Libraries and librarianship during muslim rule in India An analytical study. [1 ed.] 8185972958

Table of contents :
01_title page
02_certificate
03_table of content
04_illustrations
05_chapter 1
06_chapter 2
07_chapter 3
08_chapter 4
09_chapter 5
10_chapter 6-1
10_chapter 6-2
10_chapter 6-3
11_chapter 7
12_conclusion_2
13_bibliography
14_index_2

Citation preview

LIBRARIES AND LIBRARIANSHIP DURING MUSLIM RULE IN INDIA: AN ANALYTICAL STUDY BISMILLAHIRRAHMANIRRAHIM https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/202834 A Thesis submitted to the

Sambalpur University for the award of the Degree of

DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in Library and Information Science

By

SHAIKH ALLAUDDIN

Guide

Prof. R. K. ROUT

SAIVIBALPUR UNIY_ERSITY . JYOTI VIHAR ; ORISSA 1992

CERTI FI GATE

This is to certify that the thesis entitled "LIBRARIES AND INDIA:

AN

AHauddin

LIBRARIAN3HIP DURIN3

ANALYTICAL STUDY"

MUSLIM

RULE

being submitted by

for the award of the degree of

IN Shaikh

DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY

in Library and Information Science, is his own original work carried out under

my supervision and guidance.

This thesis

or any part thereof has not been submitted for any other degree.

It is further certified that the source of information availed by Shaikh Allauddin in course of his research have duly been acknowledged.

The candidate in habit and character is a

fit and proper person for the degree of Ph.D.

Jyoti Vihar Da te d -r

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Plate XV

Some Leading Muslim Libraries O f The World

Plate XVI

Fig. 22 Nad ‘All iff ornamental Arabic and Persian Nasta‘/iq on a background of floral designs by Fakhrl {Gulistdn Eunar. D. 86)

Fig. 21 A panel of an extraordinally fine Nasta'liq by M ir ‘All (Tabrlzl).

. Illustrations

Some Leading Muslim Libraries Of The World

ground.

Fig. 23 Wafli -written in elegant AanaUiq oy Mir ‘All al-K&tib (d. 1558 A. C.) on a decorated back*

IAX »J«ld

S E M M T aag j

Plate XVIII

Fig 24 IVasli Nasta ‘Hq by M u -Im5d al-Hu>aini (d. 161.5) (reproduced from the Gulistan i-Hur.ar, p, 121 >

Illustrations

'

Fig. 25 A panel of Persian verses in Nssta'liq by M ir •Imad al-^usainl (d-. 1615).

>

Plate XIX

Some Leading Muslim Libraries O f The World

Plate XX

Fig. 26 Nasta‘Jiq calligraphy inclined to Nasih with minia­ ture painting of a group of persons in the margins drawn by Daulat in Nafhat al-Uns (BL, OR 1362)

Illustrations

Plate XXI

1362)

Fig 27 The calligrapher *Abd al-Raljim ‘Aaixarin Qalmt and the painter Daulat with their tools in Mughal studio giving finishing touch to a Ms. of Naff?at al-Uns with beautiful allround ffashiah (BL. OR

.* 4

Plate XXII

Fig. 28 Illustrated colophon of a book containing Persian poems written in Ta‘l!q character on Thursday, the 28th of Shawwsl 978/24th March 1571—A calligrapher copying and a prince receiving lessons fronts scribe while a noble looking on.

Illustrations

Fig. 29 Zarrin Qalam Muhammad Husain Kashmiri (J. 1611 A. C. ) copied A’in-i-Akbarl in fine Persian Nasta'tiq and Manohar illustrated its colophon at the Mughal studio of Fatahpur SikrI in 990 H/1582 A. C. (RASB, London, Ms. No 238, fol. 128 b)

Plate XXIV

Fig. 30 Colophon of a book indicating that a calligrapher !(‘ Abd al-Rahlm ) and a painter ( D aulat » were engaged in writing and polishing the paper in the *yIui£ ar5 studio ( c. 1610 A. C },BL, OR 12208.

Illustrations {

Fig.

31

Colophon of a book written in Nasta'liq rated with floral designs (BL, OR 6314).

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Plate XXV

Some Leading Muslim Libraries O f The World

A painted page illustrated by SultlP ‘A ll alMashhadi depicting Akbar on a tree and Hum 3Tytta watching drawn in the margin and the middle ornamented with Nasta'liq Khafif writing. Gulshan Album (Berlin Ms.).

Fig. 33 Tombstone of one SuItSn Shsh (Arsalsn KhSn Sanjar), constructed by the architect Majid KJh5n Kabuli under Muhammad Arsalam Tartar KhTTn in o65H./12-66-9 ,A. C. at-Banh. Dari (Bihar towscj^bears an inscription in Arabic Tughrah character which developed most in Bihar and Bengal.

»

Fig. 32

Illustrations

Fig. 33 Another arrow-bow shape Tughrah inscription from a mosque built at Janglpur (MurshidtrbSd) on Ramadan 2, 847/Dec 27, 1442 by Sar A.fraz Kh trn during the time of Kf^iruddin M-aljmud S£ah ,

Fig 34 The mosque constructed at Babargram by Malik Sandal in Murshidabad during the reign of ‘Alauddin Husain Shah in 205 H,/1499-1500 bears an arrow-bow shape Nash hi Tughrah-

Plate XXVII

Some Leading Muslim Libraries Of The World

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Naskhi Tughrah describes the construction of a mosque during the time of ^Ala’uddin ^hsaia..-, Shan (1493—151-8. A. C.) at Kaataduar, Rapgpur, later converted Into a shrine (924/1318). S-\ ?

Fig. 36 Dak-h'l Dawazah built at Gaur during the time of Na§ir al-Din Nusrat Shah in 926 H./1521 A.C. bears an inscription of arrow-bow shape Tughralu ,

It lustra!fans

Fig. 39 Quranic verses copied in Khatt Bahr (Bihari) in late 14ih century having Allah inscribed in red and gold colour.

Fig. 38 Chinese ceramic was beautihed by the Sini Arabic inscription of BismiUdh, a very exaggerated round script easily distinguishable by its thick (jali) and triangular verticals and thin ( khafif) horizontal

Plate XXIX

Some Leading Muslim Libraries O f The World

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' Plate XXX

Fig.

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Khatt Bahr inclined to Naskh (BL, Add 5548-51)

Fig. 40 Khatt Bahr In fully developed, form is found in a Ms. of the Qura'n with Sarlawh (surah heading) and Shamsah ( margin ) decorations ( BL, Add 5541-51, fol. 110b)

;

Illustrations

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Fig. 43 Quranic verse in Khatt Bahr probably of late century (Bankipur Ms. No. 2955).

14 th

Plate XXXI

Some Leading Muslim Libraries Of The World

.

45 Quranic verses in Naskhi Khatt Shamsah (Bankipur Ms No. 3019)

with bold

g. 44 Quranic verses in Khatt Bahr with marginal notes (Bankipur Ms )

Illustrations

Plate XXXIII

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Fig. 46 Verses from the Qura’n, with decorated Shamsah in Khatt Bahr and marginal notes ( Bankipur Ms. fol. 461 ).

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Some Leading Muslim Libraries O f The world

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CHAPTER-I

The nec-e�s ity and the importance of t:t:e library have.been recogn ised from ancient t imes • . At a tine when the art of Qalligraphy and the use of paper were u nknown and when the exchange of e nvoys and epistles were no t .ei¥:sy, librarje s · were in existence. tablets, leaves manuscripts

Manuser ipts · were written on papyrus, clay

of palm trees and on ot her material s • . Th ese

contained t he documents of tre rulers of the titre.

They wiere preser ved for they were neant to pro vide guidc:nce. whenever differences of opinion arose they were cut 3 hundred thousand books in the libraries of Nawabs of Qudh.

The libraries were built up gradually from

the period of Nawab Asafud Daulah to that of Nawab Wajid Ali Shah. According to Dr. Sprenger 300 workers were employed in this library. During two hundred years of their rulef : the British took interest neither

in the establishment of the library nor

in developing the existing libraries. the sub-continent was miserable.

The economic condition of

On account of their financial

difficulties the nobles# scholars and learned persons could not now take care of their libraries# they had to sell of the precious books to the Britishers at very low prices. transferred these books to Europe,

3ritish rulers

in this way#

valuable

books and manuscripts which cost crores of rupees are now the property of

libraries in Europe.

According to Alfred# the effect of Arabs on the civili­ sation of Mediaeval tines of Europe can be easily known from the holdings of European libraries. After the decline of libraries during the period of British rule, a few personal libraries were still left in the sub-continent.

The owners of these

tried to develop their own

libraries. For the convenience of readers# different chapters of this thesis. into eight chapters.

I summarise here the

This thesis has been divided

9

In the first chapter I have discussed the scope of the present work, sources# First libraries in India and the Invasion of

Sindh.

The second chapter deals with the utility# importance and

history of the royal and important private libraries of the

Sultanate period.

On close study# one can know about the depth

of the love of these rulers for learning and ffor~ i'ibraries. The third chapter describes the royal and important personal libraries in the Mughal period. The fourth chapter deals with the history of the libraries in the 'Kingdoms of Deccan. iln the fifth chapter I have discussed the history of a few special libraries. In the sixth chapter

an attempt has

been made to

describe the history of some personal and private libraries of other areas of India. In the seventh chapter

baMigraphy# binding and

illustration etc. have been diseased. The eighth chapter contains my concluding remarks. Almost all the libraries belonging to the Muslim period have been discussed in this project, and I hope this discussion will be of use to research scholars.

10

Libraries are the life blood of research, academic spread

of

scholarship,

literacy and formal

educations.

The object of this

thesis is to survey the fascina­ ting history of Muslim Libraries in India.

A systematic history of libraries is an essential chapter in the history of the intellectual development of a country.

The present thesis intends also to relate a syste­

matic and comprehensive history of the growth and development of libraries in modern India.

DEFINITIONS OF LIBRARY: 1.

"A library is a public institution charged with the care of collection of books and the duty of making them accessible to those who require the use of them".

2•

#A number of books issued by one

publisher

under a comprehensive title as the "Loeb Classical Library", and usually having some general characteristic such as subject, binding or typography" . 3.

A collection of books and other literary material kept for reading, study and consultation.

11

4.

The modern definition of "a library

(from

Latin “Liber" i.e. book) is a collection of printed or written material arranged and organised for the purpose of study and research or of general reading or both. The organisation ranges from a system of great complexity with catalogues and indexes and other records, a binding department,

a

secretariate and a large staff, to the simple arrangement with perhaps a list of books, which suffice for the owner of the smaller private library". Generally, modern libraries include many books, a whole separate building and librarian but even if the books are few and even it is only the owner who is at the same time the keeper, it is still recognised to be a library, if the books are kept for use and not for sale. 5.

In the western world the two terms "Library" and "Bibliotheka" are used to denote the place where books and man laser ip ts are kept. The former is derived from the Latin root "Liber", i.e. book whence

the terra "Librarium" i.e. a

place where to keep manuscripts and books. The wor|fe< "Bibliotheka" is derived from the Greek word "Biblos" or "Bybols" whence the word "Biblion, i.e. a book and "Theka” means a case or cabinet; hence "Bibliotheka" is literally a book-case or a collection of books.

12

6.

A place# building, room or rooms set a part for the keeping and use of a collection

of

books etc. 7.

A collection of films# photographs and other visual non-book materials plastic or mental tapes and discs# computer tapes and programmes. All of these, as well as printed and manuscript documents# may be provided in departments of one large library or they may be in collections restricted to one type of material.

8.

During the time of the Delhi sultanate and the Imperial Mughals Central Administration was organised into several departments and each department was known as Karkhana (workshop) • Among the various departments "Kitab-Khana" was one. Kitab-Khana literally means the department (Khana) of books (Kitab). Hindu rulers of the late mediaeval period did not like the Arabic word 'Kitab' and in its place used "Punthi" i.e. manuscripts. Punthi-Khana therefore means the department of manuscripts.

SCOPE OF THE PRESENT WORK: In ancient and mediaeval India# literacy or formal education through books was the privilege of the very few.

It

was confined strictly to the uppermost social strata - of the population - the Brahmins and Kshatriyas - and within the confines of the monastic organisations.

Later the boundary was extended

13

so as to include the upper strata of the bureau-cratic officials and

account-clerks maintained by the trading and commercial

communities.

Though exceptions were known#

women as well as

the lower

social and economic .'olaSses were excluded.

therefore,

that

It follows#

the libraries were few and far between and

were almost an exclusive possession of royal and feudal courts and scholarly individuals of the

priestly classes and the

various religious and monastic organisations.

Besides# printing

did not take root and flourish in India before the century.

Hence,

sixteenth

books in the modern sense were unknown and

all that these libraries possessed were therefore manuscripts which had to be copied with infinite care and patient labour and often at considerable expense.

Copying of manuscripts was,

considered as a work of religious merit, a kind of ritual, so to say.

Thus, there grew up a class of literatti

ssion seems to be copying of manuscripts.

whose profe­

These were the people

who were recruited by emperors,_kings and feudal lords for writing and multiplicating of manuscripts for the court libraries. The situation in India was the same as that obtained in mediaeval Europe before the invention of printing.

Such

individual and institutional libraries were the only centres of education of ancient and mediaeval India.

It was a round these

libraries that there grew up what came to be known as Pathsalas,

14

Tols and Chatuspathis

(Schools and Colleges) or even larger

colleges and universities

(Viharas and Maha-Viharas) maintained

by the temples and monastic orders.

There in the secluded corners

of the houses of individual Gurus or of the institutional and feudal libraries or of monastic organisations - knowledge was imparted from generation

to generation, manuscripts were written

and copied, multiplied and preserved.

Scholars, priests and

monks v©re almost exclusively the preservers and custodians of these treasures, and were thus

the sole authority of interpre­

tation, multiplication and preservation of manuscripts.

Ancient India attained excellence in most of the branches

of knowledge, created great religious systems and

developed independent schools of

philosophy.

Thus, she became

the light of the East and an important centre of knowledge and wisdom.

Her attainment was not the product of one day or one

generation but

^cumulation of experiences of many centuries.

Books and manuscripts, being the social mechanism for preserving the racial memory, were accumulated and in course of time there must have grown all over the country innumerable store-houses of knowledge. The purpose of the present volume is to trace the historical growth and development of Muslim libraries of India. This work, as no conprehens ive and scientific investigation were

15

made on this line,

is intended to fill up an important gap in,

and enlighten an important aspect of, the cultural history of India .

SOURCES AND SOURCE MATERIALS: The sources and materials available for the writing of a history of ancient and mediaeval libraries of India, may be broadly divided under two broad heads - literary and

archae­

ological.

Literary sources include both foreign and indigenous

material.

Among the Arab writer Abu Riham (known as Alberuni)

depicted in the official records and imperial biographies authentic account of contemporary India.

In T abaq at - i -N as ar i,

Minhaj-ud-din has left a detailed account of the Muslim rule in India and its cultural pattern. Records of European travellers:;.:- and Jesuit priests who visited the country since the middle of seventeenth century contain valuable information on India's cultural and religious History.

Among them,

Maclagan's.

Bernier's Travels in the Moghul Empire,

The Jesuits and the Great Moghuls; Niccolus Manucci's

Storia Do Mogor, and Careri, Ovington,

Jean Baptist Tavarniers as well Thevenot Mandeslo's travel diaries recorded vivid

description of contemporary Indian libraries, writing materials and other activities centering round manuscripts and books.

16

The cultural history of the Sultanate period is revealed through works like Tabaqati-i-Rasari by Minhajus Siraj, we

Tarikhi- Firuz Shahi and Waqi'ati - Mustaqi.

Here

find some vivid pictures of how the sultans patronised

learning and promoted the cause of writing as well as establiashed libraries. Babur-Rama refers to the imperial library founded by Babur.

The story of the imperial library of Akbar and

varied activities are faithfully depicted in Ain-i-AWbari.

its

Akbar-Nama and

For the reconstruction of the history of the

libraries of nobles and high officers of the court, Tarikhi Badauni is highly useful. 1 have utilised Tuzuk-i-Jahangir and waqi’ati Jahangiri for reconstructing the history of Jahangiri’s library and

library activities during his rule.

To supplement this

account, contenporary records left by Jesuits proved very useful. Another helpful author is

Ferista whose work is

full of facts about the country around him.

From his account

I have gathered many useful information regarding the libraries of Deccani Sultans.

Siyarul

Mutakharin mentions briefly the

account of the library of Alivardi-Khan, Nawab of Bengal.

17

To trace the historical evolution of Muslim libraries* Jadunath sircar's Mughal Administration as well as Anecdotes of Aurangzeb and Historical Essays, N.N.Law's Promotion of Learning in Muslim India

and Promotion of Learning

in India by early European Settlers up to about 1800 AD. proved very useful. 3 .M. Imamuddin' s and zobair's for this work.

some Leading Muslim Libraries

Islami Kutub Khane----are also proved very useful

CHAPTER-II - Libraries of Delhi Sultanate/^?

DJERG5DUCT ION: The history of the Turko-Afghan Period (1206 to 1526 AD) when the sultan was the ruler. Protector and benefactor of the people provides us with a good starting point.

"The Sultan

controls affairs# maintains rights# enforces the Criminal Code? he is the pole star round whom revolve the affairs of the world and the Faith?

he is the protection of God in his realm?

his

shadow extends its canopy over His servants# for he forbids the forbidden# helps the oppressed# igproots the oppressor and gives security to the timid" .

From the above saying of Ahmad bin

Muhammad bin 'Abd Rabb, the eminent jurist# it is clearly evident that the Sultan was the mainspring of the entire administrative machinery, religious and cultural activities.

He was the supreme

head and his literary tastes and his encouragement of the cause of education give inpetus to the general siflpport of poets# philosophers and scientists as well as to the establishment of schools# colleges and libraries all Over the domain. contrary# his dislike did and institutions.

On the

considerable harm to the learned men

In those days# royal help and encouragement

could only help the growth

and development of the cultural

activities and institutions and as the sultan was the state personified, the part played by him was of immense value.

19

Sultans of Delhi, minor Muslim rulers and nobles generally encouraged Islamic learning established roaktabs (primary schools) madrasa (schools of higher learning), libraries and mosques.

The capitals of the early Muslim rulers, transferred

from Ghazni to Lahore aid from Lahore to Delhi, became centres of learning in the traditions and patterns of Ghazni.

Scholars

from different parts of the Muslim world assembled in Delhi, Jullandhar, Firozabad and other places whidi became famous educational and Cultural Centres.

In course of

time "the Capital

of Delhi by the presence of these unrivalled men of great talent had become the envy of Bagdad, the rival of Cairo and the equal of

Hu5

Constantinople" During the period under discussion great progress

was made in all fields of knowledge.

Muslim rulers naturally

encouraged Arabic and Persian literatures in all branches of learn -ing.

Persian writings on history, literature and religion

influenced

Indian thought

historical writing.

and introduced

them to systematic

Several Sanskrit works on music, dancing,

astronomy and romantic poetry were translated into Persian. The rulers of vijaynagar, Warrarigal and Gujarat patronised _

..

Sanskrit fwritings and the Jains also irade substantial literary contribution during this age.

As a result of these cultural

t

activities innumerable manuscripts were written of these were

and collection

accumulated in different parts of the Country.

20

The early Muslim rulers of India had no separate library buildings.

The educational institutions, the mosques

and the Khanqahs were the places where the books were preserved, and this is the reason why the historians do not say much about libraries during the Muslim rule in India.

But the Court of

all the Sultana of Delhi were noted for their scholars and poets.

For exanple Mohammed Toghlug's Court was adorned with

logicians like Sa 'd, poets like 'ubaid and Badr Chach,historians like ziyauddin Barani, legists like Malik Ghazi, and men-of-letters like Maulana Izzuddin, Maulana Nasiruddin, Qazi Ghaznin, Maulana Rukn 'Alam and Maulana Nashiruddin Chiragh of Delhi.

And according

to Qalqashandi there were one thousand educational institutions in Delhi alone in the Sultan's time. man of great erudition.

The Sultan was himself a

He was an eloquent conversationalist,

and a highly efficient calligraphist.

He was well up in history,

had good taste in philosophy, and considerable knowledge of medicine, astronomy, mathematics and logic.

It is not credible

that a ruler with such talents and accorapolishmants had no library.

Surely the historians have failed, for some reason

or other, to mention his library. Organisation and Development of the Library during the reign of Sultanate

of Delhi

21

FIRST LIBRARIES IK INDIA.!

About five hundred years before the existence of the dominion of Delhi, Mohammad Bin Qasira Conquered Sindh in 718.

The album of the libraries were prepared with effect of

this conquest.

But hundred years before qf1 this, Arab had settled

near the Northern coastal area of India. the result of

trading activities and

This Arab presence was

religious preaching.

Arab had come with a view to collecting books.

They had laid

the foundation of about 5 75 (five hundred and seventy five) libraries.

They were known to have been very fond of books*

So they might have established Madrasas and Libraries along with mosques in their villages.

Those are regarded as the first

libraries of India.

THE CONQUEST OF SINDH:

The way of organisation and development of the library was opened by the conquest of Sindh.

Mohammad Bin Qasim

had conquered the area from Sindh to Multan in the period of two years i.e. from 711 to 713.

The activity of establishment of

libraries spread to LahoreP Ooch and Sialkot after Sindh & Multan. The effect of the attack of Mehraood Ghaznawi and Mohammed Shahabuddin Ghori caused speedy development of libraries. Gaznawi conquered Lahore. years.

Lahore was under the reign of Gaznawi for

Muslim sovereignty was firmly established with defeat

22

of Prithiraj in the hands of Shahbuddin Ghori.

After that#

Muslim dominion spread gradually to Bengal and Deccan. all the areas of Hindhusthan were called

Sindh &

Bar-e-Saghir Pak and

Hind (Sub-Continent).

SULTAN MOHAMMAD GHORI AND LIBRARIES:

Sultan shahabuddin defeated Raja Prithiraj in 1192 and established Muslim Rule in Northern India. did not remain in India for long.

He made Kutub-ud-din Aibak

the Sultan of Delhi and returned to Ghazni. his way back to Ghaznawl .

But Mahammed Ghori

He was killed on

Even in this shortglbKilod

of time

%*$(?**■

Sultan Shahabuddin established many libraries in India* very farsighted regarding education. training to

his employees.

kingdom disintegrated.

He was

He provided education

and

After the death of the Sultan, his

Nashiruddin Kubacha got Sindh and Multan

and Kutub-ud-din Aibak became the Sultan of Delhi.

Shamsuddin

Iltutmish and Mohummad Bakhtyar Khiljee and others were the employees of sultan Ghori.

All these rulers had established the

libraries in their area.

SULTANS OF DELHI AND LIBRARIES:

After establishment of Sultans of Delhi in 1202, a new period in the history of libraries began.

Muslims came to India

equipped with traditions of promoting education and of libraries.

building

The Delhi Sultans maintained the occidental Muslim

23

tradition.

As permanent Muslim sovereignty was established in

the country the

libraries grew in number and importance,

Sultan ^&tub-ud-din Aibak made Delhi his capital, the cradle of knowledge & skill. was

developed very rapidly.

outward from Delhi.

when

Delhi became

Interest in books and learning

The interest in learning spread

This interest in learning reached Bengal,

Gujrat and Deccan through soldiers, businessmen, saints and scholars of Delhi Sultanate.

The Sultanate of Delhi had assured

the permanent arrangement of libraries.

Kutub-ud-din Aibak had

laid the foundation of the Empire of Ghulam Khandan (slave dynasty) which continued for 84 (Eightyfour) years.

After that

different dynasties such as Khiljee, Togloque, Sayyed and Lodi ruled till 1526.

But during the 320 years of reign of Delhi

Sultanate, they remained busy trying to settle problems.

domestic

Prom the very beginning, the Delhi sul tanate were

distracted and harassed by the attack of Mughals again & again. The attack of Tairaur in 13 98 had shaken the sultanate of Delhi to its foundation.

Still they continued to patronise learning.

They offered respect(«the scholars, and to educated and learned persons.

They gave protection to the scholars

Bokhara to escape the attack of Chengiz Khan. shelter brought valuable books with them. had brought 400

who had fled Those who came for

Moulana Shamsuddin

(four hundred) books to India.

In short,

it

may be said that the Madrasas and Libraries were established during the period of Shultanate of Delhi.

24

GHULAM KHANDAN(SLAVE DYNASTY):

During the so-called Sultan Firuz Shah,

Slave Dynasty the reigns of

lltutmish, Sultan Raziyya, Nasir-ud-din and

Balban were important fiDr their patronage and zeal for learning. Sultan Nasir-ud-din is said to have earned his personal expenses through the sale proceeds of penmanship.

Balban's reign was

noted for extraordinary literary activities when sixteen fugitive princes of Iran and Khorasan, who were illustrious men of letters took shelter in Delhi to escape the onrush of infidel Mongols. Innumerable literary societies grew up die to the patronage of \Rrince 7Mufiawnad, the eldest son o f Ghiyas-ud-din, who used to hear recitations from Shah-Nama, the D iwan i -3 an a i» Diwani Khaqani etc.

It is evident

that during the slave dynasty, through the

direct patronage of the Sultans, Delhi became a place of learning. Penmanship had a very important place in the society and as a result innumerable books were copied and preserved in the libraries with due care. A peep into the administration of "the

royal house-holds

will give up an idea of the regular patterns of their lives and their likes and dislikes.

They used to maintain a large establi­

shment for the maintenance of the Iirperial house-hold which was divided into various sections or departments. departments were known as the Karkhana,

Each of these

and distinguished men

of rank and file of the cotart were generally appointed as officerin-charge of each Karkhana.

25

During the time of Firuz Shah the number of these Karkhanas maintained within the

Imperial household was thirty-

sixj but from time to time the numbers varied.

Among the

Karkhanas mentioned by MAfif“* Kitab Khana was under a Kitabdar or Librarian who was also known as Mushafbardar. We can conclude from the above facts that the Sultans regularly maintained libraries in the palace under the direct charge of a full-time librarian.

Kutub-ud-din Albak: Kutub-ud"din Aibak had constructed the "Quwat-ul-Is la rtf' after the conquest of Delhi. a great lover of learning.

mosque named

This Sultan was

He was famous for giving donations

and rewards to the scholars. Kutub-ud-din Aibak had ruled for only four years. He constructed numerous mosques during his diort reign.

There

was a madrasa attached to each mosque according to the Islamic principles of education.

There was also a library attached to

each madrasa according to customs. Nalanda (Bihar) will equipped

The monastic University of

with library was taken over by

Bakhtiyar Khalji, who constricted mosques* colleges and monaster­ ies in different parts of the lands he conquered of Muslim learning.

Mbhammad bin Bhakhtiyar

for the spread

Khalji had got

26

some Sanskrit books from the fort of Bihar. Sanskrit books to Sultan.

He gave all

those

Like this# after the consolidation

of the reign of the Sultanate of Delhi# books started to come and libraries were opened.

Sultan Shamsuddln Iltutmish: Sultan 3hams-ud-din Iltutmish was the heir of Aibak. He had established many madrasas and libraries during his period. He had collected books from foreign countries.

He collected

" Adab-us -3 a la tee n", ard “ Maaser -us -3 alateen" from Baghdad for his sons.

He was very fond of books.

Quazi Jalaluddin

brought a book written by Khalifa Mamoon Rashid and it to Iltutimis.

After receiving this

Urs

presented

presentation he became

so glad that he wanted to offer half of his kingdom to Quazi Jalal.

A madrasa was built by Iltutmish in Delhi.

a dilapidated condition within a century,

It fell into

and was rebuilt by

Sultan Firuz Tughlaque and furnished with Sandalwood doors.

Razivah Sultana; Raziyah Sultana was a very competent lac^ . the daughter of Iltutmish. the institutions created

It is said that she helped

by her

father.

She was develop

But she cowld not

contribute much to the cause of education during her reign because she was always bogged down in political

troubles.

There was a Mu' izzi College during the reign of Raziyah Sultana.

27

Nasiruddin Mahmood: After the murder of Raziyah Sultana,

Nasiruddin

Mahmood* who was a scholar and pious man became the Sultan (Emperor) of Delhi in 1266 . hobby was writing books.

He was a great lover of boohs .His

He was so pious that he was not

spending even a rupee from the Government treasury for his Own expenses.

He maintained himself by writing Quran Karim.

Gayasuddin Balban, his minister was managing the work of the empire. the

Minhaj-al-Siraj* who wrote the Tabaqat-i-Nasiri at

behest of Sultan Nasiruddin, was the Principal of Nasiriyah

College (Madrasa-e-Nasiriyah) of Delhi and Superintendent of its endownmants.

Ghivasuddin Balban: Ghiyasuddin Balban became the heir of Nasiruddin Mahmood in 128 7.

He was a great Emperor of Ghulam dynasty.

He was a man of commanding personality and was full of piety. He listened to religious speeches in the mosque in the company of the common man. learning.

He was very brave and was a lover of

Scholars and saints thrived under his patronage,

and many educational centres were established in Delhi during his reign.

28

Library of Balban: Ghiyas-ud-din Balban established a library.

It

was set xip because of his deep love for books as well as for his scholars of the royal Court.

But due to his incompetent

heir it could not develop further. Iltutmish had established the libraries in the names of Sultan Shahab-ud-din Ghori and his son Nasir-ud-din Mahmood.

Shaikh Ishaque Ali Bokhari and Qazi Minhaz-ud-din

Siraj (both were writers) were the teachers of these madrasas. During the period of Ghulam dynasty, Fakhir-ud-din Mobarak Shah Al-Maroof Beh Fakhr Moddabbir had presented a bulky book written by himself named Bahr-ul-Nisab to Kutub-ud-din

Aibak.

He had

also written a book named '*Adab-ul-Harb" on the science of war. He dedicated this book to Iltutmish.

There was also a writer

named Nizam-ud-din Hasan Nizamee Nishapuree.

He had written a

book naned "Taj-ul-Maashir" in vhich he had mentioned which had taken place during

the

events

the rule of Kutub-ud-din Aibak

and Shams-ud-din Iltutmish. The names of

many scholars such as Taj-ud-din Rizah,

Khwaja Abu Nasr Nasiree Kharasanee and Amir Rohani Bhokhari may be mentioned here.

The writer of Aab-i-Kausar had written that

the Awwal-Zikr was proud that he himself was an Indian.

29

Sufivah-e°Karam:

(Saints)

Saints had enhanced the splendour of libraries during the reign of Ghulam dynasty.

It was an accident of

history that the Empire of Delhi was established on one side and

the Khalifa (spiritual successors) of Hadrat Moinuddin

Chistee named Khwajah Kutub-ud-din Bakhtiyar Kaki had establi­ shed spiritual reign at Delhi on the other side. ud-din Ganj Sakr, his heir

had made

Shaikh Fakhr-

Pak-Patan his centre.

But his Khalifa Khwajah Nizam-ud«=din Auliva and his Khalifa Shaikh Nasir-ud-din Cherag of Delhi brought splendour to Delhi. Library of Khwajah Nizam-ud-din Aullyai S-aints were very much keen to

in establish libraries

during the reign of the Ghulam dynasty. Libraries were attached to the Khanqah ' ShrineKof -'Saints. valuable.

