Lucky city: the first generation at Ballarat, 1851-1901 9780522850659, 9780522876796, 9780522877045

Table of contents :
Frontmatter
Acknowledgements (page xv)
Prologue: Pastoral Prelude (page 1)
PART I: SKIRMISH
1 Golden Point (page 7)
2 Out in the Gullies (page 25)
3 Centre Stage (page 41)
4 Eureka (page 55)
PART II: BONANZA
5 Under the Basalt (page 77)
6 Main Street Heyday (page 96)
7 Sinews of a City (page 114)
8 Seedbed of Democracy (page 133)
9 Melting-pot (page 145)
10 East and West (page 165)
PART III: CONSOLIDATION
11 Goodbye to Growth (page 187)
12 Mining 1870-1900 (page 192)
13 Railway Centre (page 207)
14 Golden City (page 220)
15 Foundation-stone of Empire and Nation (page 251)
Appendices (page 267)
Abbreviations (page 271)
Notes (page 272)
Bibliography (page 295)
Index (page 298)

Citation preview

LUCKY CITY

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Townsmen on the move: crossing the creek at Bacchus Marsh en route to Ballarat

Geelong’s professional men drove in—such as washed for gold with barrows and swag-carrying would-be miners, who looked for all gloves on their hands. For them it was in part a diversion, a giant the world like railway navvies. One man, carrying a cradle on his picnic, a sporting event, or an unusual experience which would back, was stopped as he left Geelong by a short gentleman in black, make good reading in their letters home. On the other hand they who accused him of running away with his pulpit.!® And the pace were soon indistinguishable from the rest of the diggers, like quickened as further discoveries were made. On 14 September W. Woodward the french-polisher, Hannington the bullock-driver, S. Gibbons reported in the Melbourne Daily News that one party of

and David Ham the farmer, who had also been a ship’s- four had averaged 2 oz each per day for over a week.!9 chandler.!’? The rhythms of the diggings life took over and swal- A heterogeneous collection of humanity never before seen in the lowed up erstwhile loafers and labourers, shopkeepers, mechanics bush assembled out of sight of the police, out of reach of formal

and feared ex-convicts. Daily the road from Geelong disgorged restraints, out of touch with city comforts. They were drawn bullock and horse drays, donkey carts, dog and goat carts, wheel- together in a completely new association, in a bachelor world

1 Golden Point 11

where strength and resourcefulness were paramount. Warning

against an impetuous decision to take up the diggings life, in the Dunws Map

optimism engendered by his own reports, Alfred Clarke summed —

up the effort required at Ballarat in mid-September before there SSE, Je | were even the roughest of hotels, boarding-houses or canvas res- ° kf — Vs : taurants and while he still carried in his mind a strong picture of i

the steady slog at Clunes and Buninyong: seve, . - : 3 wn rbas A gold digger must be a Jack-o-all trades; he must be able to ——* t ON ne ae SS x

strip bark, fall a tree, and saw it, digfirewood sods, make embankments, |~., ,, \\S : put up a hut, your clothes, draw after chopping it, bake, boilmend and roast, use a pick and spade, delve, dig, and rere if ip quarry, load, and unload, draw a sledge, and drive a barrow, cut SENSE race por whe ee

paths, make roadways, puddle in mud, and splash ankle deep in =S : water, with occasional slushings from foot, bearinsleet 33 °3\~ and rain without flinching during thehead day,toand sleep damp blankets during the night, thankful that they are not entirely

attempt it, and enduranceye enough to carry itall on for three and have spirit enough to fs saturated—if can do this, months, why there is gold and rheumatism in store for you.?°

He suggested above all that a digger needed to be made of gutta- Oe man one ee | poser, pone”

percha and to have a stomach like an ostrich. 3 OCowwoas Wor 3 arwenot banre For three weeks the miners were in charge of the field, but the | S Cowmnanioueas Tew? i, Manone Tamr frontier democracy was orderly; policy was decided at public meetings and grievances were aired from a convenient treestump.?! Ground close to the creek was most prized. At a public | Dunn's map of Golden Point

meeting, the early birds agreed on allotments fifty feet deep with : ten feet of frontage per man and they soon possessed all the strip of

land along the base of the terrace, except for wheelbarrow tracks 300 or 400 at Golden Point and 250 up the Buninyong Gully, two between some of the claims. Parties of six men held about half an miles from that township.?* Partly because claims were large, acre, which was sixty times as much as they were allowed once the Golden Point at that stage by no means dominated Ballarat.

authorities arrived. Such large claims were typical of California The picture soon changed. The first rush from Geelong coinand were probably derived from there, although the relatively cided with a movement from Clunes of the most experienced sparse returns from crude surfacing techniques could have led toa _— miners in the colony. James Esmond and the Cavanagh brothers similar result. Gibbons of the Melbourne Daily News described the | came down about 10 September and managed to stake claims on

beginnings of that prodigious labour by which the earth of the old = Golden Point, almost certainly because they were prepared to river bend was taken back to water. Barrows and sledges were _ forsake the lower slopes.?° To the surprise of those already there filled with washdirt on the slope of the hill and were pushed and _ they climbed the hill beyond existing claims and crossed a dragged, sometimes by ropes, to the bank of the creek where by 13 _fifteen-foot right-of-way to ground that earlier public meetings September there were fifty cradles at work, each operated by two had agreed would eventually form a second line of claims. The

men, one rocking, the other ladling water.?? Cavanaghs sank among trees near Oddie’s tent and in two days, A map of the line-up at the western end of the field, drawn by from a depth of six feet, removed 60 lb weight of gold. From Dunn of Merrick’s party, shows that newcomers faced the alter- __ Californian experience they were aware of the importance of natives of a long carry to wash or the discovery of further de- sinking to a thin layer of blue clay lying full of gold on the first posits.*° Thus Brownbill, after failing to jump a frontage claim, — bottom of pipeclay, and as so often happens in mining history, went upstream and found new diggings called Brownbill’s (later their knowledge opened up the unknown. They were probably corrupted to Brown Hill). This was the beginning of the famous __ lucky that the frontage claims were taken. Higher up the hill the Little Bendigo field, and Captain Dana reported on his arrivalon clay was close to the surface. 20 September that there were 150 men there, in comparison with This was indeed a breakthrough, and it brought madness in its

12. Skirmish

train, not only on the field but in the cities, from which almost and the established, mainly Geelong, parties. But democracy preevery able-bodied man was soon on the move. Stories of huge vailed with excursions to the “stump” (shown on Dunn’s map) nuggets were irresistible. Charles La Trobe, the Lieutenant- where personal disputes were given a public airing.°° Governor, watched the normal fabric of society disintegrate, as if Some of the time given to the diggers to run their own affairs was the diggings were a chasm into which the colony was falling.2® The the gift of Commissioner F. C. Doveton, who had been ordered to

Presbyterian minister at Buninyong was amazed at the rush of proceed to Buninyong early in September. He dithered about in respectability past his door. On the field, men were crushed to Melbourne equipping himself, his bailiff and five troopers, and death by trees they undermined in their haste to get at the gold. reported long and futile bargaining with carters, who wanted Values changed overnight. Then an ounce a day had seemed exorbitant sums to take up his baggage and stores. In the end he bountiful; now a single claim could produce a fortune. Fear of — paid Quinten Dick £35 for two dray-loads. The delay did not theft mounted. Men slept with loaded pistols handy. They washed please the governor, who minuted one of Doveton’s letters: “Mr. up carefully each day, to avoid leaving rich dirt lying about, and Doveton must really make up his mind to go at once to his field of they used all sorts of stratagems to hide their gold from prying action, one way or another’. If he could not go heavily baggaged,

eyes. They left rich claims reluctantly at night to make for the he was to go quickly with a few men. La Trobe was alarmed by distant sprinkle of tents among the trees or on the flat. If holding a news from Buninyong and wanted a man on the field at once, if large amount of gold, they might slip off to Buninyong to deposit it only to report.*!

in greater security.2’ Even so, the only means of sending it to town The picture hardly suggests an efficient cog in a well-oiled was the bi-weekly Buninyong mail coach, which now, quite apart machine. Nor does Doveton appear to have ordered his men to dig from the gold, needed a secure guard. The Cavanaghs went right spurs into the black cob, the two roans, the brown horse and the

through to Geelong. They arrived on 20 September, preceded by two bays he had bought. He was held up, anyway, replacing a news of their find, and made the important decision to send their constable one of the horses had thrown to his death, and did not gold to England, where it brought nearly £4 an ounce against a reach Ballarat until Friday 20 September. Perched on one nag was local price at that time of about £3.28 Their two days toil, worth David Armstrong, his great fists ready “to shoe a horse or fell a £3800, had set them up for life. Dunlop and Regan also pros- man”.*? Earlier trips, with Dana to the Pyrenees at 10s a day and

pered; the clay in their claim paid very well. 5s for forage, and with Fenwick to Warrandyte, had apparently The excitement spread. With a scientist’s zest, W. S. Gibbons whetted his appetite for government service. He was now a crown described the Golden Point terrace to an eager audience at the lands bailiff for the goldfields and was soon to graduate to assistant

Melbourne Mechanics Institute on 4 October: commissioner at a salary of £ 250. Later he earned the contempt of William Howitt, in whose Land, Labour and Gold he appears as On the surface of the earth was turf, below which was a layer of Hermsprong of Bendigo, the terror of sly-groggers and honest men

rich black alluvial soil, and below that grey clay—below that alike.33 again was a description of red gravel, which was sometimes very The choice of commissioners of crown lands as the prototype then a stratum varying in thickness of clay streaked in various goldfields officials was natural enough in the uncertainty of the

good—then red or yellow clay in which gold was also found and . .; ;

colours, and scarcely worth working, and the next stratum was time, especially because of the fear that in their occupation of the

of hard white pipe-clay which was a decided barrier. Immedi- country the diggers would clash with the squatters. But it was ately above it, however, was a thin layer of chocolate-coloured fateful. What Doveton was to try out on the miners of Ballarat was

clay, tough and soapy; this was the celebrated blue clay, and a well-established routine. The arrival of his mounted team at was very rich. The ground on which the diggings were situated Ballarat, with carbines and pistols, could be taken straight from

was a sloping bank, and the strata lay with their inclinations Edward Curr’s Recollecti Squattine in Victoria. Th rf ; upwards. The blue clay is found near the surface on the brow of WAP MUTE S NECOMEEMONS of Squatting in Victoria. The earlier com

the hill, that is at a depth of about one foot, but sometimes it is ™Ssioners, Curr tells us, could have passed for officers of a regi-

necessary to dig twenty feet before arriving at it.?° ment of irregular mounted rifles. When in town they could be found close to La Trobe and prominent in the club and at Heightened business on the field and the new depth of sinking Assembly balls. In the country they might suddenly break off a made claim regulation far more difficult. The old ground of — deliberation over boundaries to thunder after kangaroo. Their aborted round holes and shallow scrapings was tackled all over duties were to issue licences, settle boundary disputes, deal with again, and it was hard to decide how much should be given and to Aboriginal outbreaks, and license and set the charges of bush pubs. whom. There was antipathy between the newcomers from Clunes Their powers were wide and if a commissioner’s disposition was

1 Golden Point 13

autocratic he could storm through the country, as Foster Fyansdid _ coloured clay.3® Already the rhythm of intense manual labour was in the Western District, upsetting the squatters and titillating his | apparent. Out of round or oval holes of from five to ten feet deep

men.*4 the washdirt was thrown. It was then carted in sacks slung over the The arrival of Doveton and his assistants on that Friday after- — shoulder, or trundled with difficulty in barrows across rough noon in spring, together with Captain Dana and half a dozen ground to the increasingly broken-down banks of the creek. It was native police, led to a confrontation. The law lay firmly in the | dumped there, until it could be washed by stages in puddling-tub, commissioner’s hands, for the diggers were trespassers on crown cradle and dish. There were about a hundred cradles at this time, lands, over which he had complete jurisdiction. But in the back- —_ but the era of the tub was just beginning in the wake of ground of his mind, and of theirs, was knowledge of the debate | Cavanagh’s discovery of gold in the glutinous clay.39 that had been going on in Melbourne and Geelong for some weeks, On Saturday morning, 21 September, the commissioner following public protests against the proposed goldfields licence — announced that he intended to issue licences and to restrict the size tax of 30s per month per miner, paid in advance. Clarke wrote in __ of claims to eight feet square.*° The miners gathered in protest

the Geelong Advertiser of 25 August, “Thirty shillings for twenty-six “outside the bark hut”. Swindells, a German from Geelong, days work is the impost demanded by our Victorian Czar...Isay, | mounted a stump and spoke strongly against paying. So did Conunhesitatingly, fearlessly and conscientiously that there has not nor and Oddie. They were supported in particular, according to

been a more gross attempt at injustice since the days of Wat Captain Dana, by some newspapermen, probably Alfred Clarke Tyler”. Thirty shillings was a ludicrous figure in terms of the — and the unnamed Geelong correspondent of the Melbourne Argus,

known returns from gold mining at that stage, but it was not who both came out strongly in criticism of the decision. Their primarily a revenue measure nor was it related to production. Far —_ words from the stump are not recorded, but it is clear that they more important was its action in deterring diggers. Besides, only knew that by issuing licences the government was breaking its those who could prove to the commissioner, in that day of strict | word. The crowd agreed to withhold payment, and Dana records masters-and-servants legislation, that they were quite properly — that he had no hope of coercing them. Swindells and Oddie absent from their jobs, were to be allowed to dig.*° All this in a | approached the commissioner’s tent to parley.*! Yet imagine the colony whose leading citizens had offered a reward of 200 guineas _—_ shock when shortly afterwards the members of Connor’s party and whose government was to hand out £10000 to the discoverers __ were seen to enter the tent and emerge with the first licences and

of gold. probably the right to double claims. They had even paid 15s for If the tax had had a simple motive, it would not have remained __ half the month, although only nine days of September remained. such a stumbling-block to good relations between government and ‘They were set upon immediately with clods and fists, and but for governed on the fields. If it had been realistic, the protests would the presence of the handful of troopers might have been severely have carried no weight. But in a period when direct taxes were __injured.*? almost unheard of, and before the goldfields had been proved, the Such however was the strength of the commissioner’s position miners were asked to pay in a year almost twice as much for tiny — with men who feared the loss of rich claims, or were eager to get claims as squatters paid for the sprawling acres from which they — them, that by 2 p.m. he had run out of the eighty-eight printed

mostly achieved fat incomes. licences he had brought with him and was lamenting the absence

Nevertheless, there were to be few more suitable times to exact of Quinten Dick with more. He set his men to work making rough the licence fee than at Golden Point, Ballarat, in late September copies of the licence, and that is how they spent their first Sunday 1851. There was gold in almost every hole, and in many the blue on the field.*? The Argus reported that the Sabbath was “chosen for clay held specks and small nuggets as thick as nuts in nougat. The the robbery”, which suggests that Doveton concealed from the four hundred miners were averaging well over an ounce per day governor the fact that he allowed the issue of licences on the Lord’s and Connor’s party, posing as the discoverers, showed Doveton a Day.** He hoped to have two hundred forms by Monday, and in

pannikin full.3° This probably decided the commissioner. the next couple of weeks the troopers who had to write them out Although he had had a letter from the Colonial Secretary before (those who could write) must have regretted the licences almost as

he set out, telling him not to worry about issuing licences during much as the diggers did. By the time the printed forms in the September, he could see that the miners could well afford to pay.?’ baggage arrived, on 6 October, at least 1300 handwritten forms Before riding to Buninyong for the night, he spent the afternoon had been prepared.*> The Argus spoke with alarm of the threat of the 20th picking his way through the claims and along the creek, posed to a free people by the placing of authority in the hands of

among parties of miners covered from head to foot in multi- foppish whipper-snappers, who talked about irons and hand-

14. Skirmish

cuffings for those who failed to pay for the privilege of being rush to peg claims according to the new decision, during which allowed to work. The laissez-faire, acquisitive spirit of the middle Connor’s party made the most of their advantage. Little did the class, in rough working dress, was thus mobilized against uni- miners realize that they were pegging out a procedure which was formed authority, fearful of anarchy and rebellion if men were to condemn them for years to perennial rushes and which was later allowed to do as they wished, and lacking the imagination to see to hamper grievously the efficiency of gold production from the that the institution of goldfields commissioners presupposed the landscape under their feet.

inability of the diggers to participate in government. _ Gradually the government camp took shape and its routines Harry Stacpoole rightly sees this first confrontation between developed on the quartz hill, later Post Office Hill, overlooking the diggers and government as a prelude to the tragedy of the Eureka diggings. A large Union Jack flew above neat military tents, and in

rebellion which was generated three years later on the same a cleared area around them white troopers and native police could goldfield by an equally orderly population and a similarly insen- be seen lounging, or cleaning their boots, or preparing for a routine sitive and insecure administration. Yet order was precious. W. S. patrol.*? After one such foray in the first few weeks they came back Gibbons, who was less radical than Clarke or the Argus correspon- with Shannahan who spoke of being guarded by eight or nine dent, emphasized the security that came with the officials and blacks with big polished boots, “looking as proud as possible”’.>° identified the discord as the creation of a few fractious and dis- He had to pay a £10 fine to get his licence. The commissioner’s contented spirits.*© He differed with Clarke over the issue, and tent was the focal point of the camp, where all questions about the probably so strongly that on 28 September they stopped sharing irksome regulations were referred. The police office was a separate

the hut which they had run gratuitously as a branch post office. department, though the headaches were just as acute. Captain Before Doveton came, according to Gibbons, they had been so Dana was apprehensive from the start about the behaviour of popular that if Ballarat had been enfranchised they would have “turbulent ruffians” from all over the country and from Van been elected its representatives unanimously.*’ “If Ballarat had Diemen’s Land. He requested reinforcements of at least twentybeen enfranchised .. .!” ‘That was an if that held anger, tears and five well-armed troopers, and in the meantime he asked for and

blood. The population of a sizeable town had moved into the was granted the help of Mr Lydiard and the detachment of countryside by October 1851, but there was no way, such was the native police from the Goulburn River.>! Thus the Aboriginals revolutionary impact of the gold discovery, by which the pastoral remained in a majority among the forces of law and order during interests and the governor, who together ran the colony, or the the first phase at Ballarat. It seems incongruous that they should British Colonial Office at a much greater distance, could be have been used in this way, although their pay of 144d a day made

brought to see the diggers’ need for civil rights. them financially attractive. They had an unenviable reputation The richness of the ground had had far-reaching results. It was for drunkenness and were out of place policing white men whose after hearing the tales, some boastful but most of them true, of the language they barely understood. And partly as a result of their lucky majority of miners, and seeing their cradles and dishes weakness the diggers took their own measures. They went to bed at speckled with gold, that Commissioner Doveton decided that in- night with guns at their sides newly primed after their noisy dividual claims measuring eight feet by eight would give a fair evening ritual of firing into the air, they shot claim jumpers and reward. He was also aware of the pace at which newcomers were thieves, and they arrived at the view that the administration cared arriving, and apparently out of concern for them, or in the belief more about licence enforcement than about justice. Swindells and that men should not make fortunes by just digging in the earth, he Oddie, for instance, had been refused licences for speaking out decided on a minute claim size. In his paternalism, and no doubt against the fee.°?

in ignorance (though probably according to some general in- Commissioner Doveton won small praise from the governor structions based on the small size of claims in New South Wales), while he battled with a mess that was essentially not of his own he disregarded Californian precedent.*® There, where the claims making. He was criticized for the sketchiness of his despatches, were large, as they had been at first on Golden Point, newcomers which he tried to write at the end of the day’s work in a tent he were obliged to move on. New fields were therefore more quickly shared with David Armstrong as sleeping quarters and general opened up, lasted longer and gave better average returns. But in office. There was nowhere to keep his papers, no table on which to

California new fields were easy to find and the population write.°? He was so busy preparing and issuing licences and regubuild-up was much slower at first—there was no reservoir of lating claims at the Point itself that he found it impossible to visit

townsmen waiting to flood the field. the outlying diggings or even to think clearly about necessary Lacking a direct account from either Doveton or Dana about arrangements. It was a month before he had a tent to himself. the decision and its results, we can only surmise that there was a There was recurrent confusion about the relative status of Bal-

1 Golden Point 15

en ee NR cae Ns AAR AE ote 8 shige ve. Ao ghey PEPONGAEE, IOP ee oe ae“gee 8 ene saer araRAN a PORE \WR wee tm RK AVE a

ey a Bi >. A gg 2 BRS mYIe fr ee BOO ee ke es lClrr—r—® The first regular 8 lb washed from two tin dishes of earth, and he followed the escort left Buninyong on 6 October carrying 1239 oz, 500 for the progress of a party who raised 16 lb before breakfast and 31 Ib in

treasury, as payment for 1000 licences, and the rest to private the day.®? Others got 10 oz per man per day, day after day, in addresses in Melbourne (344 0z) and Geelong (395 oz).°° A con- parties of four. No wonder the onslaught proved too much for tract cart arrived at Buninyong from Melbourne each Saturday — Golden Point. From slow beginnings it had a swift development night, went to Ballarat on Monday afternoon to pick up gold, and was rapidly exhausted. But the miners had been hardened stayed overnight at Buninyong and departed for Melbourne at 6 and equipped for an even richer surface deposit at Mount a.m. A charge of only 1% was levied to cover costs. Yet most of the Alexander, the lure of which denuded Ballarat in the first few gold stayed on the field or was taken away privately. Assuming a days of November. six-day week and an average of 1'4 oz per man, production would The rape of Golden Point was not a great technical achievehave been about 18 000 oz in the week ending 6 October, against ment. The poorer surface deposits were neglected for the blue clay an escort figure of 1200 oz. As in the week before, less than 10% was and many pockets and pillars of ground were left because of carried by escort. By 22 October the commissioner considered that unco-ordinated sinking in small claims. Years afterwards miners gold worth £ 80 000 (25 000 oz) was being concealed by diggers on could still make a living there. But an enormous amount of earth the field.°° He was trying to make a point which Sturt also took up had been carted to the creek and put to ordeal by water, polluting with the government. Gold was a fearful stimulus to crime. Menof the clear stream unmercifully in the process and reducing its banks the worst character were arriving from Van Diemen’s Land to join to long shoals of tailings. A laborious sifting in tin dishes which the refuse of Victorian society in preying on an enterprise which marked the first few weeks gave way to cradling. By 28 September

demanded severer labour than they were prepared for. there were 143 and by 6 October 500 cradles—one to every party of Official routines, like escort gold, were only a fraction of five orsix miners.°* The noise they made in concert was like distant goldfields life. The police and officials were swamped by the thunder or the beating of a thousand muffled drums. It could be growth of the field. There were 800 miners on 21 September, heard for miles. One newcomer thought the field looked like a 2500-3000 on 6 October, 4500-5000 on 13 October, and a peak of huge anthill just after it has been disturbed.®° Once the clay was 5000-6000 on 20 October.*! The population of Victoria, men, | understood, numerous tubs—provisions barrels cut in half—apwomen and children, was about 77000. Throughout October peared along the creek, where the hardest work went on as spades most of the diggers were at Golden Point, but gradually as water were used to churn the heavy clay. The demand for water was so became scarcer and the claims poorer there was a movement to _ great that a channel was cut to bring the Yarrowee to deep pools

1 Golden Point 17

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lead to the north of Canadian and the Red Streak, Prince Regent, = = = vince Regent's, tet ie The Jewellers Shops

Sailors’, Scotchman’s and New Chum to the south. All were ia = peices ae tributaries of One Eye Gully down which the main road from = ‘% Ee es 3!

Buninyong ran past Golden Point to Ballarat. Sxuy i 28 This was the era of nuggets. In early February 1853 miners 3 SS , oh _

following the Canadian lead at a depth of sixty feet found a Sailor's 2 Guts = _E 5

massive, quartz-encrusted piece of gold. It weighed 136 lb, almost REET thE Magy ee ®

as much as a sack of potatoes, though only a third of the size, and it = aaa Ea 2

brought fame to the names of Canadian Gully and Ballarat. = ee Pa Eg Nothing like it had been known in the world before. Its four = wee “aS discoverers were numb at first, then almost delirious. They had left ~ SS Fo? , the hole to join a rush to Winter’s Flat and had only just returned = 8 e Ea N to take it up again. Two were new chums. Like a yo-yo they had 7 Cg aa been pulled back and forth by good reports and they probably we SS “% oe

rushed back when others on Canadian entered the zone of nuggets. nw 3 tz pe Us,

One party about a fortnight before had struck a lump weighing s = Vere

93lb and then another weighing 84. The larger was 20 inches long, 0 100 200 300 400 so0metres goatee \\\ to baninqong:

8, wide and 5 thick.3’ These three nuggets together were worth = Ri i over £13 000. The largest, but least pure, was sold in England for = The Canadian Line—the leads in One Eye Gully

£5532. The sensation of its discovery and the publicity that surrounded its owners’ decision to accompany the nugget to England on the Sarah Sands, when two of them had been in the colony onlya __ they merely guarded their claims until those who bottomed had few months, was so romantic that it gave a momentum to deep- _ proved that the buried stream was very likely to pass through their

sinking at Ballarat that was to carry it through incredible ground. difficulties on that same Canadian lead. Besides, an average of Shepherding was a cushion against the great expense of sinking

35lb of gold (worth over £2000) per claim was achieved for a in wet ground. As they descended deeper into the submerged period of several weeks at this time, and diggers scrambled to peg __ valley, the diggers encountered drifts of sand full of water, in out claims hundreds of yards ahead on the likely course of a —_ which shaft-sinking demanded techniques far superior to Beilby’s lead. They were gamblers, hooked by the incredible prizes at that —_ timbering at Golden Point, and stronger materials than the sheets casino, but were called shepherds (in that pastoral colony) because of bark on sapling frames used at the Red Streak in January.?® So

34 Skirmish

ASAPRePOO oar DE vo :&. ;ALIS . . & 4h. j - ;bey p - Wee ame CT fe ig ve wos -_reSRE es 7kyj Ars ae ON. ., a cote Le i Coen, (re ee Vp ae he ye ye aN ‘S. ‘\ Sea @ 6 ae a ; We,

RN PEne eM‘.fefuer ™ SOON Caen es po te eh AS ns aONT NesdeP| >NeA .Ae \ “oR ON ug oe ON MBBS eR oe BO . Ng pe ee ‘ ar YS 4} : eel i) f\ doe + # | YO Ae Pa Ss . ae NN on Core a BS ——— cael Care 4a ine cane \ ‘> oN —— ‘tes £ tp 4 Rp = rd ¥, ~ * mA ie y aa" — te gas = . a x ¢ i> an sn . - 4 4 . : oe 4 Fe we ~ A - gn oe ae | \ :.

a om |, 4 ve oe ea >) ee y Wi a OK age er al ee. Bo

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4gee, eegeBisse asaan a ee eKre aoargne _oe }aEeea: Nie, ~~ oeEE aaygo Nal ieee pan le aD ee ee ee et Ree ret ee CC. .— Sed tees ae co es “ an tage Soe Aig asap a. Slt 2 6: Sed HKG Se Se geet eT me ea EE tae rags cam

Deep-sinkers at work, 26 July 1853: men are preparing slabs and there are shelters over many claims

they hit upon split slabs, which had already been tried with great _ face. At depth a refinement of the technique was needed because it success at Golden Point (at that time clearly the hub of innova- —__ was impossible to keep back the sand while “puddling up” with tion) in March 1852.* They were hardened, self-reliant and in- clay behind the slabs. Thus “‘opening out” became the rule. “Sets”

ventive men, sharing an experience that set them ever further of four sharpened slabs were hammered down vertically into the apart from the police and officials of the camp. They were be- drift to secure each face while the shaft was widened behind them

coming Australians. by about a foot, to make room for the usual horizontal slabs. These

Split slabs of eucalypt were the favourite building material of were cut longer than normal, to fit the enlarged cavity, and once the Australian bushman. Too irregular for use in American-style they were introduced behind the vertical wall, and were secured, log cabins, the trees when split were still very strong. So with the shaft was deepened and the procedure repeated until the drift cross-cut saw, axe, hammer and wedges the deep sinkers devoured __ was left behind. A lot of sand and water was thus kept out, and the forest all around. Harrie Wood’s reminiscences refer in detail _ once the shaft was in solid ground again, the extra width was filled to the techniques that were developed along the celebrated Can- __ in from the bottom by another wall of slabs placed horizontally, adian line where, at the junction of the main lead and its tributa- between which and the “drift slabs’’, as the outer ones were called, ries, a surface drift extended for twelve feet and a second, much six inches or so of clay was rammed to seal off the water. The final

wetter and larger one fouled up the shafts from about a hundred size of the shaft was typically 3 by 2 feet, and it was often a very feet. Even with slabs, sinking was hazardous, back-breaking and _ neat job. To begin with, slabs were held in position by notching slow, and even when three or four men in each party bailed their ends, but later the side-slabs were bored to take pegs which continuously with windlass and 18-gallon leather or wooden held the end-slabs in place.*9 buckets, there was little opportunity to deepen the hole. Sand and This was to be the tyranny under which shafts were sunk until water slipped undiminished through gaps between the slabs. At __ the leads of east Ballarat were worked out. From late 1853 until last, in August 1853, someone hit upon the idea of ramming clay —s June 1856 most of the miners were in the wet main valleys of old

into a space behind the slabs. This was successful—near the sur- _ streams and even in buried lake-beds full of water. With great labour and expense a forest was taken underground, where much

of it was left forever, although naturally miners hazarded the Vv; Also at Golden Point inpowder March, for was the firstused time atto Ballarat, andthrough perhaps in extraction of such carefully prepared timber ictoria, blasting crack the hard layer of cement ; . ;from ; disused shafts.

which had defied Beilby and his party four or five months before. There were slight differences of technique on different leads. At the

2 Out in the Gullies 35

Gravel Pits, for instance, a box frame was pushed down through _ adjoining claims. Fifty pounds weight of gold was washed from the drift to support the points of the piles. Trial and error, tenacity — some tubs of the Blacksmith’s dirt, and the claim was reworked and skill characterized the conquest of the buried rivers, and the _ several times afterwards with handsome results. Equally rich casualties, though hard to enumerate, were many. Sometimes _ claims were worked at the junction of the Red Hill and Canadian whole parties of miners lost their lives. Some bodies were buried _leads and set everyone hoping to bottom on a junction. One claim forever, but others “rose to the surface of the blue-pit water”, and —_ produced 125 |b of gold, though not without a tense struggle and

were wrapped in tent-cloth or bedclothes and buried in the = many misgivings. It took nine months to sink the shaft, which “Potter’s Field”’.*° Foul air at depth was as dangerous as water, passed through a particularly wet drift.*3

and wind-sails of calico, copied from the ventilators of migrant These were the highlights of a wonderful year at Ballarat in ships, were first adopted at Rotten Gully to direct fresh air 1853. Most of the leads in One Eye Gully (Canadian, the longest below.*! They became one of the badges of the field. and most famous, tended to become a blanket term for the area) After extracting the washdirt from the bottom ofa shaft, placed _ were very profitable and relatively predictable in direction. And centrally in the claim, diggers faced the problem of driving a __ the gutters were not the only source of gold. At the deeper end of distance of ten or eleven feet to the boundaries. This too, required Scotchman’s Gully, where the washdirt in the lead was 60 feet timber, because between the washdirt and the lowest layer of clay wide and 3 feet deep, there was also a wide “reef-wash” or terrace there was often several feet of unstable sand. So drives were fully _ of gravel and red cement which yielded £150 to £350 per man.** slabbed, like shafts turned on their sides, until the diggers dis- _ It has to be remembered that Golden Point was not a lead and that

covered that they could take out the sand as well as the washdirt _ buried sporadically in the Ballarat landscape there were similar and support the resultant roof of clay with a far simpler arrange- terraces, usually shallower and drier and sometimes more exten-

ment of legs and caps.*? sive than the leads.

These experiments were sustained by incredible returns from Within these limits, following the leads at Ballarat was a tanthe vicinity of the junction of the Canadian and Prince Regent _talizing game of chance. About one deep hole in four was a leads, depth of sinking 110 feet, in September 1853. Here “shicer”. For long distances a lead might be poor in gold, or it ‘Jewellers’ Shops” were found. Parties of eight averaged about __ might be lost altogether and vainly sunk for, as the Eureka lead £ 2000 each. In the Blacksmith’s Hole each man took over £3000, was lost in Rotten Gully for eight months or so from the beginning despite losing buckets of washdirt to underground pirates from _ of 1853. But the discovery of valuable areas of shallow ground and the continued profitability of old workings like Golden Point, Black Hill, White Flat and Creswick gave would-be deep-sinkers a

A canvas ventilator or wind-sail, drawn by von Guerard in July 1853 chance to build up their funds." They were also supported by

| on ~ oe a storekeepers and other capitalists, often ex-miners, who supplied ee| en Ree oe (ye SSETgeee provisions, slabs and equipment for shares. Business ees, ae ae profits were literally a sinking fund in at return the service of co-operatives Pe i peek ag eats 4) \ a oe of between four and twelve miners which storekeepers unhesitatrat raat i. 7. / anaes ae JA g Nara ingly joined, and from which they drew splendid profits in 1853. eh “4 bee vatchy 7 ‘ :ffi Vee Tey Ondominated each lead, therefore, an integrated ee ae Agen ON) RoHass Ge aeoperhaps by one national group.community Eureka fordeveloped, instance, Bothy ! Ms aoa fed hs DRDDR® \ VR was apparently becoming an Irish preserve. The evidence is frag-

SN ee Looe aS Ta SS mentary but it seems likely that a general pattern of immigration Up Ut eee {| Sa im re e. ike on PY eumerege it P was acting in association with a distinctive process of self-selection

~ | A PAA a He. ~~ af $e + AAR ae & for the tough and skilled labour of deep-sinking. As well as that,

oe OP EF ce he ie "a ne Ripese 7 there was a rare communal experience as technical and financial

ag i il Spt SS ey ee obstacles were met and overcome. The government had formed a a ee ae CO tine ag eg ea township, but the diggers and storekeepers on the leads were

apt OA ae pA etn as a gaa creating the true urban framework of Ballarat. Unlike other, more cr anal crand” SES eects See transitory, fields it had developed a complex social structure. , oy eo Rae a = ; apes nas Resets 6 Ballarat was also more centralized than any other goldfield.

eS : See a During 1853 the leads brought the diggers back towards Golden

aee eS eae

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ep a a + coal se Races > a oe | Mon

eee ee ee ee CT. 5. 4, Ut a oe eg ee ao ee ee ef Fase ee Oe ge Pe “ee oa ee ee ao ee ON ee ee" aen . eee ee nnrrnre a ee ele ee ee es eee i eee ee Ul eee us Suipcusrns: Gh alm a tk oo eee ee ee ae ee ee se ee a oa ae ¢ ie ee Seeeer bisicoamcee agp niin, Ee eagte ET ace gs ie ON gee BRE ee ns. ees aes eg,

A view looking across Ballarat Flat to the township in August 1853: above the chimney of the tent in the left foreground 1s Bath’s Hotel and above the right-hand tent the government camp

Point, and the shortage of water at the end of the year further in the second half of 1853, following a slump in California. Acconcentrated them. Tents and stores, especially from Canadian, cording to a Yankee, who probably exaggerated, Ballarat might were moved down to the flat towards which the Bakery Hill and have been called an American settlement. The Stars and Stripes, Gravel Pits leads also seemed to be heading. Thousands of cradles _ he thought, outnumbered the banners of any other nation.*? And were concentrated there. Long before he could see them, a new- certainly the United States seems to have discovered Australia at comer in August 1853 was perplexed to hear what sounded like the this time as an outlet for the industry of her eastern seaboard. continuous beat of a thousand muffled drums or the rushing of a Goods produced according to the experience of generations of mighty waterfall.4° About this time another observer noticed a _ pioneers and tested already in one gold region were second to none profound change on the diggings. Tradesmen were returning to in these conditions. Excellent cooking stoves, boots, shoes, wagons, their trades and large wooden buildings were going up.*’ A theatre axes, miner’s tools and even whole buildings came into Melbourne opened and one enterprising American began a funeral business, | and Geelong on Yankee clipper ships, themselves without peer.°° flying as his trade flag a black coffin on a white ground—and what American business houses thrust themselves into a wonderful better business where deaths were a daily occurrence either from opening. G. F. Train and others galvanized Melbourne to action accident or dysentery. Solicitors multiplied as mining and business — on public questions and released democratic energies. Train became more complicated. The first, A. L. Lynn, began to practise helped to found the Criterion Hotel, which set new standards of in May, the second in November, and after that, says Withers, “a hospitality with gilded nuptial suites, catering at £20 a night for

forensic deluge”’.*8 lucky diggers.°! Americans also revolutionized the transport in-

This new phase coincided with the arrival in force at Ballaratof dustry. By late 1853 their light wagons and coaches were running Americans, whose immigration into Victoria gathered momentum regular schedules on the incredibly rough roads, and far outdis-

2 Out in the Gullies 37

tanced the lumbering bullock wagons, horse drays and. heavy booming, he added a two-storey building, with a clock tower, the coaches of English and colonial tradition.°? Cobb & Co. was being longer timbers for which came from the crater at Mt Buninyong born, in an un-English spirit of enterprise and efficiency. That was where trees still grow superbly straight.5? The George, the Golden the spirit with which dozens of Americans established themselves Fleece, the Clarendon and other hotels followed, and because in business at Ballarat. Their links with compatriots athome and _no licences were granted outside the township there was keen de-

in the colony gave them unrivalled opportunities. mand for their facilities for meetings and entertainment and for The vigorous development of the leads awoke the planned the accommodation of commercial men and well-to-do visitors. township from its slumber. On 16 February 1853 eight further lots The stake for a cricket match on 26 December 1853 between

of the original subdivision were sold, and the construction of “Canadian” and “Gravel Pits” was a dinner at Bath’s hotel.>4 buildings with sawn timber began. In May, six months after he Their legitimate trade made it easy for publicans to enter and had purchased his town allotments, Thomas Bath, the butcher, dominate the sly-grog business. Withers hints that Bath controlled brought from Geelong at great expense the materials for a single- over a hundred pubs and shanties. For seven successive months (at storey hotel. It prospered. At the end of the year, when things were £80 per ton) he paid £1500 a week for the cartage of liquor from

Sees : eee os I — ee ; Pe ae ee Ge tee en Ss i ee ee EN Rg a eo ee at aor - Sn 4 aAme ee Ea AYasSa oe©a) oes Old Post Office Hill, Golden Point, the scene of the original gold discovery, as it looked to von Guerard in

July 1853

pee PEs MR OU ug io CF SEO dg eee oo Las wo. a ae a Os ge SE a eee & fs ee le es

gp pe a aad . ' - . aig Tene mage ateeerginene ca omnes one eengt . me 2 sess pid pens en og anager von 7 on - “sons = eee sega soso orgs ~ ee Se ee ee

OS ales pi A li Bee OR ee. ee a oe ae ee re ee ie ee ee te ne ce eee ee ee ee ee ee ee or Be Wok aa ° a : an * Pe oe ee ee eee ed ee PR a ee e a ee Mages 2. ,Dh,Llme.D””rrrtC~—~—“is”CSC“‘( EtstCdCd eC ae - hlhr,r,,r,rrrrC—isr~— After only three years—by September 1854—the local _ then prevailing, so that they could cover the tremendous expense

population had reached 25 000.6 Sustained by the production of sinking a shaft. Secondly, deep-sinking involved the storeduring the year of at least 700 000 oz of gold, worth £2% million, —_ keepers as capitalists in the financial risks of mining. Most of them

the Ballarat community, although still crudely masculine, ma- furnished supplies or capital in return for shares and became

tured at an astonishing pace.’ almost as involved as diggers in the gamble of the field. ‘The most Changes came in like a gale, blowing canvas-covered structures _ astute became very discerning investors and even at this early date

away. When von Guerard sketched Ballarat Flat in February there was general trading in shares.'? Thirdly, and most impor1854, he recorded a jumble of tents dominated by the big top of _ tantly, deep-sinking brought permanence. Storekeepers could look Jones’s Circus.? But by the end of the year, following the con- ahead a year or so, confident that, even if they had to be moved, struction of a road across the flat, and a bridge over the Yarrowee, _ the buildings they erected would not become redundant. And many stores and hotels had moved into line. In September the — what Peter Matthews noticed in January was as nothing comTimes interpreted the rush to build along “the Government Road _ pared with September and October. Writing home again early in yclept Regent Street” as an indication of great faith in the coming 1855, he spoke of Ballarat as a great place of business. Coaches ran 41

42 Skirmish

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age | ‘foes £ Bes ose maecee cesBP stig stn : é. a. Kr we ; ae Lk oe we . Bernie a a lait wo? es Sie er ~~ : a - eee a ~'. “a . *-Le - ,otye omnes . ‘ °70aMs ~ -C: aonx ee “yeet. at af *aoe, .. aye ° Fan — ae: cage a gee4:

Ballarat Flat from the township, February 1854: Bakery Hill ts on the left, the Yarrowee flows through the middle of the picture and the road to Geelong 1s indicated by the line of tents

. ic] ) 15

daily to Melbourne and Geelong.'? In 1854 the Estafette line of unbroken forest, with the two conspicuous hills of Warrneepe reached Geelong in a day, three times a week, for £4, and Cobb & [sic] on the left and Mount Buninyong on the right, looking out Co.’s Concord wagons did even better. Daniel and George Ford set of it as you stand with your back to the Commissioner’s camp.

up an Med that organization to pandepapers goods tralfie, ldas At night from theatsame position was so good that morning fromiheGeelong arrived midda “tethe16lights of the tents and stores in Ballarat and Melbourne papers in the evening." , ani the impression of a large city.

; ai ? bil 4 lexi , bably j Howitt saw Ballarat at the end of May, when diggers on the

on addition to stability and complexity, and probably just as = Canadian lead had reached Red Hill, about a mile from the camp,

important, was the extraordinary concentration of the Ballarat 444 the Eureka men were about the same distance away in diggings. William Howitt marvelled at the wey ine Kacs had Specimen Gully. The Gravel Pits lead had been followed past the brought the diggers back from the extremities of the field into its Catholic chapel, across Bakery Hill and into the bottom of the

centre in front of the government camp: basin, where diggers were gathered like a swarm of bees. Howitt . says they were “rushing”, but progress was very slow across the No diggings that I have seen—and I have now seen all of any y q VV G y 8 k h - Feb h ry hat th importance—lie so compact as those of Ballarat. They are all found. Von Guerard's sketch of February shows that the Grave comprised in this one basin under your eye, and the two arms, as Pits line had then reached the flat.!’ It can have moved only a few it were, of Eureka and Canadian Gully. Beyond extends the belt hundred yards in the next three months. From May to December,

ee

3 Centre Stage 43

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ae ieaen° AD SSS Oe ie : 3 OG Se eae| 7gw en wr i"enn os Me eeae ieee ee a a eS : Sipeg ce al snl ae: —ane a Y ; e ee oe ital a, tee a FS ie, ae wo ctor

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oe i “ge ag. oF Wt US ee82 ee. Ol, oe UU”, ene, 4 [Av poaole Cee ere.pstOEE UOF Se~~ET eeeae The aftermath: a view of abandoned holes on the Eureka Lead, February 1854

missioner. The Times called for juries of experienced diggers to that they were the most important single interest in the colony and

settle disputes.®8 the reason for its fame. Samuel Irwin, the Geelong Advertiser correOut of this situation came a popular movement for the reform spondent, put it this way: and clarification of the rules governing mining, and beyond that a questioning of the failure of government to legislate effectively for Oh, that we had, were it but one good man and true to bring our

the goldfields. A provisional reform committee held a public claims before the council, not as lucky taxable vagabonds but as meeting at the Lord Byron Dining Rooms, Gravel Hill, on hampere 5 har cworking taxed unrepresented members the body politic :; ; Pits who are regulations so absurd thatoFwe are com-

September to adopt “measures to protect the diggers’ rights and Pp ys su ;

Iso to submit rules for the future reculat; f the coldfields” 89 I pelled to believe that the framers of them wished merely to the face of the apathy of pre-gold migrants in the Legislative Council and in government, the diggings population took con- In October the resident commissioner, Robert Rede, issued new

also to submit rules for the future regulation of the goldfields”.®° In tolerate such a class.2°

structive steps to protect their interests and air their views. A deep regulations, which forced the working rather than the shepherding sense of frustration came over them. Their self-respect, their pre- of any claim contiguous to claims that hit a gutter. Responding to sent livelihood and future plans were all at stake, despite the fact public interest, Rede himself held a meeting on the Gravel Pits to

3 Centre Stage 53

discuss the regulations, which had roused the miners to fury. They So general was dissatisfaction that early in October half a dozen wanted more ground so that shepherding was less chancy and committees were meeting not only to discuss the new rules but also mining more relaxed, but he insisted upon greater rigour than to look at general grievances.°* No early solutions were possible. ever, at the same time as extra licence hunts, begun on 13 Sep- Indeed, the situation had been further complicated by a sudden tember, were intensifying the atmosphere of confrontation.°! It is conflict of interest between diggers and storekeepers over priorities

sad to record that one thoughtful man produced alternative on the crowded flat, where an intractable problem had been regulations that were a preview of the frontage system adopted in created by a “collision” between the Gravel Pits lead and the 1856 to give more latitude to claims prospecting the lead.?? newly macadamized road. Diggers were pegging claims inside

“The scene at the Gravel Pits was especially animated, and would have made a capital sketch. The crowded assemblage of white awnings in these clay heaps, which the diggers have raised to protect them at their work in rainy weather, these standing at different elevations; the diggers turning their windlasses; and others in rows of half-a-dozen along the sides of the muddy pools, working away at their puddling

tubs . . .; others cradling; others washing out.” W. Howitt, p. 381. The sketch by S. D. S. Huyghue was made in September 1854, four months after Howitt’s visit

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94 Skirmish

storekeepers’ tents and seeking the removal of more permanent ever put considerable pressure on the stores. Large consignments buildings.°* The celebrated “black gutter” was heading towards of goods from glutted Melbourne warehouses and the stock of local

the town along the line of the road, and although the “white bankrupts and those who were leaving the district were put up gutter” was moving away to the right towards the cricket-ground, for auction.* These sales seem to have begun in September 1854, a shallow terrace deposit on the left and close to the road was alive after the roads improved again during the spring, with Thomas with mining. Very profitable shafts in that area could be bottomed Williams’s advertisement of £12 000 worth of goods for auction

in about a week. From near Golden Point another lead, fairly in the newly completed arcade in the township. His list included shallow and dry, was being followed towards the Gum-tree where a library of books, 50 000 bricks and a corrugated-iron house, and

so much activity was already concentrated. Here was a great later a huge supply of dressed timber. James Oddie, in a smaller dilemma: the stability engendered by deep-sinking was threatened way, was doing the same sort of thing near Bentley’s Hotel. ‘This by the deep-sinking itself. But the crisis was not helped by indeci- activity was, in one sense, a development of normal wholesaling sion on the part of the authorities who ordered storekeepers to and therefore a sign of maturity at Ballarat. Williams said that he

move in favour of mining, then three days later reversed their had arrangements with Melbourne and Geelong importers for decision and finally, in print, came full circle again.9° Seekamp regular consignments of goods, and Henry Harris sold ale, porter urged miners and storekeepers to consider their long-standing and brandy in lots of a hundred cases, and fresh whiting, salmon, partnership rather than this temporary rivalry and to join together lobsters and oysters in bulk. But the rub for the storekeepers was to demand a redress of common grievances. It was obvious to him that private sales could also be arranged, no doubt as competithat this complicated goldfield had outgrown the unrealistic, un- tively as in modern bulk stores, and some of them were unable to wieldy and corrupt human apparatus by which it was governed, compete. How many were affected and how serious the situation though he probably despaired of any simple way of breaking the was 1s too complicated a question to answer from the existing

chains of official vested interests which were hobbling it.%° evidence, yet it is of great importance to ask it.° If, as the 7imes Marxist interpretations of the Ballarat diggings at this time suggests, storekeepers were under this pressure in September and suggest that capital/labour relationships existed.9’ If they did, October, as well as suffering from the competition of the newly they were rare and unimportant. All known investment was within introduced hotels in the grog trade, besides a downturn at Eureka the existing co-operative structure; capitalists either purchased and the tangle with the Gravel Pits lead, they would have been in

shares, or furnished equipment and provided supplies, or went no mood to put up with administrative autocracy and bungling, halves with working parties.?8 There were too many successful especially if it seemed to threaten the productivity of the field.® In

independent diggers for anything else to be tolerated, and old these terms a Marxist explanation of the Eureka rebellion, which ground, in which capitalists might have operated independently, was to emerge from the fascinating matrix of Ballarat life by the was viewed so jealously by the bulk of miners that it remained in end of the year, has a good chance of making sense—as long as we small claims. On the other hand the introduction of an engine to work into it the highly individualistic behaviour of many who took pump one of the Gravel Pits claims near the road was not opposed; part. it was recognized to be of general benefit.99 We should notice, in From what has been said in this chapter it should be abundantly terms of the overall argument, that Americans, who were among clear that the task of running the Ballarat goldfield at this juncture the strongest democrats on the field, were also its chief capitalists. was not an appropriate one for the inept, nepotistic, authoritarian They were involved in that pumping engine as they were in most and militaristic Goldfields Commission.’ From the decision of an enterprising efforts like a windmill quartz-crusher, soon converted individual commissioner there was some chance of redress (if one to steam, at Black Hill.! The democratic Ballarat Times called for had the gall and the energy to push for it), but from the general energetic Americans to undertake the construction of dams to oppressive attitudes of the whole camp, built upon the antipathy

provide parts of Creswick with water for sluicing.? of the pre-gold Melbourne establishment, there was no escape. Marxist and economic historians might have done more to The traditions of the open-ended, free-enterprise society of nineexplore the influence of capitalism on storekeepers, and in par- teenth-century Britain had been held in check by an extraordinaticular to assess the impact on the goldfields of the depression of __ rily long-lived, ad-hoc excressence from the days of Australia’s 1854, which followed a glut of imports at the end of the previous pastoral ascendancy (and England’s eighteenth century), but year. From the Ballarat evidence, prices did fall between 1853 and finally the sweating, clay-covered diggers, the wily storekeepers, 1854. but not substantially, and mainly in manufactured goods. the idealistic newspapermen, the chartists, republicans and rabid During 1854 all prices were remarkably stable and the wages of ___ Irish combined in this year of swift maturing first to expose the sawyers, blacksmiths, labourers and carters moved very little Goldfields Commission’s complete inadequacy and then to goad it between July 1853 and November 1854.° One development how- into suicide.

