Lordship and the Landscape: A documentary and archaeological study of the Honor of Dudley c. 1066-1322 9780860549246, 9781407318943

Table of contents :
Front Cover
Copyright
CONTENTS
FIGURES
LIST OF TABLES
ABBREVIATIONS
PREFACE
INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER ONE. THE HONOR ESTABLISHED
CHAPTER TWO. FAMILIES AND FEES IN THE HONOR OF DUDLEY, c.1100 -1323
CHAPTER THREE. LORD, PATRON AND CLIENT IN THE HONOR OF DUDLEY
CHAPTER FOUR. ESTATE STRUCTURE AND EXPLOITATION: CONTINUITY AND CHANGE
CHAPTER FIVE. CASTLES IN THE HONOR OF DUDLEY
CHAPTER SIX. MOATED SITES AND MANOR HOUSES IN THE HONOR OF DUDLEY
CHAPTER SEVEN. PARKS, CHASES, WARRENS AND FISHPONDS IN THE HONOR OF DUDLEY
CHAPTER EIGHT. MARKETS, BOROUGHS AND FAIRS IN THE HONOR OF DUDLEY
CHAPTER NINE. RURAL SETTLEMENT AND LANDSCAPE IN THE HONOR OF DUDLEY
CHAPTER TEN. PATRONAGE AND THE MONASTIC CHURCH IN THE HONOR OF DUDLEY
CHAPTER ELEVEN. THE SECULAR CHURCH
CHAPTER TWELVE. CONCLUSION
APPENDIX
BIBLIOGRAPHY

Citation preview

Lordship and the Landscape A documentary and archaeological study of the Honor of Dudley c. 1066 - 1322

John Hunt

BAR British Series 264 1997

Published in 2019 by BAR Publishing, Oxford BAR British Series 264

Lordship and the Landscape © John Hunt and the Publisher 1997 The author’s moral rights under the 1988 UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act are hereby expressly asserted. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be copied, reproduced, stored, sold, distributed, scanned, saved in any form of digital format or transmitted in any form digitally, without the written permission of the Publisher. ISBN 9780860549246 paperback ISBN 9781407318943 e-book DOI https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860549246 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library This book is available at www.barpublishing.com BAR Publishing is the trading name of British Archaeological Reports (Oxford) Ltd. British Archaeological Reports was first incorporated in 1974 to publish the BAR Series, International and British. In 1992 Hadrian Books Ltd became part of the BAR group. This volume was originally published by John and Erica Hedges in conjunction with British Archaeological Reports (Oxford) Ltd / Hadrian Books Ltd, the Series principal publisher, in 1997. This present volume is published by BAR Publishing, 2019.

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CONTENTS . P age s : F i gu re s .

2-4

L i s to fT ab le s .

5

A bb rev ia t ion s .

6

P r ef ace .

7

I n t roduc t ion .

9-1 3

C hap te rO n e .

T h eH ono rE s tab l i shed .

1 4 -3 1

C hap te r Two .

F am i l ie sa nd F ee si nt h eH ono ro fD ud ley , c . 1100 1323 .

3 2 -6 3

C hap te rT h r ee .

L o rd ,P a t ron a nd C l ien ti nt h eH ono ro fD ud ley .

6 4 -7 7

C hap te rF ou r .

E s ta te S t ruc tu r ea nd E xp lo i ta t ion : C on t inu i ty a nd C hange .

7 8 -8 6

C hap te rF ive .

C a s t le si nt h eH ono ro fD ud ley .

8 7 -9 7

C hap te rS ix .

Moa ted S i t e sa nd Mano rH ou se si nt h e H ono ro fD ud ley .

9 8 -1 09

P a rk s , C ha se s , Wa r ren sa nd F i shpond si nt h e H ono ro fD ud ley .

10 -19

Ma rk e t s ,B o rough sa nd F a i r si nt h e H ono ro fD ud ley .

1 20 -1 29

R u ra l S e t t lemen ta nd L and U se i nt h e H ono ro fD ud ley .

1 30 -1 44

P a t ronage a nd t h e Mona s t ic C hu r ch i nt h e H ono ro fD ud ley .

1 45 -1 60

C hap te rE lev en .

T h e S ecu la rC hu r ch .

1 6 1 -1 72

C hap te r Tw e lve .

C on c lu s ion .

1 73 -1 76

A ppend ix .

T h eW i l lo fG i lbe r t , s on o fJ ohn o fP enn .

1 77

C hap te rS even .

C hap te rE igh t .

C hap te rN in e .

C hap te rT en .

B ib l iog raphy .

1 78 -1 86

F IGURES . P age : I n t roduc t ion : 1 . 0 .

T he H ono ro fD ud ley . T he P hy s ica l S e t t ing .

1 0

C hap te rO ne : 1 . 1 .

T he H ono ro fD ud ley a nd t h eD ome sday E s ta te o fW i l l iam f i t zA n scu lf .

1 5

1 . 2 .

T he F i tz A n scu lf D eme sne i n1 086 .

1 6

1 . 3 .

T he H ono ro fD ud ley : D ome sday B ook .

1 7

1 . 4 .

R oya la nd C hu r ch L and sa nd t h eH ono ro fD ud ley i nt h e We s tM id land si n1 086 .

1 9

1 . 5 .

T he H ono ro fD ud ley a nd s ome N e ighbou r ing L o rd sh ip si nt h e We s tM id land s i n1 086 .

2 0

1 . 6 .

T he H ono ro fD ud ley : T he D eme sne o ft h eL o rd so fD ud ley i n1 086 .

2 2

1 . 7 .

T he H ono ro fD ud ley :P re -Conque s tT enu r e .

2 4

1 . 8 .

T he H ono ro fD ud ley : Mano r sh e ld b ym embe r so ft h eH ou se o fL eof r ic .

2 5

1 . 9 .

T he Hono ro fD ud ley . Mano r sh e ld b yt h eE a r l ' s Men , TRE .

2 6

1 . 10 . T he H ono ro fD ud ley : P r inc ipa lT enan t si n1 086 .

2 9

C hap t e r Two : 2 . 1 .

T he H ono ro fD ud ley a nd t h eW ide r Wo r ld i nt h eE leven th a nd Twe lf th C en tu r ie s . 3 3

2 . 2 .

S imp l if i ed G enea logy o ft h ed e S ome ry s o fD ud ley .

3 5

2 . 3 .

R econ st ruc t ion o ft h et we lf th c en tu ry p o s se s s ion s o fG e rva se d eP agane l .

3 6

2 . 4 .

I nqu i s i t ion p o s t mo r tem o fR oge rd e S ome ry , c . 1273 .

3 7

2 . 5 .

I nqu i s i t ion p o s t mor tem o fR oge rd eS ome ry ,c . 129 1 .

3 8

2 . 6 .

I nqu i s i t ion p o s t mo r tem o fJ ohn d eS ome ry , c . 1322 .

3 9

2 . 7 .

R econ s t ruc t ion o ft h e d eme sne o fG e rva se d eP agane l .

4 1

2 . 8 .

T he d eme sne m ano r so fR oge rd e S ome ry , c . 1273 .

4 2

2 . 9 .

T he d eme sne m ano r so fR oge rd e S ome ry , c . 1291 .

4 3

2 . 10 . T he d eme sne m ano r so fJ ohn d eS ome ry , c . 1322 .

4 4

2 . 11 . T he H ono ro fD ud ley : T he Twe lf th C en tu ry .

4 5

2 . 12 . T he Hono ro fD ud ley : E a r ly T h i r teen th C en tu ry .

4 6

2 . 13 . T he H ono ro fD ud ley : I PM ,R oge rd e S ome ry ,c . 1273 .

4 8

2 . 14 . T he H ono ro fD ud ley : I PM ,R oge rd eS ome ry ,c . 129 1 .

4 9

2 . 15 . T he H ono ro fD ud ley : I PM ,J ohn d eS ome ry , c . 1322 .

5 0

2 . 16 . T he H ono ro fD ud ley : T he L and Ma rke ti nt h eL a te T h i r teen th a nd E a r ly F ou r teen th C en tu r ie s .

5 1

2 . 17 . T he H ono ro fD ud ley : P r inc ipa lF am i ly E s ta t e si nt h e Twe lf th C en tu ry .

5 4

C hap te rF ive : 5 . 1 .

T he H ono ro fD ud ley : C a s t le s .

8 8

5 . 2 .

T he H ono ro fD ud ley : C a s t le s .

8 9

5 . 3 .

D ud ley C a s t le a nd E xcava t ion s .

9 0

5 . 4 .

T he D eve lopmen to f Weo ley C a s t le .

9 2

C hap te rS ix : 6 . 1 .

T he H ono ro fD ud ley : Moa t ed S i te s .

9 9

6 . 2 .

T he H ono ro fD ud ley : Moa t ed S i te s .

1 00

C hap te rS even : 7 . 1 .

T he H ono ro fD ud ley : F i shpond sa nd D ee rP a rk s .

11

7 . 2 .

P en sne t tC ha se a nd t h eP a rk so fD ud ley ,C rad ley a nd S edg ley .

14

C hap te rE igh t : 8 . 1 .

T he H ono ro fD ud ley : Ma rke t sa nd B o rough s .

1 21

8 . 2 .

I mm ig ra t ion i n to D ud ley ,c . 1275 a nd 1 327 .

1 23

8 . 3 .

Med ieva lD ud ley .

1 26

C hap te rN ine : 9 . 1 .

T he H ono ro fD ud ley : R u ra lS e t t lemen t .

1 31

9 . 2 .

Med ieva l Wombou rne .

1 33

9 . 3 .

Med ieva l S edg ley .

1 35

9 . 4 .

Med ieva l No r thf ie ld .

1 37

9 . 5 .

Med ieva l We s tB romw ich .

1 38

C hap te rT en : 1 0 .1 . T he H ono ro fD ud ley : T he Mona s t ic C hu rch .

1 46

1 0 .2 . P lan so fD ud ley P r io ry a nd S andwe l lP r io ry .

1 48

1 0 .3 . T he P o s se s s ion so fD ud ley a nd S andwe l lP r io r ies .

1 49

1 0 .4 . T he H ono ro fD ud ley : P o s se s s ion so fD ud ley a nd S andwe l lP r io r ie s .

1 50

1 0 .5 . C ompa r i son o fC hu r ch P lan s : Much Wen lock P r io ry ;D ud ley P r io ry ; S andwe l lP r io ry ; Wo rce s t e rC a thed ra lP r io ry .

1 54

C hap te rE leven : 1 .1 . T he H ono ro fD ud ley : T he S ecu la rC hu r ch .

1 62

L IST OF TABLES . P age : T ab le 1 .A na tomy o ft h eH ono r .

1 8

T ab le 2 . R egu la rW i tne s se so fG erva se d eP agane l ' sC ha r t e r s .

6 7

T ab le 3 . T he d i s t r ibu t ion o fp l ough s i ns ome l a y l o rd sh ip s .

7 9

T ab le 4 . I nqu i s i t ion sp o s t mo r tem v a lua t ion so fd e S ome ry d eme sne Mano r s .

8 1

T ab le 5 . T he D ome sday P opu la t ion .

8 2

T ab le 6 . Moa t ed S i te s : S i te Mo rpho logy .

9 8

T ab le 7 . Moa t ed S i te s : A rea lC ompa r i son .

1 0 1

T ab le 8 . Moa ted S i te s : T opog raphy .

1 02

T ab le 9 . Moa t ed S i te s : S i t eL oca t ion R e la t ed t oS o i lT ype .

1 02

T ab le 1 0 .F requency o f Moa ted S i te sb yP a r i sh .

1 03

T ab le 1 . Moa t ed S i te s : S i te L oca t ion i nR e la t ion t oP a r i sh C en t r e sa nd B ounda r ie s .

1 03

T ab le 1 2 . Moa t ed S i te s : C on jec tu red S i te S t a tu s .

1 04

T ab le 1 3 . C hu rche sa nd C hape l s .

1 63

T ab le 1 4 . Advow son so ft h ed eS ome ry s .

1 64

T ab le 1 5 . G en t ry ,P a t ronage a nd C hu rche sa s soc ia ted w i th t h eH ono ro fD ud ley .

1 67

ABBREV IAT IONS . ANS

C a l .C .R . C a l .C 1 .R . C a l .F .R . C a l . Inq .M i sc . C a l . IPM . C a l .L .R .

A ng lo -No rman S tud ie s , P roceed ing so ft h eB a t t le C onf e rence ( f rom V o lume V , 1 982 ; p r ev iou s ly , P roceed ing s o ft h eB a t t le C onf e r ence i nA ng lo -No rman S tud ie s , Woodb r idge , a nnua l ly s i nce 1 979 ) . C a lenda ro fC ha r te rR o l l s . C a lenda ro fC lo se R o l l s . C a lenda ro fF ine R o l l s . C a lenda ro fI nqu i s i t ion sM i sce l laneou s . C a lenda ro fI nqu i s i t ion sP o s t Mo r t em . C a lenda ro fL ibe ra te R o l l s .

C a l .P .R . CBA .

C a lenda ro fP a ten tR o l l s . C ounc i l f o rB r i t i sh A r chaeo logy .

DNB . EHR . J BAA . L JR0 . Med .A r ch . NSJFS . PRO .

D ic t iona ry o fN a t iona lB iog raphy . E ng l i sh H i s to r ica lR ev iew .

R eg .Bp .G if f .

R eg i s te ro fB i shop G if f a rd , 1 268 -130 1 . C o l lec t ion sf o r aH i s to ry o fS t af f o rd sh i re (W i l l iam S a l tS oc ie ty ) .

SHC . SMR .H W . SMR .S taf f s . SMR . Wa rk s . SMR . WM .

J ou rna lo ft h eB r i t i sh A r chaeo log ica lA s soc ia t ion . L ichf i e ld J o in tR eco rd O ff ice . Med ieva lA rcha eo logy . J ou rna lo ft h eS oc ie ty f o r Med ieva lA r chaeo logy . N o r th S t af f o rd sh i re J ou rna lo fF i e ld S tud ie s . P ub l ic R eco rd O ff i ce .

S i te s a nd Monumen t sR eco rd ,H e r ef o rd a nd Wo rce s te r . S i te sa nd Monumen t sR eco rd , S t af f o rd sh i re . S i te sa nd Monumen t sR eco rd , Wa rw ick sh i r e .

S i te s a nd Monumen t sR eco rd , We s tM id land s . S t af f o rd sh i re C oun ty R eco rd O ff ice . S RO . T h ir teen th C en tu ry E ng land . T h i r teen th C en tu ry E ng land , C onf e rence P roceed ing s , e d s . P .R .Co s sa nd S .D .L loyd . (Woodb r idge ,p e r iod ica l ly f r om 1 985 ) . T BAS . T ran sac t ion so ft h eB i rm ingham A rchaeo log ica l S oc ie ty . T ran s . B r i s to la nd G lo s .A rch . S oc . T ran sac t ion so ft h eB r i s to la nd G louce s te r sh i r eA r chaeo log ica l S oc ie ty . TB WAS . T ran sac t ion so ft h eB i rm ingham a nd Wa rw ick sh i re A r chaeo log ica l S oc ie ty . T PBAS . TRE . T ran sR .H i s t . S oc . TR W . T SSAHS . TWAS . V .C .H . W MA . W MPRG .

T ran sac t ion sa nd P roceed ing so ft h eB i rm ingham A rchaeo log ica lS oc ie ty . t empo re r eg i sE dwa rd i , i nK ing E dwa rd ' st ime ( b ef o r e 1 066 ) . T ran sac t ion so ft h eR oya lH i s to r ica l S oc ie ty . t empo re r eg i sW i l le lm i , i nK ing W i l l iam ' st ime ( af t e r 1 066 ) . T ran sac t ion so ft h e S ou th S t af f o rd sh i r eA rcha eo log ica la nd H i s to r ica l S oc ie ty . T ran sac t ion so ft h e Wo r ce s te r sh i re A rchaeo log ica l S oc ie ty . V ic to r ia C oun ty H i s to ry . We s tM id land sA rchaeo logy ( CBA We s tM id land s ) . Wes tM id land sP o t te ry R e sea rch G roup .

6

PREFACE . T h i s monog raph i sb a sed u pon , a nd r ev i s i t s , ad oc to ra lt h e s i ss ubm i t t ed t ot h eU n ive r s i ty o fB i rm ingham . T he se o r ig in sw i l ln od oub tb es e lf -ev iden ti nt h ec on ten ta nd o rgan i sa t ion o ft h es t udy ; Ih ope t h a tt h i sd oe sn o t f r u s t ra te ,n o rp rove t ob e ad e t rac t ion f o rt h er e ade r . I n ev i tab ly , i n ap rog ramme o fr e sea rch a nd s t udy t h a th a sa l ready e x t ended o ve r ad ecade ,a nd i nr e a l i ty , i s u n l ike ly t oe ve rb ef i l ia l ly c l o sed , an umbe ro fo b l iga t ion sa ccrue . My f i r s td eb to fg ra t i tude mu s tg ot o P rof e sso rC h r i s tophe rD ye r ,w ho e ncou raged a nd s uperv i sed t h ew o rk w h ich l e dt ot h eo r ig ina lt h e s i s ,a nd w ho c on t inue st oo f f e rk i nd ly s uppor t . Iw ou ld a l so l i ke t ot h ank t h e S i te sa nd Monumen t sR eco rd O ff i ce r so f S t af f o rd sh i r e , Wa rw ick sh i r e ,H e ref o rd a nd Wo rce s t e ra nd t h e We s tM id land s , f o rt h e i n f o rma t ion t h a tt h ey h ave p rov ided ,a nd u pon w h ich many o ft h e map sa r eb a sed . I np a r t icu la r , Iw ou ld l i ke t ot hank P e te rB o land , S t eve L innane ,J ohn H em ingway a nd S t ephan ie R a tka if o rs og ene rou s ly s ha r ing w i th m et h er e su l t so ft h e i ro wn w o rk i nD ud ley . My t hank sa l so g ot oK ev in D own w ho h a s s or e ad i ly a nd w i l l ing ly p u th i sp a laeog raph ic s k i l l s a t my d i spo sa l . F u r the rd eb t sa r ea cknow ledged i nt h et e x t . H oweve r ,w he re e r ro r so rm i sunde r s tand ing s o ccu r ,t h ey a r et h er e spon s ib i l i ty o ft h ea u tho ra l one . Ia ma l so g r a t ef u lt o Ma rga re tF o r re s te r ,w i thou tw ho se c ompu te rs k i l l s ,w h ich a tt ime s a moun ted t ov i r tua l ly d e lud ing t h em ach ine ,t h i st e x t wou ld n o th ave b een p o s s ib le . F ina l ly ,b u tn o tl e a s t ,t h ank s mu s tg ot o my l o ng suf f e r ing f am i ly -V i rg in ia , S ab r ina a nd R os s ,f o r t h e i rp a t ience a nd s uppo r ti nt h e se e ndeavou r s . J ohn H un t . F ea s to fA l lS a in t s , 1 997 . H edne sf o rd .

7

I NTRODUCT ION . T h i s s t udy i sc once rned w i th t wo p r inc ipa l q ue s t ion s . F i r s t ly ,

o ff e uda lr e la t ion sh ip s . C o s s ' s o b serva t ion t h a t b y t h e e nd o f t h et h i r teen th c en tu ry o ve r lo rd sh ip w a sn o l o nge r ag ua ran t ee

t h e e x ten tt ow h ich a n h ono r , i nt h i s c a se , D ud ley , p rov ided t h e f r amewo rk f o r t h e a c t iv i t ie s a nd r e la t ion sh ip s o f t h e a r i s toc ra cy w ho l i ved w i th in i t s b ounda r ie s ; a nd s e cond ly , t h e e x ten t t o w h ich t h e r e w a s ar e la t ion sh ip b e tween t h e p owe ro fl o rd sa nd t h el a nd scape .

o f s e rv ice , c a r r ie s w i th i tt h e i mp l ica t ion t h a t a ta n e a r l ie r t ime i th ad b een ( 9 ) . H oweve r , r e cen t w o rk e mpha s i se s t h a t b ond s w i th in t h e a r i s toc racy c anno t b e e xp la ined s imp ly i n t e rms o f l a nd t e nu re , b u t i np a t ronage , t h a t g ave t h e h ope o fr ewa rd a nd

D ud ley i sl o ca ted a bou tt e nm i le st ot h ew e s to fB i rm ingham . T he m ed ieva lh ono ro fD ud ley , c en t r ed o nD ud ley c a s t le , l a y i nt h e E ng l i sh w e s tm id land s a nd w a s made u p , f o rt h e mo s t p a r t , o f m ano r s i n s ou ther n S t af f o rd sh i r e , n or th

o ff i ce , a nd a f i rm b a se t o l o ca l p owe r w i th in t h e h ono r . Mo r t ime r ( 1 0 ) f ound t h a t t h e r ende r ing o f m i l i ta ry s e rv ice w a s u n re la t ed t o t h e t e nu r ia l f r amewo rk o f t h e h ono r . K in sh ip m igh t make ac on t r ibu t ion , a s m igh t d evo t ion t o a mona s t ic h ou se p romo ted a s af o cu s f o rh ono r ia l l o ya l ty , b u t a s C rouch n o t ed ( 1 1) , t h e se w e re t h e b u t t r e s se s r a the r t h an

Wo r ces t e r sh i re a nd n o r th -we s te rn Wa rw ick sh i re ( F igu re 1 . 3) . T opog raph ica l ly ( F igu re 1 . 0 ) , i ti n c luded t h e l owe r l y ing a r ea so ft h eU ppe rP enk , Sme s tow a nd S tou rv a l ley st o t h ew es t , a nd t h e r a the rh i ghe r l a nd o ft h e T ame -R ea v a l ley s

t h e f ounda t ion s o fl o ya l ty a nd p owe r . Mo re i mpo r tan t w e re b ond sr oo ted i ns e lf i n te re s t , w h ich m igh tb e i n s t i tu t iona l i sed

a nd t h e i r e nv i ron s t o t h e e a s t . B e tween t h e se l owe r l y ing a r ea s r un s ab e l t o f u p land , a bove o ne h und red a nd f i f ty

t h rough h omage a nd s e rv ice .

m e t r e s , r unn ing f r om t h e s ou ther np a r t o ft h e C annock H i l l s i n t h e n o r th , s ou thwa rd s p a s t D ud ley a nd o n to t h e n or th e a s ter n p l a t eau o f Wo r ce s te r sh i r e , t a k ing i nt h e C len t H i l l s

I mp l ic i t i n an umbe r o f s t ud ie s i st h e i n c rea s ing u nea se

e s sen t ia l ly o f aw ood land c ha rac te r , o ne o f t h e t wo ma in ' p ay s ' o f t h e w e s t m id land s . T he h ono r o f D ud ley i s

a mong s t h i s to r ian s a bou t t h e r e a l i t ie s o f w ha t h a s b een c onven t iona l ly u nde r s tood a sf e uda l i sm . A l though i th a s f o r s ome t ime b een c on s ide r ed o n ly l e ga l i s t ic c onven t ion b y t h e m id th i r t een th c en tu ry , c onf idence i nt h i s i n s t i tu t ion i sa l so

e xam ined h e re b e tween c . 1066 a nd c . 1322 , t h e p e r iod o fi t s f o rma t ion a nd d eve lopmen t .

b e ing e r oded i ni t se l even th a nd t we lf th c en tu ry f o rm s . C o s s ( 12 ) h a s p o in t ed o u t t h a t n o t ion s o f n e ighbou rhood a nd

a nd t h e L ick ey H i l l s . T he l a nd scape o f t h e h ono r w a s

d i s t r ic t m igh t c o -ex i s t w i th P rof e s so r S awye r ' s p ape r o f 1 985 ( 1 ) f o cu s sed r e sea rch o n

f e uda l n o t ion s ,

t h e

h ono r

f unc t ion ing a s a' p a t r ia ' , w h i l s t C rouch ( 1 3 ) n o ted t h a t m i l i ta ry f e uda l i sm w a s l e s s e v iden tt h an l a nd a nd c omme rce i nt h e c ha r t e r s o ft h e B eaumon tt w in s . Mo r t ime r ( 14 ) a r gue s t h a t m i l i ta ry s e rv ice w a s ap e r sona l ma t t e r t h a t w a s n o t

t h e p rob lem o fh ow A ng lo -No rman h ono r sw e r e f o rmed a nd t h e e x ten t t ow h ich t h ey w e re r e la ted t ot h e t e nu r ia l p a t te rn o f t h e p r e -Conque s t p e r iod . H i s v i ew t h a t t h e s hape a nd r ed is t r ibu t ion o fp o s t -Conque s tf e e sw a so f t en d e t e rm ined b y

d efmed b y t e nu re , n o t a l l o f w h ich w a s m i l i ta ry a nyway . H ud son ' s ( 1 5 ) a s se r t ion o f t h e r i gh t s t o i n he r i tance i n t h e

t h e i r ' a n t ece s so re s ' , l o rd sh ip a nd t e nu re b ef o re t h e N o rman C onque s t , h a s b een c ha l lenged b y R ob in F l em ing ( 2 ) , a r gu ing t h a t t h e e s tab l i shmen t o f t h e No rman f am i l ie s r ad ica l ly a l te red t h et e nu r ia lp a t te rn i nE ng land . D av id R of f e

A ng lo -No rman p e r iod , a nd R eyno ld ' s ( 16 ) t h a t t e nan t s w e re n o t r e s t r ic ted i nt h e i r r i gh t s , h ave a l so u nde rm ined t h e v i ew t h a t l o rd s m igh t c on t ro l t h e i r t e nan t s v i a t h e f e e s h e ld o f

( 3 )h a s s ugge s ted t h a tg r ea t e ra t ten t ion s hou ld b eg i ven t ot h e l e ga la nd t e nu r ia lc on tex t , a l low ing h oweve rt ha tr oya lg ran t s

t h em . F u r the rmo r e , R eyno ld s h a s r e cen t ly a r gued t h a t t h e r e i sn o r e a l e v idence t h a t t h e N o rman C onque s t p roduced a s i gn if i can t s h if t t owa rd s p r iva te j u r i sd ic t ion s , a nd t h a t t h e s cope a nd r o le o f h ono r ia l c ou r t s h a s b een o ve re s t ima ted .

c ou ld c u ta c ro s s f o rme r e s ta te s , p a r t icu la r ly i nt h e f o rma t ion o f c a s t e l le r ie s . F l em ing t oo ( 4 ) a r gued t h a t c ompac t t e r r i to r ie sc en t red o n c a s t le s , t h ek ey f a c to ri nt h e s u rv iva l o f t h e A ng lo -No rman r e a lm , s e r iou s ly d i s rup ted p r e -Conque s t p a t te rns o fl a ndho ld ing a nd l o rd sh ip .

Wh i l s t a ccep t ing t h e n o t ion o f m i l i ta ry s e rv ice f r om f e e s , t h e re i sl i t t le t os uppo r ta r gumen t st h a tt h ey w e re d e l ibe ra t e ly i mpo sed , o t he rt h an a s' a dh oc ' r e spon se st ot h e u rgen tn eed s o f t h e C onque s t ( 1 7 ) . I ti sn o t s u rp r i s ing t h a t R of f e ( 18 )

H i s to r ian s l i ke B ean a nd C os s ( 5 ) h ave t r aced i nt h e t we lf th a nd t h i r teen th c en tu r ie s a t r an s i t ion f r om ' l o rd sh ip ' t o ' p a t ronage ' ; t h a t i s , f r om a t e nu r ia l ly b a sed r e la t ion sh ip

f ound f e uda l i sm a s o n ly a t h in v enee r a nd W i l l iam s ( 19 ) t hough t t h e r e a l i ty o ft h e f e uda l s y s tem h azy . R eyno ld s h a s c ommen t ed t h a t w he the r f e uda l i sm b e v i ewed i nm i l i ta ry o r i nj u r i sd ic t iona l t e rm s , i tw a s ' ap r e t ty f ug i t ive a f f a i r w h ich b a r e ly o u t la s ted i t sf i r s tc en tu ry '( 20 ) .

b e tween l o rd a nd v a s sa l ,t oa ff in i t ie sb a sed o np a t ronage a nd s e rv ice , w h i l s t C o s s ( 6 ) h a s h i gh l igh ted t h e d e s i r e o f magna te s t od om ina te l e s se r l o rd s a nd t h e i r ' c oun t ry ' . T he se a rgumen t s e mpha s i se a t t h e b eg inn ing o f t h e p roce s s a t e nu r ia l b a s i s t o t h e se r e la t ion sh ip s . P rof e s so r C o s s ( 7 ) s ugge s t st h a tg r ea tl o rd sv i ewed k n igh t sw i th in t h e c on tex to f

I n c on s ide r ing t h e r e la t ion sh ip b e tween a r i s toc ra cy a nd l a nd scape , ac onven ien t s t a r t ing p o in t i sP rof e s so r T ho rpe ' s s t udy ( 2 1) o ft h e Wa rw ick sh i r e p a r i sh o f Wo rm le igh ton , i n w h ich c hange s i nt h e s e t t lemen tp a t t er na nd l a nd u se l e dh im

t h eh ono ra nd h ono r ia lc ou r t ,t h ej u r i sd ic t ion o fw h ich w aned o n ly s l ow ly a nd u neven ly , wh i l s t P rof e s so r C rouch ( 8 ) t oo t h ink si nt e rms o fa nh ono r ia lc ommun i ty a nd t h es u rv iva l

t o a s se r t t h e i n f luence o f l o rd sh ip o n b o th t h e c ommun i ty a nd t h e l a nd scape . Much o ft h e d eba te o nt h er o le o fl o rd sh ip t h a t h a s f o l lowed s ub sequen t ly , p a r t icu la r ly i nr e cen t y ea r s ,

9

F igu r e 1 . 0 .

1 0

h a s f o cu s sed o n r u ra l s e t t lemen t , a nd e spec ia l ly o n t h e f o rma t ion o fv i l lage s . P rof e sso r D ye r , f o r i n s tance , h a s e mpha s i sed t h e r o le o ft h e c ommun i ty o ft h ev i l lb eh ind c hange i nf i e ld s a nd s e t t lemen t ( 22 ) , a nd i n h i s s t udy o f H anbu ry ( 2 3 ) h e u nde r l ined t h a t l o rd sh ip d id n o t p rov ide t h e c r uc ia l i mpe tu s f o r t h e n uc lea t ion o fs e t t lemen t , b u tt h a t e nv i ronmen t w a s t h e mo r e i mpo r tan t f a c to r . T ay lo r ( 24 ) h oweve r a rgue s t h a t w h i l s t f a c to r s s uch a s d emog raphy h ave t ob e t a ken i n to a ccoun t , much v i l lage f o rma t ion , p a r t icu la r ly r egu la r ly p l anned v i l lages , i s b e s t u nde r s tood a s t h e r e su l t o f s e igneu r ia l a u tho r i ty a nd i n te re s t s . P rof e s so r A s ton ( 25 ) h a s a dd r e s sed w ide r a spec t s o f l a nd scape i n te rp re ta t ion , i d en t if y ing a s k ey i n l a nd scape d eve lopmen t t h e f a c to r s o fd emog raphy , c l ima t e , c l ea rance , t e chno logy , s e t t lemen t a nd l a nd u se , f o ca l p l ace s a nd e s ta t e s ( 26 ) . H eh a s e mpha s i sed t h e n eed t ol o ok a tt h e l a nd scape a s ac omp lex w o rk ing s y s tem o f i n te r l inked a spec t s , d ynam ic

w e r e a l loca ted a nd man ipu la ted ; t h i s h e s e e s a s t h e a l ter na t ive t o t h e m i l i ta ry a nd s t ra teg ic p reoccupa t ion s o f c a s te l lo log i s t s . B a rna rd C a s t le , f o r i n s tance , w a s s i ted b e tween u p land a nd l ow land l a nd scape s , a nd t h i s , r a the rt han d ef ence , w a s t h e mo r e i mpo r tan t f a c to r , a s Au s t in s e e s t h i s s i t e a sb e ing l i nked t ot h e p roduc t ion o fv en i son f o rt h e m ea t ma rke t . A n e vo lv ing r o le may a l so b e s e en i nt h e mo t te a nd b a i ley c a s t le o fH en D omen , t h e mo s tf u l ly e xp lo red s i te o fi t st ype i nt h e B r i t i sh I s le s , a nd p e rhap s i n E u rope ( 3 3) . H e re t h e e xcava t ion o ft h e c a s t le h a sb een c omb ined w i th w o rk o n t h e l a nd scape t h a t i td om ina t ed -s oc ia l , e conom ic , p o l i t ica l a nd m i l i ta ry . I ti ss e en i n ac on t inuum o ff o r t if i ed s i te s f r om t h e p r eh i s to r ic p e r iod t o t h e t h i r teen th c en tu ry , t h e n exu s o f r oad s , f i e ld s a nd s e t t lemen t s , a nd i t s r e la t ion sh ip t ot h e a r ea o fc o lon i sa t ion b yt h et e nan t so ft h ee a r lo fS h rew sbu ry .

a nd e vo lv ing .

T he p e r iod 1c a s t le w a s af r on t ie r p o s t o n t h e w e s ter n f l ank o ft h e e a r ldom w i th ac a s t le ry o ft wen ty two v i l l s i n 1 086 . F o l low ing t h e r e o rgan i sa t ion o ft h e Ma rch b y H en ry I ,H en

A s ton a rgue st h a tt h ea r rangemen to fe s ta te s d i c ta te s much o f w ha t c an b e s e en i nt h e l a nd scape ( 27 ) , a nd c on sequen t ly ,

D omen e me rged a s t h e c apu t o f an ew l o rd sh ip , o ft h e d e B ou le r s f am i ly , a ccompan ied b y t h e f ounda t ion o f S nead P r io ry a nd t h ef o s te r ing o f ab o rough .

t h e d ef in i t ion o ft h e se i so fc r uc ia l i mpor tance . T he s t udy o f mona s te r ie s a nd c a s t le s , a nd o fo t he r a dm in i s t ra t ive c en t r e s , may h e lp u s t o u nde r s tand d e l ibe ra te a c t s o f e s ta te p o l icy .

* * * * *

Why s t udy t h e h ono r o f D ud ley? T he d e sc r ip t ion o f i t s e s ta te s i nD ome sday s ugge s t s ac on t inen ta lt ype c a s t le ry i na r eg ion a way f r om a v u lne rab le f r on t ie r . F u r the rmo re , t h e b a rony o f D ud ley s e em s t o a dd re s s as oc ia l l a ye r l e s s f r equen t ly c on s ide red , a s t h e l o rd s o f D ud ley w e re o f

Mona s t ic e s ta te s a r e i n ev i tab ly t h e mo r e i n ten s ive ly s t ud ied b y v i r tue o f t h e i r w ea l th o f d ocumen ta t ion . A s i gn if ican t s t udy o f mona s t ic h ou se s i nt h e c on tex t o ft h e i r l a nd scape i s t h a t o f t h e C i s te rc ian h ou se , B o rde s ley A bbey , i n Wo r ce s t e r sh i re ( 28 ) . T h i s h a s s hown t h e c apac i ty o f a n i n s t i tu t ion t o mou ld a l a nd scape t o i t s o wn n eed s . T he f ounda t ion r emou lded , w i th in f o r ty y ea r s , t h e v a l ley i n

' m idd l ing s t a tu s ' . T h i s s t udy s e ek s t oi n teg ra te t h e u se o fb o th a r chaeo log ica l a nd d ocumen ta ry s ou r ce s , a l though t h e d i ff i cu l t ie s o f r e conc i l ing d ocumen t s a nd a r cha eo logy a r ew e l lk nown . T he

w h ich i tw a sl o ca ted . T he R ive rA r row a nd at r ibu ta ry s t ream w e re d i ve r ted , t h e c hu rch a nd c l au s t ra l b u i ld ing s e r ec ted , f i shpond s c r ea ted a nd a n i n du s t r ia l c omp lex , w i th m i l l a nd m i l l p ond , e s tab l i shed . E xcava t ion o ft h e i n du s t r ia l c omp lex h a s d rawn a t ten t ion t o t h e r e sou rce s o f t h e d i f f e r en t e conom ic r eg ions t ha t t h e h ou se c ou ld e xp lo i t t h rough i t s g ranges ,w h i le t h ep o t te ry s how st h e i mpo r tance o ft h eh ou se w i th in t h el o ca lt r ade n e two rk .

b eg inn ing o fe xcava t ion s a tD ud ley C a s t le i n 1 983 p rov ided e ncou ragemen t , a l though f r om t h eo u t se ti tw a s i n tended t ha t

A u s t in ( 29 ) , p a r t ly i n f luenced b y t h e ' Anna le s s c hoo l ' , h a s

t h e l a nd scape s hou ld b e e xp lo red , p a r t icu la r ly t o p l ace t h e r e la t ion sh ip b e tween l o rd sh ip a nd l a nd scape . Wh i l s t l a nd scape d eve lopmen t h a s o f t en b een e xam ined w i th in t h e c on tex t o fp a r i sh o r m ano r , t h e e xam ina t ion o f a n E ng l i sh h ono r , s o f a r a s t h i s w r i te r i sa wa r e , i s an ew d epa r tu re .

a r gued t h a t c a s te l lo log i s t s h ave f a i led t o e ngage w i th w ide r i s sue s , t e nd ing t o b e p reoccup ied w i th f i nd ing a n swe r s t o

L ook ing b eyond E ng land , McNe i l l h a s a l so s ough t t o c omb ine a r chaeo log ica l a nd d ocumen ta ry a pp roache s t ot h e

s i ng le q ue s t ion s a nd l a rge ly c once rned w i th t h e n eed s o f a r ch i t ec tu ra l h i s to ry r a the r t han a n e xam ina t ion o ft h e c a s t le w i th in i t s s oc ie ty , e conomy a nd l a nd scape . R ecen t , i mpo r tan t , r e por t s o n c a s t le e xcava t ion s a tC a s t le A c re ( 30 ) a nd S anda l ( 3 1) h ave g iven s ome a t ten t ion t o t h e w ide r

s t udy o f ab a rony , i nh i s c a se , A ng lo -No rman U l s te r f r om 177 t o1 400 ( 34 ) . I ts e emed p robab le t h a t i n t h e t e nu r ia l f r amewo rk o f t h e h ono r o ne m igh t e xpec t t o s e e t h e f e uda l r e la t ion sh ip b e tween l o rd a nd v a s sa l r ef lec ted a ta l l l e ve l s , a nd t h a t t h e h and o fl o rd sh ip w ou ld b e p e rce ived a s ap owe r f u l i n f luence

c onnec t ion s a nd c omp lex i ty o fs u ch s i te s . C a s t le A c re s e em s n o t t oh ave b een r ega rded p r ima r i ly a s am i l i ta ry s i t e i ni t s

o n t h e l a nd scape , mo t iva ted o u t o fd e s i r es t oe xp r e s s s oc ia l s t a tu s a nd t op romo te e conom ic s e lf i n te re s t .

e a r ly p ha se s ,w h i l s tS anda lw a sn o ted a sb e ing l o ca ted w i th in a mano r d raw ing o n l ow land a nd u p land r e sou r ce s , w i th c e ram ic e v idence o f l i nk s t o w ide sp read e s ta te s s uch a s C a s t le A c re a nd L ewe s .

I fs o , l o rd sh ip w ou ld b e a cco rded n o t o n ly a c en t ra l a nd d om inan t r o le , b u t a l so a n e s sen t ia l ly d i rec t ive o ne . H oweve r , t h e re a r e d ange r s o f m i sunde r s tand ing , a nd o f a

A u s t in ( 32 ) , h oweve r , g oe s f u r the r , i ns e e ing c a s t le s a sp a r t o f aw eb o f s oc ia l a nd e conom ic r e la t ion sh ip s a imed a t o rgan i s ing t h e w ay s i nw h ich t h e r e sou r ce s o ft h e l a nd scape

f a i lu r e t or e cogn i se o t he r f a c to r s , a r i s ing f r om t e ndenc ie s t o i n te rp r e t f r om a b a ron ia l v i ewpo in t a l one -a t e ndency t o

1

v i ew s oc ie ty f r om t h e t o p , d own . T h i s r e a l i sa t ion r equ i re s t h a t f undamen ta l q ue s t ion s b e a sked . Wha tw a st h e n a tu r e o f t h er e la t ion sh ip b e tween t h e h ono r ia l t e nan t s a nd t h e b a ron s ; w ha t w e r e t h e i r r e spec t ive i n te re s t s , a nd t ow ha t e x ten t d i d

i d en t if y ing t h e l o ca t ion o fp a rk land a nd c ha se , a nd ab u rgage l i s t f o r D ud ley . A n t iqua r ian w r i te r s o ft h e s even teen th a nd e i gh teen th c en tu r ie s , s uch a s S i r W i l l iam D ugda le ( c .1656 ) , S t ebb ing S haw ( c .1798 -1801) a nd T homa s H abb ing ton

t h e b a ron s c on t ro l t h e i r t e nan t s? D id t h e f e uda l r e la t ion sh ip

( c .1640 ) , h ave a l so r e co rded d e ta i l s , p a r t icu la r ly i nc hu r che s , t h a t h ave l o ng s i nce b een l o s t . E igh t een th a nd n ine teen th c en tu ry p a r i sh a nd e s ta te map s , t h e Y a te s map o f

a c tua l ly d e f ine t h er e la t ion sh ip sb e tween t h eb a ron sa nd t h e i r t e nan t s? I nt h ed eve lopmen t o ft h e l a nd scape , t ow ha t e x t en t d i d l o rd s r e a l ly h ave t h e c apac i ty t o f a sh ion i t ; a nd w h ich l o rd s? D id a l l l o rd s p l ay a p a r t ; w a s i ta n e xpec ta t ion o f

S t af f o rd sh i re , a nd t h e F i r s t E d i t ion O rdnance S urvey , a r e i n va luab le i n r e con s t ruc t ing t h e d eve lopmen t o f t h e l a nd scape .

l o rd sh ip t h a ti ts hou ld b e r e f lec t ed i nt h e l a nd scape , a nd i si t p o s s ib le t od e t ec t as oc ia l h i e ra rchy i nt h e l a nd scape? H ow i mpo r tan tw e r es oc ia l mo t iva t ion s?

I mpo r tan t a l so i st h e e v idence o fa r chaeo log ica l o bse rva t ion a nd e xcava t ion , much o fw h ich h a s b een c on su l ted t h rough t h e S i te s a nd Monumen t s R eco rd ( SMR ) . T he i n f o rma t ion

T he r o le a nd f unc t ion o fl o rd sh ip c anno t b e d ivo rced f r om w ide rf a c to r s , b e t h ey e nv i ronmen ta l o rt r end s a nd p r e s su re s

r e co rded b y t h e SMR s , w ho se r o le w a s u nde r l ined i n t h e D epa r tmen t o f t h e E nv i ronmen t p ape r , ' P lann ing P o l icy

p re sen t i n c on tempo ra ry s oc ie ty . I n s e ek ing t o r e cogn i se t h e se t h e q ue s t ion i sp o sed a st o w he the r i tm igh t b e mo r e

G u idance : A rchaeo logy a nd P lann ing ' ( PPG 16 , Novembe r 1 990 ) , h a s b een o f f undamen ta l i mpor tance ; a l though

a pp rop r ia te t oc on s ide r l o rd sh ip a sa n i n f luen t ia l r a the r t h an a s ad i rec t ive f a c to r ; a nd t h e d eg ree t o w h ich i t w a s u n if o rm ly i nf luen t ia l . H ow r e a l , a nd h ow e x ten s ive , w a s

s upp lemen ted b y i n f o rma t ion f r om o t he r s ou rce s a s w e l l , p a r t icu la r ly f r om d ocumen ta ry r e f e rence s a nd t h e r e su l t s o f i n d iv idua l p ro jec t s , t h e SMR p rov ided t h e b a s i s f o r m any o f

s e igneu r ia li nf luence i nt h eh ono ro fD ud ley?

t h e m ap s i lu s t ra t ing t h e a r cha eo logy a nd t h e l a nd scape o f t h e h ono r . T h i s d a ta w a s c o l lec ted , f o r t h e mo s tp a r t , d u r ing 1 990 a nd 1 99 1 . H oweve r , t h e n a tu re o f t h e i n f o rma t ion a va i lab le t h rough t h e SMR s i s v a r iab le i n q ua l i ty , a nd d i s t r ibu t ion m ap s , b y t h e i r n a tu re , a r e r e f lec t ion s o r ' s nap

I t m igh t b e t hough t t h a t t h e a b sence o f as ub s tan t ia l d ocumen ta ry a r ch ive , s uch a s t h e c ha r te r s u sed b y C rouch ( 3 5 ) , p l a ce s t h i s k ind o f s t udy a t g rave d i sadvan tage .

s ho t s ' b a sed o n t h e s t a te o ft h e d a ta a va i lab le a tt h e t ime o f i t s c o l lec t ion . S ome i n f o rma t ion r ema in s v i s ib le i n t h e

C e r ta in ly t h e r e la t ive ly m eag re d ocumen ta ry s ou rce s s ome t ime s p o se s a h and icap , b u t i t d oe s n o t r ende r

l a nd scape , s uch a s t h e e a r thwo rk s a t C oope r ' s B ank i n S edg ley , t h e f i shpond s o f H a le sowen A bbey , t h e mano r

i n ve s t iga t ion u n tenab le o rm ean ing le ss .

h ou se i n We s t B romw ich , o r t h e f ab r ic o f c a s t le s a nd c hu r che s . A t at ime w hen t h e n umbe r o f e xcava t ion s

T he l a ck o fp r e -Conque s t c ha r te r s l e ave s D ome sday B ook t h e e a r l ie s t d ocumen ta ry s ou rce . I n t h e t we lf th c en tu ry t h e

u nde r taken i si nd ec l ine , i th a s b een o f g r ea t b enef i t t o b e a b le t o d r aw o n r e cen t e xcava t ion s a t D ud ley C a s t le a nd S andwe l lP r io ry a sw e l l a so n e a r l ie re xcava t ion s a ts i te s l i ke

P ipe R o l l s a nd t h e ' Ca r tae B a ronum ' c an b e s t ud ied , t o ge the r w i th s ome t wen ty -f ive d e P agane l c ha r te r s , b u t a f t e r 1 200 t h e re a r er a the rf ewe rd e S ome ry c ha r te r s , a l though t h e re i sa b ody o fc ha r te r s a nd d eed s r e la t ing t o t h e h ono r ia l t e nan t s . Many h ave b een p r in ted b y t h e W i l l iam S a l t S oc ie ty , i n c lud ing a n o tab le c o l lec t ion f o cu s sed o n s ou th -we s te rn

D ud ley P r io ry , Weo ley C a s t le , C a s t le B romw ich C a s t le , a nd We s t B romw ich Mano r H ou se , n o t a l l o f w h ich h ave y e t b een f u l ly r epo r ted .

S t af f o rd sh i r e ( 36 ) , b u t t h e re a r e a l so a n umbe r o f u npub l i shed d eed s f o r mano r s s uch a s U ppe r P enn a nd

A n i mpo r tan tc ha rac ter i s t ic o ft h i s s t udy i st h ea t temp tt ou se a nd l i nk b o th d ocumen ta ry a nd a r cha eo log ica l s ou rce s .

E s s ing ton i nt h eC oun ty R eco rd O ff ice a tS t af f o rd .

Wh i l s t t h e q ue s t ion s a sked a bou t l a nd scape d eve lopmen t w i th in t h e h ono r made t h i s i n ev i tab le , t h e s t udy o fl o rd sh ip s

T he i n c rea sed s u rv iva l o fs t a te a nd c hu rch r e co rd s a f t e r 1 200 c on t r ibu te s s i gn if i can t ly , t h rough s uch a st h e p l ea r o l l s , F ee t

l i ke D ud ley , w i th r e la t ive ly m eag r e d ocumen ta ry s ou rce s , w ou ld b e l e s s v i ab le , a nd q u i te p robab ly n o t p u r sued ,

o fF ine s , Q uo Wa r ran to a nd C lo se R o l l s , C ha r te rR o l l s , F ine R o l l s a nd P a ten t R o l l s . T h i s r ange o fd ocumen ta ry s ou rce s

w i thou t s uch al i nkage . T he l i nk ing o fa r cha eo logy a nd t h e d ocumen t s n o t o n ly p e rm i t s t h e e xp lo ra t ion o f a l e s s

f o r t h e t h i r teen th a nd f ou r t een th c en tu r ie s t o s ome e x ten t c ompen sa te s f o r t h e r e la t ive p auc i ty o ft h e c ha r te r ma te r ia l ; t h e p l ea r o l l s i n p a r t icu la r , d rawn f r om c en t ra l a nd l o ca l c ou r t s , a nd t h e g ene ra l a nd f o r e s t e y r e s , p rov ide much d e ta i led i n f o rma t ion . T hey a r e c en t ra l , f o r e xamp le , t o a n

f r equen t ly e xam ined p e r spec t ive i n t h e d eve lopmen t o f a m ed ieva l h ono r , i ta l so o f f e r s ap o ten t ia l l i ne o fe nqu i ry f o r o t he r l o rd sh ip s . T he p o ten t ia l , v i ab i l i ty a nd v a lue o f e mp loy ing b o th a r chaeo log ica l a nd d ocumen ta ry a pp roa che s t og e the ri sc on f i rmed .

u nde r s tand ing o f wha t w a s h appen ing i nt h e r eg ion d u r ing t h e d i s tu rbance s o f t h e B a ron s ' Wa r i n t h e m id th i r teen th c en tu ry , a nd a ga in i nt h et r oub led y ea r so fE dwa rd I ' sr e ign . P a r t icu la r ly i mpo r tan t a l so a r e t h e I nqu i s i t ion s p o s t mor tem , p rov id ing a f ounda t ion f r om w h ich much o ft h e l a nd scape a nd e conom ic r e con s t ruc t ion h a s b een a t temp ted . P o s t m ed ieva l s ou rce sh ave a l so made s i gn if ican tc on t r ibu t ion s t o t h i s s t udy , p a r t icu la r ly o f t h e l a nd scape . D a t ing t o t h e s i x teen th c en tu ry , f o re xamp le , t h e re a r e s u rvey s t h a th e lp i n

1 2

NOTES : 1 . P .H .Sawye r , ' 1 066 1086 : A T enu r ia l R evo lu t ion ' , i n P .H .Sawye r( ed ) ,D ome sd ay B ook : AR ea s se s smen t( London , 1 985 ) , 7 1 -85 .

T h rough t h e C hang ing F or tune s o f a Wa rw ick sh i r e P a r i sh , Wo rm le igh ton ' , T B WAS , 8 0 ( 1965 ) . 2 2 . C .Dye r , ' P owe ra nd C on f l ic t i nt h e Med ieva l V i l lage ' , i n D .Hooke ( e d ) , Med ieva l V i l lage s , AR e v iew o fC ur ren t Work ( Oxf o rd , 1 985 ) .

2 .R .F lem ing , ' Dome sday B ook a nd t h e T enu r ia lR evo lu t ion ' , ANS , I X , ( 1987 ) ; R .F lem ing , K ing s a nd L o rd s i nC onque s t E ng land ( Camb r idge , 1 991) .

2 3 . C .Dye r , Hanbu ry : S e t t lemen ta nd S oc ie ty i naW ood land 3 .D .Rof f e ,' F rom T hegnage t oB a rony ' , ANS , X I I ,( 1990 ) .

L and scape ( Le ice s t e r , 1 991) .

4 .F l em ing ,K ing sa nd L ord s , 1 08 , 12 -3 , 1 60 1 , 1 79 -80 .

2 4 . C .C .Tay lo r , V i l lag e a nd F a rms tead A h i s tory o fR u ra l S e t t lemen t i n E ng land ( London , 1 983) ; C .C .Tay lo r , ' Med ieva lr u ra l s e t t lemen t : c hang ing p e rcep t ion s ' ,L and scape H i s to ry , 1 4 , ( 1992 ) .

5 . J .M .W .Bean , F rom L ord t o P a t ron . L o rd sh ip i n L a te Med ie va l E ng land ( Manche s te r , 1 989 ) ; P .R .Co s s , ' Ba s ta rd F euda l i sm R ev i sed ' ,P a s ta nd P re sen t , 1 25 ( 1989 ) . 6 .C o s s ,' Ba s ta rd F euda l i sm R ev i sed ' ,2 9 ,4 0 ,4 1 ,5 6 , 5 7 .

2 5 . M .A s ton , I n te rp re t ing t h e L and scape . A rchaeo logy i nL oca lS tud ie s( London , 1 985 ) .

7 .P .R .Co s s , T he K n igh t i n Med ieva l E ng land , 1 000 -1400

2 6 .I b id . ,C hap t e r Twe lve .

( S t roud , 1 993 ) , 3 0 ; P .R .Co s s , L ord sh ip , K n igh thood a nd L oca l i ty . A S tud y i n E ng l i sh S oc ie ty c . 1180 - c .1 280 ( Camb r idge , 1 991) ,6 .

2 7 .I b id ,3 9 .

L and scape

2 8 . G .G .A s t i l l , A Med ieva l I ndu s t r ia l C omp lex a nd i t s L and scape : T he Me ta lwo rk ing W a te rm i l l s a nd Work shop s o f

8 .D .C rouch , T he B eaumon t T w in s . T he R oo t s a nd B ranche s o fP ow e ri nt h e T we lf th C en tu ry ( Camb r idge , 1 986 ) ,2 13 .

B ord e s ley A bbey . B o rd e s l ey A bbey I I . CBA R epo r t9 2 ( Yo rk , 1 993 ) .

R e sea rch

9 .C o s s , T he K n igh ti n Med ie va lE ng land , 16 . 2 9 . D .Au s t in , ' The C a s t le a nd t h e L and scape ' , L and scape 1 0 . R . Mo r t ime r , ' L and a nd s e rv ice : T he T enan t s o f t h e H onou ro fC la re ' , ANS ,V I I I , ( 1986 ) .

H i s tory , 6( 1984 ) .

1 . C rouch , T he B eaumon tT w in s ,2 14 .

3 0 . J .G .Coad a nd A .D .F .S t ree ten , ' Excava t ion s a t C a s t le A c r e C a s t le , N orf o lk , 1 972 -77 . C oun t ry H ou se a nd C a s t le o f t h e N o rman E a r l s o f S u r rey ' , A rchaeo log ica l J ou rna l , 1 39

1 2 . C o s s ,L ord sh ip , K n igh thood a nd L oca l i ty , 1 .

( 1982 ) .

1 3 . C rouch , T he B eaumon tT w in s ,2 14 .

3 1 . P .Maye s a nd L .A .S .Bu t le r , S anda l C a s t le E xcava t ion s

1 4 . Mo r t ime r , ' L and a nd s e rv ice ' .

1 964 -1973 (Wakef ie ld , 1 983) ; L .Bu t le r , S anda l C a s t le , W ak ef i e ld . T he H i s tory a nd A rchaeo log y o f a Med ie va l C a s t l e (Wakef i e ld , 1 99 1) .

1 5 . J .Hud son , ' L if e G ran t s o fL and a nd t h e D eve lopmen t o f I nhe r i tance i n Ang lo -No rman E ng land ' , ANS ,X I I , ( 1990 ) .

3 2 .A u s t in , ' The C a s t le a nd t h eL and scape ' .

1 6 . S .R eyno ld s , ' Book land , F o L k land a nd F i ef s ' , ANS , X IV , ( 1 992 ) .

3 . P .Ba rke r a nd R .H igham , H en D omen , Mon tgome ry . A T imbe r C a s t le o n t h e E ng l i sh -W e l sh B ord er . V o lume 1 . ( Roya l A rchaeo log ica l I n s t i tu te , 1 982 ) ; P .Ba rke r a nd R .H igham , H en Domen , Mon tgome ry . A T imber C a s t l e o n t h e E ng l i sh -W e l sh B o rd er . E xcava t ion s 1 960 -1988 . A

1 7 . S .R eyno ld s , F ief s a nd V a s sa l s . T he Med ieva l E v id ence R e in t erpre ted ( Oxf o rd , 1 994 ) , 3 50 ,3 51-2 ,3 6 1-3 ,3 75 -9 .

S umma ry R epo r t ( Hen

D omen

A rchaeo log ica l

P ro jec t ,

1 8 .R of f e ,' F rom T hegnage t oB a rony ' .

1 988 ) .

1 9 . D .W i l l iams , ' The P eve r i l s a nd t h e E s seb ie s 1 066 -1166 :

3 4 . T .E . McNe i l l , A ng lo -Norman U l s t er . T he H i s tor y a nd A rchaeo logy o f a n I r i sh B a rony 177 -1400 ( Ed inbu rgh ,

AS t udy i nE a r ly F euda l R e la t ion sh ip s ' , i nD .W i l l iam s ( ed ) , E ng land i n t h e T we lf th C en tury . P roceed ing s o ft h e 1 988 Ha r lax ton S ympo s ium (Woodb r idge , 1 990 ) ,2 42 .

1 980 ) . 3 5 . C rouch , T he B eaumon tT w in s .

2 0 .R eyno ld s ,F ief sa nd V a s sa l s ,3 94 . 3 6 . G . Mande r ( ed ) , A nc ien t D eed s W od ehou se , W ombourne ,( SHC , 1 928 ) .

2 1 . H .Tho rpe , ' The L o rd a nd t h eL and scape ,I lu s t ra ted

1 3

P re served a t t h e

CHAPTER ONE . THE HONOR E STABL ISHED . T he i n t roduc t ion o fN o rman l o rd sh ip i n to t h e We s t M id land

o ra tl e a s t aman u pon whom t h e k ing f e l th e c ou ld d epend . A l though i tc anno t b e c e r ta in ly s hown , i ti sp os s ib le t h a t h i s r emova l f r om t h e S u r rey s c ene i n t h e e a r ly 1 070 s w a s a

r eg ion w a s a t f i r s t m ea su red a nd c au t iou s . E dw in h ad s ucceeded t o t h e Me r c ian e a r ldom b y 1 065 ( 1 ) a nd w a s a mong t h eg r ea tm en o ft h ek i ngdom t os ubm i tt oW i l l iam a t e i the rB e rkhamp s tead o rB a rk ing ( 2 ) . I th a sb een a r gued t h a t

r e su l to ft h ek ing w i sh ing t ou t i l i se h i st a len t se l sewhe r e . T he Me rc ian r ebe l l ion s h ad b een s ucce s sf u l ly c oun te r ed b u t i t

E dw in ' s a u tho r i ty i nt h e r e g ion w a s t h e r eaf t e r mo r e i lu so ry t h an r e a l ( 3 ) b u t t h i s c a se h a s n o t b een c onv inc ing ly e s tab l i shed . O rde r ic V i ta l i s c l ea r ly h e ld h im i nh i gh r ega rd ( 4 ) a nd t h e f ew d i p loma s t h a t d o s u rv ive r e f lec t t h e

w a s n ow n ece s sa ry t o e n su re t h a t t h e r eg ion w a s s t ab i l i sed a nd t h a tN o rman a u tho r i ty w ou ld n o tb e c omp rom i sed a ga in , a nd t h i s w a s mo s t r e ad i ly a ch ieved b y s e t t l ing n ew , F rench , t e nan t s i nc h ief o nt h er eg ion . Wa rd h a sd emon s t ra ted ac l o se c o r re la t ion u nde r W i l l iam Ib e tween l e ve l s o fs e rv ice t ot h e k i ng a nd r ewa rd ( 14 ) ; i ti sn o tu n l ike ly t h a t ac omb ina t ion o f t h e d e s i re t o r ewa rd t oge the r w i th t h e n eed f o r m en o f

c on t inued d i gn i ty o ft h e e a r l ' s p os i t ion ( 5 ) . I ti su nc lea rh ow e a r ly A bbo t AE the lw ig o f E ve sham w a s a c t ing a s k ing ' s j u s t ic ia ri nt h e r eg ion ( 6 ) b u t i fi tw a s b ef o re c . 1070 t h e r e i s n or e a son t oa s sume t h a tt h i sw a st ot h ee xc lu s ion o fE dw in ' s i n f luence ü it h e e a r ldom . A pa r t f r om t h e a bbo t a nd t h e e a r l ,

c ompe tence b rough tA n scu lf t oD ud ley .

b o th o fw hom r ep re sen ted t h e c on t inu i ty o fE ng l i sh l o rd sh ip , a nd i nt h e c a se o ft h e a bbo t , w i th an ew a nd e nhanced r o le ,

B y 1 086 W i l l iam f i tz A n scu lf h e ld e s ta te s i nc h ief n o t o n ly i nt h ew e s tm id land c oun t ie s o fS t af f o rd sh i re , Wo rce s te r sh i r e a nd Wa rw ick sh i re , w i th in wh ich t h e h ono r o f Dud ley w a s

o n ly t h e k i ng h im se lf r e f lec t ed t h e p re sence o f N o rm an a u thor i ty i nt h er eg ion ( 7 ) . E dw in 's s u rv iva lh ad i mp l ica t ion s f o r No rman a r i s toc ra t ic c o lon i sa t ion o f t h e w e s t m id land s . W i l l iam s e em s a tt h i s p o in t t o h ave w i shed t o a vo id a ny

f o rmed , b u t a l so i n S u r rey , B e rk sh i re , N o r thamp ton sh i re , B uck ingham sh i re , R u t land , O xf o rd sh i r e , M idd le sex a nd H un t ingdon sh i re ( F igu re 1 . 1) , t h e c omb ined v a lue o fw h ich

e r o s ion o ft h e e a r l 's p o s i t ion t h a t t h e d i rec t e s tab l i shmen t o f F rench l o rd sh ip w i th in t h e e a r ldom w ou ld c e r ta in ly h ave b rough t . H oweve r , a ny r e s t ra in t st h a tE dw in h ad p l aced u pon

w a s £ 277 .5s .11d . ; t h e mo s t v a luab le e s ta te s l a y i nB e rk sh i r e a nd B uck ingham sh i r e , a nd i n t h i s s en se s t and i n s t a rk c on t ra s tt ot h o se t h a tw e r e a cqu i red i nt h ew e s tm id land s ; t h e

No rman i nf i l t ra t ion d i sappea red a f te r t h e r ebe l l ion s o f 1 068 a nd 1 069 70 t o ta l ly u nde rm ined h i s p o s i t ion . B y 1 07 1

v a lue o ft h e d eme sne ( F igu r e 1 . 2 ) , f o re xamp l e , i nt h e se t wo c oun t ie s i n1 086 a moun ted t o£ 62 .10s .0d . a sc ompa red w i th t h e c omb ined w e s tm id land d eme sne v a lue so f£ 18 .0 s .0d . B y c ompa r i son w i th h i st e nan t s i nt h eh ono ro fD ud ley , t h i sw a s

E dw in w a sd ead a nd O rde r ic V i ta l i sw a sa b le t oc ommen to n t h e c h ief p rov inte s o f E ng land b e ing d i v ided a mong s t W i l l iam 's f o l lowe r s ( 8 ) . I tw a s w i th in t h i s c on tex t o f t h e ' s ta te sman l ike d i s t r ibu t ion o fc a s te l lan ie s , s he r if f dom s , g r ea t f i ef s a nd r i gh t s ' ( 9 )t h a tt h eh ono ro fD ud ley w a s e s tab l i shed . S ome h i s to r ian s ( 10 ) h ave f o cu s sed i n te re s t o n t h e r e la t ion sh ip b e tween p r e -Conque s te s ta te sa nd p o s t -Conque s t

n o t a n u n imp re ss ive s um , b u t w hen v i ewed i n aw ide r c on tex t i ts ugge s t s i tw a sn o t a ny p e r ce ived p ro spe r i ty o ft h e r eg ion t h a th ad d rawn An scu lf t oi t . H oweve r , t h e s hape o f t h e h ono r i s as t r ik ing f e a tu r e t h a t r ef l ec t s u pon t h e c i rcum s tance s t h a t b rough t i ti n to b e ing . T he D ome sday r e f e rence t o' Dude le i i b i e s t c a s te l lu (m ) e i u s '

f e e s a nd t h e e x ten t t o w h ich c on t inu i ty may b e d e tec ted a c ro ss t h eC onque s t . Ad i scu s s ion o fh ow ,w hen a nd w hy t h e h ono r t ook s hape mu s t a l so e ngage w i th t h e p o s s ib le s i gn if i cance o ft h e p re -Conque s t t e nu r ia l p a t te rn i nt h e a r ea o ft h eh ono r .

l e ave s l i t t le d oub tt ha tf r om t h e o u t se tt h i sh ad b een r ega rded a st h e ' c apu t h ono r i s ' ( 1 5 ) , b u t i ti st h i s c apu t ' s g eog raph ica l r e la t ion sh ip w i th t h e o t he r mano r s o f t h e h ono r t h a t i s n o tab le . I tt a ke st h ef o rm o f ac ohe ren ta nd c ompac tb lock o f f i f ty mano r s t o c r ea te a c l a s s ic i mag e o f a c a s t le ry , c onf i rmed b y i t s d e sc r ip t ion a s s uch i nt h e D ome sday e n t ry

T he e a r l ie s tp ha se s i nt h e f o rma t ion o ft h e h ono r a r e o b scu r e i n d e ta i l a s t h e re a r e n o d ocumen ta ry r e f e r ence s b ef o r e D ome sday . B y 1 086 t h e h ono rw a s i nt h e h and s o fW i l l iam f i tz An scu lf w i th D ud ley C a s t le e s tab l i shed a s t h e ' c apu t h ono r i s ' , b u t i tw a s p robab ly h i s f a the r who w a s r e spon s ib le f o rt h ei n i t ia ls t age si nb u i ld ing t h i sw e s tm id land h ono r .

f o r B e l l ing ton ( 16 ) ( F igu re 1 . 3) . T he c on s t ruc t ion o f c ompa c tm i l i ta ry f e e sh ad p roven e f f ec t ive o nt h e b o rde r s o f No rmandy a nd w e re a c ha rac te r i s t ic o f t h e No rman s e t t lemen to ft h e We l sh Ma rch , p rov id ing a n e f f ec t ive m ean s b yw h ich No rman a u tho r i ty m igh tb e a s ser t ed . T oge the rw i th n ea r n e ighbou r s s uch a s T u tbu ry a nd S t af f o rd , D ud ley w a s i n tended t o f u lf i l ap a r t icu la r a nd s pec if i c p u rpo se - t o d om ina te a nd a s se r t No rman l o rd sh ip i n a n a r ea o n ly r e cen t ly p ac if ied a nd a sy e t s t i l l s e en a sp o ten t ia l ly u n s tab le ( 17 ) , r e inf o rc ing a nd p e rhap s mon i to r ing t h e l o ya l s uppo r to f AE the lw ig o f E ve sham f o r t h e n ew o rde r . I n t h e w e s t

A n scu lf s e em s t o h ave r e ce ived l a nd s i n t h e s ou th o f E ng land i nt h e y ea r s i mmed ia te ly f o l low ing t h e C onque s t a nd s e rved a ss he r if fi nB uck ingham sh i re ( 1 1) a nd i nS u r rey w he re h e u sed t h e p owe r s o f h i s o ff ice t o a cqu i r e Wand swo r th ( 12 ) . I n B uck ingham sh i re , A n scu lf w a s c a l led ' d e P incheng i ' wh ich s ugge s t s t h a t h i s f am i ly h ad i t s o r ig in s a tP i cqu igny n ea r Am ien s . Aw r i t t h a t may b e a s e a r ly a s 1 070 ( 1 3 ) s how s t h a t A n scu lf n o l o nge r h e ld t h e o ff i ce o f s he r if f i n S u r rey ; h i s e a r ly a ppo in tmen t a s a s he r if f p re sumab ly i n d ica te st h a th ew a se i the r aman o fi mpo r tance ,

m id land s , t h e e a r ly 1 070 s r ep re sen t s C h ibna l l ' s f i r s tp ha se o f t h e C onque s t ( 18 ) i n w h ich n ew ly e s tab l i shed l o rd s w e r e d raw ing t h e i r ' s phe re s o f i n te re s t ' , C h ibna l l h a s p o in ted o u t t h a t t h e se i n te re s t s a nd e a r ly g ran t s w e r e n o t n ece s sa r i ly

1 4

F igu re 1 . 1 .

THE HONOR OF DUDLEY AND THE DO MESDAY E STATE OF WILL IA M F ITZ ANSCULF . I l D ud ley • D ome sday Mano r s N o tm apped : H une swo rde ,O xon .

0 m ls . 5 0 h am o : = 5 : == na ll

JR H

1 5

F igu re 1 . 2 .

THE F ITZ ANSCULF DE MESNE I N 1 086 .

• D emesne Mano r s .

0 W

m ls .

5 0 W I

JR H

1 6

F igu re 1 . 3 .

1 7

r e ga rd ed a s p e rmanen t , b u t i nm o s t c a se s , a tl e a s t f o r t h e t e nan t s i n c h ief , t h e r e w a s at e ndency f o r t h e se e a r ly a cqu i s i t ion s t o b e c onve r ted ' i n to t h e p a t r imon ie s o f t h e s e cond g ene ra t ion '( 1 9 ) .

t h e m id land s -H en ry d e F e r r e r s i n D e rby sh i r e , R obe r t o f S t af f o rd i nc en t ra la nd n o r ther nS t af f o rd sh i re ,R oge rd eL a cy i nH e r ef o rd sh i r ea nd H ugh d eG randme sn i li nL e ice s t e r sh i r e . T he h ono r o f D ud ley p l ayed i t s p a r t i nt h i s w ide r p a t ter n , y e t , i ti sm a rked b y a n a ppa r en t d e l ibe ra t ene s s i ni t s s hape , c l ea r ly e n compa s s ing m ano r s i n t h ree s h i r e s , r a the r t h an s imp ly ' s p i l l ing 'o ve ri n to t h em ,w h i l s ti t sw e s t er nb ounda r ie s r e spec t t h e S t af f o rd sh i r e b o rd e r a nd t o s ome e x t en t t h e n o r th -we s t er nb ounda ry o ft h ef o rme r Hw icc ian t e r r i to ry .

I ft h e f o rma t ion o ft h e h ono r o f D ud ley i nt h e 1 070 s w a s r e la t ed t o a p roce s s o f s t ab i l i sa t ion a nd t h e a s se r t ion o f N o rman l o rd sh ip , i ts hou ld b e v i ewed a ga in s t t h e w id e r t e nu r ia lc on t ex to ft h e w e s tm id land s . Af o r ce f o rs t ab i l i ty i n t h e r e g ion w a s t h e l a rge a moun t o f l a nd i nc hu r ch h and s ( F igu r e 1 . 4 ) , p a r t icu la r ly i n Wo r ce s t e r sh i r e a nd S t af f o rd sh i r e . W i l l iam Iw a s a b le t od epend u pon t h e l o ya l ty o f A bbo t AE the lw ig o f E ve sham w ho se r o l e a s t h e k i ng ' s j u s t ic ia r u n t i l h i s d ea th i n 1 077 t o ok i nt h e M e r c ian s h i r e s , i n c lud ing S t af f o rd sh i r e , Wa rw ick sh i r e a nd Wo r ce s t e r sh i r e ( 2 0 ) ; t h e k i ng a l so h ad t h e s uppo r t o f B i shop Wu lf s tan o f Wo r ce s te r , w ho s e em s t oh ave r e ad i ly c ome t ot e rm s w i th t h eN o rman C onque s ta nd s e t t lemen t( 2 1) . T ot h i s e x ten tt h e s ou the rn t wo th i rd s o f Wo r ce s t e r sh i r e i n p a r t icu la r m u s t h ave a ppea red f a i r ly s e cu r e i nt h ee ye s o ft h en ew r e g ime . I n S t af f o rd sh i r e , w he r e t h e b i shop s h e ld ab l ock o fm ano r s t h a t r a n f r om t h e n o r th -we s t t o t h e s ou th -ea s t o f t h e s h i r e , L eofw ine r e s igned h i s s e e b ef o r e 1 070 ( 2 2 ) , a f t e r w h ich i t w a se n t ru s t ed t ot h ec a r eo f Wu lf s tan u n t i li n1 072 ( 2 3 )P e t e r b ecame t h eb i shop o fC he s t e ra nd L i chf i e ld .

T h eB e l l ing ton r e f e rence t o' c a s te l la r ia 'h i gh l igh t st h et y pe o f f e uda ls t ruc tu r et h a th ad b een , o rw a s i nt h ep r oce s s o fb e ing e s tab l i shed b y 1 086 . O f t h e mano r s t h a t b e longed t o t h e h ono r t h e m a jo r i ty w e r e i nt h e mo r e s ou the r ly h und r ed s o f S t af f o rd sh i r e ( 2 4 ) , a nd p a r t icu la r ly i n S e i sdon h und r ed w he r e W i l l iam f i t z A n scu lf , h o ld ing s ome t wen ty -on e m ano r s ,d om ina t ed t h et e nu r ia lp a t ter no ft h ea r ea ( 2 5 ) .N on e t h e l e s s , t h e r e w e r e o t he r l a ndho lde r s i n s ou th -we s t er n S t a f f o rd sh i r e , i n c lud ing t h ek i ng h im se lf ; t h et e nu r ia lp a t t e rn v a r ied f r om h und r ed t o h und r ed a nd f i t z A n scu lf d i d n o t a ch ieve t h es ame d eg r ee o fl o ca ld om inanc e e l sewhe r e i nt h e c oun ty ; i n O f f low , t h e k i ng a nd t h e b i shop o f C he s t e r ' s h o ld ing s o ve r shadowed t h o se o f o t he r s , w h i l s t i n t h e h und r ed o fC u t t l e s tone ,R obe r to fS t af f o rd a nd t h ek i ng w e r e t h e d om inan t l a ndho lde r s . H oweve r , a l though s p r ead t h rough t h r ee h und red s , t h e m ano r s n one t h e l e s s f o rmed a r e la t ive ly c ompac t b l ock o f h o ld ing s , t h e mo s t c l o se ly c ompa rab le d i s t r ibu t ion b e ing t h o se o ft h ek i ng .

R oya l m ano r s ( F igu r e 1 . 4 ) w e r e s c a t te r ed t h roughou t t h e r e g ion , w i th p a r t icu la r c oncen t ra t ion s b y 1 0 86 i nn o r ther n S t af f o rd sh i r e a nd D e rby sh i r e , e a s t er n L e ic e s te r sh i r e , n o r ther n H e r ef o rd sh i r e , a nd t o al e s se r e x t en t , n o r ther n Wo r ce s te r sh i r e . T he se m o s t p robab ly i n c lud ed f o r f e i t l a nd s a nd r e c la imed m ano r s a r i s ing f r om t h e r e be l l ion s , a sw e l l a s o l dr oya ll a nd s ,b u tt h ey d i dn o tr e p r e sen t am i l i ta ry p r e sence i nt h er e g ion .

I n Wo r ce s t e r sh i r et h em ano r s o ft h eh ono rw e r ec oncen t ra t ed i nt h e h und r ed s o fC len t a nd C ame , t h e c apu t i t s e lf l o ca t ed w i th in ad e ta chmen to ft h eC len th und red i nS t af f o rd sh i r e . I n n e i the r Wo r ce s t e r sh i re o r Wa rw ick sh i r e d i d t h e D ud ley e s ta t e a ta in t h e l o ca l d om inance t h a t t h ey d i d i np a r t s o f S t af f o rd sh i r e , b u t t h e g eog raph ica l d i s t r ibu t ion o f t h e se m ano r s u nde r l ine s t h e c l ea r i n t en t ion t h a t a l l w e r e t os t and i n r e la t ion t o D ud ley i t s e lf ; t h e o n ly e xcep t ion w a s t h e m ano r o fC hu r chove r w ho se l o ca t ion a tt h e e a s t e rn e dge o f Wa rw i ck sh i r e , i nB r ink low h und r ed , p u t i tg eog raph ica l ly

T o t h i s e nd , an umbe r o fF r ench l o rd sh ip s w e r e e s tab l i shed t h a t s e rved t o r e inf o r ce t h e e f f o r t s o f t h e p r inc ipa l e c c le s ia s t ic s . I nt h e p a t t er n t h a t e me rged ( F igu r e 1 . 5 ) t h e h ono r o f D ud ley i s n o tab le f o r i t s c oh e r en t a nd TABLE 1 . Ana tomy o ft he Honor : S taf f o rd sh i r e

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c ompa c t g eog raphy , n ea t ly f i t t ing i n to ag ap i nt h e t e nu r ia l g eog raphy a mong m a in ly r oya l a nd e p i scopa l m ano r s . H oweve r , t h e se c ha ra c t e r i s t ic s w e r e n o t e n t i r e ly u n ique t o D ud ley . T he v a s tc oncen t ra t ion o fS h rop sh i r em ano r s i nt h e h and s o fE a r lR oge rm igh tb e s e en a ss ome th ing o f as p e c ia l c a se , b u t t h e re w e r e o t he r l o rd s w ho se e s ta t e s s how a t e ndency t owa rd s c oncen t ra t ion i n p a r t i cu la r p a r t s o f

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s ome d i s tance f r om t h e r e s t o f t h e h ono r . I tm ay b e s e en f r om T ab le 1t h a t t h e b u lk o f t h e D ome sday h ono r , s ome s e ven ty -e igh th i de s , l a y w i th in S t af f o rd sh i r e , a nd t h a tw i th a c omb ined v a lue o f £ 35 .19 s .4d . i tw a s n o t a n i n s ign if i can t p a r t o f t h e e conom ic r e sou r ce s o f t h e h ono r o ve ra l l .

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ROYAL AND CHURCH LANDS AND THE HONOR OF DUDLEY I N THE WEST MIDLANDS I N 1 086 .

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H oweve r , s uch a n o b serva t ion h a s t ob e h eav i ly q ua l if ied : i f ac ompa r i son i s made w i th in t h e h ono r b y c oun ty a r ea s , i t w i l l b e s e en t ha t S t af f o rd sh i re mano r s w e r e v a lued o n

v a lued a t£ 67 .0 s .0d . I nh e r s t udy o ft h e h ono r o f Mowb ray ,

a ve rage a t al i t t le o ve r n ine s h i l l ing s ah i de , w he rea s i n Wa rw ick sh i re a nd Wo rce s t e r sh i re t h ey w e r e c l o se rt ot h ir ty f i ve s h i l l ing sp e rh ide . S uch f i gu re s t e nd t or ef lec tt h e r a the r u na t t rac t ive e conom ic r e sou rce s o f much o ft h e D ome sday

c ha r te r s i l u s t ra t ing i t s p e r ipa te t ic n a tu r e a s i tt r ave l led a r ound t h e d eme sne mano r s ( 3 1) . Wh i l s t t h e S t af f o rd sh i r e

G reenway h i gh l igh ted t h a t t h e p r ima ry f unc t ion o f t h e d eme sne w a s t of e ed t h e l o rd a nd h ou seho ld , t h e Mowb ray

a nd Wa rw ick sh i re mano r s o f t h e b a ron o f S t af f o rd m igh t f u lf i l l s uch o b l iga t ion s , i ti sd i ff i cu l t t oe nv i sage t h e b a ron s o f D ud ley s o c omf or tab ly s e rved b y t h e i r w e s t m id land d eme sne .

h ono r ! T he b a ron s o f D ud ley f o l lowed t h e u sua l p rac t ice o f r e ta in ing s ome mano r s i nd eme sne w h i l s t s e t t l ing o t he r s o n t h e i r t e nan t s . I n 1 086 s i x mano r s w e r e r e co rded i n t h e d eme sne o f W i l l iam f i tz A n scu lf ( 26 ) , r unn ing i n ab road b and f r om s ou the rn a nd s ou th -we s te rn S t af f o rd sh i re t o n o r th -ea s t e rn Wo rce s te r sh i r e ( F igu re 1 . 6 ) . T he se mano r s may b e d i v ided i n to t wo ma in c a t ego r ie s , b a sed u pon t h e i r

T he g ene ra l ly p oo r q ua l i ty o f much o f t h e l a nd p a r t ia l ly e xp la in st h e s ma l l s i ze o ft h e c u l t iva ted d emesne o n W i l l iam f i tz A n scu lf sw e s tm id land m ano r s . I ne ach c a se , a tD ud ley , S edg ley a nd N o r thf ie ld , t h e r e w a s o n ly o ne p lough i n d eme sne

i n 1 086 ; t h e a g r icu l tu ra l

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d eme sne m ano r s w a s al ow p r io r i ty , w i th t h e r e su l t , o ne s u spec t s , t h a t t h e e s ta te w ou ld h ave b een h a rd p r e s sed t o

r e co rded v a lue sa tt h et ime o fD ome sday .

f e ed f i tz A n scu lf s h ou seho ld f o r a ny l e ng th o f t ime . T h i s s t and s i nc on t ra s t t ot h e f i t z A n scu lf mano r s o u t s ide o ft h e

O fa l lt h em ano r s i nt h eh ono r , S edg ley , i nS t af f o rd sh i re , h ad t h e h ighe s t r e co rded v a lue i n 1 086 , a t£ 10 .0 s .0d . , a nd w a s f o rt h e mo s tp a r tk ep ti nt h e d eme sne w i th t h e e xcep t ion o fa s hor t l i ved e xpe r imen t r e co rded i n D ome sday ( 27 ) . T h i s mano r w a s h encef o r th t or ema in a tt h e h ea r t o ft h e b a ron ia l

w e s t m id land s , w he re t h e r a t io o f d eme sne p lough s t o p ea san t p l ough s i n c rea sed f r om 6 . 8% :93 .2% i n t h e w e s t m id land s t o 3 0% :70% . T hu s a n a pp r ec ia t ion o f t h e w e s t m id land s d eme sne h a s t ob e s e t w i th in t h e w ide r c on tex t o f f i t z A n scu lf s h o ld ing s t h roughou t E ng land . T he a ppa r en t i mba lance o r u nde r rep r e sen ta t ion o f t h e d eme sne i n t h e

d eme sne a nd Dud ley C a s t le i t se lf w a s r ega rd ed a s a n a ppu r tenance o ft h e mano r ( 28 ) , a n a r rangemen t w h ich w a s c l ea r ly a t te s ted b y t h e t h i r teen th c en tu ry a nd may w e l l h ave

h ono r o f D ud ley w a s c ompen sa ted b y ar e l iance o n t h e

i t s o r ig in s i nt h e e l even th c en tu ry o r e a r l ie r . T oge the r w i th

r e sou rce s a nd r e venue s r a i sed o u t s ide t h e r eg ion . T o h ave r e ta ined mo r e mano r si nd eme sne i nt h ew e s tm id land sm igh t

t h e n e ighbou r ing d eme sne mano r o f D ud ley , v a lued a t £ 3 .0 s .0d . , t h ey r ep r e sen ted a l i t t le o ve r 7 2% o f t h e e n t i r e

h ave r i sked u nde rm in ing t h e r e sou r ce s a va i lab le t o t h e h ono r ia lt e nan t s , a nd t h e r eby t h e s t ab i l i ty o ft h e h ono r i t se lf .

d eme sne v a lue s o f f i tz A n scu lf s w e s t m id land e s ta te s . I n a dd i t ion t h i s g roup o fd eme sne mano r s i n c luded N o r thf i e ld , w h ich a t £ 5 .0s .0d . w a s t h e mo s t v a luab le o f a l t h e

c ou ld c ompa re ( 29 ) .

When i nt h e w e s t m id land s , t h e b a ron ia l h ou seho ld r e s ided a tD ud ley C a s t le o ra tN o r thf i e ld , h ono r ia l c en t re s t ha t w e r e t or ema in i mpor tan t i nt h e s ucceed ing c en tu r ie s . H oweve r , i t s e em s p robab le t h a t a f t e r t h e p rob lem s o f t h e e a r ly 1 070 s h ad p a s sed , f i t z A n scu lf w a s mo re f r equen t ly t o b e f ound r e s id ing o n t h e i mpo r tan t a nd mo re v a luab le e s ta te s i nt h e s ou th m id land sa nd s ou ther nE ng land .

Y e t i n s t a rk c on t ra s t t o t h i s g roup w e re t h e t h r ee d eme sne mano r s o f Mo rf e , C ha sepoo l a nd B e l l ing ton w h ich j o in t ly

T he s e cond i s sue t o b e a dd r e s sed i st h a t o f w hy D ud ley e me rged a st h ec apu to ft h eh ono r?

Wo rce s te r sh i r e mano r s i n t h e h ono r . B e tween t h em t h e se mano r s , a moun t ing t ot h i r teen h ide s , h ad ac omb ined v a lue o f £ 18 .0 s .0d . , v a lues t h a t f ew m ano r s c ou ld ma tch a t a n i n d iv idua l l e ve l a nd w i th w h ich n o c omb ina t ion s o f mano r s

a moun ted t o e l even h ide s b u t i n 1 086 w e re a ccoun ted a s w a s te . T he p rox im i ty o f r oya l f o re s t w a s u ndoub ted ly a c ons t ra in to nt h e se mano r s a nd t h ey may h ave b een d i ff i cu l t t og ran t a way , b u t t h e p o s s ib i l i ty t h a t t h ey w e r e u nde rgo ing

T he r e w e re s ome o bv iou s c on s ide ra t ion s ; t h e v a lue o f t h e k ey mano r s o fD ud ley a nd S edg ley w ou ld c l ea r ly p rov ide a m a jo r i n cen t ive , w h i l s tt h e l o ca lt opog raphy i nt h e f o rm o fa p rom inen t l i me s tone o u tc rop r e commended i t se lf f o r t h e s i t ing o ft h e c a s t le . T he c en t ra l i ty o fS edg ley a nd D ud ley t o t h e r e s t o ft h e h ono r i sa l so o bv iou s , b u t w h i l s t t h e se f a c to r s may a l lh ave p l ayed ap a r tt h ey d on o tb yt h em se lve sp rov ide a ne n t i re ly s a t i sf ac to ry e xp lana t ion . T he re w e r e o t he r mano r s o f s ome v a lue , s uch a s N o r thf ie ld w h ich w a s k ep t i n d eme sne , o rA s ton a nd S e l ly O ak w h ich w e r en o t . T he re w a s ab a ron ia l r e s idence a t N or thf ie ld b y a t l e a s t t h e t we lf th c en tu ry a nd r e a son t o s u spec t a n e a r ly c a s t le w i th in A s ton

s ome r eo rgan i sa t ion c anno tb ee n t i re ly d i scoun t ed . T he n a tu re o ft h ed eme sne e s ta te i se xam ined b e low ( 30 )b u t t h e d i scu s s ion a bove p romp t st wo i mmed ia te o b se rva t ion so n t h e s t ruc tu r e o f t h e D ome sday h ono r .The f i r s t i st h a t t h e d eme sne , i nt e rm s o f t h e n umbe r o f mano r s r e ta ined , w a s r ema rkab ly s ma l l ; s i x o u t o f f i f ty mano r s , o f w h ich o n ly t h r ee w e re o f p a r t icu la r v a lue , a l though t h e f i nanc ia l p rom inence o f t h e se mano r s s hou ld n o t b e o ve r looked . N eve r the le s s , w hen c ompa red w i th t h e d eme sne o f t h e n e ighbou r ing h ono r o f S t af fo rd , f o r e xamp le , i tm igh t b e t hough t s u rp r i s ing t h a t t h e b a ron s o fD ud ley r ega rded t h e i r s t ob e a dequa te . T he b a ron o fS t af f o rd , w ho se w e s t m id land h o ld ing s w e re c oncen t ra ted i n S t af f o rd sh i re a nd Warw ick sh i re , h ad n o f ewe rt h an s even d eme sne m ano r s i n

p a r i sh ( 32 ) . O the rh ono r s , l i ke T u tbu ry , f unc t ioned w i thou ta n eed f o r t h e c apu t t o b e l i t e ra l ly a t t h e c en t re o f i t s ' c a s te l la r ia ' , h oweve r c onven ien t t h a t m igh t b e . O f c ou r se , c en t ra l t o t h e q ue s t ion o f t h e e me rgence o f ac apu t i st h e r e la ted q ue s t ion o ft h e e x ten tt ow h ich t h e h ono r a s aw ho le h ad a ny t e nu r ia li n teg r i ty t h a tp r e -da ted t h eC onque s t .

t h ef o rme rc oun ty v a lued a t£ 10 .15s .0d . a nd n i ne i nt h e l a t te r

2 1

F igu re 1 . 6 .

2 2

D ome sday r e co rd st h a t TRE , S edg ley h ad b een h e ld b y E a r l A lga ra nd D ud ley b yh i ss on ,E a r lE dw in ( 3 3 ) . T he r e f e r ence

i t m igh t s im i la r ly b e a sked t h e e x t en t t o w h ich s uch c on t inu i ty c an a l so b es hown o ns e cu la re s ta t e s?

t oA lga r i sc u r iou s b u tn o t u n ique , a sh e w a s c er ta in ly d ead b y 1 065 a nd a st h e se m ano r s a s soc ia ted w i th h im d id n o tf a l l i n to r oya l h and s ( 34 ) i t may b e s uppo sed t h a t t h ey w e r e p a s sed o n t o t h e n ex t e a r l . A l though t h e h ono r o f D ud ley

O ft h em ano r st h a tc ame t oc omp r i se t h eh ono ro fD ud ley , i n s ome e i gh teen i n s tance s -a r ound 3 6% o ft h e f e e -t h e l a nded i n te re s t s o ft h e Me rc ian e a r l s may b e d emon s t ra ted ( F igu re 1 . 7 ) . T he C oun te s s G od iva h e ld Mo se ley , E s s ing ton a nd

l a ck s t h e p re -Conque s t c ha r te r s t h a t m igh t v e r if y t h e s ugge s t ion ,i ti sp o s s ib le t h a tD ome sday i sa c tua l ly r e co rd ing t h e l a ndho ld ing p o s i t ion o f1 065 , d i f f e r en t ia t ing b e tween t h e

L owe r P enn ; E a r l A lga r , U ppe r P enn a nd S edg ley , a nd h i s s on , E dw in , h e ld D ud ley , A s ton a nd E rd ing ton ( F igu r e 1 . 8 ) . H oweve ri ti sa l so a ppa ren tt h a tt h e Me rc ian e a r l s e s tab l i shed a nd m a in ta ined t h e i r r e ta ine r s t h roughou t t h e r eg ion , p romp t ing f o r i n s t ance t h e l a te rc omp la in t s o fH emm ing t h a t t h ey h ad d e spo i led t h e l a nd s o ft h e C hu r ch o f Wo rce s te rn o t

e s ta t e o fA lga r a th i s d ea th a nd t h a t o fE dw in a tt h e s ame t ime . I tm igh t r e a sonab ly b e s uppo sed t h a t v a luab le m ano r s w h ich w e r e a l r eady a s soc ia ted w i th t h e Me rc ian e a r l s a nd p e rhaps e n joyed c onno ta t ion so fl o rd sh ip ,w ou ld r e commend t h em se lve s a s t h e c apu t o f a p o s t -Conque s t h ono r ; f u r the rmo r e , t h e s ugge s t ion o f a n I r on A ge h i l lf o r t a t D ud ley , i fs ub s tan t ia ted , m igh t i mp ly t h a t t h e r e h ad b een a

o n ly f o rt h em se lve s , b u t a l so t ot h e a dvan tage o ft h e i r m en ; s im i la r p roce s se s may w e l l h ave b een a f f ec t ing t h e l a nd s o f B u r ton A bbey a t much t h e s ame t ime ( 40 ) . T he i d en t if i ca t ion

f o ca l p o in t h e r e f o r c en tu r ie s , a s a ppea r s t o h ave b een t h e c a se a tT u tbu ry . T he f a c tt h a tD ud ley w a sa l so ma in ta ined a s ad e tached i s land o f Wo rce s te r sh i re ( 3 5 ) , s u r rounded b y S t af f o rd sh i re , m igh t a l so s ugge s t t h a t i tw a s r ega rded a s a

o f s uch d ependen t t h egn ly t e nu re s f r om D ome sday B ook a l one i sn o ta lway se a sy , b u tn o ri si ti mpo s s ib le . H oweve r , i t i su ndoub ted ly t h e c a se t h a t o n ly af r ac t ion o ft ho se h o ld ing i nt h i sw ay c an b e i d en t if ied ( F igu re 1 . 9 ) .

p l a ce o f s pec ia l i mpor tance . T he o t he r i s land s o f Wo r ces t e r sh i re , t ot h e s ou th o ft h e c oun ty , w e re p o s se s s ion s o ft h ec hu rch o f Wo rce s te r .

A t Amb leco te i nS t af f o rd sh i re , t h e mano r TRE w a s h e ld b y t wo o f E a r l A lga r ' s m en w h i l s t i n t h e Wo rce s te r sh i r e D ome sday aman n amed AE the lwea rd w a s s a id t ob e at h egn o fE a r lA lga r( 4 1) . T he Waga w ho h e ld G rea tB a r r TRE may

I ti st h e r ef o re p robab le t h a tt h e c ho ice o ft h eS edg ley /Dud ley mano r s a st h e f o cu s o ft h e h ono rw a s s t rong ly i n f luenced b y p r e -Conque s tt r ad i t ion s . H oweve r ,t h i sn eed st ob e e xam ined f u r the rw i th in t h ec on tex to ft h ew ho le h ono rt oe s tab l i sh t h e

b e V agn , t h e D an i sh ' m i le s ' o fE a r l L eof r ic w ho h e ld e s ta te s i nS t af f o rd sh i re a nd Wa rw ick sh i re ( 42 ) . T he o pen ing f o l io s o f t h e Wo rce s te r sh i re s u rvey a l so i d en t if y s ome o f E a r l E dw in ' s t h egn s , p a r t icu la r ly n o t iceab le a mong whom i st h e n ame o f Wu lfw in wh ich o ccu r s q u i t e f r equen t ly ; t h e mano r s

e x t en tt ow h ich t h eh ono ra s aw ho le m igh tb e r ega rded a sa p r e -Conque s tp henomenon .

h e ld b y h im -a s sum ing t h a t t h ey w e r e a l l h e ld b y t h e s ame I nt h ec a se o ft h eh ono ro fD ud ley a ny s uch e nqu i ry d epend s e n t i r e ly u pon t h e e v idence c on ta ined w i th in D ome sday

Wu lfw in , w h ich i sn o t i mp robab le g i ven t h et e nu r ia l c on t ex t t h a t i sb e ing s ugge s t ed -i n c luded B i rm ingham , S e l ly O ak , F rank ley , W i l l ingw ick a nd O ld sw inf o rd . O the r t h egn s o f E dw in m en t ioned w e r e A lfwo ld ( 4 3 ) a nd A lw in ( 44 ) . I ti s

B ook , t h e re b e ing n o p re -Conque s t c ha r te r m a t e r ia l a va i lab l e . T h i s i sh a rd ly a n u nu sua l s i tua t ion b u t i td oe s h i gh l igh t t h e i mpo r tance o f P au l ine S t af f o rd 's o bse rva t ion t h a t l a ndho ld ing p a t t er n s s hou ld n o t b e s uppo sed ' s t a t ic a nd i mmemo r ia l u p t o 1 066 ' ( 36 ) . J u s t a s t h e e s ta te s o f 1 086 m igh tb e ac r ea t ion o ft h e p a s tt wen ty y ea r s , s ot oo t h o se o f 1 066 m igh t h ave o n ly a s ho r t p ed ig r ee , a n o b se rva t ion e cho ed i nF l em ing ' s s t udy o fc om i ta l e s ta te s o n t h e e ve o f t h e C onque s t ( 3 7 ) . T he mano r o f S e l ly O ak i lu s t ra te s t h e

n o t iceab le t h a t t h e c l ea re s t e v idence m ay b e f ound i n t h e Wa rw ick sh i re a nd Wo r ce s te r sh i r e f o l io s , b u tt h i s may n o tb e s i gn if i can t . Wh i l s t i ti sp o s s ib le t os e e t h i s a s ar e f lec t ion o f t e nu r ia l a gg rand i semen t b y t h e e a r l s i n to a r ea s w he re t h e i r t e nu r ia l b a se w a s n o t h i s to r ica l ly s t rong ( 45 ) , i ti sa l so t h e c a se t h a t s im i la r a c t iv i ty m ay b e p o s tu la ted o n t h e S t af f o rd sh i re e s ta t e so fB u r ton A bbey .

p rob lem s . A l though h e ld b y Wu lfw in , i t i s c l ea r f r om D ome sday t h a t t h i s w a s ar e la t ive ly r e cen t a cqu i s i t ion -a p u rcha sed l e a se t h a tw a st ob eh e ld f o rt h et e rm o ft h r ee l i ve s b ef o r e r e ve r t ing t ot h e g ran to r , t h e b i shop o f C he s te r . T he m ano r w a s n o t h oweve r r e tur ned t o t h e c hu rch , b u t w a s

I ti st h e ref o r e p o s s ib le t o d emon s t ra t e t h a t an umbe r o ft h e mano r s t h a t made u p t h e h ono r o f D ud ley h ad b een h e ld T RE b y e i the r m embe r s o f t h e c om i ta l f am i ly o r t h e i r r e ta ine r s , a nd i t may b e i n f e r r ed t h a t i n s ome i n s tance s a t l e a s t t h i s r e la t ion sh ip TRE w a s a n i n f luen t ia l f a c to r i n f a sh ion ing t h e h ono r TR W . S e l ly O ak w a s n o t r e tu rned t o

i n s tead p a r to ff i t zA n scu lf s f e e i n1 086 , p o s ing t h e q ue s t ion o fh ow t h i sh ad c ome a bou t?

t h e C hu r ch o f L ichf ie ld b ecau se t h e t e nan t i n 1 066 w a s E dw in ' s t h egn , Wu lfw in , a nd c on sequen t ly t h e b a ron s o f

T he a n swe rt ot h i s a nd o t he rq ue s t ion s may b e s ough t i nt h e b roade rt e nu r ia lp a t te rn t ob e f ound i nt h e w e s tm id land s o n t h e e ve o f t h e C onque s t . T he re h a s b een a l o ng r unn ing d eba te o nt h en a tu r eo fp r e -Conque s tl a ndho ld ing ( 38 )w h ich h a s t e nded t o i lu s t ra te t h e p r e sence o fd ependen t t e nanc ie s , h e ld i nm any c a se s i nr e tur n f o r m i l i ta ry s e rv ice . S tud ie s o f c hu r ch e s ta te s ( 3 9 ) h ave s hown p o s t -Conque s t c on t inu i ty i n t h e a r r angemen to fs e t t l ing N o rman t e nan t s o n ' l a en land ' a nd

D ud ley c ou ld c l a im t h e mano r a s ad ependen t e s ta te o ft h e i r l o rd sh ip . C lea r ly , t o s ome e x ten t a tl e a s t , t h e i nhe r i tance o f t h e c om i ta l e s ta te b rough tw i th i tt h e d ependen tt e nu re s h e ld TRE b yt h ee a r l s 't h egn s . I fF l em ing i sc o r r ec ti na r gu ing t h a t c ommenda t ion d id l i t t le t o d e te rm ine p o s t -Conque s t l a ndho ld ing p a t ter n s , a nd t h a t mo re c r uc ia l w a s a n a n t ece s so r ' s c onnec t ion w i th t h e l a nd h i s m en h e ld ( 46 ) ,

2 3

F igu re 1 . 7 .

2 4

F igu re 1 . 8 .

2 5

F igu re 1 . 9 .

2 6

t h en t h e f a te o f S e I ly O ak m igh t s ugge s t t h a t t h e e a r l s o f Me rc ia h ad e f f ec t ive ly s e ized t h e m ano rf r om t h e C hu rch o f L ichf i e ld ( 47 ) .

i mp re s s ion t h a t s ome mano r s may h ave b een b rough t i n to t h e h ono r b ecau se t h ey w e re d ependen t t e nanc ie s TRE , o r b ecau se t h e i r t e nan t s TRE h ad b een c l o se ly b ound t o t h e Me r c ian c om i ta lh ou se .

H oweve r , t h e se w e re n o t t h e o n ly c on t r ibu to r s t ot h e make u p o ft h ef e e . I ti sp robab le t h a tt h e r e w e re o t he r e s ta te s t h a t h ad b e en a s soc ia ted w i th t h e k i ng ( F igu r e 1 . 7 ) . I n Wo r ces t e r sh i r e , L eof no th , ak ing 's t h egn , h e ld B e l l TRE a nd G ot h ic h e ld H ag ley . I nS t af f o rd sh i r e , A l r ic , at h egn o fK ing E dwa rd , h e ld E nv i l le a nd p o s s ib ly O x ley ; w h i l s t a t C rock ing ton a nd S e i sdon f r ee m en h e ld t h e t e nu re a nd a t

I mpor tan t a l so i st h e w ay i nw h ich t h e c om i ta l e s ta te i t se lf w a s d i spe r sed a si tc an b e s e en t h a t W i l l ian f i tz An scu lf d id n o t h im se lf h o ld a l l t h e S t af f o rd sh i re e s ta te s o ft h e e a r l s . I n a dd i t ion t o t h e b a ron o f D ud ley , K ing W i l l iam , R obe r t o f S t af f o rd , E a r l R oge r a nd H ugh d e Mon tgome ry a l l h e ld

A ld r idge , t wo t h egns h e ld f r ee ly , b u t i n e ach i n s tance t h e k ing r e ta ined j u r i sd ic t ion . T he S e i sdon r e f e rence m en t ion s w i thou t f u r the r e xp lana t ion t h e p r e sence TR W o f t wo ' s e rv ien t e s ' ; i ti sp robab le t h a t t h i s r e f lec t s t h e n a tu r e o ft h e t e nu r e TRE , t h e ' s e rv ien t e s ' p o s s ib ly t ob e e qua ted w i th t h e ' r adchen i s t r e ' o r t h e ' g enea ta s ' o f t h e ' R ec t i tud ine s S ingu la rum P e r sona ru rn ' w ho m igh t b e e xpec ted t o r e nde r

S t af f o rd sh i r e e s ta te s p rev iou s ly i nt h e h and s o ft h e Me rc ian e a r l s . T h i s o b se rva t ion may b e l o ca l i sed mo re c l o se ly ; i n n e i the r O f f low n o r S e i sdon h und red s ( 57 ) d i d W i l l iam f i tz A n scu lf h o ld a l l o ft h e c om i ta l e s ta t e ( 58 ) ; e ven a tt h e l e ve l o f t h e h und r ed t h e re w a s n o t as imp le o r s t ra igh t -f o rwa rd t r an sf e r o f e s ta te s , a l though i ti s c l ea r t h a t W i l l iam f i tz A n scu lf a nd h i s f a the r h ad b een s ub s tan t ia l b enef i c ia r ie s o f t h e c om i ta l l a nd s . T he i mp re s s ion g iven i st h a tt h e b a ron s o f

s e rv ice o n b eha lf o f t h e i r l o rd , i nt h i s c a se ,appa ren t ly t h e k ing ( 48 ) . T he n ame o fA l r ic a l so a ppea r s a tB e l l ing ton i n Wo rce s t e r sh i r ei na s soc ia t ion w i th aman n amed H o l land .

D ud ley r e ce ived o n ly ap o r t ion o ft h e e a r l ie r Me rc ian e s ta te s i nt h e a r ea , ap o in tw h ich u rge s c au t ion o n a n o ve r -empha s i s o ft e nu r ia lc on t inu i ty .

H oweve r , t h e p o ten t ia l c on t r ibu t ion o f r oya l m ano r s mu s t a l so b e v i ewed f r om a no the r p e r spec t ive . F l em ing h a s h igh l igh ted t h e a b i l i ty o ft h e e a r l s t o a nnex t ot h e f am i l ia l

I tm ay b e a r gued t h a t t h e h ono r o fD ud ley h ad a ti t s c o re , m ano r s a nd t e nanc ie s p rev iou s ly h e ld b y t h e e a r l s o f Me rc ia a nd t h e i rt h egn s , n ow d e tached f r om t h e a s semb lage o ft h e i r

e s ta te ' of i c ia l ' l a nd ss e ta s ide f o rr oya lo ff i c ia l so ra s soc ia ted W i th l o ca la dm in i s t ra t ion ( 49 ) . Mano r st h a th ad b een h e ld b y

w ide r h o ld ing s . T h i s ' c o re ' w a s s upp lemen ted b y o the r m ano r s t oc on s t ruc t at e nu r ia l ly a nd g eog raph ica l ly c ompac t

E dw in TRE a nd h ad p a s sed t o t h e k ing TR W , s uch a s B rom sg rove ,h ad p e rhap se a r l ie rb een p a r to ft h er oya l e s ta te ( 50 ) . Whe the ra s ar e su l to fe f f ec t ive s e izu re , o r at empo ra ry a r rangemen t s uch a s f a rm ing o u t , t h e p o s s ib i l i ty c anno t b e o ve r looked t h a t r oya l m ano r s c ame t o b e r e co rded i n

h ono r ; t o t h i s e x ten t o ne c an p e rce ive s ome p re -Conque s t b a s i st ot h ep o s t -Conque s th ono r ,b u tt h eh ono ro fD ud ley ,a s a n e n t i ty , d i d n o t e x i s t b ef o re t h e a r r iva l o f W i l l iam f i tz A n scu lf a nd h i sf a the r .

D ome sday a st h ep rope r ty o fE dw in o rA lga r .

T he se c onc lu s ion s a r e n o t g rea t ly a tv a r iance w i th t h o se o f R of f e ( 59 ) . H e a rgued t h a t h ono r s w e re d i rec t ly r e la ted t o p r e -Conque s t e s ta te s i nl e ga l f o rm a nd t e nu r ia l c on s t i tu t ion , b u t h e a l so f ound t h a t n o t a l l N o rman f e es w e re d i rec t ly

A s D av id R of f eh a s r e cen t ly a r gued ( 5 1) , t h e l i nk s b e tween p r e - a nd p o s t -Conque s t e s ta te s r evo lve s a r ound t wo m a in i s sue s . T he re i st h e q ue s t ion o ft h e a c tua l ' s hape ' o ft h e f e e , t h et e nu r ia lg eog raphy a nd t h em echan i sm o fe s ta te t r an sf e r ; t h e o the r i s t h e e x ten t t o w h ich p r e -Conque s t t e nu r ia l r e la t ion sh ip sw e re ma in ta ined?

d e r ived f r om p r e -Conque s t e s ta te s a nd f r anch i se s . G ran t s b y t h ek i ng c ou ld c u ta c ro s st h i sp roce s s ,p a r t icu la r ly i nt h ec a se o f c a s te l la r ie s . P e rhap s D ud ley r e f lec t s t h i s p roce s s . No r d oe s D ud ley s t and a l one . E xam ina t ion o f t h e h ono r o f S t af f o rd ( 60 ) a l so s ugge s t s a' c o r e ' a s semb lage c a rved o u t o f c om i ta ll a nd s ,t ow h ich w a sa dd ed f u r the rl a nd s .

S awye r a pp l ied t h e mode l o f ' a r i tece s so r e s ' i n h i s e xam ina t ion o ft h ef i r s ti s sue , s ugge s t ing t ha tt h e s t ruc tu r e o f p o s t -Conque s t e s ta te s w a s ' l a rge ly d e te rm ined b y t h e p r e C onque s tp a t t e rn o fd eme sne a nd t e nanc ie s ' ( 52 )a nd t h a tt h e

F l em ing p l aced e mpha s i s o n t h e c ompo s i te n a tu re a nd l o ca l b a s i s o f p o s t -Conque s t f e e s , h igh l igh t ing t ha t t h ey w e r e g ran ted o u t a tt h e l e ve l o ft h e c oun ty a nd t h e h und red . T h i s i st r ue o f D ud ley t o ap o in t . T he h ono r make s b e s t s en se w hen e xam ined w i th in t h e c on tex to ft h et h r ee c oun t ie s f r om w h ich i tw a s f o rmed . I tw a s ap u rpo sef u l c r ea t ion r a the rt han t h e f o r tu i tou s r e su l t o f a cqu i s i t ion s c oun ty b y c oun ty o r h und r ed b y h und r ed . T h i s w r i te r ' s s t udy o ft h e f o rma t ion o f S t af f o rd sh i r e f e e s ( 6 1) h a s a rgued t h a t t h e p o s se s s ion s o f t h egn s TRE w e re o f t en r ed i s t r ibu ted a t t h e l e ve l o f t h e

s hape o f t h e p os t -Conque s t f e e w a s i n f luenced n o t b y t h e t e nan t TRE , b u t b y t h e o ve r lo rd . F l em ing a r gued t h a t t h e D ome sday h ono r s w e r e c on s t ruc ted b y v a r iou s m echan i sm s , s ugge s t ing t h a t a r ound 2 0% o ft h e l a nd t r an sf e r s c ame v i a a n tece s so r ia l i n he r i tance , a bou t 3 3% v i a t e r r i to r ia l g ran t s , a nd t h e r e s tb y p r iva t e a cqu i s i t ion ( 5 3 ) . F l em ing a r gue s t h a t s i ng le a n tece s so r s ucce s s ion s o n ly o ccu r red i n t h e e a r l ie s t y ea r s o f t h e C onque s t w h i l s t t e r r i to r ia l g ran t s t e nded t o f o l low l a t e r ( 54 ) ; s he c ommen t s t h a t ' t e r r i to r ia l h o ld ing s w e re g ran t ed o u t o n t h e l e ve l o ft h e c oun ty ' a nd ' t ha tw i th in t h e c oun ty t e r r i to r ia l f e e s w e re o f ten g ran ted o u tb y h und r ed o r w apen take ' ( 55 ) . S he a s soc ia te s t h e se t e r r i to r ia l g ran t s p a r t icu la r ly w i th t h em id land sa nd t h en o r th ( 56 ) .

h und r ed , b u t t h a t a n i nd iv idua l t h egn s h o ld ing s w e re f r equen t ly d i spe r sed a mong s eve ra l b enef i c ia r ie s ; h oweve r , c l ea r c on s ide ra t ion w a s g iven t o w ha t w a s b e ing c r ea ted ; d ec i s ion s t a ken i n o ne h und r ed a bou t t h e f a te o f a n i n d iv idua l s e s ta te m igh t n o t n ece s sa r i ly b e r epea ted w hen d ea l ing w i th h i s l a nd s i nt h e n e ighbou r ing h und red . T o t h i s e x t en t t h e r e w e re n o s imp le mode l s t ob e a pp l ied , b u t t h e r e c l ea r ly w a s ag eog raph ica ls en s ib i l i ty t ot h ep roces s .

T he h ono ro fD ud ley l e nd s s ome s uppor tt ob o th mode l s b u t c an a ccep t n e i the r i n i t s e n t i re ty . T he r e i sh oweve r ac l ea r

2 7

p ha se l i ke ly o ve r lap s w i th t h e i n i t ia l s t age s i nt h e f o rma t ion

h ono rb e ing w ide ly d i spe r sed ; o n ly f i ve h e ld mano r s i n mo re t h an o ne c oun ty ( 6 8 ) b u t e ven t h o se h o ld ing mano r s i no ne a r ea t e nd n o t t o h ave w e l l d ef ined g roup ing s . On ly i nt h e c a se o f R oge r ' s mano r s o f Mo se ley a nd E s s ing ton i st h e r e a ny c l ea r a s soc ia t ion w i th t h e t e nu re TRE , a sb o th h ad b een h e ld b y t h e C oun te s s G od iva . O the rw i se , t h e t e nu r ia l l i nk s b e tween mano r s TRE h ad g ene ra l ly b een b roken b y 1 086 .

o ft h e h ono r o fD ud ley . A n tece s so r ia l g r an t s p l ayed a p a r t h e r e , a ss he s ugge s t s . H oweve r , h e r d i s t inc t ion b e tween t h i s

T hu s , i n Wo r ce s t e r sh i re , Wu lfw in ' s t h ree mano r s o f S e l ly O ak , F rank ley a nd O ld sw inf o rd w e re d i spe r sed t o d if e ren t

a nd t h e s e cond p ha se , t h e l a t te r c ha rac te r i sed b y t e r r i to r ia l

t e nan t s TR W ; as im i la r f a te b ef e l l h i s Wa rw ick sh i re mano r s o f B i rm ingham a nd C hu rchove r . C om i ta l mano r s w e r e

F l em ing a r gued t h a t t h e c r ea t ion o f' c on so l ida ted t e r r i to r ia l f e e s ' w a s as e conda ry p ha se f o l low ing o n f r om a p r ima ry p ha se o fa n tece s so r g ran t s . T o t h i s s he a t ta ched at e n ta t ive c h rono logy o f1 066 -73 f o rt h ef i r s tp ha se ,a nd 1 073 -5 f o rt h e s e cond ( 62 ) . U n t i l 1 07 1 , a nd t h e d ea th o fE dw in , t h e r e i sn o r e a son t o s uppo se t h e g ran t ing o f e s ta te s . F l em ing ' s f i r s t

g ran t s , i sl e s s r e ad i ly s ub s tan t ia ted i nt h e h ono r o f D ud ley . T oa rgue t h a ta n tece s so r ia l l a nd sw e re e ngu lf ed b yt e r r i to r ia l

d i s t r ibu ted v a r iou s ly , w h i l s t t h e e s ta te s o f t e n an t s s uch a s R obe r t , R a lph a nd G i lber t i n S t af f o rd sh i re d emon s t ra te t h e a cqu i s i t ion o f mano r s f r om an umbe r o fd i f f e r en t men TRE ( F igu re 1 . 10 ) .

g r an t s c . 1073 5 i ss omewha t a r t if ic ia l a nd s e em s n o t t of i t t h e e xpe r ience o ft h e h ono r . T he c on so l ida t ed t e r r i to r ia l f e e t h a tw a s c r ea ted o wed much t ot h et e nu r ia lr e la t ion sh ip s t h a t E dw in h ad b equea thed h i s F rench s u cce s so r , a nd t h is w a s e f f ec t ive ly t h e p r ima ry r a the r t h an t h e s e conda ry p ha se . T he re s e em s n o r e a son t or ega rd t h e f o rma t ion o ft h e h ono r a s n ece s sa r i ly c omp r i s ing s eve ra l p ha se s o f t e nu r ia l

T he h ono r o fD ud ley w a s ad e l ibe ra te ly o rgan i sed , c ompac t d ef en s ive h ono r o f at ype t h a t s e em s t o h ave d rawn i t s i n sp i ra t ion f r om No rmandy ( 69 ) . I tw a s i n tended t or e spond t o ap a r t icu la r s i tua t ion t h a tw a s a f f ec t ing t h e w e s t m id land s

a cqu i s i t ion s . F rom t h e o u t se t , i n 1 071 , ac ompac t d ef en s ive

i n t h e e a r ly 1 070 s . D i s t inc t ive a s i tw a s i n i t s f o rma t ion w i th in t h ree s h i r e s , i td r ew s ub s tan t ia l ly o n t h e l e gacy o ft h e t e nu r ia lp a t ter n TRE ,b u tc anno tb er ega rded a ss imp ly ac a se o fc on t inu i ty . I tt ook o n an ew s hape t om ee tn ew n eed s a nd

f e e w a s r equ i r ed t o mee tt h e c i rcum s tance s p r e sen ted b y t h e r eg ion ,a nd w a se s tab l i shed a cco rd ing ly . T he mano r s o f t h e f e e w e r e d i v ided b y 1 086 b e tween t wen ty -one p r inc ipa l t e nan t s ( 6 3) . I f t h e c on tex t f o r t h e e s tab l i shmen to ft h eh ono rw a st h es t ab i l i sa t ion o ft h e r e g ion f o l low ing t h e Me rc ian r ebe l l ion s , i ts e em s u n l ike ly t h a t t h i s

c i rcum s tance s .

c ou ld h ave b een s a t i sf ac to r i ly a ch ieved b y t h e s e rv ice o f s ome t wen ty -one m en ; t h e i mp l ica t ion mu s t b e t h a t s ome o f t h e se m en p e rhap s ma in ta ined h ou seho ld s t h a t p rov ided f u r the r manpowe r a nd t h a t t h e b a ron s p robab ly ma in ta ined h ou seho ld k n igh t s , n o t a l l o f w hom w e re s ub sequen t ly s e t t led o n e s ta te s i nt h e w e s t m id land s . B y 1 086 t h e r e w e r e t we lve t e nan t s e s tab l i shed i n S t af f o rd sh i re , e i gh t i n Wo rce s te r sh i re a nd s i x i n Wa rw ick sh i re , w i thou t a ny c l ea r i n d ica t ion s o f s ub inf euda t ion b e low t h i s l e ve l , o t he r t h an p e rhap st h e' s e rv ien te s 'a tS e i sdon . O ff i tz A n scu lf s k nown f o r ty t e nan t s , t wen ty -one h e ld l a nd i n t h e h ono r o f D ud ley . S ome h ad A ng lo -Scand inav ian n ame s ( 64 ) a nd w h i l s t s ome m ay b e n ew t ot h e a r ea , o t he r s c l ea r ly w e r e n o t ( 65 ) , a nd may h ave b een t h egn ' s o f t h e Me rc ian e a r l s . W i l l iam f i tz A n scu lfs l e ad ing s even r e ta ine r s , s uch a s P ayne , G i lbe r t a nd R a lph , a r e t ob e f ound h o ld ing l a nd i n t h e w e s t m id land s , b u t t h i s w a s n o t w he r e t h e i r p r inc ipa l i n te r e s t sl a y( 66 ) . T he l e ad ing w e s tm id land t e nan t s s e em t o h ave b een R ober t , A ca rd a nd R a lph ( F igu re 1 . 10 ) , a l l o fw hom d id h o ld s ub s tan t ia l e s ta te s b eyond t h e h ono r , b u t t h e ma jo r i ty o fW i l l iam f i t z A n scu lf s t e nan t s a ppea r t o b e m en o f mode s t s t a tus w ho se f o r tune s , i ts e em s , l a y mo re c l o se ly w i th t h e i rt e nanc ie s o ft h eh ono ro fD ud ley , i ns of a r a st h e u nce r ta in t ie s o f wha t l i nk s t h ey m igh t h ave a l so h ad w i th o t he r l o rd s a l low s u s t o j udge . T he w eak e conom ic d eve lopmen t o f t h e a r ea p e rhap s l e f t A n scu lf a nd h i s s on w i th p rob lem s s im i la r t o t ho se p o s tu la t ed f o r R oge r d e Mon tgome ry ( 67 ) , o fp e r suad ing m en t os e t t le mano r s i nt h e h ono r . C on sequen t ly , t h e h ono r ia l t e nan t s w e r e p r edom inan t ly ' sma l lm en ' . W i th r ega rd t o t h e e s ta te s e ach r e ce ived , n o c on s i s ten t p a t te rn s e me rge , t h e d i s t r ibu t ion o f t e nanc ie s a c ro s s t h e

2 8

F igu re 1 . 10 .

2 9

NOTES : 1 .F .E .Hanne r ,A ng lo -Saxon W r i t s( S tamf o rd , 1 989 ) ,N o . 9 6 .

1 7 . H un t ,' L and T enu re a nd L o rd sh ip ' , 1 5 -19 .

2 . T he A ng lo -Saxon C h ron ic le s . a .1066 , a nd F lo r ence o f Wo r ce s te rb o th g ive B e rkhamp s tead , b u t W i l l iam o fP o i t ie r s

1 8 .M .Ch ibna l l ,A ng lo -N orman E ng land , 1 066 -1166 ( Oxf o rd , 1 986 ) , 1 3 .

g ive sB a rk ing . 1 9 .I b id . , 1 4 . 3 . E . Ma son , ' Change a nd C on t inu i ty i n E leven th C en tu ry Me rc ia ' , ANS , V I I I , ( 1986 ) , 1 58 . T he c a se s e em s t ob e b a sed o n t h e r o le p l ayed b y A bbo t AE the lw ig a nd t h e p auc i ty o f r e f e rence st oE dw in .

2 0 . Ma son , ' Change a nd C on t inu i ty ' , 1 58 . 2 1 . I b id . , 1 54 -5 .

4 . M .Ch ibna l l ( e d ) , T he E cc le s ia s t ica l H i s tory o f O rd er i c

2 2 .D .C .Doug la s , W i l l iam t h e C onque ror ( London , 1 964 ) , 3 24 .

V i ta l i s , I( Oxf o rd , 1 968 ) . B ook I V , i ,2 14 19 ,2 55 -6 1 . 5 .H .W .C .Dav i s ( ed ) , R ege s ta R egum A ng lo -N ormannorum , I ,1 066 -1100 ( Oxf o rd , 1 9 13 ) , No s . 2 2 ;2 3 ;2 5 .

2 3 . V CH . S taf f s , I I ,7 . 2 4 . i e .S e i sdon , C u t t le s tone a nd O f f low .

6 . Ma son s ugge s t s t h a t i tc ou ld h ave b een a s e a r ly a s 1 068 : Ma son ,' Change a nd C on t inu i ty ' , 1 58 .

2 5 . H un t ,' L and T enu re a nd L o rd sh ip ' , 1 4 .

7 .T he re w a s ar oya l c a s t le i nS h rew sbu ry b ef o re 1 069 a nd t ha ti n Wo rce s t e rw a sp robab ly i np lace b yS ep tembe r 1 069 ; Wa rw ick h ad ar oya lc a s t le b y 1 068 b u tt h e r e i sn or e co rd o f

2 6 . j e . S edg ley , D ud ley , No r thf i e ld , Mo r f e , C ha sepoo l a nd B e l l ing ton .

o ne i nS t af f o rd b ef o re 1 070 . W i l l iam a l so t ook p o s se s s ion o f t h e mano r s h e ld TRE b y E dwa rd t h e C onf e s so r a nd H a ro ld

2 7 . I n 1 086 a t wo h ide mano r i n S edg ley w a s h e ld b y G eof f rey o f W i l l iam f i t z A n scu lf ; t h e d iv i s ion o f S edg ley

I .

A n

i mpo r tan t ,

b u t

l o ca l i sed ,

e xcep t ion

w a s

t h e

i n to t wo m ano r s h a s n o k nown p r e -Conque s tp receden t a nd

e s tab l i shmen to fW i l l iam f i t zO sbern i nt h e s ou the rn Ma r ch ,

s e em st oh ave b een s ho r tl i ved a f t e rD ome sday .

b u t t h i s w a s f a i r ly r emo t e f r om E dw in ' s ma in f o cu s o f l o rd sh ip .

2 8 . D ud ley C a s t le w a s s hown a s s uch , f o r e xamp le , i nt h e I PM o f R oge r d e S ome ry , 1 273 ; J .C .W edgwood ( ed )

8 .C h ibna l l( ed ) , E cc le s ia s t i ca lH i s to ry , B ook I V , i ,2 19 -23 , 2 60 -67 . I n t h e 1 090 s H emm ing o f Wo r ce s te r l amen ted t h e u su rpa t ion o ft h ei n he r i tance o fE ng l i shmen .

I nqu i s i t ion s P o s t Mo r tem a nd Ad Q uod Damnum , H enry I I , E dwa rd I ,E dwa rd I , 1 223 - 1 327 , ( SHC , N ew S e r ie s , X IV , 1 911) , 1 54 .

9 .I b id . ,2 65 .

2 9 . I nS t af f o rd sh i re , Wombou rne w a s v a lued a t£ 3 .0 s .0d . ; i n Wa rw ick sh i r e , A s ton w a s v a lued a t £ 5 .0 s .0d . , wh i l s t i n

1 0 . F o re xamp le ,F l em ing ,' Dome sday B ook a nd t h e T enu r ia l

Wo r ce s te r sh i re , b o th S e l ly O ak a nd O ld sw inf o rd w e re v a lued a t£ 3 .0 s .0d . .

R evo lu t ion ' ; .F lem ing ,K ing sa nd L ord s ; .S awye r , ' 1 066 -1086 : AT enu r ia lR evo lu t ion? ' ; R of f e , ' F rom T hegnage t oB a rony ' ; J .Hun t , ' L and T enu r e a nd L o rd sh ip i nT en th a nd E leven th C en tu ry S t af f o rd sh i re ' ,S taf f o rd sh i re S tud ie s , 4 ,( 1991-92 ) .

3 0 . S ee C hap te r4 . 3 1 . D .E .G r eenway , C ha r te r s o f t h e Honour o f Mowbray ,

1 . J .G reen , ' The S he r if f s o f W i l l iam t h e C onque ro r ' , ANS , V , ( 1983) , 1 38 .

107 - 191 ( London , 1 972 ) ,x l iv . 3 2 . S ee C hap te r5 .

1 2 . J .Mo r r i s ( e d ) , Dome sday B ook , S u r rey , ( Ch iche s te r , 1 975 ) ,3 6a .

3 . T he se a r e t h e o n ly mano r s i nt h e f i tz An scu lf d eme sne t h a t h ad b een r e ta ined f r om t h e d eme sne o f t h e Me rc ian

1 3 . D av i s ( e d ) , R ege s ta , I ,n o .162 ; t h e e d i to r d a te s t h i s w r i t t on o l a te rt h an 1 082 , a nd p e rhap s a se a r ly a s 1 070 . N o .214 s how st h a tb yc . 1078 -85 R a lph w a s s he r if fo ft h e c oun ty .

e a r l s . 3 4 . I ft h ey h ad c ome i n to r oya lp o s se s s ion , i ti su n l ike ly t ha t t h ey w ou ld h ave e s caped n o t ice i nt h eD ome sday B ook .

1 4 . J .C . Wa rd , ' Roya l S erv ice a nd R ewa rd : the C la re F am i ly 3 5 .The o r ig in s o f t h e Wo rce s te r sh i re d e tachmen t i n S t af f o rd sh i re a r e n o t k nown , b u t i tp e rhap s r e su l t s f r om a s eve red , n ow l o s t , p r e -Conque s t e s ta te l i nkage i n to n o r th

a nd t h eC rown ,1066 1154 ' , ANS ,X I , ( 1989 ) , . 2 61-68 . 1 5 .J . Mo r r i s (ed ) Dome sd ay B ook , Worce s te r sh i re , ( Ch iche s t e r , 1 982 ) , 1 77b .

Wo r ce s te r sh i re .

1 6 .I b id . , 1 77b .

3 0

3 6 . P .S taf f o rd , U n i f ica t ion a nd C onque s t : AP o l i t ica l a nd S oc ia l H i s to ry o f E ng land i n t h e T en th a nd E leven th C en tu r ie s , ( London , 1 989 ) , 11 .

5 6 . F l em ing ,K ing sa nd L ord s , 1 79 -80 . 5 7 .Se i sdon H und r ed w a s a tt h e h ea r to ft h e f i tz A n scu lf s f e e a nd i nw h ich h ew a st h ep r edom inan tl a ndho lde r .

3 7 . F l em ing ,K ing sa nd L ord s ,C hap te r3 . 5 8 .eg . K ing W i l l iam r e ta ined A lga r ' s mano r s o fK inve r a nd P a t t ingham ; E a r l R oge r h e ld C lave r ley , K ing sno rd ley a nd Al v e ley .

3 8 . c f .H un t ,' L and T enu re a nd L o rd sh ip ' , 1 2 . 3 9 . e g . Ma son , ' Change a nd C on t inu i ty ' , 1 63 ; A .W i l l iam s , ' T he K n igh t so fS haf te sbu ry A bbey ' , ANS ,V I I I ,( 1986 ) ,2 25 . 4 0 . H un t , ' Cod ice l lu s

5 9 . R of f e , ' F rom T hegnage t oB a rony ' , 1 67 , 1 76 .

' L and T enu re a nd L o rd sh ip ' , 1 2 -13 . T he p o s se s s ionum ' o f H emm ing h i gh l igh t s t h e

6 0 . H un t , ' L and T enu re a nd L o rd sh ip ' , 1 6 .

p rob lem s o f Wo rce s te r i n t h i s r ega rd ; c f . T .Hea rne ( e d ) ,

6 1 .I b id .

H em ing i _ C ha r tu la r ium 1 723 ) .

6 2 . F l em ing ,K ing sa nd L o rd s , 1 79 .

E cc le s iae

W igo rnen s i s

( Oxf o rd ,

4 1 .A n AE the lwea rd a l so h e ld a t Wa r ley TRE .

6 3 .T h i s c a lcu la t ion i s h oweve r b a sed o n t h e u nce r ta in a s sump t ion t h a t r e f e r ence s u s ing o n ly ag iven f i r s t n ame d o

4 2 . c f .A .W i l l iam s , ' Cock le s Among s t t h e Whea t : D ane s a nd

r e f e ri ne a ch i n s tance t ot h e s ame p e r son .

E ng l i sh i n t h e We s ter n M id land s i n t h e F i r s t H a lf o f t h e E leven th C en tu ry ' ,M id land H i s tory , X I ,( 1986 ) , 1 5 .

6 4 . S uch n ame s n eed n o t n ece s sa r i ly m ean m en o fA ng lo S cand inav ian o r ig in .

4 3 . H o ld ing Nor thf ie ld T RE . 6 5 .S tanke te lh e ld W i t ton TRE a nd TR W . 4 4 .A lw in o ccu r sw i th A lfwa rd i nH and swo r th TRE . 6 6 . P ayne h e ld l a nd s o ff i t z A n scu lf w o r th £ 19 .18s .0d . , b u t o n ly £ 1 .14 s .0d . w a s d e r ived f r om m ano r s i n S t af f o rd sh i re a nd Wo r ce s te r sh i re . F o r R a lph , t h e h ono r o f D ud ley w a s mo r e i mpo r tan t , a ccoun t ing f o r al i t t le u nde r 3 9% o f h i s h o ld ing so fW i l l iam f i t zA n scu lf .

4 5 . T he p a t ronage o f C oven t ry P r io ry b y t h e h ou se o f L eof r ic m ay h ave s im i la r mo t iva t ion s o f c r ea t ing a f o ca l p o in t o fi n f luence , i fn o t a n ' E igenk lo s te r ' , i na n a r ea w he r e t h ey f e l tt h em se lve su nde r rep re sen ted ; B u r ton A bbey s e em s t o h ave b een u sed i n a s im i la r w ay . S ee J .Hun t , ' P ie ty ,P r e s t ige o r P o l i t ic s? T he H ou se o f L eof r ic a nd t h e F ounda t ion a nd P a t ronage o f C oven t ry P r io ry ' , i n G .Dem idow icz ( ed ) , C oven t ry ' s F i r s t C a thed ra l : T he C a thed ra la nd P r io ry o fS t . Ma ry ( S tamf o rd , 1 994 ) , 9 7 117 .

i s S on s 6 7 . J .F .A . Ma son , ' Roge r d e Mon tgome ry a nd h ( 1067 1102 ) ' , T ran s . R .H i s t . S oc . ,X I I I , ( 1963 ) , 9 .

4 6 . F l em ing ,K ing sa nd L ord s , 1 31 , 1 38 .

6 9 . F l em ing ,K ing sa nd L ord s , 1 48 .

6 8 . i e . P ayne ,B a ldw in ,R obe r t ,R oge ra nd D rogo .

4 7 .I b id ,8 2 -6 ;H un t ,' L and T enu re a nd L o rd sh ip ' , 1 13 . 4 8 .cf . G .W .S .Ba r row , F euda l B r i ta in , 1 066 -1314 ( London , 1 956 ) , 2 2 ; R .Abe l s , L o rd sh ip a nd M i l i tar y O b l iga t ion i n A ng lo -Saxon E ng land ( London , 1 988 ) , 16 18 . 4 9 . F l em ing ,K ing sa nd L ord s , 9 0 , 1 02 . 5 0 .cf . D .Hooke , T he A ng lo -Saxon L and scape . T he K ingdom o f t h e Hw icce ( Manche s te r , 1 985 ) , 1 23 . I tm ay a l so b e s ugge s t ed t h a t t h e mano r s o f S u t ton C o ldf ie ld , a nd C o t en , n ea r Wa rw ick ,a r ee xamp le so ft h es ame p henomenon . 5 1 . R of f e , ' F rom T hegnage t oB a rony ' , 1 60 . 5 2 . S awye r ,' T enu r ia lR evo lu t ion ' , 8 4 . 5 3 .F l em ing , K ing sa nd L ord s , 1 60 -61 ,2 1112 . 5 4 .I b id . , 1 62 , 1 79 . 5 5 .F lem ing , ' Dome sday B ook a nd t h e T enu r ia l R evo lu t ion ' , 9 8 .

3 1

CHAPTER TWO . FA M IL IES AND F EES I N THE HONOR OF DUDLEY ,c . 1100 1323 . B e tween c . 1086 a nd 1 322 t h e h ono r o f D ud ley d e scended t h rough t h r ee b a ron ia l f am i l ie s . O ve r t h e s ame p e r iod , t h e r e la t ive i mpo r tance o ft h eh ono r , w i th in t h e w ide rc on tex t o f t h e se f am i l ie s ' h o ld ing s t h roughou t E ng land , b ecame

i n tended t o s i gn if y a n a s soc ia t ion o r r e la t ion sh ip w i th t h e k i ng ( 1 6 ) . T he o n ly o bv iou s b reak i n t h i s p a t ter n w a s h i s s uppo r t f o r t h e r e be l l ion o ft h e k ing ' s e l de s t s on , H en ry , i n 173 -4 ; a l ready b y 170 , G e rva se P agane l may h ave b een a mong s tt h e d i s sa t i sf i ed c ou r t ing t h eY oung P r ince ( 17 ) . T he d ef ea to ft h e r ebe l s w a s t oc o s t G erva se af i ne o f5 00 ma rk s

i n c rea s ing ly s i gn if i can t . T he p r inc ipa l c once rn s h e r e a r e t o e xam ine t h e ma in p ha se s i n t h e d eve lopmen t o f t h e w e s t m id land s e s ta te , w i th in t h e c on tex t o ft h e b a ron ia l d e scen t , a nd h ow t h i si n c rea sed s i gn if icance c ame a bou t .

( 18 ) a nd h i s c a s t le a tD ud ley w a s s l igh t ed ( 19 ) a l ong w i th o t he r st h a th ad b een h e ld b yt h er ebe l s .

