd V

7 8

4 2

P ost-Roman f eatures o f t he s urrounding l andscape

8 2

4 3

B ronze b rooches

1 37

4 4

I ron b rooches

1 41

4 5

B ronze b rooches

1 44

4 6

B ronze b rooches

1 49

4 7

O bjects o f c opper a lloy

1 53

4 8

O bjects o f c opper a lloy

1 57

4 9

O bjects o f c opper a lloy

1 57

5 0

O bjects o f c opper a lloy

1 60

5 1

O bjects o f c opper a lloy

1 65

5 2

O bjects o f c opper a lloy

1 65

5 3 5 4

.B ronze b alance w ith l ead w eights O bject o f l ead

1 69 1 72

5 5

O bjects o f i ron

1 76

5 6

O bjects o f i ron

1 78

5 7

O bjects o f i ron

1 80

5 8

M odels o f n ail f ragmentation

1 83

5 9

S hoe c leat t ypology

1 86

6 0

O bjects o f b one

1 88

6 1

O bjects o f g lass

1 92

6 2

O bjects o f g lass

1 96

6 3

G lass b eads

1 96

6 4

F lintwork

2 10

6 4A

F lintwork

2 12

6 5

F lintwork

2 13

6 6

Q uernstone

2 18

6 7

Q uernstone

2 20

6 8

Q uernstone

2 22

6 9

Q uernstones

2 25

7 0

Q uernstone

2 25

7 1

W hetstones

2 27

7 2

W hetstones

2 29

7 3

P olished s tone S F L A

2 31

7 4

O bjects o f s hale

2 34

7 5

O bject o f l imestone

2 36

7 6

O bjects o f l imestone

2 37

7

C arved s tonework

2 39

7 8

C arved s tonework

2 40

7 9

C arved s tonework

2 42

8 0

C arved s tonework

2 44

8 1

D istribution o f p ennant t ile

2 46

8 2

S tone c offins a nd t anks

2 49

8 3

P ainted p laster f rom l ayer 1 48 , B uilding R 1

2 53

8 4

R oman t ile f rom R oom 1

2 63

8 5

O bject o f f ired c lay

2 63

8 6

P ot s herd s pindle-whorls

2 63

8 7

M ap s howing k nown p ottery s ources f or M arshfield

2 66

8 8

P ottery o f P eriod I

2 82

8 9

P ottery f rom P eriod I I f eatures

2 86

9 0

P ottery f rom B uilding R 3

2 90

9 1

P ottery f rom B uilding R 3

2 94

9 2

P ottery f rom t he c emetery a rea

2 96

9 3

I mports

2 98

9 4

S amian w are

3 00

9 5

M ortaria

3 02

9 6

C olour-coated p ottery

3 06

9 7

C opper a lloy f ragments

3 69

9 8

P ost-Roman o bjects

3 72

A BBREVIATIONS A ntiq: J .

A ntiquaries J ournal.

A rchaeol. J .

A rchaeological J ournal .

A rchaeol. C antiana

A rchaeologia C antiana .

B agendon

S ee C lifford , 1 961. B ritish A rchaeological R eports.

B .M . G uide

G uide t o t he A ntiquities o f R oman B ritain , T he T rustees o f t he B ritish M useum , 1 964 , ( London).

B ull . B rit . M us . ( Nat . H ist .)

B ulletin o f t he B ritish M useum ( Natural H istory).

C amerton

S ee W edlake ,

C .B .A . R es. R ep.

1 958 .

C ouncil f or B ritish A rchaeology R esearch R eport.

C hew V alley

S ee R ahtz a nd G reenfield , 1 977.

C irencester I

S ee W acher a nd M cWhirr , 1 982.

C K

S ee C arson a nd K ent , 1 960 .

C. R .A .A .G .S.

C ommittee f or R escue A rchaeology i n A von , G loucester a nd S omerset.

F ishbourne I I

S ee C unliffe , 1 971b .

G adebridge P ark

S ee N eal , 1 974 .

G atcombe

S ee B ranigan , 1 977.

G uiting P ower

S ee S aville ,

H ertfordshire A rchaeol .

H ertfordshire A rchaeology

H K

S ee H ill a nd K ent ,

I lchester I

S ee L each , 1 982.

J . A rchaeol . S ci.

J ournal o f A rchaeological S cience .

L ondon M iddlesex A rchaeol .

L ondon a nd M iddlesex A rchaeological

1 979 .

1 960 .

S ociety S pecial P apers .

L MMC

L ondon M useum M edieval C atalogue , W ard P erkins , 1 940.

M ack

S ee M ack ,

M edieval A rchaeol.

M edieval A rchaeology .

N ettleton

S ee W edlake , 1 982.

N orthampton A rchaeol.

N orthamptonshire A rchaeology

O are

S ee S wan , 1 975.

O xon .

O xoniensia

P ortchester I

S ee C unliffe , 1 975.

P ost -M edieval A rchaeol.

P ost-Medieval A rchaeology.

P roc. B ristol S pelaeol. S oc.

P roceedings o f t he B ristol U niversity S pelaeological S ociety .

1 964.

P roc. D orset N atur . H ist.

P roceedings o f t he D orset N atural

A rchaeol . S oc.

H istory a nd A rchaeological S ociety .

P roc. H ampshire F ld . C lub

P roceedings o f t he H ampshire F ield

A rchaeol. S oc.

C lub a nd A rchaeological S ociety .

P roc . P rehist. S oc .

P roceedings o f t he P rehistoric S ociety .

P roc. S oc. o f A ntiq. S cotland .

P roceedings o f t he S ociety o f A ntiqua ries o f S cotland . R oyal C ommission o n H istorical M onum ents E ngland , A ncient H istorical M onuments i n t he C ounty o f G loucester , V ol . 1 , ( London).

R . H ist. S oc .

R oyal H istory S ociety .

R IC

S ee M attingly , S ydenham , S utherland a nd C arson , 1 923-70 .

S hakenoak I II

S ee B roadribb , H ands , a nd W alker , 1 972.

S oc. o f A ntiq. R es. R ept.

S ociety o f A ntiquaries R esearch R eport .

S outhwark I I

S outhwark E xcavations 1 972-74 , I I) S outhwark a nd L ambeth A rchaeological E xcavation C ommittee .

T rans. B irmingham W arwickshire

T ransactions o f t he B irmingham a nd

A rchaeol. S oc.

W arwickshire A rchaeological S ociety .

x viii

T rans. B ristol G loucestershire

T ransactions o f t he B ristol a nd

A rchaeol. S oc.

G loucestershire A rchaeological S ociety.

T rans. C umberland W estmorland

T ransactions o f t he C umberland a nd

A ntiq . A rchaeol. S oc. n . s er.

W estmorland A ntiquarian a nd A rcha eological S ociety n ew s eries.

T rans. L ichfield S . S taffordshire A rchaeol. H ist. S oc.

T ransactions o f t he L ichfield a nd s outh S taffordshire A rchaeological a nd H istorical S ociety. T ransactions o f t he S outh S tafford -

T rans. S outh S taffordshire A rchaeol. S oc.

A rchaeological S ociety.

U sk

S ee G reen ,

V erulamium

S ee W heeler a nd W heeler ,

V erulamium I

S ee F rere ,

V CH ,

V ictoria C ounty H istory o f E ssex , V ol.

( 1963)

I II,

1 979. 1 936.

1 972.

( London).

W .A .T .

W estern A rchaeological T rust.

W hitton

S ee J arrett a nd W rathmell ,

W iltshire A rchaeol. N atur. H ist.

W iltshire A rchaeological a nd N atural

M ag .

H istory M agazine.

Y orkshire A rchaeol. I .

Y orkshire A rchaeological J ournal.

x ix

1 981.

B IBLIOGRAPHY A ddyman ,

P .V .

&H ill ,

D .H . ,

( 1969)

' S axon S outhampton :

t he e vidence , i i , i ndustry , t rade a nd e veryday l ife ' , C lub A rchaeol . S oc . , X XVI, 6 1-96 . A lcock , L . , ( 1963) D inas P owys , a n M edieval S ettlement i n-G lamorgan , ( Cardiff) .

I ron A ge ,

A r eview

o f

P roc . H ampshire F ld .

D ark A ge a nd E arly

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A CKNOWLEDGEMENTS

T he a uthor g ratefully a cknowledges A von C ounty C ouncil P lanning D epartment f or s ponsoring t he p roject a s p art o f t heir A von C ounty c ommunity E nvironment S cheme , a nd t he M anpower S ervices C ommission f or f inancing i t . E xcavation w ould n ot h ave t aken p lace , w ere i t n ot f or t he k ind c ooperation o f t he l andowners , t he C harnaud F amily T rust a nd t enant f armers M r . a nd M rs . J eremy C harnaud , w ho s howed g reat i nterest i n b oth t he e xcavation a nd p oste xcavation w ork . D irectorship o f t he e xcavation w as u ndertaken j ointly b y M arion D ay a nd t he w riter , w ho c annot e mphasise e nough h ow m uch e xpertise a nd e nthusiasm M arion p ut i nto a ll a spects o f t he e xcavation . S he h as a lso b een a c onstant ' s ounding b oard ' d uring p ost-excavation w ork a nd h as r ead a nd m ade v aluable c omments o n t he t ext . T he a uthor m ust , h owever , a ccept t otal r esponsibility f or a ny e rrors o r omissions i n t he t ext. D ay t o d ay s upervision o f t he e xcavation t eam w as u ndertaken b y M artin H icks , P aul S ewter a nd M ike W eetman , t he l atter a lso t ook t he m ajority o f t he s ite p hotographs d uring t he 1 982 s eason . T hese t hree w ere a ssisted b y ; P aul B arford , w ho a lso u ndertook t he c onservation o f t he a rtefacts , a nd t echnological s ampling ; T revor C arbin , g eological s urvey ; A lison H icks t he e nvironmentalist ; a nd A ndrew W ard w ho l ater u ndertook t he p ottery r eport . S pecial t hanks m ust a lso g o t o K aren G reenman , w ho , b etween b outs o f d igging , o rganised s chool v isits w hilst t he e xcavation w as i n p rogress . R esearch i nto d ocumentary s ources w as u ndertaken b y V ince R usset. T he a uthor i s i ndebted t o t he e xcavation t eam w ho w orked h ard i n a ll w eather c onditions a nd a re t oo n umerous t o m ention i ndividually . M any u npaid v olunteers g ave t heir s ervices o n t he e xcavation , o f whom t he r egulars w ere J ack C uffe -A dams , R ob B ell , J o E lsworth , E ddie S edgemore , a nd F enella a nd L inda W illiams . C hris S tephens k indly g ave h is e xpert h elp w ith t he m agnetometer a nd r esistivity s urveys . T he f inds w ere c atalogued a nd p rovisionally s orted o n s ite b y K aren G reenman , V ince H enderson a nd M aggie H ughes , w hilst H ilary W hite s upervised t he f inds p rocessing a t o ur B ristol h eadquarters . T he e xcellent i llustrations o f t he s mall-finds a nd p ottery a re t he w ork o f L aurie S artin , D uncan F oote , S teve P hipps a nd S ally R ost , w ith a dditional f igures b y M arion D ay , P aul B arford , T ony W oolls a nd A nne E verton . T he a uthor w ishes t o t hank A ndrew W ard f or u ndertaking t he p ottery r eport . H elp o n i dentifying f abrics c ame f rom A nne E verton , S ara G reen , C aroline I reland , P eter L each a nd t he s taff o f B ristol C ity M useum . J ack C uffe -A dams a lso h elped w ith t he i nitial s orting o f t he p ottery i nto f abric t ypes. T he a uthor i s a lso i ndebted t o I an A nderson f or i dentifying t he c oins ; J ustine B ayley f or a nalysis o f t he e namelwork ; T om B lagg f or h is n ote o n t he c arved s tone ; J eremy B ranfoot f or i dentification o f g eological s amples ; A nne E verton f or h er r eport o n t he p rehistoric f lintwork ; t he l ate B ob E verton f or a r eport o n t he h uman b ones ; M artin H enig f or a r eport o n t he r ings ; D on M ackreth f or h is r eport o n t he b rooches ; R ichard R eece f or a

1

n ote o n t he c oinage ; J ohn S hepherd f or c omments o n t he g lass v essels , a nd a ny o ther c ontributors m entioned i n t he t ext ; P aul B arford a nd M aggie H ughes w ere r esponsible f or w riting t he r emainder o f t he f inds r eports , w hilst P aul B arford u ndertook t he p reliminary s orting a nd e diting o f t he f inds s ection . F inal e diting w as u ndertaken b y m yself o n w hom m ust f all t he r esponsibility f or a ny e rrors o r omissions. A d raft o f t his r eport w as r ead i n t ypescript b y Marion D ay a nd P rofessor S .S . F rere t o whom I a m g rateful f or v aluable c omments a nd s uggestions . H elp i n c orrecting t he p roofs f or t his v olume c ame f rom M ike W eetman . As pecial n ote o f t hanks m ust g o t o t he i nhabitants o f M arshfield , w ho t olerated l arge n umbers o f d irty d iggers a nd p rovided s ome w ith t emporary h omes . I n p articular t he w riter w ould l ike t o t hank J ohn H umphries a nd J ack W alter o f t he M arshfield P arish C ouncil a nd M r . a nd M rs . H oldom o f P lough F arm . T hose w ho h ave h elped t he e xcavation e ither d irectly , b y v olunteering f or e xcavation o r f inds p rocessing w ork , o r i ndirectly , b y v isiting t he s ite a nd p urchasing i nterim r eports , r eceive m y s incerest t hanks .

K EVIN B LOCKLEY

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I NTRODUCTION T he s ite i s s ituated a t I ronmongers P iece ( pl . 1 ) i n t he g ently s loping v alley o f B roadmead B rook i n t he S outh C otswolds , 2 .8 k ilometres n orth-east o f M arshfield , A von ( fig . 2 ) ( Grid R eference S T 7 98760) . N ettleton R oman t emple l ies 2 .5 k ilometres e ast -n orth-e ast ,

w hilst 1 .6 k ilometres s outh-east

i s t he s tretch o f F osse W ay l inking B ath a nd C irencester .

K nown R oman s ites

i n t he a rea a re s hown i n f ig . 3 . T he s ite a t I ronmongers P iece w as f irst r ecognised i n t he a utumn o f 1 981, w hen a s mall h ole o pened u p i n t he g round d uring p loughing . A fter a b rief i nspection o f t he h ole b y t he f armer M r . J eremy C harnaud , h e i nformed t he C onservation S ection o f A von C ounty

C ouncil

P lanning D epartment ,

a nd

t heir a rchaeologist M r . R ob I les w ent o ut t o i nvestigate . T he h ole t hat h ad a ppeared was i n f act p art o f a R omano - B ritish o ven ( fig . 3 6) . S ubsequently , t wo d ays o f f ieldwalking b y M r . R ob I les a nd M r . J ames E dgar w ith m embers o f t he B ristol a nd A von A rchaeological R esearch G roup , r evealed t wo d istinct a reas a nd p eriods o f o ccupation . T he f irst w as a s catter o f N eolithic-early B ronze a ge m aterial o ver t he e astern p art o f t he f ield w ith a c oncentration o n t he c rest o f t he f ield s outh o f t he d rying -o ven . s econd w as a w ide v ariety o f R omano -B ritish f inds , b uilding m aterial , s igninum a nd h uman b ones w est o f t he d rying - o ven .

T he o pus

D ensity p lots 1 o f p ottery a nd i ron s lag , d rawn u p s oon a fter t he f ieldwalking , i ndicated t he m ain a reas o f p robable o ccupation ( Iles , 1 982 , f ig .

5 ) .

T he a im o f t he 1 982 e xcavation w as t o a scertain t he n ature a nd e xtent o f t his p rehistoric a nd R omano-British o ccupation . T he q uality o f f inds, p articularly t he b ronzework i mplied d eeper p loughing w as o nly j ust b eginning t o d amage t he R omano-British s tructural r emains . A n e xcavation h ere w as a lso t hought w orthwhile a s n o e xtensive m odern h as t aken p lace o n aR oman s ettlement i n t he s outhern C otswolds . T he o nly e xcavation o f n ote i s t hat o f t he N ettleton S hrubb t emple c omplex , which i t was h oped t hat a n e xcavation a t I ronmongers P iece w ould c omplement . T he e xcavation a lso f ormed a p art o f a n i ntensive r esearch p rogramme i nto t he h istorical d eNelopment o f M arshfield p arish b y A von C ounty P lanning D epartment . T his p roject i t w as a nticipated , w ould a ct a s a m odel o f t he c omplexity a nd d ensity o f l and u se a nd s ettlement i n t he p ast i n t he S outhern C otswolds . P revious f ieldwork i n t he p arish , e specially b y M r . R . K night h ad r evealed f ive R oman s ettlement s ites . F ieldwork d uring 1 982-84 , s upervised b y M r . V . R ussett , s ettlements ,

l ocated a bout

h as i ndicated t hat t here w ere a bout 1 5 R oman

1 km .

o r

l ess a part ;

t he

f ieldwork

r eport

h as

b een p ublished b y t he A von C ounty C ouncil P lanning D epartment. B efore e xcavation i n A pril 1 982 g eophysical a nd r esistivity s urveys w ere c onducted o ver a n a rea o f 1 0 ,000 s quare m etres , i n t he n orth -e astern c orner o f t he f ield w hich h ad b een l eft f allow f or e xcavation . T his s urvey w as d one i n 1 5 -m etre g rids. C omplementary s urveys w ere c onducted o ver t he s ame a rea a nd i ncluded a p lot o f p ennant s andstone r oofing - s labs , d ressed f ragments o f o olitic l imestone , w as

o pus s igninum a nd h uman b ones .

c onducted ,

s ince

s pecies

s uch

a s

A f urther s urvey o f w eed t ypes D eadnettle

5

a nd

S peedwell

were

c olonizing i n d ense d iscrete c lusters , r ather t han i n a r andom p attern . I t w as t hought t hat t his c olonization m ight b ear s ome r elation t o t he u nderl ying a rchaeology . T hese s urveys h elped t o d efine t he a rea o f a l arge m asonry b uilding ( Building R 3 i n t his r eport) a nd g raveyard , a nd w ere a n i nvaluable a id when d eciding w hich a reas o f t he 1 0 ,000 s quare m etres a vailable t o i nvestigate i n t he f irst i nstance . O n c ompletion o f t he e xcavation 1 :100 s ite p lans w ere o verlaid w ith t he p reliminary s urveys t o c ompare r esults . T he t wo m ost i nformative s urveys w ere t he p lot o f b uilding - m aterials , w hich h ad a ccurately l ocated t he a rea o f B uilding R 3 a nd t he p lot o f h uman b ones w hich d efined t he c emetery a t t he s outhern e nd o f t he e xcavation . A lthough t he w eed s urvey h ad r evealed u nusual g rowth p atterns , t hese d id n ot a ppear i n r etrospect t o r eflect a ny u nderlying a rchaeological f eatures . T he g eophysical s urveys h ave s till t o b e a nalysed b y c omputer . H owever , a n i nterim ' manual ' p lot 2 o f t he g eophysical r eadings , o verlain o n t he s ite p lan , s hows t he a reas o f t wo l arge q uarry -p its a t t he s outhern e nd o f t he e xcavation ( Pits 2 37 a nd 3 01) a nd a lso t he p re -R oman d itch ( 193) b eneath R oom 1 6 i n B uilding R 3 ( fig . 6 ) .

M ethod o f E xcavation E xcavation b egan i n l ate May 1 982, a fter s tudy o f t he p loughsoil s urveys . T he a rea t o b e e xcavated w as i nfluenced b y t hree m ain c onsiderations . T he f irst w as a s catter o f p ennant s andstone r oofing - s labs a nd a p atch o f o pus s igninum o n t he s urface o f t he p loughsoil , t hought t o i ndicate t he c ollapse o f a s ubstantial R omano -B ritish b uilding . S econdly a n a rea c ontaining h uman b ones a nd f aced o olite s labs , a t t he s outhern e nd o f t he a rea u nder s tudy , w as c onjectured t o b e t he r emains o f a c emetery . T he t hird c omponent w as t he o ven l ocated b y p loughing i n 1 981. T he m ain a rea e xcavation e xtended o ver 3 ,328 s quare m etres .

T he

p loughsoil s urvived o nly t o a d epth o f b etween 1 5 a nd 2 0 cm . a bove t he a rchaeological d eposits , a nd i t w as t herefore d ecided t o r emove t he p loughsoil b y h and . T his a lso e nabled t he d istribution o f s mall-finds i n t he p loughsoil t o b e p lotted . A m achine w as u sed o nly f or l atrine - d igging a nd p artial b ackfilling o f t he s ite i n t he s ummer o f 1 983. D uring t he f ive -m onth e xcavation i n 1 982 t he m ain f oci w ere t he l arge m asonry b uilding ( R3 i n f ig . 6 ) , ac emetery t o t he s outh a nd t he d rying-oven e ast o f B uilding R 3 . W ithin B uilding R 3 , r ooms w ere e xcavated b y as ystem o f s quares s o a s t o o btain b oth n orth-south a nd e ast-west s ections . N arrow r ooms s uch a s c orridors w ere s ectioned w idth ways o nly . T he a rea s urrounding t he d rying -o ven w as o nly p artly e xcavated s ince i t w as b adly d isturbed b y p loughing . A t t he s outhern e nd o f t he s ite , i n t he c emetery , a ll l ate R oman g raves w ere e xcavated , P eriods I a nd I I , w ere s ampled .

whilst t he e arlier f eatures ,

o f

T rial t renches w ere d ug t o t he e ast a nd w est o f t he m ain a rea - T renches It o V II b eing d esigned t o t race m asonry w alls , a nd T renches V III t o X I t o e stablish t he l ine o f aP eriod I d itch . A l arge q uarry -p it o f u nknown d ate ,

w as l ocated b y T renches X a nd X I w hilst T renches V III a nd I X r evealed

o nly n atural l imestone .

( See f ig .

4 ) .

A s econd m ajor s eason o f e xcavation was p lanned b y 1 983 , b ut i n t he e vent i t w as o nly p ossible t o c arry o ut a s mall e xcavation . T his c oncentrated o n t he i nvestigation o f C ircular B uilding R 1 ( fig . 6 ) a nd a

6

M A R S H F I E L D 1 9 8 2 3

P l a n o f t r e n c h e s ( s c a l e 1 : 1 0 0 )

T R E N C H E S

7: 1 2 1 n

C31 1

>

L T 3

F4

7

s eries o f u nusual p athways a djacent t o i t . T he w ork w as m ost p roductive a nd t he r esults h ave b een i ncorporated i n t his v olume. A f urther s eason o f e xcavation s ubsequently t ook p lace i n 1 984 . I t was w ith t his a im i n m ind t hat a n a rea o f 9 30 s quare m etres , t o t he e ast o f B uilding R 3 , w as l eft o pen o ver t he w inter o f 1 983 s o t hat f urther w ork c ould b e c onducted o n t he l ate p re-Roman I ron A ge a nd e arly R oman o ccupation . B uilding R 5 w as i nvestigated i n 1 984 b y D r . T oby P arker o f t he U niversity o f B r istol . 3 77f.).

S ee a ppended p reliminary r eport o n t his w ork ( pp .

R ecording S ystem A c ontinuous n umber s equence w as a llocated t o t he s tratigraphy a nd e ach c ontext r ecorded o n as eparate r ecording f orm . A pproximately 5 50 c ontexts w ere e xcavated d uring t he t wo s easons o f e xcavation . F our o ther t ypes o f r ecording f orms w ere a lso u sed ; o ne f or b urials , as econd f or e nvironmental s amples , a t hird f or t echnological s amples a nd a f ourth f or r ecording d etails o f t he p hotographs t aken d uring t he e xcavation . P lanning w as b ased o n a g rid-system . A b ase l ine w as l aid o ut a long t he w estern e dge o f t he e xcavated a rea a nd a p ermanent g rid o f f ive-metre s quares w as e stablished . E ach t en-metre s quare w as p lanned a t a s cale o f 1 :20 o n a s eparate s heet o f d rafting f ilm . A t l east t wo o verlays w ere a llocated t o e ach o f t hese s quares ; o ne t o r ecord w alls a nd r ubble s preads e xposed a fter t he r emoval o f t he p loughsoil , a nd a s econd t o r ecord a ll e xcavated f eatures . F urther o verlays w ere u sed a s r equired , t o p revent p lans b ecoming c luttered . S mall-finds w ere p lotted d irectly o nto t he 1 :20 p lans d uring e xcavation . T o s upplement t hese r ecords , s maller-scale p lans a t 1 :100 a nd 1 :500 w ere d rawn o f m ajor f eatures a nd f inds-scatters t o a id i nterpretation . P lans a t 1 :10 o r 1 :5 w ere u ndertaken o f a ny f eature r equiring a ttention t o d etail . S ections w ere d rawn a t a s cale o f 1 :10 . W here s ection l ines o r b aulks w ere i ntroduced i n t he e xcavation , t hese a re s hown o n t he p ublication p lans b elow .

A rchive 3 I n a ddition t o t his p ublication , aL evel I II a rchive w as p roduced a fter t h91 e nd o f t he 1 982 s eason a nd i s h oused w ith t he L evel I a nd I I m aterial i n B ristol C ity M useum .

T he P ublication T his 1 982-3.

v olume d raws

t ogether

t he

r esults

o f

e xcavations

u ndertaken

i n

P art I c omprises a d escription o f e ach p eriod a nd t he f eatures t herein . N umerous p lans h ave b een i ncluded b ut f ew s ections h ave b een p ublished , s ince t hey a dd l ittle t o t he u nderstanding o f t he s tratigraphic s equence o n s uch a s hallow s ite . T he p osition o f s ections d rawn o n s ite i s h owever s hown o n t he p ublished p lans , s o t hat f uture r eference c an b e m ade t o t he a rchive f or f urther d etails . M atrices o f t he e xcavated b uilding h ave b een a dded s ince t hey a re a n i nvaluable a id , w hen u sed i n c onjunction w ith t he p lans , f or a n o verall u nderstanding o f t he s tratigraphic s equence . A l ist

8

o f c ontexts a nd t heir l ocation h as b een a dded a t t he e nd o f P art I , s o t hat r eference c an b e m ade f rom t he f inds s ection b ack t o t he s ite r eport . F or e xample , i f i t i s d esired t o f ind t he l ocation o f t he w orked s tone ( fig . 7 8) f rom c ontext 1 52A , r eference s hould b e m ade t o t he c ontext l ist w hich s hows t hat i t c ame f rom a P eriod I IIB f loor i n B uilding R 3 , R oom 1 2 . I t w ould t hen b e as imple m atter t o t urn t o P eriod I IIB i n t he s ite r eport a nd t hence t o B uilding R 3 a nd R oom 1 2 , w here d etails o f t he f loor c ould b e f ound . T his s ystem w as t hought p referable t o c ontinually r epeating a l ocation a fter e ach s mall-find d escr iption . T he r emaining p arts o f t he v olume c ontain s pecialist r eports o n f inds , a nd a c ompendium o f t he r esults i s g iven i n t he f inal c hapter .

t he

N otes w ill b e f ound a t t he e nd o f e ach o f t he m ain f inds s ections , e .g . O bjects o f c opper a lloy , O bjects o f l ead , O bjects o f b one , T he p ottery e tc .

R OMANO-BRITISH S ITES I N T HE A REA ( fig. 3 ) A n e xcavation r eport s uch a s t his i s n ot t he p lace t o p resent a d etailed s tudy o f t he a rchaeology o f t he s urrounding a rea . H owever , s ome b rief p oints a re i n o rder t o s et t he s cene a nd i ntroduce t he r eader t o t he a rea. R omano-British s ites s hown i n f ig . 3w ere c ompiled f rom v arious s ources . T he r oads w ere l argely t aken f rom t he R oyal C ommissions p ublication o n t he G loucestershire C otswolds ( R .C .H .M . 1 976 , x lv - x lviii) a nd M argary ( 1973) . I nformation o n t he r emaining m onuments w as o btained f rom t he S ites a nd o numents R ecords ( S .M .R .) m aintained b y A von a nd W iltshire C ounty C ouncils . I n d rawing t he m ap ( f ig . 3 ) t he s tatus o f s ites s hown i s t hat g iven i n t he S .M . IL a nd i t m ust b e b orn i n m ind t hat t he s tatus o f t he m ajority o f

g

t he s ites i s s ubjective . M ajor f eatures o f t he l andscape , s uch a s t he I ron A ge H ill-Forts a nd p ost-Roman W ansdyke a re i ndicated i n f ig . 3 a s w ell a s l and a bove 6 00 m etres . T he m ajor R oman r oad t raversing t he a rea i s t he F osse W ay ( Exeter L incoln ) . A s hort s tretch o f t his r oad i s s hown i n f ig . 3a nd e xtends f rom A quae S ulis ( Bath) , s outh-west t owards L indis ( Ilchester ) a nd n orth-east t owards C orinium ( Cirencester) ; t he l atter s ection p assing w ithin t wo k ilometres o f t he I ronmongers s ite . F urther r oads i n t he a rea i nclude o ne l inking A quae S ulis w ith t he m ilitary b ase A bone ( Sea M ills) t o t he w est , o n which w as t he t own o f T raiectus p robably s ituated a t B itton . T his r oad i s s hown i n f ig . 3p assing w ithin a k ilometre o f L ittle D own H ill-Fort a bove t he 6 00 m etre c ontour . M argary ( 1973 , 1 38 ) h owever , a rgues t hat t his r oad p robably a voided t he h igh g round a nd m ay h ave r un o n t he l ine o f t he p resent d ay r oad t hrough K elston , al ittle s outh o f t he h igh g round . B oth a re s hown o n f ig . 3 . A f urther r oad , d ividing f rom t he F osse W ay t wo k ilometres n orth-east o f A quae S ulis , e x tends v ia V erlucio ( Sandy L ane) t o C unetio ( Mildenhall) . T hese t wo r oads w ere i dentified i n t he I tinerarium A ntonini A ugusti ( Antonine I tinerary) ( Margary , 1 973 , 5 33 , I ter X IV) . A s econdary R oman r oad m ay h ave b een s ituated a long t he C otswold H ills n orth o f A quae S ulis . T his r oad i s s hown i n f ig . 3 a s a b roken l ine e xtending a long t he l and a bove t he 6 00 m etre c ontour . T he f irst s even k ilometres o f t his r oad a re u ndoubtedly R oman s ince i t r uns i n as eries o f

9

s traight l ines , b ut b eyond t his p oint t he r oute i s p robably a r idgeway ( Margary , 1 973 , 1 43-4) . S awyer ( 196g) m entions p art o f t his r oad was d esignated a s S traet i n aS axon c harter . N umerous R oman b urials

a nd

c emeteries h ave b een l ocated i n t he a rea .

N o a ttempt h as b een m ade h ere t o d ivide t he i nhumations a nd c remations , b ut d etails o f t hese c an b e f ound i n t he S .M .R . S ome o f t he b urials w ere f ound a ssociated w ith o ther t races o f o ccupation s uch a s v illas o r b uildings a nd s ome l ay a djacent t o t he a pproach r oads t o A quae S ulis . D etails o f t hose w ithin a t hree k ilometre r adius o f B ath h ave a lready b een r eported o n ( Norton , 1 969 , 2 12-18 , f ig . 7 1) a nd n eed n ot b e d iscussed h ere . O f p articular i nterest t o t he p resent s tudy a re t he b urials , a nd c emeteries n ot a ssociated w ith o ther t races o f o ccupation , o r a djacent t o R oman r oads . T hese b urials l ay l argely a long t he v alley o f t he R ive B oyd a nd i n t he A von V alley w est o f B ath . F urther i nvestigation w ill u ndoubtedly p rove m any o f t hese a re a ssociated w ith v illas o r o ther s ettlement s ites. A t otal o f 5 0 s ites , s hown i n f ig . 3 , a re r epresented b y v illas , b uildings , s ettlements a nd o ccupation s ites , w hose e conomy w as p robably b ased l argely o n a griculture . I f t o t his i s a dded t he s ites o f i solated b urials o r c emeteries n ot l ocated w ith o ther t races o f o ccupation , b ut w here o ccupation s ites m ay b e i nferred , t hen t he t otal i ncreases t o 7 0 s ites . O f t hese 7 0 s ites t he m ajority l ay a t t he s outhern e nd o f t he C otswold h ills a round A quae S ulis a nd T raiectus , b oth n o d oubt m arket c entres. T he m arket o f A quae S ulis a s y et u nlocated b y e xcavation w ould h ave e ncouraged t he g rowth o f a gricultural s ites i n t he a rea a nd m ay a ccount f or an umber o f w ealthy v illas a round B ath ( Branigan , 1 976 , f ig . 4 0) . P roduce f rom t he f arms c ould b e s old a nd g oods n ot u sually m anufactured a t t he f arms c ould b e p urchased . F or i nstance p ewter v essels p roduced a t v arious s ites i n t he a rea ( Wedlake , 1 982 , 1 06) m ay h ave b een s old a t t he m arket a s w ell a s j ewellery , g lass a nd p ottery. T he s ettlement a ssociated w ith t he s hrine o f A pollo a t N ettleton ( Wonake , 1 982) m ay w ell h ave s erved a s a s mall m arket c entre s erving t he l ocal f arms . I ndeed t he I ronmongers f armstead w as i deally s ituated t o m ake u se o f s uch a l ocal m arket.

S UMMARY ( fig . 5 ) P eriod I T he e arliest s tructure w as a c ircular T imber B uilding P I a nd a djacent b oudary d itches , p robably d ating b etween t he m id-first c entury B .C . a nd t he m id-first c entury A .D .

P eriod I I D uring t he s econd h alf o f t he f irst c entury A .D . T imber B uilding P I w as r ebuilt i n m asonry ( 110 W R 1) a nd a ppears t o h ave b een a s mall s hrine . E laborate p athways w ere b uilt , e xtending f rom t he e astern e ntrance o f B uilding R 1, o ne o f w hich w as a ligned t owards a t imber g ateway i n t he m asonry b oundary w all . T o t he s outh-west o f t hese f eatures w ere f our i nhumations , t wo o f w hich w ere a ssociated w ith a t imber s tructure R 2 a nd o ne l ay i n ap it a l ittle t o t he n orth o f R 2 . T wo l arge q uarry-pits l ay a t t he

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R oman s ites i n a nd a round M arshfield ( scale 1 :1500)

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s outhern e nd o f t he s ite c utting i nto a s ilted-up d itch o f P eriod I . P eriod MIA A m ajor p hase o f r ebuilding w as u ndertaken , s ometime d uring t he t hird q uarter o f t he t hird c entury , w hen P eriod I I f eatures w ere d emolished a nd m asonry B uilding R 3 t o R 5 c onstructed . T he l arge d rying -o ven t o t he e ast m ay a lso h ave b een c ontemporary w ith t hese b uildings.

P eriod I IIB C onsiderable e xpansion o f B uilding R 3 t ook p lace c . 3 60-70 a nd an i nhumation c emetery was e stablished t o t he s outh o f B uilding R 4 , c ontemporary w ith P eriod I IIB . E xtensive o ccupation c ontinued t o t he e nd o f t he f ourth c entury.

P eriod I IIC I n t he e arly f ifth c entury B uilding R 3 w as a bandoned , a fter w hich f loor s labs a nd l ead p iping w ere r obbed f rom t he b uilding .

P eriod I V ( fig. 4 1). D uring

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P ART I T HE S ITE

P ERIOD I : P RE-ROMAN O CCUPATION ( fig. 5 ). T his p eriod s aw t he c onstruction o f a c ircular t imber b uilding , a djacent t o t wo d itches , a nd i s d atable t o a round t he m id - f irst c entury B .C . t o m id f irst c entury A .D .

T IMBER S TRUCTURES P 1 ( figs. 5 , 6a nd 1 2). T his s tructure w as r epresented b y t wo l engths o f c urving g ully , ( 3 95 a nd 5 12) , c utting i nto t he n atural b rashy o olite . T he g ully v aried i n d epth f rom 1 2 t o 1 5 c m . , w as 2 0 C 1 14 w ide w ith a U -shaped p rofile , a nd w as f illed w ith a d ark g rey/brown c lay l oam w ith c harcoal f lecks a nd f ragments o f l imestone . T he b ackfill a nd f airly r egular p rofile o f t he g ully w ould t end t o i ndicate t hat i t m ay h ave f ormed t he b ase t o t he w alls o f t he s tructure , r ather t han b eing a n e aves -d rip . N o i nternal f loor s urface s urvived l ater b uilding a ctivity . A d iameter o f b etween 7 .5 a nd 8 .0 m etres i s p ostulated f or t his s tructure , t he e astern h alf o f w hich r emained u nexcavated b eneath t he l ower f loor o f B uilding R 1 o f P eriod I I.

D ITCHES A ND G ULLIES

( figs. 6 a nd 7 ).

T wo s ubstantial d itches w ere e xcavated , o ne l ay c lose t o S tructure P 1 , t he o ther was l ocated a long t he s outhern l imit o f t he e xcavated a rea . S hort s tretches o f t hree g ullies w ere a lso s ectioned.

D itch 1 93 ( fig . 7 , S ections b- c a nd d-e ). T his d itch w as c ut t o a d epth o f 1 .4 m etres i nto t he n atural l imestone ; t he u pper 8 0 c m . h ad w eathered t o a n i rregular p rofile a s a r esult o f f rost s hattering o f t he f riable b rashy o olite . L ower d own , w here t he n atural o olite was h ard a nd w ell b edded , t he r emaining p rofile i ndicated t he o riginal s hape o f t he d itch . T he b ackfill c onsisted o f a p rimary f ill ( 175A a nd 5 23) o f r edeposited n atural , p resumably w eathered f rom t he u pper e dges o f t he d itch . S econdary f ills o f l oose o olitic l imestone r ubble w ere d eposited i nto t he d itches d uring P eriods I I a nd I II . L ayers a bove 1 74 i n S ection b- c ( fig . I IIB.

7 ) w ere c ontemporary w ith R oom 1 6 ,

B uilding R 3 i n P eriod

A b utt -e nd w as l ocated a t t he w estern e nd o f D itch 1 93.

D itch 3 10 ( fig . 7 , S ection a- b a nd c- d ). T hree s ections w ere e xcavated t hrough t his d itch ,

1 7

w hich e xtended a long

t he s outhern m argin o f t he e xcavated a rea . T he d epth o f t he d itch v aried i n e ach c utting f rom 9 5 c m . t o 1 .3 m etres ; i ts u pper e dges w ere b adly w eathered . T he p rimary f ill w as o f s ilty l oam ( 3 16) , 2 0 C 1 14 t hick , o verlain b y a s econdary f ill o f l oose o olitic l imestone r ubble , w hilst t he t ertiary f ill w as o f ad ark b rown l oam . D uring P eriod I I D itch 3 10 w as c ut t hrough b y t wo q uarry-pits.

G ully 3 73 ( fig . 7 , S ection e -f). T his g ully w as c ut t o a d epth o f 8 0 C r E 4 i nto t he n atural o olite . I t c ontained a d eposit o f l ight b rown l oam ( 383) c ontaining l arge f ragments o f o olite , p resumably w eathered f rom t he e dges o f t he g ully . S ealing t his w as a n u pper f ill ( 373) o f d ark b rown c layey l oam w ith s mall f ragments o f o olite . T he c urving e astern e dge o f t his g ully m ay i ndicate a b utt-end t o t he s outh ; w hilst t o t he n orth n o t race o f t he g ully w as l ocated e ven t hough t he a rea w as e xcavated t o t he l evel o f t he b rashy o olite .

G ully 4 00 ( fig . 7 , S ection f -g). O nly a s hort l ength s urvived l ater d isturbances . I t w as 4 0 c m . d eep , w ith a f ill o f d ark b rown c layey l oam c ontaining f ragments o f o olitic l imestone .

G ully 5 10 ( fig . 7 ). T his g ully w as 3 0 c m . d eep , c ontaining a b ackfill o f m edium b rown , c ompact , c layey l oam . I t h ad a s imilar p rofile t o G ully 4 00 a nd e x tended t o t he s outh w here i ts r elationship w ith D itch 1 93 r emained u nexcavated . T here i s ap ossibility t hat G ullies 4 00 a nd 5 10 m ay b elong t o as ingle g ully b ut t his i s u ncertain s ince t he a rea b etween t he t wo s ections w as n ot t otally e xcavated .

D ATING E VIDENCE F OR P ERIOD I . N o p ottery w as r ecovered f rom f eatures f orming s tructure P l , s o i t i s t o t he d itches a nd g ullies w e m ust t urn f or e vidence . P ottery f rom p rimary a nd s econdary f ills o f D itches 1 93 a nd 3 10 w as d atable t o b etween c . 50 B .C . a nd c .A .D . 5 0 , b ut f urther w ork i s r equired b efore a c loser d ate c an b e e stablished ( fig . 8 8 , n os . 1 -26) .

D ISCUSSION S ince f ew f eatures o f aP eriod I d ate w ere e xcavated i t i s n ot p ossible t o i ndicate t he f unction o r s tatus o f S trucute P 1 a nd i ts a ssociated d itches a nd g ullies . W hen r ebuilt i n P eriod I I s tructure P 1 i s t hought t o h ave b een a s hrine ,

1 8

(T .5 1 f f .) , b ut i t d oes n ot f ollow t hat t he o riginal b uilding h ad t he s ame f unction . V ery f ew c ircular b uildings o f a n I ron A ge d ate h ave b een p ostulated a s s hrines . T hree g ood e xamples o f p re-Roman c iruclar t imber s hrines u nderlying R omano-British m asonry s hrines , a re a t M aiden C astle ( Wheeler , 1 943 , 1 35) , H ayling I sland ( Downey , K 4ng a nd S offe , 1 980 , 2 89) a nd F rilford ( Bradford a nd G oodchild , 1 939 , 1 -70).' I t w ould b e f ruitless t o d iscuss t he l ikelihood o f S tructure P 1 b eing a s hrine u ntil f urther e xcavation i s u ndertaken o n t he e astern h alf o f t he s tructure. F ive s mall-finds o f ap re-Roman d ate w ere f ound i n l ater c ontexts . T hree w ere o f b ronze ; o ne a b utton-and-loop f astener , ( fig . 5 0 , n o . 5 4) , t he o thers a p ossible b racelet f ragment ( f ig . 4 7 , n o . 5 ) a nd a D obunnic c oin . T he o ther o bjects w ere a g lass b ead ( f ig . 6 3 , n o . 2 ) a nd b one b obbin ( fig . 6 0 , n o . 2 ).

1 9

2 0 P l a n o f g a t e w a y i n b o u n d a r y w a l ( s c a l e 1 : 8 0 )

P ERIOD I I : E ARLY R OMAN R ELIGIOUS C ENTRE ( fig. 5 ) D uring t he s econd h alf o f t he f irst c entury A .D . t imber b uilding P 1 w as d emolished a nd r ebuilt i n m asonry a s R l. E xtending f rom t he e astern e ntrance o f B uilding R 1 w as a s eries o f e laborate p athways . A lso c ontemporary w as a s ubstantial m asonry b oundary w all w ith t imber g ateway a nd ap ossible m ortuary e nclosure R 2 s urrounding a b urial a ligned n orth-south . B y t his t ime t he P eriod I d itches h ad s ilted u p , a nd t he s outhern d itch w as c ut b y t wo s tone q uarry -p its. I t i s p ostulated t hat d uring t his p eriod t he s ite m ay h ave b een a r eligious

c entre .

T HE B OUNDARY W ALL ( fig . 6 ) T his w all w as o f d rystone c onstruction f aced w ith l arge o olitic l imestone s labs , a nd a r ubble c ore . O nly o ne c ourse o f s tone s urvived b elow p loughsoil . T he t hickness o f t he w all v aried b etween 1 . 5 a nd 1 J 8 m etres a nd i t m ust c learly h ave s tood t o a c onsiderable h eight . T rial t renches ( 1 t o I II , V II a nd V III , f ig . 3 ) w ere d ug f urther t o t he w est a nd e ast o f t he m ain a rea i n a n a ttempt t o l ocate t he w all , b ut t hese a reas p roved t o b e p loughed o ut a nd n o t races o f i t s urvived . P osthole 1 07 l ocated i n T rench V II m easured 6 0 CU4 i n d iameter a nd w as c ut t o a d epth o f 2 5 c m . T he p osthole c ontained a l arge f ragment o f o olitic l imestone w ith a g roove d own o ne s ide . N o d ating e vidence was r ecovered f rom t he p osthole . A 1 0 .75 -m etre g ap i n t he w all a nd a n a rrangement o f p ostholes a nd w all f ootings m ay b e i nterpreted a s a n e ntrance f lanked b y t wo p ostern g ates ( fig . 8 ) . T he w estern g ateway w as i ndicated b y a g ap 1 .3 m etres w ide b etween t he b oundary w all a nd P osthole 18 . A s tone s catter a round t his p osthole m ay a lso i ndicate t he p osition o f t he e astern s ide o f t he w est p ostern . T he e astern p ostern w as m ore e asily i dentifiable a nd h ad a b lock o f m asonry 9 0 c m . s quare f orming t he w estern s ide o f a g ateway 1 . 75 m etres w ide . B etween t he t wo p osterns w ere s even p ostholes , a p ossible p ost-pad a nd a l oam - f illed t rench . O n t he a ssumption t hat t he b oundary w all e nclosed B uildings R 1 a nd R 2 , t he e xterior o f t he m ain e ntrance w as m arked b y P ostholes 10 a nd 13 , t heir s ubsequent r eplacements a nd o olite p ost-pad . C orresponding i nterior p ostholes w ere m arked b y 1 09A , i ts s ubsequent r eplacements , a nd t he t rench f or a s leeper-b eam b ackfilled w ith l oam a nd l arge f ragments o f o olitic l imestone . T he t rench m ay h ave h eld u pright t imbers , t entatively i ndicated b y a n W i n f ig . 8 . A ll t he p ostholes i n t he e ntrance w ere p acked w ith f ragments o f o olitic l imestone , which i ndicated t hat t he t imbers t hat o nce s tood i n t hem w ere a pproximately 2 0 c m . a cross . T he s leeper b eam t rench r emained u nexcavated . Ap ossible c ontemporary w all e xtended t o t he n orth o f t he e ntrance . A c oin o f t he H ouse o f T heodosius w as f ound i n P osthole 1 12, b ut m ust p resumably h ave b een i ntroduced b y p loughing o r w orm a ction s ince t he p osthole l ay d irectly b eneath t he p loughsoil .

2 1

M ASONRY B UILDING R 1 ( figs. 9 t o 1 2 , p l. I Va) B uilding R 1 w as c onstructed a bove S tructure P 1 o f P eriod I ( E4> 6 ) . R 1 w as c ircular i n p lan , m easuring b etween 8 . 6 a nd 8 .8 m etres e xternally , w ith d rystone w alls 7 0 t o 8 0 C m. t hick . F acing s tones c omprised a l ower c ourse o f r oughly h ammer-dressed o olite , a bove w hich w ere t wo c ourses o f a dze -d ressed o olite b locks ; t he s urviving h eight w as 3 0 CIE4 o n a r ubble f oundation 1 0 c m . d eep . A n u nusual t hinning o f t he w alls w as n oted o n e ither s ide o f t he e astern e ntrance ( fig . 9 ) . T he e ntrance i nto B uilding R 1 w as m arked b y t wo s ubstantial p ostholes ( fig . 1 0) w ith s ubsequent r eplacements . P osthole 3 34A , o n t he n orthern s ide o f t he e ntrance , w as 4 5 c m . d eep a nd i ts r eplacement ( 334B) c ut t o ad epth o f 7 5 c m ; o n t he s outhern s ide P osthole 3 36B a nd i ts r eplacement ( 336A ) w ere b oth 4 0 C m. d eep . A ll f our p ostholes w ere p acked w ith l arge f ragments o f o olitic l imestone , w hich i ndicated t hat t he t imbers s et i nto t hem w ere a t l east 2 0 c m . a cross . F loor 3 47 l apped o ver t he e dges o f t he p ostholes s howing t hat t he c onstruction o f a t l east 3 34A a nd 3 36B w as r elated t o t he e arliest p hases o f t he b uilding . T he l evel o f i nsertion o f r eplacement p ostholes 3 34B a nd 3 36A c ould n ot b e d iscerned w ith c ertainty . P osthole 36 y ielded a b roken b ronze p in ( fig . 5 1, n o . 7 4). D uring t he 1 982 s eason o f e xcavation , t wo s mall s egments o f t he b uilding w ere e xcavated o n i ts w estern s ide b eneath B uilding R 3 o f P eriod I II . H ere l ater a ctivity h ad r emoved a ll t races o f f loors a nd c ontemporary o ccupation-deposits . T he e astern h alf o f t he b uilding , h owever , e xcavated i n A pril 1 983 , r evealed a s equence o f f loors a nd h earths . T his l atter s ection r emained u nexcavated b elow f loor l evel 3 47 , s o n o c onstructiond eposits w ere e xamined i n t his h alf o f t he s tructure . T he s urviving s tratigraphy i nside t he w estern h alf o f B uilding R 1 c omprised a l ayer ( 3M ) o f d ark b rown c layey l oam , p robably d eposited a s a f oundation o r l evelling l ayer b efore t he b uilding w as c onstructed . O verlying l ayer 3 88 w as a c ompact l ayer o f y ellow/brown r edeposited n atural a nd c layey l oam ( 386) , w hich m ay r epresent a l evelling l ayer f or f loors urfaces i nside t he b uilding . N o f loors s urvived h ere , h owever , b eause o f l ater d isturbances . L ayer 3 86 c ontained a p resumably v otive d eposit o f t wo o vicaprid s kulls a nd t hree l egs ( pls . ha , b ) . ( see D iscussion p .36 f or p arallels). T he e arliest e xcavated o ccupation-layers , i n t he e astern h alf o f t he b uilding ( f ig . 9 ) , c onsisted o f a w orn f loor ( 3 47) m ade u p o f f ragments o f o olite l aid f lat . C ontemporary w ith t his w orn f loor w ere t wo a reas o f b urning r epresenting s urface h earths ( 348A a nd 3 48B) . N o s uperstructures s urvived t o t hese h earths , w hich o verlay F loor 3 47 . A p ossible t imber-slot ( 349) l ined w ith o olite f ragments w as a lso l ocated , s et i nto F loor 3 47 , b ut r emained u nexcavated . F loor 3 47 w as f airly p atchy a nd h ad w orn a way i n a n umber o f p laces t o r eveal a d eposit o f l imestone r ubble b elow . T his r ubble l ayer m ay w ell b e e quivalent t o l ayer 3 86 , al evelling l ayer l ocated i n t he w estern s egment o f t he b uilding . L arge s labs o f o olitic l imestone , i nterspersed t hroughout l ayer 3 47 , m ay r epresent a m ore s ubstantial p rimary f loor , w hich w as s ubsequently w orn a way b y c onstant u se a nd h ad b een r eplaced b y f loor 3 47 . I n f act s ome o f t hese s labs , a gainst t he s outhern s ide o f t he b uilding a ppeared t o b e k eyed i nto w all 1 96 . S ealing f loor 3 47 w as a f urther f loor ( 333) , 4c m . t hick , o f o olite f ragments s et i nto a d irty y ellow/brown l oam . T hree s mall f ragments o f p ainted w all-plaster w ere r ecovered f rom l ayer 3 33 , a nd a re v isually s imilar

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t o a l arge s pread o f f inely d ecorated p ainted w all-plaster ( 148 ) ( fig . 8 3) i n t he d estruction-levels o f B uilding R l . I t m ay b e c oncluded t herefore , t hat t his s tructure w as d ecorated i nternally . C ontemporary w ith f loor 3 33 w ere t wo h earths a nd a p it. H earth 3 40 ( f i g. 1 2 , p l . I IIa) w as b uilt o n t op o f F loor 3 33 a nd h ad a l ining o f 0 00lite s labs , s urviving i n p laces t o t hree c ourses , m easuring 1 0 c m . h igh i n a ll . T he f lue c omprised v ertical s labs o f o olite s et i nto f loor 3 33 t o ad epth o f 1 0 c m . N o c onstruction-pit w as n oted f or t he f lue l ining , a nd i t i s p ostulated t hat t he f loor a nd h earth w ere c ontemporary. I nside t he h earth w as a p rimary f ill ( 340C) o f b lack c harcoally l oam 1 c m . t hick , r epresenting t he u se o f t he h earth b efore F loor 3 40B w as a dded . F loor 3 40B c omprised a l ayer o f o olitic l imestone f ragments 5 C114 t hick , s ealed b y t he u pper f ill ( 340A ) o f t he h earth , w hich w as a p urplish/brown a shey l oam c ontaining f ragments o f o olite . H earth 3 41 ( fig . 1 2) c onsisted o f a d epression i n F loor 3 33 5 c m . d eep , c ontaining a f ill o f d ark b rown l oam w ith m any l umps o f c harcoal ( le t o 3 0 c m . a cross) a nd o ccasional f ragments o f o olitic l imestone . T he b ase o f t he d epression w as b urnt . P it 3 42 ( figs . 1 2 a nd 1 3 , p l . I IIb) c utting i nto F loor 3 33 , w as a djacent t o a nd p robably c ontemporary w ith H earth 3 40 . I t w as 2 5 c m . d eep a nd c ontained t he r emains o f t wo p erinatal s keletons B 25 a nd B 26 ( f ig . 1 3) a nd a b roken c olour-coated f lagon ( f ig . 8 9 , n o . 3 3) . T he b ase o f t he f lagon l ay a t t he b ottom o f t he p it o f b urial B 25 , w hilst t he u pper s ection o f t he v essel s at o n as lab o f o olitic l imestone s et i nto t he s outhern s ide o f t he p it . I t i s p ostulated t hat t his p it w as o f ar itual o r v otive n ature w ithin B uilding R 1 ( see D iscussion p . 3 6). I nhumation B 25 ( fig . 1 3) l ay i n t he b ase o f P it 3 42 o n a n e ast -w est a lignment w ith h ead t o t he e ast . I t w as a n a lmost c omplete p erinatal s keleton . B urial B 26 ( fig . 1 3) w as a p erinatal s keleton , l ess c omplete t han B 25 a nd l ay a long t he e astern s ide o f P it 3 42 , a ligned n orth-south w ith h ead t o t he n orth . A d eposit o f g reenish/brown s ilt ( 332) 3 C114 t hick , o verlay F loor 3 33 a nd P it 3 42 a nd i ndicates t he a bandonment o f B uilding R l . S ealing H earth 3 40 a nd p robably c ontemporary w ith t he s ilt , w as l ayer 3 39 a d eposit o f b rown l oam , b urnt o olite f ragments a nd c harcoal f lecks , r epresenting t he d estruction o f H earth 3 40 . O verlying l ayers 3 33 , 3 39 a nd t he w alls o f B uilding R 1 w as a l ayer o f b rown c layey l oam ( 147) 1 5 C114 t hick , c ontaining l umps o f o olitic l imestone . W ithin t his g eneral d estruction-layer w as a l arge p atch o f p ainted w allp laster f ragments ( 148 ) , m any o f w hich w ere f inely d ecorated a nd s imilar t o f ragments f ound i n F loor 3 33 . I t i s p robable t hat t he p ainted p laster h ad o riginally a dorned t he w alls o f B uilding R l. D ecoration c onsisted o f r ectangular p anels o f r ed , y ellow o chre a nd b lack w ith f loral d esigns ( f ig . 8 3) . L ayers 1 47 a nd 1 48 r epresent t he d estruction a nd l evelling o f B uilding R 1 b efore t he c onstruction o f B uilding R 3 i n P eriod I II . N o p ennant

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B urials B 10 , B 25 a nd B 26 ( scale 1 :10)

2 7

s andstone w as f ound i n P eriod I I f eatures a nd i t i s p ossible t hat B uilding R 1 w as r oofed w ith s hingles . T he f unction o f B uilding R 1 i s d iscussed o n p . 3 6 . A p ossible s oil h orizon ( layers 5 08 , 5 09 a nd 5 20) l ay t o t he w est o f B uilding R 1 , b elow R ooms 2 , 3 , 1 a nd 1 2 o f B uilding R 3 .

D ATING E VIDENCE F OR B UILDING R 1 T he c onstruction d ate o f B uilding R 1 i s p roblematical s ince t he f ew s herds o f p ottery w hich w ere f ound i n c onstruction -l ayers 3 86 a nd 3 88 a nd t he f oundation o f w all 3 78 c ould n ot b e p aralleled ( f ig . 8 9 , n os . 2 729 a nd 30 . T hese v essels a re p robably o f t he s econd h alf o f t he f irst c entury , b ut c annot b e d ated m ore c losely . N o d atable p ottery w as r ecovered f rom t he f loors w ithin t his s tructure . E vidence o f a ctivity i n t his b uilding d uring t he s econd c entury c omes f rom t he s ilt d eposit ( 332) o ver F loor 3 33 . T his d eposit c ontained a f lagon o f s econd-century d ate ( f ig . 8 9 , n o . 3 0) a nd a f ragment o f m ortarium o f t he s econd h alf o f t he s econd c entury . P it 3 42 , c utting i nto t he s econdary f loor ( 333) , c ontained a c olour-coated f lagon ( fig . 8 9 , n o . 3 3) o f t he t hird c entury . A d ate f or t he d emolition o f t he b uilding c omes f rom p ottery w ithin l ayer 1 47 , s ealing t he s tructure , w hich c ontained s herds o f t he m id-third c entury o nwards . C onsequently t he b uilding w as a lmost c ertainly i n u se d uring t he f irst h alf o f t he t hird c entury.

F EATURES T O T HE E AST O F B UILDING R 1

( figs. 6 a nd 1 4 , p l . I Vb)

T o t he e ast o f B uilding R 1 l ay a s equence o f d rystone w alls a nd e laborate p athways ( f ig . 1 4) . T his a rea w as p lanned i n d etail d uring t he 1 983 s eason o f e xcavation b ut i s y et t o b e e xcavated . T wo p hases o f p athways c an b e d iscerned , t he e arliest ( 330) P hase 4 m ay b e a ssociated w ith w all 4 03 . T hree f ragments o f w all 4 03 w ere f ound f orming a w all 2 2 m etres l ong , b utting u p t o t he b oundary w all t o t he n orth , a nd t urning a r ight a ngle t o t he s outh . W all 4 03 m ay p ost-date w alls 4 04 a nd 4 05 , w hich w ere a t r ight a ngles t o o ne a nother . P hase B i s r epresented b y p athway 3 31 c ontemporary w ith B uilding R i , w hilst w all 4 02 w hich w as b uilt o ver p art o f t he p athways i s o f al ater d ate b ut p ossibly s till w ithin P eriod I I.

P athways 3 30 a nd 3 31

( fig. 1 4)

T he p athways w ere c onstructed o f f ragments o f o olitic l imestone l aid h orizontally , a nd w ere b ounded b y s labs o f o olite s et v ertically i nto t he g round . P ath 3 30 w as o nly 3 m etres l ong w hilst p ath 3 31 f ormed a n u nusual c onfiguration . T wo b ranches o f p ath 3 31 e xtended f rom t he e ntrance o f B ulding R 1 , o ne b eing a lmost 1 2 m etres l ong a nd a ligned t owards t he g ateway i n t he b oundary w all ; whilst t he o ther p rojected e astwards f or a pproximately 8 m etres . A t hird p ath l inked t hese t wo . O n t he w estern s ide o f t he t riangle f ormed b y t hese t hree p aths w as a f urther p ath w hich e xtended n orth -w est f or 8 m etres w hereupon i t w as m ade a T- j unction w ith a f urther p athway . T he l atter w as c ut a way b y aP eriod I II p it ( 406) w hich r emained u nexcavated . I t i s u ncertain w hether t he l atter p ath w as a n a ddition t o t he b asic t riangular p lan .

2 8

F ig . 1 4.

P lan o f p athways a djacent t o B uilding R 1 ( scale 1 :60)

2 9

B 10 0

S TRUCTURE R 2

M II I

P e r iod I

= MM C

KB

F ig.

1 5.

P lan o f S tructure R 2 a nd b urials ( scale 1 :60)

3 0

P OSSIBLE M ORTUARY E NCLOSURE R 2

( fig.

1 5 , p l. V b)

T his s tructure m easured 9 m etres l ong a nd t apered i n w idth f rom a pproximately 1 0 m etres a t i ts s outhern e nd t o 5m etres a t i ts n orthern e nd . I t w as t otally p ost - b uilt a nd h ad n umerous r epairs i n i ts e astern w all . B y w ay o f c ontrast t he w estern w all h ad o nly o ne r eplacement p ost ( 227B) w hich l ay a t i ts s outhern e nd .

N o p ostholes w ere l ocated a t t he s outhern e nd o f

t he e nclosure s o o ne m ay c onclude t hat t his e nd w as o pen .

T he n orthern e nd

h owever , m ay h ave b een e nclosed , s ince a p ostho le ( 33) l ay m id -w ay b etween t he e nd p osts o f t he s ide w alls . T hree p ostholes ( 233A t o 2 33C) m ay m ark p art o f a s outhern e nd w all , a lthough t his i s s omewhat d oubtful . A g ap 2 .2 m etres w ide i n t he e astern w all , b etween P ostholes 2 33B a nd 2 34 , w ould s eem al ikely c andidate f or a n e ntrance , i f i ndeed t here h ad b een a s outh w all t o t he

s tructure .

I nside t he s tructure w as a g roup o f p ostholes f orming a r ectangle ( fig . 1 5) t he c orners o f w hich w ere m arked b y P ostholes 3 5 , 3 8 , 4 9 a nd 2 00 . T he n orth-eastern c orner h ad s ubsequent r eplacements o r a dd itional s upport . T hree o ther p ostholes ( 34 , 2 05 a nd 2 07) o f u ncertain f unction l ay i nside t he e nclosure. N o c ontemporary s urfaces s urvived l ate p loughing a nd a ll t he f eatures r elating t o S tructure R 2 w ere l ocated i n t he n atural b rashy l imestone . T he m ajority o f t he p ostholes s urvived t o a d epth o f o nly 1 M. w hilst t he d eepest , P osthole 2 00 , w as 3 0 c m . d eep . O olitic l imestone f ragments w ere u sed a s ap acking-material f or m any o f t he p ostholes , w hilst f lecks o f b urnt c lay w ere n oted i n s even o f t he p ostholes i n t he n orth -e astern c orner o f t he s tructure . T hose c ontaining b urnt c lay f lecks w ere : 3 3 , 2 18 , 2 19 , 2 22 a nd 2 31). T wo i nhumations w ere s ited i nside s tructure R 2 ; o ne ( B2 , f ig . 1 6) l ay t o t he s outh o f t he r ectangular a rrangement o f p ostholes a nd t he o ther ( B10 , f ig . 1 3) w as s ituated b etween P ostholes 2 32B a nd 2 34 o n t he e astern w all l ine. T he w alls o f S tructure R 2 m ay h ave f ormed a n e nclosure , s urrounding a r aised r ectangular p latform o n which t he c orpse o r o fferings were c eremoniously d isplayed b efore b urial.

B urial B 2 ( 13)

( figs.15 a nd 1 6 , p l. V a)

T his i nhumation w as t hat o f am ale ,

a ged b etween 2 5 a nd 3 0 a nd a ligned

n orth-north -west/south-south -e ast i n a s upine p osition w ith h ead t o t he s outh . T he b urial l ay d irectly b elow p loughsoil a nd s urvived t o ad epth o f 7c m . , c ut i nto t he n atural b rashy l imestone . T he b ackfill o f t he g rave w as o f m edium b rown l oam w ith s parse f lecks o f c harcoal a nd s mall f ragments o f o olitic l imestone . O ver t he l egs w ere l aid t hree l arge s labs o f o olite . A d ark s tain ,

1c m . t hick ,

o ver t he u pper p art o f t he b ody a nd u nder t he

s tones m ay h ave r epresented a d ecayed w ooden c offin l id . b een

p resent i t m ust h ave b een j ointed r ather t han n ailed ,

n ails w ere l ocated i n t he g rave , w ere

f ound e lsewhere

o n t he

I f a c offin h ad s ince n o c offin

d espite a v ery c areful s earch .

M any n ails

s ite a nd t here w as n othing u nusual a bout t he

b urial e nvironment o f t he g rave .

3 1

F ig . 1 6.

F ig. 1 7.

B urial B 2 ( scale 1 :20)

P lan a nd s ection o f P it 2 35 ( scale 1 :40)

3 2

B urial B 10 ( 24)

( figs 1 3 a nd 1 5 , p l. V b)

T his w as t he i nhumation o f ap ossible f emale p erinatal s keleton l aid i n a f oetal p osition .

T he s coop i nto w hich t he b aby h ad b een d eposited w as

l ocated b elow p loughsoil a nd s urvived t o a d epth o f o nly 1 0 cm . i n t he n atural l imestone.

D ATING E VIDENCE F OR S TRUCTURE R 2 V ery l ittle d ating e vidence w as r ecovered f rom t his s tructure s ince a ll t hat r emained b elow p lough l evel w ere t he p ostholes a nd b urials . e vidence c onfined t o p ostholes a lone i s n otoriously d ifficult t o

D ating r ely o n ,

b ut s ome f orm o f d ate m ust b e p ut f orward . O ne o f t he p ostholes c ontained a s herd o f p ottery d atable t o t he s econd h alf o f t he s econd c entury , w hilst o ther p ostholes y ielded s herds w hich h ad a l ong d ate r ange , f rom t he l ate s econd c entury o nwards . A p recise d ate c annot b e g iven , s ave t o s ay s tructure R 2 w as p ossibly s tanding d uring t he s econd h alf o f t he s econd c entury a nd p ossibly i nto t he t hird c entury , a nd m ay t herefore h ave b een c ontemporary w ith t he u se o f B uilding R l . s ee f ig . 8 9 , n os . 4 8-53 .

F or p ottery f rom t he p ostholes

M ISCELLANEOUS F EATURES ( fig. 6 ) B urial B 22 ( 324) ( fig. 6 ) T he i nhumation w as s ituated 1 0 m etres d ue e ast o f s tructure R 2 .

I t

c omprised a n i ncomplete p erinatal s keleton w ith h ead t o t he s outh .

P it 2 35 ( fig. T his

p it

1 7, p l. V ia) w as

l ocated

b elow

p loughsoil

c utting

i nto

t he n atural

l imestone . I t m easured 2 . 2 m etres l ong a nd 1 . 7 m etres w ide a nd c ontained a d iscrete a rea o f o olite b locks , c arefully l aid h orizontally , i n t he c entre o f t he p it . T he b ackfill o f t he p it , o verlying t he s tones , c onsisted o f p ale b rown l oam c ontaining s mall f ragments o f l imestone . I n t he n orthern c orner o f t he p it w as t he i nhumation o f a b aby B 16 , m arked ' X' i n f ig. 1 7. T he f unction o f t he p it r emains u ncertain , a lthough t he d eposit o f c arefully p ositioned s tones a nd t he i nhumation h int a t a p ossible r itual s ignificance ( see D iscussion , p . 3 7) . O ne s herd o f b lack- b urnished w are w as r ecovered f rom t he b ackfill o f t his p it h alf o f t he f irst c entury .

a nd

i s

d atable

t o

t he

s econd

T wo s tone -q uarry p its ( 237 a nd 3 01) were e xcavated a t t he s outhern m arg in o f t he e xcavation ( fig . 6 ) ,. B oth p its c ut t hrough 8 0 c m . o f n atural b rashy l imestone i nto t he b edded l imestone b elow, a nd w ere o bviously q uarrying t he b edded s tone f or b uilding -p urposes - p ossibly f or t he b oundary w all a nd B uilding

P it 2 37 ( fig.

R l .

1 8 , s ection g-h , p l. Y Ib)

T his p it w as 1 . 5 m etres d eep ,

c utting i nto t he n atural l imestone .

T he

p rimary f ill ( 320 a nd 3 22) c onsisted o f r edeposited n atural o olite w eathered

3 3

f rom t he u pper e dges o f t he p it s oon a fter i t h ad b een a bandoned . S econdary d eposits ( 3 17) w ere o f b rown c layey l oam a nd f ragments o f l imestone , w hilst l ayers 3 13 a nd 2 37 r epresented t he t ertiary f ills . T he f ormer w as o f l ight b rownish/yellow c layey l oam a nd t he l atter o f d ark b rown l oam w ith l imestone f ragments. T he p rimary f ill c ontained p ottery o f am id

t o l ate f irst-century d ate

( fig . 8 9 , n o . 4 4) w hilst t ertiary f ill 3 13 y ielded p ottery d atable t o t he f irst a nd s econd c enturies ( fig . 8 9 , n o . 5 4) . F rom t his e vidence o ne m ay p ostulate a f airly r apid n atural w eathering s oon a fter t he p it w as a bandoned w ith l ater d umping i n i ts s ubsidence h ollow d uring P eriod I IIA . T he g round w as a lmost c ertainly l evelled b efore t he f ourth c entury c emetery w as e stablished , s ince B urial B 1 c ut i nto t he e astern s ide o f t he p it . Af ew d ubious t ool-marks w ere n oted o n t he s ide o f t he p it n ear i ts b ase .

P it ( 301)

( fig . 1 8 , S ection hi)

T his p it w as d eeper t han 2 37 r eaching a d epth o f 1 .8 m etres . T he p rimary f ill c omprised a d eposit o f r edeposited n atural l imestone f ragments ( 321C) , o verlaid b y a d ump o f l arge f ragments o f l imestone ( 321B) , r epresenting t he s econdary f ill , w hich w as i n t urn s ealed b y l ayer 3 21A o f s imilar c onsistency t o l ayer 3 21C . O f t he t ertiary f ills o f m edium a nd d ark b rown l oam , t he f ollowing a re w orthy o f n ote : l ayer 3 05 c ontained t wo s kulls , o ne o f a C ow , t he o ther a h orse , a nd o ther m iscellaneous a nimal b ones o f t he s ame s pecies ; t he a rticulated s keleton o f a s mall d og l ay a t t he i nterface o f l ayers 3 05 a nd 3 01 whilst c ut i nto l ayer 3 01 w as t he i nhumation o f ap erinatal s keleton B 17 o f P eriod I II . L ayer 2 01 s ealing t he p it , e xtended o ver a l arge a rea o f t he P eriod I II c emetery . N o d ating e vidence w as r ecovered f rom t he p rimary f ills o f P it 3 01 , a lthough i t i s l ikely t o h ave b een c ontemporary w ith P it 3 17 . T ertiary f ill 3 19 c ontained p ottery o f a l ate f irst-century a nd s econd-century d ate ( f ig . 8 9 , n os . 4 5-47) a nd a s herd o f b lack-burnished w are d atable t o c . 1 802 80 . L arge q uantities o f r esidual p ottery w ere r ecovered f rom l ayers 3 05 a nd 3 01 , w hilst l ayer 2 01 y ielded p ottery d ating f rom t he l ate f irst t o m id-fourth c entury , a s w ell a s f ourth -c entury c oins t erminating i n ac oin o f V alentinian I ( issued 3 67-75) . I t i s e vident t hat t he t ertiary f ills w ere b eing a dded w ell i nto t he f ourth c entury , u ntil t he a rea w as l aid o ut a s a c emetery i n P eriod I II .

S torage -j ar s et i nto t he A round ( 521) ( fig. 6 a nd p l. V IIa) T he j ar w as l ocated 7 m etres s outh-west o f B uilding R 1 , c ut i nto l ayer 5 20 s o t hat i ts r im s at f lush w ith t he s urface o f t he l ayer . I nside t he j ar w as a f ill o f c ompact c layey l oam , w hich w as r etained a nd s ieved o nce t he e xcavation w as c omplete , b ut n o o rganic r emains w ere f ound . H owever , o n t he i nside s urface o f t he v essel w as a h ard s kin o f o ff-white r esidue , w hich e ffervesced i n c ontact w ith a cid - i ndicating t he p resence o f c alcium c arbonate , p erhaps t he r emains o f l ime f rom b oiling w ater . N o c apping w as f ound o ver t he v essel , a lthough i f t here h ad b een o ne i t m ay h ave b een d isturbed b y t he c onstruction o f B uilding R 3 i n P eriod I IIA . T he p ot m ay w ell h ave s erved a s al atrine . T he j ar i s d ated t o t he l ate f irst c entury ( fig . 8 9 , n o . 3 5) a nd i s t herefore c ontemporary w ith t he e arly p hase o f B uilding R l.

3 4

F ig . 1 8 .

S ection t hrough P its 2 37 a nd 3 01 ( scale 1 :40)

3 5

D ISCUSSION N o i ndividual f eature o f P eriod I I d escribed a bove

c an b e i nterpreted

a s o f a r eligious n ature o n i ts o wn m erits . T aken e n m asse , h owever , t hey d o i mply t he s ite h ad a r eligious f unction b etween t he s econd h alf o f t he f irst c entury a nd m id - t hird c entury . T he s ubstantial m asonry w all w ith t imber g ateway w ould c ertainly n ot b e o ut o f p lace s urrounding a s ubstantial v illa , b ut e xtensive f ieldwalking i ndicates t he s ettlement w as b y n o m eans l arge . T he b oundary w all w as p robably b uilt i n t he s econd h alf o f t he f irst c entury , s ince i t a ppears t o b e c ontemporary w ith t he p athways a nd B uilding R l.

I t was c ertainly

d emolished b efore B uilding R 3 w as b uilt , s oon a fter t he m iddle o f t he t hird c entury a nd t o j udge b y t he n umber o f r eplacement p ostholes i n t he t imber e ntrance s tructure , m ust h ave b een s tanding f or a t l east h alf a c entury . S ince i t h as b een e stablished t hat t he o ccupation e xtended o ver o nly a l imited a rea , i t i s p ostulated t hat t he w all m ay b e at emenos w all e nclosing a r eligious p recinct . I nside

t he p recinct

w as

a n

e laborate

l ayout

o f

p athways

f orming a n

u nusual c onfiguration . N o p arallel f or t hese p aths h as y et b een f ound . T he s econd p hase o f p athways , f orming a t riangle , w as c ontemporary w ith B uilding R 1 a nd m ay p oint t o t hree f ocal p oints w ithin t he p recinct . T he n orthern p oint o f t he t riangle e xtended t owards t he e ntrance i n t he b oundary w all , w hilst t he n orth-west p oint t erminated a t t he e ntrance i nto B uilding R 1 . A t hird p oint , t o t he s outh-e ast , m ay f ocus o n a f urther f eature , y et t o b e i dentified o utside t he e xcavated a rea . A m etalled s urface was n oted l inking t he t wo s hrines a t B rigstock ( Greenfield , 1 963 , f igs . 2a nd 3 , 2 32) , b ut t his w as n ot f ully e xposed . N umerous F or e xample 1 963) .

p arallels

c an

b e

t he R omano-British

f ound

f or

s hrine

B uilding R 1

e xcavated a t

o n r eligious

B rigstock

s ites .

( Greenfield ,

I nside t he B rigstock s tructure w ere v otive d eposits o f a nimal b ones

a nd g roups o f b ones i n p its c utting i nto t he f loor . T hese w ere l argely o f o vicaprids . S tructure R 1 a t M arshfield c ontained o ne s uch d eposit o f o vicaprid b ones i n a p it

( p .

2 5) ,

i n a ddition t o a p it c ontaining

p erinatal s keletons a nd a f lagon ( p . 2 5) . T he B rigstock s hrine s urface h earths s imilar t o H earths 3 48A a nd 3 48B ( fig . 9a bove) .

a lso

t wo h ad

T he o val s hrine a t M aiden C astle ( Wheeler , 1 943 , 1 35) w as o f a s imilar s ize t o B uilding R 1 , m easuring 8 t o 8 .8 m etres a cross . T he R omano-British s hrine a t F rilford

( Bradford a nd G oodchild ,

1 939 ,

1 -70) m easured 1 1 m etres

i n d iameter a nd h ad a n i nternal s urface h earth . A n e astern e ntrance w as

c ommon

t o t he M arshfield ,

M aiden C astle a nd

B rigstock e xamples , whilst t he p re -R oman t imber s hrine, F rilford R oman s hrine , a lso h ad a n e astern e ntrance .

b eneath

t he

T imber s tructure R 2 , i nterpreted a s a p ossible m ortuary e nclosure w as d irectly a ssociated w ith t wo i nhumations a nd a lso l ay i n c lose p roximity t o t wo o ther b urials , B 22 a nd B 16 . A s imilar s tructure w as f ound a t W est H ill , U ley , G loucestershire . H ere t he s tructure w as r epresented b y t wo s lots c ontaining p ost - s ockets ( F845 a nd F 577) ( Ellison , 1 980 , 3 08 a nd f ig . 1 5 .1) . T he U ley s tructure t apered i n w idth a nd y ielded i nfants b uried a s f oundation d eposits i n t wo o f t he p ostholes . A f urther p arallel w as e xcavated a t H olborough , K ent 8 w here a n i nhumation w as s urrounded b y at imber s tructure . T he s tructure h ad a n o pen e ast s ide a nd m easured a pproximately 4 . 5 m etres

3 6

s quare

( Jessup ,

1 954 ,

p p .

1 f f .

a nd f ig .

6 ) .

I t i s e nvisaged t hat t he

M arshfield s tructure , r elated t o f our i nhumations , m ust s urely h ave s erved a r eligious o r f unerary f unction . P it 2 35 , a l ittle t o t he n orth o f R 2, c ontained a c hild 's s keleton ( B16) a nd d eliberately - l aid s tones . I t i s t empting t o s ee t his f eature u sed i n t he r itual c eremonies a ssociated w ith t he c ontemporary c ircular b uilding , p athways a nd m ortuary e nclosure . N umerous f inds w ere r ecovered f rom t he p athways e ast o f B uilding R 1 a nd i ncluded t wo c omplete b ronze b rooches ( fig . 4 3 , n o . 1 2 a nd f ig . 4 5 , n o . 2 5) , a nd

a c omplete

s teelyard ( fig .

b roken i n a ntiquity .

P ERIOD I II :

5 3) .

T he

s teelyard h ad

b een d eliberately

T hese f inds m ay h ave b een o fferings t o t he d eities .

L ATER R OMANO-BRITISH F ARMSTEAD ( fig. 5 )

D uring t he t hird q uarter o f t he t hird c entury t he n ature a nd f unction o f t he s ite c hanged d ramatically . T he b oundary w all a nd P eriod I I s tructures w ere d emolished a nd a f armhouse c onstructed i n m asonry ( Period

T his

b uilding u nderwent m ajor r e -c onstruction a nd e xtension i n C . 3 60-70 ( Period A lso c ontemporary w ere a w ell -p reserved d rying o ven t o t he e ast , a c emetery t o t he s outh , a nd a t l east t wo a ncillary b uildings . F urther b uildings m ay l ie o utside t he a rea e xcavated .

B UILDING R 3, P eriod I IIA

( figs.

T he e arliest p hase o f

t his

1 9 t o 2 2 , p l. V illa) s tructure

c omprised a r ow

o f

t hree

r ooms

3 . 19 m etres i n l ength b y 1 0 .2 m etres w ide o ver a ll a nd f lanked o n t he w est s ide b y a c orridor . T he w alls w ere b uilt o f r oughly a dze-dressed o olitic l imestone , s urviving i n p laces t o ah eight o f t wo c ourses; t hese w ere b onded w ith m ortar a nd b edded o n a f oundation o f p itched l imestone 2 0 t o 3 0 c m . d eep.

R oom 1 ( fig.

1 9)

T his r oom m easured 4 . 7 m etres b y 5 .6 m etres . T he e arliest d eposits i n t his r oom r elated t o t he c onstruction o f t he b uilding a nd s ealed a l ength o f t he d emolished P eriod I I b oundary w all . T hese c onstruction d eposits c onsisted o f l ayers o f l ight b rown c layey l oam c ontaining o olite f ragments . N o f loor - l evels s urvived a nd a ll s tratigraphy a bove c onstruction - l evel d ated t o P eriod I IIB ( p . 4 4) . A f ragment o f m asonry p rojecting f rom t he e astern w alls m ay i ndicate t he p osition o f ad oor o r p erhaps a s tairway t o as econd s torey.

R oom 2 ( figs.

1 9 a nd 2 1)

R oom 2 w as l arger t han R oom 1 a nd m easured 4 .7 m etres b y 7m etres . E xcavated c onstruction-levels w ere r estricted t o a p osthole ( 393) 3 0 cm. d eep , w ith o olitic l imestone p acking a nd a l evelling l ayer ( 528) o f m edium b rown c lay . T he p rimary f loor w as r epresented b y a l ayer o f o olite f ragments ( 375) , p robably c ontemporary w ith O ven 9 9 . O ven 9 9 ( fig . 2 1 , p l . V IIb) w as s ituated i n t he n orth -e astern c orner o f R oom 2 .

I t

w as

b uilt

o f

r e -u sed

b urnt o olite b locks a nd h ad a n L-s haped

f lue w ith a s tokehole a t e ither e nd .

T he s outhern s tokehole

3 7

( 288) o verlay

BU ILD I NG R 3

P er iod I IA

4

j ;2

_

1

•

3 93

29

I

5 24

5 02

m ite ‚ Cc,a C DC c , oGKZ r, C :2 1 t2 ) ,In OD D RA IN

0

5

F ig. 1 9.

1 0

3 52

0

3 5 1

0

3 50

2 79

3 85

K6

P lan o f B uilding R 3 , P eriod I IIA ( scale 1 :200)

3 8

c o c o

9

0

c o

00

0

, e k 4

c e ' 3 4

M a t r i x o f B u i l d i n g

2 1Z

z 2

0

( 3 00

t he l evelled P eriod I I w all o f t he B uilding R 1 w hilst t he w estern s tokehole w as m arked b y ap it 2 0 c m . d eep, c ontaining a p rimary f ill o f c harcoal f lecks. I nside t he f lue o f t he o ven w as a p rimary d eposit o f m ixed l oam a nd a sh ( 384) , o verlaid b y a d estruction - l evel ( 380) o f b urnt o olite b locks . T ertiary f ills c onsisted o f c lay, a sh a nd c harcoal ( layers 2 39 a nd 3 87).

R oom 3 ( fig . 1 9) T his r oom m easured 4 .7 m etres b y 6 .9 m etres . N o c onstruction-levels w ere l ocated a nd a ll r emaining P eriod I IIA s tratigraphy w as b adly d isturbed b y t he o verlying P eriod I IIB a ctivity. O ven 5 02 ( fig . 2 2) w as e xtensively r obbed d uring P eriod I IIB , i n t he r emoval o f m ost o f i ts w alls a nd s tratigraphy w ithin . o f

t he n orth a nd w est w alls

s urvived

r esulting

H owever , p arts

t o a h eight o f 3 0 c m . ,

a nd a s ingle

s tone o n t he s outhern w all a lso r emained ( fig . 2 2 , S ection k 1) e nabling t he w idth o f t he h eating c hannel t o b e a scertained . A t t he e astern e nd o f t he r obber p it , t he s ide o f t he f eature w as r oughly s tepped a nd t his w as t he m ost l ikely p osition f or a s tokehole . I n f act , a n u pright o olitic l imestone b lock , o n t he n orth s ide o f t he p robable s tokehole a rea may i ndicate a l ining t o t he e ntrance . T he b ase o f t he c hannel w as w orn t o a d epth o f

1 0 c m . ,

w here i t h ad

b een r aked o ut a fter u se , a nd w as f illed w ith a d eposit o f c harcoal ( 502F) 2 c m . d eep , p robably r epresenting t he f inal u se o f t he o ven . L ayers a bove t his l evel p ost -d ated t he r emoval o f t he w alls d uring P eriod I IIB ( see p . 4 7) . O ven 5 02 w as

o f

s imilar c onstruction t o a P eriod

I IIB

o ven

( 292)

i n

R oom 2 , a nd m ay h ave a s imilar f unction ( see d iscussion , p . 6 2).

R oom 4 ( fig. 1 9) T his r oom s erved a s a c orridor m easuring 2 1 m etres l ong b y 3 . 5 m etres w ide a long t he w estern s ide o f R ooms 1 t o 3 .

N o l ayers o f P eriod I IIA

s urvived i nside t he w alls o f R oom 4 b ecause o f e xtensive m odification d uring P eriod I IIB .

D ATING E VIDENCE F OR B UILDING R 3 A ND A SSOCIATED F EATURES , P eriod I IIA T he f irst p hase o f S tructure R 3 i s d ifficult t o d ate p recisely . C onstruction l evels a ssociated w ith R ooms 1 a nd 2 y ielded p ottery b roadly d atable b etween t he e arly a nd l ate t hird c entury ( fig . 9 0 , n os . 5 7-60) . N o c oins w ere f ound i n t hese d eposits . O ven 9 9 i n R oom 2 w as c ertainly i n u se w ell i nto t he f irst q uarter o f t he f ourth c entury s ince a worn c oin o f C onstantine I ( issued 3 19-20) w as r ecovered f rom i ts b ackfill . B uilding R 3 w as c ertainly n ot b uilt b efore t he e arly t hird c entury s ince i t o verlay B uilding R 1 o f P eriod I I w hich r emained i n u se i nto t he t hird c entury .

I t

h as b een a rgued t hat B uilding R 1 r emained s tanding u ntil t he m id - t hird c entury , s ince p ottery r ecovered f rom d estruction- r ubble ( 147) s ealing R 2 i s d ated t o t he m id -t hird c entury o nwards .

4 0

OVE N 9 9

P e r iod M A

B u i ld ing R 3 R oom 2

7

, K5b c ,A )

oo°

eo° c r 7

5

i >9 : >

. 30 :7 D C2

c z Jö

. Z 3

cp8

( A TGP 2

( ) Ca V

) 0

7

5 93

7r "

0

c ‚o ,° öd f 7: a

f l

1 53 .43 0 .D

\ 1

0

1

2 k 8

F ig. 2 1.

P lan a nd s ection o f O ven 9 9 ( scale 1 :40)

4 1

o p,

0 , -,c

c P ' ' 2 ' e r , A

OVE N 5 02

B u i ld ing R 3 R oom 3

P e r iod I IA

A g ee 2 1 . 2, ( 3 c z 2 ,

' s 9 ce pE , ' n 1 [ %, 0 h c t ) D 2

•° Qv

o v c s

no 'd

c 3c : p

Dz

c i ef' C lbo ä

°

e

< ) r oc 00

D

0 0

0z q ) ° nl I CR OC7( 1 1 (1 0 3 1 .0 % ' ' ' ' C10 0 0 0 / 4 1 . i , C 2- ' ( 2 D , < % : , :z > ) v ° 09° °c i P o

b 2

1 53 6 7 0 .D .—

ö Di nnü0 °

o P t1 dV : 5 )e

c p- o 0

-0 < 2 0

L I

Du

C : z i ?G

4

z )

, a 0

e >

f l '

1

2

K B

Fig.

2 2.

Plan

a nd s ection o f O ven 5 02 ( scale 1 :40)

4 2

W hen a ll

t he a bove f acts a re c onsidered ,

B uilding R 3 a ppears t o h ave

b een e rected p robably i n t he t hird q uarter o f t he t hird c entury . T his w ould h ave a llowed t ime f or t he d emolition o f B uilding R 1, a nd t he c onstruction a nd u se o f B uilding R 3 b efore m ajor a lterations w ere u ndertaken c . 3 60-70

( Period

1 11 1 3) .

I t h as b een e stablished a bove t hat O ven 9 r emained i n u se w ell i nto t he f irst q uarter o f t he

f ourth c entury .

D ating e vidence f or t he e nd o f

o ccupation i n B uilding R 3 , P eriod I IIA , c ame f rom O ven 5 02 i n R oom 3 . T he b ackfill o f t he r obber p it c utting i nto O ven 5 02 y ielded t wo c oins , o ne o f C onstantine I I ( issued 3 30-35) t he o ther o f C onstans ( issued 3 41-46) , w hilst H earth 1 57 o f P eriod I IIB , s tratigraphically p ost -d ating t he r obber p it , c ontained a c oin o f C onstantius I I ( issued c . 3 50-60) . T he d ating e vidence s uggests t hat O ven 5 02 w as o ut c entury o r l ater . Y ard s urface 1 5 o f B uilding R 3 o f P eriod I IIB , 3 60 a nd i ndicates t hat t he m ajor

o f u se a nd r obbed a round t he m id-fourth 2 78 , 3 62 a nd 3 71, b elow R ooms 9 , 1 3 , 1 4 a nd y ielded p ottery d ating t o n o l ater t han c . e xpansion o f P eriod I IIB d id n ot t ake p lace

b efore c . 3 60 . I t i s t herfore p ostulated t hat t he a lterations t o B uilding R 3 w ere u ndertaken c . 3 60-70 . F or d etails o f d ating e vidence f or P eriod I IIB s ee p . 6 1 a nd f ig .

9 0 ,

n os .

5 5 a nd 5 6 .

F EATURES A DJACENT T O B UILDING R 3 , P eriod I IIA ( fig. 6 ). T races o f o olitic - l imestone y ard s urfaces w ere l ocated b eneath t he P eriod I IIB e xtension t o B uilding R 3 ,

( layers 2 59 ,

2 78 ,

3 62 a nd 3 71) b eneath

R ooms 9 , 1 4 , 1 3 a nd 1 5 r espectively . D rain 2 79 a djacent t o t he e astern w all o f B uilding R 3 w ould a ppear t o h ave b een c ontemporary w ith P eriod I IIA o f B uilding R 3 .

I t l ay b eneath R oom

1 7 o f t he P eriod I IIB e xtension a nd

c omprised l arge o olite b locks , b adly d amaged b y s ubsequent p loughing . O ne f ragment o f t he d rain a djacent t o R oom 3 w as s o worn a s t o i mply t he p osition o f a d oorway i nto R oom 3 a nd a lso s erves t o i ndicate t hat i t w as p robably a n o pen d rain t o t ake a way r ainwater d ripping f rom t he e aves o f t he b uilding . F our p ostholes ( M , 3 51 , 3 52 a nd 3 85) p arallel t o D rain 2 79 , w ere c ut t o a d epth o f b etween 1 0 c m . a nd 3 0 c m . a nd w ere p acked w ith f ragments o f o olitic l imestone . m eans c ertain .

T hey m ay h ave b elonged t o P eriod I IIA b ut t his i s b y n o

T o t he west o f R oom 4 was p itched o olite f oundations ( 186) ,

which

p resumably w as i ntended t o s upport a c onsiderable w eight , i t w as p erhaps t he b ase o f aw ater t ank . I ts n orth a nd w est e dges w ere w ell d efined b y a r ow o f h orizontal s tones b ut a l arge p ortion o f t he s outh-west c orner w as r obbed a t a n u nknown d ate . T his f oundation w as a pproximately 3 m etres s quare a nd b utted u p t o t he w est w all o f R oom 4 . A b uttress m ay h ave e xisted o n t he s outh -w est c orner o f B uilding R 3 , s ince t here t he f oundations o f t he e ast w all o f R oom 4 p rojected 8 5 c m . b eyond i ts j unction w ith t he w est w all o f R oom 4 . A n u nusually l arge e xpanse o f p ennant s andstone f ragments ( 365) l ay

t o

t he e ast o f R oom 3 a nd m ay p erhaps h ave b een a w orking a rea f or t he w orkmen f ashioning t he r oofing - s labs w hen t he b uilding w as c onstructed .

43

B UILDING R 3 , P eriod I IIB ( fig. 2 3, p ls. V III a , b ). D uring t his p eriod B uilding R 3 u nderwent w as g reatly e xtended .

c onsiderable a lterations

a nd

T he b uilding w as l engthened n orthwards b y t he

a ddition o f a n e xtension c omprising e ight r ooms ; a f urther r oom w as t acked o nto t he s outhern e nd o f t he b uilding a nd a p ortico a dded t o t he e astern s ide o f R ooms 1 -3 . I nside t he o riginal b uilding R oom 4 w as s ubdivided i nto t hree r ooms ( 1012) , o ne o f w hich w as h eated . A fter t hese a lterations t he b uilding c omprised a t otal o f 1 7 r ooms . C onstruction-techniques v aried l ittle f rom P eriod I IIA ; o f r oughly a dze -d ressed o olitic l imestone ,

t he w alls w ere

b onded w ith m ortar a nd b uilt o n

f oundations o f p itched o olite f ragments 2 0 t o 3 0 c m . d eep . R ooms 1 6 a nd 1 7 h ad w alls o f d rystone c onstruction ; R oom 1 6 p robably b eing h alf-timbered a nd R oom 1 7 p robably f orming a t imber - f ramed p ortico .

R oom 1 ( figs. 2 3 t o 2 5). A f ragment o f o olitic l imestone f loor ( 40I) s urvived , o verlying P eriod I IIA l ayers , a nd m ay h ave b een c ontemporary w ith O ven 2 93 . I n t he c entre o f t he r oom w as a s mall f eature ( 291) 8 c m . d eep , f illed w ith l ayers o f a sh a nd c harcoal i nterspersed w ith l ayers o f o olite c hips . T his f eature l ay a djacent t o O ven 2 92 b ut b ecause o f l ater d isturbance b y a P eriod I V p it i ts r elationship w ith 2 92 w as l ost. T he p resence o f ad oorway i nto R oom 1 , o r s tairway i nto a s econd s torey , m ay b e i ndicated b y a f ragment o f p rojecting m asonry o n t he e ast w all , n oted e arlier .

a s

O ven 2 92 ( fig . 2 4 , p l . I Xa) h ad a f loor c omprised o f l arge s labs o f o olitic l imestone . A long i ts e astern s ide w as a r ow o f u pright o olite s labs , w ith g aps b etween ( E4> 2 5 , E levation o -p) f orming v ents t o d raw h ot a ir f rom b elow t he f loor . T he u pright s tones f ormed o ne s ide o f t he f lue ( 294) , whilst t he o ther s ide w as f ormed b y a w all o f c oursed o olitic l imestone 2 8 c m . d eep ( fig. 2 5 , S ection m -n). A s tokehole ( 379) w as p rovided a t t he n orthern e nd , c ut i nto t he n atural l imestone t o a d epth o f 9 0 c m . , f rom w hich e xtended a s tone-lined c hannel . T wo l arge u pright s labs o f o olite f ormed t he l ining t o t he e ntrance o f t he c hannel ( E4> 2 5 , S ection n -o) w here t he g reatest a mount o f h eat w ould h ave b een g enerated . T he r emainder o f t he c hannel w as l ined w ith c oursed o olite s labs. P art o f t he f loor , f ormed i nto

t wo

' s teps '

a bove t he c hannel c losest t o t he s tokehole , ( 358) a pparently

l eading

f rom

t he

f loor

i nto

was t he

s tokehole ( fig . 2 5 , S ection 1 -m) . T he b ackfill o f t he h eating c hannel c onsisted o f a l ayer o f o olitic l imestone r ubble m ixed w ith d eposits o f c harcoal a nd a sh ( 377) t o a d epth o f 6 0 c m . w hilst t he s tokepit c ontained a d ark c layey l oam ( 295) w ith l arge f ragments o f o olite ( 359). I t i s p ostulated t hat t his f eature w as a d rying -o ven . I f a f ire w as l it a t t he n orth o f t he c hannel , h ot a ir w ould h ave b een d rawn a long t he c hannel , u nder t he f loor a nd o ut v ia t he v ents a long t he e astern s ide o f t he s tone f loor . T he o ven m ay h ave b een e nclosed b y at imber f ramework , b ut n o e vidence o f t his s urvived .

4 4

F ig . 2 3 .

P lan o f B uilding R 3 , P eriod I IIB ( scale 1 :200)

4 5

F ig . 2 4 .

P lan o f O ven 2 92 ( scale 1 :40)

OVEN 2 92 1 5 3 .67 O D .

P e r iod I IB

1

s e c t i on 1 m

eI

•

n oo r l

i m g e l7

u nexcava ted

U nexeava ted

L _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

— M R,7 -7 M = . 11 1 ,1 1 = 1= -UM M 7- :

1 5 3 .66 00

r n —1

. •

s e c t ion m n F loo r

i a

Wa l l

f l

ED /

1

0

s e c t i on n o ' Z ZI3

0

1 5 2 .94 O D .

( a ) U ne x

1 5 3 .44 0 12

0

e l eva t ion

0 p

Wa l l

K B.

F ig . 2 5 .

S ection a nd e levations t hrough O ven 2 92 ( scale 1 :40)

4 6

T he s outhern e nd o f t his s tructure r emained u nexcavated b eyond S ection m -n) , s ince i t w as b elow t he l evel b eing d isturbed b y p loughing . O ven 2 92 w as s imilar i n s ize t o i ts p redecessor , O ven 5 02 o f P eriod I IIA i n R oom 3 , a nd m ay h ave h ad a s imilar f unction ( see D iscussion , p . 6 2) . A w orn c oin o f G ratian ( issued 3 75-78) w as s ealed b eneath t he f loor o f O ven 2 92.

R oom 2 ( Fig. 2 3 , p l. In). S ealing P eriod I IIA l ayers i n R oom 2 w as a m ortar s pread ( 527) ,

w hich

e xtended i nto R oom 1 1 ( 518) ,

a nd r epresented c ontruction -d eposits r elated t o

a lterations o f P eriod I IIB .

O verlying t he m ortar i n R oom 2 w as a l ayer o f

b rown c lay ( 511) l aid a s a b ase t o a p itched o olitic - l imestone f oundation ( 16 0 . T his f oundation w as c ontemporary w ith h eated R oom 1 1 a nd w as a lmost c ertainly t he b ase t o aw ater - t ank . T he w all s eparating R ooms 2 a nd 1 1 w as e xtensively

r obbed i n P eriod I V ,

t hus a ny e vidence o f a l ead p ipe f eeding

w ater f rom t he t ank i nto a b oiler i n t he p raefurnium R oom 1 2 , o r i nto t he f oot - b ath i n R oom 1 1 , w ould h ave b een d estroyed . F eature 1 66 w as s imilar t o t he p itched s tone a rea ( 186) t o t he w est o f R oom 4 i n P eriod I IIA .

R oom 3 ( fig. 2 6). O ven 5 02 o f P eriod I IIA w as r obbed i n P eriod I IIB a nd t he r esulting h ole b ackfilled . T he l ayers i n t he r obber p it ( fig . 2 2 , S ection k 1) w ere a s f ollows . A p rimary d eposit ( 502D) o f y ellow/grey s andy s ilt w ith l arge s labs o f o olite , p robably w aste f rom t he r obbing o f t he w alls a nd f loor o f t he o ven , l ay a t t he b ase o f t he p it , s ealing a c harcoal l ayer r elated t o t he f inal f iring o f 5 02 . O verlying 5 02D w ere l ayers o f c harcoal ( 502C) a nd a shey l oam ( 502B a nd 5 02E) i n t urn s ealed b y a l ayer o f d ark b rown l oam ( . 502A ) d eposited a s a l evelling l ayer b efore t he c onstruction o f H earths 1 57 a nd 5 30 . T he b ackfill c ontained t wo c oins , o ne o f C onstantine I I ( issued 3 30-35) , t he o ther o f C onstans ( issued 3 46-50) . S ealing a nd s ubsiding i nto t he b ackfilled r obber p it w as a r ough ' f loor ' s andstone f ragnents l aid a round H earth 1 57. H earth 3 50

( fig .

2 6) w as

s ealed

b y

( 199) o f

a r ubble

f loor

o olite a nd p ennant

( 199) a nd

t herefore

p re-dated H earth 1 57 w hich was c ontemporary w ith t he f loor . I t was e liptical i n p lan w ith a d epth o f o nly 4 cm . a nd f illed w ith c harcoal a nd a sh . H earth 1 57 ( fig . 2 6) was c ontemporary w ith F loor 1 99 . I t h ad a s urround o f u pright o olitic l imestone f ragments o n i ts w estern s ide a nd w as c ut t o ad epth o f 2 0 c m . B ackfill , o verlying t he b urnt n atural b rashy o olite w as o f d ark b rown l oose c harcoally l oam . T wo c oins w ere f ound i n t his o ven ,

o ne o f C onstantius I I ( issued c . 3 50-

6 0), t he o ther a w orn c oin o f A rcadius ( issued 3 88-95).

R oom 5 ( fig. 2 3). T his

r oom

m easured

4 .7

m etres

b y

4 .85

m etres .

