Lietuvos priešistorės gintaras 978-9955-34-002-7

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KLA I PEDOS UNIVERSITETO BALTIJOS REGIONO ISTORIJOS IR ARCHEOLOGI)OS INSTITUTAS

Audrone Bliujiene

LIETUVOS PRIESISTORES GINTARAS

_1_ V E RSUS AU REU S

UDK 903/9o4(474.5) Bl-73

Knygos rengimpaKel11990: c. 23, 24). 1931 m. skulptiirel~ senienq rinkoje nusipirko Bostono vaizduojamojo meno muziejus. Asurnasirpalo II figiirele buvo rasta 1875 rn. )'}, kaip teigiarna, Tigro upes pakranteje rad~s turkas darbininkas. Sios figiireles aukstis yra 24,5 ern, kai kur nurodoma, kad figiirele yra tik 19,5 ern auksCio (Frankfort 1954: 80-82; Garbini 1959: 208-212; Stromrnenger 1970: 27, Tafel16; a, b). Figiirele nera signuota. Asurnasirpalui II ji buvo priskirta- del pavaizduoto asrnens panasumo su siuo asirq karaliurni. Signuota Asurnasirpalo II skulptiira, iSkalta kalkakrnenyj e, buvo rasta Nirnrude (dabar Kalkhu, Irakas), Ninurtos sventykloje (Strornrnenger 1962: Fig. 196). 37- Tyrirn'} pakartojo prof. Richardas Lordas, tyrirnq duornenys sutapo.

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LI ETUV OS PR I E$ 1STOR t S G I N TA RAS

26 pav. Nezinomq asir4 karal i4 vaizduojanti skulpturele (a pie 810-720 m. pr. Kr.). Falsifikatas (Bib lijos zemes muziejus, inv. 369; Libano gintaras, aukstis 28 em; pagal E. Strommenger 1970: Tafel16)

Gintariniams asirq meno pavyzdZiams buvo priskiriama taip pat asirq karaliq vaizduojanti figurele, pagaminta apie Adadnirario III (IX a. pr. Kr. antrasis ketvirtis) ir Tiglatpalasaro III (743-726 m. pr. Kr.) valdymo laikus (26 pav.) (Strommenger 1970: 27, Tafel 16; Heltzer 199T 30, Fig. 1) 38 • Sios figureles stilistika yra visiSkai neaiSki (Muscarella 2000: q8). Dar 1968 m. C. W. Beckas infraraudonojo spektro molekulines absorbcines analizes metodu istyre siaudringose jurose pirkliai zvejojo perlus; jurose, kur kyla Mazieji Grjzulo Ratai, {jie] zvejojo safrano spalvos varj" (iS lotynq kalbos verte Veronika Gerliakiene) 43 • Be to, naujausi Mesopotamijos rasytiniq saltiniq tyrinejirnai rodo, kad juose nera jokiq duomenq apie gintarq (Kolenda, 2004: 146). Cituojamas J. Opperto Ninevijos obelisko traso vertimas, kaip visiskai klaidingas, niekada nedomino asirologq (Grayson 1991). TaCiau beda yra ta, kad antrasis, ,pataisytas" sio autoriaus vertimas buvo iSspausdintas straipsnyje apie prekybos gintaru svarbq ir tai suteike pagrindq kai kuriems autoriams, netikrinant duomenq, Hcituoti, tikriau sakant, visiskai laisvai Hinterpretuoti. Taigi obelisko, rasto Ninevijoje, traso vieta, J. Opperto susieta su gintaru, nieko bendra su gintaru neturi ir skamba taip (prieS cituojamq vietq yra tekstas apie medziokl~): ,< ... > tuo laiku, kai buvo salta, salnos (ir) ledas, tuo laiku, kai pakilo Sirijus, raudonas kaip islydytas vai-is, jis surupino (ir) subure gazeliLf bandas < .~. >" (pagal Grayson 1991:103 iS anglq kalbos verte Aleksandras Pleskaciauskas )44. 1926 m. Aleksandras M. Rackus Lietuvos gintaro tyrinejimq istorijoje pirmq kartq pasireme klaidingai J. Opperto iSverstu minimu obelisko tekstu. A. M. Rackus taip citavo J. Opperto vertimq: ,Jiiroje, kur vejas maino42. K. Becko, S. Dalley ir H. Hughes-Brock informacija autorei. Si~ kolegq informacij~ patvirtina ir A. Kirk Grayson vertimas (Grayson 1991: 130).

43· ,< ... > in maribus procellosis negotiatores ejus margaritas, in maribus culminantis.Cynosurae crocum cuprum piscabantu < .. . >" Safrano spalva- ryskiai geltona (vertejos pastaba). 44· ,< ... > At the time of cold, frost, (and) ice, at the time of the ascension of Sirius when it is red like

molten copper, he arranged (and) formed herds of... gazelles ... " (Grayson 1991: 103).

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si (t. y. Persijos uzlajoje), jo pirkliai perlus gaudo; juroje, kur siaurine zvaigzde svieCia (t. y. Baltijos juroje), jie gelton:is buvo aukstas romem1 armijos karininkas, romeniskl)jt) provin cijq administracijos

valdi.ni.nkas, pri.klauscrs raiteli.q luomui. Zuvo 79 m. Pompejoje, iSsiverius Vezuvi.jui. Aprasydamas Druzo ekspedicij Patys aisCiai jo visai nevartoja < ... > (Taeitas 1972: 45; Dilyte 1998: 379, 383). Vakarq baltq zemese, kaip ir visoje Barbaricum, gintaro dirbiniq pradejo daugeti II a. pab.-III a. pradZioje. TaCiau didziuliuose Barbaricum plotuose gintaro dirbiniq velyvajame romeniskajame laikotarpyje kur kas daugiau nei rytiniame Baltijos juros regione ar konkreCiai ,gintaro zemeje". Lygindami Lietuvos III a. vidurio-IV a. kapus, kuriuose rasta gintaro, matome, kad prasmatniuose moterq veriniuose gintaro karoliq, dazniausiai net netekintq, yra nedaug, nors ir daugiau nei II a. (162 a: 36, 37; 164: 1; 170-173; 175-177; 182-184 pav.). Gintaro gausa iSsiskiria kelios radimvietes: keturios- netoli pajurio (Baitai, Lazdininkai, Mazkatuziai, Kapsede) ir PaseksCiai, esantys Rytq Lietuvoje (160 pav.; 9 priedas). Tokj negausq gintaro vartojim Todd nuosirdiiai jus sveikindami pranesame, kad su dekingumu priememe gintarq, kurj jus atsiuntete per savo pasiuntinius. fie patvirtino, kaip buvo pasakyta ir juszt prane5ime, kad siq lengvq substancijq isplukdo jums atslugdama Okeana banga, taCiau kaip jis atsiranda, jus neiinote, nors renkate jj savo tevyneje kur kas seniau nei visi kiti zmones. Kaip rasa Kornelijus < .. . > Del to nusprendeme, jog reikia jums tai pasakyti, kad nemanytumete, jog mes nicnieko neiinom, mat jus tikite, kad tik jus iinote [apie tai}. Taigi 145. Nors riba tarp romeniskojo laikotarpio ir ankstyvqjq tautq kraustymosi laikq Rytq ir Vidurio Europoje nera visiskai aiski, tyrinetojai pastarqjj laikotarpi sieja suD periodu (350-450 m.) (Godlowski 1974: 65, 71-72; Bitner-Wr6blewska 2001: 14-19, Fig. 1, Plates I, II). Tautq kraustymosi laikq pradzia Lietuvoje laikytina IV a. pab.-V a. pradzia, t. y. D1 periodas. Cek4 mokslininkas )aroslawas Tejralas D periodo pabaig') nukelia i D3 periodq (450-480/490 m.). Tokia tautq kraustymosi laikq chronologija daug labi au atitinka procesus, vykusius Vidurio Europoj e ir rytiniam e Baltijos juros regione (Tej ral 1988: 233-302). Vi:lyvieji taut4 kraustymosi laikai sietini su E1 (490/510-525 m.), E2 (525 -600 m .) ir E3 (600-675 m.) periodais. Tuo tarpu periodas F apimt4 perejimq iS velyvqjq tautq kraustymosi laik4 i vikingq laikotarpi.

LIETUVOS PRI ESI ST ORES GI N TARAS

dazniau aplankykite mus tais keliais, kuriuos atvere justt meile. Mat visada yra naudinga santarve su turtingais karaliais, kurie pasitenkina mazomis dovanomis ir visada uz tai suteikia didesnj atlyginimq. Perdaveme justt pasiuntiniams zodziu keletq nurodymlf, kuriais skelbiame tai, kas [jums] turettt buti malonu (Gudavicius 198T 124; UlCinaite 1996 a: 157)' 46 • Ir nors pats Kasiodoro tekstas labiau primena grazbyliavimq lotynq kalba nei istorini saltini, aisCiq diplomatine dovana Teodorikui vertinama kaip noras atnaujinti ar suaktyvinti prekybq (GudaviCius 198T 124-125). Taciau gali buti, kad pasiuntiniq i Ravenq nugabenta gintaro dovana buvo tiesiog Vyslos deltoje tebegyvenusiq gotq bendruomeniq priminimas apie save giminaiCiams, ypac po skaudziq tautq kraustymosi ivykiq Vyslos zemupyje, kuriq padarinys buvo didelis sio regiono iStustejimas (Urbanczyk 1998: 404-406). 194 pav. Ryt4 got4 karaliaus Teodoriko (493-526) auks inis Kita vertus, kadangi Teodoriko atsakyme yra ipinta segei pritaikytas so lida s, rastas Tacito teksto dalis apie gintaro rinkejus ir jo susidarymq, Senigallijoje, netoli Ankonos (ltalija) (paga l A. Burse he 2001: Fig. 13) galima manyti, kad jis skirtas I a. pabaigos aisCiq proteviams. Manant, kad bendru aisCiu vardu (Aestiorum gentes) galejo buti pavadinta ne tik vakarq baltai, gyven~ pajuryje, bet ir dalis Vielbarko kulturos zmoniq, zinia, kad Hestii siunte gintarq Teodorikui, tampa daug suprantamesne. Kita vertus, Teodorikas buvo suinteresuotas rysiais su pietrytiniame Baltijos juros regione gyvenanciais gentainiais, nes jam reikejo ne tik nesioti savo genties drabuzius, kaip pabreze jo amzininkai, bet ir trodyti senas, ne maziau kilmingas nei romenq diduomenes, Amalq gimines saknis (Urbanczyk 1998: 404). Todd atsakymas iS Ravenos aisCiams pirmiausia buvo politinio palankumo zenklas, be to, tam tikras bendrq saknq priminimas ir, be jokios abejones, buvo skirtas prekybiniams santykiams su siauriniais kaimynais palaikyti. Rytq gotai V a. antrosios puses-VI a. pradzios Europoje vaidino svarbq vaidment. Jq pastangas palaikyti prekybinius ir, matyt, politinius rysius su siauriniais kaimynais rodo nemazi auksiniq solidq lobiai Vyslos zemupyje ir Rytq Pamaryje (Fromborkas, Granovas, Elbliongas ir kt.); taigi kelias i Vyslos zemupio prekyvietes egzistavo ir toliau (J. Wielowiejski 1980: 204-205) .

146. Siame lotyn4 kalba rasytame tekste gintaras vadinamas succinum (Gudavicius 1987: 124; UICinaite 199 6 a: 156).

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G INTARA S IR BALTAI TAUTV KRAUSTYMOSI LAIKAIS

VI a. gotq istorikas Jordanas veikalo apie getq arba gotq kilm~ ir istorij'! (,De Getarum sive Gothorum origine et rebus gestis"), kuris dazniausiai vadinamas ,Getika", Vir XVII skyriuose apraso aisCius (GudaviCius 1987: 124-125; UICinaite 1996 b: 159). Jordanas rasa: Prie pat Okeana kranto, kur trimis iiotimis jsilieja Vyslos vandenys, gyvena vidivarijai, kuriuos sudaro jvairios gentys. Ui }If pakranteje gyvena aisCiai, labai taikinga gentis < ... > (UICinaite 1996 b: 160 ). Taigi Jordanas pabreze etnin! vidivarijq nevienalytiskum'!. Zinant, kad aisCiai skverbesi smarkiai aptustejusio Vyslos zemupio link, galima pritarti nuomonei, kad tai misri gentis, kuri'! sudare gepidai ir aisCiai (Schmidt 1934: 530 ). Tautq kraustymosi atgarsiai dabartin~ Lietuvos teritorij'! pasieke jau IV a. pabaigoje (Zulkus 1995: 96-107). Nuo V a. pradzios tautq kraustymosi procesai baltq krastuose tsisiiibavo. Jq bangos atsirito iki Nemuno zemupio: V a. viduryje ar VI a. pradZioje Cia atsikrauste nedidele polietnine grupe zmoniq, tarp kuriq buvo ir gotq (Simenas 1994: 38-39). Del siq procesq suskilo Vakarq Lietuvos kapq su akmenq vainikais kultiira, didziule tautq kraustymosi procesq !taka atsispindi Vidurio ir Rytq Lietuvos archeologineje medZiagoje. Lietuvos archeologine tautq kraustymosi laikq medziaga rodo buvus gana reiksmingus rysius su Dunojaus vidurupiu ir Pietq bei Vidurio Skandinavija (Bliujiene 2ooo: 128-131, Fig. 1-3; 2000 a: 99-107; Simenas 2ooo a: 143-145; Zulkus 2004: 25-36). Del tautq kraustymosi laikq neramumq Europoje tikriausiai turejo biiti naudojamasi jiiros keliais ir, matyt, rytq keliu Dnepro, Nemuno ir Dauguvos upemis (Michelbertas 1986: 216-217). JRytq Lietuv'! gintariniai karoliai kartu su atsikrausCiusiais zmonemis galejo atkeliauti biitent rytq keliu. Dalis gintariniq dirbiniq t Pietryciq, Vidurio ir Rytq Lietuvq tautq kraustymosi laikais pateko tradiciniais pietvakariq ir pietryCiq keliais, is Moziirijos ezeryno per siiduviq teritorij'! (156: A; 158-160 pav.). Tai rodo ne tik gintaro dirbiniai, randami Rytq Lietuvos pilkapiuose, bet ir kai kuriq papuosalq (pavyzdziui, Prahos tipo segiq) paplitimas. X. 2. Taut4 kraustymosi laik4 Lietuvos gintariniai dirbiniai

Tautq kraustymosi laikais Vidurio Europoje didziuliuose Barbaricum plotuose iSplito standartiniq formq karoliai. Lietuvoje IV a. pab.-V a. kapuose randama kur kas daugiau gintaro dirbiniq negu romeniSkojo laikotarpio, velyvqjq tautq kraustymosi laikq ar vikingq laikotarpio laidojimo paminkluose (195 pav.) (TautaviCius 1996: 186-189; Sidrys 1994: 29-42; 1994 a: 85-86, 8 pav.; Bliujiene 2001: Fig. 1; 2003: 47-61). Gintaro dirbiniq gausai sio laikotarpio

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LIETUVOS PRIESISTORtS GINTARAS

pav. Lietuvos taut4 kraustymos i laikotarpio paminklai, kuriuose buvo rasta gintaro dirbini4 (radimvieci4 sqrasas - 11 priede)

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196 a pav. Veriniai is Plinkaigalio kapinyno moter4 kap4 (1 - kapas 51 (LNM AR 700: 213); 2 - kapas 196 (LNM AR 700: 758); 3- kapa s 29 (LNM AR 700: 110); 1- gintaras, stiklas; 2 - gintaras, stiklas, zalvari s;

3- gintaras; A. Ruzienes piesinys)

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kapuose turejo !takos paprotys nesioti gana ilgus vien gintaro karoliq ar pramaiSiui su kitais karoliais ir !vijomis suvertus verinius. Gintaro dirbiniq V a. ir VI a. pirmojoje puseje Lietuvoje buvo kaip niekada daug. To meto paminklq, kuriuose rasta daug gintaro dirbiniq, yra visoje Lietuvoje, tai savotiskas ,gintaro dirbiniq nesiojimo renesansas" (195 pav.). Nors daugiausiai gintaro dirbiniq radimvieCiq yra pajuryje, bet gintaro randama ir Nemuno zemupyje, Vidurio Lietuvoje ir Rytq Lietuvos pilkapiuose (Bliujiene 2001: 138-140, map 1). Tautq kraustymosi laikq paradoksas yra tai, kad ilgieji, puosnieji gintaro karoliq veriniai randami ne pajurio Lietuvos, bet Nemuno zemupio, Vidurio ir Rytq Lietuvos laidojimo paminkluose. Prasmatnus veriniai suver196 b pav. Karoliai, gam inti Swilczos 3-ios (netoli Rzesz6wo, ti vien is standartiniq formq gintaro Lenkija) gyvenvietes gintaro apdirbimo dirbtuvese (pagal karoliq arba iS gintariniq karoliq praA. Gruszczyr\ska 1999: Fig. 6; S. Czopek nuotrauka) maiSiui su keliais metaliniais ar stikliniais (196 a; 197 pav.) . Nors sio laikotarpio veriniuose randama ir stiklo ar kitokiq karoliq, bet gintariniai karoliai vyrauja visoje Lietuvoje (198-200 pav.). TaCiau stiklo, kaip ir metalo, karoliai neiSnyko, jie taip pat buvo ndiojami, tik ne taip gausiai kaip romeniskajame laikotarpyje (196 a: 1, 2; 19T 9 pav.) (KazakeviCius 1993: 98-101, 6lentele). V-VI a. pradzios Lietuvos pajurio kapinynuose gintaro dirbiniq randama daznai, bet palyginti nedaug (12 priedas). Didesniu gintaro karoliq skaiCiumi pajuryje iSsiskiria trys kapinynai: Uzpelkiq, Lazdininkq ir RudaiCiq I (201 pav.; 12 priedas). Dazniausiai tai iS smulkiq dvigubo nupjauto kugio formos karoliq suverti neilgi verinukai, randami moterq ar mergaiCiq kapuose (201: 2-4, 6; 202: 2, 7; 203 A: 4; 203 B: 1 pav.). Siq kapq radiniq kompleksai tarsi standartiniai: miniatiurinis puodelis, smiltainio verpstukas, vienas ar du paprasCiausi geleZiniai lazdeliniai smeigtukai, prie kuriq tvirtinamas verinys; tik retkarCiais randama antkakliq ar segiq (201-203 pav.).

GINTARAS IR BALTAI TAUTV KRAU STYMOSI LAIKA IS

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197 pav. Plinkaigalio kapinyno moters kapo 55 radiniai (LNM AR: 700: 246-258; gintaras, stiklas, zalvaris; A. Ruzienes piesinys)

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198 pav. Plinkaiga lio kapinyno moters kapo 56 radiniai (LNM AR: 700: 261-266; A. Ruzienes piesinys)

Kur kas daugiau !spudingq gintariniq veriniq rasta Nemuno zemupyje (TautaviCius 1994: 3-4). Daugiausiai gintariniq tautq kraustymosi laikq karoliq rasta Vidurio Lietuvos kapinynuose (Plinkaigalis, Kalniskiai ir Marvele) (196 a: 1-3; 197: 9; 198: 5 pav.; 12 priedas). ZemaiCiq kapinynuose gintariniq karoliq rasta maziau, bet jie yra standartiniq formq, budingq didziajai Barbaricum daliai (204 pav.; 12 priedas). Rytq Lietuvos pilkapiai, tokie kaip Baliuliq ir Zvirbliq, iSsiskiria daugiausia netaisyklingos formos gintariniq karoliq gausa (199: 1; 200: 1 pav.; 12 priedas) . TaCiau kol kas Rytq Lietuvos pilkapynuose kapq, kuriuose buvo gintaro, nera rasta daug (199; 200 pav.; 12 priedas). Lietuvoje tautq kraustymosi laikq gintariniq karoliq radimvietes galima suskirstyti ! kelias grupes, lyg ir savaime rodanCias skirtingas karoliq patekimo ! regionus kryptis (160; 195 pav.). Vakarq Lietuvos kapq su akmenq vainikais srityje vyrauja dvigubo nupjauto kugio formos ir tekinti rantyti karoliai (201-203 pav.). Nemuno zemupio, Vidurio Lietuvos ir Zemaitijos laidojimo paminkluose vyrauja standartiniai dvigubo nupjauto kugio, netaisyklingi ir Basonijos tipo karoliai su koncentriniais grioveliais (204 pav.). Didziuliuose Barbaricum plo-

GINTARAS IR BALTA ! TAUTV KRAUSTYMOSI LAIKAIS

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pav. Baliuli4 pilkapyno pilkapio 12 moters kapo 1 radiniai (2- 6 - zalvaris; 1, 1 a- gintaras, stiklas, emalis, zalvaris; 7 - sidabras; 8, 9- gelezis; 10- alavo ir svino misinys, gelezis; LNM; I. Maciukaites piesinys)

199

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pav. Karoli4 veriniai is Baliuli4 pilkapyno pilkapio 12 moters kapo 1 ir Zvirbli4 pilkapyno pilkapio 17 vaiko kapo 1 (1 - gintaras, stiklas, ema li s; 2- gintaras; LNM; I. Aleksienes irA. Bliujienes nuotraukos)

200

tuose siq biidingq gintariniq karoliq randama 430-480/490 m . paminkluose (MacTbiKOBa 2003: 57-65). Rytq Lietuvos pilkapiuose populiariausi buvo netaisyklingos formos gintariniai karoliai (199: 1; 200 pav.). Tautq kraustymosi laikai Lietuvoje pasizymi tuo, kad i vyrq, moterq ir vaikq kapus buvo pradeta deti po vienq du gin taro karolius-amuletus ir gintaro zaliavos (198: 4; 201: 1, 6 pav.). Vyrams karoliai-amuletai risami prie segiq, siuvami o 1 2 3 prie drabuziq, tvirtinami prie kovos peilio-durklo rankenos. Moterims karoliai buvo riSami prie smeigtukq, juostos, apgalvio (205 pav.). ZemaiCiq ir ziemgaliq genCiq gyventoje teritorijoje jau VII a. isigalejo paprotys mirusiesiems prie segiq (vyrams) ar smeigtukq (moterims) tvirtinti po vienq du gintarinius karoliukus (206 pav.). PaproCio po kelis gintarinius karolius deti i kapq mirusiajam laikesi ir kursiai. I tiikstantmeCio viduryje Lietuvoje atsirado naujq formq tekintq ir pusiau tekintq gintaro karoliq. Tiek naujosios tautq kraustymosi laikams biidingos karoliq formos, tiek romeniSkojo laikotarpio kabuCiq formos isnyko VI a. pirmo-

GINTARAS I R BALTAI TAUTV KRAUSTYMOSI LAI K AIS

je puseje, nepadariusios !takos tolesnei karoli4 form4 raidai. Paskutini4 ankstesnius laikus menanCi4 gintarini4 astuoniukes formos kabuCi4 transformacij4 Lietuvoje dar pasitaiko tarp V a. pirmosios puses radini4 (181: 1 pav.). Nauj4, biiding4 tikI tllkstantmecio viduriui, form4 tekint4 ir pusiau tekint4 gintaro karoli4 rasta Nemuno zemupio, Vidurio Lietuvos ir Ryt4 Lietuvos laidojimo paminkluose. Sie karoliai yra importuoti is Kujavijos regiono (Psevorsko kultiira), Sembos pusiasalio ir kit4 gintaro apdirbimo dirbtuvi4. V a. viduryje dar veike gintaro apdirbimo dirbtuves Konaruose ir Swilczoje (PietryCi4 Lenkija), gaminusios toki4 paCiq formq kaip Lietuvoje randamieji pusiau tekintus ir tekintus karolius (196 a-198 pav.) (P. Wielowiejski 1991: rye. 20; 1997: 251-253; Cofta-Broniewska 1999: 157-175; Gruszcynska 1999: 183-188; Fig. 6; MacThiKOBa 2004: 55-62, p!.1c. 1). Swilczos netoli Rzeszowo gintaro apdirbimo dirbtuvi4 medZiaga rodo, kad staigus jq zlugimas galejo buti susij~s su hun4 antpuoliu 455 m. (Gruszczynska 1999: 188). TaCiau daugeliu atvejq del tvairiq priezasci4 (Lietuvoje netyrinetos gyvenvietes; Sembos medziaga nepakankamai skelbta) lieka neaisku, kur gaminti vieno ar kito tipo karoliai. Pavyzdziui, siandien netmanoma pasakyti, kur gaminti tobulai tekinti rantyti gintariniai karoliai, rasti pajiirio Lietuvos (Uzpelkiai ir Stragnai) kapinynuose, ar kai kurie karoliai su koncentriniais grioveliais. Taciau jq pasirodymas Vakarq Lietuvos paminkluose sutampa su Vielbarko kulturos pabaiga. Daugiausiai rasta netekint4 ir pusiau tekint4 dvigubo nupjauto kiigio taut4 kraustymosi laik4 gintarini4 karoliq (TM XXXII grupe, 395 a, b, 396 tipai ir TM XLIV grupe, 433, 434 tipai) . Taip pat randama nedideliq suspausto rutulio formos karoliuk4. Nedideli dvigubo nupjauto kugio formos karoliukai yra patys dazniausi pajiirio Lietuvos kapinynuose (201-203 pav.). Basonijos tipo karoliai. Karoliai pavadinti pagal radimo vietq netoli Liublino Lenkijoje (207: 1-12 pav.)' 47 Tai tekinti ir pusiau tekinti V a. pirmosios puses tvairi4 form4 karoliai (Kolenda 1990: 98; P. Wielowiejski 1990: 102-114). Taut4 kraustymosi laik4 Europoje didziuliuose Barbaricum regionuose, be tvairi4 kitq bendrq dalyk4, isplito standartini4 form4 ir dekoro Basonijos tipo karoliai. Tokiq karoliq randama Vidurio Europoje, Dunojaus vidurupio regione, Piet4 Skandinavijoje, Bornholmo ir Elando salose, taip pat pietiniame ir pietrytiniame Baltijos jllros regione, Sembos pusiasalyje (Nowakowski 1996: Tafel36: 6, 38: 7; Mastykova 2001: 345- 358, Fig. 2, 3, 4-11; 147. Lobis rastas 1914 m. kasant apkasus, todel tiksli jo radimo vieta neii noma, be to, dalis karoliy dingo. Tikroji sio reiksmingo radinio sudetis ir dirbiniy skaiCius nezinomas, literaturoje nurodomas nevienodas Basonijos lobio svoris ir dirbiniy kiekis. Dazniausiai rasom a, kad buvo rasta 300 kg gin taro zaliavos ir 30 kg gintaro karoliy (Kolenda 1990: 98). Siuo metu zinomi 304 baigti, ne visai baigti ir pradeti gaminti sio lobio gintariniai karoliai, 11 frag menty bei 18 gintaro zaliavos gabaly (P. Wielowiejski 1990: 101-105, Fig. 1).

