Malcolm MacDonald: Bringing an End to Empire 9780773565395

Table of contents :
Contents
Preface
Acknowledgments
Chronology
Illustrations
PROLOGUE
1 Out of Africa, Amiably, December 1963
EARLY YEARS
2 The Family in Lossiemouth
3 Margaret's Short, Crowded Life, 1870–1912
4 Schooldays at Bedales, 1912–20
5 Oxford Years, 1920–24
6 Three Travelling Tongues, 1924–25
7 Authors and Antilopes, 1925–29
PARLIAMENTARY YEARS
8 Bassetlaw and Five Elections, 1923–35
9 Learning under Ramsay, 1929–35
10 Palestine: Under Weizmann's Charm, 1922–36
11 Ross and Cromarty – and the Churchills, 1936
12 Bringing Peace to Ireland, 1935–38
13 The Abdication and Dominion Crises, 1936–38
14 Bereavement and Appeasement, 1937–38
15 Moyne, Hailey, and a New View on Colonies, 1935–40
16 Palestine: The Split over Partition, 1938–40
17 In Search of Beauty
18 London under Attack
19 The Submarine War and Ireland, 1940–41
CANADA
20 Ottawa, 1941
21 Mackenzie King and the Conscription Crises, 1942–44
22 Balancing the Triangle, 1941–43
23 Twists over "Tube Alloys," 1942–46
24 Birds and Other Pursuits, 1941–45
25 Love on the Ski Slopes, 1946
ASIA
26 Malaya: Salvaging a Federation, 1946–48
27 Old Attitudes and Closed Clubs, 1947–54
28 The Malayan Emergency, 1948–53
29 Building Trust between Communities, 1948–51
30 Fast Friends
31 Borneo People, 1946–56
32 Brunei and Singapore, 1946–55
33 The Colombo Plan and Vietnam, 1948–54
34 Siam, Sihanouk, Sukarno, and Seminars, 1948–55
35 India: Picking Up the Pieces after Suez,1955–60
36 Leading Laos to Neutrality, 1961–62
AFRICA AND LATER YEARS
37 Kenya: Preparing for Uhuru, 1963–64
38 Rhodesia, South Africa, and Nigeria, 1965–74
39 Bridges to China, 1962–75
40 Years of "Retirement," 1969–81
41 An Assessment: Man and Diplomat
Notes
Bibliography
Index
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
R
S
T
U
V
W
Z

Citation preview

Malcolm MacDonald: Bringing an End to Empire

Malcolm MacDonald (1901—1981) played a central role in the decolonization of the British Empire. The son of Ramsay MacDonald, Britain's first socialist prime minister, Malcolm soon emerged from his father's shadow to take a crucial political and diplomatic part in the shaping of the Commonwealth. In this first biography of a highly unusual public figure, Clyde Sanger gives a full account of MacDonald's working life - from early successes in Ireland to a crashing failure over Palestine — and his complex private life. As colonial secretary MacDonald moved British colonial policy from a laissez-faire attitude to a developmental view, creating the first aid program, the Colonial Development and Welfare Fund. His last Cabinet post was as health minister during the London Blitz, where he worked with Winston Churchill. Sent to Canada as British High Commissioner, MacDonald became Mackenzie King's confidant during the conscription crisis, the Gouzenko spy revelations, and the American "occupation" during the building of the Alaska Highway. His greatest work was done during his fourteen years in Asia, most notably in preparing Malaya's different racial groups for independence and mending fences between India and Britain after the Suez invasion of 1956. MacDonald's skill as a negotiator came from a combination of hard work, patience, and a great sense of fun and humanity. Walking on his hands around Nehru, swapping bird-watching tales with de Valera, discussing Chinese ceramics with Marshal Chen Yi, or playing nursery games with Jomo Kenyatta and the Iban head-hunter family who adopted him, he charmed his way to a remarkable series of diplomatic successes. CLYDE SANGER, for forty years a journalist in Britain, Africa, and North America, is director of communications, North-South Institute, and adjunct professor of journalism, Carleton University.

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Malcolm MacDonald Bringing an End to Empire CLYDE SANGER

McGill-Queen's University Press Montreal & Kingston • London • Buffalo

McGill-Queen's University Press 1995 ISBN 0-7735-1303-5 Legal deposit third quarter 1995 Bibliotheque nationale du Quebec Printed in the United States on acid-free paper Published simultaneously in the European Union by Liverpool University Press. McGill-Queen's University Press is grateful to the Canada Council for support of its publishing program.

Canadian Cataloguing in Publication Data Sanger, Clyde Malcolm MacDonald: bringing an end to empire ISBN 0-7735-1303-5 1. MacDonald, Malcolm, 1901-1981. 2. Commonwealth countries - History. 3. Diplomats - Great Britain - Biography. 4. Great Britain Colonies - History. 5. Great Britain - Politics and government - aoth century. 6. Cabinet ministers Great Britain - Biography, i. Title. DA822.M3S35 1995

941.082*092

095-900402-5

David Low cartoons on pages 88, 123, 163, and 285 copyright © Solo Syndication Limited.

Dedicated to the memory of Sheila Lochhead, his youngest sister, who shared so much of this story

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Contents

Preface / xi Acknowledgments / xv Chronology / xvii Illustrations / xxii PROLOGUE

1

Out of Africa, Amiably, December 1963 / 3 EARLY

YEARS

2

The Family in Lossiemouth / 13

3

Margaret's Short, Crowded Life, 1870-1912 / 16

4

Schooldays at Bedales, 1912—20 / 26

5

Oxford Years, 1920—24 / 36

6

Three Travelling Tongues, 1924-25 / 46

7

Authors and Antilopes, 1925-29 / 53 PARLIAMENTARY YEARS

8

Bassetlaw and Five Elections, 1923-35 / 61

9

Learning under Ramsay, 1929-35 / 76

viii Contents

10

Palestine: Under Weizmann's Charm, 1922-36 / 87

11

Ross and Cromarty - and the Churchills, 1936 / 98

12

Bringing Peace to Ireland, 1935—38 / 109

13

The Abdication and Dominion Crises, 1936—38 / 125

14

Bereavement and Appeasement, 1937—387 134

15

Moyne, Hailey, and a New View on Colonies, 1 935-40 / 143

16

Palestine: The Split over Partition, 1938—40 / 159

17

In Search of Beauty 7176

18

London under Attack / 187

19

The Submarine War and Ireland, 1940—41 / 197 CANADA

20

Ottawa, 1941 / 209

21

Mackenzie King and the Conscription Crises, 1942-44 / 214

22

Balancing the Triangle, 1941—43 / 231

23

Twists over "Tube Alloys," 1942—46 / 242

24

Birds and Other Pursuits, 1941—45 / 252

25

Love on the Ski Slopes, 1946 / 261 ASIA

26

Malaya: Salvaging a Federation, 1946—48 / 269

27

Old Attitudes and Closed Clubs, 1947-54 / 280

28

The Malayan Emergency, 1948—53 / 289

29

Building Trust between Communities, 1948—51 / 303

30

Fast Friends 7313

31

Borneo People, 1946—56 / 321

32

Brunei and Singapore, 1946—55 / 331

33

The Colombo Plan and Vietnam, 1948—54 / 342

ix Contents

34 35 36

Siam, Sihanouk, Sukarno, and Seminars, 1 948-55 / 353 India: Picking Up the Pieces after Suez, i955-6o / 363 Leading Laos to Neutrality, 1961—62 / 377 AFRICA AND LATER YEARS

37

Kenya: Preparing for Uhuru, 1963—64 / 389

38

Rhodesia, South Africa, and Nigeria, 1965—74 / 404

39

Bridges to China, 1962—75 / 419

40

Years of "Retirement," 1969—81 / 428

41

An Assessment: Man and Diplomat / 438 Notes / 447 Bibliography / 481 Index / 487

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Preface

Empires usually die violently. They break into fragments when an Alexander dies. Or they are divided by the victors when a Napoleon is defeated and led into exile. Or they collapse and reform into fragile, perhaps unstable states after an Ottoman or a Hapsburg or a Soviet empire dissolves. That the British Empire ended differently, and with some grace, is due in large part to a group of colonial officials who were gifted with the more amiable skills of diplomats. One could even call them an age-group, for most of them flourished and did their work in a single generation: Lord Hailey, in India and then in Africa, was a few years ahead of Hugh Foot, Charles Arden-Clarke, Andrew Cohen, Dick Turnbull, Tony Abell, and Ralph Hone - to mention only some of those who play a part in this book. Malcolm MacDonald was central to this group and to the process of turning the British Empire into a Commonwealth of more than fifty states with an enduring number of common values. When I was first asked to write this political and personal biography, I had firsthand knowledge (as Africa correspondent of the Guardian) of his feat in smoothing and speeding Kenya's move to independence in 1963. I had also heard of his similar achievements as governor general of Malaya and Singapore from 1946. But I hesitated, wondering whether he was not merely the urbane agent of some earlier Cabinet minister who had curved British colonial policies on to a more enlightened path than the French, Dutch, Belgians, or Portuguese had followed. After only a little research, it became clear that he himself had been that Cabinet minister: as Colonial Secretary in

xii Preface

1935 and again in 1938—40 he set these policies - and then put them into practice later in Asia and Africa. His success came from a combination of inconspicuous hard work with informality, a lack of starchiness with a firm grasp of democratic principles. He could also claim to have been the author of the first aid progam - the Colonial Development and Welfare Fund, in 1940 and to have shaped the first multilateral aid program, the Colombo Plan, in 1950. As well, he was a pioneer in other fields. As health minister in 1940—41 he began laying the foundations for Britain's post-war National Health Service, and, through building over the years on a chance meeting with Zhou Enlai and Marshal Chen Yi, he helped bridge the gulf from Britain to China in the 19605. This is a longish book for several reasons. MacDonald was active on so many different stages - Ireland, Palestine, Canada, Southeast Asia, India, China, and Africa as well as in British politics — that the background has to be sketched to more scenes than is usual. He undoubtedly gained an early start in politics through his father, Ramsay MacDonald; he managed what few sons of a famous father seem able to do, to shine after the parental glow has faded. So, to trace his emergence from Ramsay's shadow is important. Again, the books he wrote (mainly about his beloved birds, but also his best book, about Borneo), the paintings and ceramics he collected (and the pride he inspired among Westernised Chinese for their own art), and the friendships he made (and thereby some scandals) all deserve mention. Needless to say, Malcolm was not a wholly admirable character. He was often insensitive to the problems of junior officials, having never worked on the lower rungs of a government machine. He upset (and, I think, enjoyed upsetting) a number of more traditional-minded colleagues, which harmed working relations. He was at ease with people of all races, but his egalitarian principles (like those of Ramsay also) were modified by his preference for colourful celebrities, from Beatrice Lillie to Jomo Kenyatta. Nor would anyone say he was an attentive husband and father. However, the vast majority of people who had dealings with him knew a warm, wise, interested, and amusing human being. Perhaps only secondarily would they underline his importance as a statesman - and Malcolm would have liked it that way. Malcolm MacDonald wrote lengthy despatches, but he did not keep a diary. When in later life he came to draft an autobiography, the result (to which he gave the title Constant Surprise) was an unpublished manuscript that is extremely useful to a biographer, although lacking in lively, contemporary details. So, besides drawing

xiii Preface

on Constant Surprise and his published books, I have made considerable use of the diaries of his sister, Sheila Lochhead, who as an adult lived with him until his marriage at the age of forty-five, and of Sir Walter Crocker, an Australian diplomat who served alongside him in India and Africa. Each of them followed the tradition of Samuel Pepys in mixing indiscretions with insights, and I am grateful for both, and to the University of Adelaide Library for help in searching the Crocker papers.

