Lithic Analysis of Acheulean Assemblages from the Avivim Sites, Israel 9780860547105, 9781407348599

Table of contents :
Cover Page
Copyright
Acknowledgments
List of Tables
List of Figures
List of Plates
Introduction
The Setting of the Sites
Collecting Strategy
Framework of Analysis
Sample Sizes and Densities
Primary Artifact Categories
Secondary Artifact Categories
Typology of Shaped Tools
Qualitative Attributes of Shaped Tools
Quantitative Attributes of Shaped Tools
Miscellaneous Trimmed Artifacts
Typology of Cores
Core Properties and Dimensions
Qualitative Attributes of Core Scars
Quantitative Attributes of Core Scars
Qualitative Attributes of Debitage Flakes
Quantitative Attributes of Debitage Flakes
Debitage: Exhausted Cores
Summary of Results
Synthesis of Results
Attempts at Interpretation
Conclusions
References Cited

Citation preview

Lithic Analysis of Acheulean Assemblages from the Avivim Sites, Israel

Milla Y. 0 hel

BAR International Series 5 62

1990

B.A.R. 5, Centremead, Osney Mead, Oxford OX2 ODQ, England.

GENERAL EDITORS A.R. Hands, B.Sc., M.A., D.Phil. D.R. Walker, M.A.

BAR -�62, 1990: 'Lithic Analysis of Acheulean Assemblages from the Avivim Sites, Israel'

@ Xi lla Y. Ohel, 1990 The author’s moral rights under the 1988 UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act are hereby expressly asserted. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be copied, reproduced, stored, sold, distributed, scanned, saved in any form of digital format or transmitted in any form digitally, without the written permission of the Publisher. ISBN 9780860547105 paperback ISBN 9781407348599 e-book DOI https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860547105 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library This book is available at www.barpublishing.com

T able o f C ontents

P age A cknowledgments L ist o f Tables

i i

L ist o f F igures

i v

L ist o f P lates

v i

I ntroduction

1

T he S etting o f t he S ites

5

C ollecting S trategy

8

F ramework o f Analysis

1 3

S ample

1 7

S izes

a nd D ensities

P rimary A rtifact C ategories

1 8

S econdary A rtifact C ategories

2 6

T ypology o f S haped T ools

3 2

Q ualitative Attributes

3 7

Quantitative A ttributes

o f S haped T ools o f S haped T ools

4 6

M iscellaneous T rimmed A rtifacts

5 3

T ypology o f C ores

6 1

C ore

6 6

P roperties a nd D imensions

Qualitative Attributes Quantitative A ttributes Q ualitative Attributes Q uantitative A ttributes D ebitage:

o f C ore S cars o f C ore S cars o f D ebitage F lakes o f D ebitage F lakes

E xhausted C ores

7 4 8 1 8 6 9 4 9 8

S ummary o f R esults

1 13

S ynthesis o f R esults

1 21

A ttempts

1 25

a t I nterpretation

C onclusions R eferences

1 43 C ited

1 50

A cknowledgments

T he r esearch o f which t his s tudy i s a p art i s s upported by t he N ational G eographic S ociety ( no. 2 120-79), t he Wenner-Gren F oundation f or Anthropological R esearch t o my f ield A ssistant, S .

Warner

who

f ormed

( no.

B ruder,

t he

s urvey

B aram a nd Y iron ,

a nd

a nd h elp.

g rateful

I a m

4 027),

G .

t o

t he t o

F ield

a nd t he H echt F und .

a nd

t o

t eam . S chool

" Plasto-fill"

d onation o f p lastic bags.

1

B .

I a m i ndebted

F eatherston ,

T hanks

a re

o f M t.

M iron

o f K ibbutz

d ue

K .

P ape,

t o

K ibbutzim

a nd

f or h ospitality H azorea

f or

t he

T ables T able

1 .

G eneral

s cheme

o f

c ategorization

a nd

p rocedure

f or

l ithic

a nalysis o f t he Avivim a ssemblages. T able 2 .

A rtifacts b y p rimary c ategories

T able

Ratios o f s ome p rimary a rtifact c ategories.

3 .

T able 4 .

A rtifacts

b y

s econdary

( see t ext f or l etter c odes).

c ategories

( see

t ext

f or

l etter

c odes). T able 5 .

T ype f orms o f s haped t ools

T able 6 .

M eans

( x),

s tandards

( see t ext f or l etter c odes).

o f d eviation

( SD),

a nd

c oefficients

o f

variation ( CV) f or q uantitative variables o f s haped t ools. L t o B T i n mm ; MA t o E R/cs i n d egrees; R E a nd S — n umber o f r etouched

e dges

a nd

s cars,

r espectively.

( See

t ext

f or

c oding). T able 7 .

R esults o f n onparametric s tatistical t ests q ualitative v ariables o f m iscellaneous t rimmed

f or s ome a rtifacts.

( See t ext f or l etter c odes). T able

8 .

M eans

( x),

variation

s tandards ( CV)

f or

o f d eviation

q uantitative

t rimmed a rtifacts. L t o B T i n g r; S — number o f s cars.

( SD),

a nd

variables

c oefficients o f

i n mm ; MA t o F A i n d egrees; ( See t ext f or c oding).

T able 9 .

T ype f orms o f c ores

T able

M eans ( x), s tandards o f d eviation ( SD), a nd c oefficients variation ( CV) f or q uantitative variables o f c ores. L ,

1 0.

a nd T i n mm ;

W t

o f

m iscellaneous W t

( see t ext f or c oding).

i n g r;

S — number

o f

s cars.

( See

t ext

o f B , f or

c oding). T able 1 1.

M eans

( x),

v ariation B ,

s tandards ( CV)

o f

d eviation

( SD),

a nd

c oefficients

f or q uantitative variables o f c ore

a nd B L i n m m;

MA ,

P IA ,

a nd F A

i n d egrees.

s cars.

( See

t ext

o f L , f or

c oding) T able 1 2.

M eans

( x),

variation f lakes.

s tandards ( CV)

L t o

B T

n umber o f s cars. T able

1 3.

T ype

f orms

f or

o f

o f d eviation

( SD),

quantitative

i n mm;

MA

t o

F A

a nd

c oefficients

variables

i n d egrees;

of W t

o f

d ebitage

i n

g r;

S —

( See t ext f or c oding). d ebitage:

e xhausted

c ores

( see

t ext

f or

c oding). T able 1 4.

M eans

( x),

variation

s tandards ( CV)

e xhausted c ores

f or

o f d eviation quantitative

( SD),

( for a dditional d etails,

11

a nd

c oefficients

variables

of

o f

d ebitage

s ee T able 1 0).

T able 1 5.

R esults

o f

v ariables

n onparametric o f

s cars

o f

s tatistical

d ebitage

t ests

e xhausted

f or

q ualitative

c ores.

( See

t ext

f or l etter c odes). T able

1 6.

M eans

( x),

variation

s tandards

o f d eviation

( CV)

quantitative

f or

d ebitage e xhausted c ores

( SD),

a nd

( for m ore d etails,

111

c oefficients

variables

of

s cars

s ee T able 1 1).

o f o f

F igures F ig.

1 .

L ocation m ap:

T he D ishon B asin ,

Avivim

i s

s lope

b etween Avivim F ig . F ig.

2 .

3 .

S ection

A

N ahalit

( A43)

A 43

a nd N .

i n

e astern U pper G alilee.

t he

Aviv .

n orthern

( After

p art

B rosh

o f

a nd

T he

t he

O hel

m ap

1 981:

1 )

t ext. F ig.

s ituated

( Avivim)

o f

a nd Mul

t he

s urvey.

H a 'amud

N ote

( A63)

F or

( After O hel a nd B ruder 1 980:

w ith

s uperimposed

s quare

F ig .

g rid

a nd

t he

t wo

m ore

s ites:

d etails,

s ee

3 .) d ensities.

S haded

s quares w ere c ollected . F ig.

4 .

A 63

w ith

t he

B ig X f or

r andom

s ampling .

C ollected

s quares

a re d arkened . F ig.

5 .

T riangle d iagram t o e mphasize t he overall, g eneral s imilarity o f t he a ssemblages a s r epresented by p ercentages o f p rimary a nd s econdary a rtifact c ategories: s quare,

F ig.

6 .

A 63.

( See

C umulative g raphs

c ircle,

A 43:

t ext f or l etter c odes.) f or a rtifacts b y p rimary c ategories.

( See

t ext f or l etter c odes.) F ig.

7 .

C umulative

g raphs

f or

a rtifacts

by

s econdary

c ategories.

( See t ext f or l etter c odes.) F ig .

8 .

C umulative g raphs f or a rtifacts by s econdary c ategories; S T; B . D . ( See t ext f or l etter c odes.)

F ig.

9 .

P atterns o f p latform r emnant c ontour.

F ig.

1 0.

a .

P olygons r epresenting q ualitative a ttributes o f s haped t ools by

p ercentages.

N umbers

s how

r aw

f requencies.

( See

t ext

f or l etter c odes.) F ig .

F ig.

1 1.

1 2.

O rientation o f s ome o f t he l inear m easurements

( See t ext f or

c oding):

BL ;

1 .

T ;

2 .

B tT;

3 .

P RT;

4 .

O rientation o f a ngle m easurements MA ;

2 .

P IA ;

3 .

P RW ;

( see

5 .

t ext

f or

6 .

B T.

c oding):

1 .

F A .

F ig.

1 3.

O rientation o f E R

F ig.

1 4.

M eans, ± 1 s tandard d eviation , a nd c oefficients o f v ariation ( thickest l ines) f or q uantitative a ttributes o f s haped t ools.

F ig.

1 5.

( edge r etouch):

v entral

f ace

( v).

( See t ext f or c oding .)

P olygons

r epresenting

m iscellaneous

t rimmed

q ualitative

a rtifacts

by

a ttributes

p ercentages.

( See

of t ext

f or l etter c odes.) F ig.

1 6.

M eans,

± 1

( thickest

s tandard d eviation , l ines)

f or

i v

a nd

c oefficients

quantitative

o f v ariation

attributes

of

m iscellaneous t rimmed a rtifacts. F ig .

1 7.

C umulative

g raphs

f or

c ore

( See

t ype

t ext f or c oding .)

f orms.

( See

t ext

f or

c oding .) F ig .

1 8.

P olygons r epresenting q ualitative a ttributes p ercentages. ( See t ext f or l etter c odes.)

F ig.

1 9.

M eans,

± 1

( thickest

s tandard d eviation , l ines)for

a nd

q uantitative

o f

c oefficients a ttributes

o f

c ores

b y

o f v ariation c ores.

( See

t ext f or c oding.) F ig.

2 0.

P olygons

r epresenting

by p ercentages. F ig .

2 1.

q ualitative

a ttributes

o f

c ore

s cars

( See t ext f or l etter c odes.)

M eans, ± 1 s tandard d eviation , a nd c oefficients o f v ariation ( thickest l ines) f or q uantitative a ttributes o f c ore s cars. ( See t ext f or c oding.)

F ig .

2 2.

P olygons r epresenting f lakes b y p ercentages.

F ig .

2 3.

M eans,

± 1

( thickest f lakes. F ig .

2 4.

q ualitative a ttributes o f d ebitage ( See t ext f or l etter c odes.)

s tandard d eviation , l ines)

f or

a nd

c oefficients

q uantitative

a ttributes

o f v ariation o f

d ebitage

( See t ext f or c oding.)

P olygons e xhausted

r epresenting c ores

by

q ualitative

a ttributes

p ercentages.

( See

o f

t ext

d ebitage:

f or

l etter

c odes.) F ig .

2 5.

M eans,

± 1

( thickest

s tandard d eviation , l ines)

e xhausted c ores. F ig .

2 6.

f or ( See

P olygons

r epresenting

d ebitage

e xhausted

a nd

c oefficients

q uantitative

a ttributes

o f v ariation o f

d ebitage:

o f

s cars

t ext f or c oding.) q ualitative

c ores

by

a ttributes

p ercentages.

( See

t ext

o f f or

l etter c odes.) F ig .

2 7.

M eans,

± 1 s tandard d eviation ,

( thickest

l ines)

f or

d ebitage e xhausted c ores. F ig.

2 8.

F ig.

2 9.

1 2-14.

1 -2. 8 -9.

C omposites.

E xamples F lat; 4 .

o f c ore f orms: L evallois; 5 .

N odule;

7 t o 7 t o 9 .

a ttributes

o f

s cars

o f

( See t ext f or c oding.)

E xamples o f s haped t ools: knives; 5 -7. S mall p oints; S idescrapers;

a nd c oefficients o f v ariations

q uantitative

L arge knives; 3 -4.Small S mall d rills; 1 0-11. ( Drawings by M .

1 . C onical; P olyfacetted

C asual.

L amdan .)

2 . P yramidal; b i-directional;

( Drawings b y M .

L amdan .)

3 . 6 .

P lates

P late

1 .

P artial v iew o f t he Avivim s outhern

s lope

f acing N ahal

Aviv

a nd t he P lateau o f Y iron . P late

2 .

C ollecting f rom A 43.

P late

3 .

A 63:

P late

4 .

Two

g eneral v iew . e xamples

o f

l arge

knives:

1 .

V entral

f ace;

2 .

D orsal

f ace. P late

5 .

C ores

( rows

amorphous;

f rom b ottom u p): 5 ,

pyramidal

p olyfacetted b i-directional Yardstick i nterval

i s

1 0 c m .

v i

1 -2,

c asuals;

( right), ( right)

3 ,

c onicals

n odules;

4 ,

( left);

6 ,

handaxe r oughout

( left).

I ntroduction A vivim i s

a s emicooperative

e astern U pper

G alilee,

s ettlement o n t he n orthernmost

I srael,

c lose

t o

t he

L ebanese

e dge

b order

o f

( Fig.

t he 1 ).

T he Avivim a rtifactual a ssemblages a re t he r esult o f s urface c ollection d uring

t he

f irst

s eason

o f

t he

U pper

D ishon

S urvey

( UDS)

l aunched

b y

t he University o f Haifa i n s ummer 1 979 ( Ohel & B ruder 1 980). T his i ntensive s urvey c overed , a mong o ther a reas, a b lock o f a bout 1 Km L a t t he

l ower

r idge,

p art

where

( Fig . b eyond t he Aviv

o f

t he

t he

s outhern

s ettlement

i s

s lope

r unning

s ituated ,

d own

t oward

f rom

t he

t he

m ountain

c anyon

o f

N ahal

1 a nd P late 1 ). A s mall w ood a s w ell a s c ultivated l and w ood i n t he u pper part o f t he s lope m ade i t i mpossible t o

i nclude i n t he s urvey but t he l ower p art. F ortunately f or u s ( not t he f armers, t hough) a h ot s ummer f ire burned u p e ntirely t he c rops g rasses u pon t he l ower p art i nspection o f t he g round .

o f

t he

s lope

e nabling

p erfect

f or a nd

v isual

I n c ontrast t o a djacent s ections o f t he s urvey w hence s poradic c ollecting has b een d one i n t he p ast ( Ronen e t a l. 1 974; O hel

s urface 1 979c),

S ection A ( A f or A vivim) has p robably n ever b een s earched s eriously. A s a m atter o f f act, p revious i nformation p redicted t he a bsence n ot j ust o f a rtifact c lusters, but e ven o f n atural f lint p ieces. T his p rediction p roved w rong. T here was n o c laim , s ites

h owever,

a rtifacts

r epresented

p rimary

c ontrary, s usceptibility o ccurred b oth by n atural p roper s tate d epositional i ncision o f s ubsequently a s

a bandonment

s ituations

g raded r ather h igh a nd human a gencies.

l evel

t here

s eems

t he s treams h as s teepening s lope

t o

when

e xactly

t he

t hat t he

t wo

o r s ome q uantities o f i solated f lint

t o

b e

major

e arlier o r l ater i n t he P leistocene

p hase

( see,

o f t he

a greement

t aken p lace g radients.

by

man .

O n

t he

t hat d isplacement h ad W e a re a s y et i n n o

t o a ccount f or p recise d etails and g eomorphologic e vents i n

m esoenvironmental

e xists

a t l east d uring f ield s eason ,

d iscovered w ithin S ection A ,

m icroevironmental past. On t he t hat

p rogressive

d uring t he P leistocene, S ome d isagreement s till o f

e .g .,

i ncision

Yair 1 961;

w as

m arked :

R onen e t a l.

1 974; B rosh & O hel 1 981). I n a ny e vent, m ovement o f l ithic m aterial c ould hardly b e r uled o ut f or t he Avivim s lope by e ither water r unoffs o r r elief a lterations. A part

f rom

t he

t hen-believed n atural

d isturbances,

t here

was

n o

d oubt

t hat t he s pecific s ection u nder c onsideration had b een c leared a nd c ultivated f or l ong both by primitive and m odern m eans. L ithostratigraphically S ection A c onsists o f c rystalline l imestones ( of t he

Bar-Kokhba

f ormation)

c overed

by

n oncalcareous,

r ossa ( Brosh & O hel 1 981). C ompared t o t he t hin n eighboring basaltic p lateaus, t he a ttraction o f s lope A ll

f or a griculturalists

s aid

a bove

m ore, o r l ess, l ong d istances,

t erra

s hould b e o bvious.

n otwithstanding,

i n S ection A s eems a ppear, t herefore,

K aolinitic

s oil c over u pon t he t he s outhern Avivim

t he

p roportion

o f

t o b e f ar f rom n egligible ( see t hat m any f lint s pecimens, a t

s tages o f d eliberate i f a t a ll.

1

m odification ,

n onrolled

a rtifacts

F ig. 1 0). I t w ould l east a fter p assing h ave

n ot

t ravelled

1 90 2 80 4

2 06 •2 80 3 5 3' d

t _

e

3 535 'E

on

an

v . • • • •

r

•

.•

j

H . A v iv im * E .N ah l it

. 361 35 'N

vi

; % .

1 1 /

rot? • E .Y i r

C D

H .A l mon

4 . 4

N .Bara m H .R e shan R . AL M A C D

se s 'w "

H .A ye let H .Y okhanan

R . D A LT O N 2 59

/ 90

F ig.

2

1 .

3

4

5

7

L ocation m ap:

T he

Avivim

i s

s lope

b etween Avivim F ig .

; 2

D ishon B asin , s ituated

a nd

N .

i n

Aviv .

1 )

2

4 1 . 3

1 . 5 Km

e astern U pper Galilee.

t he

n orthern

( After

p art

B rosh

a nd

o f

T he

t he

O hel

m ap

1 981:

2 61 2 06

P late

1 .

P artial v iew o f t he Avivim s outhern s lope a nd t he P lateau o f Y iron .

3

f acing N ahal Aviv

T he

Avivim

t erms.

s ites

F rom

a re

t his

b eing

d ealt

c ulturally

g eneralizations may p erhaps b e t he l atter p arts C oncurrently a ssemblages a nalysis t he

U DS

Y iron 1 980;

i t a s

has

bulk

o f

m ainly s ome

i n

t echnological

c arefully

a nd s uch w ill be

r estricted a dvanced a t

s tudy .

o ccurred

t o

a nalysis

o btained

h ere

a ngle

p ermitted ,

m e

a p iloting e xercise

T he d ata

o f t his

w ith

l imited

d uring

t hat

I

c ould

i n m ethods a nd

t hat

1 979

s till

a nd

l ies

1 980

u se

t he

t echniques a head

f rom

o f

Ramat

Avivim

o f l ithic

m e

c oncerns

( Plateau

o f)

( see F ig.1) which a re c ertainly m ore p romising ( Ohel & B ruder B rosh & O hel 1 981; O hel 1 982b, 1 983b). I e xpect t he p resent

p ilot s tudy t o a chieve t wo m ajor o bjectives. One, t o e ventually outline a m ethodological and t echnical f ramework f or t he l ithic a nalyses

o f

f amiliarity

t he w ith

R amat t he

e xamination

here,

e ncompassing

building

Y iron

a rtifactual

t echnological t o

hopefully

b locks

o f

material.

a spects

o f

c ontribute

h ypotheses

f or

a nalyses o f t he A cheulean s ites o f R amat Y iron .

4

t he

Two,

more t he

b y

c loser

a ssemblages insight, f ar

under and

w ider-scale

T he S etting o f t he S ites T he s urveyed S ection A l ies a pproximately b etween 7 00 l evel f ault

( Fig. 1 a nd P late 1 ). s lopes c haracteristic

Avot, A .

t o 6 00m a bove

o ccupies a s mall a rea just a bove t he n orthern b oundary o f S ection

Adjacent t o t he e dge o f t his basalt p atch e merges

N ahlit which, s lope

a s

i ts much r icher

o f R amat Y iron

c ontact

s pring b elow

( about t he

1 .5

basalt

s ee B rosh a nd O hel 1 981, N ahalit ( A 4 3 i n F ig. 2 ) s ite

s ea

T he Avivim s lope i s o ne o f t he k arstic o f t he r egion . A basalt p atch , c alled t he s pring o f E in

c ounterpart

E in Y iron o n t he

km

a s

d istance

( see

F ig.

1 ,

t he

a nd

c row

f or

s outhern

f lies),

f uller

i s

a

d etails,

e specially F igs. 1 a nd 4 ). T he t iny s ite o f l ies v ery c lose t o t he s pring while t he l arge

o f Mul Ha 'anud ( A 6 3

i n F ig.

2 )

i s

s ituated a bout half a k ilometre

f rom t he s pring. E in Nahlit i s n ow d ry f or m ost o f t he s ummer s eason , a lthough f ollowing p articularly p rolonged r ainy w inters ( like t he o ne o f 1 979-80) t he s pring w ill b e a ctive until t he o nset o f s ummer a s B rosh a nd O hel ( 1981) h ave a lready s uggested , w ater

( about May). H owever, t he s upply o f d rinking

f or t he a ncient i nhabitants o f t he a rea had a pparently n ever b een

a s erious

p roblem ,

e xcept

p erhaps

i n

m idsummers

o f

o utstandingly

d ry

y ears. T he e ntire r egion i s d issected by l engthy, m eandering s treams w ith many c ontact s prings i n c halk o utcrops, a lbeit t hose a re s omewhat f arther t o t he s outh ( see B rosh & O hel 1 981: F ig. 4 ). I t s hould a lso b e n oticed t hat t he s tream b eds w ere a l ittle h igher t han t hey a re n ow , t hus a pproachability t o t heir waters s hould have b een s omewhat t hen t han n ow , i f m odern water s upply t echnology i s d isregarded .

e asier

L acking t hus f ar any faunal r emains o r p ollen, an a ttempt a t r econstructing t he l ocal l andscape would be of questionable s ubstantiality. c onditions, B rosh and

On

t he

basis

a nd e valuations Ohel ( 1981)

of

t he

present-day

environmental

o f t he h istory o f p robable a lterations, f orward, n evertheless, a t entative

p alaeolandscape f or t he m iddle D ishon B asin o f which S ection A i s a n i ntegral p art. T hey s uggest t he l andscape d uring t he l ast i nterpluvial t o

have

O ne,

b een

a c losed

B asin 's s outh, g ame

p lateaus a nd

a s

c haracterized

by

t wo

m ajor

c omponents

f orest d ominated by e vergreen o ak, a nd v alleys

e ast.

f allow

T he

a nd

a s

f orest

r oe

d eer

w ell

may

a s

h ave

a nd ,

t he

d ivide

b een

p erhaps,

o f

a reas

i nhabited t he

e nvironment.

o ccupying m ost o f t o

by

a uroch.

t he

s uch T wo,

t he

w est, l arger

a n

o pen

p arkland a nd e daphic g rassland which c overed t he basaltic p lateaus, t he Avivim valley, t he l ittle b lock o f H ar ( Mount) Avivim , a nd s everal o ther

l ocales.

i nhabited

b y

T he r ocky s uch

g ame

s lopes

a s

o f

i bex,

t his

o r

o pen

w ild

f ormation m ay h ave

g oat

while

t he

b een

m ore

l evel

g rassland m ight h ave s upported g razing g azelles. A lthough n atural f lint i s n ot m arkedly p lentiful o n t he Avivim s lope, i t i s n ot a ltogether a bsent. I n a ny e vent, l ayers o f f resh, f ine, a nd h omogeneous

f lint

b anks,

e lsewhere

a nd

o utcrop i n

o n t he

t he

l ower p arts

n ear

o f N ahal Y iron 's

e nvirons.

F lint

p ebbles a nd c obbles i s a lso f ound q uite a bundantly w adi. Admittedly, t hese a re n ot a t t he i mmediate s ite of N ahalit, M ul

Ha' amud .

t aking a much

i n

t he

s outhern f orm

o f

i n t he b ed o f t his " door s tep" o f t he

b ut t hey a re n ot f ar a way f rom t he f ar g reater s ite o f

E ven

n ot

c utting

l onger r oute

s hort

a round t he

5

b y

t raversing

P lateau ,

o ne

R amat

Y iron ,

c an r each t he

but

f lint

F ig.

2 .

S ection Nahalit t ext.

A ( Avivim) o f t he s urvey. ( A43) a nd Mul H a 'amud ( A63) ( After O hel a nd B ruder 1 980:

6

N ote t he t wo s ites: F or m ore d etails, s ee F ig.

3 .)

e xposures,

t heir l oosened n odules,

a nd t he p ebbles

i n a m atter o f o nly

a f ew h ours walk . T his d oes n ot y et g uarantee, o f c ourse, t hat t he t wo A vivim s ites o btained t heir r aw m aterial i n t he a bove-presumed w ay . I t s hould a t o nce b e m ade c lear t hat t he i ssue o f f lint s ources a long w ith t he l ogistics o f i ts r emoval a nd i mport t o t he s ites per se a re a s y et u nclear. T he w hole m atter i s h ighly c omplicated b y t he f act t hat t he b asalt c apped R amat Y iron i s b ountifully s trewn w ith n atural f lint f ragments, p ebbles, a nd e ven c obbles; a nd R amat Y iron i s j ust a round t he c orner f rom t he A vivim s ites. H ow a nd w hence h ad s uch g reat q uantities o f f lint d erived o nto t he b asalt p lateau y et s tands a s a t ough, c ontroversial p roblem , s till a waiting t horough i nvestigation . I n c onsequence, a nd u nfortunately s o, a m ore d etailed d iscussion t han w ill h ere b e v entured ( below) c oncerning t he d egree o f n atural f lint a vailability , t he d ifferential q uality o f i ts v arieties, a nd d irectly r elated a spects o f t echnological b ehavior must b e p ostponed t o a l ater s tage o f a nalysis. A s c an b e s een o n F igure 2 , c onsiderable a reas w ithin S ection A a re d evoid o f a rtifacts, e ven n atural f lint f ragments a re e xtremely s canty i n t hese a reas ( the u nbounded s paces). A reas 1 -6, 7 , 8 -10, 1 1-13 a nd 1 4-27 d o n ot c ontain , i n f act, b ut l ow n umbers o f s cattered , i solated s pecimens. A c hange b ecomes n oticeable, h owever, t he m ore w e p enetrate i nto what w e c alled " the b elly", t o t he s outhwest. C onsiderable q uantities o f n atural f lint w ere t o b e s potted a ll a round ( area 2 8-64) i n m ore o r l ess r estricted s catters. W ithin t he l imits o f " the b elly" w ere l ocated t he t wo A vivim s ites: A 43 a nd A 63. A 43, o r N ahalit, i s a s mall s ite o f s ome 3 00m 2 a t a n e levation o f 6 55m a .s.l. T he s ite l ies o n a m oderate p art o f t he s lope u pon d ark-brown t erra r ossa . A 63, o r M ul H a 'amud , i s s ituated a t t he s outhernmost e nd o f " the b elly", d irectly o n t he e dge o f t he c liffwall o f N ahal Aviv . T he n orth-south d ifference o f e levation r anges f rom 6 15 t o 6 05m h olding a g radient o f u p t o 2 5 d egrees i n p arts. T he s ite o ccupies a n a rea o f s ome 2 000m 2 . D espite t he g eneral s teepness w hich w ould t empt o ne t o a nticipate r olled m aterial a ll-over, m ost a rtifacts a re s harp ( see F ig . 1 0). One f easible e xplanation t o t his phenomenon m ight b e t he c omparatively a ccentuated s teepening t he e xtremity o f t he s lope h as u ndergone a s a r esult o f N ahal A viv 's d owncutting a ccompanied b y a l ong e ast-west f ault t ransecting t he s lope s omewhat t o t he n orth ( see B rosh & O hel 1 981: F ig . 3 ). T hus, t he g radient m ight h ave c hanged r ather d rastically, but t his d id n ot a ffect m uch t he o riginal p lacement o f a rtifacts.

7

C ollecting S trategy A s

i nitially d esigned,

a dopted f or t he U DS. d ensity o f a rtifacts c oncentrations,

t he

f ollowing s trategy o f s ample

c ollecting was

A r ather s imple s patial c onfiguration based u pon p er m2 was a pplied f or t he r ecognition o f s urface

m odified

a fter

B ar-Yosef

a nd

P hillips

( 1977;

s ee

a lso

Bar-Yosef & G oren 1 980). Three c onfigurational categories were e xpected t o b e o bserved i n t he f ield : f ind s pot, s catter, and c luster ( =site).

