Lexicon of the Mediaeval German Hunt: A Lexicon of Middle High German Terms (1050-1500), Associated with the Chase, Hunting with Bows, Falconry, Trapping and Fowling 3110005263, 9783110005264

Table of contents :
Chapter one: Introductory chapter i
Chapter two: Previous authorities viii
Chapter three: Literary sources x
Chapter four: Non-literary sources xxxiv
Chapter five: The language of the hunt xl
Middle High German sources (1050—1500) xliv
Other mediaeval sources l
Bibliography (post-mediaeval and modern) lii
Synopsis of terms lvi
Major classical poets: quotations and references lx
Abbreviations lxi
Typography lxii
Lexicon 1

Citation preview

DAVID DALBY

LEXICON OF T H E MEDIAEVAL GERMAN H U N T A Lexicon of Middle High German terms (1050—1500), associated with the Chase, Hunting with Bows, Falconry, Trapping and Fowling

WALTER D E G R U Y T E R & CO · B E R L I N vormals G. J. Göschen'sche Verlagshandlung J. Guttentag, Verlagsbuchhandlung · Georg Reimer · Karl J. Trübner · Veit & Comp.

1965

© Archiv-Nr. 47 74 65/1 Copyright 1965 by Waltet de Gruyter & Co., vormals G. J. Göschen'sche Verlagshandlung · J. Guttentag, Verlagsbuchhandlung · Georg Reimer · Karl J. Trübner · Veit & Comp. Printed in Germany. Alle Rechte des Nachdrucks, der photomechanischen Wiedergabe, der Herstellung von Photokopien, auch auszugsweise, vorbehalten. Herstellung: Walter de Gruyter & Co., Berlin 30

To Winifred

Foreword The aims of this Lexicon are threefold. First, it has been designed to throw light on the nature of Mediaeval German hunting terminology. Second, it has been compiled as a contribution to Middle High German lexicography. Third, it is intended as a means of elucidating various important passages in the Middle High German classics, at present obscure in their technical under- and overtones; for the mediaeval nobility were passionate hunters with horse, hound and hawk, and the hunt was poetry in action to them, often colouring their verbal idiom and poetry. All three aims have, I think, been amply fulfilled by Dr. Dalby's completed work. Mediaeval German hunting terminology has been shown to be strictly pragmatic: the esoteric terms which confer such high prestige to-day come not from the mediaeval but from the Baroque hunt, and their metaphors have little or nothing to do with primitive hunting magic, as was once supposed. This great concentration of hunting contexts from mediaeval treatises, poetry and law cannot fail to assist future lexicographers of Middle High German. Various entries in this Lexicon offer new interpretations of literary passages, accounted among the most baffling. It remains to commend the wisdom of the publishers, Messrs. Walter de Gruyter, in supporting Dr. Dalby in his wish to have the glosses printed in English and not in German, since this method places the reader beyond the temptation of reading a modern meaning into a mediaeval context and forces him to bethink himself accurately of what the mediaeval term can mean.

A. T. H a t t o Professor of German Language and Literature in the University of London

Contents Chapter one: Introductory chapter Chapter two: Previous authorities Chapter three: Literary sources Chapter four: Non-literary sources Chapter five: The language of the hunt Middle High German sources (1050—1500) Other mediaeval sources Bibliography (post-mediaeval and modern) Synopsis of terms Major classical poets: quotations and references Abbreviations Typography Lexicon

i viii χ xxxiv xl xliv 1 Iii lvi lx lxi lxii 1

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTORY CHAPTER 1. Purpose of the Lexicon The importance of hunting in a study of mediaeval1 literature and society cannot be over-emphasised. The sport of hunting has survived until modern times, however, and this is liable to be a disadvantage in any reconstruction of its mediaeval forms and background: the significance of hunting, together with many of its actual practices, has changed entirely, and it is essential that modern concepts should not be allowed to influence the analysis and evaluation of the mediaeval hunt. The abundance of forestland and the comparative wealth of game have contributed to the importance of hunting in the German-speaking area, and its social implications have always been widely felt. As a consequence, the terminology of hunting has remained an important aspect of the German language: it is the most extensive field of specialised terminology in Middle High German, as well as the richest „Sondersprache" in Modern German, until at least the 19th century. The importance and richness of German "hunting language" have given rise to a large number of reference works and studies, beginning in the 16th century with a collection of hunting terms by Noe Meurer (in his treatises of 1560 and 1576), and culminating in the profusion of modern works on „Weidmannssprache". There has, however, been no comprehensive study of Mediaeval German hunting terminology, in all its aspects, and it is this gap which the present Lexicon is designed to fill. The purpose of the Lexicon is not only linguistic: it is designed to serve as a work of reference for Mediaeval German studies, linguistic, literary and social, and does not presuppose a wide knowledge of hunting practice on the part of the reader. An attempt is made to throw light on problems which are of historical interest to the hunting world, but the main objective has been to provide a clear survey of hunting practice in the Middle Ages, as a necessary and important background to a study of medixval literature and society. The survey is based on the Middle High German terms concerned, in encyclopaedic form, and these have been interpreted in a foreign language (Modern English, with occasional reference to Middle English). In this way, the reconstruction of the Mediaeval German hunt has not been prejudiced by the usage of Modern German hunting terms. For the satisfactory interpretation of hunting contexts in mediaeval literature, it is necessary to have access to the full background and implications of each hunting term: the individual entries in the Lexicon are designed to serve this function, and relevant contexts have been quoted at length. To facilitate the study of particular forms or aspects of hunting in the German Middle Ages, a synopsis of MHG terms is also included, arranged under appropriate headings. 1 The terms "Mediaeval" and "Middle Ages" are used throughout this Lexicon to cover the period 1050—1500 (Hoch- und Spätmittelalter).

1

Dalby, Lexicon

Introductory chapter

In the compilation of this Lexicon, effort has been concentrated on primary sources. This has enabled new linguistic evidence to be gathered, and has made it possible to re-assess the meanings and etymologies of many previously doubtful or misinterpreted terms; in a number of instances, the clarification of a hunting term has pointed to a new interpretation of a literary passage. It is not suggested, however, that the present Lexicon is a complete or final analysis of MHG hunting terminology. Lexical knowledge is organic, and grows more rapidly when it is available for use and critical study by a wide range of scholars. Perfectionism can defeat its own purpose in the lexical field, and at some point a lexicographer must publish the result of his researches to date. Over two hundred MHG sources have been utilised for this edition, and over thirteen hundred terms have been included; the number of sources could perhaps have been doubled by reference to further unpublished or minor published works, but the necessary research would have considerably delayed publication. It is hoped that a second edition will eventually be published, however, utilising further sources, and benefiting from the advice and knowledge of other scholars in the field, including historians and lawyers as well as literary historians and linguists. The author will be grateful for scholarly communications, and will acknowledge in any future edition all suggestions which have been incorporated. In a lexicon of any size there is inevitably much to supplement or modify, and this will be revealed during its usage as a work of reference. Thus, in the compilation of the present work, many inaccuracies and omissions have come to light in the work of general lexicographers. Many of these deficiencies occur in Lexer's „Mittelhochdeutsches Wörterbuch", but this does not detract from Lexer's outstanding contribution to MHG lexicography. His general dictionary has been a valuable guide and source of reference throughout the compilation of this Lexicon, and it is clear that he could not have devoted detailed attention to the study of every specialised sphere of medieval language, if he was ever to complete a general dictionary. There is now of course great need for his dictionary to be re-edited, and there is also need for a series of specialised lexica, covering particular fields of Mediaeval German language and culture. Such specialised works may depart from the traditions of lexical brevity, and may consider related problems in greater detail than is practicable in a general dictionary. Contexts may be quoted at length, in order that all available evidence may be readily consulted, and a full discussion may be included under important rubrics.

2. Definition of Field Covered It is necessary at the outset to consider the implications of the English phrase "hunting terminology" and of the German term „Weidmannssprache". It has been normal practice among Modern German lexicographers to recognise a series of „Sondersprachen", existing within the German language: Bergmannssprache, Gaunersprache, Komödiantensprache, Seemannssprache, Soldatensprache, Studentensprache and Weidmannssprache are the best known of these2. They are all 2 cf Bischoff, „Wörterbuch der wichtigsten Geheim- und Berufssprachen" (Leipzig 1916), who includes all these specialised "languages", except „Studentensprache'

ii

Introductory chapter

rich in specialised vocabulary, but there is an important distinction, often overlooked, which exists between the last and largest of these groups, i. e. Weidmannssprache, and the remaining six. Miners, thieves, actors, sailors, soldiers, and students all form self-contained communities, within which a technical vocabulary may develop rapidly, together with a specialised "slang" to replace the use of many commonplace words. The language of hunting developed differently, however. Professional huntsmen have existed in Germany since medieval times, but they have always been outnumbered by the non-professional huntsmen, by the people of every class who have hunted, legally or illegally, in sport or in search of food. The language of hunting has thus been less self-contained, and less separated from everyday language, and it is more accurate to refer to it as a "terminology", than as a "language" in itself. This is particularly true of the German Middle Ages, when hunting was an important aspect of social and economic life, and when its terms were part of everyday language. Poets and theologians, preachers and lawyers were all acquainted with the terminology of the hunt. If a firm line is drawn between hunting terminology and general language, one is faced with the difficulty of deciding whether certain words are "true" hunting terms, or whether they are merely everyday words used in a hunting context. Such a distinction would be troublesome and unreal in the case of Middle High German, since such a dividing line did not exist: no attempt has been made in this Lexicon to set up an artificial division between hunting usage and general usage, and many apparently "general" terms have been included because of their regular and significant use in hunting contexts (such as the group of verbs gän, stän and vlieheti). It has been necessary, however, for practical reasons, to draw a boundary between hunting terminology and the many other specialised fields on which it borders. The terms "hunting" and "hunt" have been interpreted as covering the actual chase, hunting with bows, the sport of falconry, and all forms of trapping and fowling; related fields of terminology have been dealt with as follows: — (i)

Fishing: excluded (but note use of identical terms for some fowling and fishing nets, cf gam, ge-^oum, rinse).

(ii)

Forestry: excluded (except for aspects of forest law which concern hunting specifically, cf ban).

(iii) Furriery: excluded. (iv) Law: legal terms relating to hunting are included. (v)

Physiology: terms describing parts of the body (of game and of hawks) are included wherever there is need to clarify their usage.

(vi) Topography: terms describing terrain are included where these have particular implications for hunting. (vii) Veterinary Practice (i. e. diseases and their cures, for hawks and hounds): excluded; for veterinary practices among mediaeval falconers, s. Gerdessen, „Beitrag zur Entwicklung der Falknerei und der Falkenheilkunde". (viii) Weapons: included only when described as specifically hunting weapons. 1«

iii

Introductory chapter

(ix)

Zoology 3 (a) G a m e : the names of game are excluded, where these are regular MHG terms for particular birds and animals (e. g. „kranech", „eber", ,,hir3"); collective terms for types of game (e. g. ris-gejeit), and usages and compounds of tier and wilt are included, together with any unusual names for game, where these appear to represent special huntsmen's terms (e. g. dine).

(b) H o u n d s : included; MHG hound-names are derived frequently from the function, rather than the breed of the hound concerned; the equivalent Middle English terms have sometimes been used to translate these houndnames, since modern breed-names would seldom be appropriate. (c) H a w k i n g B i r d s : included, in the case of hawks which were commonly flown at quarry (i. e. the gerfalcon, peregrine, saker, lanner, merlin, hobby, goshawk and sparrow-hawk); note use throughout this Lexicon of the term "hawk" to describe all hawking birds, including falcons. The Lexicon has been compiled to cover the four and a half centuries between 1050 and 1500 (corresponding approximately to the English "Middle Ages", and to the German „Hoch- und Spätmittelalter"). This period has been determined on linguistic and historical grounds: it corresponds to the period of Middle High German4, and it also covers a unified period in the history of the German hunt. The period covered by Old High German has thus been excluded, although references have been made to OHG usage where this has been relevant in the discussion of MHG terms. The principal OHG sources for hunting terminology are the glosses and the early Germanic laws, and their greatest value is in the study of hound- and hawk-names (under which references will be found to OHG usage). There is a certain danger in the use of the glosses, however, since these represent scholarly renderings of German terms into Latin, and the Latin equivalents used are frequently vague and lacking in precision (a weakness shared with many of the German/Latin dictionaries compiled in the 15th and 16th centuries)5. It should also be emphasised that the scattered OHG sources belong to a very different period from that covered by MHG: the Germanic Laws are separated from the period of Classical MHG by a gap of up to half a millenium, and are thus of limited value in a reconstruction of MHG hunting terminology. The history and social background of hunting in Western Europe during the first millenium is described and discussed by Lindner in his volume „Die Jagd im frühen Mittelalter". Lindner 3 The „Wörterbuch der deutschen Tiernamen" is in course of compilation at the Deutsche Akademie der Wissenschaften, Berlin: this dictionary will cover all recorded animal and bird names in OHG and MHG, as well as Modern German terms. For a survey of MHG animal names, s. Batereau, „Tiere in der mhd Literatur". 4 Quotations have been confined to Middle and Upper German sources, in which the bulk of relevant material is found. 5 cf equation in the AHD GLOSSEN of Med Lat herodius with OHG b o u m - v a l c h o (III pp. 458, 460), v a l c h o (IV pp. 185, 198), w a l t - v a l c h o (III, p. 203), h e r - v a l c h o (III p. 23), b l ä - v u o z (III p. 23), etc; cf equation of OHG b l ä - v u o z with Med Lat capus (III p. 21), glaucus (III p. 720), h e r o d i u s (III p. 23).

iv

Introductory chapter

(pp. 181—233) draws attention to the social changes which marked the end of longestablished hunting rights and traditions in France, Germany and England, at the turn of the millenium. The hunting rights of free men, on the land they occupied, began to be replaced on the Continent by extended hunting rights for the Emperor or King, from the Carlovingian period onwards. Large areas were declared as royal "forests", within which the hunting or trapping of game was banned to the local population. The full effect of these new "hunting preserves" was not felt until later, however, when the right to set up and administer such areas began to pass from the King into the hands of local nobility, both spiritual and temporal (cf ban 2). From the eleventh century onwards, these "hunting preserves" were being widely established in Germany, and the hunting rights of the free peasantry were progressively lost to their local overlords. This development marked the beginning not only of a new social period, but also of new hunting traditions: the stag-hunt and the sport of falconry, as practised by the nobility, became the most important forms of hunting, and the establishment of hunting retinues marked the growth of hunting as a regular profession. It is the terminology of hunting as recorded during this new period which forms the subject of this Lexicon. The end of this period coincides with the decline of hunting in its mediaeval forms. Fire-arms began to be used for hunting towards the end of the 15th century, and their introduction led inevitably to the widespread destruction of game (s.jage-bühse 2). The hunting-rights of the free peasants, which had been progressively limited during the previous five centuries, were almost non-existent (except for the killing of vermin) by the year 1500®. Local nobility were then at the height of their power, and the cruelty of their hunting laws, already noticeable towards the end of the Middle Ages, reached its height in the 16th and 17th centuries. With absolute power, and sole hunting rights, the nobility transformed the hunt from a sport into a spectacle: the enclosed hunt, or „eingestelltes Jagen", became a favourite pastime, in which the game was confined within a small area, and driven towards the noble "huntsmen". Hunting and falconry retinues were large and magnificent, and the success of any form of hunting was judged by the quantity of game that was slaughtered. This pronounced change in the development of hunting tradition is already evident in the writings of Emperor Maximilian I, in about 15007: these have not been included among the sources for this Lexicon, and can be regarded as marking the beginning of postmediseval traditions. There is a further reason for concluding the Lexicon at the end of the 15th century. Printing had already begun, and an academic interest in the German language was at once aroused. Three of the earliest printed dictionaries have been consulted as sources8, although their value is often limited by the imprecision of the Latin equivalents used. In the 16th century, however, attention began to be devoted to German hunting terminology itself, and this again marks the beginning of a new period. Until the end of the Middle Ages there was little awareness of hunting terminology as a separate "language": it developed naturally throughout that period, and there was no 6 7 8

s. discussion s. v. wilt-buobe (2) and vri (2). s. Maximilian I, „Geheimes Jagdbuch" (ed Karajan 1858). s. below: Chapter Four, footnote 25.

ν

Introductory chapter

artificial stimulus from printed manuals or glossaries of hunting terms. These were, however, prominent features from the 16th century onwards, and to have included these sources would have involved the swamping of mediaeval material by an abundance of scholarly works on hunting practice and language. Many of these works were adapted or translated from French hunting authorities, with their different and more formalised traditions. 3. Method of Compilation Terms have been arranged alphabetically, and the same conventions have been used as in Lexer's „Mittelhochdeutsches Wörterbuch" (initial C under K, initial F under V, „as" treated as „a"); the use of „ß" in MHG manuscripts has been rendered as ,,sz" throughout. In some instances related terms have been included under the same rubric, where it is convenient to discuss the terms as a group. Cross-references are indicated by italics. Each entry is dealt with under two (or three) sections, and these are numbered accordingly. Paragraph 1 commences with the English interpretation of the MHG term, and examples of its usage are then quoted in chronological order, as far as known dates will permit: the century is indicated by a bracketed figure, before the first quotation from each century. Examples of each term have been quoted in as wide a context as possible, wherever this is relevant and can provide a valuable background to usage8. Sufficient examples are quoted, where these are available, to establish the precise meaning of a term throughout the Middle Ages. Paragraph 1 is divided into sub-paragraphs 1 a, 1 b etc, whenever the same term has more than one hunting usage. Under paragraph 2, the origin of the hunting term is discussed, together with its etymology (except where it represents the specialised usage of a general term). Any wider discussion is also included under this paragraph, such as notes on the hunting method or device involved, or on related literary or social problems. The survival of any corresponding term in Modern German is noted under paragraph 3, together with a comment on any shift of meaning: the term "Modern" is used in this context to denote NHG of the 19th and 20th centuries. The survival of a term into ENHG., or until the 18th century, is mentioned only when of particular interest: no study has yet been published of German hunting terms in the 16th—18th centuries, and the abundance of sources has not permitted any comprehensive research in this field, during the compilation of this Lexicon. The interpretation of MHG hunting terms by means of English has served a useful purpose. The equation of a mediaeval term with its modern equivalent is dangerous, since there will frequently have been a shift of meaning or emphasis during the intervening period. Lexer, for example, glosses MHG birsert with NHG „birschen", and MHG spur with NHG „Spur": in these cases there has been a shift of meaning, and the modern term is not a correct translation for the corresponding mediaeval term. This danger is avoided when mediaeval vocabulary is interpreted in terms of a foreign 9 A similar "contextual" method has been employed by the author in the semantic study of a modern African language: s. Dalby, "The noun gärii in Hausa: a Semantic Study".

vi

Introductory chapter

language: the increased difficulty in arriving at a modern equivalent is in fact an advantage, since it is then necessary to analyse a mediaeval term in greater detail, in order to find a suitable rendering. An over-technical use of English hunting terminology has been avoided, however, in order that the interpretations should not in themselves be obscure. Any obsolete or uncommon English hunting terms are explained at the point where they occur.

