Marcus Cornelius Fronto: Correspondence, II 0674991257, 9780674991255

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I i i l 1

i i 1

I

LOEB CLASSICAL LIBRARY

MARCUS CORNELIUS PRONTO

1

I i i I i I l i i

II I i

I I I I I I I i I

i i I I I i 1 I i i i

i

1

I I

1 i

Q

Translated by

C

R.

HAINES

i I

I i I I i

Complete

found The

of Loeb titles can be end of each volume

list

at the

literary

remains of the rhetorician

MARCUS CORNELIUS PRONTO (c.

A.D.

100176)

first

came

to light in

1815, when Cardinal Mai, then prefect of the Ambrosian Library in Milan, dis-

covered that beneath an account of the Acts of the first Council of Chalcedon in 451 had originally been written a copy of the correspondence between Pronto and members of the imperial family, including no less than three who were to wear the purple. The letters possess an extraordinary fascination as giving an authentic

record of the relationship between the his time and his illus-

foremost teacher of trious pupil,

Marcus Aurelius, his chief Apart from small-talk

correspondent.

(but even the trivialities of the great are replete with interest) the principal subject is Latin prose style. Pronto practises to

excess the cultivation of trendy mannerisms, but sees clearly enough the sterility

of

a slavish

imitation of classical models.

Many problems arising from this unique work

still

await resolution: the original

publication was deplorable, Hauler's lifelong studies never led to an edition, and

van den Hout's text is without a commentary. Even after almost seventy years the Loeb volumes remain the most helpful avenue to an appreciation of these remarkable documents.

onto

,

Marcus

M

:orne

1

i

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EDITED BY

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PAGE, C.H., LITT.D. W. H. D. ROUSE, LITT.D. t E. H.

WARMINGTON,

CAPPS,

PH.D., LL.D.

POST,

MARCUS CORNELIUS PRONTO II

L.H.D.

M.A., F.R.HIST.SOC.

THE CORRESPONDENCE OF

MARCUS CORNELIUS FRONTO WITH MARCUS AURELIUS ANTONINUS, LUCIUS VERUS, ANTONINUS PIUS, AND VARIOUS FRIENDS EDITED AND FOR THE FIRST TIME TRANSLATED INTO ENGLISH BY C. R.

HAINES, M.A., IN

F.S.A.

TWO VOLUMES II

CAMBRIDGE, MASSACHUSETTS

HARVARD UNIVERSITY PRESS LONDON

WILLIAM HEINEMANN LTD MCMLXXXVIII

ISBN 0-674-99125-7 ISBN 434 99113 9

American British

First printed 1920 Revised and reprinted 1929

Reprinted 1957, 1963, 1988

Printed in Great Britain by Richard Clay Ltd, Chichester, Sussex

CONTENTS PAGK

THE CORRESPONDENCE

1

OTHER MISCELLANEOUS REMAINS OF FRONTO MISCELLANEOUS LETTERS OF MARCUS AURKLIUS INDEXES

.

249

....

287 321

THE CORRESPONDENCE OF M.

CORNELIUS FRONTO

FRONTONIS

M. CORNELII ET M. AURELII, DC Ambr. 218

L.

ALIORUMQUE EPISTULAE

VERI,

Feriis Alsiensibus,l (Naber, p. 223).

MAGISTRO mCO. Ferias apud Alsium quam feriatas egerimus non scribam tibi, ne et ipse angaris et me obiurges, mi Lorium autem regressus domnulam meam magister. Medicus dicit, si febricitantem repperi. j

me ....

cito nobis

valeas,

utentem

De

Per.

tu quoque

Nam

laetior sim.

sanis visere

Ah. 2 (Naber,

....

1 .

.

.

-

oculis spero te

Vale,

iam

mi magister.

p. 223).

DOMINO meo Antonino Augusto.

.... in novellae quid can2 vineae tetur quid multarum rusticatque arum. Catonem quoque in oratione adversus Lepidum Ferias Alsienses

.

verbum

cantari

statuas positas 1

.

solitum

.

.

commemorasse, quom

Ochae atque Dionysodoro

ait

effeminatis, qui

About eight

lines are lost. 2 In these lacunae twelve lines are lost.

On

the Etrurian coast, twenty-four miles from Rome.

THE CORRESPONDENCE OF

M. CORNELIUS

PRONTO

MARCUS ANTONINUS TO FRONTO 162

To my

A.D.

master.

In what holiday-wise we have kept our holiday Alsium 1 1 will not put on paper, that you may not be yourself troubled and scold me, my master. On my return to Lorium 2 I found my little lady 3 at

slightly

The doctor

feverish.

says,

if

we soon

you were well, I should hope to see you already enjoying If

be happier. For I the use of sound eyes

....

Farewell,

my

master.

FRONTO TO MARCUS ANTONINUS

To my Lord Antoninus Augustus. Your Alsian holiday of

many

rustic

That Cato also in his speech Against Lepidus mentioned a word in everyone's mouth when he things.

spoke of *

statues

4

set

up

to such

Half-way to Alsium from

unmanly creatures as

Rome.

3

Probably hia daughter Cornificia. According to Plutarch, Cato preferred that statues of himself should be conspicuous by their absence. 4

3

THE CORRESPONDENCE OF ....

.... velint post .... cantandi

Id in

magiras facerent. facit.

Opportune dique initium capiunt. Et De

Per.

Ambr. 217 |

Ah.

.

.

.

.*

redire

luden-

paravit.

3 (Naber, p. 224).

DOMINO meo Antonino Augusto. 1. Quid ? ego ignore ea te mente Alsium

isse ut

animo morem gereres ibique ludo et ioco et otio libero quatriduum universum operam dares ? Nee dubito quin te ad ferias in secessu maritime fruendas ita in sole meridiano ut somno oboedires compararis :

Cubans, deinde Nigrum vocares, libros intro ferre iuberes, mox ut te studium legendi incessisset, aut te

Plauto expolires aut Accio expleres aut Lucre tio 2 delenires aut Ennio incenderes, in horam istic Musarum propriam, quintam redires inde libris ;

....

moiies ad

quantum ambires

;

te

mitteres

;

Ciceroiiis

si

ser-

audires; inde vius litus pergeres et raucas paludes

detulisset,

potis ad

conscenderes, ut

Ambr. 234

....

eres diss

4

3

vel, si videretur, aliquam navem aethere tranquillo in altum portisculorum et remigum visu audituque te oblectares ; actutum inde balneas peteres, corpus ad sudorem uberem commoveres, convivium deinde |

opportune to paravit the Codex has eleven lines not deciphered. 2 Niebuhr istam ; Rob. Ellis istius t i.e. of Enniua. 1

From

*

For Mai's

4

Buttmann

pottras. for Cod.

M.

CORNELIUS PRONTO

Ocha and Dionysodorus who practised cooking ... a beginning of singing and playing .

FRONTO TO MARCUS

To my Lord Antoninus Augustus. Am I not aware that you went 1. What ?

to

Alsium with the intention of indulging yourself and there giving yourself up to recreation and mirth and complete leisure for four whole days? And I have no doubt that you have set about enjoying the holiday at your seaside resort in this fashion after taking your usual siesta at noonday, you would call l Niger and bid him bring in your books soon when felt the inclination to read, you would polish you your style with Plautus or saturate yourself with :

;

Accius or soothe yourself with Lucretius or fire yourself with Ennius, to the hour in that case 2 appropriate to the Muses, the fifth if he had brought you treatises of Cicero, . . ; .

.

you would

listen to

them

;

then you would go as

far

as possible off the beaten track to the shore and skirt the croaking marshes ; then even, if the fancy

took you, get on board some vessel, that, putting out to sea in calm weather, you might delight yourself with the sight and sound of the rowers and their 3 anon you would be off from baton time-giver's there to the baths, make yourself sweat profusely, ;

1 Not mentioned again. He would most likely be the secretary or librarian of Marcus, possibly his anagnostes or reader. 2 This seems a punning reference to Quintus, the praenomen of Ennius. 3 The master of the rowers (something like our bo'sun) gave them the time by the beats of a hammer or baton.

5

THE CORRESPONDENCE OF regium agitares conchis omnium generum, Plautino piscatu

ut

hamatili,

ille

ait,

et

saxatili,

veterum saginarum, matteis pomis

1

altilibus

bellariis crustulis

vinis felicibus calicibus perlucidis sine delatoria nota. 2. Quid hoc verbi sit, quaeras fortasse : accipe

Ut homo ego multum facundus et Senecae Annaei sectator Faustiana vina de Sullae Fausti

igitur.

cognomento

t

/e/zcza

appello; calicem vero sine delatoria

dico, sine puncto dico. Neque enim me decet, qui sim tarn homo doctus, volgi verbis Faler-

nota

quom

aut calicem acentetum appellare. Nam qua te dicam gratia Alsium, maritimum et voluptarium locum, et ut ait Plautus, loc

um lubricum 2 delegisse, nisi ut bene haberes genio, utique verbo vetere faceres animo volup. 3 Qua, malum volup ? Immo, si dimidiatis verbis verum dicendum est, uti tu animo faceres vigil vigilias dico aut ut faceres

num vinum

!

labo aut ut faceres mole

labores et molestias dico

Tu umquam volup ? Volpem

Ambr. 223

facilius quis tibi

.

quam

voluptatem conciliaverit. Die, oro te, Marce, idcircone Alsium petisti, ut in prospectu maris esurires ? Quid? tu Lorii te fame et siti et negotiis agendis In apopsi iucundiores adfligcre nequibas ? tibi esse videntur .... memini me ad .... |

.... rescribas .... liber .... mare ipsum aiurit, ubi alcedonia sint, fieri An alcedo cum pullis suis tranquillo otio feriatum. pueros iu balneis esse

1

Plant. Riid n. Plaut. Asin. v. (Ennius), and iwl 8

i.

iii

*

10. 1.