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Acknowledgments

I owe thanks to many people, including all those who let me interview them. It really was an immense privilege to meet so many fine people in the course of researching and writing this work. Most of all I am grateful to the MacDonald clan for being so open and enthusiastic: Sheila and Andrew Lochhead, always ready with stories and names and wise comments; Malcolm's other sister, Dr Joan Mackinnon, and his brother Alister, who sadly both died before the book was finished; and his wife, Audrey, who helped both with memories and with the inimitable cartoons of David Low. Others I want especially to thank are the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada, for a year's research grant; Ruth Gordon, for such a thorough as well as affectionate first editing of my typescript; Han Suyin and her husband, Vincent Ruthnaswamy, for their hospitality in Lausanne; Brian Lapping, for his "End of Empire" television series and for sharing his contacts in Southeast Asia; Senator Kenneth Kanyan and his wife, Louise, for taking me up the Rejang and into their family; Jill Craigie for cheerily solving a mystery; my brother, Jim Sanger, for his help with a handwriting expert; Andre Deutsch, James Currey, and Graham C. Greene for joining the search for a British publisher; Donald MacKay for good advice on how to start, and Derek Ingram and Prue Scarlett for their frequent encouragement to continue; Donald Simpson and Terry Barringer for their unfailing kindness when the MacDonald Papers were lodged in the Commonwealth Library in London; and Dr Fewster and his staff when they moved to Durham University.

xvi Acknowledgments

I have greatly appreciated the encouragement and patience of Philip Cercone and Joan McGilvray of McGill-Queen's University Press during the many months of this book's gestation and production, and the discreet skills of Susan Kent Davidson, who showed such sense and sensitivity in her editing. As well, the following experts were kind enough to read and comment on appropriate chapters: Douglas Anglin, Derek Ingram, Cranford Pratt, Escott Reid, Prunella Scarlett, and Richard Stubbs. Friends at the North-South Institute in Ottawa - Marta Arnaldo, Anne Chevalier, and Lady Tinor - helped greatly in the final complexities of formatting. My wife Penny not only lived alongside this book for eight years but added sparkle to journeys we made together for interviews in Scotland and Kenya, as did my sister Mella and Patricia Castano at different times in England. Finally, thanks to Gail Anglin for (literally) carrying the book the last mile. Clyde Sanger Ottawa 1995

Chronology

1866 1870 1901 1906 1910 1911

3 February 8 September

1920—24 1922

15 November

1923

6 December

1924

August to June 1925

12 October 20 July 17 August

1925-29

1929

30 May

Ramsay MacDonald born. Margaret Gladstone born. Malcolm born in Lossiemouth. Ramsay elected MP for Leicester. David, their fourth child, dies. Margaret dies. Alister, Malcolm sent to Bedales. Malcolm at Queen's College, Oxford. Ramsay back as MP for Aberavon, and Labour established as second party ahead of Liberals. Snap election. Malcolm's first fight at Bassetlaw. Ramsay prime minister of minority government. Malcolm on Oxford Union debating tour to U.S., Canada, Australia, New Zealand. Ishbel fights Bassetlaw on Malcolm's behalf in October 1924 election, which the Conservatives win decisively. Works as editor for the Readers Library and as freelance writer. Malcolm wins Bassetlaw in general election, when Labour becomes largest party and Ramsay heads minority government.

xviii Chronology

1930

November

1931

August

1931

November

1931

December

1932

July

1

933-34

!935

June

1

November

1936

February

J

937

November

1938

April

1938

May

193

8 Septe

935

India Round Table Conference begins. Malcolm assists Lord Sankey. Financial crisis leads to National Government. In split with Labour Party, Malcolm sides with Ramsay. Both reelected as National Labour MPS in October general election. First speech from front bench, moving third reading of Statute of Westminstei Bill as a parliamentary secretary. Second India Round Table Conference ends. Malcolm used as secret envoy to Gandhi. Imperial Trade Conference in Ottawa; Malcolm acts as press officer, then in November winds up debate on Ottawa Agreements Bill. Chairs interdepartmental committee on migration policy and tours Australia and New Zealand September 1934January 1935. Ramsay resigns as prime minister. Baldwin, his successor, appoints Malcolm Colonial Secretary. Both Ramsay and Malcolm lose seats in general election, but Baldwin keeps Malcolm in Cabinet, moving him to Dominion Affairs. Malcolm wins by-election at Ross and Cromarty. Ramsay dies during voyage to South America. After two years of negotiation about trade, finances and "treaty ports," Malcolm and de Valera seal new Irish Agreement. Malcolm's second spell as Colonial Secretary. His major problem is Palestine; after failure of London Conference, brings in restrictive White Paper in !939Doubling as Dominion Affairs secretary, Malcolm reports unwillingness of

xix Chronology

1939

September

1940

May

1941

April

1941-46

1943

1946

April

1946

December

1947 1948

April

1948

June

1949

February

195°

January

1951 1955

April

Dominions to fight for Czechoslovakia, and supports Chamberlain on Munich. Remains at Colonial Office, completing work on Colonial Development and Welfare Act. Churchill PM, shifts Malcolm to Health Ministry, where he oversees conditions in air-raid shelters. Churchill posts Malcolm to Canada as high commissioner, where he becomes confidant of PM Mackenzie King. In Ottawa. Conscription crises, Alaska Highway alarms, and Gouzenko spy scandal are major preoccupations. Down North, his first full-length book, describing trips to Canada's northern territories, published. Attlee appoints Malcolm governor general of Malaya and Singapore. First task: converting Malayan Union into Federation. Malcolm marries Audrey Rowley in Ottawa. Birds of Brewery Creek, about bird life near Ottawa River, is published. Given wider scope as commissioner general for South-East Asia. Radio broadcast by Malcolm heralds Malayan Emergency. Instrumental in recall of governor, Sir Edward Gent, who dies in plane crash. Communities Liaison Committee launched. In two years leads opinion to common citizenship and prepares way for Malaya's independence. First meeting of Colombo Plan delegates. Malcolm attends all three meetings of this major aid program for Asia. Travels widely in Vietnam with General de Lattre de Tassigny; narrowly misses capture in Dien Bien Phu in 1954. Chance meeting with Zhou Enlai and Marshal Chen Yi leads to lifelong

xx Chronology

!955

May

!956 i958 1960

October

1961 1962

January September

1963

January

1964 1966

1966

May

1967

January

1968

October

friendship and to Malcolm's later efforts to build bridges to China. Anthony Eden appoints Malcolm high commissioner to India. In five-year stint he repairs relations after Suez, prevents British-Indian clash over Kashmir. Borneo People, describing the vanishing life of Iban head-hunter chief who adopted him, published. Angkor published. Leaves India, expecting imminent retirement, but is soon asked to cochair international conference on neutrality of Laos, which is wrapped up only in July 1962. Birds in my Indian Garden published. Plans lengthy tour of China as Chen Yi's guest, but cuts it short after Duncan Sandys persuades him to take up post in Kenya. Arrives in Kenya as last governor and completes self-government constitution in three months, leading to uhuru in December. Governor general of Kenya until it becomes republic in December, then is appointed British high commissioner. Harold Wilson appoints Malcolm roving ambassador in Commonwealth Africa, to soothe tempers over Rhodesian UDI. Buys Raspit Hill, near Sevenoaks in Kent, as home for collection of ceramics and paintings. Sells most of Chinese collection to Durham University. Plays major role in setting up Aburi meeting between rival Nigerian leaders Gowon and Ojukwu. After failure of Fearless talks on Rhodesia, Malcolm given head to pursue own ten-year transition plan, but

xxi Chronology

1969

July

1970

June

1971

January

1972

June

1972 1

975

Titans and Others published.

January

Becomes president of Voluntary Service Overseas, and makes several trips to Asia on behalf of vso. Pushes vso to start program in China. Working on autobiography, Constant

11 January

Malcolm dies of heart attack at Raspit. Memorial service in Westminster Abbey in March.

1980 1981

Heath's new government calls halt in 1970. Appointed to the Order of Merit on retirement from public service. People and Places is published. Invited to be chancellor of Durham University; installed in December. Makes "Rulers of Yesterday" speech. Takes over as president of Royal Commonwealth Society. Beginnings of Great Britain-China Centre, and Malcolm as president makes visits in 1975 and 1979.

Surprise, and published Inside China.

Family group, Lincoln's Inn Fields, December 1907. Margaret and Ramsay MacDonald with their first four children. Left to right: David, Malcolm, Ishbel, and Alister. Andrew Lochhead

Travelling tongues: the Oxford debating team prepares for North America, 1924. Christopher Hollis, Douglas Woodruff, Malcolm. Andrew Lochhead

The MacDonalds in Lossiemouth, December 1929. From left: Ishbel, Ramsay (then prime minister), Malcolm, Sheila, Joan. In the background is Captain James Dunbar, Laird of Pitgaveny. Andrew Lochhead

A concert for Londoners sheltering in an Underground station during an air raid in early 1941. The audience is standing among the (switched-off) electric rails. As health minister Malcolm had responsiblity for air-raid shelters. London Transport

Malcolm visits Canadian troops in southern England before leaving for his new post in Canada, April 1941. Lt-General Andrew McNaughton and the Canadian High Commissioner in London, Vincent Massey, are on his left. National Archives, Ottawa

Signing a loan agreement between Canada and Britain in Ottawa, March 1946. Prime Minister Mackenzie King looks on. Behind are Canada's deputy minister of finance Clifford Clark; a British diplomat; and Canada's finance minister James Ilsley. National Archives, Ottawa

The first meeting with Sir Edward Gent, governor of Malaya, May 1946. Malcolm caused his recall to Britain, where he died in an air crash. Straits Times, Singapore

Wedding in Ottawa, December 1946. Mackenzie King is between Audrey's parents, Marjorie and Kenyon Fellowes. Courtesy of Audrey MacDonald

Malcolm with his year-old daughter Fiona, in Singapore 1951. Life magazine

Dancing with Sally Ong, on her graduation from the University of Malaya. Malcolm helped the Ong sisters through university after their doctor father was murdered by Communists. Straits Times

With General de Lattre de Tassigny, who until his sudden death was France's strongest hope for retaining Indo-China, 1951. Andrew Lochhead

Malcolm's Iban family in Borneo. With Paramount Chief Temonggong Koh, "one of the greatest men I ever met," at his longhouse up the Balleh River. Straits Times

The photograph that scandalized Conservative MPS and right-wing British papers, which demanded his removal from office. Malcolm being led to the family longhouse by Siah and Sani, daughters of Penghulu Jugah. Siah had been featured, in the same attire, on Sarawak's fifty-cent stamp. K.F. Wong, Kuching

Asian friends: Audrey MacDonald jokes with Jawaharlal Nehru over supper, New Delhi 1956. Mrs Homai Vyarawalla, New Delhi

Prince Sihanouk in Singapore, April 1955, being entertained by the governor, Sir John Nicoll, and Lady Nicoll. On the left is Christina Loke, who went with her husband and Malcolm to Cambodia to write and illustrate a book on Angkor Wat, and who later took the photographs for Malcolm's books on India and Kenya. Commonwealth Trust

University occasions. Malcolm, then chancellor of the University of Malaya, dancing a conga behind student Ivy Soh, 1953. Peter Robinson Studios, Singapore

Malcolm at his inauguration as chancellor of Durham University in December 1970, with three of his choices for honorary degrees: from left Emanuel Shinwell, Freya Stark, and Henry Moore. Commonwealth Trust

PROLOGUE

Celebrating Kenya's independence. Ethiopian Emperor Haile Selassie sits between Prime Minister Jomo Kenyatta and Malcolm MacDonald, then governor general. Commonwealth Trust

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i Out of Africa, Amiably, December 1963

Things had been in a mess. It was a makeshift stadium, hastily carved into a hillside near an army barracks and the Game Park. It had rained for days, making life in Nairobi trying at best, sometimes miserable. Some sunshine that afternoon had helped to dry out the stadium, but still, as two hundred thousand people trekked out along the Langata Road and cars tried to nudge their way through, the track was churned up. The car bringing Kenya's prime minister, Jomo Kenyatta, and the Duke of Edinburgh got stuck in the mud, and they arrived half an hour late. More publicly (more ominously, people said later, when he was deposed by Idi Amin), the car carrying Milton Obote on a circular drive inside the stadium stuck fast in the gluey murram in front of the great crowd, and Uganda's prime minister had to trudge on foot to his place among the important visitors. But now it was just a few minutes before midnight on 11 December 1963. A floodlight in the dark arena was picking out two apparendy quite incompatible figures. It was an absurd and at the same time a heart-warming sight. The two men caught in the beam of light were like a bear and a duck walking alongside each other. The animal images are not inappropriate. When Jomo Kenyatta was still being held in detention in the northern desert of Kenya, Tom Delamere flew up in a small plane to talk to him. Kenyatta had been hidden away up there for nine years and had been dubbed by the governor, Sir Patrick Renison, "the leader to darkness and death." Back in Nairobi other white farmers gathered on his return to ask how this legendary ogre had appeared and how he

4 Prologue

behaved. "Oh, he'll be all right," said Lord Delamere. "He's a bear, just a great big bear." And Malcolm MacDonald, who had replaced Sir Patrick as governor, had a strong affinity with ducks. He had loved them, had spent thousands of hours watching them since his earliest days around Spynie Loch near Lossiemouth, and had recorded their habits meticulously in many notebooks. He was short in height, quite unlike the aristocratic model of an imperial proconsul. In his uniform and plumes, which he so disliked wearing, he could resemble a tufted duck caught and ruffled in a breeze, and he had the ability, even now at the age of sixty-two, to turn suddenly upside-down, like a pochard, and to stand on his head or walk around on his hands. While pochards dive like that for food, Malcolm did it sometimes for sheer fun, but often to break through the crust of protocol and reach the real people beneath. So the two men, the bear and the duck, walked out together into the muddy arena. But what did some mud matter on this day of days? In the eleven months he had so far spent in Kenya, Malcolm MacDonald had been through much stickier times, much more difficult terrain than this. Indeed, he hadn't wanted to come at all when Duncan Sandys, as Colonial Secretary, had first asked him. He had been looking forward to an unhurried six months in Asia, visiting old haunts and old friends like his Iban family up the Rejang River in Sarawak, and cutting new trails around China as the guest of Marshal Chen Yi, one of the pleasures of the friendship they had recently forged. He had told Sandys that he really knew nothing about modern Africa and African politics - it was more than twenty years since he had himself been Colonial Secretary. However Sandys, as usual, had been insistent; and it was a persuasive argument he put, that Malcolm had given so many years of his life to easing the process of decolonization, mostly in Asia. Here now in Kenya was one of the last big challenges in this process, and it needed a guiding hand with his long experience. So Malcolm cut short his trip to Asia, read up what he could about Kenya during a few days of briefings in London, and, in the first week of January 1963 was off to the south with his wife Audrey, to this new job about which he had still so much to learn. So much, indeed, had happened in Africa in the sixteen years during which Malcolm had been involved with Asian problems. The winds of change had had their first stirrings when he worked with Lord Hailey and others to review - to revamp, even to revolutionize - colonial policies in the 19303; but now they had swept across twothirds of Africa, and thirty-three countries were already indepen-