Most of the

Their holdings were very

books on religion and sufism were

available in these libraries. Among the many poets and philosophers who flourished in this tine, the name of learned saint Nizam-ud-din Auliya is particularly inportant*

His tomb at Delhi is even to-day

considered a very sacred place by Muhammedans.

This library

was in Nizam-ud-din Auliya‘s Khanqah in Ghiyathpur, in Delhi, which still stands to-day under the nans of Nizam-ul-Auliya.

30

The library was the property of the waqf and was open to every man of letters.

ShaiWi 'Abdul Haq#

the Muhaddith of Delhi#

while writing of Shaikh Siraj 'Uthman# says, "After this# he acquired proficiency in Kafiyia, Mufassal, Quduri# Majma'-ulBarhrain under Maulana Ruk-nud-din's supervision.

And after

Shaikh Nizam-ud-din's death he acquired other kinds of education for three years and carried with him some books from the shaikh's library# which was a Waqf# and the cloths which he had obtained from the Shaikh".

and Khilafat-Nama 'Uthman known as Maqhdum

Siraj-ud-ain was the first disciple of the saint and when he removed to Lucknow he carried

along with other things some

valuable books from the library of his Master. Scholars were engaged by Shaikh to learn the religi­ ous books.

The customers

wanted to purchase books such as

~ . "Ahya-ul-uloom", "Awarif", "Kasf-ul-Mahjoob"# "Quwat-ulQoloob Sharah Taroof Reslah Kaisaree", "Marsad-ul-ebad"# "Maktubat Ain-ul-Qazat" # "Lawa-yeh

and Lawa-Mah" of Qazi Hamid-ud-din

Nagori and "Fawa ed-ul-Fawad" of Amir Hasan.

People searched

for books on Sufism (mysticism) and truth in the bookshop.

Khlllee Dynasty: Religious and cultural activities of learning of Khwajah Nizamuddin Auliya and Amir Khusru continued during the region of Khi^e.

As a result# the public developed an interest

in collecting books.

The number of libraries increased.

31

Jalal-ud-din Khlljee & Library?

The Sultans of Delhi, maintained the great tradition of the Gaznavid dynasty for keeping up the traditional glory and brilliance of the Court and the growth and development of Islamic learning. The name of Jalal-ud-din Khiljee deserves special mention here.

Himself being

an author and poet, he remained

surrounded by eminent men such as Amir Khusru’, Taj-ud-ain Iraqi, Khwajah Hasan, Muyyid Diwanah, Amir Arslan Quli,

Ikhtikhar-ud-din

Yaghi and Baqi Khaitir. Jala-ud-din Khiljee was a kind hearted emperor. So he could not be a successful ruler. son-in-law Alauddin Khiljee. during his short life. of books.

He was assassinated by his

But he had developed

libraries

He was a poet himself and he was fond

He had also added to the holdings of the library of

Late Sultan Balban. Jalal-ud-din established the Imperial Library at Delhi and appointed Amir Khusru as its librarian.

The Sultan

gave great inportance to the post and put the right person in the

right place.

Not only did he appoint him the librarian of

the Imperial library but he also made him the keeper of the holy Koran#

32

Amir Khusru, the librarian, was regarded as a great scholar and poet, and was held in high esteem by the Sultan who raised him to peerage and allowed him to have the royal distin­ ction of wearing the white garment.

Khusru has a distinguished

place in the history of music and literature. accepted as a great persian poet of India.

He was universally

Barni, a historian

has described thato-who^e library could be set up comprising books written by Khusru. books.

Zami told that Khusru had written 99

Khusru was loved in the royal court for his learning and

his virtue.

Even as a prince, during the reign of Kaiqubad the

Sultan granted him a pension princely rewards.

and honoured Amir Khusru with

It is clear from the above lines that the

librarian of the Imperial library carried much prestige and was considered a valuable and very responsible person.

Alauddln Khlliee & Library: The Khiljee Sultans being great patrons of learning founded the Inperial Library of Delhi.

The growth of the library

might have taken place during the reign of this Sultan.

The reign

of Alauddin was noted for royal patronage extended to arts and sciences.

His library contained of many books on different

subjects.

The number of books of this library were enhanced due

to contribution of scholars and as a result of the victory over Deccan and Gujrat.

Alauddin's inscription on the south doorway of

the 1 Ala'-i-Darwazah eulogizes him as "strengtherner of the

I

33

pulpits of learning and religion strengthener of the rules of Colleges and places of worship# etc.”

Zia-ud-din Berni enumerates

about forty-six men of high learning flourishing under Alauddin Khiljee, and to this list some more names of scholars are added by Nizam-ud-din Ahmad.

Alauddin Khiljee had little formal education. acquired an education later in life.

He

He used to consult scholars

and intelligent^^ before taking any important decision in the roya 1 court.

Shamsul Mulk Alauddin ana Qazi Mag is-ud-din were

the two ministers of Alauddin Khiljee. scholars.

Both were the great

Actually the reign of Alauddin was distinguished by

his military conquests as well as his love and encourage re nt of learning. Under the Khiljee Sultans, the Qutah-ul-Qutub, the Ihya-ul-'ulum and its translation, the "Awarif and Kashfu'1Mahjub, the Sharh-i-Ta'rif, the Risalah-i-Qushiri etc. were in great demand. Since

the death of Alauddin Khiljee

until the reign

of Togluq, libraries could not be developed due to the mis­ management of Khiljee1 s successors named Mobarak shaha and Khusru Khan.

But Mobarak Shaha had established a madrasa narred "Madrasa

Maqberah Alauddin". Shaha.

It was in existence till the reign of Peroz

Nine years after the death of Alauddin, Togluq became the

Sultan of Delhi.

34

Toalurme Dvnastv:

Educational contact between North & South India became strong.

As the quantum of knowledge grew , it got divided

into different branches

and libraries came to be regarded as

important custodians of this growing body of knowledge.

The Toghluq

dynasty opened a new chapter in the

history of libraries in India.

The first sultan Ghiyas-ud-din

brought peace and order and was fond of men of letters.

He

extended his sympathy to the. institutions of learning and scholars. to do

However, since he ruled for a brief period,

he failed

anything of permanent value.

Mohammad Toqhlug;

Mohammad Toghluq,

the second Sultan of the dynasty

was famous for his learning and

mastery over calligraphy.

Two

years after his assuming the Imperial dignity, he made Daulatabad his capital and ordered the citizens of Delhi to go there.

So

the people reached Daulatabad with bag and baggages and their personal libraries. capital for long. decision.

But Daulatabad did not continue as its People became unhappy with his middle-headed

He was a scholar of Persian and Arabi.

hafiz of Quran.

He was also

Historians have admitted the depth of his

religiousness and generosity.

35

"The Versatility of his genius surprised those who cane in contact with him. scholar

A lover of tte

fine arts, a cultured

and an accomplished poet, he was equally

at home in

logic, astronomy, philosophy, mathematics, and the physical sciences.

He was thoroughly acquainted with literary works

like 3ikandarnamah and the Tarikhi-i-Mahmude. excel the sultan in composition.

No one could

He had at his ready command

a good deal of Persian Poetry of which he made a large use in his writings and speeches".

Khan Azam Qutlugh Khan was the

Kharitadar^ keeper of sultan0s pen and paper and Amir Mukbah the Dawatdar or the custodian of King's inkpot.

His Library: The Sultan was very much interested in collecting books on various subjects.

History is witness that the persons

who presented books to the Sultan got the valuable gifts. Somebody presented him with a copy of

a book named

" Ibn Sina"

for which Sultan awarded him two lakh "misqual" and gold. It is said that people crowded into the court to offer books to the Sultan. the

By obtaining books on various subjects from people

sultan kept adding to the holding of his libraries.

One Thousand Madrasas: In addition to library facilities provided by the Sultan himself, many libraries were attached to the madrasas

36

(Education institutions) in Delhi and madras as were present in Delhi only. stic

other cities.

One thousand

The Sultan was an enthusia­

patron of madrasas and founded many madrasas when he

established Khuramabad, he constructed there mosques and a separate building for a madrasa.

Badrchach had written the history

of this building. Sultan showed respect to "Ulema" ans) ? scholars and poets.

(Muslim theologi­

He sent Moulana Moin-ud-din Umrani

on a special mission to Shiraj to bring Qazi Azad to India. Ibn-Batutah, the famous traveller# came to India during the Sultan's reign.

The Sultan gave him gifts and

appointed him the *||azi of Delhi, Badrchach, Asami« Zia-ud-din Bern!, and Moula zia-ud-din^iakshi Bad-Iwani received favours from the Sultan.

According to Moulana Zia Ahmad 3ad-iwani,

Shaikh Jamalud-din Dehlweee

Kanbuwah|;y Bin Hesam-ud-din Multhani

was admitted as the jgtrong pillar of Persian poetry after Hazrat Amir Khusru in India.

He read an ode in the royal court of

Sultan Mohammad Toghluq.

Mohammad Toghluq

xwas - : ■ pleased

and enchanted listening to the exordium of the ode. of the Sultan, gold mohurs were pileduparound the

On the orders moulana and

he was given all these mohurs as a gift. Under the patronage of this Sultan, Delhi could have become an important cultural centre in Asia, but his whimsical nature and bad temper stood in the way.

His idea of transferring

37

his capital from Delhi to Daulatabad brought ruin upon Delhi and on all the learned institutions. India in 1341, Delhi

To £bn Batutah, who visited

looked like a desert.

Library of Firoz Shaha TQghluqs The practice of establishment of libraries developed in the reign of Firoz Shaha Toghluq. this Sultan was one of the He

The Imperial Library of

finest libraries

was a worthy man and peace-loving emperor.

in this period. His scholarly

ability can be guessed from his written book "Fatuhat-e-Firoz Shahi”. Educational Development was made possible in this age as the Sultan himself gaye special

attention to this area.

He founded thirty madrasas and repaired two madrasas named Madrasa Shams-ud-din Shamsh and Madrasa Maqbera of Sultan Alauddin Khiljee. earlier

He repaired the door of madrasa mentioned

with valuable sandalwood. Firoz Shaha was keen to develop the educational

system and he was full of respect towards scholars.

It is said

that he spent yearly one crore and thirty-six tanka on education. The education of girls and servants received his special attention. Eighteen thousand servants were working in his royal court. Sultan educated even his

slaves and "some of the slaves were

to spend their time in reading and committing to memory holy book,

The

the

others in religious studies or in copying books".

38

Sultan Firoz Shah TOghluq was a lover of learning. Being a patron of learning, he gathered around him the scholars# poets and men of letters of the time.

Conspicuous amongst them

were the historians Dia-ud-din Barni and Shams Siraj 'Afif, Mazhar the Hindi poet and Tatar Khan, a learned scholar, and a tator on the Holy Quran.

commen­

Firoz Shah built mosques and Madrasas

and created trusts for them.

His

royal library has not been

mentioned by historians, but his love of learning leads us to beli -eve that he must have had one.

He also ..repaired and revived

the old public institutions and

made necessary arrangements

for their maintenance. During this time,

like their Muslim counter parts, the

Hindu chiefs also maintained libraries. were housed in tenples.

Most of these libraries

Similarly, the early Muslim rulers of

India made no separate buildings as libraries but -the valuable and rich collection of books and manuscripts were preserved in the mosques, educational institutions or Khanqahs. In the temple of Jawalamukhi at Nagarkot there was a fine library consisting of 1,300 volumes.

These books were

obtained by him from the temple of Jawala Mukhi (Magar Kot) and they must have been treasured in sone library.

He had also a

translation bureau. Ferishta writes: "the King (Firoz Shah)

invited scholars and asked

them to translate some of these books.

Among these scholars was

39

M Izzuddin Khalid Khani, who was one of the poets of the age. He versified one of these books dealing with physical sciences as well as Ominous signs.

This book was named Dala 1 il-i-Firoz.

This book is really based on practical and theoritical sciences". Tatar Khan Tatar Khan, who was one of Firoz Shah's coutiers, was also an accomplished scholar.

He had great proficiency in the

Holy Quran and conpiled a commentary on it. 'Afif: ..writes "Learned scholars and Divines enjoyed his company". as Tafsir Tatar

Khani is his works.

The commentary known

It is said that when he

intended to write this book, he collected various commentaries, and called for a group of learned scholars.

And he gleaned

the differences which the various commentators had in soma verse or sentences, and has incorporated them in his book. prepared this commentary with

He has

great labour and pains.

He has

also given references to every commentator in case of variance. One will thus find all the various commentaries in this one book. After it was completed, Khan also contemplated,

it was named Tafsir Tatar Khani.

Tatar

after the model of Durr-i-Mukhtar and

Shamij compiling a book of Fatawa dealing with all the controv­ ersial questions of Islamic Jurisprudence, "Afif writes again, "In like manner, he

(Tatar Khan) collected all the books on

Fatawa and recorded all the controversy which the

jurists had

on various matters in his book, and named it Fatawa-i-Tatar Khani.

40

He has also noted the differences along with the name of the jurists.

In this way the patawa was completed in thirty volumes". After reading the above,

there can be no doubt that

Tatar Khan had some personal libraries of his Own. Firuz 3hah, built a new city at Firuzabad near Delhi where he established his power on a strong footing.

Firuz Tughlaq

initiated many regulations in his reign for the upliftment of the country and people, the most noteworthy of which edict

which

was the

runs thussVI; have considered it my duty to public edifice predecessors,

repair every

of utility constructed by my such as caravansaries, masjids,

wells, reservoirs of water, aqueducts, canals, hospitals, almshouses and schools, and have alienated considerable portions of the revenue of their stpport".

Thirty Colleges were

constructed with mosques attached.

The Sultan

himself writes in his Fatuhat-i-Firuz Shahi"... So

I build many mosques, colleges and monast­

eries, that the learned and the elders, the devout and the holy, might worship God in these edifices,

..........."

The ruined Madrasah (college!

of sultan

Shamsuddin Iltutmish

was rebuilt and furnished with sandal wood doors.

Firuz Tughlaq.

wrote "I repaired ths wall of the abdar Khanah and the west wall of the mosque which is within the College".

41

Both college and the abdar Khanah were

the rooms in tse eastern

and the western walls of the tomb of 'Ala'uddin Khiljee wh ich were built most probably by ' Ala'uddin's son.

The structure of the

College at Firuzabad, which was known as Firuz Shah i Madras a and surpassed many Indian Madrasahs of the time in the beauty of its architecture and in literary reputation, was commodious, embelli-shed

with lofty domes and located in an extensive garden perhaps

on the side of the tank called Haud 'Ala'i or Haud Khas.

The

Mutawalli of the Madrash, Saiyid Yusuf bin Jamal, died in 790/1388 and was burried in the courtyard of the Colkge. The death of Firuz Shah in sept. 1388 was followed by blood-shed and unrest.

Badauni says - "Day by day battles

were fought between these two kings" and

over H indust an there

arose parlous factions each with its own Malik

(king)" .

At the

end of 13 98 Amir Timur invaded India sweeping the greater part of the country/-;

with the bitter whirlwind of rapine and pillage.

But he did not stay for longer and after his departsdre, "such a famine and pestilence fell upon the capital that the

city was

utterly ruined, and those of inhabitants who left died, while for two months

not a bird moved a wing in Delhi".

Bad Period From the reign of Firuz Shaha Tughloq till the beginning of the reign of Lodhi was the very bad period for the educational institutions and libraries*

Due to the incompetency

42

of the successors of Firuz Shaha Tughluqu, the down-fall of the Toghlugu

dynasty began.

The second cause of the down-fall was

the attach of Timur 10 years after the death of Firuz Shaha Tughloq.

Delhi, the

Centre of Arts and Sciences was destroyed

after the attack of Timur. was made

During the reign of Lodhi, attenpts

to recover some of its lost glory

and the attenpts

became successful to some extent. liQdhi Dynasty: Ibrahim Lodhi was the last enperor of this dynasty# Ghazi Khan, the most distinguished courtier (Amir) Of Ibrahim Lodhi, also had a private library in the Delhi Fort.

Books of

Islamic Law, Sufism (mysticism) and other subjects were available here.

His library was captured by Babur after the assassination

of Ibrahim Lodhi in the battle of Panipath in 933 A*H. Babur writes in the Tuzuk-i-Baburi,

“On Monday, while

walking in the fort, I reached the Ghazi Khan Library.

Taking

out some good books I gave them to Humayun and sent some of them to Mirza Kamran in Kabul.

It had mostly religious books, and in

try opinion it did-not contain many good books"

(Persian manuscript

of Tuzuk-i-Baburi, preserved in shibli Academy, A'Zamgarh) . Library of Sved Ibrahim: Syed Ibrahim had a personal library. was the famous one of that period.

This library

The owner of this library

43

was a good scholar during the reign of sikandary. personal libraries were in existence throughout

Many other the kingdom.

Sultan Bahlul Lodhl; The period from Firuz Shaha to Sultan Bahlul Lodhi, there was no development of libraries and madrasas.

The develop­

ment of educational institutions was carried on during the period of Bahlul.

He opened the ways for the development of educational

institutions.

Though he was not an Aalim (Muslim theologian) or

a learned man, he nevertheless took interest in the development of learning.

The area of his realm was expanded during his reign.

He also established some madrasas.

Sinkandar Lodhl: Sikandar Lodhi was the son of 3ahlul Lodhi. was the successor of Bahlul Lodhi. high-minded emperor.

so

he

Sikandar was an educated and

He was interested in poems and literature.

His pen-name was "Gul Rukh" .

Agra: Sikandar Lodhi had settled a new town named Agra, which is situated about one hundred and fifty miles He established a new centre of learning..

from Delhi.

It entered into compe­

tition with Delhi as far as patronage of learning was concerned. Agra was his capital.

In settlement of Agra, rapid development

of libraries took place. inst itut ions .

It became a centre of the educational

44

Government and non-government .rradrasas and libraries were established at Agra in the reign of Sikandar. din was a teacher who was a scholar in Hadith. Shiraj in the reign of sikandar. Agra.

He had come from

He took permanent residence at

He taught Hadith in his monastery.

raadrasas were also established.

3yed Rafi-ud-

Besides these, other

Sikandar also established

madrasas in Narwar (Malwah) and Mathura# the sacred centre and town of Hindu situated near Agra. The Sultan was not at all a bigot in matters of learning and intellectual excellence.

Hindi and Sanskrit books

translated into Persian in his period. the

Persian language,

were

Hindus began to learn

some Hindus became famous in Persian.

The interest of the sultan in learning is proved from the " T ibb Is kand ary " . Tibb Iskandary: Main Bahwah Ibn Khas Khan, the minister of Sultan sikandar had written

a book named "Madun shafa Maroof Beh Tibb

Iskandary'*, in which thousands of diseases have been discussed. regional

and its medicines

It is the first book of its nature.

The

names and Hindi names have been given to these

uncompounded and medicinal herbs.

Many books were collected to

complete the series of learning of medicine or knowledge of medi­ cine.

some books were brought from Kharasan which benefited

library.

Many valuable

books on medicine were collected.

the

45

In addition to the book "Tibb Iskandary", other texts also came to be composed, language into Persian.

some books were translated from Sanskrit

Mustak;

(shaikh Rizqullah Dehlwi), the

poet of Hindi language had written two books named "Poem Ain" and "Soot Niranjan" .

Muhammad bin zia, a poet dedicated his

own writing - a Persian dictionary named "Tjphfat-us-Sadat" . book was famous in the nane of "Ferhang Iskandary" .

The

Books like

"Ser-ul-Arfen* "Masnawi Msher-O-Mah" and "Merat-ul-Moani" written by Shaikh Zamali were acknowledged as the rare books of this reign. Books accumulated through writing and compilation# as a result of which the libraries grew. Shaikh zamali: Shaikh zamali was a jewel in the dynasty.

He was called

reign of Lodhi

a high-class personality in literature.

He learnt the internal and external arts from his spiritual saint. Hazrat Shaikh Shams-ud-din, a muslira theologian, poet, author and traveller.

He had a personal library.

Maarif was available in it.

A book named Awaef-ul-

This book was given to Shaikh

Zamali by its author during his stay in Baghdad.

Like Awarif,

other books might have been received by Shaikh during his journey and he might have acquired many curiosities. Zarai, a nobles during his journey. with him.

Zamali met Mulla

He discussed literature

Literature has been enriched by;-these discussions.

46

Besides these, the period saw further development of Muslim Sciences, including

philosophy, and several

works were translated into Persian. favoirs

Sc

Sanskrit

Thus, due to Sikandar•s

encouragement innumerable libraries cane into being

all over his kingdom. Shaikh Su'dullah, father of Shaikh Rizqullah Mustaqi, a historian who lived under the Indies, was a saintly scholar and a great lover of books. library.

He possessed a large and valuable

.SIESSIIcss

1.-

ALI (Asraf). Barre-Saghir Ki Madum Khane. 3heb Hahi Ai-Zobalr (Urdu). 11; 1967; 50-1.

2.

DAITA (Bimal Kumar). Libraries am Librarianship of ancient and medieval India. 1970. Atmaram & Sons; Delhi.

3.

IMAM-UD-DIN (S M). Some leading Muslim Libraries of the world. 1983. Islamic Foundation Bangladesh; Dhaka. P, brought from Asfahan for

Jahangir in the shape of a album.

In the article of Shiblee

it is mentioned that this album had contained 240

pictures.

All

these pictures were of the princes, and nobles who had joined in the battle.

The name was written

There was a picture in

below every picture. the royal court

which was bought at the cost of Rs.5,000.00.

of Jahangir

This picture depicts

a lady sitting a£ter her bath while a maid servant is cleaning her sole.

93

Jahangir was an expert judge

of pictures.

were expert painters in the royal court of

Jahangir.

There These

painters very successfully drew the pictures of Europe,, Thomas

Ro, the traveller of England came to India.

very good pictures to Jahangir. of his him.

sir

He presented

After some time, an. exact copy

presented picture was handed-over to him# which surprised

There was a painter narnad Mansoor in the reign of Jahangir.

He was awarded the title, an expert in painting

as "Nadr-ul-Asr" by Jahangir.

the birds and flowers.

Another painter

named Abul Hasan was awarded the title, "Nadr-uj-Zaraa" . Das was a good portraitist and painter.

He was

Bashan

He was sent to Iran for

preparing the picture of Shaha Abbas Safwee and the picture of the royal court.

All the pictures and albums were preserved in

the royal court of Jahangir.

Jahangir was so attached to the library that he used to advise the workers of the library about the arrangement of books.

Nurjahan1 s Library:

Nurjahan# the highly cultured consort of the enperor was also a lover of books.

As a lover of learning aid patron

of art Nurjahan was not inferior to her contemporaries. a personal library of her own. purchase.

She had

She multiplied her books by

She bought the Diwan of Mirza Kamran far 3 Mohurs

for her library.

The copy is now preserved in the Khuda'

Bakhsh

94 Library, Patna, and the following lines occur on the first page of the Diwan - "Three Mohur the price of this treasure.

Nawab

Nur-un-Nisa Begum" . This shows that she got the book before she received the title Hur jahan, and so it can be argued that she had already acquired a love of reading before going to the royal palace. Sh a ikh Far id1 s Libr ary; Shaikh Farid Bukhari was one of tbe favourite courtiers of Jahangir.

He was the governor of Lahore and

Ahmedabad

for a long time. He

was

broad-minded, benevolent,

and was a

man of learning. He

also had a personal library of

his own.

The copy of Diwan ofHasan Dehlavi, which he bought

for his library is still in the Khuda Bakhsh Library, Patna.

Shah Jahan (1658-166 7): Shah Jahan also like his predecessors patronised learning and education.

Though he was very much interested in

constructing the buildings, still he encouraged

learned men

with gifts and presents and many poets, theologians and histo­ rians flourished in his time. held by them.

He

attended

discussions

When Shah Jahan shifted his capital from

to Delhi and he constructed

Agra

the Red Fort and Jama Masjid, he

collected materials for the development of the library.

95

Library: He increased the number of books in his library. He was fond of collecting books written in a beautiful hand. Shah Jahan was so expert in the art of calligraphy that he was called

'prophet of calligraphy'.

calligraphist in his library.

He appointed a high-class

During the reign of Shah Jahan

in 1062 A.H. Sayyid 'Ali ibn Sayyld Jalal Maqsud *Alam ibn Sayyid Muhammad Maqbul in 1062 A.H.

'Alam was Nazim of the library for some time

Born in Ahmedabad, a city of Gujrat.

He came to

this honoured post on the recommendation of his brother, Sayyid Ja'far Badr Alam.

He traced his descent direct from Hadrat Shah

'Alam, the founder of the famous Bukhari was a very learned aid capable man. known as Darogha-Kitab-Khana. calligraphist?

family in Gujrat.

He

The Chief librarian was

The names o f Abdur Rahman, the

Mir Rbhammad Salih, son of Abdullah Mushkin

Raqam I'temad Khan and Inayet Khan, son of zafar Khan are mentioned in this connection with the post.

in 106 3 A.H. Mohammad

Shafi was the Darogha of the library, as is revealed by a seal on a Holy Qur’an which is in the possession of the Royal Asiatic society, Calcutta. The emperor had awarded an elephant and five thousand rupees to Mir Mohammed Salih for his writing "Monafiq Martazwee" . Mirza Mohammad Taher Ashna-ul-Mulquab Beh Inayet Khan, son of Zafar Hasan, had written notes on the history of the time after the reign of shah a Jahan, vh ich was famous as "Mulkhis".

96

Johann Albert von Mandelslo, a young German arrived at Surat in April 16 38.

Later in the same year he made a tour

of Ahmadabad, Bombay# Agra, and Lahore.

He wrote in his travel

diary that the Irtperial library of Shah Jahan had 24,000 nicely bound, books. Among the learned men in the royal court of Shah a Jahan, the following names deserve special mention:

Abdul Hamid

Lahori, author of Padshah-Nama? Aminai Qazwini author of another Padshah-Nama, Muhammad Salih, author of "Ama 1-i-3a 1 ih" ; Khan, author of shah Jahan-Wama.

Inayat

Under the patronage of Dara

Shukoh, the eldest son of the enperor, many inportant books were written in, and translated into, Persian. Besides these translations and original works on various field of knowledge,

four voluminious dictionaries were

compiled and were dedicated to shah Jahan - (a) Farhang-i-Rashidi and

(b) Muntakhab-ul-Lughat-i-Shahjahani by Abdur Rashid-al-

Tatvi?

Chahar Ansar Danish by Amanullah and Shahid-i-Sadiq by

Md. Sadiq.

The last one deals with religious, philosophical,

political, ethical and cosmographical matters. During this time there were good libraries manned by the Jesuit Fathers both at Agra and Delhi.

The libraries

contained books written in oriental languages by Fathers as well as oriental documents

of a religious character.

The Agra College

library was partly looted and burnt on the advice of Shah Jahan

97

while Ahmad Shah Abdaly looted in 175 9 the books- Exceptis Libris Persicis and

the

Delhi Library, only

Arabicis et Europeis,

survived. Father Henry Busi first went to Delhi in 1650. His mission was to revive the cause of ths Christian missionaries at the Mughal Court.

In order to have his purpose fulfilled

he contacted Prince Dara and some important nobles of the Court. Some of the Muslim nobles maintained libraries of Christian literature.

Father Busi had a discussion with a "master of the

Muslims" who had a large library 'like

an Arabic Escurial*

containing books on the different aspects of Christ ianity. Interest in Reading: Shah a J ah an was 7 also interested in reading books. Inspite of his very busy schedule he used to read books daily. It is written in "Bazm-Timuriya" that after finishing all his work, he used to read before going to bed. regularly to

He used to listen

books read out to him late at night,

writes - “At about 8.30 pm he returned to the harem.

sir J .sarcar Two and

sometimes three hours were here spent in listening to songs by women.

Then His Majesty retired to bed and was read to sleep.

Good readers sat behind a Purdah which separated, them from the royal bed chamber and read aloud books on travel, lives of saints and prophets and histories of former kings - all rich in instruction.

Among them, the life of Timur and autobiography

of Babur were his special favour it ies.

98

Writing of Shaha Jahan is available in the article of "Mazlis Khamsa", which is preserved in the Khuda Bakhsh Library, Bankipore, Patna.

Many books are preserved in the

Asiatic Society Library of Bengal in which the handwriting of Shaha Jahan written at the age of 15 is available.

writing of

Shaha Jahan is also available in the book naned "Tarikh Khandani-Timuriya" .

In addition to the writing of Jahangir, the

following writing of Shaha Jahan is also available in Mirza Kamran",

"Diwan-i-

"Al-Hamdo Lillahe Anjala Ala Abdehil Kitab

Rarerah Shaha Jahan Bin Jahangir Shah". Madrasas and Scholars? Sagacity of mind of Shaha Jahan made himself intere>-; sted in architecture in addition to literature.

In poems he-has

expressed his interest in the floral patterns of Taj Mahal . Taj Mahal and the artistic memorable work of the

Peacock Throne are

the unique pattern of art of Shaha Jahan* s reign.

including

these rare models, there are many n&drasas yiich were famous in Asia during his reign.

The errperor founded the Inperial

College at Delhi and repaired the college named as Dar-ul-Baqa. It is very natural that these educational institutions had their respective libraries.

Sir Sayed Ahmad Khan, the founder of

Aligarh Muslim University, has discussed this madrasa in "Asar-ud-Daweed" • learning

Besides Delhi, there were famous centres of

in Jaunpore, Ahmedabad, Lahore and Sialkote.

Students

99

from Harat and Badkhoshan were carae here to obtain education. From these madrasas and scholars it is proved that plenty of libraries were functioning during the reign of Shaha Jahan.

The matchless munificence of the emperor helped to

gather Islamic theologians and scholars in the royal court. It is

written that Abdul Talib, Kalim,

the rupees for his "Qasida"

a poet was weighed with

(ode) by the order of shaha Jahan

and all the rupees paid to him.

Allama Abdul Hakim sialkote

was weighed twice with gold and silver.

Mohammad Salih, the

writer of "Amal Salih" was also weighed twice with gold and awarded him.

If any body presented the model of calligraphy of

Mir Amad Hussaini,

a calligraphist of Iran to Shaha Jahan, he

was awarded gold and silver by the eoperor.

Like this# Haj i

Mohammad Jan Qadsi# Zafar Khan Ahsan, Mirza Sahib, Mohammad Amin Qazwani, Mir-za Jala-ud-din Taba Tabai, Abdul Hamid Lahoree, Mohammad waris ~ also’rewarded by the errperor.

Chandar Bhan

Berhman was a great and famous scholar among the Hindu scholars in the royal court of Shaha Jahan.

He was appointed against

a high-class post for his ability.

He has left many books

like Guldasta, Tohfat-ul-Anwar,

Mazma-ul-Fiqrah, and "Munsabat

Berhman“ .

Chandar Bhan was the poet of both Persian and Urdu

language.

Though at that time the official language was Persian,

still some poets were writing poems in Urdu.

The"appeHation

of Urdu was the Urdu-e-MCalla (Urdu Court Language) during this period.

Shaha Jahan loved the new language.

It is said that he

had written a letter to his son Dara Shikko in this language

100

during his imprisonment. Para shikkoh's Library; Most of the Mughal Princes took interest in Poetry. So they were habituate

collectors of books.