T he re i sn or e co rd o fe i the rt h e d ea th o fW i l l iam f i t zA n scu lf

T he r e i sn o th ing t os ugg e s t why G e rva se P agane l b roke t h e p a t t er no f al i f e t ime a tt h i sp o in t , b u tt h e a n swe r may w e l l l i e

o ro ft h em ean s b y wh ich t h eh ono rp a s sed i n to t h e h and s o f t h e P agane l f am i ly , b u t i th a s g ene ra l ly b een s uppo sed t h a t B ea t r ice , t h e w if e o f F u l l c P ag a ne l , w a s t h e h e i re s s o f f i t z A n scu lf ( 1 ) . T he P agane l , o r P ayne ! , f am i ly w i th l a nd s i n

i nf am i ly a ff i l ia t ion s . I n 153 G e rva se P agane l h ad ma r r ied I s abe l , t h e d augh te r o fR ober t B eaumon t , e a r l o fL e ice s te r , a nd t h e w idow o f S imon d e S t .L iz I , t h e f o rme r e a r l o f N o r thamp ton . T h i s w a s a n i mpor tan t ma t ch f o rG erva se .N o t

b o th N o rmandy a nd E ng land , h ad e s tab l i shed s eve ra l l i ne s b y t h e t we lf th c en tu ry , t h e ma in b ranche s o f w h ich w e re D rax ,H ambye ,D ud ley a nd B amp ton ( F igu r e2 . 1) .

o n ly d i d t h i s ma r r iage s upp lemen t P agane l p o s se s s ion s ( 20 ) b u t i ta l so b rough t t h e f am i ly i n to t h e o rb i t a nd af in i ty o f p e rhap s t h e mo s t p owe rf u l f am i ly i n t h e k ingdom a tt h a t t ime . I ft h ey h ad e a r l ie r b een a s soc ia ted w i th t h e d ec l in ing f o r tune s o f t h e e a r l o f C hes te r , t h i s w a s n ow mo r e t h an

F u lk ( 2 ) w a s s ucceeded b e tween 135 a nd 138 ( 3 ) b y h i s s on R a lph w ho a t tached h i s f o r tune s t o t h e A ngev in c au se ( 4 ) , a sd i da tl e a s ts ome o t he r so fh i sk in ( 5 ) . I n 138 h eh e ld

c o r r ec t ed b y mov ing i n to t h e c i rc le o f t h e mo s t p owe r f u l f am i ly i nt h e m id land s ( 2 1) . C lea r ly G e rva se P agane l w a s

D ud ley C a s t le a ga in s ta na bo r t ive a t ta ck b yK ing S t ephen ( 6 ) a nd t wo y ea r s l a te rp l ayed as i gn if i can t r o le i nt h e a t tack o n t h e P eve r i l f e e o f No t t ingham ( 7 ) . R a lph 's ma r r iage t o a

n o tr e ga rded a s an eg l ig ib le f i gu re i nt h e s e cond h a lf o ft h e t we lf th c en tu ry .

d augh te r o fR obe r t d e F e r r e r s ( 8 ) n o d oub t e ncou raged t h i s h o s t i l i ty t owa rd s t h e P ever i l s . S ome mo re t a ng ib le r ewa rd c ame t ot h ef am i ly w hen , a f te rt h eB a t t le o fL inco ln i n 141 ,

H oweve r , ar o l l c a l l o ft h e r ebe l s a l igned a ga ins t H en ry i n 173 i sr evea l ing . T hey i n c luded E a r lR obe r tI I o fL e ice s te r ,

W i l l iam P ayne lr e ce ived c u s tody o f No t t ingham C a s t le f r om t h e Emp r e s s ( 9 ) . I tm igh tb e c on jec tu red t h a t t h e a s soc ia t ion w i th t h e F e r re r s f am i ly a t t h i s t ime p u t t h e P agane l s o f D ud ley o nt h e f r inge o ft h e a ff in i ty o fi n te re s t st h a tf o cu s sed o n t h e e a r l s o fC he s te r . I fs o , i tc anno t h ave b een t h e mo s t c omf o r tab le o f 'a l l ia nce s ' a sb y 148 -53 ( 10 )i tw a sc l ea rt h a t

' o ld e nough t o r emembe r t h e d ay s w hen t h e B eaumon t f am i ly d om ina ted t h e M id land s ' ( 22 ) , t o ge the r w i th H ugh , e a r l o fC he s te r , a nd E a r l W i l l iam d e F e r re r s o fD e rby ( 2 3 ) . Wa r r en c ommen t ed t h a t ' g ene ra l ly s peak ing , t ho se w ho o pen ly r e be l led w e re t h ep o l i t ica l i reconc i lab le s . . . tho se w ho f e l tt h ey h ad g a ined l e s st h an t h e i rd ue f r om H en ry I .T he r e a r e n o s u rp r i se s a mong t h o se w ho d ec la r ed f o r t h e Y oung

t h e B eaumon ta ffm i ty h ad b ecome d om inan t i nt h em id land s ( 1 1) . T he c ha r t e r i s sued b y D uke H en ry a tD ev iz e s i n 153 ( 1 2 ) ,

k i ng , a nd H en ry I c ou ld n od oub th ave p r ed ic ted t h em ' ( 24 ) . I ti sd if i cu l t t o a ccep t s uch a n a s se s smen t i n t h e c a se o f G e rva se P agane l . H oweve r , i ti st h e c a se t h a t t h e f am i l ie s

i nf avou r o ft h e E a r l o f C he s te r , d emon s t ra t e s t h a t b y t h i s

w i t h w hom t h e P ag a n e l s h ad p r ev iou s ly b een a s soc ia ted , t h e

d a t e G e rva se P agane l h ad s ucceeded h i s f a the r a sb a ron o f D ud ley ; f u r the rmo re , i n t h e c once s s ion s made t o E a r l R anu lf , c a r e w a s t a ken t o e n su r e t h a t G erva se ' s f e e i n S t af f o rd sh i re w a sn o tc omp rom i sed . T h i s may b e ar e f lec t ion o f s ome a s soc ia t ion w i th t h e e a r l s , o r i tm igh t s imp ly i lu s t ra te t h ec a re t a ken b yH en ry n o tt oa l iena te af am i ly t h a t h ad s uppo r ted h i s c au se f o r a t l e a s t f i f t een y ea r s . G e rva se s e ems t oh ave b een a sc omm i t ted t ot h eA ngev in c amp a sh i s f a the r , a nd b ef o re t h e d ea th o fS t ephen m ay b e f ound i nt h e

B eaumon t s a nd t h e F e r re r s , a nd p e rhap st h e e a r l s o fC he s t e r , h ad a l o pen ly d ec la red a ga in s tH en ry . I ti sd i ff icu l tt oe s cape t h e i mp re s s ion t h a t t h e P agane l s w e r e d rawn i n to t h i s r e be l l ion a s ar e su l t o f t h e i r f am i ly a l leg iance s , a nd t h e i r movemen tw i th in t h ep o l i t ica lc i r c le so fo t he r s . A no the r f am i ly w i th w hom t h e b a ron s o fD ud ley m igh t b e a s soc ia ted w e re t h e B eauchamp s , n e ighbou r s , w i th b ranche s e s tab l i shed i n Wo rce s te r sh i re a nd B edf o rd sh i re ( 2 5 ) . T he B eauchamp s w e r e t e nan t s o f t h e h ono r o f D ud ley ( 26 ) ,

e n tou rage o ft h e f u tu r e k ing ( 13 ) . A l though h e m ade o n ly o cca s iona l a ppea rance s a s aw i tne s s o fr oya l c ha r te r s , a sa t T ou r s ( 14 ) a nd C h inon ( 15 ) , G e rva se s e em s t o h ave r ema ined b road ly l o ya lt oH en ry I a nd i th a sb een s ugge s ted b y A i le s t h a t G e rva se ' s c ho ice i n a dop t ing f o r h im se lf a ' d if f e r enced '

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3

f am i l ie s h o ld ing o ft h e B eauchamp s ( 2 8 ) ; t h e l i nk s t h a t a r e r evea led b e tween t h e B eauchamp s a nd t h e P agane l s w ou ld s e em t op e rmea te a te ve ry l e ve l o ft h e h ono r , a nd s ugge s t a c l o se l i a i son .

d e S ome ry a l so w i tne s sed a c ha r te r o f E a r l W i l l iam , d a ted 147 -83 , c oncer n ing l a nd a tG rea t B addow i n E s sex ( 4 3) . Wh i l s t t h i s m igh t s imp ly b e c o inc idence , i ts e em s p robab le t h a t t h ey a r e t h e s ame p e r son a nd t h a t t h e se c ha r te r s r e f lec t t ho se r e g ion s w he r e t h ey h ad s ome t e nu r ia l i n te re s t s ( 44 ) .

U n l ike t h er e la t ion sh ip b e tween t h e P agane l s a nd t h e F e r r e r s

C e r ta in ly t h e d e S omery s w e re e s tab l ished a s p a r t o f t h e Ma r che r a r i s toc racy , w h ich mu s t h ave e nhanced t h e i r r ange o fa cqua in t ance g ene ra l ly , a nd p u t t h em i nt h e c i rc le o ft h e

o r B eaumon t f am i l ie s , t h a t w i th t h e B eauchamp s d oe s n o t s e em t oa r i se o u t o f ma r r iage a l l iance ; r a the r , i tw a s p e rhap s b a sed u pon a c omb ina t ion o f h i s to r ica l a cc iden t ( 29 ) a nd c onven ience , a r i s ing f r om t h e i n te re s t s o f t h e l o ca l i ty . F o r t h e se r e a son s , t h e r e la t ion sh ip w i th t h e B eauchamp s w a s

e a r l s o f G louce s te r . T he l o rd sh ip o f D ina s P owy s w a s

l o nge r l a s t ing a nd l e s s s u scep t ib le t ot h e d ange r s o fd yna s t ic p o l i t ic s ; t h i s m ay b e i lu s t ra ted i nt h e r a nge o fc on tac t s t h a t c on t inued u nde rt h ed e S ome ry f am i ly .

a s sump t ion t h a t J ohn d e S ome ry h ad c ome t o h i s m a r r iage w i th H aw i se a s al a nd le s s k n igh t . T he Ma rche r c onnec t ion

F o r i n s tance , t e nan t s o f t h e h ono r o f D ud ley c on t inued t o

r e co rded b ef o re 194 b e tween a R a lph d e S omery , o f t h e h ono r o fG louce s te r , a nd Ma rga re t , t h e d augh te r o fW i l l iam

s ub sequen t ly h e ld b y t h e D ud ley d e S ome ry s u n t i l 1 322 ( 4 5 ) . T h i s d oe s h oweve r c a s t s ome d oub t u pon C h ibna l l 's

may a l so b e r e f lec t ed i nt h e ma r r iage o fJ ohn a nd H aw i se 's s on , R a lph Id e S ome ry , t o Ma rga re t . T her e i s am a r r iage

w i tne s s B eauchamp c ha r te r s ( 30 ) w h i l s t t h e d i spu te o f T homa s d e B i rm ingham w i th t h e e xecu to r s o f t h e w i l l o f W i l l iam d eB eauchamp ( 3 1) i n1 299 s ugge s t st h a tt h e r ew e re

l eG ro s ; W i l l iam w a s aG louce s te r sh i r e k n igh t who s e rved t h e e a r l o fG louce s te ra nd w a s ma r r ied t o as i s te r o fW i l l iam Ma r sha l I ,e a r l o f P emb roke ( d .1219 ) . T ha t t h i s r ep re sen t s

l i nk s b e tween t h e se t wo f am i l ie s . I t i s p o s s ib le t h a t t h e B eauchamp s c oun ted s ome t e nan t s o ft h e h ono r o f D ud ley

t h e ma r r iage o ft h e f u tu re b a ron o fD ud ley i ss ugge s ted b y t wo d ocumen t s s u rv iv ing i nt h eB rook sby c a r tu la ry . T he f i r s t

a mong t h e i r a ff in i ty , j u s t a s t h ey d i d i n 166 , a st h e r i s ing f o r tune s o f t h e f am i ly mu s t h ave s e emed a t t rac t ive t o t h e a mb i t iou s . T he se l i nk s a l so e ncompa s sed t h e d e S ome ry s t h em se lve s . I n 1 254 R oge r d e S ome ry w i tne s sed t wo

i st h e m a r r iage c on t rac t i t se lf , i n w h ich i ti s s t a ted t ha t W i l l iam l eG ro s g ave h i s l a nd a tL i t t le D a lby t o R a lph d e

B eauchamp c ha r te r s ( 32 ) a nd i n 1 239 -41 h e h ad b een p a r ty t o a n e xchange o f l a nd s b y w h ich J ame s B eauchamp a cqu i r ed l a nd s i nB e rk sh i re o ft h e d e S ome ry f e e ( 3 3 ) . T he

S ome ry a s ap a r t o ft h em a r r iage a g reemen t . T he s e cond i sa c on f irma t ion c ha r te r , w h ich may b e d a t ed t on o t e a r l ie rt h an c . 12 10 , b y w h ich W i l l iam C ra s su s , Ma rga re t d e S ome ry ' s b ro the r , c onf i rmed h i s w idowed s i s t e r 's g ran t o f l a nd s i n

l i nk s b e tween t h e se t wo f am i l ie s i s p e rhap s f u r the r h igh l igh ted b y t h e p r e sence o f t h e B eauchamp a rm s o n h e ra ld ic t i l e s f r om t h e c hape l o fD ud ley C a s t le , a nd i nt h e

L i t t le D a lby t oR obe r t P agane l , f o r h i s h omage a nd s e rv ice . T he a s soc ia t ion s w i th t h e h ono r o fD ud ley a r e c onf i rmed b y t h e l i s t o ft h o se who w i tne s sed t h i s c ha r t e r , a mong s t w hom

s t a ined g l a s s w indow s o fE nv i l le c hu r ch , w he re t h ey j o ined t ho se o fd e B i rm ingham a nd d e S ome ry , a mong o t he r s ( 34 ) .

w a sR a lph R u s se l l , w ho i nc . 1194 -1210 h ad a l so w i tne s sed a c ha r te r o f R a lph d e S ome ry t o W i l l iam C ook o f Wombour n e ; R obe r t d e H ag ley ; R icha rd d e R ow ley , a nd R icha rd d e S e le ia ( Sea l ) . R a lph d e S e i l le h ad w i tne s sed a

Wh i l s t s uch h e ra ld ic g l a s s m igh t s imp ly b e r e cogn i s ing p rom inen t m embe r s o ft h e w ide r p o l i t ica l c ommun i ty , i ti s n o ti mp robab le t h a ti ta cknow ledged c l o se rl i nk sb e tween t h e

c ha r te r o fG e rva se P agane l i n 166 -73 . T hu s , i ti st h e v i ew o ft h i s w r i te r t h a t s uch s t rong l i nk s w i th t h e c ommun i ty o f t h eh ono ro fD ud ley a r gue f o rt h i s a st h e ma r r iage o ft h ef i r s t d e S ome ry b a ron , t h e c on tex t f o rw h ich w a s t h e c ommun i ty

f am i l ie s , l i nk s w h ich J ohn d e S ome ry ' s c u s tody o f B eauchamp mano r s i n 1 317 m igh ts im i la r ly r e f lec t . I ti sl e s s c l ea rh oweve rw he the rt h i s a s soc ia t ion b e tween t h e b a ron ia l f am i l ie s s hou ld b e s e en i nt e rm s o fo ne mov ing w i th in t h e o t he r s a ff in i ty , o r s imp ly , a nd p e rhap s mo re p robab ly , o f

o ft h eh ono ro fG louce s te r . ( 46 ) . H oweve r , i ti s mo r e g ene ra l ly h e ld t h a t R a lph Id e S ome ry

f r iend sh ip a nd mu tua l i n te r e s t b e tween n e ighbou r s i n t h e l o ca l i ty ( 35 ) .

ma r r ied

I tw a st h e d ea th o fG erva se P agane l i n 194 t h a tb rough tt h e b a rony , t h rough ma r r iage , i n to t h e h and s o f h i s n ephew , R a lph , a nd t h e d e S ome ry f am i ly ( 36 ) . J ohn d e S ome ry h ad b een i na t tendance o nG erva se P agane ls i nce 153 -5 ( 3 7 )b u t

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S ome ry . T he ma r r iage t ook p l a ce c . 1217 . T h i s r e co rd w ou ld s ugge s t t h a t R a lph w a s ma r r ied t o t h e s i s te r o f W i l l iam

t h e p r ec i se o r ig in s o f t h e f am i ly a r e n o t c l ea r ( 38 ) . A .C .Ch ibna l lh a s a r gued i nf a vou ro fd e r iv ing t h e D ud ley d e S omery s f r om E lmdon i n E s sex , s ugge s t ing t h a t J ohn d e

Ma r sha l I ,a nd t h e d augh te ro fW i l l iam Ma r sha lI .H oweve r , t h i s s e em s u n l ike ly . T he u sua l v i ew i s t h a t R a lph h ad ma r r ied Ma rga re t , t h e s i s te r o fW i l l iam Ma r sha l I ,a nd i ti s t h e c a se t h a t o f t h e f i ve k nown d augh te r s o f t h e Ma r sha l , n one w e r e n amed Ma rga re t . I ti sa l so t h e c a se t h a t i n 1 210 -

S ome ry w a s al a nd le s s y ounge rb ro the r o fA dam d e S ome ry ( 39 ) ,h ead o ft h eE lmdon b ranch o ft h e f am i ly . S ome s uppor t f o r t h i s i d en t if i ca t ion may b e f ound a mong t h e c ha r te r s o f t h ee a r ldom o fG louce s te r( 40 ) .A nA dam d e S ome ry g ran ted l a nd i nG lamo rgan t o Ma rgam A bbey t h a tw a s c onf i rmed i n ac ha r te ro f 189 -99 b yt h e C oun te s so fG louce s te r( 4 1) . T he a b i l i ty t o m ake s uch d ona t ion s S ome ry a ccompany ing R ober tf i t z G lamo rgan d u r ing t h e 1 090 s , a s S ome ry s a cqu i red t h e l o rd sh ip o f

i n to

P emb roke . I n 1 221 , W i l l iam Ma r sha l I( d .1231) b rough t a c a se a ga in s t T homa s d e B e rke ley i nw h ich i tw a s s t a ted t h a t a n a g r eemen th ad b een made f o r T homa s t o ma r ry J oan , t h e e a r l ' s n i ece ( ' nep tem s uam ' ) , a nd t h e d augh te r o f R a lph d e

1 2 , W i l l iam Ma r sha l a c t ed a s Ma rga r e t ' s g ua ran to rw hen s he c l a imed d owe r . T he a ppa ren t c on t rad ic t ion o ft h i s v i ew w i th t h e r e co rd o f 1 221 m ay b e e xp la ined b y r e ca l l ing t h a t i nt h e

f o l low s f r om R oge r d e H amon i nt h e c onque s to f ar e su l t o f w h ich t h e d e D ina s P owy s ( 42 ) . A dam

m id th i r teen th c en tu ry , ' n epo s ' w a s a l so u sed t o s imp ly d eno te k i n sh ip , w h ich i n t h i s c a se w ou ld make J oan t h e c ou s in o fW i l l iam Ma r sha l I , t h e d augh t e r o fh i s a un t ( 47 ) . H oweve r ,

3 4

s uch

a w ide r

u sage

m igh t

a l so

r e conc i le

F igu re 2 .2 .

S imp l if ied G enea logy o ft he d eS omery so fD ud ley . H aw ise d eP agane l

=J ohn d eS ome ry ( ob . b ef o re 194 ) .

R a lph Id eS omery = Ma rga r e t . ( ob . 1 210 1 1) .

R a lph I d eS omer y = I da ( ob . b ef o re 1 220 ) .

I

R og er Id eS ome ly = ( ob . ? ) .

W i l l iam d eS ome ry ( ob . 1 222 ) N icho la s ( ob .1229 )

R og er I d eS ome ly = 1 .N icho la d 'Aub igny ( ob . 1 273 ) = 2 .A nabe ld eS eg rave

1 R a lph

R og er I Id eS ome ry = Agne s

Ma rga re t

J oan

Mabe l

Ma t i lda

( ob .129 1)

J ohn d eS omery = L ucy

R oge r

J oan

Ma rga r e t

( ob . 1 322 ) .

t h e se t wo , o the rw i se d i f f e r ing , a ccoun t s o f R a lph d e S ome ry ' s ma r r iage . S ince W i l l iam l e G ro s h ad ma r r ied a s i s te ro fW i l l i am Ma r sha lI ,J oan w ou ld s t i l lh ave b een k i nt o

d e scen t o ft h e b a rony h a s b een t h e s ub jec t o f s ome d eba te ( F igu r e 2 . 2 ) . I th a s g ene ra l ly b een t h ough t t ha t t h e b a rony p a s sed v i a W i l l iam P e r ceva l d e S ome ry , w ho d i ed i n 1 222

W i l l iam Ma r sha l I ,a sh i sc ou s in , o nce r emoved .

( 5 1) , a nd t h e m ino r i ty o fh i s s on N icho la s , w ho d i ed b ef o r e

T he d ea th o fR a lph Ii n 1 210 1 1 ( 48 ) l e f t h i s h e i r , R a lph I

4 th J u ly , 1 229 ( 52 ) , t o R oge r Id e S ome ry ( 5 3 ) , w ho s ucceeded i n 1 229 . C a r t e r h oweve r ( 54 ) h a s c ha l lenged t h e a s sump t ion t h a tW i l l iam a nd N icho la sh e ld t h eh ono r , n o t ing

d e S ome ry , a m ino r a nd i n t h e c u s tody o f W i l l iam L onge sp6e , t h e e a r l o f S a l i sbu ry ( 49 ) , w ho t ook t h e

t h a ta tn op o in ti nt h er e f e rence st ot h em ( 5 5 )w a st h eb a rony o fD ud ley r e f e r r ed t o . R a the r , h e c on s ide r s t ha t R oge r Id e S ome ry f o l lowed h i sb ro the r ,R a lph I .I ti su n l ike ly h oweve r t h a t t h i s i st h e s ame R oge r who d i ed i n 1 273 , t ha t b e ing R oge r I d e S ome ry ( 56 ) . T he m a r r iage o f R oge r I t o N icho la , t h e d augh t e ra nd c o -he i r o ft h e e a r l o fA runde l a nd

o ppo r tun i ty o f ma r ry ing h i s d augh te r , I da , t oh i s w a rd . T he i mp l ica t ion s o f t h i s ma r r iage w e re c on s ide rab le , a s w hen R a lph I d i ed h i s w idow ma r r ied W i l l iam d e B eauchamp o f B edf o rd a nd s ucce ssf u l ly c l a imed t h e i mpo r tan t mano r o f N ewpor tP agane l i nd owe r . T h i sw a st ob eo fc on sequence i n t h e s hap ing o f t h e h ono r o f D ud ley d u r ing t h e t h i r teen th c en tu ry .

S u r r ey ,n o to n ly r e f lec t st h e v a luab le f am i ly c onnec t ion st ha t t h e b a ron s o f D ud ley c ou ld mu s te r , b u t a l so t h e t e nu r ia l a dvan tage s t h a t t h ey m igh t b r ing . T he d ea th o ft h e e a r l o f

T he w idow o f R a lph Ic l a imed h e r d owe r a nd r ema r r ied ,

A runde l l e d t ot h e p ar t i t ion o fh i s i n he r i tance i n 1 243 a nd

t a k ing a s h e r s e cond h u sband Mau r ice d e G aun t ( d .1230 ) , w hom s he w a s a l so t o o u t l ive . H e w a s t h e b a ron o f L eed s

1 244 ( 57 ) , b r ing ing i n to d e S ome ry p o s se s s ion mano r s s uch a s P a t t ingham i n S t af f o rd sh i re ( 5 8 ) , A l le s ley ( 59 ) i n Wa rw ick sh i r e a nd B a r row ( 60 ) i n L e ice s te r sh i r e . T he i n he r i tance o f N icho la i n c luded k n igh t ' s f e e s i n No rf o lk ,

( Yo rk sh i re ) , who i n he r i ted i n 1 207 -8 , t h rough h i s mo the r , A v ice d eG aun t( t he d augh te r o fA l ice P agane l ) , l a nd s o ft h e P agane l f e e . Mau r ice e v iden t ly h ad s ome a mb i t ion s o n t h e d e S ome ry l a nd s a s i n 1 229 h e s t ruck a n a g reemen t , i n o b scu re c i r cum s tance s , w i th R oge r Id e S ome ry ; b y t h i s

S uf f o lk , L e ice s te r sh i re , S u s sex , No t t ingham sh i re , L inco ln sh i r e , G louce s te r sh i re , B uck ingham sh i re a nd N or thamp ton sh i r e( 6 1) .

a g reemen t t h e mano r s o f Dud ley a nd S edg ley a nd t h e i r a dvow son s , t oge the r w i th t h e mano r s o f Me r e , C len t a nd

R oge r ' s s e cond m a r r iage w a s a l so a p rof i tab le o ne . H e

K ing sw inf o rd , a l l h e ld i n f e e f a rm , a nd t h e i r a dvow son s

ma r r ied A nabe ld e S eg rave ,t h ew idow o fG i lbe r td e S eg rave ( 62 ) a nd t h e d augh te r a nd c o -he i r o fR obe r t d e C haucombe , f o rm ing a n a cqua in tance w i th t h e f am i ly t h a t s u rv ived t h e t e rm o fR oge r ' s ma r r iage ( 6 3) ;t h em a r r iage i t se lf b rough tt h e

w e re c onveyed t o Mau r ice , h i s h e i r s o ra s s ign s , f o r ap e r iod o f s even y ea r s , f r om S ep tembe r 1 229 . F ur the rmo r e , R oge r c on sen ted t h a th ew ou ld n o t ma r ry d u r ing t h i sp e r iod w i thou t t h ea pp rova lo f Mau r ice ,h i sh e i r so rh i s a s s ign s( 50 ) .

i n he r i tance o f t h e m ano r s o f G r ea t D a lby , A sp ley a nd C ha lcombe ( 64 ) .

Af t e r t h e

d ea th o f R a lph I , c . 12 15 -20 , t h e

s ub sequen t

3 5

F igu re 2 . 3 .

3 6

F igu re 2 .4 .

I NQU IS IT ION POST MORTE M OF ROGER DE SO MERY , c . 1273 .

3 7

F igu re 2 . 5 .

3 8

F igu re 2 . 6 .

I NQU IS IT ION POST MORTE M OF J OHN DE SO MERY , c . 1322 . I D ud ley .

4 ' , t

m is .

5 ; : . " )

JR H

3 9

T he ma r r iage s o f R oge r ' s d augh te r s r ef lec t t h e d eve lop ing

e nf eof fmen t s t h e l o rd s o fD ud ley may h ave r e cove red s ome o ft h e se l a nd s t h rough r eve r s ion t o t h e t e nan t i n c h ief , b u t n o t a l o ft h e m ano r s , o rt h e i r f r anch i se s , c a rved o u t o ft h i s

r eg iona l i nf luence o f t h e d e S ome ry f am i ly . Ma rga r e t w a s i n i t ia l ly ma r r ied t o R a lph B a s se t o f D ray ton ( 65 ) , J oan t o J ohn l eS t range o fK nock in , Mabe lt o Wa l te r d e S u l ley ( 66 ) , a nd Ma t i lda f i r s tt oH en ry d e E rd ing ton a nd l a te rt oW i l l iam B yf i e ld ( 67 ) . T he se ma r r iage s s ugge s t ad e l ibe ra te a t t emp tt o f o rm c l o se r r e la t ion sh ip s w i th f am i l ie s o f r e g iona l i mpor tance , i nb o th t h e w e s t m id land s a nd t h e Ma rch . T hey s ugge s tt ha t l i nk s w i th i n f luen t ia l l o ca l d yna s t ie s w a s amo r e

e s ta t e w e re g ran t ed o n ; B o rde s ley w a s h e ld i nd eme sne b y 1 226 ( 7 9 ) , a nd a t ta ched t oi tw a s t h e v i ew o ff r ankp ledge i n A s ton ( 8 0 ) . T he e nf eof fmen t s i n A s ton p a r i sh , t h e s ub inf euda t ion o f B e rna rd P agane l t of o rm t h e m ano r o fM idd le ton o u t o ft h e

v a luab le a s se tt han ma r r iage l i nk s t og r ea te r , b u t l e s s l o ca l ly d ependen t h ou ses . I f s o , t h is m igh t b e s e en a s p a r t o f a f am i ly s t ra tegy t o b u i ld ar eg iona l p owe r b a se a nd d eve lop

d eme sne mano r o f Nor thf i e ld , t h e P agane l p o s ses s ion o f a m ano r i n Wo lve rhamp ton ( 8 1) t h a t w a s n o t m en t ioned i n D ome sday , t h e e s tab l i shmen t o f aP r io ry , p a rk a nd p o s s ib le ma rke t i nD ud ley , a nd t h e a ppa ren t a dd i t ion o f Wa r ley a nd

a n a ffm i ty ( 68 ) .

C rad ley t ot h e d emesne , a l l i n d ica te t ha t s ome a t ten t ion w a s T he r e con s t ruc t ion o f t h e t e nu r ia l s hape o f t h e h ono r o f

b e ing g i ven t o d eve lop ing t h e w e s t m id land e s ta t e a nd d eme sne i nt h et we lf th a nd e a r ly t h i r teen th c en tu r ie s ( F igu r e

D ud ley i s mo s t r ead i ly u nde r taken i n 1 086 , a nd i nt h e l a t e t h i r teen th a nd e a r ly f ou r teen th c en tu r ie s t h rough t h e s u rv iv ing I nqu is i t ion s p o s t mor tem o f R oge r I , R oge r I I

2 . 12 ) . H oweve r t h e ma in f o cu s o fi n te re s t r ema ined f u r the r s ou th . T he f am i ly f ounda t ion o f T ickf o rd P r io ry w a s t h e p r inc ipa l f o cu s o fp a t ronage a nd t h e i r c ho sen p l ace o fb u r ia l ( 82 ) , a nd t h i s s t ood a d jacen t t o t h e i mpo r tan t mano r a nd b o rough ( 8 3 ) o f N ewpo r t P ag a n e l . H e r e t o o t h e re w a s a c a s t le a nd C h ibna l l h a s s ugge s ted ( 84 ) , n o d oub t c o r rec t ly , t h a tt h i s mano rw a st h e i rf a vou r ed p l ace o fr e s idence i n to t h e e a r ly t h i r teen th c en tu ry ( 8 5 ) ; i ta ppea r s t h a t t h e d eme sne mano r s i nB uck ingham sh i re a nd B e rk sh i r e w e re r ega rded a s

a nd J ohn d e S ome ry ( 69 ) . T he i n te rven ing p e r iod r e l ie s o n mo re d ive r se s ou rce s , s uch a st h e G rea t I nque s t o f1 2 12 a nd s ub sequen ts u rvey si n1 235 -6 a nd 1 243 ( 70 ) . T he w e s tm id land e s ta te s o ft h e h ono r o fD ud ley h ave t ob e v i ewed a ga in s t t h e w ide r t e nu r ia l p o s se s s ion s o ft h e b a ron s o f Dud ley , p a r t icu la r ly i n t h e c oun t ie s o f B uck ingham , B e rk sh i re a nd S u r rey ( F igu re s 2 . 3 ; 2 . 4 ; 2 . 5 ; 2 . 6 ) . T h i s i s e spec ia l ly s o i n ac on s ide ra t ion o f t h e b a ron ia l d eme sne

mo re c r i t ica lt of am i ly i n te re s t s .

( F igu r e s 2 . 7 ; 2 . 8 ; 2 .9 ; 2 . 10 ) a nd t h e p r inc ipa l f o cu s o ft h e b a ron ' s t e nu r ia l i n te re s t s . Wh i l s t i ti sb road ly t r ue t h a t t h e

H oweve r , b y t h e e a r ly t h i r teen th c en tu ry t h i s t e nu r ia l b a se h ad b een s eve r e ly r educed . O ft h e t we lve d eme sne mano r s W i l l iam f i tz A n scu lf h e ld i n B uck ingham sh i re , B e rk sh i r e

e s sen t ia l g eog raphy o f t h e h ono r d i d n o t c hange r a d ica l ly b e tween 1 086 a nd 1 322 , t h e re w e re s ome s i gn if i can t

a nd S u r r ey i n 1 086 , t ha t i n S u r rey s e em s t o h ave b een l a rge ly l o s t ( 8 6 ) a nd t h e B e rk sh i re d eme sne r educed ,

d eve lopmen t s w i th in i t . I n 166 G erva se P agane l w a s

a l though t h e mo re v a luab le mano r o fB radf i e ld w a s r e ta ined ( 87 ) . S im i la rp roce s se sw e re a tw o rk i nt h e B uck ingham sh i r e d eme sne ( 8 8 ) . T he d eme sne mano r s o ft h eh ono ro fN ewpo r t

a s se s sed a so w ing t h e s e rv ice o ff i f ty k n igh t ' s f e e s f r om h i s E ng l i sh l a nd s a l though h e h ad a c tua l ly e nf eof f ed f i f ty -f ive a nd t wo th i rd s o f af e e . T he ' Ca r ta B a ronum ' d oe s n o t s pec if y t h e g eog raph ica l d i s t r ibu t ion o ft h e se f e e s ( 7 1) b u t b y

1 212

i t c an

b e

s hown

t h a t t h e

m ano r s

h e ld

c . 1180 1280 m ay b e r e con s t ruc ted a s i n c lud ing L i t t le C raw ley , A s twood ( 89 ) , L i t t le Woo l s tone , C a ldeco te ( 90 ) , p o s s ib ly B radwe l l , T ickf o rd , a nd , mo s t v a luab le o f a l l ,

i n

S taf f o rd sh i re , Warw ick sh i re a nd Wo rce s te r sh i re a ccoun ted f o rs even teen a nd o ne twe lf th k n igh t ' s f e e s( 72 ) .

N ewpo r t( 9 1) .

A t t h e o u t se t t h e re i sl i t t le t o s ugge s t t h a t t h e b a ron s o f Dud ley t ook ap a r t icu la r ly c l o se i n te re s t i nt h e w e s t m id land

N o t u nexpec t ed ly , g i ven t h e a t t rac t ion o f t h e l a nd , t h e i mp re s s ion i s o ne o f p rog re s s ive s ub inf euda t ion o n t h e d eme sne mano r s . T he r e ten t ion o f N ewpo r t a nd B radf i e ld

p o r t ion o ft h e i rh ono r . I n 1 086 t h ey r e ta ined o n ly s i xm ano r s i n d eme sne ( 73 ) a nd t h e se c ompa red p oo r ly w i th t h e v a luab le d eme sne mano r so fB uck ingham sh i re a nd B e rk sh i r e ( 74 ) . T he t we lf th c en tu ry h oweve r w a s ap e r iod o f s ome d eve lopmen t i nt h e w e s t m id land e s ta te s o ft h e h ono r . T he l a nd s t ha tw e re r e ta ined i nd eme sne f o rmed ac ha in r unn ing

mu s t h ave c on t r ibu ted s i gn if ican t ly t o t h e v i ab i l i ty o f t h i s p roce s s , b u t t h i s t r end m igh t a l so h ave e ncou raged t h e P agane l s t owa rd s t h e d eve lopmen t o f t h e i r w e s t m id land e s ta te , p a r t icu la r ly i n t h e i n c r ea s ing ly d i ff i cu l t , f i na n c ia l ly c ha l leng ing y ea r s , o f t h e l a t e t we lf th a nd e a r ly t h i r teen th c en tu r ie s .

f r om t h en o r th -we s tt ot h e s ou th -ea s to ft h e h ono r , t oi n c lude No r thf ie ld , D ud ley a nd S edg ley , a s i nt h e e l even th c en tu ry , a nd t o wh ich m igh t h ave b een a dded t h e mano r s o f Wa r ley

H oweve r , t o t h i s g ene ra l t r end t h e re c ame mo re s pec if i c d i ff i cu l t ie s . T he d ea th o f R a lph I d e S ome ry , s ome t ime b e tween 1 2 15 a nd 1 220 , l ef tb eh ind ay oung w idow , I da , t h e

a nd C rad ley ( 75 ) ( F igu r es 2 . 11 ;2 . 17 ) . F ur the rmo re ,t h e l a rge mano r o fA s ton w a s s p l i t u p a nd u sed b y t h e P agane l s a nd t h e d e S ome ry s t o e s tab l i sh n ew e nf eof fmen t s . T he E rd ing ton s w e re e nf eof f ed b y R a lph d e S ome ry i n A s ton

d augh te r o ft h e e a r l o f S a l i sbu ry . I da s ub sequen t ly ma r r ied W i l l iam d e B eauchamp , b a ron o f B edf o rd , b u t i n a dd i t ion w a s a s s igned t h e mano r o f N ewpor t i n d owe r , w h ich i n c luded L i t t le C raw ley ( 92 ) ; s he a nd h e rh u sband w e r et ob e i n p o s se s s ion o f N ewpor t f r om 1 220 u n t i l h e r o wn d ea th s ome f i f ty y ea r s l a te r , t h e mano r r eve r t ing t o R oge r Id e S ome ry i nJ u ly 1 270 ( 9 3) .

a round 1 200 ( 76 ) a nd h ad p rev iou s ly r e ce ived n ea rby E rd ing ton f r om t h e P agane l s b e tween 135 a nd 166 ( 77 ) . T he s ame p e r iod s aw t h e e nf eof fmen t o f G odw in i n t h e mano r o fC a s t le B romw ich , a nd s im i la r ly N eche l l s , S a l t ley a nd B o rde s ley w e re c r ea ted o u t o fA s ton d u r ing t h e t we lf th c en tu ry ( 78 ) ( F igu re 2 . 8 ) . I n o rde r t o u nder take t h e se n ew

4 0

F igu re 2 . 7 .

RECONSTRUCT ION OF THE DE MESNE OF GERVASE PAGANEL . I l D ud ley .

4 1

F igu re 2 . 8 .

D ud ley . D eme sne Mano r . H e ld b yi n he r i tance o fN icho la . H e ld b yi n he r i tance o fA nabe l . D owe ro fA nabe l . L o rd sh ip o fD ina sP owy s .

4 2

F i gu r e2 . 9 .

THE DE MESNE MANORS OF ROGER DE SO MERY , c . 1291 . I • A 0

D ud ley . D emesne Mano r . L o rd sh ip o fD ina sP owy s . U nce r ta in .

0 h oms

m ts . =in g i

50 Ca l li

JR H

N o te :T he mano r s mapped a s' Unce r ta in ' a r eL av ing ton a nd N ab le s i nW i l t sh i re ,B a ldon Ma r sh a nd H eyf o rd i nO xf o rd sh i r e ,a nd C a e r C a radoc a nd T re t i re i nH e r ef o rd sh i re . A l though t h ey a r eg i ven i nt h eC a lenda rp r in ted i n1 806 ,t h ey a r e' n o tn ow t ob ef ound o n t h ed ocumen t s ' ; C a l . I PM . , I , No . 8 13 ,4 97 .

4 3

F igu re 2 . 10 .

u

THE DE MESNE MANORS OF J OHN DE SO MERY , c . 1322 . I D ud ley . • D emesne Mano r . +

S ho r tt e rm g r an t sa nd l e a ses t oJ ohn d e S ome ry . A L o rd sh ip o fD ina sP owy s .

JR H

4 4

F igu re 2 . 11 .

4 5

F igu re 2 . 12 .

4 6

T he e f f ec t ive l o s s o fs uch a n i mpo r tan t d eme sne mano r o ve r al o ng p e r iod o ft ime mu s t h ave b een as e r iou s b low . I tw a s n o t t h e o n ly o ne h oweve r . H aw i se P agane l , t h e w idow o f

c . 1275 , b u t w he r e t h ey w e re i n vo lved , a s i nt h e c a se o ft h e d e S ome ry s ,t h ep e r iod o fc . 1275 -1330 w a st h e i r ma in p er iod o fa c t iv i ty ( 104 ) . T h i sw a st h ep e r iod wh ich s aw t h e ma jo r i ty

J ohn d e S ome ry , h ad d owe r r i gh t s i n t h e v i l l o fN ewpor t P agane l w h ich h e r s on , R a lph I ,o n ly r e cove red i n 1 207 -8 ( 94 ) . Ma rga re t , t h e w idow o f R a lph Id e S ome ry c l a im ing

o fl e a se s a nd p u r cha se s i nt h e h ono r . S ince t h e c hu rch w a s n o t ap owe rf u l f a c to r w i th in t h e h ono r o f D ud ley , t h e b a ron ia l f am i ly w e r ej o ined i ne xp lo i t ing t h e se o ppor tun i t ie s b y C rown s e rvan t s a nd a mb i t iou s l a ymen , s uch a s t h e C lo te sha le f am i ly ( F igu r e2 . 15 ) .

d owe ri n1 210 ( 95 )w a st or e ce ive ak n igh t ' sf e e i nB radf i e ld , w h ich s he s t i l l h e ld i n 1 242 -3 ( 9 6 ) , b u t i tw a s a ga in i nd e S ome ry p o s se s s ion b y 1 273 ( 97 ) . T he m ano r w a s a ga in a s s igned i nd owe r t o ad e S ome ry w idow a f t e rt h e d ea th o f R oge rI I( 98 )i n1 291 .

T he l a nd ma rke t i nt h e h ono r o fD ud ley s e em s t oh ave b een a n a c t ive o ne ( F igu r e 2 . 16 ) . T he re w e re o cca s iona l i n s tance s w h ich a ppea r t o r un c on t ra ry t o w ha t o ne m igh t h ave

S uch t empo ra ry l o s se s w e re a me l io ra ted b y t h e a cqu i s i t ion o ft h e d owe ra nd i n he r i tance o ft h e d e S ome ry w ive s . R oge r Iw a s t h e p r inc ipa l b enef i c ia ry i nt h i s r ega rd ( F igu re 2 . 8 ) .

e xpec ted , a sw hen t h e m ano r o f Wa r ley , wh ich h ad p e rhap s b een h e ld i nd eme sne s i nce t h e t we lf th c en tu ry , w a s g ran ted b y t h e d e S ome ry s t o W i l l iam d e F oke rham i n t h e 1 270 s

F o r e xamp le , h e h ad ah a l l a tA sp ley ( 99 ) i n 1 265 , am ano r o f t h e i n he r i tance o f h i s s e cond w if e ( 100 ) ; a nd b y t h e

( 105 ) . Whe the rt h i sw a s ag ran to r ap u rcha se , i tw a su nu sua l i nt h a t i tw a s t h e a l iena t ion o fd eme sne . I n Waugh 's wo rd s , ' t he p rod iga l d i spo sa l o f l a nd t h a t h ad c ha rac te r i sed t h e t we lf th c en tu ry '( 1 06 )h ad l o ng s i nce c ome t oa n e nd , a nd t h e mo r eu sua l i mp r e s s ion g i ven b y t h e d e S omery sw a s o ne o f

i n he r i tance o fh i s f i r s t w if e h e h ad a cqu i red t h e mano r o f C h ipp ing C ampden i nG louce s t e r sh i re ,w he r ei n1 247 h ew a s g ran t ed f r ee w a r r en i nh i s d eme sne l a nd s , aw eek ly m a rke t a nd a na nnua lf a i r ,a l though i tw a s c l ea r ly a l r eady r e cogn i sed a s ab o rough b y t h i s t ime . C h ipp ing C ampden w a s a p rof i tab le m ano r , v a lued i n 1 273 a t al i t t le mo re t h an £ 61 ,

s e ek ing t o b u i ld u p t h e i r d eme sne . I n a ny c a se , t h i s g ran t may w e l l h ave b een r e g r e t ted b y o ne o f t h e p a r t ie s , a s i n 1 320 -2 1 R icha rd F oke rham w a s l e a s ing t h e mano r b ack t o

a nd w i th t h e e xcep t ion o f S edg ley , mo re v a luab le t h an a ny s i ng le w e s tm id land d eme sne m ano rh e ld b yt h ed e S ome ry s .

J ohn d e S ome ry ( 107 ) . P u rcha se a nd l e a s ing may b e i n s tanced i n t h e h ono r a t F rank ley , C hu rch i l l , P endef o rd ,

H oweve r , o n t h e d ea th o f R oge r Id e S ome ry , t h e m ano r

Wa l sa l l a nd e l sewhe r e . A t Wa r ley , D unchu rch , H im ley a nd S w indon , l e a se s w e r e m ade t o J ohn d e S ome ry , wh i l s t a t B obb ing ton t h e r e w a s ap robab le p u rcha se b y J ohn d e

w a s d iv ided b e tween N icho la ' s f ou r d augh te r s , Ma rga r e t , J oan , Mabe l a nd Maud , a nd t h e i r h u sband s , a l though t h e re w a s ac ha l lenge f r om G i lber t , e a r lo fG louce s te r( 101) .

S ome ry ( 108 ) .

N one t h e l e s s , t h e se c i rcum s tance s l e d t h e d e S ome ry s t o t u rn n o r thwa rd s , t o r e f ocu s t h e i r i n te r e s t s o n t h e w e s t m id land s , a nd t od eve lop t h e i rd eme sne t h e r e , p a r t icu la r ly i n

T he c onf u sed t e nu r ia l p a t ter n a ga in s t wh ich s ome o f t h i s a c t iv i ty w a s t a k ing p l a ce may b e i lu s t ra ted b y t h e e xamp le o fB romw ich ( Wa rk s ) . I n 1 287 ( 109 ) , H en ry d e C ha s te ! d e B romwych a ppea r s h o ld ing amano r i nB romw ich , a s d oe s A n se 1m s on o fR obe r t d e B rumwyk , who h ad r e ce ived h a lf t h e l a nd s o fh i s s i s t e r J u l iana . B y 1 291 ( 1 10 ) , t h e p i c tu re i s

Wo rce s t e r sh i re a nd S t af f o rd sh i r e , i n t h e c a se o f t h e l a t te r b enef i t t ing f r om t h e g ran t b y K ing J ohn i n 1 204 o f t h e mano r s o f C len t , Me re a nd K ing sw inf o rd ( F igu re s 2 . 13 ; 2 . 14 ; 2 . 15 ) . T he a g reemen t b e tween R oge r d e S ome ry a nd

mo r e d e ta i led . T he p r inc ipa l l a ndowne r wou ld s e em t oh ave b een A n se lm d e B romwych , h o ld ing o ne a nd ah a lf h ide s b y

Mau r ice d eG aun tm igh tw e l lh ave i mpeded t h i sp roce s s , b u t i tmay n o th ave r un i t s i n tended t e rm . Mau r ice d i ed i n 1 230 w i thou t i s sue , a nd i nO c tobe r 1 233 , t h ree y ea r s b ef o r e t h e i n t ended t e rm ina t ion o f t h e a g reemen t , R oge r d e S ome ry s ummoned R obe r t d e Aky land , a nd o t he r s , t os how b y w ha t r i gh t t h ey c l a imed t of i sh i nh i s f i she ry a t Me r e , o ne o ft h e mano r s c ove r ed b y t h e t e rm s o ft h e a g reemen t . I n Me re a t l e a s t , R oge rs e em st oh ave r e cove red h i sp o s se s s ion ( 102 ) .

t h e s e rv ice o fo ne s ix th o f ak n igh t ' s f e e . O the r s m en t ioned i n 1 291 i n c luded H en ry s on o fR obe r t , h o ld ing o ne h ide b y o ne -e igh th o f af e e ; H en ry d e C a s te l lo , h o ld ing o ne v i rga te b y o ne t h i r ty second o f ak n igh t ' s f e e , a s d id T homa s d e B romwych , a nd J ohn d e B radewe l l , h o ld ing t h r ee v i rga te s f o r o ne t en th o f ak n igh t ' s f e e . B y 1 323 ( 1 11) , A n se lm d e B romw ich w a s h o ld ing o ne -f if th o f ak n igh t 's f e e i nC a s t le

F o r many l e s se r l a ndowne r s , t h e e conom ic p rob lem s p o sed i nt h e t h i r teen th a nd e a r ly f ou r teen th c en tu r ie s c ou ld e a s i ly

B romw ich , t oge the r w i th H en ry s on o fR ober t h o ld ing o ne e i gh th a nd o ne t h i r ty second o f ak n igh t 's f e e ; T homa s d e C a s te l lo h e ld a no the r o ne t h i r ty second o f af e e a nd a n ewcome r , W i l l iam d e C lo te sha le , w a s a l so h o ld ing o ne t h i r ty second o f ak n igh t ' s f e e .

a t ta in c r i s i sp ropo r t ion s . S ome s ough tt oe x t r ica te t h em se lve s b y l e a s ing , a nd t h en s e l l ing t h e i r l a nd s , w h i l s t o t he r s t o ok

T h i sf r ac t iona lp a t t e rn w a sn o tu n ique t ot h eh ono r( 1 12 ) a nd i ti lu s t ra te s b o th t h e d emand s f o r l a nd a nd t h e d if i cu l ty i n s a t i sf y ing i ts i nce t h et we lf th c en tu ry ; f o rt h e mo s tp a r t ,t h e se w e r e r e la t ive ly s ma l l p a r ce l s o fl a nd , b u tt h ey w e re n one t h e l e s s w or thwh i le a cqu i s i t ion s . B e tween 1 291 a nd 1 323 b o th A n se lm d eB romwych a nd H en ry s on o fR obe r th ad a cqu i red s ma l la dd i t iona lp a r ce l so fl a nd ,r e f lec t ing t h ep i ecemea lw ay i n w h ich l a nd w a s n ow b e ing t r an sf e r r ed b e tween l a ndowne r s .

a dvan tage o f t h e i n c rea s ing ly a c t ive l a nd ma rke t t o c on so l ida te t h e i r o wn e s ta te s . T he p a t ter n o f a c t iv i ty w a s o f t en o ne o fs eve ra l s ma l l a l iena t ion s o r l e a se s , f o l lowed b y ma jo rp u rcha se s o rs a le . A l though r e l ig iou s c o rpo ra t ion s c an b e s hown t o b e i n vo lved i nt h e e xp lo i ta t ion o ft h i s m a rke t f r om t h e m id twe lf th c en tu ry o nwa rd s , t h e i r g r ea te s t i n vo lvemen t s e em s t o h ave b een b e tween 1 200 a nd 1 290 ( 103 ) . L ay magna te s , o n t h e o t he r h and , s e em l e s s h eav i ly i n vo lved w i th t h e t h i r teen th c en tu ry l a nd ma rke t b ef o re

4 7

F igu re 2 . 13 .

4 8

F igu re 2 . 14 .

4 9

F igu re 2 . 15 .

5 0

F igu re 2 . 16 .

5 1

T he a ppea rance o f W i l l iam d e C lo te sha le a ppa r en t ly p u rcha s ing a s ma l l p a rce l o f l a nd i n C a s t le B romw ich i lu s t ra te s o ne f am i ly t h a t w a s a b le t ot a ke a dvan tage o ft h e c i rcum s tance s w i th in t h e h ono r . T he f am i ly n ame a ppea r s f r equen t ly . Wa l te r d e C lo t e sha le p u r cha sed P edmo re i n

' t h inned ' t h e i rr ank s , s ot h a tt h e re w e re b e tween t h i r teen a nd s i x teen m a in t e nan t s . T h i s p roce s s a ccompan ied t h e b r eakdown o f many o f t h e t e nu r ia l a s soc ia t ion s s ugge s ted b y D ome sday B ook ( 1 32 ) ;

1 339 -40 ( 1 13 ) ; h ea nd h i s s on R icha rd l e a sed S a l t ley i n1 333 ( 1 14 ) , a nd i n 1 317 Wa l te r d e C lo te sha le w a s h o ld ing i n c u s tody , w i th T homa s d e H ynke le , t h e l a nd s o f J ohn d e E dgba s ton ( 1 15 ) . T he l a nd s t h a t t h e f am i ly w a s a ccumu la t ing w e re f a i r ly w ide sp read , b u t a sm e r chan t s t h ey

t h a t i s ,t h eb r eak u p o fs ome D ome sday f e es a nd t h e t r an sf e r o ft h e i rc omponen t st ot h e s i x teen o rs ot e nan t sn o ted a bove . G i lber t ' s mano r a t E nv i l le a nd P ayne ' s a t Amb leco te b o th c ame i n to t h e p os se s s ion o f t h e d e B i rm ingham f am i ly , w h i l s t P ayne ' s o t he r mano r a t C rad ley w a s t a ken i n to t h e P agane ld eme sne .

w ou ld n o t n eed t o r e ly u pon ac on so l ida ted d eme sne i nt h e w ay t h a t o t he r mano r ia l l o rd s m igh t . I n t h i s , t h ey s t and i n c on t ra s t t o s ome o f t h e f am i l ie s r e p r e sen ted i n t h e

R oge r ' s e s ta te o f 1 086 h ad a l so f r agmen ted b y 166 . B o th R obe r t o f E s s ing ton a nd W i l l iam o f H ag ley c ame i n to p o s se s s ion o f R oge r ' s f o rme r h o ld ing s ( 1 33 ) . Wa lbe r t ' s

Wodehou se c ha r te r s , o rt h e a cqu i s i t ion s o ft h e B u shbu ry a nd E s s ing ton f am i l ie s , w he re t h e i mp re s s ion g i ven i so ne o f c on so l ida t ing t h ee s ta te .

mano r a tS e i sdon s e em s t o h ave b een d iv ided b e tween t h e O ff in ia nd F rank ley e s ta t e sb yt h e l a te rt we lf th c en tu ry .

T he d e S ome ry s made a s e r ie s o f s hor t a nd l o ng t e rm a cqu i s i t ion s , s ome o f w h ich w e r e r ega rded a s d eme sne . H and swo r th w a s t a ken d i r ec t ly i n to t h e p o s se s s ion o f t h e

I ft h e l a nd s a s soc ia ted w i th R obe r t i n 1 086 w e r e a l l h e ld b y t h e s ame man , t h en h e re t oo f r agmen ta t ion o f aD ome sday

l o rd s o f D ud ley a f te r i t s f o rf e i tu r e b y W i l l iam d e P a r le s c . 1279 a nd s ub sequen t ly r ema ined i n t h e i r h and s , d e sp i t e a t temp t sb yt h e d eP a r le s f am i ly t or e cove rs e i s in ( 1 16 ) . T h i s m ano r , t o ge the r w i th R ow ley a nd O ld sw inf o rd ( 1 17 ) ,

f e e may b e o b served . R obe r t 's mano r s w e re p a s sed t oH en ry d 'O i l l i , t h e O ffm i , B a rna ck a nd B i rm ingham f am i l ie s , W i l l iam d e B eauchamp a nd p o s s ib ly i n to t h e P agane l d eme sne ( 1 34 ) .

a ppea r ed i n t h e 1 322 I nqu i s i t ion p o s t mo r tem a s h e ld b y J ohn d e S ome ry ( 1 18 ) . T he e xamp le o f R ow ley a ga in h igh l igh t st h e d i ff i cu l t ie st h a ts ome s ma l le r l a ndowne r s w e r e e xpe r ienc ing . I n 1 29 1 W i l l iam d ' E t te l inge s g ran ted t h e

H oweve r , w h i l s tt h e f r agmen ta t ion o ft h e D ome sday t e nu r ia l p a t t e rn i sv e ry much i ne v idence ,t h e d e scendan t s o fs ome o f t h e D ome sday t e nan t s , e i the r b y b lood o r t e nu r e , w e r e p rof i t ing b yi t .T he e s ta te s i n1 086 o fB a ldw in , R a lph ,D rogo

mano rt oR oge rd e S ome ry f o rl i f e o rt wen ty y ea r s ( 1 19 ) ; t h e l e a se e v iden t ly p e r s i s ted , a si n1 3 16 J ohn d e S ome ry w a s i n

a nd p e rhap s A ca rd a l l s u rv ived a nd w e re s upp lemen t ed . T he i mp re s s ion i sg iven t h a t t h e se p rov ided ' c o r e e s ta te s ' w h ich t h e f am i ly c oncer n ed s ough t t o e x tend d u r ing t h e t we lf th

p os se s s ion ,a nd b y 1 322 t h em ano rw a sr e co rded a s' Rou leye S ome ry ' , i n c lud ing w i th i tt h ea dvow son o ft h ec hu rch ( 120 ) .

c en tu ry . O the r a cqu i s i t ion s i n c luded mano r s a t Wa r ley ( 121) , A sp ley A n o u t s tand ing e xamp le o f t h i s p henomenon w a s t h e d eve lopmen t o f t h e d e B i rm ingham f am i ly a nd t h e p re e m inence t h a t i ta cqu i r ed . T he e s ta te o ft h i s f am i ly , t oge the r w i th t h a t o ft h e O f f in i s , a nd t h e P agane l d eme sne , c ame t o

( 122 ) , B lake ley ( 123) , D unchu r ch ( 124 ) , Wa l sa l l ( 125 ) , H im ley ( 126 ) a nd B obb ing ton ( 127 ) . Wh i l s t s ome , l i ke t h e p u r cha sed mano r o fB obb ing ton , w e re p e rhap s i n tended t o b e t aken i n to t h e d eme sne , i ta l so s e em s p robab le t h a t t h o se mano r s h e ld b y mo r e s ho r t t e rm a r rangemen t s c ou ld h ave

r ep re sen t mo re t h an h a lf t h e e s ta te s o ft h e h ono r ( 1 35 ) . T he ma jo r i ty o ft h e m ano r s i nt h e d e B i rm ingham e s ta te h ad n o t e nu r ia l l i nk s w i th e ach o t he r u n t i l t h ey w e re b rough t

b een t empo ra ry i n c lu s ion s . T he s ho r t t e rm b enef i t s o fr oya l f a vou r , s uch a st h e g ran t o fC e s te r sove rt oR oge rd e S ome ry

K inve r( 1 30 ) ,a l la dded t ot h e s t and ing o ft h ef am i ly ( F igu re s 2 . 14 ;2 . 15 ) .

t oge the ri nt h et we lf th c en tu ry b yt h ed eB i rm ingham f am i ly , a ppa ren t ly a cqu i red f r om a v a r ie ty o f s ou rce s . I n Wa rw ick sh i re , a pa r t f r om B i rm ingham i t s e lf , t h e f am i ly h ad i n te r e s t s i n 4 d g b a s t o n ( 1 36 ) . H oweve r , i t w a s i n S t af f o rd sh i re t h a t t h ey w e re p r e sen ted t h e g r ea te s t

T he v igo rou s p roce s s o fa cqu i r ing ab roade r l a nded b a se i n t h ew e s tm id land sc an b eb e s tt r aced f r om t h e l a te 1 270 s , a nd

o ppor tun i t ie s . H e re , t h ey h e ld Mo r f e , E nv i l le , U ppe r P enn , Amb leco te , B u shbu ry , L i t t le B a r r , R u sha l l , P e r ry B a r r a nd H and swo r th ( 1 37 ) . T he c apu t o ft h i s e s ta te w a s B i rm ingham

a r ound 1 267 ( 128 ) , a nd mo r e p a r t icu la r ly t h e g ran t s t oJ ohn d e S ome ry o f S u t ton C o ldf i e ld a nd S tud ley , d u r ing t h e m ino r i ty o ft h eB eauchamp h e i r( 129 ) , a nd o fP re s twood a nd

i t se lf , a nd i tw a s d eve loped a cco rd ing ly , w i th ag ran t o ff r ee , w a r r en i n 153 , a nd i n 166 , t h e g r an t o f a ma rke t a tt h e c a s t le i n B i rm ingham ( 1 38 ) . H oweve r , t h e g ran t t o P e te r

w a s s e em ing ly a ti t s mo s t a c t ive a nd s ucce s sf u l d u r ing t h e t ime o fJ ohn d e S ome ry , ac h rono logy t h a t c ompa re s w i th o t he r s t ud ie s , s uch a st h o se o ft h e C la re s a nd o fH umph rey d eB ohun ( 1 31) .

' d ap if e r ' i n 153 o ff r ee w a r ren i nH and swo r th i mp l ie s t h a t h eh e ld d eme sne t h e re a sw e l l( 1 39 )( F igu re 2 . 17 ) . F o rt h e d e B i rm ingham s t h e t we lf th c en tu ry w a s ap e r iod o f e xpan s ion ; t h a t t h ey a cqu i red mano r s s ca t t e red a c ro s s t h e l e ng th a nd b r ead th o f t h e h ono r s ugge s t s t h a t t h ey w e r e r e spond ing t o o ppo r tun i t ie s t h a t p r e sen ted t h emse lve s . T h i s w a sp a r to f a' d ef a c to 'r e o rgan i sa t ion o ft h eh ono rd u r ing t h e

I n 1 086 t h e h ono r ia l s t ruc tu re o f D ud ley w a s b u i l t a r ound s ome t wen ty -one p r inc ipa l t e nan t s h o ld ing w e s t m id land e s ta te s o f W i l l iam f i tz A n scu lf . B y t h e s e cond h a lf o f t h e t we lf th c en tu ry a s i gn if i can t r ed i s t r ibu t ion o f e s ta te s h ad

5 2

t we lf th c en tu ry , i n w h ich i ti s d i ff icu l t t o d e t e rm ine t h e r e la t ion sh ip b e tween t h e r o le a nd i n te re s t s o f t h e f e uda l o v e r lo rd a nd h i s t e nan t s . I t s e em s i mp robab le t h a t s uch

I ndeed , t h e c a se o fH en ry l e No t te a tU ppe r P enn s ugge s t s t h a ti tw a s .

s ub s tan t ia l t e nu r ia l r eo rgan i sa t ion c ou ld h ave c ome a bou t w i thou ta tl e a s tt h ea cqu ie scence o ft h eb a ron o fD ud ley , a nd

B y t h e t h i r t een th a nd e a r ly f ou r teen th c en tu ry , s ub inf euda t ion a nd t h e s ub -d iv i s ion o fe s ta te s , t oge the r w i th

i ti sp robab le t h a th e s aw a dvan tage s i nt h ep re sence o fs ome d om inan t f am i l ie s w i th in t h e h ono r , b u t t h e d r iv ing f o rce b eh ind t h e se c hanges c ou ld w e l l h ave b een t h e t e nan t s t h em se lve s . T he d e B i rm ingham s w e re n o ta l one . T he O ffm i e s ta t e a ppea r s t o b e o ne b a sed o n ac o re t h a t w a s h e ld i n 1 086 b y R a lph ( 140 ) b u t t ow h ich w e r e a dded m ano r s t h a t h ad b een h e ld b y Wa lbe r t a nd R obe r t ( 14 1) . A t t h e s ame t ime h oweve r , n o ta l lt h e h onor ia l f am i l ie s , e ven t h e l e ad ing

t h e f l u id i ty o f t h e l a nd ma rke t , h ad p roduced a v e ry c omp l ica ted t e nu r ia l p i c tu re t h roughou t t h e h ono r . A t B romw ich , E rd ing ton , A s ton a nd S a l t ley may b e f ound

o ne s , w e re e mba rked u pon t h e s ame p roce s s . B e rna rd d e F rank ley ' s e s ta te r ema ined e s sen t ia l ly t h e s ame a st h a t o fh i s

m e s suage ' h e r eb y 1 294 , mo s tp robab ly t ob e a s soc ia ted w i th t h e R u s se l l s H a l l e s ta te ( 1 50 ) . T he t r end i sg ene ra l ly l e s s p ronounced i n Wo r ce s te r sh i re t h an i n Wa rw ick sh i re , b u t i n S t af f o rd sh i re i t i s a ga in w e l l i n s tanced , n owhe r e mo r e

i n c rea sed c omp lex i ty a r i s ing f r om p a r t i t ion b e tween c o -he i r s o r t h e e x ten s ion o fs ub inf euda t ion , o f ten d ea l ing w i th o n ly s ma l l p a r ce l s o fl a nd . D ud ley i t se lf w a s s ub jec t t ot h e s ame p roce s ses d u r ing t h e t h ir t een th c en tu ry , mo s t o bv iou s ly i lu s t ra ted i nt h e t e nu re o fR obe r t B u rne l w ho h ad a' c ap i ta l

D ome sday p r ecu r so r( 142 ) ( F igu re 2 . 17 ) . T he p a t t er no fa cqu i s i t ion a nd l a ndho ld ing g ave t h e h ono r a

ma rked t han i nt h e mano r o f Mo se ley . I n 1 243 t h i s m ano r

n ew t e nu r ia l s hape d u r ing t h e t we lf th c en tu ry t h a t r e f lec ted

w a s h e ld b y R ober td e E s s ing ton b y t h e s e rv ice o fo ne th i rd o f ak n igh t ' s f e e ( 151) . B y 1 284 h oweve r t h e t e nu r ia l s t ruc tu re h ad b ecome much mo r e c omp lex . T he p r inc ipa l

t h e o ppor tun i t ie s f o r e xpan s ion a nd t h e r i se t o , o r l a nded c onf i rma t ion o f , t h e p rom inence o fs ome h ono r ia l f am i l ie s . T ho se f am i l ie s t h a t e me rged f r om t h i s p roce s s , f ewe r t h an t h e re h ad b een i n1 086 , h ad n one t h e l e s s f i rm ly e s tab l i shed t h e i r i n t e re s t s i nt h e h ono r ; a l ong s ide t h e se p r inc ipa l t e nan t s

t e nan t w a s R obe r t d e Wy s ton , w i th R ober t d e E s s ing ton h o ld ing o fh im ; b u th o ld ing o fh im w e re af u r the r f ou r s ub t e nan t s ( 152 ) . T he n e ighbou r ing mano r o f E s s ing ton h ad s im i la r c omp lex i t ie s . I n 1 284 d e We s ton h e ld t h e m ano r b y

t h e r e w a s ag row ing n umbe r o f u nde r tenan t s a nd s ub t e nan t s w ho se i n te re s t s a l so d eve loped d u r ing t h e t we lf th c en tu ry a s ar e su l t o fs ub inf euda t ion ( 143 ) . I n an umbe r o f i n s tance sp rov i s ion w a s b e ing made f o ry ounge r s on s b y t h e f am i ly . T h i s s e em st oh ave p a r t ia l ly mo t iva ted t h e e xpan s ion

t h e s e rv ice o fo ne k n igh t ' s f e e a nd i n1 29 1 J ohn d e C ave a nd H ugh d eC ave h e ld o fh im ( 1 53 ) .

o ft h e d e B i rm ingham s , a sa t Mo rf e , B u shbu ry , U ppe r P enn a nd R u sha l l( 144 ) . S im i la r ly ,t h e l o rd so fH ag ley m ay ,b yt h e e a r ly t h i r teen th c en tu ry i fn o t e a r l ie r , h ave s e t t led L u t ley o n

S ou th w e s t er n S t af f o rd sh i re , e x tend ing f r om S e i sdon H und r ed t owa rd s C annock C ha se , o f f e r s s ome i mp re s s ion o f l o ca l s oc ie ty a nd i t s e xpe r ience o ft h e se p roce s se s . P e rhap s mo s t o bv iou s ly , o ne o ft h e d om inan t f am i l ie s o ft h e t we lf th

ay ounge rs on ( 1 45 ) .

c en tu ry ,t h e O ff in i s , w e r en o l o nge rp re sen th e re b yt h e m id -

T he

p r e sence

o f u nde r t enan t s

may

b e

t h ir teen th c en tu ry . I nt h e s e cond h a lf o ft h e t we lf th c en tu ry t h e O ffm i s h ad t a ken t h e d ec i s ion t o d eve lop We s t B romw ich r a the r t h an Wombou rne a st h e i r c apu t ( 1 54 ) a nd

d e tec ted w i th

r e a sonab le c e r ta in ty o n s even o r e i gh t d e B i rm ingham m ano r s , t wo O ffm i mano r s , p e rhap s t wo d 'O i l l i mano r s , a nd a tH im ley , L owe r P enn a nd C hu rch i l l . Wh i l s t t h i s i n i t s e lf

r e ta in i ti n t h e i r o wn h and s ( 155 ) . T h i s d ec i s ion p e rhap s e ncou raged t h ep roce s s o fs ub inf euda t ion a nd e s ta te c r ea t ion

w a s f a i r ly e x t en s ive , i n a tl e a s t t wo o ft h e d e B i rm ingham m ano r s , s ub inf euda t ion r e ached d own t o t h e l e ve l o f s ub t e nan t s ; a t U ppe r P enn , f o r e xamp le , ad i spu te o f 1 2 10

o n t h e o t he r O ffm i mano r s , e s tab l i sh ing t h e O ve r ton f am i ly i nt h e i r e ponymou s mano r b y 176 ( 156 ) , a nd c r ea t ing t h e Wodehou se e s ta te o u t o f Wombou rne b e tween 176 a nd 189 ( 157 ) . T h i s n ew s ub s id ia ry mano r , c r ea ted f o rW i l l iam t h e c ook , w a s t ob e f u r the r d eve loped d u r ing t h e f o l low ing

i l u s t ra te s H en ry l e Nor t e h o ld ing o fH ugh f i tz P e t e r , a nd h e o ft h e l o rd so fB i rm ingham . T h i st e nu r ia l l i ne s e em st or e ach b a ck i n to t h e t we lf th c en tu ry a nd t h e t e nu re o f H en ry ' s

c en tu ry ( 158 ) . T he se t r an sa c t ion s i lu s t ra te t h e e me rgence o f as ma l l l o ca l l a ndho ld ing f am i ly t h a t w a s mak ing i t s w ay ,

f a the r , H e rbe r t ( 146 ) . C lea r ly , t h e se o b se rva t ion s a r e made o n t h e b a s i s o f e v idence t h a t h a s s u rv ived , a nd i ts e em s

t h rough f avou r a nd p u r cha se , i n to t h e r ank s o f t h e m ino r g en t ry ( 159 ) .

p robab le t h a t s ub inf euda t ion w a s mo re w ide sp read t han c an b e a c tua l ly d e ta i led . H oweve r , t h e c oncen t ra t ion o fi n s tance s o n d e B i rm ingham mano r s i s ma rked , a si st h e t e ndency f o r t h i s t o b e ap henomenon t h a t s panned t h e t we lf th a nd t h e t h i r teen th c en tu r ie s . O the r t we lf th c en tu ry e xamp le s i n c lude Wa r in d eP enn i nL owe rP enn ( 147 ) a nd G i lbe r to rH en ry i n

Meanwh i le , t h e t e nu re o f t h e mano r o f Wombou rne i t se lf w a s a l so c hang ing . T he ma r r iage o f R icha rd d 'Offm i ' s d augh te r , Maud ,t oA lan t h e s on o f Wa l te rd e O ve r ton , l e dt o a n a g r eemen t t r an sf e r r ing t h e mano r t ot h e O ve r ton s , t ob e h e ld o fR icha rd a nd h i s h e i r s a t ar en t o f s i x ma rk s ( 160 ) . T he O ve r ton s h ad b y t h i s a g r eemen t s e cu r ed f o r t h em se lve s a n e nhanced p o s i t ion a nd r e la t ive ly w id e r ang ing i n t e r e s t s , w i th in al o ca lc on t ex t .The D ome sday l i nkage b e tween O r ton ,

t h e O ffm i m ano r o fO r ton ( 148 ) . T he O f f in i s w e r e i n vo lved i n as im i la rp roce s s a t Wombou rne , w he re as ub -mano r t h a t i sk nown a s ' T he Wodehou se ' w a s a ppa ren t ly e s tab l i shed b e tween 176 a nd 189 ( 149 ) . T he e v idence f o r s ub inf euda t ion t e nd s t ob ecome mo re o bv iou s i nt h e s e cond h a lf o ft h e t we lf th c en tu ry , b u t i tw ou ld b e u nw i se t od raw f r om t h i s ac onc lu s ion t h a t s ub inf euda t ion h ad n o t b een a p henomenon o f t h e e a r ly t we lf th c en tu ry i n t h e h ono r .

B rad ley a nd S e i sdon s e em s t o h ave b een l a rge ly p r e served i n to t h e t h i r teen th c en tu ry , a nd i n 1 235 O r ton a nd B rad ley w e re h e ld a s ak n igh t 's f e e ( 16 1) . B y 1 291 , W i l l iam d e O ve r ton w a s r e co rded i np o s se s s ion o f Wombou rne , O r ton , O x ley a nd B rad ley b y t h e s e r v ice o ft wo k n igh t s ( 162 ) .

5 3

F igu re 2 . 17 .

5 4

T h i s , t oge the r w i th a n a c t ive l a nd ma rke t , h ad p roduced a g ene ra l p i c tu r e o ft e nu r ia l c omp lex i ty t h roughou t t h e h ono r b y t h e l a te t h i r teen th c en tu ry . A l though t h e d e P agane l

T he O ffm i f am i ly i t se lf s e em s t oh ave f ocu s sed i t s i n te re s t s i n c rea s ing ly o n t h e i r mano r a t We s t B romw ich u n t i l t h e f am i ly d i ed o u t i nt h e ma le l i ne b y 1 248 , a f t e r w h ich t h e O ffm i e s ta t e w a s p a r t i t ioned b e tween t wo d augh t e r s a s c o -

b a ron s s e em n o tt oh ave n eg lec ted t h e i rw e s t m id land e s ta te , i tw a s t h e d e S ome ry s i nt h e t h i r teen th c en tu ry , r e spond ing i n p a r t t o t h e e r o s ion o f t h e i r d eme sne i n B e rk sh i re ,

h e i r s ( 1 63 ) . An e xam ina t ion o f t h e o ne m ano r o f Wombou rne i lu s t ra te st h ep roce s se sb yw h ich t h ep rom inen t

B uck ingham sh i r e a nd S u r rey , w ho c oncen t ra ted t h e i r i n te re s t s o n t h e t h e w e s t m id land e s ta te , t h a tw a s t ol a s t i n to t h ef our teen th c en tu ry , a nd s t imu la te av i go rou sd eve lopmen t o ft h e i rd eme sne i nt h er eg ion .

f am i l ie so ft h et we lf th c en tu ry m igh tg ive w ay t os ucce s so r s , a mong w h ich w e re s ome o f h umb le o r ig in s a nd w ho se l a nded i n te re s t s w e re h igh ly l o ca l i sed , made u p e s sen t ia l ly o fs ma l l p a rce l s o f l a nd ; t h e Wodehou se e s ta t e r ef l ec t s n o t o n ly t h er i se o f an ew f am i ly , b u t a l so t h e i rd e te rm ina t ion t o c onso l ida te t h e i rl a nded i n t e r e s t s l o ca l ly ( 164 ) . T he s t udy o fg en t ry s oc ie ty i ns ou th -we s te rn S t af f o rd sh i r e i s f a c i l i ta t ed b y l o ca l c ha r te r s ( 165 ) a mong wh ich t h e re i sa p ub l i shed c o rpu sk nown a st h e ' Wodehou se C ha r te r s ' , t a k ing i t s n ame f r om t h e c oun t ry h ou se a t Wombou rne w he re t h e c o l lec t ion w a s p re se rved ( 166 ) . T he c ha r te r s a r e l o ca l i n s cope , d ea l ing ma in ly w i th s ma l ls ca le l a nd t r an sf e r sa nd t i t le d eed s , t h e b u lk o f t h e ma te r ia l r e la t ing t o t h e s even teen th a nd e i gh teen th c en tu r ie s . H oweve r , t h e re a r e a l so s ome m ed i eva l d ocumen t s i n t h e c o l lec t ion r e la t ing p r ima r i ly t o t h e Wodehou se e s ta te i t se lf a nd t o t h e H un tbach f am i ly o f S eawa l l n ea r Wo lve rhamp ton , b u t e mb rac ing t h e m ano r o f Wombou rne a nd s eve ra l o f i t s n e ighbou r s , w i th in w h ich t h e re a r e s ome s even ty -one p ub l i shed c ha r te r s t h a t may b e d a ted c . 1160 1325 . T he se c ha r te r s r evea l a n a c t ive , i f mode s t , l a nd ma rke t i nt h i s p a r t o f t h e h ono r . T he e a r l ie s t g ran t s m ake r e f e rence t o as upe r io r l o rd , b u t t h e reaf t e r t h ey t e nd t ob e a g reemen t s b e tween m embe r s o ft h e l o ca l g en t ry a nd w i tne s sed b y t h e l o ca l c ommun i ty . T he c ha r te r s s how a g en t ry s oc ie ty s e t t l ing t h e i r o wn a f f a i r s w i th in t h e i r l o ca l i ty , a nd o ne t h a t w a s n o t c onf ined w i th in t h e b ounda r ie s o ft h e h ono r . Mano r ia l l o rd s h ad u ndoub ted ly a lway s h ad a cce s s t ow ide r c i r c le s o f a cqua in tance t h rough n e ighbou r s a nd t h e i r a s soc ia t ion s . T h i s w a s i n c rea sed , f o r s ome , b y t e nu r ia l r e la t ion sh ip s w i th mo r e t h an o ne f euda l o ve r lo rd , a nd t h rough t h ed emand s made b yt h eC rown f o rk n igh t st os e rve i nl o ca l o ff ice s . S uch d emand s b rough t t e nan t s o ft h e h ono r i n to c on tac tw i th m en o fs im i la r s t and ing a nd i n te re s t s f r om o t he r p a r t s o ft h e c oun ty ( 167 ) . S uch l i nk s h oweve r d o n o t c on s t i tu t e a c ommun i ty o ft h e s h i re ; t h e s h i r e h ad n o t y e t e me rged a s t h e u ncha l lenged f o cu s f o r s oc ia l p owe r a nd a sp i ra t ion . T he t h eme o fn e ighbou rhood i so ne t h a t c o lou r s t h e a f f a i r s o f t h e h ono r a nd i t s f am i l ie s , g rea t a nd s ma l l . H oweve r , whe rea s t h e t we lf th c en tu ry i n c luded a s soc ia t ion s i nt h i sp a r to ft h eh ono rt h a tr e ached i n to Wo rce s te r sh i re , b y t h e l a te r t h i r t een th c en tu ry t h ey mo re u sua l ly l a y w i th in S t af f o rd sh i re . * * * * *

T he t we lf th c en tu ry s aw t h e d i s in teg ra t ion o f much o f t h e D ome sday t e nu r ia lp a t te rn a sr e o rgan i sa t ion w i th in t h eh ono r a ccompan ied t h e e me rgence o f f am i l ie s s uch a s t h e d e B i rm ingham s a nd t h e O ff in i s . T h i s w a s a ccompan ied b y t h e p rog r e s s o fs ub inf euda t ion , ap roce s s t h a t may b e i n s tanced i nt h e f i r s t h a lf o ft h e t we lf th c en tu ry , b u t w a s mo r e w ide ly e s tab l i shed b yt h e e nd o ft h e c en tu ry a nd i n to t h e t h i r teen th .

5

NOTES : 1 .H .S .G razeb rook , ' An A ccoun t o ft h e B a ron s o f D ud ley ' , SHC , I X , 1 888 , 6 ; A .C .Ch ibna l l , B eyond S he r ing ton . T he e a r ly h i s tory o ft h e r eg ion o fB uck ingham sh i re l y ing t ot h e

1 4 . J .H .Round ( e d ) , C a lenda r o f Documen t s P re ser ved i n F rance , I ,9 18 -1206 ( London , 1 899 ) ,N o .1263 .

n o r th -ea s to fN ewpor tP agne l l ( Ch iche s te r , 1 979 ) , 3 8 .

1 5 . I b id . , N o .1223 ; W . D ugda le , Mona s t icon A ng l icanum , V I , i( London ,1849 ) , 1 097 .

2 .F u lk w a sp e rhap st h ey ounge rb ro the ro fR a lph P ayne l ,t h e D ome sday t e nan ti nc h ief i nY o rk sh i re ; C .T .C lay ( e d ) , E a r ly Y o rk sh i re C ha r te r s , V I , T he P ayne l F ee , ( Yo rk sh i r e

1 6 . A .A i le s , ' He ra ld ry i n Twe lf th C en tu ry E ng land :The E v idence ' , i n D .W i l l iam s ( ed ) , E ng land i n t h e T w e lf t h C en tu ry , 7 .

A r chaeo log ica l S oc ie ty R eco rd S e r ie s , E x t ra S er ie s , I I , 1 939 ) ,4 7 , f n .1 ; J .Mo r r i s( ed ) , Dome sd ay B ook , Y o rk sh i re , I ( Ch iche s t e r , 1 986 ) ,A ppend ix 3 ,1 6E1 .

1 7 . C h ibna l l , B eyond S her ing ton , 4 0 1 . G erva se w i tne s sed a c ha r te ra t Wood s tock i nD ecembe r 170 , i nt h e p re sence o f

3 . H e o ccu r s i n t h e S t af f o rd sh i re P ipe R o l l f o r 130 ; R .W .Ey ton ( ed ) S taf f ord sh i re P ipe R o l l o f3 1 H en ry I( AD

P r ince H en ry ; G .H .Fow le r ( e d ) , S ome E a r l y I n s t rumen t s o f T i ckf o rd P r iory , ( Reco rd s o f B uck inghamsh i r e , X I , 1 927 ) ,

130 ) a nd o f It o 3 5 H enry I ( AD 135 -1189 ) , ( SHC , I , 1 880 ) , 3 ;a l so i n aWo rce s te r sh i re S urvey d a ted b y R ound a s

No .3 .

130 -50 , b u t mo r e p robab ly 130 -8 a s b y t h e l a t te r d a te F u lk 's h e i r , R a lph , w a s h o ld ing D ud ley C a s t le a ga in s t K ing

1 8 . As um t ha t w a s p a id o f fw i th in f ou r y ea r s . H e q u i t h i s d eb ti n 178 -9 ; A non ( ed ) , T he G rea tR o l lo ft h eP ipe f o rt h e

S t ephen a nd n o m en t ion w a s made o fh i s f a the r ; J .H .Round , F euda l E ng land ( London , 1 895 , r e p r .1964 ) , 1 47 ; J .R .H . Weave r ( ed ) T he C hron ic le o f J ohn o f W o rce s t e r 118 -1140 . B e ing t h e C on t inua t ion o f t h e C h ron icon e x C h ron ic i so fF lorence o fW orce s te r( Oxf o rd , 1 908 ) ,5 0 .

T wen ty F i r s t Y ea r o ft h e R e ign o fK ing H enry t h e S econd , AD 174 -1175 ( P ipe R o l l S oc ie ty , X ) ( I I , 1 897 ) , 9 6 ; E y ton ( ed ) , S taf f ord sh i re P ipe R o l l , H enry Ia nd H en ry I , 7 4 , 7 6 , 7 8 , 8 2 , 8 3 , 8 5 , 8 7 , 8 9 , 9 2 . I n 179 -80 , h e a l so m ade a p aymen t o f o ne h und red m a rk s t o q u i t h im se lf o f h i s

c f .H .A .C ronne a nd R .H .C .Dav i s ( ed s ) , R ege s ta R egum A ng lo -No rmannorum , I I , 135 -1154 ( Oxf o rd , 1 968 ) ,

o b l iga t ion s a r i s ing f r om h i s s t and ing s e cu r i ty f o r ad eb t o f t h e e a r l o f L e ice s te r t o A a ron t h e J ew ; i b id . , 9 6 , 9 7 ; J .H .Round ( ed ) , T he G rea t R o l l o ft h e P ipe f or t h e T wen ty S ix th Y ea ro ft h eR e ign o fK ing H enry t h eS econd , AD 179 -

No s .274 -5 ,3 93 -4 , 5 81 , 6 34 , 8 39 , 9 11 .

8 0( P ipe R o l l S oc ie ty , XX IX , 1 908 ) 1 4 .

5 .C lay ( e d ) , T he P ayne l F ee , 5 ;D .W i l l iam s , ' T he P eve r i l s a nd t h e E s seb ie s 1 066 -1166 : A S tudy i n E a r ly F euda l

1 9 . W .S tubb s ( ed ) , R a lph d e D ice to , O pe ra H i s tor ica , i , ( Ro l l s S e r ie s , L ondon , 1 876 ) , 4 04

4 . R a lph P ayne l r egu la r ly a t te s ted t h e c ha r te r s o f Ma t i lda .

R e la t ion sh ip s ' , i n D .W i l l iam s ( ed ) , E ng land i n t h e T we lf th C en tury , P roceed ing s o f t h e 1 988 Ha r la : c ton S ympo s ium

2 0 . F o r e xamp le , I s abe l b rough t t h e H un t ingdon f e e o f P e t soe i nd owe r ; C h ibna l l ,B eyond S he r ing ton , 3 9 .

(Woodbr idge , 1 990 ) ,2 54 . 6 . Weave r( ed ) , C hron ic l e , 5 0 -1 .

2 1 . T he e a r l o fL e ice s te rw a s am an i nw hom H en ry I v e s ted ag ood d ea l o ft r u s t . K eef eh a sh igh l igh ted t h ei mpor t ance o f d yna s t ic p a t ronage t o H en ry I , a nd t h e e a r l , w hom H en ry c ho se t ob e c h ief j u s t ic ia ro fE ng land , i s ar e f lec t ion o ft h i s . T h rough h im a nd h i s f am i ly l i nk s H en ry b ound t oh i s c ou r t t h e C oun t o f Meu lan , t h e l o rd o fN ewbu rgh , t h e a r chb i shop o fR ouen ,t h eb a ron o fD ud ley ,t h ee a r lo fG louce s te ra nd t h e

7 .T .Fo r e s t e r ( ed . a nd t r an s ) , T he C hron ic le o fF lo rence o f W orce s te rw i th t h et wo c on t inua t ion s( London ,1854 ) ,2 78 . 8 .G . Mande r ( ed ) , C har te r s o fG er va se P agane l , A ppend ix t o W .F .Ca r te r , ' Add i t ion s t o G razeb rook ' s T he B a ron s o f D ud ley ' , SHC , ( 194 1) , 5 8 .

e a r lo fN o r thumb r ia ; T .K .Keef e ,F euda lA s se s smen t sa nd t h e P o l i t i ca l C ommun i ty u nd er H enry I a nd H i s S on s ( Lo s Ange le s , 1 983) , 9 8 -105 . O f c ou r se , s uch l i nk s a l so r an t h e o the r w ay a nd mu s t h ave b rough t t h e l o rd s o fD ud ley c l o se t ot h e h ea r t o fA ngev in g ove rnmen t , a tl e a s t f o r af ew y ea r s u n t i lt h ed ea th o fE a r lR obe r ti n 168 .

9 . No t o n ly d id t h e P eve r i l s s uppo r t K ing S t ephen , t h e i r l a nd s w e re c ove ted b y t h e F e r re r s e a r l s . W i l l iam s , ' T he P eve r i l s ' ,2 53-4 ;C lay ( e d ) , T he P ayne lF ee , 5 6 . 1 0 . c f . D .C .Doug la s a nd G .W .G reenaway ( e d s ) , E ng l i sh H i s to r ica l Documen t s , I , 1 042 -1189 ( Oxf o rd , 1 981) , No .257 .

2 2 . W .L . Wa r ren ,H en ry I ( London , 1 973 ) , 1 22 . 2 3 .I b id .

1 .They c on t ro l led t h e r eg ion f r om Wo rce s t e r t o B edf o rd , i n c lud ing t h e e a r ldom s o f Wa rw ick a nd N or thamp ton . W i l l iam s ,' T he P eve r i l s ' , 2 56 .

2 4 .I b id . , 1 22 -3 . 2 5 . H .Ha l l ( ed ) , T he R ed B ook o f t h e E x cheque r , P a r t 1

1 2 . C ronne a nd D av i s( e d s ) ,R ege s ta , I I ,N o .180 .

( London , 1 896 ) , 2 99 , 3 19 .

1 3 .I b id . ,N o s .492 , 9 62 .

5 6

2 6 . H o ld ing B e lb rough ton i n Wo r ce s te r sh i r e ; H a l l ( e d ) R ed B ook ,1 ,2 69 ; H .Ha l l ( ed ) , R ed B ook , P ar t 2( London , 1 896 ) , 5 67 ; H .C . Maxwe l l L y te e ta l( e d ) , B ook o fF ee s , c ommon ly c a l led T e s ta d e N e v i l l , P a r t 1 , 1198 -1242 ( London , 1 920 ) , 5 26 ; C a l . I PM , I( London , 1 906 ) , No s .813 , 4 95 . G eof f rey d eB eauchamp w a st h et e nan to ft h eB uck ingham sh i r e mano r

s e ize t h e S ome ry l a nd s b ecau se R oge r wa s n o t y e t ak n igh t ; G razeb rook , ' Ba ron s o fD ud ley ' , 1 7 . I ft h i s w a s t h e c on tex t , t h e re i sn o n eed t oa s sume a ny p e r sona l a n imo s i ty b e tween d e S ome ry a nd B eauchamp .

o f L i t t l e C raw ley i n t h e e a r ly B uck s . , I V ,3 27 .

o n C ru sade w i th R icha rd Ie a r ly i n 194 ; C h ibna l l , B eyond S he r ing ton , 4 1 . H i sh e i rw a sh i s s i s t e rH aw i se , t h e w idow o f

3 6 . G erva se P agane l o u t l ived h i s s on , R ober t , t o d i e wh i l s t

t h i r teen th c en tu ry ; V CH ,

J ohn d e S ome ry ; c f . N ewpor t R eg i s ter , BM .Ha r l . MS 2 188 , f . 125b . I n 194 -5 ,t h e i rs on R a lph g ave t h ree h und r ed ma rk s

2 7 .N o te 2 5 a bove . W i l l iam d 'Of f in i ; R a lph Man se l ; R icha rd E nga ine .

f o r t h e r eve r s ion o fh i s u nc le ' s b a rony , a nd i n 194 h e h ad a s sumed r e spon s ib i l i ty f o r s cu tage p aymen t s ; G .E .Cokayne , r ev i sed V .G ibb s e ta l , T he C omp le te P ee rage o fE ng land , S co t land , I r e land , G rea t B r i ta in a nd t h e U n i ted K ingdom e x tan t , e x t inc t o r d orman t , X I I ( London , 1 953 ) , 10 ; R .W .Ey ton ( e d ) , S taf f ord sh i re P ipe R o l l s o ft h e r e ign s o f K ing R icha rd Ia nd K ing J ohn , AD 189 t o AD 1 216 , ( SHC ,

2 8 . R .R .Da r l ing ton ( ed ) , T he C a r tu la ry o f W orce s te r C a thed ra l P r io ry , R eg i s t e r 1( London , 1 968 ) , N o .338 , a c ha r t e ro fW i l l iam B eauchamp w i tne s sed b y I s na rd d 'Of f in i ; c f . i b id . N o .213 w he re h e i si d en t if ied a st h e g randf a the r o f W i l l iam d 'Of f in i . H ugh H a i , a Wo rce s t e r sh i r e t e nan t o ft h e B eauchamp s ,w i tne s sed s eve ra lO ffm ic ha r te r s ; G .W ro t t e s ley

I , 1 881) ,3 3 .

( e d ) T he S t af f ord sh i re C a r tu la ry , S er ie sI Io fA nc ien tD eed s , 3 7 .

( SHC , I I , 1 882 ) , 2 14 , 2 16 , 2 17 . W i l l iam B u rde tw i tne s sed a c ha r t e r o fI s abe l t o Nunea ton ; F .M .S ten ton ( e d ) , D ocumen t s

H e

w i tne s sed

t h e

A b inge r C ha r te r ,

Mande r

( ed ) ,

C ha r t e r so fG erva se P agane l , No .2 .

I lu s t ra t ive o f t h e S oc ia l a nd E conom ic H i s to ry o f t h e Dane law ( London , 1 920 ) , N o .334 . Ano the r B eauchamp t e nan t , J ohn d e C of tun , t oge the r w i th J ohn d e P ow ick , w i tne s sed ac ha r te ro fB e rna rd d e F rank ley ; Wro t te s ley ( e d ) , S taf f o rd sh i re C a r tu la ry I I ,2 14 .

3 8 . C okayne ( ed ) ,C omp le te P ee rage , 1 09 . 3 9 . C h ibna l l ,B eyond S he r ing ton ,4 3 -4 . 4 0 .R .B .Pa t te r son ( ed ) , E a r ldom o f G louce s te r C ha r te r s ,

2 9 . T ha t i s , s ha r ing c ommon r e ta ine r s s i nce t h e e l even th c en tu ry t o ge the rw i th t h et e nu r eo fB e lb rough ton .

( Oxf o rd , 1 973 ) . 4 1 .I b id . ,N o .137 ; a l so , 1 39 , 1 40 , 1 44 , 1 45 , 1 48 , 1 49 .

3 0 . E . Ma son ( ed ) , T he B eauchamp C a r tu la ry ,

C ha r t e r s

100 -1268 ( London , 1 980 ) ; T homa s d e P i ne ( Pe r ry B a r r )

4 2 . R .R .Dav ie s ,L o rd sh ip a nd S oc ie ty i nt h e Ma rch o f Wa l e s ,

a nd R obe r t d e B o sco i nN o .147 ; W i l l iam d e B i rm ingham , i b id . ,N o s .96 , 1 22 .

1 282 1400 ( Oxf o rd , 1 978 ) , 8 7 ,4 15 ; R .R .Dav ie s , T he A ge o f C onque s t , ( Oxf o rd , 1 991) , 8 5 ; T .B .Pugh , ' The M idd le A ge s ' , i nT .B .Pugh ( ed ) , G lamorgan C oun ty H i s to ry , I I , ( Ca rd if f ,

3 1 . G .W ro t te s ley ( e d ) , E x t rac t s f rom t h e P lea R o l l s , AD 1 294 t o AD 1 307 , ( SHC , V I I , 1 886 ) , 5 3 .

1 971) , 1 8 . 4 3 . P a t te r son ( ed ) , G louce s t er C ha r t er s , No .158 .

3 2 . Ma son ( e d ) ,B eauchamp C a r tu la ry , No s .39 ,4 0 . 3 .I b id . ,x x i i i .

4 4 . T he r e i sa l so ac ha r t e r o fR ober t d e H a ia t h a t mu s t p re d a te 155 -c f . J .A .G reen , T he G ove rnmen to fE ng land u nd e r

3 4 . S ee C hap t e r E leven . T he e a r l ie s t B eauchamp t i l e s s e em

H enry I ,( Camb r idge , 1 986 ) , 2 58 -t ot h e P r io ry o fB a s se lech i n Monmou th sh i re t h a tw a s w i tne s sed b y R oge r d e S ome ry ; D ugda le , Mona s t icon ,I V , 6 33 .

t o b e long t o t h e e a r ly 1 300 s , b u t t h ey c on t inue i n to t h e s i x teen th c en tu ry ; M .Locock , ' Med ieva l F loo r T i le s f r om D ud ley C a s t le , We s t M id land s . F u r the r R e sea rch , I n app rop r ia te H e ra ld ry a nd S ecu la r I mage ry ' , D ud ley C a s t le A r cha eo log ica l P ro jec t , A r ch ive . T he e v id ence o ft h e f l oo r t i l e s h oweve r mu s tb e t r ea t ed w i th c au t ion a st h ey may d a t e t o a f t e r 1 350 , a nd L ocock f a vou r s ad a te f o r t h em i n t h e f i f teen th c en tu ry ; M .Locock , ' Med ieva l T i le s f r om Dud ley C a s t le , A P re l im ina ry R epo r t ' , WMPRG N ew s le t ter , 1 2 ( 1989 ) , 1 . 3 5 . T he r e w a s a n i n c iden t i n B eauchamp w a s g i ven t h e s on F rank ley , a s ah o s tage , b y R oge r 1 231 -1234 ( London , 1 905 ) , 2 47 .

4 5 .

D av ie s ,

( London , 1908 ) ,

A g e

o f

N o .538 ,

C onque s t , G i lbe r t d e

8 5 ;

C a l .

C la re ;

I PM ,

V

D yna spow i s

( D ina s P owy s ) w a s h e ld a st h ree a nd ah a lf k n igh t ' s f e e s b y J ohn d e S ome ry i n1 315 . 4 6 . D .C rouch , W i l l iam Ma r sha l ( London , 1 990 ) , 1 66 a nd f n .23 . W i l l iam l e G ro s s e rved a s s t ewa rd t o t h e e a r l o f G louce s te r . B rook sby C a r tu la ry , B od le ian L ib ra ry , m s . Wood e mp t . 7f o . 9 7 r ; Mande r ( e d ) , Wod ehou se D eed s , 1 0 ; Mande r( ed ) ,C ha r t er so fG er va se P agane l ,7 2 ,N o .5 .

1 233 w hen Wa l te r d e a nd h e i r o f S imon d e d e S ome ry ; C a l . C l . R . , T he o rde r f o r h i s r e lea se

4 7 . C okayne ( ed ) , C omp le te P ee rage , I , 1 27 ; X I I , 10 ;

w a s g i ven i n J u ly 1 234 ; C a l . P . R . , 1 232 -1247 ( London , 1 906 ) , 6 0 . T h i s m igh t b e r e la t ed t o aw r i t o f J une 1 233 ,

G razeb rook , ' Ba ron s o fD ud ley ' , 1 3 , f n .6 ; C a r te r , ' Add i t ion s ' , 2 7 -8 . E y ton ( ed ) , S taf f o rd sh i re P ipe R o l l s , R i cha rd I a nd J ohn , 1 56 ; D .M .S ten ton ( e d ) , R o l l s o ft h e J u s t i ce s i nE y re

i s sued a t Wen lock , o rde r ing t h e s he r if fo f Wo rce s te r sh i re t o

b e ing t h eR o l l s o ft h eP l ea s a nd A ss i ze sf or G louce s te r sh i re ,

5 7

Wa rw ick sh i re a nd S taf f ord sh i re , 1 221 , 1 222 . ( Pub l ica t ion s o ft h e S e lden S oc ie ty , L IX , 1 940 ) , l i l i i , 1 39 -40 . S .Lee ( e d ) ,

a nd R oge r I , b u t t h e d a t e a tw h ich t h e o ne s ucceeded t h e o t he ri sn o tk nown .

D i c t ionary o fN a t iona lB iography , X I I , 116 . I ft h e Ma rga re t who m a r r ied R a lph d e S ome ry w a s t h e s i s te r o f W i l l iam Ma r sha l I ,s he c anno t h ave b een b o rn l a te rt han c . 1165 , t h e

5 7 . I n J u ly 1 243 s ome mano r s a nd k n igh t s ' s e rv ice o f t h e h ono r s o fC he s te r a nd A runde l w e r e a s s igned t o I s abe l , t h e w idow o fH ugh d 'Aub igny , i nd owe r , a nd i nN ovembe r 1 243 t h e m ano r o f B a r row o n S oa r w a s a s s igned t o R oge r d e

y ea r i nw h ich h e r f a the r , J ohn Ma r sha l , d i ed , a nd s h e m ay w e l l h ave b een b o rn s omewha t e a r l ie r . B y t h e t ime t h a t s h e w a s c l a im ing d owe r s he w ou ld h ave b een a tl e a s t f o r ty -f ive

S ome ry i nt h e r i gh t o fh i s w if e . I n J une 1 244 t h e k n igh t ' s f e e so ft h es ame h ono r sw e r e a ppor t ioned b e tween R ober td e

y ea r s o l d . S he w a s s t i l l a l ive i n 1 242 -3 , w hen s he w ou ld h ave b een s even ty seven y ea r s o fa ge , o r mo re . c f . ' n epo s ' i n R .E .La tham , R ev i sed Med ieva lL a t in W ord -L i s tf rom B r i t i sh a nd I r i sh S ource s( London , 1 965 ) , 3 12 .

T a t e sha le , J ohn f i t z A lan a nd R oge r I d e S ome ry a nd N icho la h i s w if e ; W .Fa r r e r , H onor s a nd K n igh t s ' F ee s , I ( London , 1 924 ) , 1 2 ; C a L P .R . 1 232 -1247 ( London , 1 906 ) , 4 08 .

4 8 .1210 11 , h i s w idow Ma rga re t f i ned f o r d owe r ; C .F .S lad e ( ed ) T he G rea t R o l l o ft h e P ipe f or t h e T we lf th Y ea r o ft h e R e ign o fK ing J ohn , M i chae lma s 1 210 , ( P ipe R o l l S oc ie ty , XXV I , 1 951) , 1 03 . S he w a s s t i l l a l ive i n 1 242 -3 , a tw h ich

5 8 . C a l . C l . R . , 1 242 -1247 ( London , 1 9 16 ) , 2 52 ; C a l . I PM , I ,N o .813 ; V CH , S taf f s . , XX , 1 75 .

t ime s he w a si np os se s s ion o f af e ei nB radf i e ld i nB e rk sh i r e ;

5 9 .

C a r te r , ' Add i t ion s ' ,2 8 .

W a rw i ck sh i re H und red R o l l s o f 1 279 -80 , S tone le igh a nd K ine ton Hund red s .( Oxf o rd , 1 992 ) , 8 2 .

4 9 . Maxwe l l L y te ( ed ) , B ook o fF ee s , 1 42 ; J .C . Wedgwood ( ed ) , T e s ta d e N ev i l l a nd o the r F euda tor ie s , ( SHC , N ew

C a L

C l .

R . ,1242 -1247 ,

2 51 ;

c f .

T . John ,

T he

6 0 . C a l . P . R . ,1232 -1247 , 4 08 . T h i s m ano r h a s b een i d en t if i ed b y t h e e d i to r s o f t h e P a ten t R o l l s a s B a r row i n G louce s te r sh i r e , b u t t h e o n ly r e f e rence t o aB a r row i nt h e I PM o fR oge r Ii st ot h a t i nL e ice s te r sh i r e , w h ich s ugge s t s t h a tt h i s i st h e mo re p robab le i d en t if ica t ion . c f . G .W ro t te s ley

S e r ie s ,X IV , 1 911) , 3 83 . 5 0 . Mau r ice d e G aun t ; C a LC .R . , 1 226 -1257 ( London , 1 903 ) , 9 7 ; G razeb rook , ' Ba ron s o f D ud ley ' , 1 3 ; C lay ( e d ) , T he P ayne lF ee ,3 5f f ; L ee ( ed ) , DNB , V I I ,9 52 . 1 4 ;

( ed ) P lea R o l l s t emp . H en ry I I . S u i t s af ec t ing S taf f ord sh i re t e nan t s , t a ken f rom t h eP l ea R o l l s o ft h eR e ign o fH enry I I , ( SHC ,V I , 1 883 ) , 1 03 .

5 2 . I n t h e c u s tody o f t h e e a r l o f C he s te r ; N icho la s d i ed wh i l s ts t i l l am ino r ; i b id , 12 .

6 1 . C a l . C l . R . ,1242 -1247 , 2 51 . H e r mo the r w a s t h e s i s te r a nd c o -he i re s s o f R anu lf , e a r l o f C he s t e r , w h ich h ad a l so e nhanced t h e s cope o f N icho la ' s i n te r e s t s ; F a r re r , H ono r s

5 1 .ob .1222 ;

c f .

G razeb rook ,

' Ba ron s

o f

D ud ley ' ,

C okayne ( e d ) , C omp le te P eerage , 11-2 .

a nd K n igh t ' sF ee s , 1 0 . 5 3 . c f .G razeb rook , ' Ba ron s o fD ud ley ' ,14 17 ; C okayne ( e d ) , C omp l e te P eerage , 11-12 .

6 2 . H e d i ed i n 1 254 ; G razeb rook , ' Ba ron s o f Dud ley ' , 2 1 f n .l .

5 4 . C a r te r ,' Add i t ion s ' , 2 9 -30 . 6 3 . G i lbe r t d e 5 5 . e g . C a LC LR . , 1 227 -1231 ( London , 1 902 ) , 1 90 .

S eg rave w a s a l r eady w i th in

R oge r d e

S ome ry ' s c i rc le o fa cqua in tance b y 1 244 , w hen af r a c t ion o f t h e f e e o f S eg rave h ad b een a s s igned t o t h e p ou rpa r ty o f R oge r d e S ome ry a nd N icho la ; F a r re r , H ono r s a nd K n igh t ' s F ee s , 7 2 . N icho la s d e S eg rave , R oge r 's s t ep son , w i tne s sed a

5 6 . R oge r Id e S ome ry w a s c e r ta in ly i n p o s se s s ion o f t h e h ono r b y 1 229 a nd h ad e n te red i n to a n a g r eemen t w i th Mau r ice d e G aun t b ef o rehand ; C a LC .R . , I , 1 226 -1257 ( London , 1 903 ) , 9 7 ; V CH , W orc s . , I I , 9 1 a nd f n . 3 2 . T he p robab i l i ty o f aR oge r Ia nd I i nt h e p e r iod 1 229 t o 1 273 i s

S ome ry c ha r te r o f t h e l a te 1 270 s g r an t ing t h e mano r o f P endef o rd t o t h e P r io ry o f S t .Thoma s t h e Ma r ty r j ux ta S t af f o rd ; F .Pa rke r ( ed ) , A C ha r tu la ry o f t h e P r io ry o f S t .T homa s t h e Ma r ty r , n ea rS taf f ord , ( SHC , V I I I , 1 887 ) , 177 .

d i scu s sed b y C a r te r , ' Add i t ion s ' , 3 2 -4 . T he I PM o fR oge r I r ef e r st o ag randf a the r , R a lph , w ho r e ce ived Me re f r om K ing J ohn , w h i l s t t h e P l ea R o l l s f o r 1 247 r e f e r t o aR a lph d e S ome ry , e l de s t s on o f R oge r I d e S ome ry a nd N icho la ,

I nt h e e a r ly f ou r teen th c en tu ry t h e S eg rave s w e re r e c ru i t ing i n to t h e i r r e t inue s m en l i ke W i l l iam d e B i rm ingham a nd J ohn G if f a rd ; c f . C hap t e r3 .I n 1 320 S t ephen d e S eg rave w a s i n s ta l led a s D ean o f L ichf i e ld , i nt h e p r e sence o f J ohn a nd N icho la s d e S eg rave a nd J ohn d e S ome ry ; H .E .Savage ( e d ) , T he G rea tR eg i s te ro fL ichf i e ld C a thed ra lk nown a s Magnum R eg i s t rum A lbum , ( SHC , 1 924 ) , 5 81 .

whose g randf a the r , R oge r Id e S ome ry , h ad h e ld t h e m ano r o f ' Ba rewe ' . T h i s mano r may b e i d en t if i ed w i th B a r row o n S oa r i nL e ice s te r sh i re , b u t t h i s i sn o t w i thou t i t s p rob lem s . T he mano r f i gu r e s i nt h e I PM o fR oge r Id e S ome ry a so f t h e i n he r i tance o f h i s f i r s t w if e , N icho la ; C a l . I PM , I

6 4 . I n L e ice s te r sh i re , Wa rw ick sh i r e a nd N o r thamp ton sh i r e r e spec t ive ly ; C a LI PM , I , N o .16 .

( London ,1906 ) , No .16 ;s he d i ed s ome t ime b e tween 1 244 a nd 1 247 . T h i s r a i se s t h e q ue s t ion o f h ow R a lph 's g randf a the r c ame t ob e i np o sse s s ion o ft h e mano r b ef o re 1 243 ; w h i l s t t h e p rob lem s t and s i td oe s n o t i n va l ida te t h e k ey p o in t t h a t R a lph h ad ag randf a the rn amed R oge rd e S ome ry . T he ref o re , t h i s w r i te r i si n c l ined t o a ccep t C a r te r 's c a se f o r aR oge r I

5 8

6 5 . Af t e r h i s d ea th a tt h e b a t t le o f E ve sham s he m a r r ied R a lph C romwe l lo fT a t te sha l l .

6 6 . T o b e i d en t if ied w i th t h e mano r o fS u l ly i nG lamo rgan , i nt h e l o rd sh ip o fD ina sP owy s .

B o rde s ley w a sh e ld i nd eme sne b yt h e d e S ome ry s b y 1 226 ; i b id . , 6 2 ; Maxwe l lL y te ( e d ) ,B ook o fF ee s ,3 76 .

6 7 . G razeb rook , ' Ba ron so fD ud ley ' ,2 1 .

7 9 .I b id .

6 8 . T he se r e la t ion sh ip s d id n o t n ece s sa r i ly a lway s w o rk a s t h e d e S ome ry s m igh th ave i n tended . T he r e i sa n i mp re s s ion

8 0 . P ub l ic R eco rd O ff i ce C .134 /77 /3 .

o fs ome t e n s ion , f o re xamp le ,b e tween R oge rd e S ome ry a nd R a lph B a s se t ;t h el o an o f money b yt h ef o rme rt ot h e l a t te ri n

8 1 . L .Landon ( e d ) , C a r tae A n t iquae , R o l l s 1 10 ( P ipe R o l l S oc ie ty , N ew S e r ie s , XV I I ; L ondon , 1 939 ) , N o .219 . T he k ing g r an t ed t h em ano ro f Wo lve rhamp ton t oH uber t Wa l te r ,

1 261 l e dt o ad i spu te ; Wro t te s ley ( ed ) , P l ea R o l l s , H en ry I I , 1 48 . F o r af u l le r d i scu s s ion o f t h e se t e n s ion s a nd t h e i r c on tex t , s e e , J .Hun t , ' F am i l ie s a t Wa r : R oya l i s t s a nd Mon t f or t ian s i nt h e We s t M id land s ' , M id land H i s tory , XX I I ( 1997 ) , 1 34 .

a r chb i shop o f C an te rbu ry . R a lph d e S ome ry e xchanged Wo lve rhamp ton w i th t h e k i ng f o r t h e mano r s o f Me re , K ing sw inf o rd a nd C len ti n1 204 . 8 2 . C hap t e rT en .

6 9 . F o r t h e t e nur ia l g eog raphy i n 1 086 , s e e C hap te r 1 .F o r t h el a te t h i r teen th a nd e a r ly f our teen th c en tu r ie s ; C aLIP M , N o s .16 ; 8 13 ; C a lI PM , V I( London , 1 910 ) ,N o .428 .

8 3 . D ome sday B ook r e f e r st ob u rges se s a tN ewpo r t ; J .Mo r r i s ( e d ) , D ome sday B ook , B uck inghamsh i re ( Ch iche s te r , 1 978 ) , 1 48d .

7 0 . Wedgwood ( ed ) , T e s ta d e N ev i l l , 3 83 , 3 85 , 3 87 , 3 89 , 3 90 , 4 00 . H a l l ( ed ) ,T he R ed B ook , I , 50 , 5 67 ; Maxwe l l L y te ( ed ) , B ook o fF ee s , I , 198 -1242 , 1 40 , 1 42 , 3 76 , 3 84 ,

8 4 . C h ibna l l ,B eyond S he r ing ton ,4 2 .

5 09 , 5 13 , 5 26 ,5 28 .

8 5 . c f . C a LC .R . , 1 226 -1257 , 9 7 ; i n 1 229 t h e re w a s a n a g r eemen t b y w h ich R oge r Id e S ome ry c onveyed t o h i s s t ep -f a the r , Mau r ice d e G aun t , t h e mano r s o f D ud ley ,

7 1 . A l though t h i s i sl a rge ly r e cove rab le f r om o t he r , a l be i t o f t en l a t e r , e v idence .

S edg ley , Me r e ,C len ta nd K ing sw inf o rd f o r ap e r iod o fs ev en y ea r s .

7 2 . R ef e r t o n o te 7 1 . T h i s i s p e rhap s t h e c l o se s t a pp rox ima t ion t ha t c an b e o f f e red t ot h e g ene ra l s t ruc tu re o f t h et we lf th c en tu ry h ono ri nt h ew e s tm id land s .

8 6 . R obe r t o f A b inge r h ad b een e nf eof f ed i n A b inge r a nd M i tcham b y t h e 1 090 s o re a r ly 100s ; J . B la i r , ' W i l l iam f i tz A n scu lf a nd t h e A b inge r Mo t te ' , A rchaeo log ica l

7 3 . C hap te r 1 .

J ou rna 1 ,138 , ( 1 98 1) , 1 48 . P add ing ton w a s p u t o u t t o f a rm . No th ing i sh ea rd o ft h e mano ra f t e r 1 086 u n t i l 188 , w hen i t w a s i n t h e h and s o f W i l l iam B uf f a re p ay ing £ 7 .14 s .0d .

7 4 .I b id .

t owa rd s i t s f a rm ; V CH S u r rey , I I , 1 32 .The l e ga l i ty o ff i tz A n scu lfs p o s se s s ion o f Wand swo r th w a s q ue s t ioned i n

7 5 . Wa r ley w a sp a r to ft h eh ono ri nt h ee l even th c en tu ry , b u t a f te r 1 086 t h e re i s l i t t le e v idence f o r i tu n t i l t h e m id t h i r teen th c en tu ry , when i ta ppea r s i n t h e p o s se s s ion o f Ma rga re td e S ome ry , h o ld ing i ta so ne h a lf o f ak n igh t ' s f e e . Maxwe l lL y te ( ed ) ,B ook o fF ee s , 5 26 . T he l a ck o fr e f e rence t oC rad ley a f t e r 1 086 , o t he rt h an t h e f a c tt h a t i tw a s af e e o f t h e h ono r i n Wo rce s te r sh i re i nt h e e a r ly t h i r teen th c en tu ry ,

D ome sday ; J .Mo r r i s ( e d ) , Dome sday B ook , S u r r ey , ( Ch iche s t e r , 1 975 ) , 3 6a . I th ad p a s sed i n to t h e h and s o f We s tm in s te r A bbey b y t h e t h i r teen th c en tu ry ; V CH S ur r ey , I V, 1 10 . 8 7 . T he Maun se l f am i ly h ad b een e s tab l i shed o n amano ri n I nkpen b y t h e t we lf th c en tu ry , a nd b y t h e t h i r teen th c en tu ry t h e S ukemund f am i ly w a s a l so h o ld ing l a nd s t h e re ; V CH B e rk s . ,I V ,2 00 . G erva se P agane lg ave am i l la tI nkpen t ot h e

may i nd ica te t h a t t h is m ano rt oo r eve r ted a ta n e a r ly d a te t o t h eb a ron so fD ud ley ; Maxwe l lL y t e ( ed ) ,B ook o fF ee s , 1 40 . 7 6 . V CH W a r /s ,V I I , 6 0 .

Nun s o f K in tbu ry ; Mande r ( e d ) , C har ter s o f G e rva se P agane l , 6 9 , A dd i t iona l C ha r te r 4 7423 ; h e a l so g ave t h e c hu rch a tI nkpen t oD ud ley P r io ry ; D ugda le , Mona s t icon , V ,

7 7 . I b id . , 6 3 ; C a r ta B a ronum o fG e rva se P agane l ; H a l l ( e d ) , T he R ed B ook , I ,2 70 .

8 3 , N o . i i . J ohn Maun se l a l so g ave D ud ley P r io ry l a nd i n I nkpen , i b id . N o . i . I n t h e c a se o f C omp ton , W i l l iam d e B eauchamp w a s h o ld ing i ta s ak n igh t ' s f e e i n t h e s e cond h a lf o ft h et h i r teen th c en tu ry a nd t h e mano rh ad a cqu i r ed t h e

7 8 . C a r ta B a ronum o fG erva se P agane l ; G .W ro t te s ley ( e d ) , L iber N ige rS cacca r i i , S taf f ord sh i re , o rF eoda ry o fAD 166 , ( SHC , I ,1 880 ) , 2 04 ; V CH Wa rk s , I V , 4 3 . Ap l ea o f 1 262 e s tab l i she s G odw in a st h e b ro the r o fG uy d e B romw ic , w ho w a s men t ioned i nt he P ipe R o l l f o r 168 ; V CH W a rk s . , V I I , 6 6 . Anon ( e d ) , T he G rea t R o l l o ft h e P ipe f or t h e F if t een th Y ea r o ft h e R e ign o fK ing H enry t h e S econd ( P ipe R o l l S oc ie ty ,X I I I ;L ondon , 1 890 ) , 2 6 . N eche l l s m ay h ave b een h e ld b y t h e d e P a r le s f am i ly i nt h e l a te t we lf th c en tu ry ; V CH Wa rk s . , V I I , 6 7 . G e rva se P agane l

n ame o fC omp ton B eauchamp b y 1 281 w hen i twa s a l ready s ub jec tt os ub -enf eof fmen t ; V CH B e rk s . ,I V , 5 24 . 8 . T he f ounda t ion o fT ickf o rd P r io ry h ad b rough t a bou t a n umbe r o f g ran t s i n c lud ing T ickf o rd i t se lf , C a ldeco te a nd L i t t le C raw ley ; J .H .Round ( e d ) , C a lenda r o f Documen t s P re ser ved i nF rance , N o .1231 . B radwe l l , s a id t oh ave b een a cqu i r ed u n ju s t ly , w a s n one t h e l e s s s ub jec t t o s ub inf euda t ion b y t h e m id th i r teen th c en tu ry ; Mo r r i s ( e d ) ,

may h ave g ran ted S a l t ley t oH en ry d eR okeby ; c f . i b id . , 6 5 .

5 9

s ub inf euda t ion b y t h e m id th i r teen th c en tu ry ; Mo r r i s ( e d ) , D ome sday B ook , B uck inghamsh i re , 1 58d ; V CH B uck s . , I V , 2 86 . S ub inf euda t ion a l so f i gu re s i nt h e m ano r o fC a ldeco te ; l a nd s w e re h e ld h e r e b y W i l l iam d e L oven t i n 166 a nd b y T ickf o rd P r io ry ; i b id . , 4 14 ; a nd o fL i t t le Woo l s tone , w he r e

1 02 . W ro t te s ley ( e d ) ,P lea R o l l s , H enry I I , 8 6 . 1 03 . R .H .H i l ton , A Med ieva l S oc ie ty . T he W e s tM id land s a t t h e e nd o ft h e T h i r t een th C en tur y ( Cambr idge , 1 983 ) 5 0 ; E .K ing , ' L a rge a nd s ma l l l a ndowne r s i n t h i r teen th c en tu ry

W i l l iam d e N ewpor t , c l e rk , h e ld s ome l a nd b y 1 254 a nd h i s

E ng land : T he c a se o f P e te rbo rough a bbey ' , i n T .H .A s ton ( ed ) , L and lord s , P ea san t s a nd P o l i t ic s i n Med ieva lE ng land ( Cambr idge , 1 987 ) , 1 64 ; P .R .Co s s , ' S i r G eof f rey d e L ang ley a nd t h e c r i s i s o f t h e k n igh t ly c l a s s i n t h i r teen th c en tu ry

s on , H en ry ,h e ld t h ee n t i re f e eb y 1 273 ; i b id . , 5 12 . 8 9 . B o th o f t h e se mano r s w e r e s ub inf euda ted . J ohn d e S ome ry w a sp robab ly e nf eof f ed i nL i t t le C raw ley a se a r ly a s 166 a nd t h e R oke le f am i ly h e ld i nA s twood n o t l a te r t h an

E ng land ' ,i b id . , 1 85 .

1 216 ; C h ibna l l , B eyond S he r ing ton , 14 ; V CH B uck s . , I V , 2 70 .

1 04 . K ing , ' P e te rbo rough a bbey ' ,164 . 1 05 . C a LIP M , I ,N o .813 ; V CH Wo rc s . , I I , 1 45 -6 .

9 0 . U n t i l t h e ' n ew e nf eof fmen t ' o f W i l l iam d e L oven t i n C a ldeco te .

1 06 . S .L . Waugh , ' T enu re t o C on t ra c t : L o rd sh ip a nd C l ien tage i nT h i r teen th -Cen tu ry E ng land ' , E .H .R . , C I , ccc i ,

9 1 . C h ibna l l ,B eyond S her ing ton ,2 12 ,2 15 .

( Oc tobe r 1 986 ) , 8 14 .

9 2 . V CH B uck s . ,I V ,4 15 ; C h ibna l l ,B eyond S her ing ton ,4 5 .

1 07 . V CH W orc s . , I I , 1 45 -6 . H e w a s a ga in t o l e a se t h e mano r i n 1 337 t o J oan B o te tou r t , w ho c onveyed i tt o H a le sowen A bbey , a nd t h ey i n t ur n i n s ta l led F oke rham i n t h e m ano rf o r l i f e . T h i s s equence o fe ven t s may s ugge s tt ha t

9 3 . Wh i l s t t h e d e S ome ry s d id n o t l o se a l l i n te re s t s i nt h e mano r , t h e i r a cce s s t oi tw a s c e r ta in ly i mpeded . W i l l iam d e B eauchamp s e t t led L i t t le C raw ley o n h i s b ro the r G eof f rey ;

F oke rham w a s a mong t ho se l e s se r l a ndowne r s f e e l ing t h e e conom ic s t ra in s o fh i sd ay .

Maxwe l l L y te ( e d ) , B ook o fF ee s , 8 84 ; C h ibna l l , B eyond S her ing ton , 4 5 . L a t e r , R oge rd e S ome ry e nf eof f ed S imon d e P a te shu l l w i th amano r i nC raw ley . T h i s a nge red I d a , a s a n e nc roachmen tu pon h e rd owe r .

1 08 . Wa r ley ; i b id . F rank ley ; V CH W orc s . , I I , 1 20 -22 . P edmo r e ; i b id . , 2 0 1 . C hu rch i l l ; i b id . , 4 3 . H im ley ; C a LIP M , V I , N o .428 . S w indon ; i b id . P endef o rd ; V CH S taf f s . , XX , 2 3 . Wa l sa l l ; V CH S taf f s . , XV I I ,169 ; B obb ing ton ; i b id . , 6 7 ;

9 4 . R a lph made ap aymen t o f£ 100 a nd t wo p a lf rey s ; E y ton ( e d ) ,S taf f ord sh i re P ipe R o l l s , R icha rd Ia nd J ohn , 1 50 .

D unchu r ch ; V CH W a rk s . ,V I , 7 9 -80 .

9 5 . S l ade ( ed ) , P ipe R o l l 1 2 J ohn , 1 03 ; E y ton ( e d ) , S taf f o rd sh i re P ipe R o l l s , R icha rd Ia nd J ohn , 1 56 .

1 09 . V CH Wa rk s . ,I V ,4 3 . 10 . C a LIP M , I ,N o .813 .

9 6 . Maxwe l lL y te ( ed ) ,B ook o fF ee s , 8 50 . 11 . C a LIP M , V I ,N o .428 . 9 7 . C a LIP M . , I , N o .16 . T h i s m ano r t oo w a s s ub jec t t o s ub inf euda t ion , t h e B u t le r f am i ly h o ld ing h e re s i nce t h e e a r ly t h i r teen th c en tu ry . H oweve r , R oge r I I d e S omery p u rcha sed t h e i n te r e s t s o f J ohn B u t le r b ef o re 1 291 ; V CH B e rk s . , I I , 3 95 .

a t Mo se ley b y 1 284 ; A .S . Ma ske lyne & J .V .Ly le ( ed s ) , F euda l A id s , V , 1 284 -1431 ( London , 1 908 ) , 1 0 . A l so E s s ing ton ,t o al e s se re x ten t , i n1 291 ; C aLIP M , I , No .813 .

9 8 .I b id .

13 . V CH W orc s . ,I I ,2 01 .

9 9 . C a LP .R . , 1 258 -1266 ( London , 1 9 10 ) , 4 80 . T he r e w a s a n

14 . V CH Wa rk s . ,V I I , 6 5 .

12 . F o ri n s t ance , t h i s m ay a l so b e o b se rved i nS t af f o rd sh i re

e nqu i ry a st ow ho h ad b roken i n to h i sh a l l . 15 . G .W ro t te s ley ( e d ) , E x t rac t sf rom t h e A s s i ze R o l l s a nd D e B anco R o l l s o fE dward I , AD 1 307 t o AD 1 327 ( SHC ,

1 00 . V CH Wa rk s . , I I , 2 13 , c i t ing D ugda le , r e f e r s t o l a nd b e ing g ran ted h e r ei nc . 1275 t oR oge rd el aF o rde b yJ ohn d e S ome ry ; VCH i d en t if ie s t h i s J ohn d e S ome ry a s t h e s on o f A nabe l , h o ld ing t h e mano r o f h e r , a nd h e r s on a nd h e i r ,

I X , 1 888 ) , 6 7 . T he C lo te sha le o r C lode sha le f am i ly w e r e n o ted a s w oo l m e rchan t s i n B i rm ingham b y 1 322 , a nd a s s uch w e r e p ro spe rou s ; t h ey w e r e u s ing t h e i r w ea l th t o d eve lop al a nded b a se .

N icho la s d e S eg rave , t ow h ich f am i ly t h e m ano r e ven tua l ly r eve r t ed . S he h ad a s on , J ohn P e r seve l d e S ome ry , b y h e r s e cond ma r r iage .

16 . C a LI PM , I , No .813 ; C a LI PM ,V I , No . 4 28 . G .W ro t te s ley ( ed ) , E x t rac t sf rom t h eP lea R o l l s , AD 1 272 t o AD 1 294 ( SHC , V I , i ,1 885 ) , 16 , 2 42 , 2 68 , 2 70 , 2 91 . Wro t t e s ley ( ed ) , P lea R o l l s ,1294 t o 1307 , 8 7 . c f . P .R .Co s s , L o rd sh ip , K n igh thood a nd L oca l i ty . A S tud y i n E ng l i sh

1 01 . C aLIP M , I , N o .16 ; C a LC .R . , 1 226 -1257 , 3 25 , 3 40 . S .E .Ba r t le t t , ' T he Mano r a nd B o rough o f C h ipp ing C ampden ' , T ran s . B r i s to l a nd G louc s . A rch . S oc . , I X ( 1885 -

S oc ie ty c . 1180 -c . 1280 ( Camb r idge , 1 991) , 2 77 -80 .

6 ) , 1 46 -57 ; H .Ba rk ly , ' K i rby ' s Q ue s t ' , T ran s . B r i s to l a nd G louc s . A rch . S oc . , X I( 1886 -7 ) , 1 42 , 1 53 .

6 0

17 . I n 1 281 W i l l iam d e D ech tghu l l c onveyed t h e mano ro f R ow ley t oR a lph d e H engham f o r at e rm o fs i x y ea r s , w i th t h e a g reemen t t ha t R a lph w ou ld p ay t h e t e rm f o r t wo y ea r s

S w indon ,t oJ ohn d e S ome ry f o rl i f e ,w i th r eve r s ion t oR oge r a nd h i sh e i r s .

i mmed ia te ly ; Wro t te s ley ( ed ) , P l ea R o l l s ,1272 t o 1294 , 19 . I n 1 289 , R oge r d e S ome ry , w i th o t he r s , w a s a ccu sed o f

1 27 . V CH S taf f s . , XX , 6 7 . B obb ing ton a ppea r s t oh ave b een p u r cha sed b y J ohn d e S ome ry f r om t h e w idow o fH ugh d e H epham , ak n igh t w ho h ad s e rved i n J ohn d e S ome ry ' s r e t inue .

u n ju s t d i s se i s in i n R ow ley b u t t h e f o l low ing y ea r w a s a cknow ledged t o b e h o ld ing t h e mano r f o r l i f e o r t wen ty y ea r s ; i b id . , 1 87 ,191 . H i s I PM r e co rd s t h a t t h e k ing h ad u n ju s t ly t a ken i ti n to r oya l h and s a nd t h a t i ts hou ld b e

1 28 . W i l l iam d e Wave r , l o rd o ft h e mano r , w a s c ap tu red b y r oya l f o r ce s a tN or thamp ton . R oge r d e S ome ry a cqu i red t h e m ano r u n t i l W i l l iam w a s a b le t o c ompound f o r r e cove ry . V CH W a rk s . ,V I , 1 77 ; C aLC LR . , 1 264 -1268 ( London , 1 937 ) ,

a s s igned t o h i s h e i r s a nd e xecu to r s ; C a LIP M , I , No .813 . A gne s d e S ome ry h e ld R ow ley a f t e r R oge r ' s d ea th ; Wro t tes ley ( cd ) , P lea R o l l s , 1 272 t o 1 294 , 2 42 ; a nd l a nd i n R ow ley S ome ry , t oge the rw i th a dvow son o ft h e c hu r ch , w a s r e corded a s h e ld b y J ohn d e S ome ry ; C a LIP M , V I , 4 28 . R a lph d e Me r s ton h e ld i n O ld sw inf o rd i n 1 235 , b u t t h e

3 89 -90 . 1 29 . C a LF .R . , 1 307 -1319 ( London , 1 912 ) , 31 ,4 00 .

mano rh ad p a s sed t oB e rna rd d eB ruy s b ef o r e 1 285 . H i s s on s u r rende r ed t h e mano r t o J ohn d e S ome ry i n 1 320 -21 , a nd t h e b a ron s o fD ud ley t h en r e ta ined i ti n to t h e e a r ly f i f t een th c en tu ry ; V CH Worc s . ,I I ,2 16 .

1 30 . C aLIP M , V I , N o .428 ; C a LF .R . ,1319 1327 1 9 12 ) , 5 1 .

( London

1 3 1 . C o s s ,' S i rG eof f r ey L ang ley ' , 1 86 . 18 . C a l .IP M , V I , No .428 . 1 32 . A na ly s i s r ema in s h inde red b yt h e i n he r en tu nce r ta in t ie s o ve rt h e i d en t if ica t ion o fD ome sday t e nan t s .

19 . C a LIP M , I , No .813 . S ee n o te 17 . 1 20 . I b id . ; J ohn d e S ome ry w a s n amed a sl o rd o fR ow ley i n 1 316 ; Ma ske lyne & L y le ( ed s ) ,F euda lA id s , V ,1 5 . T he I PM

1 33 . T ha ti s , Mo se ley , E s s ing ton , C ippemo r ea nd H ag ley .

o f J ohn d e S ome ry g ive s t h e i mp re s s ion t h a t o n ly c e r ta in l a nd sw e re h e ld h e re b yh im i n1 322 , p e rhap sr e f lec ted i nt h e a dop t ion o ft h e n ame R ow ley S ome ry ; s e e a l so n o te 14 . c f .

1 34 . R obe r t 's mano r s i n D ome sday i n c luded O x ley , B u shbu ry , A ld r idge , E t t ing sha l l , B e l l ( Ha l l ) , S e l ly O ak , U ppe rP enn a nd G rea tB a r r .

A non . ( cd ) ,F ina lC onco rd s . E dwa rd Ia nd E dwa rd I , ( SHC , N ew S e r ie s , X IV , 1 911) , 4 4 -5 , r e co rd ing t h e i n te r e s t s o ft h e C rown i nR ow ley . H oweve r , C a LP .R . , 1 307 -1313 ( London ,

1 35 . I ts hou ld b e n o t ed t h a t t h e i d en t if ica t ion o ft h e t we lf th c en tu ry e s ta te s o f many f am i l ie s i sl a rge ly d ependen t u pon

1 894 ) , 1 53 , 5 64 , n o tes t h a t J ohn d e S ome ry h e ld t h e m ano r o fR ow ley f o rl i f e a t ay ea r ly p aymen to f£ 10 , a sh ad A gne s d e S ome ry ; C aLP .R . , 1 301 -1307 , ( London , 1 898 ) , 7 1 , i n b o th c ase sa tt h eg ran to ft h eK ing .

t h i r teen th c en tu ry e v idence ;t h i sc l ea r ly i mpo se sl im i ta t ion s . 1 36 . I n 1 235 -6 E dgba s ton w a s h e ld o fR oge r d e S ome ry b y ' Hen r ic i d e E gemanes ton ' ; i n 1 291 i tw a s r e co rd ed t ha t E dgba s ton w a s h e ld b y H en ry d e E dgba s ton o f W i l l iam d e B i rm ingham , a nd h e o f R oge r d e S ome ry ; Maxwe l l L y te

1 21 . VCH W orc s . , I I , 1 45 -6 . T h i s a ppea r s t o b e d eme sne f r om wh ich t h e re h ad b een s ome a l iena t ion a nd t h en l a t e r i t w a sh e ld b yl e a se .

( c d ) ,B ook o fF ee s , 5 09 , 5 13 ; C a LIP M , I ,N o .813 . 1 37 . I n 1 086 , B i rm ingham h ad b een h e ld b y R icha rd . Mo rf e

1 22 . S ee n o te 1 00 . A sp ley w a sp a r to ft h ep rov i s ion f o rJ ohn

h ad b een i nt h ed eme sne o fW i l l iam f i tz An scu lf ; E nv i l le h ad b een h e ld b y G i lbe r t ; U ppe r P enn a nd B u shbu ry b y R ober t ;

t h e b ro the r o f R oge r I I ; t h e mano r d i d n o t b ecome a m ember o ft h e h ono ro fD ud ley .

Amb leco t e b y P ayne ; R u sha l l b y T ho rke l l ; E dgba s ton , P e r ry B a r ra nd H and swor th h ad a l lb een h e ld b y D rogo . L i t t le B an w a sn o ts pec if i ca l ly m en t ioned i n D ome sday , a l though t h e r e w e re t wo e n t r ie sf o rB a r r -B a r ra a nd B a r re ; i ti sp o s s ib le t ha t t h el a t t e r ,h e ld b yD rogo ,w a sL i t t le B a r r .

1 23 . C a LIP M , V I , No .428 . H e ld f o r l i f e f r om t h e A bbo t o f H a le sowen b y J ohn d e S ome ry , B lake ley w a s ag range i n O ldbu ry a nd w a s s ub jec tt of u r the rl e a se s i n 1 329 a nd 1 343 . V CH Wo rc s . ,I I , 1 46 .

1 38 . O n t h e g ran t o f f r ee w a r ren ; V CH W a rk s . , V I I , 5 8 , c i t ing P l ea so fQ uo Wa r ran to , 7 82 . F o rt h e g r an to f ama rke t , J . Conway D av ie s ( cd ) , T he C a r tae A n t iquae R o l l s I -2 0 ( P ipe R o l l S oc ie ty , N ew S e r ie s , XXX I I I ; L ondon , 1 960 ) No . 6 13 , 1 90 .

1 24 . I b id . ; V CH Wa rk s . , V I , 7 9 -80 . H e ld f o r l i f e b y J ohn d e S ome ry . 1 25 . Ma ske lyne & L y le ( e d s ) , F euda l A id s , V , 1 4 ; C aLP .R .1307 -1313 , 4 01 , 5 64 ; C aLP .R .1313 -1317 ( London , 1 898 ) , 3 3 ; V CH S taf f s . , XV I I , 1 69 . A mo ie ty o f Wa l sa l lw a s mo r tgaged b yR oge rd e Mor ta in t oJ ohn d e S ome ry i n1 3 11 .

1 39 . V CH W a rk s . , V I I , 5 8 . T he l a ck o f t we lf th c en tu ry i n f o rma t ion f o rE dgba s ton a nd Amb leco te l e ave s u n r e so lved t h ep o s s ib i l i ty o fd eme sne i nt h e se mano r s .

1 26 . C aLIP M , V I , No .428 . A round 1 3 16 , R oge r d ' Eng le f ie ld d em ised l a nd s a nd r en t s i nH im ley , w i th r en ta nd s e rv ice s i n

1 40 . T ha ti s , Wombou rne a nd We s tB romw ich .

6 1

1 41 . O r ton , O x ley , B rad ley i nB i l s ton , amo ie ty o fS e i sdon i n T ry su l l . I ti sa l so p o s s ib le t h a t t h ey h e ld s ome l a nd i n H and swor th , a st h ey m ade g ran t sf r om h e re t ot h e i r mona s t ic f ounda t ion a tS andwe l l ;D ugda le , Mona s t icon , I V , 1 90 .

O ver ton ( Or ton ) a mong t h o se who w e re f i ned f o r s uppo r t ing t h e r e be l l ion a ga in s t H en ry I ; R ound ( e d ) , G rea tR o l lo ft h e P ipe , 175 - 176 , 1 69 . G i lber t d e O ver ton w i tne s sed a c ha r te r o f 160 1206 a nd Wa l te r d e O ve r ton a no the r d a ted

1 42 . A l though h e d i d a l so a dd a mo ie ty o f S e i sdon ,

190 1206 ; Wro t t e s ley ( e d ) , S taf f o rd sh i re C ar tu lary , 2 15 , 2 19 .

p r ev iou s ly h e ld b y Wa lber t ; V CH S taf f s . , XX , 1 89 . 1 49 . T h i s e s ta te s e em s t oh ave o r ig ina t ed b e tween 176 a nd 189 w hen W i l l iam f i t z G uy d 'Off in i g ran ted t o W i l l iam

1 43 . T h i r teen th c en tu ry e v idence p rov ide s t h e b a s i s f o r t h e e xam ina t ion o fs ub inf euda t ion , b u tt h i s c an b e s upp lemen ted b y o the r m a te r ia l , s uch a s t h e P ipe R o l l s . I n p a r t icu la r , t h e

C ook t h e l a nd i n Wombou rne f o rme r ly h e ld b y R oge r B rown ; W ro t te s ley ( ed ) , S taf f ord sh i re C ar tu la ry , I I , 2 17 ;

R o l l f o r 166 r e co rded t h e p l ea s h ea rd b ef o r e A lan d e N ev i 1 1 , t h e k i ng ' s c h ief f o re s te r , a nd am an w ho ' mo s t e v i l ly

a l so Mand e r( e d ) , W od ehou se D eed s , 1 0 .

v exed t h e v a r iou s p rov ince s t h roughou t E ng land w i th c oun t le s sa nd u naccu s tomed p e r secu t ion s ' ; E .Sea r le ( e d ) , T he C hron ic l eo fB a t t le A bbey , ( Oxf o rd , 1 980 ) , 2 20 . T he p r ac t ise i nS t af f o rd sh i re o f l i s t ing t h e v i l l s a nd m ano r s b e ing h ea rd , t oge the r w i th t h e i r l o rd s , p rov ide s au sef u l a s soc ia t ion o f

1 50 . C aLIP M , I I , No .194 . P h i l ip B u rne l a l so h e ld l a nd s a nd m eadow i n D ud ley o f W i l l iam C on ey s , s ugge s t ing t h a t B u rne lw a sn o tt h e o n ly p e r son h o ld ing o ft h e d e S ome ry s i n D ud ley .

n ame sw i th p l ace s .