5 Out of Africa, Amiably, 1963

dent. The winds had blown into a storm in Algeria, where a million pieds noirs had resisted the drive of their nine million Muslim compatriots to bring a new nation to birth. That blood-stained struggle had only ended in 1962, with the trial in de Gaulle's France of the rebel generals. Kenya had been the British version of Algeria. Elsewhere in East Africa, Tanganyika and Uganda had found an easier and earlier path to independence, as Morocco and Tunisia had done before Algeria in the Maghreb. Unlike Kenya, those neighbouring countries had few white settlers. Kenya had gone through an eight-year war, like Algeria. It had been a more limited war, confined to two provinces; but still, some fifteen thousand Kikuyu had been killed on one side or the other and, although only thirty-two Kenya whites had been murdered, the horror at some of these brutal deaths had been etched into their friends' memories. In 1960 Sandys' predecessor, Iain Macleod, had bullied the settlers and bargained with Tom Mboya on a constitution that would inevitably lead to selfgovernment, but at this moment in January 1963 the wounds of war were far from healed and the path ahead still uncertain. Whom, for a start, would the people trust to lead them forward? Malcolm had decided, against the advice of several senior men in Whitehall, to bet heavily on Kenyatta. They had referred back to the Mau Mau movement ten years before and Kenyatta's seven-year prison sentence; and they piously told Malcolm that Kenyatta was "a pretty big devil, a bad man on the whole. In any case," they added, "you won't have to bother about him long, as he's drinking himself to death." There were some younger officials who had murmured, "Make up your own mind." And anyone who knew Malcolm would expect him - by instinct, really - to back the main nationalist leader, to show confidence in him and his colleagues. He had done that with Sukarno in Indonesia and with Dato Onn in Malaya. One of his memorable statements in an early broadcast when he was governor general of Malaya was: "We are not here to divide and rule. We are here to unite and get out." He would follow the same path in Kenya. The first few days had been crucial. Kenyatta's party, the Kenya African National Union (KANU), had begun to splinter: the powerful Kamba tribe, strong in the army and police, had just broken away under their leader Paul Ngei. The Kenya African Democratic Union (KADU) politicians, who had joined the government while Kenyatta was still in detention and who had managed under Renison to dictate the outline of a regionalist constitution that suited

6 Prologue

their coalition of small tribes, were digging in their heels against giving substantial powers to the future central government. Sir Patrick had found the making of constitutions a wearisome business and had scheduled only one meeting of ministers each week for this purpose. There was impatience in the land at the slow progress to self-government. The Kikuyu, Kenyatta's own people, were said to be taking secret oaths again as they had done in Mau Mau days, and the police were arresting many suspected members of the Land Freedom Army. Tom Mboya, the brilliant younger KANU leader, was showing his impatience openly when Malcolm MacDonald stepped off the aircraft. "Don't bother to unpack your bags," was his greeting, and it really wasn't a joke. Malcolm did, of course, get his bags unpacked, but otherwise lost no time in making friends with the ministers, both KANU and KADU, in the coalition government. That very first evening he gave a stag party for them in Government House, which ended with them playing what Charles Njonjo calls "prankish games," blindman's buff and some of the other children's sports Malcolm had introduced into Iban longhouses. Kenyatta, he noted then and on later occasions, drank only Coke; so much for Whitehall's knowledge of this evil man! Within a few days there was much more serious stuff than games. Malcolm speeded up the constitutional talks, so that the ministers were meeting morning, afternoon, and evening. They held fortythree meetings in those first three months, and he persuaded Sandys to fly out for two weeks to help solve the knottiest problems. He also persuaded Sandys to cut the timetable to independence, to uhuru, by a year. "They are as capable of taking over today as they will be in two years hence. Delay will either make them more extreme or they'll get kicked out."1 Sandys sensibly agreed. It was no wonder Malcolm collapsed when the job of drafting the constitution was done. Doctors diagnosed a weak heart condition as well as pneumonia and ordered him to get away from Nairobi for several weeks' strict convalescence. Typically he ignored this advice and went off with Bill Langridge, a zoologist in charge of tsetse-fly control, and various game wardens to study the birds and the wild animals of the country. Malcolm got on better with the animals than with some of the white settlers or officials. Those settlers called him "Baby Tusker," after the local beer, because of his short height and protruding teeth. In their outrageous way they gave Christina Loke, his great Chinese friend and expert photographer who toured the game parks with him, the nickname of "Ping Pong." They gossiped that,

7 Out of Africa, Amiably, 1963

every time Audrey MacDonald flew off to visit her family in Canada, Christina Loke flew in. Sir Eric Griffith-Jones, who was acting governor during Malcolm's illness, was worried enough about this to think of deporting Chris "to avoid a scandal," as he confided in his journal. Ah, virtuous settlers! Malcolm was not to be judged by the standards of some Happy Valley farmers, who rotated wives as often as their wheat. The Africans had taken him to their hearts from the moment he visited a Kikuyu settlement scheme in Wanjohi-Kipipiri. He had worn a short-sleeved shirt with a design of banana bunches, and he borrowed a hoe and hacked at the soil, then offered to swap jobs with the farmer. Another tale went round about his giving a ride in his official car to two Masai youngsters clad only in loincloths and clutching long spears. He stopped and picked them up as they walked along the roadside. They travelled together, one on either side of him, from the Rift Valley all the way to Kisumu on Lake Victoria, chatting to him for hours with his chauffeur as interpreter. The two "apprentice warriors," aged twelve and fourteen, were completely at ease. When they were dropped off in the middle of Kisumu town, the older boy reached into his loincloth for a few pennies and tried to hand them to Malcolm. He resisted the offer with a smile but took it as "an instinctive thought by aristocratic Masai that they should tip a Governor for his assistance."2 He enjoyed the company of Africans for their wonderful sense of humour, and remembered the many times their jokes had saved the constitutional talks from a breakdown. But he had lived in Asia too long not to miss the depth and diversity of cultures there, from China to Cambodia and India, too long not to feel the lack of it in Africa. To Arthur Lall, an Indian diplomat friend, he wrote: "Kenya is a beautiful country, but it has got some unbeautiful problems. I join in wrestling with them for hours every day."3 However, after the general elections in May 1963, when KANU won two-thirds of the seats in the House of Representatives and nearly the same majority in the Senate, there were calmer days. The last constitutional conference before independence had been wrapped up in London, although there had been some awkward moments during the packaging. And now they were in the last moments before uhuru, the hauling down of the Union Jack and the breaking out of the new Kenya flag. The bear and the duck walked out together towards the flag-poles in the stadium. It had been a long and extraordinary day. Four thousand guests had milled over the lawns of Government House for the afternoon garden party. Indira Gandhi was there; she had come to tell the two

8 Prologue

hundred thousand Asians in the country not to look back over their shoulders to Mother India but to look ahead with Kenya. Julius Nyerere was there, carrying the hopes that the three countries of East Africa would soon join in a federation. And, looking smart in new uniforms and peaked caps, were four former Mau Mau "generals" - Kibera Gatu, Kimba, Kamwamba, and Ndungu. They had been recycled as party organizers for KANU, and were edging over to try to meet the Duke of Edinburgh. That evening in the stadium twelve hundred dancers filled the arena, whirling with their shields and feathers and cloaks and spears. Nor was it all African. One hundred fifty Asian dancers performed the Dandiya Ras, and of course the Scots were out with their kilts and swords. The organizers seemed to have thought of everything. In the army barracks up the hill the Red Cross had set up a temporary maternity ward - wisely, for five babies were born to mothers who had tramped several miles to the stadium. Malcolm asked Kenyatta that day whether he had ever expected, when he started the nationalist movement as a young man, to see Kenya become independent in his lifetime. Jomo laughed, guffawed in fact, and replied: "I didn't expect to see even India become independent in my lifetime." His remark took Malcolm back at a leap to his own introduction to the long process of decolonization, to the India Round Table conferences of 1930 and 1931, when, as a fledgling MP, he had acted as a messenger for the prime minister, his own father, Ramsay MacDonald, and had first met Gandhi. His father had taught him so much about politics, and Ramsay's deep concern to advance the independence of India had led Malcolm into decades of effort transforming Britain's colonies into independent states. This day in Nairobi was really the culmination for him of all those years of work, years of making his own mark beyond the shadow of his famous father. Kenya was the first country he had helped to take directly to the threshold of independence. He had left Malaya and Singapore years before their independence and had arrived in India eight years after its partition. So Kenya was indeed very special at that moment to Malcolm MacDonald. Jomo beside him was having a wonderfully uninhibited time, waving his fly-whisk in all directions. But there was thoughtfulness as well. As they moved out into the stadium just before midnight, the lights dimmed. The Union Jack was lowered in total darkness. There was a silence in the great crowd under the wide sky. Then, moments later, the lights blazed on as the new Kenya flag was raised. The crowd was supposed to sing (according to the organ-

9 Out of Africa, Amiably, 1963

izers) the new Kenya anthem as the flag was hoisted, but few people knew the words. The awkward moment was avoided by a great wave of cheering, drowning out the band and any singers. As the flag blew briskly and the cheering died down, the crowd spontaneously turned to sing a more familiar song - the song of a future East African Federation, with the refrain "Kenya, Uganda, Unguja [Zanzibar], Tanganyika, sisi twasaidiana" (we are helping one another). High hopes, and not to be fulfilled. Plenty would go wrong in Africa during the next few years. But this moment was one of pure joy, and all his life Malcolm had been quick to catch the fun and the joy of any occasion, to spice it and savour and share it. I was not close enough to him in the stadium that night to hear such things, but it is entirely possible that once or twice he let out a most ungubernatorial laugh, perhaps like a shelduck's "ak-ak-ak." His friends, from Jomo right back to his childhood, would have understood.

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EARLY YEARS

Golf was the family game. Malcolm with his youngest sister Sheila. Courtesy of Andrew Lochhead

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2 The Family in Lossiemouth

Malcolm spent little of his adult life around Lossiemouth, or in Scotland, but it was his first and enduring home. He was born, the second of six children, to Margaret and Ramsay MacDonald on 17 August 1901 in his grandmother's small cottage on the corner of Church Street and Allan Lane in Lossiemouth. Alister, the oldest, had been born in 1899, an 25-

471 Notes to pages 348—59 12 Malcolm MacDonald, Freedom in Southeast Asia, undated pamphlet in MacDonald Papers, file 42/11/46. In a positive profile on MacDonald on 14 Nov. 1954 The Observer commented on Malcolm's assessment of Bao Dai: "This misjudgement is part of that over-optimism which is a source of strength in his dealings with Asians. It is because he trusts rulers fresh to power and encourages them by his almost naive enthusiasm for their ideals, that he has overcome their fear that the British are attempting to re-establish political control." 13 Constant Surprise, 379. 14 Ibid. 15 Ibid. 16 Malcolm MacDonald, article on Marshal of France Jean de Lattre de Tassigny, undated, MacDonald Papers, file 109/5/1—6. 17 Ibid. 18 Ibid. 19 Constant Surprise, 381. 20 PRO FO 371/112024, 18 Jan. 1954, cited in Sir James Cable, The Geneva Conference 0/1954, 42. 21 Constant Surprise, 387. 22 Stanley Karnow, Vietnam: A History, 199.

CHAPTER T H I R T Y - F O U R : SIAM, S I H A N O U K , SUKARNO 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

13 14 15 16

Straits Times Annual 1953, Singapore, 26. Constant Surprise, 370. Ibid., 369. MacDonald telegram to Foreign Office, PRO co 1022/245, of 30 Nov. 1951, PRO. Straits Times Annual 1953, 26. Constant Surprise, 363—4. Ibid., 365. Ibid., 366. Ibid., 367. Titans, 169. Ibid., 177. See Donald Lancaster, Emancipation of French Indo-China. It is probable that Lancaster was working for Mi6, Britain's overseas intelligence service, during this time in Cambodia. MacDonald, Angkor. Titans, 180. Ibid., 199. See James Cable, "Flicker of an Imperial Flame: Pulau Sambu 1952,"

472 Notes to pages 359—64

17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29

International Relations 7, no. 6 (Nov. 1983): 2430. A serious incident was averted by a decision of the British Defence Co-ordination Committee, headed by the three commanders-in-chief in the Far East, to send to the island only a reconnaissance party (accompanied by Indonesian officials), who found a larger landing was by then unnecessary. Churchill's orders were, in effect, disobeyed by his top soldiers. Various telegrams during the incident had been signed in the name of the commissioner general, but it is unclear how much Malcolm MacDonald was around Singapore at the time, and thus actively involved. Interview with Sir James Cable, Cambridge, 10 May 1987. Titans, 136. Constant Surprise, 373. Ibid., 374. Titans, 144. Ibid., 155. Interview with Sir James Cable. MacDonald telegram, no. 98, 17 Dec. 1952, PRO co 1022/244. Interview with Sir Anthony Abell, Feb. 1986. Interview with Field Marshal Lord Harding at Nether Compton, Somerset, 25 Apr. 1987. Cable, "Flicker of an Imperial Flame," 2436. Daily Telegraph, London, 12 Nov. 1954. PRO co 1022/130, "Future of Commissioner-General's Office in Southeast Asia," 64/05.