4 Eureka

Ballarat is as famous in Australian history for the spilling of blood clay and creaking windlasses on the different leads, it is clear that as it is for the mining of gold. In a slab stockade among shepherded at Eureka for a five- or six-week period in September and October, holes at the head of the Eureka lead on 3 December 1854 a brief when not a hole was bottomed, Carboni’s “ditch of Perdition” was

struggle conferred on the most orderly of goldfields an undeserved all too real. But only at Eureka, and only then, for the date 18

reputation for turbulence. October and the place from which he wrote give his statement a One historian, in breaking away from the fairly stereotyped specific context. It appears in one of his letters to W. H. Archer, but social and political explanations of Eureka, suggests that the key to not in his book.’ understanding it is economic and technological—the dangerous It says something for the innocence of the goldfields population

but tantalizing search for Ballarat’s evasive leads.! He pictures that they expected great things of Charles Hotham. When he miners and administration incipiently at loggerheads because of sloshed about Ballarat in August, with clay up to the knees of his the special hardships of licence hunts and claim disputes among pepper-and-salt tweed trousers, taking off his hat to the cheers of this most stable of mining populations. The writer is Geoffrey the diggers, and was followed by his unassuming wife, her eyes Blainey and his argument is an imaginative extension of a famous sparkling at the loyalty of the fine hearty fellows, even cynics could

statement by the quaint Italian, Raffaello Carboni, who reviled be excused for dropping their guard and accepting the possibility

Ballarat as “a Nugety Eldorado for the few, a ruinous Field of of diggers and governor getting together for the good of the hard labour for many, a profound ditch of Perdition for Body and country. As well as invading the sanctity of the camp in the Soul to all’”.? But it is misleading.. Deep-sinking had been associ- governor’s wake, many had jostled Big Larry for the honour of ated with peace, not strife, since its beginnings in 1852. Governors’ carrying “my lady” over a deep patch of yellow mud. “Constantly

despatches frequently contrasted turbulent Bendigo with placid Growling Digger” said that even he had experienced a change of Ballarat. There was calm among the deep-sinkers in August 1853, heart, and the Ballarat Times, no slave to authority, spoke of a new

when Bendigo was on the brink of an armed clash and red-rib- era: “a bold vigorous and farseeing man has been amongst us, and boned “agitators” came south to stir up support.? In September the many grievances and useless restrictions by which a digger’s 1854, when Governor Hotham insisted on twice-weekly hunts for success is impeded will be swept away’’.®

unlicensed miners, Bendigo, not Ballarat, responded belligerent- In a cheerful speech at Geelong Hotham had promised that he ly.* That was consistent with his reception on the fields a fortnight — would not neglect the people’s interests, and this had bred the earlier. He was received with cheers and was tailed by a large _ wishful thought on the goldfields that he would dismiss half “the crowd at Ballarat, where the local poet had written him a glitter- _ gold-laced gentry and useless officials”. At Ballarat he spoke as ing ode. At Bendigo, although well received, he was presented with though they were not needed; he called the local miner a lover of a strong petition against licence fee and Goldfields Commission. law and order, and eulogized the miners of the whole colony as a Carboni’s eloquent exaggeration has misled generations of his- hundred thousand of the finest men in the world. But he was as torians, except for the local man W. B. Withers. For despite the _ naive to Say it as they were to believe him.? hardships of deep-sinking, Ballarat was the only major field to The size of the hope was a measure of the disappointment when grow substantially between August and December 1854.6 These _ it was pricked almost immediately. On 16 September the Ballarat were great days, and Gravel Pits claims especially were bountiful Times carried a letter from an indignant miner, his licence one day and consistent. Yet if we zoom our lens down close to the piles of | overdue, who was one of the first to be apprehended under 55

56 Skirmish Hotham’s personal policy (adopted against all advice on 13 Sep- they can obtain gold whenever they choose to work, they possess tember) to search twice-weekly for licences.!° The diggers were all the self-reliance of the mountaineers.”’!> incensed, and a few days later with the framing and sentencing of The governor was blind. He took a great social risk in order to Frank Carey (see p. 51) to six months imprisonment, with hard escape a temporary financial embarrassment. He was no trained labour, for selling two glasses of grog, so were the Americans.!! Just politician or statesman but an honest naval disciplinarian. It saysa when a “downtrodden yet confiding people” had been expecting a lot for him that he sought the advice of commercial experts and

sagacious Hotham to alter the pernicious liquor law and abolish tried heroically to prune his budget, with a glance over his the miner’s licence fee, there was greater rigidity than ever. In shoulder towards his superiors in England, who had frowned on aggressive dismay Henry Seekamp, the editor of the Times, pointed Victoria’s enormous expenditure and had warned him that he to the lessons of Bendigo in 1853 and warned Hotham to proceed might have to fight over the licence question.'® His lack of grip is constitutionally or the paper would be a thorn in his side. He spoke shown in the way he dramatized the colony’s financial crisis, but of vast elements of ignition in the community whose slumbering confined his “strict” reforms in the Gold Commission to retrenchmight and impulsive power it would not be judicious to evoke.!” ing a few clerks. The upper echelons were retained entire—like a

A week later, on 30 September, in reporting the governor’s mounted aristocracy patrolling the goldfields, as William Howitt speech to the Legislative Council, the paper found him double- put it.!’7 They had been recruited under the assumption that dealing—an ostensible liberal but a real tyrant. Seekamp was sure appropriate situations should be found in the colonies for the (quite correctly) that despite protestations of a fair go, he had younger sons of English gentlemen, no matter how unsuitable, and communicated secret orders to the police to invigorate the search they had made the Gold Commission a self-justifying institution. for unlicensed miners. “Hunting the digger” now became the chief Apparently Hotham saw them, like the licence fee, as part of the sport of the camp gentry, according to the Ballarat Times. How structure of law and order which he was determined to maintain much more exhilarating, said Seekamp, than chasing elk and deer. until it was changed, though he gave no sign, as the Ballarat Times Ellen Young, who had greeted Hotham with an ode, now wrote in pointed out, that he was aware of the need for change.!®

savage disillusionment.!° Concern about the low level of licence payments was nevertheThe diggers responded to the new situation by licking old less justified. At Ballarat in May, June and July fewer than half the wounds. W. B. Withers catches the flavour of their resentment, as estimated number of adult males was paying the fee. It was the part of the context of Eureka, by telling some of their stories of __ poorest figure of all the goldfields. Rede explained that there were

licence hunts. Sometimes the police manufactured a claim di- big problems in collection and that the population contained spute, gathered a crowd and then hunted for licences. When a many who were not miners. He may have been right, for although search party appeared, fossickers and shepherds, who in 1854 were licence income doubled in September, when the hunts were a sizeable minority of the diggers, would rush for concealment stepped up, the proportion of those paying remained the same.!® among deep holes on the flat. R. M. Serjeant, later one of the great The cost of this negligible gain was incalculable. Diggers and mining managers of Ballarat, told how his mate disguised himself storekeepers were brought face to face as never before with the as a “smart genteel-looking female” in order to avoid capture. clanking government machine, which became even more offensive “Her” performance included a most unladylike victory dance because of a liberalization of the Goldfields Act at the end of 1853, when the “traps” had gone. Storekeepers’ tents also provided under which licences could now be taken out on any day of the shelter, for the storekeepers were particularly embittered because a month for one, three, six or twelve-month periods. This eased the long-standing lack of police protection was aggravated by the pressure on the issue of licences, but meant constant searches if the

extra licence hunts. !4 fee was to be enforced. Whereas, before, a sweep of the field once or

Hotham had jettisoned what little understanding had been twice a month was sufficient, it was now logical, as Hotham built up over the years. By taking no notice of the view of his realized, to search every digger twice-weekly and therefore to bail executive council and his goldfields officials, he widened the gulf the men up unnecessarily time and time again. The majority had between the people and the Goldfields Commission and drew three-month licences.?° attention to the inappropriateness of its autocratic structure. The While every digger hunted added to the disruption of the field number of diggers apprehended was not large. What mattered and to the hostility with which the authorities were regarded, an most was the dislocation of the field and the affront to the dignity unbearable strain was also placed upon the police force. The effect of hardy men “whose open-air occupations, thorough indepen- was cumulative and disastrous. After a few weeks, ordinary police

dence, and well trained sinews give them a noble daring and a work had almost ceased. The five Ballarat outstations called generous impetuosity. Free of all masters, with a knowledge that separately for as many as sixteen men from headquarters to help

4 Eureka 57

ae A ee et eC ee ae ee i in ae | 3 “ed ¥ eS -— Bon :

‘ weg = ?7 meee . AFIS . 4 :;}; .‘a: Ey j . . :f.oa eesee “atae . .se = |“42fo4 4 afay eo :JftePe net. Se a eo ie Sake Ac 8sisnage ES%“ey, a;.S:-.-. eae rats aon, bac een. ae Men ee ceases | ae a Se ae-o| revn6—eebeca ec) i ‘4 ae coe my : ae nies -: eS § A Pose }. = a oPus ie=i7me Aoaad 4H iow gan egA cmFee f A DAN Ms kh oe AR OATS re ae we a& peo we *eeasee4,ee et uf Oai ion pe— OTE os.oea me a, 28s, oe‘#, .. ,_ge geAlle ~ 7 ee ' ay ia ay) x ata _— ¥ 4 . ay os ; Was k "I ot rs wr. Mu oe . : .! ; it ' 4 PAS Because it was made by officials, the League well as new. They had received no satisfaction for the insult to doubted its value, but Hotham for that reason should have taken their priest. Far from it; Commissioner Johnston, instead of being even more notice of it. He acted quickly and firmly in sacking moved, had been in command for a fortnight while Rede was in D’Ewes and Milne, yet ignored the general grievances, despite the Melbourne. If the delegates returned unsuccessful to the meeting strongest possible recommendation by the board that the licence scheduled for 29 November, they intended to march to the camp fee be abolished and the police diverted to more normal work. He and, by force if necessary, take three officers (including Rede and

4 Eureka 65

,a7HS ys ~ B14 i,oo a0 ie 3 ‘ur Anny, \ g 2. 5 WN / af? YA . A) ‘ 4 4 # ° og tee OO en WAY Ar KN iS) ViINN G8 28 CAD a roe | We ies . ea ey NE”, NG Na Na Nai Neat 0 Ss NS | +tNy oN Cy,

aR, iSee 7:ue om a.i

bes ee ey, ae :fees a , eee : a o- 4ae a ne * eee %, ’ : ie nee pe “8 ee Sa,oeeeoebeESRgedanSee eeted~~Cees eachoe9ne . . ee sr aa ma NE ee eSo. Shee ee en ee peat, Ps, ee Bian ee . 4 hs Be Cee erat eh ‘ek ts oe: ate ocr Pope a ee oe 3 coe car & Se Metra tee "

ees os ya aBe =U eetlae ee SOee ._ee“oe oe hess eS aeaet=ie oe eesets a wf aesee * 3 sw a's eS op ate i Spee ee Nene eee Esee eae POF a:* POE Oe ae at ek ee ae eo 200 a a, ae a ee aes oe & ee aE ae e oo PS nd eee ee ine a ~~ , 7i ee ae: “ey ee | ae ek Bo eee ed eS | ee pee es ee eh, ; . HB yt ee ee Vhs ne oe aas:ah ae SO NEP Be a 8ea a& ibs ge EE oeae tenos ee ee es eee: — ieoe a42ee Se eine oo deg yeeitete]Leute es pe#a Beg ane =sah3. 2: eS. ce ee Se oy a i pe S. Seee a — a 4 le eee a a eee E | os ae tM eoaMSee as wwe + ly Se* 7Le eo os— eeae BRS a: os a. ve. ae oo=SeaS si ER ee he age yeeBee Bass oy7BOE ea Be bs Reese oo » 7s ib ieee; re;et Cae, yeoeoe5eeoe Pee. a hae aa ER. ae on ‘£2ere ica: eal af Bee Ce eee —-#cs oe igee: -Oe| See - .S. ae 7s fi wee BE oy ee se Fe Mise: Se: ee rEaaeee isps SOR Ce:See afthe x 2oy site a AWy * § to .ee Eeth eh =.ne iS , a, fe BRE Aefrom es ae ee Camp |/ ot Se OF es. eS Lee 4 & settee: ae oF S gees iene 1s ERR SS Ree a a ay By, “ae fees. Se pa 2: png ea ecaere ees gee eae pennies, Feces” . ° See ere: gs .

adeé . |

ssthe- :route —_«oe. ia FY, | ip showing _|— M e ee stockad

i Sige a a

vald. And it was k oe | lone Te eh y. Father S sildings m m m ve done so 1 al a thst

be correct, that the rebellio

“ly n would have brok ythat m moral support was offered from vo. way. And itFswas kn large military rei sere on the ow riedbepeed Han wick dev nut all che presser orcements were on the wa er Smyth Soe cuild disarm and e could on the Catholi .FatherSmyth — ca di surrounded w c,h de .

;hei “loth acaeonorn e ranean to rest; f eet ing a" ; for thre . cks of e nights they all ‘ . Because Thi fete is reek

a on the Cat . seat, Nooness rrounded with logs, ha “1 ks

: he pressure he coul stholice, urging the mp buildings were su “h logs, hay bales a,

.

the cam uncil” Pasley beli valry on the , es inanothers their hands p was badlywere sited confid fo ent but concerned “Thislay tension and.ground ; have aged The town WP hee on im ri a ut theyermined. were detspeople , unce, the m m secret . vein Was tremendous. cretly oneee Saturday niSeuday Ie. Pacley, Thomac had | wor (the cyee Ree, nestrain Amos (the EE Fee attack th and ureka commissi ‘theetckade ssioner), to attack thas But e stockade.?* B as . ut

70 Skirmish

rs : oy i u a pes at 2.30 on Sunday morning. They moved off in the whispering . i ee ee Le crossed the creek and made straight for their objective past the

rr rr a Ae _ dark with Amos as their guide towards Black Hill, where they Las eee oS : oo A : a Free Trade Hotel, where some would never drink again.?®

a as er. ra LF as Day was breaking when they sighted the rebel position and

| - See. Ae oS ae Speer al “< a began the final move forward, the infantry in the centre, the

ee ey ‘ YS cavalry on the left flank and the mounted police on the right. It

i edeS cawere lef Sy 4 re o’clock. A body of riflemen was left of oncalling high ground to eee OF “Oe Wewas 8 =four cover the advance. There was no intention for a sur-

a ee >| oe ) 7 hs ore render (no reading of the Riot Act, no proclamation of martial Co ns | as ; Lae law) and they moved rapidly as the bugle sounded skirm ishing

CT in reply to the rst shot from the stockade.” A brisk en

ss an | (ee a ae. = wounded.?* a Og \ 5 vocal | ie eo oo ee Me recting his men from a mound just inside the slabs and facing west oS ee: Bian me os oe | J (ae on to Specimen Gully. As Captain Wise and his scouts came close,

aD ____ PAS ce 2 ae og Lalor ordered the rebels to take cover among nearby holes being

th: sits i, \ pe aaa Ons ; r= {0 se used as rifle-pits by Ross’s and Thonen’s men, whose first volley

4, pe — oo ae 1 stood and the infantry burst through, firing and bayoneting, at the

¥ ; y eee ~~ : . ag a. ah oe same time as the cavalry broke in from the left rear. The police i= fo (SOY a as Lo ie a surrender should then have been proposed. But Wise lay badly

3 AY on . thirty diggers killed, about half were despatched after the oH Fs ee / Oe os Gate 8 re fortification had been overrun and the flag pulled down. One

Ni & a - / a: ee : i Ly) group of rebels ran to some tents and the blacksmith’s shop, which | ij | \\S mous y a | : ee ; i a the soldiers immediately set alight. We have been left the picture { pro i. pin age ~ \? - of shots fired and swords thrust indiscriminately into tents where

(pe a. eg women and children, surprised, like most of the men, by the a NS eee rN assault, were cowering on the floor and wondering what to do.29 ESE The close work with sword and bayonet was brief but brutal.

Detail of the stockade Even those taken prisoner were in danger. The soldiers hated and

despised the rebels. One party was on the point of bayoneting a group of prisoners when Captain Pasley rode up, revolver in hand, and saved them. The police are credited with other murders; in the

well, now that the general had been summoned, time was slipping excitement of their victory they flourished their swords and away for Rede to take the vengeance for which he had been shouted at the vanquished, “We have waked up Joe!” People two longing. “I should be sorry to see them return to their work”, he — or three hundred yards away were shot without warning, or arhad written to Melbourne only a few hours before.?> Now, his spies rested and taken to the camp. In the confusion within the stockhaving reported that most of the enemy were drunk or had dis- ade, among the bodies and the smoke, Lalor, at first left for dead in persed, there was a wonderful opportunity to attack the stockade, __ the hole where he had fought, lay concealed under a heap of slabs. which so neatly defined who the rebels were. Because there were His left arm was broken and bleeding profusely. As soon as the

suspected “traitors” in the camp, the plan was not disclosed until enemy had gone Father Smyth came up on his horse and took the troops, 176 infantry and 100 cavalry, were silently assembled Peter away. Carboni was skulking in his own turf chimney, and

ee

——— EE i eee "So dailiee eyae amea eile eae ier ern eei ent i ae OO eS ee ll |ael,; d

x Ki ms £ Pigs ee ae ry - : Se Ng i. . 4 — 1 af} \t wy Oe ~ - on ‘sl Ac | Ve an alg: ned i ei

b, » @ — Pa oF ij |... a j i ; 2 7nos Ae. a ae 2Jte.he 2 , fee ee a / ‘ , sy+ ; Pr -eye =\, \ ~CRN a: sal a a a _ am 4 fwet . {>2 _ - nad> ster 2 *a‘ez a };. 7 3 foe4SS£* eee PP a fy oec. hone Ls oo pF i v és , ta / oo“ 4 & ne.. 2. ae “ae 4h B *. P44 ” on a men .a ¥ a - a”ie igOO ; a, o HMRgee .M: .* ‘ohae -_ eee dSRJ ee eas Mad Nee,egt, a. ' YS4 =4ee etriteer ee

are kt Oi has eee ee ee YN Gr We Ve , ra . an OE ah te OS we ae / oan a OSs + agit SS a” alee Oo fe . @ * _ toch La? joe ae en oF ae PS ; io & Pig ane De e 7 we %, *” 9 eh 2.ra«ll

Pi r x A ta “ a a “2, oe eng - , E. ta; oe os eee an i t. x a a .. ¥: ee “ty,4 > J 2 q . eo y i . a mgt Pi 2 | tn ta a a = ~~ ? sae “ om ya . ee i ¢§ 3 x * .* Po x) a + , fe we . on, £ " + . ‘ 8 , —T s “es pe Za nor

ee ice ee “fo roe soghen ee Se Nutt el Pe a ' hod i ee 1

oe : , J aaa . Se ee Son J wr: —i ox Eeye ~.“ia ye ae ar RA " cs oe “i se a —— i, 5 ee onme A te as ’—_ a. > 4° “aA y 7 cl eTae enon a 0 em Poy, — °diom a etaeeee eal... mbit ’Kn? Poon The troops overrun the stockade but the flag 1s still flying at the left of the picture: an engraving made in 1904 from an 1850s painting by S. D. S. Huyghue

another talkative man, the long-legged Vern, had run away. placency. Foster, the colonial secretary, resigned in disgust at the Rumours were beginning to circulate among some of the survivors governor’s abrogation of power, but was ruthlessly used as a about the behaviour of the American, McGill, whose California scapegoat by Hotham, the extent of whose personal rule was not Rifles had been absent during the night. Months later, McGill widely known—and was never again to operate. The licence policy

fought Vern over mutual accusations of cowardice.?° lay in ruins at Bendigo and Castlemaine, where large public The aftermath of this well-timed coup was quite unexpected. meetings refused further payment. Red ribbons, and now black Although the Legislative Council unanimously approved the use ribbons as well, were being worn, and the abolition of the Gold

of the troops, and its members tried to prepare Melbourne for Commission was demanded.*! At Ballarat the kind of loyalty resistance to the rebels, a shock-wave of opinion, expressed at Rede had been probing for was non-existent. Only one man could

public meetings and in the press, shattered government com- be found to enrol as a special constable. A public meeting on

72 Skirmish

Monday returned to constitutional arguments and with resolu- . Py tions condemning the use of force (by either side) implied a strong |

forced a rebellion.*? ,

criticism of the camp. This wasthe a quaint situation. The failure WV ie xf @ 2 . ra R. the stockaders had justified passive resistance of theofmajority. Hot-headed sacrifice had discredited the organization that had : Maitanree, 1H Deane ban Ballarat was angry, not cowed, by the disaster. Those who had feared and criticized the stockaders were free again to condemn the government, against which the brutalities of the military and

the police counted very heavily. Posters offering rewards for the : rebel leaders and calling for social order were treated with disdain. Within a few days Vern, with £500 on his head, lay concealed in a

tent at Ballarat itself. ‘The public’s heart had been pierced as if by RR. EE WTA 1:4 Dp

bullets and swords and by the cries of some of the women on that .

sabbath morn. Loved ones lay smashed, homes were in ruins, and FOR THE APP REHENSION

belongings were strewn about and charred or covered with blood. . a

Carts were sent from the camp to remove the piled-up bodies, Frederick Wern some still heaving and spouting blood. The wounded had been snaruvesessanmeraeseuenasunamnaanapananaumamtnamnapanaaetamnasanrenaenaumsraeieaanamatet

taken to an improvised hospital at the camp. About a hundred WHEREAS

other prisoners, cast into a crowded hut, were stripped indis- — 4 Man known by the uame of VERN, has unlawfully. rebelliously, and criminately of their belongings and subjected to the abuse of a traitorously levied and arrayed Armed Men at Ballaarat, in the Colony of . . os Victoria, with the view of making war against Our Sovereign Lady group of drunken soldiers until Commissioner Rede, in the early the QUEEN:

hours of Monday morning, hearing their growls and howls, had VOTICE IS HEREBY GIVEN -

. . . of the said VERN, shall receive

them moved to a larger place. Their fate was like that of the That whoever will give such information a» may lead to the Apprehension Southern Cross which had been dragged down in triumph, waved

about, thrown from man to man and trampled on. “Will you die A REWARD OF £500 for it?” Timothy Hayes had asked.*? being the Reward offered by Sin RoBERT NICKLE. Most of the insurgent dead were buried in a common grave, and By His Excetlency’s Command,

the military separately, on Sunday afternoon. Then on Monday ION FOSTER.

with the garrison under arms, a procession of several hundred Tall, about 5 fect 103 inch cr, ong light bair falling heavily on the aide of Ie beats

men, three abreast, accompanied a few more coffins along Main vette were ies ener” felis re oF Fa about 20 yearz ofege

Road, up past the camp and out by Creswick Road to the ceme- a RE TT PN BERT tery, where in the sense of Rupert Brooke’s poem there is a patch of

ground that is forever Ireland. The rest of the day was quiet; the public meeting passed without incident. Most of the government force remained about the camp, occupied in tidying-up, caring for the wounded and guarding the prisoners, to whom the explosive unexpected comes from W. B. Withers, commenting on the rule of editor Seekamp had been added, on a charge of sedition. Some martial law which came to Ballarat upon the arrival of Sir Robert

rebels were making their escape. Young McGill’s countrywoman, Nickle with eight hundred troops on Tuesday afternoon 5 Mrs Hanmer, the actress, dressed him as a girl and he took the December. They brought relief to the people even more than to the coach next day to Melbourne. Black and Kennedy made for the camp. Odious though it was by nature, says Withers, martial law bush in the direction of Geelong and temporarily lost their way. was far preferable to the “still more odious and exasperating Lalor, who was in desperate need, was brought back from those insults of the rule of civilians enforcing an irksome law with cruel

very ranges to Father Smyth’s house, where his arm was ampu- impertinence.”’%° Nickle was free to deal dispassionately and tated. There was still madness about. In a burst of firing after dark, humanely with Eureka’s aftermath, helped after a while by the shots were exchanged between the camp and the flat, where more replacement of Rede, Johnston and several other commissioners.

blood flowed and three lives were lost.34 Hotham’s new mood—he was urging moderation—brought the Of all statements about these perilous times, possibly the most royal commission immediately to work. Licence hunts were sus-

4 Eureka 73

pended and all that the diggers had long complained about was _ justification in British constitutional tradition, its removal, under review as the government victory began to turn into defeat. achieved at last by Eureka, simply freed the goldfields to join the Hotham had so far left political reality that it was impossible for __ rest of the colony. Thus it was an awakening, not a new birth. And

him to reclaim it as he struggled to defend himself against yet many people felt socially and politically reborn. The release of mounting and valid criticism. Yet he refused to grant a general _ pent-up radical energies gave a whole generation at Ballarat a amnesty recommended by the commission, ordered that licences _ sense of national purpose and a hatred of English stuffiness.

be inspected again and pressed on with charges of treason against It remains only to sketch in the activity at Ballarat in the the stockaders.° A public outcry and goldfields resistance per- | months after the insurrection. Confidence grew. Whereas the suaded him to remand the licence order but, in the face of sus- | vague terms of the motions at the meeting on 4 December left the tained vilification and indignation, he stood firm about the trials —_— popular position in some doubt, the reaction of Rede and Pasley in

and lost all prestige when, during February and March, one after __ refusing to send a copy to Sir Charles Hotham suggests that they another, amidst wild rejoicing, the prisoners were acquitted by — were conscious of a cutting edge directed against the government juries of Melbourne citizens. On top of that, on 27 March, came in the blanket criticism of force. That the ambiguity was cunning the report of the royal commission condemning almost everything — and deliberate seems to be borne out by the vigour with which a about the administration of the goldfields. As a result, the miners’ _ petition for an amnesty was got up.** Henry Nicholls says that he basic needs, denied for years, were met. An export duty on gold _and his brother Charles sat on Black Hill drafting it. Humffray replaced the licence tax, and miners’ rights, costing £1 per year, | shared in the work and 4,500 Ballarat signatures were obtained. secured claims. One warden replaced numerous gold commis- §Humffray and Charles Nicholls presented the petition to Hotham, sioners and half the police were sacked. Eight goldfields members _ thus placing before him baldly the popular interpretation of the were added to the Legislative Council, and local courts of mines, __ rebellion as the action of outraged British subjects defending elected by the diggers, were created to regulate mining. Without — themselves against misrule by insolent officials. Force was not Eureka so much could not have been done in so short a time, for — condoned, and Rede was singled out for great blame. In effect, in

the emergency broke the grip of the pre-gold establishment. The approaching Hotham, they offered him the chance to save the vote, given at this time to holders of miners’ rights, opened the way __ colony from an even worse uprising than Eureka, should the prito manhood suffrage, which otherwise, considering the entrenched __ soners be convicted of treason and put to death. He refused.

power of the Council in the Victorian constitution, might have |= Afterwards they wrote a long letter to the people of Ballarat to

come only after years of bitter struggle.*’ explain what had transpired. Its great significance lies in the Eureka released radical energies previously held in check by the acceptance by the moral-force man Humffray that the stockaders basic loyalty and work-centredness of the goldfields community. had been fighting his battle, just as he now, with all his strength, But because the Goldfields Commission was a straw-man, without was fighting theirs.%9

PART II Bonanza

Like a Coiled Spring cylinders down through the drift. By the end of the year most of the gutters east of the Yarrowee had been delineated, and the During 1855 and 1856 mining was both diversified and intensified Gravel Pits lead, the last of the great succession, was constricting as

at Ballarat. New rushes satisfied the restless, old ground proved it drew the miners, armed with charges of blasting powder, into very valuable, quartz was opened up and the devotees of deep- the basalt and out of Ballarat’s mining childhood.‘ sinking, the aristocrats of the field, cleaned up the leads buried Tough though they seemed at the time, these days were never to under the clays of the great basin and achieved the financial be repeated. The claims on the flat, and especially along the Red strength to tackle the fortress of rock which now protected the —_ Streak line had been fed by the famous Indicator belt of quartz rivers of gold. You might say that Ballarat was being wound up _ reefs. Withers tells us that John Hosking and party took 192 lb of like a coiled spring for the tremendous task of following the golden gold in nine weeks from a claim 24 feet square which they had at

streams under the bluestone plateau at Ballarat West and one stage almost abandoned. Belcher’s men made twice as much

Sebastopol. £24 000, in four months, and hundreds of others won big prizes.° In the twelve months after Eureka, the population of Ballarat At 80 or 90 feet there was a comparatively dry terrace, like the was increasingly concentrated on the flat. The road to Buninyong original Golden Point. Throughout 1856 mopping-up operations became the centre of things. It was almost lined with stores for a revealed further shallow areas. These, as well as gold from a new couple of miles, and ran like a firebreak through a thick forest of field at Fiery Creek, and from leads on the western side of the wind-sails, taking air to innumerable shafts.1 There was so much White Horse Ranges, helped to bring district gold production toa calico and canvas that the flat seemed to be occupied by the tents _ peak in that year.* The figures show a steady rise:® of a mighty army. By mid-1855 miners following the Eureka lead

had reached Pennyweight Flat, where the washdirt was wide and 1853. 319 099 oz deep, like the bed of a lake. They caused chaos in late September as 1854 ai 957 oz their claims crossed the road on a broad front towards an expected ipo. 500 35 oe

Junction with the Red Hill lead.? At the beginning of the year, hoping for jewellers shop Sat that junction, one adventu rous party Nothing in Ballarat’s history so clearly determined the shape of

had tried to bore for it by using a ramshackle windmill to turn a ; :

, , its economy andidea, societybut as these two years, 1855 and 1856. The kind of auger. This was a good like Otway’s quartzd :; ;. . ; ; ; oubling of the gold product gave the community power to build crushing windmill on Black Hill the machinery wasfoundations inadequate.’ ; .in;1854. More . permanently on the urban established Immediately after swallowing the Red Hill lead .and; .time : needed . thanEureka, that, it boughtthe for the miners the equipment became known as Red Streak, which from Pennyweight Flat to to undertake their daunting journey into the unknown, and enabout Bakery Hill was a miner’s dream. Week after week, in the ‘ first half of 1855, it made men’s fortunes, as much because of a

wide expanse of reef-wash as from the very wet and troublesome * Escort returns include gold from Fiery Creek (Beaufort) and other subsidiary gutter. Here some frustrated blacksmiths left a ferrous deposit fields under Ballarat, But the dintortion may have been counteracted by the

when they failed with a coalmining trick of forcing sheet-iron fields.

77

78 Bonanza

sured that co-operative relations between capital and labour

co would continue. If the miners had not been doing so well at this

Ai 7 time, outside capital could have taken over and Ballarat’s ? : J ‘4 democratic, self-help tradition would have been much weakened.

“TE aan (_—_—- Only success made incredible hardships bearable and enabled

Led mi —_-t a — ~J we ee ce working miners, while retaining control, to make use of capitalists.

hatin ne eo | | Parties of eight, working small claims, could not afford pumping lm’. ¢ = . me , Vers equipment, but if several parties on a lead combined, they could ALLOYIAL SOIL. bargain with the owner of an engine to pump in their vicinity.

a . Whether they did or not seems to have depended on their attitudes

ee and aspirations. Thus the Red Hill and Red Streak leads were well Hota yes oon Be aes. pet Bakery Hill and Eureka leads were constantly swamped. The last,

“Se —< la 4 ™ horribly wet, stretch of the Eureka lead was worked by parties c LAY eS oo 'om . FROM ‘| bailing with 18-gallon for six to eight toming. Perhaps the Irish,buckets who dominated thatmonths lead, before were botex-

METAMORP ai \- | DA ROCK | pressing their xenophobia, for capitalists were mainly British and

. “ie 4 American. There were not enough engines to go round and miners

na : a | 1 could suddenly find that capitalists had struck new bargains and

| hs. ar %Sager ee ae nr roae had their equipment away. Poor maintenance wasand also a WE |esa © osmoved problem, leading to boiler explosions, fearful injuries frus-

a BAS ALY | re As if the normal flow of water from layers of drift was not

pS re | ie Seg rhe AEE pee? enough, floods in June and September 1855 filled all the claims on fF : MAI a : ~ 2 rE BRIF® Bu the flat and left the road a quagmire. In November a flash-flood at . HOLDING # " s - : fa MUCH “WATER . Eureka swept away numerous “paddocks” of washdirt, the

re | 7 | . a a mee ali sae product of months of work, After these catastrophes there was a i “Se > ae : Se ‘— woe aa ; sudden burst of community spirit as drains were cut in the night| ee Pe pace oR ti ae eo aAn we , mare landscape to carry water away.®

a fa al | 4 SABI ve) } Claim disputes, inherent in deep-sinking, blossomed under the $> eS a oO e Ons ee 7 o more democratic warden and court system of the post-Eureka by *" a ~ a ys ny s period. Independent assessors could be called in, and arguments ¢ Re, wo : 3. eel were now settled with due process of law. It is interesting to notice * , . } le — that, in its judicial capacity, the Local Court of Mines, set up at the

: i , w “. ian REEF end of June 1855, handled mainly partnership cases. Claim diaa : sputes were left to the wardens and the Court of Petty Sessions.9 MODEL or CLAIM on tue GRAVEL PITS "y There was therefore no respite for officials. The weekly diary of one

q‘ BALLAARAT ae Sf assessors warden reveals that he often spent every day from 8 a.m. to 6 p.m. nye oe rr” finding and working with them to settle claim disputes. It

sd : , was an almost impossible task. A period of crisis attended the

A sectional model of a Gravel Pits claim showing the layers of clay, drift, approach of the Eureka lead to the Main Road. Warden Taylor wash dirt and reef and the style of timbering, haulage and ventilation had not only to arbitrate between miners and storekeepers but also to preserve the road, and after one of his decisions was overruled by a judge at General Sessions, Taylor’s authority was widely ques-

tioned, with the result that litigious miners, gambling for high stakes, resorted more frequently to the court to test his time-saving, on-the-spot decisions. !°

Local courts of mines brought a first taste of democracy to the

5 Under the Basalt 79

goldfields. At the court election at Ballarat in July 1855 practical work was so constant that the Ballarat court demanded and was miners were returned, as expected, after a confusing campaign granted a fundamental democratic innovation, the right to pay its conducted in a carnival atmosphere across an electorate churned members. They received 10s a case, and as cases lasted on average up more than usual by a spell of wet weather. Raffaello Carboni, about an hour, they were well able to pay 25s a day to their who was even then working on his famous book, was one of the replacements. !° nine successful candidates. The election blended old and new. A The regulations framed by the court also expressed a small-man traditional hustings was created out of a cart, and the miners filed bias, which has been questioned by students of mining from across it to call out their votes. Before they could do so (shades of | Brough Smyth to Geoffrey Blainey, because it impeded the econthe old licence hunts) they had to produce their newly issued omic extraction of gold. But it had a social foundation, and from

miner’s rights.!! its concern for the underdog came many of the most admirable The cherished democracy raised new problems. There was so _ achievements of Ballarat society.

much work to do that court sittings became a burden on the The court’s first by-laws included almost prohibitive provisions unpaid, elected members, most of whom had to find 25s a day for for quartz claims and favoured copartneries by allowing claims of

labourers to replace them in their parties. Under its handsome, 34 by 34 feet for eight-man parties on deep ground, and by young chairman, Warden Daly, the court had a dual function. On abolishing shepherding. But the government withheld its approval

the one hand it drafted local regulations and on the other sat in and Carboni wrote to the chief secretary complaining that Judgement on partnership quarrels and breaches of its own rules. members of the bar wishing “to force their eloquence and learning A backlog of disputes greeted the court at its first sitting, and just —_ on us for a fee” and capitalists owning engines were attended to, when that seemed to be clearing, the Eureka lead tangled with but that the government had failed to say yes or no to the miners’

Main Road. Then all the footloose rushed to Magpie, just down representatives on a matter of great importance to miners. He the Yarrowee. Twelve thousand men scrambled after limited feared that claims 24 feet square were held for capitalists by ground, and the authorities were hard-pressed to control them. “individual men, boys, children! aye and even women armed with Warden Taylor was knocked out by some rowdy “whitewashed Miners right”.'* In fact, however, capital was effectively kept in Americans” (American-Irish) who had started a stand-over check while a multitude of shafts and engines fostered an economic

racket.!? democracy.

The frustration of plain-spoken democrats with the economic The chief work of the Local Court of Mines related to deep-

complexity of Ballarat is nowhere so clear as in the decision of the sinking, but the majority of diggers were on the look-out for less local court to exclude lawyers from its deliberations.* Carboni, — arduous undertakings. This may explain the frenzy of the rush to who brought up the matter on 25 September 1855, argued that — Magpie and the excitement attending the Fiery Creek (Beaufort) expensive, time-wasting legalisms favoured capitalists and were discovery in 1855. Ballarat men were prominent at both, and the out of place in a court designed to give prompt and cheap justice to _ proximity of the established field gave a quite different quality to

miners. ‘T’oo much law, he added in a statement that has many these later rushes than had prevailed at early Ballarat, Castechoes through the centuries, was one of the curses of modern _Jemaine or Bendigo. Ballarat was temporarily deserted. In August civilization. Most of his colleagues agreed and, strengthened by _ and September 1855 you could have shot a rifle down Main Street the unanimous support of a public meeting on 29 September, they —_ without much fear of hitting anyone. Streets of stores appeared on

responded to the government’s advice that counsel should be the new fields within the first few weeks. Entertainers came with represented, by a mass resignation.f No doubt they were right in _ them, and even sophisticated mining was not far behind. After principle, for the legislation establishing local courts gave them —_—q few weeks at Fiery Creek a woman walked a tightrope, and discretion over the admission of counsel, but they overlooked the —_ puddling machines, which had taken two years to appear at Bal-

fact that the court was already deeply involved with the legal _Jarat, were busily at work. Gradually, albeit haphazardly, the gold technicalities of complicated partnership agreements, drawn up __ resources of the whole Ballarat district were discovered and Balby lawyers and vital to the development of mining. From August —farat capital was put to work far and wide.!5

1855 to August 1856, 500 partnership cases were heard at Ballarat, At the same time old areas were transformed. In 1855 horsein contrast to 150 at Bendigo and about 40 at Castlemaine. The — driven puddling machines became common. Parties of diggers * H. R. Nicholls, the former chartist, was the only member who favoured legal applied for extended claims on old ground (Little Bendigo was representation. He was coming more and more to the view that capital needed particularly rewarding) and put all the likely washdirt through the Pe Five actually resigned. Two others, although sympathetic, decided to stay in puddlers. By September there were fifty horse-driven puddling

order to listen to the official argument. machines in the district, most of them in worked-out areas where,

80 Bonanza

with tub and cradle and sometimes even with a machine, the near Creswick, in October 1854, but that was a mere pipe-opener. Chinese, now numbering some three thousand, were their chief | And just as there had been no hope on the earlier leads for incompetitors. Thus the basalt dammed up the miners and caused _ dividual miners, there was now less and less room for small them to flow back across the flat, just as in geological time it had copartneries and for men without skill. R. M. Sergeant and party,

blocked the drainage system of the area and created the golden on the Gravel Pits lead, were among the first to sink through the

labyrinth. Some diggers even turned to quartz.!® rock. They found it soft enough to hack out with properly sharQuartz outcrops had been little more than prospectors’ sign- pened chisels and picks, but farther westwards, where blasting posts before 1855. Wild men had cracked at them with sledge- became necessary, shaft-sinking absorbed more and more time hammers, patient types had picked out specks of gold with their _and effort.'® knives, and Dr Otway had experimented with his gimcrack Almost as soon as the rock was struck, the local court allowed the crusher at Black Hill. But it was not until surface alluvial was working of two claims from a single shaft. This led to the amalscarce and the deep diggings were fully taken up that capital | gamation of parties. A claim was still thought of as eight-men’s became available for quartz. Even then there was uncertainty. ground, but before a year was out there were sometimes as many as Before committing themselves to the expensive machinery neces- seventy-two men in a party. As a result there were fewer holes sary for economic operations, companies wanted to be sure oftheir | along the lead and much less surface damage.?° But that is to tenure of a reasonable area of ground. That meant leases, to which _anticipate. For a time the Gravel Pits lead was like an exploratory

the local court, the ordinary diggers and even the Legislature tentacle ahead of the rest of the field. One shaft in particular (defending landed interests) were hostile. Quartz mining wasonly became famous as a tremendous leap into the dark. While others successful where there was little alluvial, as for instance at Mount — were nibbling at the edges of the bluestone, a party of miners Egerton, ten miles east of Ballarat, where there were five crushers, arranged with Thomas Bath, the publican, to sink a shaft at the probably Chilean mills, in October 1855 and another five under — south-west corner of Sturt and Lydiard Streets, near his hotel. construction. The existence of a “crushing” company at Egerton They began in October 1855. It took them eighteen months to get suggests that ordinary miners could retain their independence by through 250 feet of rock, clay and drift, with the assistance of a

taking ore to the company like grists to a flour-mill.!’ 10-horsepower engine and a 6-inch pump. They bottomed in At Ballarat itself quartz outcrops were attacked at Black Hill, | March 1857 ona very wet rockface. A larger engine was necessary Little Bendigo and in the White Horse Ranges. Three Germans at as they drove under Sturt Street and into the wash, which was Old Post Office Hill had the most successful quartz venture in more than 150 feet wide and full of black gravel and carbonized 1855 although they simply washed out free gold from uncrushed — wood. From drives extending 300 feet westward and then 350 feet quartz. Another company began operations in near-by Canadian — south they won £17 000 worth of gold. On the south they met the Gully, and Otway’s four stampers were removed from the wind- workings of the Old Gravel Pits Company who in turn broke into mill at the top of Black Hill to a sort of tent at the bottom, where __ the drives of the Waterloo Company under the Wesleyan School they were hitched up, with other crushers, to a steam-engine. on the Dana Street, Lydiard Street corner. This was the junction of

Again there was little success. The mine was sold to the Port the Gravel Pits and Golden Point gutters and it seemed to indicate Phillip Company, who put in some tunnels half way up the hill that the Golden Point lead was the main stream under the plateau. before abandoning the scene in favour of Dead Horse Gully, and, | On the other side of Bath’s party, in the vicinity of the commisfinally, Clunes. A large quartz reef was also found at Little Ben- —_—sioners’ camp, the Gravel Pits lead was prospected by the Big digo in March 1855, and in June there was great excitement in the Engine and Little Engine companies. The reference to size may western part of the township when rich quartz and some associat- ___ relate to their respective engines or to the number of their shaed alluvial were uncovered. But because of the attitude of the local reholders; it is certainly not true of their results. Up the shaft of the

court, quartz was neglected in favour of alluvial.'® Little Engine company came £25 000, from the other almost nothing. By 1858 you could go down the Little Engine shaft at the

Rock Hard foot of Camp Hill and walk underground to the Waterloo shaft at the Lydiard Street, Dana Street corner.?!