1 5 1 . Wedgwood ( ed ) , T e s ta d e Ne v i l l ,4 00 .

1 44 . O n Mo rf e , V CH S taf f s . , XX , 1 05 ; a l so , S R0 .1485 /7 /3 / 1 . T he mano r w a s t o r e ver t b ack t o t h e s en io r b ranch o f t h e f am i ly b y 1 222 , a t w h ich t ime W i l l iam d e B i rm ingham

1 52 . J ohn d e S e l le s leg , N icho la s d e B o sco , Adam s on o f

g ran ted amo ie ty t oH en ry d e B i rm ingham a nd r e ta ined t h e

H ugh , R obe r ts on o fR icha rd . T he re i sn o i nd ica t ion w he the r as im i la r t e nu r ia l s t ruc tu r e a pp l ied i n 1 243 ; Ma ske lyne & L y le ( ed s ) ,F euda lA id s , V ,1 0 .

o t he r mo ie ty h im se lf I n t h e c a se o f B u shbu ry a nd U ppe r P enn , H ugh f i tz P e te r i sr e co rded d ef end ing as u i t r e ga rd ing

1 53 .I b id . ,1 ; C a LIP M , I ,N o .813 .

B u shbu ry a nd P enn i n1 2 10 ; G .W ro t te s ley ( e d ) ,S taf f ord sh i re S u i t s e x t ra c ted f rom t h e P lea R o l l s , t emp . R icha rd I a nd K ing J ohn , ( SHC , I I , 1 882 ) ,147 ,148 . c f . Wro t te s ley ( e d ) ,

1 54 . J .Hun t , ' S andwe l l P r io ry : A F euda l C on tex t ' , i n M .Hodde r ( e d ) , E xca va t ion s a t S andwe l l P r iory a nd Ha l l

L iber N ige r S caccar i i , 1 9 1-2 . H ugh , t h e s on o f P e te r d e B i rm ingham , h e ld t h e se mano r s a s a n u nde r t enan t . A t R u sha l l , H ugh f i tz P e t e r i sr e co rded a s o w ing t wen ty th ree

1 982 -88 , T SSAHS , XXX I , ( 1991) , 1 44 -5 .

ma rk s f o r t h e c u s tody o f t h e l a nd a nd h e i r o f W i l l iam d e R u sha l l , ' wh ich i so ft h e f e e o ft h e s a id H ugh ' , i n 195 -6 ; i b id . , 1 93 .

s ub inf euda t ion , Wombour n e h ad av a r ied t e nu r ia l p a t te rn b y

1 55 . Whe r ea s We s t B romw ich b e t ray s n o e v idence o f t h e l a t e t we lf th c en tu ry . Wombou rne c hu rch w a s g ran ted t o D ud ley P r io ry c . 1160 , a nd w a s n o t s ub sequen t ly c on te s ted , u n l ike t h e e a r l ie r g ran t o f We s t B romw ich c hu r ch t o Wo r ce s te r , w he re n o t o n ly w e re t h e c i r cums tance s o f t h e

1 45 . V CH S taf f s . , XX , 1 03 .

g ran t v e ry d i f f e ren t , b u t t h e i mp l ica t ion s o ft h e g ran t w e re 1 46 . S ee n o te 1 44 . H en ry l eN o t te , i nd i spu te w i th H ugh f i t z P e t e r , s t a ted t h a tt h e l a nd i nq ue s t ion h ad b een h e ld i nf e eb y h i s g randmo the r , A i l lena , d augh te ro fG udmund , i nt h er e ign o fH en ry I . H en ry l eN o t te ' s f a the r w a s s a id t oh ave r a i sed t h i s d i spu te i n t h e c ou r t o f W i l l iam f i t z P e t e r d e B i rm ingham ,a tw h ich t ime H ugh w a s s a id t oh ave r e a ched a c onco rd a nd c onceded t o H en ry t wo v i rga te s i n P enn f o r w h ich h e n ow p e r f o rmed s e rv ice . A no the r e xamp le w a s

s ub sequen t ly c on te s ted ; t h i s may i nd ica te t h a tt h e d ec i s ion t o d eve lop We s tB romw ich a sc apu tw a st a k en a f t e r 145 ;i b id . 1 56 . H en ry d e O ve r ton w a s m en t ioned i nt h e P ipe R o l l f o r 175 -6 , h av ing b een f i ned t h ree m a rk s ; E y ton ( e d ) , S taf f ord sh i re P ipe R o l l , H en ry I , 8 0 . S ee a l so n o te 1 48 . 1 57 . No t e 1 49 .

P e r ry B a r r , w he re H ugh d e P i ne g ran ted l a nd i nH am s tede 1 58 . B e tween 194 a nd 1 206 R a lph d e S ome ry g ran ted W i l l iam t wo a s sa r t s , a nd i no r b ef o r e 1 206 , W i l l iam ' s s on ,

( Hamp s tead ) , as ub -d iv i s ion o f t h e m ano r , t o H en ry d e H am s tede i n1 213 ; V CH S taf f s . ,V I I , 7 0 .

N icho la s , a cqu i red f r om B er na rd d e F rank ley a no the r a s sa r t i n Wombou rne o r T ry su l l , i n b o th i n s t ance s h e ld ' f o r h i s h omage a nd s e rv ice 'a nd p aymen to fa n a nnua lr en t . B e tween 1 224 a nd 1 241 , A lan d e O ver ton ma in ta ined t h i s t r end b y g ran t ing a na s sa r ta t' Ouhu l 't oN icho la s ,c onveyed o ns im i la r

1 47 . Wa r in d e P enn o ccu r s i nt h e P ipe R o l l s f o r 175 -6 a nd 182 ; h e a ppea r s t oh ave b een e nf eof f ed i nL owe r P enn b y t h e B uf f a r e f am i ly , w ho h e ld t h e mano r o f t h e l o rd s o f D ud ley . T h i s r e la t ion sh ip i s c onf i rmed i n al a te t we lf th c en tu ry c ha r te r b y w h ich l a nd n ea r T re sco t g r an ted t o C ombe A bbey w a s c on f i rmed ; i n t h i s W i l l iam f i t z Wa r in r e f e r s t o W i l l iam B uf f a r e a s ' d om inu s m eu s ' ; Wro t t e s ley ( e d ) ,S taf f o rd sh i re C a r tu lary , I I , 2 21 .

t e rm s t ot h e e a r l ie r g ran t s ; Mande r ( e d ) , W od ehou se D eed s , 1 0 ,11 ,12 , 14 , 1 6 ,18 . 1 59 . T h i sw a s c onf i rmed w hen W i l l iam , t h e s on o fN icho la s , m a r r ied S i by l , t h e d augh te r o f Wa l te r , l o rd o f B rad ley , a m ano r w h ich h e h e ld o f t h e O ve r ton s . W i l l iam w a s t o a cqu i re m o re l a nd i n Wombou rne , p u rcha se f r eedom f r om

1 48 . T he r e a ppea r st oh ave b een a n O r ton f am i ly e s tab l i shed b y 176 , t h e P ipe R o l l f o r t h a t y ea r r e co rd ing H en ry d e

6 2

s u i to fc ou r ta tT ry su l l , a nd i n1 272 w a ss t i l l i np o s se s s ion o f t h e mano r . I tw a sh i s s on , Wa l te r , w ho w a st ot a ke t h e n ame Wod ehou se ; V CH S taf f s , XX ,2 04 . 1 60 . Wro t te s ley ( ed ) ,S taf f ord sh i re C a r tu la ry , I I ,2 20 . 1 6 1 . Wedgwood ( ed ) , T e s ta d eN ev i 1 1 , 3 87 . 1 62 . C a LIP M , I , No .813 . 1 63 . Wro t te s ley ( ed ) , P l ea R o l l s ,

1 272 t o 1 294 , 2 48 ;

C a LIP M ,I ,N o .813 ; V CH S taf f s . , XV I I , 1 415 . 1 64 . No t e s 1 50 , 1 58 . T he s ma l l g r an t s t ha t g ave r i se t ot h e Wod ehou se e s ta te w e re n o t u n ique . T he r e a r e many i n s tance s o f s ma l l t r an sa c t ion s ; f o r e xamp le , r e ga rd ing L owe r P enn , R ow ley S omery , U ppe r P enn ; S RO .D593 s e r ie s ; E s s ing ton , Mo se ley a nd B u shbu ry ; S RO .D 1790 s e r ie s . 1 65 . Mande r ( ed ) ,W od ehou se D eed s ; H .L .E . G a rbe t t ( e d ) , C a lenda r o fE a r ly C ha r te r s E tc i n t h e p o s se s s ion o fL ord Ha the r ton ,( SHC , 1 931) . 1 66 . Mande r( ed ) , W od ehou se D eed s . 1 67 . F o r e xamp le , i n 1 230 , R obe r t d e E s s ing ton , H en ry d e D ene s ton , W i l l iam P an tu lf a nd H en ry d eV e rdun ; o n a no the r o cca s s ion i n 1 230 , W i l l iam R uf f i s , G eof f r ey d e G re s ley , R obe r t d e Me r e a nd R ober t d e E s s ing ton . I n 1 232 , W i l l iam l eR u s , R obe r t d e E s s ing ton , S imon d e F rank ley a nd Wa l te r d e Amb leco te ; C a l .P .R . , 1 225 1232 ( London , 1 903 ) , 3 56 , 3 52 , 5 23 .

6 3

CHAPTER THREE . LORD , PATRON AND CL IENT I N THE HONOR OF DUDLEY . I th a s o f t en b een q u ie t ly a s sumed t h a t i nt h e t we lf th c en tu ry t h e d e te rm in ing f a c to r i nt h e r e la t ion sh ip b e tween l o rd s a nd

' c u r ia ' ( 9 ) o f R ober t d e S t af f o rd , l i s t ed a l ong s ide s eve ra l o t he r s w ho c l ea r ly w e r e t e nan t s o f t h e h ono r o f S t af f o rd ( 10 ) .

t h e i rr e ta ine r s w a s t h e t e nu r ia l s t ruc tu re o ft h e f e uda l h ono r , i n wh ich a h i e ra rchy o f t e nu re r ef l ec ted a nd s uppo r ted a h i e ra r chy o fr e la t ion sh ip s , a nd t h e reby g ua ran teed t h e l o rd t h e s uppo r tt h a t h e r equ i r ed . T he t h i r teen th c en tu ry h oweve r

L ink s b e tween t h e n e ighbou r ing h ono r s o f D ud ley a nd S t af f o rd a r e a ga in i n d ica ted i n al a te rc ha r t e ro f 194 ( 1 1) b y w h ich H a rvey B ago t e nf eof f ed T homa s d e E rd ing ton i nt h e v a luab le m ano r o fO ak ley , f o r w h ich E rd ing ton p a id s i x ty -

i ss e en a s ap e r iod o fc ha l lenge a nd c hange f o r l o rd s i nt h e i r r e la t ion sh ip sw i th t h e l o ca l c ommun i ty . No l o nge rw a s t h e re t h e i mp l ic i t e xpec ta t ion o f s uppor t f o r thcom ing f r om t h e t e nan t s o ft h e h ono r ; t o af a r g rea te r e x ten t t han p r ev iou s ly , t h e t e nu r ia l s t ruc tu re o f a n h ono r , a nd t h e p a t t er n s o f

s even ma rk so fB ago t 's d eb tt ot h e C rown . No tu nexpec t ed ly , t h e c ha r te r s a s soc ia ted w i th t h i s g ran t i nvo lved s eve ra l t e nan t s o ft h e h ono r o fD ud ley a sw i tne s se s ( 12 ) . I nt h e f i r s t

l o rd sh ip a nd p a t ronage t h a t f o cu s sed u pon i t ,c ou ld n o t b e

h a lf o ft h e t h i r teen th c en tu ry , R ober t o fE ss ing ton may a l so b e f ound w i tne s s ing S t af f o rd sh i r e c ha r t e r s , i n 1 226 -46 a

a s sumed t ob e s ynonymou s . T hu s , i ti sa r gued , t h e b ond s o f ' c la ss ic f e uda l i sm ' w e r e w eakened , b r ing ing b o th c ha l lenge

g ran t b y R a lph D u lve rne o fl a nd i nB i l l ing ton t ot h e P r io ry o fS t .Thoma s , n ea r S t af f o rd , a nd i n1 233 -6 , ar e cogn i t ion b y

a nd o ppo r tun i ty t ot h ee n t i re p o l i t ica l c ommun i ty .

H ugh B ago t o f B rom ley o f l a nd i n h i s mano r t o B u r ton A bbey ( 1 3 ) .

O ne o ft h e mo s te ndu r ing i mage s i nt h eh i s to r iog raphy o ft h e m ed ieva lp e r iod h a sb een t h e v i sua l i sa t ion a nd e xp re s s ion o f f e uda l s oc ie ty i n t e rm s o f at r iangu la r s t ruc tu r e , a r ranged h i e ra rch ica l ly a nd d e scend ing f r om k ing v i a b i shop a nd b a ron t ok n igh t s . T he s ame i mage ry h a s b een a pp l ied a tt h e l e ve l o ft h e h ono r , whe r e i th a s r e ce ived e xp r es s ion t h rough t e rm s s uch a s ' h ono r ia l b a ron ' ( 1 ) a nd H a rvey ' s r e con s t ruc t ion

o f t wo

s oc ia l

a nd t e nu r ia l

c l a s se s ,

C lea r ly , i n t h e h ono r o f D ud ley , a s e l sewhe re , i tw a s u nu sua l i nt h et we lf th c en tu ry f o rt e nan t st ob e i n vo lved v a r ie ty o f r e la t ion sh ip s t h a t f o cu s sed o n o the r b a ron s w en t b eyond t h e b ound s o f o ne h ono r . I n s ome c a se s

n o t i na a nd t h i s

m ay r e f lec tt h e a mb i t ion o fo ne p a r ty o rt h e o the rt oe nhance t h e i r o wn s t and ing , wh i l s t i no t he r s t h e r e la t ion sh ip p e rhap s

t h e

i n f luen t ia l k n igh t ly t e nan t s , a nd t h e p rof e s s iona l k n igh t s

r e a che s b ack t ot h e t ime o ft h e C onque s t o r s oon a f te r ; t h e O ff in i s , f o r e xamp le , w e r e h o ld ing t h e i r k n igh t 's f e e o ft h e

w ho se s e rv ice s w e re s e cu red b y s ma l l a moun t s o f l a nd ( 2 ) .Such mode l s e mpha s i se ' v er t ica l ' r a the r t h an ' h o r izon ta l '

B eauchamp s

l i nk s , a nd c onvey a n i mp r es s ion o f s t rong a nd d u rab le r e la t ion sh ip s t ha t w e re e xc lu s ive i n n a tu re . I n r e a l i ty , h oweve r , t h e r e la t ion sh ip s b e tween l o rd a nd t e nan t i n t h e t we lf th c en tu ry w e re f r equen t ly n e i the r s t ra igh tf o rwa rd , n o r

b ef o re

135

( 14 ) .

H oweve r ,

i f P e t e r d e

B i rm ingham w a s a c t ive ly f o s te r ing h i s c on tac t s w i th t h e b a ron o fS t af f o rd , p e rhap s t h e d e B i rm ingham a cqu i s i t ion o f mano r s i n s ou th S t af f o rd sh i re p rov ided a n i n cen t ive , r e cogn i s ing a n i n f luen t ia l a nd p o ten t ia l ly h e lpf u l l o rd i nt h e l o ca l i ty . T he k ey q ue s t ion h e re i st h e e x ten t t o w h ich t h e

e xc lu s ive ,s ot ha to ne i si n c l ined t oj o in w i th J . F .A . Ma son i n ap ref e r ence f o r t h e t e rm ' f euda l l a by r in th ' ( 3 ) o ve r t h a t o f ' f euda lt r iang le ' .

p r e sence o f s uch a s soc ia t ion s r e p r e sen t ed a s t ra in o n t h e f e uda l s t ruc tu re o f t h e h ono r o f D ud ley , a nd a f f ec ted t h e r e la t ion sh ip b e tween t h eP agane l sa nd t h e i rt e nan t s?

A n e xam ina t ion o fs ome o ft h e l e ad ing t e nan t s o fG e rva se P agane l i n t h e t we lf th c en tu ry r evea l s t h a t t h e h ono r o f D ud ley a nd i t s n e ighbou r s w e re n o e xcep t ion . Av a r ie ty o f r e la t ion sh ip s o ccu r t h a t r e ach w e l l b eyond t h e c onf ine s o f t h e h ono ro fD ud ley i t se lf , a nd b r ing i t st e nan t s d i r ec t ly i n to

I tm igh t b e a r gued t h a t b y t h e 1 260 s a ny c ohe rence t h a t f e uda l t e nu r e m ay h ave g i ven t ot h e r e la t ion sh ip b e tween a l o rd a nd t e nan t h ad b een s eve re ly e r od ed . Whe rea s i nt h e 173-4 r e be l l ion a ga in s tH en ry I , G erva se P agane lw a s a b le t o e n l i s t t h e s uppo r t o f many o f h i s h ono r ia l t e nan t s , t h e p o s i t ion o fo ne o fh i s s ucce s so r s , R oge r Id e S ome ry , w a s r a the r d i f f e ren t . I ti sn o t c l ea r w ho a t tend ed t h e d e S omery b a ron s w hen t h ey w e r e s ummoned i n 1 230 ,1253 a nd 1 257 ( 1 5 ) , b u t i nt h e B a ron s ' Wa r o f 1 263 -5 s eve ra l o fR oge r I ' s

c on tac t w i th o the r t e nan t s i n c h ief . B o th W i l l iam d e B eauchamp a nd H en ry d 'O i l l i w e re t h emse lve s t e nan t s i n c h ief ( 4 ) a s w e l l a s t e nan t s o ft h e b a rony o f D ud ley ; b o th w e re a l so t e nan t s o fo t he rh ono r s , H en ry d 'O i l l i f o r i n s tance h o ld ing o fR obe r t d e S t af f o rd ( 5 ) . S eve ra l D ud ley t e nan t s , i n c lud ing W i l l iam f i tz G uy d 'Off in i , R a lph Maun se l a nd R icha rd d e E nga ine , h e ld f e e s o fo t he r l o rd s ( 6 ) . O f f in i a nd T re se l

c ha r te r s ,

a l though

f ocu s sed

o n

s ou th

t e nan t s t ook u p p o s i t ion s t h a t o ppo sed h i s own e ven tua l s t ance o fs uppo r tf o rt h e k i ng ( 16 ) . T h i s c onf o rm st o aw ide r p a t t e rn i nt h a t t h e c o r e o f d e Mon tf or t 's l a nded s uppo r t e r s

w e s t

S t af f o rd sh i r e , r e f lec t g en t ry a s soc ia t ion s t ha t r e ached i n to Wo r ce s te r sh i re ( 7 ) . P e te r d e B i rm ingham w a s , i nt e rm s o f t h e k n igh t ' s f e e s t ha t h e h e ld , t h e mo s t s ub s tan t ia l o f t h e P agane lt e nan t s , a nd h es e rved a st h e i rs t ewa rd ( 8 ) . A l though t h e re i sn o r e f e rence i nt h e ' Ca r ta e B a ronum ' t oh i s h o ld ing a ny t e nanc ie so fR ober t d e S t af f o rd , i ti sp o s s ib le t h a th eh ad

c ame f r om t h e l e s se r n ob i l i ty o f t h e M id land s h i r e s ( 17 ) g i v ing t h e r ebe l l ion s ome th ing o f ar eg iona l c ha rac t e r . T he Mon tf o r t ian t e nan t so ft h eh ono ro fD ud ley i n c luded W i l l iam d e B i rm ingham , k i l led a t E ve sham ; H en ry d e H a s t ing s , c ap tu r ed a t E ve sham ( 18 ) ; W i l l iam d e P a r le s , G i le s d e E rd ing ton , R obe r t d e E s s ing ton , a nd p os s ib ly R a lph d e B u shbu ry a nd W i l l iam d e O ver ton ( 19 ) . S eve ra l o f t h e se m en h e ld l a nd s i nn o r th Wa rw ick sh i re a nd w e re n o t g r ea t ly

n one t h e l e s s f o rmed a n a s soc ia t ion w i th t h i s b a ron , a s h e w a s d e sc r ibed , i n ac ha r te r o f c . 158 -65 , a sb e ing i nt h e

6 4

d i s tan t f r om t h e h ono r o fL e ice s te r . F u r the rmo re , K now le s h a sh i gh l igh ted t h e c l o se t i e s o fb l ood a nd m a r r iage b e tween t h e l o ya l i s t s a nd t h e r e be l s ( 20 ) ; R oge r d e S ome ry w a s o ppo sed b yN icho la s d e S eg rave , h i s s t ep son b y h i s s e cond ma r r iage , a nd b yR a lph I VB a s se to fD ray ton ,h i ss on i nl aw .

a nd C ook s land ( 2 5 ) . I n 166 , R ober td e S t af f o rd c omp la ined t ot h e k i ng t h a t J ohn l ' E s t range w a s w i thho ld ing h i s s e rv ice f o r ak n igh t ' s f e e a tC he swa rd ine ( 26 ) . A l though t h e r e a r en o s u rv iv ing i n d ica t ion s o f s im i la r d i spu te s i n t h e h ono r o f D ud ley , t h e S t af f o rd e xamp le s i lu s t ra te t h e n a tu re o f t h e r e la t ion sh ip b e tween l o rd s a nd t e nan t s a nd t h e p o ten t ia l f o r d i spu t e , i nw h ich t h e p r ima cy o ft h e t e nan t i nc h ief c anno t

S uch a s t and t a ken b y m en r e la t ive ly c l o se t o t h e b a ron ia l f am i ly may w e l l h ave i n f luenced t h e p o s i t ion o f o t he r s a t g r ea t e rr emove .

n ece s sa r i ly b ea s sumed .

W i l l iam s ( 2 1) h a s e xp la ined t h e s uppo r t g i ven b y s uch m en i n t e rm s o f t h e c ha r i sma o f Mon tf or t t o ge the r w i th t h e

I th a s b een a r gued t ha t l o rd s h ad t h e c apac i ty t o c ompe l t e nan t st ot h e i rw i l lb yt h rea to fd i s inher i tance ,a r i s ing f r om a l i nkage b e tween t e nu r e a nd s e rv ice . When Angev in l e ga l r e f o rm s i mp roved s e cu r i ty o f t e nu re a nd q u ickened t h e a ccep tance o ft h e h e r i tab i l i ty o fe s ta te s , l o rd s l o s t o ne o ft h e p r inc ipa l m ean s b y wh ich t h ey m igh t c on t ro l t h e ir t e nan t s ( 27 ) . H oweve r , H ud son h a s a r gued t h a t t h e e mpha s i s p l aced o n l i f e g ran t s o f l a nd b y e cc le s ia s t ic s i s mo s t r e ad i ly u nd e r s tood i n ac on tex t w he re t h e n o rm i n Ang lo -No rman

g row ing w ea l th a nd s oc ia l s t and ing o f t h ese k n igh t ly f am i l ies , a nd t h e a sp i ra t ion s o fs h i re c ommun i t ie s . C o s s t o o s e e s ar o le f o r c oun ty s oc ie ty , b u t a t t h i s d a te o n ly j u s t s t a r t ing t oe me rge i na ny r e a ls en se . R a the r ,h eh igh l igh t st h e f a c to r s o f n e ighbou rhood , f am i ly , r e t inue , t e nu r e a nd c oe r c ion ( 22 ) . I t s e em s t h a t d e Mon tf o r t h ad b een s ucce s sf u l ly b u i ld ing h i s a ffm i ty i n n o r th Wa rw ick sh i r e a c ro s sn e ighbou r ing h ono r s , a nd t h a th i sa b i l i ty t od o s ow a s r e inf o rced b y as en se o fn e ighbou rhood t h a th ad l i t t le r e ga rd

E ng land w a s f o r h e red i ta ry s ucce s s ion t oe s ta te s ; a nd w he re l o rd s w e r e f a ced w i th d i spu t e s , t h ey w e re o f t en u nab le t o

f o rt h eh onor ia lf r amewo rk .

r e so lve t h em o n t h e b a s i s o ft h e i r o wn s e igneu r ia l a u thor i ty .

I th a sa l so b een s ugge s ted ( 2 3 )t h a tt h eM id land sf o cu so ft h e

H e h a s p o in ted o u t t ha t b y t h e t ime o f S t ephen , m en w e re i n c r ea s ing ly u nw i l l ing t o a ccep t d ec i s ion s w i th in t h e h ono r a sf i na l , a nd w e re p repa red i n c rea s ing ly t o l o ok t ot h e k ing

r e be l l ion r e f lec t s t h e d ec l ine o rd em i se o ft h e g rea t M id land e a r ldom s , r emov ing f o rce s f o r s t ab i l i ty f r om t h e r eg ion a nd

f o r s uppo r t a ga in s t t h e i r l o rd s . In wh ich c a se , h e s ugge s t s , a l r eady b y 135 s t r ic t ly d efmed i n he r i tance w a s o n t h e w ay . R eyno ld s t oo h a s d rawn a t ten t ion t ot h e f a c tt ha t t h e t e nan t s o f l o rd s h ad r i gh t s , o f ten e x ten s ive o ne s , t h a t m igh t b e d ef ended , a nd s h e e nv i sage s n o t ah i e ra r chy o f p rope r ty r i gh t s , b u t a mode l o f s uch r i gh t s a r ranged i n l a ye r s , i n

l e av ing d e Mon t f o r t v i r tua l ly u ncha l lenged a nd a b le t o a t t ra c tt h e s uppo r to fl e ade r le s s b a ron s , k n igh t s a nd f r eemen . T h i ss e ems a nu n l ike ly e xp lana t ion a si to ve r look st h er o le o f t h e b a ron s t o p rov ide , o r a t temp t t o p rov ide , l e ade r sh ip i n t h e i ro wn r i gh t . B u t i ti sa l so t h e c a se t h a tR oge rd e S ome ry w a s u nab le t op rov ide al e ade r sh ip t h a t e ngaged w i th e i the r

w h ich t h o se a tt h e t op d id n o t n ece s sa r i ly h ave t h e g r ea te r r i gh t s ( 28 ) . T hu s , i ft h e t e nu r ia l l i nk w a s c en t ra l t o t h e

h i s f am i ly o r s eve ra l o fh i s t e nan t s . I tw ou ld t hu s s e em t h a t R oge rd e S ome ry w a s u nab le t ow ie ld e i the ra n i n f luence , o r

ma in tenance o f f e uda l r e la t ion sh ip s , t h e r e i s ac a se t o b e made t h a t i tw a s i n c rea s ing ly i n ef f ec t ive b y t h e f i r s t h a lf o f

c on t ro l , o ve rh i st e nan t st h a tG e rva se P ag a n e lh ad s e em ing ly e n joyed . Wh i l s t t h i s m igh t p a r t ly r e f lec t p e r sona l c ha ra c t e r ,

t h et we lf th c en tu ry , a nd o ne m igh tq ue s t ion h ow s i gn if i can ta r o le i th ad e ve r p l ayed . I ti sn o t n ece ssa ry t ow a i t u n t i l t h e l a t e t we lf th o r e a r ly t h i r teen th c en tu r ie s t o f i nd a t e nu r ia l

i t may a l so b e t h e r e su l t o f c hang ing c i r cum s tance s a nd p e r spec t ive s . I t may b e a rgued t h a tt h et e nan t s n o l o nge rf e l t t h em se lve s s ov u lne rab le i nt h e i rd ea l ing sw i th l o rd s , a st h ey h ad c ome t oe n joy g r ea te rs e cu r i ty o ft e nu re i nt h e i r mano r s , a nd t h eC rown w a sn ow d eve lop ing i t so wn r e la t ion sh ip w i th

s c ena r io t h a t w a s f a vou rab le t o h ono r ia l t e nan t s a nd w h ich g ave t h em s cope f o r f r eedom o f a c t ion . T he d ec l in ing s i gn if i cance o f t e nu r ia l b ond s may a l so b e o bse rved f r om a no the r p e r spec t ive . I nh e r s t udy o ft h e l i nk s b e tween r oya l s e rv ice a nd r ewa rd , Wa rd ( 29 ) f ound t h a tw h i l s t t h e re w a s a c l o se c o r r e la t ion b e tween t h e l e ve l s o fs e rv ice a nd r ewa rd i n t h e e l even th c en tu ry , t h i s c ou ld n o l onge r b e f ound b y t h e t ime o fH en ry I .Wh i l s tr oya lf a vou rw a s a lway s i mpor t an t , i t

t h ek n igh t ly c ommun i t ie so ft h e s h i re s( 24 ) . H oweve r , t o w ha t e x ten t w a s t h e re r e a l ly a c hange i nt h e r e la t ion sh ip b e tween l o rd a nd t e nan tb e tween t h et we lf th a nd t h i r teen th c en tu r ie s? H ow much i n f luence d id G e rva se

w a s n one t h e l e s s t h e c a se t h a t u nde r S t ephen t h e ma in

P agane l e xe rc i se o ve rh i s t e nan t s? I si tp o s s ib le t oo b se rve a f e uda l s y s tem i n d i s in teg ra t ion a nd d ecay? Much r e vo lve s a r ound t h e e x ten tt o wh ich r e la t ion sh ip sw e r e d e te rm ined o n

m ean s b y wh ich e s ta te s w e r e b u i l t u p w a s t h rough c l a im s o f i n he r i tance . I ft h e r ew a s l e s so f ac o r re la t ion b e tween s e rv ice a nd r ewa rd i nt h e a f f a i r s o f t h e k ingdom , w ou ld a ny th ing

at e nu r ia l b a s i s . T h i s , t oge the r w i th t h e i n s t i tu t ion o f t h e

d i f f e ren tb ee xpec ted a tt h e l e ve lo ft h eh ono r?

h ono r ia l c our t , g ene ra l ly a r gued t ob r ing as en se o fc ohe s ion o r c ommun i ty t o h ono r ia l s oc ie ty , h a s o f t en b een s e en a s f undamen ta l .

R icha rd Mo r t ime r( 30 ) a pp roached h i s s t udy o ft he h ono ro f C la r e f r om t h e v i ewpo in t o ft h e t e nan t s r a the r t h an o f t h e l o rd , a nd c l ea r ly d emon s t ra t e s s ome o ft h e l im i ta t ion s i nt h e u se o f t h e ' C a r tae B a ronum ' o f 166 a s a n e n t rée i n to i n te rp re t ing f e uda l r e la t ion sh ip s d u r ing t h e t we lf th c en tu ry . I nt h e h ono r o fC la re a r ound 8 0% o ft h e s e rv ice d emanded w a s d e l ive red t h rough o ne th i rd o ft h e t e nan t s , f am i l ie s t h a t o ne m igh t t h e ref o re a s sume t ob e t h e mos t i mpo r tan t i nt h e h ono r , a nd c l o se s tt ot h e h ono r ia l l o rd . T he l a rge rt e nanc ie s ,

E ven b yt h e m id twe lf th c en tu ry t e nu re o f ak n igh t 's f e ew a s n o g ua ran tee o fe i the r g ood r e la t ion sh ip s b e tween l o rd a nd t e nan t , o ro ft h es e rv ice t h a tw a se xpec ted . T h i sw a sa ppa ren t i nt h en e ighbou r ing h ono ro fS t af f o rd . I n 140 -50 , R obe r td e S t af f o rd f ound i tn ece s sa ry t or e so lve ad i spu te b y i s su ing a m emo randum i n t h e h ono r ia l c ou r t , r em ind ing R obe r t f i t z N oe l o fh i s o b l iga t ion s a r i s ing f r om t h e t e nancy o fR an ton

6 5

i nt e rm s o ft h e k n igh t s e rv ice d emand ed , w e r e g ene ra l ly t h e o l de r o ne s . H oweve r , i ft h e se t e nan t s a r e c ompa r ed a ga in s t t h o se f ound mo s t f r equen t ly w i tne s s ing C la r e c ha r t e r s , a d i sc repan cy i so b se rved . I ti sg ene ra l ly a r gued t h a t s u ch w i tne s s l i s t s r e f lec t t h o se m en m o s t f r equen t ly i nt h e l o rd ' s c ompany a nd t h e ref o r e c l o se s t t o h im ; t h e se a r e t h e m en g ene ra l ly d e sc r ibed a s' h ono r ia l b a ron s ' , b u t i nt h e h ono r o f C la r e , t h ey w e r e n o t n ece s sa r i ly t h e h o lde r s o f t h e l a rge s t f e e s .

w a s d om ina t ed b y P e t e r d e B i rm ingham , a nd t h e o t h e r s i n c lud ed G eof f r ey d eT i r ingham , E l ia sd eE ng lef e ld , R icha rd d e D i t ton ( 3 8 ) , W i l l iam , s on o f G uy d 'Offm i , B er na rd d e F rank l ey a nd G e rva se d eB a rna ck . We r et h e se t h e m en w ho w e r e c l o se s tt ot h eb a ron? T o f o rm a n i mp r e s s ion , w e m u s t a s k t o w ha t e x ten t t h e se m en w i tne s sed t h e c ha r t e r s o f G e rva se P agane l? P e t e r d e B i rm ingham , h i s ' d ap if e r ' , o ccu r s i n s i x c ha r te r s , a s d oe s W i l l iam f i t z G uy d 'Off in i , E l ia s d e E ng lef e ld o ccu r s t w ice , R icha rd d e D i t ton p e rhap s o n ce ( 3 9 ) , b u tt h e re i sn o s i gn o f G e rva se d e B a rnack , B e rna rd d e F rank ley o r G eof f r ey d e T i r ingham .( S ee T ab le 2 )( 4 0 ) .

F undamen ta l i n a pp rec ia t ing t h i s p o in t i s h ow o ne u nde r s tand st h ep u rpo se o ft h e' C a r ta eB a ronum ' . E s sen t ia l ly , i tw a s n o t c once rned w i th a c tua l m i l i ta ry s e rv ice , b u t w i th f i nanc ia l a r rangemen t s ( 3 1) . K eef e a nd H o l t ( 3 2 ) h av e b o th a r gued t h a tf e uda l o b l iga t ion s o fm i l i ta ry s e rv ice i nt h e f i e ld w e r e m e t b y ' r ea sonab le t u rnou t s ' r a the r t h an b y a ny f i xed s y s tem o f q uo ta s ( 3 3 ) . T enan t s i n c h ief d i d l o ok t o t h e i r t e nan t st op r ov ide k n igh t sa nd u nde r tak e m i l i ta ry d u t ie s ( 3 4 ) b u ti td oe sn o tf o l low t h a ta l d i ds o , o rt h a tt h o se h o ld ing t h e g r ea te s tn umbe ro ff e e s w e r e n ece s sa r i ly t h e mo s t i mpo r tan t o r r e l iab l e c on t r ibu to r s t o a n h ono r ia l c on t ingen t . R a the r , m i l i ta ry s e rv ice i np e r son w a s am a t t e r o fp e r sona l c ho ice a nd o fi n d iv idua lr e la t ion sw i th t h e l o rd . C lea r ly t h e r eh ad t o b e f l ex ib i l i ty o ft h i s k i nd . W i l l iam f i t z G uy d 'Off in i c ou ld n o th ave r e nde r ed s e rv ice i np e r son t ob o th h i s P agane l a nd B eauchamp l o rd s .

T he i mp r e s s ion g i ven h e r e d i f f e r s f r om t h a t s ugge s t ed b y Mo r t ime rf o rt h eh ono ro fC la r e . I ti sc l ea rt h a ts e ve ra lo ft h e l e ad ing a t t e s to r sw e r em embe r s o ft h e b a ron ia l f am i ly o rt h e h ou seho ld ; t h e l a ck o f ar e f e r ence t oe nf eof fmen t d oe s n o t i mp ly t h a t t h e se p eop le d i d n o t h ave a ny l a nd s , b u t r a the r t h a t t h ey a r e n o t s p ec if i ca l ly m en t ioned i n t h e ' C a r ta ' o f G e rva s e P agane l . F u r the rmo r e , i n s ome c a se s , p a r t icu la r ly t h a t o fA lan ' d ap if e r ' , t h i s i sn o t s u rp r i s ing a s h e w a s o n ly l a t e r t os u cceed h i s f a the r , G odw in ( 4 1) . H owev e r , t h e s on d i d n o t a lway s f o l low i nh i s f a the r ' s p rom inence . R a lph d e B a rna ck h ad s e rved a sd ap if e r t ob o th G erva se ' s f a the r a nd g r andf a th e r( 4 2 ) ,b u th i ss on f a i l st oa ppea ra sw i tne s st oa ny o ft h e s u rv iv ing c ha r t e r s . R a lph w a s r e p la ced b y P e t e r d e B i rm ingham ,w ho w a si nt u rn s u cceed ed b yh i s s on , W i l l iam ( 4 3 ) . T he se c ha r t e r s w e r e c l ea r ly w i tne s sed b y s eve ra l i n d iv idua l s w ho a ppea rn o tt oh ave b een m a jo r l a ndho lde r s . Men l i ke G odw in ' d ap if e r ' a nd h i s s on ; S imon t h e C hap la in a nd T homa s ' c ame ra r iu s ' h e ld o n ly s ma l l e s t a t e s a nd w e r e p e rhap s p r e sen t b y v i r tu e o ft h e i r h ou seho ld r o le . G eof f r ey d eR oue l le d i dn o tf i gu r ep rom inen t ly i nt e rm s o ft h e ' C a r ta ' , a nd s i nce t h e c ha r t e r st h a th e w i tne s se s s p an s ome t ime ( 4 4 ) i ts e em s p r obab l e t h a t h e w a s am embe r o f P agane l ' s h ou seho ld . T he c a se o fR og e rd e H ag ley s e em s s im i la r( 4 5 ) , t h ei mp r e s s ion b e ing o f as on ,o r mo r ep robab ly o f ay ounge r b ro the r , w ho h ad f o und h i s n i che a s o ne o f G e rva se P agane l ' sh ou seho ld k n igh t s .

T hu s , t h e C la r e s t udy s ugge s t s t h a t ' h ono r ia l b a ron s ' w e r e m a rked o u t b y t h e c l o sene s s o ft h e i rr e la t ion s w i th t h e l o rd , r a the rt h an b yt h ea moun to fl a nd o rf e e s a s c r ibed t ot h em i n t h e ' C a r ta e ' o f 166 . I tw a s n o t ac a se o fg r an t ing t e nanc ie s f o r s e rv ice , b u t r a the r o fi mpo s ing s e rv ice o n t h e t e nanc ie s . L ike C rouch i n h i s s t udy o f t h e B eaumon t t w in s ( 3 5 ) , Mo r t ime r h i gh l igh t s t h e i mpo r tance o ft h e p e r sona l b ond i n l o rd sh ip . F u r the rmo r e , a s t h e c on ta c t s b e tween t h e t we lf th c en tu ry h ono r s o ft h e P agane l s , S t af f o rd s a nd B eauchamp s h ave a l r eady s ugge s ted , h ono r ia l s o c i e ty w a s n o t ac l o sed s o c ie ty o f t e nan t s s ubo rd ina ted t o o ne p a r t icu la r t e nan t i n c h ief U nf o r tuna t e ly , t h e h ono r o f D ud ley d oe s n o t h ave t h e q uan t i ty o fs u r v iv ing d ocumen ta t ion t h a t h ave i n f o rmed t h e s t ud ie s o f t h e C la r e s a nd t h e B eaumon t s . H oweve r , a c on t r ibu t ion c an b e m ade . T he ' C a r ta ' o f G e rva se P agane l ( 3 6 ) a c coun t ed f o r f i f ty k n igh t s o ft h e o l d e nf eof fmen t a nd f i v e a nd t wo th i rd s o ft h en ew ( 3 7 ) . A s i nt h e c a se o fC la r e , s e ve ra l o ft h e o bv iou s ly l a te r e nf eof fmen t s -t h o se c r ea t ed a f t e r 135 -w e re f r a c t iona l f e e s . T he f i f ty f e e s o ft h e o l d e nf eof fmen t w e r e m ade u p f r om q uo ta s o n t wen ty two t e nan t s ; a mong t h e se t e nan t s , s i x h e ld t h e e qu iva len t o f t wen ty -one f e e s , e a ch h o ld ing l a nd s a s se s sed a tt h r ee o rf o u r k n igh t ' s f e e s , w h i l s t i na dd i t ion , P e t e r d e B i rm ingham h e ld n i ne k n igh t ' s f e e s . T hu s a bou t o n e th i rd o f t h e t e nan t s a c coun t ed f o r 6 0% o f t h e q uo ta s , a nd i ft h e se f i gu r e s a r e a d ju s t ed t o t a ke a c coun t o f t h e n ew e nf eof fmen t s , a pp rox ima t e ly aq ua r te r o ft h e t e nan t s a c coun ted f o r 5 3 .9% o ft h e a s se s smen t . T he se f i gu r e s a r e p e rhap sn o ta se mpha t ic a st h o se c a lcu la ted f o rt h e h ono r o fC la r e , b u tt h ey n one t h e l e s su nde r l ine t h ep r e sence , i nt e rm s o ft h e' C a r ta ' , o f as ma l l e l i t e g roup w i th in t h e h ono r i nt h e m id twe lf th c en t u ry . I t

T o t h i s e x t en t , t h e h ono r o f D ud ley l o o se ly s hadow s t h e s i tua t ion i nt h e h ono r o fC la r e , a sr e con s t ru c ted b y R icha rd Mo r t ime r . B u t w h i l s t t h e r e w e r e s ome s ub s tan t ia l t e nan t s m i s s ing a mong t h o se w i tne s s ing P agane lc ha r te r s , i tw a sa l so t h e c a se t h a tt wo o ft h e mo s t s ub s tan t ia l t e nan t s i nt h e w e s t m id land sh ono rw i tne s sed t h eb a ron ' sc ha r te r sr e gu la r ly ( 4 6 ) . T h i s m igh tr e p r e sen t ag enu ine ly c l o se r e la t ion sh ip b e twe en G e rva se P agane l a nd t wo o fh i s l e ad ing t e nan t s , o r i tm igh t r e f l ec t d e l ibe ra t e p o l icy o n h i s p a r t t o i n vo lve t h em i nt h e a f f a i r s o f t h e h ono r ia l c ou r t . T he h ono r o f D ud ley i nt h e t we lf th c en tu ry c onf i rm st h a tr e la t ion sh ip sb e tween l o rd sa nd t e nan t s c anno t b e s e en s imp ly i n t e nu r ia l t e rm s . Men o f r e la t ive ly l i t t le o r n o t e nu r ia l s t and ing w i th in t h e h ono r m igh tn one t h e l e s sb e c l o se t ot h e l o rd , p e rhap st h rough t h e i n s t i tu t ion o ft h e h ou seho ld , a nd r e p r e sen t s ome o ft h e m en u pon w hom t h e l o rd mo s th eav i ly r e l ied .

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TABLE 2 . R egu lar Wi tne s se so fG erva se P agane l 's C har ter s : N ame .

N o .Cha r te r sW i tne s sed .

C oun te s sI s abe l la . F u lk P agane l . G odw in D ap if e r . R oge rd eH ag ley . P e te r Dap if e r . W i l l iam , s on o fG uy . G eof f rey d eR oue 1 16 . A lan D ap if e r( ? ) . S imon t h eC hap la in . R ober td eP agane l . T homa s' c ame ra r iu s ' .

1 0 . 9 .

E nf eof f u ien t . N one . N one . 1 / 3 f .m . N one . 9f .m .

8 . 7 . 6 . 6 . 5 . 5 . 5 . 4 . 4 .

3f .m . 1 / 3 f .m . N one . N one . N one . N one .

H oweve r , i ns o f a r a s t h e e v idence o ft h e h ono r o fD ud ley p e rm i t s aj udgemen t , t h e w i se l o rd d i d n o t n eg lec t h i s mo s t

w a s s uppo r ted b y t h ree o ft h e p r inc ipa l f am i l ie s w i th in t h e h ono r , n ame ly B e rna rd d e T ry su l l , W i l l i am d e B i rm ingham a nd W i l l iam f i t z Guy d 'Offm i . W i th W i l l iam B uf f a r e , t h e l o rd o fL owe rP enn , i tw a st h ec a se t h a tt h el a t te rt h ree o ft h e

p owe rf u l t e nan t s ; o ne c anno t i g no r e t h e f a c t t h a t t h e re w a s s ome c o r r e la t ion b e tween l a nded r e sou r ce s a nd t h e s t and ing a nd i n f luence t h a t w a s w ie lded . T he ' Ca r ta ' m ay b e a n i mpe r f ec tg u ide t ot h i s ,b u ti ti s au sab le o ne .

f ou r h ad f am i ly o r t e nu r ia l r e la t ion sh ip s w i th a f u r the r s i x m en w ho s uppo r ted G erva se P agane l . A l though s pecu la t ive , t h e i mp re s s ion i sg iven o f ag roup o ft e nan t s t h a t p e rhap s o wed much o f i t s c ohe r ence mo re t o t h e a ff in i t ie s o f t h e

Y e t , i ti sa l so c l ea r t h a t t e nan t s w e re f r equen t ly c omm i t ted , t o ag r ea t e ro rl e s se rd eg ree ,t os eve ra lm en a t at ime ( 47 ) ; i n s uch c i r cum s tance s i tw a s w i se f o r l o rd s l i ke G erva se P agane l t o f o s te r r e la t ion sh ip s w i th s ome o f h i s l e ad ing

p r inc ipa l f am i l ies o f t h e h ono r , t h an t o t h e h ono r ia l l o rd h im se lf , w h ich i fs o , e mpha s i se s t h e i mpor tance o fP agane l ' s b ond s w i th W i l l iam d e B i rm ingham a nd w i th W i l l iam f i tz G uy d 'Off in i .

h ono r ia l t e nan t s . I ts e em s u n l ike ly t h a t l o rd s c ou ld h av e e xpec t ed t h e se t o b e e xc lu s ive r e la t ion sh ip s , b u t t h e i r o wn s t and ing a nd i n f luence i n t h e r eg ion d epended o n t h e i r a b i l i ty a tb es tt ow in o ve r s uch m en a nd r e ta in t h e i r s e rv ice ,

Wh i l s t t h e h ono r r ema ined a u sef u l s t ruc tu re b y w h ich h ono r ia l l o rd s m igh t d ef ine t h e i r r e la t ion sh ip s a nd s t and ing w i th in ar eg ion , t h e re s e em s l i t t le r e a son t os uppo se t h a tt h i s

o r a t wo r s t , i n s i s t o n o u twa rd c onf o rm i ty t h rough f e uda l i n s t i tu t ion s s uch a s a t t endance a tt h e h ono r ia l c ou r t . T hu s , t h ev a r ie ty o fr e la t ion sh ip st h a tl o rd sa nd t e nan t se n te r ed i n to d u r ing t h e e l even th a nd t we lf th c en tu r ie s n eed n o t r e f lec t a s t ra in u pon , o r ad i s in teg ra t ion o f , f e uda l r e la t ion sh ip s a nd

w a s s o f o r t h e i r t e nan t s a nd c l ien t s . T h i s a ppea r s t ob e t h e c a se i nt h e t we lf th c en tu ry , a nd w a s m an if e s t ly s o b y t h e m id th i r t een th c en tu ry .

s t ruc tu re . I ts e em s p robab le t h a tt h i s w a s t h e n o rm f r om t h e o u t se t , a nd t h a tt h e r ew a sn of o rma l s t ruc tu re t od i s in teg ra te .

T he i n dependence o f t h e r ank a nd f i l e g en t ry may b e d emon s t ra ted t h rough a n e xam ina t ion o f t h e a r i s toc ra t ic c ommun i ty i ns ou th S t af f o rd sh i re a tt h e t ime o ft h e B a ron s ' Wa r ( 50 ) . R oge r Id e S ome ry w a s o ne o ft h e m ino r b a ron s i nt h e a r ea s t r iv ing t o e s tab l i sh s ome r e g iona l a u tho r i ty a nd i n f luence . O ne o f h i s p r inc ipa l r i va l s w a s h i s s on i n l aw , R a lph I V B a s se t o fD ray ton , w ho a l so c l a shed w i th a no the r n e ighbou r , P h i l ip Ma rm ion . I ti sp o s s ib le t ha t d e S ome ry ' s

Wha teve rt h e s ucce s s o fo t he r l o rd s i na tra c t ing t h e s uppo r t o f men w ho w e re t e nan t s o f t h e h ono r o f D ud ley , i tw a s c l ea r ly t h e c a se t h a t i n 173 -4 G e rva se P agane l r e ce ived t h e s uppor to f many o fh i st e nan t s( 48 ) .T he r e be l l ion i nE ng land w a s l a rge ly c oncen t ra t ed i nt h e M id land s ( 4 9 ) , a nd i tm ay h ave b een e a s ie r f o r t h e se t e nan t s t o m ak e t h e c ho ice t h a t t h ey d id w hen i t w a s a pp rec ia ted t h a t many o f t h e i r n e ighbou r s w e re mak ing t h e s ame d ec i s ion a s G e rva se P agane l ; m en s uch a s R obe r t d e S t af f o rd , S t ephen d e

d ec i s ion b y 1 263 t oj o in t h e k ing ' s p a r ty w a s i n f luenced b y t h e p e r cep t ion t h a t i tw ou ld g ive h im s ome a dvan tage o ve r h i s Mon tf o r t ian r i va l ,b u tw ha teve rt h et r u th o ft h i s , i ti sc l ea r t h a t R oge r w a s n o t s uppo r t ed b y an umbe r o fh i s h ono r ia l t e nan t s .

B eauchamp ,W i l l iam B ago ta nd P h i l ip d eK inve r .

I ti sp o s s ib le , f r om t h ep l ea r o l l s , t or e con s t ruc ts ome th ing o f t h e a l l iance s o r a s soc ia t ion s o f t h e S t af f o rd sh i re g en t ry i n vo lved i nt h e d i s tu rbance s , a nd i lu s t ra t e t h e e x t en to ft h e i r i n vo lvemen t . T he i mp r e s s ion i s t h a t , wha teve r t h e i r mo t iva t ion s , t h e l o ca l g en try w e r e d eep ly i n vo lved , t a k ing p a r t i nn ume rou s r a id s a c ro s s t h e a r ea . O ne s uch r a id w a s a n a t tack b y o ve r f o r ty m en o n P h i l ip Ma rm ion 's m ano r a t N o rbu ry , o n 5 t h J une , 1 264 ( 5 1) . Mo s t o f t hose i n vo lved

T he re w a s ac on s ide rab le d eg r ee o fh ono r ia l s o l ida r i ty i nt h e r ebe l l ion a ga in s t H en ry I . T he g roup a s aw ho le i n c luded f ew a t te s to r s o fP agane l c ha r te r s , w i th o n ly W i l l iam f i t zG uy d 'Off in if i gu r ing a s ar egu la rw i tne s s . I ns of a ra st h ec ha r te r s w i l l p erm i t , t h e re i sl i t t le e v idence h e re o f c l o se p e r sona l b ond s b e tween P agane l a nd s eve ra l o f t h e n amed t e nan t s w ho j o ined h im i nt h er e be l l ion , b u ti ti sn o tab le t h a tG e rva se

6 7

w e re r e la t ive ly m ino r f i gu re s d rawn f r om t h e l o ca l i ty , b u t d id i n c lude W i l l iam d eB e rk ley ,t h ep a r son o fN o rbu ry i t s e lf ,

b e u sed t o d ef ine t h e v i b rance o f' b a s ta rd f euda l i sm ' i nt h e r eg ion b y t h i s d a te , a l though C rouch h a s d emon s t ra ted t h a t t h i s w a s p r e sen t i nE ng land b y t h e m id twe lf th c en tu ry ( 58 ) . I ti sn o t c l ea r , h oweve r , w he the r t h i s h a s ab ea r ing o n a ny r e la t ion sh ip b e tween P e te r d e B i rm ingham a nd R ober t d e

a nd a l so t h e K n igh t ley b ro the r s , w ho w e re m embe r s o f R a lph B a s se t ' sr e t inue .

S t af f o rd d u r ing t h e s e cond h a lf o ft h et we lf th c en tu ry .

I n ev i tab ly ,m embe r so ft h eg en t ry f o l lowed t h eo ppor tun i t ie s w h ich p r e sen ted t h em se lve s , i n s ome c a se s h igh l igh t ing a c on s ide rab le mob i l i ty o n t h e i r p a r t , t h a t s aw n o t o n ly movemen t b e tween h ou seho ld s a nd r e t inue s , b u t a l so b e tween p o l i t ica l f a c t ion s . F o r i n s tance , W i l l iam , s on o f A lan o fO ver ton , i lu s t ra te s t h e p o s s ib i l i ty o fs e rv ice w i th in t wo h ou seho ld s , n e i the r o f w h ich w a s t ha t o f h i s h ono r ia l l o rd . I n 1 263 -4 h e w a s n o t ed ( t oge the r w i th H ugh d e

B a s se t ' s w eb o fp a t ronage w a s u n rema rkab le f o r t h e p e r iod , a nd w a s n o d oub t s im i la rt ot h a t o fo t he r l o rd s i nt h er eg ion , b u tt h i s d oe s n o tm ean t h a t B a s se t ' s n e ighbou r s c ou ld a f f o rd t oi g no re i t ,o rn o tt or e spond t oi ti ns ome w ay . I tm ay w e l l h ave b een f e l t b y d e S ome ry t o c u t a c ro s s h i s l o rd sh ip , a s , f o r i n s tance , i n 1 259 w hen W i l l iam d e L eom in s te r e n te red

B u shbu ry a nd Wa l te rd e B owe le s ) a sb e ing i nt h e h ou seho ld o ft h e r oya l i s t , W i l l iam B agod , b u t i nt h e s ame y ea r i tw a s

t h e m ano r o f S edg ley a tn igh t , k idnapped R oge r ' s v i l le in , Wa l te rO rd r ich , a nd t ook h im b y f o rce t oB r idgnor th , w he r e

a l so r e co rded t h a t h e w a s u nde r t h e p ro tec t ion o f t h e Mon tf or t ian ,R a lph B a s se t( 52 ) .

h e w a s i mp r i soned . T he r e c l ea r ly w e re t e n s ion s b e tween d e S ome ry a nd B a s se t , a r i s ing f r om t h e i r r i va l ry f o r r eg iona l

T he r e i sa l so t h e e xamp le o f W i l l iam d e L eom in s te r . I n

d om inance , b u t t h e se w e r e l i ke ly a ccen tua ted b y f am i ly i s sue s . I ts e em s p robab le t h a t t h e a mb i t iou s B a s se t w ou ld h ave b een i r i ta ted b y R oge r ' s r e ten t ion o f t h e mano r s o f B a r row o n S oa ra nd C h ipp ing C ampden , ' b y t h e c ou r t esy o f

1 259 , w h i l s t i n t h e s e rv ice o f R a lph B a s se t , h e w a s p ro secu ted b y R oge r d e S ome ry f o r t r an sg re s s ion s c omm i t ted a tR oge r ' s d eme sne mano r o fS edg ley . B y 1 262 ,

E ng land ' , d ue t oN icho la ' sd augh te r sa nd t h e i rh u sband s a f t e r h e r d ea th ( 59 ) . R a lph B a s se t w a s d emon s tra t ing t h e s imp le t r u th t h a t t o b e s ucce s sf u l , l o rd sh ip h ad t o b e a s se r t ive ; h e s e em sa l so t oh ave b een a b le t o make h i sp a t ronage a t t rac t ive

h ew a sa mong s tt ho se c ha rged b y R a lph B a s se tf o ra t tack ing h i s m i l l a t B i t te r sco te , o n t h i s o cca s ion i n t h e s e rv ice o f P h i l ip Ma rm ion . T he c i rcum s tance ss ugge s ti ti su n l ike ly t h a t h ew a sr e ta ined i nt h et wo h ou seho ld sa tt h es ame t ime ( 5 3 ) .

( o r i re s i s t ib le ) t o many o ft h e g en t ry o ft h e w e s t m id land s , i n c lud ing t ho se h o ld ing o f t h e h ono r o f D ud ley . N e i the r

T ho se i nd ependen ts e rv ice r e la t ion sh ip s ,w i th av i ew t ot h e i r l i ve l ihood s a nd f u tu re p ro spec t s , a ppa ren t ly made d ec i s ion s a bou t t h e r e la t ion sh ip s t h ey w ou ld e n te r i n to b a sed u pon o ppo r tun i ty . T enu r ia l l i nk s w e re n o t i mpo r tan t , a nd n o r , i t w ou ld s e em , w e re p o l i t ica l f a c t ion s . A f te r t h e b a t t le o f E ve sham , t h e Mon tf or t ian W i l l iam d e K n igh t ley w en t t o I r e land i nt h e s e rv ice o ft h e r oya l i s t , J ame s d e Aud ley ( 54 ) , w h i l s t h i s a s soc ia te , R ober t d e S t aundon , w a s i nt h e H o ly L and , p e rhap s e i the r e vad ing t h e a u tho r i t ie s i nE ng land , o r

ma r r iage a l l iance s n o r c a sh l o an s d i d a ny th ing t o t empe r R a lph ' s d ea l ing s w i th R oge r d e S ome ry , s o t ha t e ven tua l ly R oge r p e rhap s s ough t i n s tead t o t ur n t h e p o l i t ica l s i tua t ion mo r e d i rec t ly t oh i s a dvan tage i nc omba t ing t h e e xpan s ive i n f luence o fh i sr i va l . Wha t eve r t h e r e a l i t ie s o f n on tenu r ia l r e ta in ing a nd p a t ronage , t h e l o rd s o fh ono r s m igh t s t i l l h ope t or e inf o rce t h e i r p o s i t ion w i th r ega rd t o t h e i r h ono r ia l t e nan t s t h rough t h ei n s t i tu t ion o ft h eh ono r ia l c ou r t . A l though h i s to r ian sh ave

p os s ib ly i n t h e f o l low ing o f t h e L o rd E dwa rd ( 5 5 ) . T he

o f t en s e en t h i s a s am ean s o f ma in ta in ing t h e c ohe r ence o f

o ppor tun i t ie s f o r a dvancemen t w e re p e rhaps a l l t h e mo r e r e ad i ly a va i lab le t o t h e l o ca l g en t ry d u r ing p er iod s o f

t h e h onor ia l c ommun i ty , R eyno ld s h a s r e cen t ly d oub ted t h e r e a l i ty o f i t s a u tho r i ty o r j u r i sd ic t ion ( 60 ) . A l though t h e r e la t ive p auc i ty o f d ocumen ta t ion f o r t h e h ono r h a s t o b e

d i s tu rbance , a nd t h i s e ven mo re s o a t at ime w hen p o l i t ica l t e n s ion sa nd l o ca lh o s t i l i t ie s o f f e red av eh ic le b y w h ich r i va l

k ep ti nm ind , t h e re i sn o th ing t os how t ha tt h eh ono r ia lc ou r t w a s e f f ec t ive i ns e cu r ing t h e i n f luence o f t h e d e S ome ry s . Wh i l s t l o rd s r ema ined k een t o ma in ta in t h e o u twa rd c onf o rm i t ie s o f f e uda l t e nu re a nd i t s a s soc ia ted l o rd sh ip , t e nan t s w e re a nx iou s t o f r ee t h em se lve s , a s f a r a s p o s s ib le ,

b a ron ia l f am i l ie s m igh t t h em se lve s c ompe t e f o r r eg iona l d om inance , a nd s e ek t oa t t rac t a n a ff in i ty t h a t c ou ld s uppo r t t h e i ra mb i t ion s . B y ac omb ina t ion o f p a t ronage a nd i n t im ida t ion , R a lph B a s se t s e em s t o h ave b een s ucce s sf u l i n d raw ing s uppo r t

f r om t h em . I nt h e h ono r o fD ud ley t h e re a r e t wo s u rv iv ing r e f e rence s wh ich i l u s t ra te t h i st r end .

f r om a mong t h e l o ca l g en t ry . H i s a ff in i ty i n c luded H en ry d e V e rdun , R icha rd d e L oge s a nd P h i l ip d e M i t ton , e ach o f w hom w e re t e nan t s o ft h eh ono ro fS t af f o rd . B a s se t ' s w eb o f p a t ronage a l so e x t ended i n to t h eh ono ro fD ud ley . I n 1 263 -4 , r oya l f o re s te r s w e re i mpeded f r om d ea l ing w i th ' c u s toma ry ma lef a c to r s ' who i n c luded R a lph d e B u shbu ry a nd W i l l iam d e O ve r ton , b ecau se t h ey w e re u nde r B a s se t 's p ro tec t ion

I n 1 255 , R oge r d e S ome ry w a s i nd i spu t e w i th W i l l iam d e P a r le s , i n wh ich W i l l iam a cknow ledged t h e k n igh t s e rv ice t h a t h e o wed , b u t d i spu ted R oge r ' s d emand t h a t h e s hou ld

( 56 ) , a nd i n 1 263 R a lph P e l le , ah un t sman o f R oge r d e S ome ry , w a s r epo r ted t o b e i n ah un t ing p a r ty i nC annock F o re s t , t a k ing v en i son b ack t o R a lph B a s se t ' s h ou se , t h a t i n c luded R a lph B a s se th im se lf w i th m embe r s o fh i s r e t inue R obe r t d e S t aundon a nd d e K n igh t ley b ro the r s ( 57 ) . S uch n on tenu r ia l r e t inue s a r e o ne o ft h e c ha rac te r i s t ic s t h a t m ay

a t tend t h e c ou r t i nD ud ley e ve ry t h ree w eek s . T he r e w a s a s im i la r d i spu te i n 1 262 w i th W i l l iam d e B i rm ingham , w ho a l so a c cep ted t h e k n igh t s e rv ice t h a t h e o wed , b u t c l a imed t h a t h i s s u i t o fc ou r t w a st w ice y ea r ly , a nd i nc e r ta in s pec ia l c i rcum s tance s , r a the r t h an e ve ry t h ree w eek s a s d emanded b y d e S ome ry ( 6 1) . T he se d i spu te s a r e c on s i s ten t w i th t h e l i ke l ihood t h a t R oge r d e S ome ry , i n c ommon w i th o t he r s , w a s a t t emp t ing t ou se t h ej u r i sd ic t iona l r o le o ft h e h ono r t o

6 8

r e inf o rce h i s a u tho r i ty o ve r h i s h ono r ia l t e nan t s . T o s ome e x ten t t h i s c ou r t o f f e red a p o ten t ia l f o cu s f o r h ono r ia l

c ha r te r s i ss o s ma l l t h a t t h i s c anno t b e t a ken a s s i gn if i can t . H oweve ri tw a s c e r ta in ly t h e c a se t h a tj u s ta st h e d e S ome ry s w e r e c u l t iva t ing t h e i rr e la t ion sh ip sb eyond t h eh ono ri no rde r t od eve lop t h e i r a ff in i ty , o the r s w e re d o ing l i kew i se a mong t h e h ono r ia l t e nan t s . I n 1 294 T homa s d e B i rm ingham w a s s e rv ing i nt h e r e t inue o fE dmund d e L anca s te r ( 67 ) , a nd i n

r e la t ion sh ip sw h ich m igh t l e nd s ome c on t inued c ohe rence t o t h e f r amewo rk o ft h eh ono r . K n igh ts e rv ice w a s n o ta ti s sue , n o d öub t b ecau se i tw a s a l ready am ean ing le s s c onven t ion , b u t a t tendance a tc ou r t w a s am a t te r t h a t t ouched u pon t h e i n dependence o ft h e g en t ry . T ha t n e i the r W i l l iam d e Pu le s

None o ft h i ss i gna l led t h e d em i se o ft h eh ono ri nt h ep o l i t ica l l a nd scape . T he b a ron s e v iden t ly s aw c onven ience a nd v a lue

1 300 Wa l te r d e B i rm ingham w a s i nt h e r e t inue o fR ober t d e T a t e sha le ( 68 ) . I n 1 306 H en ry d e E rd ing ton w a s i n t h e r e t inue o f J ohn d e H a s tyng ( 69 ) a nd H en ry d e Mo rf e a nd J ohn d e D eve raux b o th f o l lowed R oge r Mo r t ime r o f W ig ,mo re ( 70 ) . I n 1 3 16 -17 W i l l iam d e B i rm ingham w a s t o b e f ound i nt h e r e t inue o fJ ohn d e S eg rave . C lea r ly t h e d e S ome ry s w e re n o t t h e o n ly f o ca l p o in t f o r s e rv ice , o r e ven t h e mo s ti mpo r tan to ne f o r many .

i n t h e h ono r a s am ean s o f d ef in ing t h e i r p o s i t ion i n t h e l o ca l i ty ,n o t l e a s t , p re sumab ly , b ecau se i tp rov ided t r ad i t ion ,

T he i n te r e s t s o f l o rd s f r om ' o u t s ide ' o f t h e h ono r may b e

n o r W i l l iam d e B i rm ingham may b e f ound s uppor ti ng t h e b a ron i n 1 263 -5 c a s t s d oub t o n t h e e f f ec t ivene s s o f t h e h ono r ia l c ou r t , a t l e a s t o f i t se lf , i n a s se r t ing d e S ome ry ' s a u tho r i ty i nt h el o ca l i ty .

l e g i t ima cy , a nd r e la ted f am i ly t i e s a nd c l a im st ot h e e xe rc i se o f a u tho r i ty i n t h e r e g ion . I ti sh a rd ly s u rp r i s ing t h a t t h e b a ron s w ou ld d o w ha tt h ey c ou ld t op ro t ec t a nd m a in ta in i t s

i lu s t ra ted t h rough t h e Mo r t ime r f am i ly . I n 1 302 H en ry d e Mo r t ime r s t ood s u re ty f o r P e te r d e B i rm ingham ( 7 1) b u t mo r e c onv inc ing a r e t h e i r l i nk s w i th t h e D eve raux f am i ly , w ho h e ld ap o r t ion o f We s t B romw ich ( 72 ) . A pa r t f r om t h e a ppea rance o fJ ohn D eve raux i n aMor t ime rr e t inue i n 1 306

c onv en t ion s , a l ong s ide ab roaden ing r ange o fr e la t ion sh ip s , w ha t J .M .W .Bean h a s c ha rac t e r i sed a s t h e t r an s i t ion f r om t h e i rc l ien t s( 62 ) , a l though t h e se w ide rr e la t ion sh ip sw e re n o t i nt h em se lve s an ew p henomenon . H oweve r , i tw a sa l so c l ea r t h a t t h e h ono r c ou ld n o t b e t h e s o le b a s i s o f p owe r a nd i n f luence i n t h e l o ca l i ty , a s t h e r e a l i ty o f p owe r r e s ted

l o rd sh ip t op a t ronage , l o rd s b ecom ing p a t ron s a nd r e ta ine r s

( 73 ) , i ti sa l so p o s s ib le t os how t h e Mo r t ime r s o fW igmo r e i n aw ide rr a ng ing p a t ron -c l ien tr e la t ion sh ip w i th t h e f am i ly . I n 1 30 1 Wa l te rD eve raux w a s r em i t ted af i ne a tt h e i n s tance o f E dmund d e Mo r t ime r( 74 ) , a nd t wo y ea r s l a te r ,t oge the rw i th P h i l ip d e S t epe l ton ( 7 5 ) , Wa l te rw a sn o ted a sh av ing c u s tody

e l sewhe r e , i n p e r sona l r e la t ion sh ip s , w ea l th , a nd f am i ly p re s t ige , a nd i nt h e c apac i ty t oo f f e re f f ec t ive p a t ronage -i n

o ft h e l a nd s o fR oge r , s on a nd h e i rt oE dmund d e Mo r t ime r ; D eve raux s e em s t o h ave e n joyed mo re t han s imp ly a

t h et we lf th a sw e l la si nt h et h i r teen th c en tu ry . I tc ou ld n o tb e o t herw i se g iven t h e g en t ry s"penchan t ' f o r i n dependence o f

c ampa ign r e la t ion sh ip . T he D eve raux s w e re a s e t t le r s qu i r e f am i ly i nt h e We l sh Ma r ch , w he re t h ey h ad b een a s soc ia t ed w i th t h e l o rd sh ip o f B r econ s i nce t h e m id twe lf th c en tu ry ,

a c t ion .

a nd t h ey a l so h e ld o ft h eL acy si nH e ref o rd sh i re ( 76 ) . G iven

t h a t

t h e

t e nu r ia l

b ond

i s o ne

t h a t

h a s

b een

o ve re s t ima ted b y h i s to r ian s f r om t h e o u t se t , t h en t h e d i f f e rence s o f o p in ion b e tween R oge r d e S ome ry a nd h i s t e nan t s i n1 263 -5 a r i se s n o t s o much f r om a ny d i s in teg ra t ion

T he S ome ry s w e r e a l so Ma r che r l o rd s , a l be i t r e la t ive ly mode s t o ne s , a nd t h e v a r iou s c ampa ign s t o Wa le s s e em l i ke ly t oh ave b rough t t h e Mor t ime r s a nd S ome ry s t oge the r

o f f e uda l i n s t i tu t ion s i n t h e h ono r o f D ud ley , a s f r om d i f f e rence s o f o p in ion o ve r w ha t a c t ion w a s i n t h e b e s t

( 77 ) . A l though W igmo p e w a s t h e c apu t o f t h e f am i ly , t h e Mo r t ime r s h e ld mano r s i n Wo rce s te r sh i re a nd w e r e l i nked b y m a r r iage t o t h e S t af f o rd sh i r e f am i l ie s o f V e rdun a nd

i n t e r e s t s o fi n d iv idua l f am i l ie s , w he r e o ppo r tun i t ie s l a y , a nd w ha t r e la t ion sh ip s t h e se t e nan t s e n joyed w i th o t he r l o rd s . C r i t ica l t oo w a s t h e w ide r a t t i tude o f t h e l o ca l i ty o r n e ighbou rhood , w h ich w a s o bv iou s ly e x t ra -hono r ia l i n

A ud ley ( 78 ) . T he V e rdun ma r r iage may h ave s t reng thened Mor t ime r i n te r e s t s i nt h e h ono r o f D ud ley a s t h e V e rdun s s e em a l ready t oh ave h ad , o rt ob e c l a im ing , l a nded i n te re s t s

n a tu r e . P e rhap s G erva se P agane l h ad c a r r ied m any o f h i s t e nan t sw i th h im b ecau se t h ey s ha red t h e c ommon v i ewpo in t

w i th in t h e h ono r ( 79 ) . G ro s s h a s o b se rved h ow t h e t e n s ion s o ft h e Ma r ch c ou ld e a s i ly o ve r sp i l l i n to S taf f o rd sh i r e s oc ie ty

o ft h e l o ca l i ty , whe rea s R oge r d e S omery w a s u nab le t od o s o , b ecau se h e f ound h im se lf a tv a r iance w i th t h e v i ewpo in t o ft h el o ca l i ty .

( 80 ) a nd s o i ti sl i ke ly w i th in t h i s w ide r c on tex t t h a t w e s e e

T he mode l o f p a t ron a nd -c l ien t , a nd o f n on tenu r ia l a ff in i t ie s , t ha t w e re s uch af e a tu re o fs ou th S t af f o rd sh i re i n t h e m id th ir teen th c en tu ry , a r e a l so w e l l e v id enced i n t h e

( 8 1) i nw h ich t h ey j o ined w i th J ohn d e H a s tyng a nd t h e E a r l o fL anca s t e r , b o th o fw hom r e c ru i ted t ot h e i r r e t inue s f r om w i th in t h eh ono ro fD ud ley .

a n i mpo r tan t Ma rche r f am i ly d eve lop ing i t s i n f luence b y b u i ld ing a n a ff in i ty i nn e ighbou r ing r eg ion s . I na dd i t ion , t h e Mo r t ime r s w e re n o tw i thou t l a nded i n te re s t s i nS t af f o rd sh i r e

h ono r o f D ud ley d u r ing t h e l a te r t h i r teen th a nd e a r ly f ou r teen th c en tu r ie s . F o r s ome t e nan t s o f t h e h ono r t h e d e

I ti sw i th J ohn d e S ome ry ( c .1279 -1322 ) t h a t w e c ome c l o se s t t ob e ing a b le t or e con s t ruc t i nd e ta i l s ome th ing o fa d e S ome ry a ff in i ty , a nd t h e b a ron ia l r e la t ion sh ip w i th t h e

S ome ry f am i ly c on t inued t o o f f e r o ppo r tun i t ie s f o r s e rv ice . I n 1 271 , f o r e xamp le , H en ry d e Mo rf e w a s f unc t ion ing a s R oge r d e S ome ry 's b a i l if f ( 6 3 ) , w h i l s t t h e s ma l l s amp le o f c ha r t e r st h a th ave s u rv ived s how h ono r ia l t e nan t s w i tne s s ing

g en t ry o f t h e r eg ion . H e w a s mo r e o bv iou s ly a d om inan t f i gu re i nt h er e g ion t h an h i s g randf a the rh ad b een i nt h em id t h i r t een th c en tu ry , a nd ac u lm ina t ion o f wha t t h e f am i ly h ad s ough tt oa ch ieve .

t h e c ha r t e r s o fo t he r s i na s soc ia t ion w i th d e S ome ry ( 64 ) , o r o cca s iona l ly w i tne s s ing t h e c ha r te r s o f d e S ome ry h im se lf ( 6 5 ) . F ew o ccu r mo r e t han o nce ( 66 ) b u t t h e s amp le o f

6 9

F o rt h e mo s tp a r t ,J ohn d eS ome ry s e em st oh ave e n joyed t h e f avou r o fE dwa rd I , p a r t icu la r ly i nt h e y ea r s f o l low ing t h e

I n 1 3 10 , J ohn G if f a rd a ppea red i nJ ohn d e S ome ry ' s r e t inue ( 9 4 ) , a nd h e s e rved i n i ta ga in i n 1 313 , w hen h e w a s a l so

d ea th o fG ave s ton i n1 312 , a nd t h e i n c rea s ing e xpec ta t ion i n

j o ined b y R obe r t d e R ochef o rd , H en ry d e B u shbu ry , a nd J ohn d e B ruyn ton ( B r ing ton ) o f No r thamp ton sh i re ( 9 5 ) . I n 1 3 16 17 ,t h em embe r sh ip i n c luded ( 96 )J ohn d e Swynne r ton , W i l l iam B ago t , H en ry d e B u shbu ry , R icha rd T a lbo t a nd

t h e e n su ing y ea r s o fa n a rmed c l a sh b e tween t h e k i ng a nd T homa s , e a r l o fL anca s te r , o ne w h ich e ven tua l ly e r up t ed i n 1 321-2 . B y 1 313 J ohn ' s v a lue t o t h e C rown w a s a cknow ledged when h e w a s p a rdoned v a r iou s d eb t s t o t h e

J ohn d e B rom ley o f C oue ley ( Cow ley ) . O f t h e se m en , a l though s eve ra l w e re d rawn f r om t h e S t af f o rd sh i re l o ca l i ty ,

E xcheque r , o n a ccoun t o fh i s g ood s e rv ice i nS co t land , a nd t h e e xpen se s t ha t h e i n cu r red t h e re ; af ew w eek s l a te r , h e w en to ve r sea s ,t oF rance , ' o nt h ek ing ' s s e rv ice ' , f o rw h ich h e

o n ly B u shbu ry w a s at e nan to ft h eh ono r .

r e ce ived e xpen se s i n 1 314 ( 82 ) . H e h ad p r ev iou s ly , i n1 3 10 , b een p a rdoned p aymen t s o ft wo h und r ed p ound s d ue t ot h e

I n t h e r e t inue r e co rded i n 1 3 18 ( 97 ) , o f e l even m embe r s , o n ly f i ve h ad c onnec t ion s w i th t h e h ono r ; t h ese w e r e W i l l iam d e B i rm ingham , H en ry d e B u shbu ry , J ohn d e

E xcheque r , a nd w a s t o b e s im i la r ly t r ea ted a ga in i n t h e f u tu re ( 8 3 ) . H i s p o s i t ion w a s e nhanced b y h i s c u s tody o f l a nd s h e ld d u r ing m ino r i t ie s , i n c lud ing t ho se o f U r ian d e S anc to P e t ro i n 1 311 , a nd b y 1 3 17 , a nd o f p a r t icu la r s i gn if i cance i nt h e l o ca l i ty , t h e B eauchamp mano r o fS u t ton C o ldf i e ld , a nd s ub sequen t ly , o fS tud ley ( 84 ) . I n 1 3 14 h ew a s

S u t ton , R oge rd eA y le sbu ry a nd R icha rd d e E dgba s ton . J ohn d e S u t ton w a s J ohn d e S ome ry 's b ro the r i nl aw , w h i l s t t h e A y le sbu ry s h ad ah i s to ry o fs e rv ice t ot h e d e S ome ry s ( 98 ) . W i l l iam d e B i rm ingham h ad i nt h e p rev iou s y ea r s e rved i n t h e r e t inue o f J ohn d e S eg rave ( 99 ) . T he r ema inde r o f t h e 1 3 18 r e t inue i n c luded S t even D unneheved , J ohn d e S wynne r ton , J ohn G if f a rd , w ho i n t h e p r ev iou s y ea r h ad f o l lowed S t ephen d e S eg rave , W i l l iam d e Wro t te s ley , J ohn

p a id o ne h und red p ound s ' b yw ay o ff e e f o rt h e s even th y ea r o ft h e k i ng ' s r e ign ' ( 85 ) , a nd i nJ une 1 317 , e n te r ed i n to a n i nden tu r e w i th t h e k ing f o r t wo h und r ed ma rk s ay ea r ( 86 ) ; i n 1 320 -21 , J ohn w a s r e co rded i nt h e w a rd robe b ook a s a b anne r e t o f t h e r oya l h ou seho ld ( 87 ) . B y t h e t ime o f t h e

d e B oyn ton a nd H ugh d e H epha rn , w ho i n 1 313 14 , h ad s e rved i n t h e r e t inue o f H ugh l e D e spence r ( 100 ) . T he S t af f o rd sh i re l o ca l i ty w a s a ga in w e l l r e p re sen ted i n t h i s

Yo rk P a r l iamen ti nO c tobe r 1 318 , d e S ome ry w a s o ne o ft h e k ing 's n ew c ounc i l lo r s w ho r egu la r ly w i tne s sed t h e k i ng ' s

m embe r sh ip .

c ha r te r s ( 8 8 ) . T he f avou r s hown t owa rd s J ohn d e S ome ry wa s n o t o n ly ama t te r o fa dd ing s uppo r t t ot h e r oya l p a r ty ,

S l igh t ly l a rge rw a s t h e r e t inue o f 1 319 , w i th f i f t een f am i l ie s

b u tw a s a l so s pec if ica l ly a bou t d eve lop ing ar oya l f a c t ion i n S taf f o rd sh i re , a t t h e t e r r i to r ia l h ea r t land o f t h e e a r l o f

r e p r e sen ted ( 10 1) . Men a s soc ia ted w i th t h e h ono r i n c luded W i l l iam d e B i rm ingham , R icha rd d e E dgba s ton , H en ry d e B u shbu ry , W i l l iam D eve reux , J ohn d e S u t ton a nd R oge r d e A y le sbu ry , b u tt h e se c on s t i tu t ed l e s s t h an h a lf t h e t o ta l . T he

L anca s te r . T he k ing w a s s e ek ing t h e s uppor t o f t h e l o ca l b a ron s , t o ge the r w i th t ho se s e c t ion s o f g en t ry s o c ie ty w i th whom t h ey w e re a s soc ia ted ( 89 ) .

o t he r si n c luded T homa sd eP ipe ,J ohn G if f a rd o fC h i l l ing ton , W i l l iam d e Wro t te s ley , T homa s d e l a H ide , J ohn d e S wynner ton , J ohn d e S to tev i l le , P a t r ick d e B a r ton , R icha rd

An e a r ly i l u s t ra t ion o fJ ohn d e S ome ry 's c i rc le c ome s f r om t h e ' c ompan ie s ' r e co rded i n a r o l l o f a rm s f r om t h e t our namen to f Dun s tab le , w h ich t ook p l ace d u r ing Ma r ch t o

P ayne l a nd H en ry Make lyn . T he r e t inue o f 1 322 , a s semb led s hor t ly b ef o re J ohn ' s d ea th , s howed s im i la r d ive r s i ty o f o r ig in ( 102 ) . I t s m embe r s i n c luded W i l l iam d e B i rm ingham

Apr i l , 1 309 ( 90 ) . T ompk in son n o ted t h e d if i cu l t ie s i n he ren t i n r e con s t ruc t ing r e t inues f r om s uch s ou rce s , b u t J ohn d e S ome ry m ay b e f ound l e ad ing ap a r ty o fn ine k n igh t s , w ho w i th t h e e xcep t ion o f R a lph V I B a s se t , s e em t o h ave h ad

a nd H en ry d e B u shbu ry f r om t h e h ono r , t oget he r w i th T homa sd eP ipe ,w ho h ad s e rved b ef o re , R ober td e G rendon , W i l l iam d e G a s teney s , H en ry I la ry , R icha rd d e Wen lock a nd J ohn d e H od ine t . B o th o ft h e se r e t inue s a ga in i lu s t ra te t h e e f f ec t ivene s s o f e x t ra -hono r ia l r e c ru i tmen t w i th in t h e w ide rl o ca l i ty .

l i t t le c onnec t ion w i th t h e h ono r o fD ud ley . I ndeed , o ft h o se who c an b ei d en t if ied f r om t h e i ra rmo r ia lb ea r ing s ,t h eg roup i so ne o fd i ve r se o r ig in s . O n ly R ober t d e R ochef o rd , w ho i n Augu s t 1 309 i nhe r i ted h i s e ponymou s mano r i n E s sex , r eappea r ed w i th J ohn d e S ome ry , g o ing o ve r sea s i n h i s r e t inue i n 1 313 . H e a ppea r s t o h ave h ad s ome c onnec t ion

Wh i l s t t h e re i ss ome c on s i s tency i nt h e make -up o fp a r t s o f t h e r e t inue s , t h e o verwhe lm ing i mp r e s s ion , a s i n e a r l ie r

w i th P i e r s G ave s ton , a s t h e e a r l s uppor ted R obe r t 's r e que s t

p e r iod s , i so ne o f mob i l i ty o nt h ep a r to ft h er e ta ine r s . O ne o f t h e mo re c on s i s ten t m embe r s o fJ ohn d e S ome ry ' s r e t inue

f o rl i cence t od em i se , f o rf ou ry ea r s ,t wo mano r s i nE s sex , i n J anua ry 1 3 10 ( 9 1) . T he o t he r sa tD un s tab le i n c luded J ohn d e

w a s H en ry d e B u shbu ry ; at e nan t o ft h e h ono r , h o ld ing t h e m ano r s o fB u shbu ry a nd U ppe r P enn ( 103) , t h e f am i ly r o se i ns t a tu re d u r ing t h e t h i r teen th c en tu ry . B y 1 242 t h ey w e r e c on t e s t ing t h e a dvow son o fU ppe r P enn c hu rch ( 104 ) w h ich

G r endon o f Wa rw ick sh i re , J ohn d e V au s o f Wo r ce s t e r sh i re , W i l l iam B eauchamp o f G louce s t e r sh i re , a nd H en ry d e App leby , s a id t o b e o f S t af f o rd sh i r e , b u t mo re p robab ly o f L e ice s te r sh i re ; t h is f am i ly w a s k nown i n S t a f f o rd sh i r e c i rc le s ,r e gu la r ly w i tne s s ing c ha r te r st oB u r ton A bbey d u r ing t h e l a te t h i r teen th , a nd i n to t h e e a r ly f our teen th , c en tu r ie s

t h ey c l a imed i na dd i t ion t ot h a tw h ich t h ey h e ld i nB u shbu ry . T hey w e re a n a cqu i s i t ive f am i ly ( 105 ) a nd p rom inen t i n g en t ry c i rc le s w i tne s s ing c ha r te r s ; n o t o n ly w e re t h ey a c t ive w i th in h ono r ia l c i rc le s , t h ey a l so f o s te r ed r e la t ion sh ip s w i th

( 92 ) . I tw a s R a lph B a s se t o fD ray ton , t h rough h i s t e nu re o f P a t t ingham , w ho h ad t h e c l o se s t l i nk s w i th t h e h ono r o f Dud ley , b u t who a l so r e p re sen ted a n i mpo r tan t f am i ly i n s ou th S t af f o rd sh i r e , a nd t ow hom t h ek i ng l o oked f o rs uppor t i n1 32 1 ( 9 3 ) .

n e ighbou r sf r om f u r the ra f ie ld . B y t h e s e cond h a lf o f t h e t h ir teen th c en tu ry t h ey w e r e b u i ld ing f o r t h em se lve s as uppo r t ive c i r c le o fr e la t ion sh ip s

7 0

a nd t h e i ro wn a ff in i ty ( 1 06 ) , a nd c on sequen t ly , h ad much t o o f f e r t h e d e S ome ry s , a s w e l l a s much t o g a in f r om t h em . G ro s sh a s d e sc r ibed H en ry d e B u shbu ry , a l ong w i th J ohn d e

I ti sd i ff i cu l t t od e te rm ine f r om t h e s u rv iv ing e v idence h ow l o ng l a s t ing t h e d e S ome ry l i nk s w i th t h e i r c l ien t s w e re , a l though c l ea r ly t h ey o pe ra t ed a ga in s t ap reva i l ing b ackd rop

Swynne r ton , a s t h e d om inan t p owe r s b e tween C annock C ha s e a nd D ud ley ( 107 ) , b u tt h i s w a s l a rge ly a s s i s ted b y t h e s uppo r t o fJ ohn d e S ome ry . I th a s b een s e en h ow J ohn d e S om e ry w a s h im se lf c ou r ted b y t h e k i ng a nd p rof i t ed b y i t ( 108 ) , b u t i ts e ems t h a t m embe r s o fh i s a ff in i ty m igh t a l so p ro spe r a s ar e su l t . I n 1 3 19 H en ry d e B u shbu ry r e ce ived c u s tody o ft h ek ing ' s m ano r a tT e t tenha l l ( 109 ) a nd b y 1 322

o fs ho r tt e rm a g reemen t s . T he m embe r sh ip o ft h e d e S ome ry r e t inue s o ve r t h e p e r iod 1 316 -19 d o s ugge s t t h a t J ohn d e S wynne r ton a nd H en ry d e B u shbu ry w e re f a i r ly c on s i s ten t m embe r s ,b o th o fw hom w e re p owe rf u lm embe r s o ft h e l o ca l

h e w a s s he r if f o f S t af f o rd sh i r e . T he p ro spec t o f r oya l p a t ronage i n a dd i t ion t o b a ron ia l s uppo r t mu s t h ave made

g en t ry a nd i mpor tan t a s se t s w i th in t h e d e S ome ry a ff in i ty ( 122 ) . T he G if f a rd s o fC h i l li ng to n a nd t h e Wro t te s ley s w e r e a l so r e la t ive ly f r equen t n on -hono r ia l m embe r s . T he re i sa l so t h e e xamp le o fH ugh d e H epham , w ho h ad j o ined J ohn d e S ome ry b y 1 318 , a nd a f te r h i s d ea th , J ohn a cqu i r ed h i s

s e rv i ce t oJ ohn d e S ome ry a l l t h e mo r e a t t ra c t ive . I ts e em s

m ano ro fB obb ing ton ( 123) .

p robab le t h a tt h e B u shbu ry ' sn e ighbou r s ,t h e E s s ing ton s , h ad b een m embe r s o f d e S ome ry ' s a ff in i ty s i nce a t l e a s t 1 309 ( 1 10 ) ; t h e v i o len t w ay i n w h ich t h ey a nd t h e B u shbu ry f am i ly p ro secu ted t h e i ri n te re s t s i nt h e c oun ty , a ga in s to t he r s

B y d r aw ing i n to h i s c i rc le t h e l e ad ing m embe r s o ft h e l o ca l g en t ry , w he the r t h ey b e h ono r ia l t e nan t s o r n o t , J ohn d e S ome ry 's i n f luence w a s e x tended b eyond t h e h ono r , a nd p a r t icu la r ly i n to s ou th S t af f o rd sh i re . Wh i l s t t h e s t ronge s t

a nd a ga in s t e ach o t he r , r e f lec t s s ome th ing o f t h e t e n s ion s t h a t m igh t b u i ld u p w i th in t h e a ff in i ty , a nd t h e d eg ree o f

i mp re s s ion s a r e o fd e S ome ry i n f luence a nd p owe r f o cu s sed o n s ou th S t af f o rd sh i re , i ti st h e c a se t h a t s i nce t h e e l even th

i mmun i ty t h a t t h ey e n joyed w hen t h e se a c t iv i t ie s w e r e f o cu s sed i na na r ea d om ina ted b yt h e i rp a t ron ( 1 11) .

c en tu ry

t h e

h ono r

h ad

i n co rpo ra ted

mano r s

i n b o th

T he c i rc le o fa cqua in tance s w i th in w h ich m en l i ke B u shbu ry a nd E ss ing ton o pe ra ted w a s l i ke ly t oh ave b een i n s t rumen ta l

Wa rw ick sh i re a nd Wo rce s te r sh i re . T he s t and ing t h a t h ad b een b u i l t u p h e re o ve r t wo c en tu r ie s w ou ld n o t s imp ly b e a bandoned , a nd t h e g ran t t oJ ohn d e S ome ry o fB eauchamp

i ns hap ing J ohn d e S ome ry ' s a ff in i ty . W i l l iam d e Wro t te s ley , f o re xamp le ,w a sw i tne s s ing t h ec ha r t e r so ft h et e nan t so ft h e

l a nd s d u r ing am ino r i ty ( 124 ) r e f lec t s t h e l o ng a s soc ia t ion a nd mu tua lr ega rd b e tween t h e se t wo f am i l ie s .

h ono rb ef o r eJ ohn d e S ome ry s u cceeded t ot h eb a rony ( 1 12 ) , a nd w a s c l ea r ly i nt h e B u shbu ry c i r c le o f a cqua in tance b y t h e l a te t h i r t een th c en tu ry ( 1 13 ) ; t h i s r e la t ion sh ip , may i n t u rn , h ave b rough t h im i n to t h e a ff in i ty o fJ ohn d e S ome ry . A no the rs im i la ri n s tance may b et h a to fJ ohn d e S wynne r ton , w ho se p o sse s s ion o ft h e mano ro fH i l ton b y 1 311 m ade h im

T he r e i s s ome s l igh t e v idence f o r ad e S ome ry f am i ly n e two rk i nt h e p l acemen t o ff am i ly a nd r e ta ine r s i nc hu r ch l i v ing s . I n t h e 1 270 s t h e r e c to r sh ip o f S t .Leona rd ' s , C len t , w a s h e ld b y S imon d e S ome ry ( 125 ) b u t h i s p rec i se r e la t ion sh ip t oR oge rd e S ome ry i sn o tc l ea r . H oweve r ,t h e r e w a s ab ranch o f t h e d e S ome ry f am i ly w i th i n te re s t s i n

an e ighbou r o f E s s ing ton a nd B u shbu ry ; h oweve r , t h e Swynne r ton s o wned l a nd i nE s s ing ton b y t h e l a te t h i r teen th

Wo rce s te r sh i re a nd G louce s te r sh i re , wh ich i n c luded t h e mano r o f B i shamp ton . R ober t d e S ome ry p r e sen ted t o t h e

c en tu ry a nd t h i s , t oge the rw i th t h e n o rma l r ange o fc on ta c t s b e tw een n e ighbou r s , m ay h ave p rov ided a n e n t r ée t ot h e d e

c hu rch t h e re i n 1 290 a nd 1 300 ( 126 ) , w h i l s t i n 1 307 -8

S ome ry af in i ty , e ven b ef o r e t h e q ua r re l b e tween Swynne r ton a nd E s s ing ton , a nd B u shbu ry ' s d ec i s ion t ol e nd s uppo r tt ot h ef o rme r , i n1 3 14 ( 1 14 ) .

E dmund d e S ome ry r e ce ived a l i cence f o r o rd ina t ion a s a p r ie s t ( 127 ) . T he J ohn d e S ome ry who w i tne s sed t h e c har te r o f 1 320 w i th h i s f a the r R ober t ( 128 ) i s p e rhap s t o b e i d en t if ied w i th t h eJ ohn d e S ome ry w ho w a sp r e sen ted t ot h e c hu rch o fD o in ton i n1 30 1 ( 129 ) .

E v id en t ly , t h e d e S ome ry s f ound i tn ece s sa ry , a nd n o d oub t d e s i rab l e f o rt h er eg iona l i n f luence t h a t i tb rough t , t or e c ru i t m embe r s t o t h e i r a ff in i t ie s f r om b eyond t h e h ono r ,

T he r e la t ion sh ip b e tween t h et wo b ranche s o ft h e f am i ly w a s n o ta lway s h a rmon iou s . I n 1 320 , o nt h e n igh t o fS unday , t h e F ea s t o fA l l S ou l s ( Novembe r 2 nd ) , t h e re w a s a n a t ta ck o n D ud ley C a s t le . T he re a r e f ew d e ta i l s o ft h e a t ta ck , o r o ft h e mo t iva t ion b eh ind i t ,b u tt h eh au lw a s s e em ing ly ag ood o ne , c l a imed t ob e g ood s a nd c ha t te l st ot h ev a lue o ft wo h und r ed

p a r t icu la r ly f r om w i th in S t af f o rd sh i r e a nd t h e w ide r w e s t m id land r eg ion ( 1 15 ) . I n a dd i t ion t o e xamp le s l i ke Wro t te s ley , G if f a rd a nd S wynner ton , i ti sp o s s ib le t h a t t h e S t epe l ton s i lu s t ra te a s im i la r r e c ru i tmen t . R obe r t d e S t epe l ton w a s l o rd o fA ld r idge , am embe r o ft h e h ono r , i n t h e r i gh t o f h i s w if e ( 1 16 ) , a nd w a s t h e s on o f J ohn d e S t ap le ton w ho h e ld t h e mano r o f S t ap le ton i n S h rop sh i re ( 1 17 ) . R obe r t ' s i n vo lvemen t i n v a r iou s We l sh a nd S co t t i sh c ampa ign s may w e l l h ave f i r s t b rough t h im i n to t h e d e S ome ry c i rc le ; i n 1 282 h e w a s a tR hudd lan i nt h e s e rv ice o f

p ound s , a nd o ne t hou sand p ound s i n money . O ne o f t h e p a r ty i n vo lved w a s N icho la s d e S ome ry , t h e s on o fR obe r t a nd t h eb ro the ro fJ ohn t h ep r ies t( 1 30 ) . I n ac omp la in t o f 1 3 10 -11 , W i l l iam d e B e r ef o rd , at e nan t i n H im ley s i nce 1 284 ( 1 31) a nd aman who h a s b een d e scr ibed a s ' p e rhaps t h e mo s t i n f luen t ia l l awye r o f h i s g ene ra t ion ' ( 1 32 ) , a l leged t h a t J ohn d e S ome ry d om ina ted i n S t af f o rd sh i re w i th a n i n f luence a nd a u tho r i ty t ha t h e l i ken ed t ot h a t o f ak i ng ; i n deed , h e h ad ' made h im se lf mo r e t h an a k i ng t h e r e ' ( 1 33 ) . I tw a s a l leged t h a t ' n o o ne c an o b ta in l aw o rj u s t ice t h e re in ' ,w h ich may p o in tt od e S ome ry 's s ucce ss i n

T heoba ld d e V e rdun ( 1 18 ) a nd i n1 294 h ew a s i nt h er e t inue o f J ohn d e H a s t ing s ( 1 19 ) ; t h e re w a s a ppa ren t ly s ome i n vo lvemen t w i th t h e d e S ome ry s b y 1 3 11 , a s i nt h a t y ea r J ohn d e S ome ry i n te rvened w i th t h e k i ng o n R obe r t ' s b eha lf a nd s e cu r ed a p a rdon f o r h im ( 120 ) . I n 1 322 R obe r t d e S t epe l ton h e ld l a nd i nG rea t B a r r w he re h e d em i sed r e n t s wo r th t e np ound st oJ ohn d eS ome ry f o rl i f e( 121) .

7 1

d om ina t ing l o ca l c our t s

a nd f r u s t ra t ing o ppo s i t ion ; t h e

d om ina t ion o f l o ca l c our t s

T he k ey t ot h e b a ron ' s p owe r a nd i n f luence w a s h i s p e r sona l r e la t ion sh ip w i th h i s r e ta ine r s , a nd t h i s w a s n e i the rc onfmed

i s a no the r c ha rac t e r i s t ic o f

t o , n o r b y , t h e h ono r . B a ron s s ough t r e ta ine r s , a nd t e nan t s s ough tp a t ron s , a dd ing t ot h e c omp lex i ty o ft h e r e la t ion sh ip s

' b a s ta rd f e uda l i sm ' , a nd J ohn d e S ome ry ' s i nf luence o ve r t h e se c ou r t s i s p e rhap s i lu s t ra ted b y t h e s ucce s s o f t h e Swym ie r ton s a nd t h e B u shbu ry s i ne vad ing a ny p un i shmen t

f o rmed i nt h e l o ca l c ommun i ty . B u t i tw a s n o t ama t t e r o f n eg lec t ing t h e h ono r . T he l o rd s o f D ud ley c ou ld h a rd ly a f f o rd t o i g no re t h e i r r e la t ion sh ip s w i th t h e i r h ono r ia l t e nan t s , o ra tl e a s t , w i th s ome o ft h em ; b u tw h i l s t s ome , l i ke t h e B u shbu ry s , w e re s ucce s sf u l ly r e ta ined , o t he r s , s uch a s

f o rt h e i rp a r ti nt h ed ea th o fR ober td eE s s ing ton o nJ u ly 3 rd , 1 314 , f o l low ing af e ud t h a th ad b een r unn ing f o r s ome t ime ( 1 34 ) . B e ref o rd a l so c omp la ined t h a t ' n o o ne c an d we l l t h e r e u n le s s h e b uy s p ro tec t ion f r om h im , e i the r b y money o r b y

t h e d e B i rm ingham s , d id n o t s o r e ad i ly l o ok t ot h e h ono r ia l l o rd f o r a dvancemen t . H oweve r , f o r b o th b a ron a nd t e nan t

a s s i s t ing h im i nb u i ld ing h i s c a s t le s ...h e a t ta ck s p eop le i n t h e i r o wn h ou se s w i th t h e i n ten t ion o fk i l l ing t h em , u n le s s t h ey make f i ne f o r h i s p ro tec t ion ' ( 1 35 ) . T he c omp la in t r e la t ing t o e x to r t ion p o in t s t owa rd s ar u th le s s c on t ro l a nd e xp lo i ta t ion o fa tl e a s t s ome o ft h e l o ca l c ommun i ty -w h i l s t

a l ike , i n f luence a nd a dvancemen t w a s n o t r e s t r ic t ed t o t h e f r amewo rk o ft h eh ono r .

t h e r e f e rence t o h i s b u i ld ing w o rk s may b e s e en p e rhap s w i th in t h ec on tex to fh i s l o ca lp re s t ige .N o to n ly w a s J ohn d e S ome ry a c t ing w i thou t r e s t ra in t , w e h ave s e en a bove h ow m embe r s o fh i s a ff in i ty c ou ld f o l low t h e i r a mb i t ion s , o f t en v i o len t ly , w h i l s t u nde r h i s p ro tec t ion . G ro s s ( 1 36 ) h a s p o in ted o u tB e ref o rd 's p roc l iv i ty f o re xagge ra t ion , b u th e h a s a l so d emon s t ra ted t h a t t h e o ppo s i t ion o f r oya l i s t a nd L anca s t r ian f a c t ion s g rea t ly i n f luenced a f f a i r s i n S t af f o rd sh i re , a nd t h i s i sl i ke ly t oh ave a f f ec ted h ow J ohn d e S ome ry , al e ad ing r oya l i s t i n t h e r eg ion , w a s p e r ce ived , p a r t icu la r ly b y m en s uch a s W i l l iam d e B e r ef o rd , af e ed r e ta ine r t o T homa s o fL anca s te r . I ta l so h e lp s e xp la in h ow J ohn d eS ome ry w a sa b le t ob u i ld u ph i sp o s i t ion a nd e n joy a c e r ta in f r eedom o fa c t ion wh i l s t h e a ppa ren t ly h ad t h e t r u s t o ft h ek ing .

-

I ti s n o t p o s s ib le t o e s tab l i sh t h e e x ten t t o w h ich t h e se t e n s ion s c on t r ibu ted t o t h e a t tack o n D ud ley C a s t le i n N ovembe r 1 320 , p a r t icu la r ly a s s o l i t t le i sk nown a bou t i t . T he n ame s o f t ho se i n vo lved s ugge s t w ide sp read o r ig in s , w i th n o d i rec t t e nu r ia l l i nk t o t h e h ono r . T hey i n c luded R icha rd d e T u tbu ry a nd N icho la s E rno ld d e C odenove r ( Codno r ) , b o th a r re s ted i nK en t a l though t h ey s ub sequen t ly e s caped i n Y o rk ; R a lph l e D eye r , R obe r t l e P e s tou r o f G no sa l l , N icho la s s on o f R obe r t d e S ome ry , J ohn l e F re remon , W i l l iam a l te C hu rchya rd , Wa l te r d e Wh i te lynge , H en ry L yve t , a nd Wa l te r , t h e s e rvan t o f N icho la s d e B i rm ingham ( 1 37 ) .

Wh i l s t t h e b a ron s r e cogn i sed t h e c onven ience o ft h e h ono r a s am ean s o f d ef in ing t h e i r p o s i t ion i n t h e r eg ion , a nd s ough tt op ro tec ta nd ma in ta in i t sc onven t ion s , i ti sc l ea rt h a t .t h ey c ou ld n eve r t o ta l ly r e ly u pon i t s s t ruc tu re s a st h e b a s i s o ft h e i rp owe ra nd i n f luence , e ven i nt h e t we lf th c en tu ry , t h e s uppo sed ' h eyday ' o ft h e f euda l h ono r . T enan t s h ad a lway s m a in ta ined a v a r ie ty o f r e la t ion sh ip s b o th w i th in , a nd b eyond ,t h eh ono r , a nd i ts e ems u n l ike ly t h a tt h e l o rd s o ft h e h ono r c ou ld h ave t a ken f o r g ran ted t h e s uppo r t o f t h e i r t e nan t s . T he c once rn s o ft h e l o ca l i ty a ppea r s t oh ave b een a mo re p e r sua s ive i nf luence , a nd s o t h e h ono r a s af o cu s o f s o c ia l p owe r i n t h e l o ca l c ommun i ty s hou ld n o t b e e xagge ra ted .

7 2

NOTES : 1 .F o r e xamp le , F .M .S t en ton , E ng l i sh F euda l i sm 1 066 -1166

b e long ing t ot he Ma rqu i s o fA ng le sey s ome t ime p re ser ved a t B eaud e se r tb u tn ow a tP la sN ewydd , I s le o fA ng le sey ( SHC , 1 937 ) ,N o .92 .

( Oxf o rd , 1 932 ) , c hap te r 3 ;D .C rouch , T he B eaumon t T w in s , c hap t e r4 ;R . Mo r t ime r ,' L and a nd S erv ice ' . 2 .S .Ha rvey , ' The K n igh t a nd t h e K n igh t ' s F ee i nE ng land ' , P a s t a nd P re sen t , 4 9 , ( 1970 ) ; r e p r in ted i n R .H i l ton ( e d ) , P ea san t s , K n igh t s a nd H e re t ic s ( Camb r idge , 1 976 a nd 1 981 ) .

1 4 . H a l l( c d ) ,R ed B ook , I ,2 99 . 1 5 . C a l .P .R . ,1225 -1232 , 3 60 ;1247 -1258 ( London ,

1 908 ) ,

2 33 , 5 72 , 6 01 . A l so , G .W ro t te s ley , ' An A ccoun t o f t h e M i l i ta ry S e rv ice P e rf o rmed b y S t af f o rd sh i r e T enan t s d u r ing t h eT h i r teen th a nd F ou r teen th C en tu r ie s ' , SHC . , V I I I , ( 1887 ) , 2 -4 .

3 . Ma son , ' Roge rd e Mon tgome ry a nd h i sS on s ' ,9 . 4 .H en ry d 'O i l l i h e ld i nc h ief i nO xf o rd sh i re a nd W i l l iam d e B eau champ i n Wo r ce s te r sh i r e ; H a l l ( c d ) , R ed B ook , I ,3 05 a nd 2 99 r e spec t ive ly .

1 6 . H un t ,' F am i l ie sa t Wa r ' .

5 .I b id . , 2 65 ; W i l l iam d e B eauchamp w a s m en t ioned i nt h e

1 7 . D .W i l l ia rn s , ' S imon d e Mon tf o r t a nd h i s A dhe ren t s ' , i n W .M .O rm rod ( c d ) , E ng land i n t h e T h i r teen th C en tury ,

' C ann B a ronum ' o ft h e b i shop s o f Wo rce s te r a nd H e ref o rd a nd t h e a bbo t s o f E ve sham , P e r sho re , W inchcombe a nd

P roceed ing s o ft h e 1 984 Ha r l ca ton S ympo s ium ( G ran tham , 1 985 ) , 1 69 ,17 M ; P .R .Co s s , L ord sh ip , K n igh thood a nd

We s tm in s te r ; i b id . , 3 00 ,2 78 , 3 02 ,2 87 ,188 r e spec t ive ly .

L oca l i ty , 3 21-2 ; J .R . Madd ico t t , ( Camb r idge , 1 994 ) , 5 9 -74 .

6 . F o r e xamp le , i n 166 R icha rd d e E nga ine a l so h e ld k n igh t 's f e e s o fG eof f rey R ide l a nd S imon d e B eauchamp ;

S imon

d e

Mon tf o r t

i b id . ,3 29 , 3 20 ; W i l l iam f i tz G uy d 'Of f in in o to n ly h e ld t h ree

1 8 . A s w a s N icho la s d e S eg rave , R oge r d e S ome ry ' s s t ep s on .

k n igh t 's f e e s o ft h e h ono r o fD ud ley , h e w a s a l so at e nan to f W i l l iam d e B eauchamp f r om w hom h e h e ld as i ng le k n igh t ' s

1 9 . H un t ,' F am i l ie sa t Wa r ' , 1 0 12 .

f e e ; i b id . , 2 69 , 2 99 . S im i la r ly , t h e B uck ingham sh i re t e nan t R a lph Maun se l h e ld f e e s o f b o th G e rva se d e P agane l a nd

2 0 . C .H .Know le s , ' P rov i s ion f o r t h e F am i l ie s o f t h e Mon tf o r t ian D i s inhe r i t ed a f t e r t h e B a t t le o f E ve sham ' , i n

S imon d e B eauchamp , i b id . , 2 70 , 3 19 , a nd h e w i tne s sed t h e c ha r t e r so fb o th . c f .C h ibna l l ,B eyond S he r r ing ton , 8 3 .

P .R .Co s s a nd S .D .L loyd ( e d s ) , T h i r teen th C en tu ry E ng land I ,P roceed ing s o ft h eN ew ca s t le u pon T yne C onf e rence 1 985

7 . F o r i n s tance , H ugh H a i , J ohn d e C of tun a nd J ohn d e P ow ick . S ee G .W ro t t e s ley ( cd ) , S taf f ord sh i re C har tu lwy , ( SHC . , I I , 1 882 ) ,2 14 ,2 16 ,2 17 .

(Woodb r idge , 1 986 ) , 1 27 . 2 1 . W i l l iam s , ' S imon d e Mon tf o r e ,173 -4 .

8 .C ronne a nd D av i s( ed s ) ,R eg e s ta , I I ,N o .459 .

2 2 . C o s s ,L ord sh ip , K n igh thood a nd L oca l i ty , 3 22 .

9 .R .W .Ey ton ( cd ) , T he S taf f ord sh i re C ha r tu lwy , S e r ie s Io f A nc i en tD eed s , ( SHC , I , 1 881) , 2 47 ; G .W ro t te s ley ( cd ) , T he

1 0 . T he p o s s ib i l i ty t h a t P e te r w a s s imp ly p r e sen t o n o t he r

2 3 . W i l l iam s , ' S imon d e Mon tf o r t ' , 1 74 -6 . T h i s h a s b een f o l lowed i n D .A .Ca rpen te r , ' S imon d e Mon tf o r t : T he F i r s t L eade r o f aP o l i t ica l Movemen t i nE ng l i sh H i s to ry , H i s tory , 7 6 ,2 46 ( Feb rua ry , 1 99 1) , 1 . Madd ico t th a s a l so c ommen ted o nt h e i mp l ica t ion s f o rd e Mon t f or to ft h e d ea th s o ft h e e a r l s

b u s ine s s a t t h e t ime t h e c ha r te r w a s e na c ted c anno t b e e n t i r e ly o ve r looked .

o fC he s te ra nd Wa rw ick ; Madd ico t t , S imon d e Monf o r t , 6 2 3 .

1 .E y ton ( cd ) ,S taf f o rd sh i re C ha r tu la ry , I ,2 67 .

2 4 . Waugh , ' T enu r e t o C on t rac t ' , F euda l i sm R ev i sed ' ,4 0 -2 .

R ydwa re C ha r tu lwy , ( SHC , XV I , 1 895 ) ,2 78 .

1 2 . I n 194 t h e w i tne s se s i n c luded P h i l ip d e L u t ley a nd H ugh d e C haucumbe ; E y ton ( c d ) , i b id . , n o . x xv i i i ; i n 197

8 12 ;

C o s s ,

' Ba s ta rd

2 5 . E y ton ( c d ) , S taf f o rd sh i re C ha r tu la iy , I ,2 19 ; S t en ton ,

C hau cumbe w a sj o ined b y W i l l iam d e P a r le sa nd W i l l iam d e E rd ing ton , a mong o t he r s ; i b id . , n o . x x iv ; i n 1 208 R a lph d e S ome ry j o ined w i th C haucumbe a nd P a r le s a s w i tne s se s ; i b id . ,n o .x xx .

E ng l i sh F euda l i sm , 1 70 ; K eef e ,F euda lA s se s smen t s ,2 1 . 2 6 . H a l l( c d ) ,R ed B ook , I ,2 68 . 2 7 . Waugh , ' T enu re t oC on t rac t ' , 8 12 .

1 3 . F .Pa rke r ( cd ) , AC ha r tu la ry o ft h e P r io ry o fS t .T homa s t h e Mar ty rn ea rS taf f o rd ( SHC , V I I I , 1 887 ) , 1 43 ; I .H .Jeaye s

2 8 . J .Hud son , ' L if e G ran t s o fL and a nd t h e D eve lopmen t o f

( c d ) ,D e scr ip t ive C a ta logue o ft h eC ha r te r sa nd Mun imen t s

I nher i tance i n A ng lo -No rman E ng land , ANS , X I I ( 1990 ) ;

7 3

R eyno ld s , F ief s a nd V a s sa l s , 3 46 , 3 47 , 3 74 , 3 94 ; c f . S .Reyno ld s , ' Book land , F o lk land a nd F i ef s ' , ANS , X IV ( 1992 ) , 2 24 -6 .

4 4 . T he N o rman ' I nf euda t ione sm i l i tum ' o f 172 r e co rd s t h a t G erva se P agane lh e ld f ou rk n igh t ' sf e e s i nN o rmandy ; K eef e , F euda l A s se s smen t s , 1 02 ,149 . I ti sl i ke ly t h a t t h i s No rman f e e w a s f o cu s sed o n R oue l le i nt h e P a sse i s ; C lay ( ed ) , T he P ayne ' F ee , 4 7 -8 . G eof f r ey d e R oue l le w a s r e co rded a s a w i tne s s t o f i ve c ha r te r s s pann ing 153 -5 t o 173 -84 ; D ugda le , Mona s t i con , V , 2 03 -4 ; Mande r ( e d ) , C ha r te r s o f

2 9 . Wa rd , ' Roya l S erv ice a nd R ewa rd ' . 3 0 . Mor t ime r ,' L and a nd S e rv ice ' .

G er va se P agane l ,5 9 , 6 9 , 7 0 , 7 2 .

3 1 . Mo r t ime r l i nk s t h e e nqu i ry t o t h e p aymen t o f s c u tage , w h i l s t K eef e h a s s ugge s ted t h a t i tw a s p romp ted b y t h e f o r thcom ing m a r r iage o fH en ry I ' s e l de s t d augh te r , a nd t h e n eed t o r a i se h e r A s se s smen t s , 1 3 .

ma r r iage

p or t ion ;

K eef e ,

4 5 . T he H ag ley f am i ly h e ld mano r s a t H ag ley i n Wo rce s t e r sh i re a nd L u t ley i n S t af f o rd sh i r e ; Ma ske lyne a nd L y le ( e d s ) , F euda l A id s 1 284 -1431 , V , 1 0 ; Maxwe l l L y t e ( e d ) ,B ook o fF ee s ,1198 -1242 , I ,5 26 ; b u tR oge r a ppea r s n o t t ob e t h e t e nan t i ne i the r c a se . I th a s b een s ugge s ted t ha t h e s ucceeded W i l l iam d eH ag ley t ot h e mano ro fH ag ley ; V CH . ,

F euda l

3 2 . I b id . , 4 0 ; J .C .Ho l t , ' T he I n t roduc t ion o fK n igh t S e rv ice

S taf f s . , XX , 1 03 , b u t t h i s i sn o t c l ea r ly e s tab l i shed . I n a ny c a se , h e w a s w i tne s s ing c h ar te r s b y t h e m id 1150s a nd

i n to E ng land ' , ANS , V I( 1984 ) .

c e r ta in ly d i dn o th o ld t h e mano ro fH ag ley u n t i la f te r 167 .

3 3 . O rde r ic V i ta l i s w a s c onv inced t h a t t h e q uo ta s h ad b een s e t b y W i l l iam I ;C h ibna l l ( ed ) , E cc le s ia s t i ca l H i s to7 , I ,

4 6 . I n s o f a r a st h e s u rv iv ing b ody o fc ha r t e r s a l low s u s t o

B ook I V , i , 2 24 , 2 66 -7 ; H o l t , ' I n t roduc t ion o f K n igh t S e rv ice ' , 1 05 , s ugge s t s t h a t t h ey m igh t e ven h ave b een s e t b ef o re t h eC onque s t ,t ob e ma tched b yt e r r i to r ia l e ndowmen t a s a nd when i tb ecame a va i lab le , a nd t h a t m eanwh i le t h ey

j udge . 4 7 . A s , f o r e xamp le , may h ave b een t h e c a se f o r P e te r d e B i rm ingham , a nd w a s c e r ta in ly s o f o r W i l l iam f i tz G uy

w e re v i ewed a s as t a temen to fc omm i tmen tt ot h e p roce s s o f C onque s t .

d 'Of f in i . 4 8 . R ound ( e d ) , T he G rea tR o l l o ft h e P ipe , AD 175 -1176 ,

3 4 . c f . t h e S t af f o rd c ha r te r , n o t e 2 5 , a bove . H oweve r , i t

c on ta in s al i s t o f i n d iv idua l s u nde r t h e h ead ing o f ' De

wou ld s e em t h a t s uch s e rv ice w a s n o t n ece s sa r i ly i n tended

m i se r ico rd ia R eg i s d e f o r e s ta ' , w h ich i th a s b een s ugge s t ed m ay r e p r e sen t t h e m ean s b y w h ich H en ry I p un i shed t ho se

f o r t h e r oya l h o s t ; a sh e r e t h e ' f am i l ia ' w a s mo re s i gn if i can t t h an f euda l l e v ie s ; S .Mo r i l lo , Wa rf a re u nd er t h e A ng lo -

w ho h ad b een i n vo lved i n t h e

N o rman K ing s 1 066 -1135 (Woodb r idge , 1 994 ) , 5 1 -7 , 6 0 -74 , 1 82 -6 .

r ebe l l ion ; E y ton ( ed ) ,

S taf f o rd sh i re P ipe R o l l , 130 a nd 155 -1189 , 7 9 ; t h e re w e r e s ome f ou r teen t e nan t s o f t h e h ono r o f D ud ley l i s ted i n a dd i t ion t o G e rva se P agane l ; t h ey i n c luded B er na rd d e T re se l , W i l l iam B uf f a re , R a lph d e E nv i l le , H ugh s on o f P e t e r , R a lph o fS w inf o rd , P e te rd e S uzco lmun t , W i l l iam s on

3 5 . C rouch , T he B eaumon tT w in s . 3 6 . H a l l( e d ) ,R ed B ook , I ,2 69 .

o f G uy d 'Of f in i , W i l l iam s on o f P e te r d e B i rm ingham , W i l l iam d e P re s twood , R ober t d e B a r r , H en ry d e P e r ry , Wa r in d e P enn a nd H en ry d e O ve r ton ; i b id . , 1 68 -170 . T h e

3 7 . T he f i ve a nd t wo th i rd s f e e sw e re made u pb e tween n i ne t e nan t s , o fw hom f i ve h ad f r ac t iona l h o ld ing s a moun t ing t o o ne a nd t wo th i rd sf e e s .

P ipe R o l l f o r Wo r ce s te r sh i re i n c luded G eof f rey d e P edmo r e , t h a t i s ,G eof f r ey d e T i r ingham ; R ound ( ed ) , T he G rea t R o l l o ft h eP ipe , AD 175 -1176 , 3 7 .

3 8 . Who d i d n o t h o ld l a nd s o fG e rva se P agane l i nt h e w e s t m id land s .

4 9 . Wa r r en ,H en ry I , 1 23 .

3 9 . A sR icha rd d e S toce s -S tok e P oge sw a s h e ld a l ong w i th D i t ton , t h e l a t t e r b e ing ad e tachmen t o fp a r t o fS t oke P oge s

5 0 . F o r af u l le r d i scu s s ion o ft h e a r i s toc ra t ic c ommun i ty i n t h i sp e r iod , s e eH un t , ' F am i l ie sa t Wa r ' .

p a r i sh ; V CH , B uck s . , I I ,3 02f f .

5 1 . Wro t te s ley ( e d ) , P lea R o l l s , H en ry I I , 1 69 , 1 73 ; Hun t ,

4 0 . I t mu s tb e r emembe r ed t h a tt h e re a r e o n ly s ome t wen ty -

' F am i l ie sa t Wa r ' .

f i ve P agane l c ha r te r s s u rv iv ing , ar a the r r e s t r ic t ed s amp le . T hose n amed i ni t a l ic s a ppea ri nt h e 166 ' Ca r ta B a ronum ' o f G e rva se P agane la so w ing s ub s tan t ia lk n igh ts e rv ice .

5 2 . G .W ro t te s ley ( e d ) , T he P lea s o ft h eF o re s t , S taf f ord sh i re , t emp . H enry I Ia nd E dwa rd I ,( SHC . , V , i ,1 884 ) , 1 41 , 1 46 .

4 1 . C h ibna l l ,B eyond S her ing ton , 3 9 . 5 3 . W ro t te s ley ( e d ) ,P lea R o l l s ,H en ry I I , 1 40 , 1 41 , 1 51 .

4 2 .I b id .

5 4 . W ro t te s ley ( e d ) ,P lea s o ft h eF ore s t , 1 45 .

4 3 . A l though n o t r ega rded a s ah e red i ta ry o ff ice , i tw ou ld a ppea r t h a t i nd iv idua l f am i l ie s c ou ld f o rm s t rong a s soc ia t ion sw i th i t .

7 4

5 . I b id . ; c f . M .R .Evan s , ' A F a r F rom A r i s toc ra t ic Af a i r : P oo r a nd N on -Comba tan t C ru sade r s f r om t h e M id land s ,

d a t e c . 1194 1210 , i t s e em s i mp robab le t ha t t h i s w a s t h e s ame J ohn R u s se l . F u lk P agane l , N ewpor t R eg i s t e r , BM H a r l . MS 2 188 f . 125a ,125b ; R obe r t P agane l , N ewpo r t R eg i s te r , i b id . , a nd Mande r( ed ) , W od ehou se D eed s , 1 0 . 6 7 . Wro t te s ley , ' M i l i ta ry S erv ice P e rf o rmed b y S t af f o rd sh i re T enan t s ' , 1 5 .

c . 1160 1300 ' ,M id land H i s to ry , XX I( 1996 ) ,3 . 5 6 . Wro t te s ley ( ed ) ,P lea so ft h eF ore s t , 1 46 . 5 7 .I b id . , 1 45 .

6 8 .I b id . ,2 1 . 5 8 . D .C rouch , D .A .Ca rpen t e r , P .R .Co s s , ' Deba te . B a s ta rd F euda l i sm R ev i sed ' ,P a s ta nd P re sen t , 1 31 ( 199 1) , 1 68 -70 .

6 9 .I b id . ,2 6 .

5 9 . Wro t te s ley ( ed ) , P lea R o l l s , H en ry I I , 1 40 , 1 4 1 . O n t h e m ano r s o fB a r row o n S oa r a nd C h ipp ing C ampden , s ee C a l .

7 0 .I b id .

C l . R . 1 272 -1279 , 5 7 , 7 5 -9 . Ia m g ra tef u l t o D r H uw R idgeway f o rd raw ing my a t t en t ion t ot h i s i s sue a nd t h e c a se o fB a r row o nS oa r .

7 1 . Wro t te s ley ( e d ) ,P lea R o l l s , 1 294 -1307 , 1 07 .

6 0 . R eyno ld s ,F ief sa nd V a s sa l s ,3 75 -6 .

7 3 . Wro t te s ley , ' M i l i ta ry S e rv ice P e rf o rmed b y S t af f o rd sh i re T enan t s ,2 6 .

7 2 .I b id . , 1 6 ;C a LIP M . ,I ,N o .813 .

6 1 . G .W ro t te s ley ( ed ) , C a lenda ro fF ina lC oncord s o rP ed e s F in ium , S taf f ord sh i re , t emp . H en ry I I ( SHC . , I V , 1 883 ) , 2 46 , 2 62 . I nt h ec a se o fW i l l iam d eP a r le s , R oge rd e S ome ry

7 4 . Wro t t e s ley ( e d ) ,P lea R o l l s , 1 294 -1307 , 9 5 .

d emand ed o ne -f ou r th o f ak n igh t 's f e e a nd s u i t o f c ou r t a t

7 5 . I n 1 322 , aR ober t d e S t epe l ton h e ld i n G r ea t B a r r , h av ing d em i sed t e n p ound s o fr en t s t oJ ohn d e S ome ry f o r

D ud l ey f o rt h e f e e o fH and swo r th . W i l l iam c l a imed t h a t h i s a t tendance w a s d ue , o n r e a sonab le s ummon s , w hen p l ea s o f r i gh ta nd r obbe r sw e re t r ied .

l i f e ;C a LIP M . ,V I , No .428 . I ts e em sp robab le t ha tR obe r th ad b een d r awn i n to t h ea ff in i ty o fJ ohn d e S ome ry . H e a l so h e ld t h e mano r o fA ld r idge ; c f . G .W ro t te s ley ( ed ) , T he S ub s id y R o l lo f 6E dwa rd I I , AD 1 332 -33 , ( SHC . , X , 1 889 ) , 1 02 . I n 1 324 h e d i spu ted t h e a dvow son o fA ld r idge ; G .W ro t te s ley

6 2 . J .M .W .Bean , F rom L o rd t o P a t ron . L o rd sh ip i n L a t e Med ie va lE ng land ( Manche s t e r ,1989 ) .

( e d ) , E x t rac t sf rom t h e A s s i ze R o l l s a nd D e B anco R o l l s o f t h er e ign o fE dwa rd 1 ,1307 t o 1327 , ( SHC . , I X ,1888 ) , 1 06 .

6 3 . Wro t te s ley ( ed ) ,P lea R o l l s , 1 272 -1294 , 5 2 . 6 4 . Wh en R oge r d e S ome ry w i tne s sed t h e p a r t i t ion o f t h e

7 6 .

E a r lo f A runde l 's e s ta t e , h ew a sa ccompan ied b y W i l l iam d e B i rm ingham a nd W i l l iam d e E ng lef eud ; Wro t t e s ley ( e d ) , P l ea R o l l s , H enry I I , 1 0 1 . I n 1 272 b o th Wa l t e r d e S o l leye ( Su l ly ) a nd H en ry d eE rd ing ton w e re i n vo lved w i th R oge rd e S ome ry i n as u i t a ga in s tI s abe l la , c oun te s s o fA runde l ; i b id . , 1 90 .

W .E .W igh tman , T he L acy F am i ly i nE ng land a nd N o rmand y

Wro t t e s ley

( ed ) ,

P lea

R o l l s ,

1 294 -1307 ,

1 42 ;

1 066 -1194 , ( Oxf o rd , 1 966 ) , 1 39 ; 1 54 -5 ; R .R .Dav ie s , T he A ge o f C onque s t . Wa le s 1 063 -1415 ( Oxf o rd , 1 99 1) , 9 5 ; R .R .Dav ie s , L ord sh ip a nd S oc ie ty i n t h e Ma rch o f W a le s , 1 282 -1400 ( Oxf o rd ,1978 ) , 3 39 ,4 15 17 . 7 7 . Wro t t e s ley , ' M i l i ta ry S e rv ice P e rf o rmed b y S t af f o rd sh i re T enan t s , 1 0 .

6 5 . F o r e xamp le R icha rd F oke rham ; Mande r ( e d ) , C ha r te r s o fG e rva se P agane l , 7 7 ; D epu ty K eepe ro ft h e R eco rd s ( e d ) , D e sc r ip t i ve C a ta logue o fA nc ien tD eed si nt h eP ub l ic R ecord Of f i ce , I I , D 306 , 4 4 1 . A c ha r t e r o f J ohn l e Me s sag ie r c onv ey ing l a nd a nd r en t s i n S edg ley w a s w i tne s sed b y R icha rd F oke rham , H e r r ek ' R ide l , A lan d e E ng lef eud , R a lph

7 8 . I n 1 302 , T heoba ld d e V e rdun ma r r ied Ma t i lda , d augh te r o fL o rd E dmund d e Mor t ime r ; c f . , 'The C h ron ic le o fC roxden A bbey ' , D ugda le , Mona s t icon , V , 6 61 .

t h e C hap la in a nd J ohn R u s se l , c l e rk ; S RO . , D 593 /B / 1 / 17 / 1/3 /2 . A N icho la s d e Ma rnham w a s a mong

7 9 . I n1 244 R oe s ia d eV e rdun s ued R oge rd e S ome ry f o rt wo c a ruca te s o f l a nd i n S edg ley ; Wro t te s ley ( ed ) , P l ea R o l l s , H enry I I , 1 02 .

t ho se w i tne s s ing t h e m id th i r teen th c en tu ry c ha r te r o fR oge r d e S ome ry t o t h e A bbo t a nd C onven t o f G a r endon ; L .C .Loyd a nd D .M .S ten ton ( e d s ) , S i r C h r i s tophe r H a t ton ' s

8 0 . A .J .G ro s s , ' T he K ing ' s L o rd sh ip i n t h e C oun ty o f S t af f o rd 1 3 12 1 322 ' ,M id land H i s tory , XV I( 1991) ,3 4 .

B ook o fS ea l s( Oxf o rd , 1 950 ) , 9 10 ,N o .12 . 6 6 . E xcep t ion s w e r e R icha rd F oke rham a nd J ohn R u s se l ;

8 1 . A n I nqu i s i t ion o f 1 332 r e co rded t ha t E dmund d e Mo r t ime r h e ld s eve ra l mano r s i n S h rop sh i re , t oge the r w i th ' c e r ta in l a nd s a nd t e nemen t s a tL aB ou re a nd L aC rof t e , n ea r E rnewode , i nt h e c oun ty o fS t af f o rd , a sp a rce l o ft h e m ano r o fA r leye . . ' ; A non ( e d ) ,I nqu i s i t ion s P o s tm or tem , e t c , 1 327 6 6 , ( SHC . ,N ew S e r ie s , XV I , 1 9 13) , 3 7 .

S RO . , D 593 /B / 1/ 17 / 1/3 /2 ; Mande r( e d ) , C ha r te r s o fG e rva se P agane l , 7 7 ; P a rke r ( e d ) , C ha r tu la ry o f S t .T homa s t h e Ma r ty r , 1 77 ; aJ ohn R u s se la l so w i tne s sed ac ha r te ro fR a lph d e S ome ry t o W i l l iam C ook o f Wombou rne , Mande r ( e d ) , W od ehou se D eed s ,10 . H oweve r s i nce t h i s g ran t i sl i ke ly t o

7 5

8 2 . C aLP .R . , 1 307 -1313 , 5 64 , 5 76 ; C a LC LR . , 1 313 - 1 318 , 4 4 .

b ef o re o ne 's p ee r s ; N .Sau l , S cene s F rom P rov inc ia l L if e .Kn igh t ly F am i l ie s i nS u s sex 1 280 -1400 ( Oxf o rd , 1 986 ) , 6 3 ; C a LIP M . , V I , 2 57 ; V CH . , W a rk s , V I I , 6 6 ; Wro t te s ley ( ed ) ,P lea R o l l s , 1 294 -1307 ,3 1-2 .

8 3 . C a LP .R . , 1 307 -1313 , 2 70 ; C a LC LR . , 1 313 -1318 , 4 41 , 5 04 .

9 9 . Wro t te s ley , ' M i l i ta ry S e rv ice P e r f o rmed b y S t af f o rd sh i re T enan t s ' , 3 5 .

8 4 . C aLP .R . , 1 307 -1313 , 3 49 ; C aLF .R . , I , 1 307 -1319 , 31 , 4 00 .

1 00 .I b id . , 3 2 . 8 5 . C a LC LR . , 1 313 -1318 ,4 4 . 1 01 . I b id . ,39 ; i ti sa s c r ibed t o R oge r d e S ome ry , b u t t h i s 8 6 . J .R . Madd ico t t , T homa s o fL anca s ter 1 307 - 1 322 . A

w ou ld s e em t ob ea ne r ro rf o rJ ohn d e S ome ry .

S tud yi nt h eR e ign o f Edwa rd I ( Oxf o rd , 1 970 ) ,2 11 . 1 02 . C a LP .R . ,1321 -1324 , 1 86 . 8 7 .I b id . ,2 99 . 8 .I b id . , 2 31 .

1 03 . C aLIP M , I , No .813 ; V I , N o .428 ; Ma ske lyne a nd L y le ( ed s ) ,F euda lA id s ,V , 1 6 .

8 9 .I b id . , 2 10 -11 ,2 31 , 2 99 ; G ro s s ,' The K ing ' sL o rd sh ip ' , 2 7 3 1 ,4 0 .

1 04 . Wro t te s ley ( e d ) ,P lea R o l l s , H enry I I ,9 6 . 1 05 . F o r e xamp le , S RO D 593 B / 1/ 17 / 1 / 3 /4 ; B / 1/ 17 / 1 /3 /5 ; B / 1/ 17 / 1/3 / 10 -11 ; B / 1/ 17 / 1/4 /3 ; B / 1 / 17 / 1/4 /7 ; B / 1/ 17 / 1 /5 /4 .

9 0 . C .E .Long , ' Tou rnamen t a t S t epney , 2 E dw . I I ' , i n C .E .Long ( e d ) . , C o l lec tanea T opog raph ica e tG enea log ica ,

J .C . Wedgwood ( ed ) , I nqu i s i t ion s P o s t Mor tem a nd Ad Q uod

I V ( London , 1 837 ) , 6 1-72 , p a r t icu la r ly , 6 7 , n o s . 8 5 -91 ; A . T ompk in son , ' R e t inue s a t t h e T ou rnamen t o f D un s tab le ,

Damnum , H en ry I I , E dwa rd I , E dwa rd I , 1 223 -1327 , ( SHC . , X IV , 1 911) , 2 30 . T he mano r s o fB u shbu ry , U ppe r P enn a nd R u sha l l w e r e v a lued a tt wen ty p ound s i n 1 29 1 ; i b id . , 2 05 , w h i l s t i n 1 326 t h e mano r s o f U ppe r P enn a nd

1 309 ' ,E .H .R . , 7 4( 1959 ) , 7 0 -89 ,p a r t icu la r ly ,7 9 . 9 1 . J . Fo s te r , T he D ic t ionary o fH e ra ld ry . F euda l C oa t s o f A rms a nd P ed ig ree s ( London , 1 902 ; r ep r . 1 989 ) , 1 67 ; C a LIP M , V , ( London , 1 908 ) , 9 9 , No .194 ; C a l .P .R . , 1 307 1 313 ,2 05 , 5 82 .

B u shbu ry , t oge the r w i th t h e a dvow son o f t h e l a t te r , w e re g ran ted t o R obe r t a t te L owe f o r s i x ty p ound s ay ea r ; S RO D 593 B / 1 / 17 / 1 /5 / 14 . 1 06 . R a lph d e B u shbu ry w a s a mong t h e mo r e f r equen t a t t e s to r s o f g en t ry c ha r te r s i n s ou th -we s t S t af f o rd sh i re b e tween 1 250 a nd 1 300 e g . , Mande r ( e d ) , W od ehou se D eed s ; B u shbu ry l i nk s w i th h i s n e ighbou r s f r om w i th in t h e

9 2 . F o s te r , D i c t ionary o fH e ra ld ry , 9 8 , 1 97 , 1 2 , 4 ; r e . t h e A pp leby l i nk s w i th B u r ton A bbey , s e e J e aye s ( ed ) , C a ta logue o ft h e C har ter s a nd Mun imen t s b e long ing t ot h e Ma rqu i s o fA ng l e sey , No s . 2 03 , 2 34 , 2 88 , 2 89 , 3 80 , 3 81 , 3 82 , 3 90 ,3 94 . 9 3 . I n Novembe r i n c lud ing

J ohn

d e

h ono r a nd b eyond a r e a l so r evea led b y t h e c ompany t h ey k ep t w hen p oach ing ; e g . Wro t te s ley ( e d ) , P lea s o f t h e F o re s t , 1 48 , a nd t h e s u re t ie s t h ey s t ood ; t hu s , i n 1 286 ,

1 321 , h e w a s o rde red , w i th o t he r s , S ome ry ,

t o

a t ta ck

t h e

r e be l s

Wa l te rd e B u shbu ry s t ood s u re ty f o rW i l l iam d e Wro t te s ley , a nd W i l l iam w i th R a lph d e B u shbu ry s t ood s u r e ty f o r W i l l iam d e O ve r ton ; i b id . , 1 58 -9 . I n 1 263 -4 , R a lph d e B u shbu ry 's s uppo r t ive r e la t ion sh ip s c au sed i r r i ta t ion t or oya l f o re s te r s w ho r e po r ted t h a tt h i s ' c u s toma ry ma lef ac to r ' c ou ld n o t b e t a ken b ecau se h e w a s u nde r t h e p ro t ec t ion o fR a lph B a s se t ; i b id . , 1 46 . I n c . 1270 R a lph P u rce l w a s r e co rded a s p a r son o fB u shbu ry ; S RO .A /2 / 16 . T he P u rce l f am i ly may b e a s soc ia ted w i th t h e n e ighbou r ing m ano r o fE s s ing ton w he re

i n

Wa rw ick sh i r e , L e ice s te r sh i r e a nd S t af f o rd sh i re ; t h ey w e r e a l so i n s t ruc ted t o t a ke K en i lwo r th c a s t le f o r t h e k ing ; C a LP .R . , 1 321 -1324 ,3 9 , 6 9 , 8 1 ; C aLF .R , 1 319 -1327 , 1 07 . 9 4 . Wro t te s ley , ' M i l i ta ry S e rv ice P e rf o rmed b y S t af f o rd sh i r e T enan t s ,2 9 . 9 5 . C aLP .R . , 1 307 -1313 , 5 82 .

t h ey h e ld a nd w e re a b le t o g ran t s ma l l p a r ce l s o f l a nd ; e g . S RO . A /2 /48 . Membe r s o f t h e f am i ly m ay b e f ound w i tne s s ing d eed s f r om t h e s e cond h a lf o f t h e t h i r teen th c en tu ry , o f t en i nt h e c ompany o ft h e l o rd s o fB u shbu ry ( c f . S RO . 9 38 /598 ; D 1790 /A /2 /28 ; A /2 /35 ) . I ts e em s p robab le t h a tt h eP u r ce l sw e r em embe r so ft h eB u shbu ry a f f in i ty .