C onstruction

o r

l evelling l ayers o f b rown c lay ( 367 a nd 3 76) o verlay t he n atural b rashy o olite . T his l ayer ( 376 ) w as s ampled a nd s ubsequently w as f ound t o c ontain al arge a mount o f c hickweed ( see e nvironmental r eport, p . 3 62).

4 7

I ' )

HEARTHS 1 57and 5 30 B u i ld ing R 3 R oom 3 G° n el iA g r ' he e. ° . 7 e4 : 4 e ° ,'%go,d C i% le

Af e

. 1 " ; ° x ,

0

07 5 -

e r , v e c Og e ,? o ,. 6 3 ,•

7 ,

P e r iod I I B °na °

e

*. •

. 6 5 % .

%1

b1

.

. 'oo . oe ' 0 . 1e

p 2 1

0,

( 12 M o . : a r f

0

0 2c 2 21 ;3 2 9-9

•• 4e zk >, ( 3„

( . 2 )

i a i 4 r , t ,

. , ). , .. , „ ) . . , , . _ .

„ i f \

t Oat3

eü e z e be

T e.e l

°

( . , -

0 K B

F ig . 2 6 .

P lan o f H earths 1 57 a nd 5 30 ( scale 1 :60)

4 8

M a t r i x o f B u i l d i n g

B U I L D I N G R 3

" L c ) L

e 2 .

\‘‚ 8 ,

N o

f loor-levels w ere

f ound i n t his

r oom .

D estruction r ubble

( 78)

o f

P eriod I IIC s ealing R oom 5 c ontained p ainted w all -p laster f ragments ,

w ith

g eometric d esigns a nd i mitation m arbling . I t i s p robable , t herefore , t he i nterior o f t his r oom w as e laborately d ecorated ( see p p. 2 55f.).

t hat

R ooms 6 a nd 7 ( figs. 2 3 a nd 2 8 , p l. X a). T hese m easured

r ooms 5 .2

l ay

m etres

s ide l ong

b y b y

s ide 2 .5

T wo d epresssions ( 389 a nd 3 91) ,

i n t he c entre o f

m etres

a nd

1 . 8

m etres

t he e xtension , w ide

a nd

r espectively .

6 c m . a nd 4 c m . d eep w ere l ocated i n R oom 6

c utting i nto t he n atural b rashy o olite . N o o ccupation - l ayers w ere l ocated i n R ooms 6 a nd 7 b elow l ayer 3 70 . R oom 7 m ay a t t his s tage h ave s erved a s as tairway i nto a s econd s torey . A l ayer ( 370) o f d ark b rown c lay was d eposited i n R ooms 6 a nd 7 b efore t he d ividing w all w as d emolished . A fter t he d ividing w all w as r emoved l ayers o f c lay a nd c rushed m ortar w ere l aid a s a f oundation f or a f lagstone f loor ( 81) . T he f loor c omprised s labs o f o olitic l imestone , m any s hattered i nto s maller p ieces b ecause o f p ressure b y s ubsequent p loughing ( p I, X a) . C entrally p laced i n t he r oom , t he w alls , w as F eature 9 5 , 8 1.

b ut o n a s lightly d ifferent a lignment t o

( fig . 2 8) b uilt i nto a nd c ontemporary w ith F loor

I t c omprised a n a rea o f

f lat o olite f ragments ( 95B) b ounded o n t hree

s ides b y v ertical s labs o f p ennant s andstone . O n t he f ourth s ide w as a m ortar b edding w ith t imber i mpression ( 236) , s eparated f rom t he o olite b ase b y ab and o f c lean y ellow s and . A s imilar

f eature

a t

G atcombe

( Branigan ,

1 977 ,

f ig .

5 ) h as

b een

i nterpreted a s a t ank b ase . T he M arshfield e xample d id c ontain a s mall p atch o f b urnt l oam ( 95A) , o ver 9 5B , b ut s ince t he s tone b ase a nd s and w ere u nburnt i t i s u nlikely t o h ave b een a h earth . I ts f unction a s a t ank b ase o r s torage b in c annot b e r uled o ut .

R oom 8 ( fig. 2 3). T his r oom m easured 4 m etres b y 4 .8 m etres .

C onstruction o r l evelling

d eposits e xcavated b eneath F loor 9 3 w ere l argely o f b rown c lay o r l oam . I nto t hese l ayers w ere c ut n umerous p ostholes p ossibly r elated t o s caffolding e rected d uring t he c onstruction o f B uilding R 3 i n P eriod I IIB . O ther f eatures b elow F loor 9 3 w ere t wo p its :

o ne ( 283) was 3 0 c m . d eep

c ontaining w aste m ortar a nd p ennant s andstone f ragments , t he o ther ( 265) w as 1 3 c m . d eep a nd y ielded t he p artly a rticulated s keleton o f a s heep o r g oat . A f urther s hallow p it ( 360) ,

5 c m . d eep ,

c ontained t he a rticulated s keleton

o f a h are , b ut i t i s u ncertain i f t his f eature i s o f P eriod I I o r I IIB, s ince i t c ut i nto t he n atural b rash l imestone a nd d id n ot y ield a ny i ndependent d ating e vidence . F loor 9 3 c omprised a c ompact l ayer o f o olitic l imestone f ragments 5 C 1 74 t hick , w hich w as o verlain b y ad eposit o f c rushed m ortar ( 87) a nd b rown l oam (e ) , i nto w hich w as c ut a s mall h earth ( 85 ) . H earth 8 5 c onsisted o f a b urnt p atch , b ounded o n t wo s ides b y b urnt o olite e dging s tones , a nd w as s et i nto t he e astern w all o f R oom 8 .

T he f ill o f t he h earth w as o f m ixed c lay

a nd c harcoal 1 0cm . t hick . A djacent t o t he h earth w as a d epression 1 0 c m . d eep , f illed w ith l ayers o f c harcoal a nd a sh . I t i s p ostulated t hat t his f eature w as p robably t he r ake - o ut p it f or H earth 8 5 .

5 0

F EATURE 9 5

P e r iod I I B

B u i ld ing R 3 R oom 6

n = 7 ,z

-

)

C I L 0

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o x) i e3

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P g

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A de le , " 3 ,g 9z ,

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3 ) 3

„

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, n

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1 2 "

' 7 ' 1 7 8 7 7. 7 7 ) 7 . ‚„

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—

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C 7 0

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7

3 7

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0 K .8

F ig. 2 8.

P lan o f f eature 9 5 ( scale 1 :60)

5 1

A f ew f ragments o f p ainted p laster f rom l ayers 8 7 a nd 9 3 i ndicated t hat t his r oom m ay h ave b een d ecorated ( see p p. 2 56f.).

9( fig. 2 3).

R oom

R oom 9 c onstructed o ver Y ard 2 59 o f P eriod I IIA ,

m easured 3 .5 m etres b y

4 m etres . A ll t hat s urvived b elow d estruction -r ubble w ere t wo l ayers o f P eriod I IIB, o ne a l ight b rown c layey l oam ( 92) , t he o ther a d eposit o f c rushed m ortar ( 83) . L ayer 8 3 m ay r epresent t he f oundation o f a f lagstone f loor , s ince i t w as c ompacted , b ut n o t races o f t his f loor s urvived . S mall f ragments o f p ainted w all -p laster w ere f ound i n l ayer 8 3 ( see p .

2 56).

R ooms 1 0 t o 1 2 ( fig. 3 0). T hese t hree r ooms w ere c reated b y i nserting t wo d ividing w alls i n R oom 4 o f P eriod I IIA , a nd r ebuilding t he w estern w all.

R oom 1 0 ( fig. 3 0). O nly

t wo

l ayers

w ere d eposited

i n R oom

l ight b rown c layey l evelling l ayer ( 274) , o olitic l imestone f ragments .

1 0 i n P eriod I IIB ;

o ne w as a

t he o ther a p atchy f loor ( 267) o f

R oom 1 0 m ay h ave c ontinued i n u se a s a

c orridor .

R oom 1 ( fig. 3 0 , p l. X b). T his w as t he o nly h eated r oom i n B uilding R 3 a nd r epresented a s imple b athroom m easuring 3 . 1 m etres b y 2 .9 m etres . F lagstone f loor 1 69 o verlay a d eposit o f m ortar ( 518) w hich e xtended i nto R oom 2 a nd b eneath t ank -b ase 1 66 , t hereby c onfirming t hat t he t ank-base i n R oom 2 w as c ontemporary w ith t he b athroom . T he o pus s igninum f loor ( 161) e xtended o ver t he s outhern h alf o f R oom 1, a nd h ad a g radual d ecline i n f loor - l evel , f rom s outh t o n orth ( fig . 3 1 , S ection p-q ) . P art o f t he o pus s igninum f loor w as d isturbed b y P eriod I IIC r obbing b ut w ould h ave e xtended u p t o t he s outh -e ast c orner o f t he r oom . I n t he n orth - w estern c orner o f t he o pus s igninum f loor w as a d rain ( pl . X Ia) e xtending t hrough w all

5 6

( fig .

3 1) .

T he

d rain w as

f ormed

b y

a

c omplete i mbrex , m ortared w ith i ts c oncave f ace u pwards , a nd c apped b y a n a lmost c omplete p ennant s andstone r oofing t ile . A l ead p ipe ( 192) p rojected f rom t he d rain , o verlapping t he s urface o f t he o pus s igninum f loor . F or d etails o f t he l ead p ipe s ee p p . 1 73-4 . A long t he n orthern e dge o f t he o pus s igninum w as l ocated a t imber i mpression ( f ig . 3 1 , S ection p -q)

m arking

F loor

t he

j unction

1 69 w ould h ave

b etween

o pus s igninum a nd

f lagstone

e xtended o ver t he n orthern h alf o f R oom

f loor 1 1 ,

1 69 .

b ut h ad

b een l argely r obbed , p ossibly i n P eriod I IIC . O ne o f t he s urviving f lagstones , i n t he n orth- w estern c orner o f t he r oom , w as a r e -u sed g utter b lock . S et c m .

d eep

i nto t he s outh -w estern c orner o f R oom 1 1 w as a f oot - b ath ( 150) 4 9 ( figs .

o pus s igninum .

3 0 a nd 3 1) w ith a n o olite s tone b ase a nd s ides

l ined w ith

T he b ath h ad a s loping l edge o n t he n orth s ide ,

3 5 C U I . f rom

52

C • 3

' \ \

0

r e >

4 ie c o

„

030

Se j te `

M a t r i x o f B u i l d i n g R 3 , R o m s

B U I L D I N G

o c oo

N

• Ch C N 1 •

°

5 3

• r I

cL 7 ,. 0 02 Q ( s c a l e 1 : 6 0 )

ye e i g b o . )

oc

‚ ` . 2 1

‚ 7 .

I t '

C Da ' 1 .4

z0 . 0 D e °C.z o p t „ 0 2

B U I L D I N G

°

5 4

9

e t ed d $4

\ _ s z .t ei ß t 4 e

t he b ase , which p robably f ormed a r ough s eat ( fig . 3 1, S ection p -q) .

A

f ine l ayer o f l ime o n t he s urface o f t he o pus s igninum l inging o f t he b ath s uggests

t hat

i t

c ontained h ot w ater .

W ater

f or t he b ath m ay h ave b een

h eated i n a b oiler a bove t he s tokehole i n t he p raefurnium R oom 1 2 . T he b ackfill o f t he b ath i s d escribed u nder P eriod I IIC ( p . 6 6) . T he o utlet ( 505) w as l ocated a t t he b ase o f t he b ath e xtending t hrough w all 5 6 a nd i nto D rain 1 85 . B oth o utlet a nd d rain w ere r obbed , b ut t he i mpression o f a l ead p ipe c ould b e d iscerned i n t he m ortar w here t he o utlet h ad b een b uilt i nto t he w all , a nd k eying g rooves f or a l ead p ipe w ere l ocated o n t he o olite s tone b ase . T he e xternal d rain ( 185) m ay w ell h ave b een o f t imber , b ut n o t races o f t his s urvived . O utlet 5 05 a nd D rain 1 85 t herefore , w ould h ave b een u sed t o d rain t he f oot - b ath , w hilst l ead p ipe w all 5 6 t o d rain w ater s pilled o n F loor 1 61 .

1 92 w as b uilt t hrough

T he r oom m ay h ave b een s ubdivided i nto t hree u nits , o ne m arked b y F loor 1 69 , t he o ther t wo i n t he a rea f loored w ith o pus s igninum . I ndication o f a p artitioning o f t he l atter a rea w as a s car 1 0 C 1 14 w ide o n t he o pus s igninum f loor p arallel w ith a nd 9 0 c m . f rom t he e ast w all o f R oom 1 1 . T his w ould h ave f ormed t he b ase t o at imber p artition d efining t he e astern l imit o f t he h eated u nit c ontaining t he f oot-bath . A t imber p artition m ay a lso h ave e xisted b etween F loors 1 61 a nd 1 69 b ased o n t he t imber , w hoes i mpression w as l ocated o n t he n orthern m argin o f F loor 1 61 B eneath

F loor

1 61

w as

a n

( described a bove).

L -shaped h ypocaust ,

c onsisting

o f

a s ingle

c hannel l ined w ith o pus s igninum , e xtending f rom t he p raefurnium R oom 1 2 , t o t wo f lues i n t he w est w all o f R oom 1 1 . T he h ypocaust w as s ealed b y s even c omplete a nd t wo f ragmentary t egulae l aid l engthways a cross t he c hannel ( 54> 3 1 , S ections p-q a nd q -r) . T he f langes o f a ll t he t egulae h ad b een r emoved b efore b eing l aid o ver t he c hannel a nd w ere o f u nusual m anufacture ( see p . 2 61) . A l ayer o f mortar ( 415) o f v ariable t hickness o verlay t he t iles a nd h ad s ix c omplete p ennant s andstone r oofing s labs b edded i n i ts s urface . T he s labs , a lso l aid l engthways a cross t he c hannel , w ere o f a d ifferent t ype f rom t hose u sed o n t he r oof o f B uilding R 3 ( see p . 2 48) . F loor 1 61 o f o pus s igninum w as l aid d irectly o ver t he p ennant s labs . A s ingle p ila w as s ituated i n t he h ypocaust c hannel a djacent t o t he t wo f lues i n w all 5 6 . I t w as c onstructed o f t hree b locks o f o olitic l imestone a nd c apped b y t wo f ragments o f i mbrex b onded w ith m ortar . T he f unction o f t his p ila w as t o d ivide t he w est e nd o f t he h ypocaust i nto t wo s o t hat h ot a ir w ould f low e qually i nto e ach o f t he f lues . T he f lues ,

s et i nto w all 5 6 ,

w ere c onstructed

o f

f ragments

o f

i mbrex

X Ib) w hich w ould p resumably h ave e xtended u p t he i nternal f ace o f t he w all t o av ent a bove w indow - l evel . I n f act t he p resence o f ag lazed w indow i n t he w est w all o f R oom 1 i s l ikely s ince a f ragment o f p robable w indow g lass w as r ecovered f rom l ayer d rain w est o f t he f oot -b ath .

1 79

c ut

b y

t he

r obber

t rench

( 185) t o

t he

P ainted c eiling - p laster w as r ecovered i n l arge q uantities f rom t he b ackfill o f f oot - b ath 1 50 , a nd a lso f rom l ayer 1 60 , o n t op o f t he

o pus s igninum f loor .

P ainted w all-plaster w as a lso r ecovered f rom t he f ill

o f t he f oot -b ath , a nd i ndicated t he w alls w ith g eometric d esigns ( see p p. 2 57ff .).

o f

t he b athroom

w ere

d ecorated

R oom 1 2 ( figs. 2 3 a nd 3 0). T his r oom s erved a s t he p raefurnium t o R oom 1 1 a nd m easured 6 . 9 m etres

5 5

FOOT BATH 1 50

P er iod I IB

s ect ion

1 5237 OD - i x-

p q

u nexcovated

o o l i te s tone b ase

s ec t ion q -r

1 53 8 7 O D

F loo r

o o l i te

F ig. 3 1.

s tone b ase

S ection t hrough f oot — b ath 1 50 ( scale 1 :20)

P e r iodI I IB

S TOKEHOLES 1 7 1 a nd 4 13 s ect ion r s 1 53 .63

s e ct ion s t 1 5375 00

F ig. 3 2.

S ection t hrough s tokeholes i n R oom 1 2 ( scale 1 :20)

5 6

M a t r i x o f B u i l d i n g R 3 , R o m s

B U I L D I N G R 3 0

0 0 z

b y

2 .9 m etres .

T wo m ain p hases o f s tokehole w ere l ocated ;

t he e arliest

( 4 13) l ay i n t he n orth-east c orner o f R oom 1 2 , w ith a p artial l ining ( 171C) o n t he s outh s ide . A n e ntrance i nto t his s tokehole w as l ocated i n t he g ap b etween w all 1 71C a nd t he e ast w all o f t he p raefurnium . S tokehole 4 13 h ad a f loor c omprising a l arge s lab o f o olitic l imestone ( 414C) ( fig . 3 2 , S ection s -t) a bove w hich w as a t hin l ayer o f l ight g rey a sh w ith c harcoal f lecks ( 414B) . T he t ertiary f ill w as o f d ark b rown c rumbly l oam w ith l imestone f ragments ( 4 14A) . C utting t hrough t he e arly s tokehole w as t he s econd -p hase s tokehole ( 17 0 , w hich w as c entrally p laced i n t he n orthern w all o f t he p raefurnium . T he o riginal l inings t o t his s tokehole w ere 1 71B o n t he e ast s ide a nd 1 71E o n t he w est , s ubsequently r eplaced b y 1 71A a nd 1 71F . A ll l inings w ere o f c oursed o olitic l imestone b onded w ith m ortar .

S tokehole

1 71

w as

7 0 c m .

w ide b ut t he h ypocaust e xtending f rom i t i nto t he b athroom w as o nly 3 0 c m . w ide . Ab oiler m ay h ave b een s ited a bove t he w ide s ection o f t he s tokehole t o s upply h ot w ater t o f oot-bath 1 50 . B ackfill o f s tokehole 1 71 ( fu . 3 2 , S ection r -s) c omprised a p rimary f ill ( 156E) o f d ark b rown t o b lack l oam w ith l arge a mounts o f ' twiggy ' c harcoal , o verlaid b y a s econdary f ill o f l ight b rown t o b uff l oose s andy l oam ( 156D) . T he t ertiary f ill ( 156C) w as o f d ark a nd m edium b rown l oam , w hich u nderlay a l ayer o f d ark l oam c ontaining o pus s igninum f ragments a nd p ennant s andstone ( 156B) c ollapsed f rom F loor 1 61 . i n 1 56A .

A bove t his w as a c ompact d ark l oam f illing t he d epression

T he p raefurnium w as f loored w ith l arge s lab s o f o olitic l imestone ( pl . X IIa) ( 152) which h ad b een p artially r obbed i n P eriod I IIC . A fter t he s tokehole h ad g one o ut o f u se t he f loor w as e xtended ( 152A ) o ver t he s toking a rea , b ut t he o olitic l imestone f ragments u sed f or t his p urpose w ere g enerally s maller ( pl . X IIb) t han t hose u sed i n F loor 1 52 . Two o f t he s tones i n F loor 1 52A o n r emoval p roved t o b e r e-used ; o ne w as a l arge w orked s tone ( fig . 7 7 , p l. X VIIIa) t he o ther a n o olite w eight ( fig . 7 5 , n o . 3 ).

R ooms 1 3 , 1 4 a nd 1 5 ( fig . 2 3). T he t hree n arrow r ooms a long t he e astern s ide o f t he e xtension o verlay a P eriod I IIA y ard s urface ( 278 , 3 62 a nd 2 71) , a nd m easured 2 . 35 m etres w ide a nd 4 . 15 m etres , 7 . 2 m etres a nd 2 . 35 m etres l ong r espectively . R oom 1 3 c ontained e vidence o f s mithing , ( see b elow) w hilst R oom 1 4 p robably s erved a s ac orridor . N o e vidence w as f ound t o i ndicate t he f unction o f R oom 1 5 .

R oom 1 3 ( fig . 3 4). W ithin R oom 1 3 w as a r ough f loor ( 97) o f l imestone f ragments i nto w hich w ere s et t wo h earths a nd a f eature o f u nknown f unction ( 86) . F eature 8 6 w as o void i n p lan a nd s urrounded b y f ragments o f l imestone s et v ertically i nto F loor 9 7 . T hese s tones m ay h ave r epresented t he s uperstructure o f a w ater-tank , c ontemporary w ith H earth 9 1 . T he s unken a rea f ormed b y F eature 8 6 w as l argely f illed w ith a m ortar d eposit , p ossibly w aste m ortar r emaining f rom t he e xtension o f B uilding R 3 i n P eriod I IIB . A s econdary d eposit , s ealing t he m ortar , w as o f a sh a nd c oal a nd c ontained n umerous f ragments o f i ron ; 5 s trips o f s mithing w aste ; 2 s heet f ragments ; 1 6 f ragments o f n ail a nd 1 9 m iscellaneous f ragments . T his w as o bviously a d ump o f m aterial r elated t o i ron-smithing .

5 8

HEARTHS 9 0a nd 9 1

B u i ld ing R 3 R oom13

P e r iod 1 1B

, 08

7 5

P 2

A

a -. " c ., l o p

2_2__ 0 a:0 9 q . 4

s

%

>b

Q %.

. 0 ., 1 1 1 L'

4 2 1

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t

.

dr

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.

.

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r iä N

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r e : i4 t i le ml i

e l

ete, , e4,

4-

.( Z iel. e .4 1 : •

Q24 1 1 ,4 •4 1 1

F ig. 3 4.

.9

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P lan o f H earths 9 0 a nd 9 1 i n R oom 1 3 ( scale 1 :40)

5 9

H earth 9 0

( fig .

3 4) c onsisted o f a s hallow

s coop

1 0 c m .

d eep s et i nto

F loor 9 7 . I t c ontained a p rim ary f ill o f f ine a sh a nd l oam o verlaid b y a l ayer o f a sh a nd c harcoal c ontaining a l arge q uantity o f h ammer s cale . T his w as u ndoubtedly w aste m aterial f rom s mithing . H earth

9 1

( fig .

3 4) ,

c ontemporary

w ith

F loor

9 7

a nd

c omprised a l ayer o f c harcoal a nd f lecks o f f ired c lay 3 c m . m ay h ave b een u sed f or i ron- s mithing . T he

l arge

q uantities

o f

s mithing-waste

r ecovered

F eature t hick ;

f rom t hese

i ndicates t hat R oom 1 3 w as u sed f or s mall - s cale i ron-smithing . o r a nvil b ase w as l ocated ,

8 6 ,

i t t oo

f eatures

N o f urnace

b ut t hese m ay h ave s at o n t op o f F loor 9 7 ,

a nd

l eft n o t race.

R oom 1 4 ( fig. 2 3). A r ough

f loor

( 266) o f l imestone f ragments w as f ound i n t his r oom

o verlying a c lay l evelling-layer ( 276).

R oom 1 5 ( fig. 2 3). T he r oom c ontained a f loor o f l imestone f ragments ( 94) b edded o n al ayer o f c layey l oam ( 275) . B eneath R oom 1 5 l ay t he l evelled P eriod I I b oundary w all , w hich a ppears t o h ave b een u tilized a s a f loor- s urface , l evel w ith F loor 2 75.

R oom 1 6 ( fig. 2 3). A dded t o t he s outhern e nd o f B uilding R 3 w as R oom 1 6 , m easuring 3 m etres b y 1 m etres . T he w alls w ere d rystone , l acking f oundations , b ut o verlay t he u pper f ill o f a P eriod I d itch . I t i s p ostulated t hat t hey s erved a s d warf w alls o n w hich r ested a t imber - f ramed U ean-to ' b utting u p t o t he s outh w all o f R oom 3 . I nside R oom

1 6 w ere

t wo

o ccupation- d eposits ( 162 a nd 1 63) s ealing t he

b ackfilled P eriod I d itch b elow a nd b utting u p t o w all 1 82 ( fig . 7 , S ection b- c ) .

O nly

t he e astern e nd o f

t his

r oom w as e xcavated .

L ayer 1 62

c omprised m edium t o d ark b rown l oam c ontaining f lecks o f c harcoal a nd c oal a nd t he o ccasional p iece o f i ron s lag , w hilst l ayer 1 63 w as o f d ark b rown l oam w ith a l arge q uantity o f c harcoal ,

i ron s lag ,

h ammer s cale ,

a nd

f ragments o f l imestone . T he l atter l ayer m ay h ave r epresented a f loor s urface a ssociated w ith i ron - s mithing . H ammer s cale w as a lso r ecovered i n t he t ertiary f ills o f t he P eriod I d itch t o t he e ast o f R oom 1 6 ,

a nd m ay b e

w aste f rom t he s mithy . D ating e vidence ( p . 6 1) s uggests t hat t his r oom w as a dded t o B uilding R 3 i n t he f ourth q uarter o f t he f ourth c entury a nd m ay h ave b een a s mithy b uilt t o r eplace t he s mall - s cale s mithing i n R oom 1 3 , i mplying a n i ncreased w ork -l oad . T o

t he

s outh o f a nd b utting u p

t o R oom 1 6 w as a n a rea p aved b y l arge

o olitic l imestone s labs ( 198) ( fig . 2 3) . A d oorway i nto R oom 1 6 w as i ndicated b y a g ap 6 0 c m . w ide i n t he p aved a rea , b ounded o n o ne s ide b y a l arge o olite b lock w ith a h ole i n i t.

6 0

R oom 1 7 ( fig. 2 3). F ragments o f ad rystone d warf w all w ere l ocated 2 .2 m etres e ast o f R ooms 1t o 3 , e xtending s outhwards f rom t he w all o f R ooms 1 3 t o 1 5 . I ts f oundation o verlay t he d estruction- r ubble ( 148) o f B uilding R 1 o f P eriod I I . T he i nsubstantial f oundation s uggested t hat t he wall w as t he b ase t o a t imber - f ramed p ortico . T his m ay h ave b een a dded i n P eriod I IIB w hen t he w estern c orridor , R oom 4 , w as s ubdivided i nto t hree r ooms.

D ATING E VIDENCE F OR B UILDING R 3.

P eriod I IIB.

C onstruction d ate c . 3 60-70. R ooms 2 a nd 1 1 y ielded p ottery o f m id t o l ate f ourth -c entury d ate f rom c onstruction - l evels 5 18 a nd 5 27 , b eneath t ank-base 1 66 a nd f lagstone f loor 1 69 . T he r obber p it o f O ven 5 02 o f P eriod I IIA i n R oom 3 c ontained t wo c oins , o ne o f C onstantine I I ( issued 3 30-35) , t he o ther o f C onstans ( issued 3 46-50) . N o d ating e vidence w as r ecovered f rom c onstruction - o r o ccupation - l ayers i n R oom 5 . I n R ooms 6 a nd 7 p ottery b elow F loor 8 1 f itted s ecurely i nto t he s econd q uarter o f t he f ourth c entury w hilst F loor 8 1 y ielded s herds d atable t o c . 3 00-367 . A c oin o f C onstantine

I I

( issued 3 37-41) w as

f ound

i n l ayer 8 7

o ver

F loor 9 3 i n R oom 8 , b ut i s l ikely t o h ave b een r esidual s ince s herds o f l ate f ourth - c entury

p ottery

c ame

f rom F loor

9 3

( fig .

9 0 ,

n os .

R oom 9 l ayer 8 3 c ontained s herds d atable t o a fter c . 3 50

6 4 a nd 6 5) .

I n

( fig .

6 6

a nd 6 7) . R ooms 1 3 , 1 4 a nd 1 5 o verlay P eriod I IIA y ards ( 278 , w hich y ielded n o p ottery t hat c ould b e d ated t o a fter c . 3 60 .

9 0 ,

n os .

3 62 a nd 3 71) A ccordingly

t he a bsence o f l ater p ottery s uggests t he e xtension o f B uilding R 3 i n P eriod I IIB d id n ot h ave t aken p lace b efore c . 3 60-70 . F or p ottery f rom y ard 2 78 s ee f ig . 9 0 , n o . 5 6 .

A lterations a nd a dditions. O ccupation i n B uilding R 3 c ontinued i nto t he f inal d ecades o f t he f ourth c entury . E vidence o f t his c ame f rom v arious r ooms . I n R oom 1 a w orn c oin o f G ratian ( issued 3 75-78) , w as f ound b eneath t he f loor o f O ven 2 92, i ndicated t he o ven w as n ot b uilt b efore c . 3 78 . I n R oom 3 a w orn c oin o f A rcadius ( issued 3 88-95) , w as f ound i n H earth 1 57 . L ate f ourth - c entury p ottery w as r ecovered f rom f loor -s urfaces i n R ooms 8 , 1 3 , 1 4 a nd 1 5 , ( fig . 9 0 , n os . 6 3-65 , 6 8-74 a nd 7 6-79) w hilst l ayer 1 63 i n R oom 1 6 y ielded s herds d atable t o C . 3 70-410 . T he c oin e vidence a nd p ottery s uggests t hat B uilding R 3

c ontinued

t o b e o ccupied a nd a ltered i nto t he f inal d ecade o f

t he f ourth c entury , a nd p ossibly l ater .

D ISCUSSION : B UILDING R 3. I n i ts e arliest f orm ,

i n P eriod I IIA , B uilding R 3 w as e quipped w ith f our

g round - f loor r ooms , o ne o f w h ich w as a c orridor . A s econd s torey w ould , n o d oubt , h ave b een s ituated a bove t he t hree m ain r ooms , w hilst t he c orridor f ormed a ' l ean -t o ' o n t he w est s ide o f t he b uilding .

F ragments o f p ennant

s andstone i n t he c onstruction - l evels o f R oom 1 i ndicated t hat t he s tructure p robably h ad a r oof o f p ennant t iles , I IIB .

T wo o vens w ere l ocated :

w hich w as c ertainly p resent i n P eriod

9 9 i n R oom 2 y ielded p lant r emains b ut n o

6 1

c ereals,

a nd f rom i ts p osition i n a c orner o f t he r oom a ppears t o h ave

s erved a d omestic f unction . O ven 5 02 , o n t he o ther h and , i n R oom 3 w as m ore s ubstantial a nd i n a p rominent p osition a long t he s outh 911 . T his o ven m ay w ell h ave b een u sed f or d rying c ereals o r s pelting m alt. T he p lan o f B uilding R 3 i n P eriod I IIA ( fig .

1 9) s hows t hat i t w as w ell

l aid o ut a nd i ndicates a h igh d egree o f R omanization . C omparison w ith o ther s mall b uildings a t C atsgore ( Leech , 1 982) r eveals t hat t he M arshfield b uilding w as t he m ore s ophisticated . A c loser p arallel f or B uilding R 3 c omes f rom W hitton i n S outh G lamorgan w here t he n orth r ange o f t he f armstead h ad r ooms f lanked b y a c orridor ( Jarrett a nd W rathmell , 1 981 , f igs . 3 2 a nd 4 8). A R oman b uilding w ith a n i dentical p lan w as

d iscovered r ecently a s a

c ropmark f rom t he a ir . I t w as i n a l arge h elmet s haped e nclosure , m iles n orth o f I ronmonger ( Illes , A von , P ost , 1 , 1 979 , 3 0 , f ig . 4 ) .

e ight

N o e vidence w as f ound f or a ny o f t he r ooms b eing p ainted i nternally i n P eriod I IIA .

E xtensive a lterations i n P eriod I IIB c hanged t he a ppearance

o f B uilding R 3 d ramatically . I ts g round -p lan n ow h ad s eventeen r ooms ( fig . 2 3) a nd a h igh d egree o f R omanization i s o nce a gain e vident i n t he l ayout . T he w estern c orridor o f P eriod I IIA w as s ubdivided i nto t hree r ooms , t wo o f w hich w ere a b athroom a nd p raefurnium , a nd R oom 2 h oused a w ater - t ank f or s upplying t he b athroom w ith w ater .

T he e ight -r oom e xtension a dded t o t he

n orth e nd o f b uilding R 3 w as p rovided w ith a p ossible e ntrance o r r eception r oom d ecorated i nternally w ith p ainted w all -p laster a nd 8 w ere a lso d ecorated w ith p ainted w all -p laster .

( Room 9 ) ,

a nd R ooms 5

A s econd s torey w as l ikely o ver R ooms 5 t o 8c ontinuing t he t wo s torey s ection a bove R ooms 1 a nd 3 n orthwards .

F rom t hese a lterations i t i s

p ostulated t hat t he f arm - o wner h ad p rospered a nd b y t he t hird q uarter o f t he f ourth c entury c ould a fford t o h ave a n e laborately d ecorated e xtension a dded t o h is h ome a nd a s imilarly w ell-decorated b athroom i nserted . I t i s p ossible t o p ut f orward s uggestions a bout t he f unction o f s ome o f t he r ooms i n P eriod I IIB . R oom 1 n ow c ontained a l arge o ven f rom w hich w as r ecovered c ereal g rains i ndicating t hat i t w as u sed a s ad rying o r s pelting o ven . I t h as a lready b een e stablished t hat R ooms 2 a nd 1 2 w ere a ssociated w ith t he b athroom ( Room 1 1) . R ooms 5 t o 8i n t he e xtension m ay h ave b een a n ew r esidential b lock h aving a r eception r oom ( Room 9 ) . R oom 1 3 w as a lmost c ertainly u sed f or s mithing a nd w as l ater r eplaced o r s upplemented b y a s mithy i n R oom 1 6 . W hen t he s econd s torey i s t aken i nto a ccount b uilding h ad a m inimum o f t wenty - t wo r ooms i n P eriod I IIB. D estruction-rubble

i ndicates

t hat

B uilding R 3 h ad

a p ennant

t he

s andstone

r oof w ith l imestone c oping b locks s imilar t o t hose f ound a t G atcombe ( Branigan , 1 977 , p late 1 8A). S ites w ith b uildings s imilar t o t he n orthern e xtension o f B uilding R 3 a re L ittle S pittle , I lchester ( Leach , 1 982 , f ig . 3 8) , a nd L ower B rook S treet , W inchester ( Britannia i ii , 1 972 , 3 49 a nd f ig . 2 0) ; w hilst R ooms 5 t o 8c an b e p aralleled b y t he w est r ange a t W hitton , S outh G lamorgan ( Jarrett a nd Wrathmell , 1 981, 6 0 a nd f ig . 3 1) . O n r eflection B uilding R 3 a t M arshfield m ay h ave b een s imilar t o P hase X a t W hitton . T he Whitton f armstead d eveloped i n a s mall b ank-and-ditch e nclosure w hich t o a c ertain e xtent d ictated w here b uildings h ad t o b e p laced . o ther h and , t he b uildings w ere n ot l imited b y

6 2

A t M arshfield , o n t he s uch c onstraints a nd

e xtensions c ould e asily b e a dded t o t he o riginal b uilding .

A c ombination

o f t he n orth a nd w est r anges a t W hitton w ould h ave p rovided a ccommodation r easonably s imilar t o B uilding R 3 a t M arshfield i n b oth s ize a nd s tatus .

S OME N OTES O N T HE E LEVATIONS O F B UILDING R 3 ( fig. 3 5). T wo v iews o f e ach o f t he t wo m ain p hases o f B uilding R 3 a re s hown i n f ig . 3 5 .1 0 V iews a a nd c s how t he e astern e levations o f P eriods I IIA a nd I IIB r espectively a nd v iews b a nd d t he n orthern e levations a lso o f P eriods I IIA a nd I IIB r espectively . I n

P eriod

I IIA

t he

b uilding

c omprised

f our

g round - f loor

r ooms

( E4>

1 9) . T he e astern a nd w estern w alls b ounding R ooms 1 a nd 3 w ere m ore s ubstantial t han t he w estern w all o f R oom 4 a nd t he d ividing w alls , t hus i ndicating t hat R ooms 1 a nd 3 m ay h ave b een a t wo-storey s ection o f t he b uilding .

V iew

b s hows t he s uggested r oofing a rrangement .

C himneys i n

v iews a a nd b a re i ndicated w here o vens w ere l ocated d uring e xcavation . P ennant s andstone r oofing - t iles h ave b een a dded s ince a d eposit o f t hese w as f ound a ssociated w ith c onstruction l evels

t o t he P eriod I IIA b uilding ,

a nd

t he w hole i s c apped b y a l imestone r idge -c oping , f ragments o f w hich w ere r ecovered f rom d estruction-l evels o verlying t he b uilding . T he p ositions o f t he t wo d oorways i n v iew a a re b ased o n e xcavated e vidence ; i n R oom 1 a p rojecting f ragment o f m asonry c lose t o t he n orth -e ast c orner o f t he r oom ; i n R oom 3 a h eavily w orn g utter b lock ( f is . 1 9 ) a djacent t o t he e astern w all . I n a n a rea w here b uilding s tone w as r eadily a vailable t he w alls o f t he b uilding a re l ikely t o h ave b een b uilt l argely o f t he l ocal o olite.

2 3) .

I n P eriod I IIB B uilding R 3 c omprised s eventeen g round - f loor r ooms ( fig . I n c ommon w ith t he P eriod I IIA b uilding t he c entral l ongitudinal

w alls ,

i n t his c ase b ounding R ooms 1 t o 3a nd 5 t o 8 ,

w ere m ore s ubstantial

t han t he o ther w alls i ndicating t hat t his s ection m ay h ave b een b uilt t o a h eight o f t wo-storeys . R oom 4 w as d ivided i nto t hree r ooms ( 10 t o 1 2) i n P eriod I IIB b ut p robably r emained s ingle s torey .

A p ossible p orch was

p rovided ( Room 9 ) f or t he n orthern e xtension a nd t his m ay h ave b een r oofed w ith a r idge -p iece s et a t r ight -a ngles t o t he m ain r oof o f t he b uilding . A s eries o f r ooms ( 13 t o 1 5) o n t he e astern s ide o f t he n orthern e xtension w ere p robably o f as ingle s torey , s imilar t o R ooms 1 0 t o 1 2 . R ooms 1 6 a nd 1 7 h ad s hallow d rystone f oundations s uggesting t imber- f ramed w alls . R oom 1 7 p robably s erved a s a n e ntrance p ortico ( view c ) w hilst R oom 1 6 w as a n i ron- s mithy. D oorways i nto R ooms 1 a nd 2 w ere p robably s imilar t o t he p revious p hase . R ooms 1 3 , 1 4 , a nd 1 5 y ielded n o f irm e vidence f or t he p osition o f d oorways , b ut s ince R ooms 5 a nd 8 w ere f inely d ecorated w ith p ainted w all -p laster a nd R oom 1 3 w as p robably a s mithy i t i s a lmost c ertain t hat a d oorway i nto t hese r ooms w ould h ave b een f rom t he e astern s ide , n ot f rom t he r ooms o n t he w est s ide. T he r oofing a rrangements i s s hown i n v iews c a nd d .

P ennant s andstone

r oof -t iles a nd f ragments o f l imestone r idge-coping w ere r ecovered f rom t he d estruction-rubble o verlying t he b uilding a nd a re a lso s hown i n v iews c a nd d . ( Reconstruction p l. X VIIIb).

6 3

F ig . 3 5 .

E levations o f B uilding R 3 ( scale 1 :300)

6 4

C himneys a re i ndicated w here t he p osition o f o vens w ere l ocated d uring t he e xcavation . O utshot r oofs ,

e xtending f rom t he c entral r idge o f t he b uilding t o t he

o uter w alls o f t he c orridor h ave b een a voided , s ince t hese would h ave a llowed l ittle o r n o l ight i nto t he u pper s torey o f t he b uilding . W indows h ave b een d rawn r ectangular s ince n o v oussoir s tones w ere l ocated t o I ndicate a rched w indows . F inally c himney-pots h ave b een a dded , a lthough n o e vidence o f t hese w as r ecovered f rom t he e xcavation .

F EATURES A DJACENT T O B UILDING R 3 , P eriod I IIB ( fig. 2 3). C onstruction-features a djacent t o B uilding R 3 i ncluded a s laking p it ( 75) a nd m ortar-mixing t ank ( 82) . T he s laking p it w as 2 0 C m. d eep a nd a pproximately 9 0 CH4 i n d iameter , c ontaining t wo d istinct m ortar d eposits ( 75B a nd 7 50 .11 A bove t hese w as a s ilt l ayer ( 75 ,A ) , w eathered i nto t he p it a fter i t h ad g one o ut o f u se . A n o olitic l imestone t rough ( 82) w as p erhaps u tilised a s am ortar-mixing p it , t he b ase o f w hich w as c overed b y 12 d eposit o f m ortar w ith a n i rregular u pper s urface . T he m ortar i n 8 2 c ontained n umerous s mall f ragments o f b urnt c lay which w ere p robably I ntroduced i nto t he l ime a ccidentally f rom t he i nternal f ace o f t he l ime k iln . A l ayer o f d ark b rown c lay s ealed t he m ortar a nd c onstituted t he u pper f ill o f t he s tone t rough . T hese f eatures w ere p robably c ontemporary w ith t he e xtension o f B uilding R 3 i n P eriod I IIB , a nd t herefore d ate t o c . 3 60-70 . C ertainly t he b urnt c lay i n t rough 8 2 w as s imilar t o b urnt c lay l ocated i n o ne o f t he w alls o f t he n orthern e xtension t o B uilding R 3 . T rough 8 2 c ontained a p resumably r esidual c oin o f A llectus . T o t he n orth-west o f B uilding R 3 w as w all 3 74 w hich e xtended w estwards . T rial-trenches V a nd I V ( f i g.4 ) w ere e xcavated i n a n a ttempt t o t race t he w all a nd a scertain i ts f unction , whether b oundary w all o r b uilding . U nfortunately t he a rea w est o f B uilding R 3 p roved t o b e p loughed o ut a nd a rchaeological l evels r emoved . P it 5 17 e ast o r R oom 1 6 w as 2 0 Cm. d eep , w ith a l ower f ill o f m edium b rown c layey l oam s ealed b y a d ark b rown l oam l ayer c ontaining l imestone f ragments. Ap ossible w ell ( 247) l ay w est o f R oom 1 2 .

I t w as e xcavated t o ad epth

o f o nly 6 0 c m . s ince i t e xtended i nto t he w estern l imit o f t he s ite a nd c ontained a v ery l oose f ill o r l imestone r ubble . I f i t h ad b een a w ell i t m ay h ave b een u sed a s aw ater-supply t o t he b athroom i n B uilding R 3. D rain 1 85 , w hich r an f rom t he w est w all o f R oom 1, w as c ut t o ad epth o f 5 5 c m . N o t races o f aw ooden l ining w ere l ocated s ince t he d rain a ppears t o h ave b een r obbed , p ossibly i n P eriod I IIC . B ackfill c omprised o f l ower f ill o f s ilt 1 0 c m . d eep , o verlaid b y a l ayer o f l ight b rown l oam c ontaining f ragments o f o olitic l imestone a nd p ennant s andstone . D rain 3 67 w as c apped b y al arge o olitic l imestone s lab w ith w orn u pper s urfaces . T he c apping-stones w ere e xposed b ut t he s ilty f ill b elow r emained u nexcavated b ecause o f l ack o f t ime . I t i s h oped t o i nvestigate t his f eature a nd t he s urrounding a rea i n 1 984 . A djacent t o t he d rain w as l ocated a b lo c k o f w orked o olite ( fig . 7 8 , n o. 5 ).

6 5

B UILDING R 3 , P eriod I IIC. D uring

t his p eriod B uilding R 3 a ppears

t o h ave b een a bandoned .

T he

f lagstone f loor i n t he p raefurnium w as r obbed a nd t he l ead p ipe d raining t he f oot-bath i n R oom 1 1 w as r emoved . B ackfill o f t he f oot-bath ( fig . 3 1, S ection q -r) c onsisted o f ap rimary f ill o f s ilty c lay ( 150D) o verlaid b y a h ard l ime ' pan ' ( 105C) , p robably d erived f rom t he p ercolation o f w ater t hrough t he m ortary u pper f ill o f t he b ath . A s econdary d eposit c omprised al oose m ortary l ayer ( 105 6) , c ontaining s mall f ragments o f p ainted p laster ; w hilst t he t ertiary f ill ( 105A) w as m ore r ubbly , c onsisting o f s andy m ortar , l umps o f c eiling- a nd w all-plaster a nd o olitic l imestone b locks . T hese l ayers p resumably r epresented a bandonment a nd d ecay o f t he r oom , o r a lternatively d eliberate b ackfilling o f t he b ath d uring a lterations . T he f ormer h ypothesis i s f avoured , h owever , s ince n o o ccupation l evels w ere n oted a bove t he b ackfill , a nd a f ine l ayer o f w all- a nd c eiling-plaster ( 160) o verlay t he o pus s igninum f loor . S ealing t he r obbed f loor i n t he p raefurnium , a nd e xtending o ver t he m ajority o f t he r oo m o f B uilding R 3 , w as a s pread o f p ennant s andstone r oof-slabs a nd o olitic l imestone b locks , p resumably i ndicating a n a bandonment o f t he b uilding a nd c dhpse o f t he r oof .

D ATING E VIDENCE F OR P ERIOD I IIC. T he a bandonment o f B uilding R 3 a nd c ollapse o f i ts r oof m ust h ave t aken p lace a t t he e nd o f t he f ourth c entury o r e arly i n t he f ifth c entury . D ecay l ayers c ertainly s ealed H earth 1 57 i n R oom 3 , w hich y ielded a w orn c oin o f A rcadius ( issued 3 88-95) a nd o verlay O ven 2 92 i n R oom 1 , w hich c ontained a w orn c oin o f G ratian ( issued 3 75-78 ) . A w orn c oin o f t he H ouse o f T heodosius ( issued 3 88-402) , w as a lso r ecovered f rom d ecay l ayer 1 55 s ealing H earth 1 57 i n R oom 3 . A ccordingly , B uilding R 3 c ould n ot h av e b een a bandoned u ntil t he f inal d ecade o f t he f ourth c entury o r o pening d ecade o f t he f ifth c entury . P ottery f rom d estruction r ubble i n R oom , 1 , 3 , 1 0 , 1 2 a nd 1 3 i s s hown i n f ig . 9 1 , n os . 9 4101 . C utting i nto d ecay l ayers i n R oom 1 w as P it 6 5 o f P eriod I V , w hich y ielded a w orn c oin o f A rcadius ( issued 3 83-402) , a nd s herds o f u nabraded p ottery o f F abric C M7 ( see p . 2 95 a nd f ig. 9 1, n o . 10).

M ASONRY B UILDING R 4 ( fig . 6 ). T his b uilding m easured 5 .6 m etres i nternally f rom n orth t o s outh a nd e xtended i nto t he e astern s ection . I ts s outhern w all b utted u p t o w all 3 11 , b ounding t he P eriod I II c emetery , a nd w as t herefore o f a P eriod I II d ate i tself . L ittle o f t he s tructure s urvived p loughing a nd o nly s mall f ragments o f t he w estern a nd n orthern w alls r emained . T he w alls w ere o f d rystone c onst r uction . A n o olitic l imestone r ubble s pread , a djacent t o t he s outhern w all , m ay h ave b een a c ollapsed w all o f R 4 . N o i ndependent d ating e vidence w as r ecovered f rom t his b uilding , s ince l ittle s tratigraphy s urvived. T he f unction o f B uilding R 4 r emains u ncertain .

M ASONRY B UILDING R 5 A ND A SSOCIATED S TRATIGRAPHY ( fig. 6 , p l. X IIIa). B uilding R 5 h ad a c urving w all ( 142) b uilt o f a dze - d ressed o olitic

l imestone b locks . I t w as a pprox imately 8 m etres i n d iameter e xternally . T wo c ourses o f w all s urvived , b elow p lough l evel , b uilt i n a s light d epression o ver t wo y ardsurfaces . B utting u p t o w all 1 42 , t o a d epth o f 1 8 c m" w as a l ayer o f d ark b rown t o b lack s oil 17 , p ossibly a s oil h orizon w hich h ad d eveloped i n t he d epression . B eneath l ayer 17 , a nd e xtending u nder B uilding R 5 , w as l ayer 1 40 , ay ard-surface o f o olitic l imestone c hips a nd f ragments o f p ennant s andstone r oofing - t ile . Y ard 1 40 s ealed a d eposit o f s ilt ( 141) w hich w as i n t urn o verlying a f urther o olitic l imestone y ard . T hese y ard-surfaces s ealed a P eriod I I w all , e xtending n orth o f t he e ntrance i n t he t emenos w all , a nd m ay t herefore b e r elated t o P eriod I IIA o f B uilding R 3 . S herds

o f

l ate f ourth-century p ottery a nd F abric C M7 w ere l ocated i n

l ayer 17 i ndicating t hat B uilding R 5 w as s tanding u ntil t he l ate f ourth o r e arly f ifth c entury ( fig. 9 1, n os . 8 9-93). W all 1 43 ,

t o t he s outh-west o f B uilding R 5 ,

r emained u nexcavated ,

b ut

m ay h ave b een c ontemporary w ith R 5 . T he c onstruction d ate a nd f unction o f B uilding R S r emains u nknown . T his s tructure w as p artly e xcavated i n 1 984 b y A .J . P arker ( see P reliminary R eport p . 3 77).

D RYING-OVEN 1 39 ( figs. 3 6 a nd 3 7 , p ls. X IIIb , X IVa , b ). T his w as a n e laborate o ven ,

f irst l ocated i n t he a utumn o f 1 981 d uring

p loughing . I t m easured 2 . 8 m etres b y 3 m etres e xternally , w ith a c entral s tokehole e xtending t o t he n orth . A ccess t o t he s toking a rea w as b y m eans o f a n o olite s tep ( 144) ( pl . X Vb) b uilt i nto t he r ounded n orthern e nd o f t he s tokehole . A l ining o f c oursed o olitic l imestone s labs w as p rovided f or t he s toking a rea ( fig . 3 7 , E levations u -v a nd v -w) . T he f lue a nd m ain o uter w alls w ere c onstructed o f l imestone s labs , n ine c ourses o f w hich s urvived b elow f loor-level . O n t he e astern s ide o f t he f lue a l arge s lab o f o olite w as b uilt i nto t he w all ( 139L) . A f ragment o f a rch v oussoir s urvived t owards t he s outh e nd o f t he f lue , a lthough i t h ad s agged a l ittle ( fig . 3 7 , P rofile x-y ) . A long t he w est s ide o f t he f lue a l ength o f v oussoir s tones w as a v isible i ndication t hat t he o riginal a rch h ad b een a pproximately 9 0 CIE4 l ong ( fig . 3 7 , E levation v -w) . I nside t he m ain b ody o f t he s tructure w ere t hree w alls . F ive f lues w ere s ituated i n t he e astern a nd w estern w alls ( pl . X Va) t o a llow t he h ot a ir f rom t he s ide c hannels i nto t he c entral a rea ( f ig . 3 7 , E levation v -0 , b ut t he n orthern wall h ad n o f lues . I n t he e astern w all ( 1391) o f t he i nner c hamber , t he l ower t hree f lues w ere c apped b y l arge s labs o f o olitic l imestone , t wo o f w hich w ere r e -u sed b lo c ks w ith c hamfers f orming l edges a bove t he v ents . A s imilar l arge s tone w ith c hamfer s ealed o ne o f t he f lues i n t he w est w all ( 139K). F loor-slabs o f o olite w ere k eyed i nto t he s ide w alls a nd s ealed t he s ide c hannels . T hese w ould h ave c overed a ll t hree c hannels , s o t hat h ot a ir p assing u nder t he m ain f lue a rch w ould h ave b een c hannelled u nder t he s tone f loor a nd i nto t he c entral c hamber , v ia t he f lues i n w alls 1 391 a nd 1 39K . O ne c ourse o f s tone s urvived a bove f loor l evel i n w alls 1 38A a nd 1 39H , b ut a bove t his l evel t he s tructure m ay w ell h ave b een t imber-framed . A y ard s urface , p robably c ontemporary w ith O ven 1 39 , l ay 8 01 '4 a bove t he l evel o f t he s tone f loor i nside .

6 7

F ig. 3 6 .

P lan o f O vens 1 35 a nd 1 39 ( scale 1 :40)

6 8

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S ection a nd e levations t hrough O ven 1 39 ( scale 1 :40)

6 9

T he p rimary f ill o f t he o ven w as a b lack c harcoally d eposit 2 M. t hick , e xtending f rom t he s tokehole a long t he c hannels a nd i nside t he c entral c hamber , ( layers 1 23 , 1 28 , 1 30 , 1 34 a nd 1 37 , f ig . 3 7 , S ection t -u) . T his l ayer w as p robably d erived f rom t he w eathering o f t he c lay b onding-material u sed i n t he w alls o f t he s tructure , m ixed w ith c harcoal d rawn f rom t he f ire i n t he s tokehole . S ealing t his d eposit w as a l ayer o f y ellow t o w hite s ilty c lay v arying f rom 1 2 t o 4 0 C m . i n t hickness , ( layers 1 22 , 1 24 , 1 25 , 1 29 a nd 1 33 , f ig . 3 7 , S ection tu) . T he t ertiary f ill c onsisted o f l ayers o f m edium a nd d ark b rown , l oose , l oam m ixed w ith o olite r ubble , ( 115 , 16 , 19 , 1 27 a nd 1 38 , f ig . 3 7 , S ection t -u) , p robably r epresenting d eliberate b adkfilling o f t he f eature . V ery l ittle p ennant s andstone w as r ecovered f rom t he b ackfill , s uggesting t he r oof m ay h ave b een o f s hingles , o r t hat i t h ad b een d ismantled . F urther i nformation a bout t he u pper p art o f t he s tructure m ay b e g ained f rom a s tudy o f t he b adkfill . T he c layey s econdary f ill m ay h ave b een d erived f rom a c lay a nd t imber s uperstructure , w hilst t he s toney u pper f ill w as p robably p art o f t he d warf w alls o n w hich r ested t he s uperstructure o f t he o ven . T he

f loor o ver t he

c entral a rea w ould u ndoubtedly h ave

b een m ade o f

t imber , p ossibly s upported b y w ooden b eams w hich r ested o n t he l edges a bove t he v ents . Ap recise r econstruction o f t he f looring-system c annot b e o ffered , b ut i t i s l ikely t hat t he w ooden f loor i n t he c entral c hamber w as l evel w ith t he s urviving s tone f loor o ver t he c hannels ( E4> 3 7 , P rofile w x ). T his o ven w as b uilt t o ar ather s ophisticated p lan n ot d issimilar t o o ne f ound a t F oxholes F arm , H ertford i n 1 975 ( Reynolds a nd L angley , 1 979 , f ig . 1 ) . T he F oxholes e xample h ad s ide c hambers , v ents a nd a h ollow c entral c hamber , b ut t he s tokehole e xtended f rom o ne c orner o f t he s tructure r ather t han o pposite t he c entral c hamber a s a t M arshfield .

O VEN 1 35 ( fig . 3 6). F eature 1 35 w as l ocated o n t he n orth s ide o f O ven 1 39 . P loughing h ad d estroyed m ost o f t he b urnt o olitic l imestone l ining , a nd t he i nternal f ill s urvived t o ad epth o f o nly 2 c m . T he f ill ( 136) w as o f al oose b rown c rumbly s oil w ith c harcoal f le c ks a nd s mall f ragments o f b urnt o olitic l imestone . T his o ven l ay p arallel a nd a djacent t o d rying-oven 1 39 a nd m ay w ell h ave b een c ontemporary w ith i t .

F unction a nd d ate o f O vens 1 35 a nd 1 39. O ven 1 35 c ontained n umerous c ereal g rains a nd t he p rimary f ill o f O ven 1 39 l ikewise . I t i s l ikely t hat t hese o vens w ere u sed f or d rying c ereals a nd/or s pelting m alt » C ertainly a n o ven s uch a s 1 39 c ould h ave b een u tilised f or v arious f unctions i ncluding s moking m eat . P ottery f rom t he s econdary a nd t ertiary b adkfill o f 1 39 w as d atable m ainly t o b etween t he l ate f irst a nd l ate s econd c enturies , a lthough a s herd o f p ottery f rom t he u pper f ill ( 115) w as d atable t o c . 280-350 . T hese a re l ikely t o b e w holly r esidual , h owever , a nd i t i s p robable t hat t he o vens

7 0

w ere c ontemporary w ith P eriod L ILA o r l IEB . t he p rimary f ill.

N o p ottery w as r ecovered i rom

O ven 1 35 y ielded n o i ndependent d ating e v idence .

T HE P ERIOD I II C EMETERY ( fig . 6 , p l. X V1a). A t otal

o f

1 5

b urials

w ere

c ontemporary

w ith

e ight l ay a djacent t o w all 3 11 , w hich w ould e xtent o f t he c emetery d uring P eriod I II .

P eriod

11

b elow a s G roup A . T he r emaining s even b urials l ay i n t he c orner o f t he e xcavation a nd a re d escribed a s G roups B a nd C . G eneral

s tratigraphy

w ithin

t he

o ccupation ,

a ppear t o m ark t he n orthern T hese b urials a re d escr ibed

g raveyard

w as

v ariable .

s outh-eastern

T he

w estern

e nd o f t he c emetery , b eyond B urial B 7 , w as o nly t hinly s tratified , w hilst a d eeper s equence w as l ocated t o t he e ast o f B 7 . N one o f t he l ayers i n t he P eriod I II c emetery e xtended f urther n orth t han w all 3 11. B etween w all 3 11 a nd B uilding R 3 t he a rea w as t hinly s tratified . g raves p ost - d ating l ayer 2 01 w ere e xcavated ,

A ll

b ut b elow t his l evel o nly t he

e astern e nd o f t he c emetery w as e xamined . T he c emetery e xtended f urther e ast b eyond t he m argin o f t he e xcavation . F urther b urials a lso e xtended s outh o f t he e xcavated a rea , a nd o ne o f t hese w as l ocated d uring b ackfilling i n 1 983 ( see B 27 b elow) .

G ROUP A .

B urials a djacent t o w all 3 11, c uttingL i nto l ayer 2 01.

B urial B i

( 31) ( fig . 3 8 , p l. X VIla).

B urial B l w as t he m ost w esterly e xcavated i n t he P eriod I II c emetery . I t w as a ligned e ast-west a nd c ontained t he i nhumation o f a f emale 3 5-40 y ears o ld , i n a s upine p osition . T he h ead l ay t o t he e astern e nd o f t he g rave , a nd h ands r ested o n t he p elvis . F eet w ere v ertical a gainst t he w est e nd o f t he g rave . T he b ase a nd s ides o f t he g rave w ere l ined w ith s labs o f o olitic l imestone , a nd t wo f ragments o f t he c apstone h ad s urvived p loughing . T he o olite s labs l ining t he g rave w ere c arefully a dze-dressed. T he l ower f ill o f t he g rave c onsisted o f a l ight b rown l ayer o f o olitic l imestone f ragments e xtending o ver t he l egs a nd p elvis . O verlying t his w as as econdary f ill o f f ine d ark l oam , w hich w as i n t urn s ealed b y t he g rave c over-slab . A p ossible b ronze l ace - t ag ( SF 1 747 , f ig . 5 1, n o . 6 9) w as s ituated a t t he f eet , w hilst a n i ron o bject n ail , l ay a bove t he p elvis .

( SF

1 860) p ossibly a h eadless

B urial B 3 ( 16) ( fig. 3 8). T his g rave w as b adly d isturbed b y p loughing a nd a ll t hat s urvived w s t he b ase o f a n o olite c ist , c ontaining a f ew b ones o f a n a dult m ale o f u nknown a ge . T he c ist s at i n at rench a nd , w hen t he r elative l evels o f t he b ase o f t he c ist a nd s urrounding R oman s tratigraphy a re c ompared m ust h ave s ttod p roud o f

t he R oman g round - s urface .

B ackfill o f t he t rench c omprised

r eddish b rown c layey l oam w ith l imestone f ragments.

I

P e r i o d I

B 4 a n d B 8 ( s c a l e 1 : 2 0 )

g < c )

0 L .

( F D

7 2

B urial B 4 ( 20) ( fig . 3 8 , p ls. X VIb , X VIIa). B urial B 4 w as s imilar t o B urial B 1 i n c onstruction , n ot s how s igns o f t ooling .

b ut t he l ining d id

N o c over-slabs s urvived p loughing .

T he

s keleton w as t hat o f a n a dult m ale , a ligned e ast-west i n as upine p osition , w ith h ead t o t he e ast . T he l eft a rm l ay a cross h is p elvis , t he r ight w as e xtended . A d isturbance w as n oted a t t he w estern e nd o f t he g rave , w here t he l ining a nd s ome o f t he b ones h ad b een d islodged , e ither b y p loughing o r m ore l ikely b y r odent a ction . A n i ron o bject ( SF 1 752) w as r ecovered f rom a bove t he f ifth a nd s ixth t horacic v ertabrae a nd t wo s mall f ragments o f b ronze b rooch ( SF 1 744 , p . 1 48 , n o . 3 8 , n ot i llustrated ) l ay b etween t he l eft h umerus a nd t he c offin l ining . A s mall f ragment o f b ronze MI 1 753) a lso l ay b etween t he l egs , a djacent t o t he r ight f emur , w hilst t o t he r ight o f t he p elvis w as a f lint f lake . T he g rave w as b aCkfilled w ith d ark b rown c rumbly s oil , c ontaining c harcoal f lecks a nd f ragments o f o olite .

B urial B 5 ( 18).

( fig . 3 9 , p l. X VIb).

T his b urial l ay i n a n o olitic l imestone c ist w hich h ad b een r educed t o a d epth o f 1 0 C11 14 b y p loughing . I nside t he c ist w as t he s keleton o f a f ivey ear-old ( ?) f emale , a ligned e ast-west w ith h ead a nd s houlders c urving r ound t he w est e nd . A l ayer o f d ark b rown l oam w ith f ragments o f o olite f illed t he c ist .

B urial B 6 ( 12) ( fig . 4 0). L ittle

s urvived

o f

t his

s keleton b ecause

o f p lough-damage b ut e nough

b ones r emained t o i ndicate t hat i t l ay o n a n orth-south a lignment , i n a s upine p osition , w ith h ead t o t he s outh . T he b urial w as t hat o f a p erinatal s keleton o f u nknown s ex , d eposited i n as hallow s coop i n l ayer 2 01.

B urial B 7 ( 22) ( fig. 3 9 , p l. X VIIc). T he g rave c ontained t he s keleton o f af ive-year-old ( ?) f emale i n a s upine p osition , a ligned e ast-west , w ith h ead t o t he e ast . I t w as l ined w ith l imestone s labs a nd h ad a c apstone p resent , a lthough c ollapsed i nto t he f ill . A f ragment o f i ron ( SF 1 997) w as r ecovered f rom j ust a bove t he a bdomen , a nd s ix h obnails w ere l ocated a t t he w estern e nd o f t he g rave . T he a rticulated s keleton o f aw ater v ole w as f ound i n t he f ill o f t he g rave.

B urial B 8 ( 48)

( fig. 3 8).

T his b urial w as a ligned e ast-west y ear-old m ale , i n as upine p osition . a rm c rossed o ver t he l ower p art o f t he s labs w ere u sed t o l ine t he g rave a nd a nd c ollapsed i nto t he g rave.

a nd c ontained t he s keleton o f a3 5-40 T he h ead l ay t o t he e ast , w ith l eft b ody a nd r ight a rm e xtended . O olite f or t he c over-slab w hich h ad b roken

D uring e xcavation t he b ones o f ap erinatal s keleton w ere n oted i n t he p elvic r egion a nd n ear t he r ight a rm . T his i s al ittle o dd c onsidering t he

7 3

m ain b urial w as t hat o f a m ale . w estern e nd o f t he g rave , f ar u p a s t he p atella .

A t otal o f 6 8 h obnails w ere l ocated a t t he

l argely a round t he f eet a nd b etween t he l egs , a s T he p osition o f t he h obnails s uggested t hat t he

c orpse w as i nterred w earing s andals a nd t hat s ubsequent a nimal d isturbance h ad d isplaced a n umber o f t hem .

B urial B 19 ( 307) ( fig . 3 9 , p l. X VIb). T his b urial w as w ell p reserved s ince t he c over s labs , t wo b locks o f o olite , r emained i ntact . T he c offin h ad a lso b een c arved o ut o f t wo l arge b locks o f o olitic l imestone , 1 4 o ne o f w hich w as a n u nusual s hape . I nside t he c offin w as t he s keleton o f a 1 617 y ear -o ld f emale l aid i n a s upine p osition w ith h ead t o t he e ast .

T he f ill o f t he c offin w as o f l ight

y ellowish - b rown l oam w ith m any f ragments o f o olite , a bove w hich w as a d eposit o f s mall o olite c hips , p resumably d islodged f rom t he b ase o f t he c apstone b y f rost a ction .

B urial B 27 ( 531). T his b urial w as l ocated d uring b ackfilling o f t he s ite i n 1 983 .

I t l ay

o n a n e ast - w est a lignment a nd c ontained t he i nhumation o f a m ale , 3 0-35 y ears-old , i n a s upine p osition . T he h ead l ay t o t he e astern e nd o f t he g rave a nd a rms w ere e xtended b eside t he b ody . T he s ides a nd b ase o f t he g rave w ere l ined w ith a dze -d ressed s labs o f o olitic l imestone.

G ROUP B .

B urials i n t he s outh -e astern c orner o f t he e xcavation, i nto l ayer 2 01.

c utting

B urial B 13 ( 204). S keleton B 13 ,

m ore - o r- l ess c omplete ,

w as o f ap erinatal b aby o f u nknown

s ex .

B urial B 14 ( 238). T his

p erinatal

s keleton

o f

a p ossible

f emale

w as

b adly

d isturbed

b y

p loughing .

B urial B 15 ( 241). T his s keleton w as s imilar t o B urial B 14 i n t hat i t m ay h ave b een a p erinatal f emale , a nd w as b adly d isturbed.

G ROUP C .

B ur ials s ealed b y l ayer 2 01.

B urial B 17 ( 304). S keleton B 17

l ay

i n

t he

t ertiary

f ill o f P eriod I I P it 3 01 .

t hat o f a n i ncomplete p erinatal b aby a nd y ielded a f ragment 1 903).

7 4

I t w as

o f a p in

( SF

F ig.

3 9 .

P eriod I II b urials B 5 , B 7 a nd B 19 ( scale 1 :20)

7 5

B urial B 18 ( 318). B urial B 18 w as a n i ncomplete p erinatal s keleton o f u nknown s ex .

B urial B 20 ( 308) a nd B 21 T hese b urials

( 309)

( fig. 4 0).

r epresented a d ouble i nhumation o f p erinatal ( ?) f emales ,

w hich w ere b adly d isturbed b y p loughing .

B 20

c ontained

s herds

o f p ottery

d atable t o t he m id - f ourth c entury.

B oundary W all 3 11 W all I II,

3 11 ,

( fig. 6 ).

w hich

m arked

t he n orthern e xtent o f

t he c emetery i n P eriod

was c onstructed o f l arge s labs o f o olitic l imestone .

A 2 0 m etre

l ength o f t he s outhern f ace o f t he w all s urvived p loughing , b ut t he n orthern f ace w as l ocated i n o nly t wo p laces . t otally p loughed o ut ,

T o t he w est o f B urial B 4 t he w all w as

b ut i f p rojected , w ould h ave e xtended a long t he n orth

s ide o f B urials B i a nd B 7 .

O f t he s urviving p ortions o f w all 3 11,

o nly o ne

c ourse r emained b elow p lough-level . I t w as 5 5 c m . w ide w ith l arge o olite b locks o n t he f aces , a nd a r ubble c ore .

S tratigraphy i n t he c emetery. Wall 3 11 w as

c onstructed o ver t he n atural l imestone .

s eries o f l ayers w ere d eposited P eriod I II b urials .

L ayer 2 01 ,

which

P re - d ating

T o t he s outh a s ubdivided

b utted u p

t o w all

3 11

a nd s ealed

t he

C utting i nto l ayer 2 01 w ere t he b urials o f G roups A a nd

l ayer 2 01 w as a n a rea o f o olitic l imestone

h ave r epresented a t umbled w all . c onstructed o n t op

( 240) w hich m ay

T he s tones w ere p itched a t a n a ngle t hat

w ould s uggest t hat t he w all h ad c ollapsed f rom t he n orth . ( 312) ,

t he

a d ark b rown p robable s oil -h orizon e xtended

o ver a l arge a rea o f t he g raveyard , G roup C b urials . B.

s tratigraphically

o f l ayer 2 01,

A f urther w all

m ay h ave b een p art o f a s tructure

l argely l ying o utside t he e xcavated a rea . T he a rchaeological e vidence f or t his w all w as a l ine o f l arge o olitic l imestone s labs , d efining t he w estern e dge o f a n orth - s outh wall . l imestone

r ubble

s pread

T o t he e ast o f t his wall was a n o olitic

( 41) p robably

r epresenting a c ollapsed w all .

N o

n orthern w all w as l ocated.

D ATING E VIDENCE F OR T HE C EMETERY. L ayer 2 01 w hich s ealed t he G roup C b urials a nd w as c ut i nto b y b urials o f G roups A a nd B ,

c an b e d ated n o e arlier t han

t he

t hird q uarter

o f

t he

f ourth c entury , s ince i t y ielded a n umber o f c oins t erminating w ith a n i ssue o f V alentinian I . G roup A a nd B b urials m ay t herefore , d ate t o t he f inal q uarter o f t he f ourth c entury o nwards , a nd m ay a ccordingly b e c ontemporary w ith P eriod I IIB o ccupation i n B uilding R 3 . m ore

o f

a p roblem .

T hey

w ere

c ertainly

D ating t he G roup C b urials i s d eposited b efore

l ayer 2 01

d eveloped a nd a fter t he P eriod I I q uarry-pit h ad b een b ackfilled .

h ad

P ottery

f rom B urial B 20 w as d atable t o t he m id - f ourth c entury t hus g iving a t erminus p ost q uem f or t his b urial . G roup C t herefore , m ay b e t entatively p laced a s c ontemporaneous w ith t he f inal d ecades o f P eriod I IIB .

7 6

P ottery

D ISCUSSION. A ll o f t he s tone - l ined g raves a nd c offins a djacent t o w all 3 11 l ay o n a n e ast-west a lignment . S even o f t hese h ad t heir h ead t o t he e ast , o ne w as t oo b adly d amaged t o b e c ertain a nd a nother h ad i ts h ead t o t he w est . I t w as c ertainly c ommon p ractice f or l ate R oman i nhumations t o b e a ligned e astw est , b ut t he m ajority h ad t he h ead a t t he w est e nd . F or e xample : a t B radley H ill , S omerton ( Leech , 1 981 , 1 99) 5 5 i nhumations w ere e xcavated a nd a ll b ut 6 i nfants w ere a ligned e ast-west , w ith h eads t o t he w est; a t C annington ( Rahtz a nd F owler , 1 972 , 2 00) c . 5 00 b urials l ay o n a n e ast-west a lignment w ith

h eads

t o t he w est ;

a t L amyatt B eacon ( Leech ,

1 974) s ixteen

i nhumations w ere a ligned e ast-west w ith h eads t o t he w est ; a nd a t N ettleton ( Wedlake , 1 982 , 9 0-92) C emetery A c ontained f ifteen e ast-west b urials , w ith h eads t o t he w est .

T hese a re b ut a f ew e xamples .1 5

T he a lignment o f t he

s lab-lined i nhumations a t M arshfield w as n o d oubt i nfluenced b y w all 3 11 t he c onstruction o f w hich p re -d ated t he G roup A b urials .

b oundary

Were t he M arshfield i nhumations C hristian ? C ertainly t wo o f t he d eceased w ere b uried w earing h obnailed

b oots

o r s andles ,

a nd a n umber o f

g raves c ontained o ccasional m iscellaneous i ron a nd b ronze f ragments . T hese m ay i ndicate p aganism , b ut a l arge s ample o f g raves i s r equired b efore a f irm c onclusion c an b e r eached . I t h ad b een a rgued t hat C hristianity h ad r eached B radley H ill b y c . 3 75 ( 1 4 ,Nu . _ 1 1 , 1 981 , 2 03-5) , b ut i t n eed n ot h ave b een a ccepted b y a ll t he p opulation i n t his p art o f R oman B ritain a t t hat t ime. N one o f t he g raves c ut i nto o thers a nd i t i s p ostulated t hat t he p osition o f t he g raves w as m arked . T he m arker m ay s imply h ave t aken t he f orm o f a l ow m ound o f s oil o ver t he g rave , d erived f rom s oil d isplaced b y d igging t he g rave -p it . O thers , o f t he s urrounding a rea .

f or e xample c ist B 3 ,

m ay h ave s tood p roud

M ISCELLANEOUS F EATURES I N T HE S OUTH-WESTERN C ORNER O F T HE E XCAVATION F eatures 2 24 , 2 25 , 2 44 a nd 3 06 ,

f ig . 6 l ocated i n t he s outh - w estern

c orner o f t he e xcavation , s tratigraphically p ost-dated P eriod I I q uarry -p it 2 37 , a nd a re l ikely t o b e r elated t o P eriod I II o ccupation . D rystone

w all

2 44

w as

a ligned

e ast-west ,

a nd

c omprised

m edium - s ized

o olite b locks o n t he f ace o f t he w all , w ith a r ubble c ore . I t was a pproximately 9 4 c m . w ide a nd e xtended s ome 1 8 m etres w ithin t he e xcavated a rea . A n e arlier f acing w as n oted a t t he e astern e nd . O nly o ne c ourse o f w all s urvived p loughing . O n l ine w ith t his w all , a nd p robably c ontemporary w ith i t , w as a t imber- s lot ( 224) , f illed w ith r eddish b rown c layey l oam . I t w as 1 . 8 m etres l ong , 6 0 c m . w ide a nd c ut t o ad epth o f 1 2 c m . A djacent t o s lot 2 24 w ere t wo p ostholes ( 225 a nd 3 06) .

P osthole 2 25 w as 1 4 c m .

d eep , w hilst 3 06 w as c ut t o ad epth o f o nly 8 c m . N o i ndependent d ating e vidence w as r ecovered f rom t hese f eatures. W all 2 44 w as o n ad ifferent a lignment t o t he c emetery w all ( 3 11) a nd m ay t herefore p re-date t he c emetery . T he f unction o f w all 2 44 i s u nknown . I t m ay h ave r epresented t he n orthern w all o f a m asonry b uilding e xtending s outhwards b eyond t he e xcavated a rea .

7 7

F ig . 4 0 .

P eriod I II b urials B 6 , B 20 a nd B 21 ( scale 1 :10)

F ig. 4 1.

P lan o f B uilding R 3 , P eriods I V a nd V ( scale 1 :300)

7 8

W ALLS O F U NKNOWN D ATE W EST O F D RYING-OVEN 1 39 ( fig. 6 ). L engths

o f

f our

w alls

w ere

u ncovered

a fter

t he

r emoval

o f

t he

p loughsoil, b ut s ince t he a rea was b adly d amaged b y p loughing a nd n o a ssociated s tratigraphy s urvived , t he w alls w ere p lanned a nd t he r emaining a rea n ot e xcavated. W all 4 09 h ad a r ounded s outh-east c orner ;

w hilst w alls 4 08 ,

4 10 a nd 4 11

w ere s traight l engths , a lthough a n o ffset w as n oted o n t he w est s ide o f w all 4 11 .

A ll w ere o f d rystone c onstruction w ith l arge o olitic l imestone s labs

o n t he f aces a nd r ubble c ore b etween .

F eature 4 12 w as a p robable h earth o f

f lat o olite s tones , s urrounded o n t wo s ides b y u pright s labs o f l imestone . T he i nterior w as b urnt, b ut n o d eposits r emained.

P ERIOD I V :

S UB- O R P OST-ROMAN O CCUPATION ( fig. 4 1).

' S quatter ' o ccupation w as t raced i n R ooms 1 , 8a nd 1 0 o f B uilding R 3 c utting i nto d ecay l evels o f P eriod I IIC .

B UILDING R 3 R E-OCCUPIED ( fig. 4 1).

R oom 1 .

P it

6 5 c ut i nto a s pread o f P eriod I IIC d estruction- r ubble .

w as 3 8 c m . d eep a nd w as b ackfilled w ith b lack c harcoally s oil , c lay a nd n umerous b locks o f o olite.

R oom 8 .

T his r oom c ontained p osthole 7 6,

I t

c ontaining

which c ut i nto P eriod I IIC

d estruction- r ubble , t o a d epth o f 2 5 c m . I t w as p acked w ith f ragments o f o olite , i n w hich w as n oted a p ost-socket 1 0 c m . i n d iameter.

R oom 1 0 .

F our p ostholes

a part

p acked

a nd

w ith

( 353 t o 3 56) w ere

f ragments

o f

l ocated i n R oom

o olite a nd p ennant

1 0 ,

o ne

s andstone .

m etre T heir

p osition , p arallel t o t he a lignment o f R oom 1 0 , would s uggest t hat t hey w ere p ut i n whilst t he w alls o f B uilding R 3 w ere s till s tanding . I t h as a lready b een n oted t hat t he r oof h ad c ollapsed p rior t o t he i nsertion o f t he p osts . T o t he w est o f R oom 1 0 w as l ocated a f urther p osthole ( 68) ,

1 2 c m . d eep

w ith o olite p acking . I t

i s

n ot

c ontemporary , R 3 .

T hey

c ertain b ut

m ay

b e

whether

a ll

t hey a ll p ost-date t he

o nly

s urviving

t he

f eatures

d escribed a bove

t he c ollapse o f e vidence

o f

t he r oof

o f

f ifth-century

w ere

B uilding ' s quatter '

o ccupation o n s ite.

D ATING E VIDENCE F OR P ERIOD I V. I t

h as

a lready

b een

n oted

t hat

t he P eriod I V

w ere c ut i nto d ecay l ayers o f P eriod I IIC . y ielded H ouse R oom

t wo

c oins

o ne o f V alentinian I ,

o f V alentinian ,

( issued 3 64-78) .

( issued 3 67-75) ,

t he o ther o f

C ontemporary d estruction - l ayers

3 y ielded c oins t erminating i n a n i ssue o f

( issued 3 88-402) .

f eatures d escribed a bove

T he P eriod I IIC l ayer i n R oom 1 i n

t he H ouse o f T heodosius ,

A ccordingly P eriod I V o ccupation m ust d ate

79

t he

t o t he f inal

d ecade o f t he f ourth c entury a t t he e arliest . I t i s l ikely h owever t hat t he ' s quatter ' o ccupation d ates t o t he o pen ing d ecades o f t he f ifth c entury , s ince i t h as a lready b een a rgued t hat P eriod I IIB o ccupation c ontinued i nto t he f inal d ecade o f t he f ourth c entury .

P ERIOD V :

P OST-ROMAN R OBBING ( fig. 4 1).

B uilding R 3 w as e xtensively r obbed f or s tone i n P eriod V .

R OBBER T RENCHES ( fig. 4 1). R obber

t renches

w ere

e ncountered

a t

t he

c utting i nto t he P eriod I IIC d ecay l ayers .

s outhern

e nd

o f

B uilding R 3

B ackfill o f t he t renches

c omprised m ortary l oam a nd f ragments o f o olite a nd p ennant s andstone . T he f our w alls b ounding R oom 3 , t he w all d ividing R oom 2 f rom 1 0 a nd 1, a nd t he m asonry d rain a long t he w est s ide o f t he b uilding w ere r obbed .

O ther w alls

i n B uilding R 3 m ay a lso h ave b een r educed t o t heir f oundation -l evel i n t he s ame o peration , b ut n o t race o f t his s urvived . O ther b uildings a nd b oundary w alls m ay a lso h ave b een u sed a s a s ource o f b uilding- m aterial d uring P eriod V . R omano-British p ottery w as r ecovered f rom t he r obber t renches , b ut t his m ust h ave b een r esidual . T he r obbing c annot b e d ated p recisely , b ut m ust p ost -d ate t he e arly f ifth -c entury o ccupation o f P eriod I V , a nd p re -d ate t he c onstruction o f t he f ield -w alls i n t he l ate 1 7th/early 1 8th c enturies . I t w as n oted t hat t he f ragments o f w orked s tone r ecovered f rom t he f ield-walls l ay o n t op o f t he w alls a nd m ust h ave b een p laced t here d uring s uccessive c ultivation o f

t he

g round .

N o w orked

f ragments

w ere n oted i n t he l ower

c ourses o f t he f ield -w alls , a nd t his s uggests t hat t he s ource o f s tone f or t he c onstruction o f t he w alls w as u nlikely t o h ave b een t he r uined R omano B ritish b uildings . A l arge d epression n oted i n t he n orth-east c orner o f t he f ield i s a l ikely c andidate f or a l ate 1 7th/early 1 8th c entury q uarry p it ( fig . 4 2) . N o m edieval p ottery w as f ound i n t he r obber t renches o r i nside t he b uilding , w hich s uggests t hat t he R oman b uildings h ad a lready d isappeared b y t hat t ime .

I t i s p robable t hat t he R omano-British b uildings w ere r obbed i n

t he e arly m edieval p eriod p artly a s a r eadily a vailable s ource o f b uilding s tone a nd a lso t o l evel t he g round s o t hat i t c ould b e u tilized f or p asture.

8 0

F ig. 4 2.

P ost-Roman f eatures o f t he s urrounding l andscape

8 2

M EDIEVAL A ND L ATER P .M. B arford T he f ollowing c ould n ot h ave b een w ritten w ithout t he h elp o f M r . V ince R ussett , w ho s upervised a s urvey o f M arshfield P arish u ndertaken i n 1 982 f or A von C ounty P lanning D epartment ( also f unded b y t he M SC) , ( Russett , 1 985) . M r . R ussett o f c ourse i s n ot r esponsible f or t he u se t he w riter h as m ade o f h is a nswers t o n umerous q uestions ,

e ither h ere o r i n o ther s ections .

I n t he l ate s eventeenth a nd e ighteenth c entury t he s ite w as a s heep w alk k nown a s S towards S leight , b ut a t a bout t his t ime t he f ields w ere e nclosed . I t i s a ssumed t hat p loughing s tarted a t W s t ime . T he n ame I ronmongers P iece ' i s d erived f rom I ronmongers G ate i n t he s outh-east c orner o f t he f ield ( where t he M edieval p ack-road c rosses t he C ounty b oundary) . T he a ppellation ' g ate ' ( first r ecorded i n c . 1 650) s uggests t hat t here w as a g ap i n ap hysical b arrier ;

p erhaps t his b oundary was m arked b y a w all

h edge?)

( F u .

a t

t his

d ate .

( or

4 2) .

T here i s n o r ecord o f a n ' Ironmonger ' f amily n ame i n M arshfield p rior t o t his d ate , a nd i t w ould b e m ost u nlikely t hat 4 he f ield w ould b e n amed a fter t he t rade o f i ts o wner , b ut n ot i mpossible . A lternatively t he n ame m ay c ome f rom a f eature i n W est K ington ( Wiltshire) p arish , t he o ther s ide o f t he

b oundary . A m ap

o f

1 744

s hows

e nclosure i n p rogress ,

a nd I ronmongers P iece w as

d ivided i nto a n umber o f n orth-south s trips . T he a rea o f t he s ite p robably c overs t hree s uch s trips ( no t race o f t hese w as f ound i n t he e xcavation o f t he s ite). T here a re t hree ( random ) d rystone w alls a round t he f ield , b ut t hese d o n ot c ontinue 1 8 r ound t he ' E ighteen A cres ' f ield t o t he s outh-west . T here i s n o v isible r elationship b etween t he n orth a nd s outh w a lls a nd t he s outh a nd e ast w alls , b ut t here i s a c lear ' s traight j oin ' b etween t he n orth a nd e ast w all , a nd t he l atter i s e arlier . T he n orth a nd s outh w alls ( and t hat t o t he s outh o f t he p ack r oad) a re p robably c ontemporary a nd p robably d ate f rom t he e nclosure . T he e astern b oundary i s p robably p re -e leventh c entury a s i t i s a lso t he p arish a nd o ld

b oundary

b etween G loucestershire

( now A von) a nd W iltshire ,

b ut t he a ctual w all n ow r unning a long i t c annot y et b e c losely d ated .

I t

c learly p ost-dates t he q uarry i n t he n orth-east c orner o f t he f ield a nd p redates t he ' enclosure p eriod ' n orth w all . T he P arish/County b oundary r uns h ere f airly d irectly r oughly n orth -s outh a nd r uns r oughly a t r ight a ngles t o t he c ontours , b ut i n t he b ottom o f t he v alley t urns w est a long B roadmead B rook . I n t he v icinity o f t he s ite t here a re a n umber o f d eviations w hich m ay p ossibly b e d ue t o t he p resence o f s trip f ields r ight u p a gainst t he P arish b oundary ,

b ut i n w hich p arish a nd a t w hat d ate i t i s

n ot p ossible t o s ay . P arts o f t his w all a re n ow b adly t umbled , a nd s ome o f t hose p ortions t hat a re n ot m ay b e l ate r ebuilds , s ince s ome c ontain p ieces o f c ast i ron p loughshare

which m ust

b e o f r elatively

s ignificant t hat t he r elatively

f ew

r ecent d ate .

I t i s p erhaps

b locks o f w orked s tone p resumed t o b e

8 3

f rom t he R oman b uilding c ame f rom t hese p ortions o f t he e astern w all , o r f rom t he n orth o r s outh w alls . A h edgerow s pecies c ount f or t he e astern w all f or w hat i t i s w orth , g ives t hree a nd f ive s pecies f rom t wo t hirtym etre l engths : S loe , H awthorn , E lder , A sh a nd L ime . T he v erges a re w ell c olonised w ith a v ariety o f h erbs a nd t he w alls a lso h ave a n i nteresting s nail f auna . O nly i n t he l ast f ew y ears h as t he f ield b een p loughed t o a ny d epth . A s n oted a bove a l arge d epression w as v isible i n t he n orth-east c orner o f t he f ield . T his s eems t o h ave b een a n i nfilled q uarry . T he r esistiv ity s urvey r evealed t he e dges o f a n a nomaly w hich s eems t o h ave t wo l obes ( fig . 4 2) . T he e dge o f t he e astern l obe l ies u nder t he e astern w all o f t he f ield , which d ips d own i nto t he d epression a nd c limbs o ut a gain a t i ts e astward t urn . T he n orthern e dge o f t he d epression f ollows t he n orth b oundary w all o f t he f ield . H owever , t his a pparent p aradox m ay p erhaps b e r esolved b y s uggesting t hat t he q uarry w as o f m ore t han o ne p hase , a nd a n e arlier e astern p it w as e xtended w estwards p robably t o p roduce s tone f or t he c onstruction o f p art o f t he n orthern f ield w all .

N OTES. 1 .

T hese w ere c onducted i n 3 0-metre g rids a nd t he p ottery a nd s lag d istributions w ere f ound t o e xtend o ver v ery s imilar a reas o f t he f ield . T he p ottery s catter w as p ublished i n B ristol a nd A von A rchaeology V ol . 1 , f ig . 5 , a nd p . 5 2 .

2 .

T his w as u ndertaken b y T revor C arbin .

3 .

O n

t he

l ines

s uggested

b y

F rere

e t a l .

( 1975)

P rinciples o f

P ublication i n R escue A rchaeology . 4 .

S ee d etails o f f inds a rchive b elow ( p. 1 25).

5 .

Ia m i ndebted t o R oy C anham f or a ccess t o t he S .M .R . f or W iltshire .

6 .

S awyer N o . 5 53 ( Pucklechurch) i n S awyer ( 1968).

7 .

F or a d etailed d iscussion o f c ircular s hrines o f a n I ron A ge a nd R omano-British d ate s ee : D rury ( 1980 , 6 4-70).

8 .

I a m

g rateful

t o R obert

P hilpott

f or d rawing m y a ttention t o t his

p arallel . 9 .

S pelting o vens h ave 4 1).

b een i dentified a t C atsgore ( 1 lillam ,

1 0 .

T he a uthor i s i ndebted t o S heila G ibson f or h er v aluable c omments o n t he e levations o f B uilding R 3 . A ny f aults i n t hese i nterpretations m ust , h owever , r emain m y o wn .

1.

T he l ower m ortar f ill w as h ard g rey b uff m ortar w ith c opious l imestone s and . T he g ross t exture s uggested l um ps w ith v oids i n b etween . T his s uggests t he p it w as . f or l ime-slaking o nly r ather t han f or m ortarm ixing . S ome s econdary c alcareous p recipitation w as n oted i n t he v oids.

8 4

1 982 ,

1 37-

T he o ther m ortar l ayer w as h ard g rey b uff ,

d arker i n c olour , w ith

c opious l imestone s and a nd s mall l umps o f l imestone , f ired c lay w ith s ome s mall v oids a gain c ontaining a d eposit o f s econdary c arbonate p recipitates . S ome o f t his m aterial c ontained ' chaff ' i mpressions b ut t hese w ere p robably a ccidental . 1 2.

S oft w hite s lightly v esicular m ortar , f lecks o f f ired c lay . g radual a ccumulation .

1 3 .

S pelting o vens h ave 4 1).

1 4 .

A s imilar

w ith s ome l imestone ' sand ' a nd

I t e xhibits a l ayered s tructure w hich s uggests

b een i dentified a t C atsgore

( Hillam ,

1 982 ,

1 37-

t wo - p iece c offin w as f ound n ear T ormarton d uring t he

c onstruction o f t he M4 Motorway a nd i s n ow h eld i n a p rivate c ollection . P ersonal c ommunication . Mr . R . K night , C astle F arm , M arshfield. 1 5 .

T he a lignment o f i nhumations f rom R omano - B ritish s ites i n S outh S omerset a nd N orth D orset h ave b een d iscussed b y L eech ( 1980 , 3 44-47).

1 6 .

o r ' Iremongers'.

1 7.

S ee t he n umber o f p ost-medieval i tems f rom t he p loughsoil i n t he i ron r eport ,

1 8 .

b ut e specially t he a rchive .

A lthough

t he

n orth wall

c ontinues

f or

s ome

A cres '

b efore

1 0m .

c rosses

a long

t he

t he

r oad

n orth -w est

s topping .

8 5

a s hort b oundary

d istance a nd o f

' E ighteen

LIST OF CONTEXTS AND THEIR LOCATION CONTEXT

PERIOD

DESCRIPTION

LOCATION

1

VI

Plrughsoil

Northern half main area

2

VI

Ploughsoil

Northern half main area

3

VI

Ploughsoil

Northern half main area

4

VI

Ploughsoil

Sruthern half main area

5

VI

Plooghsoil

South-west corner of site

6

VI

Ploughsoil

Eastern extension

7

VI

Plooghsoil

Over Period rtI cemetery

8

VI

Ploughsoil

Sooth-east corner of site

9

VI

Plooghsoil

Sooth-west corner of site

10

VI

Ploughsoil

Over floor 161, Building R3

11

VI

Ploughsoil

Over south end of Building R3

12

III

Burial B6

· Period III cemetery

13

II

Burial B2

Inside structure R2

14

III

Layer in Burial Bl

Cemetery

15

III

Layer in Burial

Celll!tery

16

III

Burial B3

Cemetery

17

III

Layer in Burial B�

Cemetery

18

III

Burial BS

Cemetery

19

III

Layer in Burial B7

Cemetery

20

III

Burial B4

Cemetery

21

III

Layer in Burial B8

Cemetery

22

III

Burial B7

Cematery

23

III

Small depression

Cemetery

24

II

Burial BlO

Associated with structure R2

Bl

86

2 5

I IIB

L ayer c ontaining h obnails

E ast o f B uilding R 3

2 6

I II

S mall d epresnion

C emetery

2 7

I II

S mall d epression

' C emetery

2 8

I II

P osthole

C emetery

2 9

I II

P atch o f d ark

C emetery

l oam 3 0

I II

L ayer o f d ark

C emetery

l oam 3 1

I II

B urial 1 3 1

C emetery

3 2

I II

S herds o f p ottery -n o c remation

N orth o f P eriod I II c emetery

3 3

I I

P osthole

S tructure R 2

3 4

I I

P osthole

S tructure R 2

3 5

I I

P osthole

S tructure R 2

3 6

I II

L ayer i n B urial B 8

C emetery

3 7

I I

P osthole

S tructure R 2

3 8

I I

P osthole

S tructure R 2

3 9

I II

L ayer o f b rown l oam

C emetery

4 0

I I

P osthole

S tructure R 2

4 1

I II

R ubble s pread

S outh-east c orner o f s ite

4 2

I I

P osthole

S tructure R 2

4 3

I I

P osthole

S tructure R 2

4 4

I I

P osthole

W est o f s tructure R 2

4 5

I I

P osthole

S tructure R 2

4 6

I II

H obnails a t w est

C emetery

e nd o f B urial 8 8 4 7

I II

L ayer i n B urial B 8

C emetery

4 8

I II

B urial B 8

C emetery

4 9 *

I I

P osthole

S tructure R 2

5 0

V I

P loughsoil

N orthern h alf m ain a rea

8 7

5 1

V I

P loughsoil

N orthern h alf m ain a rea

5 2

V I

P loughso ll

N orthern h alf m ain a rea

5 3

I IIA+B

M asonry w all

B uilding R 3

5 4

I IIA+B

M asonry w all

B uilding R 3

5 5

I IIA4B

M asonry w all

B uilding R 3

5 6

I IIB

M asonry w all

B uilding R 3

5 7

I IIB

M asonry w all

B uilding R 3

5 8

I IIB

M asonry w all

B uilding R 3

5 9

I IIB

M asonry w all

B uilding R 3

6 0

I IIB

M asonry w all

B uilding R 3

6 1

I IIB

M asonry w all

B uilding R 3

6 2

I IIB

M asonry w all

B uilding R 3

6 3

I IIB

M asonry w all

B uilding R 3

6 4

I IIB

M asonry w all

B uilding R 3

P it

B uilding R 3 , R oom 1

6 6

P loughsoil

E ast o f B uilding R 3

6 7

M asonry w all

B oundary w all t o P eriod I I

6 8

D estruction-rubble

N orth a nd w est o f B uilding R 3

6 9

P os t hole

W est o f B uilding R 3

P ossible y ard-

N orth a nd e ast o f B uilding R 3

6 5

7 0

I V

I IIA

s urface 7 1

I IIB

M asonry w all

B uilding R 3

7 2

I IIB

M asonry w all

B uilding R 3

7 3

I IIB

M asonry w all

B uilding R 3

7 4

I IIB

M asonry w all

B uilding R 3

7 5

I IIB

M ortar-slaking p it

E ast o f B uilding R 3

7 5A

I IIB

S ilt i n b ase o f 7 5

E ast o f B uilding R 3

7 5B

I IIB

M ortar d eposit i n 7 5 E ast o f B uilding R 3

7 5C

I IIB

M ortar d eposit i n 7 5 E ast o f B uilding R 3

8 8

7 6

I V

P osthole

B uilding R 3 , R oom 8

7 7

I IIC

D estruction-rubble

B uilding R 3 , R oom 9

7 8

I IIC

D estruction-rubble

B uilding R 3 , R oom 5

7 9

I IIC

D estruction-rubble

B uilding R 3 , R oom 1 3

8 0

I IIB

L ayer o f b rown l oam

B uilding R 3 , R oom 8

8 1

I IIB

F lagstone f loor

B uilding R 3 , R oom 6

8 2

I IIB

S tone t rough

N orth o f B uilding R 3

8 3

I IIB

M ortar l ayer

B uilding R 3 , R oom 9

8 4

I IIB

S hallow f eature

B uilding R 3 , R oom 8

8 5

I IIB

H earth

B uilding R 3 , R oom 8

8 6

I IIB

F eature o f u nknown f unction

B uilding R 3 , R oom 1 3

8 7

I IIB

L ayer o f c rushed

B uilding R 3 , R oom 8

m ortar 8 8

I IIB

L ayer o f d ark b rown l oam

B uilding R 3 , R oom 8

8 9

I IIC

D estruction-rubble

B uilding R 3 , R oom 1

9 0

I IIB

H earth

B uilding R 3 , R oom 1 3

9 1

I IIB

H earth

B uilding R 3 , R oom 1 3

9 2

I IIB

C onstruction l ayer

B uilding R 3 , R oom 6

9 3

I IIB

F loor o f l imestone

B uilding R 3 , R oom 8

f ragments 9 4

I IIB

F loor o f l imestone

B uilding R 3 , R oom 1 5

f ragments 9 5

I IIB

F eature o f u nknown f unction

B uilding R 3 , R oom 6

9 5A

I IIB

P atch o f b urnt l oam 1 n 95

B uilding R 3 , R oom 6

9 5B

I IIB

S tone b ase t o 9 5

B uilding R 3 , R oom 6

9 6

I IIB

P atch o f h obnails

A djacent t o s tone t rough 8 2

9 7 -

I IIB

F loor o f l imestone

B uilding R 3 , R oom 1 3

f ragments

9 8

I IIB

9 9

I IIA

L ayer o f c rushed m ortar O ven

B uilding R 3 , R oom 1 3 B uilding R 3 , R oom 2

1 00

V I

S poil f rom 1 98 1 i nvestigation

A djacent t o O ven 1 39

1 01

V I

S poil f rom 1 981 i nvestigation

A djacent t o O ven 1 39

1 02

V I

S poil f rom 1 98 1

A djacent t o O ven 1 39

i nvestigation 1 03

V I

S poil f rom 1 981 i nvestigation

A djacent t o O ven 1 39

1 04

V I

P loughsoil

E astern e xtension

1 05

V I

P loughsoil

E astern e xtension

1 06

V I

P loughsoil

T rial t rench V II

1 07

? II

P osthole

T rial t rench V II

1 08

V I

P loughsoil

T rial t rench V I

1 09A

I I

P osthole

T imber g ateway i n w all 6 7

1 09B

I I

P osthole

T imber g ateway i n w all 6 7

10

I I

P osthole

T imber g ateway i n w all 6 7

11

I I

P osthole

T imber g ateway i n w all 6 7

12

I I

P osthole

T imber g ateway i n w all 6 7

13

I I

P osthole

T imber g ateway i n w all 6 7

14

I I

P osthole

T imber g ateway i n w all 6 7

15

I II

T ertiary f ill

O ven 1 39

O ven 1 39 16

I II

T ertiary f ill O ven 1 39

O ven 1 39

17

I II

L ayer o f d ark b rown s oil

B utting u p t o B uilding R 5

18

I I

P osthole

T imber g ateway i n w all 6 7

19

I II

T ertiary f ill O ven 1 39

O ven 1 39

1 20

I II

T ertiary f ill O ven 1 39

O ven 1 39

1 21

I II

L ayer f rom 1 98 1 i nvestigation

O ven 1 39

1 22

I II

S econdary f ill O ven 1 39

O ven 1 39

1 23

I II

C harcoally l ayer i n O ven 1 39

O ven 1 39

1 24

I ll

S econdary f ill O ven 1 39

O ven 1 39

1 25

I II

S econdary f ill

O ven 1 39

O ven 1 39 1 26

I II

T ertiary f ill O ven 1 39

O ven 1 39

1 27

I II

T ertiary f ill O ven 1 39

O ven 1 39

1 28

I II

C harcoally l ayer i n O ven 1 39

O ven 1 39

1 29

I II

S econdary f ill O ven 1 39

O ven 1 39

1 30

I II

C harcoally l ayer i n O ven 1 39

O ven 1 39

1 31

I II

T ertiary f ill O ven 1 39

O ven 1 39

1 32

I II

T ertiary f ill O ven 1 39

O ven 1 39

1 33

I II

S econdary f ill O ven 1 39

O ven 1 39

1 34

I II

C harcoally l ayer i n O ven 1 39

O ven 1 39

1 35

I II

O ven

A djacent t o O ven 1 39

1 36

I II

F ill o f O ven 1 35

O ven 1 35

1 37

I II

C harcpally l ayer

O ven 1 39

i n O ven 1 39 1 38

I II

F lue a rch

O ven 1 39

1 39 A t o M

I II

M asonry w alls

O ven 1 39

1 40

I II

Y ard s urface

B eneath B uilding R 5

1 41

I II

L ayer o f s ilt o ver y ard 1 41

A djacent t o B uilding R 5

1 42

i ii

M asonry w all

B uilding R 5

1 43

UI

M asonry w all

S outh-west o f B uilding R 5

1 44

I II

M asonry s tep

O ven 1 39

1 45

I II

L imestone r ubble

O ver B uilding R 1

1 46

I ii

Y ard s urface

E ast o f B uilding R 3

1 47

I II

D estruction-rubble

O ver B uilding R 1

1 49

N o c ontex t

1 50

I IIB

F oot-bath

B uilding R 3 , R oom 1

1 50A

I IIC

U pper f ill f oot-bath 1 50

B uilding R 3 , R oom 1

1 50B

I IIC

S econdary f ill f oot-bath 1 50

B uilding R 3 , R oom 1

1 50C

I IIC

L ime ' pan ' i n f oot-bath 1 50

B uiding R 3 , R oom 1

1 50D

HIC

S ilt d eposit i n f oot-bath 1 50

B uiding R 3 , R oom 1

1 51

I IIC

D estruction-rubble

B uilding R 3 , R oom 1 1

1 52

F lagstone f loor

B uilding R 3 , R oom 1 2

1 52A

F lagstone f loor

B uilding R 3 , R oom 1 2

1 53

M asonry w all

B uilding R 3

1 54

M asonry w all

B uilding R 3

1 55

D estruction-rubble

B uilding R 3 , R oom 3

1 55 A t o C

V

F ill o f r obber t renches

B uilding R 3 , s outh e nd

1 56A

I IIB

U pper f ill o f s tokehole 1 71

B uilding R 3 , R oom 1 2

1 56B

I IIB

C ollapsed f loor i n s tokehole

B uilding R 3 , R oom 1 2

1 56C

I IIB

T ertiary f ill s tokehole 1 71

B uilding R 3 , R oom 1 2

1 56D

I IIB

S econdary f ill s tokehole 1 71

B uilding R 3 , R oom 1 2

9 2

1 56E

I IIB

C harcoally l ayer

B uilding R 3 , R oom 1 2

i n s tokehole 1 71 1 56F

C harcoally f ill o f h ypocaust

B uilding R 3 , ' R oom 1 2

1 57

I IIB

C harcoally f ill o f h earth

B uilding R 3 , R oom 3

1 57A

I IIB

H earth

B uilding 3 , g ram 3

1 58

HIC

D estruction-rubble

B uilding R 3 , R oom 3

1 59

I IIC

D estruction-rubble

B uilding R 3 , R oom 1

1 60

HIC

L ayer o f c ollapsed p laster

B uilding R 3 , R oom 1

1 61

I IIB

O pus s igninum f loor

B uilding R 3 , R oom 1

O ccupation l ayer

B uilding R 3 , R oom 1 6

1 62 1 63

I IIB

O ccupation l ayer

B uilding R 3 , R oom 1 6

1 64

V

F ill o f r obber t rench

B uilding R 3 , s outh e nd

1 65

V

F ill o f r obber t rench

B uilding R 3 , s outh e nd

1 66

I IIB

P itched-stone f oundation

B uilding R 3 , R oom 2

1 67

M asonry w all

B uilding R 3

1 68

M asonry w all

B uilding R 3

1 69

F lagstone f loor

oam 1 B uilding R 3 , R

1 70

D estruction-rubble

oom 1 B uilding R 3 , R

P ossible p osthole

oom 1 B uilding R 3 , R

1 70F

P ossible p osthole

oom 1 B uilding R 3 , R

1 71

S tokehole

oom 1 2 B uilding R 3 , R

1 70E

I IIB

1 71A

I IIB

L ining t o s tokehole 1 71

oom 1 2 B uilding R 3 , R

1 71B

I IIB

L ining t o s tokehole 1 71

B uilding R 3 , R oom 1 2

1 71C

1 118

l ining t o s tokehole 4 13

B uilding R 3 , R oom 1 2

9 3

1 71D

I IIB

L ining t o s tokehole 1 71

B uilding R 3 , R oom 1 2

1 72

I IIB

M ortar s pread

B uilding R 3 , R oom 1 6

1 73

T ertiary f ill D itch 1 93

D itch 1 93

1 74

S econdary f ill D itch 1 93

D itch 1 93

1 75

S econdary f ill D itch 1 93

D itch 1 93

1 75A

P rimary f ill D itch 1 93

D itch 1 93

R obber-trench f ill

B uilding R 3

L ayer o f b rown c lay

B eneath B uilding R 3 , R oom 1 6

1 76

V

1 77

1 78

I IIB

G eneral l ayer

S outh o f B uilding R 3

1 79

I IIB

Y ard s urface

W est o f B uilding R 3

1 80

I IIA

M asonry w all

B uilding R 3 , s outh e nd

1 81

I I

D eposit o f s heep a nd g oat b ones

B uilding R 1

1 82

I IIB

M asonry w all

B uilding R 3

1 83

I IIB

M asonry w all

B uilding R 3

1 84

I IIB

M asonry w all

B uilding R 3

1 85

I IIC

R obber- t rench t o d rain

W est o f R oom 1 1 , B uilding R 3

1 86

I IIA

P itched-stone f oundation

W est o f R oom 4 , B uilding R 3

1 87

V

R obber-trench f ill

B uilding R 3 , s outh e nd

1 88

I IIC

D estruction-rubble

B uilding R 3

1 89

I I

T ertiary f ill

D itch 1 93

D itch 1 93 1 90

1 91

I I

T ertiary f ill D itch 1 93

D itch 1 93

S econdary f ill D itch 1 93

D itch 1 93

9 4

R oom 1

1 92

I IIB

D rain w ith l ead p ipe

> Building R 3 , R oom 1

1 93

D itch

B elow B uilding R 3 , R oom 1 6

1 94

T ertiary f ill D itch 1 93

D itch 1 93

1 95

D estruction-rubble

B uilding R 3 , R oom 3

1 97

G eneral l ayer

S outh o f B uilding R 3

1 98

P aved a rea

A djacent t o R oom 1 6 , B uilding R 3

1 99

I IIB

L imestone f loor

B uilding R 3 , R oom 3

2 00

I I

P osthole

S tructure R 2

2 01

I II

P robable s oilh orizon

C emetery

2 02

I II

G eneral l ayer

C emetery

2 03

I ii

G eneral l ayer

C emetery

2 04

I II

B urial B 13

C emetery

2 05

I I

P osthole

S tructure R 2

2 06

I I

P osthole

S tructure R 2

2 07

I I

P osthole

S tructure R 2

2 08

I II

G eneral l ayer

C emetery

2 09

I II

L ayer i n B urial B 3

C emetery

2 10

I I

P osthole

N orth o f s tructure R 2

2 11

I I

P osthole

S tructure R 2

2 12

I I

P osthole

S tructure R 2

2 13

I II

R ubble s pread

C emetery

2 14

I I

P osthole

S tructure R 2

2 15

I I

P osthole

S tructure R 2

2 16

I I

P osthole

S tructure R 2

2 17

I I

P osthole

S tructure R 2

2 18

I I

P osthole

S tructure R 2

2 19

I I

P osthole

S tructure R 2

2 20

I I

P osthole

S tructure R 2

2 21

I I

P osthole

S tructure R 2

2 22

I I

P osthole

S tructure R 2

2 23

I II

G eneral l ayer

S outh-west e nd o f c emetery

2 24

I II

T imber-slot

S outh-west c orner o f s ite

2 26

I II

P osthole

S outh-west c orner o f s ite

2 26

I I

G eneral l ayer

N orth o f c emetery

2 27A t o C

I II

P osthole

S tructure R 2

2 28

I I

P osthole

S tructure R 2

2 29

I I

P osthole

S tructure R 2

2 30

I I

P osthole

S tructure R 2

2 31

I I

P osthole

S tructure R 2

2 32

I I

D epression o v er. P it 2 37

S outh o f S tructure R 2

2 33A t o C

I I

P ostholes

S tructure R 2

2 34

I I

P osthole

S tructure R 2

2 35

I I

P it

N orth o f S tructure R 2

2 36

I I

D epression o ver P it 2 37

S outh o f S tructure R 2

2 37

I I

Q uarry-pit

S outh o f S tructure R 2

2 38

. III

B urial B 14

C emetery

2 39

I II

.G eneral l ayer

C emetery

2 40

I II

R ubble s pread

C emetery

2 41

I II

B urial B 15

C emetery

2 42

I II •

U pper f ill o f

W est o f R oom 1 2, B uilding R 3

F eature 2 47 2 43

I II

G eneral l ayer

S outh e nd m ain a rea

2 44

I II

M asonry w all

S outh-west c orner o f s ite

2 45

I I

L ayer o f B urial B 8

C emetery

2 46

I II

C onstruction-pit t o B urial B 7

C emetery

2 47

I II

P ossible w ell

W est o f R oom 1 2 , B uilding R 3

2 48

I II

G eneral l ayer

S outh-east c orner o f s ite

2 49

I II

B urial B 16

I n P it 2 35

2 50

I IIC

D estruction-rubble

B uilding R 3 , R oom 2

2 51

I I1B

P osthole

B uilding R 3 , R oom 8

2 52

I IIB

P osthole

B uilding R 3 , R oom 8

2 53

I IIB

P osthole

B uilding R 3 , R oom 8

2 54

I IIB

P osthole

B uilding R 3 , R oom 8

2 55

I IIB

P osthole

B uilding R 3 , RO OM 8

2 56

I IIB

P osthole

B uilding R 3 , R oom 8

2 57

I IIB

C onstruction l ayer

B uilding R 3 , R oom 8

2 58

I IIA

Y ard s urface

U nder R oom 9 , B uilding R 3

2 59

I IIA

Y ard s urface

U nder R oom 9 , B uilding R 3

2 60

I IIB

P osthole

W est o f R oom 9 , B uilding R 3

2 61

I IIB

G eneral l ayer

N orth o f B uilding R 3

2 62

I IIB

L ayer o f c rushed

B uilding R 3 , R oom 6

m ortar 2 63

I IIB

T imber i mpression o n m ortar d eposit

B uilding R 3 , R oa n 6

2 64

I IIC

D estruction-r ubble

B uilding R 3 , R oom 1 0

2 65

I IIB

S hallow p it

B uilding R 3 , R oom 8

2 66

I IIB

L imestone f loor

B uilding R 3 , R oom 1 4

2 67

I IIB

L imestone f loor

B uilding R 3 , R oom 1 5

2 68

I IIB

S hallow p it c utting D rain 2 79

E ast o f B uilding R 3

2 68B

I IIB

S hallow p it c utting D rain 7 9

E ast o f B uilding R 3

2 69

I IIB

P osthole

B uilding R 3 , R oom 8

2 70 .

