Linguistic Dating Of Biblical Texts, Volume 2: An Introduction To Approaches And Problems (BibleWorld) 9781138922754

Table of contents :
Cover
Half Title
Title
Copyright
Dedication
Contents
Abbreviations
Chapter 1 Survey of Scholarship on the Dating of Biblical Literature
Chapter 2 Synthesis of the Argument: EBH and LBH as Co-Existing Styles
Chapter 3 Linguistic Case Studies
Chapter 4 Tables of Linguistic Features Suggested to be LBH in Major Publications
Bibliography
Analytical Outline of Subjects
Index of Hebrew and Aramaic Words
Index of Biblical Literature and References
Index of Authors

Citation preview

   

 

Linguistic Dating of Biblical Texts

    

 

Linguistic Dating of Biblical Texts

VOLUME 2 A SURVEY OF SCHOLARSHIP, A NEW SYNTHESIS AND A COMPREHENSIVE BIBLIOGRAPHY

IAN YOUNG ROBERT REZETKO MARTIN EHRENSVÄRD

 

First published 2008 by Equinox Publishing Ltd. Published 2016 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017, USA Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © Ian Young, Robert Rezetko, and Martin Ehrensvärd

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Library of Congress Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress

ISBN-13: 9781138922754 (hbk) Typeset by Forthcoming Publications Ltd www.forthpub.com

For Our Teachers Alan Crown Richard Taylor Avi Hurvitz

CONTENTS VOLUME 2: A SURVEY OF SCHOLARSHIP, A NEW SYNTHESIS AND A COMPREHENSIVE BIBLIOGRAPHY Abbreviations

ix

Chapter 1 SURVEY OF SCHOLARSHIP ON THE DATING OF BIBLICAL LITERATURE

1

Chapter 2 SYNTHESIS OF THE ARGUMENT: EBH AND LBH AS CO-EXISTING STYLES

72

Chapter 3 LINGUISTIC CASE STUDIES

106

Chapter 4 TABLES OF LINGUISTIC FEATURES SUGGESTED TO BE LBH IN MAJOR PUBLICATIONS

160

Bibliography Analytical Outline of Subjects Index of Hebrew and Aramaic Words Index of Biblical Literature and References Index of Authors

215 284 296 324 368

1

ABBREVIATIONS ABD ABH BA BDB BH BHS CBH DBI DCH DSS EBH EVV

GKC

HALOT

IDB IDBSup

IH JH JM

LBH LXX

MH MT 1

Anchor Bible Dictionary. Edited by D. N. Freedman. 5 vols. New York: Doubleday, 1992. Archaic Biblical Hebrew Biblical Aramaic Brown, F., S. R. Driver, and C. A. Briggs. A Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament. Oxford: Clarendon, 1907. Biblical Hebrew Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia. Edited by K. Elliger and W. Rudolph. 4th rev. edn. Stuttgart: Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft, 1990. Classical Biblical Hebrew (= EBH and SBH) Dictionary of Biblical Interpretation. Edited by J. H. Hayes. 2 vols. Nashville: Abingdon, 1999. The Dictionary of Classical Hebrew. Edited by D. J. A. Clines. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic, 1993– Dead Sea Scrolls Early Biblical Hebrew (= CBH and SBH) English Bible Versions Gesenius’ Hebrew Grammar. Edited and revised by E. Kautzsch. Revised and translated by A. E. Cowley. 2nd edn. Oxford: Clarendon, 1910. Koehler, L., W. Baumgartner, and J. J. Stamm. The Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament. Translated and edited under the supervision of M. E. J. Richardson. 5 vols. Leiden: Brill, 1994– 2000. The Interpreter’s Dictionary of the Bible: An Illustrated Encyclopedia. Edited by G. A. Buttrick. 4 vols. Nashville: Abingdon, 1962. The Interpreter’s Dictionary of the Bible: An Illustrated Encyclopedia: Supplementary Volume. Edited by K. Crim. Nashville: Abingdon, 1976. Israelian/Israelite Hebrew Judaean/Judahite Hebrew Joüon, P. A Grammar of Biblical Hebrew. Translated and revised by T. Muraoka. SubBib, 27. 2nd edn. Rome: Pontifical Biblical Institute, 2006. Late Biblical Hebrew Septuagint Mishnaic Hebrew Masoretic Text

x

Linguistic Dating of Biblical Texts NRSV

QH RH SBH SP

TDOT

TLOT

WO

1

New Revised Standard Version Qumran Hebrew Rabbinic Hebrew Standard Biblical Hebrew (= CBH and EBH) Samaritan Pentateuch Theological Dictionary of the Old Testament. Edited by G. J. Botterweck, H. Ringgren, and H.-J. Fabry. Translated by J. T. Willis, D. E. Green, G. W. Bromiley, and D. W. Stott. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1974– Theological Lexicon of the Old Testament. Edited by E. Jenni and C. Westermann. Translated by M. Biddle. 3 vols. Peabody, MA: Hendrickson, 1997. Waltke, B. K., and M. O’Connor. An Introduction to Biblical Hebrew Syntax. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns, 1990.

Chapter 1

SURVEY OF SCHOLARSHIP ON THE DATING OF BIBLICAL LITERATURE

1.1. Introduction In Volume 1 we introduced the role of language in assigning dates of origin of biblical writings. Our main focus was principles and methodology and we looked systematically at (1) similarities and differences between the language of biblical books in ABH, EBH and LBH, (2) diachronic, synchronic and scribal explanations for linguistic differences between these, and (3) the role of extra-biblical sources in linguistic analysis. Often our discussions spoke broadly about the language of the nine core EBH books (Genesis–Kings) in comparison and contrast to the five core LBH books (Esther–Chronicles) or eight undisputed postexilic books (Haggai–Malachi and Esther–Chronicles),1 but we also looked closely at the details of some biblical passages.2 In this chapter we wish to shift our focus and survey scholarly views on the origins (author, date, etc.) of particular biblical sources, passages and books with special reference to the linguistic evidence scholars have cited in arriving at these conclusions. Three factors guide our discussion in this chapter. First, rather than exhaustive treatments of individual sources and books, we aim to summarise past research and current trends and consensuses. However, we 1. See especially our discussion of the working hypothesis of the conventional EBH vs. LBH perspective (Volume 1, 2.1.3; cf. 1.1, 2.1.2). We recall that it is important to distinguish core LBH books from undisputed postexilic books since the language of Haggai–Malachi is not LBH. 2. See, for example, our discussions of 2 Sam. 6.16–23 (Volume 1, 4.4); 1 Kgs. 22.1–35 (Volume 1, 13.3.6); Joel 2.12–20 (Volume 1, 5.3); Zech. 6.9–15 (Volume 1, 4.5); 2 Chron. 18.1–34 (Volume 1, 13.3.6); 2 Chron. 30.1–12 (Volume 1, 2.11.3, 3.3). We also commented frequently on the language of Ezekiel due to the book’s role as exemplar of so-called transitional BH. Furthermore, the table of accumulation in Volume 1, 5.4.3 lists LBH features in more than twenty biblical passages. 1

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should also point out that to our knowledge this is the first synthesis of views on the origins of all books of the Hebrew Bible with special reference to the linguistic evidence. Other treatments, even excellent ones such as those in introductions by S. R. Driver (1913a) and Eissfeldt (1965), mostly cite language as a dating criterion with reference to certain books of the Latter Prophets and Writings. Second, the context of the following survey is the field of biblical studies in general. In addition to presenting significant terminology and issues and highlighting major approaches and problems, we seek to relate the conclusions of linguistic analysis to the results of traditional methodologies of biblical research such as literary and textual criticism.3 We examined the relevance of this approach in Volume 1, Chapter 13. Third, citations of particular linguistic features are representative of the kinds of data scholars usually cite. Secondary sources cited here and elsewhere in this book should be consulted for more complete lists of linguistic data. 4 1.2. Pentateuch and Former Prophets (Genesis–Kings) 1.2.1. Introduction. Until about three hundred years ago Jews and Christians rarely questioned traditional views of the dates of origin of biblical writings.5 Thus they dated the bulk of the first nine books of the Hebrew Bible, the Torah or Pentateuch (Genesis–Deuteronomy) and the Former Prophets or Historical Books (Joshua–Kings), to the preexilic period of Israelite history. (The obvious exception is 2 Kings 24–25 which is considered exilic or postexilic based on content.) The belief was that these books, which recount the history of Israel from primal and patriarchal origins until the exile, were written at or near the time of the events they record. On the basis of scriptural remarks (e.g. Deut. 31.9, 19, 22, 24; Josh. 24.26) and ancient tradition (e.g. Talmud, b. Baba Bathra 14b–15a; New Testament, John 1.45), Genesis through Deuteronomy were attributed to Moses and Joshua (Deut. 34.5–12), the book of Joshua to Joshua and Eleazer and/or Phinehas (Josh. 24.29–33), the book 3. However, we are not concerned here with other non-linguistic issues (cf. Volume 1, 1.1 [n. 5]). 4. See, for example, the books cited in our synopsis of diachronic study of BH (Volume 1, 1.3) and in our overview of LBH features (Volume 1, 5.2 [nn. 1 and 2]). We cite many typical LBH features throughout this book and especially in the table of accumulation in Volume 1, 5.4.3 and in the tables of LBH lexical and grammatical features in this volume in Chapter 4. 5. See our brief introduction to this matter in Volume 1, 1.1 and also our remarks on the working hypothesis of the conventional EBH vs. LBH perspective in Volume 1, 2.1.3. 1

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3

of Judges to Samuel or an associate, the book of Samuel to the prophet himself (1 Samuel 1–24) and Nathan and/or Gad (1 Samuel 25–2 Samuel 24), and the book of Kings to Jeremiah or a contemporary. While there were plenty of doubts along the way, and scholars occasionally suggested alternative proposals for authorship and date, the collapse of traditional views occurred from the mid-nineteenth to the mid-twentieth century. Building on the work of others, two scholars in the history of scholarship stand out for their presentations of the theories which continue to hold sway over a majority of biblical scholars. 6 The first, Wellhausen (1844–1918), originally published his account of the Documentary Hypothesis in ‘Die Composition des Hexateuchs’ (Wellhausen 1876–77). What has become the conventional form of this theory argues that the Pentateuch was compiled in stages, on the basis of four main sources ranging in age from the United Monarchy to the Persian era, and that it was finally ‘published’ in the postexilic period. In other words, the Pentateuch in its present form is largely a final product of the Persian period. The hypothetical sources, known as the Yahwistic (tenth/ ninth century BCE), Elohistic (ninth/eighth century BCE), Deuteronomic (seventh century BCE) and Priestly (sixth/fifth century BCE) documents (JEDP), are discussed below.7 Furthermore, because these sources were believed to continue into the book of Joshua, the first six books of the Hebrew Bible, Genesis–Joshua, were thought to comprise a single sixvolume work, known as the Hexateuch, rather than a Pentateuch. Finally, in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century the view began to find favour that several of the sources underlying the Hexateuch could also be discerned in Judges, Samuel and Kings. 6. These remarks are a much simplified overview of a long and complex history of scholarship. In addition to standard introductions and surveys of the Hebrew Bible/Old Testament, and many surveys in encyclopaedias and elsewhere, recent reviews of research and discussions of the status quaestionis can be found in the following books: on the Pentateuch, Rendtorff 1990, Blenkinsopp 1992, Houtman 1994, Whybray 1995, Nicholson 1998, Rofé 1999a, Van Seters 1999, J. W. Watts 1999, T. D. Alexander 2002, de Pury and Römer 2002, Sparks 2002 (a bibliography), Wenham 2003, Ska 2006; on the Deuteronomistic History, L. V. Alexander 1993, McKenzie and Graham 1994, Schearing and McKenzie 1999, Knoppers and McConville 2000, de Moor and van Rooy 2000, de Pury, Römer and Macchi 2000, Römer 2000, 2005, Person 2002. 7. As a whole, the Pentateuch is about 25% J, 10% E, 18% D, and 47% P. According to Wenham 2003: 166, J makes up 50% of Genesis–Exodus 24, and fragments of Numbers; E includes 33% of Genesis–Exodus 24, and fragments of Numbers; D is Deuteronomy; P is made up of 17% of Genesis, and Exodus 25– Numbers 36. 1

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The second major figure to interest us here is Noth (1902–1968). He first published his proposal of a Deuteronomistic History (DtrH) as Überlieferungsgeschichtliche Studien (Noth 1943). In opposition to the documentary theory of Joshua–Kings, that the Pentateuchal sources J, E and P extend beyond Deuteronomy, Noth advanced his theory that the corpus Deuteronomy–2 Kings is the work of an author who wrote during the exilic period, though allowance is made for some further additions, some of them substantial, to this author’s original work. This author had at his disposal numerous independent literary units and complexes, including the original book of Deuteronomy itself which he edited to form the first chapter, so to speak, of his history work. All this material he set out and wove together with his own insertions and comments here and there throughout it (Noth 1991: 9, Nicholson’s foreword to the English edition of Noth 1943).

In short, Noth interpreted Deuteronomy–Kings as a unit separate from the preceding books, and the Pentateuch, which had been made into a Hexateuch, now became a Tetrateuch (Genesis–Numbers). The following are brief remarks on some general issues before we survey language and other matters related to dating the individual books of Genesis to Kings. To begin, since about 1970 misgivings about source criticism have multiplied. Many scholars have questioned the possibility of discerning oral and written sources in biblical literature and the certainty of both the Documentary Hypothesis and Deuteronomistic History have come under attack.8 Biblical scholars, including non-traditionalists, have expressed misgivings about these theories and the methodologies associated with them. Some have questioned the validity of source criteria, such as duplications, variations and contradictions in language (vocabulary and style) and subject matter (topic and perspective). Are such differences really indications of diverse literary origins or have modern scholars simply failed to grasp the ancient mentality? A major factor related to this has been the trend toward final-form (holistic, unitary, synchronic) readings of biblical books, known as new-literary or narrative criticism. Other assessments relate to accusations of veiled presuppositions (e.g. Hegelian philosophy), arguments for alternative models to documents (e.g. fragmentary and supplementary hypotheses, P

8. For example, some scholars have rejected the Documentary Hypothesis altogether. Among these are some practitioners of form-critical and tradition-critical approaches, for example, the Scandinavian scholars Engnell and Nielsen, but also the German scholar Rendtorff, as well as the English scholar Whybray, who believes the Pentateuch is the work of a single author in the sixth century BCE.

1

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as source or redaction?), reservations about originally separate, complete and coherent sources (e.g. interrelated themes in the so-called History of David’s Rise and the Court History/Succession Narrative of the book of Samuel), disagreements over the relative and absolute dates of sources (e.g. JEDP or JEPD?), disputes about the assignment of particular verses and passages to a particular source, and so on. Nevertheless, one form or another of the Documentary Hypothesis and the Deuteronomistic History continue to be working hypotheses for the majority of biblical scholars. Our own view is that there is ample evidence suggesting that biblical traditions and stories developed over a substantial period of time. We consider textual fluidity and pluriformity to be important evidence in this regard (see Volume 1, 13.2). Apart from the Pentateuch and Former Prophets (except for P or Priestly material), most of Isaiah 1–39, some of the Twelve, and some parts of Psalms and Proverbs, a majority of biblical scholars date most of the books of the Latter Prophets and Writings to the exilic and postexilic periods (cf. Volume 1, 2.1.3). Furthermore, scholars have traditionally linked the final editing and publication of the Pentateuch to Ezra in Persian-period Yehud (Ezra 7–10).9 In recent years, however, a growing number of scholars regard the Hellenistic era (333–63 BCE) as central to the formation even of the Pentateuch and Former Prophets. 10 Arguments for and against the composition of the Hebrew Bible in this period are presented in a collection of essays edited by Grabbe (2001). In particular, scholars have long discerned parallels between Greek and biblical literature,11 but more recently some have pointed out similarities between the ‘Primary History’12 (Genesis–Kings) or Deuteronomistic History

9. A helpful discussion and defence of the editing of the Pentateuch in the Persian period is Grabbe 2004: 337–43; cf. 2006: 321–27. Most date Ezra’s mission to 458 BCE but others suggest 398 and some doubt its historicity altogether. Frei (1995) argued that the Persian empire authorised and influenced the formation of the Pentateuch. His original article translated into English and a series of essays debating the theory are available in J. W. Watts 2001. 10. Some who argue for the ‘creation’ of the Hebrew Bible in the Hellenistic period, often labelled ‘minimalists’, ‘revisionists’, ‘deconstructionists’, ‘nihilists’ or ‘sceptics’, are associated with the so-called Copenhagen ‘school’ (Lemche, Thompson, etc.) or Sheffield ‘school’ (P. R. Davies, Whitelam, etc.). However, this is not a unified movement and there are many scholars outside these groups who have similar views. In other words, in this case it is incorrect to speak of ‘schools’ of scholars. 11. See, for example, ‘Homer and the Ancient East’ in C. H. Gordon and Rendsburg 1997: 95–108. 12. The term ‘Primary History’ was first used in Freedman 1962: 712. 1

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(Deuteronomy–Kings) and Greek historiography, especially Herodotus’s Histories,13 written in the latter half of the fifth century BCE.14 The recent move to date the composition of part or all of Genesis through Kings to the exilic and/or postexilic periods has received a mixed response. Although it must be stressed that the following statement is a generalisation, it would seem that American and Israeli scholars have reacted more vigorously against this trend than have European scholars. In general, however, arguments against late dating have related to historical, archaeological, geographical, literary and other issues, rather than to language. The linguistic evidence cited by scholars relates principally to the following points: š š

š š š

EBH vs. LBH. Citations of the chief works by Hurvitz and Polzin concerning differences between the language of books written in EBH and LBH. See Volume 1, Chapters 2–5. ABH. Citations of Albright, Cross, Freedman and Robertson on unusual linguistic features, considered archaic language, in certain poetic sections of the Pentateuch, Former Prophets and elsewhere (e.g. Genesis 49, Exodus 15, Numbers 23–24, Deuteronomy 32–33, Judges 5, 1 Samuel 2, 2 Samuel 22–23, Habakkuk 3, etc.). See Volume 1, Chapter 12. Style. Citations of Polak’s work on different styles of writing, that is, differences between (early) rhythmic-verbal and (late) complex-nominal styles. See Volume 1, 2.10, 4.3. Loans. Statements stressing an absence of Persian and Greek influences, especially loanwords and loan translations (‘calques’). See Volume 1, Chapter 11. Other. In addition, scholars occasionally cite other language issues as indications of the relative antiquity of the Pentateuch and Former Prophets compared to the rest of the Hebrew Bible. Thus, for example, Hess points to the occurrence and/or formation of certain proper names (e.g. Hess 1993a; 1998; 2003: 494– 97; F. I. Andersen and Hess 2007; cf. Millard 1999) and Lee (2002) talks about the expression of certain toponyms with and without the article.

13. The most significant (among many) publications are Van Seters 1983: 8–54; Whybray 1987: 225–30; Mandell and Freedman 1993; Nielsen 1997; Lemche 2000; Stott 2002; Wesselius 2002; Isser 2003: 80–83, 87–98; Gmirkin 2006. 14. Herodotus was born c. 484 BCE and died sometime between 430 and 420. The exact date of publication of his Histories is unknown, but most estimate between 450 and 440 BCE. 1

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1.2.2. Genesis, the Yahwist (J) and the Elohist (E). The book of Genesis relates a primordial history (1.1–11.26) followed by Israel’s patriarchal origins under Abraham (12.1–25.11; Terah, 11.27–32), Isaac (25.19–35.29; Ishmael, 25.12–18) and Jacob and Joseph (37.1–50.26; Esau, 36.1–43). According to the Documentary Hypothesis, Genesis was compiled from the Yahwist (about 50% of the book), Elohist (about 30%) and Priestly (about 20%) sources. These alleged sources are discussed below. Jacob’s blessing or testament in Gen. 49.1–27 is usually considered one of the oldest parts of Genesis and of the Hebrew Bible. Thus, for example, de Hoop (1999) argues in favour of this chapter’s antiquity. (On ABH see Volume 1, Chapter 12.) Also related to Gen. 49.1–27, Rendsburg (1992b) identified eight features in the poetry concerning the northern tribes which he considers typical ‘Israelian Hebrew’. (On dialects see Volume 1, Chapter 7.) Other recent studies support the antiquity of Genesis in part or whole. For example, Hess (1993a) argues that most of the personal names in Genesis 1–11 derive from the second-millennium West Semitic world rather than the Iron Age or exilic and postexilic periods. Rendsburg (2005) argues that Genesis in more or less its complete written form is tenth-century propaganda composed in support of the Davidic–Solomonic dynasty.15 In addition to other evidence, he cites ‘early’ linguistic features such as the third person common singular pronoun )w%h used for masculine and feminine referents and three dual pronominal suffixes (18.20; 19.9; 31.9), the Egyptian names in the Joseph story, the absence of Persian loanwords, and the book’s EBH language in general. Others, however, argue that the style of the Pentateuch contains nothing more suggestive of antiquity than books written confessedly under the monarchy (e.g. S. R. Driver 1901: lxxxviii–xc; 1913a: 125–26; cf. Volume 1, Chapter 12). Some scholars, however, locate the composition of part or all of Genesis in a postexilic context.16 The following discussion gives several examples for different portions of the book: š

Genesis. Brett ‘advocates the view that the received Hebrew version of Genesis can be quite directly related to the politics of the Persian period. The overall proposal is that the final editors of Genesis have set out to undermine the theologically legitimised ethnocentrism found in the books of Ezra and Nehemiah...’ (Brett

15. See also Rendsburg 1986a: 107–20; 1986b; 1992d; 1996; 2001a; 2005. Note that Rendsburg completely disavows the Documentary Hypothesis. 16. Of course, scholars often cite Thompson (1974) and Van Seters (1975), who argue that there is no evidence that demands an early date (second millennium BCE) for the patriarchal customs in Genesis. 1

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š

š

š

1

2000: 4–5). Similarly, Heard (2001), who focuses on Genesis 12–36, also concludes that the book derives from roughly the same group responsible for Ezra and Nehemiah. Genesis 1–11. Morgenstern assigns the J stratum of Genesis 1–11 to the Persian period (Morgenstern 1939: 93–94 n. 114). Similarly, Blenkinsopp (2002) argues that Genesis 1–11 is a Persian composition. P. Guillaume dates the calendar system in Genesis 1 to the early Persian period (P. Guillaume 2003, 2004–2005; cf. Najm and P. Guillaume 2004–2005) and Alonso Schökel (1962) and Mendenhall (1974), followed by Blenkinsopp (1992: 63– 67), assign a postexilic date to Genesis 2–3. On the other hand, Rogerson illustrates how certain passages can be interpreted in both preexilic and postexilic contexts and thus concludes that ‘[a]ttempts to date elements of Genesis 1–11 are at best plausible rather than probable, and involve circular arguments’ (Rogerson 1991: 76–77). Genesis 12–36. Heard’s monograph was mentioned above. Ska (2001) relates Gen. 11.27–25.11 to the Persian era. K. Schmid (2005) and Rofé (1976, 1981, 1990) date Genesis 22 and 24, respectively, to the same period. Rofé’s arguments relate to language, legal background, religious doctrine, literary form and the moral of the story. However, Rendsburg (2002b) contests the lateness of the language. In particular, he points to the EBH character of Genesis 24 (citing Wright [see below] and Polak [see Volume 1, 2.10, 4.3]) and argues that the nine Aramaic linguistic features therein provide Aramaean colouring for the story set in Aram. Genesis 37–50. Many scholars recognise similarities between the Joseph story and the book of Esther. Golka (2004) surveys recent research on this portion of Genesis, including arguments that it is a Persian period diaspora novelette without sources (cf. Redford 1970, Meinhold 1975–76, Golka 1991, 2002). Similarly, Schweizer (1998, 2001), author/editor of several studies on the Joseph narrative (1991, 1993, 1995), argues that the story is pro-diaspora literature. Redford’s monograph merits special attention. He points to more than fifty words and expressions which occur in ‘late’ Hebrew or Aramaic (Redford 1970: 54–65) and argues that the Egyptian colouring of the story fits the Saite and early Persian periods (Redford 1970: 187–243). In his final chapter, ‘The Date of Composition’, he mentions others who have suspected a hint of the diaspora in the story, and sets the

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chronological limits of its composition to 625–425 BCE (Redford 1970: 244–53). Two recent commentaries on Genesis, by Wenham and K. A. Matthews, on the basis of work by Vergote, Kitchen and Hoffmeier, find Redford’s arguments related to Egyptian colouring to be inconclusive (Wenham 1994: xxv– xxvii; K. A. Matthews 2005: 50–55; cf. 40–44), and Wright (see below) finds fault with Redford’s linguistic methodology (Wright 2005: 3 n. 16). Finally, Macchi (1999), who published his monograph at the same time as de Hoop, mentioned above, argues that Genesis 49 originated in the Persian period and belongs to the final stage of the redaction of Genesis and of the Pentateuch. The Pentateuchal source J, which stands for German Jahwist but is rendered Yahwist in English, is sometimes referred to as the Judaean source of the Pentateuch.17 This so-called source stretches from creation (Gen. 2.4b–3.24) through much of Genesis and Exodus, resumes in Numbers, and ends in a few short passages in Deuteronomy. J has traditionally been given a southern geographic provenance (Judah) and dated to the period of the early monarchy in the tenth or ninth century BCE. As such, J is often considered the oldest of the Pentateuchal sources. For example, von Rad associated the Yahwist Source with a Solomonic enlightenment and characterised its writer as the theologian par excellence of the early monarchy (see von Rad 1966: 166–204, especially 203). The language of J is thought to reflect the ‘golden age’ of Hebrew literature, having its origin in the same era as parts of Judges and Samuel (e.g. Wellhausen 1885: 9; S. R. Driver 1913a: 124–26). De Pury summarises research on J since the 1970s (de Pury 1992: 1016–18). Some scholars have completely denied J’s existence, including Blum, Crüsemann, Houtman and Rendtorff. Others have argued that J should be dated to the exilic or postexilic period, later than D but earlier than P. (In this scenario J usually subsumes E.) The principal scholars associated with this view are Blenkinsopp, de Catanzaro, Levin, Rose, H. H. Schmid, Schmitt, Thompson, Van Seters, Vorländer, Wagner and Winnett. Several recent monographs (Gertz, K. Schmid and Witte 2002, Dozeman and K. Schmid 2006) and a number of essays 17. For lists of J passages, see Noth 1972: 28–32, 262–76; cf. Weiser 1961: 101– 102; Eissfeldt 1965: 199–200; Fohrer 1970: 147–48. (Observe that J is composite for Eissfeldt and Fohrer, among others.) Good general surveys of J are Brueggemann 1976 and de Pury 1992. These dictionary entries illustrate the major shifts in scholarship on J over roughly a 25-year period. 1

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edited by McKenzie, Römer and H. H. Schmid (2000; a Festschrift for Van Seters) highlight the ‘farewell’ to J as traditionally conceived. Many scholars, however, have defended a more or less traditional view of J, not least the early dating of the source, even if few continue to agree with von Rad’s extremely optimistic appraisal. See de Pury 1992: 1017, updated by Rendtorff 1997: 53–54, and discussed in more detail in Nicholson 1998: 132–95. The main proof offered for the early dating of J is literary, related mainly to the relative chronology of J (and E) followed by D (and P); however, some refer to cultural and historical factors (e.g. Emerton 2004). It should be pointed out that scholars rarely cite linguistic evidence against the late dating of J. The notable exception is Friedman. In his article on ‘Torah’ in the ABD, in his discussions of date and authorship, Friedman cites Hurvitz and Polzin to the effect that ‘[i]n light of the linguistic evidence for the relatively early dates of these texts [JEDP], arguments for exilic or postexilic provenances cannot be substantiated’ (Friedman 1992: 619; cf. 616, 618–19). Friedman (1998) states this view still more emphatically in his The Hidden Book in the Bible, which argues that J was the work of a single writer, the first great writer of the Bible, and that the Yahwist Source runs through the Pentateuch into Joshua and still further into Judges, Samuel and 1 Kings 1–2. 18 Once again he cites Hurvitz and Polzin, but also Rendsburg and Zevit, saying, ‘It is linguistically impossible for J to be exilic or post-exilic’ (Friedman 1998: 359; his emphasis), and, ‘Putting J in the exilic period without addressing the linguistic evidence is like putting Shakespeare in the twentieth century without addressing the fact that he certainly sounds different from the rest of us’ (Friedman 1998: 362).19 Finally, Wright has published the only detailed linguistic evaluation of J (Wright 2005).20 See our summary and critique in Volume 1, 2.9, 3.2.4, 4.2.4. In short, he argues that the J sections of the Pentateuch are early because they lack typical LBH features. To conclude this discussion, Levin, a chief scholar of J who assigns the source a late date (cf. his 1993 monograph Der Jahwist), in a review of Wright’s book has critiqued various aspects of the linguistic argument for the earliness of J, arguing that ‘The difference 18. It should be observed that, contra Friedman, the majority of other contemporary scholars think the Pentateuchal sources are almost certainly not to be traced into Judges, Samuel and Kings. 19. Friedman 1998: 350–89, 396–402 discusses the antiquity of J. For his comments on language, see pp. 358–59, 362, 375, 399 n. 24, 402 nn. 44–45. 20. Like Rendsburg, under whom he wrote his PhD thesis, Wright is ‘not convinced personally of the existence of a “J” source’ (Wright 2005: 4). Thus he always cites ‘J’ in quotation marks. 1

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between SBH [= EBH] and LBH can best be understood not as a difference of period but of religious significance’ (Levin 2006: 4). Turning to ‘E’, this siglum refers to the Elohist, the so-called Ephraimite or Israelite source in the Pentateuch.21 The Elohist Source, which makes its first appearance in Genesis in the story of Abraham in ch. 15, is mostly intertwined with J in Genesis, Exodus, Numbers and a few short passages in Deuteronomy. However, E is the most nebulous of the Pentateuchal sources to define and scholars generally find it difficult to distinguish E from J, especially outside Genesis.22 Furthermore, E was not recognised as a source distinctive from P, which also prefers Elohim rather than YHWH for the deity, until the middle of the nineteenth century, when P was isolated on other grounds. Thus many have doubted E’s existence independent from J. In any case, scholars who distinguish E from J commonly give E a northern geographic provenance (Israel), and it is supposed that E was combined with J by a redactor (RJE) sometime after the fall of Israel in 722/721 BCE. (J is the literary basis of the combined JE narrative.) With regard to date, E is judged next oldest after J among the Pentateuchal sources, but suggested dates for E range from the tenth to the seventh century BCE. In the words of one scholar: ‘The date assigned to E will, in the last analysis, depend on a given scholar’s total reconstruction of the religious history of the kingdom of Israel’ (Jenks 1992: 482). Assessments of E’s language are similar to those of J (e.g. Wellhausen 1885: 9; S. R. Driver 1913a: 124–26). 1.2.3. Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers and the Priestly Source (P). The Pentateuchal source P, the so-called Priestly Source, is so named because of its concern with priestly matters.23 P writing consists of law and ritual but also genealogy and historiography.24 P, which is more extensive than either J or E, also frames the Pentateuch as a whole. P begins the Hebrew Bible (Gen. 1.1–2.4a) and thereafter it is interspersed with J, but very 21. For lists of E passages, see Noth 1972: 35–36, 262–76; cf. Weiser 1961: 112; Eissfeldt 1965: 200–201; Fohrer 1970: 153–54. Good general surveys of E are Fretheim 1976 and Jenks 1992. 22. Related to this, Forbes reviews statistical research on the Documentary Hypothesis, including attempts by Radday et al. 1982 to prove Genesis a unity (Forbes 1992: 198–201; cf. also the essays in Radday and Shore 1985). 23. In the literature P is also referred to as Grundschrift, Urschrift, Priesterschrift, (First) Elohist, Priestly Code, Priestly Document, Priestly Tradition, etc. 24. For lists of P passages, see Noth 1972: 17–19, 262–76; cf. S. R. Driver 1913a: 159; Weiser 1961: 136; Eissfeldt 1965: 188–89; Fohrer 1970: 179–80; Polzin 1976: 88–90, 101–102; Knohl 1995: 104–106. Good general surveys of P are Levine 1976 and Milgrom 1992.

1

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rarely with E, in Genesis, Exodus and Numbers. In addition, Leviticus has priestly character exclusively (see below on P and H), and most of Exodus 6, 12, 14, 16, 25–31, 35–40 and Numbers 1–10, 13–20, 25–36, are P. Many scholars also uncover P in Deut. 32.48–52; 34.1a, 7–9 (1.3?; 34.5b?). Finally, we will discuss below the relation of P to Joshua, with particular reference to the distribution of the land in Joshua 13–22. Prior to Wellhausen the consensus regarding the relative dating of the Pentateuchal sources was PEJD. However, building on the work of Reuss, Graf and Kuenen, Wellhausen managed to win over scholarly opinion such that the chronology of the sources was re-conceived as JEDP. Early on there were some exceptions, such as Dillmann, who argued for EJPD, but by and large JEDP won out.25 Consequently, the classical form of the Documentary Hypothesis argues that P was compiled in priestly circles, chiefly from older traditions, in exilic or postexilic times (sixth or fifth century BCE). At present the bulk of Hebrew Bible/Old Testament introductions and commentaries on Pentateuchal books embrace some form of the Documentary Hypothesis, and the source sequence JEDP is the working premise in most of these. Furthermore, it is commonly held that one or more priestly redactors edited the Pentateuch; however, these are not necessarily the same redactors as the redactors of P.26 We noted already that most scholars situate the final editing and publication of the Pentateuch in the Persian period. The three most common arguments for P’s lateness are: š

š

Historical Context. The most plausible setting for P’s overall character and message, reformulation in response to the exilic experience, comparisons with other phenomena in the Persian milieu, etc. Religious Outlook. Here we may include such matters as centralisation of worship, highly developed priestly hierarchy, ritualistic sacrifice, rigid festival calendar, etc.

25. Wenham (1999) observes that, since Dillmann, few scholars of stature have maintained the priority of P over other Pentateuchal sources. In this article he argues that so-called P material in Genesis was another source which J drew on to create his work. 26. Indeed, a significant number of scholars believes that P never existed as an independent source but is rather a stage in the redaction of an existing corpus. In short, P is an editorial stage rather than a written document. A good list of adherents to this view is given in Nicholson 1998: 197–98. (Gerstenberger 1996 should be added to Nicholson’s list.) 1

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š

13

Literary Relations. This refers to inner-biblical comparisons of the contents of P with other Pentateuchal sources (J, E and especially Deuteronomy), Ezekiel, Samuel–Kings, Haggai–Malachi and Ezra–Chronicles.27

We must emphasise that it was not until recent decades that language took a role in arguments about the date of P. Indeed, P has been dated to the exilic/postexilic period for reasons such as those given above in spite of its language (see below). In recent decades, primarily building on the historical analysis of Kaufmann (1937–56), some (mostly Jewish) Israeli and American scholars have returned to the pre-Wellhausen view that P is preexilic and pre-Deuteronomistic (JEPD).28 The principal figures are Freedman, Friedman, Greenberg, Grintz, Haran, Hurvitz, Japhet, Knohl, Milgrom, Moran, Paran, Rendsburg,29 Rooker, Seeligmann, Weinfeld and Zevit. 27. Two quotations represent well the force of this view. Vink 1969: 9 states: ‘Some have tried to evade the difficult problem of precise chronology of the P[riestly] C[ode] by saying that its early and late materials prove that it is the product of a schoool [sic] more or less consistent with Israel’s history.... P is a school with an unbroken history reaching back to early Israelite times. The final result would thus represent the carefully nurtured product of some permanent scholastic commerce, as it were, in regular session since the beginnings of ethnic consciousness in Israel. However, for this hypothesis to be tenable, there should be positive indications from other biblical writings showing P’s influence or at least not proving the contrary....’ Budd 1984: xix notes: ‘The main problems attaching to the acceptance of a significant and recognizable pre-exilic version of P have to do with the relationship between Pentateuchal legislation and that contained in Ezek 40–48 (which at all points appears to be the earlier), the difficulty of demonstrating beyond reasonable doubt that D was familiar with P, and the difficulty of finding an exclusively Aaronite priesthood, as required by P, before post-exilic times. This third point is not a weak argument from silence since there are many texts, even as late as Malachi (the first half of the fifth century B.C.), where some allusion to the priesthood of the sons of Aaron is positively to be expected had that been the normative position.’ 28. However, these scholars disagree over when P should be dated in the tenth– eighth centuries BCE. In any case, their view has not found much support among European scholars. Of course, many traditionalists have always accepted the antiquity of Priestly material since by and large they never abandoned the Mosaic authorship of the Pentateuch. See, for example, the introductions to the Old Testament by E. J. Young 1960, Harrison 1969, Archer 1994, Dillard and Longman 1994; the introductions to the Pentateuch by Wolf 1991, T. D. Alexander 2002, Wenham 2003; as well as the commentaries, including those by Kidner 1967, Wenham 1979, Harrison 1980, Hamilton 1990, 1995, K. A. Matthews 1996, 2005, Rooker 2000. 29. Again, it should be noted that Rendsburg rejects the Documentary Hypothesis altogether. 1

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Milgrom has written the most substantial argument for this view in his massive three-volume Anchor Bible commentary on Leviticus (1991, 2000, 2001; cf. most recently Milgrom 2007). First, Milgrom argues that P in Leviticus 1–16 is preexilic. His principal argument is the antiquity of P’s language and in this he relies heavily on the work of Hurvitz 30 (Milgrom 1991: 3–8). Milgrom’s main linguistic arguments for the antiquity of P relate to the root M#$) and the nouns trEme#$;mi and hdFwOb(j. In the first case, according to Milgrom, P posits repentance by the preexilic and even pre-prophetic root M#$) rather than by the prophetic (especially Jeremiah and Ezekiel) and postbiblical verb bw#$.31 As for trEme#$;mi, he argues that the early BH meaning ‘guarding’/‘custody’ (P) or ‘service’/‘duty’ (DtrH) becomes ‘service unit’ in late BH.32 With respect to hdFwOb(j, the argument is that early BH ‘physical labour’/‘work service’ (P) becomes ‘cultic service’ in late BH.33 In addition to language, Milgrom gives seven examples which in his view illustrate that P shows no signs of D whereas whole sections of D evidence the content and language of P (Milgrom 1991: 8–10). Finally, Milgrom discusses 26 aspects of P culled from realia, institutions, literary forms and historical allusions which suggest to him that P is preexilic (Milgrom 1991: 10–12). He concludes that P was ‘composed by the priests of Israel, in the land of Israel, during the days of the First Temple’ (Milgrom 1991: 13). Second, Milgrom argues the view, initially delineated by Klostermann, that Leviticus 17–26 constitutes a separate document from P: the Holiness Code or H.34 However, whereas scholarly consensus has been that P was the redactor of H (i.e. P is later than H), Milgrom argues that H was the redactor of P (i.e. P is earlier than H).35 In Milgrom’s estimation, the 30. Hurvitz 1982a is his principal publication related to P (and Ezekiel). Other related publications are Hurvitz 1967a, 1970–71, 1972c, 1974b, 1982d, 1983a, 1983d, 1986b, 1988a, 2000c (the latter in response to Blenkinsopp 1996; cf. Milgrom 1999, also responding to Blenkinsopp 1996). 31. Milgrom 1991: 5; cf. 1976; 1978; 1983: 1–17, 47–66; 1989: xxxii, 396–98, 515; 1992: 459; 1999: 12–13; 2000: 1361. 32. Milgrom 1991: 7; cf. 1970a: 8–16; 1989: xxxii, 341–42, 513; 1992: 459; Milgrom, Harper and Fabry 1984: 72–78. For a critique of this argument related to Chronicles see Rezetko 2007a: 392–93. 33. Milgrom 1991: 7–8; cf. 1970a: 60–87; 1970b; 1983: 18–46; 1989: xxxii, 343–44, 513; 1992: 459; 1999: 11–12; 2000: 1363. Again, for a critique of this argument related to Chronicles, see Rezetko 2007a: 393–94. 34. This view is also argued in Knohl 1995 and Joosten 1996. For a review of scholarship on H through the 1980s, see Sun 1992. 35. Furthermore, scholarship has generally held to H’s dependence on Ezekiel, or to a common origin or source for both H and Ezekiel, but Milgrom and some others (e.g. Levitt Kohn 1997 = 2002) argue the priority of H. 1

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chronological order of the Pentateuchal sources is JEPHD, all of which are preexilic. His arguments for the relative order of the sources relate mostly to literary and thematic issues (Milgrom 2000: 1325–64). Notwithstanding Milgrom’s forceful argumentation, which capitalises on the strongest evidence for the antiquity of P, Grabbe observes that ‘...we are a long way from seeing the traditional late dating of P abandoned’ (Grabbe 1997: 95). Elsewhere, however, Grabbe also rightly points out that ‘Milgrom backs up his thesis with detailed textual arguments which cannot be dismissed in a few statements. If his thesis is refuted, it will be by careful attention to detail and lengthy argument; but he may change the shape of scholarship on P in general and on Leviticus in particular’ (Grabbe 1993: 16). An issue that separates Milgrom (and other likeminded persons) from the majority of scholars is his insistence that the Priestly corpus reflects absolutely no Persian influence. In particular, he argues that the very last layer of the H school, namely, the framework of Leviticus 23, has to be set in the exilic period, and he says he can find no statement by H that postdates the exile (Milgrom 1991: 27; cf. 2007). In contrast, others lay emphasis on a much longer period of literary creativity behind the Priestly material (see below) and consequently they are open to the likelihood of Persian influence (e.g. Knohl 1995: 199–204; D. Frankel 2002: 7–9). The following illustrations must suffice here. Suggested aspects of P that do not seem to reflect the preexilic period, but rather, the exile or Persian period, are the calendar system with numbered months (Auerbach 1952), an exterritorial tendency (Weisman 1981), the role of vegetable offerings (Marx 1994), the temple description in Exodus 25–31, 35–40 (Houtman 1994), jubilee legislation in Leviticus 25 (Lefebvre 2003), the twOb)f tyb@' (‘fathers’ houses’) social institution (J. P. Weinberg 1973; 1992; Dion 1991; cf. Blenkinsopp 1992: 156; Levinson 1997: 57 n. 10), MyIsanfk;mi (‘trousers’) in Exod. 28.42; 39.28; Lev. 6.3; 16.4; Ezek. 44.18 (Sperling 1999a), and the proper names tpay(rI)dI2 (‘D[R]iphath’) in Gen. 10.3 (cf. Hendel 1998: 58) and K7nfr:p%a (‘Parnach’) in Num. 34.25 (Wellhausen 1885: 390; Vink 1969: 127; cf. Volume 1, 11.5.6.11). 36 In addition, Levine has published studies arguing that the meanings and/or uses of certain terms are late: hz@Fxu)j (‘acquired land’), rs@f)i (‘binding agreement’), lgEd@E (‘standard’), Mwq (as ‘become legally valid’), hxf#;$mi (‘portion’), )y#ionf (‘chieftain’), hdF(' (‘assembly’).37 Finally, in Sperling’s article on ‘trousers’ 36. As an illustration of responses to these aspects of P, see, for example, Zevit’s remarks on ‘trousers’ and ‘Parnach’ (Zevit 2001: 47 n. 62; 62 n. 88; cf. 46–47 and 60–61 for his remarks on the broader language issues). 37. Levine 1976: 685; 1982; 1983; 1993a: 107–108; 1993b; 2003: 17–20. 1

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(mentioned above) he remarks that ‘biblicists have expended relatively little effort in exploring Iranian influences on Torah-literature’ and then he summarises several other elements which may reflect a Zoroastrian backdrop (Sperling 1999a: 382–85; cf. 1998; also see our remarks on Persian loanwords in Volume 1, 11.5). We noted above that Hurvitz has made the strongest case for the antiquity of P on the basis of linguistic analysis. To summarise, he argues that P cannot be exilic or postexilic in origin, and neither did P have a lengthy editorial history extending into either of these periods, since the language of P is EBH, earlier than both the so-called transitional BH of the exilic book of Ezekiel and the LBH of postexilic books such as Esther–Chronicles. Otherwise, if P had been written or edited in the exilic or postexilic period, then inevitably it would have late linguistic features, for the reason that it was impossible for exilic and postexilic writers and editors to avoid completely the neologisms of their own late linguistic milieus.38 In contrast to Hurvitz, others have argued that in fact there are some exilic and/or postexilic facets to the language of P.39 This view is found in GKC §2u–v, pp. 16–17, as shown by the reference to ‘certain parts of the Pentateuch’ and the ensuing citation of Giesebrecht (1881). S. R. Driver, who argued that P ‘belongs approximately to the period of the Babylonian captivity’ (S. R. Driver 1913a: 136), corrected his earlier judgment regarding P’s preference for yni)j rather than yki$n)f (S. R. Driver 1882: 222–27), saying that the use of yni)j was a strong indication that P was written ‘in the later period of the language’ (S. R. Driver 1913a: 155–56 n. †). Likewise, Polzin (1976), followed by Guenther (1977) and Hill (1981), argued that certain linguistic tendencies in P favoured its origin in or near the exile (cf. Volume 1, 2.5, 2.6, 2.7). More recently, Polak’s stylistic analysis results in dates for parts of P ranging from the preexilic to postexilic period (cf. Volume 1, 2.10.1, 4.3.5.7). Finally, to give one last example, Hendel examines various forms of the verb dly (‘give birth, beget’), concluding: ‘These data would seem to support the classical view that the J source is earlier than the P source, and that the P source stems from roughly the exilic or early Persian period’ (Hendel 38. See the discussion and citations in Volume 1, 2.2.2.3.2, 2.2.2.3.5, 2.2.2.4.2, 2.2.2.5, 2.2.2.6.2, 2.2.2.6.3, but also our corresponding critiques in Volume 1, 3.2.2.2, 3.2.2.5, 3.2.3.4.1, 3.2.4, 3.2.5.2, 3.2.5.3. Hurvitz’s argument with respect to Ezekiel was bolstered by Rooker (cf. Volume 1, 2.4 as well as the discussion below in 1.3.3). 39. For literature with descriptions of the language of P, see the references in GKC §2o, p. 13, to which should also be added Kuenen 1886: 289–92. 1

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2000: 46). Yet in a subsequent publication he reinterprets his results, saying: ‘On p. 46 [of the 2000 article] I should have written, “the P source, arguably a multi-generational work, stems from the late preexilic, exilic, and early Persian periods,” since there is adequate linguistic evidence for both sides of this range’ (Hendel 2005: 164 n. 62). The linguistic conclusions reached by Polak and Hendel reflect the scholarly consensus that P came into being over the course of several generations. Thus most contemporary biblical scholars conclude that it is incorrect to reduce P to either early or late––rather, P is both: early and late. Related to this we should recall that scholars who date the final writing or editing of P to the exilic and/or postexilic period acknowledge that many of the traditions contained in the source have a long and complex history of development. It is widely recognised that P is a repository or codification of ancient traditions. Nevertheless, it is held that the presence of early material in P proves nothing about the date of the source’s final writing or editing. Early material in P does not prove that the Priestly Source is early. Thus it is vital to distinguish cultural history from literary history. Levine expresses this well: The most prudent view on the history of Leviticus would approximate that of the late E. A. Speiser: that priestly law and literature took form over a protracted period of time and that it would be inaccurate to assign all of their contents to a single period of ancient history. This approach helps to explain the presence of some relatively early material in Leviticus, while at the same time allowing for the inclusion of exilic and postexilic creativity. It also correlates well with the observable strata within Leviticus and within P as a whole... (Levine 1989: xxix; cf. Carr 1996: 133–39; Hurowitz 1996; Rofé 1999a: 62–77; etc.).