347

348

LIE TUV OS PRIE51STOR ES GINTARAS

G D1

D

D

e

D

.

D

D

D

.

..

D D

6

0

pav. Uzpelki4 kapinyno meters kapo 92 radiniai (1 - 4 , 6- g intaras, s, 7- za lvaris; 8- gelezis; MUM; pagal A. Bliujiene 2002 a: 20 pav.)

201

G I NTARAS IR BA LTAI TAUTV KRAUSTYMOSI LA IK A I S

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218 pav. Pavajuonio-Rekuci4 pilkapynas, pi lkapis 11, moters kapo 2 radiniai (1 - kora lai, stiklas, ema li s, sidabras, za lvaris; 2, 3, s, 6, 8-1o - sidabras; 4 - za lvaris; 7- gintaras; ~ NM ; pagal V. Se menas 1998; I. Maci ukaites piesinys)

0\

....

L I ET UVOS PRIE$ 1STORtS G INTARAS

karoliai atrodo lyg ruosiniai. Jie is esmes netinkami nesioti kaip karoliai, todd galejo tureti ir simbolin~ reiksm~. Galbut tai savotiSki iJ

--


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s

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R)'t. ' n:it. T.DrnrJu-d

261 pav. Paluknio (buv. Jasnagurkos) kapinyno kap4 7 ir 14 radiniai (pagal T. Dowgird 1887: t ab. IX)

-!>-

....

414

L I ETUVOS PRI E51STORES G I NTARAS

262 pav. Zqsino kapinynas, vyro kapo 81 radiniai (1, 2, 4, 5- zalvaris; 3- gintaras; LNM AR 618: 345-348; pagal L. Vaitkunskiene 1976; R. Gaizauskaites piesinys)

ZemaiCi!f kapuose randama po 1 ar 2 gintarinius karoliukus, pritvirtintus prie segiq (vyrams) ar smeigtukq (moterims). Nors zemaiCiai mirusiqjq beveik nedegino' 63, degintiniuose jq kapuose taip pat randama pavieniq gintariniq karoliukq. TaCiau zemaiCiq kapinynuose gintariniq dirbiniq paprastai terandama ketvirtadalyje ar tik sestadalyje tyrinetq kapq, todd paprotys juos deti i kapus ir, matyt, ne5ioti gyviems esant nebuvo toks visuotinai paplitys, kaip daznai manoma'64 • Pagal palaidotqjq lyti gintariniai karoliai zemaiCiq kapinynuose pasiskirsto apylygiai, nors gana didelio palaidotqjq skaiciaus lytis nera aiSki. Gali biiti, kad tai vaikq kapai. ISsiskiria keletas kapq, kuriuose gintaro karolis panaudotas netprastai, pavyzdziui, Zqsino kapinyne gintaro karoliuku buvo uzvedtas audinys, i kurt supilti degintiniai kaulai (Vaitkunskiene 1992 a: 41). ZemaiCiq gintariniai karoliai dazniausiai nedideli, dvigubo nupjauto kiigio ar jai artimos formos, dvigubo nupjauto kiigio formos su nedideliu vole163. Po kelis degintinius kapus, kurie, rnatyt, yra kursiq kulturos, kartu ir deginimo paproCiq [takas rezul-

tatas, rasta ziemgaliq (Pavirvyte- Gudai) ir zemaiCiq kapinynuose (Bikavenai, Z~sinas). 164. Vienarne is didziausiq tyrinetq zemaiCiq kapinynq Bikavenuose rasti 272 kapai, tarp ill 5 degintini ai, kuriq vienarne (rnoters kapas 106) rastas gintaro ialiavos gabalelis. Bikavenll kapinyne po 1-2 gintarinius karolius rasta 67 kapuose (15 vyrll, 23 - rnoterq, 4- vaikq ir 25 palaidotqiq lyties nepavyko nustatyti). Bikavenlj kapinyne iS visa rasti 86 gintariniai dirbiniai, tarp ill tik vienas verpstukas (moters kapas 45).

---

-

--

GI NTAR I NIA I BALTI) D I RB INI A I V I K I NG!) L A I KA I S I R ANKSTYVA I SI AIS VID UR AMZ I A I S

263 pav. Verinys, rastas XII-XIII a. JakStaici4 kapinyno moters kape 45 (gintaras, st iklas, kaur4 kriaukles; LNM AR 539: 104; K. Stoskaus nuotrauka)

liu, be to, rasta keletas netaisyklingq karoliq. Tai gana grubus droZti ar pusiau tekinti karoliai (261, 262 pav.). Kai kurie yra ritinio isgaubtais galais formos ar su voleliu vidurineje dalyje (261 pav.). Toldq karoliq zinoma iS Paluknio (Jasnagurka) kapinyno IX-XI a. kapq (Dowgird 1887: 18-26, III-IX lent.). ZemaiCiq kapinynq moterq kapuose, be gintariniq karoliq, rasti keli gintariniai verpstukai (TautaviCius 1996: 123). Ziemgaliai VI-VIII a. gintaro naudojo visiSkai mazai. Gintariniq karoliq, kartais ir gintaro zaliavos gabaleliq, rasta tik keliuose tyrinetuose sio laikotarpio kapinynuose (14-4 priedas) . Pliavniekkalno (Rygos r.) kapinyne istirta net 71-as VI-VII a. kapas, bet gintariniq karoliq rasta tik dviejuose kapuose, o dar viename moters ir viename vyro kape aptikta po vienq stiklin! karoliukq (LVM archyvas) . VII-VIII a. Osi (Duobeles r.) kapinyne iStirta daugiau kaip 70 siam laikotarpiui priklausanCiq kapq, taCiau rasti tik trys gintariniai karoliai vaiko kape kartu su dviem mazytemis !vijinemis apyrankelemis, antkakle su kilpele ir kabliuku ir trimis plonomis !vijomis (LVM archyvas). Sio laikotarpio Jauneildq kapinyno kapuose nerasta jokiq karoliq (VaskeviCiute 198T 26-27). TaCiau kiek kitokia VII-IX a. gintaro vartojimo tradicija ryskeja is . Lieporiq ir Sl}erstaini-Ba~as kapinynq medziagos. Lieporiq kapinyne gintariniq karoliq, nebaigtq gryZti karoliukq ir gintaro zaliavos rasta 28 kapuose is

LI ETUVOS PRIESIS T ORtS G I N TARA S

95 tirtq (14-4 priedas) (Salatkiene 1987; 1990; 1991; 1992: 120). Be to, gintariniai karoliai rasti prie juosmens, kojq, kapo duobes dugne, prie galvos ir ant kn1tines (Salatkiene 1992: 120 ). Lieporiq kapinyno vyro kape 59 rasti keturi karoliai, kurie, matyt, buvo pritvirtinti prie kalavijo makstq (Salatkiene 1991). Sl}.erstail)i-Balas kapinyne netoli Duobeles (Latvija) 1928 m. net u-oje is 31 iStirto kapo rasta gintariniq karoliq, iS viso buvo aptikti 44 karoliai (LVM arehyvas). Sl}.erstaini-Balas kapinyno kape VII palaidotos moters kakl

4·

2.

Pamariq ir rutuliniq amforq kultiira

Radimviete

Zaliava

Nuoskalos

Apskritos sagutes

Keturkampes sagutes

Laiveliof. sagos

Kabuciai

Vamzd. karoliai

Grandys ir skridiniai

Dirbini4 fragm. ir

lsviso

ruoSiniai

1A 2/4A (g intaro apdirbimovieta)

1

2

31 +r.32

10+ r.4

15

892

16

2r.

Apie 30

2

7 9 (ir auk4 skandinimo vandenyje vieta) 15

365

75

3

122

1

11

19 + 19r.

6 + 8r.

4

4

140

6

1

2

210

1144

Fragmentas

3

5

36

3r.

16 17

38

57

18

2

13

2

19

5

9

1

20

6

48

4

26

Fragmentas

21 22

17

145

2

28

2

Apie 900

28 + r.52

34

4

10

35

1 +1r.

7 + 20r.

467

1r.

155

-

-

1

1

98

1 1r.

1r. 1r. 1 1r.

2r.

17

3r.

20

2

61

1 +1r.

1

1

7 +6r.

2+ 11r.

1r.

30 3r. + fragm.

171

3

559

Apie 1500

1/2

1r.

19,5

2 + 2 fragm.

36

2

37

3

38

11

27

r.

4 2

r.

2r.

2r. + 2 fragm.

1r. 20

39 4

1

32 0

39 40

29

Butinges 1-oji

29

1 553

2

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29 33

Butinges 2-oji Is viso

1r.

1

1584

109

17

1

3 +fragm.

1

1

1

61

26

10

1 fragm .

67

27 1

Apie 4040,5

Apie 3 -1:>v.> \0

440

LI ETUVOS P RI ESIS T ORES G INT A RAS

5 priedas

Svarbiausi rytinio Baltijos juros regiono neolito paminklai, kuriuose rasta gintariniq dirbiniq ir zaliavos (pagal A. Butrimq, D. Butrimait((, M. M. Carniauslq, I. B. Loz((, S. V OSibkinq, M. Ots, R. Rimantien((, M. Torvinenq, L. Vankinq, M. Ziminq su autores papildymais) Numeris 66 pav. ir 2 priede

Paminklas, rinkinys

Dirbiniai ir ruoSiniai

17

Daktariske 1

2

17a

Daktariske 5

62

18

Dusia

21

Juodkrantes (Schwarzort) rinkinys

Apie 450

22

Juodkrantes 3-5 gyvenvietes

Apie 10?

26

Kretuonas 1

3

28

Lynezeris (Lynupis)

1

29

Margiai

30

Meskaduobio C,Meskos Galvos") 1, 5 gyvenvietes

31

Nida

32

Palangos 3 gyvenviete

33

Palangos gintaro dirbini4 rinkinys

34

Pervalkos 1 gyvenviete

36

Priekule (luzija)

2

37

Smelte C,Malk4 Uostas")

Apie 5

38

Slaviske

1

39

Sarnele

1

40

Sventoji 6

169

40

Sventoji 23

599

Fragmental

2

Gamybos atliekos

Zaliava

3 65 zaliavos ir gamybos atliek4 gabaleliai

1

1

Bii'i4 korio fragmentas

Tikslus skaicius neaiskus

48

452

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14-4. Ziemgaliqlaidojimo paminklai

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L IETUVOS PR I E$ 1STOR t S G I NTARAS

15 priedas (222 pav.)

Lietuvos ir Siaures vakarq Latvijos laidojimo paminklai ir gyvenamosios vietos, kuriose buvo rasta VIII-XII/XIII a. gintaro dirbiniq 1. Alsungos Kalniniai (Alsungas Kalni.Q.i), Kuldigos r. 2. Apuole, Skuodo r. kapinynas 3. Aparinas, Liepojos r. 4· Aukstkiemiai, Klaipedos r. 5· Bali.Q.i Kurs!Su, Saldaus r. 6. Banduziai, Klaipedos r. 7· Bikavenai, Silutes r. 8. Bunkos muiza, Liepojos r. 9. BurbiSkiai, Silales r. 10. Celminiai (Celmit;~i) , Kuldigos r. n. Ciemalde, Jelgavos r., lobis 12. Daugmale, Rygos r., piliakalnis 13. DaukSaiciai, Klaipedos r. 14. Didkiemis, Silales r. 15. Dimitravas, Kretingos r. 16. Diriiai, Pakruojo r. 17· Balas-Sl$:erstaini, Duobeles r. 18. Drengeriai-Cunkanai (Dret;~geriCunkani), Bauskes r. 19. Durbe, Liepojos r. 20. Dumblyne, Rokiskio r., lobis 21. Dvyliai, Klaipedos r. 22. Eiguliai, Kauno m. 23. Egliskiai-Anduliai, Kretingos r. 24. Ekete, Klaipedos r., piliakalnis 25. Gencai I, Kretingos r. 26. Gencai II, Kretingos r. 27. Gintaliske, Plunges r. 28. Gintarai, Kretingos r. 29. Girkaliai, Klaipedos r. 30. Godeliai, Plunges r. 31. GrauZiai, Kedainiq r. 32. Grieze, Mazeikiq r. 33. Imbare, Kretingos r., piliakalnis 34. Jacai, Liepojos r. 35. Jakstaiciai-Meskiai, Siauliq r.

36. Jauneikiai, Joniskio r. 37. Jazdai, Kretingos r. 38. Juodonys, Rokiskio r., piliakalnis ir gyvenviete 39. Jurkiske, Silutes r. 40. Kabele, Uogres r. 41. Kapsede, Liepojos r. , 42. Karmelava, Kauno r. 43. Kastaunaliai, Silales r. 44. KasuCiai, Kretingos r. 45. Kaukai, Alytaus r., piliakalnis 46. Kiauleikiai, Kretingos r. 47. KlaiSiai, Skuodo r. 48. Kretinga, Kretingos m . 49· Kreivenai, Silutes r. so. Krievukapi, Talsiq r. 51. Kristapeni, Preiliq r. 52. Kriivandai II, Kauno r. 53. Kukiai, Mazeikiq r. 54· KutaiCiai, Pakruojo r. 55· Kurmaiciai, Kretingos r., piliakalnis s6. Kursenai-Palemonas, Siauliq r. 57- Laistai, Klaipedos r. 58. Laiviai, Kretingos r. 59. Laukmuiza, Talsiq r. 6o. LaukZemiai, Klaipedos r. 61. Lazdininkai (Kalnalaukis), Kretingos r. 62. Lieporiai, Siauliq m. 63. Lieporiai, Siauliq m. dalis, gyvenviete 64. Lingiq ferma, Silales r. 65. LinksmuCiai, Pakruojo r. 66. Losbergai, Saldaus r. 67. Marvele, Kauno m . 68. Maudziorai, Kelmes r.

PRI EDAI

69. 70. 71. 72. 73· 74· 75· 76.

Mazulonys, Ignalinos r., piliakalnis Medsedziai (Paupynis), Silales r. Meldiniai, Pakruojo r. Mezuotne, Bauskes r., piliakalnis Mikytai, Sakiq r. MockaiCiai, Klaipedos r. Nausodis, Plunges r. Nausodis (Mardosai), Plunges r. n. Nendriniai, Marijampoles r. 78. Nikelai, Silutes r. 79· Obeliai, Ukmerges r. So. Pailgotis, Silales r. 81. Pajuoste, PaneveZio r. 82. Pakalniskiai, Sakiq r. 83. Pakapiai, Kauno r. 84. Palanga, Palangos m. 85. Palangos gyvenvieCiq kompleksas 86. Paluknys (Jasnagurka), Raseiniq r. 87- PamiSkiai, Pasvalio r. 88. Papile, Akmenes r. 89. Paprudziai, Kelmes r. 90. Paragaudis, Silales r. 91. PaulaiCiai, Silutes r. 92. Pavilkijys, Sakiq r. 93. Pavirvyte-Gudai, Akmenes r. 94· Pernarava, Kedainiq r. 95· PezaiCiai, Klaipedos r. 96. Piepaliai-Lopai, Radviliskio r. 97· Pociai, Silutes r. 98. Puope, Talsiq r. 99. Pozere (Paezeris), Silales r. 10o.Priedniekai, Talsiq r. 101. PrysmanCiai II, Kretingos r. 102. Pujos, Bauskes r. 103. Puze, Ventspilio r. 104. Radikiai, Kauno r. 105. Rimaisai, Panevezio r.

106. Romai, Klaipedos r., gyvenviete 107. Rupunioniai, Kauno r. 108. Ruseiniai, Kedainiq r. 109. Salaspilis, Rygos r., piliakalnis 110. Seredzius, Jurbarko r. 111. Siraiciai, Te!Siq r. 112. Slengiai, Klaipedos r. 113. Sodenai, Silutes r. 114. Stragnai, Klaipedos r. 115. Stungiai, JoniSkio r. 116. Siaudaliai, Silales r. 117. Sukioniai, Pakruojo r. 118. Sveksna, Silutes r. 119. Talsiq Vilkumuizos deras, Talsiq r. 120. Talsiai, Talsiq r., piliakalnis 121. Tiltiniai, Liepojos r. 122. Tervete, Duobeles r., piliakalnis 123. Tojatai, Talsiq r. 124. Turdvaris, Rokiskio r. 125. Upyna, Silales r. 126. Uzpelkiai, Kretingos r. 127. Versvai, Kauno m. ns. vezaiCiai, Silutes r. 129. Vezlaukis, Raseinit! r. 130. Zarde, Klaipedos m. dalis, gyvenviete 131. Z

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100

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~

PRIEDAI

21 priedas XIII-XVII a. laidojimo paminklai, kuriuose rasta gintaro dirbiniq Acagalis, Panevezio r. Akmeniai, Kelmes r. 3. Alytus, Alytaus m. 4· Azugiriai, Utenos r. 5. Baroniskiai-Jutiskiai, Panevezio r. 6. Dubingiai, Moletq r. 7· Geluva, Raseiniq r. 8. GrauZiai, Kedaini4 r. 9. JakstaiCiai, Siauli4 r. 10. Kernave-Kriveikiskes, Sirvint4 r. 11. Kraziai, Kelmes r. 12. Kretinga, ]. BasanaviCiaus gatve 13. Kukiai, Mazeiki4 r. 14. Obeliai, Ukmerges r. 15. Pernarava, Kedaini4 r. 16. Piktagalis, Anyksci4 r. 17. Pribitka, Plunges r. 18. Rumsiskes, Kauno r. 19. Sikariskiai, Molet4 r. , !obis 20 . Tulpiakiemis, Ukmerges r. 21. Veliuona, Jurbarko r. 1.

2.

473

474

SANTRUMPOS Literatura AA - Acta Archaeologia, K0benhavn. AB- Archeologia Baltica, Vilnius, nuo 1995. Acta Historica- Acta Historica Universitatis Klaipedensis, Klaipeda. AE - Arheologija un etnografija, Rlga. AL- Archaeologia Lituana, Vilnius. Amber in Archaeology- Amber in Archaeology. Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Amber in Archaeology Talsi 2001 (edited by C. W. Beck, l. B. Loze & ]. M. Tood), Riga, 2003. Amber in Archaeology Liblice - Amber in Archaeology. Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Amber in Archaeology Lib lice 1990 (ed. by C. W. Beck & ). Bouzek in collaboration with D. Dreslerova), Praha, 1993. Antikos- Antikos zodynas (versta is Worterbuch der Antike, Stuttgart, 1995), Vilnius, 1998. Antiquitates Prussiae- Antiquitates Prussiae. Studia z archeologii dawnych ziem pruskich (red.). Kolenda i W. Nowakowski), Warszawa, 2000. Archaeological and Scientific Studies - B. Stjernquist, C. W. Beck, ). Bergstrom, Archaeological and Scientific Studies of Amber from the Swedish Iron Age (ed. I. Brohed), Lund, 1994. ATL- Archeologiniai tyrinejimai Lietuvoje .. . Vilnius, nuo 1976. BA - Balt4 archeologija, Vilnius. Baltic Amber - Lietuvos dailes akademijos darbai 22. Baltic Amber. Proceedings of the International Interdisciplinary Conference: Baltic Amber in Natural Sciences, Archaeology and Applied Arts (ed. by A. Butrimas), Vilnius, 2001. Bernstein Triinen der Gotter - Bernstein Triinen der Gotter. Katalog der Austellung des Deutschen Bergbau-Museums Bochum in Zusammenarbeit mit dem Ostpreussischen Landesmuseum Liineburg und dem Siebenbiirgischen Museum Gundelsheim, Bochum, 1996. BRMS- Balt4 religijos ir mitologijos saltiniai (sudan'~ N. Velius), t. I- III. Vilnius, 1996, 2001, 2003. Bronze Age Studies - The Museum of National Antiquities/Stockholm. Studies 6. Bronze Age Studies. Transaction ofBritish-Scandinavian Colloquium in Stockholm, May 10-11, 1985 (ed. by H. A. Nordstrom and A. Knape), Stockholm, 1989. Contacts Across the Baltic Sea - Contacts Across the Baltic Sea during the Late Iron Age (5th-12th centuries). Baltic Sea Conference, Lund October 25-27, 1991 (ed. B. Hardn, B. Wyszomirska-Werbart). University of Lund Institute of Archaeology Report Sreis No 43, Lund, 1992. EE-L. )aanits, S. Laul, V. Lou gas, E. Tonisson, Eesti ajalugu, Tallinn, 1982. Gaben an die Gotter - Hansel A., Hansel B., Gaben an die Gotter. Schiitze der Bronzezeit Europas. Bestandskataloge, Band 4, Museum fur Vor- und Friihgeschichte Berlin, Berlin, 1997. Hallstattzeit- Die Altertiimer im Museum fiir Vor- und Friihgeshichte, Band 2 (hrsg. W. Menghin), Mainz am Rhein, 1999. Interarchaeologia, 1 - Culture and Material Culture. Papers from the first seminar of the Baltic archaeologists (BASE), held at the University of Tartu, Estonia, October 17th-19th, 2003 (ed. V. Lang), TartuRiga-Vilnius, 2005. International Connections of the Barbarians - International Connections of the Barbarians of the Carpatian Basin in the 1"-5'h centuries A. D. Proceedings of the international conference held in 1999 in Asz6d and Nyiregyhaza, Asz6d-Nyiregyhaza, 2001. Investigations into Amber- Investigations into Amber. Proceedings of the International Interdisciplinary Symposium: Baltic Amber and Other Fossil Resins 997 Urbs Gyddanycz - 1997 Gdansk, 2- 6 September 1997, Gdansk (ed. by B. Kosmowska-Ceranowicz & H. Paner), Gdansk, 1999. JBS- journal of Baltic Studies, Volume XVI, No.3 (ed. J. M. Todd), 1985. Katalog 1879 - KaTarror npeJIMeTOB My3eH 11pesHOCTeti cocTORll.\ero np>~ B>~lleHCKoti ny611>~'1HOM 6w6rrwoTeKe. CoCTaB>~Terrb

IM. B>IJibHll, 1879. Katalog 1885 - KaTanor npeJ1MeTOB My3el1 JlpeBHOCTeti cocTOJlll.\ero np11 BwrreHcKoti ny6rrwqHoti 6H6rrwoTeKe. CocTaBMTerrb 250 Dalley Stephanie 25, 5S, 59 Dambrauskas Antanas 12 Daugnora Linas 29 , 30, 44, 112, u6, u S, 17S-1So, 1S2, 1S7, 191, 195, 197, 205 Daugudis Vytautas 171 Daukantas Simonas 32 Deive Peleda 1S7 Demakopoulou Katie 6o, 235, 23S Demereckas K~stuti s 276, 297, 310 Didzioji Deive 1S7 Dievas 19 Dievq Motina 255 Dilyte Dalia 10, 12, 13, 256, 257, 30S, 312, 32S, 333 Dini Pietro Umberto 10, 241, 256, 259 Dioklecianas (lot. Gaius Valerius Aurelius Diocletianus) 26S, 330