I IIB

P osthole

B uilding R 3 , R oom 8

2 71

I IIB

P osthole

B uilding R 3 , R oom 8

2 72

I IIB

P osthole

B uilding R 3, R oom 8

2 73

I IIB

L ayer o f c harcoal

B uilding R 3 , R oom 5

a nd a sh 2 74

I IIB

L evelling l ayer

B uilding R 3 , R oom 1 0

2 75

I IIB

L evelling l ayer

B uilding R 3 , R oom 1 5

2 76

I IIB

L evelling l ayer

B uilding R 3 , R oom 1 4

2 77

I IIB

C lay l ayer

B uilding R 3 , R oom 2

2 78

I IIA

Y ard s urface

U nder R oom 1 4 , B uilding R 3

2 79

" IIIA

S tone d rain

A long e ast s ide o f B uilding R 3

2 80

I IIB

L ayer o f c rushed m ortar

B uilding R 3 , R oom 5

2 8 1

I IIB

U pper f ill

B uilding R 3 , R oom 1

s tokehole t o O ven 2 92 2 82

I IIB

M asonry w all

B uilding R 3

'

2 83

I IIB

P it

B uilding R 3 , R oom 8

2 84

I IIB

C onstruction l ayer

B uilding R 3 , R oom 5

2 85

I IIB

C onstruction l ayer

B uilding R 3 , R oom 8

2 86

I IIA

L ayer o f c rushed

B uilding R 3 , R oom 1

m ortar 2 87

I IIA

T ertiary f ill O ven 9 9

B uilding R 3 , R oom2

2 88

I IIA

S outhern s tokehole

B uilding R 3 , R oom2

t o O ven 9 9 2 89

I IIA

T ertiary f ill

B uild ing R 3 , R oom 2

2 90

I IIA

C onstruction l evel

oom 1 B uilding R 3 , R

2 9 1

I IIB

D epression w ith

oom 1 B uilding R 3 , R

2 92

I IIB

O ven f loor

oom 1 B uilding R 3 , R

2 93

I IIA

L ayer i n O ven 9 9

oom 2 B uilding R 3 , R

2 94

I IIB

F lue t o O ven 2 92

B uilding R 3 , R oom 1

2 95

I IIB

P osthole

B uilding R 3 , R oom 8

2 96

I IIA

C onstruction l ayer

B uilding R 3 , R oom 1

2 97

I IIA

S hallow p it

B uilding R 3 , R oom 1

9e ,

2 98

I IIB

F ill o f s tokehole t o O ven 2 92

B uilding R 3, R oom 1

2 99

I IIB

R ubble l ayer

B uilding R 3 , R oom 6

3 00

I I

D epression

N orth o f c emetery

3 01

I I

Q uarry-pit

S outh-east c orner o f s ite

3 02

I II

R ubble s pread

C emetery

3 03

I II

G eneral l ayer

C emetery

3 04

I II

B urial B 17

C emetery

3 05

I I

T ertiary f ill P it 3 0 1

P it 3 01

3 06

I I

P osthole

S outh-west c orner o f s ite

3 07

I II

B urial B 19

C emetery

3 08

I II

B urial B 20

C emetery

3 09

I II

B urial B 21

C emetery

D itch

A long s outh m argin o f s ite

3 10 3 11

I II

B oundary w all t o c emetery

A djacent t o c emetery

3 12

I II

M asonry w all

S outh-east c orner o f s ite

3 12A

I II

L ayer b utting 3 12

S outh-east c orner o f s ite

3 13

T ertiary f ill P it 2 37

P it 2 37

3 14

S econdary f ill D itch 3 10

D itch 3 10

3 15

S econdary f ill D itch 3 10

D itch 3 10

3 16

P rimary f ill D itch 3 10

D itch 3 10

3 17

I I

S econdary f ill D itch 2 37

D itch 2 37

3 18

I II

B urial B 18

C emetery

3 19

I I

T ertiary f ill P it 3 01

P it 3 01

3 20

I I

P rim ary f ill P it 2 37

P it 2 37

3 21A t o C

I I

P rimary f ills P it 3 01

P it 3 01

3 22

I I

P rimary f ill P it 2 37

P it 2 37

3 23

I I

L ayer i n D itch 3 10

D itch 3 10

3 24

I II

B urial B 22

E ast o f B uilding R 2

3 25

I II

L ayer i n B urial B 19

C emetery

3 26

S econdary f ill D itch 3 10

D itch 3 10

3 27

S econdary f ill D itch 3 10

D itch 3 10

3 28

G eneral l ayer

T rial t renches X a nd X I

3 29

L ayer o ver p ath 3 31

E ast o f B uilding R 1

3 30

P hase A p aths

E ast o f B uilding R I

3 31

I I

P hase B p aths

E ast o f B uilding R 1

3 32

I I

S ilt o ver F loor 3 33

B uilding R 1

3 33

I I

F loor

B uilding R 1

3 34A

I I

P rimary p osthole

B uilding R 1

3 34B

I I

S econdary p osthole

B uilding R 1

3 35

i i

G eneral l ayer

E nclosed b y p ath 3 31

3 36A

I I

S econdary p osthole

B uilding R 1

3 36B

I I

P rimary p osthole

B uilding R 1

3 37

I I

L ayer o f l oam a nd

E ast o f p aths

l imestone 3 38

I I

G eneral l ayer o ver p ath 3 31

E ast o f B uilding R 1

3 39

I I

D estruction-rubble

B uilding R 1

t o H earth 3 40 3 40

I I

H earth

B uilding R 1

3 40A

I I

U pper f ill H earth 3 40

B uilding R 1

3 40B

I I

F loor i n H earth 3 40

B uilding R 1

3 40C

I I

C harcoally l ayer i n H earth 3 40

B uilding R 1

3 41

I I

H earth

B uilding R 1

3 42

I I

P it

B uilding R 1

3 42A

I I

F ill o f P it 3 42

B uilding R 1

3 42B

I I

B urial B 25

P it 3 42, B uilding R 1

3 42C

I I

B urial B 26

P it 3 42 , B uilding R 1

3 43

I I

L ayer o f l oam

8 uilding R 1

3 44

I I

L ayer o f l oam

B uilding R 1

3 45

I II

D rain

E ast o f B uilding R 3

3 46

I II

G eneral l ayer

E ast o f B uilding R 3

3 47

I I

F loor

B uilding R 1

3 48A

I I

H earth o n F loor 3 47

B uilding R 1

3 4: i :

I I

H earth o n F loor 3 47

B uilding R 1

3 49

I I

T imber-slot i n F loor 3 47

B uilding R 1

3 50

I IIA

P osthole

E ast o f B uilding R 3

3 51

I IIA

P osthole

E ast o f B uilding R 3

3 52

I IIA

P osthole

E ast o f B uilding R 3

3 53

I V

P osthole

E ast o f B uilding R 3

3 54

I V

P osthole

E ast o f B uilding R 3

3 55

I V

P osthole

E ast o f B uilding R 3

3 56

I V

P osthole

E ast o f B uilding R 3

3 57

I IIA

R ubble s pread

E ast o f B uilding R 3

3 58

I IIB

P ossible s teps i n O ven 2 92

B uilding R 3 , R oom 1

3 59

1 IIB

U pper f ill o f B uilding E 3 , R oom 1 s tokehole t o O ven 2 92

3 60

I I/IIIB

P it

B uilding R 3 , R oom 8

3 61

N atural

P robably . s olu t l o u

f i nder R oom H ,

h o llows 3 62

I LIA

Y ard

U nder R oom

3 63

I II

P art o f D rain 3 41 " )

H a

3 64

I IT B

P osthole

B uilding R 1,

3 65

I IIA

S pread o f p ennan t

E ast o f B uilding R 3

IM

l 3, B uild ing 1 < 3

B uilding R 3 R oom 6

s andstone 3 66

N atural

P robably s olution -

U nder R oom 1 0 ,

B uild ing R 3

h ollows 3 67

1 11B

L evelling l ayer

B uilding R 3,

R oom 5

3 68

1TH

L evelling l ayer

B uilding R 3,

R oom 2

3 69

I IIE

M asonry w all

B uilding R 3 ,

b etween R ooms 6

a nd 7 3 70

I IIB

C layey l oam

B uilding R 3, R oom 6 a nd 7

3 71

1 ILA

Y ard

U nder R oom 1 5 , B uilding R 3

3 72

1 IIA

C harcoally l ayer

B uilding R 3 , R oom 2

i n O ven 9 9 3 73

I

G ully

U nder R oom 8 , B uilding R 3

3 74

I IIB

M asonry w all

N orth o f B uilding R 3

3 75

I IIA

L imestone f loor

B uilding R 3, R oom 2

3 76

I IIB

P atch o f b urning

B uilding R 3, R oom 5

3 77

I IIB

F ill o f O ven 2 92

B uilding R 3 , R oom 1

3 78

I I

M asonry w all

B uilding R 1

3 79

I IIB

F lue t o O ven 2 92

B uilding R 3 , R oom 1

3 80

I IIA

L ayer i n O ven 9 9

B uilding R 3, R oom 2

3 81

I I

G eneral l ayer

W est o f B uilding R I

3 82

I IIA

G eneral l ayer

E ast o f B uilding R 3

1 83

1

P rimary f ill o f

G u lly 3 73

G ully 3 73 3 84

I IIA

P rimary f ill o f

B uilding R 3, R oom 2

O ven 9 9 3 85

I IIA

P osthole

E ast o f b uilding R 3

3 86

I I

L evelling l ayer

B uilding R 1

3 87

I IIB

F oundation b elow F loor 2 92

B uilding R 3 , R oom 1

3 88

I I

L evelling l ayer

B uilding R 1

3 89

I IIB

D epression

oom 7 B uilding R 3 , R

3 90

I IIB

P osthole

B uilding R 3 , R oom 6

3 9 1

I IIB

D epression

B uilding R 3 , R oom 7

3 92

I IIB

D epression

B uilding R 3 , R oom 7

3 93

I IIA

P osthole

B uilding R 3 , R oom 2

3 94

I IIB

P art o f O ven 2 92

B uilding R 3 , R oom 1

3 95

C urving g ully

B uilding P 1

3 96

P osthole

B uilding R 3 , R oom 5

3 97

L ayer o f l oam

B uilding R 3 , R oom 1

3 98

I IIB

C onstruction l ayer

B uilding R 3 , R oom 1

3 99

I I

G eneral l ayer

W est o f B uilding R 1

G ully

U nder R oom 1, B uilding R 3

4 00 4 01

I IIB

F loor

B uilding R 3 , R oom 1

4 02

I I

M asonry w all

E ast o f B uilding R 1

4 03

I I

M asonry w all

E ast o f B uilding R 1

4 04

I I

M asonry w all

E ast o f B uilding R 1

4 05

I I

M asonry w all

E ast o f B uilding R 1

4 06

I II

U pper f ill o f p it

E ast o f B uilding R 3

4 07

I I

M asonry w all

E ast o f B uilding R 3

4 08

U nknown

M asonry w all

E astern e xtension

4 09 -

U nknown

M asonry w all

E astern e xtension

4 10

U nknown

M ason r y w all

E astern e xtension

4 11

U nknown

M asonry w all

E astern e xtension

4 12 .

U nknown

M asonry w all

E astern e xtension

4 13

I IIB

S tokehole

B uilding R 3 , R oom 1 2

4 14A

I IIB

U pper f ill

B uilding R 3 , R oom 1 2

o f s tokehole 4 13 4 14B

C harcoally l ayer i n 4 13

B uilding R 3 , R oom 1 2

4 14C

I IIB

S tone f loor t o s tokehole 4 13

B uilding R 3 , R oom 1 2

4 15

I IIB

F oundation b elow F loor 1 61

B uilding R 3 , R oom 1

4 16 t o 5 00

-----

U nused n umbers

5 01

h lf lll

T ertiary f ill o f D itch 1 93

D itch 1 93

5 02

I IIA

O ven

B uilding R 3 , R oom 3

5 02A

I IIB

F ill o f r obber p it t o O ven 5 02

B uilding R 3 , R oom 3

5 02B

I IIB

F ill o f r obber p it t o O ven 5 02

B uilding R 3 , R oom 3

5 02C

I IIB

F ill o f r obber p it t o O ven 5 02

B uilding R 3 , R oom 3

5 02D

I IIB

F ill o f r obber p it t o O ven 5 02

B uilding R 3 , R oom 3

F ill o f r obber p it

B uilding R 3 , R oom 3

5 02E

t o O ven 5 02 5 02F

I IIA

C harcoally l ayer i n O ven 5 02

B uilding R 3 , R oom 3

S econdary f ill D itch 1 93

D itch 1 93

P r imary f ill o f D itch 1 93

D itch 1 93

5 05

R obber t o d rain i n f oot -b ath 1 50

B uilding R 3 , R oom 1

5 06

L evelling l ayer

B uilding R 3 , R oom 1

5 07

L evelling l ayer

B uilding R 3 , R oom 1

5 08

P ossible s oilh orizon

W est o f B uilding R 1

5 09

P ossible s oil h orizon

U nder R oom 1 2 , B uilding R 3

5 10

G ully

U nder R oom 3 , B uilding R 3

5 03

5 04

I

5 11

I IIB

L evelling l ayer

B uilding R 3 , R oom 2

5 12

I

C urving g ully

B uilding P 1

5 13

I I

L evelling l ayer

B uilding R 1

5 14

I I

P ossible s oilh orizon

U nder R oom 3 , B uilding R 3

5 15

I /IV

D epression

E ast o f B uilding R 3

5 16

I /IV

A rea o f b ones

E ast o f B uilding R 3

( not b urial) 5 17

I IIB

P it

E ast o f R oom 1 6 , B uilding R 3

5 17A

I IIB

F ill o f P it 5 17

P it 5 17

5 17B

I IIB

F ill o f P it 5 17

P it 5 17

5 18

I IIB

L ayer o f c lay

B uilding R 3 , R oom 1

5 19

I IIB

G eneral l ayer

S outh o f B uilding R 3

5 20

I I

P ossible s oilh orizon

U nder R oom 1 2 , B uilding R 3

5 21

I I

C omplete v essel I n s itu

U nder R oom 1 2 , B uilding R 3

5 22

I

P it

C ut b y b utt-end o f D itch 1 93

5 23

I

P rimary f ill o f D itch 1 93

D itch 1 93

5 24

I IIA

F loor

B uilding R 3 , R oom 3

5 25

I IIA

S tone g utter

P art o f G utter 2 79

5 25A

I IIA

S tone g utter

P art o f G utter 2 79

5 26

I I

L ayer o f c lay

U nder R oom 1 2 , B uilding R 3

5 27

I IIB

L ayer o f m ortar

B uilding R 3 , R oom 2

5 28

I IIA

L evelling l ayer

B uilding R 3 , R oom 2

5 29

I IIB

F ill o f r obber p it

B uilding R 3 , R oom 3

t o O ven 5 02 5 29A

I IIB

F ill o f r obber p it t o O ven 5 02

B uilding R 3 , R oom 3

5 29B

I IIB

F ill o f r obber p it

B uilding R 3 , R oom 3

t o O ven 5 02 5 29C

I IIA

C harcoally l ayer

B uilding R 3 , R oom 3

i n O ven 5 02 5 29D

I IIB

F ill o f r obber p it t o O ven 5 02

B uilding R 3 , R oom 3

5 29E

I IIB

F ill o f r obber p it t o O ven 5 02

B uilding R 3, R oom 3

5 30

I IIB

H earth

B uilding R 3 , R oom 3

5 31

I II

B urial B 27

C emetery

P LATE I

1 07

P LATE I I

a .

b .

L ocation o f s heep s kulls ( 181) a nd m asonry w all t o B uilding R l.

D eposit o f s heep s kulls a nd l egs ( 18 1) i nside B uilding R l.

1 08

P LATE I II

a .

H earth 3 40 i n B uilding R l.

b . P it 3 42 c ontaining t wo p erinatal s keletons a nd a f lagon .

1 09

P LATE I V

a .

G eneral v iew o f B uilding R 1 a nd p athways l ooking n orth-east.

b .

P athways t o e ast o f B uilding R 1 l ooking n orth .

1 10

B 2 i n s i d e S t r u c t u r e R 2 .

B u r i a l B 1 0 .

P LATE V

P LATE V I

a .

A rrangement o f s tones i n P it 2 35.

b .

Q uarry-pit 2 37 l ooking n orth.

112

J a r 5 2 1 b e f o r e e x c a v a t i o n .

P LATE V II

C • 1

113

P LATE V III

a .

b .

G eneral v iew o f B uilding R 3 a fter r emoval o f p loughsoil , l ooking n orth-west .

G eneral v iew o f B uilding R 3 u nder e xcavation , l ooking s outh .

1 14

O v e n 2 9 2 i n R o m 1 ,

R 3 , l o k i n g s o u t h .

P i t c h e d s t o n e

w a t e

f o u n d a t i o n 1 6 , i n R e

P LATE I X

2

• r 4

c ;

1 15

F l a g s t o n e F l o r 8 1 i n s o u t h e a s t c o r n e r o f R o m 6 ,

PLATE X

• c e

116

P LATE

a .

b .

X I

D etail o f d rain a nd l ead p ipe ( 192) i n R oom 1 1, B uilding R 3.

D etail

o f

f lues

c onstructed

o f

r e -u sed

B uilding R 3.

117

i mberces

i n R oom

1,

P LATE I LI

a .

b .

F loor 1 52 i n p raefurnium , B uilding R 3.

L ater f loor 1 52A o ver s tokehole i n p raefurnium , B uilding R 3.

1 18

P LATE X III

a .

B uilding R 5 l ooking n orth .

b .

D rying -o ven 1 39 l ooking s outh .

1 19

P LATE X IV

a .

D rying -o ven 1 39 l ooking n orth .

b .

Dr ying-oven 1 39 l o cking e ast .

1 20

P LAT E X V

a .

V iew o f v ents i n w all 1 39J o f O ven 1 39 , l ooking e ast.

b .

D etail o f s tep 1 44 i n s tokehole t o O ven 1 39 .

1 21

P LATE X VI

1 22

P LATE X VII

f z i Z

B u r i a l

B i .

•

1 23

P LATE X VIII

a .

b .

D etail o f r e-used s tone i n F loor 1 52A , R oom 1 2 , B uilding R 3.

S imulation o f r oof c lad w ith p ennant s andstone r oofing-slates f ound i n t he d estruction-levels t o B uilding R 3 .

1 24

P ART I I T HE F INDS I ntroduction . T his s ection h as b een d ivided i nto t hree p arts :

t he f irst w ill d eal w ith

a rtefacts f ound d uring t he 1 982-3 e xcavation a t I ronmongers P iece , M arshfield ; t he s econd i s a s ection d evoted t o t he p re-Roman p ottery ; w hilst t he t hird p art c ontains s pecialist c ontributions o n t he a nimal a nd h uman b ones a nd r eports o n t he e nviornmental a nd t echnological s amples t aken . A c onsiderable p roportion o f

t he

c ataloguing a nd

s orting o f

t he

f inds

w as d one w hilst t he e xcavation w as i n p rogress a nd t his a llowed m ore t ime a fter t he e xcavation f or a d etailed s tudy o f t he o bjects . T he

f inds

s ections p ublished

h ere

r epresent

s ynthesised

1

r eports

o f

d etailed d escriptions o f t he i ndiNldual a rtefacts, n ow h oused w ith t he r emainder o f t he e xcavation a rchives . I ndividual

c ontributors

h ave

b een

a cknowledged

i n

t he

g eneral

i ntroduction t o t his v olume. A c ontinuous n umber s equence was a llocated t o t he s mall - f inds ( SF) l ocated i n t he 1 982 3 e xcavation a nd a p arallel c ontinuous n umber s equence a lso g iven t o t he ( SF) f rom t he 1 981 f ieldwalking . T he l atter f inds w ere s uffixed 9 0 s o t hat t he t wo n umber s equences c ould n ot b e c onfused . S ince l ittle e xcavation t ook p lace i n 1 983 , a nd f ew s mall-finds w ere e ncountered , t he 1 982 n umber s equence w as c oninued , a s w ere t he l ayer n umbers l ikewise . B ristol C ity M useum c odes f or t he f inds a re a s f ollows : 2 6/82 f or t he 1 98 f ieldwalking ;

2 7/82 f or t he 1 982 e xcavation ;

2 0/83 f or t he 1 983 e xcavation .

A m ajor p roportion o f t he f inds c ame f rom p loughsoil c ontexts , b ut s ince t his w as s tripped b y h and a nd t he s tratified l ayers b elow f ormed o nly o ne s ixth o f t he v olume o f t he m aterial e xcavated , t his i s b y n o m eans s urprising .

S ome

d eposits ,

i ncluding

a ll

g rave-fills ,

w ere

s ieved

a nd

f inds r ecovery p roved t o b e g ood . H owever a n umber o f f inds w ere r ecovered f rom t he s poil-heap ; l argely f ragments o f q uernstones m istaken f or n atural l imestone . T hese n umbers a re g iven W here t he c ontext n umber , b ut o ther

a re c alled 9 U/S ' i n t he s ubsequent r eports . S mall-finds a s S F -, f ollowed b y t he c ontext n umber i n b rackets . w as a p lougsoil t his h as b een s tated a fter t he c ontext c ontexts h ave n ot b een d escribed s ince t his t akes u p t oo

m uch s pace . I nstead a c ontext l ist i s s upplied ( p T . 8 6106) a nd m ay b e u sed t o l ocate t he p osition o f ac ontext i n t he s tratigraphic s equence . T he p rocedure f or t his i s g iven o n p p . 8 -9 .

T HE C OINS O ne h undred a nd e ighty-seven R omano-British c oins o f c opper a lloy w ere f ound ( both f rom f ieldwalking a nd e xcavation ) , a nd o ne p re-Roman s ilverp lated c oin . A lthough t he m ajority ( 126 c oins) w ere f rom t he p loughsoil t hey a re s till o f g reat u se i n d etermining p atterns o f c oin-loss o n t he s ite . T he c oins w ere i dentified 5 b y I an A nderson o f C anterbury A rchaeological T rust , h is r eport i s f ollowed b y a d iscussion o f t he c oin-loss p atterns b y R ichard R eece .

C OIN L IST I . A nderson P ERIOD I I C ONTEX T : 1H OUSE O F T HEODOSIUS

A e4.

3 83-408 .

Mint

i llegible,

R ev .

S alus

R eipublicae . A s C K 7 96. ( SF 4 86 ( 112) i ntrusive). P ERIOD I II C ONTEXT : 1I ndecipherable ,

A s. S econd c entury , i llegible .

1I ndecipherable ,

A s .

S econd

i llegible . 1V ICTORINUS

2 68-70 .

c entury

( SF 1 928 ( 201)).

- e arly

t hird

c entury,

( SF 1 932 ( 201)) .

A ntoninianus .

R ev .

S pec . R IC

7 3 .

( SF 5 000

( 147)). 1T ETRICUS I

2 70-73 . R IC 7 9.

A ntoninianus . R ev . H ilaritas A ugg . A s ( SF 1 978 ( 201)).

2I ndecipherable

S econd h alf o f t hird c entury - f ourth c entury . ( SF 1 083 ( 201) a nd S F 1 904 ( 201)).

2C ONSTAN TINE I I

A e3 . 3 30-35 . L yons . 1 st . o fficina . R ev . G loria E xercitus . A s . H K 2 22 . ( SF 5 092 ( 329)) . A e3 . 3 35-37 .- L yons , 1 st . o fficina . R ev . G loria E xercitus. H K 2 28 . ( SF 1 977 ( 201)).

2C ONSTANTINOPOLIS

A e3 . 3 30-35 . T rier , 1 st . o fficina . H K 5 9 . 1 857 ( 30)) . C opy o f A e3 . 3 30-35 . L yons , 1 st . o fficina. l e 1 85. ( SF 1 967 ( 240)).

1 0 C ONSTANTIUS I I

A e3 . 3 41-46 . T rier , R ev . V ictoriae D D A ugg Q NN . H K 1 39. ( SF 5 053 ( 329)).

( SF

C opy o f A e3 . c . 3 50-60 . L yons . R ev . F el T emp R eparatio , f ailing h orseman . A s C K 1 96 . ( SF 1 756 ( 41)). C opy o f A e3 . c . 3 50-60 . M int i llegible . R ev . F el T emp R eparatio , f alling h orseman . A s C K 2 5 . ( SF 1 849 ( 201) , S F 1 853 ( 201) , S F 1 925 ( 201) , S F 1 926 ( 201) , S F 1 980 , ( 201) S F 1 994 ( 201) a nd S F 4 007 ( 201)). A e3 . 3 53-54 . T rier , 1 st . o fficina . R ev . F el T emp R eparatio , f alling h orseman . C K 7 6 . ( SF 1 854 ( 201)).

127

1C ONSTANS A e3 . 3 41-46 .

T rier .

R ev . V ictoriae D D A ugg Q NN .

H K 1 40a .

( SF

1 894 ( 203)) . 2H OUSE O F C ONSTANTINE

A e3 . 3 37-40 . A rles . R ev . G loria E xercitus . A s C K 4 19. ( SF 1 809 ( 201)). A e3 . 3 41-46 . M int i llegible . R ev . V ictoriae D D A ugg Q NN . A s H K 1 37. ( SF 1 955 ( 240)).

2V ALENTINIAN I

A e3 . 3 64-67 . L yons , 2 nd . o fficina . R omanorum . C K 1 704. ( SF 5 012 ( 328)). A e3 . 3 67-75 . L yons , 2 nd . o fficina . R omanorum . C K 3 24. ( SF 1 802 ( 201)).

R ev . G loria

A e3 . 3 67-75 .

R ev . G loria

1V ALENS

R omanorum . 1I ndecipherable

A rles ,

C K 4 99.

2 nd . o fficina .

Re v.

G loria

( SF 5 005 ( 328)).

F ourth-century c opy . ( 202)).

R ev . i llegible .

( SF 1 821

P ERIOD I IIA C ONTEXTS: 1C ONSTANTINE I

F ollis . 3 19-20 . M int i llegible . R ev . V ictoriae L aetae P rinc P erp . R IC V II . A s L ondon 1 54 . ( SF 2 631 ( 99)).

P ERIOD I IIB C ONTEXTS:

'

2C LAUDIUS I I

2 68-70 . A ntoninianus 2 69 . R ome . R ev . P M T RP I I C os P P , E mperor. R IC 1 0. ( SF 2 722 ( 277)). 2 68-70 . A ntoninianus . R ome . R ev . G enius E xerci . R IC 4 8 . ( SF 2 727 ( 283)).

1B ARBAROUS R ADIATE

c . 2 70-90 . R ev . S alus .

1A LLECTUS

c . 293-96 . Q uinarius . R IC 5 5 . ( SF 2 485 ( 82)).

1I ndecipherable

S econd h alf 2 575 ( 87)).

1C ONSTANTINE I I

A e3 . 3 30-35 . L yons , 1 st . o fficina . E xercitus. H K 1 89. ( SF 4 501 ( 529A)).

1H ELENA

A e3 . 3 37-41 . T rier , 1 st . o fficina . P ublica. H K 19. ( SF 2 579 ( 87)).

2C ONSTANTIUS I I

C opy o f A e3 .

o f

t hird

( SF 5 065 ( 150)). irtua A ug . L ondon . R ev . V

c entury-fourth

c . 3 50-60 .

c entury .

( SF

R ev . G loria

R ev .

P ax

M int i llegible . R ev . F el

T emp R eparatio , f alling h orseman . A s C K 2 5 . 4 78 ( 157) a nd S F 4 033 ( 253)).

( SF

1C ONSTANS

A e3 . 3 46-50 . T rier , 2 nd . o fficina . RE M . F el T emp R eparatio , p hoenix . C K 3 5. ( SF 4 500 ( 529)).

1G RATIAN

A e3 . 3 75-78 . A rles . R ev . S ecuritas R eipublicae . C K 4 3. ( SF 2 8 10 ( 387)).

1A RCADIUS

A e4 . 3 88-95 . A s C K 1 64 .

M int i llegible . ( 157)) .

( e 3034

R ev . V ictoria A uggg .

P ERIOD I IIC C ONTEXTS: 3C ONSTANTIUS I I

C opy o f A e3 .

c . 3 50-60 .

M int i llegible .

R ev . F el

T emp R eparatio , f alling h orseman . A s C K 2 5 . Qe 2 487 ( 79 ) a nd S F 2 488 ( 79)) . A e3 . 3 53-54 . L yons , i st . o ff i cina . R ev . F el T emp R eparatio , f alling h orseman . C K 2 52 . ( SF 3 089 ( 155)). 1V ALENTINIAN I

A e3 . 3 67-78 . L yons , 2 nd . o ff icina . R omanorum . C K 3 07. ( SF 2 578 ( 89)).

1H OUSE O F V ALENTINIAN

A e3. 3 64-78 . Mint R omanorum . A s C K 7 8 .

i llegible . R ev . ( SF 2 574 ( 89)).

1H OU SE O F T HEODOSIUS

A e4 .

i llegible .

3 88-402 .

A uggg. 2I ndecipherable

M int

A s C K 1 62.

R ev . G loria

R ev .

G loria

V ictoria

( SF 4 96 ( 155)).

F ourth-century c opies . R ev . I llegible . ( 155) a nd S F 2 489 ( 79)).

( SF 4 77

A e3. 3 64-75 . Mint i llegible . R ev . R omanorum . A s C K 7 8 . ( SF 2 665 ( 68)).

G loria

P ERIOD I IIC/IV C ONTEXTS: 1V ALENTINIAN I

P ERIOD I V C ONTEXTS: 1A RCADIUS

P ERIOD V I C ONTEXTS:

A e4. 3 83-402. Mint i llegible . R ev . R eipublicae. A s C K 7 96. ( SF 2 484 ( 65)).

( ploughsoil).

1D OBUNNIC S ILVER C OIN

C lass A . c . 4 0-30 B .C .

1D OMITIAN

S estertius . 9 0-91 . R ev . L oui V ictori . 116 ( 9)).

3C LAUDIUS I I

2 68-70 . (3 ). 2 68-70 . R IC 1 60. 2 68-70 . R IC 3 8 .

3I ndecipherable

S alus

A ntoninianus .

M ack 3 75 . ( SF 1 33 ( 8)) .

R ev .

R IC 3 88 .

i llegible .

( SF

( SF

5 1

A ntoninianus . M ilan . R ev . P ax E xerci . ( SF 4 61 ( 105)). A ntoninianus . R ome . R ev . F ides M ilitunu ( SF 3 33 ( 105)).

2 68-73 . 2 68-73 .

A ntoninianus . A ntoninianus .

R ev . S pes . ( SF 5 58 ( 50)) . R ev . P ietas . ( SF 1 044 ( 9) .

2 68-73 .

A ntoninianus.

R ev . S ol .

1 29

( SF 2 116 ( 66)).

3T ETRICUS I

2 70-73 . A ntonin ianus . ( SF 5 07 ( 50)).

R ev . P ietas .

2 70-73 . A ntoninianus . ( 52) a nd S F 1 326 ( 11)). 1 0 B ARBAROUS R ADIATE

c . 2 70-90 . 1 235 ( 11)). c . 2 70-90 . ( 52)). c . 270 90 . c . 2 70-90 . ( 52)). c . 270-90 . ( 150)). c . 270-90 . c . 2 70-90 . c . 270-90 .

R ev . i llegible .

R ev . i llegible . R ev .

S ol .

A zg . R IC 13 .

( SF

( SF 8 07

( SF 1 00 ( 50) a nd S F 1 22

( 7)

a nd

S F

7 78

R ev . U ncertain . ( SF 5 76 ( 50)). R ev , t wo f igures o f S alus . ( SF 6 54 R ev . S alus .

( SF 1 217 ( 11) a nd S F 5 065

R ev . P ietas . ( SF 1 542 ( 11)). R ev . S pes. ( SF 2 202 ( 66)). R ev . F ides . ( SF 2 426 ( 66)).

2A NTONINIANUS

S econd h alf o f t hird c entury . 1 245 ( 11) a nd S F 2 027 ( 66)).

R ev . i llegible .

Ce

6I ndecipherable

S econd h alf o f t hird c entury-fourth c entury . Ce 3 01 ( 104) , S F 6 21 ( 52) , S F 7 77 ( 52) , S F 1 045 ( 9) , S F 1 682 ( 11) a nd S F 2 08 1 ( 66)) .

7C ONSTANTINE I

F ollis . 3 14 . T rier , 2 nd . o ff icina . I nvicto C omiti . R IC V III , T rier 4 2 .

R ev . S oli ( SF 1 066

(9 ). H alf F ollis . 3 18 . T rier , 1 st . o ff icina . R ev . R equies O pt M er . R IC V II , T rier 2 06 . ( SF 2 351 ( 66)). F ollis. 3 18-19. T rier , 2 nd . o fficina . R ev . V ictoriae L aetae P rinc P erp . R IC V II, T rier 2 09 . ( SF 2 461 ( 66)). F ollis . 3 19-20 . M int i llegible . R ev . V ictoriae L aetae P rinc P erp . R IC V II . A s L ondon 1 54 . ( SF 2 631 ( 99)). F ollis . 3 21. T rier , 1 st . o fficina . R ev . B eata T r anquillitas. R IC V II. T rier 3 03. ( SF 4 5 ( 3)). A e3 . 3 30-35 . T rier , 1 st . o ff icina . R ev . G loria E xercitus. H K 6 2. ( SF 4 26 ( 105)). A e3 . 3 30357- M int i llegible , C opy a s H K 5 2 . ( SF 2 106 ( 66)). A e3 . 3 30-35 . L yons , 1 st . o ff icina . R ev . G loria E xercitus. HK 1 80, b ut o bv . r eads C ONSTAN T INVASVG . ( SF 2 210 ( 66)). 7C ONSTANTINE I I

F ollis .

3 20-21.

M int

i llegible .

R ev .

V irtus

E xercit . R IC V II , a s L ondon 1 98 . ( SF 2 331 ( 66)). F ollis . 3 22-23 . T rier , 2 nd . o fficina . R ev . B eata T ranquillitas . R IC V II , T rier , 3 83 . ( SF 2 280 ( 66)). A e3. 3 30-35 . Mint i llegible . R ev . G loria E xercitus A s H I < 4 9 . S F 1 539 ( 8)) . A e3 . 3 30-357- T rier , i st o fficiana . R ev . G loria E xercitus , C opy o f H K 4 9 . ( SF 2 069 ( 66)).

1 30

A e3 . 3 30-35 . L yons ,

1 st .

o fficina .

R ev . G loria

E xercitus H K 1 89. S F 2 285 ( 66)). A e3 . 3 35-37 . T rier , 2 nd . o fficina . R ev . G loria E xercitus. H K 9 3. ( SF 2 381 ( 52)). A e3 . 3 37-41 . R ome . R ev . V irtus A ugusti . A s H K 5 80. ( SF 1 556 ( 11)). 5C ONSTANTINOPOLIS

A e3 . 3 30-41 .

M int i llegible . C opy a s H K 5 2 .

( SF

2 31 ( 50) , S F 1 206 ( 1 1) a nd S F 2 086 ( 66)) . A e3. 3 30-35. T rier . H K 7 1. ( SF 1 081 ( 9))• A e3. 3 35-37. E astern Mint. R ev . E xercitus . A s H K 9 42. ( SF 2 054 ( 66)). 1U RBS KEA

A e3 . 3 30-41 . 2 273 ( 66)).

1T HEODORA

A e3 . 3 37-41. R omana.

1 4 C ONSTANTIUS I I

M int i llegible .

T rier ,

G loria

C opy a s C K 5 1. ( SF

1 st . o fficina .

R ev . P ietas

H K 1 29. ( SF 9 9 ( 50)).

A e3 . 3 30-35 . L yons , 1 st . o ff icina . R ev . G loria E xercitus. H K 1 82. ( SF 2 340 ( 66)). A e3 . 3 30-35 . T rier , 1 st . o fficina . R ev . G loria E xercitus. B K 8 3. ( SF 2 458 ( 66)). A e3 . 3 30-35 . T rier , 2 nd . o fficina . R ev . G loria E xcercitus. C opy o f H K 5 0. ( SF 7 56 ( 52)). A e3 . 3 30-41 . T rier , 1 st . o fficina . R ev . G loria E xcercitus. H K 1 26. ( SF 2 430 ( 66)). A e3 . 3 37-41 7T -rier , 2 nd . o fficina . R ev . G loria E xcercitus. H K 1 26. ( SF 8 60 ( 52)). C opy o f A e3 . c . 350-60 . M int i llegible . R ev . F el T emp R eparatio , f alling h orseman . A s C K 2 5 . ( SF 5 30 , ( 50 ) S F 6 72 ( 52) , S F 6 75 ( 52) , S F 1 044 ( 9) , S F 1 353 ( 8) , S F 1 481 ( 8) , S F 1 548 ( 8) , S F 2 257 a nd S F 2 334 ( 66)) .

7C ONSTANS

( 66) ,

A e3 . 3 41-46 . M int i llegible , R ev . V ictoriae D D A ugg Q NN . A s H K 1 38 . ( SF 1 27 ( 104) a nd S F 6 82 ( 52)). A e3 . 3 41-46 . L yons . R ev . V ictoriae D D A ugg Q NN . 1 1 ( 2 61. ( SF 1 30 ( 50)). A e3 . 3 41-46 . M int i llegible . R ev . V ictoriae D D A ugg Q NN. A s C K 1 62. ( SF 5 87 ( 50)). A e3 . 3 41-46 . T rier . R ev . V ictoriae D D A ug Q NN . H K 1 64. ( SF 6 62 ( 52)). A e3. 3 41-46 . T rier , 2 nd . o fficina . R ev . V ictoriaie D D A ugg Q NN. H K 1 40a . ( SF 1 095 ( 9)). C entenionalis . 3 46-50 . M int i llegible . R ev . F el T emp R eparatio , Emperor a nd c aptive . ( SF 1 01 ( 5)).

A s C K 2 8 .

1H OUSE O F C ONSTANTINE

C opy o f A e2 . 3 46-50 . M int i llegible . T emp R eparatio , g alley . A s C K 4 0 . ( 66)).

R ev . F el ( SF 2 362

2M AGNENTIUS

C entenionalis . 3 51-53 . M int i llegible . R ev . S alus D D N N A ug E t C aes. A s C K 2 4. ( SF 7 69 ( 52)).

131

C entenionalis . N N A ug E t C ae . 6V ALENTINIAN I

3 51-53 . Amiens . R ev . V ictoriae D D C opy o f C K 5 . ( SF 1 300 ( 1 1)) .

A e3 . 3 64-67 . A rles , 2 nd . o ff icina . R ev . S ecuritas R eipublicae. C K 4 90 . ( SF 9 29 ( 66)). A e3 . 3 64-75 . - m int i llegible . R ev . S ecuritas R eipublicae. A s C K 9 6. ( SF 6 94 ( 52)). A e3 . 3 64-76 . A rles , 3 rd . o fficina . R ev . G loria R omanorum . C K 4 79 . ( SF 1 407 ( 8)). A e3. 3 66-67. H erculea . R ev . S ecuritas R eipublicae. C K 1 939 . ( SF 2 268 ( 66)). A e3 . 3 67-75 . A rles , 3 rd . o fficina . R ev . G loria R omanorum . C K 5 18 . ( SF 15 ( 50)). A e3 . 3 67-75:- S iscia . R ev . G loria R omanorum . C K 1 408 , b ut M int m ark. F R . ( SF 1 67 ( 104). A B SISC?

6V ALENS

A e3 . 3 64-67 . L yons , 1 st . o fficina . R ev . S ecuritas R eipublicae . C K 2 92. ( SF 6 87 ( 52)). A e3. 3 64-75. A rles, 1 st. o fficina . R ev . S ecuritas R eipublicae . A s C K 4 83. ( SF 1 142 ( 9)) . A e3 . 3 64-78 . M int i llegible . R ev . S ecuritas R eipublicae . A s C K 8 2. ( SF 5 04 ( 50)). A e3 . 3 64-78 . M int i llegible . R ev . R omanorum . A s C K 8 5. ( SF 2 083 ( 66)).

G loria

A e3 . 3 67-75 . A rles , 1 st . o fficina . R ev . S ecuritas R eipublicae . C K 5 27. ( SF 2 157 ( 66)). A e3 . 3 75-78 . A rles . R ev . S ecuritas R eipublicae . C K 5 42. ( SF 8 51 ( 52)). 4H OUSE O F V ALENTINIAN

A e3. 3 64-78 . Mint i llegible . R ev . G loria R omanorum . A s C K 7 8 . ( SF 4 9 ( 3) a nd S F 2 323 ( 66)). A e3 . 3 64-78 . R eipublicae . ( 52)).

M int i llegible . R ev . S ecuritas A s C K 8 2 . ( SF 5 76 ( 50) a nd S F 8 45

3G RATIAN

A e3 . 3 67-75 . T rier . R ev . G loria R omanorum . C K 1 08 . ( SF 2 030 ( 66)). A e3 . 3 67-75 . A rles , 1 st . o fficina . R ev . G loria N ovi S aeculi. A s C K 5 17. ( SF 2 242 ( 66)). A e3 . 3 75-78 . R ome . R ev . S ecuritas R eipublicae . C K 7 31. ( SF 7 51 ( 52)).

1V ALENTINIAN I I

A e3 , 3 88-92 . M int i llegible . A s C K 1 62. ( SF 6 81 ( 52)).

4A RCADIUS

A e4 . 3 88-92 . T rier . ( SF 2 120 ( 66)).

R ev . V ictoria A uggg .

R ev . V ictoria A uggg .

C K 1 70 .

A e4 . 3 88-95 . M int i llegible . R ev . V ictoria A uggg . A s C K 1 64. ( SF 2 151 ( 66)). A e4 .- 3 88-95 . M int i llegible . R ev . V ictoria A uggg . A s C K 3 92. ( SF 6 84 ( 52)). A e4 . 3 88-95 . M int i llegible . A uggg . A s C K 1 64. ( SF 2 009 ( 66)).

1 32

R ev .

V ictoria

S iliqua . 3 93-94 . M ilan . R ev . V irtus R omanorum . R IC I X , M ilan 3 2b , b ut o bv . r eads D NARCDI V SPFAVG a nd s truck i n b ronze . ( It i s p ossible t hat t his m ay h ave h ad a s ilver c oating , a lthough t here a re n o t races o f s uch r emaining ) . ( SF 4 73 ( 105) ) . 1E UGENIUS

A e4 . 3 93.

3 92-94 . L yons . ( SF 1 25 ( 50)).

R ev . V ictoria A uggg .

7H OUSE O F T HEODOSIUS

A e4 . 3 88-402 . M int i llegible . R ev . V ictoria A uggg . A s C K 1 62 . ( SF 5 ( 1) , S F 9 1 ( 50) , S F 9 3 ( 6), S F 6 12 ( 52) , S F 158 ( 11) a nd S F 3 072 ( 104)). A e4 . 3 83-408 . M int R eipublicae. A s C K 7 96.

i llegible . R ev . ( SF 6 74 ( 52)).

C K

S alus

6I ndecipherable

F ourth-century c opies . ( SF 1 052 ( 9 ) , S F 1 321 ( 8 ) , S F 1 576 ( 5) , S F 2 029 ( 66) , S F 2 143 ( 66) , S F 2 304 ( 66)).

1G EORGE V

l d. 1 916.

( SF 1 21 ( 104)).

F IELDWALKING A ND U NSTRATIFIED : 1B ARBAROUS R ADIATE

c . 2 70-90 .

R ev . P ax .

( SF 3 ).

2A NTONINIANUS

S econd h alf o f t hird c entury .

R ev . i llegible .

( SF

3 2 a nd S F 5 38). 1H OUSE O F C ONSTANTINE

A e3 .

3 41-46 .

A rles ,

D D A ugg Q NN .

1 st .

AS H K 4 47 ,

o fficina .

1D ECENTIUS

C entenionalis . N N A ug E t C ae.

1V ALENTINIAN I

A e3. 3 64-75 . Mint i llegible . R omanorum . A s C K 7 8. ( SF 1 4).

1V ALENS

A e3 .

3 64-75 .

R eipublicae. 2V ALENTINIAN I I

A e4 .

3 88-92 .

A s C K 1 62. 2H OUSE O F T HEODOSIUS

R ev .

3 51-53 . A rles . R ev . A s C K 4 32. ( SF 16).

M int

i llegible .

A s C K 8 2.

V ictorae

( SF 2 4). V ictoriae

R ev .

Rev . .

D D

G loria

S ecuritas

( SF 8 ).

M int i llegible .

R ev . V ictoria A uggg .

( SF 1 2 a nd S F 3 2).

A e4 . 3 83-87 . M int i llegible . R ev . V ictoria A uggg , t wo v ictories. A s C K 7 82. ( SF 3 033). A e4 . 3 95-402 . M int i llegible . R ev . V ictoria A ugg . A s C K 1 73. ( SF 6 18).

1 33

T HE C OINS F ROM M ARSHFIELD , A S HORT N OTE R ichard R eece.

T he b revity o f t his n ote i s a n a mple c omment o n t he n ormality o f t he c oins f ound a t M arshfield , r ather t han a l ack o f i nterest o n m y p art . A s m ore a nd m ore s ites a re e xamined , a nd t he c oin l ists p ublished , i t i s g radually b ecoming c lear t hat t he c oins l ost o n e ach s ite a re r emarkably s imilar d iffering i n t he n umbers o f e ach t ype l ost , r ather t han i n t he t ypes w hich r eached t he s ite . I t i s p robably b est t o t hink o f t he f ourth-century c oinage i n B ritian a s au niform c oin p ool , w ith l arger o r s maller a mounts o f t hat p ool e ntering a g iven s ite a nd b eing l ost , p eriod b y p eriod . G iven t he e normous n umber o f c oins w hich m ust h ave f ormed t his p ool , a nd t he l ack o f e vidence f or a ny q uick c hanges t o t he c oins i n c irculation , t he c oinage e ntering a ny s ite m ust h ave c hanged v ery s lowly i ndeed , a nd i t i s d oubtful w hether a ny q uantitative d ifferences c ould b e s een i n l ess t han a d ecade o f c hange . F or t his r eason t here i s l ittle p oint i n a iming f or h ighly a ccurate c oin-dates f or p hases , a nd l ittle h ope o f s eparating p hases w ithin t he s ame d ecade . F rom t he c oins o f V alens a nd V alentinian , P eriod I IIA m ust b e a llowed t o r un t o a t l east 3 70 , a nd P eriod I IIB m ust g o o n t o a t l east 3 90 . W ith t he c oin e vidence a lready p ushed t o t he c hronological l imit , t here i s l ittle f urther h elp t hat t he c oins c an g ive i n d ating P eriods I IIC , I V , a nd V . T he t otal a bsence o f R oman c oins f rom P eriod V c ould b e u sed t o p ut t his w ell a fter t he R oman p eriod , a nd t he p resence o f o nly o ne c oin i n P eriod I V m ight m ean t hat t he p eriod b elongs a l ittle t ime , a t l east , a fter t he s upply o f t he l ast c oinage t o B ritain a round t he y ear 4 00 . T he p roportions o f t he o verall c oin l ist a gree w ell w ith o ther s ettlements a nd r eligious s ites i n t he W est c ountry a nd t he m idlands . W ith a bout 1 7% o f r adiate c oins ( 260 t o 2 96 ) a nd 6 5% o f l ate f ourth-century c oins ( 330 t o 4 02) t he s ite f its c losely w ith t he s mall t own o f Wanborough ( Wilts .) o r D orchester o n T hames ( Oxon .) a nd t he r eligious s ites a t L ydney ( Glos . ) a nd T histleton ( formerly R utland) . A s urvey o f s uch v alues s hows t hat i t i s i mpossible t o s eparate o ut p urely r ural a gricultural s ites f rom s ites w ith r eligious c haracteristics i n o ur p resent s tate o f k nowledge ( Reece , 1 980 , f ig . 6 .3). M arshfield m ust t herefore r emain , f or t he p resent , a nd u ntil f urther r efinements o f s tudy a re d eveloped , a n ormal r ural s ettlement w ithin t he R omanized c ontext o f R oman B ritain .

134

O BJECTS O F C OPPER A LLOY

I ntroduction T he c opper a lloy o bjects ( figs . 4 3 t o 5 3) f rom M arshfield a re i n a n e xceptional s tate o f p reservation , t hough g enerally b adly f ragmented ( in a ntiquity) . T hey d ivided i nto t wo g roups , t he l arger g roup o f i tems m ay l oosely b e d escribed a s ' o bjects f or p ersonal a dornment ' a nd t he s maller g roup c ould b est b e d escribed a s ' miscellaneous ' . T he v ariety o f o bjects p roduced i n t hese a lloys i s n oteworthy . T he f irst h alf o f t his r eport d eals w ith t he f ibulae ( both o f c opper a lloy a nd o f i ron) b y D .F . M ackreth . F or p ractical r easons i t w as n ot p ossible t o n umber t his s ection a nd t he r emainder o f t he c opper a lloy o bjects c onsecutively . A ll o f t he m aterial r ecovered i n 1 982-3 i s m entioned , b ut n ot a ll i tems a re d escribed o r i llustrated . M ost o f t he c opper a lloy w as i n ar emarkably g ood s tate o f p reservation , a llowing t oolmarks e tc . t o b e s een o n t he s urfaces a s e xcavated , d etails o f t hese a nd o ther t echnological i nformation h ave b een i ncorporated i n t he d escriptions b elow a nd a ppear i n m ore d etail i n t he a rchive . T he e namelled o bjects ( except N o . 1 2) h ave b een e xamined b y D r . J ustine B ayley a nd h er c omments a re a ppended t o t he d escriptions o f t he r elevant o bjects . D r . M artin H enig k indly r eported o n t he f inger r ings. M ost o f t he o bjects a re i ncomplete a nd i n m ost c ases t his f ragmentation c learly h appened i n a ntiquity ( although s ome o f t he b ends ( e .g . N o . 5 0) w ere m ade b y t he p lough) . O bviously v ery f ew o f t hese o bjects w ere l ost i n u se b ecause o f c arelessness , s ome n o d oubt ( e .g . t he 'b utton-and-loop f astener ' N o . 5 4) , were l ost o r d iscarded when worn o ut o r b roke d ue t o ' metal f atigue ' i n u se , w hile o ther i tems , s uch a s t he b racelet f ragments , c ould n ot p ossibly h ave b een b roken-up s o m uch b y n atural ' weag-and-tear ' i n u se , a nd m ust h ave b een ( deliberately) b roken-up a fterwards . P robably t hese f ragments w ere d estined t o b e u sed a s s crap f or r emelting ( either o n s ite o r t o b e ' s old '7 a s s crap t o b e r e-used e lsewhere) . I t w ill b e l eft t o t he r eader t o d ecide t o w hich o f t he t hree c ategories e ach i llustrated o bject m ay h ave b elonged s ince t his i s t o s ome e xtent a s ubjective d ecision , a nd m ay p rove t hought-provoking . ( See a lso p p . 3 68 f . f or c asting d ebris) . S ome o f t he i tems h ave b een d iscussed m ore f ully i n t he e xcavation a rchive, e .g . t he b utton-and-loop f astener a nd p ossible l ate R oman b elt f ittings.

135

B ROOCHES D .F. M ackreth.

A ll b rooches a re m ade f rom a c opper a lloy, u nless o therwise s tated . C olchesters ( fig. 4 3 , n os. 1 .

5 .2 c m .

l ong .

1 -3).

T wo a nd a h alf c oils o f t he s pring s urvive .

T he h ook i s

b roken . T he w ings a nd b ow a re p lain , t he l atter h as a r ounded f ront e xcept f or a f lat f ace o n t he b roader u pper p art . T here i s a f acet o n e ach r ear c orner , a nd a f lat b ack w ith c old-forging m arks i rregularly s paced a long i t . T he c atch -p late i s l argely m issing , b ut m ost o f t wo p iercings s urvive a nd t hese s uggest t hat o nce t here h ad b een t hree w ith f retted b ars b etween . 2 .

5 .6 c m .

l ong .

( SF 1 14 ( 104) p loughsoil) .

M ost o f t he s ix-coil s pring i s p resent .

T he h ook i s

b roken . T he w ings a re p lain a nd s o i s t he b ow w hich h as a n o ctagonal s ection w ith s ome m anufacturing m arks o n t he b ack . T he c atch-plate h as t hree p iercings w ith d ividing b ars b etween b roken away . T he c atch-plate h as c lean e dges a long t he b ow s howing t hat i t h ad b een c old - w orked f rom t he b asic r ough -o ut 1 276 ( 11) p loughsoil). 3 .

( cf .

S tead ,

1 975) .

( SF

4 .2 c m . l ong . M ost o f t he s ix - c oil s pring s urvives . T he w ings a re p lain . T he b ow h as a n o ctagonal s ection a nd t he c atch-plate h ad t hree c ircular p iercings.

a s

c asting

( SF 5 011

( 328)).

N one o f t hese b rooches d isplays a ny o rnamental t rait w hich m arks i t o ut b eing l ate i n t he C olchester s equence a lthough t he s mall s ize a nd

c ircular h oles i n t he c atch-plate o f b rooch 3 p oint t hat w ay . O n t he o ther h and , t heir g eneral s ize a nd p rofiles a re o f t he c ommon t ypes a nd b etray n o s ign o f b eing p articularly e arly . A ll t hree a re o f B ritish m anufacture l acking a s t hey d o t he f lattish b ow s ection , t he b road h ook, a nd t he s traight p rofile w hich a re t he c hief c haracteristics o f i mported C olchesters .

T he t ype i s n ot p roven t o b e p re -A ugustan a nd m ost b elong t o

l ate A ugustan a nd T iberian t imes . I n d efault o f a ny o ther e vidence , b rooches 1 a nd 2 w ere p robably m ade b etween c . A .D . 1 0 a nd c . A .D . 3 5 , a nd 3 i s p erhaps l ater , c . A .D. 2 5-35/40.

U nclassified 4 .

2 .5 c m .

( fig. 4 3 , n os. 4 a nd 5 ). l ong .

N o s pring s urvives ,

n or a ny g ood e vidence a s t o h ow i t

w as a ttached t o t he b rooch . T he s tub o f a f orward-facing h ook i s p resent a nd t here i s as light s uggestion o f a c orroded s tub a t t he p oint f rom w hich a s pring o n a C olchester w ould s tart . H owever , t he b ack o f t he h ead b elow t he h ook i s f lat a nd h as b een w orked t o t his s urface : n o s pring h ad b egun h ere . T he w ings a re p lain a s i s t he b ow w hich h as a r ounded f ront a nd a f lat b ack . T he c atch -p late i s p lain

136

8

7

F ig. 4 3.

B ronze B rooches ( full s ize)

1 37

a nd t he w hole l ooks a s

t hough i t w as c ast a nd n ot c old - w orked .

( SF

4 050 ( 202)). T he v ery s mall s ize o f t his b rooch c an b e p aralleled a mongst C olchesters ( Foster e t a l . 1 977, 9 0 , f ig . 8 9 .5 ; P artridge , 1 981, 1 36 , f ig . 6 8 .16) a nd t he e xamples g iven a re t he s ame s ize a nd , t aking i nto a ccount t heir c orroded s tate , v ery l ike t he p resent p iece . H owever , t he s mallest C olchester r ecorded b y t he w riter c omes f rom C olchester i tself a nd i s o nly 1 . 3 l ong . I t i s p ossible t hat t he d iminutive s ize p roved t oo a wkward i n t his c ase t o m aintain t he j oin b etween t he s pring a nd t he b ody o f t he b rooch t hus p roducing a n a nomalous f orm . T here i s n o r eason t o s uppose t hat t he d ating o f t he M arshfield b rooch s hould b e d ifferent f rom i ts a pparent p arallels , i n which c ase , a s a ll s eem t o h ave b een c ast , t hey s hould b e l ate i n t he s equence , p erhaps d ating t o t he d ecade A .D . 3 5-45 . 5 .

5 .2 c m . l ong .

T he h ead o f t he b rooch i s d istorted a nd i ncomplete .

W hat s urvives i s o ne s ide o f w hat h ad b een a h inged p in a rrangment . T he a xis b ar w as h eld i n t he r olled -u nder h ead o f t he b ow a nd t he p in m ounted o n a s lot .

T he b ow h as t he s ame p rofile a s aC olchester a nd ,

a part f rom i ts t hinness t owards t he t op , h ad

t he

h ead

n ot

s urvived .

T he

w ould h ave b een t aken a s s uch

c atch -p late w as h and-forged a nd i s

p ierced b y t hree p unched r ectangles .

( SF 1 36

( 104) p loughsoil) .

T he c omments m ade a bove m ake i t c lear t hat t his b rooch i s ,

a part f rom

t he m anner i n w hich t he p in w as f astened , a C olchester . T he w riter h as r ecorded n o o ther b rooch l ike i t a nd t here i s o nly t he a pparent p arent t ype t o p rovide a ny d ating . T he c haracter o f t he b rooch f its t he g eneral r un o f C olchesters s o w ell t hat t he d ating p roposed f or b rooches 1 a nd 2 m ay w ell a pply h ere , s ave t hat t he h inged p in m ay i ndicate a s lightly l ate d ate l ike t hat s uggested f or b rooch 3 , b ut i t w ould a lso b e p ossible t o a rgue t hat i t i s a n e xperimental f orm a nd c ould b elong t o t he e arlier e nd o f t he B ritish C olchester 's

d ate

r ange .

C olchester D erivatives 6 .

( figs. 4 3 a nd 4 4 , n os. 6 19).

T he s pring i s h eld i n t he Yolden H ill ' m anner : a n a xis b ar p asses t hrough t he c oils o f t he s pring a nd p ierced p lates a t t he e nds o f t he w ings . T he c hord i s h eld b y a l ug o n t he h ead o f t he b ow w hich , h ere , i s g iven t he a ppearance o f a C olchester- s tyle h ook b y a l ong m oulding , w ith a l ongitudinal g roove , r unning d own t he u pper p art o f t he b ow . E ach w ing i s p lain a part f rom a m oulding a t t he e nd .

T he b ow i s w ide

a t t he t op , m ade w ider b y a n e xtra m oulding o n e ach s ide , a nd t apers t o a s mall p rojecting f oot . T he c atch-plate i s s olid a nd h as a s light p in -g roove. ( SF 3 3A , p loughsoil). 7 .

T he s pring i s h eld a s i n t he l ast . p ronounced r idge a t t he e nd ,

E ach w ing i s l arge a nd h as a

a nother i n t he m iddle s eparated f rom e ach

o ther a nd t he b ow b y d eep f lutes . T he o uter m oulding i s r elieved o n e ither s ide a nd o ne s hows s igns o f b eading . T he i nner m ouldings b etray s ome t races o f r elieving . T he b ow h as e xtra m ouldings o n e ach s ide , a s i n b rooch 6 , a nd t apers t o a s imple d ouble p rojecting f oot . T he o rnament o n t he h ead o f t he b ow w hile s imilar t o t he l ast , i s m ore e laborate . T he s keuomorph h ook h as a n e x tra c oncavity i n i ts p rofile a nd t he w hole l ies i n aV f ormed b y a s ingle r idge o n e ach s ide w hich m eet t o f orm a p oint i n f ront . T he c atch - p late h as a b asically t riangular o pening a nd t he r eturn i s d ecorated w ith t hree s ets o f c ross - c uts

w ith

a n

e xtra

o ne

l ying

d iagonally

b etween

t hese

g roups .

( SF 1 7 ( 1) p loughsoil). T he c hief c haracteristic o f b oth o f t hese b rooches w hich p laces t hem i n ad istincitive g roup i s t he p resence o f a n e xtra m oulding o n e ither s ide o f t he h ead o f t he b ow . T here i s g reat v ariety i n i ndividual d esigns , b ut t heir c ohesion a s a s ingle g roup i s v irtually g uaranteed b y t he r estricted d istribution o f

t he s pecimens b elonging t o i t ,

T he t wo c hief d istinctions w ithin t he g roup , t hat o ne h as a s prung -p in , l ike t he t wo h ere , p in .

a part f rom a f ew o utliers .

a s i t s tands a t p resent , i s w hile t he o ther h as a h inged

T he l atter a re c hiefly t o b e f ound i n D oreset ,

W iltshire ,

S omerset

a nd S outhern G loucestershire , while t he f ormer l ies i n S omerset, G loucestershire a nd s preads o ut i nto t he M idlands a s f ar a s H ertfordshire w ith a n o utlier a t R ichborough ( Cunliffe , 1 968 , 8 1, p l . X XVIII , 7 8) a nd a nother a t N ewstead ( Curie , 1 911, 3 18 , p l . L XXXV , 4 ) . T hey a lso s pread i nto S taffordshire a nd o ccur i n s outh Wales . T here i s a s y et l ittle e vidence f or a ny d evelo pment w ithin e ach g roup a nd t he d ating i s l imited : s prung - p in - V erulamium , p re - c . 9 0? ( Lowther , 1 937 , 3 7 , f ig . 2 .1) ; C amerton , c . A .D . 6 5-85 ( Wedlake , 1 958 , 2 18 , f ig . 5 0 .7) a nd a nother f rom t he s ame s ite m ay b e r esidual i n i ts c ontext d ated c . 1 20-45 ( ibid . , 2 18 , f ig . 5 0 .6) ; V erulamium , 8 5105 ( Frere , 1 972 , 1 14 , f ig . 2 9-9) ; C aerleon , p robably F lavian ( Wheeler a nd W heeler ,

1 928 ,

1 62 , f ig . 1 3 .4) .

T he d ate r ange m ay b e

s aid t o r un f rom c . 7 5 i nto t he s econd c entury a nd p ossibly n ot

b eyond c .

1 25 . T he b rooch f rom N ewstead ( see a bove) f its i nto t his r ange a s t hat s ite w as n ot o ccupied b efore A .D . 8 0 . H inged-pin : C amerton , c . 6 5-85 ( Wedlake , 1 958 , 2 19 , f ig . 5 0 .10) a nd a nother f rom t he s ame s ite w as d ated t o t he f irst h alf o f

t he

s econd

c entury

( ibid . ,

2 29 ,

f ig .

5 3 .40) .

A lthough t he

f or t he h inged-pin v ariety i s r estricted , t here a re n o g ood s upposing t hat i t s hould n ot b e c ontemporary w ith t he o ther ,

d ating

g rounds i ndeed ,

f or t he

d iffering d istribution p atterns o f e ach s uggests l inked w orkshop t raditions , e ach d ealing w ith s lightly d ifferent m arket a reas . 8 .

T he s pring i s h eld a s i n b rooch 6 .

T he w ings a re p lain .

A part f rom

t he h ead , t he b ow i s p lain , h as a t op h umped o ver t he w ings a nd t apers t o ap lain p ointed f oot . T he l ug f or t he c hord i s ac rest w ith a s tep o n e ach s ide . T he f ront o f t he c rest i s c arried a s hort w ay d own t he b ow b y t wo i ncised l ines w hich n early j oin a nd w ith a s eries o f f inely i ncised c ross - l ines b etween t hem . T he c atch-plate h as a b asically t riangular p iercing . ( SF 4 56 ( 105)). P arallels a re h ard t o s eek : p ublished) . b rooches. 9 .

G loucester ( excavations ,

H . H urst ,

t o b e

T he d ating i s p robably t he s ame a s t hat o f t he l ast t wo

T he s pring i s m ounted o n a p late b ehind t he h ead o f t he b ow ; i n t he p late a re t wo h oles , t hrough t he l ower p asses t he a xis b ar i n t he s pring w hile t he c hord p asses t hrough t he u pper . E ach wing h as a m oulding a t t he e nd . T he b ow h as a r idge o n t he u pper p art w hich i s a c ontinuation o f t he p late h olding t he s pring i n p osition . T he l ower b ow , w ith t he c atch-plate i s m issing . ( SF 9 73 ( 52) p loughsoil). T he g roup t o w hich t his b rooch b elongs i s w ell -d efined i n g eneral t erms

a lthough t here i s an umber w hich h as c ross-cuts a t t he b ase o f t he r idge o n t he b ow which m ight c onstitute a s eparate g roup , e xcept t hat t he c uts w ere m ade b y h and a nd i t c annot b e g uaranteed t hat t hey w ould h ave b een a pplied i n e very c ase . T he d istribution o f t he g roup i s e ssentially i n c entral s outhern E ngland , b ut i ncreases i n n umber t owards G loucestershire , a nd i t i s i n t his a rea t hat t hose w ith t he c ross-cuts a re t he m ost c ommon .

T he s tyle

o f t he s pring - f ixing a rrangement i s t he c ommon m ethod u sed i n t he e astern p arts o f E ngland s outh o f t he H umber whilst t he P olden H ill i s c haracteristic o f t he west . I n t he p resent c ase , t he d istribution r epresents w hat s eems t o b e t he f urthest w estwards e xpansion o f t he e astern m ode . T here i s n o d ating f or t he s pecimens a nd a ll t hat c an b e s uggested i s t hat t hey a re l ikely t o b e a fter c . A .D. 7 5 r ather t han b efore. 1 0 .

T he s pring i s h eld a s i n b rooch 6 .

T he b ow h as a r ight -a ngled b end a t

t he t op w ith t he u pper f ace s loping t o t he r ear a nd c arrying t he l ug f or t he c hord o f t he s pring . T he m ain f ace o f t he b ow i s b road a t t he t op a nd t apers t o av ery s mall f orward-facing p rojection . O n t he u pper b ow i s ap anel d efined b y ag roove w ith r ocker- a rm o rnament a long i t . W ithin t he p anel a re t wo i rregular d epressions n ow f illed w ith a d iscoloured e namel . B eneath t he p anel i s ac ross - f lute a nd t he l ower b ow h as a c entral a rris w ith a c rude l enticular b oss o n e ach s ide a t t he t op. 1.

( SF 1 226 ( 11) p loughsoil).

T he p in i s h inged . O n t he h ead i s a v ertical t ab , c ircular i n s hape , a nd w ith t he t races o f a c ircular h ole i n i t l argely b locked b y w hat m ay h ave b een ' flash ' i n t he m ould . E ach w ing i s s hort a nd h as a m oulding a t t he e nd . T he b ow i s b road a t t he t op a nd t apers t o a p rominent f oot -k nob s eparated f rom a c ross - m oulding b y a f lute . T he u pper b ow h as a g roove d own e ach s ide a nd i n t hree c ells f illed w ith d iscoloured e namel . T he c entral c ell i s r ound a nd l ies i n a l ozenge o f r eserved m etal b etween t he t wo o uter c ells w hose f orm i s c rescentic . B elow t he u pper b ow i s as et o f c ross-mouldings d ivided i nto t hree w ith a s ingle o ne t op a nd b ottom s eparated b y a c ross - f lute f rom a c entral t rio . T he l ower b ow h as a c entral a rris w ith a s eries o f c ross-cuts l ying a cross i t . T he r eturn o f t he c atch - p late h as t wo d iagonal c ross - c uts. ( SF 9 2 ( 5) p loughsoil).

1 2.

T he p in i s h inged .

O n t he h ead i s a c ast - o n l oop w ith a s mall c ut -o ut

o n e ach s ide a t i ts j unction w ith t he b rooch .

E ach w ing h as a b uried

m oulding o n t he f ront . A cross t he h ead o f t he b ow i s a c urved s tep . T he b ow i tself i s d ivided i nto t wo b y a c entral o rnament . T he u pper b ow i s c oncave - s ided a nd h as a s lightly s welled f oot . T he u pper b ow i s a c onvex-sided l ozenge w hich h as a c entral c ell o f t he s ame s hape w ith f our r ectangular o nes a round i ts e dges . N o t race o f e namel s urvives . O n e ach s ide i s a small p rojection . T he l ower b ow i s p lain , s eparated f rom t he u pper b y a c ross - m oulding w ith a d ivided o ne u nder o n e ach s ide , a nd t apers t o a t riple - m oulded f oot - k nob . T he c atch -p late h as a p in- g roove . ( SF 5 032 ( 335)) . T hese t hree b rooches a re r elated . a s h ere ,

B rooch 1 0 c omes i n t wo f orms , s prung

o r h inged l ike 1 1 a nd 1 2 .

T he d etails o f e ither f orm a re n ot

i nvariable a nd m oulded w ings c an b e f ound ( Pitt R ivers , 1 892, 9 6 , p l . C LXXIII , 4 ) a nd t he c ells f or e namel m ay b e t hree i n n umber ( ibid .) o r t wo o f t riangular o r o ther f orms ( Atkinson , 1 942 , 2 05 , f ig . 3 6 . 1 140 ; P itt R ivers , 1 888 ,

4 8 ,

p l . X III .6) .

T wo a re d ated ;

Wroxeter ,

c . 1 25?

( Atkinson a bove) ;

C aerleon , a fter A . 1 ) . 1 25 ( Wheeler a nd W heeler , 1 928 , 1 62 , f ig . 1 3 .9) . N one o f t he h inged v ersions i s d ated , a nd b rooch 1 2 i s t he m ost e laborate r ecorded b y t he w riter . T he d istribution i s s outh -w estern a nd e xamples a re h ardly t o b e f ound b eyond t he M arches o r H ampshire . B rooch 1 1 h as c lose r elatives m ainly i n G loucestershire a nd n one o f t hese h as b een p ublished f rom a d ated c ontext . O ther r easonably c lose r elatives ( cf . D udley , 1 967 , 3 4,

f ig .

1 2 .22;

N ash - W illiams ,

1 930 ,

2 40 ,

f ig .

2 .3) ,

h ave

a w ider

d istribution b eing f ound i n w estern E ngland , b ut s eldom n orth o f C hester a nd

140

1 3

1 7

1 6

1 8

F ig. 4 4.

I ron b rooches ( full s ize)

1 41

o ne o utlier was d ated c . 7 5-150?

( Neal ,

g reat n umber o f e namelled b rooches ,

e nd o f t he f irst c entury a nd t he s econd , 1 3.

I ron .

1 974 ,

1 25 ,

f ig . 5 4 .16) .

L ike a

t he e mphasis i n t heir d ating i s o n t he p ossibly a s f ar a s c . 1 50 .

T he a xis b ar o f t he h inged p in i s h oused i n t he r olled - o ver h ead

o f t he b ow w hich i s t hin a nd f lat w idening o ut t o a ccommodate t he r oll . T he l ower b ow, w ith t he c atch - p late i s m issing . ( SF 2 084 ( 66) p loughsoil). 1 4.

I ron . T he c orrosion h ides t he p recise d etails , b ut t he h ead s eems t o h ave b een r olled-under t o h ouse t he a xis b ar o f ah inged p in . T he h ead o f t he b ow i s a r ectangular p late w ith t he s uggestion o f a c ut-out o n e ach s ide . T he b ow i s r oughly r ound a nd t he c atch -p late s mall . ( SF 3 026 ( 155)).

1 5 .

1 6.

I ron .

T he a xis

b ar o f

t he h inged p in i s h oused

1 8.

r olled-under

T he h ead t apers t o a n arrow b ow w hich h as

c atch -p late .

1 24

I ron .

( SF

l ost

T he h inged p in i s h inged a s t hat i n b rooch 1 5 .

T he b ow i s a

T he c atch -p late i s m issing .

( SF 6 68

I ron . A r epeat o f t he l ast , b ut w ith m ore o f t he b ow m issing . 1 273 ( 11) p loughsoil). I ron .

i ts

( 104) p loughsoil) .

t hin s trip w ith a s light t aper . ( 52) p loughsoil)). 1 7.

i n t he

h ead o f t he b ow .

A r epeat o f b rooch 1 5 ,

( SF

e xcept t hat i t i s n ot c lear i f t he h ead

h ad b een r olled -o ver o r u nder . ( 11) p loughsoil).

T he c atch -p late i s

m issing .

( SF

1 501

T he c ommon f orm o f t hese s imple i ron b rooches i s r epresented b y b rooches 1 518 : t he r olled - o ver h ead r eminiscent o f t he A ucissa-Hod H ill s eries

i s ,

b y

c omparison ,

f airly

r are .

T he w riter h as n o r ecord o f

g ood

d ating f or t hese . T he r olled -u nder h ead , a pparently s hared b y 1 4 , i f t he o ther f orm i s d erived f rom t he A ucissa s equence , c ould h ave i ts o rigins i n t he e arlier f orms o f t he s ame s eries w hich h ave t he s ame m annerisms a nd which o ften h ave c ut - o uts o n t he h ead l ike t hose o n b rooch 1 4 . T he e arliest d ated s pecimen s o f ar c omes f rom S keleton G reen , P uckerdige , H erts , c . 1 0 B .C . -A .D . 2 0 ( Partridge , 1 981, 1 35 , f ig . 6 7 .11) , t hereafter , t he d ating f avours t he f irst c entury i n g eneral w ith n o s trong s uggestion t hat t hey a re f ound i n t he s econd c entury , e xcept f or o ne f rom a b urial a t O dell , B eds" ( excavations , B rian D ix , f orthcoming) : S keleton G reen , p ossibly A .D . 3 0-40 ( Partridge , 1 981, 1 41 , f ig . 6 6 .6) ; P uckeridge , S tation R oad , c . 4 5-70 ( Partridge , 1 979 , 4 0 , f ig . 6 . 13) ; C amerton , S omerset , 6 0-90 ( dedlake , 1 958 , 2 16 , f ig . 5 0 .4) . 1 9.

T he c atch -p late o nly f rom w hat m ay h ave b een a C olchester D erivative , i n w hich c ase i t i s l ikely t o d ate t o b efore c . A .D . p loughsoil , n ot i llustrated) .

1 50

( SF 7 75

( 52)

U nclassified ( fig . 4 5, n o. 2 0) 2 0 .

T he p in i s h inged . T he a xis b ar w as i nserted b etween f laps c ast a long t he b ack o f t he w ings ,

t he f laps w ere t hen c losed r ound t he b ar .

T he

f ront o f e ach w ing i s f lat a nd h as a g roove a t t he e nd a nd a d iagonal o ne o n t he m ain f ace .

T he b ow i s b road w ith a s light t aper t o a

142

f orward - f acing b oss w ith a n i ncised c ross o n i t . O n t he t op o f t he b ow i s a c rest w hich , i n p rofile h as a b roken r ing a t t he u pper e nd a nd a l ower s ection b elow w ith a s welled t op w ith a g roove a long i t . T here i s a g roove d own e ach s ide o f t he b ow w hich h as , b etween t he c rest a nd t he b oss ,

a s eries o f c ells f or e namel , p ossibly r ed i n t he

o uter o nes , m ade u p o f a t riangle a nd t hree l ozenges d own t he c entre w ith i nfilling t riangles d own t he e dges . O n e ither s ide o f t he b ow a re

f ive

s mall

p rojections .

T he

c atch -p late

i s

s mall .

( SF

3 081

( 197)). T he t ype i s w ell -e stablished .

T he i nvariable f eatures a re t he h inged

p in , o rnament o n t he h ead o f t he b ow , t he e namelling b eneath , a nd t he f orward - f acing b oss o n t he f oot . T he p rojections d own t he s ide o f t he b ow a re s o c ommon t hat , w hen p ublished b rooches a ppear t o h ave n one , i t m ay b e s uspected t hat t hey h ad e ither c orroded a way , o r t heir s mall s tubs w ere m issed b y t he i llustrators . T he f eature o n t he h ead m ay a lso h ave t he f orm o f a b oss ( cf . G ould , 1 967 , 1 5-7 , f ig . 7 ,6) o r a d og ( cf . C ocks , 1 921 , 1 91, f ig . 2 3) . I t s eems t hat a ll c an b e r egarded a s h aving b een t he p roducts o f a s ingle

w orkshop

t radition w ith

r are a ttempts

e lsewhere t o m ake

c opies

( Wood B urcote , N orthants . , e xcavation , R . T urland , t o b e p ublished ; D udley , 1 967 , 6 0 , f ig . 2 4 .231) , p ossibly e ntirely o n t he p eriphery o f t he m ain a rea o f d istribution w hich c overs t he w hole o f M idland E ngland c entering o n t he t erritory o f t he C oritani . T he d ating i s r easonably w ell - f ixed :

f our w ere f ound i n a s ingle p it a t

T he L unt , B aginton , W arks" a nd d emonstrate t hat i t w as w ell-established b y A .D . 7 5 ( Hobley , 1 973 , 6 5-6 , f ig . 1 9 .1, 4 , 6a nd u nillustrated) o ne f rom W roxeter w as p laced i n t he l ast q uarter o f t he f irst c entury ( Atkinson , 1 942 , 2 03 , f ig . 3 6 , H 16) ; a nother f rom C rundale , i n K ent , Was f ound i n a g rave w ith t hree p ots w hich b elong t o t he s econd h alf o f t he f irst c entury , i f n ot t he t hird q uarter ( Hume, 1 863 , 6 4 a nd f ig) ; a nd a v ery c orroded s pecimen f rom W all , S taffs . , w as f ound w ith N eronian r ubbish ( Gould , 1 967 , 1 5 , f ig . 7 .2) . T hese f ix a f irm f irst-century s tart t o t he f loruit, p ossibly a s e arly a s c . 6 0-65 . T he e nd i s m ore d ifficult t o e stablish . I t i s l ikely t o h ave s urvived i n u se u p t o t he s econd c entury b ut o ne f rom V erulamium , d ated 1 05115 ( Frere , 1 972 , 16 , f ig . 3 0 .12) m ay b e r esidual . I t m ay b e s ignificant t hat h ardly a ny a re r eported f rom m id -s econd o r l ater d eposits a nd t he o ne f rom N ewstead n eed n ot b e o ut o f i ts h orizon a s t hat s ite w as f ounded i n A .D . 8 0 ( Curie , 1 911 , 3 23 , p l . L XXXVI , 2 3) .

T rumpets ( fig . 4 5 , n os. 2 1-4). 2 1.

B ehind t he h ead o f t he b ow i s ap rojecting p late w ith a l arge h ole i n i t w hich o nce h eld a s heet m etal t ube r unning t hrough t he c oils o f t he s pring . T he w hole e nsemble w as k ept i n p lace b y m eans o f aw ire l oop a nd c ollar w hose e nds w ere l odged i n t he t ube . T he t rumpet h ead i s n arrow , h as a m arked c entral a rris , a s mall e xpansion a t t he t op w ith a moulding o n e ach s ide .

T he k nop c onsists o f a s trong c entral

c ross - m oulding w ith a w eaker o ne t o t op a nd b ottom d ivided f rom t he r est o f t he b ow b y a f lute . A bove a nd b elow t his i s ap air o f s mall l enticular b osses o n e ither s ide o f t he c entre l ine . T he l ower b ow i s p lain , h as a m edium a rris a nd a s light t aper t o a t wo-part f oot k nob . 2 2.

T he c atch -p late h as a p in- g roove .

( SF

1 963 ( 240)) .

T he s pring i s m ounted i n t he s ame w ay t hat t he o ne o n b rooch 2 1 h ad b een , t he l oop a nd c ollar d o n ot s urvive . T he u pper b ow c an h ardly

2 4

2 3

2 5 2 6

3 0

F ig. 4 5.

B rooches ; B ronze n os. 2 0-30 ;

1 44

I ron n o. 3 1

( full s ize)

b e

s aid

t o

b e

a t rumpet

b eing a lmost

s traight - s ided w ith a s trong

c entral a rris , n otched a nd r elieved i n t he c entre t o f orm a r idge . T he t op o f t he b ow h as a h ead-plate w ith a s mall m is shapen l ozenge s haped t ab o n i t . T he k nop i s a r epeat o f t hat o n b rooch 2 1 w ith a w eaker c entral m oulding . T he l ower b ow i s a lso a r epeat s ave f or t hree i ncised c hevrons a t t he u pper e nd a nd a s mall p rojecting f oot . T he c atch -p late h as a c ircular p iercing . ( SF 1 296 ( 11) p loughsoil) . 2 3.

O nly p art o f t he u pper b ow a nd t he h ead -p late s urvive . T he s pring n ow m issing , w as m ounted i n av ersion o f t he P olden H ill m anner - s ee b rooch 6 . O n t he h ead-plate i s a c ast - o n s keuomorph l oop a nd c ollar , t he l atter r educed t o a p edestal w ith a w ide g roove a cross i t . T he u pper b ow s prings f rom a s mall t rumpet e xpansion m ore l ike a s tep a nd i s d eeper t han w ide . 8 4 ( 3) p loughsoil).

2 4.

O n t he f ront a nd e ach s ide i s a b uried r idge .

T he p in- f ixing a rrangement a nd m uch o f t he u pper b ow a re m issing . l ower e nd o f t he u pper b ow h as a r ounded f ront .

( SF

T he

T he k nop c onsists o f a

c ross - c ut p rojecting c entral c ross - m oulding w ith p lain l ower o nes t op a nd b ottom . T he l ower b ow h as a r ough a rris a nd a t wo-part f oot -k nob . T he c atch-plate i s l ong , h as a c ircular h ole a nd , o n t he b ack o f t he r eturn ,

t hree e qual -s paced b uried c ross -r idges.

( SF 2 8A p loughsoil).

N one o f t hese b rooches c onforms w ith t he n ormal T rumpet ( cf . M acdonald a nd C urie , 1 929 , 5 53-5 , f ig . 15 .1) . A lthough 2 1 a nd 2 2 h ave i ts s pring m ounting s ystem . 2 1 i s t he c ommonest o f t he T rumpet v ariants r epresented h ere a nd t he c ore o f t he d istribution o f t he c losest p arallels i s f airly l imited , r unning f rom G loucestershire , n orth t hrough t he M arches , a nd i nto W arwickshire . T he w riter h as n ot r ecorded a ny o f t hese f rom a d ated c ontext . T urning t o t he c losest , t hese h ave t abs o n t he h ead , c ircular o r l ike t hat o n b rooch 2 2 a nd t hey h ave a s lightly w ider d istribution , b ut n one i s d ated . T hereafter , t he v ariations h ave d ecoration o n t he k nop o r s mall c hanges i n d etail a nd h ave y et w ider d istribution , b ut s till o ne w hich l ies m ainly i n w estern E ngland . O ne f rom S ilchester w as f ound w ith H adrianic -A ntonine p ottery ( Boon , 1 969 , 4 7 , f ig . 6 .7) ; a nother f rom U sk i s d ated t o F lavian-Trajanic t imes ( Boon a nd S avory , 1 975 , 5 4 , f ig . 2 .9) . I f t hese t wo s pecimens a re t o b e r elied o n , t he d ate r ange r uns f rom t he e nd o f t he f irst c entury t o n ear t he m iddle o f t he s econd . B rooches 2 2 a nd 2 4 a re l ess e asy t o p arallel a nd d ate , b ut t he s ame d ate-range m ay b e s uggested . A s f or b rooch 2 3 , p arallels a re f ew a nd u nhelpful r unning f rom s outhern E ngland ( Silchester , H ull C orpus 4 867 8 ) t o H adrian 's W all ( Haverfield , 1 919 , 1 4 , p l . i ii , 2 1) , a lthough t he l atter m ight i ndicate t hat i t w as i n u se i n t he s econd q uarter o f t he s econd c entury a t l east.

U nclassified ( fig. 4 5 , n o . 2 5). 2 5 .

T he p in i s h inged a nd i ts a xis b ar i s h oused a t t he b ottom o f a c rudely s emi -c ircular h ead-plate w hich h as a l oop a t t he t op a nd a s eries o f c ircular s tamps r ound t he u pper e dge . T he b ow i s p lain , l enticular i n s ection , h as a r ecurve i n i ts p rofile , a nd t apers t o a f oot-knob w ith t riple c ross -m ouldings. ( SF 5 004 ( 330)). T he f orm o f t he h ead -p late i s

t o b e f ound o ccasionally o n s ome T rumpets

w hich h ouse t he h inged p in j ust a s h ere ( cf .

M ackreth ,

1 973 ,

2 1-3 ,

f ig .

2 8) .

H owever t he h ead -p late i s a lso f ound o n av ariety w hich h as n o k nop a nd w hich o ccurs i n B ritain ( Nash -W illiams , 1 930 , f ig . 1 2) b ut n one a ppears t o b e d ated

145

h ere , s ave f or t he s pecimen f rom N ettleton d iscussed b elow .

T here i s a l arge

g roup o n t he c oninent w hich h as m any p arallels i n d etail w ith t he M arshfield b rooch ( cf . B öhme , 1 972 , 1 7-20 , T afln . 6 -7 , 3 55-96 ) , b ut h as a s pring -p in a nd ad ifferent s tyle o f c atch -p late . T he c ontinental g roup h as a g eneral d ate o f l ate s econd c entury a nd e arly t hird ( ibid .) , b ut t he d ifferences f rom t he B ritish b rooches a re p erhaps m ore f undamental t han t he s imilarities ,

t hus t he

r elationship a lready n oted w ith t he T rumpet s hould h ave s ome f orce , i n w hich c ase t he p resent t ype s hould b e e ntirely s econd c entury a nd m ay n ot n ecessarily r un t o t he e nd . T he b rooch f rom N ettleton i s a v ery c lose p arallel f or t he p resent o ne w ith t he a ddition o f d ecoration o n t he c atch p late ( Wedlake , 1 982 , 1 27 , f ig . 5 3 .49) . I t w as f ound i n t he f illing o f w hat i s d escribed a s t he d itch o f t he f irst-century e nclosure a nd , while t he o rnament o n t he c atch -p late m ight s uit s uch a d ate , t he p resence o f f our o ther b rooches s uggests t hat n ot a ll t he m aterial w as s o e arly ( ibid . , 1 27-30 , f igs . 5 3-4 .54 , 6 1 , 6 8-9) . T hey c onsist o f a s outhern v ariety o f t he T rumpet t ype , aH eadstud a nd t wo p late b rooches . would

a llow

a l ate

f irst-century

T he d ating w hich i s a vailable f or t hese d ate ,

b ut

s o

m any

w ould

b e

h ard

t o

a ccomm odate a nd i t i s m ore r easonable t o a ssign t o t hem t he f ull d ate r ange w hich w ould r un t hem u p t o t he m iddle o f t he s econd c entury . I n t he c ase o f o ne o f t he p late b rooches ( ibid . 1 30 , f ig . 5 4 .69) , a lthough t he p in f ixing a rrangment i s n ot d escribed , t he f orm o f t he l ug a t t he h ead o f t he p in a nd t he w ay i n w hich t he c atch-plate p rojects s uggests t hat t he p in w as s prung a nd m ounted o n a s ingle l ug - a m annerism w hich m arks a g roup w hich i s e ntirely s econd c entury i n d ate a nd w hich d evelops i nto a t ype w hich , a t p resent , c an o nly b e d ated t o t he f irst h alf o f t he t hird c entury . I n t he l ight o f t hese r eservations , t he p resent b rooch s hould b e s econd c entury u ntil m ore s ecure d ating i s a vailable ,

b ut m ay b elong t o t he f irst h alf .

N auheim D erivatives ( fig. 4 4 , n o. 3 1 a nd f ig . 4 5 , n os. 2 6-30). A ll h ave a f our - c oil-internal-chord s pring , w here t his c an b e s een . 2 6.

T he s pring i s c omplete . T he b ow i s r ectangular i n s ection a nd t apers t o ap ointed f oot . T he b ow h as t wo p airs o f c ross - c uts s paced e qually d own i ts l ength . A bove t he u pper p air t here a re a s et o f h and - c ut n icks o n e ach s ide o f t he b ow. ( SF 4 069 ( 311)).

2 7.

H alf t he s pring a nd t he i nternal c hord a re p resent . T he r ectangular s ection w ith a p air o f c ross - c uts a t t he t op t he t op o f t he c atch -p late w ith a f lute b etween . M ost p late i s m issing , b ut t he s urviving f ragment s hows p art p iercing. ( SF 4 52 ( 105) p loughsoil).

2 8 .

T he s pring i s m issing . t op ,

w hat

l ooks

l ike

b ow a nd o f o f

h as a t hin a nother a t t he c atcha c ircular

T he b ow h as a c ircular s ection w ith , t wo

s ets

o f

t hree

c ross -g rooves

n ear t he

s eparated

b y a

f lute . T here m ay b e a nother s et o f t hree j ust a bove t he b eginning o f t he c atch -p late. ( SF 4 74 ( 151)). 2 9.

C omplete e xcept f or h alf t he s pring ,

t he b ow h as a t hin l ozenge - s haped

s ection . T he c atch-plate w as h ammered o ut a nd i t l ooks a s t hough t he w hole b rooch w as c old-worked f rom a s imple b illet o f m etal . ( SF 6 3 ( 3) p loughsoil. 3 0 .

N ow i n s everal p ieces ,

e lements o f

t he s pring a re p resent a nd t he b ow

h as a r ounded s ection w ith a s harp b end a t t he t op a nd a r ecurve i n i ts p rofile. ( SF 3 013 ( 175)).

146

3 1.

I ron . H alf t he s pring a nd m ost o f t he b ow , w ithout t he c atch -p late , i s p resent . T he b ow h as a c ircular s ection a s f ar a s c an b e s een u nder t he c orrosion .

T he

d escent

o f

( SF 2 350 ( 66)).

t he N auheim

i s k nown i n g eneral

t erms ,

b ut

t he

i nitial

s tages a re o bscure a s i t i s t he f ramed c atch-plate o nly w hich d efines e ither t he o riginal t ype o r t he a lternative w hich i s l argely c ontemporary w ith i t , t he D rahtfibel . N one o f t he p resent b rooches c ould b e c onsidered t o b e c lose t o

t he p oint

o f d eparture

f rom e ither t ype which l eads n aturally t o a

l anceolate b ow o r o ne w ith a r od-like s ection . 2 6 a nd 2 7 m ay b e p ut t ogether a s b oth h ave t he s ame k ind o f o rnament , a part f rom t he n icks i n t he s ide o f t he b ow o n 2 6 .

2 8 m ay a lso b elong ,

b ut t he s ection o f t he b ow s uggests

o therwise . H owever , d ating i s d ifficult . A p arallel f or s traighter b ow , b ut p robably w ith a s ingle h ole i n t he c atch-plate , S keleton G reen , P uckeridge , H erts . , a nd w as d ated t o c . A .D . 1 5-25 1 981, 1 32 , f ig . 6 9 .28) , o therwise t here i s l ittle i ndication . T he

2 7 with a c omes f rom ( Partridge , s ites f rom

w hich t he a pprox imate p arallels c ome c an b e s een t o b e t hose w hich e ither h ave w ell -e stablished

p re-Roman

o ccupation ,

o r

a re

e arly

R oman .