A ll had t o b e

r ecorded p recisely,

a nd i n d etail,

f rom t he l ast c ategory a lone w ere t o b e e xtracted .

but

s amples

I t b ecame a pparent,

s oon a fter o ur s tart, h owever, t hat o ver p reoccupation w ith e ach o ne o f t he numerous i solated f ind s pots w as f ar t oo t ime c onsuming , e ven i mpractical. T he f irst c ategory was t herefore d ropped i mmediately, a nd i ncluded i n t he s econd o ne ( scatter). F or c ompensation, t he d escription o f t he n ature o f e very s catter w as e mphasized ( see

v erbal O hel &

B ruder 1 980). O nce

t he

b oundaries

o f

a c oncentration

s ite) were d elineated by s uperimposed u pon what c ould a nd c oünts t o

b e

o f a rtifacts p er

e xpanded

i n

a ny

( susceptive

a s

a c luster,

s quare p erformed .

p romising

H enceforth

d irection

t o

t he

t he

g rid had

p oint

w here

c onsistent f all i n t he d ensity w as marked . F inally, a 2 5 s ample had t o b e c ollected , c onstituting t he d ensest s quares. a p rocedure n ot o nly c orrected ,

but

t he

i t was

b oundaries

a lso

o r

visual i nspection, a g rid s quare was b e judged a s t he " center" o f t he c luster,

e xpected

o f

t he

t o

o btain s ome

s ite

c ould b e

a

p ercent B y s uch

c onfirmed

g eneral

o r

i nformation

a bout i ntrasite d ensity d ifferences. T his

t echnique

N ahalit

( Fig.

was

c arried

3 a nd P late

w ould hardly b e

a ble

w ithin

w eeks

t he

f ive

a ctual p rocedure s ix

s trategy s ites T he

h ours was

l imit

o nce

a nd

i mmediately

f irst

o f

t he

o nly

s ite

e ncountered :

A 43

i t b ecame p retty o bvious

a ny m inimally s eason ;

r easonable w ith

i n t he

until

( in

A

n amely,

t o

=

t hat we

o f s urvey

of

f ive,

t he

t he h ot s ummer

f ield must b e

n oon).

d ecided u pon ,

a rea

a c rew

e ntire w ork d ays

p roductive w ork

o nly,

s econd

s ite

d etected ,

t aken .

t ransects

o f

l m

Mul

B eing

unthinkable t o e xecute w idth

a rtifacts w ere

by

H a 'amud f ar

t he o riginal w ere

t hereafter " the B ig X "), f or c ollection ( Fig .4).

a nd

m arked ,

( Pl.

l arger

r estricted

s hift

i n

r andom

s ampling

3 ),

t han

s eemed

s uperimposed a r andom

o n

s ample

t o

N ahalit,

t echnique a t A 63.

bagged ,and

i nstructions w ere c learcut t o a s

A t

c over

t he

t o

s ampling o f

( Redman 1 974).

d ecision

T he

2 ).

a t

l asted n early t wo

s un o f t he G alilee, s ome

t o

o ut

t he o f

l abeled b y

T wo

s ite 3 5

a ffirm

i t

( called

a nd

t he b e

i ntersecting

p ercent

s ite

w ould

was

b y

u s

d rawn

s quare.

My

i nclude e very a rtifact o f a ny s ize a s f ar

t he p ower o f t he n aked e ye c an g o.

8

A

C

F

1

‘ o r

2

1 .0

0 .6

0

.. .1 .

1 .28

1 .92

1 .72

I

0.

N 0 .8

. 4 . . . . .

-

0

0 .8

t 1

2 .76

1 .40

1 .92

0 e « -

. -

,

0

t 4

/ / .7 1 . .

5

9 . _

0

3

O . 6

1. 80

' 1 " --

••

' Y

2 .90

0

, J0

O .4

6

F ig .

3 .

A 43 w ith s uperimposed s quare s quares w ere c ollected .

9

g rid

a nd

d ensities.

S haded

P late

2 .

C ollecting f rom A 43.

1 0

P late

3 .

A 63:

1 1

g eneral v iew .

F ig.

4 .

A 63

w ith

t he

B ig X f or

r andom

a re d arkened .

1 2

s ampling.

C ollected

s quares

F ramework o f Analysis N eedless

t o s ay t hat o ne w ould a lways

a ll-embracing c ultural 1 975; d ata

s ystemic

a nd n oncultural

Katz

1 976;

a spects

T his

r elating n ow t o h ighly a ssume,

e very

t hem

a dvance--

i s

d esire

t o a dopt,

encompassing

C hapman 1 977),

d eductively.

i n

model

e xplicitly m y

a nalyst

s everal

o r

g enerate,

a n

entire

s pectrum

of

o f a l ithic a ssemblage t hen w ork back ,

has

i n

a nalytical

s o

e ventual

g eneralized h euristic

s ensible

t he

s peak,

g oal

a s

s chemes--most

m ind

s teps

( e.g.,

t o

e ven

when

s hould b e

C ollins t o

o ne's

w ell.

N ot

o f which,

n ot

I

s pecifying

t aken b efore

a n

o verall d eductive m odel c an b e f ormulated . I f o ne w ishes t o l abel s uch a p reliminary-stage a pproach i nductive, I s uppose o ne c an d o s o. have a pplied f or t he c urrent s tudy t his a pproach which I t hink i s s omewhat m ore t ypified i n s tudies s uch a s, f or i nstance, by J ohnson ( 1975, 1 977a a nd b ), I saac ( 1977), o r S tiles ( 1979a, b a nd c ), h oping t hat I d o n ot s ubstantially m isread t heir p rocedures. My

justification

s pecific.

I n

f amiliarity

f or

t aking

a g eneral

w ith

o ne's

e manating t herefrom ,

t his

s ense

l atter i t

material

a pproach

s eems

a t

t o

hand ,

m e

i s

b oth

t hat

a nd

t he

g eneral

w ithout

a nd

i nitial

f undamental

d ata

o ne may b e o ften l ed t o building a n uneconomical,

a t t imes p erhaps e ven unfruitful, o verall m odel. I n a s pecific s ense t he d ata d erived f rom t he Avivim s ites c annot f urnish, i n my v iew, s ome o f t he v ital c omprehensive b ehavior

building b locks n ecessary f or t he m odel, e ven w ithin t he l imitations

a lone.

A s

s tated

e arlier,

t he

p resent

p ostulation o f a o f t echnological s tudy

s earches

f or

t echnological c lues t hat may b e c andidates--fully o r p artially--for l ater e stablishing a n i nclusive m odel f or t he a ssemblages o f Ramat Y iron . I n a ccordance w ith t he a bove-preferred a pproach d irected f or t he s pecific purpose h ere, t he f ollowing a nalytical s ystem a nd p rocedure w ere d esigned t echniques, number 1 961),

( Table

1 ).

I n d esigning a nd i n

I have made

a mple

u se

o f

t he

i mplementing t he various

e xperience

o f

a c onsiderable

o f a rchaeologists. N otable a mong t hem w ere B ordes ( 1947, 1 950, C ahen a nd V an N oten ( 1971), C hapman ( 1977), C ollins ( 1975),

G oren ( 1979), G unn K leindienst ( 1961,

a nd Mahula ( 1977), I saac ( 1977), 1 962), J ohnson ( 1975, 1 977a, b ),

Katz O hel

( 1976), ( 1977a,

1 979a), S tiles ( 1979a, b , c ), a nd W ilmsen ( 1968, 1 970). A ctually, t he a nalysis p resented h ere i s i n p arts a c ombination o f d ifferent s egments o f m ethods p racticed h owever,

t hat

i n

i n t he p ast.

e very

n ecessary o r h elpful,

s tage

I t

o f

s hould b e

a nalysis

c oncurrently s tressed ,

m odifications,

a s

d eemed

have b een i ncorporated .

M y r outine i n t he f orthcoming p arts o f t his s tudy w ill b e a s f ollows. T he a nalysis w ill p roceed i n t he s equence o f c ategories, s ubcategories, e tc.,

a s

o utlined

c onsidered

i n

T able

a pplicable,

will

1 .

T ables, a ccompany

g raphs, each

t ests,

category,

s upplemented by a n a ttempt a t s ynthesis a nd i nterpretation.

1 3

e tc.,

a s

f inally

T able

1 .

G eneral

s cheme o f c ategorization a nd p rocedure

l ithic a nalysis S ample

S izes

o f t he Avivim a ssemblages

a nd D ensities

P rimary Artifact C ategories C lassification A .

S haped t ools

( ST)

B .

M iscellaneous

C .

Utilized p ieces

D .

C ores

E .

D ebitage

t rimmed a rtifacts

( MTA)

( UP)

( C) ( D)

Analysis T esting S econdary Artifact C ategories C lassification A .

S haped t ools

( ST)

1 .

L arge c utting t ools

2 .

H eavy-duty t ools

3 .

S mall s haped t ools

B .

M iscellaneou : ,

C .

U tilized p ieces

D .

C ores

E .

D ebitage

( LCT)

( HDT) ( SST)

t rimmed a rtifacts ( UP)

( C) ( D)

1 .

F lakes

( F)

2 .

B lades

( B)

3 .

E xhausted c ores

4 .

S hatter p ieces

( S)

5 .

Angular p ieces

( A)

6 .

C hips

( E)

( Cp)

1 4

( MTA)

f or

T able 7 .

O ther

8 .

B roken

I ( continued)

( 0) ( Br)

Analysis T esting T ypology o f S haped T ools

( ST)

C lassification Analysis

a nd T esting

Q ualitative Attributes

o f S haped T ools

( ST)

Analysis T esting Q uantitative Attributes Analysis

o f S haped T ools

( ST)

a nd T esting

M iscellaneous T rimmed A rtifacts

( MTA)

Qualitative A ttributes Quantitative Attributes T ypology o f C ores C ore

( C)

P roperties a nd D imensions Qualitative A ttributes Quantitative A ttributes

Q ualitative A ttributes

o f C ore

S cars

C lassification Analysis

a nd T esting

Q uantitative Attributes Analysis

S cars

a nd T esting

Q ualitative A ttributes Analysis

o f C ore

o f D ebitage F lakes

a nd T esting

Q uantitative Attributes

o f D ebitage F lakes

1 5

T able I ( continued) Analysis D ebitage:

a nd T esting

E xhausted C ores

( E)

C lassification o f F orms P roperties

a nd D imensions

Qualitative a ttributes Quantitative a ttributes Qualitative A ttributes o f S cars Quantitative A ttributes o f S cars S ummary o f R esults

S ample S izes

a nd D ensities

A s a lready d escribed , a nd i llustrated i n F igure 3 , t he A 43 s ample d rawn f rom t he d ensest s quares: B 4-5, C 4, a nd D 5: a t otal o f a rtifacts

f rom a bout a t hird o f t hq . a rea

t he d ensity o f 2 .4 a rtifacts

p er mL

( 100

was

o ut o f

o f c ourse

3 10m 2 ) .

was 2 72

H owever,

c alculated f rom t he

e ntire a rea o f t he s ite. T his

i s o bviously n ot

a g reat

d ensity a t a ll.

Y et,

c omparison w ith

e xtreme s cantiness, o r e ven a bsolute a bsence o f a rtifacts s urroundings a llows f or a scribing A 43 t o t he c luster c ategory. A 63

i s

a d ifferent s tory.

T he

s ite

c overs

a n a rea

o f

t he

i n

t he

2 000m 2 whence

a

r andom s ample o f 3 4.5 p ercent was d rawn f rom t he B ig X which by i tself r epresents 0 .06 p ercent o f t he a rea o f t he s ite. A t otal o f 6 64 a rtifacts w ere c ollected f or a nalysis. p er m2 was h ere b ased o n t he r andom

T he d ensity o f s quares c hosen .

s urpasses

( above

t hat o f A 43

t o

s uch a d egree

1 7.5 s pecimens T his d ensity

s even f old)

t hat o ne may

b e justified i n r egarding t he d ifference b etween t he t wo a s s ignificant d espite

t he

d ifferent

s ignificance may t wo s ample m eans

s ample

t echniques

e mployed ,

a nd

whatever

r epresent. A o ne-tailed S tudent's t -test ( Thomas 1 976: 2 35-240) s upports t he a bove

t he 0 .001 s ignificance l evel w ith 4 8 d egrees o f f reedom

t his

c omparing n otion a t

( t=4.05).

T he d ensest part o f A43 i s c learly t oward t he s outhern e dge o f t he s ite. This i s p recisely t he d escending d irection o f t he s lope, t hus i t i s l ikely t hat t he g reater c lustering o f a rtifacts i n t he m ore s outhern p art was c aused b y t he g radient. O wing t o t he s ampling t echnique e xercised a t A 63, t he d elineation o f m ore, o r l ess c lustered z ones w ithin t he s ite c an h ardly b e a ssessed . O ur g eneral, v ery p rovisional n otion ,

based

a rtifacts

a re

t hree-quarters W ith

a N -S

o n

t he

d ensity

o f

t he

r andom

a ggregated i n t he u pper, o f

t he

g radient

s ite o f

t han

a bout

2 0

i n t o

s quares,

o r n orthern

t he

r emaining

3 0

d egrees

i s

t hat

t wo-thirds m ore

t his

m ore

t o

a bout

s outhern

part.

s eems

a l ittle

p uzzling; o ne w ould e xpect t he a ggregation t o b e m anifested e ven m ore t han a t A 43 i n t he s outhern e dge. One r eason o ut o f m any c ould p erhaps b e t hat t his c onfiguration i s a valid s patial d istribution o f t he a rtifacts.

r epresentation o f t he o riginal I c hoose, h owever, n ot t o c arry

s uch a s peculation a ny f urther b efore p roper g eoarchaeological w ork d one i n t he a rea .

1 7

i s

P rimary A rtifact C ategories

A s c ommonly u nderstood , c lassification i s a p recondition t o s cientific a nalysis. E very s ystem o f c lassification h as, o r a t l east s hould h ave i ts r ationale. F or t he o bjectives o f t his s tudy , w ithin t he g eneral f ramework o f t he p rehistoric t ime s pan i nvolved , a nd t he d ata a s a vailable, I t hought i t p roper t o b egin w ith a b reakdown o f e ach a ssemblage i nto p rimary c ategories o f a rtifacts. " Primary c ategories" m ean e ssentially , a lbeit s omewhat m odified , a s i n t he s cheme s uggested by I saac ( 1977) which i n i tself i s partly based upon p rior c lassifications o f A frican L ower P alaeolithic a ssemblages s uch a s t hose l aid o ut m ainly b y K leindienst ( 1961, 1 962) a nd L eakey ( 1971). F or a n i nitial s tep t his s cheme s eemed t o b e c lear-cut a nd c onvenient i n t echnological t erms. M ore, t his s cheme i ntroduces a c ategory w hich i s i gnored i n m any , o r m ost, P alaeolithic a ssemblages, a nd w hich I f ound m ost h elpful. I a m r eferring h ere t o t he p rimary c ategory o f m iscellaneous t rimmed a rtifacts ( MTA). Under c onditions o f d oubtful p rimary c ontexts, p artially r olled , w eathered , o r o therwise n ot f ully m int m aterial, t he d istinction b etween d eliberately r etouched a rtifacts a nd t hose e dge-damaged b y n atural, m echanical, o r o ther a gencies but human , b ecomes m ore t han o ften h ighly p roblematic f or t he a nalyst. I f ind i t s imply f ar m ore h onest a nd j ustified t o s eparate o ut s uch p uzzling i tems t o a s pecial " category o f d oubt" r ather t han s tate t he o verly c onfident v erdict t hat t hey s hould b elong e ither i n t he i ntentionally s haped t ool c ategory , i n t he o ne o f d ebitage, o r i n t hat o f u tilized p ieces. A s f ar a s t he l atter i s c oncerned , Ih ave l earned s ome y ears a go w hat I s till c onsider a v ery i nstructive l esson ( L . K eeley, p ersonal c ommunication a nd a ctual i llustration , 1 975-76): i n m ost c ases i t i s e xtremely d ifficult t o d iscern b y t he n aked e ye w hat i s w idely c alled i n t he l iterature " utilized", o r " use", o r " wear s igns", o r l ikewise. C onsequently , I a m v ery r eluctant n ow , a s I a lso was i n a p revious s tudy ( Ohel 1 977a), i n a ssigning a rtifacts t o w hat i s t raditionally m eant b y u tilized u nless i t a ppears p erfectly o bvious t hat t he p iece w as a h ammerstone o r t he l ike ( see b elow). T his s hould p robably e xplain w hy t he U P c ategory m ostly s hows n egligible p roportions i n m y c lassification . T his k ind o f q uestion , a s w ell a s m any o thers r elated t o v arious p urely f unctional a spects o f a n a ssemblage, f ind a m uch b etter s olution t hrough m icrowear a nalysis.

i s

l ikely

t o

C lassification S ince t he p resent c ategories t race i n e ssence I saac's ( 1977), t he r eader i s a dvised t o l ook t here f or m ore d etailed d efinitions t han w ill b e p rovided h ere, w here o nly t he m ajor c riteria w ill b e g iven . T here a re f ive p rimary c ategories, a s f ollows: A .

S haped

t ools

( ST):

a rtifacts

d eliberately

a nd

s ystematically

r etouched, o r c learly e xhibiting a w orking e dge which i s n ot n ecessarily p roduced b y r etouch ( e.g ., b urin , c ertain d rills, c ertain k nives, e tc.). S Ts w ere i mmediately d ivided a t t his f irst s tage i nto

1 8

s uch made

o n

1 )

f lakes

( F);

2 )

b lades

( B);

b y

t he

c ommonly

a ccepted

c riterion : l ength > 2 b readths, a nd t he p resence o f m inimal p hysical s igns r eflecting t he p reconception o n t he s ide o f t he k napper t oward p roducing a b lade. C learly u nperceived b lades a re i ncluded a mong t he f lakes d espite t he d imensional l imit, a nd c onsidered e ndstruck f lakes: s ee b elow ; 3 ) c ores ( C); 4 ) o ther ( 0). T his breakdown was n ot i ntended just f or major t echnological a ttributes, b y t hemselves m ost i mportant, but a lso t o l end a b asic, p reliminary i dea o f t he n ature o f a n a ssemblage. F or i nstance, a s o bserved t hroughout n umerous a ssemblages a nd a s w idely a ccepted ( Bordes 1 968; B ordaz 1 970; a nd m any o thers), a n a ccentuated p roportion o f s haped t ools o n b lades w ould g enerally i ndicate a n U pper P alaeolithic n ature o f i ndustry . T his m ay b e o f s ome a id i n g eneral o rientation w hen r eliable d ating o r o ther h ints t o c hronology a re i ndeed m issing . B . M iscellaneous t rimmed a rtifacts ( MTA ): a s a lready d efined m ore o r l ess a bove, which s eems t he b est, n ot t oo i ntricate d efinition t hat c an b e o ffered . T his c ategory w as f urther d ivided a s t hat o f S T. p resumed a gain t hat b oth f or t echnological a nd a ssemblage-compositional a spects, t his s ubdivision m ight c ontribute s ome i ncremental i nformation . C . U tilized p ieces ( UP): a rtifacts t hat s how b eyond d oubt w ear s igns; i n o ther w ords: d eliberately e dge-damaged , but c annot b e i ncluded i n t he S T o r M TA c ategories, e .g ., s pheroids, h ammerstones, b attered f orms, e tc. D . C ores ( C): s tones o f w hich f lakes o r b lades h ave b een r emoved , r emovals b eing m anifested b y n egative s cars.

t he

E . D ebitage ( D): i ndustrial w aste, m ostly , but n ot s olely , c omprising u nretouched f lakes a nd c hips. A t t he p rimary s tage, t his c ategory w as a lso s orted o ut i nto f lakes, b lades, a nd o thers. A nalysis A lthough a ll d ata a re r ecorded a nd c alculated b y i ndividual s quare, I a m i nclined n ot t o o verburden t his p resentation w ith s uch d etail. T he d ata w ill b e t herefore p resented f or t he s ites a s w holes. T able 2 b rings f orth t he p rimary c ategories w hile F igure 5 ( primary) s erves t o e mphasize t he o verall, g eneral s imilarity o f t he a ssemblages a s r epresented b y p rimary c ategories. T riangle,or " ternary" d iagrams ( Haggett 1 966: 2 18-219) a re m ore i mpressive w hen m ore t han j ust a v ery f ew n umber o f p oints a re i nvolved ( see I saac 1 977: F igs. 3 6-38). N evertheless, i t s eems w orthy t o i ntroduce t hem h ere t o b e h opefully u sed a gain , a nd w ith w ider s cope i n t he f orthcoming s tudy o f t he R amat Y iron a ssemblages; t hey l end a n i nitial, g eneral b ut c lear e valuation . T o e nable t he t hreefold r epresentation w hich i s e ssential f or s uch d iagrams, t he p ercentages o f t he p rimary c ategories S T, M TA , a nd U P w ere c ombined, t hus t he t hree h eads o f t he t riangle s tand f or 1 :ST+MTA+UP; 2 :C; 3 :D. T o s ave s pace a nd l abor, t he s econdary c ategories ( see b elow) w ere d rawn u sing t he s ame t riangle.

1 9

T able 2 .

A rtifacts b y p rimary c ategories ( 1)

C ategory a nd s ubcategory

( see t ext f or l etter c oding)

A 43

A 63

S T F B C O

1 3 1 0 1 1 5

8 6.7 6 .7 0 .0 6 .7 5 .5

7 1 9 2 9 9 1

7 8.0 9 .9 2 .2 9 .9 1 3.7

F B C O

1 7 2 1 5 2 5

6 8.0 8 .0 4 .0 2 0.0 9 .2

4 2 2 6 8 5 8

7 2.4 3 .4 1 0.3 1 3.8 8 .7

T otal M TA

T otal U P

1 4

5 .1

1 3

2 .0

4 9

1 8.0

8 4

1 2.7

T otal

8 3 1 8 5 1 69

4 9.1 0 .6 5 0.3 6 2.1

1 95 1 2 22 4 18

4 6.7 0 .2 5 3.1 6 3.0

G rand t otal

2 72

9 9.9

6 64

O

( 1)

1 00.1

P ercentage o f e ach s ubcategory i s o f t he r espective c ategory t otal. P ercentage o f e ach c ategory i s o f t he s ite's g rand t otal.

2 0

m o%

HDT

P R IMARY

S ECONDARY

ST l o p% L CT

F ig .

5 .

u m% SST

T riangle d iagram t o e mphasize t he o verall, g eneral s imilarity o f t he a ssemblages a s r epresented b y p ercentages o f p rimary a nd s econdary a rtifact c ategories: c ircle, A 43: s quare, A 63. ( See t ext f or l etter c odes.)

2 1

H owever, a c loser l ook a t T able 2 s hould r eveal s everal marked d issimilarities i n r elative f requencies, a nd t hese, i t i s h oped , c an b e m ore a ppreciated b y c umulative g raphs ( Fig . 6 ). I ndeed , a nd a s s uggested by m any ( e.g ., K leindienst 1 961; B ordes a nd d e S onnevilleB ordes 1 970; B inford a nd B inford 1 966, 1 969; C lark 1 966; I saac 1 972a, 1 975, 1 977; G ould 1 980), i t i s precisely t he i ntrassemblage ifferences t hat a re t he m ore variabilities a nd i nterassamblage d i nteresting , a nd o stensibly i nterpretation .

t he m ore

i nstructive

p art

o f

a nalysis

a nd

L et u s c onsider A 43 f irst. S Ts p resent a n o bvious l ow p roportion . E ven a ssuming t hat h alf o f t he M TAs h ave b een u nfairly j udged a s n on S Ts, t he a ddition o f t his h alf r aises t he p ercentage o f S Ts t o n early 1 0.1 p ercent. B y c ontrast, c ores r each a r espectable 1 8.0 p ercent . S ome r atios w ere c omputed a nd t hey a re g iven i n T able 3 . T hese a re, a dmittedly , n ot v ery i mpressive r atios, a nd I w ould n ot h asten t o a ssign A 43 a s a m anufacturing w orkshop. N evertheless, s everal r atios a re n either s ufficiently l ow f or d epriving t he p ossibility o f s ome a ctual p roduction a t t he s ite; t hat i s, p rovided t he m aterial i s i n s itu . Another o bservation s eems t o b e,

h owever,

s omewhat m ore w arranted .

p redominance o f f lakes a nd f lake t ools c an e xists o nly a m inute q uantity o f b lades s uggested w ith a mple c onfidence t hat a t b lades a nd t heir m odification i nto t ools F urther, t his s uggestion i s u nlikely t o n onhuman i nterventions m ight h ave a ffected t he b lades a lone s eems h ighly i mprobable.

T he

hardly b e c hallenged . T here i n t he s ample. I t m ay b e A 43 d eliberate r emoval o f w as v irtually n on-existent. b e c harged s ince w hatever t he m aterial, s orting o ut o f

N ow t o A 63. A lthough f lakes c ertainly o verrule b lades h ere a s w ell, b lade t ools c annot b e a ltogether i gnored ( see T able 2 ). A f ew C ore t ools ( though n ot h andaxes) a re a lso p resent. O n t he w hole, t he p roportion o f S Ts i s f airly h igh , a nd i f h alf o f t he M TAs i s a dded , t his p roportion r eaches 1 8.1 p ercent. O n t he o ther h and , c ores a re n ot a s r elatively p lentiful a s a t A 43. R atios a re s pecified i n T able 3 . T esting A ttention h as a lready b een c alled t o t he o verall s imilarity o f t he s ites, but t he d ata a lso h ints a t s ome c onsiderable d ifferences w hich c annot b e o ffhandedly d ismissed . T he i mmediate q uestion t o b e p osed i s o f c ourse: a re t hese d ifferences a t a ll s ignificant? L et u s p robe n ow a f ew o f t he m ajor o nes. 1 . D oes t he h igher r elative f requency o f S Ts a t A 63 t han a t A 43 r eflect a ny " real m eaning" o r i s i t j ust o f a r andom n ature? A c his quare t est ( Thomas 1 976: 2 64-272) w ith a s ignificance l evel o f a lpha — 0 .05 f or e d irectional ( one-tailed) t est w as a pplied . T he r esulting s tatistic x -5.727 e xceeded t he c ritical value o f 3 .841 w ith o ne d egree o f f reedom ( k-1-2-1-1). C onsequently , Ho c ould b e r ejected i n f avor o f t he a lternative h ypothesis m eaning t hat t he s uggestion m ay b e a dvanced t hat t he h igher f requency o f S Ts a t A 63 t han a t A 43 i s l ikely t o b e o f a n onrandom n ature.

2 2

1 00

50

ST

F ig .

6 .

MTA

UP

C umulative g raphs f or a rtifacts b y p rimary c ategories. t ext f or l etter c odes.)

2 3

( See

T able 3 .

R atios o f s ome p rimary a rtifact c ategories

C ategories

A 43

A 63

3 .4:1

5 .0:1

D :ST D :ST & half M TA

1 1.3:1

4 .6:1

6 .3:1

3 .5:1

S T:C S T & half M TA :C

0 .3:1 0 .6:1

1 .1:1

D :C

1 .4:1

2 .

I s

A 63

n onrandom

t ime,

t he

g reater p roportion o f c ores a s

h owever,

w ell? t he

T he

s ame

c hi-square

m ode

( C) o f

value

a t A43

c ompared

t esting

( 0.914)

was

t o

t hat

r epeated .

f ailed

t o

o f

T his

e xceed

t he

c ritical value ( 3.841), t hus Ho c ould n ot b e r ejected . T his m eans t hat a s f ar a s c ores a re c oncerned , t he g reater p roportion i n A 43 v ersus A 63 i s d ue

t o c hance a lone.

3 .

t he h igher r atio o f d ebitage

I s

( p )

t o c ores

r andom a bove,

o r n ot? F or c omputing t he x ' s tatistic t he f irst variate o f e ach r atio s erved

( e.g.,

f or D :C,

t he

p arallel

f ailed t o h elp D t o C a t A 63 4 .

3 .4 was u sed ,

variate

i s

e tc.).

i n c onsequence,

What a bout D t o

S T

a t A 63 t he t he

t han a t A 43

s ame manner a s o bserved value

a utomatically s implified by t he f act t hat

unity,

i n r ejecting t he Ho i s,

( C) i n a s

T he

value

o btained

( 0.3043.841;

a nd H DTs

whether i s

t he

i ndeed

i ntra-assemblage

s ignificant.

l et

o f

t est was

t he r espective percentages w ith a lpha = 0 .05 o r a t est a t o ne d egree o f f reedom . T he r esulting x f ar c ritical value i n e ither o ne o f t he a ssemblages ( A43: A 63: 5 4.170>3.841). C onsequently, t he null hypothesis

c ould b e r ejected i n f avor o f t he s uggestion s ignificantly m ore t han L CTs a nd H DTs. S econd ,

p reponderance

A q ui-square

u s

r elatively m ore

s ee

w hether

a t A 63

t he t wo q ui-square x2 = 2.124

c n

11 1

c r i o • , . 1 ( 4 1 > a ) o

( 2 10 c o

s .—,

• H

I — 1 1 I —

0

a ) (i ) c n

4

7

W W

t ext f or

7

E i

1 6

-f-

o pposite m ean ( L , t he

T ,

c omparative

B tT,

d egree

P RT, o f

P RW ,

B L ,

B T,

variation

P IA ,

( I

a nd W t).

p refer

" variance" has a v ery d efinite m eaning i n s tatistics: r epresented by t he

t hick C V l ines,

i s m ore

F urthermore,

" variation"

b eca se

variance —

a ccentuated h ere

t han i n S T

( note a lso t hat C V i s s hown o n a s maller s cale i n F igure 1 4 t han i n 1 6: r aised

t o

t he

l atter 's

s cale,

t he

f ormer 's

C V

bars

w ould

b ecome

l ess

s teep). S peaking o n variation , i t i s hard t o r esist t he t emptation o f d rawing a ttention t o t he f ollowing i mpression s temming f rom c omparison o f m eans ( x)

a nd c oefficients o f variation

t otal o f 1 3 c ases r espectively,

t he

7

( CV)

i n T ables

6 a nd 8 .

f or M TA t han S T.

where Y et,

o f a

T his s ounds n ice s ince o ne w ould e xpect

l arger m eans a nd w ider variations i n a n onshaped c ategory t han i n a s haped-tool o ne. H owever, t he r eversed a t A 63 a re c onversely.

At A 43

a nd C V values a re h igher i n 1 0 a nd 9 variables,

t wo M TA m eans o nly a re 1 1 C V values a re s till

o r s emishaped-tool t rend i s p artially

l arger h igher

t han S T w hile 1 1 f or MTA t han f or

S T. T his puzzling o bservation i s s omewhat i ntriguing : a re t he d ichotomies a uthentic? W hat i s t heir m eaning i f t hey a re? T he f ollowing variables w ere c hosen f or t esting by d irectional c hi-square t ests w ith 0 .001 ( again , b ecause t he s mall s ample o f A 43) a nd 1 d f : L , P IA ,

a nd W t

( see F ig .

1 6 a nd T able 8 ).

a lpha B L , B T,

F or a ll but t wo Ho c ould n ot b e

r ejected : B T a nd W t whereby i t s eems l ikely t hat t he d egree o f variation a t A 63 i s i ndeed l arger t han a t A 43. T hus w e m ay c onclude t hat o ur v isual i mpression i n m ost c ases ( see a bove) was p robably m isguided ,

n amely,

n o s ignificant d ifference

i n variation o ccurs

t here.