CHAPTER THIRTY-FIVE: I N D I A 1 Titans, 203—4. 2 The diaries of Sir Walter Crocker have been deposited in the Barr Smith Library of the University of Adelaide, South Australia. He began keeping a diary as a record of official conversations but soon enlarged it, adding everyday details - and gossip. In 1958 he records an exchange with Malcolm on the subject of diaries: "Malcolm, who doesn't know - nobody knows - that I keep a diary, doesn't keep a diary and disapproves of it in public men. A diary is so unfair — an accusation and a judgement behind the back of the accused and without witnesses" (1675). Sir Walter published his autobiography, Travelling Back (Macmillan 1981). 3 Diaries of Sir Walter Crocker, 2495, 2544, 2926 (27 June 1960, 23 Sept. 1960, 27 Apr. 1961). 4 Ibid., 2299, 7 Oct. 1960. 5 Ibid., 2308, 16 Oct. 1960.

473 Notes to pages 364—75 6 Ibid., 1504, 1672—3, 1824 (13 Mar 1958, 18 Nov. 1958, 18 Apr. 1959)7 Constant Surprise, 405; Titans, 205—9. 8 Titans, 223. 9 Ibid., 223—4; Constant Surprise, 414. 10 Robert Rhodes James, Anthony Eden, 550. 11 Reid, Envoy to Nehru, 146. 12 Interview with Roger Barlthrop, London, Nov. 1991. 13 Constant Surprise, 414—15. 14 Crocker, Diaries, 2273, 5 Sept. 1960. 15 Titans, 226. 16 Reid, Envoy to Nehru, 168. Reid had been waging a campaign to get to Nehru the facts of what had been happening in Hungary, where the Indians did not have an ambassador, to counter the version of events he had accepted from Bulganin, the Soviet leader. Nehru finally, on 19 November in a speech to Parliament, accepted the Western version. Reid, who was Canadian high commissioner to India 1952—57, wrote in 1986 a full account in Hungary and Suez: A View from New Delhi (Mosaic Press). 17 Reid, Envoy to Nehru, 412. 18 Constant Surprise, 412. 19 Ibid. The fullest exposition of the possible consequences of a plebiscite is given in Reid, Envoy to Nehru, 126. 20 Despatches no. 25, 29, 34, sent on 12 Apr., 29 Apr., 28 May 1957, MacDonald Papers, file 42/4/29. 21 MacDonald Papers, file 42/4/38. 22 Ibid., file 42/4/51. 23 Harold Macmillan, Riding the Storm 1956—59, 37524 Roger Barlthrop, interview in London, Nov. 1991. 25 Anthony Sampson, Macmillan: A Study in Ambiguity, 137. 26 Macmillan, Riding the Storm, 387. 27 MacDonald to Macmillan, 19 Oct. 1959, and Macmillan to MacDonald, 23 Oct. 1959, MacDonald Papers, 42/7/66 and 42/12/ 48. 28 Han Suyin, My House has Two Doors, 102. 29 Ibid., 109. 30 Ibid. 31 Constant Surprise, 577. 32 Angkor. 33 MacDonald, Birds in the Sun, 10. 34 Ibid., 13. 35 Ibid., 44. 36 Ibid., 62.

474 Notes to pages 375—86 37 Interview with Christina Loke (Mrs Dadi Balsara), in Singapore, Mar. 1986. 38 Crocker, Diaries, 2114, 25 Mar. 1960. 39 Ibid., 2273, 5 Sept. 1960. 40 Ibid., 2299, 7 Oct. 1960. 41 Macmillan to MacDonald, 8 Oct. 1960, in MacDonald Papers, file 42/12/61.

CHAPTER THIRTY-SIX: LAOS 1 Hansard Parliamentary Debates (Lords), 25 July 1962, MacDonald Papers, file 43/1/55. 2 Maclear, Vietnam, 78—9. 3 Modelski, International Conference on the Settlement of the Laotian Question 1961—62, 36. This 156-page study contains both the proceedings of the conference and an extremely useful thirty-eight-page commentary, from which several points of this chapter are drawn. 4 MacDonald, Constant Surprise, 437. What the precise error was, Malcolm had forgotten by the time he came to write his autobiography. 5 Constant Surprise, 432. 6 Ibid., 434. 7 Ibid., 435. 8 Han Suyin, Swans on Lake Leman, undated article in MacDonald Papers, file 43/1/60. 9 Modelski, Laotian Settlement, 90. 10 MacDonald Papers, file 43/1/15. 11 Constant Surprise, 439. 12 Han Suyin. The two final lines, in French translation, run: "Porte-parole des faibles, des opprimes, Je relis vos paroles qui inspirent un monde" (Spokesman of the weak and oppressed, I reread your words that inspire a world.) 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

Constant Surprise, 438. Ibid., 436. MacDonald Papers, file 43/1/21. Constant Surprise, 442. Modelski, Laotian Settlement, 140—1. House of Lords debate, 25 July 1962. Modelski, Laotian Settlement, 23—4, 37. John Addis letter to Malcolm MacDonald, 12 June 1964, MacDonald Papers, file 43/1/69.

475 Notes to pages 390—400

CHAPTER THIRTY-SEVEN: KENYA 1 Interview with Sheila Lochhead, 9 Dec. 1986. 2 Sir Stafford Foster-Sutton had been attorney general in Kenya 1944—48 and in Malaya 1948—50 (during Malcolm's time there), and then chief justice of the Federation of Nigeria 1955—58. He was chairman of the Zanzibar Commission of Inquiry 1961, after electiontime riots on the island. 3 Michael Blundell, So Rough a Wind, 317. 4 Nigel Fisher, Iain Macleod, 150. 5 Details for this section are taken from the minutes of the Council of Ministers for the forty-eight meetings that took place at Government House, Nairobi, from 3 January to 8 May 1963. A copy of these minutes was kindly loaned to me by a former minister. 6 Interview with Charles Njonjo, Nairobi, 21 Nov. 1986. 7 Malcolm MacDonald interview with Dame Margery Perham for Colonial Records, 25 June 1970, transcript in Rhodes House Library, Oxford. 8 Daily Nation, Nairobi, 6 May 1963, 6. 9 Constant Surprise, 459. 10 Ibid. 11 Ibid., 458. 12 Daily Nation, Nairobi, 9 Mar. 1963, 24 Mar. 1963, 11. 13 Constant Surprise, 462—3. 14 Clyde Sanger and John Nottingham, "The Kenya General Election of 1 9^3>" Journal of Modern African Studies 2, no. i (Mar. 1964): 9—21. 15 Sir Michael Blundell, in an interview, told of a Samburu man who came to his farm after the elections, saying he had been elected to the Rift Valley regional assembly and had a problem. "He was dressed in a cloak over one shoulder, a bead belt, and nothing else. His problem was that he had not the proper clothes to wear to the assembly. So I took him upstairs, showed him my shirts and trousers and said, 'Go to it.' The man peeled off his cloak, and stood there naked, trying on my clothes. He walked happily away with a new wardrobe." Interview in Nairobi, 24 Nov. 1986. 16 Interview in Nairobi, 28 Nov. 1986. 17 Quoted in the Daily Nation, 12 June 1963. 18 Chevenix Trench, The Desert's Dusty Face, 24. Major Chevenix Trench was a district commissioner in the NFD from 1950 to 1960, and wrote this hilarious account of that decade. Turnbull went on to be the last governor of Tanganyika in 1961 and returned to Kenya to head the Central Land Board. 19 Conversation of Malcolm MacDonald with author, Nairobi, 2 Aug. 1963-

476 Notes to pages 400—8 20 21 22 23 24

"Kenya dangles bait before Somalia," The Guardian, 11 Sept. 1963. MacDonald, Treasure of Kenya, 18. Interview with W.P. Langridge in Bourne, Lincolnshire, Dec. 1986. Treasure of Kenya, 24. Sonia Cole, Leakey's Luck, 336. The other two were Dian Fossey, who studied gorillas in the Ruwenzori Mountains, and Birute Galdikas, who has been working with orangutans in Indonesia. 25 Conversation with Dr Goodall in Ottawa, 2 Oct. 1990. Sir Solly Zuckerman was Sands Cox Professor of Anatomy at Birmingham University and honorary secretary of the Zoological Society. He was also author of The Social Life of Monkeys and Apes. 26 Titans, 264. 27 Letter to Thelma Cazalet-Keir, 3 Feb. 1964.

CHAPTER THIRTY-EIGHT: RHODESIA AND NIGERIA

1 The Conservative government of Sir Alec Douglas-Home, who had succeeded Harold Macmillan in October 1963, had wanted Malcolm to stay as well. Malcolm wrote to Thelma Cazalet-Keir on 4 November 1964 that leaders of the white community had been "writing pretty strongly to London in the last few months, urging that I stay in Kenya for some time to come; and the Conservative government was therefore in favour of it. Naturally, I cannot let the local Europeans down. The Foreign Office reluctantly agreed!" When Harold Wilson won the October 1964 election, he repeated Douglas-Home's request. 2 Interview with Audrey MacDonald, Ottawa, 13 Oct. 1988. 3 Interview with Henry Stanley, Byfleet, 31 May 1989. 4 Constant Surprise, 484-5. 5 Ibid., 485. 6 Ibid., 486. 7 Interview with Denis Grennan, London, 5 June 1989. 8 Smith, Stitches in Time, 54. 9 Sir Walter Crocker, Diaries, 3500—1, 31 Dec. 1965. Sir Walter, who had been in Delhi with Malcolm, arrived in Nairobi in September 1965. His wonderfully gossipy diaries, which often stay just this side of malice, are a source for much of what Malcolm thought and said during this period. 10 Ibid., 3508, 14 Jan. 1966. 11 Grennan interview, 5 June 1989. 12 Crocker, Diaries, 3620, 17 July 1966. 13 Smith, Stitches in Time, 62-6. 14 Constant Surprise, 488.

477 Notes to pages 409-27 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26

27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34

Crocker, Diaries, 3607, 15 June 1966. Grennan interview, 5 June 1989. Constant Surprise, 511. Ibid., 516-18. Interview with Denis Grennan, London, 5 June 1989. Ibid. Ibid. de St Jorre, The Nigerian Civil War, 294. Constant Surprise, 500. Ibid., 497. de St Jorre, Nigerian Civil War, 295. Constant Surprise, 498. Crocker records: "Talk on this led M. to tell me that he was not allowed to go to Nigeria since last Feb. - Hunt had got it blocked" (Diaries, 3820, 5 June 1967). Interview with Sir David Hunt, Athenaeum Club, London, Dec. 1988. Ibid. Ibid. Crocker, Diaries, 3743, 2 Mar. 1967. Interview with Douglas Brown, London, 12 Dec. 1986. Interview with Sir Edward Peck, Tomintoul, Banffshire, 14 June 1987. Interview, 31 May 1989. Letter to Thelma Cazalet-Keir, 13 May 1966, MacDonald Papers, file 85/8/1-2.

CHAPTER THIRTY-NINE: BRIDGES TO CHINA 1 2 3 4

5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Crocker, Diaries, 3596, 30 May 1966. Constant Surprise, 395. Ibid., 396. MacDonald Papers, file 76/16/1. Uncharacteristically, he wrote a fifty-one-page diary on this trip, intending to publish articles on his visit later in The Observer. But because of Indian sensitivities after their recent mountain war with China, he never wrote them. John Drysdale, Singapore: Struggle for Success, 60. MacDonald Papers, file 76/14/22. Interview with Lord Home, London, Dec. 1988. Constant Surprise, 561. MacDonald Papers, file 77/4. Constant Surprise, 565—6. Interview with Elizabeth Wright, London, May 1987. MacDonald, Inside China, with William MacQuitty. Interview with Elizabeth Wright. Interview with Penny Brooke, London, May 1987.

478 Notes to pages 427—35 15 MacDonald Papers, file 77/10/1. In 1984 Sir Percy Cradock became the prime minister's foreign affairs adviser at 10 Downing Street, retiring in June 1992.