T his

s lender

e vidence s uggests t hat m ost h ad p robably p assed o ut o f u se b y c . A .D. 6 0. B rooch 2 9 b elongs t o as mall s ub-group o f t he g eneral t ype w hich s eems t o b elong t o t he w estern p art o f c entral s outhern E ngland . I t h ad e merged b y A .D . 5 0 a s a n e xample f rom H od H ill s hows ( Brailsford , 1 962 , 7 , f ig . 7 ,C19 ; R ichmond , 1 968 , 1 17-9) a nd i t c ontinued a t l east i nto t he n ext d ecade a s a nother f rom W addon H ill d emonstrates ( Webster , 1 965 , 1 44 , f ig . 6 . 1) . T here i s n o r eason o n p resent g rounds f or s upposing t hat i t s hould h ave l asted m uch b eyond c . 6 0 . H owever , i n t he c ase o f b rooch 3 0 , s uggests t hat i t i s u nlikely t o b e p re-Conquest u ntil n ear t he e nd o f t he f irst c entury . When D erivatives , t here i s n o l ack o f p arallels w ith

t he s harp b end a nd r ecurve a nd i t m ay h ave c ontinued i t c omes t o I ron N auheim r od-like b ows e ven t hough

t here h as b een a g eneral t endency t o u nder-represent t he n umber o f i ron b rooches i n e xcavation r eports . T he e arliest w ith c lose d ating c omes f rom S keleton G reen , P uckeridge , H erts . , f rom a c ontext d ated c . 1 0 B .C . -A .D . 2 0 ( Partr idge , 1 981 , 1 32 , f ig . 6 6 .1) ; a nother f rom S warling , K ent , m ay d ate t o t he f irst c entury B .C. ( Stead, 1 976 , 4 10 , f ig . 4 .3) ; t wo f rom S tation R oad , P uckeridge , H erts . , a re d ated c . 2 6 -C laudius ( Partridge , 1 979 , 3 5 , f ig . 6 .1 , 2 ) ; a nd o ne f rom S ilchester w as d ated t o p re-Conquest t imes ( Boon , 1 969 , 4 7 , f ig .

6 . 1) .

I ron e xamples a re

f ound o n R oman s ites a nd ,

a s

t hey w ould h ave

b een e asy t o m ake , t hey c ould n o d oubt h ave b een l ong i n m anufacture , b ut i ron i s n ot a c ommon m aterial f or b rooches i n t he R oman p eriod a nd most h ad p robably p assed f rom u se b y c . 6 0.

H od H ill. 3 2.

O nly t he u pper p art o f t he b rooch i s p resent ( fig . 5 1, n o . 6 4) . a xis b ar o f t he h inged p in i s h oused i n t he r olled -o ver h ead .

T he A t

t he

t op a re t wo c ross - m ouldings a nd t he p art o f t he u pper p anel which s urvives c onsists o f f ive v ertical m ouldings , t he m iddle t hree b eing g rouped t ogether . ( SF 1 325 ( 8) p loughsoil). N o H od H ill h as b een p ublished f rom a p re - C onquest c ontext .

T heir

d istribtion i n B ritain s hows t hat t hey a re t o b e e xpected o n R oman s ites i nto t he 6 0s o f t he f irst c entury , m ade b efore t hen .

a lthough i t i s l ikely t hat t hey h ad c eased t o b e

T hat t hey h ad l argely p assed o ut o f u se b y 7 0 i s s hown b y

147

t he s mall n umber f ound i n t he l ands t aken i nto t he P rovince b y P etillius C erialis.

P enannulars ( fig. 4 6 , n os . 3 3-35 a nd f ig. 4 7, n o . 3 ). 3 3.

T he r ing h as a c ircular s ection . O ne t erminal s urvives a nd c onsists o f ak nob w ith a b asal m oulding . ( SF 10 ( 104) p loughsoil).

3 4.

T he r ing i s d istorted a nd h as a c ircular s ection . E ach t erminal s imply f olded b ack o n t he r ing. ( SF 1 345 ( 11) p loughsoil).

3 5.

T he r ing h as a c ircular s ection .

O ne t erminal i s m issing .

i s

T he o ther

i s f olded b ack o n t o t he r ing , h as a g roove a t e ach e nd a nd a c oncavity o n e ach s ide b etween t hese. ( SF 4 066 ( 307)). 3 6 .

T he r ing h as a r ectangular s ection a nd , u nusually , i s ' beaded ' r ound t he fig . 4 7 , n o . 3 ) . E ach t erminal i s c rudely t urned o utside e dge ( n a p roper c url o r f olded o ver . T he p attern i s o utwards n ot i racelet , b ut i nspection s hows t hat t he ' beading ' d oes r eminiscent o f a b n ot r un i nside t he t erminals a nd t he o bject m ust b e r egarded a s b eing t a ppears t o b e t oo s mall t o b e ab racelet , u nless f or a c omplete . A s i b aby , t he i tem i s b est t hought o f a s ap ennannular b rooch . ( SF 5 10 ( 50) p loughsoil). 3 3 b elongs t o F owler 's t ype A 3 ;

3 4 t o t ype D ; 3 5 t o t ype D 2 a nd 3 6 i s m ore

t ype D t han B . T he d ating w hich h as b een a pplied t o t hese i s : T ype A 3 , f irst c entury A .D . - S axon g raves ; t ype D , f irst c entury B .C . -t hird c entury A .D ; t ype D 2 , f irst - f ourth c enturies A .D . ( Fowler , 1 960 , 1 52 , 1 74 , 1 76) . T he d efinitions

o f t hese t ypes ,

i n m ost c ases ,

c over m ore t han o ne v ariation o n

t he g eneral t ype b eing l isted . T he l imited d ating w hich f ollows i s d erived f rom s pecimens w hich a re a s n ear t o t he p resent e xamples a s p ossible . B rooch 3 3 : R udston , c . 1 40160 , t hird c entury , a nd p ossibly t hird c entury ( Stead , 1 980 , 9 5 , f ig . 6 221-2) ; H od H ill p re A .D . 5 0 ( Brailsford , 1 962 , 1 2 , f ig . 1, E 2 : R ichmond , 1 968 , 17-9) ; M aiden C astle , 1 50100 B .C . ( Wheeler , 1 943 , 2 64 , f ig . 8 6 .2) . A part f rom t he e xample f rom M aiden C astle , t he d ate r ange r uns f rom t he f irst c entury i nto t he t hird w ith t he p ossibility t hat t he l atest m ay b e r esidual : t hose w hich h ave b een n oted i n S axon g raves s hould b e r egarded a s c asual f inds . T ype D : M aiden C astle, c .A .D . 2 5-70 ( ibid 2 64, f ig . 8 6 .7) . M uch m ay d epend u pon t he f orm o f t he p in , w hich i s u sually m issing : o ne f rom S tockton , W ilts . , c ould , o n t he s tyle o f t he p in b e p laced i n t he f irst c entury B .C . Man K ivell , 1 927 , 3 91, p l . I I ,F ; F owler , 1 960 , 1 50 , t ype A , 1 556 ) . 1 3 ,

T ype D 2 : H od H ill , b efore 5 0 ( BM G uide , 2 2 , f ig . 1 2 .49 ; B railsford , 1 962 , f ig . 1, 1 E18 ; R ichmond , 1 968 , 17-9) . I t s hould b e n oted t hat , a s n one

o f t he r ings o n b rooches 2 8-30 i s d ecorated , n one w ith s uch h as b een g iven a s a p arallel . B rooch 3 6 i s t oo m uch a t v ariance w ith t hose r ecorded b y t he w riter f or a nything u seful t o b e s aid a bout i t .

F ragments. 3 7.

A c orroded p in w ith o ne c oil o f a s pring ( fig . 5 1, n o . 6 3) . ( SF 171 ( 11) p loughsoil).

N o c omment .

3 8 .

A f ragment o f a p in a nd a c oil o f a s pring . ( 20), n ot i llustrated).

( SF 1 744 B 4

148

N o c omment .

3 5

F ig. 4 6.

B ronze b rooches ( full s ize)

1 49

3 9.

I ron .

A p in f rom a h inged -p in b rooch .

N o c omment .

( SF

2 363

( 66)

p loughsoil , n ot i llustrated).

O ther O bjects. 4 0 .

A s trip o f m etal , s traight s ided , b ent a nd b roken a t b oth e nds , o ne f ace i s f lat , t he o ther h as a b ordering r idge o n e ither s ide o f a s welled s urface w ith a b uried r idge d own t he c entre ( fig . 5 1, n o . 6 2) . T he o bject l ooks s uperficially l ike a b rooch a nd c ould b elong t o o ne o f t he A ucissa s eries , e xcept t hat a ll b rooches o f t hat s chool h ave t apering s ides t o t heir b ows. ( SF 1 850 ( 201)).

150

O THER O BJECTS O F C OPPER A LLOY . P .M . B arford a nd M argaret H ughes w ith c ontributions b y J . B ailey a nd M artin H enig.

B racelets

( figs. 4 7 a nd 4 8).

B racelets o f c opper a lloy w ere a c ommon f orm

e ornament

f rom t he l ate

t hird t o t he l ate f ourth e arly f ifth c enturies . T he Marshfield s ite p roduced t wenty - f our f ragments o f c opper a lloy b racelets , a nd a s leeve f rom a b one b racelet .

O nly f our f ragments w ere s tratified .

M any o f t he M arshfield b racelets c an b e p aralleled i n t he l arge g roups p ublished f rom L ydney ( Wheeler a nd W heeler , 1 932 , 8 2-3 , f ig . 1 7) , L ankhills c emetery ,

W inchester ( Clarke ,

1 979 ,

3 01-11) ;

4 5) a nd P ortchester ( Webster i n C unliffe ,

C olchester ( Crummy ,

1 975a ,

2 03-9) ,

1 983 ,

3 7-

w hile a n umber

o f

i tems m ay a lso b e p aralleled f rom l ocal s ites . T he L ankhills b racelet t ypology ,

a lthough n ot u niversally a pplicable

( especially w hen d ealing w ith s uch f ragmentary m aterial) i s au seful s tarting p oint f or d iscussion o f b racelets o f c oppy a lloy . W here p ossible , o f t hat r eport m ay p roduce a n umber 'of p arallels f rom o ther s ites ,

r eference b ut a part

f rom t hat , p arallels w ill o nly b e c ited a s n ecessary . A lthough h e d istinguishes w ire b racelets ( his C lasses A a nd B ) f rom o ther b racelets ,

C larke

d oes

n ot

d ivide

b racelets

b y

t he

m ethod

o f

m anufacture

( e .g . s ome o f h is C lass D w ould h ave t o b e c ast w hile o thers w ould b e c ut f rom s heet m etal) . M ost o f t he M arshfield b racelets d o , i n f act , f all i nto C larke 's ( 1978 , 3 04-7 , f ig . 3 7) C lass D , ( strip b racelets) a nd h ere i t i s p roposed

t o

m ake

o ne s ubdivision o f

h is

g roup

D 1

( strip

b racelets

w ith

a

r ectangular c ross s ection) i nto t hose d ecorated o n t he e dge, a nd t hose d ecorated o n t he f ace . T he Vge d ecorated b racelets 1 3 , 1 7 , a nd 1 8

( N o s .

b elow) w ith c renellated e dges i

m ay h ave b een c ut f rom s heet m etal ( it b eing

d ifficult t o b end a r ectangular s ectioned s trip i nto a t rue c ircle e dgeways w hile m aintaining a t rue r ectangular s ection ) , o n t he o ther h and , t he s tip m ay h ave b een b ent a fter t he c renellated d ecoration w as f iled , m aking i t e asier i n s ome c ases t o b end t he s trip . T his would n ot a pply t o N o . 5 t hough . W ith t he f ace-decorated b racelets t he o bject w ould h ave b een m ade ( cast o r c ut o ut) a s a f lat s trip a nd t he d ecoration a nd f astenings m ade b efore t he o bject was b ent i nto s hape . Most o f C larke 's t ype D 2 b racelets ( strip b racelets w ith o val o r D-s haped c ross - s ection) w ould h ave b een m ade f rom c ast b lanks . A ll a re f ace-decorated a nd p robably w ere d ecorated f lat a nd t hen b ent i nto s hape . p arallel o rnament ; s imilarly , A s

H is t ype E ( elaborately d ecorated s trip b racelets w ith r epresented a t M arshfield b y N o . 4 ) would h ave b een m ade

a nd t his w ould a id t he s etting o ut o f t he p attern .

s uggested a bove m any o f t he b racelets a ppear t o h ave b een b roken u p

( probably

f or r e-using t he

m etal) .

a nd m ost w ere t wisted a nd b ent .

N one w as

f ound s ubstantially

c omplete ,

T he d iameter o f t he c urve c ould b e s een o n

151

e ight e xamples . T he s mall b racelet N o . 5 h ad a d iameter o f c . 40 mm . , N o . 1 5 h ad a c urvature o f d iameter c . 45 mm . , w hile s ix o ther f ragments ( Nos . 6 , 7 ,

1 1,

1 8 ,

1 9 a nd 2 1) h ave a c urvature o f c . 65 mm .

d iameter o f t he s hale b racelets p .

2 33) .

T his

m ight

( compared w ith t he s eem

t o b e

r ather a

s mall d iameter , a nd i t m ight b e a sked i f a ll o f t hese a re c hild 's b racelets , b ut i n f act a b racelet o f t his s ize c ould b e p assed o ver t he h ands o f s everal f emale m embers o f t he p ost -e xcavation t eam ( but i n s ome c ases w ith a l ittle d ifficulty o ff).

-o ne

w onders h ow

o ften b racelets

S ome o f t he b racelets ( Nos . a lloy

w ire

( see p .

1 67) w hile

1 4 ,

m ost

1 5 , o f

w ithout

f asteners

w ere

t aken

1 6 a nd 2 1) w ere m ade f rom c opper t he

r ectangular -s ectional

b racelets

w ere m ade f rom b lanks p robably c ut f rom s heet m etal ( Nos . 8 , 9 , 1 0 , 1 3 , 1 7 , 1 8 , 1 9 a nd 2 2) . T he r emainder ( Nos . 1 , 2 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , a nd 2 0) w ere made f rom c ast b lanks . T he b lanks w ere d ecorated w ith f iled o r p unched d ecoration .

A v ariety

o f n eedle-files w ere u sed a nd t o s ave r epetition , w here n o t ool i s m entioned i n t he d escription o f d ecorated s trip b racelets b elow , t his m ay b e a ssumed t o h ave b een t he m ethod u sed . d etail i n t he a rchive .

T he t echnology o f e ach f ragment i s d escribed i n

B racelets a ssumed t o h ave b een s tamped w ere f iled a fterwards t o r emove a ny s light r idges a round i mpressed d ecoration . T he f ine p reservation o f m any p ieces a lso m akes i t p ossible t o s ee t hat m any b racelets h ad b een p olished o r b urnished a s w ell ( this b eing d istinct f rom w ear , a s s een f or e xample o n N o . W here

1 ) .

b racelets w ere

d amaged

b y

t he p lough o r u pon d iscovery ,

a nd t he

m etal e xposed , i t w as o f ab rassy c olour , b ut n o a nalyses h ave t aken p lace t o p rove t hat i t w as i ndeed b rass o r a l ight - c oloured b ronze . I n t he f ollowing d escriptions t he t ypes q uoted a re C larke 's

( 1979 ,

3 01-

1 1) , L ankhills ' C lasses . A part f rom t he w ire b racelets a nd N o . 2 1 m ost a re ' f aze d ecorated ' ( above) w hile N os . 5 , 1 3 a nd 1 7 -2 0 a re e dge d ecorated . 1 .

F ragment o f C larke D 2 b racelet w ith e ye o f D ecorated w ith f iled f acets a nd d ot-and-circle

f astening s urviving . d esigns ( probably c ut

w ith c entre - b it a nd n ot s tamped) w orn n ear t erminal . S uperficially s imilar t o b racelets f rom L ankhills ( Clarke , f ig . 7 6 , n o . 10) , V erulamium ( Waugh a nd G oodburn i n F rere ,

1 979 , 1 972 ,

3 06 , 1 20 ;

f ig . 3 2 ,

1 973 ,

1 00

n o . 3 3) a nd S hakenoak

( Brodribb ,

H ands a nd W alker ,

f ig . 5 4 .191) a ll l ate . T here i s a c loser p arallel f rom N ettleton ( Wedlake , 1 982 , f ig . 9 1, n o . 2 9) . ( SF 8 8 ( 5) p loughsoil) . 2 .

F ragment o f C larke D 2 b racelet w ith p art o f h ook s urviving . w ith f iled f acets a nd l ines ( the f acets o n N os .

D ecorated

1a nd 2 p roduced w ith

t he e dge o f a r ectangular s ectional f ile r ather t han w ith n eedle f iles). N o e xact p arallel b ut p robably s imilar t o C larke 's t ype D 2c ( 1979 , 3 06 w ith r eferences) t o w hich m ay b e a dded l ocal e xamples f rom N ettleton ( Wedlake , 1 982 , f ig . 9 0 , n o . 1 8) a nd C irencester ( Viner , 1 982 , f iche 2 /5 B 11 , f ig . 5 5 , n o . 5 1) . ( SF 2 297 ( 66) p loughsoil) . 3 .

P ennanular b rooch ( described o n p .

1 48 , n o . 3 6).

4 .

F ragment , p robably o f C larke E b racelet , v ery c rudely d ecorated a nd t he

152

‘ , )

6 1 9

4

-

-

G 2 2 2 2

7

9

I

1 2

1 6

F ig. 4 7 .

O bjects o f c opper a lloy ( full s ize)

1 53

e nds o f t he f ragment h ave b een c ut .

N o e xact p arallels

( cf .

C larke ,

1 979 , f ig . 8 6 , n o . 4 56) . T he d ecoration c onsists o f ap anel f illed w ith p unched d ots , f ollowed b y t wo d eep i ncised l ines a cross t he b racelet t hen a z one o f c hevron d ecoration c ontinuing s ingle f acets o n a lternate e dges a nd f illed i n w ith p unched d ots . ( SF 2 341 ( 66) p loughsoil). 5 .

A bout h alf o f p robable b racelet w ith ' scalloped ' e dge. C ast w ith f acets f inished a t l east w ith a r ound f ile 7 mm . i n d iameter . N o e xact p arallels k nown ( cf . o ne f rom C irencester , V iner , 1 982 , f ig . 8 0 , n o . 2 28 , p . 1 32) u nless r elated t o C larke 's t ype D id . R oman? ( SF 1 4 ( 1) p loughsoil) .

6 .

F ragment o f b racelet ( Clarke t ype D 2g) w ith f iled f acets c reating ' b eaded ' e ffect . S imilar t o o ne f rom L ankhills ( Clarke ,

1 979 , 3 05 , f ig . 9 4 , n o . 5 53 w ith

r efs .) a nd f rom C irencester ( Viner o p. c it . , B ll, ( SF 7 .

P ossibly p re

5 79

f ig .

5 4 ,

n o .

( 50) p loughsoil) .

F ragment

o f C larke D 2

b racelet w ith g rouped f iled l ines .

O ne e nd o f

f ragment e xpands s lightly p robably f or t he e ye o f a f astening . r est o f t he f ragment s eems t o b e u ndecorated . ( SF 2 038 p loughsoil). 8 .

4 7) .

T he ( 66)

F ragment o f C larke D 1 b racelet w ith g rooved e dges ( presumably c ut w ith a f ixed t ooth a nd t he s trip f ed t hrough a gainst i t) .

I n b etween t hese

l ines i s a r unning s croll ( poorly s paced) m ade b y t he r epeating Ss haped m otif i mpressed w ith a v ery f ine s tamp . .( law w as t he s tamp i tself m ade?) . T he o nly p arallels s eem t o b e f ragments f rom N ettleton ( Wedläke , 1 982 , f ig . 9 1, n o . 3 2) a nd C olchester ( Crummy, 1 983 , 4 1-4, f ig . 4 4, n o .

9 .

1 705) b ut ,

t o j udge f rom t he d rawing n ot m ade w ith t he s ame s tamp .

2 365

p loughsoil) .

( 66)

( SF

F ragment o f C larke D 1 b racelet d ecorated w ith c hisel c uts i n g roups o n a lternate

e dges .

S urface

f iled

f lat

a fter

d ecoration .

' C hisel - c ut

d ecoration ' i s r easonably c ommon o n t hese b racelets , e .g . f rom I lchester ( Leach , 1 982 , f ig . 17) a nd s ee a lso a g roup f rom a d itch a t R ichborough w ith a c rossbow f ibula o f K ellers ' t ype 3 A ( 1971 , 3 7-8) , ( Bushe-Fox , 1 949 , 1 42-3 , p l . X LIX) . T here a re n o c lose p arallels k nown t o t he w riter f or t his b racelet .

( SF 2 283 ( 66) p loughsoil) .

1 0.

B adly e roded f ragment o f b racelet ( Clarke ' incised ' l ines . ( SF 6 2 ( 3) p loughsoil) .

1.

F ragment o f s trip b racelet p robably m ade f rom a c ast b lank ( there i s a s uggestion

o f a c asting

D 1)

w ith

o blique

s hallow

' f lash ' o n o ne k nob ) w ith k nobbed e dge .

T wo

s hallow i ncised l ines ( see N o . 8 a bove) b ound t wo r ows o f t riangular i mpressions o r e xcisions , t he m ethod o f m anufacture o f which i s u ncertain . p aralleled

N o p arallels , a lthough t he s tyle o f t he b racelet m ay b e a t C amerton ( dedlake , 1 958 , 2 51 , f ig . 5 7 , n o . 9 1 3) a nd t he

d ecoration , t wo r ows o f d epressions , a t L ankhills 8 5 , n os . 4 28 , 4 30) . ( SF 4 57 ( 105) p loughsoil) . 1 2.

( Clarke ,

1 979 ,

f ig .

S leeve o f a b one b racelet d ecorated o n e xterior o f c urve w ith i ncised d ecoration .

P unched h oles h ave t races o f i ron c orrosion p roducts o n

t he i nside ( from i ron r ivets?) .

( SF 1 954 ( 240)) .

154

( Cf . ap robable

t ubular s leeve f rom N ettleton ,

W edlake ,

1 982 ,

f ig . 8 8 . n o . 4 3) .

A lso n ot i llustrated : ap ossible f ragment o f p lain s leeve o f b one b racelet. ( SF 4 026 ( 251). 1 3.

S mall f ragment o f C larke t ype D ie b racelet ( see N o . 1 7) .

( SF 2 202 ( 66)

p loughsoil). 1 4.

F ragment o f t wo s trand t wisted w ire b racelet C larke t ype A la . S moothed a fter t wisting b y h ammering t o p roduce o verall s quare c ross s ection . A v ery c ommon t ype s ee C larke ( 1979 , 3 02) f or p arallels , a nd W edlake ( 1982 , f ig . 9 0 , n o . 3 ) a s w ell a s m any o ther l ocal s ites . 1 323

( 8)

(e

p loughsoil) .

1 5.

F ragment o f s imilar ,

t hinner b racelet .

( SF 2 3A ( 1) p loughsoil) .

1 6.

F ragment o f t wo s trand t wisted w ire b racelet , C larke t ype A la , o nly o ne s ide s moothed b y h ammering a fter t wisting . ( See p . 1 67 f or m anufacture o f w ire) .

1 7.

( SF 2 455 ( 66) p loughsoil) .

F ragment o f C larke t ype D ie b racelet d ecoration f iled o ut w ith n eedle f ile . P attern s omewhat i rregular . N umerous p arallels s ee C larke , 1 979 ,

3 05 ,

o ther l ocal e xamples

c ome

f rom N ettleton ( Wedlake ,

1 982 ,

f ig . 9 1, n o . 2 0 e tc .) ; C irencester ( Viner ( op. c it . s upra) B ll, f ig . 5 4 , n o . 4 4) ; C atsgore ( Leach , 1 982, f ig . 7 9 , n o . 1 0) . ( SF 1 155 ( 1) p loughsoil). 1 8.

F ragment

o f

C larke

t ype D id b racelet .

F iled d ecoration .

P arallels

n umerous ( but t his t ype i s n ot a s c ommon a s t ype D ic i t s eems) . P arallels i n C larke ( 1979 , 3 05) t o w hich o ne f rom G atcombe ( Branigan , 1 977 , 1 20 , f ig . 2 6 , n o . 5 25) m ay b e a dded . S eemingly n ot a c ommon t ype i n t his a rea . ( SF 1 846 ( 201)) . A lso n ot i llustrated : a s mall f ragment o f a nother w ider t ype D ie b racelet . ( SF 6 86 ( 52) p loughsoil) . 1 9.

F ragment C larke t ype D lh b racelet w ith f ile o r c hisel c ut n otches o n o pposed e dges . f rom G atcombe

S ee C larke ( 1979 , 3 06) f or p arallels t o w hich e xamples ( Branigan , 1 977 , 1 20 , f ig. 2 6 , n o . 5 23) ; I lchester

( Leach , 1 982 , f ig . 17 , n o . 4 2) a nd C irencester ( Viner , 8 0 , n o . 1 79 ) m ay b e a dded . ( SF 8 80 ( 66) p loughsoil) . 2 0.

F ragment o f c ast b racelet w ith c ircular c ross - s ection .

1 982 ,

1 29 ,

( Clarke ,

f ig .

1 979 ,

C lc?) . P robable p arallels i nclude a b racelet f rom N ettleton ( Wedlake , 1 982 , 2 56 , f ig . 13 , n o . 3 , n ow i n p rivate p ossession) a nd a s imilar b racelet f rom V erulamium Wheeler a nd W heeler , 1 936 , 2 17 , p l . L X , n o . 6 ) a nd C olchester ( Crummy, 1 983, 4 5 , fig. 4 6 , n o . 1 717) which a re p ossibly r elated t o s ome o f t he b racelets i n t he g roup a lready m entioned f rom R ichborough ( Bushe-Fox , 1 949 , p l . X LIX) . ( SF 1 804 ( 201)). 2 1.

F ragment o f a C larke t ype B 2a b racelet . t wisted t hin s quare - s ectional w ire . f ig .

H ook t erminal m ade f rom

L ankhills N o . 4 42

( Clarke ,

8 5) i s s imilar i n s ize a nd l ightness o f c onstruction .

1 979 ,

( SF 2 494

u /s). 2 2.

B adly

f ragmented

t hin

( silver?)

s trip

( 0 .75

x 3 r am .

i n s ection)

t wisted . P robably f rom a b racelet . S imilar t o L ankhills t ype B 2a b racelet ( e .g . C larke , 1 979 , f ig . 8 1, n o . 2 19) n o o ther p arallels k nown

155

t o t he w riters . ( SF 3 12 ( 105) p loughsoil) . A lso n ot i llustrated : ( SF 4 32 ( 105) p loughsoil) .

A lmost c ertainly

f ragment o f t he s ame o bject . O ne o ther s trip f ragment ( SF 1 272 ( 11) p loughsoil ,

n ot i llustrated) i s

a

p robably a b racelet f ragment , b ut i s n ot d ecorated . S ee a lso b racelet f ragment p . 1 59 , n o . 3 9 a nd f ig. 4 9 . T here i s l ittle p oint i n a ttempting t o d iscuss t he d ating o f e ach i ndividual f ragment , s ince m ost a re f rom p loughsoil c ontexts a nd d ated p arallels u ncommon f or s ome t ypes . M ost w ill f all i nto t he m id-third t o l ate f ourth-century d ate r ange . T here w ould b e g reat v alue i n t he c ompilation o f a c omplete c or pus o f R omano-British b racelets , t heir c onstruction a nd d ecoration . T his w ould d emonstrate n o d oubt t hat s ome t ypes w ere f airly w idespread ( e .g . t wisted w ire b racelets o f t ype A la , a nd e dge d ecorated s trip b racelets o f t ype D ie) w hile o thers h ave a f airly l ocalised d istribution p robably r eflecting l ocal p roduction c entres . A lso o ther f actors c ould b e i nvestigated ( what , f or e xample , i s t he s ignificance ( if a ny) o f t he a bsence o f t ype D ie f rom C amerton o r G atcombe?) . N ot s urprisingly m any o f t he M arshfield b racelet f ragments c ould b e c losely p aralleled a t N ettleton . T he n umerous p arallels w ith L ankhills a re l ess s ignificant ,

a s i t m erely r eflects t he h igh s tandard o f e xcavation a nd

p ublication w hich t he L ankhills r eport r epresents , l arge n umber ( 94 e xamples) o f b racelets i llustrated .

N ecklace F astenings o r L inks

a nd

t he

c omparatively

( fig . 4 8).

F our p robable n ecklace l inks w ere f ound a t M arshfield , t hree s imilar : 2 3.

L ink , o ne l oop w orn t hrough , t he o ther b roken . M ade o f t hin ( 1 mm . d iameter) w ire d oubled t o f orm o ne l oop a nd s pirally w ound . ( SF 2 269 ( 66) p loughsoil).

2 4.

S imilar

l ink ,

s lightly

l onger .

( SF

2 328

p robably

a h ook ,

( 66) p loughsoil ,

n ot

i llustrated). 2 5.

A nother

p ossible

( Clarke ,

1 979 ,

( 329) ,

n ot

l ink

f ig . 8 7) n ow b roken .

c f .

L ankhills,

M ade o f t hicker w ire .

n o .

4 24 ,

( SF 5 025

i llustrated) .

T hese t hree c oiled l inks m ay b e c ompared w ith a n e xample f rom N ettleton ( Wedlake , 1 982 , 2 07 , f ig . 8 5 , n o . 9 ) " from a t hird - c entury l evel" u sed i n t he m iddle o f a c hain o f d oubled c ircular l inks . E vidence f rom L ankhills ( e .g . C larke , 1 979 , f ig . 8 7 , n o . 4 24) s uggests t hat s ome o f t hese l inks m ay h ave b een f astenings f or s tring b ead n ecklaces . T his w ould a ccord w ith t he M arshfield f inds , a s n o d ecorative c hains w ere f ound. M etal n ecklace f astenings g enerally t end t o b e t hird o r f ourth c entury i n d ate . F or e xample f rom G adebridge P ark ( Neal , 1 974 , 1 33 , f ig . 5 8 , n o . 7 5) ; C irencester ( Viner , 1 982 , 1 32 , f ig . 8 0 , 1 96c) ; C anterbury/Bonn ( Johns , 1 979 , 2 6.

4 21) a nd N ettleton ( Wedlake ,

1 982 ,

2 04 ,

f ig . 8 5 ,

n os .

C omplete p robable n ecklace l ink w ith o pposed l oops .

1a nd 2 ) . C f .

ah ook f rom

N ettleton ( Wedlake , 1 982, 2 10 , f ig . 8 8 , n o . 4 0) a nd a h ook a nd l oop

156

2 3

2 1

F ig . 4 8 .

O bjects o f c opper a lloy ( full s ize)

6

3 0

2 7

3 4

2 9

28

h d i ug

3 1

3 3

3 2

3 9

3 6 3 8 35

F ig . 4 9.

O bjects o f c opper a lloy ( full s ize)

1 57

f rom C olchester ( Crummy , i ncised d ecoration .

R ings 2 7.

( fig. 4 9)

( SF

1 983 , 17

11 ,

f ig .

13 ,

n o .

2 950) .

C ast , w ith

( 50) p loughsoil) .

M artin H enig.

R ing w ith p ronounced t riangular s houlders e ach o f w hich i s o rnamented w ith v ertical i ncised l ines . B elow e ach i s an otch a nd a t t his p oint o n t he h oop , a c arination . A bove e ach s houlder a re l onger n otches , b etween t he t wo s houlders i s a p lain f lat b ar o n w hich i s a r aised c ircular b ezel , n ot , a pparently, e ngraved w ith a s ignet d evice a s m ight b e e xpected . T he r ing i s o f a t hird -c entury f orm w hich c ontinues i nto t he f ourth c entury .

S ee H enkel

( 1913 ,

8 7 ,

n o .

9 30

( Dalheim )) ,

a lso n ote

s imilar s ilver e xample f rom t he W ookey H ole c emetery ( Boon , n o. 2 ). D iameter 1 9 m m . ( SF 2 53 ( 78)). 2 8 .

R ing ,

f lattened h oop o f m etal w ith t riangular s houlders ,

f airly

1 978 , 4 0 ,

i ncompletely

p reserved . T wo n otches b elow e ach s houlder w hich w as o utlined w ith i ncised l ines a nd r illing . T ype r elated t o N o . 2 7 . ( SF 8 08 ( 52) p loughsoil). 2 9.

R ing ,

b and o f m etal w hich f lattends a nd e xpands .

a nd t ail o f h oop.

D iameter 1 9 m m .

G ap b etween h ead

( SF 2 2 ( 1) p loughsoil).

3 0 .

F ragment o f r ing , s imple h oop o f b ronze.

( SF 9 31

( 66) p loughsoil).

3 1.

R ing , e xpands t owards b ezel ; a t riangular b ar a t e ach s houlder . C ircular b ezel o rnamented w ith t hree d ots o f b ronze s urrounded b y e namel . H oop b roken , d iameter 1 6 m m . ( SF 4 ( 1) p loughsoil). D udley ( 1967 , 2 2 , n o . 1 3) ( Nor 'nour) i s s imilar , a lso B ushe -F ox , ( 1949 , 1 28 , n o. 1 03) ( Richborough) t hird c entury A .D. T his r ing w as e xamined b y D r . J ustine B ayley o f t he A ncient M onuments L aboratory w ho r eports t hat a lthough o nly t races o f e namel s urvive i t w as o riginally r ed .

3 2.

B ronze

r ing ,

p lain f lattened h oop

o f m etal w idth 4 mm . ,

d iameter 1 6

mm . N otch o n e ach s ide b ut s ection o f h oop ( and b ezel i f a ny) a bove i s m issing . ( SF 1 421 ( 8) p loughsoil). 3 3.

S imple h oop o f b ronze ,

i ncomplete ,

d iameter 1 8 mm .

( SF 2 5

( 3)

p loughsoil). 3 4 .

3 5.

B ronze r ing , p lain f lattened h oop o f m etal , ( SF 1 784 ( 39)).

B ronze r ing , p lain f lattened h oop o f m etal , w idth 3 .5 mm . , d iameter 1 2 m m .

3 6 .

t wo f ragments w idth 4 MI N

R ing

N o d iagnostic f eatures. w ith

( stamped?

m issing , p resumably p loughsoil).

S- s haped) s tolen .

( SF 1 422 ( 8) p loughsoil). r unning D rawn

s croll d ecoration f rom

s ketch .

3 7 .

K ey r ing f rom l ever - l ock . L ength 2 0 mm . ( Cf . . K irk , f ig . 6 , n o. 1) ( Woodeaton). ( SF 5 020 ( 331)).

3 8 .

B ronze r ing ;

1 949 ,

( J E .

N o .

( SF

6 9

2 7 ,

8 ) ( 3)

n o . 4 ,

B ezel c omposed o f t wisted w ire w ith c entral s wirl ,

d iameter 1 9 m m . ( SF 5 027 ( 335)). C ompare A tkinson ( 1916 , 3 6 , n o . H enkel ( 1913 , 3 9 .

3 ,

p l . X I,

3 ) ( Lowbury H ill) a nd

7 4 , n os. 7 3-75) ( Rhineland).

S ection o f b ronze b racelet , f lattened s ection o rnamented w ith r ing a nd-dot m otif , a nd w ith n otches o n e dge . L ength c . 5 c m . T hirdf ourth c entury A .D . ( SF 5 003 ( 328 )) . C ommon t ypes , s ee f or i nstance K irk , ( 1949 2 0 , n o. 1 6 , f ig. 4 , n o. 1 4) ( Woodeaton).

T he r ings a re a ll t rinket - r ings d atable t o t he t hird/early f ourth c entury A .D . T hey a re w hat o ne w ould e xpect t o f ind a t n ative s ettlements a nd

t emple

s ites

o f

t he m iddle - l ater E mpire

i n B ritain .

( see R obinson ,

1 978) : A f airly l arge n umber o f r ings f rom t he s hrines a t Woodeaton , O xfordshire a nd U ley , G loucestershire m ay b e i nterpreted a s e x v otos . T he o nly r ing h ere i f m uch i nterest a s a m inor w ork o f a rt i s N o . 3 1, w hich m ust h ave b een q uite a p retty o bject w hen t he e namel w as f resh a nd t he b ronze g leamed l ike g old . T he b racelet i s ac ommon t ype , d atable t o t he s ame p eriod a s t he r ings.

S poons 4 0 .

( fig . 5 0). A lmost

c omplete

a nd h andi n ( SF

s poon , 6 41

d amaged

( 52))

w ere

b y

t he p lough .

f ound

a part

T he b owl ( SF 6 5 b ut

p robably

( 3))

b elong

t ogether . T he o val b owl w as r aised f rom s heet m etal a nd h as b urnish m arks i nside , a nd p erhaps s light t races o f white m etal c oating . P ossibly w ith s hallow l ines a round t he r im o n t he u nderside . T he h andle w as c ast a nd p lated w ith w hite m etal ( tin?) , w hich i s n ow w orn . T he h andle w as d ecorated w ith r ough n eedle - f iled f acets a t t he w ider e nd o f t he h andle. 4 1.

F ragments o f

t he h andles

o f

t wo o ther s poons o f t he s ame ty pe w ere

r ecovered ( SF 2 178 ( 66) a nd S F 2 208 ( 66) p loughsoil , n ot i llustrated). S herlock ( in W edlake , 1 982 , 2 01-4) s tates t hat t his t ype o f s poon i s c ommon f rom t he s econd -c entury o nwards , b ut t hat t he n otches ly w hite m etal c oating s eem t o b e c haracteristic o f l ate R oman s poons.

S eal -B ox l id 4 2.

( fig . 5 0).

C omplete l id

o f

t riangular f ields

s eal - b ox . c ast

a s

M ade

f rom

d epressions .

c ast

b lank ,

T he

p robably w ith t he

r ecess

o n t he b ack a nd

t he c oncentric c ircles o n t he f ront w ere p robably c ut o n a l athe ,

a nd

c entred o n ap erforation t hrough t he c entre o f t he o bject ( but n ot a t t he s ame p oint t hat t he t riangular f ields a re c entred o n ) . T he e dges o f t he t riangular f ields w ere u ndercut w ith a t racer o f s imilar t ool ( which h as d istorted t he e dges o f t he o uter c ircular g roove) . T he l oop w as b razed o n a nd t he w hole o bject f iled t o s hape . T he o bject w as e namelled , D r . J ustine B ayley c omments " rhe t riangular f ields a re a lternately t urquoise a nd g reen? r ound t he e dge .

C entre s pot p robably

e namelled" . T here w ere n o t races o f e namel i n t he c ircular g rooves . I t i s n ot c lear w hether t he e namelling t ook p lace b efore o r a fter t he l oop w as a ttached , p ossibly a fter . T he t urquoise e namel i s s till g lassy b ut b adly f ractured , p robably b y

159

—

4 0

4 3

4 7

5 4

L ininl i p r"4 g o 4 e u Z

5 5

F ig . 5 0 .

O bjects o f c opper a lloy ( full s ize)

1 60

zio

d ik

2 1!

er i z

t he

c orrosion

d evitrified.

o f

t he

u nderlying

m etal .

T he

g reen

e namel

i s

( SF 6 76 ( 52) p loughsoil).

A s eal -b ox w as t o p rotect t he ( wax?) i mpression o f a n i ntaglio s eal o n a p ackage o r l etter i n t ransit . T he p resence o f p art o f a s eal-box a t I ronmongers i mplies t hat e ither o ne o f t he o ccupants s ent o r r ecieved s uch a s ealed p ackage . I f i t w as a l etter i t i mplies l iteracy .1 4 W hether o r n ot s eal -b ox o r i ntaglio o wnership m ay b e s een a s a n i ndication o f s tatus i s a nother m atter . T here i s n o k nown c lose p arallels t o t his l id , a re n ot u ncommon ,

b ut c iruclar s eal - b oxes

a nd m ost h ave v arieties o f c oncentric o r r adiating

e namelled d esigns . T he s tylistic d ating o f t he p resent e xample m ust t herefore r emain u nknown .

N eedles 4 3 .

( fig.

5 0

) -

C omplete n eedle ,

v ery w ell

f inished .

P erhaps

c ast .

E ye

e longated

w ith a n eedle-file . S imilar , i f l arger , n eedles c ome f rom G adebridge P ark (Neal, 1 974 , 1 40 , f ig . 6 4 , n os . 2 29-31) a nd N ettleton ( dedlake , 1 982 , 4 4.

2 18 ,

f ig .

9 4 ,

C omplete n eedle ,

n o .

1 ) .

( SF 7 07

( 52) p loughsoil) .

b ent a nd f ractured i n a ntiquity ( ?) .

( S. E . 1 393

( 11)

p loughsoil). B oth o f t hese n eedles a re r ather l onger a nd t hicker t han m odern s ewing n eedles , I t

w ould

a nd w ould p erhaps b e e specially s uitable f or l oose-weave f abrics . b e

t hinner .

d ifficult

h owever

f or

t he R omans

B oth a re o f C rummy 's ( 1983 ,

t o h ave

m ade

n eedles

m uch

6 7) t ype 3 , w hich s eems t o b e a t hird

o r f ourth- c entury g ra i l ) . I t i s p ossible t hat s ome n eedle f ragments m ay b e i ncluded i n t he t otal n ineteen ' p in ' s hank f ragments ( see p . 1 66) .

C osmetic a nd T oilet I mplements 4 5.

C omplete

' nail -c leaner '

( fig. 5 0). c ut

f rom

s heet

( Crummy , 1 983 , 5 7-8 , t ype A l) . p lough , b ut d rawn s traightened - o ut. 4 6.

m etal .

A c ommon

e arly

t ype

2 2A ( 1) p loughsoil) b ent b y

F ragment o f t ip o f ' nail - c leaner ' o f s imilar t ype .

t he

( SF 2 354 ( 66)

p loughsoil), n ot i llustrated. 4 7.

F ragment l oop . 1 977 ,

o f

c ast

' nail -c leaner '

w ith

n eedle

f iled

d ecoration

b elow

S imilar t o e xamples f rom C hew V alley ( Rahtz a nd G reenfield 2 85 , f ig . 12 , n o . 3 0) ; N ettleton ( dedlake , 1 982 , 2 19 , f ig . 9 4 .5

o r 6 ) a nd T ortworth , A von , ( Bristol C ity Museum) p ossibly a l ate ( south-w estern?) t ype. ( SF 1 070 ( 5) p loughsoil). 4 8.

F ragment o f ' nail -c leaner ' , m ade f rom a r od o f m etal w ith o ne e nd f lattened . I t h as a s lightly b iconical p erforation , a nd n eedle-filed d ecoration . ( SF 1 664 ( 11) p loughsoil).

5 0.

C omplete l iqula o r s patula ,

b ent b y t he p lough .

M ade f rom w ire w ith

o ne e nd f lattened . A c ommon t ype , s ee f or e xample t hose f rom G adebridge P ark ( Neal , 1 974 , 1 43 , f ig . 6 3 , n os . 2 00-8 , n o . 2 05 o f i ron b ut

s imilar t ype) .

(e

1 ( 1) p loughsoil) .

161

5 1.

T hree f ragments o f s imilar o bject.

5 2.

F ragment o f t weezers . f iled

H ammer f acets s till v isible i nside ,

l ongitudinally .

N ettleton

( Wedlake ,

( SF 5 010 ( 330), n ot i llustrated).

A gain a c ommon 1 982 ,

2 19 ,

f ig .

t ype ,

9 4 ,

n o .

s ee

b ut o utside

e xample

3 ) .

( SF

f rom

2 56

( 9)

j ust d ecribed a re a ll c onnected w ith t he t oilet ,

a nd

p loughsoil). T he e ight o bjects a part f rom N os .

5 01 ,

p resumably c ome f rom t oilet s ets

a nd a s s uch c ould

b e m ale o r f emale a ccessories .

S tylus 5 3.

( fig. 5 0). S tylus , E raser

a lmost c omplete , p oint a nd e dge o f e nd d ecorated o n o ne f ace w ith

C omparable e xamples f rom N ettleton ( Wedlake ,

e raser b roken r ecently . s hallow f iled l ines . 1 982 , 2 36 ,

f ig . 1 03 , n os .

5 -9) b ut s uch a s imple f orm c ould h ave m any p arallels . ( 203)). T his o bject ,

w ith t he i ron s tyli ( p .

1 77) a nd s eal - b ox l id m ay b e t aken

t o i mply a c ertain d egree o f l iteracy a mong s ome o f s ite .

B utton- a nd - l oop f astener 5 4.

C ast

( SF 1 918

t he o ccupants

o f

t he

( fig. 5 0).

' button-and - l oop

f astener '

w ith

b aluster - s haped

h ead

a nd

e longated s ub-triangular l oop , n ow w orn t hrough . I ncised l ine r ound c entre o f h ead a nd a t j unction o f l oop . T he f acets o n o ne f ace o f t he t erminals o f t he h ead a re p robably n ot d ue t o w ear ,

a lthough t he

l oop i s h eavily w orn , p ossibly b y am etal c hain o r l oop r ather t han a s ofter s ubstance . T he u nderside o f t he l oop a nd h ead d o n ot e xhibit s imilar w ear . ( SF 3 4A ( 1) p loughsoil).

N o e xact p arallel i s k nown , W ild 1 37-8 , t ypes ;

( 1970b) .

T he

M arshfield

b ut t he c lass o f o bject h as b een s tudied b y o bject

p resumably

f alls

i nto

h is

( op . c it .

f ig . 1 ) c lass I . T his c lass s eems t o c ontain f asteners o f s everal h ere w e a re c oncerned w ith t hose w ith ' b aluster- s haped ' h eads .

T here a re t wo g roups o f t hese f asteners , a s mall g roup f rom s ites w ith l ate

I ron

A ge

o ccupation

h ave

l oops

o n

t he

s ide

o f

t he

h ead ,

G lastonbury ( Bullied a nd G ray , 1 911, 2 19-20 , f ig . 4 4 , E 92-3 a nd E 251) . o thers h ave l oops a ttached t o t he u nderside o f t he h ead .

e .g . T he

A n e xample v ery s imilar t o t he M arshfield o bject c ame f rom t he s ite o f D rif f ield a erodrome , E astborn , Y ork ( Stead , 1 979 , 8 6 , f ig . 3 4 .6) w hich i s p robably o ne o f t he l atest o f t he Y orkshire I ron A ge c emeteries , p ossibly f irst c entury B .C . ( Stead , o p . c it . 7 5-77) . F ragments o f m etal m ould f rom P it 2 09 o f G ussage A ll S aints , W ilts . , ( Foster , 1 980 , 2 1, f ig . 1 8 a nd p l . 1 9) w ere f or t he l oops o f C lass I f asteners , b ut n o f ragments i ndicating t he s hape o f t he h eads w ere f ound . S pratling d ates t he m aterial t o t he f irst c entury B .C . o n s tylistic g rounds , b ut C 14 d ates d o n ot a llow c loser d ating . ( Spratling i n W ainwright ,

1 977 ; W ainwright a nd S pratling ,

1 973 ,

1 22-3) .

I t

i s n otable t hat t he o nly o ther i tems b eing m ade b y t hese m etalsmiths w ere

162

h arness a nd o ther e quine f ittings a nd t his m ay g ive a c lue t o t he f unction o f t hese o bjects . A c lose p arallel , a lthough m ore h eavily d ecorated , c omes f rom P it 1 5A a t H od H ill ( Brailsford , 1 962 , 4 0 , f ig . 3 1) . A lthough t his p it c ontains m uch e arlier p ottery , t he l ower f ill a lso c ontains f our s herds o f ' Durotrigian ' p ottery , f or which a d ate o f m id - f irst c entury B .C . t o m id - l ate f irst c entury A .D .

m ay b e s uggested .

While t he t ypologically s impler M arshfield o bject m ay p erhaps d ate f rom t he f irst c entury B .C. i t c annot o n p resent e vidence b e d ated c losely . E ven i f i t c ould , t he h eavy w ear o n t he l oop p recludes i t f rom b eing u sed a lone t o i nfer o ccupation o f t he s ite i n t his p eriod . 5 5 .

F ragment o f s trap-end w ith s ingle r ivet h ole a nd c entral c ircular p erforation . C ast , t he g ate e ntered t he m ould e ither s ide o f t he r ivet h ole , w hich i s s urrounded b y ac asting f lash , p resumably b ecause a m etal r od h ad b een i nserted i nto t he m ould t o f orm t he r ivet h ole . N eedle-filed d ecoration . T he r idge a t t he f ront h as b een s lightly d istorted b y t he h ammering o f t he h ead o f

t he

r ivet .

( ST

6 51

( 52)

p loughsoil).

T he s trap - e nd i s o f a n u nusual f orm w ith a s ingle r ivet h ole ( cf . C larke , 1 979 , f ig . 3 6 , n os . 1 28 a nd 4 89) a nd p robably i n t his c ase a s mall p late o r w asher w as r ivetted t o t he b ack o f t he s trap . T he f iled f acets a re r eminiscent o f t hose o n o ther s trap-ends a nd b uckles ( e .g . t he T ortworth s trap -e nd ) a nd t he o bject i s b roken a t t he e dge o f ac ircular h ole i n t he b ody . T he o ther e nd o f w hat w as p robably a v ery s imilar s trap-end w as f ound a t N ettleton ( Wedlake , 1 982 , f ig . 8 6 , n o . 1 7) w hich h as b een d rawn i n o utline b elow t he M arshfield o bject i n f ig . 5 2 . A lthough t he o bject s eems u nparalleled ( but c f . S impsons , 1 976 c orpus 2 69) a ffinities s eem t o l ie w ith t he ' amphora -s haped ' a nd f ourth c entury .

' lancet-shaped ' s trap-ends

o f

t he

l ate

W hile m any b elts w ith b uckles d id n ot h ave s trap -e nds ,

i t

s eems t hat m ost s trap -e nds b elonged t o b elts w ith b uckles . U nfortunately p roperly e xcavated a nd p ublished b elt s ets a re s till s carce i n t his c ountry , a nd i t m ay n ot b e e ntirely v alid t o i mpose c ontinental d ata o nto B ritish f inds . T he d ata t hat t here i s h owever s eems t o s uggest t hat a mphora - s haped s trap -e nds a re

f ound c ommonly w ith

( but a re n ot

e xclusive

t o) b uckles

o f

S impsons g roup I a nd I I. 5 6-7. T wo f ragments o f c ast b uckle l oop , s ome f ile m arks v isible ( SF 3 16 ( 105) a nd S F ( 104) b oth p loughsoil).

i nside .

R econstructed a s aD -shaped l oop i n f ig . 5 2 w ith t he b uckle t ongue N o . 6 5 , which n eed n ot o f c ourse h ave b elonged o riginally w ith t hese f ragments . S ee N o . 6 5 f or f urther d iscussion . 5 8 .

' B inding ' o f t hin c opper a lloy s heet b ent i nto U -shape . T wo s mall p erforations o n t he c urve . D ecorated o n o ne f ace w ith g roups o f s hallow l ines . ( SF 5 013 ( 147)) .

D ome -H eaded S tuds e tc.

( fig. 5 1).

F our d ome -h eaded s tuds ,

s imilar t o f ig .

T he h eads h ad b een f ashioned w hich w ere s quare s ectioned . a nd S F 3 29 ( 105)) .

5 1 ,

n os .

6 0 a nd 6 1 w ere f ound .

f rom s heet m etal , a nd b razed t o t he s hanks ( SF 5 014 ( 330) , S F 1 964 ( 239) , S F 2 767 ( 68) ,

T hese s tuds m ay h ave a dorned f urniture ,

o r p erhaps b elts

o r a h arness ( cf . N eal ,

1 974 ,

1 31 ,

f ig .

5 7 ,

n os . 6 0 a nd 6 1) .

F ragments o f f our b roader -h eaded s tuds w ere a lso f ound ,

p resumably m ade

i n s imilar f ashion , w ith h eads 2 0-25 mm . i n d iameter a nd s eemingly f airly f lat ( cf . N eal , l oc . c it ., n os . 5 7-9) . T hese a re n ot r eally s uitable f or l eather , b ut c ould h ave b een f rom f urniture . ( SF 5 007 ( 328) , S F 5 015 ( 330 ) , 5 024

( 329) a nd o ne f rom c ontext N o .

( 364)) .

5 9 i s i nteresting ( SF 2 008 ( 66) p loughsoil) .

I t h as a g lobular h ead

o n a s tout s hank . I t i s n ot a p in f ragment a s t he s hank a ppears f inished . W hile i t m ight b e a s tud o r t ack, t he p rotruding h ead w ould b e r athig i mpractical a nd i t i s d ifficult t o s uggest a f unction f or s uch a n o bject ( cf .

N eal ,

1 974 ,

1 31 ,

f ig .

5 7 ,

n os .

6 4-8 ;

w here t hey a re e rroneously t ermed

' rivets'). A lso w orth d omed -h ead ( S F t races o f t hin 5 022 ( 336) , n ot

a m ention h ere a re a n ail o r s tud , c ast w ith a s olid s mall 5 009 ( 328) , n ot i llustrated) , a nd a s mall d omed - r ivet w ith m etal p late 3 mm . a part ( possibly f rom a b uckle p late n ; ( SF i llustrated).

M iscellaneous O bjects ( fig. 5 1) 5 2.

P ossible f ragment o f b rooch ( See p . 1 50 ,

6 3.

P in f rom b rooch .

6 4.

F ragment o f b rooch.

6 5 .

B uckle t ongue , 1 813 ( 201)). T his

o bject

i s

( See p .

1 48 ,

n o . 4 0).

n o . 3 7).

( See p . 1 47 ,

n o. 3 2).

f iled f acets d own e dges a nd n eedle - f iled g rooves .

c haracteristic o f

( SF

t he n on z oomorphic Simpson ' b uckles ,

( Simpson , 1 976) a lthough C larke ( 1979 , 2 70-73) p refers a c lassification o f t hese b uckles b y a d ifferent s ystem ( after K eller , 1 971, 5 8-64) . T hese t ongues o ften e xhibit f iled f acets a nd l ines , a nd o ften r esemble a n a nimal h ead a t t he e nd , b ut t his i s n ot a pparent o n t he M arshfield t ongue . V ery c lose p arallels m ay b e f ound a mongst t he L ankhills b uckles ( Clarke , 1 979 , f igs . 3 4-5) f or e xample . T hese b uckles b elong t o t he m id t o l ate f ourth c entury. T he t wo f ragments o f c opper a lloy

( Nos .

5 6 a nd 5 7) h ave b een d rawn a s

t wo s ides o f a b uckle o f t his t ype ( fig . 5 2) . T heir i dentification i s n ot a bsolutely c ertain , b ut i t i s d ifficult t o s ee w hat e lse t hey c ould h ave b een . A dmittedly t he c ircular s ection i s n ot c ommon i n l oops o f S impson ' b uckles ( Simpson , 1 976 , p p . 1 93 f f .) , b ut i s n ot u nknown . I t i s p robable t hat t hese f ragments b elonged t o a b uckle w ith a D-s haped l oop , w hich a re t he m ost c ommon l oop s hape , b oth i n B ritain a s w ell a s o n t he c ontinent . I t i s r elatively e asy t o s ee t hat a b uckle c ould l ose a t ongue , s trap-ends

s uch

a s

t hat

r epresented

b y

a nd t hat

t he M arshfield a nd N ettleton

f ragments c ould b reak , b ut i t i s d ifficult t o s ee h ow a s uperficially r ather r obust b uckle l oop c ould b reak i n t his f ashion a nd i t m ay b e s uggested t hat t he b uckle w as d eliberately b roken u p.

l ate

T here i s n o s pace i n t his v olume t o d iscuss t hese i tems f ully . T hese f ourth -c entury b elt f ittings h ave a n e xtensive l iterature , b ut t he

h arness a nd o ther e quine f ittings a nd t his m ay g ive a c lue t o t he f unction o f t hese o bjects . A c lose p arallel , a lthough m ore h eavily d ecorated , c omes f rom P it 1 5A a t H od H ill ( Brailsford , 1 962 , 4 0 , f ig . 3 1) . A lthough t his p it c ontains m uch e arlier p ottery , t he l ower f ill a lso c ontains f our s herds o f ' Durotrigian ' p ottery,

f or w hich a d ate o f m id-first c entury B .C .

c entury A .D .

t o m id - l ate f irst

m ay b e s uggested .

While t he t ypologically s impler M arshfield o bject m ay p erhaps d ate f rom t he f irst c entury B .C. i t c annot o n p resent e vidence b e d ated c losely . E ven i f i t c ould , t he h eavy w ear o n t he l oop p recludes i t f rom b eing u sed a lone t o i nfer o ccupation o f t he s ite i n t his p eriod . 5 5.

F ragment

o f

s trap -e nd

w ith

s ingle

r ivet

h ole

a nd

c entral

c ircular

p erforation . C ast , t he g ate e ntered t he m ould e ither s ide o f t he r ivet h ole , w hich i s s urrounded b y a c asting f lash , p resumably b ecause a m etal r od h ad b een i nserted i nto t he m ould t o f orm t he r ivet h ole . N eedle - f iled d ecoration . T he r idge a t t he f ront h as d istorted b y t he h ammering o f t he h ead o f t he r ivet .

b een s lightly ( SF 6 51 ( 52)

p loughsoil).

T he s trap - e nd i s o f a n u nusual f orm w ith a s ingle r ivet h ole ( cf . C larke , 1 979 , f ig . 3 6 , n os . 1 28 a nd 4 89) a nd p robably i n t his c ase a s mall p late o r w asher w as r ivetted t o t he b ack o f t he s trap . T he f iled f acets a re r eminiscent o f t hose o n o ther s trap - e nds a nd b uckles ( e .g . t he T ortworth s trap -e nd ) a nd t he o bject i s b roken a t t he e dge o f a c ircular h ole i n t he b ody . T he o ther e nd o f w hat w as p robably a v ery s imilar s trap-end w as f ound a t N ettleton ( Wedlake , 1 982 , f ig . 8 6 , n o . 1 7) w hich h as b een d rawn i n o utline b elow t he M arshfield o bject i n f ig . 5 2 . A lthough t he o bject s eems u nparalleled ( but c f . S impsons , 1 976 c orpus 2 69 ) a ffinities s eem t o l ie w ith t he ' amphora -s haped ' a nd ' lancet-shaped ' s trap-ends o f t he l ate f ourth c entury . W hile m any b elts w ith b uckles d id n ot h ave s trap -e nds , i t s eems t hat m ost s trap -e nds b elonged t o b elts w ith b uckles . U nfortunately p roperly e xcavated a nd p ublished b elt s ets a re s till s carce i n t his c ountry , a nd i t m ay n ot b e e ntirely v alid t o i mpose c ontinental d ata o nto B ritish f inds . T he d ata t hat t here i s h owever s eems t o s uggest t hat a mphora - s haped s trap -e nds a re f ound c ommonly w ith ( but a re n ot e xclusive t o) b uckles o f S impsons g roup I a nd I I. 5 6-7. T wo f ragments o f c ast b uckle l oop , s ome f ile m arks v isible ( SF 3 16 ( 105) a nd S F ( 104) b oth p loughsoil).

i nside .

R econstructed a s aD -shaped l oop i n f ig . 5 2 w ith t he b uckle t ongue N o . 6 5 , which n eed n ot o f c ourse h ave b elonged o riginally w ith t hese f ragments . S ee N o . 6 5 f or f urther d iscussion . 5 8.

' B inding ' o f t hin c opper a lloy s heet b ent i nto U- s hape . T wo s mall p erforations o n t he c urve. D ecorated o n o ne f ace w ith g roups o f s hallow l ines . ( SF 5 013 ( 147)) .

D ome -H eaded S tuds e tc.

( fig. 5 1).

F our d ome -h eaded s tuds ,

s imilar t o f ig .

T he h eads h ad b een f ashioned w hich w ere

s quare s ectioned .

a nd S F 3 29 ( 105)) .

f rom e

s heet

5 1 ,

n os .

m etal ,

a nd

5 014 ( 330) ,

6 0 a nd 6 1 b razed

S F 1 964

( 239) ,

T hese s tuds m ay h ave a dorned f urniture ,

t o

w ere f ound . t he

s hanks

S F 2 767

( 68) ,

o r p erhaps b elts

o r a h arness ( cf . N eal ,

1 974 ,

1 31 ,

f ig .

5 7 ,

n os .

6 0 a nd 6 1) .

F ragments o f f our b roader -h eaded s tuds w ere a lso f ound , p resumably m ade i n s imilar f ashion , w ith h eads 2 0-25 mm . i n d iameter a nd s eemingly f airly f lat ( cf . N eal , l oc . c it . , n os . 5 7-9) . T hese a re n ot r eally s uitable f or l eather , b ut c ould h ave b een f rom f urniture . ( SF 5 007 ( 328) , S F 5 015 ( 330 ) , 5 024

( 329) a nd o ne f rom c ontext

( 364)) .

N o . 5 9 i s i nteresting ( SF 2 008 ( 66) p loughsoil) .

I t h as a g lobular h ead

o n a s tout s hank . I t i s n ot a p in f ragment a s t he s hank a ppears f inished . While i t m ight b e a s tud o r t ack, t he p rotruding h ead w ould b e r athig i mpractical a nd i t i s d ifficult t o s uggest a f unction f or s uch a n o bject (a.. N eal ,

1 974 ,

1 31 ,

f ig .

5 7 ,

n os .

6 4-8 ;

w here t hey a re e rroneously t ermed

' rivets'). A lso w orth a m ention h ere a re a n ail o r s tud ,

c ast w ith a s olid s mall

d omed -h ead ( SF 5 009 ( 328) , n ot i llustrated) , a nd a s mall d omed - r ivet w ith t races o f t hin m etal p late 3 mm . a part ( possibly f rom a b uckle p late?) ; ( SF 5 022 ( 336) , n ot i llustrated).

M iscellaneous O bjects ( fig. 5 1) 5 2.

P ossible f ragment o f b rooch ( See p .

6 3.

P in f rom b rooch .

6 4.

F ragment o f b rooch.

6 5 .

B uckle t ongue , 1 813 ( 201)). T his o bject

( See p .

1 48 ,

1 50 ,

n o . 4 0).

n o . 3 7).

( See p . 1 47 ,

n o. 3 2).

f iled f acets d own e dges a nd n eedle - f iled g rooves .

i s

c haracteristic o f

( SF

t he n on z oomorphic ' S impson ' b uckles ,

( Simpson , 1 976) a lthough C larke ( 1979 , 2 70-73) p refers a c lassification o f t hese b uckles b y a d ifferent s ystem ( after K eller , 1 971, 5 8-64) . T hese t ongues o ften e xhibit f iled f acets a nd l ines , a nd o ften r esemble a n a nimal h ead a t t he e nd , b ut t his i s n ot a pparent o n t he M arshfield t ongue . V ery c lose p arallels m ay b e f ound a mongst t he L ankhills b uckles ( Clarke , 1 979 , f igs . 3 4-5) f or e xample . T hese b uckles b elong t o t he m id t o l ate f ourth c entury. T he t wo f ragments o f c opper a lloy

( Nos .

5 6 a nd 5 7) h ave b een d rawn a s

t wo s ides o f a b uckle o f t his t ype ( fig . 5 2) . T heir i dentification i s n ot a bsolutely c ertain , b ut i t i s d ifficult t o s ee w hat e lse t hey c ould h ave b een . A dmittedly t he c ircular s ection i s n ot c ommon i n l oops o f ' S impson ' b uckles

( Simpson ,

1 976 ,

p p .

1 93

f f .) ,

b ut

i s n ot u nknown .

I t

i s p robable

t hat t hese f ragments b elonged t o a b uckle w ith a D -shaped l oop , w hich a re t he m ost c ommon l oop s hape , b oth i n B ritain a s w ell a s o n t he c ontinent . I t i s r elatively e asy t o s ee t hat a b uckle c ould l ose a t ongue ,

a nd t hat

s trap-ends s uch a s t hat r epresented b y t he M arshfield a nd N ettleton f ragments c ould b reak , b ut i t i s d ifficult t o s ee h ow a s uperficially r ather r obust b uckle l oop c ould b reak i n t his f ashion a nd i t m ay b e s uggested t hat t he b uckle w as d eliberately b roken u p. T here i s n o s pace i n t his v olume l ate

f ourth -c entury

b elt

f ittings

t o d iscuss t hese i tems

h ave

a n

e xtensive

164

f ully .

l iterature ,

T hese b ut

t he

6 1

6 3

6 4

6 2

6 0

-

6 5 6 8

0 -

6 7 o rdr

‚ 1 f 74

7 1

7 6

F ig . 5 1.

O bjects o f c opper a lloy ( full s ize)

5 5 /

I

// I

• /

1

•

\

I

F ig . 5 2.

O bjects o f c opper a lloy ( full s ize)

1 65

d iscussions m ost ( 1976) a nd C larke

r elevant t o t he M arshfield i tems a re t hose b y S impson ( 197 9 ; b ut i t i s a pparent t hat m uch w ork r emains t o b e

d one . I t h as b een s uggested t hat t hese b elts w ere m ilitary o r o fficial ( in t he b roadest s ense o f t he w ord) , S impson ( 1976 , 2 03-4) s uggesting t hat o n t he c ontinent t hese b elts m ay h ave b elonged t o t he r egular a rmy . n ot t his w as s o i s am atter o f c ontinuing d ebate .

W hether o r

6 6.

F ragments o f u nidentified o bject c ut f rom s heet m etal w ith n eedle - f iled d ecoration . A s imilar f ragment c ame f rom C irencester ( Viner , 1 982 , f iche i n McWhirr , V iner a nd W ells, 1 982 , C o2, f ig . 5 7, n o . 9 6) . ( SF 5 006 ( 328)) .

6 7.

U nidentified o bject .

H ollow , m ade o f t hin s heet w ith c rimped e dges a nd

v ery f ine t apering t ube .

S ince t his i s

f rom t he p loughsoil i s t his a

s hort v eterinary h ypodermic n eedle o r i s i t R oman? ( SF 5 37 ( 50) p lough s oil). 6 8 .

P ossible l ace - t ag , m ade f rom t hin c opper a lloy s heet w ith e dges d ecorated w ith s mall c hisel o r t racer c uts. ( SF 1 783 ( 39)).

6 9 .

P ossible l ace - t ag m ade f rom f olded m etal s heet . B urial B i. ( SF 1 747 ( 31)).

7 0 .

C ircular w asher w ith s mall s plit - l oop s pike .

F ound a t t he f eet o f

( SF 6 92 ( 52) p loughsoil ,

n ot i llustrated) . 7 1.

V essel r im . V ery t hin m etal , p robably f inished , l athe. ( SF 164 ( 11) p loughsoil).

i f n ot m ade , o n a

7 2.

F ragments o f t hick c onvex c opper a lloy ' boss ' o r s imilar o bject w ith w hite m etal c oating. ( SF 9 7 ( 7) p loughsoil , n ot i llustrated).

P ins ( fig. 5 1) F our p ins , a nd nii . peteen ' pin ' s haft f ragments o f v arying l ength a nd d iameter w ere f ound. 7 3.

C omplete c opper a lloy p in w ith w ell m ade,

( probably l athe - t urned)

b aluster -s haped h ead . S imilar e xamples c ome f rom V erulamium ( Waugh a nd G oodburn i n F rere , 1 972 , 1 22 , f ig . 3 4 , n o . 6 1) ; G atcombe ( Branigan , 1 977 , 1 20 , Wrathmell ,

f ig . 2 6 , n o . 5 13) ; Whitton ( Webster i n J arrett a nd 1 981, 1 83 , f ig . 7 3 , n o . 5 5) ; I lchester ( Leach , 1 982, f ig .

1 22, n o . 1 36) ; C amerton ( Wedlake, 1 958 , 2 63, f ig . 6 0 , n o . 4 4) a nd C olchester ( Crummy , 1 983 , 2 8-9 , f ig . 2 7 , t ype 2 ) . H owever , n one a re e xact p arallels . ( SF 7 04 ( 52) p lough-soil) . 7 4.

F ragment o f w ell - m ade p in w ith ( probably l athe - t urned) d ecorated ' b lauster -s haped ' h ead . S imilar p ins w ere f ound a t N ettleton ( Wedlake , 1 982 , 2 16 , f ig . 9 3) ; C olchester ( Crummy , 1 983, 3 0 , f ig . 3 1, n o . 5 06) a nd G adebridge P ark ( Neal , ( 336)).

7 5 .

1 974 ,

1 45,

f ig . 6 4,

F ragment o f p in w ith s imple g lobular h ead . 1 974 , f ig . 6 4, n o . 2 14 f or t he t ype) . i llustrated).

( SF

5 041

S ee G adebridge P ark ( Neal ,

( SF 1 242

166

n o . 2 25) .

( 11) p loughsoil, n ot

7 6 .

P ossible

f ragment o f p in w ith p ointed h ead .

d ecoration . 7 7.

C ast ,

w ith n eedle - f iled

( SF 7 7 ( 3) p loughsoil).

A s mall f lat c oil o f w ire ,

f lattened o n o ne f ace a fter c oiling ,

m ight

p ossibly b e t he h ead o f a p in . C ompare w ith a n e xample f rom F ishbourne ( Cunliffe , 1 971b , 1 20 , fig. 5 2 , n o . 1 74) b ut d oes n ot r eally a ppear t o b e t idily -e nough m ade . C ompare

t he s hapes

o f

t he h eads

( SF

1 820

o f p ins N os .

( 203)) . 7 3-5 w ith t he b one p ins p p .

1 89 f .

C opper A lloy W ire ( Not i llustrated) F ive

f ragments

o f

c opper a lloy

w ire w ere

f ound ,

a ll

f rom p loughsoil

c ontexts . T hey w ere n ot d rawn w ire b ut h ad b een b eaten f rom r ods o r s trips . T his l eft a ' f acetted ' c ross - s ection a nd i n s ome c ases ( not v isible o n t hese f ragments , b ut e vident o n t he c oiled w ire o f t he s prings a nd p ins o f t he f ibulae) t he w ire w as s moothed b y d rawing a b lade o r b urnishing t ool a long t he w ire . e ffect t he

I n f act i t i s m ore l ikely t hat i n o rder t o p roduce a b etter t ool w ould b e f ixed a nd t he w ire i tself p ulled p ast i t w hile

b eing h eld a gainst i t . T here i s o f c ourse a d ifference b etween t his f inishing t echnique , a nd t hat o f t he d raw -p late p roper w hich s eems t o b e a n e arly m edieval i nvention i n ( or i ntroduction t o) w estern E urope .

C opper A lloy S heet F ragments ( Not i llustrated) Twenty - t wo small f leet f ragments w ere f ound .

S ome w ere p robably

f ragments o f o bjects 1 , w hile t he m ajority s eemed t o b e o ffcuts . M ost f ragments w ere f rom t he p loughsoil , while c ontexts 3 9 , 7 9 , 2 03 a nd 2 57 p roduced

s ingle

f ragments

a nd

c ontext

2 01

p roduced

t wo .

D etails

o f

t he

s heets w ill b e f ound i n t he a rchive .

U nidentified F ragments ( Not i llustrated) T wenty-three f ragments o f c opper a lloy w ere f rom u nidentified o bjects a ll w ere s mall p ieces a nd m any w ere s trips o r r od f ragments , s ome o f w hich c ould h ave b een o ffcuts . T he s tratified i tems a re f rom c ontexts 3 0 , ( x 2 ) , 2 01 ( x 3 ) , 2 03 , 2 23, 2 51, 3 29 a nd 3 37 ( x 2 ) .

3 9

T hree o ther v ery t iny s craps w ere f ound , a s w ell a s t wo s mall d eposits o f g reen p owdery c orrosion p roducts , f ragment; d etails i n a rchive.

a nd

o ne

c opper -s tained

( green )

b one

w eights ;

o ne

S teelyard ( fig . 5 3) ( PMB) 7 8 .

V irtually b iconical

c omplete

r eversible

( weight b efore

s teelyard

c leaning

w ith

5 0 .1

g .)

c hainwork a nd a n o mega - s haped i ron h ook ' acorn-shaped ' , s liding .

T he

d etachable ,

s teelyard

i s ,

w eight

(7g .) .

( 98 .5

a s w ith m any

t wo

g .

l ead

f ixed

b elow

which

i s

T he o ther s quat

b efore

c leaning)

o ther e xamples ,

i s

r eversible

w ith t wo s cales , b oth o f w hich h ave s omewhat v ariable d ivisions . T he b ody o f t he o bject i s d ecorated w ith i ncompetent ' rocker t racer' l ines.

167

T he b ody o f t he s teelyard ,

1 56 mm . l ong i s m ade f rom a f orged c ast

b lank , a nd t he s ection o f t he g raduated a rm i s v ariable b ut g enerally q uadrilateral . T he a rm t erminates w ith a c ircular w asher . T he h ooks a nd c hainwork a re T he c omponents o f a rea . T he l oops b een d eliberately

m ade f rom c opper t he o bject w ere s how s ome s igns s napped i n h alf

a lloy w ire . f ound i n c ontext 3 30 w ithin a s mall o f w ear a nd t he g raduated a rm h ad i n a ntiquity . ( SF 5 042 ( 330)) .

O wing t o t he f ragile s tate o f t he s teelyard a fter s tabilisation a nd r epair , i t w as n ot p ossible t o c arry o ut m ore t han a l imited e xperiment w ith c hemical b alance w eights a nd c alculator t o t est t he w eight s ystem u sed . D ue a llowance w as m ade f or t he m issing s egments o f c hain a nd h ook . F rom t he o utset i t w as c lear t hat s ome o f t he d ivisions w ere i rregularly s paced a nd t hus

t he

b alance

w as

s omewhat

i naccurately

c alibrated .

T here

w ere

w ide

d ivisions o n o ne e dge c learly d esigned t o r epresent p ounds ( librae) s paced 4 1 , 4 3 a nd 5 0 mm . a part . E xperiment s howed t hat t he f irst m ark c orresponds t o 3 05 g " t he s econd a nd t hird w ere c alculated t o r epresent 6 20 a nd 8 90 g . r espectively . A p ossible m ark o ccurred a t 2 .5 l ibrae , a bout 7 35 g . ( nhe m ark b elow t his i s i n f act t he 1 2 u nicae m ark f rom t he o ther e dge c arried o ver t he o ther t wo f aces) . I t i s p robable t hat t he l ibrae o f t his i nstrument c orrespond m ore c losely t o t he ' Celtic ' l ibrae o f 3 09 g . ( Allen 1 91 961 , 3 02 , a nd F rere , 1 972 , 1 60) t han t o t he ' Roman ' p ound o f a bout 3 26

g .

T he a ncient l ibra w as d ivided i nto 1 2 u nicae . T he o ther e dge o f t he s teelyard h as 1 7 d ivisions b ut o nly t he t welfth w as m arked o n t he f aces o f t he a rm a s w ell a s t he e dge . T he v alue o f t he f irst e ight d ivisions c ould b e

m easured ,

t he

r est

c alculated .

S ince

t hese

d ivisions

w ere

v ery

i rregularly - s paced ( from 5 t o 9 mm .) i t w as n ot s urprising t o f ind t hat f ew o f t hem c orresponded t o a ny o bvious d ivision o f t he ' Celtic ' o r ' Roman ' l ibrae . T he v alue o f t he 1 2 u nicae m ark w as i n f act 4 12 g . while t he t rue v alue f or e ither l ibrae f ell n ear t o t he ' 9 u nicae ' m ark . I t i s i nteresting t o s peculate o n t he m eaning o f t hese d ivisions ( and i ndeed t o c onjecture o n w hy t he i nstrument w as d eliberately (v iolently?) s napped i n h alf) . T he l ibrae s ide s eems t o b e f airly a ccurate , b ut t he u nicae s ide i s n ot . F rere ( 1972 , 1 60) h as n oted o ther p robable f raudulent ( or a t l east i naccurate) w eights i n R oman B ritain , a nd i t s eems p ossible t hat t he d ubious a ccuracy o f t he M arshfield i nstrument m ay b e d eliberate r ather t han d ue t o c areless c alibration ( who c alibrated s teelyards, m anufacturer o r p urchaser?) . I t w ould o bviously b e a gainst t he i nterests o f a v endor t o w eigh i n u nicae o n a s teelyard t hus c alibrated , w here t he ' 12 u nicae ' m ark i n f act w eighs o ut s ixteen , b ut n ot i f h e w ere p urchasing s omething w here h e a nd n ot t he v endor w as i n ap osition t o d o t he w eighing . T he m ore a ccurate l ibrae s ide m ay t hus h ave t hree m eanings : a )

T hat t he t rader i s n ot a lways h onest.

b )

I t c ould b e u sed t o ' prove t he a ccuracy ' o f t his s ide a gainst a s tandard w eight.

c )

T he t rader c ould h ave s old ( or b artered?) s omething b y t he l ibra , a cquired a nother ( or t he s ame?) c ommodity b y t he u nica. C omplete

s teelyards

a re

n ot

c ommon

f inds

t he

f rom

s teelyard

b y

R omano -B ritish

t esting

s ites ,

a lthough w eights a re m ore c ommonly f ound ( e .g . G oodburn i n F rere , 1 972 , f ig . 3 7 .92) . T wo s teelyards c ome f rom R ichborough ( Bushe-Fox , 1 949 ,

168

b ut

1 24 , 1 31,

7 8

F ig. 5 3.

B ronze b alance w ith l ead w eights ( scale 2 /3)

1 69

p l . X XXVIII , n o . 1 33 ; C unliffe , 1 968 , 1 05 , p l . X LVII , n o . 2 14) a nd t wo f rom C olchester ( Crummy , 1 983 , 9 9 , f ig . 1 04) . M ore l ocally a n e laborate v ersion o f o ne o f t hese t ypes c ame f rom W estgate S treet , G loucester Watkins i n H eighway a nd C arrod , 1 980 , 1 07-9 , f ig . 1 5 , n o . 1 0 -w here t he f unction o f t he s liding w eight i s a pparently m isunderstood ) . T his p articular e xample h ad f our s cales . F ragments a lso c ame f rom S ilchester ( Boon , 1 974 , 2 92 , f ig . 3 4 , n os . 3 -4) a nd W hitton ( Webster i n J arrett a nd W rathmell , 1 981 , 1 82 , f ig . 7 2 .48) . N one o f t hese h ad o r h ave n ow a c ounterweight o n t he h ook o r p an e nd o f t he a rm t o b alance t he s liding w eight a t z ero . A s teelyard f rom t he W allbrook , Q ueen V ictoria S treet , L ondon ( Merrifield , 1 965 , p l . 1 28) h as a c ounterweight . T here a re a lso c ounterweights o n s ome R oman s teelyards o n d isplay i n t he C orinian M useum , C irencester . T hese s hare a nother f eature w ith t he M arshfield o bject which m ay b e s ignificant , s ince n one o f t he p arallels c ited a bove a lso e xhibit i t . c ircular w asher . I t i s p ossible t hat c ommon o n s teelyards m ade l ocally .

T he a rms g enerally t erminate i n a t his m ay b e a f eature p articularly

N OTES 1 .

T hanks a re d ue

t o P .M .

B arford a nd M argaret H ughes w ho u ndertook t he

j ob o f w riting t he m ajority o f t he s ynthesised r eports . 2 .

T hese a re i n t he r ing b inders w ith t he f inds i n t he B ristol C ity M useum , f rom w hom a l ist o f c ontents m ay b e o btained . t his m aterial w ill a lso b e a vailable.

A m icrofiche o f

3 .

T hese w ere a llocated o n s ite a nd t he f inds p lotted o n p lan ( see d etails p . 8 ).

4 .

T he e xcavated m aterial , i ncluding t he s oil s amples h as b een h oused w ith t he s upporting d ata i n t he B ristol M useum .

5 .

D ue t o t he e xceptional s tate o f p reservation o f t he c oins , m ost o f t hem c ould b e p rovisionally i dentified o n s ite , M r . A nderson w as a ble t o r ead m ost o f t hese c oins w ithout a ny c leaning ( except t he r emoval o f s uperficial s oil) t aking p lace.

6 .

S ince

t he

o bjects

a re

s o

w ell -p reserved

o n

t his

s ite

c orrosion

e mbrittlement a fter b urial i s n ot i nvolved . 7 . 8 .

O r b artered? I a m g rateful

t o D r .

G race S impson

f or t he i nformation p rior t o t he

p ublication o f t he H ull C orpus o f B ritish b rooches. 9 .

A lthough C larke ( 1979 ,

3 09 ) s uggests t hat b efore t he m id - f ourth c entury

s ome b racelets w ere s lightly m ore p opular a t W inchester a t l east. T wisted w ire b racelets h ave a n o rigin i n t he l ater f irst c entury ( Cool , 1 981, 1 25) . 1 0 .

A lthough n ot e ntirely s atisfactory , C larkes '

( 1979 ,

p robably a b etter d escription t han

3 05) " cog-wheel d ecoration" t he

d ecoration

i s

n othing

l ike a m odern o r R oman c og- w heel - n either i s t he d ecoration p roduced b y o ne. 1.

A lso f rom C olchester ( Crummy ,

1 983 ,

4 1,

f ig. 4 4 , N o. 1 704).

170

1 2.

1 3.

T hough n ot a s d rawn , t he h andle w ould h ave b een b razed o r s oldered t o t he o ther e nd o f t he b owl , n ow m issing . T he e nd i t i s s hown a ttached t o i n t he d rawing w as c learly t he t ip. B ut h is s uggestion ( op. c it . p . 2 04) t hat t he " tinnng a nd s ilvering" m ay b e c ompared w ith t he d ebasement o f l ate c oinage , i s p artly i nvalidated b y t he q uite c ommon o ccurence o f w hite m etal p lating o n R omano-British c opper a lloy a rtefacts o f t he f irst a nd s econd c enturies a lso .

1 4.

T he s eal-box l id c ould o f c ourse h ave b een i mported t o t he s ite a fter u se e lsewhere . I t c ould h ave b een u sed a s a p endant , b ut p endants a s s uch a re v ery u ncommon i n R omano -B ritish c ontexts.

1 5.

N ot ' Chatelaines ' ( Wheeler ,

1 930 ,

p l . X XXIX) a s t here i s a s y et n o

e vidence t hat t hese s ets w ere w orn i n t his f ashion i n R oman B ritain . 1 6.

I s i t p ossible t hat t he k nob w as t o b e a pplied t o a nother m etal o bject? S ee f or e xample t he k nobs f rom l ate c rossbow f ibulae w hich h ave a w ire s oldered t o t he t ang t o s crew i nto t he b rooch ( e .g . a t S ilchester ( Boon , 1 974 , 1 33) ; o r R ichborough ( Bushe-Fox , 1 928 , 4 4 , p l . X VIII, n os . 1 9-20 a nd C unliffe , 1 968 , 9 1-2 , p l . X XXII' , n os . 8 2-3) - t he o nly u se o f t he s crew t hread k nown i n a ntiquity .

1 7.

F rom c ontexts 1 47 , f rom p loughsoil ,

2 01

( K 2 ) ,

2 02 ,

2 03 ,

n one a re i llustrated .

2 39 ,

2 51,

3 30 a nd 3 31 a nd t en

S ome m ay b e f rom n eedles ( see

a bove) o r i ndeed f ibulae . 1 8.

S uch a s v essels p erhaps ,

s ee N o. 7 1 a bove.

1 9.

A lthough t he d ifference i s o nly 1 7 g . a nd t he e xperiment m akes n o g reat c laim t o a ccuracy.

171

F ig . 5 4 .

O bject

o f l ead ( full s ize)

1 72

O BJECTS O F L EAD P .M. B arford a nd M argaret H ughes

M ost o f t he l ead a lloy ( which i ncludes ' p ewter ' a nd ' solder ') f ound w as s crap .

A part f rom t he l ead p ipe ( below) ,

t here w ere a n umber o f p ot

r ivets , a nd s pills o f m olten m etal a nd t wisted o ffcuts o f m etal . A f uller c atalogue o f t he s ixteen i tems w ill b e f ound i n t he e xcavation a rchive .

P ot R ivets

( not i llustrated).

M ost o f t he l oose p ot - r ivets w ere f rom p loughsoil c ontexts , a lthough t he p ottery t ankard ( fig . 8 9 ,

n o . 4 4) f rom c ontext 2 37 w as a lso r ivetted ,

a s w as

a n a mphora ( SF 5 847) f rom c ontext 3 38 . M ost o f t hese r ivets h ad p robably b een m ade b y t he m ethod s uggested b y R ead a nd R obson ( in R ahtz , 1 977 , 3 57) . O ne p lug ( SF 2 056 ( 66) p loughsoil) f or a h ole i n ap ot h as a lso b een f ound. 1 .

F ig .

5 4 c ast l ead o r p ewter o bject o f u ncertain f unction ,

c lipped , l ength 3 1 m m . 2 .

e dges

( SF 1 197 ( 11) p loughsoil).

R ectangular b illet o f l ead 5 8 x 1 4 x 1 4 mm .

( SF 2 793 ( 367) ,

n ot

i llustrated). 3 .

T hin s heet

f ragment

t eeth m arks. 4 .

O ffcut o f

d oubled o ver a nd i mpressed w ith w hat l ook l ike

( SF 1 785 ( 39), n ot i llustrated).

t hin s heet ,

t wo

s traight e dges .

i llustrated) . F our o ther o bjects p loughsoil c ontexts . 5 .

o f

( SF

3 092

s trip a nd s heet

( 155) ,

w ere

f ound

n ot i n

S ix s mall f lat s pills o f m etal w ere f ound , t hree f rom p loughsoil c ontexts , a nd a lso S F 2 545 ( 81) , S F 1 830 ( 203) a nd S F 2 773 ( 298) . T wo s mall s pindle -s haped d riblets o f l ead w ere f ound i n t he u pper p art o f t he a sh f illing ( 156) t he s outh e nd o f t he s tokehole i n R oom 1 2 . T hey p resumably d erive f rom t he m elting o f l ead i n t he b athroom a bove , p erhaps t he s oldering o f p ipes o r ab oiler . ( Not i llustrated).

6 .

A n o ffcut o f l ead s heet ( SF 5 059 ) c ame f rom c ontext 4 15 , b ase o f F loor 1 61 .

t he m ortar

I t i s p ossibly d erived f rom t he c utting o f al ead

p ipe ( cf. S F 3 073 b elow , n ot i llustrated). ( See a lso t he t wo l ead w eights f ound w ith t he s teelyard ( pT . 1 67 f f .) .

L ead p ipe f rom R oom 1, B uilding R 3

( pl. X ld) ( PMB).

C omplete l ength o f l ead p ipe 2 15 mm . l ong ; 4 0 mm . i nternal b ore . F ound i n s itu t he e nd i nside t he r oom w as f lush w ith t he w all , t he p ipe w as m ortared i nto t he w all ( set i nto a n i nverted c omplete i mbprex ) a nd c overed w ith a p ennant t ile f ragment .

T he p ipe w as m ade o f s heet l ead b end r ound

w ith a w iped j oint ( set u ppermost i n t he w all) . T he e nd i nside t he w all d rained i nto t he i mbrex a nd t hrough t he w all , a nd h as a r agged e dge , d ue t o

173

t his b eing a n o riginal e dge o f t he s heet . T he w estern e nd o f t he p ipe h ad a d eep d ent , p robably m ade w ith a p ick a xe o r s imilar t ool , i n t he u pper s urface . S ince t his w as p rotected i n s itu b y t he p ennant s lab , i t s eems p robable t hat t his d ent w as c aused b efore t he p ipe w as s et i nto t he w all . P erhaps t he p ipe , l ike t he t ile ( p . 2 61) o f t he o pus s igninum , w as r e-used? 3 073 ( 192) , n ot i llustrated) .

174

O BJECTS O F I RON P .M. B arford

A c omplete c atalogue

o f a ll

t he

o bjects o f i ron ( approximately

1 , 160

i tems e xcluding n ails) h as b een w ritten a nd i s s een a s aL evel I II a rchly ( ( Frere , 1 975 , 3 ) . I t h as b een d eposited w ith t he f inds i n B ristol C it : M useum . T he i ron f rom t he s ite w as i n v ery g ood c ondition w ith t hin c orrosi fa p roducts a nd a pparently r elatively s table . M ost o f t he i tems w ere s ma , 1 ( less t han 2 5 g .) f ragments o f o bjects , which m ade i dentification m cre d ifficult. I t c an b e s een f rom t he c atalogue t hat t ool f ragments a re f airly w 311 r epresented o n t he s ite . I t s eems t hat t hese i dentifications a re n ot s olely d ue t o t he t echnological b ias o f t he w riter . S tructural f itt.ngs o ther t han n ails w ere f airly s carce , w hich i s u nusual o n aR oman s ite . I t i s p robable t hat c ollection a nd r eforging o f ' s crap ' i ron a ccounts f o r t he l ack o f t hese a nd l arger f ragments o f i ron a t I ronmongers P iece . T he r eport i n t his v olume c onsists o f d escriptions o f c e:-t ain i llustrated i tems ( the d rawings w ere m ounted u p b efore t his t ex: w as w ritten , a ffecting t he o rder o f o bjects d escribed) , t his i s f oll c ged b y d iscussions o f c ertain i nteresting t ypes n ot i llustrated i n f igs . 5 5 ; . nd 5 7 . F urther d iscussion c an o f c ourse b e f ound i n t he a rchive . T ba n ail f ragments f rom t he s ite w ere c onsidered i n d etail a nd a b rief d iscus ; I on o f t hese a ppears h ere . T he t erminology u sed g enerally f ollows M anning ( 1972 , 1 974 , a nd .. 9 76).

M iscellaneous O bjects 1 .

L arge

b illet

( figs. 5 5-57). ( 150 x 6 0 x 3 0 mm .) o f i ron ,

f ractured , n ot c ut , 4 030 ( 239)) . 2 .

e nds ,

a t l east 2 7. g"

w ith

p robably p artially f orged b ar s t)ck .

( SF

S trip f ragment w ith f ractured e nds ( 60 x 2 5 x 7m m .)

( SF 4 1 )43 ( 318)).

I t i s m ost u nusual t o f ind l arge p artially f orged i tems s u cl a s N o .

1 ,

e ven o n a R oman s ite . A f ragment w as f ound a t N ettleton ( 4e , l ake , 1 982 , 2 25) a nd a t N ewstead ( C if fle . , 1 911 , 2 88 , p l . L XV 9 ) . B oth N os . ,a nd 2 a re s mithing-waste , a nd c onfirm t he e vidence o f t he s lag ( pp . 3 66 f l.). 3 .

H ead o f T -staple o r h oldfast . T he o nly o ne f rom t he s ite . S tructural f ittings , o ther t han t he n ail f ragments , c . ere n ot v ery c ommon o n t he s ite . ( SF 4 023 ( 251)).

4 .

C omplete c andle-socket w ith t ang f or i nsertion i nto a w ell ( presumably o f n on - i nflammable m aterials) . T his i s ac ommon X edieval t ype ( Goodall , 1 981, f ig . 5 8 .9) a lthough R oman e xamples a re k nown e .g .

2

6

f i

r o o l um e m i l e , , 1 „ 1 , ' " , „ ? " 1 J I " t " " ) 1 1 1 1 1 171 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1; 1 1 " “5 : "

1

9

o

1 2

F ig. 5 5.

O bjects o f i ron ( scale 1 /2)

1 76

S ilchester

( Ward ,

1 911 ,

f ig .

6 1E) a nd C anterbury

( unpublished) .

( SF

2 486 ( 65)). 5 .

C omplete r ing 1 10 x 4 0 mm . w ith b utted ( not w elded) t erminals . S lightly t apered c ross-section . P robably t he i nternal l ining o f t he h ub o f a wheel ( cf . M anning , 1 972 , 1 72 , f ig . 6 4 .32) . ( SF 3 097 ( 519)).

6 .

C omplete r ound s ectional t ool w ith t apered e nds p robably a f ile .

( 3 ' F

2 645 ( 3) p loughsoil). 7 .

A lmost c omplete k nife o f M anning ( 1976 , 3 7) t ype I I w ith s olid l ooped h andle.

8 .

( SF 6 48 ( 52) p loughsoil).

F ragment o f s mall i mplement . i ron f rom R oman c ontexts . ( Wheeler , 1 930 , p l. X XXIX).

9 .

T he w riter k nows o f n o p arallels i n

C ompare w ith a n o bject f rom L ondon w all ( SF 4 76 ( 155)).

F ragment o f t ool w ith b roken t ang p robably s ome k ind o f g ouge . (e 1 280 ( 11) p loughsoil) . A lso a f ragment o f a c arpenters ' paring c hisel' ( SF 2 110 ( 66) , n ot i llustrated).

1 0 .

F ragment

o f t hin i ron r ing ,

p ossibly a f inger-ring .

( SF 2 299

( 66)

p loughsoil). 1.

A lmost c omplete c leaver k nife , M anning ( 1976 , 3 7) t ype I I . T he t ang i s ' shouldered ' a nd m ay o riginally h ave b een s lightly l onger . (e 3 084 ( 117)).

1 2 .

A lmost c omplete s tylus w ith t he p oint a nd e raser e nd b ro ken . o f m oulding a t t he b ase o f t he h andle ( Manning , ( SF 6 17 ( 52) p loughsoil) .

1 3 .

1 976 ,

2 4 ,

T races t ype I V) .

A lmost c omplete k nife w ith s olid l ooped h andle . S imilar k nives a re r elatively u ncommon , a nd e xamples a re k nown f rom L ondon ( e lh mW Ler , 1 930 , f ig . 9 .2 , p l . X XXV) ; V erulamium ( Manning , 1 972 , 1 76 , f ig . 6 5 .41) a nd S ilchester ( Boon , 1 974 , f ig . 3 4 .14) .

T he s hape o f t he b lade o f N o . 1 3 i s u nsuitable f or c utting f ood o n a f lat s urface ( unlike p erhaps N o . 7 ) a nd w as e ither u sed t o c ut f ood h eld i n t he h and (a . B rown , 1 972 , 12) o r f or s ome o ther p ur pose . T he l oop o n N o . 7i s p erhaps u nsuitable f or h anging t he a nd p ossibly i s t o a llow t he k nife t o ( 1974 , 2 28) s uggests t hat d inner g uests c utlery . N o . 1 3 s eems r ather t oo h eavy

k nife u p o n a w all i n t he k itchen b e c arried o n t he p erson . B oon w ere e xpected t o b ring t heir o wn f or t his p urpose t hough . (e 1 879

(3 0 ) . 1 4.

T wo-leaf s pring f rom a b arb- s pring ( pad) l ock . 7 09 ( 5 0) p loughsoil).

S hank b roken .

( SF

1 5 .

A lmost c omplete k ey f or a r otary l ock , w ith s imple b it a nd p robably a t ubular s tem . ( S F 2 425 ( 66) p loughsoil) .

1 6 .

F ragment o f t he b olt f rom a s mall r otary-lock . P robably a p adlock o r f urniture f itting . T hree o ther s imilar b olts w ere f ound i n hough t he p loughsoil c ontex ts , s uggesting t hat t hey a re p ost-Roman , t

1 5 1 4

g e 9 e e .

-

0

1 9

2 1

23

F ig . 5 6.

O bjects o f i ron ( scale 1 /2, e xcept n os.

1 78

1 6 a nd 2 2 f ull s ize)

.

r otary l ock w as i n u se i n R oman B ritain ( Wheeler , 1 -6). ( SF 1 543 ( 8) p loughsoil).

1 930 ,

7 4 , p l . X XXI ,

1 7.

T op o f a uger o r d rill w ith c ollar f or t ransverse h andle (a . 1 911, 2 81, p l . L IX 6 ). ( SF 1 513 ( 11) p loughsoil).

1 8 .

E nd o f c urved b lade , n ot i llustrated . f rom c ontext 3 82 .

1 9 .

p robably a s ickle ,

( SF 1 999 ( 239)) .

2 0 .

1 277

T he w riter k nows o f n o c lose

( SF 2 701 ( 277)).

F ragment o f a s poon-bit b lade ( cf . . C urie , ( 3F

2 1.

t wo o thers w ere f ound b ut a re

T he o ther s tratified e xample w as

C omplete s mall s quare b uckle w ith p in . p arallels f rom a R oman c ontext.

C urle ,

1 911 ,

2 801 , p l . L IX 1 2 .14) .

( 11) p loughsoil) .

C omplete o x-goad m ade f rom a s ingle p iece o f s heet m etal w rapped a round t he s haft ( Rees , 1 979 , 7 5-9 , t ype I I) . F ive e xamples ( not i llustrated) o f t he m ore c ommon s piral t ype ( Rees , o p . c it . t ype I ) , o nly t wo s tratified ( contexts 3 0 a nd 2 01) . ( Context ( 3 ) p loughsoil) .

2 2 .

T op o f m ason 's c hisel o r s mith 's s et , t he b attering o n t he t op p erhaps s upporting t he f ormer i dentification . ( 3F 2 01 ( 104) p loughsoil) . T he b lade e dges o f f ive o ther c hisels o r s ets w ere r econgnised , o nly t wo

w ere s tratified ; o ne f rom c ontext 3 37 , t he o ther f rom c ontext 1 94 a nd t he r est f rom c ontext ( 11) p loughsoil , ( not i llustrated ) . T wo p ossible p unches w ere r ecognised , a lso f rom c ontext ( 1 1) p loughsoil , ( mot i llustrated) . 2 4 .

F ragment o f p aralled-sided f rame s aw b lade . ( SF 3 08 ( 197)).

2 5 .

S trip w ith c urled e nd .

T he t eeth a re n ot ' s et ' .

S ee M anning , ( 1976 , 3 8 ,

f ig . 2 2 .137) b ut

a lso E vison ( 1980 , 3 9 , f ig . 2 3 .29) f or a p ossible m iddle-Saxon s hutter c atch f rom R amsbury , W ilts . (e 5 80 ( 5 ) p loughsoil) . 2 6 .

T ip p ossibly o f a gricultural t ool s uch a s p loughshare . ( 368)).

2 7 .

F ragnent o f i ron n eedle .

2 8 .

F ragment o f i ron p in .

2 9 .

F ragment o f i ron p in .

3 0 .

F ragment o f a wl .

( SF 2 788

( SF 4 23 ( 105) p loughsoil).

( SF 2 781 ( 285)). ( SF 1 071 ( 9) p loughsoil).

( SF ( 3016 ( 163)).

N ine a wls w ere f ound , u nusually c . 5 0 mm . l ong a nd m ostly s tratified c ontexts ( 39 , 4 1 , 6 8 , 1 63 a nd 1 87) . S ee B rown ( 1972 , 1 44) . 3 1.

F ragments o f ' point'.

f rom

( SFs 1 387 a nd 1 380 ( 8) p loughsoil).

T his t ype o f o bject h as b een d iscussed b y B rown ( 1972 , 15-6 a nd 1 973) , w ho s uggests t hat t hey m ay b e t he t eeth o f w ool o r l inel c ombs . T he M arshfield p oints a re s lightly s horter t han t he S hakenoak e xamples ,

179

' S ) 2 7

2 6

3 4

( S )

3 0 3 2

F ig . 5 7 .

3 1

2 9

Is

O bjects o f i ron ( full s ize)

1 80

3 3

b ut p resumably h ad a s imilar f unction . A ll e xcept f rom c ontexts 4 1 a nd 6 8 a re f rom t he p loughsoil .

t wo d ubious e xamples

3 2.

E nd o f t hin s aw -b lade w ith t ransverse p in f or t ensioning , p loughsoil), p robably n ot a r ecent h acksaw b lade .

( context ( 3)

3 3.

P robable c entre-bit f or c utting w ide d ot -a nd -c ircle ( diameter 1 3 mm .) , o r p ossibly d rilling h oles i f b lade e dge w as s harpened ( reconstruction o f t oolmark d rawn t o r ight o f f igure).

3 4.

( SF 2 302 ( 66) p loughsoil).

F ragment o f t he b lade e dge o f a p ossible t racer o r g raver .

( ST 9 20

( 66) p loughsoil).