A s r egards bulb t hickness ( BT) a nd w eight ( Wt) I have s ome h esitations a bout t he r esults o wing t o t he l ow n -11 a nd 1 9, r espectively, a t A 43. B ut e ven i f t hese h esitations a re unfounded o wing t o t he s trict s ignificance l evel ( 0.001), t he e xplanation m ay p erhaps r est w ith t he s ampling s trategy e mployed a t A 43.

T here,

t he s ample was c ollected f rom

t he d ensest s quares, i .e., v irtually f rom t he m ore c entral p art o f t he s ite while t he s ample o f A 63 r epresents t he p eripheries a s w ell. T o

r eturn

t o

t he

m eans,

w e

must

s eek

a gain

s upport

f rom

S tudent's

t -

t ests t o s ee w hether o r n ot t he d issimilarities a s r eflected i n T able 8 a nd F igure 1 6 a re s ignificant. T he 1 3 v ariables w ere s ubmitted t o a s eries O nly

o f d irectional

t wo

variables

t ests

( L

a nd

( BtT)

just b arely m ade

i t.

very

c onservative

d ismissed .

What

one,

( alpha — 0 .001) w ith t he B tT)

s howed

H owever,

even

t his m eans

s ince

s uch

i s

f ollowing r esults.

s ignificance, t he

a nd

o ne

s ignificance

a r esult

s hould

t hat M TA/flakes

not

a t A 43

a re

be

o nce

m ore

i nferred f rom much

c onfidence

d ifferences and

a n

t he

i mportant f oregoing

t hat

i n T able

subsequently

m any

m ethodological e ffort.

s tudents

8 a nd F igure e stablish

s traightforwardly a ccompanying A s

w e

h ave

s een ,

d espite

t he

I t

w ould

1 6, t he

b e

e ven t o

i s

w orthy

c onsiderable

l onger

o f

t o

a ssume

i mpressed

by

t he

a s tate

o f

k inds

o f

a

r esults

f easible

d issimilarities

t hem w ith a ll

5 9

l esson

s eems

t hem i s

easily

b oth

a nd w ith t hicker butts t han a t A 63. I p refer a gain t o a wait f rom t he r emaining c ategories b efore a ttempting a n e xplanation . Y et,

o f

l evel

b eing w ith

v isible

s atisfaction , a s

valid,

i nterpretations.

d isparities

i n

r elative

f requencies i n a g reat n umber o f d istant p lacements o f m eans ( see

v ariables ( see T able F ig . 1 6), a s eries

8 ) o f

a nd t he c autious

s tatistical t ests d id w arrant a lmost n o c ase a s d eliberate a nd b eyond r andom d istribution . I t m ust b e c lear o nce a nd f or a ll t hat n either p ercentages ( especially), nor d eviation c an a cquire p owerful t hey a re c arefully t ested .

even m eans f ollowed by s tandards o f m eaning i n a c omparative s tudy unless

T o s um u p t he M TA s ection , o f 2 6 a ttributes a nalyzed a nd t hree s howed s ignificant d ifferences b etween A 43 a nd A 63.

t ested o nly M TA/flakes

a re c ertainly l onger a t A 43 t han a t A 63 w hile t hey a re p erhaps a lso o f t hicker butts. There may a s well be a d ifference b etween t he a ssemblages i n t he d istribution o f f lakes c haracterized b y v entral c urvatures ( VC), ( see a bove).

b ut

w e

c annot

t ell

6 0

t he

d irection

o f

t he

d ifference

T ypology o f C ores

F or

t he

c lassification

o f

c ores

I have

d rawn

f rom

s everal

r esources

( mainly Knowles 1 953; B ordes 1 950, 1 961, 1 979; J ohnson 1 975; I saac 1 977; Ohel 1 977a), b ut t he s cheme h ere i s a gain m odified c onsiderably. F or d efinitions t he r eader must r efer t o t he a bove a uthorities a s i ndicated i n t he f ollowing l ist ( the r eferences d o n ot i mply t hat t hese a re t he f irst o r s ole d efiners,but t hat I f ound t hem m ore h elpful t han o thers). 1 .

B ic = B iconical

2 .

C on - C onical

3 .

P yr - P yramidal

4 .

F l - F lat

5 .

D is = D iscoid ( Isaac 1 977:

6 .

H bD = H igh-backed d iscoid

7 .

B D = B iconvex d iscoid

8 .

L ev - L evallois

9 .

P ol - P olyhedric ( polyfacetted o r multidirectional I saac 1 977: F igure 5 5:4; B ordes' g lobular).

1 0.

P B = P olyfacetted b idirectional

1 1.

B l - B lock

1 2.

C as = C asual

1 3.

Ar no = Amorphous

1 4.

N od - N odule

1 5.

HB - H andaxe b lockout

1 6.

F C - C ore o n f lake

T able

( Isaac 1 977:

F igure

5 5:2a).

( Ohel 1 977a). ( Johnson 1 975:

( Johnson 1 975:B:

O hel 1 977a). F igure 5 5:1b). ( Isaac 1 977:

( Isaac 1 977:

( Bordes

1 950,

( Johnson 1 975: ( Isaac 1 977: ( Bordes'

( or p ebble:

9 s ummarizes

F igure 1 :D).

F igure 5 5:3).

F igure

1 961,

5 5:2b).

1 968,

1 979,

( Isaac 1 977:

1 980). a nd

s ubspheric:

F igure 5 5:5a a nd b ).

F igure 1 :D). F igure 5 5:

6 a a nd b );

< 6

s cars.

i nform). O hel 1 977a);

< 3

s cars.

( Ohel 1 977a).

( obviously v isible).

t he

d ata

o f

c ore

t ype

f orms

f or

A43

a nd A 63

F igure 1 7 p resents c umulative g raphs f or e asier a ppreciation F ig. 2 9 a nd P late 5 ). N ote t hat f orms n ot e ncountered a ssemblages A gain , t he

c ores s uch

a re o mitted .

a nd t his

m ost ( no.

t ime

i n c ore

t ypes,

r emarkable

f eature

b eing

1 2)

p roximate

c ombined

w hile

( and s ee i n b oth

i n b oth A 43 f orms

n ongeometric

a s

a nd A 63.

a morphous

g roup

a n o verall t he

w ill

e qual I f

( no. r each

p ercent a t A 63.

6 1

t o

1 3) 8 1.6

s imilarity

i s

p reponderance t hese

a nd

c ores

n odules

p ercent

a t

a pparent, o f

c asual

w ill

b e

( no.

1 4),

A 43

a nd

a dded t he 6 7.9

T able

9 .

T ype f orms o f c ores

F orm

( see t ext f or c oding)

A43

A 63

2 .

C on

3

6 .1

5

6 .0

3 .

P yr

1

2 .0

4

4 .8

4 .

F l

z . B D 8 . L ev 9 . P ol 1 0. P B

0

0 .0

7

8 .3

0 1 2 1

0 .0 2 .0 4 .1 2 .0

1 1 0 7

1 .2 1 .2 0 .0 8 .3

1 2.

C as

1 3. 1 4. 1 5.

Ar no N od H B

7 6 1

1 4.3 1 2.2 2 .0

2 8 0

2 .4 9 .5 0 .0

1 6.

F C

0

0 .0

2

2 .4

T otal

2 7

4 9

5 5.1

9 9.8

4 7

8 4

5 6.0

1 00.1

1 00

50

0 2

F ig.

1 7.

3

4

C umulative

7

g raphs

8

9

f or

c oding .)

6 3

1 0

c ore

1 2

t ype

1 3

1 4

f orms.

1 5

( See

1 6

t ext

f or

P late

5 .

C ores ( rows f rom b ottom u p): 1 -2, c asuals; 3 , n odules; 4 , a morphous; 5 , pyramidal ( right), c onicals ( left); 6 , p olyfacetted b i-directional ( right) h andaxe r oughout ( left). Y ardstick i nterval i s 1 0 c m .

6 4

S o f ar a s i t may b e d educed f rom c ore f orms i n t heir a ctual s tate i n which t hey a re f ound , s ystematic d irection i n f lake r emoval o r c ore p reparation w ere

n ot

v alued

a s

o f

h igh

p riority

by

t he

f lintknappers

a t t he t wo s ites. F urthermore, t he t wo s emigeometric t ypes: p olyhedric ( no. 9 ) and p olyfacetted b idirectional ( no. 1 0) help t o r einforce t his n otion . G eometric c ores a re n egligible i n A43, a nd o nly a t l ow proportions i n A63. L evallois preparation of c ores i s hardly r epresented i n b oth a ssemblages, which c orroborates t he s carcity o f L evallois Y et,

f lakes

a mong t he s haped t ools

( see e arlier).

a f ew d ifferences a re n onetheless v iable.

9 a nd F igure

1 7,

a m ajority o f g eometric

A s c an b e s een i n T able

a nd s emigeometric

f orms

( nos.

3 , 4 , 7 and 1 0) a ccumulate h igher p ercentages a t A 63 t han a t A 43 while a r eversed t rend i s m arked i n n ongeometric c ores ( nos. 1 3 a nd 1 4). T o t est t his

o bservation t wo

c omprising

a ll

g eometric

s eparate a nd

c hi-square

s emigeometric

t he s econd t he n ongeometric o nes ( nos. t est ( at a lpha = 0 .05 with 1 df) s ignificantly m ore A 43, a lthough n ot u nder A 63

t he

s ame

c onditions

f ailed

i n nongeometric c ores

T he f irst

r esult

t hat

m aterial

r aw

S ection

A ,

t echnological, s emigeometric t he

g eometric a nd o verwhelmingly

core

and

r aises

i t

w as

c ore

a nd

o ne

7 -10),

t o

c onfirm

t he

o verriding

o f

A 43

o n

( x 2= 1.2563.841). The s econd t est

a n

f orms

( nos.

1 2-14). T he r esult o f t he f irst suggested t he probability of

o f

would

w ere

t ests w ere

f orms

t hat i n

a t A 63

t he t han

c ategories

i ncremental i nformation , t herefore n ow i s l ikely t o b e p remature.

n ature,

s ome

6 5

other

p rocessing a t A 43. below

f urther

S ince

i t

i s

g enerally, o f

f actors, m ore

p erhaps

g eometric

F orthcoming will

u nlikely

t hroughout

a nalyses

hopefully

s peculation

o n

t his

a nd o f

f urnish m atter

C ore P roperties a nd D imensions

A m odified p rocedure based e ssentially o n J ohnson a nd O hel ( 1977a) a nalysis was d one

( 1975),

I saac

( 1977)

was e mployed f or a nalyzing c ore a ttributes. T his f or e ach c ore i n e very s quare by c ore t ype f orms, b ut

o nce m ore, l ike i n p revious s ections, t he d ata h ere w ill b e s ummarized t o s ave s pace. N eedless t o s tress t hat c onsiderable i nformation i s l ost d ue t o t his f or

f uture

s ummary ,

s o t hat a m ore d etailed a nalysis must b e p ostponed

o pportunity.

T he

d ata

h ere,

t hen ,

a re

g iven

f or

a ll

c ore

f orms a s o ne g roup. Qualitative A ttributes T he f ollowing d iscrete variables w ere r ecorded f or c ores: 1 .

R = R olled ,

w ith t hree d egrees a s R o

2 .

W — W eathered ,

3 .

S P — Number o f s triking p latforms:

4 .

F E = Number o f f laking e dges:

a s W e

i n S T.

i n S T. 1 ;

1 ;

2 ;

2 ;

3 ;

> 2.

> 3.

( Note

t hat m ore

t han o ne

F E may o ccur o n a s ingle S P.) 5 . 6 .

S = S tate: T

—

w — whole;

T ermination :

b = b roken .

e

—

e xhausted ;

c

—

c onsiderably

u sed ;

m

m inimally u sed . ( For r ationale

o f

t hese

j udgements

a nd

t he w ays

t hey

a re

r eached ,

s ee

J ohnson 1 975:76). 7 .

UA = Uncore a rea ( see J ohnson 1 975 f or e xplanations): p p latform : e ntire c ore c onsists o f s cars a nd p latforms o nly ; n = n o U A : s cars d epart c ortex

f rom r idges o r e dges, i .e., t he w hole a rea i s w orked; c = ( n = n o c ortex; 1 /4; 1 /2; 3 /4); u unidentifiable o r b reak ;

a = Number o f uncore a reas F igure 1 8 p resents

( 0;

i n g raphic

1 ;

f orm t he

variables by r elative f requencies. r eigns q uite i mpressively. H owever, a ppears

s ome d ivergence,

2 ;

> 2). s ummarized d ata o f

t he

d iscrete

O n t he w hole, g eneral s imilarity i n s everal o f t he variables t here

a nd t hey w ill have

t o b e

t ested

i n t he c ourse

o f t he f ollowing d iscussion . N onrolled

( i.e.,

s harp

o r

m int)

t he t otal i n e ach a ssemblage, s haped

t ools

h owever,

t he

( see

F ig.

s lightly

n onrolled m iscellaneous ( R :v)

a rtifacts

s eems

B oth

t hese

p roportions

t rimmed

r ather

( R :n)

v ersus

d id n ot

A 43

( 6.1).

c onfirm ,

i n R b etween t he

c onstitute

r are

i n

a ll

c ategories

( about

a rtifacts

t o b e a s omewhat marked d ifference

( 19.0) t est

a re

1 0).

h igher

c ores

( see t hree

t hat

a ny

F ig.

t o

a t

h alf

o f

s ituation i n

d o 7 0

1 5).

n ot

r each ,

p ercent) V ery

c ategories,

y et

o f

r olled t here

i n f avor o f A 63

t wo-sample

s ignificant

( x 22.1043

W

SP

P olygons

1 2 >2 1 W

F E

r epresenting

p ercentages.

( See

S

e cm

T

q ualitative

p

n

1 /4 1 / / 23 l ie 1 2>2 ! 1

o f

c ores

UA

a ttributes

t ext f or l etter c odes.)

6 7

a

b y

T he g reat m ajority o f c ores i s u nweathered o r l ittle w eathered ( Fig . 1 8:W), r eminiscent o f t he s ituation a mong S T a nd M TA ( see F igs. 1 0 a nd 1 5). C learly , c ores w ith t wo s triking p latforms ( SP :2) d ominate b oth a ssemblages. T o a rgue t hat t his f act m ay r eflect a c omparatively l ow r ate o f c ore e xploitation w ould b e r ather d angerous f or s everal r easons. F irst a nd f oremost, o ur o bservations a re made p erforce o n c ores i n t heir p resent ( "final") s tate a s f ound ; m ore p latforms c ould h ave e xisted b efore m ore, o r l ess c ores r eached t his " final" s tate. C onsequently, t he p resently o bserved s tate c an h ardly s erve a s a n i ndication o f r eal i ntensity o f c ore u tilization. S econd, t he p roportions o f > 2 f laking e dges ( FE: >2) a re c onsiderably h igh. M oreover, t hird , c ompletely a nd c onsiderably t erminated c ores ( T:e a nd c ) a ccumulate n otable p ercentages i ndeed ( 81.6 a t A 43 a nd 8 3.4 a t A 63). T he t wo l atter c annot e asily b e r econciled w ith a l ow i ntensity o f c ore e xploitation . I s uggest t wo m ajor e xplanations f or t he h igh r ate o f t wo p latforms: a ) t he p resent " final" s tate o f m any c ores m asks t he r eal i ntensity o f e xploitation , a s a lready a rgued i n t he f irst r eason a bove; b ) t he r elative h igh p roportion o f n odule c ores(12.2 p ercent a t A 43 a nd 9 .5 a t A 63: s ee T able 9 ), a s d efined , r aises t he S P: 1 a nd 2 p roportions a nd c auses a s omewhat m isleading g eneral e ffect . A dditionally , S P :2. T he a bove c onsiderations, p rofited m uch f rom s ome o mitted h ere.

a s w ell a s o thers r elated t o t hem , c ould h ave o f t he d etailed a nalyses w hich h ad t o b e

A lso, i ntra-attribute c orrelations w ould u ndoubtedly o pen u p s ome i mportant o ptions, but t hese t oo h ad t o b e s et a side f or a nother o pportunity . A ll i n a ll, o n b ases o f r epeated o bservations o f t he m aterial a nd t he f oregoing e valuations, m y b elief i s t hat a g reat m any c ores w ere r elatively c onsiderably e xploited i n t he r eduction p rocess. T his belief, h owever, i s y et t o b e f urther d emonstrated a s s ignificantly c ogent. R eturning

t o

o ur

r egular

t rack ,

w e

w ould

l ike

t o

k now

w hether

t he

d ifferences s een o n F igure 1 8 b etween A 43 a nd A 63 i n S P a re o f a r andom o r n onrandom n ature f or e xcept i n S P:2 t he p ercentages a re n ot s o s imilar. A K olmogorov-Smirnov t wo-sample d irectional t est a t 0 .05 s ignificance l evel r esulted i n f ailure t o r eject Ho ( x 2= 2.847

E

( I )

4 )

c C

C s ) . . I IL L

C L

7 5

b . ( )

f ew

a ttribute

o mitted). o f

s tates

having

z ero

variates

i n

e ither

An o verall c lose s imilarity i s a pparent.

variables

d istort

s omewhat

t he

l ine

a nd

a ssemblage

w ere

O nly a s mall number

w e

w ill

have

t o

c heck

w hether o r n ot t hey b ear s ignificance. T he p reponderance o f f lake s cars o ver b lade s cars e quivalent a lmost

i n

b oth

p erfect

a ssemblages.

a greement

M oreover ,

w ith

t he

( B1)

t his

r elative

i s c lear-cut a nd

m anifestation

f requencies

f lakes a s p art o f s mall s haped t ools ( SST: s ee T able 4 ) o f f lakes a mong m iscellaneous t rimmed a rtifacts ( MTA : C oncurrently, r emoving

b lade

a t rue

unimportant,

s cars

( for

p redetermined

s mall

many

o f

b lade

p roportion

c an

( about

w hich b e

a

t he

i n

a nd w ith t hose s ee F ig . 1 5).

p reconception

h ighly

t enth)

i s

r epresenting

d isputed)

n icely

f orm

o f a n

c orresponding

a gain w ith t he p roportions o f b lades a mong S Ts a nd MTAs. F or t his matter i t a ppears t he Avivim t echnology.

t o b e t enable a t t he p resent s tage t o r egard

a ssemblages a s e vidently t ypifying a f lake, n ot a b lade W e w ere n ot a ble t o pass t his u nambiguous v erdict b efore,

until c ore s cars w ere e xamined . O n t he o ther p roportions o f d ebitage f lakes ( D:F i n T able 4 ) t he a bove s tatement. o f t he a nalysis h ere, a mong

o ther

f orms

c ertainly

f ar

D ebitage f lakes, a s u nderstood f or t he p urposes a re c onsidered a m anufacturing waste, o ne f orm

o f b y-products

( see D i n T able 4 ,

a nd b elow).

f rom

hand , t he n ot s o h igh c an by n o m eans a ffect

a ll,

r esulting

I n f act,

m ight

h ave

f rom

t he

r eduction

a g reat m any o f t hem ,

b een

just

c hance

d rops

p rocess a lthough

a nd

c hips,

n ot e ntirely c ontrolled by t he knapper. F urthermore, d ebitage f lakes c an o ften b e, a nd a re, r ather numerous i n a g reat many pure b lade t echnologies f or t hey c onstitute a n i nescapable by-product o f o thers. T hus,

t hese t echnologies r eduction p rocess a s t hey d o o f t hey c an have n o b earing w ith r espect t o t he d istinction

b etween a f lake a nd b lade t echnology. B y c ontrast, what s eems a g reat d eal m ore h elpful t o l ook a t a re t he b lade p roportions a mong t he d ebitage. b lades

A b lade

t han

a ttempts, N ow , o f

a ny

t echnology

o ther

i naccurate

f or

w ill

p erformances,

by g lancing a t T able 4 ( D:B)

1 69

d ebitage

s pecimens)

o stensibly

o bvious

a nd

w e

o ne

b e

r easons,

r icher

s uch

a s

u se-exhaustion , f ind o ne a t

A 63

i n

b reakages,

s ingle b lade

( out

o f

d ebitage

unsuccessful e tc.

a t A 43

4 18).

This

( out l ends

e ven f irmer a ffirmation t o o ur s tatement a bove. S ide-struck f lake s cars o n c ores e xhibit l arger r elative f requencies a t A 43 F ig. n ot

t han

a t A 63,

2 0).

a nd v ice

A c ouple

s ubstantiate

o f

v ersa

q uick

f or

e nd-struck s cars

c hi-square

s ignificant d ifferences

t ests

( alpha

i n e ither

( PF :

s a nd

— 0 .05/1df)

d irection

( for

e i n d id P F :s

0 .306 2 f acet p latforms a re q uite s canty .

h )

F air p roportion o f a berrant

A ll

the

t echnique o f n egligible

a bove

w orkmanship,

n ot b lade t echnology.

a pparently

i mportance.

( non-normal)

point

i n

one

but o f a r elatively c asual

t he

f ield .

o thers

while

t erminal r eleases. d irection:

a nd

" primitive"

an

i ntense

n ature p aying

n ot t oo much a ttention t o s ymmetric s tandards o r g eometric p erfectness. C onsidering t his s ummary f rom a d ifferent a ngle, a t

a ll

t he

h ypothesis

a bove

p oints

a s

c onstituting

a s et

i t i s p ossible t o o f

a ssumptions

t o b e t ested a gainst a s y et unanalyzed s ubcategories

q uantified a ttributes

o f d ebitage

f lakes,

a nd

l ook o f

a

s uch a s

d ebitage-exhausted c ores

a long w ith t heir s cars. T his s eems s omewhat i ntriguing s ince o ne o f t he m ain s tated purposes o f t his e ffort ( the c onstruction o f building b locks f or a m odel o f l ithic a nalysis o f t he A cheulean s ites o n t he Y iron P lateau : s ee a bove) m ay b e e xperimentally e xplored , t hough o nly p artially, w ithin t his v ery p resentation .

9 3

Quantitative A ttributes o f D ebitage F lakes

T he

f ollowing a re

( linear

t he

d imensions

B readth;

3 .

c ontinuous variables m easured o n d ebitage

i n mm;

a ngles

T — T hickness;

4 .

i n

d egrees):

B tT = B utt

1 .

f lakes

L — L ength;

t hickness;

5 .

2 .

B =

PRT — P latform

r emnant t hickness; 6 . P RW — P latform r emnant w idth; 7 . B L = B ulb l ength; 8 . B T — Bulb t hickness; 9 . MA — M edial a xis a ngle; 1 0. P IA — P latform i nclination a ngle; 1 1. F A = F lake a ngle; 1 2. W t — w eight ( in g rams); M TA .

1 3.

S — Number

T able

1 2

s hows

o f

d orsal

t he p ooled

s cars.

d ata by

A ll s ite

variables while

a s

F igure

i n 2 3

S T

a nd

d isplays

t hem i n t he by-now f amiliar g raphic f orn . Analysis a nd T esting On t he whole, b oth t able a nd f igure l end , a gain , t he g reat s imilarity i n m eans a nd s tandards o f d eviation .

i mpression S tudent 's

o f t-

t ests r un f or e ight o f t he 1 3 variables ( L , B , T , B tT, P RT, P RW , F A a nd Wt) r esulted i n i nability t o r eject t he null hypothesis ( one-tailed ; a lpha 0 0 01— 3 .291), a nd t here i s n ot t he s lightest d oubt t hat n either o f t he ' remaining f ive c ould s urpass t he c ritical value. I .e., n o d ifferences a re

s een

i n c entral

t endency b etween t he

s amples

i n a ny o f

t he q uantitative a ttributes. D egree s ites

o f a s

variation r eflected

i s by

c onsiderably t he

C Vs.

h igh

T here

i n

a lso

m ost s eem

variables t o

b e

a t

s ome

b oth

n otable

d ifferences i n t his d egree b etween t he s ites a s r epresented by t he s teep s lopes o f t he C V l ines. T hose w ere t ested by d irectional c his quare t ests ( alpha t ested , ( L , T , B tT, d id n ot f lakes

f ail.

0 5 3.841; 1 d f). F rom e ight p airs o f variables P RT, B L , B T, F A , a nd W t), o nly t he l ast o ne ( Wt)

0

T his

m eans

t hat

v ariability

i s a pparently g reater a t A 63

i n

t he

t han a t A 43.

w eight

p reviously d emonstrated f or M TA , a lbeit n ot f or S T, c onsistently " suffered" f rom a s mall s ample o f A 43. C omplementary

t o t he

l arger v ariation a t A 63

o f

d ebitage

P recisely t he s ame w as but

t han a t A 43

t he

l atter

i n w eight

i s

t he f act, m entioned e arlier, t hat q uite a f ew l arge a nd h eavy c ores a re f ound i n t he A 63 s ample w ith n o s uch p arallels i n t he A43 o ne. T his was

a lso

c ores

a t

s ustained by A 63

p roved

c ategory o f c ore

t he

t ests

t o

s cars

p erformed w hereby

s urpass

i s

s ignificantly

o f c ourse

i rrelevant w ith

w ould a ppear n ot t oo f ar f etched t o a ssume, variation a t A 63 t han a t A 43 T his

i n

t urn

d ifferences m aterial,

m ay

b etween

l ead

t o

t he

s ites

a p oint w e w ill

F urthermore,

a nd

r ather

i n ( at l east) s ome i n

L ,

T , a t

r egard

t herefore,

a nd

r ange

t o

o f T he

W t.

I t

t hat t he g reater

i nferences o f

W t

A 43.

w eight o f a rtifacts

i nteresting t he

B ,

t hose

i s

r eal.

c oncerning

a vailability

o f

r aw

t ouch u pon l ater.

i ntriguing

t oo,

while

t he

m eans

o f

t he

l inear

variables o f c ore s cars ( Table 1 1: L , B , B L) a t A43 m atch b eautifully t heir c ounterparts i n d ebitage f lakes ( Table 1 2), t his i s n ot e xactly s o

i n t he

c ase

o f A 63

( cf .

T ables

1 1

a nd 1 2).

F or

s ure

t his

m ay w ell

s tem f rom t he g reater variation i n d imensions a t A 63 y et s ome o ther c auses s uch a s t he m ode o f p roduction c ould b e i nvolved . T his t oo w ill b e d iscussed l ater.

9 4

T able 1 2.

M eans

( X),

variation

s tandards o f d eviation ( CV)

f or

( SD)

q uantitative

a nd c oefficients

variables

f lakes. L t o B T i n ' u m .; MA t o F A i n d egrees; number o f s cars ( see t ext f or c oding)

V ariable

A43 X '

A 63 S D

C V

n

S D

C V

4 3

3 2.2

1 2.69

3 9

1 51

2 7.6

1 3.02

4 7

4 3

2 7.2

1 1.06

4 1

1 51

2 4.2

1 0.00

4 1

4 3

8 .9

3 .65

4 1

1 51

9 .5

4 .62

4 9

B tT P RT

4 1 3 9

8 .6 6 .9

3 .55 3 .68

4 1 5 4

1 50 1 42

8 .8 6 .2

4 .65 3 .94

5 3 6 4

P RW

4 0

1 5.2

9 .81

6 5

1 45

1 5.1

9 .08

6 0

B L

4 2

1 1.6

7 .51

6 5

1 44

1 1.2

8 .31

7 4

B T

3 4

0 .9

0 .63

6 9

1 06

0 .9

0 .75

8 6

MA

4 0

6 .7

5 .98

8 9

1 44

6 .6

5 .78

8 8

P IA

3 8

1 08.3

1 3.23

1 2

1 41 1 05.4

1 3.66

1 3

F A W t

3 8 4 3 4 3

7 2.7 1 1.9 0 .8

1 7.30 1 1.81 0 .81

2 4 1 00 1 05

1 41 1 51 1 50

1 6.17 1 4.98 0 .98

2 0 1 46 9 9

7 9.7 1 0.3 1 .0

9 5

o f Wt

o f

d ebitage i n g r.;

S -

0 0

0

0

0

e l

. 1 6 19

0

0

9

" 0

0

c o

a ttributes

MA P IA F A

-O

X

c oefficients

4 1

C 0

a nd

' 0N

0 O D

X

c o

0 WW

c o

7

o A 0

0 4 1 - 3 ( I0

0+ -0

0+0

0+0

I 0 0

0 0

a

W W

9 6

—0

0

C D .

0 4 1

U . ) a ) a )

C C I .