CHAPTER FORTY: YEARS OF "RETIREMENT" 1 Constant Surprise, 602—3. 2 MacDonald letter to Thelma Cazalet-Keir, 13 May 1966, MacDonald Papers, file 85/8/1-2. 3 Constant Surprise, 603. 4 Malcolm estimated that he had spent about £10,000 over a period of forty years in acquiring the collection, "so I received a more than fair return." Nevertheless, the value of the collection at Durham by about 1980 had risen to more than £3 million. The deputy curator of the Gulbenkian Museum, Mr Ireneus Laszlo Legeza, has written a "Descriptive and Illustrative Catalogue" of the MacDonald Collection (Oxford 1972), to which Malcolm contributed a fourteen-page foreword. 5 Constant Surprise, 630. 6 Ibid., 610. 7 This order of chivalry is limited in numbers to twenty-four. Other members in Malcolm's time included Henry Moore, Dorothy Hodgkin, Sir William Walton, Ben Nicholson, Isaiah Berlin, and J.B. Priestley. 8 Letter from Earl Mountbatten of Burma, i Aug. 1969, MacDonald Papers, file 76/12/38. 9 Letter from R.A. Butler, 16 July 1969, MacDonald Papers, file 76/11/3. 10 Letter from Sir Michael Palliser, 23 July 1969, MacDonald Papers, file 76/12/34. 11 Sunday Express, London, 29 Nov. 1970. 12 MacDonald Papers, file 77/13/8. 13 Interview with Professor Fred Holliday, Durham, 30 Apr. 1987. 14 Ibid. 15 Interview with David Collett, Ottawa, June 1988. 16 Interview with Dick Bird, London, 6 May 1987. 17 David Collett letter to David Waterhouse, 3 Sept. 1977, MacDonald Papers, file 78/8/26. 18 MacDonald Papers, file 78/9/92. 19 Interview with Prunella Scarlett, London, 4 Mar. 1992. 20 Derek Ingram, "Malcolm - Quietly amazing man of history," Gemini News Service, 13 Jan. 1981. 21 Interview with Prunella Scarlett, 4 Mar. 1992.

479 22 23 24 25 26 27

Note

s to pages 435~45

Constant Surprise, 629. Ibid. Interview with Barbara Lee, London, Aug. 1987. Interview with David Collett, Ottawa, June 1988. Interview with Barbara Lee, London, Aug. 1987. Ibid.

CHAPTER F O R T Y - O N E : AN ASSESSMENT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

Interview with Elizabeth Wright. Titans and Others, 257. Constant Surprise, 619. Ibid., 620. Ibid., 626-8. Derek Ingram, "Malcolm - Quietly amazing man of history," Gemini News Service, 13 Jan. 1981. Interview with Field Marshal Lord Harding, 25 Apr. 1987. Interview with Desmond Harney, London, Dec. 1986. Interview with Eleanor Emery, Cambridge, May 1987. Interview with George Patterson, 25 Nov. 1985. Interview with Roger Barlthorp, London, Oct. 1991. Interview with Douglas Brown, London, Dec. 1986. Constant Surprise, 622. MacDonald Papers, file 85/7. Notes from Alan Bishop, of Brentwood, Essex, Oct. 1986. Interview with Lord Home of the Hirsel, Dec. 1988. Harold Wilson, A Prime Minister on Prime Ministers, 209. Interview with Michael Foot, Dec. 1988. Interview with Eleanor Emery, 11 May 1987. Interview with Peter Marrian, Nairobi, Nov. 1987.

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Bibliography

ARCHIVAL SOURCES

Malcolm MacDonald Papers Library of the Department of Palaeogrpahy and Diplomatic, University of Durham - Includes a copy of Constant Surprise, Malcolm's unpublished autobiography Sheila Lochhead Diaries In the possession of her husband, Andrew Lochhead, Swansea Sir Walter Crocker Diaries Barr Smith Library, University of Adelaide, South Australia Tan Cheng Lock Papers Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, Singapore National Archives of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur - For transcripts of interviews Rhodes House Library, Oxford - For transcripts of interviews in Colonial Records - Creechjones Papers National War Museum, Ottawa Royal Commonwealth Society, London Centre for Cartoons and Caricatures, University of Kent PERIODICALS

As well as the major national British and Canadian newspapers, I have drawn on the files of the following periodicals:

482 Bibliography Bedales Rcord, 1919—20 Daily Nation, Nairobi Gemini News Service, London Inverness Courier, 1936 Isis magazine, Oxford Union Society, 1921—24 New Straits Times, Kuala Lumpur Retford Times, Nottinghamshire, 1924—35 Ross-shire Journal, 1936 Straits Times, Singapore, 1946—48, 1952, 1955 SECONDARY SOURCES

Amery, L.S. My Political Life. 2 vols. London: Hutchinson 1953 & !955Anglin, Douglas G. The St Pierre and Miquelon Affaire of 1941. Toronto: University of Toronto Press 1966. Barber, Noel. The War of the Running Dogs. Glasgow: Fontana/Collins 1971. Blundell, Michael. So Rough a Wind. London: Weidenfeld 1964. Bothwell, Robert. Eldorado. Toronto: University of Toronto Press 1984. Bothwell, Robert, and J.L. Granatstein. The Gouzenko Transcripts: The Evidence Presented to the Kellock-Taschereau Royal Commission of 1946. Ottawa: Deneau 1982. Bowman, John. De Valera and the Ulster Question 1917—1973. Oxford: Oxford University Press 1982. Brandreth, Gyles, and Sally Henry, eds. John Haden Badley. Petersfield: Bedales Society 1967. Cable, Sir James. The Geneva Conference of 1954 on Indo-China. London: Macmillan 1956. Callwood, June. Emma: The True Story of Canada's Unlikely Spy. Toronto: Stoddart Publishing 1984. Canning, Paul. British Policy toward Ireland 1921—1941. Oxford: Oxford University Press 1982. Cell, John W. Hailey: A Study in British Imperialism 1872—1969. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1992. Channon, Sir Henry. "Chips": The Diaries of Sir Henry Channon. Ed. Robert Rhodes James. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson 1967. Chenevix Trench, Charles. The Desert's Dusty Face. Edinburgh: Blackwood 1964. Churchill, Sir Winston. The Second World War. Vol. 2, Their Finest Hour. London: Cassell 1949. Cloake, John. Templer, Tiger of Malaya. London: Harrap 1985. Cole, Sonia. Leakey's Luck: The Life of Louis Leakey 1903—72. London: Collins 1975. Colville, Sir John. The Fringes of Power: 10 Downing Street, Diaries 1939—55New York: W.W. Norton and Company 1985.

483 Bibliography Cox, Jane. A Singular Marriage: A Labour Love-story in Letters and Diaries. London: Harrap 1988. Dawson, R. McGregor. The Conscription Crisis of 1944. Toronto: University of Toronto Press 1961. de Stjorre, John. The Nigerian Civil War. London: Hodder and Stoughton 1972. Drysdale, John. Singapore: Struggle for Success. Singapore: Times Books International 1983. Fisher, Nigel. 7am Macleod. London: Deutsch 1973. Foot, Sir Hugh. A Start in Freedom. London: Hodder and Stoughton 1964. Garner, Sir Saville. The Commonwealth Office 1925—68. London: Heinemann 1978. Gowing, Margaret. Britain and Atomic Energy 1939—1945. London: Macmillan 1964. Grant, Shelagh Dawn. Sovereignty or Security: Government Policy in the North 1936—50. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press 1988. Heeney, Arnold. The Things That Are Caesar's: Memoirs of a Canadian Public Servant. Toronto: University of Toronto Press 1972. Hickey, The Rev. Raymond. The Scarlet Dawn. Campbellton, NB: Tribune Publishers 1949. Hollis, Christopher. The Oxford Union. London: Evans Brothers 1965. Hooker, Nancy Harvison, ed. The Moffat Papers: Selections from the Diplomatic Journals of Jay Pierrepont Moffat 1919—43. Boston: Harvard University Press 1956. James, Robert Rhodes. Anthony Eden. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson 1986. Karnow, Stanley. Vietnam: A History. New York: Viking Press 1983. Keenleyside, Hugh. On the Bridge of Time. Toronto: McClelland and Stewart 1982. Lancaster, Donald. Emancipation of French Indo-China. Oxford: Oxford University Press 1961. Lapping, Brian. End of Empire. London: Granada Publishing 1985. Lee, J.M., and Martin Petter. The Colonial Office, War and Development Policy. London: Temple Smith 1982. Le Pan, Douglas. Bright Glass of Memory. Toronto: McGraw-Hill 1979. Longford, Earl of, and T.P. O'Neill. Eamon de Valera. London: Arrow Books

1974Lyttelton, Oliver. The Memoirs of Lord Chandos. London: Bodley Head 1962. MacDonald, Malcolm. Birdwatching at Lossiemouth. Elgin: Courant and Courier 1934. - Down North. Toronto and London: Oxford University Press 1943. - The Birds of Brewery Creek. Toronto and London: Oxford University Press -

1947Borneo People. Toronto: Clarke, Irwin 1956.

484 Bibliography - Angkor. London: Jonathan Cape 1958. - Birds in My Indian Garden. London: Jonathan Cape 1960. - Treasure of Kenya. Glasgow: Collins 1965. - People and Places. Glasgow: Collins 1969. - Titans and Others. Glasgow: Collins 1972. - Inside China. London: Heinemann 1980. MacDonald, Ramsay. Margaret Ethel MacDonald. Toronto: McClelland and Stewart 1924. Maclear, Michael. Vietnam: The Ten Thousand Day War. London: Thames Methuen 1981. McMahon, Deidre. Republicans and Imperialists: Anglo-Irish Relations in the 1930$. Newhaven: Yale University Press 1984. Macmillan, Harold. Riding the Storm 1956—59: Memoirs. Vol. 4. London: Macmillan 1971. McNalty, Sir A.S., ed. The Civilian Health and Medical Services. Vol. i of History of the Second World War U.K. Medical Services. London: HMSO 1953. Marquand, David. Ramsay MacDonald. London: Jonathan Cape 1977. Massey, Vincent. What's Past Is Prologue. Toronto: Macmillan of Canada 1963Miller, Harry. Menace in Malaya. London: Harrap 1954. Modelski, George. International Conference on the Settlement of the Laotian Question 1961—62. Canberra: Department of International Relations, Australian National University 1962. Moran, Lord. Churchill Boston: Houghton Mifflin 1966. Morris, James. Oxford. London: Faber and Faber 1965. Nicolson, Harold. Diaries and Letters 1930—39. London: Collins 1966. Patterson, George. A Spoonful of Rice with Salt. Durham: Pentland Press 1993Pearson, Lester B. Mike: Memoirs. 3 vols. Toronto: University of Toronto Press 1972, 1973, 1975. Pickersgill, J.W. The Mackenzie King Record. Vol. i, 1939—44; Vol. 2, 1944—45. Toronto: University of Toronto Press 1960, 1970. Purcell, Victor. The Chinese in Southeast Asia. London: Oxford University Press 1980. Reddaway, Norman. Earnscliffe. London: Commonwealth Relations Office 1961. Reid, Escott. Envoy to Nehru. Delhi, Toronto, and Oxford: Oxford University Press 1981. Roberts, Brian. Randolph: A Study of Churchill's Son. London: Hamish Hamilton 1984. Rose, Norman A. The Gentile Zionists: A Study in Anglo-Zionist Diplomacy 1929—39. London: Frank Cass 1973. Rothenstein, Sir John. Summer's Lease. London: Hamish Hamilton 1965.

485 Bibliography -

Brave Day, Hideous Night: Memoirs 1939—65. London: Hamish Hamilton 1966. Sampson, Anthony. Macmillan: A Study in Ambiguity. London: Allen Lane, The Penguin Press 1967. Schmidt, Robert F. Malcolm MacDonald: Adjuster to Reality. MA, University of Cincinnati 1977. Sherlock, Sir Philip. Norman Manley. London: Macmillan 1980. Short, Anthony. Communist Insurrection in Malaya 1948—60. New York: Crane, Ruska and Co. 1975. Smith, Arnold. Stitches in Time: The Commonwealth in World Politics. London: Deutsch 1981. Soames, Mary. Clementine ChurchiU. London: Cassell 1979. Stacey, C.P. A Very Double Life: The Private World of Mackenzie King. Toronto: Macmillan 1976. Stockwell, A.J. British Policy and Malay Politics during the Malayan Union Experiment 1942—48. Kuala Lumpur: Royal Asiatic Society monograph 8, !979— British Imperial Policy and Decolonisation in Malaya 1942—52. Issue of Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History 13, no. i (Oct. 1984). Stubbs, Richard. Hearts and Minds in Guerilla Warfare. Singapore: Oxford University Press 1989. Suyin, Han. My House Has Two Doors. London: Cape 1980. Tarling, Nicholas. The United Kingdom and the Origins of the Colombo Plan. Issue of Journal of Commonwealth and Comparative Studies 24, no. i (Mar. 1Q56)Thompson, Sir Robert. Make for the Hills. London: Lee Cooper 1989. Turnbull, C. Mary. A Short History of Malaysia, Singapore and Brunei. Singapore: Graham Brash 1980. Wilson, Harold. A Prime Minister on Prime Ministers. London: Weidenfeld 1977Woolton, Lord. Memoirs of the Earl ofWoolton. London: Cassell 1959.