By the end of 1855 many of Ballarat’s diggers had become Sinking through basalt was a new phase of mining altogether, genuine miners, whose knowledge inspired confidence and elicited | and it demanded new regulations. The initiative came from the

capital for the laborious penetration of the layers of basalt in miners themselves. The parties who had followed Frenchman’s which the leads were now entombed. The first discovery of alead _lead, from shallow workings at Magpie, met at Sebastopol Hill on under basalt had been made by some bold diggers at Clark’s Hill, | 3 January 1856 to consider how to proceed. The wasteful process of

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Age, p. 223). Sebastopol by the Burra Burra, Cosmopolitan, Koh-i-noor and

86 Bonanza

Great Redan Extended kept up the spirits of the whole field. and other effects of working in waist-deep water. The first engine Clearly there was gold under the plateau despite the fact that on at Ballarat had been used in an attempt to wash everything from the Inkerman lead to the north and the Golden Point in the centre an old face at Golden Point, where the ground had already been few companies had made even wages and many had failed com- turned over several times. In 1854 those old-ground specialists, the pletely.* There was a blind optimism about the whole gamble and Chinese, appeared in large numbers, but it was not until 1855 and an innate individualism that ruled out an attempt in 1860 to float 1856, when puddling parties on extended claims were legalized,

the Grand Trunk Leads Company to work what remained of the that “old ground” became a distinct branch of mining. It proInkerman, Redan, Golden Point and Frenchman’s leads.*! spered, not only because miners were hung up on the rock-leads During the uncertain period 1856-61 Ballarat’s gold product but also because the clays had previously been too congested for

fell alarmingly:>? efficient washing. As William Howitt observed in 1854, there was

no room on a typical Ballarat lead for puddling on the Bendigo

1856 920 351 oz scale—just as there was insufficient water for a Beechworth sluicing 1857 686 263 oz operation. In consequence much payable gold was left for anyone

1858 502 948 oz who could handle large amounts of dirt.°° 1859 467 223 oz With their heads down in this operation, like typical small-

1860 267 228 oz company individualists, the miners were slow to realize that the 1861 244 631 oz key to handling dirt in large quantities was water. A map of 1858 shows that they relied on very small dams.°* Only when a group of

At this stage few fortunes had been made to offset the many that capitalists led by Kirk, an American-born Main Road tailor, conhad been lost. The deep leads had defeated the miners. But they cluded that a system of water supply would be an excellent indid not give up. There was a wider community spirit that sus- vestment was water really put to work. In 1857 the company built tained the effort and the hope. Furnishers and speculators as well a dam on Fellmonger’s Creek, to the north-east, and constructed as miners poured money into what often seemed only to be drains. races to connect it to sluice-boxes and other devices on the field. The whole town was gambling on the future of the mines. As well Wooden fluming carried the water across valleys to hill-slopes as making a huge commitment in capital and labour, the people of which were soon profitably eroded to bare rock and boulders. Ballarat had put their hearts in their pockets. Many had followed Before long, the plentiful forest water resources of Ballarat were the leads from early Eureka and Canadian days, had overcome the being prospected with almost as much interest as gold.>> They apparently insuperable difficulties of the Gravel Pits, Prince probably paid much better. Races were used to bring water from

Regent and Red Streak leads, and had moved boldly under the Beale’s Swamp near Warrenheip, the drying up of Yuille’s basalt. Going ahead was second nature to them, though they were Swamp, and with it the town supply, having lent urgency to the unfortunately going blindly ahead. In their concentration on the quest. If such a supply had been achieved earlier there is a possigutters—as a result of the frontage approach—they neglected the bility that the slump in gold production would have been avertpossibility of reef-wash, through which they might have sustained ed, despite the small-man ethos of the field. But water was master a much greater impetus on the plateau. As it was, many turned as well as servant. In May 1860 puddling parties at the foot of back frustrated to old ground and to the beginning of everything, Golden Point were inundated, ten or twelve feet deep. In a scene

the quartz. Brueghel would have loved, one pair of optimists tried ladling out millions of gallons with a windlass and bucket and a party of Old Ground Chinese struggled to clearporridge.°® their workings of a mess like black Knock a man down and then jump on him. That is how the Beneath the surface, too, earlier miners had left quantities of diggers treated Ballarat, except that one group usually did the gold. New shafts were sunk and the best of machinery was installed knocking and another the jumping. There had always been for this scavenger’s trade. It was given a tremendous, and some say “hatters” or women and children picking up what they could in disastrous, boost by the discovery of the Welcome Nugget, weighabandoned holes, or parties taking a breather from rheumatism ing 2217 oz on the Bakery Hill lead in 1858, when mining was in a state of crisis.*°’ The finding of the nugget was an unbelievable * The Hand in Hand Company, 80 shareholders, split £36 000 over a period of six years. This,a mere £80 each per year, was better than most. The best returns, by * The argument, advanced by W. Baragwanath, 1s that most of this repetitive the Great Republic and Allied Armies, amounted to only £3 per week. The deep-sinking was a waste of time. He fails however to notice that these workings

Southern Cross and Victoria lost £30 000 between them. located the reefs from which large quantities of gold were soon to be extracted.

aSbyaf >): :

5 Under the Basalt 87

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Evidence of re-working old ground in 1858: shafts, whims, wash pools, engines and puddiing-machines encroach upon busy Main Street in the original Gravel Pits area

88 Bonanza

ES, ay th < ak pee BS og ta

ee ae Eth : ~ LQ %

f" €y ~ : | Hy 4 a 7 Li Vu vp we © me? oy (A ’ AiR TR vane ‘2 ‘ig SP —_ 4 Poet th) a re oe yas. _ a Wy ti Y JOB be a ot i, YBN SS poet Ll} a, — RR that little could shake it ay COP RIENe ‘Bil M7 eaees Say E=od Re 1 u € 1. ar Pp Wt ace ONE Yd , =a oT ; Le ge, N a DS [I | a> (=a 1-7 ea Alongside desireonal for independence a spirit inquiry. Q van "ad oy rt Cain 4 (iT al ul ee Si oa INRSRNIN . . . . the WV ld, et went AA .” ofoe? Owe . iieweas w= dl =.a~ Nothing was established, socially or economically, that was not V4 Lif Re ZaNN\\ hy 6 feds Vn Tito ese = ( future of Ballarat, an attitude that had been so deeply ingrained OL LER KORG D8 ae CBW f See EER VR

. . . eeinete OAburied IN PON FRAY || Racstcaaee eeuea |Sin eee« ae There were many sermons rocks, tree-trunks, fossils and an LID {|yw Hi eG. iS +e subject to practical investigation and philosophical attention. Z& Wife 7 IN | | ain | ay ae

; SEG Nh BN FON | Pe eee A! a7. \ Sp me WZ. . : . IN1 i ;OUP NED ira “rays. RR i are ¥ ” ~J iy ; ays mt ( y a allel as — Rey (tas Ss eset as ;

clays and the mystery of how gold came to be deposited at all. On ent CH aie y Vag Gis a apse SAN i Lif NLy,. 04, ‘ey ‘ans— Wtyf ;:‘Ge oe So _ mes LOOT hy | ee ws 4 a SA, “ ; os MOS “iy bit Te, CY NAD ~, Vi BEI 2 a ” | ee LL gp Boy Beby: ‘yan :| ea ays;'

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a—a 7Nie | ~yeei ]Se YiAA ABEL WB ae Ve my |ANNI Sy See’ Xi LH tS CTBs iGof / LB i 3,4 LYSE? LN YE THE SLEEP OF SORROW, AND THE DREAM LW OF JOY. OWEHULL DH OOPS OEwz re LIES ie ae

Full moon at the Corner 439

Child. “Why does Father not come home to his dinner on Sundays, Mamma:

Mother. “Because he has to go to work at the claim, dear.” Child. “Then why does the clergyman say, ‘REMEMBER THOU oo. KEEP HOLY THE SABBATH DAY’?” unexpected deposits, it generated a great deal more speculation.®’ The Sir William Don had set the pace in April 1866, as the first Owners and miners also came into conflict over the issue of work (except in fruits of the reintroduction of block claims. Freed from the frus- emergencies ) on Sundays. This cartoon is said to have swung the balance the

trations of the frontage system and the gloom of a new year in miners’ way

5 Under the Basalt 95

to make heavy calls, mine managers met to consider wage reduc- lose their jobs and Ballarat its greatness if wages (the largest item tions, which the Ballarat Stock Exchange had already suggested as of expenditure) were not cut.?! But the crisis passed, and no union

a way to counter falling dividends and encourage investment. was formed until 1870, when there was a deeper recession, a Miners were shocked. In a spate of letters to the Star, “Working greater concern for safety and a more sympathetic climate of Miner”, “Jno Miner’, “Cornishman”, “One Who Lost His Tin” opinion (see ch. 12). and others protested against being made scapegoats and called for It could be thought that the successes of 1866—69 were the just the formation of a union. If managers and directors could meet reward for the speculative energy expended. But what about the and determine wage reductions, said one, miners could meet and depression that followed? Was it not part and parcel of the same determine rises. Almost all wrote bitterly about the humbug and thing, of a generation richly blessed that could never be at peace sham of the exchange, about being treated like slaves, about the with gold? For gold was not just a democratic mineral, not just a risks they ran, about being defrauded by speculators “sitting on geological riddle; it was also the bread of mammon, feeding the

Ottomans or Yankee rocking chairs”, and about being ground craving of many in that migrant society personally to get rich at down by a class inferior in intellect, thews and muscle. A general the same time as they strove corporately to build a great city. The strike was threatened.°° That brought “Justice” out in defence of creation of Main Street and its heyday in the late fifties had been the public interest with the standard argument that miners would the first indication of that duality.

6 Main In Street Heyday

Ballarat road, but in 1855 there were hundreds. The leads of the basin had 17 October 1856 all come together, bringing the miners and the stores with them.

Sir, One of S. T. Gill’s sketches, dated 1855, shows the arrival of the

In pursuance of a proclamation lately issued by Mr. Warden mail coach along a street lined with makeshift buildings and full of Daly to the effect that the frontages on the main road, Ballarat, activity, including mining. A large hoarding promises easy shavwould be put up to Public Competition on the 15th November ing for sixpence by a “clipper barber’’, another points to the John next, I duly give notice that it is my intention to purchase the O’Groats Concert Room. In the middle of the year when fortunes ground in which my Store and Dwelling House stands. My were being made from claim after claim, thousands of pounds a

premises are situated in the main road ‘Ballarat’, and I respect- k d h f st ; littl 9b fully request that my improvements, consisting of a Wooden week passed across the counters Of stores measuring as little as 2 by

Store and Dwelling place, measuring 50 feet deep with a fron- 20 feet. You could hardly turn around in them without knocking tage of 28 feet on the main road, may be valued, and the amount over a pile of goods. At Red Hill, just across the stream coming of the said valuation added to the upset price of the land at time down beside the road from Canadian Gully, so many storekeepers

of Sale. rushed for sites that back streets started to form. If the road had a The buildings have cost me about £200 sterling, erecting &c focus, it was here, not far from its junction with the direct route to

and I have been occupant of the site nearly two years. Melbourne through Eureka. The presence of the most popular

I have the hnr to be hotels and their accompanying theatres made the area a com(sd) C. Franz! munity centre.* For two years the leads kept about ten thousand

miners within half a mile of this spot and another ten thousand Since the hectic days of the Eureka rebellion Charles Franz, a could reach it after at most half an hour’s walk from Magpie, Little tinsmith, had lived and worked near Bakery Hill on the south-west Bendigo, Dead Horse and other profitable local diggings. Then side of the main road, just before it turned due west towards the for two years more they were not far away. From 1855 to 1858, surveyed town which, although often the goal of travellers from therefore, twenty thousand men, and about ten thousand women Geelong, rarely attracted the diggers from the crowded workings and children, depended to a significant extent upon the goods and on the flat. Everything they needed could be supplied (perhaps services supplied along Main Road. Tens of thousands more were many times over) along what was probably the most boisterous in some degree dependent despite the fact that they were as much mile and a half of road that has ever existed in Australia. It was one as twenty miles away at places like Back Creek (Talbot), Fiery of the strangest places in the world—as noisy, smelly, bustling, and Creek (Beaufort), Creswick, Clunes and Blackwood.

congested as an Asian market, as wild as an American frontier Franz’s concern for his ground was shared by most of his contown, as wealthy as London’s Lombard Street, and as seamy as the temporaries. For £10 a year they were entitled to occupy plots back alleys of Naples. Set on a flood-plain and subject to sudden measuring 1614, by 66 feet, but very few properties were that size or

inundations, it was the most unfortunately situated shopping any regular size at all. The smallest, Appo and Co.’s Chinese street imaginable. Yet for many years it was the backbone, chief Restaurant, was only 6 by 96, like a railway carriage, and the

artery, heart and symbol of Ballarat. largest had a frontage of 99 feet. No one felt secure and, despite an Before Eureka there had been a few dozen businesses along the annual turnover totalling perhaps £500 000, business in Main 96

6 Main Street Heyday 97

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Part of Main Road, 1855, by Louisa Meredith

To a cultured woman, Louisa Meredith, fresh from the genteel sketches of John Alloo’s Chinese Restaurant.° Its simple, porticosocial life of Van Diemen’s Land, Ballarat at this time was miser- veranda sprouted a large lamp and advertised in bold characters able, brutal, filthy, degraded and a striking contrast to Bendigo “SOUPS ALWAYS READY—BOOKING OFFICE FOR MELand Castlemaine. It was, she said, ‘““more irredeemably hideous BOURNE AND GEELONG COACHES”. Inside, huge meals than the blackest mining village in any English coal or iron dis- were served to a cosmopolitan crowd. trict”. Louisa had accompanied her husband on an official jour- Congestion and filth were the price paid for the concentration ney, but, weary of slipping in the mud, she waited for him at one of that made Ballarat unique among the world’s goldfields. Although

the Main Road shops and filled in time by sketching the buildings an unexpected continuity had been achieved, planning was imacross the street. The artist within her temporarily overcame her possible. Preserving any roadway at all had meant continual conrevulsion, and her picture softens the prayer she recorded about frontations between the authorities and the miners, who were Ballarat in her book Over the Straits—‘‘May I never look upon the forbidden to drive under it in case Ballarat’s lifeline collapsed. like again”! On the other hand, the prayer is a useful companion Valuable patches of gold lay untouched beneath the “treacle

and corrective for clean-looking pictures like S. T. Gill’s two posset”. When the mines approached the stores, however, they

6 Main Street Heyday 99

forced them to move like pieces on a chess-board, for mining took like a colander and even more churned up than in 1855 when the precedence over commerce. This caused resentment and a great flat was likened to a large encampment on a vast cemetery.® There deal of confusion. A site vacated by one man might, after say six was no vegetation; numerous goats apparently kept alive on bromonths (the play was even slower than chess), be inadvertently ken bottles and empty sardine cases.

granted to another. The bitter tone of some complaints indicates No wonder then that Main Road was soon called Main Street not only that the possessor of a frontage, however makeshift his and became the spine of Ballarat East, the other streets running off accommodation, was on the way to a fortune, but also that sites it like the bones of a fish. Cross-streets were hard to achieve at all; were scarce and that their holders felt insecure, especially when the Municipal Council had to wait for the Department of Lands those who had purchased township land convinced the authorities = and Works to lay them out, and even then the district surveyor had that no more business licences should be issued within a mile of _ the power to alter them without consulting the council.!° Survey purchased land. It was only logical then that the government plans of Main Street reveal that there was chaos at every projected would sell the valuable sites along Main Road and that men like —_—junction. Even where streets existed they had to be straightened Charles Franz would purchase their properties.® The worst possi- and widened, and dozens of buildings had to be removed. In some ble place for a town had become unquestionably the best place for —_ cases freeholds had been purchased, so owners pressed the

business. government for compensation. There was a wrangle over the Just as the creation of the local court gave permanence to the Shakespeare Hotel, worth £3000, and other buildings (including small man’s influence in mining (see p. 78), the decision to sell the the Montezuma Theatre and the Royal Mail Hotel) at the corner

Main Road frontages led to the preservation of a distinctive of Eureka Street. The situation was so complex and protests so element in Ballarat life. Town lands in Australia were normally general that from June 1857, when a slow-footed board of inquiry sold in regular geometric parcels, thus sweeping away any in- was appointed to look into the whole matter, until April 1859, the voluntary phase of settlement. But that could not be done on _ council was quite uncertain about the proper alignment of buildBallarat Flat. By 1856 many temporary canvas structures had ings in the streets and its tenure of projected right-of-ways behind been replaced by wooden ones and all the sites were taken. Or- Main Street.!! The democratic mining board strongly objected to namental facades, some two storeys high and with balconies, the gazetting of any cross-streets at all. The loss of gold under the had become numerous. The waste and confusion of pulling them main artery was acceptable, but to further restrict miners, upon down would have been inexcusable; another Eureka might have whom the fortunes of Ballarat depended, was considered folly.!? followed. So Assistant Surveyor Thomas Byerley was ordered to The nub of the difficulty was that during 1856 intensive mining measure the properties as they were, allowing the roughly existing began all over again on the disembowelled flat (see p. 86), with width of a chain for the street, and Surveyor Taylor was called on the result that Main Street, which had grown originally in proxto value the improvements so that compensation could be paid to imity to the major leads, was all the more threatened and conany occupiers who did not wish or who had failed to buy their fused. Horse-driven puddling-machines slobbered acres of yellow freeholds. We can see that Charles Franz for example expected slime, blocking the rudimentary drains, and were so thirsty that £200 to be added to the upset price in his case. And because the _ they had to be served by networks of crude water channels ending valuation promised to be a vital element in the sale, the Chamber in loathsome, stagnant dams. Any realignment of streets was of Commerce suggested that storekeepers should employ private bound to tangle with some of these workings.!3 valuers as a check on Taylor.’ The sales were postponed from The situation was therefore acute for at least a year before the

November 1856 to February 1857. municipality was founded. The warden said that the drains had

The possession of freeholds capped the swiftest phase in the _ never been adequate. The road engineer replied that they were of development of the street. Buildings quadrupled in value, ac- _ unusually large capacity and had worked satisfactorily until storecording to one estimate, between April 1856 and April 1857. And _ keepers were allowed to build over the drains, and puddlingwith the prospect of more sales to come in the surrounding land- _— machines were permitted on high ground overlooking the road. scape, the changed situation virtually gave birth to the bedraggled _ His view, that the miners should have carted their dirt to machines municipality of Ballarat East. Seized by the midwife commerce, it _ below the road, contrasted with the warden’s prejudice in favour was pulled struggling out of the womb of a morass, for although __ of very expensive roadworks. Money indeed was the key, for the the planning of roads and the levying of rates to finance them now __ goldfields were starved of public works. As Ballarat patriots became possible and were in fact vital to the future of business, the _ pointed out in 1860, their goldfield had contributed £626 948 to task was a daunting one. The main road was the only stretch of | government revenue but had received only £98 406 in return.!4 more or less level open space. Elsewhere the ground was riddled Sludge became the chief product of Ballarat East. The serious

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The plank footpath was an extra display area for David Jones’ drapery and an assembly point for theatre patrons

yg

To those who had known it in earlier years, Main Street had “Thank you, sir’, when he paid just sixpence for a drink. This been transformed by 1861. And not just externally. The man who transformation was accepted with pride by the remarkably stable

had battled the mud in 1855 was amazed when he returned six opulation of Ballarat. They liked to be reminded of the rough years later. He remembered so well the crowded pubs, the struggle conditions they had overcome, and must have laughed at his to catch the barman’s eye and the condescension with which his comparison of an early theatrical performance among tobacco two shillings was taken, that he was astonished to be greeted with, fumes at the Montezuma Theatre with the battle paintings then so

106 Bonanza

A. ye a Pa, 2S ~ rr ee: ‘ ' it Oe Ae eo eee A MED OPS ry at +e ae Loar ie eR bo Bee bees 7 va i ™ — - iy 3 ite, .

= i“ia | +. nese a ‘| og ss oi PS: -aa| canal :3oO E, |é' -« an — pacers wi "| te Pe;nn :i.yhas isse|aver cent? S OF: i : | ee ak 7 poo oe S'S ah a be beet . i / fe oe §

i : im Lb; my “ _. /i ‘i /a1.| Be aide “ne - ll .a4 7Van E ie i : : é iQ Be me 4 y *. se ~ on oS “@ i ~ | rs a a - i os mer ud a ae | i F i i

;ce wing vee OeGe die ee es ee Sa -| * -— eS i ee ee se ee ie a rn TT ae a

. Pas oe ies di - > —s . ras = meant = z eee ye e & 28 3 So oss = oo ' ae 6 ee ee : + a ia a. ae il 2a. — call - : 7 7 any ne : ° a | : - _ 2 eek a oe : ae os Bee -~ — ve 2 7 . : ~~ 2 hare. « : ag Motel 13 me pi

tall flag-pole in front of the restaurant only to buy into a quarrel : : a) 18 y

with some Gauls who insisted that the tricolour have pride of place > Duchess of Leneaste Hotel Victorig *

and spoilt the evening with this altercation. TON Hot} |! @ Buildings Sy Poverty 7 i ST.

What a street! Subject to constant excitement, it was a stage for o Shafts 5S qi A personal and public dramas. Fights, robberies, fires, floods, elec- ja as cos Ce Ws tions, circus processions and an unwearying flow of traffic gave it _ .

abundant life. Several witnesses recount the adventure of an ar- Main Street in 1861 rival by coach after the whirl of a trip from Geelong. Cronquist was amazed at the skill with which one man controlled up to ten

horses and drove a hundred miles in twelve hours on crazy roads. That would have been impossible in Sweden on good ones. The Ned” Devine, who never neglected his cups in the fifteen stops they seventeen-year-old son of a Liverpool merchant wrote with excite- made to water and change horses, and who cleared a broad ditch

ment about his trip in 1858 in a Telegraphic Line coach driven at full gallop, to rush eventually down crowded Main Street on a by long-legged, sharp-featured, greasy-hatted ‘‘Cabbage-tree summer evening and, still at a gallop, turn sharply with only inches to spare into the stable-yard.*? Permewan-Wright’s wagons * Lyng says they built in Bridge Street, but Cronquist says they had ‘ room were also phenomenal—for their great size. Until 1862, when the

sve ey og ofthe commie: Brun = Norwegian digs A Borun was lected railway from Geelong was opened, all the requirements of Ballarat

Adelphi Hotel. came in by road, mostly via Main Street, which was cluttered with

6 Main Street Heyday 109

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ween. a ~EMey oe rr

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e-em eh EY NEY Nag *s te lat | (we Me oe ty | wt,

re|7le7‘ -7|_t’.we‘at aei*ve.ee! . '. »Ati, {4 A a+ Pee ee is1 a_Baane 9a "9—agMQ ba aora |“tae. > po” ; ams ryae¥ -° a be i . aces enert GE *, je Sh Be D Biden ff inn . ' , a 7 = or. epee ac gee ee” pee mee ge NN 4¥ 0:

a pot te Toy | Pe ee nae Seve oe

or ee el Peer ee pe et tei Seis wer ere : i: soy ref an ee Gee ee me May" boop "af Ji ¢fe| -* toy“ ‘be ee tae ona ‘\ |ees 4 ) OW , fre v \ re ‘ an V 4° t j ¥ | ¢ 5 ) ,. F .~~] § j‘=‘ ¥qaef |=os‘ \,‘ Taree x . yAlffi»TH ti,Coe msa{ae. ca * .te— ae : ? a. . a incited ST AB Pa The opening of the railway helped the decay of the south end of Main Street

seemed to have been designed for burning had also been offered as works had been declared satisfactory, flash-floods kept citizens a gift to the god of swirling waters. It was constantly under water busy with pumps and mops. The Duchess of Kent Hotel, in which from minor flooding and almost every year suffered a calamity.®° the municipal offices were lodged, was inundated three or four In December 1856 the concert room of the Star Hotel was left times during the year. On every occasion the planks of the footsuspended high enough over the street for traffic to pass under- path had to be wrenched off to help release the water and, like neath it, and Rodier’s Store was swept a quarter of a mile away.®! trainees for the gondolas of Venice, men plied great sticks to free In the middle of the night, as the waters rose alarmingly, Charles the rubbish blocking the culverts.® Eberle, the Swiss, succeeded in paddling a trough full of bread from the bakehouse in which he worked to the safety of near-by By 1861 the Main Street phase of Ballarat’s history was virtually Specimen Hill. He passed pigs, dogs, sheep, horses, cows, the completed. When the railway from Geelong was opened in 1862, remains of tents and wooden buildings and the varied stock in with its main station at Ballarat West, the leadership in local life, trade of numerous stores. The flood forced the compositors of the already moving in that direction in the wake of the miners on the first edition of the Ballarat Trumpeter to work up to their waists in plateau, had irretrievably passed from Ballarat East. Many stores water, while under the flood-waters, to the ruin of many a miner, migrated a year or two before that, some beginning with branches

shafts collapsed and heaps of rich paydirt, ready for the pud- in the west. Eyres Brothers (hardware), David Jones (drapery), dling-machines, were washed away.® Even in 1860, after extensive Tunbridges (timber), Evans (books) and dozens of others were on

6 Main Street Heyday 113

the move in 1859 and 1860. The Colonial Bank vacated its quite __ theatres still open, were almost as much in use for charity shows new brick and bluestone chambers near the bridge and, in addi- and community efforts as for programmes of their own. Desperate tion to the regular movement of weatherboard cottages, the Plank |= managements appealed to the sentiment of old patrons by putting Road Methodist Church, set on four huge wheels and pulled by a on benefit performances for actors and actresses they could not dozen oxen, was lumbered along Main Street on its way to serve afford to pay.®© Others, with businesses near them, must have

many of its old adherents in greener pastures well out on the — envied the Bridge Street men, who, after a huge fire in 1859, plateau.*®* There the economic and social patterns of rock-lead replaced their wooden creations with substantial buildings in mining produced small self-contained communities focused on a __ brick. Dunk’s Hotel and Wittkowskis’ and Baird’s shops were

mine, a pub, a few shops and perhaps a foundry. Even at Sebas- —_ thought to be particularly fine. The “hand of wealth and topol, where the main street was a ribbon development ona road __ refinement” had otherwise been mainly felt in Ballarat West. The also linking Geelong and Ballarat and rivalling Main Street for Star, which used the expression, itself moved across the bridge to a through traffic, there was no chance of repeating the saga of __ new office in Sturt Street, at about the same time as a desperate

Ballarat Flat. publican further south contemplated establishing a rat-pit.*®’

On Main Street itself a movement north towards the bridge had Like rats in a pit, chased by the terrier “Progress”, the owners of commenced. This related to the entry of timber and agricultural stores and hotels at the wrong end of Main Street tried everything produce and to the development of Victoria Street (the Mel- they knew to avoid their fate. Theatres became music halls, more bourne Road) as a choice residential area. Like buckets on a __ intimately connected with the tarts of Esmond Street than ever. windlass, when that section, renamed Bridge Street, rose in im- _Like flotsam left by a receding tide the prostitutes stayed put, as portance, the theatre section at Red Hill declined. Successive — did the bachelor Chinese, their habits unchanged while most of licensees of the Charlie Napier went bankrupt in the early sixties the goldfields community moved into the family stage of life. The despite their attempts to capture audiences with farce, vaudeville | Chinese were now more feared, as a means of polluting the new and circus performances.®° Horses and monkeys danced, a man _ generation, than they had been envied as economic competitors. walked across the ceiling, T'yroleans in national costume yodelled, | And they stamped Ballarat East as inferior, for its heyday was over and along with callisthenics, ballads and burlesque drove out pure __ both socially and economically. The fate of Main Street showed

drama almost entirely. The Charlie and Montezuma, the only _ the fragility of a society built on surface alluvial gold.

* In turning from Sturt Street to Lydiard Street the church brought down the * In this old British sport a terrier was put into a pit of rats, and bets were made telegraph wires and W. P. Bechervaise, the government telegraphist, came out with on how many he would kill in a given time. Strong opposition came from the

a posse of police to arrest it. Ballarat West Council which immediately framed a by-law to prevent the in-

troduction of rats, as they were unknown at that time at Ballarat. The eastern council equivocated. Some members expressed the view that any escaped rats

would not survive because of the state of the water. Apparently rats were introduced for this sport. A photograph in the Ballarat Historical Museum shows “The Rat”, Main Road, being demolished about a century later. The Ballarat West Minutes (27 July 1862) report the interception of a case of rats sent up from Melbourne in 1862.

/ Sinews inewsof ofaa Cl City

By 1871, with a population of about 47 000, Ballarat was a city, to increase a self-sufficiency already achieved “with no advantage not just a goldfield.' The westward movement of the mines, which except gold”.

heralded the end of the Main Street era, had stimulated vigorous Yet what advantage did gold confer? The total amount urban growth on the spacious and solid ground of the basalt recovered by 1871 (Ballarat 9.2 million oz and Bendigo 6.6 million plateau, and as they walked and drove around the city, or looked oz) could possibly have been responsible for the difference between

down on it from the broken face of Black Hill, residents felt a the two places. But it seems unlikely. A more powerful influence justifiable pride in what they had achieved in twenty years. was the timing of the gold finds. Bendigo’s extraordinary surface It was nevertheless exciting to receive high praise from the alluvial phase in 1852-54 hardly contributed to urban developcelebrated English novelist, Anthony Trollope, who visited Balla- ment. Because of rough conditions, little of the gold was ploughed

rat just after Christmas 1871. Trollope said he was struck with back into local facilities. On the other hand, Ballarat’s early more surprise by Ballarat than by any other city of Australia, not production was highest from 1854 to 1858, when town life was for its youth (Melbourne was very young), and not for its size (a developing rapidly and those who had come to dig were ready to quarter of Melbourne’s), but because it was so solidly built and so settle. And when this was capped in the sixties (see table) by the well endowed with hospital, libraries, hotels, public gardens and production of 5 million oz (against Bendigo’s 2 million) Ballarat’s other amenities. It would be difficult, he thought, to find a more urban advantage was immense.° quiet town, in contrast to crowded, unfinished, uncomfortable

mining town to be.?* oo OOS_Oi—iC Trollope set himself a puzzle, which he failed to answer, by HBolOO AOA OOD 921 000 Bendigo, which was all scratched up violently, as he expected a Period ~~ Ballarat(oz).~—~S«€®'ienndii‘O (0)

going on to observe that Ballarat’s civilization had been achieved 1861-70 5 000 000 2 128 000

with no advantage except gold. Perhaps he assumed that some- Total 9 262 000 6 649 000

thing in the quality of the inhabitants distinguished cultivated Ballarat from uncomfortable Bendigo, though what it might have This was a powerful influence. But just as strong was the nature been he did not say. He firmly ruled out the influence of economic of Ballarat’s gold deposits, which ensured the dominance of local geography, because there was no navigable river (such as had capital and helped an extraordinarily self-reliant community to assisted the development of English inland towns) and because the develop. For twenty years the same people were committed to the immediate land was not fertile. But here he was looking through famous leads, at first as miners and storekeepers, later in all walks English eyes. He did not understand that Ballarat was the opposite of life. The energies and resources of the community were so of a nineteenth-century English industrial city. The very absence concentrated upon the mines that the profits of the 1856 mining of a navigable river, by keeping out the manufactures of the boom were gradually ploughed back during the slump from 1859 English midlands and of Melbourne and Geelong, helped Ballarat —_t) 1863, when incredible difficulties, both physical and financial,

. fasion Bendigo ; a . were overcome. This investment, often a sacrifice, was inspired by

clan i coptusion Bendigo is used throughous this hiory both fr the Hvala lind faith which only gold could have planted in a whole

renamed Bendigo in 1891. community. 114

Ok il Pe SS : Ce % OR ee ee

7 Sinews ofa City 115

ae 44s. SS rtrti— a iF, Ne Pe ‘ tinny PesSe oe "> ‘a: ~™——— > .—_ A@ * as | a . aee. _*a 2_ ae | . y , 3

atea.eeaeoye eX ae 7 el eA | eM ees A foundry, a hotel, a store, a mine, a collection of houses and one had a little community within a community

The din created by hundreds of busy iron workers on either side, drain-pipes. Ironwork is also a feature of the memorials and the could hardly be called solace to a client suffering from the effects gates at the Old Cemetery.*’

of the nen before; a Say noching apour the eee smell of Retorts for the Ballarat Gas Company in 1857 and the wateroyster shells used to Hux the iron in the furnaces, or the pungent wheel of Smeaton Mill indicate rural and industrial demand for odour of gases liberated from the burning loom cores being a thei ducts. The mill lted f fascinating interrelati

poor substitute for roses on the dining room tables. cir products. © mill resulted trom fascinauns interre’avionships within the economy and society of the district. It was built by

No poor substitute for roses, on the other hand, were some of the — Anderson Brothers in 1861, to serve a farming community that products of smiths and foundrymen. Local craftsmen produced had developed rapidly from about 1856 under the stimulus of the

magnificent metal gates at the Ballarat East gardens and at the Ballarat market, whilst the capital came from the profits of the Ballarat West Town Hall, and stand-pipes, bridge rails, water | Andersons’ large sawmills serving Ballarat from the Bullarook fountains, iron-lace verandas, staircases, fences and ornamental Forest. The mill, four storeys high and built of bluestone, was

* . ba > ; >a:bs;? ;> aard

7 Sinews ofa City 125

powered by an overshot water-wheel 28 feet in diameter and February 1861 that nearly all the machinery for Ballarat’s current weighing 25 tons, and during the same year the Victoria found uartz boom, including the engines, had been made on the field which supplied it, produced Ballarat’s first locomotive—for the and was equal to anything imported from the mother country.*9 y)

contractors of the railway from Geelong.*® Within ten years from Of the eight foundries producing chiefly for the mines in 1861, the discovery of gold the Aboriginal resting-place was a rapidly three were much larger than the others and were companies rather maturing industrial centre, throbbing with the mechanical power than proprietaries. ‘These were the Phoenix (Carter, Oldham and

of European civilization. The Melbourne Argus commented in Shaw), employing 96 hands, the Victoria (Hunt and Opie) of Ballarat from an emaciated Black Hill, 1868: the Ballarat East cricket ground 1s in the centre, the railway station just above it, and on the horizon the smoke of at least a dozen of the mines of Ballarat West and Sebastopol

, es a Po — 2 . : : * a : | Og os RE a Oe pa Ca ga Ma oe—— aOE Met eitglrar Ge one Abt GM er eo7 pele CC! ee a od eee” CetCE ent pSCC” nigger EB ag ielL hy —— ee

wa er FG re aoe. +SOi aegnen cael awere eegage ee Bb PAT TR ee IP reelle neas a a OO Re eeibe oyue Meg Bee |ae> ee ee a I A i, ia Oe OO ee eeeg ee re tee i. a ae 4 nhl OBEN Poss ill, Se. ee Ce i ee a ee) be ee‘a:a ian ae hg, ae :8[eeneohn aed aka erwd, ONY ato$CI ee A et, ne ee er were i ane =. Y ele. se» mantle i agOM ees fee ee oe ; goa ee Le See i “ = oe al Zs re “ . eo te 194 ele fe ei POA we - Ad _ it oe we ; nals Oe acing ae me ae Bes a , Se, a Jee AE ae 8s ee ae Sg a ee as RPT re yee 2 eae, — BE Ea SEES: oe Ge lmaras eae a er eB he i Mars, ge Ree aaa le eS sf 2% sg ye ERS

as .ee : aee er ey ee Te Pinion att,OMe “Ee we , en.om | leMAO pega an. a OO ‘ : ek Pe oe ee BESTee iain og rn a ne Co Gee Se KB ware yy a ie. , re re een: “oe a fi st 4 mas Me A i“ a . oe “oe : ; i ee eS * sbes Me Tain Re - a ee ce a oe oe so mmm af ee sg oa csanae ovkos pumps SHON ng h2E. Qriooe S ae ee | ie eee a a

ge _2 Wi hol itsEe ee is,i, aaSetaaati a ee. : eAast” ial “~ ogag4 Fay > E Memento mid a et a a.Meas Pewi é. @ i Mie 44Py ™ on eS xLs*ieEa .Rig i ae Sep _esaEEee : BBE gee eile a4i yoeSaw ” at eeoe:oe, ee oe 3.Tie OBE “5 ey (68 i.ote : a a Aaa gecssggee 4-atin ee Cecaipaimiie ae He" a be CAiaethc oe ae Tie ee. ee ae if ss *

, :a. uaa ee ee a” oe be i I Sellen, oi ee le ee. ee ees. ay OR Ak ee ee |. 2. Le 4 nee te “. ee - Eee co. pee . Br tee! a Ye — .. | , [ : hy 7 .

. Bae eo .a0oshe te Sa h Loe Too ere be p>? ei oe a. F; ae time a : in & he we ssf ot “SM nt eS I» ee (7 ( . ~e ne hee 1 , : a | mak = LAY ¥ 7 ce cm eS ral > > | — ~ ees +a “OS Foxe, f ois y ' a i se Le

ihUrUCU aa © :CU fi ae. {- -—o i: Q"et @ eee u oe —, . PPO ee oe é , tf a ~ ee a as 4 SrT. -& '~~ oS | ee ieee gs we scYr PPCe ae. a | ~ = eR Fo3 eo—_ ' : >Mi eee a Aite. ltt—“‘iC CCS: on Re Sane Aa : OE ae SeNEllPe,a... i> ~~ pak

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128 Bonanza

driving-wheels, pinions, knives and even nuts and bolts. As one of foundries, like the more skilled miners then in demand, reprethe partners told the Star in 1868: “This convenience is one which sented an important sifting-out process in Ballarat’s social, quite cannot be obtained in the case of imported machinery for the apart from its economic, development. The sinews of the city were fracture of the smallest casting involves the making of a fresh obviously closely linked to its brain. pattern and possible days of delay”. Gibb was well organized for Because of their special relationship with mining, the foundries the harvest rush. His precision work made spares no problem and were Ballarat’s strongest industry. But others were not negligible, he seems to have been on the brink of mass production, for most of even in the 1860s, when they gradually found their feet, stimulated

his parts would fit any of his machines. In 1868 he employed by rapid urbanization on the one hand and by hinterland thirty-five hands and had added grubs, binders, threshers, chaff- development on the other. Growth, as indicated by employment cutters and corn-crushers to his list.6' But there was still a figures (see below) was from 142 hands in 1856 to 1227 in 1869.°° tremendous opportunity in agricultural implements. In 1867 Interestingly enough there was a slowing-down during the sixties young George Munro, who had been trained at the Union mining boom, as if industry was a substitute for mining. Foundry, began a part-time repair business which was to blossom

in the seventies into Ballarat’s largest implement factory, a fitting ‘Employment in Secondary Industry |

harbinger of the extraordinary success of H. V. Mackay’s harvester a works in the nineties.°* Year Number employed This brief survey has left out men like Cyrus Retallack, artist in 1856 142 wrought iron and doyen of Ballarat smiths, and has done little 1857 239 more than demonstrate the range, scope and prominence of the 1862 691 metal industry. A thesis by Graeme Cope, on which it is largely 1865 1186 based, provides fuller illumination and corroborative detail, yet 1868 1206

even that excellent work could not hope to place Ballarat in a full MOS

colonial perspective. There is evidence that later its metal-workers

were relatively more numerous than those of Melbourne and A detailed, although only approx imate, analysis (see below) Geelong but possibly no more numerous than those of Bendigo.®! shows that the processing of food and drink, which fell away later, What can be said in view of later achievements, like the produc- was the leading activity in the fifties, and that clothing and metals

tion of the Mackay harvester, the Phoenix locomotives and the strengthened through time, while construction goods remained furnaces for Edwards Pyrites Works (see ch. 12) 1s that the period steady.°°

to 1871 was as much a preparation for greater things as the fifties Specified Categories within a General were for the enlarged production of the sixties. That is the Ballarat Breakdown of Secondary Employment story in many fields of activity. And it may well be shown, when a (each category is shown as a percentage of the total) comparative study is done, that Ballarat’s production was quali- © —_______/»_>_OSsSSsSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS

tatively to in that any other goldfield. of gave ace ge From a superior strong base theof alluvials of Ballarat East,Class mining a for

the metal-workers their chance. Yet it is difficult, as Cope observes, employment 1856 1857 1862 1865 1868 1869 period 1856-69 to find out where they came from.*® It seems likely, but it is hard to Construction

prove, that like Robert Watson of the Vulcan and W. H. Shaw of _goods 84 330 78 80 6D the Phoenix, they were ordinary gold migrants and did not need to Dress 12.0 20.5 23.0 28.6 24.2 28.6 25 be specially recruited from overseas as was done in Australian Food and

textile development. By 1860, according to Shaw, there was no drink 27.5 364 19.7 143 16.3 14.4 15 need to advertise positions at the Phoenix F oundry more than \aeralstiéi i 339365 385 35300~C~=) oebar ba Cn pat SM eptepiigy peLO. tel anes: glies cmfyeei tite

pate - L “3 wy wd a . Beg bg hee f “ge lagi a cit mes de i . * F 7 Fr “ 5 > “ye! a ; 3 | hh per a ee peer od wy x : iz : Ao gd

eee ar eMGA Encik ota Uren See cit RE RAE 8 EE Se ae eS ees aE ot ae

eat ts tee oes tg ae aEeee Teee Pg agt Fe OOO ee og ee ae CN wal: | eee ow eoude | tae YO—

i. Zt r ee te iat ieonaia eo eee See equhene. ee etree Eee at oe Sega Oe aay lah a4 Tr 2 Oe i ee ’ es SE JT, Ditthens Gia ee * lea Bey a Od CeO A ate on apes a a _~MeN BaEe Ak eee eet meTE. Ree me. ag c BeUUGLE Beu.bae ane ser SS \ Fe eal ee 2 ENA aa. Ree eee EP cant cae: ehLesa CO ieAe aR ees ek eeteee IeWa: eeme ae | ee at | Goyer apelie= pty ease vi yaAtoeESiseetea pete per tasea.pace RRpaanse tte Spl panty ny eran ere eejE a Br ee akt a aa Eat ee Saye Sco Fp eS rs ot Se roan fe mrss no eny Nienincpeeermpereiier oa gad ite be cach lt its oC meee i : pe a “an ie * ne es Eger ~‘. . os . : So. “ores o ° “a ta, a ae - ee RN ~ ce sar or a a ee oe Phe Poe oe

-. ‘ Gao. teed as ~~ a Fe hain ee wl S Re eee, oe honeedich dab tess edith taadaatt. 0 WE ae mnt a, 9

a abt Per i all Se ee ae BOS Ne os a eeae ae \A ee . a ays “ heof y-eee aeeeee ; eeoePye peHE4(ye AP SiogRR ee Pe ie ee Ee eee oe ee copeeee ar| i a eae ae iq EE os hose fh ce CE? | (CU beats gage ek Be gg eee ee ok AS ee Aha rn, ei: -alka mY oe ete Bt ee BS: RD Sie Sie ee Bete wor da ee ee a Bea . ; . a PeoFi ~a ‘ pA a ©) ee .esa Peet / - Be na mS alce hn i “ss 4Om | j * 7a, , ~ . ate oe oa Fee. oe Ay " ye hi ° eae o% a il k. see o . % - 4 q - ; eal * Be a me So a E & . * ad . 5 . . 3 ‘ y —— . & \ 5 Be ie ad a 2: Bu. gi tNRaion Pa eel a 4 ae eeie cee aeet ee sepk fe Rg co or ee, oe caet ike eeten, eer a een ma Rr SEM PE eh gen gig ecomtlin te OE ef glial Sal aia: Une a Ny MI es Lj a '" : : 4 ged pelts &. : £ . f nn 4 , § B Mine € ~ boy - it ot 5 ORR... 2 a a2 ; staat SN sO ioe = — . 4 ae és : &

~ a - BS ota A eee ae ae ne

" 7 » e mo sal ee - See . a * . ae. - _ 8 eo ~ ve SS se . Se te ee . a Oe Cosy we cian & a ~~ mye mig Ree ne

7 Sinews ofa City 131

rants in London. There was also a strong demand in Europe communications. It is unfortunately not possible to quantify what following the outbreak of the Franco-Prussian war. Thus world must have been a huge demand. In photographs of the city’s markets assisted local technical and managerial skills to extend __ streets in the sixties horses and carts were as numerous as build-

Ballarat’s regional functions.’°® ings, yet carriers on the Geelong Road probably provided the The cattle market also spelt opportunities in processing primary = major market in the fifties, and transport from the Ballarat railproducts. Fellmongers, tanners and soap and candle factories _ head in the sixties. Coach-building did not emerge from repairing became established a little out of town. Hewitt’s Yarrowee Soap as the foundries and implement works had grown from blacksWorks, tannery and fellmongery, stood below Kirk’s reservoir, and miths’ shops. Neither William Dunkin, who advertised for a Kelsall’s “Atlas Soapery”, which had been established at Bunin- wheelwright in 1854, nor Robert Watson, smith, farrier, wheelwyong in 1856 (the first works outside Melbourne and Geelong), was right and later foundryman, is recorded as having made vehicles. relocated in 1871 in a large brick building at Sinclair’s Hill, nearer — The first specialist coach-builder, and a very important one, was J.

Ballarat. Its capacity in 1871 was 25 tons of soap and 2 tons of | D. Morgan, whose works in Armstrong Street dated from 1857. candles per week. Candles when underground, and soap when __ Interestingly enough this was almost coincident with the estabthey emerged, were among the miners’ most constant companions. lishment of the first foundries and in the same street of the town.®°

And the Ballarat Tannery, established 1856, provided sole leather Failing details of his life and work, Morgan’s fame must rest for all kinds of footwear and uppers for miners’ boots. In this case, with his reputation, the freak Leviathan coach he made in 1859

as in the metal industry, wear and tear in the mines made and the men he trained. The Leviathan has become a legend. It townsmen’s fortunes. Andrew Anderson, proprietor of the tannery, was apparently the idea of a syndicate of miners who ordered it for

became one of Ballarat’s wealthiest citizens.”’ the Geelong run as a speculation, but when they went broke before Hassall and Monckton’s flour-mill, with its 98-foot chimney by __ it was finished, Cobb & Co. stepped in. Ned Devine drove this the lake, was a Ballarat landmark and a symbol of opportunity in “horse-eater”’, and although some writers have filled it with 100 food-processing. This and another mill had been established in passengers, the largest number that can be accepted without too 1856, the year James Fry started a mill at Ascot in association with = much salt is the 89 recorded on a Deutsch and Ferguson engraving his own and neighbouring farms. He was so successful that when __ of 1860. What Cobb & Co. paid for the monster is not recorded, the Ascot soil was becoming exhausted, about 1864, he bought out — but we do know that they spent £62 000 with Morgan in seven

Hassall and Monckton and took a leading part in the westward years from 1857. As Morgan is credited with having the largest expansion of milling and grain-dealing. There were 3 mills in coach factory in Victoria in 1858, we must assume that skilled men 1871, employing 28 hands and putting through 6080 tons of floura were not as ready or as able to launch out on their own as in the year. It is unlikely that local farmers were then supplying seven- metal industry.®! Cutter, who with Lever took over the works from eighths of the grain, as they had in 1860. The dominance of large — him _in 1863 when Morgan went bankrupt, and Proctor and concerns, which had lost the personal touch, prompted A. D. McElroy, who started their own businesses, were among the skilled Laing, a produce merchant near the Ballarat West market, to start men he attracted. Joseph Redmond, his first foreman, was an artist

grinding wheat on the grist principle in 1868.78 at timber-bending and at improvisation when bolts had to be Some flour was turned into biscuits at James Long’s factory, made from boiler-plate and spokes from pick-handles. Cutter and Victoria Street, the impressive forerunner of today’s Sunshine Lever outshone the founder and, supported by the maturing social Biscuit Factory. Long, better known for his confectionery, was life of Ballarat, won prizes for their smart conveyances at colonial another of Ballarat’s success stories. His baking had begun ina _ exhibitions and received orders from all over the continent. Procsmall shop in Main Street and had grown with the town as he tor was equally successful after setting up on his own in 1860. The ploughed back his profits into the business, which by 1870 was resources of the industry are expressed by the ability of McMillan already too large for his new brick building. Nearly all the ma- and Gynn, wheelwrights, to make a huge jinker with 6 feet 6 inch chinery had come from Ballarat and Melbourne, a fact that made — wheels for the Ballarat-based Western Australian Timber Comhim proud, for, like many on the goldfields who had been given the pany in 1870, using axles made by the Union Foundry. No doubt

chance to succeed, he was a strong nationalist.’9 they had had experience in supplying similar jinkers for the BulEssential to all the other industries as well as to commerce and larook Forest mills. The two hundred loads of timber coming to agriculture, transport goods were of great importance in Ballarat Ballarat daily in the mid-sixties suggest the scale of their oppormanufacturing. Drays and wagons for farmers and contractors, tunity. Repairs of course provided a significant income for all these timber jinkers, coaches and cabs, delivery carts and private vehi- makers. Smashes were quite frequent in the busy city streets.®? cles of all kinds were needed for urban transport and hinterland Plough-back on a community-wide basis, not just through lol-

132 Bonanza

| : SN a eT TS So a SET cans TST i oe oe o_o ae

f a AA: EOE NESE DERENE RE DS ALTO GO) EE RRND CRE ATER AN RAS AA AEE ILLITE LOTTE LADEN, Svan enumerates nnn a © 7

| ff

pa Saeter th, ”ee|: rea Boekee pte OE SERS TS ie tei ESE er ie ' s gee ee ger oe oh aie aa... see ah eths ye “, : spe o spite bs tad :

. : ie ven ae “ pO * ae SOPOT Poe os hn ‘ at é Aaa «cca : § ~. me Ss, "aden wot ld i, Be Aeigh ea q4i j -=a. is. oS ‘ Pel asSees oo£* eeePI Me CeaNe nye ae IES, SEE 7 Cy=. . . °a veo : Dy et onsai es .wee PO ia ee n“. we " a*mae fh. ae

nL ea dee es oe , ze

Same ,; | fiw pan Z(y=; hota eeeas | fa a > i ag: oo, we Kong ree ot ages: ae : ee 5 ial i Lio aea ..ee‘a oe WgJAUSTRALIAN BTAGE COMPANY. f ——._ : die Matfog* ; mit ieHy HOTE Lo I eadeoatan tease contac tae valle ralecmneinah _— 4 |; ;: |

j | i —ro : ALA REY come STABLES CEBE th Gt COACH AT Fie! ap ©. ROG Sow a.