( 1 )

( 1 ) ( . ) 4 )

a ) c r i c 4 1

C omparing T ables 6 , 8 , a nd 1 2 ( or t he c orresponding f igures) i t c an b e r eadily s een t hat i n a ll s ize a ttributes i ncluding w eight t he m eans o f d ebitage f lakes a re c onsistently s maller, s ometimes q uite c onsiderably s o, t han t hose o f s haped t ools ( ST) a nd m iscellaneous t rimmed a rtifacts ( MTA). T he t angible c omprehension o f t his p henomenon w hich o ffers i tself i s t hat t he i nhabitants o f o ur s ites w ere a ccustomed t o c hoosing r ather f rom t he p opulation of blanks t he l arger ones f or t he a ccomplishment o f s haped t ools. T hat t hese v alues a re t hus c onsistent t hroughout t he s ize v ariables s eems t o h int a t t wo a lternative o ptions. O ne, t hat b lanks a nd p reforms f or t he m anufacture o f e nd-products w ere d eliberately , s pecifically , a nd s teadily i ntroduced t o t he s ites f rom s omewhere e lse. T wo, t hat t he p rocess o f s electing l arger b lanks o ccurred o n t he s pot a nd t hat t hese c onstitute a n i ntegral p art o f t he p opulation o f f laked a rtifacts o f t he s ites' a ssemblages ( i.e., j ust l arger " brothers" o f t he d ebitage f lakes). T o m ake t he l atter o ption t enable, s ome s erious a rguments f or m ore o r l ess p rimary c onditions o f t he s ites must b e a dvanced ; t his w ill b e s trived a t b elow . I nterestingly , y et c ertainly e xpected , t he number o f d orsal s cars i s i nversely i nclined t han a ll s ize v ariables: while u pon d ebitage f lakes t here i s a n a verage o f h ardly o ne s car p er f lake, o n S Ts a nd M TAs t here a re a bout t wo a nd a q uarter a nd o ne a nd t hree-quarters, r espectively . A mong o ther t hings, t he p lacement o f t he M TA a verage b etween S T a nd D j ustifies t he m ethodological h elpfulness o f t he M TA c ategory . W ere t hese d oubtful S Ts t o j oin e ither S T o r D , t hey w ould n ot j ust r emain a b urden o f c onscience t o t he c lassifier b ut a lso h eavily d istort b oth S T a nd D c ategories. F inally, t he s ignificant r esult i s m ore o btuse a t A 43 t han a t c omplementary r esult i n d ebitage F A f ailed t o s how a ny d ifference d istribution .

i n P IA o f c ore s cars, n amely t hat P IA A 63, c ould n ot b e c orroborated b y a f lakes. A s n oted a bove, b oth P IA a nd b etween t he a ssemblages b eyond r andom

I n s umming u p t he p receding s ection , l et u s n ote f irst t he a dditional i nformation g ained f rom i t: ( a) A g reater v ariation i n w eight ( Wt) a t A 63 t han a t A 43 m ay b e s uggestive o f a w ider r ange o f a vailable r aw m aterial t o c hoose f rom i n t he f ormer v ersus t he l atter; ( b) T he o bviously s maller s ize o f d ebitage f lakes t han t hat o f S T 's a nd M TA 's b rings f orth t wo o ptions: o ne, i ntroduction t o t he s ites o f e specially l arger b lanks f or t he m anufacture o f e nd-products; t wo, a n i n s itu p redetermined s election p rocess o f s uch b lanks f or t he s ame p urpose. S econd, s ome p revious a ssumptions a ttained i ncremental s upport b y t he l ast a nalysis: ( a) T he n otion o f o ne a nd t he s ame " parent p opulation" i s o nce m ore s trengthened b y t he f act t hat n ot o ne v ariable o ut o f 1 3 w as f ound t o b e s ignificantly d ifferent f rom o ne a ssemblage t o t he o ther; ( b) A f ine m atch i n m ean s ize o f d ebitage f lakes a nd c ore s cars ( particularly a t A 43) e nhances t he c laim o f c ore-flake a ssociation , i n t urn o f p rimary c onditions. T he s light d epartures i n t his r espect a t A 63 may p erhaps d erive f rom a s omewhat d iverging m ode o f p roduction h ere a s a gainst A 43: ( c) A r ather h igh d egree o f v ariation i n a lmost a ll variables s upports t he v iew o f r elative t echnological c ontrasymmetry a nd c asualness. N ote t hat i n m edial a xis a ngle ( MA i n F ig. 2 3) t he C V r eaches a lmost 9 0 p ercent.

9 7

D ebitage:

E xhausted C ores

E xhausted c ores w ere i ncluded i n t he d ebitage c ategory ( D), n ot i n t he c ore c ategory ( C), when d emonstrating t he c ombination o f f ull e xhaustion , marked s maller s ize, a nd s alient l ighter w eight t han " regular" c ores. T hese c riteria w ere n ot d etermined b y m easured l imits but by s ubjective a pproximation . A s w ill b e r ecalled , e xhausted c ores f ormed o ne o f t hree a ttribute s tates o f t ermination ( T) i n t he a nalysis o f q ualitative c ore a ttributes ( see a bove). H owever, f rom t here ( T:e) w ere e xcluded n oticeable s mall a nd l ight e xhausted c ores. I t w as r ationalized t hat i nclusion o f s uch i n t he c ore c ategory w ould h eavily , a nd o stensibly u n justifiably , a ffect t he g eneral c onfiguration o f t he c ore " population" w hich b y r epeated o bservation c ould d oubtlessly n ot b e r elegated t o a d iminutive s ize-and-weight body o f c ores. S ubsequently i t w as t o d ebitage.

d ecided t o a scribe

t he

s mall/light e xhausted c ores

C lassification o f F orms T he s ame t ypology a s f or c ores ( see a bove) w as a pplied f or e xhausted c ores i n d ebitage. T able 1 3 s hows t he b reakdown b y f orms ( entries o f f orms n ot p resent i n e ither a ssemblage w ere o mitted t o e conomize t he t able). I w ould n ot a ttach t oo f ar r eaching i mportance t o e very d atum i n T able 1 3, y et a f ew p oints a re w orthy o f m aking . O ne, b y c omparison ( to T able 9 ), t he n umber o f d ebitage e xhausted c ores i n e ach o ne o f t he s amples i s q uite l arge a s a gainst c ores ( 35 v s. 4 9 a t A 43; 5 3 v s. 8 4 a t A 63). F urther, c onsidering t he o bservation i n t he c ore c ategory t hat m ore t han 2 0 p ercent a t A 43 a nd m ore t han 4 0 p ercent a t A 63 a re f ully e xhausted ( T :e i n F ig . 1 8), i t d oes n ot a ppear t hat r aw m aterial, g enerally s peaking , w as t oo p lentiful t o t he d egree o f i ndifferent w astefulness. A t l east i t s eems t hat t hat was h ow t he s ites' d wellers t heir d isposal.

v isualized I ndeed w e

t he g iven e xtent o f w orkable m aterial a t h ave a lready p ointed o ut i n t he b eginning

t hat w ide a reas o f t he A vivim S ection ( A) a re d evoid o f f lints. W e have a lso s een, once a nd a gain, t hat t he i ntensity o f c ore e xploitation w as r ather h igh . T wo, e ven i n t he d ebitage e xhausted c ores w e e ncounter t he c lear p reponderance o f c asual a nd r elated f orms o ver o thers ( Table 1 3, n os. 1 2 a nd 1 4: 6 8.5 p ercent a t A 43, a nd 6 4.1 a t A 63; c f . T able 9 ). T his a gain s peaks i n f avor o f r elative c asualness a nd c onsiderable d ivorce f rom g eometric e vidence.

p erfectness,

a s

a lready

s uggested

by

o ther

l ines

o f

T hree, n otwithstanding , t he a bove p ercentages a re l esser t han t heir p arallels i n t he c ore c ategory . A s w ell, t he w eak a nd p artial i diosyncrasy s een b etween t he a ssemblages i n g eometric a nd s emigeometric f orms ( more a t A 63 t han A 43) v ersus n ongeometric o nes ( vice versa), c annot be d etected i n d ebitage exhausted c ores a ltogether. N evertheless, I t end t o b elieve m ore t he r esults i n t he c ore c ategory t han h ere. T he r eason s eems s imple: t he f urther a c ore i s w orked t o f ull e xhaustion ( and o ften d iminished s ize), t he m ore o f a g eometric o r s emigeometric f orm i t w ill o btain . I c ontend , t herefore, t hat t he d ata i n t he c ore

c ategory a re m ore d ependable

9 8

i n t his

r espect

T able

1 3.

T ype f orms o f d ebitage:

F orm

e xhausted c ores

A 43

A 63

n

%

n

%

C on

1

2 .9

0

0 .0

3 . P yr 4 . F l 1 0. P B

1 6 0

2 .9 1 7.1 0 .0

3 3 6

5 .7 5 .7 1 1.3

2 .

1 2.

C as

1 3

3 7.1

2 2

1 4.

N od

1 1

3 1.4

1 2

1 6.

F C

T otal

3 3 5

8 .6 1 00.0

7 5 3

9 9

4 1.5 2 2.6 1 3.2 1 00.0

( see t ext f or c oding)

t han t he p artly p rescribed c ore e xploitation .

d ata

h ere,

p recisely

d ue

t o

t he

e xtent

o f

P roperties a nd D imensions T he l ists o f a ttributes, q ualitative a nd q uantitative, a re a s i n t he c ore c ategory, e xcept T ( Termination) s ince a ll c ores here a re m aximally t erminated . A s f ormerly , t he r ecorded d ata b y i ndividual t ype f orms w as l umped h ere t o r epresent w hole a ssemblages a lone. Q ualitative A ttributes O verall s imilarity o f t he t wo a ssemblages c ontinues t o b e d isplayed i n F igure 2 4 a s w ell. P roportions o f r olled ( R) a nd w eathered ( W) a re d istributed q uite s imilarly i n b oth A 43 a nd A 63 w ith l ow p ercentages o f v ery r olled ( R :v) a nd v ery w eathered ( W :v) s pecimens. F or t his m atter, t he s ituation h ighly a pproximates t hat i n t he c ore c ategory ( C), a nd i n f act r ounds u p t he r epeated o bservation a cross a ll c ategories o f markedly h igh proportions o f l ittle r olled/weathered a nd n onrolled/nonweathered a rtifacts. K olmogorov-Smirnov t wo-sample t ests w ere e mployed f or S P, F E, a nd UA :c ( one-tailed, a lpha 0 05 = 5.991; 2 df) which s how s omewhat g reater d isparities. A ll f ailed t o r eject Ho , t hus i t m ay b e c oncluded t hat n o s ignificant d ifference between t he s ites e xists i n q ualitative a ttributes. A s ingle s triking p latform ( SP:1) i s t he m ost c ommon s tate a mong d ebitage e xhausted c ores. T his c ontrasts t he s ituation i n C ( cf . F ig . 1 8). T he l atter i s p robably a t ruer r epresentation t han t he f ormer f or t he s imple r eason t hat f ully e xploited , a nd p articularly s mall c ores, w ill n aturally r emain i n m ost c ases w ith m inimal n umbers o f s triking p latforms. S ubsequently, o ur e arlier d iscussion c oncerning t his a ttribute s hould n ot b e a ffected b y t he p resent o bservation . B y t he s ame t oken c an b e e xplained t he d ifferences b etween t he t wo c ategories i n f laking e dge ( FE). P lain a nd n on-uncore a reas ( UA :p a nd n ) w ere n ot d iscerned o n d ebitage c ores a t a ll w hile UA :p i n C s howed v ery l ow p roportions a nd UA :n w as n ot f ound a ltogether. T he f act t hat r elatively m ore c ores d evoid o f c ortex a re p resent i n C t han i n d ebitage, c omes a s n o s urprise. E vidently t he o dds f or f ully u tilized c ores t o l oose c ortex c overage e ntirely a re g reat. W hat i s m ore i nteresting , h owever, a re t he h igh p roportions o f q uarter- a nd h alf-cortex c overed d ebitage c ores, m ore o r l ess c orresponding t o t hose i n C ( cf . C :1/4 a nd 1 /2 i n F ig .18). I w ould a rgue h ere t hat t he b asic t echnological a pproach o f t he s ites' o ccupants i s a gain r eflected , a nalogously , i n b oth c ategories. T heir f laking c ustom w as n ot a t oo s ophistically s tandardized o ne, o ne w hich a lways p reconceives t he p recise e nd-result b y s teady p reparation i n a dvance a nd a c onsistently s ystematic p rocedure t hroughout. S uch a m ode w ould b e e xpected t o p rovide f ar l arger r elative f requencies o f a rtifacts a nd a rtifactual c haracteristics o f h igher c ongruence w ith p en -geometric a nd p eris ymmetric

f orms,

s hapes,

a nd

f eatures,

t ighter

a ttribute

p atterning ,

a nd n arrower r anges o f i ntravariable v ariation . A s w e h ave s uggested m ore t han o nce, t he m ajor f ocus o f a rtifact p rocessing i n t he A vivim

1 00

g AA4633 ox

1 00 ° / 0

0T OTAL 3 5 T OTAL 5 3

50

0

V I nv

R

F ig.

2 4.

I n

W

1 2 3>3

SP

1

2 >2 wb I n1 / 41 / 23 / e1

F E

S I

c

P olygons r epresenting q ualitative e xhausted c ores by p ercentages. c odes.)

1 01

UA

2>2

a

a ttributes o f d ebitage: ( See t ext f or l etter

a ssemblages

was

c entered

o n

i ntensity

o f

e xploitation ,

a nd

t his

d oes

n ot n ecessarily g o hand-in-hand w ith h igh s tandardization . W hat a ll t his m eans i n t erms o f d ebitage e xhausted c ores i s t hat t he Avivim f lintworkers w ere l ed , i n f act, b y t heir s omewhat n onperfectly s tandardized m anufactural e xecution t o a s tate whereby t hey c ould n ot f ully harvest t he f ruits o f t heir i ntentional i ntensive p ractice. N amely , o n r eaching t he p oint o f c ore e xhaustion t hey w ere ( and w e a re) c onfronted w ith a g reat n umber o f c ores s till a dhering l ess, o r m ore c ortex t o t hem . Y et, t hose k nappers h ad t he a bility t o r emoval o f f lakes. W ere t hese p eople a l ittle m ore

g o o n w ith t he i nclined t o a

d ifferent, h igher s tandardized m ode, t hey w ould l eave b ehind , s o b elieve, m any m ore n oncortical c ores t han w e a ctually e ncountered . I maintain r esponsible

t hat t his v ery s ame pattern of production was a lso f or t he c onsiderably h igh p roportions o f uncore a reas

( UA :a/l, 2 , > 2). P ut i n o ther, a nd s impler w ords, a t t he f inally e xhaustive s tage t he k nappers c ould n o l onger h elp i t s ince t he r esult h ad b een v irtually d ictated b y s ome p artial ( presumably unconscious) n egligence o f p reconception . T his a rgument, I w ould c laim , b y n o m eans c ontradicts t he d iscussion f orwarded a t t he e nd o f t he a nalysis o f t he C c ategory a s w ell a s t hat w ithin t he p resent c ategory while d ealing w ith t ype f orms ( see a bove). T hus,

i n s um ,

a lthough n othing much h as b een a ttained i n t he

f oregoing

s ection w ith r egard t o p articles, i t d id o pen u p f or u s a n a dditional h atch t hrough which b etter i nsight m ay p erhaps b e g ained o f s ome t echnological c oncept a nd b ehavioural h abits o f t he Avivim s ites' i nhabitants. Quantitative A ttributes E xactly t he s ame f ive c ontinuous v ariables a s f or C ( see a bove) w ere r ecorded h ere. T able 1 4 a nd F igure 2 5 g ive t he p ooled d ata b y s ite. N ote, f irst, t hat d espite h aving b een a ware t hat i n e ssence a ll c ores, l arger/heavier a s w ell a s s maller/ l ighter a re p arts o f a c ontinuum , t heir s eparation s eems n evertheless t o h ave b een u seful a s justified b y T able 1 4. A c lear-cut r ange s eparates b etween t he t wo c ategories i n a ll v ariables, w eight ( Wt) a nd n umber o f s cars ( S) i n p articular. M oreover, t his r ange i s q uite c onsistent a cross a ll t hree l inear v ariables ( averaging a bout 1 5mm . d ifference i n t he m eans) which i n t urn c ompliments a l ittle t he s ubjective a pproximation. I a gree, n onetheless, t hat a m ore s olid c riteria f or s uch a rbitrary s eparations s hould b e e nhanced i n t he f uture. I n W t t he m ean o f r egular c ores i s o ver t wo a nd a half-fold t he m ean o f d ebitage c ores a t A 43 a nd a bout f ivefold a t A 63. I n S i t i s a lmost t wo a nd h alf-fold a t A 43 a nd o ne a nd a half-fold a t A 63. I nterassemblage r elationships a s r epresented by c lose means a nd o verlapping s tandards o f d eviation ( Fig. 2 5) s uggest o verall s imilarity . T he o nly t wo v ariables w orth t esting a re W t a nd S ( t-tests a t a lpha 0 0 01— 3 .421; d f 8 6; d irectional). T heir o bserved t f ailed t o s urpass t he c ritical value ( Wt: 0 .390; S : 2 .431). I n c onsequence w e m ay c onclude a gain t hat n o d ifferences e xist b etween t he s ites i n c entral t endency , i .e., b oth s amples d erive f rom o ne a nd t he s ame

1 02

T able 1 4.

M eans ( X ), s tandards o f d eviation ( SD) a nd c oefficients o f v ariation ( CV) f or q uantitative v ariables o f d ebitage e xhausted c ores ( for a dditional d etails, s ee T able 1 0)

V ariable

A 43 X

A 63 S D

C V

SD

C V

• •

3 5 3 5

4 0.4 3 1.1

1 1 .78 8 .56

2 9 2 8

5 3 5 3

4 0.8 3 0.0

1 3.02 8 .73

3 2 2 9

• W t

3 5 3 5 3 5

2 2.6 3 4.9 1 .5

5 .47 3 5.62 0 .89

2 4 1 02 5 8

5 3 5 3 5 3

2 2.0 3 2.1 2 .0

6 .90 2 9.64 0 .80

3 1 9 2 4 0

1 03

CV A43o--o ;>< A63

E E

...

\

100

C,

80

80

80

60

60

60

n

40

20

L

Fig. 25.

B

T

0

z

40

20

j I

40

2

Wt

20

s

Means, ±1 standard deviation, and coefficients of variation (thickest lines) for quantitative attributes of debitage: exhausted cores. (See text for coding.)

104

" parent p opulation ." N ot a ll C V s lopes i n i n T , W t, a nd S .

F igure T hese

2 5 a re, h owever, w ere t ested b y

g entle a s, f or i nstance, c hi-squares ( one-tailed ;

a lpha 0 05 = 3.841; 1 d f). A ll t hree f ailed i n r ejecting t he n ull h ypothesis, i .e. n o d ifference b etween t he s amples i s a pparent i n t he d egree of variation e ither. I t s hould b e r ecalled t hat i n C s ignificant r esults w ere a rrived a t f or a ll q uantitative v ariables e xcept S ( see a bove). Y et, I a m s ufficiently p ersuaded t hat t his d isagreement m eans n o c ontradiction . O wing t o t he v ery n ature o f d ebitage e xhausted c ores, a s d efined , t hey w ill t end t o m aintain a c omparatively n arrower r ange o f v ariation t han r egular c ores a mong w hich a f air number o f e xceedingly l arge/heavy c ores d o o ccur. D ifferently p hrased , t he p rocess l eading t o f ull e xhaustion o f c ores w ill inherently b e c haracterized by a t rend t o " flatten out" d ivergences i n s ize a nd w eight. A s a m atter o f f act, I a m s omewhat s atisfied w ith t he C V r esults i n t he p resent c ategory f or i ndirectly t hey ratify t he s ubjective a pproximate s eparation o f t he s maller/lighter c ores o nto t he d ebitage c ategory. Q ualitative A ttributes o f S cars T he s ame 1 1 d iscrete v ariables a s f or r egular c ore s cars i n C ( see a bove) w ere r ecorded h ere. F ig . 2 6 p rovides t he p ooled d ata b y s ites ( ignoring , l ike b efore, t he d ivision b y c ore t ype f orms). A gain , g eneral s imilarity r eigns i n F igure 2 6. H owever, a s omewhat m ore c areful s crutiny r eveals q uite a f ew i mpurities w hich w ill h ave t o b e t ested . T he c ase f or b lanks ( B1) m ay n ow b e c onsidered f inally c losed . T he p roportions o f f lakes ( f) v ersus b lades ( b) a re i dentical f or b oth s amples, a nd i t i s b eyond d oubt t hat f lakes, n ot b lades w ere t he f ocus o f p roduction i n t he A vivim s ites ( cf . a ll p revious p arallel f igures). T he s ame i s t rue f or L evallois t echnique w hich i s n ot e ven r epresented i n t he c urrent c ategory . A ll r emaining a ttributes w ere t ested a nd t he r esults a re g iven i n T able 1 5. O nly o ne v ariable ( PS, u nderscored) o ut o f t he 1 0 p roved s ignificant. I t w ill b e d ealt w ith i n d ue c ourse. N o d ifference b etween t he t wo s amples

i n p rimary f orm ( PF) w as d etected

t hroughout t he c ategories. T he p reponderance o f e nd-struck o ver s ides truck f lakes i s a lso unambiguous t hroughout. M oreover, t heir p roportions a s d istributed i n t he v arious c ategories a re c ertainly n ot r emote f rom e ach o ther, s ometimes e ven q uite c lose. W hether t he c ause r ests w ith t he r aw m aterial u tilized o r w ith c lear t echnological i ntention , o r b oth , i s r ather h ard t o d ecide p resently . N o s ignificant d issimilarity i s f ound b etween A 43 a nd A 63 i n c ontour ( Con) which w as a lso t he c ase i n a ll o ther c ategories. F urthermore, a f air match i s s een b etween t he a ttribute s tates o f C on a t A 43 a nd A 63 w hen c omparing F igures 2 6 a nd 2 0. W e h ave a lready n oted t he s triking s imilarity i n C on b etween c ore s cars a nd d ebitage f lakes; t he d isplay o f s cars o f d ebitage e xhausted c ores c omplements t hat f ine a greement. C onsonant with t he d ebitage-flake, and c ore-scar c ategories, t he s inuous s pecimens o verrule h ere t oo t heir s mooth c ounterparts w hile i rregular c ontour ( i) d ominates t he f ield. E xamination o f t he

1 05

A

c o )

a ttributes p ercentages

c

L . i ]

0

0

t A `e .

e n .

e t

u . p

g8

0

0 ( 4 3

1 06

T able

1 5.

R esults

o f n onparametric s tatistical t ests

variables o f s cars

f or

o f d ebitage e xhausted c ores

q ualitative ( see t ext f or

l etter c odes)

V ariable

T est

P P

2 x2 c ontingency t able

C on

K olmogorov-

C ur

S ignific ance

D egr ees

C ritic al

l evel

o f

value

( all o net ailed)

f reed om

O utcome ( 1)

0 .01

1

6 .635

5 .337

S mirnov t wos ample R xC t able

0 .05 0 .05

2 3

5 .991 7 .815

0 .954 1 .720

B I

K olmogorovS mirnov t wos ample

0 .05

2

5 .991

1 .805

P C

K olmogorovS mirnov t wos ample

0 .05

2

5 .991

0 .795

P S

K olmogorovS mirnov t wos ample

0 .01

2

9 .210

1 1.480

R i

2 x2 c ontingency t able

0 .01

1

6 .635

4 .794

F i

2 x2 c ontingency 0 .01

1

6 .635

0 .591

t able B S

2 x2 c ontingency t able

0 .01

1

6 .635

0 .423

T R

R xC t able

0 .05

5

1 1.071

1 .951

( 1)

F or a ll variables but t he underlined

1 07

( PS)

Ho w as n ot r ejected .

a ppropriate f igures w ill r eadily d emonstrate n ot c ross-category p roximities o f i ndividual C on s tates.

a

f ew

N onrandom d ifference c ould n ot b e a ssessed f or c urvature a gain c oinciding w ith r eveals n o d ivergence B I i n c ore s cars, t he i ndividual v ariables

r emarkable

( Cur)

a s w ell,

p revious c ategories. F urther, bulb i mprint ( BI) b etween t he s amples. T his i s i n a greement w ith s light d iscrepancy i n p roportions o f a c ouple o f b etween t he t wo c ategories i s m ost l ikely o f

r andom n ature. T he c urve r epresenting t he a ttribute s tates o f p latform c ontour ( PC) i n t he p resent c ategory a nd i n t hat o f r egular c ore s cars i s a lmost i dentical, d iffering o nly a l ittle i n t he b istraight ( bis) w ith a h igher p roportion i n t he d ebitage e xhausted c ores. s light d isparity i s n ot j ust r andom , w hich I b elieve i t i s,

v ariable I f t his t hen t he

r eason s hould p erhaps b e s ought p recisely i n t he e xhaustive c ondition o f part o f t he d ebitage e xhausted c ores ( and s ee below). T he s kyrocketing o f t he i rregular ( i) P C i s a gain n otable. T he s ole d eviate t o " disturb" t he n ice c oncordancy t hus f ar i s p latform s tate ( PS). N ot a lone a re t he d epartures b etween A 43 a nd A 63 i n s ome o f t he v ariables s ignificant ( see F ig . 2 6 a nd T able 1 5), h ut t he g eneral o utline o f t he c urves i n d ebitage e xhausted c ore s cars s tands i n s ome d isagreement w ith t hat o f r egular c ore s cars ( cf. F ig . 2 0). T he i nterassemblage d ifference o riginates f rom t wo a ttribute s tates: o ne, p lain p latforms ( p): A 43 > A 63; t wo, p latforms o n f ormer s cars ( f): A 63 > A 43. R eferring b ack t o m y d etailed d ata s heets, I f ind t hat t he m ajor c oncentration o f p lain P Ss a t A 43 i s o n c asual c ores ( 11 o ut o f a t otal o f 1 9 s cars) w hile a t A 63 t he p roportion o f p lains i s f ar l ower ( 6 o ut o f 4 4) o n t he v ery s ame t ype o f c ores. I f t his d isparity i s n ot j ust a s ampling e rror, a nd I d o n ot t hink i t i s, t hen t he e xplanation must a pparently b e h idden e ither i n s ome d ifference o f t he r aw m aterial u tilized o r i n s ome s pecific w ay t he A 43 k nappers p rocessed c asual c ores t o t he s tage o f e xhaustion . I f ear I w ill n ot b e a ble t o f urnish a b etter e xplanation u ntil t he c omplete s tudy b y c ore t ype f orms, e xcluded f rom t he c urrent w ork , i s p erformed . O n t he o ther h and , s cars o f p reviously r emoved f lakes ( formers) s erving a s s triking p latforms c luster h eavily a t A 63 o n s ix p olyfacetted b i-directional c ores ( 16 o ut o f 1 9 s cars) w hereas n o s uch t ype o f c ore o ccurs a t a ll a t A 43 ( see T able 1 3). A lbeit t his i s y et t o b e t ested , I a ssume t hat by t heir very t echnological n ature, s o t o s peak, p olyfacetted b i-directional c ores ( PB) w ill i llustrate g reat n umbers o f f ormers, s ometimes t o r ender o ther p latform s tates n egligible. L et u s a lso b e r eminded t hat i n r egular c ores s even P Bs ( 8.3 p ercent) w ere e ncountered a t A 63 a s a gainst m erely o ne ( 2.0 p ercent) l atter h ad t wo s cars b oth o f w hich w ere f ormers.

a t A 43,

a nd t his

S ince t he K olmogorov-Smirnov t est f ocuses m ainly o n t he l argest d ifference, I r eckon t hat t he f requency o f f ormers ( f) a t A 63 i s t he m ajor c ause f or t he r esulting s ignificant D ( =maximal d ifference o f t he c umulative p roportions). T his, h owever, d oes n ot y et s atisfactorily e xplain

w hy

a re

t here

c ertain

c ore

t ype

1 08

f orms

a lmost

e xclusively

i n

e ither a ssemblage w hile a t t he s ame t ime a v ery h igh d egree o f c ohesion i n nearly a ll t echnological a ffinities c haracterizes i ntersite a rtifactual r elations. O nce m ore, i s d ifferential a vailability o r s pecial s election o f r aw m aterial t he m otive? O r p erhaps a s omewhat d iversified s tylistic t radition i n t he m anufacturing p rocess, o r g roups pecific d iscriminatory p hysical o r m ental f actors, o r a n i ndividual 's e xpertise o r whim ( and s ee G ould 1 980: 1 25-126, 1 31)? O r p erhaps " simply" d ivergent f unctions? T he b rief d iscussion h ere i s f ar, o f c ourse,

f rom b eing e xhaustive;

w e w ill r eturn t o i t l ater.

N o s ignificant d ifferences b etween t he r emaining v ariables: R i, F i, B S, a nd T R , c ategories. h ardly ( Fig .

b e

T he

c urve

o f

d istinguished

t he f rom

T R i ts

( terminal

s ites w ere f ound f or t he a ll i n a ccord w ith p revious r elease)

c ounterpart

i n

i n

F igure

r egular

c ore

2 6

c an

s cars

2 0).

I n s um , t he a nalysis o f s cars o f d ebitage e xhausted c ores u ndoubtedly b uttresses t o a c onsiderable e xtent s ome s uch c entral n otions, a lready a dvanced e arlier, a s t echnological c oherence, e xploitative i ntensity, a nd r elative c asual p roduction . Y et, p roblems d o p ose t hemselves w ith r egard t o P S, a s w e have s een . T hese s hould b y n o m eans b e e asily o verlooked , f or p recisely s uch o utstanding d issimilitudes m ay h appen t o b ecome i mportant c lues f or b etter e valuation o f t echnological a ttitudes,

i n t urn o f b ehavioral v ariability .

Q uantitative A ttributes o f S cars T he s ame s ix c ontinuous v ariables a s f or r egular c ore s cars ( see a bove) w ere r ecorded. T he d ata i s g iven i n Table 1 6 and i llustrated g raphically i n F igure 2 7. I n s pite o f t he o verall s imilarity v isible b oth i n t able a nd f igure, S tudent t -tests w ere r un f or a ll p airs o f v ariables ( alpha 0 0 01= 3 .291 , d irectional). N one o vercame t he c ritical v alue a lthough l ength ( L) c ame v ery c lose t o i t ( 3.223). T his o utcome c orroborates t hose i n a ll f ormer c ategories e xcept f or p latform i nclination a ngle ( PIA) o f r egular c ore s cars w here t his a ngle w as s hown t o b e s omewhat m ore o btuse a t A 43 t han a t A 63. H owever, t hat s ingle o utcome s urpassed t he c ritical v alue b y m erely a f raction ( see a bove) a nd a r emark w as m ade a lready t here t hat t he p arallel r esults i n t he d ebitage c ategory s hould b etter b e a waited . S ince t hese l atter d id n ot p rove s ignificant d ifferences b etween t he s amples i n P IA , I a m i nclined t o d isregard t he f ormer s omewhat d ubious r esult. C onsequently i t m ay b e c oncluded t hat n o s ignificant d isparity e xists b etween t he a ssemblages i n a ll s ix q uantitative a ttributes u nder d iscussion a cross a ll f lake a nd s car c ategories. A s r egards v ariability , l et u s n ote f irst t he v ery v ariation i n m edial a xis a ngle ( MA , a nd c f . F ig . s imilar!), b y i tself a s ign o f c onsiderable l ack

h igh d egree o f 2 1: p erfectly i n s ymmetrical

p atterning . S econd , f our o f t he s ix C V s lopes ( in B L , MA , s eem t o h int t o s ome s erious d ivergence o f A 43 f rom A 63.

P IA a nd F A ) T hese w ere

t ested by c hi-square t ests ( alpha 0 05 = 3.841; 1 d f ; d irectional), a nd a ll f ailed i n r ejecting t he n ull ' hypothesis, i .e., n o s ignificant d ifference b etween t he s ites i s w arranted i n d egree o f v ariation a s w ell. L ikewise, n o s uch d ifference w as d etected i n a ny f ormer c ategory a s f ar a s t he s ix q uantitative a ttributes m easured f or c ore s cars a re

1 09

T able 1 6.