4. Acknowledgements My sincere thanks are due to my tutor, Professor A. T. Hatto, for having originally introduced me to Mediaeval German studies, and for having so tirelessly guided and advised me throughout: without his inspiration and encouragement this work would never have been compiled. My special thanks are due also to my wife Winifred, for her great help throughout the preparation of the Lexicon, and to my colleague, Dr. Rosemary Combridge, for her scholarly study of the proofs, and for her invaluable comments and suggestions. I also owe a special debt of gratitude to the Drapers' Company, London, whose financial assistance enabled this work to be completed. My acknowledgements are due particularly to my friend Dr. Kurt Lindner, of Bamberg, for having so willingly offered his expert advice in matters concerning the history of the hunt in Germany; the present series of hunting texts which he is editing (Quellen und Studien zur Geschichte der Jagd) has provided a number of invaluable sources. I am deeply indebted to Miss Judith Plumptre of Queen Mary College (University of London) for her careful reading of the page-proofs, to Dr. D. H. Evans of Queen Mary College for advice on mediaeval falconry practice, to Dr. M. L. Rosenthal and Dr. W. Pfeifer of the Deutsche Akademie der Wissenschaften for placing at my disposal their collected references to hound- and hawk-names in the OHG glosses, and to Mr. W. Tulasiewicz for providing me with a list of hunting references in the „Kaiserchronik". My thanks are due to Professor Dr. H. de Boor and to Dr. D. Haacke, of the Freie Universität Berlin, for enabling me to consult their card-index to the „Corpus der altdeutschen Originalurkunden". I am particularly grateful to Professor Dr. Ulrich Pretzel and to Dr. W. Bachofer, of the Universität Hamburg, for having so kindly placed at my disposal their card-index of Early MHG sources. My thanks are due also to the many libraries which have assisted me in obtaining material, especially to the Librarians and staff of the Queen Mary College, University College, Germanic Institute and British Museum Libraries in London, and of the Universitätsbibliothek and Westdeutsche Bibliothek in Marburg.

CHAPTER TWO: PREVIOUS AUTHORITIES 1. Modern Hunting Glossaries From among the many glossaries and lexicons of Modern German „Weidmannssprache" two principal works have been selected for reference to NHG usage: these are E. von Dombrowski, „Deutsche Waidmannssprache", and E. von Harrach, „Die Jagd im deutschen Sprachgut"1. Ernst Ritter v. Dombrowski was the leading authority in German hunting studies at the end of the 19th century, and first published his comprehensive lexicon in folioform in 1892—1893 („Deutsche Waidmannssprache, mit Zugrundelegung des gesamten Quellenmaterials für den praktischen Jäger bearbeitet"). His work has been quoted in this Lexicon from his own second and best-known edition of 1897 (Neudamm), rather than from the more recent, posthumous edition of 1939. Dombrowski includes in his lexicon over three thousand NHG hunting terms. Ernst Graf v. Harrach published his volume „Die Jagd im deutschen Sprachgut: Wörterbuch der Weidmannssprache" in 1953 (Stuttgart). Harrach omits many interesting terms included by Dombrowski, and his explanations of technical hunting terms are less clear; the greatest value of his work lies in its inclusion of many dialect terms. Caution is necessary in the use of Harrach's work, and to a lesser extent in the case of Dombrowski's, in the consideration of historical terms. Obsolete terms are sometimes quoted by them as though still in current use, and Dr. Kurt Lindner has kindly drawn my attention to a number of instances where this has occurred. 2. Raoul v. Dombrowski: Allgemeine Encyclopädie der gesammten Forst- und Jagdwissenschaften This encyclopedia, published in eight volumes by the father of Ernst v. Dombrowski (Vienna & Leipzig 1886—1894), is considered separately, since it covers both MHG and NHG usage. The entries on hunting terms were in fact contributed by Ernst v. Dombrowski, and his original plan was to trace the historical development of German „Weidmannssprache", by including both medieval and modern terms, and by quoting widely from sources of all periods. Unfortunately, Dombrowski's survey does not maintain throughout the standard set by letter A. For terms in the first part of the alphabet, quotations have been made from German sources of all periods, but this principle is not maintained after the letter G. Beyond this point the work appears to have become more hurried, and is of much less value. 3. H. Schmidt: Die Terminologie der deutschen Falknerei This Freiburg thesis, published in 1909, consists of a discussion of German falconry terminology: this study has been accepted as the standard work of reference 1

viii

For other glossaries and lexicons, s. Bibliography.

Previous authorities

on the subject, and forms a methodical and interesting review. Schmidt refers to a number of the more common MHG falconry terms in his thesis, but has concentrated his main research on the later German falconry treatises, especially the many ENHG sources, noticeably influenced by French traditions and terminology. For a study of mediaeval, as opposed to post-mediaeval falconry terms, Schmidt's thesis is thus of limited value (although he quotes several interesting Med Lat and O E falconry contexts)2.

4. W . P . v.Schmertzing: Deutsche Jägersprache bis Anfang des 16. Jahrhunderts For his lexicon, presented as a Harvard thesis in 1938 but subsequently unpublished, Schmertzing has used sources from the 12th to 16th centuries (despite his title, he includes material from throughout the 16th century). He deals only with the hunt in its narrowest sense, and excludes fowling and falconry; the MHG sources quoted are largely those used by Dombrowski and Lexer. Schmertzing (p. II) considers his work to have been made necessary by Dombrowski's failure to complete his own survey in the detail with which it began (s. above). This aim of supplementing Dombrowski is not satisfactorily achieved, since Schmertzing has likewise failed to maintain an equal standard throughout: over half his lexicon is devoted to the letters A—H, and many important terms are omitted. Like Dombrowski, he has compiled his survey as a contribution to the study of hunting language in particular, rather than to mediaeval studies in general: he does not discuss the literary and social problems involved in the use of many mediaeval hunting terms. Schmertzing quotes extensively from secondary sources, and his work is often useful in presenting a summary of previous discussion by modern scholars. 2 For a recent tribute to Schmidt, s. Lindner, „Hermann Schmidt zum Gedächtnis" (Siegerland Bd 39, Siegen 1962).

ix

CHAPTER THREE: LITERARY SOURCES Hunting, in all its aspects, is extremely well documented in Mediaeval German sources, and it is the abundance of material, rather than its scarcity, which has presented the greatest obstacle to a comprehensive review of its terminology. The present Lexicon can be considered comprehensive, however, in that it covers every aspect of hunting terminology; a wide range of sources has been consulted, in order that the Lexicon may present as complete a picture as possible of hunting in the German Middle Ages, as well as of its terminology. From literary works throughout the MHG period it has been possible to reconstruct the vocabulary covering those aspects of hunting which were of most interest to noble sportsmen; the actual chase, hunting with bows, and the flying of falcons are frequently described in the course of narratives, and also form a frequent basis for allegory and metaphor. Much of the terminology of trapping and fowling has likewise been collected from literary and religious texts, particularly in metaphorical usage. Vocabulary associated with the more technical aspects of hunting, such as the preliminary judgement of a stag's trail, or the care of hawks, has been obtained from late mediaeval treatises; legal sources have provided terms associated with the social background of hunting, and with poaching in particular. A commentary on all the sources consulted and quoted in this Lexicon (over two hundred) would not be practicable: the notes in this and the following chapter are therefore devoted to the sources which have proved most valuable. For the discussion of literary sources, it would be unsuitable to consider each branch of MHG literature as a separate entity (i. e. Biblical Verse, Heroic Epic, Courtly Epic, Minnesang, etc). The various hunting themes and descriptions which occur throughout MHG literature are not confined to particular literary forms, and for a logical discussion of literary sources it is necessary to consider these themes and descriptions under three headings: (l)The Chase, and Hunting with Bows, (2) Trapping and Fowling, and (3) Falconry. 1. The Chase, and Hunting with Bows DESCRIPTIONS OF THE CHASE

The classic form of the mediasval hunt was the open stag chase, i. e. the pursuit of a stag with horses and hounds, and without the use of bows. References to this form of chase are numerous in MHG literature, and in a number of sources there are detailed descriptions of the chase, or of part of the chase, which enable its terminology and techniques to be reconstructed in detail. Before the chase began it was the custom for an (employed) master-huntsman or jeger-meister to set out with a tracking-hound or leit-bunt to locate a suitable stag1 (the 1

χ

cf

PLEIER M E L VV. 1 9 2 0 — 2 0 3 3

(quoted s. v. jeger-meister

and er-varn).

Literary sources

full details of this process are discussed in the section on Professional Treatises, s.p. xxxiv below). Because this preliminary operation did not normally involve the higher nobility, it is rarely mentioned in literary works of the late 12th and 13th centuries, and the main source of terminology for this aspect of the chase is consequently found in the late mediaeval professional treatises. Descriptions of this operation are found, however, in two 14th century allegories: Hadamar's „Jagd", and „Die Jagd der Minne". Literary descriptions of the hunt, from the late 12th and 13th centuries, are concerned mainly with its practice by the higher nobility, but Hadamar v. Laber (himself a petty nobleman) and the poet of „Die Jagd der Minne" are clearly describing the chase as practised by the lower nobility, since the „Minnejäger" in each case performs the task of locating his own quarry, before the commencement of the chase2. In the first 100 strophes of his poem, Hadamar refers frequently to his preliminary search at dawn for the quarry, in which the allegorical hound „Herze" serves as his tracking-hound3. He follows the paths of deer, where they have returned to cover from night pasture, but discovers that many have already been claimed by other huntsmen, who have placed a broken twig or bruch on the trail4. At this point Hadamar describes with great beauty the minute details observed by a huntsman, in his search for the trail®. In the ensuing search, and in his conversation with a „forstmeister", who gives him valuable advice, Hadamar uses many technical terms which appear also in the later professional treatises on the judgement and harbouring of a stag (especially in the „Lehre von den Zeichen des Hirsches")®. These technical terms are woven into Hadamar's allegory with skill7, but it is doubtful whether all his allegorical references will have been apparent to anyone other than a keen huntsman, even in Hadamar's day. It seems certain that the implications of these hunting terms will not have been general knowledge, as is indicated by their very infrequent use outside Hadamar's „Jagd" and the professional treatises; Hadamar appears to have recognised this, and his obscurer and more technical references are not so fre2 That the lower nobility themselves undertook the search for suitable quarry, whereas the higher nobility employed an experienced jeger-meister for this (and other) tasks, can be confirmed also from the late mediieval professional treatises on the judgement and harbouring of a stag. One of these (GESCHEITHEIT: s. p. xxxv below) was written by a master of the hunt, in theemploy of ahigh-ranking noble, and was clearly intended for huntsmen in a similar position; another of the treatises was written by a petty nobleman (KUNO : s. p. xxxv below), and was presumably intended forothermembers of the lower nobility. 3 H A D A M A R 6: Durch suochen wildes genge / fuor ich an einem morgen . . .; 7: Durch wisen nach den verten / nam ich min selbes Herze. 4 H A D A M A R 25, quoted s. ν. νer-brecben 5 H A D A M A R 2 7 : Ich vant ouch mangen anger / mit varben-underscheide / bluomen kurz und langer . . . gebogen gras von touwes-tropfen swa=re, / diu sich üf g5n der sunnen / rihtten, sö siu touwes wurden lacre; cf the opening lines of the contemporary ME "Parlement of the Thre Ages". 6 cf entries for er-staten, gän, ganc, hengen, insigel, öre, riieren II, slahen II, sliefen, spur, treten II, verbrechen, ver-väben, vuos II, wandel, mide-spruch, wider-ganc, %er-treten. 7 e. g. H A D A M A R 3 6 : du meinest daz insigel staeter minne . . . ; 4 1 : Swaz vinster hecke s l i e f e t / und midet liehte genge . . . nach dem niht enhenge (implying a hind, rather than a stag, and thus a sign of unworthy quarry); 84: Min Herz v e r v i e ir wirde/ hoch an der Eren rise . . . ich sprach, do si min Herze het v e r v a n g e n : / „ez hat hie a n g e r ü e r e t / des lop mit lobe nieman kan erlangen . . . " (a reference to the disturbing of high branches by the antlers of a fine stag).

xi

Literary sources

quent that they are allowed to impair the general understanding of the poem8. It must be remembered that Hadamar's contemporary readers will have been well acquainted with the procedure and more general terminology of the actual chase, if not with the finer details of the search for quarry: the popularity of his poem is indicated by the survival of at least fourteen manuscripts from the 14th and 15th centuries, and by the wide variations of strophic arrangement, pointing to the former existence of a large complex of manuscripts9. One of the allegorical poems probably based on Hadamar's „Jagd" is the „Jagd der Minne" (2nd half 14th cent). In this much shorter poem, the search for quarry is carried out by the „Minnejäger" himself, with his kit-hunt, but the brief and awkward description of this operation indicates that the poet was almost certainly not acquainted with this part of the chase himself, and had included it because of its place in Hadamar's allegory. He admits that his own skill in the matter is small and that his leit-hunt gave tongue during the search (a disastrous fault in any search for quarry) 10 . Among the hunting terms included in this passage are very few of the technical terms associated with the judgement and harbouring of a stag 11 . When a suitable stag had been located, the running-hounds or jage-hunde were brought into position, the stag was moved from its lair (riieretiljruore) and separated from other deer {scheiden).The chase then began, and it is at this point that most literary descriptions of the sport begin. 12 At the beginning of the chase relays or warte were posted at points which the stag was expected to pass: fresh hounds were held in readiness at these points, in order that they could reinforce or replace those already hunting, or head off the quarry in the required direction. Literary references to these relays are numerous, and are listed s. v. warte; Hadamar describes the setting of these relays (Str 12, 13 etc) as taking place before the completion of his search for quarry. The actual stag chase could last from dawn to dusk, if a powerful stag had been selected (its route could be pre-determined by correct stationing of the relays)13. Among many literary mentions and descriptions of the actual pursuit of a stag, attention must 8 Although understanding of Hadamar's literal meaning was by no means a certain key to his (mystic) allegory. In his „Ehrenbrief" of 1462 Jakob Piitrich v. Reichertshausen wrote as follows (a century after Hadamar's death): Und das er waer im leben / yon Laber her Hatmar / darumb so wolt ich geben / das mir müest schaden noch vil manig jar, / nur das ich hiet die glos seins edlen dichtes. / was mir davon kan sagen / gar iemand icht, so ist es alles nichtes (s. Schmeller, ed HADAMAR, p. VIII). 8 cf Stejskal's comparative list of strophe arrangements for Str 1—21 (ed HADAMAR, p. X X ) . 1 0 J DER MINNE 22 ff: Min kunst was da ciain / Wan daz ich volgt dem hunde / Der laithunde do begunde / Die vart beschrien vnd wart liit . . .

11

s. bestellen (cf be-staten lc), hengen and vuoz II.

E I L H T R I S T 5 1 7 0 & GOTTFR T R I S T 3 4 2 8 ff (s. v. lä^en), DEMANTIN 3 2 1 3 (s. v. rüerett I), GOTTFR T R I S T 1 7 2 9 0 (s. v. ruore), PLEIER M E L 2 0 2 7 (s. v. ruor-hunt), T R I E R A E G I D 3 6 4 (s. v. tier 1 b). Note also an Early M H G reference to the moving of a stag in W I E N G E N 5 8 2 9 (s. v. üylä^eri). 1 3 cf GOTTFR TRIST 17300FF: den (hirz) jageten si ze strite / und mit gewalte under in / unz vaste v ü r den abent hin. That this chase was not in a straight line across country, but that the stag was kept within a certain area (by the relays), is indicated by the fact that the whole chase took place in the forest where Tristan and Isolde were hiding: cf 17284 (in disen selben wait jagen) & 17318FF (nu hsete ouch Tristan unde Isot / den tac allen wol vernomen / den s c h a l . . . von gehürne und ouch von hun12

s. esp

d e n ) . Cf t h e stag chase d e s c r i b e d i n EILH TRIST 5 1 5 7 ff & HEINR TRIST 2 3 8 5 ff, i n w h i c h t h e stag is

deliberately driven towards Tintagel (note HEINR TRIST 2391: die jager ire warte also / besatzten . . . daz der hirz gein Tintajol / die richte des gevertes lief.). xii

Literary sources

be drawn once again to the comprehensive account presented by Hadamar (Str lOOff). The „Jagd der Minne" also gives a detailed and interesting description of the chase, including a contrast between the sportsmanlike hunting methods of the „Minnejäger" and the methods of a bad huntsman or hecketi-jeger, who uses nets and snares during the chase14. The „Jagd der Minne" follows Hadamar's poem in describing the stag's escape, after it has been brought to bay: at the end of both poems the chase is still in progress. Reference should also be made to the 13th century poem „Der Weideman" (attributed to Der Strieker) for a detailed and vivid description of a stag chase: s. K L MHD E R Z I I I

191.

Many ruses were employed by a stag during the chase, in its attempt to shake off the hounds: the most important of these were the stag's "doubling" or turning in its tracks (wider-louf), and its "soiling" or taking to water {lecker te). The soiling in particular, taking place when the stag was desperate, is mentioned or described in several literary sources15. References to the bringing of a stag to bay or bll (where it turns to face the hounds and huntsmen, and is killed with a knife) are numerous in literary sources.16 After the kill, however, the sport of the chase was concluded: the breaking-up of the quarry ('ger-wiirken) was not considered to form an integral part of the hunt, as a noble pastime. This attitude stands in marked contrast to French and English traditions, and we are faced with a situation comparable to the search for quarry before the actual chase. Since the breaking-up of the stag did not directly concern the noble sportsmen, and was clearly undertaken by their hunt-servants, it was not normally mentioned in literary descriptions of the chase. Gottfried describes the French method of breaking-up the quarry 17 , but there does not appear to be any detailed description of the native German method, in either literary or professional sources 18 . Comparison with the ON "Tristrams Saga" (c. 1225) and with the ME "Sir Tristram" (beg. 14th cent) indicates that Gottfried's detailed description of the breaking-up of the stag was modelled closely on a similar episode in Thomas' version. In the MHG, 1 4 Although the use of nets and snares in the Mediaeval German chase was by no means always considered unsportsmanlike: s. discussion s. v. hecke (2). For literary passages describing the use of nets and snares as an acceptable item in the deer chase (for trapping hinds as well as stags), s. KÖNIGSBERG

3 3 , V E R F HINDIN 1 4 2 b

156 (s. v.

net^e I I ) ,

& HERBST M I N N E S 2 9

D T MYSTIKER I

W I E N G E N 2 1 4 9 ( s . v . mt^e

( s . v . hac),

p. 193 (s. v.

tier l b )

O s w WÖLK 44, 20 & JEROSCHIN

& M Ü N C H LIEDERB B l

5502 (s. v.

mlt-net^e);

cf also

I I ) & A L B R O V I D I X , 1 5 9 (s. v . g a m ) .

12, 427 etc (s. v. leckeru & rinnen)·, E R E C 7167ff & L A N C E L O T ( P ) 4 6 V — 4 7 r (s. v . 432, 14 (s. v. n&ch-jagen); also J O H W Ü R Z 9 9 2 4 f f : si (Agly) tet reht als ain wilder hirs / der sich v o r hunden senket / und in dem wage ertrenket: / sus ertrunken ir di sinne, / si wolt irs libes minne / in jamers wage ertrenken. 1 6 s. quotes s. v. bil, er-jagen and val. 17 GOTTFR T R I S T 2 8 1 0 F F ; s. bast, curle & furkU. 1 8 Although the "Cornish" method, contrasted by Gottfried with French tradition, will almost certainly represent the German method of that period; cf GOTTFR TRIST 2 7 8 8 f f : Nu daz der hirz gevellet wart, / der da jegermeister was, / der stracte in nider uf daz gras / uf alle viere alsam ein s w i n . . . „hie ze lande enist kein ander list, / wan alse der hirz enhiutet ist, / so spaltet man in über al / v o n dem houbete ze tal / und da nach danne in viere, / so daz der vier quartiere / dekeinez iht vil grcEZer si / danne daz ander da bi." A reference in a late M H G Weistum indicates this method of quartering was practised in Germany as late as the 1 5 cent (s. D T W E I S T I V p. 5 1 1 , s. v. viertel). 15

s.