9 6 . Wro t t e s ley , ' M i l i ta ry S e rv ice P e rf o rmed b y S t af f o rd sh i re T enan t s ,3 5 . 9 7 .I b id . , 3 8 . 9 8 . I n 1 322 R oge r d e Ay le sbu ry h e ld 1 / 32 o f ak n igh t ' s f e e i n D udde s ton , p e rhap s i n he r i ted f r om h i s f a the r ; t h e a s soc ia t ion o ft h eA y le sbu ry f am i ly w i th t h e d e S ome ry sw a s

1 07 . G ro s s , ' T he K ing ' sL o rd sh ip ' , 3 6 1 08 . F o re xamp le , h ew a sp a rdoned s ub s tan t ia l d eb t s i n1 3 10 a nd 1 313 ; C a LP .R . . ,I 3 07 -1313 , 2 70 , 5 64 ; h e a l so r e ce ived

w e l l e s tab l i shed . Wa l te r d e A y le sbu ry w a s s t ewa rd t oR oge r d e S ome ry i nc . 1285 , a nd w a sa ne xecu to ro fh i sw i l l c . 1295 ; a s S au l i n d ica te s , i tw a s o f ten e a s ie r t ot r u s t o ne ' s s e rvan t s

t h e c u s tody o fl a nd s h e ld d u r ing am ino r i ty , s uch a st ho se o f U r ian d e Sa n c to P e t ro i n 1 311 ; i b id . , 3 49 , a nd G uy d e

7 6

B eauchamp i n 1 317 ; C a LF .R . . , I , 1 307 -1319 , 3 31 , 4 00 . I n 1 321 h e w a s g ran ted , f o r l i f e , t h e m ano r a nd f o r e s t o f

18 . Wro t te s ley , ' M i l i ta ry S t af f o rd sh i re T enan t s , 1 2 . 19 .I b id . , 1 6 .

K inv e r ; C a LF .R . . , I I , 1 319 -1327 , 5 1 . c f . G ro s s , ' T he K ing ' s L o rd sh ip ' ,2 9 , a nd n o t e2 3 .

S e rv ice

P er f o rmed

b y

1 20 . C a LP .R . ,1307 -1313 , 3 85 . T he p a rdon w a s f o re nc lo s ing a nd e s tab l i sh ing ap a rk w i thou tl i cence w i th in t h e b ounda r ie s o ft h ef o r e s to ft h ec oun ty o fS a lop .

1 09 . G .W ro t te s ley ( e d ) , E x t rac t s F rom t h e F ine R o l l s o ft h e R e ign o fE dward I , AD 1 307 t o AD1327 ( SHC . , I X , 1 888 ) , 1 24 .

1 2 1 . C a LIP M , V I , No .428 10 . Wro t te s ley ( ed ) , A s s i ze R o l l s a nd D e B anco R o l l s , 1 307 -1327 , 1 8 .

1 22 . c f . G ro s s , ' T he K ing 's L o rd sh ip ' , 3 6 .

11 . F o r e xamp le , i n 1 308 R a lph d e B u shbu ry a nd o t he r s w e re a ccu sed o f b r eak ing i n to t h e ' c lo se ' o f R oge r P u r ce l ;

1 23 . Ma ske lyne a nd L y le ( ed s ) , F euda l A id s , V , C a LIP M . ,V I , No .428 .

G .W ro t t e s ley ( ed ) , E x t rac t sf rom t h eP lea R o l l so ft h eR e ign o fE dwa rd I . AD 1 307 t o AD 1 327 , ( SHC , X , 1 889 ) , 3 4 . I n

1 24 . C a LF .R . ,1307 -1319 , 3 31 ,4 00 .

1 314 R oge r d e B u shbu ry a nd R obe r t d e E s s ing ton w e re i n d i spu t e w h ich l e dt o ar a id b y H ugh d e D ru ton o nt h ep ound a t E s s ing ton , t o r e cove r l i ves tock b e long ing t o R obe r t d e E s s ing ton , w h ich R oge r d e B u shbu ry w a s h o ld ing t h e r e ;

1 5 ;

1 25 . J .W .W i l l i s B und ( ed ) , E p i scopa l R eg i s te r s , D ioce se o f

i b id . ,14 15 . B ef o re t h i s , i n 1 313 , J ohn d e S wynne r ton a nd

W o rce s te r ; R eg i s te r o f B i shop G if f a rd ,I268 -1301 (Wo r c s . H i s t . S oc . , O xf o rd , 1 902 ) , 9 0 ; Wro t te s ley ( ed ) , P lea R o l l s , 1 272 -1294 ,9 2 .

R a lph d e B u shbu ry , w i th o t he r s , w e r e i n ad i spu t e w i th R obe r td eE s s ing ton i n ac a se o fu n ju s td i s se i s in ; Wro t t e s ley

1 26 . W i l l i sB und ( e d ) ,R eg .Bp .G if f ,3 81 , 5 37 .

( e d ) , A s s i ze R o l l s a nd D e B anco R o l l s , 1 307 -1327 , 4 5 -6 . I n J u ly 1 3 14 , t h et e n s ion s e s ca la ted t ot h e mu rde r o fR obe r t d e E s s ing ton ; Wro t te s ley ( e d ) , P lea R o l l s , 1 307 -1327 , 1 5 , 1 6 1 9 . A l though n o t n ece s sa r i ly r e la ted t ot h i s d i spu te , R obe r t d e E s s ing ton ' s w idow w a s c omp la in ing i nJ anua ry 1 3 16 o f a n a t tack o nh e rh ou se , a nd t h e s ub sequen td amage , t h a th ad b een c a r r ied o u to n D ecembe r 5 t h , 1 3 14 ; i b id . , 2 1 . I n ac a se

1 27 . J .W .W i l l i s B und ( ed . ) , R eg i s trum S ed e V acan te ,1301 1 435 , ( Wo rc s . H i s t . S oc . ,O xf o rd ,1897 ) , 8 7 . 1 28 . D a r l ing ton ( ed ) , W orce s ter C a r tu la ty , No .506 . 1 29 . W i l l i sB und ( e d ) ,R eg .Bp .G e , 5 46 .

h ea rd b e tween 1 311 a nd 1 3 12 , R obe r t d e E s s ing ton a nd o t he r s w e r e c ha rged w i th a t tack ing t h e h ou se o f W i l l iam H i l la ry a t B e sco t ; Wro t te s ley ( e d ) , A s s i ze R o l l s a nd D e

1 30 . W ro t te s ley ( e d ) ,P lea R o l l s , 1 307 -1327 , 4 0 ; Wro t te s ley ( ed ) ,A s s i ze R o l l sa nd D eB anco R o l l s , 1 307 -1327 , 8 8 .

B anco R o l l s , 1 307 -1327 , 3 1 ; a nd i n 1 324 , h i s s on w a s a ccu sed o ft a k ing aw agon b y f o rce a tE s s ing ton ; Wro t te s ley ( e d ) ,P lea R o l l s , 1 307 -1327 , 5 7 .

1 3 1 . Ma ske lyne a nd L y le ( ed ) ,F euda lA id s ,V , 1 0 . 1 32 . J .R . Madd ico t t , ' L aw a nd L o rd sh ip : R oya l J u s t ice s a s R e ta ine r s i n T h i r teen th a nd F our teen th C en tu ry E ng land ' , P a s ta nd P re sen t , S upp lemen t4 ,( 1978 ) , 1 5 .

12 . Mande r ( e d ) , W od ehou se D eed s , n o s .18 , 2 5a , 2 5b , 148 , a l l o f w h ich a t te s ta t ion s w e r e made a l ong s ide R a lph d e B u shbu ry . 13 . I n 1 286 , Wa l te r d e B u shbu ry s t ood s u re ty f o r W i l l iam d e Wro t t e s ley ; Wro t te s ley ( e d ) , P lea s o ft h e F ore s t , 1 58 -9 .

1 33 . C a LP .R . ,1307 -1313 , 3 69 .

S ee n o te 1 06 a bove .

1 34 . Wro t te s ley ( e d ) ,P lea R o l l s , 1 307 -1327 , 1 5 , 1 6 -19 .

14 . S ee n o t e 11 a bove a nd G ro s s , ' T he K ing 's L o rd sh ip ' , 3 5 .

1 35 . C aLP .R . , 1 307 -1313 ,3 69 . 1 36 . G ro s s , ' The K ing 's L o rd sh ip ' ,2 9 .

15 . T h i s i st os ome e x t en t i mp re s s ion i s t ic , a si tc an o n ly b e b a sed o n s u rv iv ing r e co rd s w h ich n o d oub t r e f lec t o n ly a p ropo r t ion o f t h e c l ien t a ff i l ia t ion , b u t n one t h e l e s s t h e i mp r e s s ion i s as t rong o ne .

1 37 . Wro t te s ley ( e d ) , P lea R o l l s , 1 307 -1327 , 3 9 , 4 0 , 4 3 ; Wro t te s ley ( e d ) , A s s i ze R o l l s a nd D e B anco R o l l s , 1 307 1 327 , 8 .

16 . S ee n o te 7 5 a bove . c f . S .Shaw , T he H i s tory a nd A n t iqu i t ie s o f S taf f ord sh i re , I , i( London , 1 798 1801 , r epub l i shed 1 976 ) ,9 8 . 17 . J .Gou ld , Men o fA ld r idge ( G louce s te r , 1 957 ; rep r .1983 w i th a dd i t ion s ) ,2 5 .

7 7

CHAPTER F OUR . E STATE S TRUCTURE AND EXPLO ITAT ION : CONT INU ITY AND CHANGE . When t h eh ono rw a st a k ing s hape i nt h e 1 070 s ,t h ee conom ic p o t en t ia l o f i t s m ano r s mu s t h ave s e emed s omewha t u na t t ra c t ive . Much o ft h e l a nd w a s o fr e la t ive ly p oo r q ua l i ty a nd t h e D ome sday v a lua t ion s o ft h e m ano r s g ene ra l ly l ow . F o r s ome h oweve r , mo s t n o tab ly i nt h e c a se o ft h e b a ron s t h em se lv e s , s u ch d ef i c ienc ie s c ou ld b e o f f s e t b y e s ta te s e l sewhe r e .W i l l iam f i t z A n scu lf a nd h i s s u cce s so r s h ad t h e a dvan tag e o fm o r e f a vou rab ly l o ca t ed m ano r s i nB e rk sh i r e , B uck ingham sh i r e , a nd S u r r ey , o n w h ich t h e i r d eme sne f a rm ing m igh tb ec oncen t ra ted .

D a rby f o rt h et h ree c oun t i e s o fS t af f o rd sh i re , Wo r ce s t e r sh i r e a nd Wa rw ick sh i r e( 2 ) . T h i st e nd st or e inf o r ce t h e i mp r e s s ion o ft h ep oo r , o ra tl e a s t , u nd e r -deve loped , a r ab le p o ten t ia l o ft h e h ono r a s aw ho le . A n e xam ina t ion o ft h e b a ron ia l d eme sne , f a c i l i ta ted b y t h e m o r e e x t en s ive s u rv iva l o f l a te r d ocumen ta ry e v id en ce p r ima r i ly I n qu i s i t ion s p o s t mo r t em , h i gh l igh t s t h e e s sen t ia l c on t inu i ty o ft h e s i tua t ion . Wh i l s td eme sne m ano r sm igh tb e e xpand ed , a nd n ew o ne s a cqu i r ed , t h e b a s ic e nv i ronmen ta l c on s t ra in t s d i d n o t c hange . T he S o i l S u rvey o fE ng land a nd Wa le s ( 3 ) d emon s t ra t e s t h a t w h i l s t t h e s o i l s o n s e ve ra l m ano r s w ou ld s uppo r t c e r ea l s a nd s t ock r e a r ing , t h i s w a s r a r e ly l a nd o ft h eb e s tq ua l i ty .

H oweve r , b e tween t h e l a t e e l even th a nd e a r ly f o u r t een th c en tu r ie s t h e b a ron s o f D ud ley b ecame i n c r ea s ing ly d epend en t u pon t h e i r w e s t m id land s e s ta t e , s u cce s sf u l ly i n c r ea s ing t h e r e venue s t h a t t h ey w e r e a b le t od r aw f r om i t , u n t i l t h ey b ecame t h e mo s t i mpo r tan t s ou r ce s o f i n come . A l though t h e re w a ss ome i n c r ea se i nt h es i z eo ft h ed eme sne , t h i s w a s l i m i t ed . T he s i x d eme sne m ano r s r e co rded i n D ome sday , f o l low ing l o s se sa nd a dd i t ion s ,h ad b ecome e i gh t b y 1 273 , a nd b y 1 322 t h e d e S ome ry I n qu i s i t ion p o s t m o r t em g ave v a lua t ion s o n t e n d eme sne m ano r s , s upp lemen t ed b y s ome s ho r tt e rm g r an t sa nd l e a s e s .N o rw a s i tp o s s ib l e a ta ny p e r iod t oe s cape t h e c on s t ra in t s i mpo sed b y t h ee nv i ronmen ta nd l a nd s cape .

T he i mp l ica t ion so ft h e se f a c to r sm ay b es e en r e f lec ted i nt h e d i s t r ibu t ion o fp l ough s w i th in t h eh ono ri n1 086 . T he r ew a s a r ab le u nd e r c u l t iva t ion t h roughou t t h e h ono r , b u t t h e m o s t e x t en s ive a r ea s r a n i n ab and f r om n o r th w e s t o f S edg ley , s ou th e a s twa rd st h rough D ud ley , a nd d own t oN o r thf i e ld a nd E dgba s ton , w i th e x t en s ion s e a s twa rd s t o A s ton a nd s ou thwa rd s t h rough O ld sw inf o rd , P e c imo r e a nd H ag ley . O f t h e s i x m ano r s r e ta ined b y W i l l iam f i t z A n scu lf , o n ly S edg ley , N o r thf i e ld a nd D ud ley r e co rd d eme sne a r ab le c u l t iva t ion t oa ny d eg r ee , a nd t h i s w a s o n ly o ne p l ough i n e a ch m ano r , a l though N o r thf i e ld w a s s i ng led o u t a sh av ing t h ep o t en t ia l f o rf i v e m o r e o nt h e d eme sne ( 4 ) . H oweve r , b y c ompa r i son w i th t h e e s ta t e s o f t h e s ub t enan t s , t h e se t h r ee m ano r s w e r e s e em ing ly a mong s t t h e m o r e d eve loped i n t e rm s o f a r ab le p o ten t ia l , i n t h a t t h ey h ad b e tween t h em f o r ty -one p ea san t p l ough s ; o n ly A s ton w i th i t s e i gh t een p ea san tp l ough s , e xh ib i t ed as im i la r d eg r ee o fd eve lopmen t . O ft h e r e co rd ed n umb e r o fp l ough s o n t h e mano r s h e ld b y f i t zA n scu lf , o n ly 6 . 8% w e r eh e ld i nd eme sn e , t h er ema ind e r b e ing h e ld b y t h e p ea san t s . F o r t h e b a ron , t h e a g r i cu l tu ra l e xp lo i ta t ion o ft h ew e s tm id land d eme sne w a s al ow p r io r i ty , n o d oub t p a r t ly b ecau s e t h ey w e r e a d equa t e ly a nd b e t te r s e rved e l sewhe r e , a nd a l so b ecau se t h e w e s t m id land s c an n o t h av e s e emed a p a r t icu la r ly p r om i s ing a r ea f o r d eve lopmen t( 5 ) .

Wha t w e r e t h e e nv i ronmen ta l c on s t ra in t s a nd t h e r e sou r ce s o f t h e h ono r ? Wha t i mp l ica t ion s d i d t h ey h ave f o r t h e e conom ic s t ru c tu re o f t h e h ono r a nd t h e m ean s b y w h ich t h e se i n c r ea s ing r e venue sw e re g ene ra t ed? T he m ano r s o f t h e h ono r w e r e d i s t r ibu ted a c ro s s av a r ied l a nd scape , as i gn if i can tp ropo r t ion l y ing w i th in t h e s ou the rn u p land o f S t af f o rd sh i r e a nd t h e u p land c oun t ry o f n o r th w e s t er n Wa rw ick sh i r e o nt h e S t af f o rd sh i r e b o rde r ,w h i l s tt h e Wo r ce s te r sh i re m ano r s , i n c lud ing D ud ley i t s e lf ,w e r e l a rge ly d i spe r sed t h rough t h en o r th e a s tp l a t eau o ft h ec oun ty . T he r e w e r e m o r e a menab le a r ea s w i th in t h e h ono r , s u ch a s t h e s ou th w e s t er n l ow land o f S t a f f o rd sh i r e , c ha ra c t e r i sed b y l i gh t , w a rm , s o i l s , b u t i ng ene r a l , i n 1 086 , t h o se a r ea s t h a t m ade u p t h e h ono r w e re c ha ra c t e r i sed b y al ow d en s i ty o f s e t t lemen t a nd l i m i t ed a r ab le . T he q ua l i ty o f t h e s o i l w a s c l ea r ly a n i mpo r tan t a nd c on s tan t f a c to r t h a t a f f ec t ed t h e d eve lopmen tp o ten t ia lo ft h er e g ion .

T he p o s i t ion o ft h es ub tenan t sw a ss omewha td i f f e r en t .T he i r m ano r sr e co rded at o ta l o f1 62 1 / 2p l ough s , o fw h ich 2 8 .8% w e r e r e ta ined i nd eme sne . T h i s g r ea t e r d ependence o f t h e s ub t enan t s o n t h e i r d eme sne i si nk eep ing w i th t h e p a t t e rn s o u t l ined b y H am she r e , w ho n o ted t h a t i nt h e w e s t m id land s ( 6 ) 3 6% o ft h e r e co rded p l ough t eam s o n s ub tenan t ' s m ano r s w e r er e ta ined i nd eme sne . Whe rea st h eh ono ro fD ud ley f a l l s al i t t le b e low t h e a ve rag e H am she r e c i t e s ( 7 ) , p e rhap s i n d i ca t ing at r end f o rs ome o ft h eh ono r ia ls ub tenan t st ol o ok b eyond t h e i r w e s t m id land h ono r ia l l a nd s , i tn one t h e l e s s s e em sc on s i s ten tw i th al a rge ly r e s id en ts ub tenancy .

T he d i s t r ibu t ion o fp l ough t e am s i n 1 086 r e vea l s ab e l t o f c oun t ry w h e r e a r ab le f a rm ing w a s w e l l d eve loped , r unn ing f r om t h e s ou th w e s t , t h rough t h e m id land s , t oE a s t A ng l ia ( 1 ) ; t h e g r ea t e r p a r t o f t h e h ono r l a y a tt h e f r ing e o f t h i s a r ab le b e l ta nd c on ta ined o n ly 2 06 1 / 2 p l ough s ,r e p r e sen t ing p e rhap s t h e c u l t iva t ion o f a r ound t wen ty t h ou sand a c r e s a c ro s s f i f ty m ano r s a t t h e t ime o f D ome sday . I ft h i s i s v i ewed i n t e rm s o f t h e a ve rage n umbe r o f p l ough s p e r m ano r ,t h en umbe rf a l l ss ho r to ft h a ts ugge s t ed b yP rof e s so r

7 8

I ft h e d i st r ibu t ion o fp l ough s b e tween t h et e nan t i nc h ief , t h e s ub tenan t sa nd t h ep ea san t sa r ec ompa red a c ro s ss eve ra lw e s t m id land l o rd sh ip s , t h e p ropor t ion o f p lough s h e ld b y t h e s ub tenan t s i nd eme sne a r e f a i r ly u n if o rm , D ud ley f o l low ing t h eg ene ra lt r end . G rea te rv a r iance o ccu r sw i th t h ea l loca t ion o f p lough s t o t h e d eme sne o f t h e t e nan t s i n c h ief , b u t D ud ley 's l ow l e ve l o fd eme sne p l ough s , h igh l igh t ing al a ck o fr e l iance o nt h ew e s tm id land d eme sne , i sc ompa rab le w i th s ome o the rl o rd sh ip s( See T ab le 3 ) .

F am i l ie s c e r ta in ly f e l l i n to d eb t , a st h ey a lway s h ad , b u t n o t a s ar e su l t o f i n f la t ion . R a the r , h e a r gue s , i tw a s b ecau se a r i s toc ra t ic s oc ie ty w a s a mb i t iou s a nd mo re a cqu i s i t ive . E xpec ta t ion s w e r e g r ea te r , t h e r e w a s mo r e money t o s pend , b o r row ing w a s e a s ie r , a nd e x t ravagance w a s am ean s O f e mpha s i s ing p o l i t ica la nd s o c ia lp o s i t ion ( 9 ) . Whe the r i tb e am a t te r o fi n f la t ion , a mb i t ion , o rb o th , i tw a s n one t h e l e s s t h e c a se t h a t m embe r s o f a r i s toc ra t ic s oc ie ty w e r e p u t u nde r f i nanc ia l s t ra in , t h a t f am i l ie s c ompe ted f o r r e sou rce s , a nd t h a tl a nd lo rd sh ad t od e te rm ine mo re e f f ec t ive w ay s o f e xp lo i t ing t h e i r e s ta te s . A nx ie ty o ve r i n come s l e d l a ndowne r s t o t u rn t o t h e d i rec t e xp lo i ta t ion o f t h e i r d eme sne , r e ve r s ing t h e e a r l ie r t r end o f f a rm ing o u t

T he t we lf th c en tu ry w ou ld s e em t o h ave b een a p e r iod o f t e nu r ia lr eo rgan i sa t ion i nt h eh ono ra ss ome l e ad ing f am i l ie s s ough t t o a cqu i r e mano r s a nd e nhance t h e i r l a nded

TABLE 3 . T he d i s tr ibu t ion o fp loughs i ns ome l a yl o rdsh ip s : T enan ti nC h ief

No .P lough s .

Wm .f i l .An scu lf .

2 06 1 / 2

R ob t .de S taf f o rd*

3 53 1 / 2

T u r ch i lo f Wa rw ick .

2 18

R a lph d e Mo r t ime r .

1 98

%d eme sne .

%s ub tenan t s .

1 . 4

2 2 .6

7 6

8

2 3

6 9

2

2 6

7 2

2 1

6 2

1 7

%p ea san t s .

*T he se f i gu re sa r eb a sed o nt h el a nd sh e ld b y R obe r to fS t af f o rd i nS t af f o rd sh i re , Wo rce s te r sh i re a nd Wa rw ick sh i re .

b a se , p a r t icu la r ly i n S t af f o rd sh i r e . A l though t h ed e ta i l i s g ene ra l ly o b scu r ed ,t h i sp e r iod o fe s ta te d eve lopmen tc an b e

m ano r s . T he P ag a n e l s a nd t h e i r d e S ome ry s ucce s so r s a r e l i ke ly t oh ave f a l len i nl i ne w i th t h e i r c on tempo ra r ie s . T he

mo s t r ead i ly o b se rved i n s ome c apu t mano r s . We s t B romw ich w a s e me rg ing i nt h i s p e r iod a st h e c ho sen Of f i n i

P agane l s c e r ta in ly f a rmed s ome o ft h e i r d eme sne i n S u r rey ( 10 ) , a nd a l though t h i s d oe s n o t d i r ec t ly i n f o rm u s o ft h e i r a c t ion s i nt h e w e s tm id land s , i ti st h e c a se t h a tt h e e s ta te s o f

c apu t , a nd B i rm ingham a st h a t o ft h e d e B i rm ingham f am i ly , i nb o th c a se s r e f lec ted i n ad eve lop ing mano r ia l l a nd scape . T he s ame p roce s s w a s a tw o rk i nt h e h ono r ia l c apu t , w he r e b y t h e l a te t we lf th c en tu ry D ud ley h ad ac a s t le , c hu r ch a nd c hape l , mona s te ry , f i shpond s ,p a rk land a nd p e rhap s am a rke t i fn o t ab o rough . I n a dd i t ion , t h e e a r ly t h i r teen th c en tu ry ,

t h e b i shop o f C oven t ry a nd L ichf ie ld w e r e s t i l l a tf a rm a s l a te a s 196 ( 1 1) , a sp e rhap sw e re t h e e s ta t e s o ft h e h ono ro f C oven t ry ( 12 ) . C o s s d e tec t ed t h e f i r s t s ip s o f t h e move t owa rd s d eme sne c u l t iva t ion i nt h e l a t te r l o rd sh ip d u r ing t h e 1 220 s , w hen S t ephen d e S eg rave c r ea ted f o r h im se lf an ew d eme sne c en t red a tC a ludon , a nd t h e t r end w a s g a the r ing

t h rough a ne xchange o f mano r sw i th K ing J ohn ,p rov ided t h e d e S ome ry sw i th a no ppor tun i ty t oa dd t ot h e i rw e s tm id land

p ace b yt h e 1 230 s . E conom ic d if i cu l t ie s m ay h ave p l ayed a p a r t i ne ncou rag ing i n t e re s t i nt h e d eve lopmen t o ft h e w e s t m id land d eme sne d u r ing t h ee a r ly t h i r teen th c en tu ry .

d eme sne . A l though n o t y e t a s i mpo r tan t a s i tw a s t o l a te r b ecome ,t h e r ei sn o th ing t os ugge s tt h a tt h eb a ron so fD ud ley h ad n eg lec ted t h e i rw e s tm id land i n te r se t s .

H oweve r , i ti sd oub t f u lt h a tt h e d e S ome ry sw e re a b le t or e ly h eav i ly u pon t h e i r w e s t m id land d eme sne i n t e rm s o f i t s d i rec t c u l t iva t ion . T he n a tu ra l f a c to r s t h a t h ad i n h ib i ted c u l t iva t ion i nt h e l a te e l even th c en tu ry w e r e s t i l l af e a tu re o f t h e e a r ly f ou r teen th c en tu ry , r e f lec ted i n C ampbe l l ' s o b serva t ion ( 1 3 )t h a td eme sne a r ab le w a sn o tw e l l d eve loped i n p a r t s o f t h e w e s t m id land s , n o tab ly S t af f o rd sh i re a nd

H a rvey h a sp e r sua s ive ly a r gued t h e i mpac tt h a t i n f la t ion h ad u pon E ng land d u r ing t h e l a te t we lf th a nd e a r ly t h i r teen th c en tu r ie s , a nd s eve ra l s t ud ie s , s uch a s t h a t b y C o s s o n t h e Wa rw ick sh i r e k n igh t , S i r G eof f rey d e L ang ley , h ave h igh l igh t ed t h e f i nanc ia l s t ra in s t h a tm igh tb e c au sed f o r t h e a r i s toc ra cy , p a r t icu la r ly t h e g en t ry ( 8 ) . H oweve r , t h e r e a r e d ange r s i no ve r s ta t ing t h e p i c tu re o f c r i s i s . I n O xf o rd sh i re , C a rpen t e r f ound t h a t t h e re w a s n o t s o much a c r i s i s f o r a c l a s s , b u t f o r s ome i n d iv idua l s w i th in i t . F u r the rmo re , t h e p a r t p l ayed b y i n f la t ion h a s r e cen t ly b een c ha l lenged b y J . L .Bo l ton , who h a sq ue s t ioned t h e s eve r i ty a nd e x ten to ft h e i n f la t ion , a nd s ugge s ted t h a t E ng l i sh p o l i t ica l s oc ie ty d i d n o t s uf f e rg r ev iou s ly o nt h i sc oun td u r ing t h et h i r t een th c en tu ry .

Wa rw ick sh i r e . T he I nqu i s i t ion s o ft h e l a te t h i r teen th c en tu ry r e f e r t o p oo r l a nd o n s eve ra l o f t h e d eme sne mano r s , a nd w h i l s t a l low ing f o r t h e t e ndency o f s u ch s ou rce s t o e xagge ra te t h e d i ff i cu l t ie s a nd u nderva lue t h e r e sou r ce s , t h e i mp re s s ion o f t h i s a s p oo r a r ab le i s c on s i s ten t w i th t h e e nv i ronmen ta l c on s t ra in t s . A t S edg ley t h e r e w a s i nd eme sne f ou r c a ruca te s o fd ry o r s t e r i le l a nd ( 14 ) ; t h e re w a s b ad , a s w e l l a sg ood l a nd a t Weo ley ( 1 5 ) , w h i l s t a t Me r e t h e s i x ty

7 9

a c res o f a r ab le w a s v a lued a t 6 d . a n a c re ( 16 ) , al ow v a lua t ion e ven a l low ing f o rt h e c u s toma ry d i s tor t ion o fs uch r e tu rn s . A t C rad ley t h e r e w a s a ccoun t o f f ou r teen a c re s o f i mpove r i shed l a nd ( 17 ) a nd a tC len t i tw a s s t a t ed t h a t t h e l a nd w a s t oo p oo r f o r t h e s ow ing o f a ny th ing o t he r t h an b a r ley a nd o a t s ( 18 ) . N o t u nexpec t ed ly u nd e r s uch c i rcum s tance s , t h e p roduc t ion o f o a t s s e em s t o h av e b een s ome th ing o f as t ap le c r op o n t h e mano r s o ft h e h ono r . T he c u s toma ry t e nan t s o f S edg ley a nd D ud ley r e nde red o a t s a mong t h e i rr e co rded s e rv ice s ( 19 ) a nd t h e w i l lo fG i lbe r t o f P enn , d a ted t o 1 260 , r e f lec t s t h e i mpo r tance o f t h i s c r op

a t tach p a r t icu la r s i gn if i cance t ot h i s ( F igu re 5 . 4 ) . E ven h e r e , w h i l s tt h e re w a s g ood l a nd , t h e r e w a s a l so p oo r l a nd a mong t h e o ne h und red a nd s even ty two ' g rea t a c re s ' r e co rded i n 1 291 ( 3 3 ) . F o r t h e b a ron s o f D ud ley , t h e o n ly r e a l i s t ic e xpec ta t ion s o f t h e i r d eme sne a r ab le i n t he w e s t m id land s w a st op rov ide p r ima r i ly f o rt h e i ro wn h ouseho ld . N one t h e l e s s , t h e I nqu i s i t ion v a lua t ion s ( Tab le 4 ) , w h ich o ne w ou ld i na ny c a se e xpec t t ob e u nd ere s t ima te s , g ive a n i mp re s s ion o f ag ene ra l ly p rof i tab le g roup o f d eme sne mano r sa nd i n c rea s ing r evenue s .

( 20 ) . I ndeed , a sl a te a s 1 845 i nS edg ley , a l though w hea t a nd b a r ley w e r e a l so c u l t iva ted , o a t s r ema ined t h e p r inc ipa l c e rea lc r op ( 2 1) .

S edg ley , f o r i n s tance , b e tween t h e l a te e l even th a nd l a t e t h ir t een th c en tu r ie s i mp roved i nf i nanc ia l v a lue a l i t t le o ve r s even f o ld , t ob ecome t h e mo s t v a luab le mano r h e ld b y t h e d e S ome ry s , o u t s t r ipp ing e ven N ewpo r t P agane l . T ak ing t h e se v a lua t ion s a s ar a the r c r ude g u ide , i t m igh t b e s ugge s ted t h a tJ ohn d e S ome ry e n joyed a n a nnua l i n come o f

I tm igh t b e p o s tu la ted t h a t i n 1 086 t h e re h ad b een a r ound t h ree h und r ed a c re s u nde rc u l t iva t ion o nt h e d eme sne , a nd i t w ou ld s e em t h a t , n o t s u rp r i s ing ly , b y c . 1270 a t temp t s h ad b een made t o i n c rea se t h i s . F o r i n s tance , a tS edg ley i tw a s s t a ted , ' A l so t h e re a r e t h e re 4 c a ruca te s o fd ry ( s t e r i le ) l a nd c on ta in ing 9 6 1 / 2 a c re s a nd t h ey a r e w or th y ea r ly £ 4 '( 22 ) . T he re a r es ome a mb igu i t ie si nt h i sd e sc r ip t ion ,a si n as im i la r o ne f o r K ing sw inf o rd ( 2 3 ) t h a t s t a te s , ' T he r e a r e t h e r e 2 c a ruca te s o f l a nd c on ta in ing 5 6 a c re s a nd o ne q ua r te r , a nd

n o t l e s s t h an a r ound £ 300 f r om h i s w e s t m id land s e s ta te , o f w h ich S edg ley r e p r e sen ted a r ound 2 1% . I nf a c t , t h ep re sence o fo t he r s ou r ce s o fi n come , b o th w i th in , a nd o u t s ide o ft h e w e s tm id land s , i n d ica te st h e c on serva t ive n a tu re o ft h i s a sa n e s t ima te o fa c tua l i n come . When D ud ley C a s t le w a s r a ided i nN ovembe r 1 320 , J ohn d e S ome ry c l a imed t h a tt h e r a ide r s

t h ey a r e wo r th y ea r ly 3 6 s .8d . ,a nd e ach a c r e i sw o r th 8 d . , a nd

h ad e s caped w i th £ 1 ,000 i nc a sh , a nd g ood s a nd c ha t te l s t o

2 5 1 / 2 f e e t b e long t o t h e p e r ch . ' T he l a t te r h i gh l igh t s l o ca l

t h ev a lue o f£ 200 ( 34 ) .

c u s tom i n m ea su remen t s w h ich u rge s c au t ion o n t h e c ompa r i son o fa r ea , wh i l s t t h e u se o ft h e 2 5 1 / 2 f oo t p e rch

T he e nv i ronmen ta l c ha rac te r i s t ic s o f t h e r eg ion made i t

s ugge s t s t h e l a rge r a c re s t h a t a r e c ha ra c te r i s t ic o ff o r e s t a nd

i n ev i tab le t h a t p a s to ra l f a rm ing w ou ld b e a n i mpo r tan t e l emen t w i th in t h e e conomy . I nt h e h ono r o fD ud ley , w h i l s t

w ood land a r ea s ,p e rhap sc ompen sa t ing f o rt h ep oo re rq ua l i ty o ft he l a nd . H oweve rb o th o ft h e se mano r ss e em t or ef l ec ta n a t temp ted e xpan s ion o ft h e a r ab le , q u i te as i gn if i can t o ne i n t h e c a se o fS edg ley , b u t i nb o th c a se s t h e s ucce s s w a s v e ry

t h e re i sl e s s d i r ec t e v idence f o rt h i s t han f o r o the r a c t iv i t ie s , l i ve s tock f a rm ing w a s n one t h e l e s s ap ar t o ft h e d eme sne e conomy . A l though o ne w ou ld n o t e xpec t t o f md r e f e r ence t or ough g raz ing l a nd s , t h e d e S ome ry I nqu i s i t ion s d o make f r equen tr e f e rence t op a s tu re a nd m eadow , wh i l s ta tS edg ley ,

l im i ted , o n ly s ome 1 52 1 / 2 a c re s b e ing r e ga rded a s o f a ny v a lue . S im i la r i mp re s s ion s c ome f r om o t he r mano r s , i n c lud ing C len t , wh ich h ad t wo v i rga te s c on ta in ing s i x teen

' h aymak ing ' w a s o ne o f t h e t e nan t s e rv ice s s pec if i ca l ly

a c res o fp oo r l a nd ( 24 ) , C rade ly a nd Me re . A c ro s s t h e e i gh t d eme sne mano r s , a nd a s sum ing t h a t t h e c a ruca te n o ted a t R ow ley w a s o ne h und red a nd t wen ty a c r e s ( 2 5 ) ,t h e r ew a s i n

m en t ioned . H i l ton h a s c ommen ted o n t h e c a t t le t r ade i n t h e w e s t m id land s ,t h a tp rov id ed B i rm ingham w i th af l ou r i sh ing c a t t le

1 273 s ome 6 62 3 / 4 a c re su nde rc u l t iva t ion ,a nd t h i si sa lmo s t c e r ta in ly a n o ve r -e s t ima te . T he r e may h ave b een f u r the r a t temp t st oi n c rea se t h i s . B y 1 291 Me re w a s s u rveyed a to ne c a ruca te o fl a nd ( 26 ) a nd B o rde s ley h ad s i x ty -one a c re s i n d eme sne ; C rad ley i n 1 322 h ad i n c rea sed i t s a r ab le t o s i x ty

ma rke t b y t h e e nd o f t h e t h i r teen th c en tu ry ( 35 ) . C a t t le r e a r ing s e em st oh ave b een p r e sen ti nt h e h ono rs i nce a tl e a s t t h e t we lf th c en tu ry , G e rva se P agane l 's c ha r te r t o D ud ley P r io ry ( 36 ) i n d ica t ing w he re t h e monk s m igh t b e p e rm i t ted

a c re s ( 27 ) , a nd t h e a cqu i s i t ion o f H and swo r th b rough t a f u r the r c a ruca t e ( 28 ) . B y c on t ra s t h oweve r , i nK ing sw inf o rd

t o g raz e t h e i r c a t t le . I n t h e 1 273 S edg ley I nqu i s i t ion ( 37 ) c a t t le g raz ing w a s i n f e r red w i th in t h e mano r when i tw a s n o ted t h a t t h e v a lue o f t wo e nc lo sed meadows a nd t h e i r p a s tu rage w a s f o r ty s h i l l ing s , ' i f c a t t le b e n o t p u t t h e re in '

a nd S edg ley , t h e re w a s ar educ t ion i nt h e i r c omb ined a r ab le f r om s i x c a ruca te s t o t h ree ( 29 ) . I n s o f a r a s t h i s k i nd o f e v idence p e rm i t s aj udgemen t , t h e i mp r e s s ion i s o ne i n

( 38 ) , w h i l s t i n 1 307 J ohn d e S ome ry c omp la ined a bou t t h e t h ef to fc a t t le f r om o ne o fh i sp a rk s( 39 ) .

wh ich t h eo ve ra l lp i c tu re h ad c hanged l i t t le , a nd a l though t h e a r ab le i n d eme sne h ad p e rhap s d oub led s i nce r ema ined r e la t ive ly i n s ign if i can t .

1 086 , i t

F requen t r e f e r ence s i nt h e I nqu i s i t ion s t op annage a nd ma s t s ugge s t st h e i mpo r tance o fp ig s , w h i l s tt h e o b serva t ion i nt h e K ing sw inf o rd I nqu i s i t ion o f1 273 t h a tc ommon p a s tu re t h e r e

H oweve r , t h e mano r o f Weo ley d e serve s t ob e s i ng led o u t . D ome sday r ema rked o nt h e c u l t ivab le p o ten t ia l o ft h e mano r

c ou ld s uppor t o ne h und red s heep ( 40 ) c onf i rm s s heep f a rm ing i n t h e l o ca l e conomy . G oa t s may a l so h ave b een

( 30 ) a nd b y 1 273 , w h i l s t w i th t h ree h und red a c r e s ( 3 1) i t m igh t n o t y e t h ave f u lf i l led i t s p e rce ived D ome sday

a mong t h e l i ve s tock k ep t ; J ohn d e Woodf o rd a nd R obe r t j un io r w e r e c e r ta in ly r e co rded a sh av ing g oa t s i nt h e F o re s t

p o ten t ia l , i tn one t h e l e s s a ccoun t ed f o r a lmo s t h a lf t h e t o ta l c u l t ivab le d eme sne i n t h e h ono r . E xcava t ion s a t Weo ley

i nt h em id th i r t een th c en tu ry ( 4 1) .

h ave r ema rked o n f a rmya rd l i ke d epo s i t s i n t h i r teen th c en tu ry c on tex t s ( 32 ) , a l though t h e re s e em s n o r e a son t o

8 0

TABLE 4 .

I nqu i s i t ion p os t mor tem v a lua t ions o fd eS omery d eme sne manor s : D eme sne Mano r : S edg ley D ud ley B o rde s ley C len t K ing sw inf o rd Me r e C rad ley Weo ley

1 273 £ 79 .13s .10d £ 11 .19 s .5d .

1 322 £ 64 .0 s .10d . £ 41 .6 s . .9 1 / 4d .

£ 18 .15s .7 3 / 4d . £ 25 .10 s .8 3 / 4d .

£ 30 .17 s .3 3 / 4d . £ 27 .12 s .2d . }£ 28 .3s .4 1 / 2d .

£ 26 .18s .6 3 / 4d . £ 26 .6 s .7d .

£ 40 .15s .3 1 / 4d .

£ 6 .10 s .6 3 / 4d . £ 55 .15s .10 1 / 2d .

£ 8 .2 s .11 1 / 2d . £ 53 .19 s .11 1 / 2d . £ 22 .7 s .4 1 / 2d .

R ow ley H and swo r th T o ta ls :

1 29 1 £ 89 .4 s .6 3 / 4d .

£ 24 1 .11s .2 1 / 2d .

£ 25 .13s .8d . £ 3 .7 s .8d . £ 6 .2 s .0d . £ 24 .15s . .8d . £ 7 .18 s .6 1 / 4d . £ 38 .4 s .2 1 / 2d .

£ 23 .19 s .10d .

£ 3 .15s .6d . £ 24 .11s .4d .

£ 325 .2 s .9 3 / 4d .

£ 239 .16 s .2d .

Wood land w a s a n i mpo r tan t f e a tu re o ft h e r eg ion i n 1 086 , a l though , a s R ackham h a s o b se rved , w ood s t e nded t o b e l a rge r a the r t h an n ume rou s ( 42 ) . H oweve r , w ood land w a s

b y D ud ley , a s t h e mano r s w i th t h e g rea te s t a s se t s i n w ood land a nd p a rk s . I n 1 29 1 t h e v a lua t ion o f t h e se r e sou r ce s i n t h e t h ree mano r s w a s a round £ 23 .0s .0d . , r e p r e sen t ing a n i mp rovemen t o n t h e v a lua t ion i n 1 273 a t

r e co rded o nt h e ma jo r i ty o f mano r sw i th in t h eh ono ri n1 086 ( 4 3 ) , a nd i ns o f a r a st h e f i gu r e s r e f lec t t h e r e a l i ty , s ome o f t h e a r ea s c ove r ed b y w ood land w e r e e x t en s ive . A s ton , f o r

£ 11 .16 s .0d . Wood land s e em s t o h ave made a s i gn if ican t c on t r ibu t ion t ot h er evenue so ft h ee s ta te .

e xamp le , h ad s ome 1 , 500 a c re s o f w ood land ( 44 ) b u t t h i s g rad ed d own t o mo r e mode s ta moun t s , s uch a ss even ty a c re s a t R u sha l l ( 45 ) o r f ou r teen a c r e s a t Mo se ley ( 46 ) . T he

S edg ley i n 1 291 p o s se s sed i r on m ine s a nd m ine s o fs e a c oa l v a lued t oge the r a t£ 9 .6s .8d ( 55 ) , w h i l s t i n 1 273 t h e re w e r e

d eme sne mano r sh ad as i gn if i can tp ropor t ion o ft h er e co rded w ood land , S edg ley f o r i n s tance h ad a r ound t wo t h ou sand a c r e s ( 47 ) , a bou t 2 7% o ft h e r e co rded a c reage o ft h e p a r i sh i n 1 845 ( 48 ) . Mo r f e ( 49 ) h ad s ome f ou rt h ou sand a c r e s , b u t t h e r e f e rence t o ' wa s te ' may r e f lec t t h a t i tw a s l a rge ly i n co rpo ra ted i n to t h e r oya l F o re s t . T he Wo rce s t e r sh i r e

f ou r c oa l p i t s o f ' s ea c oa l ' v a lued a t £ 4 .0s .0d . (56 ) . S uch r e f e r ence s h igh l igh t t h e f a c t t h a t t h e m ine ra l r e sou r ce s a nd i n du s t r ia l p o ten t ia l o f t h e d eme sne mano r s w e r e b e ing e xp lo r ed , a nd w e r e a ppa ren t ly v e ry p rof i tab le . T he me ta l w o rk ing t r ad i t ion s o ft h e B lack C oun t ry may b e t r a ced b ack c e r ta in ly t ot h e t h i r teen th c en tu ry , a nd p e rhap s e a r l ie r ( 57 ) ;

mano r sa l so p o s se s sed w ood land , b u tt h ee x t en to ft h i si ss t i l l mo r e u nce r ta in , d epend ing u pon w he the r c a lcu la t ion s a r e

t h er e f e r ence st o mak ing c ha rcoa l i nt h e S ome ry w ood s may a l so r e f lec t t h e se d eve lopmen t s ( 58 ) . S edg ley w a s n o t a l one

b a sed o nT hor n ' s' s ho r tl e ague ' o rR ound ' s' s ho r tl e ague ' ( 50 ) . H ow eve r , i tw ou ld s e em t h a t N o r thf i e ld p o s se s sed p e rhap s

i nt h e se r e sou rce s a si n1 291 m en t ion w a s made o fm ine s o f ' s ea c oa l ' a tC len ta nd K ing sw inf o rd ( 59 ) , a nd n o rw e re t h e se

s i x ty t o f o r ty a c r e s o fw ood land ( 5 1) a nd D ud ley b e tween

r e sou r ce s l im i t ed t o d eme sne mano r s . O ld sw inf o rd w a s n o t p a r t o f t h e d eme sne u n t i l a cqu i red b y J ohn d e S ome ry , a t w h ich t ime c oa lm ine sw e re a mong s ti t sa s se t s( 60 ) .

e i gh th und red a nd f ou r h und red a nd f i f ty a c re s ( 52 ) . Wh i l s t t h e v a lu e o fw ood land a s amano r ia l r e sou r ce i sw e l lk nown i ti sp robab le t h a t t h e se w ooded a r ea s w e r e a l so t o b e t h e s c ene o f much f u tu re c l ea rance . T he i mpor tance o f wood land a sa n e l emen t i nt h e m ano r ia l l a nd s cape i sr e f lec ted i nt h e f r equen t r e f e r ence s t o i ti nt h e I nqu i s i t ion s , a nd t h e v a r iou s i n f r ingemen t s o fi t ,p a r t icu la r ly a s e mpa r l cmen t p rog r e s sed d u r ing t h e t we lf th , a nd mo r e p a r t i cu la r ly t h e t h i r teen th c en tu ry . B y t h e l a t te r p a r t o ft h e t h i r t een th c en tu ry t h e e xp lo i ta t ion o fa r ea s o fw ood land w a s i n t en se ,a si tw a s i nt h eh ono ro fC oven t ry ( 5 3 ) . H oweve r , i n D ud l ey , wh i l s t a n i mpo r tan t m ano r ia l r e sou rce , i ti s mo r e d i ff i cu l t t o e s t ima t e c onf iden t ly i t s i mpo r tance i nt e rm s o f t h e w id e r p a t te rn o f e s ta te i n come , g iven t h a t I nqu i s i t ion s f o rm t h e p r inc ipa l s ou rce o fe v idence , a nd t h a tt h e re s hou ld b e a lowance f o r aw ide r ange o fl a nd u se s w i th in p a rk s a nd w ood land , s uch a s i n du s t r ia l a c t iv i ty , o r t h e p r e sence , a se f t P en sne t t ,o ff i shpond s( 54 ) . W i th s uch r e se rva t ion si nm ind , c ompa r i son s m ay b e made b e tween t h e 1 273 a nd 1 29 1 v a lua t ion s ,w h ich h igh l igh t S edg ley a nd Weo ley , f o l lowed

8 1

C oa l m igh t b e u sed t o f i re l ime k i ln s , b y med ieva l p o t te r s w o rk ing i nc oa lm in ing a r ea s , a nd i ni r on w o rk ing , w he re i t p rov ided a v i ab le a l ter na t ive t o c ha rcoa l ; a l though n o t s u i tab le f o r s me l t ing i tc ou ld b e u sed f o r f o rg ing w hen t h e i r on w a s s u i tab le ( 6 1) . A l l t h e n ece s sa ry r aw ma te r ia l s a nd r e sou rce sw e r e a va i lab le o nt h e d e S ome ry d eme sne m ano r s ; t h e r e f e rence s t of o rge s i nS edg ley i n 1 273 ( 62 ) , a nd t ot wo g r ea t s m i th ie s w or th £ 4 .0 s .0d . ay ea r i nD ud ley i n1 29 1 ( 6 3 ) r e f lec t t h e e s tab l i shmen t o ft h e se i n du s t r ia l a c t iv i t ie s o n t h e d eme sne , w he re D ud ley C a s t le i t se lf m igh t h ave b een i n vo lved a s ac en t re o fp roduc t ion ( 64 ) . D e sp i t e t h e se d eve lopmen t s , i n s o f a r a s I nqu i s i t ion s p o s t mo r tem c an a c tua l ly r e vea l s ou rce s o f i n come , i t may b e s e en t h a tt h e g r ea te s ts i ng le c on t r ibu to r s w e re t h et a l lage a nd r e n t s o f t h e p ea san t ry , p e rhap s s upp lemen ted b y t h e c ommu ted w o rk s o f t h e c u s toma ry t e nan t s , t oge the r w i th p l ea s a nd p e rqu i s i te s . I tw a s t h e se s ou rces t ha t p rov ided t h e

b a s i s o fb a ron ia l i n come , a nd i nt h i s t h ey w e re n o d i f f e ren t

Wh i l s t a s sa r t ing w a s i n p a r t ar e spon se t o d emog raph ic p re s su re s , i tw a s a l so a m ean s b y w h ich l a nd lo rd s m igh t i n c r ea se t h e r en t s t h ey c ou ld r a i se . I ti sn o tc l ea rt ow ha t e x ten t t h e p roce s s e ngaged t h e i n te re s t o f t h e d e S ome ry s ,

f r om mo s to t he r so ft h e i rc l a s s . T he p opu la t ion o ve rw hom t h e se r i gh t sw e re e xe r c i sed s e em s t of o l low w ha to ne m igh te xpec to ft h ew e s tm id land s d u r ing

b u t i tm igh t b e e xpec ted t h a t t h e i r a cqu ie scence a tl e a s t w a s n eeded . I n t h e c a se o f n e ighbou r ing Wo lve rhamp ton F r ee C hape l , t h e c a rv ing o u t o f a s sa r t s s e em s t o h ave b een p romo ted b y t h e C hu rch . F o r t h e l o rd s o f D ud ley , w h i l s t a s sa r t ing p e rhap s made l i t t le d i f f e rence t op roduc t ion f r om

t h i s p e r iod . I n 1 086 t h e b a ron ia l d eme sne h ad i n c luded t h e mo re p opu lou s mano r s , a l though n o t e xc lu s ive ly . H oweve r , w i th a d ju s tmen t f o r s l ave s a nd p r ie s t s , t h e r e co rded p opu la t ion o ft h e h ono r w a s a round 2 , 400 p eop le , o f whom 1 9% l i ved o n t h e d eme sne . I tw a s ap opu la t ion o f v i l le in s a nd b o rda r s , p re sen t i nb road ly s im i la r p ropo r t ion s o n b o th

t h e d eme sne , i td i d e x t end f u r the r t h e r a nge o f r en t s a nd f r anch i se st h a tt h e mano r ia l l o rd c ou ld c l a im .

t h e d eme sne a nd s ub tenan t mano r s . H oweve r , t h e h ono r d id d if e ri ns ome r e spec t sf r om t ha tp r e sen ted i no t he rs t ud ies a s

I ti sp robab le t h a t t h e move t o a s sa r t ing s e em s p a r t icu la r ly s t rong i n S edg ley b ecau se t h e l a nd scape , w i th much wood land a nd moo r land , l e n t i t s e lf t o t h i s p roce s s a s a n

t h e r eg iona l n o rm . F o r i n s tance , H am she re ( 6 5 ) f ound i nh i s s t udy o ft h el a nd so f t h eb i shop o f Wo r ce s te r aw e igh t ing i n

e f f ec t ive m ean s o fe s ta te d eve lopmen t a nd i n f i l l ing . H a l lam TABLE 5 . T he D ome sday P opu la t ion : D ud ley d eme sn e . D ud ley s u b t ena n t s . L ay s u b t enan t s a f t e rH am she r e .

%V i l l e in s . 5 5 3 .8 4 2

%C o t ta r /Bo rda r . 3 4 3 4 .6 3 5

%S l ave s . 8 9 . 7 1 8

%O th e r s . 3 1 . 9 5

t h e d i s t r ibu t ion o f v i l le in t e nan t s t owa rd s t h e b i shop ' s d eme sne . Mo re t e l l ing h oweve r a r e c ompa r i son s w i th

h a s e s t ima t ed t h a t t h e t e nan t s o f D ud ley C a s t le h ad a bou t 6 60 a c r e s o f a s sa r t , a l though t h e b a s i s o fh i s c a lcu la t ion i s

H am she r e ' s p rof i le s o f l a y s ub tenan t mano r s ( 66 ) , wh ich a ga in m a rk t h e h ono r o fD ud ley o u t a s al o rd sh ip i n wh ich t h e re w a s g r ea te r e qua l i ty i nt h e d i s t r ibu t ion o fp opu la t ion

u nc lea r( 72 ) . H oweve r ,t h e r e i s ar eg iona li mp re s s ion t h a tt h e a s sa r t s w e r e g ene ra l ly s ma l l a nd c heap , a nd t h a t t h ey p rov id ed t h e b a s i s f o r g row ing n umbe r s o f s ma l l s c a le f r eeho lde r s . I n S edg ley i n 1 273 t h e r en t s o ft h e f r eeho ld e r s w e re v a lued a t£ 10 .9 s .6 1 / 2d . , a s c ompa r ed t o £ 13 .0 s .9d . f r om s e ven ty -f ive h ou seho ld s o f c u s toma ry t e nan t s a nd

t ype s , t h e d eme sne n o t p o s se s s ing a s i gn if i ca n t ly h ighe r p ropo r t ion o fv i l le in s . T he p ropo r t ion s o fs ma l lho lde r s w e r e mo re c ompa rab le a nd c l ea r ly r e f lec t ar eg iona l n o rm , b u t

£ 5 .10 s .9d . f r om f o r ty -n ine c u s toma ry t e nan t s o ft h e a s sa r t ed l a nd . T h i s m ay b e c ompa r ed w i th B o rde s ley , w he re i n1 291

t h e re w e re f a r f ewe r s l ave s i n t h e h ono r o f D ud ley t han o ccu r r ed i nH am she re ' s s t udy ( Tab le 5 ) . T o t h i s e x ten t , t h e h ono r o f D ud ley , wh i l s t f o l low ing a b road r e g iona l n o rm ,

t h e r e w e re e i gh ty two f r eeho lde r s o f w hom s even ty -e igh t h e ld , w i thou t h ou se s , l a nd n ew ly b rough t i n to c u l t iva t ion ; t h e r e w e re a l so s i x teen c u s toma ry t e nan t s h o ld ing 6 1 / 2 y a rd land s ( 7 3 ) . B y a na logy w i th H i l ton ' s o b serva t ion t h a t

d oe s h ave s ome d i s t inc t ive e l emen t s i n i t s p rof i le t h a t a r e p e rhap sr e la ted t o as oc ie ty i n al a nd scape t h a tw a so n ly n ow b e ing o pened u p .

f r eeho lde r s o f t en p a id l ow r en t s ( 74 ) , i tm igh t b e s ugge s t ed t h a t s uch a g roup f o rmed a s i gn if ican t e l emen t i n t h e mano r ia l p opu la t ion . I nd iv idua l m en t ion i s made i n t h e

B y 1 273 , S edg ley , l i ke o t he r mano r s , s uch a s B o rde s ley i n 1 291 a nd Weo ley i n 1 322 , h ad ap opu la t ion t h a t w a s made u p o ff r eeho lde r s a nd c u s toma ry t e nan t s ; a mong s tt h e se t h e r e

S edg ley I nqu i s t ion o f f ou r p eop le w ho a ppea r t o b e f r eeho ld e r s . Moy s i t h e F o re s te r p a id r e n t s i n p eppe r a nd c um in , R oge r d e B r ie r ley i np eppe r , J ohn d e C ha sepoo l b y f ou ru nf ea the red ,b a rbed ,a r row s ,a nd J ohn t h eH aywa rd b ya p a i r o f g l ove s . T he se m en w e re p re sumab ly s i ng led o u t

w a s s pec if i c men t ion o fc u s toma ry t e nan t s o fa s sa r ted l a nd ( 67 ) , s ome o f whom m igh t b e e qua ted w i th c o t tage r s . I ti s l i ke ly h oweve rt ha tf r eeho lde r s a l so h e ld a s sa r ted l a nd . S uch r e f e rence s r e f lec t n ew l a nd t h a t h ad b een b rough t i n to c u l t iva t ion o n t h e mano r , a nd may b e c ompa red w i th s im i la r

b ecau se a p a r t o f t h e i r r e n t s w e re r ende r ed , o r a t l e a s t

t hough l e s s e x ten s ive d eve lopmen t s a t Weo ley a nd B o rde s ley . A s sa r t ing w a s c ommonp lace i nt h e r e g ion b y t h e t we lf th c en tu ry , a l though l a te a s sa r t ing w a s p a r t icu la r ly a

r epo r t ed , i nk i nd , r a the r t h an c a sh ; o n t h e i n f o rma t ion g i ven w i th in t h e I nqu i s i t ion , t h ey may b e v a lued , f o r e ach i nt u rn , a s t h e e qu iva len t o f 1s . 6d . , 1 s . 4d . , 2 d . , a nd 1 d . T he se a r e

f e a tu r e i n t h e B lack C oun t ry a nd a r ound C annock C ha se

mode s t a moun t s , b u t i tc anno t b e a s sumed t h a t t h ey d i d n o t a l so m ake c a sh p aymen t s . A pa r t f r om t h ese r e f e rence s , t h e d ocumen td oe sn o ts pec if yh ow m any f r eeho lde r sw e r et ob e f ound o n t h e m ano r o f S edg ley , l e av ing H i l ton 's mode l a s

( 68 ) . H oweve r , t h e ma in p e r iod o fa s sa r t ing i nS t af f o rd sh i re w a s c . 1190 -1280 ( 69 ) w h ich i sr e f lec ted a l so i nt h e h ono r o f D ud ley . A s sa r t ing may b e i n s tanced o n t h e mano r s o fs ome s ub tenan t sf r om t h em id twe lf th c en tu ry ( 70 ) , a nd b yt h e l a te

o u rb e s tg u id e .

t h i r teen th c en tu ry w a s f a i r ly w e l l a dvanced i n p a r t s o f s ou the rn S t af f o rd sh i re , a s a t S edg ley a nd Wo lve rhamp ton ( 7 1) , l e av ing a ni mp re s s ion o fl a rge s c a le c o lon i sa t ion .

T he p r eva i l ing s oc ia l a nd e conom ic c ond i t ion s w e re o ne s i n wh ich s ome p ea san t f am i l ie s c ou ld p ro spe r . J ohn d e T e rhu l l ,

8 2

f o r i n s tance , w a s m en t ioned a s ac u s toma ry t e nan t i n 1 273 S edg ley ( 7 5 ) , a nd e i the r h e o rh i s s on s e em t ob e t a k ing o n l e a sed l a nd i n R ow ley i n 1 307 ( 76 ) . A w i l l o f S ep tembe r 1 260 , d ea l ing w i th t h e b eque s t s o f G i lbe r t , s on o f J ohn o f P enn , a l so i lu s t ra te s ap ea san t f am i ly t h a t w a s a b le t o

f ounda t ion a nd t h e e s tab l i shmen t o f p a rk land . H oweve r , i t m igh t b e c on jec tu red t ha t t h i s d eve lopmen t mu s t h ave e n ta i led c on s ide rab le e xpen se , a t at ime w h ich c o inc ided

p ro spe r . Among t h e a r rangemen t s t ha t G i lber t made , f o l low ing t h e p ra c t i se a mong m any m embe r s o ft h e g en t ry ,

c ha l lenge s a r i s ing f r om t h e i r h e igh tened a mb i t ion s . P e rhap s t h e s e t t lemen t o f Wombou rne o n t h e O ver ton s ( 82 ) a t ad a te b e tween 1 201 a nd 1 223 f o r a n a nnua l r en t o fs i x ma rk s w a s i n p a r t r e la ted t o f i nanc ia l n eed s ; t h i s s uppo s i t ion i s s t r eng thened b y t h e f a c t t h a t i nc . 1222 -3 , W i l l iam d 'Off in i

w i th t h e ' G r ea t I nf la t ion ' ; o ra tl e a s t , w i th at ime wh ich s aw s ome membe r s o f a r i s toc ra t ic s oc ie ty f a c ing f manc ia l

l i k e S i r N icho la s d e M i t ton i n 1 290 , w e re s eve ra l s ma l l b equ e s t st oc hu r che si nt h er eg ion ( 77 ) . U nf o r tuna te ly , t h e k ind o f d e ta i led d ocumen ta t ion t h a t i s

d em i sed h i s l a nd s i n We s t B romw ich t o H en ry d e A ud ley

a va i lab le f o rt h e d e S ome ry d eme sne i sn o t a va i lab le f o rt h e e s ta t e s o ft h eg en t ry . T he r e i sl i t t le t oc on su l to nt h e i n come s a nd v a lue o f g en t ry e s ta te s i n t h e h ono r , a l though t h ey

( 8 3 ) .

1 280 , C o s s f ound ( 78 ) t h a t t h e mano r ia l h o ld ing s o f t h e

T he re a r e o t he r i n s tance s i n t h e h ono r , w he re b y a na logy w i th o t he r s t ud ie s , as t r ing o fl e a se s o r s a le s q u i te p robab ly r e f lec t s t h e i mpac t o f f i nanc ia l d i ff icu l t ie s . T he F rank ley e s ta te , f o r i n s tance , w a s s ub jec t t o al e a se i n 1 286 , f o l lowed

g en t ry r a nged f r om ' c la s s ica l mano r s ' l i ke A l le s ley , amano r w he r e l o rd sh ip w a s s t rong a nd t h e mano r i t se lf w e l l c on t ro l l ed a nd p rof i tab le , t o w ha t h e t e rm s ' c omp lexe s o f

b y s a le s b e tween 1 299 a nd 1 302 , a nd a ga in i n 1 312 ( 84 ) . T he e a r ly f ou r t een th c en tu ry a l so s aw s ucce s s ive l e a se s a t H im ley a nd S w indon ( 8 5 ) . Mo s t o ft h e t r an sf e r s n o ted i nt h e

p rop e r ty ' , c on s i s t ing s ub s tan t ia l ly o fs ca t te red r e n t s a nd d ue s o f v a r iou s k ind s wh ich m igh t e ncompa s s b o th r u ra l a nd

h ono ro ccu r red b e tween c . 1270 a nd 1 330 .

u rban h o ld ing s , a nd i n wh ich t h e d eme sne w a s o f ten s ma l l , s o t h a t mo s t o f t h e i n come mu s t h ave c ome f r om o t he r s ou r ce s . S uch at e nu r ia lp rof i le s e ems l i ke ly w i th in t h eh ono r o f D ud ley . T he r e w e re r e la t ive ly l a rge m ano r s l i ke H and swo r th , We s t B romw ich a nd B i rm ingham , a nd much s ma l l e r m ano r s s uch a s H am s tead i n H and swo r th a nd t h e

T he O ff in i e xpe r ience w a s al i t t le d i f f e ren t h oweve r . I t i n vo lved af a i r ly p rom inen t f am i ly a nd o ccu r red e a r l ie rt h an o t he r p o s s ib le c a se s i n t h e h ono r , a l though t h i s w a s n o t w i thou t c oun te rpa r t s e l sewhe re i n t h e w e s t m id land s ( 86 ) .

Wod ehou se . Mano r s l i ke P a t t ingham r e f lec t c en t ra l i sed u n i t s i nw h ich l o rd sh ip a ppea r st oh ave b een s t rong , w h i l s tn ea rby

a nd e a r ly t h i r teen th c en tu ry , t h e p rob lem s f r om wh ich w e re p e rhap s f u r the r c ompounded b y ar e la t ive w eakne s s i nt h e

S w indon i nt h e 1 270 s s e em s t oh ave c on s i s ted o fo n t y s ome

e xe rc i se o fl o rd sh ip ( 87 ) . H oweve r , a l l o ft h i s d id n o t d r ive

t h i r teen m e s suage s , 61 / 2 v i rga te s a nd f i f t een s h i l l ing s i n

t h e O ff in i s f r om l o rd sh ip . I tw a s t h e e x t inc t ion o ft h e ma le l i ne i n a bou t 1 248 t h a t d i d ' t h i s , t h e mano r t h en b e ing

o bv iou s ly s ha red t h e s ame r eg iona l c on tex t a s t h e b a ron ia l d eme sn e . I n t h e l o ca l i ty o f C oven t ry b e tween 180 a nd

T he c on tex t i su nknown , a l though i tm igh tb e p o s tu la ted t h a t t h e f am i ly h ad o ve r reached i t sr e sou rce s d u r ing t h e t we lf th

r en t s ( 7 9 ) . T he r e co rd s o fl i t iga t ion t h a t h ave s urv ived f r om t h e t h i r t een th a nd f ou r teen th c en tu r ie s s im i la r ly c onf i rm t h e

p a r t i t ioned b e tween f ema le h e i r s .

w ide sp r ead b u t o f ten s ma l l s ca le p rope r ty i n te r e s t s o f many l a ndown e r s( 80 ) .

T he h ono ro fD ud ley b e tween 1 086 a nd 1 322 w a s s ub jec tt o n a tu ra l a nd e nv i ronmen ta l c on s t ra in t s t h a t i n ev i tab ly p u t

C o s s n o t ed t h a t w he re t h e g en t ry w e re r e l ian t o n s c a t t e red r en t s a nd d ue s ( 8 1) , t h ey w e r e p a r t icu la r ly v u lne rab le t o

c heck s u pon t h e v i ab i l i ty o f d eme sne p roduc t ion a nd i n f luenced l a nd u se . Y e t , a l though t h e d eme sne d i d n o t e xpand ma rked ly , t h e r e venue s a va i lab le t ot h e b a ron s d id . D eme sne f a rm ing w a sn o tt h ew ay f o rwa rd , l a rge ly r e s t r ic ted i tw ou ld s e em t o t h e i mmed ia te n eed s o f t h e h ou seho ld . Wh i l s t e xp lo i ta t ion o f t h e w ood land s o f f e red b e t te r a l t e rna t ive s , a nd d eve lop ing i n du s t ry p rov ided a ma rke r t o t h e f u tu re , i tw a s u pon r en t s a nd o t he r s ou rce s o f i n come , s uch a s t a l lage , t h a t t h e b a ron s o f D ud ley p l aced g r ea te r r e l iance .

i n f la t iona ry p re s su re s a nd d ec l ine , w h ich b rough t i ni t st r a in t h e d e c l ine o fs ome o ft hose f am i l ie s d ependen t u pon t h em a nd s t imu la ted f o r many a move t owa rd s mo re c ompac t e s ta t e s a nd amo re i n ten s ive e xp lo i ta t ion o fr e sou rce s . T ho se f am i l i es t h a t w e re u nab le t o r e s t ruc tu re t h e i r e s ta te s w he r e n ece s sa ry , o r f a i led t o s e cu re a dequa te r e sou rce s , w e r e s u scep t ib le t od ec l ine a nd w e re l i ab le t of a l l i n to d eb t ; i tw a s c ommon f o r f am i l ie s t o a t temp t t o r e cove r t h e i r s i tua t ion t h rough l e a se sa nd a l iena t ion sw h ich i ns ome c a se s l e dt ot h e e x t inc t ion o ft h ef am i ly i ns e igneu r ia lt e rm s . I tw ou ld b e u n rea sonab le t o s uppo se t ha t t h i s w a s n o t a l so t r ue o ft h eh ono ro fD ud ley . T he O f f in i f am i ly m ay b e ac a se i np o in t . T hey h ad as ca t t e red e s ta te t h a t w a s t h e p roduc t o f t h e l a t e e l even th-and t we lf th c en tu r ie s . T he c ho ice o f We s t B romw ich a st h e i r c apu t w a s ad ec i s ion t ha t h ad b een t a ken i n t h e d i f f e ren t c i r cums tance s o f t h e m id twe lf th c en tu ry . T he o ppor tun i t ie s f o r r e s t ruc tu r ing mu s t h ave b een l im i ted , a l though t h e mano r o f We s t B romw ich d oe s n o t a ppea r t o h ave b een p a r t icu la r ly u nv iab le , a nd h ad u nde rgone c on s id e rab le l a nd scape d eve lopmen t s i nce t h e s e cond h a lf o f t h e t we lf th c en tu ry , i n c lud ing a s sa r t ing , a mona s t ic

8 3

NOTES : 1 . H .C .Da rby , F ig .41 .

Dome sday E ng land ( Camb r idge ,

1 977 ) ,

1 3 .

C i ted ,

C .Dye r , 'Documen ta ry E v idence :P rob lem s a nd

E nqu i r ie s ' , i nG .A s t i l l a nd A .G ran t( ed s ) , T he C oun try s id e o f Med ieva lE ng land ( Oxf o rd , 1 988 ) , 1 6 -17 ; f i g .2 .2 .

2 . D a rby ' s c o l lec t ion o f s t a t i s t ic s s ugge s t s at o ta l o f 5 , 216 p lough t e am s a c ro s s 8 64 ' s e t t lemen t s ' w i th in t h e t h ree

1 4 . Wedgwood ( e d ) ,I nqu i s i t ion s , 1 223 -1327 , 1 56 .

c oun t ie s , wh ich p roduce s a n a ve rage o f6 . 0p lough t e am s p e r s e t t lemen t ; i b id . , Append ix 1 .A s im i la r e xe rc i se w i th in t h e h ono ro fD ud ley p rov ide sa na ve rage o fa bou t4 . 1 . H oweve r , s uch c r ude a na ly s i s c an o n ly s ugge s t ab road t r end a nd s hou ld n o tb er e l ied u pon i nd e ta i l .

T he C oun ty o fW orce s te r , P a r tI .F rom t h e i rc ommencemen t i n 1 242 t o t h e e nd o f t h e 1 3 th . C en tu ty . (Wo rces te r sh i r e H i s to r ica lS oc ie ty , O xf o rd 1 894 ) , 3 6 .

1 5 . J .W .W i l l i s B und ( e d ) , T he I nqu i s i t ione s P o s t Mor tem f o r

3 .S o i l S u rvey o fE ng land a nd Wa le s , S o i l s o fE ng land a nd Wa le s , S hee t 3 ,M id land a nd W e s te rn E ng land ( Ha rpenden ,

1 6 . G raz eb rook ,' Ba ron s o fD ud ley ' , 2 7 .

1 983 ) ; S o i l S urvey o f E ng land a nd Wa le s , S o i l s a nd t h e i r U se i n M id land a nd W e s tern E ng land , B u l l e t in N o .12 ( Ha rpenden , 1 984 ) .

1 7 . Wedgwood ( e d ) ,I nqu i s i t ion s , 1 223 -1327 , 1 53 .

4 . Mo r r i s( ed ) , Dome sday B ook :W orce s te r sh i re ,177b .

1 9 .I b id , 2 02 ; W i l l i sB und ( ed ) ,I PM s , W o rce s te r , I ,3 5 .

5 .C ompa r i son w i th t h e f i tz A n scu lf d eme sne o u t s ide o ft h e w e s t m id land s r evea l s t h e r a t io o f d eme sne t o p ea san t

2 0 . S RO , 9 38 / 168 ; s e eA ppend ix .

p lough s a s2 1 1 / 2 :51 , t h a t i s , 3 0% :70% ; t h i s s ugge s t s t h a t i t w a st h e se mano r sw h ich f o rmed t h ea r ab le b a se i n1 086 .

2 1 . A p l an o f t h e P a r i sh o f S edg ley b y W i l l iam F ow le r , 1 843 , a nd a nE x ten to f1 845 ; L JRO B /A / 15 .

6 . J .D .Ham she re , 'Dome sday B ook :E s ta te S t ruc tu r e s i n t h e We s t M id la nd s ' , in J . C .Ho l t ( ed ) , Dome sday S tud ie s .Pape r s

2 2 . Wedgwood ( e d ) ,I nqu i s i t ion s , 1 223 -1327 , 1 56 .

r ead a t t h e N ovocen tenary C onf erence o f t h e R oya l H i s tor i ca l S oc ie ty a nd t h e I n s t i tu te o fB r i t i sh G eog raphe r s ,

2 3 .I b id , 1 57 .

W inche s t e r , 1 986 (Woodb r idge , 1 987 ) , 1 77 . H am she r e d ef ine s t h e w e s t m id land s a s Wo r ce s te r sh i re , Wa rw ick sh i r e a nd G louce s te r sh i re .

2 4 .I b id . , 1 52 ,153 ;G razeb rook ,' Ba ron so fD ud ley ' , 2 7 .

7 . H e n o te s 3 4% i n h i s d i scu s s ion o f s ub tenan t s o n l a y e s ta te s ;i b id . , 1 78 .

2 6 .I b id . ;B o rde s ley ; V .C .H . Wa rk s , V I I ,6 2 .

1 8 .I b id . , 1 52 .

2 5 . Wedgwood ( e d ) ,I nqu i s i t ion s , 1 223 -1327 ,2 01 .

2 7 . J .W .W i l l i s B und ( ed ) , T he I nqu i s i t ione s P o s t Mor t em f o r 8 . P .D .A .Ha rvey , ' The E ng l i sh I n f la t ion o f 180 -1220 ' , i n

T he C oun ty o fW or ce s te r , P a r t I . F rom 2 8 E dwa rd It o 1 9 E dwa rd I , AD .1300 t o AD .1326 (Wo rce s te r sh i re H i s to r ica l

R .H .H i l ton ( ed ) , P ea san t s , K n igh t s a nd H e re t ic s ( Camb r idge , 1 976 ) . H i l ton , A Med ieva l S oc ie ty , 5 0 . K ing ,

S oc ie ty , O xf o rd 1 909 ) , 1 33 .

' P e te rbo rough Abbey ' , 1 64 . C o s s , ' S i r G eof f rey d e L ang ley ' , 1 85 . C o s s , L ord sh ip , K n igh thood a nd L oca l i ty , C hap te r 8 ,

2 8 . Wedgwood ( e d ) ,I nqu i s i t ion s , 1 223 -1327 ,2 00 .

p a r t icu la r ly ,2 76 ,2 88 ,2 95 -9 ,3 02 -4 . 2 9 .I b id . ,2 02 ,2 03 . 9 .D .A .Ca rpen te r , ' Wa s t h e re ac r i s i s o ft h e k n igh t ly c l a s s i n t h e T h ir teen th C en tu ry? T he O xf o rd sh i re E v idence . EHR . , XCV ( 1980 ) , 3 49 -52 . J . L .Bo l ton , ' I nf la t ion , E conom ic s a nd P o l i t ic s i nT h i r teen th C en tu ry E ng land ' , T h i r teen th C en t ioy E ng land , I V( 1992 ) .

3 0 . S ee N o te 4 . 3 1 . W i l l i sB und ( e d ) ,I PM s , W orce s ter , I ,1 6 . 3 2 . A .O swa ld , ' I n t e r im R epo r t o n E xcava t ion s a t Weo ley C a s t le , 1 955 -60 ' , T BAS . , LXXV I I I , ( 1962 ) ,6 7 -8 .

1 0 . P add ing ton w a s p u t o u t t of a rm . No th ing i sh ea rd o ft h e mano r a f t e r 1 086 u n t i l 188 , w hen i tw a s i nt h e h and s o f

3 . W i l l i sB und ( e d ) ,I PM s , W o rce s te r , I ,3 6 .

W i l l iam B uf f a re p ay ing £ 7 .14s .0d . t owa rd s i t s f a rm ; V .C .H . , S ur rey , I I , 1 32 .

3 4 . A ccoun t h a s t ob e t a ken o ft h e l i ke ly u nde re s t ima t ion i n t h e I PM r e tur n s , o f i n come f r om s ho r t t e rm g ran t s a nd l i f e

1 . C o s s ,L o rd sh ip ,Kn igh thood a nd L oca l i ty , 8 2 .

l e a se s , a nd o t he r u n r eco rded s ou rce s o f i n come . F o r e xamp le , R oge r d e S ome ry w a s f a rm ing t h e G o sco te w apen take i n L e ice s te r sh i r e w hen h e c omp la ined t h a t

1 2 .I b id . , 8 2 , 9 3 .

b e tween N ovembe r 1 263 a nd A ugu s t 1 264 , S t ephen d e N ev i l l , t h e s t ewa rd o f N icho la s d e S eg rave , a nd P e te r

8 4

B a s ta rd , i mpeded h i s r e ce ip t o ft h e r evenue s t h a t w e r e d ue .

3 8 .I b id .

R oge r c l a imed £ 10 i n d amage s . V .C .H . L e i c s . , I , 8 ; E .F .Jacob , S tud ie s i n t h e P e r iod o fB a ron ia l R ef orm a nd

3 9 . Wro t te s ley ( e d ) ,P l ea R o l l s , 1 294 -1307 , 1 58 .

R ebe l l ion , 1 258 -1267 ( Oxf o rd , 1 925 ) , V o lume V I I I o f P .V inog ,r a dof f ( e d ) , O xf ord S t ud ie s i n S oc ia l a nd L ega l H i s to ry , 2 69 . I t w a s a l so t h e c a se t h a t t h e b a ron s h ad o ppo r tun i t ie s t oe xp lo i t t h e i rr i gh t s o fw a rd sh ip . I n 1 268 , i n k eep ing w i th t h e D ic tum o f K en i lwo r th , R oge r d e S ome ry

4 0 . Wedgwood ( e d ) ,I nqu i s i t ion s , 1 223 -1327 ,157 . 4 1 . G .W ro t t e s ley ( e d ) , T he S taf f o rd sh i re Hund red R o l l s t emp . H enry I Ia nd E dwa rd I ,( SHC , V , i ,1 884 ) , 12 .

r edeemed t h e mano r o f B i rm ingham f r om a n a ppa r en t ly r e luc tan t R oge r d e C l if f o rd , w ho h ad made w a s te i n t h e mano r . T he l a t e W i l l iam d e B i rm ingham ' ss on , a nd R oge rd e S ome ry ' s g rand son , w a s s t i l l am ino r , w h ich a lowed t h e

4 2 . O .Rackham , A nc ien t W ood land , i t s h i s to ry , v ege ta t ion a nd u se s i nE ng land ( London , 1 980 ) , 17 .

b a ron t o r e ta in t h e c u s tody o ft h e mano r , v a lued a t£ 40 i n 1 265 , u n t i l W i l l iam ' s s on c ame o fa ge . H e h ad d one s o b y

4 3 . T h i r ty o ft h ef i f ty h ad w ood land r e co rded .

F ebrua ry 1 283 , w hen h e r e ce ived ag ran t o ff r ee w a r ren o n h i s d eme sne l a nd s . K now le s , ' Mon tf or t ian d i s inhe r i ted ' , 1 26 7 ;C a LI nq .M i sc . ,I , 1 219 -1307 ( London , 1 916 ) , 2 78 , N o .928 ;

4 4 . 3l e ague s x 1 / 2 l e ague ; c onver ted u s ing R ac i cha rn ' s f o rmu la , R ackham ,A nc ien t W ood land , 13 15 .

C a LC .R , 1 257 -1300 , ( London , 1 906 ) , 2 64 . N o r s hou ld t h e f a c t b e o ve r looked t h a t t h e b a ron s o f D ud ley h e ld m ano r s o u t s id e o ft h ew e s tm id land r e g ion f r om w h ich t h ey d r ew a n

4 5 . Wood land p a s tu r e 5f u r long s l o ng a nd 2f u r long sw ide . 4 6 . 2f u r long s l o ng a nd 1w ide .

i n come ,s uch a st h em ano ra nd b o rough o fN ewpor tP agane l , o r s ho r t t e rm i n he r i tance s l i ke t h e mano r a nd b o rough o f C h ipp ing C amden . W i th r ega rd s t o t h e a t tack o n D ud ley

4 7 . 2l e ague s l o ng a nd 1w ide .

C a s t le , s e e ; Wro t te s ley ( e d ) , C o ram R ege R o l l s a nd P lea s o f t h e C rown ,1307 -1327 , 3 9 , 4 0 , 4 3 ; Wro t te s ley ( e d ) , A s s i ze

4 8 . E x ten to f1 845 ; s e en o te 2 1 .

R o l l s a nd D e B anco R o l l s , 1 307 -1327 , 8 8 . L ike m any o f

4 9 . 2l e ague sl e ng th a nd a s much w id th .

t h e i r c on tempo ra r ie s , t h e d e S ome ry s a l so b o r rowed money a nd f e l l i n to d eb t . I n 1 246 , R oge r d e S ome ry p a id i n to t h e E xcheque rt h ed eb t so fD av id ,f o rme r ly aJ ew o fO xf o rd , a nd t h e s ame a moun t w a s p a id a ga in i n 1 257 f r om a d eb t t o A a ron , aJ ew o f L ondon . I n 1 278 , R oge r I I d e S ome ry r e ce ived a t empo ra ry r e sp i te o n ap aymen t o f £ 30 t o t h e

5 0 . Mo r r i s (ed ) , D ome sday B ook , W orce s te r sh i re , No te 1 , 1c ; J .H .Round , ' T he D ome sday S u rvey ' , V .C .H . W orc s . , I ,2 71 .

E xcheque r , w h i l s t i n 1 316 h i s d e scendan t , J ohn , w a s a l so

5 2 . 2l e ague s .

5 1 . 1 / 2 l e ague l o ng a nd 3f u r long sw ide .

g i ven r e sp i te . I n 1 280 , R oge r I I a cknow ledged a d eb t o f t h i r ty m a rk st o Nu tu s , am e rchan to fF lo rence ,w h i l s ti n1 282 h e w a s a mong o t he r s w ho o wed s even ty ma rk s t o an umbe r

5 3 . C o s s ,L o rd sh ip , K n igh thood a nd L oca l i ty ,2 66 .

o f F lo r en t ine m e r chan t s . L e s se r d eb t s t h a t R oge r a cknow ledged i n c luded t wen ty -n ine ma rk s t o T homa s l e

5 4 . Wedgwood ( e d ) ,I nqu i s i t ion s , 1 223 -1327 , 2 10 .

R aggede i n1 282 , a nd t wen ty m a rk st oW i l l iam d e H ame l ton i n 1 287 , w ho b y 1 293 w a s o wed f o r ty ma rk s . B y 1 3 10 , t h e

5 .I b id . ,2 02 .

d e S ome ry s h ad a c c rued d eb t s t ot h e E xcheque r o fa tl e a s t £ 200 , w h ich E dwa rd I p a rdoned . H oweve r , a t t h e s ame

5 6 .I b id . , 1 56 .

t ime , t h e f am i ly w e re a b le t o l o an money . R oge r I d e S ome ry l o aned money t oh i s s on i nl aw , R a lph I V B a s se t o f D ray ton . I n 1 300 , J ohn d e S eg rave a cknow ledged ad eb t o f

5 7 . Mo r r i s ( e d ) , D ome sday B ook , Wo rce s ter sh i re , 1 77b , s p ec if i ca l ly m en t ion s as m i th i nD ud ley w h ich may p o in t t o i r on p roduc t ion w i th in t h e h ono r a s e a r ly a s t h e e l even th

£ 200 t oA gne s , t h e w idow ( d .1308 ) o fR oge r I I , w h i l s t i n

c en tu ry ; p l ace n ame s s uch a s Sme thw ick , a l so p re sen t b y 1 086 , s im i la r ly p o in tt ot h e p re sence o fm e ta lwo rke r s i nt h e w e s tm id land s .

1 307 R icha rd d e S u t ton a cknow ledged a m a s s ive d eb t o f £ 5 ,000 t o h e r . I n 1 322 , R icha rd d e G rey o wed J ohn d e S ome ry e i gh ty ma rk s ; C aLL .R . , I I , 1 245 -1251 , 3 4 ; C a LL .R . , I V , 1 251-1260 , 3 57 , 4 85 ; C a LC LR . , 1 272 1279 , 5 15 ; C a LC LR . , 1 279 -1288 , 5 0 , 1 93 , 4 86 ; C a LC LR . , 1 288 -1296 , 3 29 ; C a LP .R . , 1 307 1313 , 2 70 ; C aLC LR . , 1 296 1302 , 3 86 ; C a LC LR . , 1 302 1307 , 5 86 ; C a LC LR . , 1 3 13 1318 , 4 4 1 ; C a LC LR . , 1 318 -1323 , 6 71 ; Wro t te s ley ( e d ) , P l ea R o l l s , H enry I I , 1 56 ;H un t ,' F am i l ie sa t Wa r ' ,2 6 ,2 8 . \

5 8 . Wedgwood ( e d ) ,I nqu i s i t ion s , 1 223 -1327 ,2 09 . 5 9 .I b id . ,2 03 . 6 0 . W i l l i sB und ( e d ) ,I PM s , W orce s ter , I , 14 .

3 5 . H i l ton , A Med ieva lS oc ie ty , 1 2 .

6 1 . J . B la i r a nd N .Ram sey ( e d s ) ,E ng l i sh Med ieva lI ndu s t r ie s ( London , 1 991) , 1 7 1 ,2 03 ,2 23 .

3 6 . D ugda le , Mona s t icon , V , 8 3 -4 , i .

6 2 . Wedgwood ( e d ) ,I nqu i s i t ion s , 1 223 -1327 , 1 56 .

3 7 . Wedgwood ( e d ) ,I nqu i s i t ion s , 1 223 -1327 , 1 56 .

6 3 . W i l l i sB und ( e d ) ,I PM s , W o rce s ter , I ,3 5 .

8 5

6 4 . E xcava t ion s a tD ud ley C a s t le h ave p roduced i r on s l ag a nd c oa l i nm ed ieva l c on tex t s . S l ag w a s r e cove r ed f r om t h e i n ter io r o ft h e k eep w he re i th ad b een d epo s i ted b y t h e l a te t h i r teen th c en tu ry . T he d epo s i t i s i n te rp re ted a s b a ckf i l l l i nked w i th t h e b u i ld ing o ft h e k eep . S im i la r d epo s i t s w e re

1 272 . W i l l iam B ago t h e ld o ne t h i rd o f am e s suage a nd a c a ruca te a nd ah a lf o f l a nd i nB a r re ; Wro t te s ley ( ed ) , P l ea R o l l s , 1 272 -1294 ,6 1 . I n 1 284 t h e re w a s as u i t o fd i s se i s in i nw h ich Ma rga re t , t h e w if e o fW i l l iam d e O seney , c l a imed h a lf o ft wo p a r t s o ft h e mano r o fH im ley a nd h a lf o ft wo a s sa r t s i n S edg ley ; i b id . , 1 56 .

f ound i n A rea 2 a s t h e c hape l w a s b u i l t ; p e r s .comm . , P .Bo land . T he se d epo s i t s m igh t r e f lec t t h e d e t r i tu s o f b u i ld ing w o rk s o n t h e c a s t le s i te a s r e ad i ly a s i n du s t r ia l p roduc t ion .

I n 1 313 J ohn d e H amp ton h e ld o ne me s suage , t wo c a ruca te s o fl a nd ,t wen ty a c re s o fm eadow ,t wen ty a c re so fp a s tu re a nd t e n a c re s o f moo r a c ro ss Wo lve rhamp ton , Wedne sf i e ld ,

6 5 . J .D .Ham she re , ' T he s t ruc tu re a nd e xp lo i ta t ion o f t h e D ome sday B ook e s ta t e o f t h e C hu rch L and scape H i s tory , 7 ,( 1985 ) ,4 6 , 5 1 .

Wa l sa l l , H u l ton a nd B u shbu ry ; A non ( e d ) , F ina l C onco rd s , E dwa rd Ia nd E dwa rd I ,7 8 -9 .

o f Wo r ce s te r ' ,

8 1 . C o s s ,L ord sh ip , K n igh thood a nd L oca l i ty ,3 06 . 6 6 .I b id . ,4 8 . 8 2 . Wro t te s ley ( ed ) ,S taf f ord sh i re C ha r tu la ty , I I ,2 20 . 6 7 . Wedgwood ( ed ) ,I nqu i s i t ion s , 1 223 -1327 , 1 56 . 8 3 . W i l l iam , t h e b ro the r a nd h e i r o f R icha rd d 'O fm i , c l a imed t h a t h e w a s u nab le t o make w a r ran ty i n ad i spu t e o ve r d owe r , a sh e h ad n o l a nd b y wh ich t od o s o a tt h e t ime

6 8 . H .E .Ha l lam ,R ura lE ng land 1 066 -1348 ( G la sgow , 1 981) , 1 41 .

t h e p l ea w a s h ea rd ; h e h ad d em i sed i tt oH en ry d e Aud ley a f t e r C h r i s tma s D ay ; Wro t te s ley ( ed ) , P l ea R o l l s , H enry I I , 2 9 .

6 9 .I b id . , 1 43 . 7 0 . We s t B romw ich , f o r W orce s te rC a r tu la ry ,N o .190 .

e xamp le ;

D a r l ing ton

( e d ) , 8 4 . V .C .H . , Wo rcs . ,I I , 1 20 -2 .

7 1 . Wedgwood ( ed ) ,I nqu i s i t ion s , 1 223 -1327 , 2 28 -32 .

8 5 . H im ley , 1 306 a nd 1 316 ; Wro t te s ley ( e d ) , P lea R o l l s , 1 294 -1307 , 1 49 ; C a LIP M , V I , No .428 . S w indon ,1306 a nd

7 2 . H a l lam ,R ura lE ng land , 1 42 .

1 316 ; i b id . ; V .C .H . , S taf f s . , XX ,2 07 .

7 3 . V .C .H . , W a rk s . ,V I I ,6 2 .

8 6 . H i l ton , A Med ieva lS oc ie ty , 5 0 -1 .

7 4 . R .H .H i l ton , ' Lo rd a nd P ea san t i n S t af f o rd sh i r e i n t h e M idd le Age s ' , NSJFS . ,X , ( 1970 ) , 8 -9 .

8 7 . P e rhap s s ugge s ted b y t h e mu l t ip l ic i ty o fc l a ims mad e b y G eva B a s se t i nl i t iga t ion i n 1 223 a nd 1 224 ; Wro t te s ley ( e d ) , P lea R o l l s , H enry I I , 2 4 , 2 6 , 2 7 , 2 9 , 3 1 , 3 3 , 3 5 -6 , 3 9 . A l so ,

7 5 . G raz eb rook , ' Ba ron s o f D ud ley ' , 2 8 ; Wedgwood ( e d ) , I nqu i s i t ion s , 1 223 -1327 , 1 54 .

i n1 242 , R obe r tt h eM i l le rw a s c ha rged w i th d i s rega rd ing t h e l i m i ta t ion s o fv i l le inage u pon h i sr i gh t s ; Ma rge ry ,t he w idow

7 6 . S RO ,D 593 B / 1/ 17 / 1/2 / 1 .

o f R ober t , s ued t h e A bbo t o f H a le s f o r d owe r i n We s t B romw ich , b u t R icha rd f i tz W i l l iam , c a l led t o w a r ran ty ,

7 7 . S RO 9 38 / 168 ; c f . t h e w i l l o f S i r N icho la s d e M i t ton ,

s t a ted t h a tR obe r tc ou ld n o te ndow h i sw if e a sh e h ad h e ld i n v i l le inage ; i b id . , 9 5 .

1 290 ; J .W .W i l l i s -Bund ( e d ) , E p i scopa lR eg i s te r s , D ioce se o f W orce s te r . R eg i s te r o fB i shop G odf rey G if f a rd , S ep t embe r 2 3rd , 1 268 , t oA ugu s t 1 5 th , 1 301 (Wo rc s . H i s t . S oc . , O xf o rd 1 902 ) ,3 88 -90 . 7 8 . C o s s ,L o rd sh ip , K n igh thood a nd L oca l i ty , 7 1 ,120 , 3 05 -6 ; A l les ley c ame i n to d e S ome ry p o s se s s ion v i ai n he r i tance . 7 9 . V .C .H . , S taf f s . , XX ,2 07 ; S w indon w a sh e ld t oge the rw i th t h en e ighbou r ing mano ro fH im ley . 8 0 . R e f lec t ed f o re xamp le i nG eva B a s se t ' s c l a im s f o r d owe r a f t e rt h e d ea th o fh e rh u sband , R icha rd f i t zW i l l iam d 'Offm i ; Wro t t e s ley ( e d ) , P lea R o l l s , H enry I I ,2 4 ,2 7 ,2 8 ,2 9 , 3 1 , 3 , 3 5 I n 1 244 R oe s ia d e V e rdun h e ld t wo c a ruca te s i n S edg ley ; i b id . , 1 02 . 1 251 . W i l l iam d e Wav re h e ld a t e nemen t i n H and swor th ; i b id . , 1 23

8 6

CHAPTER F IVE . CASTLES I N THE HONOR OF DUDLEY . T he c a s t le w a s b o th t h e i n s t rumen t a nd t h e s ymbo l o f l o rd sh ip , i n t r in s ica l ly a s soc ia ted b y c on tempo ra r ie s ( 1 ) w i th i t s s t r eng th a nd p re s t ige ; a s C hape lo t a nd F o s s ie r n o ted , i t

r e f e rence s t o ac a s t le i n Wa l sa l l b ef o r e t h e l a te f ou r teen th c en tu ry ( 14 ) , a nd t h e se a r e a ga in u nce r ta in . T he ref o re , n o t o n ly a r e c a s t le s r e la t ive ly f ew i n g ene ra l t h roughou t t h e h ono r , b u t t h o se t h a t c an b e g enu ine ly a s soc ia ted w i th t h e

w a s o f t en t h e c a se t h a t ' t he p r ima ry c oncer n o ft h e b u i lde r w a s t o d emon s t ra te h i s w ea l th a nd p owe r b y t h i s e x ter na l s ymbo l ' ( 2 ) . Wh i l s t t h e se a t t i tude s w e re o f ten mo s t

f o rma t ion a nd d eve lopmen t o f t h e h ono r w e r e e ven f ewe r ( 15 ) . ( F igu r e5 . 2 ) .

c ohe ren t ly e xp re s sed i n t ime s o f w a r a nd c onque s t , t h ey s e em t o h ave d rawn u pon a d eep ly r oo ted p sycho logy o f l o rd sh ip .

T h i s s t and s i n ma rked c on t ra s t t o t h e h eav i ly c a s te l la ted r eg ion o ft h e We l sh Ma r ch , o n ly s ome t h i r ty m i le s o r s o t o

H oweve r , p e rhap s mo re t a ng ib le a r e t h e r ead i ly i d en t if iab le f unc t ion s o f c a s t le s , w h ich f o r c onven ience m igh t b e a r b i t ra r i ly i s o la ted a nd i d en t if i ed a sm i l i ta ry , r e s iden t ia l a nd

t h ew e s t( 16 ) , w he r e t h e ma jo r i ty o fc a s t le s i te s s e em t oh ave b een e s tab l i shed b y t h e e a r ly t h i r teen th c en tu ry ( 17 ) a nd p o s s ib ly b yt h e e l even th ( 18 ) . T h i s c on t ra s t i nt h e d en s i ty o f s i te sh igh l igh t sd i f f e r ence s i nt h eN o rman c o lon i sa t ion o ft h e

a dm in is t ra t ive . A n e xam ina t ion o f c a s t le b u i ld ing a nd f unc t ion w i th in a n h ono r o f f e r s a n o ppor tun i ty t oa s se s s t h e

t wo a r ea s . T he h ono rw a s i na n a r ea t h a t s e em st oh ave b een f a i r ly r e ad i ly p ac if ied a f t e r t h e r e be l l ion s e a r ly i n t h e C onque ro r ' s r e ign , a nd c l ea r ly w a s n o t ap a r t o ft h e Ma rche r e xpe r ience . T he b u i ld ing o fD ud ley C a s t le a nd t h e f o rma t ion o f ac a s t le ry h ad i t sc on tex to u t s ide o ft h ep rov i s ion made f o r t h e We l sh Ma rch .

r e la t ive i mpo r tance o f t h e se f a c to r s w i th in a p a r t icu la r l o rd sh ip , a nd t o i n ve s t iga te t h e e x ten t t o wh ich t h e re w a s c hange o ve rt ime . A n e xamp le s uch a st he h ono r o fD ud ley s e em s a l l t h e mo re a pp rop r ia t e i n t h a t i tw a s n o t s i tua t ed w i th in a n a r ea o fp ro l if i c c a s t le b u i ld ing , s uch a st h e We l sh Ma rch . C on sequen t ly , t h e h ono r o fD ud ley m igh t p rov ide a mo re b a lanced v i ew o f t h e r o le o f t h e c a s t le w i th in a n ' o rd ina ry 'l o rd sh ip .

D ud ley c a s t le i s f i r s t m en t ioned i n 1 086 b u t i t s e em s p robab le t h a ti t so r ig in s l a y i nt h e 1 070 sw hen t h eh ono rw a s b e ing f a sh ioned a nd D ud ley i t se lf f unc t ioned a s t h e ' c apu t

T he r e w e re f ew c a s t le s i te s w i th in t h e h ono r . O f t h e n i ne

h ono r i s ' . T he c a s t le i so f mo t te a nd b a i ley t ype , p re sumab ly l a id o u t i nt h e e l even th c en tu ry , a l though r e cen t e xcava t ion s

s i te s t h a t m igh t w a r ran t d i scu s s ion ( 3 ) , o n ly D ud ley a nd

h ave p roduced o n ly l im i ted i n f o rma t ion o n t h e c a s t le o ft h e

C a s t le B romw ich , a nd t o a l e s se r e x ten t Weo ley , a r e u nequ ivoca l . D ud ley i st h e o n ly s e cu re c and ida te , i n t h e s en se t h a ti tw a s c e r ta in ly p r e sen tb y 1 086 ( 4 ) ;t h e mo t te a nd

e l even th a nd t we lf th c en tu r ie s . T he e a r l ie s t c a s t le i s p re sumed t oh ave b een o ft imbe r , a l though t h e re m ay h ave b een s t one f e a tu re s w i th in i t .T he l a t te r i ss ugge s ted b y t h e e xcava t ion o f ad eep ma son ry s haf t ( F igu re 5 . 3 ; A rea 3 ) w h i l s t e xam in ing t h e e a r ly e n t rance a r rangemen t s t o t h e

b a i ley s i te a tC a s t le B romw ich i sn o t d ocu men ted u n t i l 1 287 ( 5 ) , a l though e xcava t ion s h ave s hown t h a t t he re w a s ac a s t le s i t ed h e r eb yt h e l a te e l even th o re a r ly t we lf th c en tu ry ( 6 ) . I n t h e c a se o f Weo ley , w h i l s t e xcava t ion h a s s ugge s ted t h e s i t e t oh ave b een i nu se s i nce t h e e a r ly t we lf th c en tu ry ( 7 ) , t h e f o rm i tt ook i su nknown . B i rm ingham t oo h ad ac a s t le b yt h e

mo t te . B enea th t h e ma son ry o ft h e f ou r t een th c en tu ry c u r ta in w a l lw a sf ound af r agmen to fa n e a r l ie rc ur ta in , o ve r la in b ya

m id twe lf th c en tu ry ( 8 ) a l though i t s p rec ise l o ca t ion a nd f o rm r ema in s u nce r ta in ; i ti sp o s s ib le h o weve r t h a t t h e s i t e s hou ld b e i d en t if i ed w i th t h e B i rm ingha m Moa t , i nw h ich c a se i tw a s p e rhap s a' r i ngwo rk ' o r ' e nc losu r e ' c a s t le . T he

H en ry I i n 175 . H oweve r , b e low t h i s w a s d e s t ruc t ion ma te r ia l t h a t s e a led t wo p a ra l le l w a l l s o f u nmo r ta red s and s tone b l ock s , s ugge s t ing ap a s sageway o r c o r r ido r ( 19 ) , w i th in w h ich w e re t r ace s o f h eavy c obb l ing s e t i n to t h e n a tu ra l c l ay . T h i s f e a tu r e p r e -da te s t h e t we lf th c en tu ry a nd

d ump o f c l ay a nd r ubb le . I ti st hough t t h a t t h i s f r agmen t r e p r e sen t s t h e t we lf th c en tu ry c u r ta in , s l igh ted b y o rde r o f

p o s tu la t ed s i te a t C hu r chove r i sp rob lema t ic , a s t h e s ma l l mound p r e sumed t ob e t h e r ema in s o f amo t te ( 9 ) h a s b een a l t er na t ive ly i d en t if ied a s am i l l mound ( 10 ) . ( F igu re s 5 . 1 ; 5 . 2 ) .

may r e p re sen t t h e e n t rance a r rangemen t s o f t h e e l even th c en tu ry c a s t le ,b u tt h i sc anno tb e f i rm ly e s tab l i shed . B e tween t h eC hape la nd t h eG a tehou se ( A r ea 2 ) , e xcava t ion s h ave r e vea led s ucce s s ive b u i ld ing s , a ppa r en t ly a m id s i x t een th c en tu ry s t ruc tu re p r eceded b y o ne t h a t s e em s t o h ave b een d emo l i shed i nt h e f ou r teen th c en tu ry , p e rhap s t o make w ay f o rb u i ld ing w o rk o nt h e C hape l . H oweve r , b e low t h i s w a s al a ye r o fb rown c l ay t h a t h ad p robab ly b een u sed f o r l e ve l l ing t h e c ou r tya rd a r ea , a nd t h i s s e a led a s e r ie s o f p i t s d ug i n to t h e n a tu ra l c l ay a nd b ed rock . T he se h ave b een a s soc ia ted b y t h e e xcava to r s w i th aw ooden s t ruc tu r e o ft h e e l even th c en tu ry ( 20 ) , w h i l s t i n t h e a d jacen t A rea 7 ,i t

A d i s t inc t ion mu s t b e d rawn b e tween t he f i ve s i te s l i s t ed a bove a nd t h e r ema in ing f ou r s i te s a t Al le s ley , S tud l ey , S t ou r ton a nd Wa l sa l l . A l le s ley w a s n o t b rough t i n to t h e h ono r u n t i l 1 244 ( 1 1) a nd w h i l s t t h e e a r thwo rk c a s t le a ppa r en t ly p reda te s t h i s , i t s c on tex t i s u ncer ta in ( 1 2 ) . H oweve r , t h i s c a s t le h ad n o b ea r ing u pon t h e e a r ly d eve lopmen t o ft h e h ono ro fD ud ley . S im ila r ly , S tud ley a nd K inve r r e p re sen t l a te a cqu i s i t ion s , b o th b e ing t empo r a ry p o s se s s ion s a s ar e su l t o f r oya l g ran t s , a nd h ad n o r o le t o p l ay i n t h e f o rma t ion o f t h e h ono r ( 13) . T he re a r e n o

8 7

F igu re 5 . 1 .

8 8

F igu r e5 . 2 .

8 9

F igu re 5 . 3 .

DUDLEY CASTLE L ocock 1 988 ) .

AND

EXCAVAT IONS ( a f ter B o land 1 985 ,

9 0

h a s b een s ugge s ted t ha t l a rge c i r cu la r p o s tho le s may a l so b e a s soc ia t ed w i th t h e e l even th c en tu ry c a s t le ( 2 1) . T he s t ruc tu re o ft h e mo t te h a s a l so b een i n ve s t iga t ed , r evea l ing t h a t i tw a s , a tl e a s t i np a r t , b u i l t u p o fs ucce s s ive d ump s o f ma te r ia l d epo s i ted f r om t h e c i r cumf e rence , p roduc ing a s e r ie so fi nwa rd s l op ing l a ye r so fe a r th .

e nf eo i n ent r e po r ted i n t h e C a r ta B a ronum o f G e rva se P agane l . T he om i s s ion o f t h e mano r f r om D ome sday ( 32 ) m igh t b e e xp la ined i fi tw e re ap a r t o ft h e l a rge mano r o f A s ton . S i nce c a s t le b u i ld ing w a s a n i n f requen t a c t iv i ty i nt h e h ono r o f D ud ley , t h e p r e sence o f ac a s t le h e r e , a ts uch a n e a r ly d a t e , d e se rve s f u r the r c on s ide ra t ion . I nt h i s , t h e r e la t ion sh ip

I ti sg ene ra l ly p re sumed t h a t b y t h e t we lf th c en tu ry D ud ley w a s l a rge ly , i fn o t e n t i re ly , as t one c a s t le , c on t r ibu t ing t oi t s s ucce s s i nr e s i s t ing t h e b r ief s i ege o fK ing S t ephen i n 138 .

b e tween t h e m ano r o f C a s t le B romw ich a nd t h e e s ta t e o f A s ton m ay b e c r uc ia l , a s t h e c a s t le m igh t f i nd i t s c on t ex t

T he s urv iv ing f a b r ic i np a r t s o ft h eG a tehou se a nd t h e s ou th e a s t c u r ta in w a l l ( 22 ) , t oge the r w i th e xcava t ion s i nA rea s 2 a nd 3 ,c on f i rm t h a tp a r t s o ft h et we lf th c en tu ry c a s t le w e r eo f ma son ry , b u t at we lf th c en tu ry s t one k eep h a s n o t b een p o s i t ive ly e s tab l i shed ( 2 3 ) . B y

l i nked t ot h e t e nu r ia l h i s to ry o fA s ton . I ti sp o s s ib le t h a tt h e s i t e w a s a s soc ia ted w i th G odmund , t h e D ome sday t e nan t o f A s ton , i nw h ich c a se i tw ou ld b e n o tab le a st h e o n ly c a s t le s i te a s soc ia ted w i th aD ome sday t e nan t ; o r , t h a t i tw a s h e ld b y t h e b a ron s o f D ud ley t h em se lve s , e i the r W i l l iam f i t z A n scu lf o rF u lk P agane l , a nd g ran ted t oG odw in b yt h em id t we lf th c en tu ry , w i th w ho se d e scendan t s t h e l a te r p ha se s o f

1 086 t h i s c a s t le w a s t h e f o ca l p o in t o f af e uda l ly

o rgan i sed d i s t r ic t , a' c a s te l la r ia ' ( 24 ) , w h ich w a s i t se lf b e ing c r ea ted d u r ing t h e 1 070 s a nd 1 080 s . I nt e rm s o fb o th c a s t le

t h ec a s t le m igh tb ea s soc ia ted .

b u i ld ing a nd t h es e cu r ing o f No rman l o rd sh ip , D ud ley w a s a f o ca lp o in t .T he d ef en s ive a r rangemen t so ft h eh ono rs e em t o

F o rd ( 3 3 ) h a s s ugge s ted t h a t t h e c ho ice o fs i t e w a s d i c ta ted b yt h e s t ra t eg ic c r o s s ing p o in to ft h e L ondon t oC he s te rr oad o ve r t h e R ive r T ame . I tm igh t b e c on jec tu red t h a t , f o r t h e b a ron s , ar e s idence o n t h e e a s te rn f r inge o ft h e h ono r w ou ld

h ave f o cu s sed a lmo s t e n t i re ly o n D ud ley i t s e lf a nd i ts e em s p robab le t h a ti tw a s h e re t h a t a ny m i l i ta ry o b l iga t ion sh ad t o b e f u lf i l led . A l though n o d ocumen ta ry r e f e r ence s s u rv ive , i t

h ave e a sed t r ave l l ing b e tween D ud ley a nd N ewpo r t P ag a n e l , w h i l s t i t s l o ca t ion w ou ld h ave made i ts ome th ing o f a b ounda ry ma rke r t o t h e h ono r , n o t u n l ike t h e e a r l o f C he s te r ' s l a te r b u i ld ing c ampa ign s a tB ee s ton i n C he sh i r e . T he c a s t le may a l so h ave b een i n tended t o o ve r see t h e e a s te rn h a lf o f t h e h ono r , a nd t h e f a c t t h a t A s ton h ad p r ev iou s ly b een h e ld b y E a r l E dw in m ay h ave i n f luenced t h i s c ho ice , a si tl i ke ly d i d a tD ud ley . T he l a te rp ha se s o ft h e

i sp robab le t h a t t h i s w a s r e gu la r i sed i n t h e f o rm o f c a s t le g ua rd ,a sw a s l i ke ly t h e c a se a tS t af f o rd C a s t le , n o tl a te rt h an t h ee a r ly t we lf th c en tu ry ( 2 5 ) . T h i sw r i te rh a s a r gued t h a tt h e e s tab l i shmen t o f t h e h ono r , a nd w i th i tt h e b u i ld ing o f D ud ley C a s t le , w a s ar e spon se t o t h e n eed t o p ac if y a nd s t ab i l i se t h ew e s tm id land r e g ion i nt h e w ake o ft h e Me r c ian r ebe l l ion ( 26 ) . T h i s c on tex t , a nd t h e f e uda l o rgan i sa t ion t h a t f o cu s sed o n t h e c a s t le , w ou ld s ugge s t t h a t i n i t ia l ly t h e

C a s t le , a f t e r t h e l a t e t we lf th c en tu ry , s e em mo s t r e ad i ly u nde r s tood a s t h e c apu t o f a n e s ta te ; t h e e x ten s ion o f t h e

p r ima ry r o le o f D ud ley C a s t le w a s m i l i ta ry a nd d ef en s ive , a l though i t s a dm in i s t ra t ive a nd r e s iden t ia l f unc t ion s c anno t

o u te r b a i ley s ugges t s an eed f o r mo r e r oom , p e rhap s r e f lec t ing t h i s c on t inued r o le i n to t h e f ou r teen th c en tu ry

b e d i s rega rded . B ecau se o ft h i s e mpha t ic f o cu s o n D ud ley , t h e re w a s n o t ap e rce ived n eed f o r an e two rk o f c a s t le s a c ros s t h e l a te e l even th c en tu ry h ono r , a nd t h e re i s a n

( 34 ) .

i mp re s s ion t h a tt h e a r rang emen t s f o rd ef ence w e r e l e f t i nt h e h and s o ft h e t e nan t i nc h ief o r h i s a ppo in tee , d r aw ing u pon c o l lec t ive r e sou rce s ,r a the rt h an u pon i nd iv idua lt e nan t s .

Weo ley ( F igu r e 5 . 4 ) w a s a no the r b a ron ia l p o s se s s ion t h a t w a s i n u se b y t h e e a r ly t we lf th c en tu ry , b u t i t s s t a tu s i s u nce r ta in a nd i t s f unc t ion a ppea r s t o h ave b een e s sen t ia l ly a dm in i s t ra t ive a nd r e s iden t ia l . I t s e em s mo s t r e ad i ly u nde r s tood w i th in t h e c on tex t o f as e cond a nd s l igh t ly l a te r p ha se o f c a s t le b u i ld ing . Weo ley h a s b een t h e s ub jec t o f s eve ra le xcava t ion s s i nce t h e 1 930 s ( 3 5 )b u th a sn o ty e tb een f u l ly i n ve s t iga ted , w h ich l e ave s u nan swe red q ue s t ion s a bou t

T he s i te a tC a s t le B romw ich i sa no the rw h ich m igh tr e la te t o t h ep r ima ry p ha se o fc a s t le b u i ld ing i nt h eh ono r . E xcava t ion ( 27 ) h a s e s tab l i shed t h e ma in p ha se s o f t h e s i te ( 28 ) . A p a l i sade t r ench o fu nknown d a te w a s f o l lowed b y at imbe r r e ve t ted p r emo t te d i tch ; t wo s epa ra te s t age s ( 29 ) o fv e r t ica l t imbe r ing s ugges t s t h e c on s t ruc t ion a nd r e bu i ld ing o f a n e a r l ie rt owe r ( 30 ) i ne i the rt h e l a t e e l even th o re a r ly t we lf th c en tu ry ,p l ac ing t h e c a s t le w i th in t h ep r ima ry p ha se o fc a s t le

a ny p r e -Conque s t u se o ft h e s i te . D u r ing P e r iod 1( c .1100 1 200 ) Weo ley w a s as ub rec tangu la r s i t e , w i th in w h ich w a s t r aced a r e c tangu la r b u i ld ing , p i t s a nd h ea r th s . I th a s b een p o s tu la ted t h a t t h e re w a s as t one b u i ld ing i n t h i s p ha se , p e rhap s ac hape l , a nd t h e s i te w a s s u r rounded b y ap a l i sade a nd d i t ch . I nt h e n ex tt wo p ha se s , b e tween c . 1200 a nd 1 260 , t h e a r ea o ft h e p l a tf o rm w a s s l igh t ly i n c r ea sed a nd e nc lo sed b y an ew d i tch , w i th a p a l i sade o n ab ank . I n a dd i t ion t o t imbe r b u i ld ing s , t h e re w a s n ow a s t one h a l l a nd p robab le s t one t owe ra bove t h eg a rde robe s .

b u i ld ing i nt h e h ono r . T he c on s t ruc t ion o ft h e p r e sen t mo t te i s d a t ed b y t h e e xcava to r t o t h e l a te t we lf th o r e a r ly t h i r teen th c en tu ry , a nd w a s a ppa r en t ly p a r t o f a c on tempo raneou s p rog ramme o f c on s t ruc t ion t h a t a l so i n c lud ed t h e b a i ley . A n e x ten s ion o f t h e s i te b y t h e c on s t ruc t ion o f a n o u te r b a i ley , w i th a s soc ia ted t imbe r s t ruc tu re s ,w a su nde r taken i nt h e f ou r teen th c en tu ry .

Mo re d if i cu l t i s B i rm ingham , p o ten t ia l ly t h e o n ly n on A l though t h e re w ou ld s e em t oh ave b een b e ac a s t le h e r e b y 100 , t h e mano r h a s i t s f i r s t d ocumen ted t e nu r ia l a s soc ia t ion sw i th ' Godw inu s d ap if e r ' a nd h i sb ro the r , G uy d e B romw ic , i n c . 1168 ( 3 1) , a nd may r e p re sen t t h e ' n ew

b a ron ia l c a s t le i n t h e h ono r , u n t i l t h e t r an sf e r o f C a s t le B romw ich . T he f i r s t d ocumen ta ry r e f e r ence t o ac a s t le i n B i rm ingham o ccu r s i nt h e ma rke t g ran t o f 166 , ar e f e r ence

9 1

F igu re 5 . 4 .

9 2

w h ich i so fl im i ted v a lue i nd a t ing t h e o r ig ina l c on s t ruc t ion o f t h e c a s t le ( 36 ) . H oweve r , i ts e em s p robab le t h a t t h e c on s t ruc t ion o f ac a s t le i nB i rm ingham o ccu r red i nt h e f i r s t h a lf o ft h e t we lf th c en tu ry a nd wa s l o ca ted i n as e conda ry p ha s e o fc a s t le b u i ld ing i nt h e h ono r . Ap e r sua s ive c on tex t f o r s u ch a s cheme m igh t b e t h e a ppa ren t t e nu r ia l r e o rgan i sa t ion i nt h e h ono r d u r ing t h e t we lf th c en tu ry , a nd p a r t i cu la r ly t h e e xpan s ion o f t h e i n t e r e s t s o f t h e d e B i rm ingham f am i ly .

a nd u nf in i shed ( 44 ) . T he w o rk t h a tw a su nde r taken e nhanced b o th t h e c a s t le ' s d ome s t ic p rov i s ion a nd i t s d ef ence s , a nd p e rhap s mo re d i rec t ly , i t sa ppea rance . T he v igo rou s b u i ld ing w o rk w i th wh ich J ohn d e S ome ry i n p a r t icu la r w a s a s soc ia ted , a nd wh ich a r ou sed s uch c omp la in t , s e em st oh ave h ad l e s s t od o w i th a ny m i l i ta ry p u rpose f o r t h e c a s t le , t h an w i th d i sp lay , e nhanc ing d e S ome ry s t a tu s a nd i mpor tance i n t h el o ca l i ty . T he c a s t le s o fD ud ley a nd Weo ley w e re a tt h e c en tr e o ft h e p o l i t ica l a nd s oc ia l l i f e o f t h e h ono r . D ud ley i n c rea sed i n i mpor tance a st h e d e S ome ry f am i ly s h if t ed t h e i r i n te r e s t st o t h e w e s t m id land e s ta te . I n b o th 1 255 a nd 1 262 t h e r e w e r e d i spu t e s b e tween t e nan t s a nd t h e l o rd o f D ud ley w h ich

T hu s , o f t h e f ou r c a s t le s t ha t may b e a s soc ia ted w i th t h e h ono r o f D ud ley b y t h e m id twe lf th c en tu ry , t wo , a nd p e rhap st h r ee ,w e re a s soc ia ted w i th t h eb a ron ia lf am i ly i t se lf . B y t h e 160 s t h i s p a t te rn h ad c hanged i n t h a t t h e re w a s c e r ta in ly ac a s t le a tB i rm ingham , w h ich t oge the rw i th t h a t a t

i lu s t ra te t h e i mpo r tance t h a t t h e b a ron s a t tached t or egu la r s u i to fc ou r ta tD ud ley ( 45 ) . T he r ebu i ld ing t h a tt ook p l a ce a t

C a s t le B romw ich , w e r e h e ld b y t e nan t s o ft h e h ono r . Wh i l s t

D ud ley s ugge s t s c on t inued u se a s ar e s idence a nd i t s r o le a s af o ca lp o in tf o rt h e i rl o rd sh ip , wh i l s tt h e a t tack o nD ud ley i n

B i rm ingham c an b ea s soc ia ted w i th af am i ly o fs ome t e nu r ia l i mpo r tance w i th in t h e w e s t m id land s , t h e s ame c anno t b e s a id o fG odw in a nd h i s f am i ly , w ho se i n te r e s t s i nt h e w e s t m id land s s e em t oh ave b een l a rge ly r e s t r ic t ed t oB romw ich i t s e lf . H oweve r , b o th B i rm ingham a nd C a s t le B romw ich w e re h e ld b y ' d ap if e r s ' o f G erva se P agane l . T he P agane l

Novembe r 1 320 a l so s e em s t oh igh l igh t t h e s i gn if icance o f t h e c a s t le i nt h e e yes o fc on tempo ra r ie s . T ha t s o f ew m en a bou t ad ozen -w e re a b le t os ucce s sf u l ly a nd p rof i tab ly r a id D ud ley C a s t le , s e ems t ou nde r l ine t h e p o in tt h a tt h e m i l i ta ry f unc t ion o ft h ec a s t le w a sn ow l e s sc r i t ica l .

e s ta t e w a s a dm in i s te red a st wo b a i l iw ick s ( 37 ) , o ne c en t red o n D ud ley a nd t h e o t he r o n N ewpo r t , e ach u nde r t h e d i r ec t ion o f t h e i r o wn d ap if e r ; t h i s a r rangemen t , C h ibna l l

B o th D ud ley a nd Weo ley w e re s ub jec t t op ha se s o fb u i ld ing

s ugg e s t s , i sr e f lec ted i nt h e w i tne s s l i s to f ac ha r te ro fc . 1155 b y w h ich W i l l iam d e A b inge r w a s f o rg iven a n o u t s tand ing d eb t ( 3 8 ) . Wh i l s t P e te r d e B i rm ingham w a s t h e ' d ap if e r '

a c t iv i ty a nd e nhancemen t , mo s t e v iden t f r om t h e 1 270 s o nwa rd s , t h a tc on t inued i n to t h e e a r ly f ou r teen th c en tu ry . A t D ud ley t h e wo rk w a s c omp rehen s ive a nd i s g ene ra l ly a s soc ia ted w i th J ohn d e S ome ry , a l though c l ea r ly h e w a s

a s soc ia t ed w i th t h e h ono r o f Dud ley , G odw in w a s r e spon s ib le f o r N ewpo r t . T hu s t h e c a s t le s o f t h e t we lf th c en tu ry h ono rw e re a s soc ia ted w i th e i the rt h eb a ron s o rt h e i r p r inc ipa lh ono r ia lo ff ice r s .

c on t inu ing

a n

i n i t ia t ive

t h a t

h ad

b een

b egun

e a r l ie r ,

f o l low ing t h e g ran tt oR oge r d e S ome ry i n1 264 o f al i cence t oc r ene l la te a tD ud ley a nd Weo ley . T he k eep o fc . 1300 i so f l ime s tone f a ced w i th r edd i sh s and s tone , a nd i se s sen t ia l ly r e c tangu la r w i th s em i -c i r cu la r t owe r s a t t h e a ng le s . I ti s d i s t inc t ive i nf o rm a nd a l though mod if i ed , t h e e xcava to rh a s r e ca l led s im i la r i t ie s i ni t s d e s ign t oc on t empo ra ry g a tehou se s ( 46 ) . N o f our t een th c en tu ry f l oo r s u r f ace s s u rv ived t h e l a y ing o ft h e s i x teen th c en tu ry p l a s te rf l oo r , b u t a r ch i t ec tu ra l

O ne o f t h e c l a s s ic e xcava t ion s o f a ma te w a s t h a t u nde r taken a tA b inge r i nS u r r ey d u r ing 1 949 ( 39 ) , amano r t h a ti n1 086 w a sh e ld i nd emesne b y W i l l iam s on o fA n scu lf . T he e xcava t ion f ound t h a t t h e mo t te h ad b een c on s t ruc ted c . 1100 , w i th f u r the r b u i ld ing a c t iv i ty i n t h e m id twe lf th

mou ld ing s f r om w indow s s ugge s t t h e k eep w a s r e la t ive ly or na te , a nd i t may h ave h ad h e ra ld ic w indow s ( 47 )

c en tu ry . T he t e nu r ia l c on tex t f o r t h e c on s t ruc t ion o f t h i s c a s t l ew a s s ub sequen t ly i nve s t iga ted b y J ohn B la i r( 40 ) w ho f ound t h a t R obe r t o fA b inge r w a s e s tab l i shed i nt h i s mano r

d i sp lay ing t h ed e S ome ry a rm s( o r , t wo l i on sp a s san t , a zu re ) . T he e xcava t ion s h ave a l so e xam ined t h e e n t rance a r r angemen t s t ot h e mo t te , d a t ing t o c . 1300 , c omp r i s ing a n a r chway t ha t g ave a cce s s t o af l igh t o f s t a i r s ( 48 ) , u n t i l

i nt h e 1 090 s o re a r ly 100 s , s ugge s t ing t h a tt h e c on s t ruc t ion o fA b inge rC a s t le w a su nde r taken b ye i the rR obe r to rh i ss on t op r ov ide t h e ' c apu t ' o ft h e i rn ew l o rd sh ip . H oweve r , i nt h e w e s tm id land st h e re i sn o th ing t os ugge s tt h a tt h ep rog re s s o f

mod if i ed l a te r i n t h e f ou r teen th c en tu ry . I n t h i s b u i ld ing p ha se , t h e G a tehou se w a s mod if ied , a dd ing ab a rb ican , a nd t h e r e w a s w o rk o n t h e c u r ta in w a l l s . P a r t s o ft h e d ome s t ic

c a s t le b u i ld ing i n t h e h ono r w a s g ene ra l ly l i nked t o n ew e nf eof fmen t s , a l though t h e r e p e rhap s w a s a l i nk t o a cknow ledg ing s t a tu so ro ff ice .

r ange a l ong t h e e a s te rn s i de o ft h e b a i ley ( 49 ) a l so d a te t o t h i sp e r iod , a l though t h i sw a s much a l te red b y l a te rb u i ld ing ;

A ny m i l i ta ry s i gn if icance t h a t t h e c a s t le s o f t h e h ono r o f D ud ley may h ave p o s se s sed o r ig ina l ly w a ss ho r tl i ved , a st h e r e g ion w a s p ac if i ed , a nd No rman l o rd sh ip e s tab l i shed . T o t a ke S ou the rn ' s p h ra se o u t o f c on tex t ( 4 1) , h i s o b serva t ion

i ti sa l so p robab le t ha t J ohn d e S ome ry ' s w o rk s i n c luded t h e

t h a t c a s t le s made l o ya l ty e a sy , h igh l igh t ing t h e i r m i l i ta ry d om ina t ion , s e em s n o t t o h ave b een a c on s ide ra t ion w i th in t h e h ono r o f D ud ley , s i nce a tl e a s t t h e e nd o f t h e t we lf th

A t Weo ley , b e tween c . 1270 a nd 1 280 ( Pe r iod 4 ) t h e a r ea e nc lo sed b y t h e moa t wa s a ga in e n la rged ( 5 1) , r e ach ing i t s p re sen t s i z e . T o t h i s w a s a dded a s t one c u r ta in w a l l a nd t owe r s , f o l lowed i n P e r iod 5 ( c .1280 -1320 ) b y t h e c on s t ruc t ion o f t imbe r b u i ld ing s a nd a s t one b a rn ( F igu re 5 . 4 ) .

c on s t ruc t ion o f t h e c hape l b l ock . T he who le c a s t le w a s p robab ly l i gh t ly p l a s te red o rl imewa shed ( 50 ) .

c en tu ry , i fn o t b ef o re . T h i s d i d n o t s t op k ing s t a k ing c a s t le b u i ld ing s e r iou s ly h oweve r , a s i n 1 262 w hen H en ry I I o rde r ed R oge r d e S ome ry t o c ea se b u i ld ing w o rk o n h i s c a s t l e( 42 )a tD ud ley ; wo rk w a sr e sumed a f t e r 1 264 ( 4 3 ) , b u t p rog r e s sed s l ow ly , s t i l l n o ted i n 1 273 a sn ew ly c ommenced

I ti sp e rhap sn o ts u rp r i s ing t h a tt h i sb u i ld ing a c t iv i ty t e nded

9 3

t o c o inc ide w i th a p e r iod o f r i s ing i n come s ( 52 ) , u n t i l f a l te r ing i nt h e e a r ly f our teen th c en tu ry . I tm ay b e t h a t t h e c ha rge s l e ve l led a ga in s t J ohn d e S ome ry ( 53 ) i n 1 3 10 -11 o f

a s soc ia t ion w i th e i the r D ud ley o r Weo ley C a s t le r e f lec t ed e x i s t ing a dm in i s t ra t ive a r rangemen t s , b u t t h i s i s n o t d emon s t rab le .

e x to r t ing l a rge s um s o f money f r om t h e l o ca l c ommun i ty , a nd o f f o r c ing men t o w o rk o n t h e b u i ld ing o f h i s c a s t le , r e f lec tn o to n ly h i s i n t im ida tory s t y le o fl o rd sh ip ,b u ta l so t h e g row ing f i nanc ia l s t ra in s i n t h e o pen ing d ecade s o f t h e c en tu ry . F ur the rmo re , i n t h e s ame p e r iod , t h e l o rd s o f Dud ley m ay b e s een t ob e a c t ive ly s e ek ing t od eve lop t h e i r l o ca la ff in i ty .

C a s t le b u i ld ing i n t h e h ono r w a s , a t f i r s t , a ppa ren t ly a s soc ia ted w i th t h e b a ron ia l f am i ly , t o b e j o ined i n t h e t we lf th c en tu ry b y s ome o f t h e i r t e nan t s , b u t t e nan t s w ho s e em t oh ave b een o ff i c ia l s o ft h eb a ron s . D ud ley c a s t le w a s , f r om t h e e a r l ie s td ay s o ft h eh ono r , t h e c apu to ft h e l o rd sh ip , a n a dm in i s t ra t ive c en t r e a nd t h e f o cu s f o r i t s d ef en s ive a r rangemen t s . I t t hu s p l ayed a r o le c en t ra l t o t h e

C a s t le s w e re a n i n teg ra l p a r t o f aw ide r l a nd scape a nd b u i l t

e s tab l i shmen to ft h eh ono r .

e nv i ronmen t t ha t m igh t t a ke g ene ra t ion s t o d eve lop . I n t h e C a s t le sw e r e i n he r en t ly a s soc ia ted w i th m i l i ta ry o rd ef en s ive

c a se o fD ud ley i t se lf , t h e e s sen t ia l e l emen t s o fs uch aw ide r l a nd scape s e em t o h ave b een e s tab l i shed i nt h e s e cond h a lf

r equ i remen t s , a nd t h e s ymbo l i sm o f l o rd sh ip . T h i s w a s s o t h roughou t t h e p e r iod u nde r r ev iew , b u t i tm ay b e s e en t h a t t h e m i l i ta ry d emand s o n t h e c a s t le s o f t h e h ono r w e re

o ft h e t we lf th c en tu ry . C ha r te r s o fp e rhap s c . 1180 ( 54 ) a nd c . 1182 ( 5 5 ) c onf i rmed t h e e ndowmen t s o f D ud ley P r io ry . Among t h e g ran t s t o t h e p r io ry w e r e t h e c hu r che s o f

r e la t ive ly s hor t l i ved . Wh i l s t t h e f a b r ic o f t h e d ef ence s a t

S t .Edmund a nd S t .Thoma s ( 56 ) , b o th i n D ud ley . I t i s p robab le , o n t h e b a s i s o f t h e d ed ica t ion , t h a t t h e f o rme r ,

D ud ley w e r e m a in ta ined , b y t h e t h i r teen th c en tu ry , a nd p e rhap s s i nce t h e s e cond h a lf o ft h et we lf th , i ts e em s t h a t i t s r o le i n t h e h ono r w a s mo re c l o se ly a s soc ia ted w i th

s i tua ted a t t h e f oo t o f t h e c a s t le , w a s a n A ng lo -Saxon f ounda t ion a nd i ne x i s tence when t h e No rman s f i r s t c ame t o

a dm in i s t ra t ive , r e s iden t ia l a nd s ymbo l ic f unc t ion s t han w i th d ef ence . T he r e i sn o r e a son t or e ga rd t h e o t he r c a s t le s i nt h e h ono r , C a s t le B romw ich , Weo ley a nd B i rm ingham , a s

Dud ley , w h i l s t t h e d ed ica t ion o f t h e l a t te r s ugge s t s t h a t i t c anno th ave b een e s tab l i shed b ef o re F eb rua ry 173 ( 57 ) .

d i ve rg ing f r om t h i sp a t ter n . T he re w a s c er ta in ly a b o rough a nd ma rke t i n D ud ley b y 1 261 ( 58 ) , a nd i ndeed b y t h e e a r ly t h i r teen th c en tu ry , a s i n 1 221 D ud ley w a s r ep re sen ted a s ab o rough , v i l l a nd m ano r b y i t s o wn j u ry a tt h e e y r e ( 59 ) . T ha tt h e t own w a s l a id o u t b e tween t h e t wo c hu rche s , p re sen t b y c . 1180 , m igh t s ugge s t ad a te i n t h e t we lf th c en tu ry f o r t h e e s tab l i shmen t o f a ma rke t , i fn o t ab o rough . I t i s p o s s ib le t h a t t h i s w a s a s econda ry p ha se e x tend ing w ha tP ound s r e f e r s t oa s a' c a s t le g a te t own ' ( 60 ) w i th t h e e a r l ie s t s e t t lemen t mo s t p robab ly c l u s te r ed a r ound S t .Edmund sa tt h eb a se o ft h ec a s t le . G erva se P agane l 's c har te ro fc . 1180 m en t ioned h i sp a rk s a nd t i the o ff i sh . Ap a rk c an c e r ta in ly b et r aced b ack t ot h e 1 270 s ( 6 1) a nd i ts e em s t ha t i tw a s a l ready i n e x i s tence c . 1180 . Wh i l s t o ne m igh t e xpec t f i shpond s i nD ud ley s i nce a tl e a s t t h e t we lf th c en tu ry , ac l ea r r e f e rence t o s e igneu r ia l p ond s d oe s n o t o ccu r u n t i l 1 322 ( 62 ) , a tw h ich t ime af i shpond i s r e co rded a sb e long ing t ot h ec a s t le . T he d i v i s ion o f h ono r s i n to b a i l iw ick s f o r p u rpo se s o f a dm in i s t ra t ion i sw e l ld ocumen ted , a si nt h ec a se o fL e ice s te r a nd P on t ef rac t ( 63) . T he h ono r o fD ud ley w a s much s ma l le r i ns i ze a nd may n o t h ave r equ i red a ny th ing a s e l abo ra te a s t h e se , b u t s ome f o rm o fh ono r ia l a dm in i s t ra t ion mu s t h ave e x i s ted . C e r ta in ly d u r ing t h e P ag a n e l l o rd sh ip , t h e r e w e re s epa ra te a dm in is t ra t ion s , e ach u nde r t h e i r o wn s t ewa rd s , f o r t h eh ono r so f Dud ley a nd N ewpor t . I n t h e d i sbu r semen t o fJ ohn d e S ome ry ' s e s ta te a mong h i s h e i r s i n 1 322 , t he S u t ton s r e ce ived D ud ley C a s t le , w i th wh ich c ame S edg ley , K ing sw inf o rd , P re s twood a nd R ow ley S ome ry ; t o T homa s B o te tour t w en t Weo ley C a s t le w i th C len ta nd H and swor th , a nd t h e mo r e d i s tan t m ano r s o f Me re a nd B obb ing ton . O ld sw inf o rd w a s g i ven t oL ucy , t h e w idow o fJ ohn d e S ome ry , b u tt h e re wa s n o r e f e rence t oC rad ley o r B o rde s ley . P e rhap s t h e a l loca t ion o f t h e mano r s i n

9 4

NOTES : 1 .T he p o in ti sr e f lec ted i nt h e d e r iva t ion o ft h et e rm ' d on jon ' f r om ' d om in iu s ' . H oweve r , c f . a l so W i l l iam o f J um iege s , B ook V I I , c . v i i , 1 22 -4 , i n R .A .B rown , T he N orman C onque s t :Documen t s o f Med ieva lH i s to ry 5( London , 1 984 ) ,

t h e t h i r teen th c en tu ry , a l though t h e r e w a s a l so amoa ted s i te n ea rby . 1 3 . S tud ley C a s t le i s amo t te a nd b a i ley s i t e ; e xcava t ion s i n 1 967 s howed t h e c a s t le t o b e e s tab l i shed b y c . 1150 -1200 , a nd i ti st hough tt ob et h e r e s idence o ft h e C o rbuc ion f am i ly ;

1 0 -11 ; C h ibna l l ( ed ) , T he E cc l e s ia t i ca l H i s to ry o fO rd er i c V i ta l i s ,I , B ook I V , i ,2 64 , 3 18 -19 ; V I , B ook X I I , i v , 3 15 , 1 88 -9 ; B ook X I I I , v , 6 8 -9 , 4 66 -9 ; C a l .a .R . ,1247 -1251 ( London , 1 922 ) , 8 ; D .S imon E van s , A Med ieva l P r ince o f

SMR . Wa rk s . P RN 5 70 ; P e r s

c omm , G .E .Sav i l le , 4 . 6 .92 ;

S t ou r ton , SMR . S t af f s . , P RN 0 1230 , w a s a rguab ly n o t a c a s t le u n t i l a f t e r 1 223 w hen J ohn f i t z P h i l ip b egan t of o r t if y t h eh ou se . I tw a sc l o se ly a s soc ia ted w i th r oya l i n te re s t s i nt h e F o r e s t o f K inve r a nd t h e k eepe r sh ip o f t h e F o r e s t . H .M .Co lv in ( e d ) , T he H i s to ry o f t h e K ing ' s W ork s , I ( London , 1 963) , 9 78 .