= nolwris

vi. 85,

6

Plaut. Mil. Olor.

cp. cael.

= caelum,

(Lucilius). e.g. sor

and Elizabethan usage,

cf.

.in.

qau

ii.

38.

= gaudium

Pal. Anthology,

= sorrow.

M.

CORNELIUS PRONTO

then discuss a royal banquet with

shellfish of all kinds, a Plautine catch hook-taken, rock-haunting, as he says, capons long fed fat, delicacies, fruit, sweets, confectionery, felicitous wines, translucent cups with no informer's brand. 2. Perhaps you will ask what do you mean? I as a man Listen then greatly eloquent and a l wines disciple of Annaeus Seneca call Faustian felicitous wines from Faustus Sulla's title ; moreover when 1 speak of a cup without an informer's brand, I mean a cup without a spot. For it does not become a man so learned as I am to speak in everyday terms of Falernian wine or a flawless cup. For to what end can I say that you chose Alsium, a seaside and pleasure resort and, as Plautus has it, a slippery spot, if not to indulge yourself and, in ancient How the mischief! parlance, take your pleasu? Nay, if the truth must be told in pleasu ? docked words, that you might to your heart's conin I mean watching tent indulge in watchin , in vexats I mean vexalabors I mean labours , tions. You ever indulge in pleasu ? It were easier to reconcile you to a polecat than to pleasure. Tell me, !

Marcus, I beseech you, have you repaired to Alsium only to fast with the sea in sight ? What, could you not wear yourself out at Lorium with hunger and With a fine view .... thirst and doing business ?

seem

to

you more delightful

you

The very

sea,

?

I

remember

(telling)

they say, keeps holiday, when the Is a halcyon with her chicks

broods. 2

halcyon 1 The ager Faustianus was part of the Falernian district. Fronto is sarcastic in Felix was a title of Faustus Sulla.

whom he disliked. See Plutarch On Water Animals, xxxv.

his allusion to Seneca, 2

7

THE CORRESPONDENCE OF est

dignior

quam

cum

tu

etere annos. 1 3. At enim res plane iam

num

laborem

?

num

tuis

postulat

num

Quis arcus perpetuo intenditur

?

?

.

.

.

studium

munera

Quae

.

fides

?

? 2

per-

3

Oculi conivendo 4 durant, qui uno obnixi obtutu interissent. Hortus qui crebro pangitur, ope stercoris in-

petuo substrictae sunt Ambr. 226

liberis

?

|

diget, herbas et holuscula nihili procreat vero et solidis frugibus requietus ager ubertas soli otio paratur.

;

fruraento deligitur

;

4. Quid maiores vestri qui rempublicam et imperium Romanum magnis auctibus auxerunt. Pro-

avus

vester

summus

bellator

tamen

histrionibus

interdum se delectavit, et praeterea potavit

Tamen

satis

opera populus Romanus in 6 triumphis mulsum saepe bibit. Avum item vestrum, navum et et orbis terrarum non doctum principem regendi tantum sed etiam perambulandi diligentem, modulorum tamen et tibicinum studio devinctum strenue.

fuisse

scimus, et

esorem optimum

eius

praeterea prandiorum opimorum Iam vero pater vester, fuisse.

divinus

ille vir, providentia pudicitia frugalitate innocentia pietate sanctimonia omnes omnium principum virtutes supergressus, tamen et palaestram

ingressus est et 1

hamum

7

instruxit et scurras

These two words do not appear in Mai. them from du Rieu.

risit.

Naber seems

to have got *

* * (

8

Cod. illegible except for letter u. 4 Cornelissen for Cod. coniugio. Mai has su st,nr Athenodotus, who must have been mentioned in a lost part

of the letter.

57 YOU.

II.

C

THE CORRESPONDENCE OF 1 commodata, possunt omnium esse communia. 2 Aliud 3 prandium gubernatori commune et aliud pugili de

aliud prandendi tempus, alia somnus, alia pervigilatio. Considera igitur an in hac secunda ratione

integris

tergoribus

;

lavatio, alius 5.

officiorum

contineatur eloquentiae studium.

Nam

Caesarum est in senatu quae e re sunt suadere, populum de plerisque negotiis in concione appellare, ius iriiustum corrigere, per

orbem

terrae litteras missi-

tare, reges exterarum gentium compellare, sociorum culpas edictis coercere, benefacta laudare, seditiosos

Omnia ista profecto Non excoles igitur in rebus videas magno

compescere, feroces territare. verbis sunt ac litteris agenda. id

quod

tibi totiens

usui futurum

tantisque

An

nihil referre arbitraris qualibus verbis agas, quae non nisi verbis agi possunt ? Erras, si putas pari auctoritate in senatu fore Thersitae

verbis

?

expromptam sententiam

et Menelai aut Ulixi

orationem, quorum Homerus et voltus in agendo et habitus et status et voces canoras ac modulationum eloquentiae Ambr. 395

genera diversa non

dcscribero 6.

.

dicto

est

|

potest quern inridet? quisoboediret cuius verba contempserit.

Quisquam

quam

....

Ad Antoninum

Imp.

I

peto.

amasti sive amaturus

fidei tuae.

MAGISTRO meo

4 (Naber,

ii.

p. 106).

sal u tern.

col. 2

Quom

atque opi traditum quid pro eo -eh>"ndere multos amicitia, tiwri obsi'qnio ; cum omnibus communieare quod habebnl ; srrvire tewpnribus omnium suorum, etc. 1

Cicero, Pro Cnel.

:

indices, in illo

8

Sallust, Jug. 6,

1.

161

THE CORRESPONDENCE OF Ambr.

82

lmp\igro atque acri ingenio, ubi naturam P. Scipionis, >d turn Romanis imperator erat et morem hostium

(

novit

.

.

.

Artes

magis quam honesti. imperatoriae honore

Ambr.

summo

.... sperent ab per .... qui turn .... rem

quid is

1

,

.

.

.

.

habitae

natura omnia. 2

tibi .

Ne agri quidem forma praetereunda Mure saevum, importuosum; ager frugum

81

6.

:

i

fertilis,

bomi* pecori, arbori in fecund us ; caelo terraque penuria aquan m. Genus hominum salubri corpore, velox, patiens

laborum; ac plerosque senectus dissolvit, nisi qui bestiis mteriere, nam morbus hand saepe quem-

ferro aut

superat.

Ad

hoc maleftci generis plurima

animalia. 7. Turn ille persequitur non inscite In regnum Adherbalis animum intendit : ipse acer, :

belli-

cosus, at is quern petebat quietus, imbellis, placido ingenio t

opportunus iniuriae, metuens magis quam metuendus. 8.

Hoc de

Nam et

consults peritia

:

bonaeque artes et animi quas omnes avaritia praepediebat ;

in consule nostro multae

corporis

erant,

patiens laborum? acri ingenio, satis providens, belli hand ignarus, firmissimus contra pericula et insidias*

Milites deinde corrupt! Exercitus imperatori traditur a Spurio Albino procon9.

:

sule iners, imbellis, neque periculi neque laboris patiens,

lingua 1

For

quam manu promptior, praedator ex

sociis et ipsa

these Sallust extracts see Hauler, Rhein. MILS. The extract from Kam covers four pages (Naber). * Naber says Ambr. 82 begins at Artes. * m* of 3 Cod. for invidias. Cod. laboris. all

54, Pt. 2 (1899), pp. 161-170.

162

CORNELIUS PRONTO

M.

and eager character, when he came to know the temper of P. Scipio, who was then the Roman general, and the 1 ways of the enemy .... rather than respected.

The

5.

qualities of a general held in the highest

honour

Nor must the sketch of the country be

6.

left

out:

The sea ful

is

there

is

stormy and harbourless ; the country fruitbut not kindly

for

trees ;

a scarcity of water from rain or springs.

The

in grain,

good for

cattle,

inhabitants are healthy in body, active, inured to toil; the unless they perish by violence majority succumb to old age, It or wild beasts, for disease seldom claims a victim. must be added that noxious animals abound? 7. Then he goes on as follows with no little skill

:

He

turned his thoughts to AdherbaCs kingdom: himself he was to assail quiet, undaring, warlike, but he whom

warUke, of a gentle disposition, at the metcy of any attack, the victim rather than the cause

of J ear.