Prince Dara

Shikkoh was a good writer as well as a good calligraphist. He was trained in the art of calligraphy by the famous calligraphist

Aqa

Abdur Rashid.

Under the patronage of Dara Shikkoh,

the eldest brother of AUrangzeb, many important books were written and translated

into Persian.

Though he could not be

a king, he became an emperor of the world of learning. a great scholar of Persian and Sanskrit. well-stocked library.

He was

He. was the owner of a

He had established a madrasas at Thaneswar

(Punjab) near Dargah Shaikh Chi lee which is known as "Madras a ShaiWrt Chi lee" . ul-Auliah", Arfin",

He had written many books among which "Sakinat-

"Safinat-us-Aulia",

"Mokalema Baba Lai Das",

" Mazmuah-ul-Bahrain", are famous. (Calcutta University)

"Nadr-ul-Nakat",

"Resala Haq Namah",

and

Professor Mahfooz-ul-Haq

had compiled the " Maz mua-ul-Bahrain",

and has discussed the sanple of calligraphy margins.

"Hasnat-ul-

of Dara on the

He had translated the Upanlshads, The Bhagabat Gita,

Joga wastha and The Ramayan from Sanskrit into Persian. love for literature contributed to the development of the Inperial Library and he added many books to the library.

His

101

Aurangzeb (Alamgir): In June 3656 Aurangzeb assumed the Imperial dignity. He was a man of high intellectual powers# a brilliant writer, a skilled administrator# undaunted soldier and a King.

Aurangzeb is also known as "Alamgir”.

pious Moslem No doubt Aurangzeb

was a great scholar and ruler among all the Moghal Emperors. was superior to all the Moghul in fore-sight.

Emperors in learning, reading and

He became very reputed due to his

and his ability.

intelligence

It is sure that he was not interested in paint­

ings like his grand-father nor was he interested like his father.

He

in history

But he was an expert in Religion# Tafsir,

Hadish and Islamic Law.

He had great skill in

prose writing

and belles-letters. Many libraries functioned but their character had changed.

during the reign of Alamgir#

He used to keep himself

occupied with the Islamic theologians and scholars from his child-hood. books.

From his childhood he was interested in collecting

According to Sir Jadunath Sircar,

"Aurangzeb

of learning# having a broad mind and a perfect nature. been loving books till his last breath".

was a man He had

He was inclined towards

the reinforcement of popularization and preservation of Quran and

Hadish. Aurangzeb was highly religious.

prayer at 2

Everyday after

pm he used either to read .the Quran, copying it,

102

hunting through Arabic jurisprudence or reading the books and pamphlets of the Islamic religion.

It is evidently clear

from his last will that he saved a sum of Rs.305 which he earned by selling the copies of Quran written or copied by him. His Library; As he was a lover of learning# he added a lot of books to the Inperial Library like Akbar.

Arrangements were made

to collect books from all parts of the world for his library.

He

transferred many good and valuable books to the Inperial Library from the

Bijapur Library after the occupation of Bijapur Kingdom.

It was not impossible that the books of the personal library of Mahmood Gawan and the books of been transferred

the College library might have

to the Bijapur Library.

The strength of the

books of the library was not mentioned in contemporary records# but one can guess the huge size of the library from the "Fatawa-iAlamgir". Shaikh Abul Wali Qabul Khan was the librarian of this library, days.

sayyid Ali Jawaher was also the

librarian for some

The then Nazim was Muhammad Salih, second son of 'Isa Khan

of Tar Khan (Sindh) and the Muhtamim was Muhammad Mansur, grand­ son of Mohabat Khan. Khan,

He was honoured with the title of Makramat

sayyid 'Ali al Hussaini was appointed Muhtamim in 1069 A.H.,

as is revealed by a seal on a Holy Quran which is now in the library of the Royal Asiatic Society, Bengal.

103

Fatawa-i-Alarogiree:

Fatawa-i-Alamgiree

was a memorable work,

belongs to the reign of Aurangzeb.

ich

A board consisting of about

fifty members of Islamic theologians and scholars was appointed for its compilation.

Books which were required by them were

provided by the Inperial Library. was completed in 8 years

It is said that this book

and rupees

two lakhs were spent.

The emperor was so interested in the compilation of this book that he was listened to

every page of the compiled copy of the

Fatawa-i-Alamgiree and conpared

it witi

the original books.

The compilation work was done under the direction of Mulla Nizam The books on Tafsirs, works on Hadis, Fiqh etc. were collected too.

These volumes enriched the holding of the Inperial Library

He also added a new collection to the inperial Library by transf erring the library of Muhammad Gawan from Bidar.

Attachment

with the Art of Calligraphy: Like his predecessors Aurangzeb entertained and

honoured a group of expert calligraphists in his Court.

The

emperor had his own training under the guidance of Sayyed Ali Tabrizi, the librarian of the Inperial Library.

Alamgir himself

was acquainted with the Islamic Law and Hadish.

He was fully

conversant with the language of Arabi, Persian and Turky. was Hafiz-i-Quran (He had

got by heart the Holy Quran) .

expert in art of calligraphy.

He had also learned this

from Jawahar Raquam and Abdul Baqi Hadad who were the

He He was art

best

104

calligraphist of that time.

Hadad was expert in Khat Naskh.

Hadad wrote the full Holy Quran Majid in thirty pages and presented it to shaha Jahan and he got the title "Yaqoot-i-Raqam" . From his early age till the last stage of his life and in his leisure time from 5 am to 7 am and in the afternoon from 2.3G pm to 5.30 pm he was writing the Holy Quran. Qurans to Madinah

He had sent two Holy

Manawarah writing in his own hand.

Masnawee Goe Chugan: He was also reading leisure.

books in the battle field in his

He was in power for 39 years.

books in the pleasure of victory.

He had destroyed

the h>6ioi

During raid, he was taking

special care of books and books were transferred to his own library.

There is a book of "Masnawee Goe Chugan"

of Moulana Habib-ur-Rahman Khan Sherwani. during his invasion of Golkunda.

in the library

Alamgir had obtained it

As per Habibur-Rahman Khan

Sherwani,

it was valued at two thousand rupees in the library of

Alamgir.

Seventyfive years after the death of Alamgir it was

sold for two hundred and ten rupees. two hundred and fifty rupees.

Again it was sold for

MOuiana Mousuf bought it for one

hundred and seventy rupees .

Then this book was kept in the

library of Decan in India.

After some days it came into the

library of Alamgir.

At last it reached in the library of Moulana

Hab ib-ur-Rahman Khan Sherwani. branch of

Muslim

Now it is in Habib Ganj, the

University Library.

are available in this book.

The name

Many writings and stamps of Nazim of the library

105

along with the date of entering in the library of "Masnawee Goe Chugan" are written in the sfcanp. Rug at (collection of letters) Alamgiree & Other Books;

One can guess the let ter-writings of Alamgir from .this Ruqat.

He has written all these letters to his princes.

These letters are called the life of biography.

Besides Ruqat-e-

Alamgiree and Fatawat-i-Alamgiree, there are many other memorial .books in this reign.

Books on both the Hindu and Islamic learning

were accumulated in the library of Alamgiree reign. "Tohfat-ul-Hind",

"Nizam-un-Nazoom" and "Mat Achhra"

written on the art of Hindu rhetoric and prosody astrology, and customs and beliefs in this age. such as Bhomic Khetree, Bhira Singh Kayest Dilkosha) .

Iswar Das

„

Books like were

astronomy and Hincfca scholars

(the writer of Tarikh

(Author of Fatawa-i-Alamgiree), Sujan Ray

Khetri (Author of Kholasat-=ut-Tawarikh) and Lai Bihari (writer of Mat Achhra) of Alamgiree reign had told clearly that like his ancestors his attitude religious feeling.

towards scholars was not coloured by

He gave awards to the Muslim theologians and

scholars like Mir Mohammad Qaunozi, Shaikh Nizam Burhanpuri, Qazi Mahb-ul-lah Bihari, Nyamat Khan Aali, Shaikh Ojiah-ud-din and Shaikh Ahmad Milaziyun and he rewarded many Hindu Scholars. Madras as and Libraries: Aurangzeb encouraged Islamic learning, founded a number of schools and colleges and repaired the old Madrasas. Many madrasas and libraries are found in the Alamgiree reign

106

as he was very much interested to establish the same . mentioned in the Alamgir Namah that ted

to patronise

he was

It is

very much interes­

learning and excellence *

He regularly gave

suitable scholarships to the scholars of all the towns and villages.

As a result, many "Dar-ul-Oloom"

and madrasas came

to be established.

The madrasa named "Madrasa Mohammad Ikram-ud-din" of Ahmadabad was a great . madrasa in this realm.

Ikramuddin had

constructed this building spending twentyfour thousand rupees . Alamgir had made an endowment of two villages for its expendi­ ture.

"Madrasa Abdur Rahim" was a unique madrasa of Delhi of

that time.

The discussion has been made in Bazm-i-Timur ia

about Hadrat

Shah Abdur Rahim Dehlvi, the founder of "Madrasa

Abdur Rahim".

As regards, his learning and excellency he was

pride of India among the Islamic theologians.

After Shaha

Saheb, his capable son and grand-sons named Hadrat Shah Oli Allah and Hadrat Abdul Aziz etc. maintained the greatness of this madrasa.

A great learning memorial of Alamgir named "Lakhnow

Ka Firhangi Mahal" is still in existence. The Madrasa of Bidar and the personal library of Mahmood Gawan were the best evidence of his love for literature. This

madrasa was famous for its nice building as well as its

quality of instruction.

According to Faristha, the strength

of the library was 3 thousand.

This library was at the disposal

of the students and teachers of the madrasa.

It is said that

107

the book strength of his personal library is 35 thousand. The death of Aurangzeb on the 3rd March 1707 heralded the disintegration of the Mughal errpire and his sons, in order to get hold of the throne, started a bloody feud. Among his successors

3ahadur Shaha (1707-1712), Mohammad Shah

(1719-1748) and Shah Alam II (1759-1806) being cultured and men of literary tastes tried to continue the Mughal tradition inspite of the vicissitudes of fortune and the invasion of Nadir Shah in 1739 A. D» library of zeb-un-nlsa: Not only Sultans &

Emperors took part in establish­

ing the libraries but also the ladies like Razia sultana, Gulbaden Begum, Nur Jahan, Mumtaz Mahal, Jahan Ara took part in

the field of literature.

and zeb-uni-nisa

also

Gulbadan Begum, the

daughter of Babur had written a book "Humayun Nama" •

She had also

a library which she herself had established, collecting books in the field of various subjects.

Jahan Ara had written a book

*'Monas-ul-RawanM, in which she has described the particulars about

Hadrat Khwajah Moin-ud-din Chistee and also about his

successors.

The princesses had their personal libraries for

completion of their educational taste. praised the library of Zeb-un-nisa. Zeb-un-nisa was a learning and

The daughter of Aurangzeb,

very cultured lady.

excellency.

The historians have

She was a lady of

She was a poet.

The library of

108

zeb-un-nisa was a rare one in every respect.

Most of the

religious and ethics books were available in her library.

Besides

these, books on other subjects were also available in her library. She took keen interest in writing. The

Her pen-nams was "Makhfi" .

librarian of her library was Mulla 3afi-ud~din.

At her

request Mulla Safi-ud-din translated Imam Raz i' s-Tafsire Kablr into Persian and named it Zebut Tafasire.

She was a :"sedulous

collectoi?Mof books and had a large library (Ma'^siri* Alamgiri) for the use of scholars.

She was also an expert in calligraphy.

She was trained in the art of calligraphy by the famous calligraph ists Aqa Abdur Rashid. uloom"

(Academy)

Her royal court was called a "Bait-ul-

where the scholars and theologians were engaged

in writing and translating books.

Books which were required for

this work were provided by the library of zeb-un-nisa.

It was the

great proof of the usefulness and conprehensiveness of her library The doors of the library was open for the scholars. ment of

The arrange­

books of the library was such that it was very easy to

take out a

book from the racks for a reader.

books was scientific.

Arrangenent

of

Books were classified and conplete contents

were prepared. From Bahadur Shaha-I to Bahadur Shaha Zafart Darkness descended on the Inperial Library with the downfall of Mughal dynasty.

Bahadur 3haha—I, the son of Alamgir

could not become a great emperor like his father. knowledge in Hadish and in other branches.

He had a good

He had left no stone

unturned for guidance and patronage of the scholars like Niyamat

109

Khan Aali# Mirza Abdul Qadir Bedil#

Mir Jafer Zatoli and

Bindraban (writer of Lab-ut-Tawar ikh) during his reign.

Among

the ministers of Bahadur Shah# Amir Ghazi-ud-din had established the Madras a Ghazi-ud-din.

The building of the madrasa which

built by Ghazi-ud-din Khan existed in Delhi.

was

Now the Delhi

College is functioning in this building. Mohammad Shah# Shah Alam Sani and Bahadur Shah Zafar were also interested in poetry and literature.

But after Alamgir

no enperors were capable to run the administration, fall of the dynasty began,

so the down­

so the condition of the library also

became miserable. Mohammad Shah: Some books were collected in the reign of Mohammad Shah.

The books strengthened the movenents of the library.

language gained popularity in this reign.

The science of

nomy also developed.woli Aurangabadi came to with his Diwan (collected

odes) in 1766 .

Urdu astro­

Delhi from Decan

They became so popular

that its poems were sung in the meetings and markets. publication of Urdu poetry became common in Delhi.

The

Mohammad

Shaha also took part in making the Urdu language and poetry popular. The writing and compilation of Urdu prose started from North India during this reign. or "Karbal Kath" in 1731.

Fazli had written "Oh Mazlis"

These were the Urdu translation of the

Persian book MRawzat-us-Shohda" written by Mulla HOsain waiz

110

Kashfee.

"Oh Mazlis" is that book of old Urdu CproseG/;which,:was

written in North-India.

Great scholars and

partonised in the reign of Mohammad Shah. named Goverdhan.

as

scientists were

There was a painter

per An and Ram MuMilis (writer of Marat

Istelat), Goverdhan had drawn the picture of the whole town in a leaf of Nargis.

Lai Ram had

presented, writing a book

"Tohfat~ul-HindH, to the emperor.

Amir Khan, the special

Courtier of Mohammad Shah had formed " Umdat-ul-Mulki-Anjuman", in which the problems of Urdu language were being discussed. Amir Khan himself was a guide of great rank of poets and

his

pen-name was "Anjam".

Development of Astronomy:

Raja Singh had helped the development of astronomy and astrology dur&g" 'the reign of Mohammed Shah.

He was the

Governor of Agra and Malwah and then he became the king of Jeypore.

Mohammad Shah had also special interest in

An observatory was made in Delhi on his orders. lah Mehendash was his care-taker.

Mirza Kahir-ul-

And the experinental houses

were also made in Jeypore, Mathura, Benaras, pattern of Delhi.

astronomy.

and Ujjain in the

Arab! and Persian books on astronomy were

translated into Hindi.

The theologians of astronomy had obtained

information and carried on investigation on this topic, the memorial of which is

"Chij Mohammad Shahi".

All these proved

111

0

that libraries were developed during the reign of Mohammad Shah. Specially* the library of experimental house was full of excell­ ent

books on astronomy and astrology.

Shah Alan II; Eleven years after the death of Mohammad Shah* Shah Alam II became the emperor but

he was not competent.

became famous in the world of poetry. and Urdu language.

He was the poet of Persian

His pen-name was Aaftab.

As per Moulana

Mohammad Hossain Azad, he was expert in poetry. (collection of poems)

in Urdu are

He

available,

His four Diwans shah Alam II

tried to revive the old glory of the Inperial Library and he sincerely started to collect books for the same.

"It is mentioned

in the ' Ibrat-Nama that Ghulam Qadir# the friend in human shape* who had most cruelly deprived the monarch of his eyes only three days before* went into the jewel house and took-out a chest and a box of jewels* several copies

of the Quran and eight large

baskets of books out of the Inperial Library".

Bahadur Shaha Zafar : Bahadur Shaha Zafar, the last Mughal enperor* is admitted as the high-ranking poet of Urdu language by the scholars till to-day.

He himself tells*

Tarz sakum Ka Apne Zafer Badshah Hai Es Ke Sakhun Se Yan Neh Kissi Ka Sakhun Laga.

112

Mughal Archives:

al—■en

ir'.'r-.T^^M—bc

In the tradition of Bagdad and Cairo, the Imperial Mughal’s used to maintain and documents and state papers® the Kaghazi-Raj

preserve the important government The Mughal government was known as

or paper government as most of the

official

records and transactions were written on papers.

The Mughal courts maintained many news writers and clerks to record official transactions and orders in detail. There were 14 such news writers in the court of Alfcar. Jarrie and

Du

Abul Fazl's writing corroborate this. Regarding the duties of the News-writers

Navises) Abul-Fazl writes - "Their's duty is to

(wa’qia-

write down the

orders and doings of His Majesty and whatever the heads of the Department report" .

while Du Jarrie informs us the following -1

"The King is ...... attended by a number of secre­ taries whose duty is to record every word that he speaks" . During the time of Aurangzeb the weekly reports of the newswriters and secretaries were read to His Majesty regularly at 9 pm by the lady officials in order to keep him abreast to the happenings of his kingdom.

Manuchi, the Venetian tells us that

Aurangzeb, when sending an embassy to Persia sent with it the usual officials, a waqia-navis and Khuf iy ah-navis .

113

Mughal archives mainly maintained

the following

state documents: 1)

wasqia or daily reports

2)

Royal orders

3)

of the Inperial Court

(Ahkam)

Official correspondence includes the Inperial letters# letters of the

royal family#

letters

of the grandees amongst themselves and addressed to the Emperor; officer's correspondence and field despatches 4)

(Fateh Nama Tumar).

Government orders issued from the various departments *

5)

Miscellaneous records like - will (wasiat Nama) statistical accounts# official annals, news letters .

6)

Court chronicles include also the letter books of the

Munshis•

All these above named documents and records were generally preserved both at the capitals of the central as well as provineial governments during the tine of the Mughals. The Inperial Chancery or Daftar-Khana was under a Daroga or officer-in-charge of the records.

The provincial Daftar Khanas

were under the Chief Ministers or Dewans of the respective provinces• Even during the time of the Mughals important records and documents of sister states were preserved in the

114 Daftar-Khanas.

This is amply corroborated by the presence of

a copy of a farman of Shah Tahmas of Persia in the Daftar-Khana of Akbar at Agra and an undated Shah Jahani farman either possibly of Bijapur or Golkonda Sultanates in the provincial Daftar Khana at Baganagar, Hyderabad. The building which was used as the Daftar-Khana of Akbar still exists at Fatehpur Sikri.

"It is a big hall

48^ feet long and 28^ feet wide with an enclosed varandah and frontal court.

It is built on a platform to the south of

Akbar's bed-room. William Finch (1611)# Joannes de Lact and sebastien Manrique (1640)# the European the Daftar-Khana at Agra.

(1593-16 49)

travellers visited

Similar Record rooms were maintained

in the Delhi fort and these existed during the time of Aurangzeb and Bahadur Shah.

1

.

2.

ABUL (Fazl). Aln-i-Akabarl. Blocbraan P-322, ALI (Asraf). Barre-Sagbir Ki Madum Xutab Khane. .Sb.eb Mabi Al-Zobair (Urdu). 11; 1967; 50-1.

3.

DATTA (Bimal Kumar). Libraries and Librarlanship of Ancient & Medieval India. 1970. Atmaram & Sons; Delhi.

4.

IMAD-UD-DIN (S M). Some leading Muslim Libraries of the world. 1983. Islamic Foundation Bangladesh; Dhaka Pfr99-107.

5.

KHURSID (Anis). The importance of the library in development and’building up the nation.Pr 11-5.

6.

MISHRA (Jogesh). History of libraries and librari­ anship In Modern India since 1850. 1979* Atmaram & Sons; Delhi.

7.

NADVI (S A Zafar). Librarian during Muslim period ruled In India. Islamic Culture. XIX; 1945; 333.

8.

PHTJLWARAVI (Mohammed Fafizullah). Libraries in Muslim Reign. P-11-5..

9.

RAFIQU3 (Sayeed Ahmad). Shahanai Mughliya Ka Shahl Kutub Khana. Sheh Mahi Ai-Zobair.(T-rdu). 11; 1967; 54-61.

10*

ZOBAIR (Ai-Haj Mohammed). Islamic Kutub Khane (Urdu). •1978. H.M. Sayeed Comp.; Karachi. Pc224-5.

CHAPTER - 17 Libraries of Deccani Kingdoms: Besides the Sultans of Delhi and the Emperors of Mughal# some emperors had established their kingdoms in many places of India.

They had also established libraries.

and Sciences became popular. kingdoms of Deccan were for 340 years.

Kings of Bahamani and other

the independent kings and had reigned

They had served literature.

period, the libraries had developed a lot. Sciences

Arts

During this long Books on Arts and

were printed and published. I

The Bahamani Kingdom: Bahamani was the first independent kingdom of Deccan.

Founded by

special mention.

Afghan Hassan Gangu in 134 7 AD. it deserves

The Bahamani kings,

upto 1526 AD. and

stretched their empire from coast to

were great patrons of learning. and libraries.

who continued their rule coast

They founded many colleges

Mujahid Shah Bahamani founded in 1378 a college

for the education of orphans. college near Gulbarga.

Ahmad Shah built a magnificent

Muhammad Shah Bahamani II built another

imposing college at Bidar which is one of the many beautiful remains of the grandeur of the

Bahamanis.

All these colleges

had their respective libraries along with them. College

The Bidar

library contained 3,000 volumes for the use of the

staff and students.

V'

116

Alauddin Hasan Shah Bahamni who was a great lover of learning had established the madrasa. ships to its teachers ard students.

He was paying scholar­

The library of Alauddin

was full of such excellent books that a historian during the reign of Toghloque named Asami had got help from these books at the time of writing the book "Fatoh-us-Salateen" .

The

successors of Bahaman Shah had developed this library. of them were lovers of books.

For example,

Most

Mahmood Shah was

awarded the pen-name "Arastu Jaroan", for his interest in learning. He used to pay due regard to the intelligentsia.

He had

established the madrasas and he took special interest in the instruction of orphans.

The musliro theologians who came to

Gulbargah from Arab and Iran during his reign were awarded gifts.

Firoz Shah assumed the imperial dignity after Alauddin.

He was also a lover of learning. of

rich

He had got

perfect knowledge

Tafsir, Hadith, Fiq (Islamic Law) and in other fields of

knowledge.

He was also an expert in many languages.

copying sixteen pages of royal court.

He was

of Holy Quran before he started the work

He had fixed three days a week to teach the

students . Urdu cf Deccan was developed a lot in the period of this king who was a lover of learning.

Books were collected.

A library of Bahamani Empire was also established in Ahmad Nagar which Abul Quasim# a historian had seen.

117

Books

and Compilations

Writings and compilation in Urdu was started from the period of Bahamani*

It was begun from the books of saints

to which they (saints) had written for preaching the religion. In this connection, the name of Shaikh Ain-ud-din Ganj-ul-llm who was a high-ranking

saint came first.

He had come to

Daulatabad during the reign of Sultan Muhainmed Toghloque. had seen the period of some Bahamani enperors. in Persian.

He wrote books

He had also written some magazines about some

religious problems, in the library of

among which three magazines are:

available

saint George College.

Hadrat Sayyed Mohammad Gesudaraj

came to Gulbarga

from Delhi. 'He has written one hundred and five books. ul«= Ashiquin is a very inport ant book, because oldest book in Urdu Prose. in Urdu in

He

Meraj-

this is the

This book is written in Deccan

connection with religious problems . Sayyed Abdul Hossainy had translated the magazine

"Nishat-ul-lshque", written by Abdul Quadir zillani into Urdu. A copy of this magazine Sultan.

was available in the library of Tipu

A book named "Misquat-ul-Mosabih“ of Bahamani period

is preserved in the Muslim University

library of Habib Ganj.

This book was preserved by Mohammed Shah Bahamani.

118

Madras a of Ahmad Shah Baharoanl; Sultan Ahmad Shah Bahamani had constructed this madrasa for Hadrat Khwaza Gesudaraj . him.

Shah was his great devotee.

high-ranking personality.

He had firm

Khwaza Gesudaraj was

a

He had vast knowledge in the field

of writings, compilations,, learning and excellence. called "Sultan-ul-Qalam" of chistia series. interest in teaching.

faith in

He was

He took much

He was teaching Hadith and

the students and religious disciples after the

Sufism to

prayer of zohar

(Mid-Day).

He had collected many books for this teaching.

library of

Gesudaraj was distinguished arc>ng the libraries

The

of Deccan. Dargah Library of Khwaja Gesudaraj: 5JOw the tomb of Khwaja has become books and learning in Gulbarga. attached to the

a centre of

A library and a madrasa are

tomb of the Gesudaraj.

Books on religion and

sufisrc are available in this library. Madrasas; Mohammad Shah Bah a man i (Arastu Janan) had establi­ shed the madrasas in Gulbargah, Bidar and Daulatabad. trusts for its expenditure• for the education of orphans.

He appointed

He was doing special arrangement He had also established a

madrasa for them and had appointed conpetent teachers to teach

■

them.

119

He had also arranged food and boarding facilities for

orphans.

All the expenditure of madras a was borne by the

sovereign.

Library of Mahmud Gawans Mahmud Gawan who served the Bahamani Kingdom as minister in three successive reigns was a very simple man and fond of learning.

The military record of Muhammad Shah Ill's

(1462-82) reign, due to wise and honest policy of Mahmud Gawan# is indeed one of triumphs.

On the return of Mahmud Gawan's

victorious expedition he was promoted to high rank, the Queenmother called him her brother, and the king gave him a suite of his own robes, and honoured him by a visit of three weeks. Ferishta tells the story of his response to the royal honours showered on him which shows his attitude to the library: "On Mahmud shah's leaving the house of the minister Mahmud Gawan, retiring to his chamber, disrobed himself of his splendid dress, threw himself on the ground and wept plenteously; after which he came out, put on the habit of a dervish, and calling together all the most deserving holy

and learned men,

and syeds of Bidar, distributing among them most of his money. Jewels, and other wealth, reserving, only his elephants, horses and library, sayings

"Praise be ;to God,

temptation, and am row free from danger" .

I have escaped

Mulla Shamsuddin asked him why he had given away everything but his library# his elephants# and horses. replied!

He

"When the king honoured me with a visit# and the

Queen-mother called me brother,

my evil passions began to

prevail against my reason; and the struggle between vice

and

virtue was so great in my mind that I became distressed even in the presence of His Majesty# who kindly enquired the cause of my concern.

I was obliged to feign illness in excuse of

ny conduct; on which the king, advising me to take some repose# returned to his palace. "parted

"I have# therefore", said the minister#

with wealth, the retained for the use of students#

and his elephants and horses he regarded as the king’s# lent him only for a season.

After this day# the minister always

wore plain apparel; when at

leisure from state affairs he

returned to his own mosque and college, where he spent his time in the society of the learned

and persons eminent for piety

and virtue" . Thus Mahmud Gawan retained his personal library which contained about 35,000 manuscripts till his death (i.e. April 1481) and kept it open for the use of the students and learned men.

Khwaja Jahan-ul-Maroof was one of the top most

theologians in the tine

of Mahmud Gawan.

writing poetry and prose,

a

He was expert in

copy of hand-written book "Reyaz-

ul-Nisha" the collection of letters was available in the Jawahar Museaum of Attawa.

Then it was carried to the library

121 of Muslim University* Aligarh.

The copy was .written after 17

years of the assassination of Mahmud Gawan.

Madrasa of Bidars Mahmud Gawan had establ idled a magnificent Madras a at Bidar along with a library attached to the madras a to provide help to the teachers and students of madrasa. books were brought to this library. unchallenged one in that period.

Three

thousand

This madrasa was an

But it is

a matter of regret

that this minister was killed by the emperor in 1481. empire came to an end after 46 years of this incident.

The After

that five independent dominions like Golkonda, Bijapur* Ahmad

Nagar, Barar and Bidar were established. dominions* the Sultans

of

Among these five

Qutub Shahi of Golkunda, Adil Shahi

of Bijapur had left the mervellous scholarly memorials.

Enpire of Qutub Shahi:

The enperors of this Empire were famous for promo­ ting the arts.

Good books were written in their reign and very

good libraries were established.

Library of Golkundai Ibrahim Quli Qutub Shahi had established a library in his headquarters where his successors like Mohammad Quli Qutub Shaha* Qutub Shah and Abdullah Qutub Shah had accumulated

122

nice books in literature according to their choice.

These

three ernperors were very much interested in poetry* Mohammad Quli Qutub Shah was a high ranking poet and was a good calligraphist.

His comp let e works contain 50 thousand Persian and

Deccan poems.

Books of poetry and prose named "Kulyat" of

Mohammed Quli Qutub Shah and "Sub-Ras" of Mall-O-Jhi are called the master piece of this period.

Poets like Ibn-Nishati, GaS?ashi,

Jonedi and Tahsin-ud-din were also very famous. Subrua: It is necessary to tell something in short about the "Subrung"

because it works as the mile-stone in the evolu­

tion of history of Urdu prose.

The topics of book which were

written before this were religion and Sufism. new topics were dealt with. presented in the

But in "Subrang"

The problene of sufism were

shape of rhyme.

As per Moulvi Abdul Haque

"Subrang" is the first book in Urdu prose which is the highclass book in Urdu literature of that time.

This book was

written by Malla-Ojhi# a famous poet and writer in 16 35 during the reign of Qutub Shahi. Madrasas: Libraries were increased with the increase of raadrasas in the reign of Qutub Shahi.

It is

told by the

historian that the enperor of this dynasty had established many madrasas in Golkunda headquarter and in other towns.

123 Many Maktabs were also there. education was inparted

Besides Persian language, the

in Persian language.

were taught the Holy Quran.

The Muslim students

Shoberl, a historian has written

that "the students sat on the bench or on the mat. on the papers with Serkandy or Aasthin pen. from China.

They wrote

Papers were inported

But this Chinese paper was not so good as the paper

from Europe.

The paper from Europe was clear and thin".

Madrasa of Charminars Sultan Mohammad Quli Shah had settled in Hyderabad. He had constructed the magnificent building of Charminar which exists till now. building.

A magnificent madrasa was also attached to this

The library v^iich was attached to this madrasa was also

a nice one.

Five saintss Five saints had taken part in the development of library as well as the Urdu language by writing of poetry and prose in one of the five

Deccan language.

saints.

religious books

Miraji Khuda Nbma was

He was serving in the royal court of

Abdullah Qutub Shah who was his religious disciple. Aminuddin Ala became

his religious disciple

After Shah

he left the service

and was engaged in the works of writings and preaching. told about him that he was an old Urdu prose writer. /'

the standard of Urdu prose through

He established

*"-•

his researches.

his religious disciple was also a great

It is

Miran Yaquoob,

mystic and writer.

124

In a discussion about Shah

Aminuddin Ala it is

necessary to tell something about Miranji Shamsul

He was born in Mecca Muazzama but he settled

grand-father. in Bijapur.

Ishaque, his

Like him# his son Shah Burhan-ud-din Janam was

also a high-ranking nystic,and writer.

Moulvi Abdul Haq

written about the dynasty of Miranji that due to

had

the effect

of this dynasty many good poets were produced.