Wa le s :T he L if e o fG ruf f udd a p C ynan ( Lampe te r , 1 990 ) , 7 0 ; T iones ( ed ) , B ru t yT ywy sogyon o r T he C hron i c l e o ft h e P r ince s . P en ia r th Ms 2 0 V e r s ion ( Ca rd if f , 1 952 ) s a .1093 ; C .Cou lson , ' S t ruc tu ra l S ymbo l i sm i n Med ieva l C a s t le A rch i tec tu re ' ,J .B .A .A . , CXXX I I , ( 1979 ) ;R .A .B rown ,E ng l i sh C a s t le s ( London ,1976 ) , 2 7 -39 ; R .A .B rown , T he A r ch i tec ture o f C a s t le s : A V i sua l G u id e ( London , 1 984 ) , 1 2 -15 ; D .Crouch , T he I mage o fA r i s tocracy i nB r i ta in 1 000 -1300

1 4 . S ugge s t ed b y ar e f e r ence o f 1 385 -6 t o a' n ovo c a s t ro ' , a l though i tm ay r e f e rt ot h e Wa l sa l l Moa t , SMR . We s tM id s . , P RN 2 632 ; S . and S .W ra t iune l l , ' E xcava t ion s a t t h e Moa t S i t e , Wa l sa l l , S t af f o rd sh i r e .1972 1974 ' , T .S .S .A .H .S .,XV I ,

( London , 1 992 ) ,2 57 -64 . 2 .J .Chape lo ta nd R .Fo s s ie r , t r an s .H .C lee r e , T he V i l lage a nd House i nt h eM idd le Age s( London , 1 985 ) , 1 32 .

( 1 974 1975 ) ; S RO . D 641 / 1/2 / 32 . 1 5 . j e . ,D ud ley , Weo ley , C a s t le B romw ich a nd B i rm ingham .

3 . D ud ley , Weo ley , B i rm ingham , C a s t le B romw ich , S t ou r ton , Wa l sa l l , S tud ley ,A l le s ley , C hu r chove r .

1 6 . c f . S .C .S tanf o rd , T he A rchaeo logy o ft h e W e l sh Ma rche s , ( London ,1980 ) ,2 06 .

4 . Mo r r i s( ed ) ,D ome sday B ook , W o rce s te r sh i re , 1 77b . 1 7 . C .P la t t , Med ie va l E ng land . A S oc ia l H i s to ry a nd A rchaeo logy f rom t h eC onque s tt o1 600 AD ( London , 1 978 ) , F igu re 6 .

5 .H em-y d e C ha s te l d e B romv vych i sm en t ioned , C a LC I .R . , 1 279 -1288 ,4 42 ; C a l .I PM ,I , No .813 . 6 . P e r s c omm , W .Fo rd , 1 8 .6 .92 ; R .H igham a nd P .Ba rke r , T imbe r C a s t le s ,( London , 1 992 ) ,2 96 -8 .

1 8 . S t anf o rd , W e l sh Ma rche s ,2 07 .

7 . A .Oswa ld , ' I n te r im R epor t o n E xcava t ion s a t Weo ley C a s t le ,1955 -60 ' , T BAS . , LXXV I I I , ( 1962 ) , 6 6 -7 , 6 9 -70 ; W eo ley C a s t l e , ( B i rm ingham Mu seum s a nd A r t G a l le ry , 1 974 ) .

S umma ry R epor t 1 984 1985 ' , W .M .A . , 2 8 , ( 1985 ) , 2 8 -30 ; P .Bo land e ta l , Dud ley C a s t l e A rchaeo log ica l P ro jec t , A n I n t roduc t ion a nd S umma ry o f E xcava t ion s 1 983 -1985 ( Dud ley , 1 985 ) ,2 3 .

8 .I n 166 P e te r d e B i rm ingham w a s g ran ted ma rke t r i gh t s ' a pud c a s t rum s uum d e B u rm ingeham ' , C onway D av ie s ( e d ) ,

2 0 . B o land e ta l , Dud ley C a s t le E xca va t ion s , 1 983 -1985 , 3 14 .

1 9 .

P .Bo land ,

' Dud ley

C a s t le

A rchaeo log ica l

P ro jec t -

C a r tae A n t ique R o l l s , 1 90 , N o .613 . T h i s w r i te r t a ke s t h e v i ew t ha t a t t emp t s t o m in im i se t h e s i gn if icance o f t h e r e f e rence a r e m i sp laced , a nd t h a t i t w a s t h e v i ew o f c on tempo ra r ie s t h a t t h e r e s idence i n B i rm ingham w a s a c a s t le . c f . L . Wa t t s , ' B i rm ingham Moa t : i t s h i s to ry , t opog raphy a nd d es t ruc t ion ' , e spec ia l ly 2 7 ,3 1-2 .

T B WAS . ,

2 1 . M .Locock , ' Dud ley W .M .A . , 3 1 ,( 1988 ) ,4 5 .

C a s t le

A rchaeo log ica l

P ro jec t ' ,

2 2 .B o land e ta l ,D ud ley C a s t l eE xcava t ion s , 1 983 -1985 ,9 .

8 9 , (1978 1979 ) , 2 3 . B o land , ' Dud ley C a s t le S umma ry R epor t , 1 984 -1985 ' , 2 7 -8 .

9 .e g_D .J .Ca thca r t K ing , C a s te l la r ium A ng l icanum , I( New Y o rk , 1 983 ) ,4 82 , whe r et h e s i te i sd e sc r ibed a s amo t t e w i th aw e td i tch .

2 4 . Mo r r i s ( e d ) , B e l l ing ton , 1 77b .

1 0 . SMR . Wa rk s . ,P RN 2 779 .

D ome sday

B ook ,

Worce s te r sh i re ,

2 5 . Memo randum r e la t ing t ot h e f e of fmen t s o f Noe l a nd h i s s on , R obe r t f i t zN oe l , b yt h e b a ron s o fS t af f o rd ; E y ton ( e d ) , S taf f ord sh i re C ha r tu la ry , S e r ie s I , 2 19 ; d i scu s sed F .M .S ten ton , T he F i r s t C en tu ry o fE ng l i sh F euda l i sm 1 066 -

1 . C a l .C l .R .,1 242 -1247 ( London , 1 9 16 ) ,2 51 . 1 2 . SMR . We s tM id s . , P RN 2 013 . I th a s b een p o s tu la t ed t h a t i tw a s a n a du l te r ine c a s t le , b u t t h i s c anno t b e v e r if ied . I t m igh t b ee i the r ar i ngwo rk o r ad enuded mo t t e ,a nd may

166 ( Oxf o rd ,1932 ) , 1 70 ; T .K .Keef e , F euda l A s se s smen t s a nd t h e P o l i t ica l C ommun i ty u nd er H en ry I a nd H i s S on s ( Lo sA nge le s , 1 983 ) ,2 1 .

h ave s e rved a s t h er e s idence o f t h eH a s t ing s f am i ly d u r ing

9 5

2 6 . C hap te rO ne .

4 4 . T he I PM o f 1 273 d e sc r ibed D ud ley C a s t le a s ' n ew ly c ommenced . . .wh ich c anno t b e v a lued b ecau se i t i s u nf in i shed . ' C a LI PM , I , N o .16 ; Wedgwood ( ed ) , I nqu i s i t ion s ,1223 -1327 , 1 54 . B reak s i nt h e f abr ic o ft h e k eep may r e f lec t f i t f u l p ha se s o f b u i ld ing a c t iv i ty a nd s ome c hange s o fm ind .

2 7 . W .Fo rd , ' Ca s t le B romw ich C a s t le ' , W e s t M id land s A rchaeo log ica lN ew sS hee t ,N o .12 , ( 1 969 ) ; Med . A rch . , XV , ( 1971) , 1 48 ; SMR . We s t M id s . , P RN 2 012 ; H igham a nd B a rke r , T imbe rC a s t le s ,2 96 -8 . 2 8 .I b id . ;p e r sc omm . , W .Fo rd .

4 5 . Wro t te s ley ( ed ) , F ina l C oncord s , H enry I I , 2 46 , 2 62 . C aLIP M , I I( London , 1 9 12 ) , No .444 . R oge rd e S ome ry w a s d emand ing a t tendance a tt h e c ou r t o f D ud ley e ve ry t h ree

2 9 . H igham a nd B a rke r , T imbe rC a s t l e s ,2 96 -8 .

w eek s . 3 0 . O r mo t t e ; i b id 4 6 . B o land ,p e r s .comm . 3 1 . Guy d eB romw ic w a s m en t ioned i nt h e P ipe R o l l s ; A non ( ed ) , P ipe R o l l s , 1 5 H enr yI , 2 6 ; t h e a s soc ia t ion o fG odw in w i th C a s t le B romw ich i ss ugge s ted i n , Wro t te s ley ( e d ) , T he L iber N ig e r S cacca r i i , 2 04 . T he r e la t ion sh ip b e tween G uy

4 7 . B o land e ta l , Dud ley C a s t le E xca va t ions , 1 983 -1985 , 1 7 ; n s ome e xcava ted S . J .L innane , ' Dud ley C a s t le :A n o te o w indow g l a s s ' , W . MA . , 3 4 , ( 1991) , 9 1 .

a nd G odw in i ss ugge s t ed b y ap l ea o f1 262 ; V .C .H . , W a rk . s . , V I I , 6 6 .

4 8 . B o land e ta l , i b id . ,2 8 .

3 2 . I n 1 086 C a s t le B romw ich w a s w i th in t h e mano r o f A s ton . T he r e i s ad i sp la ced e n t ry f o r aB romw ich i n t h e

4 9 .I b id ,9 .

No r thamp ton sh i re f o l io s o fD ome sday , 2 26b . I ti sg ene ra l ly

5 0 .I b id , 1 8 .

a ccep t ed ,a s i ti sb y t h i s w r i te r , t h a t t h i s e n t ry r e f e r s t o We s t 5 1 . O swa ld , ' E xcava t ion sa t Weo ley C a s t le ' , 6 8 ,70 .

B romw ich i nS taf f o rd sh i r e . J .Mo r r i s ( e d ) , D ome sday B ook , N o r thamp ton sh i re ( Ch iche s te r , 1 979 ) .

5 2 . R e f lec ted i n i n c rea sed d eme sne v a lua t ion s . c f . C .Dye r , S tanda rd s o fL iv ing i nt h eL a ter M idd le A ge s .Soc ia lC hange

3 . P e r sc omm . , W .Fo rd .

i nE ng land c . 1200 -1520 ( Camb r idge , 1 989 ) , 3 5 . 3 4 . A l though t h e re i s ar e f e rence t o aH en ry d e C a s te l lo i n 1 287 a nd 1 291 , a nd i n 1 322 t o aT homa s d e C a s te l lo , i t

5 3 . C a LP .R . ,1307 -1313 , 3 69 .

s e ems p robab le t ha t t h e c a s t le m igh t b e a s soc ia ted w i th t h e mo re s ub s tan t ia l l a ndho lde r ,A n se lm d eB romwych ,w ho h ad

5 4 . D ugda le , Mona s t icon , V , No . i i , 8 3 .

r e ce ived h a lf t h e l a nd s o fh i s s i s te rJ u l iana b y 1 287 ;h em igh t h ave u nde r taken b u i ld ing w o rk s a tt h e c a s t le i na s soc ia t ion w i th h i s n ew ly a cqu i r ed e s ta te , b u tt h i s c anno t b e s hown t o

5 .I b id ,N o . i , 8 3 .

b e s o . C a l .C LR . ,1 279 -1288 , 4 42 ; C aLIP M , I , N o .813 ; V I , No .428 ; V .C .H . , Wa rk s . , I V ,4 3 .

5 6 .I b id

3 5 . O swa ld , ' E xcava t ion sa t Weo ley C a s t le ' .

5 7 . A l though t h e p o s s ib i l i ty o f a n e a r l ie r c hu r ch o r c hape l c hang ing i t sd ed ica t ion c anno tb eo ve r looked .

3 6 . S ee n o t e 8 .

5 8 . Wro t te s ley ( ed ) ,F ina lC oncord s , H en ry I I ,2 50 -51 .

3 7 . C h ibna l l ,B eyond S he r ing ton , 3 9 .

5 9 . R ope rh a s n o ted as even teen th c en tu ry c opy o f ac ha r te r p u rpo r t ing t od a te t o 1 218 , b u t i ti sa n u n re l iab le d ocumen t .

3 8 . Mande r( e d ) , C ha r t er so fG er va se P agane l , 5 9 -6 1 .

J . S .Rope r , D ud ley ; T he Med ieva l T own ( Dud ley , 1 973 ) , 2 . F o r t h e d a te o f 1 221 , s e e M .Be re sf o rd a nd H .P .R .F inbe rg , E ng l i sh Med ieva lB o rough s : A Hand l i s t( New J e r sey , 1 973 ) ,

3 9 . B .Hope T ay lo r , ' The E xcava t ion o f aMo t te a tA b inge ri n

1 83 , c i t ing P RO J 1 1 / 102 1 m9 d .

S u r rey ' ,A r chaeo log ica lJ ourna l , CV I I , ( 1952 f o r 1 950 ) , 1 5 4 4 .

6 0 . N . J .G .Pound s , T he Med ieva l C a s t l e i n E ng land a nd W a l e s . A s oc ia l a nd p o l i t ica l h i s tory ( Camb r idge , 1 990 ) , 2 15 -21 ; D ud ley b road ly c onf o rm s w i th h i s 2 b mode l , i b id ,

4 0 . B la i r , ' W i l l iam f i tz A n scu lf a nd t h eA b inge r Mo t te ' , 1 46 8 .

2 18 . 4 1 . R .W .Sou the rn , T he Mak ing o ft h eM idd l eA ge s ( London , 1 953 a nd 1 973 ) , 8 3 .

6 1 . A n I nqu i s i t ion o fO c tobe r 1 292 r e f e r red t o f o re s t e r s o f t h e c a s t le o fD ud ley , t ot wo p a rk s i nD ud ley , o ne o fw h ich

4 2 . C a LC LR . ,1 26 1-1264 ,( London , 1 935 ) , 1 29 -30 .

w a s t h e O ld P a rk , a nd t h e o t he r t h e N ew P a rk ; Wedgwood ( e d ) , I nqu i s i t ion s , 1 223 -1327 , 2 09 -12 ; o ne o ft h e se s e ems t o h ave b een l o ca ted w i th in t h e mano r o f S edg ley r a the r t h an D ud ley ; W i l l i s B und ( e d ) , I PM s , W o rce s ter , I , 3 4 . A n

4 3 . C a LP .R . ,1258 -1266 ,3 07 .

9 6

e nc lo sed p a rk w a s r e f e r red t o i n D ud ley i n 1 273 ; W i l l i s B und , i b id . , 1 6 . 6 2 .

C aLIP M ,

V I ,

No .428 ;

Wedgwood

I nqu i s i t ion s ,1223 -1327 , 3 51 . T he re w e re m en t ioned i n1 293 o nP en sne t tC ha se ; i b id . ,2 10 .

( ed ) ,

f i shpond s

6 3 .P ound s , T he Med ieva lC a s t le , 1 33 -6 .

9 7

CHAPTER S IX . MOATED S ITES AND MANOR HOUSES I N THE HONOR OF DUDLEY . A l though m oa ted s i t e s a r e t h e mo s t c ommon o f m ed ieva l f i e ld m onumen t s , t h ey e xh ib i t ad i ve r s i ty t h a t m ak e s t h em d i ff i cu l t t o d ef ine ( 1 ) a nd a n a nonym i ty t h a t h i nde r s i n t e rp r e ta t ion . A u s t in h i gh l igh ted ( 2 ) t h e a ten t ion g i ven t o m oa ted s i te s a s as e t t lemen tt y pe , a nd t h e a s soc ia t ion o ft h i s f o rm w i th w ood land , f o r e s t a nd c o lon i sa t ion h a s b een f r equen t ly n o ted ( 3 ) . T h e c on tex t f o r s u ch s t ud i e s h av e g ene ra l ly b een r eg iona l , o r l o ca l i sed o n ap a r i sh ( 4 ) . H oweve r , t h e f o cu s o n m oa t ed s i t e s a s s e t t lemen t f o rm s , w h i l s ti mpo r tan t ,t e nd st oo ve r shadow o t h e rd imen s ion s . T h e e xam ina t ion o f moa t ed s i t e s w i th in t h e c on t ex t o fa n h ono r o f f e r s a n o ppo r tun i ty t ol o ok a tt h em w i th in ac on t empo ra ry s o c io -po l i t ica l u n i t t h a t t a ke s u s b eyond q ue s t ion s o f s e t t lemen t f o rm . T he d i s t r ibu t ion a nd m o rpho logy o ft h e se s i t e sw i l lb ee xam ined ,a nd t h eq ue s t ion o fh ow t h ey r e la t et o t h e s o c ia l , e conom ic a nd l a nd scape d eve lopmen t s w i th in t h e h ono ro fD ud l ey w i l lb ec on s id e red ( F igu r e s6 . 1 ;6 . 2 ) .

w e r e a l so o t he r f a c to r s a tw o rk . I n Wombou rne p a r i sh , f o r i n s tance , a l though t h e r e i s e v idence f o r c l ea rance a nd a s sa r t ing s i nce t h e t we lf th c en tu ry ( 8 ) t h e r e a r e n o r e co rd ed m oa ted s i t e s . Whe r ei ti sp o s s ib le t om ake ad e te rm ina t ion ,t h em a jo r i ty o f t h e s i t e s i nt h e h ono r w e r e r e c tangu la r , s ub r ec tangu la r o r s qua r ei nf o rm , a nd m o s tc ommon w a st h eu s e o f aw e tm oa t ( Tab le 6 ) . T h i sm o rpho logy r e f lec t st h en o rm i nE ng land a nd f o l low s , f o r e xamp le , t h a t f o und b y B ond i n Wo r ce s te r sh i r e ( 9 ) a nd b y L a rkham i ns ou th S t a f f o rd sh i r e ( 1 0 ) , a l though i n t h e c a se o f t h e l a t t e r t h i s m igh t b e e xpec t ed s i nce t h e g eog raph ica l a r ea o f h i s s t udy d oe s o ve r lap a s ub s tan t ia l p o r t ion o ft h e h ono r . T he r e a r e n on e t h a t m ay b e d e sc r ibed a s c omp l ex m oa t s , a l though i na tl e a s t t e n i n s tance s m oa t s a r e r e co rd ed i n a s soc ia t ion w i th f i shpond s , a l though i n r e a l i ty t h e r e m u s t h ave b een m any mo re . A t Me r e , S edg ley a nd We s tB romw ich ,t h el a t t e rp a r i sh c on ta in ing t wo moa t ed s i t e s ,t h e r ea r ed ocumen ta ry r e f e r ence st of i shpond s( 1 1) t h a t h av en o tb een i d en t if i ed a r cha eo log ica l ly .

T he moa t ed s i t e s w i th in t h e h ono r ( 5 ) r e p r e sen t a bou t 2 5% o f t h e t o ta l i d en t if i ed w i th in Wo r ce s t e r sh i r e , S t a f f o rd sh i r e a nd Wa rw i ck sh i r e ( 6 ) a l though s uch l i s t s c anno tb e a s sumed t or e f l ec t t h e t o ta l n umbe r t h a t w e r e o r ig ina l ly p r e sen t . O f t h e h ono r ia l g r oup , o n ly 6 . 8% c an c l a im a ny e xcava t ion ( 7 ) , m o s t ly i nt h ef o rm o fe va lua t ion s ; o n ly af u r the r 2% h ave s o f a rp roduced a s soc ia t ed m a t e r ia l a s ar e su l t o ff i e ld w a lk ing a nd o b se rva t ion .A l though moa ted s i t e so ccu rt h roughou tt h e h ono rt h e i rd i s t r ibu t ion i su neven . Wh i l s tt h e re i s as t a t i s t ica l m ean o f2 . 7 k nown s i te s p e r p a r i sh , t h e r e a r e s e ve ra l w he r e n one a r e k nown a ta l l . T he r e a r e h oweve r o t he r p a r i she s , s u ch a s H a le sowen , A s ton , Wa l sa l l , B u shbu ry , N o r thf i e ld , S ha r e sh i l l , a nd a bove a l , Wo lve rhamp ton , w h e r e t h e f r equency o f moa ted s i t e s i sa bove a ve rage . A l though i t s e em s p robab le t h a t t h i s d i s t r ibu t ion r ef l ec t s i n p a r t t h e c l ea rance o fw ood land ,t h e r e i sr e a son t os ugge s tt h a tt h e r e

I t h a s r e cen t ly b een a r gued t h a t u n l ik e mo s t d i spe r sed s e t t lemen t , m oa t ed s i t e s a r e f a i r ly c l o s e ly d a tab le , t o t h e p e r iod 180 1320 ( 1 2 ) . T h i s w r i t e r d oe s n o t s h a r e t h e v i ew t h a t t h i s r e p r e sen t s c l o se d a t ing , a nd i n f a c t , t h e s t udy o f moa t ed s i t e s i sb edev i l led b y t h e v e ry l a ck o fs e cu r e d a t ing . L e P a tou r e l a nd R obe r t s ( 1 3 ) h ave c onf id en t ly a dvanced d e ta i led c h rono log ie s a nd w h i l s t t h e se s e em t o h ave b een w id e ly a c cep t ed t h ey a r e a c tua l ly b a sed o n i n secu r e f o und a t ion s . T he s amp le o f o ne h und red a nd f ou r t een ' s ecu r e ly ' d a t ed s i t e s o n w h i ch t h e i r c h rono logy i sb a sed c on s t i tu t e sf ewe rs i t e st h an o ccu rw i th in t h e h ono ro fD ud ley a l on e , a nd 3 0% o ft h e se a r e d r awn f r om o n e r e g ion , t h a t i s , Y o rk sh i r e . A t t emp t s h av e b een m ade t oc o r r e la te s hape a nd d a t e ,w h ich l e dR obe r t s( 1 4 )t os ugge s tt h a ti nt h em id land s

T ABLE 6 : S i t e Morpho logy : S qua r e

7

( 5% )

D ry Moa t

4

R ec tangu la r

4 9

( 3 3 .8 % )

We t Moa t

5 8

S ub rec tangu la r

4

( 2 .7% )

U nknown

7 7

C i rcu la r

3

( 2 .1 % )

S ub -c i rcu la r

3

( 2 .1 % )

E x te rna lB ank s

7

( 5% )

T r iangu la r

1

( 0 .7 % )

I n te rna lB ank s

3

( 2 .1 % )

P o lygona l

1

( 0 .7% )

U nknown

7 3

( 5 2 .9% )

9 8

F igu re 6 . 1 .

9 9

F igu re 6 . 2 .

1 00

t h e e a r l ie s ts i te sw e r e g ene ra l ly s ub rec tangu la r . E xcava t ion c anno t b e r e l ied u pon t o r e so lve t h e se p rob lem s ( 1 5 ) . A l though t h e re a r es i xs i te sw i th in t h ea r ea o fs t udy t h a th ave b een s ub jec tt o ma jo r a r chaeo log ica l i n ve s t iga t ion s ( 1 6 ) t h i s s ma l ls amp le r ef l ec t sd i ve r s i ty . T he i ro r ig in s may r a nge f r om t h e e a r ly t we lf th t ot h e l a te r t h i r teen th c en tu ry . S ome w e r e moa t ed f r om t h e o u t se tw h i l s t o t he r sh ad amoa t a dded l a te r . S ome s i t e s h ave r e vea led a ma rked t e ndency f o r e nhancemen t d u r ing t h e m id th i r teen th c en tu ry , s ome al i t t le l a t e r , a nd s ome n o t a ta l l , a t l e a s t i n s o f a r a s ' d ef en s ive f e a tu r es 'w e re c once rned .

s ma l le r s i t e s w e r e c o lon i sa t ion s i t e s a nd t h e l a rge r o ne s mano r ia l . Wh i l s tt h e se a r e c onven ien t d i s t inc t ion s s e em ing ly b a sed u pon ' c ommon s en se ' , a nd may w e l l o f ten b e c o r rec t , t h ey a r e n o th ing mo r e t h an a s sump t ion s . T he d i s t inc t ion b e tween s e igneu r ia l a nd h ome s tead s i te s i sd if i cu l tt om ake ; t h e i mp re s s ion ( 20 ) o ft h e h ono r o fD ud ley i st ha t s i t e s n o t o n ly c ome i n many s hape s , t h ey a l so c ome i n many s i ze s , s ome r e la t ive ly s ma l l . I n s o f a r a s s e igneu r ia l o r h ome s tead s i te s c an b e d i s t ingu i shed , i ta ppea r s t ha t b o th c a tego r ie s o ccu r i n ar ange o fs i ze st h a t i n c luded s ma l l s e igneu r ia l s i te s a nd r e la t ive ly l a rge h ome s tead s i te s ; o fi t se lf , s i ze c anno t b e s e en a s ar e l iab le i n d ica to r( Tab le 7 ) .

O the r s t ud ie s h ave a l so l o oked f o r c o r re la t ion s b e tween s hape a nd o wne r sh ip , a nd b e tween s i ze a nd s t a tu s , i n ve s t iga t ion s t h a t p roved f r u i t le s s f o r B ond i n Wo r ce s t e r sh i re ( 17 ) . L e P a tou r e l ( 1 8 ) a r gued t h a tt h e ' l a rge r

I ti sc onven t iona l t oe xam ine t h e d i s t r ibu t ion o f moa t ed s i te s w i th in t h e c on tex t o f t opog raphy , s o i l t ype a nd t h e p a r i sh . L a rkham ( 2 1) f ound t h a tt h es i te s h e s t ud ied w e re d i s t r ibu ted e qua l ly b e tween l ow land a nd u p land a r ea s , t h e l a t te r d ef ined a s a r ea s a bove a bou t 1 20 m e t re s , w he rea s R ober t s ( 22 ) c on s ide red moa ted s i te s al ow land p henomenon . I nt h e c a se

a nd mo r e c omp lex moa t s ' s hou ld b e a s soc ia ted w i th ' t he mo re i mpo r tan t l a ndowne r s ' w h i l s t L a rkham ( 19 ) t o ok a s im i la r l i ne i n s ou th S t af f o rd sh i re , s ugge s t ing t h a t t h e TABLE 7 :

A rea lC ompar i son : P la tf o rm D imen s ion s( s q .m . ) S i te

S ta tu s

S t .3546 S t .1074 S t .1690

O ve ra l lD imen s ion s( s q .f t . ) A rea 4 000

8 1 /0 1

2 842

WM .2928 WM .2687

2 750 2 500

WM .3106 S t .2713 S t .0189

2 000 1 720 *

HW .0248

1 458

S t .1334 S t .2186

1 250 155 140 134 9 40 7 30 6 75

S t .3644 WM .2955 S t .1143 S t .1117 S t .1114 S t .1164

S i te

5 00

S t a tu s

2 02 ,500 1 80 ,180 9 6 ,760 8 7 ,000

WM .2649 WM .3959

7 5 ,000

WM .2535 WM .2553 *

6 7 ,600 5 6 ,700 *

WM .2537 3 1/04

4 9 ,400 4 7 ,500

WM .2249 WM .2824 WM .2689 WM .2947

3 8 ,416 3 4 ,322 3 4 ,040 3 4 ,000 3 2 ,400 2 7 ,709 2 6 ,600

HW .3699 WM .2648 WM .2539 WM .2644 WM .2647

HW . :He r ef o rd a nd Wo rce s te r SMR .

2 2 ,800 2 1 ,600

HW .0374

2 1 ,484

S t .1073 WM .2979

2 1 ,000 1 9 ,257

WM .2523 WM .2533

1 6 ,758 6 , 500

*( Mean ) :1 ,652 N o te s : S t . :S ta f f o rd sh i r e SMR . WM . : We s tM id lands SMR

A rea

*( Mean ) :53 ,022

S . :Po s s ib le s e igneu r ia l s i te . H . :Po s s ib le h ome s tead s i te . 0 0 /00 :La rkham 's G aze t tee r( 1982 /3 )

1 0 1

o ft h e h ono ro f Dud ley , ( Tab le 8 ) 1 50 m e t re s i st a ken a st h e d iv id ing l i ne b e tween l ow land a nd u p land , w i th t h e r e su l t t h a t 7 4% o ft h e s i te s f e l l w i th in t h e l ow land a r ea . E ven s o , t h e p ropo r t ion o fs i te s i nt h e u p land i sn o t i n s ign if ican t , a nd af ew , i n c lud ing G annow G reen a nd B rand H a l l , O ldbu ry ,

a bove 1 50 m e t r e s f o rmed a s i gn if i can t p ropor t ion o f t h e l a nd scape i n an umbe ro fp a r i she s . I tw a st hu s i n ev i tab le t h a t s e t t lemen tw ou ld o ccu ri nt h e se u p land a r ea s , s ome o fw h ich w a s o l d e s tab l i shed , a nd s ome r e p r e sen t ing l a te t we lf th a nd t h i r teen th c en tu ry d eve lopmen t . T he s o i l s a bove 1 50 m e t re s

b o th s e igneu r ia l a nd t h e l a t te rp robab ly t h e c ap i ta l m e s suage o ft h e F oke rham e s ta te ( 2 3) , w e re l o ca ted a bove 2 00 m e t r e s . T he se s i t e s m igh t b e a s soc ia ted w i th e s ta te d eve lopmen t

w e r e n o t i n f e r io r t o t ho se a t l owe r l e ve l s a nd t h e r e i sn o r e a son t o e nv i sage s i te s a ta bove 1 50 m e t re s a s n ece s sa r i ly r e f lec t ing t h ec o lon i sa t ion o f ma rg ina ll a nd .

d ur ing t h e l a te r t h i r teen th c en tu ry ( 24 ) . A moa t a nd f i she ry w e re m en t ioned a tB rand H a l li n1 485 ( 2 5 ) . S i te s a tb e tween 1 50 a nd 2 00 m e t r e s r anged f r om g r ange s s uch a st ho se o fH a le sowen Abbey a tH ow ley a nd U ff inoo r ( 26 ) , s e igneu r ia l s i te s s uch a sF rank ley H a l l a nd H i l ton P a rk , t o s i te s i n N or thf ie ld p a r i sh wh ich a r e p e rhap s a s soc ia t ed w i th f r eeho ld t e nu re s . Mo s t s i te s f e l l i n to t h e 1 00 t o 1 50 m e t re s b and , r ef lec t ing t h e ' l ow land ' p ref e rence n o ted i n o t he rs t ud ie s .

R ober t s a nd o t he r s ( 27 ) h ave c ommen ted o n at e ndency f o r moa t ed s i te s t o f a vou r h eavy c l ay s o i ls , a nd a l though L a rkham ( 2 8 ) d i dn o t f i nd s uch ap ronounced p a t te rn , i tw a s n o ted t h a t b ou lde r c l ay s w e re a f r equen t l o ca t ion . I n t h e h ono r o fD ud ley t wo s o i l g roup s t e nd t o p r edom ina te ( 29 ) ( Tab le 9 ) . O ft h e 4 8% o fs i te s o n s o i l s t h a t a r e k nown , t h e mo s t f r equen t d i s t r ibu t ion i so n t h e s l ow ly p e rmeab le 7 11 s o i l a s soc ia t ion , o f w h ich t h e mo re r e ad i ly w o rked a nd c r opped C l if ton p rof i le s w e re p r eva len t . T h i s r e i te ra te s t h e g ene ra l i mp r e s s ion t h a t i mpe rmeab le s o i l s w e re f a vou red ,

H oweve r , i ti s a moo t p o in t a s t o h ow s i gn if i can t t h e d i s t inc t ion b e tween l ow land a nd u p land r e a l ly w a s , a sl a nd

p e rhap sb ecau se t h ey h o ld w a te r .

TABLE 8 : T opography : 5 0 100 me t r e s :

2 3 s i te s

( 16 .5 % ) .

1 50 -200 m e t re s :

3 3 s i te s

( 2 3 .7% ) .

1 00 150 me t re s :

8 0 s i te s

( 57 .5 % ) .

2 00 -300 m e t re s :

3s i te s

( 2 .1 % ) .

TABLE 9 :

S i t eL o ca t ion R e la ted t oS o i lT ype : U nknown

7 3 s i te s

( 52 .5% )

5 4 1r

6s i t e s

( 4 .3 % )

7 11n

1 5s i te s

( 10 .8% )

5 51a

2s i te s

( 1 .4% )

7 11b

6s i te s

( 4 .3% )

5 51g

2s i te s

( 1 .4% )

7 11c

5s i te s

( 3 .6% )

5 51d

1s i te

( 0 .7% )

7 12a

6s i te s

( 4 .3 % )

9 2c

1s i te

( 0 .7% )

5 72m

1s i te

( 0 .7% )

5 27c

1s i t e

( 0 .7% )

5 72f

2s i te s

( 1 .4% )

8 21b

2s i t e s

( 1 .4% )

5 72c

2s i te s

( 1 .4% )

8 6 1b

1s i t e

( 0 .7% )

5 4 1b

9s i te s

( 6 .5% )

5 43

2s i t e s

( 1 .4% )

5 4 1g

1s i te

( 0 .7% )

8 13e

1s i t e

( 0 .7% )

No te : t h ef i r s tc o lumn sr e f e rt ot h es o i la s soc ia t ion a sc l a s s if ied i n' S o i ls o fE ng land a nd Wa le s ' , S hee t3 ,M id land a nd Wes t e rn E ng land , S o i l S u rvey o fE ng land a nd Wa les ( Ha rpenden , 1 983 ) .

1 02

TABLE 1 0 :

F requency o f Moa ted S i te s b yP ar i sh : F o r ton

1

M inwo r th H a le sowen

2 1 0

C od sa l l

8 2 1 2

B roome S edg ley P a t shu l l

0 0 1

H a rbome C hadde s ley T ip ton

2 3 3

Nor thf ie ld

7

P a t t ingham

B rom sg rove D ud ley

3 0

E dgba s ton Wa lsa l l

3 1 8

P enn A s ton Wedne sbu ry

2 9 4

K ing sw inf o rd Womboume

O ld sw inf o rd

0

E nv i l le D unchu rch H and swo r th C hu rch i l l

1 2 5 0

B u shbu ry Wo lve rhamp ton

C a s t le B romw ich We s tB romw ich P edmo r e K inve r C hu rchove r S u t ton C o ldf ie ld

C rad ley

1

C len t D a r la s ton T e t tenha l l

0 0 1

F rank ley

2

B e lb rough ton H im ley

2 1

T ry su l l B i rm ingham

1 3

1 0 4 3

R u sha l l R ow ley R eg i s B obb ing ton A l le s ley

2 0 0 1

3

A ld r idge H ag ley

4 0

0 5

S ha r e sh i l l S tud ley

7 4

TABLE 1 : S i te L oca t ion i nR e la t ion t oP ar i sh C en tre sa nd B oundar ie s : S i te l o ca t ed a tt h e' c en t re 'o ft h ep a r i sh a sr ep r e sen ted b y ac hu r ch S i te w i th in 1 / 2 km o f' c en t re '

1 2 ( 8 .6 % )

S i te l o ca t ed b eyond 1 / 2 km o f' c en t r e '

8 4 ( 60 .4% )

S i t e l o ca ted a te dge o fp a r ish

3 0 ( 2 1 .6% )

T he o t he rs o i lt ype p a r t icu la r ly a s soc ia t ed w i th moa t ed s i t e s , 5 4 1 ,

1 3 ( 9 .4% )

i n c lude s

t h e

B rom sg rove

a s soc ia t ion

w h ich

T he r e la t ion sh ip t o p a r i sh c hu rche s h a s o f t en b een r e ga rd ed a s d i agno s t ic ; n o t ing D uby ' s o b serva t ion t ha t i n

w a s

a mong s t t h e b e s t a g r icu l tu ra l l a nd i nt h e r e g ion . T he t h i rd m a in g roup a r et h es l ow ly p e rmeab le 5 72 s o i l s . Wh i l s t s ome 2 9% o ft h e moa ted s i te s i nt h e h ono r o ccu r o n c l ayey o r s l ow ly p e rmeab le s o i l s , t h e 1 7% o f s i te s t h a t a r e f ound o n w e l l d ra ined s o i l s s ugge s t s t h a t t h e r e la t ion sh ip i s n o t as imp le d e te rm in i s t ic o ne . S ome s t ud ie s h ave t a ken a ccoun t o f t h e d i s t r ibu t ion o f moa ted s i te s w i th in i n d iv idua l p a r i she s ( Tab le 1 0 ) , o f t en f o cu s s ing u pon t h e d eg r ee o f t h e i r ' i s o la t ion ' ( Tab le 1 ) . I ndeed , t h i s h a s b een u sed t o d e te rm ine t h e f unc t ion o f a moa t ed s i te , t ho se w i th in v i l lage s b e ing p r e sumed t o b e m ano r h ou se s , a nd t ho se a t t h e p e r iphe ry o f p a r i she s o r t own sh ip st ob es ub -mano r so rs e conda ry m ano r s( 30 ) . T he p a r i sh i st r ea ted a s au n i t a nd t h e d i s t r ibu t ion o f moa t s w i th in i t c on s ide r ed i n r e la t ion t o t h e c en t re a nd t h e

t h e t h i r teen th c en tu ry Mäconna i s t h e re w a s at e ndency ' f o r k n igh t s t o r emove t h e i r d we l l ing s f r om t h e v i c in i ty o f t h e c hu r ch t o t h e o u t sk ir t s o f t h e v i l lage w he re t h ey c ou ld r e ad i ly s u r round t h em w i th moa t s ' ( 32 ) , L e P a tou re l ( 3 3 ) s ugge s ted a p a ra l le l p henomenon i n E ng land . A p rob lem w i th s uch mode l s h oweve r i s t h e a s sump t ion t ha t t h e s e igneu r ia l r e s idence w a s a lway s i n i t ia l ly i nt h e v i c in i ty o f t h e c hu rch , a nd i to ve r look s t h a t s uch ' i s o la ted ' s i te s m igh t a l so a r i se f r om o t he r f a c to r s , s uch a s n on se igneu r ia l c o lon i sa t ion , t h e d e se r t ion o r movemen t o f t h e v i l l , t h e c r ea t ion o f s ub -mano r s ( 34 ) , o r a s i n t h e c a se o f We s t B romw ich ,t h ed i v i s ion o ft h e mano rb e tween h e i re s se s . R e se rva t ion s m igh t a l so b e e xp re s sed o n t h e n o t ion o f c en t ra l i ty t h a t s uch mode l s i n f e r . T he a s sump t ion g ene ra l ly m ade i st h a t t h e p a r i sh c hu r ch r ep re sen t s t h e c en t re , b u t t h e c en t r e o f w ha t ? I tm ay , o r may n o t , b e c en t ra l t o h uman s e t t lemen t , b u t t h e r e a r e o t he r c oncep t s o f c en t ra l i ty t o c on s ide r . T he movemen t' away ' may b e amovemen tt owa rd s an ew ' c en t re ' , an ew e conom ic c en t r e i nt h e mano r , a sw a s t h e c a se a t We s t B romw ich . I n s uch ma t te r s , t h e p ar i sh c hu rch d i dn o tr ep r e sen t ac en t r e o fp a r t icu la r i mpo r tance f o r t h e moa tbu i lde r s , a nd i f s o i ti s d eba tab le a s t o h ow

b ounda ry . Wa t son ( 3 1) , f o ri n s tance , d ef ined a n i s o la ted s i te a s o ne ' a t l e a s t h a lf a m i le f r om ( c on t empo ra ry m ed ieva l ) s e t t lemen to rp a r i sh c hu r ch ' .

1 03

TABLE 1 2 :

C on jec tured S i te S ta tus : S e igneu r ia l

3

( 2 3 .7% )

G range s

4

( 2 .9% )

P a r sonage

3

( 2 .2% )

U nknown

9 1

( 6 5 .5 % )

H ome s tead

8

( 5 .7% )

m ean ingf u l i n m ed ieva l t e rm s t h i s d efm i t ion o f ' i s o la t ion ' a c tua l ly i s . W i t ton H a l l ( 3 5 ) m ay w e l l a ppea r ' i s o la t ed ' i n t e rm s o f t h e ' c en t r e ' o f A s ton p a r i sh , b u t i tw a s v e ry a pp rop r ia t e ly l o ca t ed w i th in t h e c on t ex t o f t h e m ano r o f W i t ton . T ak ing Wa t son ' s g u ide l ine , L a rkham ( 3 6 ) c on s id e r ed 3 4 .7% o ft h em oa t ed s i te si nh i ss amp le t oh ave b een i s o la t ed . I nt h e h ono r o fD ud ley , t a k ing h a lf ak i lome t r e a s t h e t h r e sho ld , s ome 8 2% o f t h e s i t e s m igh t b e c on s ide r ed a s ' i s o la t ed ' . L eav ing a s ide t h e v a l id i ty o f t h e c oncep t o f ' i s o la t ion ' , i t n one t h el e s sr ema in st h ec a se t h a tt h e se m oa t ed s i t e sr e qu i r e s ome e xp lana t ion . S ub inf euda t ion w a s p o t en t ia l ly a n i n f luence o n t h e c on s t ruc t ion o f moa t ed s i t e s , a sp e rhap s a t E rd ing ton a nd D udd e s ton i nt h e p a r i sh o fA s ton , o r i nt h e m ano r s o f F rank ley , B u shbu ry , E s s ing ton , Mo se ley a nd C a s t le B romw ich .H ome s t ead moa t sr e p r e sen ta no the r . L a rkham ( 3 7 ) d r ew a t t en t ion t o ar e la t ion sh ip b e tween m any o ft h e se ' i s o la ted ' s i te s a nd a r ea s o fR oya l F o r e s t . W i th in t h e h ono ro fD ud ley a l so , m any s i t e s a r e f o und n o to n ly c l o se t o t h e F o r e s t b ounda r ie s , b u t a l so w e l l w i th in t h e F o r e s t . I t s e em s p r obab le t h a t m any o f t h e se s i t e s r e p r e sen t e i the r e nc roa chmen t s , w h ich t h e p e rambu la t ion o fC annock F o r e s t ( 3 8 ) s ugg e s t s w e r e w e l l a dvanced , o rt h ey r e f lec t s e t t lemen t a f t e rd i saf f o r e s ta t ion w a sc onf i rmed . T he s t a tu s o ft h e m a jo r i ty o ft h e b u i lde r s a nd o wn e r s o ft h e moa ted s i t e s i nt h e h ono r o fD ud ley i su nknown ; o n ly a bou t 2 0% c an b e a s soc ia t ed w i th k nown b u i ld e r s o r o wne r s , m o s t ly s e ign eu r ia l ; w he r e i d en t if i ca t ion m ay b e c on jec tu r ed , al i t t le u nd e r2 4% a r el i k e ly t oh av eb een s e igneu r ia l , s im i la r t ot h e2 2 .7% i nL a r l cham ' ss t udy ( 3 9 )( Tab le 1 2 ) . T h i s o b se rva t ion h a s t ob e e xam ined w i th in t h e c on t ex t o f t h e d i s t r ibu t ion o f b o th moa ted s i t e s a nd o f s e igneu r ia l r e s idence s a c ro s st h e h ono r . Al a ck o fm oa t ed s i t e s d oe s n o t i mp ly al a ck o fl o rd s .

o fR obe r t d e E l f o rd , f e l l f r om t h e d r awb r idge o fW i l l iam d e P a r l e sa nd d r owned i nt h ew a t e r( 4 3 ) . N on -moa ted m ano r ia l s i t e s t e nd t o b e r e co rd ed o n ly i n d ocumen ta ry r e f e r ence s . I n t h e p a r i sh o f F o r ton t h e r e i sa moa t ed s i t ea tt h e e dge o ft h ep a r i sh ( 4 4 ) ,b u t a ppa r en t ly t h i s w a sn o tt h em ano r ia l c apu ta si n1 283 t h eh a l lo fW i l l iam d e Me r ew a s l o ca t ed a tt h eh ead o ft h e v i l lage o f Me r e , w i th a n a s soc ia t ed f i she ry ( 4 5 ) . Mano r h ou se s a r e m en t ioned a t A sp ley ( 4 6 ) , K ing sw inf o rd ( 4 7 ) , R ow ley ( 4 8 ) , C len t ( 4 9 ) , D ud ley ( 5 0 ) , P a t t ingham ( 5 1) , T ry su l l ( 5 2 ) , Amb leco t e ( 5 3 ) a nd Wombou rne ( 5 4 ) . H oweve r , i ti st h e c a se , w he the r b y a c c iden t o ft h e s u rv iva l o fr e f e r ence s , o r g enu ine r e g iona l p r ef e r ence s , t h a t r e la t ive ly f ew n on -moa ted m ano r h ou se s a r e m en t ioned o r i mp l ied . Wh i l s t t h ey t e nd t o o ccu r i n p a r i she s w he r e t h e r e a r e f ew o r n o r e co rd ed m oa ted s i t e s , t h i sp a t t e rn i sn o te xc lu s ive ; i ti sp o s s ib le t od e t ec tm o r en on m oa t ed m ano r h ou se s i nt h e w e s ter n p a r i sh e s o ft h e h ono r , b u tt h ed i s t r ibu t ion o fm ano rh ou se sd i dn o ts t and a pa r tf r om t h a t o ft h e m oa t ed s i t e s ; t h e i mp r e s s ion i st h a t t h e r e w a s a n o ve rwhe lm ing p r ef e r ence f o rs e igneu r ia ls i te st ob em oa t ed . T he r ei sh oweve r am a rk ed s c a r c i ty o f moa t ed s i t e so nt h ed e S ome ry d eme sne m ano r s . N one a t a l l a r e n o t ed i n B obb ing ton , C l en t , S edg ley , D ud ley , R ow ley R eg i s o r O ld sw inf o rd . H and swo r th a nd K inve r p a r i she s b o th h ave s e v e ra l s i t e s , b u t t h e d e S ome ry m ano r s h e r e w e r e b o th r e la t iv e ly l a t e a cqu i s i t ion s . T he p r inc ipa l e xcep t ion s t ot h i s p a t t er na r e F o r ton p a r i sh , a nd mo r e p a r t icu la r ly , N o r thf i e ld , w i th i t sr e la t ive ly h i gh c oncen t ra t ion o f moa t ed s i t e s . S e igneu r ia l moa t ed s i t e s s e em t ob e mo r e c l o se ly a s soc ia t ed w i th t h e t e nan t s o ft h e h ono r r a the r t h an w i th t h e h ono r ia l l o rd s t h em se lve s ( 5 5 ) a nd t h e p a t t er n o f s ub inf euda t ion s e em s t oh ave s ome b ea r ing o n t h e d i s t r ibu t ion o f m oa t ed s i t e s . F o r i n s tance , w i th in B u shbu ry p a r i sh w i th i t s e i gh t m oa t ed s i t e sw e r et h e m ano r s o fB u shbu ry , E s s ing ton a nd Mo se ley , a l o fw h i ch h ave e v id ence o fe x t en s ive s ub inf euda t ion . A s e a r ly a s 1 2 10 H en ry l eN o t te ( 5 6 ) w a s h o ld ing i nB u shbu ry a nd P enn , a nd t h e m ano ro fB u shbu ry i t s e lf w a s h e ld b y t h e B u shbu ry f am i ly o f t h e d e B i rm ingham s ( 5 7 ) . I t i sn o t k nown i fR oge r P u r ce l ' s r e s id ence i nB u shbu ry , a t ta cked i n 1 308 ( 5 8 ) b y R a lph d e B u shbu ry , w a s moa ted , b u t i ti s p r obab le t h a t t wo moa ted s i t e s i n B u shbu ry m igh t b e a s soc ia t ed w i th t h e B u shbu ry f am i ly i t se lf , o ne a s a p a r sonage m oa t ( 5 9 ) a nd t h e o t he r a st h e f am i ly c apu t ( 6 0 ) . R ob e r td eE s s ing ton c l ea r ly h ad as ub s tan t ia lr e s id ence i nh i s m ano r ,a si tt o ow a sa t tacked , i n1 3 14 ( 6 1) , a tw h ich t i me t h e

D ocumen ta ry r e f e r ence s t o s e igneu r ia l s i t e s a r e n o t v e ry s p ec if i c ;t h ef o rmu la ' c ap i ta lm e s suage w i th c u r t i lage s 'm igh t m ean a ny th ing a nd B ond ( 4 0 ) i n h i s s u rv ey o f Wo rce s t e r sh i r e c ou ld o n ly f md o ne c l ea r r e f e r ence , a' f o s se a r ound t h em e ssuage ' , a tC hu r ch i l lC ou r t i n1 3 33 . T he d eed s r e la t ing t o E s s ing ton i n c lude s r e f e r ence s i n 1 325 t o a g r icu l tu r a ll a nd ( 4 1) ' e nc lo sed w i th d i t che sa nd h edge s ' ,a nd t h e re a r e a l so e a r l ie r a nd mo r e a mb iguou s r e f e r en ce s t ot h e m ak ing o fp oo l s a nd p ond s ( 4 2 ) . T he o n ly c l ea rr e f e r ence t o a moa t i st h e mano r h ou se a tH and swo r th ,w he r eJ ohn ,s on

1 04

b reak ing d own o fi t s g a te s a nd d oo r s wa s r e co rded , t oge the r w i th c u t t ing d own t r ee s a nd p oa ch ing t h e f i shpond s ( 62 ) . T he m ano rh ad b een s ub inf euda ted , b u t n o t t ot h e e x ten t o f n e ighbou r ing Mo se ley w he re b y 1 284 ( 63 ) t h e r e w e re f ou r

a s sa i led l a nd s . S ome t ook t h e l a nd a nd r en ted i to nt oo t he r s , w h i l s t s ome r e ta ined t h e l a nd t h em se lve s . S ome o f t h e r e c ip ien t s , l i ke R a lph d e B u shbu ry , w e re membe r s o f t h e l o ca l g en t ry ; s uch l a ndowne r s w e r e f u l ly i n vo lved i n t h e move t owa rd s a s sa il ing a nd c o lon i sa t ion . T he d en s i ty o f moa t ed s i te s i n Wo lve rhamp ton p a r i sh , s e t a l ong s ide t h e f r equency o fa s sa i l ing , s ugge s t s t h a t i ti sl i ke ly t h a t s ome o f t h e se moa t sw e re c r ea ted i nt h ec ou r se o fa s so r t ing .

m en h o ld ing t h e re o fR obe r t d e E s s ing ton , a nd h e o fR obe r t d e Wy s tan . S ome o ft h e se m en m ay w e l l h ave i m i ta ted t h e i r n e ighbou r , S i r J ohn d e Swynne r ton i nt h e mano r o fH i l ton , who i n 1 3 10 -30 w a s d e sc r ibed a sh o ld ing a' c u r ia ' e nc lo sed b yh edge a nd d i tch ( 64 ) .

I ti sp o s s ib le t h a tt h e F oke rham e s ta te w h ich f ocu s sed o nt h e moa ted s i t e a tB rand H a l l r ep r esen t s m ano r ia l d eve lopmen t

A r i s toc ra t ic e s ta t e c r ea t ion a nd s ub inf euda t ion a r e f a c to r s i n u nde r s tand ing t h e d eve lopmen t o f moa ted s i te s i n s eve ra l p a r i shes w i th in t h e h ono r ( 65 ) . T he mano r o f L u t ley w a s

t h rough a s sa i l ing , a s m igh t G annow G r een ( 8 3 ) . S im i la r ly mona s t ic g range s s uch a st h e moa ted s i te k nown a sB reach F a rm i nH a le sowen , k nown a s ' l e B reche ' i n 1 282 a nd 1 294 ( ' b r ec ' :b roken l a nd ) , i sl i ke ly t or e f e rt oa s so r t ing ( 84 ) .

h e ld i n 1 284 b y P h i l ip d e L o r t i l o fH enry d e H ag ley ( 66 ) , a nd i ts e em s p robab le t h a t t h e s i ng le moa ted s i te i nE nv i l le p a r i sh , k nown a s L u t ley Mano r ( 67 ) , a nd s i tua t ed n ea r t h e c hu r ch a nd ad e ser ted s e t t lemen t , s hou ld b e a s soc ia t ed w i th t h e L o r t i l f am i ly . B e tween 1 29 1 a nd 1 322 C a s t le B romw ich r e co rded a tl e a s t s even i n d iv idua l s h o ld ing l a nd s b y k n igh t s e rv ice ( 6 8 ) , w h i l s ti nt h e l a rge p a r i sh o fA s ton , w he r e s ome

A s sa i l ed l a nd p r e sen ted o ppor tun i t ie s f o rp ea san t s , l i ke t ho se m en t ioned i n t h e Wo lve rhamp ton I nqu i s i t ion ; J ohn t h e M i l le r , W i l l iam C ook , W i l l iam G od r ich , T homa s l e B u t , R icha rd l e N euhey s , J ohn d e No r thco te a nd h i s b ro the r

n ine moa ted s i te s a r er e co rded , s eve ra l mano r sw e r e c r ea t ed . T h ree mano r s h ad b een f o rmed i nE rd ing ton b y 1 2 18 ( 69 ) a nd b y 1 291 t h e re h ad b een f u r the rs ub -d iv i s ion ( 70 ) . W i t ton w a s h e ld b y J ohn d e D yxe l i n 1 291 ( 7 1) a nd t h e s i te k nown

R oge r . T he se m en , o fo b scu re o r ig in , s e ized t h e o ppo r tun i ty t o e s tab l i sh f r eeho ld ing s f o r t h em se lve s o n c l ea red

a s W i t ton H a l l may w e l l b e a s soc ia ted w i th t h i s t e nu re ; B o rd e s l ey w a s h e ld a s ad eme sne mano r ( 72 ) a nd t h e re w a s

o ccu r r ed t h roughou tt h e h ono r o fD ud ley , moa ted s i te s w e r e n o t a lway s a s soc ia ted w i th t h e p roce s s . Wombou rne , f o r i n s tance , w a s s ub jec t t o a s sa il ing b ef o re t h e e nd o f t h e

l a nd ,wh ich may w e l lp rov ide t h e c on t ex tf o ra tl e a s t s ome o f t h e moa t ed s i te s , a s a rgued b y R obe r t s . A l though a s sa i l ing

a l so am ano r a tS a l t ley ( 7 3 ) . P e rhap s n o t a l l o ft h e moa ted

t we lf th c en tu ry ,b u tt h e re a r en ot r ace so f moa ted s i te s .

s i te s i nt h i sp a r i sh w e re s e igneu r ia l ,b u t many o ft h e s i t e s a r e l i k e ly t o h ave b een c onnec ted w i th t h i s p ro l if e ra t ion o f mano r s .

T he s ame i st r ue o f S edg ley , o ne o ft h e d eme sne mano r s . T he l ow l e ve lo fs ub inf euda t ion a nd t h ep rox im i ty o fD ud ley C a s t le m igh th e lp e xp la in t h e a b sence o f moa ted s e igneu r ia l

I n F rank ley p a r i sh , t h e moa ted s i te n ea r t h e c hu rch , k nown a s F rank ley H a l l ( 74 ) , w i th a s soc ia ted f i sh p ond s , w a s t h e c ap i ta l m e s suage o ft h e m ano r , b u t t h e s t a tu s o f Wa r s tone F a rm i sl e s s c er ta in ; i th a s b een i n te rp re t ed a s ac l ea rance h ome s tead ( 75 ) b u t t h e re i s e v idence o f s ub inf euda t ion

s i te s , b u t i ts e em s s t range t ha t t h e re a r e n o moa t ed s i te s a s soc ia ted w i th f r eeho lde r sa nd a s sa r te r s . Al a ck o f moa ted s i te s o n d eme sne m ano r s wa s n o t a lway s

w i th in t h e mano rf r om t h el a te t we lf th c en tu ry ( 76 ) .

t h ec a se , a si ss hown b yN o r thf i e ld . T he l a t t e rc on ta in s s even moa t ed s i te s , n o t i n c lud ing Weo ley C a s t le i t se lf W i th S e l ly O ak a s as epa ra t e mano r w i th in t h e p a r i sh , a nd w i th

T he re w e re t wo l o rd s h o ld ing i nH im ley i n 1 243 ( 77 ) a nd t h r ee b y 1 284 ( 78 ) b u t o n ly o ne moa ted s i te h a s b een r e co rded ( 79 ) . S ub inf euda t ion d i dn o tn ece s sa r i ly l e ad t ot h e c r ea t ion o f moa ted s i te s . N e i the r t h e mano r s o f Mo rf e n o r O r ton , b o th s ub jec t t o s ub inf euda t ion , h ave moa ted s i te s r e co rded .

s ub inf euda t ion i n M idd le ton ( 85 ) , t oge the r w i th Weo ley i t se lf , s ome o ft h e se w e r e c l ea r ly s e igneu r ia l r e s idence s , b u t t h i s d oe s n o t e xp la in a l l o ft h em ; s ome mus t r ep re sen t t h e h ome s tead s o f f r eeho lde r s . I t i s u nc lea r h oweve r w hy

T he t wen ty -one moa t ed s i t es i n Wo lve rhamp ton r ep re sen t a d ens i ty f a r i n e xce s s o f mo s t o t he r p a r i she s . S e igneu r ia l b u i ld ing d oe s n o t a d equa t e ly e xp la in t h e f r equency o fs uch s i te s . S im i la r o b se rva t ion s h ave b een made e l sewhe re , a s i n

N o r thf i e ld s hou ld h ave d if e red s o ma rked ly f r om t h e g ene ra l p a t te rn o f a n a b sence o f moa ted s i te s o n d eme sne mano r s . I ti sp o s s ib le t h a tN or thf i e ld a cqu i red t h i s d i s t inc t ive e l emen t i nt h e l a te f ou r teen th c en tu ry o r l a te r , b u t t h i s i s s pecu la t ion .

t h e f r equency o f moa ted s i te s o n t h e B edf o rd sh i r e c l ay land s ( 80 ) . A 1 293 I nqu i s i t ion o f t h e F ree C hape l o f

T he a n swe rt ot h e g ene ra l a b sence o f moa ted s i te s may l i e i n a c omb ina t ion o f f a c to r s . A l though t h e re w a s s ome

Wo lve rhamp ton ( 8 1) m en t ion s Ma s te rA nd rew d eJ auna w ho a s sa i l ed t h e f ou r th p a r t o fo ne r ood o fl a nd b e long ing t ot h e D ean ' s d eme sne , a f t e r w h ich W i l l iam A y lme r o f Wo lve rhamp ton e nc lo sed i tw i th ah edge a nd d i tch a nd m ade ac u r t i lage o fi t( 82 ) .T h i sm igh tr e f e rt ot h e c on s t ruc t ion o fa moa ted s i te o n a s so r ted l a nd , a l though c ur t i lage s w e re n o t n ece s sa r i ly i n hab i ted . T he I nqu i s i t ion s ub sequen t ly d e sc r ibe s w a s te s , 'new ly a s sa i l ed b y t h e b a i l if f s o ft h e D ean t oc e r ta in r en t s a nd s e rv ice s ' . A l though i n comp le te , t h e d ocumen t m en t ion s a tl e a s tt h i r ty two i n s tance s o fm en t a k ing o n t h e se

s ub inf euda t ion i nt h e d eme sne mano r s , i ts e em st oh ave b een a t ar e la t ive ly mode s t l e ve l , a nd w h i l s t t h i s m ay h ave

1 05

p roduced s ome moa ted s i te s , t h i s w a sn o t a lway s s o ;t h e r e i s n o r e a son , f o r e xamp le , t o a s sume t h a t t h e B u rne l l m ano r h ou se i n D ud ley ( 86 ) w a s moa ted . T he o the r p r inc ipa l c r ea to r s o f moa ted r e s idence s , f r eeho lde r s , a l though c e r ta in ly p r e sen t a tS edg ley , may n o t h ave b een p ro spe rou s e nough t o b e a b le t o a f o rd t h em . T he No r thf i e ld g roup s ugge s t s t h e p re sence o f af ew mo r e p ro spe rou s p ea san t s , w ho w e r e a b le t o e xp lo i t l o ca l c ond i t ion s ( 87 ) .

I th a s b een s ugge s ted t h a t , ' Low d en s i t ie s ( o f moa ted s i t e s ) a r e g ene ra l ly f ound w he re t h e l o rd o f t h e m ano r w a s a n e cc le s ia s t ica lb ody a nd o n t ho se l a y mano r s w he re d eme sne f a rm ing a nd v i l le in r en t sw e re ap r edom inan tp a r to ft h et o ta l i n come . I n c onve r se , moa ted s i te s a r e mo s t n ume rou s o n t h o se m ano r sw i th ah igh p ropo r t ion o ft h e i ri n come s d er ived f r om f r ee r e n t s '( 88 ) . T he d e S ome ry d eme sne r e f lec t st h i s i n p a r t . I n 1 273 t h e r en t s o f f r eeho lde r s a moun ted t o £ 9 .2 s .9 1 / 2d . f r om S edg ley , w i th a f u r the r £ 1 .3s .7d f r om f r eeho ld r e n t s a t tached t o t h e mano r ( 89 ) ,

c ommun i ty . I n Wa rw ick sh i re , C o s s ( 99 ) n o t ed a s im i la r p henomenon , i lu s t ra ted f o r i n s tance b y t h e E rn i s f am i ly o f A t toxha l l , who d u r ing t h e t h i r teen th c en tu ry b u i l t u p t h e i r l a nded i n te re s t s a nd c on s truc ted amoa ted h ou se , ' a s as t a tu s s ymbo l a nd a s am ean s o f d i f f e r en t ia t ing t h em f r om t h e i r t e nan t s ' ( 100 ) . T he s e igneu r ia l moa t b u i lde r s o f t h e h ono r w e re c oncer n ed , i nt h e i r o wn t e rm s , t or e f lec t t h e i r s t and ing i nt h e l o ca l i ty ,j u s t a sJ ohn d e S ome ry w a s i nh i s b u i ld ing a t D ud ley C a s t le .

c ompa r ed w i th t h e

£ 13 .0s .9d i n r en t s f r om t h e c u s toma ry t e nemen t s a nd a f u r the r £ 5 .10 s .9d f r om t h e a s sa r t ed t e nemen t s ( 90 ) . T he p o in t i ss t i l l c l ea re r i nt h e c a se o f Weo ley w he re f r eeho lde r r en t s a moun ted i n1 273 t o£ 3 .17s .9 1 / 2d . a sc ompa red t ot h e £ 19 .0s .1d . d e r ived f r om o the rr en t s( 9 1) . A l though t h e re a r e s ome n o tab le e xcep t ion s , t h e w ide r i mp re s s ion o ft h e h ono r o fD ud ley i st ha t moa t ed s i te s a r e a r e f lec t ion o f s e igneu r ia l s oc ie ty . F o r t h e mo s t p a r t t h ey f o rmed l o rd ' s r e s idence s a nd i n s ome p a r i she s m ay b e a s soc ia t ed w i th t h e p ro l if e ra t ion o f m ano r s a nd s ub inf euda t ion . T he s e cond h a lf o ft h et we lf th c en tu ry w a s a p e r iod o ft e nu r ia l r eo rgan i sa t ion i nt h e h ono r , a nd t h e l a t e t we lf th c en tu ry h a s p roduced e v idence o fs ub inf euda t ion o n s ome m ano r ss uch a sF ran I c ley ,M idd le ton ,U ppe ra nd L owe r P enn , B u shbu ry a nd O r ton , mo s t o f wh ich l i e i n p a r i she s w he r e moa ted s i te s may b e f ound . H oweve r , s ub inf euda t ion a nd d i v i s ion s e ems t o h ave b ecome mo re e x ten s ive b y t h e t h i r teen th c en tu ry , c o inc id ing w i th r eg iona l a nd h ono r ia l h ighpo in t si na s so r t ing a nd i mp roved mano r ia l i n come s . T h i s c omb ina t ion o fc i rcum s tance s may h ave l e d t ot h i sp e r iod a s o ne o fe x ten s ive moa t c on s t ruc t ion ; i fs o , i ta g ree s w i th L e P a tou r e l a nd R obe r t s ' c h rono logy ( 92 ) t h a t t h e p e r iod c . 1200 -1325 w a st h e a pogee o f moa tb u i ld ing . I tw a s d u r ing t h i s p e r iod t h a t e xcava ted s i te s s uch a s Weo ley ( 9 3 ) , S ha r esh i l l ( 94 ) , We s t B romw ich ( 9 5 ) a nd p e rhap s B i rm ingham ( 96 )

a l l r e f lec t b u i ld ing

a c t iv i ty a nd s i te

e nhancemen t . Wh i l s t i th a s b een s ugge s ted t h a tt h e se p ha se s w e re l i nked w i th p e r iod s o f p o l i t ica l u nce r ta in ty ( 97 ) , i t s e em s mo re p robab le t h a t i ts hou ld b e v i ewed a l ong w i th c a s t les , mona s t ic h ou se s a nd l o ca l c hu rche s . I na l l c a se s , t h e s e cond h a lf o f t h e t h i r teen th c en tu ry a nd e a r ly f ou r teen th c en tu ry ma rked a nu p tur ni ne conom ic a nd b u i ld ing a c t iv i ty . Moa ted s i te sa l so r e f lec tt h e g row ing a s ser t ivene s s a nd s en se o fi mpo r tance o ft h e g en t ry w i th in t h e h ono r . T he d e Pa le s f am i ly , c on te s t ing t h e i r o b l iga t ion s t ot h e b a ron s o fD ud ley b y 1 255 , p o s se s sed a moa ted r e s idence a t H and swo r th , p r e sen t b ef o re 1 272 . D i sp lay w a s a n i mpor tan t a spec t o f l o rd sh ip ( 98 ) a nd t h e s e em ing e n thu s ia sm o f s o m any m embe r so ft h eg en t ry f o rt h eb u i ld ing o f moa ted s i te s s e em s mo s t r e ad i ly e xp la ined b y t h e i r a ppa r en t c onno ta t ion s o f s t a tu s . S uch s i te s w e re e xpen s ive t oc on s t ruc t a nd ma in ta in , b u t t h e w i l l ingne s s t o u nder take s uch e xpend i tu re s ugge s t s t h e i mpo r tance o f t h e mano r h ou se , f o r t h e f am i l ie s c oncer n ed , a s av i sua l c onf i rma t ion o f t h e i r s t a tu s a nd l o rd sh ip ; e conom ic a nd s oc ia l f o r tune s may h ave i mp roved , a nd s ome f am i l ies , s uch a s t h e d e B i rm ingham s , t h e d e B u shbu ry s , o r S i r J ohn d e S wynne r ton o f H i l ton , w e re i mpo r tan t f i gu re s i n t h e p o l i t ica l l i f e o f t h e l o ca l

1 06

NOTES : 1 . F o r e xamp le , H .E .J .Le P a tou r e l , T he Moa ted S i te s o f Y o rk sh i re , S oc ie ty F or,Med ieva l A rchaeo logy , Monog raph S e r ie s : 5 , ( London , 1 973 , 1 ; F .A .Abe rg ( e d ) , Med ie va l Moa ted S i t e s , CBA R e search R epo r t N o .17 , ( London ,1978 , 1 ; C .C .Tay lo r , ' Moa ted s i te s : t h e i r d ef in i t ion , f o rm a nd c l a ss if i ca t ion ' , i n Abe rg ( ed ) , i b id , 5 ;E .Bu l t , ' Moa t ed s i t es i n t h e i r e conom ic a nd s oc ia l c on tex t i n D e lf l and ' , C ha teau G a i l la rd ,X I I I ,( 1986 ) ,2 2 . 2 . D .Au s t in , ' The E xcava t ion o f D i spe r sed S e t t lemen t i n Med ieva l B r i ta in ' , i nM .A s ton , D .Au s t in , C .Dye r ( e d s ) , T he R u ra lS e t t lemen t s o f Med ieva lE ng land ( Oxf o rd , 1 989 ) , 2 39 4 0 .

1 5 . T he e xcava ted s amp le i s s ma l l a nd t h e i n f o rma t ion r e cove r ed g ene ra l ly l i m i t ed . 1 6 . T he Mano r H ou se , We s t B romw ich ; S .R .Jone s , ' We s t B romw ich Mano r H ou se ' , T SSAHS . , XV I I , ( 1975 1976 ) . S ha re sh i l l , S t af f o rd sh i r e ; A .O swa ld , ' Excava t ion s a t S ha re sh i l l , S t af f s ,1959 ' , T PBAS . , 7 7 , ( 1959 ) . Wa l sa l l , S t af f o rd sh i re ; S&S Wra thme l l , ' E xcava t ion s a tt h e moa t s i te , Wa l sa l l , S t af f s 1 972 -4 ' , T SSAHS . , XV I , ( 1974 -5 ) . G annow G reen , Wo r ce s te r sh i r e ; B .K .Robe r t s , ' Moa ted S i te s i n M id land E ng land ' ; SMR HW P RN 2 48 . Weo ley C a s t le , Wa rw ick sh i r e ; A .O swa ld , ' I n ter im R epo r t o n E xcava t ion s a t Weo ley C a s t le ,1955 -60 ' , T BAS . , LXXV I I I , ( 1962 ) . B i rm ingham , Wa rw ick sh i re ; L . Wa t t s , ' B i rm ingham Moa t :

3 . F o r e xamp le , B .K .Robe r t s , ' Moa ted S i te s i n M id land

i t sh i s to ry , t o pog raphy a nd d e s t ruc t ion ' , T B WAS . , 8 9 , ( 1978 -

E ng l and ' , T B WAS . , ( 1965 ) , 3 4 ; D .W i l son , Moa ted S i te s ( Ay le sbu ry , 1 985 ) , 2 9 ; P . J .La rkham , ' Moa ted S i t e s i nS ou th

1 979 ) .

S taf f o rd sh i re ' , T .S .S .A .H .S . , XX IV , ( 1982 -1983 ) , 1 3 ; L .Can to r ( ed ) , T he E ng l i sh Med i eva l L and scape ( London , 1 982 ) , 1 42 ; H .E .J .Le P a tou re l a nd B .K . R obe r t s , ' The

1 7 . B ond , ' Moa ted S i te s i n Wo rc s . ' , i nA be rg ( ed ) , Med ieva l Mowed S i te s ,7 7 .

s i gn if i cance o f moa ted s i tes ' , i n A be rg ( ed ) , Med ie va l Moa t ed S i te s ,4 9 .

1 8 . L eP a tou r e l , Moa t ed S i te so fY o rk sh i re , 1 5 . 1 9 . L a rkham ,' Moa t ed S i te s i nS ou th S t af f s . ' ,2 2 .

4 .L e P a tou re l , Moa ted S i te s o fY ork sh i re ; W i l son , Moa ted S i t e s , 3 ; H .E .J . L e P a tou re l , ' Documen ta ry E v idence ' , i n A be rg ( e d ) , Med ieva l Moa ted S i t e s , 2 6 -8 ; A .E .B rown a nd

2 0 . B a sed o nL a rkham , i b id . ,a nd SMR l i s t ing s .

C .C .Tay lo r , Moa ted S i t e s i nN or the rn B edf ord sh i re , V aughn P ape rN o .35 ( Un ive r s i ty o fL e ice s te r , 1 991) .

2 1 . L a rkham , i b id . ,2 8 . 2 2 . R obe r t s ,' Moa t ed S i te s i nM id land E ng land ' , 3 4 .

5 . 1 40 moa ted s i te s c omp i led f r om SMR l i s t ing s f o r S t af f o rd sh i re , Wa rw ick sh i re , H e r ef o rd a nd Wo rce s te r , a nd We s tM id land sC oun ty , s upp lemen ted b yt h es i t eg az e t tee ri n

2 3 . C a l . I PM , I , N o .813 ; V .C .H . , W or c s . , I I , 1 45 -6 ; SMR WM P RN 2 816 .

L a rkham ,' Moa ted S i te s i nS ou th S t af f s . ' . 6 . A be rg l i s t s 5 63 k nown s i te s ; F .A .Abe rg , ' I n t roduc t ion ' ( Tab le 1 ) , i nA be rg ( ed ) , Med ieva l Moa ted S i te s , 3 .

2 4 . T he p l ace n ame ' B rand ' may b e d e r ived f r om ' b room ' o r ' b u rn t ' , a nd m igh t b e p a r t icu la r ly a s soc ia ted w i th t h e p roce s s o fa s sa r t ing a nd c o lon i sa t ion .

7 .S MR S t af f s PRN 0 2523 , 0 1074 ; SMR We s t M id s .PRN 2 553 , 2 643 , 2 687 , 2 641 , 3 959 , 2 647 , 2 833 , 2 648 , 2 824 , 2 248 ,2 257 ,3 015 ,3 106 , 154 ; SMR HW P RN 2 48 .

2 5 . SMR W M P RN 2 816 .

8 . Mand e r( ed ) , W od ehou se D eed s ,N o s .1 ,3 .

2 7 . R obe r t s , ' Moa ted S i t e s i nM id land E ng land ' , 3 4 ; L ew i s , M i tche l l -Fox a nd D ye r , V i l lage , Ham le ta nd _F ie ld , 1 33 .

2 6 . SMR W M P RN 2 711 ,2 712 .

9 .C .J .Bond , ' Moa ted S i te s i n Wo r ce s te r sh i re ' , i nA be rg ( ed ) , Med ie va l Moa ted S i te s , 7 1-7 .

2 8 . L a rkham , ' Moa ted S i te s i nS ou th S t af f s . ' , 1 7 . 2 9 . S o i l S u rvey o fE ng land a nd Wa le s , S o i l s o fE ng land a nd W a le s , S hee t 3 ,M id land a nd W e s t e rn E ng land ( Ha rpenden , 1 983 ) ;S o i l sa nd t h e i r U se i nM id land a nd W e s te rn E ng land ,

1 0 .L a rkham , ' Moa ted S i te s i nS ou th S t af f s ' . 1 .

Wro t t es ley

( ed ) ,

P lea

R o l l s ,

H enry

I I ,

2 9 ,

8 6 ;

B u l le t in N o .12 ( Ha rpenden , 1 984 ) , e spec ia l ly 1 32 -7 ,116 1 8 ,120 -4 ,3 23 -7 ,2 75 -9 ,2 90 -4 , 3 19 -23 ,2 12 16 .

Wedgwood ( ed ) ,I nqu i s i t ion s , 1 223 -1327 ,2 02 . 1 2 . C .Lew i s , P .M i tche l l -Fox , C .Dye r , V i l lage , Ham l e t a nd F ie ld . C hang ing m ed ieva l s e t t lemen t s i n c en t ra l E ng land ( Manche s te r , 1 997 ) , 1 33 .

3 0 . No te 4 a bove . L ew i s , M i tche l l -Fox a nd D ye r , V i l lage , Ham le ta nd F ie ld , 1 40 .

1 3 . L e P a tou re l a nd R obe r t s , ' S ign if i cance o f Moa ted S i te s ' , i nA be rg ( e d ) , Med ieva l Moa ted S i te s , 5 1 .

3 1 . M .D . Wa t son , ' Med ieva l Moa ted S i te s i n S h rop sh i re ' , WMA . ,2 4 , ( 1981) , 3 6 .

1 4 . R obe r t s , ' Moa ted S i te si nM id land E ng land ' ,2 7 .

1 07

3 2 . G .Duby , R ura l E conomy a nd C oun try L if e i n t h e Med ie va l W e s t ,( Pa r i s , 1 968 ) , 8 2 . 3 . L eP a tou re l , Moa ted S i te so fY ork sh i re , 1 -12 . 3 4 . C .Dye r , Hanbu ty :S e t t lemen t a nd S oc ie ty i n aW ood land

5 5 . W 'eo ley w a s , o f c ou r se , a moa ted s i te , b u t i tw a s a l so l o oked u pon a s a c a s t le . T he re w a s a moa ted s i te i n B o rde s ley , R av enhu r s t Moa t , SMR W M P RN 2 918 , o f w h ich n ot r ace sr ema in , b u ti t so wne r sh ip i su nknown . T he r e w a s e x ten s ive a s sa r t ing i nt h e mano r o fB o rde s ley ; C a LIP M , I ,N o .813 .

L and scape ,( Le ice s te r , 1 991) , 2 9 , 3 6 . 3 5 . SMR . WM P RN 1 67 1 .

5 6 . Wro t te s ley ( e d ) , S taf f ord sh i re S u i t s , R ichard Ia nd K ing J ohn , 1 47 ,148 .

3 6 . L a rkham , ' Moa ted S i te s i nS ou th S t af f s . ' , 1 2 ,T ab le 1 .

5 7 . Ma ske lyne a nd L y le ( e d s ) ,F euda lA id s , V ,1 0 .

3 7 .L a rkham , i b id . , 1 3 .

5 8 . Wro t te s ley ( ed ) , C oram R ege R o l l s a nd P lea s o f t h e C rown , 1 307 -1327 , 3 .

3 8 . Wro t te s ley ( ed ) ,P lea so ft h eF ore s t ,S taf f ord sh i re , 1 78 . 3 9 . L a rkham ,' Moa ted S i te s i nS ou th S t af f s . ' ,2 4 , T ab le 8 . 4 0 . B ond , ' Moa t ed S i te s i n Wo r c s . ' , i nA be rg ( e d ) , Med ie va l Mowed S i t e s , 7 1 .

5 9 . SMR W M P RN 2 540 , s i tua ted a bou t6 0y a rd sw e s to ft h e c hu rch ; i n c . 1300 t h e p a r son w a s R oge r d e B u shbu ry , b ro the r o f R a lph ; Mande r ( ed ) , Wod ehou se D eed s , 9 4 , N o .186 . 6 0 . L a rkham ' s g aze t tee r , ' Moa ted S i te s i n S ou th S t af f s . ' ,

4 1 . S RO D 1790 /A /2 /67 .

8 0 / 15 . S haw b e l ieved t h i st ob et h e s ea to ft h e d e B u shbu ry s ; S haw ,H i s to ry a nd A n t iqu i t ie so fS taf f ord sh i re , I , i ,1 81 .

4 2 . S RO D 1790 /A /2 /72 ;D 1790 /A /2 /31 ; D 1790 /A /2 /29 . 4 3 . Wro t te s ley ( ed ) ,P l ea R o l l s , H enry I I ,2 14 .

6 1 . Wro t te s ley ( e d ) , C oram R ege R o l l s a nd P lea s o f t h e C rown , 1 307 -1327 , 2 1 .

4 4 . SMR S t af f sP RN 0 3657 .

6 2 .I b id .

4 5 . Wro t te s ley ( ed ) ,P l ea R o l l s , 1 272 -1294 , 1 27 .

6 3 . Ma ske lyne a nd L y le ( ed s ) ,F euda lA id s , V , 1 0 .

4 6 . C a l .P .R . ,1258 -1266 ,4 80 .

6 4 . S RO D 1790 /A /3 /7 .

4 7 . Wedgwood ( ed ) , i nqu i s i t ion s , 1 223 -1327 , 1 57 , 2 03 . A

6 5 . c f . D ye r , Hanbu ty , 3 2 -3 .

r e f e rence o f 1 286 s ugge s t s t ha t t h i s h ou se w a s p robab ly c onven ien t ly p l aced f o r h un t ing i nB agge r idge ; Wro t te s ley

6 6 . Ma ske lyne a nd L y le ( ed s ) ,F euda lA id s , V ,1 0 .

( ed ) , P l ea s o ft h e F ore s t , 1 60 . I ti sp e rhap s t ob e i d en t if ied w i th S hu t t E nd ; t h e p lace n ame ' S hu t t ' i sr e la ted t oS hu te o r S hea ta nd m ay b ea s soc ia ted w i th ap a rk , s ugge s t ing t h a tt h e h ou se f unc t ioned a l so a s ah un t ing l o dge . E .E l cwa l l , T he C onc i se O xf ord D ic t iona ry o fE ng l i sh P lace N ame s( Oxf o rd , 1 974 ) ,4 15 ,4 2 1 .

6 7 . SMR S t af f sP RN 0 1164 . 6 8 . C a LIP M , I ,N o .813 ;V I , No .428 . 6 9 . V .C .H . , W a rk s . , V I I , 6 3 ; Wro t te s ley ( ed ) , P lea R o l l s , H enry I I , 1 05 .

4 8 . Wedgwood ( ed ) ,i nqu i s i t ion s , 1 223 -1327 ,2 01 . 7 0 . C a LIP M , I ,N o .813 . F ive i n d iv idua l sa r e n amed h o ld ing i nE rd ing ton b y k n igh t s e rv ice . T he moa ted s i te k nown a s

4 9 .I b id . , 1 52 .

E rd ing ton H a l l , SMR W M P RN 2 953 , i sa s soc ia ted w i th t h e 5 0 . j e .t h eB u rne l mano rh ou se ; C a LIP M , I I , 1 94 .

d e E rd ing ton f am i ly , a nd t h a t k nown a s P ype H a l l , SMR WM P RN 2 955 , w i th t h e mano r t ha t h ad b een a s s igned t o

5 1 . A h a l l a nd c hambe r w a s m en t ioned i n 1 336 ; V .C .H . , S taf f s . , XX , 1 75 .

Wa l te r Maun se la nd d e scended t oR icha rd d eP ype . / 7 1 .I b id .

5 2 . C ha r te ro fJ ohn d e T re se l l , a th i s c ou r ta tT r e se l ; Mande r ( ed ) , W od ehou se D eed s , No s .8 ,15 .

7 2 .I b id .

5 3 . Wedgwood ( ed ) ,I nqu i s i t ion s , 1 223 -1327 ,2 11 .

7 3 .I b id . ; V .C .H . , . Wa rk s . ,V I I , 6 5 .

5 4 . A c ha r te r o f t h e m id th i r teen th c en tu ry r e f e r s t o t h e

7 4 . SMR HW P RN 0 3237 .

h ou se o f Maud , l a dy o f Wombou rne , a nd a no the r r e f e r s t o N icho la s o f t h e H a l l ( de a u la ) ; Mande r ( e d ) , W od ehou se D eed s , No s .6 a nd 1 4r e spec t ive ly .

7 5 . SMR HW P RN 0 3238 .

1 08

7 6 . V .C .H . , W o rc s . , I I , 1 20 . 7 7 . P e te r d e ' S e i le ' a nd W i l l iam d e E ng lef eud ; Wedgwood ( e d ) , T e s ta d eN ev i 1 1 ,4 00 . 7 8 . Ma ske lyne a nd L y le ( ed s ) , F euda lA id s , V ,1 0 . 7 9 . SMR S t af f s P RN 0 1149 . T he p r e sence o ft wo s epa ra t e f i shpond s m igh t r e f lec t t h e s i te s o ft h e o t he r r e s idence s , b u t n o tn ece s sa r i ly . 8 0 . L ew i s , M i tche l l -Fox a nd D ye r , V i l lage , Ham l e t a nd F ie ld , 1 40 . 8 1 . Wedgwood ( ed ) ,I nqu i s i t ion s , 1 223 -1327 , 2 28 -32 . 8 2 .I b id . ,2 29 . 8 3 . R obe r t s , ' Moa ted S i te s i n M id land E ng land ' , 3 ; SMR HW P RN 2 48 . 8 4 . SMR HW P RN 0 3699 . 8 5 . V .C .H . , W a rk s . , I I , 1 97 . 8 6 . C a LIP M , I I , No .194 . 8 7 . T ha ti s ,t h es t ronge ra r ab le p rof i le o ft h e mano r . 8 . L e P a tou re l a nd R ober t s , ' The S ign i f icance o f Moa ted S i t e s ' , i nA be rg ( ed ) , Med ieva l Moa ted S i t e s ,5 0 . 8 9 . Wedgwood ( ed ) ,I nqu i s i t ion s , 1 223 -1327 , 1 54 . 9 0 . I b id . ;4 9 c u s toma ry t e nan t s o f t h e a s sa r ted l a nd a r e r e f e r red t o . 9 1 . W i l l i sB und ( ed ) ,I PM s , Worce s te r , I ,1 7 . 9 2 . L e P a tou re l a nd R ober t s , ' The S ign if icance o f Moa ted S i t es ' , i nA be rg ( ed ) , Med ie va l Moa ted S i te s , 5 0 9 3 . O swa ld ,' Weo ley C a s t le ' . 9 4 . O swa ld ,' Excava t ion sa tS ha re sh i l l ' . 9 5 .J one s , ' W e s tB romw ich Mano rH ou se ' . 9 6 . Wa t t s ,' B i rm ingham Moa t ' . 9 7 . C .P la t t , Med ie va l E ng land . A S oc ia l H i s tory a nd A rchaeo log yf rom t h eC onque s tt o1 660 AD ( London , 1 978 ) , 13 -4 ;O swa ld ,' Excava t ion s a t ha r e sh i l l ' ,4 9 . 9 8 . c f .E .K ing ,E ng land , 175 -1425 ( London , 1 979 ) ,4 6 . 9 9 . C o ss ,L ord sh ip , K n igh thood a nd L oca l i ty , 1 56 . 1 00 .I b id . , 1 51 .

1 09

CHAPTER S EVEN . PARKS , CHASES , WARRENS AND F ISHPONDS I N THE HONOR OF DUDLEY . Why w a s p a rk land s u ch a p rom inen t e l emen t i n t h e l a nd scape o ft h e h ono r , p a r t icu la r ly o n t h e d eme sne mano r s

H oweve r , t h e f r equency w i th wh ich g en t ry f am i l ie s , s uch a s t h e l o rd s o f B u shbu ry , E s s ing ton , Wombou rne , H ag ley ,

o f t h e d e S ome ry s? T he r e w e re a tl e a s t t wen ty -f ou r p a rk s w i th in t h e s t udy a r ea b y 1 450 , w i th f ou r teen k nown b ef o r e 1 325 ( 1 ) ( F igu re 7 . 1) . I n a dd i t ion , a n I nqu i s i t ion o f 1 275 r e co rded t h a t R oge r d e S ome ry ' a cqu i r ed h i s n ew c ha se a t P en sne t ti nt h et ime o fK ing H en ry , f a the ro ft h ep r e sen tl o rd K ing , a nd made t h e n ew p a rk b e tween t h e a f o re sa id w ood land o f P en sne t t a nd t h e v i l l o f D ud ley ' ( 2 ) . T he p o s se s s ion o f ac ha se , ap r iva te f o re s t , w a s ar a re d i s t inc t ion , C an to r ( 3 ) h av ing n o ted o n ly t wen ty s ix i n E ng land , a t

A ld r idge a nd E rd ing ton , w e re a ccu sed o f p oach ing r oya l f o r e s t s a nd s e igneu r ia l p a rk s , r e f lec t s t h a t f o r mo s t o f t h e a r i s toc racy , l e g i t ima te a cce s s t os uch r e sou r ce s w a s l im i t ed .

d i f f e ren t t ime s i n t h e M idd le A ge s . Why t h e d e S ome ry s

a nd n o ted a sh av ing b een ' a f f o re s ted s i nce t h e t ime o fK ing

w e re ma rked o u t i nt h i s w ay i su nknown , b u t i tg ave t h em

H en ry f i tz Emp r e s s ' ( 18 ) . S im i la r ly , i n K inve r F o re s t i n 1 300 , t h e v i l l s o fL owe r P enn , S e i sdon , O r ton , Womboun ie ,

j u r i sd id t iona l r i gh t s o ve r o f f ende r s , w h ich t oge the r w i th t h e r e sou r ce s o ft h e c ha se , a dded t ot h e i r p r e s t ige a nd p owe r i n t h e l o ca lc ommun i ty ( 4 ) . I n t h e M idd le Age s v en i son w a s r ega rd ed a s ap r e s t ig iou s mea t a s soc ia ted w i th t h e e l i te i n s oc ie ty ( 5 ) . Wh i l s t d ee r h un t ing p rov ided a p e rhap s o ve r -empha s i sed r e c r ea t ion f o r t h e a r i s toc racy ( 6 ) , t h e r o le o fv en i son f o rt h e l a rde r , a nd a s g i f t s , d emanded p rope r d ee r managemen t p o l ic ie s t h a t o f ten a moun ted t od ee rf ann ing ( 7 ) . T he c apa c i ty o ft h e b a ron s o f Dud ley t oe ngage i ns u ch p o l ic ie s i sp e rhap s r e f lec ted b yt h e p re sence i n t h e i r h ou seho ld s o f m en c ha rged w i th r e spon s ib i l i t ie s f o rw ood s a nd p a rk land . I nt h e h ou seho ld o f G erva se P agane l w a s o ne R anu lf t h e H un te r ( 8 ) , w h i l s t i n 1 271 a c a se w a s b rough t a ga in s t R a lph P e l le f o r o f f ence s c omm i t ted i nC annock F o re s t i n1 263 ,R a lph b e ing n amed a s t h e h un t sman o f R oge r d e S ome ry ( 9 ) . O the r s m en t ioned i n c luded f o re s te r sa nd p a rke r s( 10 ) . T he h igh i n c idence o fd ee rb one s f ound i nt h e e xcava t ion sa t D ud ley C a s t le ( 1 1) p e rhap s r e f lec t s t h e i mpo r tance o f v en i son i nt h e d i e t o ft h e h ou seho ld ( 1 2 ) , b u t t h e p r e s t ige t ha t w a s a s soc ia ted w i th t h i s m ea t a l so m ade i ta n i mpo r tan t g if t , r ef l ec t ing u pon t h es t a tu s o fb o th t h er e c ip ien ta nd mo r e s o , t h e g ran to r ; a s B i r re l l o b se rve s , ' l a rge s s a nd p a t ronage w e re c r uc ia la t t r ibu t e so fl o rd sh ip '( 1 3 ) .

I n 1 086 , much o f t h e h ono r o f D ud ley w a s w i th in t h e s hadow o fr oya lf o re s t s ,t h e l a rge s to fw h ich w a s C annock t o t h en o r th . W i th in C annock F o re s t i n1 300 ( 17 ) w e re t h e v i l l s o f L i t t le S a redon , O x ley , B r in sf o rd , B u shbu ry , Mo se ley , E s s ing ton , G o r s t ico te , R u sha l l , A ld r idge , P endef o rd a nd D a r la s ton , a l l e n te red a sb e long ing t ot h e b a rony o fD ud ley ,

H im ley , T ry su l l , S w indon , L u t ley , Mo rf e , C hu r ch i l l , H ag ley , P edmo re , O ld S w inf o rd , Amb leco te a nd K ing sw inf o rd a l l c l a imed t oh ave b een a f f o re s ted ' s ince t h ec o rona t ion o fK ing H en ry t h e g rea t -g randf a the r o f t h e p re sen t K ing ' ( 19 ) . A l l t h e se v i l l s , a l ong w i th o t he r st ha tw e r e n o t p a r t o ft h e h ono r , s u cce s sf u l ly c l a imed d i saf f o r e s ta t ion o n t h e g round s t h a t t h ey h ad b een n ew ly a f o r e s ted a f t e r 154 . H oweve r , d i saf f o re s ta t ion s e em s n o t t o h ave b een f i na l ly a nd f u l ly c onceded u n t i l t h e f our teen th c en tu ry , c onc lud ing ap roce s s t h a ts i nce t h er e ign o fK ing J ohn h ad b een e r od ing t h e e x t en t o ft h ef o re s t( 20 ) ; o n ly b yt h ep u rcha se o fr oya l l i cence c ou ld p a rk sb ee s tab l i shed w i th in t h ef o re s t . T he p r iv i lege o f f r ee w a r ren , b y w h ich t h e C rown g ran t ed t h e r e c ip ien t t h e r i gh t t oh un t s ma l le r g ame , w a s h e ld b y a n umbe r o f l o rd s i nt h e h ono r . T en mano r s , t h ree o f wh ich w e r e i nt h e d e S ome ry d eme sne ( 2 1) , c l a imed t h e r i gh t o f f r ee w ar r en b ef o re 1 325 , t h e ma jo r i ty o ft h e g ran t s p r eda t ing 1 300 a nd i n t h e c a se o f B i rm ingham a nd H and swo r th a ppa r en t ly d a t ing b ack t ot h e m id twe lf th c en tu ry ( 22 ) . T h i s w a s n o t ar i gh t e n joyed b y a l l manor ia l l o rd s , b e ing l a rge ly r e s t r ic ted e i the r t ot h e l o rd s o fD ud ley t h em se lve s , o r t h e i r l e ad ing t e nan t s , t h e l o rd s o fB i rm ingham a nd p e rhap s We s t B romw ich ( 23 ) . T he t h i r teen th c en tu ry s e em s t o h ave b een t h e ma in p e r iod

Wh i l s t t h e r e a r e n o s u rv iv ing r e co rd s o f t h e d e S ome ry s g iv ing v en i son , t h ey w e r e f r equen t r e c ip ien t s o f s uch g if t s f r om t h e k i ng ( 14 ) , w ho a l so t ook a dvan tage o fp e r iod s o f r oya l c u s tody t o make g ene rou s g i f t s f r om t h e d e S ome ry p a rk s ,a si n1 275 w hen t wen ty -f ou r l i ve b uck sa nd d oe s f r om

f o r p a rk c r ea t ion i nt h e h ono r , a nd w a s a l so t h e p e r iod i n w h ich P en sne t t C ha se w a s e s tab l i shed . T he r e f e r ence t o H en ry I I i nt h e 1 275 I nqu i s i t ion , a nd ap l ea o f 1 248 ( 24 ) a ga in s t W i l l iam B u rde t t w ho c on te s ted R oge r d e S ome ry ' s f r ee c ha se i nt h e w ood a tP en sne t t , s ugges t s t h a t t h e c ha se w a sc r ea ted b e tween 1 216 a nd 1 248 ; i tw a s r ega rded , a tl e a s t i np a r t , a s a n a ppu r tenance o ft h e mano r o f S edg ley , a s i n

t h e p a rk a nd w ood o f D ud ley w e re g r an ted t o R oge r d e Mo r t ime r s o t h a t h e m igh t s t ock h i s o wn p a rk ( 1 5 ) . S im i la r ly , the d e S ome ry p a rk s m igh t h e lp p rov ide f o r t h e r oya l l a rde r ; i n 1 273 t h e k i ng g ave o rde r s t h a t v en i son b e

1 322 , w hen J ohn d e S u t ton r e ce ived ' t he mano r o fS edg ley w i th t h e c hace o f P en sne t a nd t h e i r a ppu r tenance s i n t h e s ame c oun ty ' ( 2 5 ) . I ts e em s p robab le t h a tt h e c ha se i n c luded

t a ken f r om t h e p a rk s a nd c ha se s o f D ud ley a nd Weo ley , s a l ted ,a nd s t o red i nb a r r e l s( 16 ) .

B agge r idge w ood s , a s i n 1 286 t h e re i s ar e f e rence t oR oge r d e S ome ry h un t ing h i s c ha se o f B agge r idge i n 1 282 ( 26 ) ; t h e re

10

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b een

a h ay

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B agger idge

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F igu r e7 . 1 .

11

e a r ly t h i r teen th c en tu ry ( 27 ) . C an to r ( 28 ) h a s s ugge s ted t h a t t h ec ha se w a s o r ig ina l ly p a r to ft h e a d jacen tf o re s to fK inve r , a l though i fs o , i ts e ems l i ke ly t oh ave a pp l ied o n ly t op a r t so f t h e c ha se . H oweve r , t h i s may r e f lec t s ucce s sf u l e nc roa chmen tb yt h e d e S ome ry s o n t h e r oya l f o r e s t . I na ny c a se , P en sne t t s e em s t o h ave b een a f a i r ly e a r ly c r ea t ion , h av ing b een e s tab l i shed s ome f o r ty y ea r s e a r l ie r t h an i t s mo re f amou sn e ighbou r ,C annock C ha se . S ome p a rk land w a s c e r ta in ly p r e sen t b ef o re t h e e nd o ft h e t we lf th c en tu ry . I nt h e c ha r te r o fG e rva se P agane l t oD ud ley P r io ry ( 29 )t h ep r iv i lege s g ran ted i n c luded t h e r i gh tt og raz e c a t t le o nt h es ame p a s tu re st h a th eu sed w i th t h ee xcep t ion o f h i sp a rk s . I ti sp robab le t h a tt h i sp a rk w a s l o ca ted i nt h e a r ea a d jacen t t o t h e C a s t le , k nown a s ' W ren 's N e s t ' . B y c . 1200 t h e r e w a s ap a rk i n Wa l sa l l ( 30 ) a nd i nt h e f o l low ing t h ree d ecade sp a rk sw e re m en t ioned i nB i rm ingham ( 3 1) a nd We s t B romw ich ( 32 ) . H oweve r , t h e ma in p ha se o fp a rk e s tab l i shmen t o ccu r red i n t h e s e cond h a lf o f t h e t h ir teen th c en tu ry . T he re m ay h ave b een ap a rk i nS edg ley b y 1 254 -5 , a l though t h e r e f e rence t o R oge r ' s ' f r ee c ha se i nt h e H aye o fS egge s le a nd i nt h e w ood o fP enn ' ( 3 3 ) may r e la te t oP en sne t t C ha se . F ou r y ea r s l a te r h oweve r , R icha rd s on o f G e rva se o f Wo lve rhamp ton , w i th o the r s , w a s c ha rged w i th e n te r ing R oge r ' s p a rk o f S edg ley a nd t a k ing g ame ( 34 ) . P a rk s w e re m en t ioned f o r C rad ley , Weo ley a nd H and swor th b y 1 273 ( 3 5 )a nd D ud ley N ew P a rk w a s p r e sen tb y 1 275 ( 36 ) ; t h eN ew P a rk a ppea r st op o s td a t e t h e c r ea t ion o fP en sne t tC ha se a si t sb ounda r ie s w e re d efmed o nt h es ou th a nd w e s tb y i t .B yt h e l a s td ecade o ft h e c en tu ry s eve ra l f u r the r p a rk s a ppea r i n t h e d ocumen t s , a s a t Amb leco te ( 37 ) , C a s t le B romw ich ( 38 ) , H a rbou rne ( 39 ) a nd E t t ing sha l l( 40 ) ,t h e l a t te rb r ing ing t h en umbe ro fd e S ome ry

t oge the r w i th t h e a ppa ren t a b sence b ef o r e 1 325 o fp a rk land i n A s ton , m ay w e l l r ef lec t t h e r e s t r ic t ion s t h a t t h e e s tab l i shmen t o f S u t ton C ha se i nt h e e a r ly t we lf th c en tu ry h ad i mpo sed u pon mano r ia l l o rd s w i th in i t s b ounda r ie s . S im i la r ly , d e sp i te t h e p rom inence o ft h e l o rd s o fE rd ing ton , n o r a r e t h e re a ny r e f e rence s t o r i gh t s o f f r ee w a r ren u n t i l t ho se g ran ted t oR oge rH i l la ry i n1 344 ( 47 ) . O ft h et h i r teen e a r l ie s tp a rk s , s i x o rs even w e re t h e c r ea t ion s o ft h e l o rd s o fD ud ley ( 48 ) . H and swor th a l so c ame i n to t h e i r p o s se s s ion , l e av ing t h e d e S ome ry s w i th av e ry s i gn if i can t a ccumu la t ion o fp a rk land , i na dd i t ion t oP en sne t tC ha se . Wh i l s t t h e P agane l s s e em t oh ave b een t h e f i r s t t oe s tab l i sh p a rk land i nt h e h ono r , i ti sn o tab le t h a tt h e p rom inen t O ffm i a nd d e B i rm ingham f am i l ie s w e re t h e f i r s t t o f o l low s u i t , a l though t h e s im i la r ly p rom inen td e F rank ley f am i ly d i dn o t . I n d ue c ou r se s ome o the r m embe r s o f t h e h ono r ia l g en t ry w e r ea b le t oe s tab l i sh p a rk land ;t h e d e P a r le s i nH and swo r th , W i l l iam d e S t af f o rd a t Amb leco te , J ohn L ove l , p e rhap s t h e r oya lh un t sman ( 49 ) , a tC a s t le B romw ich . T he p a rk si nt h eh ono ro fD ud ley s uppo r tt h eo b se rva t ion so f J ean B i r r e l l i nh e rs t udy o fS t af f o rd sh i r e ( 50 ) . T he t h ir teen th c en tu ry w a st h e ma in p e r iod o fp a rk c r ea t ion , a nd i nt h e c a se o f t h e h ono r , p a r t icu la r ly t h e p e r iod o f c . 1250 -1300 , a l though t h e d a te o ft h e f i r s t d ocumen ta ry r e f e r ence s a r e n o t n ece s sa r i ly r e l iab le g u ide s t o t h e d a te o f a c tua l e s tab l i shmen t . B i r re l l a l so n o ted t h a t d e sp i te t h e l a rge n umbe r s o fd ee rpa rk s t ob e f ound i nS t af f o rd sh i re b y 1 350 , o wne r sh ip o f t h em w a s c oncen t ra ted , s ome 4 3% i n t h e p o s se s s ion o fo n ly f i ve l a ndowne r s ( 5 1) . S im i la r ly , b y 1 300 mo r e t h an h a lf t h e p a rk s i nt h e h ono r b e longed t o t h e d e S ome ry s , a nd o ft ho se n o t c r ea ted b y t h e l o rd s o fD ud ley , i t w a sg ene ra l ly o n ly t h e mo re p rom inen tl o ca ll a ndowne r st h a t

d ee r p a rk s w i th in t h e p a r i sh o f S edg ley t o a t l e a s t t h r ee , t oge the r w i th p a r t s o f t h e N ew P a rk a nd t h e c ha se a t B agge r idge ; t oge the r t h ey c ove r 2 4% o ft he p a r i sh , a nd t h i s may w e l l b e a n u nde r -e s t ima te . I t i s p o s s ib le t h a t t h e

w e r ea b le t od os o . T o e cho B i r re l la ga in ( 52 ) ,n o ma t te rh ow d e s i rab le p a rk land m igh th ave b een , o wne r sh ip o f ap a rk w a s a n e xcep t ion w i th in t h e h ono r i n 1 325 . T he o wne r sh ip o f d ee rp a rk sw a sa ne xc lu s ive p r iv i lege .

B agge r idge w ood s w e re i n t h e t h i r teen th c en tu ry mo r e e x ten s ive t h an c an b e r e con s t ruc ted f r om e i gh teen th c en tu ry map s ; t h e t h ree f i e ld s k nown a s ' T he H ay ' ( 4 1) ( F igu re 9 . 3 ) may r e f lec tt h e o r ig ina l , w ide r , e x ten t o fB agge r idge . T he r e i s a n I nqu i s i t ion r e f e rence t o ap a rk c a l led ' O lyngh ' i n S edg ley ( 42 ) , an ame t h a th a sn o t , s of a r ,b een t r a ced .

T he p r e sence o f r oya l f o re s t s a t C annock a nd K inve r , t oge the r w i th t h e t wo c ha se s o f S u t ton a nd P en sne t t , r e s t r ic ted p a rk o wne r sh ip . H oweve r , t h e e x ten s ive i n road s made o n t h e r oya l f o re s t b y c . 1300 s ugge s t s t h a t t h i s c anno t h ave b een t h e o n ly e xp lana t ion o ft h e i re xc lu s ive o wne r sh ip . Mo r e c r i t ica l p e rhap s w a s t h e c o s t o f a c tua l ly e s tab l ish ing a nd m a in ta in ing p a rk land , p a r t icu la r ly w hen l o rd s n eeded t o make c ho ice sa bou tt h e mo s te f f ec t ive a nd p rof i tab le l a ndu se w i th in t h e mano r . F o r many m embe r s o ft h e g en t ry , d e sp i te t h e a dvan tage s t o p e r sona l s t a tu s i n o wn ing a d ee r p a rk , e conom ic p rac t ica l i t ie s d i c ta ted a n e mpha s i s o n t h e d eve lopmen to fa r ab le , l e av ing t h em t os a t i sf yt h e i rd emand s

I ti su nc lea rw he the rt h e p a rk h e ld i n We s tB romw ich b y t h e A bbo to fH a le sowen i n1 307 r e f e r red t o an ew s e cond p a rk , o r r e p r e sen t s at r an sf e r i n t h e o wne r sh ip o f t h e e a r ly t h i r teen th c en tu ry p a rk . T he a bbo t a nd c onven t h ad a l so e s tab l i shed ap a rk a tH a le sowen i na bou t 1 290 , t ot h e e a s to f t h e a bbey c omp lex , ap a r t o fw h ich w a s p e rhap s r e ca l led i n t h e f i e ld n ame s o f' L owe r ' , ' M idd le ' a nd ' Uppe rA r ley O ak s ' , r e co rded o n t h e 1 844 T i the Map f o r t h e t own sh ip o fL apa l ( 4 3 ) .

f o r v en i son t h rough t h e t ime h onou r ed p rac t i se o fp oach ing a nd t h e r e ce ip t o fg i f t s . B i r r e l l f ound t h a t p a rk o wne r sh ip i n S t af f o rd sh i re w a s r e s t r ic ted t ol o rd s w ho se w ea l th e xceeded £ 20 ay ea r i n 1 337 , a nd n o t a l l o rd s w i th t h a t i n come h e ld

T o t h i s n umbe r w e re s ub sequen t ly a dded p a rk s a t P a t t ingham ,G rea tB a r ra nd F rank ley b e tween 1 326 a nd 1 360 ( 44 ) . B y 1 577 t h e re w a s a l so a d ee rpa rk a t E nv i l le ( 4 5 ) w h ich m ay h ave h ad m ed ieva l o r ig in s , b u tn o th ing c e r ta in i s

o ne ( 5 3 ) . T he c oncen t ra t ion o fp a rk s i nd e S ome ry o wne r sh ip i n v i te s

k nown o fi t .T he r e la t ive ly l a te c r ea t ion o fG rea t B a r r ( 46 ) ,

f u r the r c on s ide ra t ion , p a r t icu la r ly w i th r e ga rd t ot h e f a c to r s

12

t h a t m igh t h ave l e d t h e l o rd s o fD ud ley t oa ccumu la t e s uch e x t en s ive a r ea so fd eme sne p a rk land w i th in ar e la t ive ly s ma l l

m ano r s , i n c lud ing S edg ley ( 60 ) a nd C rad ley ( 6 1) ; u nde r t h e c i rcum s tance s , t h e c r ea t ion o f p a rk land mu s t h ave s e emed t h e mo s t e f f ec t ive u se o ft h e l a nd , p a r t icu la r ly a ss ome o fi t

a r ea . I ti so f t en s ugge s ted t h a t a n i mpor tan t i n f luence i nt h e c r ea t ion o fs ome p a rk land w a s t h e q ua l i ty o ft h e l a nd i t s e lf ,

m igh th ave b een i n tended t os uppor tg ene ra ls t ock r e a r ing . I n 1 307 i tw a s c l a imed t h a t R icha rd J o lyf , as ub -ba i l if fo fJ ohn d e S ome ry , h ad b roken i n to J ohn ' s p a rk a tn igh t a nd d r iven o f f s i x o f h i s c a t t le ( 6 2 ) . T he mo t iva t ion s b eh ind t h e d e S ome ry a ccumu la t ion o f p a rk land a ppea r s t o b e a c omb ina t ion o f t h e u ndoub ted a dvan tage s f o r p e r sona l

d ee r p a rk s b e ing a n e f f ec t ive w ay o f mak ing t h e mo s t o f w a s te a r ea sa nd o therw i se u np roduc t ive o ru n imp roved l a nd , o f t en l o ca ted a tt h e f r inge s o ft h e m ano r . T h i s w a s s o , f o r i n s tance , i nt h e c a se o f S u t ton C ha se , D ugda le c ommen t ing i n1 656 t h a tt h e l a rge p a r i sh o fS u t ton h ad ' ab a r r en s o i l ' ( 54 ) .

p r e s t ige a nd s t a tu s , t h e n eed s o f t h e h ou seho ld , a nd a p ragma t i sm t h a t e ngaged w i th t h e e nv i ronmen ta l r e a l i t ie s o f t h e i r mano r s .

T he C ha se a nd t h e ma jo r i ty o f t h e d e S ome ry p a rk s w e re l o ca t ed i na nd a round t h e p a r i she s o f S edg ley , D ud ley a nd K ing sw inf o rd ( F igu re 7 . 2 ) . Wh i l s t t h e C ha se c ove red a n e x t en s ive a r ea a nd t ook i n l a rge p a r t s o f D ud ley a nd

T he e conom ic p o ten t ia l o f m ed ieva l p a rk s g ene ra l ly w en t b eyond t h e s imp le p rov i s ion o f v en i son , i mpo r tan t a s t ha t m igh th ave b een . I na n u nda ted c ha r t e r , b u t o ne w h ich mo s t p robab ly d a te s t o t h e l a te t h i r teen th c en tu ry , R oge r d e S ome ry c onf i rmed Mo se s s on o f A lan i n t h e S edg ley p o s se s s ion s o f h i s f a the r , w he re t h ey w e re d e sc r ibed a s f o r e s te r s i nf e e f o r k eep ing t h e v en i son a nd w ood b e tween

K ing sw inf o rd i n p a r t icu la r , t h e p a rk s w e re s ma l le r i n s i ze a nd t e nd ed t ob e l o ca t ed a to r n ea r t h e e dge s o ft h e p a r i sh , a l though t h e f i e ld n ame s ' T he H ay ' a nd ' O ld H igh P a rk ' m ay b er emnan t s o fe a r l ie rp a rk land ( 55 ) . S im i la r ly , Weo ley P a rk s e em s t o h ave f o cu s sed u pon t h e n o r th -ea s te rn m a rg in s o f No r thf ie ld p a r i sh ( 56 ) .

t h eN ew P a rk o fS edg ley a nd ' Bo rke s ta l le s ' ( 63) . K eep ing t h e w ood c ou ld c a r ry w i th i tr e spon s ib i l i ty f o r o ve r see ing a

S ome o ft h i s p a rk land w a s c l ea r ly s i tua ted o n p oo re r l a nd . T he O ld P a rk w a s i n e x i s tence b y t h e t ime t h a t G erva se P agane l f ounded D ud ley P r io ry a nd s e em s t o h ave b een f o cu s sed o n t h e a r ea n ow k nown a s

r a nge o fa c t iv i t ie s .

' W r en s N e s t ' ( 57 ) .

A l though l o ca ted w i th in S edg ley p a r i sh , i tw a s r ega rd ed a sa D ud ley p a rk a nd w a s c l ea r ly s i ted w i th c onven ience f o r t h e c a s t le i nm ind . H oweve r , i ti sa l so ah i l ly a r ea o fp oo r s o i l s t h a t o f f e red l i t t le a g r icu l tu ra l p o ten t ia l . T he l a te r p a rk s h oweve r s e em t oh ave e ncompa s sed amo re v a r ied r a nge o f

S t ampe r ( 6 4 ) h a s p o in ted o u t t h a t t h e b r eed ing o fr a bb i t s i n s pec ia l ly c on s t ruc ted w a r ren s , o f ten s i ted i np a rk s , g a ined i n p opu la r i ty b e tween 1 230 a nd 1 250 . A n ew w a r ren w a s m en t ioned a sh av ing b een m ade a tN o r thf ie ld a nd i nC rad ley i n 1 275 a nd a no the r w a s a s soc ia ted w i th Dud ley C a s t le i n 1 29 1 ( 6 5 ) , b u t i t s l o ca t ion i su nknown . H oweve r , b y 1 553

s o i l t y pe ( 58 ) . T he B rockhu r s t a nd C l if ton s o i l a s soc ia t ion s t h a t a ppea r w i th in S edg ley p a rk a r e s im i la r t o t h o se f ound mo re w ide ly i n t h e a r ea , b e ing s l ow ly p e rmeab le a nd

t h e re w a s ap a rk i nD ud ley k nown a s' l eC onyng re '( 66 ) . S im i la r ly , g i ven t h a t p a rk s n eeded t o b e p rov ided w i th a n a dequa t e w a te r s upp ly , t h e re w a s o f t en o ppor tun i ty t o

s e a sona l ly w a te r logged , b u t n one t h e l e s s a b le t o s uppo r t c e r ea l s . I n E t t ing sha l l p a rk , w he r e t h e s o i l s a r e l a rge ly

e s tab l i sh f i shpond s w i th in t h em . T h i s w a s c e r ta in ly t h e c a se i n t h e h ono r o f D ud ley . I n 1 292 i tw a s r e co rded t h a t g

u n su rveyed , t h e re a r e n one t h e l e s s Y e Id s o i l s w h ich l e nd t h em se lve s t o s t ock r e a r ing . T he N ew P a rk s e em s t o s k i r t

f i shpond i n P en sne t t h ad b een ' b roken d own b y t h e i n unda t ion o fw a te r ' a nd t h e f i sh s o ld f o r o ne s h i l l ing ( 67 ) , w h i l s t i n 1 330 t h e r e w a s ac omp la in t t ha t t h e p a rk s a t S edg ley h ad b een b roken i n to , t h e s t ew s f i shed , a nd t h e f i sh c a r r ied a way ( 68 ) .

w e l l d ra ined b u t s t oney Ma lve rn s o i l s , w h ich s uppo r t w ide sp read d ec iduou s w ood land h ab i ta t s , a nd t h e g ene ra l ly p oo rs o i l so fB agge r idge i n c luded s ome B rockhu r s ts o i l s a nd E rd i s ton 2 ,t h e l a t te rb e ing aw e l ld r a ined b u tn o tp a r t icu la r ly g ood s o i lt h a tc an s uppor ts t ock r e a r ing a nd w ood land .

F re sh w a te r f i sh f o rmed as i gn if i can t p a r t o ft h e a r i s toc ra t ic d i e t e ven t h ough s e a f i sh w e re g ene ra l ly c on sumed i nl a rge r q uan t i t ie s( 6 9 ) . T h i ss i gn if icance i sr e f lec ted i nt h e f r equency w i th w h ich f i shpond s a ppea red i nt h e l a nd scape , a l though i t h a s b een a r gued t h a t t h e i mpo r tance o ff i sh ing a nd f i she r ie s

P en sne t tC ha se m igh tb ee xpec ted t oh ave t a ken i nm any s o i l t ype s b u tt h i s i sa ga in a n a r ea t ha t i sl a rge ly u n su rveyed a nd n o r a r e i t s b ounda r ie s p rope r ly e s tab l i shed ( 59 ) . Whe r e i ti s p o s s ib le t oe xam ine s o i l s w i th in t h e a r ea o ft h e C ha se , t h ey i n c lude t h ew e l l d ra ined s andy a nd c oa r se l o amy s o i l s o ft h e

t ot h e m ed ieva l e conomy h a s n o t y e t b een f u l ly a pp rec ia ted ( 70 ) . T ay lo r h a s s ugge s ted ( 7 1) t h a t d emand f o r f i sh

B r idgno r th s o i l a s soc ia t ion , a b le t o s uppo r t c e rea l s , a nd t h e N ewpor t 4s o i l st h a tg i ve r i se t ol ow land h ea th h ab i ta t s .

i n c r ea sed d u r ing t h et we lf th c en tu ry w i th p opu la t ion i n c rea se a nd c hang ing d i e ta ry h ab i t s , a s ar e su l t o f wh ich f i shpond s b ecame ac ommon f e a tu re a s amo re c on t ro l led e xp lo i ta t ion o f f i sh d eve loped . H oweve r , t h e se o b se rva t ion s m i s s t h e p o in t t h a t f r e sh w a te r f i sh t e nded t ob e p rov ided f o r af a i r ly s e lec t g roup o fc on sume r s ( a nd t h a t t h e d a t ing o ff i shpond s

N e i the rt h eC ha se n o rt h ep a rk s s e em t oh ave u t i l i sed l a nd o f t h eb e s tq ua l i ty , b u tt h e re w a s l i t t le s uch l a nd t ob eh ad i nt h e d eme sne mano r s a nyway . S ome o ft h e l a nd w i th in t h e p a rk s w a s n o d i f f e ren tt ot h a t e l sewhe re i nt h e mano r , b u t i ti st h e c a se t h a t t h i s l a nd u se w a s f a vou red i n a r ea s w he re s o i l

a s f i e ld monumen t s i sg ene ra l ly s p ecu la t ive ) . F i sh f a rm ing

q ua l i ty w a s p oo r o r w he re t h e t opog raphy s e emed t o l e ave f ew a l t er na t ive s . T he re s u rv ive c on tempo ra ry c omp la in t s a bou t t h e q ua l i ty o ft h e a r ab le l a nd w i th in s eve ra l d eme sne

w a s

13

a n

a c t iv i ty

a s soc ia ted

p r ima r i ly

w i th

t h e

F igu re 7 . 2 .

B ased o n t he 1 834 O rdnance S urvey a nd t he 1&3 F ow ler M ap o f S edg ley .

14

a r i s toc ra cy a nd mona s t ic h ou se s , a mong w hom i t w a s r ega rd ed a s as t a tu s f ood s tuf f ( 72 ) . T h i s l a t te r a spec t i s r e f lec t ed i nt h e g if t s o ff i sh t h a t m igh t b e m ade , a s i n 1 231

D ud ley , p a s tu rage w a sn o tv a lued b ecau se i tw a s i nc ommon ( 8 5 ) , a si tw a s i nt h eK ing sw inf o rd p o r t ion ,w he r e i tw a s s a id t os uppo r tu pt oo ne h und red s heep ( 86 ) .

a nd 1 232 w hen t h e k ing g ave J ohn , s on o f P h i l ip , t wo h und r ed l i ve b ream f r om t h e r oya l f i shpond s o fF eckenham , t os t ock h i sp ond i nK inve r( 7 3 ) . R oge rd e S ome ry w a s a l so ar e c ip ien to fr oya lg ene ro s i ty , r e ce iv ing g if t s o fb r eam f r om

N o r i si tp o s s ib le t oj udge h ow w e l l s t ocked w i th v en i son t h e se p a rk sw e r e . T he 1 292 I nqu i s i t ion ( 87 )r e f e r st ot h e l o s s o f o ve r s even ty a n ima l s a c ro s s s eve ra l p a rk s , a nd t h e

F eckenham i n1 263 a nd 1 272 ( 74 ) . T he c o s t s o fc on s t ruc t ing a nd ma in ta in ing f i she r ie s w a s a no the r f a c to r t ha t r e s t r ic ted i n vo lvemen t , s o t h a t f i sh p ond s w e r e f r equen t ly t ob e f ound i n a s soc ia t ion w i th moa t ed s i te s , c a s t le s , mona s te r ie s a nd p a rk land , a s s u rvey s o f b o th Wo rce s te r sh i r e a nd Wa rw ick sh i r e ,f o ri n s tance , h ave c onf i rmed ( 7 5 ) . T h i s i sa l so b road ly t h e p a t te rn t h a t o ccu r s w i th in t h e h ono r o fD ud ley , a l though t h e s u rv iv ing i n f o rma t ion c r ea te s ac oncen t ra t ion i n n o r ther n Wo rce s te r sh i re a nd s ou th -we s ter n S t af f o rd sh i r e .

p r ev iou s y ea r h ad s e en ar oya l g if t o ft h ir ty b uck s f r om t h e p a rk s o fS edg ley a nd D ud ley ( 88 ) . R ef e rence s t ot h ef t f r om t h e d e S ome ry p a rk s s ugge s t s t h a t t h ey w e r e a n a t t rac t ive t a rge t , y e t i n1 291 i tw a s r epor ted t h a t t h e r e w e re n o d ee r i n Weo ley p a rk ( 89 ) . T h i s m igh t r ef lec t aw ide r p henomenon t h a t B i r r e l l h igh l igh t s w hen s he n o ted t h a t b y t h e m id t h i r teen th c en tu ry t h e r e w a s c once rn o ve r t h e l e ve l o f d ee r s t ock si nt h e f o r e s t so fC annock a nd K inve r( 90 ) . I ns of a ra s i ti sp o s s ib le t oj udge , t h e r e w a s s uff ic ien t d ee r t om ee t t h e

F i shpond s a r e f ound l i nked t o mano r h ou se s a nd moa ted s i te s s uch a s F rank ley , Wa l sa l l , H im ley , E nv i l le , P e r ton ,

n eed so ft h eh ou seho ld ,w h ich t h ed ee rb one f ound a tD ud ley C a s t le p e rhap s i lu s t ra te s . G iven t h e p re s t ig iou s n a tu re o f

D unchu r ch , H ag ley a nd C len t , a nd i n a s soc ia t ion w i th mona s t ic h ou se sa tD ud ley , S andwe l la nd D odf o rd .

v en i son a nd t h e f r equency w i th wh ich r e la t ive ly h igh p e r cen tage s o f d ee r b one a r e f ound o n c a s t le e xcava t ion s ( 9 1) , t h i s w r i te r i s u npe r suaded b y s ugge s t ion s o f c omme rc ia l v en i son f a rm ing a s a ppa ren t ly e nv i saged b y A u s t in a t B a rna rd C a s t le ( 92 ) . A s B i r re l l c ommen t s , t h e

F re sh w a te r f i sh c ou ld b e c augh t i n r i ve r s a nd r e la t ive ly m ino rw a te rcou r se s , a nd t h er e g ion w a sn o tp oo r ly s e rved b y t h e se . I n t h e d e S ome ry mano r o f Me r e , f o r i n s tance , n o t o n ly w a st h e re a tl e a s t o ne f i she ry t h e r e i n1 233 , w hen t h e r e

o wne r s o f f o re s t s , c ha se s a nd d ee r p a rk s s e em n o t t o h ave t h ough t i nt h e se t e rm s ( 9 3 ) ; h oweve r , t h e r e w e r e s uff ic ien t

w a s ac omp la in t a ga in s t R obe r t d e A ky land f o r f i sh ing i t ( 76 ) , b y 1 273 t h e r ew a s a l so af u r the rf i she ry i nt h em i l lpond

o t he rr e a son st od eve lop d ee rf a rm ing t ha tm igh ti np a r th ave e ncou raged t h e c oncen t ra t ion o f d e S ome ry p a rk s i n t h e

( 77 ) . I t i s c l ea r t ha t f i sh p ond s w e re o r ig ina l ly mo r e e x t en s ive t h an t h es u rv iv ing f i e ld monumen t sm igh ts ugge s t ,

h ono r .

i n c lud ing f o r e xamp le p ond s a t Weo ley ( 7 8 ) , S edg ley ( 79 ) , D ud ley ( 80 ) , a nd H and swo r th ( 8 1) , k nown o n ly f r om t h e

T he i mpo r tance o ft h ew ood a nd t imbe rw i th in t h eC ha se a nd p a rk s i sr e f lec ted i n I PM v a lua t ion s a nd c omp la in t s a bou t

d ocumen t s . S im i la r ly , t h e re w e re f i ve s e igneu r ia l f i shpond s i n We s tB romw ich ( 82 ) i nt h e e a r ly t h i r teen th c en tu ry ,w h i l s t

t h ef t . I n 1 292 f o r i n s tance i tw a s n o ted t h a t e l even o ak s i n t h e p a rk o fD ud ley h ad b een s o ld f o r £ 2 .0 s .0d . , w h i l s t t h e re w e r e a l so an umbe ro fs ma l l s ca le t h ef t s a nd s a le s ( 94 ) . T he s ame d ocumen th i gh l igh t st h en umbe ro ft r ee st a ken f r om t h e C ha se a nd p a rk s f o r c ha rcoa l , m en t ion ing a tl e a s t s i x ty s ix

a r ound 1 300 R obe r to fE s s ing ton w a se ngaged u pon b u i ld ing f i shpond si nh i s mano r( 8 3 ) .

o ak s t a ken f o r t h e p u rpo se ,

F i shpond s w e re t h e ref o r e w ide sp r ead , b o th i n p a rk s a nd e l sewhe r e . A l though t h e d e S ome ry s o pe ra t ed an umbe r o f

a s w a s u nderwood f r om

B agge r idge . Wood w a s c l ea r ly i mpor tan t a s af u e l , b u t i t s e em s p robab le t h a t t h i s r o le w a s h e igh t ened i n mano r s

f i shpond s a nd f i she r ie s t h roughou t t h e h ono r , c oncen t ra t ing i n t h e i r h and s p e rhap s ag r ea t q uan t i ty o f s uch r e sou rce s , f i shpond s w e re l e s s e xc lu s ive t h an d ee r p a rk s . H oweve r , i t w a s o n ly t h e d e S ome ry s a nd ah andf u l o fo t he r s w ho h ad

w he re t h e re w a s d eve lop ing i ndu s t r ia l a c t iv i ty , a s w a s t h e c a se i n S edg ley , D ud ley a nd K ing sw inf o rd . A l though i ti s n o tk nown e xac t ly w he re t h e m ine s a nd f o rge s w e re l o ca ted , i ti sl i ke ly t h a t s ome a tl e a s t w ou ld h ave b een w i th in t h e

t h eo p t ion o fd eve lop ing f i shpond so np a rk la nd .

c ha se a nd p a rk s , c l o se t o f u e l a nd ma te r ia l s ; i n 1 291 i n D ud ley , a ppa r en t ly s and , a s w e l l a s w ood , w a s b e ing e x t rac t ed f r om t h ew ood a nd p a rk ( 9 5 ) .

T he p o ten t ia l o f p a rk land m igh t a l so e x tend t o l i ve s tock f ann ing . T he p a s tu r e a nd t h e p annage o ft h e p a rk s a nd t h e i r w ood land s a r e o f t en m en t ioned , a sa t Weo ley i n1 29 1 w he r e t oge ther w i th d ead w ood t h ey w e re v a lued a t £ 6 .0 s .0d . , wh i l s t i n 1 273 p a s tu re i nD ud ley p a rk w a s s a id t ob e w o r th

Wood land a nd p a rk s f o rmed a n e s sen t ia l e l emen t i n t h e m ed ieva l e conomy . T hey c on t r ibu ted t o s oc ia l s t a tu s a nd

1 3 s .4d . a nd t ha ta tC rad ley p a rk o n ly 6 s .8d , a tK ing sw inf o rd p annage o f t h e w ood , t h a t i sP en sne t t , w a s s a id r a r e ly t o

p rov ided e conom ic r e sou rce s t h rough t h e u se o fw ood a nd t imbe r , p a s tu rage , p annage a nd h e rbage ; t h ey w e r e o f t en t h e h ome s t o w a r r en s , f i shpond s a nd i n du s t r ia l a c t iv i ty , a nd a t t h e s ame t ime t h ey p rov ided f o rt h e i r o wne r s ' r e c rea t ion a nd l a rde r . T hey s e em o f t en t oh ave p re sen ted t h e mo s t e f f ec t ive t y pe o fl a nd u se f o rs ome mano r s .

h appen . I tw ou ld s e em t h a t t h e d e S ome ry s h ad n o t b een e n t i r e ly s ucce s sfu l i n a ny a t temp t s t h ey m ay h ave m ade t o e x t ingu i sh c ommon r i gh t s i nt h e i rp a rk s a nd C ha se , a nd t h i s may h ave a f f ec ted t h e i r a b i l i ty t o make f u l l u se o f t h e p a s tu r es . I n 1 273 i tw a s n o t ed t h a t i n S edg ley t h e r e w a s a w ood , t h e p a s tu re o fw h ich w a s ' n o t v a lued b ecau se i ti si n c ommon ; a nd i ti sk ep ta s aH aye ,w hen t h e L o rd c an k eep i t i nd ef ence ,b e tween t h eF ea s to f S t .M icha e la nd t h eF ea s to f S t . Ma r t in ' ( 84 ) . I n t h e w ood o f P en sne t t b e long ing t o

15

B e tween 1 086 a nd 1 322 t h e v a lua t ion o f t h e d eme sne i n c rea sed r ough ly t h reef o ld , o fw h ich S edg ley a ccoun t ed f o r a r ound 3 0% , D ud ley 1 9% a nd K ing sw inf o rd 2 . 8% ( 96 ) ; o f t h e m ano r s h e ld i n d eme sne , t h e v a lua t ion o f S edg ley

i n c rea sed s evenf o ld b e tween 1 086 a nd 1 291 . I ti sc l ea r t ha t p a rk land w a s ama jo r f e a tu re i nt h e l a nd scape o ft h i s mano r a nd i t sn e ighbou r s , a nd t h is r a i se s t h e q ue s t ion o ft h e e x ten t t o w h ich i tw a s ac on t r ibu to r t o t h e se d eve lopmen t s? I n a n swe r ing t h i s q ue s t ion , d if i cu l t ie s r e vo lve n o t o n ly a r ound t h e i n he ren t u n re l iab i l i ty o f I nqu i s i t ion v a lua t ion s , b u t a l so t h e u nce r ta in ty a s t o w h ich i n du s t r ia l a nd o t he r a c t iv i t ie s w e re a c tua l ly l o ca ted w i th in t h e C ha se a nd p a rk land . T he p rob lem o ft h er e l iab i l i ty o ft h e v a lua t ion s may b e i l u s t ra ted b y ac ompa r i son o ft h e 1 291 I PM v a lua t ion s ( 97 ) , w h ich o ne m igh t e xpec tt ob e u nde r -e s t ima te s , a nd t h e v a lua t ion s i na n I nqu i s i t ion o f 1 292 ( 98 ) n o t ing t h e d amage d one i nw ood s a nd p a rk s , w h ich o ne m igh t e xpec t t o b e o ve r -e s t ima tes . T hu s i nS edg ley , t h e h e rbage , ma s t a nd t h e s a le o fs ap l ing s a nd u nde rwood w a s v a lued a t £ 12 .0 s .0d . , a nd t h e l a t te r s pec if i ca l ly a t£ 2 .0 s .0d . H oweve r ,t h e s a le o ft h i r ty s ix s ma l l o ak s i nt h e w ood s o f B agge r idge a nd L e H ay a l one , w e re v a lued a t £ 2 .0s .0d . , a nd t h e p roduc t ion o f c ha r coa l f r om f o r ty -f ou r o ak s i nt h e s ame w ood s w a s v a lued a t£ 4 .8s .0d . , a nd o fc ha rcoa l f r om u nde rwood , a t6 s .8d . I n H and swor th , t h e u nde rwood o ft h e p a rk w a s v a lued i n 1 291 a t£ 1 .0s .0d . b u tt h e s a le s c l a imed i n1 292 a moun ted t o£ 1 .3s .0d . S eve ra l s uch i n s tance s may b e h igh l igh ted a nd t h ey u nde r l ine t ha t c au t ion i sn eces sa ry i nt h e u se o ft h i s i n f o rma t ion , a l l t h e mo re s o w hen i ti s c l ea r t h a t i n s eve ra l i n s tance s i ti s i mpo s s ib le t o d i sen tang le c omb ined v a lua t ion s o fp a rk a nd w ood land , w h ich w e re n o t n ece s sa r i ly a lway s o ne a nd t h e s ame . T he D ud ley I PM , f o r i n s tance , g i ve s ac omb ined v a lua t ion f o rt h ec ommon s a le o fw ood a nd s and i n af o re ign w ood a nd p a rk ( 99 ) .