In such a scenario the language of P is labelled conservative or traditional, described alternatively as archaistic or imitative, having closer affinities to EBH than LBH, due probably to the permanence of conventional vocabulary and technical language in priestly circles (e.g. Wellhausen 1885: 9; cf. 385–91; S. R. Driver 1913a: 155–57; Cross 1973: 322–25; Polzin 1976: 159–60; Rofé 1999a: 78 n. 17; cf. Joosten 1996: 14–15; J. W. Watts 2007). Two brief remarks will bring this section to a close. First, in Volume 1, Chapter 12 we addressed so-called archaic poetry (ABH) in Exodus 15 and Numbers 23–24. Second, the alleged JE sections of these books are most of Exodus 1–5, 7–11, 13, 17–24, 32–34 and Numbers 11–12, 21– 24. (All of Leviticus and most of the other chapters of Exodus and Numbers are P.) The remarks above (1.2.2) regarding JE in Genesis apply equally to the JE sections of Exodus and Numbers. 1

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1.2.4. Deuteronomy (D) and the Deuteronomistic History (DtrH). Deuteronomy is the linchpin of biblical criticism. 40 ‘Theologically and stylistically Deuteronomy has become the touchstone for dating the sources in the Pentateuch and the historical books of the Old Testament’ (Weinfeld 1992: 174). The reason for this pivotal role is simple: many scholars concur with de Wette (1780–1849) who in a dissertation completed in 1805 in Jena, Germany, argued (1) that Deuteronomy’s centralisation of worship should be linked to the cult reforms of Josiah (2 Kings 22–23; reigned c. 640–609 BCE),41 and (2) that the book of Deuteronomy should be connected to the discovery of the book of the law/covenant in the house of YHWH in Jerusalem in c. 622/621 BCE. Thus, by relating Deuteronomy to a specific period in time it became possible to define as either pre- or post-Deuteronomy the character and practice of Israel’s worship as reflected in its literature. De Wette’s ‘discovery’, published in 1806, of the link between Deuteronomy and the seventh century BCE was of considerable importance for Wellhausen’s account of the Documentary Hypothesis (Wellhausen 1876–77; JEDP) and it also paved the way for Noth’s elaboration of a Deuteronomistic History (Noth 1943; DtrH).42 Further to the synopsis already given above (1.2.1), According to Noth, the Deuteronomist (Dtr.) integrated in his history the so-called Urdeuteronomium (Deut. 5–30*, that is the first edition of Deuteronomy in the eighth or seventh century BCE) and provided it with a new framework. The book of Deuteronomy, which is presented as Moses’ testimony, appears as the hermeneutical key and the ideological basis for reading and understanding the following history (Römer 2005: 24).

40. For surveys of issues related to Deuteronomy, see Nicholson 1967, Clements 1989, O’Brien 1995; and the following introductions in commentaries: Mayes 1979: 81–108; Weinfeld 1991: 1–84; Tigay 1996: xix–xxiv; Nelson 2002: 4–9. 41. Cult reforms were also undertaken during the reign of Hezekiah (2 Kings 18–20; reigned c. 715–687 BCE). 42. For the history of research on the Deuteronomistic history, see the following articles: Radjawane 1974, Weippert 1985, McKenzie 1992, Preuss 1993, Schniedewind 1996, Mayes 1999, Richter 2005. See also the following chapters in monographs: Provan 1988: 1–31; O’Brien 1989: 3–23; McKenzie 1991: 1–19, 117– 34; Knoppers 1993: 17–54; Eynikel 1996: 7–31; van Keulen 1996: 4–51; Person 2002: 1–16; Römer 2005: 13–43; Geoghegan 2006: 96–118. Also see the following collections of essays: McKenzie and Graham 1994, Vervenne and Lust 1997, Schearing and McKenzie 1999, Knoppers and McConville 2000, de Moor and van Rooy 2000, de Pury, Römer and Macchi 2000 (especially pp. 24–141), Römer 2000. L. V. Alexander 1993, an unpublished PhD thesis, is a helpful review of the history of research. 1

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In short, Noth theorised that a solitary man, who had witnessed the historical catastrophe of 587/586 BCE, wrote the Deuteronomistic History in Mizpah during the exile about 560 BCE. This person was an editor, since he gathered and incorporated older documents (e.g. Ur-Deuteronomy), but he was also an author, since he composed chapters of reflection (e.g. 1 Sam. 12.1–15) and organised the entire work into a coherent whole. Noth’s theory of a single exilic historian has not gone unchallenged. Cross published in 1967 ‘The Structure of the Deuteronomic History’ in which he argued primarily on the basis of thematic elements that there were two editions of the History.43 The first edition was written in the era of Josiah and ended in 2 Kgs. 23.25 (Dtr1).44 The second edition was completed about 550 BCE and included the addition of 2 Kgs. 23.26– 25.30 and other texts which refer to the exile such as 1 Sam. 12.25 (Dtr2). This theory of a ‘double redaction’ is sometimes referred to as the American, Harvard or Cross ‘school’. (For adherents to this ‘school’ see Eynikel 1996: 13.) Three years after Cross’ article, Smend published in 1971 ‘Das Gesetz und die Völker: Ein Beitrag zur deuteronomistischen Redaktionsgeschichte’ (translated and reprinted in Knoppers and McConville 2000). Smend argued a different theory, also on the basis of thematic analysis, in which he posited multiple exilic/postexilic redactions. Dietrich and Veijola made further refinements to Smend’s approach. In short, the theory of the so-called German, Göttingen or Smend ‘school’ is that the History was published in three versions, an original history (DtrH or DtrG; exilic) followed by prophetic (DtrP; exilic) and nomistic (DtrN; postexilic) redactions. (For adherents to this ‘school’, see Eynikel 1996: 13.) In spite of the strong influence which the American and German ‘schools’ have had over biblical scholarship, it is worth pointing out that some scholars in recent years have returned to Noth’s original thesis of a single exilic historian (e.g. Hoffmann, Long, McKenzie, 43. Further evidence offered by Cross and others for a preexilic edition of the Deuteronomistic History includes, for example, passages that seem unaware of the exile, the phraseology of regnal formulas, references to ‘high places’ (twOmbf@), and the phrase ‘until this day’ (hzE@ha MwOy,ha d(a). 44. A minority view is that the first edition was produced during the reign of Hezekiah (e.g. Halpern, Lemaire, Mayes, Peckham, Weippert; note that Provan argues that the first edition ended with Hezekiah but that it was produced during the reign of Josiah). This idea is vital to Schniedewind’s recent monograph on the origins of the Hebrew Bible. He argues that the first major phase in the literary formation of the Hebrew Bible was a ‘golden age’ during the reign of Hezekiah (Schniedewind 2004: 64–90, 191). He says ‘[t]he idea that there was a pre-exilic Hezekian historical composition appears to be gaining momentum’ (p. 77). However, this seems to be an overstatement, and most scholars of the Deuteronomistic History consider the view implausible (e.g. Römer 2005: 67–69). 1

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Van Seters). These may be called ‘Neo-Nothians’ (Römer 2005: 31–32). (For adherents to this view, see Eynikel 1996: 13–14.) Finally, and this remark anticipates the discussion below, language rarely figures in dating the sources and redactions of the Deuteronomistic History. Most scholars affirm the basic unity of Deuteronomy–Kings while recognising diachronic complexity in the makeup of this History. However, as the previous survey shows, Noth, so-called Neo-Nothians, and Cross and Smend and their followers, envisage very differently the compositional process of these books. There is growing uncertainty over other issues too.45 For example: š

š

š

Considerable debate continues over the contents of the alleged Josianic Deuteronomy. Most scholars agree that the book was put together in stages by a process of supplementation over a substantial period of time. Therefore, did the ‘original scroll’ cover only the law code in Deut. 12.1–26.15 or a greater or lesser portion of the book? Reservations continue with respect to the connection between Deuteronomy and Josiah’s reform in 2 Kings 22–23 such that the association can no longer be taken for granted. Furthermore, if there was a connection, was the reform the consequence or catalyst of the book? Or is the connection simply the redactional work of the Deuteronomist(s)? For discussion of these issues (with references to additional literature), see, e.g., Römer 2005: 49–55; Henige 2007; Noll 2007; and essays in Grabbe 2005. Scholars dispute the path of influence between Deuteronomy and other Pentateuchal sources. We have already discussed the alleged Yahwist, Elohist and Priestly sources, mentioning also early daters of P (Milgrom, etc.) and late daters of J(E) (Van Seters, etc.) relative to D. One recent example of the debate is Levinson’s (2005) article on the manumission of slaves in Exod. 21.2–6; Lev. 25.39–55; Deut. 15.12–18. He concurs with S. A. Kaufman and Perlitt, against Japhet and Milgrom, that the Holiness Code in Leviticus represents the last of the three editions. Similarly, Leuchter argues that the current form of H is not only later than D but also post-dates the redaction of Jeremiah 26–45 (c. 570 BCE), since it knows and uses Jer. 34.8–22 as a basis for revising the legislation in Deuteronomy 15 (Leuchter, ‘Manumission’, forthcoming).

45. ‘Noth’s theory has been criticized recently, however, and is beginning to fall out of favor.... There are...almost as many reconstructions of DtrH (according to its sources) as scholars working on the DtrH’ (Brettler 2005: 307). 1

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š

š

š

š

21

In spite of the canonical order Genesis through Kings, some argue that Deuteronomy–Kings was written first and that Genesis–Numbers was subsequently composed as an introduction to the ‘later’ stories (e.g. Mayes 1983: 139–49; Whybray 1995: 137–38; Römer 2005: 178–83; cf. Rendtorff 1977: 167–68 = 1990: 200; Auld 1998b: 66–67). This view, of course, is neither altogether novel nor unusual since many think one or more postexilic priestly redactors edited the Pentateuch. There is debate over the coherence of the Deuteronomistic History. Scepticism is voiced in recent final-form readings of individual books which highlight also the divergences between the books of the History (e.g. Auld 1999, 2007). In addition, some scholars argue that the books of Judges, Joshua and Deuteronomy were written as introductions to the older books of Kings and Samuel. For discussion of this issue see Linville 1998: 58–61; Römer 2005: 38–43. In contrast, others point out difficulties with unidirectional understandings of literary influence and development (e.g. Person 2002: 8–9). In contrast to Noth, who argued that an individual wrote the Deuteronomistic History, recent scholarship argues that the History was gradually produced by scribes over a lengthy stretch of time, from the Neo-Assyrian period to the Persian period. In other words, the traditional double and triple redaction theories associated with the American and German ‘schools’ seem to be too simple for the complexity of the evidence. See Person 2002, Römer 2005; cf. Noll 2007.46 In addition, Person highlights textcritical evidence of postexilic Deuteronomistic redaction (Person 2002: 21–24, 34–50). In some cases there is disagreement as to whether particular passages and sections of books were pre-Deuteronomistic sources or whether they were supplements to the original edition of the History. Consequently, some alleged sources, such as the Court History/Succession Narrative in 2 Samuel 9–20 and 1 Kings 1– 2, are taken by some scholars to be late supplements.

It is evident in view of the previous discussion that certainty regarding the dates of Deuteronomy and the Deuteronomistic History is unattainable. Insofar as Deuteronomy is concerned, the noteworthy issues for dating the book are (1) themes such as ‘land’, (2) relationships to other 46. Römer has sought to explain the absence of direct allusion to the Persian period in the whole of the Deuteronomistic History (e.g. Römer 2005: 178). 1

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Pentateuchal sources, (3) resemblance to Hittite and/or Assyrian vassal treaties, and (4) possible allusions in Deuteronomy 28–29 to the catastrophe of 587/586 BCE.47 Language, except for the ABH of Deut. 32.1–43 and 33.2–29 (see Volume 1, Chapter 12), has played a minor role in dating part or all of Deuteronomy.48 This is surprising in view of the fact that all scholars recognise an exilic context for at least some editorial work on the Deuteronomistic History.49 This prompts us to question the extent to which the language of the Deuteronomistic History may, at times, reflect so-called transitional BH (cf. Volume 1, 2.2.2.3.1, 3.2.2.1). The following points will bring to a close the discussion of Deuteronomy and our general introduction to the Deuteronomistic History: š

š

š

š

S. R. Driver argues that the language of Deuteronomy harmonises with a date in the seventh century BCE (S. R. Driver 1901: lxxvii–xci). He stresses the book’s Classical Hebrew while identifying several Aramaisms and other late features which fit the late preexilic period (S. R. Driver 1901: xc–xci). Rabin (1982) applied discourse analysis to Deuteronomy and argued that its language and style date to the ninth century BCE since they reflect an older form of rhetoric than that which emerged in the speeches of Amos and Hosea. On the basis of an analysis of the verbal system, de Regt stated that ‘[p]ossible linguistic heterogeneity in the corpus of Deuteronomy 1–30 cannot be clearly traced, although Deuteronomy is presumably the result of a complicated process of transmission and contains much old material’ (de Regt 1988: 6; cf. 4–7). Scholars occasionally stress that there is no linguistic evidence in these books pointing to an exilic or postexilic date (e.g. Friedman 1992: 616; Dever 2001: 273–77; 2004: 66–67; Zevit 2001: 441). Indeed, Cross (following Albright) argued with respect to his Dtr1 that ‘epigraphic material of the late seventh and early sixth century...has made it clear that the complex

47. Consequently, on the basis of this issue and others, a sizeable group of scholars has dated Deuteronomy to the exilic or postexilic period. For names, see Nicholson 1967: 1–7; Eynikel 1996: 8–9. 48. For lists of specific elements of language and style in Deuteronomy and the Deuteronomistic History, see S. R. Driver 1901: lxxviii–lxxxiv; 1913a: 99–102; Weinfeld 1972: 320–65. Weinfeld compares the expression of certain ideas in D and P (Weinfeld 1991: 36). 49. Note Römer 2005: 123: ‘It is obvious that the exile, the deportation out of the land, is the comprehensive theme that binds together the different traditions and periods as organized in the Babylonian edition of the Deuteronomistic History’. 1

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š

š

š

23

syntactical style of the Deuteronomist (if not his peculiar archaizing forms) characterized late pre-Exilic prose’ (Cross 1967: 10 = 1973: 275–76 = 2000: 81; our emphasis). However, Nelson argues that this argument does not work: ‘While the Lachish letters (to say nothing of the book of Deuteronomy itself) show us that this style is not exclusively late, they do not and cannot demonstrate that it is exclusively pre-exilic’ (Nelson 1981: 26; cf. 26–27). Some contend that the book of Deuteronomy had a northern provenance. It was either written in the north prior to 722/721 BCE and brought south by refugees or it was written by northern refugees after they had fled south. See Clements 1989: 79–83; Weinfeld 1991: 44–57; Tigay 1996: xxiii–xxiv. Presumably, therefore, if Deuteronomy had a northern origin, then it should also reflect a higher degree of northern linguistic features than other Pentateuchal and Deuteronomistic literature. This, however, is apparently not the case (Rendsburg 1990b: 12 n. 50). As noted above, Noth believed the Deuteronomistic History was written in Mizpah during the exile, and some others also accept a Palestinian origin for the History (e.g. P. R. Davies 2007). In this regard Young posits that the LBH language of certain books may reflect their origin in the eastern diaspora (e.g. Chronicles) whereas the EBH language of other books may reflect their western origin (e.g. Samuel–Kings) (Young 2003d: 314–17; cf. Person 2007).50 However, other scholars argue that the History was most likely written in Babylon (Albertz 2003: 282–85; cf. Person 2002: 28–29; Römer 2005: 115–16). Finally, in the following review of Joshua–Kings we will stress the text-critical dimension of these books since, 51 as we argue in Volume 1, Chapter 13, it directly impinges on attempts to date these books on the basis of linguistic analysis.

50. For additional remarks on this issue, see Person 2002: 142–44; P. R. Davies 2003: 162; D. Talshir 2003: 262–64, 269; Naudé 2004: 97; Young 2005b: 345–46; Rezetko 2007a: 417. 51. ‘The differences between the Masoretic Text, the Septuagint, the Old Latin, and the Dead Sea Scrolls (where available) in Joshua, Judges, Samuel, and Kings are substantial and should not be ignored.... The differences between these various textual witnesses suggest a certain instability and history of development within the text before the Common Era. In short, ignoring or defying evidence for diachronic development in the Deuteronomistic History can lead to superficial or forced arguments for synchronic unity’ (Knoppers 2000: 126). 1

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1.2.5. Joshua. The fate of the book of Joshua in biblical studies has largely depended on hypotheses regarding the composition of the Pentateuch and Former Prophets as a whole.52 In more recent scholarship the notion of a Hexateuch, in which the Pentateuchal sources continued into Joshua, has been replaced by the theory of a Deuteronomistic History. In other words, Joshua is no longer considered mostly JE in chs. 1–12 and P in chs. 13–24. Rather, Joshua may be thought of as the product of a complex process of literary formation which was begun with a preDeuteronomistic collection of stories on conquest underlying chs. 2–11 and was finished with the post-Deuteronomistic insertion of most of chs. 13–22 and 24. Some scholars, however, consider chs. 2–11 and/or 13–22 the work of the Deuteronomist(s). P-like language is undeniable in chs. 13–22, but the explanation of this language varies (cf. Nelson 1997: 9). The Deuteronomistic hand is evident at various points in chs. 2–11, but especially in chs. 1, 12 and 23.53 For Noth and the German ‘school’ this Deuteronomist(s) was a sixth-century figure, but he lived a century earlier according to the American ‘school’. Scholars generally recognise late language in Joshua only in Mysikfn; (‘wealth, possessions’) in (post-Deuteronomistic) Josh. 22.8. The noun occurs elsewhere only in Qoh. 5.18; 6.2; 2 Chron. 1.11, 12; and in Aramaic Ezra 6.8; 7.26. Nevertheless, text-critical evidence indicates that MT Joshua is a later edition of the book. 54 The book is attested in different editions in the (generally) shorter LXX and longer MT. Furthermore, Josh. 8.30–35, which has Deuteronomistic language, appears in different locations in the MT, LXX and 4QJosha, and this passage is generally considered secondary.55 Finally, the LXX is considered more original than the MT in Joshua 20 and it also probably attests a more original transition between the end of Joshua and an earlier version of Judges (which lacked 1.1–3.11). Nevertheless, late MT Joshua vis-à-vis the LXX does not have late language. Joshua 24 relates Joshua’s second farewell and a ceremony of covenant renewal at Shechem. This passage has been the focus of an extraordinary amount of literature. Still, however, there is no consensus about 52. For a review of these issues, see Auld 1980. 53. See, for example, Nelson 1997: 5–9. 54. See the essays on Joshua in Auld 1998a and the summaries of his research and the research of Mazor, Rofé, Tov and Ulrich, in Tov 1997: 245–49; 2001: 327– 32; Person 2002: 35–37. For discussion of Josh. 8.30–35, see Noort 1997, 1998. 55. This passage shows that later scribes could write using Deuteronomistic language. Some would label this writing ‘imitation’ but more recent scholarship argues that scribes in a Deuteronomistic ‘school’ wrote and edited biblical texts over a lengthy period of time well into the Persian period (Person 2002, Römer 2005). 1

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the passage’s compositional history and date of origin. Scholars have variously interpreted it as preexilic or postexilic. The majority, however, believe the passage is a postexilic composition. 56 Two indications of this are that (1) Josh. 8.30–35 (also late; see above) and ch. 24 share a close link to Shechem,57 and (2) Josh. 24.26 refers to the law in the same way that the whole law of Moses is referred to in Neh. 8.18 (cf. 8.8; 9.3; 10.29–30): ‘the book of the law of God’.58 Again, it should be stressed that late language is apparently lacking in this chapter despite its widely accepted late date. 1.2.6. Judges. The book of Judges has proven to be fertile ground for final-form readings. These synchronic analyses often seek to call into question the alleged composite nature of the book. Nevertheless, most biblical scholars continue to view the extant Hebrew book of Judges as a relatively cohesive product of successive revisions. The basic structure of the book consists of an introduction (1.1–3.6), a collection of deliverer stories (3.7–16.31), and two appendices which highlight the anarchy of the period (17.1–21.25). In the framework of the Deuteronomistic History the book is understood somewhat along the following lines: (1) most of 3.7–12.15 derives from a pre-Deuteronomistic collection of deliverer stories; (2) the Deuteronomist(s), who created the notion of a period of deliverers, supplied an introduction in 2.6–11, 14–16, 18–19, created the story of Othniel in 3.7–11, added editorial touches to 3.12–12.15, and 56. See, for example, the most recent monographs on this passage: Koopmans 1990, Anbar 1992. Strange (1993, 2002) argues that Joshua is a Hasmonaean manifesto and in his view the emphasis on Shechem in several passages in the book reflects a Samaritan effort to make Shechem with Gerizim the centre of the Holy Land. Nael or penultimate accent, are usually contrasted with weqataltí forms having milra > or ultimate accent, referred to as converted waw + perfects, or perfects with, for example, consecutive or conversive waw. We will not enter here into a discussion of the antiquity and interpretative value of the distinction in stress between weqatálti and weqataltí. The data suggest, however, that the difference in accent does not cause a difference in the meaning of the verb. Against the standard reference grammars (and, for example, S. R. Driver 1892: §105–29, pp. 114–57 passim), see, for example, the following discussions and additional literature cited therein: Berry 1903; Verheij 1990: 92–94; T. D. Andersen 2000: 44; Moomo 2005: 89. 69. This is not the only explanation of the phenomenon as a whole or each individual instance of weqatálti, but it is the most prominent explanation overall. See, for example, GKC §113pp–uu, pp. 338–39; JM §119z–zb, pp. 375–77; WO §32.3, pp. 540–42; Ewald 1881: §231c, p. 21; §343c, pp. 249–50; S. R. Driver 1892: §130–34, pp. 158–64; A. B. Davidson 1901: §58, pp. 84–85; Bergsträsser 1918–29, II: §9n, pp. 44–45; Williams 1976: §182, p. 34; Meyer 1992, II: §100.3d–e, pp. 46– 47 [pp. 388–89]; §101.7, pp. 55–57 [pp. 397–99]; Gibson 1994: §84, pp. 103–104; and more generally on the alleged ‘crumbling’ of the system of consecutive aspects/ tenses, see Corwin 1909: §1–7, pp. 6–10; Kropat 1909: 17–23 (cf. 72–75); Kutscher 1974: 41–42, 350–58 and passim; 1982: 44–45, 75, 82, 88, 99; Polzin 1976: 56–58; Hurvitz 1982a: 121; Bergey 1983: 65–67; Rooker 1990a: 100–102; Hadas-Lebel 1992: 46; Sáenz Badillos 1993: 120, 123–24, 129, 144; etc. 1

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forms above (except those in 2 Kgs. 21.4, 6) and attributes them to the ‘Transitional Biblical Hebrew’ he discerns in the prose of Jeremiah and Ezekiel and in the ‘secondary additions to the Deuteronomistic History’ (Gropp 1991: 46, 48–49 n. 11).70 In short, the contention is that, due to diachronic developments in the Hebrew verb system, the writers or editors of Kings wrote, for example, hnfbfw% (‘and he built’) rather than Nbey,IwA in 2 Kgs. 21.4. Nevertheless, linguistic chronology is not the only explanation for the series of weqatálti forms in 2 Kings 21–25. Scholars have put forward other explanations as well. The following points summarise several other possibilities. (1) The first point that should be mentioned is that there is significant scholarly debate, especially in commentaries on Kings, over whether the weqatálti forms in 2 Kings 21–25 were written by original authors or later editors (cf. n. 67 for discussions of this matter). There seem to be four main options for the composition of these chapters, each of which could account in a different way for the weqatálti forms in the extant texts of Kings: (a) writing in the preexilic and exilic/postexilic periods, (b) writing in the preexilic and exilic/postexilic periods, and subsequent editing in the exilic/postexilic periods, (c) writing in the exilic/postexilic periods, (d) writing in the exilic/postexilic periods, and subsequent editing in the exilic/postexilic periods.71 The scholarly consensus is that the final chapters of Kings, the conclusion to the so-called Deuteronomistic History, were subject to considerable editing, and this conclusion is based primarily on non-linguistic evidence. Consequently, a link between the present texts of Kings and a ‘breakup’ of the Hebrew verb system at a particular point in time is tenuous at best (cf. Volume 1, Chapter 13). (2) Some have proposed that the weqatálti forms in 2 Kings 21–25 arose secondarily from other verb forms in the process of transmission. So, for example, some commentators have suggested that hnfbfw% in 2 Kgs. 21.4 should be emended to hnfbf )w%hw:. This construction, )w%hw: followed

70. In his discussion of ‘The “Fall” of the Waw-Consecutive in the Biblical Corpus’, M. S. Smith does not discuss 2 Kings 21–25 in this regard (M. S. Smith 1991: 27–33). However, in correspondence with the authors Professor Smith referred to ‘the breakdown in the waw-consecutives’ in these chapters (e-mail 22.11.06). 71. It is widely agreed that at least the final two chapters of Kings were composed in the exilic or postexilic period since they narrate the fall of Judah. Note the following dates for the final kings of the southern kingdom: (1) Manasseh and Amon, 2 Kings 21, 698–640 BCE; (2) Josiah, 2 Kgs. 22.1–23.30, 639–609 BCE; (3) Jehoahaz, Jehoiakim, Jehoiachin and Zedekiah, 2 Kgs. 23.31–25.30, 609–586 BCE. 1

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immediately by qatal, is used six times in Kings,72 and more often in Samuel. In this regard it is interesting to observe that rybi(vhew: in 2 Kgs. 21.6 is parallel to rybi(vhe )w%hw: in 2 Chron. 33.6. Another suggestion, adopted by quite a few scholars, is that weqatálti forms in these chapters and elsewhere should be emended to infinitives absolute. In other words, confusion arose in the process of textual transmission. This option is attractive since it involves for the most part changes only in vowels (see Huesman 1955, 1956a, 1956b; cf. Rubinstein 1952, 1963; Hughes 1994: 67–71). Thus, returning to the fifteen weqatálti forms in 2 Kings 21–25, cited above, we are met by the following situation: š š š

No change needed (x1): Nn'wO(w: (21.6) Vowel changes only (x11): h$nbfw% (21.4), #$x'naw: (21.6), h$#o(fw: (21.6), )$#onfw: (23.4), C$tnfw: (23.8), )m@'+aw: (23.10), rb@'#a$w: (23.14), P$r#ofw: (23.15), hl'g:haw: (24.14), )n%'#$aw: (25.29), l$k)fw: (25.29) Vowel changes plus removal of yod consonant (x3): rb'(jhaw: (21.6), tb@'#$;haw: (23.5), K7l'#$;haw: (23.12)

This approach cannot be ruled out a priori since admittedly the vocalisation of the MT is a late aspect of the textual development of the Hebrew Bible (cf. Volume 1, 13.2). (3) A few scholars believe the weqatálti forms cannot be tied to a particular historical period in the preexilic, exilic or postexilic eras. (We will return below to this matter.) For some they are simply isolated anomalies or irregularities, related to the idiosyncrasies or stylistic preferences of authors or editors, in whatever period they may have worked. Others attribute some of these forms to an ‘archival usage’, arguing that passages in which they occur may have been excerpted from archival records which would have been originally composed in a more ‘decadent’ style than standard literary BH (see Burney 1903: 353; Montgomery 1934; 1951: 522). (4) A fourth set of explanations relates to different interpretations of the syntax of weqatálti forms. One approach interprets these forms in past contexts as a difference in Aktionsart (rather than aspect or tense)73 relating to the procedural characteristics of a situation. In other words, weqatáltis are not simply substitutes for wayyiqtols, with perfective or preterite meaning, but rather, they convey an iterative74 situation, denoting repetition of action. Moomo (2005) is a recent author supporting this 72. 1 Kgs. 2.8 (x2); 19.4; 20.39; 2 Kgs. 5.25; 6.32. 73. Our use of this terminology is informed principally by Brinton 1988 and Fanning 1990 and works cited therein. 74. Other terminology used by scholars includes frequentative and repetitive, and, less precisely, durative, habitual and imperfective. 1

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view. However, we find it difficult to sustain this interpretation for many weqatálti forms in 2 Kings 21–25 (and elsewhere also). Another option, one approaching weqatálti forms from the perspective of discourse analysis or text-linguistics, argues that these verbs function rhetorically, for the purpose of highlighting (‘emphasis, prominence’) or to communicate notions such as simultaneity, anteriority, parenthesis, introduction, climax/conclusion, restatement/resumption, epexegesis/explanation, antithesis/contrast, etc. (see Chisholm 1998: 128–33; cf. Fokkelman 1991; Longacre 1994; Isaksson 1998).75 So, for example, Chisholm argues that the non-standard waw + perfect is used for emphasis in 2 Kgs. 21.2–6, highlighting Manasseh’s radical pagan policy (v. 4) and character (v. 6): The summary statements in verses 2 and 6b form a bracket around the account. Just as the concluding statement in verse 6b is more emphatic than the introductory one of verse 2, so the second half of the account (vv. 4–6a) illustrates the king’s paganism in a more heightened manner than the first half of the account (v. 3). The switch to the waw + perfect in verse 4 and the heaping up of nonstandard forms in verse 6a contributes to this intensification. To bring out the force of the structure, one might translate verse 4a, ‘He had the audacity to build altars in the LORD’s temple,’ and verse 6a, ‘he even passed his son through the fire, practiced divination’ (Chisholm 1998: 130–31).

In the previous paragraphs we have summarised different explanations for the series of weqatálti forms in 2 Kings 21–25. Now we wish to focus on specific problems with the standard view related to linguistic chronology which we described in the first paragraph of this section. (1) EBH vs. LBH. The common view that wayyiqtol forms declined and qatal and/or weqatálti forms increased over time from EBH to LBH is inaccurate. This scenario is uncorroborated by both biblical and postbiblical evidence. Ehrensvärd and Rezetko have summarised the state of affairs in BH (Ehrensvärd 2003: 171–74; Rezetko 2003: 233–37) and van Peursen describes the scenario in Ben Sira and QH (van Peursen 2004: 155–57, 165; cf. 127–28, 141–43, 154, 166–68, 179, 401; M. S. Smith 1991: 31, 59–63; Penner 2006: 31–39). 76 If, in this regard, the 75. Our own independent research confirms in many cases the viability of this approach to weqatálti forms, but in the present context we cannot pursue this matter further. See, for example, the discussion of hyFhfw: in 2 Sam. 6.16 in Rezetko 2007b: 237. 76. Eskhult argues that qatal, but not weqatálti, rivals wayyiqtol in LBH, so that there is a more restricted use of the latter. He connects the relative loss of wayyiqtol to a falling away of introductory yhiy:w.A See Eskhult 1990: 110–12, 119–20, 123; 2000a: 84–85, 91–93. Eskhult summarises and illustrates his view but he does not offer detailed data and analysis in these publications to verify them. In addition, 1

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notion of development from EBH to LBH is questionable, then it becomes impossible to attribute the situation in 2 Kings 21–25 to a disintegration of the standard BH verb system and to describe the verb forms used there as reflecting BH in transition. Furthermore, even if we granted that weqatálti forms appear more frequently in ‘late’ than ‘early’ books, this would not change the fact that any such difference has to do with a slight change in rate of occurrence only. (2) Verb Syntax in 2 Kings 21–25. If the latter chapters of Kings were witness to (even partial) ‘breakdown’ in the BH verb system, then we might expect evidence for ‘collapse’ in other verb forms in addition to weqatálti vs. wayyiqtol. This is especially true if one views the verb system in EBH or LBH as a ‘system’ (see below, 3.15). However, there are no signs of ‘breakup’ in verb syntax in discourse in these chapters. In addition, other aspects of verb form and function in the narrative of 2 Kings 21–25 are not necessarily attributable to linguistic chronology either since they are attested elsewhere in EBH. Here we can mention, for example, wOkl;mfb; not preceded by yhiy:wA (2 Kgs. 21.1, 19; 22.1; 23.31, 36; 24.8, 18), hyh + participle (2 Kgs. 21.15), and yhiy:wA + qatal rather than wayyiqtol (2 Kgs. 22.3 [contrast v. 11]; 25.1, 25, 27). (3) Book of Kings. The frequency of weqatálti forms in 2 Kings 21–25 is slightly greater, by about 3%, than in 1 Kings 1–2 Kings 20. However, this is somewhat misleading, for two reasons. First, the fifteen weqatálti forms in these chapters (compared to 161 wayyiqtol forms!) appear in several short sections of text: 2 Kgs. 21.4–6; 23.4–15; 24.14; 25.29. This isolated ‘distribution’ in the final five chapters of Kings is unexpected if this material as a whole is supposed to reflect the ‘breakup’ of the Hebrew verb system. It also seems somewhat likely that the location of while Eskhult’s general perspective on weqatálti supports our argument here, that the form did not decline from EBH to LBH, his remarks on 2 Kings 23 show some indecision in this regard: ‘The syntactic Aramaism wəqātal employed as a narrative past form is met with in Esr 3:10; 6:22; 8:30, 36; Neh 13:30; Est 9:23f.; 1 Ch 22:18; 23:1; 2 Ch 3:7; 33:4, 6, 14, 19 bis; 34:4. But one ought to be cautious as to the apparent linguistic development: there are atypical uses of wəqātal in 1 [Kings] 12:32; 13:3; 14:27, and 2 Kings 23, strikingly enough, shows a “late” usage in this respect’ (Eskhult 1990: 111; cf. 110–11). ‘The decline of wayyiqtol in our corpus is significant, but it is still the normal narrative form, and there is no indication that it declines in usage in favour of weqatal. In contrast, weqatal is used in comparatively few instances in narration [in LBH]––a remarkable observation in view of the frequency of narrative weqatal in 2 Kgs 23, and the fact that it takes over the function of wayyiqtol in Rabbinic Hebrew’ (Eskhult 2000a: 84–85; citing Verheij 1990: 97, against Kropat 1909 and S. R. Driver 1892). ‘...2 Kgs 23 exhibits a typologically late verbal syntax...’ (Eskhult 2003b: 14 n. 10). 1

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the forms is deliberate, so that they may have some rhetorical function in this material (see above). Second, we find seven weqatálti forms (cf. 25 wayyiqtols) in 2 Kings 23 whereas there are none (cf. 12 wayyiqtols) in the preceding ch. 22.77 This is remarkable since the story of Josiah in 2 Kgs. 22.1–23.30 is a continuous and coherent, albeit edited, narration of events. To sum up, the series of weqatálti forms in the final five chapters of Kings should not be interpreted as marks of the exilic and/or postexilic writing or editing of these chapters. First, these are also explainable by factors other than linguistic chronology, and second, the evidence of biblical and postbiblical Hebrew does not bear out a trajectory of development in this matter of verb syntax from EBH to LBH. 3.14. Typologically Earlier Features in LBH In this section, we have, as a preliminary suggestion, collected a number of LBH features that seem to be typologically earlier than the corresponding EBH features (cf. Volume 1, 5.2.4 and the broader discussion there). Doubtless, other examples could be added to the ones mentioned here. (1) In BH, r$m)l' is both used as a genuine infinitive and as the equivalent of our modern-day quotation marks. Reasonably, the quotation mark function is derived from, and hence later than, its use as genuine infinitive. But the BH chronological pattern is the opposite because the typologically later quotation mark use of r$m)l' is less frequent in LBH than in EBH (cf. Volume 1, 3.3 [point 3]). (2) In LBH, the infinitive construct without introductory yhiy:wA is used less often than in EBH (cf. Volume 1, 6.5.5). Any construction with yhiy:wA is more elaborate, more developed and hence arguably typologically later than its more plain counterpart. LBH, then, represents a typologically earlier linguistic stage with fewer instances of infinitive construct with yhiy:wA. (3) In LBH, the verbal suffixes are more often connected directly to the verb rather than attached to t)' (cf. Volume 1, 10.4 [points 15 and 16]). This, arguably, is the simpler, less developed, and hence typologically older usage. (4) In LBH, more often than in EBH, the h of the definite article is not elided, as in _hak@; for _ka@, etc. (cf. 3.5). Even though this is still the exception in LBH, LBH represents a proclivity toward the older form in comparison with EBH. 1

77. 2 Kings 22 is shorter, and has a greater percentage of discourse, than ch. 23.

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(5) In a few places, LBH (and LBH-related Ezekiel) prefers the longer form hyFxf for yxa, perfect, third person masculine singular (cf. Hurvitz 1982a: 46–48). It is reasonable to assume that the shorter form developed out of the standard inflection of III-He verbs, losing both final vowel and h. (6) LBH prefers the third masculine plural suffix Mheyt'wO_ rather than EBH MtfwO_ on feminine plural nouns ending in twO_ and on masculine plural nouns that take the feminine plural ending twO_ (cf. Volume 1, 2.11.3 [point 8], 3.3 [point 8]). The unelided form is arguably the typologically older form out of which the elided form developed. (7) It is widely argued that the non-assimilation of the nun of Nmi before a noun without definite article is a feature of LBH (cf. Volume 1, 4.5 [point 5], 5.3.3 [point 3], 13.3.2). The unassimilated form must be the typologically older one that later developed into the assimilated one. (8) Fassberg suggests in light of its absence in other Semitic sources (Fassberg 2006: 61–63) that the sequence qtol + weqataltí developed later than the sequence qtol + qtol (Fassberg 2006: 64). He also points out that qtol + weqataltí is less common in LBH than in EBH (Fassberg 2006: 57, 64). Thus, the typologically earlier form (qtol + qtol) is attested throughout BH but the typologically later form (qtol + weqataltí) is found in EBH but less often in LBH. (9) Joüon and Muraoka point out that Mheb@f for Mb@f is an LBH feature (JM §103f, p. 314 n. 1).78 While we cannot confirm that this is a feature of LBH (cf. Rezetko 2003: 226), this is another suggested LBH feature which is typologically earlier than its suggested EBH counterpart, the elided form presumably being the more linguistically evolved and hence typologically later form (cf. JM §17e, p. 68). Just as LBH sometimes will prefer the typologically older feature where EBH uses a typologically younger feature, the same situation sometimes applies to QH and MH in relation to BH. 79 Scholars basing their work on a hypothesis of a linear linguistic development of BH could argue that the older LBH, and QH and MH features reflect later backformations. This is hard to disprove. If one instead takes the view of Qimron, however, the features enumerated in this section are best understood as additional evidence for his hypothesis cited in Volume 1, 7.4 that ‘the information in the early sources does not reflect a single 78. Compare their discussion of Mhem@f(i for Mm@f(i (JM §103i, p. 315 with n. 3). 79. See, for example, our remarks on (1) older QH whyb) and whyx) compared to younger BH wybi)f and wyxi)f (Volume 1, 10.2, 10.5 [point 7]; cf. 10.3, 10.5 [points 4 and 9]) and on (2) older MH wOz compared to younger BH t)Oz (Volume 1, 9.2 [point 16]; cf. 9.6.1). 1

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language as it developed and changed over time, but rather different types of Hebrew at different stages of development. All attempts to fit the surviving fragments of early Hebrew into a single historical sequence are misguided and misleading’ (Qimron 1992: 360; cf. also Volume 1, 9.7, 10.8, and Talshir’s work on the autonomous status of LBH, D. Talshir 1987, 2003). An implication of the findings in this case study is that we cannot, without qualification, assume that EBH is typologically older than LBH. Therefore it is necessary to look at a given feature separately and decide whether EBH or LBH represents the typologically older form. 3.15. Conclusion We have looked fairly thoroughly at the previous thirteen case studies, 80 and we have found that it is not straightforward to fit the extant linguistic data into a line of chronological development from EBH to LBH. Related to this, it is difficult to speak of either EBH or LBH as a coherent linguistic whole. Two common assumptions are that a particular feature in the language of Chronicles is both late and representative of LBH (cf. in Volume 1, 3.2.4, 4.2.1 for our remarks on the pivotal role of Chronicles in discussions of linguistic development in BH). In light of these case studies, we believe these assumptions must be re-evaluated. 81 Furthermore, this research indicates that many other suggested ‘late’ and LBH grammatical (and lexical) features are susceptible to similar reevaluation.82 Here in particular we wish to draw attention to recent studies on the LBH verbal system by Eskhult and Joosten (Eskhult 2000a, 2005 [cf. 1990: 103–20]; Joosten 2005, 2006, 2007a, 2007b). Eskhult argues that ‘assuming that [the postexilic writers] did not fully comprehend the complicated system of tense, aspect, and modality in the earlier literature, it might be possible to detect differences between the verbal syntax of the late prose and the standard prose’ (Eskhult 2005: 357). Joosten argues that ‘the verbal system used in Late Biblical Hebrew is systematically different and typologically later than the Classical Biblical Hebrew 80. Needless to say, this is a small selection of potentially relevant and interesting case studies. 81. Consequently the following statement by Ehrensvärd, ‘note that most LBH features are shared between LBH texts (because this is what constitutes LBH features)’ (Ehrensvärd 2003: 168 n. 21), is contrary to the facts. It seems, rather, that many of what we call LBH features are not shared between most LBH texts. 82. See in Volume 1, 5.2.2 and 5.2.3, our remarks on the significance of grammar relative to lexicon in treatments of linguistic development in BH. 1

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system’ (Joosten 2005: 327), and ‘while one can perhaps imagine later writers sifting out lexical items that do not belong to the old stock of Hebrew vocabulary, it is much harder to picture them avoiding...grammatical innovations...’ (Joosten 2005: 335). As is well known, the BH verbal system is very difficult to classify, and it has so far been impossible for scholars to reach any kind of consensus that extends beyond the most superficial descriptions of the uses of the verb forms. Eskhult and Joosten are two scholars who enjoy the respect of their peers in the field, but even so, their work on the BH verb, insightful as it is, because of the subtle nature of the evidence, is bound in many details to be tentative, as they themselves are the first ones to admit. The subtle distinctions they are pointing to are useful to the extent that their basic assumptions are true—but the distinctions are by far not clear enough to serve as proof of their basic assumptions. This observation also extends to other subtle distinctions to which Joosten points in a recent article on the language of MT pluses in Jeremiah (Joosten 2007b).83 In fact, of the nine features he suggests as being postclassical, only one, i.e. l; used as marker of direction, has an LBH distribution (in addition to its—less distinct—EBH distribution [e.g. BDB, 511; DCH, IV: 480–81; HALOT, II: 508]).84 Again, the remainder of his examples are too subtle to carry any weight against the general EBH character of the book of Jeremiah as a whole, the parallel MT–LXX parts as well as the MT supplements alike. A major problem is the assumption that later writers could not write EBH, for the reason that all, or almost all, of the LBH differences in verbal usage are found in EBH texts as well, only less often. Eskhult and Joosten speak consistently about changes that took place in LBH. But this refers to changes in frequency of certain verbal usages. Almost all the changes took place in EBH and only proliferated in LBH (cf. 3.6,

83. See in 1.3.2 our survey of text-critical and linguistic issues in Jeremiah. 84. Even his first example, MmfwOy used as noun, is found once in Ezekiel, three times in Jeremiah (one of which—Jer. 15.9—is found within the parts of Jeremiah attested in the LXX) and once in Nehemiah, in addition to QH instances. With one occurrence in one core LBH book we cannot affirm that this is a trait of postclassical Hebrew. Note also that MmfwOy in Jer. 15.9 is taken as a noun by, for example, BDB, 401; DCH, IV: 186. Accordingly, C. J. Smith in his PhD thesis, completed under Rendsburg and dedicated to the ‘linguistic peculiarities of the book of Jeremiah’, does not mention any of Joosten’s features, either as LBH or as dialectal (C. J. Smith 2003). Similarly, in his PhD thesis on verb syntax in Jeremiah 37–45 and Esther, Guenther argues for a dozen diachronic linguistic developments from this portion of EBH Jeremiah as a whole to LBH Esther (Guenther 1977). 1

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above). In other words, even in the standard chronological framework, the changes did not take place in LBH but already in EBH. 85 Consequently, at this stage in the discussion it is not reasonable to speak about EBH or LBH as a ‘structured unity’ and ‘system’ in which ‘minute divergences [in the LBH verb system] are manifestations of a single evolution’ (Eskhult 2005: 360; Joosten 2005: 334–35). The totality of the evidence suggests that BH is a diversity of linguistic features and relationships that defies a straightforward chronological scheme.

85. For a thoroughly argued theory of such language change applied to EBH and LBH, see Naudé 2000a, 2000b, 2000c, 2003; cf. Volume 1, 3.2.2.1.2; Ehrensvärd 2003: 186–87. 1

Chapter 4

TABLES OF LINGUISTIC FEATURES SUGGESTED TO BE LBH IN MAJOR PUBLICATIONS

In the following tables we have tabulated more than 450 grammatical and lexical items suggested by scholars to be characteristic of LBH. The dozen sources we cite for these items span nearly a century of scholarship and approach the corpus of LBH writings from various perspectives. We should explain several matters related to the tables. First, some other linguistic features that scholars occasionally consider ‘late’ or LBH are cited elsewhere in this book (see index). In addition, the many features cited in these tables could be multiplied further by including items mentioned here and there in other studies. Indeed, it is possible to suggest a nearly endless list of LBH grammatical and especially lexical characteristics since anything non-standard in any LBH book can be called ‘late’ or LBH following the methodology adopted by many scholars. The sources cited in Volume 1, 5.2 (n. 2) document a large number of suggested LBH features. We should also make special mention of BDB and HALOT. Both lexica often label particular lexemes and phrases ‘late’ or something similar, although BDB is far more liberal than HALOT in this regard (by about 5 to 1 in our estimation). Second, related to the previous point, it is important to point out that many of the linguistic features, grammatical and lexical alike, suggested by scholars to be LBH are doubtfully so since, for example, they do not have a distribution within core LBH books. See our definition of LBH features in Volume 1, 5.4.2. The principal criterion for describing a feature as ‘LBH’ is that it is characteristic of the principal LBH writings of Esther– Chronicles. However, many of the features cited in the tables below fail to meet this basic requirement. Third, in the table of grammatical features the descriptions have been generalised. Allowance should be made for individual phraseology and focus in each source. Fourth, in the table of lexical features many of the suggested EBH words and phrases are unmentioned in the literature and 1

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they are also unresearched by us. Thus they are simply tentative suggestions. Further investigation is required. Fifth, sometimes a phenomenon appears in both the grammar (e.g. increase of nouns with afformative tw%_) and lexicon (e.g. tw%kl;ma) tables. Sixth, in some cases we have not cited items labelled ‘Aramaic’ or ‘Aramaising’ in JM since it is doubtful that the authors meant to imply that these (mostly noun and verb) forms are chronologically late. (We note that many of these forms occur in core EBH books.) In addition, some items in our tables occur in JM, but since they are not given any chronological significance we have not included page references in JM (h_f, )nf_, etc.). Seventh, in some cases the authors cited in the table actually dispute rather than support the alleged diachronic development. We cite them anyway so that our catalogue is as complete as possible. Eighth, in the following sources we cite from a limited scope of pages, which includes the principal discussions of the feature cited or deals mainly with BH and QH: Polzin 1976: 28–69, 124– 52; Kutscher 1982: 12–106; Qimron 1986: 17–97; Sáenz Badillos 1993: 112–46. Finally, the numbers in the columns refer to pages in the sources cited.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY Other helpful sources for bibliography on historical Hebrew grammar and linguistic dating of biblical texts are given in the following sources, in order of publication: Waldman 1989: 267–448; WO [1990]: 695–716; Sáenz Badillos 1993: 289–356; Young 1993a: 206–47; 2003a: 318–66; JM [2006]: 729–72; cf. M. S. Smith 2004; del Olmo Lete 2006. BibleWorks for Windows 7.0 2007 Norfolk, VA: BibleWorks.