After the downfall of the dynasty of Qutub Shahi, the libraries were also destroyed, till now.

some books

are preserved

A copy of "Diwan" written by Sultan Quli Qutub Shah

is preserved in the "Asafiya Library" of Hyderabad. "Diwan Hafiz" of the

A copy of

royal library of Sultan Mohammed Qutub

Shah is also preserved in the Khuda Bakhsh Library, Patna. Handwritings of sultan Mohammed Qutub Shah are also affixed here from which it is known that Mohammed Mahsan had written in

Hyderabad of Deccan in 1023 for Sultan.

is decorated.

Its first page

This copy was captured by Aurangzeb after the

conquest of the Qutub Shahi empire.

The writings of Prince

Mohammed Sultan, the elder son of Aurangzeb is recorded in the "Jahangir Nama".

This book was captured by the

Prince

Mohammed Sultan from the library of Qutub Shahi, Golkunda. The manuscripts are written in

1020.

The stamps of Sultan

Mohammed Qutub Shah and Sultan Abdullah Qutub affixed on it.

Shah

are

125

Empire of Adil Shahis Bijapur and Golkunda had the credit of producing some learned kings who patronised men of letters and established educational institutions

and libraries.

Bijapur in its pre-Muslim days had the reputation as a seat of learning and the magnificent three-storied college made of granite stands as a dumb witness of the past.

It was

converted into a masque. After the break-up of the Bahmani kingdom, five new kingdoms were set up, namely, Barid Shahi, Qutub Shahi, Nizam Shahi, ' iraad Shahi and Adil Shahi, most powerful of all.

'Adil shahi was the

It had friendly relations even with

countries out-side India. with Persia and Turkey.

There was an exchange of ambassadors Rare presents used to come from and

go to those countries. Besides

being shrewd politicians and able admini­

strators the 'Adil shahi arts and literature.

Sultans were keenly interested in

Abdul Quas im Faristha, Mulla Nur-ud-din

Zahuri, Mulla Malik Quami, Nusrati, Hashmi, Mulk Khushnud, Mulla Fathulla shirazi this court.

and Khwaja * Inayatuilah Shirazi adorned

Through the efforts of the above mentioned scholars,

libraries were developed.

Besides "Bijapur Shahi Library",

126

there existed other libraries. mosques of the realm.

Madrasas were attached to the

The expenses of the students were met

by the royal exchequer.

Library of Adil Shahi: This library is the unchallenged memorial of the Adil shahi Kingdom. etc.

Books in Persian, Arabi and Deccan Urdu

were accumulated in this library.

centre of learning and culture.

This library was a

There were sixty employees

such as calligraphists, gilders of book, book-binders,

illu­

strators, penmen, mar gin-drawers, painters and scribes who were always busy with their work in the library.

Althou.^i nearly

four hundred and twentyfive years have elapsed since the library was established, still some books are preserved.

Interest in Reading of Books of All Adil Shahy The Adil shahi rulers were great patrons of learning and lovers of books.

The royal patronage attracted men of

extra-ordinary knowledge and ability from Persia, Azarbaijan and Arabia.

Rafi-ud-din Shirazi, a close associate and

officer of Ali Adil shah I

high

(1558-15 80) once stated, "As Shiraz

is my native place, I know definitely that ten thousand people were benefited by the king's patronage".

Original works as well as works of compilation and translation, were carried out on a scale such as was known hardly in any other conteitporary kingdom.

Mosques, Madrasas,

inns, bridges monasteries were built in large nunber. Sultans were second to none in their taste and

love for books.

A very grand Royal Library was built at Bijapore. (d.988 A.H.)

himself was very fond of books, and

constant reader.

These

'Adil shah was a

Rafi-ud-din Shirazi, once stated in his

Tazkirat-ul-muluk about the love of reading books of Ali Adil Shah I.

The sultan "had a great inclination towards the

study of books and he had procured many books connected

with

every kind of knowledge, so that a coloured library had become full.

The development of arts and sciences were made in his

reign.

Many scholars came from Arabia,

Bijapur.

Iran and Iraq to

This town became the centre of learning.

It is

written about this enperor that most of the times scholarly conferences were organised the work of teaching,

in his royal

the works

court.

Besides

of preaching of Islam were

also done. The sultan, Adil Shah had, besides the Royal Library, his personal library, which remained with him whether on a journey or at home. and liking for books. and entered

It is reported that

he bad a great taste

He collected different kinds of books

them in his library.

128

The Sultan was so fond'of .books that even during tie time of

tour or military canpaign he used to carry books with him.

Once it

happened that

M (Ali Adil Shah I) had

selected books

which filled four boxes which he kept with him in journey as well as

in his palace.

By chance in a journey when he reached

the destination at the

end of the day it began to rain heavily

and the streams became so flooded that it became impossible to cross some

of their passages

circumstances

(i.e. fordable places).

the array became dispersed.

In these

When His Majesty

reached the destination he was reminded of the boxes of books. After some investigation it was found that the boxes had gone with the Royal Treasury by sane other road and people (accompany­ ing them) had stayed (at some other) place.

At this he became

very angry and said, **I have told you thousand times that the boxes of books should not be separated from me in any case, but it has been of

no avail" .

At that very

moment one of the

nobles was sent to fetch the library and so long as the boxes did not arrive he remained much restless" .

Ali Adil Shah was very interested in literature like his father Ibrahim Adil shah.

He paid respect to the theologians

and scholars, Urdu langage became the language)

court language

(government

in his reign though at that time ; Persian was the

official language in North India.

Moras Noras is the name of a book.

This book

valuable memorial of the Adil Shahireign. a great musician. expert in this art

He was not only fond of

is a

Ibrahim Adil was mus ic but also so

that people called him “Jagat Guru".

He

had written a book named Nuras on the art of music in Hindi poetry.

Besides music# the other arts and sciences were developed during the reign of Ibrahim Adil shah Sani.

Among

the scholars and learned men who were attached to his royal court# Abdul Quasim (the writer of Tarikh Farishta) was one of them.

He had written a book named ’’Gulshan-i-Ibrahim", on

Ibrahim Adil Shah Sani.

He has written the authentic history of

India and details of Deccan in this work. Ferishta# the great historian and author of Tarikh-iFerishta was permitted by Ibrahim Adil shah II to work in the royal library. From the recently discovered pair of Ruq'as or registered government documents it is evidently clear that one Hindu scholar

waman Pandit bin Anant of the Shesh family of

Bijapur was the royal librarian. that as a measure of security collection Naro bin Gangadhar

The documents

further state

for the valuable royal manuscript and Hussain Khan in 156 7 and

Manjan Khan in 15 75 each with high position in the Adil Shahi hierarchy stood guarantee for the safety and careful preservation

of the important charge entrusted to waraan Pandit* the librarian. The annual salary of the librarian was one thousand Hun or about Rs.3*5GO.

It is believed that waman Pandit* a grand son of

Ananta* the librarian left Bijapur as MUhamroed Adil shah (1627-1656) wanted him to embrace

Islam.

Mr. pergusson with regard to the Imperial Library writes in his books"Some of its books are curious and

interesting

to any one acquainted with Arabic and Persian literature.

All

the most valuable manuscripts were* it is said* taten-away by Aurangzeb in cart loads and what remains are literarily only a remnant* but a precious one to the persons in-charge of the building who show them with mournful pride and regret" . The remnants of the royal library can be found in the Asari Mahal at Bijapur. In short we can say that the development of different arts-&

sciences were done during the reign of

Bahmani, Qutub Shahi and Adil Shahi. language.

Urdu was made the official

Libraries of this period developed due tn the theolo­

gians/ scholars and learned~me.n.

The treasures of prose and

poetry were accumulated by them. When the enperors of Deccan were developing their library with the help of the eminent authors and poets, Aurangzeb invaded Deccan.

He conquered the kingdom of Adil Shahi in 1686

and the kingdom of Qutub Shahi in 1690.

As he was a lover

131

of learning he did not destroy the valuable and He took away some books for him. the library of Sultan Tipu

rare books.

And some books were taken to

and to other libraries.

Some books

of Adil shahi library are preserved in the "Asar-i-Mobar ak" of Bijapur.

Brrpire of Khudadad: Tipu Sultan became the enperor of Khudadad Kingdom. In 1782 AD. on the death of his father Haider Ali, Tipu Sultan assumed the sovereignty of Mysore.

He was born in 1750

a.D.

The Kingdom of the Khudadad was in existence from 1763 AD. to 1799 AD.

The makers of this kingdom were only two persons.

It

was founded by Haider Ali in 1763 AD. and was ended at Tipu Sultan's death in 1799.

They had established good libraries

during the period of their reign.

Tipu Sultan reigned only

for 17 years i.e. from 1782 to 1799. the tine. and ery

He was hard pressed all

On one side Britishers were making plan to kill him

on another sides his enployees were also engaged in against him.

library.

still he

treach­

found the time to . establish the

During the 17 years of his reign,, he gained fame both

for his bravery and for his patronage for learning.

He establ­

ished many magnificent libraries. "Zamiul-Umoor" was the great university of seringa Patnam in his reign.

Besides this,

he had established the "Fauzi Madrasa" in which the soldiers were getting training and became educated.

132

The Library of Tipu Sultans

Enperor Tipu Sultan was a brave fighter and real patriot of the Mysore State.

A great patron oflearning the

Sultan founded a university with many faculties

and a good

library, Tipu was a great lover and collector of books.

Sultan

had made special arrangements for collection of books from many countries .

He was collecting books even from Europe.

He had written on 29.09.1786 that “Books have come from Europe, in

which it is mentioned about “Ala-Maquyas-ul-Hararat" .

book should be presented Persian.

The

before me after translating into

There was a library attached to the Jama-ul-Umoor

University. other books.

This library was full of religious books besides Another famous library was attached to the training

school of soldiers. one, among other

The

Imperial library was the distinctive

libraries of the realm.

It was the treasure

house of matchless manuscripts of the art and science. Sultan was getting relaxation in this library. written and compiled during his reign.

Tipu

Many books were

Two books narred "Mofarehul

Quolub" and “Tohfat-ul-M02ahedin“ were among them.

"Tohfat-ul-

Mozahedin" was also called as “Fateh-ul-Mozahedin" •

This book

was written for the shake of the office of the soldiers.

Rules

and regulations for the soldiers were mentioned in this book. This book bore the seal of the sultan. the

end of each article.

The Sultan signed at

133

He was also very fond of binding of books# and

calligraphy

paintings. Tipu sultan# who was a patron of the learned

had within

his fold men of genius and men of exceptional learning such as were never to be seen afterwards.

Tipu had the rare gift of

judging anybody's talent and giving him the was best suited.

Among scholars

post for which he

and learned men, some were

entrusted with the task o f education# some with the writing of books# some with translation work.

Tipu sultan was a great lover of books. first siege of instead of

Seringapatam#

"After the

Tipu always slept on coarse canvas

on a bed and re-appreciated which was read not to him

from religious books" . within the castle.

The sultan had nis own personal library

This library had a copy of the Holy Quran

which was written by the hand of Aurangzeb Alamgir. fine "Khatt-i-Naskh", different colours. rupees.

It was in

decorated with beautiful paintings

of

It is said that the cost was ninety thousand

This was also a rare treasure of Tipu sultan's library.

The enchanted copy of the Holy Quran is.now preserved in the winds or castle library. It is known from the catalogue of the India Office Library that the Library consisted of nearly 2000 volumes of Arabic#Persian and Hindi manuscripts from all the branches of Mohammedan literature when the East India company took possession in 1809.

But it is

134

known

that the strength of the library

was more than that#

because the books of the Bijapur and Golconda libraries were preserved in this library.

More over# books were entered into

the library from time to time from other sources.

The transla­

tors were translating the books under the guidance of Sultan himself.

Sultan also collected books from other countries and

made entry into his library after translating them into native language. study.

Theology and suffism were his (Sultan's) favourite

The Sultan

was very ambitious of being an author; and

although we have not discovered any complete work of his conpos it ion# but no less than fortyfive books# on different subjects# were either conposed# or translated

from other languages under

his immediate patronage or inspection.

Thus the Sultan patronised

writing and translating manuscripts for his library. Letterss From the letters given below# we can guess how much the Sultan was interested in the work of library and how personally taking care of the books. in 17.7.1786 .

It is given below.

Shiyukh" is sent

here by post.

He had

he was

written a letter

One copy of "Kitab Fakhr-ulIt is ordered that 40

copies

of this book may be made by the copyist and 15 pages of white paper may be affixed both the sides (first and last end) book.

of the

This book may be sent as early as possible after finishing

the work,

some days ago, books and catalogues have been sent

to you, whidi may be entered into the library after cataloguing.

135

Again he wrote the following

letter on 17 .8.7707*

It is ordered that the ten copies ul-QuolubM may be

sent.

Five of them should be detailed.

should be bound" '. and decorated. be simple.

of book "MufarehThis

And other five copies should

Like this, he was giving special attention towards

the preservation of books. authors arri decorators.

He appointed the expert binders,

He ordered that

the binding and paint

-ings of books should be in special type.

A stanp was fixed

on

the book which was completed by the Sultan.

Sultan Tipu appointed librarians for the organisation and management of his library.

He was giving special attention

to the classification and cataloguing of books of his

library.

His duties included the collection of books and materials which were wanted by the readers.

He made classification of books of

the library,

Quran, Tafsir

physics,

for instances:

Islamic law, Hadith

(commentary), Meta­

(Tradition of Holy Prophet),

^sticism, Astronomy, Mathematics, Msdicine. Dictionary, Glossary and Ensyclopaedia etc. the library were classified into 20 parts.

Poetry, Philosophy, All the books of All the books were

separated subject- wise and kept in different places. With the heroic death of sultan in 1799, seringapatam fell in to the hands ofthe British. royal treasury along with the

They captured the entire

valuable library.

The valuable

manuscripts of the royal library remained uncared for a long time, and later some of the manuscripts were transferred to

136

London and soma to Fort william college Library and

to the

library of the Asiatic society of Bengal, Calcutta.

“Among the

papers found in his library was a register of his dreams. Major Stuart prepared a catalogue in 1809 of the remaining books and it was published by the

Cambridge University,

a

summary

of

the contents of the library is given below: Quran-44 volumes? Tafsir (commentaries on Quran)

41 volumes;

Waza' if (Prayirs) 35 volumes Hadith (Traditions)-46 volumes: Theology-46 volumes; Sufyism (Mystic Writings) -115 volumes; Ethics-24 Volumes; Jurisprudence-95 volumes; Arts and Sciences~19 volumes; Philosophy-62 volumes; Psychology - 45 volumes, Lexicography - 29 volumes; and Deccani Poetry - 23 volumes> Turkish Prose - 2 volumes? 19. Mathematics - 7 volumes? Tibb

D eccani Prose - 4 volumes;

Astronomy - 20 volumes?

Poetry -

Fiqh \fIslamic law) - 62 volumes;

(Medicine) - 62 volumes?

45 volumes;

Hindi

Stories - 18 volumes; Language -

Itahiyat - 42 volumes;

some of these books belonged

to the kings of Bijapur and Golconda but the majority were plundered at

Chittur, Savanur and Kapada

Catalogues of sultan's

books prepared by Stuart: Charles Stuart the former

Major of Bengal was appointed

as the Junior Professor of Persian Language in Fort william College in 1803. He took personal interest in seeing the valuable treasury of books of the

college ;and he decided that after his retirement

from the service, he will work

on books.

But, after some days

137

he was entrusted by the East India conpany to do the work along with four Persian teachers of the college who were for his help alongwith their

normal duties.

him as they had to do their duties. them helped him

also appointed

They could not help

Moulvi Hasan Ali one of

till the compilation of the work.

Stuart had prepared the catalogue in limited number without the help of others in his own expenditure after returning to England in 1809.

The name of the catalogue is "Descriptive

catalogue of the Oriental Library of the Mysore" .

late Tipu Sultan of

-This catalogue contains 36 4 pages.

Arrangement is as fellows: 1. 2.

Intesab pesh Lafz Swad Alf

the

3.

Per is t Majamin Swad Je

4.

Ghalat Narca-i-3awan Swad To we

5.

Hayat, Hayder Ali Khan from pages 1 to 42

6.

Hay at# Tipu Sultan from pages 43 to 93

7.

Makhaz from pages 94

8.

Ghalat Namah-e-Feristh

9.

Feristh Kutub Farsi which was brought by Major Malekum from

Iran from pages 185 to 186 .

10.

Feristh Kutub Arabi which was brought by Mr. Elliot from Arab.

11.

Harf Akhir.

12.

Zamiyah Kutub Tarikh ke Iqtesabat from page 192 to 345 .

13

Isko Reyal Ki Ferist Ka Namunah.

138

14.

Kutub Khana-i-Shah Franch Ki Per 1st

Ka Namuna from page 347-

15.

Bodlien Library Ke Mashr iqui Makhtutat Ki Ferist Ka Namunah.

16.

Ashariyah from pages 349 to 364. The most notable books entered into the Royal Asiatic

Library of Bengal ares Risala Padkha, Muntakhab Dawabit* Sultarai, Dabta-i-Imsal, Rahe-i-Fatan-was-Suwar, Fath-ul-Muzahiain, Waqi a Manazil# Roznamai-Hyderabad, Ataliq-i-Shahzada, Majraua-i-3anadat, Hukm Nama and collection of Faramin. The

notable and rare books only in Urdu entered in to

the India Office at London, are as follows:Tadhkira-i-Sbura-i-Hindu by Fath 'Ali Hussain. 'Ali Nama by Mull a Nusrati.

Ruh Afza

{Qissa-i-Ridwan-sh ah) .

Faiz Qissa-i-Mah-i-Paikar. Qissa Bahram-O-Gul, by Tabi Gul Kandawi Phulbun by Ibn Nishati Tuti Nama by Ibn Nishati Qissa Padmavat Dakhini by Tab i Gulkundawi. Qissa-i-Lal-Q Gauhar by Arif-ud-din Khan 'Ajiz. Diwan-i-yaqin by Inamullah Khan Yaqin. Bhogbal translated by 3hi.hab-ud-din. Mufarrah-ul-Qulub by Husain 'Ali.

139

Qissa Ridwan Shah by Faiz Qissa Buhram-O-Gul Andara (Tabl Golkundawi written in 1081 A«H.) Diwan Rafi Sauda. Sri Ganesf Translation from Sanskrit. Sunder sukhar Translation from Sanskrit. Dhori Hindi by Shah Durvesh Gujrati (Tasawuf) Raudat-ush-Shohada by seva Gulbargavi. Risala Sarud Rag i.e. Majmua-i-Qadim Da khan Qasba. Nishat-ul-Isq Sharh Ghauthiya (translation) Translation of Miftah-us-salat by Fath Mohammad Burhanpuri. Khulasa-i-Sultani by Sayeed imamuddin and Mohammad Samad Qadi of s©r ingap a tarn. Khlid-i-Zaban-i-Telingi. The Sultan loved to get

leather bound volumes for

his castle library and Ser ingap at am* thus it became a centre of good leather binding.

"All the volumes that has been rebound

in Seringapatam have the n&nes of God, Mohammad, his daughter Fatima and her sons,

Hasan and Hussain, stamped in the medallion

on the middle of the cover, and the names of the first four Khalifs on the four corners, at the top-

is Sirkare Khudadad

(Govt, given by. God), and at the bottom is Allah Kafy (God is sufficient).

A few were

impressed with the signature of

Tipu sultan". As regards tte

scholarly ability of Tipu Sultan, his

enemies were also praising him.

cambal had written that Sultan

was wr it ing easily the prose ard poetry.

His writings

much interesting, which were very short and meaningful.

were very One

read his writings, he could easily know that this was written Sultan.

who by

RS£S- HENCE3 10

ALI (Asraf). Barrs-Saghir Ki Madum Kutub Khane. Sheh Mahi Al-gobair (Urdu). 11 ; 1067; 50-1.

2.

DATTA (Bimal Kumar). Libraries and Librarianship .of Ancient and Medieval India. 1970. Atmaram & Sons; Delhi.

3.

KHUR8HI (Anis), The Importance of the library in develop­ ment and building up the nation. P 11-5.

4.

NADVI (3 A Zafar). Librarian during the Muslim period ruled in India. Islamic Culture. XIX : 1945 : 333.

5.

NADVI (S A Zafar). Libraries In Muslim India. Islamic Culture. XX; 1946 ;

6.

3-20.

PHTJLWARAVI (Mohammed Hafizullah). Libraries In Muslim Reign. P 11-5.

7.

ZOBAIR (Al-Haj Mohammed). Islamic Kutub Khane (urdu). 1978. H.M. Sayeed Comp.; Karachi. P 224-5.

CHAPTER - V SOME SPECIAL LIBRARIES

Library of Shah Oil Allah 8 This library existed in 18th century in Delhi. the personal library of shah Oli Allah.

It was

Shah Qli-Allah had

served the religion and knowledge during the barbarity of British from 1703 to 176 2. be fcrgotton.

His services for the society cannot

He took care of the "Madrasa Rahimaiah" established

by his father Hadrat Shah Abdur Rahim. by his madrasa.

Students were benefited

He had made an effort for the welfare and

prosperity of Muslim and to preserve the Islamic education.

He had written many books for this cause.

The book Ujaltul

Khapae and Hujjat-ul-lah Al-Balegha were most popular. Library, of Shah Abdul

Azizs

After the death of Hadrat Shah Oli-Allah# his able sons like shah Abdul Aziz# Shah Rafi-ud-din, Shah Abdul Qadir and Shah Abdul Ghani had continued the work of writing and teaching.

Shaikh Rafi- ud-din and Shah Abdul Qadir translated

the Holy Quran in simple Urdu language and kept it in the library for the public. Shaha-daten**#

Shah Abdul Aziz had written books like "Ser "Bostan MDhaddesin*' "Tohfa-e-Asna Asar iyah"

He was publishing and circulating throughout his life.

the learning of

,

Hadith

Library of shah Abdul Aziz was greater

141

than the libraries of his other

brothers.

this library was about 20 thousahd.

The collection of

He had read all these books.

He died in 1823.

Library of Shah Kalim-ul-lah Jahanabadi? The library of monastery of Hadrat Shah Kalim-ul-lah was just like the nice library of Hadrat Nizam-ud-din

Auliah,

because it was the great centre of internal and external knowledge. Besides this he had also a madrasa. theologian and

writer.

He himself was a high-ranking

The Monastery itself proves the greatness

of shaha Saheb's library.

His Khanqua (shrine) was a fountain­

head of mystic knowledge, knowledge of arts and science. Hadrat Shah Kalira-ul-lah Jahanabadi was a very great theologian.

Hadrat Shah Kalim- ul-lah Jahanabadi had a very

great market established near

his madrasa, Delhi.

Madrasa of

Shah Saheb was situated in between magnificent buildings of Jama Masjid and Lai Qilla (Red-FOrt).

Now that the market has

ceased to exist but even now that area of Delhi is said to be a central place.

This area is a spacious ground.

By the side

of this ground the grave of shah Kalim-ul-lah is situated which is the famous pilgrim centre of Delhi.

The memorials of shah Saheb are his writings and epistles.

He has written 32 numbers of books in which "Kishkol

Kalmi" is the famous one.

His collected letters have been

printed in the name of "Maktubat-i-Kalmi" .

It is known from

142

the reading of letters that he was advising his followers that "Aniar Bil Maroof Unhi Anil Munkar".

And also he was advising

that they should sacrifice their life and

properties for God

and sacrifice their comfort and luxury for serving the people.

Library of shah Fakhruddin; Shah Fakhruddin had a personal library. saint and theologian. Ajmeri-gate.

He was

He was a 'V

teaching in the madrasa of

Students were coming from outside to this madrasa

to obtain education.

Most of his famous mystic disciples were

the students of this Madrasa.

As per the writer Mashaikh

Chisht, Shah Fakhruddin was a very much scholarly person. engaged himsielf most of

the time in reading.

He was very

much interested in obtaining and accumulation of books . loan he was also purchasing books.

He

On

He had a very nice library.

He was so interested in the books that he kept all kinds of books with him.

sometimes he was reading

MAwar if-ul-Marif" .

He was interested in writing and compilation of books. the writer of three books namely Marjiah" and "Fakhr-ul-Hasan" .

He was

"Nizara-ul-Aqaid" * "Resalah About the learning and excellency

and mysticism and piety has been discussed in "Monaquib FaWiriyah" and “Fakhr-ut-Talebin" .

About his virtues it is said that when

anybody brought books for selling, stealing them from his library, he was not asking

him

where from he found the books.

Enperors & Sultans of that period were also the mystic disciples of the shah Saheb.

They were paying respect to him. Shah Zafar

143

was also a great devotee of shah Fakhr-ud-din.

So Zafer had

written that Ae zafer Kia Bataun Tujh Ko Jo Kuchh Hum so Hun L akin Apne-Fakhr Deen Ke Kafash Bardaron Main Hun Kutub Khana# Madraaa & Zla-ul-Uloom? Hadrat Shah Fakhruddin had given training to his followers in such a way that they were following his foot print with their warmth of affection. the sign of these followers.

The madras a and library are

One of the disciples of Hadrat

named Moulana Ziauddin had established a madrasa in Jeypore. He had gone there by the order of his saint for the work of guidance and persuasion.

He managed this

in the Tarikh Mashaikh Chishtee

work very successfully.

It is

that now his established madrasa

is known as "Madrasa-i-Zia-ul-UloomM .

Books of Hadit are the

treasury of the library of Madrasa. The Library of Mufti Sadruddins Late

Sadr-us-3 ado or Mufti Sadr-ud-din Ajardah was a

very good poet.

He was the poet of three languages namely Urdu#

Persian and Arabi.

His pen-name was Ajarda.

engaging himself in teaching:

He was always

Yousuf Ali Khan of walipur, Nawab

Siddique Hasan Khan of Bhopal and Sir sayyed were his students. It is written regarding the madrasa that Mufti Saheb had repaired the Shahjahani Madrasa named Dar-ul-Baqa for second time. himself was

teaching and was bearing all the expenditure.

He Due

144

to the raadrasa of Mufti Saheb, the nurriber of books increased in the library. mutiny.

But this nice

librarycoaj4not be saved from

A plot was made against Mufti Saheb for perfidy and

a law-suit was started.

His properties were seized.

After

a few months of detention he was released but his valuable and rare books could not be released. Library of Rukhsham In the time of Rukhshan the power aid nagmficence had been cold. hot in Delhi.

But the gathering of poetry and literature was Shaikh Nasir, Momin# Ghalib, Jauq and other poets

were the star#,'.-: of this town.

There was a nice library of

Nawab Ziauddin Khan Rais Loharo, the favourite student of Ghalib. Illiot, the famous historian and poet, got the help from this library when he was writing the history of India in English. Nawab Saheb was a very high-ranking poet and artist. name in Urdu was

His pen-

"Rukhsan'' and in Persian was "Nayyer".

Due

to his scholarly and religious personality he had accumulated many history and poetry books.

A manuscript of the library of

Mirza Aziz Kukah, the foster-brother of Akbar was available in it.

A sentence written by Mirza is available in this manuscript.

Now it is available in “Nadwat-ul-Uleraa" library of Lukhnow. Library of Delhi college: This College took part in development of Urdu language and literature.

This helped publishing the modern arts and

145

sciences.

For the above-mentioned work, the library of this

college had also taken great part.

When a scholarly Anzuman

named "Vernacular Translation society" was established and the books of science, Astronomy, Geography and Mathematics began to publish from this college, the

inportance and the usefulness

of the library were erhanced a lot.

This college was started in the name

of "Delhi college"

in 1825 in the building of '*Madrasa Ghazi-ud-din" near AmjeriGate.

This building was built by Ghazi-Uddin, the friend of

Alamgir and Bahadur Shah I. Arabic College" .

After 1857

it was called as "Anglo-

But after independence

in its old name as "Delhi College" .

again

it was called

Now it is counted

among

one of the famous colleges.

In 1828, English classes were introduced.

But that

time English-men were appointed as principals of the college. Scholars and theaLogians having as the teachers of the college.

Eastern knowledge were appointed Moulana Imam Bakhsh Shabai and

Master Ram Chandra were the famous Imam BaWtsh Shabai was

teachers among them.

a great scholar of Arabi and Persian.

He had translated the Arabi book named Hadaiq-ul-Balaghat Shamsuddin Faqir into Urdu language. for they thought that

Moulana

of

The Britishers killed him

he took part in the

mutiny.

As regards Master Ram Chandria, he published the scholarly and historical news-papers fortnightly.

His books like "Asul

146

Ilm

Haibat"

famous.

" Az a ib -R o j g ar u and "Tazkirat-ul- Kamiin“ were

He enriched

Urdu with

his writings.

Some nobles of Urdu literature had received education from

this College .

For example,, Moulana Mohammed Hossain Aaad,

Moulvi Nazir Ahmed and Moulvi Jaqa-ul-lah were educated in this College.

Moulvi Zaqa-Ullah had written 43 books.

He had written

books on History, Geography, Medicine Astronomy, politics, Mathematics, Literature and essays.

Ethics.

One of his essays has

He has written a number of

c ompared

of the Moulvi Jaqa-ullah Saheb with

the scholarly rank

Bacon,

seeing plenty of

books and essays of Moulvi Zaqa-Ullah Saheb, Moulana Altaf Hussain Hali had

passed a witty remark of him that the mind of Jaqa-

ullah is a shop of a petty-shop available. the

keeper in which everything is

The area of Urdu language became very spacious due to

books written by the students and teachers of Delhi College.

Curriculum of teaching and the library got the authentic means.

Plenty of Madras as: After the age of Alamgir and before the mutiny,

it was

the period of disturbances* scholars, and poets- were also present in Delhi,

who bad

shape of poetry,

enlightened the light of literature of the libraries and madrasas.

"Every-where you willsee

madrasa in Delhi and will see the

teaching i3 going on there". Madrasas and

As per Shah Abdul Aziz

The important

proof of History of

Islamic Libraries is that during

downfall of Muslim reign, plenty .of

and after the

madrasas are there whose

development are being done by the public.

147

Destruction of Libraries: Institutions like Madrasas and Libraries established by the Mughal Emperors were destroyed with the down-fall of Mughal dynasty.

After Aurangzeb his successors were not competent.

They were engaged in pleasure and pomp. of madrasas and libraries.

They did not take care

Nadir Shah invaded India during the

time of the next ruler and ordered a general massacre in Delhi City.

The conqueror carried away with him all the crown jewels#

the famous

Kohinoor diamond# the peacock throne and many valuable

and illustrated

Persian manuscripts from the imperial Library.

In 1757 Ahmad Shah Abdali attacked India and plundered Delhi. In 1778 Ghulam Qadir Ruhile had plundered most of the copies of Quran and most of the rare books from the royal

library.

In

1857, after the Mutiny, thousands of books were destroyed and thousands of important,

valuable and rare books were

transferred

to England. During the decaying days of Mughals » educational institutions and libraries of Delhi lost their growing importance and received patronage at provincial head-quarters Hyderabad, Patna, Dhaka and Murshidabad from the nobles.

like Oudh, Nawwabs and

Among the spoils of war that the British had during

their occupations of different parts of India the library books and museum articles.

the richest were

^EFSHSNCES 1

RADVI (S A Zafar). Librarian during the Muslim Period ruled in' India. Islamic Culture. XIX ; 1Q45 ; 333.