Domicianas (lot. Titus Flavius Domitianus) 25S Dowgird Tadeusz (Daugirdas Tadas) 376, 413, 415 Druzas 25S, 259 Dzeusas 17 Ebbesen Klaus 155, 162, 164 Eberhards Gun tis 65, 67 Ebert Max 55, 19S Elertas Dainius 37, 76, 77 Elsner Hildegard 36S Endzelins janis 14, 16 Engel Carl 295 Eogan G . 254 Erotas 245 Ertman Zyfert 77 Eumajas 12 Evison Vera I. 35 1 Faber O le 23, 62, 71, 73, 74, 100, 102 Faetontas (gr. Phaethon) 17 Filemonas (gr. Philemon) 10, 241, 242, 257> 25S Filipowiak W tadystaw 375, 3S7 Flaksis 94 Fogel )erzy 107, 20S, 231 , 234, 23S, 24S Fogle Bruce 44 Frandsen Lene B. 23, 62, 71, 73, 74, 100,102 Frank K. 29S Frankfort Henri 57 Freja 423 Gabriunaite Kazimiera 3S6, 407, 40S, 41S Gaerte Wilhelm us, 116, 193, 20S, 212, 219, 223-227, 229, 330, 332, 409 Gaigalaitis Vilhelmas 49 Gaimster Marit 367 Gaizauskaite R. 414 Galas Trebon ianas (lot. Gaius Vibius Trebonianus Gallus) 32S Galienas (lot. Pub/ius Licinius Egnatius Gallienus) 330 Ganzelewski Michael 20, 77-79, S! Garbini G. 57 Gardin d u Colette 230, 237 Gasiuniene V. E. 66 Gasaj Darius 233

Gauja 1S Gebers Wilhelm 317 Gedl Marek 252 Genys jon as 36, 310, 322, 3S2 Gerds Marcus 3S7, 422 Gerliakiene Veronika 25, 59 Gierlowski Wiestaw So G iesebrecht E. 79 Gimbutas Marija; Gimbutiene M . 10, 12, 16, 29-31, 33, 49 - 51, 114-116, 122, 125, 12S, 134> 136, 139> 141, 143, 144, 146, ISO, 154, 159, !60, !SO, 1S2, 1S7, 191, 193, 196, 200, 201, 204, 206, 207, 210, 2ll, 225, 22S, 230- 239 >241, 253>2SS, 266, 26S, 269 , 309,333 Gintautaite-Buteniene Eugenija; Buten iene E. 37, 402, 404, 409 y inters Valdemiirs 331, 326 G irini nkas Algirdas; flo~p11HI1HKac A. 25, 29, 30, 44, 54, 65, 103, 105, 106, u o-112, 116, nS, 122, 133, 143, 144, 152, 154, 160, 17S-1So, 1S2, 1SS-1SS, 191, 195> 197> 199> 203, 205 Glagau Otto S2, S3, Ss Gleirscher Paul 24S Godlowski Kazimierz 25S , 259, 261, 337>33S Gorgone Meduza 245 Gotz M. 15 Giitze Alfred 409 Grayson Kirk A. 27, sS, 59 Grants K. 21, 303 Grasis Normunds 116 Graudonis janis; fpayAOHMc 51. 191, 194-199>204, 205, 214- 216, 223,224, 226-229 , 234,250 Grenz Rudolf 15, 3S2 Griciute-Siiuserenkiene Barbora 95 Grici uviene Egle 416 Griesa Ingrid 2n, 219, 254 Grigalavic iene Elena; fpMranasw>eHe E. 50-52, 54, s6, 191, 194-196, 2os, 210, 212, 229, 231, 234>253 Grigelis Algimantas 65, S6 Grizas Gytis 25, 34, 295, 316, 369, 371 Griinhagen juhani 133, 1S9

ASME N VARD21 V R ODYK L ~

Gruszczy11ska Aleksandra 342, 347. 352 Gudavicius Edvardas 256, 338, 339 Gudelis Vytautas 6s, 110 , 204 Gudynas Pranas 27, 37, 58, 60 Gula Malgorzata 97. 155 Hadrianas (lot. Pub/ius Aelius Traianus Hadrianus) 304, 328 Hahula Krystyna 282, 294 Hansel Alix 194 Hansel Bernhard 194, 252 Harding Anthony F. 193, 197, 230, 235. 237. 250, 252 Hartknoch Christophor 13, 72 Hartman n Philipp jacob 13, 69.72 Hartnett Hilairy E. 41 Hedeager Lotte 329 Heynstrand A. 198 Hejll Lena 331 Heliades 17 Helijas 17 Helm Ott040 Heltzer Michaelu, 49, so , 58 Hennenberger Caspar 69 , 71 Herodotas H alikarnasietis (gr. Herodotos) 9, 240 Hinz Hermann 317 Hodder Ian 175 Hodges R. 333 Hoffmann Miroslaw ). 32, 78, 103, 117, 191, 193. 194. 199. 204, 207-210, 219 , 223, 224, 226 , 227, 229 , 251, 253 Hollack Em ilt s Homeras 12 Hood Si nclair 63 Hughes-Brock Helen 12, 25, 59, 60, 207, 231 , 232, 235-238, 242 Ibsen Timo 144 Idrisijus (Abu 'AbdAllah Muhammad al-Idrisi) 421 leva 13 Irsenas Marius 30, 44, 92, 97-101, 112, 130, 132, 133. 135> 136, 139. 142, 143. !60, 184, 186-188, 214 )ablonskis lgnas 269, 272, 4 10 )akobsons Feliks 16, 18, 19, 27, 28, 304 )ankauskas K~stutis 332

jarockis Romas 81 jaskani s jan 328, 329 jas trz~bski )erzy 22 jensen )0rgen 67, 86, 97. 99- 102, 150-152, 156, t62, 188, 189, 202, 204, 208, 2J7, 235. 239. 373 johanson Kristiina 189 jo nas Albrechtas 20 )ordanas (lot./ordanes) 339 )0rgensen Lars 260, 322, 327 )ovaisa Eugenij us 33, 34, 36, 49, so, 256, 26o, 283, 285, 304, 305, 308, 309, 311, 313 )uceviCius Adomas Liudvikas 16, 17 julianas 260 )uodagalvis Vygandas 145 )urate 16-18, 22 )urgutiene Elena 22, 24 Kabelka jonas 10, 258, 259 Kaczynski Marian 327, 332 Kalvaitis Vilius; Kalwaitis Wilius 13, 14, 16, 17, 82 Kanarskas Julius 334 Karaciejus Vytas 293 Karaliunas Simas 10, 12, 13, 256-258 Karmaza Bronislavas 66 Karosiene Audrone 46 Ka rwowski Stani slow 96 Kasiodoras (l ot. Flavius Magnus Aurelius Cassiodorus) 337, 338 Kastytis 16-18 Kaskelis )uozas 14, 27, 58, 6o, 81, 84, 95 Katinas Vladas; KaTMHac B. 27, 37, 38, 61 - 63, 65-67, 103, 206 Kazakevicius Vytautas 37, 305, 306, 342, 365-367, 417 Ke hoe Alice B. I s8 Kensm iniene Aelita 19, 25 Kiaupa Z igmantas 77 Kirk Grayson A. 59 Kiudsoo Mauri 190 Kivikoski Ella 409 Kjellen E. 198 Kla udijus (Tiberijus Klaudijus Neronas Germanikas, lot. Tiberius Claudius Nero Germanicus) 264 Klebs Richard 11, 28, 76, 78- 87, 89-91, 95. 103, 116, 123-125, 127, 129-136, 138-141, 143-147.

149-153, 155, 158-160, 165, 170, 185, 188, 189, 218, 224, 226,228,229 Kleemann Otto 322 Kliaugaite Vida 25, 34, 366 Kloto (gr. Klotho) 320 Knape Anita 193 Koivunen Pentti 114, u s, 118 Kokowski And rzej 285 Kolendo jerzy 10, 57-59, 63, 68, 69, 203, 208, 235. 238-242,245, 255 , 256, 258-261, 263, 265-268, 318-321, 326, 327, 332, 333. 337. 347 Komodas (lot. Lucius Aelius Aurelius Commodus) 329 Kork uti s Vincentas 25, 79 Kosmowska-Ceranowicz Barbara 9, 18, 61-64, 69, 72, 78- 80 Kosa 18 Krenke! Werner 330 Kristiansen Kristian 196, 203, 207, 231 , 238 Kriz Boru t 246 Krumbiegel Giinter 38, 62, 65 Krumbiegel Brigitte 62, 65 Ksenofontas Lampsakietis 241 Kulakov Vlad imir I. - zr. KynaKoB BnaAMMMp liiBaHOBMY 88, 258, 297 Kulikauskas Pranas 167, 331 Kunciene Ona (Navickaite 0.) 37 1, 417, 419 Kuniga lniira 184 Kunskas Rimvydas 65 , 67, 86, 103, 110 , 179. 204 Kursch at H . Aleksandr 81 Kvintas Atilijus I (lot. Quintus Atilius Primus) 260 Kwiatkowska Katarzyna 287, 298 La Baume Wolfgang 27, 134, 135. ISS. 204, 211, 251, 291, 292, 294, 295. 305,307 Lachese (gr. Lachesis) 320 Lambert joseph B. 61 Lanheribas 6o Larsson Lars 67, 97, 98, 100- 102, 133. 148, 162, 164, 198 Larsson Thomas B. 56, 196, 198, 250 taszczewska Teresa 261, 267

507

sos

L I ET UV OS P RI E$1STO R~ S G IN TA RAS

Lelevelis Joachimas (Lelewel Joachim ) 32 Lyberis Antan as 19 Lind Lennart 327, 328 Lord Richard 57 Losi Mara 245 Loze ll ze Biruta; Jloae VI . A. 25, 29, 42, 6s , 68, 73, 103, 105, 108, 116-120, 122, 125, 126, 128-130, 135. 137-140, 142146, 152, 153> 155> 158-160, 168, 172, 174-!78, 180, 182-184, 186, 188, 189, 195> 201, 205, 219, 223, 230 Luchtanas Aleksiejus 31, 32, 49, so, 53, s6, 103, 191, 193-196, 199> 203-205, 207, 208, 234 Luik Heidi 25, 213, 229 Luksaite Inge 75, 76 Luksen as Antanas 39, 135, 297, 365, 410 Luksiene Meile 16, 17 Lund Hansen Ulla 262, 267, 268, 295> 319-321, 326, 331 Maciukaite l zolda 46, 288-290, 296, 300, 330, 345> 355> 359-361, 380, 381 M qczynska Magdalena - ir. Tempelmann -Mqczynska M. Magnus Bente 11, 372, 375, 387, 422, 423 Magnusas O lausas 67, 69 Maironis 17 Majewski Kazimierz 49 Makiewicz Tadeusz 248, 335, 336 Maksiminas I 302 Malinowski Tadeusz 32, 107, 201, 208, 231, 247>248 Maimer Mats P. 56, 162, 198, 251 Malonaitis Arvydas 33, 256, 260 Mameja julija (lot. julia Mameia) 302 Manasterski Dariusz 128, 146 Markechova Dagmar 217, 233 Markova Klara 217, 233 Mastykova Anna - ir. MacTbiKOBa AHHa B. Matulevicius Algirdas 75 Mazurowski Ryszard F. 11, 25, 30, 42, 44, 50, 67, 68, 73, 86, 92, g8, 101, 103, 105, u6, u7, 128, 130, 150, 154, 156, 161 , 162, 165, q6 , 180, 181, 189, 204,239

Mai.eikaite [olanta 273 Maziuliene Janina 10, 256 Maziulis Vytautas 10, 12, 14, 15 Meinander C. F. 156, 197, 199> 228 Meynink 77 Menelajas 12 Menghin Wilfried 25 Meret S. 236 Merhart G. 222, 236 Merkevicius Algimantas (g. 1933 m.); MnpKRBVI'IIOC A. 25, 193, 389-394.399 Merkevicius Algimantas (g. 1959 m .) 212, 216, 223 Michalowski A. 335, 336 Michelbertas Mykolas; MVJxenh6epTac M . 15, 20, 25, 33>34> 256, 260, 261, 263-267, 269 , 270, 282, 294, 309, J ll, 316, 318-322, 326-334, 339> 355> 362 Montelius Oscar Augustin; Montelijus 0. 191, 207 Moora H ari 147, 212, 227, 228,334 Moorey P. R. S. 57, 6o, 63 Mugurevics Evalds; MyrypeBVJ4 3. 18, 20, 28, 374> 423 Miiller-Wille Michael419 Murnikaite Liucija 36, 404, 406 Muscarella Oscar W. so, 52, 57, 58

c.

Nakaite Laima - h . Vaitkunskiene Laima 381, 382, 400, 402,409 Narbutas Teodoras 9, 32 Natkanski Karol E. 12, 258, 262 Natuniewicz-Sekula Magdalena; Natuniewicz 25, 263, 267, 277, 278, 281, 329 de Navarro jose Maria 27, 67, 68, ll7, 161, 162, 193, 203, 204, 208, 231, 241, 247, 318 Navickaite Ona - i r. Kunciene On a Negroni Catacchio Nuccia 239, 241, 243-245 Nerman Birger 409 Neronas (lot. Nero Clau dius Drusus Germanicus) 260, 261, 264, 267, 320, 326, 328, 330, 426 Niwinski Andrzej 63 Nordman Carl Axel164, 197

Nowakowski Wojciech 49, 211, 212, 217, 241, 255-257> 259> 265, 267, 270, 282, 295> 312, 318, 322, 326, 327, 332, 333> 347> 382 Odinas 375 Okulicz jerzy 52, 86, 92, 116, 128, 130, 134-136, 150, 152, 155 >181, 193>199>207, 208, 2 10,212,223,224,226-229,

327, 334>352 Okulicz Lucja (OkuliczKozaryn L) 91, 191, 251 Okulicz-Kozaryn Jerzy 25 , 44> 49 >so, 211 , 212, 217, 241, 261, 265 - 26 8, 277, 278, 281 , 317-319, 321, 329, 330, 335 Olcott Marian in a Demetri 256 Oppert jules 27, 28, 59 Ortelijus A. 71 0rsted Peter 193 Oshibkina Svetlana; Osibkina S. V. - ir. Ow116K11Ha CBeTnaHa Bl1KTOpOBHa Ots Mirja 25, 30, 109, 118, 126, 182,213 Ovidijus (lot. Pub/ius Ovidius Nasa) 17 Ozols jekabs T. 368 Paegle Ed. 43, 52 Palavestra Aleksandar 25, 200, 212, 232, 235, 236, 239, 241, 246, 252, 318 Papeckys Kazys 22, 24, 94, 95 Patkauskas Stasys 385 Peceliiinaite-Bazien e Elvyra 331, 402 Peiser Felix E. 49, so Penelope 12 Perkiinas 16, 18, 19, 52, 156 Peteraitis Vilius 15 Petrulien e Alfreda 419, 420 Pietrzak Miroslaw 277. 366 Pietrzak Teresa 62, 64, 69, 72- 74.76,7h79,80 Piliciauskas Gytis 180 Pi nkus Stasys 27, 37, 58, 6o Pitejas Masilietis (gr. Pytheas) 9>10,240 Pleskaciauskas Aleksandras 25,59 Pliateris Ado m as Alfredas Gustavas 378

AS M EN VARD2 1V ROD Y KLE

Plinijus Vyresnysis; Plini (Caius Plinius Secundus) 9, 10, 12, 23, 6g , 208, 240-242, 257> 258, 260, 261 , 263, 266, 267, 319-321, 426 Ploug Mariann 23, 62-64, 71 , 73, 74, 100, 102 Pokrovskis Fiodoras; noKpOBCKI 367, 376, 388, 395, 400, 404, 406, 412, 415, 417 Tejral Ja roslav 337, 338 Tempelmann -Mqczynska Magdalena (Mqczynska M .) 27, 34, 272, 277. 283, 287, 291-295> 297-299, 304-307, 312- 314, 317, 318, 332, 352, 353, 360, 378 Teodorikas (lot. 7heodoricus) 337, 338 Tesubas so Thunmark-Nylen Le na 373, 375, 387 Tigl atpalasaras lll 58 Timofejev V.I. - ir. T»Mo228, 234, 331 Vaskeviciute Ilon a 415, 416 Vel ius Gintautas 16 Velius Norbertas 17, 20 Venera 245 Vespasianas (lot. Titus Flavius Vespasianus) 264 Vidrih Perko Verena 246 Vij ups Armands 51, 197-199 Vi~e- Freiberga Vaira; Vii}isFreibergs Vaira 10, 16, 18, 19, 21, 23, 28 Virchow Rudolf Ludwig Carl 89, g8, 100, 101 Virchow Ruth 89 Volkaite-Kulikauskiene Regina 33, 36, 49, so, 53, 54, 56, 332, 378, 400, 417

Wahle E rnst 302-304, 314 Waltari Mika 24 Walujew Anatolij - ir. Valuj ev Anatolij A. Walus Adam 210, 251 Wapil1ska Anna 422 Weisgerber Gerd 39, go, 97, 125, 139-141, 143>149>218, 221, 247 Weiss Rainer-Maria 243, 246 Weitschat Wolfgang 62, 65 Well s PeterS. 247- 249 Wenskus Raichard 10 Wessely K. 14 Westholm Gun 25 Wicklwlm Anna 25 Wielowiejski jerzy 242, 261 , 262, 267, 277. 282-285, 319-321, 338 Wielowiejski Przem yslaw 34, 242, 248, 262, 266, 277, 283, 284, 287, 294, 316, 335, 336, 347> 352 Wiesner). 50 Wilbur E. 235 Wojtasik )erzy 387 Wol 144>154> 160, 168, 172, 184- 187, 190 Zagorskis Francis 30, 107- 109, 154, 185, 195 Zalcman E. B. - i r. 3allbl.IMaH 3ABJ.1 H D. Zaril)a Anna 411 Zimina Maja P.- i r. 3MMJ.1Ha

M.n. Zinkevicius Zigmas 13, 15, 27, 257 Zirne S. 410 Zober Genthe 89 Zak jan 285 Zeiere !rita 410 Zygimantas Augustas 20 Zygimantas Senasis 20 ZileviCius Liudas 25, 92, 94 Zukauskaite jurgita 112 Zulkus Vladas 15, 36, 285, 322, 339>375, 382, 383, 400, 421-423 Zurek jan 73, 161

ASMENVARDZ I V RODYKL~

AneKceesa E. M. 241, 242, 2S7, 295. 316, 367 AM6po3 AHaTOnwii KoHCTaHTI1HOBI1'1 367 ApTeMeHKO li1. Ill. 201 BaHarac A. D. - ir. Vanagas Aleksandras BaHropogcKall Onbra r. 139. 150 BaHKH Ha llyl\1111 BoJJgeMaposHa; Vankina L. V. 30, 65, 6S, 105, 10S, 114, u7, uS, 121, 127, 132, 135. 145- 147. 167, 171 , q6, 177· 1S2, 1S3, 1S9, 219, 22S, 253 BacKe A. - zr. Vasks Andrejs BI1HOKyp VI . c. 297 ByopHHeH 10. 105, 111, 114, us , 175. 177. 1SO ranH611H B. A. 1SO fHp11H11 HKac A.- Zr. Girini nkas Algirdas fpaygoHwc 51. - Zr. Graudonis janis fp11ranaBJ1'!eHe E. - i r. Grigalaviciene Elena fypHHa HwHa HwKOJJaesa u2, 113 Eropeii'!eHKO AneKcaHgp AneKcaHApeeBI1'! 195 3anbl\MaH 9AB11 H E.; Saltsman Edwin B.; Zalcman E. B. 25, us-117 3aMI!THH C. H . 1S5, 1S6 3H M11Ha M.D.; Zimina M.P.

30, 105-107, 109, 112-114, 117, 11S, 12S, 132, 136. 137. 146, 152, 177 KaTJ1HaC B. - zr. Katinas Vladas Kon'II1H E. A. 423 KpaiiHOB ,n. A. 105, 112-114, 117, us, 132, 137. 200, 201 KynaKOB Bllai111M11p Vlsa HOB11'1; Kul akov Vladimir I. SS, 116, 25S. 2S4, 292, 297. 335. 35S. 362 JlapwH E. A. 14 llo3e VI . A. - i r. Loze Ilze Biruta MaKC11MOB E. B. 242 Ml1xeJJb6epTac M.- i.r. Michelbertas Mykolas MaCTbiKOBa AHHa B.; Mastykova A. V. 2S7, 2S7, 295 , 310, 337. 346. 347. 351, 367 MyrypeBI1'1 9. C.- ir. Mugurevics Evalds MnpKHBI1'1JOC A.- ir. Merkevicius Algimantas (g. 1933) Oww6KJ1Ha CseTJJaHa BwKTOposHa; Oshibkina S. V.; OSibkina S. V. 30, 56, 92, 102, 105, 112, U4, 116, 117, 12S, 132, 14S. 154. 160, 1S2, tS6 DoKposcKwii 337-339, 426 Aistmares 115, 207, 322 Aistmariq nerija (buv. Frische Nehrung) 74 Aiviekste, up. 172, 183, 253 akadai, etn. 11

Akali , gyv., Estija n8, 122, 141 , 189 Akmena, up. 191 Akmeniai, pilk. , Kelmes r. 20 Akvileja (Aquileia), antikinis mst., Italija 39, 267, 298, 307, 319- 321 alamanai, etn . 295, 298 A Iandt) salos 137, 189 Albo rg, vt., Jutlandijos pus. 162 Alytus, mst. 264 Alksnenai, kaimas, Plunges r. 253 Alpiy kalnai 193, 231, 238, 243, 247,248 Alvared Garielsgarden, vt., Svedija 133 Alvaredas (Alvared), vt., Vakary Svedija 132 Amosen, vt., Zelandijos s. 101,102 Amsterdamas 71 Anatolija, ist. sr. 51-53, 196, 231 Anatolijos kultura 233, 234 anglai, etn. 27, 33, 44, 59 , 90 Anglija 238 anglosaksai, etn. 12 Anykscit) r. 178, 352 Ankona, mst. , ltalija 338 antropomorfiniy ar veidiniy urny kultura, Pamario kultura, Pomeranijos veidiniq urnq kultlira (lenk. kultura Pomorska; vok. Pommerellische Gesichtsurnenkultur) 210 , 21 1, 247, 251 Apeninai, pus. 245 aramejai, etn. 58 Arhtts- zr. Orhus Artimieji Rytai so, 58, 63, 181 Arzanas, pilk., Tuvos r. 242 Asavecas, durpynine gyv., Siaures Baltarusija 227 Asbergas, pilk., BadenoViurtembergo zeme 247 Asenkofenas, vt., Bavarija 222, 237

asirai, etn. 27, 38, 42, 57-60 Asirija 58, 6o Asne gyv. 111, 155, 174, 205, 230 Asuote, piliak., jekabpilio r., Latvija 205 Astuvansalmi, vt. prie Ristiinos ezero, Suom ij a 132 Asuras, viena is Asirijos sostiniy 58 Asva, gyv. , Estija 213, 228, 229 Asvos kultt1ra 198 Atenai 6o Atenica , vt., Serbija 240 Auksine, up. 336 aukstaiciai, etn. 41 2, 417, 419, 421, 428, 429 Aukstkiemiai (buv. Oberhoj) , kp., Klaipedos r. 270, 311, 331, 384 Austeravia s. 10, 258, 259 Austrija 247 Avuotiniai (Avoti!;Ji Raiskuma) , kp. 215, 227, 470 Babyte (Babite), e:i. 65 , 132, 172 Badeno-Viurtembergo zeme, Vokietija 247, 250 Baitai, kp., Klaipedos r. 262, 283, 288, 292, 297, 299 >301, 302, 305, 308-310, 313, 316, 323, 363 Bajoriskiai, pilk., Kupi skio r. 264,270 Balcia (Baltia), s. 10, 259 Baliuliai, pilk., Sveni'io nit! r. 344- 346,360,362, 366,367 Balkanai 139, 233, 236 Balkany pus. 235 , 236, 239, 240, 246,318 baltai, etn. 12-14, 23, 24, 26, 27, 31-34, 36, 37, 40, 191, 193, 194, 197, 206-208, 210, 212, 224, 234, 238, 250-252, 256, 257, 259> 26 6-268 , 277, 282- 285, 287, 295, 301, 306-310, 313, 3J7, 326-335, 338, 339> 352, 359, 362, 366, 367, 371, 373, 375, 382, 388, 394, 395, 409, 426- 428