Ta Mee cl poinsesee eB ae ee :BSA add UR PH Mesa | Me eh Oa TS RO! LES Lk 4 fas | TSR et gh: eee a nite Sl BS Ld bd VOD eRe carrera \ | an . rea = ce Se ay ee , we a ‘ae ie ia thes ¥ VM: YS 2 q® ead a a i a ial ; . a - Ne AN s 7 oa / gb of 4 P bas ; ki oon - . - y ~ . . = r) ae Ca , inioweasiaas . Be B, ° i - im ee . 4 ag : _ 5 { f, hy x a . , . q

; awe -, Ws Pog ae . — ad aia =. an ie Rg posi » wae abled fod . Ld F le vt ? toa i . a ry Oy —-_ slags and in softgoods in London before migrating to Geelong in 1852,

, 4 at the age of twenty-six, and opening a draper’s shop. Caught by Le Ze Pr 4 the 1854 depression, he farmed for a time, stood without success for

° 4a Geelong at the 1856 election and moved to his job on the Star early ay? in 1857. He embraced democracy warmly but was concerned, like

eo many moderates, that not all her progeny would be his. He was a i vigorous, intelligent, honest man but inclined to be brusque.!>*

: oo The bitterness and distrust of the Times, which only approved of : those who had been seen and heard in the popular cause, extended

! to a fourth candidate, R. M. Serjeant, the manager of the Band of Hope mine. Yet his platform included most of the democratic programme, put land reform unequivocally first, and promised

| respect for the rights of women.'® Both he and Bailey were only . # _ marginally less radical on land, mining administration and con= stitutional issues than the miners’ champion.!” Gillies may have

7 had the support of grain merchants for his proposal of a railway 7 a beyond Ballarat. It is interesting to notice that James Fry, the ; Ascot flour-miller (see p. 131) whose fortune was made in west-

J]. B. Humffray, 1859 ward expansion, was who thecalled most prominent of the modest crew him and Frazer into the arena.'!® Frazer produced the

most radical proposal, to introduce generally the eight-hour day gained by Melbourne’s stonemasons in 1856, and he also proposed

predominantly retailers, the development of agriculture around that employers should be liable for the safety of their workmen.!9

the goldfield offered stability and continuing trade.’ The election had obviously brought forward a genuine labour Ballarat West was not the obverse of this social coin but was politician, Ballarat’s first. Joe the Bellman, the town crier, came different enough for there to be jealousy, misrepresentation and out as the one acknowledged anti-convention candidate, but the abuse, which broke down the solidarity that commentators like W. only time he faced the voters was when he tried to disrupt one of B. Withers had hoped would exist not only within particular Serjeant’s meetings by dashing on to the platform covered with goldfields but between all goldfields. Easterners strongly support- ribbons.?° A Melbourne man also appeared and disappeared, and ed the candidature in the West of two members of the local court, took the wrath of the Star with him, not for his views but because

136 Bonanza

LE , | rie iF aw ; . ;

; | he lacked the elementary good fortune of being a Ballarat man.?}

a> : | What exactly determined the poll was not much speculated about. , irs a The Star was pleased, the Times dismayed by the clear-cut victory i i: MERE of the moderates.?* The final result was:?3 GEL cz ptNOQE ON

Sie’ wee ce:i , b fb Tae 8 (ileORE me ae oes. os. 3 My

PPSTILP TESMalachy TC AeSerjeant eee. . 1341 inhfe. he‘eeRe , Robert LM “ Vie ibe a . , COLTER Oo en John Robinson Bailey 1502

ay; aa “ye ;,Millie |TO ~ Se eae Duncan Gillies (pag BES William Frazer963 878 ase i ane ® , At Ballarat East, in a much less exciting poll, John Cathie

fay he . . .

es) 4 Bp | yt A (1136) and J. B. Humffray (1112) cantered in ahead of Richard bof. | Pes 5 Belford (556).** Because Belford, a conventionist, on the nv Bo aN, staff of the Star and later mayor of Ballarat East, wasa aprinter Catholic, he

ee (i PEE Nie: Heat NY ;?y. ,yae , 1} Gg ait yt ATS 1 es . . . ee an 2 v7 . uhehs, a .

fy

\ (yr AN) Li, i= Kn NS suffered from sectarian abuse, started by the Constitutional AsoH 844 ZU May yy sociation in Melbourne, and was equivocal on the abolition of

Ls STN NIT REA , , . et Anan Bhd,

, of} WW Ci ead state support for church schools, one of the democratic planks.?° } en | SZ He 4 Say Cathie, a self-educated Scottish chartist, made pianos, coffins and

| Sy jd PayAssociation other cabinetinwork. In 1853 delivered he was active in the Colonial . - ' -ARE OA Melbourne, an address hostileReform to the

1 aa BBS RNa if HE} overnment at the great protest meeting there after Eureka and rs ee Att} bi, 34 § Pp gS ; Ve SONNE was later a delegate sd to the 9| Le b_ . oe . PATEmorals POR f= bn ; ES >”, «3times, “S oe he SoNM VadZilia q to.| LES Re Ce ceed advocated a large education vote, the abolition barmaids andoT Bs OB 5 ade ) gi GM & POY « moe of ME [OOO yD: Whe Ae N ZeShoe ZIM = =a .

. . . mene . a a A>feTE * 1a” I robe hoe. f | Bol >|2 o> tae ye x OK Sy oeog 2 . ae ekeaeeee om the Sta”NT iao. ee: Sts .Ge ete we ee 8 ee q } ae WF = eee on 7f ay we HL“2D Eeoe et oe oseeweroeaCe Dice Quy } “A afm “ . «Sag . ia oe ae °ae Wsheq ae on ;70) ; “ ~~ oo oc : . :F7 4 { én le eead-€uy aa ny r a .ges j is A i. *:.ae, .:a

okee Pa Ry jepeegece Wo: te we“$e iM eesoeine _ a eat% wTa; ~ca oe) hy ee seat 4 ‘ ¥ “ Se. Lee 4 :SC iv * aar ae ¥tt= ‘io. ey adie ° , ‘ . oe “ *, ‘Be % Bh Tm ~. a ke ee i eae ; “A bs “wn a Ed p Lp: ah ene . “Ye ‘ nl 4 ~ #4 saath AA a Faye . Mew.

oe et ae : ~ .

oN* ;$ ns * Rafe Nee i " ..«0 ‘ ke 5 oobad . iG - %“4‘ .>Sam » &be.) “ ey, Nee oe OMcae ~ bce : . yA 7 ; rs a .Rey Ss 7 *» Ri (ie « " am .

SN ee* arteet , *. CP a a FEY er ey as a * FG * pt # Ae Puats a try ‘alt ae .’ a | we Moe . 4 : = “ u: ‘ ten we Nt . vey al fe, * wer ad

orwinnie LE ThebeiBleck Milt aia abA Snosininila elas onde ae : ay . ) ee Ape a | (Oa ga Si pg ©, ~ es. Rea rt. an: - ame Wed pa" - aD. ed ae ees fA = woe PS aes 3

An. ne | \anON ee .G\ GRE: = Sis MyOytyae $'a i en, 0.7 BOC rs eer =@ Avies "p Nour ee ve | cay. n ie aNRRR Ler Ks pans De " AY os my ' -. y Wr a dehes ‘ , f . pests YasNe] wad we) ri ae =OA ® a, sidRee fb eee ee IRCCS |” MME DRS) NO ETS ePID UO OE @ wei eke R.A Sere eS Shy eS Sets 1 Aen MINN | “fee ge Ve ais iy ROR

V3 See ae 2ayRa Oe woe 7 BSB etanin 1 ARS RYAe rah OY v BCSA ee.as Selpena ee e:\ CPS Oh pitt, Gee Sdea A SE, Be eesc

ORE GMBy oC ARR TOON EE ARG.SS aahRS Ne ROR ceaaammm I Bete BAL Oe ihee NAR Bee Morn 2 My Y See, ae nal ee eS ae sch re St ett § XM een SN) wos : Ye : E . 4 : SA se OS ™ SSS aaa tg woe A aR ge RA, a ~ *& CEM ST é ete FT ay ; . wy Be OT FRED QV. Se SS Sieg RS a LP Verse al Fy Se WM (ee eR4 ;IS

ce2 t *Tey Ge SE" SJR Zp Wratten ee SN. © oeel QIN x >Se PreBA arer WOR “fF oe ASS72 py ea At SOSR, ce ryee aa 5‘ eae La LE Abcee, he: ¢ ‘Pee. .oe .- .pas ae See: pe? oR she.CS ; iAY Feces ;ae.. om / , , tn yd “> fs ae7 ; asoa : * een 4 ss ane a vf. a _ wh ri ara ~ < ageee ba . (AE - Pee, a ypr +.en 5 Panny “‘ ; . tae ok >A % wn ..— NSE: ~*~ =ett .‘ a) NY7Bj '\ ;: ..t aFRAto ~* m~ Ty‘ 3~W.. _ wr . y: 4Ve OspAd AfSF VexKAVIB ~2 ~d We~ 3CII. t . . s :weer 4 re ¥ . PA ‘ee cSfi-ACS ~ Pp ie —cfee, Serd3, éhi Piae. ‘a _as>| PREVI NS \~_ FE ‘Fak:

, a. .Seeee: 4 ~ ~Ne Jf ("BS {iAeS; ae es .. ry ’4ee fase = WY ion ib on» ber = 7‘.wo 4. we Ne« a2 Ae ‘ oecr: = SS 4Nee Srees>Ye y] >.ANS, i pyA . By,» bp® nae Se éaD eeoSa| Wee rag = : Mi f 1. f i ann ~ \\ 4 i é ve . . ao ; Ny “oil p * ‘ wy i Loe : , x ~.¥ ie . fe

j 9S i. ~y i. J%&V4 8 :i.rete yp .. 7. NN BAA.” at)v7i A | ee», } i" i~y- a° ASF ; sy . yyi iRens” N (' rySs masy“se pryng3 4: + \cane A 7 re : Ser2ae7 ar j - ‘ Fae = j .Ko. Fak; lies #\sex. ¢ 2ato a ‘ .§Sn eToy % AN : i ‘ xOAS ‘ SS Se A , aASar . nelORE q caeSS * «Py Le Sg hi a ne ea i=3 Sia, it ee, . BN EX LOY he es te,—: ed = a) ~~; — a ONE eo -s ~ . | i .) _ ws eS ~~ ¥ s wr Sy ~. x ar a oy ~ * - Raed . ~ o ee

1afTee pea re’S “Sane " Soe ~‘.=.P~YP HSa, /SS-.saskasl abtaS =ee. iy“=) the Europeans? Perhaps theynostalgia were crying forpride understanding phe) ‘ aSS andCSacceptance, besides expressing forout and in great

_* gr) f Gf Ge (aN Wy Pe and ancient traditions.™ | S

a G “ fe in SR Within their own villages the Chinese were also both exciting (Gr Wy ee; oO ft" ee ‘i and repellent to strangers. ‘The smell of opium, the crowded gamGr > 77 a fen Uy 4 s SSE bling houses, the crude huts and narrow, insanitary streets turned

aN Wg ff} i Vi» a a the minds and stomachs of virtuous Anglo-Saxons, who were

sa)}__So f Se —~_ = ~__ especially incensedlarge that drinking, trading and gambling went on Ee_ra > /on Sundays and attracted numbers of European men and

ce aennWo ae . boys. On feast days curiosity drew many to participate in uninad _ & eS ~ hibited hospitality, which nevertheless seems to have strengthened

: or me middle-class feelings of distance from Chinese civilization; it was oo ° so strange as to be unreal. ‘The New Year in February was a time of

A CHINESE JAR firecrackers, feasting and “high Junketings”, in which many European guests participated, who would probably have been cha-

Food for race prejudice racterized as the poor and profligate.4? There were also private,

religious ceremonies. In September 1870 the “Evil One’ was chased from the Golden Point camp during an annual event which

began at the Joss House with a solemn two-hour service one laughed had they been told that refinement of life mattered so Saturday night at midnight and lasted for four hours. The men

much to the despised celestials.*® yelled as they danced to various musical instruments around heaps

The very distance between the cultures made the Chinese both of straw, and they completed the ceremony with a great feast. romantic and repulsive. As even their everyday world of baggy Europeans were unwelcome for fear they might frustrate the exclothes, broad-brimmed straw hats, sandalled feet, pigtails, carry- orcism. The laughter of a group of spectators early in the ceremony ing-poles and pannikins was strange and fascinating, on special made the participants very angry.°° occasions they became a great attraction, considered essential for Such heathen behaviour{ was attacked in 1857 by the Chinese every festival and procession. They honoured the Duke of Edin- Evangelization Society of Ballarat. Through the Anglican bishop burgh in 1867 with a triple arch across Main Street, from which of Melbourne this interdenominational body secured the services musicians played. From the arches hung ingenious lanterns, inside of Lo Sam Yuen, who had been trained by Church of England which paper figures danced on wires. Many Chinese greeted the missionaries in China. He was paid a healthy £200 per annum, prince, playing pipes, tom-toms and what the Star called ‘“‘other and all found. The committee, imbued with European superiority, excrutiating instruments”. Others were “fearfully and wonderful- _ hoped to “raise the Chinese on the scale of civilization” but found

ly attired ... in gorgeous garments brilliant with barbaric or- the task difficult. They disbanded in 1860 when the Anglican naments”. They shouted and waved their fans and seemed as bishop withdrew the missionary, upon hearing that, after spendexcited “as if the son of the moon himself was making imperial ing Sunday afternoons with James Oddie in visits to the Chinese, progress through the flowery land”.*’ The same fascination and Lo Sam Yuen had occasionally gone home with his companion similar sculptured phrases greeted Chang the Chinese giant, who and after a meal had acted out his ecumenical role so enthusias-

gave “levees” at Ballarat in March 1871. Reputedly 8 feet high ae 4 1870. “M . ic

and weighing 22 stone, he combined the weirdness ofa side-show Chinese duet on a fiddle and banjo, of Chinese make They wee heartily cheered,

freak with the pomp of a mandarin, which in those days gave him but, happily, were not encored.” tremendous appeal. He may of course have been specially con- + The Church of England Record (February 1857, p. 11) stated that it would be a cocted for the Australian market by some astute showman. gross libel on the Christianity of the people of Victoria if “an attempt to raise the Oriental ceremonies were so attractive to Europeans that the ore) conltion of these benighted suangers should be interpreted ax sympathy

Chinese constructed a mock Imperial Celestial Palace for the sore”.

156 Bonanza

a foes CS 8 CR AS SSS ST SESS ere in the back slums of either Ballarat or Melbourne, we know of \; Va Pain eas a Oi eee ee ior: BP AL ee. no regular business in the debauchery of children save that

i ed: wy vi iy 4 ' a ae i } ON Pe Wel As Yaak carried on in the Chinese Camp here. Opium appears to be the Lid ie Peccoue Gat: ‘ reREG Gp. dh ke yea. uy) Hy KE, £ be ay! Be tan means used to render the children passive victims of the brutal

ef | Gy a | AL ie | i lh // A | ee ao tf 4, | SR passions of their seducers. a ane eS. rot g ies in WT Pe age Yip. If nothing could be done to reform them, cried the editor, the ac aa ars \ A (sanity ae . Me Wi Aaa Uy OM, Chinese should be sent back to their own country. ot ke POs - Pp) oy Seat Zs, a q KOA) The difference in context between 1860 and 1870 is crucial to an el et, i Ly A aaa A, aad oe GY TASAS understanding of the Star’s outburtst. The native-born were in

q om h we | ‘4 2 Wd, a Nae NG i Wem peril and, as a result, migrant dreams of a rebirth of Britain,

6 ' : ‘) OMe Z Za oy ea yy ae rey, mi Ae stronger and purer in the new land, were in jeopardy. The children ¥ i aaah ean é ane ~ ea re ~~ _ Yr : ly QT! RN PE(ey Te Nee ea ee ied, |) eet eo

TERE Iddd COHN amps ee a ers Fela | Nae oe Oe Maver ya nub |:| |i)agTE .,See :SF ‘ge Rae et~~— ‘iN Te \.\A ee “bl teash | lpeuee A tl ie isEogiintt . ee eimitgaas =\y§iN \ “4\' a:*hes “Ae ”ae _ ee am | e1)DUT oS ih,i i“See hale aie yo li, WAL ae r op ay a3 | "Gees = rots” LS + ’ a“ a a’SeWEHCORET mana i; |a} aeara ie~Lily Rae late ew “Pp A!TS \\ Sas == oe HT) HTMregee IBIS an.aNe ae ener ae aes |e7 it™i FMEA SSS |. ei. a Pn +URR eat. .* “| bie . a , ee en *Rg : MiltaT ¥ wal iaH ay wy “a , -, ae . ‘ ao .ae. ~« a|as- os

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160 Bonanza

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—e. os yA a ° { . . re po EEA, woe er Ate al mG nf Pha 168 Bonanza

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me tsMR oe ~iotDOB ' f., A oS os « 4 eo Be libs ce S ao BALLAARAT S hs ie ba ti hase . BR ‘s “ +EAST a oes i sic « weero o —| \ : & eo : ‘ i. . ey ae (tlh ARS rco H rele, 8 AL Golde ont | J Minty ‘te ‘. ree eee , ats Se no oe. ee , r o “ “2 & i / ° . Fae ee aoe Macy ‘iy eee tpn Cay RESSS aN RN Ee wean ee "ikem Ae ae ce iv Bes “ . . x oh ;

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fo ff - ta fe! JAAP ose Oa Ae ee ee Mabey eeEeNP rr ee eeee— i oa . a . cet Bae = 4 © os s . ; oe Sms ; Oa a : - So * oe . ee as ee x - . oe yp :

The extraordinary road pattern of Ballarat East was the product of its mining experience

planning, impossible in the East. Three complete blocks were sewerage dump was the goal of open nightmen’s carts, heavy with provided for bluemetal quarries and others for a sports ground, a the debris of cesspits and slaughteryards. Happily, though probcricket-ground, showgrounds, an industrial institute, benevolent ably accidentally, it was some distance from a creek. home, hospital and cemetery. Besides, deep-mining disturbed the As an additional advantage, Ballarat West extended naturally surface so little that open space like the ‘““Saxon Paddock’, beside into suburban and country land on which farming, dairying and the Royal Saxon mine, at the Sturt Street, Pleasant Street corner, market-gardening were proceeding. Lots of 30-100 acres had been could be used for sports gatherings. A manure depot had also been auctioned in 1854 and had passed rapidly into cultivation, adding established, in the north-east corner of the municipality, Just off much-needed vegetables to the unbalanced goldfields diet. By

the bush track that led to Dead Horse Gully. This primitive 1856 Alfred Ronalds had a fine nursery of 614 acres on a lake

10 East and West 169

frontage near Macarthur Street.* Just to the north of the mun- held a public meeting in 1856 to protest about squatters imicipality several farmhouses and the Plough and Nag’s Head ho- _ pounding stray cows. As a result of this and other pressures, thoutels represent the extension of farming to the west and north-west, sands of acres of common land to the west of Ballarat were gazetwhence large supplies of grain and fodder were brought to market __ ted by 1861 as town, goldfields and farmers’ commons on which or to two flour-mills by the lake. A dairy near the gardens was part _— cattle and sheep could safely graze. Nothing of the kind was

of a thriving industry which forced an entry against squatter possible in the forested hills around Ballarat East.® opposition. Dairymen were supported by townsmen when they The men of Ballarat West were the chief beneficiaries of this rural expansion. They had the market, the flour-mills and the wholesalers, and were closer to the farms, from which lumbering

Alfred Ronalds a gifted Englishman who atemigrated Jed thh th ks of , dand potain * 1848. Naturalist, angler,(1802-60) author, artist,was engraver, printer, surveyor, he mined wagons pliedtoupGeelong Wl ay or heavy with hsacks of grain Castlemaine and Bendigo before coming to Ballarat in 1853 where he “surfaced” toes brought new life to the town. At first these loads were sold bles, fruit and flowers were awarded many first prizes at the Horticultural Society’s privately to merchants and storekeepers, but by 1858, when dis-

near the cemetery before purchasing the land for his nursery. In 1860 his vegeta- : .

show. trict crops became the chief source of supply, the farmers were a A rare open space, Ballarat East cricket ground, where the game had been played since 1853. In March 1862 the twenty-two of Ballarat met the eleven of All England

* :. 3—oy . .*° the > 3, e.Fy3 bar we ae ewe ° a : : " ; } . %, "e . ~ ~ “ és ns % “ ‘ . °,

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170 Bonanza

2 4% 7 EB ee a - a @ : oe”7eo: te -% j aethee * &ee . *,Ble, 1 $ -*. & ; . ae 4 : “ a - an ae oe “ rr iar “ eo % i er oe :

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Despite some intrusions, Ballarat West was planned as a rectangular grid

force to be reckoned with. Their rickyards were like villages, ac- City and country interests clashed while market procedures cording to the Star, and they pressed for more adequate market were being established. Relations between the Ballarat West facilities and more equitable procedures. Early in 1857 a weigh- council and the farmers were often strained. Farmers were not bridge was constructed on a patch of open ground north of Mair ratepayers, yet many, like Sim of Mount Hollowback and the

> yy

Street between Armstrong and Doveton Streets, and this at length squatters Waldie and Simpson, were wealthy and influential, and became the Ballarat West Haymarket, the Town Hall for a time were not prepared to have their surplus produce auctioned off, as from October 1858) serving as a temporary corn exchange. As often happened, for a song. After numerous meetings in 1860, the

usual there was uncertainty in the East. After several abortive farmers agreed to direct all produce through two agents, J. V. attempts, a haymarket was opened, but it could not compete with Tarte and J. A. McDowall, who were expected to regulate the

the western market and closed after ten years.’ trade. The farmers wanted to exclude all other agents from the

10 East and West 171

market, but the council, which had already legislated to license 1862 the special functions of the area had become well defined. produce brokers and commission agents, took the side of rival General agricultural produce was sold all day every day, hay in the merchants, who accused the farmers’ committee of being an illegal middle of the day and grain (at the Corn Exchange) on Tuesdays, combination interfering with free trade. All agents were allowed to Thursdays and Saturdays.® erect stalls at the slowly developing market, which opened with A tremendous amount of business was done, with the result that little more than a weighbridge in Janurary 1859, had no paving new produce stores and the Farmers’ and Market Hotels were until late in the year and scant shelter and no pens for stock until attracted to the square. Near by in Creswick Road, which was a the end of 1860. The farmers tried to persuade individual coun- main entry for farmers’ carts, Kelly and Preston made agricultural cillors to improve the market by suggesting that they would sell implements. Townsmen were eager to attract rural business; more soda-water (Cr Lewis), more land (Cr Smith) and have more Proctor, the coach-builder, covered the side of the Corn Exchange buildings to plan (Cr Caselli) if they pressed on more rapidly. By with an invitation to buy his carts and carriages. At that end of

eee ee ee

Sl ne See a ell ,L_lc cc eee Te ee ee ty +_f ~~ ; Oe ac CL th ee oer eee es. lt CUE OL ean Me, Ge ee «oT Le Weegee VY e860 0... ive Bo on as fe joe 0 ae et ee FO 1 i (ee a) es Farmers’ wagons at the Ballarat West produce market: the railway station 1s at the top of the picture

——i(iatewerehmhmrmrmhlmrmUmhlUlUmDlLULULUC—OCO—O I eee? a

as oe I ~, oy. a 3 laa 75 NT are one night that in the morning he woke to find himself clad only in

ae iE BA ow.! a \" . I “es o. the ticking er an on matress, me which, the police reported Ps 1 aLIE faecal Tae EL TURAL naire appropriately, he had been stuffed. " (ge A NOE TTif me The muck-raking Star reporter of 1870 failed to mention court

epee eee pA FE DE - LEUR 0 P 2 yy cases like these, although they were numerous. And the respectable

See a a a | =| ie y ' Be. hardly knew what to do about prostitution. The police harried the = \d Z 3 AERA tide EE | ce a. _ brothel-keepers but the “social evil” remained: in the late sixties, all \igeaiea aes ele ee 9 when larrikinism was also under notice, it seemed to be at a peak. a ape CAN Lem (oii : mW Tee : No sooner is one batch of unfortunates disposed of than another a al ee a cans forrerd Nemcomers fom che metropolis and other parts ee gee ey r= | as BG re cee 2/4 '\| a of the colony continually swell the ranks of dissipation and te \.MO aieORBAN : eee . ey IR PO gs 2m || le eka unless is done evil may become even beyond ad eater la Mile 2 oesomething Vi the power of thesoon, policethe to control.?4

ae oe = a. The reservoir of local girls was also very deep. The movement of Cee Te | emer | | parents, the lack of schools and the acute shortage of women put

176 Bonanza

tremendous pressures on the young and unmarried (see p. 146). rance of children in the population. Most social reformers emIn 1860 a father gave information against his twelve-year-old braced positive goals in education and land settlement as warmly daughter who was an incorrigible prostitute, and revealed what as these negatives with which they are more closely identified. the paper called “a fearful system of vice for the inveiglement of | They were ardent Australian nationalists and close to the core of girls of tender years”. Esmond Street had become so bad by 1867 the radical-liberal movement in politics.?8 Besides, alongside the

that residents who had to use it to get to town past “disgraceful extremists of the Rechabite order and the Total Abstinence scenes” petitioned the council to provide an alternative route, and Societies (the first in Victoria was at the Lydiard Street Wesleyan

a change of name for its respectable end.*° Church) there existed moderate, or true “temperance”, societies A special tone of horror was reserved for girls who went to the and many widely spread Bands of Hope. Even a Total Abstinence Chinese camp, for the presence of the Chinese now seemed incon- Society could have lighter moments. After tea one day at Leargruous and unhealthy (see ch. 9). They were inevitably associated month in 1870, the members were entertained by “Yankee Bill”, with the area in decline, and there was greater antipathy than in who cracked jokes and sang his own temperance songs to popular the fifties to their bachelor living conditions. Most European men tunes, followed by campaign speeches, choir items, readings, recihad married and home life was the norm, but the Chinese were tations and the drama of pledge-signing.?° Big crowds were atbachelors, who, whatever their race, would have constituted a tracted to special rallies. In 1860 a woman temperance preacher, grave sexual threat to the rest of society. Their presence down- Mrs Thomas, was so popular that she literally brought down the graded Ballarat East, and many parents, particularly those with house—the Western fire station. When three or four hundred peogirls, were frightened of them and the social groups with whom ple crowded into the building, a beam cracked and the floor gave they were associated. Racial prejudice, linked to class conscious- way.°° Baptists strongly supported the formation of the Y.M.C.A. ness, probably assisted the migration of many families to the West, (in 1860) and Presbyterians were vigorous in the early-closing leaving behind the poorer and more tolerant, who at the Chinese movement, which aimed at relieving the drudgery of long hours New Year, for instance, flocked down Main Street to the Golden worked by shop assistants.3! This democratic position was vital to

Point camp for feasting and firecrackers.*® the aim of self-improvement, as was state-controlled education. Sin inspired the strongest efforts of the Protestant Churches, Although pressing on towards success themselves, and offended by though not so much against prostitution directly as against drink, the profane, the idle and the crude, non-conformists embraced the

the major cause, in their view, of all social ills.* During the 1860s Christian duty of looking after their neighbours and were drunkenness and depravity in the slums of Ballarat East shocked prominent on the committee of the Benevolent Asylum, the most those who had hoped for a better society in the new world. Action _ important and effective of Ballarat’s charities, in which goldfields became urgent and those who cared most about the improvement —_ mateship was allied to traditional charity. Fear of vice and imof morals and the saving of souls found the period one of great providence engendered class-consciousness. This was epitomized

spiritual challenge and excitement. Here was a cause in which by an advertisement inviting working men’s wives to attend a laymen could play a vital part, and it does not seem too much to mothers’ meeting to hear speeches on the benefits of cold water. (It claim that by their response to social dislocation in this period the was of course Wesleyans who gave public drinking fountains in Methodists, in particular, whose numbers grew spectacularly, Ballarat East.)3? shaped Ballarat attitudes as decisively as gold shaped its economy. All denominations became involved in action and debate over Long after the conditions which spawned them had passed, the social and moral issues. In 1866 an interdenominational Bible and

feelings and ideas produced by this struggle remained.?’ Tract Society was formed to attack widespread drunkenness, From the late fifties, temperance became the strongest moral profligacy, licentiousness and agnosticism with God’s message of issue in society, but it should not be considered, as it sometimes hope and damnation. Thomas Learmonth of Ercildoune set it has, to have stemmed merely from kill-joy prudery and wowse- going with a gift of £100 and a promise of £25 annually, but all rism. Because hundreds of pubs, many of them badly conducted, other donors gave only £3.14s between them in 1868.3? Prostitulay in wait for the weak and innocent, there was a desperate tion was tackled with deeds rather than words by the establishsave-life, give-joy aspect of temperance which can best be under- ment of a female refuge in 1867. On its committee women outstood in terms of the troubled condition of society, the desire to numbered men twenty-four to ten and the largest benefactor was build a better community in the new world and the preponde- the Wesleyan James Oddie. In less than two years forty-seven women were given a home, but the old habits of a wild free life * One clergyman, the Reverend J. J. Halley, even advocated legalized prosti- were said to be too strong for the majority—“tempted, deceived

tution. and ruined once themselves now in their turn tempting, deceiving

10 East and West 177

and ruining others, they are the terrible avengers of their sex”. doubt each of these answers expressed part of the truth. And so did Some stayed only a day and twenty-six left within eight months, the editor of the Star, who took a more general view:

but three married and six were established in domestic service. Of

the others, three went mad, two became chronically ill and one The population of a new country has, as ever ybody well knows,

died 34; peculiar dangers as well as of peculiar privileges. It is,_at any rate , ; ; ; here, freed from a host old world wrongs, and possesses Modest achievements like this scarcely altered the situation at priceless rights and powers, but it also has the unsettledness, Ballarat East, so a Ballarat branch of the Society for the Promo- change, and fear of the future, which are so strong [as] to throw tion of Morality was founded in July 1870 (shortly after its parent the mind off its poise and make men “rashly importunate” in

in Melbourne) to combat debasing and profligate habits. The quest of relief.°°

famous Wesleyan missionary Reverend J. J. Watsford was its .

leading light. The date marks a trough in the local economy. While Main Street was decaying and parts of the flat were the Distress would have aggravated licentiousness, intemperance, Social sump of the city, Ballarat West matured rapidly under the swearing, gambling and sabbath desecration, which were ‘to be stimulation of a mining and industrial bonanza that has already tackled through support for relevant institutions such as the been described. Population increased phenomenally from 9264 to female refuge, a servants’ home, “ragged” school and the 24 308 in the ten years from 1861 and had probably reached Y.M.C.A., and by acting as a pressure group. The society took a 27 000 in 1869.°° The city Anthony Trollope admired in 1871 was

moderate stand on alcohol, asking for 11 p.m. rather than mid- built in that decade. The streets of the central business night closing and some tightening of licensing provisions, but area—Lydiard, Armstong, Mair, Sturt and Dana—were never free directed a tirade against the Chinese for using opium in the sys- from scaffolding as shops, hotels, warehouses and offices, in brick tematic induction of young girls into prostitution and young men and bluestone, replaced rough cottages or even solid wooden into gambling (see p. 156).35 To suppress these vices strong mea- __ Structures less than five years old.

sures were suggested which would have eroded the liberties of the Specialized locations were emerging. To the north in Lydiard

Chinese. The Courier angrily commented that betting on Street, near the railway station, there was a cluster of warehouses; racehorses was as bad as Chinese gambling and that alcohol did __ to the south, towards the courthouse, were most of the lawyers’ more damage than opium. Its rival, the Star, took the opposite _ offices; and in the middle, where the first two had been in 1854, an stand; some weeks before the society was formed, the editor at- accumulation of banks. Retail stores were located mainly in Sturt

tacked the Chinese in exactly the terms used later by the society.*® Street, which also had an assembly of brokers near “The In a more positive role these moralists supported the work of the Corner’—the south-east side of Sturt and Lydiard Streets. Town Mission, which began in March 1870, on a foundation laid Coach-builders, produce dealers and saddlers were most numerous

in 1867 by four young men from the Lydiard Street Methodist in Armstrong Street. Cobb’s office and stables, Hepburn and Church, who went singing down Main Street one Sunday evening, Leonard’s saleyards and the corn exchange, temporarily at the daringly held an open-air meeting at the corner of salacious Es- town hall, had attracted many of them to the south in the fifties, mond Street, and then invited people to worship with them in a but even more were later drawn to the north, to the vicinity of the small building near by.?’ They opened the way for the remarkable market square, along Armstrong and Mair Streets. Industry was work of Martin Hosking in the seventies and eighties, in what was also firmly established at the town centre; the first two foundries, essentially a mission from one part of Ballarat to the other. Man- the Victoria and the Phoenix, occupied a whole block between power and finance from the more affluent West were applied tothe |= Armstrong and Doveton Streets, southwards in the direction of the

cancers of the East. No one was optimistic at the time about the mines. Heavily capitalized, they were to remain industrial islands prospects of reform, and there was much heart-searching by edi- in a sea of commerce, challenging the further rationalization of the tors, newspaper correspondents, clerics and laymen. For Ballarat area.*° East cast doubt on colonial achievement. Few could see it and live Almost all the cottages, gardens, tents and vacant land, which content. What had happened to their migrant hopes? Drowned by were numerous except in Lydiard Street in the fifties, had become

drink, the teetotallers cried. Vitiated by lack of parental control, shops by 1865. But rough combustible structures so often said Charles Perry, Anglican bishop of Melbourne. Lost in vice, remained to become a threat to valuable new premises that the wrote William Henderson of St Andrew’s Kirk in Sturt Street, Star called for a building act in 1870.41 The city was seen as an because men had forgotten the sacredness of work and home and incredible mixture, intolerable in an English town of similar size.

because the clergy had failed to support healthy and harmless Expensive brick and stone buildings dated from about recreation. (His was a rare pulpit to favour Sunday relaxation.) No 1859—when the Theatre Royal, Chamber of Commerce and

..r

178 Bonanza

| a —rtr—~—~sr~— is

oe ee

os Ne ee eg bo Oy ae: see, CL. sees we og tans Bs a

f exrode } , ve Bat See PALE SIRS ES | fon i Sx Seateeo™ BO gp or le ; PARK a eSBe pidonSA NON eneo crea \ ee..< |/ Vn ~Raio" tl cay T‘aa e Pare fea acsae oS = SapceRe aeealea aeoadet Wan 4 es ae Pe i esas ay peieare Soe AS i ree a&: 7S eS \ >

ee, moa EE te

é a ;eeace hc 4 : seen P | xee Specieec wee css _ 2 Reage * 2eee ca eoAES ee oe>FsSOAP none cS x5HR 9 ©. AP a, . in the eighties, Ballarat joined the big league of nineteenth-cen- oo . co” - k o x | tury cities in which the joys of intimacy and informality were ee ~ adi ae | . i a being exchanged for those of variety and sophistication. Mage. * . aes ah r —_ This formalization was paralleled in the creation of a new group ip , -oo™. " ‘ a. a Ye, of social institutions such as the local football league, the Ballarat {2aummmCiaS2) (ss nl d fy: Ae pe Club, the Old Colonists’ Society, the School of Mines, numerous | A i ; . F ee re | state schools, a miners’ union, the Town Mission, the South Street a i Nee eth = ee Te rae = mo

Society and the Fine Art Gallery. Added to the more fundamental 8 ‘wreveen Se atte Be

charitable and religious foundations of the fifties and sixties, they rent Les TE SD eens

completed the institutional framework of Ballarat’s life. | oe OUEST

11 Goodbye to Growth 191

ee tion of 1870 or as revised and reprinted in 1887 on F. W. Niven’s iZ- “a famous presses, Withers’s history stressed Ballarat’s continuing

i a achievement. Far from apologizing for an anti-climax in its yo on development, Withers considered that what had happened at

faa Ne a Ballarat between his two editions was a worthy outcome of earlier

y * | mre Ye . | eg! — endeavour and promised an exciting future. The first city in Ause J ; j | ( ; 4 Vee? af iS tralia to possess a genuine history was thus depicted as equally wey ee sf . en, Vi 2 aH proud of its past and present. Because so much consolidation had

.- fog Gyr f a mY qe been possible, lack of population growth, which ensured that

Age TF ” , } - d ~\ oN ee! former achievements would be proudly remembered, did not vu es f gg yy / / : a \ eee «. bring pessimism. Old men could point with pride and reassurance Ro tt A’ « MEQ. Be to times when “croakers” had prophesied incorrectly that Ballarat a ll ATA _ a. | Feaeeee = and its gold were finished. They were such keen torch-bearers for

n Os Y P, i | ws ne we the momentous days of their youth that in 1896 they formed an vi " cae i le “a ‘ti, “ eee ce Historical Records Society to ensure the preservation of the

og alt Sy Poo . et , " iz documents from which Ballarat’s history might be further

# we ee i. — O d die, Ballarat’s history was one of the great nuggets of British The last of the tribe: a postscript to progress— “King Billy” shortly before experience. As he grew older, his feeling for it deepened. He comhis death in 1896. He had spent his last years wandering about Ercildoune, missioned portraits of dozens of his fellow migrants and became

Burrumbeet and Learmonth, and his last night under a hedge near the almost belligerently nationalist. In old age he pestered the news-

Burrumbeet station. His dog, which drew attention to his plight, papers with reminiscences containing violent criticisms of the accompanied him to the Ballarat Hospital and was inconsolable when he officials who had thwarted the democracy at Eureka-time. The died. He was given a public funeral and the Historical Records Society, fiftieth anniversary of the Stockade, in 1904, touched off a trail like

helped by the A.N.A., erected a memorial over his grave gunpowder in his mind. Neutral, as far as can be determined, in 1854, he seems to have acquired his venom through hindsight and as part of the radical-liberal tradition he had helped to build.° That historical consciousness, by which a marriage of myth and philanthropy, they established a tradition of public spiritedness reality was consummated, was one of the most powerful influences

through fetes and festivals, gifts of statuary and the establishment of the period. The idea that the luckiest town in the world had of parks and playing-fields. Ballarat was proud of its achievement, been their creation, that its spirit was their spirit, was the most

and that pride was reinforced by W. B. Withers’s remarkable persuasive notion passed on by the pioneers to succeeding History of Ballarat in which the extraordinary growth of the city, the generations. flowering of its cultural life and the strength of its democratic and * This was, as far as can be established, the first historical society in Australia, self-help traditions were emphasized. Whether in the original edi- and, from its aims, one of the most enlightened.

12 Minin ining 1870-1900

In the central area of Ballarat during this period the yield of Gold Yield Ballarat, Central Division, alluvial gold fell dramatically from 620 375 oz in the seventies to Quartz and Alluvial, 1870-1899

67 954 oz in the eighties and 23 026 oz in the nineties. The final 1870-9 1880-9 1890-9

desultory attack on Ballarat’s alluvial treasure-house was made by (oz) (oz) (oz)

Chinamen, small co-operatives, and old men and boys. There was 1870 164 130 1880 123 586 1890-92013

some relief from quartz. Over 100 000 oz came from the stampers 1 166 290 1 110299 1 102 847

in each of the years 1881 and 1891. But the old lottery had not 2 141 131 2 99 654 2 91 921 been abolished. Even in quartz, which brought stability elsewhere, 3 79 361 3. 61 996 3. 89 210 Ballarat’s deposits were tantalizing.! 4 69.930 4 94 308 4 83 610 These uncertainties are expressed in the table showing that total 9 60 982 2 99 249 I 69 245 gold production from alluvial and quartz rose to peaks in 1871, 7 54 655 7 63.498 4 79 48] 1880 and 1891 and fell into deep troughs in between. In the 8 46 248 8 66038 8 72594 nineties, however, stimulated by the depression, gold production 9 65 469 fe) 86 926 9 69 459

; ,; ; 6 31 299 6 54 288 6 75 849

was steadier. That decade yielded 826 277 oz compared with ; 773 765 oz in the eighties and 899 095 oz in the seventies. Mining oe 173 76° pep eel

was still central to Ballarat’s economy and was by far the largest employer of labour, despite the fact that only half as many miners _ Kingston in the early seventies and at Bald Hills in the eighties.

(2500) were at work in 1895 as in 1871 (5120).? One Ballarat-dominated syndicate bought the Seven Hills Estate Some of these fluctuations were cushioned by investments — of 6000 acres for £36 000 and let the mining rights for a royalty of

(stemming from the boom of the sixties) in mines throughout 714% of the gold recovered.* They also invested in the mines. Australia and New Zealand.° For instance when Victorian mining — About half the shares in the Madame Berry, the queen of the area,

revived in 1880, Ballarat benefited greatly from its earlier risk- were in Ballarat hands. Edward Morey and Martin Loughlin (two taking, which was naturally strongest close to home. It seems likely —_ of the Seven Hills syndicate) each took 1000.5

that over half the capital in the Ballarat mining district came from The company was formed in October 1878, prospected central Ballarat, where most of the companies had their officesand __ efficiently with one of the first diamond drills in the country, where their shares were traded. Good news from such fields as started its Ballarat-made machinery in April 1880 and hauled up a Clunes, Creswick, Daylesford, Egerton, Smythesdale and Steiglitz, fortune. There had been nothing like it since the Band of Hope. or from St Arnaud and Stawell, just outside the district, were often £250 shares in the Seven Hills Estate leapt to £700, and by the received more joyfully at Ballarat than in the locality. Thus, alth- end of 1880 Madame Berry shares, paid to 11s 9d, were fetching ough Ballarat lost population, especially miners, in the seventies, £8 6s. Dividends eventually reached £855 452, and as that was

its Income was not cut proportionately and was sustained by the nearly £47 10s per share, Morey and Loughlin each collected

great stability of district production. about £47 500.°

District alluvials delighted Ballarat investors. Deep leads were * M. Loughlin, W. Bailey, E. C. Moore, J. A. Chalk, R. Orr, D. Ham, E. Morey,

discovered under prosperous farmlands between Creswick and H. Gore. 192

12 Mining 1870-1900 193

A new mining town at Allendale, a mile or two from Kingston, _ing this tremendous flow of water just where the shaft timbers met was now thronged with miners and their families, whose migration bedrock, and sinking continued deep into the bedrock to come up

(with their houses) from Sebastopol had been the saddest con- under the wash. Six more years passed before there was a little sequence of the downswing in the seventies at Ballarat. Pubs and good news—a few ounces of gold. Then water took over again and shops had been abandoned, along with cats, goats, cows and geese, the search for a westward extension of Ballarat’s leads was aban-

which roamed grass-covered pavements and forlorn home sites. doned. Even at the end of the century, after a programme of The boom of the sixties and the crisis that followed distributed diamond-drilling by the Department of Mines, the direction and Ballarat miners across Eastern Australia.’ A local investor on a trip potential of the drainage system was not fully understood.'°

north in 1880 met them all the way up to Cape York. By 1900 Water dealt another, and probably its heaviest, blow in the thousands had taken Ballarat techniques and attitudes to mining __ seventies. When most of the great alluvial mines of the Sebastopol

towns like Charters Towers, Broken Hill, Coolgardie and Kal- plateau exhausted their frontages and ceased pumping, an imgoorlie, in all of which Ballarat machinery and Ballarat invest- possible burden was placed on those remaining. Soon only two

ment were prominent.*°® were left. The New Year 1876 was greeted pessimistically. Statistics suggest that the mining industry was hopelessly un- | Hundreds more miners were having to leave the area, and many economic. If the gold product for each year is divided by the storekeepers faced ruin. In 1877 the gold yield fell even more number of miners, it appears that the best average (by central heavily and the number of Ballarat miners declined at a rate that Ballarat quartz miners in 1881) was only £160 per miner, whereas —_ would leave none by 1884. Yet an attempt to finance a drainage the general expenses of running a mine were over £200 per miner. tunnel for the whole plateau was a failure, just as a co-operative

In years like 1876 and 1878 in quartz, when the average per miner project for Canadian Gully and the White Horse Ranges had was only £80, shareholders and tributors carried a huge burden. fallen flat in 1871. And despite Ballarat’s influence on the Berry The best alluvial year was 1870 ( £150 per miner) and the worst — ministry, a proposal to float a government loan of £50000 to 1882 (£64). In the district as a whole the figures are comparable, finance the undertaking foundered in parliament in 1878.!! except that alluvial mining did not fall so low; the minimum was The trouble was that the exploitation of Ballarat’s treasure trove £112 per miner in 1896. It is clear that overall the diggings did not — was conducted like a game of blind man’s buff. The emphasis on

offer even the normal wages they had in the early years.° spectacular rather than steady returns, the piecemeal, small-comWhat, then, explains the energy with which mining was pur- _ pany activity, the failure of miners to keep records of the strata sued? The sarne old gamble, the same lottery had men firmly inits they encountered, and the secrecy of managers and company grip. he maddest days ever on the Ballarat stock exchanges directors about the exact nature of their finds made systematic followed the discovery of an extraordinary patch of relatively exploration and overall appraisal of the field very difficult. Miners shallow reef-wash in 1880 in the Hurdsfield Freehold Company’s __ were proud of being practical men. They scoffed at departmental

claim at Ballarat West. But quite apart from the rewards, the _ statistics, regulations and geological maps as being respectively

challenge of the landscape was irresistible. useless, unnecessary and unrealistic, without acknowledging their E] Dorado still lay westward, although some experts believed — own responsibility for the gambling tradition of Victorian mining.

that the main body of gold had already been found at Sebastopol, Twenty years hard labour had calloused their minds as well as to the south. The westerly view was probably favoured because it _ their hands, and the vicious circle continued. A scientific approach implied a much greater length of unworked gutter and therefore a was hindered by lack of funds and information, so practical men more spectacular future for Ballarat. Three companies in par- made all the discoveries and further discredited geologists. !? ticular, the City of Ballarat, Winter’s Freehold and Bonshaw, put Yet gold reserves were never harder to assess than at Ballarat. their money on this theory and joined the half-drowned Great —_‘ The quartz formations at Ballarat East posed just as tough a riddle North-West in the gamble of the day. In the mid-seventies, the _ as the direction of the main lead. Harry Stacpoole explains in Gold normally prosaic divisional mining surveyor spoke of the City of at Ballarat that important lodes existed within the folds of two Ballarat (on the Inkerman lead since 1871) as carrying the hopes of anticlines about a hundred yards apart on a general line through the whole community. But years went by and the company was the outcrops at Black Hill and Sovereign Hill. The easterly or First not in the gutter. It had five boilers, four engines and eight pumps Chance Anticline, which harboured far more gold, had stocked lifting up to 2,800 gallons a minute but was still in difficulty. Then, —_ jewellers’ shops on such famous leads as the Old Gravel Pits, Red

in 1876, a new manager, T. H. Thompson, succeeded in contain- Hill, Red Streak, Canadian and Prince Regent. Some of this * In Western Australia the investment was not so large. Younger men went and quartz, in huge masses called leatherjackets (eventually found in

they tended to send money back to Ballarat. series beneath each other along west-dipping faults), had been

194 Consolidation

encountered while the leads were being worked and was returned stance, before the Llanberris near Poverty Point and the United to later, but despite rewarding patches, it proved disastrous in the Black Hill beneath that beleagured eminence, had proved it in the sixties, although later to prove the most productive of all Ballarat’s leatherjacket lodes within their claims. The Llanberris was transquartz formations. Quite distinct from these, but regularly spaced formed from a struggling mine to a regular dividend payer, but the

between them in the vertical plane, were “flat makes” of quartz, Sovereign mine missed out and was closed down in 1877.'6 formed across nearly upright layers of slate and sandstone a little Numerous companies prospered. Some were able to include in to the east of the axis of the leatherjackets and quite outdoing them their crushings the otherwise unpayable portions of the reefs and

; .; , 13

in the splendour of the gold they sometimes held. Sometimes was the were therefore responsible for the huge crushings but low returns catch. ‘They were very thin and unpredictable—for a while nuggety enough to dazzle Croesus, then suddenly barren or cracked owin the pubs 6 long by movements 1870, rainers were shaking their Location of quartz mines at Ballarat East, the northern portion of the field

heads, as they had for ten years, over this elusive quartz, and some : 1900 scale OF Fei bee 2090 cursed the Mines Department for its armchair approach. Because ee ee ee THE INDICATOR CApprezimare Only) .

the famous street had fallen on bad times, they hoped for an ee sept SULIEMAN | PASHA (LINE

injection new prejudice life throughinmining. faces men brightened in | | re. airret| 1871 andoftheir favourSo oftheir practical was strength, aaa ened by the news that Morgan Llewellynin onhis Black Hill Flatmine and | iG thirteen-year-old Ted Tinworth father’s atiePrince

y

Regent’s Gully had noticed that the flat makes of quartz were ue ys

gold-bearing only when associated with certain dark bands of | Ve | y slate. Fountain and party at the head of Sailors’ Gully had already : On | ‘a made quartz mining more popular by winning in three months ‘ th KK 600 oz of nuggets and fine gold from 100 tons of quartz. If such wi Zats pockets could be predicted, there was hope for the field. Tinworth : | . tells how he was able to locate nuggety sections of the reef from | ° ‘fs “ined. three small black slates standing up like fingers in association with ° Crarate

athat very thin pyritic seam. Inof‘the magic ofrock creation, those Welcome . Lrctorie eighth-of-an-inch sheet sulphurous seem to haveslates calledand wan_sr fern, WONG sf i

the gold out of solution. Many splendid nuggets had been born in ° | cate

their presence as well as all the most exciting deposits of the ia : wi mining reporter said, just before the discovery became general \ when” ee knowledge, there had to be reef gold in the White Horse Ranges, we | ree

Canadian line. Here was the key to new wealth. As the Star’s gnigce ST — ainaaia ome for no range in the world had given rise to such leads.'*

The Tinworths developed their mine themselves simply by fol- JX | quitY lowing the “indicator” slates, as Llewellyn called them, at a slight . \ | rae incline from one level to the next, meeting new veins about every fi mt :

payable portions of reef. When they sold out in 1909, they had od aN ave Lfan dw

90 feet.860 This vast and uncertain labour forfoaoe reached feetcut andout hadthe unearthed 30 000 oz of gold, someof of driving it in > 5 ee? AS » lumps weighing up to 350 oz, which in the days before they = c\ [8 purchased their own battery were knocked off the quartz on their ° | ,

kitchen floor. Their mine was always an unpretentious one, : yo"

engine battery were fopencer). worked by aand windlass 150 feet, then a purchased.!° whim to 250 feet, when an OMe Past } qe } The discovery oftothe indicator stimulated quartz mining nednely | tremendously, though not instantly. It was some years, for in- mts : ws.