2.

NADVI (SA Zafar). Libraries In Muslim India. Islamic Culture. XX; 1946 ; 3-20.

3,

ZOBAIR (Al-Baj Mohammed). Islamic Kutnb Khane(Urdu) 1978. H.M. Sayeed Comp. ; Karachi. P 224-5..

CHAPTER VI REG IONAL

LIBRAR IES

Libraries in Kashmir: First picture of the library is found in the shrine of Hazrat Balbal Shah established by the Muslims. name of this saint is

The actual

surfuddin Sayed Abdur Rahman Turkisthani.

He was the first successful person of Islam in Kashmir. king Ranjan

The

of Kashmir entered into the circle of Islam in

1320 due to this saint.

After accepting the Islam religion,

the king was named as Sultan Sadruddin and became the first Muslim emperor of Kashmir.

He constructed a roonastry and a

magnificent mosque for Hazrat Balbal Shah. library were attached to this masque.

A madras a and a

Hazrat Balbal Shah died

in 1326 . Library of Sayed Hamdani: Amir Kabir Sayed Hamdani was as well as a scholar.

a religious theologian

He had a personal library.

His trustee

was his Khalifa (spiritual successor) named Mohammad Kazim. Sayed Hamdani was a fanous and high ranking saint. Kashmir from Iran in 14th Century . people of Kashmir had

He had come to

37.000 (Thirtyseven thousand)

embraced Islam due to his endeavours.

His Shrine was the great centre of propagation of Islam and of learning in Kashmir.

He had written many books out of which

149 "Mazma-ul-AhaditM, Malook",

"Shareh Fasus-ul-Hukra",

were famous.

and “Zakhirat-ul-

Sayed Hamdani died on 1374.

After his

death, his son Mir Mohammad Hamdani came to Kashmir. very much inpressed with the the people; i of Islam.

of Kashmir.

He was

religious and scholarly life of

He also took interest in propagation

He established na dr as as and libraries in every corner

of Kashmir.

Libraries and Sultans of Kashmir:

Sultans of Kashmir had given the chances for prosperity to everybody establishing the madrasas

and libraries.

Sultans had p atronised the arts and sciences, lot of money for their development.

These

and had spent a

Library was attached to

each madrasa by that time. Three Great Madrasas:

Sultan Shahab-ud-din had established many . madrasas for the propagation of Quran & HaditH/ among which the "Madras atul-Quran" is a great one.

Abdul Mashaikh Shaikh solaiman, newly

converted Muslim, became Quari from that madrasa and became famous in the name of "Umm-ul-Quara" . 1376 .

Shahab-ud-din died in

Qutub-ud-din became the emperor after him.

Qutub-ud-din

College was the best college during his period, which continued to function till the reign of ShiWis. institution which had a hostel. reign of sultan sikander.

This College was the first

There was a madrasa during the

It was called "Dar-ul-Glum" for its

150

greatness.

Theologians and scholars

cane from Iraq & Kharasan.

Quazi Mir Msh ammad Ali Bokhar i, a theologian, was its Principal. Among the teachers, Mohammad Afzal Bokhari, Mulla Mohammad Yousuf, Mulla Sadruddin Quashi and Sayed Hossain Mantaqui Ali were teaching Hadith, Philosophy, Mathematics, Logic and Metaphysics. The Sultan had constructed

a boarding with this madrasa.

He had established

a trust for its expenditure•

Bad Shahi The circle of libraries was increased in Kashmir including the educational development,

sultan Zain-ul-Abedin-ul-Maroof-

Beh-Badsha became the emperor.

He was a lover of learning.

He •

was an expert in Kashmiree, Persian, Arabi, Hindi, Tibbati and Sanskrit-

His royal court was full of scholars of arts

and

sciences. He was the first muslim emperor who introduced rules to enforce discipline. Badsha was called the Akbar of Kashmir due to his ability and love of learning.

The development of literature

and handicraft was made during his reign (1420-1470).

The

libraries of Kashmir gained popularity due to this development of literature and handicraft. to Badsha as presentation.

It is said that books were coming

He was sending clerks to different

places for collection of books.

151

The library of Badsha was nice and spacious among other established libraries during his reign.

Historians are telling

about this library that it was counted as one of the best library of the world.

It proved very useful to scholars.

The teachers

and students of the Dar-ul-Olura Nausherah benefited from this library.

After the death

of Badsha.

it continued the existence

till one hundred years . Dar-ul-Olum Nausherah: Among the madrasas of Badsha. Dar-ul-Olum Nausherah was the best one.

The Sultan had trusted the incone of many villages

for its expenditure . teachers for teaching. of this Dau-ul-Olura.

He had appointed competent and worthy Mulla Kabir Nehwee was the administrator The scholars and theologians like Mulla

Ahmad Kashmiree, Mulla Hafiz Baghdadi. Mulla Parsa Bokhari, Mulla Jamal-ud-din Khar-zami, Mir Ali Bokhari and Mulla Yousuf Rash idee were the teachers

of the

Dar-ul-Olum.

Madrasa-1-Sher;

"I 1

———MWp

"'Madrasa-i-Sher" was the another best one established by Badsha in MSherM near modern Islambad during his reign.

It

is called the very great centre of the learning and excellency. Mulla Ghazi Khan was the head teacher of this madrasa.

152

Books and compilation:

Badshah had established an Office for writing the history and for translating. libraries.

This helped the development of the

Many books were written and many corrpilations of

books were made under the guidance of this office. Atha Soma, the officer of the

For exanple,

translation section had written

the book "J ina Chirat", the life history of Badshah in Kashmiree language.

Badi Bhatt had written a book on music and had

dedicated this book in the name of Sultan.

Mulla Ahmed Kashmiree

had translated the Mahabharat in to Persian and he had written the history on Mwaqia-i-Kashmir".

Shree Dhar had translated

the book named "Yousuf-Zolekha'* of Jami from to

Persian language

Sanskrit, and he named it as "Katha Ku Tuka*'.

"Raj Tarangini"

the faro us history of Kashmir was written in Kashmiree language and it was translated into Persian by Mulla Ahmad Kashmiree and it was naned as "Bahr-ul-Asmae" . this book was presented to him. the second time,

when Akbar went to Kashmir He ordered to translate it for

so Moulana Shaha Mohammad Shahabadi translated

it and Mulla Abdul Quadir had edited this translation.

Three Famous Madrases of Chak Salateen: Many libraries were developed in this period and education was wide-spread.

Gul Khatoon, the mother of Sultan

Hasan Shah had also established a madrasa. was also established in this reign.

"Madrasa Dar-us-Safa"

Hasan Shah was very much

attached to the madrasas established by him.

He had appointed

153

Shaikh-ul-Islam Baba Ismail Karwee the

president of his madrasas .

Hossain Shaha was the successor of sultan. many madrasas. by him.

He had also established

"Mousuma Madrasa Hossa in Shah" was established

It was a big madrasa attached to a big library.

were staying in the Madrasa free of cost.

Students

The Sultan had kept

apart the income of many villages to meet the expenditure of madrasa and for the development of libraries.

Shaikh Fatah-ul-

lah Haqqani was the Administrator of the madrasa. Possession of Kashmir by Mogfauls: Akbar conquered Kashmir in 1587.

He established many

madrasas & libraries in th is beautiful place.

Hossain Khan was

the Governor of Kashmir in the time of Akbar.

He also took

interest in establishing madrasas. established the

Allamah Mulla Haider had

madrasa named "Darsgah Mulla Haideree"

the period of Jahangir.

in

Khwajah Akhund Mahmud Naqshbandi

had established the madrasa named "Madrasa Khwajgan Naqshbandi" in the reign of Shaha Jahan. library.

Printing

Every madrasa was attached to a

press was established in Kashmir during

the reign of Akbar which opened the door for the development of libraries. Libraries in Malwah: Dilawar Khan Gori was the Independent enperor of Malwah. He established this kingdom in 1401.

Hosangh# his successor#

established his capital in Mandu (Shadiabad) .

He built here a

154

magnificent building and established a rnadrasa in it.

But Sultan

Mahrnood Khiljee and his son Gayas-ud-din Khiljee developed the madrasas along with the libraries. Sultan Mahrnood Khilji was a lover of learning. established many

madrasas.

He

Among them the madras a of Mandu

(Shahidabad) and the rnadrasa of Sharangpur were famous.

Madras a

of shahidabad was as magnificent as the Jama Masjid of Hosangh empire.

Education in arts and sciences was developed and Malwah

was called as the " Unan-i-Sani" . Madras a Nalcha and Madrasa Niswan established by Sultan Gayas-ud-din Khilji were famous. madrasas.

Libraries were attached to these

He gave special attention to women's education.

As 'per

the historian Far is ta, one thousand women became "Fafiz-i-Quran", and received religious education.

Besides this, he had introduced

different types of art like Maximal bani, Khayati and Kujagari for women.

He appointed the women in the posts of Hakim (Doctor),

Mufti (Muslim Jurist) and MDdderish (teacher) .

This enperor

thought that the education of women is necessary for the develop­ ment of human-beings . A Magnificent Madrasa; Ujjain of Malwah State, was the centre of education. This madrasa was called a magnificent one. till the 19th century.

Its., building existed

There is no discussion about its library,

how can a madrasa exist without a library.

155

Sultan Bahadur Shah, the enperor of Gujrat captured it in 15 31 and annexed it with Gujrat*

Then it came to the

occupation of Humayun and Sher Shah Suri. part of the realm of Akbar in 1560.

Then it became

a

From this time, a new

period of development of libraries began in Malwah.

Libraries in Gujrat? As regards

libraries, Gujrat had taken the lead.

A saint named Baba Rehan had established many na dr as as and libraries in Gujrat Alauddin Khilji.

25 9 years before conquest of Gujrat by

He came to Bahroj from Baghdad with forty

saints for propagation of Islam. and a shrine.

Obviously be

He had established a madrasa

might have accumulated books for

teaching which may be called the foundation of libraries

of

Gujrat.

Ahmad Shah I: After the disruption of the Tughluq errpire Muzaffar Khan established his sway as the first independent Sultan Gujrat in 1407 AD

of

and the independent Sultans of Gujrat ruled

for a period of one hundred and eighty years.

The rulers of

this line were not only great administrators and builders but bibliophiles and patrons of learning.

Sultan Ahmad, the indepen­

dent ruler of Gujrat was a lover of education, and he established

,

many schooIs

colleges and libraries.

Ahnad

Shah founded the

156

historical city of Ahmedabad.

Under the patronage of the Sultans

of Gujrat# large number of books were written,, and scholars from Yaman# Hijaz# Egypt and Persia adorned their Courts.

These

foreign scholars dedicated their works to the rulers. Shah constructed mosques and shrines. madrasas.

Ahmad

He also established

Books were also collected from abroad.

Books were

written about the Sultan. Imam Badruddin Ainee was a saint. from Misr in 800 Hijree.

He came to Gujrat

On the orders of Sultan Imam Badruddin

Ainee wrote the books named "Shahi BOkhari" and "Maghni-ulLabib" . Many other religious theologians and mohaddesin (Religious jurist) also came to Gujrat.

They all were engaged in the writing

in the royal court of Ahmad Shah. It is written about Ahmedabad that the religious saints# theologians# scholars were accumulated here during the reign of enperors of Gujrat.

As regards the learning and excell­

ence one day Ahmedabad had obtained mastery over Delhi. Royal Library: When Gujrat became independent.

Sultan Ahmad became

the patron of arts and learning and he founded madrasas# mosques and inns* and other public buildings which included libraries also. Regarding the^royal library of Sultan Ahmad# it is written in Tarikh-i-Badauni that after his death# his son Moh am mad Shah took out books from this ' .

Royal Library and entrusted them

to the students of Madrasa Shami-Burhani.

This library existed

until 980 A.H., when Akbar, after conquering Gujrat, distributed the books,

some of them reached the

Muhaddith Dehlavi8 and

hands of Shaikh 'Abdul

Haq

some passed to 'Abdul-Quadir Bada Yuni.

Faidi also got some of them and the rest entered the Royal Library. Sultan Mahmud Begda (1458-1511 AD«): Sultan Mahmud Begda ruled for 52 years. a great emperor of that period. was a lover of learning. Royal Library

He was called

He developed the library as he

The Sultan had enhanced books in the

by addition.

He built many mosqres and madrasas.

He was a great bibliophile and had placed his own library under the control of Sayyid Ushman, known as Shami Burhani. was housed at the madrasa of Ushmanpur near Ahmedabad.

The library As per

the author "Yad Ayyam" Ahmadabad becaire the centre of learning and excellency. village and town.

Madrasa and Shrine were established in every Libraries

were also established in Ahmedabad,

Surat, Naher wala Paten, Mahem, Bahroch, Khambat, Charrpa Naiyer etc. during the period of this enperor. MUzaffar II (1511-26 AD.) 8 The next ruler MUzaffar II greatly encouraged writings, and rewarded the authors

profusely.

He was so fond of good works

that when Sayyid Ali Khan Bara Nahar of Mandu presented the king with the first available

copy of the commentary of Fath-al-Bari

158

conpiled by

Ibn Hajar ASqalani, the king made the sayyid governor

of Broach.

The king presented two ccp ies of the Quran to the

cities of Mecca and Medina written with his own hand in gold water.

Sultan Mahmud Shah III (1538-1554 AD.): Nobles and statesmen of Gujrat followed set up by the Sultan.

the tradition

Sultan Mahmud shah III recalled Asaf Khan,

the scholar statesmen from Mecca to take charge of the Chief Ministership of the troubled State.

Asaf Khan had left behind

him a high reputation for administrative ability, and he was a great lover of books. a good

On his way back from Mecca

collection of selected books

with him.

he was carrying Unfortunately,

due to shipwreck on the coast of India, he lost his collection of books,

and the most precious among them was an autographed

copy of Mishkat, a reputed collection of traditions. Sidi-Said, the famous architect, who built the SidiSaid Masjid at Ahmedabad in 1572-73 AD. had established library.

a fine

He sent his own ship to Egypt for bringing the books,

he wanted for his library.

But the ship on her return journey

landed at Cambay, where many of the books were lost.

Library of shah Alam: It is the good fortune of Gujrat that many saints and religious theologians were assembled here. blished many

They had esta­

madrasas and libraries for the propagation of

159

learning and religion of Islam.

The prestige of Gujrat was

enhanced due to die gathering of saints and theologians,

we

have already discussed above that a great saint named Baba Rehan carre to Gujrat and had established shrines and madras as.

Another

great saint named Sayyed Burhan-ud-din-ul-Malquab Beh Qutub Alam came to Pat in for reformation in 1400 AD • and settled there for ever.

He came to Ahmedabad

He died in 1453.

Hazrat

Qutub

Alam had collected many books for propagation during the 5 3 years.

The famous saint of Gujrat, sayyed Siraj-ud-din Mohammad-ul-Milquab shah Alam, the eldest son of Qutub Alam was a scholar by profession as well as by practice-;-. very fond of reading books.

He was

Both his hands had marks, which

were caused by learning during deep excessive study.

He had a

big library in which, besides ordinary books, there were rare books,

when Sadr Jahan went to see

him, he showed one such

rare copy of Imam Radi of which the Maulana had no knowledge.

Shah Alam was very much interested in learning. hand-written copy of "Malfuzat1*

(Sayings of saints) which is

available in the Jawahar Museaum of Atawa. the letters of 10th century Hijree. events of that time

This book contains

His sayings and other

;are written in it.

His successors

A

He died in 1475.

went on improving the

library.

In

the time of sayyed Ja'far Badr ’Alam (d.1085) this library had reached its height.

He himse If entered many books written in

160

his Own hand.

One night in the street a person begged him for

a copy of the Holy Qur'an while he was

passing that way.

He/',

promised to give it to him next day after taking it from library.

his

But the begger insisted and demanded the very copy

which he always

kept himself.

At last he had to part with it.

His descendants retired to the city wall,

for fear of the plunder­

ing of the Maratha, and the library could, not be properly looked after.

Gradually

it decayed* but still his Sajjada-nashin has'

got some books in his possession. Library of Shaikh Mohammad Tahir Patni;

■

Shaikh Mohammad Tahir Patni, Gujrati had been "a famous Muhaddith in Mahar Vala Pat an. rose to high posts. was living in patan. Hadith.

He was a glorious religious jurist and He was reputed for his knowledge of

He taught Hadith to students.

his students. eradicate

His son and grand-son

He also made ink for

He wrote and compiled books.

bad traditions from the society.

He also tried to He had

a library

of rare books and books collected from Arabia and Bran.

Books

were preserved so long as mentoers of his family were men of learning.

Afterwards* it gradually tended to deteriorate.

His descendants had still some books in their possession, but the author was grieved to see this library in 1932, as there was no care for its preservation.

If this state of affairs

persists the remaining books also will be ruined.

161

Majma-ul-Bahr said tobe written Jn author's own hand, was shown to the writer of this article, but there was nothing in the book to prove the assertion. Madrasa Patan1 a Library: Madrasa "Faiz Safa" Gujrat# in 1092 AH.

was founded in Nahar Vala Patan,

A Masjid was also constructed side by side,

on which this chronogram is inscribed. Sana Shad Madrasa Masj id Per Faiz Safa Der Hazar O Nud 'Do j

Yenayat-e-Khuda.

This mosque had a big library.

It was in a very bad

condition when the writer saw it in 1931.

Rare books were scarce,

but still there was a large number of manuscripts. Khanqah sarkhaiz* s Library: Hadrat Shaikh :Ahraad Khatwi (d.849) built a mosque, Khanqah and tank in sarkh aiz in Ahmedabad.

Moulvi Abdul Hasnat

has written that Shaikh Ahmad was a saint.

He was the special

Khalifa (spiritual successor) of Hadrat Burhan-ud-din Qutub Alam after

his death. Sultan Mohammad Shah built a tomb and Madrasa.

It is

quite reasonable to think that a library mist have been attached to the Madrasa.

But an incident siggests that shaikh Ahmad also

had a personal library

in his Khanqah.

The incident is that on

162

a certain occasion* he took out Masabih, a work on Hadith, relating to a Qasida written in honour of the Holy prophet. Shah wajihu^dlm’s Library: *Allama Shah Waj ihuddin Gujrati (d.998) was a pious soul of Ahmedabad.

He founded

continued long after his death

a Madras a in 934 A.H.

which

(till 12 36) without interruption.

Along with that Madrasa there was a very big library. books on almost every subject.

It had

It is said that two big halls

were full of books thrown -down in a disorderly manner,

when

the family lost its interest in learning* books were lost.

At

the beginning of this century the late Maulvi * Abdul-Munim Sahib Balza* the Khatfb of Jami Mas jid* Bombay* and the late; yusuf Sahib bin Khat Khate carried away many books. this

library in 1921 it contained a few

Now there is

nothing,

When the writer saw big trunks of books.

some have reached the hands of friends

and some the mouth of the Saber Mati River.

A very small number

of books are with Fir Hussain and Bara Miyan Sahib* the Mutawalli of Dargah* a friend of

President

the writer*

Library of Shaikh Abdul QUadir ttiljrami:

The author of "Yard Ayyam" had told that a very magnificent library.

this was

Shaikh Abdul Quadir Bin Shaikh

Khijrmi was a good theologian in this period.

He has written

many good books.

"Al-Hadaique-ul-Khijrah" and "Anwar-ul-

Mo safer nee Eyanil-Qurnil Ash ir" are very famous books.

He

died in 1628. Shaikh Mahiffii's Library: Shaikh 'Alauddin 'Ali bin Ahmad Mahim lived in Bombay and was buried there.

He died in 835 A.H.

and his tomb has

be cone a place of pilgrimage for the populace.

A great scholar

and Sufi of his time,, he was the writer of many useful books. He had left many books as memorials* for example "Fasus-u 1-Hukm" of Mohi-ud-din Sarwardi.

lbn Arabi and "Awarif" of shaikh Sahab-ud-din

The book "Tabsir-ur-Rahman" was the best one.

had a library which

He

lasted long but which deteriorated owing

to the negligence of trustees .

when

• A/cuy'ta / visited that

place, he saw a recent library in Dargah Sharif which books in Arabic, Persian and Urdu.

contains

On enquiry from the Nazim

of the library* it was learned that all the remaining books of shaikh 'Alauddin's library had been amalgamated with it. far

yh-e.

VremenbeiWa book written by the Shaikh was shown to

So fit it

but Aecould not examine it thoroughly for want of time. Mufti Ruknuddin1 s Library: The size of the library can be measured from the fact that Mufti Saheb had written the book "Fatwa~i-Hamdiya" keeping in sight two

hundred and four books.

Mufti Ruknuddin

164

Bin Hesamuddin Nagori was the Mufti of Nahar Vala.

He was an

expert in the knowledge of Hadith and Islamic law. Library of Etemad Kham Gujrati: This library was a magnificent one in Gujrat. nice and rare books were available in it .

Very

These books were

available till the conquest of Gujrat by Akbar.

After capturing

this library, Akbar had entered some books in the royal library and distributed some books among the Mulla Abdul Quadir Bad-i- wani had

scholars and nobles. written that he had got

a copy of 11 Anwar-ul-Mishquat" . Usman Pur a Library; Shaikh Mohammad# Uthman# entitled Sham' -i-Burhani and the Khalifa

of Hadrat Qutb-i-'Alam (d.857 A.H.} in Ahmedabad#

was a great spiritual head.

He inhabited

a village on the other

side of the Sabar Mati River and. named it Usmanpura. a mosque and a Madrasa built through

He had

Mohammad Shah Gujrati.

There was a library attached to this Madrasa where# besicfes others, the books given from the Royal Library were contained. Moharnnad Shah# son of Sultan Ahmad Shah I# h ad donated many books to this library from his revening engagements at the end hard day-long trials and tribulations brought about by a multitude of problems faced increa­ singly as things

progressed.

The hired room of sultania Madrasah was vacated in the morning of 1.8.1975, when the home on the Mission Road.

library moved into its new

The construction work of the new

building was still in progress, butt a portion

had been made

ready for tentative accommodation. Library of Dr .Haflzuilah Newalpuri

(Reader in Urdu#

Bhadr&k College) of Bari-Kalamafeia, Cuttack: This library contains 2301 title of different literary books of nocfern and ancient values.

Apart from these 93

Persian

manuscript are preserved in this library. be made of

Sikandar Nama

Special

mention may

Bahri, Resala Ruhiya, Farhang-i-Jani,

Jadid Logahat-i-Farsi and other manuscript of a few poets of Orissa. A number of Persian documents

relating to the adrri. ni-

strative use of Urdu language in the Courts and Offices of Orissa are also available incliding the Urdu Translation of Indian Penal Code. In this library a considerable number of Urdu Journals from ancient time to nodern age are available.

The credit goes

to Mrs. Newalpuri who has contributed a lot in preserving the Persian manuscripts. These above reading materials are preserved in some iron racks in a separate room. Maulana Quazi Abdul Latif*g L&brairy, Bhadrak: Moulana Quasi Abdul Latif was the ex-Head Moulvi of Bhadrak

High school.

He was a good and

He was the inhabitant of Quazi Sahi , Bhadrak.

prominent poet.

He established the library in 1875.

He had a personal library.. He had a separate round

shaped house with spacious varendah naned Chaunri House for his library.

He was a zamindar (Land Lord).

furnitures and almira,hs. wooden almirahs.

His library was full of

Books were preserved in the glass fitted

He was very much interested in obtaining and

395

accumulation of different kinds of books and literature etc. this library.

such as religion, history

some manuscripts were also preserved in

About 5*000 books were preserved in his

He died in 1955 .

library.

After his death his library was destroyed

due to inability of his son.

Quidwai Membrii-al Urdu Library; This library was situated in Bhadrak near Jami Masjid. It was established in 1956 by the . public donation. public library.

a

It was established uncfer the guidance of 3k.Md.

AbduL Bari saheb and Abdul Aziz Saheb. the "Bazm-i-Shakhun1* once a week. in this library.

It was

This

This

library was conducted

Many good books were accumulated

library did not last long.

It deteriorated

very soon.

MQfaammed Abdul Bari8s Librarys This library is fully personnel library. Md.Abdul Bari of Quazi sahi, Bhadrak is the owner of this library. lover of books.

He is a

He is very much interested to collect books from

various sources like his brother-in-law late Quazi Mohammed Ishague Saheb.

He amalgamated all the booksof Quazi Md. Idiaque Saheb in

his library after the death of Ishaque saheb.

He is purchasing

books in his ownchoice from the local market at his own cost. purchases books with generosity. the cost of books and periodica Is-

He

He is paying more money towards He is also collecting books

from different places even from Delhi etc. also.

He is interested

to collect books in Islamic history and other books of literature

and fiction.

He

has a separate room for his library.

He has

preserved all his collection in the glass fitted wooden almirahs. Mostly 2500 books are present in his library.

He is also fond

of collecting periodicals like Homa, HOda, Biswin Sadi, Sabisthan Sunday and

Illustrated weekly.

Now this library is existed.

Jami Masjid Library, Guzidarada: This library is attached to this Jami Masjid, Guzidarada (Bhadrak) .

Most of the books are donated by the people.

Almost

all the collections are ".religious i .e. Holy Quran ana Hadith etc. written in Arabic, Persian and Urdu. in this library. Masjid.

About 2,000 books are available

The care-taker of this library is Maujan of this

Books are preserved in the wall-a Imirahs of the Madrasa

which is attached to this Masjid. taken outside by the users.

Books are not allowed to be

•SIESSJlIcss 1.

All (Asraf). Barre-Saghir Ki Madum Kutub plane.

S&ShJlahi 2.

Aj-Zgfoair (Updo). 11 • 1967 • 50-1.

SA3KATI (Moulvi Sayeed Manzoor-ul-Hasan). Two old libraries of Tonk. Maaif.

3c

84,2 5 19f@ • 120-35.

3ABKATI (Moulvi Sayeed Manzoor-ul-Hasan)0 Library of Amin-ud-Daullah llawab Mohammed An Khan. Mar if. 84,2 5 1976,

4.

D33AI (Zia-ud-din A ). Centres of Islamic learning In India. P 108-9.

5.

GAUSS (Mohammed). Library of Saida. Marif.3m.i• 1974

6.

33-44.

GAUSS (Mohammed). Manuscripts of History in the library of Daftar-i-Dewanl. Mar If':. 37,2; 1974; 117-22.

7.

IMAM-UD-DIN ( S M ). Some leading Muslim libraries of the world. 1938. Islamic Foundation Bangladesh ; Dhaka. P 99-107.

8.

SHAN (L H ). Library of Kamidlyah. Marif. 38,2*,1974; j.20-35.

9.

NADVI (S A Zafar). Librarian during Muslim perird ruled in India. Islamic Culture. XIX ; 1945 ; 333.

10.

KADVI (S A Zafar). Libraries in Muslim India. Islamic.ghfturfi. XX ; 1946 ; 3-20.

11. HEULWARAVT (Mohammed Hafizullah). Libraries in Muslim Reign. P 11-5.

12.

-QURESH (Tsrat Ali). The Moulana Azad Library. A major library of the world (1877-1988.). 1989. Anwar Publishing House ; Aligarh.

13.

SYED (Mogueed-Ul-Hasan). Preserved Manuscripts of Sir Jadunath Sircar. Marif.86.-5: 1976; 374-87.

14.

SYED (Wajib Ashraf Nadvi). Catalogues of Arab! Library. Marif. 14, 4; 1971; 308-17.

15.

Islamic Libraries in India. The Dail-v Salar (Urdu Hews Parer).

16.

103; 23 June 1990; 5.

ZOBAIR (Al-Haj Mohammed). Islamic Kutub (Urdu). 1978. H.M.

Khane

Sayeed Comp.; Karachi. P 224-5.

CHAPTER-VII

Calligraphy, Binding and Illustration during Muslim Periodo

Calligraphy: Viewing fine hand—siting is a pleasure to the eye, joy to the heart and fragrance

to the soul, because of the

religious restrictions on the representation of living beings, the early Muslims stimulated the art along decorative channels specially in the realm of book illuminating manuscr-ip ts. claim a place

among

production, in the coping

and

Islamic calligraphy may conveniently

the greatest achievements of man's artistic

activity of the tw° elementary styles of Arabic script viz., naskhi and Kufi,

the cursive and the angular, the latter was /

t

selected as the script for the Government Offices.

Because of

its monumental character, the arg ular Kufic script drew the attention of the artists so much that while achieving perfection

(

in or name nta 1" lines it lost its original purpose as the script of a language after about three

centuries of its monopoly giving,

place to its rival the cursive script ofthe people. purpose it was, however retained

For ornamental

for two centuries more till

it becanB obsolete. The origin of

the Kufic or the angular style of Arabic

script is traced back to about hundred years before of Kufah

the foundation

(17 H/6 33 A.C.3 to which town it owes its name.

It was

398

here that this style of writing was developed and official purpose.

For the first two centuries of Hijra era it

did not become. a decorative style. is in simple

used for

The

Qur “an dated 16 8 H/784-5

Kufic .

The cursive Himyarite and monumental

form of Arabic

script is derived from the Nabataean which is itself drawn from the Phoenician of the 8th century B.C* adorned in conventional

styles

The Himyarite inscriptions

with animate and other figures

and the sabaean inscriptions decorated with ornamental have came to light.

Be cause of the writing materials being hard

they were written in angular form. of writing was

designs

The other more common form

cursive which was developed into Arabic script

before the angular Kufic Style cane into being and was written on soft material like papyrus and parchment. is the youngest

Historically Arabic

script of the world# but it spread*%ery widely

along with 'Arab Conguest and trade and

became only second to

Roman script in the continents of Asia# Africa and Europe. Coming into close contact with the Syriac when the Cursive style was developed in the style of the Syriac# angular style of Arabic writing came vertical lines writing.

into being.

The oblige and

are the main features of Kufic style of Arabi-c

By the end of the second century of Hijra era it reached

its extreme angular character.

By the middle of the 4th century

399

the Kufic gave way to the Naskhi style,

with the fall of the

Fatimids who patronised the Kufic form of writing it became obsolete. Inter-twining and inter-lacing floral and geornentrical forms of the Kufic was evolved in the 5th and 6th centuries of the Hijra.

From the primitive stage Kufic possessed a vigorous

decorative character.

Vertically short, its

letters intensify

by contrast the force of the horizontals, which are emphasised in length and weight is increased by the close cowding of the heavy loops. Abu’l Aswad (d.6 9 H/688) A.C. a disciple of Hadrat *Ali is credited with the

improvement of the calligraphy of the

Qura’n and introduction of vowel signs and diacritical marls. His system was followed for about a century.

Then came Khalid

b. Yazid (d.96 H/715) who illuminated the Qura'n with gold and carved golden inscriptions on fee prophet's Mosque. Ahmad (d.170 H / 786-7),

Khalil bin

the grammarian and *Ali b. Kusai

(d.182 H / 798 A-C.), the teacher of Ma'mun al-Rashid, further developed the Kufic Calligraphy which system was retained for long.

It reached its

excellence in the

hand of Ibn Muqla

(d.338 H/949-50), the renOwed court artist of al-Qahir billah the ‘Abbasid Caliph. the Kufic and had'

He invented five main styles which survived

wrote a book

on Calligraphy in Verse.