M eans ( 7), s tandards o f d eviation ( SD), a nd c oefficients v ariation ( CV) f or q uantitative v ariables o f s cars d ebitage e xhausted c ores ( for m ore d etails, s ee Table 1 1)

A 43

V ariable n

L B B L M A P IA F A

5 3 5 3 4 8 5 3 5 3 5 3

_ x

2 9.0 2 2.7 1 1.8 5 .8 9 1.8 8 8.9

A 63 S D

1 1.01 7 .64 6 .55 5 .13 1 9.96 1 8.47

C V

n

3 7

3 8 3 4 5 6 8 9 2 2 2 1

1 06 1 06 1 02 1 06 1 06 1 06

2 3.5 2 0.2 9 .2 5 .7 9 1.4 8 7.4

1 10

S D

9 .58 6 .56 5 .66 4 .65 1 3.52 1 3.84

C V

4 1 3 3 6 2 8 2 1 5 1 6

o f o f

1 CV

A43

1 00

100

0

A63 x

-80

-80

-60

-60

-40

-20

0

- 40

-40

-20

20

0 0

BL

F ig .

2 7.

MA

P IA

FA

M eans, ± 1 s tandard d eviation , a nd c oefficients o f v ariations ( thickest l ines) f or q uantitative a ttributes o f s cars o f d ebitage e xhausted c ores. ( See t ext f or c oding .)

1 11

c oncerned . H aving b een t he l ast c ategory a nalyzed , t his c hapter o n d ebitage e xhausted c ores n ow p ermits s ome s uggestions o f w ider c overage t han b efore. O ne,

e vidence c learly i ndicates t hat t he Avivim a ssemblages r epresent a

f lake,

n ot

b lade

i ndustry,

g overned

b y

e nd-struck

f lakes

a nd

w ith

a

v ery w eak p resence o f t he L evallois p reparation t echnique. T wo, t he g reat m ajority o f a rtifacts i s f ound i n r olled , a nd n on- o r a l ittle-weathered c ondition . T hree,

n on-

o r

a l ittle-

n o s ignificant d ifference b etween t he a ssemblages c an b e s een i n

e ither q ualitative o r q uantitative c ore a ttributes. F our, t he s ame i s n early t rue f or c ore s cars b ut f or a f ew a ttributes, a s f or i nstance, i n P latform s tate ( PS). I t i s c laimed t hat s uch i ntriguing d eviates s hould b y n o m eans b e i gnored , f or p recisely t hey may provide c lues f or p enetrating t he m eaning o f i diosyncratic t echnological n uances r epresenting s pecific b ehavioral o r t raditional t rends a nd i nclinations. F inally, a nd p resumably m ost i mportant, o nly o n c ompleting t he a nalysis o f a ll c ategories b y t he l ast o ne o f d ebitage c ores a nd t heir s cars c an w e b egin t o r eally a ppreciate t he u nfolding c omplexity o f a ttitudes, c onceits, a nd f ulfilments - e ven t hough i n t echnological t erms a lone o f t he o ccupants o f t he Avivim s ites. T he n otions o f s ome r estriction i n r aw m aterial, o f h igh e xploitative i ntensity , a nd a t t he s ame t ime o f c onsiderable c asualness i n m anufactural p rocessing ( or r elative l ack o f s ophisticated s tandardization) h ave b een w ith u s f or s ome t ime p rior t o t he l ast c hapter. But, o nly t his l atter h elped u s s ignificantly i n v erifying t hose n otions b y t he p roducts o f t he v ery e nd o f t he r eduction p rocess. W hat w e s ee n ow i s, t hat a c ertain r ange s eparating b asic a pprehension f rom e xecution p layed a r ole, f ully o r p artially , i n b ringing a bout t he e xhausted c ores a nd t heir s cars t o t he s tage t hey e xhibit. W e m ay n ow , I w ould a rgue, t urn t he o rder a nd p ostulate a h ypothesis i nitiating f rom e xhausted c ores, a nd w ork b ack a ll t he w ay . T his r eturns u s t o t he m ethodological a pproach a s s uggested f or t his s tudy a t i ts o utset, I p refer t o e laborate o n i t w ithin t he c losing c hapter l ater.

1 12

Summary of Results The results obtained by the preceding analysis will now be summarized under the scheme that follows. While summarizing, it will be attempted to trace as nearly as possible the order of the foregoing analytical sections so that if one wishes to refer back to any previous test or discussion, one can find one's way easier. The summary is rather concise in outline and contents, for further discussions are left to a later section. A.

B.

A.

Intra-assemblage Similarities and Differences: 1)

Across-category similarities.

2)

Within-category similarities.

3)

Between-category differences.

4)

Within-category differences.

Interassemblage Similarities and Differences: 1)

Across-category similarities.

2)

Within-category similarities.

3)

Between-category differences.

4)

Within-category differences.

Intra-assemblage Similarities and Differences 1.

Across-category similarities (a)

Flakes overrule blades unequivocally.

(b)

End-struck flakes decisively override side-struck ones.

(c)

Low proportions of very rolled and very weathered artifacts are complemented by considerable or high proportions of nonrolled and nonweathered artifacts.

(d)

Irregular contour governs the field of core platforms and flake platform remnants.

(e)

Cortical, then plain core platforms and flake platform remnants lead all others; low proportions of intensively prepared platforms for flake removal.

(f)

High degree of variation in the linear dimensions and particularly in the medial axis angle.

(g)

Platform inclination angle (or its complementary flake angle) of core scars agrees with that of shaped tools and miscellaneous trimmed artifacts. 113

2 .

( h)

S upremacy o f d ebitage f lakes b earing n o, l ittle c ortex i s i n a ccord w ith s haped m iscellaneous t rimmed a rtifacts.

( i)

R emarkable c orrespondence p latforms i s n oted b etween f lakes.

( j)

The s kyrocketing of p attern i s e mphasized .

( k)

N o d ifference i s f ound i n c ontour o utline b etween d ebitage f lakes, c ore s cars, a nd d ebitage e xhausted c ore s cars.

( 1)

I rregular c ontour o utline d ominates t hroughout , a nd s inuous c ontours a re r epeatedly a scendant over s mooth o nes.

z ero

o r j ust a t ools and

o f c ortical, and p lain c ore s cars a nd d ebitage

( =

n o

s cars)

preparation

W ithin-category s imilarities N ote t hat a ll 1 2 s imilarities l isted a bove b elong i n h ere a s w ell. T heir r epetition i s n eedless; o nly a dditions t o t he a bove a re g iven .

3 .

( a)

T he p art o f knives, p oints, n otable a mong s haped t ools.

a nd

c omposite

( b)

H igh d egree o f v ariation i s m arked i n m ost q uantitative v ariables i n d ebitage f lakes.

t ools

o f

t he

i s

1 3

B etween-category d ifferences R emember t hat n o c orrolational t ests f or v ariables, e ither w ithin- o r b etween-category , w ere p erformed i n t he c ourse o f t his s tudy . W hile i t m ay b e t rue t hat i n f ace o f t he a bundant i ntra-assemblage a crossand within-category s imilarities, i ntra-assemblage b etween-category d ifferences a re b ound t o d ecrease r emarkably , I w ould r ather r efrain m eanwhile p refer t o t ime not s ystematic

4 .

f rom p assing s uch a s entence. C onsequently I i gnore h ere t his p art o f t he s cheme, a t t he s ame d iscarding i ts c aption f or t he sake o f both o rder a nd f uture m odel b uilding .

W ithin-category d ifferences A lthough t he r emarks a bove a re a t l east partially a lso a pplicable f or t hese d ifferences, s ome o bservations a nd t ests m ade d uring t he c urrent e ffort s eem w orthy o f s ummarizing . ( a)

S mall s haped t ools a re s ignificantly c utting , a nd h eavy-duty t ools.

( b)

An o bvious p reponderance o f c asual c ores over o thers i s r ecorded ; t he p roportions o f g eometric a nd s emigeometric

1 14

m ore

t han

l arge

c ores, ( c)

L evallois c ores

i n particular,

a re l ow .

H igh p roportion o f uncore a reas w ith c ortial l eftover o f a bout

a q uarter

o r half

o f

a c ore's

a rea

i s

n oticeable

i n t he c ore c ategory. ( d)

I rregular a nd l ess-perfect a re m ore c ommon t han o thers i s f ar a head o f t he o thers

( e)

S cars

o f

f ormerly

( see a lso 1 :1 a bove).

r emoved

p latforms r eign by f ar c ore s cars. ( f)

g eometric c ontour o utlines a mong c ore s cars, i rregular

f lakes

s erving

o ver o ther p latform

C onsiderable p roportion o f

d eviants

a s

s triking

s tates

f rom n ormal

among

r elease

t ermination i s r ecorded a mong d ebitage f lakes. ( g)

H igh p roportion o f d ebitage e xhausted c ores w ith a bout a q uarter a nd half o f t heir a reas c overed by c ortex.

( h)

R elatively h igh p roportions o f 1 ,

2 ,

a nd > 2 uncore a reas

i n d ebitage e xhausted c ores. B .

Interassemblage S imilarities a nd D ifferences A g reat many o f t he f ollowing p oints w ill a ppear a s r epetitions of p revious o nes w ithin t he i ntra-assemblage p art a bove. Y et, a ll t hese must b e r eiterated i nterassemblage d omain . 1 .

f or

t he

s ake

o f

s tressing h ere

t he

A cross-category s imilarities ( a)

F lakes o ver b lades

( b)

E nd-

( c)

L evallois

( d)

L ow

( cf.

A l:a).

o ver s ide-struck f lakes(cf. t echnique n egligible

proportions

of

very

A l:b).

( cf .

r olled

A4:b). and

very

weathered

a rtifacts v ersus c onsiderable o r h igh p roportions l ittle o r n onrolled a nd n on- w eathered ( cf. A l:c). ( e)

C ortical p latform t hroughout c ore m iscellaneous

( f)

H igh

d egree

s tate l eading, and plain s cars, shaped t ools,

t rimmed a rtifacts o f

variation

i n

( cf .

o f

next and

A l:e).

l inear

d imensions,

e specially i n m edial a xis a ngle o f f lakes a nd s cars

a nd ( cf .

A l:f). ( g)

C ontour o utlines c ore

s cars.

s tates:

o f d ebitage

I rregular

m edial

e xpanded ,

f lakes

s imilar

d ominates. d ivergent,

N ext

t o

t hose

c ome

s ubparallel,

o f

f our a nd

c onvergent ( though i n s omewhat i nterchanging o rder), a ll a re s inuous f orshadowing a ll t heir s mooth c ounterparts

1 15

( cf .

A 1:1).

( h)

Agreement

( i)

N o

i n t erminal r elease o f b oth f lakes

d ifference

i n

p latform

I rregular p redominates ( j)

r emnant

c ontour

and s cars. t hroughout.

t hroughout.

N o d ifference i n p latform r emnant f acets ( = s tate) a ll-over; > 2 f acet p latforms s canty ( cf.

p latform A l:e a nd

B l;e). ( k)

M inimum c ortical a dhesion t o m aximum f lakes

( 1)

F air p roportion o f a berrant t erminal r elease

( m )

Match

of

d ebitage

l ength, f lakes

breadth,

a nd

c ore

and

s cars

bulb

a t

A 43,

( cf. ( cf .

l ength n ot

A l:h). A 4:f).

b etween

s o

g ood

a t

A 63. ( n)

F or a ll s ize variables, d ebitage s haped t ools and miscellaneous

f lakes s maller t han t rimmed artifacts;

i nversely f or number o f s cars. ( o)

S overeignty o thers

o f

c asual,

a nd

p roximate

c ore

f orms

o ver

i n b oth r egular a nd d ebitage-exhausted c ores

( cf .

A 4:b). ( p)

H igh

p roportion

o f

1 /4

a nd

1 /2

c ortex-covered

c ores

( regular a nd d ebitage).

( q )

( r)

C lear-cut

range

o f

s eparation

C ontour

outline

c omplementary

of

t o

s inuous

a greement

o verride

s mooth,

i s a s w ell s kyrocketing V ery

h igh

t hroughout ( t)

N o

d egree ( cf .

s ignificant

T he s ame

i s

a ttributes 2 .

quantitative

o f

b etween

core

s cars

r egular

I rregulars d ominate h ere

a nd ( cf .

i rregular

c ore t oo,

p latform c ontour

B l:g a nd A 1:1).

variation

o f

m edial

a xis

a ngle

A l:f). d ifference

e ither

q uantitative variables o f c ores ( u)

a ll

d ebitage-exhausted

t he

s cars a nd d ebitage f lakes.

( s)

i n

v ariables, w eight a nd number o f s cars i n particular, b etween r egular a nd d ebitage-exhausted c ores.

n early

t rue

i n

qualitative

o r

( regular o r d ebitage).

f or c ore

s cars,

e xcept

i n a f ew

( see b elow).

W ithin-category s imilarities ( a)

E xcept i n one c lass ( see b elow), n o s ignificant d ifference b etween c lass d istribution w ithin a rtifact p rimary c ategories.

1 16

( b)

S mall s haped t ools s ignificantly m ore t han l arge c utting , a nd h eavy-duty t ools i n a rtifact s econdary c ategories ( cf . A 4:a).

( c)

P reponderance o f k nives t ool f orms ( cf . A 2:a).

( d)

N o s haped t ool a dhering c ortex t o > 1/2 o f i ts a rea .

( e)

A side f rom t wo v ariables, o ne w ith a v ery s uspect r esult ( see b elow), n o s ignificant d ifference between t he r emaining 1 7 p airs o f q ualitative v ariables o f s haped

a nd

c omposite

t ools

o ver

o ther

t ools. ( f)

N o s ignificant a ny o f t he 1 5 t ools.

d ifference i n c entral q uantitative v ariable

( g)

T herefore, n o s ignificant ( probably 3 3) o f t he t otal o f s haped t ools.

( h)

I n d egree

t endency b etween p airs o f s haped

d ifference b etween 3 4 p airs o f v ariables

o f v ariation a mong s haped t ools,

1 4 o f t he

3 2 o f

1 5

q uantitative v ariable p airs a re n ondifferent.

( i )

N o s ignificant d ifference i n 1 2 ( and m ost a ll 1 3) q ualitative v ariable p airs o f t rimmed a rtifacts.

( j )

O f t he 1 3 q uantitative v ariable p airs o f m iscellaneous t rimmed a rtifacts, 1 1 s how n o d ifference i n c entral t endency ( the r esults f or t he r emaining t wo a re d oubtful, a nd s ee b elow).

( k)

T he s ame a pplies f or t he d egree o f variation m iscellaneous t rimmed a rtifacts: n o d ifference i n o ut o f 1 3 v ariable p airs.

i n 1 1

( 1)

T hus, n o d ifference b etween 2 3 ( likely m ore) o f t he v ariable p airs o f m iscellaneous t rimmed a rtifacts.

2 6

( m)

L ow p roportions o f t he m ore-perfect g eometric f orms a mong c ores v ersus m uch h igher o nes o f t he c asual, a nd r elated n onperfect g eometric c ores ( cf . A 4:b).

( n)

H igh p roportions o f c ores w ith u ncore a reas w ith a q uarter a nd a h alf c ortex c overage ( cf . A 4:c).

a bout

( o)

N o s ignificant d ifference b etween a nyone p airs o f q ualitative v ariables o f c ores.

s even

( p)

H igh d egree o f v ariation v ariables o f c ores.

( q)

O verall c lose s imilarity i n p roperties o f c ores.

1 17

i n

a ll

p airs

o f

a pparently i n m iscellaneous

o f

t he

q uantitative

( r)

I n c ore s cars, i rregular c ontour o utline i n t he l ead , a s w ell l ess p erfect g eometric c ontours a nd s inuous e dges s urpass m ore-perfect c ontours a nd s mooth e dges ( cf . A 4:d).

( s)

O f 1 1 p airs o f q ualitative v ariables o f c ore s cars, d o n ot s how s ignificant d ifference.

( t)

F ive o f s ix q uantitative v ariable p airs a re n ot d ifferent i n c entral t endency .

( u)

I f i ndeed c ore s cars o f m ore o btuse p latform i nclination a ngle o ccur s ignificantly m ore a t A 43 t han a t A 63 ( see b elow), t hen t his i s c omplemented b y m ore c oncave s cars i n t he f ormer t han i n t he l atter .

( v)

L ow d egree o f v ariation a mong c ore s cars i n p latform i nclination a ngle ( and i n t he c omplementary f lake a ngle w hich r anges b etween a bout 7 0 t o a bout 8 0 d egrees).

( w)

N o s ignificant d ifference i n d egree o f v ariation b etween

o f

a ny p air o f q uantitative v ariables o f c ore

c ore

n ine

s cars

s cars.

( x)

O f 1 5 q ualitative v ariable p airs o f d ebitage d o n ot d emonstrate s ignificant d ifference.

( y)

N o s ignificant d ifference i n c entral t endency b etween a ny o ne o f t he 1 3 q uantitative variable p airs o f d ebitage f lakes.

( z)

H igh d egree o f v ariation i n m ost v ariables o f d ebitage f lakes.

o f

q uantitative

( aa)

P latform i nclination a ngle n ot p roven a s ( therefore f lake a ngle n ot m ore a cute) f lakes a t A 43 t han a t A 63 ( cf . B 2 : u a bove).

m ore o btuse i n d ebitage

( bb)

R elatively m any d ebitage e xhausted c ores i n c omparison w ith r egular c ores; c onsiderable p roportion o f e xhausted c ores w ithin t he t ermination v ariable o f r egular c ores.

( cc)

N o s ignificant d ifference i n a ny p air o f t he q ualitative v ariables o f d ebitage e xhausted c ores.

( dd)

C onsiderably h igh p roportions o f 1 , 2 , a nd a reas o n d ebitage e xhausted c ores ( cf . A 4 :h).

( ee)

N o s ignificant d ifference i n c entral t endency b etween a ny o ne p air o f t he f ive q uantitative variables o f d ebitage e xhausted c ores.

( ff)

A lso, n o s ignificant i n t he a bove.

( gg)

O f

1 1

q ualitative

d ifference

v ariable

1 18

p airs

p airs

i n

o f

d egree

f lakes,

> 2

1 4

s even

u ncore

o f

v ariation

d ebitage

e xhausted

c ore s cars, ( hh)

N one

o f

1 0 d o n ot s how s ignificant d ifference.

t he

s ix

p airs

o f

s ignificant d ifference e xhausted c ore s cars, a ngle ( ii)

( cf.

q uantitative

i n c entral i ncluding

B 2:u a nd a a a bove,

v ariables

t endency p latform

s hows

i n d ebitage i nclination

a nd s ee b elow).

N o s ignificant d ifference i n d egree o f variation b etween a ny p air o f q uantitative v ariables o f d ebitage e xhausted c ore s cars.

3 .

B etween-category d ifferences S ee n ote i n A 3 a bove. ( a)

T he

d ifference

g eometric A 43, ( b)

a nd

s een

a mong

r egular

s emigeometric

f orms

c ores

o ccur

whereby

a t

A 63

m ore

t han

a t

i s n ot d etected i n d ebitage e xhausted c ores.

A d ifference

i s

h inted

i n

t he

p latform

s tate

b etween

r egular c ore s cars a nd t hose o f d ebitage e xhausted c ores ( see b elow). 4 .

W ithin-category d ifferences ( a)

S ignificantly

m ore

s haped

t ools

c omparatively

p rimary a rtifact c ategories a t A 63 ( b)

Among s haped t ool f orms,

while t he l ead

i s h eld by knives, t hen p oints c ome f irst a t A 43, t hen k nives.

( c )

t o

o ther

t han a t A 43. ( in p roportions)

a t A 63,

I n s haped t ools, i ntensive r etouch i s f requent a t A43 t han a t A 63.

c omposite

t ools

s ignificantly m ore C onversely, f or

s ubintensive a nd c asual r etouch. ( d)

A ( barely) s ignificant d ifference b etween A 43 a nd A 63 p latform r emnant c ontour o f s haped t ools.

i n

( e)

D egree

o f

o f

v ariation

s haped t ools

( f )

i n

c ross-sectional

e dge

i s s ignificantly h igher a t A 63

r etouch

t han a t A 43.

Highly dubious d ifference i n ventral curvature of miscellaneous t rimmed a rtifacts between t he t wo a ssemblages.

( g )

D egree A 43

( h)

o f

v ariation

m iscellaneous

i n

bulb

a nd

w eight

i s h igher a t A 63

o f

t han a t

( result n ot v ery i mpressive).

L ength

and

bulb

t hickness

a rtifacts a re s ignificantly A 43 t han a t A 63. ( i)

t hickness

t rimmed a rtifacts

S ignificantly

( albeit

1 19

of

miscellaneous

( though

d oubtfully)

barely)

m ore

t rimmed

g reater

g eometric

a t

a nd

s emigeometric c ores a t A 63

t han a t A 43.

( j)

D egree o f v ariation i n l ength , b readth , t hickness, a nd w eight ( but n ot i n number o f s cars) of c ores i s h igher a t A 63 t han a t A 43.

( k)

C oncave c urvature ( the " normal" s tate) o f c ore s cars i s m ore c ommon a t A 43 t han a t A 63. C onversely , f or c onvex , s traight a nd i rregular c urvature.

( 1)

S ignificant d ifference b etween t he t wo s ites i n bulb i mprint o f c ore s cars, a pparently o wing t o m ore s hallow i mprints a t A 43 t han a t A 63.

( m )

I n p latform i nclination a ngle o f c ore s cars, t his i s ( barely) s ignificantly o btuser ( or t he f lake m ore a cute) a t A 43 t han a t A 63.

( n)

S ignificantly m ore d ebitage f lakes a dhering c ortex t o a bout h alf t heir a rea a t A 43 t han a t A 63. C onversely , f or f lakes w ith a bout a q uarter c ortical l eftover, a nd a gain c onversely f or s uch w ith n o c ortical c overage w hatsoever.

( o)

D egree o f v ariation i n w eight h igher a t A 63 t han a t A 43.

( p)

S ignificant d ifference b etween t he a ssemblages i n p latform s tate of d ebitage e xhausted c ore s cars, p robably o riginating f rom t he f act t hat m ore p lain p latforms o ccur a t A 43 f ormerly r emoved f lakes i nversely .

1 20

o f

d ebitage

t han a t A 63 w hile s erving a s s triking

a ngle a ngle

f lakes

i s

s cars o f p latforms

S ynthesis o f R esults A .

C oherence

1 )

C omplementary c haracteristics R elatively

v ery

l ow

p roportions

w eathered a rtifacts v ersus

o f

v ery

r olled

a nd

v ery

c onsiderably h igh p roportions

o f

n onrolled a nd n onweathered . ( b)

( c)

C ontour o utline

( or e dge c ontour)

a grees

i n d ebitage f lakes,

c ore s cars,

a nd d ebitage e xhausted c ore s cars.

P roportions

o f c ortical a nd p lain p latforms

a re

s imilar

f or

d ebitage f lakes a nd c ore s cars. ( d)

T erminal r elease

( e)

L ength,

b readth,

i s

i n a greement f or b oth f lakes a nd s cars.

a nd

bulb

f lakes a nd c ore s cars ( f)

a re

s imilar

f or

d ebitage

t han a t A 63).

P latform i nclination a ngle ( or t he o pposite f lake a ngle) o f c ore s cars c omplementary t o t hat o f s haped t ools and m iscellaneous

( g)

l ength

( more s o a t A 43

C ore,

t rimmed a rtifacts.

d ebitage

e xhausted

c ore,

a nd

( almost)

a ll

c ore

s car

a ttributes c omplement o ne a nother. 2

Attributes ( a)

i n g eneral

S imilar d istribution o f p rimary

a rtifact

c ategories

o ne) w hile s mall s haped t ools o verride l arge h eavy-duty t ools i n s econdary c ategories. ( b)

D ebitage

f lakes

a re

s maller

i n

s haped t ools a nd m iscellaneous s imilar i n number o f s cars. ( c)

F lakes

o verrule b lades,

a nd

a ll

s ize

t rimmed

e nd-struck

( except

c utting,

d imensions

a rtifacts,

o verrule

a nd

t han

y et

a re

s ide-struck

f lakes. ( d)

Knives,

( e)

N o

p oints a nd c omposites l ead a mong s haped t ools.

i nterassemblage

3 3)

o f

n ot

a ll),

o f o f

1 2

o f 2 6

o f r egular

2 8

s ignificant d ifference

3 4 a ttributes

o f

e xhausted

o f m iscellaneous c ores;

d ebitage c ores;

a ny

s ignificant

p roportions

1 4

o f

f lakes;

a nd

s cars. I .e., o f a ttributes e xamined s how

o f s haped t ools;

1 6

o f

i n :

3 2

( probably

( probably m ore,

t rimmed a rtifacts;

1 7

o f

any 1 7

2 3

o f

r egular

one

o f

c ore

1 2

d ebitage

o f

a ny

i f o ne

s cars;

2 7

d ebitage

e xhausted

c ore

a 1 46 g rand t otal a cross-category a nd t ested , 1 36 ( probably 1 40) d o n ot i nter-assemblage

( percentages)

d ifference

o r c entral t endency

1 21

e ither

( mean).

i n

( f )

I n

d egree

o f

i nterassemblage

v ariation

( CV),

1 4

o ut

o f

1 5

s haped-tool a ttributes a re s imilar; 1 1 o ut of 1 3 m iscellaneous t rimmed a rtifacts; and i n a ll r emaining c ategories a ll a ttributes a re s imilar, i .e., o f a 6 3 t otal a cross-category q uantitative a ttributes, 6 0 d o n ot s how s ignificant d ifference.

( g )

D egree o f v ariation i s c ommonly h igh , o ften v ery h igh, i n m ost a ttributes a cross c ategories. B y c ontrast, t his d egree i s u sually l ow i n p latform i nclination a ngle a ngle, t he l atter a veraging 7 0 t o 8 0 d egrees.

3 )

a nd

i n

f lake

( h)

O n t he o ther h and , d egree o f v ariation i s m arkedly h igh i n t he l inear a ttributes, a nd e specially i n t he m edial a xis a ngle. H igh d egree o f v ariation i s n oted a mong d ebitage f lakes i n p articular.

( i )

M inimal c ortical c overage i s f ound o n m aximum f lakes.

( j )

R elatively m any d ebitage e xhausted c ores v ersus r egular c ores a re n oted . F urther, t he p roportion o f e xhaustive t ermination a mong r egular c ores i s c onsiderable.

( k)

C asual a nd r elated n onperfect g eometric f orms p redominate a ll o ther m ore-perfect f orms i n b oth r egular a nd d ebitage e xhausted c ores.

( 1)

L evallois t echnique v ery p oorly r epresented while f rom c ore s cars w e l earn t hat s cars o f f ormerly r emoved f lakes s erving a s s triking p latforms a re t he g overning p attern .

O utstanding a ttribute s tates ( a)

F lakes w ith n o, o r a l ittle ( 1/4) c ortex a dherence a re q uite c ommon a mong d ebitage f lakes, s haped t ools ( not o ne w ith > 1/2), a nd m iscellaneous t rimmed a rtifacts. Y et, t he p art o f b oth r egular a nd d ebitage e xhausted c ores w ith a 1 /4 a nd 1 /2 c ortex c overage i s r ather l arge. A lso, h igh p roportion o f 1 , 2 , a nd > 2 uncore a reas a re marked i n d ebitage e xhausted c ores.

( b)

C ontour o utline i s d ominated t hroughout d ebitage f lakes, c ore s cars, a nd d ebitage e xhausted c ore s cars b y t he i rregular s tate. T he n ext f our a re a lways ( although n ot n ecessarily i n t he s ame o rder) t he m edial-expanded, s ubparallel, d ivergent, a nd c onvergent o utlines. I n t hese a nd a ll o ther c ontour s tates t he s inuous e dges o verrun t heir s mooth c ounterparts. T he i rregular p latform c ontour g overns j ust t he s ame t hroughout.

( c)

T he z ero e xtremely v ery f ew n ormal.

s tate ( =no s cars) o f p reparation p attern r eaches h igh p roportions. A t t he s ame t ime, n ot j ust a f lakes a nd s cars t erminate i n o ther p atterns t han A s w ell, c ortical a nd p lain s triking p latforms

1 22

overshadow

f acetted

ones

while

>2-facet

platforms

a re

a ltogether r are. B . 1 )

I ncoherence I diosyncrasies o f unknown d irection ( a)

T he

t wo

a ssemblages

c ontour

o f

s haped

m iscellaneous

d iffer

t ools,

t rimmed

i n

a nd

t he

i n

p latform

v entral

a rtifacts.

r emnant

c urvature

H owever,

b oth

o f

t hese

r esults have b een e valuated a s h ighly d ubious. ( b)

A

s ignificant

c ore,

a nd

d ifference

d ebitage

e xists

e xhausted

b etween

c ore

t he

r egular

c ategories

i n

t he

p latform s tate a ttribute s tates. 2

I diosyncrasies where A 43 > A 63 ( a)

C omposite f orms

( b)

I ntensive r etouch o f s haped t ools.

( c)

L ength and bulb t hickness a rtifacts ( result s uspect).

( d)

C oncave

( —

l ead a mong s haped t ools.

" normal")

of

miscellaneous

c urvature,

s hallow

bulb

t rimmed

i mprint,

a nd o btuser p latform i nclination a ngle ( = a cuter f lake a ngle) o f c ore s cars. T he r esult f or t he l atter w as d oubted a t t he d ichotomy c ould c ore s cars w as ( e)

3 )

i n t he

d ebitage f lakes n o f ormer o utcome f or

f inally n ot a ccepted .

D ebitage f lakes w ith half o f t heir a rea a dhering c ortex . A lso,

( f)

o utset; s ince b e s ustained ,

d evoid o f a ny c ortex.

P lain p latforms o f d ebitage e xhausted c ore s cars.

I diosyncrasies where A 63 > A 43 ( a)

S haped t ools

( b)

Knives

( c)

D egree o f variation s haped t ools.

( d)

S ubintensive a nd c asual r etouch.