12 Mining 1870-1900 195

that characterized Ballarat. Capital from Melbourne, Sydney and __ time as the alluvial. It is nevertheless extraordinary that the posEngland was invested in some of these ventures. More typical of sibility of extensive reefs under the plateau came as a surprise. Ballarat however were hundreds of miners in at least fifty small | How, but by crossing a reef, could the Golden Point gutter for

parties, many on tribute to the owners of unexplored leases, who instance have become suddenly so bountiful as in the Band of flocked to the White Horse Ranges to join in the game of followthe | Hope mine? Once grasped, the idea brought a boom in block indicator. In the late seventies and well into the eighties, these, not claims. Prospectors were out with compasses linking known ore the larger concerns, were supplying the main effort. Newspaper __ bodies along the general north-south line.?! The Band of Hope accounts give a Brueghelish picture of concentrated activity with and Albion Consols, the amalgamation of two famous alluvial primitive equipment. The men of the Main Street pubs had — companies, set the excitement going in 1879 when, after two years probably been joined by footloose miners from Sebastopol. They exploration, it located the source of its former wealth and crushed

swarmed over abandoned workings with no heavier equipment stone averaging over an ounce to the ton from what came to be than windlass, whip and whim—and more muscle than horse- _ known as the Consols line. This was success on the edge of failure. power at that.!? They did no better than in the alluvial days. As = The directors and the manager, R. M. Serjeant, had been keeping the Star reported, “many are toiling hard for very scanty returns; the mine going out of their own pockets. Then the shareholders’ many, however, are earning a fair living, and some are not only __ pockets began to burst from a 50% dividend and, more important

getting good returns, but are looking forward with joyous an- for Ballarat, a very efficient plant was erected. Serjeant’s inventicipation to the rich treasures which they hope to realise at no __ tiveness and the skill of the Phoenix Foundry combined to set distant day”’.’® Among the latter was a party on seven acres at standards which made a visit to the mine, even for an expert, Mount Clear, who were thought to have aclaim worth asmuchas _—_ something like a visit to a national exhibition.*?

Ercildoune station. They washed a dishful of magnificent The western quartz was not broken like the indicator belt, but

specimens for the journalist to see.!9 was barren at times like the leatherjackets. It contained gold only With all this activity giving economies of scale to the small man, when enlarged irregularly and in association with the lowest of the

quartz was a far better proposition for him thanit had beeninthe |= accompanying layers of black slates, if they were dipping sixties.* From 13s a load in 1868 the cost of cartage and crushing — westward. Several lines were eventually distinguished. The Guidhad fallen to 5s in 1880. In the last quarter of 1879 10 304 tons of _—_ing Star, worked with great relish by the Star of the East Company

quartz out of a total of 46 814 tons were crushed by rival public from 1886, was quite distinct from the Consols line—often called batteries like James’s, Myers’s and Pearce’s. Once poorer stone was the Township line because it had been worked vigorously in the payable, mining became more extensive and some parties bought _fifties within Ballarat’s surveyed grid.?°

machinery of their own. These were the forerunners of larger Before the Band and Albion began, only the Burra Burra, New mines that were inevitable as the depth of sinking increased, but} Koh-i-noor and Smith’s Freehold had been working quartz. until it did, working miners were given a final fling at Ballarat’s | Shortly after its success a line of claims almost three miles long had

co-operative ideal. Until they were out of their depth and failed or been established south past Sebastopol and northwards into the sought amalgamation, the small size of their leases protected them township where early one morning a “gallant adventurer” even from capitalist interference. And even on a small lease, as we have __ pegged out Sturt Street and adjacent land near Dawson Street. By

seen, a skilfully run partnership like Tinworth’s, working the in- May 1880 R. M. Serjeant had a claim beyond and under the lake

dicator, could equip itself and carry on for decades.*° and F. M. Claxton was at the showgrounds: the Australasian Large companies worked almost as haphazardly under the ba- Sketcher reported that for nine miles the land was bristling with salt in Ballarat’s other mining world. While the going was good pegs and posts. Pioneers prospected in their memories for the they raided the gutters; only when water overtook them or nothing location of early surface finds. Hardly a mine started without a remained did they turn to quartz. A more integrated operation brave ceremony of turning the first sod at some boggy or windswould have saved hundreds of thousands of pounds, but they were wept site, followed by a celebration at a friendly pub, where an prisoners of the frontage approach. While following the valleys old-timer usually spoke of his harvest from the very spot they had they were unlikely to strike any reefs and even if they did their chosen.?# frontage claims were at risk if they worked the quartz at the same Past and present came together with special meaning in a community already very conscious of its history and very relieved and * An imaginarive Suggestion, never Pinte practice, was made PY R. M. proud, after the miserable seventies, of the promise of a second Serjeant in 1880. He wanted to let out dhe White Horse Ranges a sprcied depth fueure, It was noted in 1880 that W. B. Withers, the historian, had

ton up to 8 dwt. prophesied in 1870 that Ballarat would experience a great quartz

go . . . ae ee .

196 Consolidation

, - i : ‘ “ ome oe a — ee aioe a coi 7 7 ap

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ie “y . 3 ae a A ¥ on oa. wae > *% ‘aid

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‘a .a SP eee esom ty . ened . * “.awe % ta :ge ve, §ag . . . ee - Teeee * *Fe *. dig OeBe Sry ~Se eke 9 a oo a ia * “no‘a * . a : oar’ OEE 8,—oe ge. ie~4 ——. Ballarat’s most economical quartz mine, the Black Hill Company, in 1894 (for the same mine in 1860 see p. 90)

and often whole communities, moved with them, keeping alive the along the way. And the depression of the nineties set them going mood of “rushing” that had been so strong in the surface alluvial = once more.

days. They found themselves incipient nomads. As the editor of Yet the miners who were left in Ballarat at the end of the the Star observed in 1870, ‘““What we want, is more of the fixed century, after commerce, industry, agriculture and distant mines enterprise which a determination to live and die in a selected place —_— had claimed their dividends, were probably experienced older

is so apt to develop. Up to the present day the old feeling of | men, happy to stay put at last with £2 5s a week, which was more restlessness is upon us. A rush and then a rush and then another than labourers but less than artisans were earning. They had had rush.”°+ They were still rushing in 1880—to the White Horse their fling at independence and that had carried Ballarat through Ranges or the Ballarat West quartz, where memories met them all the troubled seventies when as tributors or self-employed they had

204 Consolidation

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210 Consolidation

Then there was a slump until 1887, followed by a recovery that with English worsteds, and little sense in adding to the Geelong took the workforce to a nineteenth-century peak of 3005 in 1889. output of tweeds, so flannels, shirtings and blankets were made. Within those two years the size and power of factories was greatly After four years the Courter was not optimistic. Then a new manincreased; their numbers grew by 22%, their workforce by 40% and ager from England began a long period of prosperity. In 1880 the the horsepower they employed by 60%. In the nineties the relative mill employed 105 people and sold cloth in Melbourne and Sydstability noticed earlier was reflected in further rises in horsepower ney as well as in the district. Economies were achieved by using and only a moderate cut-back of factories and employees. An local wool, and the firm was confident enough to undertake its own interesting development during factory expansion in the seventies fellmongering and to put out a higher grade of cloth. The market was the greater employment of women; female numbers rose 42%, was obviously satisfactory. One of the company’s former managers

against 26% for males, despite the fact that the dress and food opened a rival factory, later incorporated as the Doveton Woollen

industries did not increase their proportion of the workforce.’ Company, in 1877. He employed about forty hands and made The triple coincidence of factory growth, railway expansion and reasonable profits.'°

falling population at central Ballarat suggests that the hinterland The spectacular success of a limited number of firms and the market was vital to industrial advancement. The railway con- narrowing of opportunities for small producers distinguished this struction gangs alone were like townships without industries of period from the earlier “melting -pot” phase. A distant market their own, and foodstuffs and consumer goods such as bacon, favoured larger-scale, more systematic production. Few new conbiscuits, drinks, confectionery, footwear, clothing and ironmon- cerns appeared. One of them, the Warrenheip Brewery showed gery were in strong demand in all new areas. Boot-making, for however that technical and entrepreneurial skills were still instance, one of Ballarat’s notable industries, depended upon a rewarded. The proprietor was an American, Kenna, who for large supply of feet, especially labouring feet. Production was twenty years had been head brewer for Magill and Coghlan. He highly organized, almost on assembly-line principles in the early began on his own in 1888 with an excellent plant using water from

seventies, and at times the two firms that dominated it each em- the celebrated Warrenheip springs. Soon drinkers at Stawell, ployed over a hundred people.? Whitten and Son expanded Beaufort, Gordon, Newlyn and Dean as well as at Ballarat and confidently as the railways brought new markets, and they also Sebastopol were enjoying his brew.!! made good sales in Melbourne and Bendigo. They gained an Economies of scale and more sophisticated products, achieved advantage from their proximity to excellent tanneries associated with expensive machinery, became increasingly significant in the with the Ballarat livestock market. The cartage of soil for rail- larger, more impersonal market of the railway age. Progressive, way-building, and of wheat from farm to siding, gave further established businesses flourished. A glance inside their premises opportunities to coach-builders like Aldred, McCartney and indicated their superiority. At F. W. Niven’s works the various Proctor. On the other hand, apart from the custom of squatters, processes and stages of printing were segregated. Large steam their industry probably depended less upon the country than the presses hissed and clanked in the basement beside gas-propelled city, where a wealthier community stepped up orders for all kinds lithograph machines, whilst upstairs in the art department, for of vehicles. Photographs show them crowding the streets.” which the firm was famous, skilled craftsmen used intricate tools By a stroke of luck, a woollen mill, begun in 1872 as a means of and the newly invented process of photo-lithography to produce keeping population in the city, was rewarded with extensive new billheads, book illustrations, posters, sheet music and colourful markets a few years later. James Main and Andrew Anderson, its jam labels. As Withers boasted in the beautifully illustrated second keenest sponsors, were not looking for large profits when they edition of his History of Ballarat, which Niven produced in 1887, the launched the idea in 1871. Shareholders were canvassed mainly in book itself was a triumph of Ballarat enterprise and technology. In terms of preserving their existing investments at Ballarat, with the lithography Niven was still a pace-setter for the colony. He emresult that their occupations were not only as varied as in mining ployed forty-five hands whose wages amounted to £10 000 per companies but also included a veritable Ballarat ‘““Who’s Who”. In year.!? Even so, James “Lolly” Long, the Wesleyan confectionery

Janurary 1872, after a careful look at the market and at their two and biscuit-maker, twice mayor of Ballarat East, had a more Geelong competitors, the directors decided to proceed, and the impressive factory. It had been enlarged again and again in red foundation-stone of a handsome factory designed by H. R. Caselli brick and stucco. In 1890, just after a burst of building, it was was laid at Sunny Corner six months later. Production began in equipped with large, endless-belt and revolving tray ovens and an June 1873, but the firm was plagued for a time by misman- array of other mechanical equipment. Long, who had captured agement, by a lack of skilled labour, and by doubts about the best markets all over Victoria, was admired as a most considerate and type of fabric to manufacture. There was little hope of competing progressive employer.! In this he was perhaps typical, for among

13 Railway Centre 211

#

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eer *.§ee . eeme . y eebos : . a —— 4 aenll ae eePe ee i a ca

| — ae

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POD i remem Be ERceae= iptlyNtel Me ogpe IN EE eS Co a AE a 3oe Feecg is eelai teaS re a ek go osOe ee ae 4Saree nani ae yeeK eyoan a ae ee” a ee ee MM ee PO porte, Pr a a BRS Ey etl eaten ait eo ae Sisco arte sagaaetaciatt mn oR 2 SSO SSNS LO areee iat wo. OE oS eer eS el ae Pe ats ee ieee Peer eae eS a :a iSe i iaears if iantag ee ck se Se Ec RO en ee ee ee ee ee le ae oe AON ge eae «die hing soa amine RE re ace tg Oa a se a A , ee cee Gy ec ae,tee, tele am ereOG MNaM Cea ere CreR Ss eh eaeneeai AEE A eene One Munro’s works, Alfredton, 1866

bd 3 by] >

and almost 1 million in 1890.3 The expansion gave great oppor- _— and a great volume of repairs and conversions. He had a branch at tunities to Ballarat’s implement-makers. They had an advantage — Charlton by that date.%°

in skills, capital and scale of production over smaller competitors Munro was unusual in keeping to a broad range of products. within the new districts and benefited from their proximity to Only D. B. Macaw (with 50 employees) and Dingle and Laverick, Ballarat’s other metal and transport equipment industries. And two Munro men who set up on their own in 1883, seem to have the problem of repairs, partly solved by railway extension, was done as much general work. Kelly and Preston, with 50 hands further eased by the virtual mass production of interchangeable | made mostly double-furrow ploughs. They dominated local parts, following the methods adopted earlier by John Gibb and __ ploughing matches and in 1890 exhibited the first treble-furrow b]

James Smith.3’? The Star was sure that by 1883 Murtoa, Horsham, __ plough in the district. McDowell concentrated on strippers, James

Ararat, Rupanyup, Stawell and Charlton, some of them over a Smith on fixed equipment (horseworks, chaff-cutters, hay-presses, hundred miles away, were as much part of Ballarat’s hinterland as bag-elevators), and from 1889 John Abrahams turned out nothing Smeaton and Ballan. Customers were also found at Echuca, Ben- but windmills, the tallest structures on the plains. Like Cowley’s alla and towns in New South Wales and South Australia, for by water tanks and Macaw’s boring tools, they were an indispensable

py bd bf >

1890 Munro’s machines had earned an interstate reputation. In technical accompaniment to the closer settlement of the dry 1889, with a staff of 60-70, growing to 100 in the summer, Munro _ country.°% produced 35 harvesters, 50 strippers, 30 winnowers, 20 reapers and Extensive wheat-growing stimulated interest in the invention of

binders, 60 chaff-cutters, 40 horseworks, 40 ploughs and man a perfect harvester. Although a big advance, the reaper and binder smaller items besides the 50 railway wagons already mentioned of the late seventies could not reduce costs enough to offset the

13 Railway Centre 217

heavy charges of transporting grain to Europe, the largest market. | makers were better off than other metal-workers in the early ninAnd there was still an acute seasonal labour shortage. Existing __ eties. Cut-back elsewhere, cultivation in the Mallee, its scrub sub-

methods required a double handling of the crop either by — dued by huge rollers and stump-jump ploughs, leapt from 74 000 inflammatory threshing machines (after reaping and binding) or __ to 268 000 acres between 1890 and 1894. Yet the farmers, affected back-breaking hand winnowers (after stripping). Several dealers __ by low prices, heavy establishment costs and a plague of rabbits,

imported Canadian and American machines (notably the — were probably unable to invest in expensive items like harvesters, McCormick “‘harvester’—a reaper and binder), but there was still | which cost about £100. It was not until 1895-96, as the economy plenty of room for improvement. The government offered £1000 __ in general picked up, that a reconstituted McKay company began for a successful invention and the talk of every implement works __ to reap its due reward.* The zippy little machines reduced har-

was of fortunes still to be made.*° vesting costs to less than 1s an acre. In three months from June

The new age favoured entrepreneurs and inventors, among 1896 over a hundred orders worth £10 000 were received, and by whom was a genius, Hugh Victor McKay, a boy from the country 1897 the Sunshine Harvester was bagging crops throughout easaround Bendigo. During the 1880s, by trial and error, at first in a tern Australia. An agreement with the Johnson Harvester Comprimitive smithy on his father’s farm, McKay refined an originally pany brought large orders from Narrandera in New South Wales. clumsy but effective combination of a stripper and winnower into In 1898 about 200 machines were shipped interstate from Geelong, a light, strong, simple machine that delivered grain in bags for and Ballarat was becoming famous for a product other than gold. carting direct from the paddock. It cut harvesting costs to pieces, An operation which had begun with a man, a boy and a horse had and its success released in McKay new energies and feelings. He transformed agriculture, said the Star, “from a weary drudgery decided to handle his invention himself and sell it to farmers right into a healthy, attractive and profitable employment”’. Production across the land. In that case, where better to set up in business than techniques were also transformed. McKay built a single product to at Ballarat, on the threshold of a grain-growing region and among uniform specifications. He guaranteed interchangeable parts and established works making strippers and winnowers. His first com- provided an excellent after-sales service. He drove his employees mercial machines were apparently made at Melbourne in 1885, hard and insisted upon high standards of workmanship. And he but soon after that he subcontracted production, mainly to Balla- was so successful that his Ballarat location was in jeopardy. Rail rat firms, and set up an office and workshop in Dawson Street freights favoured through traffic between Melbourne and the dis-

North. But the days of rapid growth by plough-back were past; tant parts of the colony so that being in Ballarat was less of an agricultural expansion was slowing down. After two years, despite advantage for Wimmera and Mallee trade than a disadvantage for a good reputation, McKay’s “Sunshine Harvester” was making sales in northern areas and for export interstate.*?

little headway against established machines and skilful, en- Melbourne’s merchants and manufacturers, sitting like spiders trenched competitors like Munro. Capital was needed. So the at the centre of Victoria’s railway fan, threatened Ballarat’s future McKay Harvesting Machinery Company was formed in August as a regional centre. Especially in the eighties, when metropolitan 1890, with a capital of £20000 in £1 shares of which McKay expansion was the phenomenon of the decade, Melbourne’s comreceived 3000 fully paid. Richard Nicholas of Ballarat, described mercial and financial dominance, its employment attractions for as a machinery expert, who took 2000 shares paid to 5s, was the migrants and country people, and the resulting economies of scale

only other large shareholder. The rest, including William Little in industry, made it the enemy of all country towns.*? Almost (finance agent and several times mayor of Ballarat) and John three-quarters of Victoria’s increased population between 1881 Permewan (of Permewan-Wright, the carriers), held parcels of | and 1891 was located in Melbourne, which enlarged its share of 100-300 shares. Farmers predominated, but merchants, carriers the colony’s population from 33% to 43% during the decade and and machinery dealers were also numerous. The majority lived in added immensely to its manufacturing muscle. The logic of that the Ballarat district (38-4%) and the Wimmera (37%) with the rest central location sucked Ballarat’s life-blood. Steinfeld’s furniture, mainly at Bendigo (9-6%), Melbourne, the Mallee and New South Rowlands’ drinks, Sutton’s music and hundreds of young men and

Wales (each 41%) Residents of the Ballarat district (55-3%) and women were drawn there by opportunities denied them in stable the Wimmera (32 -4%) held most of the shares. The McKay family Ballarat. Inexorably the capital became more influential. For full had 20%. Yet after an initial profit the company had to be wound efficiency, for instance, major railway repair and construction up; of the £10610 that had been subscribed, only £2740 was shops should have been located at the hub of the system. Yet what

recovered. I'wo-thirds of the 1893 stock of harvesters had been left

unsold.4! Thetoarea theacres, Malleethen under the plough between 1894 and 1896 from ; ; 268*000 524of000 slowed to 574 doubled 000 in 1898 and accelerated again to This setback was only temporary. On the whole, implement- 727 000 in 1900. In 1898 the Wimmera was just back to its 1890 level.

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218 Consolidation

WN (“fa tn teeCO OOOe ee ar Feot ewreBS | —rrtr—”r—~—~———C“ | —rti“‘“—~—™—OOCOCOCOCOC ,

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14 Golden City 223

contents of their hampers, which ranged from “the sumptuous _he had a fleet of five paddle-wheelers, capable of carrying 690 display of fowls, wines and fancy pastry” to “corned-beef sand- _— passengers, and in 1890 Ivey built a double-decker, the Garden wiches and ginger pop”. Everyone came, but wealth defined City—to add to his Ballarat, Prince Consort, Golden City, Queen and different levels of experience, especially on the water. There was a Princess. When traffic became so heavy that collisions occurred,

great gap between racing yachts and private punts and between and when rivalry among captains led to dangerous racing, the punts and hired rowing boats, which waved their oars about Ballarat West council passed a nautical by-law.!? “like distressed beetles”. Some people could scarcely afford a three- The prestige of the lake, as well as the amount of capital inpenny ride on a steamer, and one group of tiny Ballarat East vested in steamers and other craft, ensured that the fiasco of 1869, children seemed to find grass strange and enchanting. Theirelder — when it dried up, would not be repeated. Public funds were brothers were possibly among the larrikins who regularly terro- mobilized and adequate water levels were maintained. Reeds then rized Sunday School parties, for, although the lake and gardens _ became the major problem, and Claxton was said to have them on were public, as a middle-class concept and a Ballarat West pre- the brain. Reaping machines and various weird devices pulled by

serve they helped to define privilege and breed resentment.!° horses and steamers were tried, but nothing replaced laborious Vandals often broke into boat-sheds, stole boats for a row or sail, hand-cutting, costing up to £500 a year.'!? Perhaps that was to the and then sank them.!! In this sense Gill’s and Ivey’s steamers were benefit of fishermen, whose sport remained first-class. Between

probably a democratic safety-valve. Gill did so well that by 1887 3.30 and 7.00 a.m. one November morning in 1880 an angler

AS ,

The lake from View Point, c. 1880

ey RGU ST Oe ae ee ae ee ee ee Te Cee ah: Mee Wee ca sers rn re x awe peat ST y i othe HANSA > i. pug”:oo “lacalieaill - Y a te f Es ee “ dtdee : “ ale. a :coda peter eeehe.‘ ;,: ae

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Nig. 45 °

224 Consolidation

> ae = ge SG : Re be =

eh’ oS aa? eo eo See] 7. i Cee ee ee Se RES para ae ee 8a TO

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xo | . " . $y. ne a4 ee ‘ i *
» a A an ann, neceettnaenetan . = Balin — * On this occasion it praised James Oddie, who had just returned from abroad,

- for the priceless example he had given to other wealthy citizens. It hoped they a ar: ‘“ ee _ eemenemmmmmanaas — would take the ae, hint to act like Carnegies or Astors and use their wealth public-

The Flight from Pompeit spiritedly during their own lifetimes.

14 Golden City 227

movements as are special to Ballarat have been initiated by one

or two persons, who have been loyally supported by public opinion and interest. Considering how regularly the metropolis deprives us of our men of wealth and leisure, we have made a

very creditable show in our public institutions owing, in a great ‘Sapte ON,

measure, to some men who, having amassed wealth here, have aaa — the good old Ballarat spirit to spend some of their superfluity for , —_—_

the benefit of the town. If the successful men of the metropolis a q

showed proportionate generosity and public spiritedness, the 3 —— Victorian capital would be “Marvellous Melbourne” indeed... ee a surely marks a that verythe desirable development thatbecome the most Tam. 7 . fn) famousitgoldfield world has known should thea— Qe ow

statues’, and pictures.?° we F

“city of trees”, and then achieve a nobler title still, the “city of Ln : y

The reference to pictures was occasioned by the opening of a a. | ,

permanent art gallery in Lydiard Street in 1890. Largely James iM a? a Oddie’s benefaction, the gallery developed from an exhibition of d _

paintings he subsidized at the City Hall in June 1884, just after the te | first statues had been placed in the gardens. Rather than confine , Ww the display, as was originally intended and as was traditional at q ra ia numerous exhibitions in the seventies, to local art students, the Re i committee decided to invite art collectors and Melbourne artists to al ,

exhibit in order to stimulate public interest and improve taste. . — Within weeks a gallery committee had been enrolled, and a few i months later, thanks to Sir W. J. Clarke, it had found a home for j

its mainly borrowed collection on the first floor of the Academy of Music.?° The first stage of a permanent gallery, an elegant build-

ing with the finest staircase in the city, was completed in 1890; the | architects were T'appin, Gilbert and Dennehy and the cost about £6000. The Victorian government gave a superb site and about £4000 in cash, which the locals more than doubled. The result was

not, as so often happened with colonial institutions, just a build- . ing. Pictures worth over £5000 were either given or purchased and

almost as many again were on extended loan. Oddie guaranteed £3000 in debentures, paid the secretary’s salary for at least the first

six years and gave cash and paintings, including a superb von Guerard of Ballarat Flat, 1854, and twenty-four portraits (by the local artist T. Price) of Ballarat’s pioneers. He was putting into practice his view that a man’s money should be used for good James Oddie, the great benefactor works during his own lifetime. Among his chief supporters on an illustrious committee were Bishop Thornton (Church of England),

Thomas Stoddart, Sir William Clarke and the secretary J. A.

Powell.*’ Thus, until Ballarat’s insularity had been broken down and her Powell was chiefly responsible for articulating the gallery’s citizens exposed to the best in painting and sculpture as well as philosophy. In a series of lectures to the committee in 1886 he technical education, there could be no secure industrial future. expounded a theory of art culture, which embraced both utilitar- But, besides the utilitarian aspect, Powell pointed to the civilizing ian and romantic traditions. His point of departure was the eclipse power of art. Historical paintings, he thought, represented the of British manufactures by better-designed Continental products, highest moral virtues—evoking heroism and civic strength that which were the result of widespread love of, and education in, art. enabled men to grapple with evil and provide for posterity. More

228 Consolidation

cheerful homes would result and youth would be kept from the qualities. Without the gallery, his great influence on the most pubs. It was the prime duty of each generation to pass on “‘the rich famous of the Lindsays, Lionel and Norman, would have been legacy of a cultivated taste”, and as art was a divinely implanted, much reduced.?! instinctive response to beauty, their collection must contain only A growing collection and the need for space for the art school the best. Powell concluded by suggesting three social objectives as brought pressure for extensions before the gallery was three inducements to donors: first to provide a worthy memorial of the months old, and a warm public response led to moves for Sunday Queen’s silver anniversary (1887), secondly to crown the efforts of | opening. Asin Melbourne, this was debated hotly in the press and the pioneers, and thirdly to commit the native-born to a civilized in committee. For a month in the Courter “J. M.” and “Vox Spiri-

existence. He could hardly have hit upon a trilogy of aims that tus” threw the scriptures at each other, and when James Oddie, came closer to expressing the civic aspiration of Ballarat’s middle devout Wesleyan though he was, not only announced that he

class.?8 would vote for opening but also remarked from the chair at the The Ballarat Fine Art Gallery was opened on 13 June 1890 by annual meeting that there seemed to be more superstition in

Alfred Deakin, the chief secretary, who was appropriately an art religion than in the fine aris, the Reverend Dr Cairns, a Presbytelover and an admirer of Ballarat. Speeches and editorials hailed rian, objected strongly.*? He was, incidentally, in 1890, the only

the event, which inspired further gifts of paintings. Martin non-conformist minister on a committee studded with senior Loughlin cabled from England to say that he had purchased three clergy of the Roman Catholic and Anglican Churches.?? The landscapes, costing £3000, by Vicat Cole, W. B. Leader and R. A. absence of Wesleyan ministers, so numerous in other improving Graham, who were among the best contemporary artists in the activities, is significant. It suggests that the people most involved in British landscape tradition; and the Roman Catholic bishop pre- the gallery were not simply those with new wealth seeking prestige sented a large copy of one of Michelangelo’s Sistine Chapel fres- but those who had been aware of art before their migration and coes, the Creation of Man.”° These pictures met Powell’s criteria of | who sought to provide an institution comparable to those from

good taste, and the gallery might well have become a tiny echo of | which they had benefited themselves. Sunday opening was Europe if Oddie, the president, had not evinced a considerable achieved and so were large extensions. Besides a subsidy for the art national and local pride, from which, it seems likely, the gallery’s school, the government offered a grant of £10 000 to the gallery, interest in Australian art began. By 1890 the collection included a recognition of provincial needs repeated shortly afterwards at

fifty-one portraits of Ballarat’s pioneers and various goldfields Bendigo. Alas, the depression came and no money changed landscapes. Oddie was so committed to the preservation and hands.** recording of Ballarat’s history that in 1895 he contacted the widow However strong the gallery’s educational role it could not rival the of John King, the trooper who had seized the rebel flag at Eureka, mutual improvement societies, which emerged when the native-

and secured that precious relic for the gallery.*°° Local art born grew too old for primary school and Sunday school. One at students were encouraged by the foundation of a gallery school, least (at the Lydiard Street Wesleyan church) was formed in the and the annual exhibition by amateurs in December 1890 at- sixties and many were flourishing by 1880.%° In the absence of state tracted 130 works by 37 painters among whom was one P. (Percy) secondary education, they assisted personal advancement but, as Lindsay, the eldest of that extraordinary Creswick family, to in Britain, were mainly promoted as agents of “citizenship” and whose works an entire section of the gallery is now devoted. Percy, “enlightenment”. One interesting point is that two of the four a pupil of Walter Withers, no doubt exhibited one of the charming strongest societies were in Ballarat East, at St Paul’s Anglican and

little bush landscapes he was painting at the time. His grand- Barkly Street Methodist churches. At Ballarat West the outfather, Thomas Williams, a retired Methodist minister with a standing societies were at the Roman Catholic and Lydiard Street talent for and love of art, introduced the older Lindsay children to Methodist churches. All ran programmes emphasizing “‘mental the gallery in just the way Powell had hoped it would be used. culture” through debates, readings and impromptu speeches, but Mary Lindsay remembered her grandfather’s excitement at the the inclusion of girls gave the Protestant societies, which were gallery’s acquisition of Solomon J. Solomon’s Ajax and Cassandra. obviously middle class like the church membership itself, a He took everyone he could to see it and lectured them on its fine different tone from the Catholic. The most popular attracted about eighty members to weekly meetings.*°® * It has now been washed, backed and mounted and is displayed in a glass case No single reason can be given for the relative weakness of Proon the west wall of the stairwell where the prime minister, Gough Whitlam, testant societies at Ballarat West, except that political and civic

vikon down by Trocmen King Reagh hasdling aad o d age howe vie ch he rather than moral questions were paramount in that very lively

quality of mid-twentieth-century art. electorate, which spawned two of Ballarat’s most important insti-

14 Golden City 229

tutions, the Australian Natives Association and the South Street __ by the Liedertafel, of which W. D. Hill was secretary. The Courier Society. They were secular improvement societies. The members __ believed that one secret of the society’s success was its choice of of the Ballarat A.N.A., which was formed in 1874, to quite an —_—s judges whose awards commanded respect. One by-product of that

extent as a benefit society, viewed themselves as the inheritors of | was a stimulus to extend the competition! For instance George the pioneers, undergoing training to take over the burden of Peake, the musical adjudicator of 1898, envisaged the growth of a colonial leadership. Indeed in genesis and attitudes the A.N.A. national festival, the equivalent of world-famous Bayreuth. That owed much to the idealistic nationalism of the migrant generation. no such development occurred was chiefly a sign of the heartiness They spoke frequently—and especially with reference to land _ rather than sophistication of colonial life, but it was also evidence settlement—of “the pioneers of this colony and their children” and _ of the real democracy of South Street, expressing a grass-roots supported a fund to provide a pension for James Esmond, the __ taste.*® Victorian gold-discoverer. They favoured votes for women, What explains these initiatives? It seems important to refer back strongly supported the early closing of shops and frequently to the idea of Ballarat as a melting-pot in which British culture was debated topics such as the importance of Eureka, the design of an reinterpreted, with the qualification that in this case it was not so Australian flag, and above all federation, which they made their — much migrants as native-born who supplied the energy and ideas. cause, building at Ballarat upon a sentiment that had been strong South Street’s M.I.A. base ensured an emphasis on youth and even in the fifties. With a rare broad-mindedness in the name of — “mental improvement”. While Oddie, Claxton and others were the nation, they welcomed men of every religious and political setting the seal to their idea of the city as a place of beauty, the stance. And although few Irish Catholics joined, there was a young were eager for action and debate. Examples are not proof,

healthy number of the sons of European migrants—whose but James Scullin, the silver-tongued orator, who became daughters, by the way, were not in evidence. Unlike the religious Australia’s prime minister in 1929, learnt to debate at South Mutual Improvement Associations, the A.N.A. was entirely mas- Street, as one of a group of labour men working out their ideas culine. Unlike them, too, with its federalist focus, it moved rapidly within its walls. Another radical, J. W. Kirton, was nurtured by to a state-wide organization, in which Ballarat men were promin- _local youth groups. Kirton acknowledged the incalculable benefit ent, but it aroused in the Melbourne of the eighties the antipathy he and other successful young men had gained from membership

rather than the co-operation of the older generation.?’ of the Lydiard Street Methodist M.I.A. Elected M.L.A. for BallaAt South Street, near the elbow of Skipton Street, the arm of rat West in 1889, he found a political base at South Street and Ballarat’s extension into Sebastopol, a flourishing secular im- — in the A.N.A., of which he was president in 1890. He was also viceprovement society emerged in 1879 from the efforts of half-a-dozen _ president in 1890 of a temperance society, the Blue Ribbon Union,

enthusiastic youths and their adult leader, W. D. Hill. Concen- — and was a worthy successor, because of his civic pride and faith trating on the public questions of the day—a lively period in in democracy to W. B. Humffray, W. C. Smith, John James and Victorian politics—the South Street Debating Society became R. T. Vale. The warmth and power of youth was also evident in famous.* In 1882 its members were instrumental in forming a R. E. Williams, the Ballarat-born editor of the Courter.*°

Ballarat and District M.I.A. Union, like a football league, to run The social character of the city has so far been identified debating competitions, which were not however a success at that _ through the citizens’ view of themselves. But it is possible to give time. In 1886 the society began to build its own hall in Skipton _ Ballarat an additional title, “City of Song”, which was not claimed Street and by 1900 had spent £2000 on furniture, books and the _for it but was probably as accurate as “City of Trees” and more building itself, which contained a good library and a free read- _— deeply felt than “City of Statues”. A lady, newly arrived from

ing-room. Most of the money came from annual competitions Adelaide in 1884, saw it that way:

which the society revived on its own behalf in 1890 and has

continued to this day. Beginning with 200 entrants in 1890, the I like the Ballarat people as far as I know them, to all appeacompetitions drew 1250 in 1898, when they overflowed into the rance they are a cheerful, industrious virtuous community . . .

Academy of Music and Mechanics Institute. Competitors came, or they evidently love music and flowers—literature, painting, architecture and sculpture are nowhere as you may suppose.*

sent essays and stories, from all over Victoria and from other colonies. They sang, played instruments, recited, debated and _ She confessed to the dissipation of going in the same week to an made set speeches. After a few years the programme included choral items in the tradition begun by the Welsh and encouraged

* The writer’s architectural taste might be questioned. Her failure to notice the

*Its name at first seems to have been the Ballarat Young Men’s General statuary in the gardens can be put down to her recent arrival. Stoddart’s gift was in

Debating Society. position in May 1884 and she was writing in November.

230 Consolidation

ae Music was universal. On Sundays the Fire Brigade or the City Poa! Band often played at a rotunda in Sturt Street, and or athundreds the lake or ms ISeegardens. Turner’s schoolchildren sang superbly of a f F scholars made up the larger Sunday School choirs. No one thought os | * of raising funds for charity, holding a break-up, a Sunday-school & " on : yg or lodge anniversary, opening a hospital or organizing a tealaa - meeting without a concert, or having a sporting dinner unless = = , ; | din songs were interspersed among the speeches. The influence of the

al oo! = Welsh was pervasive. They were always eager to sing and their

; So : 4 Ballarat eisteddfods, unique in Victoria in the eighties, were held ea { we 4+ annually on St David’s Day, encouraging choral, solo voice and : e ie at 4 instrumental performance and providing the framework for the : a al even more successful South Street competitions. *? 4 , . .| i Yet, other traditions were strong. There were no Welsh names

- 7 — among the officials of the choral societies. The Liedertafel, an

: 4 | f John ethnic amalgam, absorbed and continued the work of the German 2-”\| aiiiRob Krantz, A. A.The Brunn, Scandinavian, had own | yb SA. $0 LeLieder “concert hall” and and band. Irishacould also sing, or sohis it seems John Robson from a newspaper report that the cells of the police station, “full as usual on a Sunday night”, gave off the sound of female voices

mainly singing hymns, but breaking occasionally into “The Wearing of the Green”’.*9

organ recital after church, an amateur sacred concert and a Ballarat’s Harmonic Society began a _ general colonial splendid professional violinist, the Hungarian Eduard Remenzi. movement away from oratorio. By 1869, like the Melbourne Philharmonic, it could only make sacred music pay at Christmas

This is a great place for musical societies of all sorts, there are and Easter. So the society changed to opera and filled the several amateur bands, a lieder tafel, choral societies etc. etc., capacious Alfred Hall with performances of Ernani, The Bohemian

and sometimes there are two or three concerts in the same Girl. La § hula. L a Borei d Il Trovatore. This inspired evening. The Salvation Army is popular... I think that the love 1) AG SONNGINOUNT, UV OAE DAGTE AINE LE * TOOTING. IS SPIE

of music is at the root of its success... It gives the untrained an _—‘ the Melbourne Society to follow suit, at first by borrowing the

opportunity of trying to produce a melody.*° goldfields society’s expensive imported music and some of its soloists. In explaining the ascendancy of opera, the Star considered

These observations help to make sense of the prominence of mu- its orchestration more satisfying both to the cultivated and unsical items in the South Street competitions. No doubt that reflects cultivated ear—it was richer, lighter, more picturesque and with-

the influence of W. D. Hill. But there was also John Robson’s dual drew the mind for a while from business cares. The Ballarat role as president of St Paul’s Mutual Improvement Association Harmonic Society claimed that the introduction of opera was and conductor of the Liedertafel, and A. T. Turner’s as state- without precedent, not only in the colony but in Britain. And school music teacher, composer, arranger and conductor. William the Star, although uncertain about that claim, boasted that the Little, the estate agent, who was mayor of the City in 1890, was the choruses were performed with a fullness and effect seldom attained

Oddie of music, giving time and money to its advancement. He even in the principal opera houses of Europe. Despite a rapid brought the Victorian Symphony Orchestra from Melbourne to turnover of members, music was so generally cultivated that the give a concert instead of the usual mayoral ball in 1890, and that society had no trouble finding singers.**

inspired a “return” (by the Liedertafel) from those gleeful ra- As in most places, cultivation of high-brow music brought distepayers to whom music was a delight, and dancing either a bore appointments. The Harmonic Society became defunct in 1875 or the snare of the devil. What other mayor and what other city in and when revived in 1880 lost Turner, its conductor, within the Australia had the same priorities? The Little family gave public year. In 1890 the Liedertafel, then ten years old and heavily in performances of chamber music for piano, two violins, viola and debt, despite 500 subscribers (at £1 each), revived two of the cello, and Mrs Little (also an organist) performed a piano concerto original Harmonic Society’s operas as fund-raising ventures. This

with the Victorian orchestra on one of its visits to Ballarat.*! failed, but the society (or music) was so well regarded that a

14 Golden City 231

citizens’ committee liquidated the debt.*° For these amateur per- _ able. The piano was indispensable in a middle-class, home-loving formances the dress circle was usually empty. It tended to fill (but — society that made its own fun through singing and dancing. R. H.

the cheaper seats remained vacant) for touring companies, who Sutton stocked twenty-two makes of piano, every other kind of sang a mixture of operatic excerpts and popular songs, and for instrument and piles of sheet music at his Sturt Street shop, and international celebrities like the soprano Carlotta Patti, who gave made and repaired instruments at a factory in Main Street. He two concerts in 1880, and the Strauss Band, brought out for the responded vigorously in the seventies to the keen competition of a Melbourne Exhibition in the same year.*® Evidently there were — newcomer, J. (“Music for the Million”) Harrison, whose range of two audiences which only Gilbert and Sullivan could regularly —_ pianos however stopped at eighteen. Furniture dealer Steinfeld bring together. In 1880 H.M.S. Pinafore, played for the first time at also sold pianos, and Summerscales, a stationer, invaded the

Ballarat, captured the stalls as well as the circle. It was pitched sheet-music field.°° For these men music was money. On the perfectly for local taste. “Musically speaking’’, said the Star, ‘‘no strength of his Ballarat success, Sutton set up in Melbourne in the

1 : ie 47 . oe .

greater treat has ever been offered to Ballarat people.” booming eighties and made a fortune. Most private schools listed music as an extra subject, and the number of music teachers It is a distinct and wonderful advance on the degraded taste of | advertising their skill jumped from three to seven in the 1870s.

the present day, and we may reasonably hope that it is the Drama was not as pervasive or as respectable as song, and the precursor of a new era in the comic opera, in which the best of _ only true theatre, built in 1875, was called the Academy of Music.*

fun is wed to the best of music. Burlesque and comedy were dominant, for, as one critic pointed

The degraded taste the paper referred to was the delight shown b out, emotional drama was not bre table at Ballarat 5 copie uked

the st me and vit in he ', trical staple of the t 8 . , romance and sensation with copious stage effects and impressive K a k nap ‘. ne meaty he staple ott 4 theme heck sO make-up. The great success of 1880 (apart from Pinafore) was Our sin b y cand & singers, who accompanied themselves on Boys, a J. H. Byron play that made the audience laugh more than

oni an an dock, th -cal life of the city. § they had for years. It proved the turning-point for the Willis

r 1tICs iscussed only par t ° t © musical tle ol the city. street Combination Company who had arrived in June for an indetermusic, an ancient ran traction, abies on day in, day out, but minate season and were so successful that they went right through or gan-grindet san ¢ ack v10 Nn nh playing * str cet cor ners, slip to Christmas. Their repertoire was based on Boucicault and By-

into 4s shadows O ie he hon wan fos apout vr, ih Cs- ron, but as they became accepted they branched out into Shaketricks repertoire revea ; that the nn a p, of ort “1880 by speare, recent London successes, several American plays and (to

eers’ to the popularity of with Piafore in ,;setting, ; . ; , called , are Pband , PoPelse Yresponded , at PYevening finish with) a topical pantomime, a Ballarat playing little performances outside the Mechanics . ; ; _* or , ;stronger Aurifera. They to switch their plays about at a few days Institute. Even objections to theseemed jangling of able the famous ; ; . ; notice and rarely repeated them more than once. Normally such Alfred Bells show that, without trained ringers, the great peal at companies staved about th. but th i

; ; wo-night stands . , ; ; . r ditti n es—i r m r known

the Ballarat West Town Hall was a liability.*® But that comes as a two P ht t ‘ “th ol 3 that h ‘ d 7 t re leted OM bon or

surprise, for music seems to have been one of the strongest pastimes 5 " el P ays wnat nae Jus elec P ‘ MOI ORT of Ballarat society. Everyone sang, and the piano was the arn O"Nitties ax 1 ole ° he wiet ete on kn, songs

equivalent of the mid-twentieth-century radiogram. It reigned PoP devi Jones vency a owe 3s

; ; S -room eded.

unchallenged in home entertainment until the nineties when vaudeville by the end of the century. As with music If was rare lor Edison’s phonograph, the scratchy ancestor of Hi Fi, but a miracle tandine-room be needed?!

ae ao: ,; the whole house to be full, and only once or twice a year would

to contemporaries, made its appearance. The power of the S ;

medium was caught by Williams in the Courier: In 1890 Robbery under Arms (it was followed by Marvellous Mel-

bourne) nearly achieved that feat; long before the performance,

What Mr. Gladstone says or Madame Melba sings today they | Crowds were turned away from the stalls and pit.°* A good may go on Saying or singing to other ears than ours until the very sprinkling in the dress circle was considered very satisfactory.

“crack of doom’’.*9

* The great days of the theatre were the 1850s. Only the Theatre Royal was

Whata pity, he added, that no machine was present to record the open in the sixties. Later it was converted into shops, having been pushed out of

Serhe Mon business by Street, the Academy which Hotel. Sir W. Clarke including built andmany thenoflet, in Lydiard mon the Mount. opposite Craig’s A J. company, Ballarat’s best-

Pianos were of course a status symbol; they stood proudly in known citizens, leased it for a time—until they found their “improving” ideas . unprofitable. Why Clarke built it is a nice question. The Theatre Royal is said homes where no member of the family could play. But let the ever to have paid. (Defunct Trading Companies Files, no. 332, P.R.O.; Star, 1 Feb. fingers of a visitor strike up a tune and that house became hospit- 1870, p. 2, 8 June 1875, pp. 2-3.)