The Persians

invented seven main styles of writing in their language

according to the subject matter of pre-Islamic days.

Under

Islam, they preferred Kufic in the beginning and Naskhi later.

400 Dateable tenth century Kufic calligraphy is avail ±>le from Persia.

The Kufic forms were well adopted to the decorative

style of the period. For centuries Kufi and Naskhi were used side by side. The cursive

(round curve)' variety Of the Arabic script called

Naskhi continued to be used in making correspondence and writing books and developed unnoticed replacing the Kufic.

Ultimately

it came to be recognised as the script adopted by the Government. Incorporating the orthographical improvements which had been worked out in the Kufic appeared fully cteveloped with vowel marks punctuation and diacritical signs,

while Kufic developing in

the lines of ornamental rhythm and decorative character became dead style for writing purposes, the Naskhi was developed in the lines of grace keeping the genuine features of the script and increasing the longevity.

The ca lligrajhi st beauti fie«3 the

Naskhi script by changing the proportions of strokes and curves of its letters after the liking better appreciation. let strokes

He changed ang les

into round curves and

follow the natural sweep of the hand without

interfering with graphy.

of the readers to receive

the

outlines of their anatomy and their ortho­

The call igraphi sts tried to express their emotion

through the medium of linear rhythm making letters graceful . Through gradual development of the Naskhi script scores of new styles came in but only a few of them could survive

401

the taste of the readers as they were products of fancy end did not evince the utility of art,

a defect which also proved suicidal

in the case of ornamental Kufie. the Tughra,

the

displaying the

Ta8 us and the

Of its off-shoots the Gulzar, Zulf-a-' Ur us were set apart for

ingenuity and ornamental fancy.

course of the development of Arabic

Throughout the

script the tendency of the

calligraphists had been to simplify the complicated and angular script

to an easier and more round one .

The Naskhi representing die cursive Kufie style is softened to broader curves and freer sweeps.

Its curves are

neither per feet ly round nor oval which is the characteristic of the Nasta“liq.

Retaining slightly its

angular origin, it holds

a middle position between the Kufie and the Nasta'liq.

In the

process of its development towards the round script, Nasta’liq, the Naskhi was marked and Riqa.

distinctly by its off shoots, Thulth

It is mostly used by Arabic speaking people while

Nasta’liq is peculiar to the Persian and the Indian.

The Maghrlbi

the earliest variety of the Naskhi, is

drawn directly from the Kufie of the 3rd century A.H.

It was

orginally known as Qairawani, Qairawan being the capital of al-JMaghrib. but the the Naskh

Algerian and Thunisisn Maghribi style did not differ

Fasi style was rounder than the Algerian

Variety of

402

Angular script prevailed in Persia more

than in the

Arabic speaking countries and was more common in Persian than the Nasldi.

With the blending of the two scripts# Kufic and

pahlavi, which prevailed in Persia before Arabs#

its conquest by the

the Persians introduced a new round style, Ta'liq which

later under the influence of the Naskh gave birth to

Nasta'liq.

Although Nasta'liq was introduced much earlier# books were-, written in this style not before the 13th century A.C, verses were conposed

Persian

aid marginal commentaries and interlinear

translations were written in the Qura'n

in this style*

Main

contents of the Qura'n were never written then in the Nasta • liq but always in Naskh .

Its strotes are long and fluently pointed.

They flow easily straight or horizontally but they never descend slantingly

as they do in Thul.th# Riqa'# Raihan# Diwani and

Shikastah.

It has been rightly observed,

"while Naskhi is

substantial# equable# and ^assured-and Ta'liq forceful, dominating and arbitrary, Nasta® liq is polished#

elegant, easy and casual,

the expression of a highly civilized sophisticated people".

Under the Mamluks of

Egypt there were six official

scripts in use as enumerated ly Qalqashandi in second volume of his large work.

(8th century A.H.)

These were:

(a) Al-Tuinar al-Kaiml written in several types for the official correspondence of the ruler® (b) Mukhtasar al-Tumar is written in two variations, al-MUhaqqaq and Thulth.

403

(c) Al-Thulth again has

two forms, al-Thaqil and al-Khafif.

(d) Al-Tawqi - "written in 3 for ns# Tawqi, Badr al-Kamalah and Walayat. They are inperfect,

distortions of

(e) Al-Gbubar-written in one (f) Ai-Riqa1-

the Nasta'liq style.

form only.

written in 3 forms.

Thirty forms of Arabi. c writing were used under the Turks in the 13th ; ;eentury A.H. prevalent (a)

(19th century A.C.) the mare

ones were: Diwani - written in two

Khafi Diwani.

forms Jali Diwani and

The former was u$d by Imperial chancellery

and the latter* the small form,

was used sicfe by side with

Ta°liq. (b)

Thulth is used

(c)

Ta8liq - round script used

(d)

NasMii

-

for ornamental purpose.

cursive used

for writing poetry only*

for writing books specially,

scientific and religious literature. (e)

Riga* an official

script of the Turks used sometimes

in private life. (f)

'Ijazah -

rarely used.

Thulth is the ornamental variety of

the Naskhi style.

It differs from the Naskh only in the proportion of its curves

404

and

strokes which are about three times of the size of those

the Naskh style. waves.

It is -written in bold curves

of

and wide swinging

In sweep it resembles the Diwani style and also the

Shikastah. Riga is more ornamental than Thulth. ful and its strokes move

like a creeping

It is very grace­

snake or the ripples

of a stream.

Diwani is written diagonally from the top to the bottom of the

page or Vice-Versa ascending eliplically.

In

its

intricate varieties the letters run together rendering the reading difficult. Muhagqag is a writing in decorative style, the letters being thick and of

bold characters.

In curves and strokes it is

similar to another style of writing called Raihan in character.

but holder

Its strokes are not slanting but break abruptly.

Zulf-i-*Urus is a decorative style of the Nassta'liq. Its strokes

are thicfc in the middle and end in straight points

unlike Thulth without turning up in

curve.

Ghubar is a very fine form of writing, small and

the letters are

appear like fleeing dust.

Mahi, Gulzar and Ta'us are purely ornamental treatment of other styles and they are not styles themselves. Whitten but drawn in outline producing,

They are not

fish, flower or bird,

like

405

peacock and filled in with decorative lines with animals Or flowers. Calligraphy has

a subtle affinity with human and floral forms

and possesses a remarkable adabtability to pictorial rhythm. The larzah

is

also not a style.

such a way that the script appears

It is written in

to have been inscribed by a

hand shaking with excitement. Tuqhra

owes its origin to the seal of the Turkish

ruler# an official monogram conposed of a fixed protocol. used as amulet by the superstitious

persons.

It is

A Quranic verse

or a common prayer is drawn in Tughra style corrposing outlines of a bird or a tiger or an elephant or other animals excepting unclean ones.

Wanes of Allah, Muhammad# Fatimah#

were also written in

Tughra character.

monumental inscriptions.

'Ali

and other caliphs

It was also used for

There is a striking inscription in this

style in the Mas.jid-i-Jarni1 # Abarqah.

Shikastah is a broken for m of Nasta'liq writing introduced during the safavid period in the 16th century with a tendency of reverting to Ta1liq.

The relation which Diwani bears to Arabic

Naskh# is born by Shikastah to the Persian Nasta'liq. As it took long time to write in Nasta'liq# Khatt-i-= Shafia was invented for daily an d rough Shikastah

use about the time when

writing was introduced in Mughal India.

Both these

writings were used in the offices# courts and personal correspondence. Because of the droppage of

dots and use of broken letters the

reading of the shikastah style is also difficult®

Among the best,

exponents of the Shikastah writing were shafi'a (d. 1152/173 9), Darvish 'Abd al-Majid of Taliqan (d. 1206/1791) and his pupil Mirza Kujak of Isfahan and among other calligraphers of this style were Gulistana, Qa'im - Maqam and Amin al-Dawlah. was invented by Shamou or Shafi'a and perfected *Ali Riza 'Abbasi.

It

by the famous

Darvish ’Abd al-Majid being the supreme

master of this style. Bindings The history of the art of binding is an interesting subject in the process of making manuscripts or books. or covering is essential to protect

Binding

manuscript or a book, which

has taken months or years to write and illustrate, to make it complete and ready for use . binding varies

The story of the development of

from age to age and differs from country to

country. During the Muslim age in India

we find manuscripts

written on paper were sized in imitation of palm leaves. or bound books

were in use simultaneously.

Codex

But witi the increa

ing power of the Muslim Emperors during the Mughal age the splendour of the

bindings and their decorations developed

considerably. The art of book binding made a prosperous development during the time of the Mughals.

Humayun, the

son and successor

of Babur, while living in Persia as an exiled monarch during the time of Shah Tahmasp, was strongly influenced by the artistic

•V

407,.

activities-;of extended his

Tahmasp's Court.

On recovering the throne he

royal patronage to the encouragement

of the arts

and crafts and appointed Persian painters and book bincfers. The story of the migration of the art of book binding from E'thopia to India is highly interesting.

Moreover, it is

inportant to note that with the increasing power of the Muslim empire the art flourished as it was they who built tanneries and produced excellent raw materials. ’’The learned Arab philologist Al-Jah says in one of his work that the Abyssinians claimed the credit

of having

introduced to the Arabs, alongwith other things,

the Codex or

bound book (Mushaf), the form ."in which its contents are most easily# most strongly and most beautifully kept, reason to doubt the truth of this

we have no

statement, all the less as

the Arabic word Mushaf or Mishaf is actually borrowed from the Ethiopic". The art of book binding thrived considerably in South Arabia as from an early period the leather industry was highly developed in south Arabia.

about 570 A.D.

Persia liberated

South Arabia from the Abyssinians and contributed to a great extent to the development of the leather industry. In India during the time of the Hugh a Is, the nobles and the enperors enployed Persian binders who were master artists in handling material like paper and leather.".

408

Leather was used for book -bind! ng in Kashmir long before the Mohamne dan

conquest*

but it was not in com no n use

in the Pre-Islam age. Since the days of the Mughals,

leather was widely

introduced in India as book binding material* Under the royal patronage of the Mughals the decorative side of the art of book-binding, art of calligraphy and bookillustration made remarkable progress.

The text of

were written on fine Zar-Afsan paper mounted on frames which are also richly sprinkled

the books

a Dawalatabadi

with gold and each page

presenting a different shade of colour.

The Mughal emperors used

to -love a.nd;admire the art passionately and pa/dl high prices for them, Humayun paid a copy of Tuhfat-us-3alatine by Mir Ali Rs.2500/-,. book.

This statement is written on the title page of the

Nurjahan purchased for 3 Muhurs a

Diwan of Mirza Kamran.

Munim Khan presented Bahadur Khan a sum of Rs.530/- as

reward

for a richly bound copy of Kuliiyat of Hazrat shaikh Sadi in 1915 A.H.

A copy of Yussuf-Zulaikh was purchased by Jahangir for 100

Muhurs. - Aurangzeb purchased the beautifully written and bound manuscript of Koran for Rs.9,000/-»

It was written by Harun Ben

Bayazid in A.D. 1613-14 and is now housed in the Royal Library of England.

409 The manuscript of Shah jahan Narna was written by Mohammed Amin of Meshad in 1585 and it was fully ornamented and illustrated. £ 1500.

The Nawab of /Lucknow purchased the sarre

for

In 1779 the British Minister of Lucknow sent the volume

of George the 3rd through Lord Teignmouth, the then Governor. General of India.

A coloured reproduction

front cover of the manuscript is

of the splendid

published in the journal

of

the India Art and industry, vol.5, No.43. in Muslim

India, book-binding was recognised as

an

art, and book-binding department x^as an essential part of the library work* drawers

and

Almost in all

big libraries the filders margin-

book-binders were appointed along with the other

officers of the library.

The able binders were highly paid

officers . The Muslim binders introduced a new method of decorating the leather covers. First they used to enrich the cover with stamped designs and the sunken print.

parts w.e're

filled with gold

Later, a new process was introduced when the colour was

permanently fixed by re-impressing the

heated tool through gold

leaf. The following four types of leather binding developed during the Muslim days and these designs with found the way in European workshop.

minor changes

410 u.

1.

Delicate floral and arabesques designs were exected

by making and infinite number

2

.

of

inpressions.

A central device stanped and enriched with gold,

Above and beneath it and in each corner are shaped panels sunk below the surface and decorated with lace like ornaments. 3.

At the centre there is one pointed oval panel which

is quartered in each corner. 4.

A similar design with central and corner devices

is tooled in gold. Coloured illustrations of some of the above specimens were beautifully reproduced in the

journal of Indian Art and

Industry, No.43, vol, 5. Ulwar was an important centre .where some of the best specimen's

of book-binding were done.

The Chief Artist Kari Ahmed and his two sons Kari Abdur Rahman and Abdul Kha lique were employed Ulwar.

by the Chief of

Kari Ahmed who was previously in the service of the

emperors of Delhi came to Ulwar in 1820 on the invitation of the Maharaja Banni Singh to bind a celebrated copy of Gulistan of Shekh Sadi.

His eldest son who had his training in Persia

assisted his father in painting the borders.

After the death

of Kari Ahmed the art degenerated.

“In their hands

(Abdur

Rahman and Abdul Gaffar) the art is

likely to become a mere

411

trade and degenerate.

Already defects are seen which were never

noticed in Abdur Rahman's work.

It is in this way that so many

beautiful arts are lost in India. an art from some discover

A man of real genius develops

hints he receives from strangers or it may

it himself, but from jealously or from fear of

destroying'his monopoly, teachers

only "the members of his own-

family, who may not share his skill but too often are without genius and thus in the course of a generation or two nothing remains but a shadow or parody of perhaps, an exquisite production".

In the art of decorative book-binding the Ulwar artists maintained a tradition for a fairly long time.

Like

the traditional artists the son and grand son of K.ari Ahmed used the sane brass-blocks handed down from father an d grand-father. The Ulwar artists generally ornamented the book covers after the

Grolier style in which colours are printed on

the boards and are not inlaid,

"in most of the designes the

pattern is produced by the use of brass-blocks. are then painted

with

the brush..

The colours

The Ulwar artist sometimes

colours the whole of the ground, and at others

only part

of

it, so as to produce very different effects by the use of same blocks. "The edge of (the

leaves) the books are frequently

painted with designs in colours;

for example,

has a pretty border in coloured outlines .

the Gullistan

The outside of this

works are done

in gold on a blue ground, the back is a painted

gold pattern on a black ground

and the insides

also have a

different fold design on a blu® base". The

pigments used

by ulwar artists were generally

minerals and were very lasting. During the end of the new technique in binding of books.

17th century Europeans introduced This is corroborated by the

following statement of Rev. Ovington, who visited India about 1689 "They (Indians) can imitate a little the English manner of binding books". With the introduction of printing

in India and

gradual growth of book production, a new situation confronted the binders

who failed to cope with the amount of,_.;jwdr'k. As

a

result a new class of professional binders grew up and the art was turned

into a trade.

Thus, the art of binding books was

transferred from a group of traditional craftsmen to the house of professional binders and they started to print their namesf initials or device stanped on book covers. Illustration: Mughal enperors from Babur to ShahJahan encouraged the art of painting. Babur (1483-1530) who conquered.Hindustan in 1520 extended

his patronage to the art of painting and manuscript

413

illustration..

The

great conqueror in hisvmemories../'(Persian ~

Version) which is housed

in the collection of the Maharaja of

Alwar mentione d the name of the Muzzaffar.

'.‘.Like the

painters

3ihzad and Shah

Timur din princes 3abur passionately

loved painting and preserved finely illuminated a nd illustrated manuscripts.

.

His acute love for these possessions in proved by

the fact that when he fled to Kabul he carried with him manuscripts which had been illustrated by the famous painters of Hi rat. Humayun (1508-56) the son and successor of Babur due to lack of military genius passed

15 years in exile in Persia

6V'

and there he came to contact with the court artist of Shah Tahmasp. The Tirmurid tradition in Humayun received further

encouragement

by his contact with the great painters of Tahmasp's Court and on returning back to Delhi he brought a band of Persian painters. The marvellously illustrated manuscript of the romance of Amir Hamza is the most important example of book illustration of this period.

The

greater part

of it is

preserved in

Vienna while twenty-five pages of the same are housed in the Indian Museum, South Kensington, London.

The pages of the

manuscript were of the size 22" x 28%“ which allowed the artists -'to, use larger method of presentation in the style of the Persian. Frescoes done on the palaces of Persian kings of the 15th to 16th century.

414

It consisted of twelve volumes and each volume contained one hundred folios with a picture on

each folio.

These were painted on cotton. For illustrating the romance of amir Hamza fifty painters were employed who worked under the guidance of Mir Sayyid Ali, a native of Tabriz and later by Abad-as-Samad, who hailed from Shiraz.

Humayun came in contact with the later

durirg his period of exile.

When he

invited his period of exile,

regained the throne,

vtften he regained the

invited the artist to his Court. patronized by the emperor and

he

throne, he

The former artist was highly

he conferred the title -Nadir-a 1-

Mulk or "The Marvel of the Realm** on him.

as

it was not possible

to finish their great work within the short reign of Humayun, Akbar took up this work and finished this noble undertaking. Akbar (1542-1605)

studied painting under Abad-as-

Sanad and had a great predilection for painting and book illustr­ ation . Being firmly established on his throne in 15 70 he devoted more attention towards Faz 1,

the

penegyrist

of Akbar infDrmed

than one hundred artists in separate

the cultural persuits .

Abul-

, ' that there were more

his court who used to live in a

building at Fatehpur Sikri and who used to ’work under

the guidance of Persian artists Mir sayyid Ali and Khwajah Abdus Samad.

The

emperor personally inspected their works consisting

415

of mainly book illustrations and portraits and rewarded

them

according tof._jthe'ir merits and excellence. Akbar’s respectful1., love for painting is best ej^ressed in his own words which run as follows?

•’There are many that hate painting but such men I dislike.

It appears to me

means of

recognizing God,

that has life,

as if a painter had quite peculiar for, a painter

in sketching anything

and is devising its limbs, one after another,

must come to feel that he cannot bestow individuality upon his work, and is forced to think of God, the Giver of life and will thus increase i n:tl know ledge "In the same manner as painters are encouraged, employ ment is held out to ornamental artists, gilders, line drawers and pagers”• h'The number of masterpieces of painting increased with encouragement given to the art.

Persian books, both prose

and poetry were ornamented with pictures and a very large number of paintings was thus collected. represented in twelve volumes

The story of Hamjah was

and clever painters made the most

astonising illustrations for no less than one thousand and four hundred passages of the story.

The Chingiznama, the Zafarnama,

the Razranama, the Ramayana, the Nal Daman, the Kalilah Damnah, the Ayar Danish were all illustrated •

416

His intense love for book illustration can be seen best from the great series of paintings

done to illustrate

the romance of Amir Hamza.

Humayun started this huge work and

it was continued by Akbar.

From Ma'athiral Umar a we come to

know the following •’Each volume of Amir Hamza contained one hundred folios and each folio was a cubit two pictures and

at the

(zira)

long.

Each folio contained

front of each picture there was a

description delightfully written by Khwaja Ata Ullah Munshi of Qazwin........No one has seen

another such gem in the establish­

ment/.of any king . rigr was there anything equal to it. the book is

in the Irtperial library”.

At present

The Imperial Library of

Akbar contained many such magnificently illustrated books.

Akbar's

copy of the Persian Version of Mahabharata contained 169 miniatures . The execution of this volume is said to cost £ 40,000. Like the illustrations of the romance of Amir set of twenty four large

Hamzah a

paintings depicting scenes of war and

blood-sheds are preserved in the Indian section of the Victoria and Albert Museum,

s*

Kensington.

These paintings were

done in

Kashmir about the middle of the 16th century to illustrate a manuscript >hich has not yet been identified. The illustrations on rhetoric and literary

of manuscriptsof Rasikapriya, a book analysis is another interesting example

417

of this age.

The author of this work is Kesava Das and it was

written in 1591 A.D. in Hindi artist.

It is

a purely Hindu work and is written

Nagri characters but lavishly illustrated by a Mughal The Boston Museum possesses these leaves of the manuscr­

ipt with illustrations in both side; New York two complete leaves? the the rest are partly

the Me tro-politan Museum,

British Museum one leaf and

possession of Dr. Cooroar Swamy and Ross

collection. Between 1560 and 1580 the Muslim court at Ahmedanagar, Deccan, patronised art ahd painting-and.produced a group of pictures to illustrate love poems.

The style with their sharp and stately

curves was derived from the wall paintings of Vijay Nagar. For book illustration, the team work ofthe artists was the fashion of the day.

A group of artists used to divide the

varied types of works as marking the outlines, colouring, drawing the faces and the figuresetc. amongst themselves and work collect­ ively.

The Clarke manuscript

of Akbar-Nama preserved in the

South Kensington Museum, London is beautifully illustrated with bright colours chiefly red, yellow and blue and in the audience scene the outlines of the picture were drawn by Miskin, the faces by an artist whose name is indistinct, the painting was done by Sarwan.

the figures by Madho while

In another manuscript,

the

Waq*iat-i-Babari or History of Babur written and illustrated 16GO A.D. or 3714)

towards

in

the close of Akbar's reign (British Museum

smith noted names of twentytwo artists '*ho worked on

the different aspects of this project.

418

One of the illustrations of Durab-Nama, a book of stories from Shah-Nama is supposed to have been done by Akbar's order.

Previously this was in the Royal Library of Lucknow and

now preserved in the British Museum (B.M. or 4615, Suppl. Cat. p.385).

The painting (fol.103. rev.)

represents two men and a

woman with a rocky scene and it contains the signature - "Amal Bihzad wa ishtah Khwajah Abdus samad" which means that the composition was done by Bihzad and was later corrected or touched up by Khwajah Abdus Samad, a favourite artist of Akbar. Jahangir (16 06-162-8)

like his father was a great patrc-n

of art and many artists who worked for his father, remained in his service. Jahangir patronised art of painting not much to illustrate manuscripts but to draw separate pictures for his art gallery. But he was not altogether devoid of his liking for this--type of illustrations as we find that he brought out the selected

on the day of hig accession

illustrated manuscripts

from his

father's library and */ith his own hand recorded dates on each of them.

The lavishly illustrated manuscript of Kaliya Damana

cortpleted in 16 06 and housed

in the British Museum (M.S. Add.

185 79) is the most iirportant example of this age. During the time of Akbar and prominently during the time of Jahangir western influence became very prominent. "Ah album of copies

o f European pictures, .made by KeSava Das

was

419

conpleted in 1588.

Jahangir displayed an even greater interest

in European paintings and obtained numerous examples, both reiigious'jand secular#

from the

Jesuits# from sir Thomas Roe

(the English Ambassador) and from the Portuguese traders. of the European pictures were copied

Many

in miniature size".

Shah Jahan who ruled from 1628-1659 was also a lover of/ paintings but the patronage of the court was not sufficient

to support the painters who flourished considerably under the reign of Akbar & Jahangir.

There

developed a class of Bazar

painters only intermittently employed by the gran dees.

Thus

started the decay of the art of painting and book illustration which received its death-blow from Aurangzeb.

But inspite of the lack of patronage and appreciation at the Imperial court the art of book illustration continued in some of the States ruled by Hindu princes. In the collection of the Maharaja of Benaras there is a beautifully illustrated manuscript of Ram Charita Manasa. is conplete

in five volumes

illustrations.

and it contains

This

more than 500

The volumes are nicely bound in Benarasi brocade.

It was done in about 18th century and it costed Rs. 1,60#000/-.

The Bibliotheque Nationale^ jParis has in its collection on Hindu Mythology.

Amongst them a copy of Bhagavat Purana

which contains 76 illustrations deserves special mention.

420

Pen, Ink and writing Materials;

Reed pen or Qalam had fins cut which served the purpose of

broader nib to write bold stroke andits

it glided with

edges being smooth,

ease cover the paper enabling the hand to give

fine swing and swell to the curved lines which is one of the chief

beauties of

the Arabic writing.

As the beauty of the handwriting depended greatly on ink, it was prepared with great care and durable by mixing chemicals.

was made shining and

Ink was made of lanp-black and

vinegar or verjuice well beaten up and mixed with red or yellow arsenic and camphor. used in writing

ochre

The ink of ’shir Khurana*' was

the copy of the famous Dictionary of Abu Nasr

Israa'il-Hammad al-jawhari dated 648/1250-51 which is preserved in the library of Muslim University, Aligarh. Writing Materials:

Information on writing materials before tie introduction and wide circulation of paper we have from the traditions concern­ ing the missionary epistles employed by the

Prophet, the accounts

of the collection of the Surahs of Qura’n under the

presidentship

of Zaid ibn Thabit (12 H /633-4 A.C.) and the pihrist. Adim (leather) was the principal material for writing during the time of the prophet and he used

it in writing letters

to various kings inviting them to accept Islam.

421

Asib (Palm-leaf) was another by the Prophet in sending

writing material used

a missionary letter to the 'Udhra.

Pieces of Camel's bones Oazam) specially ad la1 and aktaf (shoulder-blades) were used as writing materials by the - early Muslims. Khazaf or Shaqaf (Pot-sherds or broken pieces of procelain) were used for short notes from ancient time by the Greeks, copts and

Persians but were rarely used by the Muslims,

and flat white stones

(Lakhaf)

wooden tables

were also used sometimes .

Use of Parchment called raqq and jild

(finished leather)

because of its high price, was limited to documents and copies of the Qura'n.

It was used in al-Maghrib for writing books as

late as the last part of the 4th and the beginning of the 5th century-- .-

of Hijra era.

Maqdisi reports, of its use in writing

documents and copying Qura'n in North Africa. Papyrus called Qirtas Misri was made of a plant of sedge family in Egypt from where it spreacH.call over world.

Even

after the introduction of paper it continued to be used as late as the middle of the 10th century a.c. preserved in the Khedivial 319/931 and 323/935.

The latest paper documents

and Vienna libraries were dated

It was replaced later by paper - a cheap

and suitable material. The earliest manuscript written on paper at Baghdad is of 256/870 and the Cairo manuscript NO.6546 is dated 265/878-9.

422

Paper; Paper making was not unknown in ancient India but it was a rare commodity.

The Mughals in mediaval age introduced

large scale manufacture of paper in India and thus ushered a new age. In 1345-50 A.D. Mohammad TUghluq introduced in India,

paper money

we find the word "Kagad" used for paper in a Marathi

documen t dated 1395 and also in a Jain manuscript of RsabhadevaCharita dated 13%. paper was manufactured India before 1406 A.D*

in Bengal and other

parts

of

the sultans of Kashmir in the 15 th century

established technical school of teaching paper-making.

But since

ancient times there were indigenous paper producing centres and they are still continuing in some parts of the country where

they

cover the sheets with thin layer of rice or *4ieat pulp and finally polish with a conch shell or polished stone. Inspite of the fact that paper was not durable like other India writing materials#* the Mughals introduced paper for writing in the tradition of Baghdad and Cairo.

The encouragement of using

paper reached a high peak and as a result

;fhe Mughal Government

was known as "Kaghazi Raj". During'' the

time of the Mughals# paper of good qua lity

was manufactured at Kashmir# sialkot, Lahore, Rajgir Aurangabad and Ahmedabad.

Sialkot was famous for paper like Man Singhi

and

423

silk paper which were good texture and durability.

Mughal .

emperors had a fascination for quality paper produced in Kashmir It was made of rags and hemp fibre sized with rice water.

The

finest paper >;as manufactured at Shahzadpur which was imported to other countries.

For ordinary use coarse paper was used and

there were many centres known as "Kaghazipura" around the Mughal Capitals. The materials used were the bark of certain trees and shrubs, old clothes etc.

These were beaten with a wooden hammer'

or Dhenki and soaked in water for several days.

The pulp was

mixed with a little water in a lime lined reservoir vfaere the beating operation was continued . Gum arabic obtained from Sabla ✓ tree and alum were dissolved in both the reservoirs. The workmen dip

their moulds made of bamboo and the

mixture when lifted out become paper.

Each sheet is then hung

up to dry.

inkl Nobles and rich people

used gold and silver coloured

ink for writing sacred and literary works Traces of such writings

were

for their . own use.

amply found in the jain libraries

of west India as well as in manuscripts

of the Mughal period.

Ink-Pot; During the sultanate period the ink-pot

was known as

“Dawat'* and the custodian of Muhammad Tuglaq's ink-pot was known as 1Dawatdar

424

Pens Pen for writing

with ink were made of wood# bamboo,

vulture or goose guill and reed.

The end of the pen was made

pointed by cutting with sharp knife . as Ovington writes -pen was as

During the time

thick as a large

In order to encourage calligraphy Muslim Mughal kings rewarded and pen.

of Mughals -

goose quill.r,

rulers specially

expert writes with bejewelled ink stands

Prince Aurarg zeb prese nted calligr ajh i st Shaikh Farid

B.ukhari with a robe of honour, a jewelled sword, ink stand and pen.

Emperor Jahangir conferred on him the title "3ahibu-s-3ai f-

wa-l-Qulam" or Lord of the sword and the pen. , During the Mughal age

generally the ca lligraphists

used a piece of reed mended like a quill and it was known as "Persian Qulam".

Book productions Indian Book Publishing Industry

is the tenth largest one

in the world, the others being the advanced western countries of the United Kingdom, the united States of America, the U.S.3.R., Federal Republic of Germany, France, Spain, Yugoslavia, Netherlands besides Japan in the East.

Further,

India is the third largest

producer of English books in the world.

Inspite of these flatter­

ing statistics, India produces only 22 books for each million people of its population whereas is 418 per

the rate of production of books

million of the population in European Countries .

425

Further India produces 3 2 printed pages annually per head of its population,

similarly, India produces

books produced in the world. has been

less than three per cent

The total book production in India

ranging beteteen 16, OOO to 22,000 titles a year over

a period of five years i .e. 1974-75 to 1978-79 as against annual world book production of 6,42,000 titles.

Among the States and

Union Territories, Delhi has been topping the list with a production range of 4300 to 6400 titles over this period while Arunachal Pradesh has been at the lowest level i.e. between no production to only one title a year.

Other states which have been producing

sizeable nunber of books include Maharastra (between 800 and 3000), west Bengal (between 800 and 3000), Tamil Nadu (between 1200 and 2050), Uttar Pradesh 350 and 650). English:

(between 750 and 1800), and Punjab between

Language -wise, English leads other language i.e.

between

8,200 and 11,000; Hindi; between 2200 and 3200?

Punjabi 200 and 400;

Sanskrit TOO and 200 and other Indian

languages between 50 and 200.

Subject-wise, Social Sciences lead

all subjects i.e. Social Sciences between 4800 and 6650? between 36 00 and

5600;

Literature

paper bac Is between 300 and 2900;

Children’s Books between 250 and 500; Notes between 200 and 650 and Text Books between 125 and 450.

India's imports'bf books of

cater to the educational needs of the students and teachers of institutions of higher learning have been ranging between Rs.76 7 7 crores and Rs. 18,63 9 crores over a period of five years i.e. 1973-74 and 1977-78, whereas the exports of printed books to foreign countries have been very meagre as

compared to the

426 exports i .e . between Rs .2071 crores and Rs.4800 crores

during

the sane period.

How Libraries were Massaged! in Old Days: There was a special department to look after the management of the library and this cfepartment had under its control many officers of different ranks.