VIETOVARD2 1V. VANDENVAR D 21V. ETNON IM V IR KULTORV RODYKLE

Baltarusija 33, 62, 103, 146, 149, 158, 160, 180, 183, 195. 227 Baltijskas (buv. Pilau, Piliava), uostas Kaliningrado srityje, Rusija 81 Baltoji jura 56, 105, 110, 114, 182,425 Banduziai, kp., Klaipedos r. 270, 273-276, 306, 310, 311, 313, 314, 316, 323 Barbaricum 260, 267, 268, 270, 277, 287, 295. 297. 298, 306-308, 310, 312, 313, 317, 318, 321, 326, 327, 330, 332-335. 337. 339. 344. 347. 35 1, 427 Sarine, kp., Panevezio r. 419, 420 Barsl?alder, vt., Gotlando s. 37 1 Barta, vt., Latvija 21 Barzunai, kp. , Silutes r. 264, 270, 299. 301, 302 Basilia, s. 10, 240, 25S Basonija, vt., Lenkija 347, 352 Baudejai, vt., Prien4 r. 253 Bavarija 231, 237 Belgija 146 Belgradas 25 Belomorskas, Siaures vakar4 Rusija 56 Belomorsko kanalas 14S Belozeras, mst. , Senoji Rusia 423 Benaiciai, kp., Kretingos r. 214, 216, 223 Bendiglaukis, kp., Sovetsko r., Rusija, 301 Berciunai, kp., Panevezio r. 358, 362 Bergeno regionas, Piet4 Norvegija 56 Berlynas 25, 35, 42, 84, S7-89, 252, 376, 3S1 Bernsteinbruch, vt., Klaipedos r. 370 Bernsteingruben, vt., Silutes r. 15, 81, 370, 3S2 Betygala, vt., Raseini4 r. 264 Bialgardas, vt., Lenkija 336 Bialozersko kultl!ra 236 Bydgoscius, Lenkija 64 Bikavenai, kp., Silutes r. 414 Birka, gyv., Svedija 372, 422 Birkenhofas (buv. Kr. Frischhausen), pilk., Sembos pus. 219, 224 Birma 63

Birutes kalnas, Palanga 383, 421 Birz4 r. 311 Biriulis, ez. 30, 172, 174, 175 Biskupice, vt., Lenkija 262 Blavandshuk, vt., Fiuno s. 64 Boc'winka (buv. Alt-

Bodschwingken, Kr. Goldap), kp., Lenkija 307 Bogacevo kultura (kultura Bogaczewska) 259, 266, 26S, 272, 2S2, 295. 305, 307, 316, 326,332.427 Bogartas, vt., Lenkija 263 Bohemija 193, 204, 223, 231, 248.317 Bohusli.in , sr., Svedija 54, 56, 164 Buldogas, miestelis netoli Bratislavos, Slovakija 260 Belling, ei. 9S, 100 Bolsoje lsakovas, kp., Rusija 297 Bombejus S3 Bory Tucholskie, Lenkija 64, So Bornholmas, s. 295, 347 Borovici4 r., Baltarusija 106, 107 Bosau, vt., Slezvigo- Holsteino zeme 317 Bosnija, ist. sr. 245 Bostonas 57 Brandenburgas, Vokietija 162, 231 Bratislava 26o Braunsveigas, mst., Zemutine Saksonija S7 Brda,up. So Britanijos salos 103 Brit4 s. 11 Broa, vt., Gotlando s. 372 brftksniuotosios keramikos kultura 56, 191, 193. 195 Briisterortas, vt., Sembos pus. 78 Buczko, durpynas netoli Bialgardo, Lenkija 336 Bugas, Piel4 Bugas, up. 64, 66, 6S , 232, 242,297 Burkun a, s. 25S Butinge, Sventosios neolito radimvieciL! dalis 21, 23, 144, 167, I 70, 1SS

Castel di Decima, vt., Italija 243 Ceklis, ist. kursi4 zeme 383, 3S4.428 Cele (Celie) , rust., Vokietija 90 Celminiai, vt., Kuldigos r. , Latvija 369

Charkovas 64 Chersonesas, mst. 241 Chlapovas (Chlapow), Lenkija 62- 64 Chrones, up. 260 C iemalde, kp., jaunsvirlaukas, )elgavos r. 416 Covesea, vt., Didzioji Britanija 166 Culler, vt., Didzioji Britanija 166 Cekija 97, 354 Cern iachovo kulliira (Sintana deMure~ ku ltura) 2S2, 295, 297. 305, 316, 366, 367 Cernigovas, mst. 211 Dakija 259 Daktariske, gyv., Telsi4 r. 175. 180 Daktariskes 1-oji, gyv. 174 Daktariskes 5-oji, gyv. 30, 11 9, 13S, 139, 149-151, 153, 174, 175. 22S Dandale, vt., Vecsvirlaukas, Latvija 311, 33 1 Danija 61, 63, 64, 67, 74, 91, 9S, 100, 101, 103, 12S, 139, 146, 162, 197. 202, 203, 216, 22S , 313, 372, 422 Darbe, up. 322 Darginas, ez. 64 Darkuskes, vt., Sirvint4 r. 311, 331 Darl6wek, vt. , Vyslos nerija 74 Dauglaukis, kp., Taurages r. 270, 283, 293. 304, 305, 30S, 313 Daugmale, piliak., Rygos r. 205, 213, 374. 422, 423 Dauguva, up. 11 , 56, 16S, 171, 172, 175. 1S2, 1S3, 191, 194. 195. 198, 199. 205, 213, 214, 216, 21S, 219, 229, 230, 232, 242, 253. 322, 339. 375· 410, 411, 423, 428 Dauksaiciai, kp., Klaipedos r. 376, 37S Demmin, m st., Vokietija SS Desna, up. 201, 211, 242 Didiej i Mozurijos ezerai 259 Didzioji Britanija 3S, 39, 44, 61, 83. 91, 97. 105, 146, 162, 165. 166, 214, 220, 221, 234. 254. 305,425 Didzioji jura 59

513

514

L I ETUVOS PR I E$ 1STO RtS G IN TARAS

Dignaja, piliak. , Latvija 205, 229 Diktarai, pilk., Anyksci4 r. J62 Dirziai, kp., Pakruojo r. J52, J5J, 416 Diurnbergas (Diirnberg) , kp., Austrija 247, 250 Dnepras, up. 61, 62, 64, 97, 99, !OJ, 110, 112, IJ9, 145. 158. 18J, 191, 199-202, 232, 241, 242, 255. J22, JJ9, J66, J67. 42J, 425 Dnestras, up. 64, 97. 99, !OJ, 18J, 242,297 Dobegnevas (Dobiegniew, b uv. Woldenberg), vt. , Lenkija 89 , 97. 98,101 Dobranicevka, velyvojo paleo! ito stovyklaviete 99 buv. Domnicksmh, Kaliningrado sr. 219 Duole, s. Dauguvos up. 213 Doll keimo-Kovrovo kultura 256, 26!, 265, 266, 268, 272, 282, 295, JIO, J12, 322, J2J, 326,332,427 Donskoje (buv. Gross Dirschkeim), pilk., Kaliningrado sr. 78 Dorsetas, grafyste, Didzioji Britanija 2J8 Dovilai, vt. , Klaipedos r. 51, 195 Drengeriai- Cunkanai (Dre~geri-Cunkani) kp. , Bauskes r. 416 Druzo kanalas (fossa Drusiana) 258 Druznas, d., Lenkija 26J, 266 , J22 Drvenca, up. , Lenkija 265 Dubici4 kultura 111 Dubysa, up. 52, 195. J22 Dumblyne, s. , Rokiskio r. J69, J71 Dunojus, up. 212, 231, 233, 2J7, 2J8,24h249, 250,256, 260, 287, J!9, 339. J47. 367. 382 Duobele, mst., Latvija 416 Durbe, up., Latvija 14 Dusia, d. 66 Dvyliai, kp., Klaipedr.s r. 376, 379.J82 Dzedziekste, gyv., Lubano ezero zem. 120, 141 Dzezgonis (Dzierzgon, buv. Sorge, Zirgima?), up., Lenkija 26J

Dzintere (buv. Sintere), vt., Siaures vakar4 Latvija 14 Dzwierzno Wielkie, kp., buv. Gda nsko-Vroclaveko vaiv. 211 Egejo jura 6o , IJ9, 2J1 , 2J2, 251

Egemarke, vt. , Zelandijos s. 100 Egiptas 28 , 47, 6J, 89, 220, 2J8, J02 egipt ieciai, etn. 24J Egliskiai- Anduliai (Kretingos r.) , kp. J8J, 400 Egliskiai, pilk., Kretingos r. 208, 212 Eiguliai, kp., Kauno mst. 308 Einiai (Ei~i), gyv., Luban o ez. zem. 120, 142, 174 buv. Eisliethen, vt., Kalini ngrado sr. 264 Ekete, piliak. , Klaipedos r. 421, 422, 423 Elandas (Gland), s. 162, JJ I, J47 Elbe, up. J1, 32, 161 , 162, 231, 2J7, 2J8, 247· 248. 258 , 267, 277. 298 . 305, Jl7, J20, 321, 323, 331, J32 Elbliongas, mst. , Lenkija J2, 160, 208, 238, 261, 26J, 265, 266, 277· 317, JJ 8, 419, 429 Elija, vt., Sventosios apyl. 21 Elkas, ez., Lenkija 259 Emsas (Amas ias), up. 258, 260 Engesvangas, vt., Danija 100 Engu re, ez. 172 Eridanas, legendine up. 9. q, 46 , 61, 64. 240 Ertebioles (Erteb0lle) kultura 99. 101 buv. Espenheim, vt., Kaliningrado sr. 208 Essengen, vt. , Vokietija 222 estai, etn. 10, 256 Estija 65, !OJ, 105, 109, 112, 118, 182, 197. 199. 213, 229 Etrur ij a, ist. sr. 24J , 245 et ruskai, etn. 47, 60, 210, 2J9, 241, 243- 249 . J18 Fabaria, s. 258 Fatjanovo kultura 200-202 federmeserio kultura 99 Fektijas (Fectio, dabar Vechtenas) , uostas, Olandija 322 fe nai (Penni) , etn. 255 Fenoskandija 9, 61, 64

finikieciai, etn . so, 6o, 24J Finikija, ist. sr. 28 finougrai, etn. 10, 18, 178, 198, 199. 212, 256 Fiu nas, s. 64, 7J, wo, 161, 217, 295. JJ1 frankai , etn. 295 Frankfurtas, mst., Vokietija 72 Frederikshavnas, vt., )utlandijos pus. 372, 373 Freim ano sodyba prie Sventosios 23 buv. Fritzen Forstas (Kr. Frischhausen) , vt., Kaliningrado sr. 224 Fryz4 salos 10, 61, 165, 258 Fromborkas, vt., Lenkija 338 Galija 240, 256, 267 galindai (galindoi, lot. Galindae), etn. 259 Gantofta, vt., Svedija 156, 158 Garbiny, vt., Lenkija 2J8 Gardinas, mst., Baltarusija 62 Gardino r. 18J Gatemarkenas, vt., Bohuslano sr., Svedija 54 Gauja, up., Latvija 199 Gdanskas, mst., Lenkija 40, 6J, 64, 74, 76, 8o, 81, 85, 101, 372,422,423 Gdansko Starogardo gmina, Lenkija 211 Gdansko [lanka 44, 61, 64, 66- 69, 7J, 74, 8o, 89, 91, 98, 101, 161, 336 Gdansko-Vroclaveko vaiv., Lenkija 211 Gdynia, mst., Lenkija IJ4, 161 Gdynia Wielki Kack, vt., Lenkija IJ4 Gedminai, kaimas, Klaipedos r. 51 Gencai I, kp., Kretingos r. 38J, J87. 389-401, 405, 406, 411 gepid ai, etn. 256, J39 germanai, etn . 12, 1J, 55, 194. 211 , 255-257· 266- 268, 277· 295 . 298. 305, 307, J18, J2J, J27- JJJ, JSl, J59. 400, 409, 426 Germania Magna , ist. sr. 258. JJ2 Germanij a 255, 259, 260 , 261,426

VIE T OVARDL I V. VA N D EN VARDZIV. ETN ON I MV I R KU LTO RV RODYK L ~

Geszten!d, kp., Vengrija 318 Getingenas, mst., Vokietij a 90, 91, 143. 144 Gilija, up., Kalini ngrado sri tis 322 GintaliSke, kp., Plunges r. 387 Gintara (Giii tara), up., Lietuva 15 Gintarai, kp., Kretingos r. 15, 270, 294,298.301,302,309, 353 Gintaro ilanka, juodkrante 15, 82,86 Gintaro ilanka, Luksto ez. 15 Gintaro kal nas (G6ra bursztynowa), Lenkija 15, 8o Gintaro s. (lot. Glaesaria) 10 Gipka-Purciemis ((1ipkaPurciemis), gyv., Latvija 65 Gipka, ez., Latvij a 172, 175, 189 Girkaliai, kp., Klaipedos r. 387, 400,402 Girmava (buv. Germau, dabar Russkoje) , vt., Kaliningrado sr. 76 Glaesaria 10, 258, 259 Gomelio sr. 160 Gomelis, mst. 62 Gorsiewicz, kp .• Lenkija 248 buv. Gorz6wo vaiv., Lenkij a 254 Goslaras, mst., Vokietija 90 gotai (lot. Gutones, Gotones), etn. 13, 241, 256, 257, 328, 338.339 Gotlandas, s. 197. 198, 331, 371-373. 387. 400- 402, 409.422 Gough urvas, Didzioji Britanija 97 Grabovas, kp., Gdansko Starogardo gmina, Lenkija 211 Grafenbuhlo pUkapis, BadenoVi urtembergo zeme, Vokietija 247 graikai, etn. 9-12, 17, 18, 26, 6o, 210, 235. 239-242, 244-247. 257-259,266 Graikija 28, 46, 48, 51, 222, 231, 235 . 236. 241, 248 Granovas, vt. , Lenkija 338 Grauziai, kp., Kedaini4 r. 360,419 Grebieten (buv. Kr. Frischhausen) , kp., Kaliningrado sr. 295

Gride, kp .• Mazeiki4 r. 402,404 Gross Schonau, vt. , Kaliningrado sr. 193 Gross Stromkendorfas, viking4 laik4 gyv., Vokietija 387, 422 Grotlingbo apylinke, Gotl ando s. 371 Gru obin ia, viking4 laik4 gyv., Latvija 368

lru , gyv., Estij a 213 lsopatos kalva, Kretos s. 236 lspan ija 9 lstrijskas, kp. , Rusija 201 ltalija 9, 231, 236, 239, 243, 246- 248, 319, 331. 338 Ivane, kp., Rovno sr. , Ukraina 152 lvano Frankovsko sr., Ukraina 64 Jvanovo Kolice, vt. 137 Izdebno Koscielne, vt., Lenkija 262

Hafelis, up., Vokietija 253 Haithabu , viking4laik4 gyv., Vokietija 372, 387, 422 Halleby, up. 101 Hamburgas, mst., Vokietija 89, 98.99 Hamburgo kultura 98, 99 Hanoveris, mst., Yolietija 90 Harco kalnai 193 Hasslebenas, kp., Yokietija 305, 318, 332 Hasslebenas-Leuna, pmk. grupe, Vokietija 305 Haugestenas, vt., Norvegija 372 hebrajai, etn. 11 helenai, etn. 9 He/go, gyv., Svedija 422 Helgolando s., buvo prie jutlandijos pus. 10 Helio nerija, Lenkija 64 Helsinborgas, Svedija 254 Hemse, Gotlando s. 371 hetitai, etn. 50 Heuneburgas, vt., Yokietija 249 Himling0je, kp., Zelandijos s. 318 Hissarlikas (dabar Troja, Turkij a) 89 Hohmichele, pilk., Yokietija 249 Hordejevka, pilk., Trostia neco r., Ukraina 232, 236 Hovas, pilk., Didzioji Britanija 39. 238 hunai , etn. 337, 347

fa cewo, vt., Lenkija 262

lea I, !1, gyv., Lubano d. zemum a 174 ilyrai, etn. 211, 212, 217, 239, 246, 248.318 Ilmenis, ez., Novgorodo sr. 182 llovecas, vt., Rusija 137 Ingolstadtas, vt., Yokietija 220 lnowroclaw, vt., Lenkija 262 Irakas 27, 42, 57, 58 Iranas 232

)agmi nai, kp., Kedaini4 r. 52, 53 jakstaiCia i, kp. , Siauli4 r. 415, 416 Jakstaiciai - Meskiai, kp. , Siauli4 r. 416 fakuszowicy, vt., Lenkija 262 jantarnyj, jantarnas (buv. Palrnnicken, Palvininkai, iki 1947 m. - Palmininkai, Kr. Fischhausen), vt., Ka liningrado sr. 74, 78 Japod ij os kultura, Kroatija 246 jara 5, gyv., AnyksCi 4 r. 178 jaroslavlio-Kalininsko laid. pmk., Rusija 201 jaroslavlio Rostovas, mst., Rusij a 423 faroslawi ec, vt., Lenkija 74 fiirrestad, kp .• Svedija 317 jauneikiai, kp., Joniskio r. 358, 362, 415,416 je/sovce, kp., Slovakija 217 jenisiejus, up., Sibiras 242 jettb0le, vt., Alando s. 137 fezerine, kp., Kroatija 246 joeliihtme, gyv., Estij a 213 )oguciai, kp., Klaipedos r. 299. 301, 324, 325, 331 jorksyras, grafyste, Didzioji Britanija 166 jotvingiai, etn. 272, 282, 326, 367 Juchnovo kultura 191 )udeja, ist. sr. 28 juodkalnija 245 )uodkrante (buv. Schwarzort), vt. 28, 32, 42, 66, 80-92, 116, 117, 120, 123-125, 127, 129-132, 134-136. 138-140, 142, 143. 147. 149. 151 -155. 158-160, 170, 171, 186-189, 200, 204, 218, 224, 226-229,264.426 )uodoji jltra 31, 195, 230, 231, 236, 241, 242, 316, 351, 366, 367 )urbarko r. 264 jurgaiCiai, kp., Silutes r. 376, 380-382

516

L IET U VOS P RI E$1S T ORtS GI N TARAS

)utla ndij a 372 )utlandij os pus. 10, 11 , 27, 31, 32, 41, 44> 51, 61, 63, 64, 66, 67, 73, 74, S6, 91, 97-100, 102, 105, 107, 146, 156, 161 , 162, 164, 165, 176, 1S1, 1S9, 194, 196, 199, 202, 203 , 20S, 211 , 216, 226, 231, 237, 239, 241, 247, 259· 295, 317, 322, 326, 331, 372, 373> 425, 426

Kaali, gyv., Saremos s. 213 Kabele (Kiibele), gyv., Ogres r., Latvij a 423 Ka iras, mst., Egiptas S3 Kakovata, laid. pmk. , Graikija 42,46,4S,222,236, 237 Kaliningrado sr. 79, S7, SS, 115-117, 193, 195> 264, 312 Kalisas (Ka lisia), vt., Lenkija 260 Kalkani, kp., Mikenq kultiira 6o Kalkupyte, up., Latvija 253 Kalkuta, mst., lnd ija S3 Kalniesai (Kalniesi I) , kp., Aizkraukles r., Latvij a 22S Kalniskiai, kp., Raseiniq r. 344, 353, 3sS, 360, 362, 365, 366 Kalviskiai, vt., Siauliq r. 253 Ka mpa nija, ist. sr., ltalija 243 kanaanieciai, etn. so Kiipa, gyv., Estija 11S Kapsede (Kapsede), kp., Liepoj os r. 302, 304, 30S, 323 Kap uja, ist. sr. , Jtalija 331 Karaliaucius, mst. 13, 2S, 4S, 66, 69, 76, So, S1, S3-SS , 90-92, 125, 140, 141 Karaviskes, gyv., Varenos r. 1So Karelija 103, 105, 112-114, 133, 177, 1S2 Ka relijos kultlira 56, 113, 177 Kargopolio kultiira 112, 114, 136, 137, 177 Kargulinas, kp., Rusija 114, 1S2 Karkle, kaimas, Klaipedos r. 74 Karnuntumas (Carnuntum, dabar Petronell), mst. , Austrij a 260, 261, 319 Karpatai-Beskidai 233 Karpatq kalnai 161, 193, 217, 231, 233 Karpovcevas, titnago kasyklos, Baltarusija 195 Kartena, mst., Kretingos r. 15 Kasetos, gyv., Varenos r. 253

Kastanovka (buv. Mo/lehnen), pilk., Kaliningrado sr. 219, 224 Kas uciai , kp., Kretingos r. 3S7 Kategato S')Siauris 64 Kau kazas 52, 53, S9, 115, 230, 232, 351 Kau nas 264, 311, 330 Kau no r. 264 Kaupangas, vikingy laiky gyv. , Norvegija 422 Ka upangas Vestfoldas, vikingy laiky gyv., Norvegija 372 Kaupas- Viskiautai , vikingy laikq gyv., Kaliningrado sr. 421 Ked ainiq r. 52, 53 Kelmes r. 20, 264, 329 keltai, etn . 6o, 194, 210-212, 217, 239,240,247-250,256,3 1S Kembridzas 27 Konnu , gyv. , Saremos s. n S Ke reliai, piliak., Kupi skio r. 229 Ke rnave, vt. , Sirvi ntq r. 311 Kernaves-Kri veikiskiq kp. , Sirvintq r. 19, 424 Kiauleikiai, kp., Kretingos r. 3S7, 400,402 Kiaunorai, kp., Kelm es r. 264 Kiduliai, kp., Sakiq r. 352, 353, 362 Kierikkissari, gyv., Suomija 115 Kijevas, mst., Ukraina 64, 423 Kivutkalnas (I}ivutkalns), gyv. , Rygos r. 111 , 200, 205, 21 3- 216, 220, 225-229 Klaipeda 15, 65, 66, 74, 76, So, S3, S9 , 96, 212, 251 , 265 Klaipedos r. 15, 42, 4S , 51, S9 , 195> 263, 264, 2S2, 311, 322, 330, 352 Klangukalnas (Klm;~guka ln s) piliak., Rygos r. 205, 213 Kliazma, up., Rusija 1S3 Klosio miskas, vt., Priekules apyl. S1 Klukovas, vt. , Pamario vaiv., Lenkija 7S Kokemiiki Pispa, gyv. , Suom ij a 115 Kolduby Corne, kp., buv. Gda nsko-Wroclaweko vaiv. 211 Kolkos kysulys, Latvij a 1S9 Kolmchaara, vt. , Suomija 115 Kolnas, vt. , Lenkija 330 Kolobrzeg, mst., Lenkija 422

Kolos pus. 112- 114, 136, 137 Komorovas, vt., Poznanes va iv., Lenkija 32, 24S Konarai (Konary) , vt. , Lenkija 262,3 47 Koncanskoje, kp., Boroviciq r., Novgorodo sr. 106-109 , 113, 11S, 136, 152, 17S, 1S2, 1S4 Kongemoses kultiira 99, 101 Kongens Lyngby, vt., Zelandijos s. 254 Kosices- Barcos kp., Slovakij a 233 Kov rovas (buv. Dollkeim ), kp., Kaliningrado sr. 362 Kowalewko 12, kp., Lenkija 277 Krasnoje Selo, gyv., Baltarusija 195 Krasnoselskis, laid . pmk. , Gomelio r. 1S3 Kreis Ostholsteil1as, kp. 317 Kreivoji , vt. , Marijampoles r. 253 Kreta, s. 235, 236 Kretinga, mst. 25, 29 , 39, 43-46, 77, S3, 212, 251, 26 5, 322 Kretinga (Kretingos mst. ), kp. 410 Kretingos r. 15, 36, 20S, 212, 214, 216, 253, 2S2, 30S, 311, 352, 400 Kretos-Mikeny kultiira 12, 26, 31, 6o, 19S Kretuonas, d., Svencioniq r. 1SO

Kretuono 1 gyv., Sve ncioni11 r. 160 Kretuono 1A gyv., Svencioniq r. 17S, 199 Kretuono 1C gyv., Svencioniq r. 54>133, 17S, 1S6, 195, 203, 205, 214, 220 kriviCiai, etn. 3S7, 423 Kroatija 245, 246 Kros no, gyv., Vyslos delta 263 Krosna (buv. Crossen), kp., Lenkij a 306 Kruglovas (buv. LustigbergPolennen) , pilk., Kaliningrado sr. 224, 227 Kruklanki (buv. Krucklinnen, Kruklankiai), vt., Varmijos Moziirq vaiv., Lenkija 134>20S Krusza Zamkowa, vt. , Lenkij a 262

VIETOVARD211,1, VANDE N VARD 2 11,1, ET N ON I MI,I IR KULTORI,I RODY K LE

Kry mo pus. 295, 366, 367, 382 Kryvina, durpynine gyv. , Vitebsko r. , Baltarusija 111 , 227 Ksemionkai, titnago kasyklos, Lenkija 180 Kuben inas, Kargopolio kulturos paminklas 137 Kujavijos regionas 227, 239, 248, 261, 347