HADAMAR

leckerle 2);

WOLFR WILLEHALM

xiii

Literary sources

ON and ME poems the Cornish huntsman speaks of his tradition of quartering the quarry, and requests Tristan to break up the stag according to his own custom; in all three poems a detailed account is then given of the fashion in which Tristan completes this task. As in other passages describing courtly accomplishments, Gottfried's account is considerably longer than either the ON or ME versions 19 : it cannot be known whether Thomas dealt with the account in such detail in his original version, but it is clear that Gottfried himself took a great interest in the episode. One significant difference between Gottfried's position and that of Thomas can be deduced with certainty. Thomas was describing to his audience how Tristan was carrying their own (French) traditions to a less civilised land; Gottfried, however, was introducing these French hunting traditions to his German audience, just as Tristan introduced them to the Cornishmen. In doing this, Gottfried employs an artifice which Thomas could not have used, and which the ME and ON poets do not use: in his description, Gottfried quotes the relevant French hunting terms and sets them in contrast to the native (i. e. German) terms of Marke's huntsman20. That Gottfried did not succeed in arousing the interest of German nobility in the ritual of breaking up the stag is indicated by the rarity of other Mediaeval German references to the subject, except in practical discussions of how the venison should be shared21. The French, however, did not regard the mere slaying of the animal as the climax of the sport, but rather the act of breaking up the quarry and rewarding the hounds: this task was often undertaken by a noble sportsman, and the correct preparation of the venison would seem to reflect an early French interest in cuisine. More important, however, is the symbolic aspect of the ritual: the huntsman was clearly paying his last respects to his quarry, as well as personally rewarding his hounds. If a stag (or any other beast) was worthy sport for a nobleman, then it was considered fitting that it should receive the personal attention of a nobleman after its death, and be carried home with due honours. Among these honours was the blowing of a fanfare by the accompanying huntsmen, and this part of the ritual derives from another aspect of French hunting tradition, i. e. hunting-music or "cornures", which also appears to have been unknown in Mediaeval Germany22. The importance of the whole ritual of breaking up 1 9 Gottfried's description of Tristan breaking up the stag totals c. 960 words (against c. 360 in the Saga, and c. 160 in Sir Tristrem). 20 cf the "French" terms curie & furkle, and the probably French-derived term bast·, contrast the German terms ent-hiulen & xpr-wiirken. 21 s. esp bast, reht (lb) & viertel·, the only MHG usage of the hunting term bast, noted outside GOTTFR T R I S T , is in J DER M I N N E 1 8 3 : even here the term is only mentioned, and is used by a heckenjeger, interested in hunting for venison rather than sport. The extract from K O N R P A R T 4 1 0 (quoted s.v. reht 1 c) should also be noted: the poet implies that Partonopier himself broke up a boar in the correct manner (in a poem from a French source). It is significant that Gottfried, Konrad v. Würzburg (closely associated with Basel and Strassburg) and the poet of „Jagd der Minne" were all from the Alemannic area. There is also a reference to the ceremony of breaking up and carrying home the stag in the Latin text of JAGDPREDIGT 4b—5b, in which some MHG terms are quoted (s. büt, is-bein & kluppe): even here, however, the emphasis is on the distribution of the venison, and there is no indication that the task was performed by a nobleman. 22 For the contrast between the French tradition of hunting-music, and the purely practical use of the hunting-horn in Mediaeval Germany, s. discussion s. v.jage-born (2). It is significant that the only noted references to jage-liet or jage-wise again occur in Gottfried's Tristan and Konrad's Partonopier.

xiv

Literary sources

and carrying home the quarry is reflected in numerous references and descriptions in Mediaeval French literature, especially in the many verse and prose works devoted to a recital of French hunting traditions.23 Although this ritual of the French hunt did not become established in Mediaeval Germany, despite the influence there of so many other French courtly traditions, it did take root in Norman and Plantagenet England24. It was not until post-mediaeval times (16th and 17th centuries) that many French hunting traditions began to be introduced into Germany (together with the relevant French hunting terms)26. After the stag chase, the most important form of the hunt was the sport of birseti, i. e. hunting "with bows and stable". This method of hunting died with the Middle Ages, and as a consequence its importance and precise nature have often been overlooked. A full discussion of this sport, together with numerous literary and nonliterary references, is included under the entry for birseti2·6: special attention should be drawn to the detailed description of the sport by Veldeke (ENEIT 4530 ff), and to the usage of the term in the „Nibelungenlied" (discussed s. v. birseti 2). It is most important that this form of hunting should be clearly distinguished from the mere action of shooting game: birsen and scheinen have frequently been confused in past discussions of the mediaeval hunt, as have MHG birsen and NHG B i r s c h e n (— stalking). As a hunting term, schieben covers the use of any projectile (arrow or javelin), aimed at any form of game. The javelin ot gabilöt-wzs not accepted as part of the noble hunt in Mediaeval Germany (unlike Mediaeval France), and the use of bows by noble huntsmen was normally restricted to the sport of birsen (although bows were used by young noblemen in the hunt, as an introduction to the use of weapons): s. discussion s. v. schieben. During the German Middle Ages, the stag was the most important quarry for noble huntsmen; the open chase and the sport of birsen were both devoted primarily to the hunting of this animal, and other deer are mentioned less frequently. Hinds were sometimes hunted with hounds27, and were usually driven into nets28 rather than pursued across country. Roe-deer (the most popular quarry in Modern Germany) 23 e. g. Gace de la Buigne, "Le Roman des Deduis" (1387), Gaston Phoebus, "La Chasse" (between 1359 & 1377), Hardouin de Fontaines Guerin, "Le Trdsor de Vdnerie" (1394). 24 cf the early 14 cent treatise of William Twiti, huntsman to Edward II ("La Vinerie", surviving in an Anglo-Norman and a ME version), and the early 15 cent treatise of Edward Duke of York, Master of Game to Henry IV (hence the title of the treatise, "Master of Game"). Of even greater interest are the references to the breaking up of a stag in ME literary sources: cf the detailed descriptions in "The Parlement of the Thre Ages" v. 65—90 (written c. 1360), and in "Sir Gawayne and the Grene Knight" v. 1323—1364 (written c. 1375). 25 cf Noe Meurer's „Von forstlicher Oberherrligkeit . . ." (1560), and Feyerabendt's „Neuw Jag und Weydwerck Buch" (1582), partly based on the "Vdnerie" of Fouilloux. Note also the many French-derived hunting terms in ENHG and NHG associated with the stag chase: e. g. Equipage, Fanfare, Parforcejagd, Piqueur, "la vue" blasen, "la mort" blasen, and Curee (the latter term was reintroduced from French, and was not a survival of Gottfried's curie). 28 s. also be-birsen, birsare, birs-armbrust, birs-hunt, birse-weide, birs-gewant, bracke & ver-birsen. 27 cf G O T T F R T R I S T 1 7 1 0 3 & 1 7 2 5 6 and PASSIONAL p. 4 5 5 (s. v. tier). 28

cf

KÖNIGSBERG

33

and

VERF

HINDIN

142 b

(s.

v.

hac);

and

DT

MYSTIKER

I

p.

193

(s.v. der).

xv

Literary sources

are mentioned rarely in M H G literary sources, but appear to have been hunted occasionally with bows 2 9 . Of lesser importance than the stag in the mediaeval hunt was the wild-boar. The boar hunt is mentioned or described in M H G sources much less frequently than the stag chase, and this fact points to an interesting contrast. The boar hunt was considerably more dangerous than the stag chase, and required great skill with a weapon; the stag chase on the other hand required subtler skills and techniques, and was altogether a more refined sport (especially as practised in France, with its highly developed ritual). It is hardly surprising that the boar hunt should have been the predominant form of the chase during the pre-mediaeval "heroic" period (i. e. until the 11th or 12th centuries) 30 , whereas the stag chase became the favourite hunting sport during the "courtly" centuries which followed (together with falconry, also a sport requiring a high degree of skill and technique, and likewise suitable as a courtly pastime). The most valuable description of a boar hunt in a M H G literary source is in Konrad's „Partonopier und Meliur". In the first boar hunting episode (340—460)31, the young Partonopier rides after the boar, encouraging his hounds with calls on his hunting-horn: the boar is brought to bay by the hounds, and Konrad describes vividly how Partonopier, his spear at the ready, and the boar, foaming at the mouth and whetting its tusks, charge towards each other. The boar is impaled on the spear and killed. Partonopier, like Tristan, is acquainted with French hunting traditions: he breaks up the boar in the correct fashion, 32 and rewards his hounds. They become excited and run loose after a second boar; unable to call them back, Partonopier pursues them, but becomes lost in the Ardennes forest. It is at this point that his adventures begin. Later in the epic (2648—2665) there is a second, shorter boar hunting episode, in which the boar is hunted and killed by Partonopier in the same manner 33 . Other literary references to boar hunts are rare, but mention should be made of the following examples. In the „Nibelungenlied" (itself reflecting an earlier age), Gunther and Hägen plan to hunt wild-boar, together with other large game (Str 911 & 916); Sifrit later kills a boar with his sword (Str 938—939). In „Erec", Hartmann describes Guivreiz' hunting-preserve at Penefrec, of which one part is devoted to swar^-wilt, 29

cf L A N C E L O T (P) 9r: Lancelot... ervolget das rech und schosz es zu tode; and U L R T R I S T 549ff, s. v. blät. For the trapping of roe-deer (in non-literary sources), s. rech-garn, -hoc, -hecke & -seil. 30 cf the O H G verse recorded in Notker's „Rhetorik": Der heber gät in litun, tregit sp6r in situn: / sin bald έΐΐΐη ne läzet in vdllin . . . It is to this period that the boar-dream motif belongs (as preserved also in N I B E L 921): in the „Ruodlieb" epic (c. 1030), the hero's mother dreams that Ruodlieb is threatened by two wild-boars, with a herd of sows, and that he succeeds in destroying them with his sword (thus prophesying his future adventures); for this and other motifs, common to „Ruodlieb" and „Nibelungenlied", s. Zeydel (p. 153 of his „Ruodlieb" ed). For the predominance of the boar hunt in the OF heroic epic, and of the stag chase in the OF courtly epic, s. Bormann, „Jagd im altfranz. Artus u. Abenteuer-Romanen" (para 293). 31 s. quotes s. v. dön, riieren \,jage-wise, bll,jage-phert, wetzen, reht, hetzen, er-stouben & jage-hunt. 32 K O N R P A R T 4 1 0 : . . . und tet dem swine gar sin reht. 33 It should be noted that Partonopier in both episodes was not using mastiffs or rüden to hunt down the boar, but running-hounds or jage-hunde, i. e. the type of hound used also in the stag hunt: s. quotes s. v. jage-hunt.

xvi

Literary sources i. e. wild-boar and bears (7143): the hunting of wild-boar is not described, however, beyond a mention of the hunting-spears which are kept at Penefrec for the hunting of boars and bears (7177) 34 . Albrecht v. Halberstadt, in his „Ovids Metamorphosen", describes Meleager's hunt for an enormous boar, and in „Johann üz dem Virgiere" there is also a short description of a boar hunt 35 . It is significant that the majority of M H G literary references to the wild-boar should be in comparisons between a warrior and a boar. Such comparisons reflect an earlier, more heroic age, in which a fierce warrior in battle could be readily identified with a fierce boar, defending itself at the end of the hunt 3 6 : the boar-dream motif itself includes the portrayal of knights as wild-boars, cf NIBEL 921. The following are a selection of examples, from among the many passages in which a warrior or knight is likened to a boar (especially when defending himself valiantly) 37 : ULR LANZ 1435, PARZIVAL 150, 22 3 8 , GOTTFR TRIST 1351 7 3 9 & 18890, KONR PART 5928, KONR TROJ 5040,4220 & 31532 4 0 , LOHENGRIN 5414 & 5558, REINFRIED 9029 and JOHWÜRZ 8187. Among other heavy game 41 , the European bison, the wild-ox (or original "aurochs") and the elk were already either extinctin the Middle Ages, or at least so scarce that they are of little significance in a consideration of the Mediaeval German hunt (as practised in Southern Germany and Austria): even the brown bear is of little importance. In the „Nibelungenlied" 42 there are several references to the hunting of bears, but no realistic description of the process involved in bringing the bear to bay with a pack of hounds, and despatching it with a sword or spear 43 . In „Erec" (7177) Hartmann mentions that spears were kept at Penefrec for the hunting of boars and bears, and his earlier reference to swar^-wilt includes bears as well as boars. Gottfried makes one

34

s. spies', f° r swords used in the mediaeval boar hunt, s. ber-smert and swln-swert.

35

ALBR OVID X I X 175FF, s. ge-mrf,

trit, swi5

& reht\ JOH VIRG 274—285, s. spies,

klaffen and val.

cf Hatto, "Snake-swords and Boar-helms in Beowulf". 37 s. quotes s. v. bil, houwen, rupfen and wetzen. 38 „man sol hunde umb ebers houbet geben" (Keie to Arthur, referring to the young Parzival's intention of fighting Ither, the Red Knight). 39 s. discussion of this episode s. v. strick-aeide 2; the boar here symbolises a virile and successfu 1 rival: s. Hatto "Venus & Adonis — and the Boar". 40 These frequent comparisons in Konrad's poems, together with his detailed description of a boar hunt in „Partonopier und Meliur," indicate that Konrad may himself have hunted wild-boar. 41 For a reconstruction of the hunt for large game, incl boar and bear, in pre-mediaeval and mediaeval times, s. Wagner, „Uber die Jagd des grossen Wildes im Mittelalter". Wagner's survey should be treated with caution, however, since he bases his reconstruction largely on the Germanic laws and on 16 cent hunting manuals (a gap of almost a millenium) and also on the „Nibelungenlied", one of the least realistic, and thus one of the least reliable of mediaeval hunting accounts: s. discussion of Wagner's article s. v. jage-hunt and spiir-htmt. 42 The description of Siegfried's hunt in the „Nibelungenlied" is partly fantasy (cf the lion of Str 935, and s. discussion s. v. birsen) and partly the reflection of an earlier age (cf the bison, elk and aurochs of Str 937); for the animal names in NIBEL 935 & 937 („halpful" or „halpsul", „wisent", „eich", „ür" and „scelch") s. Matthias, „Jagd im Nibelungenliede" p. 492ff,and also (for „scelch") Szalay, „Der grimme Scheich", Palander, „Ahd Tiernamen" p. 88 f, and Lindner, „Jagd im frühen Mittelalter" p. 370 f. 43 cf Str 911: söwilich jagen ritenbern unde swin; 916: si wolden jagen swin,/berenundewisende; 946—950, when Siegfried captures a bear single-handed; and 957—962, when he rides down the bear and kills it with his sword. 36

2

Dalby, Lexicon

xvii

Literary sources

oblique reference to the capture of a bear44, and Spervogel mentions the practice of releasing young (and therefore keen but expendable) hounds after a bear45. Wolves and foxes were considered as vermin, and there appear to have been no legal restrictions on their trapping or hunting. In „Reinhart Fuchs" there are short descriptions of a fox hunt and a wolf hunt with hounds46, but these animals were not normally chased by noble sportsmen, in Mediasval Germany 47 . Among the various animals in the Penefrec hunting-preserve, Hartmann mentions foxes, but these are grouped in the third and least important part of the preserve, under the heading of „niuwan kleiniu kunder" 48 . Tannhäuser refers briefly to the hunting of foxes and Hadamar dismisses the hunting or netting of foxes as a pursuit that would infringe no hunting laws 49 . A frequent mediasval sport, throughout Western Europe, was the "coursing" or chasing of hares with greyhounds, as reflected in many literary sources. The appeal of this sport lay in the fine chase which a hare could offer (beingable to run several miles), and in the fact that the sport could be practised in the morning or in the evening, and at any time of the year 60 . It was a sport which did not require the elaborate preparations of a stag hunt, and will thus have been suitable as a more informal pastime. Hares were started up by a scenting-hound, probably a spaniel (cf vogel-hunt 1 b), and the greyhounds (s. w i n f ) were then released from their cord or stric\ a hare was pursued by two (or three) greyhounds, as in the modern sport of coursing. By running a short distance behind the leading greyhound, the second hound was able to take the lead in the chase if the hare made a sudden turn or "wrench", in an attempt to avoid the leading hound (s. wenken). Among literary references to this sport, note especially the following contexts 51 : VELDEKE ( M F ) 6 4 , 7 ; EREC 7 1 8 1 and 9 8 0 7 ; PARZIVAL 1 , 1 9 , and its correspondence in GOTTFR TRIST 4 6 3 8 F F 2 ; RENNER 1 1 4 6 4 ff53; REINFRIED 8 2 3 8 (cf 5 0 8 8 ) ; a n d M H D MINNEREDEN I 1 5 , 1 2 ff. T H E CHASE AS PASTIME