O ther p ossible m etalworking t ools. O nly a f ew s mall f ragments o f m etalworkers t ools w ere f ound , b ut e nough p erhaps t o h int a t t he o riginal p resence o f a f airly s ophisticated t ool k it . T he t racers o r g ravers a re p articularly i nteresting a nd l ike t he p ins m ight e asily h ave b een d ismissed a s ' nail f ragments ' , o f ' small - f inding' m ost i ron f ragments.

w ere i t n ot

f or t he p olicy

A n umber o f b lade e dges o f p ossible s mith 's ' sets ' ( for c utting h ot m etal) w ere n oted , b ut s ome o f t hese m ay h ave b een f rom c hisels f or s tone , a lthough m ost w ere f rom c ontext 1, w hich a lso p roduced a c onsiderable q uantity o f i ron s lag ( p. 3 66). T he p ossible

f ile ( No .

6 ) h as a lready b een n oted ,

t hree o thers o f

s imilar s ize a nd s hape w ere f ound , t wo f rom c ontext 2 04 T hey w ere p robably t anged f or i nsertion i nto a w ooden h andle , a nd a re p erhaps r ather t oo s hort t o b e a s mith 's ' d rift ' ( for e nlarging h oles i n h ot m etal) . A ll t race o f a ny f ile t eeth w ould h ave b een l ost i n c orrosion . N o t race w as f ound o f t he f ine n eedle - f iles s uggested t o b e r esponsible f or t he t oolmarks o n s ome o f t he c oppy a lloy o bjects , b een c lassified a s p in f ragments . F ive

f ragments a ll f rom c ontext

b ut s ome o f t hese m ight h ave

6 6 a re p ossible t racer o r g raver

f ragments ( for c hasing o r e ngraving m etal) ( see L owery , S avage a nd W ilkins , 1 971) . N o t angs o r h ammered t ops w ere n oted , s o i t i s n ot p ossible t o t ell i f a ny e xamples w ere h afted , t hus d eciding t heir u se .

T ool F ragments. A s n oted a bove , a c onsiderable q uantity o f t ool f ragments w ere n oted , a nd w hile s ome ( e .g . t he s ickle t ips , o r o x-goads a nd p loughshare t ip) h ave a n o bvious a gricultural o rigin , o thers ( e .g . t he m etalworkers t ool b elow) s uggest a t l east s ome s ort o f s elf-sufficiency i f n ot a ctual p roduction o f i tems f or s ale . N ot a ll o f t hese t ool f ragments a re o f t he s ame d ate , t he p roportions o f t wo o f

t he

m ore

n umerous

t ypes

( i .e .

t he

' points ' a nd a wls) a re d ifferent

w hen n umbers f rom p lo ughsoil a nd s tratified d eposits a re c ompared a nd i t i s p ossible t hat t he f ormer b elong t o a l ater p hase o f a ctivity .

T he s aw -b lade f ragment ( No . 2 4) , t he p ossible g ouge a nd c hisel ( No . 9 a nd N o . 2 3) , t he a uger ( No . 1 7) a nd d rill ( No . 2 0) , a re c arpenters ( or j oiners?) t ools . T he h ub b inding ( No . 5 ) s uggest t hat t he i nhabitants o f t he f arm h ad a ccess t o aw heelwright e ven i f h e w ere n ot r esident. S ome s tone.

o f

t he c hisels

( . .g . N o .

2 3) w ere p robably

f or

t rimmi n g b uilding

A wls ( e .g . N o . 3 0) a re u sually i nterpreted a s l eather-working t ools f or p iercing t he l eather p rior t o s titching . T he ' points' ( above) p robably ( Brown , 1 973) r epresent f ibre p reparation Whether wool o r f lax i s n ot k nown) . T he s aw f ragment ( No . 3 2) i s o f t he s ort t hat w ould h ave b een u sed i n b one w orking , f or e xample , i ts d ate u ncertain .

b ut u nfortunately i ts p loughsoil c ontext m ade

N ails. M ost o f t he n ails w ere o f M anning ( 1972 , w ere f ragmented .

1 86) t ype I a nd m ost ( 90 .5% )

T he 2 47 c omplete n ails v aried i n l ength b etween 2 0 a nd 8 4 mm"

w ith t he

m ajority b etween c . 4 0 t o 6 0 mm . T here w ere a t otal o f 2 498 c omplete a nd f ragmentary n ails f rom t he s ite , m ost ( 2059 e xamples) f rom t he p loughsoil. B rown ( 1972 , 14-5) p roposes a m odel f or n ail b reakage a pplicable t o t he n ail f ragments f rom S hakenoäk , O xfordshire w hich s eems a lso t o b e m ore w idely a pplicable . I t w as s uggested t hat n ails w ere n ot g enerally u sed i n a ntiquity a s t hey a re t oday , b ut t hey w ere i nserted t hrough t he m aterials t o b e j oined a nd c lenched ( bent) o ver o n t he o ther s ide . B rown s uggests t hat t he b ending o f t he n ails f ormed a work-hardened a rea which was l ater s ubjected t o e mbrittlement b y s tress c orrosion . O f c ourse , i f n ails w ere t o b e u sed b y c lenching , t he a ctual n ail l ength w ould b e i mmaterial ,' ( f ig . 5 8 , t op) . I f t his b ent n ail m odel i s a ccepted i t s eems t hat w e m ight h ave at ool f or t he i nterpretation o f f ragmented n ail a ssemblages .

1 C) .

T he M arshfield n ails w ere d ivided i nto t hree s ize g roups ( 1A , 1 B a nd I t w as c lear f rom t he c omplete n ails t hat t here w as s ome r elation

b etween n ail l ength a nd s hank d iameter , a nd t hus f ragments c ould t o a c ertain e xtent b e a ssigned t o t he s ame s ize g roups a s c omplete n ails : L A .

T hin ( 3-4 mm .) s hanks ,

s mall t hin h eads

( c . 1

m m .

d iameter) t ending

t o b e c . 2 8 t o 5 2 m m . l ong. 1 B.

S hanks 4 -5 mm . t hick ,

t hicker l arger h eads ( c . 1 315 M U I R d iameter) a nd

o f a f airly w ider r ange o f l engths f rom c . 3 8 t o 7 0 mm . a veraging a bout 5 4 m m . 1 C.

L arger n ails w ith t hick s hanks ( c . 7 - 8 mm .) , u sually b roader t han t hose o f 1 B.

t hick h eads,

b ut n ot

U sually 7 0 m m . o r l onger.

T here w ere 6 1 c omplete L A n ails a nd 3 29 f ragments ; a nd 1 70 c omplete 1 B n ails a nd 1 896 f ragments b ut o nly 1 5 c omplete 1 C n ails a nd 2 74 f ragments . F ragmented s ize

l A n ails

t ended t o b e b roken a t 2 0 t o 3 4 mm .

f rom t he

i nside o f t he h ead w hich s hould g ive ( according t o t he b ent n ail m odel) a n a verage t otal t hickness o f t he m aterials b eing j oined . S ize 1 B n ails

182

' BENT NAIL ' M ODEL

P me

F ig. 5 8 .

M odels o f n ail f ragmentation ( not t o s cale)

1 83

t ended

t o b e b roken o ff a t b etween 1 8-52 mm .

l ength o f f ragments c ould b e a s m uch a s 8 6 mm . , t he l ongest c omplete 1 C n ail. I f t he b ent n ail m odel i s c orrect ,

f rom t he h ead ,

a lthough t he

w hich i s a lso t he l ength o f

i t c an b e s een t hat L A a nd m any 1 B

n ails w ere u sed f or j oining r elatively t hin t imbers , a nd o nly t ype 1 C n ails w ere u sed i n t imbers o f a ny s ize , b ut e ven t hese a re n owhere n ear t he s ize o f n ails t hat w ould b e r equired f or n ailing t he r oof - t imbers o f t he m ain b uildings . S tructural t imbers w ere a lmost c ertainly j ointed a nd p egged i n t he R oman p eriod a s i n t he m iddle a ges. T here i s h owever ,

ap oint n ot c onsidered b y B rown ,

t hat i s e xactly h ow

t he n ails b roke . W hile i t i s t rue t hat i f c orrosion e mbrittlement o ccurred t he n ails would f ragment i f t he s tructure c ollapsed , t he m ore l ikely i nterpretation i s t hat t he n ails w ere b roken d eliberately i n t he d emolition o f a s tructure. T he t imber w ould b e p arted u sing w edges o r p erhaps ( if t he e dge w as w ell-steeled) a n a xe d riven i n w ith a m allet ( fig . 5 8 , b ottom) . T his w ould e xplain t he p attern o f n ail b reakage s een , a lthough a f ew c omplete c lenched n ails s howed t hat n ails w ere u sed i n t his m anner , b ut i t n ow s eem n ot e xclusively. I f t his s econd m odel ( the ' c ut n ail ' m odel) i s a ccepted , i t c an b e s een t hat t he l ength o f ah ead a nd s hank f ragment g ives u s , n ot t he t otal o f t he t hickness o f t he t wo c omponents b eing j oined , b ut t he t hickness o f o ne o f t hem . T he m easurements q uoted a bove t hen m ake m ore s ense. F uller d etails o f t he p atterns o f n ail b reakage a re s et o ut i n t he a rchive ( Ind f urther d iscussion o f n ail u se a nd m odels o f n ails b reakage a re d iscussed i n a f orthcoming p aper b y t he w riter ) . A n a ttempt w as m ade t o c ompare t he l engths a nd t ypes o f t he n ail f ragments f rom d ifferent p eriods a nd a reas o f t he s ite , d ifferences w ere o bserved ( see a rchive).

b ut n o m eaningful

P ins. D uring t he e xcavation a ll i ron i tems t hat w ere n ot c omplete n ails o r t he h ead a nd s hank f ragments o f n ails w ere g iven a ' small-find ' n umber a nd p lotted . E ach o f t hese w as c onsequently c onsidered c arefully a nd t his h as p roduced 5 1 f ragments w hich w ere r ound-sectioned b etween 1 -4 mm . i n d iameter a nd s eem l ikely t o b e p in o r n eedle s hanks . O ne n eedle e ye ( fig . 5 7 , N o . 2 7) w as r ecognised . M ost o f t hese f ragments c ame f rom t he p loughsoil a nd r ange f rom 1 0 t o 4 0 mm . i n l ength . S tratified i tems c ame f rom c ontexts 3 9 , 6 8 , 7 8 , 9 3 , 1 55 , 2 01, ( three f ragments) 2 39 , 2 43 a nd 2 85 . T hese a re m ostly c ontexts o f P eriod I IIB o r l ater . T here i s n o d oubt t hat t his p olicy w as l argely i nstrumental i n t he d etection o f m ore i ron p in f ragments f rom t his s ite t han a ny o ther p ublished a ssemblage o f R omano-British i ron f rom a s ite o f t his s ize. I ron p ins a re a t p resent m ore e asy t o p arallel i n A nglo-Saxon c ontexts , a s a t M ucking ( Jones f orthcoming) ,

C anterbury ( Blockley a nd D ay f orthcoming )

a nd S hakenoäk ( Brown , 1 972 , 1 66) . H ole, ( Balch C oll. W ells M useum).

H obnails a nd S hoe C leats. A c omplete a rchive .

( fig. 5 9).

c atalogue

A part

I ron n eedles w ere f ound a lso a t W oäkey

f rom t hose

o f h obnails a nd c leats w ill b e f ound i n t he f rom t he

g raves

( B1

a nd B 8) a nd s mall g roups

f rom t he y ard a rea t o t he s outh-e ast o f t he b uilding , s ingle - f inds . ( Total n umber o f h obnails c . 3 00) .

m ost o f t hese w ere

S ingle h obnails i n t he y ard - s urface p resumably r epresent n ails l ost f rom s hoes

d uring u se ,

w hile g roups

m ay

r epresent

d iscarded

f ootwear

( or

m ore

a ccurately t he d iscarded s oles o f f ootwear) . S ee R hodes ( 1980) f or d iscussion o f R oman f ootwear . I t w as n ot p ossible t o r ecover p atterns o f h obnails f rom t he g roups , t hose f rom t he g raves w ere b adly d isturbed. T he s hoe c leats ( total c . 5 5) c ould b e d ivided i nto s ix g roups ( fig . 5 9) b ut G roups I V A -D p robably r epresent v ariants o f t he s ame t ype . M ost o f t he c leats f ell i nto t hese g roups . N ot e nough c leats w ere u sefully s tratified t o s uggest a ny d ifference i n d ate o f t he d ifferent t ypes . T he f unction o f t hese i tems h as b een s uggested ( e .g . C larke , 1 979 , 3 22) t o b e t o s ecure t he t oes a nd h eels o f m ulti-layer l eather s hoe - s oles , h owever t he c leats f rom I ronmongers h ave l ong s hanks w hich d o n ot s eem t o b e c lenched a t s uitable d istances ( see f ig .

5 9) .

T he ' shoes ' i n B urial B l

c ontained n o c leats , while t he l arge n umber o f h obnails i n B urial B 8 ( perhaps m ore t han o ne p air o f s hoes?) c ontained t wo c leats . O f t he s even o ther g roups o f h obnails , o nly t hree h ad a ssociated c leats,

D iscussion . T he i ron a ssemblage f rom t he M arshfield I ronmongers s ite i s ar elatively u nremarkable g roup . T he s ize o f f ragments i s s maller t han a verage , a nd t he p robable r easons f or t his h ave b een d iscussed a bove . T he i tems d o , h owever r eflect a f airly w ide r ange o f a ctivities , e ven t hough t he n umber o f i llustrated i tems i s l ow. B radley H ill , S omerset ( 1 4 1 ,

I n t his r espect t he s ite i s c omparable t o 1 981, 2 14-6) b ut n ot i t s eems t o o ther n early

s ettlements s uch a s C atsgore ( Leech ,

1 982 ,

18-24) a lthough t he l atter i s a

l arger s ite i n t erms o f a rea e xcavated ; a m ore m eaningful c omparison m ight b e w ith W hitton ( Manning a nd S cott i n J arrett a nd W rathmell , 1 981 , 1 882 01) . O nly w hen m ore i ron a ssemblages h ave b een c ompletely c atalogued c an m ore d etailed i nter- s ite c omparisons b e m ade . S ee M anning ( 1974) f or t he c omplete p ublication o f a n i ron a ssemblage

f rom o ne s ite w ith

w hich

t he

M arshfield a rchive m ight u sefully b e c ompared .

N OTES. 1 .

I ndeed a h istogram o f c omplete n ail l engths d id n ot ( given t he s mall s ample s ize) d emonstrate m uch e vidence o f s tandard n ail l engths a bove). T hanks a re d ue t o J oe E lsworth w ho d rew u p t he n ail h istograms.

185

( see

L

I VA

I V C

I VB

F ig . 5 9 .

S hoe c leat t ypology ( full s ize)

1 86

I VO

O BJECTS O F B ONE S .J. G reep

T wenty-nine f ragments o f b one o bjects w ere f ound ,

t wenty o f w hich a re

d iscussed h ere . T he r emainder a re m ostly s mall p in s tem f ragments . M ost o f t he d escribed o bjects a re f rom s tratified d eposits a nd t welve b one S Fs c ame f rom t he p oughsoil , w hich i s a l ow p roportion c ompared w ith f inds o f o ther m aterials . A ll o f t he o bjects h ave b een s een b y D r . S .J . C reep , w hose r eport f ollows.

D escriptions

( fig. 6 0).

T he b one s mall-finds f rom M arshfield f orm a t ypical ' rural ' a ssemblage o f t he l ater R oman p eriod a nd m ay b e c ompared c losely w ith , f or e xample , t hat f rom F rocester C ourt ( Gracie a nd P rice , 1 979) . W ith t he e xception o f t he ' p oint ' ( N) .1) f rom t he s econdary f ill o f a n I ron A ge d itch , o bjects n ecessarily d ate b efore t he t hird c entury A .D.

n one o f t he

A l arge p roportion o f t he o bjects , a lthough i n w ell s tratified R oman c ontexts , a ppear q uite h eavily w orn a nd a braded . I ndividual c ases a re n oted i n t he c atalogue b elow .

I ron A ge. 1.

' Point' m anufactured f rom a n o vicaprid t ibia , T hese a re a c ommon I ron A ge t ype ,

8 1.5 m m . l ong , b roken .

m ost t ypically i dentified a s

' p in-

b eaters ' ( Crowfoot , 1 945) b ut c apable o f n umerous a lternative i dentifications ( G reep , f orthcoming , a ) . W orn . ( SF 3 038 ( 175)) .

R oman . F or t he t ypes q uoted , c f. G reep , 2 .

f orthcoming , b .

O vicaprid m etapodial w ith a s ingle ,

c entral p erforation t hrough b oth

s ides o f t he b one . 1 05 mm . l ong , b roken a t t he p roximal e nd . T his i s a n e xample o f a w ell k nown f orm , o ften d escribed s imply a s ' bobbins ' i mplying u se i n t extile w orking ( Wild , 1 970a , 6 6 ; a nd G reep , f orthcoming , a , f or a f uller d iscussion) . I ron A ge c ontexts ( e .g . B ulleid a nd G ray, t hroughout t he R oman p eriod , ' u rban '

s ites .

W orn .

( SF

T hey a re m ost c ommon i n 1 917 , 4 21-7) b ut s urvive

b eing m ore t ypical o f ' rural ' r ather t han 3 098

1 23)) .

G aming C ounters. F ive

b one g aming c ounters w ere r ecovered f rom t he e xcavations .

F our

w ere G reep ( forthcoming , b ) t ype 2 w ith c ountersunk o bverse s urfaces . T hese a re a l ate R oman t ype , c . A .D. 1 50/200-400 .

w ar z7 _ 7 z z )

g 2 2a 2T : z 2 3 9 8

0

0 I, ;

1 0

1

f 6 c,

o , , 1 7

F ig. 6 0 .

O bjects o f b one ( full s ize)

1 88

3 .

2 1 E no d iameter , 3 .5 mm . t hick . a nd t he c entre p erforated . ( S F

4 .

1 9 .5 mm . r everse .

5 .

2 4 m m . d iameter , 4 .5 m m . t hick.

6 .

H alf o f c ounter 2 3 .5

d iameter , ( SF 2 693

i llustrated). 7 .

3 mm . ( 93)) .

M U4

' IXI ' h as b een i nscribed o n t he e dge 1 975 ( 201)) .

t hick .

' IV ' h as b een i nscribed o n t he

( SF 5 043 ( 335), n ot i llustrated).

d iameter ,

3 mm . t hick .

( SF 5 044

( 335) ,

n ot

F ound w ith N o. 5 .

P lain b one d isc , p ossibly a c ounter , a lthough n ot t urned a s n ormal . 2 1 mm . d iameter , 4 mm . t hick . ( SF 1 279 ( 11) p loughsoil , n ot i llustrated).

S poon . 8 .

D eep ,

o val - s haped

s poon b owl w ith a w ell i ncised ' V ' o n t he r everse

a nd a t rellis d ecorated s tem . B oth t he s hape o f t he b owl a nd d ecorated s tem a re u nusual f eatures o n R oman s poons i n B ritain , t hough t here s eems l ittle r eason t o d oubt t he R oman d ate o f t his o bject . 4 5 mm . l ong , ( 173)).

b roken j ust b elow t he j unction o f b owl a nd s tem .

( SF 2 557

B racelet. 9 .

F ragment

o f a b one b racelet ,

p robably o f t ype 1 w ith a ' lapped '

f astening ( Creep , f orthcoming , b , a nd C lark , 1 979 , 3 13) , a lthough t he s urviving t erminal i s t hicker t han u sual o n t hese f orms . A f ourthc entury t ype. 4 1 m m . l ong , b roken . ( SF 1 834 ( 203)).

H air -p ins. T he p ins a re l isted b y t ype r ather t han b y P eriod . a nd 2 0 a re

f orms

d atable

t o

c . A .D .

5 0-200/250 ,

N umbers 1,

t he

1 6 ,

1 7

r emainder c .

1 50/200-400 . I n

a ddition

t o t he i llustrated p in h eads

a n umber o f

s tems w ere

r ecovered , m any w orn , b oth o f t he e arlier t apering s tem f orms ( cf . G reep , f orthcoming , b , f or a g eneral d iscussion o f t he c hronology o f h air -p ins) a nd l ater s welling s tem t ypes . N one w ere f rom c ontexts e arlier t han P eriod

1 0 .

T ype

B h air-pin w ith s welling

l ong . 1.

T ype

s tem .

A 2 .2

h air -p in

w ith

a c onical

T apering s tem 4 4 m m . l ong , b roken . 1 2.

1 3.

H ead l ost ,

b roken .

4 8 .5

mm .

( SF 1 938 ( 201)) . h ead

W orn .

a bove

a d ouble

c ollar .

( SF 1 938 ( 201)).

T ype B i

h air-pin w ith a f lattened o val h ead .

l ong ,

b roken .

W orn .

( SF

T ype B 1

h air-p in w ith a s imple o val h ead a nd s welling s tem ,

6 6 mm .

2 725

l ong c omplete.

5 6 mm .

( 283)) .

W orn .

( SF 2 529 ( 78)).

1 4 .

T ype B l h air-pin w ith a r ound h ead a nd c onical t op a nd a s welling s tem .

8 1.5 m m . l ong , b roken .

( SF 2 644 ( 78) , n ot i llustrated) .

1 5 .

T ype B 4 h air-p in w ith a f acetted c uboid -s haped h ead a nd a s welling s tem . 6 5 m m . l ong , b roken . W orn. ( SF 2 724 ( 283)).

1 6 .

T ype A 2 .2 h air-pin ( as m nu l ong , b roken .

1 7 .

T ype A 22 h air-pin ( as 2 a bove) b ut w ith a ? t riple c ollar . l ong , b roken . 1 4 : m u 9 12 ( 66) p loughsoil) .

3 2 m mu

1 8 .

T ype B 2 .2 h air -p in w ith a f lattened h ead o f t wo c ollars . l ong , b roken . ( SF 2 0 ( 1) p loughsoil) .

2 3 mm .

1 9 .

H air-pin o f u nusual f orm w ith a c onical h ead a bove a b all a nd g roove d ecorated u pper s tem . 2 1 mm . l ong , b roken . W orn . ( SF 1 ( 2) p loughsoil).

2 0 .

T ype A 2 .1 h air-pin w ith c onical h ead a nd t apering s tem . b roken . ( SF 9 60 ( 66) p loughsoil) .

1 a bove) b ut w ith a q uadruple c ollar . ( 332)) .

e f,5003 ( e

190

6 4

1 6 m m . l ong ,

T HE G LASS P .M. B arford a nd J .D. S hepherd.

T he M arshfield s ite p roduced 1 47 f ragments o f ' Roman ' g lass ( cf . P rice , i n J arrett a nd W rathmell , 1 981, 1 49) . M uch o f t his w as f rom t he p loughsoil a nd o nly 2 6 f ragments w ere s tratified . T he g lass w as v ery b adly f ragmented , m ost p ieces b eing l ess t han 2 0 mm . i n a ny d imension , t hus m any o f

t he

p ieces

c ould n ot

b e

i dentified ,

p articularly

f ragments

o f

c onvex

u ndecorated b lown g lass w hich m ight h ave c ome f rom o ne o f an umber o f f orms . S even r im f ragments c ould n ot b e a ssigned t o a f orm o r g iven a d ate . I t s hould b e n oted t hat w ith s o m uch u nidentifable m aterial o n o ne h and , a nd o ther t ypes w hich m ay b e r ecognised f rom t he s mallest f ragments a nd o thers , e .g . b ottles s urviving ( due t o t heir r obust n ature) i n l arger f ragments ,

t he

t ypes r ecognised m ay n ot g ive a n a ccurate p icture o f t he u se o f g lass o n t he s ite . D iscussion i s b ased a round d escriptions o f t he f igures , b ecause m ost o f t he i llustrative f ragments w ere d rawn ( figs . 6 1 a nd 6 2) . W here s everal i dentifications a re p ossible , t he m ost c ommon t ypes ' h ave b een s uggested a s t he p robable o rigin o f t he f ragments . W here d oubt e xists , t his h as b een i ndicated. M ost o f t he g lass ( except N os . 1 , 1 5 a nd 1 6) i s b lown , m ost o f i t f ree b lown , s ome m ould -b lown . T he m ajority o f f ragments a re o f ab lue o r b lue g reen m etal ( 64 f ragments : s ixteen s tratified) i ncluding 3 3 f ragments o f b ottles ( seven s tratified) . T here w ere 3 0 g reenish-coloured f ragments ( five s tratified) . T his c olouring i s p robably d ue i n a ll c ases t o t he a ccidental p resence o f i ron i n t he s and u sed t o m ake t he g lass . T he 3 9 f ragments o f t rue c olourless g lass ( only f our s tratified) a re i nteresting . M any o f t hem c ame f rom t hin-walled s traight -s ided v essels , p robably c onical b eakers .

A n umber o f f ragments o f o ther c olours o f g lass o ccurred ,

n otably o ne o f a mber .

m ost

T wo ' b lack ' g lass c ounters w ere a lso f ound .

T he ' Roman ' g lass w as w ell p reserved . N early a ll o f t he p ieces h ad t heir g lossy s urfaces a nd t ransparency u nimpaired b y a ny f orm o f c orrosion o r d evitrification . T his i s i n c ontrast t o t he p ost -R oman g lass ( p. 3 72).

N o .

T here w ere a f ew p ieces o f s olidified p artially -m olten g lass , i ncluding 1 5 , a lthough t he g lass c ould h ave b een m elted a ccidentally b y ab onfire ,

a nd m ay n ot b e d ue t o g lass b lowing i n t he a rea; t hey c ould h ave b een r elated t o m elting o f b roken g lass , p erhaps f or b ead m anufacture . C ertainly v ery f ew v essels s eem r epresented b y m ore t han o ne s herd , p erhaps t he r est o f a b roken g lass v essel h ad b een s wept u p a nd d isposed o f a way f rom t he s ite , o r p erhaps a ssudiously c ollected u p f or r e-use a s c ullet .1 1 T hus t he s mall n umber o f s herds f rom M arshfield n eed n ot n ecessarily r eflect a n o riginal s mall p opulation . H arden i n C larke ( 1979 , 2 09) n otes t hat i n c ontrast t o c ontinental E urope , g lass w as s till r elatively u ncommon i n B ritain i n t he f ourth c entury a nd p erhaps w as ' expensive' . S ee P rice ( 1978) f or t he e vidence f or t rade i n g lass v essels .

191

5 4 1

6 I

d e.

7

1

1 5

1 3

5

1 4

2 1

t a k om m a i lle 1 8

24

3 F ig . 6 1.

6

a n

O bjects o f g lass ( scale 2 /3 a pprox)

1 92

1 .

Small f ragment o f c ast p illar - m oulded b owl w ith g round ,

b ut n ot

p olished , s urfaces . ( Isings f orm 3 A m id t o l ate f irst c entury A .D .) . P ale b lue . ( SF 4 71 ( 105) p loughsoil) . 2 .

B ottles , a ll i n p ale b lue o r p ale b lue -g reen g lass . 3 3 s herds w ere f ound ( minimum o f 7 v essels b ut p robably m ore) , n ot i llustrated , s ee N os . 1 0 a nd 2 6 b elow . M ost w ere p robably s herds o f s quare b ottles , b ut a t l east o ne c ylindrical b ottle w as p resent . b een o ne o f t he c ommonest v essel t ypes o n t he s ite

B ottles m ay h ave ( but s ince s herds

w ere r eadily r ecognisable t he c omments a bove m ay a pply). T he p ossible p reponderance o f s ituation a t W hitton ( Price , i n T he t rade o f t hese v essels ( or d iscussed b y C harlesworth ( 1966), 3 .

s quare b ottles i s s imilar t o t he J arrett a nd W rathmell , 1 981, 1 51) . p robably t heir c ontents) h as b een a nd P rice ( 1978 , 7 5-6).

T hick f ine -r ounded r im o f n arrow-necked

j ar

b ubbly c lear c olourless g lass ( see H arden , ( SF 9 00 ( 52) p loughsoil). 4 .

I sings

f orm 9 6) i n

3 71 a nd 1 98 ,

n o .

1 5) .

F ragment o f k nocked -o ff u nworked r im o f c onical b eaker i n t hin c lear c olourless g lass , r im c upped.

5 .

( cf .

1 975 ,

I sings f orm 1 06c.

( SF 1 823 ( 201)).

R im o f c onical b eaker i n g ood t hin c lear c olourless g lass w ith r ounded a nd t hickened e verted r im , R oman

( Ising

f orm

s light t rail u nder r im .

1 06) ,

( Harden ,

1 979 ,

T his t ype i s l ate

2 13-4) .

( SF

2 200

( 66)

p loughsoil). 6 .

R im

o f

c onical

b eaker

s imilar

t o N o .

4 .

A lmost

c olourless g lass .

( SF 1 447 ( 11) p loughsoil. 7 .

E verted r im o f s mall f lask o r p erhaps l id i n t hin c olourless g lass . ( SF 2 32 ( 50) p loughsoil).

8 .

B asal a ngle o f s mall b eaker i n p ale g reen g lass . S lightly d ulled e xterior w ith s hallow w heel-ground d ecoration . ( SF 2 721 ( 282)).

9 .

F ragments o f

t hickened

r im

p incer ( ?) m arks o n o utside. 1 0.

F ragment

o f h andle ,

g reen g lass . 1 1.

o f

j ar o f g reenish-clear g lass .

p ossibly f rom I sings f orms 5 2-5 j ug ,

( SF 2 7A

S light

( Context 4 , p loughsoil). p ale b lue-

( 1) p loughsoil) .

F ragment o f t he b ase o f a c up o r b eaker o r m ore p robably , l ate m etal , a c onical b eaker . G reenish c olourless g lass .

g iven t he ( Context

6 , p loughsoil). 1 2.

B ase o f a pplied h andle f rom g lobular v essel p robably ' sings f orm 6 3 i n b ubbly p ale -g reen g lass . T he h andle h as j oin w ith t he b ody. ( SF 5 026 ( 329)).

b ecome d etached a long

T hese g lobular v essels o f t he f irst o r s econd c enturies a re

t he

s ometimes

k nown b y t he n ame o f ' cinerary u rns ' a s t hey w ere o ften u sed t o c ontain c remated b one ( e .g . a t S outhfleet , K ent ; ( BM G uide , 4 3 , p l . X II , n o . 1 )) a s w ere r elated f orms , ( e .g . a t W est M ersea , E ssex ; 0 /0 1 , 1 963 , 1 60 p l . X XV » . T he p resence o f t hese f ragments a t M arshfield i n t he a bsence o f a ny o ther e vidence f or c remations , a nd t he f inding o f a r im f ragment a t V erulamium ( Charlesworth ,

1 972 ,

f ig .

7 6 .31) c ontrasts

193

w ith t he

e vidence

f or

t he

f unction o f t hese v essels .

1 3 .

H ollow t ubular p loughsoil).

f oot-ring

o f

b owl

o r

b eaker .

( Context

1 ,

1 4 .

F ragment o f s olid f oot-ring o f b awl , o uter s urface i s m att g round a nd p olished , t he v essel w as p robably f ree-blown . A lmost c olourless g lass . ( Context 3 a nd a lso a nother f ragment S F 7 55 ( 52) p loughsoil).

1 5.

C ounter o f t otally o paque ' b lack ' g lass , d ull s urface w ith c oncentric i rregular g lossy r ings . 1 4 .25 MI14 d iameter . ( SF 1 76 ( 100) p loughsoil).

1 6 .

C ounter o f ' black ' g lass w hich i s i n f act v ery d ark g reen . D ull s urface . 1 4 .25 mm . d iameter . ( SF 3 27 ( 105) p loughsoil , n ot i llustrated).

G lass c ounters a re r easonably c ommon o n R omano-British s ites . W hile t hey m ight b e C alculi ( see t he b one c ounters p p . 1 87-8) t hey a re p erhaps m ore l ikely t o h ave b een g aming p ieces ( for a d iscussion o f R omano-British b oard g ames s ee C larke ( 1979 , 2 52-4) . I t i s n otable t hat m any o f t he s ingle s ite-finds a re , a s h ere , o f d ark-coloured g lass c ounters . G lass c ounters w ere p robably m ade b y p ouring m olten g lass o nto a f lat l evel s urface a nd a llowing i t t o c ool , a nd t he M arshfield c ounters b oth h ave f lat s lightly i rregular l ower f aces c onsistent w ith t his . A c ounter s poilt i n m anufacture w as r ecently f ound a t C aerleon ( Rom an G ates s ite , e xcavated b y G lamorgan-Gwent A rchaeological T rust , f inds r etained b y l andowner) . Iw ould l ike t o t hank M r . S teve S ell f or s howing m e t his o bject . T he M arshfield c ounters h ave n ot b een g round o r p olished , a nd s how n o s igns o f w ear , n or s hould t his b e e xpected .

1 7.

F ragment o f p incered a pplied t rail i n p ale g reen g lass f rom a v essel p erhaps a f lagon w ith s tright s ides . ( Cf . P rice , 1 979 , 4 2-3 , f ig . 1 7.23). ( SF 1 98 ( 104) p loughsoil).

1 8 .

T wo f ragments o f ap illar-moulded b owl i n p ale b lue-green g lass . I nterior m att , e xterior p olished . P robably I sings f orm 3 A . 2 751 ( 68) p loughsoil). A nother f ragment o f t he s ame v essel f rom c ontext 6 , n ot i ll ustrated .

1 9.

F ragment o f g lobular r ibbed v essel ( probably o f 6 7C). ( SF 7 73 ( 52) , n ot i llustrated . S ame m etal a s N o . 2 6 .

2 0 .

R ibbed f ragment f rom t hin-w alled v essel o f c olourless g lass . T he r ib e xtends r ound p art o f a c arination . ( SF 1 578 ( 1 1) p loughsoil , n ot

( e

I sings

f orm 5 2B

o r

i llustrated). 2 1.

F ragment o f s traight-sided v essel ( cone o r c onical b eaker ? ) w ith a pplied v ertical t rail , p ossibly a s imilar o r t he s ame v essel a s N o . 1 8 . A lmost c lear g lass . ( Context 6 , p loughsoil). N ot t he s ane v essel a s N o. 1.

2 2.

F ragment o f t he b ody o f t hin-walled v essel , p ossibly s traight-sided , i n l ight g reen g lass . T hin a pplied t rail , p robably i n s pirals . P ossibly a b ody-sherd o f a c onical b eaker , b ut d ifficult t o b e c ertain . ( SF 2 166 ( 66) p loughsoil).

2 3.

F ragment o f t he b ody o f t hin c onvex v essel w ith a s imilar t rail . b lue g lass.

2 4.

( SF 2 775 ( 70) , n ot i llustrated .

S mall f ragment o f p incered a pplied t rail f rom a c onvex-walled v essel , p robably a n a ryballos , b lue-green g lass , A .D. ( SF 2 315 ( 66) p loughsoi 1).

2 5.

P ale

F orm u ncertain).

F ragment

i n

s imilar

m etal

t o N o .

2 4

l ate f irst t o s econd c entury

s howing

l ayered s tructure a nd

i rregular s urfaces , o ne p ossibly p incered , c learly n ot a f ragment o f a n o bject , p robably s olidified p artly - m olten g lass . ( SF 4 50 ( 105) p loughsoil , n ot i llustrated). 2 6 .

F ragment

o f

t hick

v essel w all i n p ale b lue -g reen g lass .

P robably a

b ody-sherd o f ag lobular v essel . V ery h eavily s cratched a nd a braded i nside a nd o utside . T he d amage o n t he o utside m ight h ave b een c aused b y r ubbing a gainst a djacent v essels i n a c rate i n t ransport o r u se ( c .f . m odern m ilk b ottles) . T he i nterior s cratches o ccur i n t he s ame a rea a nd p robably o ccurred a fter t he v essel w as b roken a nd m ay r epresent u se o f t he g lass i n s herd f orm ( e .g . a s ap allette f or grinding pigments, c osmetics e tc.,?) . ( SF 2 733 ( 68), n ot i llustrated). 2 7.

F our f ragments o f t he s ame f ree-blown v essel o f t hick c olourless g lass w ith a g reenish t int . T he r im i s f lared w ith t he l ip f olded i nwards , t races o f a s car o n t he l ip p ossibly a re f rom a h andle a ttachment . T he i nterior o f t he l ip h as a n ( accidental?) y ellowish g reen t rail. T here a re t hree b odysherds, o ne i s p lain b ut t he o ther t wo h ave f ragments

o f a n e ngraved

( with

a b urin ,

f lint

e tc . ,

n ot

w heel-cut)

i nscription , w hich i s n ot n ow i ntelligible . O ne s herd h as t he r ounded c urve o f a l etter ( such a s B , D , S , o r 0 ) w hile t he c haracter a djacent i s t he s erif o f al etter ( such a s F , I , H , o r P ) . T he o ther s herd h as t wo i ndecipherable c haracters , t he s econd o f w hich m ay b e a n N . T hese e ngraved v essels a re r elatively u ncommon a nd p robably c ontinental i mports . T he M arshfield v essel w as p robably a f lagon , s ee f or example F remersdorf ( 1967 , 1 35-7 , r af 1 64) . H arden ( 1960) d iscusses t he v arieties o f t he i nscriptions f ound o n g lass v essels , m ostly b awls a nd b eakers . 2 8 .

W indow-glass , n ot i llustrated .

O nly a f ew p ossible p ieces o f w indow-

g lass w ere n oted . O nly o ne p ossible f ragment o f m att -g lossy w indow g lass w as f ound a nd a f ew t hin f lat g reenish s herds m ight h ave b een c ylinder - b lown w indow - g lass , b ut t his i s u ncertain , a s t hey w ere r ather t hink ( 2 .5 mm .

t hick) .

O ne f ragment

5 064 ( 179)) w as f ound

o utside R oom 1, B uilding R 3.

N OTES. 1 .

' Isings' f orm n umbers t hroughout r efer t o I sings,

1 957.

; 2 7

( )

F ig. 6 2.

3

Cm

6

O bjects o f g lass ( scale 2 /3 a pprox )

G-e 3

1 8

1 3

F ig . 6 3.

G lass b eads ( full s ize)

1 96

G LASS B EADS. P .M. B arford a nd M argaret H ughes b ased o n c omments b y M . G uido .

A ll o f t he b eads ( 17 e xamples) f rom I ronmongers h ave b een e xamined b y M argaret

G uido

a nd

h er

c omments

h ave

b een

i ncorporated

i n

t he

c omplete

c atalogue b elow . M ost o f t he t erminology u sed h ere i s t hat o f G uido ( 1978). E leven o f t he b eads a re i llustrated i n f ig. 6 3. Most o f t he b eads w ere f ormed b y ' winding ' at hread o f m olten g lass a round a m etal r od , w hich f ormed t he p erforations a nd t hen m arvering . ( It s hould b e n oted t hat t he t erm ' Cobalt-blue ' u sed b elow i s u sed i n a d escriptive s ense , w ithout p rejudicing t he g lass c olourant u sed i n a ntiquity). O nly s even b eads w ere f rom s tratified c ontexts ( Nos .

1 , 7 , 1 2 ,

a nd 1 417

b elow) b ut i t w as n otable t hat m any o f t hose f rom t he p loughsoil s eemed o f s imilar t ypes a nd o f s imilar m etal . N one o f t he b eads w ere s imilar t o t he m etal o f t he t wo g lass c ounters d iscussed a bove p . 1 94 . M ore d etail o n s ome o f t hese p oints w ill b e f ound i n t he a rchive .

1 .

I rregular w ound b ead o f v ery p ale l ight g reen g lass , d iameter 9 mm . h eight 5 m m ., d iameter o f p erforation 4 m m . ( SF 1 916 ( 203)).

2 .

A bout a t hird ( fresh b eakers) o f a l arge c able b ead o f G uido ( 1978 , ( 76-9 ) c lass 9 . I rregular s hape , d iameter v aries f rom 2 8 t o 3 0 mm . T he l ower m argin i s v ery i rregular . M ade f rom t wo t ypes o f m etal , a d ark o paque c obalt -b lue g lass a t t he b ottom ( stippled i n f igure) a nd l ight t ransparent p ale b lue-green g lass a t t he t op . T here i s a m arvered t rail o f p ale b lue - g reen t ransparent g lass w ound w ith a t hin s piral o f o paque y ellow g lass . T he b ead s hows c oncentric b ands o f d ifferent m etal c omposition , a nd h as a lso d eveloped a n umber o f s hallow c racks r unning a round i t , p robably d ue t o b ad a nnealing . T he i nterior o f t he 1 3 mm . d iameter p erforation i s r ough .

A lthough t his

t ype o f b ead w as i n u se b efore t he c onquest , t he u se o f t he t ransparent a lmost c olourless g lass o f t he b ody a nd t rail m ight s uggest a l ater r ather t han e arlier d ate w ithin t he t ype 's d ate r ange ( first c entury B .C . t o f irst c entury A .D .) . ( SF 1 39 ( 6) p loughsoil) . 3 .

Small s egmented wound b ead i n o paque d ark b lue g lass , m ade o n a t apering r od . T he w inding r an a nti - c lockwise , b ut a fter m arvering t he b ead w as m arked b y a c lockwise g roove . 1 2 mm . l ong . ( SF 6 22 ( 52) p loughsoil).

4 .

Small f ragment o f t he e nd o f a s imilar b ead i n o paque b lue g lass . R ecovered

f rom

a ' t echnological '

s ample

b y

s ieving ,

f ragment r ecovered f rom t he s ieving o f s ome e ighty ( Context 6 6 , s ample 9 , p loughsoil , n ot i llustrated). 5 .

( the s oil

o nly

b ead

s amples) .

F ragment o f c ylinder b ead i n o paque p ale b lue -g reen ( turquoise) g lass . T he

b ead

h as

n ot

b een

p olished

a fter

' drawing ' .

T he

s triated

a ppearance

o f

t he

g lass

t hroughout

t he

b ead

s uggests

t hat t he g lass

w as d rawn w hile c ooling ( as a c onfectioner u sed t o m anufacture s easide r ock). ( SF 8 69 ( 66) p loughsoil). 6 .

G lobular h ead o f 7 ) ,

7 .

t ransparent b lue-green g lass

d iameter 7 mm .

S lightly

S imilar h ead p ossibly d ia tneter.

8 .

S imilar

m ade

( SF 1 787 ( 39), h ead ,

8 mm .

i rregular .

b y n ot

' fo lding '

( Guido ,

1 978 ,

6 9 ,

g roup

( SF 4 30 ( 105) p loughso il) . r ather

t han

n a in g ' ,

6

MT N

i llustrated),

d iameter .

( SF

2 11

( 104)

p loughsoil ,

n ot

i llustrated). 9 .

I rregular g lobular o r a nnular b ead

i n a s imilar m etal .

( SF 6 58 ( 52)

p loughsoil , n ot i llustrated). 1 0.

L ong b iconical h ead o f o paque d ark b lue g lass , 1 0 mm . l ong , w ound o n a t apered r od. ( Guido, 1 978, 9 2, f ig. 3 7.14) . ( SF 1 124 ( 9) p loughsoil).

1 1.

F ragment o f t hin-walled h exagonal h ead I n d ark g reen t ranslucent g lass ( cf . G uido , 1 978 , f orm t he f acets.

1 2.

S hort

c ylindrical

d iameter , 1 3.

S mall

9 2 , f ig . 3 7 .9) . M ade b y w inding a nd ( SF 4 65 ( 11) p loughsoil).

a nnu lar

d iameter.

h ead

3u t n . l ong. b ead

o f

t ranslucent

d ark-green

f lattening t o

g lass ,

5 mm.

g lass ,

5 mm .

( SF 2 628 ( 89)).

i n

b right

t ranslucent

c obalt - b lue

( SF 1 08 ( 6) p loughsoil).

1 4.

F our v ery s mall b iconical b eads f ound t ogether ,

t o 1 7.

D iameter 4 mm . O paque g reen g lass , n ow b adly e roded . M ethod o f m anufacture u ncertain . ( Guido , 1 978 , 9 2, f ig . 3 7.13) ( SF 2 619

o nly o ne i llustrated.

( 68)). 1 8.

S mall a nnular b ead

i n t ranslucent

c obalt-blue g lass ,

5 mm . d iameter .

( SF 1 08 ( 6) p loughsoil).

D ating. A n e arly R oman , l ikely , k nown

h ut N os . i n

R oman

6 -9 ,

i f n ot

c ontex ts ,

w hile

f rom p ost-Roman c ontexts . f ourth-century d ate , i n

d ate .

l ate

I ron A ge ,

1-13 a nd 1 8 a re s ome

N os . 3 ,

n ot ( e .g .

d ate

f or N os .

c losely

d atable ,

N os .

a nd

1 2

1a nd

2 s eems

t hey a re t ypes

1 3) a re a lso k nown

4a nd 1 0 a re p robably o f

t hird - o r

w hile N os . 5a nd 1 417 m ay b e l ate R oman o r p ost-Roman

T HE F LINTWORK A nne E verton

I ntroduction . F lints f rom b oth t he e xcavation a nd f ield w alking o f t he t otal a rea o f I ronmongers P iece h ave b een i ncluded i n t his r eport a s a ll h ave b een r ecovered f rom d isturbed c ontexts , o f t he R omano-British s ettlement :

w hether f rom p loughing o r t he e xcavation n o e vidence o f a n u ndisturbed p rehistoric

o ccupation h as y et b een f ound.

R aw M aterial. A m ajor p roportion o f

t he

f lint

s eems

t o h ave b een o btained f rom t he

c halk , o r C ombe R ock f rom N orth W iltshire ( Evans a nd Smith , 1 983 , 7 9) t hough s ome m ay h ave c ome f rom b oulder c lays ( Charlesworth , 1 957 , 7 70) a nd b rought t o t he a rea a s n odules o r p artially p repared n odules . C ores a nd a ll c atagories o f f lakes a re r epresented , a lthough p rimary f lakes w ith w holly c ortical d orsal s urfaces a re n ot a s w ell r epresented a s t he s econdary f lakes w ith s ome c ortex o r t he t ertiary f lakes w ith n one . T here a re o nly t wo f lakes w ith a r olled c ortex ; o ne o f P ortland C hert , a nd t wo f lakes o f U pper G reensand C hert.

C ondition . T he p atination o n t he s urfaces o f t he s truck f lakes v aries f rom a d ense c halky white , s ometimes s tained b rown t o a l ight m ilky white s peckled s urface , t hrough w hich t he a pparent c olour o f t he p arent f lint i s v isible . D ifferential p atination o n s ome o f t he f lakes a nd c ores

s uggests

t hat

d iscarded f lints f rom e arlier o ccupations w ere r eflaked a nd r etouched a fter t he

o nset

o f p atination .

P loughing a nd

t he R omano-British o ccupation i n

t he f ield h as u ndoubtedly d amaged t he e dges o f many f lakes s imulating u tilisation ,

t herefore

a ll

d ubious

e xamples

h ave

n ot

b een

i ncluded .

A n

e xamination o f m any o f t he b roken f lakes s hows t hat m ost o f t he b reaks a re n ot r ecent d amage f rom p loughing .

T he A ssemblage. T here a re 2 293 f lints i ncluding f ragments , 1 079 f rom t he e xcavation , 3 16 f rom t he i nitial f ieldwalking a nd 8 98 f rom t he a rea t o t he s outh o f t he e xcavation w here s ystematic c ollection i n 2 0 m etre g rid s quares p roduced a l arger n umber o f s urface f lints. An

i nitial

e xamination o f

t he

f lints s howed t hat

a rrowheads e ight p etit - t ranchet d erivatives

a nd e ight

f ive

l eafshaped

b arbed a nd

t anged

arrowheads h ad o verall p atination d ensities which r eflected t he c hronological d evelopment o f t he a rrowhead . T hree l eafshaped a rrowheads h ad m uch h eavier p atination t han t he b arbed a nd t anged a rrowheads w hilst t he

199

p etit - t ranchet d erivatives o verlapped b oth ,

a nd t he t wo B eaker t ype p lano -

c onvex k nives , u sually f ound i n a ssociation a rrowheads, w ere o nly l ightly p atinated. H .S .

w ith

G racie i n ' Surface F lints f rom N ewton ' ( Gracie ,

b arbed

1 942 ,

a nd

t anged

1 88 ) o bserved

t hat f lint i mplements f rom t he C otswolds w ere i n g eneral v ery s mall a nd t hat a xes a nd o ther t ools w ere r emade i nto s maller o nes o ften a t a l ater d ate . H aving a lso n oted t he a pparently s mall s ize o f t he m ajority o f t he f lints f rom I ronmongers P iece a nd p ossible r elationship b etween p atination a nd c hronology i t w as c onsidered o f i nterest t o i nvestigate b oth h ypotheses b y m etrical a nalysis o f t he c omplete w aste a nd u tilised f lakes , t he s crapers a nd c ores a nd t o c ompare t he r esults w ith o ther p ublished a ssemblages i n o rder t o c onfirm G racie 's o bservations a nd t o s ee i f t he d ifferent p atinations c orrespond t o d ifferent f lint k napping t echniques a nd c ultural a ffinities . A s imilar m ethod o f a nalysis o f d erived f lints f rom t he e xcavation i n t he h ill f ort o f C adbury-Congresbury i n S outh A von h as y ielded s ignificant r esults i n d emonstrating c ultural d ifferences w ith d ifferent p atinations ( Everton f orthcoming). T he o nly

m etrical d ata o n f lints

f rom t he C otswolds

b etween f lints

i s a n a ssemblage

f rom C ow C ommon b y S aville ( 1979) , i n ' R ecent W ork a t C ow C ommon B ronze A ge C emetery, G loucestershire ' . I n i t h e a lso s uggests t hat p re -B ronze -A ge a ctivities i n t he C otswolds w as b ased u pon a s ettled c rop -b ased e conomy .

M ethod. T he f lints w ere d ivided i nto f our p atination g roups , s econdary a nd t ertiary ( Bo lnmers , 1 956 , 1 -5) .

t he c omplete

w aste a nd u sed f lakes w ere m easured a nd c ompared T his s howed t hat t he d ifferences b etween p airs o f

a djacent p atination g roups w ere n egligible t herefore t he f our g roups w ere a malgamated i nto t wo . G roup ' A ' c ontains t he h eavier p atinated f lints a nd g roup

' B ' t hose w ith l ighter p atinations .

T he c ores w ere

c lassified

( Clark, 1 960 , 2 16) a nd w eighed a nd t hey t oo f ell i nto t wo b road g roups . T he s crapers w ere m easured f or l ength , b readth , t hickness a nd a ngle o f t he s craping

e dge .

F lint k napping b y -p roducts. M any

o f

t he

c ores

b eing s mall a nd f laked a ll r ound w ere d ifficult

t o

c lassify . S ome i n g roup ' B ' a re r eflaked c ores o r l arger f lakes f rom e arlier o ccupations p ossibly b elonging t o g roup t N% T hose i n g roup ' B ' a re c onsiderably s maller t han t hose i n g roup 9 0 . I n b oth g roups c ores w ith m ore t han o ne p latform a re i mportant a nd a re i n t he m ajority i n g roup 1 3% A ll t he c ores i n g roup ' B ' a nd m any i n g roup ' A ' h ave b een f laked d own t o a s ize b eyond w hich u seful f lakes c ould h ave b een d etached . S ome h ave c rushed e dges , s uggesting t hey m ay h ave b een u sed a s h ammer s tones a nd f abricators.

• C o 01

C D •

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C o r e C l a s i f i c a t i o n a n d W e i g h t s

D e s c r i p t i o n

c ) * > W

c l > ( 1 )

4 . 4 2 . 1 Z 0

r -1

( N (N

c d i z i

c -

1

C I ) 4 . 1 b i )

7 2 > W

4 4

CD c 9

T able 2 :

C omparative c ore w eights

S ite

P eriod

C ore C lass

A verage W eight

B+C

4 8 g rams

W indmill H ill

N eolithic

I tford H ill

B ronze A ge

3 12 g rams

B elle T out

B eaker

2 00 g rams

H emp K noll

B ronze A ge

( Head & H ooves) H emp K noll

E arlier N eolithic

A

2 5 g rams

B , C , D .

7 5 g rams

A B , C , D .

5 0 g rams 3 4 g rams

T he a verage c ore w eights f rom o ther s ites s hows t hat t he g roup c ores w eigh s lightly l ess t han t hose f rom W indmill H ill

( Smith ,

1 965 ,

9 0 8 7)

b ut t he c lass ' A ' c ores a re s imilar t o t hose f rom t he B ronze A ge s ite a t H emp K noll ( Robertson-M ackay , 1 980 , 1 53) a nd t he m ulti -p latformed c ores a re s imilar t o t hose

f rom t he e arlier N eolithic

( Ibid ,

1 980 ,

1 30) .

T he g roup

c ores a re a ll m uch l ighter i n w eight t han t hose i n T able 2 p articularly t hose i n C lasses B 2 a nd B 3 . P ark

( Saville ,

1 979 ,

9 9)

T he a nalysis o f c ores f rom C ow C ommon a nd t he

s hows

a s imilar

c ore

c lass

d istribution w ith a

m ajority o f t he c ores a lso w eighing l ess t han 2 0 g rams , i n c ontrast t o t he g roup ' A ' c ores w hich h ave a m ajority w eighing b etween 2 0-40 g rams .

T able 3 :

C ore t rimm ing f lakes

T YPES

G ROUP

N os .

B asal

4

S ide S lab 1 0 ( vertical b low)

' A '

G ROUP ' B

D escription

N os.

T wo w ith t wo p latforms O ne w ith t wo p latforms

S ide S lab ( horizontal b low) T oe ( and s ide)

1

1 4

O ne w ith t wo p latforms

7 1

1

1

1 6

T OTAL

2

2 O ne w ith t wo p latforms

A pex a nd s ide U nclassified

D escription

C ore t rimming f lakes :

2 7

s hows t hat t he s ide s lab i s t he p redominant t ype

i n b oth g roups a nd s ome h ave b een s truck f rom c ores w ith m ore t han o ne p latform w hich w ould c reate a n ew p latform f or t he f urther f laking d own o f t he c ores . S aville n oted t he s mall c ore s izes i n t he M idlands a rea i n t he M esolithic a nd N eolithic i ndustries - ( Saville , 1 973 , 1 1) . T he u se o f m ulti-platformed c ores s uggests a r ather h aphazard m ethod o f f lint k napping w hich m ay b e c haracteristic o f s ome l ater i ndustries ( Fasham a nd R oss , 1 978 , 6 5).

T able 4 : hat t he p referred b readth i n g roup 9 C i s 2 0-30 mm T he m easurements s how t 4 1% o f t he f lakes i n g roup 9 0 a re m ore t han 3 0 mm a nd i n ' B ' 1 0-20 M inh T he f lake/breadth r atios i n g roup 9 C t end t o b e l ong , a nd o nly 2 0% i n W. w here f ewer h ave b readth g reater t han l ength . s quatter t han t hose i n

2 03

F LAKES

G roup A

6 0— 5 0. 4 0— 3 0— 2 0— 1 0— 0

1 2

3 3

1 8

2 0

1 0

7 1 -11

4 6

b read th i n mm

l eng th i n mm

{ -5 -

1 3

1 5

1 9

1

1 3

b read h :l eng th r a t io

F lakes G roup B 6 0— 5 04 0—

^

3 0— 2 01 00

2 2 1 0

9 2 2 0

2 0 1 2 3 t ) 4 0 5 0

l e ng th i n mm

T able 4 :

5 6 0

0

9 2 1 0

5 0 2 0

3 0

b read th i n mm

4 0

1 7 1

3 8 5 0 3 8 1 5 15 2 :5 3 .5 4 :5 5 :5 6 :5 b read th : l e ng th r a t io

M easurements o f s econdary a nd t ertiary w aste a nd u tilized f lakes.

2 04

T able 5 i ndicates t hat t he s ize r ange o f t he m easured f lakes i s g enerally s maller e xcept f or t he L ater N eolithic s ite a t E cton H eath , N orthampton ( Moore , 1 975 , 2 2) , a nd t hose i n g roup ' B ' a re s imilar i n m any r espects . M uch o f t he f lint u sed a t E cton c ame f rom r iver g ravels w hich p robably r estricted t he f lake s ize d ue t o t he q uality o f t he r aw m aterial . A s imilar p roblem w ith r aw m aterial ( whether o f q uality o r q uantity) m ay h ave i nfluenced t he s izes o f t he f lakes i n g roup W. T he p ossible r e-use o f t he l arger a nd l onger f lakes f rom g roup ' , A ' m ay h ave d istorted t he m etrical d ata , a s t he o verall s ize r ange m ay h ave i ncluded a h igher p ercentage o f l arger f lakes .

T able 6 :

T ools , d ivided a ccording t o p atination d ensity

G roup 9 i '

G roup

L eaf-shaped a rrowheads

4

1

T ransverse a rrowheads

5

2

B arbed and tanged a rrowheads

2

6

P olished f lint a xes

3

-

F lakes f rom p olished f lint a xes

3

-

D enticulated f lakes

-

7

F abricators

6

7

K nives

1

1

N otched f lakes

5

1 0

P iercers

4

1 3

R etouched f lakes

9

3 2

S crapers , i ncluding f ragments

5 9

7 2

B ifacially r etouched o bjects

3

2

S purred t ools

-

2

O thers

-

1

F ragments w ith r etouch

P olished f lint a xes a nd f lakes ,

' B '

1

1 5

( fig. 6 4).

T hree a xes a re r epresented b y f ragments o nly .

N os .

1a nd 2 h ave h ad

f lakes s truck f rom t hem p robably f or r e-utilisation . N o . 2 , t he b utt e nd f rom a p artially p olished a xe h as a n a rea o f g loss o n i t , s hown b y d ots ,

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w hich m ay h ave b een c aused b y f riction f rom h afting . N o . 4 , an otched f lake h as s mall a reas o f p olish o n t he d orsal s urface c ut b y n egative f lake s cars , a xe .

S crapers

e vidence f or t he r e-use o f a p olished f lint

( table 7 a nd f ig. 6 4A).

N ot i ncluded i n t he m etrical t ables a re t wo v ery l arge u npatinated c onvex s crapers a nd a f ew b elonging t o g roup ' B ' w hich h ave b een m ade o n i rregularly s haped f lakes a nd o ne c ore s craper f rom g roup 9 0 . T he m ajority o f t he s crapers h ad b een m ade f rom f lakes w ith p rominent b ulbs o f p ercussion f rom t he u se o f ah ard h ammer t o d etach t he f lake f rom t he c ore . N one h ad f acetted s triking p latforms . O nly s ix f rom g roup 9 0 a nd f our f rom g roup ' B ' h ad t he b ulbs t hinned b y s econdary r etouch . T wenty f rom 9 0 a nd t hirty f rom ' B ' h ad s ome c ortex l eft o n t hem . A f ew i n b oth g roups h ad b een r es harpened a t t he t ime o f u se . I ncluded i n g roup ' B ' a re s ix r e-used s crapers w hich h ad b een p artially r e-sharpened a nd s ix f lakes f rom e arlier o ccupations t hat h ad s ubsequently b een m ade i nto s crapers . T he m etrical d ata a gain s hows t hat t he l ighter p atinated f lints a re g enerally s maller t han t hose i n t he h eavier p atinated g roup . T he p referred l engths a re b etween 2 0 -3 0 mm a nd b readths b etween 2 0 -3 0 m i m , w ith t he l ength : b readth r atios b eing a bout e qual . T he p atinated s crapers e xhibit a w ider r ange i n s izes a nd p roportions , w ith a m arked t rend t owards b eing t hicker . B oth g roups f all w ithin t he s ame r ange o f s craping a ngles , t he g roup ' B ' t ools s eem m arginally t o p refer t he s hallower a ngle . I n n either i s t he s teep s craping a ngle d ominant , n or t he s hallower a ngle o f r etouch a ssociated w ith B eaker/Bronze A ge i ndustries . F rom t he d ata i n t able 4 , g roup I V , i t i s c lear t hat b roader f lakes w ere b eing s truck f or m anufacture i nto s crapers . T he m etrical d ata o n t he s crapers f rom C ow C ommon ( Saville , 1 979 , 1 00) s hows t hat t hey a re c omparable t o b oth g roups f rom I ronmongers P iece , p articularly i n t heir d imensions , p roportions a nd t hickness . A lthough t he s craping a ngles f or a m ajority o f t ools f rom b oth a ssemblages a re b etween 5 00 - 8 00 t here i s as mall p ercentage f rom g roups ' A ' a nd ' B ' w hich h ave s teeper a ngles t han t hose f rom C ow C ommon . I n b oth g roups s crapers a re j ust o utnumbered b y o ther t ools ,

i n g roup

' A ' t hey c onstitute a bout 4 8% o f a ll t ool t ypes a nd 4 3% i n 1 8% B radley s uggests t hat a d ominance o f s crapers c ould i ndicate a p astoral e conomy ( Bradley , 1 978 , 4 5 , 5 6).

G roup ' A ' s crapers

( nos. 8 t o 2 1 a nd 3 1).

N os . 8 , 1 619 a nd 2 1 a re l ess h eavily p atinated . N os . 8 10 a re l ong e nded . N o . 1 7 i s ap artially r etrimmed t anged s craper , t he r etrimmed f acets b elong t o t he ' B ' p atination g roup . N o . 2 0 , a d ouble e nded s craper m ade o n a n a nciently s truck f lake , s hows o nly a s light p atination d ifferential b etween t he w orked e nds a nd t he f lake s urfaces .

2 07

> C R A P E R S G r o u p A

l e n g t h i n m

a

0

0 a

0

C O

0

C,1

b r e a d t h i n m

M e t r i c a l t a b l e s o f t h e g r o u p A a n d g r o u p B s c r a p e r s .

b r e a d t h : l e n g t h r a t i o

s c r a p i n g a n g l e

c o

0

7 7 r ,

.0

a

c i p

c o

L c :

0

2 08

G roup ' B' s crapers

( nos. 2 2 t o 3 0 a nd 3 2).

N os . 2 4 a nd 3 8 h ave b een m ade o n g roup 9 0 f lakes , a nd N o . 3 0 i s a r eu sed g roup ' B ' f lake . N o . 2 5 , m ade o n al ightly p atinated f lake h as a n u npatinated s craping e dge . F ig . 6 4 , N os . 5a nd 6 a re l arge u npatinated s crapers , e xcluded f rom t able 7 .

A rrowheads

( fig . 6 4A).

L eaf s haped - F our o f t he f ive a rrowheads b elong t o G reens t ypological s eries . T wo b elong t o t ype 4 Ag . N o . 3 3 . N o . 3 4 c ould b e av ariant, o r t ype 3 Ak . N o . 3 5 i n g roup ' B ' i s p ossibly t ype 2 Cb ; t hough i ncomplete i t i s l arge . T he b ase o f a n e qually l arge a nd f inely m ade o ne , ( not i llustrated ) c ould a lso b elong t o G reens t ype 2 s eries ( Green , 1 980 , 7 1 , 7 2) . G reen a ssociates t ype 4 w ith a reas w here g ood f lint w as u navailable , a nd s maller s quat f lakes w ere s truck f rom p oorer q uality f lint ( Ibid , 6 8) . N o . 3 5 a nd t he o ther l arge a rrowheads m ay h ave b een i mported a s f inished p roducts , o r f lint s upplies w ere v ariable . T here i s e vidence t o s uggest t hat t he l eafshaped a rrowheads c ontinued i n u se p ossibly u ntil 1 550 B .C . i nto t he E arly B ronze A ge ( Ibid , 9 3 , 9 6) , a nd t herefore a ll o f t he a rrowheads o f t his t ype m ay n ot b elong t o t he E arlier N eolithic .

fig. 6 4A). T ransverse D erivative F orms ( N o . 3 6 i n g roup 9 C t he o nly c omplete a rrowhead o f t his t ype , b elongs t o C lark 's t ype C a nd G reen 's C hisel f orm e ( Clark , 1 934 , 3 4 , 3 5 ; G reen , 1 980 , 1 01) . N o . 3 8 g roup 9 C p robably b longs t o C lark 's t ype D a nd G reen 's C hisel t ype d . N o . 3 7 p ossibly C lark 's t ype F a nd G reen 's B ritish O blique T ype d , i s t he m ost h eavily p atinated a rrowhead i n t his g roup . N os . 3 9 , ab roken o blique f orm , a nd N o . 4 0 , ah ollow b ased t ype b elong t o g roup W. T he t ransverse a rrowhead o ccurs w ith b oth l eafshaped a nd b arbed a nd t anged a rrowheads . T he a ssociation o f t he t ransverse t ype a nd R inyo C lacton p ottery i s w ell a ttested . A t D urrington W alls t he o blique f orm w as a ssociated w ith P eterborough p ottery . S uggested d ate-range f or t hese a rrowheads i s f rom a bout 2 100 B .C . t ill p ossibly a s l ate a s t he 1 400% B .C . , b ut t he c hisel f orm i s u nlikely t o h ave b een u sed a fter a bout 1 850 B .C . ( Green , 1 980 , 14 , 15) . T here a ppears t o b e s ome a ssociation b etween t he o blique f orms a nd t he S outhern B eakers. B arbed a nd ' r anged . N one o f t he e ight a rrowheads i s c omplete a nd o nly o ne , n ot i llustrated i s h eavily p atinated . A ll b elong t o G reen 's S utton b t ypes , ( Green , 1 980 , 1 22) . N os . 4 1 , S utton N o . 4 2 , p ossibly S utton b . k , a nd N o . 4 3 , S utton b .h . T his c ommon t ype o f b arbed a nd t anged a rrowhead i s o ften a ssociated w ith B eaker g raves . T he b arbed a nd t anged a rrowhead b ecame d ominant a fter 1 750 B .C . ( Ib ix4 1 29) .

K nives

( fig. 6 4A , n o . 4 4 a nd f ig. 6 5).

T he e leven k nives i n g roup ' A ' a re a ll h eavily p atinated . N one s hows a ny s urface g loss . S ix h ave c ortex b acks , N o . 4 5 i s o ne o f t he t wo w ith b lunting r etouch , N os . 4 7 a nd 4 8 a re t wo o ut o f t hree k nives w ithout c ortex w ith b lunted b acks . h eavily p atinated .

F ig . 6 4A , N o . 4 4 , ab ifacially r etouched f lake i s v ery N o . 5 3 i s t he t ip f rom a p lano -c onvex k nife . N o . 4 8

7

0 5

F ig.

6 4.

F lintwork

2 10

8 c ms

m ay b e as egment f rom a o ne-piece s ickle f lint . T he e leven k nives i n g roup t i B ' h ave a l ighter p atination a nd m ost h ave a f lat , o ften i nvasive , e dge r etouch . S ix f lake k nives h ave f lat e dges r etouch , f ive h ave b een m ade o n n arrow f lakes i ncluding N os . 5 1 a nd 5 2 . T wo l arger i mplements ( not i llustrated) a re w ithout t he f lat e dge r etouch , o ne h as a b lunted b ack . N ot i llustrated i s ac onvex b acked U pper G reensand C hert K nife . N os . 4 9 a nd 5 0 a re p lano-convex k nives o f a t ype a ssociated w ith B eaker i ndustries a nd b arbed a nd t anged a rrowheads .

F abricators

( fig. 6 5).

G roup 9 C , t he s ix e xamples i nclude t wo d ifferent t ypes . N o . 5 5 i s o ne o f t hree b roken e xamples . N o . 5 4 h as a h eavily a braded d istal e nd , a nd i s o ne o f t wo w hich a re s tained b rown . T his t ype m ight b elong t o al ate N eolithic I ndustry ( Smith , 1 965 , 1 06 , n o . 1 46) . G roup 1 B% t hree o f t he s even i mplements i n t his g roup i ncluding N os . 5 6 a nd 5 7 w ith t riangular c ross-sections h ave t he h eavier p atinations . T he f our o ther e xamples a re a ll d ifferent . T wo o ther i mplements s hould p erhaps b e i ncluded i n t his c ategory , N o . 5 8 g roup 9 0 a nd N o . 5 9 , w hich i s o ne o f t wo s imilar t ools i n g roup 1 6% T hey a re n ot s haped l ike t ypical f abricators a nd m ay h ave b een i ntended f or u se a s s crapers .

C rushed-edge T ools

( figs. 6 4A a nd 6 5).

F ig . 6 4 , n o . 7a l arge o val f lake s lightly p atinated a nd F ig . 6 5 , n o . 6 0 i s o ne o f t wo s lightly p atinated f lakes w ith u npatinated c rushed e dges . T hese t ools a nd s ome p reviously n oted c ores m ay h ave b een u sed i n as imilar m anner t o f abricators .

P iercers

( fig. 6 5).

T he f lints i n t his c ategory e xhibit a w ider p atination s pectrum t han i n s ome o ther c lasses o f t ools . T hree o ut o f t he f our t ools i n t his g roup h ave b een m ade o n l arger f lakes t han t hose i n g roup ' 1 6 % T he m ost h eavily p atinated t ools , N os . 6 3 a nd 6 4 h ave s lightly c urved p oints , N o . 6 3 h as b een s haped b y s teep i nverse t ouch . N o . 6 2 i s a s hort , s traight s ided p oint . N one h ave a lternating r etouch . N o . 6 5 , h as t he p oint b roken o ff , i t c ould b elong t o e ither p atination g roup. T he t hirteen t ools i n g roup ' 8 ' h ave a w ide p atination r ange . T wo h ave p oints w ith o ne s traight a nd o ne c oncave s ide . N o . 6 6 i s o ne o f f our w ith t he p oint m ade o n t he s ide o f t he f lake . N o . 6 7 w ith t he p oint a t b ulbar e nd o f ar e-used f lake h as m inimum a lternating r etouch w hich i s o nly l ightly p atinated . N o . 6 8 i s a p oint m ade o n a r e-used , s napped f lake s egment . T he r etouch i s u npatinated . N o . 6 9 m ay b elong t o t he c lass o f s purred t ools a ssociated w ith L ater N eolithic i ndustries .

N otched T ools

( fig . 6 5).

T he d ivision o f t he t ools i nto t wo p atination c ategories i s n ot a s w ell

< z Z>

I

, \

4 1 0 1

\j 3 0

F ig . 6 4a .

F lintwork

2 12

l

I

I

4 I c ms

4 9

5 1

5 6 5 3

5 5

6 7

6 3

7 7

( - - -- -- ) 7 5

F ig. 6 5.

F lintwork

2 13

d efined a s i n s ome o ther c lasses o f t ools .

M ost o f t he h eavier p atinated

o nes a re b orderline b etween t he t wo g roups . T he c ommon f actor i s t he r eu tilisation o f f lakes f or t he p roduction o f n oched t ools w ith b lunt e nds o n e ither s ide o f t he n otch . T he b lunting o n s ome h as b een m ade b y s teep s econdary r etouch . G roup U% N o . 7 0 c an p erhaps b e c lassified a s e ither a ' spurred ' o r d ouble n otched f lake . O ne n otch h as b een w orked i nversely o n a n a nciently s truck f lake , N o . 7 2 h as t he s ides b lunted b y s econdary r etouch . T his t ool i s s imilar t hough s maller t o t he ' horned ' s crapers a ssociated w ith L ater N eolithic i ndustries . N ot i llustrated , t wo s mall f lakes w ith c ontemporary n otches a nd o ne r e-worked o n ah eavily p atinated f lake. G roup

' B%

N o .

7 3 ,

a r e-used e nd s craper i s o ne o f t hree r e-used f lakes

w ith b lunted e nds N o . 7 1 h as a n otch w orked o n a t hick c ortical f lake f ragment . N o . 7 8 a r ectangular s haped t ool m ade f rom a t hick h eavily p atinated f lake f ragment w ith o ne c ontemporarily b attered e dge . T he r etouch o n t he o ther t hree e dges i s u npatinated : o nly o ne n otch s eems t o h ave b een u sed . N o . 7 6 , a r e -u sed l ightly p atinated f lake , t he s napped a nd t rimmed d istal e nd a nd t he n otch a re o nly v ery s lightly p atinated . N o . 7 4 h as t he n otch w orked o n a r e -u sed l ightly p atinated b roken f lake . T he r etouch i s u npatinated . N o . 7 5 a r e-used f lake , h as m ultiple n otches a nd s ome b lunting r etouch a t t he b ulbar e nd , t he r etouch i s o nly v ery s lightly p atinated.

B ifacially R etouched O bjects G roup

' 1 0 .

T he

t hree

( not i llustrated).

o bjects

i n t his

c ategory a re

c ircular

a nd

h ave

i rregular d enticulated e dges c reated b y d eep p eripheral f lake s cars. G roup W.

T he t wo o bjects i n t his g roup h ave b een m ade f rom f lakes a nd

c ould p ossibly b e k nives a s t he e dges s how e vidence o f u se . p atinated a nd i s s imilar t o S mith 's d iscoid o bjects f rom A venue ( Smith , 1 965 , 2 38 , f ig. 8 1).

R etouched F lakes

O ne i s l ightly t he W est K ennet

( not i llustrated).

T hese f lakes a ll h ave s ome e dge r etouch s uggesting t hey w ere u sed f or c utting t ools w ithout t he m ore e laborate r etouch a ssociated w ith k nives . T here a re n ine f lakes i n g roup ' , A ' a nd t hirty t wo i n g roup 1 3% t hey a re g enerally s maller t han t he k nives .

I ncluded i n t his

g roup

i s

t he d istal

e nd o f a s lightly r etouched P ortland C hert f lake.

D enticulated F lakes

( not i llustrated).

A ll t he f lakes b elong t o g roup a nd h ave b een d ivided i nto t wo t ypes . T hree w ith a h eavier m ottled p atination h ave c oarser d enticulated e dges a re t hicker t han f our w ith a l ighter p atination w ith f inely r etouched e dges.

U nclassified T ools N o .

6 1

( fig . 6 5).

a h eavily

p atinated ,

e dge a nd a ' b roken p oint ' ,

b ifacially

f laked

t ool w ith o ne b attered

m ay b e a n u nfinished a rrowhead ,

a b lunt b acked

k nife

o r a b roken p iercer .

N ot

i llustrated ,

a l ightly p atinated ,

t hick ,

p iano - c onvex o bject s truck f rom a t wo p latformed c ore , h as s ome s mall s tepped f lakes r emoved f rom p art o f t he e dge , s uggesting i t m ay h ave b een u sed a s a f abricator . T here a re f ifteen u nclassifiable f ragments w ith s econdary r etouch .

D iscussion . T his a ttempted m etrical a nalysis o f t hese f lints f rom d erived c ontexts i s a t entative e xperiment t o s ee i f i n t his p articular a ssemblage , c ertain q uestions c ould b e a nswered . T he m easurements o f t he f lakes a nd w eights o f t he c ores c ompared w ith o ther a ssemblages w here f lints o ccurred n aturally o r w here

g ood

q uality

f lint

w as

o btainable

s hows

t hat

t he b y -p roducts

f rom

f lint k napping a re g enerally s maller , t he e xception b eing E cton w here s ome p ebble f lint w as u sed . G reen 's a nalysis o f t he l eafshaped a rrowheads f rom t he C otswolds c learly s hows t here i s s ome r eduction i n s ize a nd a n a daptation i n s hape t o m ore s quat p roportions , p robably a r eflection o f t he s hape , s ize a nd q uality o f t he f lint f lakes f rom w hich t he a rrowheads w ere m ade . ( Green , 1 980 , 1 69 , 2 17) . T he m etrical a nalysis o f t he f lakes a nd c ore w eight s hows t hat t he f lakes i n g roup ' B ' a re g enerally s maller t han t hose i n g roup 9 0 a nd t he g roup " B ' c ores a re s imilar i n c lass a nd w eight d istribution t o t hose f rom C ow C ommon ( Saville , 1 979 , 9 9) . T he f lakes i n b oth g roups t end t owards s quatness w hich i s a lso s ee i n t he s crapers . T he r e-utilisation o f f lakes a nd t ools b elonging t o g roup

' A ' h as p ossibly

d istorted t he d ata ; n evertheless t he f lakes i n g roup ' B ' a re s imilar t o t hose f rom t he l ate N eolithic I ndustry a t E cton , w here s mall b road f lakes w ere p redominant a nd b readth t ended n ot t o e xceed l ength ( Moore , 1 975 , 2 2) . T he s ize d ifferential b etween t he c ores i n g roup 9 C a nd ' B ' h as b een d emonstrated b ut t hat b etween t he f lakes a nd s crapers i s n ot s o d istinctive , p robably d ue t ot t he r easons d iscussed a bove . T he s izes a ppear t o b e r elated t o t he c hronology , a nd p robably t he t ypes o f f lint u sed f or t oo l m anufacture .

G roup

' B '

c ores

h ave

c haracteristics

o f

M idland

i ndustries

w hich u sed d erived f lint m aterial . T he r ange o f a rrowhead t ypes c ould s uggest s ome o ccupation , o r h unting i n t he a rea f rom t he E arlier N eolithic i nto t he B ronze A ge , b ut G reen h as s hown t hat l eafshaped a rrowheads c an b e c ontemporary w ith p etit - t ranchet d erivative f orms a nd b arbed a nd t anged a rrowheads ( Green , 1 980 , 9 3 , 9 4) . I f

t he p atination d ensities

a re r elated t o c hronology i t i s p ossible t hat

t he l eafshaped a rrowheads w ere c ontemporary w ith t he p etit-tranchet d erivatives , a nd m ay h ave e ven c ontinued i n u se a fter t he i ntroduction o f t he b arbed a nd t anged a rrowhead . T he d ifferential p atination s een o n m any t ools i s e vidence t hat r esidual f lints f rom e arlier o ccupations w ere r e-used d uring l ater o nes . T he p resence o f a nciently s truck f lints l arge e nough t o b e r e -w orked m ay h ave a ttracted l ater s ettlers t o t he s ame s ites i n a reas w ithout n atural f lint o r w here g ood f lint w as n ot e asily o btained . T he r ek napping o f t ools c ould a lso s uggest i ntermittent r ather t han p ermanent o ccupations

( Bradley ,

A s uggested

1 978 ,

r elationship

5 7). h as

b een p ostulated

f or s ome

a reas ,

b etween

s crapers , s ettlements a nd e conomies . O n s ettlement s ites , t he r atios o f s crapers t o a ll o ther t ools s hould b e b etween 1 : 1 a nd 4 : 1 a nd t hat t here i s a p ossible r elationship b etween s craper d ominated i ndustries a nd l ivestock . S craper d ominated i ndustries a re f eatures o f t he l ater

21 . 5

N eolithic a nd e arlier B ronze A ge

( Bradley ,

1 978 ,

5 6) .

T he p roportion o f

s crapers t o o ther t ools f rom I ronmongers P iece i s j ust a l ittle l ess t han 1 : 1 b ut n evertheless , c ould s till i ndicate a s ettlement s ite , b ut p robably n ot o ne a ssociated w ith a p astoral e conomy . a nd

t heir p roportions

s uggests A part

t hey

T he s mall s ize o f t he s crapers

c ould a ll b elong t o l ater r ather t han

e arlier

i ndustries .

k nives ,

t here i s n o o ther e vidence f or a B eaker/Bronze A ge p resence t here a s

f rom a f ew

b arbed a nd t anged a rrowheads 1 980 ,

1 29) .

s crapers

a nd

c an o ccur w ith o ther

t he

l ate

t wo

p iano-convex

i ndustries

( Green ,

T he B eaker p eople p ossibly f orming a h igher s tatus g roup

w ithin o therwise L ate N eolithic c ultural g roups . T he t wo e xtra l arge u npatinated s crapers a nd t he r e -u sed n otched f lakes with t he s ubsequent

r etouch a nd o ther r e-worked t ools which a re a lso

u npatinated a re i nteresting , i t

s uggests

f lints .

a nd i f t he l ack o f p atination i s s ignificant ,

t hey w ere u sed a t a l ater d ate

t han t he

r est

o f

t he u tilised

T he d ifferent p atinations m ay a lso b e a r eflection o f c hanges i n

l and u se w hich a ltered t he c hemistry a nd d rainage o f t he s oil a nd a ffected t he r ates o f p atination .

C onclusions. G racie 's

o bservations

o n

t he

s ize

o f

t he

c ertainly v alid f or I ronmongers P iece . r eworking o f f lints ,

f lints

i n t he C otswolds

a re

T here i s s ome e vidence o f t he

a nd r eduction i n s ize .

T here i s n o a bsolute e vidence

o f o ccupation d uring t he E arlier N eolithic ,

a s l eafshaped a rrowheads c ould

b e h unting l osses . d uring

T he m ain o ccupations c ould h ave o ccurred i ntermittently

t he l ater N eolithic,

a pparent c onsequence .

w ith o nly a s light B eaker p resence o f n o

F rom t he n umber o f s crapers f ound ,

e conomies m ight b e p ostulated.

m ixed o r a rable

O BJECTS O F S TONE P .M. B arford w ith J .S. B ranfoot a nd c ontributions b y T .F.C. B lagg .

I ntroduction . T he M arshfield s ite p roduced a c onsiderable q uantity o f s tone o bjects ; i ncluding t he f lintwork a nd h ammerstones r eported s eparately ( above p p . 1 99 f f .) . T he o ther s tone o bjects f all i nto f ive c ategories : q uerns , s harpening a nd whetstones , p olished p ebbles , o ther p ebbles ' foreign s tones ' , a nd o bjects o f l imestone . Mr . J .S. B ranfoot h as e xamined most o f t hese s tone o bjects a nd h as p rovided a p etrological i ndentification f or e ach ; h is c omments w here q uoted i n c atalogues b elow a re u nderlined , b ut w here t he m aterial i s d iscussed a s a g roup a nd i n t his i ntroduction t his h as n ot b een d one ; t he f ull t ext o f Mr . B ranfoots' c ontribution i s d eposited i n t he e xcavation a rchive w ith t he f inds i n B ristol C ity M useum . A s i s t o b e e xpected m ost o f t he s tone w as o f l ocal o rigin .

A n umber

o f o bjects a nd a rchitectural e mbellishments a nd o f c ourse t he b uilding - s tone w ere o f l ocal l imestone . T he s ite i s s ituated o n t he F orest M arble , a d ivision o f t he G reater O olite S eries , t hese b eds a re g enerally a c ourse g rained s helly o olitic l imestone . T he I nferior O olite o ccurs a l ittle t o t he w est a nd t o t he s outh o f t he s ite . T his i s g enerally a c reamy-yellow f iner g rained o olitic l imestone w ith l ess s helly d ebris a nd r ubble . M uch o f t he o olitic l imestone f ound o n s ite w as p robably n ot q uarried t here , m ore s uitable b eds o f b oth t he I nferior a nd G reat O olite o utcrop i n t he s urrounding a rea . T he d ivisions w ithin t he o olites a re , h owever , l ithologically i ndistinguishable . Most

o f t he

s tone t hat was i mported a s o bjects ( e .g .

q uernstones ,

w hetstones a nd P ennant t iles) c ame f rom t he w est , f or m any o f t hem a n o rigin i n t he D evonian a nd C arboniferous s trata o f t he B ristol a rea c an b e s uggested . O ccasional i tems s uch a s t he t ufa a nd s hale ( p . 2 33) p robably c ame f rom f urther a field . T he D evonian a nd C arboniferous s trata e xploited w ere m ainly s andstones a nd c onglomerates a nd f all i nto t hree g roups ; O ld R ed S andstone ( Devonian ) , T he P ennant s eries a nd t he M illstone G rit s eries ( both c arboniferous). T he O ld R ed S andstone i s g enerally f ine - g rained a rkosic f eldspar)

s andstone

c ontaining

r ed

c lay,

m ica

c onglomerates c ontain m ilky w hite q uartz p ebbles ,

a nd

( contains

f eldspar .

T he

r ed a nd b lack j aspars a nd

o ccasionally s late i n a m atrix o f s harp g lassy s and c emented b y i ron o xide . P rinciple e xposure ; P ortishead a nd t he F ailand r idge , c entre o f M endips a nticline. T he s andstone f acies o f t he c arboniferous r ocks o utcropping i n t he r egion c an b e v ery s imilar i n p art a nd t hus s ome i dentifications a re

217

1

F ig . 6 6 .

Q uernstone ( scale 1 /3)

2 18

t entative a s n oted b elow . T he P ennant S andstone i s n on-c alcareous , m icaceous o r m icromicaceous , f airly h ard a nd v arying i n c olour f rom g rey t o d ark b rick r ed . C arbonaceous s pecks o ccur i n s ome b eds a nd t he s andstone i s f issile w ith s ome f alse b edding o ccurring . W interbourne a reas .

P rinciple e xposures i n N ailsea ,

H anham a nd

T he M illstone G rit s eries a re a g roup o f h ard c lose-grained g rits o r q uartzites w ith f erruginous p atches , o ften m uch f issured a nd b roken u p . I t i s n ot f issile , u sually n on-calcareous , a lthough s ome c alcareous b eds o ccur . A lso a g roup o f m icaceous s ilicious c onglomerates o ccurs , o ften f erruginous a nd o ccasionally c alcareous a nd c ontains q uartz p ebbles . P rinciple e xposures s outh s ide o f F ailand r idge a nd A von G orge n ear C lifton .

Q uerns

( figs. 6 6-70).

E ighteen f ragments o f q uern w ere r ecovered , u nfortunately m any o f t hem f rom p loughsoil c ontexts . T hey a re a ll c atalogued h ere , t hickness i s m easured a t t he e dge o f t he s tone o r where t his i s a bsent a m aximum i s g iven .

S addle Q uerns 1 .

( fig . 6 6).

C omplete ' s addle q uern ' o f q uartzite .

T he c oncave u pper s urface i s

h eavily a braded a nd p olished , b ut a lso s hows l ocalised b attering i n t he c entre . T he q uern w as s haped b y f laking , w hile t he u pper g rinding s urface was ' pecked ' . O ne e dge o f t he q uern h as b een s moothed b y a brasion , p robably t he q uern h as b een r e -u sed a s a s harpening s tone . S andstone/quartzite , p ossibly S eries. ( SF 5 050 ( 30)). 2 .

F ragment o f t he e nd M illstone g rit s eries.

d iscoloured b y b urning? M illstone G rit

o f a s imilar q uern o f t he s ame r ock t ype . ( SF 1 726 ( 8) p loughsoil , n ot i llustrated).

D uring t he b adkfilling o f p art o f t he s ite i n 1 983 ,

t wo f urther s addle

q uern f ragments o f q uartzite , b oth f rom l ayer 3 0 , w ere f ound . A lthough t hey h ave n ot b een e xamined b y M r . B ranfoot , t he s tone s eems s imilar t o N o . 1i n t exture . ( SF 5 062 a nd 5 063 ( 30)) . N o o bvious

' grain r ubbers ' o r u pper s tones f or s addle q uerns w ere

r ecognised .

R otary Q uerns 3 .

( figs. 6 7-69).

C omplete l ower s tone o f C urwen 's ( 1973 , 1 48 , f igs . 4 13) W essex t ype , s haped b y f laking , g rinding s urface p ecked , l ower l eft r ough . A l arge f lake h as b een d etached f rom o ne e dge . T he c entral ' c ollar ' a round t he s pindle h ole w hich o riginally a rticulated w ith t he b ase o f t he h opper i n t he u pper s tone i s n ow m ore h eavily w orn t han o ther a reas o f t his s urface .

I t

s eems p robable t hat

t his h as

b een u sed

F ig. 6 7.

Q uernstone ( scale 1 /3)

w ith a d ifferent t ype o f u pper s tone a t s ome t ime i n i ts w o/king l ife . M icromicaceous c lose-grained g rit M illstone G rit s eries ( or s arsen?). 4 .

o r q uartzite, m uch f issured ( SF 5 051 ( 52) p loughsoil).

H alf o f t he u pper s tone o f a f lat-topped q uern o f c onglomerate . S loping g rinding s urface w ith n o v isible N o r ynd c hase . T he h andle w as i nserted i n a c hase i n s urface 7 5 m mu l ong a nd 2 5 m mu d eep , t he s tone h as b roken

p ink - g rey f urrowing . t he u pper t hrough a t

t his p oint . O uter s urface l ightly p ecked a ll o ver , g rinding s urface p ecked , n ow h eavily w orn a t s kirt . C onglomerate o f q uartz p ebbles a nd ( weathered-out) r ed a nd w hite f eldspars. R ed J asper o ccurs , i ron o xide c ement. O ld R ed S andstone c onglomerate , p robably P ortishead b eds. ( SF 5 052 ( 68) ) . O ther h alf p loughed-away r ecently , f resh b reaks . 5 .

F ragment o f s imilar u pper s tone w ith ' b iconical ' c entral p erforation . E xternal d iameter 0 . 42 M. D eeper l arger h andle c hase ( 80 MUN l ong) . S urface p ecked , w ith l ittle w ear o n g rinding s urface . P ortishead c onglomerate a s a bove . ( U/S , n ot i llustrated).

6 .

S mall i rregular f ragment ,

w ith n o s urfaces ,

o f c oarse g rained A rkosic

c onglomerate , O ld R ed S andstone , p ossibly P ortishead b eds . ( 104) p loughsoil , n ot i llustrated). 7 .

1 97

F ragment o f u pper s tone o f q uern 4 5 m m . t hick w ith p arallel s urfaces , n o t ooling d iscernible . N on-calcareous a rkosic s andstone c onglomerate q uartz a nd c onglomerate a bove . ( S F

8 .

( SF

p ebbles o f s hattered q uartz a nd f eldspar i n am atrix o f f eldspar g ranules w ith s ome s and . O ld R ed S andstone f acies , p ossibly P ortishead b eds. V ery s imilar t o N o. 6 1 07 ( 50) p loughsoil , n ot i llustrated) .

F ragment o f s oft b uff s tone w ith o ne f lattish s urface p erhaps t oo s oft f or a q uernstone . C onglomerate o f r ounded p ebbles o f o olitic l imestone a nd m arls w ith a ngular f ragments o f b lack s hale i n a n o olitc m atrix . Q uartz a nd s hell d ebris a re a lso p resent. P robably r epresentative o f t he J urassic m arine t ransgression o ver t he c arboniferous s ite , p robably f rom a n i nfilling o f af issure w ithin t he c arboniferous l imestone ( as c an b e s een i n M endip q uarries s uch a s C ooks W ood ( Shepton M allet) a nd H olwell F arm ). T he a ngular b lack s hale f ragments a re p robably d erived f rom t he c oal m easures. T he A ge o f t his s pecimen m ay b e U pper J urassic . ( SF 2 93 ( 104) p loughsoil , n ot i llustrated).

9 .

T angential f lake f rom t he l ower s tone o f ar eddish c onglomerate .

0 . 38

e xternal d iameter . S lightly s loping g rinding s urface . S andstone c onglomerate , q uartz p ebbles i n s andstone m atrix n on-calcareous , m ica c eous , w eathered f eldspar . O ld R ed S andstone c onglomerate f acies , P ortishead b eds . ( Context 1 41 , n ot i llustrated) . M.

1 0 .

le

Small i rregular f ragment o f r eddish c onglomerate w ith o ne f lat s urface . S andstone c onglomerate , q uartz , J asper f eldspar , O ld R ed S andstone P ortishead b eds. ( SF 1 68 ( 7) p loughsoil , n ot i llustrated). F ragment o f t he e dge o f a t hick u pper q uernstone o f r eddish c onglomerate 0 . 58 m . e xternal d iameter . S urface a nd u pper s urface s lightly s loping ( 65 MMN t hi c k ) , p ec ked i rregularly w ith g rinding s urface h eavily w orn ( worn c oncentric g rooves) e specially a t s kirt . B rown c onglomerate w ith l arge r ounded p ebbles o f m ilky q uartz a nd

221

_

4

F ig . 6 8 .

Q uernstone ( scale 1 /3)

2 22

s maller p ebbles o f g reen-stained s and w ith i ron o xide c ement , m icaceous , n on-calcareous . O ld R ed S andstone c onglomeratic f ad es P ortishead b eds. ( U/S , n ot i llustrated). 1 2.

F ragment o f t hin ( Lower?) s tone o f r otary q uern o f M illstone G rit . O nly t he s kirt o f t he s lightly s loping g rinding s urface i s w orn . G rinding s urface f urrowed . C oarse i grained s andstone w ith q uartz g ranules , p robably M illstone G rit. ( SF 2 144 ( 66) p loughsoil).

1 3.

F ragment o f u pper s tone o f r otary q uern o f M illstone G rit , 0 . 39 m . i n d iameter , s loping g rinding s urface h eavily w orn a nd r e-tooled w ith c oarse s hallow f urrows . H eavily w orn a t t he s kirt . V ertical-sided c entral h ole ; n o h opper : U pper s urface ( figured ) d ressed w ith h arps o f f urrows . F ine t o m edium c oarse-grained g rit , n on - c alcareous . Millstone G rit . ( SF 3 023 ( 155)) .

1 4.

L arge f ragment o f t he e dge o f a t hick ( 80 mm .) u pper s tone o f a r otary q uern o f M illstone G rit , n ow b adly d amaged . A w ide m argin , n ow c hipped o ff , c ircumscribes a f lat u pper s urface d ressed b y p ecking , e dge a lso p ecked . T he c oncave g rinding s urface e xhibits n o t ooling a nd i s h eavily w orn e xcept f or a 1 5 m m . m argin a t t he S kirt ; i t i s n ot p ossible t o t ell i f t here w as o riginally a r idge h ere . M edium g rained n on-calcareous g rit p robably M illstone G rit . ( SF 3 5At ( 1) p loughsoil) .

1 5 .

F ragment o f l ower s tone o r r otary q uern o f b rawn g rit .

F lat g rinding

s urface w ith r oughly f laked e dge a nd l ower s urface , d iameter 0 . 44 m . t hickness 7 0 mm . G rinding s urface p ecked a nd a braded . V ery h ard g reenish r ed-brown , f ine g rained , w ell s orted s andstone w ith d isseminated f lecks o f m ica . N on-calcareous ; f erruginous p atches ; a rgillaceous w ith i ron o xide c ement. O ld R ed S andstone , e .g . t he e xposures o n t he b anks o f t he r iver S evern? ( SF 185 ( 11) p loughsoil , n ot i llustrated) . 1 6 .

F ragment o f t he g rinding s urface o f ar otary q uern p robably o f O ld R ed S andstone a s a bove . G rinding s urface f urrowed a nd w orn , n o o ther s urfaces. ( SF 5 053 ( 330), n ot i llustrated).

1 7.

F ragment o f t he e dge o f a r otary m illstone o f g rey s andstone ,

3 0 mm .

t hick . Q uern 0 .28 m i n d iameter . V ertical t ooling o n e dge . F urrowing o n g rinding s urface . T he u pper s urface i s n ow w orn s mooth , p robably t he s tone w as r e-used a fter b reakage a s a s harpening- s tone . G reen r ed -b rown f ine g rained s andstone. O ld R ed S andstone , e .g . e xposures o n t he b anks o f t he R iver S evern?. ( SF 1 03 ( 5) p loughsoil).

C ompare w ith t he e xamples f rom W hitton ( Welfare i n J arrett a nd W rathmell , 1 981 , 2 2 , f ig . 8 5 , n o . 6 ) . T his s tone w as o f 0 . 76 14 i n d iameter a nd o f a s imilar t hickness , a nd w as a lso t hought t o h ave b een o f O ld R ed S andstone ( but , f rom t he g eological d escription , n ot t he s ame b ed). W elfare ( ibid . , 2 25) s iggests t hat t he Whitton s tone w as f rom a m echanical m ill a nd q uotes a n umber o f p arallels . W hile a nimal p ower i s a p ossibility a t M arshfield , t he p roximity o f B roadmead B rook , w hich i s l arge e nough t o p roduce t he n ecessary h ead o f w ater a nd t he p resence o f ap ossible R oman w atermill a t N ettleton ( Wedlake , 1 982 , 9 5-8 , p l . X LVII) s uggest t hat a R oman w atermill m ay h ave e xisted b elow t he s ite i n t he v alley . '

2 23

1 8 .

F ragment o f ap robable m ortar o f r ed c onglomerate

( fig . 7 0) . T he

i nterior s urface i s t oo i rregular t o h ave c ome f rom a r otary q uern . F or o ther m ortars s ee t he p ottery s ection , ( SF 1 942 ( 201) ) .

D iscussion

( PMB)

T he s mall g roup o f q uern f ragments f rom I ronmongers a re o f i nterest i n t hemselves , b ut i t w as h oped t o c ompare t hem w ith e xamples f rom o ther s ites ; b ecause t he l ocal g eology i s s o v ariable i t w as h oped t hat m any q uerns c ould b e a ssigned a r easonably s pecific a rea o f o rigin , t hus c omparison m ight s how s ome d etails o f l ocal ' trade ' p atterns . U nfortunately t he q uality o f t he r eports o n q uerns f rom l ocal s ites i s s omewhat v ariable , t he b est r eports f or c omparison b eing t hose f rom W hitton ( Welfare , 1 981) , C hew V alley ( Rahtz , 1 977 , 2 01-3) a nd G atcombe ( Harwell i n B ranigan , 1 977 , 1 01-2) . M any o ther s ites h ad t oo f ew r eported q uerns t o b e o f u seful c omparison .2 O f t he f orty-three R oman a nd I ron A ge q uerns f rom C hew V alley , m ost w ere o f O ld R ed S tandstone ; f ifteen o f O ld R ed S andstone c onglomerate , b oth t ypes p resumed t o b e f rom t he M endips ,3 o ne q uern w as o f l ocal T riassic S andstone a nd o ne o f l ava . A t W hitton , o f t he s ix q uerns d iscussed , t wo w ere o f M ayen l ava , t he o ther f our w ere o f s tones s imilar t o t he O ld R ed o r C arboniferous s andstone . H orwell d escribes t welve s tones f rom G atcombe ( an d o ne m ortar ) . S ix w ere o f O ld R ed S andstone , t hree o f T riassic S andstone p resumed t o h ave b een f rom C hew V alley , a nd o ne o f O ld R ed S andstone ( Portishead) c onglomerate .

t ype

T he M arshfield q uerns s uggest a c onnection b etween r ock s ource a nd q uern ( and p robably d ate o f m anufacture) . T his i s n ot a pparent a t o ther

s ites , where t he q uartzite o f q uerns N os . 1 -3 i s ( from t he p ublication) s eemingly n ot p resent . A t M arshfield t his r ock t ype o ccurs i n p re-Roman t ypes o f q uern ; f our ' s addle q uerns ' a nd a ' Wessex t ype ' r otary q uern . T he l atter t ype h as a p re-Roman o rigin , b ut s ince C urwen 's w ork ( 1937 a nd 1 948) l ittle u seful g eneral w ork o n q uern t ypology a nd d ating h as b een d one . T he d ate o f t he d emise o f t he t ype i s t ill u nknown . E ven i f i t h ad b een s tratified , t he M arshfield q uern w ould h ave b een o f l ittle u se f or d ating s ince , a s h as b een s uggested a bove , i t m ay h ave b een q uite o ld w hen l ost a s i t a pparently s urvived t he o riginal t opstone .4 F ieldwork b y t he w riter s uggests t hat t his t ype o f s tone m ay h ave b een q uarried i n t he L ong A shton a rea t o t he e ast o f B ristol . O ld R ed S andstone ( Portishead ) c onglomerate w as u sed f or R oman t ypes o f r otary q uern a nd m ortar ( Nos . 4 -7 , 9 -11 a nd 1 8) . T his m ay h ave b een q uarried i n t he A bbots L eigh a rea t o t he w est o f B ristol . T he r est o f t he q uerns ( apart f rom N o . 8w hich n eed n ot n ecessarily b e f rom a q uern ) w ere o f s andstone o f D evonian o r C arboniferous a ge . T he p ossible q uarries f or t hese h ave n ot y et b een l ocated , s ince t heir o utcrops a re s o e xtensive. T he p resence o f a f ragment o f m illstone f rom a m echanical m ill a t I ronmongers i s o f g reat i nterest . A lthough e xamples o f t hese a re n ow s een t o b e m uch m ore w idespread t han w hen R ichmond ( 1963 , 1 701) l isted t hem , t hese s tones a re s ufficiently u ncommon t o b e o f i nterest i n t hemselves , q uite a part f rom t he i mplication f or t he n ature a nd e conomy o f t he s ite . T he p robability t hat t he s tone h ad b een b rought u p f rom t he v alley b ottom ( assumi n g t hat i t w as i ndeed f rom a w ater- m ill) a nd t hat i t w as a lso r e-used a s a s harpening s tone p rompts c aution i n p lacing t oo m uch r eliance o n t he p resence

o f

t his f ragment .