… Abegg, M. G., Jr. 1998 ‘The Hebrew of the Dead Sea Scrolls’, in Flint and VanderKam 1998–99, I: 325–58. Abegg, M. G., Jr., J. E. Bowley, and E. M. Cook (in consultation with E. Tov) The Dead Sea Scrolls Concordance. Volume 1. The Non-Biblical Texts from 2003 Qumran (1 vol. in 2; Leiden: Brill). Adams, L. L. 1972 ‘A Statistical Analysis of the Book of Isaiah in Relation to the Isaiah Problem’ (PhD thesis, Brigham Young University). Adams, L. L., and A. C. Rencher 1973 ‘The Popular Critical View of the Isaiah Problem in Light of Statistical Style Analysis’, Computer Studies in the Humanities and Verbal Behavior 4: 149–57. Adams, W. J., Jr. 1987 ‘An Investigation into the Diachronic Distribution of Morphological Forms and Semantic Features of Extra-Biblical Hebrew Sources’ (PhD thesis, University of Utah). Adams, W. J., Jr., and L. L. Adams 1977a ‘Language Drift and the Dating of Biblical Passages’, HS 18: 160–64. 1977b ‘A Computer Generated Technique for Dating Biblical Passages’, Hebrew Computational Linguistics 11: E1–E12 (repr. as Appendix A, in W. J. Adams 1987). Aharoni, Y. Arad Inscriptions (Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society). 1981 Ahlström, G. W. 1971 Joel and the Temple Cult of Jerusalem (VTSup, 21; Leiden: E. J. Brill). Ahituv, S. Handbook of Ancient Hebrew Inscriptions: From the Period of the First 1992 Commonwealth and the Beginning of the Second Commonwealth (The Biblical Encyclopaedia Library, 7; Jerusalem: Bialik; Hebrew). 1

216 1995

Linguistic Dating of Biblical Texts ‘Flour and Dough: Gleanings from the Arad Letters’, in Zevit, Gitin, and Sokoloff 1995: 379–83.

Albertz, R. Israel in Exile: The History and Literature of the Sixth Century B.C.E. (trans. 2003 D. Green; SBL Studies in Biblical Literature, 3; Atlanta: SBL). Albright, W. F. 1939 ‘A Reexamination of the Lachish Letters’, BASOR 73: 16–21. 1943 ‘The Gezer Calendar’, BASOR 92: 16–26. 1944 ‘The Oracles of Balaam’, JBL 63: 207–33. 1950–51 ‘A Catalogue of Early Hebrew Lyric Poems (Psalms 68)’, HUCA 23: 1–39. 1955 ‘Some Canaanite-Phoenician Sources of Hebrew Wisdom’, in M. Noth and D. W. Thomas (eds.), Wisdom in Israel and in the Ancient Near East Presented to Professor Harold Henry Rowley (VTSup, 3; Leiden: E. J. Brill): 1–15. Archaeology and the Religion of Israel: The Ayer Lectures of the Colgate1956 Rochester Divinity School, 1941 (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press). From the Stone Age to Christianity: Monotheism and the Historical Process 1957a (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 2nd edn). 1957b ‘The Psalm of Habakkuk’, in H. H. Rowley (ed.), Studies in Old Testament Prophecy Presented to Theodore H. Robinson (Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark): 1–18. 1963 ‘Archaic Survivals in the Text of Canticles’, in D. W. Thomas and W. D. McHardy (eds.), Hebrew and Semitic Studies Presented to Godfrey Rolles Driver (Oxford: Clarendon): 1–7. Yahweh and the Gods of Canaan: A Historical Analysis of Two Contrasting 1968 Faiths (London: Athlone). Albright, W. F., and T. O. Lambdin 1970 ‘The Evidence of Language’, in I. E. S. Edwards et al. (eds.), The Cambridge Ancient History. Volume 1, Part 1. Prolegomena and Prehistory (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 3rd edn): 122–55. Alexander, L. V. 1993 ‘The Origin and Development of the Deuteronomistic History Theory and Its Significance for Biblical Interpretation’ (PhD thesis, Southwestern Baptist Theological Seminary). Alexander, T. D. From Paradise to the Promised Land: An Introduction to the Pentateuch 2002 (Carlisle: Paternoster, 2nd edn). Alexander, T. D., and D. W. Baker (eds.) Dictionary of the Old Testament: Pentateuch (Leicester: Inter-Varsity). 2003 Alinei, M. 2004 ‘The Problem of Dating in Linguistics’, Quaderni di Semantica 26: 211–32 (trans. from Chapter 7, ‘Il problema della datazione in linguistica’, of Le origini delle lingue d’Europa. Volume 1. La teoria della continuità [Bologna: Il Mulino, 1996]). Internet: http://www.continuitas.com/problem_dating.pdf. Allen, L. C. The Books of Joel, Obadiah, Jonah and Micah (NICOT; Grand Rapids: 1976 Eerdmans). 1

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Almbladh, K. 1986 Studies in the Book of Jonah (AAUSSU, 7; Uppsala: Almqvist & Wiksell). Alonso Schökel, L. 1962 ‘Motivos sapienciales y de alianza en Gn 2-3’, Bib 43: 295–316 (repr. as ‘Sapiential and Covenant Themes in Genesis 2–3’, in D. J. McCarthy and W. B. Callen [eds.], Modern Biblical Studies: An Anthology from Theology Digest [Milwaukee: Bruce Pub. Co., 1967]: 49–61). Alter, R. 1985 The Art of Biblical Poetry (New York: Basic). Amos, A. C. 1980 Linguistic Means of Determining the Dates of Old English Literary Texts (Medieval Academy Books, 90; Cambridge, MA: The Medieval Academy of America). Anbar, M. 1992 Josué et l’Alliance de Sichem (Josué 24:1-28) (BBET, 25; Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang). 1999 ‘The Assembly at Shechem (Joshua 24): The Story and Its Origin’, in Proceedings of the Twelfth World Congress of Jewish Studies, Jerusalem, July 29-August 5, 1997: Division A: The Bible and Its World (Jerusalem: World Union of Jewish Studies): 5–10. Andersen, F. I. 1976 Job: An Introduction and Commentary (TOTC, 13; Leicester: Inter-Varsity). 1999 ‘Orthography in Ancient Hebrew Inscriptions’, ANES 36: 5–35. Andersen, F. I., and A. D. Forbes Spelling in the Hebrew Bible: Dahood Memorial Lecture (BibOr, 41; Rome: 1986 Biblical Institute Press). 1989 The Vocabulary of the Old Testament (Rome: Pontifical Biblical Institute). Andersen, F. I., and D. N. Freedman 1989 Amos: A New Translation with Introduction and Commentary (AB, 24A; New York: Doubleday). Andersen, F. I., and R. S. Hess 2007 Names in the Study of Biblical History: David, YHWH Names, and the Role of Personal Names (BurH, 2; Melbourne: Australian Institute of Archaeology). Andersen, T. D. 2000 ‘The Evolution of the Hebrew Verbal System’, ZAH 13: 1–66. Anderson, A. A. 1972 The Book of Psalms. Volume 2. Psalms 73–150 (NCB; Grand Rapids: Eerdmans). Archer, G. L., Jr. 1994 A Survey of Old Testament Introduction (Chicago: Moody, 3rd edn). Athas, G. The Tel Dan Inscription: A Reappraisal and New Interpretation (JSOTSup, 2003 360; Copenhagen International Seminar, 12; Sheffield: Sheffield Academic). Auerbach, E. 1952 ‘Babylonische Datierung im Pentateuch und das Alter des Priester-Kodex’, VT 2: 334–42. aaa aaa 1

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Auld, A. G. Joshua, Moses and the Land: Tetrateuch-Pentateuch-Hexateuch in a 1980 Generation Since 1938 (Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark). 1983 ‘Prophets Through the Looking Glass: Between Writings and Moses’, JSOT 27: 3–23 (repr. in R. P. Gordon [ed.], “The Place is Too Small for Us”: The Israelite Prophets in Recent Scholarship [SBTS, 5; Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns, 1995]: 289–307; repr. in P. R. Davies [ed.], The Prophets: A Sheffield Reader [Biblical Seminar, 42; Sheffield: Sheffield Academic, 1996]: 22–42; repr. in Auld 2004a: 45–59). 1989 ‘Gideon: Hacking at the Heart of the Old Testament’, VT 39: 257–67 (repr. in Auld 2004a: 63–70). Joshua Retold: Synoptic Perspectives (Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark). 1998a 1998b ‘The Former Prophets: Joshua, Judges, 1–2 Samuel, 1–2 Kings’, in S. L. McKenzie and M. P. Graham (eds.), The Hebrew Bible Today: An Introduction to Critical Issues (Louisville: Westminster John Knox): 53–68 (repr. as ‘The Former Prophets’, in Auld 2004a: 11–25). 1999 ‘The Deuteronomists and the Former Prophets, or What Makes the Former Prophets Deuteronomistic?’, in Schearing and McKenzie 1999: 116–26 (repr. in Auld 2004a: 185–91). 2002 ‘Prophecy’, in J. Barton 2002, I: 88–106. 2003 ‘What was a Biblical Prophet? Why does it Matter?’, in J. C. Exum and H. G. M. Williamson (eds.), Reading from Right to Left: Essays on the Hebrew Bible in Honour of David J. A. Clines (JSOTSup, 373; London: Sheffield Academic): 1–12. 2004a Samuel at the Threshold: Selected Works of Graeme Auld (SOTS Monographs; Aldershot: Ashgate). 2004b ‘The Story of David and Goliath: A Test Case for Synchrony Plus Diachrony’, in W. Dietrich (ed.), David und Saul im Widerstreit – Diachronie und Synchronie im Wettstreit. Beiträge zur Auslegung des ersten Samuelbuchs (OBO, 206; Fribourg: Éditions Universitaires; Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht): 118–28. 2007 ‘Narrative Books in the Hebrew Scriptures’, ExpTim 119: 105–10. Auld, A. G., and C. Y. S. Ho 1992 ‘The Making of David and Goliath’, JSOT 56: 19–39 (repr. in Auld 2004a: 81–96). Avishur, Y. Stylistic Studies of Word-Pairs in Biblical and Ancient Semitic Languages 1984 (AOAT, 210; Neukirchen–Vluyn: Neukirchner; Kevelaer: Butzon & Bercker). Axelsson, L. 1992 ‘Tekoa’, in ABD, VI: 343–44. Azar, M. 1998 ‘The Conditional Clause in Mishnaic Hebrew’, in Bar-Asher and Fassberg 1998: 58–68. Azize, J. 2000 ‘Considering the Book of Qohelet Afresh’, ANES 37: 183–214. aaa aaa 1

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Azize, J., and N. Weeks (eds.) Gilgamesh and the World of Assyria: Proceedings of the Conference Held at 2007 Mandelbaum House, The University of Sydney, 21–23 July 2004 (ANES Supplement, 21; Leuven: Peeters). Baasten, M. F. J., and W. Th. van Peursen (eds.) 2003 Hamlet on a Hill: Semitic and Greek Studies Presented to Professor T. Muraoka on the Occasion of His Sixty-Fifth Birthday (OLA, 118; Leuven: Peeters). Babut, J.-M. 1995 Les expressions idiomatiques de l’hébreu biblique (CahRB, 33, Paris: J. Gabalda). Bar-Asher, M. 1985 ‘The Historical Unity of Hebrew and Mishnaic Hebrew Research’ (Hebrew), in Language Studies I (ed. M. Bar-Asher; Jerusalem: Magnes/Hebrew University; Hebrew): 75–99. 1998 ‘The Study of Mishnaic Hebrew Based on Written Sources: Achievements, Problems, and Tasks’, in Bar-Asher and Fassberg 1998: 9–42. 1999 ‘Mishnaic Hebrew: An Introductory Survey’, HS 40: 115–51. Bar-Asher, M., and S. E. Fassberg (eds.) Studies in Mishnaic Hebrew (ScrHier, 37; Jerusalem: Magnes/Hebrew 1998 University). Barkay, G., A. G. Vaughn, M. J. Lundberg, and B. Zuckerman 2004 ‘The Amulets from Ketef Hinnom: A New Edition and Evaluation’, BASOR 334: 41–71. Barr, J. Comparative Philology and the Text of the Old Testament (Oxford: Oxford 1968 University Press). 1985 ‘Hebrew Orthography and the Book of Job’, JSS 30: 1–33. The Variable Spellings of the Hebrew Bible (Oxford: Oxford University 1989 Press). Barré, M. L. 1990 ‘Psalm 116: Its Structure and Its Enigmas’, JBL 109: 61–79. Barstad, H. M. 1998 ‘The Strange Fear of the Bible: Some Reflections on the “Bibliophobia” in Recent Ancient Israelite Historiography’, in Grabbe 1998: 120–27. 2001 ‘Deuteronomists, Persians, Greeks, and the Dating of the Israelite Tradition’, in Grabbe 2001: 47–77. Barthélemy, D., D. W. Gooding, J. Lust, and E. Tov The Story of David and Goliath: Textual and Literary Criticism: Papers of a 1986 Joint Research Venture (OBO, 73; Fribourg: Éditions Universitaires; Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht). Barton, G. A. 1908 A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the Book of Ecclesiastes (ICC; Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark). Barton, J. Joel and Obadiah: A Commentary (OTL; Louisville: Westminster John 2001 Knox). aaa aaa 1

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Linguistic Dating of Biblical Texts ‘Historia del texto de los libros históricos e historia de la redacción deuteronomística (Jueces 2,10-3,6)’, in D. Muñoz León (ed.), Salvación en la palabra: targum - derash - berith: en memoria del profesor Alejandro Díez Macho (Madrid: Ediciones Cristiandad): 245–55. ‘Textual Variants in 4QJudga and the Textual and Editorial History of the Book of Judges (1)’, RevQ 14: 229–45. ‘The Story of David and Goliath (1 Sam 17–18): Textual Variants and Literary Composition’, BIOSCS 23: 16–30. ‘La aportación de 4QJuecesa al estudio de la historia textual y literaria del libro de los Jueces’, MEAH 40: 5–20. ‘Édition préliminaire de 4QJugesb: contribution des manuscrits qumrâniens des Juges à l’étude textuelle et littéraire du livre’, RevQ 15: 79–100. ‘Light from 4QJudga and 4QKgs on the Text of Judges and Kings’, in Dimant and Rappaport 1992: 315–24. ‘Textual Affiliation of the Old Latin Marginal Readings in the Books of Judges and Kings’, in G. Braulik, W. Gross and S. E. McEvenue (eds.), Biblische Theologie und gesellschaftlicher Wandel: Für Norbert Lohfink SJ (Freiburg: Herder): 315–29. ‘4QJudga’ and ‘4QJudgb’, in E. Ulrich and F. M. Cross (eds.), Qumran Cave 4. Volume 9. Deuteronomy, Joshua, Judges, Kings (DJD, 14; Oxford: Clarendon): 161–69. ‘Qumran Evidence for a Biblical Standard Text and for Non Standard and Parabiblical Texts’, in T. H. Lim, L. W. Hurtado, A. G. Auld and A. Jack (eds.), The Dead Sea Scrolls in Their Historical Context (Edinburgh: T&T Clark): 89–106. ‘A “Canon Within a Canon”: Two Series of Old Testament Books Differently Transmitted, Interpreted and Authorized’, RevQ 19: 383–99. ‘Judges, Book of ’, in Schiffman and VanderKam 2000, I: 455. ‘Origins of a Tripartite Old Testament Canon’, in McDonald and Sanders 2002: 128–45. ‘The Critical Value of the Old Latin and Antiochean Greek Texts in the Books of Judges and Joshua’, in F. García Martínez and M. Vervenne (eds.), Interpreting Translation: Studies on the LXX and Ezekiel in Honour of Johan Lust (BETL, 192; Leuven: Peeters/Leuven University Press): 401–13.

Tropper, J. Die Inschriften von Zincirli: neue Edition und vergleichende Grammatik des 1993 phönizischen, samEdah and Qahal as Collective Nouns in Hebrew Biblical Texts’, ZAH 14: 68–78. 2001b ‘Notes on the Language of 4QCantb’, JJS 52: 122–31. 2001c ‘Observations on the Third Person Masculine Singular Pronominal Suffix -H in Hebrew Biblical Texts’, HS 42: 225–42. 2001d ‘The Dead Sea Scrolls and the Old Testament: Recent Research on the Text of the Hebrew Bible’, Anglican Historical Society Journal 46: 12–23. 2002a ‘The Stabilization of the Biblical Text in the Light of Qumran and Masada: A Challenge for Conventional Qumran Chronology?’, DSD 9: 364–90. 2002b ‘The Languages of Ancient SamIra, Tel Vol. 1, 188 6.6.5. >Izbet Sartah Vol. 1, 6 6.6.6. Ketef Hinnom Vol. 1, 147, 150, 151 6.6.7. Kuntillet >Ajrud Vol. 1, 147, 185 6.6.8. Lachish Vol. 1, 27, 37, 38, 68, 146–48, 151, 155, 156, 159, 178, 188, 321; Vol. 2, 23, 80 6.6.9. Meßad Óashavyahu Vol. 1, 37, 147, 151, 155, 178, 186, 287 6.6.10. Murabba>at, Wadi Vol. 1, 147, 231–37; Vol. 2, 140 6.6.11. Qasile, Tell Vol. 1, 147 6.6.12. Qom, Khirbet el- Vol. 1, 147 6.6.13. Samaria Vol. 1, 7, 68, 147, 162, 178, 180–83, 186, 187 6.6.14. Siloam Tunnel Vol. 1, 37, 68, 147, 149, 150, 152–56, 159, 163 6.6.15. Silwan Tomb Vol. 1, 147, 151, 156–59, 167 6.6.16. Yavneh Yam Vol. 1, 37 6.6.17. Zayit, Tel Vol. 1, 6 6.7. Qumran Hebrew/QH and Dead Sea Scrolls/DSS Vol. 1, 5, 7, 11, 12, 20, 22, 40, 46, 56, 70, 71, 74, 77, 78, 91, 111, 112, 117, 119, 127, 129–31, 133–35, 139, 141, 144–46, 156, 170, 174, 187, 196, 197, 202, 212, 218, 231, 233, 235–42, 247, 248, Chapter 10 passim, 289, 293–95, 306, 310, 334, 340, 342–44, 349–51, 358, 359, 361; Vol. 2, 23, 24, 28, 29, 35, 36, 46, 49, 62, 63, 68, 70, 76, 78, 87, 89, 91, 92, 94, 97, 98, 100, 117, 120, 121, 123, 128, 133, 139–42, 149, 153, 156, 158, 161, 179, 181, 185, 186, 193, 194, 197, 204, 207, 208, 210, 214 6.7.1. Scrolls of books of the Pentateuch in paleo-Hebrew script Vol. 1, 334 6.7.2. Exodus Scrolls (4Q22/4QpaleoExodm) Vol. 1, 344 6.7.3. Numbers Scrolls (4Q27/4QNumb) Vol. 1, 344 6.7.4. Joshua Scrolls (4Q47/4QJosha) Vol. 2, 24 6.7.5. Samuel Scrolls (4Q51/4QSama, 4Q52/4QSamb, 4Q53/4QSamc) Vol. 1, 350, 351; Vol. 2, 29, 117, 121, 133, 139 6.7.6. Isaiah Scrolls (1QIsaa, etc.) Vol. 1, 112, 156, 306, 342, 343; Vol. 2, 35, 100 6.7.7. Jeremiah Scrolls (4Q70/4QJera, 4Q71/4QJerb, 4Q72/4QJerc, 4Q72a/4QJerd, etc.) Vol. 1, 343; Vol. 2, 36 6.7.8. Psalms Scrolls (11Q5/11QPsaa, etc.) Vol. 1, 267, 340 6.7.9. Job Scrolls (4Q101/4QpaleoJobc) Vol. 1, 334 6.7.10. Song of Songs Scrolls (4Q107/4QCantb, etc.) Vol. 1, 197, 212, 310, 340, 349; Vol. 2, 62, 94, 100

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6.7.11. Qoheleth Scrolls (4Q109/4QQoha, 4Q110/4QQohb) Vol. 1, 248, 310; Vol. 2, 63, 94 6.7.12. Lamentations Scrolls (3Q3/3QLam, 4Q11/4QLam, 5Q6/5QLama, 5Q7/5QLamb) Vol. 1, 340 6.7.13. Psalm 151 (11Q5/11QPsa) Vol. 1, 20, 267 6.7.14. Pesher Isaiah (4Q161/4QpIsaa) Vol. 1, 295 6.7.15. Pesher Habakkuk (1QpHab, 4QpHab) Vol. 1, 56, 117, 130, 131, 135, 139, 141, 170, 218, 235, 255–62, 266, 271, 272, 274, 276; Vol. 2, 46, 87, 89, 91 6.7.16. Apocryphon of Josephc (4Q373/4QapocrJosephc) Vol. 1, 295 6.7.17. Community Rule (1QS) Vol. 1, 134, 139, 264, 266, 273, 274; Vol. 2, 87, 89 6.7.18. Copper Scroll (3Q15) Vol. 1, 146, 237, 238, 289 6.7.19. Damascus Document (4QDa/4Q266) Vol. 1, 133, 139, 273, 274, 276; Vol. 2, 87, 89, 97 6.7.20. Miqsat Ma>aśe Ha-Torah (4Q399/4QMMTf) Vol. 1, 112, 146, 236–41, 250, 278 6.7.21. Ritual of Marriage (4Q502/4QpapRitMar) Vol. 1, 258 6.7.22. Serek Damascus Document (4Q265/4QSD) Vol. 1, 295 6.7.23. Temple Scroll (11Q19/11QTa) Vol. 1, 20, 133, 139, 263–67, 271, 273–76, 295, 343, 361; Vol. 2, 87, 89, 97 6.7.24. Thanksgiving Hymns (1QH/1QHa) Vol. 1, 295 6.7.25. War Scroll (1QM) Vol. 1, 134, 139, 266, 273–75, 278, 295; Vol. 2, 87, 89, 142 6.7.26. Ways of Righteousnessa (4Q420) Vol. 1, 295 6.7.27. Ways of Righteousnessb (4Q421) Vol. 1, 295 6.8. Samaritan Hebrew/SH and Samaritan Pentateuch/SP Vol. 1, 7, 127, 265, 303, 320, 326, 344, 349, 350; Vol. 2, 25, 100, 128 6.9. Mishnaic Hebrew/MH and Rabbinic and other later Hebrew literature Vol. 1, 2, 5, 7, 9, 11, 19, 22, 23, 38, 41, 74, 75, 91, 102, 129, 141, 145, 153, 159, 162, 167, 171, 174, 175, 177, 178, 183, 196–99, 205, 220, Chapter 9 passim, 251–54, 257, 260, 261, 265, 267, 268, 271, 272, 277– 79, 334; Vol. 2, 2, 32, 37, 61, 64, 65, 68, 70, 72, 73, 75–77, 85, 95, 111, 128, 140, 154, 156 6.10. Hebrew of Bar Kochba Vol. 1, 5, 7, 22, 91, 129, 145, 178, 231–38, 241; Vol. 2, 68, 70 6.11. Hebrew of Ben Sira Vol. 1, 5–7, 12, 20, 22, 26, 70, 91, 111, 119, 129, 131, 136, 139, 141, 145, 161, 206, 229, 233, Chapter 10 passim, 289, 359; Vol. 2, 43, 57, 63, 68, 70, 87, 89, 97, 98, 107, 121, 128, 140–42, 149, 153 7. Linguistic features 7.1. Orthography and phonology Vol. 1, 6, 20, 43, 46, 48, 59, 85, 112, 118, 127, 150–56, 158, 160–63, 171, 183, 185–87, 189, 190, 204–206, 208, 209, 212, 220, 226–29, 232–37, 239, 240, 252, 256, 258, 260, 264, 265, 284, 285, 293, 303, 304, 313–20, 322–25, 328, 329, 336–38, 344–48, 354, 356, 359; Vol. 2, 37, 43, 52, 54, 64, 66, 100, 107, 108, 152, 156, 178 (see also ‘noun orthography’, below)

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7.2. Morphology and syntax (see specific parts of speech, below) 7.3. Lexicon Vol. 1, 6, 11, 19, 20, 26–27, 32, 34, 36–37, 46–48, 57, 59, 62, 66, 71, 86–90, 100–102, 111–19, 129, 212–21, Chapter 11 passim, 346, 351–53, 359; Vol. 2, Chapter 1 passim, 72–77, 91–94, 106–108 (see also references to specific languages, below, and for particular lexical items, see the index of Hebrew and Aramaic words) 7.4. Verb Key: G = Qal N = Niphal D = Piel Dp = Pual HtD = Hithpael H = Hiphil Hp = Hophal Qatal = perfect, simple perfect, perfective, suffix conjugation, etc. Weqatálti = waw + perfect, copulative waw + perfect, etc. Weqataltí = waw consecutive perfect, converted waw + perfect, etc. Yiqtol = imperfect, simple imperfect, imperfective, non-perfective, prefix conjugation, etc. Weyiqtol = waw + imperfect, copulative waw + imperfect, etc. Wayyiqtol = waw consecutive imperfect, converted waw + imperfect, preterite, etc. Yaqom = jussive, short imperfect, etc. Eqtelah = cohortative, long imperfect, etc. Qtol = imperative Qetol = infinitive construct Qatol = infinitive absolute Qotel = participle Qatul = G passive participle 7.4.1. Verb morphology 7.4.1.1. Wayyiqtol + long III-He Vol. 1, 132–35, 357 7.4.1.2. Wayyiqtol, yiqtol and qtol + paragogic h_f Vol. 1, 132– 35, 137, 269, 348, 355, 356; Vol. 2, 168 7.4.1.3. Weqataltí Vol. 2, 150–52 7.4.1.4. Qatal 2fs yti_ Vol. 1, 191; Vol. 2, 37, 59, 167 7.4.1.5. Qatal 3fs t_a Vol. 1, 327; Vol. 2, 167 7.4.1.6. Qatal 3fs hayât > hāyĕtâh Vol. 1, 153, 230 7.4.1.7. Qatal 3ms hyFxf instead of yxf Vol. 1, 85, 133, 134, 273; Vol. 2, 156, 167 7.4.1.8. Weqatálti Vol. 2, 150–52 7.4.1.9. Yiqtol 2fs with û instead of shewa Vol. 2, 59 7.4.1.10. Yiqtol 3fp hnf_ Vol. 2, 166 7.4.1.11. Yiqtol + paragogic Nw%_ / Ny_i Vol. 1, 109, 128, 191; Vol. 2, 60, 123–26, 167

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7.4.1.12. H yiqtol with non-syncopation of h Vol. 2, 168 7.4.1.13. Yaqom + long III-He Vol. 1, 132 7.4.1.14. Yiqtol Nw%_ vs. yaqom w%_ in Aramaic Vol. 1, 210 7.4.1.15. H qetol with non-syncopation of h Vol. 2, 168 7.4.1.16. Aramaising qetol ending hyF_ Vol. 1, 192 7.4.1.17. Aramaising qetol with preformative m Vol. 2, 168 7.4.1.18. H-causative instead of šin-causative in Hebrew Vol. 1, 318–20 7.4.1.19. Retention of III-Yod instead of III-He Vol. 1, 153, 328, 329, 336 7.4.1.20. Confusion of III-Aleph and III-He Vol. 1, 226, 228, 229; Vol. 2, 169 7.4.1.21. D, Dp and HtD of II-Waw verbs with consonantal yod Vol. 1, 85, 113; Vol. 2, 59, 168 7.4.1.22. Dp pattern mequttal Vol. 2, 117, 168 7.4.1.23. Qatal, qetol and qotel of Psy on the model of PysiwOy Vol. 2, 167 7.4.2. Verb syntax 7.4.2.1. Relative frequencies of consecutive, copulative and simple verbs Vol. 1, 25, 28, 43, 53, 54, 77, 85, 104, 107, 127, 128, 132–35, 138, 155, 164, 205, 207, 226, 245, 260, 266, 271, 273, 321, 322, 325, 326, 332, 336– 39, 348, 354, 355; Vol. 2, 32, 77, 141–56, 162 7.4.2.2. Introductory yhiy:wA / hyFhfw: Vol. 1, 25, 42, 76–78, 85, 128, 138, 152, 165, 166, 354; Vol. 2, 153, 155, 162 7.4.2.3. Iterative weqataltí Vol. 1, 53, 138; Vol. 2, 152, 153 7.4.2.4. Qatal instead of yiqtol for cursive activity in the past Vol. 2, 162 7.4.2.5. Performative qatal Vol. 1, 164, 165, 232; Vol. 2, 163 7.4.2.6. z)f + qatal instead of yiqtol Vol. 2, 163 7.4.2.7. Yiqtol with past reference Vol. 1, 329 7.4.2.8. Yiqtol instead of eqtelah verb forms Vol. 1, 135, 269, 355 7.4.2.9. Yaqom and eqtelah verb forms without volitive meaning Vol. 1, 128, 268, 269; Vol. 2, 168 7.4.2.10. Conditional sentences having asyndetic apodosis with yiqtol instead of syndetic apodosis with weqataltí Vol. 1, 77, 85; Vol. 2, 141–49, 162 7.4.2.11. Sequences of positive commands Vol. 1, 53, 54, 128, 355; Vol. 2, 142, 156 7.4.2.12. Qetol verbs (un)preceded by yhiy:wA / hyFhfw: and/or b@; / k@; especially in temporal clauses Vol. 1, 42, 76–78, 85, 128, 132–34, 163, 165, 166, 273, 354; Vol. 2, 154, 155, 164 7.4.2.13. Frequency of l; + qetol in general Vol. 1, 40, 41, 72–74, 163, 226, 228, 348; Vol. 2, 79

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7.4.2.14. l; + qetol as indicative or predicate Vol. 1, 85; Vol. 2, 163 7.4.2.15. l; + qetol instead of coordinate consecutive or final finite verb constructions Vol. 1, 133, 348; Vol. 2, 163 7.4.2.16. l; + qetol instead of direct speech after verbs of commanding, speaking, etc. Vol. 1, 40, 41, 72–74; Vol. 2, 163 7.4.2.17. M(i + qetol as temporal Vol. 2, 165 7.4.2.18. Object of qetol before its predicate Vol. 1, 199; Vol. 2, 127, 128, 164 7.4.2.19. Frequency of qatol in general Vol. 1, 206, 240, 241; Vol. 2, 128, 129 7.4.2.20. Imperatival qatol Vol. 1, 25, 107, 160, 161, 169, 348; Vol. 2, 48, 128–32, 165 7.4.2.21. Qatol as predicate Vol. 1, 35, 240; Vol. 2, 128, 152, 165 7.4.2.22. Paronomastic qatol Vol. 1, 25, 53, 109, 128, 206, 226, 354; Vol. 2, 48, 128, 132–41, 165 7.4.2.23. Qotel as predicate Vol. 1, 355; Vol. 2, 165 7.4.2.24. Performative qotel Vol. 1, 232; Vol. 2, 163 7.4.2.25. hyh + qotel as periphrastic for cursive activity Vol. 1, 35, 42, 78, 85, 104, 132–34, 230, 236, 239, 240, 264, 273, 355; Vol. 2, 154, 165 7.4.2.26. Ny)' + qotel Vol. 1, 134, 243, 355 7.4.2.27. d(a plus qotel in sense of ‘while’ Vol. 1, 131, 135, 138; Vol. 2, 164 7.4.2.28. Qatul with active or stative meaning Vol. 2, 166 7.4.2.29. N instead of G passive Vol. 1, 134, 167; Vol. 2, 166 7.4.2.30. D instead of H Vol. 1, 113; Vol. 2, 59 7.4.2.31. H instead of G Vol. 1, 42, 78, 85, 127, 132–35, 273, 274; Vol. 2, 167 7.4.2.32. Active (personal) instead of passive (impersonal) constructions Vol. 2, 166 7.4.2.33. Transitive instead of intransitive constructions Vol. 2, 166 7.4.2.34. Particle )nf_ Vol. 1, 112, 134, 192, 270, 355; Vol. 2, 118–23, 161, 200 7.4.2.35. Ny)' + qetol or )$l + finite verb for negation instead of yt@il;bil; + finite verb or )$l + l; + qetol Vol. 2, 164 7.4.2.36. )$l N(amal; + yiqtol for expressing negative purpose instead of )$l r#$e)j N(amal; + yiqtol, )$l r#$e)j + yiqtol, Np%e + yiqtol, yt@il;bil; + qetol Vol. 1, 85; Vol. 2, 175 7.5. Noun 7.5.1. Noun orthography (see also ‘orthography and phonology’, above) 7.5.1.1. Defective vs. full spelling Vol. 1, 43, 85, 151–54, 161, 171, 186, 232, 239, 248; Vol. 2, 43, 178

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7.5.1.2. Aleph as mater lectionis in final position Vol. 1, 89, 127, 264; Vol. 2, 178, 201, 208 7.5.1.3. Medial vowel letters Vol. 1, 151, 152, 155, 158, 183, 185–87, 204 7.5.2. Noun phonology 7.5.2.1. tle$b@#i$ vs. tle$b@si Vol. 1, 189, 190, 193 7.5.3. Noun morphology 7.5.3.1. Pattern l+fq; Vol. 1, 85, 87, 114, 292; Vol. 2, 64, 172 7.5.3.2. Pattern lwO+qf Vol. 2, 173 7.5.3.3. Pattern NwOl+;qi Vol. 2, 64, 172 7.5.3.4. Pattern hlfy+iq; Vol. 1, 229 7.5.3.5. Pattern hl@f+uq; Vol. 2, 173 7.5.3.6. Patterns hlf+fq;ha and hlfy+iq;ha Vol. 2, 173 7.5.3.7. Interchange of My_i and Ny_i endings Vol. 1, 205, 210, 226–28, 232, 234, 239; Vol. 2, 45, 66, 173 7.5.3.8. Feminine plural forms with My_i and masculine plural forms with twO_ Vol. 2, 173 7.5.3.9. Afformative tw%_ Vol. 1, 21, 22, 37, 83–86, 88, 91, 112, 126, 132, 133, 135, 273; Vol. 2, 36, 64, 84, 85, 161, 172, 197, 202, 208 7.5.3.10. Theophoric endings hyF_ and w%hyF_ Vol. 1, 43, 86, 87, 107–109, 132–36, 156, 157, 167, 182, 183, 357; Vol. 2, 192 7.5.3.11. Theophoric element wy_ Vol. 1, 182, 183, 194 7.5.3.12. Directional/locative h_f Vol. 1, 42, 78–80, 112, 128, 133, 135, 169, 170, 273, 350, 351; Vol. 2, 29, 36, 161, 175 7.5.3.13. Paragogic vowel y_i Vol. 2, 169 7.5.3.14. Dissimilation of consonants Vol. 1, 115, 137, 348; Vol. 2, 172, 187, 213 7.5.3.15. Dissolving of final consonant cluster by insertion of short vowel Vol. 1, 183 7.5.3.16. Case ending theory Vol. 1, 184, 185, 205, 313–16, 336–38 7.5.3.17. Formation of gentilic nouns Vol. 1, 127, 161, 233, 258 7.5.3.18. Formation of certain proper names Vol. 2, 6 7.5.4. Noun syntax 7.5.4.1. Pluralising tendency Vol. 1, 84, 85, 92, 132–35, 239, 262, 273, 274; Vol. 2, 169 (many examples are given in the table of lexical features) 7.5.4.2. Collectives construed as singulars vs. plurals Vol. 1, 41, 75, 85, 128, 131, 132, 173, 327, 348, 357; Vol. 2, 32, 44, 103, 169 7.5.4.3. Plural of excellence or majesty construed as singular Vol. 2, 169 7.5.4.4. Plural instead of singular of gentilic word preceded by yn'b;@ Vol. 1, 127

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7.5.4.5. Doubly-marked plural construct chain formation Vol. 1, 85, 105, 132, 262; Vol. 2, 170 7.5.4.6. Quivis construction, i.e. repetition of singular lexeme joined by waw Vol. 1, 125, 126; Vol. 2, 170 7.5.4.7. t)' + nominative noun Vol. 1, 85, 348; Vol. 2, 172 7.5.4.8. l; + nominative noun and before the final expression in a sequence Vol. 2, 172 7.6. Adjective and numeral 7.6.1. Attributive Mybi@rA / twOb@rA before its noun Vol. 2, 170 7.6.2. Prenominal vs. postnominal syntax of numerals Vol. 1, 130, 132–34, 162, 164, 264, 273, 348, 357; Vol. 2, 171 7.6.3. Order of elements material weighed or measured + weight or measure (+ number) or vice versa Vol. 1, 85; Vol. 2, 171 7.6.4. Smaller before larger numerals Vol. 1, 155 7.6.5. Number ‘100’ as t)am; instead of h)fm; Vol. 1, 156 7.6.6. Adjective + b;@ + noun used attributively Vol. 2, 171 7.7. Pronoun 7.7.1. 3ms suffix h_o vs. wO_ Vol. 1, 150, 151, 184, 185, 206, 337, 348 7.7.2. 3ms suffix w%hn;_ vs. w%h_' Vol. 1, 321, 338 7.7.3. 3mp suffix Mheyt'wO_ vs. MtfwO_ Vol. 1, 41, 76, 128, 132, 133, 135, 273, 287; Vol. 2, 156, 173 7.7.4. 3mp suffix wOm_ vs. Mhe_ Vol. 1, 315, 327–30, 332, 333, 335, 338, 339 7.7.5. Non-syncopation of h in 3ms and 3mp suffixes Vol. 1, 128, 131, 132, 252, 265, 328; Vol. 2, 156, 171, 183, 204 7.7.6. Demonstrative t)Oz vs. MH wOz Vol. 1, 229, 247; Vol. 2, 64, 72, 76, 95, 156 7.7.7. Relative #$e Vol. 1, 177, 204, 213, 214, 227, 230, 233–37, 239, 240, 245, 247; Vol. 2, 44, 61, 64, 66, 76, 77, 210 7.7.8. Relative r#e$)j for yki@ Vol. 1, 85, 132–36, 258, 273, 274, 354; Vol. 2, 182 7.7.9. Aramaic relative yd@I / yzI Vol. 1, 204 7.7.10. Personal pronoun as emphatic subject of finite verb Vol. 2, 174 7.8. Definite article 7.8.1. Definite article _ha vs. )_f in Aramaic Vol. 1, 202, 204, 205 7.8.2. (Non-)syncopation of definite article _ha Vol. 1, 134, 232, 235; Vol. 2, 114, 115, 155, 174 7.8.3. Expression of certain toponyms with and without the definite article Vol. 2, 6 7.8.4. Relative use of definite article before finite verb Vol. 2, 115–18, 174, 187 7.9. Preposition 7.9.1. (Un)assimilated nun of Nmi before anarthrous noun Vol. 1, 86, 92, 108, 122, 132–35, 137, 166, 167, 182, 235–37, 273, 348, 349; Vol. 2, 104, 156, 176 7.9.2 b@; to indicate ‘when’ Vol. 1, 192 7.9.3. b@; for expression of causality Vol. 2, 175 7.9.4. b@; instead of t)' for marking direct object Vol. 2, 175

Analytical Outline of Subjects

293

7.9.5. l; used temporally Vol. 2, 195 7.9.6. l; instead of t)' for marking direct object Vol. 1, 85, 92, 104, 133, 134; Vol. 2, 44, 174 7.9.7. Movement verb + l; rather than l)e Vol. 1, 42, 80, 132, 136; Vol. 2, 158, 195 7.9.8. Prepositional phrase with l)e or l; instead of directional h_f Vol. 1, 42, 78–80; Vol. 2, 158 7.9.9. Interchange of l(a and l)e and general preference for l(a over l)e and other prepositions Vol. 1, 40, 71, 72, 85, 105, 132–36, 165, 166, 240, 259, 260, 265, 273, 274, 348, 356, 357; Vol. 2, 163, 203 7.9.10. ...l;...Nyb@' vs. Nyb'w%...Nyb@' Vol. 1, 85, 122–24, 132–34, 136, 273, 274, 354; Vol. 2, 175 7.9.11. M(i vs. t)' Vol. 2, 111–13, 203 7.9.12. Direct object t)' for preposition t)' Vol. 2, 174 7.9.13. Indirect object without preposition, i.e. adverbial accusative Vol. 1, 127, 128 7.10. Conjunction 7.10.1. Disjunctive questions introduced by M)iw:...hj vs. M)i...hj Vol. 1, 125 7.10.2. Subordinate clause introduced by conjunction instead of l; + qetol Vol. 2, 164 7.11. Clause, sentence and other issues 7.11.1. Verb-subject-object vs. subject-verb-object word order Vol. 2, 177; cf. Vol. 1, 70 7.11.2. Word order ZYX K7lem@eha vs. K7lem@eha ZYX Vol. 1, 132, 135, 348; Vol. 2, 103, 170 7.11.3. Diachronic chiasm, i.e. different orders of word pair Vol. 1, 42, 78, 85, 103, 108, 122, 128, 132, 135, 137, 158, 281; Vol. 2, 103, 170 7.11.4. Verb + object suffix vs. t)' + suffix Vol. 1, 31, 41, 42, 76, 85, 92, 127, 128, 131–37, 261, 262, 273, 274, 355; Vol. 2, 44, 59, 66, 79, 155, 174 7.11.5. Anticipatory/proleptic pronoun or l;, l; r#$e)j, l#e$ for possession Vol. 1, 85, 169, 185, 230; Vol. 2, 174 7.11.6. )w%h hzE as casus pendens Vol. 1, 133 7.11.7. yzI)j/z)f...#$e...yl'w%l for unreal conditions instead of another variation such as [email protected]'w%l/)l'w%l Vol. 1, 236; Vol. 2, 176 7.11.8. Subordinate declarative verbless clause with word order r#$e)j / yk@i + subject personal pronoun + nominal predicate instead of r#e$)j / yki@ + nominal predicate + subject personal pronoun Vol. 2, 176 7.11.9. Calendar formulas with order in which MwOyb@; begins or wOb@ ends formula Vol. 1, 132, 136; Vol. 2, 177 7.11.10. Asyndetic relative clause Vol. 2, 177 7.11.11. Asyndetic juxtaposition Vol. 2, 177 7.11.12. Brevity for the avoidance of repetition Vol. 1, 85; Vol. 2, 177 7.11.13. Incomplete or elliptical sentences, lacking explicit subject or verb Vol. 2, 177

294

Linguistic Dating of Biblical Texts

7.11.14. Accumulation of virtually synonymous verbs or nouns as in liturgical usage Vol. 2, 178 7.11.15. Use of masculine verbs and pronominal suffixes when feminine forms are expected Vol. 1, 85, 104, 128, 134, 176, 348, 357; Vol. 2, 60, 178 7.11.16. Conditional sentences Vol. 1, 28, 107, 133, 232, 233, 244, 246, 327; Vol. 2, 34, 75, 141–49, 180, 188 7.11.17. Noun–verb and nominal–finite verb ratios Vol. 1, 33–35, 95, 97–99; Vol. 2, 81–83 7.11.18. Typologically older linguistic features Vol. 1, 119, 162, 229, 242, 252–54, 265, 266, 321, 338; Vol. 2, 155–57 8. Non-Hebrew languages, language families, language regions, literature, Bible versions and vocabulary 8.1. Afroasiatic, Proto-Semitic, Semitic, Northwest Semitic, etc. Vol. 1, 6, 47, 53, 60, 130, 149, 174, 178, 181, 193, 194, 202, 204, 205, 207, 208, 212, 219, 230, 257, 265, 266, 280, 283, 285, 287, 294, 298, 299, 311, 313, 314, 316–18, 323–31, 335, 338, 343, 345, 347; Vol. 2, 52, 54, 57, 92, 109, 156 8.2. Akkadian (Assyrian and Babylonian) and Amarna Canaanite Vol. 1, 3, 5, 6, 22, 63, 67, 68, 91, 178, 227, 257, 282–86, 290, 293, 294, 297–99, 301, 312–18, 320, 322–25, 327–31, 335–39, 343; Vol. 2, 22, 38, 54, 67, 99 (see also ‘Canaanite’, below) 8.3. Ammonite Vol. 1, 6 8.4. Anatolian Vol. 1, 288 8.5. Arabic Vol. 1, 47, 48, 174, 175, 191, 209, 212, 298, 304, 317; Vol. 2, 55, 123 8.6. Aramaic Vol. 1, 2, 4–6, 11, 12, 16, 19, 21, 22, 24, 25, 27–29, 35, 37, 38, 45, 50, 61, 69–72, 84, 86, 90–93, 97, 112, 114, 121, 127, 129, 136, 141, 157, 167, 184, 185, 191, 192, 195–99, Chapter 8 passim, 226–37, 240, 244–46, 250–52, 257, 260, 262, 267, 270–72, 279, 280, 283, 285, 286, 291–95, 297–99, 303, 304, 306, 312, 317–19, 327, 337, 344, 349, 351, 352, 355, 359; Vol. 2, 8, 22, 24, 32, 34, 36–39, 41–45, 49–52, 55–59, 61, 64–68, 70, 73–75, 77, 83, 84, 91, 92, 99, 111, 123, 140, 148, 150, 154, 161, 166–68, 172 8.7. Australian Vol. 1, 299; Vol. 2, 93 8.8. Avestan Vol. 1, 282, 290 8.9. Canaanite Vol. 1, 6, 7, 45, 178, 181, 202–208, 210, 226, 284, 288, 289, 313, 318, 320, 334; Vol. 2, 44, 64 (see also ‘Akkadian and Amarna Canaanite’, above) 8.10. Chinese Vol. 1, 61 8.11. Deir >Alla Vol. 1, 202–208, 210, 299 8.12. Edomite Vol. 1, 6 8.13. Egyptian Vol. 1, 5, 162, 181, 281, 283, 284, 298, 308; Vol. 2, 7–9, 54, 58, 61 8.14. English Vol. 1, 46, 47, 61, 88, 97, 280, 282, 283, 313; Vol. 2, 10, 115 8.15. Ethiopic Vol. 2, 123 8.16. Finnish Vol. 1, 248 8.17. French Vol. 1, 62, 280

Analytical Outline of Subjects

295

8.18. German Vol. 1, 46, 47, 280; Vol. 2, 115 8.19. Greek Vol. 1, 2, 5, 6, 54, 70, 75, 79, 121, 126, 202, 233, 243, 250, 261, 267, 283, 286–90, 293, 294, 298, 302, 304, 306–309, 320, 326, 334, 344, 345, 350–52, 355–59; Vol. 2, 2, 5, 6, 23, 24, 26, 28, 29, 31, 35, 36, 41, 49, 52, 54, 57, 58, 61–63, 65, 67, 70, 92, 100, 115–17, 120, 122, 132, 158 8.20. Hittite Vol. 1, 283, 288, 295, 298, 317; Vol. 2, 22, 54 8.21. Hurrian Vol. 1, 298, 300, 308, 309, 317 8.22. Indian Vol. 1, 282, 283, 302; Vol. 2, 61 8.23. Indo-Aryan Vol. 1, 299 8.24. Indo-European Vol. 1, 288–90, 302 8.25. Iranian and Old Iranian Vol. 1, 282, 283, 289, 290, 293, 296–301, 303, 305, 307–309; Vol. 2, 16, 92–94 (see also ‘Persian and Old Persian’, below) 8.26. Italian Vol. 1, 175 8.27. Latin Vol. 1, 243, 250, 290, 293, 344; Vol. 2, 23, 170 8.28. Luwian Vol. 1, 288 8.29. Malayan Vol. 1, 282 8.30. Median Vol. 1, 289, 308; Vol. 2, 92 8.31. Mediterranean Vol. 1, 288, 308 8.32. Moabite Vol. 1, 6, 37, 76, 181, 205, 262, 313 8.33. Old Norse Vol. 1, 61 8.34. Old Parthian Vol. 1, 289 8.35. Persian and Old Persian Vol. 1, 2, 5, 11, 19, 31, 37, 61, 69, 86, 88, 92, 93, 115, 122, 129, 132–34, 262, 273, 274, 281–83, 286, 289–311; Vol. 2, 6, 7, 15, 16, 35, 45, 61, 62, 65, 67–70, 74, 91–94, 99 (see also ‘Iranian and Old Iranian’, above) 8.36. Philistine Vol. 1, 287, 288, 299, 302, 342 8.37. Phoenician and Punic Vol. 1, 2, 6, 30, 38, 181, 184, 185, 187, 204, 206, 232, 233, 244, 298, 312, 313, 317, 318, 320, 336, 343; Vol. 2, 44, 64, 65, 123 8.38. Sanskrit Vol. 1, 281–83, 290, 299, 302; Vol. 2, 61 8.39. Scandinavian Vol. 1, 46 8.40. Scythian Vol. 1, 289, 290 8.41. Somali Vol. 1, 97 8.42. South Arabian Vol. 1, 283 8.43. Spanish Vol. 1, 47 8.44. Sumerian Vol. 1, 314–17; Vol. 2, 54 8.45. Syriac Vol. 1, 189, 298, 306, 344 8.46. Tamil (-Malayālam) Vol. 1, 281–83 8.47. Ugaritic Vol. 1, 5, 6, 22, 67, 68, 91, 121, 178, 184, 190, 204, 209, 243, 282, 289, 298, 305, 312, 313, 316–22, 324, 328–31, 335–39, 343; Vol. 2, 54, 57, 61 9. Non-linguistic evidence and arguments related to dating Vol. 1, 1, 3, 16, 22, 32, 37, 60–63, 66–68, 81, 90, 101, 102, 120, 138, 160, 168, 329, 339; Vol. 2, Chapter 1 passim, 102, 151 (see also ‘literary-critical and text-critical issues’, above)

