Linguistic Identity in Postcolonial Multilingual Spaces [1 ed.] 9781443810401, 9781847183279

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Linguistic Identity in Postcolonial Multilingual Spaces

Linguistic Identity in Postcolonial Multilingual Spaces

Edited by

Eric A. Anchimbe

CAMBRIDGE SCHOLARS PUBLISHING

Linguistic Identity in Postcolonial Multilingual Spaces, edited by Eric A. Anchimbe This book first published 2007 by Cambridge Scholars Publishing 15 Angerton Gardens, Newcastle, NE5 2JA, UK British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Copyright © 2007 by Eric A. Anchimbe and contributors

All rights for this book reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner. ISBN 1-84718-327-1; ISBN 13: 9781847183279

For Mary Mbe Mbu

Behold, they are one people, and they have all one language; and this is only the beginning of what they will do; and nothing that they propose to do will be impossible for them. Come, let us go down, and there confuse their language, that they may not understand one another’s speech. —Genesis 11: 6-7—

[and so started multilingualism and language contact] [which today we labour to describe]

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Preface ....................................................................................................... x Introduction Multilingualism, postcolonialism and linguistic identity: Towards a new vision of postcolonial spaces Eric A. Anchimbe....................................................................................... 1 PART I: AFRICA Overview ................................................................................................. 24 Chapter 1 Arguments for multilingual policies in public domains in Africa Eyamba G. Bokamba ............................................................................... 27 Chapter 2 Linguabridity: Redefining linguistic identities among children in urban areas Eric A. Anchimbe..................................................................................... 66 Chapter 3 In search of new identities in multilingual Cameroon Stephen Ambe Mforteh............................................................................. 87 Chapter 4 English as lingua franca: A threat to multilingualism in gender discourse. The Case of Dholuo of Kenya Jacqueline Adhiambo Oduol ................................................................. 102 Chapter 5 Light English, local English and fictitious English. Conceptual structures in North-Eastern Nigerian English and the question of an English-language identity Hans-Jörg Schmid ................................................................................. 131

Table of Contents

viii

PART II: ASIA Overview ............................................................................................... 162 .

Chapter 6 Linguistic traces of colonial structure Hugo C. Cardoso................................................................................... 164 Chapter 7 Koshur today: Death, survival or revival? Ananya Jahanara Kabir ........................................................................ 182 Chapter 8 Postcolonial and foreign: English as argot in urban India Anjali Pande .......................................................................................... 201 Chapter 9 Identity alignment in the multilingual space: The Malays of Sri Lanka Lisa Lim & Umberto Ansaldo................................................................ 218 PART III: THE AMERICAS AND BEYOND Overview ............................................................................................... 246 Chapter 10 Folk linguistics and post-colonial language politricks in Jamaica Joseph T. Farquharson.......................................................................... 248 Chapter 11 On Cannibalists and Sociolinguistics: Cultural cannibalism as a critical theory of hybridity Roy Bendor ............................................................................................ 265 Chapter 12 “Irishness” in Hiberno-English: Linguistic hybridism and ethnolinguistic identity Tamami Shimada ................................................................................... 285

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Chapter 13 Linguistic identity, agency, and consciousness in Creole: Gullah-Geechee and Middle Caicos Thomas B. Klein .................................................................................... 310 Notes on contributors ............................................................................ 335 Author index.......................................................................................... 341 Subject index ......................................................................................... 347

PREFACE

The papers in this collection have been carefully selected to provide answers to several questions: why are postcolonial spaces different yet intricately similar? What links them to the West and its research frameworks? Does it make any more sense to continue studying phenomena in these areas using ready-made formulae based on European models? How best could processes of identity construction, multilingual interaction, and postcolonial reality be studied? Answers to these questions could be found through investigations of these spaces as sociohistorically complete entities. Previous theories based predominantly on European models have not sufficiently illustrated patterns of interaction and identification that are distinct in these spaces. The authors take the common stance that foreign theories could serve as solid take off points, but they alone are insufficient to explain patterns of language and identity choices. ‘Postcolonial spaces’ refers to regions that were once under colonial rule. The expression is used here to cover all aspects of societal and individual behaviour that were restructured following colonial heritages. In the past, studies of multilingualism in postcolonial spaces were concerned mainly with functional and social relationships between competing languages (dominant, minority, endangered, etc.); speakers’ attitudes towards others’ and their own languages (favourable, unfavourable); and linguistic influences of indigenous languages on new varieties of colonial languages (see New Englishes research). Another line of research has been on Pidgins and Creoles and their socio-political representations in the areas in which they are spoken. What seems to have been ignored or, as the case may be, under-studied is the ex-colonial citizens’ choice of language and identity. The choice of language was rendered complex by the fact that colonialism introduced foreign languages that differed from indigenous languages in several significant ways: written vs. oral, taught in school vs. learnt at home, sources of education-related employment vs. ethnic interactional languages. As a result, multilingualism in postcolonial spaces has often been misrepresented, having been equated to typical forms of European or Western multilingualism and studied using theories built on these European samples. New studies with more specific insights into these

Linguistic Identity in Postcolonial Multilingual Spaces

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spaces—in the spirit of the investigations in this volume—are expected to represent these spaces as they are, using theoretical frameworks that suit their mix of languages, cultures and identities. The truth is postcolonial societies today—whether formerly exploitation colonies or settlement colonies—are characterised by complex, hybridised (and hybridising) patterns of lingual and cultural identity construction that require study not only from individual disciplinary perspectives (historical, linguistic, sociological, ethnological, etc.), as has been often done in the past, but also from new, unified interdisciplinary postcolonial perspectives such as those presented in this book. The collection seeks to fill current disciplinary gaps, focusing on the identity fluctuations of people in postcolonial multilingual contexts as they go about their daily activities—explaining how they include and exclude others, how they interpret the mix of languages, and how this, after all, reflects or solidifies their sense of belonging together. Some of the papers are significantly revised drafts of essays presented at the section “Postcolonial innovations and transformations: Putting language in the forefront” of the Research Institute for Austrian and International Literature and Cultural Studies (INST) conference: Innovations and Reproductions in Cultures and Societies (IRICS) (Vienna, 9th-11th December 2005). Many thanks are due for the organisers of the conference and the audience for their comments. Work on this book benefited from input by several people. I wish to thank Dick Janney (Munich), Robert Mailhammer (Munich), Richard Manson (Munich), Eline Versluys (Antwerp) and Susanne Mühleisen (Bayreuth) for reading through the initial drafts. I also wish to express my gratitude to Johannes Kranz, Wallat Malte, Pepetual M. Chiangong, Folorunso Odidi and Ernesta Kelen (all Bayreuth) who used the 2007 spring break to read through the manuscripts. It was a great pleasure working with the contributors; and I am grateful for their patience and fastness in reacting to comments throughout the editorial period. I feel indebted to Carol Koulikourdi, Amanda Millar and Vlatka Kolic of Cambridge Scholars Publishing for the great job they did on the other end in getting the book out—and of course, for always promptly getting me out of formatting dead ends.

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