I t i s p ossible t hat i t h ad b een t ransported

2 24

/

1 2

1 3

1 7

F ig. 6 9.

Q uernstones ( scale 1 /3)

1 8

F ig. 7 0 .

Q uernstone ( scale 1 /2)

2 25

f rom e lsewhere ,

b ut u nlike t he S ilchest v m ill -p ivot ( Manning ,

1 964) t here

w ould h ave b een l ittle t o g ain f rom t his .

S harpening a nd W hetstones

( figs.

7 1 a nd 7 2).

T he t erms I l cmestone ' a nd ' whetstone ' a re v irtually s ynonymous , b ut i t s eems w orthwhile t o d istinguish b etween c oarse -g rained h ard s tones w h ich w ould b e u sed t o p ut a n e dge o n a t ool , a nd a s oft f iner-grained s tone w hich w ould b e u sed t o ' whet ' o r ' hone ' s ome t ool e dges . S ince s uch d ivision i s t o s ome e xtent s ubjective a bove h eading .6

t hey h ave

b een g rouped

t ogether h ere u nder

t he

I n a ll 3 5 f ragments o r c omplete s tones w ere r ecognised a s b elonging t o t his c ategory . T his i s a part f rom f ragments o f q uern ( above N os . 1a nd 1 7) r e -u sed a s s harpening o r w hetstones . T hese h ave a ll b e e xamined b y M r . B ranfoot, a nd f rom h is d escriptions t hese s tones c an b e d ivided i nto a n umber o f g roups a nd s ub - g roups a s s et o ut b elow. M ost s tones h ad b road f lattish w orn a reas , a nd w ere p resumably u sed f or s harpening t ools , b ut s ome ( e .g . N os . 9 a nd 1 2) h ad g rooves, m ade b y s harpening p oints ( e.g . p ins o r n eedles). G roup A ( i)

H ard

c oarse

s harpening

s tones

o f

O ld R ed

S andstone .

F our

f ragments f ell i nto t his g roup ( SFs 7 28 , 7 140 f rom p loughsoil a nd S F 2 811 ( 383) , a nd 4 056 ( 237) . T wo o f t he f ragments a re i rregular a nd o nly o ne f ace o f e ach h as b een u sed . 1 , S F 1 40 , N o . 2 , S F 2 811) . G roup A ( ii)

H ard

f ine

N os .

1a nd 2 a re m ore e xtensively w orn .

s harpening o r h onestones

o f

c alcareous

( No .

s andstone .

T here a re p ossibly t wo g roups ( Jurassic a nd C arboniferous o r T riassic s ources) b ut t hese t his g roup ( SFs 5 2 ,

s eem v isually v ery s imilar . S ix f ragments f all i nto 13 , 3 06 , 9 90 a nd 1 092 a nd 1 737 j oining) . S F 9 90 , N o .

3a nd 1 092 a nd 1 737 , N o . 4a re f igured a s i llustrative o f t he s hape o f t hese s tones. A nother f our

f ragments

o f

s harpening s tones o f s andstone o r g rit ,

b ut

n ot f alling i nto t he a bove g roups , w ere a lso f ound . ( SFs 3 07 , 5 94 , a nd 2 183 a ll f rom p loughsoil) . T hree a re c arbonifeous s andstone , t he f ourth i s p robably p ennant s andstone . S F 2 183 , N o . 5h as g rooves i n o ne e dge o f t he e nd , t hese a re o f u ncertain o rigin .

G roup B ( i)

E ight w hetstone f ragments a re o f f ine c lose -g rained m icaceous

g rit , p robably c arboniferous f rom t he M illstone G rit s eries . A ll o f t hese a re f ragments o f f lat w ater - w orn p ebbles , p resumably p icked u p o n ab each o r r iver b ed s omewhere , a nd ( since t here a re n ow n o d eposits o f p ebbles o f t his t ype n ear M arshfield ) p resumably t raded .7 S Fs 1 28 , 3 03 , 5 93 , 1 307 ( No . 6 ) a nd 2 149 ( No . 7 ) a ll p loughsoil , a nd S F 2 7 ( 68) a nd S F 1 792 ( 39) .

G roup B ( ii)

S ix p ebble

w hetstone

f ragments

o f

v arious

d ark

b rown f lat

p ebbles w ere a lso f ound , p ossibly f rom t he s ame s ource a s G roup B ( i ) b ut o f d ifferent p etrology . O ne w as o f q uartzite ; t wo o f c arboniferous o r p alaexoic g rit; t he r est o f c arboniferous g rits .

( N k ,

S Fs 1 29 ( No . 8 ) ,

1 47 ,

5 06 , 2 107 9 ) a nd 2 423 f rom p loughsoil , S F 3 301 ( 165) o f q uartzite a nd S F 1 844 ( 201) c arboniferous g rit . N o . 9h as a n umber o f ' point s harpening '

3

77A

2

6

5

8

9

F ig. 7 1.

W hetstones ( scale 1 /2) 2 27

g rooves.

G roup C

T his

f ragment

( SF 2 660

t o m erit a s eparate g roup . b asaltic w hetstone . R edhill;

T here

( 264) ,

I t a re

b asaltic

j ust s outh o f B ristol a irport,

G roup D

T hree f ragments o f

N o .

1 0) i s s ufficiently d istinctive

i s a s haped , d ykes

well-worn f ragment n earby

a t

o f

a

B roadfield F arm ,

b ut a lso e lsewhere i n t he a rea).

( fissile) O ld R ed S andstone w ere u sed a s

s harpening o r whetstones - S Fs 3 6A ( No . p loughsoil , n one w ere s haped d eliberately .

1 1) ,

9 08

a nd

1 702

a ll

f rom

G roup E T wo p ieces o f p ennant s andstone s labs , p resumably p icked u p o n s ite h ad b een u sed a s whetstones , n either w ere d eliberately s haped , a lthough S F 1 0 f rom p loughsoil h ad a s traight e dge , p ossibly t his was a r e -u sed f loor-slab o r d oorstep e tc . S F 2 641 ( 68) , N o . 1 2 was more i nteresting . W hen f irst d iscovered , i t w as t hought p ossible t hat t he g rooves i n t he u pper s urface

( No .

1 2

b ottom)

w ere

i ngot

m oulds

( e .g .

f or p ewter ,

s older e tc")

b ut t he g rooves o n t he r everse d emonstrate t hat t his s tone h ad b een u sed f or s harpening s omething . O ne f ace h as a s moothed a rea , u sed f or w hetting b lades , which i s c ut i nto b y t hree d eep p arallel g rooves , w ith r ound b ottoms a nd s lightly ' stepped ' s ides . S uch m arks a re c onsistent w ith t he s harpening o f , f or e xample , g ouge b lades 1 0 mm . w ide . T here i s o ne d eep ' point

s harpening '

g roove

a lso

o n

t his

s urface

a nd

o ne

o r

t wo

o ther

s cratches . T he o ther f ace h as a lso b een s moothed b y w hetting , a nd h as t wo s hallower ' gouge - s harpening ' g rooves a nd a n umber o f ' point s harpening ' g rooves c rossing o ne o f t hese . A p art o f o ne o f t he e dges o f t he s lab h as a lso b een u sed f or w hetting , a nd a lso e xhibits ' point s harpening ' g rooves . T his f ragment s hows a t l east t hree p hases o f u se , f irstly i t w as u sed f or w hetting a b lade , w hich p roduced b road f lat s mooth s urfaces . T hen t he s tone w as u sed t o k eep t he e dge o f ag ouge ( experiment s uggests t hat t his i s t he m ost p robable e xplanation o f t hese g rooves) . S ubsequently t he s tone w as u sed t o s harpen a n umber o f p oints , s uch a s p ins o r n eedles ( either o f m etal o r p erhaps b one?) o r s tyli , a wls o r s imilar t ools . S ince n one o f t hese g rooves c rosses a f racture ( unlike t he g ouge m arks) i t s eems t hat t he s tone w as a lready b roken w hen u sed f or t his p urpose.

D iscussion . T he p etrology o f

t hese s tones i s i nteresting .

M ost m ay b e p resumed t o

b e o f f airly l ocal o rigin , e ven t he s eemingly ' exotic ' N o . 1 0 m ay b e f rom a l ocal b asalt d yke , o r c ould b e f rom a n e rratic . T he p resumed l ocal s ources o f m ost o f t hese h ones i s c omparable t o t he p attern o f s ources k nown f or B ritish h ones i n a ntiquity ( Ellis , 1 969 , E vison , 1 975, s ee a lso Moore , 1 978) .

I t

i s

i nteresting

S andstone ( Group D ) h ones ,

t o n ote

a lso

t hat

a part

f rom

t he O ld

R ed

t he w hetstones a nd s harpening s tones d o n ot s eem

t o h ave c ome f rom t he s ame s ources a s t he q uerns ( above p . A q uick c omparison w ith a s election o f r eports o n w hetstones f rom l ocal s ites 8 s howed S andstones ,

t hat

a t

whetstones

G atcombe , a nd

C hew

s harpening

V alley a nd W hitton , s tones

p redominate

s haped O ld ( cf .

R ed

M arshfield

G roup D ) , w hile s tones s eemingly s imilar t o M arshfield G roup A M are f ound a t C atsgore ,

W hitton a nd I lchester ,

( Hythe B eds) s tones a re

b ut a re u ncommon t here .

f ound a t C atsgore a nd I lchester ,

2 28

K entish R ag

b ut n ot s eemingly

1 0

1

F ig . 7 2.

W hetstones ( scale 1 /2) 2 29

n orth o f t he M endips .

P olished S tones

( fig . 7 3).

E leven w ell - r ounded c obbles o f q uartzite a nd

f lint h ave p olished a reas

o n t heir f aces o bviously o f a rtificial o rigin a nd o ften o f av ery h igh g loss . O nly t wo w ere s tratified , ( SF 3 26 ( 107) a nd S F 4 054 ( 305)) . A part f rom t wo s mall f lint p ebbles w ith d ull p olish , t he r est o f t he p ebbles a re ( or a re f ragments o f ; s ince s ix a re f ractured)9 l arge q uartzite c obbles w eighing a bout 4 50g .

a nd 9 0100 mm .

l ong a nd w ell-rounded f itting

c omfortably i n t he h and . T hey h ave h igh g loss c aused b y w ear i n t he c entre o f o ne o r s ometimes b oth f aces . O ne ( SF 1 A f rom p loughsoil) h ad a lso b een u sed a s ah ammerstone , b ut p ossibly a fter t he p olishing ( fig . 7 3) . T he u se o f t hese s tones i s u ncertain .

T hey h ad o bviously b een u sed t o

r ub s omething f airly s oft o r i rregular ( the p olished s urfaces a re n ot f lat b ut f ollow i rregularities i n t he s urface o f t he s tone) . T his m aterial w as n ot a brasive , a s t he p olished s urfaces a re n ot s triated , a lthough t wo s tones h ave p arallel a ligned s triae o n a reas a djacent t o t he p olish . I t h as b een s uggested ( e .g . A lcock ,

1 963 , 3 16) t hat s imilar p ebbles f rom

I rish C rannogs w ere u sed a s ' l inen s moothers ' o n a nalogy n o d oubt w ith t he g lass o bjectsl° o f t his f unction . I t i s d ifficult t o s ee h owever h ow s uch a f unction c ould p roduce a p olish o n s tone w ithout d amaging t he t extile ( albeit

t hat

t his

p olish

w ould

m ake

t hat

s tone

m ore

s uitable

f or s uch a

f unction p rotecting t he f abric f rom a brasion). I t m ay b e s uggested t hat s uch p ebbles c ould h ave b een u sed i n b urnishing p ots p rior t o f iring . T his ( particularly w here a c oarse h ard f iller w as u sed) m ight b e e xpected t o p roduce s triae , f urthermore t he p olish i s i n t he w rong a reas o f t he s tone , s ince t he e nds o f t he p ebbles w ould h ave b een u sed t o g et i nto a wkward a reas o f t he p ot ( e .g . t he n eck) . T he m ost l ikely f unction , a s A lcock ( 1963 , 1 62) h as s uggested i s t hat t hese s tones c ould h ave b een u sed i n t he d ressing o f l eather . F rom t he R oman p eriod o nwards t he c urrier u sed a n i ron s licker ( or ' s leaker ') f or w orking o ils , f ats e tc . , i nto t he h ide t o ' dress ' i t . ( Thomson , 1 981, 1 66-70 , f ig . 5 ) . T he s licker i n a ntiquity w as a l ong b lade w ith t ongues a t e ither e nd ( perpendicular t o t he b lade e dge) t o t ake a h andle r unning a long t he b ack o f t he b lade . T he e arliest e xamples k nown t o t he w riter a re f rom a R oman c ontext a t C anterbury ( in B lockley a nd D ay f orthcoming ) a nd f rom a p robably R oman c ontext a t W ookey h ole ( Balch C oll . W ells m useum) . T he f orm w as c ontinued i n u se b y t he A nglo-Saxons ( e .g . a n e xample f rom M ucking i n J ones f orthcoming) b ut a s f ar a s t he w riter i s a ware , t here a re n o s lickers o f i ron y et k nown f rom c ontemporary B ritish c ontexts i n t he w est . I t i s p ossible t hat t his i s t he f unction o f t hese p olished s tones , a nd t his w ould a ccord w ith t he w ear p atterns o n t he s tones . T wo s tones a t l east s how a reas o f b attering i n t he c entre o f t he f aces ( SF l A a nd S F 186) a nd o thers a re f ractured i n a m anner c onsistent w ith s uch b attering . P erhaps t he s tones h ad a lso b een u sed a s h ammerstones t o k nock p egs i nto t he g round ( or p egs o r h ooks i nto a f rame) t o s tretch h ides w hile d rying a fter d ressing .

F ig . 7 3.

P olished s tone S F L A ( full s ize)

2 31

T he

d ate

s tratified ,

o f

o ne

t he

M arshfield

f ragment

s tones

f rom c ontext

p ost -p acking i n p osthole 1 07 .

i s

u ncertain ,

3 05 a nd

o nly

a c omplete

t wo

w ere

p ebble u sed

a s

I f t he a bove s uggestion t hat t hey w ere u sed

i n l eather d ressing i s c orrect t hey c ould p re -d ate t he R oman o ccupation o f t he s ite ( and t hus b e a ssociated w ith t he f lint s crapers , p p . 2 07-8 ) .

' Foreign' S tones

( not i llustrated).

A n umber o f p ebbles

a nd

f ragments o f

r ock w ere

f ound w hich were

' foreign ' t o t he u nderlying g eology , b ut f or w hich n o c onvincing r eason f or t heir a rtificial i mportation c ould b e s uggested . T hey a re b riefly n oted b elow .

P ebbles. T wenty -n ine w aterworn p ebbles w ere f ound ( most l ess t han 3 0 m m . l ong ) . M ost w ere f rom t he p loughsoil a nd s ix s tratified , ( contexts 3 9 , 1 56 , 1 79 , 2 62 a nd 3 05) . N one e xhibited a ny p olish ( except S F 1 792 , b elow) , a brasion o r a ny o ther t races o f u tilisation . I f t hese p ebbles a re i ndeed m anuports ( imported b y h uman a gency) n o f unction c an b e a scribed t o t hem . T wo a re f lattish a nd c ould h ave b een u sed a s ' counters ' w hile t en o thers a re w hite o r b rightly c oloured q uartz o r a ttractively-marked a nd c ould h ave b een p icked u p

f or t heir a esthetic a ppeal .

S F 1 792

f rom c ontext 3 9 i s a w ell

r ounded w hite a nd g rey v eined q uartz p ebble w hich h as a n a ll o ver p olish . T his c ould b e a rtificial , d ue f or e xample t o i t h aving b een c arried a bout o n t he p erson . T he a bove s peculation c annot b e e ntertained f or t he r emaining p ebbles , t hey a re o f d rab b rown f lint o r q uartzite . O ne i s o f g rit a nd t he o ther a m etamorphic r ock . T hey a re a ll w ell - r ounded a nd o f as imilar s ize . I t i s p robable t hat t he p resence o f t hese p ebb les ( including o r p artly e xcluding t he p ossible ' manuports ' a bove) o n t he s ite i s d ue t o g eological r ather t han a rtificial a gencies , p erhaps t he r esidue o f am arine t ransgression ." N ine l arger p ebbles o r c obbles m ostly a gain o f q uartzite w ere f ound . T hese a lso s howed n o s ign o f u tilisation .

O ther R ock F ragments. I n a ddition t o t he p ebbles a n umber o f f ragments o f r ock ( generally n ot r ounded

b y w ater

t ransport) w ere n oted .

A f ew

f ragments

o f

w hite

L ias

( presumably f rom a n o utcrop t o t he e ast o f B ath o r i n t he P ucklechurch a rea) c ame f rom t he p loughsoi1 ,1 2 a s d id a f ragment o f s oft l ight g rey s hale a nd a l arge w ell - r ounded c alcareous n odule f rom a n U pper J urassic c lay f ormation , p resumably f rom o ut -c rops t o t he e ast o f t he s ite . F ive f ragments o f b lack s late , p resumably p ost-medieval r oofing-m aterial w ere a lso f ound . T hree f r ements o f t ufa ( unfortunately u nstratified) m ay h ave c ome f rom B uilding R 3 . 11 T ufa v oussoirs w ere f ound a t N ettleton ( Wedlake , 1 982 , 4 89 , n o . 4 0) a nd W edlake s uggests a n o rigin i n t he C otswolds o r M endips f or t his

s tone .

2 32

A s mall f ragment ( SF 1 9) o f t ranslucent r ed-pink q uartz ( Carnelian) w as f ound i n t he p loughsoil . I t e xhibits a braded c rystal f aces a nd d oes n ot a ppear t o h ave b een u tilised ( e.g. a s a b ead o r s tone f rom a r ing).

y ard

M any f ragments o f b lue-grey v ery s helly o olitic l imestone c ame f rom t he s urface t o t he s outh -e ast o f B uilding R 3 . T he m aterial w as o olitic

b ut a lso h ad a c rystalline c alcite m atrix , D r . W .I . S tanton h as e xamined s amples o f t his m aterial a nd c omments t hat a lthough i t l ooks r ather l ike C ornbrash , i t c ould b e f rom a b ed i n t he l ocal G reat o olite o r F uller 's E arth s trata . N one o f t hese p utative b eds h ave y et b een o bserved i n s itu , e ither o n o r i n t he v icinity o f t he s ite.

O bjects o f S hale

( fig. 7 4).

S ix i tems m ade o f s hale c ame f rom t he s ite : t hree l athe-turned b racelets , as pindle-whorl a nd t wo p ossible t rencher f ragments. 1 .

G lobular s hale s pindle-whorl 3 6 mm .

i n d iameter .

L athe - t urned w ith

d rilled c entral h ole 7 mm . i n d iameter . S hallow i ncised l ines r emain o n t he a reas o f s urface n ot e xtensively p lough d amaged . W horls a re n ot t ypologically d atable . S hale w horls a re c ommon f inds f rom m any R omano-British s ites. ( Lawson , 1 975 , 2 72). ( SF 6 ( 1) p loughsoil). 2 .

F ragment o f p lain b racelet o f a bout 6 0 mm .

i nternal d iameter .

S ub-

t riangular s ection w ith r idge i nside w here t he c ore h as b een d etached . O ne f ace h as a f racture , w hich s uggests t hat t wo b racelets m ay h ave b een t urned s ide ( SF 7 96 ( 375)) . 3 .

b y

s ide

f rom

t he

o ne

c ore

F ragment o f p lain b racelet o f a bout 6 5 mm .

( cf . L awson ,

1 975 ,

i nternal d iameter .

2 48) .

O val

s ection w ith i nternal r idge w here t he c ore h as b een d etached t owards o ne f ace. ( SF 1 829 ( 203)). 4 .

F ragment o f p lain b racelet o f a bout 6 5 mm . i nternal d iameter . w ide i nternal r idge p olished o ff. ( SF 5 7 ( 3) p loughsoil).

S hale b racelets a re f airly c ommon , c hronological s equence o f t he v arious

9 mm .

b ut t here d oes n ot a ppear t o b e a ny t ypes ( Lawson , 1 975 , 2 48) . P lain

b racelets a re m ore c ommon t han d ecorated t ypes a nd t he M arshfield f ragments f all i nto t he m ost u sual r ange o f d iameters o f a bout 6 0 mm . ( ibid . , f ig . 3 ) . R elevant p arallels c ome f rom t he L ankhills c emetery ( Clarke , 1 979 , 3 12) ; P ortchester ( Webster i n C unliffe , 1 973) a nd S ilchester ( Lawson , 1 975) . 5 .

1 975a ,

2 26-8) ;

T wo g roups o f f ragments ( SF 2 091 a nd 2 093 ,

D orchester

( Calkin ,

b oth f rom ( 66) p loughsoil ,

n ot i llustrated ) a re p robably f rom t he s ame o bject . T hese e xhibit t races o f a t l east o ne e dge w hich i s s traight . I t i s n ot e ntirely c ertain t hat t his i s n ot o f g eological o rigin . N o o ther s urfaces a re d etectable . I f t his i s D orset s hale ( and n ot f rom t he l ocal c oal m easures s eries) i t i s p ossible t hat t hese f ragments a re f rom a ' trencheer ' ( Biddle , 1 967, 2 48-50 , f ig . 1 0) i f s o , i t i s a t t he w estern e xtreme o f t he k nown d istribution . S ee a lso L awson ( 1975 , 2 62-5) f or f urther d iscussion . T he s traight e dge a rgues a gainst t his b eing a t able t op ,

t hese a re u sually c ircular .

. .. .

‚ '

. .. .

. . . . . . ,

. •

1

o

3

e F ig . 7 4 .

4

e I

O bjects o f s hale ( full s ize)

2 34

O bjects o f L imestone

( figs. 7 5 a nd 7 6) ( PMB a nd T FCB).

A ll o f t hese o bjects a re o f o olitic l imestone o f s lightly v ariable l ithology. N os. 5 a nd 6 d escribed b y T .F.C. B lagg . 1 .

C omplete s pindle-whorl ( 32 mm . d iameter) o f s helly o olitic l imestone , d ecorated o n o ne f ace w ith r adiating l ines , t wo l ines.

2 .

( SF 1 34 ( 8) p loughsoil).

C omplete r oughly - s haped c ylindrical o bject o f l imestone d iameter) w ith p loughsoil).

3 .

a nd a round t he e dge w ith

b iconical

d rilled

C omplete s tone w eight ( 215 mm . l ong ,

p erforation .

( SF

( 60 mm .

1 569

( 8)

weight c .2 k g .) m ade f rom a

n aturally r ounded ( water w orn?) l ump o f c reamy p ure o olitic l imestone . P erforation a t t op i s n ot s traight . E dges b adly c hipped i n a ntiquity . 5 060 , 4 .

5 .

( SF 5 058 ( 152A )) .

F ound o n e dge b etween w orked s tone S F

( fig . 7 5) a nd t he e dge o f t he s tokehole i n R oom 1 2 , B uilding R 3 .

R ectangular s lab o f s helly l imestone w ith a p erforation c hipped t hrough t he c entre , s howing n o w ear . O ne f ace o f t he s lab i s w orn h owever . ( SF 3 085 ( 117). P erforated m m .

b lock

o f

o olitic l imestone .

W idth 1 70 mm .

H eight

1 05

T hickness 5 5-65 m m .

T he s tone i s r oughly o ne h alf o f a s quare , b roken a cross o ne s ide , t hrough w hat s urvives a s a s emi-circular f unnel-shaped c avity . O n t he f ront , m ore d iagonal l ines a re i ncised f rom t he c orners a nd d own i nto t he c avity . A ssuming t hat t he h ole w as o riginally a c ircular p erforation , i t c ould h ave s erved a s a d rainage o utlet ; b ut t he f act t hat t he b ack o f t he s tone i s w orn r ound t he c ircumference o f t he a perture s uggests t hat t he p assage o f water w as i n t he o pposite d irection , a nd t hat t he s tone m ay h ave b een s et v ertically i n a w all t o f orm t he e missary o f a w ater c hannel , p erhaps s upplying t he b aths . ( SF 1 843 ( 201)). 6 .

B aluster o f o olitic

l imestone .

D iameter

( max .)

9 3

mm .

H eight

1 23

mm . T he s tone i s c ircular i n p lan , w ith a p rofile c ut a s as eries o f a ngular m ouldings . T here i s n o c lear i ndication t hat i t w as l athe t urned . T he b ottom i s c hiselled f lat . T he t op i s b roken , b ut h ad b een h ollowed o ut w ith a p unch t o f orm a f lat - b ottomed r ecess . A s light p ink d iscoloration a t t he t op i ndicates e xposure t o h eat , p robably i n t he c orn-drying o ven w here i t w as f ound . b e a s upport o f s ome k ind , 3 088 ( 119)). 7 .

( SF

I rregular b all ( 43 m m . i n d iameter) r oughly c ut i n w hite o olitic l imestone.

8 .

I t a ppears t o

p ossibly f or a p iece o f f urniture .1 4

( SF 8 74 ( 52) p loughsoil).

T rapezoidal s lab ( length 2 40 mm .) o r white o olitic ( calcite v ein c rossing o ne f ace) . B oth f aces , a nd p art o f o ne e dge , e xhibit a n umber o f p arallel g rooves w hich s top s hort o f t he e dge o f t he s lab . T he g rooves e vidently o riginate f rom t he s harpening o f p oints, p robably n ot o f m etal a s t he s tone i s f ar t oo s oft . P ossibly b one o r w ooden p ins o r w ooden s kewers m ay T he o bject w as b roken i n a ntiquity ,

h ave b een s haped o n t his s tone . o ne f ragment ( SF 5 056) c ame f rom

c ontext 1 55 t he o ther ( SF 3 079) f rom 1 95.

F ig. 7 5.

O bject o f l imestone ( scale 1 /3)

2 36

2

4 5

8

F ig. 7 6 .

O bjects o f l imestone ( scale 1 /2)

2 37

C arved S tone work

( figs. 7 7 a nd 7 8).

O bjects 1 , 4 , 5 , 1 4 a nd 1 5 w ere d escribed b y T .F .C . B lagg ; t he r emainder b y P .M. B arford . 1 .

B lock w ith h ollow m oulding .

L imestone .

L ength 9 10 mm .

W idth 4 35

mm . H eight 1 95 rm . T he s tone i s r ectangular , w ith a n a ngular p rofiled h ollow m oulding o n b oth s ides a nd a t o ne e nd . T he m oulding d oes n ot s eem t o h ave b een p resent o n t he o ther e nd , t o j udge f rom t he s mall p art o f t hat e nd w hich s urvives u ndamaged . T he m oulding w as c ut w ith a p unch , b ut t he v ertical f aces a re c hiselled . T he t op a nd b ottom a re a lso d ressed w ith a p unch ; t he t op i s s moother a nd s omewhat w orn , h aving b een e xposed w hen t he s tone w as r e-used a s ap aving s lab . P reviously , o ne s ide o f t he s tone h ad b een e xposed t o c onsiderable w eathering . I t m ay b e s uggested t hat t he s tone 's o riginal u se w as a a s imple b ase o r i mpost m oulding f or a n e xternal d oorway . ( S E 5 060 ( 156A)) . ( See p l . X VIIIa) . 2 .

G utter b lo c k ( 650 x 4 10 x 2 00 M T IO , c omplete , b ut u pper s urface b adly p lough-damaged . W hite s helly l imestone . T his b lock w as f ound b uilt i nto t he n orthern f ield-wall o f I ronmongers P iece ( at o n f ig . 4 2) . I t p resumably d erived f rom t he s urface-water d rain ( context 2 79 , f ig . 1 9) t o t he e ast o f B uilding R 3 . O nly s ix o f t hese s tones r emained i n s itu ( the m easurable s tones w ere a bout 6 20 x 3 90 m mu t hi c kness n ot r ecorded , s ince t hey r emain i n s itu ) . P resumably t his b lock h ad b een f ound i n p ost-Roman p loughing o f t he s ite a nd u sed t o p atch a c ollapsed p ortion o f f ield-wall . An umber o f g utter b locks w ere f ound a t N ettleton ( Wedlake , 1 982 , 1 97).

3 .

G utter

b lo c k

( not

i llustrated ,

6 20 mm .

l ong ) s imilar t o t hose f rom

c ontext 2 79 b ut t hicker . L ying c hannel u ppermost a s p art 1 69 i n t he n orth-west c orner o f R oom 1. H eavily w orn . 4 .

5 .

o f F loor

C hannelled b lock . L imestone . L ength 5 80 mm . W idth ( max .) 2 80 mm . H eight 1 50 mm . O ne s ide a nd o ne e nd , s quare t o t he a xis , d ressed n eatly a nd s moothly ; t he o ther s ide a nd t he o ther e nd , o blique t o t he a xis , d ressed f airly r oughly w ith a p unch . T he c hannel s lopes f rom t he o blique e nd d own t o t he s quare e nd , a nd i s c ut t o am ore s teeply c urved s ide o n t he s moothly-dressed s ide o f t he s tone . ( Context 8 1). C hannelled b lock .

L imestone .

L ength 1 .08

MT 1.

W idth 2 45 mm .

H eight 1 40 mm . O ne s ide a nd o ne e nd a re d ressed s mooth a nd v ertical . T he o ther s ide i s d ressed s traight , b ut m ore r oughly , w ith a p unch . T he o ther e nd i s c ut o bliquely t o t he a xis , a lso w ith a p unch , a nd t apering i nwards t owards t he b ottom . T he t op i s h ollowed o ut t o f orm al ongitudinal c hannel , which w as c ut t o as teeper p rofile o n t he s moothly-dressed s ide . T he b ottom o f t he c hannel a t t he s quare e nd i s 2 5-30 m m . l ower t han a t t he o blique e nd . ( SF 5 076 ( 363)). C learly N os . 4a nd 5 a re n ot o rdinary g utter s tones : o ne s uch w as f ound i n t he e xcavation ( above N o . 2 ) , a nd i t i s m uch m ore c rudely w orked . T he n eat d ressing o f o ne s ide o f e ach b lo c k s uggests t hat i t w as i ntended t o b e v isible . T he p urpose o f t he b locks m ay b e i nterpreted a s f ollows . T he o blique e nds m ust h ave b een c ut s o a s t o j oin a t a c orner , f orming a r ectangular c hannel r ound t he e dge o f s ome a rchitectural f eature o r r oom . O n t he i nner s ide o f t he r ectangle , t he s ides o f t he s tones a re m ore r oughly

2 38

t r.

•

1

F ig . 7 7.

C arved s tonework ( scale 1 / 10)

2 39

4 2

5

6

f ig. 7 8 .

C arved s tonework ( scale 1 /10)

2 40

d ressed , s uggesting t hat t hey w ere c overed o ver o r t hat t he s paces b etween t hem a nd a djacent p aving s tones w ere f illed w ith m ortar . O n t hat s ide , t he c urvature o f t he c hannel w as s hallower , s uggesting t hat w ater w as t o b e a llowed t o f low i n . O n t he o utside o f t he r ectangle , t he s ides o f t he s tones a re d ressed v ertically , e ither t o f orm a v isible s tep , o r t o f it c losely a gainst a n e qually w ell-dressed o r r endered w all s urface . T he c urve o f t he c hannel o n t his s ide i s s teeper , t o c ontain t he w ater . T he r ougher o blique e nds m ust h ave b een j ointed i n m ortar , b ut t he s mooth s quare e nds w ere i ntended f or a c lose f it w ith t he n ext b lock o f t he c hannel . B oth o f t he b locks d escribed h ere w ere r e-used i n t he e xcavated b uilding , a nd t he c ontext o f t heir o riginal f unction h as y et t o b e d iscovered . ( TFCB) 6 .

F ragment o f l arge s lab o f s helly l imestone w ith p art o f ah eavily w orn s urface r emaining a djacent t o am ortice ( 50 x 9 0 mm .) c ut t hrough t he s lab . L ength 9 90 m m . ( SF 1 22 ( 6) p loughsoil).

7 .

S tone b lock ( not i llustrated ) w ith s imilar m ortice f or u pright t imber , b uilt i nto F loor 1 98 .

8 .

C omplete b ase o f s tone w ater-tank , c ontext 8 2 , f ig . 8 1, N o . 4( see p lan f ig . 6 , f or p osition) . S lightly t rapezoidal , c . 1 . 1 x0 .9 b ut o nly a bout 0 .25 m . s urviving . T op o f s urviving e dges b adly p lough d amaged . S urfaces p ick-dressed .

9 .

F ragment o f a nother w ater-tank ( fig . 8 1 , N o . 5 ) i n l ayer 6 8 t o e ast o f B uilding R 3.

1 0 .

E xterior a dze-dressed , i nterior p ick-dressed .

T he ' cist ' o f B urial B 5 ( fig . 8 1, N o . 3 ) m ay h ave o riginally b een i ntended a s aw ater t ank . 0 .64 x 0 .2 m .

S urface p ick d ressed a ll o ver .

0 .87 x

1.

F ragment o f s tone 2 50 mm . l ong f rom B uilding R 3 , d rawn t o s how r ough a dze-dressing o n o ne f ace , a nd o ne o f t he e dges , s moothly d ressed w ith a n a dze . T he o ther e dge a nd f ace a re a lso s mooth . T his i s p robably a f ragment o f f loor-slab . C ream s helly o olitic l imestone . ( Context 2 50).

1 2.

S imilar f ragmen t ( 180 m mh l ong) o f d ressed w hite o olitic l imestone , p ossibly a lso a f loor-slab . ( context 2 50) . N either o f t hese s tones a re w orn .

1 3 .

F ragment o f s tring-course o f c ream s helly o olite C hard s helly b and h orizontally t hrough t he f ragment) . T he u pper s urface i s w eathered ( to 8 0 mm . f rom t he e dge o f t he m oulding) . ( U/S) . C f . o ne f rom C irencester ( Cullen , 1 970 , 2 31 , f ig . 3 ) .

1 4.

P linth .

L imestone .

1 53 x 1 20 mm . x6 3 mm . h igh .

T wo s ides a re

b roken . T he o thers , a djacent , a re n eatly s quared , a nd h ave a t t he b ottom a s quare-sectioned l edge 2 8-33 mm . h igh , p rojecting 1 2 m mh o n o ne s ide , 1 6 mm . o n t he o ther . A c ontinuous s hallow g roove i n t he a ngle o n o ne s ide s uggests t hat a s aw w as u sed . T he t op i s d ressed s mooth a nd f lat . T he p iece c ould b e p art o f a s mall p linth o r p edestal f or a s tatue , o r a n a rchitectural f eature . ( s. . E , 2 638 , U /S , b ut p robably c ontext 6 8). 1 5 .

F ragment w ith c urved a nd b evelled e dge . L imestone . W idth 3 20 mm . D epth 1 30 MTh T hi c kness 5 7 m i n . T he c urved o uter e dge i s d ressed w ith

2 41

1

1 2

1 4

F ig . 7 9 .

C arved s tonework ( scale 1 /3)

2 42

a c hisel i n t wo f acets ,

j oining a pproximately a t r ight a ngles .

O n

t he b ack , t here i s a c hisel-dressed p anel a t e ach e nd , o ne a pproximately o n t he l ine o f t he d iameter o f t he c ircle , t he o ther a t a n a ngle o f 4 5 d egrees t o i t . T he s pace b etween t hese d ressed p ortions i s r ough a nd s lightly r ecessed . T he t op a nd b ottom a re n ot d ressed , a nd a ppear t o b e b roken . T he a ngled p rofile i s n ot t hat o f a n o rthodox c olumn c apital o r b ase m oulding ; t he p iece m ay h ave f ormed p art o f s ome s uch f eature , b ut t he i rregularities a nd b reaks p reclude c ertainty a bout i ts f unction . A w edge-shaped f ragment f rom l ayer 3 63 , ( not i llustrated) , w hich h as a c urved s urface o f s imilar r adius , m ay h ave f ormed p art o f t he s ame o r a c ompanion d ecorative f eature . ( SF 5 061 ( 502) ) . 1 6 .

L arge i rregular b lock o f l imestone ( 220 x 2 50 x 1 00 mu) w ith a g roove r unning a cross o ne e dge . T his g roove m ay b e d ue t o n atural w eathering , b ut c ould b e a rtificial . U sed a s p acking i n p osthole 1 07 . ( Not i llustrated).

1 7.

B lock o f

l imestone 5 8

MI N

l ong w ith t hree p ivot h oles ,

a ll s howing

s igns o f w ear a long o ne e dge . T he s tone i s b roken a cross a ll t hree h oles . R eused i n w all 7 , s ee f ig . 8 , e ast s ide o f g ateway . ( Not i llustrated). 1 8 .

F ragment o f r idge-coping f rom r oof . W hite s helled o olitic l imestone . ( SF 3 036 ( 335)) .

1 9.

F ragment o f r idge-coping f rom r oof . S lightly w ider t han N o . W hite o olitic l imestone. ( SF 3 023 ( 155)).

1 8 .

T hese w ere t he o nly t wo p ieces o f r idge-coping t hat ' w ere f ound o n t he s ite i n t he 1 982-3 s eason 2 0 .

T ypical

( for t he t ype s ee B ranigan , 1 977 , 1 02 , p l. 1 8A).

p ennant r oof

t ile r epresentative o f 4 3 m easurable e xamples ,

t his t ile f alls i nto t he m ost c ommon s ize g roup ( i .e . 2 40-290 m nu w ide a nd 2 30-320 m m . ( to?) t he t ip o f t he p erforation . T hirty-three o f t he m easurable t iles f ell i nto t his g roup. F rom c ontext 1 55. 2 1.

F ragment o f f loor-tile d iscussed b elow ( p . 5 6 .

P ennant S andstone R oof-Tiles

( P B)

A d ense s catter o f p urple f irst c onspicuous c lue t o t he I ronmongers . A d etailed s tudy e xcavation a nd s everal q uestions q uantified , w here p ossible ,1 5 r ecorded

( see

)2 5 mm . t hick f rom w all

b rown p ennant s andstone f ragments w as t he p resence o f t he l ate R oman b uilding a t o f t his m aterial w as a ttempted d uring t he w ere p osed a nd a nswered . T he m aterial w as

f rom e ach d eposit a nd i ts d istribution o n s ite

a rchive) .

S everal s ites i n t he a rea a lso h ad p ennant 1 6 r oof-tiles . O f m ost i mmediate r elevance a re t he t iles f rom N ettleton ( dedlake , 1 982 , 1 97 , e tc .) . A p rovisional d istribution o f t hese t iles i s g iven h ere ( fig . 8 1) b ased m ainly o n W illiams ( 1971 a a nd b ) . T his s hows a c luster o f s ites a round t he s uggested q uarries ( dedlake , 1 982 , 2 62 a nd 9 2) a t H anham , B rislington o r p ossibly W interbourne a reas o f B ristol , a nd a s catter o f s ites t o t he e ast . I t i s p ossible t hat t he W elsh s ites d erived t heir t iles f rom a W elsh s ource . P robably t he m ost e conomic f orm o f t ransport w ould b e b y r iver a s f ar a s

1 5

1 8

F ig. 8 0 .

C arved s tonework ( scale 1 /4) 2 44

p ossible f or m ost s ites . I t would b e u seful t o k now a b it m ore a bout q uantities p resent a nd o ther d ata f rom o ther s ites , i n o rder t o a ttempt t o u nderstand t his d istribution p attern . M ost o f t he p ennant t ile f ragments c ame f rom c ontexts a ssociated w ith t he d estruction o f B uilding R 3 i n P eriod I IIC , a nd f ew c ame f rom l ayers p receeding i t . L ayer 3 65 a ppears t o b e ad ump o f f ragments l aid d own d uring t he c onstruction o r r epair o f t he b uilding ( p . 4 3) . A part f rom o ne f loor-slab ( below) a ll o f t he t iles r ecovered f rom t he b uilding w ere r ooft iles . T he r oof-tiles w ere o f a s ymmetrical i rregular p entagon i n s hape

( f ig .

8 0 , n o . 2 0) , w ith a p ointed b ottom a nd a s ingle n ail o r p eg h ole a t t he t op . M ost t iles w ere o f as imilar s ize , 2 40-270 m uu w ide a t t he w idest p oint a nd b etween 2 30 a nd 3 10 mm . b etween t he n ail h ole a nd t he l ower t ip . a verage 2 1 m m . i n t hickness. T he w eight o f i ndividual t iles v aried f rom 2 .5 t o 4k g .

T hey

B y e xperiment

i t w as s hown t hat 2 1 t iles w ere n eeded t o c over a 1 m . s quare a rea o f r oof ( bearing i n m ind t he o verlap , p l . X V IIIb ) . A ssuming a r oof p itch o f 4 5 d egrees ( which m ight b e a bout r ight) , t he r oof a rea c an b e c alculated a t a bout 4 50 s q . 11. i ncluding t he e ast a nd w est r anges .1 7 T his w ould m ean t hat t he r oof w ould n eed s ome 9 ,450 t iles . T aking a w eight o f 3 k g , f or e ach o f t he t iles , t he t otal w eight o f t he r oof t iles w ould b e 2 8 ,350 k g . T his i mplies a r oof s tructure o f c onsiderable s trength a nd b raced a gainst e xerting o utward p ressure o n t he t ops o f t he w alls. A s n oted a bove , m ost o f t he p ennant c ame f rom t he d estruction-layers o f B uilding R 3 . T here w ere f ew d estruction-layers which , d id n ot c ontain f ragments o f p ennant t ile . M ost o f t his c ame f rom c ontexts 7 8 ( 690 k g .) a nd 1 55 ( 430 k g . ) , b oth o f t hese l ayers a lso p roduced m ost o f t he c omplete t iles r ecovered . T he u pper f ill o f 1 85 w as a lso v ery p roductive ( 358 k g . ) o f p ennant t ile f ragments , a s w as c ontext 3 65 ( see b elow). T he t otal w eight o f p ennant f rom a ll c ontexts e xcluding 3 65 i s a bout 5 ,000 k g . p lus a bout a nother 1 ,000 k g . ' f rom t he p loughsoil ( collected b ut n ot w eighed) . S ince o pposing q uarters o f e ach r oom w ere e xcavated , t he f igure o f 5 ,000 k g . n eeds t o b e d oubled t o g ive a n a pproximation o f t he q uantity o f p ennant i n t he d estruction-debris . T hus i t s eems t hat i n t otal a bout 1 1,000 k g . o f t he p ennant a ssumed t o h ave b een p resent c an b e a ccounted f or . I n p ractice t he t otal w ould b e s maller , b ecause o f t hese ' d estruction-l evels ' s ome a re y ard s urfaces , a nd i t c annot b e p roven t hat a ll o f t his m aterial h ad c ome f rom t he r oof o f B uilding R 3.* T hus i t i s s uggested t hat a bout 1 7 ,000 k g . o f p ennant t ile r emain t o b e a ccounted f or . D oubtless s ome o f t his m aterial h as b een c omminuted b y f rost a nd p lough a ction i n t he p loughsoil , b ut i t i s p ossible t hat s ome 5 ,600 t iles m ay h ave b een r emoved f rom t he s ite i n a ntiquity f or r e-use . T hat w ould b e ar oof a rea o f 2 70 s q . m . a pproximately ( a b uilding o f 1 6 x1 6 m .). I f s o , t his w ould p resumably h ave h appened i n P eriod I IIC. F rom t he r econstruction (0 . . X VIIIb , c f . w ith B ranigan , 1 977 , p l . 1 8A , s ome t iles r eversed) i t c an b e s een t hat o ver m uch o f t he r oof t he t iles w ere t hree l ayers t hick , a nd r ainwater r an f rom t he t ip o f o ne t ile , n ot t he l ayer i mmediately b elow , b ut o nto a t ile i n t he r ow b elow t hat .1 8 T he r ows o f t iles ( and t hus t he b attens) w ere b etween 1 40 a nd 2 00 mm . a part . T he t iles s eem n ever t o h ave b een m ortared i n p lace , ( in c ontrast t o t egulae a nd

F ig . 8 1.

D istribution o f p ennant t ile

2 46

i mbreces) b ut t heir a ctual m ethod o f f ixing i s p roblematic . l ayer 7 8 w as f ound w ith a n ail i n t he

f ixing

h ole .

O ne t ile f rom

I t w as t hus o riginally

b elieved t hat a ll t he t iles h ad b een n ailed i n p lace . S ubsequent s tudy o f t he n ails s uggested t hat t his m ight n ot h ave b een s o . O nly 2 78 n ail f ragments c ame f rom t he d estruction - l evels w ith t he l arge q uantity o f p ennant t ile n oted a bove , a nd e ven i f a ll o f t hese h ad c ome f rom t he r oof , w hich i s i nherently u nlikely , t here w ould s till h ave h ad t o h ave b een v ery m any m ore n ails f or a ll o f t he t iles t o h ave b een n ailed i n p lace , u nless o f c ourse t here h ad b een c onsiderable c ollection o f n ails f rom t he r oof f or r e-use o r r eforging . ( It s hould b e n oted t hat t here w as l ittle a pparent c onnection b etween l ength o f n ail f ragment f rom d estruction-levels a nd t he t ile t hickness , b ut t hese d eposits d id h ave a h igher p roportion o f s traight a nd c urved c omplete n ails t han o ther d eposits) . O f c ourse t he b attens w ould h ave h ad t o h ave b een n ailed t o t he r afters a lso . I f a ny t iles w ere n ailed i n p lace i t w as p ossibly t hose a t t he

e nds o f

t he r oof a nd t he e aves , w here t here w ould b e s ome o verhang , a nd p erhaps a t t he r idge . O ther t iles c ould h ave b een h ung i n p lace w ith w ooden p egs , i n t he s ame m anner o f m edieval p eg-tiles . I f t he r oof p itch w as f airly l ow , t he w eight o f t iles w ould k eep t hem i n p lace d espite t he h igh w inds o f M arshfield , i ndeed a t l east o ne c omplete t ile f rom l ayer 7 8 h ad n o p erforation a t a ll . S ometimes , a s a t G atcombe ( Brm l isan , 1 977 , p l . X V ILA ) , r ectangular t iles w ere u sed , p resumably a t t he e nds o f t he r oof o r a t t he e aves . N o f ragments o f t hese w ere r ecognised a mong t he M arshfield t ile f ragments . T he t iles f rom t he d estruction-debris w ere o f f airly s imilar s izes , w hich a llowed t hem t o b e p laced p roperly . T hey h ad b een s haped b y f laking , p resumably a t t he Q uarry s ite . S ome e xperimental w ork w as d one w hich s uggested t hat t he p ennant c ould n ot b e f laked a cross t he b edding , b ut t hat f lakes w ere d etached a long t he b edding p lanes , w ith f iner r etouch t o s traighten t he e dge . T his p roduced f ractures v ery s imilar t o t he e xcavated t iles , e xcept t hat t hese h ad o bviously w eathered c onsiderably , p resumably w hile i n p osition o n t he r oof . A s econd e xperiment c oncerned t he p erforation o f t he f ixing h oles . T his w as e asier t han a nticipated . F ollowing t he m ethod s uggested b y t he s hape o f t he h oles o n t he e xcavated t iles , a c onical h ollow s ome 8 -10 mm . d eep w as c hipped i nto t he u pper s urface o f t he t ile ( on t he e xcavated t iles a ll h oles w ere b egun f rom t he u pper f ace , j e . t hat w ith t he b evelled e dge) . F rom t he b ase o f t his a h ole c ould b e p unched t hrough t he t ile w ith e ase , l eaving a s hallow ' p ot-lid ' f lake s car o n t he u nderside .

A t ool s uch a s as mall p ick c ould b e u sed f or

b oth o perations . T he p osition o f t he h ole c ould b e u sed t o m ake u p f or a ny v ariation i n t he l ine o f t iles , a nd t he o bvious p lace t o p roduce t hese p erforations w ould b e o n t he r oof w hile t iling . T wo t iles s howed t wo h oles o n t he s ame t ile , p erhaps t he t ile f ractured t hrough t he f irst h ole a nd a s econd w as m ade . A lso t wo o ther f ragments e xhibited t he s tart o f ah ole i n o ne s urface , p erhaps t he t ile f ell o r w as d ropped a nd b roken b efore i t w as f inished? T hese t wo p ieces m ay b e t aken a s e vidence t hat t he h oles w ere i ndeed m ade o n s ite . C ontext 3 65 c ontained v ery s mall f ragments o f p ennant , a nd c omparison o f t hese w ith t he e xperimentally p roduced d ebitage s uggests t hat t his d eposit r epresents t he r emains o f t ile s haping a nd p robably t he p erforation o f t he t iles o n s ite .

T he s ix c omplete p ennant t iles f rom t he h ypocaust o f R oom 1 ( excavated i n 1 983 a fter t he a bove a ccount h ad b een c ompleted) w ere o f a t otally d ifferent t ype t o t hose f rom t he r oof . T hese t iles w ere a n e longated r egular h exagon 4 90 mm . l ong a nd 3 30 m i n . w ide . T hey w ere o f s imilar t hickness t o t he o ther t iles , a nd m ethods o f m anufacture e tc . w ere o therwise s imilar .

F loor S labs O ne f loor t ile o f p ennant ( fig . 8 0 , n o . 2 1) 2 60 x a t l east 4 20 m m . a nd 2 5 mm . t hick w as f ound b uilt i nto t he f oundations o f w all 5 6 o n t he o utside o f t he n orth e nd o f R oom 1 2 ,

b ut n o o ther p ieces w ere r ecognised ,

a nd n o

p ennant f loor t iles w ere f ound i n s itu .

S tone C offins ( fig. 8 2 , n os. 1 a nd 2 ) ( PMB) B 3 ( 16) . B ase o f a m onolithic c offin ( f ig . 8 2 , n o . 2 ) , l id a nd s ides b adly p lough -d amaged . P robably o riginally b uried w ith l id s et f lush w ith , o r s lightly p rojecting f rom , t he g round s urface . T he f looring o f t he c offin I s p ick-dressed , a s i s t he e xterior ( no i nternal s urfaces o f t he s ides s urvive) . T he f loor s lopes d own f rom e ither e nd , a nd t here i s a c urious ' s tep ' i n t he f loor , a s i f t he c offin w as f ound t o b e t oo s hallow f or u se . F urthermore t he f loor c ontinues t o o ne e nd o f t he c offin , e ither a s a c hannel , o r t he c offin w as o pen-ended . N o s tone ( or t he h ole f or s uch a s tone) w as f ound b locking t his e nd u pon e xcavation * T he c offin h as b een l eft i n s itu ( 1 .49 mm . l ong) .

B 19 ( 302) . T his c offin ( 1 .85 m . l ong ) w as m ade i n t wo s ections ( f ig . 8 2 , n o . 1 , p l . X VIb) w as f rom a r ectangular b lock o f f airly p ure c reamy o olitic l imestone , t he o ther e nd f rom a n i rregular b lock o f w hite s helly o olitic l imestone . T he s urfaces o f t he h ead e nd s tone d o n ot a ppear t o b e d ressed , a nd t wo f aces e xhibit t races o f a c alcite v ein s uggesting t hat t hese e dges a t l east w ere n atural j oints o f t he r ock . T he u pper s urface , a nd p arts o f t he ( fairly f lat) j oin b etween t he s tones ( not m ortared o r c ramped i n t he g rave) w ere a dze-dressed , t he e xterior a nd i nterior o f t he c offin w ere p ickd ressed . T he h ead o f t he b ody r ested i n as light c avity , b ut t his m ay p erhaps b e d ue t o t he c offin h aving b een l engthened a t s ome t ime . T he f oot e nd o f t he c offin h ad h ad a l arge f lake d etached f rom i ts b ase i n a ntiquity . T his c offin i s n ow a t L atimer F arm , W est K ington . ( See p . 7 4 f or d etails o f t he c apping s tones o f t his c offin ) .

N OTES I .

T he w riter h as o bserved w orked s tone b uilt i nto a f ield w all a t S T 7 988 7 660 . O f c ourse a m illpond w ould h ave b een i deal f or g athering t he r eeds f or t he c eiling-plaster o f R oom 1 ( pp. 2 57 f f .).

2 .

S ee n ow I ngle ( 1982).

3 .

A part f rom t he P ortishead b eds ,

O ld R ed S andstone c onglomerate

o utcrops o n B eacon 1 111 a bove S hepton M allet .

\

Nee ,

N NAN N

\‘ . 2 4

t e , 3

F ig. 8 2.

S tone c offins a nd t anks ( scale 1 /40)

2 49

4 .

I t i s w orthy o f n ote t hat t he t opstone N o . 4 ' f its ' N o . 3f airly w ell , b ut a lthough t he c ollar o f N o . 3s hows w ear f rom t he ' wrong ' t opstone t he c entre o f N o . 4d oes n ot .

5 .

S ee a lso d iscussion o f t he s tone s lab w ith a s lot ( p.

6 .

N o r otary g rindstone f ragments w ere f ound , H awkes , 1 973 , 1 99) w ere r ecognised .

7 .

I t i s n otable t hat o f t he t wenty h onestones d iscussed b y C rummy ( 1983 , 11-3) f rom C olchester , o ne ( ibid . , f ig . 14 , n o . 2 957) i s ap ebble o f P ennant S andstone .

8 .

T hese r eports i nclude :

3 71).

a nd n o ' steels ' ( cf .

G atcombe ( forwell i n B ranigan , 1 977 , 9 9) ;

W hitton ( England i n J arrett a nd W rathmell , 1 981 , 2 27-8) ; B radley H ill ( Leech a nd B esley i n L eech , 1 981, 2 48-50) ; C atsgore ( Leech , 1 982 , 1 29) ; I lchester ( More i n L each , 1 982 , 2 24) a nd C hew V alley ( R atz a nd G reenfield , 2 04-5) . 9 .

S eemingly a h igher p roportion t han o ther c obbles o r p ebbles .

1 0 .

F ound o n s ites o f A nglo-Scandinavian d ate o nwards ( MacGregor , 1 982 , 1 02 a nd r efs .) . S imilar o bjects w ere i n u se u ntil c omparatively r ecently f or g lazing s tarched l inen ; g ood e xamples c an b e s een i n t he G eorgian H ouse M useum a t B ristol .

1.

O n a ' geological' t ime s cale - r ather t han i n t he r ecent p ast.

1 2.

D uring b ackfilling o f t he s ite a s lab o f w hite L ias w as f ound i n t he r ubble l ayer ( 30) o n t he s outh e dge o f t he s ite . W edlake ( 1982 , 7 1) f ound a p ewter m ould a t N ettleton o f ' white L ias - l imestone ' , b ut t his m ay n ot b e a n a ccurate d escription b ecause h e a lso r efers t o i t a s ' o olitic ' -w hich t he L ias f ormation i s n ot .

1 3.

T here i s h owever n o e vidence t o s uggest t hat t he b athroom i n B uilding R 3 a t M arshfield h ad a t ufa v aulted r oof , i ndeed t hat r oom w as f ar t oo s mall t o h ave i ncorporated v aulting .

1 4.

( K B) .

T his o bject m ay a lso b e i nterpreted a s af ragment o f ac resset l amp . T hese a re u ncommon i n R omano-British c ontexts , W edlake ( 1982 , 1 39-40 , f ig . 5 9 , n o . 3 74) f ound t wo f ragments a t N ettleton , a nd T oynbee ( in W edlake , L oc . c it .) q uotes s imilar i te m i n C hester M useum f rom C oventina 's W ell . F ragments o f s imilar o bjects w ere f ound i n n ineteenth-century e xcavations o f t he v illa a t W hitton H ill , I pswich ( Ips . M us . p ublication f orthcoming) . A ll o f t hese p arallels a re c eramic a nd n o s tone p arallels s eem t o e xist f rom R omano-British c ontexts . C f . s tone ' o pen l amps '/lamp h olders , ( Curle , 1 911 , 3 07 , p l . L XXIX , n o . 1 ) . F rere f ound a b asal s pike o f a n a mphora a t V erulamium w hich h ad b een r e-used a s ac resset l amp ( Frer (4 1 972 , 3 09 , f ig . , 1 43 .11) , ( NMB)

1 5 .

Iw ould l ike t o t hank M r . G . B all f or t he u se o f h is s cales t o w eigh t he f ragments , a nd A lison M inch f or h er w ork c ounting a nd w eighing t his m aterial .

1 6 .

P ennant s andstones a re a s eries o f b eds o f c urrent -b edded f eldspathic s andstone o r g rit s ome 7 70 mm . t hick a t t he t op o f t he l ower c oal

2 50

s eries o f t he c arboniferous .

T he l aminated t exture i s i nduced b y

t ectonic a ctivity r ather t han t he b edding p lanes o f t he s ediment . 1 7.

T his

f igure d oes n ot t ake t he s outh-east c orridor o f P hase B o f

B uilding R 3 i nto a ccount , 2 1 x3 m . 1 8.

T here w as n o e vidence f or a nything a pplied t o t he u nderside o f t he t iles , a s i n s ome r ecent s tone r oofing , t o p roduce a m ore w eatherproof s eal ,

( 'torching ') .

P AINTED P LASTER P . M . B arford a nd M argaret H ughes

A n umber o f c ontexts p roduced f ragments o f p ainted p laster , p articularly g ood g roups c oming f rom P eriod I I c ontext 1 48 a nd R ooms 5 a nd 1 1 o f t he P eriod I IIB b uilding . N o p laster w as f ound i n s itu . V ery l ittle o f t his p laster c ould b e j oined , a lthough t entative r econstructions a re p ossible .' A ll o f t he p ainted s urfaces d escribed a re f lat u nless o therwise n oted . M ost o f t he f ragments d escribed a re s mall ( l ess t han 2 0 mm .) a nd s ome a re w eathered o r a braded , a s d escribed i n t he t ext . A ll p laster i s l ime p laster .

P ERIOD I I C ONTEXTS. A c onsiderable q uantity o f p ainted p laster w as r ecovered f rom t he d ebris i n t he i nterior o f B uilding R l . T wo f ragments c ane f rom t he F loor 3 33 , w hile a l arge q uantity ( several k g .) c ame f rom l ayer 1 48 , w hich w as a p atch o f p laster w ithin l ayer 1 47 . ( Layer 1 47 a lso c ontained f ragments o f p ainted p laster , w hich w ere n ot c ollected).

F loor 3 33. T his f loor p roduced t wo s mall u nabraded f ragments o f p ainted p laster , t he f abric o f w hich w as n ot d issimilar t o t hat f rom l ayer 1 48 . T here w as n o t hin w hite p laster f inishing -l ayer a s i n t he P eriod I II m aterial ( below ) a nd t he c olours a re s ubdued y ellow , o thers w ere d ark g reen s tipple w ith d ark r ed p atches which m ay h ave o riginally b een a s tripe . A lthough t his m aterial d oes n ot f it i nto t he d ecorative s cheme p roposed b elow f or B uilding R 1 -o n t he e vidence o f t he m aterial f rom l ayer 1 48 - i t i s p ossible t hat t his i s f rom t he s ane b uilding ( but p erhaps a d ifferent p art o f t he w all).

P osthole 3 52. T his f eature d ates t o P eriod I II ,

b ut s ome o f t he m aterial i n t he f ill

d erives f rom t he l ayer i t c uts t hrough .

T he p osthole i s

j ust a l ittle t o

t he n orth o f t he c entre p oint o f B uilding R 1 , a nd a djacent t o l ayer 1 48 . T he p laster c ontained i n t he f ill o f t his f eature i s i dentical t o t he m aterial f rom t hat i n l ayer 1 48 a nd t he m ost i nteresting o f t he 1 50 g . o f s mall f ragments i s p art o f aG roup C f lower ( s ee b elow) . F or t he p urposes o f t he d iscussion t his m aterial w ill b e i ncluded w ith t he m aterial f rom l ayer 1 48 .

C ontext 1 48. T his m aterial i s p robably p art o f t he d estruction d ebris o f B uilding R 1 ,

2 52

F ig . 8 3.

P ainted p laster f rom l ayer 1 48 , B uilding R 1 ( full s ize)

e

2 53

a s m entioned a bove l ayer 1 48 i s r eally j ust a n a rea o f l ayer 1 47 f rom w hich al arge q uantity o f p laster w as c ollected . A bout 3 00 f ragments ( several k g .) o f p ainted p laster w ere r ecovered f rom c ontext 1 48 . M ost o f t his w as i n s mall t o m edium s ized f ragments w hich w ere u nabraded . T he m aterial i s s ubdivided i nto b road g roups b elow b ut t his p laster c ould b enefit f rom m ore i ntensive s tudy s ome t ime i n t he f uture.

G roups A a nd B .

R ed p anel

f ragments

( see G roup C ) .

T ogether t hese r ed

f ragments m ake u p w ell o ver a t hird , b y a rea , o f t he p laster s ample. G roup A a re p lain r ed f ragments m ostly S mall p ieces . i ntensity . ( Not c ounted).

T he r eds v ary i n

G roup B a re p lain r ed f ragments w ith t hin ( 4 mm .) p ale o chre s traight l ines , s ome t hin ( 4-5 r a mi b lack s traight l ines , s ome w ith b roader w hite s tripes m ay b e t he e dge o f t he p anels . O ne f ragment h as a b road w hite l ine ( 11 m m .) d ividing i t f rom a y ellow o chre ' p anel f ragment. 4 2 f ragments. G roup C . F lower d esigns s howing a f lower a t t he j unction o f t wo s cribed s etting-out l ines o n a r ed p anel . T he f lowers a re i n o r o utlined b y t hin y ellow o chre l ines , g enerally i nfilled w ith a l ight ( malachite) g reen a nd a s lightly d arker g reen . T here a re a lso h ighlights w ith a p ale o chre c olour a nd w hite ' b lobs ' a nd ( leaf?) s hapes . T here i s a lso a p eculiar d ark ( wine) r ed w hich i s a lso s een o n G roup H m aterial. 1 3 f ragments. G roup D .

B road

( c .

2 025

mm .) •d ark

b lue

s tripes

b ordered

b y

t hin w hite

l ines f ollowed b y r ed ( the b lue a nd w hite a pplied o ver t he r ed p aint) . P robably t he m ajority o f t hese c ome f rom r ed p anels b ounded b y t hese s tripes . O ne o r t wo p ieces h ave c urved w hite s hapes ( one w ith g rey-blue a t t he e dge) c oming c lose t o t he s tripes ( possibly p art o f aG roup C d esign?) 4 0 f ragments . G roup E . S imilar t o G roup D b ut t he w hite s tripe o n o ne s ide i s b roader , 1 m m . 2 7 f ragments . G roup E .

P ale y ellow o chre p anels w ith g rouped l ine d ecoration ,

c .

v ertical

a nd h orizontal a s w ell a s o blique . T he l ines a re i n w hite r ed a nd b lack w ith a t l east o ne b road b lack l ine a t r ight-angles t o t he b order o f t he p anel ,

( of G roup D b lue-grey w hite b order).

G roup G .

T his

m aterial

i s

2 1 f ragments .

q uite n oticeble ,

c onsisting o f a b lack p anel

w ith f lower d esigns i n p ink , w hite a nd p ale o chre . M ost o f t hese d esigns a re a s f ig . 8 3 , b ut t here i s a lso o ne l eaf s hape i n p ale g reen , a nd a t rail o f w hite d ots . A t l east t wo o f t hese f lowers a re a djacent t o t he b order o f t he p anel ( again s eemingly o f G roup D o r E ). 4 0 f ragments. G roup H .

T his

m aterial

i s

c haracterised

b y

t he u se

o f

a p eculiar d eep

w ine r ed a nd a n a lmost s ky b lue ( presumably f rit o r ac opper c ompound ) s ome p ale o chre a nd w hite . S everal t ypes o f d esign m ay b e p resent i n t his g roup . S ome o f t hese d esigns a re e vidently f loral , w hile o thers m ay p erhaps b e r epresentational d ue t o t he c omplexity o f s ome o f t he b rushwork . 6 3 f ragments .

2 54

M iscellaneous. A bout s eventy f ragments d o n ot f all i nto t he a bove g roups , m ost a re p ale c olours s uch a s w hite , p ale g reen s ome w ith v arieties o f s tripe o rnament i n w hite , b lack , o chre e tc . , b ut n one s eem m ore c omplex . M ost o f t hese a re m ore b adly a braded a nd w eathered a nd a lthough s ome a re r ecognisably s imilar i t d oes n ot s eem w orth s ubdividing t his m aterial f urther a t t his s tage .

D iscussion . L ittle c an b e s aid a t t his s tage a bout t he d ecorative s cheme o f t he w all(s) r epresented b y t he p laster f ragments i n c ontext 1 48 . S uffice t o s ay t hat i t p robably c onsisted o f p anels o f v arious c olours d ivided b y t hin p ainted l ines s ome d ecorated w ith f loral d esigns . G roup G f ragments a re p articularly d istinctive a nd i t m ay b e t hat s imilar m aterial h as b een r ecovered f rom o ther R omano-British s ites , m ainly f rom s econd-century c ontexts ( Davey a nd L ing , 1 981; c orpus N os . 2 2A , 2 5A , 4 1D , 4 5 a nd 4 70 .

P ERIOD I II C ONTEXTS. N o p ainted ( or p lain ) p laster w as f ound a ssociated w ith P eriod I IIA o f B uilding R 3 . P laster w as f ound i n d estruction-debris B uilding R 3 , P eriod I IIB ( i.e. R ooms 5 , 8 , 9 , 1 a nd 1 3).

i n

f ive

r ooms

o f

R oom 5 . A c onsiderable q uantity o f p ainted p laster c ame f rom c ontext 7 8 ( destruction-rubble) , a bout 2 . 5 k g . o f s mall f ragments o f p laster , m ostly u nweathered . S ome o f t he p ieces w ere r elatively l arge a nd q uite a l ot o f p ainted s urface r emains . I t w as n ot p ossible t o r econstruct m uch o f t his b ut a g reat v ariety o f d esigns w ere n oted . T he m ost i nteresting a re p anels o f i mitation m arbling , o ne i n p urple s tipple b ounded w ith a t hin l ilac l ine a nd a w ider w hite l ine , a nd t he o ther o f y ellow o chre a nd b rown p atches s urrounded b y w hite z ones b isected b y w iggly r ed l ines . T his a gain w as s urrounded b y w hite , l ilac a nd p urple l ines . A nother d esign o bviously o f t he s ame s cheme c onsists o f b road p urple a nd l ilac b ands c rossed b y d iagonal l ines o f p ale c ream p aint i n t wo d irections . O ther m aterial i n t his a ssemblage p robably d erives f rom r ed a nd y ellow o chre p anels , t he r ed p anels h aving t hin l ines o f y ellow o chre ( probably s urrounding i t) , t he y ellow o chre s urrounded b y g rey a nd w hite l ines . F ragments o f g rey s triped p ainted p laster p robably d erive f rom i mitation m arble a lso , s urrounded b y t hin b la c k l ines a nd b roader w hite l ines . A z one o f w hite w ith h orizontal b road r ed b ands s eems l ikely t o b e t he j unction o f t he w all -p laster w ith t he c eiling . A ll o f t he p ainted w all-plaster i s o f as oft c reamy w hite l umpy p laster , a bout 2 0 mu t hick a pplied i n t wo s imilar l ayers , t he l ast 7 m mu t hick w ith a ligned v oids , a nd f aced w ith a 2 mr t4 l ayer o f b rilliant w hite f ine p laster ( line p laster). T he r emainder o f t he m aterial w as i n s mall g roups o f f ragments o f c oarse

? .5 5

g rey-white v ery s oft l ime p laster w ith g reyish s urfaces o r t hin w hite w ash . S ome o f t hese e xhibited p ale g reen p ainted l ines , a nd t hin s cribed s ettingo ut l ines r unning a t 4 5 d egrees t o t he g reen l ines . A lthough t here i s n o o ther e vidence t o s upport t his , i t s eems t hat t he 4 5 d egree a ngle o f t he s etting-out l ines s uggest a s quare p attern , a nd t hus t his i s p ossibly c eiling-plaster . T he e laborate d ecorative s cheme o f t his r oom i s n oteworthy , a s i s t he g eneral s imilarity o f t he p laster f rom t his r oom a nd t he s cheme o f d ecoration i n R oom 1. I t i s p robable t hat t he d ecoration c onsisted o f g rey a nd p urple s tippled ' marbled ' p anels a nd y ellow o chre , w hite a nd r ed i mitation m arble p anels d ivided w ith p urple l ines a nd w hite l ines . S omewhere i n t his s cheme s imple t rellis d esigns w ere i ncorporated e ither a s p anels o r p erhaps b road b ands . T he c eiling w ould h ave h ad a s imple d esign i n g reen l ines ( perhaps b alanced b y a s imple g reenish/grey s tone s lab f loor?) . T he ' d estruction-rubble ' o f R oom 1 3 , c ontext 7 9 , a djacent a lso c ontained a f ew f ragments o f p laster o f s imilar f abric ( although s lightly m ore ' c re am ' i n c olour) w ith a t hin w hite f inishing l ayer . T his h as b een p ainted w ith a t hin s tripe w hich w as o f p ink/light r ed . O nly a f ew s quare c entimetres o f p ainted s urface r emain . T wo u nabraded f ragments o f s imilar p laster c ame f rom c harcoal s pread 8 6 i n t his r oom p resumably c ontemporary w ith l ayer 7 9 . N o p laster w as f ound i n R ooms 6 , 7 , a nd 1 4.

R oom 9 . L ayer 8 3 u nder t he r ubble l ayer ( 77) i n R oom 9 a lso c ontained a n umber o f s mall , m ostly a braded , f ragments o f p laster s imilar i n f abric t o t hat f rom R oom 1 3 . T his h as a f airly t hick ( 2 m i m .) w hite f inishing l ayer w hich h as b een l eft p lain o n o ne f ragment w ith a g rey s trip . T he r emainder o f t he p laster s eems t o h ave b een l ight r ed , w hich m ay b e s tippled .

R oom 8 . R oom 8 c ontained p ainted p laster i n c ontext 8 7 a l ayer o f c rushed ' mortar ' ( weathered p laster) ; l ayer 9 3 ac ompact d eposit o f s mall l imestone f ragments a nd 2 03 a s mall p it . T he p laster f rom 8 7 ( 125 k g . o f s mall u nabraded f ragments) i s a s lightly d ifferent f abric f rom t he m aterial d iscussed a bove . I t i s am oderately h ard a nd l umpy f abric w ith m ore v oids a nd a pplied i n t hicker l ayers t han i n R oom 5 e tc . S ome o f t he p laster i s w hiter t han t hat d iscussed a bove . N one o f t he f ragments h ave a v isible f inishing l ayer a nd t he c olours ( if t his i s n ot m erely s taining b y s oil c onditions) a re s ubdued y ellow o chres a nd l ight b rowns . T he r elief o f t he r everse o f t he p laster i s n ot r eadily e xplicable , b ut t here i s l ittle d oubt t hat t his i s i n f act p laster . A f urther 3 50 g . o f s mall a nd m edium s ized a braded p ieces o f v ery s imilar p laster c ome f rom l ayer 9 3 . A gain n one w as p ainted , s ome o f t he p laster w as c reamier t han t hat f rom l ayer 8 7 a nd c ontnained o oliths ( either f rom t he l ime s ource , o r m ore l ikely t he a ggregate) . S ome o f t his p laster h ad t he i mpressions o f t he r ough f ace o f as tone w all o n t he r everse .

2 56

O ne

l arge

a braded

f ragment

( c .

1 05

g .)

o f

s imilar p laster

e xhibiting a p robable s tone i mpression ) w as f ound i n P it 2 83 . w eathered t races o f af lat d ark r ed p ainted s urface .

( also

I t r etained

N o p laster w as r ecovered f rom R ooms 1 , 2 , 3 , t he s mall p ortions o f R oom 1 0 e xcavated , o r R ooms 1 6 a nd 1 7 . S ome p laster c ame f rom t he f ill o f s tokehole 1 56 i n R oom 1 2 b ut t his p robably d erives f rom R oom 1, o ur a ttention n ow t urns .

t o w hich

R oom 1. T his r oom p roduced m any k ilogrammes o f p laster o f as uperficially s imilar f abric t o t he m aterial f rom R oom 5 , m uch o f i t f rom t he f ill o f b ath 1 50 . I t i s a lmost c ertain t hat a l arge p roportion o f t he p laster r ecovered f rom t his r oom w as c eiling-plaster b ut q uantities o f w all-plaster w ere a lso f ound. C ontexts

1 50 ,

1 50A ,

1 56 ,

1 60 ,

1 70 ,

c oncerned , a ll p roduced v arying q uantities d etailed b elow a nd i n t he a rchive.

3 97 ,

a nd

5 18

o f w all o r

a re

t he

l ayers

c eiling-plaster a s

C ontext 1 0 p roduced f our f ragments o f o pus s igninum w ith w hite p ainted s urfaces.

T his p ossibly d erives f rom t he s uperstructure o f b ath 1 50.

C ontexts

1 50 a nd 1 50A p roduced s everal k g . o f p laster ,

m uch o f i t

p ainted , 1 50B p roduced f ragments o f m ortar , b ut n o p laster . T he w all-plaster f rom t hese f eatures i s s oft f riable b uff p laster 1 5-30 mm . t hick , a pplied i n t wo c oats . A w hite f inishing l ayer o f p laster w as a pplied , b ut a pparently t he f lat , s lightly r ough s urfaces w ere a lso p ainted w hite b efore a ny d ecoration w as a pplied . T he d ecoration s eems t o h ave b een s imple c onsisting o f p anels ( although n o c orners w ere n oted ) o f d ark r ed l ines . T he s uggested h orizontals w ere t hin r ed l ines w hile i t i s s uggested t hat b road r ed l ines w ith a t hin l ight g reen l ine d own o ne s ide a t l east 2 m ay b e v ertical . A c onsiderable l ength o f t he j unction o f t he w all a nd c eiling w as f ound , ar ight a ngled b end o ccurring i n t he f ace o f t he p laster a t t his p oint o n b oth c ategories o f m aterial . T he w all p laster was d ecorated a t t his p oint b y o ne ( or t wo) h orizontal b road r ed l ines . T here w ere a lso t wo l arge p ieces a nd m any s maller f ragments o f p anels s tippled w ith d ark r ed o r p urple p aint t o p roduce m arble p anels l ike t hose i n R oom 5 . I t i s n ot k nown h ow t hese p anels w ere d ivided . O ne o f t he f ragments i s p articularly i nteresting i t h as a s harply c urved c onvex p ainted f ace w ith a c oncave s urface ( timber i mpression p erhaps?) o n t he r everse .

T his p iece p robably c ame f rom t he e dge o f aw indow s play .

T he c eiling -p laster i s g rey-buff s oft p laster o therwise s imilar i n f abric t o t he w all-plaster b ut d istinguished f rom i t b y t he i mpression o f r eed c onstruction s hown o n t he r everse . T here i s a t hin w hite f inishing l ayer o f p laster . T he p laster h as b een a pplied i n 1 0 mm . l ayer t o o ne f ace o f c losely s paced r eeds w ith o ccasional p erpendicular b undles o f r eeds o n t he s ame s ide a s t he p laster . T his m aterial i s u nlikely t o h ave b een w all-plaster ,

b esides a ny o ther

p ractible c onsiderations s uch m aterial w ould h ave b een v ery s usceptible t o d amage f rom a ccidental k nocks e tc . T he m ethod o f c onstruction d escribed b elow i s e minently s uitable f or a c eiling . I t w as o nly p ossible t o l ift

o ne s mall s heet o f p laster i n e ntirety ,

a lthough i t w as a pparent t hat t he f ill o f t he b ath ( 150) c ontained t he r emains o f l arge s heets o f p laster f allen c oncertina-wise a nd c rushed . T his s heet s ome 2 50 x 1 60 MI N s hows t hat t he r eeds ( hereafter r eferred t o a s ' r eed l aths ') w ere c losely s paced , a pparently o ne o r t wo l ayers t hick ( 1 6 t o e very 1 00 mm ; d iameter o f s tems 5 -7 mm .) . N o p laster w as u sed b ehind t he r eeds , w hich h as b een e xtruded i nto a v oid b ehind t hem o n s ome f ragments . P erpendicular t o t he ' l ay ' o f t hese ' r eed l aths ' a re t ransverse r eed b undles o f p erhaps 3 0 mm . d iameter o r s o . O nly o n t he l arge s heet c ould t he d istance b etween t hem b e m easured , i t w as 1 93 mm . I t i s n ot l ikely t hat t hese t ransverse b undles s upported t he c eiling f rom b elow , b ut t he i mpressions o f s everal b undles w ith k nots m ade w ith a ' r affia t ype ' m aterial ( yet t o b e i dentified , p erhaps r eed l eaf?) s uggest t hat t hey w ere t ied a t i ntervals t o h orizontal s trips o f w ood b ehind t he r eed l aths . P erhaps t hese w ere n ailed t o m ore s ubstantial j oists r unning a t r ight a ngles . S ome f ragments , w ith b road r ed s trips , s how a r ight-angled j unction w ith t he t op o f t he w all ( either a w all-plate o r t he wall-plaster o ver i t) . M any o f t hese f ragments a re t hi c ker a nd e xhibit t he i mpressions o f t he c ut b utts o f t he r eed l aths . M ost o f t he m aterial w as r ecovered f rom t he f ill o f b ath 1 50 a nd ,

i f

l aid o ut ( few j oins w ere p ossible) t he a rea c overed i s c onsiderably l arger t han t he a rea o f t he s urface a rea o f t he b ath . I t w ould t hus s eem t hat t he c eiling-p laster i n t his f eature h as p robably b een d umped d eliberatly i nto i t . F ew ( if a ny) f ragments o f w all-plaster w ere p resent i n t he f ill . T hus t his f eature w as f illed i n a fter t he r obbing o f t he l ead p ipe ( 505) a nd a fter c ollapse o f t he c eiling a nd p robably c ollapse o f t he r oof , b ut b efore t he p laster b egan t o w eather f rom t he w alls . C eilings a re r arely r ecognised b y e xcavators , p erhaps b ecause , i n d ecay , t he c eiling ( if p resent) i s u sually t he f irst p art o f a r oom t o c ollapse ( with t he r oof) a nd t hus n ot o nly d oes i t f all o nto a h ard f loor w ith r ooft iles a nd t im b er c rashing d own o n t op o f i t b ut t hen i s s ubjected t o s ome y ears o f w eathering b efore o ther m aterial b uilds u p o ver i t t o p rotect i t . D avey a nd L ing ( 1981) n ote s ome f ifteen R omano-British s ites f rom w hich p ainted c eiling-plaster h as b een r ecognised . P lain w hite c eilings m ay b e r epresented b y m aterial c ollapsed i nto c ertain r ooms a t S ilchester ( Boon , 1 974 , 2 04). T he d esigns o n t he M arshfield c eiling-plaster c onsists m ainly o f r ed s tripes o ver w hite p aint a lthough s ome t hin y ellow o chre l ines a nd t races o f d iagonal l ines o f g rey-brown w ere n oted a nd o ne o r t wo f ragments h ad t races o f b lue a nd b la c k p aint. T he d esign w as p robably r elatively s imple . C ontext 1 56 p roduced t hree s mall f ragments o f w all-plaster , o ne m arbled a s a bove . C ontext 5 18 , a c lay l ayer u nder l ayer 1 70 p roduced o ne f ragment o f c eiling-plaster , p ossibly t rampled i n w hen 1 70 a ccumulated . L ayer 1 70 w as p robably m ostly w eathered p laster , a nd c ontained c . 3k g . o f s mall w eathered p laster f ragments , a lmost e ntirely f rom t he c eiling . C ontext 1 60 a t hin l ayer o ver t he o pus s igninum f loor c ontained s ix s mall f ragments o f a braded w all - a nd c eiling-plaster .

2 58

C ontext

3 97

c ontained

s ix

f ragments

o f c eiling-plaster s imilar t o t he

r est o f t he m aterial , b ut a lso p roduced f our t iny f ragments o f p laster o f a d ifferent ( but u ncertain ) d esign . T he f abric w as u nlike t hat o f t he R oom 1 m aterial , b ut s eems s imilar t o t hat f rom l ayer 1 48 . T he p laster f rom p osthole 3 82 h as a lready b een n oted a bove i t w as r edeposited f rom P eriod I I. T o t he n orth o f B uilding R 3 , s ix s mall a braded s craps o f p ainted -p laster c ame f rom a P eriod I II l ayer 1 41 u nderlying t he w all o f B uilding R 5 : T hese p ieces a re s o f ragmented t hat i t i s n ot p ossible t o r econstruct a ny p art o f t he d esign , b ut i t i ncorporates a reas w ith a l ight r ed w ash , a n o chre w ash a nd

o ne

f ragment h as

t he

r emains

o f

t wo

t hin r ed

w hiter t han m ost o f t he o ther P eriod I II s imilarly - t extured a nd c ontains a f ew o oliths.

s tripes .

m aterial

b ut

T he b ody i s

i s

o therwise

N OTES 1 .

L ittle t ime w as a vailable f or a s tudy o f t he p ainted p laster a nd i t i s he e xcavation i s r esumed i n h oped t hat m ore w ork m ay b e u ndertaken i f t 1 984.

2 .

re n ot r ed p anels s eparated I t i s n ot a bsolutely c ertain t hat t hese a f rom w hite b y at hin g reen l ine.

M ORTAR S AMPLES P .M. B arford.

T he m ortars o f a ll u nrobbed w alls w ere s ampled a s e xcavation p rogressed a nd a t t he c onclusion o f t he f irst s ession . t aken f rom t he l owest m ortared c ourse o f

W here p ossible t he m ortar w as t he w all .

R oot a ction ,

s hallow

s tratification a nd f ree d rainage h ave r esulted u nfortunately i n t he p artial d issolution o f s ome o f t he m ortar a nd s ome c ontamination w ith p loughsoil. T otal d issolution o f s ome p ortions o f s ome s amples r evealed t hat t hese m ortars

a t

l east

c ontained

v ery

l ittle n on-soluble

m aterials ,

a nd v isual

i nspection s uggested t hat s ome o f t he a ggregate u sed i n t he mortar was c omminuted l imestone . ( Such l imestone ' sand ' c ould b e o btained i n s mall q uantities f rom B roadmead b rook) .

S ome o f t he s amples a re c urrently b eing

s tudied b y D r . J ohn E vans , N .E . L ondon P olytechnic ( report n ot a vailable a t t ime o f w riting) . P urely v isual i nspection c ould n ot e stablish a l ink b etween t he c haracteristics o f t he m ortars ( colour , q uantity o f a ggregate e tc"

t exture ,

a pparent

b earing i n m ind t he p roblems o f t he p ost -

d epositional c hanges n oted a bove) a nd t he p hasing a ssigned t o t he w alls o n a rchaeological g rounds .

N either w as t here a n a pparent r elationship b etween

t he g rouping o f t he mortars a nd t he s uggested l oad - b earing p roperties r equired b y t he c onjectural r econstruction ( rig . T wo

f eatures w ere

o f

i nterest .

F eatures

3 5) .

7 5 a nd

8 2

h ave

a lready

b een

d escribed a bove ( p. 6 5).

O pus S igninum . S everal s amples w ere c ollected , m ost o f t his m aterial c ame f rom c ontexts i n t he s outh - w est c orner o f B uilding R 3 . p resent ,

s ome a t

l east

A t l east

f our

d eriving f rom t he s uperstructure o f

O ne f ragment a lso c ame f rom c ontext 17.

' mixes' w ere

t he b ath ( 150) .

M ISCELLANEOUS O BJECTS P .M . B arford a nd M argaret H ughes.

R omano -B ritish C eramic T ile

( PMB)

T ile F ragments. T ile w as r elatively s carce o n t he s ite ,

a nd m ost o f

t he m aterial ( 304

f ragments 7 580 g .) c ame f rom t he p loughsoil . T he o nly f ragments i n a s tructural p osition ( see b elow) w ere t he c omplete t egulae ( with f langes k nocked o ff) s panning t he h ypocaust i n R oom 1 a nd t he a ssociated i mbreces f orming h ot a ir f lues a nd d rain . c ame f rom s tratified d eposits . M ost

o f

t he

t ile

f ragments

A bout t wenty-five o ther t ile f ragments

a ppeared

t o h ave

c ome

f rom

i mbreces

i n a

v ariety o f s izes , a f ew t egula f ragments a nd t wo ' b ox f lue ' t ile f ragments w ere a lso p resent. T wo m ain f abric g roups w ere r ecognised. I t w as n otable t hat o nly a f ew t ile f ragments c ame f rom ' d estructionl evels' o f t he b uilding ( context 5 02 a nd 1 56E) a nd i t i s t hus f airly u nlikely t hat t hese b elonged t o t he s uperstructure o f t he b uilding i tself . I t i s p ossible t hat t he m aterial i n t he p loughsoil m ay b e t he r esidue o f d umps o f m aterial b rought i n t o b e u sed f or t he y ard m etalling o r t o b e b roken u p a s a ggregate f or t he o pus s igninum o f t he b athroom . P resumably t he m aterial w as t aken f rom a n earby b uilding d uring d emolition , a lterations o r r epair .

C omplete T iles. S even c omplete t egulae ( fig . 8 4) w ere u sed t o s pan t he h ypocaust o f R oom 1 , a nd a n umber o f f ragments u sed i n t he s ame f loor . T hey w ere a ll v ery s imilar a nd p robably b y t he s ame h and . T hey m easured 4 60 mm . l ong o n a verage , a nd 3 81 mm . a t t he b roader e nd , a nd 3 60 mm . a t t he n arrower .' A ll t he f langes h ad b een k nocked o ff b ut a f ragment i ncorporated i nto t he m ortar w as 4 0 m m . h igh a nd 2 2 m m . w ide . T he m ethod o f m anufacture w as n oteworthy , i t i s q uite u nlike t hat p roposed b y R ook ( in M cWhirr ( ed .) 1 979 , 3 01, f ig . 1 6 .3) which s eems t o a ccount f or t he m arks s een o n m ost R omano -B ritish t ile . T he u pper f ace o f t he t ile h ad a r ough f ace s uggestive o f h aving b een f ormed o n a f lat s urface w ith a s light g roove ( fig . 8 4) . T he u nderside o f t he t ile h ad l ines s uggestive o f w ire-cutting o r k nife - t rimming . T he f langes t rimmed e xternally, a nd t he p lain c ut - o uts c ut b y k nife. T he i mbrex f rom u nder t he l ead p ipe ( 192) , R oom 1, 4 00 mm . l ong ,

1 45 mm . w ide a nd 6 0 mm . h igh a t o ne e nd ,

m m . h igh a t t he o ther .

w ere

k nife -

w as r emoved a nd w as 1 65 mm . w ide a nd 1 10

T his h ad b een f ormed o ver a s emicircular s ectioned

f ormer a nd t he c lay s moothed l ongitudinally

( fig. 8 4).

261

^

F ig. 8 4 .

R oman t ile f rom R oam 1 ( scale 1 /10)

F ig . 8 5 .

F ig. 8 6 .

O bject o f f ired c lay ( full s ize)

P ot s herd s pindle -w horls ( scale 1 /2)

2 62

A nother i mbrex ( not i llustrated) w as u sed t o f orm p art o f t he p ila u nder t his f loor . T his w as m uch l arger , a nd w as u nusual i n h aving a k nife - c ut g roove r unning l ongitudinally d own t he c entre o f t he i nterior . T he f unction o f t his i s n ot k nown .

F ired C lay

( PMB)

A n umber o f s mall a braded f ragments o f f ired c lay w ere r ecovered f rom s eventeen c ontexts ,

t he t otal w eight w as l ess t han a k ilogramme.

T wo f abric g roups w ere r ecognised , A , w hich w as s imilar t o t hat o f o ne o f t he R B t ile f abrics a nd B , w hich w as t exturally s imilar t o a d ay s ample t aken f rom t he B roadmead b rook v alley b ottom ( at S T 7 84767) . A s ample o f u nfired g reen c lay f rom t he f ill o f d itch 1 75 w as f rom a n u nidentified s ource. T he s oft - f ired m aterial f rom 1 75 o f f abric B c ould b e f ragments o f d aub o r o ven . T wo s mall f ragments o f c ircular - s ectioned f irebar ( diameter 9 0 a nd 4 0 m m .) c ame f rom c ontexts 2 37 a nd 1 74. T he o nly o ther d efect r ecognised w as a s mall f ragment o f t he e dge o f a t riangular l oomweight ( fig . 8 5) o f p oorly -w edged f abric A c ontaining a f ew w hite g rits , w hich s eem t o b e l imestone . ( 3F 1 230 ( 9)) . L oomweights ( Wild ,

1 970a ,

a re

n ot

p articularly

c ommon

i n

R omano-British

c ontexts

1 36) b ut s eem t o b e e ven l ess c ommon i n t he s outh w est .

S ee

M iles ( 1973 , 1 38) f or t wo f ragments , a nd f ragments w ere a lso f ound a t B rodkworth , G loucestershire a nd T eddington R ise , G loucestershire ( Rawes , 1 981 , 7 2) . B radley H ill ( Leech , 1 981, 2 48) p roduced n ine f ragments .

C ounters

t he

( PMB a nd M U)

( not i llustrated)

A part f rom t he t wo ' black ' g lass c ounters n oted e lsewhere ( p . 1 94) a nd f ive b one c ounters , t wo i nscribed ( pp . 1 87-8) , s ix c ounters c ut f rom

p otsherds

w ere

f ound ,

a ll

f rom p loughsoil

c ontexts .

T hey

w ere

c ut

f rom

g rey o r b uff c oarseware s herds r oughly t rimmed t o ac ircular s hape , b ut t he e dges w ere n ot g round s mooth . A ll o f t hese o bjects a re n ow h eavily a braded. W hether t hese w ere u sed a s C alculi c alculation ,

f or u se w ith a c asting b oard f or

o r a s g aming p ieces i s n ot p ossible

t o d etermine .

F or

d iscussion o f l ate R oman b oard - g ames s ee C larke ( 1979 , 2 52-4) . T he d iameters o f t he c ounters v aried f rom 3 4 t o 4 5 mm . , m ost w ere a bout 4 0 mm . i n d iameter . A p ennant

s andstone

p ossibly a lso a c ounter . d iameter

i s

m ore

C rummy ( 1983 ,

S pindie'Whorls

l ikely

d isc

5 0

mm .

i n d iameter c ame

f rom

c ontext

A l arge l imestone d isc ( unstratified) c . t o h ave b een a p ot

1 79 ,

1 20 mm .

l id o r s imilar a rtefact .

S ee

9 3-6) f or d iscussion o f p ottery c ounter.

( PMB a nd M H)

A part f rom t he s hale s pindle - w horl ( p . t here w ere t en w horls m ade f rom p otsherds

2 33) a nd o ne o f r oughly

2 63

c hipped

s tone

( p .

2 35)

i nto s hape a nd

w ith a d rilled c entral p erforation ( fig . 8 6) . O nly t wo w horls s eem t o h ave g round e dges . A ll o f t he s herds u sed w ere l ocal c oarsewares e xcept o ne o f ' B lack -b urnished w are ' . T he d iameters o f t he w horls v aried f rom 3 0 t o 4 7 mm . , b ut m ost w ere a bout 3 5 MIN i n d iameter . T he p erforations v aried f rom 4 .5 t o 9 mm . , b ut m ost w ere 5 -7 mm . S even o f t hese w horls w ere f rom p loughsoil c ontexts ( the o thers b eing f rom c on texts 2 7 , 2 01 , 3 05 a nd 3 42B) . O ne w horl f ragment f rom 1 05 i s i nteresting , t he h ole w as d rilled i n t he s herd , w hich f ractured b efore t he e dges w ere f ully t rimmed . S pindle-whorls

a re n ot u ncommon o n m ost R omano-British

s ites ,

b oth

' r ural ' a nd ' u rban ' . M any o f t he s herds a s h ere , a nd t he t hirteen w horls f rom I ronmongers a re c omparable w ith t he n umbers f rom W hitton ( Webster i n J arrett a nd W rathmell , 1 981, 1 47-8) a nd N ettleton ( Wedlake , 1 982, 2 38) . I ntra s ite c omparisons t aking s ite c hronology a nd v olume o f s oil e xcavated a re n ecessary b efore t he e conomic i mplications o f n umbers o f w horls o n a ny s ite c an b e r eliably i nterpreted . S uffice t o s ay t hat t he I ronmongers w horls r epresent s pinning o f s ome f ibre ( wool o r p ossibly f lax?) o n s ite , a ll w horls a re f rom P eriod I II c ontexts o r l ater . A s election o f

t he

s herd

s pindle-whorls

h ave

b een

i llustrated

( fig .

8 6). 1 .

W horl c ut f rom b ase o f j ar o f b eaker o r ' s oapy ' o xidised f abric . 1 745 ( 27)).

2 .

W horl c ut f rom b odysherd o f j ar o f e arly R oman f abric . ( 305)).

3 .

W horl c ut f rom b odysherd o f ( 52) p loughsoil).

4 .

F ragment o f w horl c ut f rom b odysherd o f g reyware j ar .

j ar w ith r ouletted d ecoration .

(e

( SF 4 053

( SF 7 94

( SF 4 46 ( 105)

p loughsoil). 5 .

W horl c ut f rom b odysherd o f r educed f abric w ith f ine s hell t emper p robably p re-Roman f abric. ( SF 2 802 ( 383)).

C oal ( FHB) C oal h as b een f ound a t a n umber o f l ocal s ites a nd a t C amerton ( Wedlake , 1 958 , 9 4-5) a nd N ettleton ( Wedlake , 1 982 , 2 20) i n c onnection w ith m etalworking a nd i f H averfield ( 1906 , V CH S omerset I , 2 20) i s c orrect i n a scribing a r eference b y t he t hird-century w riter S olinus t o B ath , i t s eems t hat c oal w as b urnt o n a n a ltar f ire t here . S ee a lso W ebster ( 195 2 . M ost o f t he c oal c ame f rom t he p loughsoil , b ut 2 05 g . o f s mall f ragments c ame f rom 4 06 ( upper f ill ) a nd a f ew s mall f ragments c ame f rom o ther c ontexts , m ostly P eriod I IIB a nd l ater . C oal f ragments a lso c ame f rom h earths 9 6 a nd 9 0 , b oth p robably m etalworking ( iron?) h earths. T he s ource o f t he c oal f rom M arshfield h as y et t o b e a scertained , b ut i t i s v isually v ery s imilar t o m aterial f rom t he B ristol C oalfields ( M . W illiams , p ers . c omm .) .

2 64

N OTES 1 .

T he

m etrology

o f R oman c eramic b uilding -m aterial i s a n i nteresting

s ubject n ot c onsidered h ere . p robably d ue t o c lay s hrinkage.

T here w as s ome v ariation ( 10 mm .) b ut

Mance t ter

N ene V a l ley

C o lches te r

O x ford B rock ley H i l l

A l ice H o lt R hen ish Ware N ew F ores t

B lack B urn ished

0 C en tra l G au l

F ig . 8 7.

3 0

m

1. 11 1 1 1 1 .

0

5 0

km

M ap s howing k nown p ottery s ources f or M arshfield

2 66

A TW

P ART I II T HE P OIIERY A . T . W ard

I NTRODUCTION T he

M arshfield

p ottery

r eport

r epresents

a n

e xamination

o f

a ll

p ottery f ound - 3 6 ,072 s herds o r a pproximately 2 00 k ilogrammes . d ivided i nto f ive m ain s ections:-

A .

A .

T he f abric - t ype c lassification .

B .

T he p ottery c atalogue.

C .

G eneral d iscussion o f t he p ottery c orpus.

D .

T he p ottery s ources.

E .

F abric - t ype f requency.

t he

I t i s

T he F abric - t ype c lassification T his w as c hosen i n p reference t o a c lassification o f f orm t ypes a t t his

s tage . I f f urther w ork i s c arried o ut a t M arshfield , h owever , a f orm t ype s eries m ay b e c ompleted . T he c ategorisation o f e ach i dentifiable f abric w as b ased o n a d etailed m icroscopic a nalysis o f t heir i nclusions , i nlcuding t ype ,

s ize ,

a ppearance

c olour , o r

d ensity a nd a lso a ny s econdary c riteria s uch a s g eneral

c haracteristics

o f

t he w are ,

i ncluding

t exture ,

g rain-size ,

h ardness a nd c olour . T he s ystem w as s uccessful i n i dentifying n inety - t hree f abrics .

T his

f igure w as a rrived a t a fter a s econd d etailed e xamination o f t he f abrics i n w hich

s everal

d ifferent ,

w ere

d o u ndoubtedly

k iln a nd p ossibly , h and .

e liminated .

M any

o riginate

o f

f rom

t he t he

f abric-types , s ame

s ourse ,

a lthough e ven

i n t he c ase o f s ome o f t he l ocal g rey w ares ,

t he

a ll s ame

o f t he s ame

H owever t his c lassification o nly s eeks t o d istinguish b etween

m icroscopically i dentifiable f abrics a nd s imilarities o f o rigin a re d ealt w ith i n S ection D . A ll f abrics d escribed i n t he c lassification a re w heelt hrown u nless s pecified a s h and-made .

B .

T he P ottery c atalogue T he

c atalogue b elow

i ncludes

s tratified a nd u nstratified g roups .

p ottery d escribed a nd i llustrated i s d ivided i nto t welve s ections;

2 67

T he

F irstly s even p hases o f o ccupation :P eriod I

m id-first c entury B .C. - m id-first c entury A .D.

P eriod I I

m id-first c entury - m id-third c entury

P eriod I IIA

m id-third c entury - c . 3 60-70

P eriod I IIB

c . 3 60-70 - l ate f ourth c entury

P eriod I IIC P eriod I IIC/D

l ate f ourth/early f ifth c entury l ate f ourth/early f ifth c entury

P eriod V e arly f ifth c entury S econdly t he c emetery a rea ( Period m iscellaneous s ections :- T he I mports , S amian W are , C olour-coated f abrics.

f ollowed b y f our t he M ortaria a nd t he

O f t hese t welve g roups P eriod I I , I IIA , I IIB , I IIC , I IIC/IV , I V a nd t he c emetery a re g roups w ithin w hich t he p ottery i s a rranged , w here p ossible , s tratigraphically. I n P eriod I II t he p ottery i s a rranged b y r oom n umber . T he s ections d ealing w ith P eriod I , t he I mports ,

t he M ortaria a nd t he

C olour-coats a re l argely u nstratified g roups m ostly f rom r esidual c ontex ts. I n t he c atalogue e ach s herd h as

f irstly i ts

c ontext

i n b rackets a nd

l ocation f ollowed b y t he r eport c atalogue n umber , a nd t he f abric-type ( F/F) . b rackets . W herever p ossible p arallels h ave b een q uoted a nd t o s ave s pace t hese a re a bbreviated .

C . G eneral d iscussion o f P ottery C orpus S ection C d eals w ith t he p ottery f rom M arshfield a s i t i s s et o ut i n t he c atalogue a nd d iscusses e ach p eriod i ndividually - h ighlighting m ajor f abrics , t heir i mportance a nd s ignificance i n t hat p eriod a nd g ener ally r elevant d ating .

D .

T he P ottery S ources I n t his s ection t he f abric-types a re i dentified a s s uggested , a nd

d ating , p arallels a nd a ny o ther r elevant i nformation i s p rovided .

E . F abric-Frequency s ection T his s ection i ncludes a f abric-type f requency t able a nd a g eneral d iscussion i n t abulated f orm o f m ajor ( non-local) a nd m inor ( local) s ources o f p roduction . A c omparative a nalaysis o f f abric f requencies f rom t hree l ocal s ites i n i ncluded .

A .

F ABRIC-TYPE C LASSIFICATION

F abric A l C ream ,

f airly s oft a nd e venly f ired p owdery f abric w ith r ed -b lack i ron

o xide a nd q uartz o r q uartzite i nclusions.

H and-made.

F abric A 2 B uff -o range ,

f airly h ard a nd s mooth t o r ough ,

e venly f ired f abric w ith

r ed i ron o xide , r ed g rog , m ica , s hell a nd q uartz o r q uartzite i nclusions.

F abric B B1 B lack , i nclusions.

v ery h ard a nd s mooth f abric w ith a bundant q uartz o r q uartzite B urnished o n e xterior .