INDEX OF HEBREW AND ARAMAIC WORDS To locate particular phrases see any of the individual component words. Words in the reading passages in Volume 1 are unindexed unless they are mentioned or discussed elsewhere. In addition, the following items are unindexed here: conjunction w:; definite article _ha; prepositions b@;, k@;, l; and Nmi; directional/locative h_f; paragogic Nw%_; particle )nf_; theophoric endings hyF_ and w%hyF_; and pronominal suffixes. See the analytical outline of subjects to locate discussions of these items.

b)f db) yb) lbf)j Nbe)e zwOg)v hrFg%:)i l+fr:gA)j trEg%E)i wOd@)i NwOd)f MdF)f NdF)f ynFdo)j NwOk@r:dA)j trEdE@)a Myk#d) lh$e) twOlhf)j Mylihf)j NwOrhj)a hw) ywO) tlewE%)i rcfwO) rwO) hrFwO) z)f yzI)j lz)

Vol. 1, 125, 252, 265; Vol. 2, 15, 156 Vol. 1, 327 Vol. 1, 184, 187 Vol. 2, 179 Vol. 1, 125 Vol. 2, 61, 179 Vol. 1, 38 Vol. 1, 291; Vol. 2, 179 Vol. 1, 38, 40, 70, 72, 80, 87, 88, 91, 113, 114, 115, 132, 133, 220, 285; Vol. 2, 148, 179 Vol. 1, 165 Vol. 1, 94 Vol. 1, 122, 158, 159, 227, 229, 233; Vol. 2, 184 Vol. 1, 227 Vol. 1, 166 Vol. 1, 115, 291; Vol. 2, 179 Vol. 2, 213 Vol. 1, 295 Vol. 1, 46 Vol. 1, 283; Vol. 2, 61 Vol. 2, 61 Vol. 2, 192 Vol. 2, 213 Vol. 1, 306; Vol. 2, 179 Vol. 2, 202 Vol. 2, 68; Vol. 2, 186 Vol. 2, 179, 194 Vol. 2, 179 Vol. 1, 236; Vol. 2, 146, 163, 176, 184 Vol. 1, 236, 237; Vol. 2, 176 Vol. 1, 211, 327

Index of Hebrew and Aramaic Words Nz")f x)f dx) dxf)e twOx)f zx) hz@Fxu)j rx) rx')f NwOrxj)a yr"xj)a tyrIxj)a Np%fr:dA@#$;xa)j NrFt@;#$;xa)j Nw%+)' y)' y)i hzEy)' K7y)' hkfy)' h$ky)' hkfkfy)' yl'w%l@y)i Mlfy)' Ny)' hpfy)' #$y)i K7)a lk) lke$) l)a l)e

l)' )l@f)e Mymiw%g%l;)a hl) hlf)' hl@e)' whl) Myh$il)v Nhl) w%l@)' w%l@)i

297

Vol. 1, 303 Vol. 1, 252; Vol. 2, 156, 209 Vol. 1, 280 Vol. 1, 76, 224; Vol. 2, 34, 143, 193, 195 Vol. 1, 265 Vol. 1, 131, 133, 280; Vol. 2, 179 Vol. 1, 132; Vol. 2, 15, 107 Vol. 2, 179 Vol. 1, 265; Vol. 2, 213 Vol. 1, 121 Vol. 1, 128, 132 Vol. 1, 121; Vol. 2, 202 Vol. 1, 291; Vol. 2, 179 Vol. 1, 291, 293; Vol. 2, 179 Vol. 2, 58 Vol. 1, 226 Vol. 2, 179 Vol. 2, 179 Vol. 1, 355; Vol. 2, 180, 187 Vol. 2, 180, 187 Vol. 2, 32 Vol. 2, 180 Vol. 1, 236 Vol. 1, 122 Vol. 1, 132, 134, 158, 159, 243, 273, 355; Vol. 2, 164, 180 Vol. 1, 284 Vol. 1, 85, 120, 131, 135, 153, 159, 165, 167, 204, 239, 351; Vol. 2, 55, 116, 117, 197 Vol. 1, 134, 355; Vol. 2, 180 Vol. 1, 224, 228; Vol. 2, 132, 150, 152, 204 Vol. 2, 197 Vol. 2, 146, 180 Vol. 1, 40, 42, 43, 71, 72, 78, 80, 85, 105, 126, 134–36, 165, 166, 205, 233, 240, 259, 260, 265, 274, 348, 356, 357; Vol. 2, 44, 59, 143, 147, 175, 181, 195, 203 Vol. 1, 260 Vol. 1, 229 Vol. 2, 180 Vol. 1, 120 Vol. 2, 180 Vol. 1, 229, 241 Vol. 1, 205 Vol. 1, 132, 135, 136, 224, 327; Vol. 2, 169, 180, 183 Vol. 1, 204 Vol. 1, 229, 241 Vol. 1, 133, 244, 246; Vol. 2, 75, 144, 180

Linguistic Dating of Biblical Texts

298 hyFl;)a by#$iyFl;)e (#$fyli)v yll) MygImul;)a hnfmfl;)a rzF(fl;)e Ple)e M)i hmf)f hmf@)a NwOm)f Nm@f)f hnfmf)j Cm) rm) rme)' rme)o N)e w%n)f #$wOn)v xn) w%nx;na)j yni)j hy,fni)/ yk$in)f sn) Ps) Ps')f rs) rs@f)i rt@'s;)e P)a NdEp%e)a qp) NwOyr:p%i)a lce)' grE)e NwOr)j K7wOyr:)a K7rE)o NwOmr:)a

Vol. 2, 117 Vol. 1, 160, 169 Vol. 1, 166 Vol. 1, 236 Vol. 2, 180 Vol. 1, 319 Vol. 1, 235 Vol. 1, 155 Vol. 1, 85, 107, 125, 132, 133, 229, 244; Vol. 2, 34, 133, 141, 143, 144, 146, 147–49, 162, 180, 188, 190, 193 Vol. 1, 104, 158 Vol. 1, 85, 153, 155; Vol. 2, 181 Vol. 2, 181 Vol. 1, 285; Vol. 2, 181 Vol. 2, 181 Vol. 1, 271, 326 Vol. 1, 35, 36, 41, 72–74, 94, 133, 207, 236, 245; Vol. 2, 44, 59, 155 Vol. 1, 270 Vol. 1, 270 Vol. 1, 229 Vol. 1, 175, 177, 178, 230, 240, 241, 247; Vol. 2, 76 Vol. 2, 184 Vol. 1, 120; Vol. 2, 181 Vol. 1, 175, 177, 188, 230, 240, 241, 247; Vol. 2, 76 Vol. 1, 53, 85, 94, 120, 131, 136, 146, 177, 353, 354; Vol. 2, 16, 35, 44, 61, 64, 66, 133, 148, 181 Vol. 2, 197, 202 Vol. 1, 53, 85, 131, 136, 146, 177, 318, 353, 354; Vol. 2, 16, 35, 44, 61, 66, 181 Vol. 2, 181 Vol. 1, 41, 75, 85, 228; Vol. 2, 134, 136, 137, 194 Vol. 2, 181 Vol. 2, 207 Vol. 2, 15 Vol. 1, 167 Vol. 1, 85, 236, 239; Vol. 2, 194 Vol. 1, 291; Vol. 2, 181 Vol. 2, 181 Vol. 2, 61, 181 Vol. 1, 85, 233, 237; Vol. 2, 181 Vol. 2, 210 Vol. 1, 105 Vol. 1, 300, 307; Vol. 2, 93 Vol. 2, 196 Vol. 1, 114; Vol. 2, 183

Index of Hebrew and Aramaic Words CrE)e rr) #$)' td@F#$)' h#$%f)i h#$e%)i hy#) #$y#$i)f l#e$)' M#$) P#$%f)a r#$e)j

Mt@a#$)' t)' t)'

ht) ht@f)a Mt@e)a b (ba#$e r)'b@; lbeb@f dgEbe@ db@a ldb lhb Mheb@f )wb Cw%b@ hcfw%b@ #$wb zb@a hzb hzF@b@i rzb NwOxb@f rxb N+ebe@ Nyb

299

Vol. 1, 84, 85, 351; Vol. 2, 169, 182, 196 Vol. 1, 151, 158, 159 Vol. 1, 204, 303, 304 Vol. 1, 303, 304 Vol. 1, 258, 265; Vol. 2, 59, 176, 201 Vol. 2, 182 Vol. 1, 167 Vol. 1, 258 Vol. 2, 180 Vol. 2, 14 Vol. 1, 285 Vol. 1, 70, 74, 85, 132–36, 157, 158, 177, 178, 213, 227, 233, 240, 245, 247, 258, 264, 273, 274, 354, 357; Vol. 2, 44, 61, 64, 66, 76, 77, 116, 117, 144, 148, 174–76, 180, 182, 187, 205, 210 Vol. 1, 303 (preposition) Vol. 1, 107, 108, 158; Vol. 2, 111–13, 116, 117, 174, 203 (direct object) Vol. 1, 31, 41, 76, 85, 92, 104, 127, 128, 133, 134, 136, 137, 165, 232, 237, 261, 262, 348, 355; Vol. 2, 44, 59, 66, 79, 155, 172, 174, 175, 195, 201 Vol. 1, 205; Vol. 2, 182 Vol. 2, 148, 184 Vol. 1, 125; Vol. 2, 133 (‘bath’) Vol. 1, 162, 164 Vol. 1, 165 Vol. 1, 79, 108 Vol. 2, 213 Vol. 2, 190, 194 Vol. 2, 182 Vol. 1, 293; Vol. 2, 183 Vol. 1, 131, 132, 328; Vol. 2, 156, 171, 183 Vol. 1, 36, 40, 41, 42, 72, 78, 80, 85, 101, 104, 107, 154, 205, 211, 228; Vol. 2, 116, 143, 147, 182 Vol. 1, 16, 38, 45, 46, 51, 85, 87, 88, 89, 91, 113, 133; Vol. 2, 183 Vol. 1, 38 Vol. 1, 127; Vol. 2, 183 Vol. 1, 114; Vol. 2, 183 Vol. 1, 104 Vol. 1, 114, 115, 132; Vol. 2, 183 Vol. 2, 183 Vol. 2, 173 Vol. 2, 184 Vol. 1, 259, 260 Vol. 1, 131, 132, 133, 136, 189, 273, 274, 321, 326; Vol. 2, 183

Linguistic Dating of Biblical Texts

300 Nyb@' hnfyb@i hrFyb@i tyIb@a wk#m tyb hkb Nk'b@; )$lb@; dbal;bi@ Mb@f hmfbf@ Nb@' hnb twnb Nyfn;bi@ rsb rw%b(jb@a dwO(b@; t(b dqb (qb rqfbf@ #$qb h#$fq@fb@a rb@a rb@a rb@o r(brb #$wOrb;@ twOrb@; lzEr:b@a tyrIb@; Krb hkfrFb@; w%hyFk;rEb@e rrb r#ob r#fob@f Nwr#b K7wOtb@; h)g l)g l)$ag%

Vol. 1, 85, 122–24, 132–34, 136, 273, 274, 354; Vol. 2, 175, 183 Vol. 2, 196 Vol. 1, 114, 115, 132, 293; Vol. 2, 183 Vol. 1, 46, 91, 114, 120, 132, 135, 157, 158, 165, 169, 235, 237, 349; Vol. 2, 15, 68, 181, 183, 184, 193 Vol. 1, 235 Vol. 1, 132, 206 Vol. 2, 184 Vol. 2, 182, 195 Vol. 1, 229 Vol. 1, 132, 328; Vol. 2, 156, 183 Vol. 1, 181; Vol. 2, 19 Vol. 1, 85, 94, 121, 122, 126, 127, 164, 166, 206, 236, 299; Vol. 2, 47, 52, 184, 192 Vol. 1, 74, 205; Vol. 2, 133, 150–52, 184 Vol. 1, 236 Vol. 2, 184 Vol. 1, 237 Vol. 2, 202 Vol. 1, 152 Vol. 2, 184 Vol. 1, 166, 188 Vol. 1, 74 Vol. 2, 184 Vol. 2, 184 Vol. 1, 133, 244; Vol. 2, 184 (‘son’) Vol. 1, 205; Vol. 2, 52 (‘pure’) Vol. 2, 52 Vol. 2, 52 Vol. 1, 205 Vol. 1, 105, 210 Vol. 1, 210 Vol. 1, 280 Vol. 1, 94; Vol. 2, 107, 181 Vol. 1, 73; Vol. 2, 184, 211 Vol. 1, 224 Vol. 1, 107 Vol. 1, 133, 273; Vol. 2, 184 Vol. 1, 75 Vol. 1, 85, 113; Vol. 2, 185 Vol. 1, 237 Vol. 2, 186 Vol. 1, 336 Vol. 1, 132; Vol. 2, 185 Vol. 2, 185

Index of Hebrew and Aramaic Words lw%bg%: rwOb@g%i rbg gg%A dw%dg%: lwOdg%F hl@fw%dg:% wydg ldg ldE$g% hyFl;dAg:% rd"gF% ywOg% hyFwFg%: (wg hpfw%g% lrFwOg% rb@fz:g%I lz"gF% hlfz"g:% rzg rzEg%E lygI% lg%Fl;g%I hlglg hlg llg My)llg Mg%A )me$g% lw%mg%: lmg rmg NgA% hn%fg%I znegE% K7zan;g%A l(g rg"% NzEr:g%A MrEg%E tg%A Myit@ag%I rybid@: qbd

Vol. 2, 196 Vol. 2, 170 Vol. 2, 185 Vol. 2, 185 Vol. 2, 114, 185 Vol. 1, 108 Vol. 2, 185 Vol. 1, 182 Vol. 2, 210 Vol. 2, 185 Vol. 1, 167 Vol. 2, 194 Vol. 1, 235 Vol. 2, 185 Vol. 1, 85 Vol. 2, 185 Vol. 2, 44, 185 Vol. 1, 291; Vol. 2, 185 Vol. 2, 185 Vol. 2, 185 Vol. 2, 185 Vol. 1, 80 Vol. 2, 186 Vol. 1, 79 Vol. 1, 232 Vol. 1, 73; Vol. 2, 150, 152 Vol. 2, 186 Vol. 1, 232, 233 Vol. 1, 236, 239; Vol. 2, 134, 135, 146 Vol. 1, 284 Vol. 1, 125 Vol. 1, 121, 125, 214 Vol. 1, 260 Vol. 2, 206 Vol. 2, 206 Vol. 1, 291; Vol. 2, 186 Vol. 1, 115, 291; Vol. 2, 186 Vol. 2, 185, 186 Vol. 2, 114 Vol. 1, 152 Vol. 2, 56 Vol. 1, 351 Vol. 1, 351 Vol. 2, 183 Vol. 1, 191; Vol. 2, 60, 186

301

Linguistic Dating of Biblical Texts

302 rbd rbfd@F rb@'dI@ lgEd@E dwId@F dwOd@ xwd dywId@F rwOd@ Pxd yd@A yd@I tpaydI@ MdF@ hmd Mmd q#&eme@d@A h(fd"@ t(ad@A MwOrd@F K7rEd@E NwOmk@;r:da@ q#&emer:d@A #$rd td@A _hj lbehe rdFhf hrFdFhj )w%h hwh )yhi hyh

K7yh' lkfyh' zlf@ha Klh llh Mh' hmh hm@fh'

Vol. 1, 73, 189, 209, 260; Vol. 2, 107, 186 Vol. 1, 43, 75, 152, 209, 210; Vol. 2, 32, 187, 191, 192, 194, 196, 200, 203, 206, 211 Vol. 2, 37, 116 Vol. 1, 220, 221; Vol. 2, 15 Vol. 1, 85, 239, 348; Vol. 2, 117, 178 Vol. 1, 245; Vol. 2, 186 Vol. 1, 85; Vol. 2, 186 Vol. 1, 85, 239, 348; Vol. 2, 178 Vol. 1, 42, 76, 125; Vol. 2, 170 Vol. 1, 133, 293; Vol. 2, 186 Vol. 1, 229 Vol. 1, 204 Vol. 2, 15 Vol. 1, 127; Vol. 2, 186 Vol. 2, 213 Vol. 2, 213 Vol. 1, 115, 348; Vol. 2, 172, 187 Vol. 2, 196 Vol. 2, 196 Vol. 2, 187 Vol. 1, 85; Vol. 2, 114, 196, 211 Vol. 2, 179 Vol. 1, 115, 137, 348; Vol. 2, 172, 187 Vol. 1, 133, 273; Vol. 2, 149, 187 Vol. 1, 291, 292, 300, 303, 304, 310; Vol. 2, 93, 94, 187 (interrogative) Vol. 1, 125, 257; Vol. 2, 133 Vol. 1, 328 Vol. 2, 187 Vol. 2, 187 Vol. 1, 133, 265, 266, 323; Vol. 2, 7, 147, 148, 151, 152, 176 Vol. 1, 219, 237 Vol. 1, 236, 265, 323; Vol. 2, 176 Vol. 1, 25, 35, 42, 76–78, 85, 104, 107, 125, 128, 131–35, 138, 151–53, 165, 166, 219, 230, 235–37, 239, 264, 273, 337, 354, 355; Vol. 2, 55, 127, 143, 153–55, 162, 165 Vol. 1, 133; Vol. 2, 187 Vol. 1, 114, 120, 285; Vol. 2, 181, 183 Vol. 2, 114, 115 Vol. 1, 36, 85, 91, 101, 131, 134, 136, 154, 211, 274; Vol. 2, 116, 117, 131, 132, 187 Vol. 1, 210; Vol. 2, 116, 117, 211 Vol. 1, 53, 265; Vol. 2, 104 Vol. 2, 52 Vol. 1, 53, 265; Vol. 2, 104, 147

Index of Hebrew and Aramaic Words

303

NwOmhf Nmfhf Nh' Nh' hn%'hi lch rha hb'@r:ha hrFhf srh

Vol. 2, 199 Vol. 1, 157 (conjunction) Vol. 2, 34, 144, 148, 188, 195 (interjection) Vol. 1, 150; Vol. 2, 34 Vol. 2, 133, 146 Vol. 1, 233 Vol. 1, 316 Vol. 1, 114; Vol. 2, 198, 208 Vol. 2, 197 Vol. 1, 85, 116, 117; Vol. 2, 201

t)$z xbazE Nbz twnbz hdz hzE h$z bhfzF rhz trhz wOz tywIzF (wz yzI NwOdyz" NyIzA K7zA rkz NwOrk@fzI rymizF Nmz Nmfz: hrFm;zI NzA hnz xnz P(z P('zF q(z hqf(fz: Nq'zF Pqz hrz xrz trEzE

Vol. 1, 125, 128, 132, 229, 247; Vol. 2, 64, 76, 95, 156, 188 Vol. 1, 328 Vol. 1, 236 Vol. 1, 236 Vol. 1, 154 Vol. 1, 133, 151, 152, 229, 270; Vol. 2, 19, 182, 203 Vol. 1, 247; Vol. 2, 64, 72, 76, 188 Vol. 1, 85, 108, 122, 128, 132, 135, 158, 281; Vol. 2, 170, 188 Vol. 1, 271; Vol. 2, 188 Vol. 1, 271 Vol. 1, 229, 247; Vol. 2, 76, 95, 156 Vol. 2, 188 Vol. 1, 133; Vol. 2, 188 Vol. 1, 204 Vol. 2, 188 Vol. 1, 303 Vol. 1, 183 Vol. 1, 268, 269, 324; Vol. 2, 188, 204 Vol. 1, 108; Vol. 2, 172 Vol. 1, 186 Vol. 2, 188 Vol. 1, 132, 291, 299, 301; Vol. 2, 64, 188 Vol. 1, 338 Vol. 1, 89, 291; Vol. 2, 188 Vol. 2, 149 Vol. 2, 167, 188 Vol. 2, 188 Vol. 2, 188 Vol. 1, 73, 85, 131, 133, 273; Vol. 2, 104, 149, 189 Vol. 2, 189 Vol. 1, 351; Vol. 2, 205 Vol. 1, 351; Vol. 2, 189 Vol. 2, 183 Vol. 1, 271 Vol. 1, 284

Linguistic Dating of Biblical Texts

304

lbexe rbx rbexe NwOrb;xe gxa hwFd:xe rdExe #$dx #$dExo bwx bwOx hwx hwx lwx hmfwOx swx Cw%x rw%x hzx NwOzxf qzx hqfz:xf hqfz:xe hyF,qiz:xi w%hy,Fqiz:xi rzx t)+%fxa NybiyF,xa hdFyxi hyx NwFyx' lyx lyIxa Mkfxf yd@Al;xe NwOl@xa llx Plx Clx hdFmuxj hdF@m;xe rme$x #$m'xf Nw%n%xa tynixj

Vol. 2, 196 Vol. 2, 189 Vol. 1, 232; Vol. 2, 185 Vol. 1, 351 Vol. 2, 189, 192 Vol. 2, 189 Vol. 1, 122 Vol. 2, 189 Vol. 1, 184 Vol. 1, 229; Vol. 2, 189 Vol. 1, 229; Vol. 2, 189 (‘bow down’) Vol. 1, 36, 192 (‘declare’) Vol. 1, 206, 210 Vol. 2, 137 Vol. 2, 114, 194 Vol. 1, 121 Vol. 1, 265; Vol. 2, 190, 211 Vol. 2, 190 Vol. 1, 204–206, 270 Vol. 2, 200 Vol. 1, 271; Vol. 2, 185, 190, 210, 214 Vol. 2, 190, 214 Vol. 2, 190 Vol. 1, 43 Vol. 1, 43 Vol. 1, 230 Vol. 2, 190 Vol. 1, 229 Vol. 2, 32 Vol. 1, 85, 132–34, 273; Vol. 2, 147, 156, 167 Vol. 1, 202 Vol. 2, 137 Vol. 2, 170, 185 Vol. 1, 224; Vol. 2, 114, 115 Vol. 1, 108 Vol. 2, 114 Vol. 1, 85 Vol. 2, 212 Vol. 2, 59 Vol. 2, 190 Vol. 2, 190, 196 Vol. 1, 163 Vol. 1, 85 Vol. 1, 42, 78, 108, 121, 122, 132, 135 Vol. 2, 212

Index of Hebrew and Aramaic Words hkf@nuxj w%hyFn:nAxj dsexe dsexe hsx rsx rse$x NwOrs;xe hpf%xu zpx Cpx Cpex' bc'xo twOcxj rccx rc'xf q$x hqf@xu qqx rqx r$x brExe drx hrx M+or:xa MrEx' PrE$x hp%fr:xe Crx #$rx #$rFxf b#$x NwOb@#$;xe h#$x Ktx Mtfxo

Vol. 2, 173, 190 Vol. 1, 164, 165 (‘shame’) Vol. 2, 58 (‘faithfulness, godly action’) Vol. 1, 239; Vol. 2, 190 Vol. 1, 328 Vol. 1, 315 Vol. 2, 190, 207 Vol. 2, 190 Vol. 1, 122 Vol. 2, 183, 186 Vol. 1, 167 Vol. 2, 190 Vol. 1, 154 Vol. 1, 228 Vol. 2, 191 Vol. 1, 85; Vol. 2, 203 Vol. 2, 44, 187, 191 Vol. 2, 187 Vol. 2, 191 Vol. 1, 210 Vol. 2, 206 Vol. 1, 257 Vol. 2, 184, 188 Vol. 1, 85; Vol. 2, 194 Vol. 1, 284 Vol. 1, 257 Vol. 2, 202 Vol. 2, 214 Vol. 2, 191 Vol. 2, 44, 213 Vol. 2, 181 Vol. 2, 44 Vol. 2, 191 Vol. 2, 213 Vol. 2, 191 Vol. 1, 284

t(ab@a+a bwO+ hbfwO+ hy,FbiwO+ hw+ lw+ rw%+ ll+ lla+;

Vol. 1, 284 Vol. 1, 43, 123, 132, 133; Vol. 2, 188, 191, 192, 209 Vol. 2, 188 Vol. 1, 107 Vol. 2, 191 Vol. 2, 191 Vol. 1, 212 Vol. 1, 212 Vol. 1, 212

305

Linguistic Dating of Biblical Texts

306 )m+ h)fm;+u h(+ M(a+a P+a rwO)y: hy,F#$i)$y #$by #$b'yF (gy dyF hdy (dy hyF(;dAy: )w%hy" hdFw%hy: ydIw%hy: tydIw%hy: hwFhy: lhy MwOy )mfwOy MmfwOy NwFyF rt'wOy dxy dxayA wd@Fx;yA hyF,qiz:xiy: w%hy,Fqiz:xiy: #oxy b+y NyIyA lky dly MyF NymiyF dsy Psy d(y C(y bqo(jyA )cy hqfcuy:

Vol. 2, 150, 152, 186 Vol. 2, 185 Vol. 2, 191 Vol. 2, 44, 191 Vol. 1, 258 Vol. 1, 284 Vol. 1, 107 Vol. 1, 127, 135 Vol. 1, 80 Vol. 2, 44 Vol. 1, 70, 90, 132–34, 166, 273; Vol. 2, 106–108, 148, 191, 214 Vol. 1, 132; Vol. 2, 191, 211 Vol. 1, 36, 85, 121, 191, 235, 261; Vol. 2, 60, 192 Vol. 1, 107 Vol. 2, 107 Vol. 1, 121 Vol. 2, 32, 176 Vol. 1, 6 Vol. 1, 108, 114, 121, 224; Vol. 2, 32, 183, 184, 187 Vol. 2, 59 Vol. 1, 77, 85, 125, 154, 162, 202; Vol. 2, 19, 106, 114, 115, 177, 186, 192, 205 Vol. 1, 202 Vol. 2, 158 Vol. 1, 126, 127; Vol. 2, 47 Vol. 1, 133; Vol. 2, 192 Vol. 1, 207 Vol. 2, 143 Vol. 2, 34, 193 Vol. 1, 43 Vol. 1, 43 Vol. 1, 114, 115; Vol. 2, 192 Vol. 1, 35, 43, 132, 133; Vol. 2, 191, 192 Vol. 1, 161, 162, 164, 183, 187 Vol. 1, 243; Vol. 2, 204, 214 Vol. 1, 85, 114; Vol. 2, 16, 116, 192 Vol. 1, 121; Vol. 2, 198 Vol. 1, 154 Vol. 2, 52 Vol. 2, 167 Vol. 2, 188 Vol. 2, 52 Vol. 1, 235 Vol. 1, 36, 85, 101, 163, 165, 211; Vol. 2, 136, 147 Vol. 2, 196

Index of Hebrew and Aramaic Words rqfy: dry Nd@"r:yA MyIla#f$w%ry: MIla#$fw%ry: xrAy: w%hyFm;r:yI l)'rF#;oyI yli)'r:#;&yI b#$y (Aw%#$y' h(fw%#$y: +#$y N#y (#$y hpe#$;yF r#$y MwOtyF rty rteyE NwOrt;yI dxf)ek@; r#$e)jka@ dbk dwObk@f rbfk@; yd"k;@ hk@o Nh$'k@ (bawOk@ lwk Nwk xA$k@ yki@ NwOdyki@ lyk hkfkf@ rk@fk@i l$k@ hlk ylik@; Nk@' snk

307

Vol. 1, 87, 114, 115; Vol. 2, 192 Vol. 1, 211; Vol. 2, 59 Vol. 1, 308 Vol. 1, 43; Vol. 2, 178 Vol. 1, 42, 43, 78, 80, 121; Vol. 2, 178, 211 Vol. 1, 184, 185 Vol. 1, 166 Vol. 1, 127, 224, 357; Vol. 2, 182, 192, 193 Vol. 1, 127 Vol. 1, 85, 264 Vol. 1, 232, 235 Vol. 1, 337 Vol. 2, 193 Vol. 1, 183 Vol. 2, 149 Vol. 1, 304 Vol. 1, 43; Vol. 2, 194 Vol. 1, 319 Vol. 1, 162 Vol. 1, 87, 162; Vol. 2, 211 Vol. 2, 64 Vol. 2, 34, 193 Vol. 1, 70 Vol. 2, 193, 210 Vol. 1, 87, 114; Vol. 2, 192 Vol. 2, 64 Vol. 1, 229 Vol. 2, 115 Vol. 1, 108, 134, 227, 264, 273; Vol. 2, 192 Vol. 1, 288, 342 Vol. 1, 186; Vol. 2, 193 Vol. 1, 189; Vol. 2, 191, 205 Vol. 2, 204 Vol. 1, 77, 85, 107, 121, 132–36, 151, 240, 243, 273, 274, 354, 355; Vol. 2, 133, 141, 143–49, 162, 176, 180, 182, 190, 193 Vol. 2, 212 Vol. 1, 186 Vol. 1, 236; Vol. 2, 203 Vol. 2, 179, 197 Vol. 1, 85, 94, 125, 126, 233, 292; Vol. 2, 170, 182, 193, 203, 204 Vol. 1, 186; Vol. 2, 212 Vol. 1, 262; Vol. 2, 179, 194 Vol. 1, 128, 189; Vol. 2, 184, 195 Vol. 1, 85, 133, 227, 228; Vol. 2, 194

Linguistic Dating of Biblical Texts

308 N(anak@; hsk lseke@ Psk Psek@e s(k Pk@a Pk@' rwOpk@; rpk Krbh [rpk] trE$p%k@a Krk M$k@r:k@a lymir:k@a sp%ar:k@a trk Myd@I#o;k@a r#$k btk btfk;@ hbtk Myy,It@iki@ lte$k@ tneto@k@u rteke@ Mtek@e )lf )$l Ny)'l; r#$e)jla bl' bbfl' dbal; hnfwObl; #$w%bl; yt@il;bil; Nh'lf w%l )w%l hwl zw%l ywIl' )l'w%l

Vol. 1, 6 Vol. 1, 259, 336, 338 Vol. 2, 202 Vol. 2, 213 Vol. 1, 85, 108, 122, 128, 132, 135, 158, 165, 281; Vol. 2, 170 Vol. 1, 85, 335; Vol. 2, 194 Vol. 2, 179 Vol. 2, 194 Vol. 1, 132; Vol. 2, 194 Vol. 1, 85 Vol. 1, 232 Vol. 2, 183 Vol. 1, 232 Vol. 1, 282; Vol. 2, 61, 194 Vol. 1, 89, 291; Vol. 2, 194 Vol. 1, 291 Vol. 1, 73; Vol. 2, 107 Vol. 2, 46 Vol. 2, 194 Vol. 1, 41, 72, 240; Vol. 2, 132, 209 Vol. 1, 85, 87, 114, 115, 136, 274, 292; Vol. 2, 172, 194 Vol. 1, 233, 237 Vol. 1, 161, 258 Vol. 1, 245; Vol. 2, 61, 194 Vol. 2, 213 Vol. 2, 194 Vol. 1, 285 Vol. 1, 229, 318 Vol. 1, 41, 75, 85, 189, 229, 236, 243, 257, 259, 265, 318, 319, 346, 355; Vol. 2, 133, 143, 144, 146, 164, 175, 180, 182, 195 Vol. 1, 132, 134, 273; Vol. 2, 180 Vol. 2, 180 Vol. 1, 86, 119; Vol. 2, 32, 103, 107–11, 195, 199, 201 Vol. 1, 86, 119; Vol. 2, 103, 108–11, 143, 201 Vol. 1, 229; Vol. 2, 190 Vol. 1, 282 Vol. 2, 213 Vol. 1, 85; Vol. 2, 164, 175 Vol. 2, 195 Vol. 1, 244; Vol. 2, 144, 180 Vol. 2, 144, 180 Vol. 2, 189 Vol. 1, 79 Vol. 1, 264 Vol. 2, 144, 176

Index of Hebrew and Aramaic Words

309

xqale t)rAq;li #ql brolf NwO#$lf hk@f#$;li

Vol. 2, 144, 176 Vol. 1, 319 Vol. 1, 228 Vol. 2, 193 Vol. 2, 193 Vol. 2, 195 Vol. 2, 195 Vol. 2, 195 Vol. 1, 206 Vol. 1, 206; Vol. 2, 195 Vol. 2, 214 Vol. 1, 114, 115; Vol. 2, 198 Vol. 1, 85; Vol. 2, 175, 210 Vol. 1, 42, 78, 132, 259; Vol. 2, 195 Vol. 2, 195 Vol. 2, 195 Vol. 1, 43, 132, 133, 271; Vol. 2, 192, 194, 197 Vol. 1, 36, 88, 99, 107, 114, 134, 167, 235, 265, 270, 314, 324, 355; Vol. 2, 59, 82, 195, 201, 207 Vol. 1, 270 Vol. 1, 35, 154 Vol. 1, 186 Vol. 1, 132; Vol. 2, 208 Vol. 2, 196 Vol. 1, 288; Vol. 2, 201

h)fm' ytamf@y)'m' lkf)jma rmf)jma s)m t)'m' )wObmf wOd@gIm; NwOd@gIm; hnfd@Fg:mi hpfrFg:me ddm hnfydIm; (d@Fma #$rFd:mi hmf K7lfhjma rhm hrFh'm; lwm

Vol. 1, 155, 156; Vol. 2, 205 Vol. 1, 226 Vol. 2, 197 Vol. 2, 196 Vol. 2, 192 Vol. 1, 107, 108 Vol. 2, 198 Vol. 2, 196 Vol. 2, 196 Vol. 2, 196 Vol. 1, 121 Vol. 1, 186 Vol. 1, 132, 133, 292, 348; Vol. 2, 196 Vol. 1, 132, 240; Vol. 2, 196 Vol. 1, 115; Vol. 2, 196 Vol. 1, 233; Vol. 2, 146, 196 Vol. 1. 85, 132; Vol. 2, 196 Vol. 1, 35, 355, 356; Vol. 2, 183, 186 Vol. 1, 356 Vol. 1, 214

yl'w%l Mxele hlfy:la lkfl; l$k@la Nk'lf )$ll; dml hmfl; hm@flf dw%m@li hlf(;mal; N(amal; g(l twOm@(ul; tm@a(ul; yn'p;li xql

Linguistic Dating of Biblical Texts

310 d('wOm )cfwOm tqecew%m & b#f$wOm twm xAb@'z:mi gzEme hz@Emi NwOzmf xzAm' qrFz:mi zwOxm; tqe$lxjma hnexjma Myinaxjma rsox;ma trFx/mf hbf#$fxjma ht@fx;ma h+%fmi hrF+%fma ymi hkfymi hyFkfymi w%hy:kfymi Nymi MyIsanfk;mi skeme rk@fma hrFk'm; bt@fk;mi )lm h)fl'm; K7)fl;ma hkf)lfm; hlf@mi hkfw%lm; xl@fma hmfxfl;mi Klm K7leme K7$lm; tw%kl;ma llm

Vol. 2, 173, 188, 192, 196 Vol. 1, 155 Vol. 2, 196 Vol. 2, 197 Vol. 1, 85, 323; Vol. 2, 131, 133, 147, 162 Vol. 1, 117, 122; Vol. 2, 114, 203 Vol. 2, 197 Vol. 2, 198 Vol. 1, 224; Vol. 2, 197 Vol. 2, 197 Vol. 2, 194 Vol. 2, 197 Vol. 1, 132; Vol. 2, 198 Vol. 1, 225, 235; Vol. 2, 143 Vol. 1, 351 Vol. 1, 315 Vol. 1, 206; Vol. 2, 44 Vol. 2, 191 Vol. 1, 85; Vol. 2, 199 Vol. 1, 230; Vol. 2, 204 Vol. 2, 61 Vol. 1, 121, 125; Vol. 2, 106, 115, 192 Vol. 1, 357 Vol. 1, 357 Vol. 1, 357 Vol. 1, 89; Vol. 2, 188 Vol. 2, 15 Vol. 1, 285 Vol. 2, 185 Vol. 1, 287 Vol. 1, 85, 87, 113, 114; Vol. 2, 179, 194, 201 Vol. 1, 70, 77, 90, 335; Vol. 2, 106–108 Vol. 2, 197 Vol. 1, 75, 76; Vol. 2, 210 Vol. 2, 204 Vol. 1, 209, 210 Vol. 1, 21; Vol. 2, 197 Vol. 2, 197 Vol. 1, 120, 262, 338; Vol. 2, 116, 208 Vol. 2, 154, 212 Vol. 1, 132, 133, 135, 157, 158, 235, 348, 357; Vol. 2, 103, 170, 197 Vol. 2, 197 Vol. 1, 21, 22, 37, 83, 84, 86, 88, 91, 112, 126, 132, 133, 135, 273; Vol. 2, 84, 85, 161, 172, 197 Vol. 1, 209, 214

Index of Hebrew and Aramaic Words yn'p;li@mi hrFgUm@;ma NwOmmf hkflfm;ma tw%klfm;ma l#f$m;mi hlf#f$m;me hnm hxfn;mi lw%(n;ma l(fn;mi hkfs@'ma rpf%s;mi rsm NwO(mf ly(im; hlf(jma dmf(jma dcf(jma r(ama brF(jma M$r(jma h#&e(jma hpo%mi hgFlfp;mi yn'p;mi dqfp;mi h(f#f&p;mi )cm dcfm; hdFcfm; hwFc;mi twOcmf MyIt@al;cim; MyIrAc;mi hwEq;mi xqf@mi trE+eq;mi tcfq;mi rmo tyb@ir:ma ykad@:r:mf hrm tpecer:ma t)'#o;ma h#e$mo

Vol. 2, 197 Vol. 1, 121 Vol. 2, 197 Vol. 1, 21, 37, 84, 88; Vol. 2, 85, 197 Vol. 1, 21; Vol. 2, 197 Vol. 2, 197 Vol. 2, 197, 212 Vol. 1, 74, 132; Vol. 2, 197 Vol. 1, 121 Vol. 2, 197 Vol. 2, 198 Vol. 2, 206 Vol. 2, 198, 202 Vol. 2, 198 Vol. 1, 46 Vol. 2, 213 Vol. 2, 198 Vol. 2, 204 Vol. 1, 186 Vol. 2, 198 Vol. 2, 198 Vol. 2, 198 Vol. 1, 225, 228; Vol. 2, 204 Vol. 2, 198 Vol. 2, 198 Vol. 2, 197 Vol. 1, 188; Vol. 2, 202 Vol. 2, 198 Vol. 1, 132, 134, 321, 324, 325, 326; Vol. 2, 149, 199 Vol. 2, 199 Vol. 2, 199 Vol. 2, 181, 187, 196, 205, 206 Vol. 2, 189 Vol. 1, 89, 105, 113, 114, 115, 133; Vol. 2, 199 Vol. 1, 80 Vol. 2, 199 Vol. 2, 199 Vol. 1, 85; Vol. 2, 199 Vol. 1, 132, 240; Vol. 2, 199 Vol. 1, 283 Vol. 2, 199 Vol. 1, 165 Vol. 2, 200 Vol. 1, 85, 87, 88; Vol. 2, 209 Vol. 2, 32 Vol. 1, 85; Vol. 2, 202

311

Linguistic Dating of Biblical Texts

312 hxf#;$mi K#$m bk@f#;$mi Nk@f#;$mi l#$m l#f$mf M#$%fmi trEme#$;mi hne#;$mi hs@f#$im; +p%f#$;mi hqe#;$ma hrF#;$mi ht@e#$;mi txat@ami ytamf t(fl;@tam; tt@ama hcf)fn; hqf)fn; b$n )bn h)fw%bn; )ybinf lben' hlfbfn; #bn bgene dgn dyginf bdn hbfdFn: bydInF hbfydIn: NdFnF rdn qzen' rzen' w%nx;nA #$xn ry#xn txn h+n r+n xAwOxyni

Vol. 2, 15 Vol. 2, 191 Vol. 2, 204 Vol. 2, 211 Vol. 2, 200, 212 Vol. 2, 200 Vol. 2, 146, 148 Vol. 2, 14 Vol. 2, 206 Vol. 1, 114, 262; Vol. 2, 183 Vol. 2, 187 Vol. 2, 200 Vol. 2, 200 Vol. 1, 132 Vol. 1, 108 Vol. 1, 226 Vol. 1, 121 Vol. 2, 32 Vol. 2, 200 Vol. 2, 200 Vol. 1, 79 Vol. 1, 151, 355 Vol. 1, 136, 274; Vol. 2, 200 Vol. 1, 151, 204 Vol. 1, 183 Vol. 2, 202 Vol. 1, 188 Vol. 1, 80; Vol. 2, 187 Vol. 1, 73, 75; Vol. 2, 121, 211, 212 Vol. 1, 94 Vol. 1, 114, 115, 132; Vol. 2, 106, 200 Vol. 1, 115 Vol. 1, 115; Vol. 2, 206 Vol. 1, 115 Vol. 1, 89, 291, 348 Vol. 1, 73 Vol. 1, 244 Vol. 2, 194 Vol. 1, 188 Vol. 2, 150, 152 Vol. 1, 295 Vol. 1, 121, 211; Vol. 2, 58 Vol. 2, 193 Vol. 2, 61 Vol. 2, 209

Index of Hebrew and Aramaic Words hkn skene t$kn; Ksn K7sene l(ana qpn #$pene )cn bcn xcn xcan' bycin; lcn rcn bqn hbqn yqinf )yqinf d@:r:n" )#&n )y#ionf )#$n h#$n hk@f#;$ni l#$n NwFt@;#$;ni Ntn Ctn rtn bbs bybisf tle$b@si rw%gsf rgs dwOs hyfn;po%m;w%s sw%s Pws PwOs rws rwOxs; )rys

313

Vol. 1, 134, 151; Vol. 2, 133, 143 Vol. 1, 133; Vol. 2, 24, 201 Vol. 2, 186 Vol. 2, 201 Vol. 1, 121 Vol. 2, 59 Vol. 1, 211 Vol. 1, 188, 233, 237; Vol. 2, 207 Vol. 2, 136 Vol. 1, 207, 351; Vol. 2, 189 Vol. 2, 201 Vol. 2, 203 Vol. 2, 205, 214 Vol. 1, 239 Vol. 1, 321, 326; Vol. 2, 61 Vol. 1, 150 Vol. 1, 150, 151 Vol. 1, 127; Vol. 2, 201 Vol. 1, 127; Vol. 2, 201 Vol. 1, 282; Vol. 2, 61 Vol. 1, 36, 88, 132, 133, 160, 265, 266, 273; Vol. 2, 59, 150, 152, 189, 201 Vol. 1, 85, 264; Vol. 2, 15 Vol. 2, 136 Vol. 2, 136 Vol. 2, 201 Vol. 2, 59 Vol. 1, 291; Vol. 2, 201 Vol. 1, 41, 74, 76, 160, 161, 232, 233, 321, 324, 355; Vol. 2, 133, 201 Vol. 1, 85, 116, 117; Vol. 2, 150, 152, 201 Vol. 1, 228 Vol. 1, 321, 326, 356 Vol. 2, 202 Vol. 1, 189, 190 Vol. 2, 188 Vol. 2, 127, 179, 198 Vol. 2, 209 Vol. 1, 286 Vol. 1, 151, 202, 230, 336, 337 Vol. 1, 121; Vol. 2, 134, 136, 137 Vol. 1, 121, 228; Vol. 2, 202 Vol. 1, 356; Vol. 2, 210 Vol. 2, 37 Vol. 1, 266

Linguistic Dating of Biblical Texts

314 tw%lk;si hlfse xls hxfylis; (lase Pls qls d(s Psa hnfypis; qps rps rpfs; rpes' syrIsf NrEse wtfs; db( dbf(j hdFbo(j tw%db;(a +b( hrFyb'(j rb( #$b( hlfgF(j Ng( d(a hdF(' Myd@I(i NdE(j hnfd:(a rd( dw( dwO( MlfwO( bz( zz( rz( hrFzF(j hrF+f(j Myy,I(i Nyi(a ry(i

Vol. 2, 202 Vol. 1, 304 Vol. 1, 240 Vol. 2, 202 Vol. 2, 194 Vol. 2, 191 Vol. 1, 211 Vol. 2, 32 Vol. 2, 181, 194 Vol. 2, 202 Vol. 1, 271 Vol. 1, 114; Vol. 2, 192 Vol. 2, 202 Vol. 1, 38, 40, 70, 72, 85, 87, 88, 113, 114; Vol. 2, 179, 194, 201, 202 Vol. 1, 76, 285 Vol. 2, 205, 214 Vol. 2, 202 Vol. 1, 206; Vol. 2, 202 Vol. 2, 64 Vol. 2, 14, 202, 204 Vol. 1, 132; Vol. 2, 202 Vol. 1, 121; Vol. 2, 189 Vol. 1, 229 Vol. 1, 42, 78, 190; Vol. 2, 59, 150, 152, 198 Vol. 1, 121 Vol. 1, 105; Vol. 2, 206 Vol. 2, 59 Vol. 1, 131, 132, 135, 138; Vol. 2, 19, 164, 184, 202, 203 Vol. 1, 41, 74, 75, 85, 91, 255; Vol. 2, 15, 207 Vol. 2, 206 Vol. 2, 202 Vol. 2, 202 Vol. 2, 203 Vol. 1, 232; Vol. 2, 32 Vol. 1, 152, 162; Vol. 2, 202, 205 Vol. 1, 42, 76, 91, 133, 134, 273; Vol. 2, 184, 186, 203 Vol. 2, 133, 149 Vol. 2, 190 Vol. 1, 73; Vol. 2, 143, 203 Vol. 1, 85; Vol. 2, 203 Vol. 2, 194 Vol. 2, 45 Vol. 1, 43; Vol. 2, 44, 191, 192, 209 Vol. 1, 80, 105, 126, 130, 351; Vol. 2, 147

Index of Hebrew and Aramaic Words M$ry(' l(a

hl( ll( M(a M(i dm( dme(o Mhem@f(i tymi(f lm( lmf(f Mm@f(i hn( Nn( C(' dc( Mc( Mce(e rc( r(f brE(e tybir:(a hmfr:(f qr( #&rE(e h#&( w#of(' r#e&(e r#$e(o t#$( t(' htf@(a dyti(f qyt@i(a rgEpe% Cwp rw%p% rzp xp%a

315

Vol. 2, 198 Vol. 1, 40, 43, 71, 72, 85, 105, 121, 125, 132–36, 157, 158, 165, 166, 233, 236, 237, 240, 257–60, 265, 273, 274, 333, 335, 348, 355–57; Vol. 2, 107, 116, 117, 143, 177, 185, 191, 195, 200, 203, 207, 209, 211–13 Vol. 1, 134, 206, 211; Vol. 2, 133, 203 Vol. 1, 206, 211 Vol. 1, 41, 75, 94, 173, 206, 338; Vol. 2, 103, 114, 203 Vol. 1, 104, 128, 134, 135, 273, 352; Vol. 2, 60, 111–13, 117, 156, 165, 171, 203, 204 Vol. 1, 41, 75, 85, 132, 133, 273, 351; Vol. 2, 149, 204 Vol. 2, 204 Vol. 1, 128; Vol. 2, 156, 171, 204 Vol. 2, 204 Vol. 2, 44 Vol. 2, 204 Vol. 1, 104, 128; Vol. 2, 156, 204 Vol. 1, 36, 73, 245; Vol. 2, 204 Vol. 2, 150, 152 Vol. 1, 105 Vol. 1, 186 Vol. 2, 190 Vol. 2, 56 Vol. 2, 204 Vol. 1, 352 Vol. 1, 227 Vol. 1, 227 Vol. 1, 240 Vol. 2, 204 Vol. 2, 204 Vol. 1, 40, 41, 72, 134, 135, 153, 163, 167, 191, 206, 233, 270; Vol. 2, 60, 150, 152, 204, 209, 213 Vol. 2, 143 Vol. 1, 224, 264; Vol. 2, 205 Vol. 2, 186, 201 Vol. 2, 44, 204 Vol. 1, 85, 134, 273, 352, 353; Vol. 2, 188, 205, 208 Vol. 1, 77, 160, 235 Vol. 2, 205 Vol. 2, 205 Vol. 2, 185 Vol. 1, 134; Vol. 2, 183 Vol. 1, 285 Vol. 2, 183 Vol. 1, 284