3

This of the consul's generalship For our consul had many excellent endowments of body and mind, but avarice was a clog upon them all : he was inured to toils, enterprising in character, but wary enough t no novice in war, and undaunted in the face of danger and surprises* 9. Then the demoralized soldiery The army handed over to the general, Spurius Albinus the proconsul, was without energy or warlike spirit, inured neither to danger nor toil, quicker with a word than a the blow, spoiler of the allies and itself the spoil of 8.

:

:

1

a

Sallust, Jug. 7, ib'd. 17,

* ibid.

20

4 ibid. 28,

4-8,

1.

5. 1

and

2.

5.

163

THE CORRESPONDENCE OF Ambr. 9&

et modeslia habitus. Ita sine imperio malts novo moribus sollicitudinis ex , quam plus imperatori ex copia militum auxilii aut spei bonae accedebat.

praeda hostium,

\

Effeminatio

10.

Nam

:

Aulifrains

exercitusque clade perculsus, non decreverat cgredi provincia quantum tempostquam

Albinus,

poris aestivorum in imperio fuit, plerumque milites stativts castris habebat, nisi quom odor aut pabuli egestas locum

mutare subegerat.

more

Sed neque municbantur

militiae vigiliae deducebantur ;

ab tignis aberat.

castra, neque

uti

cuique libebat, Lixae permixti militibus diu noctuque

vagabantur et palantes agros vastare, villas expugnare, pecoris et mancipiorum praedas certantes agere, eaque mutare cum mercatoribus vino advecticio et aliis talibus ; l

vendere, panem in praeterea frumentum datum publice dies mercari ; postremo quaecumque diet aut Jingi queunt

ignaviae

luxuriaeque probra, ea in

exercitu cuncta

illo

fuere et alia amplius. Sed in ea difficultate Metellum nee minus quam in rebus hostilibus magnum et sapientem virum fuisse comperior, tanta temperantia inter ambitio06

nem

saevit\iamque

moderation*

....

exercitum

brevi

confirmamt? 11. Turn forma Marii Per idem tempus Uticae forte :

C.

Mario per

hostias

dis supplicante, magna alque mirabilia portendi haruspex dixerat : proinde quae animo agitabat fretus dis ageret : 1

Sallust has publice datum.

2

In the passage here omitted the Codex has nee miles aut gregarius where Sallust has only ne miles

haskrtiis

grcgarius. 3

164

Of

tliis

extract rather more than one-half

is

given.

M.

CORNELIUS PRONTO

enemy, kept in no obedience or discipline. So by their bad morale they brought their new commander more anxiety than ihey gave him support or confidence by their numbers. 1 10. Growth of effeminacy :

For Aulus

Albinus, dismayed by the disaster to his brother and his army, resolved not to stir out of his

province for such time in

of summer campaigning

as he was

kept the soldiers for the most part in a camp, except when the stench or want of a move. But the camp was not forti-

command, and

stationary

forage compelled

fad, nor regular watches posted according to the rules of war ; the soldier absented himself from duty as he Camp-followers mingled with the soldiers and pleased. went in and out day and night, and wandered about their way into the farmrobbing the countryside, forcing houses, vying with one another in carrying off cattle and slaves, which they exchanged with the dealers for imported wine and other such-like things ; not content with this, sold the state allowance of corn and bought bread

they

for daily consumption : in a word, all the evil effects of and luxury, which can be expressed or imagined,

idleness

were

But

to be met with in that army, and others besides. in these difficult circumstances 1 find that Metelius and wise man no less than in the a

proved himself

great

mean did he keep between a pandering to .... and in a short popularity and undue severity 2 time he restored the discipline of the army. field, so

just a

11. Then a sketch of Marius About the same time when Marius, who chanced :

to be

had Utica, announced that l< great and wondrous things were preon the Gods and carry saged ; let him therefore rely at

was

sacrificing to

1

the Gods, the diviner

1. Sallust, Jug. 44, 4 to end of 45. 44,

8 ibid.

THE CORRESPONDENCE OF fortunam quam saepissime experiretur ; cuncta prospere At ilium iam antea consulatus ingens cupido eventura. Ambr.?page exagitabat

.

.

.

1 pdere non audebat.

.

]

Animo

12.

Simul consul quasi nullo imposito omnia providers;

apud omnes

laudare, increpare merentia.

adesse,

armalus intent-usque atque

tier

item milites cogebat ;

facere, castra munire, excubitum in portas co-

kortis ex legionibus,

pro

ipse circumire,

quam

non

diffidentia futuri,

militibus

uti

volentibus

esset

caslris equites auxiliarios mittere;

vallum in munimentis locare, vigilias

praeterea alios super

Ambr. 89

Ipse

neque secus

exaequatus

quae imperavisset,

cum imperatore bene

:

faboi

decore

atque

gesta? 13.

Sed forma ea imperatoris

:

perlege et volup-

tana Sed

in his erat

audaciae facmora

Sempronia, quae multa saepe commiserat.

Haec mulier genere

forma, praeterea viro liberis satis fortunata fuit litteris et

;

virilis

atque

Graecis

Latinis docta ; psallere saltare elegantius

quam

necesse est probae ; multa alia quae instrumenta luxunae sunt.

Sed 1

8 8

4

166

ei

cariora

....

quam

4

peteretur.

About one-third of this extract is given. About two-thirds of this extract are given. The margin has volup ativa. About one-half of this extract is given.

M.

CORNELIUS FRONTO

through what he had in mind : let him put fortune to the touch as often as he would ; all would turn out well." Now, for a long time past Marius had been fired with an intense desire to be consul

....

had not ventured

to

sue for the consulship. 1

12 At the same time the consul, as though no duty was delegated, saw to everything himself, was present everywhere, giving praise, giving blame where due. Himself armed and alert, he forced his soldiers to be so likewise ; and he shewed no less caution in fortifying camps and in the posting at the gates a watch from the legionaries of cohort, and in front of the camp from the auxiliary he stationed others cavalry, than in making marches; besides above the rampart in entrenchments, and went

of the watch in person, not so much from any doubt that what he had ordered would be done, as that the soldiers might endure cheerfully toils which they saw conducted with dignity shared by their leader: the rounds

....

and

success. 2

But that is the sketch of a commander: listen some things also in a more sensuous strain Among these was Sempronia, who had done many deeds Here was a that often shewed the daring of a man. woman sufficiently happy in her birth and her beauty, not 13.

to

:

mention in her husband and children ; she was learned Greek and Latin literature ; she could sing and dance more attractively than was required by an honest woman ; and there were many other things which minister to than But she valued everything more luxury.

to

in

....

solicited

s by them. 1

Sallust, Jug. 63, 3-5. Cat. 25.

1-7.

* ibid. 100, 8 ibid.

167

THE CORRESPONDENCE OF 14. Quibus rebus

fades ;

permota

summa

ex

quies pepererat,

laetitia

repent e

civitas atque

1

lasciviaque,

omnes

Ambr. 90

cuiquam

festinare,

satis credere ;

neque pacem habere : suo quisque Ad hoc mulieres, quibus reipublicae

ge.rere metiri. belli

magnitudine supplices

quae diuturna

tristilia invasit ;

loco nee homini trepidare, neque

neque helium metu pericula

immutata nobis

timor insolitus, adflic\iare sese, manus tendere, miser ari parvos liberos, rogi-

ad caelum

tare omnia,

omni rumore

2

pavere, adnpere omnia, super-

bia atque deliciis omissis sibi patriaeque diffidere. 15.

Forma, qua

untur

flagitia disciplinae plebis describ-

:

Nam

semper incident, malos

in civitate, quis opes nitllae sunl, bonis extolhtnt,

vetera odere, nova exoplanl

odio suarum rerum mutari omnia student; seditionibus sine cura aluntur ;

quoniam egestas

facile

damno habetur*

sine

Ad

;

turba atque

Amicos,

i.

7 (Naber, p. 179).

FRONTO Aufidio Victorino salutem.

Ambr. 821 ad init

Antoninus Aquila

Quod 1

vir

tu dicas, Audistine

doctus est et facundus.

eum declamilantem

?

Non

m

1

1 luxuria. mni rumore and adripere omnia are not found in our

Sail n st.

This letter, says Hauler (Rhem. Mus. 54, Pt. 2, p. 161), followed by an undeciphered letter of thanks from Marcus. To this apparently belong the fragments given by Naber col. 2) : misiaii . . . nonus . . . sed quern, (p. Ill ; Ambr. 89, 3

is

1

68

M. 14.

CORNELIUS FRON TO 7

was

these events the state

By

and the face of

stirred to its depths, for us : from the

the city transformed

of luxury and Licentiousness, the outcome of a long-standing peace, all were suddenly seized with gloom ; there was hurry, there was confusion, and no place, no person, was quite trusted ; they were not at war, they were not enjoying peace ; each man made his own alarm height

measure of his danger. Moreover the women, unused fear of war, by reason of the greatness of the state, worried themselves, raised suppliant hands to the

the

to

heaven, bemoaned their

little

children, questioned every-

quaked at every rumour, snatched at eiery bit of news, and forgetting their pride and their pleasures, were 1 despondent for themselves and their country. 15. Sketch of the insubordination of the people and their excesses For in a state those who have no weahh of their own thing,

:

invariably envy the better classes, glorify the bad, hate what is old, hanker after change ; from discontent with

own condition, they are eager for a revolution ; disorder and public discord provide them with subsistence without any effort of their own, since poverty is easily their

maintained without

loss. 2

?