F abric C C1 S and f ree , v ery h ard , s mooth f abric , f ired o range w ith a d ark g rey c ore a nd c overed a ll o ver w ith a g lossy p urple - b rown c olour-coat . t empered w ith m edium s ized , b lack f errous g rits.

S parsely

F abric C C2 S and f ree , v ery h ard , s mooth f abric , c overed a ll o ver w ith a d ark g rey s lip.

f ired t o a l ight g rey c olour a nd

F abric C C3 S and f ree ,

v ery h ard , s mooth f abric , f ired t o a n o range c olour a nd

p atchily c oated w ith a n o ff-white t o c ream s lip . b lack f errous o xide a nd r ed g rog .

S parsely t empered w ith

F abric C C4 S and f ree , f airly s oft , s mooth f abric f ired t o a n o ff white - c ream c olour a nd c overed a ll o ver w ith a d ark g rey-black s lip . T empered w ith s parse r ed f errous p articles.

F abric C C5 S and f ree ,

f airly h ard ,

s mooth f abric f ired o range w ith a m edium g rey

c ore . M icaceous a nd s parsely t empered w ith r ed f errous g rits . t he e xterior w ith a b rawn -g rey s lip.

2 69

C oated o n

F abric C C6 S and f ree , f airly h ard , s mooth f abric f ired o range w ith a d eep o range c ore a nd c oated o n t he e xterior w ith a r ed c olour-coat . M icaceous . D ecorated w ith d emi-rosette s tamp.

F abric C C7 S and f ree ,

f airly s oft ,

s mooth f abric f ired t o a n o ff-white t o c ream

c olour a nd c oated w ith a t hin o range-brown s lip . C ontains s parse q uantities o f r ed g rog a nd f errous p articles . D ecorated w ith r osette s tamps .

F abric C C8 S and

f ree ,

f airly h ard ,

s mooth f abric ,

f ired d ark g rey w ith a g rey-

b rown c ore a nd c oated w ith a r ed-brown s lip . q uartzite i nclusions . R osette s tamped.

M icaceous w ith s parse

F abric C C9 F ine , s and f ree , f airly h ard , s mooth f abric . F ired t o a c ream c olour w ith a p ink c ore a nd c oated a m id-brown s lip . A bundant i ron a nd m agnesium i nclusions.

F abric C C10 F ine , s and f ree , f airly s oft , s mooth a nd s lightly p owdery f abric . F ired e xternally t o am id-grey , i nternally t o ab uff c olour w ith a p atchily c oated a nd f lakey b lack c olour-coat . D ecorated w ith t wo p arallel h orizontal g rooves.

F abric C C11 F ine ,

s and f ree ,

f airly h ard ,

s mooth a nd p owdery f abric .

F ired t o a n

o range -b rown c olour w ith a l ight g rey c ore . C oated a ll o ver w ith a b lack c olour -c oat. S parse q uartz a nd s helly l imestone i nclusions.

F abric C C12 F ine ,

s and f ree ,

f airly

h ard a nd s mooth f abric .

F ired t o a n o range

c olour w ith a m edium g rey c ore . P atchily c oated o verall w ith a b rown s lip . M icaceous w ith s parse f errous i nclusions .

F abric C C13 F ine ,

s and f ree , v ery h ard a nd s mooth f abric .

E venly f ired t o al ight

o range -b rown c olour . V ery p atchily c oated o verall w ith a r ed-brown c olour c oat . M icaceous , w ith s parse q uartz a nd c alcareous i nclusions . P otter 's s tamp o n t he i nterior .

F abric C C14 F ine , s and f ree , f airly h ard a nd s lightly s oapy f abric . b uff -b rown c olour w ith a d ark g rey c ore .

C overed ,

F ired t o a

i nternally a nd e xternally

w ith a worn p urple - b rown c olour-coat .

S parsely t empered w ith b lack

f errous , q uartz a nd c alcareous i nclusions . s tabbing.

D ecorated e xternally w ith c omb-

F abric C C15 F ine ,

s and f ree ,

o range -o chre

c olour .

f airly h ard a nd s mooth f abric . P atchily

c oated

F ired t o a n e ven

o verall w ith a m ushroom-mauve

M oderate r ed g rog a nd s parse f errous i nclusions . w ith r ouletting .

s lip .

D ecorated o n t he e xterior

F abric C C16 F ine ,

s and

f ree ,

f airly

s oft

a nd p owdery

f abric .

E venly

f ired

t o a

p ale o range c olour . E xterior p atchily u nder-coated w ith a d ark r ed -b rown c olour - c oat a nd f inished w ith a p ale b lack c olour -c oat . ( Sparsely t empered w ith r ed g rog).

F abric C C17 V ery h ard ,

r ough f abric .

F ired t o ap ale o range c olour w ith a l ight

g rey c ore . C overed a ll o ver w ith a c ream s lip . a nd m uch q uartz o r q uartzite f iller .

S parse f errous i nclusions

F abric C C18 S and f ree , d eep

o range

f ine f airly s oft a nd p owdery f abric .

c ore .

E xternally

c oated

w ith

a r ed

F ired o range w ith a

s lip .

M icaceous

w ith

m oderate q uartz o r q uartzite i nclusions a nd o ccasional r ed g rog .

F abric C C19 F airly h ard ,

r ough t o s mooth .

F ired e xternally t o a m id - b rown c olour ,

i nternally t o l ight - b rown w ith d ark g rey c ore . e xterior w ith a b lue -g rey s lip . A bundant q uartz

P atchily c oated o n t he o r q uartzite a nd s parse

b lack g rog i nclusions .

F abric C G1 F airly h ard a nd p owdery f abric .

E venly

f ired t o a l ight g rey c olour .

M icaceous w ith s parse q uartz o r q uartzite i nclusioins.

F abric C G2 V ery h ard a nd s mooth f abric .

F ired t o a l ight g rey c olour w ith a c ore

271

c omprising o f o range s andwiching d ark g rey . i nclusions .

S parse t o m oderate m ica

F abric C G3 V ery h ard a nd s mooth f abric . q uartz o r q uartzite i nclusions .

F ired

t o a m id-grey c olour .

A bundant

F abric C G4 S andy , h ard a nd r ough f abric . F ired t o a l ight g rey c olour w ith a m id-grey c ore. A bundant q uartz o r q uartzite i nclusions .

F abric C G5 H ard , s mooth f abric . E venly f ired t o a d ark g rey c olour . q uartz o r q uartzite i nclusions .

A bundant

F abric C G6 H ard , r ough f abric . F ired i nternally d ull r ed-brown a nd e xternally t o a d ull b rown-grey c olour w ith a d ark g rey c ore . A bundant q uartz o r q uartzite , m oderate g rog a nd s parse l imestone i nclusions.

F abric C G7 F airly h ard ,

s lightly p owdery f abric .

F ired b uff i nternally a nd t o a

d ark g rey -b uff c olour e xternally w ith a d ark g rey c ore . m oderate q uartz o r q uartzite a nd b lack f errous i nclusions .

A bundant

g rog ,

F abric C G8 S andy , v ery h ard , r ough f abric . F ired t o am ottled g rey-orange c olour w ith a d ark g rey c ore . A bundant q uartz a nd s parse r ed g rog a nd l imestone i nclusions .

F abric C M 1 S andy , v ery h ard , r ough f abric . F ired c ream i nternally , a nd t o ab uffg rey c olour e xternally , w ith a c ream t o b uff-grey c ore . A bundant 0 . 1 m m . 1r a m . q uartz s and f iller . 3 M M. r u ling o n e xterior .

F abric C M2 S andy , v ery h ard , r ough f abric . F ired d ull g rey-brawn e xternally a nd t o a c ream c olour o n t he i nterior , w ith a n o ff-white c ream c ore . A bundant q uartz s and f iller a nd s parse f errous i nclusions .

F abric C M3 V ery h ard , b uff c olour .

s mooth f abric .

F ired g rey-brown e xternally a nd t o a l ight

M oderate q uartz s and f iller .

F abric C M4 S and f ree ,

v ery h ard a nd s mooth f abric .

F ired o range - b uff - b rown

e xternally a nd i nternally t o a n o range-buff c olour w ith a l ight g rey c ore . A bundant q uartz o r q uartzite a nd s parse s hell a nd b lack f errous i nclusions . E xterior i s b urnished .

F abric C M5 V ery

h ard ,

s mooth

f abric .

F ired e xternally

t o a f awn-brown c olour

i nternally g rey-light b rown w ith a g rey-brown c ore . A bundant l imestone ( shell) a nd s parse b lack g rog i nclusions . B urnished o n t he e xterior w ith s moothing m arks .

H and-made .

F abric C M6 V ery h ard ,

s mooth f abric .

b uff -o range t o m id-grey c ore . f errous ,

F ired l ight b rawn o n t he e xterior a nd t o a A bundant q uartz o r q uartzite a nd s parse r ed

s hell a nd r ed-grey g rog i nclusions .

B urnished o n e xterior .

H and-

m ade.

F abric C M7 V ery h ard , s oapy f abric . F ired t o a d ark b rawn c olour o n t he e xterior w ith a b lack c ore a nd i nterior. A bundantly t empered w ith s hell. H and-made.

F abric C M8 H ard , s mooth f abric . F ired e xternally t o a n o range - b rown t one , i nternally t o a b uff-brown c olour w ith a p ale b rown c ore . A bundantly t empered w ith l imestone a nd s hell .

H and - m ade .

F abric C M9 V ery

h ard ,

g rey c ore .

r ough

f abric .

F ired

t o a c ream -p ink c olour w ith a l ight

A bundant r ed g rog a nd q uartz o r q uartzite w ith s parse c halk o r

w hite g rog i nclusions .

H and -m ade.

F abric C M 10 F airly s oft , r ough a nd s lightly p owdery f abric . c olour w ith a l ight g rey c ore .

F ired t o ac ream

A bundant r ed g rog a nd q uartz o r q uartzite

w ith s parse c halk o r w hite g rey i nclusions .

H and-made .

F abric C M11 V ery

h ard ,

r ough

f abric .

e xternally w ith a d ark

g rey

F ired c ore .

r ed - b rown

Abundant

i nternally

q uartz

m etasediment o r s late w ith s parse r ed g rog i nclusions.

o r

a nd

b rown

q uartzite a nd

P robably h and-made.

F abric C 112 H ard ,

r ough

f abric .

F ired

e xternally w ith a r ed -b rown c ore . l imestone i nclusions. H and-made.

g rey-brown

i nternally

a nd

d ark

g rey

A bundant q uartz o r q uartzite a nd s parse

F abric C M13 V ery h ard , s mooth , f ine - g rained f abric . F ired m id - t o l ight g rey w ith a l ight g rey c ore . H owever , v ariation i n f abric c olour f rom d ark g rey t hroughout

t o

l ayers

q uartz o r q uartzite p robably h and-made .

o f

g rey a nd o range .

A bundant

( surface o nly) i nclusions .

g rey g rog a nd m oderate

S moothed/wiped

s urface a nd

F abric C M14 H ard ,

r ough f abric .

i nternally

w ith

a d ark

F ired e xternally d ark g rey - b rown a nd l ight b rown g rey

c ore .

A bundant

l imestone

s hell

i nclusions .

H and-made.

F abric C M15 H ard , Abundant

r ough

f abric .

b lack,

i nclusions.

r ed

F ired

a nd

t o a b lack

c olour w ith a b rown-red c ore .

g rog

s parse

g rey

with

q uartzite

a nd

f lint

S moothed/wiped e xternally a nd h and-made.

F abric C M16 F airly

s oft ,

h arsh

f abric .

A bundant l imestone i nclusions.

F ired

t hroughout

t o

a b lack

c olour .

H and-made.

F abric C M17 H ard ,

s mooth - s lightly p owdery f abric .

e xternally,

b uff - b rown

i nternally

l imestone ( shell) i nclusions.

F ired o range - l ight b rown

w ith a s almon

r ed

c ore .

Abundant

H and -m ade.

F abric C M18 H ard ,

s mooth

f abric .

F ired

e xternally w ith a m id-grey c ore.

l ight

b rown

A bundant g rog.

i nternally,

H and-made.

d ark

g rey

F abric C M19 V ery h ard ,

s mooth f abric .

F ired d ark g rey i nternally ,

e xternally w ith a b lack c ore . A bundant b lack g rog i nclusions. H and-made.

q uartz

o r

d ark g rey - b rown

q uartzite

w ith

s parse

F abric C M20 F airly h ard ,

s mooth f abric .

C ore

a nd

i nterior

f ired

d ark b rown-black . A bundant l imestone s hell i nclusions . a nd d ecorated w ith a r ouletted b and. H and-made.

b lack ,

e xterior

S moothed e xternally

F abric C M21 F airly h ard , e xternally

s oapy f abric .

F ired e xternally t o a b uff-brown c olour ,

r ed - b rown w ith a d ark

g rog t empering , i nclusions.

g rey

c ore .

A bundant

r ed ,

g rey a nd

b uff

moderate q uartz o r q uartzite a nd s parse b lack f errous

S moothed e xternal s urface w ith i ncised d ecoration .

H and-made.

F abric C M22 H ard , s lightly s mooth a nd p owdery f abric . c olour w ith a c ream-light t empering ,

g rey

c ore .

s parse g rass a nd s traw

f errous i nclusions.

A bundant

F ired t o a n o range - p ink r ed ,

o range

a nd

g rey

g rog

t empering o n t he s urface a nd s parse r ed

H and-made.

F abric C M23 H ard ,

m ildly

r ough f abric .

F ired t o a n o ff - w hite c olour w ith a p ink-

r ed c ore . A bundant q uartz o r q uartzite a nd white g rog i nclusions with s parse r ed g rog . H and-made.

F abric C M24 F airly s oft , b rown

c ore .

s mooth f abric .

A bundant

q uartz

o r

F ired t o ag rey - b rown c olour w ith a d arkq uartzite

i nclusions .

W heel-thrown

w ith

r oulette d ecorations.

F abric C M25 H ard , b lack g rog ,

s oapy f abric . c alcareous

F ired t o ab lack c olour t hroughout .

a nd g rass t empering .

A bundant

H and-made a nd t urned ,

w ith a

b urnished e xternal s urface .

F abric C M26 H ard , c ore .

s oapy f abric .

F ired t o ad ark g rey - b lack c olour w ith a b uff - g rey

A bundant g rog a nd s parse l imestone i nclusions .

b urnished b oth i nternally a nd e xternally .

275

H and - m ade ,

t urned a nd

F abric C R 1 V ery h ard , r ough f abric . F ired t o ap ale o range c olour w ith a m id -g rey c ore . A bundant q uartz o r q uartzite , s parse r ed a nd w hite g rog , w ith l imestone i nclusions f rom t he c emetery a rea i s s hown i n f ig . 9 2 , n os . 121 38 . F abric C R2 H ard ,

r ough f abric .

F ired o range i nternally a nd t o ab rown c olour

e xternally w ith a nd o range-brown c ore . A bundant s and w ith s parse d ull r ed g rog i nclusions .

q uartz

o r q uartzite a nd

F abric C R3

c ore .

H ard , r ough f abric . F ired t o ap ale o range c olour w ith a m id-grey A bundant q uartz o r q uartzite a nd s parse r ed g rog i nclusions .

F abric C R4 F airly s oft ,

p owdery f abric .

F ired t o a c ream-buff c olour w ith a n

o range-buff c ore . A bundant m ica a nd r ed g rog w ith m oderate b lack f errous i nclusions . E xternal h orizontal g roove d ecoration .

F abric C R5 F airly h ard , s mooth ( slightly s oapy) f abric . F ired t o a d eep o range c olour w ith a d ark g rey c ore . M oderate q uartz o r q uartzite a nd s parse r ed a nd d ark g rog i nclusions , p ossibly e xternally b urnished .

F abric C R6 F airly h ard , s mooth f abric . F ired t o al ight b rown-orange c olour w ith a r ed-orange c ore . M oderate c oncentrations o f m ica , q uartz o r q uartzite a nd b la c k f errous i nclusions.

F abric C R7 F airly h ard , s oapy f abric . F ired t hroughout t o ap ale o range c olour . A bundant r ed g rog a nd m oderate m ica i nclusions . V ery w orn a nd p robably h and-made.

F abric C R8 F airly h ard , s oapy f abric .

F ired t o a n o range -b rown c olour w ith a d ark

g rey c ore . A bundant r ed g rog a nd v egetation t empering , m oderate b lack g rog a nd s parse m ica i nclusions . H and-made , s moothed i nternally a nd e x ternally.

F abric C R9 F airly h ard , g rey c ore.

s oapy f abric .

F ired t o a b uff -b rown c olour w ith a l ight

A bundant r ed a nd g rey g rog t empering .

F abric C R10 F airly h ard ,

p owdery

f abric .

b uff -b rown c olour e xternally s parse g rog i nclusions .

F ired p ale o range i nternally a nd t o a

w ith

a d ark

g rey

c ore .

A bundant

m ica

w ith

F abric C R11 V ery h ard ,

s mooth f abric .

F ired t o a n o range - l ight b rown c olour w ith

g rey s andwiching o range i n t he c ore . S parse q uartzite , f errous i nclusions , w ith a s mooth/wiped e xternal s urface .

m ica a nd

b lack

F abric C R12 F airly

h ard ,

p owdery

f abric .

F ired

t hroughout

t o a n o range

c olour .

S parse g rog i nclusions .

F abric F T1 H ard , c ore.

r ough f abric .

F ired t o a l ight b rown c olour w ith a d ark b rown

A bundant f lint t empering.

H and-made .

F abric G 1 F airly

s oft ,

p owdery

f abric .

F ired

t o a d irty o range

c olour w ith a

l ight g rey c ore . A bundant m ica i nclusions c oated o verall w ith o live-green , c razed l ead -g laze.

F abric G 2 V ery h ard ,

s mooth f abric .

q uartzite i nclusions .

F ired w hite

t hroughout .

G lazed l ight - g reen e xternally a nd

S parse q uartz

o r

l ight-green t o

p atchy y ellow o n t he i nterior .

F abric G B1 V ery h ard ,

s mooth e xternally ,

r ough i nternally .

F ired t o a d ark g rey

c olour i nternally, b lack o n t he e xterior w ith a d ark g rey-black c ore . A bundant q uartz o r q uartzite s and a nd s parse c alcareous i nclusions . E xternal s urfaces b urnished a nd f inished o n a s low w heel.

F abric G B2 H ard ,

s mooth

f abric .

F ired

t o a b lack

2 77

c olour

t hroughout .

A bundant

s hell a nd s parse q uartz o r q uartzite i nclusions . h and-made .

B urnished o n e xterior a nd

F abric I l V ery h ard , f ine s and f ree s mooth f abric . F ired t o a n o range-buff c olour t hroughout . S parse g rog i nclusions . C oated a ll o ver w ith a f ine , g lossy b lack s lip . D ecorated e xternally w ith r ouletted a nd b arbotine l ines .

F abric 1 2 V ery h ard ,

f ine s and f ree ,

s mooth f abric .

F ired t o a m id g rey c olour

w ith a d ark o range c ore . A bundant m ica i nclusions . C oated a ll o ver w ith a v ery f ine g lossy b lack s lip a nd d ecorated w ith a f ine g roove o n t he e xternal s urface .

F abric 1 3 V ery h ard , f ine s mooth f abric . F ired t o ad ullish b la c k c olour w ith a r ed-brown c ore a nd t wo g rey o uter l ayers . A bundant q uartzite s and i nclusions. D ecorated e xternally w ith r ouletted l ines.

F abric M 1 V ery h ard , f ine-grained s andy f abric . F ired t o a p ale o range c olour w ith a d ark g rey c ore . C oated o verall i n ap atchy ( worn) o ff-white t o c ream s lip.

F abric M 2 F airly h ard ,

c oarse-grained , v ery o pen t extured r ough f abric .

F ired t o

a d eep o range c olour w ith a p urple-grey c ore . A bundant q uartz o r q uartzite , m oderate m ica w ith s parse s hell a nd r ed f errous i nclusions . V ery p robably c oated a ll o ver i n a n o ff-White s lip.

F abric M 3 F airly h ard , c oarse-grained , o pen-tex tured , s mooth t o r ough f abric . F ired t o a d eep o range c olour w ith a m id-grey c ore . A bundant q uartz w ith s parse m ica a nd s hell i nclusions . C oated a ll o ver w ith a p atchy ( worn ) c ream s lip . I nternally t reated w ith m ulticoloured g rits a nd r eeding o n t he u pper f lange s urface .

F abric M 4 F airly s oft ,

s mooth t o p owdery f abric .

F ired t o a n o range c olour

t hroughout . S parse q uartz o r q uartzite a nd m ica i nclusions . E xternally c oated i n a p atchy ( worn ) d ark r ed -b rawn s lip . I nternally t reated w ith q uartz , q uartzite a nd m ulticoloured g rits .

F abric M 5 F airly h ard , s mooth t o p owdery f abric . F ired t hroughout t o a c reamw hite c olour . S parse r ed f errous i nclusions . T reated i nternally w ith q uartz o r q uartzite a nd f errous g rits.

F abric M 6 F airly h ard ,

i ron f ree ,

s andy ,

r ough f abric .

F ired t o a d irty w hite

c olour w ith a l ight-dark c ore . A bundant q uartz o r q uartzite a nd m oderate m ica i nclusions. T reated i nternally w ith q uartz o r q uartzite g rits.

F abric M 7 F airly h ard ,

s andy,

r ough f abric .

F ired t o a n o ff - white c olour

t hroughout . W hite a nd p ink q uartz o r q uartzite a nd r ed f errous i nclusions . T reated i nternally w ith q uartz o r q uartzite a nd d irty-brown g rits.

F abric M 8 F airly s oft , s and f ree , r ough t o h arsh f abric . F ired t o a b uff -c ream c olour t hroughout . A bundant o range-brown g rog , m oderate q uartz o r q uartzite a nd m ica ,

a nd s parse l imestone i nclusions .

T reated i nternally w ith q uartz

o r q uartzite g rits .

F abric M 9 F airly h ard ,

s andy ,

s mooth f abric .

F ired t o a d eep o range -p ink c olour

w ith a d eep o range-pink c ore . A bundant q uartz o r q uartzite s and , s parse m ica a nd r ed f errous i nclusions . T reated i nternally w ith q uartz o r q uartzite g rits.

F abric M 10 F airly h ard , s and f ree ,

r ough t o s mooth f abric .

c olour w ith a n o ff-white p ink c ore . w hite g rog i nclusions .

F ired t o a n o ff-white

M oderate q uartz o r q uartzite a nd s parse

T reated i nternally w ith q uartz o r q uartzite m ulti -

c oloured g rits.

F abric M ll V ery

h ard ,

s mooth

( slightly

p owdery)

f abric .

F ired

e xternally a nd t o a n o ff-white c olour i nternally w ith a l ight S parse q uartz o r q uartzite s and a nd b lack f errous i nclusions.

p ink - b uff g rey

c ore .

F abric M 12 •V ery h ard ,

s and f ree ,

p owdery f abric .

F ired t o a p ale o range c olour

w ith a g rey c ore . M oderate l imestone i nclusions , c oated a ll o ver w ith ac ream a nd r ed c oloured s lip . T reated i nternally w ith q uartz o r q uartzite

2 79

m ulti - c oloured g rits .

F abric M 13 H ard ,

s lightly s andy , r ough t o s mooth f abric .

F ired t o ap inkish - b rown

c olour w ith s elf - s lip a nd b uff -g rey c ore s andwiched b etween A bundant q uartz o r q uartzite i nclusions .

o range-bluff .

F abric M 14 V ery

h ard ,

g rey c ore .

s mooth f abric .

F ired t o a n o range -r ed c olour w ith a d ark

M oderate o olite a nd s parse b lack f errous i nclusions .

o ver w ith a w hite -c ream s lip .

C oated a ll

T reated w ith m ulti - c oloured q uartz g rits .

F abric M 15 V ery h ard , f ine s mooth f abric . s almon c oloured c ore . M oderate m ica w hite g rits.

F ired t o a r ed - b rown c olour with a i nclusions . T reated i nternally w ith

M oulded.

F abric S V ery h ard ,

f ine s mooth f abric .

p ale o range c ore.

F ired t o a n o range -r ed c olour w ith a

M oderate m ica a nd w hite g rog i nclusions.

M oulded.

F abric V T1 F airly s oft , a d ark g rey c ore .

s oapy f abric .

F ired t o a l ight g rey t o b rown c olour w ith

A bundant v egetation t empering .

H and-made .

B .

P OTTERY C ATALOGUE

P ERIOD I

( fig . 8 8)

( 30) L ayer i n c emetery 1 .

F /T C G7 .

S lightly s traight-necked j ar .

V esicular s urface a nd

l eeched o ut i nterior ( cf. C irencester I , n o. 2 40).

( 23) B urial B 9 2 .

F /T C G7 .

S torage

j ar ( cf . O are

n o .

5 2 a nd B agendon ,

f ig .

6 9 ,

f orm ,

1 73 , d ated m id-first c entury A .D .) .

( 319) F ill o f p it 3 0 1 3 .

F /T C M4 .

S traight-necked j ar ,

b urnished ( cf . C irencester I , n o . 2 33) .

( 190) F ill o f D itch 1 93 4 .

F /T C M14 .

H and-made h igh s houldered j ar ( cf . C hew V alley ,

' Chew

P ark ', n o . 1 3 , a nd C amerton , n o . 1 9 , I ron A ge 92 t ype).

( 515) D epression e ast o f B uilding R 3 5 .

F /T CM13 . f abric).

L arge s torage j ar ( cf . O are . n o . 5 1 f or f orm ( but n ot D ated m id-first c entury A .D .).

( 261) G eneral l ayer n orth o f B uilding R 3 6 .

F /T C M13 . R im o f h and-made b ead - r immed j ar ( cf . C hew V alley ' H erriotts B ridge ' , f ig . 9 5 , n o . 2 2 , d ated e arly t o m id-first c entury A .D .).

( 68) D estruction- r ubble , n orth-west o f B uilding R 3 7 .

F /T C M 14.

S traight-necked j ar ( cf. W hitton , n o . 3 05).

( 308) B urial B 20 8 .

F /T C M 17.

R im o f w ide-mouthed s torage j ar ( cf. W hitton , n o . 5 84).

( 314) F ill o f D itch 3 10

2

5

. ) 1 0

7

1

4

(

01 1)

1 3

116

1 5

4 2, . _ 2 . . 7 2 , 0 2 4

t

251

F ig. 8 8.

P ottery o f P eriod I ( scale 1 /2)

2 82

2 2

2 6

9 .

F /T C M18 . W ide - m outhed b owl w ith l arge g roove i n t op o f r im ( cf . C hew V alley , f ig . 1 04, n o. 1 98).

( 305) L ayer i n P it 3 01 1 0.

F /T C M 14.

B ase o f a j ar.

( 208) L ayer i n c emetery 1 1.

F /T

C M18 .

L arge

h and - m ade

b ead-rimmed

s torage

j ar .

T ypical

I ron A ge f orm t hat c ontinued i nto t he e arly R oman p eriod . c entury A .D. ( cf. O are, f ig. 3 , n o . 3 0).

l ate F irst

( 175) S econdary f ill o f D itch 1 93 1 2.

F /T C M19 . H and - m ade ' hooked ' b ead - r immed b eaker w ith h andle ( cf . S outhwark I I , f ig . 1 59 , n o . 1 177 a nd f ig . 2 39 , t ype I II E .2 a nd V erulamium I , f ig.

1 24 , n o . 8 45).

T hese e xamples a re o f a s econd-century d ate a nd c an b e s een t o b e m ore a dvanced v ersions w ith ' double - c urve ' s hape a bove t he h andle a nd l attice d ecoration . T he M arshfield v essel i s p robably a n e arly f orerunner o f t hese a nd t hose o f t he B lack-burnished i ndustry .

( 208) L ayer i n c emetery 1 3.

F /T C M18 .

L arge h and - m ade b ead - r immed

j ar .

T ypical l ate I ron A ge

f orm ( cf. O are , f ig . 3 , n o. 3 0 , m id -f irst c entury A .D.).

( 66) G eneral l ayer e ast o f B uilding R 3 1 4.

F IT C M19 . S hallow o val d ish w ith s traight s ides a nd f lat b ottom ( cf . f or f orm C amerton , f ig . 3 1 , n o . 5 8 , A .D . 5 0-200 - p robably e arly f irst c entury A .D.).

( 383) F ill o f G ulley 3 73 1 5.

F IT C M19 .

G lobular b owl - n o r im - h and -m ade ( cf . C amerton ,

n o. 2 10 ; C irencester I , f ig. 5 2, n o .

f ig . 3 6 ,

1 00).

( 175) S econdary f ill o f D itch 1 93 1 6.

F IT

C M19 .

R im o f s houldered b ead - r immed g lobular b owl ( cf . C hew

V alley, f ig . 9 5 , n o. 3 5 , a nd C amerton , f ig. 3 1, n o. 2 0C ,

( 2nd g roup)).

( 194) U pper f ill o f D itch 1 93 1 7.

F /T C M20 .

P ossibly p art o f an ecked j ar o r b owl .

F ine l ine o f g roove

d ecoration .

Al ocal f abric?

( 175) S econdary f ill o f D itch 1 93 1 8 .

F /T C M20 .

G lobular b ead-rimmed b owl ( cf . C amerton ,

f ig . 3 1 , n o . 2 0C

( various)) f irst c entury B .C. - A .D .

( 1) P loughsoil 1 9.

F /T F T 1 . G lobular j ar w ith e verted r im ( cf . C hew V alley , 2 0 ( form o nly)).

f ig . 9 8 ,

n o .

( 214) P osthole i n s tructure R 2

2 0 .

F /T C M21 .

L arge

j ar w ith n arrow n eck a nd c urved r im .

H and-made .

( For f orm c f . C amerton , f ig . 3 3 , n o . 3 9 ( no c ordons) e arly t o m id f irst c entury A .D . f ig . 3 4 , n o . 4 3 , e arly f irst c entury A .D . ) .

( 212) P osthole i n s tructure R 2 2 1.

F /T C M21 . P art o f l arge g lobular j ar . D ecorated w ith a w ide b and o f d ouble g rooved t riangles ( cf . C unliffe , 1 974 , f ig . A .30 , n o . 3 , D urotrigian t ype Maiden C astle , D orset . c . 5 0 B .C . -A .D . 4 3 a nd C hew V alley , f ig . 9 5 , n os . 2 5 a nd 2 6 ) .

( 309) B urial B 21 2 2 .

F /T C M22 . R everse S -profile r im o f d ish ( c .f . C amerton , 1 09 , A .D. 2 5-50).

f ig . 3 5 ,

n o .

( 175) S econdary f ill o f D itch 1 93 2 3 .

F IT C M25 . N ecked j ar w ith e verted s lightly r ounded r im ( cf . C unliffe , 1 974 , f ig . A .30 , n o . 8 , c . 5 0 B .C . -A .D . 4 3 . D urotrigian t ype M aiden C astle , D orset) .

( 301) Q uarry P it 2 4.

F /T

G B1.

S traight-necked

j ar

o r b owl

( cf .

O are ,

n o .

4 0-45

a nd

C unliffe , 1 974 , 3 43 , n o. 1 0).

( 319 L ayer w ithin P it 3 01 2 5.

F /T G B1 . G allo-Belgic d erived p latter n o . 3 17 a nd f ig . 6 1, n o . 3 92).

( cf .

C irencester I ,

f ig .

5 9 ,

( 175) S econdary f ill o f D itch 1 93 2 6 .

F /T G B2 . R everse S-p rofile r im o f s mall j ar ( cf . C amerton , n o. 1 93 , c . A .D . 9 0-200).

f ig .

3 6 ,

P ERIOD I I ( fig. 8 9) P OiThRY F ROM B UILDING R l.

( 386) L evelling l ayer 2 7 .

F /T C C15.

B owl w ith t ear-drop r ouletting .

2 8 .

F /T C C15.

B owl w ith t ear-drop r ouletting .

2 9 .

F /T C C15.

B owl w ith t ear-drop r ouletting .

( 332) L ayer o f s ilt o ver F loor 3 33 3 0 .

F /T C R5 . G lobular p itcher w ith s ingle h andle a nd s hort e verted r im ( cf. I lchester I , f ig . 7 6 , n o . 4 06).

T he f orm i s a s econd - c entury t ype w ith a s quat g lobular b ody a nd e verted r im .

( 378) F oundation o f w all 3 1.

F /T C C15 . D ecorated v essel w ith t ear-drop r ouletting b etween t wo m id w all g rooves.

( 386) L evelling l ayer 3 2 .

F /T S . 1 976).

A ntonine .

C entral G aul .

C ommon s econd-century c up ( Hartley ,

( 342B) P it c utting F loor 3 33 3 3 .

F IT C C17 . S traight -n ecked f lagon w ith s ingle h andle ( cf . G adebridge P ark , f ig . 1 12 , n o . 4 22 , d ated c . A .D . 1 50 ; C amerton , f ig . 4 1, n o . 3 67 , c . A .D . 1 20-145; V erulamium , p 1 . C XVIIA , c .A .D . 1 25-50) . T he Marshfield e xample f g- c oated w ith a c ream s ig. P .a nd p robably o f a t hird-century d ate .

P OTTERY F ROM L A YERS A SSOCIATED W ITH P ERIOD I I. ( 174) F ill o f D itch 1 93

1 4 1 1 1

-7 -

. 41 3 . "t _ t _4 4 1 27 II I t It1111 1

4 1% 1

2 8

•

3 2

( 3 4 431-

3 6 1

37 1

4 9r

1 5 . 1

3 8

3 9 f

1

5 1 1

5 2 }

2

40[ 4 5

4 1f

-

5

4 , 1 -

) 5 4 1 F ig. 8 9.

P ottery f rom P eriod 1 1 f eatures ( scale 1 /4)

2 86

3 4.

F /T C M24 . P art o f p oppyhead b eaker . ( See T yers , 1 976 , 6 1) .

L ate f irst-second c entury .

( 521) S torage J ar - u nderneath R oom 1 2 B uilding R 3 3 5.

F /T C G4 .

B ead-rimmed s torage j ar .

B elgic f orm i n a n e arly R oman

f abric , l ate f irst c entury A .D . ( cf . S outhwark I I , f ig . 2 34 , n o . 1 2 a nd V erulamium , f ig . 2 3 , n o. 2 ).

( 301) Q uarry-pit 3 6 .

F /T C R7 .

B owl w ith g roove u nder r im ( imitating S amian f orm) ( cf .

V erulamium 1 , f ig . 14 , n o . 5 30 , d ated A .D. 1 05-30). 3 7 .

F /T C G4 .

D ish ( cf .

Whitton ,

f ig .

5 4 ,

n o .

2 29 ,

d ated H adrianic-

A ntonine). 3 8 .

F /T

C G4 .

F langed

d ish

( cf .

Whitton ,

f ig .

5 7 ,

n o .

3 55 ,

d ated

b owl

( cf .

Whitton ,

f ig .

5 8 ,

n o .

3 75 ,

d ated

H adrianic-Antonine). 3 9 .

F /T

C G4 .

F langed

H adrianic-Antonine). 4 0 .

F /T B B1 .

i h mn

f ig . 5 5 ,

n o . 2 40 ,

d ated m id t o l ate

S mall j ar ( cf . W hitton ,

f ig . 5 5 ,

n o . 2 40 ,

d ated m id t o l ate

f ig . 5 5 ,

n o . 2 40 ,

d ated m id t o l ate

f ig . 5 5 ,

n o . 2 40 ,

d ated m id t o l ate

S mall j ar ( cf .

f irst c entury A .D.). 4 1.

F /T B B1 .

f irst c entury A .D.). 4 2 .

F /T B B1 .

S mall j ar ( c .f . M I L I M219

f irst c entury A .D.). 4 3 .

F /T B B1 . S mall j ar ( cf . M 11112 1 19 f irst c entury A .D.).

( 320) L ayer w ithin P it 2 37 4 4 .

F /T C R5 .

T ankard w ith t hree g rooves a nd l attice d ecoration .

l ate f irst c entury A .D.

M id t o

( cf. W ebster , 1 976 , n o . 3 8).

( 319) L ayer w ithin P it 3 01 4 5 .

F /T C M13 .

B ead-rimmed s torage j ar ( cf . B ritannia v i ,

f ig . 3 , n o . 3 0 ,

d ated m id t o l ate s econd c entury A .D .). 4 6 .

F /T C M 13.

4 7.

F /T B B1.

S torage j ar ( base) s imilar t o t he a bove j ar . C ooking p ot , p robably l ate s econd c entury A .D .

P OTTERY F ROM S TRUCTURE R 2. ( 212) P osthole 4 8 .

F /T B B1. P ie d ish , G illam t ype 3 29 ( Whitton , L ate s econd - t hird c entury A .D .

f ig .

5 8 ,

n o . 3 78) .

( 214) P osthole 4 9 .

F /T B B1 .

C ooking p ot r im .

V ery s imilar t o G illam t ype 1 42 ( Whitton

f ig. 5 3 , n o . 1 80 , d ated c . A .D . 1 90-200) . 5 0 .

F /T B B1 . C ooking p ot r im , s imilar t o G illiam t ype 1 42 ( Whitton , 5 3 , n o . 1 80 , d ated c . A .D. 1 90-280).

f ig .

( 234) P osthole 5 1.

F /T B B1 . N eronian/Flavian j ar r im . ( cf. W hitton , f ig . 5 5 , n o. 2 57).

M id t o l ate f irst c entury A .D .

( 211) P osthole 5 2.

F /T B B1 .

C ooking p ot .

S imilar t o G illam t ype 1 30 ( Whitton

f ig . 6 0 ,

n o. 4 66 , d ated m id t o l ate s econd c entury A .D.). 5 3 .

F /T C G4 . R im o f t ankard s imilar t o c ommon s econd - c entury S evern V alley t ypes ( cf . W hitton , f ig . 6 2 , n o . 5 86).

( 313) F ill o f P it 2 37 5 4 .

F /T C R2.

W ide-mouthed j ar . F irst-second c entury A .D.).

P ERIOD I II ( fig . 9 0-91)

B UILDING R 3 , P ERIOD I I1A . ( 175) F ill o f D itch 1 93 b elow B uilding R 3 5 5.

F /T C G2 .

B ase o f i ndented b eaker ( cf . N ettleton ,

f ig .

11 ,

n o .

4 58 ,

d ated f ourth c entury A .D . a nd A lice l i olt/Farnham , G roup I II p roducts , L yne a nd J efferies , 1 979 , f ig . 8 , c . A .D . 2 70-350).

( 278) Y ard s urface b eneath R oom 1 4 5 6 .

F IT B B1 .

R im o f s houldered j ar ( cf . G atcombe ,

c . A .D . 3 30-350).

( 287) F ill o f O ven 9 9 , R oom 2

2 88

f ig .

1 4 ,

n o . 8 6 ,

d ated

5 7.

F /T C R3.

R im o f s houldered j ar .

( 375) L imestone f loor , R oom 2 5 8 .

F /T C R12 . C amerton

D ish w ith g roove u nder r im , f ig . 4 3 ,

n o . 4 35 ,

b evelled a t t he b ase ( cf .

d ated e arly t o m id-third c entury A .D .) .

( 287) B urnt d eposit w ithin O ven 9 9 , R oom 2 5 9 .

F /T C R 11 . S traight-necked j ar ( cf . G atcombei f ig . c . A .D. 3 00-330).

1 6 ,

n o .

1 55 ,

d ated

( 528) L evelling l ayer , R oom 2 6 0 .

F /T B B1.

R im o f w ide-mouthed j ar ( cf . Whitton ,

f ig . 6 0 , n o . 4 68 ,

d ated c . A .D . 1 80-280).

B UILDING R 3 , P ERIOD I IIB ( 277) C lay d eposit , R oom 2 6 1.

F /T C C14 . B ase o f b owl i mitating S amian f orm 2 9/37 ( cf . Y oung , f ig . 6 1, t ype C 68 .3 , d ated c . m id t o l ate f ourth c entury A .D .).

1 977 ,

( 157) F ill o f H earth 1 57A , R oom 3 6 2 .

F /T C G8 . R im o f j ar o r c ooking p ot ( cf . G adebridge P ark , n o. 3 19 , d ated c . A .D. 3 25-late f ourth c entury).

f ig .

1 07 ,

( 93) P atchy l imestone f loor , R oom 8 6 3 .

F /T

C M7 .

R im o f

j ar/cooking p ot ( cf . G adebrid e P ark ,

f ig .

1 07 ,

n o .

3 15 , d ated c . A .D. 3 25-410 a nd V erulamium I , f ig . 1 39 , n o . 1 283). 6 4 .

F /T C C1 . F langed h emispherical b owl i mitating S amian t ype 3 8 ( cf . C hew V alley , f ig . 1 07 , n o . 3 48 , a nd S wan , 1 973 , f ig . 6 , n o . 2 , d ated l ate f ourth c entury).

6 5 .

F /1 C C1 .

F langed h emispherical b owl i mitating S amian t ype 3 8 ( c . 1 .

C hew V alley , f ig . 1 07 , 1 973 , f ig. 6 , n o . 2 ).

n o . 3 48 ,

d ated l ate

f ourth

c entury a nd S wan ,

( 83) C rushed m ortar l ayer , R oom 9 6 6 .

F /T C G4 .

J ar w ith s lightly h ooked r im ( cf . G adebridge P ark ,

f ig . 1 07 ,

n o . 3 16 , d ate a fter A .D. 3 50). 6 7 .

adebridge P ark , F /T B B1 . J ar w ith f lared r im ( cf . G d ated a fter A .D. 3 50).

2 89

f ig . 1 07 , n o . 3 21 ,

5 6r

5 8 [

•

5 7 1

6 0

5 9

6 3

41 0m` 2 1A

6 2

6 6 1 6 4 1-

6 7 6 9

7 2 17 0

%

l b

7 3

7 4

7 6

e l,

7 7

7 9

7 8

•8 0

b7

8 2 8 1

8 3

r )

9

8 5 1— 8 4

8 7

F ig. 9 0.

P ottery f rom B uilding R 3 ( scale 1 /4)

2 90

8 8

( 86) F eature o f u nknown f unction , R oom 1 3 6 8 .

F /T C G4 . N arrow-necked j ar w ith t hick r olled r im ( cf . G atcombe , 1 5 , n o . 1 20 , d ate c . m id-fourth c entury).

f ig .

( 97) L imestone f loor , R oom 1 3 6 9 .

F /T B B1 . D eep s traight -s ided p ie d ish ( cf . G adebridge P ark , n o . 2 79 , d ate c . A .D. 3 25-410).

f ig .

1 05 ,

f ig .

1 07 ,

( 276) L evelling l ayer , R oom 1 4 7 0 .

F /T C M7 . S traight -s ided j ar o r b eaker ( cf . n o. 3 12 , d ated c . A .D. 3 25-410).

G atcombe P ark ,

7 1.

F /T C G4 . 2 73-378).

7 2.

F /T C G4 . R im o f w ide-mouthed j ar ( cf . G adebridge P ark , 3 19 , d ated c . A .D. 3 25-late f ourth c entury).

7 3 .

F /T C C5.

C ooking p ot ( cf . G atcombe , f ig . 1 8 , n o . 2 69 , d ated c .

f ig . 1 07 , n o .

S traight-sided d ish o r ' dog-bowl'.

( 266) L imestone f loor , R oom 1 4 7 4 .

F /T C G4 .

W ide-mouthed

j ar

( cf .

G adebridge P ark ,

f ig .

1 07 ,

n o .

3 19 ,

d ated c . A .D. 3 25-late f ourth c entury).

( 275) L evelling l ayer , R oom 1 5 7 5 .

F /T B B1.

S houldered j ar ( cf . G atcombe ,

f ig . 1 5 , n o . 1 00 , d ated c .

m id-fourth c entury) .

( 94) L imestone f loor , R oom 1 5 7 6 .

F /T C C6 .

B owl w ith l arge r olled b ead-rim ( cf . G atcombe ,

f ig . 1 6 ,

n o .

1 74 , d ated c . l ate f ourth c entury). 7 7.

F /T C R3 .

S traight -n ecked

j ar ( c .f . G atcombe ,

f ig .

1 6 ,

n o .

1 55 ,

d ated

c . m id-fourth c entury). 7 8 .

F /T B B1.

J ar w ith l id f lange ( cf . C hew V alley , f ig . 1 06 , n o . 3 27 ,

d ated c . m id-fourth c entury). 7 9 .

F /T C G4 .

S houldered j ar

( cf . G atcombe , f ig . 1 8 , n o . 1 50 , d ated c .

A .D. 2 93-378).

( 173) U pper f ill o f D itch 1 93 , b elow R oom 1 6 80.

F /T B B1.

F langed b owl ( cf . Whitton , f ig . 6 1, n o . 5 23 , d ated c .

1 90-late f ourth c entury).

2 91

8 1.

F IT B B1 . S traight - s ided p ie d ish 2 78 , d ated c . A .D. 3 25-410).

8 2.

F /T B B1. F langed b owl ( Gillam t ype 2 28) ( cf . W hitton , f ig . 6 2 , n o . 5 53 , d ated c . A .D . 2 90-370).

8 3 .

F IT B B1 . N arrow-necked j ar ( cf . W hitton l ate t hird t o m id-fourth c entury) .

8 4 .

F /T C G4 . N ecked j ar w ith s harply o verhanging r im ( cf . C amerton , 3 7 , n o. 2 49 , d ated c . A .D. 2 50-380).

8 5 .

F /T B B1 . J ar w ith w ide f lat r im ( cf . W hitton c . A .D . 2 80-350).

8 6 .

F /T B B1 .

N arrow-necked

G adebridge P ark e f ig .

j ar ( cf . W hitton ,

f ig .

6 1 ,

n o .

5 13 ,

1 05 ,

n o .

d ated c .

f ig .

f ig . 5 6 , no . 2 79 , d ated

f ig .

6 1 ,

n o .

5 13 ,

d ated c .

l ate t hird t o m id-fourth c entury).

( 163) O ccupation l ayer , R oom 1 6 8 7.

F /T B B1 . F langed a nd n ecked b owl ( Gillam t ype 2 28 ) ( cf . W hitton 6 1, n o . 5 23 , d ated c . A .D. 2 90-370).

8 8 .

F /T B B1 . 3 70-80).

F langed b owl ( cf .

G atcomte ,

f ig .

1 8 ,

n o . 2 81,

f ig .

d ated c .

P OrTtRY F ROM M ISC. L AYERS O UTSIDE B UILDING R 3 ( 117) L ayer o f d ark b rown s oil , b utting u p t o B uilding R 5 8 9 .

F /T C C2 . I ndented b eaker ( cf . S wan , d ated c . A .D . 2 80-380).

9 0 .

F /T C C4 . F langed b owl c . A .D.325-410).

9 1.

F /T C C6 . S mall b owl w ith s lightly b eaded r im ( c . f . f ig . 1 08 , n o . 3 37 , d ated c . l ate f ourth c entury).

9 2.

F /T B B1 . 3 25-410).

9 3.

F IT C M10 . n o. 6 36 ,

J ar

( cf .

S hallow

1 973 , G roup I II p roduct ,

( cf . G adebridge P ark ,

G adebridge P ark ,

f ig .

f ig .

1 07 ,

d ish w ith i nternal r idge

n o .

1 05 ,

f ig . 8 ,

n o . 2 71 , d ated

G adebridge P ark ,

3 19 ,

d ated c . A .D .

( cf . C amerton ,

f ig . 4 8 ,

( without c ordon), d ated c . A .D. 2 50-400).

B UILDING R 3 , P ERIOD I IIC ( 89) D estruction-r ubble , R oom 1 9 4.

F /T C C6 .

W ide-mouthed b owl i mitating S amian t ype 3 1 ( cf . P ortchester

1 , f ig . 1 76 , n o . 4 0 , d ated a fter A .D. 3 50) .

2 92

( 155) D estruction-rubble, R oom 3 9 5 .

F /T C C5 . B ase o f b eaker ( cf . l ate f ourth c entury) .

P ortchester I ,

f ig .

1 91 ,

n o .

1 3 ,

d ated

( 89) D estruction-rubble , R oom 1 9 6 .

F /T C G4 . S houldered j ar ( cf . G atcombe , A .D . 3 80-400).

f ig . 1 9 , n o . 3 11, d ated c .

( 79) D estruction-rubble , R oom 1 3 9 7.

C G4 .

F /T J ar .

( 155) D estruction-rubble , R oam 3 9 8 .

F /T C R3 .

S quat-necked j ar ( cf . W hitton , f ig . 6 2 , n o . 5 39 , d ated c .

f ourth c entury).

( 151) D estruction-rubble , R oom 1 2 9 9 .

F /T B B1.

C ooking p ot ( cf . G atcombe , f ig . 1 9 , n o . 3 19 , d ated a fter

A .D . 3 75) . 1 00 .

F /T C G4 .

N arrow-necked j ar ( cf . G atcombe , f ig . 1 9 , n o . 3 20 , d ated

a fter A .D . 3 75) .

( 264) D estruction-rubble, R oom 1 0 1 01.

F /T

C G4 .

C avetto-rimmed

j ar

( c .f .

C amerton ,

f ig .

4 6 ,

n o .

5 32 ,

d ated

l ated f ourth c entury).

P ERIOD I IIC/IV

( fig . 9 1)

( 68) G eneral d estruction-rubble , n orth a nd w est o f B uilding R 3

1 02 .

F /T C R3 . J ar w ith p ointed r im a nd p ointed c ordon b elow t he r im ( c . f . C amerton , f ig . 4 7 , n o . 5 38 , d ated c . f ourth c entury a nd G atcombe , f ig . 1 9 , n o . 3 23 , d ated c . e arly f ifth c entury).

1 03 .

F IT B B1.

C ooking p ot ( cf . G atcombe ,

f ig . 1 9 , n o . 3 20 , d ated a fter

C ooking p ot ( cf . G atcombe ,

9 , n o . 3 11, d ated c . f ig . 1

A .D . 3 75). 1 04 .

F /T B B1 . 3 80400).

1 05.

F /T C M7 .

S mall j ar o r c ooking p ot ( cf . G adebridge P ark ,

3 13 , d ated c . A .D. 3 25-410).

2 93

f ig . 1 07 , n o .

S . 1 89

9 1

9 0

9 3 1

1

9 4

92

9 7 1 (

9 6 1 - -

9 1

1 00

1 01

1 02

1 1, 1 03

f o 6 I-

1 041

1 071-

1 08

' 106

1 14 4 1

` 109

1 1

10

Fig.

9 1.

P ottery f rom B uilding R 3 ( scale 1 /4)

2 94

1 06 .

F /T C G4 . D ish w ith g roove b elow r im ( cf . G adebridge P ark , n o . 2 80 , d ated c . A .D . 3 25-410).

P ERIOD I V

f ig . 1 05 ,

( fig . 9 1)

( 65) P it c utting d estruction-r ubble i n R oom 8 1 07.

F /T C G4 .

W ide - m outhed j ar ( cf . G atcombe P ark , f ig . 1 07 , n o . 3 19 ,

d ated c . A .D. 3 25-410). 1 08 .

F /T C G4 . 3 50-402).

C ooking p ot ( cf . G atcombe , f ig . 1 7 , n o . 2 03 , d ated c .

1 09 .

F /T B B1 . R im o f c ooking p ot ( cf . G atcombe , A .D . 3 50-380).

10 .

F /T C M7 .

f ig . 1 8 , n o . 2 61 , d ated c .

L arge j ar w ith t hick h ooked r im .

R illing o n e xterior .

( cf. S akenoak I II, f ig . 2 3, n o . 3 89, d ated c . A .D . 3 70-390; G adebridge P ark , f ig . 1 07 , n o . 3 15 , d ated c . A .D . 3 25-late f ourth c entury ; V erulamium I , f ig . 1 39 , n o. 1 283 , d ated c . A .D . 3 75-410). 11.

F /T C G3 . L arge j ar w ith o verhanging r im ( cf . G atcombe , 2 00 , d ated c . A .D. 3 67-402).

P ERIOD I II - C EMETERY

f ig .

1 7 ,

n o .

( fig . 9 2).

P OTTERY F ROM C ONTEXTS S TRATIGRAPHICALLY E ARLIER T HAN L AYER 2 01.

( 308) B urial B 20 1 12.

F /T B B1 . C ooking p ot c . A .D. 3 41-6).

( cf .

G adebridge P ark ,

f ig .

11 ,

n o .

4 00 ,

d ated

( 240) R ubble s pread u nder 2 01 13 .

F /T B B1 .

C oncave-sided d ish ( cf . G adebridge P ark e f ig . 1 08 ,

51 , n o . 3

d ated m id-fourth c entury). 14.

F /T C C2 . B ase o f i ndented b eaker ( cf . C amerton , f ig . 4 7 , n os . 6 13 , 6 22 , d ated c . A .D. 2 50-380).

15 .

F /T C C4 . R im o f c ooking p ot ( cf . G atcombe , f ig . 1 9 , n o . 2 96 , d ated f ourth c entury) .

16 .

F /T B B1 .

F langed b owl ( cf .

G atcombe ,

2 93-378).

2 95

f ig .

1 8 ,

n o .

2 43 ,

d ated c . A .D .

g le112

15

16

4 1 1

%

1 211

(‚

19 1

1 22 1

)

1 23

1 27 1

1 26 1

1 28 1

4 1%

1 129 t,

Y

1 32

4

7 30

V

3 -4

1 33

) 135

1 36 1 1 37

F ig. 9 2.

1 38

P ottery f rom t he c emetery a rea ( scale 1 /4)

2 96

13 1

7

17.

F /T B B1 . C ooking p ot ( cf . W hitton c . A .D . 2 80-350) .

18.

F /T B B1 . 2 90-378).

F langed b owl ( cf .

f ig . 6 1 , n o . 5 32 , G illam t ype 1 46 ,

G atcombe ,

f ig .

1 8 ,

n o .

2 44 ,

d ated c .

P OTTERY F ROM L AYER 2 01.

19.

F /T C G3 . J ar ( cf . G atcombe , f ourth c entury).

1 20 .

F /T C G4 .

S torage

j ar

( c .f .

f ig .

1 6 ,

n o .

1 88 ,

G adebridge P ark ./ f ig .

d ated m id t o l ate

11 ,

n o .

3 97 ,

d ated

c . A .D. 2 70-402) . 1 21.

F /T B B1 .

C ooking p ot ( cf . 1 1 2ILLIs ol l ,

f ig . 6 1, n o . 5 10 , d ated c .

2 80-350 , G illam t ype 4 6). 1 22.

F /T C G4 .

W ide-mouthed

j ar ( cf .

G adebridge P ark ,

f ig .

11 ,

n o .

4 04 ,

d ated m id-fourth c entury) . 1 23 .

F /T C G4 . 2 80-350) .

C ooking p ot ( cf . Whitton ,

1 24 .

F /T C G4 .

C ooking p ot ( cf . G atcombe ,

f ig . 6 1, n o . 5 10 , d ated c . A .D .

f ig . 1 3 , n o . 2 0 , d ated m id-fourth

c entury). 1 25 .

F /T C R9 . B ead-rimmed d ish ( c .f . d ated c . A .D. 3 25-53).

1 26 .

F /T C G6 .

C adebridge P ark ,

f ig .

1 05 ,

n o .

2 72 ,

C ooking p ot ( cf . G atcombe , f ig . 1 9 , n o . 3 02 , d ated c .

2 50-380). 1 27.

F /T C G6 . 3 70-80).

N ecked j ar ( cf . G atcombe ,

1 28 .

F /T C R3 .

W ide-mouthed

j ar

( c .f .

f ig . 1 9 , n o . 3 02 , d ated c . _A .D .

G adebridge P ark , , f ig .

11 ,

n o .

4 04 ,

d ated m id-fourth c entury) . 1 29 .

F /T C C6 . W all-sided , c arinated b owl w ith m id -w ay c ordon ( Young , 1 977 , f ig . 6 5 , n o . C 84 , d ated m id t o l ate f ourth c entury).

1 30 .

F /T C R3 .

C ooking p ot ( cf . Whitton ,

f ig . 6 1, n o . 5 10 , d ated c .

2 80-350). 1 31.

F /T B B1.

D ish ( cf . Whitton , f ig . 5 4 , n o . 1 93 , d ated c .A .D . 1 90-340 ,

G illam t ype 3 29) . 1 32.

F /T C M6 .

D ish ( c . f . W hitton ,

f ig . 5 4 ,

n o .

1 93 ,

G illam t ype 3 29 ,

f ig .

1 36 ,

n o .

d ated

c . A .D . 1 90-340). 1 33.

F /T B B1 .

C ooking p ot

( cf .

W hitton

1 211 ,

d ated c . A .D .

3 60-70). 1 34 .

F /T B B1.

C ooking p ot ( cf . G atcombe ,

f ourth t o e arly f ifth c entury).

2 97

f ig . 1 7 , n o . 2 21, d ated l ate

, 1I e 2 9e g d4 ° 8

F ig . 9 3.

I mports ( scale 1 /2)

2 98

1 35.

F /T C G6 .

W ide-mouthed

j ar ( cf .

G adebridge P ark ,

f ig .

1 01 ,

n o .

4 04 ,

d ated c . m id-fourth c entury) .

P OTTERY F ROM C ONTEXTS S TRATIGRAPHICALLY L ATER T HAN 2 01.

( 203) G eneral l ayer o f l oam . 1 36 .

F /T C R3 .

C ooking p ot ( cf . G atcombe , f ig . 1 9 , n o . 3 11, d ated c .

3 67-402).

( 30) L ayer o f l oam 1 37.

F /T C C5 . N ecked b awl w ith c urved b ody ( Young ,

1 977 ,

f ig .

6 2 ,

n o .

7 8 ,

d ated c . A .D . 3 25-400).

( 39) L ayer o f l oam 1 38 .

F /T C C6 .

N ecked b owl ( Young ,

1 977 ,

t ype C 78 ,

1 66 ,

d ated c . A .D . 7 5 -

m id t o l ate f ourth c entury) .

I MPORTS

( fig . 93 ) .

T his i s as election o f m iscellaneous i mported p ottery f rom I ronmongers m ostly f rom r esidual c ontexts.

( 4) P loughsoil 1 39 .

F /T 1 3 .

L ower R hineland b eaker d ecorated w ith f ine r ouletting m id -

s econd t o e arly t hird c entury .

( 105) P loughsoil 1 40 .

F /T G 2 .

G lazed f lagon - C entral G aul .

D echelette 6 0 ( V-F16) .1

c.

A .D . 2 0-70 . C ommonest f lagon f orm - i nternally l edged r im o ffset f rom ac onical n ec k w ith a p rojecting l ip ( cf. U sk , f ig . 4 0 , n o . 2 ).

( 68) D estruction-r ubble n orth -w est o f B u ndl e R 3 1 41.

F /T I i . C en tral G aul , b eaker . D ecorated w ith b arbotine l eaf s crolls a nd f ine r ouletted l ines ( Green , 1 978a , f ig . 2 3 , n o . 9 ; G reen , 1 978b , f ig . 4 6 , n o . 4 , d ated c . A .D . 1 50-250).

( 52) P loughsoil 1 42.

F /T A 2 . A mphora w ith e verted n eck a nd r im ( cf . F ishbourne I I, f ig . 9 9 , n o. 1 46 , f or t ype , d ated m id t o l ate f irst c entury).

2 99

( i37 ZEOA«g!t 1 9 _b

0..

,

0

Oe• . 00 0 0 0000

1 1 I

L O

V

I I I III 1I I 1 1 1 4 17

-

1 1 46

1 48

1 51

1 50

1 52

1 53

1 55

1 54

Fig.

9 4.

S amian w are ( scale 1 /2)

3 00

1 56

1 57

U nstratified 1 43 .

F /T C C13 .

P ossibly A rretine Ware , D rag 1 7 .

V ery w orn s tamp o f

A TEIVS ( see s ources) . F or s tamp s ee F ishbourne I I , f ig . 1 22 , 1 B . F or p robable f orm F ishbourne I I, f ig . 1 21, n os . 3 2 a nd 3 3 , d ated f irst h alf o f f irst c entury A .D .

( 52) P loug4soil 1 44 .

F /T 1 2 . R henish i ndented b eaker w ith f ine r ouletted l ines ( see s ources) . ( Green , 1 978a , 1 8 , ' Moselkeramik ' a nd G reen , 1 978b , f ig . 4 7 , n o . 3 , c . l ate s econd t o m id-third c entury) .

S AMIAN W ARE

( fig . 9 4).

I llustrated i n t his s ection a re a ll t he d ecorated , s tamped a nd a s election o f p lain v essels o f t erra s igillata f rom t he e xcavation .

( 52) P loughsoil 1 45.

F /T S .

S amian m ortarium f orm 4 5 .

T his i s a c ommon f orm ,

A ntonine

C entral G ual . F irst a ppeared i n B ritain n ear t he e nd o f t he s econd c entury a nd a f ew c ame f rom E astern G aul i n t he t hird c entury . ( Hartley , 1 969 , f ig . 7 7).

( 338) L ayer o ver p ath 3 31 1 46 .

F /T S . F orm 3 7 . C entral G aul .

H emispherical b owl .

S econd-century t ype ,

A ntonine

( 309) B urial B 21 1 47.

F IT S . F orm u ncertain - p ossibly 1 8/31 H adrianic . S tamped ( illustrated) w ith D agomarvs ( 1 W2 4RVST) . T his i s t he p otter D agomarus o f L es M astres-de -A reyre . T his i s n ot a v ery c ommon s tamp . E xample f rom G adebridge P ark , 2 11, n o. 4 , c . A .D. 10-30 .

( 201) G eneral s oil l ayer i n c emetery 1 48 .

F /T

S .

F orm 3 7 .

H emispherical

b owl .

S econd-century

d ecoration -

A ntonine , C entral G aul .

( 8) P loughsoil 1 49 .

F /T S . F orm 1 8 . P lain d ish w ith b eaded l ip , S outh G aul. ( Hartley , 1 969 , f ig . 7 6).

p re o r e arly F lavian .

1 60 4 N

1 59

1 6 1

1 63

1 64

1 65

1 66

.•

44444

44

—21 68

1 67 1-et

F ig. 9 5.

M ortaria ( scale 1 /4)

3 02

1 70 1

( 17) L ayer i n B urial B 4 1 50 .

F /T S . F orm 3 7 . H emispherical A ntonine , C ental G aul .

b owl .

S econd-century e xample ,

( 41) R ubble s pread i n s outh-west c orner o f s ite 1 51.

F /T S . F orm 3 1 ( Ludowici S a) Antonine , C entral G aul . c entury-late A ntonine .

M id-second

( 74) F oundations o f s outh w all o f R oom 1 5, B uildinkR3 1 52.

F /T S .

R im o f 1 5/17R s hallow d ish .

P re -F lavian ,

S outh-Gaul ,

f irst

c entury i nto s econd c entury A .D .

( 316) P rimary f ill o f D itch 3 10 1 53.

F IT S . F orm 24 /2 5 . D istinctive c up , C laudio -N eronian , S outh G aul . D istinctive z one o f r ouletting u nder l ip. P re Flavian i n d ate.

( 20) B urial B 4 1 54 .

F /T S . F orm 3 7 . H emispherical A ntonine , C entral G aul .

b owl ,

s econd-century

e xample ,

( 266) L imestone f loor i n R oom 1 4 , B uilding R 3 1 55.

F /T S .

F orm 3 7 .

H emispherical b owl .

T his a ppears t o b e a f irst

c entu r y e xample .

( 239) G eneral l ayer 1 56 .

F /T S .

F orm 3 7 .

c entury .

H emispherical b owl p roduced f rom t he l ate f irst

M ost c ommon t ype o f d ecorated b owl .

( 52) P loughsoil 1 57.

F /T S .

F orm u ncertain .

m ORTARIA

( fig -

9 5

) .

( 301) Q uarry-pit 1 58 .

F /T M l.

M ortarium .

L arge - s quat , r ounded f lange a nd s hallow s pout.

( 141) L ayer o f s ilt o ver y ard 4 1

1 59 .

F /T M 2.

M ortarium .

V ertical r im t ype w ith t hick p ointed f lange.

( 30) L ayer i n c emetery 1 60 .

F /T M 3.

M ortarium .

P rominent c urved f lange.

( 68) G eneral l ayer n orth a nd w est o f B uilding R 3 1 61.

F /T M 14 .

Mortarium .

P rominent u pstanding r im - r ounded o n t he

i nterior a nd s traight o n e xterior - w ith a t hick f lat f lange s lightly c urved a t t he e nd .

( 201) G eneral s oil l ayer i n c emetery 1 62.

F /T M 6 . M ortarium . t hin f lange .

U pstanding r im w ith g roove u nder t he l ip a nd w ide

( 1) P loughsoil 1 63 .

F IT M 12 . M ortarium . i nner r im .

V ery p rominent p ointed h ook

f lange a nd s mall

( 50) P loughsoil 1 64 .

F /T M 8 .

M ortarium .

P lain v ertical r im t ype w ith a g roove o n t op o f

t he r im .

( 173) U pper f ill d itch ( 193) 1 65 .

F /T M9 . Mortarium . A n u pstanding r im w ith a p rominent e xterior r idge , a nd a f lat t hick , r ounded o verhanging f lange .

( 9) P loughsoil 1 66 .

F /T M 11 .

M ortarium .

W ith a b ead-and-roll -r im a nd a g roove j ust b elow

t he b ead .

( 68) D estruction- r ubble n orth a nd w est o f B uilding R 3 1 67.

F /T M 5 .

M ortarium .

H ammer-head r im t ype .

I n t his

f orm t he

t op

r idge i s i ncorporated i nto t he r im .

( 173) U pper f ill o f D itch 1 93 1 68 .

F /T M .9 .

M ortarium .

a nd a w ide f lange .

U pstanding r idged r im w ith a n i nterior g roove ,

( 201) G eneral s oil l ayer i n c emetery 1 69 .

F /T M 7 .

M ortarium .

L arge ,

t hick ,

c urled r im e nding i n a f lattened

h ook , f orming a s lightly b eaded i nner r idge .

( 52) P loughsoil 1 70 .

F /T M 13 .

M ortarium .

R ounded f lange w ith e xternal g roove a nd i nner

b ead-line r im .

C OLOUR-COATED V ESSELS

( fig . 9 5).

( 377) F ill o f O ven 9 9 , R oom 2 , B uilding R 3 1 71.

F /T C C1 .

F langed h emispherical b awl c opying S amian f orm 3 8 .

T his i s

a c ommon e nough i mitation f orm b ut i n t his f abric i t i s r are . N ew F orest G roup I f orm a nd G roup I II f abric , s ee S wan ( 1973 , 17-34).

( 166) G eneral l ayer e ast o f B uilding R 3 1 72.

F IT C C5.

S imple b owl - i mitation o f S am ian f orm 3 1.

( 66) G eneral l ayer e ast o f B uilding R 3 1 73.

F /T C C2 .

I ndented b eaker w ith s imple r ounded r im .

( 8) P loughsoil 1 74.

F /T C C12 . 3 7.

R im o f h emispherical b owl p robably i mitation S amian f orm

( 52) P loughsoil 1 75.

F /T C C6 . B ead-rimmed , c arinated b owl w ith a s ingle m id-wall c ordon . D ecorated w ith a l ine o f d emi-rosettes b elow t he r im a nd a l ine o f r osettes b elow t he c ordon - i mitating S amian f orm 3 7.

( 311) C emetery w all 1 76 .

F /T C C3.

R im o f r ing-necked f lagon - o f t he f lared , r idged t ype .

( 52) P loughsoil 1 77.

F /T C C6 . N ecked -b awl w ith e verted a nd f ull c urved a nd c arinated b ody . P rominent s houlder a t t he b ase o f t he n eck . T he b awl i s d ecorated w ith r ouletting - j ust b elow t he s houlder a nd a t t he b ase o f t he w all .

1 7 1

, 1 0 7 1 1 1 /F IXE

M IN IM I IM

1 74

1 77

1 78 1 80

3

1 8 1

1 1 86

F ig. 9 6.

1 82

1 0 \

1 87

C olour— c oated p ottery ( scale 1 /4)

( 201) G eneral s oil l ayer i n c emetery 1 78 .

F /T C C7 . B ead-rimmed , c arinated b owl i mitating S amian f orm 3 7 . D ecorated w ith i rregular d emi-rosettes .

( 311) C emetery w all 1 79 .

F /T C C3.

M outh o f r ing-necked f lagon .

A s a bove.

U nstratified 1 80 .

F IT C C9.

S mall j ar w ith t hin n eck a nd b ulbous b ody.

( 201) G eneral s oil l ayer i n c emetery 1 81.

F /T C C17.

R im o f as mall b owl .

( 52) P loughsoil 1 82.

F /T C C20.

B ead-rimmed b owl - i mitating S amian f orm 3 1.

( 8) P loughsoil 1 83.

F IT C C11. U pper h alf o f b eaker .

( 201) G eneral s oil l ayer i n c emetery 1 84 .

F /T C C17.

N eck o f af lagon .

( 68) D estruction r ubble n orth a nd w est o f B uilding R 3 1 85 .

F IT C C4 .

M outh o f f lagon n eck .

T his h as b een p inched i n t wo p laces

t o f orm a s pout .

( 41) R ubble s pread i n c emetery 1 86.

F /T C C11.

R im o f b eaker .

( 66) G eneral l ayer e ast o f B uilding R 3 1 87.

F /T C C5.

D ish w ith c urved r im i mitating S amian f orm 3 6.

C .

D ISCUSSION O F T HE P OIIERY C ORPUS P ERIOD I

A ll o f t he e xamined p re -R oman p ottery f rom t he s ite i s o f t he I ron A ge o r l ate I ron A ge p eriod . A l arge p roportion o f t his p ottery i s l ocal I ron A ge p roduction c opying B elgic f orms o r c ontinuing f rom t he l ocal I ron A ge ' B ' o r L ittle W oodbury I I t radition . A n a nalysis o f t he f abric f requencies c an b e f ound a t t he e nd o f S ection E . A s mall a mount o f t he p ottery i s B elgic o r m ore a ccurately B elgicised w ith D urotrigan a nd A trebatic t ypes .

F abrics T he f abrics a re g enerally d ark b rown t o g rey o r b lack i n c olour w ith a v ariety o f t empering . S ince m ost o f t he f abrics a re l ocal , t he t empering i s g enerally l imestone , a lthough f laked s hell t empering i s p resent . V arying a mounts o f g rog a nd c oarse g ritting a re u sed , s traw o r g rass t empering i s p resent .

a nd a n o ccasional f abric w ith

F inish Aw ide v ariety o f f inishes o ccur o n t he p re-Roman f abrics . A l arge p roportion a re v esicular i n t exture a nd b urnished o r s moothed o n t he e xterior , g iving m any f abrics a d istinctive s oapy t exture.

F orms T he m ajor B elgic f abric i s G B1 - A trebatic t ype , p robably f rom t he S avernake k ilns , w hich h as a h ighly b urnished f inish a nd i s r epresented b y n ecked b owls w ith l aw f ootrings , a nd p latters . T he v ast m ajority o f f orms a re l arge s torage v essels i n c oarse f abrics s uch a s C M13 m ade a t t he S avernake k ilns . O ther f orms i n f abric C M17 a re g lobular j ars , s traight v essels a nd B elgic d erived p latters .

D ecoration T here a re o nly t wo p ieces o f p re-Roman d ecorated v essels a t I ronmongers C M20 ( No . 1 7) w hich i s a l ocal f abric w ith a f ine b and o f r ouletting a round t he b ody , a nd C M21 ( No . 2 1) w hich h as a D urotrigan o rigin , a nd i s d ecorated w ith a b and o f i ncised t riangles w ith d ouble l ines b etween t wo g rooves . T he l atter f alls i nto a d ate r ange o f c . 5 0 B .C . t o A .D . 4 3 .

D ating U nfortunately

v ery

l ittle

o f

t he

I ron A ge p ottery

i s

f rom w ell

s tratified c ontexts a nd o f t he i llustrated p ottery i n t he r eport o nly o ne s herd i s f rom a n I ron A ge c ontext ( No . 1 5 , C M19 , f rom l ayer 3 83 , t he p rimary f ill

o f G ully 3 73) .

T he

r emainder a re

f rom

3 08

r esidual

c ontexts

-m ostly

s econdary a nd u pper f ills o f t he I ron A ge d itches ( 193 a nd 3 10) . t he p ottery c an b e d ated t o a round t he m id-first c entury B .C . f irst c entury A .D.

A s aw hole t o

t he

m id-

P ERIOD I I T he p ottery f rom t his p eriod i s a nd

c overs

g enerally f rom w ell s tratified g roups

t he p eriod f rom t he m id-first c entury o r c onquest p eriod u ntil

t he t hird c entury. T he

m id

t o

l ate

f irst - c entury

p eriod

i s

w ell r epresented w ith w ide

n ecked a nd b ead - r immed s torage j ars m ainly i n l ocal g rey w ares ( No . 3 5 , C G4) , e arly b lack b urnished j ars - c ommonly k nown a s D urotrigan w are ( Nos . 4 0-3 ,

B B1) .

O ther e xamples a re t he p oppy -h ead b eaker

( No .

3 4 ,

C M24) a nd a

f ine e xample o f a n e arly S evern V alley t ankard i n a s moothed f abric ( NI . 4 4 , C R5). I t i s d uring t his p eriod t hat m any o f t he i mports s tart a ppearing a t M arshfield i ncluding Amphora ( Al a nd A 2) , g lazed v essels f rom C entral G aul ( No . 1 40 , G 2) , a nd s ome o f t he S amian ( Flavian e xamples) ( NO S . 1 53 a nd 1 55) . I t

s eems

t hat

f rom

t he p ottery

s o

f ar

d escribed

t he

s ettlement

was

a ttracting p ottery f rom a f airly w ide a rea i ncluding f ine w ares f rom a broad . A s w ill b e s een l ater t his t rend c ontinued i nto t he s econd c entury .

I t c an

b e s uggested t hen t hat c iruclar b uilding R 1 w as c onstructed a t s ome t ime i n t his p eriod a round t he m id t o l ate f irst c entury A .D. T he r emainder o f t he p ottery i n t his p eriod i s l ater i n d ate b eing m ostly o f a s econd a nd t hird c entury d ate a nd i ndicates a c ontinuation o f u se o f B uilding R 1 a nd a ssociated f eatures .

O ccupation l ayers w ithin

B uilding R 1 c ontain p ottery d ated t o t he s econd c entury ( No . 3 0 , C R5 , 3 32 a nd N o. 3 3, C C17, l ayer 3 43B p robably a t hird c entury e xample). T he

i mports

c ontinue

t o

c onfirm

t his

t rend

w ith

m uch o f

t he

l ayer

S amian

b eing o f t his d ate a nd t he p resence o f t hree ' Rhenish ' v essels d ated t o b etween m id -s econd t o m id-third c entury A .D. G enerally f abrics a nd t ypes p resent i n P eriod I II a re e arly S evern V alley w ares

( CR2 ,

C R5 ,

C C15) ;

j ars ,

h andled p itchers a nd b owls ,

i n l ocal

g rey wares ( CG4) , a nd d ishes , b owls, s torage v essels, a nd c olour - c oated f lagons ( CC17).

P ERIOD I II T he p ottery i n t his p eriod i s f rom a w ide v ariety o f s ources b oth m inor ( local) a nd m ajor ( non - l ocal) .

B lack - b urnished ware i s p resent i n i ts

h ighest p roportion , e ven t hough , a s n oted i n S ection E , t he t otal a mount i s n ot h igh . F orms v ary f rom e arlier s houldered j ars t o f langed b owls , p ie d ishes a nd l ate c ooking p ots . T he l argest p roportion i n t his p eriod i s l ocal i n o rigin - m ainly g rey w ares a nd S evern V alley p roducts i n aw ide v ariety o f t ypes. I t i s d uring t his m ain p eriod o f o ccupation t hat t he f iner t able w ares

309

f rom n on-local o r m ajor s ources s tart t o a ppear . V arying a mounts ( see S ection E ) o f c olour-coated f abrics f rom t he O xfordshire , N ew F orest a nd N ene V alley k ilns a re p resent , a s w ell a s m ore l ocal c olour - c oated p roducts. F rom t he c eramics t he c onstruction o f t he f irst p hase o f t he f armstead , P eriod I IIA , c an b e d ated t o b etween t he e arly t o l ate t hird c entury. A gain , t he p ottery c onfirms t hat i n t he t hird q uarter o f t he f ourth c entury, t he m ain b uilding ( R3) u nderwent e xtensive a lterations a nd r ebuilding . F rom t hese c ontexts w ere r ecovered d istinctive l ate f abrics i mitation S amian f abrics a nd f orms f rom t he O xford a nd N ew F orest k ilns , a s w ell a s c olour-coated a nd i ndented b eakers , l ate b lack-burnished p roducts a nd a s mall a mount o f l ate s hell-tempered w are w hich c an b e b roadly d ated i n t his c ontext t o a round A .D . 3 25 t o t he e arly f ifth c entury ( see S ection D , s ources). T he e nd o f

t he o ccupation o r a bandonment i s a lways d ifficult t o d ate

p recisely a nd t his s ite i s n o e xception . d ebris

c onsists o f

l ate

T he p ottery f rom t he d estruction -

f ourth-century f abrics - c olour -c oats i mitating

S amian f orms , b eakers , l ate b lack-burnished f orms a nd a f airly l arge a mount o f t he l ate s hell - t empered w are M O w hich i s d ated t o t he l ate f ourth a nd e arly f ifth c entury) . S ee S ection E . A lso p resent w ere a f ew s herds o f a n A lice H olt/Farnham f abric ( a41) w hich d ates f rom c . A .D . 3 00 u ntil a round A .D . 4 20 .

P ERIOD I V T he p ottery c onsisted o f

f ound i n t he

l arge

c oarse

s urviving l ate a nd p ost-Roman f eatures

s torage

j ars a nd c ooking p ots i n l ocal f abrics ,

a nd j ars i n t he l ate s hell-tempered f abric ( C 147) . T his s hell-tempered f abric ( wrongly t ermed c alcite -g ritted i n m any r eports) i s p resent o n m any s ites i n p ost -R oman c ontexts s uch a s G adebridge P ark , w here i t i s f ound i n c ontexts a ssigned t o ' squatter o ccupation ' . A t m ost s ites ( see S ection D ) w here i t i s f ound , i t c ontinues i nto u se i nto t he f irst q uarter o f t he f ifth c entury a nd p ossibly b eyond .

D ISCUSSION S ince a n a nalysis a nd c omparison o f f abric f requencies i s d ealt w ith i n S ection E ,

i t i s m ore a ppropriate h ere t o d iscuss o ther r elevant a spects o f

t he p ottery i ndustry a ffecting t he s ettlement. L ooking a t

t he

m arketing a nd d istribution t rends o f

t he p ottery f rom

t his s ite , a l arge p roportion o f l ocal f abrics ( discussed i n S ection E ) i ndicate a m arket i n w hich t he s mall - s cale l ocal r ural p roduction c entres w ould h ave d ominated . T hose p roducing v arying a mounts o f t he c oarser w ares would h ave p rovided f or s mall a reas o f r ural m arkets - i n m any c ases o verlapping w ith e ach o ther . O f t he r emaining p ottery c orpus t he f iner t able -w ares - m ostly c olour c oated v essels - w ould h ave b een d istributed t o t he s ettlement t hrough e xisting a nd e stablished c hannels a nd r outes . R ecent e vidence s eems t o s uggest t hat t he d istribution o f p roducts f rom t hose l arge - s cale p roduction c entres s uch a s t he O xford , N ew F orest a nd A lice H olt k ilns , d id n ot d epend o n l arge t own c entres o r m ajor r oad r outes .

310

T he e vidence f rom M arshfield c ertainly d oes n ot c ontradict t his v iew , f or t here i s v ery l ittle , i f a ny , c orrelation i n p roducts w ith t he c lose m ajor t own c entres s uch a s B ath , C irencester a nd G loucester . T he e arly f ine w ares , i ncluding s ome W iltshire g lazed w are , u ndoubtedly b enefited f rom n ew m arkets o pened t o s upply t he a rmy . T his a lso a pplies t o m any o f t he c oarser w are p roducts s uch a s t hose o f t he S avernake i ndustry.

D .

T HE P OTTERY S OURCES

T his s ection a ims t o e ither p ositively i dentify k nown s ources f or t he p ottery, o r s uggest s ome p ossible o nes . ( See f ig . 8 6) I t a lso p rovides p arallels f or c omparison , d ating , r eferences a nd a ny o ther r elevant i nformation . W here a nother s ite 's f abric - t ype i s n oted a s a p arallel , r elevant f abric n umber i s q uoted w here p ossible f or c ross r eference.

t he

F abric A l U nfortunately n o f orms w ere a vailable , b ut f rom t he f abric t his a ppears t o b e a p roduct o f S outhern S pain . ( cf . V erulamium I , n o . 1 9 , f abric , ( Dressed t ype 2 0) S panish o rigin - d ated c . A .D . 8 5105) .

s imilar

F abric A 2 T his i s p ossibly a n i mport f rom I taly . V erulamium I , n o .

2 2 .

( c .f .

C irencester I ,

T he f abric i s s imilar t o

F abric 3 9) .

F abric B B1 B lack - b urnished w are . A ll o f t he B lack-burnished w are f rom t he e xcavation i s o f t he B B1 t ype . T he m ost l ikely s ources o f s upply a re t he D orset k ilns .

S ome o f

t he e arly b urnished

j ars a re o f l ocal m anufacture

i .e. n os. 4 0-3 , o f m id-late f irst c entury d ate.

F abric C C1 T his i s aN ew F orest f abric p roduced f rom t he l ate t hird t o l ate f ourth c entury . T he m etallic p urple -b rown c olour-coat i s m ore c haracteristic o f t he i ndented b eakers - T ypes 1 a nd 2 , ( Fulford , 1 973) a nd i s l ess c ommon o n t he d istinctive h emispherical b owls i mitating D rag . 3 8 .

F abric C C2 N ew F orest f abric p roduced f rom t he l ate t hird t o l ate f ourth c entury . T his f abric i s c haracteristic o f T ype 2 p roducts - t he d istinctive i ndented b eakers .

F ulford ( 1973)

( cf . a lso P ortchester I , F abric I ,

2 80)

F abric _ C C3 T his a ppears c lassed u nder

t o b e a l ocal

t he S outh-west

f abric

W hite

S lip

o f

t he G loucester a rea a nd c an b e

( SWWS) w are

311

c ategory .

T he

e xact

s ource i s u nknown b ut w as s upplying G loucester ( Fabric 7 ) a nd w as t he m ain s ource o f f lagons f or C irencester ( Fabrics 9 a nd 1 9 i n C irencester I ) . S ee S ection E - m inor ( local) s ources . S uggested d ate r ange : m id - f irst c entury t hrough t o s econd c entury .

F abric C C4 T his

i s

a t ypical N ene V alley

p roduct w ith a d istinctive

c haracteristic i ndented b eaker a nd f lagon f orms . m id-third c entury.

D ate r ange :

f abric a nd

l ate s econd t o

F abric C C5 T his i s c ommonly k nown a s O xfordshire w are w ith d istinctive f abric a nd f orms . ( Cf . G atcombe , F abric 2 4 a nd P ortchester I , r ange: e arly t o l ate f ourth c entury.

O xford

f abric 1 ) .

D ate

F abric C C6 B oth f abric a nd f orms i ndicate a nother O xfordshire p roduct - p robably a v ariant o f C C5 ( cf . G atcombe , F abric 5 6 ; P ortchester I , O xford f abric 2 ) . D ate r ange: e arly t o l ate f ourth c entury.

F abric C C7 A t ypical N ew F orest p roduct . 1 973 ,

T ype

3 )

( cf .

D istinctive f abric a nd f orms - ( Fulford ,

a lso P ortchester I ,

N ew F orest

f abric

2 ) .

D ate

r ange :

l ate t hird t o l ate f ourth c entury.

F abric C C8 T his i s p robably a n Oxford p roduct a s i s i ndicated b y t he f abric, h owever t he f orms a re c haracteristic o f b oth t he O xfordshire a nd N ew F orest k ilns

( cf. P ortchester I , Oxford

f abric

1 ) .

D ate r ange:

e arly t o l ate

f ourth c entury.

F abric C C9 T his a ppears t o b e a N ew F orest f abric w ith c haracteristic f abric a nd f orms

( Fulford ,

1 973),

( cf. a lso G atcombe, F abric 3 3).

F abric C C10 T his

i s

a nother

p roduct

s econd t o m id - t hird c entury.

F abric C C11 U nknown s ource.

o f

t he N ene V alley k ilns .

D ate

r ange :

l ate

F abric C C12 T his

i s a nother l ocal f abric

o f

t he G loucester a rea .

s ource i s u ncertain ( c .f . C irencester I , c entury i nto s econd c entury.

F abric

7 0) .

D ate

A gain a n e xact r ange :

m id-first

F abric C C13 T his a ppears t o b e a n i mport .

T here i s o nly o ne s herd p resent a nd i s

i llegibly s tamped . T he f irst t wo l etters a re A T a nd a re s et i n a f lattened o val s tamp ( irregular) . T he f abric i s f ine a nd r eminiscent o f t he S amian w orkshops .

T herefore

i t

i s p ossibly

t he p otter

f ound o n v arious f orms o f A rretine w are .

' A teins ' w hose

s tamps a re

A c lose p arallel i s F ishbourne I I ,

f ig . 1 22 , I B . O rigins a re c omplicated b ut m ost o f t he e arly A rretine w are i n B ritain i s l ikely t o h ave c ome f rom e ither L yons , A rrezzo o r A ugst . D ating :

s econd q uarter o f t he f irst c entury t o l ate f irst c entury.

F abric C C14 U nknown s ource .

F abric C C15 T his

i s

p robably

a n e arly

S evern V alley

f abric ,

w ith d ecoration a nd

f orms s uggesting a f irst-century d ate.

F abric C C16 T his

f abric

s uggests

a t ypical O xfordshire

p roduct .

D ating :

f ourth

c entury.

F abric C C17 A l ocal k iln s ource f or t his p roduct s eems l ikely . I t i s v ery s imilar t o F abrics M l , M 2 a nd M 3 a nd t herefore f alls i nto t he S outh-west W hite S lip w are

c ategory .

K iln s ite n ot k nown ( c .f .

G atcombe , F abric 2 0) .

D ating :

c .

m id t o l ate s econd c entury .

F abric C C18 A n O xfordshire p roduct w ith t ypical f abric a nd c olour - c oat . b arbotine d ecoration o n t he e xterior ( cf . Y oung , 1 977 , f ig . 6 2 ,

V ery w orn t ype C 76) .

D ating : c . A .D . 2 40-360 . F abric C C19 .T he f abric , c oarse w are.

c olour - c oat a nd g eneral a ppearance s uggest a l ocal s lipped

S ource u nknown .

313

F abric C G1 T his p roduct i s o ne o f t he m any v aried , o f l ocal o rigin .

c oarse g rey w ares u ndoubtedly

F abric C G2 D istinctive f abric b ut n o f orms . P robably a p roduct o f t he S evern V alley k ilns . P ossibly a r educed v ersion o f C R11. ( See W ebster , 1 976) . D ating : m id-first c entury t o f ourth c entury .

F abrics C G3 , C G4 , C G5 a nd C G6 T hese f abrics a re l ocal c oarse g rey w ares . U nfortunately e xact s ources a re u nknown b ut u ndoubtedly l ocal i n o rigin ( cf . G atcombe , F abrics 2 a nd 4 ; C hew V alley , F abrics C , G , E , A ; B ath T emple P recinct , F abric 1 02 . ) D ating : l ate t hird t o l ate f ourth c entury .

F abric C G7 I n f abric a nd f orm a p roduct o f t he I ron A ge ' C ' p eriod :- c ontinuing i nto t he e arly R oman p eriod . U ndoubtedly a p roduct o f l ocal o rigin b ut t he e xact s ource i s u nknown ( cf . C irencester I , F abric C ) .

F abric C G8 T his i s i dentical t o F abric I I f rom t he M 5 A lkington k iln s ite i n G loucestershire a nd t herefore c an b e a ssigned t o t he S evern V alley g roup o f p roducts . ( Miles , 1 973 , 6 3). D ating : c . s econd c entury o nwards.

F abric C M 1 T his i s a p roduct o f t he A lice H olt/Farnham p ottery i ndustry . D istinctive f abric a nd f orms . ( Lyne a nd J efferies , 1 979 , F abric C o r D , t ype 3 C .11) . P roduction d ate : c . A .D . 3 00-400 . ( C 1 E . P ortchester I , F abric D ).

F abric C M2 T his i s v ery s imilar t o t he A lice H olt/Farnham f abrics a nd f orms , w hich h ave v arying d egrees o f c oarseness o f s and f iller . ( Ly t le a nd J efferies , 1 979 , F abric C o r D , t ype 3 C.11), ( cf . a lso P ortchester I , F abric D ) .

F abric C M3 T his i s aN ew F orest P archment W are - d istinctive f abric w ith b ands o f s lip o n t he e xterior , a nd c ommon f orms ( bowls a nd m ortaria) . t o P eter L eech f or i dentification o f t his f abric . D ating : f ourth c entury . F abric C M4

Ia m g rateful l ate t hird t o

A n I ron A ge f abric i n a ppearance a nd u ndoubtedly wheel-thrown . P robably o ne o f t he m any l ocal I ron A ge ' C ' t ypes . ( Cf . C irencester I , F abric 3 ).

F abrics C M5 a nd C M6 T hese a re t wo s tandard B elgic I ron A ge f abrics . t hese i s d ifficult t o e stablish b ut i s C irencester I , F abrics 2 a nd 2 4 a nd F abric C .).

A n e xact s ource f or

u ndoubtedly

l ocal .

( Cf .

F abric C M7 T his i s a d istinctive

l ate R oman s hell-tempered w are .

I t

i s w heel-

t hrown a nd q uite d istinct f rom t he l imestone - s hell t empered I ron A ge f abrics . I t i s af abric o f t he l ate f ourth a nd e arly f ifth c entury f ound o n m any s ites i n S outhern B ritain ( e .g . L eech , 1 981 , n o . 1 37 , B rodribb , H ands a nd W alker , 1 972 , f ig . 2 3 , n os . 3 89-96) . A t M arshfield t his f abric i s n ot a bundant b ut c omes f rom l ate f ourth c entury c ontexts . A t S hakenoak i t i s d ated t o c . A .D . 3 70-450 . C lar i ce 's s uggestion ( Clar i ce , 1 972 1 42) t hat t he p roduction c entre i s b ased i n t he S outh-East m ay n eed t o b e r econsidered .

F abric 0 18 A nother l ocal

I ron A ge

' C ' p roduct

w ith o olitic l imestone t empering , .

T his f abric i s s imilar t o C irencester , F abric D w hich i s a lso f ound a t B agendon , s ituated o n t he g reater o olite b eds ( cf . C irencester I , F abric D ).

F abrics 0 49 a nd 0 4 13 T hese a re b oth p roducts o f t he S avernake p ottery i ndustry w hich s tarted a round t he m id-first c entury A .D . C M9 i s v ery s imilar t o F abric 1 0 .15 , B ath T emple s ite . C M13 i s s imilar t o F abric 1 o f t he S avernake i ndustry ( Swan , 1 975 , 4 2) . ( Cf . a lso C irencester I , F abrics A a nd B ) . T his f abric a lso o ccurs a t R oughground F arm , L echlade , f abric 1 2 .5 S avernake w ares h ave a n e arly i ntroduction i n t his a rea a t s ites s uch a s B agendon , C irencester a nd S ea M ills f rom t he s econd h alf o f t he f irst c entury A .D . a nd p ossibly b efore . I a m g rateful t o S ara G reen f or c onfirmation o f t he S avernake f abric a nd d etails r egarding f abrics f rom B ath T emple a nd L echlade .

F abrics C M 10 , 0 1 11 a nd 0 4 12 U nknown s ources .

F abrics C M 14 A nother s tandard l ocal I ron A ge ' C ' t ype p roduct , p resent o n m any I ron A ge s ites i n t he S outh-West . A bundant s helly l imestone t empering p oints t o al ocal o rigin ( cf. G uiting P ower , f ig . 9a nd C irencester I , F abric B ).

315

F abric C M15 ( This n ow i ncorporates what w as f ormerly f abric F T2) . b e a v ery c oarse l ocal f abric H and -m ade.

t empered w ith s parse

T his a ppears t o

f lint .

S ource u nknown .

F abric C M16 A nother t empering .

h and - m ade

s tandard

I ron A ge

p roduct

w ith

l imestone s hell

Ia m g rateful t o P eter L eech f or i dentifying t his a s ap roduct

o f t he M alvern a rea . T his f abric o ccurs a t R oughground F arm , F abric 1 6 . C otswold o rigin . D ating : e arly f irst c entury A .D .

L echlade ,

F abric C M17 T his s tandard l ocal I ron A ge ' C ' f abric p robably a l ocal s ource , o olite b eds

( cf.

o n t he

G uiting P ower , F abric 9 , n o . 3 0 , A ppendix A ).

F abric C M18 T his a ppears t o b e a nother p roduct o f t he S avernake k ilns , S avernake w ares f rom B ath T emple a lso C irencester I , F abric 6 ).

P recinct

( pers .

c omm .

S ara

s imilar t o G reen ) ,

( cf .

F abric C M19 A nother

s tandard

e xact

o rigin u nknown

c omm .

S ara G reen) .

l ocal ( cf .

D ating :

I ron A ge

' C '

p roduct

R oughground F arm , f irst

w ith

L echalde ,

a l ocal F abric

o rigin b ut F 20) ,

( pers .

c entury A .D .

F abric C 120 T his i s a l ocal I ron A ge ' C ' f abric a nd t ype w ith d ecoration o n t he e xterior .

P robably a l ocal s ource .

D ating :

m id-first c entury B .C .

t o m id-

f irst c entury A .D.

F abric C M21 T his

f abric b elongs

t o t he d ecorated l ate I ron A ge

t radition a nd

a ppears t o f all w ithin t he D urotrigian c ategory o r s tyle ( cf . C unliffe , 1 974 , f ig . A 30 , n o . 3 ) . D ating : c . 5 0 B .C . t o A .D . 5 0 .

F abric C M22 T his i s a v ariation o f a S evern V alley w are . 4 .

A lso f ound a t B agendon .

A s C irencester I , F abric

A l ocal S evern V alley o rigin .

F abric C M23 , C M24 U nknown s ources. F abric C M25 T his

i s

a nother L ate

I ron Age

' C '

t ype

t hat

i s B elgic d erived o r

I klgicised a nd a gain s eems t o f all w ithin t he D urotrigian c ategory C unliffe , 1 974 , f ig. A 30 , n o. 8 ). D ating : c . 5 0 B .C. t o A .D. 5 0.

( cf .

F abric C M26 T his

i s a G loucester l ocal f abric .

A s G loucester F abric 5 - D escribed

a s l ate i n d ate ( pers. c omm . C aroline I reland).

F abrics C R1, C R2, C R3 , C R4, C R5, a nd C R6 T hese a re p roducts

o f

t he S evern V alley k ilns w ith d istinctive f abric

a nd f orms , a nd v arious d egrees o f c oarseness . C R4 , C R5 a nd C R6 a re e arly S evern V alley t ypes . F or i nstance , C R5 i s a c haracteristic e arly t ankard f abric - a s B ath T emple , F abric 9 .2 . F or C R6 s ee G loucester F abric 1 1D a nd B ath T emple F abric 9 .8 ( pers . c omm . S ara G reen a nd C aroline I reland) .

F abric C R7 U nknown s ource.

F abrics C R8 a nd C R9 T hese a re c ommon I ron A ge ' C ' t ypes a nd a re u ndoubtedly o f a l ocal o rigin.

E xact s ource u nknown ( cf. C irencester I , F abric 3 c).

F abrics C R10 a ndCR11 T hese a re a lso S evern V alley p roducts - d istinctive f abrics a nd f orms . C R11 i s v ery s imilar t o G loucester l ocal f abric 7 ( pers. c omm . C aroline I reland).

F abric C R12 T his a ppears t o b e a p roduct o f t he S hepton Mallet k ilns .

I t i s a

c ommon f abric i n e arly m ugs a nd a lso i n imitation S amian f orms o f t his t ype ( cf. C hew V alley, F abric L ). D ating : S econd c entury.

F abric F T1 U nknown s ource.

F abric G 1 T his i s aW iltshire l ead -g lazed w are a ssigned t o t he W anborough k ilns . I t h as a w ide d istribution a nd i s f ound a t S ea M ills , H am H ill , a nd G loucester ( see A rthur , 1 978). D ating : c . A .D. 9 0130.

C irencester

F abric G 2 T his i s aC entral G aulish g lazed w are k nown a s S t . R emy w are .

T he m ain

c entres o f p roduction w ere L ezoux a nd M artres -d e-Veyre i n t he A llier V alley . D istinctive f abric a nd o nly o ne f orm p resent o n s ite - t hat o f aF lagon t ype D echlette 6 0 ( see G reene , 1 979 , 9 2) , ( c .f . a lso C irencester I , F abrics 6 0 a nd 7 5) . D ating : m arket s upply c . A .D . 2 0-70 .

F abric G B1 T his i s a B elgicised w are o f t he S outh-West A trebatic t ype . D istinctive f abric a nd f orms - s traight n ecked b owls a nd p latters . ( see S wan , 1 975 , f ig . 4 , n os . 4 0-5) . T hese e xamples a re f rom t he O are S avernake k ilns a nd i t i s h ighly l ikely t hat G B1 i s 5 0 B .C . -A .D . 5 0 .

f rom t he s ame s ource .

D ating c .

F abric G B2 T his i s aG allo -B elgic d erived p roduct w ith f ine s hell - t empering . S ince t he t empering i s l imestone s hell t he s ource m ust b e f airly l ocal . S uggested d ating : f irst c entury B .C . -f irst c entury A .D .

F abric I l T his p roduct c omes u nder t he c ategory o f ' Rhenish W are ' b ut i s a C entral G aulish c olour -c oat ( see G reen , 1 978a , 1 8 a nd G reen , 1 978b , 5 5) . D ating :

c . A .D.

1 50-250 .

F abric 1 2 T his i s a nother p roduct t hat c omes u nder t he h eading o f ' R henish W are ' . I t i s f rom t he k ilns o f T rier . ( Also k nown a s ' Moselkeramik ') a nd h as d istinctive f abric , f orms a nd d ecoration . ( Green , 1 978a , 1 8 a nd G reen 1 978b ,

5 6) .

D ating :

l ate s econd t o m id-third c entury .

F abric 1 3 T his i s a c olour - c oated p roduced i n t he L ower R hineland - d istinctive f abric , f orms a nd d ecoration . M anufactured i n X anten , C olonia , U lpia T raina . D ating : m id-second t o e arly t hird c entury .

F abric M 1 T his

i s

u ndoubtedly

a l ocal

p roduct

t hat

f alls

i nto

t he

S outh-West

W hite S lip w are c ategory . E xact s ources a re u nknown b ut a p reliminary i dentification o f M ortaria i n B ristol Museum s uggests t he B itton n eighbourhood a s ap ossibility . A t G atcombe a nd C irencester s imilar f abrics a re g iven a S hepton M allet s ource .

F abrics M 2 a nd M 3 T hese a re a lso m embers o f t he S outh -W est W hite S lip w are c ategory . e xact s ource A .D . 1 20-80 .

i s u nknown

( cf . .

S ea M ills

r eport

( forthcoming)) .

D ating :

A n c .

F abric M 4 T his i s a p roduct o f t he O xfordshire k ilns . D istinctive f abric a nd f orms ( cf . Y oung , 1 977 , a nd G atcombe , F abrics 2 4 a nd 5 6) . D ating : l ate f ourth c entury .

F abric M 5 T he f abric ,

f orm a nd t rituration g rit i ndicates a S outh -E ast o rigin -

p robably C olchester ( cf . . C irencester I I , c entury t o t hird c entury .

F abric

9 1) .

D ating :

l ate

s econd

F abric M 6 A nother O xfordshire p roduct - a w hite -w are M ortaria d istinctive f abric a nd f orm . M ade a t C owley , O pen B rasenose a nd C hurchill k ilns 1 977 , T ype M 20.2.). D ating : c . A .D. 2 40-300.