The stag chase and the coursing of hares were the pre-eminent forms of the chase, as practised by the German nobility during the Middle Ages. With falconry, they 44 G O T T F R T R I S T 2 8 4 (describing Riwalin): swer keinen schaden vertragen lean, / da wahsent dicke schaden an . . . hie vahet man den bern mite: / der richet einzele schaden. This is a probable reference to the catching of a bear by means of a swinging beam, which the bear fights to get past in order to reach honey: s. Ranke, „Etwas vom Bärenfang im Mittelalter". 45 SPERVOGEL 2 0 , 1 0 : wan sol die jungen hunde läzen zuo dem bern (s. discussion s. v. röt 2 ) . 46 R E I N H F U C H S 286ff (fox hunt), s. ν. rupfen & wenken·, and 779ff (wolf hunt), s. ν. rupfen & umbesetzen. 4 7 The attitude to foxes is one of the notable distinctions between German and English hunting traditions. The fox was suitable quarry for a noble huntsman in England (and also France), even in the Middle Ages: cf "Craft of Venery" 141 ff and "Sir Gawayne and the Grene Knight" 1697ff. 48 E R E C 7148, s. v. swar^-wilt. 49 TANNHÄUSER XIII Str 1, s. v. birsen; H A D A M A R 431, s. v. ban. 50 These features are mentioned by Edward Duke of York ("Master of Game" p. 14ff). 5 1 s. quotes s. v. hasen-wint, weide, wenken and mint. 52 In Gottfried's criticism of Wolfram: swer nu des hasen geselle si / und uf der wortheide / hochsprünge und witweide / mit bickelworten welle sin . . . 53 Gambling with dice is compared to a hare-chase: Ich weiz wol daz er (der tiufel) lachet, /

xviii

Literary sources formed the most suitable hunting sports for the courtly age, and were pastimes which ladies could watch. In his account of the hunting-preserve and the chateau at Penefrec, Hartmann describes how Guivreiz and the ladies have a panoramic view of the chase from the battlements 54 ; in „Meieranz", der Pleier tells how K i n g Arthur, accompanied by his queen and her ladies, has set up camp before the beginning of a stag chase 55 ; in Berthold's „Demantin", Sirgamont allows her ladies to accompany a stag hunt (while she returns home to tend her sparrow-hawk) 5 6 ; in „Die blaue Rede", the poet meets a company of knights and ladies on a hunt 5 7 . These are examples of the many literary extracts in which ladies accompany or actually participate in the hunt 5 8 , and it is clear that the chase had become a very different form of pastime f r o m the earlier, rougher sport reflected in the „Nibelungenlied". Ladies continued to watch or take part in the chase throughout the Middle Ages, and there is arefererence to their participation in one of the 15th century professional treatises 59 . Together with other courtly pastimes, including falconry, the chase is described frequently as k u r z - w l l e : one of the first such references appears in the „Kaiserchronik" 60 . In other contexts, provision for the chase and falconry is regarded as the mark of a rich and hospitable court, and here again the term k u r z - w l l e is regularly swenne üz drin würfeln einer wil jagen / einen hasen, der bi siben tagen / mit drin guoten winden / küm einen möhte vinden . . . 5 4 E R E C 7160ff: . . . swä er bi den zinnen saz, / sö ensähenz jene niht vil baz / die dä mite randen. / wer solde im aber daz enblanden / swenne er mohte mit den vrouwen / abe dem hüse schouwen / loufen die hunde?; cf BITEROLF 13194ff, for ladies watching the sport of falconry (Queen Helche to Riiedeger): „du solt mich / mit dir beizen riten län. / sö min herre und sine man, / Etzele der mjere / und sine valkenxre, / wellen kurzwile hän, / sö sullen ouch wir niht län, / wir suln ir beizen schouwen, / ich und mine frouwen." 5 5 PLEIER M E L 2 0 4 8 (s. v. rlten) & 2 1 0 0 ff: er (der jegermeister) sprach „hie ligt der herre min / und diu künegin min frouwe / durch kurzwil vor dirre ouwe . . ." 5 6 DEMANTIN 3726 ff: min herre ist in der jaget / mit eime herze gerant . . . swer dar bi mir lach, / den gab ich orloub zu dem spil, / juncfrouwin unde vrouwin vil. 5 7 M H D MINNEREDEN II 7, 30ff: da sach ich ein geczelt... da hett ein herr sin jagen / durch kurczwil erdacht / unnd hett mit ym dar bracht / schöner frawen mer dan drissig . . . 58 For women participating in the hunt, cf Dido in ENEIT 1674ff & 1730ff, s. Ν. jeger-meister, bracks & spil; the huntress in DEMANTIN 3155ff, s. v. hals-bant & vliehen\ the huntress in FASTNACHTSSP I I I p. 1416ff (with the allegorical hounds „Versagen", „Es darff sein nit" and „Las ab pej zeit"); the huntress in HÄTZL I I 57, 240ff, s. v. lü$en\ and the huntress in JÄGERIN. These examples, motivated by an established plot or by love allegory, are less reliable than incidental references, however, for a reconstruction of actual hunting practice. 5 9 LEITHUND 76 V, s. v. base. Ladies continued to share in the sport during the post-media=vaI period, when the chase was often little more than a spectacle for the nobility, with the game enclosed within a small area; as late as the 19 cent, Hartig describes the „Festin- oder Prunkjagen", in which the noble "huntsmen" shot game from a decorated „Dianentempel", and were served with a cold buffet in a neighbouring „Salon", to the accompaniment of hunting-music („Lehrbuch für Jäger" II pp. 212f). In contrast, however, the German hunt is today entirely a man's affair, with its emphasis on markmanship and woodcraft (as opposed to the Modern English hunt, with its emphasis on riding and social convention: hence a lady's sport as much as a man's). 6 0 KAISERCHR 4426: An den selben stunden / redeten si von scönen rossen und von guoten hunden, / si redeten von vederspil, / von ander k u r z e w i l e vil, / si redeten von scönen frowen, / daz si die gerne wolten scowen . . . 2·

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used61. Since a court was judged by the quality of its hounds and hawks, and other k u r z - w l l e , it is not surprising that hounds and hawks should have become symbols of nobility®2. Two hounds, the bracke and the wint, are regularly portrayed in this röle in literary sources. The bracke probably belonged to the spaniel family, and was ideal as a pet as well as a tracking-hound: it was frequently provided with a valuable collar and leash, and often served as a noble gift. For examples of this type of hound, accompanying o r belonging to a knight o r lady, s. EILH TRIST 4370, ENEIT 1 7 6 2 a n d 6 1 1 3 , W I G A L O I S 2 2 0 8 , PARZIVAL 4 4 6 , 2 6 , GOTTFR TRIST 1 6 6 4 7 , WOLFR T I T 1 4 6 , J O H W Ü R Z 3 3 4 6 and WISSE & COLIN 9 2 0 4 (note also the fine bracke, with its rich trappings, which has to be kept in readiness for the overlord in the „Dreieicher Wildbann" and in the „Büdinger Reichswalds Weisthum", and which accompanies the overlord in the „Lorscher Wildbann"; in the case of Büdingen the overlord was the Emperor himself)63. The term »'/«/was applied both to the pure-bred greyhound and to the heavier veltre or ^wic-darm (a cross between a pure-bred greyhound and a mastiff); when referring to a hound accompanying a nobleman, the term wint will certainly have denoted the pure-bred variety. Like the bracke, this hound was sometimes presented as a noble gift 64 , and also served as a symbol of wealth65: Strieker lists greyhounds among the noble possessions which he lacks66. Apart from its use in coursing hares, the greyhound was used also in the sport of falconry (s. habecb-mnt 2), and a couple of greyhounds and a hawk (usually a goshawk) are associated with a knight or lady in several

contexts 67 ; cf also the gift offered by Brünhilt to Riiedeger, in BITEROLF 6971 ff, 61 cf EREC 7183ff: hie sint hunde unde wilt / und swaz ze jagenne ist nütze . . . hie was diu k u r z w i l e guot, / Penefrec was diz hüs genant; KRONE 635FF: Ouch mohte man dä schouwen / Schoener cleinöde vil, / Hunde und vederspil, / Daz vil maneger müze was. / Man sach üf dem palas / Manegerhant k u r z e w i l e . . KRONE 659ff: Ouch was dä niden in der stat / Von maneger hant parät / Richer k u r z w i l e genuoc, / Dä man die müzaere truoc, / Und die Schilde ze sträzen hienc . . .; RUD

WILH 10063 f a n d KONR PART 1990 ff, s . v . beiden I (LB); PLEIER GAREL 2595 ff: s w a z d e s m a n n e s h e r z e

gert/ von k u r z e w i l e , des ist gewert. / si habent k u r z e w i l e vil/ mit hunden oder mit vederspil,/ tanzen, buhudieren / etewenn turnieren . . . 62 For hawks as symbols of nobility, and as symbols of peace, s. p. xxvi ff below. 63 s. quotes s .v. bracke·, for similar examples involving a vogel-hunt (also probably a spaniel), cf KRONE 1442 & BITEROLF 7 0 3 7 ; for t h e leit-hmt in a s i m i l a r r o l e , cf JUNG TIT ( W ) 1317. 6 4 cf BITEROLF 6 9 7 1 ff, s. v . habech·, a n d KONR PART 4143, s. v . wint. 6 5 cf ULR LANZ 1545, s. v . wint. ΒΒ STRICKER 12, 52, s. v . wint. 6 7 ULR LANZ 7178 a n d DIETR BORTE 145, s. v . wint·, a l s o CORPUS II p. 9 1 — 9 2 ( N r 679, A n d l a u

1284): Des vogetes reht ist swenne dv Ebtizhin ze den drien citen ze dinge vert / so sol er kvmen mit eime rittere vn mit drien knehten / mit wnf ( = vunf) pferden vn mit eime rossen / mit eime habiche vn mit zwein winden. For a discussion of the ancient custom concerning the „Einreiten" of an overlord or his representative (whereby they were to bring with them a hawk and a prescribed number of horses and hounds, which were sometimes to be one-eyed) s. Grimm, „Dt Rechtsaltertümer" p. 254FF: Grimm quotes several interesting examples, including the Retterather Weisthum, in which the overlord arrives with thirty horses, a mule, a hawk, three „fogelhonde" and two „winde". The whole problem of the animals and hawks accompanying an overlord is one requiring further study; the simple role of hounds and hawks in the courtly age, as tokens of nobility, here merges with much older, and probably Germanic traditions, in which complex superstitions are involved: cf. „Ruodlieb", where the young hero sets out on his adventures with a raven-black horse, and a swift scentinghound ("investigator"): s. „Ruodlieb" I, 44ff. XX

Literary sources

consisting of one greyhound with two goshawks. In one of the „Tirol. Weistümer" a s c h i l t m a n is allowed the right to hawk and fish, and to hunt with greyhounds: the specific granting of this right to a member of the lower gentry indicates that these sports were forbidden, at least in the area concerned, to any rank below the level of schiltman 6 8 . T H E C H A S E AS A L E G E N D A R Y T H E M E

The chase, as a frequent legendary theme, has been examined by C. Pschmadt, „Die Sage von der verfolgten Hinde". Pschmadt's thesis consists of a useful survey of classical and mediaeval examples of this legendary theme (the mediaeval examples being mainly from OF); more research is needed to explore its full implications and origins, however, and to consider the examples not included in Pschmadt's survey. As far as MHG sources are concerned, the literary and hagiographical versions of this theme may be grouped as follows: — (i) L e g e n d of St E u s t a c h i u s : Eustachius has brought a stag to bay, when a cross appears between its antlers and a voice reproves him for his past way of life (this legend was extended also to St Hubert and St Julian); s. D T M Y S T I K E R I p. 2 3 3 F F for St Eustachius, and P A S S I O N A L p. 1 5 1 for St Julian. (ii) L e g e n d of St E g i d i u s : Egidius, in the wilderness, is brought food by a hind; the hind shelters with him when pursued by a hunt, and the hounds are unable to approach. After Egidius has been wounded by an arrow aimed at the hind, the King and Bishop who are with the hunt recognise him to be a holy man, and vow to build a monastery on the spot; s. T R I E R A E G I D I U S , P A S S I O N A L p. 4 5 5 and D T MYSTIKER I P.

193FF.

(iii) Fay m o t i f : the hero is led by his quarry to the land of a fay, whose lover he becomes; s. K O N R P A R T , F R I E D R V S C H W and L E I P Z I G H S (cf E I L H T R I S T 5 1 4 0 ff and H E I N R T R I S T 2 3 5 9 F F , in which Tristan is led by the quarry to Isolde at Tintagel, and also G O T T F R T R I S T 1 7 2 8 3 ff, in which Marke is led to the lovers' grotto 69 ). (iv) R e w a r d motif 7 0 : hero will receive the hand or favour of a fay (or maiden) as a reward for hunting and killing a certain animal; cf the white stag episode of E R E C 1104if & 1753ff and of U L R L A N Z 6730FF (although here only a kiss is involved, s. reht). (v) S e d u c t i o n motif 7 1 : wife or daughter is abducted while her lord is hunting a white or golden stag; s. U L R L A N Z 6673ff, W O L F D ( D ) (Holtzmann) Str 617ff, M Ü N C H O S W 2 3 3 5 ff and W I E N O S W 1015ff. T I R O L W E I S T I V p. 1 0 2 , s. v. wint. Pschmadt does not associate these three „Tristan" examples with the "fay motif" (Hindenfeesage) but rather with the "reward motif" (Tyolet-Percevalsagen: s. Pschmadt p. 112f). Gruenter, however, („Der vremede hir3" p. 236) has already drawn attention to the probable link between the "fay motif" (as preserved in K O N R PART) and the episode in G O T T F R T R I S T 17283ff. 70 This motif is best considered in the light of non-German examples: s. Pschmadt p. 103 ff for his notes on the "Tyolet-Perceval" group of legends. 71 For a discussion of this motif, s. Webster, "Guinevere: a Study of her Abductions". 68

69

xxi

Literary sources T H E CHASE IN ALLEGORY AND METAPHOR

The many hunting allegories of the later MHG period were foreshadowed by numerous metaphorical and short allegorical references to the chase in earlier sources. The chase was a natural subject for comparison with the pursuit of Minne, or of courtly or spiritual virtues. From the period up to 1300, the following contexts have been noted, in which the pursuit of Minne, Sselde or Ere is likened to an actual chase: HEINR V RUGGE (pseudo) 1 0 4 , Iff 73 ; GOTTFR T R I S T 9876FF, 13487FF, 1 4 3 7 6 & 1 7 1 0 1 fP 3 ; BURKART I X 7 4 ; D T LIEDERDT 1 3 J H S 4 7 (Rubin) X I I 7 5 ; PASSIONAL p. 5 3 7 Β ; K L MHD E R Z I I I 1 4 4 (s. v. mlt-brät) and 191 77 ; KONR ENGELH 3 2 5 7 (s. v. leger 2 ) ; LOBGESANG I, Iff (s. v. weide and sac). Of these twelve examples, Burkart's poem is the most significant forerunner of the later hunting allegories: his portrayal of „herze" as the huntsman, and of „sin", „muot" and „gedanke" as the hounds, foreshadows the allegorical hounds of later poets. After Burkart's semi-allegorical usage, the first true hunting allegory is probably the „Königsberger Jagdgedicht", although its date has been disputed. This poem describes how a huntsman has tried unsuccessfully for ten years to capture a hind, using the hounds Tröst, Harre, Staste and Triuwe; an old man advises him to use instead the hounds Zweifel, Wenken and Valsch. The huntsman refuses this advice, but the poet (who has overheard the conversation) decides to hunt the hind with the three "bad" hounds, and is able to capture her immediately. He brings her before Minne and her court, and accuses the hind of rejecting true qualities and allowing herself to be caught by false values: the judgement of Minne is that the hind should be blinded, and the poem concludes with a passage discussing the fickleness of women, and moralising on God and the Devil. This poem has been edited twice, from the only surviving manuscript (a 14th cent copy); in the introduction to his ed (p. 255—258) Stejskal places the original version in the mid-13th century, on the basis of the poet's rhyme-use and versification, and in his own ed (p. 233) Schade agrees with Stejskal's dating. Other authorities have considered the date of the poem to be later, but have not challenged Stejskal's evidence78. An examination of the poem points to other 7 2 ich mac wol sin von gouches art / und jage ein iippecliche vart: / tören sinne hän ich vil, / daz ich des wibes minne ger / diu mich ze friunde nien enwil.

73

s. krump, strich-weide, Weidenau and bast.

(Str 1) Min herzi hat mlnen sin / wilt ze jagen üz gesant./ der vert nach mit minem muote. / vil gedanke vert v o r in. / den ist daz vil w o l bekant. / daz daz wilt stet in der huote / bi der, der ich dienstes bin bereit . . . (s. also following strophes). 7 5 f r o Saelde ist wilder danne ein rech / und ist ouch wider mich gevech. / ich volge ir allez üf ir spor / und bin ir dicke nähe komen: / ie flöch si mir mit listen vor. 7 e . . . so daz wir unser viende iagen / nicht mit des herzen hazze, / sunder daz man vazze / gebet uf der minnen spor; / swa si uns denne loufen vor, / so sul wir vaste iagen na . . . 7 7 „Der Weideman", attributed to der Stricker: the subject of the poem is a parable, in which rough mongrels are unable to keep up with noble hounds, in pursuit of a stag; cf v . 9 7 f f : der Got und ere minnet . . . sin tugent und sin edeleu art / die machent in so gitick / ze jagen und also stritik . . . er tut sam der edel hunt, / so dar machet ungesunt / zweinzich hirzse oder me / so jagte er gerner danne e . . . laufet im an der eren spor / ein zweiter eine wile vor / und kert schire von der vart . . . swer den lobet fur in, / daz wer ein v i l tumplicher sin. 7 8 Seemüller (Introd. to „Seifried Helbling" p. X X X V f ) does not dispute the dating of the „Königsberger Jagdgedicht" by Stejskal, but expresses his opinion that the author of this poem was 74

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features, however, which are in favour of Stejskal's dating. The poet does not identify himself with the unhappy lover, but enters into the narrative to reveal the fickleness of woman: his style is reminiscent of many 13th century didactic poems 79 . Also tending to confirm a date prior to other hunting allegories (except Burkart) is the poet's treatment of the allegorical hounds: these are kept to a modest number (seven), and all represent basic qualities. This is in contrast to the exaggerated list of hounds occurring in other allegories, especially in „Seifried Helbling" IV and in Hadamar's „ J a g d " 8 0 . The hunting allegory in „Seifried Helbling" IV refers to the political and social situation in Austria at the end of the 13th century 81 : like the „Königsberger Jagdgedicht" it is didactic and satirical, but the motif of allegorical hounds has been overworked by the poet 82 . A common feature of both poems, as Seemüller has pointed out (introd. p. X X X V ) , is the fact that the poet overhears a conversation from his hidingplace; whether this feature was suggested to both poets by an earlier, unrecorded allegory (as Seemüller suggests) must remain an open question, however. The most important of the hunting allegories is Hadamar's „Jagd", and the course of this allegorical chase has already been described above. This long poem still not the originator of the hunting allegory (a fact which is confirmed by the existence of Burkart's poem, mentioned by neither Stejskal nor Seemüller). Seemüller has been quoted by more recent authorities, however, as though he had discounted Stejskal's dating: cf Ehrismann, ,,Lit.Gesch."IITeil, Schlussband p. 501 & Gruenter, „Der vremede hir3" p. 231 (also Stammler, „Verfasserlexikon" II s.v. „Jagdgedichte", following Ehrismann). Ehrismann has further confused the issue: he considers that Hadamar knew the „Königsberger Jagdgedicht" when writing his own poem (p. 500), but then dates the „Königsberger Jagdgedicht" as post-Hadamar (p. 501). 7 9 cf Konrad v. Würzburg's „Klage der Kunst" (ed Schröder, „Kleinere Dichtungen Konr. v. Würzburgs" III, 1 9 2 6 ) : this poem likewise includes personified qualities, and an allegorical court of law; cf also KL MHD ERZ III 144 & 191, referred to above. 8 0 It is of interest to note that the seven allegorical hounds of the „Königsberger Jagdgedicht" all occur in at least two other allegorical poems; the following is a list of hounds occurring in at least three of eleven hunting allegories: — Triuwe ( 6 ) : KÖNIGSBERG, SEIFR H E L B , HADAMAR, J DER M I N N E , ALTSWERT, HUGO V M O N T F Harre ( 6 ) : KÖNIGSBERG, HADAMAR, J DER M I N N E , A L T S W E R T , HUGO Ν MONTF, O S W W Ö L K . St acte ( 5 ) : K Ö N I G S B E R G , H A D A M A R , J D E R M I N N E , A L T S W E R T , Osw W Ö L K Trost ( 5 ) : K Ö N I G S B E R G , H A D A M A R , J D E R M I N N E , Osw W Ö L K , J Ä G E R I N Liebe ( 5 ) : HADAMAR, J DER M I N N E , ALTSWERT, SUCHENWIRT, JÄGERIN Wenk(en) ( 4 ) : KÖNIGSBERG, S E I F R H E L B , HADAMAR, O S W W Ö L K Wille ( 4 ) : HADAMAR, J DER M I N N E , ALTSWERT, HUGO V M O N T F Zwivel ( 3 ) : KÖNIGSBERG, J DER M I N N E , JÄGERIN Valsch ( 3 ) : KÖNIGSBERG, S E I F R H E L B , J DER M I N N E Wunne ( 3 ) : H A D A M A R , H U G O Ν M O N T F , Osw W Ö L K Rüege ( 3 ) : HADAMAR, J DER MINNE, O S W W Ö L K The eleven hunting allegories concerned are B U R K A R T I X , K Ö N I G S B E R G , S E I F R H E L B IV, H A D A M A R , J D E R M I N N E , A L T S W E R T p. 1 2 6 , S U C H E N W I R T X X V I , H U G O ν M O N T F 27, Osw W Ö L K 4 4 , F A S T NACHTSSP III p. 1 4 2 6 , and J Ä G E R I N . Among these poems there is a total of 9 2 (different) allegorical hounds, but K Ö N I G S B E R G is the only allegory of which all the hounds occur again elsewhere (and in at least two other sources). S E I F R H E L B has a further 2 1 hounds, not included in the above list; H A D A M A R has a further 4 2 hounds; J D E R M I N N E 9 ; A L T S W E R T 3 ; Osw W Ö L K 7 ; and J Ä G E R I N 7. 8 1 s. Seemüller's notes, accompanying his ed of S E I F R H E L B (introduction p. X X X I V f f , and appendix p. 333 ff). 8 2 The hounds are Triuwe, Wenk, Valsch, Nit, Ha3, Fuhs, Wolf, Werre, Erg, Greife, Rasp, Glte, Wünsch, Merk, Striune, Wän, Wank, Louf, Fruot, Frank, Sturm, Drenk, Schenk, Fürst.