164A.D.

FRONTO

to Aufidius Victorinus, greeting. Antoninus Aquila 3 is a learned man

eloquent. 1

Sallust, Cat. 31,

8

An eminent

Soph,

.

.

But should you

.

ii.,

2

1-3.

and an Have you heard him

ibid. 37,

rhetorician of Galatia under Chrestus.

sal.

follow

say,

Ad

It

may have

Antoninum,

ii.

7

and

;

3.

see Philost.

Vit.

reference to the letters which 8.

169

THE CORRESPONDENCE OF mediusfidius ipse audivi, sed credidi affirmantibus id doctissimis et honestissimis et mihi carissimis viris,

quos et iudicare recte posse et ex animi sententia testimonium perhibere certe scio. Velim, Domine, ut adiuves

eum quo

facilius

in

civitate aliqua istius provinciae publice instituendis

adulescentibus adsciscatur. Impense istud a te peto: fautum l enim Aquilae volo honoris eorum causa, qui

pro eo studiose laborant; nee ita ei studerent prodignum tanto studio arbitrarentur nee

fecto, nisi nisi

;

facundiam eius magno opere probarent,

commendari tanto opere postularent, quom

simum

et

prudentissimum

rerum turn

Ad

Arnicas,

324,

mg

cum

hominis faveo, ut

quoniam quidem Aquila

i.

12(Naber,

.

2

eum

te gravis-

aliarum

vel praecipue eloquentiae sciant.

vero etiam nomini a/H. Multum amicorum 4 eram.

.mbr. 290, 5L

A'nricos,

mihi a doctis et multum mihi familiaribus .

..

.

quorum apud me voluntas ipsorum merito valet w T plunmum. Igitur, si me annas, tantum \ olumnio

MJow- vins.

ig28S

.

,

..

i

tribue honoris facultatisque amicitiae tuae amplecol yap ^tXraroi avSpes conciliaverunt eum

tendae,

Igitur tarn comi amicitia accipias velim volebat, Menoetiadi ^coporepov 8 Kepatpe

mihi. ille

quam quom

imperabat. 1

From the Index

(Naber,

p.

172; Ambr. 338).

Several

lines are lost. 2

Brakman

reads this word on the margin of the Codex, and instead of nut a'q (doubtful). 1 An emendation by Haupt (FTermes, i. 23) for Mai's infer nativum. The $acrtd bone was the lowest vertebra of the In AnthoL Pal. xi. 38 it means skull." spine. 4 From the Index (Naber, p. 189 ; Cod. Ambr. 277). The first part of the letter is lost in the gap that follows Ad Amico*, iL 4. This gap contained pp. 339 and 338. '

'74

M.

CORNELIUS FRONTO

to

Aufidius

?

FRONTO greeting.

Victorinus

his

164

A.D.

son-in-law,

1

have had severe pain in the eyes .... No The pain or lumbago in the side or back came on. Greeks call the back-bone tepov ocrrovv (the sacred 1

bone)

:

Suetonius Tranquillus

calls

the sacred

it

would gladly not know the Greek or Latin name of a single member, if I could

spine.

For

my

part

I

only live without pain in it ?

164

A.D.

FRONTO to Arrius Antoninus, 2 greeting.

He has been brought to my notice by learned men and close friends of my own, whose personal wishes rightly have the greatest weight with me. Therefore, if you love me, accord to Volumnius so much respect and opportunity of gaining your friendship, for very dear friends have enlisted my sympathy for him. Therefore I would ask you to welcome him with such kindly friendship as the great Achilles wished to shew, when he bid the son of Menoetius mix the wine stronger.* 1 Publ. Consentius, in his Ars Gramvwtica, p. 2031, 16 (Putsch), quotes from Fronto, et illae vestrae Athenae Doro-

corthoro (Rheims), words which were probably contained in a letter to Victorinus in his province. 2 An interesting personality and a relative, probably, of have his cursvs honor urn in an inscription set up Pius. by the municipality of Concordia (Corp. Inscr. Lot. v. 1874). There is an inscription also set up to him at Cirta (see

We

Tertullian (Ad Scap. 5) gives us an inDessau, 1119). teresting anecdote of him in connection with a persecution of Christians in Asia Minor, 184-5. 8 Horn. 11. ix. The son of Menoetius was Patroclus. 203. Plutarch (Symp. v. 4) discusses the meaning of these words. See also Athen. x. 6. The usual texts of Homer read Kfpa.it.

'75

THE CORRESPONDENCE OF Ad

Amicos,

ii.

7 (Naber, p. 192).

ARRIO ANTONINO < Pronto salutem>. Sicut eos qui 1. Have mi, domine fill carissime. dicta

administranda

factaque tua

provincia

maximis laudibus ferunt, laetus ac libens audio, ita si quis quid remurmurat aut deprecatur, multo scrupulosius ausculto, et quo quicque modo gesseris aut iudicaveris require, utqui existimationi tuae famaeque

iuxta 2.

quam meae consultum cupiam. Volumnius Serenus Concordiensis,

si

nihil

in

1 verae rei demsit aut eis, quae commemorat, aut utetur me iure addivlit, apud te vel patrono meritoque

vel precatore. imbr. 287? Naber, 290)

Quodsi ultra epistulae

modum

vide-

pi ogressus, eo eveniet quod ea res postulat ut .. , .,. .. cum epistula coniuncta sit quaedam causidicatio.

bor

|

.

3.

.

J

-,

Rem omnem

ita,

simul

et

proponam

:

ut mihi Volumnius exposuit,

unumquidque verumne

sit

rogabo.

Estne lege coloniae Concordiensium cautum, nescribam faxit nisi eum quern decurionem

quis

quoque recte facere possit? 1

Klussmann

for Cod.

Fueruntne omnes et commemorarunt.

1 This letter is important for our knowledge of the status of a decurio, or municipal senator. It shews that these were elected by the whole body. The exact merits of the case at issue are obscured by the mutilation of the letter

We

know from

a law still preserved in the Diyst that a decurio temporarily exiled for an offence not involving infamia might on his return take up his old position, but, if not a

176

M.

CORNELIUS FRONTO ?

164

A.D.

FRONTO to Arrius Antoninus, greeting. 1. Health to my honoured and most dear sou! just as I listen with willing and welcoming ears to 1

who are loudest in praise of your words and deeds in the administration of your province, so, if anyone grumbles at all or carps at it, I give him a much more critical hearing and require every detail of your acts and decisions, as one who would safeguard your reputation and good name equally with my own. 2 if in what 2. Volumnius Serenus of Concordia, subtracted has me he he tells nothing from the truth, nor added anything to it, has every right and claim to my services as his advocate and intercessor But if I seem to overstep the limits of before you. a letter, the reason will be, that the facts of the case require some legal advocacy to be mixed up with the letter. 3. I will set forth the whole matter as Volumnius has stated it to me, and ask you at the same time those

as to each point,

whether

it is

true.

of provided by the charter of the Colony 2 he Concordia, that no one be made a notary except be eligible also for the office of municipal senator? Is

it

senator previously, he could only become one with the emBy excluding Volumnius even peror's express permission. affix for a time from the senate, Antoninus might seem to that there upon him the stigma of infamy. Fronto argues can be no doubt he was a senator before his exile. We learn from this letter also that the decurions had to pay for their came under the cognizance of Antoninus privileges. The case as juridicu* per Italian reginnis Transpadanac (see inscription quoted under the previous letter). * In Venetia.

177

THE CORRESPONDENCE OF sunt ad hoc locorum. quibus

umquam scriptus pubConcordiae latus l est, decuriones ? Factusne est Volumnius decreto ordinis scriba et Pensiones plurimas ad quartam usque ob decurio ? decuricr'atum dependitne: Ususne est per quinque et quadraL inta annos

licus

r

omnibus decurionum praemiis comrnodisque, cenis

publicis. in curia, in spectaculis : Cenavitne seditne ut decurio, censuitne : Si quo usus :uit pubiice legando, legatusne est Estne Volumnio legato Volumnius saepenumero semper- viaticum publicum decretum. item legationis de re frumentaria gratis a Volumnio *

susceptae tstne in commentariis publicis

commemoratio i. Si omnia depensa.

ita

quinque

et

scriba

..-

Col

s

descripta

?

ista,

quae supra dixl

ita decreta, ita

3 est cur dubites post gesta sunt, quid quadraginta anr.os sitne decurio, qui

fuerit,

pecuniam ob decurionatum intulerit. usurpaverit, munia functus Et quid est, m' fill, quid est quod ista

commoda

decurionatus

4

:

5

probari tibi planius

....

velis

dis.

:

;oniam quae

Q

pe'-umam

tj

.

intulerit,

.

.

,

munia

fecerit 5.

Post

ista

ultro

citroque

a

me

response, nonne etiam praeiudicium

.

rogata atque " .

.

,

delatus

est \"olumnius quasi in curiam inrumperet, quom ei ius * introeundae curiae non esset ut relegato, quod 1

Klussmann.

*

*

Cod.

*

5

For

(pI 7

Is3).