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Index

The abbreviation M in subheadings stands for Malcolm MacDonald. Abell, Sir Anthony 318, 334> 361; governor of Sarawak 302,319, 325, 326, 334; among Iban people 320, 328; federation plans 339, 340 Abyssinia (Ethiopia) 416; Italian invasion 74, 106, 115, 122, 138, 408; emperor of 400, 404-5 Adams, Eric, Gouzenko suspect 247, 249, 250 Algeria 5, 420 Alice, Princess 212,256 Amery, Leo: Southern Africa 133; Palestine 173; India Office 188 Arabs: resistance to immigration 90,91,97; population in Palestine 97, 165, 166; 1936 rebellion 160, 165, 172, 174, 187; London Conference 164, 167; land issues 173,175; 1967 war 416

Arden-Clarke, Sir Charles, governor of Sarawak 324, 326 Athlone, Earl of, governor general of Canada 212, 213, 256, 257, 260 Atdee, Clement: on South Africa 132; on Palestine 173; in Canada 211, 259, 260, 270; war Cabinet 237, 240; Gouzenko case 248; on prime minister 2?2, 343 Australia: visits by M 46, 51, 52, 85, 86, 101, 343; alarm about Japan 77, 138; relations with Britain 81, 119, 126, 138, 140; migration 84; on Commonwealth 121,345, 347; Stanley Bruce 126; see also Crocker Badley, John Haden, founder of Bedales 28, 29, 31-5 passim; Spanish Civil War 139 Baldwin, Stanley 62, 67, 69.96,97. 109; as

prime minister 73, 86, no, 146, 155; on India 78, 79; Statute of Westminster 80-1; supports M 103,106; on Ireland i n , 118, 122; abdication crisis 119, 127, 128 Balfour, Arthur 160; Declaration on Palestine 87, go; as foreign secretary 88, 89 Bao Dai, Emperor 34748, 351,441,470 n 9, 471 n 12 Barlthrop, Roger 367, 442 Barrie,J.M. 22—3 Bassedaw 41-2,61-75 passim; elections (1924) 48,(1935) 97, 98; character of constituency 61-2 Batterbee, Sir Harry 112, H9

Beaverbrook, Lord 103, 111,233 Bedales School 27-35, 37,41, 178, 192; Phyllis Marris 28; Oswald Powell 28; Grant Watson 28;

488 Index Barbara Peacock 29, 33; see also Badley Bell, Philip Ingress, Oxford room-mate 40, 42, 44. 45 Bellenger, Fred, wins Bassetlaw 73, 74 Ben Gurion, David 162, 164, 168, 169, 172 Bennett, R.B. 49, 82, 83, 212

Bevan, Aneurin 67, 189, 203 Bevin, Ernest 84, 238; foreign secretary 345, 347 Bird, John and Florence 253 Bird-watching 4, 9, 176; de Valera 114; in Canada 212,253,254, 262, 463 n 8; in Singapore 281; in Malaya 282, 316, 343; in Sarawak 321;in Kenya 401, 417, 443; in Britain 435 Blundell, Sir Michael 390, 475n15 Botswana (Bechuanaland) 130, 133,434 Bowman,John no Braddell, Sir Roland (Malaya) 308, 309, 310, 467 n 13 Briggs, Lt-Gen. Sir Harold 297, 298, 300 Britain: poverty in 66, 67; National Government 68, 69, 71; naval concerns 76, 115; migration policy 84—5; and Ireland 109,110, 114, 124; expertise for Commonwealth 125; Battle of 141, 190-1, 197, 209; evacuees in Canada 211; atomic research 242-6; relations with India 36576 passim; troops in Kenya 403; and Rho-

desia's UDI 404-11; Great Britain-China Centre 425; see also Baldwin, Chamberlain, Churchill, Eden, Home, Lloyd George, Macmillan, Wilson Brooke, Penny 427 Brooke, Vyner, last White Rajah 315, 322 Brown, Douglas 417,442 Brown, Hurst 39,40 Brunei: M's role in 259, 272, 331. 343; history 331; Sultan Ahmed Tajudin Akhazul 331—4 passim; Sultan Omar Ali 332. 333. 334-5. 339. 34°. 43J: possible Borneo merger 338 Buchan,John (Lord Tweedsmuir): on Palestine 92, 94; in Canada 213 Burma: wartime campaigns 213, 298; Chinese threat 345, 354, 361; Ne Win 353 Butler, R.A. 167,431 Cambodia, Angkor 317, SiS, 343. 358, 373; culture 7, 343; withdrawal of French 342, 352; see also Sihanouk Camsell, Charles 237, 238, 244 Canada: M in 46, 48—50, 152, 191, 201, 205-67 passim; migration to 84; and Munich 140; co-operation with wartime Britain 190, 202, 215, 216, 258; Brewery Creek 212,253,254; Rideau Hall 213; conscription issue 216-18, 228; Earnscliffe 226, 228, 236, 259; military security 233, 234; Alaska Highway 236, 241; as uranium source

243; Indo-China Commission 378, 385; see also Bennett, Camsell, Claxton, Gordon, Heeley, Howe, Ignatieff, King, Labine, Martin, Pearson, Pickersgill, Robertson, St Laurent, Stuart Cape, Jonathan 315, 377 Cazalet, Major Victor 1 74. 175 Cazalet-Keir, Thelma 179, 438, 444; on LCC 64; husband David Keir 64, 177, 429; asMP 175; as collector 177; sells Raspit to M 418, 428-9 Chamberlain, Neville 78, 157, 160, 188; Munich Agreement 101, 140—2, 163, 181; Ireland 109, 110, 112, 116, 118, 122-4, 1^8, 198-9; Europe and Germany 136, 139, 187; Palestine 167, 171, 180, 188 Chancellor, Sir John, high commissioner in Palestine 91, 92, 96 Chaplin, Charlie 72 Chapman, Agatha, Gouzenko suspect 247, 249. 250 Chapman, Basil 293 Chatham House 64, 68, 77 Chiang Kai-Shek 272, 295,419,420,422 China: M's pleasure in Chinese culture 7, 336, 382; visits by M 67, 177,419,421,423, 426, 427, 477 n 4; Japanese aggression 115, 122; Chinese in Malaya 276-7, 28990, 295, 298, 303, 335; Mao Zedong government 297,354,361;

489 Index ceramics 343; and Laos conference 379, 382; see also Chen Yi, Zhou Enlai Chin Peng 289 Churchill, Clementine (Lady) 344; on shelters 193, 194 Churchill, Randolph 100; candidate in Ross and Cromarty 99, 103-4, 1O5> 107> 1Q8 Churchill, Winston 44, 66, 103; clashes with MacDonalds 100, 124, 257, 301; India 101; on Ireland 115,124, 197—20; wartime leader 158, 187, 188, 194, 196, 200, 202; as orator 188,326,359; and Canada 215, 233, 234, 236, 245, 257; conscription in Canada 221-5, 227; atomic research 243, 245, 248; prime minister (from 1951) 300,344, 359 Claxton, Brooke 227 Cockcroft, Professor Sir John 245, 246 Cocks, Seymour 203 Cohen, Sir Andrew 151 Cohen, Harriet 185 Colombo Plan 342, 344-7 Colonial Office 391; on Palestine 92, 93, 95, 159-60; unrest in West Indies 143; changes in 149-52 passim, 187; Colonial Development and Welfare Act 153, 156-8, 345, 435; policy on Malaya 271, 273, 339 Colville, Sir John, diaries 201 Commonwealth 125; defined by Irish Agreement 116, 117, 120;

consultation 125, 223, 345> 371! membership rules 12 9; Colombo Plan 345-6; and Suez invasion 367, 371; summits on Rhodesia 406, 408, 413 Conservatives: on Ireland no, 118; dominate National Government 132; and Africa 153; campaign against M 301 Coupland, Professor Reginald 44, 147, 149, 445, 456 n 9 Coward, Noel 179,181, 280 Cox, Sir Christopher 150 Craigavon, Lord (PM of Northern Ireland) 122, 198, 199, 454 n 23 Craigie,Jill 183,205, 286 Creech Jones, Arthur: on South Africa 132; on West Indies 155535 Colonial Secretary 296, 297 Crerar, T.A. 237, 244 Crocker, Sir Walter: assessments of M 364; secret diary 364, 375, 376,407,417,419, 472 n 2, 476 n 9, 477 n 26; as Australia's high commissioner in India 369.4°9 Curtis, Lionel 44, 64 Daily Express 329; see also

Beaverbrook Daily Mail Zinoviev Letter 63; praises M 83; Lord Rothermere 103; over Suez 365 Daily Nation, Nairobi 389, 396, 399 Daily Telegraph 329, 362 Dalley, Colonel John,

Malaya director of intelligence 289, 293 Davis, John, Special Operations 289, 290 de Gaulle, General Charles 234, 235 Delamere, Lord 3—4 de Lattre de Tassigny, General Jean, C-in-C Indo-China 348-51 de Valera, Eamon: Irish Agreement (1938) 101, 109-12 passim, 114-16, 121-3; relations with M 110,111, 113, 116, 123; birdwatcher 114; allegiance to Crown 116, 117, 119, 120, 127; and Commonwealth 116, 117; wartime talks 198-200; on conscription 217 Dickson, Dorothy 179, 180, 181 Doh, Lucy, Chinese diplomat 261, 458 n 6 Dominions Office 52; M in 73, 98, 109, i n , 112; abdication crisis 125; South Africa 125, 130; Munich crisis 140 Dugdale, Blanche 160, 169 Dulanty.John 112,113, 116, 117, 118, 126 Dulles, John Foster 253, 422 Durham University: Chinese collection 429; M as chancellor 431—2, 439 Eden, Sir Anthony: and Europe 138, 139; and Middle East 161; as foreign secretary 201, 2 35> 239! 2& prune minister 362, 365—8 passim Edinburgh, Duke of 3, 8 Edward vm (Duke of

49° Index Windsor) 107, 118, 119, 120; abdication crisis 127, 128 Elizabeth n: children's games 128; visit to India 375; in Ethiopia 404 Elliot, Walter 99, 160 Elton, Audrey 57, 58, 450 n 7; letters to M 190; on Chris Loke 317; in Singapore 320 Elton, Dedi 39, 57, 58, 190 Elton, Godfrey 57, 190; tutor to M 37,39,54 Emery, Eleanor 445 Fiji 46, 51 Fisher, Sir Warren, and Ireland 112, 118, 123 Foot, Hugh (Lord Caradon) 444; in Palestine 161 Foot, Michael 444-5 France: colonial wars 5, 343, 346; policies in Ruhr 43, 47; naval policies 76-7; policies in Middle East 88, 160, 173; in IndoChina 210,348,349, 378, 379; wartime actions 210, 225, 234, 235; see also de Gaulle, de Lattre de Tassigny Franks, Lord 39 Gammans, Captain David 273.323 Gandhi, Mahatma 111; India Round Table conferences 78, 79—80; non-violent tactics 273, 371 Gardiner, Gerald: as Lord Chancellor 43; at Oxford Union 43,44, 46 Garner, Sir Saville: on South Africa 130; and appeasement 138-9; in Ottawa 443

Gent, Sir Edward: planner of Malayan Union 270, 275, 276, 293, 413; as governor of Malaya 271, 272, 274, 276, 292, 302; in Emergency 292, 294, 295, 466 n 8; M's view of 293, 295-6 George v 68, 69; death 107 George vi 119, 120, 122, 131, 188; host at Balmoral 128, 129, 233; coronation 134; role in Malaya 270, 334; role in Sarawak 322—3, 329 Germany 111; Churchill's views on 100; and Ireland 109, 123; and Africa 133, 148; rise of Nazism 136-9, 164; and Middle East 161, 164; war with 187, 197, 224, 256, 258; submarine war 197, 200; see also Hi tier Ghana (Gold Coast) 324, 414-415 Gimson, Sir Franklin: as governor of Singapore 271-2,292,335,361; in Hertogh riots 337-8; attitude to M 335; merger plans 339 Goodall, Dr Jane 401, 402 Gordon.J. King: at Oxford 39, 44; host to M in Canada 49-50; letters from M 49, 50, 52; family 449 n 6 Gorrie, Michael 298, 335.337 Gouzenko, Igor, spy scandal in Canada 210, 213, 246-8, 250, 320, 461 n g Gowon, General Yakubu 413,414,415,416, 445

Grennan, Denis 406, 409, 412,413, 458 n 6 Griffith-Jones, Sir Eric, in Kenya 7, 393, 394, 395 Gurney, Sir Henry: career 296; high commissioner in Malaya 297, 302, 308, 361 Guyana (British Guiana) 144, 170,391 Hailey, Lord 325; African Survey 145, 146, 148, 149, 157; career 146 Hailsham, Lord (Sir Douglas Hogg), on Ireland 112, 118 Halifax, Lord: as viceroy 78; as foreign secretary 167, 188; ambassador in Washington 200, 201, 231, 259, 261 Hall, George (later Viscount) , Colonial Secretary 271, 275, 283 Hardie, Keir 21-2 Harding, Field Marshal Lord 361, 442 Harney, Desmond 442 Heeney, Arnold: at Oxford 44, 215; as Cabinet secretary in Canada 213,222 Henderson, Arthur: in First World War Cabinets 30; in 1931 crisis 70; as foreign secretary 94-5; on South Africa 132 Hertzog, General J.B.M. (South Africa's PM 1924-39): and Statute of Westminster 81; and Ireland 109; and abdication 127; on High Commission Territories 131; and Germany 133, 138; Hitler, Adolf 74, 101, 136—8, 140, 142; and Jews 170, 171; and Czechoslovakia 180