Kukkarkoski - i r. Lieto Kukkarkoski Kuldigos r., Latvija 369 Kunigiskiai, Palangos mst. dalis 92, 94. 96 Kupiskio r. 264 Kurevere, vt., Saremos s. 213 Kurmaiciai, laid. pmk. , Kreti ngos r. 270, 311, 331 Kurpi4 (Kurpie ) regionas 17, 18, 22, 64, 79, 80, !69,283 Kursas, ist. sr. 14-16, 18, 21, 189, 197. 198, 410, 428 Kursiai, pilk., Kelmes r. 264, 329 kursiai , etn . 14, 15, 36, 346, 354. 369, 371, 373. 375. 376, 378, 381-385, 387, 388, 395. 400-404, 406, 408- 410, 412, 414, 421, 422,428, 429 Kursi4 marios 15, 65, 66, n. So, 83 , ss, 86, 171, 189, 204, 322 Kursi4 nerija 11, 65, 66, 68, 74, 81, 85, 86, 91 , 133, 168, 170, 171, 176, 179. 180, 188, 204, 206 , 259, 266 Kuzminskas, kp., Fatj anovo kultura, Rusija 201 Kvapanai I, II (Kvapani), gyv., Lubano ez. zem. 112 Kvistofta, Sved ij a 156, 158 Lacijus, ist. sr. 243 Ladoga, ez. 423 Lagaza, gyv., Lubano ei. zem. 111, 174. 178, 195. 205 laidoj imo lauk4 kultura 246 Laistai, kp., Klaipedos r. 384, 400 Laiviai, kp., Kretingos r. 383, 387 Lamata, zeme 15, 369-371, 375-378, 381-383, 394. 395. 404,428 lamatiei' iai, etn. 381, 382 Lapmezciemis (Lapm ezciemis), gyv., Latvija 65 latgaliai, etn. 373, 417, 428

latviai, etn. 9, 14, 16, 18, 19, 21, 27- 29,94.96.97 Latvija 16, 18, 21-23, 25, 27, 28, 6s, 66, 73, 89, 103, 105, 108, 112, 117, 135. 137. 171, 176, 182, 194. 198, 199 . 205, 210, 213, 215, 224, 226, 229, 311, 331, 374. 412, 416, 422 Laumimai, vt., Siauli4 r. 253 Lazdininkai (Kalnalaukis), kp. , Kretingos r. 36, 262, 270 , 291, 293. 294. 297. 301, 302, 304, 305, 307, 308, 313, 314, 322, 323, 329, 332, 342, 349· 350, 353. 363, 366, 378, 383- 388, 400,402,403, 406-410 L-Ciska, gyv., Latvija 172 L~cne, gyv., Elbliongo aukstuma 208 Leimeniki4 sodyba, Sventos ios apyl. 21, 23 lenkai, etn. 9, 11, 32, 34, so, 103, 105 Lenkija 17, 18, 20, 22, 32, 49. 62, 64, 69, 77-79. 89, 97>103, 135. 147· 152, 155. 160, 169 , 176, 180, 194. 195. 227, 231, 233. 234, 238,242,24~248,

253. 254. 264, 283, 316, 330, 342, 347· 422 Lese, s., Danij a 64 Lesnas, Lenkij a 98 Libanas 41, 58, 63, 236 Lidija, ist. sr., Turkij a 12 Lielupe, up., Latvija 11, 168, 171, 172, 175. 199. 331 Liepoja, mst., Latvija 21 , 22, 74, 125, 282 Liepojos r. 253, 302 Lieporiai, kp., Siauli4 mst. 365, 366, 415, 416 Lieto Kukkarkoski, kp. , Suomija 115, 132, 133, 184 li etuviai, etn. 9, 13- 17, 19, 20 , 34. 37. 38, 46, 258, 302, 417 Lild Strand i Hanherred, vt., Danija 98, 100 Limnejos jura 204, 425, 426 Lisijevo Pole, laid. pmk., Serbij a 240 Litorinos jura 65, 67, 86, 103, 110, 175. 189, 197. 204, 425 Little Cressingham, laid. pmk. , Did zioji Britanija 166

Liublinas, mst. , Lenkija 347 lyviai, etn . 18, 369, 373, 375, 410, 411, 428 Livonija, ist. sr. 69 , 71 Lja lovas, vt. 112 buv. Lochstad (Lau kstyi'iai) , laid . pmk., Kaliningrado sr. 208 Liiderup, kp., Svedij a 317 Lojewo, vt., Lenkija 262 Longva Haramas, viking4 laikq pmk., Norvegija 372 Laona , laid. pmk., Saremos s. 213, 216 , 224, 228 Lubanas (Lubiins) , ez., Latvija 11, 29 , 105, 112, 115, 117, 118, 120, 139. 144. 155· 158, 160 , 168 , 170, 172, 174. 175. 177, 178, 180, 182, 183, 202, 205, 228, 253 Ludza, ei., Latvija 253 Ludzos r. 417 Lukjanovskoje, laid. pmk., netoli Chersoneso 241 Lukstas, ez., Lietuva 15, 66, 175 Liille, laid. pmk., Saremos s. 197 Luseh0j, vt. , Fiu no s. 217 Luzica, vt., Vokietija 238 Luziten4 kultura 32, 89, 191, 199, 207, 227, 228, 238, 239· 248, 251, 253 Lvovo r. , Ukraina 64 Madleno kultura 99 Magdalenska Gora, vt., Slovenija 248 Maglemoses kultlira 97. 99, 101 Mainas, up. , Vokietija 237 Malmuta, up., Latvija 174 Mamonovas (buv. Leysuhnen, Kreis Heiligenbeil; Leizunai) , vt., Kaliningrado sr. 115, 207 Mamrai , ei., Lenkija 64 Marijampoles r. 253 markomanai, etn. 267, 322, 327 Martin stown, pilk., Dorseto grafyste, Didzioji Britanija 238 Marvele, kp., Kauno mst. 270, 287, 291, 294. 310, 313, 344. 353. 362, 365, 417, 419 Masilij a (dabar Marselis), mst., Prancuzija 240 Maslovo Boloto, Volosovo kulturos pmk. 137 Masteikiai, kp., Kauno r. 419

517

L I ETUV OS PRIE~ISTORtS GINTARAS

Maudziorai, kp. , Kelmes r. 291, 294. 301,302,304,362,366 Mazkatuziai, kp., Liepojos r. 262,270,291, 294,29~299. 30 1-306, 308, 309, 313, 314, 323 Mazovija, Lenkija 18, 22, 64 Mazoji Azija 12, 51 , 193, 219 Maioji Lietuva 14, 25 , 49 Meguvos zeme, ist. sr. 383, 388, 400, 402,404,421,428 Mejendorfas, pelke, netoli Hamburgo 98, 99, 188 Meklenburgo zeme, Vokietija 67, 91, 98, 146, 156, 157. 161-164, 228 Men zlinas, viking4 laik4 gyv., Vokietija 422 Mergezerio 13, gyv., Varenos r. 205 Merkys, up., Lietuva 180 merovingai, etn. 417, 429 Mesopotamija, ist. sr. u, 26, 59, 6o Metsiipirti (buv. Sakkola) , vt. , Karelija 133 Mezhiricho stovyklaviete, Ukrai na 99 Mezino kultura 99 Mezino stovyklaviete, Ukraina 99 Mezdulese (buv. Kukers) , pilk., Kaliningrado sr. 208 M i kenai 230, 235 Miken4 kultura 42, 46, 48, 6o, 205, 207, 220, 221, 230 - 238, 241 Mikszew, vt., Gdansko iJankos regionas 74 Mikuziai, kp., Klaipedos r. 330 Minderis, mst., Vokietija 90 Minija, up., Lietuva 15, 49, 51, 265 , 322, 382 Miskiniai 1, pilk. , Anyksci4 r. 417 Mloteczno- zr. Mlotecnas Mlotecnas (Mioteczno; buv. Hammersdorj), vt. , Lenkija 208,330 Mockaiciai, kp., Klaipedos r. 15, 376, 378, 382 Modlona, kp., Rusija 114, 182 Mulerupas (MI'!IIerup), pelke, Danija 162, 189 Monciskes, Palangos mst. dalis 92, 94

Morava, up. , Cekija 261 Moravija, Cekija 231, 248 Mosken4 piliak. , Rokiskio r. 229 Mozurija, Lenkija 64, 68, 77. 79 , So, 193, 210 , 251, 256, 259, 265, 292, 305, 306, 333. 339. 352, 360, 382 M rongovas, e:l., Lenkija 259 Msta, up., Rusija 113, 182 Mstinskajos kultura 105, 112, 113, 136, 137. 146, 177 Mukukalnas, piliak. , Aizkraukles r., Latvija 205 , 215 Musa, up. 195 Nadruva, ist. sr. 256 Nainiekste (Nainiekste), gyv., Luba no ez. zem. 105, 119, 120, 129, 141, 172 Namforsenas, vt., Sved ij a 148 Narevas, up., Lenkija 64, 66, 68, 161,191 Narkyciai (buv. Norkitten , dabar Mezdurece), vt. 336 Narkunai, piliak., Utenos r. 54, 56, 225, 229 Nar va, vt., Estija 119 Narva, up., Estij a 256 Narvos kultura 29, 30, 42, 44, 91, 105, 106, 110-112, 116, 118, 120, 122, 128- 130, 133. 142-144. 147. 150, 154. 160, 170, 172, 174· 175· 178, 180, 187, 188,194 Natissa , up., Siaures Italija 319 Naugardukas 423 Nemunas, up. 66, 180, 183, 195, 212, 230, 242, 260, 261, 263, 265,266,268,269,282, 285, 291, 295. 301, 307, 312, 313, 322, 323, 326, 330, 334. 339. 342, 344. 347. 352, 362, 366, 367, 419, 427 Nemunelio Radviliskis, pilk., Biril! r. 311 Nem uno kultura 106, 11 0-112, 116, 160, 178, 180 Neris, up. 183, 322 Neva, up., Rusija 423 Nevezis, up. 322 Nyca (Nica), vt., Liepojos r. 21 Nida, gyv. 30, 91, 133, 171, 176 N idzica (buv. Neidenburg) , Varmijos Mozur4 vaiv. , Lenkija 134

Niedi viedzi6wka, gyv., Zulav4 zem ., Lenkija 161 N ienbu rgas, Elbes baseino pmk. 305, 332 Nikelai, kp. , Silutes r. 376 Nimrudas (dabar Kalkhu) , vt., Irakas 57 Ni nas, laid. pmk., Kroatija 246 Ni nevija (dabar Koyunjik) , vt., Irakas 27, 42, 58, 59 Ni nurta, Irakas 57 N iujorkas 46, 83 Niurnbergas (Niirnberg), mst. , Vokietija 20 Nogatas, up., Lenkija 266, 285, 322 Norfolkas, laid. pmk., D idzioji Britanij a 166 Norikas, Ramos imperijos provincij a 267, 326, 334 NoruiSiai, pilk. , Kelmes r. 329,332 Norvegija 56, 197, 203, 228, 372,422 Notanga, ist. sr. 256, 292 notangai, etn. 352, 362 Notece (Notee), up., Lenkija 336 Novgorodas, mst. , Rusija 11 3, 387, 423 Novgorodo sr. 106, 107 Novi Pazaras, laid . pmk., Serbija 240, 246 Novo Mesto, vt., Sloven ij a 248 Nowe Dobra, kp. , Lenkija 264 Nowy Targ, kp., Lenkija 277, 298 Nuks iai, kp., Ludzos r. 417 Obeliai , kp. , Ukmerges r. 351 - 353. 420 Obuchovas, gin taro telkinys, Ukraina 62 Ochotnoje (buv. Bieskobnicken), pilk. 209 Oderdingas, vt., Vokietija 222 Oderis ( Viadus ), up. , Vokietija 31, 32, 161 , 210, 231, 237. 238, 247· 248, 259-261, 322 Oka, up., Rusija 105, 183, 199, 200 Oksywsko kultura 277 Okunevas (buv. Nodems), vt. , Kalin ingrado sr. 79 Olandija 146 Oland4 Kepure, vt., Priekules apyl. 81

VIETOVARD2 1V. VANDENVARD2 1V. ET N O NIMV IR KULT ORV RODYKLE

Olstynas, mst., Lenkija 35, 86,382 Onega, ez., Rusija 105, 182 Opole (Ostrowka), vikingq laikq gyv. , Lenkija 422 Orhus (A rhus), )utlandijos pus. 64, 100 Ostfold, vt., Norvegija 56 ostgotai, etn. 337 Ostorfas, vt., Meklenburgo zeme 164 Ostr6ki, kp., GdanskoWroclaweko vaiv., Lenkija 211 Ostrowo, gyv., Zulavq zem., Lenkija 161 Osi (Dobeles Osi) , kp., Duobeles r. 415 Osupis, up., Palangos mst. 94, 96 Otomani- FUzesabony kultura 194. 207, 233. 235 Otradnoje (buv. Georgensvalde) , vt. , Kaliningrado sr. 207 Pabaltijys 10, 18, 28, 53, uo, u8, 133. 135. 195. 198, 199. 201 , 212, 21}, 216, 217, 242, 253. 409, 426, 427 Padvariq pilk., Kretingos r. 269, 270, 272, 308 Pagegiai, vt. , Silutes r. 253 Pagrybis, kp., Silales r. 363, 365, 366 Pailgotis, kp., Silales r. 264 Pajuoste, kp., Panevezio r. 270 Pakalniai, pilk. , Vilniaus r. 269 , 270 , 276, 293. 313, 316 Pakalniskiai, pilk. , Panevezio r. 311 Pakalniskiai, kp. , Silales r. 363 Pakalniskiai, kp., Sakiq r. 418, 381, 419, 420 Pakapiai, kp. , Kauno r. 420 Pakruojo r. 15, 178 Paktola, up., Mazoji Azija 12 Palanga, mst. 11, 17, 22, 24, 29, }2, }6, 42-46, 48, 77. 8}, 91 - 93. 95. 96, 119, 120, 125, 127, 129, 133- 136, 1}8, 149- 152, 155. 159. 167, 168, 175. 188, 189, 263, 270, 271, 304, 305, 309, 315, 375. 383, 385, 387, 388, 400,402,403, 406,408- 410, 421-423 Paliepgiriq (Palibgiriq) kaimas, dabar Palangos mst. dalis 92, 94.96

Paluknys (buv. )asnagurka), kp. , Raseiniq r. 376, 413, 415 Palvininkai (Jantarnyj, buv. Palmnicken , iki Palmininkai), 72, n 78, 79 , 8}, 95 Pamario antropomorfiniq, veidiniq urnq kultura, Pomeranijos veidiniq urnq kultura 211 Pamariq (Zucevo, Rzucewo) kultura 30, 42, 91, 106, 111, 116, 119, 128, 144-147. 150, J70, J71 , 174. 175. 179. 188, 223 Pamarys, Lenkija 78, 208, 211, 338 Pamiskiai, kp., Pasvalio r. 416 Pamusiai, pilk., Pasvalio r. 311 Panevezio r. 311 Paneveziukas, kp., Kauno r. 352, 353 Panonija, Romos imperijos provincija 260, 261, 263, 265-267, 326, 334 Papiskiq 4-oji, gyv., Vilniaus r. 202, 205, 214 Paprudziai, pilk. , Kelmes r. 353,

Pavolgis 255 Pelkury, kp. , Smolensko r. 201 Peipsi, ei., Estija 122 Peloponeso pu s. 235-237 Perkuone (Perkone) , vt., Liepojos r. 21 Pernarava, kp., KedainitJ r. 417 Persija 6o Pervalka, vt., Kursiq nerija 65, 171,176 Piasutno, vt. , Kaliningrado sr. 208 Piecz froly, gyv., Lenkija 263 Piestinia (Piestil;w), gyv., Lubano ei . i em. 119, 172 Pietq Bugas, up. 297 pilkapiq kultura 220, 230, 237 Pilkope (buv. Pillkoppen, dabar Morskoje), vt., Kalinin grado sr. 89 Pilsotas, ist. ieme 376, 383, 384, 428, piltuveliniq tauriq keramikos kultura 116, 155, 156, 162, 164 Pilviskes, pilk. , Vilniaus r. 283 Pionerskij Zareenoje (buv.

355 Paragaudis, Silales r. 264, 329 Paryzius 29, 44, 78 Parsenta (Pars~ ta), up., Lenkija 287.336 Partnyce, vt., netoli Vroclavo, Lenkija 248 Parumbiai, vt. , prie Dauguvos

358,362 Pi rem! pus. 97, 193 Plateliq ez. 66 Plauciskes, pilk., Pakruojo r. 362 Pliavniekkalnas, kp., Rygos r. 415 Pleskuciai-Pangesai, kp., Klaipedos r. 270, 299, 304 Plinkaigalis, kp., Kedainiq r. 294, 299. 301, 305, 306, 341, 343. 344. 353. 360, 365-367 Plunges r. 17, 253, 264 Po (lot. Padus) , up., Siaures Italija 9 Pokrovskoje (buv. Sorgenau), pilk. , Kaliningrado sr. 78, 224,335 Polczyn-Zdr6j , vt., buv. Vakarq Pamario vaivadija 98, 101 Pole Nowomiejskie, kp., Lenkija 263 Polese 195 Pomeranija, ist. sr. 27, 31, 91, 160, 194. 210, 247. 251 , 306, 352, 360 Pompeja, antikinis mst. , Italija 258,330 Poznanes vaiv., Lenkija 248, 277, 335 Prabauda, up., Lietuva 15 Praha 232

253 Paslenka (Pasl~ka , buv. Passarge, Paserija) , up., Lenkija 64, 191, 193. 207, 285 Pasvalio r. 311 Pasakarniai , laid. pmk., Kelmes r. 264 PaseksCiai, pilk. , Moletq r. 294, 295. 308, 313, 316, 362 Pasusvys, Kedainiq r. 52, 53 Pasvitin io 1, gyv., Pakruojo r. 178 Paulaiciai, kp., Silutes r. 376 Paupynis (Medsedziai), kp. , Silales r. 406 Pavajuonis-Rekuciai, pilk., Ignalinos r. 299- 301, 361, 362, }66, }67 Paviken, vikingq laikq gyv., Gotlandas 422 Pavirvyte-Gudai, kp., Akmenes r. 414, 416

Rantau Hiinnenberg), kp.

519

520

LIETUVOS PRIE)ISTOR ES G INTARA S

pranciizai, etn. 28, 78 Pribreznoje (buv. Alknicken), pilk. , Kaliningrado sr. 79, 116, 226 Prieglius, up. 208, 242, 260, 322 Priekule, Lietuva 15, 49, 81, 204, 265,382,426 Priekules Kaleja i, vt. , Liepojos r. 253 Priekule (Priekule) , up., Latvija 253 Priem! r. 253 Primorje (buv. Gross Kuhren , Didieji Kursiai), vt. , Kaliningrado sr. 78, 79 Primorsko r. 264 Pripete, up. 183, 191, 238, 242 Prysmanciai, kp., Kretingos r. 301, 387, 400 Proletarskis, laid. pmk. , Baltarusija 201 Prosna, up., Lenkija 261, 336 priisai, etn. 9, 14, 89, 256 , 257, 336,421 Prusija 9, 27, 69, 71, 72, 76, n 8o, 84-87, 115, 204, 218, 228 Prust Gdanski, kp., Lenkija 248, 261, 263, 277 Psevorsko kultura 262, 267, 268, 272, 282, 284, 285, 294, 295, 313, 316, 319, 323, 326, 335, 336, 347· 352, 367 Puntt1zis, pilk. , Maduonos r., Latvija 215, 227 Purciemis, gyv., Latvija 137, 176 Pute{i, kp., Rygos r. 411 Pulkovic Nadolnych , gyv. , Lenkija 238

Quednau, karinis fortas, Kaliningradas 88 Ramuciai, kp. , Klaipedos r. 384 Ranskas, vt., Lenkija 152 Raseini4 r. 15, 264 Rasyte (buv. Rositlen, dabar Rybacis), vt., Kaliningrado sr. 89, 179 Raudondvaris, Kauno mst. dalis 46, 47> 48 Ravena, mst., ltalija 338 Ravlunda, viking4 laik4 gyv. , Svedija 421 Reg6w, vt. , Lenkija 262

Reinas, up. 161, 237, 247, 250, 256, 258, 260, 267, 268, 277, 317> 321, 322 Rekete, kp., Kretingos r. 352 Repisce, kp., Rusij a 109, 113, 178, 182 Resenas, vt., )utlandijos pus. 98 Resketa , up. , Lietuva 253 Retija, Romos imperijos provincija 267 Reznes, pilk., Rygos r. 198, 215, 216, 224, 227, 228 Rheisweinas (buv. Kreis Orlelsburg), vt. , Lenkija 151 Ribe, viking4 laik4 gyv., )utlandijos pus. 371, 387, 422 Ribillven, vt. , Lenkija 219, 224 Riciskes, Sventoji 21 , 23 Ryga 14, 25, 423 Rygos i!anka 62, 65 , 68, 74, 171, 172, 177 Rygos r. 213, 214, 411, 412, 415 Rytprusiai 85, 208 Ryt4 Lietuvos pilkapiq kultt1ra 33. 272, 322, 367 Ridama, gyv., Saremos s. 213 RikJikai, pilk., Anyksciq r. 352, 359, 362 Rimaisai, kp., Panevezio r. 417,419 Ringlosler, vt., jutlandijos pus. 102 Ringuvenai, kp., Siauli4 r. 360 Risliina, ez., Suomija 133, 189 Riugenas, s. 74 Rodniki (buv. Radnicken , Arnava), pilk. 219, 224, 228, 229 Rodas (Rhodanus), up. , lspanija 9 Rogalandas, ist. sr., Norvegija 56 Roholte, vt., )utlandijos pus. 373 Roja, up. , Latvija 197 Roma 28, 33, 38, 46, 47, 250, 256-261, 267, 268, 277, 283, 284, 304, 312, 318, 319, 321, 326-333. 335. 426 ron1enai, etn. 10, 12, 17, 60, 212, 241, 248, 250, 255-261, 263, 264, 266-268, 272, 281, 295· 303, 304, 308, 312, 319- 321, 326-332, 338, 426 Romiai-Kalniniai (RommiKalnil',li), vt., Latvija 132 Ro mai, gyv., Klaipedos r. 421

Rone Autsarvas, vt., Gotlandas 400 Ronshausenas, vt., Vokietija 222 Rose, up., Baltarusija 195 Rovaniemi, vt., Suomija 156 Rovno r. , Ukraina 151, 152 Rovno sr., Uk.raina 64 Rubokai (buv. Rubocken), kp. , Silutes r. 295 Ruban , up. 260 Rucava, vt., Liepojos r. 18, 21, 22 RudaiciL! I, kp., Kretingos r. 342 Rudnia Slagina, kp., Gomelio r. 201 Rumpiskes, Klaipedos mst. dalis 8o Ruseiniai, kp., Kedaini4 r. 417, 419 Rusija 49, n 79, 88, 89 , 101, 103, us, 139. 264 rutulini4 amforq keramikos kultura 29, 97, 106, uo-u2,l16, ll7, 119, 130, 135. 136, 144-147> 150, 15 2, 156, 164, 170, 174. 179. 183-185, 188, 199, 228 Ru ztcianskis, kp. , Uk.raina 297 Rzqdz (buv. Rodsen) , kp., Lenkija 264 Rzesz6 w, mst. , Lenkija 342, 347 Rzucewo, gyv., Gdansko ilanka 161 Rzevas, VaJdajaus aukstuma, Rusija 180

Sachtys, kp. , Volgos aukstupys 11 3, ll4, 118 Sachtys, gyv. 178 Saka (Sakaosta, Saceze), Pietvakari4 Latvija 15 Saksonija 87, 90, 97-99, 231 Salas pilis Laukskola, kp., Rygos r. 411 , 412 Sandomiezas, vt., Svento Kryziaus vaiv., Lenkij a 155 Sandrausiske, pilk., Raseini4 r. 264 Siiriiisniem i, Suomija 114 Sarema, s. n8, 182, 197, 198, 213, 216, 224,228, 229 Sargenai, kp., Kauno mst. 264,269 sarmatai, etn. 6o, 318 Sarnate (Siirnale), gyv., Ventspilio r. 11, 65, 105, 119, 121, 127, 129, 130, 140-142, 147> 168, 170-172, 176, 180

VIE TOV A RD211,J. VA N DE N VARD 211,J. ET N O NIMI,J I R KU LTO RI,J ROD YKLt

Sartai, ez. 371 Sauginiai, kp., Siauli4 r. 351, 353, 358, 360, 362 Sauseriai, vt. , Kretingos r. 253 sel iai, etn. 371, 373, 417, 428 Seli geras, ez., Rusija 113 Selizarovas, Rusija 180 Semba 75, 76, 116, 204, 207, 208, 210-213, 219, 228, 230, 234. 251, 256, 312, 347 sembai , etn . 334, 352, 362 Sembos pilkapi4 kultiira 117, 194. 207, 210- 213, 219, 234> 251 Sembos pus. 10, 13, 15, 19, 31, 32, 41, 61-63, 65-69 , 72-74. 78-8o, 103, 105, 115-117, 160, 180, 183, 194. 195> 204, 208, 2 10 , 2 12, 2 18, 223, 224, 229,