8

Heindorf Or querv Cod. pleniiu, a form

id.

for Col. per. -t for functv,*. '

:

which

Fronto

repudiates

M.

CORNELIUS PRONTO

Have they all been and are they all senators, who up now have ever been given the post of notary

till

public at Concordia ? Was Volumnius elected notary and senator by a resolution of the local senate ? and has he made as many as four payments in respect of his senatorship ?

Has he enjoyed for five and forty years all the rewards and privileges attaching to senators, at public banquets, in the senate-house,, at shows ? Has he dined, has he sat, has he voted as a senator? In the case of public deputations has Volumnius been often chosen to be a deputy ? Have his expenses as deputy always been voted to Volumnius from the public chest ? Again is there in the municipal registers record of a deputation on the corn supply undertaken by Volumnius

at his

own charges?

I have mentioned above has been so decreed, so paid, so done, how can you be in doubt after five and forty years whether he is a senator, who has been a notary, has paid in money 4.

If all

this

that

respect of his being senator, has enjoyed the of being senator, has discharged its And what is there, my son. what is there duties? that you would wish more plainly proved ? Since (has enjoyed) the privileges, paid-in in

privileges

moneys, discharged duties. 5. After these questions and answers of mine backwards and forwards, is it not also a begging of the question .... Volumnius has been accused of

way into the senate illegally, since as a temporarily banished he had no right to enter

forcing his

man

6 7

Thirty-seven and a half lines are lost. * Xiebuhr for Cod. Five lines lost.

179

THE CORRESPONDENCE OF neque ante exilium pro decurionatu omnem pecuniam neque ullam posterius intulisset. Quae cum longisforent perorata, Lollius Urbicus causa inspecta nihil adversus Volumnium statuit Sed loCO Sed pro .... istum num debet .... defenderit .... ^ ^ non . pro honore ratis, non video qui possit asse simis temporibus

;

Arnbr. 296

(Nt>er,295)

....]....

^

^

.

insitus.f

Ambr.

304

Quid, quod imperatores nostri in Isidori Lysiae causa ita constituerunt ? 1 .... aut .... an simul per .... tus legatio .

.

.

.

.

.

|

....

....

inuritur sempiterna'2 Non idem dedecus est homini solitario ignominia feriri, quantum dedecus est plena liberis ac nepotibus domo infamia notari, cuius infamiae aspergo

ignominia

Sicut non inquinat simul multos et dedecorat. eadem clades est in proeliis unum equitem obtruncari et

triremem

ct

.

.

.

.

frangi.

remis vero

Tur

....

3 .

.

,

.

....

armato 4

perierit

.

.

.

.

6. Leges pleraeque poenam sanciverunt, ne quis arborem felicem succidisset. quaenam est

arboris

felicitas

feri, bacis

?

Rami

scilicet

onusti.

5

fecundi et frugi-

Nemo cannam

quamvis pomisque proceram, nemo harundinem dixerit felicem. Aequiusne est arboribus honori atque tutelae poma et bacas esse quam hominibus liberos nepotesque ? 1

lines are illegible here. the margin of Cod. 4 Seven lines are lost, Eight lines lost. Eckstein for unintelligible letters in Cod.

Eighteen

From

3 6

1 He was prarf. urb. in 152 and following years, when this case would have come before him. know that he condemned certain Christians, named Ptolemaeus and Lucius, to death (Justin, Apol. ii. 1 and 2). He was also governor

We

1

80

CORNELIUS FRONTO

M. it

;

the

in that neither before his exile had he paid in all money for his senatorship nor any since. When

this had been argued out in the lengthiest of 1 proceedings, Lollius Urbicus, after examining the but in case, made no decree against Volumnius place of reckoned in proportion to the honour, I do not see

all

;

What 2

perors

again of the similar decision of our the case of Isidorus Lysias?

in

.

is

Em.

.

.

branded with

....

indelible infamy

not the same for a single man to receive the stigma of ignominy, as is the disgrace for a house full of children and grandchildren to be stained with infamy, for this bespattering with infamy defiles and disgraces many at once. Just as the loss is not the same in wars if a single horseman be cut down or a trireme be rammed

The

6.

is

disgrace

Many "

laws "

3

have fixed a penalty for cutting

What is this happiness of a not flourishing and fruit-bearing branches laden with berries and fruit ? No one ever called a reed, however tall, no one ever called a bamboo down tree

?

happy

trees. 4

Is it

and berries

Is it more right that fruits happy. should count as an honour and safeguard for trees than children and grandchildren for men? .... of Britain, defeated the Brigantes, a Yorkshire tribe, and between the Forth and completed the Wall of Antoninus See Corp. Inscr. Lnt. x. 419 (Add.}. the Clyde. 2 Marcus and Verus. Nothing further is known of the 8 etc. case of Lysias. Digest, xlvii. 7, 2 ; Gaius, iv. 2, * Felices arbores Cato dijyii quae fructum ferunt, Paul, ex Fest. p. 92.

iSl

THE CORRESPONDENCE OF 803

....

....

globus equitum Romanorum, pars uno homine dehonestatur .... Raro umquam tot simul capita de caelo tacta sunt, quot tu condemnasti .... 7. Ille qui esse quam videri bonus maluit, fortunis parum prosperis usus est .... Verum est eum, qui opinionem virtutis neglegat, ipsam quoque neglegere virtutem .... Nee quisquam bonas artes magno opere studet adipisci, quas adeptus necne sit non de sententia studet scire 1 .... donicum .... cumulare .... verbum quod in sententia |

curiae

in

.

.

.

.

.... curia .... cur .... miror .... prin.... sin repudium dare et Gneus 2 orbari

cipio

possit, id dubito.

interdum

numerosius. tere

aliquod plenius nihil

Ambr. soi

plenum

Namque

id

sit

quod longum

posse

longius, altum altius, numerosum Haec et eiusmodi verba video admit-

fieri

sit,

augendi fieri

posse.

laxamentum, pleno autem Nam poculum profecto si

magis compleri frustra postules,

|

nisi

Enimvero quom omnibus negotiis artata sint tempora tempus alterum, 3 coniunctum alterum, reputes cum animo tuo an ista causa tempus argumenti probandi careat. Antequam decurio .... per creari effuderis.

ubi creatus est, usurpare multifariam usurpavit postquam usurpavit, pensionibus inferre pecuniam debuit quater intulit ; munia decurionatus

;

.

.

labrum sum

.

.

et

....

....

esset et tanto

quidem

redemptas

4

....

parum

fuerit, frustra abunda-

valent, quidquid hue additum 1 These five sentences are from the margin of the Codex. 1 Buttm. would read qnatis. a Heindorf would read an in ista cauxa careat. 4 Klussmann for Cod. tanta redentas.

182

M.

.... senate

....

CORNELIUS FRONTO

a troop of Roman cavalry, a part of the dishonoured in the person of one man scarcely ever have so many men lost their is

by lightning as will lose theirs civilly by your decision .... 7. He, who has preferred being to seeming good, has enjoyed far from prosperous fortune .... Certain it is that he who cares not to be thought virtuous does not care to be virtuous either .... Nor is there anyone who is greatly interested in lives physically

acquiring the noble arts that is not interested to know whether he has acquired them but if he can grant a divorce and Gnaeus can be bereaved that is what I doubt. For what is long can on occasion become longer,

what

is

deep, deeper, what

These and

numerous.

similar

is numerous, more words I see admit of

latitude of increase, but nothing can become than full. For surely if a cup be full, it would be useless to ask for it to be filled still

some

fuller

For inmore, unless you emptied some of it. deed, since in all business time is limited, and one time is closely associated with this business and another with that, consider in your own mind whether this case lacks the time for proving the Before that .... he ought to have point urged. been elected senator by the senate: he was elected; when elected he ought to have exercised his rights he did exercise them in many ways after exercising them he ought to have paid in money by fixed instalments he did pay this in four times he ought he to have discharged the duties of senatorship :

;

:

;

:

did discharge

whatever

is

them

;

.

added to

.

t

this

will

be a

superfluity.

183

THE CORRESPONDENCE OF bit.

Nam

ubi quae ad fidem sat esse oportet, satis Ut sunt, nullus finis est ambiguitatis. ingressis viam certus itineris est finis ac

non

iudici

rectam

modus, errantibus aut peragrare facilius est quam pervenire .... minores sis .... Ambr.

801

Nimc

8.

quantum

aut

est,

.

nisi

alter

.... tentant .... .... lenissimum

sunt

quod

mansuetissimum doctissimum piissimum in causa non dicam bona finge enim ambigua tanto natu senem prohibuisse curia interim. Cui aetati omnium vacatio

....

munerum

data

est,

aetatem

nulla lex, si Sacramento adigantur l tua et aut igno seni

mei

.

.

,

.

septuaginta annos egresso insignem maculam inHigis, quando, oro te, abolendam ? Quantulum enim vitae

reliquum est ad exuendam infamiam et pristinam Hoc quod vocas interim, dignitatem sperandam.

quanti

2

sperabit?