( e)

D egree

i n r elation t o o ther p rimary c ategories.

l ead a mong s haped t ools.

o f

variation

i n

c ross-sectional

i n

bulb

t hickness

e dge

and

r etouch

o f

weight

of

m iscellaneous t rimmed a rtifacts. ( f)

M ore-perfect,

a nd s emigeometric

e xactly a nalogous ( g)

D egree

o f

c ore

f orms

( but

t his

i s

n ot

i n d ebitage e xhausted c ores).

variation

i n

l ength,

1 23

b readth,

t hickness,

a nd

w eight

( but n ot i n n umbers o f s cars)

( h)

V entral

( i)

D ebitage

( "abnormal") f lakes

o f c ores.

a nd s traight c urvatures o f c ore s cars.

a dhering

c ortex

t o

a bout

a

1 /4

o f

t heir

a rea . ( j)

D egree o f v ariation i n w eight o f d ebitage f lakes.

( k)

S cars o f f ormerly r emoved f lakes s erving p latforms a mong d ebitage e xhausted c ore s cars.

1 24

a s

s triking

A ttempts a t I nterpretation N otice

t hat

made t o

unless

o therwise

s pecified

a ll

r eferences

t o

f ollow

a re

t he p receding s ection o f S ynthesis.

O ur

t ask a t

t he

s ummaries

t his

a nd

b )

n early

p rovided

s ome

d iscussions

a lready a dvanced i n o nly f ollowing t he c omplete

f inal a t

v iew

o f

s ection o f

i s

s omewhat

t he

e nd

e ach

a nd

s uggestions

e ased b ecause

a nalytical o f

a n

s ection

o f

a )

e arlier,

i nterpretive

n ature

t he c ourse o f a nalysis. N otwithstanding, i t i s s ummary a nd s ynthesis o f r esults t hat a m ore

t he

t echnological,

a nd

h opefully

s ome

i ncremental

a spects of the Avivim a ssemblages can be a chieved. Yet, t he f orthcoming c aptions under which o ur d iscussion w ill p roceed a re by n o m eans meant t o r epresent s tatements, r ather t opics o f p roblems, w hich may b e e valuated a s m ore r esolved t han o thers.

s ome o f

P rimary C onditions V ery much o f what c an o r c annot b e s aid i n t erms o f i nterpretations a nd c onclusions d epends o n whether, r egard

o ur

p rimary

a rtifact

c onditions.

s ceptical;

a nd

s amples While

a nd t o what

a s

a ctually

I d o n ot r egret

d egree w e

r epresentatives i n

i t.

t he

f ield ,

I a ssume

t hat

o f

a re p ermitted t o s ite

c ontents

I a dmit

I w as

s uch

a ttitude

a n

i n

q uite i n

t he f ace o f a l ack o f s olid e vidence o f a n i n s itu s tate f rom t he e arth i tself, naturally puts the heavy burden of proof i n t he proper d irection. My c ontention n ow i s t hat primary c onditions t o a c onsiderable e xtent a t l east,

m ay b e c onceded a t t he Avivim s ites.

F irst and f oremost, t his i s s upported by t he n egligible p roportion o f h eavily r olled a nd w eathered a rtifacts ( Al:a). C onsidering t he a verage g radient

o f

t he

Avivim

s lope

( about

1 0-15

d egrees),

a nd

p articularly

i ts extreme s teepening t oward N ahal Aviv , where a lso A 63 i s l ocated ( see a bove), o ne w ould c ertainly e xpect a f ar g reater p roportion o f h eavily r olled s pecimens. T his i s n ot t he c ase h owever. M oreover, w e s ee

t he h igh

a like

( Al:a).

p roportions

o f

s harp

a nd m int

T hese undoubtedly c annot b e

a rtifacts, r egarded a s

l arge

g reat d istance. A ttention has a lready b een d rawn e arlier t hat A43 l ies p recisely i n a m ild p art o f t he s lope while o f A 63 f aults a nd d isconformities a re r ecorded . T hus, i t t hat even t hough a lterations i n t he l andscape d id o ccur, c aused an e xcessive t ravelling o f i ndividual o bjects.

a nd

s mall

d erived f or a ny t o i n i s

t he f act t he a rea f easible

t hese have n ot

O n t op o f a ll t his, w e have a s w ell a lready m entioned B ruder's ( 1980) s uggestion a bout o nplace w eathering . I n f act, b oth o f u s a re n ow e ngaged i n a c omprehensive

s tudy,

o ne

o f t he

o bjectives

o f which

i s

t o

t est t he hypothesis t hat t he c ommonly a ccepted c haracteristics o f r olled a rtifacts a re i n o ur c ase n othing but t he r esult o f l ong-term , g radual w eathering o n t he s pot. R elative p rimary c onditions

( and t his

i s

t he m aximum w e w ould c laim f or

n ow) a re f urther s uggested by a number o f a dditional f eatures. f r eveal n o l ess t han f ive a ttributes o f f lakes ( especially

A l:b t o d ebitage

f lakes)

t o t heir

t hat

i n n ature,

p roportion ,

o r d imension a re a nalogous

c ounterparts i n c ore s cars. I f t hese r ounds up the r emarkable c omplement

1 25

a re n ot y et s ufficient, i n a lmost a ll, i f n ot

A l:g a ll,

a ttributes o f c ores a nd t heir s cars. H ad w e t he t ime n ecessary a nd t he a vailable m eans, I v enture t o p redict t hat c on joins c ould b e d etected ( we h ope s till t o t ry i t). R emembering , i n a ddition , t he n umerous m anifestations o f c oherence ( A2-3), I f eel i t i s n ot t oo p retentious t o s uggest r elative p rimary c onditions ( at l east) f or t he c ontents o f o ur s ites. W hile s uch c onditions a re b ased u pon t he g reat m any a ssociative a nd c omplementary p henomena , a s a ssessed , t hey w arrant a t t he s ame t ime t he l egitimacy o f f urther i nferences, e ven c areful s peculations, s temming f rom t hat v ery d emonstration o f a ssociation . D ifferently p ut , w e a re d ealing h ere w ith s amples o f r elatively g ood c ontextual q uality . D egree o f H omogeneity T here s eems t o b e n o p oint i n r eiterating P art A o f t he S ynthesis ( above), f eature b y f eature. E very o ne o f t hem c an b e t raced b ack b y t he r eader t o t he S ummary , a nd s till f urther b ack t o t he a nalytical s ections. E ven b y r ereading A 2:e a lone, t he h igh d egree o f c ongruence b etween o ur t wo a ssemblages b ecomes p alpable. W e h ave a gain a nd a gain m ade t he s uggestion t hat b oth a ssemblages b elong i n o ne a nd t he s ame " parent p opulation ." T his h as g ained f orce g radually t hroughout t he a nalysis t o b ecome a " fortress" w ith s ome 1 7 " towers" a ll a round ( Al:g , A 2-3), a nd e quipped w ith n ot l ess t han 1 40 h eavy d efending " guns" ( A2:e) b ound i nto o ne mutual s ystem . B y t his n othing a s y et i s s aid b eyond t he t echnological a spect p er s e ( we w ill a rrive a t a n umber o f o ther a spects l ater). T echnologically , i t a ppears i nescapable t o p resume t hat o verall,and g enerally s peaking , b asic a ttitudes t oward r aw m aterial, t he p ractice o f i ts e xploitation f or a rtifact m anufacture, t he a pprehension o f t he r eduction p rocess, t he e nvision o f e nd-products a nd b y-products, a nd t he m ode w hereby t he s aid envision i s materialized, a re f undamentally s hared b y both a ssemblages. T hey e vidently a re q uite t ightly c onnected t echnol ogically . W hat p recisely l ies b ehind t his c onnection , i s a d ifferent p roblem . A t a ny r ate, t he v ectors o f e vidence p ointing a t t his " circle-center" a re s o p lentiful t hat o ne f eels s urrounded a nd a s i f c ompelled t o s urrender. S pecifically, a nd j ust f or e xample, p roduction o f s haped t ools w as m ainly f ocussed a t b oth s ites o n s mall t ools, n ot o n b ig o nes ( A2:a a nd T able 4 ). A lthough t here i s a s mall d iscrepancy ( not t o b e i gnored) a s t o w hich t ool s erves a s l eader, i t i s s till a pparent t hat a t b oth t he t rio o f k nives, p oints, a nd c omposites ( many o f w hich c ombine k nives) a re t he c ommonest ( A2:d a nd T able 5 ). C learly , t he i ndustry w as o riented t o f lake, n ot b lade m anufacture ( A2:c a nd T able 2 ) s electively u tilizing t he l arger f lakes f or e nd-products ( A2:b). B y s aying t his I t end t o p refer t he l atter a lternative r ather t han t he o ther o f s pecial i ntroduction o nto t he s ites o f l arger b lanks f or t ool p rocessing ( see a bove), a lbeit t o c ompletely r ule out s uch a p ossibility s eems i nsufficiently f ounded. T he f avored a lternative a ppears t o b e s upported a lso b y t he r atios a s c omputed i n T able 3 . I n t he a bsence o f l arge b ifacial t ools, t he r atios o f d ebitage p roducts a re e nough t o s ustain m anufacture o n t he s pot. R emember, t hat a t l east h alf o f m iscellaneous t rimmed a rtifacts a re l iable t o h ave b een j ust d ebitage,

1 26

t hus t he p art o f d ebitage w ould f urther i ncrease. F rom t he i nterassemblage a ngle, t he g eneral r ange o f v ariation p oints a s w ell t o t he s ame h igh d egree o f c onformity ( A2:f). T he s ignificance o f v ariation w ill b e d ealt w ith s hortly . T he r emaining p oints o f A 2-3 r eadily s tress t he o verall t echnological c ongruity b etween A 43 a nd A 63. W e l eave i t t o t he r eader, i f h e s o w ishes, t o r eappraise t hose p oints i n t he l ight o f t he i ssue d iscussed w ithin t his s ubsection . A s f ar a s I a m c oncerned , I a m s atisfied t hat a h igh d egree o f t echnological c orrespondence b etween t he a ssemblages i s a ttested t o b y t he e vidence. D egree o f V ariation A kin t o t he w ide e xtent o f g eneral i nterassamblage c oherence i s t he f ar r eaching a greement i n t he r emarkably h igh d egree o f i nternal v ariation i n m ost a ttributes w ithin e ither o ne o f t he a ssemblages ( A2:f). T o e mphasize e ven m ore t he i ntersite m utuality i n t his r espect, n otice t he o ne o utstanding e xception ( A2:g), n amely , t he r ather l imited r ange o f d iversity o f t he p latform i nclination , o r t he c omplementary f lake a ngle. A ccording t o o ur d ata, t his f lake a ngle f alls m ostly b etween a bout 7 0 a nd a bout 8 0 d egrees. A s p roposed e arlier, t rying t o r eveal t he v iable o rigin o f t his s pecific r ange m ust i nvolve a g reat d eal o f v ery s pecial m echanical s tudies a nd e xperiments b efore a ny d eliberate h uman f actor c an b e s urmized . S ince I a m p resently i n n o p osition t o u ndertake s uch r esearch, s peculation o n t his m atter i s b ound t o b e p remature. O nly w hen t he p hysical a nd o ther r elated p roperties o f t he f lint varieties a re a llowed f or a nd t horoughly c omprehended , c an a n i ntelligent e xplanation b e o ffered f or t he f lake a ngle p henomenon . T o s ay, o n t he o ther h and , t hat t hat a ngle r ange i s n ecessarily a n o bjective r equisite, w ould l ikewise n ot b e t oo w ise. R ight t hough i t i s t hat t here e xist n atural l imits t o f lake a ngles, d ifferent m odes, t raditions, f unctions, s tyles, e tc. m ay, a nd d o r esult i n d iverse y et t ypical f lake a ngles ( e.g ., B arnes 1 939; C rabtree 1 972; S peth 1 972, 1 974; 1 975; B radely 1 975; B onnichsen 1 977 ; O hel 1 979a). F or o ur p urpose h ere i t m ust s uffice f or t he t ime b eing t o j ust u se t he s heer m erit o f e xception f rom t he g eneral r ule o f v ariation d iscussed i n t his s ubsection t o s trengthen i n p rinciple t he g eneral r ule i n t he p revious o ne. F rom t he o verall v ariation e vidence ( A2:f a nd h ) q uite a n i mportant o bservation m ay b e g ained , a s a lready m entioned e arlier. L ower d egree o f i ntra-attribute v ariation a pparently r eflects m ore c onsistency , t herefore h igher s tandardization , a nd i n t urn h igher e fficiency o f p roduction , w hereas h igher s uch d egree, t he o pposite ( Ohel 1 979b). W hatever t he c ase, t his h owever c annot e xclude e ntirely r aw m aterialp rescribed; a ctivity-specified, c ulturally-inclined, o r o ther i nfluencing f actors b eside t echnological i ntelligence and s kill. W ithout d oubt, a ll t hese m ust b e c omprehended s imultaneously i f a s ound i ntelligent i nterpretation i s d esired . Unfortunately , p ractical m eans o ften p reclude f rom d oing a ll t hings a t o nce. F or i nstance, t he a nalysis b y d ifferent t ool a nd c ore f orms h ad t o b e a voided h ere w hile p recisely s uch a n a nalysis c ould s hed m uch l ight o n a ll t he a bovem entioned c onsideration . C onsequently , t he i nterpretation h ere i s u nderstandably b ased u pon t he r esults a t h and . I t m ay w ell h ave t o b e

1 27

m odified , s tudies.

o r e ven t urned u pside d own ,

f ollowing f urther,

m ore

d etailed

S o f ar a s w e m ay j udge f rom t he p resent d egrees o f i ntra-attribute v ariation w hich a re h igh i n n early a ll c ases ( A2:f a nd g ), w e s eem t o b e c onfronted w ith a t echnology o f c omparatively u neven c onsistency , n ot t oo s ophisticated s tandardization, a nd subsequently n ot t oo e fficient ( and s ee b elow). I w ould a rgue t hat t his i nterpretation i s p articularly d emonstrated b y t he e xceedingly h igh d egree o f v ariation i n d ebitage f lakes a s w ell a s i n t he l inear d imensions o f o ther a rtifacts, a nd e specially o f t he m edial a xis a ngle t hroughout ( A2:h). T his n otion a ppears t o b e f orcefully c orroborated b y a s eries o f a dditional t echnological p roperties t o b e d iscussed w ithin a s ucceeding s ubsection . I ntensity o f E xploitation F rom s everal d irections c ome r ather s trong hints t o s upport a n a ssumption t hat t he Avivim t echnology w as o riented t oward a h igh r ate o f r aw m aterial u tilization . E xhaustive t ermination o f c ores i s e mphasized b oth i n t he r egular c ore c ategory a nd b y t he d ebitage-core o ne ( A2:j). T he c ommon h abit o f u sing a s m any a s p ossible s cars o f f ormerly r emoved f lakes a s s triking p latforms f or ensuing f lake r emovals i s c learly i ndicated i n t he c ore s car c ategory ( A2:1). A lso, m inimum c ortex i s p reserved o n m aximum f lakes, a nd t his i ncludes n ot j ust w ell I f o f

s haped t ools ( A2:i; A 3:a).

( which

i s

r ather

e xpected )

b ut

d ebitage

f lakes

t his i nterpretation i s a ccepted , t hen t he i nteresting q uestion c ourse, w hy . I t i s r easonable t o a ssume, a s m any had , t hat

a s

i s, t he

m ajor c ause m ight h ave b een l imited n atural f lint r esources a t h and . I nformation o n a nalogous b ehavior m ay b e a ttained f rom t he l iterature o n b oth e arlier a nd m ore r ecent p rehistoric ( and e thnologic) g roups ( e.g ., S olecki 1 972: 4 7; I saac 1 977: 9 5; H ayden 1 980: 5 ; W ilmsen 1 970: 8 0; C rabtree 1 975: 1 09; G ould 1 980: 1 22-126). A lthough o ther c auses o f w hich w e a re u naware m ight h ave c ertainly b een i nvolved , t he a bovem entioned e xplanation i s a t l east a s g ood a s a ny o ther, s ince i n r eversed i nstances w hereby s ites w ere, o r a re l ocated a midst e asily a vailable r aw m aterials, r ather ( what s eems t o u s) w asteful u tilization i s a pparent ( e.g ., W ymer 1 974: 4 12; M ellars 1 974 : 5 6; J ohnson 1 975: 9 2; K atz 1 976: 1 85; O hel 1 979a : 7 10; G ould e t a l. 1 971: 1 60-161, 1 63; S chiffer 1 976: 1 04-105; G unn a nd M ahula 1 977: 1 60; C hapman 1 977: 4 51). C oncomitantly , a nd a s a lready m entioned e arlier, t he A vivim s lope i s r elatively p oor i n f lint. T rue t hough i t i s t hat n atural f lint o utcrops a re t o b e f ound n ot v ery f ar f rom o ur s ites, a nd t he n eighboring p lateaus a re a bundantly s trewn w ith f lints, I a m a s y et u nable t o p ut m y f inger o n e xactly a nother r eason , i f s uch a o ne i ndeed e xisted , f or t he r eluctance o f t he Avivim o ccupants t o t ake a dvantage o f t hat a bundance. I t i s n ot a ltogether i mpossible, a lbeit n ot v ery l ikely, t hat t hose r esources w ere u nknown , o r p erhaps n ot s ufficiently e xposed , t o t he A vivim g roup(s). O r, p erhaps, d ifficult t errain , o r f lowing s treams r estricted f ree a nd e asy m ovement. O r, p erhaps, a ccess t o t he o utcrops a nd p lateaus w as p revented b y o ther g roup(s) d ominating t hese, o r i ntervening a reas. O r, t he A vivimians w ere what w e w ould

1 28

p erhaps c onsider t oo l azy . T hese,

a nd a s core o f a dditional

f easible

o ptions,

a ll v iew t he Avivim

g roup(s) a s e ssentially d isparate f rom t he p lateaus' i nhabitants, e ither t emporally a nd/or s patially a nd/or c ulturally . H owever, t here i s y et a d ifferent o ption . T hat i s, t he Avivimians w ere n one e lse but p art a nd p arcel o f t he g roup(s) l iving c onstantly , o r s easonally, o r o therwise, u pon - l et u s s ay - t he Y iron P lateau . T he Avivimians m ight h ave b een j ust s ome k ind o f a s pecific s hort-term t ask f orce, o r a m ore p rolonged s pecial a ctivity u nit ( and s ee Y ellen 1 977; B inford 1 978; G ould 1 980). E ven s o, w e c annot m eanwhile p inpoint t he p recise, o r f actual c ause f or t heir c ustom o f h ighly i ntensive c ore e xploitation . H opefully w e m ay b e i n a b etter p osition t o p ropose m ore m eaningful s uggestions when t he s ites o f R amat Y iron , a cross N ahal A viv , a re t horoughly s tudied . F or t he t ime b eing , h owever, n o o ther, m ore r ational i nterpretation f or t he h igh i ntensity o f e xploitation s eems a pplicable t han t he o ne o f r elative s parseness o f s uitable natural f lint a t i mmediate a pproachability . S tatus o f S tandardization T he s uggestion t hat t he Avivim t echnology i s t o be r egarded a s b asically o f a r elatively c onsiderable c asual n ature, s hould c ome a s n o s urprise. A s o f a c ertain p oint i n t his e ssay w e h ave c ontinuously c ome back t o t his n otion p erpetuated b y a g reat n umber o f r esults. I n g eneral t erms, t echnological c asualness i s understood h ere a s a p redominance o f i rregularity i n e xecution . N ot f or a m oment d o w e w ish t o " teach" t he A vivimians w hat w as " better" f or t hem t o d o, a nd h ow . A lbeit t rying t o p enetrate t heir t echnological m ind , s o t o s peak , t hrough t he r ecord t hey h ave l eft u s, w e s till d o n ot k now e nough a bout t heir p recise n eeds, f unctions, e tc. t o p ass o n t hem a c ategorical v erdict. W hat t he d ata t hroughout s how u s, n evertheless, i s a c onsiderable d eparture f rom w hat w e c onceive a s r ecurring r egularity , h igh precision i n p roduction, a nd e laborate s ophistication i n c onception a nd p ractice. A fter a ll, h ow e lse c an w e a ppraise a nd s cale t echnological a chievement a nd d evelopment i n t he b roader s pectra o f t ime a nd s pace? A s s aid, t his i nterpretation o f ours d erives f rom numerous i ntercrossing r esults. F irst, w e h ave a lready b rought f orth t he p henomenon o f w idespread v ariation i n a lmost a ll a ttributes a cross a ll c ategories ( A2:f-h). S econd , m orphologically c asual f orms g overn u nequivocally b oth r egular a nd d ebitage e xhausted c ore c ategories ( A2:k a nd T ables 9 a nd 1 3). M oreover, w hen l ess p erfect g eometric o r s ymmetric ( as e nvisioned b y u s) c ore f orms a re j oined w ith c asual o nes, t hey t ranspose t heir o pposites t o a s tate o f n egligibility ( A2:k-1 a nd T ables 9 a nd 1 3). N ext c omes a l ong a rray o f i ndividual a ttribute s tates, a gain d emonstrating i rregularity a nd d ivorce, t o a g reater o r l esser e xtent, f rom g eometric p erfectness a nd s ymmetry . T o b egin w ith , e ven t he p attern o f r emoving f lakes b y u sing a s a s triking p latform a s car o f a f lake f ormerly r emoved , a ppears t o m e a s a s ymptom o f m arked c asual p rocedure. I t i s p erfectly t rue t hat s uch a

1 29

p attern c haracterizes m any h ighly s ophisticated t echnologies e arly a nd l ate. T he m anufacture o f s o-called c hopping t ools, p reparation c ores, b ifaces, o r d ozens o f o ther a rtifacts n ecessitates t he e mployment o f t hat r eduction p attern . B ut, t his i s o bviously n ot t he s ituation c onfronted a t Avivim . B ifaces a re n on-existent, c hoppers a re a bsent, a nd p reparation c ores i n t he s hape o f L evallois c ores a re c lose t o z ero ( see T ables 4 a nd 9 ). C ore f orms l ike c onical, p yramidal, b iconvex d iscoid , p olyhedric, o r p olyfacetted b i-directional a ssuredly b elong t o t he g roup o f m ore r emoval o ff s uch

s ymmetric c ores i s

a nd m ore-perfect g eometric c ores; f lake d istinctly t ypified b y a c onsistently

s ystematic r eduction p rocess. Y et, a ll t hese f orms t ogether d o n ot f orm but a t rifling p roportion i n t he Avivim a ssemblages ( see T able 9 ). N o c laim w hatsoever i s m ade h ere t hat t he A vivim k nappers w ere t otally u nfamiliar t o a ny k ind o f m ore s ystematic s tandardization . T he p resence o f t he a bove-mentioned c ores, i ncluding L evallois c ores, i n a c ertain l imited p roportion c annot,and s hould n ot b e d enied . s ame t oken , n ot a ll o ther a rtifacts e xhibit i rregularity a nd

B y t he l ikewise

f eatures. W hat i s c laimed , h owever, i s t hat a n o utweighing t endency t oward r elatively c onsiderable c asualness i s a pparent. P ut a nother w ay , a c asual c ore m ay b e, a nd o ften i s, f laked f rom s everal d irections, y et n o s ystematic p attern o f t he f laking i s v isible; t his i s t he r eason w hy s uch c ores a re a ssigned " casual." A s r egards i ndividual a ttribute s tates, t ake, f or i nstance, t he e xtremely w ide r ange o f t he m edial a xis a ngle ( A2:h). N ow , f rom w hat a ppear t o b e t he v ery s ame v arieties o f f lint a n umber o f a lmost p erfect g eometric o r s ymmetrical a rtifacts h ave b een p roduced , n ot t o s ay a nything a bout t he m any " beautiful" h andaxes a nd f lake t ools o f t he Y iron a nd B aram P lateaus. I n e ssence, t herefore, t he q uality o f t he f lint c ould h ave h ardly b een a d eterminant h indrance. O ne w ould b e p ermitted t o e xpect o f a n a verage s ophisticated t echnology t o p resent s uch a c onsistency i n p rimary f laking a s t o r esult i n a c omparatively n arrow r ange o f t he m edial a xis s ites d isplays t he c ontrary .

a ngle.

B ut,

t his

a ngle

a t

t he Avivim

F urther, i rregular c ircumferential e dge, a nd p latform c ontour h eavily o verbalance a ll o ther c ontour p atterns a cross d ebitage f lakes a nd c ore s cars ( A3:b). A ll t hese o ther p atterns w ere d ivided , i t s hould b e r ecalled , i nto a g reat n umber o f v arious s tates. C easelessly a nd s uccessively t hroughout t he c ategories t he s inuous s tates o vershadow t heir s mooth c ounterparts ( A3:b). T rue, e dge s inuousness c annot b e c onsidered a t oo r eliable i ndicator i n s urface c ollections. Y et, t wo d eliberations p ersuade m e n ot t o o verlook i t. O ne, a g reat m a jority o f e ven t he m ost s harp a nd m int d ebitage f lakes s how s inuous c ircumference o utline. T wo, t his i s j ust o ne f eature a mong o thers, a nd s ince a ll o thers p oint a s w ell i n t he s ame d irection , I s ee n o g ood r eason t o i gnore s inuousness o f c ontour a s a lso r eflecting t he t endency o f c asualness. F urther s till, a mong t hose c ontour p atterns, s ome w ould r egarded b y u s a s m ore g eometric a nd s ymmetric t han

o bviously b e o thers ( see

a ppropriate s ections a bove). Y et, t he l atter, i .e., t he l ess p erfect g eometric a nd l ess s ymmetric p atterns c learly g overn t he f ield ( A3:b).

1 30

Add t o t hat t he s kyrocketing r ate o f z ero p reparation pattern o n o ne hand , a nd t he o ccurrence o f m ore t han just a f ew t ermination p atterns o ther t han n ormal o n t he o ther. A s w ell, c onsider t he r arity o f f acetted s triking p latforms ( believed t o r epresent t he s ophistication o f p latform p reparation f or b etter r esults i n f lake r emoval) v ersus t he p re-eminence o f c ortex-covered a nd p lain o nes ( A3:c). A ll t o t he s ame c onclusion : m ore t han just a verage c asualness. I n

s hort,

t he

s tatus

s tandardization

o f

t echnological

i n p ractice

was

s ophistication

a pparently

n ot

t oo

i n

t hese

l ead

c oncept,

h igh-ranking

a nd

a mong

t he Avivimians. T he m ore i nteresting q uestions, a gain , a re o f c ourse why; h ow had i t c ome a bout; what f or; had t hey b een a t a ll a ware o f i t? E vidently, w e i ntend t o s trive f or f easible a nswers i n t he f uture. S ome s peculations w ill b e put f orward b elow , but a dmittedly t he p resent s tate of affairs i s not y et r ipe enough f or t oo c onfident g eneralizations. Unwastefulness AND C asualness H aving

s aid

a ll

t his,

w e

c ontradiction e merges On

one

hand

d efinitely

we

u tilization . b een

have

i mages

a re

a t

f rom o ur a rgued

an

o nce

f or

i nefficiency

t o i n

w astefulness.

t he

T his,

l ast

of

a ttitude

f orehead

w hich

i n my v iew ,

An

i nner

s ubsections.

exploitation

t oward

i n i s

" accusing"

t urn

m ost

l eads

raw

t hem

which

material

o f

d irectly

i ntriguing,

a m unaware o f s uch a p roblem b eing e xposed i n t his a r emote p rehistoric g roup's

t wo

a t oken o f c onsiderable c asualness has

Avivimians'

p roduction

a p roblem .

i n t he

intensity

unwasteful

On t he o ther hand ,

a ttached

f aced w ith

d iscussion

a nd

I ,

r elative

t o a t

a ctual l east,

l ight i n r elation t o

t echnology.

T o b ecome e ntirely c onvinced t hat s uch a n i nternal c ontradiction i ndeed p revails, t he r eader i s r equested t o r efer a gain p articularly t o A 2:g-1 a nd A 3. F or e xample, h ow o therwise t o e xplain t he h igh r ate o f e xhausted c ores w hile u pon t hese v ery c ores a h igh r ate o f c ortical a nd u ncore

p lain

a reas

i s

o bserved

( A3:a)?

G ranted

b y d efinition , c annot b e f laked a ny f urther. n ot n ecessarily a n o bjective, a priori must. b rought

t o

s uch

a f inal

a reas r emaining, o ther m anner o f p rocessing?

" impossible"

t han

t hrough

s ituation

a c asual,

t hat

e xhausted

H owever, H ow w ere w ith

n ot

c ores,

t his s tate i s s o many c ores s o

v ery

m any

uncore

s ophisticated

Q uality o f r aw material c annot s erve a c ase i n p oint a t t his junction . W e n eed n ot e ven w ander t o m ore e laborate t echnologies e lsewhere t o a ccumulate t estimony t hat a d ifferent p lainly r esult i n a h igher d egree o f S uffice t he

i t

t o

a ssemblages, Avivimians t o l ess

e xamine

c omparatively

c asual

t he m ore

l arge

p attern o f r eduction w ould e fficiency i n e xploitation .

s ystematically r educed c ores,

numbers

o f

t heir

s cars,

t o b e l ed t o t he c onclusion a s a dhere m ore c onsistently a nd m ore

p ractice

( as

d one), t hey w ould n ot have r ephrase i t v ery s imply:

t hey,

o r

a f ew

o f

within

a nd c ount our

own

s tated. Were t he s ystematically t o a

t hem ,

have

o ccasionally

a rrived a t t he f inal s ituation t hey d id . T o t hat m ost o f t heir c ores l ook a s t hey d o,

d espite t he o bviousness o f s triving t oward maximum e xploitation , Avivimians o wn " fault."