Linguistic Dating of Biblical Texts

316 dxp hxfp%e ry+ip%f twOdlfp%; h+fyl'p%; Myy,Iti@#;$lip%; Myti@#;$lip%; Np%e hnf%p%i hynp snp dsp xsap%e NyrIt@'n;sap%; l(p hlf@(up;% M(apa% hcp dqp hd@Fqup%; MydIw%q@p%i dyqip%f rb@fr:p%a twOdrUp;% sd@"r:p%a rwFr:p%a yrIp%; K7nfr:p%a snrp snfr:p%a (rApe% h(or:p%a Mymit@;r:p%a #$pa% r#$ep%' t#e$pe% gb@at;p%a hygtp Mg%Ft;p%i hyntp rtp NwOrt@fp%i NgE#$et;p%a y)ico N)$c

Vol. 2, 184 Vol. 1, 285; Vol. 2, 205 Vol. 2, 205 Vol. 1, 305; Vol. 2, 45, 94 Vol. 2, 143 Vol. 2, 205 Vol. 2, 205 Vol. 1, 85; Vol. 2, 175 Vol. 2, 188 Vol. 1, 184, 187 Vol. 1, 234 Vol. 1, 232 Vol. 2, 205 Vol. 1, 286 Vol. 1, 206, 270 Vol. 1, 206 Vol. 2, 205 Vol. 1, 236 Vol. 1, 114, 188; Vol. 2, 192, 197, 201 Vol. 2, 205 Vol. 2, 187, 205 Vol. 2, 205, 214 Vol. 1, 291, 306; Vol. 2, 206 Vol. 1, 121 Vol. 1, 282, 290, 291, 301, 302, 310; Vol. 2, 61, 62, 65, 74, 206 Vol. 1, 295, 306; Vol. 2, 206 Vol. 1, 259, 260 Vol. 1, 308; Vol. 2, 15 Vol. 1, 234 Vol. 1, 234 Vol. 2, 207 Vol. 1, 284 Vol. 1, 291; Vol. 2, 206 Vol. 2, 37 Vol. 1, 255, 257–59; Vol. 2, 206 Vol. 1, 185, 186; Vol. 2, 190, 194 Vol. 1, 291; Vol. 2, 206 Vol. 1, 287 Vol. 1, 291, 295, 302, 310; Vol. 2, 65, 206 Vol. 1, 287 Vol. 1, 257 Vol. 2, 206 Vol. 1, 291, 292; Vol. 2, 206 Vol. 2, 206 Vol. 1, 315, 357; Vol. 2, 206

Index of Hebrew and Aramaic Words bcf )bfcf twO)bfc; yn$idci hy,Fqid:ci w%hyF,qid:ci hwc Mwc qwc rw%c hrFw%c hnfxjca yci hdFyci NwOy,ci lc' xlc tyxi$lc; llc Mylic;l;ce My(iw%c(jca q(c hqf(fc; hpc rypicf hyfn;pac; rca hdFr"c; hyFw%rc; K7rE$c Ntfr:cf lbq Cbq xdq MydIqf Mdq yn$imd:qa dqod:qf #$dq #$dEqo lhfqf thfq; ytihfq; (bawOq hwq

Vol. 2, 206 Vol. 2, 185 Vol. 1, 108 Vol. 2, 32 Vol. 1, 357 Vol. 1, 357 Vol. 1, 73, 164, 165; Vol. 2, 44, 185 Vol. 2, 204 Vol. 2, 181 Vol. 1, 212; Vol. 2, 194 Vol. 2, 206 Vol. 1, 121 Vol. 2, 202 Vol. 2, 197 Vol. 1, 121; Vol. 2, 211 Vol. 1, 212 Vol. 2, 206 Vol. 2, 32 Vol. 1, 212 Vol. 1, 89, 105, 113, 114; Vol. 2, 199 Vol. 2, 206 Vol. 1, 85, 104; Vol. 2, 189 Vol. 2, 189 Vol. 2, 58 Vol. 2, 206 Vol. 1, 107 Vol. 1, 352 Vol. 1, 80 Vol. 1, 135 Vol. 2, 207 Vol. 1, 80 Vol. 1, 91, 114, 115, 133, 135, 273; Vol. 2, 55, 58 Vol. 1, 85; Vol. 2, 194, 207 Vol. 1, 327 Vol. 1, 165 Vol. 2, 207 Vol. 1, 121 Vol. 1, 320 Vol. 2, 168, 182, 207 Vol. 2, 183, 211 Vol. 1, 41, 74, 75, 85, 121, 255; Vol. 2, 207 Vol. 1, 127 Vol. 1, 127 Vol. 1, 288, 342 Vol. 2, 59

317

Linguistic Dating of Biblical Texts

318 lwOq Mwq CwOq twOcwUq; & l+q r+q NyIqa CyIqa ryqi yliqf )yliqf slq (laqe xmaqe hnq hneqf NwOmn%fqi tseqe hrF(fq; Mypiqo Cq' hcq hcfqf hceqf Nyciqf ryciqf Pcq Pceqe rcq tcfq; )rq brq brFq; brEqe Md@or:qa hrq xrAqo yxir:qf (qar:qa h+fy#ioq; r#$q t#e$qe swOrt;qa h)r

Vol. 2, 202 Vol. 1, 36, 41, 74, 85, 113, 132, 133, 273, 351; Vol. 2, 15, 59, 168, 189, 204, 207 Vol. 2, 114 Vol. 2, 207 Vol. 2, 43 Vol. 1, 229 Vol. 2, 212 Vol. 1, 187 Vol. 1, 245; Vol. 2, 61, 194 Vol. 1, 127 Vol. 1, 127 Vol. 2, 207 Vol. 2, 32 Vol. 1, 162 Vol. 1, 74; Vol. 2, 195, 207 Vol. 1, 282 Vol. 1, 282; Vol. 2, 61 Vol. 1, 284 Vol. 2, 194 Vol. 1, 281 Vol. 1, 121, 260, 261; Vol. 2, 202, 208 Vol. 1, 182 Vol. 1, 121 Vol. 1, 121; Vol. 2, 202, 208 Vol. 2, 116 Vol. 1, 186 Vol. 1, 85; Vol. 2, 188 Vol. 2, 194 Vol. 2, 60 Vol. 1, 121, 132, 240; Vol. 2, 199 Vol. 1, 35, 36, 73, 149, 154, 226–29; Vol. 2, 136, 202 Vol. 2, 208 Vol. 2, 64, 208 Vol. 2, 181, 208 Vol. 2, 114 Vol. 1, 154; Vol. 2, 136 Vol. 1, 127 Vol. 1, 127 Vol. 1, 85, 87, 88; Vol. 2, 209 Vol. 1, 334 Vol. 2, 52 Vol. 2, 107 Vol. 1, 286 Vol. 1, 36, 85, 99, 134, 206, 240, 270, 328; Vol. 2, 83

Index of Hebrew and Aramaic Words yw%)rF tw%)r: #$)$r NwO#$)rI brA b$r hq'#$f brA bbr hbfbfr: hbr wOb@rI )wOb@rI yb@irA yb@irE (br zgr lgr lgerE #$gr +yhirF xAw%r Mwr Cwr zrF hzr hzFrF NwOzrF bx$ar bxor: Mw%xrA +yxirF Mxr MymixjrA Cxr xAyr" bkr bkerE hmr xm$ar bgn tmr sr (rA (Ar" h(r h(r h(frF

Vol. 2, 208 Vol. 2, 208 Vol. 1, 108, 134, 235, 273, 320 Vol. 1, 162 Vol. 2, 170, 205, 208 Vol. 1, 132; Vol. 2, 199, 208 Vol. 1, 285 Vol. 2, 210 Vol. 1, 89; Vol. 2, 44, 208 Vol. 2, 208, 210 Vol. 1, 89; Vol. 2, 44, 208 Vol. 1, 89; Vol. 2, 208 Vol. 1, 228 Vol. 1, 228 Vol. 2, 168 Vol. 2, 184 Vol. 1, 75 Vol. 1, 232 Vol. 2, 52 Vol. 1, 210 Vol. 2, 208 Vol. 1, 132, 338, 351; Vol. 2, 116, 189 Vol. 1, 41, 75, 76, 260; Vol. 2, 32 Vol. 1, 262, 295, 306, 307, 310, 348; Vol. 2, 35, 94, 209 Vol. 1, 306 Vol. 1, 306 Vol. 1, 307 Vol. 1, 85 Vol. 2, 196 Vol. 1, 42, 78, 108, 122, 132, 135 Vol. 1, 210 Vol. 1, 259; Vol. 2, 209 Vol. 1, 122; Vol. 2, 211 Vol. 1, 85, 183; Vol. 2, 186 Vol. 2, 209 Vol. 1, 162, 337 Vol. 1, 243, 357 Vol. 1, 337 Vol. 1, 121; Vol. 2, 212 Vol. 1, 166 Vol. 1, 295 Vol. 1, 123 Vol. 1, 150, 153, 352; Vol. 2, 209 (‘shepherd’) Vol. 1, 74; Vol. 2, 52 (‘want’) Vol. 1, 167, 217 Vol. 1, 121

319

Linguistic Dating of Biblical Texts

320 h(fr" tw%(r: hyF(;rA M(r ((r ((r #$(r )pfrF hpfrF hcr NwOcrF hp%fc;rI Ccr dqr NwOy#;$rI M#$r (#$r rb#o h/)g#& hdE#of qx#o h+#o N+f#of My#& lk#& tw%lk;#&i hmfl;#a& hxfm;#i& ry(i#'& r(f#'& MyrI(o#o; hpf#f& qp#o r#&a drF#;& Pr#o #e$ # b)#$ l)#$ hlf)'#$; r)#$ r)f#$;

Vol. 2, 209 Vol. 1, 133; Vol. 2, 64 Vol. 2, 209 Vol. 2, 188 (‘displease’) Vol. 2, 44 (‘smash’) Vol. 2, 52, 58 Vol. 2, 188 Vol. 2, 114, 115 Vol. 2, 114, 115 Vol. 1, 134, 167, 217 Vol. 1, 133, 167, 270, 273; Vol. 2, 209 Vol. 1, 85, 87, 88; Vol. 2, 209 Vol. 2, 52 Vol. 1, 121 Vol. 2, 209 Vol. 2, 209 Vol. 1, 132, 134, 135, 273, 274; Vol. 2, 209 Vol. 2, 59 Vol. 2, 210 Vol. 2, 114, 115 Vol. 1, 42, 78, 104, 132 Vol. 2, 210 Vol. 1, 62; Vol. 2, 55, 210 Vol. 1, 74; Vol. 2, 201 Vol. 2, 210 Vol. 1, 133 Vol. 2, 210, 213 Vol. 2, 189 Vol. 2, 206 Vol. 2, 207 Vol. 1, 186 Vol. 1, 6; Vol. 2, 196 Vol. 1, 271 Vol. 1, 357; Vol. 2, 210 Vol. 2, 210 Vol. 2, 150, 152 (relative) Vol. 1, 177, 204, 213, 214, 227, 230, 233–37, 239, 240, 245, 247; Vol. 2, 26, 44, 61, 64, 66, 76, 77, 174, 184, 196, 210 (‘shekel’) Vol. 1, 162 Vol. 2, 60 Vol. 1, 73; Vol. 2, 211 Vol. 1, 244; Vol. 2, 184 Vol. 1, 162; Vol. 2, 143 Vol. 1, 87, 162; Vol. 2, 211

Index of Hebrew and Aramaic Words r)'#$; (aw%b#$f tw%b#$; xb#$ +be#$' tle$b@#i$ w%hyFn:ba#$; (b#$ rb#$ rbe#e$ tb#$ tbf@#a$ hg#$ d#$a bw#$ l(fw%#$ qw%#$ rw%#$ rwO#$ N#$aw%#$ rz#$ h+%f#$i hbfy#i$ )ycy#$ ry#$ #$yI#$a bk#$ bke#e$ xk#$ Mke#$; Nk#$ rkf#$' l#$a l#e$ hl#$ MwOl#f$ Mw%l@#$a Nw%l@#$a xl#$ xla#$e +l#$ NwO+l;#i$ +yl@i#a$ Kl#$ llf#$f

321

Vol. 1, 113; Vol. 2, 185 Vol. 2, 173, 211 Vol. 1, 126 Vol. 1, 210; Vol. 2, 211 Vol. 1, 121; Vol. 2, 213 Vol. 1, 189 Vol. 1, 156 Vol. 1, 73 Vol. 1, 319; Vol. 2, 150, 152 Vol. 2, 206 Vol. 2, 150, 152 Vol. 2, 211 Vol. 2, 191 Vol. 1, 207 Vol. 1, 42, 76, 77, 126, 134, 230, 260, 327; Vol. 2, 14, 116, 132, 133, 211 Vol. 1, 307 Vol. 2, 211 Vol. 2, 194 Vol. 1, 317 Vol. 1, 284; Vol. 2, 61 Vol. 2, 191, 210 Vol. 1, 284 Vol. 2, 211 Vol. 1, 127 Vol. 1, 133, 336 Vol. 1, 284 Vol. 1, 191; Vol. 2, 59 Vol. 1, 243 Vol. 1, 327 Vol. 1, 80 Vol. 1, 74; Vol. 2, 211 Vol. 2, 212 Vol. 1, 105, 135 Vol. 1, 230, 234–37; Vol. 2, 174, 211 Vol. 1, 105 Vol. 1, 237; Vol. 2, 143, 212 Vol. 1, 227 Vol. 1, 227 Vol. 1, 41, 72, 73, 165, 243; Vol. 2, 191, 193 Vol. 1, 121; Vol. 2, 212 Vol. 1, 133; Vol. 2, 64, 212 Vol. 2, 212 Vol. 2, 212 Vol. 2, 150, 152, 191 Vol. 1, 114; Vol. 2, 183

Linguistic Dating of Biblical Texts

322 Ml#$ hmo$l#$; w%hyFm;le#$e Pl#$ #$lo#$f M#$f M#'$ hym# MyIma#$f Mm#$ hmfmf#;$ Nme#$e hn$em#$; (m#$ rm#$ NwOrm;$#$ N#$' )n#$ b)n# hn#$ hnf#$f Myb@ihan;#$e yni#$f Myina#$; Nn#$ hs#$ h(f#$f N(#$ r(a#a$ hxfp;#$i +p#$ lqe#$e +ybi@r:#a$ tr#$ #$#$' #$#$' y#$a#$f y#$a#$' t#$' ht#$ hyF,ti#;$ qt#$ b)t M)t

Vol. 1, 125; Vol. 2, 212 Vol. 1, 230; Vol. 2, 60 Vol. 1, 157 Vol. 2, 59 Vol. 1, 153, 209, 357 Vol. 1, 159, 351; Vol. 2, 146, 148 Vol. 1, 131, 135; Vol. 2, 55, 184 Vol. 1, 167 Vol. 1, 132, 136, 232; Vol. 2, 114, 115 Vol. 1, 132; Vol. 2, 66, 212 Vol. 2, 212 Vol. 1, 183 Vol. 1, 224 Vol. 1, 36, 109, 224, 338; Vol. 2, 149, 202, 212 Vol. 1, 75; Vol. 2, 133, 188, 221 Vol. 1, 80 Vol. 1, 281 Vol. 1, 192; Vol. 2, 150, 152 Vol. 1, 295 Vol. 1, 192, 208, 220, 269; Vol. 2, 212, 213 Vol. 1, 181, 186, 194 Vol. 1, 281 Vol. 1, 89; Vol. 2, 194 Vol. 1, 206, 264, 357; Vol. 2, 60, 181 Vol. 1, 269 Vol. 1, 284 Vol. 1, 227 Vol. 2, 213 Vol. 2, 127 Vol. 1, 158 Vol. 1, 121 Vol. 2, 179, 197 Vol. 2, 213 Vol. 1, 121 (‘linen’) Vol. 1, 38, 45, 46, 51, 85, 87, 88, 89, 113, 284; Vol. 2, 183, 190, 194 (‘six’) Vol. 1, 181 Vol. 1, 300, 309 Vol. 1, 300, 309 Vol. 2, 198 Vol. 1, 328; Vol. 2, 213 Vol. 2, 213 Vol. 2, 44, 213 Vol. 2, 213 Vol. 2, 213

Index of Hebrew and Aramaic Words hbft@' tynib;t@a rbt hl%fhit;@ hdFwOt@ K7wOt@ (lfwOt@ (Al'wOt@ t(alawOt@ rwOt@ rwOt@ hrFwOt@ txat@a yk@it@u K7yrIk;ta@ dymil;t@a tlft@; dymitf@ Mmt Nt@a hnt hlf(ft@; tyni(jta@ r(at@a xAw%p%t@a #$pt hwFq;t@i (qt Pqt Pqeto@ hmfw%rt;@ Nyr"t@; )tf#$fr:t@i tx$ab@#$;t@i hqfw%#$t@; y(iy#$it;@ (#$at'@

Vol. 1, 284 Vol. 2, 206 Vol. 1, 319 Vol. 2, 214 Vol. 2, 191 Vol. 2, 181, 186 Vol. 1, 89; Vol. 2, 194 Vol. 2, 194 Vol. 1, 89; Vol. 2, 194 (‘sequence’) Vol. 2, 213 (‘bull’) Vol. 1, 317 Vol. 2, 25, 187, 213 Vol. 1, 108, 328; Vol. 2, 204 Vol. 1, 281 Vol. 2, 213 Vol. 2, 214 Vol. 1, 209 Vol. 1, 257 Vol. 1, 150, 303 Vol. 2, 66 Vol. 1, 208, 220 Vol. 1, 150 Vol. 2, 214 Vol. 1, 89, 348 Vol. 1, 121 Vol. 2, 147 Vol. 2, 199 Vol. 2, 191 Vol. 1, 133; Vol. 2, 214 Vol. 2, 214 Vol. 1, 228 Vol. 1, 206 Vol. 1, 291; Vol. 2, 214 Vol. 2, 214 Vol. 2, 213 Vol. 1, 181 Vol. 1, 181

323

INDEX OF BIBLICAL LITERATURE AND REFERENCES Genesis–Kings, core EBH books Vol. 1, 1, 3, 10, 21, 52, 54, 56, 68, 72, 75, 76, 78, 79, 84, 88, 90, 94, 107, 109, 112, 113, 115, 116, 124, 127, 131, 136, 138, 139, 144, 152, 158, 161, 163, 164, 166, 168–70, 227, 244, 270, 274, 275, 278, 358; Vol. 2, 1, 2– 33, 40, 70, 84, 86, 90, 111, 113, 120, 121, 133, 138–40, 146, 161 Genesis–Joshua, Hexateuch Vol. 1, 126; Vol. 2, 3, 4, 7–25 Genesis–Deuteronomy, Torah, Pentateuch Vol. 1, 1, 2, 3, 13, 25, 32, 48, 51, 57, 60, 61, 66–68, 92, 93, 98, 131, 193, 218, 254, 261, 263, 275, 301, 329, 331, 334, 339, 346, 347, 349, 350; Vol. 2, 2–25, 28, 48, 70, 84, 92, 95, 102–104, 109, 111, 112, 125, 131, 138, 146 Genesis–Numbers, Tetrateuch Vol. 1, 11; Vol. 2, 4, 7–17, 21 Genesis–Exodus 24 Vol. 2, 3 Documentary Hypothesis, JEDP(H) Vol. 1, 11, 12, 15–18, 20, 24–26, 28, 29, 31–33, 42, 46, 51, 52, 55, 59, 64– 67, 76, 88, 93, 95, 100–103, 108, 109, 111, 112, 115, 126, 136, 139, 155, 156, 220, 274, 301, 304, 308, 342, 343; Vol. 2, 3–5, 7–24, 27, 28, 49, 59, 70, 78–80, 82, 87, 101, 102, 108, 109, 111, 121, 124, 125, 131, 138

Genesis Vol. 1, 13, 33, 38, 52, 57, 73, 76, 77, 79, 80, 88, 95, 101, 114, 139, 158, 170, 257, 300, 308, 311, 350; Vol. 2, 3, 7–12, 17, 26, 28, 93, 110, 112, 119, 120, 122, 123, 126, 148 1–11 Vol. 2, 7, 8 1 Vol. 1, 100; Vol. 2, 8 1.1–11.26 Vol. 2, 7 1.1–2.4a Vol. 2, 11 1.6 Vol. 1, 78, 123 2–4 Vol. 1, 100 2–3 Vol. 2, 8 2.4b–3.24 Vol. 2, 9 2.16 Vol. 2, 134 2.17 Vol. 2, 133, 134 3.3 Vol. 2, 124 3.4 Vol. 2, 124, 134 3.16 Vol. 2, 134 6–7 Vol. 1, 100 6.3 Vol. 1, 227, 247 8.3 Vol. 2, 134 8.7 Vol. 2, 134 9 Vol. 1, 100 9.14–15 Vol. 1, 77 10.2 Vol. 1, 126 10.3 Vol. 2, 15 10.4 Vol. 1, 126, 127 11.27– 25.11 Vol. 2, 8 11.27–32 Vol. 2, 7 12–36 Vol. 2, 8 12.1–25.11 Vol. 2, 7 12.9 Vol. 2, 134 12.12 Vol. 2, 144 12.15 Vol. 1, 167 13.7 Vol. 1, 124 13.8 Vol. 1, 124

Index of Biblical Literature and References 13.9 14 14.1 14.9 14.24 15 15.13 16.10 17 17.10 17.13 17.17 18.4 18.6 18.10 18.18 18.20 18.21 18.26 18.28–32 18.28 18.29 18.30 18.31 18.32 19.9 19.34 20.7 20.18 21.3 21.7 22 22.17 24 24.1–36 24.3 24.5 24.7 24.8 24.11 24.14 24.16 24.17

Vol. 2, 144, 147, 148 Vol. 1, 308 Vol. 1, 300, 307; Vol. 2, 93 Vol. 1, 300, 307; Vol. 2, 93 Vol. 2, 116 Vol. 2, 11 Vol. 2, 134 Vol. 2, 134 Vol. 1, 100 Vol. 2, 129–31 Vol. 2, 134 Vol. 1, 125 Vol. 1, 167 Vol. 1, 356 Vol. 2, 134 Vol. 2, 134 Vol. 2, 7 Vol. 2, 116, 144, 147, 148 Vol. 2, 144 Vol. 2, 123 Vol. 2, 124 Vol. 2, 124 Vol. 2, 124 Vol. 2, 124 Vol. 2, 124 Vol. 2, 7, 134 Vol. 1, 206 Vol. 2, 134 Vol. 2, 134 Vol. 2, 116 Vol. 1, 214 Vol. 2, 8 Vol. 2, 134 Vol. 1, 30; Vol. 2, 8 Vol. 1, 136, 274; Vol. 2, 87 Vol. 1, 136 Vol. 2, 134 Vol. 1, 136 Vol. 2, 144 Vol. 1, 136 Vol. 1, 136 Vol. 1, 136 Vol. 1, 136

24.18 24.19 24.27 24.41 25.12–18 25.19– 35.29 25.31 25.33 25.34 26.11 26.13 26.28 27.30 28.20–21 28.22 29–31 30.16 30.31 31.9 31.15 31.20 31.30 31.47 32.1 32.5 32.9 32.11 32.13 32.18–19 32.20 33.10 33.19 34.17 34.29 35.9 36.1–43 36.33–34 37–50 37.1–50.26 37.8 37.10 37.33 38 39.11 39.22 40–41

325

Vol. 1, 136 Vol. 1, 136 Vol. 1, 136 Vol. 2, 144 Vol. 2, 7 Vol. 2, 7 Vol. 2, 114, 115 Vol. 2, 114, 115 Vol. 1, 104 Vol. 2, 134 Vol. 2, 134 Vol. 2, 134 Vol. 2, 134 Vol. 2, 144 Vol. 2, 134 Vol. 1, 30 Vol. 2, 134 Vol. 2, 144, 147, 148 Vol. 2, 7 Vol. 2, 134 Vol. 2, 109 Vol. 2, 134 Vol. 1, 6, 7, 202 Vol. 1, 239 Vol. 2, 124 Vol. 2, 143, 144 Vol. 1, 239 Vol. 2, 134 Vol. 2, 144 Vol. 2, 124 Vol. 2, 144 Vol. 1, 334 Vol. 2, 144 Vol. 1, 258 Vol. 1, 79 Vol. 2, 7 Vol. 1, 334 Vol. 1, 157; Vol. 2, 8 Vol. 2, 7 Vol. 2, 134 Vol. 2, 134 Vol. 2, 134 Vol. 2, 59 Vol. 2, 114, 115 Vol. 1, 78 Vol. 1, 257

326

Linguistic Dating of Biblical Texts

Genesis (cont.) 40.15 Vol. 2, 134 42.37 Vol. 1, 166 43.3 Vol. 2, 134 43.4 Vol. 2, 144, 147, 148 43.7 Vol. 2, 134 43.9 Vol. 2, 144 43.20 Vol. 2, 134 43.32 Vol. 2, 124 44.1 Vol. 2, 124 44.5 Vol. 2, 134 44.15 Vol. 2, 134 44.23 Vol. 2, 124 44.26 Vol. 2, 144 44.28 Vol. 2, 134 44.31 Vol. 1, 77 44.32 Vol. 2, 144 45.26 Vol. 2, 109 46.4 Vol. 2, 134 46.25 Vol. 1, 258 46.27 Vol. 2, 116 46.33–34 Vol. 2, 144 47.6 Vol. 2, 144 48.3 Vol. 1, 79 49 Vol. 1, 30, 288, 329, 332; Vol. 2, 6, 9 49.1–27 Vol. 2, 7 49.5 Vol. 1, 287 50.15 Vol. 2, 134 50.20 Vol. 2, 114, 115 50.24 Vol. 2, 134 50.25 Vol. 2, 134 Exodus Vol. 1, 33, 38, 52, 73, 76, 77, 79, 88, 108, 114, 116, 139, 158, 311; Vol. 2, 9, 11–17, 103, 109, 110, 112, 119, 120, 122, 126, 131, 139 1–5 Vol. 2, 17 1.10 Vol. 2, 144 1.16 Vol. 2, 144 1.22 Vol. 2, 124 2.19 Vol. 2, 135 3.7 Vol. 2, 135 3.12 Vol. 2, 124 3.15 Vol. 1, 125 3.16 Vol. 2, 135

3.21 4.8 4.9 4.14 4.15 5.7 5.23 6 6.2–12 6.2 6.5 6.6 6.7 6.8 6.12 6.18 6.24 7–11 7.1–13 7.3 7.5 7.9 8.24 9.8–12 9.28 9.29 9.30 10.8 11.1 11.4 11.7 12–13 12 12.1–7b 12.4 12.14 12.26–27 13 13.3 13.9 13.13 13.14 13.19

Vol. 2, 124 Vol. 2, 144 Vol. 2, 124, 144 Vol. 2, 135 Vol. 2, 124 Vol. 2, 124 Vol. 2, 135 Vol. 2, 12 Vol. 1, 136, 274; Vol. 2, 87 Vol. 1, 136 Vol. 1, 136 Vol. 1, 136 Vol. 1, 136 Vol. 1, 136 Vol. 1, 136 Vol. 1, 127 Vol. 1, 127 Vol. 2, 17 Vol. 1, 136, 274; Vol. 2, 87 Vol. 1, 136 Vol. 1, 136 Vol. 2, 144 Vol. 2, 135 Vol. 1, 136, 274; Vol. 2, 87 Vol. 2, 124 Vol. 2, 124 Vol. 2, 124 Vol. 1, 125 Vol. 2, 135 Vol. 1, 228 Vol. 2, 124 Vol. 1, 100 Vol. 2, 12, 131 Vol. 1, 136, 274; Vol. 2, 87 Vol. 2, 144 Vol. 1, 108 Vol. 2, 144 Vol. 2, 17 Vol. 2, 130, 131 Vol. 1, 109 Vol. 2, 144 Vol. 2, 144 Vol. 2, 135

Index of Biblical Literature and References 14 14.14 15 15.1 15.1b–5 15.1b 15.2 15.3 15.5 15.8 15.9 15.10 15.11 15.14 15.16 15.21 15.26 16 17–24 17.2 17.14 17.16 18.14 18.18 18.20 18.23 18.26 19.5 19.12 19.13 20–23 20.8 20.12 20.23 21.2–6 21.3 21.5–6 21.5 21.8 21.11 21.12 21.15 21.16 21.17 21.18

Vol. 2, 12 Vol. 2, 124 Vol. 1, 329, 331, 332, 334, 335, 337–39; Vol. 2, 6, 17 Vol. 1, 337; Vol. 2, 135 Vol. 1, 336 Vol. 1, 336, 337 Vol. 1, 321, 337, 338 Vol. 1, 338 Vol. 1, 336, 338 Vol. 1, 338 Vol. 1, 335 Vol. 1, 338 Vol. 1, 319, 338 Vol. 1, 338; Vol. 2, 124 Vol. 1, 335, 338 Vol. 1, 337; Vol. 2, 135 Vol. 2, 135 Vol. 2, 12 Vol. 2, 17 Vol. 2, 124 Vol. 1, 109; Vol. 2, 135 Vol. 1, 125 Vol. 1, 349 Vol. 2, 135 Vol. 2, 124 Vol. 2, 144 Vol. 2, 124 Vol. 2, 135, 144 Vol. 2, 135 Vol. 2, 135 Vol. 2, 123 Vol. 2, 130, 131 Vol. 2, 124, 130, 131 Vol. 2, 124 Vol. 2, 20 Vol. 2, 144 Vol. 2, 144 Vol. 2, 135 Vol. 2, 144 Vol. 2, 144 Vol. 2, 135 Vol. 2, 135 Vol. 2, 135 Vol. 2, 135 Vol. 2, 124

21.19 21.20 21.22 21.23 21.28 21.30 21.35 21.36 22.2 22.3 22.5 22.7 22.8 22.10 22.11 22.12 22.13 22.15 22.16 22.18 22.21 22.22 22.24 22.25 22.26 22.30 23.4 23.5 23.22 23.24 Exod. 25– Num. 36 25–31 25–30 28.12 28.20 28.29 28.41 28.42 29.9 29.22 29.29 29.33 29.34 29.35 30.8 30.12

327

Vol. 2, 135, 144 Vol. 2, 135 Vol. 2, 135 Vol. 2, 144 Vol. 2, 135 Vol. 2, 144 Vol. 2, 124, 144 Vol. 2, 135 Vol. 2, 135 Vol. 2, 135 Vol. 2, 135 Vol. 2, 144 Vol. 2, 124 Vol. 2, 144 Vol. 2, 135, 144 Vol. 2, 135, 144 Vol. 2, 135 Vol. 2, 135 Vol. 2, 135 Vol. 2, 135 Vol. 2, 124 Vol. 2, 135 Vol. 2, 124 Vol. 2, 135 Vol. 2, 144 Vol. 2, 124 Vol. 2, 135 Vol. 2, 135 Vol. 2, 135, 144 Vol. 2, 135 Vol. 2, 3 Vol. 2, 12, 15 Vol. 1, 278; Vol. 2, 142 Vol. 1, 108 Vol. 1, 304 Vol. 1, 108 Vol. 2, 107 Vol. 2, 15 Vol. 2, 107 Vol. 2, 117 Vol. 2, 107 Vol. 2, 107 Vol. 2, 144 Vol. 2, 107 Vol. 1, 77 Vol. 2, 144

328

Linguistic Dating of Biblical Texts

Exodus (cont.) 30.16 Vol. 1, 108 30.23 Vol. 2, 61 31.14 Vol. 2, 135 31.15 Vol. 2, 135 32–34 Vol. 2, 17 32.28 Vol. 2, 107 32.29 Vol. 2, 108 33.22 Vol. 1, 77 34.6 Vol. 1, 122 34.7 Vol. 2, 135 34.9 Vol. 2, 144 34.13 Vol. 2, 124 34.20 Vol. 2, 144 35–40 Vol. 2, 12, 15 39.7 Vol. 1, 108 39.13 Vol. 1, 304 39.28 Vol. 2, 15 Leviticus Vol. 1, 73, 75, 76, 77, 79, 116, 154, 158, 170, 224, 270; Vol. 2, 11–17, 20, 109, 110, 112, 119, 122, 125, 126, 139, 146 1–16 Vol. 2, 14 1–4 Vol. 1, 100 1.14 Vol. 1, 122, 349; Vol. 2, 144 2.6 Vol. 2, 129–31 3.7 Vol. 2, 144 3.12 Vol. 2, 144 4.2–3 Vol. 2, 144 4.13–14 Vol. 2, 144 4.27–28 Vol. 2, 144 5.1 Vol. 2, 144 5.3 Vol. 2, 144 5.4 Vol. 2, 144 5.5 Vol. 2, 144 5.7 Vol. 2, 144 5.11 Vol. 2, 144 5.15 Vol. 2, 144 5.17 Vol. 2, 144 5.19 Vol. 2, 135 5.21–23 Vol. 2, 144 6.3 Vol. 2, 15 6.21 Vol. 2, 144 7.12 Vol. 2, 144

7.18 7.21 7.24 7.25 8.33 10.16 10.18 12.2 12.5 12.6 12.8 13.2 13.4 13.7 13.9 13.12–13 13.12 13.16 13.18–19 13.21 13.22 13.23 13.24–25 13.26 13.27 13.28 13.29–30 13.31 13.35–36 13.35 13.38–39 13.44 13.48 13.53–54 13.56 14.21 14.30 14.43–44 14.48 15.8 15.16 15.24 15.28 16.4 16.8 16.32 17–26

Vol. 2, 135 Vol. 2, 144 Vol. 2, 135 Vol. 2, 144 Vol. 2, 107 Vol. 2, 135 Vol. 2, 135 Vol. 2, 144 Vol. 2, 144 Vol. 1, 77 Vol. 2, 144 Vol. 2, 144 Vol. 2, 144 Vol. 2, 135, 144 Vol. 2, 144 Vol. 2, 144 Vol. 2, 135 Vol. 2, 144 Vol. 2, 144 Vol. 2, 144 Vol. 2, 135, 144 Vol. 2, 144 Vol. 2, 144 Vol. 2, 144 Vol. 2, 135, 144 Vol. 2, 144 Vol. 2, 144 Vol. 2, 144 Vol. 2, 144 Vol. 2, 135 Vol. 2, 144 Vol. 2, 135 Vol. 2, 144 Vol. 2, 144 Vol. 2, 144 Vol. 2, 144 Vol. 1, 122, 349 Vol. 2, 144 Vol. 2, 135, 144 Vol. 2, 144 Vol. 2, 144 Vol. 2, 135, 144 Vol. 2, 144 Vol. 2, 15 Vol. 2, 44 Vol. 2, 107 Vol. 2, 14, 123

Index of Biblical Literature and References 17.16 18 18.18 19.7 19.9–10 19.9 19.17 19.18 19.20 20 20.2 20.4–5 20.4 20.9 20.10 20.11 20.12 20.13 20.15 20.16 20.25 20.27 21.10 21.21 22.14 23 23.14 23.22 23.24 23.29 24.15 24.16 24.17 25 25.13–24 25.16 25.20–21 25.21 25.25 25.26–27 25.28 25.29 25.30 25.35 25.39–55 25.52

Vol. 2, 144 Vol. 1, 100 Vol. 1, 265 Vol. 2, 135 Vol. 2, 59 Vol. 1, 77; Vol. 2, 127 Vol. 2, 135 Vol. 2, 61 Vol. 2, 135 Vol. 1, 100 Vol. 2, 135 Vol. 2, 144 Vol. 2, 135 Vol. 2, 135 Vol. 2, 135 Vol. 2, 135 Vol. 2, 135 Vol. 2, 135 Vol. 2, 135 Vol. 2, 135 Vol. 1, 123 Vol. 2, 135 Vol. 2, 107 Vol. 2, 127 Vol. 2, 144 Vol. 1, 100, 101; Vol. 2, 15, 131 Vol. 1, 127 Vol. 1, 77; Vol. 2, 59 Vol. 1, 108 Vol. 2, 144 Vol. 2, 144 Vol. 2, 135 Vol. 2, 135 Vol. 1, 100; Vol. 2, 15 Vol. 1, 30 Vol. 2, 135 Vol. 2, 144 Vol. 1, 153 Vol. 2, 144 Vol. 2, 144 Vol. 2, 144 Vol. 2, 144 Vol. 2, 144 Vol. 2, 144 Vol. 2, 20 Vol. 2, 144

25.54 26.3–4 26.18 26.21 26.23–24 26.27–28 27.2–3 27.4 27.5 27.6 27.7 27.8 27.10 27.11 27.12 27.13 27.14 27.15 27.16 27.18 27.19 27.21 27.22–23 27.27 27.29 27.31 27.33

329

Vol. 2, 144 Vol. 2, 144 Vol. 2, 144 Vol. 2, 144 Vol. 2, 144 Vol. 2, 144 Vol. 2, 144 Vol. 2, 144 Vol. 2, 144 Vol. 2, 144 Vol. 2, 144 Vol. 2, 144 Vol. 2, 135, 144 Vol. 2, 144 Vol. 1, 123 Vol. 2, 135, 144 Vol. 1, 123; Vol. 2, 144 Vol. 2, 144 Vol. 2, 144 Vol. 2, 144 Vol. 2, 135, 144 Vol. 1, 77 Vol. 2, 144 Vol. 2, 144 Vol. 2, 135 Vol. 2, 135 Vol. 1, 123; Vol. 2, 135, 144

Numbers Vol. 1, 33, 73, 77, 79, 88, 114, 155, 221, 224, 308, 311; Vol. 2, 3, 9, 11– 17, 110, 112, 119, 120, 122, 123, 125, 126, 131, 139 1–10 Vol. 2, 12 1.51 Vol. 1, 77 3.3 Vol. 2, 107 3.19 Vol. 1, 127 3.29 Vol. 1, 127 4.2 Vol. 1, 127; Vol. 2, 130, 131 4.4 Vol. 1, 127 4.15 Vol. 1, 127 4.22 Vol. 2, 130, 131 4.27 Vol. 1, 127 4.28 Vol. 1, 127 4.34 Vol. 1, 127

330

Linguistic Dating of Biblical Texts

Numbers (cont.) 5.6 Vol. 2, 144 5.12–15 Vol. 2, 144 5.15 Vol. 1, 108 5.18 Vol. 1, 108 5.20–21 Vol. 2, 144 5.27 Vol. 2, 144 5.28 Vol. 2, 144 6 Vol. 1, 100 6.9 Vol. 2, 144 6.23 Vol. 2, 130, 131 7.9 Vol. 1, 127 9.10 Vol. 2, 144 10.4 Vol. 2, 144 10.7 Vol. 1, 77 10.9 Vol. 2, 144 10.10 Vol. 1, 108 10.32 Vol. 2, 144 11–12 Vol. 2, 17 11.15 Vol. 2, 135 11.19 Vol. 2, 124 11.22 Vol. 2, 144 11.30 Vol. 1, 228 11.32 Vol. 2, 135 12.14 Vol. 2, 135 13–20 Vol. 2, 12 13.20 Vol. 1, 306 13.22 Vol. 1, 300, 309 13.30 Vol. 2, 135 14.3 Vol. 1, 258 14.8 Vol. 2, 144 14.18 Vol. 2, 135 15 Vol. 1, 100 15.8–9 Vol. 2, 144 15.19 Vol. 1, 77 15.22–24 Vol. 2, 144 15.27 Vol. 2, 144 15.31 Vol. 1, 104; Vol. 2, 135 15.35 Vol. 2, 135 15.37–41 Vol. 1, 224 16–17 Vol. 1, 100 16.3 Vol. 1, 74 16.8 Vol. 2, 121 16.13 Vol. 2, 135 16.28 Vol. 2, 124 16.29 Vol. 2, 124 16.30 Vol. 2, 144

17.5 17.13 18 18.15 20.10 20.19 21–24 21.2 21.13 22–24 22.17 22.30 22.34 22.37 22.38 23–24 23.7 23.9 23.11 23.25 24.4 24.7 24.10 24.11 24.17 25–36 25.17 26.11 26.56 26.65 27.7 27.8 27.9 27.10 27.11 28 30.4–5 30.7–8 30.7 30.9 30.11–12 30.13 30.15 30.16 30.17 31.9

Vol. 1, 108 Vol. 1, 123 Vol. 1, 100 Vol. 2, 135 Vol. 2, 121 Vol. 2, 144 Vol. 2, 17 Vol. 2, 135, 144 Vol. 1, 123 Vol. 1, 30, 203 Vol. 2, 135 Vol. 2, 135 Vol. 2, 144, 147 Vol. 2, 135 Vol. 2, 135 Vol. 1, 329; Vol. 2, 6, 17 Vol. 1, 349 Vol. 1, 212 Vol. 2, 135 Vol. 2, 135 Vol. 1, 207 Vol. 1, 21, 84 Vol. 2, 135 Vol. 2, 135 Vol. 1, 231 Vol. 2, 12 Vol. 2, 130, 131 Vol. 1, 127 Vol. 1, 123 Vol. 2, 135 Vol. 2, 135 Vol. 2, 144 Vol. 2, 144 Vol. 2, 144 Vol. 2, 144 Vol. 2, 131 Vol. 2, 144 Vol. 2, 144 Vol. 2, 135 Vol. 2, 144 Vol. 2, 144 Vol. 2, 135 Vol. 2, 135, 144 Vol. 2, 135, 144 Vol. 1, 123 Vol. 1, 258

Index of Biblical Literature and References 31.27 31.54 32.5 32.7 32.15 32.20 32.23 32.26 32.29 32.30 33.55 34.14 34.25 35–36 35.16 35.17 35.18 35.21 35.22–24 35.24 35.26 35.31

Vol. 1, 123 Vol. 1, 108 Vol. 2, 144 Vol. 2, 124 Vol. 2, 124, 144 Vol. 2, 124 Vol. 2, 124 Vol. 1, 258 Vol. 2, 144 Vol. 2, 144 Vol. 2, 144 Vol. 1, 127 Vol. 1, 308; Vol. 2, 15 Vol. 1, 100 Vol. 2, 135 Vol. 2, 135 Vol. 2, 135 Vol. 2, 135 Vol. 2, 144 Vol. 1, 123 Vol. 2, 135 Vol. 2, 135

Deuteronomy–Kings, Deuteronomistic History Vol. 1, 11, 25, 26, 28, 29, 32, 52, 53, 55, 65–67, 95, 131, 197, 306; Vol. 2, 3–6, 13, 14, 18–33, 36, 37, 78, 98, 101, 109, 131, 151 Deuteronomy Vol. 1, 25, 33, 73, 74, 77, 79, 88, 95, 100, 101, 114, 116, 158, 161, 224, 270, 311; Vol. 2, 3, 4, 9–11, 13, 14, 18–23, 28, 37, 81, 109–13, 119, 121– 23, 125, 126, 131 1–30 Vol. 2, 22 1.3 Vol. 2, 12 1.16 Vol. 2, 130 1.17 Vol. 2, 124 1.18 Vol. 2, 124 1.22 Vol. 2, 124 1.29 Vol. 2, 124 2.25 Vol. 2, 124 2.30 Vol. 2, 114 2.34 Vol. 1, 258 3.6 Vol. 1, 258

3.19 4.6 4.10 4.11 4.16 4.20 4.26 4.28 4.38 5–30 5.12 5.16 5.23 5.25 5.33 6.2 6.3 6.4–9 6.4 6.14 6.17 6.20–21 6.24 7.2 7.5 7.12 7.18 7.25 7.26 8.1 8.3 8.13 8.16 8.18 8.19 8.20 9.7 9.22 9.24 10.10 10.15 10.18 11.13–21 11.13–14 11.13 11.22–23 11.22

Vol. 1, 258 Vol. 2, 124 Vol. 2, 124 Vol. 2, 109, 124 Vol. 2, 124 Vol. 2, 114 Vol. 2, 124, 135 Vol. 2, 124 Vol. 2, 114 Vol. 2, 18 Vol. 2, 130 Vol. 2, 124, 130 Vol. 2, 124 Vol. 2, 144 Vol. 2, 124 Vol. 2, 124 Vol. 2, 124 Vol. 1, 224 Vol. 1, 224 Vol. 2, 124 Vol. 2, 124, 135 Vol. 2, 144 Vol. 2, 114 Vol. 2, 135 Vol. 2, 124 Vol. 2, 124 Vol. 2, 135 Vol. 2, 124 Vol. 2, 135 Vol. 2, 124 Vol. 2, 124 Vol. 2, 124 Vol. 2, 124 Vol. 2, 114 Vol. 2, 124, 135 Vol. 2, 124 Vol. 1, 78 Vol. 1, 78 Vol. 1, 78 Vol. 2, 114 Vol. 2, 114 Vol. 1, 319 Vol. 1, 224 Vol. 2, 144 Vol. 2, 135 Vol. 2, 144 Vol. 2, 124, 135

331

332

Linguistic Dating of Biblical Texts

Deuteronomy (cont.) 11.26–30 Vol. 2, 25 12.1–26.15 Vol. 2, 20 12.1 Vol. 2, 124 12.2 Vol. 2, 124, 135 12.3 Vol. 1, 117; Vol. 2, 124 12.4 Vol. 2, 124 12.8 Vol. 2, 124 12.21 Vol. 2, 144 13.5 Vol. 2, 124 13.10 Vol. 2, 135 13.12 Vol. 2, 124 13.13–15 Vol. 2, 144 13.16 Vol. 2, 135 14.22 Vol. 2, 135 14.24–25 Vol. 2, 144 15 Vol. 2, 20 15.4 Vol. 2, 135 15.5 Vol. 2, 135 15.8 Vol. 2, 135 15.10 Vol. 2, 135 15.11 Vol. 2, 135 15.12–18 Vol. 2, 20 15.14 Vol. 2, 135 15.16–17 Vol. 2, 144 16.1 Vol. 2, 130, 131 17.2–5 Vol. 2, 144 17.8 Vol. 1, 123; Vol. 2, 144 17.13 Vol. 2, 124 17.14–18 Vol. 1, 263 17.15 Vol. 2, 135 17.16 Vol. 2, 124 17.18 Vol. 1, 77 18.1 Vol. 2, 124 18.6–7 Vol. 2, 144 18.15 Vol. 2, 124 19.5 Vol. 1, 152 19.8–9 Vol. 2, 144 19.11–12 Vol. 2, 144 19.16–17 Vol. 2, 144 20.2 Vol. 1, 77 20.9 Vol. 1, 77 20.10 Vol. 2, 144 20.11 Vol. 2, 144 20.12 Vol. 2, 144 20.14 Vol. 1, 258 20.17 Vol. 2, 135

20.19 21.1–2 21.10–13 21.14 21.15–16 21.18–21 21.23 22.1 22.2 22.4 22.7 22.8 22.13–19 22.20–21 22.22 22.23–24 22.25 22.28–29 23.10 23.11 23.14 23.22–24 23.22 23.25 23.26 24.1–4 24.7 24.9 24.13 24.21 25.1–2 25.5–10 25.7 25.11–12 25.13 25.17 25.19 26.5 27.1 27.4–10 27.4 28–29 28.1 28.15 28.29 28.56 28.58–59

Vol. 1, 152 Vol. 2, 144 Vol. 2, 144 Vol. 2, 135, 144 Vol. 2, 144 Vol. 2, 144 Vol. 2, 135 Vol. 2, 135 Vol. 2, 144 Vol. 2, 135 Vol. 2, 135 Vol. 2, 144 Vol. 2, 144 Vol. 2, 144 Vol. 2, 144 Vol. 2, 144 Vol. 2, 144 Vol. 2, 144 Vol. 2, 144 Vol. 2, 144 Vol. 1, 77, 303 Vol. 2, 63 Vol. 2, 135 Vol. 2, 144 Vol. 2, 144 Vol. 2, 144 Vol. 2, 144 Vol. 2, 130 Vol. 2, 135 Vol. 2, 59 Vol. 2, 144 Vol. 2, 59 Vol. 2, 144 Vol. 2, 144 Vol. 1, 125 Vol. 2, 130 Vol. 1, 77 Vol. 1, 7 Vol. 2, 130 Vol. 2, 25 Vol. 1, 77 Vol. 2, 22 Vol. 2, 135, 144 Vol. 2, 144 Vol. 1, 78 Vol. 2, 127 Vol. 2, 144