xxiii

Literary sources

awaits a comprehensive analysis and commentary, since the implications of Hadamar's detailed allegory certainly go beyond the mere pursuit of a chosen lady 83 . The following secondary literature on Hadamar should be consulted: Schmeller (introd. to his ed, 1850), Stejskal (introd. to his ed, 1880), Bethke („Über den Stil Hadamars v. Laber in seiner Jagd", 1892), Patin („Hadamars v. Laber Jagd", 1919) and Hese („Die Jagd Hadamars v. Laber: Beiträge zu ihrer Erklärung", 1936); Hese's work is the most comprehensive of these, but is presented by her only as an introduction to the study of Hadamar's poem. The important role of this poet, in later MHG literature, cannot be fully assessed until such detailed study has been undertaken 84 . Probably based on Hadamar's „Jagd" is the anonymous „Jagd der Minne" (2nd half, 14th century). This shorter allegory has a similar plot to Hadamar's poem, but is of much less literary value; it is of great interest, however, in the reconstruction of hunting terminology and techniques. A more original form of hunting allegory is contained in the anonymous „Verfolgte Hindin" (14th century): the poet sees a beautiful hind, which he is unable to capture (since he has neither hounds nor snares). He finds a twig which has been broken by the hind's foot, and places it in his hat 85 : he is grief-stricken when the twig is brushed from his hat by a branch and he is unable to find it. There are no allegorical hounds in the poem, but the poet describes how he meets three maidens, Staete, Triuwe and Vrouwen-ere: they give him general advice on the virtues which they represent. He then meets an old man 86 who advises him to forget the hind by riding out with a hawk and greyhounds; this remedy is unsuccessful, and the old man advises him to have a painting made of the hind. The poet sets a picture of the hind in his heart, and resolves to carry it there until he dies: in the closing lines of the poem he entrusts the hind to the care of Mary. To the late 14th century belongs Suchenwirt's „das Geiaid"; this short allegory describes an unresolved chase, in which the poet is assisted by the hound Liebe but hindered by Meld and Merk, representing adverse weather. A further 14th century poem, „Die Brackenjagd", reduces the hunting allegory to an obscene level. In a passage in his „Spiegel" (p. 126f), Altswert has introduced a number of allegorical hounds (cf also p. 157). 83 cf Str 256: Mit spur ein vart bekande / sant Thomas der gehiure, / dar In er mit der hande / greif durch gelouben solher abentiure,/ dö was got sa:lickeit uns der verjehend; also 565 (last strophe of the poem): Ein ende diser strängen / mit frage nieman vindet. / siu sol dahin gelangen / aldä der töd min leben underwindet. / alhie der lib, diu sele dort sol jagen / mit Harren ewiclichen, / dä von dem ende nieman kan gesagen. Hadamar's allegory appears to be on two levels, with a mystico-religious allegory concealed behind the manifest love-allegory. 84 For Hadamar's poetic qualities, cf such passages as Str 143: Swä lust in herzen wallet / sö lieplich und sö lange, / daz sich diu fiuhte ballet / und loufet üz den ougen üf die wange, / und daz geschieht vor liebe niht vor leide, / dä mac ein herz gesuochen / mit gedanken siner fröude weide. Mention should also be made of the influence of the "Titurel" poems (Wolfram & Albrecht) on Hadamar's allegory: cf halse (2), hüeten I (2) & strange (2); note also use by Hadamar of the 7-line strophe (as used in J U N G TIT, with minor variations: s. Stejskal, ed H A D A M A R p. X X V I F F ) . 8 5 V E R F HINDIN 1 4 3 : Ein reysz han Ich / Des wil Ich frewen mich / Dem edeln tier entpfüret / (143 b) Das es hat angerüret / Mit dem Ich mich will ergetzen / Wann mich senen thut letzen / Vnd mir entgeet mein synne / so sich Ich an das hinden krentzline (s. note s. v. meide-spruch 2). 86 cf the old man's advice to the huntsman in K Ö N I G S B E R G 1 0 3 F F and in H A D A M A R 1 8 1 ff.

xxiv

Literary sources

Among 15th century treatments of this theme are two poems by Hugo v. Montfort and Oswald v. Wolkenstein87, which provide valuable sources for hunting terms and hunting cries. These two poems are written with a pronounced "joie de vivre", representing the words of a huntsman who is setting out on the chase, and who is encouraging his hounds (with allegorical names). Note also the two anonymous poems edited in „Herbst des Minnesangs" (Nos 29 & 30): these are the complaint of a huntsman, who has been unsuccessful in his pursuit of a hind, and a four-line fragment from a further hunting allegory. In the „Münchener Liederbuch" (B1 156) jhere is also a complaint by an unsuccessful huntsman, who had been using four allegorical hounds. In three 15th century poems, a huntress appears in the allegory: in Hätzlerin's „Liederbuch", a poet meets a huntress, and asks if he may hunt in her garden 88 ; in „Jägerin" the poet meets a huntress with ten allegorical hounds; in „Fastnachtsspiele" (ed Keller) a huntress tells an old man of her impetuous lover, and of her three allegorical hounds (Versagen, Es darff sein nit, and Las ab pej zeit)89. Hunting allegory is so frequent in 14th and 15th century literature that it deserves a full study, separate from other forms of amorous or mystic allegory: from Burkart to the end of the 15th century a total of seventeen examples are referred to above (the falconry allegory „Der Minne Falkner" should also be considered in this group: s. p. xxxi below). A comprehensive review will be necessary, in conjunction with a fresh analysis of Hadamar's „Jagd", in order that the development and full significance of these allegories may be traced.

2. Trapping and Fowling Trapping may be divided into two categories: (i) the use of nets and snares during the chase (as sometimes employed by noble sportsmen), and (ii) the setting of nets, traps and snares to catch animals and birds by stealth or surprise (by trappers and fowlers of the lower classes). The röle of nets and snares in the chase has been referred to above, together with the varying attitudes towards their use in the sport90. Since trapping and fowling did not otherwise concern the nobility, this method of hunting is described far less frequently in literary sources than either the chase or falconry. In metaphor, however, trapping is of considerable importance: nets, traps and snares provide an obvious analogy for the "trapping" of souls by the Devil, or the "ensnaring" of the heart by Love. The luring and decoying of wild-fowl is likewise compared to the activities of the Devil or of Love (as also the luring of hawks, s. p. xxxi below). For numerous literary examples of trapping as a metaphor, s. be-slaben, bogel, drüch, ham, klobe, läge, legen, Ilm (and compounds), masche, net^e II, sac, spen-kar, sprinke, stellen, stric II, stricken, and vogeler (1 a); for luring and decoying as a metaphor, s. blät, locken (1 c), net^-vogel, phtfen, rei%el, reigelare, rei%el-vogel and reiben. 87

HUGO V MONTF (Herbst des Minnes) 27, and O s w WÖLK (ed Schatz) 4 4 .

88

HÄTZL II (57, 240 ff), s. ν. lü5en.

89

FASTNACHTSSP I I I P. 1 4 1 6 ff.

90

s. p. xiii, footnote 14 above. xxv

Literary sources

3. Falconry DESCRIPTIONS OF FALCONRY

The actual care of hawks, like the judgement of a stag before the chase, was entrusted by the nobility to employed falconers or other servants (s. valkenare and phlegare); this aspect of falconry is therefore mentioned rarely in literary sources91, but can be reconstructed from the professional treatises (s. Chapter Four). The acquiring of hawks, except when presented as gifts, is also mentioned rarely in literary sources.92 The training of hawks interested at least some noble sportsmen, however, and is mentioned by several poets93. It is possible that this interest in training will have been confined mainly to the lower nobility, who may have been able to employ servants to perform the routine tasks of feeding and caring for the hawks, but who may not have been wealthy enough to employ experienced falconers to train and exercise their birds94. The equipment used in falconry will of course have been familiar to all concerned with the sport, and is mentioned frequently in literary and non-literary sources95. Descriptions or mentions of the actual sport (i. e. the flying of hawks at quarry) are numerous in MHG literature, but reference should be made to the following passages, in which the descriptions are of particular interest: E I L H T R I S T 7 1 9 3 F F 9 6 ; E R E C 2 0 3 7 FF97; PARZIVAL 2 8 1 , 23FF, 4 0 0 , 2FF a n d 7 2 1 , 1 8 F F 9 8 ; BITEROLF 6 9 7 1 ff"; K L MHD

(Falsche und rechte Milte)100; and the detailed account in LOHENff101. An interesting account of the exaggerated boasts of lower-class falconers is found in TEICHNER I I , 3 1 6 (Von valchneren)102. ERZ III, 1 9 4 GRIN 3 3 8 7

R 6 L E OF FALCONRY IN COURTLY L I F E

As well as serving as a noble sport, falconry also played an important röle in providing a visible symbol of wealth and rank. In England, by the late Middle Ages, various types of hawk had been allocated to the various ranks and stations of socie9 1 cf kropf (2) and mü^e (2); note also the Emperor in LOHENGRIN 3420, w h o wishes to feed his favourite peregrine himself, after it has brought down a heron (der keiser w o l t des a^sens selbe warten). 9 2 For isolated literary references to the finding of wild hawks or to the trade in hawks, s. %.uht I (lb,e). 9 3 s. KÜRENB 8, 3 3 f f a n d 10, 1 8 (s. v. zam)'· KONR ENGELH 3 2 1 2 (s. v. machen)·, REINFRIED 13521, HÄTZL I 4 1 , 19, and MHD MINNEREDEN I 9, 82flf (s. v. Riehen); HEINR MÜG II, 402, 2 (s. v . valke);

A L T S W E R T p . 1 5 7 ( s . v . vür-lä^);

a n d M H D MINNEREDEN I I 1 2 , 8 9 ( s . v . %uht

I).

s. valkenare (1 a, in the sense of "employed falconer") for the regular association of the term with royal or princely masters; s. ALTDT BEISPIELE X I V (Der Falkner und das Terzel) for a full account of an employed falconer's duties: the capture, care and training of hawks. That the higher nobility did on occasions take a direct interest in the training of their hawks is indicated by Frederick II's Med Lat treatise. 9 5 s. terms recorded under sections 58 & 59, in the Synopsis of Terms below. 9 6 s . v . sperware (the only literary passage noted in which a nobleman flies a sparrow-hawk at game). 9 7 s. v . habech (incl. note under para 2). 9 8 s. v . valkenare, kropf (Id), hurt and veder-spil. 9 9 s. v. habech & bei^e. 1 0 0 s. v . werfen II, phleger (2), bei sire & veder-spil. 1 0 1 s. v . timpen-tampen, über-sttgen, valkenare, hübe, Valien II & grijfe-klä. 1 0 2 Extracts s. v . valkenare and sperware. 94

xxvi

Literary sources

ty103. Although such a precise association of different hawks with different ranks does not appear to have taken place in Mediaeval Germany, there was a tendency for some species to be used by particular types of person. The four species of hawk most commonly used in Germany were the peregrine, merlin, goshawk and sparrow hawk. The peregrine-falcon (valke or pilgerlri) was the most valuable of these, and is mentioned before the other three species in the list of hawks in GOTTFR TRIST 2 2 0 3 ff and KONR PART 2 5 7 0FF,s. v. valke. The peregrine is the favourite hawk of an emperor in LOHENGRIN 3 4 0 2 , s. v.pilgeriti; under the name valke, the peregrine (and perhaps also the gerfalcon) is regularly associated with the higher nobility: this is the hawk used by Arthur's falconers in PARZIVAL 2 8 1 , 2 6 , s. v. valke, by King Vergulaht in PARZIVAL 4 0 0 , 2 1 ff, s. v. valkenare, and by King Melchinor's falconer in JOH WÜRZ 7 2 9 0 ff, s. v. schelle. The valke also appears in Kriemhilt's dream in NIBEL 1 3 , and in Queen Yrkane's dream in REINFRIED 1 3 5 2 0 , as well as having a frequent role in literary metaphor. The merlin (smirfin or springeltri) is one of the smallest of the true falcons, and is associated regularly and appropriately with noble children and youths104: s. PARZIVAL 4 3 0 , 1 4 , WOLFR WILLEHALM 6 7 , 1 1 , RUD W I L H 3 8 2 7 , REINFRIED 6 4 1 a n d APOLL 1 1 3 3 6 . It is also appropriate that the merlin should be associated with adult noblemen who lack manly prowess: cf the knight Plipalinot, acting as a ferryman, in PARZIVAL 5 4 4 , 3 , 5 5 0 , 2 8 , and 6 2 2 , 1 3 ; also the old man in PLEIER GAREL 7 9 3 . The goshawk (habech) is one of the largest hawking-birds; although not able to provide the fine flying display of a true falcon, it is nevertheless the most efficient bird for bringing down wild fowl, and thus for filling the larder. In SCHWABENSP 2 7 9 it is assessed as equal in value to a valke (i. e. the peregrine). The goshawk was used principally by the lower classes (s.p.xxxvibelow),withaviewtoobtainingfoodas well as sport, but was not altogether shunned by the nobility: Hartmann describes this bird as being carried by noblemen in IWEIN 2 8 4 (s. v. mü^er-habech) and EREC 2 0 3 1 ff (although the latter example reveals the poet's disapproval of the way in which goshawks were used to slaughter wild fowl and other game: s. discussion s. v. habech 2). In BITEROLF 6 9 7 1 ff, Brünhilt offers two goshawks and a greyhound as a gift to Riiedeger (he declines the gift, on the grounds that there is no good terrain for hawking in „Hiunen lant", but afterwards accepts the more valuable, symbolic gift of a sparrow-hawk and a vogel-hunt). In DIETR BORTE 145ff, a fine knight arrives with a goshawk and two greyhounds, which he gives to a lady (together with his magic belt) as a means of seducing her105. It should be noted, however, that the goshawk appears very rarely in literary metaphor106. 1 0 8 cf the list of nine different ranks, with their respective falcons, in the 15th century Porkington Ms (quoted by Hare, "Language of Field Sports" p. 104); also the shorter list in the "Boke of St Albans" (Juliana Barnes). 1 0 4 s. discussion s. v. springe (2); s. quotes s. v. springetinand mü^er-sprin^elin. 1 0 5 s. quote s. v. wint (note also the legal referenceto a „voget" with a goshawk and two greyhounds in CORPUS I I p. 9 1 f, s. Ρ . XX, footnote 6 7 above). The role of the goshawk in D I E T R BORTE may be compared to that of the sparrow-hawk, as a seduction motif, in LIEDERSAAL I , 3 1 , 8 1 ff and in E R Z ALTDT

Hss p. 475 (s. sperware). 106

For isolated examples s.

EREC 1 8 6 3 ,

s. v. z»aj, and

HADAMAR 1 7 5 ,

s. v.

korber-habech. xxvii

Literary sources

The sparrow-hawk (sperware, or the male springe) cannot vie with the falcons in their spectacular flying, and cannot match the goshawk in its hunting abilities. This small bird nevertheless occupies an important role in literature, and is associated frequently with ladies; it is carried on occasions by noblemen, and can serve as a tournament prize or as a noble gift. 107 Its practical value, as expressed in S C H W A B E N S ? 2 7 9 (one sixth of the value of a goshawk), bears no relationship to its symbolic value, as reflected in E R E C 1 9 6 6 F F and BITEROLF 7 0 3 5 F F . . The act of carrying a hawk on the fist appears in literary, and also some legal sources, as a symbol of nobility 109 ; in many literary passages particular mention is made of the hawk's age (as measured in annual moults), this being a clear reference to the value of the hawk and thus to the status of the nobleman concerned (since an older hawk represented a valuable investment, with its training and experience). For a discussion of such passages s. mii%e (2). In addition to its röle as a symbol of nobility, a hawk on the fist of a knight could also serve as a messenger's symbol of peace. This was a natural development, since the carrying of a hawk clearly indicated that the knight was not on a warlike mission: cf BITEROLF 8367 ff, s. v. sperware, and W O L F D (D) D VIII Str 203—205110; for comparable examples in OF literature, s. Fischer, „Der Bote im altfranz. Epos" p. 45. The peaceful röle of hawks is also apparent in their association with the wedding of Erec and Enite in E R E C 1966 and 2031 ff, s. v. sperware & habech, and with the „höchzit" at Arthur's court in K R O N E 632 ff111. The value of trained hawks also made them an ideal form of gift, either between noblemen or between knights and ladies112. Falconry, more than any other hunting sport, was one in which ladies could indulge113, and this advantage will have added greatly to its importance as a courtly pastime. A large number of literary passages portray ladies who are associated with this sport, especially with sparrow-hawks114. 108

s. discussion s. v. sperware (2). s. v. sperware·, s. discussion s. v. habech (2). 1 0 9 cf use of certain hounds as symbols of nobility, as discussed above, p. xx (incl literary and legal examples of a hawk and two greyhounds). 1 1 0 The Empress Sidrat sends Hartman as her messenger to Wolfdietrich, and gives him a falcon to ensure his safe conduct: „Neinä, werder grave, du solt min bote sin." / einen valken sazte im üf die hand diu edele keiserin. / urlop nam der grave und reit in den tan . . . Dö rante Wolfdietrich durch die boume dan: / er wolt in (Hartman) üz dem satel geworfen hän. / dö er im kam sö nähe des vogels (Mss e & f = des falken) wart er gewar: / daz sper warf er umbe . . . 1 1 1 esp 662 f: Dä man die müziere truoc, / Und die Schilde ze sträzen hienc . . . 1 1 2 cf ROLANDSL 745 and U L R L A N Z 8723, s. v. veder-spil; P A R Z I V A L 605, 4 and U L R RENN 33370, s. v. müyr-sperware; BITEROLF 6971 ff, s. v. habech·, BITEROLF 7035ff & 13178ff, D E M A N T I N 922ff and L I E D E R S A A L I 31, 8 1 ff, s. v. sperware·, and D I E T R BORTE 145ff, s.p.xxviiabove;cfalso TRESSLERBUCH (passim), s. v. mü^er-habech and habech (1 b). 1 1 3 For women accompanying or participating in the chase, s. ρ xix ff above. 1 1 4 s. esp U L R L A N Z 7174, K R O N E 14460, D E M A N T I N 206ff, 922ff, 3768ff & 4377ff and BITEROLF 7035ff, s.v. sperware·, BITEROLF 13194ff, s. p. xixfootnote 54 above: P A R Z I V A L 605, 6 s . v . m u ^ e r - s p e r ware; N I B E L 13 and R E I N F R I E D 13520, s. v. valke; A P O L L 20004 ff s. v. schütten; and H Ä T Z L 1 4 1 , 1 9 s.v. Ziehen (for other Late MHG examples of the "lost falcon" theme, s. p. xxix below). 107

108

xxviii

Literary sources F A L C O N R Y A S A L I T E R A R Y T H E M E A N D S O U R C E OF M E T A P H O R