1 31

i s

t he

A gain , whether t hey h ave d one s o b y p urpose, I d o n ot y et k now . W hat I d o s ee, n onetheless, i n t he d ata i s a n a rresting g ap b etween t he w ill ( or n eed) t o b e a s u nwasteful a s p ossible, a nd t he n ecessary c apability ( or d esire) t o a chieve t his g oal e ffectively i n r eality . T hat s uch a g ap i s n ot a n u nfamiliar p henomenon a mong i ndividuals a nd s ocieties o f H omo S apiens i s o nly t oo w ell k nown t o a ll o f u s. I e ven t hink i t p ointless t o p ut o n a s earch t hroughout t he e thnographic l iterature t o f ind o ut t hat s uch a c haracteristic i s o bservable a mong s o-called p rimitive s ocieties. I n m y v iew , n othing m ore t han r edundancy w ill b e a chieved , a nd w aste o f p recious t ime. T he c rux o f t he m atter l ies s omewhat e lsewhere. N amely , h ow , a nd t o what e xtent a m I a llowed t o a scribe s uch a f eature o f H omo s apiens t o t he a ncient Avivimians ( in t he p resent s pecific c ase)? I d o n ot h ave h ere a nd n ow a f ull-dressed a nswer t o t his q uestion , but I b elieve t he f ollowing t wo s uggestions l ead i n t he r ight d irection . F irst, w hile I a m s ure t hat t he Avivimians w ere n ot H omo s apiens ( or b etter, H . s apiens s apiens), t hey m ost p robably w ere n ot o f a n e arlier s tock t han H . e rectus. T hus, t here i s a n o bvious human l ink b etween t hem a nd u s i n s pite o f a ll d iversities. I f t he b espoken g ap i s n ot a ltogether a typical f or u s, t here i s r eally n o g ood r eason t o d eny i t t hem . S econd, and a lthough more c omplex, s till v ery p romising: t he m ainstream o f e thnoarchaeological s tudies f rom t he a ngle s uch o nes a re u ndertaken b y a g rowing n umber o f s tudents d uring t he l ast d ecade o r s o. B riefly, b ehavior patterns o f e thnologic s ocieties ( and i ndividuals) a re n ot c onceived a s d irectly a nalogous, h istorically o r o therwise, t o p rehistoric o nes. R ather, w hatever i s o bserved i n t he f ormer s erves a s b uilding b locks f or m odels i ntended f or f ull-fledged r esearch o f t he l atter ( and s ee, e .g . c ontributions i n D onnan a nd C lewlow 1 974; G ould 1 978, 1 980; a lso B inford 1 968a , 1 972, 1 978; O hel 1 982c). O nce s uch a m odel i s c onfirmed b y t he a rchaeological d ata , m ore i nsight i s g ained i nto p ast b ehavior p atterns a nd c ultural c hange. A t ask f or t he n ear f uture w ould b e t o p ursue s uch a t rajectory w hen d ealing w ith t he A cheulean s ites o f R amat Y iron , a bout w hich w e a lready h ave f ar w ider i nformation a nd o f a g reater v ariety t han t he A vivim s ites. I nterassemblage V ariability I n s pite o f t he o verall h omogeneity o f t he t wo a ssemblages a nd t he a pprehension t hat b oth e ssentially b elong i n o ne a nd t he s ame " parent p opulation ," a n umber o f s ignificant i diosynchracies w ere d etected . O nly s uperficial r esearchers w ho a re a ccustomed t o l ook a t t he w orld a nd p henomena w ithin i t t hrough c lear-cut d ichotomised b lack-or-white g lasses a re a pt t o b e s urprized . V ariability i s t he i nterrelational f abric o f e very l iving s ystem , l arge a nd s mall, p ast a nd p resent. I t i s t he p rime m over o f d iversity a nd c ultural c hange. A s p roposed a t t he o utset of t his t hesis, variability i s o stensibly t he m ost i nteresting p art i n a ny a rchaeological r ecord a nd a nalysis, a nd p rofess edly t he m ost e lucidating o ne. P rovided w e c an u nveil i ts m eaning . I s hall b e t he l ast o ne t o d eclare t hat t his i s a n e asy t ask . T o b e a bsolutely v ariability a lone.

e xplicit, w e a re c oncerned h ere w ith i ntersite F or t he s ake o f i nterpretation I w ill i gnore

1 32

r esults

t hat

w ere

s tated

a s

d ubious,

s o

a s

t o

a void

r elying

o n

t oo

s haky g round . A lso, o wing t o t he l ack a t t he c urrent s tage o f r esults o f i ntra-attribute c orrelational t ests, I am l ikely t o b e " automatically" d eprived f rom m eaningful h ints t hat w ould p robably l end t hemselves h ad s uch r esults b een o btained . T hus, while t he u pcoming d iscussion w ill n ot b enefit f rom i nsights I a m u naware o f , i t w ill p resumptively s uffer f rom t he human w eakness t o t ry a nd c ompensate f or s uch v oids b y n ot y et w arranted s peculations. I s hall t ry m y b est t o r emain w ithin l ogical b oundaries. T o b e r emembered a s w ell a re t he c onsiderable t racts o f m ore d etailed d ata t hat h ad t o b e e xcluded f or r easons o f s pace a nd p ublication c ost. I n p articular, w hat i s m issing a nd c ould b e q uite h elpful a re t he d istributions o f a ttribute s tates b y t ool a nd c ore t ype f orms. S umming u p a ll a bove u nfortunate, b ut i nevitable e xcuses, I f ear t hat n ot a s much a s I w ould w ish c an b e o ffered w ithin t he f ramework o f i nterassemblage v ariability . T his m ay s ound a s a s harp d rop f rom t he t one v oiced j ust a m inute a go. I t i s p erhaps p artially t rue f or t he s pecific c ase o f A vivim , a nd f or t he s pecific s tudy h ere a nd n ow . S till, I w ould f iercely o ppose t o l ower t hat t one, f or t wo v ery s imple r easons. O ne, I i ndeed b elieve i n w hat I h ave s aid t here. T wo, I d o h ope, a nd w ith a mple c onfidence, t hat t he o pportunity t o u nfold t hose h erein-missing a spects w ill y et c ome m y w ay . A nd , e ven i f t his h ope w ill n ot m aterialize f or A vivim , i t c ertainly w ill i n c onnection w ith R amat Y iron . T o r eturn t o o ur c ourse, l et m e p resent t he a ttribute s tates s ignifying v ariability i n w hat I w ould a ssume i s a n i nterdependent o rder. F irst, t he p robability o f m ore i ntensive r etouch a t A 43 t han a t A 63 ( B2:b) may b e a ssociated w ith t he c omparatively g reater n umber o f c omposite t ools i n t he f ormer t han i n t he l atter ( B2:a). B y t heir v ery n ature c omposites c ombine u pon o ne p iece t wo o r m ore d ifferent t ypes o f w orking e dges. T his m ight h ave e nhanced t he g reater i ntensity o f r etouch a t A 43. S econd , t he h igher d egree o f v ariation i n c ross-sectional r etouch a t A 63 t han a t A 43 ( B3:b) m ay b e d ue t o t he r elatively g reat n umber o f k nives a mong s haped t ools i n A 63 ( B3:c). C ross-sectional r etouch i s m ostly r epresented b y s teep, s emi-steep, o r a ny o ther k ind o f r etouch o n b acks o f k nives. P erhaps h ere l ies a lso t he r eason f or t he l agging o f A 43 b ehind A 63 i n s ubintensive a nd c asual r etouch ( B3:d) i n a ddition t o t he e xplanation s uggested i n t he p receding p aragraph . B acks o f k nives d o e xhibit m any a t ime c ortex a nd/or p lain f acets o n p arts o f t hem . H ence, j ust p artial r etouch w as a pparently o ften n eeded : n oncontinuous o r n onsystematic r etouch h as b een d efined , a s s hould b e r ecalled , t o t he s ubintensive s tate w hile s poradic r etouch t o t he c asual s tate. F or

many

a forementioned ,

a s

w ell

a s

f orthcoming

c haracteristics,

t he

c rucial q uestion a lways a rising i s o f c ourse: W hy s o? W hat c ould h ave b een t he c ause o r t he p urpose o f t he o bserved i diosyncracy? ( And s ee b elow). T hird ,

m ore s hallow b ulb

i mprints

o n c ore

1 33

s cars a t A 43

t han a t A 63

a re

p erhaps a ssociated w ith t he g reater p roportion o f c oncave ( "normal") c urvature o f s cars i n t he f ormer t han i n t he l atter ( B2:d). I f t his d ifference d oes n ot o riginate f rom s ome d issemblance i n r aw m aterial a f easibility y et t o h e e xplored - t hen a d ivergent m ode o f f laking m ight h ave b een t he c ause. I s trongly f eel t hat r esolving t his a nd s imilar p roblems w ould b e m uch a dvanced t hrough t he a nalysis o f a ttributes b y i ndividual c ore f orms; a s s aid , t his m ust w ait. F ourth, i f i ndeed m ore c ores o f m ore-perfect g eometric a nd s emigeometric o utline a re e ncountered a t A 63 t han a t A 43 ( B3:f), t hen i t p erhaps m ay e xplain t he g reater p roportion i n t he l atter t han i n t he f ormer o f d ebitage e xhausted c ore s cars w ith p lain p latforms ( B2:f). O ne c ould p erhaps s uggest a n a ssociation between more c asual, n ongeometric c ores, a nd t he a ppearance a t A 43 m ore t han a t A 63 o f d ebitage f lakes h alf-covered b y c ortex ( B2:e). H owever, t he s ame i s n oted f or d ebitage f lakes w ithout c ortex w hatsoever ( B2:e), a nd t his c onfuses t he m atter a ltogether. O n t he o ther h and , t he s upremacy o f s haped t ools o ver o ther p rimary a rtifact c ategories a t A 63 ( B3:a), w hich i s n ot e xactly t he c ase a t A 43 m ay s tem a gain f rom t he l arger r elative f requency o f m ore-perfect a nd s emigeometric c ores i n t he f ormer. F ifth , I a m u nable t o e ven a ttempt a c onnection o f t he h igher d egree o f v ariation a t A 63 t han a t A 43 i n b ulb t hickness o f m iscellaneous t rimmed a rtifacts t o a ny o ther p roperty d iscussed . I w ould n ot a dvise t o r egard t his s pecific o utcome a s t oo i mportant b ecause o f t he c ategory i t i s a ddressed t o. C onversely, t he h igher d egree o f v ariation i n w eight a t A 63 t han a t A 43 o f c ores, d ebitage f lakes, a nd m iscellaneous t rimmed a rtifacts i s a c lear i ndication o f g reater variety i n t he f ormer s ite. A dmittedly, a ll t hese b its a nd p ieces o f v ariability a re n ot s o i mpressive w hen o pposed t o t he bulk o f s imilarities b etween t he t wo a ssemblages. I t m ay i ndeed b e t hat t hey a re s o c ulturally c lose, i n t ime a nd s pace, t hat n early n o d ichotomy h as e ver e xisted t o s eparate t hem but t he g eographical d istance o f a f ew h undred m eters. I t d oes n ot s eem t oo d ifficult t o i magine, a fter a ll, t hat v ariability t o s ome e xtent, i n a f ew a ttribute s tates, c ould h ave e asily b een i nitiated , f or i nstance, b y a s hort-enduring , s lightly d ifferent f unction , a m inute s tylistic d iversity c reated b y a s ingle i ndividual, o r e ven a s eries o f a ccidents. Y et, i t w ould n onetheless b e a g ross m istake t o o verlook a ny m inor e xpression o f v ariability , f or t his i s t he o nly w ay w hereby t he c omplexity o f h uman b ehavior c an b e t raced back a nd b etter u nderstood . S peculations o n F unctions A t t he l evel o f t he s ite, I h ave c autiously s uggested e arlier t hat b oth s ites a re p ossibly w hat i s w idely c alled " home b ases" ( = h abitation s ites). T he m ain i dea i n u sing t his t erm i s t o d ifferentiate i t f rom o ther s uch g ross t erms f or s ettlement p atterns a s, f or e xample, " workshop," " quarry ," " butchery ," o r " kill s ite." T here i s e vidently n ot e nough e vidence a t A vivim t o s ubstantiate a ny o ne o f t he l atter. B ut,"home b ase" i n t he s ense u sed , f or i nstance, b y I saac ( 1972b, 1 976, 1 978)

m ay

n ot

n ecessarily

b e

s uited

1 34

f or

o ur

s ites.

I f

" home

b ase"

m eans, a mong o ther t hings, a s pecific l ocation o f m ore o r l ess l ong d uration w hence p eople w ent o ut a nd r epeatedly r eturned t o, I c annot g uarantee t hat t his w as t he c ase w ith t he A vivim s ites. T he m ost I c an a ttach t o t hese s ites i s t hat t hey a ppear t o h ave b een s ome k ind o f a ctivity n odes,

l ikely t o h ave b een o ccupied m ore t han j ust o nce.

B y s aying t his t here i s n o i ntention t o d efine t he s ites e ither a s m ultifunctional, o r a ctivity-specific o nes. I g uess t hey w ere m ore l ike t he l atter, b ut I a m unable a s y et t o a ssess i t d efinitely. T hey s eem t o l ie s omewhere on t he c ontinuum b etween " base c amps" ( maintenance t asks) a nd " work c amps" ( extractive t asks) ( Binford a nd B inford 1 966; B inford 1 978. B ut s ee M aruyama 1 980: 5 98 f or s ome c oncepts o f s pace a nd b oundary). I n w ant o f a nything e lse but l ithic a rtifacts, i t i s r ather d ifficult t o o ffer a c lear-cut s ettlement p attern t erminology , a ccepted o r i nvented . M y s ole b asis f or v iewing t he s ites a s I d o i s t heir a rtifactual a ssemblage c onfiguration . T here I s ee m ore o r l ess a " normal" d istribution o f p rimary a nd s econdary c ategories ( Tables 2 a nd 4 ), a nd a lthough s everal t ypes o f s haped t ools o verrun o thers ( and s ee b elow), t hese o thers a re n ot e ntirely a bsent ( Table 5 : n otice t hat t he S T s ample f rom A 43 i s s mall a nd p erhaps n ot f ully r epresentative). I t i s m y p rediction t hat t he w hole m atter w ill p rofit n ot a l ittle f rom t he f orthcoming a nalyses o f t he A cheulean s ites o n t he n earby P lateau o f Y iron . N evertheless, I t ake t he l iberty t o s peculate s omewhat f urther, a nd f rom a d ifferent a ngle. W e o ught t o r emember t hat t he s outhern A vivim s lope i s p robably t he s ingle l argest t ract o f l and i n t he n ear v icinity c overed by t hick t erra r ossa . N owadays m ost o f i t i s t urned i nto g ood , f ertile c ultivated l and, f or f ruit p lantations i n p articular. C onversely , t he c lose-by Y iron P lateau m ostly c arries a r elatively t hin b asaltic e arth l ayer ( except o n t he d escending s lopes) u pon w hich p lantations r ecurrently f ailed s o t hat t he a rea s erves f or p asture o nly . W ithout d elving i nto a ny d etail, i t i s b eyond d oubt t hat t he n ature o f t he v egetation , t hen a s n ow , w as a t l east i n s ome r espects d issimilar a t t he t wo l ocalities. W ith r egard t o n utrition i t h as b een p erhaps q uite i mportant t o c ome t o, o r s tay a t A 43 a nd A 63 o n t he A vivim s lope w here v egetational f ood c ould h ave b een m ore v aried a nd r icher. S everal k inds o f a nimals, b igger ( see a t t he o utset o f t his e ssay) a nd s maller, s uch a s h ares, v oles, e tc. w ould a lso b e a ttracted f or t he s ame r eason . A f airly r easonable p ossibility p oses i tself , n amely, t hat t he A vivimians w ere o riented t oward f oods a nd s uch g ame , a nd e quipped a ccordingly .

s uch

v egetational

P ending c ompletion o f m icrowear a nalyses, e very s peculation i nvolving i ndividual g roups o f a rtifacts s hould b e t aken w ith a n ice g rain o f s alt . I nferring f rom m orphological t ypology t o f unction i s a m ost h azardous e nterprise, a nd o f l ate m ost c onvincingly s hown t o b e m ore o ften t han n ot m isleading ( e.g ., C ahen e t a l. 1 979, a nd c omments t here b y R .C. D unnell, B . H ayden , L .L . J ohnson , P . K atz, M .Y . O hel, a nd K . P addaya). E thnologic e xamples, b y n ow a bundant ( e.g ., W hite a nd T homas 1 972; Hayden 1 977, 1 979, C hapman 1 977; G ould e t a l. 1 971; G ould 1 980) t each u s t hat n ot a lways w hat w e c all " scraper" i s u sed f or s craping , o r " drill" f or d rilling , e tc., a nd t hat u nretouched d ebitage ( "waste") a re o ccasionally t he f avorite, m ost e fficient t ools. S ubsequently , I w ill s trive t o c onfine m yself t o a m ore g eneralized d eliberation w hile

1 35

t rying n ot t o f all i nto t he l ions' S mall l arge

d en .

s haped t ools w ere a pparently c utting , a nd h eavy-duty t ools

m ore i mportant f unctionally ( Table 4 ). Y et, c aution i s

t han h ere

r ecommended t oo. F irst, i t m ight h ave b een p erfectly n ormal a nd s atisfactory t o h ave a n a verage r atio o f 0 .11:1 o f l arge/heavy t ools t o s mall t ools ( Table 4 ). S econd , t he f ormer m ight h ave b een c urated a nd t herefore c arried a way ( Binford 1 973; H ayden 1 976; O xel 1 977c). S o f ar a s t he d iscovered r ecord o f t he s ites d emonstrates, t here i s a p reponderance o f l arge k nives a t A 63 o ver A 43 w here n ot o ne l arge knife was e ncountered. S till, i n smaller knives n o s ignificant d istributional d isparity b etween t he s ites w as f ound ( Table 5 , a nd s ee t ests). F urther, p oints a re f ar m ore a t A 63 t han a t A 43 w hile n o d rills a re p resent a t A 43 v ersus 1 0 a t A 63. T here a re a s w ell a t A 63 s ix burins a gainst n il a t A 43 a nd 1 1 s idescrapers a s o pposed t o o ne, r espectively . O n t he o ther h and , t he r ate o f c omposite t ools a t A 43 i s b y f ar h igher t han a t A 63. D oes

a ll

t his m ean a nything a t a ll

i n

f unctional

t erms?

Was

o ne

s ite

m ore s pecialized t han t he o ther i n a ny d irection? I f s o, i n w hat d irection? I s a ll t his j ust a r eflection o f d ifferential v arieties o r s izes o f r aw m aterial p ieces? O r, i s i t a ssociated s omehow w ith t he s ubordination o f A 43 v ersus A 63 i n m ore-perfect a nd s ymmetric c ores, i f t his d ivergence i s a pplicable? D oes t he c rux o f t he m atter, t hen , h ide i n a s omewhat d issimilar m ode o f p roduction? I f s o, t hen a gain , w hat w ere t he f unctional n eeds t hat c alled f or s uch a n d issimilarity? P erhaps, g iven t hat i t i s r eal, t he d ichotomy w as a ltogether c ultural ( traditional, e thnic, e tc.), evolutionary ( developmental phases t emporally), g roup, f amily , o r i ndividual d iversified s tyles, o r e lse? T o a ll s uch q uestions, a nd t he l ike, I h ave n o a nswers y et. B ut , t hey a re i ntriguing a nd w orth p robing , f or h ere v ariability m ay s peak a gain . I t i s h oped t hat t he m icrowear a nalysis w ill h elp t o g ain b etter i nsight, p erhaps e ven c larify m atters. T he m ethodological a ngle o f a ll t his, I b elieve, n eeds n o e laboration h ere. B y t he s ame t oken , o ne m ay c arry o n a nd q uestion t he i nterpretation r elating t o c asualness ( above). A scribing t he A vivimians t o r elatively i nefficient t echnological c oncepts a nd p rocedures c ould b e a bsolutely i n t he w rong . S ince w e h ave n ever d enied t hat m ore-perfect a nd s ymmetric c ores, e tc., a re n ot a ltogether d evoid f rom o ur s ites, t he p ossibility c onsists i n t he A vivimians h aving b een c ompletely a ware o f t hat " casualness" o wing t o s ome s ort o f f unctional p rerequisite: f or a s pecific p urpose, f or a c ertain t ime, f or w hatever. W hy d id t he A vivimians u se t o s elect l arger f lakes f or r etouching i nto s haped t ools ( A2:b)? H ow m any o f t he ( unretouched) d ebitage w ere u tilized a s t ools, a gainst h ow m any ( retouched) s haped t ools t hat w ere n ever p ut t o w ork , i s a gain a p roblem f or t he m icrowear a nalyst t o s olve. L oyal a t t he m oment t o t he d ata a s d isplayed , o ne i s f aced w ith a f ew q uestions. O ne, w ere t he Avivimians o bliged t o i ntroduce l arger b lanks f or t heir s haped t ools, o r c ould t he s tock p rocured f rom t he l ocal c ores s upply t he n eed? C onsulting T ables 6 a nd 1 1 l eads t o an i nteresting o bservation . W hile t he m ean l ength o f c ore s cars a t b oth s ites i s

1 36

c onsiderably s maller t han t hat o f s haped t ools ( naturally s o, s ince m ost s cars, a like d ebitage f lakes ( cf . T able 1 2), a re c onstituted o f t he s maller i n s ize), t heir d imensional s pread a s e xpressed b y t he c oefficient o f v ariation i s s lightly l arger ( likewise i n b readth). T his m eans t hat t he r elatively s mall n umber o f s haped t ools c ould h ave e asily b een f ound w ithin t he s ize r ange o f t he l ocal c ore s cars ( — b lanks). I t has a lready b een s uggested e arlier t hat t here a ppears t o b e n o n ecessity t o i nvoke i ntroduction i nto t he s ites o f s pecial b lanks f or t he manufacture o f s haped t ools, a nd t his v iew i s n ow r eiterated . B ut,

t his

i s just t he e asier p art o f t he g ame.

T wo, w hy d id t he A vivimians c oncentrate o n r elatively l arger s mall s haped t ools? T his s eems a t ough q uestion , e specially b ecause o f t he a bsence o f l arge t ools a side f rom k nives a nd s ome o ther t ypologically i ndeterminable l arge t ools a t A 63. O n t he n earby R amat Y iron w e f ind n umerous h andaxes, n ot a f ew c hoppers, o ccasionally c leavers, m any l arge knives and d rills ( or borers), t hick, heavy points, e tc. a longside h uge n umbers o f s mall, e ven t iny d rills ( or b orers o r b urins), p oints, a nd o ther s mall s haped t ools ( Ohel 1 980, 1 983b). W hat i s t he m eaning o f t his d iversity? I s i t c ultural-traditional? I d o n ot f eel s o. C onsidering t hose d ifferent a spects o f t he e cosystem ( the f eedback b etween s oil, v egetation , a nimals, a nd m an) m entioned a bove, a f unctional e xplanation a ppeals m ore t o m e. I f t his w as i ndeed c ase, t he n ext q uestion t o b e a sked w ould b e: d id t he A vivimians

t he u se

t heir d iverse t ools d ifferently f rom t he R amat Y iron p eople, e xactly t o w hat t hings w ere t hey a pplied? M eanwhile, I k now n ot.

a nd

T hree, e ven t hough n ot y et a pprehending w hy a nd h ow t his v ariability o perated , t he d ichotomy s eems v irtual. I n s uch a n e vent, w ould i t b e s ufficiently justified, a gain, t o a ttribute c asualness a nd t echnological l ow e fficiency t o t he Avivimians? P erhaps t he d istinctive s et o f f unctions d ictated q uick, hasty p roduction, t herefore s eemingly c asual? P erhaps t here w as n o n eed f or m ore e laborate w ork i n o rder t o a chieve s ubsistence n ecessities ( and s ee S ahlins 1 968; G jessing 1 975; O hel 1 979a)? E fficiency c an e asily t urn i nto i nefficiency w hen y ou o btain y our c ommodity u neconomically . O ne m ay g o o n s earching t hroughout t he n umerous i ndividual a ttribute s tates r ecorded a nd a nalyzed h ere ( see e specially B a bove), c easelessly p osing t he l egitimate a nd s urely m ost i ntriguing q uestions o f a ll o thers: W hy? H ow c ome? W hat f or? H owever, i f w e v enture t o d o t his, w e a re b ound t o r un i nto a s till l engthier t hesis t han t he p resent o ne. T he d etailed d ata e xist, a nd t he f uture i s a lways a head o f u s. L et m e g ive just o ne v ery b rief e xample. A t A 43 s ignificantly m ore c ore s cars w ere d etected w ith c oncave ( the " regular" s tate) c urvature a nd s hallow bulb i mprint ( B2:d) t han a t A 63. F irst, a re t hese t wo s ignificantly c orrelated t o e ach o ther? S econd , c an r aw m aterial b e s ecurely d iscounted a s t he c ause? T hird , i f i t c an , d o t he t wo p roperties, o r d o t hey n ot, r epresent a d iverse m ode o f f laking ( choosing s pecific c ores; e mploying c ertain k inds o f p ercussors o r h ammers: m aterial, s ize, w eight, s hape; p referring a w ell-defined i mpact a ngle: f avouring s ome m anner i n p rehension o f b oth f laker a nd f laked , e tc.)? I f a ll t he a bove c an b e f airly c omprehended , t hen f ourth , a nd m ost c rucial: W hy? H ow c ome? W hat f or? W hat i nfluences

1 37

o r c onsequences d id t his p ractice b ear u pon t he i nterrelationships w ithin i ts o wn e cosystem, and i n c omparison w ith more, o r l ess p roximate o thers? W hat c ould i t a ll m ean i n e volutionary t erms? Iw ould s incerely h ope t hat t he r eader h as n ot f orgotten ,

a s Ih ave n ot

f or o ne s ingle m inute, t hat t his w hole e ffort i s f irst a nd f oremost a m ethodologically o riented o ne. I f I a m c harged b y s ome f or t he a bove s peculations ( undoubtedly !), I w ould d are r espond a s f ollows. O ne, m y s peculations a re a s a m atter o f f act m ore q uestions t han a nything e lse. T hey a re t hus p hrased n ot u npurposely . A side f rom t he a pproach , w hich I f ully s hare, t hat " facts" d o n ot s peak s ufficiently b y t hemselves, a nd t hat a p rehistorian , m uch m ore t han o thers, s hould l earn t o a sk i lluminative q uestions o f t he d ata ( Binford 1 968b), t hese q uestions s hould s erve f or a r elated , v ital a im . N amely , y oung s tudents m ust b e s hown e xamples, w ays, o penings, o ptions, a lternatives, e tc., s o t hat t hey m ay e ventually b uild a s imilar a pproach i nto t heir h ypotheses i n f uture r esearch . N ot o ne f urther s tep i n u nveiling t he c omplexity o f m an 's l ife i n t he r emoter p ast i s d ue u nless m ore p enetrating , n ew , v aried , i ntelligent, e ven h ighly h ypothetical ( if s ome w ish : s peculative) q uestions k eep o n b eing p roposed ( and s ee L each 1 973). T wo, t his s ubsection h opefully d emonstrated t he w ide v arious o ptions i n a lmost e very r espect. U nfortunately,

d imension o f f ar t oo m any

s tudies c ome o ur w ay w herein a ll p roblems a re c ompletely a nd s elfs atisfactorily s olved b y c lear-cut, c ategorical a nswers. A s i f t here n ever c ould h ave e ven e xisted a n a lternative e xplanation ! W e a ll s trive t o r eveal t he t ruth . Y et, I s uppose, w e w ould a ll a gree t hat a p rehistoric s tudy i s n ot p recisely a kin t o a b asic c hemical e xperiment . H uman l ife a nd b ehaviors a re, a nd w ere, a l ittle m ore c omplicated t han t his, a nd a pparently a lso m ore t han s ome o f u s s till p refer t o b elieve, w rite, a nd t each t heir s tudents. T hree, l ast but r econsideration . O n P andora 's B oxes m ay g uess, a fter a ll, w hy w hat i s t he i ssue, I t o c ritisism , b oth b y o ffered t he t ools a nd A g ood c ase i n p oint a bove).

c ertainly n ot l east, s elf-criticism a nd r epeatedly p osing f urther q uestions t o t he d ata , b e e asily o pened u p. I t s hould n ot b e h ard t o m any s imply a void q uestioning . I ndifferent a s t o c ontend t hat o ur s tudents m ust e xpose t hemselves t hemselves a nd b y o thers. H ence, t hey s hould b e b e t rained i n t he w ays t o c ope w ith r eappraisals. h ere, I s ubmit, i s t he t opic o f c asualness ( see

T emporal a nd S patial O ptions N o u ncontaminated m aterials a ppropriate f or d ating h ave a s y et b een o btained f rom t he A vivim s ites, t herefore t oo c onfident c hronological s tatements w ill o bviously b e t oo v enturesome. W hat c an b e s uggested i s f ar f rom b eing s oundly b ased a nd i s u ndoubtedly p rovisional. a )

T ypologically, n o a sserting q uantity w hatsoever o f a ny t ool f orms c haracteristic o f v ery e arly i ndustrial c omplexes, s ay preA cheulean , i s f ound a t t he Avivim s ites.

1 38

b )

O n

t he

o ther

hand ,

t he

i ndustry

i s

c learly

a f lake,

n ot

a b lade

i ndustry. B lades a nd b lade t ools r etain r ather l ow p roportions t hroughout t he c ategories. T ypical b lade t ools o f l ater c omplexes ( say o f t he U pper P alaeolithic S tage a nd b eyond) a re n on-existent ( except a c ouple o r s o o f i ntruders, What a re w idely b elieved t o b e

c )

p robably s ickleblades).

t ypical M ousterian a ssemblages

have

n ot b een m et t hus f ar i n t he r egion ( see R onen e t a l. 1 974). T his d oes n ot y et r ule o ut t he Avivim s ites a s p ossible c andidates, but t he

l ikelihood

i s

t ypological bases d )

r ather

s lim :

t here

a re

n ot

e nough

t echno-

f or s uch a n a scription .

I n s pite o f t he d ifferent s oil o f t he Avivim s ites t han t hat o f t he basalt-covered P lateaus o f Y iron a nd B aram , t he patination o n v ery many o f t he a rtifacts f rom t he f ormer r anges f rom d ark t o l ight b rown , l argely s imilar t o t he c ommon p atination o f a rtifacts f rom

e )

t he

l atter.

a nd

n ot

S ince

y et

t he

e ntirely

p rocess

o f p atination

u nderstood ,

i s

e xtremely

i nclined

w eight o n i t

( and s ee,

e t a l.

P atterson a nd S ollberger 1 979).