232 Consolidation

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aS ad Oe la i es ce Democrats, but frequently men of culture and ambition: S | pee 4 i Ps portraits of Ballarat mining representatives, “ae Bae MB Cla es 8 1896; many of them were pioneers of the fifties

ll ee ee

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> PO & |

he was a powerful member, to improve the disgraceful condition of Not far west from this spot lve the remains.of some of the diggers who fell in the soldiers’ graves and cause these words by Withers to be written the courageous but mis-directed endeavour to secure the Sreedom which soon

on marble: after came in the form of manhood suffrage and constitutional government.®

In this place... were buried the remains of the British soldiers . . . who It is not surprising, then, that in 1884, when a memorial was fell or fatally aggrieved wounded ... in brave devotion dutythey ... whilst ;;; .dead - suggested the stockade which hadtowhat been reserved since attacking a band offor diggerssite, in arms against regarded

as a tyrannous administration. 1869, most people wanted to forget all about the insurrection.

Subscriptions came in very slowly. An ardent minority believed

Nor is that all. Below the soldiers’ epitaph another is written: that the rebels were the true loyalists, but it was balanced by

le i en i i Se a er oe ee Mi i ee es ee, ee fs a ee i eee oo i: en. - aa ’

15 Foundation-stone of Empire and Nation 253

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Peace at last: a crowded Alfred Hall

heavy, vacant, chaw-bacon-looking English. This was evidence and its love of freedom.* And at separate services, except Roman that Australians were the best of Britons and national pride could = Catholic, individual churches swelled the theme.?7 Archdeacon

fly no higher than that.?° Tucker at St Paul’s Church of England, Ballarat East, summed up

ry yors

These were not isolated expressions of chauvinism. When the — most strongly the imperial theme on which Ballarat’s self-image fiftieth anniversary of the discovery of gold at Ballarat was cele- was based: brated in September 1901 the major preoccupation of commentators was with their achievement as Britons. A combined church There was an implicit criticism of Roman Catholics and the Irish. The Balla ; ; _ a rat establishment, who organized these occasions, accepted the Orange Lodge view service was accompanied by a pageant eulogizing the British race that Rome set fetters on liberty of mind and thus on all freedom.

. . . eae . . P 2 JA, ; . . . 29 ; ° . >)

258 Consolidation

[The discoverers] came in obedience to that imperial instinct leman, athlete, rifle shot, fine drill and a bitter foe to humbug and which drives men of British blood to fulfil, more than any other pretence .. . he could take his place in conviviality with even the race, the original command to replenish the earth, and subdue youngest of his team.’’?! The practical man, the man’s man, adIt, discovering new lands, unveiling the hidden treasures of the mired on the goldfields, stands out from that description. And the

earth, making the wilderness to laugh with harvests, and filling desire to be effective la behind the popularity of Set Major

the face of the earth with cities. But the special purpose of their w y PoP y on est wa)

coming was to find that royal metal in which inspired prophets Brenchley, a British regular, whom Williams describes as “every have seen the right symbol of divine glory and human faithful- inch a soldier” and “our greatest gift”. “We used to chase off to ness and which the Creator has buried in the earth that it may drill for the sheer pleasure of it. The nip he put into manoeuvres give to men a perpetual challenge to seek it, and, in seeking it, to has never been lost.”’°* The spirit of the Australian Imperial Force

undergo those firm endurances which put iron into the blood.’ was being born. And Williams’s preoccupation with the officers and N.C.O.s, despite his sympathy for the men, provides an im-

oom ron 4 ne piood f° Ten in the foe the a a all step, taken portant insight. The officers were professional and managerial

with great pride. but one inal comment on that pride 1s necessary. men of all religious denominations. They included John Garbutt Constant references by locals who visited Britain, concerning a and A. A. Buley, the headmasters of Ballarat and Grenville Col great ignorance and, what was worse, an apathy there about leges, whose pupils were predominant among the younger officers,

Victoria, bred the kind of resentment that ensured that the T. Holding. a well-known state-school teacher. William Hender-

lonials Welco welcomed War as an ofopportunity prove their cotonials Ppor ¥the topBoer son, the minister St Andrew’sto Kirk, three sonsS|of;Lalor’s Irish

.‘)9

mettle as well as their loyalty. They had inherited the whole lieutenants Lynch and Hayes, J. T. Sleep, Ballarat’s leading

sora , .

paraphernalia of European national rivalry. jeweller, A. M. Greenfield, a wealthy produce merchant, and bank Vet th Br; a. Despite its derivative institut; managers, stockbrokers, municipal councillors, the editor of the et they were a new pritannia. espite its derivative Institutions Courier, and the town clerk of Ballarat East.33 Most were in a and customs, the society and its experiences were very different position to project a compelling image of the force. As part-time

on perain .: wae oers that greeted Robert Rede in ran (P. soldiers, who made sacrifices to serve, they shared Greenfield’s

), W en he paraded with a Punkey, are one measure ol eman- desire to get things done, and respected the men’s hatred of being

cipation. Another is the spirit of the Militia.* mucked about. Williams put it like this: They were lively and successful, especially after 1884, when they

were reconstituted under a new defence act and gained many The soul of soldiering does not lie, as a rather popular illusion young officers.*Even that, despite a heavyprocedures loading of ex- reads chad propre 4 Suppose, 1n solely: a main'y ‘i, iuaarity og!before oe witn technical carelully elaborated drill DOOKs; It goldfields commissioners, with British army backgrounds and up- lies principally “1 the spontaneity verve. resolution and per-class attitudes, the Ballarat Rangers were democratic enough effectiveness with which any given number of men subordinate to attract men like R. E. Williams, who followed a British radical individualism in order to co-operate sufficiently to overcome the ideal by joining a people’s army. Williams, the unit’s historian, common enemy ... Officers, commissioned and non-commis-

wrote, sioned, are the active disciplinary agencies, exercising, operating and directing the natural and acquired qualities, powers and I served in the old Rangers, a ranker, for two years. My principal resources of soldiers.34 recollections of it are the soldierliness of Major Greenfield, the weight of the knapsack, the kick of the muzzle loading Enfield, Here the ideal of co-operation, so deeply implanted at Ballarat, the thrill of “forming to receive cavalry,” and the beastly way was a vital force. Although often of a different social status, the the old busby (it had a red plume to it) used, ona wet day, to officers were not remote. They dared not presume. An event in the

guide the rain down the back of one’s neck. early nineties symbolizes the independence of the men. Pay was

, ;disbandment , late, so they did not in fall in3rd when ordered and were disciplined a After enrolled (Ballarat) Battalion of Pa h h th he; Pby Th; “ye: . , young he officer, whothesent them away without their money. 1S

the Militia,; ;topped a colonial officers’demonstration course (two comrades were aor , . ; . incited a public of contempt

for a staff sergeant-

second and third among thirty candidates) and was commissioned major, who was considered responsible for the hold-up. They

in 1885. It; eeis danced significant that his beauthe ideal ofHours an officer, A. M.Ballarat’s —_ , ; , ring-a-rosy Eight Monument, Greenfield, combined character,around talentradical and humility: “A gent; , ; ,; trysting-place, all the while chanting their desire to hang the Sarnt-Major on a sour-apple tree. They were court-martialled * Under the Volunteer system, in force until 1884, they were called the Ballarat Rangers. Then they became the 3rd Battalion until reconstituted the 7th Aus- and dismissed but later were re-enrolled. It was felt that an out-

tralian Infantry Regiment in 1903. sider had caused the trouble. Williams was contemptuous of staff

meA aOe ge ie cet aeCoe tksoeeee So ae eerrs—s—C:=sCi“ 2 eSOe ee eae ie ea

15 Foundation-stone of Empire and Nation 259

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St ee & 3e ee hw Sy ONoe Sigyee § BEL ERPS TERE SOY ER oe SNC ee. “a oe .erae Star, 6 Jan. 1860, p. 4.

> Two of the shops she sketched are recorded on Main Road Frontages, °° Ballarat East Rate Book. Block T, Lots 11, 12, occupied by M. Tartakover and W. Polkenhorn *® Victorian Review, | Mar. 1861, p. 161. respectively. It seems likely that she took refuge in Muir Bros store *’ Ballarat East Rate Book, 1860.

(Block S, Lot 9). Gill’s sketches were also dated 1855. 38 Forward, Sequel to Diary, M.L.; an undated petition, apparently of

® Letter Book Road Engineer, Geelong-Ballarat Road, 26 Mar. 1855, this period, containing signatures of shopkeepers protesting against P.R.O.; Sherard to Chief Sec., 31 Aug. 1855, 13 Sept. 1855 (including Chinese competition, B.A. enclosures of 31 Aug., 11, 13 Sept.). Another reason for the sales was the °° Victorian Review, 1 Mar. 1861, p. 161.

problem of the road itself. After expensive improvements, including #0 The surnames on the purchased allotments of Main Street indicate the

planking, two special constables were sworn in to protect the nationalities. In 1858 45 out of 440 names appear to be foreign; Census of

government’s investment, Sherard to Chief Sec., 10 July 1856. Victoria, 1857.

’ The maps were signed in May and June and the plans lithographed on *! Eberle, Diary; Cronquist, p. 44; Lyng, Scandinavians in Australia, New 24 Oct. 1856; Surv.-Gen. to Chief Sec., 28 Oct. 1856; Times, 7 Nov. Zealand and the Western Pacific, p. 54.

1856, p. 1. #2 Map compiled from the surveys of mining surveyors Davidson, Fitz-

8 Road Eng. to Insp.-Gen. Roads, | Apr. 1857, filed with and replying to patrick and Cowan and the plans in the Surveyor-General’s Office by J. Sherard to Chief Sec., 12 Feb. 1857; Select Committee, Legislative Assembly Brache, 21 Oct. 1861, Ballarat Municipal Library; Defunct Trading of Victoria, Ballarat Gas Company Bill, 1857, evidence of W. C. Smith, qs Companies Files, no. 45; Eberle, Diary.

119-21. *3 Cronquist, p. 22; Forward, op. cit.

° Victorran Review, 1 Mar. 1861, pp. 161-2. #4 Ballarat East Minutes, 14 Aug., 30 Nov. 1857.

'© Chairman, Municipality of Ballarat East, to Chief Sec., 8 Oct. 1857, *° See ch. 5, n. 58.

and minuted reply by Archibald Michie, attorney-general. *® Anderson, The Colonial Minstrel, pp. 22-6.

'' Ballarat East Minutes, passim, but esp. 16 June 1857, 23 July 1858, 19 *” Bagot, p. 206; Serle, The Golden Age, p. 363.

July 1859, 18 Oct. 1859, 22 Nov. 1859. *8 Dunstan, Knockers, pp. 287-9; Heritage Publications, Lola Montez, pp. 12 Tbid., 7 Dec. 1858. 66-73; Eberle, Diary, ch. 7. 'S For Road Engineer and Sherard letters, see n. 8. *9 Serle, p. 270.

14 Tbid.; Star, 27 Aug., 19 Oct. 1860, p. 2. °° Star, 3 Apr., p. 3. 15 Ballarat Gas Company Bill, 1857, evidence of W. C. Smith, q. 118; >! Ballarat East Minutes, 9, 10 June 1857. Withers, The History of Ballarat, p. 282. 52 Star, 16 May 1860, p. 2.

'® Lithograph Book, p. 22. There was great relief in 1860 when a sludge °3 On 15 Dec. 1857, the Ballarat East council set up a committee to take

channel was completed (Star, 9 Apr., p. 2). measures to prevent fire and a special meeting of the council followed

\7 Cronquist, Vandringar-Australien 1857-1859, pp. 58-9. on 30 Dec. But no by-law was passed until 16 Feb. 1859, revised 18 Oct.

'8 Lithograph Book, passim. 1859. '9 Cronquist, p. 23. 4 Star, 20 Dec. 1880; The Eastern Fire Brigade approached the council for

20 The Ballarat West analysis comes from the municipal rate book. financial assistance in June 1857 and was granted £150, Ballarat East

*! Records in possession of Eyres Brothers of Sturt Street. Minutes, 18, 23 June.

*2'The information for this paragraph is drawn from the Main Road °° Sherard to Chief Sec., 10 July, 7 Dec.; Star, 12 May 1860, p. 4, letter Frontages, Lithograph Book, the drawings of F. Cogné (see n. 25); from W. Robinson. advertisements in the 7zmes and Star; Gay, Some Ballarat Pioneers; Pro- °° Eberle, Diary. spectus, The Ballarat Prospecting Association, Established 1858, Charles °7 Ballarat East Minutes, 16 Feb., 30 Aug. 1859, 11, 18 Oct. 1859.

Boyd, Practical Printer, Main Road, File 3752, P.R.O. For Henry °8 Ibid., 8, 15 Nov., 20 Dec. 1859. Farley, see Ballarat Gas Company Bill, q. 59; Roberts, Scrapbook, °9 Thid., 20 Apr. 1858.

reminiscences of W. B. Withers, 1888, S.L.V. 6° The Star linked fire and flood in commenting in 1871 that the Royal 23 In order the dates are 15 Nov., p. 3, 1 Jan., p. 4, 4 May, p. 1, 1 Jan., p.1, Mail Hotel had stood unscathed through all the igneous epoch of 4 May, p.1,2 Apr., p. 1, 1 Jan., p. 1, 1 Jan., p. 4, 1 Mar., p. 1, 17 Dec., p. Ballarat and had also suffered little by flood, 14 June, p. 2, 1 Apr., p. 2.

3, 15 Nov., p. 1, 17 Dec., p. 3. For statements about constant flooding, Star, 9 Apr. 1860, p. 2, 9 Oct.

*4 Ballarat East Minutes, 24 Mar., 21 Dec. 1858; Star, 24 Feb. 1860, p. 2, 1860, p. 2.

13 Mar. 1860, p. 3. 6! Eberle, Diary; Star, 4 June 1901, p. 2, Rodier’s obituary.

25 Cogné and Deutsch produced at least a dozen lithographs. Copies are 6? Sherard to Col. Sec., 22 Dec. 1855. held by the Ballarat Municipal Library, the Ballarat Historical Society °° Star, 27 Apr., p. 2, 8 Oct., p. 2, 11 Dec., p. 2.

the La Trobe Library. 64 Eyres Brothers records; Ballarat West Rate Books; Star, 20 Jan. 1860, p. 26andML. 4 (Evans Bros), 9 Mar. 1860, p. 3 (Plank Rd Church), 12 Nov. 1860, p. 3 7 Ballarat East Minutes, 19, 30 Nov. 1857; Ballarat Gas Company Bull, q. (Colonial Bank).

118. 6> Insolvency Court Papers, George Woodgate, no. 854, 28 Jan. 1862,

Notes 283

1864. 32, Notman, Out of the Past, p. 29.

Edward Cantor, no. 1253, July 1863, Thomas Ellis, no. 1490, 22 Sept. 31 Star, 9 Feb. 1870, p. 2; Powell, The Public Lands of Australia Felix, p. 161.

66 The amusements column of the Star contains the sad story. 33.25 Dec., p. 3. 67 Star, 16 May 1860, p. 2, 12 July 1860, p. 2, 24 July 1860, p. 3, 24 Sept. 34 pp. 178-9.

1860, p. 2; Ballarat West Minutes, 18 July, 1 Aug. 1860. 35 Map of country lands, parish of Warrenheip, Surplice, Webster and Burr, surveyors, 31 Dec. 1858, Lithograph Book, Ballarat East, B.A.

7 Sj faofCja City 36 37 Powell, pp.1868, 82, 106, inews Star, 11 Jan. p. 2, 18127-8. Oct. 1870, p. 2.

pr., p. 2.

' Census of Victoria, 1871. Made up of Ballarat West, 24 308, Ballarat East, 38 Star, 28 Nov. 1870, p. 2.

16 397, Sebastopol, 6496, Total, 47 021. 39 Star, 25 Jan. 1868, p. 3., 17 Feb. 1860, p. 4, 21 Apr. 1871, p. 2, 27 Dec.

2 Ballarat Star, 28 Dec. 1871, p. 2; Trollope, Australia and New Zealand, pp. 1870, p. 3, 9 Mar. 1868, p. 2.

263-4, 270. 40 After the rail came, the pressure from Adelaide grain was felt strongly

> The problem of statistics of gold production has already been men- and that probably assisted the change (prompted also by climate and tioned (ch. 5, n. 52). The figures given here are taken from Withers to soil exhaustion) from grain to fodder crops. Star, 3 Mar. 1868, p. 2, 8

1860, Baragwanath, 1861-62, and Quarterly Reports of Mining Surveyors and Jan. 1870, p. 2, 5 May 1871, p. 4, 5 June 1871, p. 3. An important

; Registrars, from 1864. overall assessment of cropping was made by the editor of the Star, 11

areal of Bal'arat, p. 194. Jan. 1868, p. 2.

6 In 1867 the rate book of Ballarat West shows that of 3099 dwellings, ** Letter from James Fry to George Perry (town clerk), 28 Jan. 1881, B.A.; 2263, or 73%, were owner-occupied. In 1870 the figure was 69%. Do-it- Cope, Some Aspects of the Industrial Development of Ballarat 1851-

yourself activity is hard to quantify but was assisted by the predomin- 1881, B.A. thesis, p. 46ff.

ance (94-5%) of wooden construction. In 1870 an astonishing 89% of *? Quarterly Reports of Mining Surveyors and Registrars, Dec 1869; Statistics of

miners owned their own dwellings of which 968 were wooden Victoria, 1869, “Production”, p. 35.

(including 44 huts) and only 10 made of brick. *3 From Wardens’ Correspondence. 7 The rate books seem innocent of speculators, and only one or two men 44 Thid.

were letting as many as four houses. *5 Talk by J. Skilbeck to Ballarat Historical Society, 10 Oct. 1950, MS.,

8 Star, | Jan., p. 1. Christie nevertheless bought out David Jones, his Ballarat Municipal Library; Cope, Some Aspects of the Development

largest competitor, in the same year, Star, 4 Oct., p. 1. of the Metal Trades in Ballarat 1851-1901, M.A. thesis, pp. 54-70;

9 See ch. 9. In 1871 the. following ratios of females to 100 males were Withers, The History of Ballarat, p. 292; Star, 1 Mar. 1871, p. 2.

recorded: Ballarat West, 98-8; Ballarat East, 92-07; Sandhurst *° Op. cit.

(Bendigo), 85-2. 47 Of special interest is a description of C. Retallack’s gates for the Town

'© Census of Victoria. Hall, Star, 25 Mar. 1872, p. 3.

12 Star, 19 June 1871, p- 2. 49 98 Feb 5

'! Investment in Australian Economic Development 1861-1900, p. 186. 48 Star, 1 Mar. 1871, p. 2. 13 Census of Victoria, “Occupations of the People”, former occupations of 50 Cope, NEA thesis, pp. 63-71.

15 Star, 21 Dec.. p. 2. 290-1.

14 Star. 3 Nov. p. 3. >! Brough Smyth, The Goldfields and Mineral Districts of Victoria, pp. 288, '6 Archer, Statzstical Notes on the Progress of Victoria, from the Foundation of the °* As Lonie, Dingle and Co. had entered the field (Sutherland Victoria and Colony, 1835-1860, p. 36; F. Longmore to Miner and Weekly Star, 18 Mar. Its Metropolis: Past and Present, vol. 2, p. 188), one of the earlier foundries

1859. | must have ceased.

'? Archer, p. 44. — °3 Cope, M.A. thesis, p. 70. '8 See ch. 8, n. 29. In 1862 Bath owned 19 properties in Ballarat. No one °* Brough Smyth, passim; Courier, 11 June 1869. 9 owns Dee, 3 5° Statistics Victoria, Cope, M.A.p.thesis, ar, CC. »P.1860 v. oo. ; 56 Star, 5 of Oct. 1870, “Production”; p. 3; Cope, M.A. thesis, 71. p. 71.

. war ” dan, p. 2. the same point is made in Archer, pp. 61-2. 57 Star, 5 Oct. 1870: Cope, REA. thesis, p. Tal 22 Star, 9 June 1870, p. 2, 16, 19 June 1871, p. 2. 58 Courter, 9 Nov. 1870, p. 3; Cope, M.A. thesis, p. 72; Star, 24 June 1871, p.

23 Star, 20 Oct. 1860, p. 2.; Archer, p. 89. 2.

24 When the contractors, Evans and Barker, sold out in 1860, they had five °9 Cope, M.A. thesis, pp. 109-14.

draught horses, one light draught and one saddle horse, Star, 21 Dec. 6° Report to Ballarat West Council by Committee of Ballarat Benevolent

- 4800, Pe -1B7L. o.2 Asylum, 1859, MS. B.A.

26 Star, 9,13 Mar. 1868, p. 4. 61 Cope, M.A. thesis, p. 111; Courier, 9 Oct. 1868, p. 2. 27 Letter to Town Clerk, Ballarat West, 10 Feb. 1862. 62 Sutherland, vol. 2, p. 189. *8 Australasian, 16 Mar. 1867, p. 345; Star, 3 Mar. 1868, p. 2. 63 Cope, M.A. thesis. Male occupations in the metal industry according to 29 A registry of cattle sold by Hepburn and Leonard, for the week ending the censuses of 1861 and 1871 included tinsmith, iron founder, 12 Oct. 1868, B.A., indicates sales from Colac, Portland and Sandhurst black/white smith, ironmonger, brass founder, locksmith and gasfitter.

as well as local areas. The following table indicates the number and percentage of these 30 Star, 7 June 1870, pp. 2-3. occupations in the total male workforce.

284 Notes

1861 187] 9 Withers,10p. 175. Ballarat West Minutes, 16 Sept., 21 Oct. 1857. (In September the council supported a public meeting called by the “Lalor Resignation

Committee”. In October, because communicating with Lalor was

Ballarat futile and insulting, the council considered that the district was without parliamentary representation.) Ballarat East 230 2-9 171 2:1 '1 "The Ballarat East Minutes record the constant use of Humffray as the

Ballarat West 233 4-5 304 2°5 council’s liaison with government departments.

12 Serle, pp. 279, 287-93. Attitudes to the land and the Legislative Council

| Tol | 463 fff were particularly well defined in 1860 when the council massacred a selection act, Star, 4 June 1860, p. 3. 14 Withers, p. 176; Times, 15 Aug. 1859, p. 2. 15 Star, 9 May 1871, p. 2.

6# Cope, M.A. thesis, pp. 52-6, 135, n. 2. : Times, |, 18 Aug. 1859, p. 2.

municipal records. Imes, ug. » Pp. 9. 66 Ibid., p. 15. * Thid. 67 Ibid. P 2° Times, 28 July, p. 3, 1 Aug., p. 2.

6° Cope, B.A. thesis, p. 12. The numbers come from directories and 8 ror Bauey § platform, anes, 18 Aug. 1859, p. 2.

68 Star, 16 Aug. 1870, p. 2. 21 Times, 8 Aug., p. 1, 17 Aug., p. 2.

69 Star, 15 June 1871, p. 4; Cope, B.A. thesis, pp. 19-20; Star, 23 Mar. 1860, 22'The Times, 27 Aug., p. 2, thought Bailey and Sergeant succeeded

p. 3. because half the miners (who would have favoured Gillies and Frazer) ™1 Cope, B.A. thesis, p. 41. ithers, p. J2v. 72 Sutherland, vol. 2, p. 187. *4 Withers, p. 333. 73 Withers, p. 295; Star, 8 Mar. 1870, p. 4, 4 Mar. 1868, p. 4, 10 Mar. 1868, 7° Times, 15 Aug., p. 2; Serle, p. 290. 70 Star, 28 June 1871, p. 3, 19 May 1870, p. 2. - were not registered as voters.

p. 3; Cope, B.A. thesis, p. 46; Star, 19 Sept. 1874, p. 3, 8 Mar. 1870, p. 4. 26 Star, 14 May 1873, p. 2; Serle, p. 144.

74 Statistics of Victoria, 1869, “Production”, p. 32; Star, 7 Nov. 1870, p. 4; 279 Aug. 1859, p. 2. But the Star (22 Oct. 1860, p. 2) regards his serving his Australasian Post, 5 Dec. 1857; Star, 1 Apr. 1870, p. 4,21 May 1870, p. 2, constituents as too partisan; it had fostered municipal rivalry.

15 Star, 12 Dec. 1870. 1951.

1 Oct. 1870, p. 3, 22 Oct. 1870, p. 3; Courter, 21 Apr. 1877, p. 2. 28 Star, 15 Aug. 1859, p. 3; Bulletin, 22 June 1905, p. 15; Courter, 17 Mar.

”® Star, 3 June 1870, p. 2; Defunct Trading Companies Files no. 192; 29 The protest meeting over the massacre of the land bill in 1860 showed Courter, 17 May 1939, p. 4; Star, 7 June 1870, pp. 2-3, 3 Feb. 1870, p. 2, the strength of consensus. The elite of Ballarat West was as outspoken

17 Sept. 1870, p. 2. as anyone, but it was appropriate that a miner should point to the

"’ Star, 9 June 1871, p. 3, 21 Jan 1857, p. 3, 10 Aug 1872, p. 2. growth of a community attitude: “some years ago he remembered "8 Star, 23 Mar. 1860, p. 3; letter to George Perry, 28 Jan. 1881, B.A.; Star, meetings like the present, but the miners then had no persons of 22 Feb. 1870, p. 4; Statistics of Victoria, 1871, “Production”, pp. 32-3; influence among them to guide them by their counsel as the present

9 oar, 25 warvol. mie2,Pp. orStar, oe P ct. B70 had.Bill”, NowStar, the commercial interests were unitedtook on utherland, p. 38 188; »p.; meeting

Star, 5 Feb. 1868, p. 2. 40 Star, Nov. 1864, p. 2. 4 Times, 2, 3, 4, 7,9 Oct. 1856; Withers, The History of Ballarat, p. 329. 41 Star, 2, 3 Nov.

> Withers, pp. 168-9; Serle, The Golden Age, p. 260. 42 Star, 29 Oct. (letter from “Citizen’’), 2, 3 Nov.

6 Serle, pp. 178, 225; Withers, pp. 170-1; Blainey, The Rush That Never 43 See ch. 9.

Ended, p. 89. 44 Star, 4,5 Feb.; A.D.B., vol. 6, pp. 324-5. p. 332; Times, 7 Oct. 1856. 45 Star, 2, 3, 4 Nov. 87 Withers, Serle, pp. 269-72. 46 Star, 2, 4,5, 12 Sept. 1865.

Notes 285 *7 Ibid. For statements about the organization and philosophy of the ° The argument here stems from a reading of Withers, The History of

“parties”, Star, 31 Jan. 1868, p. 2, 5, 16 Feb. 1868, p. 2. Ballarat, the Ballarat newspapers and biographical material. Autobio-

48 Star, 29, 30 Jan. 1866. graphical material is not abundant. The Star editorial of 3 June 1870 (n. 49 4.D.B., vol. 4, pp. 391-7; Star, 28 Jan. 1868, p. 2. 8 above) comments that the failure to make a “pile” induced people,

50 Courter, 18, 25 Jan., 20, 24 Feb.; Star, 3, 10, 16, 22, 24 Feb. who had not intended to, to stay, and that was the basis of a sense of

51 Star, 18, 19, 21, 23, 25, 26 May. community. The point about inherited capital has to be an assertion

2 Star, 18 May 1868, p. 2. based on the obverse fact of the accumulation of wealth by personal 53 Letter from “Anti-Humbug” to the editor, Star, 23 May, p. 4. effort, to which Bath, Oddie, Steinfeld, W. C. Smith, Hepburn, Reid,

54 Star, 27 May, 3, 24 June 1867, p. 3, 25 May 1868, p. 2. Lewis, Nicholls, etc. are witnesses, and also on the hostility of the

°° Star, 26 May, p. 2. democracy to outside capital, and indeed to the privilege of any capi-

6 Star, Courier, 21 July to 1 Aug. 1868. talists. The residence areas secured to miners by the Local Court of 57 A.D.B., vol. 4, pp. 488-9; Kiddle, Men of Yesterday, pp. 251-2, 255-8; Mines sponsored home ownership and cut out speculators and land-

Withers, pp. 180-1; Star, editorials, 1, 6,7, 11 Oct. 1870. lords. For other cities see Briggs, Victorian Cities.

°8 Withers, p. 180; Kiddle, p. 262. '0 Brophy was one of four men who made the Ballarat Hibernian Society

59 Roberts, Scrapbook. as powerful as the Melbourne one. A History of the Hibernian-Australasian

60 4.D.B., vol. 4, pp. 489-90. Catholic Benefit Society, pp. 8-11.

6! Star, 16 Feb. to 18 Mar. 1871, passim. '! Star, 4 Mar. 1868, p. 4. A report of the first St David’s Day banquet at

Ballarat. The Welsh gathered then to remedy the fact that they had . had no organization ready to receive Duke of Edinburgh. Speeches 9 Melting-pot by Robert Lewis, D. M. Davies,the Henry Davies, J. B. Humffray and 4 others stress the opportunity being given to Welshmen and urge reten' “Babies” are understood as those of the ages 0-9 at the census (Census of tion of national goals of frugality, industry, faith and good works. They Victoria, Ages of the Population ). In round figures there were 8000 had no hatred or envy of the English, they said, but realized how poorly babies in a population increase of 15 000 at Ballarat West, 5200 in an educated they were. Courier, 1 Mar. 1935, article by R. E. Williams increase of 3500 at Ballarat East, and 2500 among 6000 at Sebastopol. about the Welsh at Ballarat. The initial St David’s Day seems to have It is obvious that many older people left Ballarat East between 1861 led to an annual eisteddfod, Courier, 2 Mar. 1877, p. 3; J. B. Humffray,

wand 1671. Star, 2 Mar. 1880, p. 3.

: census of ton, Ages or ree Vopuration | 100 mal . 2 Star, 5 Jan. 1860, p. 2, speaks of a crowd of 2500 at a meeting of the or all ages the number ol temales tor every 1UU males was: Buninyong Highland Society as a small number compared with a

allarat East 66 92 ;

i recent meeting of the Ballarat Society. Star, 3 Jan. 1870, p. 4, has an 1861 1871 account of the annual Caledonian Society New Year gathering at which Wanliss was a judge. In Star, 3 Nov. 1870, p. 3, the Edinburgh

Ba West 80 99 Castle Hotel was desciibed as the headquarters of the society. See also 2 Sebastopol 6] 9] Jan. 1868, p. 2, 14 Feb. 1868,was p.proprietor 3. Wanliss was at Ballarat in 1854 and of the Star almost from its inception in 1855. His fervent

Scottish nationalism is treated in H. J. Hanham, Scottish Nationalism 4 Serle, The Golden Age, pp. 371-2. In reviewing Withers’s history in 1870, (London, 1969), esp. p. 122. See also Star, 27 Jan. 1870, p. 2 (Burns), 10

the Star (13 Aug., p. 2) stressed the quality of the gold rush migrants, Dec. 1867, p. 3 (Thistles, etc.), 18 Jan. 1870, p. 2 (Hannad). and when pressing for higher education in 1877, the Courier (20 June, p. 13 Star, 21 Mar. 1868, p. 2. The English, unlike the minority groups just 2) said that nine-tenths of the “primeval” diggers of the colony were mentioned, had need of no special national society or celebration. They

well educated, and pointed to what they had done. Morrissey, The had the Queen’s Birthday, Duke’s Visit, Prince of Wales’s Birthday, Character of Unassisted Immigration into Victoria by Sea 1852-1860: a etc. Study of the Passenger Lists, B.A. thesis. The fall in the rate of literacy 14 Star, 18 Dec. 1874, p. 3. poses a problem. At Ballarat West it could be explained by the influx of '? Census of Victoria. Ballarat West had a striking influx of Irish, especially Welsh miners. The Welsh certainly regarded themselves as less advan- women, between 1861 and 1871. In these years the Irish proportion of

taged in education (see n. 11). the population held steady whilst the English fell 33%.

> Morrissey, op. cit. See Cope, Some Aspects of the Development of the '6 See ch. 6. It is significant that many Europeans along Main Street, Metal Trades in Ballarat 1851-1901, M.A. thesis, pp. 52-6, 135, n. 2; - became naturalized in 1856-57 in order to buy the land on which their Quarterly Reports of Mining Surveyors and Registrars, Dec 1869; Statistics of businesses stood. Cuthbert, Letterbook, 1856-57, pp. 82-98, 224, 306,

Victoria, 1869, “Production”, p. 35. 390.

6 This was a trough in mining (see ch. 12). '? At Ballarat East between 1861 and 1871 the English-born decreased ’ Trollope, Australia and New Zealand, p. 270. 20%, European 33%, Scotch 34% and Irish 25%. At Ballarat West the

8 Star, oy Dec. 1860, p. 2, “Emigration expands and liberates men’s Irish gained slightly and the others fell: English 33%, European 34%, minds”; Star, 11 Dec. 1867, p. 2, “Scarcely in any part of the world, we Scotch 37%. think, could so many adventurous men have been brought together as '8 Star, 5 Nov. 1867, p. 4, 9 Dec. 1867, p. 2. German cavalry took part in in Ballarat, famous even in this colony for its enterprise and skill’’; Star, the Boxing Day procession of 1875, Star, 28 Dec. 1875, p. 2. Courter, 5,9

3 June 1870, p. 2, “Most of us did not come here bearing our household Jan. 1872, p. 2, reported a meeting of German residents to form a goods with us, but alone as adventurers on a doubtful and somewhat committee to invite the captain and officers of a German corvette to

dangerous quest ... The vivid picture of home which dwelt in our visit Ballarat. In 1871 the percentage of European women was no minds so long has become faint and confused ... We have thus a higher than the British percentage during the male-dominant phase of

community which is not an ordinary one.” 1857.

286 Notes European-born: number of females per 100 males (from Census of Victoria) the Surveyor-General’s Office by J. Brache, 21 Oct. 1861, Ballarat Municipal Library; lithograph in Ballarat Historical Society museum.

Year Ballarat West Ballarat East Sebastopol *9 Chinese Prot. to Chief Sec., 13 Aug. 1859; Res. Warden to Col. Sec., 5

1857 25 (58 Mar., 5 July 1856, 14 Mar. 1857; Chinese Prot. to Col. Sec., 10 Jan., 14 (98) 30 i Dec 1856; Res. Warden to Col. Sec., 26 Nov 1855. 1861 28 (80) 32 (66) (61) 3° Chinese Prot. to Col. Sec., 7 June 1856, 14, 28 Mar., 10 Oct. 1857. The 1871 43 (99) 41 (92) 38 (91) port of Robe (Guichen Bay) received 14 600 Chinese between 17 Jan.

and 31 Dec. 1857, Thomas Smeaton, “Our Invasion by the Chinese”,

NOTE: The figures in brackets represent the actual number in the MS., S.A.A. They camped at Skipton, south-west of Ballarat, in groups

population. of about 300. Notman, Out of the Past, p. 7. 3! Ballarat East Minutes, 21 Aug., 20 Oct., 3 Nov. 1857.

'9 See index for the individuals mentioned. Steinfeld threw some light on 32 Chinese Prot. to Chief Sec. ‘1 ‘Apr. 1329, Chinese Prot.. Beechworth

attitudes that may have deterred Europeans from settling permanent- reply to circular letter, 25 Nov. 1857. ly. He felt he was attacked as a foreigner during a debate about his 33 Chinese Prot. to Chief Sec., 21 Aug., 16 Nov. 1857; Dr Allison seems to fitness to stand for municipal office, Star, 13 Feb. 1860, p. 3. Steinfeld have taken an altruistic attitude; he called himself inspector of Chinese

vig [eunea tht Re dts otindcacanisensuans ?_ ampsand alto ge healthcare Dr llson wo Kes Warden, # Apr

. tt treet t. . t . . .

20 Spielvogel, “The Ballarat Hebrew Congregation’, Australian Jewish 34 Star, 11, 24. 98 Sept. 1867. p. 2, 23 Jan. 1868, p. 2, 5 Jan, 1870 pp. 3, 17, Cisierical Society Journar, vol. I, Po Con p. 113; Census of Victoria, at 22 Feb. 1870, p. 2, 26 Feb. 1870, p. 3, 11, 15, 18 Aug. 1870, p. 2, 18 Oct.

elong, for instance, they were VU: IY. 1870, p. 2; Courter, 16 Oct. 1867 p. 2, 15 Nov. 1867, p. 3. Tn 187 at Balrg Wen hrs wer 0 and at Balla Eas 76 Jewish Chins pup found in ot at Nerina on dpa at Mons

double the figure for European-born of 41:100, despite the overlap of Dec. 1836: Star 22 Feb. 1860, p. 2. Insolvency Court Filee nos F083

Jewish-European categories in the latter figure. Jewish numbers held 1149, 1156: Examiner, 95 Sept. 1858, p. 8. , up well; they indicate a steady share of the population. 36 Francis Cooke was the name of the extremist, Res. Warden to Chief

Sec., 30 July 1857. For Chinese discoveries, Res. Warden to Chief Sec.,

1857 1861 1871 31 Jan., 2 Aug., 26 Sept., 21 Nov. 1857; for their drill, 2 Aug. 1857. Ballarat West 959, 25 9) 29% 37 Chinese Prot. to Chief Sec., 30 Jan., 27 Feb., 13 Mar., 24 Apr. 1858; 18 June, 1 July 1859.

25% 95% ;

Ballarat East 1+ 79% 1 68% 185% 38 Star, 20 Aug. 1860, p. 2; Bell to Town Clerk, Ballarat West, 7, 12 Sept. M. L. Cohen, “Caroline Chisholm and Jewish Immigration”, Australian 39 peaeen 1860. v. 2.4 Aug. 1860. v. 4 Jewish Historical Society Journal, vol. 11, pt. 2, 1944, p. 72. 40 Statistical Revister Crime”, 1863, > 132 1867, p. 38. 22 American-born population of Ballarat (from Census of Victoria) “1 Star, 19 July 1869, p. 2; Ballarat East, Rate Book, 1859-60; the holders

Tg of carters’ and butchers’ licences are recorded at the end of the book. 1861 1871 *2 The petition is undated but seems to be circa 1860; Star, 18 Sept., 29 Oct., 5 Nov. 1870, p. 2 (floods had wrecked their gardens); Australasian,

Persons 70 Male | Female | Person a Male \ Female 5 Jan. 1867, p. 24; Blainey, The Rush That Never Ended, p. 89.

pop n pop *3 Insolvency Court Files, no. 2405, 6 Dec. 1869.

Ballarat West] 52 | -56] 40 12 78|-32 | 50 28 ** Star, 4 Feb. 1860, p. 3.

*° Serle, The Golden Age, p. 320; Argus, 4 May 1858, p. 7.

Ballarat East | 38 | -30 |] 32 6 43 ]-26 | 27 16 *6 Crawford at Shanghai to British Foreign Office, 1 Sept. 1877, Foreign Victoria 2504) 47 [2209 349 2423 |-53 [1776 647 paper reported that those who had done well were returning home in

, , Office Confidential Print, 3742, pp. 8-9; Star, 17 Mar. 1868, p. 2, the The Courter, 5 July 1879, p. 2, observed that the 4th of July, a principal 47 ange num pers. 1867, pp. 2, 3 holiday twenty-five years before, had passed without the slightest 48 Star, 14 Mar. 1871, p. 2, 28 Dec. 1875, p. 2.

notice. *9 Star, 21 July 1870, p. 4, 22 May 1871, p. 2, 23 May 1871, p. 4, 25 May

23 Star, 10 Dec. 1867, p. 3; G. D. Lang to J. H. Kay, 28 Aug. 1854, 1874, p. 2; Courter, 13 Feb., 26, 29 June 1877, p. 2.

Governor’s Correspondence, P.R.O. °° Star, 3 Sept. 1870, p. 2.

24 Clowe to Chief Com., 25 Mar. The two women are enumerated quite 5! Star, 30 Jan. 1860, suppl. consistently from Clowe’s first mention of them on 15 Sept. 1855 to 6 °? Star, 26 May, 20, 21 June 1870, p. 2. Later cases include 5, 21 July, p. 2.

June 1857. In December 1857 no women were recorded. °3 Star, 2 July 1870, p. 2. The Courter was certainly more open-minded. 25 Serle, The Golden Age, pp. 321-3; V. @ P. (L.C.), 1856-57, D19, pp. 853-4, George Truscott had a letter refused by the Courter on the grounds that

1861, 1871. p. 4.

minutes of evidence (Samuel Irwin) nos 406-13. a there was worse gambling at race meetings and worse debauchery at

26 Wardens’ Correspondence, 1856-9, passim; Census of Victoria, 1857, pups houses than at the Chinese camp. Truscott to Star, 30 Sept. 1870, 27 Res. Warden to Col. Sec., 7 July, 4 Aug, 6, 13, 15 Sept., 13 Oct. 1855, 10 54 Star, 5 July 1870, p. 2.

Jan. 1856. °° Star, 21 July 1870, p. 3. He inserted his response in the paper as an 28 Res. Warden to Col. Sec., 13 Oct. 1855; Map compiled from the surveys advertisement. of mining surveyors Davidson, Fitzpatrick and Cowan and the plans in °® The court cases that had begun the controversy provide evidence to

Notes 287

support him. The father of one girl charged with cohabiting with 22 Sept., 10 Nov., 22, 29 Dec. 1858 (gardens), 22 May 1859 Chinese was a brothel-keeper; the parents of another could see no stain (plantations).

in associating with Chinamen. Early in the year (Star, 5 Feb., p. 2), after 6 Parish Plans indicate dates of sale of lots and names of purchasers; A. F.

complaints, the Ballarat East council found that about a dozen women Ronalds’s personal contribution and Star, 14 Mar. 1860, p. 4, 26 Nov. made tours from one Chinese camp to another. One woman, married to 1860, p. 2 (for Ronalds); Mining Surveyors’ Map, 1861 (hotels and a Chinese, was almost certainly running a brothel and enticing young dairy); Star, 19 Aug. 1856, p. 2 (public meeting of dairymen). A town girls to her hut (Star, 5 July, p. 3). An interesting postlude is supplied by common was proclaimed, Ballarat West Minutes, 6 Feb. 1861. The Buxton, The Rwerina, pp. 229-30, who says that Chinese camps at Mining Board warned of evils arising from having three commons. Narrandera and Wagga in the eighties were frequented by prostitutes ? Star, 8 May 1858, p. 3, 13 May 1858, p. 3; Ballarat West Minutes, 7, 21

mostly born in Victoria. Jan., 4 Feb. 1857, 27 Oct. 1858; Ballarat East Minutes, 13 Apr., 23 Nov. 98 Star, 20, 22 Aug. 1870, p. 2. 8 Star, 22 Feb., 26 July, 20 Aug., 13 Sept., 31 Oct., 12 Dec. 1860, p. 3; °9 Star, 19 Sept. 1867, p. 3. Ballarat West Minutes, 1, 21, 22 Dec. 1858, 21, 28 Dec. 1859, 11 July, 1,

97 Star, 21 July 1870, p. 3. 1858; Star, 7 June 1871, p. 2.

°° The Star, 2 Oct. 1867, p. 2, saw the councils parted by a feud with a 22, 29 Aug., 13 Sept. 1860; unsorted letters from produce merchants current “as strong as the Yarrowee during the late flood”. The feud had protesting against the farmers’ committee, B.A. been sustained at this time by “‘self-opionated councillors”. Typical was ° Ballarat West Rate Book, 1860; Minutes, 1 Sept. 1862.

the pique of Cr James McDowall (see p. 162). '° Ballarat West Minutes, 30 Dec. 1857; undated petition (see p. 153,n. 42);

6! Star, 1, 2 Oct., p. 2,5 Nov., p. 4, 7 Nov., p. 3. Star, 4 Apr., 19 June 1871, p. 2.

62 Star, 10 Sept., p. 3, 30 Sept., p. 2, 4, 5, 22 Oct., p. 2, 12 Oct., p. 4, 5, 7 't Buxton, The Riverina, pp. 22-34; Priestley, Echuca, pp. 32-6. One case

Nov., p. 2. from the Western District is a good illustration. In March 1860 Niel 64 Ibid. cattle to the Ballarat agents Ettershank and Eaglestone. Black Papers, ®° Star, 11, 12, 13 Dec. 1867, p. 2. The co-operative company of miners 6, 27 Mar. 1860, S.L.V. 63 Star, 10 Dec., p. 2. Black of Glenormiston sent two consignments totalling 950 head of gave Alfred £200 worth of gold. He sent £20 “for the men” and they '2 Star, 7 June 1870, pp. 2-3. sent back gold to that value, “with the men’s compliments”. It was a 13 Statistics of Victoria, 1862, “Production”, p. 37, and passim for later

neat gesture of independence. “Descent into a Gold Mine by Prince years. )

Alfred and Others”, Gentleman’s Magazine, vol. 5, June-Nov. 1870 14 See ch. 5.

(London, 1870), p. 686. 'S Star, 16 July 1869, p. 6, letter from “Ratepayer”; Times, 3 Aug. 1861, p. 67 Star, 9, 11, 21 Dec., p. 2. 16 Star, 11 Feb. 1860, p. 2, 30 Mar. 1867, p. 2, 20 Aug. 1870, p. 2. 66 Star, 21, 31 Olct., p. 2,9 Dec., p. 2; Courter, 9 Dec., p. 2. 2.

68 Star, 6 Nov., 4, 5 Dec., p. 2. '7 Star, 19 Oct., p. 5.

69 Star, 11 Dec., p. 2 (a list of those presented), 30 Aug., p. 3 (letter from '8 Star, 1 Nov., p. 3, 5 Nov., p. 4. “Citizen”, Sebastopol), 10 Dec., p. 2 (Robert Rede), 1 Oct., p. 2 '9 Withers, The History of Ballarat, p. 266; Star, 15, 21 July 1870, p. 2.

(McDowall). 20 Sutherland (ed.), Victoria and Its Metropolis: Past and Present, vol. 2, p. 186

70 Star, 29 Oct., p. 2. Ona £1 for £1 basis the Ballarat councils received (for Irwin).

£1500 from the government. *188July July,1870, p. 3. p. 3. "1 Star, 5 Dec., p. 2. 22 Star, 72 Star, 13-27 Mar. 1868, passim. 23 Star, 20 June 1871, p. 2, 30 July 1867, p. 4.

73 Star, 21 Mar., p. 2. 24 Star, 30 Mar. 1867, p. 2. 7 Star, 20 Mar., p. 3. 29 Star, 16 Feb. 1860, suppl., 13 Mar. 1867, p. 2. 26 Star, 30 June 1870, p. 2.

27 Star, 6 Jan. 1860, p. 2, 15 July 1870, p. 2. For the Methodists see 10 East and West Oldmeadow, Ballarat Moreen 1890-77, B.A. thesis; Howe, The

, oo Wesleyan Church in Victoria 1855-1901, M.A. thesis; Spectator, suppl.

2 For thesiting ofthe main mallway station see Ballarat West Minutes, 2 Methodist Flistory, vol. 2, 1900-1. Oldmeadow argues that the energy

) Y, @ july the early goldfield.