49! Index Hoare, Sir Samuel: and India 78-9; and Ireland 112 Ho Chi Minh 347, 348, 35 I;HCM Trail 386 Hollis, Christopher 46, 47. 48, 50 Hollis, Sir Roger 47, 247 Home, Lord (Sir Alec Douglas-Home) 438, 444; Dominion Affairs secretary 370; foreign secretary on Laos 377, 378> 379. 385; praise ofM 385; Rhodesia and "Five Principles" 406, 411; and China 422,423 Hone, Sir Ralph: in Malaya 170, 289, 296; governor of North Borneo 331,339 Hong Kong 272,295, 298, 320, 361; University of 314; and China 420,425 Hope-Simpson, Sir John, report on Palestine 90-1.93 Howe, C.D. 243, 244, 245 Hume-Williams, Sir Ellis, BassetlawMP 48,62, 63,65,66,71 Hunt, Sir David 344; in Nigeria 415,416,477 n 26; assessment of M 416 Hyson, Dorothy (Lady Quayle) 181, 182, 183 Iban people 4, 6, 299, 301,313, 323, 327; in Singapore 324, 328, 329; M's promise to 34° - Penghulujugah 328; character 324; children and grandson 329. 33° - Senator Kenneth Kanyan 327.329.439

- Temonggong Koh: character 321,328; paramount chief 321, 328; adopts M as son 328,439 - Segura (daughter of Koh) 326-9 passim, 443; marriage 328; epilogue 330 Ignatieff, George 256, 257 India 7, 176, 310; moves to independence 67, 6 9. 77-9. *46. 152> 441; relations with Britain 100, 101, 165; and Commonwealth 129; in war 188; and Colombo Plan 345; M and viceroy post 259, 260; Kashmir 364, 365, 369—70; see also Gandhi, Menon, Nehru, Pillai Indo-China 342, 352; see also de Lattre de Tassigny, Ho Chi Minh Indonesia 362; arms to 289; conference on 346; political threat 346, 359; economic problems 347; Bandung Conference 420; see also Sukarno Ingram, Derek 441,478 n 20 Ireland 88, 109—24 passim; and abdication 119—21; Anglo-Irish Agreement (1938) 121—4; treaty ports 115, 122, 124, 198, 203; as republic 129; wartime negotiations 198, 199; see also de Valera, Dulanty Italy: naval rivalry 76, 77; and Abyssinia 115,122; Eden's view 138, 139 Jackson, A.Y., Canadian artist 176, 255, 256

Jamaica 143, 152, 155 Jameson, Sir William, chief medical officer 189, 191 Japan: naval rivalry 64, 76-7; visits by M 64, 67, 176, 178; against China 115; troops in Burma 213; attacks in Pacific 217,236,237, 244, 258, 269; troops in Sarawak 322, 323, 324. 330 Jews: immigration to Palestine 89-92 passim, 95, 163, 165, 166, 168-70 passim, 172, 174; national home 89, 90, 170; population in Palestine 90, 95, 163, 166, 168; plight in Austria and Germany 159, 160, 172, 174; and MPS in Britain 160, 172, 174 John, Augustus 177,287 Judd, Frank (Lord Judd) 427 Juliana, Princess (later Queen) 210, 256 Kaunda, Kenneth 406, 407,408, 410, 412 Kemp, Stephen 292, 293 Kenya: independence 3—9; Mau Mau movement 5, 6, 8, 391; political parties (KADU, KANU) 5,7, 390,391, 392, 396; land issues 6, 153-4. 391. 392, 395;journalists 54; one-party state 397—8; Somali problem 398— 400; see also Blundell, Brown, Harney, Kenyatta, Mboya, Moi, Murumbi, Ngei, Njonjo, Peck, Renison, Stanley Kenyatta, Jomo: in detention 3, 391; character

492 Index 5, 6, 440; at independence 8-9, 154, 390, 391, 431; land issues 153; as orator 359, 402-3; as prime minister 396-400 passim; on Rhodesia 407; on South Africa 412 Keynes, Lord Maynard 67, 211, 249; Keynesian economics 304, 450 n 10 King, Mackenzie: relations with M 49, 81, 201, 202, 205, 211, 213-15. 255-279; relations with Britain 81—2, 126, 138, 204, 215, 217, 231, 233; on Ireland and the Commonwealth i2i;on Commonwealth consultation 125; character 127, 215, 216, 229, 255; meets Hider 138; conscription issue 216-30 passim, 460 n 13; Kingsmere estate 219, 225; relations with United States 232, 238; St Pierre affair 234-6; and Alaska Highway 2 3 7-41; and atomic research 243; and Gouzenko spy revelations 246-8, 250; see also Pickersgill, Power, Ralston, St Laurent, Stuart Labine, Gilbert, prospector 244, 245 Labour Party 23, 39, 40, 53, 258, 343; Women's Labour League 21,23; 1918 "Khaki" election 40; 1923 election 41; 1924 election 48, 63; 1929 election 65; 1931 split 69-71; in 1936 by-election 99, 102; see also Attlee,

Bevan, Bevin, Creech Jones, Foot, Hall, Hardie, Henderson, Ramsay MacDonald, McNeil, Middleton, Morrison, Passfield, Snowden Lampson, Sir Miles (Lord Killearn): on Palestine 161, 171; special commissioner in SE Asia 272, 273, 280, 282, 291; in China 419 Langridge, Bill, in Kenya 6,401 Laos: withdrawal of French 342, 352; activity by Vietminh 356; 1961-62 conference on 377-86, 422; political history 378; assessment by Modelski 385-6 League of Nations 47; and Palestine Mandate 87, 89, 92, 173; and Abyssinia 138; and Europe 139 Learoyd, Wing-Cmdr Roderick V.C. 282, 306 Lee, Barbara: with Supersonics 319; in England 436-7, 443 Lesotho (Basutoland) 130. 133 Liberal Party 42, 48, 62, 63, 69, 70; in Ross and Cromarty by-election 101-2 Lillie, Beatrice 179,180, 265 Lindsay, Kenneth: as Antilope 55; as MP 139 Lloyd George, David 66, 6 7. 103. 359; as PM 3°. 62 Lloyd George, Megan 66 Lochhead, Sheila (sister of M) 114, 260; birth and childhood 13,25, 27; with Ramsay MacDonald 68, 72, 134;

working colleague of M 74, 85-6, 106, 206-8, 209-12,436; extracts from diaries 98, 99, 107, 141, 142, 190, 206, 210, 213, 454 n 4; in Germany 136—8; and Dorothy Hyson 181; and Stanley Spencer 185; in London bombing 189, 205, 209; and Winston Churchill 257; and Sarawak 438 Loke, Christina 313,317, 319, 468 n 16; in Kenya 6-7,401; in India 318, 373-5, 377; in Cambodia 373 Loke Wan Tho 316, 468 n 16; as ornithologist 316—17; divorce 318, 375; in Cambodia 373 London: Lincoln's Inn Fields 18, 20, 21, 22, 23, 27, 214; London University 57; Limehouse 64, 66; 10 Downing Street 67, 72; attack on 189 Lossiemouth 55, 68, 438; family home 13, 15, 19,69,70, 134; The Hillocks 25, 72, 86, 101, 131; Spynie churchyard 26, 135 Low, David, cartoons 8, 123, 163, 285 Lugard, Lord 44, 445; at League of Nations 92; career 148 Lyttleton, Oliver, as Colonial Secretary 299. 3°°. 301' 344. 362 MacDonald, Alister (elder brother of M) 31,53, 55, 72; birth and schooling 13, 19, 22, 24, 27; St Paul's Cathedral fire-watch 195—6

493

Index

MacDonald, Audrey (wife of M) 262-4; in Kenya 4,389,401,403,417; marriage to M 262, 264, 276, 279, 429, 435' 443! ner children Bill Rowley 264, 298, 344, Fiona MacDonald 299,344,417,435, 443, and Jane Rowley 264, 344; in Malaya/ Singapore 280, 281, 282, 298, 299, 320, 335; in Canada 287, 375. 377. 43> 438; in Borneo 321—2; in Brunei 334; in India 367; on M 429 MacDonald, David (younger brother of M) 13, 25 MacDonald, Ishbel (sister ofM) 55,56,68,74, 438; birth and childhood 13, 24, 27,45; political work (Bassetlaw and LCC) 47—8, 62-3, 64, 65-6 Macdonald, Sir John A. 212,255 MacDonald, Malcolm - birth, schooling, family, and general character: wildlife naturalist 6, 24; and Ramsay 8, 26, 135; bird-watching 13.57. i76.253-5. 262,282,317,343; birth 13, 19; schooldays 22; relatives 24; travels in Europe 24; effect of mother's death 26; Bedales 28—35; views on First World War 31; views on co-education and marriage 32,55,58, 178; books and thieving 35. 37. 286-8; aspirations as author 37,41,50,52,53-4; avid collector 38, 51,

176. 255. 287. 317. 343, 420, 429; Oxford student 38, 45; debater in Oxford Union 43,44,46-9,62, 145; addiction to nursery games 57, 142, 256, 323.358.363.427; early love affairs 178-83 political career in Britain: as Colonial Secretary 4, 86, 96, 97, 98; candidate and MP for Bassetlaw 41, 62, 65, 66, 71, 74; M and London County Council 64, 66, 176; expulsion from Labour Party 70; at Naval Conference 76; at India Round Table conferences 79-80; migration policy 84-5; on Palestine 92-3. 95. 159-75 passim; candidate in Ross and Cromarty 101-8; makes Irish Agreement 109-24; abdication crisis 119-21,12 7-8; Hyde Hall 123, 131, 169, 171, 176, 182-5, 202; relations with royal family 128—9; and South Africa 13°-3! his colonial policy and reforms 146—7; on Kenya land issue 153—4; as health minister 188, 198, 201 in Canada: confidant of Mackenzie King 215, 217,219, 224-5; Alaska Highway 23641, 256; visits to North 237—8, 244—5; atomic research 242, 245; and Gouzenko spy case 246—51; travels in southern Canada 252, 253,430; refusal of honours 257, 283,

430; courts Audrey Rowley 262, 264-5; see also King in Asia: preference for Asian culture 7, 343; as governor general of Malaya and Singapore 270—96 passim; views on dress 285-6, 323, 327,422; M and Malaya Emergency 292—6; on Malaya's independence 297; reconciliation in Malaya 304— 12; his Chinese friends 313-19; as chancellor of university 314,318, 335. S36. 34°; M in Sarawak 321-9; plans for Malaysian Federation 338-40; and Colombo Plan 342-7 passim; as commissioner general for South-East Asia 342, 345. 349. 360; on Bao Dai 347-8; on French in Indo-China 348—52; in Suez invasion crisis 365—8; and Kashmir issue 368—71; co-chair of Laos conference 377-86 in Africa: as governor and governor general of Kenya 3—10, 389— 403; special representative in Commonwealth Africa 405—11; mistrust of Harold Wilson 408, 409; his plan to end Rhodesia's UDI 409—11; mission on South Africa 411—13; his peace efforts in Nigeria 41316; achievements 417 later years: China visits 421-7; M as chancellor of Durham University 431—2; as vso president 432—4; his Com-

494 Index monwealth work 434-5, 441; death at Raspit 436—7; memorial service 438-9, 446; assessment of character 440—6 MacDonald, Margaret Ethel (mother of M): birth and childhood of Margaret Gladstone 13, 16-17, 19> courtship and travels with Ramsay 17—18, 20, 23; work with women's organizations 19-20; as parent 24; effects of early death 25, 26, 38, 56,65 MacDonald, Ramsay (father of M) 28, 111, *34-5 - family: birth and marriage 14, 18, 25, 26; as parent 22, 24, 27, 38, 55-6,67,75,98, 135; contrast with M 439, 440 - domestic political career 17—18,21,40, 74, 98; Labour leader 39. 53. 63-4- 7, 73! prime minister 42,48, 63, 67—70, 72 - international concerns: India 8, 23, 79, 146; First World War 30-1, 104; Naval Conference 76-7; Palestine 92-5, 162, 166, 168, 172; South Africa 131, 440 McGillivray, Sir Donald 300, 339 Mackenzie, Dr C.J. 244, 245 Mackinnon, Dr Alastair (brother-in-law of M) 57, !36 Mackinnon, Dr Joan (sister of M) 13,27,30, 72; as Antilope 55,56; marriage 57; in Germany 136