Si tantisper

dum

3

spirat,

messem Quis segeti paulisper sperabit. Nee non quis vindemiam maturam ac procrastinat ? distillantem propellit ? 4 Aut sa 5 quis tempus torridae

Ambr. 300

prorogat pomis mitibus aut floribus marcescentibus aut facibus ardentibus ? aptum 6 soli centi j

verbum sicut

est interim,

tu

senem

occid

differs,

ita

Vellem

confestim.

aetas

quoque

differret

....

adulescentiae iuventuti prolixa vitae curricula data sunt, sicut diebus et noctibus interdum licet 1

3 4 b

184

2 Three lines are lost. Heindorf. Rob. Kills for Mai's doubtful dedisset. The margin has dijfert. * For Naber's nee non. For Cod. etiam.

M.

CORNELIUS PRONTO

For when the judge is not satisfied with what ought to be sufficient to convince, there is no limit to As for one who starts on the right uncertainty. road a journey has a fixed destination and limit, so for those who get off the path it is easier to roam than to get home 8

to have shut out from the senate let meanwhile, in a case I will not call a good one us call it doubtful a man of such advanced age,

most

kindly,

most

gentle,

most

learned,

most

dutiful.

That age, 1 which is entitled to exemption from duties, no law, if they are bound by a military on an old man past his oath seventieth year you inflict a signal stain, and when,

all

For how brief is the life dishonour and looking forward to regaining his former rank. This that you call the meanwhile, how long can he expect to hope for it? If as long as he breathes, it will be but Who delays to put the sickle a brief time for hope. to the sun-browned cornfield ? and who defers the vintage when the grapes are ripe and dropping their Who in fact loses time when fruits are juice ? mellowing, flowers fading, and torches burning down? Meanwhile is a word that fits the rising sun, for the Would that old setting sun the word is at once. age might put the old man off as you do .... Before youth, before manhood lies many a lengthy lap of life, just as days and nights may sometimes I

ask,

left

is it

him

No

to be effaced

for

one

shaking

?

off his

who had reached

become a decurion

;

see Diycst,

fifty-five 1.

could be forced to

2, 2, 8.

I8 S VOL.

11.

G

THE CORRESPONDENCE OF esse longis senectus crepusculum est, metienda sunt esse non potest :

Proculus

9.

.... ....

bienniura

quod lougum

.... debet. illud .... est

....

homini seni quidqukl interim fit iuxta interim 1 fit .... poenam inrogatam .... praeNamvertit, et quinquennium in triennium artavit.

meum ....

que Ambr.

2W

late turn

.... omnium

....

facit

2 Proculus homo Clementer sed in sententiis remisso et delicato ad cetera ingenio dicundis ad puniendum paullo ut 3 nior et infestior .... Plerique ad cetera visi minime .

in iudicando

serii,

.

|

pro severitate, suborn arent.

tamen

qua

scilicet ut asperi fuere carebant, obtentui saevitiam ;

demum Volumnio Biennium tune de nunc .... biennium vita .... agi a

10.

.

.

.

.

....

pro

te entia tua res .... detrahi 4 ignomimam ris nepotibus genero adfinibus, .

Ambr. 298

.

.

.

quibus .... domi patrem fratresque reliqueris. Subleva misericordia aetatem familiarem tibi et patritam . . . . et rescindas .... interim .... vel dolor .... decurio vel tutus eum si vita . . . .

.... te .... meum .... in te .... qui .... omnem pro decurionatu .... pecuniam dependisset. Sibi .... num,

....

pec

fili,

ni

.

.

.

.

quae

....

quidem

interdum

facias

. 1

Ehrenthal would read inieritum, but the word is repeated margin. Nine lines lost at the beginning of the page. Schwierczina is responsible for opiiwr and Alan for

in the 2 3

prom or. 4 Klussmann

186

for Cod. genere.

CORNELIUS PRONTO

M.

Old age is a twilight that cannot last must be measured .... l that two years period .... 9. Proculus for an old man whatever is meanwhile means but a mean while .... quashed the penalty and shortened the five years to three.

be long.

....

.

.

.

.

For

.... Proculus, a man of a disposition in all other respects easy-going and pleasure-loving, yet in passing sentence was, I think, a little too ready to punish, and too severe .... Many who have seemed in other matters far from taking things seriously, yet have been harsh on the bench, wishing no doubt to hide their real lack of severity under a cloak of ruthlessness put on for the purpose. at last for Volum10. The two years then nius

....

his children, grand-children, son-inlaw, and relations to be freed from infamy, for whom you will leave father and brothers at home.

....

Relieve by your compassion an age which you know so well in your home and in your father .... and that meanwhile cancel ,

had paid

all

the

money

for his senatorship

.

1 There was a notable jurist named Proculus quoted in the Digest. A Cornelius Proculus is also mentioned in the Marcu* and Digest as the recipient of a rescript from Verus,

187

THE CORRESPONDENCE OF Ad

Amices,

8 (Naber, p. 109).

ii.

Arrio Antonino . Gratulor mihi plerisque hominibus . . . .* esse 2 esse me a te non secus quam parentem . . . observari. Eo fit ut ad me decurrant plurimi, qui tuam gratiam cupiunt. Quos ego non temere nee sine dilectu audio sed probe petentibus suffragium meum impertio. lis vero qui parum probe quid a te 3 Ut a me impetratum velint, se denego. 4 ill . . te . . potius repulsam Baburiana .... nos .... sua .... sita .... caros mihi viros et magno opere iis obsequi cupiam, ita tamen ut ma 5 mihi ac potissima sit iustitiae tuae 6 ratio tuae humanitati congruens videbatur . . , desiderium Baburianae 7 commendandum tibi recepi, .

Ambr. 297

|

.

et

;

quam possum .

ad

studiosissime

commendo .... ego

.... extructum. .... defendi .... pronuntiasti quid .... quo .... agas quod fuit tradendum,

. per Videbatur .

.

de opere extruendo

superest quod a te . . . .in pauca conferam. Sententiae tuae Baburiana non aequo animo sed prompto etiam et paene 8 .... Quid igitur postulat, quod non ambitiosum concessu, Baburianae vero 9 iucundum impetratu fuerit .... cunt a .... quae de sententia tua usurarum .... penditur 1 The preceding words are partly Six letters are missing. from the Index (Ambr. 277 ; Naber, p 189). * 8 Naber exse Klussmann ipse. Three lines are lost. 4 So Niebuhr, but Naber prints erctul. . 5 Schwierczina prefers pi ima. :

.

6

Two

g

The gap

7 Cod. fiaburiani. of about thirty letters. Possibly

lines lost. is

fallen out or should replace animo.

188

9

Naber.

modo has

M.

CORNELIUS FRONTO ?

FRONTO

164

A.D.

1

to Arrius Antoninus, greeting. congratulate myself that for most men it is that I am looked up to by you quite as a parent. Consequently very many who deI do not sire your favour have recourse to me. give them a hearing at haphazard and without circumspection, but I lend my support to those whose petition is honest. To those, however, who wish to obtain some dishonest advantage from you, 1 say Impossible. That Baburiana should rather from me .... men dear to me and I

I would most gladly oblige them, only so far however as is compatible above and before all with a regard for your justice .... It seemed in keep2 ing with your humane disposition ; I took upon to you, and 1 wish Baburiana's commend to myself

do commend

it

most heartily

with regard to constructing the work

Baburiana bowed to your decision not resignedly only but even promptly and almost willingly .... What then does she ask which would not be worth your while to grant, and at the same time very much to Baburiana's interest to obtain .... payment of interest in accordance with your decision This letter seems to refer to a contract for a public for part of which Baburiana was responsible. Arrius had found some fault with this, or had fined B. for the work not being finished in time. 2 Hiimanitas was beginning about this time to get the meaning humanity. See Aul. GelL xiii. 16 ; Digest, xliv. 37, 1

building,

etc.

189

THE CORRESPONDENCE OF ....

extruendo

petita.

Contulisse

Id populo quoque

Ad Amicos,

i.

.-' . adiungatur quondam iufamia multata videtur. .

.

....

2 .

8 (Naber,

.

.

,

p. 179).

FRONTO Passieno Rufo salutem. Ambr.

320,

following

Aemilius Pius cum studio[rum elegantia turn morum eximia probitate mihi carus est. Commendo eum tibi, frater. Nee ignore nullum adhuc inter nos mutuo scriptitantium 8 usum fuisse, quamquam

ego te optimum virum bonarumque artium sectatorem communium amicorum fama cognossem, et tu fortasse aliquid de me secundi rumoris acceperis. Sed nullum pulchrius amicitiae copulandae

4

reperire potui

quam

ciliandi tibi occasionem.

adulescentis optimi coneum, oro te. Cum

Ama

hoc peto, turn mea quoque. Nam me etiam magis amabis si cum Pio familiarius egeris. Novit enim Pius nostra omnia et in primis quam cupidissimus sim amicitiarum cum eiusmodi viris, ipsius causa

qualis tu es, copulandarum.

Ad Ambr. oi.

322,

ladfln.

Amicos,

i.

6 (Naber,

p. 178).

FRONTO Avidio Cassio salutem. lunius Maximus tribunus, qui laureatas adtulit litteras, non publico tantum munere strenue, sed |

1

2

Seven or eight

Two

lines are lost.

pages are lost before the next letter (///

viris

e>,

Derurionibusi, Amlir. 306. 1

Heindorf for Cod.

scribtitantcm.