Index of Biblical Literature and References 29.8 29.10 29.18–19 29.27 30.3 30.18 31 31.9 31.12 31.16–22 31.18 31.19 31.22 31.24 31.26 31.27 31.29 32–33 32 32.1–43 32.2 32.3 32.5 32.7 32.8 32.10 32.17 32.20 32.21 32.22 32.23 32.26 32.27 32.28 32.29 32.30 32.31 32.32 32.33 32.35–38 32.35 32.36 32.37 32.38 32.39

Vol. 2, 124 Vol. 1, 258 Vol. 1, 77 Vol. 2, 114 Vol. 1, 126 Vol. 2, 124, 135 Vol. 1, 320 Vol. 2, 2 Vol. 1, 258 Vol. 1, 321 Vol. 2, 135 Vol. 1, 321; Vol. 2, 2 Vol. 2, 2 Vol. 2, 2 Vol. 2, 130 Vol. 1, 78 Vol. 2, 124, 135 Vol. 1, 30; Vol. 2, 6 Vol. 1, 320, 321, 324, 327–29, 332–35, 338 Vol. 2, 22 Vol. 1, 270 Vol. 1, 328 Vol. 1, 328 Vol. 1, 125 Vol. 1, 326 Vol. 1, 320, 321, 325, 326, 338 Vol. 1, 207, 328 Vol. 1, 328 Vol. 1, 328, 335 Vol. 1, 327 Vol. 1, 327, 328 Vol. 1, 328 Vol. 1, 327 Vol. 1, 328 Vol. 1, 328 Vol. 1, 328 Vol. 1, 328 Vol. 1, 327, 328 Vol. 1, 328 Vol. 1, 327 Vol. 1, 327, 328 Vol. 1, 211, 327, 328 Vol. 1, 327, 328 Vol. 1, 327, 328 Vol. 1, 328

32.41 32.48–52 33 33.2–29 33.2 33.11 34.1a 34.5–12 34.5b 34.7–9

333

Vol. 2, 144, 147 Vol. 2, 12 Vol. 1, 300, 329; Vol. 2, 93 Vol. 2, 22 Vol. 1, 300, 303, 304, 309, 310; Vol. 2, 93, 94 Vol. 2, 124 Vol. 2, 12 Vol. 2, 2 Vol. 2, 12 Vol. 2, 12

Joshua–Malachi, Prophets Vol. 1, 347; Vol. 2, 24–48, 50, 70 Joshua–Kings, Former Prophets Vol. 1, 1, 3, 13, 25, 32, 48, 51, 66, 98, 341; Vol. 2, 2–6, 18–33, 84, 111, 112, 131, 138, 146 Joshua Vol. 1, 33, 52, 57, 73, 77, 79, 80, 88, 114, 270, 311, 350; Vol. 2, 2, 3, 10, 12, 21, 23–26, 30, 104, 109, 110, 112, 113, 119–22, 126, 138, 139, 141 1–12 Vol. 2, 24 1 Vol. 2, 24 1.7 Vol. 2, 25 1.8 Vol. 2, 25 1.13 Vol. 2, 129, 130 1.14 Vol. 1, 258 2–11 Vol. 2, 24 2.5 Vol. 2, 127 2.8 Vol. 2, 124 2.12 Vol. 2, 145 2.14 Vol. 1, 77; Vol. 2, 145 2.20 Vol. 2, 145 3.7 Vol. 2, 124 3.10 Vol. 2, 124, 135 3.13 Vol. 1, 77; Vol. 2, 124 4 Vol. 1, 99; Vol. 2, 82 4.6–7 Vol. 2, 145 4.6 Vol. 2, 124 4.7 Vol. 1, 109 4.21 Vol. 2, 124 5.9 Vol. 1, 79

334

Linguistic Dating of Biblical Texts

Joshua (cont.) 6.5 Vol. 1, 77 6.9 Vol. 2, 135 6.13 Vol. 2, 135 7.7 Vol. 2, 135 8.5 Vol. 2, 145 8.8 Vol. 1, 77 8.30–35 Vol. 2, 24, 25 8.30 Vol. 2, 25 8.31 Vol. 2, 25 8.32 Vol. 2, 25 8.33 Vol. 2, 25 8.34 Vol. 2, 25 8.35 Vol. 1, 258 9.6 Vol. 1, 79 9.24 Vol. 2, 135 10.6 Vol. 1, 79 10.14 Vol. 2, 114 10.24 Vol. 2, 116, 118 12 Vol. 2, 24 13–24 Vol. 2, 24 13–22 Vol. 2, 12, 24 15.14 Vol. 1, 127, 300, 309 15.21 Vol. 1, 80 16.1 Vol. 1, 79 17.7 Vol. 2, 25 17.10 Vol. 2, 124 17.13 Vol. 2, 135 18.13 Vol. 1, 79 20 Vol. 2, 24 20.7 Vol. 2, 25 21.5 Vol. 1, 127 21.20 Vol. 1, 127 21.21 Vol. 2, 25 21.26 Vol. 1, 127 22.5 Vol. 2, 25 22.8 Vol. 2, 24 22.10 Vol. 1, 79 22.28 Vol. 2, 145 23 Vol. 2, 24 23.6 Vol. 2, 25 23.12 Vol. 2, 135 23.13 Vol. 2, 135 24 Vol. 2, 24, 25 24.1 Vol. 2, 25 24.10 Vol. 2, 135 24.15 Vol. 2, 124

24.20 24.25 24.26 24.27 24.29–33 24.32

Vol. 2, 145 Vol. 2, 25 Vol. 2, 2, 25 Vol. 2, 124 Vol. 2, 2 Vol. 1, 334; Vol. 2, 25

Judges–Kings Vol. 2, 120 Judges Vol. 1, 33, 57, 73, 77, 80, 101, 103, 114, 116, 189, 190, 193, 209, 311, 350; Vol. 2, 3, 9, 10, 21, 23–28, 30, 59, 104, 110, 112, 113, 119, 122, 126, 129, 130, 139, 1 Vol. 2, 26 1.1–3.11 Vol. 2, 24 1.1–3.6 Vol. 2, 25, 26 1.1–36 Vol. 2, 26 1.1–3 Vol. 2, 26 1.4–18 Vol. 2, 26 1.7 Vol. 1, 78 1.10 Vol. 1, 300, 309 1.19–21 Vol. 2, 26 1.20 Vol. 1, 127 1.22–26 Vol. 2, 26 1.23 Vol. 1, 79 1.26 Vol. 1, 79 1.27–34 Vol. 2, 26 1.28 Vol. 2, 135 1.35 Vol. 2, 26 1.36 Vol. 2, 26 2.1–5 Vol. 2, 26 2.2 Vol. 2, 124 2.6–11 Vol. 2, 25 2.6–10 Vol. 2, 26 2.11–19 Vol. 2, 26 2.12–13 Vol. 2, 26 2.14–16 Vol. 2, 25 2.17 Vol. 2, 26 2.18–19 Vol. 2, 25 2.20–3.6 Vol. 2, 26 2.20–23 Vol. 2, 26 3–12 Vol. 2, 26 3.1–6 Vol. 2, 26 3.7–16.31 Vol. 2, 25

Index of Biblical Literature and References 3.7–12.15 3.7–11 3.12–12.15 3.12–9.57 4–8 4.5 4.8 4.9 4.11 4.17 4.20 4.21 4.24 5 5.7 5.11 5.11a 5.23 6–8 6.7–10 6.8 6.9 6.13 6.17 6.25 6.28 6.30 6.31 6.32 6.37 7.12 7.17 7.19 8.1 8.25 8.26 9.8–15 9.8 9.15 9.20 9.24 9.33 10–12 10.1–5

Vol. 2, 25 Vol. 2, 25, 26 Vol. 2, 25 Vol. 2, 26 Vol. 1, 30 Vol. 2, 26 Vol. 2, 145 Vol. 2, 135 Vol. 2, 26 Vol. 2, 26 Vol. 2, 145 Vol. 2, 26 Vol. 2, 135 Vol. 1, 220, 329; Vol. 2, 6, 26, 27 Vol. 1, 227, 247 Vol. 1, 209, 220 Vol. 1, 208 Vol. 2, 135 Vol. 2, 26 Vol. 2, 26 Vol. 1, 204 Vol. 2, 145 Vol. 1, 227 Vol. 1, 227, 247; Vol. 2, 26, 145 Vol. 1, 117 Vol. 1, 117 Vol. 1, 117 Vol. 1, 117; Vol. 2, 124, 145 Vol. 1, 117 Vol. 2, 145 Vol. 1, 227, 247 Vol. 2, 124 Vol. 2, 135 Vol. 2, 124 Vol. 2, 135 Vol. 1, 227, 247 Vol. 2, 26 Vol. 2, 135 Vol. 2, 145 Vol. 2, 145 Vol. 2, 127 Vol. 1, 77 Vol. 1, 30 Vol. 2, 26

10.6–12.7 10.11 11 11.9 11.10 11.12–28 11.16 11.18 11.20 11.25 11.30–31 11.30 11.34–40 11.35 12 12.4–6 12.6 12.8–15 13–21 13.1–16.31 13.1 13.2–16.31 13.8 13.22 14 14.1 14.2 14.5 14.9 14.10 14.12 14.13 14.19 15.2 15.4 15.7 15.12 15.13 15.14 16.7 16.11 16.17 16.31 17–21 17.1–21.25 17.1–18.31 17.3

335

Vol. 2, 26 Vol. 1, 122 Vol. 2, 26 Vol. 2, 145 Vol. 1, 78 Vol. 2, 26 Vol. 1, 77 Vol. 2, 124 Vol. 1, 80 Vol. 2, 135 Vol. 2, 26, 145 Vol. 2, 135 Vol. 2, 26 Vol. 2, 135 Vol. 1, 190 Vol. 1, 189 Vol. 1, 189 Vol. 2, 26 Vol. 2, 26 Vol. 2, 26 Vol. 2, 26 Vol. 2, 26 Vol. 2, 116 Vol. 2, 135 Vol. 1, 79, 253 Vol. 1, 79, 80 Vol. 1, 79, 80 Vol. 1, 79 Vol. 2, 135 Vol. 1, 265 Vol. 2, 135, 145 Vol. 2, 145 Vol. 1, 265 Vol. 2, 135 Vol. 1, 307 Vol. 2, 124 Vol. 2, 124 Vol. 2, 135 Vol. 1, 186 Vol. 2, 145 Vol. 2, 135, 145 Vol. 2, 145 Vol. 1, 265 Vol. 1, 99; Vol. 2, 82 Vol. 2, 25 Vol. 2, 26 Vol. 2, 135

336

Linguistic Dating of Biblical Texts

Judges (cont.) 17.5 Vol. 2, 107 17.12 Vol. 2, 107 18.4 Vol. 1, 247 19–21 Vol. 1, 52, 99; Vol. 2, 26, 27 19.1–21.25 Vol. 2, 26 19.1–21.24 Vol. 2, 26 19.1 Vol. 1, 78 20.5 Vol. 1, 356 20.39 Vol. 2, 135 21.5 Vol. 2, 135 21.10 Vol. 1, 258 21.21 Vol. 2, 145 21.22 Vol. 2, 145 21.25 Vol. 2, 26 Samuel–Kings Vol. 1, 18, 19, 25, 28, 29, 40, 65, 66, 68, 69, 73, 77, 80, 107, 136, 137, 173, 350, 353, 357, 358; Vol. 2, 13, 23, 30, 69, 78, 120, 128, 131, 133, 139, 141, 142 Samuel Vol. 1, 33, 37, 38, 43, 57, 61, 65, 67, 68, 71, 73–75, 77, 80, 88, 95, 98, 101, 103, 105, 110, 116, 170, 173, 193, 258, 261, 271, 288, 348, 350; Vol. 2, 3, 9, 10, 21, 23, 27–30, 42, 48, 60, 83, 85, 101–105, 109, 110, 112, 113, 115, 119, 120–22, 126, 139, 152 1 Samuel Vol. 1, 30; Vol. 2, 124 1–24 Vol. 2, 3 1–2 Vol. 2, 30 1.10 Vol. 2, 136 1.11 Vol. 2, 136, 145 1.14 Vol. 2, 124 2 Vol. 1, 20; Vol. 2, 6 2.1–10 Vol. 1, 342 2.11 Vol. 1, 78 2.15 Vol. 2, 124 2.16 Vol. 2, 114, 124, 136 2.19 Vol. 1, 350 2.22 Vol. 2, 124

2.23 2.25 2.27 2.30 2.36 3.9 3.19 4.1b–7.17 4.17 5.9 5.11 6.3 6.9 6.12 7.16 8.9 9.6 9.7 9.13 9.22 9.24 9.27 10.2 10.5 10.7 10.8 10.14 10.16 10.27 11.3 11.9 11.14 11.15 12.1–15 12.14 12.15 12.25 13.1–14.9 13.8 13.12 13.13 13.15 13.16 13.21 14.1

Vol. 2, 124 Vol. 2, 145 Vol. 2, 136 Vol. 1, 104; Vol. 2, 136 Vol. 1, 77 Vol. 1, 77; Vol. 2, 145 Vol. 1, 350 Vol. 1, 52 Vol. 1, 75 Vol. 1, 351 Vol. 1, 351 Vol. 2, 136 Vol. 2, 145 Vol. 2, 136 Vol. 1, 79 Vol. 2, 136 Vol. 2, 136 Vol. 1, 211 Vol. 1, 77; Vol. 2, 114, 124 Vol. 1, 288 Vol. 2, 116, 117 Vol. 2, 114 Vol. 1, 77 Vol. 1, 77 Vol. 1, 77 Vol. 1, 79 Vol. 1, 74 Vol. 2, 136 Vol. 1, 104 Vol. 2, 145 Vol. 2, 124 Vol. 1, 79 Vol. 1, 79 Vol. 2, 19 Vol. 2, 145 Vol. 2, 145 Vol. 2, 19, 136 Vol. 1, 134, 273; Vol. 2, 29, 87 Vol. 1, 79, 134 Vol. 1, 79, 134 Vol. 1, 134 Vol. 1, 134 Vol. 1, 134 Vol. 1, 134; Vol. 2, 114 Vol. 1, 71

Index of Biblical Literature and References 14.3 14.4 14.9 14.10 14.12 14.19 14.28 14.30 14.32 14.33 14.34 14.39 14.43 14.44 15.12 15.35 16.1 16.16 17 17.5 17.9 17.17 17.25 17.38 17.42 17.51 19.1 19.23 20.3 20.5 20.6 20.7 20.9 20.13 20.21 20.25 20.28 20.29 20.31 20.36 21.1 21.2 22.8 22.9 22.11 22.13

Vol. 1, 134 Vol. 1, 71, 134 Vol. 2, 145 Vol. 1, 71; Vol. 2, 145 Vol. 1, 71 Vol. 2, 136 Vol. 2, 136 Vol. 2, 136 Vol. 1, 350 Vol. 1, 71 Vol. 1, 71 Vol. 2, 136 Vol. 2, 136 Vol. 2, 136 Vol. 1, 79 Vol. 1, 71 Vol. 1, 71 Vol. 1, 77 Vol. 1, 288; Vol. 2, 30 Vol. 1, 288, 342 Vol. 2, 145 Vol. 1, 127 Vol. 1, 77 Vol. 1, 288, 342 Vol. 1, 104 Vol. 1, 348 Vol. 1, 74 Vol. 2, 136 Vol. 2, 136 Vol. 2, 136 Vol. 1, 74; Vol. 2, 136, 145 Vol. 2, 136 Vol. 2, 136 Vol. 2, 145 Vol. 2, 136 Vol. 1, 71 Vol. 2, 136 Vol. 2, 145, 147 Vol. 1, 21, 84 Vol. 1, 351; Vol. 2, 121 Vol. 1, 351 Vol. 1, 79, 350 Vol. 1, 71; Vol. 2, 114 Vol. 1, 79, 350 Vol. 1, 79 Vol. 1, 71; Vol. 2, 114

22.16 22.17 22.19 22.22 23.10 23.11 23.15 23.18 23.19 23.22 23.23 23.27 24.11 24.12 24.20 24.21 24.23 1 Sam. 25– 2 Sam. 24 25.17 25.18 25.25 25.28 25.30–31 26.15 26.16 26.19 26.25 27.1 27.5 27.10 27.11 27.12 28.1 28.14 28.16 30.6 30.8 30.22 30.25 31 31.13

337

Vol. 2, 136 Vol. 1, 41, 75 Vol. 1, 79 Vol. 2, 136 Vol. 2, 136 Vol. 2, 121 Vol. 1, 80 Vol. 1, 80 Vol. 1, 80 Vol. 2, 136 Vol. 1, 77; Vol. 2, 145 Vol. 1, 356 Vol. 1, 74 Vol. 1, 77 Vol. 2, 145 Vol. 2, 136 Vol. 1, 71 Vol. 2, 3 Vol. 1, 71 Vol. 1, 127 Vol. 1, 71 Vol. 2, 136 Vol. 1, 77 Vol. 1, 71 Vol. 1, 71 Vol. 2, 145 Vol. 2, 136 Vol. 2, 136, 145 Vol. 2, 145 Vol. 1, 71 Vol. 1, 351 Vol. 2, 136 Vol. 2, 136 Vol. 1, 351 Vol. 1, 351, 352 Vol. 1, 74 Vol. 2, 136 Vol. 2, 117 Vol. 1, 350 Vol. 1, 343 Vol. 1, 80

2 Samuel Vol. 1, 101; Vol. 2, 124 1.6 Vol. 2, 136 1.18 Vol. 1, 74

338

Linguistic Dating of Biblical Texts

2 Samuel (cont.) 2.9 Vol. 1, 71 2.12 Vol. 1, 350 2.26 Vol. 1, 74 2.29 Vol. 1, 351 3.9–10 Vol. 1, 74 3.16 Vol. 2, 136 3.17 Vol. 1, 78 3.24 Vol. 2, 136 3.27 Vol. 1, 350, 351 3.29 Vol. 1, 71 4.3 Vol. 1, 78, 351 5.1 Vol. 1, 350 5.9 Vol. 1, 350 5.10 Vol. 2, 136, 139 5.11 Vol. 1, 75 5.17–25 Vol. 1, 34 5.19 Vol. 2, 133, 136, 139, 142 5.24 Vol. 1, 77 5.25 Vol. 1, 80 6 Vol. 1, 98, 103–105; Vol. 2, 29, 83 6.1–7.8 Vol. 2, 29 6.1–20a Vol. 1, 133, 134, 273; Vol. 2, 87 6.3 Vol. 1, 105, 134 6.5 Vol. 1, 105, 115 6.6 Vol. 1, 105, 133, 134 6.7 Vol. 1, 105, 135 6.9 Vol. 1, 73 6.10 Vol. 1, 71, 105, 134 6.14 Vol. 1, 38 6.16–23 Vol. 1, 103, 109, 129; Vol. 2, 1, 29 6.16 Vol. 1, 104, 134; Vol. 2, 153 6.20b–23 Vol. 1, 134 6.21 Vol. 1, 104 6.22 Vol. 1, 104, 134 7.1–12 Vol. 1, 133, 134, 273; Vol. 2, 87 7.2 Vol. 2, 120 7.6 Vol. 1, 78, 134, 135 7.7 Vol. 1, 74; Vol. 2, 113 7.9 Vol. 1, 135 7.12 Vol. 1, 77

7.25 7.28 8.2 8.15 9–20 9.7 10.2 10.11 10.14 11.14 11.15 11.19 11.20–21 11.25 12.8 12.9 12.10 12.14 12.16 13.19 13.23 14.14 14.31 14.32 14.33 15.1 15.8 15.10 15.13 15.25 15.30 15.32 15.33 15.34 15.35 16.5 16.13 17.9 17.10 17.11 17.13 17.14 17.16 17.28 18.2

Vol. 1, 71 Vol. 1, 71 Vol. 1, 351 Vol. 1, 78 Vol. 1, 25, 26, 28, 29, 52, 65, 67; Vol. 2, 5, 21, 27, 28, 31, 78 Vol. 2, 136 Vol. 1, 76 Vol. 2, 145, 148 Vol. 1, 80 Vol. 1, 38 Vol. 1, 38 Vol. 1, 77; Vol. 2, 127 Vol. 1, 77; Vol. 2, 145 Vol. 1, 247 Vol. 2, 147 Vol. 1, 104 Vol. 1, 104 Vol. 2, 136 Vol. 1, 350 Vol. 2, 136 Vol. 1, 78 Vol. 2, 136 Vol. 1, 350 Vol. 2, 145 Vol. 1, 351 Vol. 1, 41, 75 Vol. 2, 136, 145 Vol. 1, 75 Vol. 1, 75 Vol. 2, 145 Vol. 2, 136 Vol. 1, 78 Vol. 2, 145 Vol. 2, 145 Vol. 1, 77 Vol. 2, 136 Vol. 2, 136 Vol. 1, 77 Vol. 2, 136 Vol. 2, 136 Vol. 2, 145 Vol. 1, 74 Vol. 2, 136 Vol. 1, 127 Vol. 2, 136

Index of Biblical Literature and References 18.3 18.14 18.25 19.16 19.36 19.41 19.43 20.10 20.14 20.15 20.18 21.4 21.16 21.20 21.22 22–23 22 22.1–51 22.1 22.3 22.5 22.6 22.12 22.14 22.15 22.17 22.18 22.19 22.20 22.21 22.22 22.24 22.34 22.36 22.38 22.39 22.40 22.41 22.42 22.43 22.44 22.48 22.49 22.50

Vol. 2, 136 Vol. 1, 121 Vol. 2, 136 Vol. 1, 79 Vol. 1, 123 Vol. 1, 79 Vol. 2, 136 Vol. 1, 350 Vol. 1, 350 Vol. 1, 80 Vol. 2, 136 Vol. 2, 127 Vol. 1, 74 Vol. 2, 114 Vol. 2, 114 Vol. 2, 6 Vol. 1, 130, 135, 137, 273, 329, 332, 343; Vol. 2, 87, 100 Vol. 1, 135, 273; Vol. 2, 29, 49, 87 Vol. 1, 135 Vol. 1, 135 Vol. 1, 135 Vol. 1, 135 Vol. 1, 135 Vol. 1, 135 Vol. 1, 135 Vol. 1, 41 Vol. 1, 135 Vol. 1, 135 Vol. 1, 135 Vol. 1, 135 Vol. 1, 135 Vol. 1, 135 Vol. 1, 135 Vol. 1, 135 Vol. 1, 135 Vol. 1, 135; Vol. 2, 124 Vol. 1, 135 Vol. 1, 135 Vol. 1, 135 Vol. 1, 135 Vol. 1, 135 Vol. 1, 135 Vol. 1, 135 Vol. 1, 135

23.1–7 23.2 23.7 23.20 24.2 24.4 24.10 24.12 24.13 24.14 24.17 24.18 24.21 24.24

339

Vol. 1, 30 Vol. 1, 209 Vol. 2, 136 Vol. 1, 270 Vol. 2, 120, 142 Vol. 1, 71 Vol. 2, 120 Vol. 2, 129–31 Vol. 1, 125 Vol. 2, 120 Vol. 1, 74; Vol. 2, 120, 121, 133, 139 Vol. 1, 74 Vol. 1, 74 Vol. 1, 107; Vol. 2, 136, 139

Kings Vol. 1, 33, 40, 41, 52, 65, 73, 75, 77, 80, 87, 88, 95, 101, 114, 116, 123, 157, 170, 192, 193, 197, 272, 306, 311, 312, 339, 353; Vol. 2, 3, 10, 21, 23, 27, 28, 30–33, 36, 42, 60, 70, 81, 85, 103–105, 109, 110, 112, 113, 119, 120, 122, 123, 125, 126, 131, 132, 138, 139, 152 1 Kings 1 Kgs. 1– 2 Kgs. 20 1–14 1–11 1–2 1.1–2.11 1.5 1.21 1.51 1.52 2 2.1–29 2.3 2.5 2.6

Vol. 2, 154 Vol. 2, 31 Vol. 2, 30 Vol. 1, 25, 26, 28, 29, 52, 65; Vol. 2, 10, 21, 31, 78 Vol. 2, 31 Vol. 1, 41, 75 Vol. 1, 77 Vol. 2, 114 Vol. 2, 145 Vol. 1, 261 Vol. 1, 135, 273; Vol. 2, 33, 87 Vol. 1, 135 Vol. 1, 135, 261 Vol. 1, 135

340

Linguistic Dating of Biblical Texts

1 Kings (cont.) 2.8 Vol. 1, 135, 261; Vol. 2, 152 2.9 Vol. 1, 135, 261 2.12 Vol. 1, 21, 84, 135 2.17 Vol. 1, 135 2.22 Vol. 1, 135 2.24 Vol. 1, 135, 261 2.26 Vol. 1, 135, 261 2.28 Vol. 1, 135 2.30 Vol. 1, 261 2.31 Vol. 1, 261 2.32 Vol. 1, 261 2.34 Vol. 1, 261 2.37 Vol. 1, 77; Vol. 2, 136 2.42 Vol. 1, 261; Vol. 2, 136 3–5 Vol. 2, 63 3 Vol. 1, 261 3.1 Vol. 1, 261 3.6 Vol. 2, 114 3.9 Vol. 1, 123 3.14 Vol. 2, 145 3.20 Vol. 1, 261 3.26 Vol. 2, 136 3.27 Vol. 1, 261; Vol. 2, 136 4.6 Vol. 1, 157 5.1 Vol. 1, 78 5.12 Vol. 1, 155; Vol. 2, 60 5.15 Vol. 1, 265 5.19 Vol. 1, 74 5.24 Vol. 1, 78 6–8 Vol. 1, 30 6.1 Vol. 1, 312 6.7 Vol. 1, 152 6.12 Vol. 2, 145 6.34 Vol. 2, 32 7.39 Vol. 1, 80 7.46 Vol. 1, 80, 123 8.12 Vol. 1, 74 8.13 Vol. 2, 133, 136, 139 8.15 Vol. 2, 113 8.24 Vol. 2, 114 8.26 Vol. 2, 120 8.29 Vol. 1, 74 8.31–32 Vol. 2, 148 8.33–34 Vol. 2, 148 8.33 Vol. 1, 77

8.35 8.38 8.42 8.43 8.44–45 8.46–49 8.53–54 8.61 9.4–5 9.6–7 9.6

Vol. 1, 77; Vol. 2, 124, 125 Vol. 1, 109; Vol. 2, 124, 125 Vol. 2, 124 Vol. 2, 124, 125 Vol. 2, 145, 148 Vol. 2, 145, 148 Vol. 2, 120 Vol. 2, 114 Vol. 2, 145, 148 Vol. 2, 145, 148 Vol. 1, 109; Vol. 2, 124, 125, 133, 136, 139, 142 Vol. 2, 142 Vol. 1, 152 Vol. 2, 32 Vol. 1, 80 Vol. 1, 281 Vol. 2, 116 Vol. 2, 136 Vol. 2, 136 Vol. 2, 32 Vol. 1, 77; Vol. 2, 145 Vol. 2, 31

9.7 9.15 10.1 10.2 10.22 11.9 11.11 11.22 11.33 11.38 11.41 1 Kgs. 12– 2 Kgs. 17 Vol. 1, 30; Vol. 2, 30, 33 12.1 Vol. 1, 80 12.6 Vol. 1, 78 12.7 Vol. 2, 145, 148 12.8 Vol. 2, 113 12.10 Vol. 2, 113 12.24 Vol. 1, 107; Vol. 2, 113, 124, 125 12.27 Vol. 2, 145 12.32 Vol. 2, 154 13 Vol. 2, 32 13.3 Vol. 2, 154 13.7 Vol. 2, 32 13.31 Vol. 1, 77 13.32 Vol. 2, 136 13.33 Vol. 2, 107 14.5 Vol. 1, 77, 247 14.12 Vol. 1, 77 14.19 Vol. 2, 31 14.27 Vol. 1, 75; Vol. 2, 154

Index of Biblical Literature and References 14.28 14.29 15.6 15.19 1 Kgs. 16– 2 Kgs. 9 16.9 18.12 18.24 19.2 19.4 19.10 19.14 19.15 19.17 20 20.1 20.6 20.10 20.37 20.39 20.40 21 21.2 21.4 21.6 21.10 21.13 22 22.1–35 22.3 22.5 22.6–35 22.6 22.8 22.9 22.11 22.13 22.14 22.15 22.16–17

Vol. 1, 75; Vol. 2, 142 Vol. 2, 31 Vol. 1, 123 Vol. 1, 123; Vol. 2, 113

22.16 22.17 22.21 22.24

Vol. 2, 31, 32 Vol. 1, 157 Vol. 1, 77 Vol. 1, 77 Vol. 2, 124 Vol. 2, 152 Vol. 2, 136 Vol. 2, 136 Vol. 1, 170 Vol. 1, 77 Vol. 1, 348 Vol. 1, 357 Vol. 1, 77 Vol. 1, 271; Vol. 2, 124 Vol. 2, 136 Vol. 2, 136, 145, 152 Vol. 1, 78 Vol. 2, 32 Vol. 2, 145 Vol. 2, 32 Vol. 2, 32, 145 Vol. 2, 32 Vol. 2, 32 Vol. 1, 137; Vol. 2, 86 Vol. 1, 353, 354, 358; Vol. 2, 1, 33 Vol. 1, 355 Vol. 1, 355; Vol. 2, 114, 120 Vol. 1, 134, 137, 273; Vol. 2, 33, 87 Vol. 1, 134, 355, 356 Vol. 1, 134, 354, 355, 357 Vol. 1, 134, 355–57 Vol. 1, 134, 357 Vol. 1, 76, 134, 355, 357; Vol. 2, 120 Vol. 1, 134, 357 Vol. 1, 134, 355, 357; Vol. 2, 142 Vol. 1, 353

22.25 22.26 22.27 22.28 22.31 22.32 22.33 22.34 22.35 23.4 23.5 23.8 23.10 23.12 23.14 23.15 2 Kings 1 1.4 1.6 1.10 1.12 1.16 2.10 2.11 2.20 3.23 3.26 4 4.10 4.38 4.43 5.6 5.10 5.11 5.18

341

Vol. 1, 134, 354, 355 Vol. 1, 134, 356, 357 Vol. 1, 134, 354, 355 Vol. 1, 107, 134, 357; Vol. 2, 113 Vol. 1, 357 Vol. 1, 134, 355, 357 Vol. 1, 134, 355 Vol. 1, 354, 357; Vol. 2, 136, 139 Vol. 1, 134, 357; Vol. 2, 113 Vol. 1, 134, 354–56 Vol. 1, 354 Vol. 1, 123, 134, 354, 355, 357 Vol. 1, 78, 134, 355, 357 Vol. 2, 32 Vol. 2, 32 Vol. 2, 32 Vol. 2, 32 Vol. 2, 32 Vol. 2, 32 Vol. 2, 32 Vol. 2, 32 Vol. 2, 136 Vol. 2, 136 Vol. 2, 145 Vol. 2, 145 Vol. 2, 136 Vol. 2, 145 Vol. 2, 136 Vol. 2, 32 Vol. 2, 136 Vol. 2, 130 Vol. 1, 105 Vol. 1, 77 Vol. 1, 79 Vol. 2, 129, 130 Vol. 1, 77 Vol. 2, 130 Vol. 2, 136 Vol. 1, 77, 191, 192, 213

342

Linguistic Dating of Biblical Texts

2 Kings (cont.) 5.25 Vol. 2, 152 6.11 Vol. 1, 213, 227, 247 6.13 Vol. 2, 32 6.19 Vol. 1, 247; Vol. 2, 124 6.32 Vol. 1, 77; Vol. 2, 152 7 Vol. 2, 147 7.4 Vol. 2, 145, 147, 148 7.10 Vol. 1, 159 7.12 Vol. 2, 114, 145, 147 8.10 Vol. 2, 136 8.14 Vol. 2, 136 8.19 Vol. 1, 74 8.21 Vol. 1, 78 8.27 Vol. 1, 155 8.28 Vol. 2, 113 9.14 Vol. 1, 78 9.24 Vol. 2, 107 9.28 Vol. 1, 80 9.37 Vol. 1, 153 10.2 Vol. 1, 77 10.32–33 Vol. 1, 216 11.3 Vol. 2, 113 11.5 Vol. 2, 124, 125 11.7 Vol. 2, 142 11.8 Vol. 2, 113 11.13 Vol. 2, 32 11.15 Vol. 2, 130–32 11.17 Vol. 1, 123 12.6 Vol. 1, 107 12.17–18 Vol. 1, 216 13.1 Vol. 1, 182 13.3–7 Vol. 1, 216 13.10 Vol. 1, 182 14.10 Vol. 2, 133, 136, 139 14.14 Vol. 1, 80 14.23 Vol. 1, 182 14.25 Vol. 2, 43 15.5 Vol. 1, 157 16.7 Vol. 1, 73 17.6 Vol. 1, 181, 297; Vol. 2, 92 17.25 Vol. 1, 78 17.28 Vol. 1, 78 17.29 Vol. 1, 78 17.32 Vol. 1, 78

17.33 17.37 17.39 17.41 18–25 18–20 18–19 18.4 18.13 18.18 18.19 18.22 18.26–27 18.26 18.28 18.30 18.33 18.37 19.2 19.6 19.10 19.19 19.29 20.5 20.20 21–25

Vol. 1, 78 Vol. 2, 124 Vol. 2, 148 Vol. 1, 78 Vol. 2, 30 Vol. 2, 18, 31 Vol. 1, 285 Vol. 1, 78 Vol. 1, 74 Vol. 1, 157 Vol. 1, 73 Vol. 1, 73; Vol. 2, 124 Vol. 2, 57 Vol. 1, 6, 213, 215 Vol. 1, 6 Vol. 2, 136 Vol. 2, 136, 139 Vol. 1, 157 Vol. 1, 157 Vol. 2, 124 Vol. 2, 124 Vol. 2, 120 Vol. 2, 130, 132 Vol. 2, 132 Vol. 1, 149, 150 Vol. 1, 52; Vol. 2, 32, 141, 150–54 21–23 Vol. 2, 32 21 Vol. 2, 151 21.1 Vol. 2, 154 21.2–6 Vol. 2, 153 21.2 Vol. 2, 153 21.3 Vol. 2, 153 21.4–6 Vol. 2, 154 21.4–6a Vol. 2, 153 21.4 Vol. 2, 150–53 21.4a Vol. 2, 153 21.6 Vol. 2, 150–53 21.6a Vol. 2, 153 21.6b Vol. 2, 153 21.15 Vol. 2, 154 21.19 Vol. 2, 154 22–23 Vol. 2, 18, 20 22 Vol. 2, 155 22.1–23.30 Vol. 2, 151, 155 22.1 Vol. 2, 154

Index of Biblical Literature and References 22.3 22.4 22.11 22.17 23 23.4–15 23.4 23.5 23.8 23.10 23.11 23.12 23.14 23.15 23.25 23.26– 25.30 23.31– 25.30 23.31 23.34 23.36 24–25 24.8 24.14 24.15 24.16 24.18 25.1 25.4 25.6 25.7 25.13 25.14 25.18 25.25 25.27–30 25.27 25.29

Vol. 2, 154 Vol. 1, 107 Vol. 2, 154 Vol. 2, 142 Vol. 1, 11; Vol. 2, 154, 155 Vol. 2, 154 Vol. 2, 150, 152 Vol. 2, 150, 152 Vol. 2, 150, 152 Vol. 2, 150, 152 Vol. 1, 306 Vol. 2, 150, 152 Vol. 2, 150, 152 Vol. 2, 150 Vol. 2, 19 Vol. 2, 19 Vol. 2, 151 Vol. 2, 154 Vol. 1, 80 Vol. 2, 154 Vol. 1, 11, 32, 66; Vol. 2, 2, 31, 36 Vol. 2, 154 Vol. 2, 150, 152, 154 Vol. 1, 79; Vol. 2, 150 Vol. 1, 79 Vol. 2, 154 Vol. 1, 181; Vol. 2, 32, 154 Vol. 2, 32 Vol. 2, 32 Vol. 2, 32 Vol. 1, 79 Vol. 2, 32 Vol. 1, 108 Vol. 2, 32, 154 Vol. 2, 30 Vol. 2, 30, 154 Vol. 2, 150, 152, 154

Isaiah–Malachi, Latter Prophets Vol. 1, 13, 48, 51, 68, 79; Vol. 2, 2, 5, 33–48, 111, 112

343

Isaiah Vol. 1, 1, 30, 80, 114, 156, 157, 262, 275, 307, 311, 330, 343, 350; Vol. 2, 31, 33–35, 100–103, 109, 110, 112, 119, 122, 123, 126, 146, 1–39 Vol. 1, 11, 88, 116, 126; Vol. 2, 5, 34, 35, 102, 109, 111, 112, 113, 119, 120, 122, 131 1.15 Vol. 1, 77 3.16 Vol. 2, 136 4.4–5 Vol. 2, 145 6.9 Vol. 2, 136 7.4 Vol. 2, 129 7.11 Vol. 2, 129, 130 7.25 Vol. 2, 124 8.12 Vol. 2, 124 8.21 Vol. 2, 145 9.4 Vol. 2, 186 10.16 Vol. 1, 307 12 Vol. 2, 33 13–14 Vol. 2, 33 13.8 Vol. 2, 124 13.20 Vol. 1, 125 14.31 Vol. 2, 130 16.7 Vol. 1, 258 17.4 Vol. 1, 306 17.12 Vol. 2, 124 17.13 Vol. 2, 124 18.3 Vol. 1, 77 19.18 Vol. 1, 6 19.20 Vol. 2, 145, 147 19.22 Vol. 2, 136 21.5 Vol. 2, 130 21.12 Vol. 2, 124 22.7 Vol. 2, 136 22.14 Vol. 2, 124 22.15–16 Vol. 1, 156 22.15 Vol. 1, 157 22.17 Vol. 2, 136 22.18 Vol. 2, 136 23.15 Vol. 1, 327 24–27 Vol. 1, 262, 307; Vol. 2, 33, 35 24.3 Vol. 2, 136

344

Linguistic Dating of Biblical Texts

Isaiah (cont.) 24.16 Vol. 1, 262, 306, 307, 309, 310, 348; Vol. 2, 35, 94 24.19 Vol. 2, 52, 136 24.20 Vol. 2, 136 26.11 Vol. 2, 124 26.16 Vol. 2, 124 26.19 Vol. 2, 124 28.28 Vol. 2, 136 29.21 Vol. 2, 124 29.24 Vol. 1, 270 30.15 Vol. 2, 124 30.16 Vol. 2, 124 30.19 Vol. 2, 136 31.3 Vol. 2, 124 31.5 Vol. 2, 136 31.7 Vol. 2, 124 33.7 Vol. 2, 124 34–35 Vol. 2, 33 34.17 Vol. 1, 125 35.1 Vol. 2, 124 35.2 Vol. 2, 136 35.10 Vol. 2, 124 36–39 Vol. 2, 31, 33 36–37 Vol. 1, 285 36.1 Vol. 1, 74 36.2 Vol. 1, 80 36.3 Vol. 1, 157 36.11 Vol. 1, 6 36.13 Vol. 1, 6 36.15 Vol. 2, 136 36.18 Vol. 2, 139 36.22 Vol. 1, 157 37.2 Vol. 1, 157 37.6 Vol. 2, 124 37.10 Vol. 2, 124 37.20 Vol. 2, 120 37.30 Vol. 2, 130, 132 38.5 Vol. 2, 130, 132 40–66 Vol. 1, 11, 24, 53, 56, 79, 87, 112, 113, 116, 121, 141; Vol. 2, 29, 33–35, 44, 49, 54, 66, 91, 102, 109, 112, 113, 120

40–55 40.12 40.18 40.30 41.5 42.24 43.14 45.10 48.8 49.6 49.11 49.24 49.25 49.26 50.2 50.11 51.5 51.6 51.10 51.11 52.12 53.10 54.15 55.2 55.3 55.12 56–66 56.3 57.8 58.2 58.4 58.6 58.9–10 58.12 59.2 59.7 59.11 60.7 60.10 60.12 60.15 61.4 61.10 65.25

Vol. 1, 11, 51, 88; Vol. 2, 33, 34, 109, 111, 119, 122 Vol. 1, 186 Vol. 2, 124 Vol. 2, 136 Vol. 2, 124 Vol. 2, 127 Vol. 1, 79 Vol. 2, 124 Vol. 2, 136 Vol. 2, 127 Vol. 2, 124 Vol. 1, 125, 167 Vol. 1, 167 Vol. 2, 124 Vol. 1, 125; Vol. 2, 136 Vol. 2, 124 Vol. 2, 124 Vol. 2, 124 Vol. 2, 116 Vol. 2, 124 Vol. 2, 124 Vol. 2, 145, 147 Vol. 2, 34, 136 Vol. 2, 136 Vol. 1, 239 Vol. 2, 124 Vol. 1, 11, 88, 126; Vol. 2, 33, 34, 111, 119, 122 Vol. 2, 116, 136 Vol. 1, 109 Vol. 2, 124 Vol. 2, 114 Vol. 1, 228 Vol. 2, 145 Vol. 1, 125 Vol. 1, 123 Vol. 1, 127 Vol. 2, 136 Vol. 2, 124 Vol. 2, 124 Vol. 2, 136 Vol. 1, 125 Vol. 1, 125 Vol. 2, 136 Vol. 2, 34

Index of Biblical Literature and References 66.9 66.19

Vol. 2, 145 Vol. 1, 126

Jeremiah Vol. 1, 11, 27, 28, 30, 31, 33, 51, 53, 54, 56, 73, 76, 77, 87, 88, 107, 113, 114, 116, 124, 126, 127, 141, 147, 161, 166, 197, 289, 290, 341, 343, 350; Vol. 2, 3, 14, 30, 31, 35–37, 39– 41, 46, 48, 54, 66, 91, 104, 109, 110, 112, 113, 115, 119, 120–22, 125, 126, 129, 131, 139–42, 146–48, 151, 158 1.1–19 Vol. 2, 35 1.13 Vol. 2, 36 2.2 Vol. 2, 130 2.10 Vol. 1, 258 2.20 Vol. 2, 37 2.24 Vol. 2, 124 2.27 Vol. 2, 37 2.33 Vol. 2, 37 2.34 Vol. 2, 37 3.1 Vol. 2, 136 3.4 Vol. 2, 37 3.5 Vol. 2, 37, 61 3.12 Vol. 2, 61, 130 4.1–2 Vol. 2, 145 4.10 Vol. 2, 136 4.19 Vol. 2, 37 5.1 Vol. 2, 145 5.9 Vol. 1, 125 5.11 Vol. 1, 166; Vol. 2, 136 5.13 Vol. 2, 37, 116 5.19 Vol. 2, 145 5.22 Vol. 1, 321 6.9 Vol. 2, 136 6.12–15 Vol. 2, 35 6.15 Vol. 2, 136 6.20 Vol. 1, 282 6.21 Vol. 1, 153 6.29 Vol. 1, 303; Vol. 2, 136 7.5–7 Vol. 2, 145 7.5 Vol. 2, 136 7.6 Vol. 1, 319 7.13 Vol. 2, 136 7.25 Vol. 2, 136 8.10–12 Vol. 2, 35 8.12 Vol. 2, 136

8.13 9.3 10.2 10.5 10.7 10.11 11.5 11.7 11.12 12.16 12.17 13.1 13.12 13.17 14.19 14.22 15.2 15.9 15.10 15.12 15.18 15.19 16.10–11 17.5–8 17.19 17.24–25 17.24 17.27 18.21 19.1 20.1–6 20.5 20.15 21.3 21.13 22.4 22.10 22.24 23.17 23.32 23.33 23.39 24.12 25.3 25.4 25.18

345

Vol. 1, 121; Vol. 2, 136 Vol. 2, 136 Vol. 1, 264 Vol. 2, 136 Vol. 1, 21, 84 Vol. 1, 6, 202; Vol. 2, 36, 124 Vol. 2, 114 Vol. 2, 136 Vol. 2, 136 Vol. 2, 136, 145 Vol. 2, 136, 145 Vol. 2, 130 Vol. 2, 136 Vol. 2, 136 Vol. 2, 136 Vol. 1, 125 Vol. 2, 145 Vol. 2, 158 Vol. 2, 37 Vol. 2, 52 Vol. 2, 136 Vol. 2, 145, 147 Vol. 2, 145 Vol. 2, 51 Vol. 2, 130 Vol. 2, 145 Vol. 2, 124, 136 Vol. 2, 145 Vol. 1, 166 Vol. 2, 130 Vol. 2, 37 Vol. 1, 79 Vol. 2, 136 Vol. 2, 124 Vol. 1, 211 Vol. 2, 136, 145 Vol. 2, 137 Vol. 1, 321 Vol. 2, 137 Vol. 2, 136 Vol. 2, 145 Vol. 2, 136 Vol. 1, 77 Vol. 2, 136 Vol. 2, 136 Vol. 2, 114

346

Linguistic Dating of Biblical Texts

Jeremiah (cont.) 25.28 Vol. 2, 136, 145 25.29 Vol. 2, 136 25.30 Vol. 2, 136 26–45 Vol. 2, 20 26.4–6 Vol. 2, 145 26.5 Vol. 2, 137 26.8 Vol. 2, 136 26.15 Vol. 2, 136 26.18 Vol. 2, 45 26.19 Vol. 2, 136 27.18 Vol. 2, 145 27.22 Vol. 1, 79 28.13 Vol. 2, 130 29.1 Vol. 1, 79 29.3 Vol. 1, 79 29.17 Vol. 1, 56 29.19 Vol. 2, 136 30.2 Vol. 2, 35 30.11 Vol. 2, 136 31.18 Vol. 2, 136 31.20 Vol. 2, 136 31.21 Vol. 2, 37 31.22 Vol. 2, 124 32.4 Vol. 2, 136 32.14 Vol. 2, 130 32.20 Vol. 2, 114 32.33 Vol. 2, 137 33.13 Vol. 1, 166 33.13 Vol. 1, 166 33.24 Vol. 2, 124 34.2 Vol. 2, 130 34.3 Vol. 2, 136 34.8–22 Vol. 2, 20 35.2 Vol. 2, 130 35.13 Vol. 2, 130 35.14 Vol. 2, 136 35.15 Vol. 2, 136 36 Vol. 2, 35 36.16 Vol. 2, 136 36.29 Vol. 2, 136 37–45 Vol. 1, 28; Vol. 2, 37, 158 37.9 Vol. 2, 136 37.10 Vol. 2, 145, 147 38.3 Vol. 2, 136 38.15 Vol. 2, 136

38.17 38.18 38.25–26 39–44 39–41 39.1 39.16 39.18 40.1 40.7 40.14 41.6 41.16 42.6 42.10 42.15–16 42.15 42.19 42.22 43.6 44.4 44.6 44.17 44.22 44.23 44.25 44.28 44.29 45.1 46.11 46.28 48.8 48.9 48.16 49.7–22 49.12 49.34 50.4 50.34 50.39 51.11 51.31 51.54 51.56 51.58 51.59–64