( cf . .

Y oung ,

F abric M 7 P reliminary i dentification o f M ortaria i n aB ristol M useum i ndicates a s ource i n t he V erulamium a rea . H owever , a v ery s imilar e xample i n f abric a nd f orm f rom G adbridge P ark , f ig . 9 9 , n o . 1 40 , i ndicates a B rockley H ill k iln s ource.

D ating : c . A .D. 8 5-105.

F abric M 8 T he o rigin o f t his f abric i s s omewhat u ncertain , h owever , i t i s s imilar t o S ea M ills ( forthcoming) F B 6 169 w hich i s g iven a p ossible V erulamium o rigin . B ut f rom f abric a nd f orms i t a ppears t o b e v ery s imilar t o t he M ancetter/Hartshill p roducts .

F abric M 9 T his i s a t ypical O xfordshire white-ware Mortaria - i dentified a t B ristol M useum a s F B 6 223/6224 O xfordshire C ream W are ( cf . Y oung , M 17.11, m ade a t C owley a nd C hurchill).

1 977 , T ype

F abric M 10 A nother O xford c ream-ware 7 B ristol M useum F B 6 152 . T here a re n o f orms t o g o o n b ut d efinitely a n O xfordshire p roduct. E xact k iln s ource u nknown .

F abric M ll T his Mortaria f abric h as b een i dentified b y K . H artley a t B ristol M useum a s c oming f rom t he M ancetter/Hartshill k ilns ( Sea M ills F B 6 225 f orthcoming) . D ating : s econd c entury . ( Cf . G adebridge P ark , f ig . 9 5 , n o . 2 ).

F abric M 12 T his a ppears t o b e a l ocal p roduct - v ery s imilar t o M ortaria b eing p roduced i n t he G loucester a rea i n t he s econd h alf o f t he f irst c en tury A .D . ( cf. C irencester I , F abric 7 1A).

F abric M 13 T his i s a l ocal p roduct , a lthough t he e xact s ource i s u nknown a nd i s p resent a t C irencester ( Cirencester I , F abric 7 0) w here G loucester i s g iven a s a s uggested s ource . D ating : s econd h alf o f f irst c entury A .D .

F abric M 14 T his i s a n O xfordshire w hite-slip-ware M ortaria .

( For f orm s ee Y oung ,

1 977 , T ype M 18 a nd f or f abric G adebridge P ark , F abric B b , f ig . 12 , n o . 4 17) . O xford k ilns . P robably m ade a t t he C owley k iln . D ating : f ourth c entury.

F abric M 15 C ommon S amian M ortaria , T ype 4 5 , w ith m oulded l ions h ead s pout .

T hese

w ere m anufactured m ainly i n t he C entral G aul w orkshops b ut s ome d id a rrive f rom E ast G aul i n t he t hird c entury ( cf . H artley , 1 969 , 2 47) . D ating : l ate s econd

c entury .

F abric S C entral a nd S outhern G aulish S amian w are .

D istinctive f abrics a nd

f orms.

F abric V T1 T his

i s u ndoubtedly

a h and - m ade p re -R oman f abric t empered w ith

v egetable m atter , al ocal s ource s eems l ikely .

E .

T he M inor ( local) s ources

F ABRIC F REQUENCY A NALYSIS

( Table 1 )

A s w ith m ost o ther s ites o f a s imilar t ype t o M arshfield , b y f ar t he l argest p roportion o f t he p ottery i s l ocal i n o rigin , a ccounting f or a pproximately 8 0% o f t he p ottery t otal . I t i s t he c oarse g rey wares r epresenting v ery l ocal b asic p roduction - t hat d ominate , ( almost 5 6%) . U nfortunatley , i t i s t hese l ocal c oarse g rey w ares t hat a re m ost d ifficult t o p in d own t o s ources . T his i s m ost l ikely t o b e d ue t o t he f act t hat a lthough m ajor k ilns w ere p roducing l arge q uantities o f g rey w ares i n t he a rea e .g . t he C ongresbury k ilns , m ost o f t he c oarse w ares w ould h ave b een p roduced w ithin a f airly c lose a rea t o t he s ettlement .

T able 1 :

M inor ( local) S ources

F ABRIC

S OURCE

C G1, C G3 , C G4 , C G5 , C G6

L ocal c oarse g rey w ares

C M9 ,CM 13 , C M 18

S avernake

M 12 , M 13 , C C3 , C C12 , C C15 , C R 1, C R2 , C R3 , C R4 , C R5 , C R6 , C R 10 , C R 11, C G2 , C G8 , C M26

S evern V alley

C R 12

S hepton M allet

1 .84

M l, M 2 , M 3 , C C3 , C C17

S .W .W .S. k ilns

0 .55

G 1

W anborough

0 .01

3 1 T OTAL L ocal F abrics

%O F T OTAL

5 5.97

1 .76

1 7.63

7 7.76

. Al arge a mount - a pproximately 1 7 .5% - o f t he r emaining l ocal p roducts c an b e a ssigned t o t he S evern V alley k ilns . A whole r ange o f t hese p roducts , f rom e arly t ankards t o l ate i mitation S amian f orms a nd M ortaria , a re r epresented a t M arshfield .

321

A

s mall

a mount

( 1 .76%)

o f

t he

S avernake

p roducts

a re

p resent

( identification c onfirmed b y S ara G reen) a nd t hese p robably b ecame a n i mportant p art o f t he k itchen-ware m arket i n t he s econd h alf o f t he s econd c entury. T he r emaining l ocal w ares i dentified f ell i nto t he S outh W est W hite S lip w are c ategory . T hese a re p resent , i n v arying q uantities , o n m ost s ites i n t he a rea ( see B radley H ill) , M ortaria/flagon f abric ; S ea M ills , F abric 2 338 ( forthcoming) ; G atcombe , F abric 2 0 a nd C irencester I a nd I I , F abric 8 8) a nd a ccounts f or 0 .59% o f t he t otal a t M arshfield . T he e xact s ource f or t his d istinctive w are i s s till u ncerta in a nd , l ooking a t i ts w ide d istribution , i t m ay w ell h ave b een p roduced a t s everal c entres . A n u nusual f abric p resent a t M arshfield i s G 1 -W iltshire g reen-g lazed w are - w hich a t p resent i s a ttributed t o t he W anborough s ite , W iltshire ( Arthur , 1 978) . H owever , i t h as n ot b een s ubstantiated w hether o r n ot t his i s t he c entre o f p roduction . I t h as a f airly w ide d istribution a nd i s f ound a t S ea M ills , H am H ill , G loucester a nd C irencester a nd s eems t o h ave s tarted p roduction , a s w ith t he S avernake p otteries , i n t he w ake o f t he c onquering a rmy. O ne

f abric

f rom

t he S hepton M allet k ilns

( CR12) a ccounts

f or 1 . 84% o f

t he l ocal w ares.

T he M ajor ( non-local) s ources O n c omparison w ith o ther

( Table 2 a nd f ig. 8 7). s ites

w here c omplete

f abric

f requencies

a nd

p ercentages h ave b een p ublished , M arshfield h as a r elatively l ow a mount o f B lack-burnished w are ( approximately 1 5%) . T his f abric , which h as b een a ttributed h ere t o t he D orset p roduction c entres ,

f irst a ppears i n c ontexts

d ated t o t he l ate f irst c entury A .D . a nd b ecomes m ore f requent i n t he e arly s econd c entury t aking o ver f rom t he S avernake w ares a s t he p rimary k itchenw are p roduct. O f t he r emaining 5 % f rom m ajor s ources ,

o ver h alf

( 2 .58% ) a re i mports .

A mongst t hese a re i ncluded t he S amian w hich i s m ostly f rom t he C entral G aulish workshops , a lthough S outhern G aulish t ypes a re p resent . I n c omparison w ith o ther s imilar s ites s uch a s B utcombe a nd B radley H ill , t here i s a s uprisingly l arge a mount o f S amian a t M arshfield ( 2 .48% ) . T his i s a lso i ndicated i n t he p ercentage o f f ine c olour -c oated t able -w ares ( 1 .9%) . A lso i ncluded i n t he i mports s ection a re t he a mphorae i mported f rom S pain , a r are g lazed f abric f rom C entral G aul a nd v arious

o ther

f ine

c olour -c oated

' Rhenish ' w ares . T he r emainder ( approximately 2 .5% ) a re m ade u p o f c ommon c olour -c oated f ine wares , a nd M ortaria f rom t he l arge s cale p roduction c entres o f O xfordshire , t he N ene V alley, t he N ew F orest , M ancetter/Hartshill , C olchester , a nd B rockley H ill . A n i ncidental p oint t o b e d rawn f rom t his g roup i s t he e qual a mounts o f N ew F orest a nd O xfordshire p roducts . T his s eems t o b e u nusual w hen c ompared w ith o ther s ites i n t he a rea w hich h ave l arger a mounts o f O xfordshire p roducts

i n e very c ase .

H owever ,

t he e qual

p ercentage o nly a pplies t o t he t able - w ares n ot t he Mortaria w hich a re p redominantly o f O xfordshire o rigin . T wo A lice H olt/Farnham f abrics h ave b een i dentified a nd a ccount f or 0 .09% o f t he t otal . T he r emaining 2 .64% o f t he t otal n ot a ccounted f or s o

3 22

f ar c an b e d ivided i nto t hree s ections :m edieval p ottery a nd u nidentified .

T able 2 :

T he P re -R oman f abrics , P ost -

M ajor ( non-local) s ource.

F ABRIC

S OURCE

C M 1

A lice H olt/Farnham

B B1

D orset

M 7

B rockley H ill

0 .04

M 5

C olchester

0 .03

I 3,S I mports

2 .58

M 8 , M il

M ancetter/Hartshill

0 .01

C C4 , C C10

N ene V alley

0 .19

C C1, C C2 , C C7 , C C9 , C M3

N ew F orest

0 .51

O xfordshire

0 .51

A l, A 2 , C C13 , G 2 ,

I l,

1 2 ,

%O F T OTAL

0 .09

1 5.79

M 4 , M 6 , M 9 , M 14 , C C5 , C C6 , C C8 , C C16 , C C18

3 3 T OTAL N one-local F abrics

1 9.75

T he P re -R oman F abrics ( Table 3 ). B y f ar t he l argest p roportion o f p re-Roman f abrics a re o f l ocal o rigin .

T able 3 : P re-Roman F abric .

F ABRIC

S OURCE

%O F T OTAL

C M5 , C M6 , G B1

B elgic

0 .09

C M 17 , G B2, C M20 , C R8 , C R9 , C G7 , V T1

L ocal I ron A ge

1 .68

C M 16

M alvern

0 .02

C M4 , C M8 , C M14 , C M 15 ,

1 6 T OTAL P re -R oman F abrics

1 .79

P ost -m edieval P ottery. T his a ccounted f or 0 .39% o f

t he t otal a nd w as m ade u p o f v arious t ypes

o f c hina , g lazed e arthenware a nd c lay p ipes . m edieval p ottery f ound o n t he s ite .

T here w ere o nly t wo s herds o f

U nidentified. T he f inal 0 .31% o f t he p ottery i s m ade u p o f a f ew u nidentified f abrics.

C omparative F abric F requency A nalysis ( Table 4 ). F our

s ites

h ave b een c hosen f or c omparative f requency ,

t hree o f w hich

a re s imilar i n t ype a nd o ne which i s o f a h igher s tatus . M arshfield , B utcombe a nd B radley H ill w ere a ll f airly s mall s ettlements a nd G atcombe , i n c ontrast, w as a l arger c om munity , p ossibly p art o f a l arge V illa e state. P ercentages o f t able w ares a nd M ortaria d iffer g reatly a t G atcombe a nd t he S amian p ercentage i s l ow . H owever , i n t he G atcombe r eport , ( Branigan , 1 977) , t his i s e xplained a s a n u nfair r eflection o f t he t rue q uantity d ue t o t he l imited e arly p ottery f ound ( pre-late t hird c entury). I t i s i nteresting t o c ompare t he p ercentages o f p ottery f rom t he t hree s maller s ettlements . I n e ach c ategory - F ine W ares , S amian a nd M ortaria t he p roportion a t M arshfield i s h igher . T here i s v irtually t wice a s m uch f ine t able-ware a t M arshfield a s a t B utcombe . S amian a lone ,

L ooking a t t he p roportion o f

M arshfield h as a c onsiderably l arger a mount t han a t B utcombe ,

B radley H ill a nd G atcombe . •H owever ,

t his

i s

n ot

i nconsistent

w ith t he

f act

t hat t he l argest

p roportion ( 3 .32%) o f t he f ine t able -w are a t M arshfield a re o f a n e arly d ate -f irst a nd s econd c entury r unning i nto t he t hird.

3 24

T able 4 : C omparative F abric F requency A nalysis

S ITE

F INE T ABLE-WARES

S AMIAN

M ORTARLA

%O F T OTAL

M arshfield

1 .91%

2 .4%

0 .64%

G atcombe

8 .9%

7 .7%

3 .7%

1 0 .6%

B utcambe

1 .5%

0 .7%

0 .5%

2 .2%

B radley H ill

4 .39%

1 .2%

U nfortunately , f or t his a nalysis , t he f abric f requencies f rom B radley H ill a re i ncomplete a nd t he p roportions o f f ine t able-ware a nd M ortaria a re u ncertain . A c omparison b etween o ther f abrics a t M arshfield a nd B radley H ill d oes r aise s ome o ther q uestions . A t M arshfield , a s i s e xpected , l ocal g rey w ares a ccount f or o ver 5 0% o f t he t otal , w hereas a t B radley H ill t hey a ccount f or o nly 7 .6% which i s l ess t han t he p roportion o f O xfordshire p roducts f ound t here . T he p roportion o f B lack-burnished w are i s a lso e xtremely h igh , a lmost 8 0% o f t he t otal p ottery c orpus c ompared t o 1 5% a t M arshfield , m aking a ny a nalysis l imited . I t i s p ossible t hat t hese i nconsistencies a re d ue t o t he s mall t otal n umber o f s herds r ecovered a t B radley H ill . I n c onclusion t his a nalysis i ndicates f airly c onsistent t rends b etween t he l ower s tatus f armsteads , w ith M arshfield d isplaying a s lightly h igher s taius d ue t o t he h igh p roportion o f f ine t able-wares p resent d uring P eriod

N OTES. 1 .

T his r efers t o M lle V esnet Fosses n umeral s ystem ( to b e p ublished).

2 .

B ath f abrics ( details p ers. c omm . S ara G reen).

3 .

C omparison b etween t he S amian a nd o ther t able-wares f rom M arshfield , B radley H ill a nd G atcombe m ay n ot b e o f s ignificance h ere s ince t he o ccupation o f P eriod I I a t M arshfield i s t hought t o r epresent a r eligious c entre , n ot a f armstead . I t w as n ot u ntil t he m id-third c entury t hat t he f armstead w as b uilt a t M arshfield . ( KB)

3 25

Table 5: FABRIC TYPE CGl CG2 CG3 CG4 CG5 CG6 CG7 CG8 CM!

CM2 CM3 CM4 CMS

CM6 CM7 CMS CM9 CMlO CMll CM12 CM13 CM14 CM15 CM16 CM17 CM18 CM19 CM20 CM21 CM22 CM23 CM24 CM25 CM26 CR! CR2 CR3 CR4 CR5 CR6 CR7 CR8 CR9 CRlO CRll CR12 Mi M2

FABRIC FREQUENCY TABLE BODY SHERDS 548 21 212 15,942 45 718 6 1,296 18 3 6 0 1 4 118 16 3 23 112 0 486 91 10 5 5 62 25 15 6 46 2 1 10 12 31 202 3,664 14 18 6 14 17 10 19 14 506 3 3

BASE /HANDLE RIM SHERDS SHERDS 74 5 61 1,756 4 124 5 103 8 0

5 3 0 2 36 1 0 9 9 0 45 12 4 0 1 9 6 3 1 6 2 2

5 1 9 21 396 3 4 0 6 1 8 10 1 114 8

8

35 3 13 545 0 109 1 66 1 0 1 0 0 0 5 0 0 2 7 1 28 6 0 1 0 1 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 20 223 0 10 1 3 1 3 2 4 45 0 1

TOTAL SHERDS 657 29 286 18,243 49 951 12 1,465 27 3 12 3 1 6 159 17 3 34 128 1 559 109 14 6

6

72 34 18 7 52 4 3 15 13 41 243 4,283 17 32 7 23 19 21 31 19 665 11 12 327

TOTAL WEIGHT

% OF TOTAL TOTAL

3.276 kg 0.227 kg 3.475 kg 105.818 kg 0.331 kg 5.421 kg 0.443 kg 4.629 kg 0.233 kg 0.021 kg 0.175 kg 0.04 kg 0.025 kg 0.085 kg 0.869 kg 0.111 kg 0.035 kg 0.392 kg 1.029 kg 0.01 kg 10.115 kg O.992° kg 0.603 kg 0.14 kg 0.17 kg 2.45 kg 0.545 kg 0.176 kg 0.330 kg 0.972 kg 0.105 kg 0.01 kg 0.109 kg 0.09 kg 0.19 kg 1.573 kg 18.3 kg 0.235 kg O.725 kg 0.066 kg 0.17 kg 0.145 kg 0.224 kg 0.18 kg 0.113 kg 2.506 kg 0.16 kg 0.476 kg

1.82· 0.08 0.79 50.58 0.14 2.64 0.03 4.06 0.08 0.01 0.03 0.01

o.oo

0.02 0.44 0.05 0.01 0.09 0.36

o.oo

1.55 0.30 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.09 ·0.05 0.02 0.14 0.01 0.01 0.04 0.04 0.11 0.67 11.87

o.os

0.09 0.02 0.06

o.os

0.06 0.09 0.05 1.84 0.03 0.03

Table 5 contirrued FABRIC

TYPE M3 M4 MS M6 M7

MB

M9 MlO Mll Ml2 Ml3 Ml4 MlS VTl CP PM

Fl'l FT2 Gl G2 BBl

CCI CC2 CC3 CC4

ccs

CC6 CC7

CCB

CC9 CClO CCll CC12 CC13 CC14 CC15 CC16 CC17 CC18 CC19 Al A2

s

11

12

BODY

SHERDS 11 10

5 4 4 0 0 l

0 72 4 3 l l

41 102 0 4 l

0 4,175 16 121 14 41 22 31 5 2 l 16 38 24 l 4 11 16 93 1 2 l 12 612 20 1

RIM

SHERDS 9

4 4 6 9 2 3 0 l

28 2 2 0 0 0 0 l

l l l 1,228 8 8 5 6 14 32 l 2 l 0 4 2 0 2 5

0 23 0 l

0 0 215 l

0

BASE /HANDLE

SHERDS

TOTAL SHERDS 23 17 9 10 15 2 3

3 3 l

0 2 0 0 0 0 15 0 l

0 0 0

0 0 1 3 0 289 0 8 0 3

4 18 0 l l l 0 0 0 J.

0 4 20 0 0 0 3 67 0 0

l l

ll5 6 5 l l

41 102 1 6 5 l

5,692 24 137 19 50 40 81 6 5 3

17 42 26 l 7 16 20 136 1 3 l

15 894 21 l

328

TOTAL

WEIGHT 0.498 0.24 .242 0.278 0.535 0.1 0.17 0.01 0.075 1.025 0.08 0.116 0.05 0.004 0.086 0.541 0.005 0.14 0.025 0.01 40.90 0.178 0.813 0.053 0.254 0.483 0.852 0.05 0.048 0.023 0.107 0.176 0.096 0.005 0.09 0.075 0.123 0.908 0.005 0.021 0.05 0.405 3.611 0.048 0.003

kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg

% OF TOTAL

TOTAL

0.06

o.os

0.03 0.03 0.04 0.01 0.01

o.oo

0.00 0.32 0.02 0.01

o.oo o.oo 0.11 0.28 0.00 0.02 0.01

o.oo

15.97 0.07 0.38 0.05 0.14 0.11 0.23 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.05 0.12 0.07

o.oo

0.02 0.04 0.06 0.38

o.oo 0.01

o.oo 0.04 2.48 0.06 0.00

T able 5 c ontinued

F ABRIC

B ODY

R IM

B ASE / HANDLE

T OTAL

T OTAL

%O F T OTAL

T YPE

S HERDS

S HERDS

S HERDS

S HERDS

W EIGHT

T OTAL

1 3 G B1 G B2

T OTAL

1 2 3 0

2 9 ,957

0

0

2

0

1

0

4 ,525

1 ,590

1 2 5 1

3 6 ,072

0 .005 k g

0 .00

0 .225 k g

0 .07

0 .03

k g

0 .00

2 22.416 K G

1 00.00

P ART I V S PECIALIST R EPOR TS A NIMAL B ONES N .T . M ORGAN

I ntroduction ( table 1 ). T he e xcavation o f I ronmongers P iece , M arshfield , y ielded a t otal o f 1 7 ,947 b one f ragments w ith 1 6 s pecies o f m ammals , b irds a nd a mphibians b eing i dentified .' T he m ajority o f t hese , s ome 1 0 ,486 f ragments , c ame f rom t he p loughsoil c ontexts . B ecause o f t his , a nd t he p oor c ondition o f t he m aterial f rom t hese c ontexts , n o a nalysis o f t he p loughsoil b ones w as c arried o ut . H owever , t he f inds f rom t he p loughsoil c ontexts a re s tored i n t he B ritish C ity M useum w ith t he r est o f t he m aterial f rom t his e xcavation , s hould a nyone w ish t o e xamine t hem i n t he f uture . T he r emaining 7 ,461 b one f ragments c ame f rom c ontexts t hat c ould b e a ssigned t o as pecific p eriod , a nd t hese p rov ided t he b asis f or t he a nalysis o f t he a ssemblage f rom t his s ite . O f t hese , 4 ,331 f ragments w ere t oo f ragmentary t o e nable a n i dentification o f t heir s pecies o f o rigin a nd a re l isted a s ' indeterminate ' . T his l eft 3 ,130 f ragments t hat w ere i dentifiable t o s pecies l evel . T he b ones w ere r ecovered d uring e xcavation b y s orting t hrough , t he c ontexts b y h and , n o s ieving f or s mall-finds w as c arried o ut o n t he m ajor c ontexts , a lthough s ome s ieving d id o ccur i n t he a reas o f t he h uman b urials . A s a r esult o f t he m ethod o f c ollection , t he b one a ssemblage i s h eavily b iased t owards l arger m ammals a nd b irds , t o t he c omplete e xclusion o f a ny f ish b ones w hatsoever . M any o f t he b ones w ere i n p oor c ondition , m ost b eing f ragmented a nd o ften i ndistinguishable . O ne p ossible r eason m ay b e b ecause o f t he v ery s hallow s oil c onvering i n t he a rea o f t he e xcavation , t he b edrock b eing c lose t o t he s urface o f t he s oil i n s everal p laces . T his m eans t hat t he b ones h ave h ad l ittle p rotection f rom t he e xtremes o f c limate o ver t he y ears , l eading t o t hem b eing s hattered , p ossibly b y f rost , h ence t heir p oor c ondition . F or t he p urposes

o f

t he e xcavation a nd i ts

s ubsequent r eport t he

c ontexts h ave b een d ivided i nto s ix p eriods . T he a pproximate d atings o f t hese p eriods a re g iven o n p . I n e xamining t he b one a ssemblage , t he a im w as t o o utline t he e conomy o f t he s ite i n e ach o f t hese p eriods a nd a lso t o h ighlight a ny c hanges o r a nomalies i n t he s tatus o f t he s ettlements t hroughout t he s pan o f i ts o ccupation . T his w as a chieved b y i dentification o f t hose d omestic s pecies o f i mportance , a nd b y t he a nalysis o f t heir r elative f requencies a nd i dentifiable t raits , s uch a s a ge , s ex a nd b utchering t echniques . W hilst e fforts w ere m ade t o i dentify a ll t he d omestic s pecies p resent , t he d istinguishing b etween s heep a nd g oat f rom s ingle b ones i s v ery d ifficult a nd s ince t here w ere f ew c omplete b one s pecimens o n w hich m etrical a nalysis c ould b e c arried o ut , f or t he m ost p art o f t his r eport t hose t wo s pecies w ere c onsidered t ogether , u nder t he t itle o f

3 30

lo vicaprids'.

00

CO

▪•

•

•

•

CD C : 7) l f) • • CN

s p M u s p )

Cf )

C . r 1 C V

CD I / 1

t r )

0 0

4 , 0 ez

VD 0 1 -1

i n L n e r )

c rN 94

r -I

4 4 0 4 4

r z l Z g 1 4

c f ) • • • CO s . 0 I f >

•

c r l • C V

Cf )

CN

z

- o l . . 1 " CV C V

C O C V

" I C

C Y )

0

C • 1

4 1 4 4 0 0 r — I r 4 c t l 4 1 4 1

O D

b u r i a l s o f

4 : 3 4 4 c z 4

•

e - c r e

I A

c r % 0 — 4 e •

•

•

c n

• • t r ) C f l

C r ) C O C Y )

C • 1

•

g d

. 2, 2

cY

C V C V

CO

T O

4 4

C / D

0

A E 4

P ERIOD I

1 0 c ontexts f rom P eriod I y ielded b one m aterial , a t otal o f 1 40 f ragments b eing r ecovered . O f t hese , 5 9 w ere i dentifiable t o s pecies l evel , a ll o f w hich c ame f rom s ix s pecies o f m ammal . T hose s ix m ammals t o b e r epresented w ere c attle , o vicaprids, p ig , d og , h are , a nd s pecies o f d eer .

C attle. C attle

b one w as b y

f ar t he

m ost n umerous a mongst t he f inds f rom t his

p eriod , 3 ( 56 .9% ) o f t he 5 9 i dentifiable f ragments b eing o f t his s pecies . C onsidering t he s mall s ample s ize , a ll p arts o f t he b ody w ere r epresented i n r oughly e qual n umbers . N o b ones w ith u nfused e piphyses w ere f ound , a nd s ince n o m andibles f rom t hese c ontexts w ere c omplete e nough t o e nable t oothw ear t o b e u sed a s a n a geing g uide , t here i s t herefore n o e vidence o f a ny i mmature a nimals i n t hese r emains . N one o f t he c attle b ones s howed a ny s igns o f h aving b een b utchered . T wo m etapodials w ere r ecovered c omplete a nd c omparison o f t heir d imensions w ith t hose f rom m etapodials o f c attle a t o ther s ites s uggests t hat t hey a re t he m etatarsus o f a b ull a nd t he m etacarpus o f a c ow . U sing F ock 's f actor ( Fock , 1 966) f or t he c alculation o f t he h eight o f c attle f rom t he d imensions o f t heir m etapodials , t hese t wo I ndividuals w ould h ave s tood a pproximately 1 23 c m . f or t he b ull , t he c ow b eing 1 02 c m .

O vicaprids. O vicaprid w as t he o nly o ther s pecies t o b e r epresented i n a ny q uantity , 1 8 f ragments ( 31 .04% ) o f t he b one b eing f rom e ither s heep o r g oat . M ost r egions o f t he b ody w ere r epresented , a nd n o b ones w ith u nfused e piphyses w ere f ound . O ne m etapodial w as r ecovered c omplete , a nd i ts d imensions w ere t hose o f a f emale s heep . E vidence o f b utchery o f o vicaprids w as c onfined t o o ne p iece o f p elvic b one w hich h ad b een c hopped w ith a k nife o r s mall a xe.

O thers. O ther

s pecies

w ere

o nly

r epresented

n ominally .

O ne

b roken

m andible

p lus t wo l oose t eeth f rom p ig a nd t wo d og m axillae c ompleted t he d omestic a nimal m aterial .

O ne f emur a nd a p iece o f a ntler f rom a s pecies o f d eer

w ere t he s ole t races o f w ild m ammals i n t he b ones f rom P eriod I .

S ummary ( table 2 ). T he s ample o f b one f rom P eriod I w as s mall a nd i t i s t herefore d ifficult t o d raw m any c onclusions w ith c omplete c onfidence . H owever , b y f ar t he b est r epresented a nimals w as c attle , w ith 2 3 .74% o f t he b one b eing f rom t hat s pecies . T he c attle s eem t o h ave b een a llowed t o r each m aturity s ince n o b ones f rom y oung a nimals w ere f ound , s uggesting t hat t hey s erved s ome o ther p urpose t han a s a s ource o f m eat, i n w hich c ase m ost would h ave b een

332

u l r, ul VD c y r y .0 cr el r, — 1 • • • • • • • c y MD ul c y C D c Y

C O 01 CO CI / 40 1

00, M D C q O D H t s . • • • c y e q C D

01

( . r )

4 t •

N.

4 . • . 4

• VD

0 . 1

01

. 4 t •

.

V D OD 0 0 • • C V c y

c1 01 •

C r l

C r )

I J

L e 1 C D • VD

C i 1 0 1 e q C 4 • • -

r, c f.) c y • • e . , 1

h, r, •

C r l

r4

C s 1

C r ) VD

-4

ut

c' C

( N J

O V I C A P R I D

c y u.) — 4 cq u l • • • c y u l c y

r 4

V D c y •

•

• C ' V

•

4 .4

u l • P . 4

L n

I n

ul u l u l 4 . 4 1 • •

L n u

v D VD • V D

r " . 1

01

V D C D •

+ . 0

C V

C D VD C r ) C D C D • • •

i n

r e ) ‘ . 0 r e )

u 1 VD Ul VD • • u l V D

•

r 4

V D 0 •

C V C D • •

C V

N.

C V

01

N.

s laughtered b efore r eaching m aturity . T he m ost l ikely u ses t o w hich t hese a nimals w ere p ut would b e a s d raught a nd d airy c ows , A lthough n o b utchering n ark , w ere f ound o n a ny c attle b ones , i t i s u nlikely t hat n o s laughtering a nd s ubsequent j ointing o f t he c arcasses o ccured , t he l ack o f e vidence c an b e a ttributed t o t he s ample s ize . T he d imensions o f t he a nimals c an o nly b e e stimated , s ince j ust t wo s pecimens p rovided t he d ata f rom w hich t he h eight w as c alculated . T he b ull w as o f as ize c omparable t o t hose f rom o ther s ites d uring a s imilar p eriod ( Harcourt , 1 974 0 , b ut t he c ow w as s omewhat s maller t han p reviously r ecorded i ndividuals . W hether o r n ot t his i s r epresentative o f t he c attle a s aw hole c annot b e s aid . T he n ext b est r epresented a n imal w as t he o vicaprids , w ith 1 2 .95% o f t he b one c oming f rom s heep o r g oat . T here w ere n o b ones f rom i mmature o vicaprids , a nd i t t herefore s eems t hat t hese w ould h ave b een k ept f or t heir w ool a nd p ossibly m ilk , a s w ell a s t heir m eat . T he p iece o f p elvis t o s how s igns o f b utchering i s f rom a r egion t hat i s o ften c hopped t hrough w hen r emoving t he h ind l imbs , c arcasses . T he o ne b one a nd c omparing t his w ith t his a nimal w as s horter c omparison w as m ade .

g iving s ome e vidence o f t he j ointing o f o vicaprid t hat e nabled a s e stimation o f s ize w as f rom a e we , s imilar s pecimens f rom o ther s ites s uggests t hat a nd p ossibly s tockier t han t hose w ith w hich t he

T he a bsence o f a ny o ther m ammal b ones i n g reat n umbers s uggests t hat t he s ite w as n ot a l arge a nd b usy s ettlement d uring t his P eriod , b ut p erhaps s omething a kin t o a s ingle f amily d welling w hose m ain e conomy c ame f rom c attle a nd a f ew s heep . T he p resence o f p ig i n s mall n umbers s uggests t hat t hey s erved a s a n o ccasional s upplement t o t he d iet , p ossibly b eing k ept a s d omestic s cavengers . T he c omplete l ack o f b ird b ones i s p robably d ue t o t he s ampling t echniques , c ombined w ith t heir l imited a bility t o b e p reserved . T he p resence o f t he f ragment o f a ntler m ay i ndicate t hat d eer w ere h unted i n t his a rea d uring P eriod I , a lthough i t m ight e asily h ave b een a p iece f rom a s hed a ntler t hat f ound i ts w ay t o t he s ettlement , a ccidentally o r o therwise .

P ERIOD I I C onsiderably m ore b one m aterial c ame f rom P eriod I I t han P eriod I , w ith a t otal o f 1 ,309 f ragments b eing r ecovered f rom 5 3 d ifferent c ontexts . O f t hese , 7 76 w ere i determinate , l eaving 5 33 f ragments i dentifiable t o s pecies l evel . N ine s pecies w ere p resent f rom t his p eriod s ix m ammals a nd t hree b irds.

C attle . C attle w as

t he s econd m ost n umerous s pecies i n t his p eriod ,

( 38 .51% ) o f t he 5 33 i dentified f ragments b eing c attle b ones .

w ith 2 01

A ll p arts o f

t he s keleton w ere r epresented e xcept t he t hird p halanx . T he b ones o f t he h ead , i ncluding l oose t eeth , a ppeared t o b e m ore c ommon t han t hose f rom o ther a reas , s ave t he l ower p arts o f t he l imbs . B ones w ith u nfused e piphyses w ere p resent , a lthough b y f ar t he m ajority c ame f rom m ature a nimals . N o c attle m andibles w ere p reserved w ell e nough t o e stimate t he a ge o f t he a nimals t hey c ame f rom u sing t ooth-wear a s ag uide . T wo m etapodials w ere r ecovered i ntact a nd w ere m easured . B oth w ere m etartarsi , a nd b oth c ame f rom b ulls . A ccording t o F ock 's m ethod ( Fock , 1 966) t hey w ould h ave

3 34

s tood 1 14 c m . a nd 1 24 c m . r espectively .

T here w as l ittle e vidence o f

b utchering o n c attle b ones f rom t his p eriod , a f ew r ib f ragments s howed k nife m arks a nd t here w as o ne h orn c ore t hat h ad b een c hopped t hrough . A though t hat w as t he s um t otal o f b utchered c attle a nd o ther s pecies w ere c harred .

b ones ,

m any

f ragments

f rom

O vic erids. O vicaprid w as t he m ost n umerous s pecies r epresented i n t his p eriod , w ith 2 43 ( 46 .56% ) o f t he i dentified b ones b eing f rom s heep o r g oats . A ll p arts o f t he s keleton w ere r epresented e xcept t he p elvic b ones a nd t he t hird p halanx . T here w ere c onsiderably m ore t eeth t han a ny o ther i ndividual b one , t he n ext m ost n umerable b ones b eing m andibles a nd m etapodials . T hree m etapodials w ere r ecovered c omplete a nd w ere m easured , b ut t hese a ll c ame f rom t he s ame c ontext . T his c ontext a lso c ontained t hree o ther m etapodials w ith u nfused e piphyses , m any f irst a nd s econd p halanges , a nd t wo c omplete s kulls . T wo o f t he m easured m etapodials w ere m etacarpals f rom a n e we a nd t he o ther w as a m etatarsus , p robably f rom t he s ame a nimal . O ne o f t he s kulls f rom t his c ontext h ad m andibles i n w hich t he t hird p re - m olar w as m issing , t his a berration i s k nown f rom s heep i n o ther e xcavations . T he m ost c ommon s heep b one t o b e r ecovered c omplete w as t he f irst p halanx , t hirteen o f t he f ifteen s pecimens f ound w ere w hole . A dditionally , f our c omplete s econd p halanges w ere p resent . E vidence o f b utchering w as n ot e xtensive f rom t his p eriod , t he o nly b ones t o s how k nife c uts w ere r ibs a nd m etapodials . F ew b ones w ith u nfused e piphyses c ame f rom t he c ontexts o f P eriod I I , s uggesting t hat m ost a nimals r eached m aturity b efore b eing k illed. M ost o f t he o vicaprid l imb b ones f rom i mmature s pecimens c ame f rom o ne c ontext , a nd w ere p robably f rom t he s ame a nimal . N one o f t hese s howed a ny s igns o f b utchery . T hree m andibles w ere c omplete e nough t o b e a ged , b ut t wo o f t hese w ere f rom t he s ame a nimal . T he m andible w ear s tage o f t his i ndividual s uggested t hat i t w as m ature a t d eath , p robably f our y ears o ld o r m ore . T he o ther m andible , h owever , c ame f rom a y ounger a nimal , ' a lthough t his o ne a lso h ad a ll t he t eeth i n w ear a nd w as m ature.

P ig . 2 8 ( 5 .37% ) o f t he b one f ragments w ere i dentified a s b eing f rom p ig , m ost n umerous o f t hese b eing l oose t eeth .

t he

T he o ther p arts o f t he b ody t o

b e p resent w ere t he s kull i ncluding t he m andibles , m etapodials a nd o ne f irst p halanx , n one o f t he m etapodials h ad u nfused e piphyses , b ut t his i s n ot u nusual s ince i n t hese b ones e piphyseal f usion o ccurs v ery e arly i n l ife . O ne m andible w as a ged , a nd s ince a ll i t 's t eeth w ere i n w ear , t he a nimal f rom w hich i t c ame w ould h ave b een a t l east t hree y ears o ld . N one o f t he p ig b ones f rom t his p eriod s howed a ny s ign o f h aving b een b utchered .

Dog.

D og b ones w ere f ound t hroughout t his p eriod i n s mall n umbers , m aking u p 4 .6% o f t he t otal i ndentifiable b one . H owever , n ot i ncluded i n t his t otal a re t wo b urials , o ne c omplete s keleton a nd o ne i ncomplete , i nclusion

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3 35

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H arcourt , 1 974b) t he d imensions o f i ts 3 01 , a nd u sing H arcourt 's f ormulae ( l imb b ones s uggests a n a nimal s tanding a bout 3 5 C m. a t t he s houlder . T he i ncomplete s keleton c ame f rom t he t ertiary i nfill o f a q uarry-pit a nd i ts l imb b ones w ere n ot i n g ood e nough c ondition t o e nable H arcout 's m ethod t o b e e mployed . H owever , d irect c omparison w ith t he p revious s pecimen s uggests t hat o f t he t wo , t his a nimal w ould h ave b een t he l arger . b ones s howing a ny b utchering m arks w ere f ound .

N o d og

T he o ther t wo m ammals p resent i n t his p eriod w ere h orse a nd h are . T he h orse b ones c ame a lmost e ntirely f rom t he i nfill o f q uarry -p it 3 01 a nd w ere m ainly t he s kull a nd a ssociated t eeth a nd m andibles . T he s kull a ppeared t o h ave b een p ole -a xed , a lthough n o e vidence o f b utchering w as f ound o n a ny o ther h orse b one . T he h are w as p resent a s s mall g roups o f l imb b ones , a lthough t hese w ere n ot n ecessarily a rticulated i n e very c ase . I n a ddition t o t he m ammal b ones , t hree b ird b ones w ere r ecovered f rom t his p eriod . T hese w ere a ll h umeri a nd c ame f rom t hree d ifferent s pecies n amely d omestic f owl , w oodcock a nd c row .

S ummary ( table 3 ). T he i ncrease i n t he q uantity o f

b one

m aterial d uring t his p eriod

s uggests t hat t he a rea w as m ore i mportant a s as ettlement t han i n P eriod I , c ontaining m ore p eople a nd c onsequently m ore l ivestock . T he t wo m ajor s pecies w ere s till c attle a nd o vicaprids , t hese p rovided o ver 8 0% o f t he t otal i dentifiable m aterial ,

b ut i n c ontrast t o P eriod I ,

t hey a re n ow o f

j oint i mportance . T he c attle a t t his s ite w ere o f s imilar s ize t o t hose f rom o ther s ites o f ac omparable p eriod ( rawley , 1 982) . T he b ones o f t he h ead r egion w ere m ore n umerous t han b ones f rom m ost o ther p arts o f t he s keleton , a nd w hilst t here i s e vidence o f t he r emoval o f h orn c ores , n o s igns o f b utchering w ere f ound o n a ny s kulls o r m andibles . I t i s p ossible t herefore t hat w hilst t he h eads o f t he a nimals w ere u ndoubtedly r emoved d uring j ointing o f t he c arcasses , t hey w ere n ot c onsidered t o b e e dible i n t heir o wn r ight a nd w ere d iscarded i ntact . T he o ther m ost c ommon b ones w ere t he m etapodials a nd p halanges , b ones t hat h ave n o f ood v alue a nd a re t herefore l ikely t o b e d iscarded d uring i nitial j ointing o f t he a nimal . H owever , n o t hird p halanges w ere f ound , s uggesting t hat c attle h ooves w ere u sed f or s ome p urpose , p ossibly b eing m ade i nto i mplements . T he m ajority o f c attle b ones c ame f rom m ature a nimals , w ith a ll b one e piphyses f used . S ince i t i s k nown t hat d omestic a nimals i n g eneral m atured l ater t han m odern b reeds d o n owadays , i t i s l ikely t hat t hese a nimals a re e ven o lder t han t heir b ones s uggest . T his i ndicates a r ole a s d raught a nimals a nd d airy c ows p rior t o b eing s laughtered o nce t hey w ere n o l onger v iable f or t hese p urposes. O v icaprids b ecame o f m ore i mportance d uring P eriod I I t han t hey w ere i n P eriod I , a s i s s hown b y t he i ncrease i n t heir r elative a bundance . T hey t oo w ere k ept b eyond r eaching m aturity , i ndicating t hey t hey w ould h ave b een t oo i mportant f or t heir w ool , a nd p ossibly m ilk , t o b e k illed a nd e aten w hen s till y oung . A gain , m etapodials a nd p halanges w ere m ost n umerous , i ndicating t hat t hey w ere d iscarded i ntact d uring j ointing . O vicaprid h ooves t oo s eem t o h ave b een p ut t o s ome u se ,

3 37

s ince n one w ere

r ecovered .

O ne

g ood e xample o f

t his w as p rovided b y a c ontext

3 86

c ontaining t he s kulls , m etapodials a nd f irst a nd s econd p halanges f rom t wo s heep , b ut n o t hird p halanges . A ll t hese b ones w ere i ntact , a nd t he f act t hat t hey w ere d iscovered u nder t he f loor o f C ircular B uilding R 1 h as a dded w eight t o t he h ypothesis t hat t his m ay r epresent a s hrine , t he b ones b eing s ome s ort o f o ffering ( see p . 2 2) . O ther , o vicaprid m etapodials f rom o ther c ontexts h ad b een ' chipped ' w ith ak nife , p ossibly d uring t he r emoval o f t he s kin . T he o nly o ther o vicaprid b ones e xhibiting b utchering m arks w ere r ibs , s ome o f w hich h ad b een c hopped t hrough .

T his i s c onsisent w ith t he m ethod o f p reparing j oints s imilar t o

m odern ' chops'. W hilst t he t otal n umber o f p ig b one f ragments i ncreased d uring t his p eriod , t heir r elative i mportance r emained l ow . T hey would h ave b een d omestic s cavengers f ed o n h ousehold r efuse , a nd k ept t o p rovide e xtra m eat f or t he t able . A ll t he p ig b ones c ame f rom p arts o f t he b ody w hich w ould h ave b een d iscarded d uring i nitial j ointing , t he h ead a nd t he l ower p arts o f t he l imbs . T his s uggests t hat t he r est o f t he b ody w as d ismembered t horoughly d uring c onsumption , t he m ajor l imb b ones b eing b roken u p, p ossibly t o e xtract t he b one m arrow , a nd s o b ecoming u nidentifiable. H orses w ere p resent a t t his s ite f or t he f irst t ime d uring P eriod I I , p robably b eing u sed a s p ack a nimals a nd b easts o f b urden a s w ell a s b eing r idden . N o b utchering o f h orses w as e vident , a lthough t he c omplete s kull f ound f rom t he i nf i ll o f ap it h ad b een p ole-axed . T his m ay h ave b een b ecause t he a nimal w as i njured o r s ick a nd n o l onger u seful f or w ork . H owever , h orses w ere c ertainly e aten e lsewhere i n B ritain a t t his t ime ( Kinnes , 1 981) , a nd t he a bsence o f a ny l ong b ones c ould b e a ttributed t o h orses b eing d ismembered d uring j ointing , b efore b eing e aten . D ogs w ould h ave b een k ept a s p ets w ith p ossible u ses a s h unting a nimals o r d omestic s cavengers . T he s ize o f t he d ogs w hose s keletons w ere f ound i s t hat o f a m odern t errier -t ype b reed , a lthough t he l ong b ones a ppear m ore g racile t han m odern t erriers . T he p resence o f h are b ones m ay i ndicated t hat t hey w ere h unted , p ossibly b y t he d ogs , a nd v alued f or t heir m eat a nd s kin . D omestic f owl a lso a ppeared a t t he s ettlement f or t he f irst t ime d uring t his p eriod . T hese w ould h ave b een p rized f or t heir e ggs a nd m eat , f eathers a nd f at f rom d omestic p oultry w ere a lso v alued a t t hat t ime . T he w oodcock a nd c row b ones a re p robably i ncidental i nclusions i n t he b one a ssemblage , a lthough i t i s p ossible t hat b oth m ight h ave b een e aten .

P ERIOD I II A part f rom t he p loughsoil c ontexts , P eriod I II c ontributed b y f ar t he g reatest q uantity o f m aterial t o t he b one a ssemblage , a t otal o f 5 ,157 f ragments b eing r ecovered f rom 12 c ontexts i n t his p eriod . O f t hese 2 ,153 f ragments w ere i dentifiable t o s pecies l evel , w ith f ifteen s pecies b eing p resent , 1 m ammals , 3b irds a nd 1 a mphibian . T he m ain f eature w ithin t his p eriod i s t he a ppearance o f t he l arge f armhouse ( Building R 3) , a nd t he c ontexts a ssociated w ith t his w ere f urther s ubdivided i nto t hree s ubgroupings s panning a s maller p eriod o f t ime ( see p p . 3 42 f . ) . S ince t hese c ontexts p rovided 2 ,765 f ragments o f b one , p articular a ttention w as p aid t o t he f armhouse w hen t he e conomy o f t he s ite a t t his t ime was

3 38

c onsidered. C attle. 5 92 c attle b one f ragments w ere r ecovered f rom P eriod I II , 2 8 .25% o f

t he

t otal

w ere r epresented ,

i dentifiable

w ith b ones

m ammal

f rom

b one .

A ll p arts

o f

r epresenting t he

s keleton

t he h ead a nd l ower r egions o f t he l imbs

b eing t he m ost c ommon . F ew b ones f rom i mmature c attle w ere f ound , a lmost a ll o f t he l imb b ones p resent h ad f used e piphyses . O ne m andible w as a ged , a nd t his h ad a ll t eeth i n w ear ; I t 's m andible w ear s tage i ndicated t hat i t c ame f rom a n a nimal o f a t l east f ive y ears , a nd p robably o lder . E vidence o f b utchering w as f ound o n s everal c attle b ones . T wo m andibles h ad b een c hopped t hrough , s uggesting t hat t he l ower j aw w as r emoved . O ther c ut m arks were p resent o n r ibs, v ertebrae a nd p arts o f t he p elvis . O ne a stragalus a nd o ne s econd p halanx h ad s maller m arks o n t hem , b y a k nife . S ome f ragments , m ainly l arge p ieces p itted a s ar esult o f b eing c hewed.

p ossibly m ade

o f l ong -b one ,

w ere

a lso

O vicaprid. T he o vicaprids w ere b y f ar t he m ost c ommon m ammals p resent d uring P eriod I II , w ith a t otal o f 1 ,252 ( 59 .74%) o f t he i dentifiable m ammal b ones b eing f rom t hese s pecies . M ost b ones o f t he s keleton w ere p resent , o ne n otable a bsentee b eing t he t hird p halanx . A gain , t he m ost c ommon p arts o f t he b ody w ere t he h ead a nd l ower p ortions o f t he l imbs . M ore i mmature o vicaprid b ones w ere f ound t han i mmature c attle b ones , b ut t his m ay n ot b e s ignificant c onsidering t he p roportions o f t he t wo s pecies. T wo m andibles w ere a ged ,

b oth h aving a ll

t eeth

i n w ear a nd

t herefore

c oming f rom a nimals a ged a bout 4 y ears , o n d eath . T hree m etapodials w ere f ound i n a g ood e nough s tate o f p reservation t o b e m easured , a ll o f w hich w ere m etatarsi o f s heep . T wo o f t hese w ere f rom t he s ame a nimal , a nd w ere f ound a s p art o f ad eposit o f a rticulated s heep b ones . B utchery m arks w ere p resent o n s everal b ones; t hese b eing m ostly c ut m arks o n l ong - b one f ragments a nd p ieces o f r ib , s ome o f w hich h ad a lso b een c hewed.

P ig . 8 8 f ragments o f p ig b one w ere p resent i n P eriod I II , r epresenting 4 .2% o f t he i dentifiable m ammal m aterial . 6 8 o f t hese w ere l oose t eeth , w ith a ll t he r emaining b ones c oming f rom t he h ead ,

p elvis o r l ower p arts o f t he

l imbs . O ne m etapodial w ith a n u nfused d istal e piphysis w as f ound , i ndicating t hat t he a nimal i t c ame f rom w as l ess t han t wo y ears o ld . N o e vidence o f b utchering w as p resent o n a ny o f t he p ig b ones.

D og. 1 00 ( 4 .77% ) o f t he i dentifiable m ammal b one c ame f rom d ogs .

T hese w ere

f rom a ll p arts o f t he b ody i n r oughly e qual n umbers , a nd t ended t o b e p resent i n s mall g roups o f a rticulated b ones . O ne i ncomplete d og s keleton w as r ecovered f rom P eriod I II, b ut t hese b ones w ere n ot i ncluded i ndividually i n t he c ount o f d og b ones a s t hey w ould h ave a rtificially r aised t he p roportion o f t he s pecies . M any o f t he e piphyses o f t he l imbb ones

o f

t his s pecimen w ere n ot

f used ,

m eaning

3 39

t hat

t he a nimal w as s till

i mmature a t d eath , p robably l ess t han 1 8 m onths o ld .

T he d imensions o f t he

t ibia , u lna a nd h umerus s uggest t hat t he d og s tood a bout 4 0 c m . a t t he s houlder . T he p elvis o f t his d og h ad m arks o n i t w hich i ndicate t hat i t h ad b een g nawed , b ut n o e vidence o f b utchery w as p resent o n a ny d og b ones f rom t his p eriod . T he s even o ther m ammal s pecies r epresented i n t he m aterial f rom P eriod I II w ere h orse , c at , h are , r ed d eer , w ater v ole , w ood m ouse a nd h ouse m ouse. T he h orse w as p resent m ainly a s l oose t eeth ,

w ith a f ew f ragments o f

l imb b ones a lso b eing f ound . T he o ther d omestic a nimal , t he c at , w as r epresented b y j ust o ne f emur . O f t he w ild m ammal s pecies , t he h are a nd d eer w ere b oth p resent i n s mall a mounts , a ll t hese b eing l imb b ones , n one o f w hich s howed s igns o f b eing b utchered o r c hewed . T he t hree s pecies o f r odent w ere a ll r ecovered a s c omplete s keletons o r c ollections o f a rticulated b ones . T he w ood m ouse , A podemus s pp . , a nd t he h ouse m ouse , M us s pp . , w ere b oth f ound a s i ncomplete s keletons w ithin t he f armhouse . T he w ater v ole , A rvicola t errestris , o n t he o ther h and w as p resent a s ag roup o f a t l east n ine s keletons , o r p artial s keletons , f rom t he c emetery . I n a ddition t o t he m ammal b ones , a t otal o f 2 8 f ragments o f b ird b one w ere r ecovered f rom P eriod I II , 7o f w hich w ere a ble t o b e i dentified t o s pecies l evel . T here w ere t hree s pecies p resent , a nd t hese w ere d omestic f owl , w oodcock a nd c row .

F owl. T hree b ones w ere i dentified a s c oming f rom d omestic f owl , s capula a nd a f emur . N o b utchering m arks w ere p resent o n a lthough t he s capula w as p itted w ith t ooth m arks .

1h umerus , a t hese b ones ,

W oodcock . W oodco c k w as p resent i n t wo c ontexts , o ne o f w hich c ontained a n t ibio t ersus a nd a f ibula f rom t he s ame l eg . b utchered o r c hewed.

N one o f t hese b ones h ad b een

Crow.

C row w as r epresented b y a s ingle b one , c ontexts a ssociated w ith B uilding R 3.

a t ibio-tarsus f rom o ne o f t he

T wo f ragments o f f rog b one .w ere p resent i n P eriod I II , b oth c oming f rom t he f ore l imb o f t he s ame i ndividual.

P eriod I IIA . A t otal o f 4 4 f ragments o f b one c ame f rom P eriod ' ILA , 2 5 o f w hich w ere i dentifiable t o s pecies l evel . O f t hese , 2 0 f ragments w ere f rom t he o vicaprid s pecies , 3f rom c attle a nd 1 e ach f rom p ig a nd h are .

3 40

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1 0 o f t he o vicaprid b ones w ere l oose t eeth , r epresenting 5 07 v o f t he t otal m aterial f rom t his s pecies . T he r emaining b ones c ame f rom t he h ead a nd l imbs , n one o f w hich s howed a ny e vidence o f h aving , b een b utchered .

r ib .

T he t hree c attle b ones w ere a m etapodial , a i st p halanx a nd a p iece o f T he r ib h ad b een c hopped t hrough . O ne o ther b one , a f ragment o f

l ong-bone h ad b een c hewed a nd w as p itted w ith t eeth m arks ,

b ut n o o thers

s howed a ny s igns o f b utchery.

P eriod I IIB. T he f armhouse c ontexts a ssociated w ith P eriod I IIB p roduced a lmost h alf o f t he b one m aterial f rom t he w hole o f P eriod I II , t he 4 5 c ontexts y ielding 2 ,454 f ragments o f b one . 8 03 f ragments ( 32 .72%) w ere i dentifiable t o s pecies l evel w ith 6 m ammals a nd 3 b irds b eing r epresented . T he

o vicaprid

s pecies

p rovided

5 36

f ragments

( 6 6 .75%)

o f

t he

i dentifiable m ammal b ones f rom t his p eriod . A ll p arts o f t he b ody w ere p resent , t he m ost n umerous r egions b eing t he h ead a nd l ower p arts o f t he l imbs . 3o vicaprid l ong-bone f ragments s howed k nife c uts , a nd o ne o f t hese w as a lso p itted f rom b eing c hewed . 4 o ther p ieces o f b one h ad a lso b een c hewed , 2f urther l ong-bone f ragments a nd 2 p ieces o f r ib . O ne o f t he r ib f ragments h ad b een c hopped t hrough . T wo c omplete s heep m etatarsi w ere f ound , t hese c ame f rom a c ollection o f a rticulated b ones a nd w ere f rom a m ature a nimal , s ince a ll t he e piphyses w ere f used o nto t he s hafts o f t he b one . 1 59 ( 19 .8% ) o f t he i dentifiable m ammal b one f ragments c ame f rom c attle . A gain m ost p arts o f t he s keleton w ere r epresented , w ith t he h ead a nd l imb e xtremitites b eing t he m ost c ommon . N o b utchering m arks w ere f ound o n a ny c attle b ones f rom t his p eriod . T he o ther m ammal s pecies p resent i n P eriod I IIB w ere d og ( 5 .1% o f t otal i ndentifiable m ammal b one) , p ig ( 4 .85%) , h orse ( 1 .87%) a nd wood m ouse , w hich w as p resent a s a n i ncomplete s keleton . At otal o f 1 3 b ird b ones w ere r ecovered f rom t he f armhouse i n t his p eriod , t he t hree s pecies t hat w ere i dentified b eing d omestic f owl , w oodcock a nd c row .

P eriod I IIC. 2 40 b one f ragments w ere r ecovered f rom B uilding R 3 w ithin P eriod I IIC . O f t hese , 1 32 w ere i dentifiable t o s pecies l evel , 7 m ammals a nd o ne b ird b eing p resent. M ost o f t he m ammal b one , 7 5 f ragments ( 56 .82%) c ame f rom o vicaprid s pecies . T he m ajority o f t hese w ere m andibles o r l oose t eeth , t he r emainder c oming f rom m ost p arts o f t he l imbs a nd t he r ibs . O ne l ong -b one f ragment h ad b een c ut , t his w as t he o nly e xample o f b utchering o f t his s pecies f rom t his p eriod . O ne m andible w as a ged ; i t c ame f rom a n a nimal w ith a ll t eeth i n w ear , i ndicating a n a ge o f a bout 4 y ears. T he o nly o ther m ammal t o b e p resent i n a ny q uantity w as c attle , w ith 4 3 ( 32 .57% ) o f t he i dentifiable b ones b eing o f t he s pecies . s keleton w ere

r epresented w ith

b ones

o f

t he

3 42

h ead

M ost p arts o f t he

b eing p redominant o nce

m ore .

N o b ones

o f i mmature a nimals w ere f ound ,

a nd n one o f

t he c attle

b ones s howed e vidence o f b eing b utchered . T he o ther m ammal s pecies w ere p resent i n v ery s mall a mounts , 3f ragments o f p ig b one , 2 o f h orse , a nd 1 e ach o f d og a nd d eer . O ne i ncomplete s keleton o f ah ouse m ouse w as a lso r ecovered f rom t he c ontexts o f t his p eriod . 7f ragments o f b ird b one w ere f ound f rom a reas a ssociated w ith t he f armhouse i n P eriod I IIC . O ne o f t hese w as i dentifiable t o a p articular s pecies , t he d omestic f owl , a nd n one h ad b een c hewed o r s howed s igns o f b utchering .

S ummary ( table 4 ). T he l arge i ncrease i n q uantity o f a nimal b one m aterial ,

e specially f rom

d omestic s pecies , i ndicates t hat t his p eriod r epresents t he w hich t he s ettlement a t t his s ite r eached i ts p eak o f a ctivity .

t ime

d uring

C omparison b etween t he r elative n umbers o f t he d ifferent s pecies p resent i n t his a nd o ther p eriods s hows t hat i t w as d uring P eriod I II t hat o vicaprids b ecame t he m ost i mportant s pecies , t aking o ver t his r ole f rom c attle . T he e vidence p rovided b y t heir b one r emains i ndicates t hat t he o vicaprids w ere k ept f or a t l east f our y ears b efore b eing k illed , s uggesting t hat t hey s erved s ome p urpose o ther t han t heir m eat v alue . T his w ould h ave b een a s p roviders o f w ool a nd m ilk , af act t hat w ould b e s ubstantiated i f a n i mbalance i n t he s exes i n f avour o f t he f emales c ould b e p roved . U nfortunately , t oo f ew b ones w ere p reserved w ell e nough t o e nable s exing t o b e c arried o ut a nd a lso b e r epresentative o f t he s pecies a s aw hole. E vidence o f b utchering w as p resent o n s everal o vicaprid b ones , m ainly m etapodial a nd l ong-bone s haft o r r ibs . T his s uggests t hat j ointing o f t he c arcasses i nvolved d isposing o f t he l ower p arts a t t he l imbs , e xplaining w hy s o m any b ones f rom t hese r egions w ere r ecovered i ntact . H owever n o t hird p halanges ( hooves) w ere f ound , i ndicating t hat t hey w ere u seful f or s ome p urpose , p ossibly b eing m ade i nto p ins o r e ven b oiled d own t o m ake o ils a s i s s till t he p ractice i n p arts o f t he c ountry t oday . B ones o f t he h ead , e specially t he t eeth , w ere a lso p resent i n l arger n umbers t han m ost o ther p arts o f t he s keleton . T his i s a p roduct o f t heir l ong l ifetime i n a rchaeological c ontexts a nd t he c ase o f t heir i dentification . I t c an a lso b e b ecause o f t he f act t hat t hese p arts o f t he b ody c ontain l ittle e dible f lesh a nd w ould t herefore n ot b e s ubjected t o m uch i n t he w ays o f j ointing a nd c ooking . T hose b one f ragments t hat w ere p itted w ith t eeth m arks , u sually r ib a nd l ong-bone f ragments , m ay h ave b een s o a s a r esult o f h uman c onsumption , b ut t hey a re j ust a s l ikely t o h ave b een c aused b y d ogs s cavenging o n s craps . A lthough c attle h ad c eased t o b e t he m ost i mportant s pecies d uring P eriod I II , t hey w ere s till t he o nly o ther s pecies a part f rom o vicaprids t o b e p resent i n l arge n umbers . A geing d ata , f rom l imb b one e piphyseal f usion a nd m andible t ooth w ear e vidence s howed t he a nimals t o b e k ept u ntil a t l est f ive y ears o ld b efore b eing k illed o ff . T his s uggests s ome o ther f unction t han a s p urely e dible m eat , p robably t hey w ere u sed a s d raught a nimals w ith f urther b enefits c oming a s d airy c attle .

3 43

T he b utchering o f c attle w as l ittle d ifferent t o t hat o f s heep , a lthough t here w ere o ne o r t wo e xceptions . F irstly c attle m andibles t hat h ad b een c hopped t hrough a nterior t o t he c oronoid p rocess i ndicated t hat t he l ower j aw w as r emoved , p robably t o a fford a ccess t o t he t ongue w hich w ould h ave b een e aten . T his w as n ot e vident o n a ny o vicaprid m andibles . S econdly , v ertebrae t hat h ad b een c hopped l ongitudually w ere r ecovered f rom t his p eriod . T his o ccurs w hen a n a nimal i s c ut i nto ' s ides ' a c ommon p ractice n owadays , a nd o bviously k nown a bout i n t he t hird a nd f ourth c enturies . A s w ith o vicaprids , t he l ower p arts o f t he l imbs w ere d iscarded d uring j ointing o f t he c arcass , p robably b y c hopping t hrough t he j oint a t t he t op o f t he m etapodials . F ew c attle h ooves ( third p halanges) w ere r ecovered , a s w as t he c ase f or o vicaprids , i ndicating s ome u se f or t his p art o f t he b ody . O ne s econd p halanx t hat w as c ut n ear i ts d istal e nd w as r ecovered , a p ossible c onsequence o f t he r emoval o f t he h oof . S ome l arge l ong-bone f ragments s howed m any t ooth m arks , a nd h ad p robably b een c hewed b y d ogs. O ther d omestic a nimals o f e conomic i mportance w ere p igs a nd h orses . P igs w ere r epresented a lmost e ntirely b y p arts o f t he b ody t hat d o n ot c arry m uch e dible f lesh , t he h ead a nd l ower p arts o f t he l imbs . A lthough n o b utchering m arks w ere f ound o n a ny p ig b ones , t his s uggests t hat t hey w ere j ointed a nd e aten . T hey w ould h ave b een k ept s olely f or t heir m eat , b eing k illed o ff a s s oon a s t hey r eached a s uitable s ize , h ence t he f ind o f i mmature p ig b ones. H orse w as p resent n early t otally a s l oose t eeth ,

3 5 o ut o f t he t otal o f

4 2 h orse b one f ragments b eing t eeth . T he r emaining 7 b ones w ere p halanges a nd p ieces o f o ther l imb b ones , p lus o ne m andible . N o b utchering m arks w ere f ound o n a ny h orse b ones b ut t he a bsence o f a ny f inds o f a rticulated g roups o f b ones s uggests t hat t heir c arcasses w ere d ismembered i n s ome w ay . T he h orse w ould h ave b een p ack a nimals , p ossibly b eing r idden a nd u sed f or d raught p urposes a s w ell . D ogs w ere p resent t hroughout t hese c ontexts , o ften b eing f ound a s s mall g roups o f a rticulated b ones . T heir s ize s uggests t hey w ere o f l ittle u se f or h unting , p robably b eing m ore o f ap et t han a w orking a nimal . H are a nd d eer w ere p resent i n s mall q uantities a nd w ould p robably h ave b een h unted o ccasionally . C at w as a lso p resent i n s mall n umbers , p robably b eing s emiw ild , l iving o ff s craps a nd v ermin . O f t he t hree s pecies o f r odent f ound i n t his p eriod ,

t he t wo t hat w ere

p resent i n t he c ontexts a ssociated w ith B uilding R 3 , n amely t he w ood m ouse a nd t he h ouse m ouse , a re k nown t o f requently i nvade h uman d wellings i n m odern t imes a nd t his c ould b e t he c ase w ith t hese f inds . T he o ther r odent t he w ater v ole , w as f ound a s ac ollection o f a bout n ine s keletons a ll i n o ne c ontext . T his c ould b e a r esult o f t he a nimals b urrowing d own f rom l ater p eriods , o r i t m ay r epresent t he r emains o f t he f ood i tems o f ap redator , s uch a s a n o wl . T he t hree s pecies o f b ird i dentified f rom P eriod I II w ere d omestic f owl , w oodcock a nd c row . T he f owl w ould h ave b een k ept f or m eat a nd e ggs t he w oodco c ks a nd c row a re p robably i ncidental i nclusion , a lthough i t c ould b e t hat t hey w ere e aten . T he m ain f eature o f P eriod I II i s t he a ppearence o f t he f armhouse ( Building R 3) a nd i ts s ubsequent e nlargement . M any o f t he c ontexts w ithin t he f armhouse w ere s ubdivided i nto t hree p eriods A ,

3 44

Ba nd C ,

g iving a

p icture o f t he s eries o f c hanges w ithin t he s ite d uring P eriod I II. P eriod I IIA y ielded v ery l ittle b one m aterial . d irect c onsequence o f t wo f actors ;

T his i s p robably a

t he s mall n umber o f c ontexts a ssigned t o

t his t ime a nd , t he f act t hat t he f armhouse w as n ot e xtended u ntil a l ater d ate . O vicaprids w ere t he m ost c ommon s pecies d uring P eriod I IIA , a lthough i t c ould b e a rgued t hat t heir i mportance i s e xaggerated a s h alf t he o vicaprid b ones a re l oose t eeth a nd n o o ther s ingle b one i s p resent m ore t han o nce . I n f act , a ll t he o vicaprid b ones c ould p ossibly h ave c ome f rom o ne s ingle a nimal , t he s ame c ould b e s aid o f t he o ther s pecies p resent , n amely c attle , p ig a nd h are . H owever , t he i ndications a re t hat t he s ite w as n ot e xtensive d uring t his p eriod , w ith o nly a f ew l ivestock b eing k ept t here . T hat t here w ere h uman s ettlers p resent a t t his t ime i s s hown b y t he p resence o f c ut m arks o n a n o vicaprid r ib f ragment. P eriod I IIB y ielded t he g reatest a mount o f b one f rom a ny s ingle p eriod , a nd m ust

r epresent

t he

t ime

w hen t he

s ite w as

a t

i ts m ost a ctive .

T he

f armhouse h ad n ow b een e nlarged a nd i ncorporated m ore r ooms , i ndicating a n i ncrease i n t he n umber o f p eople r esiding t here . T he e conomy s eems t o h ave b een b ased o n s heep a nd c attle , t here b eing u ndoubtedly m ore o f t he f ormer . A geing e vidence s hows t hat b oth w ere k ept i nto m aturity a nd s o b eyond t he t ime o f m aximum m eat y ield . B oth w ere t herefore i mportant m ore f or t heir h ides , m ilk a nd i n t he c ase o f c attle , d raught w ork , t han t heir m eat v alue . P igs w ere k ept f or t heir m eat , a nd w ere t herefore k illed w hilst s till q uite y oung . A f ew h orses w ere a lso p resent , b eing w orked a s p ack a nimals a nd p robably r idden . T here i s n o e vidence o f h orses b eing e aten a t t his s ite , a lthough t hey w ere e aten a t o ther s ites d uring s imilar p eriods ( Kinn 1 981) . T he o ther d omestic a nimal t hat w as k ept f or i t 's m eat w as t he f owl , p robably l iving ' free - r ange ' s imilar t o m any m odern s mall -h oldings . P eriod I IIC m arks t he d ecline o f t he f armhhouse r esulting i n t he e ventual d estruction o f s ome o f t he w alls a ssociated w ith t he b uilding . M ost o f t he b one m aterial f rom t his p eriod c ame f rom c ontexts t hat c ontained m ainly r ubble f rom t his d estruction a nd m ay t herefore i nclude s ome i ntrusions f rom o ther p eriods , e specially P eriod I IIB . T he q uantity o f b one m aterial f rom P eriod I IIC w as m uch l ess t han f rom t he p revious p eriod , r eflecting t he g radual d esertion o f t he s ite . T hose b ones t hat w ere r ecovered c ame a lmost e xclusively f rom t wo s pecies, n amely c attle a nd o vicaprids . T hese w ere p resent i n m uch m ore e qual n umbers t han b efore , s uggesting t hat o vicaprids h ad b ecome l ess i mportant t han i n p revious p eriods .

T he a geing d ata s hows

t hat

t hese a nimals w ere k ept

b eyond

r eaching m aturity , b eing v alued f or t heir h ides a nd m ilk , a s m uch a s t heir m eat . T he e conomy o f t he s ite d uring P eriod I IIC i s d ifficult t o i nterpret b ecause o f t he r unning d own o f t he f armhouse . S ince s heep a nd c attle w ere t he m ost i mportant l ivestock i n P eriod I IIB i t i s l ikely t hat t hey c ontinued t o b e s o f or t he e arly p art o f I IIC . A s t he s ite w as d eserted , t he n umber o f a nimals would h ave d windled , u ntil t he e ventual a bandonment o f t he f armhouse o ccured , a t w hich t ime a nimal h usbandry w ould p robably h ave c ollapsed c ompletely a t t his s ite .

P ERIOD I V P eriod I V r epresents a t ime w hen t he s ite w as o ccupied o n a s mall s cale ( see p .

) , a t

p eriod

y ielded

t he s tart o f a t otal

o f

i dentifiable t o s pecies l evel ,

t he f ifth c entury . 7 70

b one

F our c ontexts

f ragments,

3 56

o f

f rom t his

which

were

w ith s even s pecies o f m ammal a nd o ne o f b ird

3 45

b eing p resent . O nly t wo o f t he m ammal s pecies w ere r epresented i n l arge n umbers , c attle a nd o vicaprids . B etween t hem t hese t wo s pecies p rovided 3 06 ( 89 .21% ) o f t he 3 43 i dentifiable m ammal b ones .

C attle . 16 ( 33 .82% ) o f t he m ammal b ones c ame f rom c attle ,

t he m ajority b eing

f rom t he h ead r egion . M ost o ther p arts o f t he b ody w ere p resent i n o nly s mall a mounts . N o b ones f rom i mmature a nimals w ere r ecovered , a nd n one o f t he b ones f ound h ad a ny m arks o f b utchering o r c hewing .

O vicaprids. 5 5 .4% , 1 90 f ragments , o f t he i dentifiable b ones w ere f rom t he o vicaprid s pecies , m ost o f t hese w ere l oose t eeth o r l ong-bone f ragments , w ith f ew i dentifiable b ones f rom t he l imbs o r o ther p arts o f t he b ody b eing p resent . N o b ones d isplayed b utchering m arks a nd w hilst t he m ajority o f b ones c ame f rom m ature a nimals , o ne f irst p halanx w ith a n u nfused d istal e piphysis w as f ound . T he o ther d omestic a nimals p resent i n t his p eriod w ere p ig , h orse a nd d og . T he p ig w as p resent e ntirely a s l oose t eeth ; t he h orse b one b eing 1 t eeth , 1m etapodial a nd 2 r ib f ragments , n one o f w hich s hown a ny e vidence o f b utchering . T he d og b ones c ame m ainly f rom t he l imbs a nd w ere p resent a s s mall g roups i n e ach o f t he c ontexts w here t hey o ccurred . T hree f ragments o f b ird b one w ere r ecovered f rom t he f our c ontexts w ithin t his p eriod , t wo o f w hich w ere i ndeterminate . T he o ther b ird b one w as t he h umerus o f ad omestic f owl . T wo s pecies o f w ild m ammals w ere p resent , b oth b eing r epresented b y j ust o ne b one . T hey w ere t he r ed d eer , w hich w as r epresented b y a s ingle m etapodial b one , a nd t he w ater v ole , A rvicola t errestris o ne d entary o f t his s pecies b eing f ound .

S ummary ( table 5 ). D uring P eriod I V t he s ite w as o ccupied i n t he o pening d ecades o f t he f ifth c entury . M ost o f t he b one m aterial , 7 04 o f t he 7 70 f ragments , c ame f rom o ne c ontext t hat c ontained r ubble f rom t he d estruction o f p art o f t he f armhouse b uilding , a nd t herefore p robably r epresents r efuse f rom t he b uilding a s aw hole a nd m ay n ot a ll b elong t o t his p eriod . T he r emaining b ones c ame f rom t hree c ontexts ; ap it w ithin t he f armhouse b uilding , a p osthole a nd a ' g eneral l ayer ' b oth o utside t he s tr ucture . W ith o ver 9 0% o f t he m aterial c oming f rom j ust o ne c ontext , t he o rigins o f w hich a re u nclear , v iable c onclusions a re d ifficult t o r each . H owever , t he p resence o f t he p it w ithin t he a rea o f t he f armhouse i s p ossible e vidence o f s ome s ort o f o ccupation o f t he b uilding a t t his t ime ( see p . 7 9) N one o f t hese b ones s howed a ny s igns o f h aving b een b utchered o r c hewed , t he s pecies r epresented i n t his p it b eing c attle , s heep a nd d og . T he f act t hat n o b ones

o f d omestic s pecies o f e conomic i mportance w ere

3 46

f ound i n l arge

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P ERIOD V . T he c ontexts o f P eriod V r epresent t he i nf i ll o f r obber t renches d ug t o r emove t he w alls o f t he f armhouse ( Building R 3) . T his p eriod o f a ctivity i s n ot d ated c losely ( see p . 8 0) . 8 9 b one f ragments w ere r ecovered f rom t he 6 c ontexts a ssigned t o t his p eriod , 3 0 o f w hich w ere i dentifiable t o s pecies . F our s pecies o f m ammal a nd o ne s pecies o f b ird w ere i dentified , t he m ammals b eing c attle , o vicaprids , p ig a nd r abbit , t he b ird w as a d omestic f owl . 1 f ragments ( 37 .94% ) o f t he i dentifiable m ammal b one c ame f rom c attle . T hese w ere a ll f rom t he h ead , r ibs a nd l ower p arts o f t he l imbs . N o b ones f rom i mmature a nimals w ere r ecovered , a nd n one o f t he b ones s howed a ny s igns o f b utchering . T he o vicaprid s pecies w ere t he m ost n umerous a nimals i n t his p eriod ,

1 4

( 48 .28%) o f t he m ammal b ones w ere f rom t his s pecies . L oose t eeth a nd f ragments o f m andible w ere t he c ommonest p arts o f t he s keleton , w ith t he r emaining b ones b eing f rom m ost p arts o f t he l imbs . O ne p iece o f s heep m andible c arrying d eciduous t eeth w as r ecovered , b ut t his w as t he o nly e vidence o f y oung a nimals i n t he m aterial . N o o vicaprid b ones b ore a ny i ndication o f h aving b een b utchered o r c hewed. T he p ig w as r epresented b y t wo l oose t eeth a nd o ne m etapodial b one , a nd t he r abbit b y o ne t ibia . T wo f ragments o f b ird b one w ere r ecovered f rom t he c ontexts o f P eriod V , o ne w as i dentifiable a s t he t aiso-metatarsus o f a d omestic f owl . T his b one b ore a s car i n t he p ostion w here o ne would n ormally f ind t he s pur o n am ale b ird .

S ummary ( table 6 ). P eriod V r epresents

t he

f inal p hase

o f

a ctivity

o n t he

s ite a t

I ronmongers f ield , a ny l ater s tratification w as d estroyed b y r ecent p loughing a nd t he m aterial f rom t hese l ater t imes i s i ncluded i n t he p loughsoil c ontexts . T he m ost i mportant f eatures o f t his p eriod a re t he r obber t renches d ug t o r emove t he w alls o f t he b y n ow r uined f armhouse ( Building R 3) , a nd i t i s t he s ubsequent i nf i ll o f t hese t renches t hat p rovided t he b one m aterial o f P eriod V . T he r elative s carcity o f b one i n P eriod V m ay s uggest t hat t here w as n o h uman o ccupation o f t he s ite a t t his t ime . I f a n e stimate o f t he t ype o f e conomy o f t he a rea d uring t his p eriod c an b e m ade f rom t he s mall q uantity o f m aterial p resent . T hen i t w ould s eem t hat t he t wo m ost i mportant d omestic s pecies w ere c attle a nd o vicaprids , a pproximately e qual n umbers o f b oth b eing r epresented . T he s izes o f t he s amples a re r eally t oo s mall t o d raw v alid c onclusions , b ut t he d ominance o f b ones f rom a dult a nimals i ndicates t hat b oth w ere v alued f or o ther t han p urely t heir m eat p roduction . T he p resence o f p ig a nd d omestic f owl s uggest t hat t hese t wo s pecies p rovided a n a dditional s upplement t o t he d iet o f t he i nhabitants o f t he s ite , h e s ame b _ing t rue o f r abbit w hich w ould b e h unted w hen t he c hance a rose .

3 49

S UMMARY O F F RAGMENTATION A ND B UTCHERY E vidence o f b utchering w as p resent o n b ones f rom s pecies r epresented i n t he b one a ssemblage , n amely T he g eneral p attern o f b utchering s eems t o h ave b een p eriods o f o ccupation o f t he s ite a nd w as l ittle s pecies i nvolved .

o nly t wo o f t he m ammal c attle a nd o vicaprids . t he s ame t hroughout t he d ifferent f or t he t wo

C attle. A ll p arts o f t he s keleton w ere p resent f or c attle , a lthough t hose r ibs t hat w ere c redited a s b eing o f t his s pecies w ere m ainly c attle-sized a nd w ere n ot i rrefutably f rom c attle . B ones f rom t he h ead a nd l ower p arts o f t he l imbs w ere m ore c ommon t han o ther p arts o f t he b ody , a nd t here a re t wo p robable e xplanations f or t his . F irstly , t hese a re p arts o f t he c arcass t hat a re o f l ittle d ietary v alue , a nd a re t herefore l ikely t o h ave b een d iscarded c omplete d uring i nitial j ointing o f t he a nimal , a voiding f urther d ismembering d uring c ooking a nd e ating . S econdly , a nd r elated t o t he f irst p oint , b ones f rom t he h ead a nd l ower p arts o f t he l imbs a re u sually i dentifiable e ven w hen b adly b roken u p . T he m ajor l imb b ones h owever , a re o ften d ifficult t o i dentify s ince t hey b ecome v ery f ragmented , e specially w hen t hey a re b roken o pen f or m arrow e xtraction . T his m ight h ave l ed t o t he b ias t owards t hose p arts o f t he s keleton a forementioned. I t i s g enerally a ccepted t hat i n t he m edieval p eriod , a nd l ong b efore , c attle w ere s laughtered b y p ole-axeing . H owever , n o e vidence o f t his p ractice w as p resent f rom t his s ite , a lthough t his i s p robably d ue t o t he f ragmentary n ature o f t he m aterial r ecovered . C attle m andibles t hat h ad b een c hopped t hrough a nterior t o t he c oronoid p rocess i ndicated t hat t he t ongue w as r emoved a nd c onsidered e dible , b ut l ittle e vidence o f t he m ethod o f r emoval o f t he s kull w as f ound . H orn c ores w ere c hopped o ff a t t heir b ase a nd p resumably s erved s ome p urpose . L imbs w ere c hopped t hrough a t t he j oints , s houlder , e lbow , h ip a nd h ock , o ften r esulting i n t he l oss o f t he e piphyses o f t he l ong-bones . I n p articular t he h ead o f t he f emur p arts o f t he p elvic g irdle w ere o ften c ut , p ossibly d uring t he r emoval o f t he h indl imbs , a lthough n o c orresponding m arks w ere f ound o n a ny c attle s capulae . M etapodials a nd p halanges w ith k nife c uts a re p robably t he r esult o f s kinning t he a nimals , s tarting o r e nding a t t he l imbs . F ewer t hird p halanges w ere f ound t han f irst a nd s econd , t his s uggests t hat t he h ooves w ere p ut t o s ome u se . R ibs a nd v ertebrae o ften s howed c uts , p ossibly t he r esult o f p reparing ' c hops ' s imilar t o t oday .

O vicap r ids. A gain ,

a ll p arts o f t he s keleton w ere p resent ,

t he h ead a nd l ower p arts

o f t he l imbs b eing t he m ost c ommon . T he e xplanation i s p resumably t he s ame a s f or c attle . T he j ointing o f o vicaprids h owever , w as s lightly d ifferent t o t hat p ractised o n c attle c arcasses. N o m andibles s howing c ut m arks w ere f ound , s uggesting t hat s heep t ongue w as n ot c onsidered t o b e a s d esirable a s t hat o f c attle . A lso , n o h orn c ores t hat h ad b een c hopped o ff w ere r ecovered . R emoval o f t he l imbs w as a chieved b y c hopping t hrough t he s houlder a nd h ip j oints, r esulting i n b roken s capulae a nd p elvic b ones . E lbow a nd h ock j oints w ere c hopped t hrough a s w ith c attle ,

b ut n o p halanges b earing k nife m arks w ere f ound ,

3 50

s uggesting t hat t he s kinning o f o vicaprids d id n ot p roceed a s f ar d own t he l imbs a s d id t he s kinn ing o f c attle . M any l ong-bones h ad b een c hopped t hrough m id -s haft , p resumably f or m arrow e xtraction , a nd r ibs a nd v ertebrae a gain s eem t o h ave b een p repared i nto ' c hops ' . N o t hird p halanges w ere f ound , a nd c onsidering t he h igh n umbers o f f irst a nd s econd p halanges r ecovered , t his m ust m ean t hat o vicaprid h ooves w ere r emoved a nd p ut t o s ome u se. N o b ones f rom a nimals o ther t han c attle a nd o vicaprids s howed a ny s igns o f b utchering a lthough m any h ad b een c hewed a nd b urnt . O ne h orse s kull h ad b een p ole-axed , b ut n o e vidence o f h orses b eing e aten a t t his s ettlement w as f ound . T his m ay t herefore h ave b een t he k illing o f a n o ld o r s ick a nimal w hich h ad c ome t o t he e nd o f i t's w orking l ife .

S ite S ummary. D uring t he o ccupation o f t his s ite t here h ave b een c hanges i n t he s ize a nd s tatus o f t he s ettlement a nd t hese f luctuations h ave e xpressed t hemselves i n t he b one m aterial l eft b ehind . T he m ajority o f t he b ones c an b e c onsidered a s d omestic r efuse , r emains o f a nimals k illed f or m eat a nd h ide , a nd a s s uch g ive v aluable c lues t o t he e conomy o f t he s ite i n g eneral . D uring P eriod I o f o ccupation o f t he s ite t here w as l ittle b one m aterial r ecovered , s uggesting t hat t he s ettlement w as n ot a l arge o ne . T he m ost i mportant s pecies a t t hat t ime w as c attle , t hese p rovided m ilk a nd p ulling p ower f or d raught p urpose b efore b eing s laughtered f or t heir m eat a nd h ide . O vicaprids p layed a s upporting r ole a t t his t ime , p robably b eing j ust a s i mportant f or t heir w ool a nd t heir m eat . P igs w ere p resent i n v ery s mall n umbers a t t he t ime , b eing k ept t o s upplement t he d iet. I n P eriod I I t he s ettlement h ad g rown i n s ize , t he a mount o f b one m aterial r ecovered i ncreasing a ccordingly . N ow t here w ere t wo s pecies o f j oint i mportance , c attle a nd o vicaprids . A geing d ata s hows t hat b oth t hese s pecies w ere k ept w ell i nto m aturity s uggesting r oles o ther t han a s s olely s ources o f m eat f or b oth . T he c attle w ould a gain h ave b een d raught o r d airy a nimals , t he s heep b eing k ept f or t heir f leece a nd a lso p ossibly m ilk . P igs w ere n ow p resent i n g reater n umbers t han b efore , s uggesting t hat t hey p rovided a h igher p roportion o f t he m eat t o t he i nhabitants a t t hat t ime . H orses a ppeared f or t he f irst t ime d uring t his p eriod a nd w ould h ave b een w orked a s p ack a nimals a nd r idden . H owever , t here i s n o e vidence o f h orses b eing e aten a t t his s ite , a lthough o ne h orse s kull r ecovered f rom a P eriod I I p it h ad b een p ole-axed . T wo c omplete s heep s kulls a nd t he l ower p arts o f t he l imb o f t hese a nimals w ere f ound b uried u nder t he f loor o f C ircular B uilding R 1 a nd t hat m ay i ndicate s ome r eligious p ractice a ssociated w ith t his s tructure . N o o ther e vidence f rom t he a nimal b one a ssemblage e ither c onfirms o r d enounces t hat i mplication . T he o ccupation o f P eriod I II i s m arked b y t he a ppearance o f t he l arge f armhouse , B uilding R 3 . I t w as d uring t his t ime t hat t he s ettlement w as a t i t 's b usiest a nd t he c ontexts f rom t his p eriod p rovided t he m ost i dentifiable b one m aterial . T he m ost o bvious f eature o f t he e conomy o f t he s ettlement d uring t his p eriod i s t he f act t hat s heep h ave n ow e merged a s t he d ominant s pecies , a nd a re p resent i n m uch g reater n umbers t han t he n ext m ost n umerous , c attle . A geing d ata a gain s uggested t hat t he s heep w ere m ost i mportant f or t heir w ool , a nd t he f act t hat t here w ere s o m any m ore s heep t han c attle m ay s uggest t hat s ome o f t he w ool w as s old a nd n ot u sed s olely

3 51

a t t his s ite . A part f rom c attle a nd s heep , n o o ther s pecies w as p resent i n s ignificant n umbers , t he n ext m ost c ommon s pecies b eing t he d omestic d og . P ig h ad b ecome l ess i mportant , a lthough t hey s till p rovided a p art o f t he m eat e aten a t t he s ite , h orses w ere a lso p resent i n s mall n umbers . T he m ajority o f t he b one m aterial f rom P eriod I V c ame f rom t he c ontexts c ontaining t he r ubble o f t hose p arts o f t he f armhouse t hat w ere i n d ecay , a nd a re t herefore m ore r epresentative o f t he t ype o f e conomy b efore t he d estruction t han t he a ctual t ime w hen i t o ccurred . S ome b one w as r ecovered f rom a p eriod o f r e-occupation o f t he f armhouse , i n t he e arly f ifth c entury , a nd a lthough c attle a nd s heep w ere p resent i n t hese f inds i t i s u nlikely t hat t here w as m uch p lanned a griculture a t t he s ite d uring t his t ime . T he m ain f eatures o f P eriod V a re t he t he w alls o f t he r uined f armhouse .

' r obber t renches ' d ug t o r emove

T he b one m aterial f rom t his t ime w as

p resent i n t he i nf i ll o f t hese t renches , a nd p robably r epresented l argely r esidual m aterial . T he t wo m ain m ammal s pecies w ere a gain c attle a nd o vicaprids , a lthough n ow t hey w ere a gain i n a pproximately e qual n umbers , w ith s ome p igs b eing a lso p resent . T he o verall l ack o f m aterial s uggests t hat t he s ite w as n ot f armed . A ll f inds o f a m ore r ecent n ature t han t he p eriod o f t he ' robber t renches ' w ere i ncluded i n t he p loughsoil m aterial , s ince t hey w ere u nstratified d ue t o m odern f arming o f t he a rea . N o a nalysis o f t he b ones f rom t he p loughsoil h as b een c arried o ut.

N OTES. 1 .

T he a uthor i s g rateful t o B ruce L evitan o f t he B ristol C ity M useum f or t he h elp a nd a dvice g iven t hroughout t he p reparation o f t his r eport .

2 .

I t m ust b e b orn i n m ind t hat m any ,

i f n ot a ll ,

o f t he a nimal b ones

f rom P eriod V c ontexts m ay b e r esidual . . Indeed t he r obbing i s p robably p ost-Roman a nd m ay n ot r epresent o ccupation o f t he s ite a t t his t ime. ( KB)

H UMAN B ONES R .F. E verton w ith a n ote b y K evin B lockley A t otal o f 2 1

s keletons w ere e xcavated ,

s ix o f P eriod I I a nd t he

r emainder o f P eriod I II . D etails o f t he g rave f ill , p osition o f b urial a nd a lignment h ave a lready b een d escribed a bove i n t he s ite r eport . T he i nhumations w ere s tudied b y f indings a re d etailed b elow .

t he l ate D r . R .F . E verton w hose p reliminary S adly h e d ied b efore h e w as a ble t o c omplete

h is u sual t horough a nd c omprehensive d iscussion o f t he s keletal r emains.

I dentification

R .F . E verton .

B i ( 31) P eriod I II . F emale , 3 5-40 y ears o ld , s tature 1 580 mm . ( 5ft . 2 in .) . S mall m andibular t orus o n b ase L . c anine a nd b etween R . l ower 6 a nd 7 . C alculus 1 14 . R etained d eciduous d istal l eft m andible . S ome s pondylosis l ower l umbar v ertebrae a nd l ower c ervical v ertebrae . P elvis a nterior s uperior s howed p regnancy s cars .

B 2 ( 13) P eriod I I .

M ale , 2 5-30 y ears o ld .

H ighly f ragmentary .

T raumatic

( ? ) f usion o f p roximal/intermediate p halanges ( ?) I ndex . C aries o n u pper 2 p re-molar , d eep c avity b uccally . E namel d ysplasia o ne i ncisor a nd o ne c anine . L . l ower 7 m issing p .m . C alculus + h . L . l ower 8 m issing a .m .

B 3 ( 16) P eriod I II.

B 4 ( 20) P eriod I II .

A dult.

M ale ,

D isturbed , h ighly f ragmentary.

a dult,

s tature

1 762 m i n .

( 5ft . 9 in .) .

A ll

m axillary t eeth l ost a .m . M andibular L . 1 , 2 , 3 , 4o nly r emaining . C alculus C aries o f c rown o f 3d istally a nd c ervical c aries m esially . L . f emoral h ead o steoarthrosis I + , w ith e burnatium a ntero-superiarly , p laques

4+ .

p eripherally a nd a round f orea . L . A cetabulum s imilarly a ffected . R . h ip n o o steoarthrosis . O steoarthrosis d istal e nd o f L . u lna w ith e burnatium . T raumatic f usion o f 2 nd . m id-cervical v ertebrae . T horacic v ertebrae a nd l umbar v ertebrae n o o steoarthrosis . R . t ibial s quatting f acet p osterially . T otally f ragmentary . B ilateral c ongenital c ystic l unates .

B 5 ( 18) P eriod I II . F emale a nd l ower m olars i n c rypt .

B 6 ( 12) P eriod I II .

( ?) ,

5 y ears o ld .

H ighly

f ragmentary .

U pper

P erinatal , m ore o r l ess c omplete b ut f ragmentary

i nfant b urial .

B 7 ( 22) P eriod I II . F emale ( ?) , 5 i y ears o ld , s tature 9 20 mm . ( 3ft .) . M ost o f c hild 's s keleton p resent e xcept h ands a nd f eet . S kull c rushed . A ge b y t ooth e ruption a nd s ex b y p elvis. ( Boucher , 1 957 , 5 81-600).

3 53

B 8 ( 48) P eriod I II .

M ale ,

3 5-40 y ears o ld ,

s tature

1 700 mm .

( 5ft .

7 1n .) .

F racture o f n eck o f R . u pper r ibs h ealed w ell . A bcess o f u pper 7 c aries a nd c alculus + + a nd a bcess p ointing e xternally . L ower 7 a nd 8 l ost a .m . E namel d ysplasia o f i ncisors a nd c anines .

B 10 ( 24) P eriod I II . b urial , f ragmentary.

B 13 ( 204) P eriod I II .

F emale ( ?) , p erinatal .

P erinatal ,

m ore

M ore o r l ess c omplete i nfant

o r l ess c omplete ,

b ut

f ragmentary

i nfant b urial . B 14 ( 238) P eriod I II.

F emale ( ?), p erinatal .

I ncomplete i nfant b urial .

B 15 ( 241) P eriod I II.

F emale ( ?) , p erinatal.

I ncomplete i nfant b urial .

B 16 ( 249) P eriod I I.

M ale ( ?), p erinatal.

B 18 ( 318) P eriod I II.

P erinatal .

B 19 ( 307) P eriod I II .

F emale ,

I ncomplete i nfant b urial.

I ncomplete i nfant b urial.

1 6-17 y ears o ld , s tature 1 469 mm . ( 4ft .

9 in .) . W ell p reserved s keleton , c omplete a nd u ndamaged s kull a nd m andible . A ll 3 rd . m olars u nerupted . R . l ower 3 m olar i s i mpacted a nd h as l ed t o d isuse c alculus b eing d eposited u pon a ll s urfaces o f u pper a nd l ower R . 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 a nd t o a l esser e xtent t he u pper c anine . A bcess c avity e xternally a t a pex o f r oot o f R . u pper 2 i ncisor . t ooth . E namel d ysplasia o f i ncisors .

B 20 ( 308) P eriod I II . i nfant b urial .

F emale ( ?) , p erinatal .

B 21 ( 309) P eriod I II . F emale ( ?) , p erinatal . a nd m ost l ong b ones p resent a nd h ands a nd f eet.

B 22 ( 324) P eriod I I.

B 25 ( 342B) P eriod I I . i nfant b urial .

B 26 ( 342C) P eriod I I . b urial .

P erinatal.

M ore o r l ess c omplete

F ragments o f s kull , N o v ertebrae.

p elv is

I ncomplete f ragmentary i nfant b urial .

N ot r eported o n :

N ot

N o s ign o f c aries i n

P erinatal ,

r eported o n :

3 54

m ore o r l ess

P erinatal .

c omplete

F ragmentary i nfant

D iscussion

K evin B lockley.

T here w ould b e l ittle p oint i n a ttempting a m ajor d iscussion o f s uch a s mall g roup o f i nhumations .

A f ew p oints , h owever , s hould b e e mphasised.

O nly o ne e xample o f b one i njury w as i dentified , B 8 , am ale o f a round 3 54 0 y ears o ld , h ad a w ell h ealed O steoarthrosis w as v isible i n t hree

f racture o f t he r ight u pper r ib . i ndividuals ; B 4 , a n a dult m ale , h ad

e burnatium o f t he h ead o f t he l eft f emur a nd p laques a round t he l eft a cetabulum , a s w ell a s o stoearthosis o f t he l eft u lna a nd t raumatic f usion o f t he 2 nd . m id-cervial v ertebrae ; B 2 , a3 0-35 y ear o ld m ale , h ad t raumatic f usion o f t he p halanges , w hilst B i , a3 5-45 y ear o ld f emale , s howed s igns o f s ponylosis o f t he l ower l umbar a nd l ower c ervical v ertebrae . a lso h ad p regnancy s cars o n t he p elvis . E namel d yslasia ,

T he l atter

c alculus a nd c aries w ere p resent i n a n umber o f

i ndividuals , w hilst B 19 h ad a n i mpacted m olar . B 27 ( 531) P eriod I II .

M ale ,

3 0-35 y ears o ld ,

L ower R . 5 , 6 , 7 , 8a nd L . 6 , 7 , 8l ost p .m . 7 , l ost p .m .

3 55

s tature

1 655 mm .

( 5ft .

S in .) .

U pper R . 4 , 6 , 7a nd L . 4 , 5 ,

O YSTERS P .M. B arford E ighteen

s tratified

c ontexts

p roduced

v alues

o f

o yster

( Ostrea E dulis

L .) s hells ( total w eight 2 75 g .) , while a f urther t hirteen p loughsoil c ontexts b rought t he t otal u p t o 9 75 g . ( or 6 3 m inimum n umber o f v alues) . T he m aterial f rom t he p loughsoil w as b adly f ragmented a nd i t m ay b e a ssumed t hat m any s hells h ave d isintegrated .

I t i s a lso a ssumed t hat t he s hells i n

t he p loughsoil a re r edeposited R oman . W inder ( 1980 ,

1 21-7) h as s uggested s ome o f t he t ypes o f i nformation t hat

c an b e d erived f rom t he s tudy o f B ritish m arine m olluscan r emains . N o o ther f ish o r s hellfish r emains w ere f ound , o ther t han o ysters ( and n o f ish b ones ,

d espite a n a mount o f s ieving f or o ther e nvironmental r emains) .

B y c ounting g rowth r ings, d etermined . a nd o lder .

t he a ge o f d eath o f t he a nimals c ould b e

M ost o f t he M arshfield o ysters w ere a ged f our a nd f ive y ears B y t his a ge , o ysters a re g etting a b it t ough a nd w ould p erhaps

h ave b een c ooked . S everal s hells h ad b een b ored b y p arasitic o rganisms b ut n o i nfestations ( such a s b arnacles e tc .) w ere

n oted .

O nly

o ne

s hell h ad

a nd t his m ay s uggest c ultivation ( Winder , o p. c it,

356

o n a nother

1 26).

I t i s n ot k nown w here t hese o ysters w ere p roduced , i s ap ossiblity.

g rown

t he B ristol C hannel

T HE P LANT R EMAINS A .J. H icks I ntroduction . F ifty-three o ne k ilogram s oil s amples w ere c ollected f or e nvironmental a nalysis . T hese w ere t aken f rom v arying c ontexts i ncluding h earths , o vens , ' corn - d riers ' a nd p atches o f b urning . U nfortunately t here w ere n o w aterlogged c ontexts o n t he s ite a nd r emains h ad s urvived w ere

o nes w here

s o

t he

o nly

f eatures

i n w hich p lant

b urning h ad o ccured .

A ll

o f

t hese

l ayers a nd f eatures w ere s ampled. M ost o f t he p lant r emains e xtracted w ere c arbonised a nd i n ap oor s tate o f p reservation , m aking i dentification p articularly d ifficult .

A n umber o f

s eeds a nd f ruits c ould o nly b e a ssigned t o c ertain f amilies w hilst o thers c ould o nly b e t entatively a ssigned t o s pecific l evel . H owever , s ufficient s eeds c ould b e p ositively i dentified t o b e a ble t o d raw brad c onclusions r egarding t he e nvironment a nd a griculture o f t he s ettlement. T he u ncarbonised p lant r emains c omprised o nly a m inute f raction o f t he t otal s eeds e xtracted . A lthough t hese c ame f rom c lay l ayers i t w as d ecided t hat i t w ould b e w iser t o d iscard t hese r esults . T hey c ame f rom l ayers n ot p articularly w ell s ealed a nd s ince t he s ite w as v ery s hallow i t w ould b e e asy f or c ontamination t o h ave o ccured d ue t o b urrowing m ammals ,

w orms a nd

i nsects. T herefore ,

i n t otal ,

c arbonised p lant

r emains w ere e xtracted a nd

i dentified f rom 4 2 o f t he s amplesja T hese a re l isted i n T able 1 . o f t he p lants f ollows t hat o f C lapham , T utin a nd W arburg , ( 1962).

T he o rder

M ethod o f e xtraction o f t he p lant r emains. T he p lant r emains w ere e xtracted u sing p araffin/water f lotation t echniques . I nitially t he s ediment w as r emoved b y r unning a s tream o f h ot w ater o ver t he s oil w hilst a gitating t he s oil g ently b y h and .

T he o verflow

r an t hrough a 2 50 m icron m esh s ieve s o t hat t he o rganic m atter c ould b e c ollected . T his w as c ontinued u ntil n o m ore f ine m aterial p assed t hrough t he s ieve. A ll t he r esidue w as t hen p assed t hrough a b ank

o f

t hree s ieves - w ith

2f i l m . , 1 mm . a nd 2 50 m icron m eshes . T he r esidue was p laced i n t he t op s ieve a nd w as w ashed d own w ith a s tream o f w ater . A ll o f t he l arge s tones , p ottery , b ones e tc . w ere r emoved a t t his s tage a nd r ecorded .

B y t his

t ime

a ll t he f ine s ilt a nd c lay p articles w ould h ave b een r emoved . T he r esidue i n t he t hree s ieves w as t hen p laced i n a b owl a nd a n e qual a mount o f p araffin w as a dded . T he m ixture w as c oated g ently t o e nsure t hat a ll t he s oil p articles w ere c oated i n p araffin , a nd t he e xcess p araffin w as t hen p oured a way . S ufficient w ater w as t hen a dded t o c over t he s oil . T he m ix ture w as s wirled t o e xpel a ny a ir a nd t he b owl w as c ompletely f illed w ith af ast f low o f c old w ater .

T his w as t hen l eft t o s tand f or 6 0 m inutes.

357

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