*

Mai.

There was another letter to Arrius in the Codex, but we have only its title in the Index (Naber, p. 189 Ambr. 277 or 292) and the first two words, Valcrianut ClUianus. 1

;

190

CORNELIUS FRONTO

M.

attached to the construction of the work

N

-I

/

J

'

to Passienus Rufus, 2 greeting. Aemilius Pius 3 is endeared to me both

FRONTO

by the refinement of his tastes and the absolute integrity I commend him of his character. to you, my I am not unaware that hitherto we have brother. not been on the terms of correspondents, though I have known of you through common friends as an excellent man and a lover of the noble arts, and you perhaps have heard me well spoken of. Yet I could find no fairer prospect of establishing a close friendship with you than the occasion of recommending Love him, to your favour an excellent young man. I ask this for his sake, but also for I beseech you my own. For you will love me too the more, the more intimate with Pius you become. Pius knows all my heart, and how very much I desire to enter into close friendship with such men as yourself. :

1 /*

pT

to Avidius Cassius, 4 greeting. Junius Maximus the tribune, who brought the laurelled 5 letter, not only discharged his public

FRONTO

Possibly consul in 149, and, if so, proconsul about 164, time about fifteen years separated the two offices Probably a pupil of Fronto's. 4 The ablest general in the Parthian war. He afterwards, in 175, revolted against Marcus, and after a six months 2

for at this *

dream

of empire

was assassinated.

In token of victory on the successful termination of the Parthian war. So in the Peninsular war our coaches ran down through the country decked with laurel when a victory had been won. 5

Q

THE CORRESPONDENCE OF ita de private erga te officio amice functus est laboribus et consiliis tuis et industria et vigilantia ;

praedicator ubique frequentissimus extitit.

quidem minus valentem quom venisset,

numquam

cessavit in

Ad me

suburbanam villam

in

vesperum usque fabu-

nectere itinerum tuorum et disciplinae ad priscum morem institutae ac retentae turn in agmine las

;

ducendo

consultissimae

et

tui

manu conserenda

et

nullus miles

strenuissimi

opportunitatis

de

Plautinus

suis

;

quam

vigoris

prorsus ut hie de tuis

nisi quod Plautus virtutibus gloriose praedi caret de suo milite cum lepore, hie de te cum amore et cum summa fide Dignus est quern diligas et :

Ambr. 821

.

|

tuis

suffragiis

deris,

Ad

ornes.

i.

19 (Naber, p. 186).

Fulviano . l Ego integer epistularum

Ambr. 279 col. 1

gloriae addi-

dignitati praedicatoris tu adstruxeris.

quantum

Amicos,

Tuae propriae

.

.

.

.

Munus hoc ab

ineunte aetate infrequens habui et paene neglectum nee quisquam est hominum, nisi me fallo, qui rarius quam ego scripserit ad amicos aut rescripserit, nee ;

quisquam de Ambr.

282

noscitur

2

quam

....

tas

est

den

3

in

gives to

192

tamen

te

1 From the Index (Naber, p. 172 Hauler (H'ien. S'ud. 33, Pt. 1, p.

man

....

ultro citroque tibi

;

Cod. Ambr. 337). 175).

I

follow

See Brak-

placing here the following sentence, which Naber Amicos, i. 18.

Ad

M.

CORNELIUS PRONTO

mission with despatch, but also his private duty towards you with friendship, so unfailingly did he appear everywhere as the eulogist of your labours Inand measures and industry and vigilance. deed, when he came to me in my villa near the city, when I was far from well, he never ceased till nightfall telling tale after tale of your expeditions

and of the discipline which you had restored and then of maintained up to the ancient standard march and on the unerring vigour unremitting your ;

In very instinct for the right moment for battle. truth no soldier of Plautus 1 so vaingloriously eulogized his own merits as he did yours, only that Plautus in the case of his soldier spoke with pleasantry, while of you Maximus spoke with affecHe deserves your tion and the utmost loyalty.

Whatever love, and to profit by your patronage. you do to enhance the honour of your eulogist will redound to your own glory. 165

A.D.

PRONTO to Fulvianus, greeting. In the matter of letters

when

I

was vigorous

have paid but fitful days attention to this duty and almost neglected it and if I mistake not, there is no man who has written to his friends or answered their letters less often than myself, nor anyone ....*.. You have an opportunity of (sending)

.... From my

earliest

I

;

1

The Miles

page six lines are

8

To the end

8

Query

of the

Gloriosus.

lost.

193

THE CORRESPONDENCE OF amicis et comitibus \mbr.38i

....

hie

....

possi

....

quod .... non .... post .... quae neque duco, neque umquam querar. Quid igitur ? Nonne illud quoque evenire solet, ut is, qui diu amaverit quempiam, subito vel levitate morum vel copia novorum amicorum desinat amare ? Scis saepenumero hoc satis multis usu venisse, sed non nostrae mensurae hominibus .... hoc .... .

.

.

.

j

....

alias amicis . . . .* diligentiae trae mediocritas retinet.

Ad Verum

Imp.

2 .

.

.

.

nos-

3 (Naber, p. 131).

ii.

3 Ambr.

436,

suis litteris subdiderunt. Ea vero profectionem gesta sunt ex litteris a me scriptis a iiegotio cuique praepositis duelbus cognosces. Earum exemplaria Sallustius noster, nunc Fulvianus, dabit. Ego vero, ut et consiliorum .

.

.

illi

.

|

421

quae post

meam

meorum

rationes

litteras,

quibus quidquid

stratur,

dam

mittam

commemorare possis, meas quoque gerendum esset demon-

Quodsi picturas quoque quaspoteris a Fulviano accipere. magis te quasi in rem praesentem

tibi.

desideraveris,

Et quidem quo

inducerem, mandavi Cassio Avidio Martioque Vero commentarios quosdam mihi facerent, quos tibi mit4 et mores hominum et sensuin 5 quibus eorum cognosces. Quodsi me quoque voles aliquem commentarium facere, designa mihi qualem velis

tam,

1

2 In these lacunae five lines are included. One word. Niebuhr annexes this letter to Ad Ventm, ii. 10, which seems very unlikely. Mai suggests that it may be part of Ad yerum, ii. 2, which is impossible from the contents of it.

8

194

M,

CORNELIUS PRONTO

backwards and forwards

....

to friends

and com-

panions

....

nor do

think so, nor shall I ever complain. not this often the case that one, loved another, suddenly, whether from fickleness of character or by reason of the quantity of his new friends, gives up loving ? You know that this has constantly occurred to quite a number ot people, but not to persons of our type

What then? who has long

I

Is

Lucius VERUS TO FRONTO

n lo

165 A.D. .. master, greeting. .... they subjoined to their letters. What was done, however, after I had set out you can learn from the despatches sent me by the commanders entrusted with each business. Our friend Sallustius, now called Fulvianus, will provide you with copies of them. But that you may be able also to give the reasons for my measures, I will send you my own letters as well, in which all that had to be

done

my

is

clearly set forth.

But

if

you want some

sort

of pictures besides, you can get them from FulAnd to bring you into closer touch with the vianus. reality, I have directed Avidius Cassius and Martius Verus to draw up some memoranda for me, which I will send you, and you will be quite able from them to gauge the character of the men and

their capacity, but if you wish me also to draw up memorandum, instruct me as to the form of it

a

4

Naber So Cod. anticipated by Heindorf. .

6

THE CORRESPONDENCE OF faciarn, et ut iubes

paratus

faciam.

dum

sum,

a te

res

Quidvis enim subire nostrae

illustrentur.

Plane non contempseris et orationes ad senatum et Mittam tibi et adlocutiones nostras ad exercitum.

sermones meos cum barbaris habitos.

Multum haec

tibi conferent.

Unam rem Ambr. 435

volo

pulus magistro,

non quidem demonstrare

sed existimandam dare.

disci-

Circa cau-

|

sas et initia belli diu

commoraberis, et etiam ea quae

Tarde ad nostra nobis absentibus male gesta sunt. Porro necessarium puto, quanto ante meum venies.

adventum superiores Parthi fuerint, dilucere, ut quantum nos egerimus appareat. An igitur debeas, ovKvSi'S^s explicuit, ilia quomodo Trevn/KovTaeTt'av omnia compere, an vero paulo altius l dicere, nee tamen ita ut mox nostra dispandere, ipse dispicies. In summa meae res gestae tantae sunt, quantae 2 sunt tantae autem sunt scilicet, quoiquoimodi :

videbuntur, quantas tu eas videri voles. (Naber, p. 202, adinit. Principia Historiae.)

des adesse dies Ambr.

iiime legas

'276,

following 264 and 263

quod

1

Heindorf

1

A locative

3

There are twenty-four

....

in

magm

elogiis

te et

Intiu*.

used as genitive of quality. lines lost at the beginning of this

letter. 1

From the

Thuc.

196

i.

89 8.

defeat of Xerxes to the Peloponnesian war.

M.