T hu s p a rk land a nd C ha se f o rmed ap rom inen t f e a tu r e i nt h e l a nd scape o ft h e h ono r , a bove a l l i nt h e d eme sne mano r s o f t h e l o rd s o fD ud ley . Two p ha se s o fp a rk e s tab l i shmen t may b e s ugge s ted . T he f i r s tf o cu s sed o n t h e l a te t we lf th a nd e a r ly t h ir teen th c en tu r ie s a nd s e em s t oh ave b een i n i t ia ted b y t h e e s tab l i shmen t o f t h e ' O ld P a rk ' i n t h e s hadow o f D ud ley C a s t le b y 180 . T he l o rd s o f We s t B romw ich a nd B i rm ingham s ub sequen t ly f o l lowed t h e e xamp le s e t b y t h e P agane l s . I ti sf a l se t od r aw t oo r i g id ly ad i s t inc t ion b e tween t h e s t a tu s c onno ta t ion s a nd t h e e conom ic mo t iva t ion s t h a t m igh tl i eb eh ind t h ep romo t ion o fd ee rp a rk s , a st h e se f a c to r s s e em t o h ave b een c omp lemen ta ry . H oweve r , i n t h e e a r ly p ha se i ta ppea r s , a t l e a s t i n t h e c a se o f D ud ley , t h a t t h e e mpha s i s l a y u pon s t a tu s i n te re s t s , t oge ther w i th ad e s i re t o make p rov i s ion f o r t h e h ou seho ld ' s r e c rea t ion a nd l a rde r , u t i l i s ing a n a r ea o fl a nd t h a th ad l i t t le p o ten t ia l f o r a ny o t he r l a nd u se . Ap ragma t ic a nd p rac t ica l r e sponse , b u t i tw a s a l so o ne t h a tm ay h ave b een mo t iva ted i np a r tb y ad e s i re t of o rm a' s e igneu r ia l l a nd scape ' , i nw h ich p a rk land w a s af e a tu re . I n t h i sd eP agane ls e em st oh ave b een c onf o rm ing t ot h ea c t ion s o fs ome o fh i s c on tempo ra r ie sa nd n ea rc on tempo ra r ie s , s uch a s G eof f r ey d e C l in ton a t K en i lwor th , a nd B e r t ram d e V e rdun a tC roxden ( 1 0 1) . T he s e cond p ha se o ccu r r ed b e tween c . 1250 a nd 1 300 , i n w h ich t h e c l a im t o s t a tu s r ema ined i mpor tan t . T h i s i s r e f lec ted i n t h e ma rked c oncen t ra t ion o f p a rk la nd i n t h e h and s o ft h e l o rd s o fD ud ley ; f o rt h e ma jo r i ty o ft h e g en t ry , o wne r sh ip o fp a rk land w a st h e e xcep t ion r a the rt h an t h er u le , w h ich mu s th ave p romo t ed i t ss en se o fe xc lu s iv i ty . H oweve r , t h e re w a s a l so a n e conom ic r o le f o r p a rk land ,and f o r t h e d e

T he 1 291 v a lua t ion s i n d ica te t h a th e rbage , p annage , p a s tu re ,

S ome ry s t h i s w ou ld a ppea r t o h ave b een a n i mpo r tan t

m a s t , t h e s a le o f w ood a nd n on spec if ic r e f e r ence s t o p a rk land a moun t t o£ 26 .7 s .0d . I ft h e a s sump t ion w a s made

c on s ide ra t ion i n t h i s s e cond p ha se , c o inc id ing w i th t h e i n c rea sed r e l iance b y t h e f am i ly u pon i t s w e s t m id land d eme sne . E x ten s ive t r a c t s o f p a rk land a nd C ha se w e re

t h a t t h e f i she r ie s a nd m ine ra l w o rk ing s w e re a l so l o ca ted l a rge ly w i th in t h e d e S omery p a rk s a nd C ha se , t h i s m igh t s ugge s t a c ompo s i t e v a lua t ion a t j u s t o ve r £ 40 .0s .0d .

c r ea ted t op rov ide , i nm any c a se s , av i ab le r e spon se t ot h e e nv i ronmen ta l c on s t ra in t s o fs o i l s a nd t o pog raphy , a nd t hu s

D epend ing u pon t h e v e rac i ty o f s uch a n a s sump t ion , t h e p a rk s a nd C ha se a ccoun ted f o r s ome th ing b e tween a r ound 8% t o 1 2% o ft h e I PM t o ta l ( 100 ) . I no rde rt oa pp r ec ia te t h e s i gn if i cance o ft h ep a rk s , t h ey n eed t ob e c ompa red w i th t h e o t he re l emen t sv a lued w i th in t h eI PM s .

d eve lop a n i mpo r tan t c on t r ibu to r t o d eme sne i n come . T he l a nd scape o fp a r t so ft h eh ono rw a sc l ea r ly c onduc ive t ol a nd

B y f a rt h e mo s t s i gn if i can t f e a tu re w i th in t h e v a lua t ion s wa s t h a to fr en t s , a ccoun ted a t £ 138 .13s .1 1 / 2d . a nd r e p r e sen t ing a t l e a s t 4 2 .5% o f t h e t o ta l . No o t he r e l emen t w i th in t h e v a lua t ion s w a s i n d iv idua l ly s o s i gn if i can t . S e rv ice s , f o r

a c ro s s t h e h ono r a nd s e em ing ly mo re r e ad i ly a cces s ib le t o t h e g en t ry a s aw ho le . H oweve r , i nt h e c a se o fa l l o ft h e se

e xamp le , w e re v a lued a t a r ound £ 22 .0 s .10d . , l a nd a nd m eadow a t£ 22 .5s .0d . , P l ea s a nd P e rqu i s i te s a t£ 15 .13s .4d . ,

u se t h a tm a r r ied ad e s i r e f o rd i sp lay w i th e conom ic r e a l i ty . S ome th ing o ft h i s s en se o fe xc lu s iv i ty w a se x tended t or i gh t s o ff r ee w a r ren , b u t f a r l e s s e xc lu s ive w e re f i shpond s , f ound

r e sou r ce s , ap r inc ipa l l i m i t ing f a c to rw a st h e a b i l i ty t oa f f o rd t h em , w h ich w a s i t s e lf r e la t ed t o l o ca l s t and ing . T hu s , i ti s n o ts u rp r i s ing t of md t h a te ven i nt h e c a se o ff r ee w a r ren a nd f i shpond s , t h e l o rd s o fD ud ley a nd t o al e sse r e x ten t , t h e d e B i rm ingham sa nd t h eO ffm i s , d om ina ted t h es c ene .

m i l l sa t£ 13 .5s .8d . , a nd s oo n . D eme sne i n come w a s made u p f r om as e r ie s o fc omponen t s t h a tv a r ied g r ea t ly i nv a lue a nd n one o fw h ich w e re o fo verwhe lm ing s i gn if icance i nt h ew ay t h a t t h e r e n ta l s w e re . P a rk land , w i th a v a lua t ion a ta round £ 26 .0s .0d . b u t p o s s ib ly r i s ing t o£ 40 .0 s .0d . , f a l l s w i th in t h i s p a t te rn . H oweve r ,w i th in t h i sf r amewo rk ,t h ev a lua t ion o ft h e p a rk land , i ns o f a r a s i tc an b e r e con s t ruc t ed , w ou ld s ugge s t t h a t i tw a s o ne o f t h e l a rge r , p e rhap s l a rge s t , s ou rce o f i n come , a nd t h e r ef o r e o f s ome s i gn if i cance w i th in t h e d eme sne e conomy .

16

NOTES : 1 . Amb leco te , B i rm ingham , C a s t le B romw ich , C rad ley , D ud ley O ld P a rk , D ud ley N ew P a rk , E t t ing sha l l ,

1 5 . C a LC LR . ,1272 -1279 , 2 14 . S im i la r ly , i n1 291 ag ran tw a s made o f 3 0 l i ve b uck s f r om t h e p a rk s o f S edg ley a nd

H and swo r th , S edg ley , p o s s ib ly ' O lyngh ' , Wa l sa l l , Weo ley , We s t B romw ich , p o s s ib ly a s e cond We s t B romw ich p a rk ,

D ud ley ; C a LC LR . ,1288 -1296 ,( London , 1 904 ) , 1 82 .

H a rbou rne ; c omp i led f r om t h e SMR s f o r S t af f o rd sh i r e , We s t M id land s , H e ref o rd a nd Wo r ce s te r , a nd Wa rw ick sh i re ; L .Can to r , ' T he Med ieva l P a rk s o f S ou th S t af f o rd sh i re ' ,

1 6 .I b id ., 3 0 .

T BAS . , 8 0 , ( 1965 ) . 2 . J .Rope r , ' The H und red R o l l , Wo rce s te r sh i re , I nqu i s i t ion 1 275 -6 ' , i nJ .Rope r , R eco rd s o fD ud ley , C oun ty W orce s te r , I I (W i l l iam S a l tL ib ra ry , S t af f o rd : P N 4 246 DUD / 11) , 2 .I n 1 273 t h e K ing o rde red J ohn s on o fJ ohn t o e n te r t h e p a rk s a nd c ha se s o f D ud ley a nd Weo ley ; C a LC LR . ,1272 -1279 ( London , 1 900 ) , 3 0 . 3 . L .Can to r , ' F o re s t s , C ha se s , P a rk s a nd Wa r r en s ' , i n L .Can to r ( ed ) , T he E ng l i sh Med ie va l L and scape ( London , 1 982 ) , 7 0 . 4 . J . B i r r e l l , ' The F o r e s t a nd t h e C ha se i n Med ieva l S t af f o rd sh i re ' ,S taf f o rd sh i re S tud ie s , I I ,( 1990 -1991) , 3 5 .

1 7 . F o re s t P e rambu la t ion s ; Wro t te s ley ( e d ) , P lea s o f t h e F o re s t ,176 . 1 8 .I b id . ,178 . 1 9 .I b id . ,180 . 2 0 . V .C .H . ,S taf f s . , I , 35 -7 ; S RO D 938 /7969 , ac ha r t e r o f K ing

J ohn ,

1 204 ,

d i saf f o re s t ing

t h e

N ew

F o re s t ,

S t af f o rd sh i r e . 2 1 . C len t , S edg ley a nd R ow ley w e re t h e d e S ome ry d eme sne m ano r s w i th f r ee w a r r en . O the r s i n t h e h ono r i n c luded A s ton , B i rm ingham , H and swo r th , P a t t ingham , S e l ly O ak , T ry su l l a nd We s t B romw ich . Af t e r 1 253 R oge r d e S ome ry h ad t h e r i gh t o f f r ee w a r ren i n a l l h i s d eme sne mano r s i n E ng land ; G razeb rook , ' Ba ron s o f D ud ley ' , 1 9 ; C a LC .R . , 1 226 -1257 ,3 25 .

5 .J . B i r r e l l , ' Dee r a nd D ee r F a rm ing i n Med ieva l E ng land ' , A g r ic .H i s t .Rev . ,4 0 , i ,( 1992 ) , 13 -15 .

2 2 . V .C .H . , W a rk s . ,V I I , 5 8 . 6 .I b id . , 13 . 7 .I b id . 8 .H e w i tne s sed c ha r te r s o f G e rva se P agane l a nd h i s w if e ; S t en ton , Documen t s I lu s t ra t i ve o f t h e Dane law , N o s .337 , 38 .

2 3 . Wro t te s ley ( e d ) ,P lea R o l l s , 1 272 -1294 ,2 48 . 2 4 . Wro t te s ley ( e d ) , F ina l C onco rd s , t emp . H enry I I , 2 83 , F eb rua ry 1 248 . 2 5 . C a LIP M , V I ,2 55 , No .428 ; C a LF .R . , 1 1 ,1319 -1327 , 1 88 .

9 . Wro t t e s ley ( ed ) ,P l ea so ft h eF o re s t , 1 45 .

2 6 . Wro t te s ley ( e d ) ,P l ea so ft h eF ore s t , 1 60 .

1 0 . F o r e xamp le , Mo se s t h e F o re s te r , c . 1194 -1210 ; Mande r ( e d ) , W od ehou se D eed s , N o s .1 ,10 . I tw a s c l a imed i n 1 292

2 7 . Mande r( e d ) , W od ehou se D eed s , No s .4 ,6 .

t h a t 3 6 s ma l l o ak s h ad b een s o ld f r om t h e w ood s o f B agg e r idge a nd L e H ay i no rde rt os uppo r t' t he f o r e s te r s a nd t h e o t he r s e rvan t so ft h eC a s t le o fD ud ley ' ; Wedgwood ( ed ) , I nqu i s i t ion s , 1 223 -1327 ,2 09 . I n 1 292 J ohn d eO r se t e , p a rke r o ft h e D ud ley N ew P a rk , a nd H en ry d e I meneye , f o r e s te r o f

2 8 . L .M .Can to r , ' The Med ieva l F o re s t s a nd C ha se s o f S t af f o rd sh i r e ' ,N SJFS . , 8 ,( 1968 ) , 5 0 . 2 9 . D ugda le , Mona s t icon ,V , 8 4 ; V .C .H . , W orc s . , I I , 1 59 .

P en sne t tC ha se , w e re a ccu sed o ft h et h ef to fa tl e a s t4 0 d ee r ; i b id . ,2 11 .

3 0 . C an to r , ' P a rk so fS ou th S t af f s . ' , 8 3 1 . 1 2311232 ; Wa t t s , ' B i rm ingham Moa t ' , 1 5 .

1 . P e r s .comm . ,P e te rB o land a nd J enn if e rS ly .

3 2 . 1 233 . Wro t t e s ley ( ed ) ,P lea R o l l s , H enry I I , 8 5 .

1 2 . B i r r e l l , ' Dee ra nd D ee rF a rm ing ' , 13 ,115 .

3 3 . Wro t te s ley ( e d ) ,S taf f o rd sh i re H und red R o l l s , 16 .

1 3 .I b id . , 13 .

3 4 . Wro t te s ley ( e d ) ,P lea R o l l s , H enr yI I , 1 36 . 1 4 . C a LC LR . ,1242 -1247 , 5 15 ; 1 256 -1259 , ( London , 1 932 ) , 8 5 , 2 66 , 4 13 -4 ; 1 261 -1264 , ( London , 1 935 ) , 2 63 ; 1 264 -

3 5 . C a l . I PM , I , No .813 ; Wedgwood ( e d ) , I nqu i s i t ion s , 1 223 -1327 ,2 00 ; W i l l i sB und ( e d ) ,I PM s , W orce s ter , I ,3 6 .

1 268 ,2 11 ; 1 268 -1272 ,( London , 1 938 ) , 5 01 .

3 6 . R ope r , ' Hund red R o l l , Wo rce s te r sh i re ' .

17

3 7 . 1 292 ;C an to r , ' P a rk so fS ou th S t af f s . ' , 7 .

5 5 . F ow le r Map , 1 843 .

3 8 . 1 291 ; C a LIP M , I , 4 93 ,N o .813 .

5 6 . R e f lec ted i n t h e p l ace n ame s , Weo ley P a rk F a rm ,

3 9 . 1 292 ; H .E .Savage ( ed ) , T he G rea t R eg i s te r o fL ichf i e ld

Weo ley P a rk R oad , H ay G reen F a rm a nd H ay G reen L ane . c fmap i n A .B .Lock , T he H i s tor y o f K ing ' s N or ton a nd N or thf i e ld W a rd s ,( B i rm ingham ,n o td a ted ) .

C a thed ra l

k nown

a s

Magnum

R eg i s t rum

A lbum ,

( S .H .C . ,1924 ) , 8 2 , No .179 . 4 0 . 1 293 ; Wro t tes ley ( e d ) ,P l ea R o l l s , 1 272 -1294 ,2 60 . 4 1 . P lan o f t h e P a r i sh o f S edg ley , W i l l iam F ow le r ,1843 . L JRO .B /A / 15 . 4 2 . Wedgwood ( ed ) , I nqu i s i t ion s ,

1 223 -1327 , 2 02 . I t i s

g ene ra l ly a s sumed t ha t t h i s r e f e r r ed t o E t t ing sha l l , b u t t h i s h a sn o tb een c l ea r ly d emon s t ra ted . 4 3 . Wro t te s ley ( ed ) , P lea R o l l s , 1 294 -1307 , 1 76 ; V CH . , W orcs . , I I , 1 43 ; A .P . Ma r sden , Ha le sow en A bbey . A n H i s tor ica la nd A rchaeo log ica lA s se s smen t ( BUFAU R epo r t ,

5 7 . Ia m g ra t ef u l t o P e te r B o land , D ud ley B o rough A rcha eo log i s t , f o rd i scu s s ion s o n t h e p robab le b ounda r ie s o f t h e p a rk s o f t h e l o rd s o f D ud ley , a r i s ing f r om h i s o wn r e sea r che s , t o b e p ub l i shed i n P .Bo land , ' The P a rk s a nd C ha se o ft h eL o rd so fD ud ley ' ( i np r epa ra t ion ) . E x ten s ive u se h a s a l so b een made o f t h e 1843 F ow le r Map , t h e W i l l iam Y a t e s Map o f S t af f o rd sh i r e ( 1775 ) ; t h e F i r s t E d i t ion o ft h e O rdnance S u rvey ( 1843 ) ; J ohn S peed ' s Map o fS t af f o rd sh i r e ( 1610 ) ; C a LP .R . ,1 553 ,1 554 , c i ted i n R ope r , R ecord s o f Dud ley . 5 8 . S o i l S u rvey o fE ng land a nd Wa le s , S o i l s o fE ng land a nd Wa le s , S hee t3 .

1 986 ) , 8 . 4 4 . P a t t ingha rn ,1326 , C an to r , ' P a rk s o f S ou th S t af f s . ' , 8 ;

5 9 . I tm ay b e d ef ined b y K inve r F o r e s t , t h e R ive r S tou r , p a r i sh b ounda r ie s a nd r e f e rence s i n m ed ieva l a nd p o s t -

G rea tB a r r , 1 335 , i b id . ; F rank ley , 1 360 , V .C .H . , W o rc s . , I I , 1 22 .

med ieva l d ocumen t s ; j e . R ope r , ' Hund r ed R o l l , Wo rce s te r sh i re ' , i n R ope r , R ecord s o f Dud ley , I I ; C a LC LR . ,1333 ,O c t 1 2 ;C a LP .R . , 1 554 ,c i ted R ope r ,R ecord s

4 5 . SMR S t af f s , P RN 0 1166 . T he p a rk i ss hown o n S ax ton ' s

o f D ud ley , I , 5 0 ; P RO C hance ry P roceed ing s , J anua ry 1 0 ,1704 , C .7 /99 / 10 , c i ted i nR ope r , R ecord s o f Dud ley , I I ,

Map o f S t af f o rd sh i re , 1 577 ,a nd J ohn S peed ' sm ap o f1 610 .

3 8 . H oweve r , t h e r e r ema in a r ea s o f u nce r ta in ty , n o tab ly i n

4 6 . C an to r ,' P a rk so fS ou th S t af f s . ' , 8 .

t h e r e la t ion sh ip b e tween t h e b u lk o ft h e a r ea c ove red b y t h e C ha se , a nd i t s p o s tu la ted e x ten s ion i n to B agge r idge . T h i s

4 7 . V .C .H . , Wark s . , V I I ,6 3 .

w r i t e rh a sp o s tu la ted a' c o r r ido r ' ( F igu re 7 . 2 ) l i nk ing t h et wo , b u tt h i s i ss pecu la t ive . R econ s t ruc t ion i sh and icapped b y n o t

4 8 . j e . D ud ley O ld P a rk , D ud ley N ew P a rk , C rad ley , E t t ing sha l l , S edg ley a nd Weo ley . I n a dd i t ion , t h e re i sa n u nce r ta in r e f e rence t o' O lyngh 'p a rk , a nd t h ed eS ome ry sa l so a cqu i red t h e p a rk a tH and swo r th w hen t h ey t o ok p o s se s s ion o ft h e f o rf e i t mano r .

k now ing h ow e x ten s ive B agge r idge a c tua l ly w a s i n t h e t h ir teen th c en tu ry , a nd b y n o t k now ing i fi tm igh t h ave

4 9 . B i r re l l ,' F o re s ta nd C ha se i n Med ieva l S t af f s . ' ,2 6 .

i n co rpo ra ted t h e a r ea i mmed ia t e ly t o t h e w e s t o f t h e ' c o r r ido r ' , n ow o ccup ied b y H im ley P a rk , f o r w h ich t h e re i s n o r e f e r ence b ef o re t h e s i x teen th c en tu ry ; S t ebb ing S haw , T he H i s tor y a nd A n t iqu i t ie s o f S taf f o rd sh i re , I , i , ( London , 1798 -1801 , r ep r . Wakef ie ld , 1 976 ) , 2 23 . I t may , a l ter na t ive ly , b e s ugge s ted t h a tt h e Sme s tow B rook p rov ided ac onven ien t n or the rn b ounda ry , l e av ing B agge r idge a s a d e tached p a r to ft h eC ha se t ot h en o r th .

5 0 .I b id . ,3 5 . 5 1 .I b id .

6 0 . Wedgwood ( e d ) ,I nqu i s i t ion s , 1 223 -1327 , 1 56 .

5 2 .I b id .

6 1 .I b id . , 1 53 .

5 3 .I b id .

6 2 . Wro t te s ley ( ed ) ,P lea R o l l s , 1 293 -1307 , 1 58 .

5 4 . I . Longwor th a nd J . Che r ry , A r chaeo logy i nB r i ta in S ince 1 945 , ( London , 1 986 ) , 2 27 ; C an to r , ' F o re s t s , C ha se s , P a rk s a nd Wa r ren s ' , i nC an to r ( ed ) , E ng l i sh Med ie va l L and scape , 7 5 ; J .M .S teane , T he A rchaeo logy o f Med ie va l E ng land a nd

6 3 . H un tba ch MS .2 , f o l .85 ; Mande r ( ed ) , G er va se P agane l ,7 7 , No .9 .

C ha r ter s o f

6 4 . P .S tampe r , ' Wood s a nd P a rk s ' , i nA s t i l l a nd G ran t ( e d s ) , T he C oun t ry s id eo f Med ieva lE ng land ,145 .

Wa le s ( London , 1 984 ) , 1 68 ; W .Dugda le , T he A n t iqu i t ie s o f Warw ick sh i re , ( London , 1 656 ) , 6 63 ; M .A .Hodde r , ' T he d eve lopmen t o f s ome a spec t s o f s e t t lemen t a nd l a ndu se i n S u t ton C ha se ' ( Un ive r s i ty o f B i rm ingham P h .D . t h e s i s ,

6 5 . R ope r , ' Hund r ed R o l l , Wo r ce s te r sh i re ' , i nR ope r , R eco rd s o fD ud ley , I I , 2 ; Wedgwood ( ed ) , I nqu i s i t ion s , 1 223 -1327 , 2 02 ,r e spec t ive ly .

1 988 ) , 2 97 ; M .A .Hodde r , ' E a r thwo rk E nc lo su re s i n S u t ton P a rk , We s tM id land s ' , T B WAS . , 8 9 ( 1980 ) , 1 66 .

18

6 6 . R ope r ,R eco rd so fDud ley , I ,4 9 , c i t ing C a LP .R .

9 0 . B i r re l l , ' F o re s ta nd C ha se i n Med ieva l S t af f s ' , 3 0 .

6 7 . Wedgwood ( e d ) ,I nqu i s i t ion s , 1 223 -1327 ,2 10 .

6 9 . C .Dye r , ' T he C on sump t ion o f F r e shwa te r F i sh i n Med ieva l E ng land ' , i n M .A s ton ( e d ) , Med ieva l F i sh , F i sher ie s a nd F i shpond s i nE ng land , B r i t i sh A rchaeo log ica l R epo r t s ,B r i t i sh S e r ie s ,182 , ( Oxf o rd , 1 988 ) ,3 0 .

9 1 . e g . S t af f o rd C a s t le , p e r s .comm . , J .Da r l ing ton ; L .Bu t le r , S anda l C a s t l e , Wakef i e ld . T he H i s to ry a nd A rchaeo logy o fa Med ie va l C a s t le (Wakef ie ld , 1 991) , 4 5 ; J .Ox ley ( ed ) , E xca va t ion s a t S ou thamp ton C a s t l e ( Sou thamp ton , 1 986 ) , 7 5 ; F .W i l l iam s , E xca va t ion s a t P le shy C a s t le , B r i t i sh A rchaeo log ica l R epo r t s , B r i t i sh S e r ie s , 4 2 ( Oxf o rd , 1 977 ) , 2 0 1 ; P .Ba rke r a nd R .H igham , H en D omen , Mon tgome ry , I , ( Roya lA rchaeo log ica l I n s t i tu te ,1982 ) , 3 44 .

7 0 . C .C .Tay lo r , ' P rob lem s a nd P o s s ib i l i t ie s ' , i nA s ton ( e d ) ,

9 2 . A u s t in , ' T he C a s t le a nd t h eL and scape ' , 7 5 .

6 8 . C aLP .R . , 1 330 -1334 , 6 0 , D ec 1 4 ,1330 .

F i sh , F i she r ie sa nd F i shpond s ,4 65 . 9 3 . B i r re l l , ' Dee ra nd D ee rF a rm ing ' , 14 -15 . 7 1 .I b id . ,4 67 . 9 4 . Wedgwood ( e d ) ,I nqu i s i t ion s , 1 223 -1327 , 2 09 -12 . 7 2 .D ye r ,' Con sump t ion o fF re shwa te rF i sh ' , 3-5 .

9 5 . W i l l i sB und ( e d ) ,I PM s , Worce s te r , I ,3 4 .

7 3 . M .A s ton a nd C .J .Bond , ' Wo rce s te r sh i r e F i shpond s ' , i n A s ton ( ed ) ,F i sh , F i sher ie sa nd F i shpond s ,4 38 . 7 4 . C aLC LR . ,126 1-1264 ,2 65 ; C a LC LR . , 1 268 -1272 ,4 59 . 7 5 . M .A s ton a nd C .J .Bond , ' Wa rw ick sh i r e F i shpond s ' , a nd A s ton a nd B ond , ' Wo r ce s te r sh i re F i shpond s ' , i nA s ton ( e d ) , F i sh , F i sher ie sa nd F i shpond s .

9 6 . I t mu s t b e s t r e s sed t h a t v a lua t ion s i nI PM s s hou ld n o tb e c onf u sed w i th a c tua l i n come . 9 7 . Wedgwood ( ed ) , I nqu i s i t ion s , 1 223 -1327 , 2 00 -3 ; W i l l i s B und ( e d ) ,I PM s , W o rce s te r , I ,3 4 -7 . 9 8 . Wedgwood ( e d ) ,I nqu i s i t ion s , 1 223 -1327 ,2 09 -12 . 9 9 . W i l l i sB und ( e d ) ,I PM s , W orce s te r , I ,3 4 .

7 6 . Wro t te s ley ( e d ) ,P lea R o l l s , H en ry I I , 8 6 . 7 7 . G razeb rook , ' Ba ron s o f D ud ley , 2 7 ; Wedgwood ( e d ) , I nqu i s i t ion s , 1 223 -1327 ,2 01 . 7 8 . W i l l i s B und , ( ed ) , I PM s , W or ce s te r , I , 1 6 ,113 ; G razebrook , ' B a ron s o f D ud ley ' , 2 6 ; A s ton a nd B ond , ' Wa rw ick sh i re F i shpond s ' ,4 26 . 7 9 . Wedgwood ( e d ) ,I nqu i s i t ion s , 1 223 -1327 ,2 02 .

1 00 . T he t o ta l w a s £ 325 .2s .9 3 / 4d . T h i s r ema in s , h oweve r , a n u nde r -e s t ima t e o ft h e v a lue o ft h e mano r s a nd a n u nde r r e p r e sen ta t ion o ft h ea nnua l i n come o fR oge rd e S ome ry . 1 0 1 . K en i lwo r th ; D ugda le , Mona s t icon , V I , i ,2 23 , N o .v i , V .C .H . , Wa rk s . ,V I ,134 , 1 35 ; C roxden ; i mp l ied i n t h e F ounda t ion C ha r te r o f C roxden A bbey , D ugda le , Mona s t icon , V , 6 62 , N o . i i ; c f . a l so , D ray ton B a s se t , c . 1201 , C an to r , ' P a rk s o f S ou th S t af f s ' , 7 ; Wa l sa l l , c . 1200 , i b id . , 8 ; We s twood , A xho lme , L inco ln sh i re , c . 1154 -86 , G reenway ( e d ) , C ha r te r s o ft h e H onou r o f Mowbray , No s . 2 64 ,178 ; P a rk s i n t h e m ano r s o f B a r row a nd E ng l i sh C ombe , S ome r se t ,1189 -99 , P a t te r son ( ed ) , E a r ldom o f G louce s te r

8 0 .I b id . ,3 51 . 8 1 .I b id . ,2 00 .

C ha r te r s ,N o s . 7 3 , 7 9 .

8 2 . 1 224 ; Wro t t e s ley ( ed ) ,P lea R o l l s , H en ry I I ,2 9 . 8 3 . S RO A /2 /29 ;A /2 /31 ;A /2 /72 . 8 4 . Wedgwood ( e d ) , I nqu i s i t ion s ,

1 223 -1327 ,

1 56 . L a te

S ep tembe rt oe a r ly N ovembe r . 8 5 .I b id . , 1 53 . 8 6 .I b id . , 1 57 . 8 7 .I b id . ,2 09 -12 . 8 8 . C aL C LR . ,1 288 -1296 , 1 82 . 8 9 . W i l l i sB und ( e d ) ,I PM s , W o rce s te r , I ,3 6 .

19

CHAPTER E IGHT . MARKETS , BOROUGHS AND FAIRS I N THE HONOR OF DUDLEY . I n 1 086 D ome sday r e co rded t h ree b o rough s i nS t af f o rd sh i re , t h r ee i n Wo r ce s te r sh i r e a nd o ne i n Wa rw ick sh i re ( 1 ) . B y t h e l a te M idd le A ge s t h e r e w e re i nt h e se c oun t ie s t wen ty th r ee , f i f t een a nd s i x teen b o rough s r e spec t ive ly ( 2 ) . R ow land s h a s p o in ted o u tt h a to ft h e 1 40 n ew t own se s tab l i shed i nE ng land b e tween 100 a nd 1 300 , n of ewe rt h an f o r ty w e re f ounded i n S t af f o rd sh i r e , n or th Wo rce s te r sh i re a nd Wa rw ick sh i r e ( 3 ) . T hese f i gu re s r e f lec t ag ene ra l e n thu s ia sm i n t h e w e s t m id land s f o r t h e e s tab l i shmen t o fb o rough s , t h e m a jo r i ty o f w h ich w e r e a s soc ia ted w i th l a y a nd e cc le s ia s t ica l l o rd s . T he h ono r , a s p a r t o f t h e r eg ion , w a s a f f ec t ed b y t h e se d eve lopmen t s ( F igu re 8 . 1) , b u t i mpo r tan t a s b o rough s w e re i nt h ep romo t ion o fc omme rc ia l l i f e ,t h ey n eve r monopo l i sed a l l s uch a c t iv i ty ( 4 ) . T he ref o re , f undamen ta l i s sue s t o b e e xam ined i st h e n a tu r e o f t h e f r amewo rk f o r c omme rc ia l a c t iv i ty ,t h e d eg ree o fu rban iza t ion w i th in t h e h ono r , a nd t h e e x t en t t o w h ich i t w a s p romo ted a nd c on t ro l led b y s e igneu r ia li n t e re s t s . B yt h et h i r t een th c en tu ry t h e a r ea w i th in w h ich t h e h ono r o f D ud ley h ad d eve loped w a s p rov ided w i th s eve ra l b o rough s , t ho se c l o se s t a t h and i n c lud ing K inve r ( 5 ) , Wa l sa l l ( 6 ) , Wo lve rhamp ton ( 7 ) , H a le sowen ( 8 ) , K idde rm in s te r ( 9 ) a nd p e rhap s S u t ton C o ldf i e ld ( 10 ) , w h i l s t a t s l igh t ly f u r the r d i s tance t h e r e w e re r eg iona l c en t re s s uch a s C oven t ry a nd Wo r ce s te r , a nd mo re mode s t c en t r e s l i ke L ichf i e ld ( 1 1) . T he h ono ro fD ud ley h ad i n c luded s ome l a nd si n Wo lve rhamp ton u n t i lt h ee a r ly t h i r teen th c en tu ry ,b u tt h e re w e r en o p e r s i s ten t t e nu r ia ll i nk sb e tween t h e se b o rough sa nd t h eh ono r ; J ohn d e S ome ry h e ld o n ly t empo ra r i ly a mo ie ty o f t h e m ano r o f Wa l sa l l , a nd s im i la r ly t h e mano r s o f K inve r a nd S u t ton C o ldf i e ld w e re h e ld b y h im t empo ra r i ly a tt h e g r an t o ft h e k ing . H oweve r , t h e re w e re a l so t wo b o rough s l o ca ted o n e s ta te s t h a t w e re h i s to r ica l ly a t t h e h ea r t o f t h e h ono r , n ame ly B i rm ingham a nd D ud ley . L ack ing o bv iou s A ng lo S axon o r ig in s , t h ey d eve loped r ap id ly i n t h e t we lf th a nd t h ir teen th c en tu ry ( 12 ) .

B y t h e e a r ly t h i r teen th c en tu ry B i rm ingham h ad b ecome a c en t r e f o rm e rchan t s a nd a r t i san s a nd c e r ta in ly b y 1 232 t h e re i s e v idence o f b u rgage t e nu re . A l though n o t ac ha r te red b o rough , H o l t h a s s hown t h a t b y t h e t h i r teen th c en tu ry t h e b u rge s se so fB i rm ingham h ad l i ber t ie sa nd c u s tom st h a tw e r e u sed a s amode l e l sewhe re a nd b y 1 275 B i rm ingham w a s a f l ou r i sh ing t own m e rca to rum ' ( 1 3 ) .

t h a t

c ou ld

b e

d e sc r ibed

a s

a ' v i l la

D ud ley w a s a l so a s e igneu r ia l b o rough , b u t i t s o r ig in s a r e o b scu re a sl i t t le c an b e d educed w i th a ny c e r ta in ty b ef o r et h e t h i r teen th c en tu ry . T he r e f e rence s t o t h e c hu rche s o f S t .Edmund a nd S t .Thoma s i nt h e P agane l g ran t t o D ud ley P r io ry m igh t i mp ly ad eve lop ing t own b efo r e t h e e nd o ft h e t we lf th c en tu ry , a nd i ts e em s p robab le t h a t s ome d eg ree o f ma rke ta c t iv i ty s hou ld b ee xpec ted t od eve lop a tt h e h ono r ia l c apu t( 14 ) . T he s u rv iva l o f as even teen th c en tu ry c opy o f ac ha r te r o f R oge r d e S ome ry ( 1 5 ) d a ted t o 1 218 , a nd g ran ted t o t h e ' b u rge s se s o f t h e b o rough o f D ud ley ' w i th p rov i s ion s t h a t i n c luded f r eedom f r om t o l l i n Wo lve rhamp ton , D ud ley a nd B i rm ingham , h a s b een t a ken t o s ugge s t t h e p re sence o f a b o rough i nD ud ley b y t h i s d a te ( 16 ) . H oweve r , R ope r h a s i lu s t ra t ed ( 17 ) t h e u n r e l iab i l i ty o ft h i s c ha r t e r , p o in t ing o u t t h a tt h e w i tne s s l i s t i sn o t c on s i s ten tw i th t h e s uppo sed d a te , a nd n o r d oe s i tt a ke a ccoun t o ft h e l i ke l ihood t ha t R a lph d e S ome ry , n o t R oge r , w a s t h e l o rd o f D ud ley u n t i l c . 1220 . N one t h e l e s s , t h e r e w a s ab o rough a tD ud ley b y t h e e a r ly t h i r teen th c en tu ry , a s i n 1 221 D ud ley w a s r e p re sen ted a s a b o rough , v i l l a nd mano r b y i t sj u ry a tt h e e y re ( 18 ) . T he d e S ome ry s h ad o t he r b o rough s a mong t h e i r p o s se s s ion s , s u ch a sN ewpor tP agane l , ab o rough a tt h et ime o fD ome sday , a nd C h ipp ing C ampden ( 19 ) , a nd i ts e em s l i ke ly t h a ti ft h e re w a s n o ta l ready ab o rough a tD ud ley , t h er e -f ocu s o fa t ten t ion b y t h e d e S ome ry s o nt h e i rw e s tm id land e s ta te i nt h e t h i r teen th c en tu ry w ou ld h ave p rov ided t h ea pp rop r ia te c ond i t ion s .

T he g ran tt oP e te rd eB i rm ingham o f ama rke to nT hu r sday s , a t h i s c a s t le o f B i rm ingham , i s t h e e a r l ie s t r e f e rence t o c omme rc ia l a c t iv i ty i nt h e mano r , a l though i ts e em s l i ke ly t ha t t h e g r an t w a s f o rma l i s ing a n e x i s t ing s i tua t ion a nd s e cu r ing P e te r 's r i gh t st oe xac tt o l l s a nd e xe rc i se j u r i sd ic t ion . I ti sp robab le t h a tt h i sg ran tr ep re sen ted as i gn if ican te xpen se f o r P e t e r d e B i rm ingham a nd mu s t r e f lec t n o t o n ly h i s a mb i t ion s b u t a l so h i s e xpec ta t ion s o f i ta s ap rof i tab le i n ve s tmen t . T h i s w a s ar e a l i s t ic e xpec ta t ion , f o r a sH o l t h a s p o in ted o u t , B i rm ingham w a s f avou rab ly l o ca ted a t ar i ve r c r o s s ing a nd o n t h e r ou teway s o f l o ca l a nd l o ng d i s tance t r aff ic . T he re i sn o th ing t o i n f e r t h e p r e sence o f ab o rough h e r e a t t h i s d a te a l though H o l t h a s p o s tu la ted t h a t t h e c r ea t ion o f t h e b o rough may h ave b egun i n 166 .

A l though Wo lve rhamp ton s e em s t oh ave h ad ama rke t s i nce c . 1180 ( 20 ) , i n 1 258 G i le s d e E rd ing ton , t h e D ean o f Wo lve rhamp ton , d ec ided t o o b ta in a c ha r te r ( 2 1) . T h i s d ec i s ion m igh t r e p re sen t aw i sh t o r egu la r i se t h e e x i s t ing ma rke t i n a dvance o f e s tab l i sh ing t h e b o rough t ha t w a s t o f o l low i n 1 263 ( 22 ) , o r i tm igh t r e f lec t t h e d iv i s ion o f Wo lve rhamp ton b e tween t h e C hu r ch a nd t h e r oya l mano ro f S towhea th , t h e e x i s t ing ma rke t p e rhap s l y ing o u t s ide t h e c hu rch mano r s . T he d ec i s ion p rovoked ad i spu te w i th R oge r d e S ome ry w ho c omp la ined t h a tt h e ma rke t w ou ld p re jud ice h i s b o rough a tD ud ley . T he d i spu te w a s f i na l ly s e t t led i n 1 26 1 b y a n a g r eemen t t h a t t h e b u rge sse s o fD ud ley s hou ld b eg ran ted f r eedom o ft o l l sa t Wo lve rhamp ton ( 23 ) .

1 20

F igu re 8 . 1 .

1 2 1

C omme r c ia l l i f e , h oweve r , w a s n o t c onf ined o n ly t o t h e b o rough s .A l though a l lb o rough sh ad m a rke t s ,t h ey w e re p a r t o f ah i e ra r chy o ft r ad ing c en t re s t h a t e ncompa s sed m a rke t s h e ld i np l a ce sw i thou ta ny c l a im st ob o rough s t a tu s , b o rough a nd c oun t ry f a i r s , a nd a r ange o f t r ad ing p l ace s t h a t f unc t ioned o u t s ide t h e f o rma l f r amewo rk o fb o th b o rough s a nd ma rke t s( 24 ) . W i th in t h e a r ea o ft h e h ono rt h e re w e r e b y t h e l a t e r M idd le A ge s a t l e a s t f ou r teen p l a ce s w he re m a rke t s w e r e h e ld ( F igu r e 8 . 1) , a l though many o f t h e se d eve loped i n to b o rough s . I ns o f a ra st h e s u rv iv ing r e f e rence s a nd t h e s ma l l s amp le o fr e leven t i n s tance s a l low , t h e re a ppea r t ob e t wo ma in p ha se s i n ma rke t d eve lopmen ti nt h e h ono r . B yt h e l a s t q ua r te ro ft h et we lf th c en tu ry ,t h e r ew e re c e r ta in ly ma rke t sa t B i rm ingham a nd Wo lve rhamp ton , a nd p o s s ib ly a tD ud ley . T he re a r er e f e rence st o ma rke t sa t Wa l sa l lb y 1 2 19 -20 a nd a t K inve r b y 1 221 ( 25 ) . A l l o f t h e se ma rke t c en t r e s h ad e me rged a s b o rough s b y t h e s e cond h a lf o f t h e t h i r teen th c en tu ry . T he o the r ma in p ha se o fa c t iv i ty w ou ld s e em t ob e i nt h e s e cond h a lf o ft h e t h i r teen th c en tu ry , a nd p a r t icu la r ly t h e l a s tq ua r te ro ft h e c en tu ry . T he re w e re ma rke t s a t Wav re ( Ces te rove r ) b y 1 257 ( 26 ) a nd a tT ry su l l b y 1 251 ( 27 ) , a nd b e tween 1 275 a nd 1 300 m a rke t s w e re m en t ioned a t H and swo r th ( 28 ) , L i t t le B a r r ( 29 ) , R ow ley R eg i s ( 30 ) a nd S u t ton C o ldf ie ld ( 3 1) ; i n 1 3 16 t h e re w a s a l so t h e g ran t o fa ma rke tc ha r te rf o rP a t t ingham ( 32 ) . T ha t t h i s c anno t b e r ega rded a s ac omp le t e p i c tu re o ft ho se p l ace s f unc t ion ing a s ma rke t s i s i lu s t ra t ed i n t h e Q uo Wa r ran to p roceed ing s f o r We s t B romw ich . I n 1 293 ( 3 3 ) Wa l te r D eve reux , who h e ld a mo ie ty o f t h e mano r , w a s

A bbey . H oweve r , i ti sp o s s ib le t h a t t h i s f a i r r e f lec t s t h e p re sence o f a n o t he rw i se ' h idden ' ma rke t a s soc ia ted w i th K ene lm s towe , w h ich i th a s b een s ugge s ted l a y p a r t ly i n C len t a nd p a r t ly i nR om s ley , a nd i tc e r ta in ly h igh l igh t s t h e t e ndency t o s t age t h e se f a i r s i n a s soc ia t ion w i th r e l ig iou s f e s t iva l s i no rde rt ob enef i t f r om h o l iday s a nd t h e t u rnou t o f w o r sh ippe r s ( 38 ) . O the r f a i r s i nt h e h ono r i n c luded T ry su l l , L i t t le B a r r , a nd a tt h e d e S ome ry mano r s o f R ow ley a nd H and swo r th ( 39 ) . T he r e a r e n o s u rv iv ing r e f e rence s t o af a i r i n D ud ley d u r ing t h i s p e r iod , a nd t h e p o s i t ion o f We s t B romw ich i su nc lea r a s Wa l te rD eve reux ' s c l a im t ot h e r i gh t o f f a i r i n h i s m ano r w a s c ha l lenged . N e ighbou r ing f a i r s i n c lud ed Wa l sa l l( 40 )a nd Wo lve rhamp ton ( 4 1) . T he t r ad ing f r amewo rk r e p re sen ted b y t h e d i s t r ibu t ion o f ma rke t s , b o rough s a nd f a i r s , e ven w i thou tt a k ing a ccoun t o f a cce s s t ot h e n e two rk o f' h idden t r ade ' , p u t e ve ryone w i th in a bou t 1 0km . o f at r ad ing o u t le t . Wh i l s t l a ck ing ac ha r te red ma rke t , i ts e em s l i ke ly t h a t ap l a ce l i ke S edg ley wa s as c ene o fi n f o rma lt r ad ing a nd m anuf ac tu r ing . Al a rge ,w e l lp eop led a nd p ro spe rou s d eme sne mano r , t h e r e w a s am i l le r h e re , a t l e a s t t wo w a te rm i l l s , a nd c oa l e x t rac t ion ( 42 ) . Wood w a s s o ld a nd t h e re w e re t wen ty -one ' f ab r ica ' , o rf o rge s , r e f lec t ing t h e i mpo r tance o fi r on w o rk ing o n t h e mano r , a nd t h e re w a s mo s t p robab ly r e ta i l ing a nd t r ade h e re . I t i st emp t ing t o s pecu la te t h a t s ome o ft h e r e la t ive ly w ide r ang ing c on tac t s i mp l ied i nt h e 1 260 w i l l o fG i lbe r t , ap ea san to fU ppe rP enn , may r e su l t f r om m a rk e t o r t r ad ing a c t iv i ty , l o ca l ly a nd i n p rov inc ia lc en t re s( 4 3 ) . T he n a tu r e o f c omme r c ia l a c t iv i ty i s g ene ra l ly b e t te r r e f lec t ed i n t h e e s tab l i shed b o rough s , a l though n e i the r

s ummoned t o d ef end t h e r i gh t s t h a t h e c l a imed , f r anch i se s t h a t t o al a rge e x ten t h ad p e rhap s b een i n he r i ted f r om t h e

B i rm ingham n o r D ud ley a r e w e l l d ocumen ted . H oweve r , B i rm ingham b y t h e e a r ly f ou r teen th c en tu ry w a s aw e l l

O ff in i f am i ly . Among t ho se c l a imed w a s t h e r i gh t t o af a i r

e s tab l i shed ma rke t t own , h ome t o a r t i san s , t r ade smen a nd s hopk eepe r s . Among t h et r ade s a nd a c t iv i t ie s i n s tanced w e r e

a nd ma rke t ; t h e se w e re c ha l lenged a nd h i s c opa rcene r , J ohn d e Ma rnham , d i sc la imed a ny s uch r i gh t s . T he c l a im w a s p re sumab ly b a sed o n t h e r e a l i ty o f s ome m a rke t a c t iv i ty i n t h e mano rt h a th ew a sh op ing t ol e g i t im i se .

w oo la nd c l o th m e rchan t s , w eave r sa nd d ye r s , me ta l wo rk ing a nd m e ta l g ood s , p a r t icu la r ly i r on , b u t i n c lud ing ag o ld sm i th b y t h e f i f t een th c en tu ry , f ood s tuf f s o f e ve ry k ind , wooden a nd l e a the r g ood s , p o t t e ry manuf ac tu re a nd mo s t p robab ly a c a t t le m a rke t . A n i mpor tan t f a c to r i n t h e g row th o f

A nnua l f a i r s , h e ld i nb o th t own s a nd v i l lage s , w e r e a no the r m ean s b y wh ich l o ca l c on sume r s a nd t r ade r s m igh t b e s e rved . I n B i rm ingham , f o r e xamp le , b y ac ha r te r o f 1 250

B i rm ingham w a s i t s r o le a s ad i s t r ibu t ive c en t re , s i nce i t s f unc t ion a s ama rke t f o r t h e l o ca l i ty a t t rac ted c r af t smen t o t h et own ,a nd t hu sn u r tu r ed i t sd eve lop ing i ndu s t r ie s ( 44 ) .

( 34 ) , W i l l iam d e B i rm ingham w a s p e rm i t ted af ou r d ay f a i r a tA scen s ion , p rov id ing t h a t t h i s w a s n o t t o t h e i n ju ry o f n e ighbou r ing f a i r s . G ran t s o f ma rke t c ha r te r s o f t en i n c luded

S ome i mp re s s ion o fD ud ley may b e o b ta ined f r om t h en ame s o f i t s t a xpaye r s i n 1 275 ( 4 5 ) a nd 1 327 ( 46 ) . S ome

p rov i s ion f o r a nnua l f a i r s , a s a t Wav re a nd K inve r ( 35 ) o r t h ey w e r e s ub sequen t ly a dded t oe x i s t ing g r an t s , d eve lop ing i n mo s t a r ea s as equence o f f a i r s r unn ing f r om s p r ing t o a u tumn . F a i r s m igh t b e e s tab l i shed w i thou t r oya l c ha r te r s , a nd c ou ld s e rve t h e mos t r emo te p a r t s o f as h i r e ( 36 ) . F a i r s

i n d iv idua l s h ave s u rname s t h a t s ugge s t i mm ig ra t ion i n to t h e t own ( F igu re 8 . 2 ) . M ig ran t s t o t own s w e re mo s t ly d rawn f r om t h e i mmed ia te l o ca l i ty , o f ten w i th in a 1 6 m i le r ad iu s ( 47 ) . D ud ley C onf o rm s t o t h i s p a t ter n w i th n ame s s how ing movemen t s f r om R ow ley , R u sha l l , Wombou rne , B i rm ingham , S a l t ley a nd p e rhap s B i l s ton a nd S e l ly O ak , a l l w i th in a 1 0 m i le r ad iu s o ft h e t own . H oweve r , i tw a s a l so a b le t o a t t rac t f r om f u r the r a f i e ld , s uch a s Wo rce s te r a nd Wa rw ick f r om b e tween 2 0 a nd 3 0 m i le s a way , a nd p e rhap s a l so Me r e a nd L e igh . T he se a r e c ommon n ame s , b u t Me re e spec ia l ly s e em s l i ke ly t ob et h e d e S ome ry d eme sne mano r ; a nd f r om Wych , p r e sumab ly D ro i tw ich , C h ipp ing C ampden

a ppea r a ts eve ra l p l ace s i na nd a r ound t h e h ono r , mo s t ly a t p l ace s w he re t h e re w a s ac ha r te red ma rke t , b u t n o t a lway s . A n i n s tance o ft h e l a t te r i sC len t w he re i n 1 253 R oge r d e S ome ry w a sg ran ted a na nnua lf a i ro nt h ev i g i l ,f e a s ta nd t wo d ay s f o l low ing o f S t .Kene lm ( J u ly 1 7 th ) , w h ich S haw s ugge s ted may h ave b een h e ld i n t h e c hape l y a rd o f S t . K ene lm s( 37 ) . T he l o ca t ion i su nce r ta in . R om s ley , t h e s i te o f S t . K ene lm s , w a s am embe r o ft h e mano ro fH a le sowen , a nd b o th m ano r a nd c hape l w e re p o s se s s ion s o f H a le sowen

a nd B anbu ry a l l o ve r 3 0 m i le s a way . I ti sl i ke ly t h a t t h e

1 22

F igu re 8 . 2 .

IM M IGRAT ION I NTO DUDLEY ,c . 1275 & 1 327 .

1 23

l i nk st o Me r ea nd C h ipp ing C ampden c an b ee xp la ined b yd e S ome ry c onnec t ion s w i th t h e se p l ace s . J ohn d e S ome ry h ad s ome c on ta c t s w i th Wo r ce s te r , a s i n 1 321 w hen h e a s s i s ted t h e ' b a i l if f s a nd g ood m en o ft h e c i ty o f Wo rce s te r ' t oo b ta in

Who m igh th ave b een s e rved b ys uch ama rke ta nd b o rough? D ye r h a s r e cogn i sed t h e i mpo r tance o f p a t ter n s o f c on sump t ion i nt h e h i e ra r chy o ft r ad ing c en t r e s . D ud ley i s l i ke ly t o h ave s e rved t h e n eed s o f t h e l o ca l p ea san t

ap avage g r an t( 48 ) .

p opu la t ion , a nd t o al e s se re x t en t , s ome m embe r s o ft h e l o ca l c l e rgy a nd g en t ry . T he a r i s toc racy w e re g ene ra l ly d r awn

T he o ccupa t iona l n ame s , t o t h e e x ten t t h a t t h ey m ay b e

mo r e

i d en t if ied , a r e l e s s i n f o rma t ive , b u t t h e re w e r e c e r t a in ly b ake r s , ap l umbe r , f i she r s , ac a r te r , at u rne r a nd ab u tche r ( f le shewa r ' ) . I n a dd i t ion , t h e j u ry e mpane l led t or e co rd t h e D ud ley I nqu i s i t ion o f 1 273 i n c luded a Ma t thew t h e G o ld sm i th a nd a n A dam l e V yne te r ( 49 ) . T he r e ta i l ing

C oven t ry a nd L ichf ie ld ; t h e h ou seho ld o f D ud ley C a s t le i s l i ke ly t oh ave made o n ly s po rad ic p u rcha se s i nt h e b o rough ( 56 ) .

a c t iv i t ie s i nt h e t own a r e a l so r e f lec ted i n ad eed o f 1 3 14 w he reby J ohn d e S ome ry g ran ted t oR icha rd , s on o fA gne s

l a rge q uan t i t ie s o f p o t te ry , g l a s s a nd i r on w o rk f r om t h e m ed ieva l t o moder n p e r iod s , as i gn if i can t p ropo r t ion o f w h ich r e la t et ot h e s i x teen th a nd s even teen th c en tu r ie s . P o s t e xcava t ion w o rk h a s y e t t ob e c omp le ted , a nd wh i l s t af ew

t owa rd s

t h e

p rov inc ia l

c en t re s

l i ke

Wo r ce s te r ,

T he f md s f r om t h e e xcava t ion s o f D ud ley C a s t le i n c lude

R u s se l l o fD ud ley , l a nd 4 0 f e e t b y 2 0 f e e t a ta n a nnua l r e n t o ft wo s h i l l ing s ,o n wh ich h em igh tb u i ld as hop ( 5 0 ) .

i t em s h ave b een r epo r t ed f r om t h e t we lf th t o f ou r teen th T he r e f e r ence i n1 291 ( 5 1) t om ine s o fi r on a nd s e ac oa l , a nd

c en tu r ie s ( 5 7 ) , t h e re i sa s y e t i n suff i c ien t d a ta t o r e l iab ly a s se s s a ny r e la t ion sh ip b e tween p a t ter n s o f C a s t le c on sump t ion a nd t h e l o ca l ma rke t . H oweve r , p re l im ina ry o b serva t ion s o f t we lf th t o f ou r teen th c en tu ry p o t te ry f r om t h e C a s t le s ugge s t s t h a tD ud ley ma rke tc ou ld w e l lh ave b een as ou rce ; c ook ing p o t s f r om t h e mo t te i nf i l l b e long t o t h e

t ot wo g r ea t s m i th ie s , t oge the rw i th t h e l a te rm ed ieva l s t r ee t n ame o f Smy the lane ( 52 ) , s ugge s t t h a t m e ta l w o rk ing w a s a mong t h e p r inc ipa l a c t iv i t ie s o ft h e b o rough , f o r w h ich t h e q ua r ry ing

o f s and

f r om

D ud ley w ood

a nd p a rk w a s

p r e sumab ly i n tended . T h i s s pec ia l i ty i se v idenced i nt h e l a te r f ou r teen th c en tu ry , w hen i n 1 365 -7 H a le sowen A bbey l o oked t o D ud ley f o r t h e s upp ly o f n a i l s ( 5 3 ) . T he

Wo rce s te r t r ad i t ion , w h i l s t t h e v a r ie ty o fb uf fg l azed w a r e s f r om A rea 2 , f ound a l so a tt h e ' G reen Man E n t ry ' s i t e i n D ud ley , u sed c oa l m ea su re c l ay s a nd h ave a w id e d i s t r ibu t ion i nt h e a r ea ,p e rhap sp roduced f r om t h eD ud ley t o

i d en t if i ca t ion i n D ome sday o f as m i th a s am ano r ia l a s se t h igh l igh t st h ee a r ly i mpo r tance o fm e ta lw o rk ing a tD ud ley .

B r idgnor th a r ea ( 58 ) . I tm igh t b e e xpec ted t h a t s uch l o ca l w a re sw ou ld b ea va i lab le i nD ud ley i t se lf

H ow l a rge w a st h ep opu la t ion o fD ud ley? A l though t h e r e a r e n o d i rec t r e f e rence s , t h e re s u rv ive s af r agmen ta ry b u rgage

Mo re d e ta i led i n f o rma t ion o n d e S ome ry p u r cha se s i s

l i s t o f 1 541 ( 54 ) . O f t h e 14 p roper t ie s m en t ioned , s i x ty e i gh tw e r ed e sc r ibed a sb u rgage s , a nd o ft h e se , a tl e a s tt h i r ty -

a va i lab le f r om Weo ley C a s t le , w he re l a rge q uan t i t ie s o f d ome s t ic p o t te ry w e re e xcava ted a nd s ugge s t b o th l o ca l

e i gh tp a id ah a lf y ea r ly r en ta l o f6 d . T h i s a nnua lr e n t o fo ne s h i l l ing w a s t h e l owe s t o f t h e r en t s p a id ; t h i s f o l low s t h e p a t te rn g ene ra l ly f ound i n t h e r eg ion , a s f o r i n s tance a t S t ra tf o rd o nA von a nd Wa l sa l l i nt h et h i r teen th c en tu ry ( 5 5 ) ,

s ou rce s o fs upp ly a nd o t he r s mo re d i s tan t . F o r i n s tance , t h e p e r iod 1 200 -60 p roduced a d i s t inc t ive h a rd g r ey f a b r ic s im i la rt ow a re s f r om D e r i tend a nd t hough tt ob et h e p roduc t

a nd s ugge s t st h a tt h e r en t s p a id i nD ud ley i nt h e l a t e t we lf th o re a r ly t h i r teen th c en tu ry w a s o ne s h i l l ing f o re a ch b u rgage . A s t h e I nqu i s t ion s p o s t mor tem o f 1 273 a nd 1 29 1 r e co rd r en t s o f 15 s h i l l ing s ( £ 5 .15s .5d ) a nd 1 20 s h i l l ing s ( £6 .0s .10d ) ,t h i s s ugge s t s t h e e x i s t ence o fa s many b u rgage s , a nd i fw ea s sume o ne f am i ly p e rb u rgage ,t h i sc ou ld i mp ly a

o f al o ca l k i ln , w h i l s t af i ne ly d eve loped j ug o f c . 1270 -80 a ppea r s t o b e r a re i n t h e M id land s b u t h a s s ome L ondon p a ra l le l s ( 59 ) . O the r i t em s e xcava ted i n c luded a g l az ed

p opu la t ion t o ta lo ff ou rt of i ve h und red .

p a in ted a nd g i lded g l a s s o fc . 1300 -1350 ( 63 ) i mpo r t ed f r om t h eN ea r E a s t a nd B yzan t ium . K i tchen r e f use f r om t h e moa t s ugge s ted ad i e t t h a t i n c luded b eef , mu t ton , p o rk , v en i son ,

I ti sd i ff i cu l t t o a s se s s t h e p ro spe r i ty o f ab o rough o n t h e b a s i so fS ub s idy R o l l sa nd I nqu i s i t ion sp o s t mo r tem a l one . I n 1 275 ,

D ud ley

a ccoun ted

f o r

f o r ty -one

p e r son s

p i tche r o fc . 1300 f r om No rmandy ( 60 ) , af m ia l w i th F r ench a ff in i t ie s ( 6 1) , ap ew te r C ommun ion c r ue t o fc . 1325 w h ich may h ave a w e s t m id land s o r ig in ( 62 ) , a nd f r agmen t s o f

s wan ,h e ron ,c h icken ,p ike a nd h edgehog . T he mo s tc ommon b one sw e re t ho se o fd ee ra nd p ig ,b u tl a rge q uan t i t ie so fs he l l f i sh s ugge s t t h a t o y s te r s a nd w he lk s w e r e ap opu la r p 4 r t o f t h e d i e t , b e ing b rough t f r om t h e c oa s t , p robab ly t h e B r i s to l o rC o lche s te rc oa s ta l a r ea s . T he s t anda rd s o fl i v ing a nd w ide r ang ing c on tac t s t h a t s uch p u r cha se s r ef l ec t c ou ld n o t h ave

p ay ing

£ 6 .7s .4d . i nt a x , a nd i n 1 327 , f o r f o r ty th ree p e r son s p ay ing £ 3 .16s .3d . T he I nqu i s i t ion o f 1 273 v a lued t h e r e n t s o f t h e b u rge s se s a t £ 5 .15s .5d . a nd t h e t o l l s o f t h e m a rke t a t £ 2 .0 s .0d , v a lued r e spec t ive ly i n 1 29 1 a t £ 6 .0 s .10d . a nd

b een s a t i sf i ed b y al o ca l ma rke tl i ke D ud ley .

£ 1 .0 s .0d . S uch f i gu re s ,t hough u n re l iab le ,s how t h a tt h e mo s t s i gn if i can t f i nanc ia l b enef i t o f t h e b o rough f o r t h e d e S ome ry s w e re t h e r en t s . T he v a lue o f t h e t o l l s d oe s n o t

T he d eve lopmen t o f a ma rke t , a nd mo r e s o o f ab o rough , w ou ld h ave e nhanced t h e c en t ra l p l ace f unc t ion o ft h e c a s t le a nd c on t r ibu ted t ot h e p r e s t ige o ft h e a s soc ia ted l o rd sh ip . I t

s ugge s t av e ry a c t ive ma rke t . D ud ley g ive st h e a ppea rance o f as ma l l s e igneu r ia l b o rough , c oncer ned w i th t h e v i c tua l l ing t r ade s , at r ad ing c en t re f o r t h e i mmed ia te l o ca l i ty , a nd w i th s ome mo re s pec ia l i s ti n du s t r ie s .

h a s b een n o ted t h a t t h e re w e r e s ome f am i l ie s d rawn i n to D ud ley f r om s ome d i s tance , f r om o t he r p a r t s o f t h e d e S ome ry e s ta te , t h e h ono r a nd b eyond ; t h ey l i ke ly r e f lec t a p a t ter n o f t r ade , p e rhap s i n i r on , t h a t w a s e ncou raged a nd

1 24

i nf luenced b y t h e l o rd . H o l t , i nh i s s t udy o f B i rm ingham , c on s ide red i t p robab le t h a t t h e d e B i rm ingham f am i ly a c t ive ly p romo ted t h e i r ma rke ta nd b o rough , p e rhap sp l ay ing ac r uc ia l r o le , b u t n o t ing t h a t b ecau se o f t h e f r agmen ta ry n a tu r eo ft h ee v idence , ' t he w ho le q ue s t ion o ft h ei mpo r tance o ft h e d e B i rm ingham s i nt h e e a r ly g row th o ft h et own mu s t b e l ef t o pen ' ( 64 ) . D ye r t e nd s t os e e l o rd sh ip a f te r 1 200 a s i n eff ic ien t a nd c on s tan t ly f r u s t ra ted ; ' l o rd s . .may h ave a t t emp ted t o c hanne l t r ade t h rough t h e i n s t i tu t ion s w h ich

t o D ud ley P r io ry m en t ion s t h i s c hu r ch , a nd S t .Edmund ' s , s ugge s t st h a tt h i sf r amewo rk f o rt h e d eve lopmen to ft h et own w a s p r e sen t b y t h e l a te t we lf th c en tu ry . Wh i l s t , o n t h e b a s i s o f t h e d ed ica t ion s , S t .Edmund ' s m igh t b e a n A ng lo -Saxon f ounda t ion , S t .Thoma s ' s mo s t p robab ly d a te s n o t b ef o re F eb rua ry 173 . T he a x i s o ft h et own r un s a l ong H igh S t ree t a nd t h rough t h e Ma rke tP l ace , f l ank ed t oe a s ta nd w e s tb yb ack l a ne s ,s uch a s

t h ey c r ea ted , b u t . .t h e i r e f f o r t s d i d n o t m ee t w i th u n ive r sa l s ucce s s '( 6 5 ) .

T owe r S t r ee t a nd P ea se L ane , a nd t h e l a ne r unn ing b eh ind S t .Edmund ' s c hu r ch t owa rd s P ea cock s F i e ld . A pa r t f r om a n e xcava t ion i n 1 994 o n t h e s i te o f t h e f o rme r H an son ' s

C lea r ly l o rd sh ad ac on s ide rab le v e s ted i n te re s ti nt h es ucce s s o fb o th t h e i r ma rke t s a nd b o rough s . H i l ton h a s o b se rved t h a t b yt h ee a r ly f ou r teen th c en tu ry t h e re w e re i nE ng land a r ound

b r ewe ry , w he r e Z one F f r on t ed o n to H igh S t ree t a t t h e s ou ther n e nd o ft h e a x i s , b eyond S t .Thoma s ' s , t h e re h a s n o t b een a n o ppo r tun i ty t o e xcava te a l ong t h e l i ne o f t h i s t h o roughf a r e a nd a tt h e h ea r t o f t h e m ed ieva l b o rough , t o d e t e rm ine t h e p r e sence o f t we lf th c en tu ry b u rgage p lo t s w h ich m igh t a n swe r t h e q ue s t ion o f whe the r t h e t own w a s l a id o u to nt h i s a x i s b y 1 200 . T he Ha n son 's b rewe ry s i te l i e s b e tween H igh S t r ee t , G rey s tone S t ree t a nd S taf f o rd S t r ee t , t h e ' i n su la ' l y ing t o t h e s ou th -we s t o f t h e c hu r ch o f S t .Thoma s . T he e a r l ie s ta c t iv i ty o nt h i s s i te h a s b een d a ted a t p e rhap st h et h i r teen th ,t ot h e f ou r teen th c en tu r ie s . T he n a tu re

f ou r h und r ed s ma l l b o rough s o rm a rke t t own s , t h e m a jo r i ty o fw h ich w e re s e igneu r ia l i no r ig in ( 66 ) . L o rd s c ou ld l o ok t o t h er en ta l sp a id b y t h e i rb u rge s se s a nd t ot h e t o l l st h a t m igh t b e g ene ra t ed t h rough t h e t r ad ing a c t iv i t ie s o f t h e ma rke t . T he re w e re a l so t h ep rof i t s o ft h eb o rough c ou r t . B u tp e rhap s o fg r ea te r s i gn if icance , p a r t icu la r ly f o r l o rd s s u ch a st h e d e S ome ry s w ho se i n come w a s b a sed u pon t h e c a sh r e n t s o f t h e i r t e nan t s , w a s t h e n eed t o p rov ide t h e m ean s b y w h ich a g r icu l tu ra l t e nan t s c ou ld r a i se t h e money i n o rd e r t o p ay t h e i r r en t s . S uch a r o le w a s v i ta l i n t h e f i nance s o f t h e l o rd sh ip b u t i sl a rge ly u nde tec ted i nt h e k ind o fi n f o rma t ion t h a t s urv ive s f o r as ma l l t own l i ke D ud ley . A s H i l ton o b se rve s ( 67 ) , i tw a s i n t h e l o rd s ' i n te r e s t s t o e s tab l i sh p e rmanen t c ommun i t ie s o ft r ade r s a nd a r t i san s , p e rhap s n o t l e a s t b ecau se t h e l o rd s w e r e e xp lo i t ing a t r end t h a t t h ey c ou ld n o th ave r e s i s ted i na ny c a se . I nD ud ley ,a st h e re i sn or e co rd o f ar oya lc ha r te rt oe s tab l i sh ama rke t , i t mu s t b e v i ewed a s p r e scr ip t ive i no r ig in ( 68 ) . T he r o le o f t h e l o rd i n p romo t ing t h e ma rke t i st h e ref o re u nce r ta in , b u t t h e i n s t i tu t ion o f ab o rough m u s t r ef l ec t a d e l ibe ra te a c t o n t h e p a r t o f t h e l o rd s , a s o n ly t h ey c ou ld r e cogn i se t h ev a l id i ty o fb u rgage t e nu re .

o f t h e p o t te ry s amp le d oe s n o t p e rm i t ac er ta in o r p rec i se d a te f o r t h e e a r l ie s t a c t iv i ty . T he p re sence o f ac u l t iva t ion l a ye re x tend ing a c ro s s al a rge p a r to ft h e s i te , a nd c on ta in ing p o t te ry t h a tr a nge si nd a t e f r om t h et h i r teen th t ot h e s i x teen th c en tu r ie s , i n d ica t e s t h a t i ni t s e a r l ie r p ha se s t h e m a jo r i ty o f t h e s i te w a s g i ven o ve r t o a g r icu l tu r e . H oweve r , t h e r e w a s o t he r a c t iv i ty o n t h e s i te a sw e l l . I n ad i sc re te a r ea c l o se t o t h e H igh S t ree t f r on tage , t h e p r e sence o f s ome s pec if i c a c t iv i ty w a s i n d ica t ed , w i th t r ace s o f as t ruc tu re . T he a c t iv i ty i sn o t i d en t if i ed b eyond t h e f a c t t h a t i ti n vo lved s ma l l s ca le u se o f p o t te ry . I tw a s n o t u n t i l t h e f ou r teen th t o f i f teen th c en tu r ie s t h a t t h e q ua l i ty o f t h e a r chaeo log ica l e v idence i mp rove s , w i th c l ea r e v idence o f i ndu s t r ia l a c t iv i ty o n t h e s i te b yt h ef i f teen th c en tu ry ( 7 1) . I ts e em s p robab le t h a t t h e t own o r ig ina ted a s w ha t P ound s c a l l s a' c a s t le g a t e t own ' ( 72 ) , f o cu ssed o n t h e c hu rch o f S t .Edmund b e low t h e c a s t le . T he b u rgage p lo t s o ccupy ing t h e ' i n su la ' o ppo s i te S t .Edmund 's a ppea r t ob e o f ad if e ren t c ha rac te r t o m any o f t h e o t he r s , b e ing mo re c ompa c t a nd s ugge s t ing o r ig ina l b u rgage f r on tage s o f s ome 6 0 f e e t , c ompa rab le w i th S h ip s ton o n S t ou r ( 73 ) , S t ra tf o rd o n A von ( 74 ) a nd P e r sho re ( 7 5 ) , w he re S l a te r p o in ted o u t t h a t t h e d imen s ion s o ft h e p l o t s r e la ted t o t h e p e rch o f 1 6 1 / 2 f e e t ( 76 ) . Aw a tch ing b r ief o n t h e ' G r een Man E n t ry ' s i te a tt h e n o r ther n e nd o f H igh S t r ee t , i n t h e c or ne r o ppo s i t e S t .Edmund ' s c hu r ch , h a s c onf i rmed m ed ieva l o ccupa t ion i n

T he d e S ome ry s may h ave a r ranged f o r t h e i r b u rge s se s f r eedom f r om t o l l i nD ud ley a nd B i rm ingham ( 6 9 ) a nd t h ey c e r ta in ly d id i n Wo lve rhamp ton . H e re , R oge r d e S ome ry e n te r ed i n to a l e ng thy l e ga l d i spu te w i th t h e D ean o f Wo lve rhamp ton i n a n e f f o r t t o p ro tec t t h e i n t e re s t s o f h i s b o rough , a l though i t w a s a d i spu te t h a t d e S ome ry e f f ec t ive ly l o s t a s t h e ma rke t a t Wo lve rhamp ton w a s e s tab l i shed a nd R oge rh ad t oa ccep t ac omp rom i se . I ti sp o s s ib le t h a t t h e l o rd s ' e ncou ragemen t o f i mm ig ra t ion i n to D ud ley , f o r e xamp le i nt h e c a se o ft h e i mm ig ran t f r om C h ipp ing C ampd en , a nd J ohn d e S ome ry ' s 1 3 15 p avage g ran t f o r f i ve y ea r s o n a l l w a re s b rough t f o r s a le i n to t h e t own o f D ud ley ( 70 ) , s ugge s t s ome i n te re s t i nt h e t own ' s p romo t ion a nd i mp rovemen t .

t h i s a r ea o f t h e b o rough ( 77 ) . T he s i te p roduced l a rge q uan t i t ie s o f m ed ieva l p o t t e ry , b one a nd m e ta l l ic s l ag , t h e e a r l ie s t p o t te ry b e ing t we lf th c en tu ry i n d a te . T he s i t e a ppea r st oh ave b een h o s tt os ma l l s ca le manuf ac tu re , w h ich f r om t h e o u t se t i n c luded m e ta lwo rk ing , w h i l s t u nde r ly ing l o am s a l so p o in t s t o c u l t iva t ion t a k ing p l ace . U ndoub ted ly t h e re w e r e m ed ieva l b u rgage p l o t s f r on t ing o n to C a s t le

Whe the rt h e l o rd s o fD ud ley e xe r c i sed a ny i nf luence o n t h e p hy s ica l l a you t a nd d eve lopmen t o f t h e t own i s ad i ff i cu l t q ue s t ion t oj udge . T he t own o fD ud ley i sl a id o u t a l ong a n a x i s ( F igu r e 8 . 3) r unn ing f r om t h e C a s t le t ot h e C hu rch o f S t .Thoma s t h e Ma r ty r , a nd t h e f a c t t h a t t h e P agane l c ha r te r

S t r ee t , w h ich t h e p o t t e ry h in t s c ou ld b e o f t we lf th c en tu ry o r ig in ,b u tt h en a tu r eo ft h e' e xcava t ion 'w a sf a rt oo r e s t r ic ted t o

1 25

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1 26

b e o b se rv ing t we lf th c en tu ry a c t iv i ty o n t h e s i t e p r io r t ot h e l a y ing o u to fb u rgage s .

p o s se s s ion o f am a rk e t , a nd e ven mo r e s o o f ab o rough , w a s r e s t r ic ted t ot h ed e S ome ry sa nd t wo o rt h ree l e ad ing f am i l ie s i nt h eh ono r .

T he b u rgage p lo t st ot h e s ou th ,b e tween t h e l i ne o fH a l l L ane a nd S t .Thoma s 's c hu rch , a r e mo re a t tenua t ed a nd n a r rowe r t h an t h o se t ot h en or th . I ti sn o tc l ea rw he the rt h i sr e f lec t st h e i n t roduc t ion o f an a r rowe r b u rgage w hen l a y ing o u t , o r a s ub sequen t s ub -d iv i s ion o f t h e p l o t s , b u t t h ey d o s e em t o r e p re sen t ap ha se i nt h ee x ten s ion o ft h e a r ea o ccup ied b yt h e t own . A n umbe r o f b ounda r ie s a ppea r t o f o s s i l i se e a r l ie r f i e ld d i v i s ion s , a s i nt h e P ea se L ane /Ma rke t P l a ce /Pea cock ' s F i e ld a r ea , a nd a t t h e n o r the rn e nd o f H igh S t ree t n ea r Smy th e L ane . T h i s p a t te rn s ugge s t s t h e e xpan s ion o f s e t t lemen t a c ro s s f o rme r a r ab le w h ich w ou ld i nt u rn p a r t ly e xp la in t h e c ha ra c te r o ft h e b u rgage p lo t s i nt h i s a r ea . T he H an son ' s b rewe ry s i te , a t t h e e x t rem i ty o f t h e b o rough , c onf i rm s t h e i n t ru s ion o fd ome s t ic o r c r af t a c t iv i ty i n to t h e a g r icu l tu ra l l a nd o ft h e mano r , a nd i lu s t ra te s t h e l i ke l ihood o f e xpan s ion o r d eve lopmen t i n t h i s a r ea d u r ing t h e t h i r teen th o r f ou r teen th c en tu ry . A s C a the r ine Mou ld h a s c ommen t ed , i ti s l i ke ly t ha t g row th i n t h e t h i r teen th a nd f ou r teen th

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d eve lopmen t o fb u rgage p lo t s a l ong ma jo rr ou te s i na nd o u t o ft h et own , t a k ing i ns i te s l i ke t h a tw h ich s he h a s e xcava ted ( 7 8 ) . P a r t icu la r ly i ft h en a r rowe rp l o t sa r et a ken i n to a ccoun t , t h e f r on tage c r ea t ed a l ong H igh S t ree t a nd Ma rke t P l ace c ou ld e a s i ly a ccommoda t e t h e p opu la t ion s ugge s ted a bove o nt h eb a s i so ft h eb u rgage r en ta l s . T he l a y ing o u to ft h e H igh S t r ee t /Ma rke tP l ace t h o roughf a r e a c ro s s t h e f o rme r f i e ld s d oe s i mp ly t h e f o rma t ion o f an ew t h o roughf a re ,p re sumab ly i n tended t o d i ver t t r af i c t h rough t h ec en t r eo ft h et own . T he e a r l ie rr ou te s e em s l i ke ly t oh ave b een t h a t p a s s ing t o t h e s ou th o f t h e a x i s , b e tween S t .Thoma s ' s C hu rch a nd C hu rch F i e ld , v i a P ea cock 's F i e ld , b eh ind S t .Edmund ' s , a nd p a s t t h e c a s t le i n an o r th -ea s te r ly d i r ec t ion . S uch r e o rgan i sa t ion a nd r e p lann ing w ou ld c e r ta in ly h ave i n vo lved t h e l o rd , b u t d a t ing t h e p roce s s i s d i ff icu l t ; i ts e em s l i ke ly t oh ave b een p re sen t b y t h e s e cond h a lf o ft h et h i r teen th c en tu ry . I tw a si mpo s s ib le f o r al o rd t oc on t ro lt h et r ad ing n e two rk o f a n a r ea , b u t t h e re w a s ad e s i re t of o s te r t h e g row th o ft hose m a rke t s a s as ou r ce o fi n come . B i rm ingham p rov ide s c l ea re r e v idence t h an D ud ley . Wh i l s t i n d ue c ou r se t h ey h ad t o c ompe te w i th n e ighbou r s s uch a s H a le sowen , Wo lve rhamp ton a nd Wa l sa l l , t h e r ew e re n o r e a lr i va l s i nt h e h ono r i t se lf , a nd o ft h e t wo , B i rm ingham h ad t h e b r igh te s t p ro spec t s . O ft h eh andf u l o f ma rke t se s tab l i shed i nt h e h ono r b yt h ee nd o ft h et h i r teen th c en tu ry ,t ho se a tH and swor th a nd R ow ley w e re o n d e S ome ry mano r s . T he c l a im s o fJ ohn d e l aB a r re t o ama rke t a tL i t t le B a r r w e re o ve r tur n ed a tQ uo Wa r ran t° a nd r e cove red b y t h e k ing , w h i l s t t h e ma rke t s s i tua t ed a tT ry su l la nd p e rhap s We s tB romw ich r e p re sen tt h e i n t e re s t so fk ey f am i l ie s i nt h eh ono ra tt h ee nd o ft h et we lf th c en tu ry a nd i n to t h e t h i r teen th . I th a s a l ready b een a rgued t h a tt h i s d oes n o tr ef lec tt h e f u l l p a t ter no ft r ad ing a c t iv i ty i n t h e h ono r , a nd t h a t o t he r m a rke t c en t r e s a r e l i ke ly , a s p e rhap s a t S edg ley . H oweve r , i n s o f a r a s f o rma l t r ad ing a r rangemen t s c an b e u sed a s ag u ide , i tm ay b e s e en t h a t

1 27

NOTES : 1 . Mo r r i s ( e d ) , Dome sd ay B ook , S taf f ord sh i re , 2 46a , 2 46b , 2 46d , 2 48c ; Mo r r i s ( e d ) , D ome sday B ook , W orce s te r sh i re ,172a ,174b ,174c ; Mo r r i s ( ed ) , D ome sday B ook , Wa rw ick sh i re ,2 38a . 2 . M .Be re sf o rd a nd H .P .R .F inbe rg , E ng l i sh Med ie va l B o rough s : A Hand l i s t ( New J e r sey , 1 973 ) , 4 4 -5 , 5 0 ; M .Be r e sf o rd , ' Eng l i sh m ed ieva l b o rough s :a h and l i s t : r ev i s ion s , 1 973 -81 ' , U rban H i s tory Y ea rbook , ( 1981) , 5 9 -65 .

1 4 . C .Dye r , ' T he c on sume ra nd t h e ma rke ti nt h e l a te rm idd le a ge s ' ,E con .H i s t .Rev . ,2 nd s e r ie s , XL I I , 3 ,( 1989 ) , 3 11 , 3 25 . 1 5 . D ud ley R eco rd O ff i ce , D /DE I V / 16 ; W .Ba r row , ' B i rm ingham Ma rke t s a nd F a i r s ' , T BAS . , X .XXV I I I , ( 1913 ) , 1 . 1 6 . H o l t , 'B i rm ingham B ef o r e 1 553 ' , 3 6 . 1 7 . R ope r ,D ud ley : t h e Med ieva lt own ,2 .

3 . M .B .Row land s , T he ( London ,1987 ) , 3 7 .

W e s t M id land s F rom AD 1 000 1 8 . B e re sf o rd a nd F inbe rg ,E ng l i sh Med ieva lB orough s , 1 83 .

4 . C .Dye r , ' The h idden t r ade o ft h e M idd le A ge s :ev idence

1 9 . Mo r r i s ( ed ) , D ome sday B ook , B uck inghamsh i re , 1 48d ;

f r om t h e We s t M id land s o f E ng land ' , J nL o f H i s to r i ca l G eog raphy , 1 8 ,2 ,( 1992 ) , 1 4 1-57 .

C aLC .R , I ,1 226 -1257 ,3 40 , d a ted A p r i l 1 6 , 1 249 . 2 0 S ee n o te 7 .

5 . Ma rke t p r e sen t b y 1 22 1 , D .M .Pa l l i se r a nd A .C .P innock , ' The Ma rke t s o f Med ieva l S t af f o rd sh i re ' , NSJFS . , x i , ( 1971) ,

2 1 . P a l l i se ra nd P innock , ' Ma rke t s o f Med ieva l S t af f s ' , 5 1 .

5 0 . P e rhap s ab o rough b y 1 260 1300 , D .M .Pa l l i se r , ' T he B o rough s o f Med ieva l S t af f o rd sh i re ' , NSJFS . , x i i , ( 1972 ) , 6 8 , 7 0 .

2 2 . B a sed o n t h e l i ber t ie s o fS t af f o rd , P a l l i se r , ' Bo rough s o f Med ieva l S t af f s ' , 6 9 .

6 . A c ha r t e red ma rke t i sr e co rded 1 219 -20 , P a l l i se r a nd P innock , ' Ma rke t s o f Med ieva l S t af f s ' , 5 0 . A c ha r te r o f W i l l iam R uf f u s t o t h e b u rge s se s o f Wa l sa l l mo s t p robab ly d a te s t o 1 230 -47 ; K .F .B rown , T SSAHS . ,x v i i , ( 1975 -6 ) ,6 5 -8 .

' Two

Wa l sa l l

2 3 . Wro t te s ley ( e d ) ,F ina lC onco rd s , t emp . H enry I I ,2 50 . 2 4 . D ye r , ' H idden t r ade ' , 1 44 .

C ha r te r s ' , 2 5 . P a l l i se ra nd P innock , ' Ma rke t so f Med ieva lS t af f s ' , 5 0 .

7 .J .H .Round ( ed ) , T he G rea tR o l lo ft h eP ipe f o rt h e T wen ty S i x th Y ea ro ft h eR e ign o fK ing H enry t h eS econd , AD 179 -

2 6 . C a LC .R . , 1 , 1226 -1257 ,4 74 .

180 , P ipe R o l l S oc ie ty , x x ix , ( London , 1 908 ) , 1 3 . T .R .S la te r , ' Wo lve rhamp ton : C en t ra l P lace t o Med ieva l B o rough ' , i n D .Hooke a nd T .R .S la te r , A ng lo -Saxon Wo lverhamp ton .T he T own a nd i t s Mona s t ery

2 7 . P a l l i se ra nd P innock , ' Ma rke t so f Med ieva l S t af f s ' , 5 1 .

(Wo lve rhamp ton , 1 986 ) , 3 1 . I tw a s c r ea ted a b o rough i n 1 263 ;P a l l i se r , ' Bo rough so f Med ieva l S t af f s . ' , 6 9 .

2 9 . I b id . 2 50 -1 ; t h ej u ry d e te rm ined t h a t t h e r i gh t s c l a imed h ad b een u su rped f r om t h e C rown s i nce t h e t ime o f K ing J ohn .

2 8 . Wro t t e s ley ( e d ) ,P l ea R o l l s , 1 272 -1294 ,2 42 .

8 .A b o rough w i th t h ep r iv i lege s o fH e ref o rd w a s e s tab l i shed b e tween 1 2 16 a nd 1 272 ;B e re sf o rd ,' Hand l i s tr ev i s ion s ' , 6 4 .

3 0 .I b id . ,2 42 .

9 . T he re w a s ab o rough h e re b y 1 254 , B e re sf o rd a nd F inbe rg ,E ng l i sh Med ieva lB orough s , 1 83 .

3 1 . R ow land s , T he W e s t M id land s , F ig .1 .5 , Med ieva lS oc ie ty , 1 72 -3 .

1 0 . T .R .S la te r , ' U rban g ene s i s a nd m ed ieva l t own p l an s i n Wa rw ick sh i re a nd Wo r ce s te r sh i re ' , i nT .R .S la te ra nd P . Ja rv i s ( ed s ) , F ie ld a nd F ore s t -A n H i s to r ica l G eog raphy o f Warw ick sh i re a nd W orce s te r sh i re ( No rw ich ,1982 ) ,F ig .8 .2 .

3 2 . P a l l i se ra nd P innock , ' Ma rke t so f Med ieva l S t af f s ' , 5 1 .

4 0 ; H i l ton , A

3 . Wro t te s ley ( ed ) ,P lea R o l l s , 1 272 -1294 ,2 48 . 3 4 . B a r row , ' B i rm ingham Ma rke t s a nd F a i r s ' , 1 2 ; C a LC .R . , I ,

1 . c f .T .R .S la te r , ' The u rban h i e ra rchy i n m ed ieva l S t af f o rd sh i r e ' , Al . o fH i s tor ica l G eog raphy ,11 , 2 , ( 1985 ) ,

1 226 -1257 ,3 50 .

1 23 ,132 ,134 .

3 5 . B o th g ran ted i n1 257 ; C a LC .R . ,1226 -1257 ,4 73 ,4 74 .

1 2 . S la te r ,' U rban g ene s i s ' , 1 85 .

3 6 . D ye r , ' H idden t r ade ' , 1 50 .

1 3 . R .A .Ho l t , ' The E conom ic D eve lopmen t o fB i rm ingham B ef o re 1 553 ' , ( Un ive r s i ty o fB i rm ingham MA t h e s i s ,1975 ) , 3 2 -3 , 3 5 ,3 7 ,4 1 ,4 4 , 1 28 .

3 7 . G razeb rook , ' T he B a ron so fD ud ley ' , 1 9 ; C aLP .R . , 1 247 1 258 ,2 53 ; S haw ,H i s tory a nd A n t iqu i t ie so fS taf f ord sh i re , I , i,2 43 .

1 28

3 8 . c f .Dye r , ' T he c on sume r a nd t h e m a rke t ' ; V CH . , W orc s . , I I , 1 45 .

b rooch , a nd a g am ing p i ece , p e rhap s ac hes sman ; B o land , D ud ley C a s t l e , E xcava t ion s 1 983 -1985 ,4 7 ,50 .

3 9 . T ry su l l , 1 251 , Wro t te s ley ( e d ) , P lea R o l l s , 1 272 -1294 , 2 48 ; P a l l ise r a nd P innock , ' Ma rke t s o f Med ieva l S t af f s ' , 5 1 . L i t t le B a r r , 1 292 , i b id . , 2 50 ; R ow ley a nd H and swo r th , 1 292 , i b id . ,2 42 .

5 8 . S .Ra tka i ,p e r s .comm .

4 0 . c . 1220 ,a l though i t s e em s t o h ave h ad v a ry ing f o r tune s ;cf .J .Gou ld , Wa l sa l l -I n t h e B eg inn ing ' , T SSAHS . , XX IV , ( 1982 -3 ) ,6 .

5 9 . O swa ld , ' I n te r im R epo r t , Weo ley C a s t le ,1955 60 ' , 7 4 ,75 , 7 6 . 6 0 . B i rm ingham Mu seum s a nd A r t G a l le ry , W eo ley C a s t le , 2 . 6 1 . O swa ld , 'I n te r im R epo r t , Weo ley C a s t le , 1 955 -60 ' , 8 3 -5 .

4 1 . T he r i gh t t o a n e i gh t d ay f a i r h ad b een g r an t ed i n a c ha r t e r o fH en ry I I ; Wro t te s ley ( e d ) , P lea R o l l s , 1 272 -1294 , 2 49 .

6 2 .I b id . , 7 1 .

4 2 . Wedgwood ( ed ) ,I nqu i s i t ion s ,1223 -1327 , 1 55 , 1 56 .

6 3 . B i rm ingham Mu seum s a nd A r t G a l le ry , W eo ley C a s t le , Hand l i s to fE xh ib i t s .

4 3 . S RO 9 38 / 168 .

6 4 . H o l t , ' B i rm ingham B ef o r e 1 553 ' ,4 9 , 1 28 .

4 4 . H o l t ,' B i rm ingham B ef o r e 1 553 ' ,4 4 -5 , 5 1-3 ,6 0 -62 , 6 6 -7 , 7 1-2 .

6 5 . D ye r ,' H idden t r ade ' , 1 52 . 6 6 . R .H .H i l ton ,E ng l i sh a nd F rench T own s i nF euda lS oc ie ty

4 5 . J .W .W i l l i s -Bund a nd J .Amph le t t ( e d s ) , L ay S ubs id y R o l l T empor e Edwa rd I (Wo r ce s te r sh i r e H i s to r ica l S oc ie ty , O xf o rd 1 893 ) , 8 9 .

( Camb r idge , 1 992 ) , 3 4 .

4 6 . F . J .E ld ( ed ) , T axa t ion R o l lf or t h e C oun ty o fW o rce s te r ,] E dwa rd I I (Wo rce s te r sh i r e H i s to r ica l S oc ie ty , O xf o rd

6 8 . P a l l i se ra nd P innock ,' Ma rke t so f Med ieva l S taf f s ' , 5 2 .

1 895 ) ,3 8 -9 .

6 9 . H o l t , ' B i rm ingham B ef o r e 1 553 ' , 3 6 .

4 7 .

Dy e r ,

' The c on sume r a nd t h e m a rke t ' ,

3 20 ; H o l t ,

' B i rm ingham B ef o re 1 553 ' , 3 7 -8 ; E .M .Ca ru s -W i l son , ' T he F i r s t H a lf -cen tu ry o ft h e B o rough o fS t ra tf o rd u pon A von ' , E con . H i s t . R e v . ,2 nd .se r ie s , XV I I I , ( 1965 ) .

6 7 .I b id . ,38 -9 .

7 0 . C a LP .R . ,1313 -1317 , 34 .

5 0 . R ope r , Dud l ey : t h e Med ieva lt own , 7 ,2 2 .

7 1 . C . Mou ld , ' Dud ley : t h e f o rme r Ha n son 's b rewe ry s i te ' , WMA , 3 7 , ( 1994 ) , 1 08 111 . C . Mou ld , ' A rchaeo log ica l E xcava t ion s a t t h e F o rme r H an son ' s B r ewe ry S i t e , H igh S t ree t , D ud ley , TWAS , T h i rd S e r ie s , 1 5 ( 1996 ) , 3 17 -42 . O n t h e d i ff icu l ty o fd a t ing t h e e a r l ie r p o t tery , s e e 3 26 -8 , 3 31-2 . F igu re 8 . 3 i s b a sed u pon M .A s ton a nd J .Bond , T he L and scape o f T own s ( London , 1 976 ) , F ig . 4 3 a nd R ope r , D ud ley : t h em ed ieva lt own ,p l an o ppo s i te 1 4 .

5 1 . W i l l i sB und ( ed ) ,I PM s , W orce s te r , I ,3 5 .

7 2 . P ound s , T he Med ieva lC a s t l ei nE ng land a nd Wa le s ,2 18 .

5 2 .R ope r , Dud ley : t h e Med ieva lt own , 7 ,1 ;s e e F ig . .8 .3 .

7 3 . T .S .S la te r , ' T he A na ly s i s o f B u rgage s i n Med ieva l T own s : t h ree c a se s t ud ie s f r om t h e We s t M id land s ' , WMA , 2 3 , ( 1980 ) , 5 7 .

4 8 . C aLP .R . ,1317 -1321 ( London ,1903 ) , 5 75 . 4 9 . W i l l i sBund ( ed ) ,I PM s , W orce s te r , I ,1 6 .

5 3 .D ye r ,' The c on sume ra nd t h e ma rke t ' ,3 13 a nd F ig .2 . 5 4 .J .Rope r( ed ) , 'The D ud ley B u rgage L i s t 1 54 1 ' , T ran sc r ip t s F rom t h e Dud ley A rch ive s , S e r ie sO ne ( Dud ley , 1 960 ) , 1 8 .

7 4 .I b id . ,5 6 ;f r on tage so f5 7 3 / 4 f e e t . 7 5 .I b id . , 6 1 ; f r on tage s o f6 6f e e t .

5 . H o l t , ' B i rm ingham B ef o re Wa l sa l l C ha r te r s ' ,6 6 .

1 553 ' , 3 8 ; B rown , ' Two 7 6 .I b id . , 6 2 .

5 6 . D ye r , ' The c on sume r a nd t h e ma rke t ' , 3 06 , 3 10 -13 , 3 20 , 3 25 . .

7 7 . P .Bo la nd , ' Dud ley , Wa t ch ing B r ief a tG reen Man E n t ry ' , WMA , 3 2 , ( 1989 ) , 9 8 10 1 . D i scu s sed a l so i n Mou ld , ' A r chaeo log ica l E xcava t ion s a t t h e F o rme r Ha n son ' s B r ewe ry S i te ' , 38 .

5 7 . S . J .L innane , ' A b ronz e f i t t ing : D ud ley C a s t le , ar e cen t ly c on se rved s ma l l f i nd ' , WMA , 3 1 , ( 1988 ) , 4 7 ; ab ronze b e l t p l a te w i th i n c i sed g eome t r ic d e s ign , as ma l l l e ad a l loy

7 8 . Mou ld , i b id .

1 29

CHAPTER N INE . RURAL S ETTLE MENT AND LANDSCAPE I N THE HONOR OF DUDLEY . T he e x t en t t ow h ich l o rd s i n f luenced t h e s e t t lemen t p a t ter n a nd l a nd scape o ft h e i r e s ta t e sh a s b een as ub jec t o fd eba te i n r e cen t y ea r s . C h r i s tophe r D ye r h a s a r gued t h a t t h e r e a r e n o c ompe l l ing r e a son s t o s e e s e igneu r ia l a u tho r i ty r a the r t h an t h e c ommun i ty o f t h e v i i i b eh ind c hange i n f i e ld s a nd s e t t lemen t s ( 1 ) whe rea s P .D .A . H a rvey ( 2 ) , w h i l s t a ccep t ing many o f t h e p o in t s made b y D ye r , r e a s se r ted t h e r o le o f mano r ia l l o rd sh ip i nt h e o rde r ing o ft h e v i i i . S im i la r ly , i nh i s d i scu s s ion o f d e l ibe ra t e ly p romo ted r u ra l s e t t lemen t , C h r i s toph e r T ay lo r h a s a r gued t h e c a se f o r t h e h and o f l o rd sh ip ( 3 ) , wh i l s t i n h i s s t udy o f Wo rm le igh ton (Wa rk s ) P rof es so r T ho rpe e mpha s i sed t h e i n f luence o f l o rd sh ip o n t h e c ommun i ty a nd l a nd scape ( 4 ) . Wha t d oe s t h e e xpe r ience o ft h eh ono ro fD ud ley c on t r ibu te t ot h i sd eba te? G eog raph e r s h ave c l a s s if i ed r u ra l s e t t lemen t a c ro s s mo s t o f t h e a r ea o ft h e h ono r a s ' h am le t s e t t lemen t w i th o cca s iona l v i l lage s a nd many d i spe r sed f a rm s ' ( 5 ) , a n i mp re s s ion t h a t i s l a rge ly r e inf o rced b y t h e c . 1775 Y a te s map o fS t af f o rd sh i r e ( 6 ) . T h i s w a s a l so t r ue o f t h e m ed ieva l s e t t lemen t p a t ter n , s ome i mp r e s s ion o f wh ich m ay b e g a ined f r om t h e d e ser ted s e t t lemen t s t h a t h ave b een r e co rded w i th in t h e h ono r , o f f er ing a n i n s igh t i n to t h e l i k e ly f o rm o f e a r ly s e t t lemen t . W i th -o n ly t h i r ty one d e se r ted s i te s , a nd a f u r the r t wo d esc r ibed a s ' s h runken s e t t lemen t s ' , o n t h e SMR f o r t h e p a r i she so ft h eh ono r ,i ti sc l ea rt h a tt h e r ew e re r e la t ive ly f ew o ft h em . T he s i ze o ft h e s amp le u rge s c au t ion i nd raw ing c onc lu s ion s o n t h ed en s i ty a nd d i s t r ibu t ion o fs uch s i te sw i th in t h eh ono r ( F igu re 9 . 1) . P o s t -med ieva lu rban i sa t ion a nd i n du s t r ia l i sa t ion m igh t a ccoun t f o r t h e t e ndency t owa rd s a w e s te r ly d i s t r ibu t ion b u tt h er e cen t ly d i scove red s i te a tC oope r ' s B ank i n S edg ley ( 7 ) d emon s t ra te s t h e p re sence o f d e se r ted s e t t lemen t sn ea r e rt h ec en t re o ft h eh ono r . H oweve r , i ts e em s p robab le t h a tt h e i n f r equency o fs uch s i te s p a r t ly r e f lec t s t h e l ow d en s i ty a nd d i spe r sed n a tu re o ft h e m ed ieva l s e t t lemen t p a t te rn i nt h eh ono r ;t h e re a r ef ew d e se r ted m ed ieva l v i l lage s b ecau se t h e re w e re f ew v i l lage s .

S t .Kene lm ' s C hape l , b u t b o th t h i s wo rk a nd t h e w ide r f o r tune so ft h e s e t t lemen tm ay h ave b een l i nk ed i np a r tt ot h e p opu la r i ty o f t h e c u l t o f S t .Kene lm . M i r iam G i l l h a s a l so a s soc ia ted t h e f o r tune s o fK ene lm s towe w i th t h e c u l t o f S t . K ene lm , a r gu ing t ha t t h e s e t t lemen t s p rang u p t o s e rve p i lg r im t r af i c , a nd t h a t t h e R ef o rma t ion w a s ama jo r f a c to r i n i t s d ec l ine . T he c u l t may a l so h ave p romp ted t h e e s tab l i shmen t o f a n a nnua l f a i r i n 1 253 ( 1 1) , b u t t h e r e i s n o th ing t o s ugge s t t h a t t h i s w a s a p a r t icu la r ly l a rge s e t t lemen t . T he Wa rw ick sh i re s i te o f C es t e rove r i n 1 332 p e rhap s h ad a p opu la t ion o f a round n ine ty ( 12 ) , a nd t h e re w e r e t we lve m e s suage s h e r e i n 1 385 ( 13 ) , b u t s i nce i tl a y i n t h e Wa rw ick sh i re F e ldon , a n a r ea o fn uc lea t ed v i l lage s , i ti s n o tc ompa rab le w i th t h es e t t lemen tp a t ter na r ound D ud ley . T he re i st h e ref o re a s t rong i mp r e s s ion o f d i spe r sed a nd r e la t ive ly s ma l l s e t t lemen t s i n m any p a r t s o f t h e h ono r , a l though t h e f o r tune s o f s e t t lemen t s d id f l uc tua te a nd t h e s e t t lemen t p a t te rn w a s f l u id . W i l l iam d e Wave r ' s g ran t o fa ma rke ta tC e s te rove r i n1 257 ( 14 ) m ay h ave b een a s soc ia ted w i th t h e p o s s ib le e x ten s ion o f s e t t lemen t s ugge s ted i nt h e a e r ia l p ho tog raph s o ft h e s i te ( 15 ) . K ene lms towe may b e a n e xamp le o f s e t t lemen t s h if t a nd s h r inkage ; b y 1 273 t h e re w e r ec omp la in t sa bou tt h ep oo rs o i l so ft h ea r ea ( 16 ) . D ocumen ta ry s ou rce s o f ten s e em t h e mo re i n f o rma t ive f o r t h e h ono r , d e sp i te t h e p rob lems i n he r en t i n t h e u se o f t a xa t ion r e co rd s . T he d e se r ted s i t e s i n t h e S t af f o rd sh i r e p a r i she s o f t h e h ono r f a l l ma in ly w i th in t h e h und r ed s o f S e i sdon a nd C u t t le s tone , whe re a t t h e t ime o f t h e 1 327 s ub s idy ( 1 7 ) t h e a ve rage n umbe r s o ft axpaye r s p e r v i l l w a s 1 5 .8 a nd 1 r e spec t ive ly , p e rhap s r ep re sen t ing a ve rage p opu la t ion s o f a bou t 1 98 a nd 1 38 ( 18 ) . A s t a xa t ion v i l l s m igh t c on ta in many s e t t lemen t s , s uch a s h am le t s a nd f a rm s t ead s , t h i s r e inf o rce s t h e i mp re s s ion o f t h e a r chaeo log ica l a nd f i e ld e v idence i ns ugge s t ing t ha tt h i s w a s a n a r ea o f d i spe r sed a nd n o t p a r t icu la r ly l a rge s e t t lemen t s . I ndeed , m any o f t ho se s i t es wh ich w e re a bandoned l a y w i th in v i l l s w ho se p opu la t ion w a s ag ood d ea l s ma l le r E ng le ton w i th f ou rt a xpaye r s , P a t shu l lw i th s even , E s s ing ton w i th e i gh t , H i l ton w i th n i ne a nd L u t ley w i th f ou r teen . T he h ono r s e em s t o c on f i rm t h e o b se rva t ion o f b o th D ye r a nd B ond ( 1 9 ) t h a tt h e re w a s at e ndency f o r s e t t lemen t s d e s t ined f o r d e se r t ion t o b e s ma l l , b u t t h ey w e re n o t n ece s sa r i ly u n impo r tan t w i th in t h e h ono r . A t p l ace s l i ke E s s ing ton , Mo r f e a nd S u t ton ( 20 ) s e t t lemen t h a s mo re p rope r ly s h runk o r s h if t ed r a the r t han b een d e ser t ed , a nd s e ve ra l o f t h e se ' d e se r t ed ' s i t e s , s uch a s E s s ing ton , H i l ton , Wro t te s ley ( 2 1) , H ag ley a nd F rank ley ( 2 2 )w e re t h es e a t s o fg en t ry f am i l ie si n

I ti sd if i cu l t t o j udge h ow l a rge s ome o f t h e se d e se r ted s e t t lemen t s w e re , b u t t h e t e rm ' v i l lage ' i s n o t a lway s a pp rop r ia t e . A Wo rce s te r sh i re s i te n ea r D o rda le , B e lb rough ton ( 8 ) a ppea r s t o h ave h ad n o mo re t h an s i x b u i ld ing s a nd m igh t w e l l r e p r e sen t as i ng le f a rm s tead . A t C oope r 's B ank t h e r e a r e t r ace s o ff ou r t of t s a nd s ome s t on e f oo t ing s ( 9 ) , b u t i tc anno t b e e s tab l i shed i ft h e a d jacen t c o l l ie ry w o rk ing s a r e o b scu r ing amo r e e x ten s ive s i te . I nt h e c a se o f K ene lm s towe , n ea r C len t , t h e e a r thwo rk s o f as i t e

t h e t h i r teen th a nd f ou r teen th c en tu r ie s . T hu s i nt h e p a r i she s t ha t m ade u p t h e h ono r o f D ud ley , r e la t ive ly s ma l l a nd d i spe r sed s e t t lemen t s f o rmed a s i gn if i can t p a r t o f t h e

h ave b een n o ted ( 10 ) , a nd a l though u nexcava ted , t h e re a r e r e co rd so ft we lf th c en tu ry p o t te ry a nd ak i ln . T he v i ab i l i ty o f t h e s i t e i sp e rhap s r e f lec ted i n t h e c on tempo ra ry w o rk i n

1 30

F igu re 9 . 1 .

1 31

s e t t lemen t p a t te rn a nd t h e f i e ld s y s tem s t h a t a ccompan ied t h i s p a t te rn h ave b een c a tego r i sed b y R obe r t s a s ' wood land s y s tems ' , w i th g rea te r e mpha s i s u pon t h e r e sou rce s a va i lab le f o r g raz ing , t han i sf ound i n t h e t y p ica l ' m id land s y s tem ' ( 23 ) . A spec t s o ft h i st ype o fs e t t lemen tp a t te rn may b e s e en i nt h e c a se o f Wombou rne p a r i sh ( F igu re 9 . 2 ) . I n 1 086 t h e r e w e re mano r sr e co rded a tC ha sepoo l , O r ton a nd Wombou rne i t se lf . C ha sepoo l l a y w i th in t h e F o re s t a nd w a s r e co rded a sw a s te , a nd t h e o b serva t ion o f l i nea r f e a tu r e s ( 24 ) h a s l e d t o t h e s ugge s t ion t ha t t h i s i st h e s i te o f ad e se r t ed s e t t lemen t ; t h e c i rcum s tance so ft h i sd e se r t ion a r en o tk nown , b u to ne m igh t r ea sonab ly s pecu la te t h a tt h ey c ou ld h ave b een r e la ted t ot h e e s tab l i shmen t o ft he F o re s to fK inve r . O r ton wa s a s se s sed a t t h ree h ide s a nd Wombou rne a t s e ven ; t h e i r r e co rded

S uch p roce s se s c ou ld a f f ec t t h e s e t t lemen t p a t te rn , p a r t icu la r ly i na r ea so fd i spe r sed s e t t lemen t , a r ea sw h ich a l so t e nd t ob e c ha rac t e r i sed b y mo r e d ynam ic p opu la t ion g row th i nt h et we lf th a nd t h i r teen th c en tu r ie s ( 44 ) . I na dd i t ion t ot h e m ano r s o f Wombou rne a nd O r ton , t h e re e me rged a m ano r t h a tc ame t ob e k nown a s' T he Wodehou se ' ( 45 ) , who se v e ry n ame r e co rd s i t sc on s t ruc t ion f r om s ma l lp a r ce l s o fl a nd a nd a s sa r t s , s ome o f w h ich w a s e nc lo sed b y h edge a nd d i tch ( 4 6 ) . T he se a s sa r t sa nd e nc lo su re se x i s ted a l ong s ide ap a t ter n o ff i e ld s . T he r e w e re a tl e a s t t h ree f i e ld s i n Wombou rne b y t h e f ou r teen th c en tu ry ( 47 ) , P o t t e l i th f i e ld ( 48 ) , H o lendene sf e lde ( 49 ) a nd B ageruggef e ld ( 50 ) ; t h e re a r e a l so r e f e rence s t og ran t s o fl a nd o n D awe leye ( 5 1) a nd L u tehu l le ( 52 ) , w h ich a ppea r t o b e a r ea s w i th in P o t te l i th f i e ld . O r ton t o o h ad a tl e a s t t h ree f i e ld s ( 53 ) a nd t h e re w e r e t wo , Whea t F i e ld a nd Wood F i e ld , a t Wodehou se ( 54 ) b y t h e e a r ly

p opu la t ion s ( 25 ) s ugge s t a n o ve ra l l c ommun i ty , b a sed o n a mu l t ip l ie r o f 5 . 0 , o fs ome 1 40 p eop le . B y 1 327 t h e v i i i o f

f ou r teen th c en tu ry .

Wombou rne ( 26 )r e co rded e i gh teen p eop le p ay ing £ 2 .9 s .0d . , a nd O r ton , f i f t een p eop le p ay ing £ 1 .12 s .2d . ; a l low ing f o r a 6 0% u nd e r rep re sen ta t ion d ue t o e xemp t ion s a nd e va s ion ,

A no the r mano r i nt h e p a r i sh o f Wombou rne w a s S w indon , a

t h i s w ou ld s ugge s t ap opu la t ion o f a r ound 4 12 , a n a lmo s t t h ree -f o ld i n c rea se s i nce 1 086 . T h i sm igh tb e c ompa red w i th H a le sowen whe re t h e p opu la t ion i n c rea se b e tween 1 086 a nd 1 315 s e em s t o h ave b een a round 2 00% ( 27 ) . H oweve r , i t mu s t b e e mpha s i sed t h a t s uch p opu la t ion e s t ima te s a r e o f t en i mbued w i th a n u nde se rved s en se o fa ccu ra cy . T hey a r e , i n r e a l i ty ,g ue s se st ha tc an p rov ide o n ly t h e c r ude s to fg u idance t op opu la t ion t r end s .

n ame s ugge s t ing a p a r t icu la r a s soc ia t ion w i th p ig f a rm ing ( 5 5 ) ; n o t m en t ioned b y n ame i nD ome sday , i ti ss ugge s ted t h a ta tt h i s d a te i tw a s i n c luded w i th in t h e s ma l le ro ft h et wo H im ley mano r s ( 56 ) . B y t h e t h i r teen th c en tu ry t h e m e sne l o rd sh ip w a s h e ld b y t h e l o rd s o f O r ton ( 57 ) w i th t h e E ng le f ie ld f am i ly a st e nan t s ( 58 ) . S e t t lemen t i nt h em ano r i n t h e 1 270s s e em st oh ave c omp r i sed s ome t h i r teen m e s suage s , s i x a nd a h a lf v i rga te s a nd p ay ing f i f t een s h i l l ing s i nr en t ( 5 9 ) , w i th af i e ld m en t ioned h e re b y 1 338 . T he ma in a r ea o f w a s te i nt h ep a r i sh a l so l a yh e re ( 60 ) .

T he n ame s o ft he t axpaye r s d emon s t ra te ad i spe r sed p a t ter n

Wombou rne t h e r ef o re i lu s t ra te s at ype o f p a r i sh w h ich

o f s e t t lemen t i nt he v i l l s . N ame s s uch a s R obe r t a t te Mo r e ( 28 ) , R icha rd A t tef o rd ( 29 ) , Wa l te r d e B o sco ( 30 ) o r d e l a Wodehou se ( 3 1) , a nd p e rhap s W i l l iam d e H o leba che ( 32 ) , a n ame p re served t oday i nH o lbeche H ou se , s ou th o fH im ley , p o in t t o s c a t te red s e t t lemen t a c ro s s moo r land , a t f o rd ing

r a ng ing f r om c ompa ra t ive ly n uc lea ted a nd l o ng e s tab l i shed f o ca l p o in t s l i ke Wombou rne i t se lf , t o s ma l le r c en t r e s l i ke S w indon a nd n ew , a l so s ma l l , f o ca l p o in t s , l i ke t h e

p o in t s a nd i n wood land o ra s sor ted a r ea s . T he A t t ewodehou s n ame s i np a r t icu la r , Wa l te r , J ohn , W i l l iam a nd R a lph ( 3 3 ) ,

c on ta ined an umbe ro fr e la t ive ly s ma l l c en t re s o fs e t t lemen t ,

Wodehou se . T h i s d i spe r sed p a t ter n o f s e t t lemen t w i th in t h e p a r i sh w a s p a r t ly c r ea ted t h rough a s sar t ing a nd w a s

r e f lec t t h e e xpan s ion o f s e t t lemen t i n Wombour n e t h rough e x ten s ive a s sa r t ing . T he ' Wodehou se C ha r te r s ' ( 34 ) p r e se rve s eve ra l g ran t s a nd r e f e rence s t o a s sa r t s , p a r t icu la r ly t ho se

s uppo r ted b y as e r ie s o ff i e ld s , a s sa r ted a nd e nc lo sed l a nd , m eadow a nd w a s t e , i n wh ich s heep , g oa t s a nd p e rhap s p ig s p l ayed a s i gn if i can t p a r t i n t h e e conomy . T h i s s e t t lemen t p a t ter n may b e s e en , i n e s sence , i nY a te s 's map o fc . 1775 ,

a s soc ia ted w i th t h e d e B o sco o r Wodehou se f am i ly , d a t ing

a l though t h i s a l so s how st h e p o s s ib i l i ty o fi s o la ted a nd mo re

f r om t h e l a te t we lf th o r e a r ly t h i r teen th c en tu ry o nwa rd s , wh i l s t t h e H und red R o l l s ( 35) s how e x ten s ive a s sa r t ing b y 1 255 ( 36 ) t oge the r w i th ar e f e rence t ot h e g oa t s o fJ ohn d e Wodef o rd ,a nd o fR obe r tj un io r ,k ep ti nt h eF o re s t .

s c a t te red h ome s tead s d i s t r ibu ted b e tween t h e ma in f o ca l p o in t s . L o rd s c an s ome t ime s b e s e en t a k ing a mo r e d i rec t r o le i n i n f luenc ing t h e a r rangemen t s o f l o ca l s e t t lemen t a nd l a nd scape , a l be i t o n as ma l l s ca le . A n a g r eempn t b e tween

T ha t an umbe ro ft h e a s sa r tg ran t s w e r e made b y l o rd s , s uch a s R a lph d e S ome ry ( 37 ) , W i l l iam f i t z G uy d 'Of f in i ( 3 8 ) , B er na rd d e F rank ley ( 39 ) , A lan , l o rd o f Wombou rne ( 40 ) ,

J ohn d e S omery a nd H en ry o fB u shbu ry i n 1 319 r e la t ed t o w ood land t h a t h ad b een e nc lo sed w i th d i tch a nd h edge ( 6 1) ,

Maud , l a dy o f Wombour n e ( 4 1) a nd W i l l iam d e O ver ton ( 42 ) t e nd s t o s ugge s t t h a t t h ey a r e l i ke ly t o h ave t a ken a n

w h i l s t i n ad eed o fe xchange o fc . 1300 , R ober t d e E s s ing ton a cqu i r ed r e ady a cce s s t o ah a lf v i rga t e i n E s s ing ton f o r

a c t ive r o le i np romo t ing t h e p roce s s o fa s sa r t ing . S uch l o ca l l o rd s a nd m embe r s o ft h e g en t ry w e re p r ec i se ly t h e k i nd o f

m ak ing h i s p ond s a nd p oo l s a nd r a i s ing c o t tage s i n c onven ien t p l ace s ( 62 ) . S im i la r ly , R obe r t , s on o fR obe r t o f E s s ing ton w a s i n1 318 a cqu i r ing m eadow l a nd i nE s s ing ton a nd mak ing a r rangemen t s t os u r round p ond s a nd p oo l s w i th d i tch a nd h edge ( 6 3) , a l though c l ea r ly i tc anno t b e a s sumed t h a t ' e nc lo su r e ' w a s a lway s i n i t ia ted b y t h e l o rd . I n 1 325 R obe r t d e E s s ing ton r e ce ived a c r of t a l r eady e nc lo sed w i th d i tche sa nd h edge s( 64 ) .

l o rd s w ho w e re mo s t l i ke ly t o b e d i rec t ly i n vo lved i n t h e d eve lopmen t o ft h e l o ca l l a nd scape . T hey k new t h e t e r ra in , n eeded t oe xp lo i t t h e i r r e sou rce s , a nd t h e e ncou ragemen t o f a s sa r t ing o f f e red o ne o ft h eo bv iou sm e thod so fd eve lopmen t ( 43) .

1 32

F igu re 9 . 2 .

1 33

S edg ley ( F igu r e 9 . 3 ) w a s al a rge a nd p ro spe rou s v i i i b y t h e s t anda rd s o ft h e a r ea . I n 1 086 i t st wo mano r s ( 6 5 ) a ccoun ted

o f S edg ley , o r o f e l sewhe re i n t h e h ono r , d u r ing t h e l a te t h i r teen th a nd e a r ly f ou r t een th c en tu r ie s( 69 ) .

f o r s ome f i f ty -f ou r v i l le in s , t wo b o rda r s , t h ree s l ave s a nd a p r ie s t , o f w hom a l l s ave n i ne v i l le in s w e re w i th in t h e

S edg ley i t s e lf w a s n o t t h e o n ly f ocu s f o r s e t t lemen t i nt h e p a r i sh , b u t w a s p a r t o f a mo re d i spe r sed p a t ter n . O n t h e

d eme sne m ano r o f W i l l iam f i tz A n scu lf . B y 1 327 , t h e s ub s idy r e co rd s f o r S edg ley s ome f o r ty t a xpaye r s , l i s ted a s

b ounda r ie s o f t h e p a r i sh , a t C oope r ' s B ank , ad e se r ted s e t t lemen t s i t e h a s r e cen t ly b een r e co rd ed , a s soc ia ted w i th

p ay ing £ 3 .18 s .5d . , as um s u rpa s sed w i th in S e i sdon H und red b y o n ly K inve r , as ma l l b o rough ( 66 ) . T h i s w ou ld a ppea rt o s ugge s t a n i n c rea se i n t h e p opu la t ion b e tween t h e l a te

r i dge a nd f u r row a nd ah o l loway , p robab ly a l ready p r e sen t w hen t h e N ew P a rk w a s c r ea ted i n t h e t h i r teen th c en tu ry ( 70 ) . P a s s ing r e f e r ence st op e r sona ln ame sa l so s ugge s tf a i r ly s ca t te red s e t t lemen t t h roughou t t h e p a r i sh . P e te r d e

e l even th a nd e a r ly f ou r teen th c en tu r ie s f r om a r ound 2 84 t o s ome 5 00 , n o t ap a r t icu la r ly r ema rkab le r a te o f i n c rea se . P e rhap s t h e h igh i n c idence o f p a rk land a nd w ood s i n t h e

E t t ing sha l l o ccu r s i n am id twe lf th c en tu ry c ha r te r ( 7 1) , a nd aMoy se d eC o t tewe l le a ppea r s i n at h i r teen th c en tu ry c ha r te r

p a r i sh i n h ib i ted p opu la t ion g row th , a s s ugge s ted b y P rof e s so rD ye ra tH anbu ry ( 67 ) . H oweve r , S edg ley a l so w e l l

( 72 ) , p re sumab ly t o b e a s soc ia ted w i th C o twa l l end , a s p e rhap s w a s T homa s d e C u twa l le ( 7 3) . AJ ohn d e C o se ley

i lu s t ra te s t h e d i ff icu l t ie s o f u s ing s uch d a ta . I n t h e 1 273 I nqu i s i t ion p o s t mor tem f o rt h e mano r o fS edg ley , r e f e r ence

a ppea r s i nt h e e a r ly f ou r teen th c en tu ry ( 74 ) a nd t h e re a r e a s e r ie s o f l e s s r e ad i ly i d en t if iab le n ame s t h a t a l so p o in t t o

w a s made t o s even ty -f ive h ou seho ld s o f c u s toma ry t e nan t s a nd f o r ty -n ine c u s toma ry t e nan t s o ft h e a s sa r ted l a nd . T he re

s c a t te red s e t t lemen t -J ohn d e l a Mo r e ( 7 5 ) m igh tb e e choed i np l ace s s uch a sL adymoo r , o rU ppe ra nd L owe r Moo r , a nd R icha rd i n L e H aye ( 76 ) b y ' The H ay ' . N ame s s uch a s

w e r e a l so f ou rf r eeho lde r sm en t ioned . A l though t h i sm ay n o t b e a n e n t i re ly a ccu ra te s u rvey o f t h e p opu la t ion o f t h e mano r , i tw ou ld s ugge s t ac ommun i ty o fa r ound 6 40 p eop le . Wh i l s t t h i s w ou ld i n d ica te a h ighe r l e ve l o f d emog raph ic

W i l l iam a t te P a rk ( 77 ) a nd J ohn a t te P a rk ( 78 ) s ugge s t s e t t lemen t i ne i the rt h e n or ther no rs ou th -ea s ter np a r t s o ft h e

g row th i nt h e mano r t h an t h e 1 327 f i gu r e s w ou ld a l low , i t s t i l l r ep r e sen t s o n ly a s u rp r i s ing ly mode s t g row th i n t h e p opu la t ion .

p a r i sh , w h i l s t J ohn a t t e Wode sende ( 79 ) m igh t r e f lec t a s sa r ted l a nd , a sm igh tt h ep l ace n ame ' Wood se t ton ' , p e rhap s r e ca l l ing a f o ld i n aw ood ( 80 ) . P e rhap s t h e a ppea rance i n

H oweve r , h ow d o w e a ccoun t f o r t h e d i sc r epancy b e tween

F i e ld a nd F laxen F ie ld ( 8 1) r e ca l l s t h e R icha rd d e F laxha le m en t ioned i n t h e 1 273 I nqu i s i t ion ( 82 ) . T he p l ace n ame

1 843 o ft h r ee f i e ld s n amed U ppe r F laxen F i e ld , F a r F laxen

t h e 1 327 a nd t h e 1 273 p opu la t ion e s t ima t e s? I ti sp o s s ib le t ha t t h e c a lcu la t ion s a r e i n a ccu ra te , a nd t h a t t h e 1 327 e s t ima te i np a r t icu la ri sa nu nde r r ep re sen ta t ion . A sD ye rh a s o b se rved , ag row ing p ropor t ion o f t h e l e s s p ro spe rou s m embe r s o fm ed ieva l c ommun i t ie s w e re e xc luded f r om t h e c o l lec t ion o f l a y s ub s id ie s ( 68 ) . A l te rna t ive ly , i ti s n o t u n l ike ly t h a tt h e re h ad a c tua l ly b een af a l l i nt h e p opu la t ion o ft h e mano rb e tween 1 273 a nd 1 327 . I tw a st h ec a se t h a tt h e v a lua t ion s i n t h e I nqu i s i t ion s p o s t mor tem f o r S edg ley

e Gor na l ' u se s t h e O ld E ng l i sh e l emen t ' h a lh ' , r ef lec t ing a s ma l l v a l ley o r h o l low , a nd m ean s , a cco rd ing t o G e l l ing , ' m i l ln ook ' ( 8 3 ) . R eco rded a s' Go rnha l ' ( 84 ) b y t h et h i r teen th c en tu ry , i ts e em s l i ke ly t h a t t h e re w a s a l so s ome s e t t lemen t h e re . T hu s t h e i mp re s s ion i s o ne o f s e t t lemen t s ca t te red t h roughou t t h e p a r i sh , w i th in w h ich S edg ley w a s t h e p r inc ipa lf o cu s .

p eaked i n 1 291 , b u t b y 1 322 h ad d ec l ined t o av a lue l owe r

S edg ley d oe s n o t p r e sen t t h e s ame o ppo r tun i t ie s a s Wombour n et ot r a ce t h ep roce s so fa s sa r t ing , a nd t h e ref o r e i t

t h an t ha t r e co rded f o r 1 273 . G iven t h e i mpo r tan t r o le o f r en ta l si nt h ec ompo s i t ion o ft h e mano r ia lv a lua t ion s ,t h i sf a l l

i s mo re d i ff i cu l t t o r e la te t h e s e t t lemen t p a t ter n d i rec t ly t o t h a t p roce s s . E ven s o , t h e I nqu i s i t ion p o s t mor tem o f 1 273 s ugge s t s e x ten s ive a s sa r t ing w i th in t h e mano r , wh i l s t ad eed o f t h e l a te t h i r teen th c en tu ry ( 85 ) , r e co rd ing a g ran t b y W i l l iam Moy sen t o f S edg ley t o R oge r , s on o f G eof f r ey d e C a ldewa l l , o f t h i r t een s e l ion s l y ing o n af o rme r a s sa r t ,

i nv a lue , o fa r ound £ 15 .0 s .0d . , l i ke ly r e f lec t s , a tl e a s t i np a r t , ar educed p opu la t ion . T he C h ron ic le o f C roxden A bbey , aC i s t e r c ian h ou se i n n or th S t af f o rd sh i re , c ommen t s o n t h e d i ff icu l t ie s t h a t t h e a r ea f a ced i nt h e l a te t h i r teen th a nd f ou r t een th c en tu r ie s . T he y ea r 1 316 w a sn o ted f o rd ea r th ,f am ine ,p e s t i lence a nd d ea th , a ccompan ied b y s t eep ly r i s ing w hea t p r ice s . I n 1 325 -6 , t h e a r ea w a s a f f ec ted b y s eve r e d rough t . I nH a le sowen , R az i h a s a s soc ia ted h igh mo r ta l i ty i n 1 293 -5 w i th f am ine , d u r ing wh ich p e r iod c or n p r ice s a t ta ined f am ine l e ve l . H a rd t ime s f e l l o n H a le sowen a ga in b e tween 1 307 a nd 1 309 , a s ar e su l t

r e f lec t st h es ame p roce s s . O n ly a tC oope r 's B ank i st h e re e x tan t r i dge a nd f u r row , b u t s u rv iv ing p l ace a nd f i e ld n ame s , a nd b ounda r ie s , p e rm i t s ome s pecu la t ion a nd s ugge s t t h e p r e sence o f c u l t iva t ion a c ro s s much o f t h e p a r i sh . T he s u rv iv ing p l acename s -

o fb ad h a rve s t s , w eaken ing t h e p opu la t ion t ot h e e x ten t t h a t w hen t h e h a rve s t a ga in f a i led i n 1 3 10 a s ar e su l t o f b ad w ea the r , mo r ta l i ty r e ached an ew p eak , t ob e f o l lowed b y a ' s ub s i s tence c r i s i s ' . 1 315 17 t h en s aw a g r ea t f am ine w h ich a f f ec ted much o fn o r ther nE u rope . A l though t h e f am ine w a s o ver b y 1 3 18 , t h e a g ra r ian c r i s i s c on t inued w e l l i n to t h e n ex t d ecade , w i th c a t t le mu r ra in t h roughou t t h e c oun t ry i n 1 3 19 , a nd f u r the rb ad h a rve s t s i n1 320 a nd 1 321 . I ti st h e r ef o r e n o t d i ff icu l tt oe xp la in ar educ t ion i nt h ep opu la t ion o ft h e mano r

L ane sf i e ld , P a rkf i e ld , H ighf i e ld , D eepf ie ld s a nd S andyf i e ld s a r e n o t a l l n ece s sa r i ly m ed ieva l , b u t F ow le r ' s map r e co rd s t h e s ame o rs im i la rn ame s , s uch a s S edg ley f i e ld , G rea t a nd L i t t le Wa l l f i e ld s , p e rhap s P a rkf ie ld s ( 86 ) , a nd S andwe l l f i e ld s ,w h ich s ugge s tt h es i te o fe a r ly f i e ld s . S im i la r ly , s u rv iv ing p l a ce n ame s a nd o t he r r e f e rence s p rov ide ar em inde r o ft h e d i ve r s i ty o f l a nd scape w i th in t h e p a r i sh . T he 1 273 I nqu is i t ion r e f e r red t ot h e p oo r q ua l i ty o f s ome o ft h e l a nd ( 87 ) a sw e l l a st ow ood land a nd m eadow .

1 34

F igu re 9 . 3 .

1 35

J ohn d e l a Mo re 's n ame h i gh l igh t st h e p r e sence o fh ea th land a sd oe st h er e f e rence t ot h e ma s to fH u r s temo re a nd t h em a s t o fE l lenva le ,w h i l s ti n1 843 U ppe ra nd L owe r Moo rs u rv ived a s p rope r t ie s n ea r C o twa l lend , a n a r ea o f f a i r ly r ough g round ; s im i la r l a nd i s s ugge s ted b y t h e p l ace n ame ' L adymoo r ' , i nt h en or th -ea s t e rn p a r to ft h ep a r i sh . T he i d en t if ica t ion o f t h e d eme sne i s d i ff i cu l t . Wha t w a s c e r ta in ly p a r t o f t h e d eme sne w e re t h e e x ten s ive t r ac t s o f p a rk land w i th in t h e p a r i sh ( 88 ) t oge the r w i th B agge r idge . T he e s tab l i shmen t a nd m a in tenance o f t h e p a rk land w a s e s sen t ia l ly as e igneu r ia l d ec i s ion , a nd o ne t h a t a f f ec ted b o th t h e s e t t lemen t a nd l a ndu se p a t ter n , a nd p e rhap s p opu la t ion g row th .

a s sa r t ing t h a th ad t a ken p l a ce w i th in t h e p a r i sh , a l so r e ca l led i n ar e f e rence o f 1 322 t o f i f t een t e nan t s o f t h e n ew l a nd ( 103 ) . T he p r ec i se r o le o f l o rd sh ip i n N or thf i e ld i s n o t e a s i ly i d en t if i ed o n t h e b a s i s o f t h e s u rv iv ing e v idence . I ts e em s r e a sonab le t op r e sume t h a t t h e s ub inf euda t ion w h ich c r ea t ed t h e m ano r o fM idd le ton w ou ld h ave h ad s ome i mpac t o n t h e l a nd scape o ft h em ano r ,p e rhap s i n ten s ify ing i t sd eve lopmen t a st h e l o rd o fM idd le ton s ough t ap rof i tab le e conom ic b a s i s . I n t h e c a se o f We s t B romw ich h oweve r ( F igu re 9 . 5 ) , D r H odde r h a s a r gued f o r t h e d i rec t i n f luence o f l o rd sh ip i n b u i ld ing p rog ramme s a nd i n s e t t lemen t a nd l a nd scape p l ann ing ,

T he r i dge a nd f u r row t h a t may b es e en a tC oope r ' sB ank r un s

l i nk ing t h i s t o a n

a s se r t ion

o f l o rd sh ip b y

t o ah ead land f o l low ing t h e l i ne o ft h e p a rk b ounda ry b ank .

s ucce s s ive l o rd s o f t h e mano r ( 104 ) . I ti s c onven ien t t o e xam ine b u i ld ing p rog ramme s a nd s e t t lemen t a nd l a nd scape

R idge a nd f u r row may b e o bse rved w i th in t h eN ew P a rk ( 89 ) a nd i nC rad ley P a rk ( 90 ) ,w h i l s tt h ep rope r ty b ounda r ie sm ay

r e a l i ty i n te r re la ted .

d eve lopmen t s epa ra t e ly , a l though o bv iou s ly t h ey w e r e i n

p o in t t o as im i la r o ccu r rence i nE t t ing sha l l P a rk ( 9 1) , b u t i n n one o f t h e se c an i ty e t b e s hown t h a t t h ey n ece s sa r i ly r ep r e sen tm ed ieva lc u l t iva t ion .