230, 234> 242, 251 , 253> 256, 258, 259> 261, 263, 265, 266, 284, 291, 292, 295> 305, 310, 312, 322, 323, 332, 334, 336, 347. 352, 360, 362, 382, 419, 425 ,426, 429 Semba-ChJapovas (Chlapow) , gintaro telkinys (formacija) 63, 64 Seni gallij a, vt., ltalij a 338 Senoji Lad oga, Rusija 423 Senoj i Riazane, Rusija 423 Senoj i Rusia 387, 423 Serbij a 25, 245 , 246 Seredz ius, kp., jurbarko r. 360, 362 Sibiras 242 Sicilija 41, 63, 236 Siedlnicos 17-17a stovyklavietes, buv. Lesno vaiv. 98 Siemiechow, kp., Lenkija 248 Sikariskiai, Molet4 r. 22, 24 Silezija 115, 231 Silinupe (Sili~;~upe), gyv. , Latvija II , 130, 134, 171, 172, 175, 176, 180 Silinupe, ez., Latvija 175 Si mri s, kp., Pi etryCi 4 Svedij a 317 Siniavinas (buv. Gross Hubnicken), pilk. , Kaliningrado sr. 78, 209, 219,224 Sirija 51, 52, 53 Sjeverskas, pilk., Serbija 240 Skageno iskysulys 63 Skalingenas, Danija 74 skalviai, etn . 376, 412

Skandinavija 11 , 44, 51, 54, 56, 63, 64, 74. 99, 103, 105, 115, 146, 156, 161, 162, 164, 184, !89, 193-199>202, 203, 216, 231, 234, 251, 252, 254> 259, 277, 295 , 297, 313, 317, 322, 323, 326, 331, 339. 347. 359, 373>400- 402, 423 S~i! rstaini- Bii las , kp. , Duobeles r. 415, 416 skitai , etn. 6o, 239, 241, 242 Skitij a 69, 241, 242, 257 Skomantai, piliak., Klaipedos r. 382 Skone (Ski!ne), regionas, Svedija 156, 158, 164, 254 slavai, etn . 11 , 14, 387, 423 Slovakija 193, 231, 233, 260 Slove nij a 245, 248, 282 Slupskas (buv. Stolp ), mst. , Lenkija 89, 98, 101 Smolin , kp., Cekija 354 Sobi!suky, kp. , Cekija 317 Sofivka, kp. , Ukraina 232 Somersetas, Didzioji Britanija !66 Sope, gyv. , Estija 112 Sosnowiecas, gyv., buv. Pozna nes vaiv., Lenkija 335 Sozas, up. , Baltarusija 183 Spandau, vt., d abar Berlyno m st. dalis 252 Spe ringso kultiira, Suom ija 11 2, 11 4 Spindt, laid. pmk. , buv. lnsteburgo apskritis 208 Spirkiai, kp. , Klaiped os r. 299.301 Staldzene, vt., Ventspilio r. 51, 198 Staraja Ladoga, mst. , Rusij a 387 Star Carr, radimv iete, Didzioji Britan ija 97 Stare Babki, gyv. , Zulav4 zem., Lenkija 161 Stare Hradisko, gyv., Siaures Moravija, Cekija 248 Stegna, vt. , Gd ansko !Janka, Lenkija 74, 147 Stokholmas 25 Stragnai (buv. Skiiren), kp., Klaipedos r. 270, 289-29 1, 301,302, 305, 306, 309, 347> 353> 354. 356, 376 Stras biiras, mst., Pra nciizija

Strauchwitz-A ugusthof, Vokietija 151, 152 Strazdai-)eCiskes, kp., Tau rages r. 270 St razde, kp., Cesi4 r. 215, 227 Strelica, lai d. pmk. , Ukraina !60, 201 Stremeniai, vt., Silutes r. 253 Streva, up. 66 Suchacius (Suchacz), gyv., Vyslos delta 155, 161, 176 Suchodol-6, Praha 232 Suchoje, gyv., Kargopolio ku ltiira, Rusija 137 Siine nai, Siidenai II , pilk., kp. , Kretingos r. 291 , 301, 305, 360 Siiduva, ist. sr. 75 siiduviai (sudinoi, lot. sudini) , etn . 13, 14, 75, 75, 76, 259, 272, 282, 326, 336, 339> 352, 259 >367 Siiduvi4 Kampas (Sudauischer Winkel) , Ka liningrado sr. 74 Sulka (Sufka) , Lubano ei. zemuma 119, 129, 141, 172 suo miai , etn . 53 Suomij a 11 , 104, 109, 114, 115, 128, 133> 135·, 137>139 >156, 177, 180, 182, 189, 197, 199, 228, 409,425 Suvalk4 regionas 266, 333 buv. Suvalk4 vaiv. 314 svebai, etn. 256 Svebija 255 Sveb4 jura 10, 255, 257, 258, 259 Svetlogorskas (buv. Rauschen), pilk., mst. 74, 209 Swibno, Gdansko !]ankos regio nas 74 Sw i~ ty Gaj, vt., Vyslos d elta 263,277 Swilcza, gyv. , Lenkij a 342, 347, 352,262 Sw. Kamien, gyv., Gdansko !]ankos regionas 161 Sa ki I) r. 418 Sa ltuona, up. , Li etuva 15 Sarkai, kp. , Silales r. 287, 353 Sasaiciai, kaimas, Plunges r. 17 Sasiai, kp. , Radviliskio r. 358,362 Seregodras, ez., Rusija 113 Sernai, kaimas, kp., Klaipedos r. 42, 48-51 , 295> 306,309, 313, 316, 323, 328

521

522

LIETUVOS PRIE)ISTORES GI N TARAS

Siauliai 25 Siauliq apskritis 53 Siauliq r. 253 Siaun!s jura 10, 40, 6o, 63, 67, 73,230,240,259.36S Silales r. 264, 329 Silute 37S Silutes r. 253, 263, 264 Si rvinta, up., Lietuva 66 Sirvintq r. 311, 331 Skotij a 165 SlaZiai, pilk. , Kretingos r. 214, 225, 226 Slezvigas, mst. 25 Slezvigo-Ho!Steino zeme 10, 64, 67, 74· 97. 146, 156, 161, 162, 164, 194. 317 Spre, up., Vokietija 252 sukines duobelines keramikos kultura s6, 105, 106, uo - 112, 114- 116, 12S, 130, 132, 133. 136, 139· 142, 144· 146, 147. 160, 171, 172, 177, J7S,1S2, 1S7, 1S9, 194. 205, 425 Sukioniai, kp., Pakruojo r. 416 Sulai ciai, kp., Kedainiq r. 416 Svedija 54, s6, 61, 63, s6, 91, 132, 14S, 156, 1SS, 164, 197. 19S, 216, 224, 22S, 254· 317, 372,422 Sveicarija (Szwajcaria), pilk., buv. Suvalkq vaiv. 314 Sveksn a, kp., Silutes r. 376, 37S. 3S1 Svencaitai (Swi~cajty), d., Lenkija 64 SvenCionys, mst. 25 Sven cioniq r. 17S, 214 Sventoji, vt., Palangos mst. dalis 11, 21-23, 30, 6s, 66, 77, 94, 105, 111, 119, 120, 126- 130, 136, 140, 142, 144- 147. 153. 154. 167-171, 175. 176, 179. 1SO, 1S7, 1SS, 200 Sventoji, up., Vakarq Lietuva 16, 1S, 322 Svento Kryziaus vaiv., Lenkij a 155 Sveri no apygarda, Vokietija 164 Tamula, gyv., Estija 105, 109, 11 2, 126, 140, 142 Tankrogen, vt. , Jutl andijos pus. 100 Tartu, mst. 147 Tau rages r. 264

Tebra, up., Latvija 14 Telsiai 25 Telsiq r, 66 Tervete, piliak. , Duobeles r. 229 Tigras, up. , Mazoji Azija 57 Tilze (buv. Tilsit, dabar Sovetskas), mst. S7 Tisa, up. 233 T iubo rionas (111ybonm), vt., )utla ndij os pus. 63 T iuringija 193, 231, 31S Togaborgas, !obis, Svedija 254 Tokijas S3 Tolkmicko, gyv., Gd ansko ilan kos regionas 161, 20S Toskana, ist. sr., ltalija 243 trakai, etn. 239, 246 Trans ilvanij a 193, 233 Troja (buv. Hissarlikas), m st., Turkij a 12 Tr0ndelagas, vt. , Norvegija 372 Trostianeco r. , Ukraina 232 Trundh olm as, vt., Zelandijos s. 251 Truso, viking4 laik4 gyv. , Lenkija 422 TScineco kultura 195, 200, 23S Tubausiai, kp., Kretingos r. 352, 363 Tudozeras VI, kp., Rusija 114, 154. !7S, 1S2 Tulpi akiem is, kp. , Ukmerges r. 419 turkai, etn. 57 Turze, kp. , buv. Gdansko-Wroclaweko vaiv., Lenkija 2n Tuvos apyl. 242 Tuvos r. 242

Ugoszcz, kp., buv. GdanskoWroclaweko vaiv., Lenkij a 211 Ukmerges r. 15 Ukraina 41, 61, 62, 64-66 , 6S, 151, 152, 211, 232, 233. 241, 242 Ulrome East Riding, Didzioji Britanija 166 Una, up. Balkanq pus. 31S Onetices ( Onetice) kultura 194, 204, 207, 2J7, 223, 230- 235 Upton Lovell, pilk. , Didzioj i Britanija 166, 221 Uralo kalnai 230 urnq laukq kultura, laid oj imo laukq kultura 194 Usedomas, s. 74

Uslaras, mst. , Vokietija S7 Ust )a renga, Kolos pus. 137 Ustka, Vyslos nerija, Lenkija 74 Utenos r. 54, 311, 330 Utrechtas, mst. , Olandija 322 Uzkanave, kaimas, dabar Palangos m. dalis 92, 95, 96 Uznemune 193 Uzpelkiai, kp., Kretingos r. 291, 294. 297. 301, 302, 342, 347. 34S. 353. 354. 356, 357. 359· 360, 363-366

Vace, vt., Slovenija 246, 24S Vakarq baltq pilkapiq kultura, Sembos pilkapiq kultura 32, 117, 191, 193-195. 199. 207-210, 2 12, 219 , 23 4 )

23S, 251 Vakarq Lietuvos kapq su akmenq vainikais kultura 265, 266, 26S, 269, 271, 2S2, 2SS, 2S7. 291, 293. 295· 301, 307, 309, 312-314, 322, 323, 326, 329, 332-334.339. 344. 426, 427 Vakarq Pomeranija, ist. sr. 155, 227 Valdajaus aukstuma, Rusij a 112, 113, 177, 1SO Valdajaus kultura 113, 177 Va lma, gyv., Estija 140, 142 Valmieros r. , Latvij a 10S Vampiesi I, kp., Rygos r. 411 Viio, kp., Estija 197 Varduvos apyl., Plunges r. 17 Varenos r. 1So, 253 Varmijos Mozurij q vaiv. So, 2oS, 27S,279,2S0,2Sl,330 Varnai, mst. , Klaipedos r. 352 Varnaskrogs, gyv., Latvija 172 Varnicker Forst, pilk., Kaliningrado sr. 219 varpiniq tauriq keramikos kultura 111, 12S, 146, 155, 156, 165, 172, 1S1 Varsuva 25, 47, 77 Varta (Warta), up. , Lenkija 32, 161, 231, 247· 24S, 277. 336 Varves Stri~i, kp. , Liepojos r. 226 Vastergi:itlando provincija, Svedija J33, 164 Vd a ( Wda) , up., Lenkija So Veice (Weitsche) 16, stovyklaviete, Zem utine Saksonija, Vokietija 9S, 99, 101 Veivirzas, up. 15

V I ETOVARD L I!j , VA N DENVARD 2 1ij, ETNONIMV IR KU LTORV ROD YK Lt

Veklica, kp., netoli Elbliongo, Lenkija 263, 277- 281, 306, 317 Velikaja Znamenka, pilk., Zaporozes sr., Ukraina 242 Veliuona, mst., jurbarko r. 264 Venecija, mst. 67, 69 venetai, etn . 239, 266 Vengrija 97, 233, 246 , 282, 318 Venta, up. 191, 195 Ventes ragas 66 Ventspilio r. u , 51, 171, 198 Verskovas (buv. Warschken) , pilk. , Zelenogradsko r. 209, 224, 225

Versvai, kp., Kauno mst. 3u , 331, 419 , 420

Vesekso kultura, Didzioji Britanija 39. 165, 198, 202, 217, 220, 221 , 2J0,2J2,236- 238

Vesnovas (buv. Kussen, Kusai), pilk., Kaliningrado sr. 208, 212

Vestterstrand, vt., Fiun o s. 100 Vezeris (Visurgis), up. 258, 260 Vezuvijus, Italija 258 Yezaiciai, kp., Silutes r. , 376 viaticiai, etn. 387, 423 Viborgas, jutlandijos pus. 162 Vidgiriai, kp., Silutes r. 294, 353, 362, 365. 366

vidivarijai, etn. 339 Vidurzemio jura 31, 56, 146, 195. 198, 233. 237· 240, 250, 284. 318 Vidzeme, ist. sr. 16

Vielbarko kultura, Lenkija 256. 261, 265-268, 272, 277, 282- 285, 287, 291 , 292, 294. 295. 297. 298. 305-307, 312, 313, 316, 317, 319, 323, 326, 328-330, 332, 336. 338. 347· 352, 353. 359. 426 , 427

Vielbarkas, kp., netoli Malborko, Lenk.ija 299 Viena 261 , 319 Vienragiai, pilk., Plunges r. 264 vikingai 11, 37, 67, 304, 337- 339 , 368, 369. 371-373. 375. 376, 382, -385. 387, 388, 395. 401, 403, 410, 412, 416, 417, 419-423, 427- 429 Vilanovos kultura, ltalija 243 Vilkyskiai, kp., Silutes r. 376

Vilk4 Kampas, kp. , Silutes r. 376.382

Vimose, vt. , Fiuno s. 372

Vinakalns, piliak., Rygos r. 213 Vindobona (dabar Viena) , antikinis mst. 319 virvelines keramikos kultura ir laivini4 kovos kirvit! kultura 44· 106, 110- 112, 114, 116, 117, 135. 136. 139. 142, 146. 147. 150, 154. 156. 158. 160, 162, 164. 171, 172, 180, 183. 184, 201, 202, 223,425

VirvyCia, up. 253 Vis by, gyv., Gotlandas 25, 422 Visetiskiai, pilk. , Anyksc i4 r. 417

Vysla (Vistul a), up. 9, 32, 41, 64, 67-69, 73, 74, 80, 105, 1J7, 128, 146 , 150, 155. !60 , 161, 191, 194. 207, 208, 210, 231, 234. 235. 238. 239. 25 1, 255. 256, 258- 261, 263, 265 -267. 272, 277, 283. 287. 305, 312, 317, 319, 320-322, 327, 332, 336. 338. 339. 352, 360, 427 Vistytis, ez. 66 vokieCiai, etn. 27, 32, 75, 85, 89,

Zaostrove (buv. Rantau, Rantava), pilk. , Kaliningrado sr. 209, 219 , 224-226

Zaporozes sr., Ukraina 242 Zapse, kp., Alytaus r. 299 , 301, 306,360

Zarubinc4 kultura 242 Zastauciai, pilk., Mazeiki4 r. 283.362

Zb6jna, vt. , Lenkija 330 Zedmaro (Cedmar) kui!Ura u6 Zelandij os s. 64, 100- 102, 161, 162, 234. 251, 254. 295. 318, 326 Zelenogradsko r. 362

Zimniaj a Zolotnica, Kolos pus. 137 Zlotos kultura 128, 146, 155, 156 Zvei niekai (Zvejnieki), kp. , Latvija 89, 105, 107-109, 130, 137. 154. 184-186, 190, 194

Zvidze, gyv. , Lubano ez. zem . 119, 129, 130, 142, 143, 155, 172, J74,J78, 180, 228

115, 257. 376 Vokietija 20, 41 , 61, 63, 64, 74, 87, 88, 90, 97, 103, 151, 152, 157, 163. 193· 220, 222, 228, 247. 249 . 305, 318, 422 Volchovas, up., Rusija 423 Volga, up., Rusija 105, 118, 136, 183. 191, 199. 200

Ziilow, gyv. , Vokietija

Volinas, viking4laikq gyv. , Lenkija 387, 422 Volosovo kultura 112, 113, 118,

365. 373. 376, 381, 383, 411 , 412, 414- 416, 419, 421, 428 Zemaici4 kalneli s, Palanga 383 Zemaitija 35, 263, 265, 282, 301,

136, 137. 200

Vortsjarli (Vertsjervas) , ez., Estija u8 Vroclavas, mst. 234, 248 Vroclavo vaiv. 89, 97 Wqsosz, vt., Vroclavo apyl. , Lenkija 234 Wejh erowo-Kroszyno, kp., Lenkija 2u Wierzbnica (buv. Werblitz), Lenkij a 253 Winters/ow, kp., Didzioj i Britanija 166 Woryty, gyv. , Lenkija 238 Zaksr6w, kp., Vokietija 318 Za lavruga, kp. , vt., Rusija 148, 152, 182

Zale, up. 231

Zadavainiai , kp. , Utenos r. Jll, 330

Zarde, gyv., Klaipedos r. 421,423

Zqsinas, kp., Silales r. 414 zemaiciai, etn. 344, 346, 360,

323, 344· 353. 376

Zemaitiske, gyv., SvenCion i4 r. 154. !78

zemgaliai, etn. 346. 373. 383, 4ll, 412, 414-416, 419 , 421, 423. 428 Ziemgala, ist. sr. 16 Zucevo (Rzucew) kultura 73, ll1, 147. 150, 155. 156. 161, 176 :Zu lavijos zem. 156, 161 Zulawy Gdanskie 8o

Zuvi ninkai (buv. Fischhausen, dabar Primorskas), vt., Kaliningrado sr. 76 Zviliai , kp., Silales r. 293, 299 , 301, 305, 306, 352, 365 . 376

Zvirbliai, pilk., Vilniaus r. 344, 346.360,366

523

524

LITHUANIA' S PREHISTORIC AMBER Summary By far, the largest amount of amber used by people through the millennia was collected and quarried along the southern, southeastern and eastern coast of the Baltic Sea and particular territories in the North Sea. The name for Baltic amber, as a fossil resin , originates from amber pine Pinus succinifera. Baltic amber also known as succinite (in Latin succinite) or northern gold. It occurs naturally from the Friesian islands to the Gulf of Riga in the northeast, Belarus (as far as Go mel) in the southeast and found in the mid-stream of the Dnepr River in the Ukraine (Figs. 1; 28). Baltic amber is wash-up naturally, but quite rare, on the east cost of Scotland and England (Figs. 1; 28). Other fossil resins, generally known as amber, are in Europe and the wider world. Sicilian amber (simetite), Roumanian and Bukovina amber (rumanite and schraufite) . In the Far East there is Siberian amber (Taimyr amber) and Burmese amber (burmite), and from the Middle East Lebanon amber. A large area of the North America produces ambrosine and Canadian amber (cedarite, Cedar Lake). The Dominican Republic has Dominican amber and finally, from New Zealand comes ambrite. The largest Baltic amber deposits in the world are in promontory of the Sambian peninsula (Jantarny in Kaliningrad region, Russia; former Palmnicken in East Prussia). There an amber bearing stratum of so-called 'blue earth' representing maritime sediments of Eocene and Oligocene epochs. Therefore the largest amount of drift amber was, and still is, found on the Sambian peninsula. The second large Baltic amber source in prehistory was the western coast of Jutland peninsula (Figs. 1; 28). Baltic amber was readily accessible in quantities, is a wealth of colours, easy to process. Throughout of prehistory Baltic Amber (succinite) was the most popular fossil resin, but as it is visually indistinguishable from Sicilian, Lebanon amber or other fossil resins. For producing jewellery and different pretty sundries were used not only Baltic amber but other fossil resins as well. This circumstance brings to the fore the problem of amber supply origin, because Baltic amber was commodity of transcontinental exchange network in prehistory. In the second half of the 19th century the problem of amber origin was successfully solved when it was discovered that the Baltic amber has 3% to 8% succinite acid. High percentage of succinite acid is the main feature which radically distinguishes "northern gold" from other fossil resins. Nevertheless, it is impossible to distinguish Baltic ambers (succinite) in their vast spread territory even using the most advanced physiochemical analysis (e. g. infrared spectral analyses, electron paramagnetic resonance, positron annihila-

SUMMARY

tion spectroscopy, analytic pyrolysis). Baltic amber is of the same nature and time of formation (Tertiary: Eocene to Oligocene), therefore, there are no differences between amber mined in the Sambian peninsula, Ukraine, or Poland; from sea washed amber (drift amber) from Jutland peninsula to the gulf of Riga, and extracted amber from littoral lagoon lakes and waterlogged meadows in Lithuania, Poland or the Ukraine. Therefore, when scholars try to analyse the distribution of Baltic amber from raw amber material on the amber-bearing coast to the ready-made artefacts found somewhere in Europe, and to estimate trade relationships between suppliers and consumers in prehistoric times, they have only archaeological methods at their disposal, which are limited. It is not always clear from which concrete part of the amber-bearing coast amber was transported to a particular region and amber and bronze forgeries add further difficulties (Figs. 16: 10; 19; 20; 21: 14; 25; 26). The etymology of the word "amber" among the Balts' languages was not clear despite many suggestions. It is not certain how the Germanic or Latinised Germanic word meaning glass (gleasum) turned into be the Lithuanian word, gintaras, meaning "amber:' Nevertheless, gintaras and dzintaras (in Latvian) became the common names in Lithuania and Latvia. Furthermore, from the Baltic word gintaras, comes jentaras and HHmapb (in Russian) . Gintaras provided new terms relating to northern gold, such as gintarauti (to mine or collect drift amber), gintaringas (amber-bearing place), gintaringas and gintaruotas (amber-bearing place or something with has a lot of amber), gintareti (the process of becoming amber), gintarnyCia (amber mine), gintarininkas (amber craftsmen or amber trader). THE FIRST EUROPEAN AMBER ARTEFACTS

The first amber artefacts in Europe appeared in the Late Palaeolithic and Mesolithic between 13.000-sooo BC, when the North Sea washed up superficial amber-bearing layers in the Jutland peninsula, structured by the Late Glacial. Single Late Palaeolithic and Mesolithic amber artefacts are known to be from the Jutland peninsula, Lower Saxony, Schleswig-Holstein, the Czech Republic, northwest Poland, British Isles, and in the rivers Dnepr and Dnestr's basins. The first European amber artefacts belong to the Madalenian, Mezinean, Hamburg, and Federmesser Cultures (Figs. s6-6o). Amber artefacts became more common between 9500 and 5500 BC with the rise and development of the Mesolithic Maglemose, Kongemose and Erteb0lle (Late Mesolithic- Early Neolithic) Cultures (Figs. 61-65). Small, round three-dimensional naturalistic figurines with generalised main features of wild animals and swimming birds were characteristic to both periods (Figs. 56; 57; 6o; Appendix 1). At the same time, there were flat, schematic and angular zoomorphic figurines

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with almost unrecognisable features of some beast or bird (Fig. 61) . Another typical group of amber artefacts are engraved schematic angular silhouettes of facing anthropomorphic figurines on a flat amber surface. Often, these anthropomorphic engravings as well as amber pieces used as pendants have additional engravings of geometrical motifs typical of the Mesolithic (Figs. 62-64; Appendix 1). AMBER IN THE EASTERN BALTIC REGION AND NORTHEASTERN EUROPEAN FORESTS ZONE IN THE MIDDLE AND LATE NEOLITHIC

The first amber artefacts in the Eastern Baltic region appear late on in the Early Neolithic, when transgressions of the Littorina Sea washed up glauconitic amber-bearing sediments of the so-called blue earth in the Sambian peninsula. Subsequently, prevailing currents and winds transported drift amber into lagoon beds and scattered it on littoral deposits. Artefacts in the Baltic Sea basin were spread widely in the Middle, (4400/ 4200-3100/2900 BC), and Late Neolithic (3100/2900-21oo/2ooo BC). This was the peak of amber production, use and distribution (Figs. 66; 117). There was a large demand by the north and northeast settlers with similar subsistence economies, (hunting, fishing, and gathering) and with enough of a similar world outlook, to stimulate amber extraction and processing in the Eastern Baltic region. Amber from the Eastern Baltic region spread into the huge territory of the north and northeast European forest zone sites (Figs. 66; 117). In the Middle and Late Neolithic, on the Baltic coastlands including the North Sea and the Jutland peninsula, southern part of British Isles and a part of Scandinavia, four discrete amber processing and distribution areas are distinguishable. One of an area links the eastern Baltic with north-eastern European forest zone and southern Finland (Fig. 1: I). The second amber processing and artefact spread area is the southeastern Baltic region, with the Sambian peninsula (Fig. 1: II). The Jutland peninsula, northern Germany, Friesian islands, and southern Scandinavia comprise the third area (Fig. 1: III) and the southern part of the British Isles, the fourth (Fig. 1: IV). The Sambian peninsula, with the biggest concentrations of raw amber in the world, stood on the margins between the eastern and southeastern areas, notwithstanding the biggest concentrations of raw amber (Fig. 1: I-II). In the Neolithic, amber production and distribution connected culturally close peoples who were living in geographically different territories providing stronger ties that with those communities not involved with the material (Figs. 1; 66, 72) . Therefore within amber production and distribution areas amber artefacts are identically or similarly shaped and their use in daily life, different rituals and burial customs was much the same. It should be noted, however, that these four distinct areas were essentially autonomous (Fig. 1; 66; 117).