1 978;

e .g .,

I a m

J osselyn 1 967;

n ot

t o

c omplex

put

R ottländer 1 975;

much

S axson

S o f ar a s v isual i mpression i n t he f ield a nd r epeated handling o f a rtifacts a t t he l aboratory c an t ell, t here d oes n ot a ppear t o b e a ny major d ifference b etween t he r aw material o f Avivim a nd R amat Y iron ; t hat i s i n g eneral, m ore particularly i n c ores c ourse t he a nalysis o f t he R amat Y iron a ssemblages).

f )

R ight

t hough

i t

i s

t hat

n o

handaxes

w ere

d etected

( pending

a t

t he

o f

Avivim

s ites ( except f or o ne handaxe r oughout), knives a re p resent, a nd i n r emarkable p roportions i ndeed . A ccording t o B ordes ( personal c ommunication 1 980), backed knives a re n o l ess c haracteristic o f a n A cheulean t echnology t han b ifaces. Quite a number o f d efinite A cheulean s carce

a ssemblages

i n handaxes,

o r

d istinct

A cheulean

o r c ompletely l ack

t hem

l ayers ( e.g .,

a re

r emarkably

B ordes

a nd P rat

1 965; B ordes 1 968, 1 972; F reeman a nd Butzer 1 966; d e L umley 1 969; A rmand 1 979). Y et, s ome s uch have p lenty " typical" a nd " atypical" ( in B ordes' t erminology) backed knives.

g )

T he Avivim s ites

l ie b etween

i s a lso t he r egular r ange ( Ohel a nd B ruder 1 980). I n

s um ,

w eighing

t he

a bove

6 00

f or

a nd

t he

7 00

m .

A cheulean

o bservations

I w ould

a bove

s ea

l evel

which

s ites

o f

R amat

Y iron

t end

t o

b elieve,

a t

l east f or t he t ime b eing, t hat t he Avivim s ites b elong i n t he A cheulean c ultural s tage. I p refer n ot t o s tretch o ut my n eck f arther t han t hat. W ith i t, I a m h opeful t hat t he r esults o f t he o ncoming a nalyses R amat Y iron 's A cheulean a ssemblages w ill l end s ubstantial a id f orwarding a m ore p recise e stimate.

o f i n

N ow, i f t hey a re Acheulean, s everal o ptions may be t entatively e nvisaged ( in p art s uch have a lready b een n oted e arlier). F or t hese, t he a ssumption o f a l iving a ffinity b etween t he g roup(s) o f R amat Y iron a nd Avivim i s a dopted . P ut d ifferently, t he Avivim s ites' o ccupants w ere p art a nd parcel o f t he A cheuleans o f R amat Y iron just a cross N ahal Aviv

( see F ig.

1 ).

Whether t he o ccupation o f t he Avivim s ites was o f a

1 39

l onger o r s horter d uration , r epetitive o r n ot, s easonal o r o therwise, i s d ifficult t o d educe f rom t he d ata t hus f ar a nalyzed . I c an o nly s urmise t he o ccupancy t o have b een c omparatively s hort, p erhaps s easonal ( presumably i n m idwinter), w ith p ossibly more, a dditional d ashes t he y ear r ound . T his c on jecture d erives

o r l ess f rom t he

f ollowing c onsiderations. a )

T he r eal, m ore f ixed " home b ase(s)" w ere s ituated o n R amat Y iron . F irst, t he a ssemblages o n t he P lateau , i ncluding t hose c losest t o N ahal Aviv ( see O hel a nd B ruder 1 980; O hel 1 982a , a nd 1 983b), a re b y f ar r icher a nd m ore v aried i n a rtifactual c ontents t han a nything o n t he Avivim s lope. A 63 w hich r ests a t t he e nd o f t he s lope b ordering o n N ahal A viv , t herefore c loser t o R amat Y iron 's s ites t han A 43 ( see F ig . 2 ; i n f act s traight o pposite t o a n A cheulean s ite, Y 18, o n t he o ther s ide), i s e xceedingly m ore p rolific i n m aterial t han A 43, a pproximately e qualling s ites o n t he P lateau . S econd , t he t opographic a dvantage o f t he n orthern a nd e astern e dges o f t he P lateau i s p retty o bvious. Add t o t his t he m ore f avorable w eather d uring s pring a nd s ummer ( hot i n m idsummer d ays but r egularly b reezy , w hile c ool a t n ights), a nd t he p lenitude o f f lint a t y our v ery d oorstep, a nd t he s uperiority o f s ettling o n t he P lateau b ecomes q uite p atent. ( For a f uller d iscussion o n t hese a nd r elated f actors o f l ocational p references b y t he A cheuleans o n R amat Y iron , s ee i n B rosh a nd O hel 1 981; O hel 1 982b).

b )

T he s ucceeding s uggestion h as b een o ffered b y B rosh a nd O hel ( 1981). O wing t o c arrying c apacity l imitations, t he l ikelihood o f m ore t han j ust o ne s mall g roup, o r a t t he m ost v ery f ew s mall g roups o ccupying R amat Y iron a nd e nvirons a t o ne a nd t he s ame t ime i s r ather t enuous. I f t his s uggestion i s p alpable, t hen w e s hould n ot wonder much t hat a s mall g roup, o r part o f i t, was o ccasionally f oraging s omewhat b eyond t he P lateau b oundaries f or a dditional, p erhaps s easonal, f ood r esources. W e h ave a lready n oted a bove t he d iversion b etween t he t wo l ocalities i n s oil, a nd p robably a lso i n s ome s pecies o f v egetation a nd g ame. W andering f or t he s ame r eason a nd p urpose i s s o a mply r eported w ith r egard t o r ecent and c ontemporary hunter-gatherer g roups t hat n o r eferences a re n eeded h ere. T he t erritorial r anges t hat s uch f orages c over a re d ependent o n a c onsiderable number o f d emographic, environmental, a nd s ocio-cultural f actors. C onsidering t he s mallness o f o ur A cheulean g roups, o ne m ay p erhaps b e p ermitted t o p resume t hat t hey w ould n ot b e t oo a dventurous. I n particular, s ince t hey i nhabited a high, v ery d issected m ountain r egion w hile a pparently n ot l acking c lose t o t heir o wn c amps e ither s ufficient w ater, f ood , o r r aw m aterial.

c )

W ith a ll t he a dvantages a ttributed t o R amat Y iron ( Brosh a nd O hel 1 981), t he Avivim s lope c ould s till b e s ome s ort o f a ttraction . F irst,

i t

i s

o f

g entler

t opography

o n

t he w hole

t han

t he

P lateau

w ith i ts v ery s teep g radients o n t hree s ides ( the t wo l onger i ncluded). S econd , i t i s a w ider, m ore o pen a rea . And t hird , i t b locks t o a f airly c onsiderable e xtent t he f ierce w inter w inds f rom t he n orth o n o ne h and w hile t he P lateau s helters s outhwest o n t he o ther. T o e ndure t he a pex o f w inter

1 40

f rom u pon

t he t he

Yiron P lateau i s harsh even n ow. I t was probably not t oo d elightful t hen a s w ell, e specially i n t he o pen a nd w ithout s olidly built s tructures.

One w ould a ssume t hat s ome g ame animals

would a lso m ove a way f rom t he P lateau s omewhat m ore p rotected n eighborhoods. just

o nce

t he

r ainstorm

t o

s tinging

P lateau

r ealize

w ind ,

d uring ,

h ow

h eavy

r ough

s hower,

a t t he s ame t ime t o f ind One i s a dvised t o v isit

o r

f ollowing

i t

i s

a nd

a

t here:

s inking

D ecember-January

p enetrating o ver

y our

c old ,

knees

i n

dark s ticky mud . B y a nd l arge, m oved

i n

n orthern

o ur A cheuleans c ould b e e xpected t o have r ecurrently

t he

w inter

o r

e astern

f rom

t heir m ore

f ringes

o f

p ermanent

t he

s ettlements

P lateau

t o

m ore

o n

t he

t emporary

s tations o n t he Avivim s outhern s lope. T he Avivimians w e have r epeatedly r eferred t o a bove s hould b e n amed , p erhaps, Y ironians, n ot Avivimians. W ith a ll t his s aid , t he r eader must r emember t hat t his o ption , t hough o ne t hat has much a ppeal. N evertheless, s ome T he

o ther

o ptions

Avivimians

t hat

w ere

c annot

n ot

a s

y et b e

A cheuleans

a t

d iscarded . a ll,

but

i s m erely t here m ay

F or

s ome

a n b e

i nstance,(a)

d ifferent,

a nd

t emporally l ater f olks; ( b) They were Acheuleans but s eparated t emporally f rom t he A cheulean o ccupation o f R amat Y iron ;(c) T hey w ere A cheuleans l iving s ynchronously t o t he Y ironians but o f a d isparate e thnic o rigin ; ( d) T hey w ere b oth a ffiliated e thnically, but s eparated c ulturally by s ome m ore, o r l ess s pecific t raits; ( e) T hey w ere e ven o f t he s ame c ultural e ntity, but f ormed a g roup, o r g roups, o f t heir o wn , n ot f ully i ntertwined; ( f) R elating t he Avivim s ites t o t hose o f R amat Y iron d oes n ot make much s ense: why s hould p eople e xchange o pen-air, unsheltered habitations f or o ther o pen-air, unsheltered o nes while a ll a long Nahal Aviv t here a re many l arge a nd s mall c aves a nd r ockshelters? ( See B rosh a nd O hel 1 981.) I ndeed ,

T his

l atter b egs b rief e laboration .

Nahal Aviv w hich d ivides R amat Y iron f rom t he Avivim s lope,

a bundantly s trewn w ith k arstic c aves, many o f d uring historic p eriods. T his w e know f rom c eramic,

a nd e ven n umismatic

o ur t horough a lmost nil

s urvey s tone

r emains

( Aviam a nd O hel

o f N ahal Aviv ( Ohel artifacts neither

a nd i n

i s

which w ere i nhabited numerous s tructural, 1 980).

B ruder 1 980) t he c aves,

M oreover, r esulted i n under t he

r ockshelters, u pon t he t erraces, o r o n t he banks a nd i n t he b ed o f t he Wadi. I n f act, e ven n atural f lint p ieces w ere o nly r arely d etected . W e have a lso d ug s everal t est p its t o a bout o ne m eter d eep i nside a f ew o f t he most i nhabitable n aturefact was uncovered ! f loors, and d ust.

c aves. A ll w e

N ot a s ingle f lint a rtifact o r g ot w ere c eramics, b ones, p lastered

I t m ay be r ightly a rgued o f c ourse t hat a d epth o f o ne m eter i n m anyg enerations' c ave a ccumulation i s n othing m ore t han a s cratch o n t he f ace

o f

below.

t he

e xcavations Aviv c aves S tone

g round .

Admitted,

Age

a re w ere

T he

t hat

p rehistoric

d eeper,

i mperative. n ever

p eople.

Y et,

o ccupied

S imply ,

i t

r emains

may

broader-scale, i t

i s

m y

c ontention

by A cheuleans,

i s

e ntirely

o r

f or

t he

r est

c aves

f urther

s ystematic

t hat t hat

i nconceivable

a rtifacts whatever w ould b e s cattered a round p eople o f t hose t imes s ettled t he c aves.

1 41

s till

and more

t he

N ahal

matter

t hat

n o

a ny

s tone

a nd n earby h ad

F urthermore, a ccording t o o ne o pinion ( Ronen e t a l. 1 974: 1 5), t he " present l and c onfiguration o f t he c entral D ishon v alley i s a ttained b y t he b eginning o f t he H olocene". T his i mplicitly , i f n ot e xplicitly , m ay b e u nderstood t hat t he l ater-inhabited c aves o f N ahal A viv w ere e ither n ot y et f ormed , o r e xposed , d uring A cheulean h abitation o n R amat Y iron . C onsequently , a nd o bviously - i f t he a bove s uggestion i s a ccepted - n either t he Y ironians n or t he Avivimians h ad a ny i nhabitable c aves a t t heir d isposal. I n s hort, b e i t a s i t m ay , t he l ast o ption ( f) a bove c an s afely b e i gnored . T o e stablish f irmly o ptions was t he r eal one d emands f urther d etailed, s tudies, i n p articular o f R amat Y iron 's s ites.

which o f t he multi-aspect

C haracter o f t he Avivim T echnology I n s ummarizing t his s ubsection I w ill f ocus m ainly o n t he t echnological a spect.

O verall,

t he

f ollowing

a re

t he

m ajor

c haracteristics

o f

t he

A vivim l ithic a ssemblages: 1 .

A f lake

t echnology ;

n either

a b lade

t echnology

n or

a c ore-tool

o ne. 2 .

P reference o f r elatively s mall s haped t ools o ver l arge o nes.

3 .

L ittle a ttention t o c ore p reparation m odes; L evallois t echnique.

4 .

H igh d egree o f i rregularity a nd c onsiderable c asualness i n f laking m anners, i .e., r elatively l imited p erfectness o f p attern s tandardization i n t he r eduction p rocess.

5 .

T endency t oward e xploitation .

6 .

A pparent i nternal c ontradiction b etween t he t endency t oward m aximal e xploitation ( 5) a nd t he a ctual t echnological p erformance ( 3 a nd 4 ) r esulting i n r elative p ractical i nefficiency .

7 .

V ery h igh d egree o f i nterassemblage t echnological h omogeneity .

8 .

P resence o f i nterassemblage v ariability t o s ome e xtent, p ossibly f unction-oriented , f avoring A 63 a s m ore v aried , s omewhat l ess c asual, t herefore s lightly m ore e fficient t echnologically t han A 43.

9 .

T he

Avivim

h igh

i ndustry

i s

i ntensity

b elieved

t o

A cheulean i ndustrial c omplex , l ikely A cheulean o ccupants o f R amat Y iron . 1 0.

o f

r aw

n ear

n egligibility

material

r epresent

a nd

a variant

o f

c ore

o f

t he

t o h ave b een p roduced b y

t he

W ord o f r eservation : p ending f urther a nalyses o f t he Avivim a ssemblages, a nd i n p articular o f t he A cheulean o nes o f R amat Y iron , m ore, o r l ess o f t he a bove e valuations m ay h ave t o b e m odified .

1 42

C onclusions T hree m ain o bjectives w ere e nvisaged f or t his s tudy a t i ts o utset, f ollow s uit i n i ncreasing o rder o f p riority . A .

T o a nalyze a nd i nterpret t he l ithic a ssemblages o f Avivim .

B .

T o e xperiment h opefully f or

w ith m ethods a nd t echniques t he b enefit o f C b elow , a s

t hey

o f l ithic a nalysis, w ell a s s tudents o f

p rehistoric a rchaeology . C .

T o o btain g uidance f or a f orthcoming d esign o f l ithic a nalysis t he A cheulean a ssemblages f rom R amat Y iron .

A .

T he A vivim A ssemblages

o f

A s ample o f 9 36 l ithic a rtifacts d rawn f rom t wo s ites, A 43 ( n=272) a nd A 63 ( n=664) w as a nalyzed t ypologically a nd t echnologically under f ive p rimary categories: s haped t ools, m iscellaneous t rimmed a rtifacts, u tilized p ieces, c ores, a nd d ebitage. F urther d etailed a nalysis w as p erformed i n p articular o n s mall s haped t ools, m iscellaneous t rimmed a rtifacts, c ores, c ore s cars, d ebitage f lakes, d ebitage e xhausted c ores, a nd d ebitage e xhausted c ore s cars. T his w as d one by t he e xamination o f 1 2 ( minimum) t o 3 4 ( maximum) q ualitative a nd q uantitative a ttributes b y c ategory , r eaching a a ttributes

t otal o f 1 46 a ttributes a cross c ategories. T hese w ere s plit u p i nto a g reat number o f s econdary

a ttribute s tates. T he s ynthesis o f t he r esults additional c onsiderations, i nterpretation .

o btained f rom a nalysis, a s w ell a s l ed t o t he f ollowing o verall

T he t wo Avivim a ssemblages a re l argely s imilar. T hey r epresent a f lint f lake t echnology, m ost probably A cheulean, e mphasizing r elatively s mall s haped t ools. L imitation i n i mmediate a vailability o f r aw m aterial a pparently b rought a bout h ighly i ntensive c ore u tilization r eflecting a c oncept f ocused u pon unwastefulness. Y et, t he s carcity o f s ystematically r educed c ores, t he h igh r ate o f i rregular m anufactural p roperties, a nd t he h igh d egree o f i ntra-attribute v ariation p oint a t a n o pposite t rend , n amely , c onsiderable t echnological i nefficiency r esulting i n p ractical w astefulness, p erhaps u nwished . T his i s p articularly a ccentuated b y t he h igh p roportion o f e xhausted c ores w hich a re i n f act n ot f ully e xploited a s c ould b e e xpected h ad t he r eduction p rocess t hroughout b een m ore s ophisticatedly s tandardized . H ence, a n i nner c ontradiction i s n oted b etween i ntention a nd e xecution . A p ossibility e xists, t hough, t hat s ome s ort o f i mmediate n eeds d ictated t he c asualness i n p roduction . I nterassemblage

v ariability

i s

o n

t he

w hole

r ather

l ow .

A f ew

c haracteristics h int, h owever, t o a s omewhat m ore s ystematics tandardized a rtifact p rocessing a t A 63 t han a t A 43 w here t he c onfiguration o f t he c ore a nd s haped t ool c omponents a re a lso o f l ess

v ariety .

T he

c ause

i s

1 43

t entatively

a ttributed

t o

s ome

f unctional s pecificity,

t he n ature o f w hich i s a s y et unclear .

A n umber o f h ypothetical o ptions a re o ffered c oncerning t he r ole a nd s tatus o f t he Avivim s ites' o ccupants, o f w hich t he f ollowing i s p rovisionally f avored h ere, p ending t he f orthcoming a nalysis o f t he A cheulean a ssemblages f rom t he n eighboring R amat Y iron . T he Avivim o ccupants w ere p art a nd p arcel o f a n A cheulean g roup(s) c amping r egularly o n t he n orthern a nd/or e astern e dge o f R amat Y iron . T he Avivim s ites c ontain r emnants r esulting f rom s ome s pecific a ctivities c arried o ut b y t hat s ame g roup ( or t hose s ame g roups) d uring c omparatively s hort s tays, p robably i n a c ouple o r s o m idwinter m onths ( perhaps D ecember a nd J anuary). T o e ndure t his e xtremely h arsh m idwinter s eason t ypical o f t he h igh m ountain r egion , t he g roup(s) w ould m ove f rom t he P lateau w here w eather c onditions w ere v irtually n ear t o u nbearable, t o t he Avivim s lope f or b etter s helter a nd p rocurement o f t he n ecessary s ubsistence n eeds. S ubsequently, t he a rtifactual a ssemblages o f Avivim p resumably r eflect t he r equirements o f a s omewhat d ifferent e cology t han t hat o f t he P lateau . B .

M ethodological L essons P roffered a s a m ethodological u ndertaking , i t h as b een c onstantly a ttempted i n t he c ourse o f t his s tudy t o t ake h eed o f i ssues i n c urrent l ithic a nalysis d eemed e ssential. I n t his f inal s ection I w ill t ry t o c oncentrate o nly u pon t he c entral l essons d erived f rom t he f oregoing e xperience. 1 .

I t s hould b ecome once and f or a ll mandatory t hat i nterpretation o f a ny p ast p henomena c annot b e c laimed a s v alid , e ven c lear-cut, u nless b ased o n s ufficiently d etailed a nd c arefully c ontrolled o bservations, r ecordings, a nalytical d esigns a nd p rocedures,

a nd d ependable t esting o f v ariables.

2 .

S ound i nterpretations o f l ithic a ssemblages c an b e o ffered o nly a fter a ppropriately r epresentative s amples w ere d rawn a nd a t l east m ost, i f n ot a ll, a rtifact c omponents w ere p roperly a nalyzed . Unfortunately, f ar t oo m any g eneralizations a re a dvanced b ased o n s elective, i ntuitive " samples" a nd/or o n p artial a nalysis ( e.g ., f ocused s olely o n " tools").

3 .

P ercentages ( or p roportions) a re u ndoubtedly a f undamental m eans o f l ithic a nalysis, a like v arious o thers. H owever, i t s hould b e s trongly e mphasized t hat p ercentages c annot h ave i n m any i nstances, p erhaps m ost, t he l ast w ord . E ven q uite c onsiderable d ifferences i n p ercentages m ay a t t imes m ean n othing b eyond r andom d istribution , t hus c ompletely m isleading i nferences b ased u pon t hem . E very p ercentage d iversion w hich i s n ot " more t han o bvious" m ust b e t ested f or s ignificance ( better t est t han r est i n d oubt!).

4 .

S tatistical t esting i s n either a n i dol n or a d espot . I t i s a m eans, a nd u sually a r ather g ood o ne, t o h elp t echnological a nalysis, a s a ny o ther. I t m ay a id i n a ccepting o r r ejecting n otions

o r h ypotheses,

a nd q uite o ften r eveal p atterns

1 44

i n

t he

d ata t hat a re o therwise undetectable. M ost s tatistics practiced i n a rchaeology a re o f a probabilistic nature ( connected t o l evels o f s ignificance o r d egrees o f c onfidence). T his f act s hould n ever b e o verlooked . T here c an n ever b e a g uarantee f or a " truthfulness" o f o ne hundred p ercent; s ome d iffering o ptions m ust i nvariably b e l eft o pen ( and s ee b elow). 5 .

T his

s tudy h as d emonstrated a ll

f easibility o f m anipulations.

a long

- s o

i t

i s

h oped

- t he

u sing r elatively u ncomplicated s tatistical I n r eality , n ot e very a rchaeologist c an , o r

e ven s hould b e a s tatistician ( if h e i s, b etter m ost o f u s a re o stensibly n ot). H owever, t o

f or h im , but d eliberately

r efrain f rom s tatistical p rocedures, o r e ven m ore s o t o d espise t hem - f or a ny r eason whatever - w ould n ot b e v ery w ise. O ne d oes n ot h ave t o u se t echniques t hat o ne d oes n ot u nderstand e ntirely a nd i s u nable t o m aster. O ne m ay , a nd o ften

i t

i s

i mperative t hat o ne k nows e xactly w hat i s t he a ssistance l ooks f or, w hat i s t he e ssence o f t he t echnique e mployed ,

s hould

b e

a ssisted

by

s tatisticians,

but

o ne a nd

t o w hat d egree c an o ne b e p ermitted i n a pplying t he r esult

t o

i nterpretation . I t g oes w ithout s tressing t hat I c annot, a nd d o n ot c laim t hat t he s trategies u tilized h ere a re a pplicable, o r h elpful f or a ll k inds o f a nalysis. Y et, i n t he d ebate c oncerning t he m ethods a nd t echniques t o b e c hosen , w hen t he o ption t o c hoose i s g iven , I a m c ertainly o n t he s ide o f T homas ( 1980; a nd s ee M atson 1 980; T homas 1 978). N amely , w henever I c an u se s impler, m ore c omprehensible s trategies a nd o perations ( to m e), I w ill s elect t hem . C orrect t hough i t i s t hat m ore s ophisticated o nes w ould r equire l ess t ime a nd l ess l abor, a s f ar I a m c oncerned I p refer t o w ork l onger a nd h arder p rovided I c an u nderstand a nd m aster w hat I a m d oing . I a dmit

I a m i nsufficiently c ompetent

t o

s tand f ast m y g round

a gainst a n a rgument t hat m ore e laborate s tatistical t echniques c ould h ave l ed t o m ore m eaningful r esults a side f rom s aving t ime a nd l abor. I c an o nly d efend m yself b y t he f ollowing . a ) M y p referred g eneral a pproach a s a lready s tated ; b ) I s till t hink t hat t he t esting o f e ach p air o f v ariables s eparately p rovides f uller a nd m ore v isible b asic i nformation ; c ) I c onstantly h ad m y c urrent s tudents i n f ront o f m y e yes ( and n ot a f ew c olleagues a s w ell); a nd d ) I w ill h ave n o c hoice, t herefore I w ill e mploy m ore e laborate s trategies ( such a s, e .g ., b y J ohnson 1 975; K atz 1 976; C hapman 1 977) f or t he u pcoming a nalysis o f R amat Y iron 's a ssemblages. 6 .

O rthodox d istinction s hould be k ept b etween r esults o f p robability t esting a nd e xplanatory i nferences t hereof . f ully c oncur w ith t he v iew t hat t he m ajor, m ost i nteresting , e ventual g oal o f a n a rchaeologist i s t he e xplanatory s tage ( e.g ., B inford 1 972; c ontributions i n B inford a nd B inford 1 968, a nd i n H ill 1 977; T homas 1 974, 1 979; F agan 1 977, 1 978). Y et, f or o bvious r easons, w e c an n ever b e a bsolutely r eassured

1 45

t hat a ny e xplanation o f o urs i s d efinitely t he proper o ne. H ence, o ur a ttempts a t e xplanations s hould b etter b e a lways r egarded a s s uggestions, o ptions, o r h ypotheses. i t i s " just" a matter o f p hrasing y our s entences.

Many a t ime Why c ommit

y ourself t o s tatements y ou a re i nherently unable t o b ear f ull r esponsibility f or? A l ittle m odesty w ill n ot harm , a nd t he e ntire d iscipline w ill u ndoubtedly b enefit. 7 .

F inally, human ways a re m any a nd i ntricate. T hey have n ot b een s implistic i n t he p ast e ither. B ecause o f t his, and o wing t o t he n ature o f t he a rchaeological r ecord , a nd t he a nalytical and t esting procedures, o penness a nd broad-mindedness i n e nvisioning d ifferent, a dditional i nterpretive o ptions a nd a lternatives a re v ital. S o f ar a s s uch c an b e s upported b y t he d ata , t hey a re n ever a s ign o f w eakness; o n t he c ontrary !

C .

F uture P erspectives F rom

a ll

w ords

i n

t he

t itle

o f

t his

s tudy ,

t he

w ord

" Pilot"

i s

f rom m y p oint o f v iew t he m ost i mportant o ne. B y s aying t his I d o n ot m ean t hat t he a nalysis o f t he Avivim a ssemblages i s o f i tself unimportant; i t i s. Y et, had i t b een m erely a matter o f t hese t wo a ssemblages, I w ould p erhaps t ry t o a void s uch a n a rduous e ffort. T he m ajor s ignificance o f t his s tudy i s i n i t s erving a s a p reparatory a nd g uiding e xercise t oward t he o ncoming analysis o f t he A cheulean a ssemblages o f R amat Y iron . O ur

i ntensive

s urvey

o f

t he

P lateau

has

c overed

t hus

f ar

a bout

t wo-thirds o f i ts t otal a rea ; t he r est w e h ope t o c omplete d uring t he f orthcoming f ield s eason ( October 1 981). T o d ate, s ix A cheulean s ites w ere d iscerned , d elineated , a nd s ampled , m ost o f t hem a re h ighly p rolific, a nd s ome e xceedingly i nteresting ( for m ore d etails, s ee O hel a nd B ruder 1 980; O hel 1 980, 1 982a , b , 1 983a , 1 3 ; B rosh a nd O hel 1 981). N aturally, I a m i n n o s tate y et t o o utline t he e xact d esign a nd p ostulate p recisely t he h ypotheses f or t he l ithic analysis o f t hose a ssemblages, a t ask I g et i nvolved i n a s o f n ow . I t w ill b e a ppreciated , I a ssume, t hat s uch a t ask c alls f or m uch r ethinking , s earching , e valuating , e tc. A ll t his must t ake s ome t ime. N onetheless, a f ew b rief c omments c an b e f orwarded e ven n ow . 1

F rom w hat I a m a ble t o j udge f ollowing t he p resent e ndeavor, I t hink t hat a h ighly d etailed a nalysis, a t l east a s t he o ne h ere, i s n ecessary f or R amat Y irons' a ssemblages.

2

H owever, a c areful s elective p rocess s hould b e m ounted i n o rder t o e liminate " ineffective" v ariables. B y " ineffective" I m ean, f or e xample: ( a) P rimary and s econdary a rtifact c ategories a re t o b e b rought c loser t o t he o verall n ature o f t he c ontents o f t he a ssemblages; ( b) Quite a n umber o f s econdary a ttribute s tates m ay b e d eleted , o r a t l east l umped t ogether; ( c) S ome o thers w ill p robably have t o b e i nserted ; ( d) R oom m ust b e f ound f or a nalysis b y t ype f orms o f s haped t ools a nd c ores, by w orking e dges o f d ifferent t ool f orms,

1 46

e tc.;

( e) R aw material a nalysis i s t o b e i ncluded ;

( f) R esults

o f f unctional ( microwear) s tudies s hould b e a ccounted f or; ( g) I ntervariable c orrelations, b oth i ntra- a nd i nterassamblage a re t o b e e xamined . I g uess t his i s n ot a ll. 3 .

T he l arger n umber o f s ites a t Ramat Y iron a long w ith t he s izeable s amples p er s ite w ill a pparently n ecessitate r ecourse t o m ore e laborate s tatistics, c ontinual c omputer u se, a nd o ccasional c omputer p rogramming .

Overviewing t he work done here, I believe a f ramework has been a ttained , a nd a f oundation has b een e stablished t o build u pon a b etter r esearch d esign f or t he l ithic a nalysis o f t he A cheulean a ssemblages o f Ramat Yiron .

1 47

\ e

5

C ; :z >

1 k

2

6

9

11 1 0

e m i g o

=s m i t c m

= i m . 5

1 3 1 4

F ig .

2 8.

E xamples

o f

knives; 5 -7. S idescrapers;

s haped S mall 1 2-14.

t ools:

1 -2.

L arge

knives;

3 -4.Small

p oints; 8 -9. S mall d rills; 1 0-11. C omposites. ( Drawings by M . L amdan .)

1 48

2

c m

F ig .

2 9.

E xamples F lat;

4 .

N odule;

o f

c ore

f orms:

L evallois; 7 t o

7 t o

9 .

1 .

5 .

C asual.

1 49

C onical;

P olyfacetted

P yramidal;

3 .

b i-directional;

2 .

6 .

( Drawings by M .

L amdan .)

R eferences C ited A rmand ,

J .

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T he M iddle P leistocene p ebble t ool s ite of D urkadi

C entral I ndia. Aviam ,

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1 939.

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a nd J .L .

R .

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L .R .

3 2.

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4 1:

f ollowing e xploration

Prehistoric I nvestigations

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Q edem 7 ,

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c onsiderations I n R .B. A ldine,

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i n

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( Hebrew).

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i n

1 05-144.

o f

t he

L ee a nd C hicago.

I .

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p reliminary

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o f

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I nformation

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Jaques.

R ecent

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Anthropology 2 0: C hapman ,

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I ntroduction

t o

p rocessual

L ithic T echnology :

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Part 1 :

T ools.

a n

O ccasional

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i n t he W estern D esert.

1 78-188.

Australian

I nstitute

Australian

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t o

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