We s t B romw ich w a s a mano r h e ld b y t h e O f f in i f am i ly t h roughou t t h e t we lf th c en tu ry a nd i n to t h e e a r ly t h i r t een th ,

T he p a r i sh o f Nor thf ie ld ( F igu re 9 . 4 ) c omp r i sed t h e b a ron ia l

u n t i l t h e d ea th o fR icha rd d 'Off in i , s ome t ime b e tween 1 248 a nd 1 255 , l e d t ot h e d i v i s ion o ft h e mano r b e tween t wo c o -

d emesne m ano ro f No r thf ie ld o r Weo ley , t oge the rw i th S e l ly O ak , b o th p r e sen t i n 1 086 ( 92 ) a nd w i th in wh ich t h e m ano r o f M idd le ton w a s c r ea t ed d u r ing t h e t we lf th c en tu ry a s a r e su l to fs ub inf euda t ion b yt h eP agane l s . As i gn if i can tp ropo r t ion o ft h e l a nd i nt h e n o r th -ea s ter n a nd c en t ra lp a r to ft h e p a r i sh w a st a ken i n to t h e d eme sne s o ft h e l o rd so fS e l ly O ak a nd Weo ley . W i th in t h e l a t te rw a s s i tua ted Weo ley c a s t le , o ne o f t h e p r inc ipa l r e s idence s o f t h e d e S ome ry s , t oge the r w i th a r ab le l a nd ( 9 3 ) , m eadow ( 94 ) a nd p a rk land ( 9 5 ) . T he r e w e re a l so f i shpond s ( 96 ) , t wo w a te r m i l l s ( 97 ) , ad oveco te a nd g a rden ( 98 ) . S uch e x ten s ive a r ea s o fd eme sne n a tu ra l ly a pp l ied c on s t ra in t s w i th in t h e p a r i sh , a s a f t e ra ccoun t i st a ken o ft h e v i l l o f No r thf ie ld i t se lf , i tw ou ld s e em t h a t t h e ma jo r i ty o f a ny e xpan s ion w a s n ece s sa r i ly

h e i r e s se s , h i s d augh t e r s S a r ra a nd Ma rga r e t , ma r r ied , r e spec t ive ly t o Wa l te rD eve reux a nd R icha rd d e Ma rnham . T he b u i ld ing p rog ramme i sr e f lec ted i nt h e P a r i sh C hu r ch , Mano r H ou se a nd S andwe l l P r io ry . T he C hu rch s t and s n ea r t h e e a r ly ma in s e t t lemen t f o cu s o f We s t B romw ich , a to ne e nd o f a n a x i s f o rmed w i th t h e s i te o f t h e e a r ly h a l l , r ep r e sen t ed t oday i nt h e l o ca l n ame o fH a l lE nd . T he C hu rch w a s p r e sen t b y c . 1140 -50 ( 105 ) a nd s ome t we lf th c en tu ry f a b r ic h a s b een i d en t if ied s e t i n to t h e t owe r o f t h e p re sen t c hu r ch ( 106 ) . S andwe l l P r io ry ( 107 ) w a s e s tab l i shed t o t h e s ou th -ea s t o f t h i s e a r ly n uc leu s , b ounded b y t h e o pen f i e ld s o f We s t B romw ich t ot h e n o r th -we s t , B romw ich H ea th t ot h e s ou th -

d i r ec ted t owa rd st h e ma rg in s o ft h e p a r i sh . T he n eed t ol o ok t o n ew o r u nde rdeve loped r e sou rce s i s e mpha s i sed b y a c omp la in to f1 275 t h a tR oge rd e S ome ry h ad e nc losed w i th in

w e s t a nd t h e p a r i sh b ounda ry w i th H and swor th t o t h e e a s t ( 108 ) . T he f ounda t ion o f t h e P r io ry b y t h e O ffm i s w a s p e rhap s mo t iva ted o u t o f p i e ty a nd a s a n e xp re s s ion o f

h i sp a rk f o r ty a c re so fc ommon p a s tu re ( 99 ) .

p re s t ige l i nked w i th t h e c u l t o ft h e f am i ly , a l though H odde r p e rhap sm i sapp l ie st h ec on tex tw hen h ev i ew st h e f ounda t ion a s' W i l l iam ' s a s se r t ion o fh i s p o s i t ion a s G uy ' s s ucce s so r , i n

Du r ing t h e t h i r teen th c en tu ry , w h ich a ppea r s t oh ave b een a p e r iod o f s ome p ro spe r i ty i n t h e p a r i sh ( 100 ) , t h e v i l l o f No r thf ie ld d eve loped as e conda ry f ocu s f o r s e t t lemen tt ot h e n or th -we s t o f i t s o ld c en t re , a l ong t h e p r inc ipa l r ou teway

ma tch ing h i s f a the r ' s p robab le c on s truc t ion o f t h e p a r i sh c hu r ch , o ra tl e a s t h i s d ona t ion o fi tt o Wo r ce s te r C a thed r a l P r io ry ' ( 109 ) . H odde rs e e st h et h i r teen th a nd e a r ly f ou r teen th c en tu ry w o rk a t S andwe l l a s a n e xp r es s ion o f t h e d e

t h rough t h e p a r i sh , a nd i th a s b een s ugge s ted t h a t b y 1 327 much o ft h e p a r i sh h ad b een ' c lea red a nd o ccup ied ' ( 10 1) . T he n ame s o fs ome t a xpaye r s i nt h e s ub s id ie s o f 1 275 a nd 1 327 h i n t a t d i spe r sed s e t t lemen t ; p e rhap s T homa s d e

Mar nham l o rd sh ip ( 1 10 ) , b u t i mpo r tan t a l so w a s t h e c on t r ibu t ion t h a t t h e f ounda t ion p e rhap s m ade t o o ve ra l l e s ta te d eve lopmen t ( 1 11) . L oca ted a tt h e e dge o ft h e p a r i sh , a way f r om t h e ma in f o ca l p o in t s o f s e t t lemen t , t h e P r io ry e s ta te p rov ided av eh ic le b y wh ich t h e l o ca l l a nd scape m igh t b e f o s t e r ed . T he P r io ry e s ta te c on ta ined a r ab le l a nd , p e rhap s r e p r e sen ted b yt h er i dge a nd f u r row t ot h es ou th o ft h e P r io ry

B romw ich c an b e a s soc ia ted w i th t h e a r ea o f B romw ich Wood ,a nd R oge ra bove t h e Mo re a nd J ohn i nt h e Mo r ew i th s e t t lemen ti nt h ea r ea s o fh ea th land i nt h ew es ter np a r to ft h e p a r i sh . T h i s t r end i sa l so i l u s t ra ted b y t h e d i s t r ibu t ion o f

b u i ld ing s ( 1 12 ) , w ood land , am i l lpoo l a nd m i l l ( 1 13 ) , t o w h ich w a s a dded b e tween 1 224 a nd 1 238 f u r the r a s sa r t s a t tached t o t h e g r an t o f We s t B romw ich c hu rch ( 1 14 ) ,

moa ted s i te s w i th in t h e p a r i sh . S i te s s uch a s Moa t F a rm , W i lder ne s s F a rm a nd i t s n e ighbou r ( 102 ) , a l l l o ca ted o n t h e w e s te rn a nd n or th -we s ter n f r inge o ft h e p a r i sh , m ay r ef l ec t

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i d en t if ied w i th t h a t r e co rded i n 1 852 a s ' Monk s m eadow s ' ( 1 15 ) . I ti su nc lea r w he the r t h i s p roce s s o f e s ta te i nf i l l ing ( 1 16 )w a ss imp ly ac on sequence o ft h ed ec i s ion t oe s tab l i sh a mona s t i c h ou se i n ac onven ien t l o ca t ion , o ri ft h e i mpa c t o f

T o w ha t e x ten t d id l o rd s i n f luence t h e s e t t lemen t a nd l a nd scape s o f t h e i r mano r s i nt h e h ono r o f Dud ley b ef o re 1 325? R a r e ly i st h e e v idence u nequ ivoca l , b u t i td oe s s e em

t h e Ma rnham s t o c on s t ruc t an ew Mano r H ou se ( 1 17 ) , t h e

p o s s ib le t o t h ink i n t e rm s o f ' p o s i t ive ' a nd ' n ega t ive ' i nf luence s . A ' p o s i t ive ' i n f luence m igh t b e d efmed a s a c on sc iou s d ec i s ion t ou nde r take ap ro jec t o re f f ec t ac hange , w he rea s a' n ega t ive ' i n f luence a r i se s s imp ly a s ar e su l t o ft h e c on sequence s o fl o rd s ' a c t ion s , o r i n ac t ion s ; t h e se m igh t b e b e t te re xp re s sed a st h e d i r ec t o ri nd i rec t i nf luence s e xe rc i sed b y l o rd sh ip .

s i t ing o fw h ich c onf o rm s t o aw ide ly o b se rved p henomenon o f as h if t i n s e igneu r ia l r e s idence s t o t h e o u t sk i r t s o f

A s sa r t ing ,

f ounda t ion w a sd e l ibe ra te ly c a lcu la ted i nt h ec ho ice o fs i t e . T he p a r t i t ion o ft h e mano r may p rov ide t h e c on tex t f o r t h e c on s t ruc t ion o ft h e We s t B romw ich Mano r H ou se , t h e H a l l E nd mano r h ou se p a s s ing t o t h e D eve r eux f am i ly , l e av ing

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p r e s su re s , w a s a n i mpor tan t p henomenon i n e ach o f t h e m ano r s e xam ined , w h ich w e m igh t e xpec t w e l l s e rved t h e

Wh i l s tt h e ma in s e t t lemen t n uc leu sw a s a tL yndon t h e r e w a s a l so a mo r e s ca t te red p a t te rn o f s e t t lemen t , r ang ing f r om

i n te re s t s o fl o rd sh ip t h rough c l ea red l a nd a nd mo r e r en ta l s . T hey h ad e ve ry r e a son t oe ncou rage a nd s uppor tt h e p roce s s ( 127 ) . I n Wombou rne , S edg ley a nd We s t B romw ich , t h e p a r t ic ipa t ion o f l o rd sh ip may b e s e en i nb o th t h e g ran t ing a nd d i spo s i t ion o f a s sa r t s , f r om t h e m id twe lf th c en tu ry o nwa rd s . I n We s t B romw ich , G uy d 'Offm i g ave a s sa r t s t o Wo rce s te r C a thed ra l P r io ry c . 1140 -5 , a nd h i s s on g ave t h e

s ma l l n uc lea t ion s l i ke Maye r ' s G reen , t o i s o la ted h ome s tead s , i n c lud ing moa ted s i te s , s uch a s Moa t Meadow ( 1 19 )o fw h ich n ot r a ce s u rv ived b y 1 958 ,a nd a no the rs i t e i n af i e ld s ou th o fF o rge F a rm ( 120 ) . T he d i spe r sed p a t t er n o f s e t t lemen t may b e r e la ted i np a r t t ot h e p roce s s o fa s sa r t ing u nde rway b y t h e m id twe lf th c en tu ry ( 121) . T h i s c onf o rm s w i th t h e w ide r r eg iona l n o rm s , a nd t h e g ran t o f a s sa r t s t o Wo rce s t e r C a thed ra l P r io ry b y G uy d 'Off in i m igh t r e f lec t a d i r ec t i n t e re s t i n t h i s p roce s s o n t h e p a r t o f t h e l o rd s . S im i la r ly , t h e f ounda t ion e ndowmen t s t o S andwe l l P r io ry i n c luded t h ea s sa r t s' Dudde srudd ing 'a nd ' Ruwo r th '( 122 ) . H odde r h a s a l so s ugge s ted a p l anned s e t t lemen t a t H ea th L ane , l a id o u t b y t h e Of f in i s , t o b e s ub sequen t ly d e se r ted f r om t h e l a te t h i r teen th c en tu ry i n f a vou r o f s e t t lemen t i n a s sa r t ed l a nd s a t L yndon a nd e l sewhe re . T he e v idence i s u nconv inc ing ; t h e c h rono logy o f t h e s e t t lemen t a nd f i e ld s y s tem c anno t b e f i xed w i th a ny p r ec i s ion , a nd t o d i r ec t ly l i nk i tw i th t h e mano r ia l d e scen t i sb a sed o n a n a s sumed p rem i se t h a t t h e re mu s t b e as e igneu r ia l c onnec t ion , r a the r t h an d i r ec t e v idence . T he r e u ndoub ted ly w a s as h if t i nt h e s e t t lemen t f o cu s t owa rd s L yndon , a s may b e o b se rved i n Y a te s ' map o f1 775 , b u tt h e d a te a tw h ich t h i s b egan h a s n o t b een e s tab l i shed , a nd t h e re i sn o th ing t o s ugge s t t h a t t h e l o rd s w e r e t h em se lve s t h e i n i t ia to r s o fs h if t i ns e t t lemen t i n We s tB romw ich . B y 1 307 ( 123) t h e A bbo t o f H a le sowen h ad a p a rk a t B romw ich ( 124 ) , g ene ra l ly t hough t t ob e F r ia r P a rk , i nt h e

a s sa r t s o f ' Ruwo r th ' a nd ' Dudde s rudd ing ' t o t h e f am i ly f ounda t ion o f S andwe l l , i n t h e s e cond h a lf o f t h e t we lf th c en tu ry . B yt h e l a te t we lf th o re a r ly t h i r teen th c en tu ry , R a lph d e S ome ry w a s g ran t ing a n a s sa r t i n Wombour ne t oW i l l iam C ook o f Wombou rne , i n w h ich mano r t h e e v idence f o r s e igneu r ia l i n te r e s t b ecome s i n c rea s ing ly o bv iou s d u r ing t h e c ou r se o ft h e t h i r teen th c en tu ry . T h i s i si nk eep ing w i th t h e mo re w ide sp r ead p i c tu re w i th in t h e r eg ion . T he i mpo r tance o fa s sa r ted l a nd i se v iden t i n mano r s l i ke S edg ley , w h i l s t i n n e ighbou r ing Wo lve rhamp ton , a s sa r t ing w a s e x ten s ive a nd w a s s e em ing ly s uppo r t ed b y t h e Wo lve rhamp ton F ree C hape l . T he t r end i sa l so r evea led i na n a g reemen t r e a ched i n1 296 -7 b e tween t h e e a r l o f Wa rw ick a nd J ohn , at e nan to f t h e h ono r a nd l o rd o fL i t t le B a r r , w ho h e ld l a nd s w i th in t h e b ound s o fS u t ton C ha se . J ohn s ough t l i cence t o e nc lo se h i s w ood sa tL i t t le B a r r , a nd t oi mp rove t h em b ya s sa r t ing ( 128 ) . T he p ro -a c t ive i n te re s t s o f l o ca l l o rd s i n a s sa r t ing s e em s e v iden t , b u tw ha t c anno tb e d emon s t ra ted w i th a ny c e r ta in ty i sw he the ro rn o t i tw a s l o rd sh ip t h a t i n i t ia ted t h i s a c t iv i ty . I t i sd if i cu l tt os how t h a tt h e l o rd s w e re n o t s imp ly e xp lo i t ing ap henomenon t ha t t h ey w ou ld i n a ny c a se h ave f ound d i ff i cu l t t o r e s i s t , a l though t h e i n s tances o f a n e a r ly i n vo lvemen t i np a r t icu la r , h in t a tt h e p o s s ib i l i ty o f ad i rec t r o le .

n o r th o f t h e p a r i sh . T he O f f in i s a l so h ad a p a rk i n We s t B romw ich b y 1 233 ( 1 25 ) , b u t i t s l o ca t ion i su nknown . O ne

Al o rd ' s s uppo r t f o r , o re ven a mb iva lence t owa rd s , a s sa r t ing , m igh tb r ing t ob ea r as ub t le i nf luence o nt h e l o ca l s e t t lemen t p a t te rn . A s sa r t ing h ad t h e p o ten t ia l t o s uppo r t t h e t r end t owa rd s , o re mpha s i se t h e p a t ter no f , d i spe r sed s e t t lemen t i n a na r ea , a si nt h ed eve lopmen to ft h e Wodehou se e s ta te , o ri n

o f t h e mo re l i ke ly l o ca t ion s w a s a l ready o ccup ied b y S andwe l l P r io ry . Y a t e s ' s map r e co rd s a n a r ea o fw ood land d ue w e s t o ft h e p a r ish c hu rch a nd t h e p r e sumed s i te o ft h e O f f in i h a l l , a nd t h i s a r ea , s t i l l w ooded i n 1 801 ( 126 ) , w a s b eyond t h e s e t t led a nd d eve loped a r ea o ft h e mano r , o n t h e e dge o f a n a r ea o f h ea th land a t t h e c en t r e o f t h e p a r i sh . Wh i l s t i tm igh t b e t emp t ing t o s pecu la te o n t h i s a r ea a st h e p o s s ib le s i t e o ft h e O ffm i p a rk , i tc anno t b e a s se r ted w i th c onf idence . I ft h i s w e re t h e s i te , a nd u n le s s t h e p a rk w a s p a r t icu la r ly e x ten s ive , i tw ou ld b e u nu sua l i n t h a t t h e s i t e d oe sn o t l i ea t t h e ma rg in so f t h ep a r i sh .

t h e c o lon i sa t ion o ft h e w e s ter n f r inge s o fN or thf ie ld p a r i sh . I n We s t B romw ich t oo , s e t t lemen t s p i l led i n to t h e a s sa r ted l a nd s . I ni n s tances s uch a st h e se , t h e i n f luence o fl o rd sh ip o n s e t t lemen t w a s i n d i rec t a nd n o t n ece s sa r i ly c a lcu la t ed ; g eog raph ica l a nd e nv i ronmen ta l f a c to r s w e re mo re c r i t ica l . P rof e s so r D ye r r e ached s im i la r c onc lu s ion s i n h i s s t udy o f H anbu ry ( 129 ) . F u r the rmo re , t h e s ugge s t ion h a s b een made e l sewhe r e , t h a t t h e l i k e l ihood o f l o rd s e xe r c i s ing d i rec t

1 39

i n f luence o n s e t t lemen t i n a r ea s o f d i spe r sed s e t t l emen t i s r e duced b y t h e t e ndency i n s u ch a r ea s t owa rd s f r ee r p opu la t ion s , l e av ing l o rd s w i th l e s s m an ipu la t ive c on t ro l ( 1 30 ) . H oweve r , t h e p rof i tab i l i ty o f t h e m ano r w a s f u ndamen ta l , w h ich m ean t e xp lo i t ing a l o ppo r tun i t ie s t o m ax im i se t h e i n come f r om r e n ta l s a nd o t he r p aymen t s , a nd t h e e f f ec t iv e m anagemen to ft h e d eme sne w a sv i ta l , ak ey a s pec to fw h ich w a sm ak ing b e s tu se o ft h et y pe o fl a nd a va i lab le . T h ee x t en t o ft h e l o rd ' s d eme sne , a nd p a r t icu la r ly o fp a rk c r ea t ion , w e r e i mpo r tan t f a c to r s t h a t m igh t i nf luen ce l a nd scape a nd s e t t lemen t . A l though p a rk s w e r e g ene ra l ly a t o r n ea r t h e m a rg in so ft h ep a r i sh , t h ey m igh t i n co rpo ra t e c u l t iva t ed l a nd a nd c ommon p a s tu r e . D ec i s ion s o n t h e e s tab l i shmen t o f p a rk land -a n i mpo r tan t f e a tu r e i nt h e b a ron ia l d eme sn e r e p re sen t s a' p o s i t ive ' o r d i r ec t i n f luence o n t h e l a nd scape , w h i l s t a tt h e s ame t i me i tp rov ided a ' n ega t ive ' o r i n d i r ec t i n f luence o n t h e s e t t lemen t p a t t e rn . S e t t lemen t s , a sp e rhap s a tC oope r ' s B ank ,m igh tb e c on s t ra ined ,w h i l s t , a sN o r thf i e ld i l u s t ra t ed , t e nan t s c ou ld b e f o r ced t ol o ok t owa rd st h e o u t e r r e g ion s o f t h e p a r i sh . T he p ro tec t ion t h a t w a s a f f o rd ed t o p a rk land e f f ec t ive ly d e f lec t ed much c o lon i sa t ion a nd s e t t lemen tt oo t he rp a r t so ft h em ano ro rp a r i sh .

B romw ich . H e r e , t h e O f f in i m ano r h ou se m ay h ave b een a f u r the r f a c to r a s af o ca l p o in t f o r s e t t lemen t , b u t n o t n ec e s sa r i ly f o rt h e k i nd o fd e l ibe ra t e p l ann ing e nv i saged b y H odde r . F u r the rmo r e ,t h e r e i sn o th ing t os how t h a ti tw a sn o t t h e s i t ing o ft h e m ano rh ou se t h a tw a sr e spon s ive t ot h e p r e e x i s t ing s e t t lemen t , r a the r t h an t h e o t he r w ay a r ound . I n Wombou rne , t h e e me rgence o ft h e Wodehou se a s am ano r d u r ing t h e t h i r t een th c en tu ry p r ov ided a no the r a t t ra c t ion t o t h ed eve lopmen to fs e t t lemen t ,a nd w a si t s e lf t h er e su l to ft h e p a r t ic ipa t ion o f t h e l o ca l c ommun i ty , a t a l l e ve l s , i n t h e p r oce s so fa s sa r t ing . T he c a se s t ud ie s e xam ined h ave r e vea led t h e i n f luence o f l o rd sh ip ,d i r ec ta nd i n d i r ec t , i ns ome a s pec t so ft h e l a nd scape o ft h eh ono ro fD ud ley ;b u tt h eo ve r r id ing f a c to rw a st h a to f t h e e nv i ronmen t . A pa r t f r om t h e c on s t ruc t ion o r e mbe l l i shmen t o fc e r ta in b u i ld ing s , t h e h and o f l o rd sh ip i s b e s t e v id enced i na s sa r t ing , a nd i nt h e c r ea t ion o fp a rk land . B o th o ft h e se f u lf i l l ed e conom ic r e qu i remen t sa nd w e r e b o rn o u t o f ar e spon se t ot h e e nv i ronmen t , a sp e rhap s s o t o o , i n p a r t ,w a st h ef o unda t ion o fS andwe l lP r io ry .

L o rd sh ip a l so e xe r t ed a n i n f luence i n t h a t i t s d e c i s ion s a f f ec ted t h e' b u i l te nv i ronmen t 'o ft h em ano r . S ome b u i ld ing s m ay h ave h ad ap a r t icu la ra s soc ia t ion w i th t h e s ymbo l i sm o f l o rd sh ip a nd t h e l o ca lp rof i le o f af am i ly , b u tt h ey w e r e a l so i n f luence s o n t h e l a nd scape s w i th in w h ich t h ey w e r e s e t . I t h a s b een o b se rved , i nd i scu s s ion s o f t h e p o t en t ia l f a c to r s a f f ec t ing t h e n uc lea t ion o f s e t t lemen t ( 1 31) , t h a t s u ch b u i ld ing a c t iv i t ie s m igh t c on s t i tu t e a n i n d i r ec t i n f luence o f l o rd sh ip ; t h e b u i ld ing o fm ano r h ou se s o rt h e f ounda t ion o f c hu r che s p rov ided f o ca l p o in t s a r ound w h ich v i l lage r s b u i l t t h e i r o wn d we l l ing s . H oweve r , t h i s w a s n o t i n va r iab ly t h e c a se , a nd t h e i n f luence o fl o rd sh ip , d i r ec t o ri n d i r ec t , w ou ld o f t en b e l i m i ted n o t o n ly b y t h e e nv i ronmen ta l c on t ex t , b u t a l so b y r e spec t f o r l o ca l c u s tom . I n t h e c a se s t ud ie s e xam ined a bove , a nd i n deed , i nt h e h ono r o fD ud l ey m o r e g ene ra l ly ,t h e r e i sn oc onv inc ing e v idence f o rl o rd sh ip a c t ing d i r ec t ly , o r i n d i r ec t ly , t o p romo t e t h e n uc lea t ion o f r u ra l s e t t lemen t . A l though v i l lage s d o o ccu r , t h e h ono r i sb e s t c ha rac t e r i sed a sa na r ea o fh am le t sa nd d i spe r sed s e t t lemen t . N one t h e l e s s , b u i ld ing s w e r e a n i mpo r tan t p a r t o f t h e l a nd scape o ft h e h ono r , a nd t h rough w h ich l o rd sh ip e xe r t ed i n f luence , d i rec t a s w e l l a s i n d i r ec t . B u i ld ing s l i k e D ud ley P r io ry , a nd D ud ley C a s t le e s pec ia l ly , w e r e m ean t t o b e i mpo s ing f e a tu r e s w i th in t h e l a nd scape . S im i la r ly , d i r ec t i n f luence i sr e f lec t ed i n t h e b u i ld ing o f m oa ted s i t e s , t h e m a jo r i ty o f w h ich w e r e s e igneu r ia l i n o r ig in , a nd i n d e c i s ion s t o e s tab l i sh r e l ig iou s f o unda t ion s l i ke S andwe l l P r io ry , c r ea t ing a no th e r p o in t o f s e igneu r ia l i n f luen ce , a nd o ne w h ich w a s t op l ay a n i mpo r tan tr o le i nt h e d eve lopmen t o ft h e We s tB romw ich l a nd scape . I n d i r ec ti n f luence sa r ea l so e v id en t , a nd b y t h e i r n a tu r e , a r e m o r e w ide sp r ead . T he l o ca t ion o fA l l S a in t ' s C hu r ch i nS edg ley m igh t b e e xpec ted t oh ave s t imu la t ed s ome s e t t lemen t a r ound i t ,a nd as im i la r o b se rva t ion m igh t b e m ade o f A l l S a in t ' s C hu r ch a t We s t

1 40

NOTES : 1 .C .Dye r , ' P owe r a nd C on f l ic t i nt h e Med ieva l V i l lage ' , i n D .Hooke ( e d ) , Med ieva l V i l lage s , AR ev iew o fC u r ren t W ork ,

Wo rce s te r sh i r e ' , i nS l a te r a nd J a rv i s ( ed s ) , F ie ld a nd F o re s t , 1 49 .

( Oxf o rd , 1 985 ) ,2 7 -32 ,p a r t icu la r ly 3 2 . 2 0 . SMR .S taf f s .04091 , 0 19 11 , 0 3654 . 2 . P .D .A .Ha rvey , ' I n i t ia t ive a nd A u tho r i ty i n S e t t lemen t C hange ' , i n M .A s ton , D .Au s t in , C .Dye r ( e d s ) , T he R u ra l S e t t lemen t s o f Med ie va l E ng land , ( Oxf o rd ,1989 ) , 3 1-44 , p a r t icu la r ly 3 8 ,4 3 . 3 . C .Tay lo r , V i l lage a nd F a rm s tead . A H i s to ry o f R u ra l S e t t lemen t i n E ng land , ( London , 1 983) , 1 33 150 , p a r t icu la r ly 1 34 , 1 47 -8 .

2 1 .S MR .S taf f s .04091 , 0 2481 , 0 1901 . 2 2 . SMR .H W .03191 , 0 3224 . 2 3 . G .A s t i l l , ' F ie ld s ' , i nA s t i l la nd G ran t( e d s ) , C oun t ry s id eo f Med ieva lE ng land , 6 6 -8 . 2 4 . SMR .S taf f s .0 1908 . F o r F igu re 9 . 2 , c f . V .C .H . , S taf f s . ,

4 . H .Tho rpe , ' The L o rd a nd t h e L and scape , I l lu s t ra ted T h rough t h e C hang ing F or tunes o f a Wa rw ick sh i re P a r i sh ,

XX , 1 98 , ' Wombou rne 1 98 1 ' .

Wo rm le igh ton ' , T B WAS . , 8 0 ,( 1965 ) , 3 8 -77 .

2 5 . O r ton h ad s even v i l le in s , t wo b o rda r s a nd t wo s l ave s ; Wombou rne h ad f ou r teen v i l le in s , t h ree b o rda r s , ap r ie s ta nd e i gh t s l ave s . C a lcu la t ion s a r e b a sed o n amu l t ip l ie r o f 5 . 0 ;

5 .B .K .Robe r t s , R ura lS e t t lemen t i nB r i ta in , ( London , 1 977 ) , F igu r e 1 . 6 . A .D .M .Ph i l l ip s , ' A Map o f t h e C oun ty o f S t af f o rd b y W i l l iam Y a te s , 1 775 ' , SHC . ,F ou r th S e r ie s ,X I I( 1984 ) . 7 .S 0 .99 .S W ; S O .9160 .9028 .

s l ave s a nd p r ie s t s h ave n o t b een c oun ted a s h ead s o f h ou seho ld s ;t h i sg i ve s af i gu re o f1 41 . 2 6 . Wro t te s ley ( e d ) ,E xcheque rS ubs id y ,2 53 -4 .

8 . SMR .H W .00375 .

2 7 . Z .Raz i , L if e , Ma r r iage a nd D ea th i n aMed ieva lP a r i sh . E conomy , S oc ie ty a nd D emog raphy i n H a le sowen 1 270 1 400 ,( Camb r idge , 1 980 ) , 2 8 .

9 .P e te rB o land ,p e r s .comm .

2 8 . Wro t te s ley ( e d ) ,E xcheque rS ubs id y ,2 53 -4 .

1 0 . SMR .H W .03233 , 0 3515 , 0 3516 -7 . S hee tS 0 .98 .S W .

2 9 .I b id .

1 . O n t h e e ve a nd d ay o fS t .Kene lm a nd t h e f o l low ing t wo d ay s ; G raz eb rook , ' Ba ron s o fD ud ley ' , 1 9 . M .G i l l , ' Kene lm C unebea rn ...H aude s B e r eaf ed : AR econ s t ruc ted C yc le o f Wa l l P a in t ing s f r om S t . K ene lm ' s C hape l , R om s ley ' , J BAA , CXL IX ( 1996 ) , 3 3 .

3 0 . Mande r( e d ) , W od ehou se D eed s , No s .9 ,10 .

1 2 . SMR Wa rk s .3500 ; t h e c a lcu la t ion o fp opu la t ion i sb a sed u pon a n a s sump t ion t h a t 6 0% o f t h e p opu la t ion a r e n o t r e co rded d ue t oe xemp t ion a nd e va s ion , a nd t h en a pp ly ing a mu l t ip l ie ro f5 . 0 .

3 . Wro t te s ley ( e d ) ,E xcheque rS ubs idy ,2 53 -4 .

3 1 .I b id . , No .23 . 3 2 .I b id . , No .7 .

3 4 . Mande r( e d ) , W od ehou se D eed s . 3 5 . Wro t te s ley ( e d ) ,S taf f o rd sh i re Hund red R o l l s , 11-12 .

1 3 . I n fo rma t ion r e co rded b yt h e SMR . 3 6 . T ho se n amed , i b id . , h o ld ing a s sa r t s i n c luded W i l l iam d e L aL ude , T homa s d e Womboume , W i l l iam d e Wombou rne , t h e A bbo t o fH a le sowen , R ober t d e S prungewa l l , Ma t i lda d e Wombou rne , Mago ta d e Wombou rne , R icha rd t h e V ica r o f S edg ley , R icha rd t h e C a rpen te r , T homa s d e l aG rene , a nd W i l l iam d e l aH a le .

1 4 . C a l .C .R . , I ,1 226 -1257 ,4 74 . 1 5 . SMR . Wa rk s .3500 . 1 6 . Wedgwood ( ed ) ,I nqu i s i t ion s , 1 223 -1327 , 1 52 .

3 7 . Mande r( e d ) , W od ehou se D eed s , No .1 .

1 7 . G .W ro t te s ley ( ed ) , E xcheque r S ubs id y R o l l o f 1 327 , ( S .H .C . ,V I I ,1886 ) ,2 36 -55 .

3 8 .' b id , No .2 1 8 . S ee n o te 1 2f o rm e thod o fc a lcu la t ion . 3 9 .I b id , No .3 . 1 9 . C .Dye r , ' De se r ted Med ieva l V i l lage s i n t h e We s t M id land s ' , E con . H i s t . R ev . , S econd S e r ie s 3 5 , ( 1982 ) , 3 3 ; C . J .Bond ,' De ser ted Med ieva lV i l lage s i n Wa rw ick sh i r ea nd

4 0 .I b id . , No .4 . 4 1 .I b id . , No s .5 , 6 ,7 .

1 4 1

4 2 .I b id . ,N o s .9 , 1 0 . 4 3 . L ew i s , M i tche l l -Fox a nd Dye r , V i l lage , H am le t a nd F ie ld ,2 05 ,2 07 . 4 4 .I b id . ,2 15 .

6 7 . C .Dye r , Hanbu iy : S e t t lemen ta nd S oc ie ty i n aW ood land L and scape ,( Le ice s t e r , 1 991) , 2 7 -8 . 6 8 . C .Dye r , ' T axa t ion a nd c ommun i t ie s i n l a te med ieva l E ng land ' , i n R .Br i tne l l a nd J .Ha t che r ( ed s ) . , P rog re s s a nd p rob lems i nm ed ieva lE ng land . E s say s i nh onou r o fE dwa rd M i l le r( Camb r idge , 1 996 ) , 1 71-2 .

4 5 . V .C .H . , S taf f s . , XX ,2 04 . 4 6 . Mande r( ed ) , W od ehou se D eed s ,N o .4 . 4 7 . V .C .H . , S taf f s . , XX , 2 09 ; Mande r ( e d ) , W od ehou se D eed s , N o .26 , d a ted 1 309 , s pec if i ca l ly r e f e r s t o t h e t h ree f i e ld so f Wombour n e .

6 9 . R az i , L if e , Ma r r iag e a nd D ea th i n a Med ieva l P a r i sh , 3 8 -41 ; M .Lau rence , ' No te s o n t h e D ocumen t s r e la t ing t o S t . Ma ry ' s A bbey C roxden , S t af f o rd sh i re ' , T ran s . N th . S taf f s . F ie ld C lub , LXXXV I ( 1951-2 ) , B 45 ; R ow land s , T he W e s t M id land sF rom AD 1 000 ,5 9 . 7 0 . i e .becau se t h e p a rk b ounda ry s e ems t o d e l ibe ra te ly

4 8 .I b id . ,N o .14 .

a ccommoda t et h ep r e -ex i s t ing s e t t lemen t .

4 9 .I b id . ,N o .23 ; V .C .H . ,S taf f s . , XX ,2 09 .

7 1 . G e rva se P agane l t o W i l l iam o f A b inge r c . 1153 -5 ; Mande r( e d ) , C ha r te r so fG erva se P agane l , 5 9 , No .2 .

5 0 . I b id . ; Mande r ( e d ) , W od ehou se D eed s , N o .40 , d a ted 1 317 18 .

7 2 . R oge r d e S ome ry t o Mo se s s on o fA lan , i b id . , 7 7 , N o .9 , d a ted l a te i nt h er e ign o fH en ry I I .

5 1 .I b id . ,N o .27 , d a ted 1 313 ; No .28 ,d a ted 1 315 . 7 3 . Wro t t e s ley ( ed ) ,E xcheque rS ubs id y ,2 48 . 5 2 .I b id . ,N o .28 . 7 4 . Mande r( ed ) , W od ehou se D eed s ,N o .23 . 5 3 . V .C .H . ,S taf f s . , XX , 2 10 ; t h ey a r e n o t d ocumen ted b ef o r e t h ef i f t een th c en tu ry ,b u tt h i sn eed n o tb e s i gn if i can t .

7 5 . Wedgwood ( ed ) ,I nqu i s i t ion s , 1 223 -1327 , 1 55 .

5 4 .I b id . ; Mande r( ed ) , W od ehou se D eed s ,N o .48 .

7 6 .I b id .

5 . E .Ekwa l l , T he C onc i se O xf ord D i c t iona ry o fE ng l i sh P lace -Name s , ( Oxf o rd , 1 974 ) , 1 53 , 4 57 ; m ean ing ' p ig h i l l ' , ' h i l lp a s tu re u sed b yp ig s ' .

7 7 . Wro t t e s ley ( ed ) ,E x cheque rS ub s id y ,2 48 .

5 6 . V .C .H . ,S taf f s . , XX ,2 07 .

7 9 .I b id .

7 8 .I b id .

8 0 . T he p l a ce n ame ' Wood se t t s ' m ean s f o ld i n aw ood ;

5 7 . 1 243 ;i b id . 5 8 . I b id . , w he re i ti sa l so s ugge s ted t h a t i tw a s as ub -mano r o fH im ley ;c f . C a LIP M , V I ,2 60 , No .428 .

' ( ge ) se t ' m ean s p l ace o f d we l l ing , p l ace o f r e s idence , o r a p l ace w he r e a n ima l s a r e k ep t ; E kwa l l ,E ng l i sh P lace Name s , 4 12 , 5 32 . 8 1 . Ap l an o ft h e P a r i sh o f S edg ley , W i l l iam F ow le r ,1843 .

5 9 . V .C .H . , S taf f s . , XX ,2 07 .

L JRO .B /A / 15 . 6 0 .I b id . ,2 10 . 8 2 . Wedgwood ( ed ) ,I nqu i s i t ion s , 1 223 -1327 ,155 . 6 1 . S RO .D .593 /B / 1 / 17 / 1/5 /2 . 8 3 . M .Ge l l ing , P lace -name s i n t h e L and scape , ( London , 1 984 ) , 1 05 , 11 ; E kwa l l d e r ive s t h e e l emen t ' Go rn ' f r om t h e

6 2 . S RO .D .1790 /A /2 /31 .

O ld E ng l i sh ' cweo rn ' , am i l lo rh andm i l l . 6 3 . S RO .D .1790 /A /2 /72 . 8 4 . E kwa l l ,E ng l i sh P lace N ame s ,2 01 . 6 4 . S RO .D .1790 /A /2 /67 . 8 5 . S RO .D .593 /A /2 /9 / 1 . 6 5 . Mo r r i s ( ed ) , Dome sday B ook , S taf f ord sh i re , 2 49d ; t h ey s e em n o t t oh ave s urv ived a s s epa ra te mano r s a f te r t h e l a t e e l even th c en tu ry .

8 6 . I ti sn o tc e r ta in i ft h i sn ame r e ca l l s a n owne ro ft h e f i e ld , o rt h eO ld P a rk i nw ho se p rox im i ty t h ey a r e l o ca ted . 8 7 . Wedgwood ( ed ) ,I nqu i s i t ion s , 1 223 -1327 , 1 56 .

6 6 . Wro t te s ley ( ed ) , E xcheque r S ubs id y , 2 48 . B e re sf o rd a nd F inbe rg ,E ng l i sh Med ieva lB orough s , 1 62 .

1 42

8 8 . j e . S edg ley P a rk , E t t ing sha l l P a rk , O ld P a rk a nd p a r t o f N ew P a rk . L and k nown a s ' O ld H igh P a rk ' , a nd i n t h e v i c in i ty o f S andyf ie ld s , p roper ty t h a t i n1 845 w a s k nown a s ' Lo rd ' sL and ' , may b er e levan tt ot h ee a r l ie rd eme sne ,b u tt h i s c an n e i the rb ed emon s t ra ted n o rd a ted . 8 9 . J .Hun t a nd P .Bo land , S ep t embe r 1 990 . T he r e la t ion sh ip b e tween t h e p a rk b ounda ry a nd t h e r i dge a nd f u r row h a s n o t y e tb een e xam ined t h rough e xcava t ion . I ft h e p a rk b ounda ry i sd emon s t ra ted t oo ve r l ie t h er i dge a nd f u r row ,t h en t h i sw i l l

1 06 . H odde r , ' L and scape o f We s t B romw ich ' , 3 0 ; h oweve r , t h e s ma l l c o lumn c anno t b e s hown t oh ave c er ta in ly c ome f r om t h ee a r ly c hu rch . 1 07 . S ee C hap te r T en , ' P a t ronage a nd t h e Mona s t ic C hu rch i nt h eH ono ro fD ud ley ' . 1 08 . M .Hodde r , ' S andwe l lP r io ry i ni t s Med ieva lL and scape ' , S taf f o rd sh i re H i s tory , 4 , ( 1986 ) , 5 2 -7 , a nd p a r t icu la r ly 5 6 6 1 .

c on f i rm t h e c u l t iva t ion w i th in t h e p a rk t o h ave b een m ed ieva l i n d a te , o f t h e t h i r teen th c en tu ry o r e a r l ie r . C on f i rma t ion t h a tt h e e mpa r l cmen tw a s t a k ing i ne s tab l i shed a r ab le l a nd w ou ld a l so r a i se q ue s t ion s a bou t t h e i mpa c t o f s uch s e igneu r ia ld ec i s ion su pon e s tab l i shed s e t t lemen t s .

1 09 . H odde r , ' L and scape o f We s tB romw ich ' , 3 3 . 10 .I b id . 11 . H odde r , ' S andwe l l P r io ry i n i t s Med ieva l L and scape ' ,

9 0 . P .Bo land , p e r s c omm . , b a sed o n A e r ia l P ho tog raph s C o l lec t ion , Dud ley MBC , P l ann ing D epa r tmen t .

5 7 . 12 . T he p r e sen tg o lf c ou r se ; i b id . , 5 5 .

9 1 .L JRO .B /A / 15 ,p rope r t ie s9 75 ,9 76 , 9 78 ,9 79 , 9 80 . 13 .I b id . 9 2 . I th a sb een s ugge s ted t ha to ne o ft h et wo ' E sce l ie 'm ano r s i nD ome sday may r ef e rt o Weo ley , w h ich i fs ow ou ld i mp ly t h a t i tw a s o r ig ina l ly as epa ra te mano r ; V .C .H . , W orc s . , I I ,

14 . D a r l ing ton ( e d ) , W orce s te r C a r tu lary , No .199 . T he se a r e t h e a ppu r tenance s o ft h e c hu rch m en t ioned i nt h e c ha r te r a nd m ay b e i d en t if i ed w i th t h e a s sa r t s o r ig ina l ly g ran ted b y

1 96 . F o r F igu re 9 . 4 , c f . R .P H a s t ing s e t a l , D i scove r ing N o r thf ie ld , B i rm ingham R ef e rence L ib ra ry , T ype sc r ip t , L F92 .5 ( B i rm ingham , 1 966 ) ,F ig s . 8 ,1 , 1 2 .

G uy d 'Of f in i ; i b id . ,N o .190 .

9 3 . W i l l i sB und ( ed ) ,I PM s ,W orce s te r , 1 ,1 6 ,3 6 .

15 . H odde r , ' S andwe l l P r io ry i n i t s Med ieva l L and scape ' , 5 5 , 6 1 .

9 4 .I b id . , 1 6 , 3 6 , 13 .

16 .I b id . , 5 7 .

9 5 .I b id . , 1 7 , 3 6 , 13 .

17 . H odde r , ' L and scape o f We s t B romw ich ' , 3 0 , 3 . T he g r ea th a l lo ft h e mano r h ou se h a sb een d a ted c . 1275 1300 .

9 6 .I b id . , 1 6 , 13 . 18 . L e P a tou r e l , T he Mo wed S i te s o f Y ork sh i re , 1-12 ; G .Duby , R u ra l E conomy a nd C oun t ry L if e i n t h e Med ieva l W e s t ,( Pa r i s ,1968 ) , 8 2 .

9 7 . I b id . , 1 7 , 3 6 . O ne w a s C onnop s M i l l a nd t h e o t he r w a s p e rhap s s i tua ted i nt h e v i l l o fN o r thf ie ld , i nt h e v i c in i ty o f mode rn M i l lL ane .

19 . SMR .W e s t M id land s 2 819 ; L a rkham , ' Moa ted S i tes i n S ou th S t af f s . ' , G aze t t ee r , 7 5 /02 .

9 8 .I b id . , 13 . 9 9 . H a s t ing se ta l ,D i scove r ing N or thf i e ld , 1 5 .

1 20 . B a sed o n 1 948 a e r ia l p ho tog raph s ; t h e s i te w a s b u r ied b y d ump ing i n 1 988 ; N .R .Hew i t t a nd M .A .Hodde r , ' A L and scape S u rvey o f S andwe l l V a l ley , 1982 -87 ' , T SSAHS . ,

1 00 .I b id . , 1 2 .

XXV I I I ,( 1986 -87 ) ,2 6 . 1 01 .I b id . , 1 0 . 1 21 . D a r l ing ton ( ed ) , W o rce s te rC a r tu la ty , No .190 . 1 02 . i e .S MR . We s tM id land s2 988 ,n ea r Moo rF a rm . 1 22 . D ugda le , Mona s t i con , I V , 1 90 -91 . 1 03 . W i l l i sB und ( ed ) ,I PM s , W or ce s te r , 1 , 13 . 1 23 . W ro t te s ley ( e d ) ,P lea R o l l s , 1 294 -1307 , 1 76 . 1 04 . M .Hodde r , ' The Med ieva l L and scape o f We s t B romw ich ' , T SSAHS . , .XXX , ( 1988 -89 ) , 3 0 -33 . F igu r e 9 . 5 i s b a sed u pon i b id . , 3 1 ; M .Hodde r , S andwe l l V a l ley P ro jec t , I n ter im R epo r t , 3( 1984 -5 ) ( Sandwe l l MBC ) , F ig s . 1 3 , 1 5 ; a nd ap l an o f We s tB romw ich c . 1300 p repa r ed b yM .Hodde r .

1 24 . I b id . , i tw a s c l a imed t h a t t h e h igh r oad b e tween B i rm ingham a nd S t af f o rd r an t h rough t h e m idd le o f i t ,b u t t h i sw a sd en ied b yt h eA bbo t . 1 25 . Wro t t e s ley ( e d ) , P lea R o l l s , H en ry I I , 8 5 ; G eva B a s se t w a s a c cu sed i n1 233 o fc au s ing w a s te a nd d e s t ruc t ion i nt h e w ood a nd p a rk o fB romw ic , w i th in w h ich i tw a s a l leged t h a t s he h ad c u td own s ome s i x ty t r ee s .

1 05 . T he c hu rch o f We s t B romw ich w a s g ran t ed t o Wo r ce s t e r C a thed ra l P r io ry . D a r l ing ton ( e d ) , W o rce s t e r C a r tu la ry , No .190 .

1 43

1 26 . We s t B romw ich E s ta te Map ,180 1 , R ob in s B ox N o .3 , B i rm ingham R ef e rence L ib ra ry ; Ia m g r a tef u l t oD r .M ichae l H odde r , w ho f i r s t b rough t t h i s map t o my a t ten t ion , a nd f o r d i scu s s ion so nt h i sp o in t . 1 27 . L ew i s , M i tche l l -Fox a nd D ye r , V i l lage , Ham le t a nd F ie ld ,2 04 1 28 . D ugda le ,A n t iqu i t ie so fW a rw ick sh i re ,6 64 . 1 29 . D ye r , Hanbu ry , 6 0 . 1 30 . L ew i s , M i tche l l -Fox a nd D ye r , V i l lage , H am l e t a nd F ie ld ,2 09 . 1 31 .I b id .

1 44

CHAPTER T EN . PATRONAGE AND THE MONAST IC CHURCH I N THE HONOR OF DUDLEY .

T he r e la t ion sh ip b e tween r e l ig iou s f ounda t ion s a nd t h e i r s e cu la rp a t ron s i s amuch s t ud ied p henomenon o ft h e M idd le A g es . F requen t ly i tm ay b e s hown t h a t t h e se a s soc ia t ion s w e re c omp lex a nd s ymb io t ic , i n w h ich t h e p i e ty o f t h e p a t ron s w a s o n ly o ne o f ar ange o f f a c to r s t h a t m igh t mo t iva te t h e i ri n te re s ta nd s uppo r t( 1 ) . T he c once rn h e r e i st o e xam ine t h e p a t ronage i n te re s t s o f t h e b a ron s a nd t h e i r h ono r ia l t e nan t s , a nd t o c on s ide r s ome o f t h e a s soc ia t ion s a nd mo t iva t ion s t ha t l a y b eh ind t h em ( F igu re 1 0 .1) . I n p a r t icu la r , t h e c on tex t f o r t h e f ounda t ion o f D ud ley P r io ry a nd t h e e x t en tt o wh ich t h ec ommun i ty o ft h eh ono rm igh tb e a s soc ia t ed w i th i t . T he e s tab l i shmen t o f D ud ley P r io ry mu s t b e e xam ined w i th in t h e w ide r p a t ronage i n te r e s t s o f i t s f ound e r s , t h e P agane l s . Af t e r t h e N o rman C onque s t a nd i n to t h e e a r ly t we lf th c en tu ry , ac ommon p a t te rn w a s f o r E ng l i sh l a nd s t o b e g ran t ed t o No rman h ou se s , s ome t ime s w i th t h e i n t en t ion o f f ound ing a d ependen t c e l l ( 2 ) . F o r t h e P agane l s , t h e i r a ff i l ia t ion w a s w i th t h e A bbey o fS t . Ma r t in ( Ma rmou t ie r ) i n T ou ra ine ( F igu re 2 . 1) , w h ich s i nce 9 84 h ad b een aC lun ia c d ependency ( 3 ) . I n 100 1104 , H en ry Ic onf i rmed s eve ra l g r an t s( 4 ) made t o Ma rmou t ie r , i n c lud ing t h e c hu r ch o fH o ly T r in i ty , Y o rk , g ran ted b y R a lph P ag a ne l , l o rd o f D rax i n 1 086 a nd t h e u nc le o f F u lk P agane l o f D ud ley . R a lph w i tne s sed o t he r c ha r te r s i n f a vou r o f Ma rmou t ie r ( 5 ) , a s s ub sequen t ly d id o the r m embe r s o f t h e f am i ly . G e rva se P ag a n e l w i tne s sed c ha r te r s o f H en ry I ( 6 ) a nd o f B i shop A lbe r t o fS t . Mac lou ( 7 ) a nd a l though h e w i tne s sed c ha r te r s t oo t he r h ou se s ( 8 ) a nd w a s c l ea r ly n o s t range r t ot h e r oya l c u r ia , t h e f r equen t a s soc ia t ion o f t h e P agane l n ame w i th Ma rmou t ie r d u r ing t h e t we lf th c en tu ry s e em s t o r e f lec t a p a r t icu la r i n te re s t i nt h i s h ou se . H oweve r , Ma rmou t ie r w a s n o t t h e o n ly f o cu s f o r P agane l b enef a c t ion s i n F rance , a s a bou t 145 W i l l iam P ag a n e l f ounded t h e B ened ic t ine h ou se o f S t . Ma ry a t H ambye , i n t h e d i oce se o f C ou tance s ( 9 ) ( F igu r e2 . 1) .

a wa r e , t h e re i sn o s u rv iv ing r e co rd t ha t c onf i rm s w he r e h e w a sb u r ied . D ud ley P r io ry , a l so a C lun iac h ou se , w a s f ounded b y G erva se i nf u lf i lmen t o ft h e w i she s o fh i s l a te f a the r R a lph , s ome t ime b e tween c . 1153 a nd c . 1180 . S i ted i nt h es hadow o f D ud ley C a s t le ( F igu r e 8 . 3) i ti mmed ia te ly i n v i te sc ompa r i son w i th a n umbe r o f c a s t le mona s te r ie s o f t h e e l even th a nd t we lf th c en tu r ie s . T he a s soc ia t ion o fc a s t le s a nd mona s t er ie s i s w ide sp read , s uch a s H ugh Mo r t ime r ' s f ounda t ion a t W igmo re , W i l l iam f i tz O sbe rn ' s a t C hep s tow , H en ry d e F e r r e r ' s a tT u tbu ry a nd W i l l iam d e Wa r enne 's a tC a s t le A c re . T he r e la t ion sh ip i se mpha s i sed s t i l lf u r the rw hen i ti sr e ca l led t h a t i ns ome c a se s , l i ke C a s t le A c re o r S t oke b y C la re , t h e f ounda t ion s w e r e e s tab l i shed w i th in t h e c a s t le , o n ly l a t e r r e loca ted t o mo re s pac iou s s i te s n ea rby ( 1 3 ) . Ma r t inda le h a s n o ted t h a t t h e a s soc ia t ion o fc a s t le a nd r e l ig iou s h ou se w a s a l ready w e l l e s tab l i shed i n N o rmandy a nd F rance b ef o r e 1 066 , a nd w a s ' o ne o f t h e c h ief i n s t rumen t s o f N o rman c o lon i sa t ion '( 14 ) . S ome 4 6 .5 % o ft h e se c a s t le mona s te r ie s may b ep laced i nt h e t we lf th c en tu ry ( 15 ) ; i nT homp son ' s v i ew , ' A st h e ma jo r i ty o f c a s t les a r e n o t a s soc ia ted w i th amona s t e ry i tc an o n ly h ave b een a n a c t o f p i e ty c on s ide r ed d e s i rab le b y many b u t a ch ieved b y f ew ' ( 16 ) . I n a dd i t ion t o e xp r es s ing p i e ty , t h e c omb ina t ion o f c a s t le a nd mona s te ry w a s a n e f f ec t ive a nd v i s ib le s ymbo l o fl o rd sh ip , a n e xp re s s ion o ff am i ly p r ide a nd a s soc ia t ion s ; a s i gna tu re o f l o rd sh ip . O rde r icu s V i ta l i s h igh l igh t s t h e i mpo r tance o f p a t ronage t o s e igneu r ia l s e lf e s teem ( 17 ) , w h ich w a s i lu s t ra ted n o t o n ly b y as how o f p i e ty , b u t b y t h e mun if i cence o f t h e i r p a t ronage a nd t h e p rov i s ion o f ad yna s t ic mau so leum . T he se f ounda t ion s s e em o f t en t o h ave b een i n t ended a s af o cu s o f a t ten t ion f o r t h e c ommun i ty o ft h e h ono r ; af o cu s f o r l o ya l ty a nd as en se o f c ommon i d en t i ty b e tween t h e l o rd a nd h i s t e nan t s , w ho j o ined t oge the ri nb enef ac t ion s , b u tw h ich s e rved t oe xa l tt h e f ound ing f am i ly ( 18 ) . T o w ha t e x ten t d oes D ud ley P r io ry f i t t h i sp a t ter no fw ha tm igh tb et e rmed a nh ono r ia l mona s te ry?

I ts e ems t oh ave b een t h ec l ose a s soc ia t ion sw i th Ma rmou t ie r t h a t i n f luenced F u lk P agane l i nt h e f ounda t ion o fT ickf o rd P r iory a th i sB uck ingham sh i re ' c apu t 'o fN ewpor te a r ly i nt h e t we lf th c en tu ry ( 10 ) ( F igu re 2 . 1) . T h i s s ma l l C lun iac h ou se w a s e s tab l i shed a s ac e l l o f Ma rmou t ie r a nd i t s r e la t ion sh ip

Wa rd h a s c l a imed a c o r re la t ion b e tween e s ta te a cqu i s i t ion a nd mona s t ic f ounda t ion ( 19 ) , g ene ra l ly w i th in s ome t e n y ea r s , a nd t h a t t h e se f ounda t ion s w e re o f t en c l o se ly a s soc ia ted w i th h ono r ia lc ap i ta , e mpha s i s ing t h e d e s i r eo ft h e l o rd f o r amona s te ry a s soc ia ted w i th h i sf am i ly a nd e s ta te s .

w i th t h eP agane lf am i ly s e ems t oh ave r ema ined ac l o se o ne . C ha r t e r s o f F u lk P agane l t o T ickf o rd w e re w i tne s sed b y ' He l ia monacho , n epo to F u lcod i P ag [ane l l i ] ' ( 1 1) , a nd i tw a s a t T ickf o rd t h a t t h e P agane l s o f D ud ley h ad t h e i r m au so leum . H e re l a y R ober t P agane l , s on o f G e rva se , a nd p o s s ib ly G erva se h imse lf , p re sumab ly i nt h e c hap te r h ou se

I ti sg ene ra l ly a r gued t h a t D ud ley w a s f ounded a nd b u i l t b e tween 149 a nd 160 ( 20 ) , a l though s i nce G e rva se h ad s ucceeded h i sf a the rn o tl a te rt h an 153 ( 2 1) t h e i n i t ia ls t age s o ft h e f ounda t ion may b e d a ted t oc . 1153 -60 . H oweve r , n o t u n t i l a bou t 180 w e re a r rangemen t s a t D ud ley

t h a t ac ha r t e r i s sued i n 186 -94 s ugge s ted w a s t h e b u r ia l p l a ce o ft h e P agane l s ( 12 ) . Howeve r , G e rva se d i ed i n 194 w h i l s t

o n

C ru sade ,

a nd

a s f a r

a s

t h i s

w r i te r

i s

1 45

F igu re 1 0 .1 .

0

IL 0 b .

1 46

.

f o rma l i s ed ; c l ea r ly , D ud ley d oe s n o t c onf o rm r e ad i ly t o Wa rd ' s mode l , t h e P agane ls h av ing a cqu i r ed t h e h ono r o f D ud l ey e a r ly i nt h e t we lf th c en tu ry . G erva se P agane l p l aced h i s f ounda t ion u nde r t h e a u tho r i ty o f Wen lock , w i th r e f e r ence t o t h e b a ron o f D ud ley a nd h i s h e i r s ( 22 ) , a n a ff i l ia t ion a ppa ren t ly i n tended f r om t h e o u t se t , a st h e g ran t

e ndowmen t s , f r om t h eo u t se t , w e r e mode s ta nd o f t en g ran ted n o t f r om t h e d eme sne o ft h e p a t ron b u t a s t r an sf e r s o fl a nd f o rme r ly g ran ted t o o t he r s , r ef lec t ing ( 38 ) a t e ndency t owa rd s ap rac t ica l i n t e rp re ta t ion o f p i e ty t ha t e xh ib i t ed a s t rong e l emen t o f h a rd h eaded r e a l i sm i n mona s t ic e ndowmen t( 39 ) .

o fG uy d 'Offm i a nd Wa l te r D u rden t ' s c onf i rma t ion , n e i the r o fw h ich c an b e l a t e rt h an 160 , r e f e r t ot h e f ounda t ion s o f S t .M i lbu rge (Wen lock ) a nd S t .Jame s o f D ud ley ( 2 3 ) . T he d ona t ion w a s s ea led b y G erva se P agane l ' s o a th a tt h ea l ta ro f b o th c hu rche s a nd b y c . 1180 i ti sr e co rded ( 24 ) t h a t ' W e

T he e ndowmen t s o f G e rva se P agane l t o h i s f ounda t ion a t D ud ley f o l lowed a s im i la r p a t te rn , c omp r i s ing s eve ra l c hu rche sa nd c hape l s( 4 0 ) ,p annage a nd p a s tu rage , a nd r i gh t s t ow ood a nd t i t he s . G e rva se c onf i rmed t h eg if t so fh i st e nan t s

J ohn , p r io r o f Wen lock , a nd t h e c onven t o f t h e s ame d o o rda in ac onven t [ a t D ud ley ] , s o t h a t O sbe r t , n ow p r io r o f

b u t r e se rved f o r h im se lf a nd h i s h e i r s t h e s e rv ice s d ue f r om t h em ( 4 1) a nd t ook c a r e t oe xc lude t h e monk s f r om h i s h ay s a nd p a rk s( 42 ) .

S t . Jame s , a nd R obe r ta nd Hugh h i sb ro the r sd o make w ho l ly a nd f u l ly ap e rf ec t c onven t ' ( 2 5 ) . B y 182 P ope L uc iu s I I c onf i rmed t h e p o s se s s ion s o fD ud ley a nd o rda ined t h a t t h e c on s t i tu t ion so fC luny s hou ld b eo b served ( 26 ) .

H oweve r , t ow ha t e x ten t d id D ud ley P r io ry p rov ide af o cu s

I ti sp e rhap s s u rp r i s ing t h a t when t h e d ec i s ion w a s t a ken t o e s tab l i sh aC lun ia ch ou se a t Dud ley , d i rec tl i nk s w i th n e i the r T ickf o rd n o r Ma rmou t ie r w e re r e ta ined . I ti st h e c a se t h a t a f t e r c . 1100 t h e r e s e em s g ene ra l ly t o h ave b een mo r e

f ounda t ion?

b a ron ia l e mpha s i s o n t h e p a t ronage o fE ng l i sh h ou se s ( 27 )

b enef ac to r s , b u t f a r f ewe r t han t ho se r e co rded a sw i tne s s ing t h e f ounda t ion g ran t . S eem ing ly e n thu s ia s t ic i nt h e i rs uppo r t w a s t h e Of f i n i f am i ly , g ran t ing t h e c hu rch o f Wombou rne w i th i t s c hape l s o f T ry su l l a nd S e i sdon ( 44 ) . T ha t t h e se

b u t i ti s a l so p o s s ib le t ha t t h e c ho ice o f af i l ia t ion t o Wen lock o f f e red a r e la t ion sh ip w i th a r e la t ive ly i mpo r tan t l o ca l h ou se t h a t a l so p e rm i t ted t h e t r ad i t iona l f am i ly l i nk w i th t h eC lun iac o rde r( 28 ) . T he f ounda t ion o fD ud ley P r io ry s e em s t oh ave b een s l ow a nd d i ff icu l t , p e rhap s n o t v igo rou s ly p u r sued . I tt o ok o ve r t wen ty y ea r s t o d ec ide u pon f ounda t ion , n ego t ia te f o r t h e p ro tec t ion o f ag r ea t e r h ou se , make a dequa te e ndowmen t s , i n i t ia t e ab u i ld ing p rog ramme a nd e s tab l i sh a r e cogn i sed c ommun i ty . E ven t h en , i nc . 1180 , the ' p e rf ec t c onven t ' s e em s o n ly t oh ave c omp r i sed P r io rO sbe r ta nd t wo b ro the r s . D ud ley P r io ry ( F igu re 1 0 .2 ) s e em s t o h ave b een a s ma l l h ou se w i th al a rge ly u neven tf u l h i s to ry . T he s ma l l f ound ing c ommun i ty i se choed i n t h e m id -f if t een th c en tu ry i n t h e r equ i r emen t o f f ou r monk s t o c e leb ra te t wo ma s se s d a i ly , o ne w i th mu s ic ( 29 ) . T he P r io ry w a s o n ly mode s t ly e ndowed ( F igu r e 1 0 .3) , r e ce iv ing c hu rche s ,t i the s a nd s ma l l p a rce l s o f

f o rt h e r e l ig iou s p a t ronage o ft h e h ono r ia l c ommun i ty? H ow f a r w e re t h ey a s soc ia ted w i th G erva se P agane l i n i t s

T he b u l l o fP ope L uc iu s I I ( 43 ) r evea l s t ha t i na dd i t ion t o G e rva se P agane l h im se lf , t h e re w e re s ome h a lf d ozen o the r

g ran t s a ppea r t o b e n o t l a te r t h an D ecembe r 160 ( 45 ) , f o l lowed l a te r w i th f u r the r g ran t s o f l a nd i n o r n ea r Woodf o rd ( 46 ) , s ugge s t st h e Of f i n i st ob e e a r ly s uppo r te r s o f t h ef ounda t ion ,p e rhap sa r i s ing i np a r tf r om ar e la t ive ly c l o se r e la t ion sh ip w i th t h e i rP agane lo ve r lo rd s . O the r b enef ac to r s i n c luded Agne s d e S ome ry , ar e la t ion b y v i r tue o f t h e m a r r iage o f J ohn d e S ome ry a nd H aw i se d e P agane l ; R a lph d e S e i l l e , who se l i nk sw i th t h eP agane l s may s t em f r om t h e t ime o ft h e ma r r iage o fR a lph P agane l a nd a d augh te r o fR obe r t d e F e r r e r s ( 47 ) ; O sbe r t o fK inve r ( 48 ) , R obe r t d e C handeu ( Cha lon s ) ( 49 ) a nd J ohn Maun se l ( 50 ) . N o tm en t ioned i nt h e c onf i rma t ion c ha r te r o rt h e p apa l b u l l , a nd s o p e rhap s d a t ing c . 1182 -1206 , wa s t h e g ran t o f a v i rga t e o fl a nd i n Woodf o rd b y B e rna rd , t h e s on o fG i le s d e T re se l ( 5 1) , w ho w a s p e rhap s e ncou raged i n t h i s g ran t b y

l a nd , t h e ma jo r i ty o f wh ich l a y w i th in t h e h ono r , i n S t af f o rd sh i re a nd Wo rce s te r sh i re ( F igu re 1 0 .4 ) . B y 1 29 1 t h e se w e re v a lued a t£ 27 .11s .4d . ( 30 ) , w h i l s t i n 1 535 t h e a nnua l v a lue o f t h e P r io ry w a s £ 36 .8 s .Od ( 3 1) . A l though D ud ley ' s 1 29 1 v a lua t ion c ompa red f a vou rab ly w i th t h e

t h a t o fh i s n ea r n e ighbou r , W i l l iam f i t z G uy d 'Offm i ( 52 ) . Wh i l s t s ome o ft h e se d ono r s h ad , o r may h ave h ad , t e nu r ia l

n e ighbou r ing h ou se s o fH a le sowen ( 32 ) a nd S andwe l l ( 3 3 ) , b y t h e s i x teen th c en tu ry n o t o n ly H a le sowen o u t s t r ipped D ud ley , w i th t empo ra l i t ie s a nd s p i r i tua l i t ie s v a lued a t £ 294 . 10 s .2 1 / 2d . ( 34 ) , b u t s o t oo , m a rg ina l ly , d i d S andwe l l , a t£ 38 .8 s .7d . ( 35 ) . W i th in t h e mona s t ic l i f e o f t h e r eg ion ,

f o cu sf o rt h eh ono r ia lc ommun i ty a s aw ho le .

i n te r e s t s w i th in t h e h ono r ( 5 3) , t h i s d oe s n o t s e em t o h ave b een a c ommon f a c to r f o r a l l . T he r e i s n o th ing h e re t o s ugge s t t h a t t h e f ounda t ion o f D ud ley P r io ry p rov ided a

U n t i lt h e l a te rt we lf th c en tu ry i tw a s o f t en t h e c a se t h a tw hen af am i ly a cqu i red e x ten s ive n ew e s ta te s t h i s m igh t b e ' c e leb ra ted ' b y amona s t ic g ran t ( 54 ) , w h i l s t Wa rd h a s a l so s ugge s ted t h a td i s t inc t ion ss hou ld b ed rawn b e tween h ono r ia l a nd f am i ly mona s te r ie s ( 5 5 ) , a cco rd ing t o who may b e s e en a c t ive ly s uppo r t ing t h ef ounda t ion .

D ud ley s e ems t o h ave n eve r b een mo r e t h an a m ino r f ounda t ion o fo n ly l o ca ls i gn if icance . I n( 3 6 ) t h ew ake o ft h e C hu rch R ef o rm movemen tt h e re w a s a n i n c rea sed t e nd ency f o r mona s t ic e ndowmen t s t ob e made u p o f t ihe s a nd c hu rche s , s ou rce s o f r e venue t h a t s e cu la r l o rd sh ip w a s f i nd ing i ti n c rea s ing ly d i ff i cu l t t of u l ly e xp lo i t ( 37 ) . T h i s w a s s o a t T ickf o rd , w he r e t h e ma jo r i ty o f

I n t h e T ickf o rd c onf i rma t ion c ha r te r s ome s e ven teen d ono r s , a t t h e h ead P agane l t h e f ounde r , h i s s on a nd c omm i tmen tt ot h i sh ou se w a s s t rong .

1 47

( 56 ) t h e re i s al i s t o f o f w h ich s t ood F u lk h i s g rand son ; f am i ly H oweve r , n o to n ly d id

F igu re 1 0 .2 .

1 48

F igu re 1 0 .3 .

THE POSSESS IONS OF DUDLEY AND S AND WELL PR IOR IES .

DUDLEY

1

P R IORY

DUDLEY 'S SAND WELL

•

POSSESSIONS P RIORY

SAND WELL 'S

POSSESSIONS

2 0

1 0

3 0

J RH

M ILES

1 49

F igu r e 1 0 .4 .

1 50

D ud ley a t t rac tf ewe rd ono r s ,t h e re s e em s a tT ickf o rd t oh ave b een amuch s t ronge rt e nu r ia ld imen s ion t ot h e l i s to fp a t ron s ( 57 ) . T ickf o rd , t o af a r g r ea te r e x t en t t h an D ud ley , w a s a

D ud ley w a s t h e c apu t o f t h e b a rony , N ewpo r t w a s t h e

f ounda t ion t h a t b rough t ' f euda l l o rd ' a nd h ono r ia l t e nan t s t o ge the r , a tl e a s tu n t i lt h e s e cond h a lf o ft h et we lf th c en tu ry , a f t e r w h ich t h e re a ppea r s t o b e l e s s h onor ia l i n vo lvemen t w i th t h eh ou se .

A ga in s t t h e c r i te r ia o f t h e c ho sen p l ace o f b u r ia l f o r m embe r s o ft h e b a ron ia l f am i ly , t h e d a te o ff ounda t ion , a nd t ho se p eop le w ho may b e s e en mak ing e ndowmen t s , i tmu s t b e c onc luded t h a t a tt h e t ime o ft h e P agane l s , D ud ley P r io ry d oe s n o t r e ad i ly c onf o rm t o t h e mode l o f a n h ono r ia l mona s te ry ; i ts e em s c l o se rt ow ha t Wa rd d ef ine s a s af am i ly mona s te ry .

I n t h e c a se o f D ud ley o n ly a r e la t ive ly s ma l l c i r c le o f b enef ac to r sw e re i n vo lved , as i gn if i can tp ropo r t ion o fw hom a ppea r n o t t o h ave h e ld o ft h e h ono r , b u t s e em i n s tead t o h ave b een r e la t ion s o r a s soc ia ted w i th t h e P ag a n e l s t h rough f r iend sh ip ,o rp e rhap sh i sh ou seho ld . T he p r inc ipa lt e nan t s i n t h e D ud ley e ndowmen t w e re t h e O ffm i a nd Maun se l f am i l ies , t h e l a t te r 's t e nu r ia l i n te re s t s l y ing p r ima r i ly b eyond t h e w es t m id land s ( 58 ) . T he Maun se l g ran t t o T ickf o rd f o r t h e s ou l o fG erva se 's s on ( 59 ) s ugge s t s mo re t han ap a s s ing r e la t ion sh ip b e tween t h et wo f am i l ie s . T he O ffm i f am i ly m igh tb e s een i n as im i la r l i gh t . T he e a r ly g ran t t oD ud ley a nd t h e f r equency w i th wh ich W i l l iam f i tz G uy i np a r t icu la r w i tne s sed P agane l c ha r te r s s ugge s t s c l ose l i nk s . H oweve r , u n l ike t h e Maun se l f am i ly , t h ey w e re n o tt o b ef ound e ndow ing T ickf o rd .T he i rg eog raph ica la nd t e nu r ia l s en se o fi d en t i ty l a yr a the r mo re w i th in t h e w e s tm id land s , a f o cu st h a tw a sp e rhap sr e info rced b yt h e i ra dd i t iona l l i nk st o t h eB eauchamp s ,a nd t h eg rav i ty o fn e ighbou rhood . A tt h es ame t ime ,t h e re a r e s ome u nexpec ted om i s s ion s f r om t h e l i s t o fb enef ac to r s t oD ud ley . O ne m igh t h ave e xpec ted

f a vou r ed c apu t' d ef a c to ' ( 62 ) a tt h et ime o ff ounda t ion .

H oweve r , t h e r o le o f D ud ley P r io ry i n t h e h ono r w a s d eve loped d u r ing t h e t h i r teen th c en tu ry . T he d e S ome ry s w e r e p a t ron s t o b o th T ickf o rd a nd D ud ley b ef o re t h ey s ucceeded t ot h e h ono r . P e rhap s p a r t ly a s ar e su l t o ft h e se e a r l ie r a s soc ia t ion s , a nd p e rhap s b ecau se t h e s uppor t a nd p a t ronage o ft h e se h ou se s w a s s e en a s i n teg ra l t ot h e f a b r ic o ft h e h ono r a nd i t s l o rd sh ip , t h ey f o l lowed t h e P ag a n e l s i n m a in ta in ing ar e la t ion sh ip w i th t h et wo h ou se s . H oweve r , b y t h e l a t te r p a r t o f t h e t h i r teen th c en tu ry t h e r e la t ion sh ip b e tween D ud ley P r io ry a nd i t s p a t ron s s e em s t o h ave b een t r an sf o rmed a nd t h er o le o fD ud ley g r ea t ly e nhanced . I np a r t , t h i s i sr e f lec ted i nt h e f a br ic a nd d eve lopmen t o ft h e P r io ry b u i ld ing s , p a r t icu la r ly t h e C hu rch . R adf o rd ( 63 ) t r a ced t h e e a r l ie s t f a b r ic , o ft h e l a te t we lf t h c en tu ry , i nt h e e a s te rn a rm o ft h e c hu r ch ,t h et r an sep t s a nd t h e e a s te rn r ange o f t h e c l o i s t e r ( 64 ) ( F igu r e 1 0 .2 ) . T he f i r s t h a lf o f t h e t h i r teen th c en tu ry b rough tt oc omp le t ion t h e w e s ter na rm o f t h e c hu r ch a nd t h e n o r ther n a nd w e s ter n c l au s t ra l r a nge s ,

a s soc ia t ed w i th t h e i rP agane l l o rd a nd a l l o fw hom h ad w e s t m id land i n te re s t s . C lea r ly , t h e n a tu re o f s uch r e la t ion sh ip s a nd t h e w ay i n wh ich t h ey m igh t r evea l t h em se lve s c anno t

c onc lud ing ab u i ld ing c ampa ign t h a th ad t a ken s ome s even ty t o n ine ty y ea r s t o c omp le te . Wh i l s t i t w a s n o t a t a l l u ncommon f o rb u i ld ing s t ow a i t al o ng t ime f o r c omp le t ion , t h e i mp re s s ion o ne r e ce ive s f r om D ud ley i so f al a ck o f e i the r money o re n thu s ia sm .

b e t a ken f o r g ran ted . Empha s i s i sg ene ra l ly p l a ced u pon t h e f r equency o f c ha r te r a t te s ta t ion a s a n i nd ica to r o f c l o se r e la t ion sh ip s , b u t t h e r e la t ive i n f requency w i th w h ich t h e Maun se lf am i ly o ccu rs ugge s t st ha ts uch e v idence s hou ld n o t

t h e r ew a s as i gn if i can tc hange o fp ace i nt h eb u i ld ing w o rk a t D ud ley . T he c ho i r w a s l e ng thened a nd t h e p r inc ipa l e a s ter n

e ndowmen t s f r om G odw in ' d ap if e r ' , P e te r d e B i rm ingham a nd R oge r d e H ag ley , a l l o f w hom w e re f r equen t ly

H oweve r , f r om t h e s e cond h a lf o f t h e t h i r teen th c en tu ry ,

a p se r emoved a s ac on sequence ( 65 ) . V es t ige s o f e a r ly f ou r teen th c en tu ry w indow sm ay b ef ound i nt h en ave , a nd a t t h e s ame t ime t h e g r ea t w e s t w indow a nd w e s ter n d oo rway

b et a ken a tf a ce v a lue ( 60 ) . T h e g ene ra lp a t te rn t oe me rge i nt h e h ono r o fD ud ley i st ha t r e la t ive ly f ew o ft h e h ono r ia l t e nan t s a s soc ia ted t h em se lve s w i th t h e i r l o rd i n mona s t ic p a t ronage . T ho se h o ld ing i nt h e

w e re i n ser ted . R adf o rd ' s e xcava t ion a l so r e cove r ed an umbe r o fs l ip w a re t i l e s f r om ac ho i r p avemen t , wh ich h e d a ted t o t h e t h i r teen th c en tu ry ( 66 ) . T he se w e re e xam ined a ga in i n

w e s tm id land s s e em t oh ave f e l t l i t t le o rn or e la t ion sh ip w i th e i the rD ud ley o rT ickf o rd . A l though l e s s e v iden t i nt h e c a se o f D ud ley , t h e f ounda t ion o f T ickf o rd i nt h e e a r ly t we lf th

1 984 a nd f ound t oi n c lude ar ange o fd e s ign s( 67 )t h a tr ef l ec t t ype s w e l l k nown w i th in t h e r eg ion ( 68 ) . T he s amp le c omp r i sed a l i t t le o ve r t wo h und red t i l e s , a nd t wen ty -f ive d e s ign s , many o fw h ich may a l so b e f ound o n mona s t ic s i te s

c en tu ry m ay h ave b een ac e leb ra to ry f ounda t ion a s soc ia ted w i th t h e P agane l s ucce s s ion t oW i l l iam f i tz A n scu lf s e s ta te .

i n m id land E ng land , a nd w i th l i nk s t o Wa le s a nd I r e l and . I n co rpo ra ted i n to t h e p avemen t w e re s ome h e ra ld ic t i l e s b ea r ing t h e a rm s o f D e spence r a nd d e S ome ry wh ich l e d L ocock t op o s tu la te t h a t t h e p avemen t s hou ld b e r eda ted t o t h e e a r ly f ou r t een th c en tu ry ; s i nce t h i s g roup i sl i ke ly t ob e mu l t i -pha se , i ts e em s mo re a pp rop r ia te t oc on s ide r ap ha se o f

Mo r t ime rh a ss ugge s ted ( 6 1) t h a tt h eC la r e se ncou raged t h e i r t e nan t s t os uppor t C la r e f ounda t ion s i na n a t temp t t of ocu s l o ya l t ie s o n t h e h ono r a nd f am i ly . T he P agane l v i ew o f T ickf o rd w a sp robab ly s im i la r . Af am i ly f ounda t ion t h a tw a s a l so af am i ly mau so leum a nd af o cu s f o rt h e p a t ronage o fa t l e a s ts ome t e nan t s ,w i th t h ec on t inued s uppo r to ft h eb a ron ia l f am i ly , a lp o in tt oT ickf o rd a st h eh ono r ia l mona s t e ry .

t h e p avemen t b e ing d a ted t o t h i s p e r iod ( 69 ) . T he r ef o r e , w i th in a h ou se t h a t h e r e tof o re h ad b een c ha rac te r i sed b y r a the r mode s ta nd s e em ing ly u nen thu s ia s t ic b u i ld ing a c t iv i ty , t h e p e r iod c . 1250 -1325 s t and s o u t a s o ne o fg r ea te r e ne rgy

Whe r et h i sd i f f e r sf r om t h eu sua l mode li si nt h e f ounda t ion ' s l o ca t ion a tN ewpo r t r a the r t han D ud ley ; h oweve r , a l though

a nd i n te re s t .

1 5 1

Wh i l s t t h e se d eve lopmen t s m igh t r e f lec t ap e r iod o fg r ea te r p ro spe r i ty f o r t h e h ou se , t h ey c e r ta in ly i n d ica t e o ne o f h e igh tened i n t e re s t o n t h e p a r t o ft h e p a t ron s -mo r e s ot h an a ta ny t ime s i nce t h ei n i t ia lf ounda t ion .

h ono r , mo r e a k in t o t h e e xpec ta t ion s o f a n h ono r ia l mona s te ry ,p romo t ing t h e a s soc ia t ion o ft h e d e S ome ry sw i th t h eh ono r . *****

T h i s w a sr e la ted i np a r tt ot h e d eve lopmen to fD ud ley P r iory a s ad e S ome ry mau so leum . T he t e rm so fA gne sd e S ome ry ' s g ran tt oD ud ley i nt h e l a te t we lf th c en tu ry s ugge s t st h a tt h e r e may h ave b een a d e S ome ry b u r ia l t h e re b y t h e e a r ly t h i r teen th c en tu ry ( 70 ) b u tt h e f i r s t s e cu re r e f e rence i st ot h e b u r ia l o fR oge r Id e S ome ry ,w ho d i ed i n1 273 ( 7 1) . H ew a s p robab ly b u r ied b ef o re t h e p r inc ipa l a l ta r o ft h e C hu rch , i n t h e gave e xcava ted b y R adf o rd ( 72 ) i n 1 939 , c ommemo ra ted b y ar e cumban t e ff igy , a nd s e t b y t h e e a r ly f our teen th c en tury o n at i l ed p avemen td eco ra ted w i th t h e d e S ome ry h e ra ld ic d ev ice . E rde sw ick r epo r ted t h a t i n ' t he c hu rch o ft h e s a id p r io ry w e re d i ve r s g ood ly monumen t s o f t h e S ome ry s a nd t h e S u t ton s , a nd e spec ia l ly o ne , b e ing c r o s s legged a nd av e ry o ld o ne , w h ich . .w a s av e ry g ood ly o ne f o r t h e w o rkman sh ip . ' E rde sw ick f ound t h a t t h i s e ff igy h ad b een g i l t a nd t ha t t h e re w e re t r a ce s o ft h e t a i l o f ab l ue l i on , f r om w h ich h e r e a sonab ly s uppo sed t h e b u r ia l t ob e a d e S ome ry ( 7 3) . S uch a n a s semb lage , p l aced w i th in a b u i ld ing r e cen t ly ' b eau t if ied ' b y t h e p a t ron s , w a s a c e leb ra t ion o fb o th R oge r d e S ome ry a nd o ft h e d e S omery f am i ly .

I n i t ia l ly , i ti s s ugge s ted , af r equen t p a t t e rn i n mona s t ic p a t ronage w a s t h a t v a s sa l s t e nded t o make g ran t s i n a s soc ia t ion w i th t h e i r l o rd s a nd o n ly l a te r , g ene ra l ly i nt h e m idd le a nd l a te rt we lf th c en tu ry , d id t h ey e s tab l i sh t h e i ro wn f ounda t ion s ( 79 ) . T he O ffm i f am i ly p rov ide s a n o ppo r tun i ty t o e xam ine t h e r a nge o f i n f luence s t h a t m igh t s hape t h e p a t ronage o fh ono r ia lt e nan t s . T he O ffm i sd i dj o in w i th t h e i ro ve r lo rd s i nt h e i rp a t ronage o f D ud ley P r io ry , u n l ike mo s t t e nan t s o f t h e h ono r , b u t t h ey a l so h ad w ide ri n te re s t s . F o re xamp le , a n e a r ly a s soc ia t ion o f t h e f am i ly w a s w i th Wo rce s te r C a thed ra l P r io ry , G uy d 'Off in i h av ing g ran t ed t h em s ma l l p a rce l s o f l a nd a nd t h e c hu r ch o f We s t B romw ich , c . 1140 -45 , w hen h i s s on R a lph b ecame amonk t h e re ( 80 ) . T he re i sn o th ing t os ugge s t t h a t t h e P agane l s h ad a ny p a r t i nt h i s d ec i s ion . T he B eauchamp s , o fw hom t h e O f f in i s w e re t e nan t s i n Wo r ce s te r sh i re ( 8 1) , d o a ppea r a sb enef a c to r st o Wo rce s te r , b u t d e sp i te t h e t e ndency o f t h e mona s t ic c h ron ic le r s s ub sequen t ly t o e mpha s i se t h e a pp rop r ia tene s s o f t h e C a thed ra l P r io ry a s t h e b u r ia l p l a ce f o r m embe r s o f t h e f am i ly , t h e B eauchamp s w e r e n o t s i gn if i can tp a t ron so f Wo rce s t e r( 82 ) .

E rde sw ick m ake s i tc l ea rt ha tt h e r ew e r e o t he r monumen t s i n t h e c hu rch ( 74 ) , s ome o f wh ich h e c o r r ec t ly a s soc ia ted w i th

I ts e em s t h a t t h e O ffm i f am i ly ' s r e la t ion sh ip w i th Wo rce s t e r

t h e d e S ome ry f am i ly ; t h e i n du lgence o f 1 300 g r an ted b y P ope B on if ace V I I I , p re sumab ly f o rt h e s ou l o fR oge r I I d e S ome ry , a l so r e f e r s t oh i s b ody l y ing i nt h e p r io ry c hu rch o f

w a sn o ta lway s e a sy . T he re w a s ad i spu te a r i s ing f r om O ffm i a t temp t st or e cove rr i gh t s o ve rt h e c hu rch o f We s tB romw ich ( 8 3 )w h i l s t t h er e s to ra t ion t o Wo rce s te rb y W i l l iam f i tz G uy d 'Off in i o fl a nd a tH imb le ton ( 84 ) , o r ig ina l ly g ran ted b y h i s

D ud ley ( 75 ) . T he re w a s c on t inued b u i ld ing a c t iv i ty c . 1290 1 320 , wh ich a l ong s ide t h a t o n t h e c a s t le a tt h e s ame t ime , s e em st or e f lec tt he d e l ibe ra te i n ten to fr a i s ing t h ed e S omery

g randf a the rI s na rd , s ugges t s f am i ly l i nk s w i th Wo rce s te rt h a t g o b ack t o t h e e a r ly t we lf th c en tu ry . A n e ighbou r a nd p o s s ib le k i n sman , H ugh P oe r , a l so c onf i rmed c once s s ion s

f am i ly 's p r e s t ige a nd p rof i le w i th in t h e r eg ion , f o l low ing t h e i rr ef ocu so fi n te re s to nD ud ley ( 76 ) . Mona s t ic b enef ac t ion a t t rac ted

l e s s

h e r e t o t h e monk s ( 8 5 ) . T he se c a se s s ugge s t t h e p o ten t ia l c omp lex i ty o f r e l ig iou s p a t ronage ; t h e i n f luence s o f n e ighbou rhood a nd f e uda lr e la t ion sh ip m igh th ave ab ea r ing , b u th e re , e ven t hough l a nd s w i th in t h e h ono rw e re i nvo lved , s uch i nf luence sm igh tb ee x t ra -hono r ia l .

e n thu s ia sm b y t h e

t h i r teen th c en tu ry a nd i nh e r s t udy o ft h e C la r e s , Wa rd ( 7 7 ) f ound l i t t le i mp re s s ion o fc l o se f am i ly , p e r sona l o rh ono r ia l c onnec t ion sw i th mona s t ic h ou se s . H oweve r ,t h i sm ay b et o o s imp l i s t ic . F rom C roxden i nS t af f o rd sh i re , f o ri n s tance , t h e re a r e t wo r e cen s ion s o f t h e f ou r teen th c en tu ry C h ron ic le o f

d ea ths a nd b u r ia ls a r e r e co rded t o 1 339 . A l though t h e e a r ly

A s im i la r i mp re s s ion i sg i ven b y O ffm i p a t ronage o f t h e s omewha t d i s tan t C i s te rc ian A bbey o f C ombe i n Wa rw ick sh i re . I t s e em s p o s s ib le t h a t O ffm i h ad b een ' i n t roduced ' t oC ombe b y h i s n e ighbou r , W i l l iam B uf f a re , a f am i ly w h ich a ppea r s t oh ave h ad al o nge r t e rm r e la t ion sh ip w i th t h eh ou se ( 86 ) .

f ou r teen th c en tu ry c h ron ic le r , W i l l iam S hep shed , i sc l ea r ly b e t te r i n f o rmed a bou tt h e p e r iod c . 1284 t o 1 339 t h an o n t h e e a r l ie r h i s to ry o ft h e V e rdun s , t h e C h ron ic le n one t h e l e s s

T he t r end f o r v a s sa l s t o e s tab l i sh t h e i r o wn mona s t ic f ounda t ion s m ay b e i lu s t ra ted i n t h e O ffm i f ounda t ion o f

t h a t h ou se ( 78 ) . R ecen s ion B i sa n a b s t ra c t o f A , w ho se p r inc ipa l c oncer n i sw i th r e co rd ing d e ta i l s r e la t ing t o t h e p a t ron s , t h e V e rdun s a nd t h e F u rn iva l l s . B i r th s , ma r r iage s ,

s ugge s t s a s en se o f a c on t inued p e r sona l r e la t ion sh ip b e tween t h e mona s t ic c ommun i ty a nd t h ep a t ron s . A t D ud ley

S andwe l l P r io ry . T he c ha r te r e v idence f o r S andwe l l i s c o r rup t ( 87 ) a nd t h e w i tne s s l i s t i n comp le te ( 8 8 ) . T h i s s ma l l B ened ic t ine h ou se ( F igu re s 1 0 .3 ;10 .4 ) h a s g ene ra l ly b een d a ted c . 1180 -90 ( 89 ) a l though i ti sp e rhap s mo re r e a l i s t ic t o t h ink i nt e rm s o fc . 1166 -94 ( 90 ) . H odde r , i nt h e l i gh t o fh i s r e cen t e xcava t ion s , h a s s ugge s ted t h a t t h e f i r s t b u i ld ing s a t S andwe l l w e r e c on s t ruc ted c . 1159 -60 ( 9 1) , b u t t h e c a se i s n o t w e l l e s tab l i shed ( 92 ) . Ad a te i nt h e l a te 160 s m igh t g o

P r io ry t h e b u i ld ing a c t iv i ty , i t s p romo t ion a s af am i ly mau so leum a nd i t s e xp re s s ion o f f am i ly p r e s t ige , s ugge s t t h a t c l ose l i nk s w e re m a in ta ined . F am i ly c onno ta t ion s w e re c l ea r ly a p a r t o f D ud ley P r io ry a t t h e t ime o f b o th t h e P agane l s a nd t h e d e S ome ry s , b u ta tt h et ime o ft h e l a t te rt h e f ounda t ion a l so d eve loped a mo r e o ver t r o le w i th in t h e

1 52

s ome w ay t o r e conc i l ing t h e h i s to r ica l a nd a r chaeo log ica l e v idence a nd i ts e em s p robab le t h a tt h e f ounda t ion w a s w e l l i nh and b yt h e 180 s . T he d i ff i cu l ty o f c l o se ly d a t ing S andwe l l l e ave s o pen t h e q ue s t ion o fh ow t h i s s i te m igh t r e la t e t ot h a t a tD ud ley , t h e l a t te r g ene ra l ly h av ing b een r ega rded a s t h e e a r l ie r o f t h e

t h a tt h er e sou r ce s d id ( 104 ) . A s a tD ud ley , t h e l a te t h i r teen th a nd e a r ly f ou r teen th c en tu r ie ss aw i n c rea sed b u i ld ing a c t iv i ty ( 105 ) , w h ich a sH odde r h a s n o ted , may h ave b een p romp ted b yk now ledge o fw ha tw a sh appen ing a t Dud ley , a l though h e h a s a l so s ough tt oa s soc ia te t h e se p ha se s o fa c t iv i ty w i th t h e t r an sf e r o ft h e p a t ronage t oR icha rd d e Ma rnham a f t e r 1 275 ( 1 06 ) .

t wo , a nd p o ten t ia l ly i t s mode l . T he t wo h ou se s s e em t oh ave b een v i r tua l ly c on tempo raneou s , w i th i n i t ia l b u i ld ing

T he p l an o f t h e P r io ry C hu rch a t S andwe l l ( F igu r e s 1 0 .2 ; 10 .5 )i sa l so d i s t inc t ive ,u s ing f i ve a p se s' e ne che lon ' ,a n

S andwe l l w a s n o tt h e o n ly f ounda t ion o fa n h ono r ia l t e nan t . T he d e B i rm ingham s f ounded t h e H o sp i ta l o fS t .Thoma s i n B i rm ingham d u r ing t h e t h i r teen th c en tu ry , b u t f ounda t ion s s uch a st h e se t wo w e re r a re , a s soc ia ted w i th o n ly t h e mo s t p rom inen t o f h ono r ia l f am i l ie s . Mo s t o f t ho se w i th a n i n te re s t i n mona s t ic p a t ronage e xp re s sed i tt h rough s ma l l e ndowmen t st ov a r iou sh ou se s .

a mb i t iou s , e ven p re ten t iou s d e s ign t h a t w a s n o t ma t ched i n t h e q ua l i ty o fi t s e xecu t ion ( 9 3 ) . H odde r h a s s ugge s t ed t h a t

Wh i l s t t h i s s t udy h a s f o cu s sed p r ima r i ly o n D ud ley a nd

c ampa ign s t h a t w e re i n h and a t much t h e s ame t ime , a nd w i th l i nk s b e tween t h em , s uch a s t h e n o r the rn c l o i s te r s ( F igu r e 1 0 .2 ) .

t h e p l an may h ave b een i n f luenced b y t h e c hu rch o f Wo rce s t e r C a thed ra l P r io ry ( F igu r e 1 0 .5 ) , b u t s uch p l an s

S andwe l l , o t he r r e l ig iou s h ou se s a t t rac ted t h e p a t ronage o r i n vo lvemen t o fb o th t h e b a ron s a nd t h e i rt e nan t s ; t h ep a t ter n o f p a t ronage w a s b y n o m ean s s t ra igh t f o rwa rd . G erva se

w e re a l so f ound i n C lun ia c h ou se s ( 94 ) . E xcava t ion s a t Wen lock ( 95 ) s howed t h e e a s t e nd o f t h e c hu rch t o h ave

P agane l , f o ri n s tance , made g ran t st o Nunea ton a s ar e su l t o f f am i ly a ff i l ia t ion s , p e rhap s i n tended a s a' c e leb ra t ion ' o fh i s

c omp r i sed a t r ip le a p se , a l though t h e b u i ld ing o f t h e t r an s i t iona l t r an sep t s r emoved a ny e v idence f o r e a r l ie r a p s ida l t r an sep ta l c hape l s . H oweve r i ti sp o s s ib le t h a t t h e

m a r r iage , h i sw if e s e em ing ly t h e mo re c l ose ly i n vo lved w i th t h e h ou se t h a t h ad b een f ounded b y h e r f a the r , R obe r t d e B eaumon t , e a r l o f L e ice s te r ; i tw a s n o t ar e la t ion sh ip t ha t

a r rangemen t s a t Wen lock i nf luenced b o th D ud ley ( 96 ) a nd S andwe l l( 97 ) ,a nd h e lp se xp la in w hy a tb o th s i t e s ap l an w a s

a l so d r ew i nt e nan t s o ft h e h ono r . T he c l a im s o ft h e H osp i ta l o f S t .John t o l a nd s i n H and swor th ( 107 ) a l so s ugge s t s

a dop t ed t h a t w a s g ene ra l ly f a l l ing o u t o ff a vou r i nE ng land b y t h e m idd le o ft h e t we lf th c en tu ry . T he s im i la r i ty o ft h e

p a t ronage o ft h a tO rde r . S im i la r ly ,t h e d e S ome ry s s uppor ted o t he r h ou se s , p e rhap s r e f lec t ing t h e i r a s soc ia t ion s w i th t h e

S andwe l lv au l t ing r i b sw i th Wen lock ( 98 ) , a nd i nD ud ley t h e p re sence o f aw ea the red t ympanum t h ough t t o h ave c ome

e a r ldom o fG louce s te r ; a mong t h e se w a s ac ha r te r o fR a lph d e S ome ry t o T ewke sbu ry ( 108 ) . A R oge r d e S ome ry w a s

f r om t h e P r io ry a nd c l o se ly c onnec ted w i th a g roup o f l e c te rn s a t Much Wen lock ( 99 ) , t e nd t o r e inf o r ce t h e i mp r e s s ion o ft h e i n f luence o f Wen lock o n m ona s t ic i sm i n t h eh ono r( 100 )o fD ud ley .

b enef a c to r o f S t . Ma ry ' s , Y o rk ( 109 ) , J ohn d e S ome ry s uppo r t ed Wo rce s te r C a thed ra l P r io ry ( 1 10 ) a nd t h e f am i ly s ha red i nt h e t r end t o s uppor t H o sp i ta l s ( 1 11) . R oge r Id e S ome ry a l so h ad d ea l ing s w i th t h e a bbo t o f G a rendon , a C i s t e rc ian h ou se i nL e ice s te r sh i re , a s ar e su l t o fh i s ma r r iage

T he mo t iva t ion so ft h eO ffm i s i nf ound ing S andwe l lm ay n o t

t o N icho la a nd t h e i r r e ce ip t o f ap a r t o f t h e A runde l

h ave b een v e ry d i f f e ren t f r om t ho se o f t h e P agane l s a t D ud ley . I n a dd i t ion t o p i e ty , i tw a s ac onven t iona l a c t t h a t

i n he r i tance . R oge rr e ached a n a g r eemen t w i th t h e a bbo t a nd c onven t b y w h ich t h ey w e re a l lowed e nc lo sed w ood land a t

w a s i n tended t op romo te t h e r epu ta t ion o ft h e f am i ly a nd t o e nhance t h e c apu t . S andwe l l w a s d eve loped a s af am i ly mau so leum , r e f lec ted b y t h e p r e sence o f ap rom inen t g rave i nt h e C hance l ( 101) , mo s t p robab ly af ounde r ' s b u r ia l , w i th o t he r s n ea rby ( 102 ) , i n c lud ing t h e r emnan t s o f ac he s t t omb a ga in s t t h e n o r th w a l l o f t h e c hance l t h a t i th a s b een

K u t , i n S hep shed , L e ice s te r sh i re ( 1 12 ) . Y e t s ome l o ca l f ounda t ion s s uch a s H a le sowen , w h i l s t s uppo r ted b y s ome n e ighbou r s , a nd b y s ome h ono r ia l t e nan t s , s uch a st h e l o rd s o fF rank ley ( 1 13 ) , s e ems n o tt oh ave a t t rac t ed t h e s uppo r t o f t h e b a ron s o fD ud ley . T he h ono r ia l g en t ry s e em n o tt oh ave

s ugge s ted may h ave b een t h e b u r ia l o fR icha rd d e Ma rnha rn ( 103) . B u r ia l s w e re f ound t h roughou t t h e c hu rch , o f t en o f

b een g r ea t ly i n f luenced b y t h e p a t ronage d ec i s ion s o ft h e i r o ve r lo rd s a nd w e r e w e l l p repa r ed t ol o ok b eyond t h e h ono r ;

r e la t ive ly -h igh s t a tu s , b u t p a r t icu la r ly s i gn if i can t w e r e t h ose

t h e B uf f a r e s a nd t h e O ffm i s s uppo r t ed C ombe , t h e O ffm i s , Wo rce s te r C a thed ra l P r io ry , a nd S imon d e F rank ley , S t . Wu l s tan ' s H o sp i ta l i n Wo r ce s te r ( 1 14 ) . Wh i l s t t h e i n f luence o fg r ea t e r l o rd s m igh t s ome t imes b e s u spec ted , t h e g en t ry s e em t o h ave b een a s r e ad i ly i n f luenced b y n e ighbou rhood ; t h ey e n joyed i n dependence o f a c t ion a nd w e r e n o t c on s t ra ined b y t h e f ounda t ion s o r p o l ic ie s o ft h e i r

i n t h e s ou th c hape l s a nd t r an sep t , w h ich t h e i n c idence o f m e top i sm s ugge s t ss hou ld b e s e en a s ak i n sh ip g roup , a nd s o a ppea r s t or e f lec t ac han t ry c hape l e s tab l i shed n o t l a t e r t h an t h ee a r ly f ou r teen th c en tu ry . I n m any r e spec t s , D ud ley a nd S andwe l l h ad much i n c ommon . No t o n ly w a s t h e r e as im i la r i ty i nt h e d imen s ion s o ft h e i rp l an s ( F igu re 1 0 .2 ) , b u t l i ke D ud ley , t h e b u i ld ing o f S andwe l l h ad t a ken a l o ng t ime . No t u n t i l c . 1300 w a s t h e mona s t ic l a you t c omp le ted , r e p re sen t ing a p ro jec t t h a t h ad t a ken s ome 1 50 y ea r s t o c a r ry t h rough . E n thu s ia sm f o r t h e

f e uda l l o rd s , o rb y t h e g eog raph ica l e x ten t o ft h e h ono r . No t s u rp r i s ing ly , r a the r f ewe r f e l t a b le , o r i n c l ined , t o e s tab l i sh t h e i ro wn mona s t ic h ou se s .

p ro jec t may , o rm ay n o t ,h ave f a l te r ed ,b u t i ts e em s p robab le

1 53

F igu re 1 0 .5 .

• D ud ley P r iory ( a f ter R ad ford . 1939 :L innane , 1985 )

0

20

0

1 54

4 0 1 0

6 0 2 0

8 0

1 00 11 3 0m

T he P ag ane l s may h ave h ad h ope so fd eve lop ing D ud ley a sa f o cu s f o r t h e i r w e s t m id land s h ono r , a s T ickf o rd w a s i n B uck ingham sh i re . T he w i tne s s l i s t t ot h e f ounda t ion c ha r te r w a s m ad e u p o f f am i ly , o f m embe r s o f t h e O ffm i a nd d e B i rm ingham f am i l ie s , p r ie s t s , h ou seho ld membe r s a nd of i ce h o lde r s , b u t f o r mo s t , t h i s w a s a s f a r a s t h e i r c omm i tmen t w en t . Y e t , e ven i ff ew o ft ho se who w i tne s sed t h ef ounda t ion o f D ud ley made g ran t s t o i t ,t h e i r p r e sence h igh l igh ted i t s f am i ly o r h ono r ia l s i gn if i cance , a s t h e l o ca l c ommun i ty g a the r ed t o ge the ra sw i tne s se s . B u tl o ca le n thu s ia sm d oe sn o t a ppea r t o h ave b een o verwhe lm ing . A pa r t f r om t h e i ndepend ence o f t h e g en t ry , b y t h e 180 s i tw a s p e rhap s a l r eady t o o l a te t o a t t rac t t h e s uppo r t o ft e nan t s ; w ha t may h ave w o rked a tt h e b eg inn ing o ft h e t we lf th c en tu ry w a s n o l o nge r f e a s ib le . Wa rd f ound t ha t i n t h e C la re f ounda t ion s ( 1 15 )t h em a jo r i ty o fg ran t s f r om h ono r ia lb a ron sw e re m ade b ef o r e 150 , p romp ted s he s ugge s t s , b y f e e l ing s o f l o ya l ty a nd c ommon i d en t i ty t h a t i nl a te r d ecade s w e re l e s s e v iden t , a nd w h ich i n a ny c a se w a s a ccompan ied b y a mo r e w ide spr ead d ec l ine i nt h e a t t rac t ion o f mona s t ic p a t ronage . I f G e rva se P ag a ne l o r h i s f a the r h ad i n tended a n h ono r ia l mona s te ry , t h ey s e em t o h ave b een u n succe s sf u l , a nd t h e a b sence o f af am i ly mau so leum h e re w ou ld h ave b een a h ind ranc e . H oweve r , a l ong s ide t h e o t he r d eve lopmen t s i n D ud ley f r om t h e l a te t we lf th c en tu ry , t h ey p e rhap s w e re mo re s u cce s sf u l i n e nhanc ing t h e n a tu re a nd r e sou rce s o f t h e i r c apu t , t o wh ich amona s t ic f ounda t ion w a s p o ten t ia l ly a n i mpo r tan t c on t r ibu t ion . I tw a s h oweve r t h e d e S ome ry s who w e r e t o mo re f u l ly d eve lop t h e r o le o fD ud ley P r io ry . C i r cum s tance s d i c ta ted t h a t t h ey f o cu s t h e i r a t ten t ion s mo r e c l o se ly o n t h e w e s t m id land s , a nd a s ap a r t o f t h i s r e e mpha s i s o f d e S ome ry a s soc ia t ion s w i th D ud ley a nd t h e h ono r ,t h ey d eve loped t h e P r io ry a st h e i r mau so leum , w ho se p r ima ry r o le w a s ac e leb ra t ion o f t h e f am i ly a nd t h e i r l o rd sh ip -r i ch ly d eco ra ted ef ig ie s , a rmo r ia l b ea r ing s o n t h e e ff ig ie s , a nd o n t h e f l oo r t i l e s , w i th in s u i tab ly e mbe l l i shed a r ch i t ec tu ra l s e t t ing s . I tw a s i n t h e l a te r t h ir teen th c en tu ry r a the r t h an t h e l a te t we lf th c en tu ry t h a t D ud ley P r io ry may b e s e en t o d eve lop n o t o n ly a f am i ly r o le , b u t a l so a n h ono r ia l r o le , a l be i tn o t s t r ic t ly s peak ing i na cco rdance w i th t h ec r i te r ia l a id d own b y Wa rd . P a t ronage o ft h e mona s t ic c hu rch w a s l im i ted t o r e la t ive ly f ew p eop le , p r inc ipa l ly t h e b a ron s o f D ud ley a nd t h e i r f am i ly , a nd a s ma l l g roup o f p eop le o f w hom s ome w e re t e nan t s o ft h e b a ron s ; t h e e ndowmen t s made w e r e g ene ra l ly mode s t i nn a tu re . A l though n o t e xc lu s ive ly s o , t h e b a ron s f ocu s sed ag ood d ea l o ft h e i rp a t ronage w i th in t h e h ono r s o f D ud ley a nd N ewpor t , i nw h ich f am i ly a nd h ono r ia l p o l i t ic s w e re i mpo r tan tf a c to r s . T he g en t ry l o oked b eyond t h eh ono r , a sw e l l a sw i th in i t ,i nt h e i rp a t ronage d ec i s ion s . I tm ay h ave b een f e l tt h a tc ho ice w a s l im i ted , a st h e h ono ro fD ud ley d i d n o tp o s se s s ap a r t icu la r ly r i ch mona s t ic e s tab l i shmen t .

1 55

NOTES : 1 .c f . Hun t ,' P ie ty , P re s t ige o rP o l i t ic s? ' , i nD em idow icz ( e d ) ,

Mona s t ic P a t ronage i n T h i r teen th C en tu ry E ng land ' , i n

C oven tr y ' s F i r s t C a thed ra l ; C .Ho ld swo r th ( e d ) , R uf f ord

W .M .O rm rod ( ed ) , E ng land i n t h e T h ir teen th C en tury , ( S tamf o rd , 1 991) , 7 1 .

C ha r te r s , V o l s .1 a nd 2 , ( Tho ro ton S oc ie ty R eco rd S e r ie s , x x ix , x xx , 1 972 , 1 974 ) ; J .Ma r t inda le , ' Mona s t e r ie s a nd C a s t le s :t h eP r io r ie so fS t .F lo ren td e S aumu ri nE ng land a f t e r 1 066 ' , i n C .H ick s ( ed ) , E ng land i n t h e E leven th C en tu ry , Ha r lax ton Med ie va lS tud ie s , I , ( S tamf o rd , 1 992 ) ; J . C . Wa rd , ' F a sh ion s i n Mona s t ic E ndowmen t : t h e F ounda t ion s o f t h e C la re F am i ly 1 066 1314 ' , J n l . o fE cc le s ia s t ica l H i s to ry , 3 2 , 4 ,( 1981) . 2 . Wa rd , ' F a sh ion si n Mona s t ic E ndowmen t ' ,4 30 . 3 . Ma r t inda le ,

' Mona s te r ie s

a nd

C a s t le s ' ,139 ;

2 0 . B a sed u pon a c ha r te r o f Wa l te r D u rden t , b i shop o f C oven t ry a nd L ichf ie ld , c onf i rm ing t ot h e monk s o fD ud ley t h e O f f in i g ran t o f Wombou rne c hu rch ;V .C .H . , W o rc s . , I , 1 58 , f n .5 ;f o l lowed mo s tr e cen t ly i nM . H odde r , 'Excava t ion s a t S andwe l l P r io ry a nd H a l l 1 982 -88 ' , T SSAHS . , XXX I , ( 1991) , 1 37 . Wa l te r ' s d ea th i n D ecembe r 160 i st a ken a s p rov id ing t h e d a te b ef o re wh ich t h e mona s te ry mu s t h ave b een e s tab l i shed .

G .Duby ,

2 1 . C ronne a nd D av i s( ed s ) ,R ege s ta ,I I , No .180 .

F rance i nt h eM idd le A g e s , 9 87 -1460 , ( Oxf o rd , 1 991) ,2 5 . 4 . R ound ( ed ) , Documen t s P re ser ved i nF rance , 9 18 -1206 , No .1180 .

2 2 . D ugda le , Mona s t icon , V , 8 3 -4 ,N o . i .T he r e i sn o r e a son t o a s sume t h a t t h i s c ha r te r d a te s t o t h e b eg inn ing o f t h e p roce s s o f f ounda t ion , a s E y ton r e cogn i sed l ong a go ; R . E y ton ,A n t iqu i t ie s o fS hop sh ire , I I , ( London , 1 856 ) ,2 36 .

5 .I b id . , No s .1210 ,1225 . 6 .I s sued a tC h inon ;D ugda le , Mona s t icon , V I , i ,1 097 .

2 3 . D u rden t ' s c onf i rma t ion c ha r t e r r e f e r s t o t h e g ran t o f Wombou rne c hu rch ' i n p e rpe tuam e l emo s inam s anc te M i lbu rge e t s anc to J a cob° e t mona ch i s d e Wen lok ' a pud

7 .I s sued a tC h inon ,1182 ; R ound ( e d ) , Documen t sP re se rved i nF rance , 9 18 -1206 , No .1223 .

D udde le iam d eo s e rv ien t ibu s ' ; Mande r ( ed ) , C ha r te r s o f G erva se P agane l , 5 6 .

8 .e g . , i b id . , No .1263 , ac ha r te ro fH en ry I t oC ha r t re s .

2 4 . A n i n spex imu s r e f e rence t oa n u nda ted c ha r te r , t hough t b y E y ton a nd s ub sequen t w r i te r s t o d a te t o c . 1180 ; E y ton ,

9 . C lay , T he P ayne l F ee , 5 ; M .Aube r t , L e s A bbaye s d e

S hrop sh i re , I I , 2 36 ; R .Ey ton , A n t iqu i t ie s o fS hrop sh i re , I , ( London , 1 850 ) , 5 2 , n o te ; f o l lowed i n Mand e r( ed ) , C ha r te r s

F rance , ( Pa r i s ,

1 947 ) ,

1 85 ;

R ound ( e d ) , D ocumen t s

P re served i nF rance , 9 18 -1206 ,N o s .913 ,9 17 .

o fG er va se P agane l , 5 3 ; V .C .H . ,S hrop s . ,I ,4 1 .

1 0 . R ound ( e d ) , i b id . , N o .1231 ; R eg i s te r o fE v id ence s o ft h e Mona s te ry o f N ewpor t P agane l l i n t h e C oun ty o f

2 5 . T h i s w a s w i tne s sed b y R obe r t P agane l , s on o fG e rva se , a nd R oge rd e H ag ley ; V .C .H . , W orc s . , I , 1 59 ; T .Ha rwood ,A

B uck inghamsh i re , ( BM .Ha r l . MS .2188 ) , f . 125a ,125b .

S ur vey o fS taf f ord sh i re c on ta in ing t h e A n t iqu i t ie s o f t ha t C oun ty b yS amp son E rd e sw ick , ( London ,1844 ) ,3 41 .

1 .N ewpor tR eg i s te r ,125a a nd 1 25b . 2 6 . D ugda le , Mona s t i con ,V , 8 3 , i ;V .C .H . . , Worc s . , I , 1 59 . 1 2 . Mande r ( ed ) , No .v i i i .

C ha r te r s o f G e rva se P agane l , 7 5 -7 , 2 7 . Wa rd ,' F a sh ion s i n Mona s t ic E ndowmen t ' ,4 37 .

1 3 . R .A l len B rown , C a s t le s F rom t h e A i r , ( Camb r idge , 1 989 ) ,2 5 .

2 8 . I n 1 272 f o r i n s tance , aJ ohn d e T ycf o rd b ecame p r io r o f Wen lock b u t t h e r e i sn o e v idence o f o t he r P agane l o r d e

1 4 . Ma r t inda le ,' Mona s te r ie sa nd C a s t le s ' , 1 55 -6 .

S ome ry g r an t s t o Wen lock ; R .G raham , T he H i s to ry o ft h e a l ien p r io ry o f W en lock , ( London , 1 965 ) , 2 3 ; D ugda le , Mona s t icon ,V , 7 2 .

1 5 . M .W .Thomp son , ' A s soc ia ted Mona s te r ie s a nd C a s t le s i n t h e M idd le A ges : A T en ta t ive L i s t ' , A rchaeo log i ca l J ourna 1 ,143 ,( 1986 ) , 3 05 .

2 9 . V .C .H . , W orc s . , 1 , 16 1 3 0 .I b id . , 160 .

1 6 .I b id . 3 1 .I b id . , 1 6 1 . 1 7 . C h ibna l l( ed ) ,E cc le s ia s t ica lH i s tory o fO rd e r ic V i ta li s ,I ;B ook I I , i ,1 0 -13 ,11 .

3 2 . £ 22 .15s .6d . ; i b id . , 1 63 .

1 8 . Mor t ime r , ' L and a nd S erv ice ' , 1 95 -6 .

3 . £ 17 .3s .4d ; V .C .H . , S taf f s . , I I , 2 17 .

1 9 . Wa rd , ' F a sh ion s i n Mona s t ic E ndowmen t ' , 4 38 ; B . G o ld ing , ' Bu r ia l s a nd B enef a c t ion s . A n A spec t o f

3 4 . V .C .H . , Wo rc s . ,I , 1 63 .

1 56

3 5 . V .C .H . ,S taf f s . , I I ,2 19 . 3 6 . Wa rd ,' F a sh ion si n Mona s t ic E ndowmen t ' ,4 28 .

2 38 . I tw ou ld s e em t h a t R a lph s o ld h i s i n te re s t s i n S ea l t o W i l l iam , E a r l F e r re r s , b u t b ef o re t h i s t ime w a s f o rced t o r evoke h i s g if ta nd s ub s t i tu te amone ta ry p aymen t ; c f . i b id . , 2 40 .

3 7 . H oweve r , h av ing d one s o , mano r ia l l o rd s d i d n o t n ece s sa r i ly l o se e i the r i n t e re s t s o r i n f luence o ve r t h e se c hu rche s .

4 8 . G ran ted L i t t le S a redon ; D ugda le , Mona s t i con , V , 8 3 -4 , i i .

3 8 . Wa rd ,' F a sh ion si n Mona s t ic E ndowmen t ' ,4 28 .

4 9 . H eg ave av i rga te o fl a nd i nt h ev i l l o fW lyn tone ; i b id .

3 9 . F rom F u lk P agane l a nd h i s w if e , T ickf o rd r e ce ived t h e c hu r ch o f S t .Pe te r a tN ewpor t a nd t h e c hape l o f L inf o rd ;

5 0 . Who g ran ted l a nd s i nI nkpen , i b id .

o ne t en th o f am i l l a nd e l s , t oge the r w i th s ome l a nd t h e re ; l a nd a nd t h e c hu rch o fB a rnack , a nd o t he r s ma l l p a rce l s o f l a nd i n' S epe l inga ' a nd H annead ;N ewpor tR eg i s te r ,125b . B y 154 t h e P agane l f am i ly h ad e ndowed t h e i r N ewpo r t

5 1 . i e . B er na rd d e F rank ley , Wro t t e s ley ( e d ) , S taf f ord sh i re C ha r tu la ty , I ,2 14 .

f ounda t ion w i th v a r iou s p a rce l s o f l a nd t oge the r w i th ' t he c hu rch o fN ewpo r t a nd t h e c hape l o fL inf o rd , w i th a l t h e i r a ppu r tenance s , a nd t h e c hape l o f L i t t le C ran ley , a nd t h e c hu r ch o f C h iche ley , a nd t h e c hape l a nd c hu r ch o f

t h e O ffm i f e e . T he l a nd t h a t B er na rd g r an ted i n Woodf o rd h ad b e longed t ot h e c hu rch o fT ry su l l , w h ich a s ar e su l t o f

B o te rdone , a nd t h e c hape l a nd c hu rch o fE s twood a nd t h e c hu rch o f B a rna ck , w i th a l l t h e i r a ppu r tenance s . . ' ; R ound ( e d ) ,D ocumen t sP re ser ved i nF rance , 9 18 -1206 ,N o .1213 . 4 0 . T he c hu rche s o f S t .Edmund a nd S t .Thoma s i nD ud ley , N o r thf ie ld c hu rch w i th i t s c hape ls a t C o s ton H acke t t , t h e c hu r che sa tS edg ley , I nkpen a nd B radf i e ld ,t h e l a t te rw i th i t s c hape l o f I ng lef ie ld ; D ugda le , Mona s t icon , V , 8 3 -4 , No s . i a nd i ;V .C .H . , Wo rc s . , I , 1 58 -9 . 4 1 . c f .t h eg ran to fA gne s d e S ome ry o fh a lf ah ide o fl a nd i n C hu r ch i l l t ot h e P r io ry , i b id . ; s ho r t ly a f t erwa rd s t h e P r io r o f Wen lock g ave t h e mano rt oR ober td e H u r co t ti nr e tu rn f o r a r en t o f h a lf a ma rk a nnua l ly ; V .C .H . , Worc s . , I I , 4 3 . H oweve r , t h e g ran t ing o f C hu rch i l l d i d n o t r ep r e sen t a n a l iena t ion ; i n 1 291 t h e P r io r o f Dud ley w a s r e co rded a s h o ld ing o fR oge rd e S ome ry , a nd i n1 322 i tw a sd e sc r ibed a s aq ua r te r o f ak n igh t ' s f e e , h e ld b y t h e P r io ry ; C aLIP M . ,1 1 , N o .813 ; V I ,N o .428 .

5 2 . T ry su l l i n c luded p a r t o fS e i sdon , t h e o t he r p a r t b e ing i n

t h e O ffm i g ran t h ad p a s sed t ot h e P r io ry a s ac hape l o ft h e c hu rch o f Womboume . 5 3 . e g . the O ff in i s w e re h ono r ia l t e nan t s ; A gne s d e S ome ry h e ld l a nd w i th in t h e h ono r ; O sbe r t d e K inve r i s l a rge ly a nonymou s . H e w a s n o t m en t ioned i nt h e C a r ta B a ronum o f G e rva se P agane l a nd Mande r ' s i d en t if ica t ion o fh im w i th t h e O sbe r t d e R u sha l l who w i tne s sed t h e f ounda t ion c ha r te r s e em s t o b e b a sed o n a s ha red f i r s t n ame a nd t h e g eog raph ica l p rox im i ty o f S a r edon a nd R u sha l l . I f h e i s c o r r ec t O sbe r t w a s at e nan t o ft h e h ono r , b u t i tc anno t b e e s tab l i shed ; Mande r ( ed ) , C ha r te r s o fG er va se P agane l , 5 4 . I n 1 086 L i t t le S a redon w a sh e ld b y aK ing ' st h egn , b u tb yt h e 1 300 p e rambu la t ion o fC annock F o re s t i tw a s c oun ted a s a mano ri nt h e b a rony o fD ud ley . T he d a t e a nd p roce s s o ft h i s a cqu i s i t ion a r e u nknown . T he Maun se l f am i ly h e ld o f t h e P agane l s i nB e rk sh i r e a nd B uck ingham sh i re a nd w i tne s sed s ome o f G e rva se ' s c ha r t e r s . T hey w e re a l so b enef a c to r s o f T ickf o rd ; R ound ( e d ) , Documen t sP re se rved i nF rance , 9 18 1 206 , N o .1231 ; a nd J ohn h im se lf , r e co rded i nt h e N ewpo r t R eg i s t e r , c onf i rmed ag ran t made b yh i sf a the rf o rt h es ou lo f

4 4 . Mande r( e d ) , C ha r t e r so fG e rva se P agane l , 5 5 ,b ; 5 7 ,e .

R obe r t P agane l , s on o f G e rva se ; s uch e ndowmen t s a nd s en t imen t s s ugge s t ac e r ta in c l o sene s s t ot h e P agane l f am i ly . T he C ha lon s f am i ly d i d a cqu i re i n te re s t s i n t h e B uck ingham sh i re mano r o f H ogge s ton , b u t n o t u n t i l t h e s e cond h a lf o f t h e t h i r t een th c en tu ry ; V .C .H . , B uck s . , I I , 3 69 .

4 5 . D a t ed b y t h e c onf i rma t ion c ha r te r o f Wa l te r D u rden t ; i b id . , 5 6 ,c .

' Bu r ia l sa nd B enef ac t ion s ' , 7 1 .

4 6 . B o th g ran ted b y W i l l iam f i tz G uy , t h e f i r s t c . 1167 -94 ,

5 . Wa rd , ' F a sh ion s i n Mona s t ic E ndowmen t ' ,4 4 1 .

w i tne s sed b yG e rva se P ag a ne l , a nd t h e s e cond c . 1190 -1203 , w i tne s sed b y R a lph d e S ome ry ; Wro t te s ley ( ed ) , S taf f o rd sh i re C ha r tu la ty , I ,2 14 ,2 16 .

5 6 . B i shop R obe r t o f L inco ln , c . 1151-4 ; R ound ( e d ) , D ocumen t sP re se rved i nF rance , 9 18 -1206 , No .1231 .

4 2 . D ugda le , Mona s t i con ,V ,83 -4 , 4 3 .I b id . ,8 3 ,i .

5 4 . Wa rd , ' F a sh ion s i n Mona s t ic E ndowmen t ' , 4 30 ; G o ld ing ,

4 7 . H e g ave t h ec hu rch o fS e i l le w i th a ppu r tenance s , i e . S ea l i n L e ice s te r sh i r e , t h e g ran t a l so b e ing r e co rded i n t h e R ydwa r e C a r tu la ry ; G .W ro t te s ley ( e d ) , T he R ydwa re C a r tu la ry ( SHC . , XV I , 1 895 ) , 2 70 , f . 18b . R a lph d e S ey le h e ld t h e m ano r o f t h e F e r re r s e a r l s , b u t s ome t ime b ef o r e 191 w a s d ep r ived o f i ta s ar e su l t o fh i s i mpove r i shmen t

5 7 . O ft h e s e ven teen d ono r s m en t ioned , i b id . , t h e f i r s t t h ree w e r e f am i ly , F u lk P agane l , R a lph P agane l a nd G e rva se P agane l . O f t h e r ema in ing f our teen , t h e f o l low ing w e r e a ppa ren t ly t e nan t so ft h eP agane l s : R a lph d eB a rnack , R obe r t d e C a s t re ton , R a lph Maun se l a nd h i s w if e , C ec i l ia , Wa l te r Maun se l , R obe r td e B rou thone a nd W i l l iam h i s s on , M icha e l s on o f O sbe r t . P robab le t e nan t s i n c lude O sber t ' d ap if e r ' ,

a nd s ub sequen t f a i lu re t op e rf o rm s e rv ice f o r t h e f e e ; i b id . ,

1 57

R ober t d e B radewe l l a nd W i l l iam d e B av i s . T he p o s i t ion o f

N ob i l i ty , ( New J e r sey , 1 985 ) , 7 5 . T he l a s t S ome ry d i ed i n 1 322 a nd s o i ti sp o s s ib le t h a t t h e re w a s ap ha se i n t h e d eco ra t ion a nd f ur n i sh ing o ft h e P r io ry c . 1310 -22 , t h e d a t ing

B e r t ram , P h i l ip d e C aha ine s a nd W i l l iam d e S r in ton i s u ncer ta in , b u t t h e l a t te r , h o ld ing i n S he r ing ton , w a s a n e ighbou ri nB uck inghamsh i re .

h o r izon

a l so

s ugge s t ed

b y

L ocock .

H oweve r ,

L ocock

c onf u se sA gne sd e S ome ry w i th a ne a r l ie rA gne sd e S ome ry , a nd p e rhap s t oo r e ad i ly e xc lude s t h e p o s s ib i l i ty o ft h e t i l e s b e ing p roduced d u r ing t h e D e spence rp o s se s s ion o fD ud ley , f o l low ing t h e d ea th o f J ohn d e S ome ry ; b u t t h e mo s t s i gn if i can t d i ff icu l ty r e s t s w i th t h e f a c t t h a t t h e se t i l e s , r e cove r ed i n 1 984 f r om a r e la id a nd v e ry d i so rde red

5 8 . Wa l t e r Maun se l w a s h o ld ing i n E rd ing ton b y 1 2 18 ; V .C .H . , W a rk s . ,V I I , 6 3 . 5 9 . N ewpo r t R eg i s te r , f . 125a . J ohn Maun se l c onf i rmed t h e g i f t o f h i s f a the r f o r t h e s ou l o f R obe r t P agane l , s on o f G e rva se .

p avemen t , c an ' t b e a s sumed t o h ave o r ig ina l ly a l l b een o f o ne p e r iod a nd l a id a tt h e s ame t ime ; i n deed , L ocock h a s

6 0 . Wa l te r Maunse l w i tne s sed t w ice ; Mande r ( e d ) , C ha r t er s

h im se lf r e cen t ly p o in ted o u t t h a t t wo d e s ign s a r e p o s t 1370 i nd a te , a l though h e e xp la in st h em a way a ss t ray t i l e s f r om a l a te r f l oo r . S ee a l so , H . Wh i t e , Med ieva lF loor T i le s , Dud ley

o fG erva se P agane l , 5 9 , 7 0 ; R a lph o nce , i b id . , 5 9 , a nd R a lph s on o fR a lph ,o nce , i b id .

B orough ; A n A s se s smen t (We s t M id land s J o in t D a ta T eam , 6 1 . Mor t ime r ,' Land a nd S e rv ice ' , 1 95 -6 .

A rcha eo log ica lR epor t ,N ew S e r ie s , 8 ,1 996 ) , 3 -4 .

6 2 . T he l a nd s i nB uck ingham sh i re w e re o r ig ina l ly k nown a s t h e Hono r o fN ewpor t a l though b y 1 230 i tw a s r e ga rded a s p a r to ft h eb a rony o fD ud ley ; V .C .H . , B uck s . , I V ,4 14 .

7 0 . T he D ud ley F ounda t ion c ha r te r i n c lude s t h e b eque s t o f l a nd i n C hu r ch i l l t o t h e c hu rch o f S t .Jame s b y A gne s d e S ome ry , t o ge the r w i th h e r b ody . D ugda le , Mona s t i con , V , 8 3-4 , i ,

6 3 . C .A .R .Radf o rd , ' The C lun ia c P r io ry o f S t .Jame s a t D ud ley ' ,A n t iquar ie sJ ou rna l , XX ,( 1940 ) , 4 49 -59 . 6 4 . T he a p se f o r i n s tance h ad r e spond s o n as imp le mou lded

7 1 . A n i n du lgence o f R oge r , b i shop o f C oven t ry a nd L ichf i e ld , d a ted F ebrua ry 1 5 th , 1 290 , r e f e r red t ot h e b ody o f R oge r d e S ome ry , k n igh t , l y ing i nt h e c onven tua l c hu rch o f

b a se o fl a te t we lf th c en tu ry d a te ;R adf o rd , i b id . ,4 50 .

D ud ley ; D ugda le , Mona s t icon , V , 8 4 , i i . S ince R oge r Id e

6 5 . I b id . , 4 54 , n o ted a n E a r ly E ng l i sh c ap i ta l p r e served i na

S ome ry d i ed b ef o r e A ugu s t 2 6 th , 1 273 , a nd R oge r I I d e S ome ry d i ed s hor t ly b ef o re O c tobe r 1l t h , 1 29 1 , t h i s

mode rn h ou se wh ich h e s ugge s ted m ay h ave c ome f r om t h e s ed i l ia .

i n du lgence mu s t r e la te t oR oge r I , a nd t h a t i s sued b e tween F ebrua ry 2 2nd a nd D ecembe r 2 4 th , 1 300 , q u i te p robab ly t o

6 6 .I b id .

R oge rI I ; L .C .Loyd a nd D .M .S ten ton ( e d s ) , S i r C hr i s tophe r H a t ton ' sB ook o fS ea l s( Oxf o rd , 1 950 ) , 3 9 , No . 5 8 .

6 7 . I nc lud ing t h e G r iff in , V an i ta s a nd f l ey r d e l y s ; P .Bo land ( ed ) , Dud ley C a s t le A rchaeo log ica lP ro jec t . A nI n t roduc t ion

7 2 . R adf o rd f ound al a rge g r ave a tt h ec en t re o ft h eC ho i r ,2 5 f e e t e a s t o ft h e c ro s s ing . S i nce i tl a y ' u nde r o rv e ry c l o se t o t h e p o s i t ion a s s igned t o t h e No rman a l ta r ' , i t wa s t hough t u n l ike ly t o p r e -da te t h e e x ten s ion o f t h e C hance l a nd

a nd S umma ty o fE xca va t ions 1 983 -1985 ( Dud ley , 1 985 ) , 3 5 8 .

t h e r ef o re d a te t ot h e s e cond h a lf o ft h e t h i r t een th c en tu ry o r l a te r . T he p o s i t ion o f t h e b u r ia l w i th in t h e c hu rch wou ld

6 8 . i e . o n t h e e a s ter n b o rde r o f S t af f o rd sh i r e a nd i n to S h rop sh i r e , a sw e l l a sh ou se s s uch a sH a le sowen a nd S t ra ta F lo r ida . M .Locock , ' Dud ley P r io ry , D a t ing b y H e ra ld ry ' , WMPRG , N ew s le t te r ,14 , ( 1990 ) ; c f . i nt h e s ame n ew s le t te r , M .Locock , ' Med ieva l F loo r T i le s i nt h e We s t e rn M id land s : R ecen t R e sea rch ' ; M .Hodde r , ' Deco ra ted F loo r T i le s f r om S andwe l l P r io ry : R ecen t P o s t E xcava t ion Wo rk ' ; J . Loach , ' The S h ropsh i re /S taf f o rd sh i re G roup o f C hu r ch F loo r s ' . M .Locock ,' Dud ley , S t .Jame s ' P r io ry ' , WMA , 3 8 ( 1 995 ) , 12 1 4 .

n o rma l ly b e a s soc ia ted w i th a f ounde r o r o the r i mpo r tan t p a t ron a nd b enef ac to r ; R adf o rd , ' P r io ry o f S t .Jame s ' , 4 54 -5 ; c f .Che r ry , ' He ra ld ry a s D eco ra t ion ' . 1 31 ,134 ; G o ld ing , ' Bu r ia l sa nd B enef a c t ion s ' , 7 4 . 7 3 . H a rwood , S u rvey o fS taf f ord sh i re , 3 4 1 . E rde sw ick w a s a l so s t ruck b y t h e s i z e o ft h e e ff igy a nd o ft h e c offm i t se lf , b e ing s ome e i gh tf e e tl o ng , w h ich w ou ld s e em t oa cco rd w i th R adf o rd 's o b se rva t ion t h a t t h e o r ig ina l e xcava t ion f o r t h e g rave w a s o ve r n ine f e e t l o ng , r e inf o r c ing t h e p robab i l i ty t h a tt h i se ff igy may b ea s soc ia ted w i th t h eC ho i rb u r ia l .

6 9 . J .Che r ry , ' He ra ld ry a s D eco ra t ion i n t h e T h i r teen th C en tu ry ' , i nO rm rod ( ed ) ,E ng land i nt h e T h i r teen th _Cen tu ty , 1 23-34 ; L ocock , ' Dud ley P r io ry ' ; L ocock , ' Dud ley , S t .Jame s ' P r iory ' . A l though t h i sw r i te rd oe s n o ta ccep ta l lt h e d e ta i l s o f

7 4 . I b id . , i n c lud ing a tl e a s t o ne o t he r c r os s l e gged k n igh t . T he re a r e a l so l a t e r r e f e r ence s t o t wo t h i r teen th c en tu ry c off in s i nt h e n ave ; V .C .H . , W orc s . , I I , 1 02 ; t oge the r w i th

L ocock ' s a r gumen t , t h e g ene ra l p o in t o n r eda t ing ap ha se o f t h e t i l ed p avemen t t o t h e e a r ly f ou r teen th c en tu ry i sn o t u n rea sonab le . T he a r gumen t i se s sen t ia l ly ah e ra ld ic o ne t h a t

t h e r ema in s o f a n e ff igy o f ap r ie s t , n o ted b y R adf o rd a s b e ing p r e se rved i n t h e m ode rn h ou se a nd t hough t t o d a t e c . 1300 . H e s ugge s ted t h a t i tr e p re sen ted a P r io r o fD ud ley ; R adf o rd , ' P r io ry o fS t .Jame s ' ,4 58 ,p l . LXX IX , 2 .

n o te s t h e a s soc ia t ion o f t h e D e spence r a nd t h e d e S ome ry a rms . T he D e spence r f am i ly w a s b ecom ing m o r e i mpo r tan t a f t e r 1 308 a nd b yt h eb eg inn ing o f1 321 H ugh D e spence rt h e y ounge r w a s ap rom inen t c ou r t ie r ; c f . A .Tuck , C rown a nd

7 5 . D ugda le , Mona s t icon , V , 8 4 , i v .

1 58

7 6 . C hap te r2 .

8 5 . W i l l iam d e B eauchamp w i tne s sed ac onf i rma t ion c ha r te r o fH ugh P oe rt h a ta cknow ledged t h a tt h e monk s s hou ld h o ld H imb le ton a s f r ee ly a sh i s g randf a the r Wa l te r P oe r h e ld i t , a nd a sI s na rd h e ld i ti n 135 , b y t h e s e rv ice o fo ne seven th o f ak n igh t ' sf e e ; i b id . ,N o .214 ;x x ix .

7 7 . Wa rd , ' F a sh ion si n Mona s t ic E ndowmen t ' ,4 46 . 7 8 . D ugda le , Mona s t icon , V , 6 61 ; M .Lau r ence , ' S t . Ma ry ' s A bbey C roxden , S t af f o rd sh i r e ' , T ran s . N th . S taf f s . F ie ld C lub , LXXXV ( 1950 -51) , B 3 -B8 . D r . Mo rgan h a s n o ted t h e c h ron ic le r s a ppa ren t i g no rance o f t h e V e rdun l i neage , a l though ,

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8 6 . W i l l iam B uf f a re g r an ted t wo h ide s i nT r e sco tt oW i l l iam f i tz G uy w i th l e ave t or e convey t h em t ow hoeve rh e w i shed ; Mande r ( e d ) , C ha r t e r s o fG er va se P agane l , 6 3 . W i l l iam f i tz G uy e n te r ed i n to a c ovenan t w i th C ombe a nd g ran ted t h i s

t h e

F u rn iva l l s , who s ucceeded t h e f ound ing f am i ly a s p a t ron s ; P .Mo rgan , ' Mak ing t h e E ng l i sh G en t ry ' , T h i r teen th C en tur y

l a nd t o t h e a bbey . G erva se P agane l s ub sequen t ly i s sued a c onf i rma t ion c ha r t e r i n r e spec t o f W i l l iam f i tz G uy ' s T re sco t g ran t . T he B uf f a re 's c on t inu ing r e la t ion sh ip w i th C ombe A bbey i si lu s t ra ted w hen af u r the rg ran to fl a nd w a s made i n T r e sco t b y W i l l iam B uf f a re t h e s on i n c . 1190 -9 , t oge the rw i th c onf i rma t ion o fh i sf a the r ' sg ran t .

E ng land , V , ( 1995 ) , 2 5 ; h oweve r ,cf .Go ld ing , ' Bu r ia l s a nd B enef ac t ion s ' , 7 3 -4 , w ho a rgue s t h a t mona s t ic c h ron ic le r s , l i nk ing f am i ly b u r ia l s w i th c on t inued e ndowmen t s , t e nded t owa rd s a s imp l i s t ic a s soc ia t ion b e tween b u r ia l s a nd b enef ac t ion s , s e e ing l a y c ho ice s o f b u r ia l a s as ymbo l o f l o ya l ty t ot h e mona s te ry , w h i l s t l a y magna t e s v i ewed t h e i r p l ace o fb u r ia l a se mpha s i s ing t h e c on t inu i ty a nd s t ab i l i ty o f t h ef am i ly .

8 7 . C on s i s t ing o n ly o f al a t e r c opy o f G erva se P agane l ' s c onf i rma t ion c ha r te r ; D ugda le , Mona s t icon , I V , 1 90 .

7 9 . e g .W i l l iam f i tz N ige l , b a ron o f H a l ton , w ho i n i t ia l ly

8 8 . T ho se n amed w e r e ' Dap if e ro ' d e P a ne s , O sbe r td eB o sco ,

a ppea r s mak ing g ran t s w i th h i s l o rd , H ugh d 'Av ranche s , t o

J ohn A lbo a nd P e te rt h eP r ie s t .

t h er e f ounda t ion o fS t . We rbu rgh s , C he s te r , b u ts ome t wen ty o ne y ea r s l a te r , i n 115 , e s tab l i shed h i s o wn h ou se a t

8 9 . V .C .H . , S taf f s . , . I I I ,2 16 .

R unco rn ; P .G reene , N or ton P r io ry : T he A rchaeo logy o fa Med ieva lR e l ig iou s H ou se , ( Camb r idge , 1 989 ) , 1 4 ; J . Ta i t , ' T he F ounda t ion C ha r te r o fR unco rn ( La te r N o r ton ) P r io ry ' , C he tham M i sce l lany , N ew S e r ie s , V I I , 1 00 , ( 1939 ) , 1 23 ;

9 0 . B a sed u pon ac on serva t ive e s t ima te o fw hen W i l l iam f i tz G uy s ucceeded t o t h e mano r , a nd t h e d ea th o f G erva se P agane l ,w ho i s sued t h ec onf i rma t ion c ha r t e r .

Wa rd ,' F a sh ion si n Mona s t ic E ndowmen t ,4 31 ,4 37 ,4 42 . 9 1 . H odde r , ' E xcava t ion sa tS andwe l lP r io ry ' , 1 37 . 8 0 .D a r l ing ton ( e d ) , W orce s te rC a r tu la ry ,x xv i i i ,n o .190 . 9 2 . D end roch rono logy h a s t o b e c i ted w i th c au t ion when 8 1 . H a l l( ed ) , T he R ed B ook , I ,2 99 .

d i scu s s ing b u i ld ing p ha se s , a nd t h e s cu lp tu ra l e v idence i s o pen t o a l te rna t ive i n t e rp re ta t ion s t h a t m igh t s imp ly r e f lec t

8 2 . D a r l ing ton ( e d ) , W orce s ter C a r tu la ry , x xv -xxv i i i ; Ma son ( e d ) , T he B eauchamp C a r tu la ry , x v i ; G o ld ing , ' Bu r ia l s a nd B enef ac t ion s ' , 6 5 .

t h e u se o f c on serva t ive t r ad i t ion s i n ab u i ld ing t h a t m igh t g ene ra l ly b e c ha ra c te r i sed a s c l umsy a nd n o t p a r t icu la r ly c ompe ten t ; e g . t h ep l a in p i la s te rb a se s i nt h en o r th c hape l a r e c ompa red w i th R igo ld ' s t ypo logy , d a ted c . 1110 -50 . I fn o t r eu sed f r om e l sewhe re , t h e se p i la s te r b a se s c ou ld r ep resen t t h e a pp l ica t ion o f c on serva t ive t r ad i t ion s i nt h e d eco ra t ion a nd d e s ign o f t h e b u i ld ing t h a t r ef l ec t s t h e q ua l i ty o f t h e c r af t smen e mp loyed o n t h e p ro jec t , a nd t h e q ua l i ty o f t h e b u i ld ing o ve ra l l . S im i la r c once rn s m igh t b e e xp re s sed a bou t

8 3 . A c ha r te r o f 161-82 , D a r l ing ton ( e d ) , Wo rce s te r C a r tu la ry , No .193 , r evea l s t ha t t h e re w a s ad i spu te o ve r t h e r i gh t s o f H ugh t h e P r ie s t a nd t h e monk s o f Wo rce s te r i n w h ich t h e p o s i t ion o f t h e l a t te r w a s u phe ld . T he (W i l l i s w an t ed t or e cove rt h e i rr i gh t s o ve rt h e c hu r ch , a l though i ti s n o t c l ea r w he the r W i l l iam f i tz G uy h ad d i rec t ly s uppor ted H ugh t h eP r ie s t . Mo re c e r ta in i st h a th i s s on , R icha rd , t ook a d i r ec tr o le i n al a t e rd i spu t e ; i n1 2 13 -17 h eq u i tc la imed t ot h e monk s o f Wo r ce s te rt h e p a t ronage o ft h e c hu rch t h a t h e h ad c l a imed , D a r l ing ton ( e d ) , W orce s te r C a r tu la ry , N o .195 . T he d i spu t e m ay h ave b een f u e l led i np a r t b y a n O f f in i d ec i s ion

t h e a r ch i tec tu ra l f r agmen t s r e co rded b y t h e e xcava t ion , n one o fw h ich w a s a c tua l ly f ound ' i n s i tu ' ; w he r e a ny th ing mo r e s pec if i ct h an ' t we lf th c en tu ry ' c an b e of e r ed , t h er ange i s 150 -60 w i th at e ndancy t owa rd s t h e e a r l ie r p a r t o ft ha t s pec t rum , a l though i ns ome i n s tance st h ep a ra l le l s c i ted f r om w h ich t h ed a t ing i sd e r ived a r er e cogn i sed a sn o tb e ing e xac t .

t op romo te We s tB romw ich a st h ec apu to ft h e i re s ta te ; H un t , ' S andwe l l P r io ry : AF euda l C on tex t ' , 1 45 . T he f ounda t ion o f S andwe l l i t se lf may b e s e en a sp a r t o ft h e s ame p roce s s , t h e p a t ron sw i sh ing t or e cove ra nd l o ca te a l la pp rop r ia te s p i r i tua l r i gh t sw i th in t h e mano r . No tu n t i l 1 224 -38 w a sa na ccep tab le

9 3 . e g . i nt h e a p se s , n one o ft h e p i la s te r s r e s ted s qua r e ly o n t h e i rp l in th s ;H odde r ,' E xcava t ion sa tS andwe l lP r io ry ' ,2 7 . 9 4 . I b id . , 1 38 .

c omp rom i se r e a ched o ve r t h e c hu rch ; D a r l ing ton ( e d ) , W o rce s t e r C a r tu la ry , No .199 . T he monk s o f Wo rce s te r g r an t ed t h ec hu r ch t oS andwe l lP r io ry i nr e tu rn f o ra na nnua l p aymen to fs i xm a rk s .

9 5 . H . Wood s , ' E xcava t ion s a t Wen lock P r io ry , 1 981-6 ' , J BAA . , CXL , ( 1987 ) , 4 3 ; D .H .S .C ranage , ' The Mona s t e ry o f S t .M i lbu rge a t Much Wen lock ' ,A rchaeo log ia , LX I I , ( 1922 ) ,

8 4 .I b id . , No .213 .

1 05 -32 . T he p l an o f Wo rces t e r C a thed ra l P r io ry i n F igu re 1 0 .5 i st a ken f r om , R .B .Locke t t , ' T he V ic to r ian R e s to ra t ion

1 59

o f Wo r ce s t e rC a thed ra l ' , i nG .Poppe r( e d ) , Med ie va lA r ta nd A rch i t ec tu re a t W orce s ter C a thed ra l . T he B r i t i sh

P ed e sF in ium ,S taf f ord sh i re , t emp . R icha rd Ia nd K ing J ohn , ( SHC , I I , 1 882 ) , 1 75 . T he re w a s ad i spu t e a ga in i n 1 243 ; Wro t t e s ley ( e d ) , P lea R o l l s , H en ry I I , 9 8 -9 ; c f . C o s s , L o rd sh ip , K n igh thood a nd L oca l i ty , 2 78 .

A rchaeo log i ca lA s soc ia t ion C onf e rence T ran sac t ion sf or t h e y ea r 1 975 ( London , 1 978 ) , 1 68 , 1 80 f n . 6 4 , p l . XXVB . F o r L innane ' s p l an o fD ud ley P r io ry , s e e P .Bo land ( ed ) , D ud ley C a s t le A rchaeo log ica lP ro jec t , 3 5

1 08 . I n t h e t ime o f A bbo t A lan ( 1 187 1202 ) ; D ugda le , Mona s t icon ,I ,6 8 .

9 6 . R adf o rd h a sp o in ted o u tt h a tt h e a i s le le s s c ruc if o rm p l an a tD ud ley a l so o ccu r s i no t he rs ma l l a l ien p r io r ie s , i n c lud ing

1 09 . C a l .C .R . ,1H ,1300 -1326 ,( London , 1 908 ) , 12 -14 .

T ickf o rd ; R adf o rd , ' P r io ry o f S t .Jame s ' , 4 52 ; c f . , F .Bu l l , ' T ickf o rd P r io ry ' , R ecord s o fB uck ingham sh i re , X I , ( 1927 ) , 1 70 .

ma rk s ;D a r l ing ton ( ed ) , W orce s te rC a r tu la ty , No .500 .