Besides Madrasas,

monastries, no sques and personal libraries, all the libraries established by the ruler at the time or by some courtier of the king had

their o«n special separate building.

Particular

care was talen to provide the building with sufficient light and air.

The floors were kept free from worms and from dampness,

since these things destroyed the books very soon, as is evident from the library buildings of Humayun and Akbar. The highest official of the library was the Nazim, who was also called Mu'tamad.

He was incharge of income, expense,

the appointment and dismissal of servants. library

This post in the

was generally reserved for nobles of the Court, as is

revealed by the seals of

royal books.

The post next to that of Nazim was a Darogha Muhtamim. He used to look-after the internal management of the library the

direction of the Nazim.

under

It was essential that he should be

a man of extra-ordinary ability and well versed in all arts and sciences.

He also had his assistant.

Apart from management, he

427

had-.'to'-- select, purchase, and classify the books subject-wise. He had many

clerks under him, who® duties were to enter the

bocks in the register, and to keep separate registers for separate subjects, and number of books, as was the usual procedure in the libraries Of Oudh. Under the Darogha there were several enployees who h.

arrant d the books in trucks and almirahs in serial numbers. Alongwith them were the Sah haf and Warraq, whose work was to take

out every book and to remove the dust arri to clean the

book after turning every page, and to separate the pages if they had stuck together. There was also a book-binder for the library, one or more according to requirements. masters of their art. binding fui]y well.

The book binders were

They knew the prevalent types of book­ There ; are still some book-binders at

Hyderabad >ho are their real successors. Painterss, In the sane way there were several painters who painted fine pictures for the books. marvel for the people.

Their paintings were a

The same was the condition of Naqqash.

They were experts in colouring and in making colours.

The colours

were so fast that even now# after the lapse of two or three hundred

years, the colour, the polish and the glaze have hardly

undergone any change.

It seems as

through the work has just

428

Khush Navi s; There were several penmen or calligraphers, who were considered

essential.

They were experts

in different types of

calligraphy, Khatt-i-Kufi, Khatt-i-Naskh, Khatt-i-Nasta'liq, Khatt-i-Shikasta.

They used to write the complete book or

complete some unfinished book.

K&trb (Scribe): Several scribes were employed, who used to copy the rare books. them*

There were cPpyists also working a long with

who used to copy some particular portion at greater

speed. Mugabila-Navis s The books {written by these two were sent to the Muqabila Mavis, or the conparing scribes, who were especially employed to compare the copy with the original and correct any mistake .

Musahhihs Besides all these a Musahhih or corrector was enployed.

He was generally a man of great ability and learning.

If any books were eaten by worms C;so

that only half of the words

remained/ it was the duty of the Musahhih to restore those words in a correct way.

He was also expected

or mistakes in the original.

to remove1 defects

425

Jadwal 3az: He was also one of the members of the staff of the library, who used to make plain, coloured, silvery, golden, original and artificial marginal drawings round the page.

1.

-DATTA (Bimal Kumar), Libraries and Libaarianship of Ancient and Medieval India 1970. Atmaram

&

Sons;

Delhi. 2.

IMAty-UD-DIN (S M). Some leading Muslim Libraries of the world. 1983. Islamic Foundation Bangladesh ; Dhaka. P 99-107.

****************

CHAPTER-VIII CONCLUSI ON

I.t ; is clear from the fore-going study that the Muslim rulers of India were great lovers of learning. scholars and founded libraries. of

These libraries were repositories

rare and valuable books* which

and purchases*

were obtained through gifts

Books were brought from other parts of the Muslim

world such as Arabia. of invasion.

They patronised

Libraries were not forgotten at the 'time,

There is the celebrated instance of Babur taking

possession of books of the libraries of a conquered kingdom and sending the prized items".;- to his personal library.

It was not

only the emperors who set up libraries, nobles and wealthy patrons founded personal libraries and cherished them.

Increasingly the

holdings of these libraries was a labour of love for them. With the advent of the Muslims in India, libraries along with other institutions of social ard culture life, received considerable impetus.

Generally, the Mughal Sovereigns were

highly educated and accomplished, and almost all of them were greatly fond of books.

They even used to take pride in collecting,

rare books, and as such, maintaining their personal libraries. Muslim ladies were also highly interested in the of books for their personal libraries.

collection

Almost every royal lady

of the Mughal court had her personal library, where she devoted her time iti reading and writing for her academic advancement and recreation.*'.

By the time of the Muslim rule in India, the

craze

431

for maintaining libraries and extending patronage to scholars became so high#

even in the outlying provinces that a number of

first-rate libraries immensely facilitated

the spread of education

and learning in those regions.

The educational institutions of the Muslim period had also, in most cases# well-equipped libraries of their own# chiefly with a view to help the teachers and scholars in teaching various arts and sciences.

This fundamental principle of education was#

thus# known to the medieval Indian scholars# teachers and educati­ onists, and

that is vhy every nadrasa of the period had normally

a library, big or small, attached to it.

Libraries in Muslim India were also important centres where the art of calligraphy received encouragement.

Expert

calligraphists and illuminators who employed in many of these libraries and they have left brilliant exanples of their art the future

generation.

for

The art of producing elegantly bound

books also flourished in- Muslim libraries of India. Paper making was not unknown in ancient India but it was a rare commodity.

The Mughals in mediaeval age introduced large

scale manufacture of paper in India and thus ushered a new age. During the Muslim age

in India we find many manuscripts

written on paper were sized in imitations of palm leaves. Codex or bound books were in use simultaneously.

But with the increasing

power of the Muslim Enperors during the Mughal age the splendour

432

of the bindings and their decorations

developed considerably.

In Muslim India, book-binding was recognised as an art, and book-binding department was library work.

ari-.essential part of the

Almost in all big libraries

the A filders, margin-

drawers and book-binders were appointed along with the other officers of the library.

The ab le binders were highly paid

officers. Libraries were the nerve-centres of the Cultural life of Muslim India. India and its

No account of the history of Muslim rule

in

contribution to Indian culture will be completed

without an under-standing of the role played by libraries and librarians during this period. to the decline of

these

The advent of British rule led

libraries.

Their collections were

scattered, and many priceless books were

lost only a proper

appreciation of the inporta nee of the culture of libraries under Muslim rule could inspire us to cherish and preserve the treasures left in some of the existing Muslim libraries.

The findings of this thesis will help in solving the problems of the students as well as layman interested in this inportant subject.

1*

ARNOLD (Thomas). Legacy of Islam. 1931. Oxford.

2.

ARNOLD (T.W.) and GROEMANNLA. The Islamic hook.

3.

BANERJI (S.K.). Humayan Badsha. 1938. Oxford.

4.

BOWRING (L.D.). Haidar All and TIpu Sultan. 1893. London.

5.

CHOPRA (P.N.). Society and Culture in Mughal Age. 1955.Agra.

6a

DAR(Mohaanned Ibrahim). Literary and Cultural Activities in Gujrat under the Khiljis and the Saltanat. I960. Bombay.

7.

HUSSAIN (Yussuf). Medieval Indian Culture. 1957. Bombay.

8.

ISWARI (Prasad). Life and times of Humayun. 1955. Calcutta.

9.

JAHANGIR (Emperor). Tuzk-i-Jahangir(From the first to the twelfth year of his reign) translated into English In 2 Volumes by Alexander Rogers. 1914. Asiatic Society; London. Pc440.

10.

KHAN (Khuda Bakhsh. The Islamic Libraries. Khuda Bakhsh Library. Patna.

11.

LANE-POOL (Stanley). Medieval India under Mohammadan Rule (AtD.712-1764). 1980. A Universal Publication; New Delhi.

12.

LAW(N N ). Promotion of Learning in India during the Mohammadans rule. 1900. London.

13.

LAW(N N). Promotion of Learning in India by early settlers upto abodt 1800 A.D.1915. London.

14.

MACKL AGAN (E). The Jesuits and the Great Moguls, 1932. London.

15.

MAJUMDAR (R C) and others. An advanced history of India. 1985. Macmillan; New Delhi.

16.

MEHTA (J L). Advanced study in the History of Medieval India: Medieval Indian Society and Culture. 1987. Sterling Publishers; New Delhi.

17.

QUR33HI (I H), Administration of Sultanat of Delhi. 1962. Lahore.

18.

RAO(Ramakrishna K). Library Development in India. Indian Libra. 16,2; 1961;5-46.

19„

SAHAY (B K). Some aspects of North-Indian education and learning under the Great Moghuls, 1526-1"07 A.D.

■20..

SAXENA (B P). History of Shahjahan. 1958. Allahabad.

21.

SIRAJ (Minhajus). Tabaquat-i-Naslri, translated by Major I. Taverty.

220

SIRCAR (J N). India of Aurangzeb. 1901. Calcutta.

23.

SIRCAR (J N). Moghul Administration. 1935.

24.

SMITH (7). Akbar the Great Moghal.1919. London.

25.

TALBOT (E.G.). Memories of Babur-Smperor of India: First of the Great Moghals.. 1907-London.

26.

THOMPSON (I W). The Medieval Library. 1959. New York.

INDEX A Aab-i-Kauser

-

28

Aaftab

- 111;

Aasthin pen

- 123

Abbaside Caliph

- 192

Abul Fazl - 55,59,63,64,65,70, 71,234, Abul Hasan

-

93

Abul Kalam Azad Library - 3 76 Abul Quasim - 116 Abbasiyah dynasty- 337 Academic Council - 322 Abdal Ghafar Lari- 178,193 Achariya Kripalini - 226 Abdar Khana

- 40, 41

Abdas samad

- 414

Abdullah

- 75

Acquisition division - 315 Adab - 3 46 Adab-i-Alamgir~ 214 Abdullah Qutub Shah-121,123 Adab-ul-Harb- 28 Abdul Baqi Hadad - 103 Abdul Hamid

Adab-ul-3ufiyah - 374

- 232 Adab-us-3alateen - 26

Abdul Hamid Lahoree-96,99 Abdul Karim Jilani- 193 Abdul Latif

- 181

Adil Shah - 126,127 Adil Shahi - 125,220 Adim - 420

Abdul Mashaikh Shaikh Solaiman - 149

Adla- 421

Abdul Quadir zillani-117

Administrative division - 315

Abdul' Wahhab-

Admiral sayyid Ali Ruis - 53

- 179

Abdur Rahim Khan-i-Khanan5,55,75,78,79,92 Abdur Rahim Khush Navis-82 Abdur Rahman

- 95 .

Abdur Rahman Khazin - 386 Abri Paper -

81

Abul Fath Ikrarauddin -175

Afghan Hassan Gangu - 115 Afif - 25,39 Aftazi - 56 Agha Abdur Rashid Delmi - 252 Aghraj Ilsiyastah - 376 Agra - 43, 5 7,

243

Ahkam-i-Alamgir - 214

ir

Ahmedabad - 79, 94, 98,156, 157

Akbari Pul - 88

Ahmed Ali Khan Bahadur - 2 78

Akbar Shah

Ahmed Sin Mohammed Bin "Abd Rabb" 18

Akhbar-ul-Akhyar - 91

Sani - 217

Akhbar-ul-Marhera-26 9 Ahmed Nagar

- 116,

119 Akh laque-i-Jalali - 178

Ahmed

Reza Khan - 2 96 Akhlaque-i-Nasiri - 62

Ahmed safir Bilgrami - 264 Aktaf -

421

Ahmed Shah - 115 Alam Aral Abbasi - 376 Ahmed Shah I - 155,

161 Ala Maquyas-ul-Hararat - 132

Ahmed Shah Abdaly - 97,

147 Alamgir - 48,'85,101, 109

Ahmedullah. Shafiana - 199 Alamgir Nama - 1C6 Ahwal-i-Sikandar - 208 Alam Faharni - 219 Ain-i-Ahmedi -263 Alauddin Asuli - 243 Ain-i-Akbari - 16,70,75 Alauddin Hasan Shah - 116, 198 Ajaib-ul-Baldan - 362 Alauddin Khiljee -31,

32

Aj aib-ul-'Makhluqat - 2 79 Albadaiyah

Walnahaiyah - 3 77

Aj alt-ul-Kahafa- 298 Alfred - 8 Ajardah - 143 Al-Hadaique-ul-Khijrah - 163 Ajjad Ala Mutaquin of Ibn-iTimiyah - 357

Ali Adil Shah - 7, 6 9,

12 7,

12 8

Akbar - 48,58,5 9,60,61,6 2,6 3, 64,65,6 7,68,6 9,70,71, 72 , 73 , 74, 75,76,77, 78„

Ali Chaman - 71,

73

Akbar's Library - 58

Aligarh Muslim University - 98, 208, 316, 335.

Akbar Nama - 16,75,208,2 78

Ali Ibrahim Khan - 200

Aligarh - 243

Ill Ali Vardi Khan - 200

Amwat-i-Khubi - 188

Allah Kafy - 139

Ancestral Library - 344

Allama Abdul Hakim Sialkote - 99

Ango-Arabia college - 14&

Allama Mulla Haider - 153

Ankaleswar - 170

Allama sayyed Abdul Jalil Bilgrami - 260

Anoor Nana - 349 Anwar Nama - 34 9, 350

Allama Sayyed Solaiman Nadvi 226, 248, 267 Allama Shah wajihuddin Gujrati162

Anwari dynasty - 349, 350 Anwar-ul-Mishquat - 164 Aqa Abdur Rashid - 108

Allama Shiblee Nomanee - 211 Arab - 4, 21, 116 Almashahir - 269 Arab Dynasty - 344 Alwee Printing Press - 253 Arabic script - 337, 397, 400 Amal-i-Salih - 96>99,270 Arastu Jaman - 116 Amanullah - 96 Ars’nad - 362 Amar Bil Maroof Unhi Anil Munkar - 142

Arshad-ul-Salakin - 222

Ambarin Kalam - 80

Arshad-ul-Talbin - 222

Aminai Qazwini - 96

Arts and Science - 115,130,136, 26 3, 300, 344, 426

Amir Ghazi-ud-din - 109 Art of Book Binding - 407, 408 Amir Kabir sayyed Hamdani-148 Art of Calligraphy - 103, 252, 406 Amir Khusru - 3,30,31,32 Art o f Hindu - 105 Amir Mahal - 309 Art of Painting - 412 Amir Mohammed Ismail Abzadi349

Asafiyah Dynasty - 7

Amir Hamah - 379

Asafiyah Empire - 325

Amruha - 243

Asafiyah Library - 124, 227, 327

Amulah - 243

Asaf Khan - 158

IV

Asar-i-Ahmedy - 268 Asari Mahal - 130

Ayar Danish# Persian translation 63 Azaib Rojgar ~ 146

Asar-i-Mobarak - 131 Asar-i-Qadima# Delhi -■ 55

Azamgarh - 243 Azarbaijan - 126

Asar-ud-Daweed - 98 Ashraf - 3 46

B

Ashraf Nama - 351

Baba Rehan - 159

Ashut Tawarikh - 264 Asiatic Exhibition - 335

Baba Quli Ali - 50 Babla Tree - 423

Asiatic Society Library# Bengal - 98# 206,208# 276

Babur - 4,

Asib - 421

Babur Nama - 16

Asraa Ahl Badr - 177

Babri Script - 51

Asta Chap - 65

Bada-i-ul-Bayan - 246

Astronomy - 20# 34# 52, 87# 136, 202# 2 82.

Badayun - 243, 2 92

16,

42, 48# 5 0, 51

Badi Bhatt - 15 2

Atharva Veda# Persian translation - 63

Badkhoshan - 99

Atha Soma - 15 2

3adrchach - 20,

Aurang Nama - 216

Badshah - 150

Aurangzeb - 3,6,7# 47,61# lOl

Baghdad - 19,

Awae f-ul-xMarif -

Bahadur Khan Uzbak - 87

45

36

26# 45,

112# 228

Awarif-ul-Marif - 142

Bahadur Shah - 107

Awwal Zikr — 28

Bahadur Shah I - 108

Ayaj Thaneswaree - 220

Bahadur Shah Zafar - 108,109,111

Ayar Danish - 74, 415

Bahar-i-Azam Jahi - 350

V Bahlul Lodhi - 43

Bat-ul-Hikmat - 382

Bahrnani Kingdom - 115,125

Baz Bahadur - 56

Bahroch - 15 7

Bazm Shakhun - 3 95

Bahr-ul-Anwar - 310

Bazm Timuriyah - 97, 106, 256

Bahr-ul-Ashmae, Persian translation - 152

Bedar - 7 Belgram - 243

Bahr-i-Hayat - 189 Benaras - 110 Bahr-ul-Nisab - 28 Be-Nazir-76 Bailly Guard - 293 Bengal - 22, 23, 54, 60 Bairam Khan - 58, 79 Berlin - 204, 207 Bait-ul-Oloom - 108 Berlin Library - 209 Bakhtiyar Khiljee - 25 Bhadrak - 394 Balram Hospital - 293 Bhadrak College - 393 Bangalore - 354 Bhagavad Gita - 6,100 Baqueyatus Swalehat - 4 Bareli - 243, 274, 297

Bhagavad Gita, Bengali translation-198

Bari Kalaraatia - 393

Bhakti Ratnakar - 67

Barid Shahi - 125

Bhimsen Burharapuri - 216

Barkati Academy - 382

Bhim Singh Kayest - 105

Basawan - 73

Bhornic Khetree - 105

3ashan Das - 93

Bhopal - 357

Bashir News Paper - 2 72

Bibliothek Nationale - 312, 419

Battle of Badr - 177

Bidar - 115, 118

Battle of Palasy - 201

Bidar College Library - 115

Battle of Panipath - 58

Bihar - 60

Battle of Timuriyah - 92

Bijapur - 7, 69, 111, 125, 126

VI

Bijapur Library - 102

.

C

Bijapur shahi Library - 125

Cairo - 19,

Bilgram - 258

Calcutta -229

Binding - 9,397, 406 Bindraban - 109

Calligraphy - 1,9,34, 47, 48, 57 71, 282, 334, 347, 397, 428.

Biography - 282

Cambay - 54

Birbal - 65

Cambridge University - 136

Bithal Math “65

Castle Library - 139

Blind-bard - 65

Catalogue - 231

Bohar - 203

Catalogue of Arabi Library,Bohar 203, 206

112,

228

Bokhara - 23 Bokhari Shariff - 291

Catalogue of the India Office Library - 133

Bombay - 96 , 3 85

Catholic Library - 76

Book-binding - 409,

410

Book o f war - 6 2 Book Production - 2,

Chahar Ansar Danish - 96 Chaitanya

424

Deva - 6 7

Chaitanya Manga 1 - 67

Book worm - 85

Champa Naiyer - 15 7

Boston Museum - 417

Chandar 3han Berhman - 99

Braja Bhasha - 65

Chandi Devi - 67

Braja Bhumi - 65

Chanpanir - 16 7

Brindavan Das - 67

Charles Stuart - 136

British Museum - 22 7, 312,343

Chatuspathis - 14

Burhanpor - 7

Chauri House - 3 94

Burhan-ul-Mulk Sadat Khan - 307

Chaurasi Vaishnava Ki Varta - 66

Bustan - 6 2, 2 94, 303

Chegta-i-Memoirs - 61

VII

,^

Chemistry - 69

D

>, "l ■

Chengiz Khan - 23, 48 Daftar Khana - 113,

114

Chengiz iNama - 415 Dagh - 265 Chhapra - 229 Dainalidan - 204 Chij Mohammed Shahi - 110 Dalail-i-Firoz Shahi - 39 Chittagong Madrasa - 232 Dara 3’nukoh - 6,96,99,100,228 Codex - 407 Dargah Barkatiyah-263 Collection of books - 11,

12, ||p-Dargah Hadrat pir Mohammed Shah-166

Collection of films - 12 Dargah Shaikh Chilee- 1O0 Collection of Hakum Muhib Hussain - 328

Daroga - 85

Collection of Hindu

Daroga Kitab Khana - 95

Mvthology419

Darsgah Mulla Haideree - 153 Collection of Moulana Hamid Hossain - 257 Dar -ul-Baqa - 98, Collection of Photographs - 12

Dar-ul-Hikmat - 79

Collection of Rare books - 60

Dar-ul-Kutub - 233

Collection of Tafsir -

Dar-ul-Oloom - 106,

259

143

149

Commentary - ,87, 281, 282

Dar-ul-Oloom,Deoband- 290

Court Ladies - 58

Dar-ul-Oloom , Na usher ah- 151

Court Language - 128

Dastur-ul-Alqah- 352

Court Libraries - 13

Dastur-al-Fasahat - 281

Court of Akbar - 112

Daswanth - 72

Co we 11 - 618

Daulatabad - 34,37,117,118

Cursive script - 397

Daulat Khana - 305

Cuttack - 391

Dawat - 423

VIII

Dawat dar - 35, 423 Deccan - 22, 23, 32,

Diwan-i-Zakhmi - 304 115,325

Diwan of Hasan Dehlavi - 237

Deccani Prose - 136

Doctor Arnald - 206

Dec Lact - 78

Doctor Azim-ud-din Ahmed - 232

Decoration - 334

Doctor Denison - 231

Definition - 8

Doctor Inam Ahsan Zarif- 266

Delhi - 7,

Doctor Mahmood Hossain Khan - 300

19, 21, 383

Delhi College - 145

Doctor Sprenger - 275

Delhi Port - 42,

Doctor Ulga Minto - 4

114

Delhi Manuscript - 341

Doctor Yousuf Hossain Khan - 300

Deoband - 290

Doctor Zakir Hossain Khan - 300,383

Descriptive

Doctor Ziauddin Ahmed - 271

Catalogue - 137

Destruction of Libraries - ' 147, 262, 272."

Qomi'ngp

de Soto - 76

Durra-i-Nadir - 304 Dictionary - 135 Dynasty of Bhonsle - 218 Dilawar Khan Gori - 153 Dynasty of Miranji - 124 Diwan - 52, 55, 56 Dynasty of Sadat - 262 Diwan Hafiz - 124 Dynasty of Qutub Shahi - 124 Diwan Khana - 254 Dynasty of Zobairee Khanbuee - 265 Diwani - 402, 404 Diwani Khaqani - 24

E

Diwani Library - 302

East India Conpany - 13 7

Diwani Sanai - 24

Educational Institution - 1,2,20, 5 8, 2 25 .

Diwan.~i-Humayun - 225 Egypt " 156,

158, 341

Qiwan-i-Meh - 304 Emperor Alamgir - 325 i^iwan-i-Wajid Ali Shah- 304


36 4

Library of Bihar - 221

Lala Ujagar Chand Ulfat200 Language - 136 Larzah - 405

Library ofBilgram - 258 Library of Ghlstiyah - 197 Library of Daftar-i-Diwan, Hyderabad - 348

Leaf of Nargis - HO

Library of the Chief of Farrukhabad2 73

Leather - 408

Library of Congress,America - 312

Lebanon - 25 7 Lexicography - 136, 282

Library of Dargah Barkatiah - 263 Library of Dar-ul-Olum - 291

XIX

Library of Daryabad - 303

Library of India Office

Library of Deccan - 104

Library of Islamiah College,Attawa2 73

Library of Deccani Kingdom 115

Library of Islamiah College, Badaun - 295

Library of Delhi College114

Library of

Library of Disna - 226 Library of Doctor Hafizullah3 93 Librarv of Etemad Khan 16 4 Librarv of Faruqui Sultan342

216

Itemad Khan - 61

Library of Jain - 303 Library of Jamiah Milia Islamiah-383 Library of Kashmir - 148 Library of Khajwa - 221 Library of Khandesh - 343 Library of Khuda Bakhsh - 209,384

Library of Firhangi Mahal 252,253 .

Library of Khujwa - 56

Library of Firoz Shah Toahluq - 37

Library of Madrasa Islamiah - 2 99

Library of Fort William College - 201

Library of Mohammed Gav/an - 119

Library of France - 209 Library of Gesudaraj - 118 Library of Ghazi Khan -49

Library of Malwah - 153 Library of Marehera - 26 2 Library of Moulana Abdul Bari - 25 4

Library of Golkunda - 121

Library of Moulana Habib-urRahraan Khan Sherwani - 104

Library of Hafiz Rahmat Khan - 2 75

library of Moulvi Enayet-ul-lah Khan -300

Library of Hakim Mohammed Yehi'yah; - 30'0

Library of Moulvi

Library of Hamdani - 148 Library of Hamidiyah 357, ,358.

Charagh Ali - 341

Library of Moulvi Hossain Ahmed - 270 Library of Moulvi Hakim Sayeedul-lah Qadree- 299 Library of Moulvi Masuque Ali - 247

Library of Idenberg College - 216

Library of Moulvi Mohammed Noor - 300

Library of Idrus - 16 8

Library of JYPulvi Subhan Ali Khan-252

XX

Library of Moulvi Sufi Abdul Hamid Ashrafi - 2 96

library of Sarkar-i-Ali -

339

Library of sayyed Ali Bilgrami-339 Library of Mufti sadr-ud-din - 143 Library of Mufti Sayed Abul Baqa — 243

Library of Sayyed

Dildar Ali- 252

Library of Sayyed Hamdani - 148 Library of Sayyed Qamr-ud-din-169

Library of Muncipal Board-2 95 Library of shah 'Abdul* Alim-170 Library of Muslim University, Aligarh-121,273,420

Library of Shah Abdul Aziz-140

Library of Nadwat-ul-Ulema-255

Library of Shah Alam - 158

Library of Nawab Ali Hasan

Library of Shah Fakhr-ud-din-142

Khan Saheb - 220

Library of Shah Oli Allah - 140

Library of Nawab Amad-ul-Mulk339

Library of 3hahan-i-0udh - 385

Library of Nawab of Oudh 242, 252

Library of Shah Kalim-ul-lah, Jahanabadi - 141

Library of Nawab Ziauddin Khan Rais Loharo-144

Library of Shaikh Mohammed Tahir Patni - 160

Library o f Nizam-ud-din Auliya197

Library of Shanti Niketan - 200

Library of Oudh King - 304 Library of Paris - 204 Library of Rohila sardar Hafiz Rah mat Khan - 252 Library of Royal Asiatic Society - 64 Library of Rukhshan - 144 Library of Saidiya,Hyderabad343,345, 371.

Library of Saint George College - 117

Library of Shi*a Bohras Libraries

- 166

of Shrines - 222

Library of Shrine of Hadrat Shah Neyaj Ahmed - 297 Library o f Tipu Sultan- 117, 131, 132, 201. Library of Tonk - 36 3 Library of Ushmania University - 32 7 Library of University of Bombay.-^387' Libraries of Uttar Pradesh - 238 Library of Zeb-un-Nisha - 107

XXI

Library of wajid Ali Shah - 330

Madrasa Aliah - 206,

Lilawati - 63

Madrasa Arabia Knanqah - 221,225, 236 .

Literature - 87,

282

Lodhy Dynasty - 42,265 Logic - 20,

35,

282

244

Madrasa Aziziah - 224 Madrasa Ghasma Rahmat - 244 Madrasa Darsbari - 198

Loh Shirazi - 87

Madrasa Dar-us-3afa- 152

London - 207

Madrasa Faiz Alam - 267

London Press - 204

Madrasa Faiz Safer -161

Lord Curzon - 231

Madrasa Fakhr-ul-Moraba- 244

Lord Curzon Reading Room-231

14a dr as a Ghazi-ud-din

Lo r: d

L ytton -'311

Lubab al~Kanasik - 185 Lucknow - 243,

251

Lunar Eclipse - 54 Lytton Library - 314

M

- 109,

145

Madrasa Hidayat Bakhsh - 171 Madrasa Hidayat Bakhdi

Library-195

Madrasa Islamiah - 224 Madrasa Islamiah Imam Bakhsh - 2 48 Madrasa Jalaliyah - 204 Madrasa Jamiliah - 247

Madhu - 73

Madrasa Kada - 199

Madhya Pradesh - 357

Madrasa Khair-ul-Manzil - 76

Madina Manawarah -104

Madrasa Khas of Moulana Allauddin Lari - 243

Madrasa Abdur P;ahim - 10^

Madrasa Khwajgan Naqshbandi - 15 3

Madrasa Abul FazI - 2 43

Madrasa Kurdiyah - 171

Madrasa Adil - 246

Madrasa Madariyah - 246

Madrasa Akbar Badesha -243

Madrasa Maqbera Sultan Alauddin Khiljee - 33, 37.

XXII

Madrasa Mohammadi -385

-Madrasa Rahimiah - 140

Madrasa Mohammad Ikram-ua-din - 106

Madrasa Sadiqiya - 246 Madrasa Sadr Jahan - 247

Madrasa Mugri - 243 Madrasa Shaikh Chilee - 100 Madrasa Mulla Khidree - 246 Madrasa Shaikh-ul-Islam-165 Madrasa Mulla Mamur - 246 Madrasa Shaikh Rukn-ud-ain-246 Madrasa Mulla Shams-ud-din -246

Madrasa Shaikh Zainul Abedin Khani - 243

Madrasa Mulla Shams Nur-246 Madrasa Shams-ul-Ollom - 2 94 Madrasa Nalcha - 154 Madrasa-i-Sher - 151 Madrasa Nawab Mohammed Bangash Khan of Bareli-244

Madrasa Sultania- 392

Madrasa Niswan - 15 4

Madrasat-ul-Quran -149

Madrasa Nizamiah - 25 4

Madrasa Tilah - 198

Madrasa of Ahmed Shah Bahmani - 116

Madrasa Ustad-ul-Mulk-246 Madrasa woli-ullah Library - 16 5

Madrasa of Ajmeri Gate - 142 Madrasa-i-Zia-ul-Olum - 143 Madrasa of Bidar - 106,121 Mafatih - 310 Madrasa of Chak Salateen 152 Madrasa of Charminar - 123

Mafisi - 303 Maghni-ul-Labib- 156

Madrasa of Moulana Ahmed Reza Khan - 292

Mahabharat- 48,62,6 7,

Madrasa of Shahidabad -15 4

Mahabharat, Bengali translation198

Madrasa of Sharangpur -154 Madrasa Patan's Library-161

152,

177

Mahabharat, Persian translation152 Maharaja Sir Kishun Prasad - 328

XXIII

Mahatma Budh - 221

Malik Raza - 342

Mahem - 15 7

Malla Ojhi - 122

Mahem Begum - 76

Malwah - 154

Mahi - 404

Manasa Devi - 6 7

Mahkama-i-Qudat - 16 7

Mandu - 153,

Mahmood Ghaznavi - 3,21

Mangal Talab - 223

Mahmood Shah - 116

Manjan Khan-129

Majlah Ashrafi -250

Mansat Taher Ohid - 208

Major Stewart - 7

Manuscript of asafiya Library - 330

Makatib-i-Ghalib (Urdu)

- 281

154

Manuscript of Firdausi Shahnama-235

Makhdum Ibrahim's Library -165

Manuscript of History

Makhfi - 108

Manuscript of Jami-ut-Tawarikh- 279

Makhjan Ahmedy - 380,

381

Mauhjan -ul-Rijque -walFatuhat - 300 Makhmalbani - 154 Makramat Khan - 102,

196

- 347

Manuscript of Ram Charita Manas-419 Manuscript of Saidiyah Library - 3 76 Manuscript of Shah Jahan Nama-409 Manuscript of sir Jadunath SirCar207 Map - 208

Maktib Mohammed Ghaush Sharf-ul-Mulk - 354

Maqsuda al-Qari - 18 2

Maktubat - 381

Maqulat - 69

Maktubat Ahmedy - 380

Marehera - 243

Maktubat Ashrafi -249

Marqua Ka Conference- 269

Maktubat-i-Kalmi- 141

Marsan Islamiah Ka School - 271

Malfuzat - 15 9

Masabih - 16 2

Malik Ghazi - 20

Masalik -310

Malik Mohammed Jayasi - 65

Mashaik Chist - 197-

XXIV

Masir Rahiraee - 206

Medina - 15 7

Masjid Atala - 246

Meraj-ul-Ashiquin - 117

Masnavi - 338

Merat-ul-MDani - 45

Masnavi Goe Chugan - 104

Mian Fahi- 80

14asnavi Meher-O-Mah - 45

Mian Nadim - 80

Master Ram Chandra - 145

Minhaj-ud-din - 18

Mat Achhra - 105

Mir Abdullah- 71,73

Mathematics - 5,20*35,87, 136, 202

Miraji Khuda Nama - 123 Mir Ali Bokhari - 151

Mathnawi Khushru - 50 Mir Ali Tabreji - 56 Mathura - 44, HO Mir Amad-ul-Hossainee- 252 Mauj-ul-Taba - 268 Miran Yaqoob - 123 Mayanaz Library of Hindusthan - 226

Mirashi and Salam - 301

Mazem-ul-Baldan - 48

Mirat-i-Masudi - 303

Mazma-e1-Bahrayan - 183

Mirat-ul-Wujud - 303

Mazma-ul-Ahadit - 149

Mir Bakhsi - 92

Mazma-ul-Fiqrah-99

Mir Douri - 73

Mazmua-ul-Bahrain-100

Mir Fathullah Shira ji-6 9, 70, 75

Mazlis-i-Alima-305

Mir Hossain-i-Kulanki -71,73

Mazlis Khamsa- 98

Mir Imad - 236, 237

Mazlis-i-Makhtutat- 335

Mir Jafar zatoi - 109

Mecca - 15 7, 15 8

Mir Mahfuz Ali Badauni-295

Mecca Muazzama- 51, 124 Mecca Sheriff - 61, 373 Medicine - 20, 87,202,2 3 7, 282 .