9.23 Ma f Jul 1860 y , 9 of laymen in the Ballarat church stemmed from their important role on

3 For 1857 the census does not include Ballarat East, but the returns for 28 John James, C. E. Jones and W. M. K. Vale were the most notable subdivisions of the diggings suggest (as for 1854) a population of radical-liberal temperance politicians (see ch. 8). The editor of the Star, between 15 000 and 20 000. The census of 1861 recorded 12 840. Map 6 Jan. 1860, p. 2, expressed fears about drinking and vandalism. See compiled from the surveys of mining surveyors Davidson, Fitzpatrick also editorials of 30 May, 16 Nov. 1870. and Cowan and the plans in the Surveyor-General’s Office by J. 29 Star, 15 June 1870, p. 2. Brache, 21 Oct. 1861, Ballarat Municipal Library. The number of 30 Star, 19, 23 Nov., p. 2, 30 Nov., p. 3. properties in the various streets and localities (counted in the 1860 rate 3! For Y.M.C.A., Star, 26 Apr., p. 3, 1 Aug. 1860, p. 2, 13 Sept. 1860, p. 2. book) were: Main 352, Humffray 286, Eureka 184, Plank Rd 173, Most meetings in 1860 of the Early Closing Association were held at the Victoria 169, Mair 104, White Flat 102, Esmond 100, Bridge 90, Barkly Caledonian Society’s rooms and the Revs William Henderson of Sturt 83, Peel 79, Brown Hill and Caledonian 78, Specimen Hill 76. Plank St and Robert Walker of Soldiers’ Hill were prominent. Henderson was

Rd and Bridge St were extensions of Main St. the main spokesman for the movement. The support of clergy (the

* Census of Victoria, 1861; Res. Warden to Chief Sec., 8 Oct. 1859; see ch. 5 Anglican Potter was another) may be explained by a letter to the Star,

for the mining situation; Ballarat East Minutes, 19 Apr. 1859. 21 Dec. 1860, p. 4, from Francis McComas, who said that late closing

° Ballarat West Minutes, 8 Apr. 1856 (swamp reserve), 23 Dec. 1857, 15, on Saturdays meant that shop assistants worked until 2 a.m. on the

288 Notes Sabbath replacing goods. Star, 1860, 20, 25 Feb. p. 4, 10 Mar., p. 4, 30 70 Star, 18 Mar., 11 May 1871, p. 2, 19 May 1865, p. 2. Mar., p. 3, 13, 23 Apr., p. 4 (a letter from Mary Jane), 3 May, p. 3, 12 ™! Star, 18 Mar. 1867, pp. 2-3, 18 Mar., 11 May 1871, p. 2; Ballarat East

May, p. 4, 16 June, p. 3, 8 Sept., p. 3. Minutes, 5, 9, 12, 13 Aug. 1869.

52 Star, 9 Sept. 1867, p. 1. 72 Star, 1871,5 Apr., p. 3, 29 Apr., pp. 2, 4,5 May, p. 2, 1 June, p. 2, 2 Sept.,

33 Star, 12 Mar. 1868, p. 2. p. 2.

34 Star, 2 Feb. 1870, p. 2 (a report of the second annual meeting). It is ”3 Clarke, The New Chum in Australia, p. 74. interesting that Rev. J. J. Halley, who supported legalized prostitution, read the annual report.

3® Courter, 9 Aug., p. 2; Star, 4 July, p. 2. 35 Star, 13 Aug., p. 2, 21 Sept., p. 3, 19 Nov., p. 2. 11 Goodbye to Growth

37 A History of Wesley 1853-1963, p. 24. ‘ It is only possible to compare the age structures at ten-year intervals 38 Star, 21 Dec. 1870, p. 2, 15 Aug., p. 3, 21 Dec., p. 2. from census tables, which record the number of males and females in

39 Census of Victoria. Goldmining reached a peak in 1868 after which, and each five-year cohort at adult age, and in each year of childhood. especially in 1870-1, there was a great exodus. A loss of 3000 people is Relative rises and falls may result from additions (or subtractions) to

probably an underestimate. other cohorts than those showing major changes—but only to a slight

#1 3 Jan. 1870, p. 2. any cohort. . . .

40 Rate Books. degree. Raw numbers can be used as a check on the holding power of *2 National Trust files; Rate Books, passim; Report of Central Board of At Ballarat West in 1881 there had been relatively large falls in the age Health, 6th Annual Meeting, V. @ P. (L.A.), 1860-61, vol. 3, pp. 12, cohorts 20-34 and 0-10 of 1871, but at Ballarat East the adults affected

40-2; Star, 13 Apr. 1871, p. 2. were from the 30-39 cohorts of 1871 and the children were spread across

43 Star, 25 Mar. 1872, p. 3. the age range 0-19 (see Appendix 1). 44 Sandow, The Town Hall, Ballarat, 100 Years. * Age, 3 June 1884. 45 Rate Book. 3 Willams, “The Riverina and Its Pastoral Industry 1860-1869”, in

46 Ballarat West Minutes, 22 June. Barnard (ed.), The Simple Fleece, pp. 418, 421; Buxton, The Riverina, pp.

liams Papers. * Buxton, p. 229.

*7 Star, 3 Mar. 1868, p. 2; R. E. Williams, “Memories of Ballarat’, Wil- 36-55.

#8 Star, 21 Jan., p. 2, 6, 14 June, p. 2, 7 July, p. 4, 24 July, p. 2, and on > Census of Victoria, “Conjugal Condition”, 1871, 1881, 1891, 1901, “Ages

bluegums in particular, 28 Apr. 1880, p. 2, when the editor warned of the Population”, 1857, 1861, 1871, 1881, 1891, 1901. against being taken in by imported writers talking of scraggy gums. ° Rate Books.

*9 Lithograph, Hist. Pic. Col., S.L.V. ” Thid. a

50 Star, 30 Bet. 1860, p. 2, 12 Mar. 1868, p. 2; Ballarat West Minutes, 23 * Papers relating to the Historical Records Society, B.A. | Dec. 1857, 15 Sept., 10 Nov., 22, 29 Dec. 1858, 16 Feb., 1 June 1859; 7 Star, 12 Mar., 6 Aug., 1 Oct. 1904. He had been a strong critic, however, City of Ballaarat. Mayor’s Special Report, Twenty-fifth Anniversary, of 50) licensing procedures of 1851 (Stacpoole, Gold at Ballarat, pp. >! Letter from Alexander Ronalds to C. Taylor, 23 June 1913 (copy by

1881, p. 9. JU).

Alfred McLaren); Withers, pp. 254-5. 12) Mining 1870-1900 92 Wi , ; Star , .2;R. ok, p. 74, courtesy F.C. Ronalds, Hawthorn); Star, 20 May 1879, p. 2 (letter from a

, , roduction.

Ballaree Historicel Sccicty: Ballarat Pose: ? Sep 1867 P ' The alluvial figures have been compiled from the Quarterly Reports of

53 Ballarat West Minutes, 30 Apr., 11 June 1867; Mayor’s Special Report, Mining Surges and Registrars. See Appendix 4 for the itemized total

54 in ” p. 8 Star OMe ome tb a 2 Jane nee t tp 2p 2. 2 Quarterly Reports of Mining Surveyors and Registrars. The number of miners

55 , , isfor taken rom the December report in eachayear. Chinese numbersinare 56 Ibid. shown alluvial only. They were always minority in quartz:

57 Sturt Seat, 1867 0 3 Ht ale ee p. 3. they numbered about 100 (10% of the total) and in 1891, 126 (5% of the

58 Undated letter, c. 1858, B.A. total) in quartz mines (see Appendix 5).

9 Ballarat West Minutes, 6 Mar. 1861; Star, 18 Sept. 1867, p. 3. * Star, 8 Mar. 1870, p. 2, 2 Jan. 1871, p. 2. The paper commented (16 May 60 Ballarat East Minutes, 31 Aug., 20 Oct. 1858, 15, 22 Sept. 1857; 21 1870, p. 2) that so much capital had gone to distant mines that there

June 1858, 29 Mar. 1859; Star, 16 Mar. 1867, p. 2. was Hue Bo rescue the city irom a Cepreciation of £2 million in mining

®1 Ballarat East Minutes, 23 June 1857, 7, 21, 28 Sept. 1858, 1, 12 Apr. shares. Withers, The History of Ballarat, p. ,

1859, 22 Nov. 1859, 18 Mar., 1 July, 12 Aug. 1862, 21 June 1862, 3 Mar. * Star, 28 Dec. 1880, p. 2; Withers, p. 340. A selection of company reports

1863. in the Star, 1870, reveals that among companies holding their meetings

62 Tbid., 29 Apr. 1872, p. 2. at Ballarat, 31 were mining at central Ballarat, 2 New South Wales, |

63 W. B. Rodier, Star, 25 Sept. 1867, p. 2. New Zealand, 2 Gippsland, 3 Ovens district, 5 Stawell, 5 St Arnaud

64 Courier, 30 Nov. 1869, p. 2. and 7 Clunes (see Appendix 6). 66 Star, 29 Apr. 1872, p. 2. 6 Star, 13, 20, 27 Sept. 1880, p. 2.

6° Mt Pleasant 1858, Mair St 1861, unsorted correspondence, B.A. > McGeorge, Buried Rwers of Gold, p. 30; Withers, p. 226.

6? Ballarat East Minutes, 31 July, 22 Sept. 1857. ’ Star, 10 Feb., 11 Apr. 1876, p. 2, reported that half the houses had been 68 Ballarat West Minutes, 17 Aug. 1859, 7, 14, 21 Sept. 1859, 8 Feb. 1860; taken from Sebastopol in five years. Australasian Sketcher, 22 May 1880,

Ballarat East Minutes, 26 Apr. 1859. p. 72.

69 Ballarat East Minutes, 30 June 1857, 2, 26 May 1859. 8 Star, 7 May 1880, p. 4, 27 Nov. 1880, p. 3.

'

Notes 289 9 Statistics of Victoria, “Production” (for quartz), and Quarterly Reports of | ‘4? Star, 22 May 1871, p. 3. Mining Surveyors and Registrars (for alluvial). Unfortunately, the reports #3 Star, 1880, 25 Mar., p. 3, 3 Apr., p. 3, 28 July, p: 4, 20 Dec., p. 3; The

from 1867 to 1883 do not supply a district alluvial total. The incom- Courier, 26 June 1880, p. 2, refers to Mary Hurdsfield threatening to plete figures (see Appendix 6) do however, indicate the strength of poison herself because she believed her husband had been cheated.

district alluvial mines in the eighties and nineties. #4 Withers, p. 223; Star, 6 Mar. 1880, p. 4.

10 Star, 22 Aug. 1870, p. 2, 19 Sept. 1870, p. 2, 1 May 1871, p. 1, 29 Aug. 45 Star, 9 Dec. 1870 (for the registrar-general’s tabulation of the number of 1871, p. 2; Brough Smyth, The Goldfields and Mineral Districts of Victoria, inventions), 14 Mar. 1880, p. 4,6 Apr. 1871, p. 2; Brough Smyth, p. 231. p. 168; Quarterly Reports of Mining Surveyors and Registrars, Dec. 1873, p. 25, *° Star, 2 Jan. 1871, p. 3.

June 1875, p. 25, Sept. 1877, p. 73, Dec. 1878, p. 23. *7 Australasian, 25 Jan. 1868; Star, 29 June 1870, p. 3; Cope, The Ballarat 1! Quarterly Reports of Mining Surveyors and Registrars, Dec. 1875, p. 25, June Metal Industry, M.A. thesis, p. 139. 1876, p. 23, Mar. 1877, p. 23; Courter, 28 May 1877, p. 2; Star, 20 Jan. 48 Star, 31 Mar., 27 Apr. 1871, p. 2, 6 Mar. 1880, p. 4, 30 Aug. 1880, p. 2, 7 1876, p. 2, 14 June, 29 Sept. 1871, p. 2,2 June 1877, p. 4, 28 Apr., 4 May Dec., 1880, p. 4; Courter, 1877, 1 Feb., p. 3, 2 Feb., p. 2, 22 Feb., p. 2;

1880, p. 4. Withers, p. 223; Quarterly Reports of Mining Surveyors and Registrars, Sept.

110-11. years.

12 Star, 29 Aug. 1871, p. 2, 28 Jan. 1876, p. 2; Brough Smyth, p. 169. 1867, p. 6; Annual Report of the Secretary of Mines and Water Supply, 1895, p.

'3 Stacpoole, Gold at Ballarat, pp. opp. 32, 49, 68, 72; Baragwanath, 54.

Memoirs of the Geological Survey of Victoria, No. 14, The Ballarat Goldfield, pp. 49 Statistical Register, “Production”, 1873, p. 55, 1880, p. 56, and other

'4 Stacpoole, pp. 73-6; Star, 14 June 1871, p. 3. °° Withers, p. 343, says the Llanberris was famous for its economy; inter-

15 Stacpoole, pp. 74-5. views with H. J. Stacpoole. '6 Stacpoole, pp. 75-6; Withers, p. 343. >! Annual Report of the Acting Secretary of Mines and Water Supply, 1873, p. 26, '7 Withers, p. 349; Quarterly Reports of Mining Surveyors and Registrars, Dec. 1884, p. 18; Report of the Chief Inspector of Mines, 1877, p. 12.

p. 25; Star, 19 Feb. 1880, p. 3, 27 Feb., 1880, p. 4. °? Withers, pp. 285, 337. 181875, Star, 19 Feb. 1880, p. 3. 53 Stacpoole, pp. 72, 78. 19 Star, 27 Feb. 1880, p. 4. 94 Star, 3 Oct. 1870, p. 2.

20 Quarterly Reports of Mining Surveyors and Registrars, Dec. 1879; Withers, p. °° Quarterly Reports of Mining Surveyors and Registrars, Mar., June, Sept. 1873;

349; Star, 19 Feb., 20 Dec. 1880, p. 3. Star, 8 Apr. 1870, p. 2.

21 Australasian Sketcher, 1880, p. 72; Star, 16 Feb. 1880, p. 3. 56 Star, 25, 26 Jan., 7 Mar. 1870, p. 2. 22 Star, 1880, 1 Jan., p. 3, 10 Jan., p. 2, 6 Mar., p. 4, 25 Mar., p. 3; 57 Star, 1870, 9, 28 Feb., 8 Mar., 8 Apr., p. 2,18 Apr., p. 4, Star, 3 May 1880,

Baragwanath, p. 121. p. 3, 14 Nov. 1882, p. 2.

23 Baragwanath, pp. 110-11. °8 The newspapers frequently reported accidents and the resulting 24 Baragwanath, pp. 18, 89, 90, 111; Star, 22 Jan. 1880, p. 2,5 May 1880, coroner’s inquests, and court cases.

p. 4; Australasian Sketcher, 1880, p. 72. °9 Star, 20 June, 29 Aug. 1870, p. 3; Blainey, The Rush That Never Ended, pp. 25 Star, 10, 22 Jan. 1880, p. 2. 294-7. . 26 Star, 24 July 1880, p. 4. 6° Report of the Chief Inspector of Mines, 1874; Star, 6 July 1870, p. 2; Blainey,

27 Withers, p. 340; Baragwanath, passim. p. 297.

28 Star, 17, 18 Jan. 1870, p. 2; 15 July 1870, suppl., 2 Jan. 1871, p. 3. 6! Report of the Chief Inspector of Mines, 1875, 1876. In the report of 1883, pp.

29 McGeorge, pp. 16-23; Courter, 1877, 24 Jan., p. 2, 12 Feb., p. 3, 2 Mar., p. 5, 7, the table of Ballarat Accident Statistics is printed. Fatalities 2; Blainey, The Rush That Never Ended, pp. 81-3; Withers, pp. 209-12. averaged about 20 per year, and injuries about 40. There was a no-

30 Withers, p. 360; Roberts, Scrapbook, S.L.V. ticeable improvement as the act gained support.

31 Star, 8, 31 July 1880, p. 3. 62 Blainey, pp. 297-8. R. E. Williams, “Memories of His Journalistic 32 Withers, pp. 230, 341-2, 345, 351-8; Baragwanath, p. 106ff. Career”, Williams Papers.

33 Star, 20 Sept. 1901, letter from J. A. Chalk to Minister of Mines. ®3 Annual Report of the Acting Secretary of Mines and Water Supply, 1884, pp. 18,

34 Town of Ballarat East, Mayor’s Report, 1893, p. 11, 1891, p. 7, 1895, p. 98-100. 10, 1896, p. 10.

35 Baragwanath, pp. 36-8. Totals for the decade were Ballarat 1,927, 479 .

oz, Bendigo | "836,416 oz; Courter, 21 Jan. 1893, suppl. 13 Railway Centre

36 The Defunct Mining Companies Files at the P.R.O. list the occupa- ,

tions and addresses of initial shareholders. One company, the Sir Gar- ; Star, 22 Jan. 1880, p. 2; Courter, 13 Mar. 1890, p. 1. .

net Wolseley, had eight principal shareholders from Melbourne, one Star, 16 Feb. 1876, p. 3 (Sir Samuel Wilson), 13 Oct. 1880, p. 2; Courzer,

from Sydney and seven locals. The New Normanby Company was 3 28 Feb. 1877, p. 4 (Bishop Thornton). — . oy ew

floated by Sydney investors (Stacpoole, p. 76, and Defunct Mining Insolvency Court F iles; Statistical Register, “Accumulation”, “Law”,

Companies Files, no. 1760). Population” and “Production”; Cope, Some Aspects of the Industrial

38 Stacpoole, p. 76. 5 See Appendix 7. « a ,

37 Stacpoole, p. 75; Defunct Mining Companies Files, nos 2750, 3208. : Development of Ballarat 1851-1881, B.A. thesis, p. 14.

39 Defunct Mining Companies Files; Withers, pp. 342, 357; Star, 20 Dec. Statistical Register, Production : for bricks, 1879, p. 43, 1887, p. 56,

1880, p. 3. 1889, p. 49; for stone quarries, 1879, p. 52, 1887, p. 56, 1892, p. 62.

40 Withers, p. 348; Defunct Mining Companies Files, no. 215; Star, 23 6 Statistical Register, ‘““Population”’, records the level of borrowing: 1887, p.

Mar. 1871, p. 2; Baragwanath, p. 26. 24 (£25 420), 1899, pp. 24-5 (£45 452), 1892, pp. 51-2 (£31 473).

41 A study of the companies listed in the Star in 1870 reveals that of 277 ’ Cope, B.A. thesis, p. 14.

directors, one man held eight directorships, another six, while three 8 Ibid., pp. 41-2. held five, ancl seven held three directorships; Withers, pp. 351, 358. ° For examples of Proctor and McCartney’s work, see Courier, 2 Feb., 4

290 Notes June 1877, p. 2; Sutherland (ed.), Victoria and Its Metropolis, vol. 2, pp. 52 Defunct Trading Companies Files, passim.

133-4; Cope, The Ballarat Metal Industry, M.A. thesis, p. 135. 53 Thid.; Cuthbert and Wynne, Letterbook, 1882-87, p. 397.

'0 Cope, B.A. thesis, pp. 36-40, and Ph. D. in preparation; Star, 15 July

June 1877, p. 2. .

1870, p. 2,5 Apr. 1871, p. 4, 13 June 1871, p. 2, 24 Jan. 1872, p. 3, 30

July 1872, p. 2, 2 Jan. 1873, p. 3, 12 Mar. 1880, p. 2; Courier, 2 Feb.,2 14 Golden City

'! Courter, 7 Mar. 1890, p. 1. ' Courier, 12 June 1890, p. 1.

'2 Courter, 29 Jan. 1890, p. 4; Withers, The History of Ballarat, pp. xii, 285. * Following the Equator, pp. 237-8.

'S Courter, 16 Apr. 1890, p. 1. 3 Courter, 23 Jan., 17 Apr. 1877, p. 4, 21 Apr. 1890, p. 2; Star, 12 Jan. 1880, 15 Courter, 13 July 1890, p. 2. * Withers, The History of Ballarat, pp. 255-6; Courter, 25 May 1877, p. 4, 30

14 Courter, 3 July 1890, p. 1. p. 2.

'® Cope, M.A. thesis, p. 86. May 1877, p. 3; Star, 24 Nov. 1880, p. 3. '7 Tbid., pp. 95-6. ° Star, 5 Jan., 11 Feb., 25 Nov. 1880, p. 2; Withers, opp. p. 256; Courter, 24 18 Tbid., p. 95; Courier, 21 Feb., 8 June. Feb. 1877, p. 2.

p. 3. 7“NMfona Marie’, Ballarat Crumbs.

'9 Cope, M.A. thesis, p. 88; Courter, 21 June 1877, p. 4; Star, 22 Oct. 1880, © Star, 15 Mar. 1880, p. 2.

20 Cope. M.A. thesis, pp. 96, 168. ® Courter, 1877, 12 Jan., p. 3, 12, 24 Feb., p. 2, 3 Apr., p. 2; Star, 30 Mar.

21 Withers, Tbid., pp.p.76, 91,9 93, 98. 1880, p. 3. p. 3. 22 293. Star, 20 Mar. 1880, *3 Cope, M.A. thesis, p. 93. ‘© Courier, 12 Feb. 1877, p. 2.

24 Tbid., p. 100. '! Star, 1 June 1880, p. 2. 25 Tbid., pp. 139-61. "2 Star, 1880, 2, 24, 27 Nov., pp. 2-3, 2, 3 Dec., p. 3, 4 Dec., p. 4, 7 Dec., p. 26 Star, 14 Apr. 1883, pp. 2-3. 2; Courter, 8 Nov. 1890, p. 4; Withers, p. 257.

27 Cope, M.A. thesis, pp. 139-41. 'S Among the Ballarat West Council’s roughly sorted correspondence are

28 Tbid., pp. 142-3; Courier, 21 Aug. 1871, p. 2. reports of collisions in 1883 and 1895 and a letter dated 21 July 1884

29 Argus, 16 Apr. 1883, p. 4. talking of boats racing three feet apart; City of Ballaarat, Mayor’s 30 Cope, M.A. thesis, pp. 156-61. Report, 1886; Star, 1880, 16 Mar., p. 2, 21 June, p. 3, 9 Sept., p. 2.

31 Tbid.; Argus, 16 Apr. 1883, p. 4, 18 Apr. 1883, p. 7. '4 Niven, Guide Book and Souvenir, p. 5; Withers, p. 306; City of Ballaarat,

32 Cope, M.A. thesis. Mayor’s Report, 1886, p. 3.

35 . 3. OV. »P. 4; tar, an. ), p. 2. 36 =, ; ; 280. 33 Light Railways, no. 34, 1970, pp. 5-25; Courter, 27 Mar., 3 June 1877, p. 4. '° Star, 27 May 1880, p. 2.

34 Light Railways, no. 34, 1970, pp. 5-25. 16 7 Nov. 1890 3s Soe We Yon 1880p: p. 9; Courter, 17 Apr. 1877. p. 4,

Kara Kara and Lowan. ; a

Core, M.A" thesis Po i50 168 28 Mar. 1877, p. 2, 28 May 1877, p. 3; 17 are obituary see Australasian, 25 Feb. 1905, p. 445a; Withers,

Statistical Register. The Wimmera is represented as the Counties Borung, 18 Williams, Scrapbook, cuttings nos 8, 12, 14, 16; Withers, p. 281; Courier,

37 Cope. M_A. thesis 114. 119 11 July 1890, p. 2; Kimberly, Ballarat and Vicinity, p. 167, says that 38 Star, 99 Sept. 1883, p 4: Cope, M.A. thesis, pp. 123-6. hundreds of pounds in the Shakespeare statue fund were lost in the 39 Cope, M.A. thesis, pp. 124-5; Courter, 16 Aug. 1890, p. 4, 27 Nov. 1890, 19 Courier, 14 Jan. 1893, p. 9.

40 p. 1. 20 Courier, 25 May 1900, p. 1. A statue of the Queen had been considered as

i, Courter, + Jan. 1877, p. 2, 4 Sept. 1890, p. 4; Star, 11, 25 Oct. 1880, p. 2. early as 1887. Appropriately, J. Noble Wilson, one of her soldiers at Wheelhouse, Digging Stick to Rotary Hoe, pp. 85-100; Shaw, Our Goodly Eureka, convened the initial public meeting (Withers, p. 281). Heritage, p. 87; Jarrett, Ballarat and District in 1901, p. 120; Cope, M.A. 21 Courier, 14 May 1901, p. 2.

thesis, pp. 116-29; Defunct Trading Companies Files, no. 2488, P.R.O. 22 Withers, pp. 280-1. For the rivalry with Munro, see a letter from John B. Munro to the 23 Retrospective Synopsis of the Origin and Progress of the Ballarat Fine Art Public

Courier, 17 Sept. 1890, p. 1. Gallery, p. 45.

*2 Cope, M.A. thesis, pp. 129-30; Wheelhouse, pp. 82, 91; Star, 22 Oct. 4 Courier, 21 Apr. 1890, p. 2.

1897, p. 4. 2° Courter, 13 June 1890, p. 2. Alfred Deakin said at the opening of the

*3 Serle, The Rush to Be Rich, pp. 77-8. gallery, “Ballarat was deservedly proud of its trees and statues, and it 44 Cope, M.A. thesis, p. 167; Courter, 16 Oct. 1884, p. 2, 20 Sept. 1887, p. 4. had now added another jewel to the diadem which decked its brows” *> Cope, M.A. thesis, p. 160; Star, 12 Nov. 1885, p. 3, 3 Aug. 1887, p. 3; (14 June 1890, p. 2).

Courter, 16 Oct. 1884, p. 2, 20 Sept. 1887, p. 4. 26 Courier, 3 May, 13, 16 June 1884, 28 May, 2 June 1877, p. 2; Star, 27 #6 Star, 15 June 1880, p. 4. Sept. 1880, p. 3.

*7 Star, 10 June 1871, p. 2; Courter, 17, 19 Feb. 1877, p. 2; Star, 10 Apr. 1871, *” Courter, 11 Feb. 1890, p. 2, 12 June 1890, p. 1, 14 June 1890, p. 4. .

p. 2, 10 June 1871, p. 2; Defunct Trading Companies Files, nos 816, 28 Powell, “A Plea for Art Culture”, in Retrospective Synopsis. An additional 487. aim, mentioned in the society’s minutes was the desire to compete with *8 Defunct Trading Companies Files, no. 621. Melbourne.

49 Tbid., nos 2488, 3120, 3132. 29 Courter, 14 June 1890, p. 2, 16 Aug. 1890, p. 1.

°° Tbid., nos 1107, 1331, 2918, 2513. 30 Courter, 16 July 1890, p. 1, 15 Aug. 1890, p. 4; Fox, Eureka and Its Flag, pp.

°! Kings, The Ballarat Tramways, p. 13; Defunct Trading Companies Files, 21-2.

no. 1107. 31 Courter, 5 Dec. 1890, p. 2; Lindsay, The Leafy Tree, pp. 5, 62-3.

Notes 291 32 Courter, 1890, 30 Aug., 19 Sept., 22 Sept. to 1 Nov., passim, p. 2. 6 Australian Typographical Journal, Mar., Apr. 1893, pp. 2345, 2357; Cou33 Retrospective Synopsis, p. 2, lists the Anglican and Roman Catholic bi- rier, 9 June 1877, p. 2; Star, 2 Jan. 1883, p. 2; Withers, pp. 63-6. shops as vice-presidents and the Anglican dean, and two of the Roman °? A good indicator of the difference between the papers is the fact that Catholic bishop’s staff on the committee, which included no non-con- the Courier office received £480 for London dock strikers in 1889 against

formist clergy; Courter, 19 Sept., p. 2. £ 38 at the Star, Ballarat Trades and Labour Council, Minutes, 22 Nov. 34 Courter, 28 Oct. 1890, p. 1. 1889; Gay, Some Ballarat Pioneers, p. 58; Australian Typographical Journal,

35 Star, 3 Aug. 1870, p. 2; Courier, 27 June 1890, p. 4. Mar., Apr. 1893, pp. 2345, 2357; Ballarat Trades and Labour Council, 36 Meetings were regularly reported in the newspapers. In 1880, for in- Minutes, 15 Feb. 1889.

stance, the following were reported: Catholic Young Man’s Society; °8 Editorials, Courter; Memories of Ballarat, of his journalistic career and Wesleyan at Barkly, Neil and Humffray Streets; St John’s and St Paul’s of his parents, Alfred Deakin to R. E. Williams, 1 Nov. 1899, various

(both Anglican); Dawson Street (Baptist) and others at Brown Hill and letters appointing him marshal of A.M.A. and Eight Hours Day Peel Street. Roberts’s Scrapbook has an account of the Congregational processions, Williams Papers; R. E. Williams, The Old Third and the New

Mutual Improvement Association meetings, 1879-81. Seventh, Ballarat n.d., pp. 14-15.

37 Star, 1880, 11 June, p. 2, 17 July, p. 3, 4 Sept. p. 2; Serle, The Rush to Be °9“The Ballarat Star, a Retrospect: Nearly Seventy Years of History, Rich, p. 234; Courier, 1890, 11 Apr., p. 4, 26 June, p. 2, 10 July, p. 4, 20 1855-1924”, 30 Aug. 1924, in Roberts, Scrapbook; Defunct Trading

Dec., p. 1. Aveling, A History of the Australian Natives Association Companies Files, no. 529; Withers, pp. 63-6; N. Spielvogel

1871-1900, Ph. D. thesis, pp. 13-38. “Newspapers of Ballarat”, cutting no. 48 in R. E. Williams Scrapbook,

38 It may have stemmed from the Literary Institute, recorded at the Williams Papers.

corner of South and Errard Streets in 1871, Star, 7 June, p. 2; Roberts, 6° Nicholls also wrote for Melbourne and interstate journals under the

Scrapbook; Courter, 6, 9 Sept. 1898, p. 2. pen-name “Henricus”, A.D.B., vol. 5, pp. 334-5, Mercury (Hobart) 14 lament 1851-1900 (Canberra, 1972), p. 110. Withers, p. 252. Some significant editorials (but the attribution to

39K. Thompson and G. Serle, A Biographical Register of the Victorian Par- Aug. 1912, p. 5. In 1867 he was listed in the city rate book as sub-editor;

49 Letter from M. J. Whitfield to Frank, 9 Nov. 1884 (in private hands). Nicholls cannot be definite): /870, 5, 6, 19, 28 Jan., 11, 19 Feb., 1, 4, 7 *1 Withers, p. 289; Courier, 1890, 19 Feb., p. 4, 9 July, p. 2, 10 July, p. 4, 27 Mar., 15, 20 Apr., 10, 17 May, 2, 29 June, 16, 20, 25 Aug., 28 Sept., 4, 28

Sept., p. 2. Oct., 7, 14, Nov., 1, 8, 19, 21, 26 Dec. /880, 16, 22 Jan., 21 Feb., 16, 26

#2 For a good example of Sunday school music, see Star, 10 Nov. 1880, p. 3; Mar., 17 Apr., 5, 8 June, 21 July, 22 Oct., 12 Nov., 1, 28, 29 Dec. for the Welsh influence, see Withers, p. 288, Star, 13 Nov. 1880, p. 3, °! Courter, 1877, 8 Feb., p. 2, 2 Mar., p. 3, 3 Mar., p. 2,6 Mar., p. 4. Courter, 27 Feb. 1877, p. 4, 1 Mar. 1935, p. 8; and for a sporting dinner 62 Courier, 9 Jan. 1890, p. 2. see Courier, 8 Aug. 1890, p. 3. A Wesleyan musical and fruit soiree is also °° Courter, 20 Feb., 13 May, 16 Dec. 1890, p. 4. Star, 12 May 1880, p. 4. worth notice, Courter, 17 Feb. 1872, p. 2. But the Presbyterians did not °¢ Withers, pp. 274-5; Star, 1880, 15 Jan., p. 2, 27 Jan., p. 3,6 Apr., p. 3,8

have music in church until 1871, Star, 8 May, p. 2; Catholics had Dec., p. 2.

Simonsen’s opera company perform Weber’s Mass in G, Courter, 3 Feb. °° Withers, p. 274; Courter, 1877, 7 June, p. 3, 16, 18 June, p. 4, 20 June, p.

1877, p. 2; and an Anglican pleaded for more congregational against 3; Star, 1 May, 10 Aug. 1878, p. 3, 27 Jan., 17 Feb., 6, 8, Apr. 1880, p. 3,

choir-dominated singing, “Observer”, Courter, 24 July 1890, p. 1. 8 Dec. 1880, p. 2.

43 Brunn, Star, 18 Dec. 1880, p. 3. In addition to the Irish women, Star, 28 66 Star, 1880, 14 Jan., p. 3,6 Apr., p. 3, 29 Sept., p. 4, 3 Nov., 8 Dec., p. 2. Mar. 1870, p. 2, a reference appeared in the Bulletin, 8 Sept. 1900, p. 27, 67 Courter, 13 May 1890, p. 4. to a death of James Storragh, a noted Irish fiddler, “the last minstrel 68 Star, 1880, 14 Jan., 16 June, p. 3, 24 Sept., p. 2; Courier, 30 Mar. 1877 pp.

44 K 180. 1 F M 2, 4; The census of 1881 recorded 5688 children aged 5-14 (inclusive) 6 tar, 1370, 18 eb., p. 3, 9 Mar., p. 2. and 6,288 aged 5-15, “Ages of the People”, p. 25; figures for attendance 46 Withers, p. 289; Courier, 28 May 1890, p. 3, 1-12 Dec. 1890, passim. in 1885 indicate that the average attendance overall was only 56% of 4 Courter, 26 Jan. 1877, p. 3; Star, 12 May, 29 Oct., 26 Nov. 1880, p. 3. students enrolled; Report of the Minister of Public Instruction, 1885-86

aForStar, 5 Apr. 1880, p. 3. (Melbourne, 1886). organ grinders, see Star, 18 Mar. 1868, p. 4, 23 Jan. 1872,p.4(inthe — 69 Star, 15 Apr. 1880, p. 2; Courier, 28 June 1890, suppl., 24 July 1890, p. 1.

latter, “Convalescent” wrote that he would rather have a dozen The debate was carried on vigorously in the correspondence columns of coffin-makers at work under his window than the villainous noises of the Courier in May and June 1890.

49 28 June 1890, p. 2. ; ; the so-called organ); for a black violinist, 30 Dec. 1880, p. 2; for the 70 Courter, 14, 20 June 1877, p. 2; Star, 6 Jan. 1870, p. 2,21 Jan. 1880. p. 3,

band and the bells, 16 Nov. 1880, p. 4, 4 May 1880, p. 2. 30 Dec. 1880, p. 2; Withers, p. 274.

50 Typical advertisements for these dealers appeared in the Courter, 3 Feb. " iar, - ors sen eg ute 1S Dec. Gre p.l. Buley was superin1877, p. 1. This paragraph challenges the emphasis on the piano as a tendent of the Lydiard Street Methodist Church Sunday School from

° ; ;in1889 to 1896,A Lydiard Street Methodist Sunday Historical status symbol H. McQueen, New Britannia, Melbourne, 1970, ch. 9. RSchool, 38 OV; me y he §

Jubilee

°! This analysis depends upon criticisms appearing under the heading ie pp. 38-42. Victor's views are expressed in the Star, 16 Dec. 1880,

“Academy of Music” in the Star, 1880, and Courzer, 1890. P. ¢°2 Courter, 16 Oct. 1890, p. 2, 21, 22 Oct. 1890, p. 4. 72 Star, 15 Dec. 1880, p. 3. He added that moral education, based on

53 Courter, 26 Nov. 1890, p. 2. The Star’s critic reproved the Willis company religious instruction, was of the highest importance. Demoralizing for the language in the prison scene of Never Too Late to Mend, 5 July cramming was also attacked at a speech day by the Anglican bishop, 1880, p. 2. See also reports on a clean comedian, J. L. Toole, Courier, 19 Courter, 20 Dec. 1890, p. 1. Garbutt is recalled in Mein, History of Ballarat

Aug. 1890, p. 4, 23 Aug. 1890, p. 2, and on the Willis company in College 1864-1964, ch. 2.

general, Star, 15 Dec. 1880, p. 3. 13 Star, 21 Dec. 1880, p. 3. The numbers come from a count of schools 54 Defunct Trading Companies Files, no. 332. mentioned in the newspapers. 55 Star, 16 June 1870, p. 4. 74 Clarke and Cochran, The Lamp Burns Brightly, pp. 1-7 and App. 2.

292 Notes "> Star, 21 Dec. 1880, p. 3; Courter, 20 Dec. 1890, p. 1; letter from C. H. 16 Star, 5 May 1871, p. 2; Courier, 20 Feb. 1877, p. 2, 11 June 1877, p. 3; Star,

Thomson to the registrar, Melbourne University, 27 Jan. 1880, M.U.A. 13 Feb. 1871, p. 4, 11 Apr., 14 June 1871, p. 2. 7® Withers, p. 275. 17 Star, 1,9 June, p. 2. "7 Star, 26 Mar. 1867, p. 3; Withers, p. 276; Murray-Smith, A History of 18 Star, 5 May 1871, p. 2, 2 Sept. 1867, p. 2; Withers, p. 303. Technical Education in Australia, with Special Reference to the Period '9 Star, 10 Mar. 1868, p. 2; Courier, 19 Feb. 1877, p. 4; Star, 21 Dec. 1880, p.

before 1914, Ph. D. thesis, p. 247; Courier, 20 Oct. 1890, p. 1. 2; 10 Mar. 1868, p. 2.

78 Star, 27 Oct. 1870, p. 2. 20 Withers, pp. 306-7; Courier, 2 June 1877, p. 2, 18 Aug. 1890, p. 3. 9 Courter, 9 July 1890, p. 2. 21 Mein, History of Ballarat College 1864-1964, p. 33.

89 Star, 31 Mar., 27 Apr. 1871, p. 2, 30 Aug. 1880, p. 2; Courter, 22 Feb. 22 Courter, 7 Mar. 1877, p. 3; Mein, p. 60; N. Lindsay, The Cousin from Fiz,

1877, p. 2; Withers, p. 277. ch. 21; Courter, 10 June 1902, p. 2.

81 Courter, 23 Jan. 1877, p. 4, 20 Oct., 27 Nov. 1890, p. 1; Murray-Smith, p. 23 Courter, 7 Mar. 1877, p. 3.

247. 24 Star, 28 Dec. 1875, p. 2, 16 Mar. 1868, p. 2, 6 Mar., 3 Apr. 1871, p. 2;

82 Courier, 4 Jan. 1877, p. 2. Courter, 13 Mar. 1890, p. 1. See also Union Foundry picnic, Star, 2 Feb. 83 Sutton, A.D.B., vol. 6, pp. 226-7. 1880, p. 3; Licensed Victuallers (1,150 went by rail to Geelong, the

84 Courter, 23 Jan. 1877, p. 4, 3, 23 Feb. 1877, p. 2; Murray-Smith, p. 237. Ozone to Sorrento, and steam tram to the back beach), Courier, 17 Feb. 8° Courter, 6, 18 June 1877, p. 2, 19 June 1877, p. 3; Star, 1880, 8 June, p. 4, 1890, p. 4.

21 June, p. 3, 2 July, p. 4. 25 Courter, 17 Mar., p. 1; Budletin, 3 Oct. 1891, p. 9; communication from J.

8® Courter, 1 May 1890, p. 2; essay written for the B. Ed. degree at Mel- Gibbney.

bourne University in 1972 by R. J. Message. 26 Annual Reports of the Central Board of Health, 1855-89, and Board of

87 Withers, p. 278; Royal Commission into Technical Education, minutes of Public Health, 1890-1901. Note esp. 1862, p. 14, 1863, p. 23. For a

evidence nos 7993, 7996, 7997, 7999, 8272, 8063. particular example of sanitation at Ballarat East, see Star, 7 May 1867,

88 Star, 21 May 1870, p. 4, 26 May 1880, p. 2, 14 Nov. 1870, p. 2; Courter, 31 p. 2. A typical letter from the secretary of the Central Board to the

May 1890, p. 2. Local Board, dated 23 Oct. 1861, comments on a recent inspection and

89 Star, 26 Oct. 1880, p. 3, 23 May 1871, p. 3, 26 Oct. 1880, p. 3, 27 Oct. urges the regulation of cesspools, lodging-houses and_ butchers’

1880, p. 2, 9 Nov., 1880, p. 4. premises, B.A.

9° Courter, 9 Jan. 1877, p. 1,5 Feb. 1877, p. 2, 8 Oct. 1890, p. 1; Star, 8 Mar., 27 Star, 23 Nov. 1870, p. 2.

1 July 1878, p. 2, 26 Oct., 9 Nov. 1880, p. 2, 13 Nov. 1880, p. 3; 28 Broadsheet circular, Local Board of Health, ““To the Ratepayers of the McCallum, A Short History of Public Libraries in Ballarat 1859-1967, City of Ballaarat”, 29 May 1871, B.A.

MS., pp. 16-17. *9 Here is the relevant table:

19, 21 Feb. 1890, p. 4. Under 5 Over 5

9! McCallum, pp. 11-16; Star, 5 Feb. 1870, p. 2, 4 Feb. 1880, p. 4; Courter,

92 M0 pp. 9-10; Star, 5 Feb. 1870, p. 2, 4 Feb. 1880, p. 4, 26 May Total 93 Withers p. 302; Star, 19 July 1880, p. 2. Total number of deaths 260 205 465

°4 Muggridge, “The Good Old Days of Ballarat”, New Zealand Loan Quar- Death rate per 1,000 living 10 8 18 terly Magazine, Mar. 1923, p. 21.

. Star, 21 Mar. 1868, p. 2, 10 Jan. 1870, p. 3, 21 Jan. 1870, p. 2. It should be reinterpreted using the age structure revealed by the 1871

97 Courter, 9 Feb. 1877, p. 2, 24 Feb. 1877, p. 3. , census, which showed however a slightly lower total population—

3 * ? bf d ‘ °

ar oem 1870, p. 3, 29 Jan. 1870, p. 4; Ballarat West Minutes, 25 24 308 against Bunce’s calculation for 1870 of 26 095. There were 4341, , children aged 0-4 years in 1871, and that gives a death rate of 60, not 10, i Star, 21 Jan. 1874, p. 2; Courter, 4 Jan. 1877, p. 3, 24 Mar. 1877, p. 2. per 1000. Assuming about 4600 infants aged 0-4, in 1870 the death rate

Courter, 18 Sept, p. I. . then would have been 56-5 per 1000.

; Star, 21 July 1870, p. 2, 1 Dec. 1870, pp. 2-3; Withers, pp. 255-6. 30 Broadsheet circular see n. 28; Ballarat East Minutes, 14 July 1863

Star, 20 Aug. 1880, p. 2; Courter, 15 Mar. 1890, p. 1. (vaccination); Star, 6 June 1871, p. 2

4 rourer, Nop 2. pI. 31 Ballarat West Minutes, 30 June 1873, 5 Apr. 1875. (Copies of the

5, Withers 30 4- Star, 25 Jan. 1868, p. 3. by-laws can be found in the city archives.) Star, 6 June 1871, p. 2,

6 Star. 29 oe 1879 p. 9. ‘ mentioned that Princes Park, Melbourne, had been converted from a 8 Star, 12 Nov., p. 2. 32 Report of the Central Board of Health, 1874, pp. 15-16; Ballarat West 9 Star, 11 Nov. 1870, p. 2. Minutes, 7 Apr. 1873, 9 Mar. 1874; Health Inspector’s Report Book,

7p. 9. , barren waste into a fine meadow.

10 Courier, 1877, 9, 13 Feb., p. 3, 12, 19 Feb., p. 2. entry for 29 Nov. 1894.

'! Star, 15 Jan., 14 Apr. 1870, p. 2, 17 Jan. 1880, p. 2. °° Star, 30 Jan., 3 Feb. 1880, p. 2; letter from various ratepayers, 29 Jan. 12 Withers, p. 304; Star, 25 Apr., 30 May 1870, p. 2; Australasian, 5 Oct. 1881, B.A. Correspondence Files (Box 10). Air pollution did occur, 1867, p. 427. For an earlier “Ballarat Kangaroo Club” hunt see Star, 2 especially from the burning of pyritic quartz, which led to the complete

May 1860, p. 3. destruction of vegetation, Star, 30 Aug. 1880, p. 2. For the Phoenix

13 Withers, p. 304; Courier, 31 May 1890, p. 4, 10, 16, 30 June 1890, p. 1,8 34 SADE SEE Courter, 18 Feb. 1890, p. 2.

Aug. 1890, p. 3; Muggridge, loc. cit. Courter, 11 Mar. 1890, p. 4; Star, 12 June 1880, p. 3.

'4 Withers, p. 305; Courier, 1, 5 June 1877, p. 3, 7 June 1877, p. 4; Star, 11 35 Courier, 1890, 27 Feb., p. 2, 11 Mar., p. 4, 28 June, p. 2. For an earlier

Jan. 1880, p. 3. discussion of theory of disease see Star, 22 Oct. 1880, p. 2. The Courter (12

'S Withers, pp. 305-6; Star, 3 Jan. 1880, p. 2. Nov. 1890, p. 2) was hopeful that if the “garden city” was kept beau-

Notes 293 tiful, wealthy Melburnians would migrate from their inevitably 42 Ballarat Club Minute Book.

“plague-stricken”’ city. *3 Thid.

36 Courter, 18 Feb. 1890, p. 2. *4 Complaints Book, Visitors’ Book. 45 Star, 13 Feb. 1880, p. 2.

. . ; 46 The Rules and Regulations of the Ballarat Irish Club, M.L. 15 Foundation-stone of Empire and Nation 47 Star, 18 Mar. 1870, p. 2.

. 48 Newspaper accounts of annual and committee meetings and annual

1 The History of Ballarat, p. 327. reports of the various organizations furnish evidence of membership

?R. M. Hartwell, “The Pastoral Ascendancy, 1820-50”, and I. D. and help us to correlate religious, occupational and other categories of McNaughtan, “Colonial Liberalism, 1851-92”, in G. Greenwood (ed.) identification. , Australia, A Social and Political History, Sydney, 1955. 49 Spence, Australia’s Awakening, pp. 22-32. Gollan, Radical and Working

p. 328. Class Politics, pp. 102-3.

* Kimberly, Ballarat and Vicinity, p. 9. 50 See ch. 12.

° Times, 4 Dec. 1856, p. 2; Withers, p. 155, “Upon the marble slab . . . is 1 ch. 12,n.57. The objects of the association were published in the Star on

the following inscription from the pen of this author”. 5 March. They were: 1. Better ventilation, 2. accident prevention, 3.

6 Soldiers’ Memorial, Ballarat Old Cemetery; Withers, pp. 155-6. holidays on Sundays, Christmas, Boxing, New Year’s Days, Good

Withers had written “insurgent” diggers, but the minister rejected the Friday and Easter Monday, 4. amalgamated accident funds, 5. Friday word as being a reflection on the diggers whose survivors’ suffrages pay-day, 6. best possible wage consistent with justice to employers, 7. helped to make members of parliament. By contradicting what he had escape procedures, 8. wages secure against company failure, 9. comsaid earlier (pp. 131, 139) about Eureka as a fight for justice, Withers pany liability for fatal accidents, 10. eight-hour shifts. The means of

placed the event in a more conservative framework. achieving them were: |. arbitration, 2. petition, 3. public meeting, 4.

7 Eureka Stockade Memorial Committee, Minutes, Ballarat Historical parliamentary action.

Society. °2 Peoples, The Bendigo Miners Association 1872-1888, B.A. thesis.

8 “Ballarat has always been true to national traditions—it has been called 33 Creswick Advertiser, 10, 11, 12 July, p. 2, 15, 17 July, pp. 2-3.

the most loyal city in Australia”, Courter, 14 May 1901, p. 1. ** Tbid., 2 Sept. 1878, p. 2.