10 . J ohn h e lped t h e P r io ry a cqu i re l a nd wo r th t wen ty

9 7 . H odde r , ' E xcava t ion s a tS andwe l l P r io ry ' , 1 38 , n o te s t h e

11 . V e ry mode s t e ndowmen t s w e re made t ot h e h o sp i ta l i n N ewpor t P agane l , d ed ica ted t o S t .John t h e B ap t i s t a nd S t .John t h e E vange l i s t , f ounded i n t h e l a te r t h i r teen th c en tu ry ; D ugda le , Mona s t icon , v i , i , 7 54 ; D e scr ip t ive

s im i la r i ty o f p rof i le i n t h e v au l t ing r i b s o f S andwe l l , Wen lock a nd B u i ldwa s , s ugge s t ing t h e w o rk o f t h e s ame c r af t smen a nd a ga in p o in t ing t o amo re s ub s tan t ia l l i nk w i th Wen lock ; s im i la r w e s ter n c onnec t ion s a r e a l so n o t ed a t a l a te rd a te i nt h ed e s ign sa pp l ied t of l oo rt i l e s .

C a ta logue o fA nc ien tD eed s , V I ( London , 1 915 ) , 6 9 , C 4333 . T he p r inc ipa l e ndowmen tw a s s even a nd ah a lf a c re s o fl a nd i nC h iche ley , a nd s ome l a nd s i nC ha ldeco te . J ohn d e S ome ry a l so g r an ted s even a nd ah a lf a c re s i nB o rde s ley i n 1 3 10 t o t h e d e B i rm ingham f ounda t ion o ft h e H o sp i ta l o fS t .Thoma s

9 8 .I b id . , 1 38 . 9 9 . T .Page t t a nd P .Ba rke r , ' Romane squ e C a rv ing s F rom S t .John t h e B ap t i s t C hu rch , H ag ley , a nd D ud ley P r io ry ' ,

i nB i rm ingham ; h ew a ss imp ly o ne a mong t h i r ty two d ono r s , s ome o f whom g ave mo r et h an h e ; V .C .H . , Wa rk s . ,I , 1 08 -9 .

TWAS . , X I, ( 1988 ) ,2 7 -34 . T he t ympanum h a sb een d a t ed t o c . 1180 ,b u ti t so r ig in i nt h e P r io ry c anno tb ep roven ; i tm igh t

12 . L oyd a nd S t en ton ( ed s ) , Ha t ton ' s B ook o fS ea l s , 9 10 , N o .12 . Mo s t o f t ho se n amed a s w i tne s se s w e re l o ca l , b u t

h ave c ome f r om o ne o ft h eD ud ley c hu r che s .

t h e r e w a s a l so N icho la s d e Ma rnham , w ho se f am i ly h e ld a 1 00 . H odde r , ' E xcava t ion s a t S andwe l l P r io ry ' , 1 38 , n o ted t h a t t h e c ommun i ty a tS andwe l l s e em s t oh ave h ad C lun ia c t e ndenc ie s , w i th C lun iac p r io r s i n 1 316 a nd 1 488 , a nd w a s

mano ri n We s tB romw ich . .

s ub jec t t o Wen lock b y 1 52 1 ; h e p o s tu la te s t ha t S andwe l l m ay h ave b een ' c on iunc tae ' t o t h e C lun ia c O rde r , j e . t h ey e xchanged p raye r s a nd o b i tua ry r o l l s , r a the r t h an b e ing

o ve r t h e c hape l o f F rank ley . F rank ley w a s ac hape l ry a nnexed t o t h e c hu rch o f H a lesowen . T he g ran t o f H a le sowen c hu r ch t o t h e P remon s t ra ten s ian a bbey b rough t

s ub jec tt oC luny a sd ependenc ie s .

w i th i tt h e d ependen tc hape l s o ft h e mo th e rc hu rch . I n 1 275 -

13 . V .C .H . , W o rc s . , I I , 1 22 . H a le sowen w e re g ran ted r i gh t s

6 , Emma d e F rank ley c onf i rmed t h e c hape l t o H a le sowen 1 01 . H odde r ,' E xcava t ion sa tS andwe l lP r io ry ' ,3 0 ,F 10 16 . 1 02 .I b id . ,F 1027 ,F 1021 , F 1107 .

A bbey ; d e F rank ley s uppo r t f o r H a le sowen i si lu s t ra t ed i n s eve ra l c ha r te r s ; I .H .Jeaye s ( e d ) . , D e scr ip t ive C a ta logue o f t h e C ha r te r s a nd Mun imen t s o ft h e L y t t e l ton F am i ly i nt h e

1 03 .I b id . ,4 5 ;6 0 , S F55 / 161 ; 1 39 .

p o s se s s ion o ft h eR t . H on . V i scoun tC obham , a t Hag ley H a l l , W o rce s te r sh i re ( London , 1 893 ) ,N os . 6 ,1 9 ,2 0 , 3 7 , 8 6 .

1 04 . e g . I n 1 224 t h e l o rd o f We s t B romw ich w a s d em i s ing l a nd t oH en ry d e Aud ley , Wro t te s ley ( ed ) , P l ea R o l l s , H enry I I ,2 9 .

14 . C a l .C .R . , I , 1 226 -1257 ,172 -3 . I n 1 232 S imon d e F rank ley g ran ted t h eh o sp i ta l 1 2d . r en ti n F rank ley . 15 . Wa rd , ' F a sh ion s i n Mona s t ic E ndowmen t ' ,4 36 .

1 05 . T he r e w a s e v idence f o r t h i r teen th a nd f ou r teen th c en tu ry p a in t ed g la s s , w h ich t aken t o ge the r w i th t h e f r agmen t s o f f ou r teen th c en tu ry w indow t r ace ry , s ugge s t s n ew w indow s w e re b e ing i n se r ted a tt h i s t ime ; t h e r e w e re s t ruc tu ra l mod if ica t ion s t ot h e c hap te r h ou se b e tween 1 300 a nd 1 350 a nd m en t ion i n 1 330 o f an ew ly b u i l t c hambe r w h ich may h ave o r ig ina t ed i n t h e p rev iou s d ecade a s a p r io r s ' l o dg ing ; t h e re w a s a l so wo rk i n t h i s p er iod o n t h e f am i ly c han t ry , p a r t icu la r ly t h e l a y ing o f at i l ed f l oo r u s ing a n a nge l mo sa ic d e s ign . 1 06 . H odde r ,' E xcava t ion sa tS andwe l lP r io ry ' , 1 39 . 1 07 . T he re w a s ad i spu te o ve rt h ea dvow son o ft h ec hu rch b y 1 2 10 ; G .W ro t te s ley ( ed ) , C a l enda r o fF ina l C oncord s o r

1 60

CHAPTER E LEVEN . THE S ECULAR CHURCH . W i th in t h eh ono ro fD ud ley i tm ay b e o b served t h a tt h e l o ca l

t h eme s ; t h e q ue s t ion o f a dvow son r i gh t s ; t h e n a tu re o ft h e

e ff igy t h a ta ppea rt ob e o ft h i r teen th c en tu ry d a te , t hough tt o c ome f r om t h ec hape l , may r e f lec ta ne a r l ie rp ha se a nd r a i se s t h e u nu sua l p o s s ib i l i ty o f b u r ia l s w i th in t h e c a s t le c hape l ( 10 ) . T he o t he r p robab le c a s t le c hape l f o r w h ich t h e re i s s ome a r cha eo log ica l e v idence w a s a t Weo ley . A p e r iod 1

i n cumben t s a nd t h e i r r e la t ion sh ip w i th a r i s toc ra t ic s oc ie ty ; t h e r e la t ion sh ip b e tween a r i s toc ra t ic f am i l ie s a nd t h e l o ca l c hu rch , a nd t h ep a t t e rn o fc hu rch b u i ld ing a nd r e f u rb i shmen t w i th in t h eh ono r .

s t one b u i ld ing ( 1 1) m ay r e p re sen t ac hape l , b u t mo r e c e r ta in i st h e c hape l o fc . 1320 w i th d eco ra t ed f l oo r t i l e s t h a t h ave b een d a ted t o c . 1340 , a nd p a in t ed g l a s s ( 12 ) , p e rhap s a s soc ia ted w i th w h ich w a s aC ommun ion C rue to fc . 1300 -25

c hu r ch w a s a n i n teg ra l p a r t o fh ono r ia l s t ruc tu r e a nd a f f a i r s , e ven t hough a sp a r to fa n i n te rna t iona l i n s t i tu t ion , i tw a s a l so e x t ra -hono r ia l .

T h i s

i s r e f lec ted t h rough f ou r p r inc ipa l

( 1 3 ) . T he b enef i ce s l i s t ed i nt h e ' T axa t io ' o fc . 1291 ( 1 ) ( Tab le 1 3 ) s upp lemen ted b y c on tempo ra ry d ocumen ta ry r e f e r ence s a nd

I n f o rma t ion s u rv ive s o n a dvow son f o r t h e ma jo r i ty o f t h e c hu rche s i nt h e h ono r , r evea l ing t h a t f o r t h e mo s t p a r t t h e

s u rv iv ing f a b r ic p rov ide s ag ene ra l ly r e l iab le g u ide t o t h e p a t te rn o ft h e s e cu la rc hu rch w i th in t h eh ono r( F igu r e 1 .1) . T he ' s upp lemen ta ry ' e v idence i si mpor tan t a s i tb r ing s t o l i gh t s ome c hu r che s n o t o t he rw i se d i rec t ly n o ted i n t h e ' T axa t io ' , s uch a st h e t we lf th c en tu ry c hu rche s o fS t . Ma ry ' s , B u shbu ry , n ow d i sgu i sed b y B obb ing ton ( 3 ) a nd t h e c hape l o f ( 4 ) . O ft h e c hu rche sn o ted i nT ab le e s caped s pec if ic n o t ice b ecau se ,

p a t t er no fa dvow son w a s d om ina ted b y e i the rl a y s e igneu r ia l i n te re s t s , o rb y mona s t ic b od ie s , t h e ma jo r i ty o fw h ich h ad r e ce ived t h e i rr i gh t sa s ar e su l to ft r an sf e rf r om l a yl o rd s .

V ic to r ian f a b r ic ( 2 ) , S t .Kenehn ' s i n R om s ley 1 3 , B , a bou th a lf p e rhap s l i ke P edmo re l i nked t o

Mona s t ic i n te r e s t s a ccoun t ed f o r a r ound h a lf t h e k nown a dvow son s , a mong w h ich D ud ley P r io ry w i th e i gh t c hu r che s a nd c hape l s w a s t h e p r inc ipa l b enef i c ia ry w i th in t h e h ono r ( 14 ) , a l though t h e o t he r P agane l f ounda t ion o f T ickf o rd P r io ry a l so h e ld a dvow son s i nt h e h ono r ( 15 ) . O the r l o ca l

O ld sw inf o rd , o r R om s ley a nd F rank ley l i nked w i th H a le sowen , e ach p re sen t b y t h e t we lf th c en tu ry , t h ey w e r e d ependen tc hape l s ;o t herw i se , s ome w e re n o tp r e sen ti n1 29 1 ( 5 ) , w h i l s t o t he r s w e re p e rhap s om i t ted b ecau se t h e v a lue o f

mona s t ic h ou se s h o ld ing a dvow son s i n c luded H a le sowen A bbey w ho se i n te r e s t s i n c luded t h e p a r i sh c hu rch o f H a le sowen w i th c hape l s a tR om s ley a nd F rank ley ; Wa l sa l l w i th c hape l sa t We c ine sbu ry a nd R u sha l l , a nd H a rbor n e w i th

t h e i rv i ca rage f e l lb e low s i x ma rk s .

i t s c hape l a tE dgba s ton ( 16 ) . T he r e w a s a l so a c han t ry i n Wa r ley l i nk ed t o H a le sowen ( 17 ) . S andwe l l a nd S tud ley P r ior ie s a l so h e ld t h e a dvow son o ft h e i r l o ca l c hu rche s ( 18 ) . Mo re d i s tan t h ou se s i n c luded t h e P r io r o f L en ton ( No t t s . ) w ho se i n te re s t s i nH and swo r th c an b et r aced t oa tl e a s t 1 228

T he p a t te rn o f c hu rche s a nd c hape l s w i th in t h e h ono r i n c lud ed t wo c a s t le c hape l s . A t D ud ley , a l though t h e c hape l w a s f i r s tm en t ioned i n 1 322 ( 6 ) t h e p robab i l i ty o fa n e a r l ie r c hape l s hou ld n o t b e o ve r looked ; w h i l s t c hape l s c anno t b e a s sumed i na l l c a s t le s , a nd i th a s b een s ugge s ted t h a t mo s t

( 19 ) a nd t h e P r io r o fL aunde ( Le ic s . ) w ho h ad b een g ran ted t h e c hu rch o fS t .Chad , P a t t ingham , b yt h e B a s se t t s ; b u t mo r e

c a s t le s b u i l t b ef o re t h e t h i r teen th c en tu ry l a cked a p r iva te c hape l ( 7 ) , mo s t b a ron ia l ' c ap i ta ' h ad o ne ( 8 ) . T he e x tan t c hape l t a ke s t h e f o rm o f af i r s t f l oo r r oom a bove a s ub s tan t ia l v au l ted u nde rc rof ti nt h e e a s tr ange o ft h eb a i ley , w ho se a r ch i tec tu ra l f e a tu re s l e ave o pen t h e p o s s ib i l i ty o f a f ou r teen th c en tu ry d a te w h ich m igh t a s soc ia te t h e b u i ld ing w i th t ha t m en t ioned i nt h e 1 322 I nqu i s i t ion p o s t mo r t em . A t i l ed f l oo rh a s b een e xcava ted f r om w i th in t h e b u i ld ing , a nd f ound t o c omp r i se o ve r t wo h und red d eco ra ted t i l e s w i th

g ene ra l ly , mona s t ic i n vo lvemen t i nt h e r i gh t s o f a dvow son w e r e v e s t ed i n h ou se s e i the r d i r ec t ly a s soc ia ted w i th t h e b a ron ia l f am i ly , o r w e re g eog raph ica l ly w i th in t h e w e s t m id land h ono r . L ay m ano r ia l l o rd s w e re t h e o t he r p r inc ipa l h o lde r s o f a dvow son , m any o fw hom c ho se t or e ta in t h e i r r i gh t s o ve r t h e c hu rche s w i th in t h e i r p r inc ipa l m ano r s r a the r t h an g ran t t h em o n t o mona s t ic h ou se s ( 20 ) . G ene ra l ly , t h e n o rm w a s f o r al o rd t oh ave ar e la t ion sh ip w i th o n ly o ne c hu rch , b u t t h e re w e re e xcep t ion s , s uch a s , b ef o re c . 1140 , t h e O ffm i f am i ly ( 2 1) ; s ome l o rd s a l so s e em t o h ave e s tab l i shed h ou seho ld c hape l s ( 22 ) . H oweve r , t h e p r inc ipa l p lu ra l i ty o f

mo re t h an f i f ty i d en t if ied d e s ign s , t oge the r w i th s ome t wo h und r ed p l a in t i l e s . A s ah igh s t a tu s s i te , o ne m igh t e xpec t t i l e s t o h ave b een u sed t h roughou t t h e c a s t le o ve r al o ng p e r iod o ft ime , a s i sp e rhap s r e f lec ted i nt h e t i l e f r agmen t s f r om t h e mo t te d i tch . T he c hape l f l oo r t i l e s h ave b een a s ses sed a s as i ng le p ha se g roup , a nd d a ted b y L ocock o n a r ch i t ec tu ra l g round s t o a f t e r 1 350 , b u t p r io r t o a ma jo r r ebu i ld o f c . 1540 . A l though t h e a r ch i t ec tu ra l c on tex t n eed n o t i mp ly a d a te a s l a te a s 1 350 , a nd d a te s w i th in t h e f ou r teen th c en tu ry h ave b een e n ter ta ined f o r t h e f l oo r , t h e w ide r c oncen su s t e nd s t o s uppo r t L ocock ' s s ugge s t ion o f a f i f t een th c en tu ry d a te f o r t h ep avemen t( 9 ) . F ragmen t so fa n

1 6 1

i n te re s t s l a y w i th t h e l o rd s o f D ud ley t h em se lve s . I tw a s f r om t h em t h a t D ud ley P r io ry h ad r e ce ived t h e b u lk o ft h e i r r i gh t s , w h i l s t i n 1 322 t h e d e S ome ry s p os se s sed t wo c a s t le c hape l s a nd c l a imed a dvow son r i gh t s o ve r c hu r che s i n K ing sw inf o rd , C len t ( 2 3 ) , B radf ie ld , F o r ton , H and swo r th a nd O ld sw inf o rd ( 24 ) , c hu rche s t h a t w e re p a r t o f d eme sne mano r s .

F igu re 1 .1 .

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TABLE 1 3 : C hurche s a nd C hape l s : A . B enef ice si nt h eT axa t io : F o r ton S ha re sh i l l Wo lve rhamp ton ,w i th c hape l so f : F ea the r s tone H i l ton Monmo re W i l lenha l l H a the r ton T e t tenha l l . P a t t ingham . Wa lsa l l A ld r idge U ppe rP enn S edg ley Womboume w i th c hape l( T ry su l l ) Wedne sbu ry T ip ton We s tB romw ich H and swor th A s ton B i rm ingham E nv i l le K ing sw inf o rd D ud ley ( ?S t .Edmund 's ) C len tw i th ac hape l a tR ow ley K inve r S wynf o rd ( O ld sw inf o rd ) . C hu r ch i l l H ag ley H a le sowen N o r thf ie ld B e lb rough ton C hadde s ley C o rbe t t G raf ton B rom sg rove S t ud ley S u t ton A l le s ley C hu rchove r

B . O ther C hurche s : D unchu r ch W i t ton D ud ley ( ?S t .Thoma s ) D ud ley C a s t le C hape l H a rbome F rank ley S t .Kene lm ' s ,R om s ley B roome B obb ing ton L u t ley B u shbu ry R u sha l l Weo ley C a s t le C hape l P e l sa l l C hadw ick ;c hape l B e l lE nd C hape l S t one Moa t ed C hape l , W M4013 Wa te rO r ton ( c .1346 ) E dgba s ton G r ea tB a r r ? P edmo re Wa r ley /B randha l l S e i sdon ( a l so ac hape l o f Wombou rne ) . S u l ley ( ?S e l ly O ak ) C a s t le B romw ich

A dvow son r i gh t s m igh t b e d i spu ted . T he d e B i rm ingham f am i ly n o t o n ly h e ld t h e a dvow son i nt h e i r d eme sne mano r o f B i rm ingham , b u t a l so c l a imed t h a t o f U ppe r P enn , a mano r h e ld o f t h e d e B i rm ingham s b y t h e d e B u shbu ry s ( 2 5 ) . Whe the r a sb u i lde r s o ft h e c hu rch ( 26 ) , o r a s l o rd s o f t h e mano r , t h e B ushbu ry f am i ly c l ea r ly t hough t t h e a dvow son r i gh t ss hou ld b et h e i r s , av i ew t h a tw a s c ha l lenged o n s e ve ra l o cca s ion s . I n 1 242 , d u r ing a n e p i scopa l v acancy , R obe r t d e B u shbu ry w a s i nd i spu te w i th t h e k i ng a nd w a s u n succe s sf u li nh i sc l a im so nt h ec hu r ch ( 27 ) ;w h i l s ti n1 3 16 , W i l l iam d e B i rm ingham s ued H en ry d e B u shbu ry , W i l l iam c l a im ing t h e r i gh t o fp re sen ta t ion t ot h e c hu rch ; h e a r gued t h a t h e h ad i n he r i ted t h ese r i gh t s f r om h i s f a the r , a nd t h a t t h ey w e re h i s , a s t h es upe r io rl o rd o ft h em ano r . H oweve r , t h ea dvow son w a sa l so c l a imed b y t h eB i shop o f C oven t ry

1 63

a nd L ichf i e ld , a r gu ing t h a tt h e se r i gh t s h ad b een t h e i r s s i nce t h et ime o fK ing J ohn ( 28 ) . T he i n te rm i t t en t e xe rc i se o fr i gh t s o fp r e sen ta t ion r ende red t h em v u lne rab le t oc ha l lenge ( 29 ) a nd t h e U ppe r P enn c a se i lu s t ra t e s t h a t s uch r i gh t s w e r e t hough t i mpor tan t e nough t o b ed i spu ted o ve rl o ng p e r iod so ft ime ; s uch d i spu te sw e re n o t u ncommon w i th in t h e h ono r ( 30 ) . I n Wa rw ick sh i r e a nd Y o rk sh i r e , C o s s a nd N ewman r e spec t ive ly f ound ( 3 1) t h a t d u r ing t h e t h i r teen th c en tu ry t h e ma jo r i ty o f a dvowson d i spu te s o ccu r r ed b e tween h ead s o fr e l ig iou s i n s t i tu t ion sa nd al a yman . S uch r e la t ion sh ip s d id n o t a lway s l e ad t od i spu te . A t C hu r ch i l l i n 1 298 , t h e p r e sen ta t ion b y J ohn D robu l o f W i l l iam d e T imbe rhang le ( 32 ) w a s a pp roved b y t h e P r io r o f D ud ley ,b u ts ha r ed a dvow son , a si nt h ec a se o f H and swo r th ,

TABLE 1 4 : A dvow sons o ft he d eS omery s : Church .

V a lue i n1 291 .

V a lue i n1 322 .

K ing sw inf o rd .

3 0 ma rk s .

£ 20 .0 s .0d .

C len t .

3 0m a rk s .

5 0 ma rk s .

B radf ie ld ( Be rk s ) .

3 0 ma rk s .

2 5 ma rk s .

H and swo r th .

3 0 ma rk s .

4 0m a rk s .

F or ton .

3 0 ma rk s .

£ 20 .0 s .0d .

Dud ley C a s t le C hape l .

6 s .8d .

Dud ley P r io ry .

4 0 ma rk s .

O ld Swynf o rd .

£ 10 .0s .0d .

S ou rce : Inqu i s i t ion sp o s t mor tem .

w a s p rob lema t ic a nd m igh t n ece s s i ta te l o ca l a g reemen t s , u sua l ly o fa l ter na te p r e sen ta t ion ( 3 3 ) . T he e a se w i th w h ich

o f r e sou r ce s ( 39 ) , b u t a dvow son w a s n one t h e l e s s a

t h e se r i gh t s m igh t b e t r an sf e r red f r om o ne p a r ty t o a no the r

c on t r ibu t ion t ot h e v a lua t ion o ft h e i r mano r s . H oweve r , t h e a b i l i ty o ft h e p a t ron t oh ave a cce s s t ot h ese r evenue s mu s t

p e rhap s a dded t o t h e i r v u lne rab i l i ty a nd t h e o ppo r tun i ty f o r d i spu t e . T he a dvow son o f t h e c hu r ch o f H and swor th w a s

h ave v a r ied f r om m ano r t o mano r , a nd d epended u pon d e ta i l s s uch a sw ho t h e i n cumben tw a s . I nr e a l i ty , a dvow son

o r ig ina l ly s ha red b yt h e d e P a ne s l o rd so ft h e mano ra nd t h e H o sp i ta l le r s o f S t .John , b e tween w hom t h e re w a s

r i gh t s w e r e mo re i mpo r tan t f o r p r ef e rmen t s t h a t m igh t b e s o ld o rg i f ted , a s am ean s o fc on so l ida t ing i nf luence , a nd f o r r ewa rd ing r e ta ine r so ra ccommoda t ing f r iend sa nd f am i ly .

d i sag r eemen t ( 34 ) ; b y 1 228 t h e l a t t e r h ad t r an sf e r red t h e i r i n t e res t s t o L en ton P r io ry , who se P r io r r e ached a g reemen t w i th t h e l o rd s o ft h e mano rb y 1 247 ( 3 5 ) . H oweve r , i n1 280 t h e P r io ry i n t u rn t r an sf e r r ed i t s r i gh t s t o t h e C hu rch o f L ichf ie ld ( 36 ) . S ome f am i l ie s c l ea r ly r eg r e t ted g ran t s t h a t t h ey o rt h e i rp redece s so r sh ad made a nd s ub sequen t ly s ough t t o r e cove r t h e r i gh t s t h a t t h ey h ad l o s t . O r ig ina t ing i nt h e s e cond h a lf o ft h e t we lf th c en tu ry , t h i s i si lu s t ra ted i nt h e d i spu t e b e tween t h e O f f in i s a nd Wo r ce s te r C a thed ra l P r io ry

* * * * *

T h i s c l ea r ly h ad b ea r ing o n t h e i n cumben t s t ob e f ound i n t h e c hu rche s o f t h e h ono r a nd t h e i r r e la t ion sh ip s w i th a r i s toc ra t ic s oc ie ty . I nt h e h ono r o fD ud ley s eve ra l i n s tance s a ppea r o f m embe r s o f s e igneu r ia l f am i l ie s s e ek ing c a ree r s a nd i n come s t h rough t h e c hu r ch , a mb i t ion s i nw h ich t h e i r

o ve r We s t B romw ich c hu rch . T ha t H ugh t h e P r ie s t , i nt h e d i spu t e o f 161-82 , w a . § r equ i red t oa cknow ledge t h e r i gh t s

s e cu la rr e la t ive sm igh tb o th a s s i s ta nd p rof i tb y . I nt h e 1 270 s S imon d e S ome ry w a s r e c to r a t C len t ( 40 ) , w h i l s t a t Wombou rne , W i l l iam C le rk , ap robab le i n cumben t , w a s t h e s on o f Maud , l a dy o f Wombou rne ( 4 1) . P o s s ib le f am i ly a s soc ia t ion s a l so o ccu r a t E nv i l le , am ano r h e ld b y t h e E nv i l le f am i ly o f t h e d e B i rm inghams a nd w he re i n 1 287 R oge rd eB i rm ingham w a st h er e c to r( 42 ) .

o f Wo r ce s t e r i n s ynod a tL ichf ie ld ( 37 ) , p e rhap s s ugge s t s t h a th ew a s mo re c l o se ly a l l ied t o , o ri n f luenced b y , W i l l iam f i tz G uy . Mano r ia l l o rd s , a nd l o rd s w ho h ad t r an sf e r red c hu r che s t o mona s t ic h ou se s , may h ave e xe r c i sed i n f luence o ve rt h e l o ca l c hu rch , b u t many c l ea r ly p ref e r red r i gh t s o ve r i n f luence .

T he c a se o fB u shbu ry s ugge s t s h ow c l o se ly t h e l o ca l c hu r ch

T he f r equency w i th w h ich a dvow son r i gh t s w e re d i spu ted h a s t o b e s e en w i th in t h e c on tex t o f t h e mo re g ene ra l

m igh tb e c onnec ted w i th t h e s e igneu r ia l f am i ly a nd i t sw ide r i n te re s t s . I n c . 1300 , R oge r t h e r e c to r w a s t h e b ro the r o f

c ompe t i t ion f o r r e sou r ce s t h a t o ccup ied a nd i n vo lved t h e k n igh t ly c l a s s ( 38 ) . I n o ne s en se , t h e re w e re r evenue i mp l ica t ion s .

R a lph , l o rd o fB u shbu ry ( 4 3 ) ,t h e n ex t g ene ra t ion c on t inu ing t h i s r e la t ion sh ip b e tween c hu rch a nd mano r w i th H ugh a s p a r son b y 1 3 12 ( 44 ) ; w h i l s t i n c . 1270 R a lph P u r ce l w a s r e co rded a sp a r son o fB u shbu ry ( 45 ) ; t h e P u r ce l f am i ly m ay b e a s soc ia ted w i th t h e n e ighbou r ing m ano r o f E s s ing ton w he re t h ey h e ld , a nd w e re a b le t og ran t , s ma l lp a rce l so fl a nd ( 46 ) . Membe r s o ft h e f am i ly may b e f ound w i tne s s ing d eed s

T he c umu la t ive v a lue o ft h e d e S ome ry a dvow son s ( Tab le 1 4 ) i n 1 322 , £ 152 .7s .8d . , r ef lec t s t h a t ' o n p ape r ' t h ey m igh t r ep re sen t an o t i n s ign if i can t s um . T he r e w e re n o i n d iv idua l l o rd s i nt h e h ono r w ho c ou ld a sp i r et os uch c oncen t ra t ion s

f r om t h e s e cond h a lf o ft h e t h i r teen th c en tu ry , o f t en i nt h e

1 64

c ompany o f t h e l o rd s o f B u shbu ry ( 4 7 ) . A l though t h e r e la t ion sh ip w a s p e rhap s n o t a lway s a n e a sy o ne ( 4 8 ) i t s e em s p robab le t h a t t h e P u r ce l s w e re s ome t ime m embe r s o f t h eB u shbu ry a f f in i ty , a nd t h a tt h e i n cumb ency o ft h e c hu r ch w a s a n e l emen t i nt h e B u shbu ry n e two rk o fp a t ronage a nd s e rv i ce .

o ne a nd ah a lf m i le sn o r th o fS wa lc l if f e , i nO xf o rd sh i r e( 5 6 ) ; J ohn ,t h er e c to ro fO ld sw inf o rd i n1 3 13 , w a s e x ecu to ro ft h e w i l l o fJ ohn d e S imp l ingf o rd , t h e l o rd o ft h e n e ighbou r ing m ano r o f P e c imo r e , a l though i n t h i s c a se t h e c hu r ch a t P edmo r ew a sa l so ac hape l o fO ld sw inf o rd , w h ich m ay h ave h e lped t of o s t e r al i nk b e tween t h et wo m en ( 5 7 ) .

T h e a b i l i ty t op r ef e rt o ab enef i ce w a s a n i mpo r tan t e l emen t i nt h e i n f luence a nd p a t ronag e o fs e cu la r l o rd s , i nw h ich t h e p l a cemen t o fi n cumben t s m igh t b e s e en a sc a r ry ing s e r v ice e xpe c ta t ion s , i fn o to b l iga t ion s ,a nd t ot h i se x t en tr e p r e sen ted a no th e r d imen s ion o f al o rd ' s a f f in i ty . A t K ing sw inf o rd , a m ano r a nd a dvow son h e ld b y t h e d e S ome ry s , t h e c a se o f W i l l iam d e A lv r e s ton s e em s i n s t ruc t ive . W i l l iam w a s t h e r e c to r o fK ing sw inf o rd , w he r e h e h e ld t h i r ty -e igh t a c r e s o f l a nd a nd w a s r e ga rded a s b e ing i nt h e s e rv ice o f J ohn d e S ome ry ( 4 9 ) . U nf or tuna te ly , t h e d e ta i l s a r e n o t k nown , b u t W i l l iam c omp la ined t h a t h e w a s u nab le t op l ea se J ohn d e S ome ry , a nd w a s s ub sequen t ly e xpe l led f r om h i s l a nd ( 5 0 ) , s ugge s t ing t h a tt h e r e w a s a n e xpec t ed , a nd a c cep ted , s e rv ice l i nk b e tween t h er e c to ra nd t h em ano r ia ll o rd .

T he t h i rd t h eme t o e xam ine f o cu se s o n a no the r f o rm o f r e la t ion sh ip b e tween a r i s toc ra t ic f am i l ie s a nd t h e l o ca l c hu r ch , t h a t w en t b eyond am ean s o fp r ef e r r ing f am i ly a nd a f f in i ty . Wh i l s t s ome l o rd s m igh t l o ok t owa rd s t h e mona s t ic c hu r ch f o r t h e i r m au so leum a nd a s af o cu s f o r t h e ' c u l t ' o f t h e i rf am i ly ,t h es e cu la rc hu r ch o f f e r ed s im i la ro ppo r tun i t ie s ; i n d eed , a st h e m ona s t ic i d ea l b ecame i n c r ea s ing ly t a rn i shed d u r ing t h e t h i r t een th c en tu ry , s u ch a r e la t ion sh ip w i th t h e l o ca l c hu r ch m igh tw e l l h ave s e emed a l t h e m o r e d e s i rab le , a nd a f f o rdab le ,t om any . S uch c oncer n s h ad a p a r t icu la r i mpa c t o n t h e f a b r i c a nd f ur n i sh ing s o fc hu r che s a s s e igneu r ia l f am i l ie s s ough t w ay s t o p hy s ica l ly r e p r e sen t i n t h e c hu r ch t h e ' c u l t ' o f f am i ly , g en e ra l ly r e f lec t ed i nf une ra ry monumen t sa nd t h ed i sp lay o f h e r a ld i c d ev ice s , t h e l a t te r r a p id ly d ev e lop ing i n E ng land f r om a bou tt h em idd l e o ft h et h i r t een th c en tu ry ( 5 8 ) . P r ide i n f am i ly a nd ac oncer nt or e f lec ts t a tu sa nd s o c ia ld om inance i s u nd e r l ined b y t h e f a c t t h a t a s k n igh t ly ef ig ie s b egan t o a ppea r i nc hu r che s a nd t h e u s e o fh e ra ld ic d eco ra t ion w a s d ev e lop ing ,t h i sw a sa l so t h ep o in ta tw h ich am o r ee xc lu s ive k n igh thood w a sb ecom ing e v id en ti nE ng land ( 5 9 ) .

T h e m en w ho w e r e r e c to r s o f t h e d e S ome ry c hu r ch o f S t .Leona rd ' s , C len t , s im i la r ly r e f lec t t h e r o le o f k i n sh ip o r m a r r iage a l iance s i n p r ef e rmen t . S imon d e S ome ry w a s p r obab ly r e la t ed t o t h e d e S ome ry l i ne a s soc ia ted w i th B i shamp ton i n Wo r ce s te r sh i r e , an umbe r o fw hom s e em t o h ave e n t e r ed t h e c hu rch ( 5 1 ) . S im i la r ly f am i ly a s soc ia t ion s m ay l i e b eh ind t h e a ppo in tmen t o f G i lbe r t d e C haucumbe ( 5 2 ) , R oge r d e S ome ry ' s mo the r b e ing t h e d augh t e r a nd c o h e i ro fR obe r td eC haucumbe o fN or thamp ton sh i r e . T h e c l e rgy p l ayed a n a c t ive p a r ti nt h e l i f e a nd a f f a i r s o ft h e l o ca l c ommun i ty . T hey f i gu r ed r e gu la r ly i np l ea s o ft r e spa s s a nd i nd i spu t e so ve rl a nd , a nd w e r ef r equen t ly a mong s tt h o se c ha rged w i th p oach ing . T he i rc l o sene s st o ap a r t icu la rf am i ly m ay b e s ugge s t ed b yt h e i re mp loymen ta se xecu to r s o fw i l l s , a si nt h e c a se o fR oge r I I d e S ome ry ' s w i l l ( o b .129 1) ( 5 3 ) , W i l l iam d e B i rm ingham ' s i n 1 298 ( 5 4 ) a nd i n 1 3 15 , R a lph d e B ushbu ry ' s ( 5 5 ) ; b u t t h i s c anno t b e c e r ta in ; t h e i r e mp loymen t c ou ld s imp ly r e f lec t p e r ce iv ed n eu t ra l i ty , h one s ty o rs k i l l s .

T he r o le o f t h e l o ca l c hu r ch a s af am i ly f o cu s a nd m au so leum m ay b e r e f lec t ed i n t h e ef ig i e s t h a t h ave s u rv ived , s u ch a s t h e t wo k n igh t s f r om S t . Ma r t in ' s i n B i rm ingham ( 6 0 ) , o rt h e e a r ly f o u r t een th c en tu ry e xamp le a t A ld r idg e . A n t iqua r ian a c coun t s ( 6 1) i n d ica t e t h a t t h e t wo c hu r ch e s o f D ud ley o r ig ina l ly c on ta ined a n umbe r o f monumen ta l e ff ig ie s b u t i ti sn o t p o s s ib l e c onf iden t ly t o a s soc ia t e a ny w i th t h e d e S ome ry s o rt h e i rp r ed ece s so r s ; t h e k n igh t ly ef ig ie s i n t h e c hu r ch o f S tEdmund a ppea r t o r e p r e sen t t h e S u t ton s , s ugge s t ing t h a t t h e d e S ome ry s c on t inued t o f o cu s o n t h e P r io ry a s t h e i r p r inc ipa l m au so leum . S im i la r ly , t h e i mage o f t h e f am i ly w a s a l so s e rved b y s u ch m onumen t s a s t h e l a te t h i r t een th c en tu ry e ff igy o f al a dy a t B obb ing ton ( 6 2 ) , a nd s ome t ime s , a s p e rhap sa tB u shbu ry a nd E nv i l le ,b yt h o se o fp r i e s t s .

I ti sa ppa r en tt h a tt h ec l e rgy a s soc ia t ed w i th t h eh ono ra nd i t s l o rd s w e r e d r awn f r om c i r c le s b o th w i th in t h e h ono r a nd f r om f u r the r a f i e ld ; t h i s p a t t e rn o fr e c ru i tmen t a nd a ff in i ty p a ra l l e l s t h a t f o und i n s e cu la r s o c ie ty a nd i n e s sence r e p re sen t st h ee x t en s ion i n to t h ec hu r ch o ft h es ame p r a c t i se s t h a tl o rd sa pp l ied i ns e cu la rs o c ie ty . A s i nt h e c a se o f s e cu la r a ff in i t ie s , t h e h ono r w a s n o t a c l o sed s o c ie ty , a nd r e la t ion sh ip s w e r e n o t n ece s sa r i ly d e t e rm in ed b y i t .F o r i n s tan ce , a l though i t s p a r son w a s a n e xecu to r o fh i s w i l l , B r igh twa l ton w a s n o th e ld b y R oge r d e S ome ry ; b u t B r igh twa l ton l a y i n t h e v i c in i ty o f s e ve ra l m ano r s i nB e rk sh i r e t h a t w e r e h e ld o ft h e d e S ome ry s , a nd a bou t e l ev en m i le s a way f r om t h e d e S ome ry d eme sne m ano r o fB radf i e ld . S im i la r ly , t h e p a r son o fS wa lc l if f e w a s p r obab ly d r awn i n to t h e c i r c l e o fW i l l iam d eB i rm ingham a s an e ighbou r o ft h e d e B i rm ingham m ano ro fS hu tf o rd , a bou t

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H e ra ld i cg l a s s ,t h ed eve lopmen to fw h ich C he r ry p l ace sf r om t h ef o u r th d e cade o ft h et h i r te en th c en tu ry ( 6 3 ) ,a ppea r st ob e w id e ly i n s tanced i nt h eh ono ro fD ud ley , a nd a l though s ome g l a s s h a s s u r v ived , s u ch a s t h e f ou r teen th c en tu ry g l a s s a t E nv i l l e a nd B u shbu ry i nS t af f o rd sh i r e , much o ft h e e v id ence i sd ependen t u pon a n t iqua r ian o b ser va t ion ( 6 4 ) . T h e r ef o r e , t h e p a t t er n o f i n c idence i se s sen t ia l ly o ne o f d ocumen ta ry r e f e r en ce w i th s ome p hy s ica ls u rv iva l s . H e ra ld ic g l a s s h a s b een r e co rd ed i n f i ve Wo r ce s t e r sh i r e c hu r che s o ft h e h ono r a nd i ne a ch c a se t h e a rm s o ft h e d e S ome ry f am i ly w e r e d i sp layed . O f t h e se , S tE c imund ,

D ud ley , S t .Thoma s , D ud ley a nd S t .Lau r ence , N o r thf i e ld w e r e a l s i t ua t ed w i th in t h e c apu t o rd eme sne m ano r s o ft h e d e S ome ry s , w h i l s t i n a dd i t ion a l w e r e p o s se s s ion s o f D ud ley P r io ry , v i a w hom t h e r e w a s ap a r t icu la r r e la t ion sh ip w i th t h ed eS ome ry f am i ly ( 6 5 ) . H oweve r , t h e o t he r t wo c hu r che s , S t .Leona rd , F rank ley a nd S tiohn t h eB ap t i s t , H ag ley ,w e r en o td i r ec t ly a s soc ia t ed w i th t h e d e S ome ry s . A t H ag ley , H ab ing ton n o t ed t h a t t h e e a s t w indow o ft h e s ou th a i s le i n c lud ed t h e a rm s o fd e S ay , d e H ag ley a nd d e S ome ry ( 6 6 ) . D raw ing , f o r e xamp le , o n t h e e v idence o f s e a l s , i th a s b een a r gued t h a t b y c . 12 10 -20 , h e ra ld ry w a s b e ing u sed t or e p r e sen t a n a s soc ia t ion b e tween p eop le ( 6 7 ) , a nd t h e r e s e em s n o r e a son t oe xc lud e h e ra ld i c w indow s f r om t h e s ame i n t en t ion . T he d e H ag ley a rm s r e i t e ra t ed t h e f am i ly t e nu r e o ft h e m ano ra nd t h e d e S ome ry a rm sr e ca l l ed t h ew ide ri n f luence o ft h eb a ron ia lf am i ly . H ag ley w a s n o t t h e o n ly e xamp le o fs u ch j ux tapo s i t ion s . I t w a s a l so c ommon ly t h e c a se i nS t af f o rd sh i r e . A t E nv i l le , o n as ou th w indow o ft h e C hance l , t h e a rm s o ft h e m ano r ia l l o rd s w e r e f ound t o ge the r w i th t h o se o f t h e i r i mmed ia t e l o rd s , t h ed e B i rm ingham s , a nd t h e i rn e ighbou r st h e L u t ley s , t h e se e mpha s i s ing t h e c ommun i ty o f t h e l o ca l i ty , b u t t h e p r e sen ce a l so o f t h e m o r e p r om inen t B eau champ a nd d e S ome ry a rm s u nde r l ine t h e a s soc ia t ion s o ft h e h ono r a nd o f t h en e ighbou rhood ( 6 8 ) . I nt h e c hu r ch a tH and swo r th ,t h ed e S ome ry a rm s w e r e f ound w i th t h o se o ft h e d e B i rm ingham s ( 6 9 ) . S en se o f n e ighbou rhood , a nd ' i n t e r a l ia ' , o f t h e ' c ommun i ty o ft h e h ono r ' , m ay e xp la in t h e p r e sence o f d e S ome ry a nd d e E rd ing ton g l a s s i n We s t B romw ich ( 7 0 ) , a l though t h e d e E rd ing ton f am i ly a l so h e ld t e nemen t s t h e r e ( 7 1) . S im i la r ly B u shbu ry ( 7 2 ) , w he r e t h e a rm s o f t h e m ano r ia l f am i ly w e r e much i ne v idence , d i sp layed o nt h e s u ppo r t s f o r t h er oof , a nd i nt h e e a s tw indow o ft h e c hance l . I n ac hance l w indow t h e r ew a st h ef i gu re o f ap r i e s t ,b e l ieved b yS t ebb ing S haw t o b e H ugh d e B u shbu ry , r e c to r o f t h e c hu r ch a nd b r o the r o ft h e l o rd o ft h e m ano r , k nee l ing b ef o r e O u r L ady a nd C h i ld , t ow hom t h e c hu r ch i sd ed ica ted . S uch ad i r ec t r e la t ion sh ip b e tween p a t ron ( 7 3 ) a nd i n te r ce s so r i sw e l l k nown i nt h e a r t o fp i e ty a nd p a t ronage . Wh i l s t i th a s b een a s sumed t h a t H ugh w a s a s soc ia ted w i th t h e c on s t ruc t ion o f t h e C han ce l i n t h e f o u r t een th c en tu ry , h i s b r o the r , H en ry , w a s l i nk ed w i th t h e b u i ld ing o ft h e L ady C hape l , w he r e h i s a rm s w e r e d i sp layed t o ge the r w i th p i c tu r e s o f h im se lf a nd h i sw if e , Amyce . T he f am i ly a s soc ia t ion w i th t h e c hu r ch w a s u nm i s takab le , a nd w a s p e rhap s f u r the r r e inf o r ced b y b u r ia l h e re ( 7 4 ) . A long s ide t h e se e xp r e s s ion s o f f am i ly v i ta l i ty , S t ebb ing S haw a l so n o t ed t h e d e S ome ry a rm s i nt h e e a s t w indow o f t h e C hance l ( 7 5 ) , a ga in p l a c ing t h em i n a s soc ia t ion w i th t h e g en t ry o f t h e n e ighbou rhood a nd t h e h ono r , a nd i n t h i s c a se w i th a f am i ly t h a t i n t h e e a r ly f o u r teen th c en tu ry w a s c e r ta in ly p a r t o f t h e d e S ome ry r e t inue .

W i l l iam D ugda le ' s ' An t iqu i t ie s o f Wa rw i ck sh i r e ' p r e ser ve s a r e co rd o fh e ra ld ic g l a s s d i sp layed i ns e v e ra l c hu r che s o ft h e c oun ty . I n t h e c a se o f S t . Ma r t in ' s , B i rm ingham , t h e w id e r c ommun i ty i sa ga in r e v ea led . T he a rm s o f d e S ome ry , d e B i rm ingham , E dgba s ton a nd B eauchamp w e r e d i sp layed , a l ong s id e t h o se o f n on -hono r ia l f am i l ie s s u ch a s A s t ley , S eg rav e ,B u rde ta nd F r ev i le , a l though s ome o ft h e se f am i l ie s c e r ta in ly h ad c onnec t ion s w i th t h e d e B i rm ingham s . F o r e xamp le , t h e r e w e r e m a r r iage l i nk s b e tween t h e d e B i rm ingham s a nd t h e A s t ley s i nt h e m id th i r teen th c en tu ry . W ide r l i nk s w e r e a l so d i sp layed i nt h e w indow s o f A s ton C hu r ch , b u t a ga in w i th as t rong f am i l ia l t h eme . Among t h e a rm s d i sp lay ed , i na dd i t ion t ot h e d e S ome ry s , w e r et h o se o f C he s t e r , A runde l , E rd ing ton , B a s se t o f D ray ton , B o t e tou r t a nd l eS t range . I na dd i t ion t oi l u s t ra t ing t h e c ommun i ty o f t h e l o ca l i ty , t h e se Wa rw ick sh i re w indow s a l so r e f lec t h ow h e ra ld ic w indow s s ough tt oc e leb ra t et h ef am i ly a nd i t sl i nk s t h rough m a r r iage , d ev e loped o ve r g ene ra t ion s . O f c ou r se , t h i si sn o t as u rp r i s ing o b se rva t ion ,b u ti ti sw o r th n o t ing t h a t t h e e x t en s ive s e r ie s o fh e ra ld ic r e f e r en ce s t ot h e d e S ome ry f am i ly , a tA s ton c hu r ch , o ccu r s i n am ano r t h a t w a s n o t a p a r to ft h ed e S ome ry d eme sne ; t h i sm igh tb e b e s te xp la ined b y t h e f a c t t h a t t h e m ona s t ic p a t ron w a s t h e b a ron ia l f o unda t ion o fT ickf o rd P r io ry , a r i s ing f r om t h e a s soc ia t ion s o ft h eP agane l b a ron sw i th t h i sm ano ri nt h et we lf th c en tu ry , a nd t h e i re ndowmen to ft h eP r io ry w i th t h i sc hu r ch ( 7 6 ) . Whe re t h ey d i d o ccu r , f o l low ing t h e i r i n t roduc t ion i n t h e c hap t e r h ou se a t We s tm in s te r A bbey b y 1 253 , t h e u se o f h e r a ld i cd e s ign so nf l oo rt i l e so f f e r ed s im i la ro ppo r tun i t ie st o t h o se p r e s en t ed b y t h e u s e o fs t a ined g l a s s ( 77 ) . I nD ud ley , t h e t i l ed p avemen t s e x cava t ed f r om b o th t h e P r io ry , a nd t h e c hape l o fD ud ley C a s t le , i n c luded h e ra ld ic d ev ice s . I nb o th a s semb lage s , n e i the r o f w h ich s hou ld b e r e ga rd ed a s n ece s sa r i ly c omp le t e ,t h ea rm so fD e spen ce ra nd B eauchamp o ccu r , t o ge the r i nt h eP r io ry w i th t h o se o fd e S ome ry a nd i n t h e c hape l w i th t h o s e o f t h e B o t e le r f am i ly ( 7 8 ) . T he B eauchamp a rm s i n p a r t icu la r p e rhap s r e ca l l a s soc ia t ion s t h a tm ay b e t r a ced b a ck i n to t h e t we lf t h c en tu ry ; t h e i r a rm s a r e a l so p r e sen t i nt h e s t a in ed g l a s s o fB i rm ingham , E nv i l l e a nd Wa l sa l l ( 7 9 ) c hu r ch e s , c ommemo ra t ing a p rom inen t f am i ly w i th ar e g iona l p rof i le , b u t n o t o ne t h a t a ppea r s t o h av eb een p a r t icu la r ly a c t ive d i r ec t ly i nh ono r ia la f a i r s . T he w id e sp r ead o ccu r r ence o f t h e d e S ome ry a rm s u nd e r l ined t h e f am i ly ' sa s soc ia t ion s w i th t h e l a nd a nd g en t ry o f t h e h ono r , a nd i si mp r e s s ive t e s t imony t o d e S ome ry i n f luen ce , b u t t h i s i n f luen ce w a s n o t c onf ined t ot h e h ono r . J u s t a st h e c hu r ch w indow s o ft h e h ono r m igh t d i sp lay t h e w id e r , e x t r a -hono r ia l , p o l i t ica l c ommun i ty , s o t oo w e r e t h e d e S ome ry s ap a r t o ft h a t w ide r c ommun i ty , a nd t h e i r a rm s a pp ea r ed i nc hu r che s o u t s ide o f t h e h ono r , a s a t Ma lvem ( 8 0 ) ,a tD ray ton B a s se t( 8 1) ,w he re t h e r ew e r e ma r r iage l i nk s b e tween t h e B a s se t s a nd t h e d e S ome ry s i n t h e m id t h i r t een th c en tu ry ,a nd a t Wo lve rhamp ton ( 8 2 ) .

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TABLE 1 5 .

GENTRY , PATRONAGE AND CHURCHES ASSOCIATED WITH THE HONOR OF DUDLEY . CHURCHES :

PATRONS :

CHURC HES :

WAVER F or ton

C e s te rove r EVENFELD BUSHBURY

K ingsw inf o rd

E nv i l le B IRM INGHAM

C len t

K ING

B irm ingham

R ow ley L ICHF IELD CATHEDRAL B u shbury S edg ley

PAGANEL DE S O MERY

D ud ley

DUDLEY P R IORY

U ppe rP enn

T ICKFORD P R IORY Nor thf ie ld

HAGLEY

H ag , ley

P ARLES E d2ba s ton A s ton

EDGBASTON O FF IN I F rank ley

H andswo r th

S AND WELL P R IORY S TEPELTON

O ldsw inf o rd

A ld r idge

B EAUCHA MP P edmo re WORCESTER P R IORY

Wes tB romw ich

A l le s le CHAUS I S IMPL INGFORD

B e lb rough ton

Womboume T rysu l l

DE BRUYS H a rbome F RANKLEY HALESO WEN ABBEY HARBORNE HURCOTT I DROBUL

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C hu rch i l l

I tm igh t b e e xpec ted t h a t t h e p a t ronage i n te r e s t s o f t h e a r i s toc racy s hou ld b ea rs ome r e la t ion t ot h ep a t te rn o fc hu rch b u i ld ing i na n a r ea , a nd i nt h e f o r ty -e igh t c hu r che s s amp led i nt h i s s t udy , a l low ing f o r t h e f a c t t h a t m any c hu r che s w e r e

P a t ronage o f t h e s e cu la r c hu rch w a s o bv iou s ly a r o le t h a t c a r r ied w i th i tf i nanc ia l i mp l ica t ion s , b u t i tw a s ar o le t h a t p o t en t ia l ly w a s o pen t o ar e la t ive ly w ide s e c t ion o f g en t ry s oc ie ty . H oweve r , i tw a sn o t ar o le p u r sued b ya l l( Tab le 1 5 ) .

s ub jec t t o a lmo s t c on t inuou s p e r iod s o f m ino r w o rk s a nd d eco ra t ion ,t wo p a r t icu la rp ha se s o fa c t iv i ty m ay b ed e tec t ed . T he se w e r e t h e t we lf th c en tu ry , p a r t icu la r ly t h e s e cond h a lf ,

No t u nexpec ted ly , i tw a s t h e b a ron ia l f am i ly t h a t d om ina ted c hu r ch p a t ronage , a l t h e mo re s oi f ,a ss e em s p robab le , t h ey r e ta ined , f o rma l ly o ri n f o rma l ly , i n t e re s t s a nd o b l iga t ion s i n

a nd t h e l a te t h ir teen th a nd e a r ly f ou r teen th c en tu r ie s . T hu s a t P edmo r e , aMa je s ta s t ympanum r em in i scen t i ns t y le t ot h a t

t ho se c hu rche s t h a t t h ey h ad g ran t ed t or e l ig iou s h ou se s . N o o the r f am i ly i nt h e h ono r s t and s c ompa r i son i nt h i s r ega rd ,

a tR om s ley , i si n d ica t ive o f w o rk b e ing c a r r ied o u t o n t h e c hu r ch c . 1150 -80 ( 8 3 ) . A t B i rm ingham , t we lf th c en t u ry f a b r ic w a s r e bu i l t t owa rd s t h e e nd o ft h e t h i r teen th c en tu ry . T he c hu r ch a t P a t t ingham h a s an ave o f c . 1180 a nd a t h i r teen th c en tu ry c hance l ; a t B u shbu ry o n ly a t we lf th c en tu ry d oo rway r ema in s o f a n e a r l ie r b u i ld ing , b u t t h e c hance l a nd t owe r d a te t ot h e e a r ly f our teen th c en tu ry . T he

a l though t h e re w e re s ome w i th w ide r i n te r e s t s , p a r t icu la r ly t h e d eB i rm ingham f am i ly w ho se m a in f o cu s a ppea r st oh ave b een S t . Ma r t in ' s i nB i rm ingham , b u tc l a im ing d i spu ted r i gh t s i n U ppe r P enn a nd p robab le f am i ly a s soc ia t ion s w i th t h e c hu r ch i nE nv i l le . T he mo re u sua lp a t ter no fp a t ronage i nt h e h ono r l i nked a f am i ly w i th o ne c hu r ch ( 89 ) b u t t h e re w e r e

t we lf th c en tu ry c hu rch a tE nv i l le s aw t h e a dd i t ion o f an or th

a l so a n umbe r o f f am i l ie s w ho c anno t b e s hown t o h ave t a ken a ny a c t ive i n t e r e s ti nt h e l o ca lc hu rch ( 90 ) .

a r cade e a r ly i nt h e t h i r teen th c en tu ry , a nd o f an ew c hance l e a r ly i nt h ef ou r teen th . T he t we lf th c en tu ry c hu rch a tT ry su l l w a s s im i la r ly s ub jec t t ob u i ld ing w o rk i nt h e l a te t h i r teen th a nd e a r ly f ou r teen th c en tu r ie s , b u t t h e se e xamp le s s e em t o

B e tween t h e t we lf th a nd t h e f ou r teen th c en tu r ie s , t h e w ay i n w h ich l o rd se xp re s sed t h e i rr e la t ion sh ip w i th t h e l o ca lc hu rch d eve loped , p e rhap s d e te rm ined i np a r t b y t h e d eve lopmen t d u r ing t h e t h i r teen th c en tu ry o f t h e n ece s sa ry m ean s k n igh t ly e ff ig ie s , h e ra ld ic g l a s s a nd t i l e s . A n e conom ic

r ep re sen t ap a t ter n t h a t a pp l ied n o t o n ly t o t h e h ono r , b u t a l so t ot h ew ide rr e g ion ( 84 ) . F o ri n s tance , t h e c hance l o ft h e a i s le le s s t we lf th c en tu ry c hape l a tR om s ley w a s r emode l led i nt h e D eco ra ted s t y le d u r ing t h e e a r ly f our teen th c en tu ry , a ccompan ied b yw a l lp a in t ing s o fw h ich o n ly t h e f i gu re o fa

r e sou r ce w a sc onf i rmed a s as oc ia lr e sou r ce .

y oung s e a t ed man n ow s u rv ive s , o n t h e n o r th w a l l o f t h e c hance l( 8 5 ) .

I tw a s b road ly i n t h i s p e r iod t h a t s ome m embe r s o f t h e g en t ry w e re b ecom ing i n c rea s ing ly ' c l a s s c on sc iou s ' ( 9 1) a nd

T h i sp a t ter no fa c t iv i ty i sb road ly c ompa rab le w i th t h a tn o ted

e qu ipped t od emon s t ra te t h e i r s oc ia l d om inance i n al o ca l i ty .

b y Mo r r i s ( 86 ) i n h i s e xam ina t ion o f t r end s i n b u i ld ing p ro jec t s o n c a thed ra l s a nd a bbey s b e tween 100 a nd 1 500 ,

b o th a n i n s t i tu t ion a nd ab u i ld ing , w a s b o th ar e f lec t ion o f ,

T he r e la t ion sh ip b e tween t h e g en t ry a nd t h e l o ca l c hu r ch , a s

w he re p ro jec t s c ommenced p eaked c . 1200 a nd c . 1275 , a nd p ro jec t s i np rog r e s s p eaked c . 1125 a nd c . 1285 . F ur the rmo r e , G em h a s s ugge s ted ( 87 ) t h a t a tp a roch ia l l e ve l t h e r e w a s a t e ndency t o r e ta in o l d f a sh ioned t r ad i t ion s , w i th t h e r e su l t t h a t c hange a nd r e bu i ld ing c ame o n ly s l ow ly , p e rhap s i n f luenced b y a n i n c rea s ing b ody o f m a jo r b u i ld ing s t h a t s t imu la t ed a c t iv i ty . T h i s s ugge s t ion i n p a r t icu la r m igh t e xp la in t h e e a r ly b u i ld ing t r end s o b served i nt h e h ono r o f D ud ley , i n f luenced b y g r ea t e r c hu r che s s uch a s Wo r ce s t e r , E ve sham , P e r sho re , L ichf ie ld a nd Much Wen lock , a nd p o s s ib ly b yp ro jec t s i n i t ia t ed w i th in t h e h ono r , a tD ud ley a nd S andwe l l . T he a c t iv i ty t h a t f o cu s sed o n t h e t wo d ecade s e i the r s i d e o f 1 300 r e f lec t s ab road b a se o f a c t iv i ty t h a t i n c luded t h e s e cu la r a nd e cc le s ia s t ica l b u i ld ing a mb i t ion s o f t h e d e S ome rys . D u r ing t h e t h i r teen th c en tu ry i tw a s t h e c onven t ion t h a t t h e p a t ron o rr e c to r w a s r e spon s ib le f o r t h e u pkeep o ft h e c hance l ( 88 ) , w h ich m igh t s ugge s t s ome d e S omery i n vo lvemen t i n t h e b u i ld ing o f t h e c hance l s a t F o r ton , d a t ed t oc . 1200 , a nd t h et h ir teen th c en tu ry c hance l a t K ing sw inf o rd , b o th p a r t o f d eme sne m ano r s , w he re t h e mano r ia l l o rd s a l so h e ld a dvow son . T he f r equency w i th w h ich t h ey a nd t h eg en t ry t e nd t ob ea s soc ia t ed w i th w o rk o n t h e c hance l i sn o t s u rp r i s ing ; h e re , a nd i n f am i ly c hape l s , f am i ly c oncer n s w e re o f t en f o cu s sed . H e re a l so w a s t h e l i t u rg ica l h ea r t o f t h e c hu rch , p r ec i se ly w he re o ne m igh t e xpec t an eed a nd d e s i re f o rr e bu i ld ing .

1 68

a nd a ne xp re s s ion o f , w ide rs oc ia lt r end s .

NOTES : 1 . R eco rd C omm i s s ion , T axa t io E cc le s ia s t ica A ng l iae e t W a l l iae A uc tor i ta te P ope N icho la i I V ( London , 1 802 ) ,

e t c 1 327 -66 ( SHC . , NS . , XV I , 1 913 ) , 7 .T he d i scove ry b y e xcava t ion o f f r agmen t s o f d e S ome ry e a r ly f our teen th c en tu ry s t a ined g l a s s h a s l e d t o s pecu la t ion t h a t t h i s c ame f r om t h e c hape l , b u t t h i s c anno t b e c onf i rmed ; i tw a s f ound i n a mo t te s e c t ion a nd t h e ref o re m ay h ave c ome f r om t h e k eep .

e spec ia l ly 2 17 ,2 18 ,2 28 ,2 43 , 2 51 . 2 .T he l a te N o rman f on tm igh tb e q ue s t ioned o nt h e g round s t h a t b ecau se o f t h e mob i l i ty o f s uch i t em s o f c hu rch f u rn i tu re , i t s p r e sence i n t h i s c hu rch d oe s n o t n ece s sa r i ly i n d ica te t h a t i th a s a lway s s t ood h e re . H oweve r , SMR , WM

1 0 . H oweve r ,f urn i sh ing s s uch a sr e cumban te ff ig ie s c ou ld b e

4 04 , r e por t s t h e p re sence o f aw a l led u p N o rman d oorway b e tween t h et owe ra nd t h en o r th a i s le . T h i sw a sn o tf ound b y t h e p r esen t w r i te r d u r ing v i s i t s i nA p r i l 1 993 a nd May1994 ,

mob i le a nd m igh th ave b een i n t roduced f r om e l sewhe r e . 1 . c . 1100 1200 , s ugge s ted b y t h e d i scove ry o f as t one

b u t t h is m ay n ow b e o b scu red b y moder n p l a s te r a nd w h i tewa sh a l ong t h e w e s t w a l l o ft h e n o r th a i s le . H oweve r , t h e re i s ad oo rway o fN o rman f o rm i nt h en o r th a i s le t h a th a s

g o rgon h ead ed g a rgoy le , b u t t h e b u i ld ing i t s e l h a s n o t b een t r aced ; B i rm ingham Mu seums a nd A r t G a l le ry , W eo ley C a s t le ; B i rm ingham Mu seum a nd A r t G a l le ry , Hand l i s t o f

b een r e se t , a ppa ren t ly t r an sf e r red f r om t h e s ou th a i s le d u r ing e x t en s ive n ine teen th c en tu ry r e s to ra t ion . A n e ng rav ing i n S t ebb ing S haw ,H i s tory a nd A n t iqu i t ie s o fS taf f ord sh i re , I ,i , p l a te x xv i , p r e serve s as ou th -we s t v i ew o fB u shbu ry C hu rch

E xh ib i t s , WC .484 . 1 2 . O swa ld , ' I n te r im R epor t o n E xcava t ion s a t Weo ley C a s t le ' , 6 9 , 7 0 ; B i rm ingham Mu seum s a nd A r t G a l le ry , H and l i s to fE xh ib i t s , WC .255 , 2 56 , 3 00 ,2 28 , 2 40 .

w h ich c l ea r ly s how s aN o rman s t y le d oo rway i nt h e s ou the rn e l eva t ion ,a ppa ren t ly o ft h ree o rde r s .

nd A r t 1 3 . O swa ld , i b id . , 7 0 1 ; B i rm ingham Mu seum a nd A r t W eo ley C a s t le ; B i rm ingham Mu seum a

3 . T he c o r e o f t h e c hu rch i st we lf th c en tu ry i n d a te a nd c ompa rab le i np a r tw i th t h e f a b r ic o fS t . Ma ry ,E nv i l le .

G a l le ry ,

G a l le ry ,H and l i s to fE xh ib i t s , WC 1 000 .

4 . T he s ugge s t ion t h a t t h e c hape l w a s b u i l t o n ap r e C onque s ts i te i sn o ti mp robab le . T he n ave a nd c hance l a r e o f

1 4 . i e .Dud ley w i th i t sc hape l i nD ud ley ; Wombou rne w i th i t s c hape l s a t T ry su l l a nd S e i sdon ; S edg ley ; C hu r ch i l l a nd N or thf i e ld . I n a dd i t ion , D ud ley r e ce ived t h e c hu rche s o f

t we lf th c en tu ry d a te a nd t h e b u i ld ing h a s a Ma je s ta s t ympanum o f c . 1150 t h a t i s p e rhap s d e r ived f r om t h e H e ref o rd sh i re s choo l ; P age t t a nd B a rke r , ' Romane sque

I nkpen a nd B radf ie ld ; D ugda le , Mona s t icon , V , 8 3 -4 , i ,i . A l though t h e c onf i rma t ion o f P ope L uc iu s o n ly m en t ion s

C a rv ing s F rom S t .John t h e B ap t i s t C hu rch , H ag ley a nd D ud ley P r io ry ' ,2 7 -34 .

T ry su l la s ac hape l o f Wombou rne , S e i sdon ' s s im i la rs t a tu s i s c onf i rmed b y ah ea r ing h e ld b ef o r e B i shop R icha rd P eche ( 1 161-82 ) ; Mande r ( e d ) . , C ha r te r s o fG er va se P agane l , 5 6 ,

5 . e g . Wa te r O r ton , SMR . WM .4013 , R u sha l l , L u t ley a nd P e l sa l l .

5 7 .

6 .C a l . I PM , V I , No .428 ; Wedgwood ( e d ) , I nqu i s i t ion s , 1 223 1327 ,3 53 ;C a l .C 1 .R . ,1318 -1323 ( London , 1 895 ) ,6 30 .

B romw ich a nd Wa te r O r ton ; V .C .H . , B uck s . , I ,3 61 ; V .C .H . ,

7 .P ound s , T he Med ieva lC a s t le i nE ng land a nd Wa le s , 2 31 .

1 6 . H .M .Co lv in , T he W h i te C anon s i n E ng land ( Oxf o rd ,

1 5 . T he c hu rch o fA s ton w i th t h e c hape l s o fY a rd ley , C a s t le Wa rk s . ,V I I , 3 74 , f n . 9 0 , 9 1 .

1 951) , 1 8 1-2 ; i n1 298 , t h e s t a tu s o f Wedne sbu ry a s amo the r c hu rch w a s e s tab l i shed . T he a dvow son o f H a rbo rne w a s o r ig ina l ly h e ld b y t h e l o rd s o f t h e mano r , b u t c . 1226 , Ma rga r e t d e R edve r s g ran ted t h e se r i gh t s t o H a le sowen A bbey . E dgba s ton w a s ac hape l o f H a rbor n e . H a le sowen ' s

8 .I b id . , 2 25 -7 . 9 . A n o gee a r ched e n t rance h a s b een s ugge s ted a s d a t ing c . 1325 1 350 b y D r .R icha rd Mo r r i s ; p e r s .comm . , P .Bo land . B u tg i ven t h ei mp rec i s ion o fs uch d a t ing , i ts e em sr e a sonab le t o c ons ide r t h e p o s s ib i l i ty t h a t t h e c hape l w a s b u i l t o r r e f u rb ished i nt h e l a s ty ea r s o fJ ohn d e S ome ry ' s l i f e a sp a r t

p o s se s s ion o fH a rbo rne d i d n o t g o u ncha l lenged , d e sp i te t h e a ppa r en t l e g i t imacy o f t h e i r p o s i t ion ; H a rbo rne p a s sed t o L ichf i e ld i n 1 279 ; V .C .H . , W a rk s . , V I I , 3 62 , 3 72 -3 ;

o fh i s w ide r b u i ld ing c ampa ign a tt h e c a s t le . T he t i l ed f l oo r w a s al a te r a dd i t ion , a nd a l though i ti sc on s ide red t o b e a s i ng le p ha se g roup , t h e p o s s ib i l ty t h a t i n d iv idua lt i l e s w i th in t h e f l oo r c ou ld b e o fd i ve r se o r ig in a nd d a te , t h a t i s ,r eu sed f r om e a r l ie r c on tex t s , s hou ld n o t b e o ve r looked ; L ocock , ' Med ieva l F loo r t i l e s f r om D ud ley C a s t le ' , 1 ; M .Locock , ' Med ieva l F loo r T i le s f r om D ud ley C a s t le , We s t M id land s . F u r the r R e sea r ch , I n app rop r ia te H e ra ld ry a nd S ecu la r I mage ry ' , WMPRG N ew s le t te r , 1 4 ( 1 990 ) , a nd D ud ley C a s t le A r cha eo log ica l P ro jec t , A rch ive ; Wh i te , Med ie va l F loo r T i l e s , Dud l ey B o rough . A non ( ed ) ,I nqu i s i t ion sP o s tm or tem ,

1 69

Wro t t e s ley ( e d ) . ,P lea R o l l s , H enry I I , 1 45 . 1 7 . I ti sr e co rded t h a t i n 1 309 , W i l l iam F oke rham , l o rd o f Wa r ley , g ave h i s s on , R icha rd , t h e c han t ry o f B randha l l , b e long ing t ot h e c hape l o f S t . C a the r ine t h e V i rg in . I th a s b een p o s tu la ted t h a t t h i s c hape l w a s p robab ly t h e c hance l c ed ica t ed t oS t .Ca the r ine i nt h e p a r i sh c hu rch o fH a le sowen . T he m ano r c a l led B randha l l s e ems t o h ave b een i d en t ica l w i th t h a to f Wa r ley ; V .C .H . , W orc s . , I I , 1 45 , 1 5 1 .

1 8 .5andwe l l w a s a l so e ndowed E s se lbu rgh ( E l le sbo rough ,B uck s . ) .

w i th

t h e

c hu rch

o f

1 9 . I n 1 247 t h e P r io r a g reed w i th J ohn d e P a ne s t o m ake a l te rna te

p r e sen ta t ion s

t o t h e

c hu r ch

I I , 1 54 ; A non ( e d ) , F ina l C oncord s , E dwa rd Ia nd E dward 1 ,110 . 3 1 . C o s s ,L o rd sh ip , K n igh thood a nd L oca l i ty , 2 68 .

o f H and swor th ;

Wro t te s ley ( e d ) , P lea R o l l s , H en ry I I , 1 06 , 107 , 108 ; Wro t te s ley ( e d ) , F ina lC oncord s , t emp . H enr yI I ,2 83 . T he i r j o in t i n te re s t s g o b ack t oa tl e a s t 1 228 i nw h ich y ea r Ma r t in

3 2 . J ohn D robu l , o rD ruge l ; J .W .W i l l i s B und ( ed ) , E p i scopa l R eg i s te r s ,D ioce se o fW o rce s ter ; R eg i s ter o fB i shop G odf rey

d e P a t e shu l l b ecame r e c to r o fH and swor th w i th t h e c on sen t o f b o th p a t ron s ; S avage ( ed ) , Magnum R eg i s t rum A lbum ,

S oc ie ty ,Oxf o rd 1 902 ) , 4 96 .

No .524 . c f . a l so , Wro t te s ley ( ed ) , P lea R o l l s , H enr y I I , 7 7 , r ega rd ing a s u i t o f 1 230 , a nd i b id , 1 07 , r e f e r r ing t o

3 . T h i s w a s a g reed b e tween t h e l o rd s o f H and swo r th a nd t h e P r io r o f L en ton b y 1 247 ; Wro t tes ley ( e d ) , F ina l C onco rd s , H enry I I , 2 38 .

a g reemen t m ade i n t h e C our t o f K ing J ohn a t L i chf ie ld b e tween J ohn d e P a r le s a nd t h e P r io r o f t h e H o sp i ta l o f S t .John r e ga rd ing t h ea dvow son o fH and swo r th .

w i th

B i rm ingham

a nd

U ppe r

P enn ;

1 268 -1301

(Wo rce s te r sh i r e

H i s tor ica l

3 4 . 1 2 10 , t h e P r io r a cknow ledged amo ie ty o ft h e a dvow son t ob e t h e r i gh t o fW i l l iam d e P a n ic s ; Wro t t es ley ( e d ) , F ina l

2 0 . T hu s w e c an l i nk , f o r e xamp le , t h e d e B i rm ingham f am i ly

G if f a rd

R a lph

d e

B u shbu ry w i th B u shbu ry ; And rew d e E venef e ld w i th E nv i l le ; J ohn d e P a ne s w i th H and swo r th ; W i l l iam d e S imp l ingf o rd a nd h i s p r edece s so r s w i th P edmo re ; S i r J ohn C hau s i w i th A l le s ley ; t h e B eauchamp s w i th B e lb rough ton a nd H en ry d eH ag ley w i th H ag ley . 2 1 . W i th r i gh t si n Wombourne w i th i t sc hape l a tT ry su l l , a nd i n We s tB romw ich . 2 2 . T he d e E rd ing ton s , who i n 1 230 w e re d i spu t ing a dvow son o fA s ton a nd i t sc hape l sw i th T ickf o rd , a l so h ad a c hape l i nt h e i r mano r h ou se ; V .C .H . , Wa rk s . ,V 1 1 , 3 74 -7 . T he

C onco rd s , R icha rd Ia nd K ing J ohn , 6 5 . I n c . 1200 P agan d e P a ne s h ad c l a imed a dvow son b y t h e r i gh t o fh i s w if e , A l ice ; Wro t t e s ley ( e d ) , S taf f ord sh i re S u i t s , R icha rd I a nd K ing J ohn ,4 6 . Wro t te s ley ( e d ) ,P lea R o l l s , H enry I I , 1 07 . 3 5 .I b id . , 106 . 3 6 . S avage ( e d ) , Magnum R eg i s t rum A lbum , 4 27 . I n 1 279 L ichf i e ld a l so a cqu i r ed t h e a dvow son o fH a rbo rne f r om t h e A bbey o fH a le sowen . 3 7 . D a r l ing ton ( e d ) , W or ce s te rC ar tu lary , No .193 . 3 8 . C o s s ,L ord sh ip , K n igh thood a nd L oca l i ty , 2 64 -5 .

B e l l E nd C hape l w a s p e rhap s ah ou seho ld c hape l o f t h e B eauchamp f am i ly ; c f .V .C .H ., W or c s . ,I I , 1 8 .

3 9 . e g . i n1 29 1 t h e mano r o fE nv i l le w i th i t s a dvow son w a s v a lued a t£ 10 .0 s .0d . ; R a lph d e B u shbu ry ' s mano r s o fU ppe r P enn , R u sha l l a nd B u shbu ry , t h e l a t te r w i th a dvow son , w a s v a lued a t £ 20 .0 s .0d . ; Wedgwood ( e d ) , I nqu i s i t ion s , 1 223 1 327 ,2 04 , 2 05 .

2 3 . W i th i t sc hape la tR ow ley . 2 4 . C a l . I PM , V I , No .428 ; C a l aR . . ,1318 -1323 , 6 30 , 6 31 , 6 32 . 2 5 . c f . Ma ske lyne a nd L y le ( ed s ) , F euda lA id s , V , 1284 -1431 , 1 0 .

4 0 . C len t w a s ad e S ome ry d eme sne mano r ; S imon w a s n o ted a s k eep ing c ou r t t h e re ; Wro t tes ley ( e d ) , P lea R o l l s ,1272 -1294 , 9 2 . I n 1 276 h e w a s g ran ted p e rm i s s ion t o g o a b road f o r t h r ee y ea r s t o s t udy t h e L ibe ra l A r t s ; W i l l i s B und ( e d ) ,R eg .Bp .G if f a rd ,9 0 .

2 6 . T he c hu r ch o f S t .Ba r tho lomew , U ppe r P enn , i s t r ad i t iona l ly r ega rded t o h ave b een b u i l t b y H ugh d e

4 1 . Mande r( e d ) , W od ehou se D eed s , No s .4 ,5 ,6 ,7 ,1 0 .

B u shbu ry i nc . 1200 ; SMR . WM .541 .

4 2 . Wro t te s ley ( e d ) , P lea R o l l s ,1272 -1294 ,

2 7 . Wro t te s ley ( ed ) ,P l ea R o l l s , H en ry I I , 9 6 .

1 69 ; S RO .D

1 485 /7 /3 / 1 .The n e ighbou r ing mano r o f Mo rf e , a mo ie ty o f w h ich d e scended w i th E nv i l le , w a s a l so p a r t o f t h e d e

2 8 . Wro t t e s ley ( ed ) , A s s i ze R o l l s a nd D eB anco R o l l s , 1 307 -

B i rm ingham f i ef . I n t h e t h i r teen th c en tu ry o ne mo ie ty w a s h e ld b y W i l l iam d e B i rm ingham a nd t h e o the r w a s h e ld o f W i l l iam b y H en ry d e Mor f e , af am i ly t h a t w a s i na ny c a se a c ade tb ranch o ft h e d eB i rm ingham s .

1 327 , 5 3 , 5 4 ,5 9 , 6 0 , 6 3 ,6 5 . 2 9 . C o s s ,L ord sh ip , K n igh thood a nd L oca l i ty ,2 69 . 3 0 . c fPa t t ingham , Wro t te s ley ( ed ) , P lea R o l l s , 1 272 -1294 ,

4 3 . S RO .D1790 /A /2 /22 ; A / 12 /6 ; Mande r ( ed ) , W od ehou se

6 6 , 7 0 ; B obb ing ton , Wro t tes ley ( e d ) , P lea R o l l s , H en ry I I , 1 65 ; H and swor th , Wro t te s ley ( ed ) , P lea R o l l s , 1 272 -1294 , 7 4 ; H a rbo rne , Wro t te s ley ( ed ) , P l ea R o l l s , H en ry I I , 1 45 ,199 ;V .C .H . , Wa rk s . ,V I I , 3 72 ; F ank ley , V .C .H . , .W orc s . , I I , 1 22 ; A s ton , V .C .H . , W a rk s . , V I I , 3 74 -7 ; Y a rd ley , i b id ; B i rm ingham , i b id . , 3 65 ; Wro t te s ley ( e d ) , P l ea R o l l s , H enry

D eed s ,N o .186 , 4 4 . S RO .D1790 /A /2 /62 ; Wro t te s ley ( e d ) , A s s i ze R o l l s a nd D e B anco R o l l s ,1307 -1327 , 4 5 ; S RO .D593 /B / 1/ 17 / 1 /5 / 15 ; S haw , H i s tory a nd A n t iqu i t ie so fS taf f ord sh i re ,178 .

1 70

4 5 . S RO .D 1790 /A /2 / 16 .

E ng land . T he T h i r teen th C en tury ( Le iden , 1 980 ) , 2 0 1 , 2 6 -7 , 1 27 .

4 6 . e g .SRO .D 1790 /A /2 /48 . 4 7 . c f .SR0 .938 /598 ; D 1790 /A /2 /28 ; A /2 /35 . 4 8 . I n 1 308 R a lph d eB u shbu ry b roke i n to t h e c l o se o fR oge r P u rce l a tB u shbu ry ; Wro t t e s ley ( e d ) , P lea R o l l s , 1 307 -1327 , 3

6 0 . O ne o fw h ich a ppea r s t od a te f r om t h e e a r ly f ou r teen th c en tu ry C .G i l l , H i s to ry o f B i rm ingham , I , Manor a nd B orough t o1 865 , ( Oxf o rd ,1952 ) ,p l a te I V . 6 1 . J .Amph le t t ( e d ) , AS ur vey o fW orce s te r sh i re b y T homa s H ab ing ton , (Wo r ce s te r sh i re H i s tor ica l S oc ie ty , O xf o rd 1 895 ) ,V o l . I I , 6 0 .

4 9 . C aLlnq .M i sc . , I , 1 307 -1349 , ( London , 1 916 ) ,N o .574 6 2 . T umme r s ,E a r ly S ecu la r Ef ig ie s , No .148 . 5 0 . Wh i ch J ohn t h en r e ta ined f o rh i sl i f e . 5 1 . R obe r td e S ome ry p r e sen ted t ot h e c hu rch a tB i shamp ton i n 1 290 a nd 1 300 ; W i l l i s B und ( ed ) , R eg .Bp .Gf f a rd , 3 81 , 5 37 . I n 1 307 -8 , E dmund d e S ome ry o fB i shamp ton , d eacon , r e ce ived l i cence f o r o rd ina t ion a s ap r ie s t ; J .W .W i l l i s B und ( e d ) , R eg i s t rum S ed e V acan te ,1301 -1435 (Wo r ce s t e r sh i r e H i s to r ica l S oc ie ty , O xf o rd ,1897 ) , 8 7 . I n ac ha r t e r o f 1 320 R ober t w i tne s sed a l ong s ide ' d om ino J ohanne f i l io s uo ' ; D a r l ing ton ( e d ) , Worce s t e r C a r tu la ry , N o .506 . T h i s J ohn m ay b e i d en t if ied w i th t h e J ohn w ho w a s p re sen ted t ot h e c hu rch o f D o in ton , G louce s te r sh i re , i n 1 30 1 ; W i l l i s B und

6 3 . C he r ry ,' He ra ld ry a sD eco ra t ion ' , 130 . 6 4 . e g . H ab ing ton 's , S u rvey o f W orce s ter sh i re , c . 1640 , S t ebb ing S haw ' s , T he H i s to ry a nd A n t iqu i t ie s o f S taf f o rd sh i re , 1 798 a nd 1 801 , a nd D ugda le 's , T he A n t iqu i t ie s o f W arw i ck sh i re , f i r s t p ub l i shed i n 1 656 . S uch s ou rce s a r e n o t w i thou t t h e i r p rob lem s . T hey t e nd t o d ef y c l ose d a t ing ; t h ep r e sence o ft h eh e ra ld ic d ev ice o f al o ng l i ved f am i ly i na c hu r ch , o b se rved i n c . 1640 , d oe s n o t e s tab l i sh t h a t i th ad b een t h e r eb ef o re 1 325 . 6 5 . A t N o r thf ie ld t h e d e S ome ry a rm s w e re d e sc r ibed a s

( e d ) ,R eg .Bp .G if f a rd , 5 46 ;a nd who r e s igned t h er e c to r sh ip i n 1 307 .

q ua r t e r ing t h o se o f Ma lpa s , s ugge s t ing t h a t t h e se r e f lec t t h e S u t ton t e nu re o f t h e b a rony ; H ab ing ton , S ur vey o f W o rce s te r sh i re , I ,2 3 , 2 4 , 5 5 .

5 2 . P r es en t ed 1 283 a nd i n s ta l led b y 1 285 ; W i l l i s B und ( e d ) , R eg .Bp .G if f a rd , 1 93 .

6 6 .I b id . , I ,2 52 .

5 3 . E xecu ted b y h i s w idow A gne s a nd Wa l t e r d e A y le sbu ry 6 7 . C he r ry , ' He ra ld ry a s D eco ra t ion ' , 1 25 ; c f . A .A i le s , ' He ra ld ry i n Twe lf th C en tu ry E ng land , i n W i l l iam s ( e d ) , E ng land i nt h e T we lf th C en tu ry , 7 ,w ho s ugge s t s t h a t i nt h e t we lf th c en tu ry f am i l ie s u sed h e ra ld ry t o s i gn if y a n a s soc ia t ion o r r e la t ion sh ip w i th a n i mpo r tan t p e r son o r

t oge the r w i th R obe r t A r thu r , t h e p a r son o f B r igh twa l ton , W i l l iam t h e p a r son o f F or ton a nd R oge r t h e C hap la in ; Wro t tes ley ( e d ) ,P lea R o l l s ,1294 -1307 ,3 1-2 . 5 4 . I b id . , 5 0 . T he e xecu to r s i n c luded T homa s d e Wykham ,

f am i ly .

p a r son o ft h e c hu rch o f S wa lewec lyne ( Swa lc l if f e , O xon . ) , A nd rew d e E venf e ld , m o s t p robab ly A nd rew p a r son o f E nv i l le , a nd B ro the r T homa s , Ma s te r o f t h e H ou se o f S t .Thoma si nB i rm ingham .

6 8 . O the r s i n c lude R a lph C romwe l l , who ma r r ied Ma rga r e t d e S ome ry , t h e a rm s o fE ng land , Mo r t ime r i nt h e c o lou r s o f C he lma r sh , a nd t h e C la re f am i ly .

5 . L ef t i n t h e h and s o f H ugh , p a r son o f B u shbu ry , a nd R obe r tt h ec hap la in .

6 9 . S haw , H i s to ry a nd A n t iqu i t ie s o f S taf f ord sh i re , 13 ; l o ca ted i nt h en o r th a i s le a nd c hance l , b u ti ti sn o tp o s s ib le t o d e te rm ine i ft h e p re sence o ft h e d e S ome ry g l a s s p re o rp o s t d a ted t h e i ra cqu i s i t ion o ft h e mano ri nc . 1279 .

5 6 . T he d e B i rm ingham s h ad h e ld t h e m ano r o f S hu tf o rd E a s t ( Oxon ) , i nt h e p a r i sh o fS wa lc l if f e , s i nce a tl e a s t 1 254 , h e ld o f t h e b i shop o f L inco ln a s t e nan t s i n c h ief . V .C .H . , O xon . ,X ,2 32 .

7 0 .I b id . , 1 32 . 7 1 . W ro t te s ley ( e d ) ,A s s i ze R o l l s a nd D eB anco R o l l s , 1 307 1 327 ,2 2 .

5 7 . W i l l i s B und ( ed ) , R eg i s t rum S ed e V acan t e , 1 47 ; C . J .Bond , ' Chu rch a nd P a r i sh i n No rman Wo rce s te r sh i r e ' , i n J . B la i r ( e d ) , M in s te r s a nd P a r i sh C hurche s . T he L oca l C hurch i nT ran s i t ion 9 50 -1200 ( Oxf o rd , 1 988 ) , 1 24 .

7 2 . S haw ,H i s to ry a nd A n t iqu i t ie s o fS taf f o rd sh i re ,178 -80 . 7 3 . F rom w h ich f am i ly t h er e c to rw a s d rawn .

5 8 . c f .J .Che r ry , ' He ra ld ry a s D eco ra t ion i n t h e T h i r teen th C en tu ry ' , i nO rm rod ( ed ) ,E ng land i nt h e T h i r teen th C en tu ry .

7 4 . S haw n o ted t h e d i scove ry a nd i d en t if i ca t ion o f t h e p r e sumed g r ave o f r e c to r H ugh d e B u shbu ry i n t h e c hu r chya rd .

5 9 . P .R .Co s s , T he K n igh t i n Med ieva l E ng land ,1000 -1400 ( S t roud , 1 993 ) , 7 2 ; H .A .Tumme r s , E a r ly S ecu la r Ef ig ie s i n

1 7 1

7 5 . T h i s i d en t if i ca t ion , w h i l s t mo s t p robab ly c o r rec t , i sn o t w i thou t i t s p rob lem s . S haw d e sc r ibed t h e a rm s a s ' S a . t wo l i on s p a s san t A z . ' ; t h i s i sn o t t h e c o r rec t t i nc tu re f o r t h e d e S ome ry a rm s , b u t n o r a r e t h ey c l ea r ly i d en t if iab le w i th a nyone e l se . I tm ay b e t h a t t h e re i sa n e r ro r i nt h e p ub l i shed d e sc r ip t ion a nd t h a t S haw ' s a s soc ia t ion w i th S ome ry i s c o r rec t . 7 6 . W .Thoma s ( e d ) , S i r W i l l iam D ugda le ' s , T he A n t iqu i t ie s o f W a rw ick sh i re . I l lu s t ra ted , v o lume s ) , I ,8 77 , 9 05 .

( London ,

1 730 ,

8 9 . c f . E venef e ld w i th E nv i l le ; H ag ley w i th H ag ley ; C hau s i w i th A l le s ley ; P a ne s w i th H and swor th ; S t epe l ton w i th A ld r idge ; S imp l ingf o rd w i th P edmo r e . 9 0 . e g .f am i l ie s s uch a s P i ne , B a r r , B uf f a re , F oke rham , E s s ing ton , B romwych , O r ton , Maun se l , Ma idenha cche , E dgba s ton , E ton a nd B e r ef o rd . 9 1 . H i l ton , A Med ieva lS oc ie ty , 5 1-2 .

i n t wo

7 7 . c f .Che r ry , ' He ra ld ry a sD eco ra t ion ' , 1 3 1 . 7 8 . F o r t h e P r io ry , s e e L ocock , ' Dud ley P r io ry : D a t ing b y H e ra ld ry ' ; M .Locock , D ud ley C a s t le A rchaeo log ica l P ro jec t , A rch ive , D raw ing s DP 11 , DP15 . F o r D ud ley C a s t le C hape l , s e e L ocock , E xcava t ion s i n t h e G rea t C hamber , D ud ley C a s t le , D ud ley C a s t le A r chaeo log ica l P ro jec t , A rch ive ; M .Locock , Med ieva l F loo r T i l e s F rom D ud ley C a s t l e : A P re l im inary R epor t , e spec ia l ly F igu re 1 : 13 ,17 , i b id . 7 9 . Wa l sa l l r e po r ted b y S haw , H i s tory a nd A n t iqu i t ie s o f S taf f o rd sh i re , 7 8 . 8 0 . H ab ing ton ,S ur vey o fW o rce s ter shu i re ,1 I , 1 80 . 8 1 . S haw ,H i s tory a nd A n t iqu i t ie s o fS taf f ord sh i re , I ,i ,p l a te I I . 8 2 .I b id . ,1 57 . 8 3 . B ond , ' Chu rch a nd P a r i sh ' , i n B la i r ( e d ) , M in s te r s a nd P a r i sh C hu rche s , 1 50 . T he t ympanum h a s ac r owned a nd s e a ted f i gu re o fC h r i s t , f l anked b yt h ef ou rE vange l i s t s . 8 4 . S im i la r p a t te rn s o f a c t iv i ty may b e n o ted , b road ly s peak ing , a t K ing sw inf o rd , K inve r , C od sa l l , T e t t enha l l , B obb ing ton , A ld r idge , We s t B romw ich , H ag ley , N o r thf ie ld , B e lb rough ton , B rom sg rove , C hadde s ley C o rbe t t , S t ud ley , A l le s ley a nd p e rhap sH and swor th a nd D unchu r ch . 8 5 . G i l l , ' Wa l lP a in t ing s f r om S t .Kene lm ' s C hape l , R om s ley ' , 2 4 , 2 5 , 2 7 . T he r emode l l ing o ft h e e a r ly f our teen th c en tu ry h a s b een r e la t ed b y G i l l t oa n i mp rovemen t o fa cce s s t ot h e c ryp t , t h e l o ca t ion o f as a c red s p r ing t h a tw a st h e f o ca l p o in t f o r t h e c u l t o f S t .Kene lm ; t h e s h r ine w a s a s soc ia ted w i th c u ra t ive p owe r s , p a r t icu la r ly f o r e ye c omp la in t s . T he e x tan t c yc le o fw a l lp a in t ing s , i l u s t ra t ing t h e l i f e o fS t .Kene lm , a r e d a ted c . 1380 ; i b id . , 2 9 , 3 2 . 8 6 . R . Mo r r i s , C a thed ra l s a nd A bbey s o fE ng land a nd W a le s ( London , 1 979 ) , 1 80 . 8 7 . R .Gem , ' The E ng l i sh P a r i sh C hu r ch i nt h e 1 th a nd E a r ly 1 2 th C en tu r ie s :a G rea t R ebu i ld ing? ' , i nB la i r ( e d ) , M in s ter s a nd P a r i sh C hu rche s . 8 . J .H .Be t ty , C hurch a nd P a r i sh ( London , 1 987 ) ,3 9 .

1 72

CHAPTER TWELVE . CONCLUS ION . T h i s s t udy h a s e xam ined t h e h ono r o f D ud ley f r om i t s

h ono r ia l t e nan t s w e re r e ad i ly d r awn i n to t h e a ff in i t ie s o f o t he r l o rd s , s uch a st h e Mo r t ime r s a nd t h e B a s se t s , wh i l s tt h e

e s tab l i shmen t i nt h e 1 070 s b y A n scu lf d e P incheng i o r h i s s on , t ot h e d ea th o fJ ohn d e S ome ry i n1 322 , ap e r iod d u r ing w h ich t h e b a rony d e scended t h rough t h r ee f am i ly l i ne s a nd t h e h ono r i t se lf b ecame i n c rea s ing ly i mpo r tan t w i th in t h e w ide r f am i ly h o ld ing s . Two p r inc ipa l q ue s t ion s l i e a tt h e

b a ron st h em se lve sr e cru i ted f r om f u r the ra f i e ld . A s im i la r i mp r e s s ion i sg i ven b y t h e p a t te rn o f mona s t ic p a t ronage , a n a c t iv i ty w h ich s ome h ave s ugge s ted m igh t b e u nder taken t or e inf o r ce t h e b ond s o ft e nan t s w i th t h e h ono r

h ea r t o ft h i s e xam ina t ion . N ame ly , t h e e x t en t t o w h ich t h e h ono r p rov ided t h e f r amewo rk f o r t h e a c t iv i t ie s a nd r e la t ion sh ip s o ft h e a r i s toc racy who l i ved w i th in i t ;a nd t h e e x t en t t o wh ich t h e re w a s ar e la t ion sh ip b e tween r e g iona l

( 4 ) . T he c u l t o f t h e f am i ly w a s c en t ra l t o much mona s t ic p a t ronage , a nd i fa s soc ia t ion s i np a t ronage w e re t oh ave a ny i mpac t a t a l l , t h ey r e inf o rced r e la t ion sh ip s b e tween i n d iv idua l s r a the r t h an f o cu s sed l o ya l ty o n t h e h ono r p e r s e .

p owe r ,t h a ti s ,l o rd sh ip ,a nd t h el a nd scape?

P e r sona l r e la t ion sh ip s , n o t t e nu r ia l f r amewo rk s , w e re t h e k ey ; t h e r e i sl i t t le t os ugge s tt h a tt h e p a t ronage o ft h et e nan t s w a s f o cu s sed o nt h eh ono ro fD ud ley . F o rt ho se f ew w ho d i d i n vo lve t h em se lve s i n t h e p a t ronage o f mona s t ic h ou se s ,

T he h ono r i sa n i n s t i tu t ion t h a t h a s c ome t o b e a s soc ia ted w i th t h ef e uda lg eog raphy o fE ng land ( 1 ) , f undamen ta lt ot h e f e uda l o rgan i sa t ion o f t h e k ingdom , a nd c en t ra l t o a r i s toc ra t ic r e la t ion sh ip s a ta l l l e ve l s ( 2 ) . R ecen t ly , P rof e s so r C o s s

( 3 )

h a s

s ugge s t ed

t h a t

h i s to r ian s

m ay

e ndowmen t s w e re made o u t s ide o ft h e h ono r , a nd v e ry f ew t e nan t s w e re a s soc ia ted w i th t h e i r l o rd i nt h e e ndowmen t o f D ud ley P r io ry .

h ave

u nde r es t ima t ed i t s c on t inued i mpo r tance i n t h e t h i r t een th c en tu ry a s a' l ocu s ' o f s oc ia l p owe r , p a r t icu la r ly a s a n a l te rna t ive t ot h e s h i re .

L o rd s h ad a lway s b een p a t ron s o f t h e g en t ry , a nd i ti s u n l ike ly t h a t t h ey e ve r f e l t a b le t o e n t i re ly r e ly o n t h e i r t e nan t s , s imp ly t h rough t h e s t reng th o f at e nu r ia l b ond .

I tm igh t b e e xpec ted t h a t t h e h ono r o f D ud ley w ou ld l e nd s ome w e igh t t o t h e se o b se rva t ion s . G eog raph ica l ly , t h e h ono r i n 1 086 w a s u nu sua l ly c ompac t a nd h omogeneou s ,

T enan t s t e nded t o a c t i na cco rdance w i th t h e i r f r iend s a nd n e ighbou r s r a the r t h an a s ar e su l t o f ' f euda l b ond s ' . When G e rva se P agane l r e be l led a ga in s t H en ry I , a l though h e w a s w ide ly s uppo r ted b y h i st e nan t s , b yn o m ean s d id a l l o ft h em t u rn o u t w i th h im . I nt h e m id th i r teen th c en tu ry , d u r ing t h e

c omp r is ing s ome f i f ty m ano r sw i th in t h r ee c on t iguou ss h i r e s , w i th D ud ley i t se lf a t t h e c en t re ; t h e b a rony m i r ro r ed t h e c l a s s ic c on t inen ta l mode l o f ac a s t le ry . T h i s c ohe ren t a nd c ompac t o rgan i sa t ion g i ve s a n i mp re s s ion t h a t l e ad s o ne t o e xpec t f e uda l ly b a sed r e gu la t ion a nd o rgan i sa t ion , c l o se ly f o cu s sed o n t h e b a ron s . T heo re t ica l ly , o ne m igh t e xpec t D ud ley t oe xh ib i t ac ohe r en t a nd s t rong l o rd sh ip b a sed o n a c l o se ly l i nked l o ca lc ommun i ty o fh ono r ia lg en t ry .

B a ron s ' Wa r , R oge r I d e S ome ry w a s u nab le t o c a r ry a s i gn if i can t n umbe r o f h i s t e nan t s w i th h im b ecau se h i s p o s i t ion w a s a tv a r iance w i th t h a t a dop ted g ene ra l ly w i th in t h e l o ca l i ty . S im i la r ly , w h i l s t J ohn d e S omery c e r ta in ly h ad t h es e rv ice o fs ome o fh i st e nan t s ,t h i sw a sw i th in t h e c on tex t o f amuch mo re d i ve r se ly b a sed a f f in it y . T he r e i sl i t t le h e r e t os ugge s t t h e p r e sence o f ac l o se ly l i nked l o ca l c ommun i ty o fh ono r ia l g en t ry t h a t a u toma t ica l ly l o oked t o t h e b a ron s . D e sp i t et h e i n t im ida t ion o fi n d iv idua l l o rd sf r om t ime t ot ime -o f l o rd s l i ke R a lph I V B a s se t o f D ray ton , o r J ohn d e

O ft ho se t e nan t s n ew ly e s tab l i shed i n 1 086 , i ti sd i ff i cu l t t o d e t e rm ine t h ee x ten tt ow h ich t h e i rl a nd si nt h eh ono rf o rmed t h e f o cu s o ft h e i r i n te re s t a nd a c t iv i ty . T he r e la t ive u nde r d eve lopmen t a nd p ove r ty o f t h e a r ea i n t h e l a te e l even th c en tu ry c anno t h ave r e nde red t h e h ono r p a r t icu la r ly a t t rac t ive , e spec ia l ly f o r t ho se w ho a l so h e ld m ano r s e l sewhe r e . Wh i l s tt h e re i sa n i mp re s s ion t h a t many o ft h o se

S ome ry , t h e g en t ry o ft h e r e g ion w e re f r ee a nd i n dependen t a gen t s , mo t iva ted b y t h e i r p e r sona l a nd f am i ly n eed s . T hey o f f e r ed t h e i r s e rv ice s i na cco rdance w i th w ha t b e s t s e rved t h e i r l i ve l ihood s a nd a dvancemen t , a nd s ome c an b e s e en t o

h o ld ing f e e s i nt h e h ono rw e re p e rhap s s p ec if i ca l ly r e c ru i ted

b e q u i t e mob i le i nt h e i r p a t ter n s o fs e rv ice ( 5 ) . Ap reva i l ing c u l tu r e o ft h i s k i nd d i d n o t o f f e r much o f ab u t t re s s t o t h e i n s t i tu t ion o f t h e h ono r , a t l e a s t , n o t a s i t h a s b een t r ad i t iona l ly u nde r s tood b y h i s to r ian s . B y t h e m id th i r teen th

a nd l a rge ly d ependen t u pon i t ,n o th ing i sk nown a tt h i s d a te o fa ny l i nk st h a tt h ey m igh th ave h ad w i th o t he rl o rd s , w h ich may h ave r i va l led t h eh ono ra s af o cu sf o rt h e i ra c t iv i t ie sa nd r e la t ion sh ip s .

c en tu ry , i fn o te a r l ie r , i ti sp o s s ib le t od emon s t ra te t h a tt ho se s e ek ing t o a s se r t t h e i r l o rd sh ip , o r t o e xe r t s ome f o rm o f

Wha t eve rt h e p o s i t ion o ft h e D ome sday t e nan t s , t h o se o ft h e t we lf th , t h i r teen th a nd e a r ly f ou r teen th c en tu r ie s c l ea r ly h ad l i nk s w i th o t he r l o rd s b e s ide s t h e b a ron s o fD ud ley . T h i s i s r e f lec ted i nt h e ' C a r tae B a ronum ' i nt h e t we lf th c en tu ry ; i n t h ep l ea r o l l so ft h et h i r teen th c en tu ry ; a nd i nt h e a ff in i ty t h a t

r e g iona l p owe r , w e re d ependen t u pon t h e i n s t i tu t ion o f ' b a s ta rd f e uda l i sm ' , t o b e d ef ined i n t e rm s o f n on -hono r ia l a ff in i t ie s . I ndeed , a s S t r inge r o b se rved , b a ron s w ho s ough t r e g iona l p owe r n eeded t o r e c ru i t m en f r om b eyond t h e i r h ono r s , i n o rde r t o s uppor t t h e i r a u tho r i ty i n a r ea s w he re

f o cu s sed o n J ohn d e S ome ry d u r ing t h e e a r ly f ou r t een th c en tu ry , d raw ing a s i t d i d u pon n on -h ono r ia l g en t ry ;

t h ey l a ck ed a ny t e nu r ia lb a se ( 6 ) .

1 73

O fc ou r se , t h e a b i l i ty t oe xe r c i se a n e f f ec t ive l o rd sh ip , t ob e a n a t t ra c t ive p a t ron , d epended t o al a rge d eg ree u pon o ne s

r e a son w hy t h e b a ron ia l d eme sne r ema ined r e la t ive ly s ma l l i n t h e e l even th a nd t we lf th c en tu r ie s . T he mo s t i mpo r tan t

w ea l th a nd r e sou r ce s . D u r ing t h e e l even th a nd t we lf th

s ou r ce s o fb a ron ia l i n come w e re r e n ta l s a nd p aymen t s s uch a s t a l lage , p l ea s a nd p e rqu i s i te s , t h e i mpor tance o f w h ich w a s c onf i rmed b y a n e xpand ing p opu la t ion t ha t f r om t h e m id twe lf th c en tu ry a s sa r t ed a nd c o lon i sed l a nd s w i th in t h e h ono r . T he s e t t lemen t p a t ter n e xpanded b u t r ema ined e s sen t ia l ly d i spe r sed . Meanwh i le , t h e b a ron s w e re r e ce iv ing

c en tu r ie s t h e b a ron s o f D ud ley s e em t o h ave d r awn t h e ma jo r i ty o ft h e i r r evenue s f r om s ou r ce s o u t s ide o ft h e w e s t m id land s . T he c ho ice o ft h e P agane l s t oe s tab l i sh t h e i r f i r s t mona s t ic f ounda t ion a tT ickf o rd i nB uck ingham sh i r e , a nd t o make t h i s t h e i r p l ace o f f am i ly b u r ia l , r e inf o r ce s t h e i mp re s s ion t h a t D ud ley w a s n o tt h e i rp r inc ipa l c once rn . Y e t , n o r w a s i ti g no red . T he mo re s ub s tan t ia l mano r s h ad b een k ep t i nd eme sne s i nce t h e e l even th c en tu ry , t h e c a s t le w a s r e bu i l t , a tl e a s t p a r t ia l ly i ns t one , ap a rk w a s e s tab l i shed t o t h e n o r th -we s t o ft h e c a s t le a nd aP r io ry w a s f ounded i ni t s s hadow ,w h i l s tt h et own o fD ud ley i t s e lf m ay w e l lh ave b een d eve lop ing b ef o r e t h e e nd o f t h e t we lf th c en tu ry . A t t h i s p o in t , t h e r e s e em s l i t t le r e a son t oe xpec t t h e b a ron s t ot a ke mo re o fa n i n te re s t i nt h e w e s t m id land s . T hey h ad g r ea te r a nd mo re v a luab le e s ta te s e l sewhe re . N o r d i d D ud ley r e semb le aMa rche r l o rd sh ip i nw h ich l o rd s t e nded t oe n joy mo re e x ten s ive o ppo r tun i t ie s f o r p e r sona l p owe r . H oweve r , t h e re w a s ac hange o fa t t i tude d u r ing t h e t h i r teen th c en tu ry . A s ar e su l t o fd ow ry a r rangemen t s , a nd o fs ub inf euda t ion i n t h e s ou th m id land s , e a r ly i n t h e t h i r t een th c en tu ry t h e d e S ome ry s f ound i tn ece s sa ry t or e new t h e i r f o cu s o n D ud ley a nd t h e w e s t m id land s . D ud ley C a s t le w a s r e bu i l t a nd D ud ley P r io ry w a sr e f u rb i shed t os e rve a st h e b u r ia lp l ace o f t h e d e S ome ry s . T h i sw a st h ep e r iod o fm a s s ive e xpan s ion i n p a rk land a nd i n a s sa r t ing , a nd , a s m igh t b e e xpec t ed , t h e c omme r c ia l a nd i n du s tr ia l l i f e o ft h e h ono r a l so p rog re s sed i nt h i s p e r iod . S uch d eve lopmen t s w e r e f undamen t a l t ot h e b u i ld ing o fa n af in i ty a mong t h e g en t ry o ft h e l o ca l i ty . T he h ono r p e r s i s ted a nd t h e b a ron s d i d w ha t t h ey c ou ld t o d ef end a nd ma in ta in i t s c onven t ion s , b u t i t s l o ca l i nf luence a nd c on t ro l , e ven i n i t s s uppo sed h eyday o f t h e t we lf th c en tu ry , mu s t b e d oub ted . L o rd sh ip o ft h e h ono r g ave t h e b a ron s ar e sou rce b a se t h rough t h e i r d eme sne , a nd a' l ocu s ' w i th in t h e t r ad i t iona l f e uda l f r amewo rk o f t h e a r i s toc racy , b u t t h e r e a l i ty o f t h e i r p owe r w a s b a sed u pon p e r sona l r e la t ion sh ip s a nd t h e i r p rof i le w i th in t h e w ide r l o ca l i ty ; t h e d e S ome ry s e xe rc i sed p o l i t ica l p a t ronage , r e bu i l t t h e c a s t le , p romo ted D ud ley P r iory , a nd t h e i r h e ra ld ic d ev ice w a s

i mpor tan t c on t r ibu t ion s t ot h e i r i n come f r om i r on w o rk ing , a nd f r om t h ee xpan s ion o fp a rk land i nt h e i rd eme sne m ano r s . S uch d eve lopmen t s w e re t h e mo s t p rac t ica l u se o ft h e s o i l s a nd t o pog raphy w i th in t h eb a ron ia ld eme sne . L o rd s i n f luenced r u ra l s e t t lemen t , s ome t ime s b y p romo t ing a s sa i l ing a nd f a c i l i ta t ing n ew s e t t lemen t s , wh i l s t o n o the r o cca s ion s t h e i rp a rk s f o r ced l o ca l c ommun i t ies t of i nd s pace e l sewhe re f o r d eve lopmen t . A mo re d i r ec t c on t r ibu t ion t o s e t t lemen t p a t ter n s a nd r u ra l l a nd scape s c ame whe re moa ted s i te s , o r amona s t ic h ou se ,w e re e s tab l i shed . H oweve r , n o t e ve ryone w ho e xe rc i sed l o rd sh ip h ad t h e c apac i ty t o i n f luence t h e l a nd scape . No t u nexpec ted ly , t h e b a ron ia l f am i ly i t se lf a lway s d om ina ted t h e s c ene , f o l lowed b y t h e o t he r l e ad ing f am i l ie s o f t h e h ono r , t h e d e B i rm ingham s , t h e O f f in i s , a nd t o al e s se r e x ten t , t h e d e F rank ley s . I nt h i s s en se w e a r e o b serv ing t h e d om inance a nd i nf luence o f as e lec t g roup o ff am i l ie s . T h is w a s ar e f lec t ion o f t h e i r r e sou rce s -t h e a b i l i ty t o a f f o rd s uch i n te re s t s a nd p romo te s uch a sp i ra t ion s . T he re w a s o ppo r tun i ty t or e f lec t s t a tu s i nt h e l a nd scape , t h e g r ea t es t

p o ten t ia l

b e ing

o f f e red

t h rough

t h e

b u i l t

e nv i ronmen t a nd t h e c hu r ch , w h i l s t f o r amo re s e lec t g roup , t h e p o s se s s ion o fp a rk land w a s a n e xpen s ive a nd e xc lu s ive p r iv i lege . Moa ted s i t e s r e f lec t ed t h e n eed s a nd s t a tu s o f s e igneu r ia l s oc ie ty , a sl o rd s a cqu i red l a nd b y g ran t , p u rcha se o r c o lon i sa t ion . A rguab ly , moa ted s i te s may b e s e en t o i lu s t ra te ag row ing a s ser t ivene s s a nd s en se o fi mpor tance i n t h e g en t ry o ft h e h ono r . R a the r f ewe r m igh t a l so i n f luence t h e b u i ld ing o ft h e l o ca l c hu rch , l i ke t h e B u shbu ry f am i ly , w ho l i ved i n amoa ted r e s idence a nd d om ina ted t h e i r l o ca l c hu rch , w he re t h ey h e ld r i gh t s o f a dvow son , a nd whe r e m embe r s o ft h e i r f am i ly w e re b ur ied , a nd whe re i mage s o f

d i sp layed i nt h e c hu r ch w indow s o ft h e r e g ion . B y t h e e a r ly f ou r teen th c en tu ry , J ohn d e S ome ry ' s e f f ec t ive l o rd sh ip

t h e f am i ly w e r e d i sp layed . L oca l s oc ie ty w a s c ompe t i t ive

a c ro s s t h e r eg ion w a s a s se r t ive a nd i n t im ida to ry i n s t y le , s uppor t ed b yh i s w ea l th , h i s a ff in i ty , h i s d om ina t ion o fl o ca l

a nd t h e g en t ry w e re k een t o s e cu re t h e i r p o s i t ion w i th in i t . S ome c ho se t oc onvey as en se o ft h e i r s ucce s s t h rough t h e i r r e s idence s , a nd b yt h e i ru se o ft h e l o ca l c hu rch a s as t age o n w h ich t h ey m igh tp romo te t h e i rf am i ly . O fc ou r se ,t h e g en t ry w e r e n o t an ew p henomenon i nl o ca l s oc ie ty , b u t t h e i r s en se o f i d en t i ty a nd t h e i r e xpec ta t ion s h ad i n c rea sed , a nd t h e f o rm s b y w h ich t h ey m igh t ma te r ia l ly e mpha s i se t h e i r s oc ia l p o s i t ion w e re b ecom ing mo re r e ad i ly a va i lab le f r om t h e m id th i r teen th c en tu ry . I ti st h e p e r iod b e tween t h e m id t h i r teen th a nd t h e m id -f ou r teen th c en tu r ies t ha t P e t e r C o s s

c our t s -a no the rc ha ra c te r i s t ic o f' b a s ta rd f e uda l i sm ' -a nd t h e f am i ly i mage . H ow d i d l o rd sh ip i n f luence t h e l a nd scape? I n t h i s s t udy , ' l and scape ' i su nde r s tood t oi n c lude l a nd u se , s e t t lemen t a nd t h e ' b u i l t e nv i ronmen t ' . I nt h e h ono ro fD ud ley l o rd sh ip may b e s e en i nf luenc ing t h e l a nd scape , b u t i tg ene ra l ly w o rked a s a n i n f luen t ia l f a c to rr a the r t h an a s ad e te rm inan t f a c to r . T he n a tu ra l a nd e nv i ronmen ta l f r amewo rk a f f ec ted t h e c apa c i ty o f l o rd s t oa c t , a nd t h e c ho ice s t h a t t h ey m igh t m ake . T he h ono r l a y w i th in a w ood land l a nd scape t h a t w a s c ha rac te r i sed b y p oo r s o i l s a nd a d i spe r sed s e t t lemen t p a t te rn . T he re w a s l i t t le a bou tt h em ake -up o ft h e r e g ion t h a t e ncou raged a r ab le c u l t iva t ion a nd t h i s w a s p e rhap s o ne

h a s i d en t if i ed w i th t h e f o rma t ion o ft h e E ng l i sh g en t ry ( 7 ) . A ppa ren t p eak s o f a c t iv i ty i n t h e l a nd scape c an b e r e cogn i sed i nt h e t we lf th c en tu ry , w hen t h e d e B i rm ingham s a nd t h e O f f in i s w e r e r i s ing i n i mpo r tance , a nd i n t h e t h i r teen th a nd f ou r teen th c en tu r ie s , t h e t ime w hen t h e k n igh t ly f am i l ie s w e r e a s se r t ing t h emse lve s , a nd t h e d e

1 74

S ome ry s w e r e ' c oun t ry ' .

u nde r l in ing

t h e i r

a s soc ia t ion

w i th

t h e i r

C a s t le s , m ona s t ic f ounda t ion s , c ha se s a nd p a rk land w e r e w e l l b eyond t h e r em i t o f mo s t l o rd s , a nd o n ly l o rd s o f b a ron ia l s t a tu s r e ad i ly e ncompa s sed a l o ft h e se . B o rough s c on t r ibu t ed t o t h e r e venue s o f l o rd s a nd a dded t o t h e i r p r e s t ige , b u t t h e se t o o w e re r e s t r ic ted i n t h e i r d i s t r ibu t ion w i th in t h e a r i s toc racy . C omb ina t ion s o f r e s idence , c hu rch ( mona s t ic a nd /o r s e cu la r ) , p a rk land a nd p e rhap s ab o rough o ccu r i nt h e h ono r o fD ud ley o n ly i nD ud ley , B i rm ingham a nd We s t B romw ich -i ns hor t , i na s soc ia t ion w i th o n ly t h e mo s tp rom inen tf am i l ie so ft h eh ono r . T h rough w e l l d ef ined f e a tu re s , f am i l ie s c ou ld p ro jec t t h e i r v i ew o f t h e i r p o s i t ion i n l o ca l s o c ie ty , p rov id ing a f u r the r d imen s ion t ot h e ' l o rd ' s c oun t ry ' a s d ef ined b y C h r i s G iven W i l son ( 8 ) . B u t r e cogn i t ion o f s uch mo t ive s s hou ld b e t empe red b y a n a pp rec ia t ion o ft h e e nv i ronmen ta l a nd s oc ia l f r amewo rk s w i th in w h ich l o rd sh ip o pe ra ted . S im i la r ly , t h e r e w e re d r ive s w i th in s oc ie ty t h a t l o rd sh ip m igh t e xp lo i t , s uch a s c omme r c ia l i sa t ion , a nd t h e e xpan s ion o fp opu la t ion a nd s e t t lemen t ,b u tw h ich i tc ou ld n o td i r ec t ly c on t ro l . A n

e xam ina t ion

o f

b o th

t h e

d ocumen ta ry

a nd

t h e

a r cha eo log ica l i n f o rma t ion h a s m ade i tp o s s ib le t o f o l low a d eve lop ing w e s t m id land l a nd scape b e tween t h e e l even th a nd t h e f o u r teen th c en tu r ie s . T he a r i s toc ra t ic c ommun i ty t h a t l i ved w i th in t h i s l a nd scape h a s b een s e en t o b e a mb i t iou s , c ompe t i t ive a nd g ene ra l ly i n dependen t , w i th t h e s t a tu r e o f g en t ry s o c ie ty b ecom ing i n c rea s ing ly e v iden t b y t h e m id t h i r teen th c en tu ry . W i th in t h i s c on tex t , t h e b a ron s o fD ud ley s ough t t o m a in ta in a nd p romo te t h e i r l o rd sh ip , a nd t o d eve lop t h e i r r eg iona l p owe r . T h rough t h e d e S ome ry s , b e tween c . 1220 a nd 1 322 , i th a s b een p o s s ib le t ot r a ce t h e s t ep s -p o l i t ica l , s oc ia la nd e conom ic -t h a t ar e la t ive ly m ino r b a ron ia l f am i ly n eeded t ot a ke w i th in t h e r e g ion , i no rde rt o a ch iev e s u ch a mb i t ion s , J ohn d e S ome ry r e p re sen t ing t h e c u lm ina t ion o ft h e se e f f o r t s .

1 75

NOTES : 1 .C h ibna l l ,A ng lo -Norman E ng land , 2 . 2 . I b id . ; S t en ton , T he F i r s t C en tury o fE ng l i sh F euda l i sm , 5 6 . 3 .C os s ,L ord sh ip ,Kn igh thood a nd L oca l i ty , 2 -5 . 4 . Mor t ime r , 'Land a nd S erv ice ' , 1 95 -6 . 5 . Hun t , ' F am i l ies a t Wa r ' , 1 7 . 6 . K .J .S t r inger ,

E ar l Dav id o f Hun t ingdon ,

152 -1219

( Ed inbu rgh , 1 985) , 1 63 . 7 .P .R .Co ss , ' T he F orma t ion o ft h e E ng l ish G en t ry ' , P a s ta nd P re sen t , 1 47 , ( May , 1 995) , 5 1 . 8 .C .G iven -W i lson , T he E ng l i sh N ob i l i ty i nt h e L a te M idd le A ge s , ( London , 1 987 ) ,160 -79 .

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APPEND IX . THE WILL OF G ILBERT , SON OF JOHN OF P ENN . D a ted ,2 8 th .Sep tembe r , 1 260 . B equea th s h i s s ou l t o G od a nd h i s b ody f o r b u r ia l i nt h e c hu rch o fP enn . H i sb e s to xt oh i s l o rd ; a no the rb e s to xt ot h e c hu rch . T ot h ed augh te ro fR oge rB of f r i , ab l ack c a lf T o t h e l o rd Wa l te r d e O ve r ton , f o r l a nd w h ich h e h e ld o f h im , o ne w e the r( ' mu l tonem ' ) . T ot h ed augh te ro fW i l l iam Wa r ing , o ne e we . T o l i gh t o f B le s sed J ohn o f P enn a nd t o l i gh t s o f B le s sed Ma ry i nt h es a id c hu r ch , o ne e we o fo ne y ea ro l d . T ot h eb e l l s( o rb e lf ry ; ' c loche r io ' )o fP enn o ne m a le c o l t . T oh i sw if e ,t h eh a lf o fa l lh i sg ood s . T he o the r h a lf o fh i s g ood s t oh i s s on a nd t ot h e s on o fh i s d augh te r . T ot h es a id s on a nd b oy ,t h eo t he rh a lf o fh i ss heep . T oh i sw if e , o ne ma re . T oh i ss on t h eo t he r ma re . T h ree q ua r te r s o fr ye i na lm s t ot h e p oo r o n t h e d ay o fh i s b u r ia la nd mo re i fn ece s sa ry . T ot h ec hap la in o fP enn o ne m ea su re o fc o rn a nd 2s h i l l ing s .

O ft h er e s to ft h ec o rn , o ne h a lf t oh i sw if e a nd t h e o t he rh a lf t oh i ss on a nd t h i sd augh te r ' sb oy . T o h i s d augh te r as ma l l q ua r te r o f o a t s a nd 3 e l l s o f wh i te c l o th . T ot h ed augh te ro f Wa l te rF abe r as ma l lq ua r te ro fo a t s . T ot h ed augh t e rS ue temon 4m ea su r e so fo a t s . T o Wa l te rs on o fJ ohn , 2e l l so fc l o th ' d e l e v ip r ec io ' . T oW i l l iam s on o fJ ohn , 2e l l so ft h es ame c l o th . T oN .d e P enn o ne o l dt u n ic . T oh i ss on ' p anno sf e s t iva le s ' ( h i sb e s tc l o the s? ) . T ot h e mo the rc hu r ch o fL ichf i e ld ,4 d . T ot h ec hu r ch o fS edg ley ,4 d . T ot h ef a b r ic o ft h e c hu r ch o f Wombou rne ,4 d . T ot h ef a b r ic o ft h ec hu r ch o fH am ton (Wo lve rhamp ton ) ,4 d . T ot h ef a b r ic o ft h eB le s sed Ma ry o f Wo r ce s te r ,4 d . T ot h el i gh t so fS t .John o fP enn ,4 d . T ot h eg r ea tl i gh to ft h es a id c hu rch ,4 d . T ot h ea bbey o fK owmbe s( Combe , Wa rw ick sh i re ) , 1 2d . T oh i sw if ea nd s on t h er ema inde rf o rc ommon u se .

T ot h es on o fA gne sd eS tonha l ,o ne m ea su re o fr y e . E xecu to r s : W i l l iam d e L onghoe a nd J ohn s on o ft h e s a id ? Ma r t in . F rom a t r an s la t ion i n S t af f o rd sh i re C oun ty R eco rd O ff i ce . S RO . 9 38 / 168 .

1 77

B IBL IOGRAPHY . PR I MARY SOURCES . Manu scr ip t s :

C a lenda ro fF ine R o l l s , 1 307 -1327 ( London , 1 912 ) . C a lenda ro fI nqu i s i t ion sM i sce l laneou s , I( London , 1 9 16 ) .

B od le ian L ib ra ry :

C a lenda ro fI nqu i s i t ion sp o s tm or tem , I -V I( London , 1 906 1912 ) . C a lendar o fL ibe ra te R o l l s ,1245 -1260 ( London ,! 9 37 -1959 ) . C a lenda ro fP a ten tR o l l s , 1 225 -1334 ( London , 1 893 -1910 ) . C hapman ,J . B .W . , Ma ske lyne ,A .S . , H ead lam , H .E , ( ed s ) . , D e sc r ip t ive C a ta logue o fA nc ien t Deed s i nt h e P ub l ic R ecord Of f i ce ,V I( London , 1 915 ) . C h ibna l l , M . ( e d ) . , T he E cc le s ia t i ca lH i s tory o fO rd e r ic

B rook sby C a r tu la ry ,m s . Wood e mp t .7 f o .97 r . B r i t i sh L ib ra ry : R eg i s te ro fE v idence s o ft h e Mona s te r ty o fN ewpo r t P agane l li nt h eC oun ty o f B uck ingham sh i re . BM .Ha r l . MS .2188 f . 125a ,125b . P ub l ic R eco rd O ff i ce : 1 273 I nqu i s i t ion p o s t mor tem , B o rde s ley , Wa rw ick sh i r e . C 113 /2 /6 . 1 322 I nqu i s i t ion p o s t mo r tem ,B o rde s ley , Wa rw ick sh ir e . C 134 /77 /3 . S t af f o rd sh i r eC oun ty R eco rd O ff i ce : T i t le D eed s , U ppe rP enn ,L owe rP enn , R ow ley R eg i s , S edg ley . D 593 . T i t le D eed s , E s s ing ton , B u shbu ry , Mo se ley .D 1790 . W i l lo fG i lber t , s on o fJ ohn o fP enn . 9 38 / 168 .

V i ta / i s( 6V o lume s )( Oxf o rd , 1 968 ) . C onway D av ie s ,J .( ed ) . , T he C a r tae A n t iquae R o l l s 1-20 . ( P ipe R o l l S oc ie ty ,N ew S e r ie s , XXX I I ' , L ondon , 1 960 ) . C ronne , H .A . &D av i s , R .H .C . ( ed s ) . ,R ege s ta R egum A ng lo -Normanno rum , I I , 135 -1154 ( Oxf o rd , 1 968 ) . D a r l ing ton , R .R . ( ed ) . , T he C a r tu la ry o fW orce s te r C a thed ra lP r iory , R eg i s te r I( London , 1 968 ) . D av i s ,H .W .C . ( e d ) . ,R eg e s ta R egum A ng lo -Normannorum , I ,1 066 -1100 ( Oxf o rd , 1 913 ) . D epu ty K eepe ro ft h eR eco rd se ta l . (ed s ) . ,D e sc r ip t ive C a ta logue o fA nc ien tD eed si nt h eP ub l ic R ecord Of f i ce ,I I( London , 1 900 ) .

Map s : L ichf i e ld J o in tR eco rd O ff ice : AP l an o ft h eP a r i sh o fS edg ley b yW i l l iam F ow le r , 1 843 . B /A / 15 . B i rm ingham R ef e rence L ib ra ry : We s tB romw ich E s ta te Map , 1 801 . R ob in sB ox N o .3 . O rdnance S u rvey : F i r s tE d i t ion , O ne I n ch O rdnance S urvey S hee t ,

D oug la s , D .0 & G reenaway , G .W . ( ed s ) . ,E ng l i sh H i s tor ica l D ocumen t s , I , 1 042 - 189 ( Oxf o rd , 1 981) . D ugda le , W . , T he A n t iqu i t ie so f Warw ick sh ire ( London , 1 656 ) . D ugda le , W . , Mona s t icon A ng l icanum ( 6V o lume si n8 ) ( London , 1 849 ) . E kwa l l ,E . , T he C onc i se O xf o rd D ic t iona ry o fE ng l i sh P lace N ame s( Oxf o rd , 1 974 ) . E ld , F . J . ( e d ) . , T axa t ion R o l lf or t h eC oun ty o fW orce s t er , 1 E dwa rd I I (Wo rce s te r sh i re H i s to r ica l S oc ie ty ,

L i chf ie ld a nd B i rm ingham ,r e p r in ted a sS hee t4 2 , D av id a nd C ha r le s e d i t ion , 1 970 .

O xf o rd , 1 895 ) . E vans ,D .S . , A Med ieva lP r ince o f Wa le s : T he L if eo f G ruf f udd a p C ynan ( Lampe t e r , 1 990 ) . E y ton , R .W . ( e d ) . ,S taf f o rd sh i re P ipe R o l lo f3 1 H en ry I( AD

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130 ) a nd o f 1t o3 5H enry I ( AD 155 -1189 ) Amph le t t , J( e d ) . , AS ur vey o fW orce s te r sh i re b y T homa s

( SHC , I ,1 880 ) . E y ton , R .W . ( e d ) . ,S taf f o rd sh i re P ipe R o l l so ft h er e ign so f K ing R icha rd Ia nd K ing J ohn , AD 189 t o AD 1 218 ( SHC , I , 1 881) . E y ton ,R .W . ( e d ) . , T he S taf f o rd sh i re C ha r tu la iy , S e r ie s Io f A nc i en tD eed s( SHC , I , 1 881) . F o r e s te r , T .( e d ) . , T he C h ron ic le o fF lorence o fW orce s te r w i th t h et wo c on t inua t ion s( London , 1 854 ) .

H ab ing ton ( 2V o lume s ) . (Wo r ce s te r sh i r eH i s to r ica l S oc ie ty , O xf o rd , 1 895 ) . A non . ( e d ) . , T he G rea tR o l lo ft h eP ipe f or t h eF if t een th Y ea ro ft h eR e ign o fK ing H en ry I . ( P ipe R o l l S oc ie ty ,X I I I , L ondon , 1 890 ) . A non . ( e d ) . , T he G rea tR o l lo ft h eP ipe f or t h e T w en ty F i r s t Y ea ro ft h eR e ign o fK ing H en ry t h eS econd , AD 174 -1175 ( P ipe R o l l S oc ie ty , XX I I , L ondon , 1 897 ) . A non . ( e d ) . ,F ina lC oncord s . E dwa rd Ia nd E dwa rd I ( SHC ,N ew S e r ie s ,X IV , 1 9 11) .

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A non . ( e d ) . ,I nqu i s i t ion sp o s tm or tem , e t c . , 1 327 -66 . ( SHC , N ew S e r ie s , 1 9 13 ) . C a lenda ro fC ha r ter R o l l s , 1 226 -1326 ( London , 1 903 1 908 ) . C a l enda ro fC lo se R o l l s , 1 227 -1323 ( London , 1 895 1938 ) .

H a l l , H . ( e d ) . , T he R ed B ook o ft h eE xcheque r , I I I( London , 1 896 ) . H a rwood , T .A . ,S urvey o fS taf f ord sh i re c on ta in ing t h e A n t iqu i t ie s o ft h a tC oun ty b yS ampson E rd e sw ick ( London , 1 844 ) .

p o s se s s ion o fL o rd Ha the r ton ( SHC , 1 931) . G reenway , D .E . ( e d ) . , C ha r te r s o ft h e Honour o f Mowbray , 107 -1191 ( London , 1 972 ) .

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R ope r , J . S . , R ecord so fD ud l ey , C oun ty W o rce s te r( 3 V o lume s ) . n .d . (W i l l iam S a l tL ib ra ry , S t af f o rd ; PN .4246 D L TD / 11) . R ound ,J .H . ( e d ) . , C a lenda ro fD ocumen t sP re ser ved i n F rance , I ,9 18 -1206 ( London , 1 899 ) . R ound , J .H . ( e d ) . , T he G rea tR o l lo ft h eP ipe f or t h e T wen ty -

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1 993 A nn ive r sa ry S ympo s ium ( S tamf o rd , 1 994 ) . D epa r tmen to ft h eE nv i ronmen t ,P lann ing P o l icy G u idance : A rchaeo logy a nd P lann ing ( PPG 1 6 ) ( London , N ovembe r 1 990 ) . D oug la s , D .C . , W i l l iam t h eC onque ror ( London , 1 964 ) . D uby ,G . ,R ura lE conomy a nd C oun t ry L if ei nt h e Med ieva l W e s t( Pa r i s , 1 968 ) . D uby , G . ,F rance i nt h eM idd le A g e s , 9 87 -1460 ( Oxf o rd , 1 991) . D ye r , C . , ' P owe ra nd C on f l ic ti nt h e Med ieva lV i l lage ' , i n H ooke , D . ( e d ) , Med ieva l V i l lag e s , Ar ev iew o f C ur ren t Wo rk ( Oxf o rd ,1985 ) . D ye r , C . ,' Documen ta ry E v idence : P rob lem sa nd E nqu i r ie s ' , i nA s t i l l , G .& G ran t , A . ( e d s ) , T he C oun t ry s id eo f Med ieva lE ng land ( Oxf o rd , 1 988 ) .

A rchaeo logy o f aMed ieva lC a s t le (Wakef i e ld , 1 991) . C an to r , L .( ed ) . , T he E ng l i sh Med ieva lL and scape ( London , 1 982 ) . C an to r , L . , ' F o re s t s ,C ha se s ,P a rk sa nd Wa r ren s ' , i nC an to r , L .( ed ) , T he E ng l i sh Med ie va lL and scape ( London , 1 982 ) . C a thca r tK ing ,D .J . , C a s t e l la r ium A ng l i canum , I( New

D ye r , C . , ' T he C on sump t ion o fF re shwa te rF i sh i n Med ieva l E ng land ' , i nA s ton , M . ( e d ) , Med ieva lF i sh , F i sher ie sa nd F i shpond s i nE ng land ( Oxf o rd , 1 988 ) .

Y o rk , 1 983 ) . C hape lo t ,J .& F o s s ie r ,R . , T he V i l lag ea nd H ou se i nt h e M idd l eA ge s( London , 1 985 ) . C he r ry , J . ,' He ra ld ry a sD eco ra t ion i nt h eT h i r teen th C en tu ry ' , i nO rm rod , W .M . ( e d ) ,E ng land i nt h e T h i r teen th C en tu ry ( S tamf o rd , 1 991) . C h ibna l l ,A .C . ,B eyond S he r ing ton . T he e a r ly h i s tory o ft h e r eg ion o fB uck ingham sh i re l y ing t ot h en o r th -ea s t o fN ewpor tP agne l l( Ch iche s t e r , 1 979 ) . C h ibna l l ,M . ,A ng lo -No rman E ng land ,1066 -1166 ( Oxf o rd ,

D ye r , C . ,S tanda rd so fL iv ing i nt h eL a te rM idd le A ge s . S oc ia lC hang ei nE ng land c . 1200 -1520 ( Camb r idge , 1 989 ) . D ye r , C . , Hanbu ry : S e t t lemen ta nd S oc ie ty i n aW ood land L and scape ( Le ice s te r , 1 991) . D ye r , C . , ' T axa t ion a nd c ommun i t ie s i nl a te Med ieva l E ng land ' , i nB r i tne l lR .&H a tche r , J .( ed s ) . , P rog re s sa nd p rob lem s i nm ed ie va lE ng land ( Camb r idge , 1 996 ) .

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H ooke , D . ( e d ) . , Med ie va l V i l lag e s , Ar e v iew o fC ur ren t W o rk ( Oxf o rd , 1 985 ) . H ooke , D . &S l a te r , T .R . ,A ng lo -Saxon W o lve rhamp ton . T he T own a nd i t s Mona s te ry (Wo lve rhamp ton , 1 986 ) . H un t , J . ,' P ie ty , P re s t ige o rP o l i t ic s? T he H ou se o fL eof r ic a nd t h eF ounda t ion a nd P a t ronage o fC oven t ry

A rm sa nd P ed ig ree s( London , 1 902 ,r e p r . 1 989 ) . G e l l ing ,M . ,P lace -name s i nt h eL and scape ( London , 1 984 )• G em , R . ,' T he E ng l i sh P a r i sh C hu r ch i nt h e 1 th a nd E a r ly 1 2 th C en tu r ie s : aG rea tR ebu i ld ing? ' , i nB la i r , J . (ed ) ,M in s ter sa nd P a r i sh C hurche s ( Oxf o rd ,1988 . G i l l , C . ,H i s to ry o fB i rm ingham , I ,Manor a nd B o rough t o 1 865 ( Oxf o rd , 1 952 ) . G iven -W i l son ,C . , T he E ng l i sh N ob i l i ty i nt h eL a te M idd l e A ge s( London , 1 987 ) . G o ld ing ,B . , ' Bu r ia l sa nd B enef ac t ion s . A nA spec to f

P r io ry ' , i nD em idow icz , G . (ed ) , C oven t ry ' sF i r s t C a thed ra l( S tamf o rd , 1 994 ) . J a cob , E .F . ,S tud ie s i nt h eP e r iod o fB a ron ia lR ef o rm a nd R ebe l l ion , 1 258 -1267 ( Oxf o rd , 1 925 ) . K eef e , T .K . ,F euda lA s se s smen t sa nd t h eP o l i t ica l C ommun i ty u nd e rH enry I a nd H i sS on s( Lo s A nge le s , 1 983 ) . K ing , E . ,E ng land , 175 -1425 ( London , 1 979 ) . K ing , E . , ' L a rge a nd s ma l l l a ndowne r s i nt h i r t een th c en tu ry E ng land : T he c a se o fP e te rbo rough a bbey ' , i n A s ton , T .H . ( e d ) ,L and lo rd s , P ea san t sa nd P o l i t ic s ( Camb r idge ,1987 ) .

Mona s t ic P a t ronage i nT h i r teen th C en tu ry E ng land ' , i nO rm rod , W .M . (ed ) ,E ng land i nt h e T h i r teen th C en tury ( S tamf o rd ,1991) . G ou ld , J . , Men o fA ld r idge ( G louce s te r , 1 957 ) . G raham . R . , T he H i s to ry o ft h ea l ien p r ior yo fW en lock ( London , 1 965 ) G r een , J .A . , T he G overnmen to fE ng land u nd e rH enr yI ( Camb r idge , 1 986 ) . G reene ,P . ,N o r ton P r io ry : T he A rchaeo logy o f aMed ieva l R e l ig iou sH ou se ( Camb r idge , 1 989 ) . H a l lam ,H .E . ,R ura lE ng land 1 066 -1348 ( G la sgow , 1 981) .

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1 945 ( London , 1 986 ) . Madd ico t t , J .R . , T homa so fL anca s te r 1 307 -1322 . AS tud yi n t h eR e ign o fE dwa rd I ( Oxf o rd , 1 970 ) .

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e nd o ft h e T h i r teen th C en tu ry ( Camb r idge , 1 983 ) . H i l ton , R .H . ,E ng l i sh a nd F rench T own s i nF euda lS oc ie ty ( Camb r idge , 1 992 ) . H odde r ,M . ,S andwe l l V a l ley A rchaeo log ica lP ro jec t ,

Ma r sden , A .P . , Ha l e sow en A bbey . A nH i s tor ica la nd A rchaeo log ica lA s se s smen t . Ar epor tp roducedf or D ud ley Me t ropo l i tan B o rough b yB i rm ingham U n ive r s i ty F ie ld A rchaeo logy U n i t( B i rm ingham ,

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