Maclean, Roderick 468 n 3 Macleod, Iain: as Colonial Secretary 5, 390; and Kenya 389, 391; brother Rhoddy 390, 395 McMahon, Deidre no, 121 MacMaster, Sir Frederick, sheep-farmer 86 MacMichael, Sir Harold: high commissioner in Palestine 162; treaties in Malaya 270, 275, 464 n 14 Macmillan, Harold 72; and Africa 202,390; visit to India 364, 371—2; praise of M 376; as PM 389 Macmillan, Dr W.M., adviser to M 147, 148 McNaughton, General Andrew 218; as Canada's defence minister 224-9 passim McNeil, Hector, candidate in Ross and Cromarty by-election 99, 105—8 passim MacPherson, Sir Ian (Lord Strathcarron) 101, 102, 106, 452 n 4 MacRae, Sandy 101,108 Madoc, Guy: on Singapore birds 281-2; on Chinese threat 90 Malawi (Nyasaland) 130, 148, 405; Dr Banda as host 412 Malaya 8, 250, 265; Communities Liaison Committee 78, 297, 30611 passim, 336, 358, 413, 445; Malayan Union 259, 270, 274-6, 278; as dollar earner 269; citizenship 270, 276—8, 309—10; Penang 270, 273, 277-8, 280, 282, 304, 306, 313, 333; fran-

chise 277, 309; Chinese communists 289— 91,294,297,302,313; economic factors in Emergency 290-1; Malay civil service 290, 293; Emergency 292—6, 394; see also Gent, Gurney, Madoc, Ong, Onn, Tan Cheng Lock, Templer, Thompson, Thuraisingham Manchester Guardian 150, !53> 172 Manley, Norman 143, 144 Marquand, David 63, 67, 435 Martin, Paul (senior) 48 Massey, Vincent: Canadian high commissioner 126; diary 126—7, 238, 455 n n Maudling, Reginald: as Colonial Secretary 390—3 passim; on Kenya 390, 394, 399 Mboya, Tom: negotiates Kenya's self-government 5; and M 6; and independence 391, 397, 400 Menon, Krishna: and Kashmir 366, 368; and Laos 380, 382, 385 Middleton, Mary 23, 25 Moffat, Pierrepont, U.S. envoy 211, 236 Moi, Daniel Arap, KADU vice-president 393, 394, 397. 398 Montgomery, General Sir Bernard (later Viscount) 221, 299; antipathy to M 301, 344; in Singapore 320 Morris, James (later Jan) 36,40 Morrison, Herbert 152, 172; on LCC 64; home secretary 194, 343

495

In

dex

Mountbatten, Edwina (Lady): in London bombing 192; with Nehru 363 Mountbatten, Lord Louis (later Earl): on protocol 284; on arms collection 289; and Rhodesia's UDI 405; on M's Order of Merit 431 Moyne, Lord: and West Indies Commission 146, 155; career 155 Murumbi,Joseph 394, 400,407 Namier, Lewis 91,96, 162 Neal, Arthur, Liberal candidate in Bassetlaw 42,48,62,63 Nehru,Jawarhalal 22, 363,440; and Colombo Plan 346; on Indo-China 347, 348; and Burma 354; character 365, 370; over Hungary and Suez 365-9 passim, 445; over Kashmir 369—70 New Statesman 153 Newfoundland 234, 252; debt crisis 84; and Atlantic Charter 218, 232 New Zealand 51; visits by M 46, 85; concern about Japanese navy 77; relations with Britain 81, 140; abdication crisis 119; and Colombo Plan 347 Ngei, Paul 5, 392 Nicholson, Harold: at byelection for M 106; supports Eden 139; opposes Munich 140-1 Nigeria 140, 406; civil war 413-16 Njonjo, Charles: as Kenya politician 6, 393; at

M's memorial service 438,441 Nkrumah, Kwame 324, 414 Novello, Ivor 179,181, 438 Nunn May, Dr Alan 246, 247, 248 Nyerere, Julius 412; at Kenya's independence 8; and Rhodesia 410; and Nigeria 416 Odinga, Oginga 391, 403.423 Ojukwu, Colonel Emeka 413-16 passim, 441, 445 Oldham, Rev. J.H. 44, 147, 148 Ong, Mollie (Dr Mollie Chong) 313,314,443 Ong, Sally (Mrs Sally Yeo) 313,314,315,443 Onn, Dato bin Jafa'ar: career 5, 274; opposition to Malayan Union 273, 275; UMNO leader 273. SOS'S1 ^MakyChinese relations 305-9 passim; loses political power 311-12 Ormsby-Gore, William, Colonial Secretary, and Palestine 87, 88, 160, 161 Oxford 55, 57,91, 147, 150, 288; Queen's College 34, 36, 37, 38, 39, 44; Isis magazine 42, 43, 44; Oxford Union 43-4, 46, 47, 61; Paragon Club 44—5; Ralegh Club 44, 64, 92, 148; in wartime 190; Rhodes Scholars 211,215 Palestine 101,122,270; under mandate 87—97 passim, 173, 292; partition proposals 160,

161, 163, 164, 167; Woodhead Report 161, 163, 165; London Conference (1939) 164, 167—70, 184; White Paper (1939) 170-4, 182, 187, 309; see also Arabs, Balfour, Ben Gurion, Winston Churchill, Dugdale, Hugh Foot, Jews, MacMichael, Namier, Ormsby-Gore, Wauchope, Weizmann Palliser, Sir Michael 431 Patterson, George, private secretary to M 286, 292, 320, 442, 469 n 4 Pearson, Lester B.: 1932 trade conference 82-3; diplomat 211; Colombo Plan 347; on Rhodesia 406 Peck, Sir Edward 405, 417 Peel, Earl, report on Palestine 160-1, 164—5, *68 Perham, Dame Margery 147-8, 393 Phouma, Prince Souvanna, Laos conference 377-9.38i»383.384. 386 Pickersgill.J.W. 214; on Canada's conscription issue 227, 229, 230 Pillai, Sir Raghavan 367, 368 Power, Major Charles, Canadian air minister 225,227 Pushkin, Georgi, Laos conference 379-83 passim, 385 Race relations: in Australia 52; in Palestine 89; in Malaya 276-8, 283, 300, 303-11 passim, 379; in Singapore 282, 283, 336; in Kenya

496 Index 391; see also Malaya: Communities Liaison Committee Rahman, Tunku Abdul, Malaysian prime minister 312,340 Ralston, Colonel J.L., Canadian defence minister 220,221,224-6 Ramphal, Sir Shridath 439,445-6 Ramsay, Annie, grandmother of M 13; character 15; with herring fleet 14—15; and with daughter-in-law Margaret 18; death 25 Regionalism: in Nigeria (indirect rule) 149; in Kenya (majimbo) 390-4. 397. 4«o. 4M. 445 Reid, Escott: Colombo Plan 211, 347; Canada's high commissioner in India 368, 369, 473 n 16; on M 441-2, 47°n 9 Religion: family attitudes 22, 24, 440; at Oxford 40; of prime ministers 127; of Iban leaders 326; Inter-Religious Organization (Malaya/ Singapore) 336-8, 358 Rendel, Sir George 161, 163 Renison, Sir Patrick, as governor of Kenya 3-4,5,6,391,392 Retford Times 74, i oo Rhodesia, Northern Rhodesia (Zambia) 13°. 15°' 339. 4°6; Southern Rhodesia (Zimbabwe) 130, 149; illegal independence 390,405, 431; see also Ian Smith Robertson, Norman, Canadian diplomat 211,215; conscription

issue 22 2-5; Alaska Highway 241; St Pierre affair 24i;Gouzenko incident 246, 248 Rolleston, Honor 54, 55, 56,316 Roosevelt, President Franklin 239, 440; and Ireland 166, 198; meetings with Churchill 232, 234, 245, 248, 252, 257; meeting with Mackenzie King 232 Ross and Cromarty: byelection (1936) 97, 99, 101-8, 127; M as MP 204, 258, 259 Ross-shire Journal 105, 106 Rothenstein, Elizabeth 184,187 Rothenstein, Sir John: at Bedales 2 8-9; views on co-education 32-3; director of Tate Gallery 184, 187 Rowley, Colonel John: marries Audrey Fellows 263; killed at Rhine crossing 264 Rowley, Major-General Roger 263, 264 Royal Commonwealth Society 292,434-5 Ryle, Gilbert 39,45 Sabah (North Borneo) 259, 272, 331; Borneo merger plans 338, 339 St Laurent, Louis 220, 228 Salisbury, Marquess of (Lord Cranbourne), Dominions secretary 227, 231 Samuel, Sir Herbert: Liberal leader 70, 82; high commissioner in Palestine 90, 163 Sandys, Duncan: recruits M as Kenya governor 4, 392; as Colonial

Secretary 5, 6, 390, 39!. 395-6; and Somali problem 399 Sankey, Lord 69; at India conferences 77, 78, 79 Sarawak: M's role in 259, 272, 319; development 325; logging 330; merger plans 338, 339; see also Abell, Iban people, Duncan Stewart Savage, Donald 158,456 n 19 Scarlett, Prunella 434, 436 Scotland 252, 258; Cairngorms 55—6; universities 57, 99; Scottish Nationalists 99; views on absentee MPS 204; M's roots 428; see afooLossiemouth, Ross and Cromarty Shinwell, Emanuel 74, 431 Sihanouk, Prince Norodom 353; host in Cambodia 356-8, 373; Laos conference 379, 383 Sikorski, General, Polish leader 205, 214, 216 Simon, Sir John 141; chairs India review commission 78; M's ally on Ireland 117, 123 Singapore 8, 178, 259, 265,271, 285,335-8 passim; Gimson as governor 272, 295, 337; M's impressions of 282-3, 321; general strike (1947) 291; Emergency (1948) 295; Supersonics Club 319, 341; Freedom of City to M 340; see also Gimson, Gorrie, Soh, Tan

497 Index Smith, Arnold, and Gouzenko case 248-51 passim, 462 n 15 Smith, Ian, Rhodesian leader 405,407—11, 416 Smuts, General Jan 111; South African PM 133; and African Survey 145 Snowden, Philip 69, 82 Soh, Ivy 318, 319 Somalia 398,399,417, 423 South Africa 146,213, 256; relations with Britain 81,440; and abdication 119; and Germany 140; on Rhodesia 409-10; leaders' talks with M 410—11; on Malawi 412; see also Hertzog, Smuts Soviet Union 63, 65, 419; agents in Canada 246-7, 250; and Europe 310, 364; influence in South-East Asia 342 '349- 361; relations with India 369, 371; Laos dispute 377, 379; threat to China 424; see also Pushkin Spanish Civil War 139, 249 Spellman, Cardinal, in Singapore 336-7 Spencer, Gilbert 185, 190 Spencer, Stanley 177, 183-5, iQ 0 Stanley, Henry 405,418 Stark, Freya 161,431 Stewart, Duncan (governor of Sarawak), murder of 324, 469 n 12 Stockwell, A.J. 270 Straits Times 271, 293, 295; race relations 310; reputation 335; onM 336,340 Stuart, General Kenneth, and conscription in Canada 2 2 1 , 2 2 2 , 2 2 9

Stuart, Meta 72, 74, 134 Sukarno, President Achmad: struggle against Dutch 5, 289, 345; character 359—60 Sunday Times, London 86, 174,423,424,453 n 13 Suyin, Han 313,315, 468 n 17; in India 372; at Laos conference 381; in Kenya 402 Swaziland 130,133,417 Tan, C.C., Singapore lawyer 286, 306 Tan Cheng Lock: career 278, 304; debates with Malays 305-9 passim; wounded in attack 308 Tan Chin Tuan 269,318, 339.439; career 464 n 2

Tanganyika (later Tanzania) 146, 150, 270, 405, 417; independence 5, 389, 390; federation plans 9, 400 Templer, General Sir Gerald 285,300,301, 302, 339; career 300 Thailand 433; rice supplies 291,361; coups d'etat 354, 356; and Laos 378 The Times, London 20, 47, 174, 196,247,315, 434; sponsor of Chinese exhibition 425; see also Woodruff Thomas, J.H. 65, 69, 70-1, 74; as Dominions secretary 73,79,81, 83, 84, 98, 125; Ottawa trade conference 82; and Ireland 109, 111; and South Africa 131, 132 Thompson, Colonel Robert 299 Thomson, Professor

George 242, 243, 461 ni Thuraisingham, E.E.C. 278, 306, 309 Trade unions: in Britain 65, 68; in Malaya 291, 294; in Singapore 291 Trinidad 144 Truman, President Harry 248 Turnbull, Sir Richard 398, 475n 18 Uganda 5, 389, 405; Idi Amin 3; Milton Obote 3, 406; federation plans 9, 400; see also Cohen, Lugard United States: 419; visits by M 46, 49; naval rivalry 64, 76-7; visit by Ramsay MacDonald 64; jobs in 144; and Jewish refugees 159; troops in Europe 225; relations with Britain 231, 232, 245; "army of occupation" 236-41 passim; atomic bomb research 242, 244, 245; in Vietnam 298; influence in Asia 342, 347, 371; on Laos 377, 379. 3 8 l >3 8 2 Vietnam 292, 298, 347, 352 Voluntary Service Overseas (vso) 427, 432-3, 434-436 Wauchope, General Sir Arthur, high commissioner in Palestine 96, 97- l6 2 Waugh, Evelyn 36, 43 Webb, Sidney (Lord Passfield): White Paper on Palestine 86,91,93-4, 95, 96; as Colonial Secretary 91, 92 Weizmann, Dr Chaim 89;

498 Index lobbying on Passfield White Paper 91, 94; relations with M 93—7 passim, 164, 171; favours partition 163; and London Conference 169, 170 West Indies 143, 144, 150, 151; federation 339 Westminster, Statute of

44, 80-2, 116, 121, 445 Willsher, Kathleen, in Gouzenko spy net 246, 248, 249, 250, 462 n 11 Wilson, Harold: and Rhodesia 404-7 passim; racial feelings 407, 408; and Nigeria 414, 416; on M 444

Woikin, Emma, in Gouzenko spy net 247, 249, 250 Woodruff, Douglas 46, 47. 48, 5« Woolton.Lord 194 Wright, Elizabeth 427 Zanzibar 9, 270, 395; revolution in 400, 403.423 Zhou Enlai 380, 420—6 passim; hero to M 425