Frequent comparison was made in mediaeval literature between a knight (especially in battle) and a hawk, and there are numerous MHG examples115; this otherwise conventional comparison is treated humorously by Wolfram in his description of Segramors (s. PARZIVAL286, 25ffs. v. schelle).Ks a noble lover, a knight is represented by a falcon in accounts of a lady's dream, in which he is threatened by great danger 118 : for recent discussion of the "falcon dream", in mediaeval literature, s. Eis, „Das Eddische Traumlied" (1956); Ploss, „Byzantinische Traumsymbolik und Kriemhilds Falkentraum" (1958); and Schröder, „Kriemhilds Falkentraum" (1956). As in the dream motif, a noble lover is compared to a falcon in the course of several poetic narratives117. This equation of a lover with a falcon forms the basis of the mediaeval theme of the "lost falcon", in which the loss of a lady's falcon represents her desertion by her lover. The „Falkenlied" of Kürenberger (8, 33 ff) has often been regarded as an early example of this theme; this interpretation has been challenged118, however, and the poem is discussed here separately, s. p. xxxi f below. In three Late MHG versions of the "lost falcon" allegory119 the narrative is similar: a lady tells the poet of her grief at having lost her treasured falcon, and describes to him the care and attention which she had lavished upon it120. In all three poems a suggestion is made that she should satisfy herself with a less valuable hawk, thus 115

cf PARZIVAL 6 4 , 8 , W O L F R WILLEHALM 2 7 3 , 1 0 , U L R FRAUEND 2 0 3 , 2FF, LOHENGRIN 2 8 4 0 , L I V L

and M H D MINNEREDEN I 8 , 292FF, s. v. gem·, R U D W I L H 7 7 3 4 , s. v. ger-valke; U L R s. v. valken-böy, KONR P A R T 5 9 9 , s. v. velkelin·, L I V L REIMCHR 1 8 2 3 , s. v. veder-spil·, also KONR T R O J 3 3 5 2 4 : diu rephüner einen valken / gefluhen nie sö balde / ze stüden und ze walde, / sam in (Perseus) die Kriechen täten. For examples in OF literature, s. Bormann, „ J a g d in altfranz. Artus u. Abenteuerromanen" p. 50. 116 s. NIBEL 13, s. v.krimmen (Kriemhilt's dream, foretelling Siegfried's murder); and REINFRIED 13520ff, s. v. valke,gern ( l e ) & iiber-vliegen (Yrkane's dream, foretelling future dangers for Reinfried); cf also the dream in SALMAN534: Dö sprach die frouwe wolgetän / „Salmän, ich wil dir sagen einen droum: / mir troumte hint in diser nacht / daz ich an dinem arme entslief / und mir so liebe nie beschach. / (535) Zwen valken flugen mir üf die hant. / der troum der ist mir wol erkant: / daz ist ein sune lobelich — / der sol nach dir besitzen / din vil witez kunigrich." / (536): Dö sprach Mörolf der degen/ „den troum wil ich dir widerwegen: / ez ist ein wide eichin, / dar zö ein höher galge, / der zweier solt dü sicher sin." 117 cf REINFRIED 5 1 8 f f (a discussion of lovers): an einer leige valken / spür ich lobeliche art, / daz im sö w5 von hunger wart / nie, daz er iht nseme / äz daz im missezieme:/ er lite e hungers smerzen./er wil niht wan der herzen/ im ze spise niezen; and M H D MINNEREDEN I 5 , 290FF („Der Minner im Garten", in which a falcon is portrayed as the symbol of a noble and modest lover, in contrast to a raven); cf also „Ruodlieb" XI, 51 ff (Ruodlieb is dancing with a young girl, and they are compared to a falcon and a swallow): Ille uelut falcho se girat et haec ut hirundo;/ Ast ubi conueniunt, citius se praeteriebant; / Ise se mouisse, sed cernitur ilia natasse . . . (cf Zeydel's note, p. 151 of his „Ruodlieb" ed). 118 s. Hatto, „Das Falkenlied des Kürenbergers" (1959). 1 1 9 HEINR M Ü G II 402, 2ff (extracts s. v. valke & bei^e), M H D MINNEREDEN I 9 („Der entflogene Falke", extracts s. v. ziehen, vür-tverfen & schelle), and H Ä T Z L 1 4 1 (extracts s. v. Riehen & sperware). For „Der Minne Falkner" (in which a man has lost a falcon, representing his lady) s. p. xxxi below. 120 The valke is referred to as „er", in keeping with its grammatical gender as well as with the sense of the allegory (but in contrast to its actual sex: hawking birds being normally female, unless specifically described as male); cf Hadamar's use of a stag to represent his lady (but avoiding the conflict of gender by referring to the stag as „63", i. e. ,,da3 wilt"). REIMCHR 1 8 2 2 ,

RENN 5 5 8 & 1 2 2 0 ,

xxix

Literary sources

emphasising that a noble lover is represented by the lost falcon121. There is a further echo of this theme in H Ä T Z L I 5 3 (s. v. schelle). A further example of falconry as a source of imagery may be found in the regular comparison made between the eagerness of a hawk and the eagerness of a lover, especially in contexts where the poet is describing his own feelings: like the warrior yearning for battle, an eager lover may be readily compared to a keen hawk122. In some passages the metaphor is extended, as in B U R K A R T X (where the poet describes his „muot" in terms of a wild hawk, caught in a snare by his lady); in H E I N R M Ü G II 4 0 0 , 5 , and H Ä T Z L I 1 0 3 , 3 9 (poet = his lady's rejected falcon); and in M H D M I N N E R E D E N I 1 0 , 1 2 2 8 and H Ä T Z L II 3 3 , 1 2 1 (poet = his lady's captive or willing falcon). In these last four examples124 there appears to be a conscious echo of the "lost falcon" motif, preserving the convention of "lover = lady's falcon". In the above usages, a hawk appears clearly as a male symbol, representing a knight or a lover. In other passages, however, although less frequently, a hawk is compared to a lady, and in these instances the comparison is based on other aspects of a hawk's nature or behaviour; a comparison between a lady and a hawk, because of the latter's keenness for the kill, would clearly be inappropriate. In literary passages where a hawk symbolises a lady, there is normally an emphasis on one of three distinct aspects: the form or beauty of a wild hawk (likened to feminine form or beauty), the freedom of a wild hawk (likened to the freedom of an unattached woman), or the luring of a hawk by the falconer (likened to the luring or seducing of a woman). The beauty and form of a falcon or sparrow-hawk are compared to those of a lady in three notable passages: G O T T F R T R I S T 1 0 8 9 3 f f and 1 0 9 9 2 f f , and W O L F R L I E D E R (pseudo) VIII, 4 1 2 S ; s. also valken-ouge for use of this and similar terms to describe dark, beautiful eyes (of a man or a woman). The freedom of a wild hawk is likened in several contexts to that of a woman whose heart and eyes are still free to choose her lover126. These contexts all contain a clear reference to the sharp eye of a hawk, searching out its quarry or a suitable landing-place („miniu ougen"; „schachblicke"; „ir ougen"): cf the similar metaphor in R E I N F R I E D 8 3 0 3 , although here Yrkane has already chosen her lover. Attention should also be drawn to the descriptions of a lady as „der Minnen vederspil", in G O T T F R T R I S T 1 1 9 8 5 (cf 1 0 8 9 3 f) and as „liebes valk", in M I N N E B U R G 1 5 0 3 : the lady 1 2 3

1 2 1 s. H E I N R M Ü G II 402, s. v. blä-vuoj, MHD s. v. spermare (cf Μ F A L K N E R 67, s. v. blä-vuo3). 122

MINNEREDEN

I 9, 143 s. v. röt, and

c f E R E C 1 8 6 1 ff a n d A L T S W E R T p . 1 9 0 , s . v . m a y , R E I N M A R 1 5 6 , 1 0

ff

HÄTZL

I 41, 48

(cf a l s o 1 7 4 , I f f ) s. v .

smngen; R E I N M A R 180, LOFF, J O H W Ü R Z 842ff and H A D A M A R 528, s. v. gern-, H A D A M A R 175, s. v. korber-habech. 1 2 3 s. quote s. v. strichen (cf similar themes in B U R K A R T X I I & X V I I I ) . 124 s. quotes s. v. schelle and ric I. 1 2 5 s. quotes s. v. veder-spil, speraare and mü^er-valke. 1 2 6 s. DIETMAR (pseudo) 37, 8ff: „sö wol dir, valke, daz du bist! / du fliugest swar dir liep ist: / du erkiusest dir in dem walde / einen boum der dir gevalle. / also hän ouch ich getan: / ich erkös mir selbe einen man, / den erweiten miniu ougen"; GOTTFR TRIST 10957ff (describing Isot): gevedere schachblicke / die vlugen da snedicke / schachende dar unde dan: / ich warne, Isot vil manegen man / sin selbes da beroubete; and GOTTFR TRIST 10996ff: si liez ir ougen umbe gan / als der valke uf dem aste; ze linde noch ze vaste / harten si beide ir weide . . . For a discussion of this motif, s. Hatto, „Der minnen vederspil Isot".

xxx

Literary sources

appears here again as a hawk seeking out its quarry, but in this case as a (trained) hawk in the service of Love. The most frequent comparison between a woman and a hawk is in conjunction with luring 127 , and in ,,DerMinneFalkner"this"luring"formsanimportantpart of the allegory. This poem (probably written in the second half of the 14th century) is based on Hadamar's „Jagd" 1 2 8 and belongs to the same genre as the hunting allegories discussed above (p. xxii if). The theme is a reversal of the regular "lost falcon" motif, in which the lady has lost her lover; in „Der Minne Falkner" the poet is himself the falconer, who has lost his noble falcon (i. e. he has been deserted by his lady). During his search he meets an experienced falconer (cf the „forstmeister" of HADAMAR 30 ff), who advises him to obtain a less valuable falcon, more suited to his youth and inexperience129. He also meets a bad falconer (cf the bad huntsman of HADAMAR 411 ff) who advises him to trap the falcon in a net: the poet refuses, knowing this will damage its wings. He has found his falcon, when an eagle appears (an echo of the "falcon dream" of NIBEL 13 and REINFRIED 13520ff); after successfully tackling the eagle the falcon flies off again, but the poet is able to entice it towards him, by removing his heart and tying it to the lure (a crude element in the allegory which weakens the poem). The falcon seizes the heart, and flies away with it when disturbed by a flock of crows: the poet, as also in Hadamar's „Jagd", is still continuing his search at the end of the poem. As a metaphor or simile, the luring of a hawk is not restricted to the luring of a lady by her lover; in BURKART I and XVIII, M H D MINNEREDEN I, 9 and HÄTZL I, 5 3 , it is the man who is being lured by his lady. In JÜNG T I T ( H ) 3 2 7 9 and 4 4 8 1 , a knight is lured into battle (these examples reflecting the conventional comparison between a noble warrior and a hawk); in JOH WÜRZ 8 4 5 it is Minne herself who lures noble hearts; and in WOLFR TIT 6 4 Sigune boasts that she can lure Minne, even though she may behave like a wild hawk. Luring, like trapping, was also an ideal image for the activities of the Devil: he is described as luring souls in HART GREG 4 0 0 , PASSIONAL p . 3 9 6 , MARTINA 1 5 9 , 5 5 a n d M H D MINNEREDEN I I 1 3 , 1 3 9 1 3 0 .

In the usages so far discussed the hawk represents a human being, or personified love. In other literary passages, however, it appears in a more independent role, and this is particularly true of its symbolic function as a messenger. A sparrow-hawk or falcon sometimes serves as an actual messenger, in the course of poetic narrative 131 , and in KÜRENB 8 , 3 3 ff (the „Falkenlied") a falcon with golden wings appears as a symbolic messenger between the poet and his lady 132 . In the later Middle Ages, however, as well as in more recent times, Kürenberger's falcon was interpreted as representing a knight deserting his lady133, and there are clear echoes of his poem in the cf K Ü R E N B 1 0 , 17FF; HEINR K O N S T 4 7 4 F F ; REINFRIED 1 6 4 4 ; Μ F A L K N E R 3 7 , 6 1 (etc); and I 89, 9 (quotes s. v. locken and luoder). 1 2 8 cf reference to „von der Laber" in Μ F A L K N E R 1 7 0 . 1 2 9 s. Μ F A L K N E R 6 7 , s. v. blä-vuoj. 1 3 0 For contexts in this paragraph s. locken and luoder (and H Ä T Z L I s. v. viir-werferi). 1 3 1 cf P A R Z I V A L 1 6 3 , 7 ff s. V . mü^er-sperware\ PLEIER G A R E L 2 7 3 3 ff s. V . sperware; and J O H W Ü R Z 7 2 9 0 ff, s. v. schelle & luoder. 1 3 2 s. y. %am & Herne; s. Hatto, „Das Falkenlied des Kürenbergers" (1959). 1 3 3 i. e. by considering both strophes to be spoken by a woman (whereas the poem is in fact a 127

HÄTZL

xxxi

Literary sources

"lost falcon" allegories of the 14th and 15th centuries134. No other examples have yet been noted in Mediaeval German literature135 in which the wings of a falcon are decorated with gold, except for the Kürenberger echo in M H D M I N N E R E D E N I 9, 234f; Kürenberger's reference to this feature may thus be poetic symbolism. Other symbolic roles, in poetic narrative, are associated particularly with the sparrow-hawk: for the use of this bird as a tournament-prize, and as a seduction or betrayal motif, s. sperware ( 2 ) . Note also the miraculous falcon-bell of L O H E N G R I N 361 ff, s. v. schelle. A discussion of the röle of falconry in MHG literature would be incomplete without specific reference to Wolfram v. Eschenbach's usage. In his imagery, Wolfram draws repeatedly on his clearly detailed knowledge of falconry, and introduces many references to the sport in passages where they are least expected. Several of Wolfram's images refer to the moulting of a hawk 136 : s. P A R Z I V A L 1 7 0 , 1 7 (in which Gurnemanz speaks of his loss of „werdekeit"); P A R Z I V A L 4 2 4 , 1 (describing girls who have reached puberty); and W O L F R W I L L E H A L M 3 0 9 , 2 7 (describing the earth, completing its "moult" in the Spring). Three of Wolfram's more startling similes relate to the feeding of hawks 137 : s. P A R Z I V A L 1 9 1 , 1 3 (describing starving men: they would not have had over-full crops, had they been hawks 1 ) ; P A R Z I V A L 2 0 1 , 1 4 (Parzival feeds the starving men moderately, so that they do not suffer from over-full crops); and P A R Z I V A L 4 8 7 , 9 (Wolfram would be keen to hunt, if he were a hawk fed on the modest food which Parzival ate with Trevrizent). For Wolfram's use of the terms k r ö p f e l i n , ü b e r - k r ü p f e and ü b e r - k r ü p f e n , s.discussions, v. kropf (2). Among other falconry images in Wolfram's works, reference should be made to P A R Z I V A L 286, 25 ff, s. v. schelle (for Wolfram's humorous treatment of the conventional comparison between a hawk and a warrior); P A R Z I V A L 4 2 7 , 1 6 , s. v. valken-ouge (praising "Queen" Antikonie); W O L F R W I L L E H A L M 2 3 1 , 2 7 , s.v. veder-spil (Wolfram would „Wechsel", as Hatto has shown, with the first strophe spoken by a man). A recent advocate of the "lost falcon" interpretation has been Wapnewski („Des Kürenbergers Falkenlied", 1959): heattempts to justify this interpretation by stating that „in anderiu lant fliegen" was a technical falconry term, denoting the flying away of a hawk against its master's will; he quotes no other MHG example of this phrase, however, and there appears to be no evidence to support his theory that this was a technical falconry term (he quotes the phrases „in ein ander Land fallen", dated 1582, and „in fremde Lande fallen", dated 1928, but these are scarcely valid evidence for Kürenberger's period. The words „entflogen . . . in fremde lant" might also be quoted in favour of Wapnewski's argument, from HEINR MÜG II402 (s. footnote 134 below); they occur, however, in a poem based on Kürenberger's original lyric. 134 cf KÜRENB 8, 33f (Ich zöch mir einen valken/ mere danne ein jär) and HÄTZL I, 19f (Ich hatt ain valcken mir erzogen, / Ist lenger denn ain Jar); cf KÜRENB 9, 3f (er huop sich üf vil höhe/ und floug in anderiu lant) and HEINR MÜG II 402, l f (min falk ist mir entflogen / so wit in fremde lant); cf KÜRENB 9, 7 ff (er fuorte an sinem fuoze / sidine riemen, / und was im sin gevidere / alröt guldin) and M H D MINNEREDEN I 9, 234f (nu fürt er hin daz rode golt / und auch di glanczen schellen). 135 But note the "haukr", with golden wings, in the Volsungasaga 25: „Sjadrar hans väru med gulligum lit." It is not certain, however, what sort of hawk was involved, or whether this passage was derived from German „Nibelungen" poetry; it is also not certain whether the wings were naturally golden, or artificially decorated (the passage is clearly symbolic, and not necessarily a reflection of actual falconry practice): s. Eis („Das Eddische Traumlied" p. 178) and Hofmann („Falkenjagd u. Falkenhandel" p. 115ff). Note also Late MHG references to valken-vartve (although the exact nature of such "colours" is uncertain); cf attachment of gold bells to a hawk, s. v. schelle I (2). 136 137

xxxii

s. quotes s. v. mü^e and scharen. s. quotes s. v. kropf.