Vol. 2, 136, 145 Vol. 2, 145 Vol. 2, 145 Vol. 1, 56; Vol. 2, 35 Vol. 2, 31 Vol. 1, 181 Vol. 2, 130 Vol. 2, 136 Vol. 1, 79 Vol. 1, 79, 258 Vol. 2, 136 Vol. 2, 137 Vol. 1, 258 Vol. 1, 175, 177, 240, 247 Vol. 2, 136, 145 Vol. 2, 145 Vol. 2, 124, 136 Vol. 2, 136 Vol. 2, 136 Vol. 1, 258 Vol. 2, 136 Vol. 2, 114 Vol. 2, 136 Vol. 2, 114 Vol. 2, 114 Vol. 2, 136 Vol. 2, 124 Vol. 2, 136 Vol. 2, 35 Vol. 2, 37 Vol. 2, 136 Vol. 1, 126, 292 Vol. 2, 136 Vol. 1, 356 Vol. 2, 43 Vol. 2, 136 Vol. 1, 21, 84 Vol. 2, 136 Vol. 2, 136 Vol. 1, 125 Vol. 2, 35 Vol. 1, 41, 75 Vol. 1, 51 Vol. 2, 136 Vol. 2, 136 Vol. 2, 35

Index of Biblical Literature and References 51.63 52 52.4 52.10 52.11 52.17 52.24 52.31–34 52.31

Vol. 1, 77 Vol. 1, 56; Vol. 2, 31, 33, 35, 36 Vol. 1, 181 Vol. 1, 80 Vol. 1, 79 Vol. 1, 79 Vol. 1, 108 Vol. 2, 35 Vol. 1, 21, 84

Ezekiel Vol. 1, 11, 12, 14, 15, 17, 20, 24–26, 30, 38, 51, 53, 54, 56, 59, 64, 73, 75, 76, 80, 84, 87, 88, 100, 101, 107, 111–14, 116, 121, 124, 126, 136, 138, 139, 141, 147, 155, 161, 199, 258, 288, 292, 341–43, 350, 352, 353, 361; Vol. 2, 1, 13, 14, 16, 30, 35, 37–41, 48, 66, 82, 83, 90, 91, 97, 98, 102, 103, 104, 109, 110, 112, 113, 115, 119–22, 125, 126, 131, 139, 140, 142, 146–48, 151, 156, 158 1.1–3 Vol. 1, 56; Vol. 2, 37 1.1 Vol. 2, 38 1.2 Vol. 2, 38 1.3 Vol. 2, 137 2.5 Vol. 2, 145 3.6 Vol. 2, 147 3.15–16 Vol. 1, 56; Vol. 2, 37 3.16 Vol. 2, 38 3.18 Vol. 2, 137 3.19 Vol. 2, 147 3.20 Vol. 1, 77 3.21 Vol. 2, 137, 147 3.27 Vol. 1, 77 7.1–11 Vol. 1, 352 8.1 Vol. 2, 38 8.2 Vol. 1, 271 8.3 Vol. 1, 80 9.6 Vol. 1, 258 12.13 Vol. 1, 79 12.26–28 Vol. 1, 352 12.27 Vol. 1, 352 13.4 Vol. 1, 307 14.3 Vol. 2, 137 14.13–14 Vol. 2, 145

14.14 14.20 15.3 16.4 17.10 17.12 18.1–19.3 18.5–9 18.6 18.7 18.8 18.9 18.11 18.12 18.13 18.14 18.15 18.16 18.17 18.18 18.19 18.21 18.23 18.24 18.26 18.27 18.28 18.32 19.1 20.1 20.31 20.32 21.12 21.18 21.24 21.31 23.43 23.46 24.1 24.2 24.5 24.7 24.10 25.12 26.1 26.17

347

Vol. 2, 54 Vol. 2, 54 Vol. 1, 167 Vol. 2, 137 Vol. 2, 137 Vol. 1, 79 Vol. 1, 134, 273; Vol. 2, 39, 87 Vol. 2, 147 Vol. 1, 134 Vol. 1, 134, 229 Vol. 1, 134 Vol. 1, 131, 137 Vol. 1, 134 Vol. 1, 134 Vol. 2, 137 Vol. 1, 134 Vol. 1, 134 Vol. 1, 134 Vol. 2, 137 Vol. 1, 134 Vol. 1, 134, 137 Vol. 2, 137, 147 Vol. 1, 134, 137 Vol. 1, 77, 134 Vol. 1, 134 Vol. 1, 77, 134 Vol. 1, 134, 137 Vol. 1, 134 Vol. 1, 134 Vol. 2, 38 Vol. 1, 77 Vol. 2, 137 Vol. 2, 145 Vol. 2, 147 Vol. 2, 130 Vol. 2, 130 Vol. 1, 160 Vol. 2, 130 Vol. 1, 181; Vol. 2, 38 Vol. 2, 129, 130, 132 Vol. 2, 130 Vol. 1, 259 Vol. 2, 129, 130 Vol. 2, 137 Vol. 2, 38 Vol. 2, 116, 117

348

Linguistic Dating of Biblical Texts

Ezekiel (cont.) 27.10 Vol. 1, 296, 298; Vol. 2, 92 27.13 Vol. 1, 126 27.16 Vol. 1, 38 27.19 Vol. 1, 126 28.9 Vol. 2, 137 28.13 Vol. 1, 304 29.1 Vol. 2, 38 29.17 Vol. 1, 56; Vol. 2, 37, 38 30.16 Vol. 2, 137 30.20 Vol. 2, 38 31.1 Vol. 2, 38 31.11 Vol. 2, 137 31.15 Vol. 1, 259 32.1 Vol. 2, 38 32.6 Vol. 2, 124 32.17 Vol. 2, 38 32.25–26 Vol. 1, 352 33.2–4 Vol. 2, 145, 147 33.8 Vol. 2, 137 33.9 Vol. 2, 147 33.13 Vol. 2, 137 33.14 Vol. 1, 77; Vol. 2, 137 33.15 Vol. 2, 137 33.16 Vol. 2, 137 33.19 Vol. 1, 77 33.21 Vol. 2, 38 33.33 Vol. 1, 77 34.18 Vol. 2, 124 34.20 Vol. 1, 306 35.5 Vol. 1, 166 36.23b–38 Vol. 1, 352 36.23b Vol. 1, 353 36.28 Vol. 1, 352 36.32 Vol. 1, 353 36.36 Vol. 1, 353 36.38 Vol. 1, 353 40–48 Vol. 2, 13 40.1 Vol. 2, 38 40.25 Vol. 2, 114 43.23 Vol. 2, 107 44.8 Vol. 2, 124 44.17 Vol. 1, 77 44.18 Vol. 2, 15

44.19 44.20 44.25 45.1 46.5 46.8 46.9 46.10 46.11 46.12 46.16 46.17 47.3 47.12 47.22

Vol. 1, 77 Vol. 2, 137 Vol. 2, 145, 147 Vol. 1, 77 Vol. 2, 32 Vol. 1, 77 Vol. 1, 77 Vol. 1, 77 Vol. 2, 32 Vol. 2, 145 Vol. 2, 147 Vol. 2, 147 Vol. 1, 165 Vol. 2, 51 Vol. 2, 114

Hosea–Malachi, Twelve, Minor Prophets Vol. 1, 30, 80, 275; Vol. 2, 4, 40–48, 68, 104, 108, 111, 121, 140, 146 Hosea Vol. 1, 11, 30, 33, 80, 154, 183, 193, 330; Vol. 2, 22, 40–42, 44, 48, 109, 110, 112, 113, 119, 121, 122, 125, 126, 129, 130, 140, 146 1–3 Vol. 2, 41 1.1 Vol. 2, 41 1.2 Vol. 1, 109, 128; Vol. 2, 137 1.6 Vol. 1, 109, 128; Vol. 2, 137 4–14 Vol. 2, 41 4.15 Vol. 1, 79 4.18 Vol. 1, 109, 128; Vol. 2, 137 5.15 Vol. 2, 124 6.11 Vol. 1, 126 7.16 Vol. 1, 247 9.12 Vol. 2, 145 9.16 Vol. 2, 124, 145 10.15 Vol. 1, 109, 128, 137 11.2 Vol. 2, 124 13.2 Vol. 2, 124 13.15 Vol. 2, 145

Index of Biblical Literature and References Joel Vol. 1, 1, 11, 29, 56, 78–80, 87, 108, 111–13, 116, 119–29, 138, 139, 141, 216, 293, 295; Vol. 2, 29, 41, 42, 92, 109, 110, 112, 119, 121, 122, 125, 126, 130, 140, 143 1–2 Vol. 2, 42 1.1–2.19 Vol. 1, 135, 274; Vol. 2, 42, 87 1.2 Vol. 1, 125 1.5 Vol. 1, 122 1.6 Vol. 1, 121 1.7 Vol. 1, 127, 128, 135; Vol. 2, 137 1.8 Vol. 1, 120 1.9 Vol. 1, 120–22 1.10 Vol. 1, 127, 135 1.11 Vol. 1, 127 1.12 Vol. 1, 121, 122, 127, 135, 349 1.13 Vol. 1, 120–22, 135 1.14 Vol. 1, 120, 128 1.15 Vol. 1, 122 1.16 Vol. 1, 120, 135 1.17 Vol. 1, 121, 127, 128, 135 1.18 Vol. 1, 120 1.20 Vol. 1, 127 2.2 Vol. 1, 125 2.4–9 Vol. 2, 123 2.4 Vol. 1, 128; Vol. 2, 124 2.5 Vol. 1, 121, 128; Vol. 2, 124 2.6 Vol. 1, 122 2.7 Vol. 1, 120, 121, 128; Vol. 2, 124 2.8 Vol. 1, 121, 128; Vol. 2, 124 2.9 Vol. 1, 128; Vol. 2, 124 2.11 Vol. 1, 127 2.12–20 Vol. 1, 119, 122, 125, 129; Vol. 2, 1 2.13–14 Vol. 2, 44 2.13 Vol. 1, 121, 122, 135 2.14 Vol. 1, 121, 128 2.16 Vol. 1, 121, 122 2.17 Vol. 1, 121–23, 354

2.18 2.19 2.20 2.22 2.23 2.24 2.25 2.26 2.27 2.28 3–4 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.5 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.10 4.11 4.12 4.16 4.17 4.18 4.19 4.20 4.21

349

Vol. 1, 128 Vol. 1, 127, 128 Vol. 1, 121, 122, 127, 128, 228 Vol. 1, 128 Vol. 1, 121, 128 Vol. 1, 128 Vol. 1, 128 Vol. 1, 128; Vol. 2, 137 Vol. 1, 120, 128 Vol. 1, 128 Vol. 2, 42 Vol. 1, 128; Vol. 2, 124 Vol. 1, 158 Vol. 1, 128 Vol. 1, 128 Vol. 1, 121, 126 Vol. 1, 121, 127, 128 Vol. 1, 128 Vol. 1, 121, 125 Vol. 1, 120, 128 Vol. 1, 121, 122, 126, 127 Vol. 1, 127, 128 Vol. 1, 127, 128 Vol. 1, 120, 121 Vol. 1, 121, 122, 128 Vol. 1, 122 Vol. 1, 122, 128 Vol. 1, 120, 128 Vol. 1, 120, 122, 128 Vol. 1, 122, 127 Vol. 1, 125 Vol. 1, 128

Amos Vol. 1, 11, 30, 33, 80, 88, 181, 183, 330; Vol. 2, 22, 40–44, 109, 110, 112, 119, 121, 122, 125, 126, 140, 146 1.1 Vol. 2, 42 3.5 Vol. 1, 109, 128; Vol. 2, 137 3.15 Vol. 1, 121, 228 4.4 Vol. 1, 79 4.5 Vol. 2, 129, 130 5.5 Vol. 1, 79, 109, 128; Vol. 2, 137

350

Linguistic Dating of Biblical Texts

Amos (cont.) 6.3 Vol. 2, 124 6.9 Vol. 2, 145 6.12 Vol. 2, 124 7.1 Vol. 1, 186 7.11 Vol. 1, 109, 128; Vol. 2, 137 7.17 Vol. 1, 109, 128; Vol. 2, 137 9.8 Vol. 1, 109, 128; Vol. 2, 137 9.11–15 Vol. 2, 43 9.11 Vol. 2, 43 9.14 Vol. 1, 126 Obadiah Vol. 1, 11, 76, 80, 128; Vol. 2, 41, 43, 109, 110, 112, 119, 121, 122, 126, 130, 134, 138, 140, 143 1–10 Vol. 2, 43 9 Vol. 2, 43 11–14 Vol. 2, 43 Jonah Vol. 1, 1, 11, 29, 51, 52, 73, 79, 80, 98, 99, 101, 112, 113, 116, 122, 124, 128, 138, 216, 293, 295, 350; Vol. 2, 41, 43–45, 48, 66, 82, 92, 109, 110, 112, 119, 121, 122, 126, 129, 130, 134, 138, 140, 143 1.6 Vol. 2, 44 1.7 Vol. 2, 44 1.9 Vol. 2, 44 1.11 Vol. 2, 44 1.12 Vol. 2, 44 1.14 Vol. 1, 127 1.15 Vol. 2, 44 2.2–10 Vol. 2, 43 2.3 Vol. 2, 44 2.4 Vol. 2, 44 2.5 Vol. 2, 44 2.6 Vol. 2, 44 2.10 Vol. 2, 44 2.11 Vol. 2, 44 3.2 Vol. 2, 44 3.7 Vol. 2, 44 4.1 Vol. 2, 44

4.2 4.6 4.7 4.10 4.11

Vol. 1, 121, 122 Vol. 2, 44 Vol. 2, 44 Vol. 2, 44 Vol. 1, 123; Vol. 2, 44

Micah–Zephaniah Vol. 1, 11 Micah Vol. 1, 80, 88, 116; Vol. 2, 41, 45, 110, 112, 119, 121, 122, 126, 129, 130, 140, 146 1–3 Vol. 2, 45 1.1 Vol. 2, 45 1.10 Vol. 1, 109, 128; Vol. 2, 137 2.4 Vol. 1, 109, 128; Vol. 2, 137 2.6 Vol. 2, 124 2.8 Vol. 2, 124 2.9 Vol. 2, 124 2.12–13 Vol. 2, 45 2.12 Vol. 1, 109, 128; Vol. 2, 137 3.12 Vol. 2, 45 4–7 Vol. 2, 45 4.3 Vol. 2, 124 5.2 Vol. 2, 124 5.4 Vol. 2, 145 5.7 Vol. 2, 145 6–7 Vol. 1, 30; Vol. 2, 45 6.10 Vol. 1, 307 Nahum Vol. 1, 76, 80, 88, 116, 128, 261, 305, 311; Vol. 2, 41, 45, 48, 110, 112, 119, 121, 122, 126, 130, 140, 146 1.2 Vol. 2, 61 1.3 Vol. 2, 137 1.4 Vol. 1, 261 1.9 Vol. 2, 124 1.12 Vol. 1, 261 2 Vol. 1, 305 2.2 Vol. 2, 129, 130 2.3 Vol. 1, 261

Index of Biblical Literature and References 2.4 2.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.12 3.13 3.15

Vol. 1, 261, 305; Vol. 2, 45, 94 Vol. 2, 124 Vol. 1, 261 Vol. 2, 124 Vol. 2, 45 Vol. 2, 145 Vol. 1, 128; Vol. 2, 137 Vol. 1, 261

Habakkuk Vol. 1, 76, 80, 128, 130, 131, 139, 255, 257–59, 261, 262, 272, 311; Vol. 2, 41, 45, 46, 48, 90, 110, 112, 119, 121, 122, 126, 129, 130, 140 1–2 Vol. 1, 255, 256; Vol. 2, 46 1.1–3.4 Vol. 1, 135, 274; Vol. 2, 87 1.3 Vol. 1, 135, 261 1.4 Vol. 2, 45 1.6 Vol. 1, 255; Vol. 2, 46 1.10 Vol. 1, 135 1.12 Vol. 1, 135, 261 1.13 Vol. 2, 45 1.14 Vol. 1, 135 1.15 Vol. 1, 135, 261 1.17 Vol. 1, 256 2.1–2 Vol. 1, 256 2.2 Vol. 1, 135, 261 2.3 Vol. 1, 128; Vol. 2, 137 2.7 Vol. 1, 135 2.8 Vol. 1, 135, 261 2.11 Vol. 1, 135, 261 2.14 Vol. 1, 135, 259 2.15 Vol. 1, 135 2.16 Vol. 1, 135 2.17 Vol. 1, 135, 261 2.18 Vol. 1, 135, 261 2.19 Vol. 1, 135 3 Vol. 1, 304, 329, 332; Vol. 2, 6, 45, 46 3.2 Vol. 1, 135, 261 3.3–15 Vol. 2, 46 3.10 Vol. 1, 261 3.14 Vol. 1, 261

3.16 3.19

351

Vol. 1, 261 Vol. 1, 261

Zephaniah Vol. 1, 88, 289; Vol. 2, 41, 46, 110, 112, 119, 121, 122, 126, 129, 130, 140, 143 1.1 Vol. 2, 46 1.2–3 Vol. 1, 121 1.2 Vol. 1, 128; Vol. 2, 137 2–3 Vol. 2, 46 2.7 Vol. 1, 126; Vol. 2, 124 3.10 Vol. 2, 124 3.20 Vol. 1, 126 Haggai–Malachi and Esther– Chronicles, undisputed postexilic books Vol. 1, 3, 11, 14, 18, 40, 51, 55–58, 65, 81, 87, 89, 90, 92, 93, 113, 114, 116, 117, 123, 124, 126, 130, 301, 347, 348; Vol. 2, 1, 28, 29, 46, 47, 67–70 Haggai–Malachi Vol. 1, 56; Vol. 2, 1, 13, 68 Haggai Vol. 1, 15, 29, 56, 57, 73, 76, 79, 80, 87, 88, 92, 111, 141, 293, 295; Vol. 2, 29, 41, 46, 67, 68, 79, 92, 109, 110, 112, 113, 119, 121, 122, 126, 129, 130, 134, 138, 140, 143 1.1 Vol. 2, 68 1.15 Vol. 2, 68 2.1 Vol. 2, 68 2.10 Vol. 2, 68 2.20 Vol. 2, 68 Zechariah Vol. 1, 11, 15, 29, 49, 56, 57, 73, 76, 79, 80, 87, 98, 99, 106–11, 114, 124, 128, 141, 161, 218, 293, 295; Vol. 2, 29, 41, 46, 47, 67, 68, 82, 90–92, 109, 110, 112, 113, 119, 121, 122, 126, 140, 141

352

Linguistic Dating of Biblical Texts

Zechariah (cont.) 1–8 Vol. 1, 29, 56, 106, 109, 137, 138, 361; Vol. 2, 46, 47, 68, 79, 89, 97 1–7 Vol. 1, 98 1.1–3.1a Vol. 1, 136, 274; Vol. 2, 87 1.1 Vol. 1, 106, 136; Vol. 2, 47 1.7–6.8 Vol. 1, 106 1.7 Vol. 1, 106, 136; Vol. 2, 47 1.16 Vol. 1, 136 3.1 Vol. 1, 62 3.2 Vol. 1, 62 6.9–15 Vol. 1, 106, 109, 129; Vol. 2, 1 6.9 Vol. 1, 107 6.10 Vol. 1, 107–109; Vol. 2, 129, 130 6.11–15 Vol. 1, 107 6.11 Vol. 1, 108 6.12 Vol. 1, 108 6.14 Vol. 1, 107–109 6.15 Vol. 1, 109, 128; Vol. 2, 124, 137 7.1 Vol. 1, 106; Vol. 2, 47 7.5 Vol. 1, 109, 128; Vol. 2, 137 7.12 Vol. 1, 107 8 Vol. 1, 98 8.21 Vol. 1, 109, 128; Vol. 2, 137 9–14 Vol. 1, 29, 106; Vol. 2, 40, 46, 47 9–11 Vol. 1, 106; Vol. 2, 47 9.13 Vol. 1, 126; Vol. 2, 47 10.2 Vol. 2, 124 11.5 Vol. 2, 124 11.17 Vol. 1, 109, 128; Vol. 2, 137 12.1–13.6 Vol. 1, 106; Vol. 2, 47 12.3 Vol. 1, 109, 128; Vol. 2, 137 13.3 Vol. 1, 265; Vol. 2, 145, 146 13.7–9 Vol. 1, 106; Vol. 2, 47

14 14.6 14.7 14.8

Vol. 1, 106; Vol. 2, 47 Vol. 2, 124 Vol. 1, 107 Vol. 1, 121

Malachi Vol. 1, 11, 29, 56, 57, 76, 79, 87, 111, 116, 124, 128, 141, 293, 295; Vol. 2, 13, 29, 40, 41, 47, 67, 68, 92, 109, 110, 112, 113, 119, 121, 122, 126, 129, 130, 134, 138, 140, 146 1.8 Vol. 2, 124 2.2 Vol. 2, 145, 146 3.10 Vol. 2, 68 3.16 Vol. 1, 109 3.18 Vol. 1, 123 Psalms–Chronicles, Writings Vol. 1, 11, 14, 48, 68, 79, 347; Vol. 2, 2, 5, 48–70, 111, 112, 121, 146 Psalms Vol. 1, 11, 12, 20, 21, 55, 83, 88, 111–14, 116, 126, 127, 141, 193, 239, 267, 275, 304, 311, 330, 340; Vol. 2, 5, 48–53, 66, 85, 109, 110, 112, 113, 119, 121, 123, 126, 131 1–100 Vol. 2, 50 1–41 Vol. 2, 48, 111 1 Vol. 2, 51 2 Vol. 2, 51, 52 2.1 Vol. 2, 52 2.2 Vol. 2, 52 2.7 Vol. 2, 52 2.9 Vol. 2, 52 2.11–12 Vol. 2, 52 2.12 Vol. 2, 52 4.3 Vol. 2, 124 5.10 Vol. 2, 124 7 Vol. 2, 119, 122 7.4–6 Vol. 2, 145 9–10 Vol. 1, 30; Vol. 2, 51 9 Vol. 2, 52 10 Vol. 2, 52 10.6 Vol. 1, 125 11.2 Vol. 2, 124 11.3 Vol. 2, 124

Index of Biblical Literature and References 12.2 12.9 14 16 17.7 18 18.1–51 18.1–50 18.1 18.2 18.4 18.5 18.6 18.15 18.17 18.18 18.19 18.20 18.21 18.22 18.33 18.34 18.36 18.38–51 18.38 18.39 18.40 18.41 18.42 18.43 18.44 18.46 18.48 18.49 18.50 19 19.3 22 22.8 22.39 25 25.6 28 29

Vol. 1, 260 Vol. 2, 124 Vol. 2, 49 Vol. 1, 30; Vol. 2, 51 Vol. 1, 239 Vol. 1, 130, 135, 137, 274, 329, 332, 343; Vol. 2, 50, 87, 100 Vol. 1, 135, 274; Vol. 2, 87 Vol. 2, 49 Vol. 1, 135 Vol. 1, 135 Vol. 1, 135 Vol. 1, 135 Vol. 1, 135 Vol. 1, 135 Vol. 1, 135 Vol. 1, 135 Vol. 1, 135 Vol. 1, 135 Vol. 1, 135 Vol. 1, 135 Vol. 1, 135 Vol. 1, 135 Vol. 1, 135 Vol. 1, 137 Vol. 1, 135 Vol. 1, 135 Vol. 1, 135 Vol. 1, 135 Vol. 1, 135 Vol. 1, 135 Vol. 1, 135 Vol. 1, 135 Vol. 1, 135 Vol. 1, 135 Vol. 1, 135 Vol. 2, 51 Vol. 1, 206, 210 Vol. 2, 50 Vol. 1, 42, 78 Vol. 2, 124 Vol. 2, 50 Vol. 1, 239 Vol. 2, 51 Vol. 1, 30; Vol. 2, 51

32.9 33 33.11 35.11 35.20 36 36.6 36.8 36.9 37 37.2 37.9 39.7 40 40.2 41.14 42–72 42–50 42.1 44.1 45 45.1 45.7 45.9 45.18 46.1 47.1 48.1 49 49.1 49.8 49.12 49.19–20 50 50.21 53 55 58 58.2 58.3 59.5 59.8 59.16 60.7

353

Vol. 2, 127 Vol. 2, 51 Vol. 1, 125 Vol. 2, 124 Vol. 2, 124 Vol. 1, 30; Vol. 2, 51, 115 Vol. 2, 114 Vol. 2, 124 Vol. 2, 124 Vol. 2, 54 Vol. 2, 124 Vol. 2, 124 Vol. 2, 124 Vol. 2, 51 Vol. 2, 137 Vol. 2, 48, 50 Vol. 2, 48, 111 Vol. 1, 30; Vol. 2, 51 Vol. 1, 127 Vol. 1, 127 Vol. 1, 126, 292; Vol. 2, 51 Vol. 1, 127 Vol. 1, 21, 84 Vol. 2, 61 Vol. 1, 125, 126 Vol. 1, 127 Vol. 1, 127 Vol. 1, 127 Vol. 2, 54 Vol. 1, 127 Vol. 2, 137 Vol. 1, 125 Vol. 2, 145 Vol. 2, 119, 122 Vol. 2, 137 Vol. 1, 30; Vol. 2, 49, 51 Vol. 2, 50 Vol. 1, 30; Vol. 2, 51 Vol. 2, 124 Vol. 2, 124 Vol. 2, 124 Vol. 2, 124 Vol. 2, 124 Vol. 2, 124

354

Linguistic Dating of Biblical Texts

Psalms (cont.) 61.7 Vol. 1, 125 63 Vol. 2, 51 63.4 Vol. 2, 124 63.11 Vol. 1, 166, 307 63.12 Vol. 1, 166 65.12 Vol. 2, 124 66 Vol. 2, 119, 122 68.13 Vol. 2, 124 68.14 Vol. 2, 124 68.17 Vol. 2, 124 68.22 Vol. 1, 320 72.15 Vol. 1, 321 72.18–20 Vol. 2, 48, 50 73–89 Vol. 2, 48, 111 73–85 Vol. 1, 30; Vol. 2, 51 73 Vol. 2, 54 73.19 Vol. 1, 121 74.6 Vol. 1, 160; Vol. 2, 124 75 Vol. 2, 51 77.9 Vol. 1, 125 78 Vol. 1, 332 78.44 Vol. 2, 124 79.13 Vol. 1, 125 80 Vol. 2, 119, 122 82.7 Vol. 2, 124 83.3 Vol. 2, 124 84.1 Vol. 1, 127 85.1 Vol. 1, 127 85.6 Vol. 1, 125 86.15 Vol. 1, 122 87–88 Vol. 1, 30; Vol. 2, 51 87.1 Vol. 1, 127 88 Vol. 2, 50 88.1 Vol. 1, 127 89 Vol. 1, 125, 304 89.2 Vol. 1, 125, 239 89.5 Vol. 1, 125 89.16 Vol. 2, 124 89.17 Vol. 2, 124 89.31–33 Vol. 2, 145 89.31 Vol. 2, 124 89.53 Vol. 2, 48 90–106 Vol. 2, 48, 111 90.1 Vol. 1, 125 91.12 Vol. 2, 124 92.15 Vol. 2, 124

94 95.11 96.1–13 100.5 101–50 101 102.13 103 103.8 103.9 103.13 104 104.7 104.9 104.10 104.22 104.26 104.27 104.28 104.29 104.30 105.1–15 106–107 106.1 106.15 106.31 106.32 106.47–48 106.48 107–50 108.7 109 109.6 109.10 109.25 110 111–13 111 111.4 112 112.4 113 115 115.6 115.7

Vol. 2, 119, 122 Vol. 2, 124 Vol. 2, 49 Vol. 1, 125 Vol. 2, 50 Vol. 2, 50, 52 Vol. 1, 125 Vol. 2, 50, 51 Vol. 1, 122 Vol. 2, 61 Vol. 1, 259 Vol. 1, 152; Vol. 2, 51, 123 Vol. 2, 124 Vol. 2, 124 Vol. 2, 124 Vol. 2, 124 Vol. 2, 124 Vol. 2, 124 Vol. 2, 124 Vol. 2, 124 Vol. 2, 124 Vol. 2, 49 Vol. 2, 51 Vol. 2, 49 Vol. 1, 307 Vol. 1, 125 Vol. 1, 207 Vol. 2, 49, 50 Vol. 2, 48 Vol. 2, 48, 111 Vol. 2, 124 Vol. 2, 51 Vol. 1, 63 Vol. 2, 137 Vol. 2, 124 Vol. 2, 50 Vol. 2, 51 Vol. 1, 122 Vol. 1, 122 Vol. 1, 122 Vol. 1, 122 Vol. 1, 20, 51 Vol. 2, 51, 119, 122 Vol. 2, 124 Vol. 2, 124

Index of Biblical Literature and References 116 117 118 118.13 118.18 119 119.3 119.4 119.31 119.62 119.90 119.92 122 123 124–25 124 124.1–5 124.3 124.4 124.5 125.5 126 126.6 128 129 130 132–33 132 132.7–8 132.12 132.15 132.16 133 134 135 135.13 136 137 137.5 138.7 139.12 139.18

Vol. 1, 30, 93; Vol. 2, 50, 51, 119, 122 Vol. 2, 50 Vol. 2, 119, 122 Vol. 2, 137 Vol. 2, 137 Vol. 1, 333; Vol. 2, 50, 119, 122 Vol. 1, 270 Vol. 2, 127 Vol. 2, 186 Vol. 1, 228 Vol. 1, 125 Vol. 2, 176 Vol. 2, 119, 122 Vol. 2, 51 Vol. 2, 50 Vol. 1, 94; Vol. 2, 50, 119, 122 Vol. 2, 176 Vol. 1, 236 Vol. 1, 236 Vol. 1, 236 Vol. 1, 270 Vol. 2, 51 Vol. 2, 137 Vol. 2, 51 Vol. 2, 51, 119, 122 Vol. 2, 50 Vol. 1, 30; Vol. 2, 51 Vol. 1, 247; Vol. 2, 50, 52 Vol. 2, 120 Vol. 1, 247 Vol. 2, 137 Vol. 2, 137 Vol. 2, 50, 51, 119, 122 Vol. 2, 119, 122 Vol. 2, 51 Vol. 1, 125 Vol. 2, 51 Vol. 1, 94; Vol. 2, 50, 51 Vol. 2, 145 Vol. 2, 145 Vol. 2, 114 Vol. 2, 124

139.19 139.20 140–41 143 144 144.1–11 144.12–15 145 145.4 145.8 145.13 145.14 146–48 146 146.8 146.9 146.10 150 150.1–6 150.5 151

355

Vol. 2, 43 Vol. 1, 352 Vol. 1, 30; Vol. 2, 51 Vol. 2, 51 Vol. 1, 94; Vol. 2, 50 Vol. 2, 50 Vol. 2, 50 Vol. 1, 122, 292; Vol. 2, 50 Vol. 1, 209 Vol. 1, 122 Vol. 1, 125, 126 Vol. 1, 351 Vol. 2, 51 Vol. 1, 152; Vol. 2, 50 Vol. 1, 351 Vol. 1, 319 Vol. 1, 125 Vol. 2, 52 Vol. 2, 48 Vol. 1, 105, 115 Vol. 1, 20, 94

Job Vol. 1, 11, 17, 30, 33, 63, 94, 99, 101, 112, 114, 116, 121, 127, 138, 193, 195, 199, 205, 206, 210, 212, 213, 216, 270, 275, 293, 332–35, 338, 348; Vol. 2, 53–56, 82, 86–88, 92, 109, 110, 112, 113, 119, 121–23, 126, 131 1–2 Vol. 1, 33, 63, 79, 94, 99, 113, 138, 333, 348; Vol. 2, 55, 82, 86–88, 119, 121, 122 1.1–2.13 Vol. 1, 17, 138; Vol. 2, 53 1.1–2.11a Vol. 1, 135, 274; Vol. 2, 87 1.1 Vol. 1, 131, 135, 138 1.4 Vol. 1, 135, 138 1.5 Vol. 1, 135 1.6 Vol. 1, 63, 135 1.7 Vol. 1, 63 1.8 Vol. 1, 63; Vol. 2, 164 1.9 Vol. 1, 63 1.11 Vol. 1, 135 1.12 Vol. 1, 63

356 Job (cont.) 1.15 1.16 1.17 1.18 1.19 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.10 2.11 3–41 3.1–42.6 3.14–15 4.4 6.2 6.19 6.25 7.4 7.13–14 8.3 8.18 9.6 10.14 11.2 11.4 13.5 13.8 13.10 13.12 13.15 13.17 14.11 15.12 15.17 16.10 16.21 18.2 19.2 19.23 19.24 19.29

Linguistic Dating of Biblical Texts

Vol. 1, 135 Vol. 1, 135 Vol. 1, 135 Vol. 1, 131, 135, 138 Vol. 1, 135 Vol. 1, 63, 135 Vol. 1, 63 Vol. 1, 63, 135 Vol. 1, 63 Vol. 1, 135 Vol. 1, 63 Vol. 1, 63 Vol. 1, 135 Vol. 2, 116 Vol. 2, 119, 122 Vol. 2, 53 Vol. 2, 54 Vol. 2, 124 Vol. 2, 137 Vol. 2, 54 Vol. 2, 137 Vol. 2, 145 Vol. 2, 145 Vol. 1, 125 Vol. 2, 145 Vol. 2, 124 Vol. 2, 145 Vol. 1, 125 Vol. 1, 271 Vol. 2, 124, 137 Vol. 2, 124 Vol. 2, 124, 137 Vol. 1, 108 Vol. 2, 43 Vol. 2, 137 Vol. 1, 211 Vol. 2, 124 Vol. 1, 269 Vol. 2, 124 Vol. 1, 124 Vol. 2, 124 Vol. 2, 124, 125 Vol. 2, 124 Vol. 2, 54, 124 Vol. 2, 124

21.2 21.3 21.4 21.6 21.11 22.3 22.23 24–27 24.14 24.24 27.22 28 28.2 29 29.24 30.17 31.5–6 31.7–8 31.9–10 31.10 31.38 32–37 32.10–11 32.11 33.18 34.14–15 34.17 34.20 34.24 36.8 36.10 36.11 36.12 37.2 38.1–42.6 40.8–9 40.18 42

42.7–17 42.11

Vol. 2, 137 Vol. 1, 42, 78 Vol. 1, 125 Vol. 2, 145 Vol. 2, 124 Vol. 1, 125 Vol. 2, 145 Vol. 2, 53 Vol. 2, 43 Vol. 2, 124 Vol. 2, 137 Vol. 2, 53 Vol. 1, 167 Vol. 1, 152 Vol. 2, 124 Vol. 2, 124 Vol. 2, 145 Vol. 2, 145 Vol. 2, 145 Vol. 2, 124 Vol. 2, 124 Vol. 2, 53, 56 Vol. 1, 210 Vol. 2, 124 Vol. 1, 121 Vol. 2, 145 Vol. 1, 125 Vol. 1, 228 Vol. 2, 52 Vol. 2, 124 Vol. 2, 124 Vol. 2, 145 Vol. 1, 121 Vol. 2, 137 Vol. 2, 53 Vol. 1, 125 Vol. 2, 56 Vol. 1, 33, 63, 79, 94, 99, 113, 138, 333, 348; Vol. 2, 55, 82, 86–88, 119, 121, 122 Vol. 1, 17, 138; Vol. 2, 53 Vol. 1, 334

Index of Biblical Literature and References Proverbs Vol. 1, 11, 30, 38, 114, 116, 126, 127, 193, 195, 199, 213, 216, 270, 275, 341; Vol. 2, 5, 56–58, 109, 110, 112, 119, 121, 122, 125, 126, 1–9 Vol. 2, 57, 58 1.1–9.18 Vol. 2, 56 1.1 Vol. 2, 56 1.5 Vol. 1, 271 1.28 Vol. 2, 125 2.19 Vol. 2, 124 4.2 Vol. 1, 271 5.22 Vol. 2, 125 6.6–11 Vol. 2, 57 7.16 Vol. 2, 58 7.17 Vol. 2, 61 7.21 Vol. 1, 271 8 Vol. 2, 57 8.17 Vol. 2, 125 9.9 Vol. 1, 271 10–29 Vol. 2, 57 10.1–22.16 Vol. 1, 216; Vol. 2, 56 10.1 Vol. 2, 56 10.32 Vol. 2, 124 14.34 Vol. 2, 58 16.21 Vol. 1, 271 16.23 Vol. 1, 271 17.10 Vol. 2, 58 18.24 Vol. 2, 52, 58 19.20 Vol. 2, 58 20.14 Vol. 1, 211 22.17– 24.22 Vol. 2, 56 22.17 Vol. 2, 56 23.1 Vol. 2, 137 23.5 Vol. 2, 137 23.15 Vol. 2, 145 23.24 Vol. 2, 137 24.16 Vol. 2, 145 24.23–34 Vol. 2, 56 24.23 Vol. 2, 56 24.30–34 Vol. 2, 57 25–29 Vol. 2, 57 25.1–29.27 Vol. 2, 56 25.1 Vol. 2, 56 25.4 Vol. 2, 129, 131 25.5 Vol. 2, 129, 131

25.14 25.19 27.23 27.24 30–31 30.1–33 30.1 31 31.1–9 31.1 31.2 31.10–31 31.27

357

Vol. 2, 32 Vol. 2, 52 Vol. 2, 137 Vol. 1, 125 Vol. 2, 57 Vol. 2, 56 Vol. 2, 56 Vol. 1, 152 Vol. 2, 56 Vol. 2, 56 Vol. 2, 52 Vol. 2, 56, 58 Vol. 2, 58

Ruth–Qoheleth Vol. 1, 116 Ruth Vol. 1, 1, 11, 52, 73, 79, 99, 101, 112, 113, 138, 190, 191, 192, 193, 216, 262, 293; Vol. 2, 44, 58–60, 74, 82, 92, 110, 112, 119, 122, 125, 126, 131 1.1 Vol. 2, 59 1.4 Vol. 2, 59 1.8 Vol. 2, 60 1.9 Vol. 2, 60 1.11 Vol. 2, 60 1.13 Vol. 2, 59, 60 1.16 Vol. 1, 262 1.17 Vol. 1, 124 1.19 Vol. 2, 60 1.21 Vol. 1, 262; Vol. 2, 59 1.22 Vol. 2, 116 2 Vol. 2, 59 2.4 Vol. 1, 262; Vol. 2, 59 2.6 Vol. 2, 116 2.8 Vol. 1, 190, 191; Vol. 2, 59, 60, 124 2.9 Vol. 1, 262; Vol. 2, 60, 124 2.10 Vol. 1, 262 2.11 Vol. 2, 137 2.13 Vol. 2, 59 2.14 Vol. 1, 127 2.15 Vol. 1, 262; Vol. 2, 59 2.16 Vol. 2, 137 2.21 Vol. 2, 60, 124

358

Linguistic Dating of Biblical Texts

Ruth (cont.) 3.3 Vol. 2, 59 3.4 Vol. 1, 77, 191; Vol. 2, 59, 124 3.6 Vol. 1, 262 3.13 Vol. 1, 262; Vol. 2, 59, 145 3.18 Vol. 2, 60, 124 4 Vol. 2, 59 4.3 Vol. 2, 116 4.7 Vol. 2, 59, 83 4.8 Vol. 2, 59 4.11 Vol. 2, 60 4.15 Vol. 1, 262; Vol. 2, 59 4.16 Vol. 1, 262; Vol. 2, 59 4.18–22 Vol. 2, 58, 59 Song of Songs–Chronicles Vol. 2, 120 Song of Songs–Qoheleth Vol. 1, 113 Song of Songs Vol. 1, 1, 11, 30, 79, 92, 112, 138, 193, 195, 197, 198, 213, 217, 227, 244–47, 290, 302, 310, 311, 340, 341, 349; Vol. 2, 48, 60–63, 72, 74–77, 94, 100, 101, 109, 110, 112, 119, 120, 122, 126, 131 1.1 Vol. 1, 245; Vol. 2, 60, 61 1.4 Vol. 2, 60 1.5 Vol. 2, 60 1.6 Vol. 2, 61 1.12 Vol. 2, 60, 61 1.17 Vol. 1, 210 2.1 Vol. 2, 61 2.2 Vol. 2, 61 2.9–10 Vol. 1, 245 2.9 Vol. 1, 245; Vol. 2, 61 2.10 Vol. 1, 245 2.12 Vol. 1, 186 2.15 Vol. 1, 307 2.16 Vol. 2, 61 2.17 Vol. 1, 212 3.4 Vol. 1, 245 3.7 Vol. 1, 230; Vol. 2, 60

3.9 3.11 4.5 4.13–14 4.13 4.14 5.13 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.9 6.11 7.3 7.6 8.7 8.9 8.11 8.12

Vol. 2, 60, 61 Vol. 2, 60 Vol. 2, 61 Vol. 1, 282 Vol. 1, 282, 290, 302, 310; Vol. 2, 61, 62, 65 Vol. 1, 282, 283; Vol. 2, 61 Vol. 2, 61 Vol. 2, 61 Vol. 2, 61 Vol. 2, 61 Vol. 1, 245 Vol. 2, 61 Vol. 2, 61 Vol. 2, 60 Vol. 2, 138 Vol. 2, 145, 147 Vol. 2, 60, 61 Vol. 2, 60, 61

Qoheleth Vol. 1, 1, 2, 11, 18, 21, 30, 57, 78, 83, 88, 92, 101, 112, 114, 116, 131, 136, 138, 154, 168, 193, 195, 198, 199, 227, 244–48, 257, 258, 265, 266, 276, 289, 301, 302, 310, 311; Vol. 2, 44, 48, 57, 62–66, 68–70, 72, 75–77, 85, 91, 94, 97, 101, 109, 110, 112, 115, 119, 123, 126, 129, 134, 138 1.1–2.9 Vol. 1, 133, 273; Vol. 2, 64, 87 1.1–11 Vol. 2, 63 1.1 Vol. 2, 63 1.3 Vol. 2, 64 1.10 Vol. 1, 133; Vol. 2, 64 1.11 Vol. 1, 108 1.12 Vol. 2, 63 1.13 Vol. 1, 133 1.14 Vol. 1, 133; Vol. 2, 64 1.16 Vol. 1, 133; Vol. 2, 63 1.17 Vol. 1, 133 2.3 Vol. 1, 133 2.5 Vol. 1, 133, 301; Vol. 2, 61, 65 2.7 Vol. 1, 158; Vol. 2, 63 2.8 Vol. 1, 133 2.9 Vol. 1, 133; Vol. 2, 63

Index of Biblical Literature and References 2.16 2.19 2.25 3.1 3.11 3.13 4.1–3 4.11 4.13–16 4.17 5.3–5 5.7–8 5.18 6.1–12 6.1 6.2 6.6 6.8 6.9 6.10 6.12 7.2 7.19 8.1 8.4 8.8 8.9 8.11 8.12 8.17 9.1 9.13–16 9.18 10.5 10.20 12.8/9–14 12.12 12.13

Vol. 1, 108 Vol. 2, 64 Vol. 1, 265 Vol. 1, 301; Vol. 2, 64 Vol. 1, 121, 228 Vol. 2, 32 Vol. 2, 63 Vol. 2, 146 Vol. 2, 63 Vol. 2, 129, 131 Vol. 2, 63 Vol. 2, 63 Vol. 2, 24, 32, 64 Vol. 1, 133, 273; Vol. 2, 64, 87 Vol. 1, 133 Vol. 1, 133; Vol. 2, 24, 64 Vol. 1, 133, 244 Vol. 1, 133 Vol. 1, 133 Vol. 1, 133 Vol. 1, 133 Vol. 1, 121, 228 Vol. 2, 64 Vol. 1, 257; Vol. 2, 114 Vol. 2, 64 Vol. 2, 64 Vol. 2, 64 Vol. 1, 302, 310; Vol. 2, 65 Vol. 1, 156 Vol. 2, 210 Vol. 2, 64 Vol. 2, 63 Vol. 2, 64 Vol. 2, 64 Vol. 1, 240 Vol. 2, 63 Vol. 1, 264 Vol. 1, 121, 228

Lamentations Vol. 1, 11, 52, 56, 88, 112, 113, 116, 126, 141, 199, 340; Vol. 2, 65, 66, 91, 110, 112, 119, 123, 126, 131, 146 1.2 Vol. 2, 138

1.4 1.20 3.20 3.32 3.52 4.3 5.18 5.19 5.22

359

Vol. 2, 66 Vol. 2, 138 Vol. 2, 138 Vol. 2, 146, 147 Vol. 2, 138 Vol. 2, 66 Vol. 1, 307 Vol. 1, 125 Vol. 2, 138

Esther–Chronicles, core LBH books Vol. 1, 3, 10, 11, 21, 40, 48, 49, 52, 54, 65, 75, 76, 83, 84, 88, 94, 105, 107–109, 112, 115, 116, 121, 126, 129–31, 134–37, 139–41, 152, 154, 157, 158, 160, 161, 163, 164, 169, 170, 182, 183, 199, 218, 220, 227, 239, 257–59, 265, 270, 272, 274–77, 291–94, 303, 306, 358; Vol. 2, 1, 16, 40, 48, 68, 69, 70, 84, 86, 88–90, 97, 98, 101–104, 111, 113, 115, 125, 133, 138, 140, 146, 158, 160 Esther–Nehemiah Vol. 1, 26 Esther Vol. 1, 3, 11, 18, 20, 23, 25, 27–29, 33, 38, 49, 57, 72–75, 79, 87, 88, 108, 111, 112, 114, 121, 130, 154, 165–67, 212, 220, 236, 243, 244, 246, 247, 258, 274–76, 291–93, 303, 311; Vol. 2, 8, 37, 63, 66–68, 70, 75, 76, 78–80, 84, 88, 97, 98, 102–104, 109–13, 119, 123, 126, 129, 131, 139, 141, 143, 146–48, 158 1–10 Vol. 1, 28; Vol. 2, 37 1.3 Vol. 1, 291 1.4 Vol. 1, 156 1.6 Vol. 1, 38, 291 1.8 Vol. 1, 291 1.10–11 Vol. 1, 74 1.10 Vol. 2, 113 1.13 Vol. 1, 291 1.15 Vol. 1, 291 1.17 Vol. 1, 74 1.19 Vol. 1, 291; Vol. 2, 146

360

Linguistic Dating of Biblical Texts

Esther (cont.) 1.20 Vol. 1, 291; Vol. 2, 65 1.22 Vol. 1, 78 2.3 Vol. 1, 166 2.7 Vol. 1, 78 2.8 Vol. 1, 166, 167, 291 2.9 Vol. 2, 127 2.11 Vol. 1, 126 2.12 Vol. 1, 291 2.14 Vol. 1, 166 2.15 Vol. 1, 78 2.16 Vol. 1, 167 2.20 Vol. 2, 113 3.1 Vol. 2, 113 3.8 Vol. 1, 291 3.9 Vol. 1, 291; Vol. 2, 146 3.12 Vol. 1, 291 3.13 Vol. 1, 41, 75, 258; Vol. 2, 127 3.14 Vol. 1, 126, 291 3.15 Vol. 1, 41, 75, 291, 293 4.3 Vol. 1, 126, 291 4.5 Vol. 1, 74, 165 4.7 Vol. 1, 74, 291 4.8 Vol. 1, 291 4.10 Vol. 1, 165 4.11 Vol. 1, 291 4.13 Vol. 1, 74 4.14 Vol. 2, 133, 138 4.15 Vol. 1, 74 4.16 Vol. 1, 291 5–6 Vol. 2, 86 5.1–6.13a Vol. 1, 133, 273; Vol. 2, 69, 87 5.1 Vol. 1, 133 5.3 Vol. 1, 133, 244 5.4 Vol. 1, 133; Vol. 2, 146 5.5 Vol. 1, 356 5.6 Vol. 1, 133, 244 5.7 Vol. 1, 133, 244 5.8 Vol. 1, 133, 244; Vol. 2, 146 5.9 Vol. 1, 133 5.11 Vol. 1, 133 5.14 Vol. 1, 133 6.1 Vol. 1, 74, 78, 108, 133 6.2 Vol. 1, 133

6.3 6.4 6.6 6.8 6.9 6.11 6.12 6.13 7.2 7.3–4 7.3 7.4 7.7 8.2 8.5 8.9 8.10 8.11 8.13–14 8.13 8.14 8.15 8.17 9.1 9.3 9.12 9.13 9.14 9.21 9.23–24 9.26 9.27 9.28 9.29 9.31