SUMMARY

The largest amber production and distribution area was located in the Eastern Baltic region and comprised a huge territory which started on the Baltic Sea littoral and stretched northeast to the White Sea coast (Figs. 1: I; 66: A-B). The Eastern Baltic region connected amber supply sources, amber-manufacturing centres in the catchments area or adjacent territory; all economically and culturally related amber customers in different territories of the north and north eastern European forest zone. It means that amber supplier and producers and well as customers were virtually versatile connected. Besides the Early and Late Narva Cultures (Middle and Late Neolithic), Baltic Coast Culture (Rzucewo in Polish), Corded Ware/Battle Boat Axe and Globular Amphora (in Late Neolithic) Cultures, the Eastern Baltic region included a considerable number of Combedand-Pit Pottery Cultures. These comprised the Lyalovo, Valday, Mstinskaja, Volosovo and Kargopol, with Modlona-type sites, as well as the Combed-andPit Pottery cultures of Karelia and Finland. The Late Neolithic North Belarusian Culture (basin of the upper reaches of the Dauguva/Dvina and Dnepr Rivers) can also be included. Intercommunity of all these cultures shared a similar subsistence economy largely based on fishing and hunting, and comparable material culture, embracing pottery and artefacts of flint and slate. In addition, they produced stylistically close zoomorphic and anthropomorphic figurines, and the same style of amber ornaments (amulets) . At the end of the Late Neolithic to the beginning of the Early Bronze Age there were gradually less and less amber artefacts, until they totally disappeared. This is connected to the natural transgression and regression of the Littorina Sea, although the reduction was coincidental with the arrival (about 2400 to 2000 BC) of the Corded Ware/Battle Boat Axe culture people who, according to most scholars, wanted to takeover the amber bearing coastal regions, manufacturing centres and trade routes. However, the decline was not connected directly to these people because their first wave of migration did not reach the littoral. A second wave moved through the Baltic Sea coastal region, but no amber artefacts have been found in their monuments. An alternative example is that amber exchange moved eastward because of the influence of the Globular Amphora Culture people (4000/36S0-2IOO!I900 BC dating in Central Europe). They not only reached the amber-bearing littoral, but also successfully turned the amber exchange network southwards. In the habitation sites and cemeteries of the Globular Amphora people specific amber artefacts have been found, in particular fine amber discs (Fig. 103: 7). Artefacts manufactured in the Eastern Baltic region as amber production and distribution area are stylistically similar, retaining a uniform design. This is why many researchers think that Neolithic people bartered amber artefacts, but not the raw amber nodules, which were purposely intended for manufacturing.

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Nevertheless, there is evidence for trade in raw amber, as this has been found at the upper reaches of the Volga River, the northeastern European forests zone, Karelian and southern Finland sites. The raw amber found in settlements and graves was not always connected to manufacturing, but equally does not eliminate the possibility that amber was worked at those sites. Traces of processing have been found in Estonian Middle Neolithic settlements (Akali, Kaapa at Vortsjarli lake depressions, and the Konnu settlements on the Saaremaa island) and several sites in Finland. Nevertheless, only a few items were retouched by local people in the northeastern European forest zone. These people embellished amber artefacts to their own taste, e.g. drilling a series of small dots to form anthropomorphic images on several of the pendants (Figs. 67: 23, 24; 68: 1). In the Neolithic amber was processed using several techniques: splitting, shaping, perforating, retouching, grinding and polishing and the majority of artefacts found in the Eastern Baltic region are of similar form and size (Figs. 69: 10-30; 76-83). Holes for suspending pendants had frontal perforations and were V-shaped. A number of pendants made from natural amber pieces have split surfaces and bored suspension holes (Figs. 75: 14-15; 79: 22-28). Most of the Neolithic amber artefacts were not decorated. There were single pendants and buttons worn as single ornaments, arranged into necklaces or sewn into garments. The Middle Neolithic people especially relished making flat pendants of trapezoidal, rhomboidal, elliptical, teardrop, triangular, or even irregular shape (Figs. 67: 7-15; 74: 1-10; 75-77: 1-2; 78; 79-80: 1-4; 81- 83) . Tooth-shaped pendants emerge in the Late Neolithic. Those new pendants were worn as single amulets or strung into fashionable necklaces (Figs. 110: 1-4, 15, 16, 17; m) they do not relate to particular animals, but symbolized abstract creatures. In addition there are tubular beads, tubular beads with a thickened middle section, circular, elliptical and square-shaped buttons with hidden V-shaped perforations of different cross-section, and rings, discs, and spacer plates as well as anthropomorphic and zoomorphic figurines (Figs. 67: 1-6, 20-22; 74: 11-14; 77: 3-4; 84-87; 88; 89; 91-93; 94-97). Oval, square and boat-shaped buttons were common in the Late Neolithic (Figs. 48: 6, 15-17; 67: 3, 5, 85: 6-9, 12, 13, 15-19, 22; 86). They were the only Late Neolithic artefact common among the Eastern Baltic people and communities of the Bell Beaker Culture and known in several other contemporary Central European cultures (Fig. 73: A). However even if inspiration for originating amber buttons (and bottoms from other materials) in the Eastern Baltic Region and in Bell Beaker Culture was independent these items were dependent of a common cultural codes. Interregional exchange of the buttons took place between Bell Beaker communities, who were already participating in a wider exchange network. Buttons were one of the most popular amber artefacts worn by people of the Late Narva, Rzucewo and Cedmar Cultures, as well as by Comb-and-Pit Pottery

SUMMARY

communities of the northeastern European forest zone (Fig. 73: A). In the Middle and Late Neolithic, buttons were produced on a mass scale by the Eastern Baltic centres and by the workshops in the lowlands of the Vistula River (Fig. 73: A) . Anthropomorphic figurines, human busts and heads (masks) are among the first important artefacts of the Middle and Late Neolithic (Figs. so: 1- 3, 4-s; 88; 89; 91; 92; Appendix 3: 1). Most of them served as pendants or spacers for necklaces and they include flat, full-length figurines, and human busts and heads (masks). In the Late Neolithic, schematic full -length figurines viewed from in front become common (Figs. so: 2-3; 91; 92; Appendix 3: 1). Most often, these schematically multi-shaped anthropometrical human figurines can only be identified from the overall silhouette and dimpled facial features (Figs. 91; 92). A separate small group of images consists of schematic full-length figures formed by drilling dots on the flat pendant surface. At the same time, plastic and rounded pendant shapes were made resembling human figures (Figs. 67: 23; 68: 1; 7s: 9; 81: u) . Key-head pendants were the last group of abstract anthropomorphic images, which connected them with female features in the Late Neolithic and Eneolithic (Fig. 44: 8- 10, 12; 94: 1-7). Zoomorphic figures, both natural and schematic, carved from different material were common in the Eastern Baltic Region, northeastern European forest zone and Finland (Figs. 68: 3; 9s: 1- u; 96: 1-10). Zoomorphic amber figures both naturalistically modelled and schematised images represents Neolithic animal art trends of the region (Figs. 44: 1, 21; 48: s; so: 4; 95; 96; 97; Appendix 3: 2). In comparison to human figures , zoomorphic subjects have a much more realistic expression. Rounded and flat silhouette carvings of wild animals: elk, deer, small fur animals (beaver), bears, and possibly horses were produced (Figs 44: 21; 48: s; 9s: 1-6; 97: 2). At the same time, amber water birds, grass and poisonous snakes were popular (Fig. 96: 1, 2, 4-10; 97: 1). Flat zoomorphic and bird's silhouettes depicting animals from profiles, reptiles represented from above as if crawling. Some subjects, however, are unrecognisable (Figs. 44: 1; 48: s; 9s: 10- 11). In the Late Neolithic, new processing techniques were developed; besides Vshaped perforation, horizontal lateral perforation and drilling through the top of the ornament were introduced (Fig. 91: 1; 94: 1, 4) . In the Late Neolithic more drilled or incised decoration appears and some pieces even have perforated sides as embellishment (Figs. 16: 3, 12, 13; 7s: 1-7, 9, 12, 13, 18; 76: 1, 2; 81: 1, 2, 7-9, u-13; 82: 1, 3-47; 83: 2, 4, 6; 85: 1, 4, s; 94; 100: 1-4, 6, 7, 8; 101; 102; 103; 104: 1, 2, u, 16). Double amber buttons appear in the second half of the Late Neolithic and this relates to the influence of the Globular Amphora Culture (Figs. 16: 1; 100: 1-11; 11s: 2). Amber discs with shallow holes drilled in the shape of an equal-armed cross have been found (Figs. 16: 12; 101-103). The sun image might be represented by small discs with perforated edges (Figs. 16: 13; 68: 2). Amber rings of differing

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diameters with large holes in the centre are another group of peculiar ornamentsamulets of this period (Figs. 67: 18, 19; 104 1, 3, 4, 8-18; 105: 2). The discs and rings may have indicated social status, or used as an amulet or cult's attribute. Amber rings in graves are found in particular positions. These exceptional artefacts were found at the head of the deceased person, on the forehead, or were placed beneath the head. Exceptional cases are known from Zvejnieki (collective graves 206, 225, 267 and 275); where the forehead and face of the deceased were plastered with clay and an amber ring or rings were placed in the eye sockets (Fig. 70) . On several occasions, amber rings were found on the chest, or at the waist. Less common in the Neolithic were crescent-shaped pendants, possibly representing the changing moon (Fig. 104: 2, 5-7). In the Late Neolithic, across the whole Baltic Sea region, axe-shaped, and double-edged axe-shaped pendants were widely distributed (Figs. 106; 107: 1). The symbolic importance of the axe emerged with the intensification of agriculture when it became the main tool for clearing fields . The idea of axe symbolism and social status was reflected in amber axe-shaped pendants. In the Eastern Baltic region a number of different pendants appeared, influenced by the Globular Amphora Culture. Axe-shaped pendants and even beads were especially popular on the Jutland peninsula, southern Scandinavia, and in the Schleswig-Holstein and Pomerania, where they were worn separately or strung into impressive necklaces (Figs. 107: 2- 5; 108: 14-25; 109: 5, 6, 8-10). The fertility cults, common among the incoming farming communities, also resulted in pendants featuring the phallus and breasts (Figs. no: s, 6, 8-10, 18). These images continued in use into the Early Bronze Age. Abstract images and symbols such as a sun and crescent as well as the axe and ship were already familiar in the Late Neolithic (Figs. 98; 99; 101- 103; 104: 2, s- 7; 109: 1, 3, 4). In the Eastern Baltic region, in the Neolithic, several large amber-manufacturing centres were prominent. Two stand out, one at Palanga and another in the vicinity of Sventoji-Butinge, on the former lagoon lake or the slow stream river (Figs. 1: I; 66; n4: I lib, Appendixes 4, s). Neolithic Sventoji and Butinge finding spots or settlements located on the now waterlogged lagoon (Fig. 114: A). In the Sventoji finding spots and settlements, raw amber nodule chips and flakes predominate, meanwhile amount of processed artefacts and half-finished items are not high (Appendix 4). Such a relation between complete artefacts and production waste indicates amber processing or the rejection of raw amber nodules during the initial selection, cutting of nodules into flat plates, and this indicates manufacturing, or at least, primal processing, and that the raw amber was meant for exchange (Appendix 4). In the Sventoji settlement 6, and find spots 2/4A, 23 and 26, stocks of raw amber, half-finished and finished items were discovered; demonstrating the existence of workshops in those locations. The main artefacts

SUMMARY

processed in Sventoji might have been flat trapezoid-shaped, concave-based pendants and circular buttons, because they constituted the majority of the finds (Figs. n : 7, 9, 13-15; n 78) . The finest pieces were from the Sventoji 6 settlement (Figs. 77; 78) . Large settlements of amber gatherers and processors may have existed on the Curonian Spit (Figs. 66; 114: I). The famous Juodkrante (formerly Schwarzort) collection proves the existence of a processing centre near Juodkrante (Figs. 44; 47- 50; 81; 82).

In addition, one of the most important centres, with at least one workshop, functioned at the Siirnate settlement in dwelling house 2 (Venspilis district, Latvia) (Figs. 1: I; 66; 114: III; Appendix s). Between the lowlands of the Lielupe and Dauguva Rivers, one other large centre can be identified. This consists of several settlements such as SiliQupe, and Babite (Fig. 1: I; 114: IV). Thanks to determined activity, the inhabitants of Lubiina Lake depression achieved a constant raw amber supply from the littoral settlements via the Daugava River, and along the right Dauguva tributary - the Aiviekste River - and its and feeder streams (Figs. 1: 1; 66 ; 114: V) . Nainiekste, Piesti1;a, Sulka and Zvidze were the most important amber processing sites in the Middle Neolithic and Abora I, Asne, EiQi, lea and Lagaza in the Late Neolithic. Artefacts may have also been produced in the DaktariSke 5 settlement. It is probable that most members of a community could create simple artefacts and that even hunting and fishing communities had specialist amber processors; this must be how the first real craftsmen appeared. Large-scale, long distance trading systems, based on exchange, organised barter, independent barter, personal authority and prestige gift exchange governed the way in which amber was dispersed through the whole Eastern Baltic region (Figs. 66; 72; 117; Appendix 2) . The existing exchange models carried goods for long distances, and that is why Neolithic barter could be compared to a quite centralized barter network, although local barter exchange existed parallel and covered the smaller local territories. In addition, a few exchange models coexisted in the same territory at the same time. Neolithic exchange was limited due to the lack of common equivalencies. Of course, on one level, flint, stone, and amber were the most common equivalencies. On one level, flint, stone, and amber were the most common equivalents. However even amber was exchanged almost only in the discrete amber processing and artefacts' distribution areas settled by interrelated cultures (Figs. 1; 117). Although amber was desirable and prestigious, it was not strategic, and could not be used to make tools or weapons. Nevertheless, in the Middle and Late Neolithic, raw amber and its products could have been traded for strategic goods, survival products and various prestigious items. During the peak of the amber trade, people exchanged flint, slate, and other important raw materials such as seal fat and meat, leather, furs, and other difficult archaeologically to identify materials (Fig. 117).

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It is possible that the main amber barter routes or the "northern amber routes" within the Eastern Baltic region as amber processing and artefacts distribution area existed by the Middle and Late Neolithic (Fig. 117) . It's believed that important amber-exchange route, from Lithuanian and Latvian, headed northeast. In the Middle Neolithic, the Lubana Lake settlements, because of their good geographical situation, found themselves in a 'gateway position' with the Eastern Baltic Region and northern and northeastern European forest zone (Figs. 1; 117). By the Dauguva River and its right bank tributaries, it was possible to reach communities in the Ilmen Lake and Msta River basin where especially large amounts of amber artefacts were found (Fig. 117; Appendix s) . Another large concentration was found from excavated graves in the Onega Lake region, southern Karelia and even on the coastal territory of the White Sea. Konshanskoe, Kargulino and Tudozero bural sites, including the Madlona settlement, were not only gateway communities but also the most famous amber consumers in the northeastern European forest zone (Figs. 66; 117; Appendix s) . Artefacts are also known from Finland and such sites as Rovniemi beyond the Arctic Circle (Figs. 66; 117, Appendixes 2; s). Single amber artefacts were found in the Pripet, Dnepr, and Dnestr river basins in the Late Neolithic, imports from the Lubana Lake processing centre (Figs. 66 ; 117). Artefacts from here also reached eastern Lithuanian Late Neolithic sites from the Lubana Lake depression amber processing centre (Fig. 117; Appendix 2). The desire by Neolithic peoples to create and use amber ornaments was inspired primarily by their world view and religious rituals. The aesthetic appeal of a pendant, button or other item was secondary. Artefacts were essentially amulets. Archaeologically, the Neolithic material suggests that amber was considered prestigious and demonstrated high status. As noted above the crescent, sun, axe and probably ship image appear in the Late Neolithic amber carvings as a result of the influence of incoming farming communities of the Globular Amphora and Corded Ware/ Battle-Axe Cultures. The amber discs were not only connected with the sun, but also with an equal-armed cross whose four segments expressed a model of the world. Most Neolithic anthropomorphic and zoomorphic pieces related to burial rituals and the afterlife (Appendix 3: 1). The majority of anthropomorphic figures were in a northern naturalistic style and although stylised figurines could be sexless in nature, most identifiable female images were made from amber (Figs. 49: 2-3; 91: 1- 6; 96: 1- 7; Appendix 3: 1). There is no clear connection between zoomorphic figurines and the most hunted species. Bone analysis shows that these were the elk and duck and although fishing dominated in the Narva Culture and Combed-and-Pit Pottery culture communities, fish images are extremely rare. Bear and especially reptile images cannot be related to the hunting economy and must have an ideological background. The pendants found in graves can be

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SUMMARY

interpreted as sympathetic magical objects that allowed a person to believe that the animals represented would secure food (animal meat) for the afterlife, or that the animal spirit would grant protection to the deceased. Late Palaeolithic and Mesolithic animal figurines have often been found in waterlogged conditions, associated with swamps, lakes and rivers. In the Neolithic, deliberately drowning things could be connected with the sacrificial rituals, which were one of the most important parts of all cults' sacrificial ceremonies. In the Neolithic, amber was not the exclusive part when making sacrificial ceremonies on the water, but rather just an element. In northeastern Europe sacrificial ceremonies in the water included not only amber, but also stone daggers, axes, ceramics and animals. Juodkrante on the Curonian lagoon has produced many finds from such a context - not solely in amber - and is possibly the main sacred site (Alkas) for the whole spit and regions beyond. AMBER IN THE BALTIC LANDS IN THE BRONZE AND EARLY IRON AGES

At the end of the third millennium BC, copper and tin ores were found in central Germany, the Eastern Alps, Bohemia, Transylvania and the Carpathian mountains. The mining and production of bronze artefacts as well as 'trade' in artefacts and bronze ingots began and this resulted in tremendous social and economic changes in Europe. Bronze and bronze artefacts became a universally accepted currency and allowed a transcontinental exchange network to cover a large part of Europe (Figs. 29; 119; 120 ). At the same time other regions which could supply universally important raw materials or products rose in importance. Amber - northern gold - was one of these materials and the amber producing areas benefited accordingly. Northern gold contrived to become parallel to the other universal items not only as raw material, but also as a valuable commodity. The Germanic tribes, the Baits and Finno- Ugric peoples had access to amber sources (Fig. 1: I-II; 28). The Baits inhabited a vast territory during the Bronze Age and Early Iron Age (2ooo BC to the end of the 1st century BC) from the Baltic Sea in the west to the upper reaches of the Volga River in the east; to the Paslttka River in the southwest; the Narew, and Pripet' rivers basins in the southeast to the mouth of the Venta River; and the midstream of the Abava, and Daugava rivers to the north. The people of the western Baits Barrow Culture (or Sambian Barrows Culture) ruled over the Sambian peninsula, which was the richest supplier of northern gold. Then, as now, Lithuania and Latvia's coastal amber resources were minimal, consisting only of drift amber collected after storms and mined amber which was stratified in small swampy lagoons and the Curonian Sea (Figs. 1; 28) . It should be noted that the amber bearing layers in the so-called 'blue earth' in the

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Curonian Sea were deep and could not be exploited in prehistory. The law regulating amber collecting and processing in former East Prussia (Von der BornsteinsOrnung in Preussen) was unsuccessfully applied on the Lithuanian and Latvian Baltic Sea coasts. This suggests that profit from amber collecting did not cover expenses demanded by the law. Contemporary investigations in the Curonian lagoon prove that industrial extraction would have been unprofitable. Nevertheless, in the Curonian lagoon at Juodkrante the Stantien & Becker Company successfully mined amber from 1862-1899, a success that eluded Felix Vikentij Tyszkiewicz, Count of Falanga in 1900-1903, when he mined amber from the waterlogged lakes between Uzkanave and Paliepgiriai villages. It should be noted, however, that both ventures created two famous amber collections, known as Juodkrante and Falanga respectively. Very little amber has come from Bronze Age and Early Iron Age sites in the Eastern Baltic region (Figs. n8; 121-123; 125: 2; 126: 9; 127: 10; 130: 3-5; 131-134: 2- n; Appendix 6) in comparison with the abundance of artefacts in the east and southeast Baltic region during the Late Neolithic (Figs. 66; 117) . Production and trade also fell in the whole Baltic region, from the Jutland peninsula to the lower reaches of the Vistula River and the Gulf of Riga. The largest fall, however, was in the Eastern Baltic Region. The Late Neolithic amber processing centres of the Eastern Baltic Region had vanished by the Early Bronze Age. Natural catastrophes supposedly forced settlers to abandon sites in the Lubana Lake depression. Processing continued at only three locations (Abora I, Asne and Lagaza), but the number of artefacts and fragments found did not reached so ready-made items (Appendix 6) . It is obvious that in the Early Bronze Age raw amber did not reach these settlements and forced local craftsmen to make artefacts from small chips. In addition, artefacts were being recycled and reduced in size and the quality fell dramatically. When considering the quality of workmanship in the Early Bronze Age, it seems that the descendants of the Late Neolithic 'amber masters' had completely lost their skills. One reason why amber processing declined was the Baltic's continuous transgression and regression during the transformation process of the Littorina into the Post-Littorina Sea. The currents could barely wash up the glauconitic amberbearing sediments of blue earth in the Sambian peninsula, whilst silts may have covered amber in the lagoon lakes and waterlogged meadows in the Eastern Baltic littoral. A large Baltic Sea regression occurred at the end of the Neolithic and beginning of the Early Bronze Age and only around 2000 BC did sea level become the same as today (although the water level noticeably rose again circa 1700 BC). The result of this transgression is reflected in settlement locations on the Curonian Spit. The rising water level forced Early Bronze Age settlements to move from the shore to higher ground and in addition it seems that the population declined.

SUMMARY

It is clear that in the Late Neolithic, when the Globular Amphora culture people and the Corded Ware Culture people appeared, exchange connections to the north and north east became weaker. The critically low quantity of amber artefacts in local cultures was connected with the trading system in the Early Bronze Age when amber started to be one of the universal equivalents for exchange. However, in this case, the concentration of the bronze objects and spread of amber had to be adequate. Collecting of drift amber, preparing nodules for transportation, as well as hoards and sacrificial offerings, ought to have left noticeable traces in setdements and their surroundings in coastal Latvia and Lithuania. In the Eastern Baltic Region, these elements were not found. Moreover, the Eastern Baltic during the Bronze Age and even Early Iron Age might best be described as a territory with few sites and a restricted range of economic activities. The small amounts of amber found in the western Baits barrow mounds are usually explained away because cremation was the main burial rite in that territory. Nevertheless, in cremation burials on the Sambian peninsula, raw amber and amber ornaments were found in the graves (Figs. 125-127; 134: 2-11). Furthermore, in the barrows of the Sambian peninsula and its peripheral zone on the Lithuanian coast, and in Latvian cemeteries, single faience and glass beads were also found. Therefore, whether amber is present or not probably depends on the particular burial practices adopted by the community and their effect on any grave goods. In explaining the absence of amber from the Eastern Baltic region, it is presumed that the Baits on the coastal fringe did not rate amber themselves, because it was commonplace. They valued imports such as faience beads more. It is also believed that they forbad the wearing or offering of valuables accumulated for exchange as grave goods and those in charge of collecting and trading exercised rigorous control over the process. The endeavours of the persons from highest social stratum and leaders of the communities might be relegated to concentrate power for control over the amber suppliers and secondly, to manifest this power to the other member of the community. The possibilities to have control over the amber bearing territory as well as some trade efforts might be in different ways reflected in the archaeological material (accumulation of amber in settlements and burials, hoards, amber sacrifices), other wise we should only conclude that exchange process with the eastern Baltic communities was absolutely not easy and impossible unequal. However, Lithuanian historiography is still stuck with, in some respects, the romantic attitude to the complicated problem of exchange and relationships between the Baits' communities and the rest of the world during the Bronze and Early Iron Ages. The principle "amber for bronze" and the prohibition of the use of amber in everyday life to save it for ritual and burial purposes, is the main reason why amber was absent in Lithuanian material culture.