CORNELIUS PRONTO

which you prefer, and I will follow your directions. I am ready to fall in with any suggestions as long as

Of exploits are set in a bright light by you. course you will not overlook my speeches to the Senate and harangues to the army. I will send you These will be of also my parleys with the enemy.

my

great assistance to you.

One

thing I wish not indeed to point out to the pupil to his master but to offer for your consideration, that you should dwell at length on the causes and early stages of the war, and especially our ill success in my absence. Do not be in a hurry to come to my share. Further, I think it essential to make quite clear the great superiority of the Parthians before my arrival, that the magnitude of my achievements may be manifest. Whether, then, as Thucyyou should give only a sketch of all this, 1 dides did in his Nairative of the Fifty Years War, or without the into more a little subject deeply go

you

however expatiating upon it, as you would upon mine in the sequel, it is for you to decide.

In short, my achievements, whatsoever their actucharacter, are no greater, of course, than they as great are, but they can be made to seem ally as you

would have them seem. 2

FRONTO TO MARCUS ANTONINUS

To my Lord Antoninus Augustus. 3

65 A D '

'

and to the great exploits * Fam v. 12, a letter which Lucius seems to cp. Cic. Ad See also Pliny to Tacitus (vii. 33). imitate. 8 This is to Marcus with the Pnnevidently a covering letter The fuller account of the war was possibly, cipia Historiae. or 167, unless Lucian (Quoowing to Fronto's death in 166 inodo Hist., 19) refers to Fronto, never written.

THE CORRESPONDENCE OF fratris tui

magnis rebus

gestis historia

non 1

indili-

studii et rumoris additura 2 genter scripta nonnihil vel levis aura, si sit, sicut ignera quamvis magnum adflaverit, adiuverit.

Ubi primum frater tuus commentarium miserit, si tamen hoc quod copiose scribere adgrediemur, 3 ...... non mittimus displicebit gusto

rem 275

.

.

|

(Naber,

p. 202.)

PRINCIPIA HISTORIAE

Arabr. 275

4

1.

.

tantas

.

res

a te

|

Achilles

quantas scripsisse

.

sus

....

.

.

.

ab orationibus

vereor

rem cantibus

....

et

....

novitate

aut

gestas,

Homerus nis

....

insolentia

nequa et modis absonum quid inodu-

latu et cantu cecinerim Ambr. 266

cuperet

gessisse

Sallustius

5 .

.

.

.

6

Eorumprofectouberrima ingenia frustra fuissent, ni magnificis sese rebus scribendis occupassent, ilemque nisi pro magnitudine rerum 2.

|

.

.

.

:

gestarum scriptorum quoque ingenia congruerent

....

Instead of non in- Hauler (41 Vers. d. deut. Phil. 1895 pp. 78 ff. ) reads consiHo et. 1

2 8

4

Klussmann Four and a For

for aiu-tura (Mai). half lines lost. Hauler's new readings in this tractate see Vcrsam.

41 d. dtui. PHI. pp. 78 ff and Wien. Mud. 38, pp. 166 5 All the above is from the margin of the Codex. 8

:

The margin adds Homerum

ff.

dicit.

1 A of the Parthian war which preface to the history Fro n to was to write from materials supplied to him by This we may presume would have had considerable Lucius.

198

CORNELIUS PRONTO

M.

of your brother a history written in no perfunctory

would be

spirit

brity, just as

likely to

add some

interest

and

cele-

the blowing even of a light breeze can

however great. As soon as your brother sends me

fan a fire

his

memoranda,

undertake the writing of a full account, provided however that this, which I send as a foretaste, I

will

finds favour

,

PREAMBLE TO HISTORY l

PRONTO

to Lucius Verus.

these great exploits wrought by you such as Achilles himself would fain have wrought and Homer written I am quite afraid that through some novelty and unusualness .... 1 shall have sung something not accordant with songs and measures .... 1

2 however

Sallust rich,

.

.

.

:

In fact their natural gifts,

would have been of no avail had they not

concerned themselves with the writing of their splendid achievements, and likewise were not their talents as writers on a par with the greatness of the deeds This preamble covered twenty-eight pages historical value. Fronto praises Lucius extravagantly, setting of the Codex. him even above the great Trajan. But much of the eulogy is mere rhetoric, and he seems to have had his eye on a The rhetorical commonplace, Livy's sketch of Hannibal. able to judge Fronto's piece is too mutilated for us to be virtues and experformance fairly, out his account of the with what we learn of him ploits of Lucius does not tally be referring to Fronto in his Quom. Lucian elsewhere.

may

Hist.

Scrih.

19,

where

he

historians of the Parthian war, f-xl

\6ywv

ridicules

the

contemporary

when he speaks

of &\\os

ns

Svvdfj.fi,

IQ9

THE CORRESPONDENCE OF Ambr. 265

.

.

.

.

|

Herculi aerumnae celebres,

^ivp6vT\OV), n. 76 collus in plural, U. 96 comitia always plur., H. 255

;

242

F. n. 94 celocas (Cod.

Vat. 91),

F. n. 38 cenobator or cenobatus = fefoScunj? Cod. Ambr. 333 (Hauler), I. 282n ceratina, F. U. 66 cernuare, F. n. 212 (Varro) ceteri alii, F. I. 220 xalpe, F. U. 250 chamaetortus^, F. II. 70 chirurga (m a Etrusca), n. 48 cholera, I. 241 circa, in respect of, F. i. 236

conticinium (not conticinnum as Naber, and wrongly in text), M. I. 142 (Varro) conus, F. n. 106 convenientes oculi, M. II. 108

conventum 54 converto,

est

illudf

(Cod.),

F.

II.

trans.

I.

intr.

F.

I.

304

;

n. 18

;

208

cordatus, F. I. 240 cordaz^, adj. F. II. 102 corniculus, F. n. 204 (Livy)

corpusculum, M.

I.

248

347

LATIN AND GREEK INDEX crispulus, of style, M. II. 110 euro with dat., F. II 14 currulis (Apuleius also), F. II. 16

diploma, F. I. 158 disamo, F. I. 66 disdidi (Cato), n. 46

172 daduchus, F. II. 134 dare verba alicui, F. I. 3n. datavi (Cato), n. 46

dogma,

disconcinnus, F. II. 110 dispositius ex conj. Kluss for dis-

M.

positus, da, baby's cry,

;

I.

78

degluttire (first used), F. n. 172 delatoria nota, F. II. 6 ddiberamentunrf (Cod.) from Laberius, I. 166 delicia, sing. (Plaut.), H. deliciaa facio, M. I. 192

delere ad lignum (Cato), delenimentum (emend.),

82 (as Laberi-

dogmatis, dat. pi., F. H. 62 dolere with ace. of resp., F.

II. 174 M. II. 220 domina, who meant by ?, I. 17 domine, as term of respect, H. 171n.: with f rater, II. 171, 204, 245 with magister, with fill, II. 176 so Cod. Ambr. 240 but ? I. 300 II. 2 domnula, M. I. 212 donicum for donee, F. II. 182 or body of a standard of Spates men, n 301n duos ambos, F. II. 134 duint, M. (sacerdotal), I. 176 ;

;

;

;

duum = duorum,

see

I.

8n.

durus, of Marcus, F. I. 206 II. IS dux = legatus in spurious letter,

255

SvtT7rapatrT)TOS, II. I.

46 166

II.

308

demeare, F., first, I. 12 demissus sanguis, F. II. 84 desiderantius,

I.

1

us), ace.

dative of purpose, obtentui, F. II. 186 despicatui, II. 204 ; oneri (Cod. onens), I. 220; by emendan. 234; of agent, n. 206; ei tion, rei = ideo. 11.216 decem tanta, F. I. 260 decem partibus malo, M. I. 176 decurio. II. 177 ff. defero (Cod. desero), n. 4 defervescere, M.

m

has dogniam M. I. 32 dogmate, M. I. 30

II.

Swptdv,

294

II.

dfsiderantissimus, F.

1.298; M.I. 118, 162; F. 1.242; 237 desinire^ Cod. for desinere, F. I. 256

E

II.

,

r),

II.

210

I.

;

II.

68

;

berius), II. 102 dictio for oratio, M. I. 188 ? used by Cicero, Tusc. It is used also perhaps in the ordinary sense, by

M.

I. 60 ; II. 3-9 : in 9 cases the Cod. gives the feminine gender to this word in the sense of day, but in 3 of the cases words in agreement are masc. ; In all other cases it appears correctly as masc. M. I. 192 differo, F. I. 162

dies

;

diiudicatio (Cic. only), II. 224 diluceo, a favourite word, F.

348

opera), F. I. 194 educaeductor (Cod. Ambr. 324) tor,

II.

effectum

82

emend.), I. 104 dictabolarium (Laberius), I. 102 dicteria, sarcasms, SSLKT^PIOV (Ladicis ? (Sucais,

6 etc.

eadem uc.

I.

2,

=

172 opus,

a

finished

work

(Quintilian), M. I. 128 tiKiav, see simile, eixdve abl. I. (Quint. I. 4, 164, Naber) eipwveia, I. 102 eiurare, F., I. 144, 146 elavere (Plautus), F. I. 8 elevatio (or relevatio), F. I. 104 elinguis (Cic. Tac), F. n. 136

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