18 ; .;

9 Courter, 24 May 1899, p. 2. °° Thid., 1879, 17 Oct., p. 1, 24 Oct., 17 Nov., p. 2. 10 Courter, 10, 24 June, 14, 22 July 1890, p. 2. 96 Star, 1880, 3 May, p. 3, 17 May, p. 4, 24 May, p. 3; Courier, 1880, 27 Apr., 11 Courter, 17 Feb. 1872, p. 2. p. 2, 29 Apr., p. 3, 3 May, pp. 2-3. It is significant that in June R. M. 12 Courter, 25 May 1900, p. 1. Serjeant, manager of the offending Band and Albion mine, notified the

13 Alfred Deakin to R. E. Williams, | Nov. 1899, Deakin Papers, A.N.L. union that he had a vacancy for an engine-driver at £2 5s (3s above the

14 Courier, 25 May 1900, p. 1. suggested minimum wage). Star, 23 June 1880, p. 3.

'> Courter, 15 Apr., 13 May 1901, p. 2, 14 May 1901, p. 1. °7 Star, 17, 27 Sept. 1880, p. 3, Peoples, B.A. thesis, pp. 23-7, 38-41.

'© Courter, 15 May 1901, p. 6. °8 Star, 1880, 17 May, p. 4,9 Aug., p. 2, 27 Sept., p. 3, 27 Nov., p. 2, 3 Dec.,

17 Courter, 14 May, 1 Nov., p. 1. p. 3.

“ »p id., ar. , p. 2.

. Courier, ig ME 1900 ; °® Thid., 3, 17, 29 May 1880, p. 2.

20 Courier, 2 Mar. 1900, p. 6. Ted os Mee 1870. p.2

7, Couner, 3 June 1902, p. 2, 62 Serle, The Rush to Be Rich, p. 119.

73ourler, naar, . June J ne I» 900. H. Hughes, “The Eight Hour Day and the Development of the Labour P. Y-p> , ; 63 Movement in Victoria in the Eighteen-Fifties”, Historical Studies, no. 36,

. _ , ; ; y 1874, p. 2. 26 Courier, 6 Jan. 1900, b2 ) a Ibid., 9 Oct. 1885. 1890, p. 2. 64 Star, 22 June, 7 July |

24 Courter, 10 June 1902, p. 3. Green was native-born, see Courter, 21 Apr. May 1961

25 Courer, 8 Aug. 1890, p. 33 R. E. Williams, The Old Third and the New 65 TLC. Minutes, 13, 14, 19 Apr. 1883, 17 Apr. 1885.

27 Star, 2 Sept., p. 6, 3 Sept., p. 1. _ Ibid., 4 July, 15 Aug., 7 Nov. 1890.

28 Star, 2 Sept., p. 6. Ibid., 19 Dec. 1890. 29 Star, 7 Mar. 1890, p. 1, 19 May 1890, p. 2. 69 Tbid., 5, 15 Feb. 1889, 4 Dec. 1891.

30 Williams, p. 5. a 7° T.L.C. Correspondence, 23 Sept., letter from Ironworkers Assistants, 30 31 Sept., letter from 9Engineers at the p. Phoenix 32Ibid. Tbid. "l Courter, Dec. 1890, 2. Foundry. 33 Souvenir of the Ballarat Volunteer Rifle Regiment, p. 9; Williams, pp. 7-9. "2 'T.L.C. Minutes, 12 Dec. 1884, 10 Apr., 27 Nov. 1885, 10 Dec. 1886, 8,

34 Williams, p. 15. 7 29 July 1887,21 21June, June, 3013 Aug., 27 Sept. 1889, 16 Jan. 1891. 3° Ibid., pp. 14-16. Ibid., Sept. 1889. ., ouvenir, Williams,p.Pp , 13 ° Courter, 26 Mat 20;eee Kimberly, p. 73. ar, OV. ee , p.P.2.2. 39 Souvenir, pp. 12-13. 17 'T.L.C. Minutes, 9 May, 10 July 1884, 10 Feb. 1888, 24 Oct. 1890. 36 Courter, 25 Mar. 1890, p. 2; Williams, p. 13. 4 Thid., 13 July 1888, 10 Oct. 1890, 21 Oct. 1892.

*° Letters from John Fraser, 25 Nov. 1934, Eric D. Thwaits, 27 Apr. 1936, 78 Courter, 24 Sept. 1890, p. 2; T.L.C. Minutes, 9 May, 6 June, | Aug., 22

and J. Quine, n.d., in Williams Papers. Nov. 1890, 7 Apr. 1893; Courier, 30 Mar. 1898, p. 4.

41 54 out of 150 identities in Kimberly, op cit., were masons. 79 Star, 12 Jan. 1874, p. 4.

294 Notes 80 "[.L.C. Correspondence printed circular, dated 20 Oct. 1888, and file of 8° Ibid., 2 June, 21 May 1898, p. 4.

replies. Minutes, 5 Feb., 11 Oct. 1889. 86 Ibid.. 29 Mar. 1898. p. 4.

81 raogressive Political League Minutes, 19 Sept. 1890, 20 Feb., 22 June 87 Ibid. 1 Mar 1898, Dp 1, 2. . 82 Broadsheet, “Progressive Political League of Victoria”, Object and 88 Tbid., 4 June 1898, p. 4. Taken together Ballarat East and Ballarat West

Platform (filed with PPL material, A.N.U. Archives). voted 95:4% Yes, compared for instance with Bendigo 93-2%, Cast-

85 Star, 17 June 1901, p. 1. lemaine 85 - 3%, Geelong 82-2% and Collingwood 55%.

84 Courier, 8 Apr. 1898, p. 4. 89 Ibid., 2 June 1898, p. 4.

Bibli oh Central Government Sources Select Committee, Legislative Assembly of Victoria, Ballarat Gas Company

Manuscript Statistical Sources: Bill, 1857

The Public Record Office of Victoria contains a huge volume of — Censuses of 1851, 1854, 1857, 1861, 1871, 1881, 1891, 1901

correspondence, reports and records of all kinds of administrative Statistics of the Colony (printed annually in V. @ P )

activity. Files particularly examined were those relating to Chief | Archer, W. H. Statistical Notes on the Progress of Victoria, from the Secretary (1855-1901). Chinese Protector, Colonial Secretary Foundation of the Colony, 1835-1860, Melbourne, 1861 (1851-55), Defunct Mining Companies, Defunct Trading Com- = Mineral Statistics of Victoria

panies, Goldfields Commission (1851-55), Goldfields Wardens Great Britain .

(1855-60), Insolvency (Ballarat insolvents were filed under the Parliamentary Papers: Further Papers relating to the Recent Discovery of

Geelong court), Military, National and Denominational Schools Gold in Australia Boards, Petty Sessions, Police, Survey.

The Lands Department plan room holds the major maps, both Local Gov ts manuscript and printed, although some are held at the State ocalvovernment sources

Library of Victoria and by the City of Ballaarat. Manuscript

Printed During the nineteenth century Ballarat was divided into two oo. municipalities, the Town Ballarat East andupon the City ofinBallaaVictoria rat. The archives, whichofwere amalgamated union 1921,

Government Gazette contain a large but mainly unsorted volume of correspondence, as

Hansard well as Minute Books, Rate Books, Valuation Books, the Reports Votes and Proceedings of the Legislative Council with Copies of the Various of the Engineer, Health Officer, Inspector of Nuisances, etc., and Documents Ordered by the Council to be Printed, 1851-61. many manuscript plans and drawings. Votes and Proceedings of the Legislative Assembly with Copies of the Various

Documents Ordered by the Assembly to be Printed, 1856-1901. Printed

Parliamentary Papers. The more significant are these: By-laws Annual Reports of the Secretary of Mines and Water Supply Mayor’s reports Quarterly Reports of Mining Surveyors and Registrars Miscellaneous pamphlets and reports Reports of the Central Board of Health

Reports of the Chief Inspector of Mines Other Sources

Reports of the Minister of Public Instruction

Report of the Select Committee, Ballarat Riots, Bentley’s Hotel Contemporary Riot at Ballarat. Report of the Board Appointed to Enquire into Circum- Manuscript

stances Connected with the Late Disturbance at Ballaarat, together with

the Evidence Taken by the Board Printed 21st N ovember, 1854 Aka TGS Jou ee Me atte

Royal Commission into Technical Education Archer, W. H. Papers. La T.L.

Select Commitiee, Legislative Council, Victoria, 2nd Report on Ballarat Ballarat Club. Complaints Book, Minute Book, Visitors’ Book.

Outbreak Printed 14 March 1856 Ballarat Club.

295

296 Bibliography

Ballarat Trades and Labour Council. Minutes. A.N.U. Archives. larat Municipal Library (engraving and lithographs) and the

Black, N. Papers. La T.L. La ‘Trobe Library (paintings, engravings and lithographs) have Bull, J. B. Reminiscences. $.A.A. the best general pictorial material, although some important items

Cuthbert, H. and Wynne, A. Letterbook, 1856-57. 1882-87. are held by the Dixson Gallery, the Mitchell Library, the National

Cuthbert, Morrow and Must, Solicitors, Ballarat. Library and the National Gallery of Victoria.

Deakin, A. Papers. A.N.L. Book Dunn, T. Map of Golden Point, 1851. Ballarat Historical Society. 00KS

Eberle, C. Diary (trans.). La T.L. Bryce Ross’s Gold Diggings’ Directory. Melbourne, 1853. Eureka Stockade Memorial Committee, Minutes. Ballarat Histo- = Carboni, R. The Eureka Stockade. Repr. Melbourne, 1963.

rical Society Museum. Catalogue of the Ballarat Public Library, Ballarat East, September 1899.

Eyres Brothers, Sturt Street, Ballarat. Business Records. Ballarat, 1899.

Forward, W. B. Sequel to Diary. M.L. Clarke, P. The New Chum in Australia. London, 1886. Goold, Archbishop. Papers. Melbourne Diocesan Historical Craig, W. My Adventures on the Australian Goldfields. London, 1903.

Commission. Cronquist, C. Vandringar Australien 1857-1859. Melbourne, 1859. South Wales. D’Ewes, J. China, Australia and the Pacific Islands. London, 1857.

Guerard, E. von. Diary. Dixson Gallery, Public Library of New — Curr, E. Recollections of Squatting in Victoria. Repr. Melbourne, 1965.

Lang, J. D. Papers. 1965.

Huyghue, S. D. S. The Ballarat Riots. M.L. Fauchery, A. Letters from a Miner in Australia. Trans. Melbourne Lynch, J. The Story of the Eureka Stockade. La T.L. Ham, T. The Diggers’ Portfolio. Melbourne, 1854. McDonald, A. C. Map of Golden Point, 1851. Ballarat Historical | ——, The Goldfields Album. Melbourne, 1851.

Society. Howitt, W. Land, Labour and Gold. Repr. Kilmore, 1972.

Mathews, P. Letters to his brothers and sisters, 1854-55. M.L. Jarrett, F.C. Ballarat and District in 1901. Melbourne, 1901. Pasley, C. Letters to his father (Lt-Gen. Sir C. W. Pasley). M.L. Kelly, W. Life in Victoria: or Victoria in 1853, and Victoria in 1858. 2

Perry, G. Letters received from Ballarat Commercial and Indus- vols. London, 1859.

trial firms, 1881. B.A. Kimberly, W. Ballarat and Vicinity. Ballarat, 1894.

Pierson, T. Diary. La T.L. Lydiard Street Methodist Sunday School, Historical Jubilee Report. Balla-

Roberts, J. P. Scrapbook. La T.L. rat, 1903.

Williams, R. E. Papers. In private possession. Meredith, L. A. Over the Straits: a Visit to Victoria. London, 1861.

Newspapers ar Mona Marie G. M. Tickner). and(Mrs Periodicals 1890 Ballarat Crumbs. Ballarat, c.

Age, 1854- Nicholls, H. R. ““Reminiscences of the Eureka Stockade, Centennial

Argus Magazine, vol. 2, no. 10, May 1890. Australasian, 1867- Niven, F. W. Guide Book and Souvenir. Ballarat, c. 1880.

Australasian Post, 1864- Patterson, J. A., The Gold Fields of Victoria in 1862. Melbourne,

Australasian Sketcher, 1873-89 1862.

Ballarat Courier, 1867- Phillips, J. A., The Mining and Metallurgy of Gold and Silver, London,

Ballarat Punch, 1867-69 1867. Ballarat Star, 1855- Potts, E. D., and Potts, A. (eds). A Yankee Merchant in Goldrush Creswick Advertiser, 1879- Australia. Melbourne, 1970.

Evening Post, 1863- Powell, J. A. “A Plea for Art Culture”, in Retrospective Synopsis of the Examiner, 1857-58 Origin and Progress of the Ballarat Fine Art Public Gallery. Ballarat, c.

Geelong Advertiser 1887.

Gold Diggers’ Monthly Magazine, 1852-53 Retrospective Synopsis of the Origin and Progress of the Ballarat Fine Art

Miner and Weekly Star, 1860s Public Gallery. Ballarat, c. 1887.

Times (Ballarat), 1854-61 Rules and Regulations of the Ballarat Irish Club, Ballarat, 1874.

Maps and Pictures Smyun R. Brough. The Goldfields and Mineral Districts lelbourne, 1869. . | of Victoria.

The Victorian Lands and Mines Departments, the City of Bal- — Sowentr of the Ballarat Volunteer Rifle Regiment. Ballarat, 1912. laarat and the Ballarat Historical Society hold significant manu- _—_— Spence, W. G. Australia’s Awakening. Sydney, 1909.

script maps, and the first three, the State Library of Victoria and Sutherland, A. (ed.). Victoria and Its Metropolis: Past and Present. 2

the Ballarat Municipal Library have collections of printed maps. vols. Melbourne, 1888.

Major collections of photographs are owned by the Ballarat His- ‘Trollope, A. Australia and New Zealand. Melbourne, 1873. torical Society, the Ballarat Municipal Library, the City of Bal- | Twain, M. Following the Equator. New York, 1897. laarat and the La Trobe Library, whilst the Ballarat Fine Art Welles, C. M. Three Years’ Wanderings of a Connecticut Yankee in...

Gallery (paintings), the Ballarat Historical Society and the Bal- Australia, and California. New York, 1859.

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Abrahams, John, 216 229, 265 Ballarat Meat Preserving and Bath’s party, 80, 82

Academy of Music, 208, 227, Australian Rules Football, 242 Boiling-down Co., 130 Beale’s Swamp, 86, 183

931-2 Bailey, G. L., 265 Ballarat militia, 258-60 Beilby, J. Wood, 30, 33 Adelphi Theatre, 45 Bailey, William, 197, 219 1, 103 elford, Richard, 136, 183 Acheson, W. M., 260 Bailey, John Robinson, 135-7 Ballarat Prospecting Association, pelcner be bh

Affleck, R. R., 244 Baker, R., 261-2 Ballarat Rangers, 258 Bell, Robert, 136-7, 151-2

Age, (Melbourne), 233; on Balla- Bakery Hill; meetings on, 61, 66-8 Ballarat Reform League, 64, 66-8 Benevolent Asylum, 126, 152,174,

rat metal industry, 125; on Bakery Hill Lead, 36, 78, 89 Ballarat Songster, The, 91 176, 209 Ballarat officials. 63 Ballarat: as market town, 41; Ballarat Stock Exchange, 91, 95 ‘Bentley, James Francis, 43-5, agriculture, 118-19, 122. 207 contrast between eastern and Ballarat Swimming Club, 247 58-61

915-16 western 165-84; an qannery. ms46, I 3ickett, ; Bo J. aniM., wae 176 : ; exploration of, municipalities, 2; pastoral sett- allarat Times, 30, 41, 43-4,

fe O07 Pastoral Socie- lement, 2: relationship with 49-51, 54-6, 58, 60-1; on Big Engine Gold Mining Co., 80 agricultural machinery, 118, 122 hinterland, 117-19, 122; street goldfields officials, 63; on J. R. Biggs and Shoppee (crockery 68 21517 ) ) ; names, 25; survey, 25; urban- Bailey, 135; on J. B. Humffray, merchants), 102-3

Albion Gold Mining Co., 85 ization, 41, 114-17 136 Black, Alfred, 68

Alfred, Prince (Duke of Edin- Ballarat and District M.I.A. Un- Ballarat Tramway, 219 Bee George, 64, 06,08, 72, a

burgh): assassination attempt Ballet ond Seb Mj , Ballarat Trumpeter, 112 ac 90 1 ining Co., 148-9. 155. 157-62 B nion, 204-5 Ballarat Water Commission, Blair, David, 142

on, 141, 162; visit to Ballarat, “Unis and Sebastopoi Miners Ballarat Turf Club, 242, 244 a ,

) ) Bells, allarat 46122 block 201 Alfred 162 Arcade, Ballarat Bank. 182-3claims, Blomeley. 195, William. 179 Alfred Hall, 158-9, 162 Ballarat Club: 162. 190. 208. 260 Ballarat West: commons, I19, B vdye rb Thoma 214

Allan, Robert, 202 Ballarat Colle, e 236 169; contrast with Ballarat Boer War: ‘attitudes to 254-6 Alloo, John, 44, 98 Ballarat Cricket Club, 240 East, 46, 165-84; development Bolton, Edward (Ned), 22

Amalgamated Miners’ Associa- Ballarat East: cattle-yards, 172; 177-80. 190: electorate 135, Bonshaw Gold Mining Co., 193 R tion, 205, 2613 56.79. 104. 149 contrast wih Ballarat West, 137: rural expansion of. 168-9: Botanical Gardens, 167, 180, 220,

mericans, 36, 94, 96, /9, 104, 5-84; difficulty of town ; ; 222-5

AMOS GilbertAndrew, A. og. 909 131, planning, 99; electorate, drainage, 101; 134-5; oe enniagfloods, of, 77 lan174; 179; breweries, 129; see also names of nderson, 210, og breweries

Anderson, Henry, 2 local government, 134, 183-4; Rare poche avevee C Brooke, G. V., 110

Ae tM i(Melbourne), 39, yA 61. 233 14, population movement “35 99 3 nineove InIng M9 Brooksbank, John,240, 26 260 rgus, 61, ; ward, 166; westpoverty, 173-4; Brophy, Daniel, 148, on Ballarat officials, 63; on town hall, 181. water supply, Bank of Australasia, 46 brothels, see prostitution gold-diggers; 39; on gold 181-3 Bank of New South Wales, 46 Brownbill, William, 11 licences, 13; on locomotive Ballarat Fish Acclimatization Bank of Victoria, 46 Brownbill’s diggings, 16

contracts, 214; on metal work- Society, 180, 224 Barton, W., 262 Brunn, A. A., 107, 230

298

Index 299 building industry, 36, 41, 44, 46, Clarendon Ladies College, 236-7 Dead Horse Gully: diggings, 32; Evans Bookshop, 112

117, 129; 207-8 Clark, Robert, 233 vineyard, 122 Evening Post, (Ballarat), 141, 219

Buley, A. A., 236, 258 Clarke, Alfred, 7, 14, 18, 22, 24; on Deakin, Alfred, 228, 266 Everingham, Frederick, 118

Bull, J. B., 32 gold diggers, 7, 8, 11; on gold Deeble, Samuel, 139 Excelsior Restaurant, 51 Bunce, Dr, 249 licences, 13; on the Ballarat deep leads, 80-4 Eyre, Assistant Commissioner, 26

“Bungaree savages”’, 139 diggings, 9 deep-sinking, 30, 35, 41, 51, 54-5, Eyres Brothers, 101-3, 112 Buninyong, 1, 4, 7, 12, 39 Clarke, Mary (“The Bull Pup”), 62,77

Burra Burra Gold Mining Co., 83, 48 Deutsch, Hermann, 103 Farley, Henry, 102-3 85, 195 Clarke, Thomas, 48 Devine, Edward (“Cabbage Tree Farmers’ Foundry, 126-7 Bush, Assistant Commissioner, 47 Clarke, W. J., 227 Ned”), 108, 131 farming, see agriculture

Byerley, Thomas, 99 Clarke, W. J. T., 140 D’Ewes, John, 46, 49; relationship Farrell, 60, 62 class consciousness, 190-1 with J. F. Bentley, 58-9; dis- Fauchery, Antoine, 44 “Cabbage Tree Ned”, see Devine, Claxton, Frederick Moses, 195, missal, 64 Federation; attitudes to, 265-6

Edward 220, 223, 226 Dick, Quinten, 12-13 Female Refuge, 176-7

Cairns, Rev. Dr, 228 Clowe, Resident Commissioner, Diggers Advocate, 40, 68, 134 Fine Art Gallery, 190, 208, 227-8

Caledonian Society, 162 39-40 Dingle and Laverick (implement fires, 104, 111 Canadian Gully diggings, 27-30, coachbuilding, 131, 210 makers), 216 Fisken, Archibald, 18, 32 39.3 Cobb and Co., 37, 42, 131, 149-50 “Dirty Nell’, 175 Fitzpatrick, David, 260 Canadian Lead, 33, 35, 42 Cockhill, W., 59 Doane, J. A., 142 Fleischauer, Charles, 107, 149 Canadian Quartz Mining Co., 84 Cogné, Francois, 103 doctors, 30, 41, 101 Fletcher, 61, 63-4 Canton Lead, 152 Collard Smith, William, _ see Doveton, F. C., 12-14, 16 floods, 78, 85, 111-12, 174 capital investment in gold min- Smith, William Collard Doveton Woollen Co., 210 flour mills, 122 ing, 78-9, 82-5, 89, 92, 94-5, 192, Colonial Bank, 113 Downes, F. C., 260 Flude, Joseph, 202, 237-8

196-201 Commercial Club, 260 Downing, Father, 39 Ford, Daniel, 42

Carboni, Raffaello, 55, 68, 70, 79 Connor, 8, 13 drama, 231-3 Ford, George, 42 Carey, Frank, 51, 56, 64 Connor’s Party, 8-9, 13-14 Duchess of Kent Hotel, 110, 112, Foster, John F., 64, 67, 71 Carmichael, Archibald, 61 Constitutional Liberals, 140 175 foundries, 80, 122-8, 212-15; see Carr, Dr Alfred, 58 Cooper, T., 141 Dunkin, William, 41, 131 also agricultural machinery; Carter, Robert, 214 Cooper, William, 103 Dunk’s Hotel, 113 mining machinery; names of Caselli, H. R., 158, 179, 210, 237 Corcoran, 139, 141 Dunlop, John, 7-9, 12 foundries Cathie, John, 134, 136-7 Corner, The, 197 Dunn, Thomas, 8, 11-12 Franz, Carl, 96, 99, 159 Catholics: and State Aid, 141; Cornish, 84, 91 Dunne, Father Patrick, 20 Frazer, William, 135 churches, 20, 39; clergy, 39; Cosmopolitan Chain Works, 126 Dunnstown distillery, 129 Free Trade Hotel, 70

numbers, 139 Cosmopolitan Gold Mining Co., Dyte, Charles, 139, 141, 144, 149 freemasons, 260 Cavanagh Brothers, 11-12, 16, 18 85 French, 107 Cazaly, Peter, 164 Courter, (Ballarat), 141, 233-4; on early-closing movement, 176 frontage system, 53, 82, 195

Charlie Napier Hotel and Chinese, 177; on civic pride, Eberle, Charles, 108, 112, 149 Fry, James, 122, 131, 135, 263

Theatre, 45, 101, 104, 109-11, 226-7; on sport, 242 Eddington, Henry, 130 furniture-making, 129

113 Craig, Walter, 179, 244 education, 235-40

Chin Kit, 153 Craig’s Hotel, see Royal Hotel Edwards, Owen, 197 gaols, 15, 26

Chinese, 107, 113, 162, 165; al- cricket, 240-2 Egerton gold mine: lawsuit, 197 Garbutt, John, 236, 258 leged immorality of, 156-7, crime, 24, 39, 48, 92, 156 Eight Hours Movement, 263 Gaunt, W. H., 260 176-7; and crime, 152-3; as Cronquist, C., 107-8, 149 elections, 133-44 Geelong Advertiser, 24; on gold disminers, 80, 86, 152, 192; gold Cummins, Rev. R. T., 156 Emery, John W., 58 covery at Buninyong, 7; on mining companies, 199; lepers, Curr, Edward: on gold commis- English and Chinese Advertiser, 151-2 goldfields officials, 63; on 152; marriage with Europeans, sioners, 12-13 entertainment, 45; see also concert licences, 13

150; numbers, 150; occupa- Curtain, 68 halls; hotels; theatres George Hotel, 9, 37, 45-6, 118,

tions, 153; prejudice against, Cuthbert, C. D., 179 Errington, William, 201-2 175, 208

155-6, 265; taxation of, 150, Cuthbert, Sir Henry, 83, 219 Esmond, James, 11, 68, 229 German Association, 149 152; trade guilds, 153, villages, Cutter and Lever (coachbuilders), Estafette Coach Line, 42 Germans, 64, 107, 148-9, 157, 159

150-52 131 Eureka flag, 66-7 Gibb, John, 126-8, 216

Chinese Evangelization Society, cycling, 247 Eureka Hotel, 43-5, 58-60, 118 Gibbons, W. S.: on Ballarat dig-

155 Eureka Lead, 27-30, 32, 35, 42,51, gings, 10-12; on camp officials,

Christie, L. S., 117, 129, 178 Daly, Warden, 79, 110 55, 77-8 14; on Golden Point, 12, 17; Church of England, see Anglicans Dana, Captain H. E. P., 7, 11-14, Eureka rebellion: attack on operating post office with A.

City Cricket Club, 240 16 stockade, 69-72; building of Clarke, 14, 22

City of Ballarat Gold Mining Co., Davey, 212 stockade, 68; causes of, 55-68; Gibbs, John, 102, 110-11 193 David Jones Drapery, 102-4, 112, effects of, 73; soldiers’ memo- Gill, S. T., 44-5, 96, 98, 103

disputes Davies, Catherine, 48 252-3 141-3

claim disputes, see mining 129, 178 nial, 252; stockade monument, Gillies, Duncan, 91, 110, 135, 137, Clarendon Hotel, 37 Davies, Henry, 148, 157 Evans, Gordon, 57, 59, 63, 66 Gilpin, Alexander, 198, 200-1

300 Index

Glenny, Henry (“Silverpen’’), Ham, David, 10, 27 Humffray, John Basson, 60-1, at, 222-3; weed problem, 223; 107, 111 Ham, Thomas, 17 181, 251; and the Ballarat see also Yuille’s Swamp gold discoveries: at Clunes, 7; at Hanmer, Mrs, 50, 72 Reform League, 64, 66-7, 73; as Lal Lal iron mine, 215 Fiery Creek, 79; at Golden Hannington, 10 Minister of Mines, 137; election Lalor, Peter, 59, 251; and Ballarat

Point, 7-8; at Magpie, 79; at Harris, Henry, 54 of, 133-4, 136-7, 140-1; West, 134-5; and the Eureka Warrandyte, 7; rewards Harrison, J., 231 financial difficulties, 138; poli- rebellion, 66-8, 70, 72; election

offered, 13 Hassall, B. S., 66, 129 tical views, 133-4, 136 of, 133; political views, 133-4 gold licences; fines for not pos- Mill, 129, 131 Co., 197-8 Land Convention, 91, 110, 134 sessing, 14, 23; protests against, Hastie, Rev. Thomas, 20, 39 land reform, 134-5, 139 gold escort, 16, 30 Hassall and Monckton’s Flour Hurdsfield Freehold Gold Mining Lambert, R., 181

13, 24, 39-40, 47; replacement Hathorn, George, 233 Indicator quartz reefs, 77, 194-5 land sales: in Ballarat city, 26, 37,

by export duty, 73 Hayes, Timothy, 62-3, 66-7 industrial safety, see mining 41; in Ballarat district, 121 gold miners, 90; as ‘““wages men”, Haymarket, 170-1 accidents Lane, H. B., 39 84-5, 92; characteristics of, 7, health, see public health Inglis, Peter, 18 Larner, Sergeant, 139, 152, 156,

10-11, 16, 18, 21, 56; exodus Health Act (1867), 249 Inkerman Lead, 86, 93 174 quarters, 38, 41; partnerships, 258 antipathy to camp officials, 62, Learmonth Brothers, 2, 4, 118, 18, 195, 200 Hepburn, Ben, 118, 172, 232, 64-5; in Ballarat East, 134; on 197 from Ballarat, 193; living Henderson, Rev. William, 177, Irish: and Eureka rebellion, 66; lawyers, 36, 41, 82

gold mining: and urban develop- 244-6 the Eureka, 35, 51, 91 Learmonth, John, 2

ment, 114-17; capital invest- Hepburn, John, 2 irrigation, 118 Learmonth, Somerville, 2, 4 ment in, 78-9, 82-5, 89, 92, 94-5, Herring, Francis, 9, 16 Irving, Glover and Co. (timber Learmonth, Thomas, 2, 176

192, 196-201; concentration of Hibernian Society, 261 merchants), 129 leatherjacket lodes, 193-4, 202 the Ballarat goldfield, 42, 62; Hickman, John, 212 Irwin, Samuel, 22, 51-2, 63 Leonard, John, 118, 172, 244 early methods of, 13, 16-17; size Hill, W. D., 229-30 Irwin, William, 91, 102, 175 Leviathan coach, 131

of allotments, 11, 13-14, 51; use Hiscock, ‘Thomas, 7-8 Levison, Dr Emil H., 61 of horses in, 83; western ex- Historical Records Society, 191 James, John, 20, 143-4, 184, 262 Lewis, Rev., 20

pansion of, 77; see also deep- History of Ballarat, 4, 191, 210 ‘Jewellers’ shops”, 35 Lewis, Robert, 129, 139-40, 148,

sinking, mining disputes, min- Hobson and Warner (surgeons), Jews, 107, 139, 149 248 ing machinery, paddocking, 58 Joe the Bellman, 135 libraries, 179, 181, 239-40 puddling, quartz mining, shal- Hohmuth, E. R., 130 John O’Groats Hotel, 45, 174 licence burning, 65-6

low-sinking, shepherding, shic- Holden, Robert, 214 Johnston, James, 58-9, 62-5, 67 licence hunts, 53, 55-6, 62, 67

ers, timbering Holding, T., 258 Jones, Charles Edwin: and the Liedertafel, 149, 229-30

gold mining co-operatives, 35, 41, Holyoake, Henry T., 61, 64 Orange Lodge, 138, 140-2; Lindsay family, 228

51, 54 home ownership, 190 campaign meetings, 138-9, 142; literacy, 146-7

Golden Fleece Hotel, 37 homosexuality, 21, 150 expulsion from Parliament, Little, William, 217, 230, 256

Golden Point: diggings, 11, 13, 16, horse racing, 242-5 142; on unions, 262-3; origins, Little Bendigo, 11, 28, 79 18, 24, 29, 35; discovery of gold horses: in agriculture, 118; in 138; political career, 138-44 Little Engine Gold Mining Co.,

at, 7-8; innovations at, 32, 34 mining, 83; in transport, 118 Jones, David, 244 80, 82

Golden Point Lead, 82, 85-6 Hosking, John, 77 Jones, Joseph, 144 Llewellyn, Morgan, 194 goldfields administration: cor- Hosking, Rev. Martin, 177 Jones’s Circus, 41 Lo Sam Yuen, 155-6 ruption of, 49, 54, 63-4 hospitals, 41, 49 Julius, Archdeacon, 263 Loader, Thomas, 91, 133-4, 136

Goldfields Commission, 22, 26, hotels, 37, 41, 45, 49, 101; see also Local Court of Mines, 78-9, 82,91,

40, 54, 56, 73 names of hotels Kane, Benjamin, 39 133 (1853), 40, 56 51,55 makers), 216 Long, James, 131, 210-11, 218 Grand Trunk Leads Gold Mining Hotham, Sir Charles (Gov. Vic. Kennedy, Thomas, 61-4, 67, 72 Longley, George, 224-5 Goldfields Management Act Hotham, Lady: visit to Ballarat, Kelly and Preston (implement locomotive production, 213, 215

Co., 86 1854-55), 62, 68; dismissal of King, Dr, 260 Long’s Biscuit Factory, 131, 210,

Grant, Alexander McP., 61 D’Ewes and Milne, 64; gold King, A. H., 44, 50, 102 219

Gravel Pits Gold Mining Co., 83 licence policy, 55-6, 58, 61, 64; King Billy, 4, 191 Lorenz, J. T., 179 Gravel Pits Lead, 16, 32, 35-6, 42, reaction to Eureka rebellion, Kirk’s Dam, 86, 180, 182 Loughlin, Martin, 148, 192, 197, 51, 55, 62, 77-8, 80, 82, 89, 92 73; relations with Rede, 65, 67; Kirton, J. W., 229 219, 228, 244 Gray, J. W., 6! 7 use of Foster as scapegoat, 71; Koh-i-Noor Gold Mining Co., 85 Lowther, J., 235

Great Britain Hotel, 174 visit to Ballarat, 46, 51,55 Krause, 149, 202 Loyal Liberals, 140-1, 143 Great Redan Extended Gold housing, 117, 190, 207 Lucas’s Pty. Ltd., 129 Mining Co., 86 Howe, George, 9, 16 La Trobe, Charles Joseph (Gov. Luke James Chu A. 157 Green, Bishop A. V., 256 Howitt, William: on Ballarat Vic. 1851-1854), 12, 21-4 L th. Christoph 148 200 Green, John, 59 township, 46; on David Arm- Lady Loch nugget, 197 uta, Unristopner, 120, Greenfield, A. M., 258 strong, 12; on diggings at Bal- Laing, A. D., 131 Lutherans, 149 Grenville College, 236 larat, 42; on Gold Commission, Laird’s Foundry, 212-13 Lydiard, 14 41-2, 227 Humffray, Frederick, 102, 138 220-1; fishing in, 223-4; picnics Lyon, J. Christian, 137

Guerard, Eugene von, 30, 38-9, 56; on puddling, 86 Lake Wendouree, 1-2, 167, 180, Lynch, John, 68, 70, 237

Index 301

Morgan, J. D., 131 patriotism, 253-60 Reform Act (1858), 134 Lyster, Frederick, 163-4 mortality, 249 Permewan, John, 217 Regan, James, 7-9, 12 Lyster, W. S., 164 Morton, G. G., 140 Phillips, John, 137 Regulation of Mines Act (1873 Muir Brothers Exhibition Mart, Phoenix Foundry, 122-3, 125, 128, and 1883), 205-6 Macarthur, Colonel, 62 101 177, 190, 195, 206, 212-13, 215, Retallack, Cyrus, 128, 179

Macaw, D. B., 216 Mulholland, James, 51 219, 250, 263 Ripon (county), 118

McCrae, William, 91, 102-3 Munro, George, 128, 215-17 pianos, 231 Robinson and Cole (chemists), 44 McDonald, A. C., 18, 22 Murphy, T., 103 police, 14-16, 23, 39; corruption, Robinson and Wayne (chemists),

McDowall, James, 162, 170 music, 229-31 49; difficulty of recruitment, 26, 102

McGill, James H., 71-2 mutual improvement societies, 57; effects of licence hunts on, Robinson, George Augustus, 2-3

McGregor, William, 4 228-9 56-7; poor quality of, 26, 57 Robson, John, 226, 230 McIntyre, 59, 61, 63-4 Mutual Protection Society, 27 population: age distribution, Rochlitz, Julius Albert, 51 McKay, Hugh Victor, 217 145-6, 187-90; national origins, Rodier, W. B., 102, 183, 240

Macmahon, Police Commis- Napier Brewery, 129 107-8, 148-50; occupations, Ronalds, Alfred, 168 sioner, 61-2 National Hotel, 174 . 128, 147; see also Americans, Rosenblum, E., 235 McMillan and Gynn (wheel- native police, 7, 14 Chinese, Cornish, French, Ross, Captain, 68, 70

wrights), 131 Naylor, Bet, 175 Germans, Irish, Jews, Scan- Rotten Gully, 29, 35

Madame Berry mine, 192, 198 Nettle’s Foundry, 212 dinavians, Welsh rowing clubs, 220-1, 242

Magill and Coughlin’s Brewery, New Chum Lead, 33 _ Port Phillip Gold Mining Co., 80, Rowlands and Lewis (cordial

129 New Perseverance Gold Mining 89 makers), 129

Main, James, 210 Co., 90 Port Phillip Hotel, 142 Royal Hotel, 158, 175, 178, 208, Main Road, 41, 43, 46, 78-9, Newman, Edward, 101 Porter, C., 181 244

96-113 newspapers, 233-4 Portlock, Mary, 84 Royal Mail Hotel, 99

Mair, Captain, 15, 22 Nicholas, Richard, 217 post offices, 14, 22, 46, 178 Manning, John, 62-3, 68 Nicholls, Charles, 73 Potter, Rev. J., 156 Sailors’ Lead, 33 market gardens, 41, 153 Nicholls, H. R., 68, 73, 140, 233-4 Poverty Point, 9 Sanderson, J., 20 Marks, George, 129 Nicholson, Clara, 48 Powell, J. A., 205, 227-8, 234-5, sanitation, 249-50

Martell, Frederick, 239 Nickle, Sir Robert, 72 261 sawmills, 84 Martin, 58 Niven, F. W., 210 Presbyterians, 4; clergy, 12, 20, 39; Saxon Paddock, 168

Matthews, Peter, 41 Noble Wilson, J., see Wilson, J. opposition to State Aid, 141; Scandinavians, 107-8, 149

Mechanics Institute, 208, 238-40 Noble support for — early-closing School of Mines, 190, 202, 237-9

Meek, J. W., 30 Nordern, 108 movement, 176 schools, 39, 49, 234-7; Catholic,

Meikle, Hugh, 61 North British Hotel, 174 press, see newspapers 39, 49, 237; Independent, 236-

Melbourne Daily News, 10, 17 Prince Regent Gully, 32 7; religious instruction in, 236; Meredith, Louisa: on Ballarat, 98 Oakden, Percy, 179 Prince Regent Lead, 32-3, 35 see also names of schools

Merrick, James, 8 O’Connor, Alfred Arthur, 91, 134 prize fights, 22 Scobie, James, 58-9

Merrick’s party, 8-9 Oddie, James, 9, 11, 13-14, 16, 20, prohibition, 22-4 Scotchman’s Lead, 33

metal industry, see foundries 54, 58, 155, 176, 191, 225-8, 239, prostitution, 21, 104, 107, 113, Scrase, Edwin, 129

Methodists, see Wesleyans 263 157, 175-7 Scullin, James, 229 Michie, Archibald, 143 O’Farrell, H. J., 141, 162-3 Provincia] Hotel, 175, 178 Seal, Charles, 232

Middleton, Richard, 239 Old Colonists’ Society, 190, 208 Public Health, 30, 39, 50, 248-50 Sebastopol, 84-5, 91

Milne, Robert, 47, 51, 57, 64 Old Gravel Pits Gold Mining Co., puddling, 86 secondary industry, 128-32, miners, see gold miners 80, 90 210-17

Miners’ Foundry, 123, 126 old ground, see puddling quartz mining, 80, 89-90, 193-6, Seekamp, Henry, 72; on educa-

Miners’ Hospital, 41, 49 Oldham, J., 235 199-202 tion, 49; on goldfields officials,

miner’s right, 73, 91, 201 One-Eye Gully, 33, 35 Queen’s College, 236-7 63; on Hotham’s policies, 56; on

mining accidents, 84-5, 202, 205-6 Orange Lodge, 138, 140-2, 148 Queens Theatre, 45 Lola Montez, 110; on mining

mining disputes, 39, 51-2, 62, 78, Otway, Dr, 66, 77, 80 regulations, 54; on the Ballarat

82 Radcliffe, Dr, 250 Glee Club, 51; 0n the burning of

Mining Institute, 84, 89, 137, 237 paddocking, 32 railways, 117-18, 122, 207, 209-10, Bentley’s Hotel, 60-2

mining machinery, 32-3, 54, 78-9, Palmer, James, 182 213, 215-18 Selwyn, A. R., 85

83-4, 89, 122-3, 126, 201-2 Palmer, John, 183-4 Randall, Thomas, 83 Semple, Andrew, 137, 139 mining regulations, 51-2 Palmer, Dr James, 18 Red Hill, 42, 45, 51, 107 Serjeant, Robert Malachy, 56, 80,

mining wardens, 78 Palzer, “Professor’’, 45 Red Hill Lead, 33, 35, 77-8 135, 195, 205, 238 Mitchell, R. S., 172, 178-9 Panton, Joseph A., 39-40 Red Streak Lead, 33, 77-8, 89 Service, J., 141

“Mona Marie”: see Tickner, Parker, Edward, 2 Redan Lead, 85 Seven Hills Syndicate, 192 Georgina Marie Pasley, Captain Charles, 66-7, Rede, Robert, 52, 62-3, 245-6; Shakespeare Hotel, 99 Montez, Lola, 104, 110 69-70, 73 attitude to diggers, 63-73; ex- shallow sinking, 32

Montezuma Theatre, 99, 101, Pastoral and Agricultural Socie- oneration of Bentley, 58-9; Shannahan, E. (Teddy), 14

105, 110, 113 ty, 119 relations with Hotham, 64-5,67 Sharkey, John, 30

Morey, Edward, 192 pastoral licences, 2 Redmond, Joseph, 131 Shaw, W. H., 125, 128, 213-14

302 Index

shepherding, 33, 52-3 Summerscales, J. J., 231 Vale, W. M. K., 139-43 258-60; on civic pride, 220; on shicers, 35 Surplice, William, 183 Vallins, James, 235, 261, 265 Edison’s phonograph, 231; on Shields, Moses, 117 Sutton, Henry, 238 Vern, Frederick, 61, 64, 66-8, 71-2 scientists, 234 Shoppee, C. C., 255, 265 Sutton, R. H., 102, 231 Victor, John, 236-7 Williams, Thomas, 54 “Silverpen”, see Glenny, Henry Swindells, Herbert, 13-14 Victoria, Acts, laws, statutes, etc.: Williams, Rev. Thomas, 228 Sir William Don Gold Mining Sylvester, 61 Goldfields Management Act Williamson, James, 197

Co., 93-4 (1853), 40, 56; Health Act Wilson, J. Noble, 233

Sleep, J. T., 242, 258 (1867), 249; Reform Act (1858), Wilson, Sir Samuel, 245

sly-grog selling, 22-4, 26, 37, 49- Tarte, J. V., 170 134; Regulation of Mines Act Winter’s Flat diggings, 32-3

50, 56 Tatham, Frederick William, 33 (1873 and 1883), 205-6 Winter’s Freehold Gold Mining Smeaton Mill, 124-5 Taylor, H., 262 Victoria Agricultural Implement Co., 193

Smith, James, 216 Taylor, Surveyor, 99 Factory, 126 Wise, Captain, 66, 70

Smith, William Collard, 137-8, Taylor, T. S., 150 Victoria Foundry, 122-3, 125,177, Withers, W. B., 233; History of

144, 232-3, 235-6, 238-9, 251-2, Taylor, Warden, 78-9 212-13, 219 Ballarat, The, 4, 191, 210; on 262-3 temperance movement, 176 Victoria Land League, 110, 134 Aboriginals, 4; on Ballarat

Smyth, Father Patrick, 60, 65, Thatcher, Charles, 109 Victoria Theatre, 101, 104, 110-11 goldfield, 55, 195-6; on Ballarat

68-70, 72 Theatre Royal, 45, 159, 177 vineyards, 107, 122 people, 116, 251; on licence

Society for the Promotion of theatres, 36, 109-10, 113; see also Von Guerard, Eugene, see Gue- hunts, 56; on martial law, 72;

Morality, 156, 177 names of theatres rard, Eugene von on Peter Lalor, 133-4

Soho Foundry, 126, 128, 201, 213 Thomas, Captain J. W., 66-7, 69 Vulcan Foundry, 122, 126, 128 Wittkowski Brothers, 88, 102, 109,

solicitors, see lawyers Thompson, James Russell, 61, 113, 148 South Street Society, 190, 229 226 Wah Pow. 156 women, 18, 21, 32, 44, 48, 50, 104, Southern Cross flag, 66-7 Thompson, T’. H., 193, 260 Walker James 912 107, 146, 175-6; see also names of Specimen Gully, 42 Thonen, Edward, 70 Walsh, Robert, 83, 144 women

Specimen Hill, 43 Thornton, Bishop Samuel, 227 Walsh, 9] o_o Wood, Harrie, 32, 34, 237

speculators, 94-5, 196-201 Tickner, Georgina Marie (“Mona Wanliss. T. D.. 61. 148. 233 Wood Beilby, J., see Beilby, J.

Spence, W. G. 261-2, 265 _ Marie”), 221 Warrenheip Brewery, 210 Wood

sport, 240-8; see also names of timber industry, 118-19, 207 Washington Hotel and Circus Woodward, William, 8, 10

sports timbering, 30, 33-5 101. 104 Woollen Mill, 190, 210, 219

on agricul Tipperary mob, 51,Gold 62 wearer gricultural development, >It, Waterloo Mining 80,SUPP 122, 128, creas 147, 209-10 119, 121; on Ballaratpperary foundries, Tough, 61 82-3Co., Wynne, Agar, 219

Star, (Ballarat), 113, 141,219, 233; Tinworth, E. (Ted), 194, 199 ter supplv. 29-30. 50. 86. 180-3 workforce; diversification of, 117,

126; on conservation, 180; on Town Hill Hotel, 123-4 Watsford, Rev. J. J., 156, 177

dance halls, 175; on democracy, town mission, 156, 176, 190 Watson. Robert. 126. 128. 131 133; on the Chinese, 156-7; on Township Reef Quartz Co., 90 Webster Street Freehold Gold

the permanence of settlement, trade union, 95, 204-5, 261-5 Mining Co.. 93-4 xenophobia, 254; see also Chinese 116; on trade unions, 205 Trades and Labour Council, Welcome Nugget 86 Ximenes, Sub-Inspector Maurice

Star Concert Hall, 101, 112 263-4 Welsh. 84. 91. 230 F., 59 Star Hotel, 45, 61, 63,91, 102,175 Train, George Francis, 36 Wendouree distillery 129

Star of the East Gold Mining Co., transport, 36-7, 41-2, 108, 118, 122 Wendouree Parade. 167

198 Trollope, Anthony: on Ballarat, Wesleyans, 22, 39, 261: and tem-

statuary, 225-6 T 14 perance movement, 176; Y.M.C.A., see Young Men’s steamboats, 223 ubal Cain Foundry, 212, 215 churches, 113; clergy, 39; first Christian Association Steinfeld, Emanuel, 139, 148-9, Tulloch, D avid, 17-18 services, 20 Yarrowee (river), 1, 249-50 201, 231 Tunbridge’s Timber Shop, 112 Westerby, Edmund, 59, 62-4 Yarrowee Foundry, 126 Stoddart, Thomas, 225 Turner, A. T., 157, 230, 235 Western Australian Timber Co., Yarrowee Soap Works, 131 storekeepers, 22, 30, 46; attitude Twain, Mark: on Ballarat, 220 131 Yates, John, 91, 134 to police, 56; co-operative ven- Tynan, John, 126-7 Western Foundry, 126 Young, Ellen, 50, 55-6

tures with miners, 35, 41,54, 91; White Flat diggings, 32, 35 Young, Quon A., 153

European origins of, 107; im- White Horse Lead, 82 Young, Rev. W., 152, 156

pact of 1854 depression on, 54 Union Foundry, 126, 128, 212-13, White Horse Ranges, 8, 28, 33, 85 Young Men’s Christian AssociaStork Hotel, 142 215 Williams, Dr, 63 tion, 176 Strutt, W.S., 18 United States Hotel, 45, 104, Williams, R., 235 Yuille, Archibald, 2, 26

Sturt, Commandant E. P. S., 15- 110-11, 153 Williams, R. E., 205, 229, 233-4, Yuille, William, 2, 26

16, 61 Urquhart, W. S., 24-5 254: and the Ballarat militia, Yuille’s Swamp, 2, 25, 30, 86, 167