Mao Tse-Tung 0140208402, 9780140208405

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a Pelican Original Political Leaders of the Twentieth Century

MAO TSE-TUNG Stuart Schram

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Pelican Books Political Leaders of the Twentieth Century Mao Tse-tung Stuart R. Schram was bom in Minnesota, U.S.A., in 1924. He took his B.A. at the University of Minnesota in 1944, followed by a Ph.D. in political science at Columbia University in 1954. From 1954 to 1967 he carried out research at the Centre d’Etude des Relations Internationales of the Fondation Nationale des Sciences Politiques in Paris, where, with Helene Carr&re d’Encausse, he was responsible for the Soviet and Chinese Section. He is now Professor of Politics (with reference to China) in the University of London and Head of the Contemporary China Institute of the School of Oriental and African Studies. In his research he is chiefly interested in the role of ideology in politics, especially in Communist countries, and in the history of Leninist theories together with their application by the Communist movement in Asia. Professor Schram has also published Le Marxisme et I’Asie, 18531964 (with Helene Carrere d’Encausse), and The Political Thought of Mao Tse-tung. Apart from his research. Professor Schram is interested in music, poetry, the theatre and nature.

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Political Leaders of the Twentieth Century

Mao Tse-tung Stuart Schram With 29 plates

Penguin Books

Penguin Books Ltd, Harmondsworth, Middlesex, England Penguin Books Inc., 7110 Ambassador Road, Baltimore, Maryland 21207, U.S.A. Penguin Books Australia Ltd, Ringwood, Victoria, Australia First published 1966 Reprinted (with revisions) 1967 Reprinted 1968, 1969, 1970 Made and printed in Great Britain by Hazell Watson & Viney Ltd Aylesbury, Bucks Set in Monotype Times This book is sold subject to the condition that it shall not, by way of trade or otherwise, be lent, re-sold, hired out, or otherwise circulated without the publisher’s prior consent in any form of binding or cover other than that in which it is published and without a similar condition ^ including this condition being imposed on the subsequent purchaser

Contents

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Acknowledgements 9 Introduction 15 The World of Mao’s Boyhood 19 Student Days in Changsha 29 Mao Tse-tung at the Time of the May 4th Movement 47 The Beginnings of the Chinese Communist Party 60 Collaboration with the Kuomintang 72 The Years in the Wilderness 106 From Kiangsi to Yenan 146 The Struggle on Two Fronts 192 The Foundation of the Chinese People’s Republic 249 In Search of a Chinese Way 277 Conclusion 311 Index 351 MAPS

China Today 12-13 The Third Encirclement Campaign 163 Routes of the Long March, October 1934-October 1936 (from The Long March, Foreign Languages Press, Peking, 1965) 178-9

List of Plates

1 Mao Tse-tung about 1919 2 Mao Tse-tung at the time of his election to the Central Committee of the CCP 3 and 4 Sites of the first and last sessions of the First Congress of the CCP 5 Ts’ai Ho-sen 6 Li Ta-chao 7 The Peasant Movement Training Institute 8 and 9 Early collaboration between the CCP and the KMT 10 and 11 The Long March 12 Mao outside the Anti-Japanese Military and Political University in Yenan (Radio Times Hulton Picture Library) 13 Mao and Chu Te during the civil war (Camera Press Ltd) 14 Cover of Songs to the Glory of Mao Tse-tung 15 Mao proclaiming the establishment of the Chinese People’s Republic 16 Mao and Voroshilov (The John Hillelson Agency Ltd) 17 Mao with Khrushchev (Keystone Press Agency Ltd) 18 Mao talking to a peasant 19 Mao and other leaders receive workers in Peking (iCamera Press Ltd) 20 Workers building the Ming Tombs Dam (The John Hillelson Agency Ltd)

21 Women of the Shiu Shin Commune at work (The John Hillelson Agency Ltd)

22 Children in a kindergarten (The John Hillelson Agency Ltd)

23 Mao and students (United Press International (UK) Ltd) 24 Mao exchanges greetings with Asian and African writers (Camera Press Ltd) 25 Mao with a Russian delegation (The John Hillelson Agency Ltd)

26 Mao with Ho Chi Minh, 1959 (The John Hillelson Agency Ltd)

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List of Plates

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27 Holiday float depicts Mao and Ho Chi Minh (iCamera Press Ltd) 28 Mao, his wife, and Mme Sukarno (Camera Press Ltd) 29 Mao and Chou En-lai (Camera Press Ltd)

Acknowledgements

Every book of history or biography owes something to the criticisms and suggestions of persons who have made a special study of some aspect of the period treated, but by the nature of the subject this one owes more to the kindness of my colleagues than most. Much has been done since the publication of such pioneering works as Brandt, Schwartz, and Fairbank’s A Documentary History of Chinese Communism and Benjamin Schwartz’s Chinese Communism and the Rise of Mao a decade and a half ago, but much remains to be done. Several important monographs, abundantly utilized in the present work, have appeared in recent years, but an even larger number are in preparation or in the press. The authors of several of these have been kind enough to comment on my text, to direct my attention to important materials, and in some cases even to allow me to read portions of their own manuscripts. I should like to thank especially Walter Gourlay and Roy Hofheinz, now engaged in finishing monographic studies at Harvard University (the first on the Kuomintang in 1921-7, the second on Chinese Communist rural politics in 1927-45); Donald L. Klein - currently working, at the Harvard East Asian Research Center, on a biographical dictionary of the Chinese Communist leaders - who not only pointed out a number of minor errors, but supplied me with the substance of most of the capsule biographies of figures secondary to Mao’s own story which appear in this book; Sidney Liu, a specialist on the military history of Chinese Communism, who commented at length on the passages dealing with the Kiangsi Republic; and Ezra Vogel, likewise of the Harvard East Asian Research Center, who made a number of useful observations, especially regarding the portion of the book dealing with the period since 1949. My colleagues in Paris, Claude Cadart and Jean Chesneaux, also made suggestions and provided infor¬ mation. Finally, I am most grateful to Professor Pai Yu (in the usual transcription, or Yu Beh, as he prefers to write it himself) of National Chengchi University in Taipei, who has allowed me

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Mao Tse-tung