Literary sources

exchange a trained hawk for the armed ladies' „semftenier"); W O L F R W I L L E H A L M 3 1 7 , 6 , s. V . g e m (the blunting of one's desire); and W O L F R T I T 6 4 , s. v. locken (Sigune's boast that she can lure Minne). Wolfram's falconry imagery is notable for its originality: he tends to avoid the more conventional aspect of the sport, i. e. the mere pursuit of quarry, and concentrates on other features, such as the moulting and feeding of hawks. His incidental references to falconry are more frequent than those of other Classical M H G poets, and it may be safely deduced that he had more than an average interest in the sport 138 . 138

s. also note s. v. sprin^elln

3 Dalby, Lexicoa

(2).

xxxiii

CHAPTER FOUR: NON-LITERARY SOURCES 1. Professional Treatises Fourteen professional treatises have been included among the sources for this Lexicon, all dating from the late MHG period (only one, the „Habichtslehre", can be dated with certainty before 1400). The writing of professional hunting treatises was not a late mediaeval development, however, as witnessed by the "De arte venandi cum avibus" of Frederick II and the "De arte bersandi" attributed to Guicennas (both by German1 authors, writing in the first half of the 13th century). It is probable that many of the late MHG treatises will have been based on earlier works, but by their very nature these works will have been subject to revision and rewriting, and thus less readily preserved in their original form than literary or legal sources. The MHG professional treatises are best considered in four groups: treatises on the judgement and harbouring of a stag, falconry treatises, treatises on trapping and fowling methods, and translations of Petrus de Crescentiis. TREATISES ON THE JUDGEMENT AND HARBOURING OF A STAG

Before the commencement of a stag chase it was necessary to select a suitable stag by correct judgement (s. spur) of its "slot" or trail (s. spor, vart), and then to "harbour" or locate it within a certain area (s. be-staten 1 c, er-stateri). This task was assigned by the higher nobility to the most experienced and senior of their employed huntsmen, since the whole sport depended on the selection of a worthy animal, one which would offer a good chase and would be worthwhile quarry when finally caught. The huntsman set out at dawn with a "lymer" or leit-hunt, and examined the paths (s. wandet) which the deer had followed on their return to cover (s. hol%), from their nightpasture (s. ayn, weide lb). By correct judgement of the various tokens or ^eichen left by the passing deer, it was possible for him to select the trail of a large stag and to follow it as far as cover. The huntsman then made a "ring walk" round the area with his hound (s. umbe-slaheri), to ensure that the stag had not left cover again; he returned to inform the hunt, and the stag was moved from cover (s. rüeren I, ruore) when the huntsmen and hounds were in position. Four 15th century German treatises cover the art of correctly judging and harbouring a stag: all these treatises have been either re-edited or edited for the first time by Lindner, in his current series „Quellen und Studien zur Geschichte der Jagd". The oldest and most important of these treatises is the „Lehre von den Zeichen des Hirsches", which survives in at least eleven 15th and 16th century Mss and three printed editions (of 1531, 1560 and 1610). Lindner („Lehre von den Zeichen des Hirsches", 1956) has edited the earliest of these Mss (Ms A dated 1409 or 1415), together with full variants from nine of the remaining manuscripts and prints2. Frederick being German on his father's side (Henry VI), as well as being German Emperor. The remaining four Mss came to light after the publication of this ed: s. Lindner's supplementary discussion on the „Lehre v. den Zeichen des Hirsches", in „Dt Jagdtraktate des 15 u. 16 Jhs" II p. 53 ff (1959). 1

2

xxxiv

Non-literary sources

For the chronological arrangement of quotations, in this Lexicon, this source has been treated as early 15th century: it is probable, however, that the treatise is considerably older than the earliest surviving Ms, or was based on a much earlier version 3 . This treatise is the first to give any detailed description of the tokens by which a stag could be judged, and most of the terminology connected with these tokens is thus first recorded in the early 15th century 4 . It would be wrong, however, to consider this specialised terminology as being a late mediaeval feature. The procedure of judging a stag before a stag chase will have been as old as the sport itself, and it is probable that some of these apparently late mediaeval terms will have had their origin in early M H G or even in O H G 5 . That there is little record of these terms, prior to the 14th and 15th centuries, is explained by the fact that the judgement of a stag's tokens was a specialised task, undertaken by an employed (although senior) huntsman before the commencement of the chase: it did not form part of the actual sport, as normally practised by the higher nobility. Some members of the lower nobility themselves undertook the task of judging and harbouring a stag before they set out on the chase (s. p. xi above), but the terminology of this specialised aspect of the hunt did not form part of courtly language (unlike the terms connected with the actual chase, which were used frequently in literary narrative and imagery). The „Lehre von den Zeichen des Hirsches", which catalogues in detail the various tokens of a stag, was used also as the source for four later treatises on the subject: these four treatises are edited by Lindner as a supplement to his edition of „Lehre von den Zeichen des Hirsches". Three of these treatises were written in the 16th century, and are not therefore used as sources for this Lexicon; the earliest, however, belongs to the late 15th century, and has been quoted here as a source: the „Erkenntnis eines Hirsches", by Freiherr Kuno zu Winenburg und Beilstein. The first half of this treatise has been the most valuable in providing examples of otherwise unrecorded terms or usages, whereas the second half follows the text of the „Lehre von den Zeichen des Hirsches" more closely. The two remaining treatises under this heading are concerned with the training and use of a "lymer" or leit-hunt, in seeking and following the trail of a stag: these are the „Lehre vom Arbeiten der Leithunde" and „Die Lehre von des Hirsches Gescheitheit und seinem Wandel", both probably written about the middle of the 15th century 6 . The latter appears to have been written by a master of the hunt in the employ of a high-ranking noble 7 , and provides a s. Lindner's introduction to the „Lehre v. den Zeichen des Hirsches", p. 11 ff; s. also öre (2). Although a number of the terms occur in Hadamar's „ J a g d " (c. 1335—40) and in other 14 century poems; cf entries for abe-treten, and also for the terms listed above: s. p. xi, footnote 6 above. 5 s. insigel (2). 6 These treatises are edited by Lindner in his „Dt Jagdtraktate des 15 u. 16 J h s " II, pp. 40ff and 119ff (s. also his comprehensive introductions to these texts: pp. 15ff & 108fT). 7 cf GESCHEITHEIT 5 Ν: Item wan du mit (Ms = bist) fiirsten oder herren über landt jagen wilt, do annder jäger auch des tags bey dir oder neben dir gen holtz zyehen . . . Dan es ist mir selber auch dick not geschehen, das ich meinen lauff hab müssen wyssen mit meinen brüchen vnd solliche(n) beyzaichen. Ich were sunst dick for fursten vnd herren geschmächt worden. 3 4

3·

xxv

Non-literary sources

valuable source for hunting terminology 8 . Both texts are notable for the imaginative style in which they are written 9 . FALCONRY TREATISES

The earliest of the German falconry treatises, „Die ältere deutsche Habichtslehre", dates from the end of the 14th century, and describes the care, training and flying of the goshawk; the early 15th century „Beizbüchlein", partly based on the „Habichtslehre", is also confined to the goshawk 10 . The concentration on this one species of hawk indicates that the two treatises were probably written for the lower gentry or burghers, who were more likely to use the goshawk, a bird notable for its capabilities in filling the larder, rather than for any display of fine flying11. The „Beizbüchlein" had a wide circulation, and survives in five 15th century Mss and four early prints (1480, 1497, 1510 & 1531); the text of the „Habichtslehre" was followed closely by Eberhard Tappe in his later treatise on „Waidwerck vnd Federspiel" (Strassburg 1542). These two treatises have proved of great value in reconstructing Mediaeval German falconry terminology, since they fill the gaps left by earlier sources. The terms associated with the actual training and flying of falcons, as a noble sport, occur frequently in literary works, whereas the specialised terminology relating to the actual care of hawking birds is used much less frequently in these sources. That noblemen, and even royalty, might take an interest in the care of their birds is indicated by Frederick II's famous treatise, "De arte venandi cum avibus"; in general, however, this full-time task was untertaken by employed falconers, and the associated terminology consequently found its way much less readily into courtly literature. It is nevertheless certain that this sphere of terminology, as recorded in the „Habichtslehre" and „Beizbüchlein", will have been very much older than these sources. This is demonstrated by scattered references to the care of hawks, found in the literature and laws of earlier centuries12. Two further treatises, „Die Wiener Falkenheilkunde" (15 century) 13 and „Zwey bücher des königs Dagus" (end 15 century) 14 are mainly veterinary works, discussing 8 esp the hunting cries addressed to the hound (cf weide-sprucb, wol-hin) and to the other huntsmen at the beginning of the hunt (cf mid-geschrei, α>ol-üf). 9 cf LEITHUND 76 r: wan ein grosser hirsch geet doher sam ein drunckhener bauer jn zweien pundschuchen; also GESCHEITHEIT 5 c: Dann wirt er (der hirsz) gaun vff die weg gegen dir vnd von dir vnd legt dann zway cklain schuch an vnd schreytt eng als ain junckfrow, die zu dem tantz will gaun. 1 0 For brief references to other hawks, s. BEIZB (E) 3r, 42 v, 49 r—v. Both the above treatises have been ed by Lindner, „Die Dt Habichtslehre", 1955 (one of the „Beizbüchlein" Mss was discovered by Lindner after publication of this volume, and will be included in his second ed). 1 1 s. habecb. For the use of hawks by the lower gentry, cf reference to schilt-man in TIROL W E I S T I V p. 1 0 2 (s. v. mint); for their use by burghers, cf reference to v e d e r - s p i l in NÜRNB POL p. 3 1 0 (s. v. un-^it). 1 2 s. hamel, korp, kropf (lc, d), ric I & Stange I. 13 ed Lindner, „Die Dt Habichtslehre" p. 233 ff. 14 ed Gerdessen, „Beitrag zur Entwicklung der Falknerei und der Falkenheilkunde" (Diss., Tierärztl. Hochschule Hannover, 1956).

xxxvi

Non-literary sources

the diseases and illnesses of hawks. Although veterinary terms are not within the scope of this Lexicon, these two sources have provided several examples of other falconry terms: the first of these treatises is an original German work, and the second is translated from a Med Lat original. 15 Two German versions also exist of the chapters by Albertus Magnus on hawks, horses and hounds (in his 13th century opus "de Animalibus"). The earlier of these translated versions, dated 1404, reveals considerable indifference on the part of the translator, Wernher Ernesti; the second version, written by Heinrich Münsinger (or Mynsinger) in about 1440, is of a much higher standard.16 Münsingens work provides valuable examples of German falconry terms, but must be treated with reserve in any consideration of the falcon-names involved. Many of these have not been recorded elsewhere, and do not necessarily represent bird-names in general use (several being loans or loan-translations, based on the Latin names used by Albertus): s. discussion s. v. valke (2). Extracts in this Lexicon have also been quoted from the MHG treatise "Aucupatorium Herodiorum", compiled from various non-German sources by Eberhard Hicfelt (c. 1415)17. TREATISES ON TRAPPING AND FOWLING METHODS

Two short but interesting treatises are included under this heading: the „Vogeljagdbüchlein vom Bodensee" 18 (written between 1440 and 1470), and „Vogelfang und Hasensuche"19 (c. 1450). The first of these treatises describes several primitive methods of trapping birds and deer (including even the poisoning of deer with urine): it is difficult to believe that the treatise could have been intended for anyone other than trappers and poachers (probably trapping game for sale). The second treatise deals with the luring of birds towards the fowler's hut and their trapping by means of a "cloven stick" or lime-rods (s. klobe and Itm-spindeT); it concludes with an account of how to find and get within range of a hare, without the use of a hound. This treatise thus also appears to have been intended for fowlers and trappers, concerned with obtaining game for sale. TRANSLATIONS OF PETRUS DE CRESCENTIIS

The tenth book of the (13th century) "Opus ruraliumcommodorum", by the Italian Petrus de Crescentiis, provides a valuable survey of mediaeval falconry, fowling and trapping methods. This work was translated into German in two late mediaeval versions, independent of each other 20 ; the earlier translation survives in four Mss from the second half of the 15th century, and the later translation first appeared as an incunable by Peter Drach (Speyer 1493, and in a second undated edition of about 1495). 1 5 s. Gerdessen's introduction (p. 81 ff); „Dagus", in the Mediaeval German title, is a corrupt form of „Dancus". 1 6 For both German translations, and full notes, s. Lindner, „ V o n Falken, Hunden und Pferden" (2 vols, 1962). 1 7 ed Lindner, „Dt Falkentraktate des 15 bis 17 Jhs" (to be published shortly). 1 8 ed Eis, Beitr. ζ. Gesch. der dt Spr. u. Lit. Bd L X X V I I I (1956), p. 226 ff. 1 9 ed Lindner, „Dt Jagdtraktate des 15 u. 16 Jhs" Bd I (1959), p. llfT. 2 0 Both German translations of the tenth book (with extracts from the ninth) are edited by Lindner in „Das Jagdbuch des Petrus de Crescentiis" (1957).

xxxvii

Non-literary sources

The earlier translation has been treated in this Lexicon, for chronological purposes, as belonging to the second half of the 15th century, but there are indications of its having had an earlier origin, perhaps as early as the end of the 14th century21. Both translations serve as sources for MHG terminology, but need to be treated with reserve, since the translators are often influenced by foreign terminology, or by misinterpretations of the original text22.

2. Zoological Treatises The frequent fantasy of mediaeval zoological works reduces their value as a source of information on actual hunting practice. The three German versions of the Med Lat "Physiologus" have been consulted, however, and have provided a few early examples of MHG hunting terms23. Konrad v. Megenberg's „Das Buch von der Natur" (middle 14 century; ed Pfeiffer 1861) has also been used as a source, although it is of limited value. This treatise is based on the 13 century "Liber de natura rerum" of Thomas de Chantimpre, and tends to be speculative and fanciful.

3. Lexicographical Sources Mediaeval glosses and dictionaries have served to provide Early and Late MHG examples of hunting terms. Examples recorded in the „Althochdeutsche Glossen" (ed Steinmeyer & Sievers) have been quoted as sources for MHG usage only when the manuscripts concerned belong to the 11th century or later, and only when the term has been confirmed as still in use in the MHG period, from at least one other source. Of particular value have been the two large glossaries compiled by Diefenbach, mainly from Mediaeval Latin/German dictionaries and wordlists 24 ; three of the earliest printed dictionaries have also been consulted25. A limiting feature of both the early glosses and the later dictionaries has been the frequent imprecision or vagueness of the Latin equivalents used26.

4. Legal and Other Official Sources The earliest of these sources is the „Sachsenspiegel" of Eicke v. Repgow (c. 1225), the translation of a Latin treatise on German law. This work contains an interesting reference to the royal hunting forests in Saxony27, and also lists several types of s. Lindner's introduction p. 14ff. cf meidet. 23 cf jaget, jeger, spor & werfen I. 24 "Glossarium latino-germanicum media; et infimac astatis" (1857), and "Novum gloss, lat-germ. med. et inf. xt." (1867). 2 5 "Vocabularius theutonicus" (Nürnberg 1482); "Vocabularius incipiens theutonicum ante latinum" (Peter Drach, Speyer 1485); "Vocabularius rerum" (Strassburg 1489). 26 s. p. iv above. 27 SACHSENSP II, 6 1 — 6 2 (s. v. ban, koppelen & hegen). 21

22

xxxviii

Non-literary sources

hound in a chapter on theft 28 . The „Schwabenspiegel", probably late 13 century, is partly based on the „Sachsenspiegel" (via the „Deutschenspiegel", an extended version of the „Sachsenspiegel"); the „Schwabenspiegel" also draws on the earlier "Lex Baiuvariorum" (8th century). Of particular hunting interest are the chapters on hunting preserves29, on fines payable for the theft or killing of various types of hound or hawk 30 , and on the installation ceremony of the Duke of Carinthia31. Many valuable sources for terminology have been found among the major collections of mediaeval „Weistümer". Local German laws were recorded almost exclusively in Latin until the 13th century (inasmuch as they were committed to parchment at all), but German began to be used in legal documents at the beginning of the 13th century, and its use increased rapidly from about 1280 onwards32. For these early MHG laws, the „Corpus der altdeutschen Originalurkunden bis zum Jahr 1300" has been consulted, but the number of 13th century hunting laws is unfortunately very small; laws concerning hunting rights are found far more frequently in 14th and 15th century documents, and these sources have been consulted mainly in the two large collections of Weistümer: the „Deutsche Weistümer" (of J. Grimm) and the „Österreichische Weistümer". Mention should also be made of the 15th century municipal laws of Nuremberg and Strassburg, regulating the activities of fowlers and trappers in the neighbourhood of those cities33. Especially valuable are the official accounts contained in the „Marienburger Tresslerbuch", which throw light on the extensive export-trade in falcons, operated from Königsberg around 1400 (s. esp. kase). They also provide evidence of the comparative values attached to the different species of falcon (s. valke 2). III, 47 (s. v. het^e-bunf). 197 (s. v. ban & griie^en); corresponding in part to SACHSENSP II, 61. 3 0 SCHWABENSP 2 7 8 (s. v. biber-bmt,jage-hunt, spUr-hunt, trip-hunt, rüde & mint) and 2 7 9 (s. v. habecb); these chapters correspond closely to "Lex Baiuvariorum" Tit 20 and 21 („Germanenrechte" II, 2) and therefore should be treated with reserve, in view of the large time-gap involved. 31 SCHWABENSP 418 (s. v. jeger-meister & jeger-roc). 32 This rapid increase is reflected in the number of MHG legal documents recorded in the first three volumes of the „Corpus der altdeutschen Originalurkunden": over 500 from the years 1200— 1282, almost 1100 from the years 1283—1292, and over 800 from the four years 1293—1296. 33 The „Nürnberger Polizeiverordnungen" (s. v. bert, un-^it & wildenare), and the „Strassburger Zunft- und Polizeiverordnungen" (s. ν. vogeler & vogel-grien). 28

SACHSENSP

29

SCHWABENS?

xxxix

CHAPTER FIVE: THE L A N G U A G E OF THE HUNT A comparison of the "hunting languages" of Germany, France and England, during the mediaeval and modern periods, reveals an important distinction between that of Mediaeval Germany on the one hand, and that of either Modern Germany or of Medieval France and England on the other. The term "language", implying a linguistic entity, is not so accurately applied to Mediasval German hunting terminology, which is less isolated from general language than are these other "hunting languages". This distinction has been overlooked in previous discussions, and M H G hunting terminology has often been treated in terms of Modern German „Weidmannssprache" 1 . The conscious cultivation of "correct" hunting language had its origin in Mediaeval France, and is closely allied to French hunting rituals and traditions 2 : the emphasis in these traditions was on correct form, and on courtly behaviour during the hunt. These traditions were introduced into England by the Normans, but did not have any widespread influence in Germany until the post-mediaeval period (16th—18th centuries). The terminology used by Mediaeval German huntsmen and falconers was determined by practical considerations, and was not cultivated artificially. References to the correct usage of hunting terminology are consequently very rare in M H G sources, and it is significant that Gottfried's discussion of French hunting terms has been the only such reference noted before the beginning of the 15th century 3 . Even the 15th century references do not point to an artificial cultivation of hunting language 4 . 1 cf Schmertzing („Dt Weidmannssprache bis Anf des 16 Jhs", p. IV): „Das größte Problem besteht darin, von jedem einzelnen Wort festzustellen, ob es ein Jägerwort ist oder nicht." His discussion of mediaeval terms is often bedevilled by his attempt to draw a sharp dividing line between hunting and general usage, and by his unjustified interpretation of MHG hunting terminology as a „Klassensprache" (cf his entries for erfahren, ergehen and harren). Püst („Die Jagd im mhd Epos") likewise uses the modern epithets „weidmännisch" and „unweidmännisch" to describe mediaeval terms: s. discussion s. v. läge (2). 2 s. p. xiii ff above, for a discussion of these French rituals and traditions (as reflected in Gottfried's „Tristan"). 3 cf G O T T F R T R I S T 2905f: daz die da cimbre nennent, / die den bastlist erkennent; 2953f: diz heizent si f u r k i e / in unser jegerie; and 3025ff: als hat diu jegerie / den selben namen curie / von c u i r e vunden unde genomen. 4 cf Ζ DES H I R S C H E S (A) 138v: dz zeichen nenne(n)t die gut(e)n jege(r) dz näsli; 139v: Dz zeich(e)n nenne(n)t die gut(e)n jege(r) den gru(m)me(n) . . . da sprech(e)n sümlich jeg(er) es heisi das burgstal (Mss D E H have „ettlich jeger": for detrimental sense of „ettlich", cf beware 2 ) ; also K U N O (S. 16): dasz nenen die guttenn jeger dasz ereyllen. These three examples all refer to the finer tokens left by the imprint of a stag's foot (cf ^eichen II): this was the most detailed and technical sphere of hunting terminology, in which precise and recognised terms would have been required for purely practical reasons. In GESCHEITHEIT 5r—v, there is the following advice: Vnd wiltu ain gutte(n) hundt behenngen vnd erfolgen oder gerichten, welches du den nemest vnd redest, mag dir nyeman annderst vermercken dan das du recht redest; here again the reference is not to the correct use of hunting terms in general, but to the correct addressing of a hound: the use of set phrases will have been

xl

T h e language of the hunt

The contrast between the practical development of hunting terminology in Germany, and the artificial cultivation of hunting language in France and England, is revealed by reference to Mediasval French and English sources. The most notable element in this consciously developed hunting language was the extensive proliferation of terms, whereby different names were given to the same feature in different animals. While German huntsmen mastered the detailed but useful terminology associated with the finer tokens of a stag 5 , so their French and English contemporaries were obliged to master a large and often unnecessary vocabulary, including terms for the excrement or droppings of different animals6, and artificial group-terms for a wide range of animals and birds7. These elements were already an established part of French and English hunting language at the beginning of the 14th century8, and had reached an exaggerated level by the following century9. That this exaggerated language was actually used is indicated by the opening lines of the Egerton Ms 1995: "Note ye the properteys / that longythe to a yonge gentylle / man to haue knowynge of suche / thyngys that longythe vnto hym / as hyt shalle folowe herynne / wrytnge &c" (the list of group-terms for animals and birds then follows) 10 . That the highly specialised rituals and terminology of the Anglo-French hunt were wellknown to the English nobility, by the second half of the 14th century, is indicated by the widespread use of technical terms in the two ME alliterative poems, "The Parlement of the Thre Ages" and "Sir Gawayne and the Grene Knight" 11 . The vivid and detailed descriptions given in the hunting passages of these poems serve as background to the main themes, and are unsurpassed in beauty and detail by any essential in the training of a hound, both to accustom it to certain commands and to enable other huntsmen to control the hound when necessary. The only other similar reference, so far noted, is in MÜNSINGER 4V, where the German translator makes a logical distinction between the use of „ s t ö j e n " and „slahen" (s. slahen I, 2). 5