Mir Mohammad Ali Khan's Library - 200 Mir Mohammed Kaunozi - 105 Mir Mohammed Salih - 95, 96

XXV

Mir Munshi - 204

Mohafiz-i-Quran- 3

Mir Sayyid Ali - 72, 414

Mohammed Abdul Bari's Library -395

Mir Zafer - 200

Mohammed Afzal Bokhari - 150

Mirza Abdul Qadir Bedil - 109

Mohammed Amin - 73

Mirza Ghalib - 26 4

Mohammed Amin Khurasani-81

Mirza Ghiyash Beg - 91

Mohammed Amin Qazwani - 99

Mirza Jala-ud-din Taba Tabai - 99

Mohammed Arfen - 2 99

Mirza Kahir-ul-lahMahendas - 110

Mohammed Bin Bakhtiyar Khiljee22,25,196 Mohammed Bin Qasim - 21

Mirza Kamran - 42 Mirza Manohar Tosni - 75 Mirza Raza Jai Singh-211 Mirza Sahib - 99

Mohammed Binzia- 45 Mohammed Enayet Hossain Khan - 351 Mohammed Fadullah Khan - 277 Mohammed Hossain - 71

Mirza Solaiman Shikoh252,309.

Mohammed Kazim - 148

Mishbah-ul-Masabih- 303

Mohammed Mammed Mansur - 102

Misquat-ul-Mosabih-117

Mohammed Musa- 265

Mobarak Shah - 33

Mohammed Nama - 220

Modderish - 15 4

Mohammed Quli Qutub Shah - 121

Model of handicraft - 3 36

Mohammed Rida - 179

Model of Khat Naskh Gahwar - 336

Mohammed Safi - 95 Mohammed Shah - 107, 109

Model of wooden Asiatic Calligraphy - 3 36

Mohammed Shah Bahmani-115,117, 118

Mofarehul Quolub-132, 135

Mohammed Shahab-ud-din Ghor - 21

Mohabat Khan - 102

Mohammed Toghluque - 34

XXVI

Mohammed Waris - 99

Moulana Azad Library-301,311,

Mohammed Zahir-ud-din Babur48

Moulana Baqir - 71

312

Moulana Dawri - 71,73 Mohesh - 73 Moulana Enayet Rasul- 242 Moin-ud-Daullah' s Library199 Mokalema

Baba Lai Das-IQO

Momin - 144 Monaquib F'akhriyah - 1.42 Montar us - 76 Morat Aftab Nama -377

Moulana Farooqui- 242 Moulana Fazl Haq- 242 Moulana Fazl Imam-242 Moulana Fazl Rasul Badaun- 294 Moulana Hafiz Ohid-ul-Haq Asthanvi 224 Moulana Hafiz-ur-Rahman-226

Motafarq Maktubat - 3 81 Moulana Hamdullah - 242 Nbti Mahal - 307 Moulana Ibrahim Naqqash-80 Moti Masjid - 208 Moulana Imam Bakhsh 3hahabi-l45 MQulana Abdullah - 242 Moulana Imaraud-din - 165 Moulana Abdul Aziz -71 Moulana Izzuddin - 20 Moulana Abdul Hai-71,73, 254 Moulana Abdul Qadir Badauni294

Moulana Mirza Mohammed Qasim Ghilani - 91

Moulana Abdur Rahim - 71

Moulana Mirza Shukrallah Shirazi91

Moulana Abdus Salam -242

Moulana Mohammed Hossain Azad-llO

Moulana Abdus Salam Nadvi226

Moulana Mohammed Qasim Nanotavi290

Moulana Abul Hasnat Nadvi221

Moulana Mousuf - 104 Moulana Nasir-ud-ain-

20

Moulana Abul JKa-larn'Aza’d ' 381 -

Moulana Nasrullah - 167

Moulana Ahmen Reza Khan297, 2 98

Moulana Nuruddin - 165

Moulana Altaf Hossain Hali - 146

Moulana Olayet Hossain - 206

XXVII

Moulana Qazi Abdullah - 50

Moulvi

Moulana Qazi Abdul Latif's Library - 394

Moulvi Moulvi

Moulana Quasihi - 242 Moulvi Moulana Qutub-ud-ain Sahalvee - 2 42 Moulana Qut ub-ud-din Shamshbadi - 242

Moulvi Moulvi Moulvi

Moulana Rukn Alam - 20 Moulana Shah Aman-ul-lah 223

386 Moulvi Moulvi

Moulana Shams-udf din " - 23

Moulvi

Moulana Solaiman - 179

Moulvi Rahim Bakhsh Qadiree -2 99

Moulana Sufi - 81

Moulvi

Moulvi Abdul Haq - 124,341 Moulvi Abdul Hasnat -161 Moulvi Abdul Majid Quadiree - 298

Nizami - 296

isAdduq Hossain Kazim Kanturi - 32 8

Mousuma Madrasa Hossain Shah -153 Mubah-ul-Ebadat - 300 Mufti - 154,

189

Moulvi Abdul Maqtadir-231

Mufti Abdul Hafiz- 2 98

Moulvi Abdul Monaquid Khan Sahib - 206

Mufti Mohammed Ibrahim Faridee- 2 95 Mufti Oli Allah Frakhabadi - 274

Moulvi Abdul 2alii of Naharhat - 208

Mufti Rukn-ud-ain* s Library - 16 3

Moulvi Abdur Rajaque Saheb - 358

Mughal - 2

Moulvi Ali Bakhsh - 2 96

Mughal Archieves - 112

Moulvi Anwar Ahmed -26 9

Mughal Dynasty - 3, 47,

Moulvi Bujurg Ali - 266

Mughal Empire - 58,

208

147

XXVIII

Mughal Emperor -4,

47

Mulla Nizam - 103

Mughal Ladies - 6 Mughal Period - 9,

Mulla Mohammed Yusuf - 150

48

Mulla

Nuruddin zahuri - 82,125

Mughal Sovereign - 2

Mulla Parsu Bokhari - 151

Muktamim - 79, 85

Mulla Pir Mohammed -61, 78

Mujam’l Baldan, Persian translation - 63

Mulla Sadruddin Qashi - 150 Mulla Safi-ud-ain -107

Mukammal Khan - 63 Mulla Shakebi - 81, 82, 83 Mukunda Ram Chakravarty-68 Mulla Shams-ud-din - 120 Mukund - 73 Mulla Yousuf Rashidee - 151 Mulkhis- 95 Mulla zami

- 45

Mulk Khushnud - 125 Multan - 21 Mulla Abdul Qadir -75,243 Mumtaz Mahal - 6,

107

Mulla Ahmed Kashmiree 151, 152.

Munira Khan-i-Khanan- 87, 88

Mulla Fath-ul^lah shirazi-125

Munim Khan’s Library - 87

Mulla Ghazi Khan - 151

Munsabat Berhraan - 99

Mulla Hafiz Baghdadi -151

Munshi Amir .Ahmed Menai - 279

Mulla Hossain waiz Kashfee109

Munshi Ghulam Hossain - 353 Munshi Mansaram Kashmiree - 252

Mulla Jamal-ud-ain Kharzami151

Munshi Mohammed Hadi Ali - 252

Mulla Kabir Nahvee - 151

Munshi Raghunandan Das Burhanpuri216

Mulla Mali Qami 125

Muntekhab-ul-Tawarikh - 75

Mulla Mir Ali Mshammed Amin of Mashhad - 71

Muqabila Navis - 428

Mulla Mohammed Hossain - 81

Muqarrb Hi an - 91

XXIX Muradabad - 243 Murshidabad - 147,

Muslim University Library of Habib Ganj - 104,117 199 Mustafa All Khan Khusdil - 351

Murtaza Khan Qilladar Alor 351

Mustafai Printing Press - 253

Musahhih. - 85, 428

Mysore - 132

Musannif Abdur Razzaque - 373

iW

-

Musa River - 335

Nadarat-i-Shahi -281

Mushafbardar - 25

Nadir Shah - 147

Mushfiq Naqqash - 80

Nadr Mazmua-i-Ilm - 226

Mushkin - 73

Nadr-ul-Asr - 93

Music - 87

Nadr-ul-Nakat - 100

Muskih Raqam- 86

Madwat-ul-uleme - 144, 255

Muslim Anglo Oriental College - 311

Nadvi - 255 Nadr-uz-Zama - 93

Muslim Dynasty - 301 Naher-tfala Paten - 15 7 Muslim Empire - 198 Nahu - 346 Muslim Egaperor -1,2 Nal Daman - 61,6 4, 74,417 Muslim India - 17 Nanda Das - 66 Muslim Law - 285 Naqqash - 282,

427

Muslim Library 14,17 Naquib Khan - 64 Muslim Library of Bang lore35 4

Narahari - 65,67

Muslim Library Trust - 354

Narnol - 225

Muslim Rule -- 2,15,20

Narobin Gangadhar - 129

Muslim Ruler - 2,3,19,20

Narullah Qasim Arslan - 71

Muslim sovereign -2

Narwar - 44

Muslim sovereignty-21,2 3

Nasir-ud-din Kubacha - 22

XXX

Nasir-ud-din Mahmood - 26

Nawab Mustaq'Ali Khan - 2 80

Naskhi - 3 97, 403

Nawab Rostum Khan - 211

Nastaliq - 329# 401,402,405

Nawab Sabit Khan - 26 7

Nat-i-man- 371

Nawab 3adat Ali Khan - 2 93,

Nataman Kothi - 372

Nawab Saiyia Mohammed Ali Khan Bahadur - 278

348,3 70

National Archieves -2 10 Nawab Saiyid Yousuf Ali Khan - 278 National Library, Calcutta - 208

Nawab Shuja-ud-Qaullah - 2 75,304

National Museum - 334

Nawab Siddique Hossain Khan ~ 143

Nawab Asaf~ud»Daullah 8, 304

Nawab Sir salar Jung - 32 7 Nawab Sirwar -ul-Mulk- 327

Nawab Asif-ud-Daullah ~ 256 Nawab Bahu Begum saheb304

Nawab Ushman Ali Khan - 325 Nawab wajid Ali Shah - 7 Nawab Wajir-ud-Daullah- 363

Nawab Faujdar Mohammed35 7 Nawab Hamid Ali Khan Bahadur - 280 Nawab Ibrahim Khan's Library384

Nawab Yousuf Ali Khan, the Salar Jung III - 334 Nazim Mahbub Ali Khan - 328 News Letters - 113 Nishan-i-Wala Jahi - 350

Nawab Kalb Ali Khan - 2 79 Nishat-ul-Ishque - 117 Nawab Loharu's Library-194 Nizam- 56 Nawab Mohammed Khan Bangash - 299 Nawab Murshid Quli Jaf'ar Khan - 199

Nizam of Qazwin - 73 Nizami Press - 2 96 Nizam Shahi - 125

Nawab Murtaja Khan - 75 Nizam-ul-Aqaid - 142

XXXI

Nizam-ul-Mulk Asifzah - 325

Osmania University - 326

Nizarn-un-Nazoom - 105

Oswant - 73

No1 Kishore Printing Press - 253

Oudh - 147

Nuras - 129

P

Nur Jahan - 93,94, 107,359

Padisha-i-Ghazi- 78

Nur Jahan*s Library - 93

Padmavat - 65

Nur Mohammed - 219

Padmini - 65

Nur-ul-Haq-193

Padshah Nama - 96,234

Nur-ul-lah Qasim Arsalan-73

Painter - 79, 42 7

Nusrati - 125

painting - 47, 58,

Nusrat Shah - 198

Paintings of Japan - 336

Nyamat Khan Aali - 105,108

Pak Patan of Gujrat - 215

0 Octagonal Tawer - 61 Official Annals - 113

Palm Leaf - 330,

71, 3 34

406

Pandit Jawahar Lai Nehru ~ 272, 314, 334 Pandit Lachhmidhar ~ 263

Qfiyat-ul-Ayan - 374

Panipath - 42, 58

Oh Mazlis ~ 109

Panj Ganj Noori- 300

Olum O Fanoon - 305

Paper - 422

Oriental Language - 282

Payrus - 1, 3 98

Orissa - 388

Paramananda

Grooj - 347

Parchment - 3 98

Osaya-i-wajiree -365

Paris - 207

Das - 66

XXXI1 Pasban - 282

Printing Press - 153

Pasthu Language - 2 75

Prithiraj - 22

Pataliputra - 221

Prophet Mohammed's Life - 185

Patan - 160

Prophet of Islam - 172

Patna - 147

Prosody - 203, 282

Pathsala - 13

Psychology - 136

Peacock Throne - 147

Punjab University Library - 209

Peli Bhatt- 274

Punthi - 12

Pemi -262

Punthi Khana - 12

Pen - 420,

Purana Qila, Delhi-56,5 7

424

Persia - 52, 56,

126,

156

Persian Art - 83

Qabil - 259

Personal Collection of Sir Sayyed Ahmed Khan-311 Personal Library of Mohammed Gawan - 106 Philosophy - 20,35,87, 202, 282 Photo Copy

- 208

Q

136,

Qabul - 275 Qabusnama - 62 Qadim - 255 Qairawani- 401 Qaisar Bagh - 305

Physics - 69

Qasida- 99,

162,

Physical Science - 35

Qasim Ali - 289

Pir Mohammed Shah - 171

Qasim Beg - 63

Prayer Carpet - 57

Qanooni Humayun - 56

Fremakartika - 66

Qawaia-ul-AKubra - 300

Prem Ain - 45

Qawaid-ul-Murideen - 222 Qazi Azad - 36

183

XXXIII

Qazi Abdul Patah - 25 8, 262 .

Quazi Jalal-ud-din Urs - 26 i

Qazi Badr-ud-Daullah - 349

Quazi Mir Mohammed Ali Bokhari - 150

Qazi Ghaznin - 20

Quidwai Memorial Urdu Library - 395

Qazi Kalarn - 25 8

Quila-i~Moalla- 365, 366

Qazi Magis-ud-din -33

Quran - 27, lOl, 102* 149, 202

Qazi Mahmud - 258

Quran Pak - 50

Qazi Niyamat-ul-lah- 252

Quranic Commentry - 202, 386

Qazi Nurullah Shastree - 75

Qutub

Qazi Razi-ud-din Murtuza -3 45

Shahi - 12 5

Qutub-ul-Mulk's Library - 384 Quwat-ul-Islam - 25

Qazi Sharif-ul-Hasan Bilgrarni - 26*2

R

Qazi-ul-Qaza - 267

Rafi-ud-din Shirazi - 127

Qerat-ul-Oyoon - 367

Raghuvir Library - 209

Qibla Nasir Hossain -255

Rahmat-ul-lah of Sindh - 185

Qirasat - 183

Raihan - 402

Qirtas Misri - 421

Rajarangani - 152

Qfssa Bahram-o-Gul - 13 9

Raja Salinpur's Library -; 301

Qissa-i-Lal-O-Gauhar -138

Rajasthan - 363

Qissa Ridwan Shah - 139

Rajasthan University -376

Qom Kahar - 73

Ralen - 336

Quadir Azim Nazir - 350

Ramayan - 2, 63, 74, lOQ, 417

Quaira Ganj - 300

Ramayan* Persian translation-6 3

Quaim Karim - 215

Ram Babu Saxena - 255

Quamus-ul-MDshahir -2%

Ram Charitamanas - 66

XXXIV

Ram Cult - 65* 66

Red Fort - 94

Ramjad Ishara Hari Alamgiree - 215

Regional Libraries - 148 Reja Library - 209,

26 3* 276

Rampur - 243* 2 76 Resala Haq Nama - 100 Rampur Collection - 329 Resala Ruhiya - 394 Rampur Library - 22 7 R'eyaz Jaunpuri - 244 Raqq - 421 Reyaz-ul-Nisha

- 120

Rasail charag Ali - 342 Riqqa- 401,

402, 403*

404

Ras Khan - 66 Risala Marjiah - 142 Ras Panchadhyayi - 66 Rohilkhanil - 274 Rational Science- 69 Kolect Ramia- 338 Rauzat-ul-Ahbab- 90 Roman Script - 3 98 Rauzat-us-3hohda - 109 Raushan Raqam - 86 Raudat-un-Nazir- 260 Rawah-ul-Mustafa- 205 Raza;- Ali Khan - 343

Royal Asiatic Society,Calcutta96 , 102, 385 Royal Asiatic Society* Great Britain - 209, 385

Raza Kalyan Singh - 226*240 Royal Bible - 76 Raza Mansingh - 165 Royal Court of Mansingh Holkar-217 Raza Ram Narayan - 201*226* 241. Raza Ram Narayan Moujan -201

Royal Library of Akbar - 78 Royal :/0rder - 113 Royal Polyqlot - 76

Raza Singh - 110 Royal Treasury - 128 Raza Sitab Ray - 240 Ruh-i-Iqbal - 300 Raziyah Sultana - 26*107 Ruhilkhand - 2 92 Razm Nama - 62,

74 Rukhshan - 144

XXXV

Rukn-ud-din 3amarkandi-189

Salima sultana - 6, 57

RumL Darwaza - 305

Salima Sultana Library - 57

Rutb-ul-Sun -337

Sara’is - 245

Ruqat-i-Alamgiree - 105,36 3

Sareh Misqat - 91

Ruqat-i-Wala^Jah ;-»:;;353

3arf-0-Nahu - 291 Sarkhaiz -161

S

Sash Resala Sadi - 83

8aad - 20

Sawla - 73

Sebermati River - 16 2,164

Sayyed Abdullah - 75,

Sadiqpur - 241

Sayyed Abdul Hussainy - 117

Sadr Jahan - 241

Sayyed Abdul wahid Belgrami - 259

Safinat-ul-Auliah - 100

Sayyed Ali Jawahar - 102

Sagir Fatima Niswan School -271

Sayyed Ali Khan Bara Nahar - 15 7

Sahebjada Mohammed Hayat Khan - 372

25 9

Sayyed Ali Tabrezi - 103 Sayyed Burhan Khan Handi - 349

Sahhaf - 79, 85, 282, 42 7

Sayyed Hossain Mantaqui Ali - 150

3ahi Bokhari-361

Sayyed Iftekhar Alam - 264

Saidiyah Library - 344, 367

Sayyed Jafar Badr Alam - 159

Sakinat-ul-Auliah - 100

Sayyed Jalal-ud-din Tabrejee- 204

3alah-ud-din -233

Sayyed Mehdi Hasan - 268

Salar Jung -334

Sayyed Mohammed Ahsan Marheray -265

Salar Jung Museum - 334

Sayyed Murtaza - 351

Salat-i-Mohammediah - 300

Sayyed Nama - 348

Salim - 88

Sayyed Kafi-ud-din - 44

Salimgarh - 301

Sayyed Shah Abul Hasan 354

Salimpur - 301

sayyed Shah Mir Abdul Jalil - 262

XXXVI

Science - 67

Shah Tayyib - 261

Scribe - 79

Shah wajih-ud-din" s Library - 16 2

Sebastien Manrique - 114

Shaikh Abdas 3alam - 79

Sehsharam - 224

Shaikh Abdul Haq - 30,

ser Gujasth Zamana-i=Neyabat - 350

Shaikh Abdul Qad'lr Bin Shaikh Khljrirai - 16 2

Serkandy - 123

Shaikh Abdun Nabi - 75

Seringapatam - 132*133,135,139

Shaikh Abu Bakr - 177

91,

15 7

\

3er-ul-Arfen -

Shaikh Abul Wall Qabul Khan -102

45

Seven Planets - 53

Shaikh Ahmed -161

Shah Abdul Aziz - 146

Shaikh Ahmed Milaziyun - 105

Shah Alara - 107,

Shaikh Ain-ud-din Ganj-ul-Ilm - 117

109, 204, 225

,2^i. Shaikh Ala-ul-Haque- 197 Shah Amin-ud-din Ala-123,124 Shaikh Atullah - 242 Shah Ba'rkat-ul-lah- 26 2 Shaikh Azam - 251 Shah Burhan-ud-uin Janam-124 Shaikh Fakhr-ud-din Ganjsakr - 29 Shah jahan - 6, 61, 97, 98,

94, 95, 99.

Shaikh Farid Beg - 50

Shah jahani Madrasa - 143

Shaikh Farid Sokhari - 94

Shah Jahan Nama - 96,

Shaikh Farid’s Library - 94

235

Shah Jahanpur - 243

Shaikh Fatah-ul-lah Haqqani - 153

Shah Mojib-ul-iah Quadree - 223

Shaikh Hadrami Library-16 7 Shaikh Mahim’s Library - 16 3

Shah Nama - 24, 6 2 Shaikh Mobarak Nagori - 75 Shah Nama-i-Firdausi 50, 302 Shah Oli Allah - 106, 298

Shaikh Mohammed Abdul Bari - 395 Shaikh Mohammed Afzal - 342

XXXVII

Shaikh Mohammed Tahir Patni 160

Sharah Fasus-ul-Hukm - 149 Sharah-i-Muwaqif - 303

Shaikh Mohammed Uthman - 16 4 Shaikh Mohib-ul-iah - 242 Shaikh Muslim - 202

Sharah-Samail - 375 Sharah-i-Waqiyah - 303 Sharqi Kingdom of Jaunpur - 245

Shaikh Nasir - 144

Sher Khan - 54

Shaikh Nasir-ud-din Cheragh - 29 Shaikh Nizanv-ud-din Ansari - 25 3

Sher Mandal - 4, 56 Sher Shaha - 4, 56, 225 Sher Shaha Suri - 52,

155

Shaikh Nizam Burhanpuri 105

Shiblee - 92

Shaikh Gjiah-ud-din -1Q5

Shiblee Academy, Azamgarb - 42

Shaikh Rafat - 217

Shiblee Noma nee - 228

Shaikh sudullah - 46

Shikastah - 402,

Shaikh l’anweer Ahmed - 299

Shiraz- 61

3haikh-ul-Islam - 195,

Shirin Kalam - 72, 234

215

405

Shaikh zamali - 45

Shirin Raqam - 86

Sham - 341

Shir Khurana - 420

Shamsabad- 2 74

Shrine - 29

Sham-i-Burhani - 15 7

Shubhab - 335

Shams-ud-ain Iltutmish -22,26

Sh ubah -i - Am

- 2 81

Shubah-i-Khas - 281

Shams-ui-mulk Alauddin - 33

Shuja-ul-Mulk -- 83

3hams-ul-Olum - 241,373

Sialkot - 21,

Sharah Adabul -Morideen-222

Sidi Said

98

- 158

XXXVIII

Sikandar Lodhi - 43, 44

Srirangapatnam - 131

Sikandar Nama- 35, 394

St. Thomas

Silsilah Aleha - 26 8

Statistical Accounts - 113

Silsilah Islamiah - 26 9

Subrus - 122

Sindh - 21, 22, 80

Subrung - 122

Siraj-i-Hind - 6

Sufism - 42, 136

Siraj-ud-Daulla’n - 200

Sufiyah-e-karam - 29

Siraj-ul-Tawarikh -349

Suhaf Asmani - 25 9

Sirat - 346

Sujan Ray Khetri - 105

Sirat Firoz Sahi - 220

Sultan Ahmed Shah Bahmani - 118

Sir Akbar Haidaree - 327

Sultan Ali Mashhadi - 83

Sir Edward Denison Ross -231, 235

Sultana Badsha - 6

Sir George Grierson - 66

Aquines - 76

Sultan Bahadur Shah - 155 Sultan Firoz Shah Toghloq -26,3 -.1220

Sir Jadunath sirGar 97,100,207, 217,218, 219, 220, 233. ▼

Sultan Hossain - 83

Sirkar-i-Khudadad - 139

Sultan Mahraood

Sir Sayyed Ahmed Khan 98, 230, 311

Sultan Mahmood Khiljee - 154

Sir Thomas R.oe - 93,419 Sir Tudor Marsen - 271 Slave Dynasty - 24 Smith - 61 Solar Eclipse - 54

Begda - 15 7

Sultan Mahmood Shah - 15 8, 174 Sultan Mahmood Gaznawee - 258 Sultan Mohammed Quli shah - 123 Sultan Mohammed Shah -161 Sultan Mohammed Toghloque - 117 Sultan Quli Qutun Shah - 124

South Kensington Museum, London - 417

Sultan Shahab-ud-din - 196

Sprenger - 8

Sultan sikandar - 149

XXXIX

S u 1 ta n-ul ”Qa lara-r 118

, Tahqueeq Jahad - 342

Jundar senapati - 66

Tahsin -ud-=din - 122

Sundar Singar - 338

Tahwildar - 199, 2 82

Sunni Abi Daud - 221

Tajak, Persian translation - 63

Sura - |79

Taj Mahal - 384

Sura ai Kahf - 179

Taj-ul-Loghat - 293, 305

Sura Ekhlas - 73

Taj-ul-Maashir - 28

Surat - 168

Tajweed - 346

3ur Das - 65/ 75

Takmila - 193

3ur Sagar - 66

Talai Mai — 165

Sweet pen - 72

Talif Lala Dakhani Ray Munshi - 3 48 Talique - 403, 405

T

Taliquat - 342

Tabaqat-i-Nasiri - 15/16

Talkhis - 374

Tabir Ro'ya - 83

Talquish Fahum-ul-Asr- 3 72

Tabqat-i-Akbar Sahi - 376

Tamad-un-Arab - 340

Tafdil-i-Imain-i-A*zam- 185

Tamad-un-Hind - 340

Tafsir - 103, 116V 136

Tanfih Ala Alzama - ul-sahi - 361

Tafsir-i-Ayat-i-Nur - 183

Taqqi Quli Khan - 200

Tafsir Baidavi - 303

Tara - 73

Tafsir-i-Hussainee - 90

Tarikh - 346

Tafsir-i-Kashshaf - 90

'Tarikh Afgani - 36 3

Tafsir-ul-Kawashi - 387

Tarikh Ahmedy - 380

Tafsir-ur-Rahman - 16 3

Tarikh Alfi - 6 4

Tafsir Tatar Khani - 39

Tarikh Arfi Qandhar - 218

XL

Tarikh-i-Badauni

- 16,153

Tarikh-ul-JKhulafa - 303

Tarikh oil Kosha - 216

Tarikh-ut-Tawarikh - 365

Tarikh Fazuni - 219

Tasavvuf

Farikh-i-Feristha - 129

Taswir - 71

Tarikh Frakhabad - 274

Tatar Khan - 38, 3 9, 40

Tarikh Ghazni - 279

Taus

Tarikh Haf iz-ul-lah Khani-351

Tawarikh Rahrnat Khani - 275

Tarikh Humayun - 56

Tazkira Oqar - 269

Tarikh Ibn Hizr - 374

Tazkirat-ul-Kamlin - 146

Tarikh Islam - 356, 358

Tazkirat-ulMulk - 127

Tarikh Jahan Khani - 278

Tazkirat-ul-Nisab -351

Tarikh Khan Jahani - 79,2 76

Tazkirat-ul-Waslin - 295

Tarikh Khandan Timiiriah 74, 98, 233

Tazkirat-ul-waqeyat - 56

Tarikh Majma-i-Mahfil - 2 78 Tarikh Mashaikh Ghistee-143 Tarikh Mobarak Shahi - 208 Tarikh Moharamadee - 342 Tarikh Nadiri - 278 Tarikh Nasir Shahi -363 Tarikh of Shivaji - 218

- 87,

- 401, 404

Technical Division - 315 Tehmat-i-Ahmediyah - 381 Telgu - 7 Terhi Kothi - 309 Tibb - 136 Tibb Iskandary - 44,

Timur - 42, 48 Tinurid

Tarikh Taj Mahal - 3 82

'Timur Mama - 55

- 75

45

Tibb Yunani.- 3 30

Tarikh Quillah Kanthambur -378

Tarikh-ul-Fee

308, 355

Dynasty - 47

Tipu sultan - 7,

131

Tipu Sultan's Library - 132,

133

XLI Thaneswar - 100

Turkish Prose - 136

Thathah - 80

Tusha Khana - 2 78, 302

Theology - 136

Tuzuk-i-Baburi - 42, 51, 79

Th tilth - 84,

TuZuk Jahangir - 16, 55, 88

401, 402, 403

Toghluque Dynasty - 34

TuZuk wala Jahi - 3 49

Toghluque Naraa - 342

U

Tohfa Tafifa - 247 Tohfa-i-Sami - 336 Tohfat-ul-Akhbar -350 Tohfat-ui-Anwar - 99

Ub aid — 20. Udaipur - 83 Ujjain - 154 Ulwar - 410

Toh fat-ul-Hind - 105 Tohfat-ulKaram - 373 Tohfat-ul-Morkhin - 264 Toh fat-ul-MOzahedin - 132 Tohfat-ul-Tahquiree - 345

Umra-o-Hound - 269 Umm-ul-Qara - 149 Unan-i-3ani - 154 University of Nalanda - 25 Upanishad - 6,

lOO

Toh£at-us-3adat- 45 Urdu - 7 Tokoji Holkar - 217 Urdu Language -51,

123

ToIs - 14 Urdu Library of Orissa - 388, 389 Top I