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LITHUANIA' S PR EHI STORI C AMBER

This absence from everyday contexts highlights the difficulty of obtaining amber at this time. Scarce resettlement and a low network of the settlements on litto ral did not contribute to amber gathering and exchange process. It also could have been a crisis initiated by the change of cultures. This crisis could have resulted in the fact that amber was rarely represented in the life of Baits' coastal communities and their sites. On the other hand, the disappearance of amber from the Baits' cultural material and the gradual appearance of bronze products allows an assumption that raw amber was not the only, or even the most important, element in the Baits' relations with the rest of the world. In the Bronze Age and Early Iron Age in Lithuania and Latvia, only 23 archaeological sites have been found, yielding more than 100 amber artefacts, with little in the way of raw amber (Appendix 6) . Only eight archaeological sites of the Saaremaa islands' settlements and burial grounds, several pieces of raw amber and 17 amber artefacts were found. All these specimens cover a period of over 2000 years. When the pieces are divided according to chronological periods, it becomes obvious that some belong in the Early Bronze Age, others to the end of the Late Bronze-Early Iron Age (Appendix 6) . In the Eastern Baltic region, the most numerous Bronze Age sites with amber artefacts are near the mouth of the Dauguva River. This region arose as a new interregional centre of manufacturing and trade where amber processing was just one of many activities (Fig. n8; Appendix 6). This developing economy was moving towards strategically located places where constant raw material could be secured through good maritime communication. In the west of Lithuania only two sites, with one to four amber items, were found relating to the whole period from the Early Bronze Age to the end of the Early Iron Age (Appendix 6). Fragments of several amber pendants have been found in eastern Lithuania, in Kretuonas 1C, PapiSke 4 settlements (Figs. 121-123). These were produced in the settlements of the Lubana Lake depression. Those pendants might to be heirloom of the Late Neolithic or and made their way to eastern Lithuania by the old barter exchange route. In addition several Early Bronze Age amber artefacts exist in the Juodkrante and Palanga collections (Figs. 133: 1, 3, 4, 141). In the archaeological monuments of the Sambian peninsula, very little Early and Middle Bronze Age amber was found (Appendix 6) . This period of the western Baits' development coincides with the most famous Early and Middle Bronze European cultures (Onetice, Otomani-Fiizesabony, Wessex and Early Tumuli) (Figs. 135, 136; 138; 139; 142; 143). From 1650-1450 BC, amber also appeared in Mycenaean Shaft graves (Fig. 137; 138: 3, 7) . The question to what level the western Baits' communities (people of Sambian Barrow Culture) were indirectly involved in this exchange is still open. On the other hand, the collapse of the Mycenaean culture coincides with the decline of the first phase of transcontinental amber

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SUMMARY

trade. However, southern European cultures such as the Villanova, as well as Illyrians, Thracians, Japodians and other Balkan peninsula peoples needed amber and the exchange process did not end totally (Fig. 144). As the Lusatean and Urnfield culture emerged, its ties with the Balts, especially the Western Barrows Culture, is obvious. In the barrows of the Sambian peninsula amber stocks gradually began to recover around 10oo-8oo BC. Simultaneously, in the fortified settlements at Lt;cne, Mloteczno, Tolkrnicko and others in the Elbl'!g highlands, raw amber begins to make an appearance. Along the road from the Sambian peninsula to the Aistmares Lagoon (formerly Frisches Haft") two raw amber hoards have been found (Mamonovo, formerly Leysuhnen, and Otradnoje, formerly Georgenswalde) (Fig. n8: A, Appendix 6). Thus, around 1000 BC, the trade road from the Sambian peninsula gradually turned to the Paslt;ka River and the settlements of the lower reaches of the Vistula River. This latter, circa 500-400 BC, the Vistula River became the main communication and trade route from the south eastern Baltic region southwards. In this period transcontinental trade flourished and, as a result, the incidence of amber and bronze artefacts, including new types of ornament, increased in the barrows of the Sambian peninsula (Fig 134: 1-11; Appendix 6). At the end of the Early Iron Age, in barrows Sambian peninsula and its peripheral zone in Lithuanian coast, the lower Nemunas region and other regions located more inland, new types of imported metal ornaments appeared. Neck-rings of Kronenhalsringe type, bracelets with oval knobbles, Jezerine type fasteners, fibulae of La Tene type (Pracht.fibeln) from Celtic-Illyrian area (Fig. 124). Those ornaments show external and internal relationships between cultures of Baltic circum, but do not indicate that strict equivalent for such exchange was amber. In Late Bronze Age and Early Iron Age Europe amber came from the Sambian peninsula, the lower reaches of the Vistula and Oder rivers, or the Jutland peninsula (Figs. 29; 119- 120). However, the people of the western Baits Barrow Culture had little influence in this exchange process because the main amber supplies came from the southwest Baltic Sea coast. This accords with information provided by Pliny the Elder, when he cites the geographer, Xenophon Lampsacenus (2nd century BC - 1st century AD) describing the famous but mysterious voyage of the explorer Pytheas of Massalia (circa 380-310 BC). On the Sambian peninsula, amber artefacts have been found on 24 archaeological sites; 21 of them barrows. Altogether, 146 beads were found in the 34 archaeological sites from the Sambian peninsula to the Paslt;ka River. Of these beads: 40 were amber, 99 glass and seven bronze (Fig. n8: A; Appendix 6). If we add nine amber pendants, several double-buttons, and single raw pieces found in the Sambian barrows, we have enough evidence to confirm the western Baits predilection for the material (Appendix 6) . Such artefacts are almost absent in western Baits Barrow Culture sites outside the Sambian peninsula (Appendix 6).

537

L ITHUAN I A'S PREH I STOR I C AMBER

From 1000-400 BC, amber processing began to grow due to increasing extraction, the expansion of settlement networks, the appearance of economic microregions and the wide-spread distribution of bronze hoards. These demonstrate the establishment of trade networks and relationships and the communities of the Sambian peninsula were active in this way between 8oo-4oo BC. This coincided with the Hallstatt period in Central Europe when the Celts were interacting with the Greek and Etruscan lovers-of-affluence. With the decline of Mycenaean influence amber was used by the Villanova Culture and different groups in the Balkans but it was not so popular until the Etruscans, Greeks, Illyrians, and Celts emerged and became the main consumers (Figs. 144, 146-152). At that time, the 'father of history' Herodotus of Halicarnassus (c 484 BC- 425 BC) mentioned amber and the legendary Eridanus River, but Etruscan and Greek interest declined in the 4th century BC. In the East Baltic region artefacts of the Early Bronze Age (buttons and double buttons, rings and certain pendant forms) mostly followed the stylistic and technological traditions of the Neolithic (Figs. 121-123; 131: 1-8; 132: 1-4; Appendix 6). At the end of the Late Neolithic and into the Early Bronze Age, new artefacts such as rectangular spacer plates appeared (Fig. 133: 1-4). In the Bronze and Early Iron Ages most types continued as before, the only exclusively Eastern Baltic products were violin-shaped pendants (Violinstegformige Bernsteinstucke), which were related to bronze parallels (Fig. 134: 9, n). In the Eastern region, as in the rest of Europe, amber mass-production was only just emerging and the most common item was the bead. Faience and bronze beads were already spreading from AsiaMinor and Egypt and amber, faience and bronze beads as well as bronze spirals were strung onto the same necklaces. In the Middle Bronze Age smaller amber beads were commonplace (Figs. 131: 2, 3; 132: 18). The production and spread such items was related not to the scarcity of raw material but with appearance of smaller faience beads. The amber beads were made to resemble the faience examples in size and shape. Wessex Culture burials (in Britain), Tumuli graves (in the Central and Western Europe), and in southern Europe, (Mycenae), have yielded impressive necklaces, composed of small amber beads with large spacer plates (Figs. n3: 6; 135-139; 143). Amber double buttons have a wide timescale from the end of the Neolithic, ineluding the Fourth Bronze Period (12oo-1ooo BC) until the Early Iron Age (Figs. n5: 2; 132: 5- n ; 141: 2) . Amber tutuli- the last developmental stage of double bottoms- belongs to the end of the Bronze Age (the 8th-7th centuries BC) and the Early Iron Age (Figs. 132: 12-15; 141: 1, 3). In the barrow mounds of the Sambian peninsula, pieces of raw amber were found dating from the end of the Late Bronze Age and the Early Iron Age, but the quantities are not as large as sometimes declared (Appendix 6) .

SUMMARY

In the Bronze Age and Early Iron Age, amber was not an equivalent between the Western Baits' communities settled on the Lithuanian coastal zone and the barrow-builders of the Sambian peninsula. Exchange did take place between these culturally alien regions, but the details are not clear. There was an inflow of goods, raw materials, and cultural influences from the southern areas and this network helped to integrate the people of the lower reaches of the Nemunas River and the Western Baits Barrow Culture. By the end of the Early Iron Age to the 1st century AD on the Sambian peninsula, and in the environs of Klaipeda-Kretinga, economic and cultural centres of very different levels of importance were finally developed. The people of Sambian peninsula became intermediaries between the south, southwest, and northeast communities (Fig. uS). In addition the western Baits Barrows Culture communities in the environs of Kretinga, and the Baltic Finno-Ugrian population, succeeded in creating an effective local trade network. This did not, however, involve amber (Fig. n8). Transcontinental trade during the Early and Middle Bronze Ages was con ducted by the spread of various luxuries and high prestige bronze artefacts in the Central Europe and the spread of metal objects and raw material to the peripheral zones. The process relied upon the endeavours of many culturally distinct intermediaries. At the time the Eastern Baltic Sea region was an outlier to the northern European zone. Transcontinental exchange brought to Europe a system of trade routes, even in the Late Bronze Age, and the Continent was criss-crossed by a dense network, much more effective than that existing previously. The main carriers were the largest European rivers, linking to smaller rivers and diverse overland route ways. Maritime communication increased during the Bronze and Early Iron Ages and this brought depictions of ships to the North of Europe. Scandinavian rock art of the period includes elaborate ship carvings among other subjects (Fig. 24). It seems that transcontinental trade was based around distances of 150 to 200 km and amber craftsmen might have taken a direct part in such a network. At the same time, in central and southern Europe, the visible differences in society show that merchants as a single group arose. One of the transcontinental exchange equivalents was amber. For the Baits, including those who live on today's Lithuanian coast where amber resources were and are scarce, the question is, what else, except northern gold, could they offer the market? Unfortunately, there is no clear answer. It is presumed that one of the other trade goods was surplus animal products, as well as wool and furs. Apart from that, the coastal communities were tied together through "sea economics", and offered their wares (dried fish etc) to the larger markets through maritime links.

539

540

LITHUAN I A'S PREHISTOR I C AMBER

AESTIORUM GENTES OR BALTS AND THE GLESUM EPOCH

Classical authors had a reason for introducing the Aesti people (Aestiorum gentes) to the civilized world and that was glesum (glaesum) or northern-gold. Circa 98 AD the Roman author Publius Gaius Cornelius Tacitus (ca. 55-120 AD) was the first to mention Aestiorum gentes in his work "Germania:' He wrote that the ''Aesti were the only ones who ransacked the sea to gather amber, and they called it glesum". Thus, according to Tacitus, the right side of the Suevicum Mare (the Baltic Sea) was considered as culturally close to Central European Barbarcum. This perception probably was the more important than glesum - a reason that allowed Tacitus to mention Aestiorum gentes (as plural name) for the first time. Therefore, the Aesti, as described by Tacitus, were associated with the western Baits, as people of the Dollkeim-Kovrovo culture (Sambian Peninsula and Notanga land), but it is not clear if the same name was applied to the western Baits of the Nadruva and Sudovian region. Today it is believed that the Aesti (JEstii/Haesti) were all the people living in the eastern and southeastern Baltic region from the lower reaches of the Vistula River, to the mouth of the Narva River, and embracing Estonians (Finno- Ugrians). Then, we might agree, that besides the Aesti, people of Baltic origin, we can include the Finno-Ugrians and a part of the Wielbark (Gotones, Goths) culture people. In 98 AD, Tacitus described aspects of the Aesti quite clearly and this is reflected in the archaeology. The Aesti, he wrote "did not really use [the amber}, but only collected it as they find it ...". This reference has great value because it is corroborated by Lithuanian archaeological material from the late 1st to the early 2nd century AD and this places greater significance on his assertion that people were trading raw amber. In any case, Aestiorum gentes that settled on the littoral of the northern Suevicum Mare were noticed by Romans through their love of luxury, of which one such item was amber (glesum). For the Romans trade, as well as the conquest of new lands, was one of the key parts of their strategy. In turn, the Vistula River delta settlers began to trade amber, and that shook up the eastern and southeastern Baltic Sea region, changing the economic and social structure, particularly for coastal communities. This was proved by Lithuanian archaeological material pointing to the same synchronised process. Pliny the Elder (Caius Plinius Secundus, 23-79 AD) in his Historia Naturalis, (77 AD) gave some attention to amber. He wrote that the first expedition to bring amber to the Roman Empire was organized in 12 AD and reached the Friesian islands, the lower reaches of the rivers Ems (Amasias, Amisius) and Weser (Visurgis), and the lower Elbe (Abis). However, the first large-scale expedition (circa 60-61 AD) organized specifically to transport amber took place during the reign of the Emperor Nero (54-68 AD) (Fig. 155). According to Pliny the non-military com-

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mander was an eques Romanus. It may also have been assessing the conquest amber-bearing coast. It might be that the expedition was intended to improve Nero's popularity among the Romans. The expedition was supposed to have reached the Baltic Sea coast on which, in the middle of the first century (phase B,b) , there were settlements that according to the Romans could have been identified as commercial market places (commercia). The largest market places including amber trade were concentrated in settlements ofWielbark culture in the Vistula (Weichsel) River delta (Fig. 157). The expedition conducted by eques Romanus left Carnuntum (now Petronell, not far from Vienna) in Pannonia and after more than 887 or 889 km reached the lower Vistula River and the trade centres (commercia et litora) located somewhere in the vicinity of Pruszcz Gdansk and the Elbqg highlands. It may be that Qvintus Atlius Primus, officer of XV legion of Roman army, interpreter and merchant at the beginning of his carrier, took part in expedition commanded by eques Romanus. It travelled by the main amber route that led from Carnuntum via the Morava River to the source of the Oder (Viadus) , then via the Prosna River to the Kujavia region (a lowland region of Central Poland). Finally, the expedition reached the Vistula River delta (Figs. 156; 157). It is possible that the expedition even visited settlements in the Sambian peninsula. However, looking at the archaeological evidence, it is less certain that the expedition reached the Eastern Baltic region in the current Silute and Klaipeda regions and even Palanga environs, because in the mid-1st century there were no settlements here which might been commercia (Figs. 158; 159). Winged (Fliigelfibel) fibulae of types A238m and A238r, and profiled fibulae of types A IV/68 and A IV/69 are rare in Lithuania in the mid-1st century (phase B,-B,b) (Fig. 158). They are not found in cemeteries in western Lithuania or the lower reaches of the Nemunas River, but in the sites of northwestern and Central Lithuania (Fig. 158). These fibulae were produced in Pannonia and their circulation partly covers the route to the lower reaches of the Vistula River (Figs. 156; 158). It allows the assumption that the winged fibulae produced in the western Roman provinces reached northwestern and Central Lithuania through the Mazurian Lakeland, the branch-line of the route known from the Early Iron Age (Figs. u8; 156: 158). Obviously, the amber artefacts found in northwestern and Central Lithuanian were imported, just like the winged fibulae or glass and glass paste beads. It means that the amber present in these areas was not related to Lithuanian coast material (Figs. 156: A; Appendixes 7-8). Amber trading in the Vistula delta intensified commercial activity in the whole Eastern Baltic region, especially amongst the Aestiorum gentes. Both classical sources and archaeological finds lead to the conclusion that the main suppliers lived on the Sambi an peninsula. Part of amber came from the sites of Gdansk

541

542

LITHUAN I A'S PREHISTORIC AMBER

Bay and less possibly from the Curonian Spit. Collected amber from these regions was transported to the littoral market places. These were not situated on the coast, but 20-40 km inland. Quite a few settlements that were almost their equal as commercia were located in the Vistula River delta and not far from the Elblqg highlands (Fig. 157). At the end of the first millennium BC to the 1st century AD, the main arm of the Vistula River shifted to the north and the Nogata River was the main distributary connected to the Druzn Lake; through the junction canal in Mierzeja Wislana (formerly Frische Nehrung) the Nogata River discharged into the Baltic Sea. Therefore, it was easy and safe to reach the main littoral markets from the Sambian peninsula, they were only 70-75 km distant (Fig. 157: A). That is why the amber, from the 1st to the early 2nd century, was transported by the secure internal waterway of the Kaliningrad Lagoon (formerly Frisches Haff; in Lithuanian Aistmares Lagoon) or by sea. Amber transported to the Vistula River delta was merchandise in commercia. The Wielbark culture people probably did not transport the amber southwards to the processing centres themselves because, in the beginning, this was done by tradesman from adjacent territories, and from the second half of the 1st century Roman merchants might have appeared in the region as implied by Pliny. The expedition conducted by eques Romanus was not only the first Romans northern voyage, but it certainly intensified the connections between the Vistula delta region and Roman provinces and aided the formation of the main trade route, now called the 'Amber Road: However, in the second half of the 2nd century the Markomanic Wars (166-180 AD) disturbed the trade routes' security in central European Barbaricum. Nevertheless, the Roman Empire still traded with the Barbarian tribes. This is proved by the steady inflow of Roman coins and other imports to the Baits' territory dating from the end of the 2nd century to the beginning of the 3rd century. At this time the trade routes had been shifting towards Gaul, the Rhine-Elbe region, the Jutland peninsula and southern Scandinavia and this is why, in the mid 3rd century, trading via the sea became more important. However, the Roman interest in amber did not last long; their desire for luxury demanded new items of prestige that could be found in ever-expanding Barbaricum . Their disinterest peaked in the late 2nd century and the amber workshops in Aquileia were closed down (Figs. 190; 191). Thereafter amber artefacts spread across the vast Barbaricum territories and even "miserly" Germans living in the Rhine River region in the second part of the 2nd century to the 3rd century (phases B/C,-C,b/C,), wore many fancy ornaments, some of which they manufactured themselves, following the Roman prototypes. In the second half of the 3rd century, the continuous barbarian invasions provoked an imperial crisis and the amber trade came to a halt. However, even

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though the materials changed, trade to northern market places continued at the same rate. Amber trading revived at the end of the 3rd century to the beginning of the 4th during the reign of Emperor Diocletian (284-305 AD). Artefacts dating from the 4th century are found throughout the Empire and its provinces. Throughout the period Roman attention turned to regions with strategic raw materials such as salt, non-ferrous metals, and iron. Especially important were the iron processing and manufacturing centres. These became the interregional trade centres (Fig. 156). The distribution of amber workshops in Barbaricum practically coincides with the concentration of iron processing and manufacturing centres, as well as the salt mines in the Przeworsk culture (Fig. 156). Thus, during the Roman Iron Age, amber was only a prestigious good due to the Barbarians' desire to emulate Roman lifestyle and the Romans' desire for luxury. This kept amber equal to other strategic commodities, and secured the quality of life for highest social stratum and even for ordinary members of barbarian communities. This is also why, in the second half of the 2nd century in the eastern and southeastern Baltic regions, an effective infrastructure formed in historiography known as the 'Amber Road: This infrastructure ensured a continuous and intense interregional and intertribal trade. The impact of this infrastructure had a different affect on the Wielbark, Dollkeim-Kovrovo, Bogaczewo, the West Lithuanian Stone Circles Grave Culture, and the sites in the lower reaches of the Nemunas River, and Central Lithuania cultures. This intense trade system carried the potential force, which resulted in a general economic rise in the Baits' cultures, rapid development of society structure, in many aspects, responded to the community structure of central European Barbaricum. The intensifying latency process triggered tremendous changes forced by cultural influences. It all gave a new push for the intense development of Baits' cultures. That is why in the Late Roman Iron Age, the Baits' culture and numerous achievements added up to what could be called their Golden Age. There are almost no amber beads from Lithuanian sites dating to the second half of the 1st century to the first half of the 2nd century (phases B,b -B) (Fig. 159). However, the situation began to change in the later 2nd century and early 3rd century (phase B/ CJ In this phase fashionable necklaces made from various bronze pendants and beads, multi-coloured enamel or glass paste, gilded glass and glass beads appeared in the prosperous burials of the West Lithuanian Stone Circles Grave Culture, as well as in female burials of the Eastern Lithuania Barrows Culture. One or two amber beads were found in these fashionable necklaces or in graves with impressive ornaments (Figs. 162a: 36-37; 163; 164). From artefacts found all over Lithuania it is evident that there were few regional differences in the components of the fashionable necklaces found in

543

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LITHUAN I A'S PR EHI ST ORIC AMBER

wealthy female graves. Thus, in Lithuanian cemeteries of the phases B,b-B,, most importance was given to various beads made from glass, gilded glass, enamel and metal, and much less to amber (Fig. 162a-b; 163; 164) For the local population it was more important to be able to identify themselves as a close and integral part of the more civilized Barbaricum. In the later 2nd early 3rd centuries, in the West Lithuanian Stone Circles Grave Culture, there were two distinct amber wearing traditions, which may reflect the position of the deceased within society as well as age, and the gender of the deceased persons. One involved females of the highest social strata being buried with fashionable necklaces with a single amber bead (Fig. 186); the alternative was several amber beads or even simple amber pendants (Figs. 172; 182). As a certain amount of drift amber was easily accessible in coastal areas, simple amber necklaces or even pendants were quite common for lower status individuals and children (Figs. 172; 182). That is why, in most cases, it is children's graves in which large numbers of beads are found. The tradition to include amber necklaces with children in the coastal cemeteries lasted throughout the Roman Iron Age, and beyond. Judging by the use of amber comparable developments took place between Lithuanian sites and those of the Wielbark, Dollkeim- Kovrovo and Bogaczewo cultures. In the 1st and 2nd centuries little amber was found in Wielbark culture female graves as it was required for export. More importantly, it was the means by which high quality Roman imports could be obtained. As the interest in amber declined in the Empire, the Wielbark people realized that they could produce Roman-style pendants and beads themselves, and this is why amber regained its value. In the later 2nd and 3rd centuries (phase B,IC,) many pendants and beads were placed in Wielbark female and even male graves (Figs. 165-167; 18oa- b). Around the second quarter of the 3rd century to the beginning of the 4th, (phase C,b- C,), in the Bogaczewo culture, lathe-turned artefacts, a variety of beads, and figure 8-shaped pendants were well known. The women of the Samland peninsula did not like amber pendants, however, judging by the grave evidence of the Dollkeim-Kovrovo culture. Figure 8-shaped amber pendants are the exception on Sambian peninsula. In the Eastern Baltic Sea Region, (Lithuania and Latvia), amber beads or pendants became a staple element in short necklaces and such ornaments began to multiply around the second quarter of the 3rd century to the middle of the 4th (phase C,b-CJ In the West Lithuanian Stone Circles Grave Culture a group of 23 cemeteries stand out and these sites cover the Klaipeda-Kretinga regions extending to Liepaja (in Latvia) (Fig. 160, 175; 176; 183; 184; 188; Appendixes 7-8). Two approximately equal site groups containing a similar amount of amber artefacts are concentrated on the lower reaches of the Nemunas River and in Central Lithuanian cemeteries (Fig. 160; Appendixes 7-8). To these last-mentioned cultural units, amber artefacts did not come from the Lithuanian littoral, because

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both mentioned cultural groups, due to the conventional relations between the Baits' communities, traditionally were more culturally orientated and had more relationships with the Dollkeim-Kovrovo and Sudovian-Jatvingian cultures than with the West Lithuanian Stone Circles Grave Culture. Therefore, the amber artefacts found at the lower reaches of the Nemunas River and Central Lithuanian cemeteries were the result of these traditional relations (Fig. 156: A) . Single beads have been found in ten Samogitian and northern Lithuanian barrow cemeteries, which had contact with the West Lithuanian Stone Circles Grave Culture area due to its constant expansion northeastwards and obviously from the region of the lower reaches of the Nemunas River (Fig. 160; Appendixes 7-8). In the late 2nd early 3rd centuries archaeological material from the Eastern Lithuanian Barrow Culture sites proves that amber artefacts from this area were not from the Lithuanian coast (Figs. 156: A; 160). Their appearance in eastern Lithuanian was rather related to ties with the Sudovian culture and its constant expansion towards the northeast. In the late 4th and first decade of the 5th century eastern Lithuania was connected with the appearance of new people mostly from the vanishing territories of the Cherniachov Culture (Fig. 181). The number of bead necklaces and quantity of raw amber in Lithuanian cemeteries increased again from the end of the 4th century to the first half of the 5th. It is likely that this process is related to the decline of the Wielbark, Prezworsk and Cherniachov cultures. At this time amber beads and pendants, together with bronze spirals, were strung into necklaces. Such necklaces were commonly placed with women and children, most likely girls graves (Figs. 168: a, Appendix 9). Single amber beads were also used to embellish female headwear, together with the bronze spirals and other metal details that were used to decorate the edges of forehead ornaments or caps. Several amber spindle whorls and single pieces of raw material have been found in coastal cemeteries of the Late Roman Iron Age (Fig. 185: 2; Appendix 9). It is possible that pieces of raw amber found in the grave may have been considered part of the wealth of the buried person, or shown their occupation as amber craftsman or trader. On the other hand the raw pieces found in graves are often special in shape and colour and placed in a deliberate way over the head, on the chest or the thigh area. So it may well be that in some cases pieces of raw amber were intended as amulets (Fig. 161: 1). At this moment in Lithuania, spherical and conical (truncated biconical) shaped amber beads, beads with small humps (TM 388, 389, 395 and 429 types according to M. Tempelmann-M