Vol. 1, 133 Vol. 1, 74, 133 Vol. 1, 133 Vol. 1, 133 Vol. 1, 133, 291 Vol. 1, 133 Vol. 1, 133, 293 Vol. 1, 133; Vol. 2, 133, 138 Vol. 1, 244 Vol. 1, 244 Vol. 1, 244; Vol. 2, 146 Vol. 1, 158, 244 Vol. 1, 107; Vol. 2, 113 Vol. 1, 157 Vol. 2, 146 Vol. 1, 291 Vol. 1, 41, 75, 291 Vol. 1, 126, 258; Vol. 2, 127 Vol. 1, 292 Vol. 1, 126, 291, 292 Vol. 1, 41, 75, 291–93 Vol. 1, 38 Vol. 1, 126, 291 Vol. 1, 291 Vol. 1, 291 Vol. 1, 244 Vol. 1, 291; Vol. 2, 146 Vol. 1, 74, 291 Vol. 1, 78, 126 Vol. 2, 154 Vol. 1, 38, 236 Vol. 1, 78, 126, 291 Vol. 1, 125, 126 Vol. 1, 38; Vol. 2, 127 Vol. 1, 291

Daniel Vol. 1, 3, 11, 29, 33, 49, 73–75, 77, 78, 88, 108, 112, 114, 121, 124, 130, 136, 154, 166, 182, 235, 257, 261, 271, 275, 276, 279, 286, 287, 291, 293, 300, 306; Vol. 2, 43, 52, 63, 66– 69, 84, 86, 88, 93, 97, 98, 103, 104, 109–13, 115, 119, 123, 126, 129, 131, 139, 143

Index of Biblical Literature and References 1/2–6 1 1.1–2.4a 1.1–20 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.14 1.15 1.16 1.17 1.18 1.19 1.20 1.21 2 2.2 2.4b–7.28 2.24–25 2.35 2.40 2.42 2.45 3.5 3.6 3.15 3.16 4.8 4.14 4.16 4.19 4.30 5.5 6 6.7

Vol. 2, 67 Vol. 1, 240; Vol. 2, 67 Vol. 2, 67 Vol. 1, 132, 273; Vol. 2, 67, 87 Vol. 1, 132; Vol. 2, 67 Vol. 1, 132, 240 Vol. 1, 74, 132, 291 Vol. 1, 131, 132, 240 Vol. 1, 132, 240, 291 Vol. 1, 131, 132 Vol. 1, 132 Vol. 1, 132, 291 Vol. 1, 132, 229 Vol. 1, 132 Vol. 1, 132 Vol. 1, 132, 291 Vol. 1, 132 Vol. 1, 132, 240, 291 Vol. 1, 132, 291 Vol. 1, 132, 240 Vol. 1, 132, 240 Vol. 1, 132; Vol. 2, 113 Vol. 1, 132 Vol. 2, 67 Vol. 2, 67 Vol. 1, 74 Vol. 1, 6, 202; Vol. 2, 67 Vol. 1, 300, 307; Vol. 2, 93 Vol. 1, 212 Vol. 2, 52 Vol. 1, 240 Vol. 1, 212 Vol. 1, 286 Vol. 1, 227 Vol. 1, 227 Vol. 2, 65 Vol. 1, 121 Vol. 2, 65 Vol. 1, 227, 352 Vol. 1, 121 Vol. 1, 227 Vol. 1, 227; Vol. 2, 61 Vol. 2, 67 Vol. 2, 52

6.9 6.11 6.12 6.14 6.16 6.27 7–12 7.3 7.25 7.26 7.28 8–12 8.1 8.16 8.21 9.7 9.13 9.15 10.1 10.3 10.20 11.2 11.10 11.13 11.26 11.34 11.44–12.13 11.44 11.45 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.5 12.7 12.8 12.10 12.11 12.12 12.13

361

Vol. 1, 192 Vol. 1, 202 Vol. 2, 52 Vol. 1, 202 Vol. 1, 192; Vol. 2, 52 Vol. 1, 121 Vol. 2, 67 Vol. 1, 202 Vol. 1, 192 Vol. 1, 121 Vol. 1, 121; Vol. 2, 61 Vol. 2, 67 Vol. 2, 116 Vol. 2, 114 Vol. 1, 126 Vol. 2, 114 Vol. 2, 113 Vol. 2, 114 Vol. 2, 67 Vol. 2, 138 Vol. 1, 126 Vol. 1, 126 Vol. 2, 138 Vol. 2, 138 Vol. 1, 291 Vol. 1, 77 Vol. 1, 132, 273; Vol. 2, 67, 87 Vol. 1, 132 Vol. 1, 123, 132, 291 Vol. 1, 132 Vol. 1, 132 Vol. 1, 271 Vol. 1, 132 Vol. 1, 77, 132 Vol. 1, 132 Vol. 1, 132 Vol. 1, 132 Vol. 1, 132 Vol. 1, 132

Ezra–Nehemiah–Chronicles Vol. 2, 68 Ezra–Nehemiah Vol. 1, 15, 20, 66, 87, 100, 112, 212, 275

362

Linguistic Dating of Biblical Texts

Ezra Vol. 1, 1, 3, 20, 25, 27, 29, 33, 49, 73, 74, 78, 79, 84, 86, 88, 101, 108, 111, 114, 130, 136, 154, 155, 157, 160, 166, 196, 254, 271, 275, 276, 291, 296, 361; Vol. 2, 7, 8, 52, 59, 63, 67, 68, 78, 84, 86, 88, 97, 98, 103, 104, 109–13, 119, 123, 126, 129, 131, 134, 138, 141, 143, 148 1.1–11 Vol. 1, 132, 273; Vol. 2, 69, 87 1.1 Vol. 1, 132 1.2 Vol. 1, 132 1.3 Vol. 1, 132 1.4 Vol. 1, 132 1.6 Vol. 1, 132 1.7 Vol. 1, 132 1.8 Vol. 1, 132, 291 1.9–11 Vol. 1, 130 1.9 Vol. 1, 132, 291 1.10 Vol. 1, 132 1.11 Vol. 1, 132; Vol. 2, 165 2 Vol. 1, 343 2.26 Vol. 1, 127 2.55 Vol. 1, 127 2.61 Vol. 1, 127 2.63 Vol. 1, 291 2.65 Vol. 1, 158 3.10 Vol. 1, 166; Vol. 2, 154 4.7 Vol. 1, 291 4.8–6.18 Vol. 1, 6, 202 4.8 Vol. 1, 38 4.9–10 Vol. 2, 92 4.11 Vol. 1, 38 4.13 Vol. 2, 148 4.16 Vol. 2, 148 4.17 Vol. 2, 65 5.6 Vol. 1, 38 5.7 Vol. 2, 65 5.8 Vol. 2, 61 5.11 Vol. 2, 65 5.17 Vol. 2, 148 6.8 Vol. 2, 24 6.11 Vol. 1, 351; Vol. 2, 65 6.12 Vol. 1, 192 6.15 Vol. 1, 127 6.22 Vol. 2, 154

7–10 7.5 7.6 7.11 7.12–26 7.26 8.17 8.19 8.20 8.25 8.27 8.30 8.36 9.1–10.2a 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 9.6 9.7 9.8 9.9 9.10 9.11 9.12 9.13 9.14 9.15 10.1 10.2 10.6 10.14 10.17 10.24 10.27 10.36 10.40 10.41

Vol. 2, 5 Vol. 1, 108 Vol. 1, 244 Vol. 1, 291 Vol. 1, 6, 202 Vol. 2, 24 Vol. 1, 165 Vol. 2, 113 Vol. 1, 227 Vol. 2, 116 Vol. 1, 291 Vol. 2, 154 Vol. 1, 291; Vol. 2, 154 Vol. 1, 132, 273; Vol. 2, 69, 87 Vol. 1, 132 Vol. 1, 132 Vol. 1, 132 Vol. 1, 132 Vol. 1, 132 Vol. 1, 132 Vol. 1, 132; Vol. 2, 114 Vol. 1, 107, 132; Vol. 2, 113 Vol. 1, 132 Vol. 1, 132 Vol. 1, 132 Vol. 1, 132 Vol. 1, 132 Vol. 1, 132 Vol. 2, 114 Vol. 1, 132 Vol. 1, 132 Vol. 1, 160 Vol. 2, 116 Vol. 2, 116 Vol. 1, 160 Vol. 1, 160 Vol. 1, 160 Vol. 1, 300, 309 Vol. 1, 157

Nehemiah Vol. 1, 3, 20, 25, 27, 33, 38, 49, 73, 74, 79, 84, 86, 88, 111, 112, 114, 121, 124, 130, 136, 154, 157, 160, 196, 220, 258, 269, 275, 291, 293; Vol. 2,

Index of Biblical Literature and References 7, 8, 44, 59, 63, 67, 68, 78, 82, 84, 86, 88, 97, 98, 103, 104, 109, 110, 112, 113, 115, 119, 123, 126, 138, 141, 148, 158 1–7 Vol. 1, 99 1.1–7.5 Vol. 1, 27–29 1.1–2.17 Vol. 1, 132, 273; Vol. 2, 69, 87 1.1 Vol. 1, 132 1.2 Vol. 1, 133 1.3 Vol. 1, 132 1.4 Vol. 1, 78, 132 1.5 Vol. 1, 132 1.6 Vol. 1, 132 1.7 Vol. 2, 138 1.8 Vol. 2, 148 1.9 Vol. 1, 133; Vol. 2, 148 1.11 Vol. 1, 133 2.1 Vol. 1, 132 2.3 Vol. 1, 132 2.4 Vol. 1, 132, 133 2.5 Vol. 1, 132, 133; Vol. 2, 148 2.6 Vol. 1, 132, 133, 291 2.7 Vol. 1, 38, 132, 133; Vol. 2, 148 2.8 Vol. 1, 38, 132, 133, 291, Vol. 2, 61, 65 2.9 Vol. 1, 38, 132, 133 2.10 Vol. 1, 132 2.11 Vol. 1, 133 2.13 Vol. 1, 78, 132 2.15 Vol. 1, 78, 132 2.17 Vol. 1, 132 2.19 Vol. 1, 42, 78 2.20 Vol. 1, 108 3.1 Vol. 1, 160 3.3 Vol. 1, 127 3.15 Vol. 1, 211, 227 3.20 Vol. 1, 160 3.21 Vol. 1, 160 3.26 Vol. 1, 78 3.32 Vol. 1, 123 3.33 Vol. 1, 42, 78, 259 3.35 Vol. 1, 307; Vol. 2, 146, 148 3.37 Vol. 1, 259

4.11 4.17 5.7 5.11 5.14 6.5 6.14 6.16 6.17 6.19 7 7.3

363

Vol. 1, 121 Vol. 1, 121 Vol. 2, 113 Vol. 1, 156; Vol. 2, 114 Vol. 1, 74 Vol. 1, 38 Vol. 1, 78 Vol. 1, 107; Vol. 2, 113 Vol. 1, 38 Vol. 1, 38, 78 Vol. 1, 343 Vol. 1, 135, 280; Vol. 2, 129, 131, 164 7.6–12.26 Vol. 1, 27–29, 254 7.63 Vol. 1, 127 7.65 Vol. 1, 291 7.67 Vol. 1, 158 7.69 Vol. 1, 240, 291 8.1 Vol. 1, 74 8.8 Vol. 2, 25 8.9 Vol. 1, 291 8.18 Vol. 2, 25 9 Vol. 1, 30, 198 9.3 Vol. 2, 25 9.10 Vol. 2, 114 9.15 Vol. 1, 74 9.17 Vol. 1, 122 9.19 Vol. 2, 114 9.23 Vol. 1, 74 9.31 Vol. 1, 122 10.2 Vol. 1, 291 10.29–30 Vol. 2, 25 10.37 Vol. 2, 127 10.40 Vol. 1, 127 12.10 Vol. 1, 160 12.20 Vol. 1, 127 12.22 Vol. 1, 160 12.23 Vol. 1, 160 12.27–13.31 Vol. 1, 27–29 12.38 Vol. 2, 114 13.4 Vol. 1, 160, 239 13.5 Vol. 1, 78 13.7 Vol. 1, 160 13.11 Vol. 2, 113 13.14 Vol. 1, 239 13.17 Vol. 2, 113 13.21 Vol. 2, 148

364

Linguistic Dating of Biblical Texts

Nehemiah (cont.) 13.22 Vol. 1, 78 13.24 Vol. 1, 6 13.28 Vol. 1, 160 13.30 Vol. 2, 154 Chronicles Vol. 1, 3, 11–13, 15, 16, 18–20, 25– 27, 29, 33, 37, 38, 40, 43, 49, 65–80, 84, 86–89, 92, 101, 105, 107–109, 111–16, 122–24, 126, 127, 130, 136, 137, 140, 144, 154, 155, 157, 158, 160, 166, 170, 173, 182, 196, 212, 220, 235, 239, 254, 261, 270, 271, 275, 276, 288, 289, 291–93, 300, 306, 310, 347, 350, 353–58; Vol. 2, 14, 23, 27, 29, 30, 44, 48, 50, 59, 63, 68, 69, 78, 79, 84, 86, 88, 97, 98, 102–104, 106–13, 115, 119–21, 123, 125, 126, 128, 129, 131–33, 139, 141, 142, 146–49, 157, 160 1 Chronicles 1.5 Vol. 1, 126 1.7 Vol. 1, 126, 127 2.23 Vol. 1, 107; Vol. 2, 113 3.24 Vol. 1, 160 4.10 Vol. 2, 133, 138, 139 4.21 Vol. 1, 38 5.20 Vol. 1, 227 5.28 Vol. 1, 127 6.3 Vol. 1, 127 6.7 Vol. 1, 127 6.17 Vol. 1, 78 6.18 Vol. 1, 127 6.46 Vol. 1, 127 6.51 Vol. 1, 127 6.55 Vol. 1, 127 9.32 Vol. 1, 127 10 Vol. 1, 343 10.12 Vol. 1, 80 11.9 Vol. 1, 108; Vol. 2, 138, 139 11.22 Vol. 1, 270 12.3 Vol. 1, 127 12.18 Vol. 2, 143, 146, 149 12.18b Vol. 2, 143

12.23 12.24 12.27 13–17 13 13.2 13.4 13.5–14

Vol. 2, 116 Vol. 2, 116 Vol. 1, 127 Vol. 1, 133 Vol. 1, 105; Vol. 2, 29 Vol. 2, 146, 149 Vol. 1, 74 Vol. 1, 133, 134, 273; Vol. 2, 69, 87 13.5 Vol. 1, 133 13.8 Vol. 1, 133 13.9 Vol. 1, 131, 133 13.12 Vol. 1, 73, 133 14.1 Vol. 1, 76 14.10 Vol. 2, 133, 139, 142 14.15 Vol. 1, 77 14.16 Vol. 1, 80 15–16 Vol. 1, 105; Vol. 2, 29 15.2 Vol. 1, 74 15.5 Vol. 1, 127 15.15 Vol. 1, 127 15.16 Vol. 1, 74 15.25–16.3 Vol. 1, 133, 134, 273; Vol. 2, 69, 87 15.25 Vol. 1, 133 15.27 Vol. 1, 38, 133 15.28 Vol. 1, 133 15.29 Vol. 1, 104, 133 16.8–36 Vol. 2, 49 16.16 Vol. 2, 113 16.43–17.12 Vol. 1, 133, 134, 273; Vol. 2, 69, 87 17.1 Vol. 1, 133; Vol. 2, 120 17.5 Vol. 1, 133 17.6 Vol. 1, 74, 133; Vol. 2, 113 17.7 Vol. 1, 108, 133 17.8 Vol. 1, 133 17.11 Vol. 1, 77, 133 17.24 Vol. 1, 108 19.2 Vol. 1, 76 19.12 Vol. 2, 146, 148 19.15 Vol. 1, 80 19.16 Vol. 1, 76 20.5 Vol. 2, 113 20.6 Vol. 2, 114 20.8 Vol. 2, 114

Index of Biblical Literature and References 21 21.1 21.2 21.6 21.8 21.10 21.12 21.13 21.16 21.17 21.18 21.22 21.24 21.27 22.2 22.5 22.6 22.17 22.18 23.1 23.12 24.10 24.12 24.24 24.30 25.2 25.3 25.6 26.10 26.18 26.19 26.21 26.28 27.5 27.23 27.27 28.7 28.9 28.11 29.5 29.7 29.8 29.17 29.20

Vol. 2, 120 Vol. 1, 63 Vol. 2, 120, 142 Vol. 2, 113 Vol. 2, 120 Vol. 2, 131 Vol. 1, 125 Vol. 2, 120 Vol. 1, 123 Vol. 1, 74; Vol. 2, 120, 133, 139 Vol. 1, 74 Vol. 1, 74 Vol. 2, 133, 138, 139 Vol. 1, 291 Vol. 1, 74 Vol. 2, 120 Vol. 1, 74 Vol. 1, 74 Vol. 2, 154 Vol. 2, 154 Vol. 1, 127 Vol. 2, 114 Vol. 1, 160 Vol. 1, 107 Vol. 1, 127 Vol. 1, 166 Vol. 1, 166 Vol. 1, 166 Vol. 1, 265 Vol. 1, 291, 306 Vol. 1, 127 Vol. 1, 127 Vol. 2, 116 Vol. 1, 108 Vol. 1, 74 Vol. 1, 227 Vol. 2, 114 Vol. 2, 143, 146, 149 Vol. 1, 291 Vol. 2, 106–108 Vol. 1, 291 Vol. 2, 113 Vol. 2, 116 Vol. 2, 120

365

2 Chronicles 1.4 Vol. 2, 116 1.10 Vol. 1, 240 1.11 Vol. 1, 240; Vol. 2, 24 1.12 Vol. 1, 240; Vol. 2, 24 1.18 Vol. 1, 74 2.3 Vol. 1, 74 2.6 Vol. 1, 291 2.13 Vol. 1, 38, 291 3.1 Vol. 1, 265 3.7 Vol. 2, 154 3.14 Vol. 1, 38, 291 4.10 Vol. 1, 80 4.17 Vol. 1, 80, 123 5.8 Vol. 1, 78, 259 5.12 Vol. 1, 38 6.1 Vol. 1, 74 6.2 Vol. 2, 133, 139 6.4 Vol. 2, 113 6.15 Vol. 2, 114 6.17 Vol. 2, 120 6.18 Vol. 2, 113 6.20 Vol. 1, 74 6.22–23 Vol. 2, 148 6.24–25 Vol. 2, 148 6.26 Vol. 1, 77; Vol. 2, 124, 125 6.29 Vol. 1, 109; Vol. 2, 125 6.33 Vol. 2, 125 6.34–35 Vol. 2, 146, 148 6.36–39 Vol. 2, 146, 148 6.40 Vol. 2, 120 6.42 Vol. 1, 239 7.13–14 Vol. 2, 148 7.13 Vol. 1, 74 7.17–18 Vol. 2, 146, 148 7.19–20 Vol. 2, 146, 148 7.19 Vol. 1, 109; Vol. 2, 124, 125, 133, 139, 142 7.20 Vol. 2, 142 8.13 Vol. 2, 127 10.1 Vol. 1, 80 10.6 Vol. 2, 113 10.7 Vol. 2, 114, 146, 148 10.8 Vol. 2, 113 10.10 Vol. 2, 113

366

Linguistic Dating of Biblical Texts

2 Chronicles (cont.) 11.4 Vol. 1, 107; Vol. 2, 113, 125 11.12 Vol. 1, 126 12.10 Vol. 1, 75 12.11 Vol. 1, 75; Vol. 2, 142 13.2 Vol. 1, 123 13.7 Vol. 1, 271 13.8 Vol. 1, 74, 271 13.9 Vol. 2, 107, 108 14–15 Vol. 1, 99; Vol. 2, 82 14.3 Vol. 1, 74 14.10 Vol. 1, 123 15.2 Vol. 2, 146, 149 15.7 Vol. 1, 270 15.11 Vol. 2, 116 16.3 Vol. 1, 123; Vol. 2, 113 16.14 Vol. 1, 291 18 Vol. 1, 137 18.1–34 Vol. 1, 353, 354, 358; Vol. 2, 1, 69 18.2 Vol. 1, 355 18.4 Vol. 1, 355; Vol. 2, 114, 120 18.5–34 Vol. 1, 134, 137, 273; Vol. 2, 69, 87 18.5 Vol. 1, 355, 356 18.7 Vol. 1, 134, 354, 355, 357 18.8 Vol. 1, 76, 134, 355–57 18.10 Vol. 1, 355, 357 18.12 Vol. 1, 76, 134, 355, 357; Vol. 2, 120 18.13 Vol. 1, 134, 357 18.14 Vol. 1, 355, 357; Vol. 2, 142 18.15–16 Vol. 1, 353 18.15 Vol. 1, 134, 354, 355 18.16 Vol. 1, 356, 357 18.20 Vol. 1, 134, 354, 355 18.23 Vol. 1, 107, 357; Vol. 2, 113 18.25 Vol. 1, 134, 355, 357 18.26 Vol. 1, 134, 355 18.27 Vol. 1, 354, 357; Vol. 2, 133, 138, 139 18.30 Vol. 1, 357; Vol. 2, 113

18.31 18.32 18.33 18.34 19.2 19.9 19.10 19.11 20.6 20.9 20.13 20.16 20.19 20.23–30 20.25 21.7 21.17 22.3 22.5 22.12 23.4 23.6 23.7 23.10 23.14 23.16 23.18 24.5 24.6 25.8 25.10 24.11 24.12 24.14 25.8 25.9 25.10 25.19 25.24 26.13 26.20 26.21 28.5–15

Vol. 1, 134, 354–56 Vol. 1, 354 Vol. 1, 123, 134, 354, 355, 357 Vol. 1, 78, 134, 355, 357 Vol. 2, 127 Vol. 1, 109; Vol. 2, 124, 125 Vol. 1, 109, 123; Vol. 2, 124, 125 Vol. 1, 108 Vol. 2, 127 Vol. 2, 146, 147, 149 Vol. 1, 258 Vol. 1, 121, 228 Vol. 1, 127 Vol. 1, 34 Vol. 1, 78 Vol. 1, 74 Vol. 1, 74 Vol. 1, 155 Vol. 2, 113 Vol. 2, 113 Vol. 2, 125 Vol. 2, 142 Vol. 2, 113 Vol. 1, 121 Vol. 2, 131, 132 Vol. 1, 123 Vol. 1, 166 Vol. 1, 107 Vol. 1, 108 Vol. 2, 146, 149 Vol. 2, 114 Vol. 1, 108 Vol. 1, 78 Vol. 1, 78 Vol. 2, 149 Vol. 1, 156 Vol. 2, 114 Vol. 2, 133, 139 Vol. 1, 80 Vol. 1, 166 Vol. 1, 108, 293 Vol. 1, 157 Vol. 1, 137

Index of Biblical Literature and References 28.10

Vol. 1, 74, 158; Vol. 2, 127 28.13 Vol. 1, 74 28.16 Vol. 1, 73 28.19 Vol. 2, 133 28.25 Vol. 1, 126 29 Vol. 1, 98; Vol. 2, 83 29.1–32.33 Vol. 1, 40 29.12 Vol. 1, 127 29.16 Vol. 2, 127 29.21 Vol. 1, 74 29.27 Vol. 1, 74, 166; Vol. 2, 114 29.30 Vol. 1, 74 29.31 Vol. 2, 107, 108 29.36 Vol. 2, 116 30.1–31.3 Vol. 1, 132, 273; Vol. 2, 69, 87 30.1–12 Vol. 1, 39, 40, 43, 71, 80, 81, 104, 105, 129; Vol. 2, 1, 69 30.1–6a Vol. 1, 40 30.1 Vol. 1, 38, 40, 43, 71, 72, 74, 132 30.2 Vol. 1, 41, 43, 74 30.3 Vol. 1, 41, 43, 75, 132 30.4 Vol. 1, 41, 43, 74 30.5 Vol. 1, 40, 41, 43, 72, 74, 75, 132 30.6 Vol. 1, 38, 40, 41, 43, 72, 75, 132 30.6b–9 Vol. 1, 40 30.7 Vol. 1, 41, 76, 132 30.8 Vol. 1, 42, 76 30.9 Vol. 1, 40, 42, 71, 76– 78, 108, 122, 132 30.10–12 Vol. 1, 40 30.10 Vol. 1, 41, 42, 75, 78, 132 30.11 Vol. 1, 42, 43, 78, 132, 350 30.13 Vol. 1, 132 30.15 Vol. 1, 132 30.17 Vol. 1, 132; Vol. 2, 127 30.18 Vol. 1, 132

30.21 30.22 30.23 30.24 30.25 31.1 31.2 31.3 31.4 31.7 31.10 31.11 31.18 31.19 32.1 32.2–4 32.5 32.9 32.12 32.13 32.17 32.18 32.28 32.30 32.32 33.4 33.6 33.11 33.14 33.16 33.19 34.4 34.9 34.12 34.25 35.21 35.26 36.4 36.6 36.10 36.15 36.16 36.19 36.22

367

Vol. 1, 132 Vol. 1, 132 Vol. 1, 132 Vol. 1, 132 Vol. 1, 132 Vol. 1, 132 Vol. 1, 132 Vol. 1, 132 Vol. 1, 74 Vol. 2, 127 Vol. 1, 108; Vol. 2, 127 Vol. 1, 74 Vol. 1, 258 Vol. 1, 126 Vol. 1, 74 Vol. 1, 149 Vol. 1, 121 Vol. 1, 73, 80 Vol. 1, 73 Vol. 2, 133, 138, 139 Vol. 1, 38 Vol. 1, 6 Vol. 1, 126 Vol. 1, 149 Vol. 1, 239 Vol. 2, 154 Vol. 2, 152, 154 Vol. 1, 79 Vol. 2, 154 Vol. 1, 74 Vol. 2, 154 Vol. 2, 154 Vol. 1, 107 Vol. 1, 127 Vol. 2, 142 Vol. 1, 74, 76 Vol. 1, 239 Vol. 1, 80 Vol. 1, 79 Vol. 1, 79 Vol. 2, 138, 139 Vol. 1, 78 Vol. 2, 127 Vol. 2, 30

INDEX OF AUTHORS GKC Vol. 1, 12, 55, 68, 125–27, 153, 190, 205, 229, 269, 321, 335, 338, 350, 357; Vol. 2, 16, 114, 115, 117, 123, 128, 129, 133, 142, 143, 150 JM Vol. 1, 9, 13, 46, 72, 111, 112, 127, 165, 177, 191, 337, 350; Vol. 2, 28, 36, 85, 86, 109, 111, 114–17, 123, 127, 128, 133, 142, 150, 156, 161–214 WO Vol. 1, 8, 13, 46, 48, 155, 165, 345, 347, 350; Vol. 2, 115–17, 123, 125, 128, 133, 134, 142, 150 … Abegg, M. G., Jr. Vol. 1, 240, 251, 257, 295 Adams, L. L. Vol. 1, 57; Vol. 2, 34 Adams, W. J., Jr. Vol. 1, 57 Aharoni, Y. Vol. 1, 163–67, 188, 243 Ahituv, S. Vol. 1, 162, 167, 183, 203 Ahlström, G. W. Vol. 1, 121, 122, 125, 126 Albertz, R. Vol. 2, 23 Albright, W. F. Vol. 1, 155, 184, 186, 281, 286, 319, 329, 347; Vol. 2, 6, 22, 57, 58, 61 Alexander, L. V. Vol. 2, 3, 18 Alexander, T. D. Vol. 2, 3, 13 Alinei, M. Vol. 1, 248 Allen, L. C. Vol. 1, 120 Almbladh, K. Vol. 2, 44 Alonso Schökel, L. Vol. 2, 8 Alter, R. Vol. 1, 318 Amos, A. C. Vol. 1, 61 Anbar, M. Vol. 2, 25

Andersen, F. I. Vol. 1, 153, 160, 346; Vol. 2, 6, 42, 53, 56, 111, 113, 121 Andersen, T. D. Vol. 2, 116, 117, 150 Anderson, A. A. Vol. 1, 105 Archer, G. L., Jr. Vol. 1, 302; Vol. 2, 13 Athas, G. Vol. 1, 205 Aucker, B. A. Vol. 1, 82, 142 Auerbach, E. Vol. 2, 15 Augustin, M. Vol. 1, 68 Auld, A. G. Vol. 1, 342; Vol. 2, 21, 24, 26, 31 Avishur, Y. Vol. 1, 318 Axelsson, L. Vol. 2, 43 Azar, M. Vol. 1, 232 Azize, J. Vol. 1, 360; Vol. 2, 65 Babut, J.-M. Vol. 2, 107 Bar-Asher, M. Vol. 1, 223, 224, 227, 229, 237, 242, 243, 248 Barkay, G. Vol. 1, 150 Barr, J. Vol. 1, 46, 152, 153, 162, 329, 346, 347; Vol. 2, 43, 54 Barré, M. L. Vol. 2, 51 Barstad, H. M. Vol. 1, 45, 64 Barton, G. A. Vol. 2, 64 Barton, J. Vol. 1, 120 Bauer, H. Vol. 1, 45, 46, 48; Vol. 2, 116, 117 Baumgarten, J. M. Vol. 1, 133 Baumgartner, W. Vol. 1, 106, 155, 183, 304, 306 Becker, J. Vol. 1, 64 Beentjes, P. C. Vol. 1, 268 Beer, G. Vol. 1, 224 Beit-Arieh, I. Vol. 1, 188 Ben Hayyim, Z. Vol. 1, 265, 268, 304

Index of Authors Ben Zvi, E. Vol. 1, 54, 64; Vol. 2, 41, 42, 45, 46, 48, 99 Bendavid, A. Vol. 1, 9, 12, 19, 27, 68, 112, 174, 271; Vol. 2, 118 Bender, A. Vol. 1, 329, 337 Benoit, P. Vol. 1, 232, 235, 236 Bergey, R. Vol. 1, 9, 16, 17, 21–24, 38, 40–43, 57, 87, 104, 105, 107, 108, 111, 227, 240, 243, 244, 246, 341; Vol. 2, 69, 75, 150, 162–214 Bergsträsser, G. Vol. 2, 129, 150 Bernstein, M. J. Vol. 1, 238, 255, 258 Berrin, S. L. Vol. 1, 255, 257 Berry, G. R. Vol. 2, 150 Bertheau, E. Vol. 1, 354 Bewer, J. A. Vol. 1, 120, 127 Bianchi, F. Vol. 2, 65 Biber, D. Vol. 1, 96, 97, 130 Bimson, J. J. Vol. 1, 312 Birch, B. C. Vol. 2, 31 Birkeland, H. Vol. 1, 46 Blau, J. Vol. 1, 8, 13, 14, 48, 60, 164, 165, 176, 208, 252, 346; Vol. 2, 96 Blenkinsopp, J. Vol. 1, 49, 59, 64, 115, 296, 306, 307; Vol. 2, 3, 8, 9, 14, 15, 34, 35, 70, 71 Block, D. I. Vol. 1, 296 Blommerde, A. C. M. Vol. 2, 54 Blum, E. Vol. 2, 9 Boccaccio, P. Vol. 1, 118 Boling, R. G. Vol. 2, 26 Bowman, C. D. Vol. 2, 79 Braun, R. Vol. 2, 107 Brenner, A. Vol. 1, 51, 282, 283; Vol. 2, 44, 62 Brenner, M. L. Vol. 1, 329 Brett, M. G. Vol. 2, 7 Brettler, M. Z. Vol. 1, 68; Vol. 2, 20 Briffard, C. Vol. 2, 26 Briggs, C. A. Vol. 2, 109 Bright, J. Vol. 2, 36 Brin, G. Vol. 1, 266 Brinton, L. J. Vol. 2, 152 Briquel-Chatónnet, F. Vol. 1, 183 Brock, S. P. Vol. 1, 182, 187

369

Brockelmann, C. Vol. 1, 265, 303; Vol. 2, 117 Brooke, G. J. Vol. 1, 257 Broshi, M. Vol. 1, 199 Brotzman, E. R. Vol. 1, 347 Brovender, C. Vol. 1, 316 Brown, F. Vol. 2, 69 Brown, J. P. Vol. 1, 286, 288 Brownlee, W. H. Vol. 1, 255, 256 Broyles, C. C. Vol. 2, 35 Brueggemann, W. Vol. 2, 9 Budd, P. J. Vol. 2, 13 Budde, D. K. Vol. 1, 121 Burkitt, F. C. Vol. 2, 64 Burney, C. F. Vol. 1, 192, 193, 281, 354; Vol. 2, 27, 33, 152 Burstein, S. M. Vol. 1, 286 Bush, F. W. Vol. 1, 52, 112; Vol. 2, 59, 60 Buttenwieser, M. Vol. 1, 267, 268; Vol. 2, 50 Callaham, S. N. Vol. 2, 128, 129, 131, 133, 134 Campbell, A. F. Vol. 2, 31 Campbell, E. F. Vol. 1, 190 Carr, D. M. Vol. 1, 56, 64, 96, 275; Vol. 2, 17 Carroll, R. P. Vol. 2, 36, 37, 116 Caspari, D. W. Vol. 1, 121 Cathcart, K. J. Vol. 1, 285, 296, 305 Ceresko, A. R. Vol. 2, 54 Chen, Y. Vol. 1, 9, 30, 193; Vol. 2, 58 Cheyne, T. K. Vol. 1, 112; Vol. 2, 49 Chisholm, R. B., Jr. Vol. 2, 153 Chomsky, W. Vol. 1, 48, 174 Clements, R. E. Vol. 2, 18, 23 Clifford, R. J. Vol. 2, 33, 58 Clines, D. J. A. Vol. 2, 53, 100 Cogan, M. Vol. 1, 215, 306, 343, 357; Vol. 2, 33 Cohen, C. Vol. 1, 289 Collins, J. J. Vol. 1, 112, 248, 287, 290, 296, 305; Vol. 2, 35, 59, 67 Cook, J. Vol. 2, 57 Cooke, G. A. Vol. 1, 68, 296

370

Linguistic Dating of Biblical Texts

Corwin, R. Vol. 1, 72, 87, 119; Vol. 2, 69, 141, 142, 150 Cotton, H. M. Vol. 1, 231 Cowley, A. Vol. 1, 294; Vol. 2, 99; cf. GKC, above Craigie, P. C. Vol. 1, 334 Crenshaw, J. L. Vol. 1, 120, 122, 152, 333; Vol. 2, 44, 53 Cross, F. M. Vol. 1, 25, 26, 36, 95, 145, 152, 154, 157, 160, 162, 182, 183, 187, 251, 329, 332, 334, 338, 339, 351; Vol. 2, 6, 17, 19, 20, 22, 23, 52, 90, 117, 121 Crown, A. D. Vol. 1, 250 Crüsemann, F. Vol. 2, 9 Cryer, F. H. Vol. 1, 13, 46–48, 69, 347 Crystal, D. Vol. 1, 179, 180, 208, 280 Curtis, E. L. Vol. 1, 41, 112, 354, 357; Vol. 2, 69 Dahood, M. Vol. 1, 305; Vol. 2, 64, 65 Dallaire, H. Vol. 2, 147, 149 Dangl, O. Vol. 2, 46 Davidson, A. B. Vol. 1, 305; Vol. 2, 36, 117, 150 Davidson, S. Vol. 2, 69 Davies, G. I. Vol. 1, 64, 154, 157, 162, 167, 172 Davies, P. R. Vol. 1, 2, 13, 48, 50, 54, 57–59, 61, 63, 82, 94, 140, 141, 149, 158, 196, 197, 200; Vol. 2, 5, 23 Davila, J. R. Vol. 1, 65 Day, J. Vol. 1, 334; Vol. 2, 49 de Catanzaro, C. Vol. 2, 9 DeCaen, V. Vol. 1, 11; Vol. 2, 123 Degen, R. Vol. 1, 209 Delitzsch, F. Vol. 2, 63–65, 72, 95 Delsman, W. Vol. 1, 112; Vol. 2, 64 Demsky, A. Vol. 1, 287 Deutsch, R. Vol. 1, 181 Dever, W. G. Vol. 2, 22 DeVries, S. J. Vol. 1, 356 Dhorme, E. Vol. 1, 121; Vol. 2, 54, 56 Di Lella, A. Vol. 1, 266–68, 270, 271 Diehl, J. F. Vol. 2, 142 Diehl, W. Vol. 1, 335

Dietrich, M. Vol. 1, 121, 305, 317, 318, 340; Vol. 2, 19 Dillard, R. B. Vol. 1, 354; Vol. 2, 13, 107 Dillmann, A. Vol. 2, 12 Dion, P. E. Vol. 2, 15 Diringer, D. Vol. 1, 182, 187 Dobbs-Allsopp, F. W. Vol. 1, 51, 52, 56, 112, 146, 147, 149–51, 153, 154, 156, 159–67, 169, 172, 178, 180–84, 186, 188, 197, 199, 282, 321; Vol. 2, 62, 66 Dobrusin, D. R. Vol. 1, 343 Döderlein, J. C. Vol. 2, 33 Dohmen, C. Vol. 2, 123, 124 Dothan, M. Vol. 1, 287 Dothan, T. Vol. 1, 287 Doudna, G. L. Vol. 1, 250, 251, 257, 343 Dozeman, T. B. Vol. 2, 9 Driver, G. R. Vol. 1, 46, 86, 189, 212, 213 Driver, S. R. Vol. 1, 9, 10, 12, 15, 21, 49, 55, 64, 68, 72, 80, 93, 105, 106, 112, 120, 121, 136, 145, 155, 156, 166, 197, 198, 213, 269, 274, 286–88, 300, 303, 327, 333; Vol. 2, 2, 7, 9, 11, 16, 17, 22, 28, 33, 34, 38, 47, 52, 54, 56– 59, 62, 64, 67, 69, 123–25, 142, 150, 154 Duhm, B. Vol. 2, 33 Edenburg, C. Vol. 1, 52, 56, 65, 71, 76, 94, 97, 99; Vol. 2, 27 Ehrensvärd, M. Vol. 1, 2, 13, 15, 47, 48, 56–58, 67, 78, 93, 108–10, 112, 117, 118, 122, 137, 138, 140, 141, 144, 152, 157, 158, 172, 346; Vol. 2, 30, 47, 68, 86, 127, 129, 153, 157, 159 Eichhorn, J. G. Vol. 1, 327 Eissfeldt, O. Vol. 1, 216, 333; Vol. 2, 2, 9, 11, 58, 63, 74, 111 Ellenbogen, M. Vol. 1, 281–84, 292, 293, 302, 306

Index of Authors Elwolde, J. F. Vol. 1, 9, 46, 87, 118, 119, 249, 279; Vol. 2, 107 Elyoenai, M. Vol. 2, 65 Emerton, J. A. Vol. 1, 48, 177, 190; Vol. 2, 10 Eshel, E. Vol. 1, 231, 344 Eshel, H. Vol. 1, 344 Eskhult, M. Vol. 1, 2, 10, 57, 61, 72, 76–78, 95, 117–19, 141, 217, 222, 240, 262, 277, 296, 301; Vol. 2, 74, 91, 92, 116–18, 123– 25, 127–29, 133, 134, 140–42, 149, 153, 154, 157–59 Evans, C. A. Vol. 2, 35 Even-Shoshan, A. Vol. 2, 113 Ewald, H. Vol. 2, 58, 117, 150 Eynikel, E. Vol. 2, 18–20, 22, 32, 150 Faber, A. Vol. 1, 46, 190 Fabry, H.-J. Vol. 2, 14, 109 Fales, F. M. Vol. 1, 220 Fanning, B. M. Vol. 2, 152 Fassberg, S. E. Vol. 1, 51, 53, 54, 270, 342, 350; Vol. 2, 36, 142, 156 Ferguson, C. A. Vol. 1, 174–76, 178, 179, 200 Ferguson, H. Vol. 2, 147 Fernández Marcos, N. Vol. 2, 26, 31 Fidjestøl, B. Vol. 1, 61 Finkelstein, I. Vol. 1, 199 Finley, T. J. Vol. 1, 120 Fischer, G. Vol. 1, 329 Fishbane, M. Vol. 1, 24, 68, 345, 347 Fitzmyer, J. A. Vol. 1, 201, 206, 222 Fohrer, G. Vol. 1, 152, 166; Vol. 2, 9, 11, 49, 50, 58 Fokkelman, J. P. Vol. 1, 104; Vol. 2, 153 Folmer, M. L. Vol. 1, 220, 257, 294 Forbes, A. D. Vol. 1, 153, 346; Vol. 2, 11, 34, 111, 113, 121 Fox, M. V. Vol. 1, 197, 244, 245; Vol. 2, 56, 57, 62 Frankel, D. Vol. 2, 15 Frankel, Z. Vol. 1, 79 Fredericks, D. C. Vol. 1, 193–95, 200, 308; Vol. 2, 65

371

Freedman, D. N. Vol. 1, 152, 154, 160, 162, 182, 183, 187, 329, 338, 339; Vol. 2, 5, 6, 13, 36, 42, 54 Frei, P. Vol. 2, 5 Fretheim, T. E. Vol. 2, 11 Friedman, R. E. Vol. 1, 46; Vol. 2, 10, 13, 22 Frolov, S. Vol. 1, 54 Fuller, R. Vol. 2, 40 Gai, A. Vol. 1, 160 Galambush, J. G. Vol. 2, 38 García Martínez, F. Vol. 1, 239, 256, 263, 295 Garfinkel, S. P. Vol. 2, 38 Garr, W. R. Vol. 1, 153, 181; Vol. 2, 123, 124 Garrett, D. A. Vol. 1, 120 Geiger, A. Vol. 1, 230 Geoghegan, J. C. Vol. 2, 18 Gerleman, G. Vol. 1, 347 Gerstenberger, E. S. Vol. 2, 12, 53 Gertz, J. C. Vol. 2, 9 Gesenius, W. Vol. 1, 8, 12, 24, 68, 69, 112, 341; cf. GKC, above Gevirtz, S. Vol. 1, 125 Gianto, A. Vol. 1, 176 Gibson, J. C. L. Vol. 1, 154, 155, 163, 172, 186, 187; Vol. 2, 117, 129, 150 Giesebrecht, F. Vol. 2, 16 Ginsberg, H. L. Vol. 1, 308; Vol. 2, 57, 64 Ginzberg, L. Vol. 1, 261 Gitin, S. Vol. 1, 287 Gmirkin, R. E. Vol. 2, 6 Goddard, G. L. Vol. 2, 129, 134, 140 Gogel, S. L. Vol. 1, 146, 153, 154, 157, 161, 164–67, 172, 181 Golb, N. Vol. 1, 250 Golka, F. W. Vol. 2, 8 Gooding, D. W. Vol. 2, 31 Gordis, R. Vol. 2, 54, 58, 64, 65 Gordon, C. H. Vol. 1, 30, 198, 286–89, 311; Vol. 2, 5, 65, 117 Gordon, R. P. Vol. 2, 31 Görg, M. Vol. 1, 308

372

Linguistic Dating of Biblical Texts

Goshen-Gottstein, M. H. Vol. 1, 40 Gottwald, N. K. Vol. 2, 61 Grabbe, L. L. Vol. 1, 49, 344; Vol. 2, 5, 15, 20, 47, 54 Graf, K. H. Vol. 2, 12 Graham, M. P. Vol. 2, 3, 18 Gray, G. B. Vol. 1, 269, 306, 307; Vol. 2, 35, 54, 56 Gray, J. Vol. 1, 281, 306, 312, 354–56 Greenberg, M. Vol. 1, 296; Vol. 2, 13, 38, 117 Greenfield, J. C. Vol. 1, 49, 145, 201– 203, 222 Greenspahn, F. E. Vol. 1, 310 Greenstein, E. L. Vol. 1, 322; Vol. 2, 56 Grelot, P. Vol. 1, 308 Grintz, Y. M. Vol. 2, 13 Gropp, D. M. Vol. 1, 51, 52; Vol. 2, 36, 64, 150, 151 Grotius, H. Vol. 2, 63, 72 Guenther, A. R. Vol. 1, 9, 27–29, 51, 66, 88, 119; Vol. 2, 16, 36, 37, 69, 142, 158 Guillaume, A. Vol. 2, 55 Guillaume, P. Vol. 2, 8, 26, 27 Guralnek, B. Vol. 1, 321 Gzella, H. Vol. 1, 232, 233, 235, 236 Habel, N. C. Vol. 2, 53 Hackett, J. A. Vol. 1, 8, 203, 204, 206, 207 Hadas-Lebel, M. Vol. 2, 150 Hagedorn, A. C. Vol. 1, 286, 287 Hagelia, H. Vol. 1, 205 Halpern, B. Vol. 1, 60, 61, 331, 332, 334; Vol. 2, 19 Hamilton, V. P. Vol. 1, 288, 308; Vol. 2, 13 Haran, M. Vol. 1, 66; Vol. 2, 13 Harper, L. Vol. 2, 14 Harrington, D. J. Vol. 1, 267 Harris, R. L. Vol. 1, 118, 348; Vol. 2, 78 Harris, Z. S. Vol. 1, 153, 183 Harrison, R. K. Vol. 2, 13, 63 Hartley, J. E. Vol. 2, 53 Heard, R. C. Vol. 2, 8

Heltzer, M. Vol. 1, 181 Hemmerdinger, B. Vol. 1, 304 Hendel, R. S. Vol. 1, 47, 60, 165, 167, 190, 288, 342; Vol. 2, 15–17, 128, 133, 134, 140 Hengel, M. Vol. 1, 289 Henige, D. Vol. 2, 20 Hess, R. S. Vol. 1, 299, 309, 339, 340; Vol. 2, 6, 7 Hetzron, R. Vol. 1, 8 Hill, A. E. Vol. 1, 9, 16, 29, 51, 57, 111, 128; Vol. 2, 16, 47, 68, 69, 79, 80 Hillers, D. R. Vol. 1, 164, 165 Hinz, W. Vol. 1, 282 Hjelm, I. Vol. 1, 122 Ho, C. Y. S. Vol. 2, 342 Hock, H. H. Vol. 1, 180, 280 Hoffmann, H.-D. Vol. 2, 19 Hoffmeier, J. K. Vol. 2, 9 Hoftijzer, J. Vol. 1, 78, 203, 206, 221, 244, 260; Vol. 2, 123–25 Holladay, W. L. Vol. 1, 290; Vol. 2, 36, 37 Holmstedt, R. D. Vol. 1, 54, 59, 132, 133, 136, 258, 273 Hölscher, G. Vol. 2, 38 Holst, S. Vol. 1, 119, 260, 278, 285; Vol. 2, 142 Hoop, R. de Vol. 1, 288; Vol. 2, 7, 9 Horgan, M. P. Vol. 1, 257 Houtman, C. Vol. 2, 3, 9, 15 Howie, C. G. Vol. 2, 38 Huehnergard, J. Vol. 1, 8, 202, 205– 207, 220, 222, 305, 316–18 Huesman, J. Vol. 2, 152 Hug, V. Vol. 1, 297 Hughes, J. A. Vol. 1, 346; Vol. 2, 152 Hunt, J. H. Vol. 1, 340 Hurowitz, V. A. Vol. 2, 17, 108 Hurvitz, A. Vol. 1, 2, 9, 10, 12–24, 26, 27, 30, 31, 37, 38, 40–43, 45, 48– 51, 54–58, 60–64, 66–69, 71, 92– 94, 99–102, 104–109, 111, 115, 118, 120, 122, 123, 130, 134, 136, 138, 139, 143–45, 147, 154, 162, 163, 167, 172, 193, 195, 198, 199, 209, 210, 212–14, 216,

Index of Authors 217, 219–22, 227, 229, 244, 246, 252–55, 259, 268, 270, 272, 274, 276, 277, 290–92, 304, 333, 341, 342, 346, 351; Vol. 2, 6, 10, 13, 14, 16, 32, 34, 36, 37, 39, 44, 47, 50, 51, 55, 57, 59, 62, 64, 67, 73– 75, 78–80, 82–91, 94, 96, 102, 105, 121, 128, 133, 150, 156, 162–214 Hutchesson, I. Vol. 1, 251, 343 Hutter, M. Vol. 1, 293, 300, 302, 308, 309 Isaksson, B. Vol. 2, 65, 153 Isser, S. Vol. 1, 96; Vol. 2, 6 Isserlin, B. S. J. Vol. 1, 155 Izre