These finer tokens appear to have been largely unknown in France and England. Hare ("Language of Field Sports" p. 149f) lists 28 Mediasval and Modern English terms for various types of droppings; cf ge-lase (2). 7 Hare, op cit p. 178 ff, lists approx 200 Mediaeval and Modern English terms for various herds and flocks. 8 cf the Anglo-Norman & M E versions of the "V6nerie" o f T w i t i (early 14 cent), writtenin the form of question and answer between pupil and master; this short treatise is devoted almost entirely to a lesson on the more formal aspects of hunting lore: the correct use of hunting terms and horn-signals, the correct assessment of a stag's antlers (in terms of "points"), and the correct addressing of a hound. Twiti distinguishes three different terms for the droppings of various animals and three terms for the herds of various game; he lists four separate terms for the wild-boar and six for the stag, according to their age. 9 In the "Master of G a m e " (early 15 cent), the number of terms for the droppings of game has increased to seven (five of which are based on the French terms used by Gaston Phoebus in the 14 cent: s. p. 210 of Baillie-Grohman's Appendix to "Master of Game"). In the Egerton Ms 1995 (c. 1452) and the "Boke of St Albans" (1486) almost 70 different terms are listed for various herds and flocks of animals and birds, together with 21 different terms in the "Boke of St Albans" for the breaking up of game (A Dere broken, A Gose reryd, etc): cf Hare, op. cit. pp. 160 & 178ff. 10 Quoted by Hare, op. cit. p. 125. 11 cf "Parlement" 25ff for a technical description of a stag's antlers; 66ff for a complete account of the breaking up of the stag; and 209ff for the detailed record of a hawking expedition; cf "Gawayne" 1126ff for the commencement of a deer h u n t ; 1319ff for the breaking up of the quarry; 1415ff & 1561 ff for a boar hunt; 1690ff & 1894ff for a fox hunt. 6

xli

T h e language of the hunt

account of the hunt in Mediaeval German. Yet in the abundant use of technical terms, especially in " T h e Parlement of the Thre Ages", there is an echo of the conscious listing of hunting terms in Mediaeval English treatises 12 . In France and England the hunt had become an important feature of courtly life and behaviour, with consequent emphasis on outward form: a knowledge of its ritual and language became essential for any aspiring young gentleman. In Germany, however, the hunt was established in all its forms before the advent of courtly traditions from France. The hunt became a courtly pastime in Mediaeval Germany also 13 , but its language remained largely unchanged, and was not made a measure of courtly behaviour or of noble breeding. The hunting terms used by courtly poets (with the exception of Gottfried) are mainly native German terms, which from their form and wide usage will have been understandable to all classes: these terms usually refer to the more obvious and better known features of hunting, such as the actual chase or the flying of hawks. The more specialised aspects of Mediaeval German hunting terminology are determined by technical requirements, as in the judgement of a stag's trail or the care and training of hawks: in these instances the terminology concerned was largely confined to those responsible for these tasks 14 , and does not usually appear in literary sources (apart from Hadamar's „Jagd"). The terms used to describe the body of a wild animal were still normally those used to describe the body of a domestic animal, in contrast to the many Modern German circumlocutions used by huntsmen today 15 . The tabus which are thought to underlie the use of circumlocutions by modern huntsmen appear to have been insignificant in Mediaeval Germany1®. The function of Medixval hunting terminology is best demonstrated not by comparison with Modern German hunting language, but by comparison with an unrelated modern terminology, which occupies an analogous position in its relationship to society and to general language. A comparison may be made in this way with modern motoring terminology: like hunting in the Middle Ages, motoring is both a pastime and a source of livelihood, and in one form or another is known to every class of society. Its terminology is determined by technical considerations only, and has not yet reached a stage where it is preserved or cultivated artificially. The more obvious features of a vehicle or engine are familiar to most people, and the terms concerned are part of everyday language: the more specialised terms are largely restricted to those who are employed in the industry or trade, and to a minority of the keenest amateurs. After a consideration of the differences existing between hunting terminologies and languages in the Middle Ages, it is important to consider how these have developed in post-mediaeval and modern times: a comparison between Modern English and 1 2 cf the descriptions of a stag's antlers in "Parlement" 25 ff and in Twiti's " V e n e r i e " ( M E version, fol 5 v — 6 ) . 1 3 cf p. xviii ff, above. 1 4 i. e. employed huntsmen or falconers, as far as the higher nobility was concerned; members of the lower nobility, such as Hadamar, appear to have undertaken the judgement of a stag's tokens themselves: s. discussion above, p. xi. 1 5 s. discussion and examples s. v. ore and mül. 1 6 s. iveide-spruch (2); cf also tier (2) for the use of circumlocutions to describe the hind (from the 15th century onwards).

xlii

The language of the hunt

Modern German hunting language is of particular value. From the 16th century onwards, German hunting practice came under the influence of French traditions and language 17 (although it never suffered the linguistic excesses of the French and English hunt). German huntsmen became conscious of hunting terminology, and began to cultivate and formalise it as a "professional" language. This "professional" attitude has not been confined to employed huntsmen, for whom hunting is actually a profession, but has also been a notable characteristic of German sportsmen, up to the present day. In order to preserve a consciously cultivated hunting language and hunting traditions it is necessary to place a barrier between correct and incorrect usage, and thus between "huntsmen" and "non-huntsmen": in Germany, this barrier has been placed between those who have the correct practical knowledge of hunting lore and language, and those who lack this knowledge (the emphasis on the practical requirements of hunting, so noticeable in Medieval Germany, has thus survived). This barrier does not appear to have been affected by social considerations, and the complimentary title of „Weidmann" is applied to a member of any class, to an employed huntsman or to a sportsman (noble or otherwise), provided he has the necessary practical knowledge and skill, and observes the traditions of the hunt 18 . In England, however, the equivalent barrier has been closely associated with social barriers: as already in the mediaeval and post-medixval periods, the emphasis has remained on outward form, and on correct speech and behaviour 19 . Prominent features of the Modern English hunt are riding, correct dress and correct use of hunting language; prominent features of the Modern German hunt are woodcraft, marksmanship and correct knowledge of hunting language and hunting lore. In England, faulty behaviour or wrong use of language in the hunt has remained a sign of bad breeding, and may result in social ostracism; in Germany, it is an offence against "professional" etiquette and used to be rewarded with a ceremonial spanking, administered with the flat of a huntsman's knife 20 ! In English, the term "sportsman" is the nearest equivalent to „Weidmann", as a complimentary term: the English word is applied only to a "gentleman", however, and not to a hunt servant. It is significant that so many treatises and glossaries should have been devoted to Modern German hunting language, which must be mastered by all aspiring huntsmen 21 ; it is equally significant that there should be so few handbooks on Modern English hunting language, which remains the mark of a social class. s. p. xv, footnote 25 above. s. mide-man (2 & 3) for the development in meaning of MHG w e i d e - m a n / NHG W e i d mann. The modern attitude towards hunting language and tradition is reflected in the preface by Kautzch to his glossary „Die Jägersprache" (publ 1940): Die grüne Gilde will sich durch die die jagdlichen Dinge betreffende Sprache von anderen menschlichen Gemeinschaften abheben und sich als etwas Besonderes hinstellen. Wer als Jäger von diesem Gefühle der Zusammengehörigkeit beseelt ist, wird dann auch bestrebt sein, sich der Jägersprache richtig zu bedienen. Tut er es nicht, etwa aus Mangel an genügender Kenntnis der Sprache, so kann er nicht als waidgerecht angesehen werden. 1 9 Hare (op. cit. p. 1) draws attention to an interesting comment by Ben Jonson: Why you know an a man have not skill in the hawking and hunting languages now-a-days, I'll give not a rush for him. They are more studied than the Greek or the Latin. He is for no gallant's company without them. 20 „das Weidmesser geben" (a practice first recorded in the 16 cent); s. mid-me^^er (3). 21 Questions on hunting language form part of the now compulsory examination which precedes the granting of a huntsman's licence in Germany: cf Blase, „Die Jägerprüfung" (1960). 17 18

xliii

MIDDLE HIGH GERMAN SOURCES (1050—1500) „Althochdeutsche Glossen"; ed Steinmeyer & Sievers ( 4 vols), 1 8 7 9 — 9 8 (used for 11 and 12 cent glosses) A L B R O V I D : Albrecht v. Halberstadt, „Ovids Metamorphosen"; ed Bartsch, 1861 A L T D T BEISPIELE: „Altdeutsche Beispiele"; ed Pfeiffer, ZfdA VII p. 318ff, 1849 A L T P H Y S : „Der ältere Physiologus"; ed Wilhelm, Denkmäler dt Prosa des 11 und 12 Jhs, 1914 (reprinted 1960) A L T S W E R T : Meister Altswert; ed Holland & Keller, Stuttg. Lit. Ver. XXI, 1850 ANEGENGE: „Anegenge"; ed Hahn, Gedichte des 12 und 13 Jhs (Bibl. der gcsammten dt Nat. Lit. XX), 1840 ANNOLIED: „Das Annolied"; ed Bulst, 1946 A N T I C H R I S T : „Antichrist"; ed Hoffmann, Fundgruben f. Gesch. dt Sprache und Lit. I p. 127ff, 1830 APOLL : Heinrich v. Neustadt, „Apollonius v. Tyrland"; ed Singer DTMA VII, 1906 A R I S T & F I L L I S : „Aristoteles und Fillis"; ed Hagen, Gesammtabenteuer I p. 1 9 ff, 1 8 5 0 A T H I S & PROPHIL: „Athis und Prophilias"; ed W . Grimm, Philol. und hist. Abhandlungen der Königl. Akad. der Wissenschaften zu Berlin (1852) pp. 1—16 B E I Z B : „Beizbüchlein"; ed Lindner, Dt Habichtslehre, 1955 B E R T H REGENSB: Berthold v. Regensburg, „Predigten"; ed Pfeiffer (2 vols), 1862 & 1880 BITEROLF: „Biterolf und Dietleib"; ed Jänicke, Dt Heldenbuch I, 1866 BONER: Ulrich Boner, „Der Edelstein"; ed Pfeiffer, 1844 BORKEN : „Rechnungen des hessischen Amts Borken"; entries quoted by Landau, Beitr. ζ. Gesch. der Jagd und der Falknerei in Deutschland, 1849 B R A C K E : „Die Brackenjagd"; ed Dalby, Mediaeval German Studies presented to Frederick Norman, London 1965 (in press) B U R K A R T : Burkart v. Hohenfels; ed Kraus, Dt Liederdichter des 13 Jhs, 1952 BUSANT: „der Busant"; ed Hagen, Gesammtabenteuer I, p. 333ff, 1850 C H R DT STÄDTE: „Chroniken der deutschen Städte"; published Leipzig 1862ff CORPUS: „Corpus der altdeutschen Originalurkunden bis zum Jahr 1300"; I ed Wilhelm, 1929—32; II ed Newald, 1943; III ed de Boor & Haacke, 1957 D A G U S : „Zwei Bücher des Königs Dagus"; ed Gerdessen, Beitr. z. Entwicklung der Falknerei und der Falkenheilkunde (Diss. Tierärztl. Hochschule Hannover), 1956 DEMANTIN: Berthold v. Holle, „Der Demantin"; ed Bartsch, Stuttg. Lit. Ver. CXXIII, 1875 DIEFENB: "Glossarium latino-germanicum mediae et infims aetatis"; ed Diefenbach, 1857 DIEFENB (N): "Novum gloss, lat. germ. med. et inf. art."; ed Diefenbach, 1867 D I E T M A R : Dietmar v. Aist; ed Kraus, Minnesangs Frühling, 1944 DIETR A U S F : „Dietrichs erste Ausfahrt"; ed Stark, Stuttg. Lit. Ver. LH, 1860 DIETR B O R T E : Dietrich v. der Glezze, „Der Borte"; ed Meyer, German. Arbeiten III, 1915 DORNSTETTEN I: „Dornstetten Wildbann" (anno 1400); ed J. Grimm, Dt Weistümer I p. 387 f, 1840 DORNSTETTEN II: „Dornstetten Waldgeding" (anno 1456?); ed J. Grimm, Dt Weistümer I p. 380ff, 1840 D R A C H VOCAB : " Vocabularius incipiens teutonicum ante latinum"; printed by Peter Drach, Speyer 1485 DREIEICHER W I L D B A N N : „Dreieicher Wildbann" (anno 1338); ed J. Grimm, Dt Weistümer, 1840ff (Ms 1 = Bd VI p. 395ff; Ms 2 = Bd I p. 498ff) D T - L A T H E X : „Deutschlateinische Hexameter"; ed Wackernagel, ZfdA V p. 413ff, 1845 D T LIEDERDT 12—14 J H : „Deutsche Liederdichter des 12 bis 14 Jhs"; ed Bartsch (4th ed), 1906 D T LIEDERDT 13 J H : „Deutsche Liederdichter des 13 Jhs"; ed Kraus (Bd I: Text), 1952 D T M Y S T I K E R : „Deutsche Mystiker des 14 Jhs"; ed Pfeiffer (2 vols), 1846—57 D T W E I S T : „Deutsche Weistümer"; ed J. Grimm (7 vols), 1840ff; s. separate entries for DREIEICHER A H D GLOSSEN:

WILDBANN, DORNSTETTEN I & I I , a n d LORSCHER WILDBANN

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Middle High German sources Eilhart v. Oberge, „Tristrant und Isalde"; ed Lichtenstein, Quellen u. Forschungen XIX, 1877 E N E I T : Heinrich V. Veldeke, „Eneit"; ed Ettmüller, 1852 E R E C : Hartmann v. Aue, „Erec"; ed Leitzmann (Altdt. Textbibl.), 1957 ERNESTI : Wernherus Ernesti, „Büchlein von den Süchten der Vögel, Hunde und Pferde"; ed Lindner, Von Falken, Hunden und Pferden Bd I, 1962 E R Z ALTDT Hss: „Erzählungen aus altdeutschen Handschriften"; ed Keller, Stuttg. Lit. Ver. XXXV, 1855 FASTNACHTSSP : „Fastnachtsspiele aus dem 15 Jh"; ed Keller, Stuttg. Lit. Ver. XXVIII—XXX & XCVI, 1853 ff FRAUENLOB : Heinrich v. Meissen (Frauenlob); ed Bartsch, Dt Liederdichter des 12 bis 14 Jhs (4th ed), 1906 (also ed Ettmüller, 1843, and Bartsch, Meisterliedersammlung der Kolmarer Handschrift, 1862) FREIDANK: Freidank, „Bescheidenheit"; ed Bezzenberger, 1872 FRIEDRIV: „Jagdordnung des Herzogs Friedrich IV" (anno 1414); ed Wopfner, Almendregal p. 114, 1906 FRIEDR Ν S C H W : „Friedrich V. Schwaben"; ed Jellinek, DTMA I, 1904 F R I T Z L A R : Herbort V. Fritzlar, „Lied von Troja"; ed Frommann, 1837 FULDISCHER L E H N - B R I E F : „Fuldischer Lehn-Brief über das Jagd-Lehn" (anno 1434); ed Stisser, Forst- und Jagd-Historie der Teutschen (Appendix), 1737 EILH TRIST:

„Gesammtabenteuer"; ed Hagen (3 vols), 1850 „Lehre von des Hirsches Gescheitheit u. seinem Wandel"; ed Lindner, Dt Jagdtraktate des 15 und 16 Jhs II p. 119ff, 1959 GOTTFR T R I S T : Gottfried v. Strassburg: „Tristan und Isolde"; ed Ranke, 1930 H A B I C H T S L : „Ältere deutsche Habichtslehre"; ed Lindner, Dt Habichtslehre, 1955 (2nd ed, incl version (Ν), 1964) H A D A M A R : Hadamar v. Laber, „Die Jagd"; ed Stejskal, 1880 (from which quotations are taken), also ed Schmeller, Stuttg. Lit. Ver. XX, 1850 HAGEN M I N N E S : „Minnesinger"; ed Hägen (4 vols), 1848 HARDEGGER: Der Hardegger; ed Bartsch, Dt Liederdichter des 12 bis 14 Jhs (4th ed), 1906 H A R T B Ü C H L : Hartmann v. Aue, „Das Büchlein"; ed Bech, 1891 H A R T G R E G : Hartmann v. Aue, „Gregorius"; ed Neumann (Dt Klassiker des Mittelalters), 1958 H Ä T Z L : Klara Hätzlerin, „Liederbuch"; ed Haltaus, 1840 HEINR M Ü G : Heinrich V. Mügeln; ed Stackmann, DTMA L—LH, 1959 (also ed Bartsch, Dt Liederdichter des 12 bis 14 Jhs, 1906, and Lang, Ostdeutscher Minnesang, 1958) HEINR T R I S T : Heinrich V. Freiberg, „Tristan"; ed Berndt, 1906 HEINR Ν RUGGE: Heinrich V. Rugge; ed Kraus, Minnesangs Frühling, 1944 HEINZ KONST: Heinzelein V. Konstanz; ed Pfeiffer, 1852 HELMBRECHT: Wernher der Gartena:re, „Meier Helmbrecht"; ed Panzer, Altdt. Textbibl XI, 1930 HERBST M I N N E S : „Herbst des Minnesangs"; ed Naumann & Weydt, 1936 HESS LANDFRIEDE: „Hessischer Landfriede v. J. 1398"; ed Gudenus, Codex Diplomaticus . . . Moguntiaca III p. 641, 1743ff H I C F E L T : Eberhard Hicfelt, „Aucupatorium Herodiorum"; ed Lindner, Dt Falkentraktate des 15 bis 17 Jhs (to be published shortly) HIMMELFAHRTSPIEL: „Maria Himmelfahrtspiel"; ed Mone, Altteutsche Schauspiele, 1 8 4 1 HUGO V M O N T F : Hugo V. Montfort; ed Runge, 1 9 0 6 ; also Naumann & Weydt, Herbst des Minnesangs, 1936 IWEIN: Hartmann v. Aue, „Iwein"; ed Benecke & Lachmann (6th ed), 1959 JAGDAVENT: „Jagdaventiure" (19 line fragment); ed Bone, ZfdA XLVII p. 422ff, 1904 JAGDPREDIGT: „Jagdpredigt" (15 cent Latin sermon, including German hunting terms); ed Schönbach, Zt. f. dt. Wortforschung I p. 335ff, 1901 (to be re-edited shortly by Lindner) JÄGERIN: „Die Jägerin"; ed Dalby, Mediaeval German Studies presented to Frederick Norman, London 1965 (in press) J DER M I N N E : „Jagd der Minne"; ed Lassberg, Liedersaal II, 1846 GESAMMT:

GESCHEITHEIT:

xlv

Middle High German sources Nicolaus v. Jeroschin, „Di kronike v. Pruzinlant"; ed Strehlke, Scriptores rerum Prussicarum I p. 291 ff, 1861 J O H V I R G : „Johann üz dem Virgiere"; ed Priebsch, 1931 J O H W Ü R Z : Johann v. Würzburg, „Wilhelm y. Österreich"; ed Regel, DTMA III, 1906 JÜNG P H Y S : „Der jüngere Physiologus"; ed Wilhelm, Denkmäler dt. Prosa des 11 und 12 Jhs, 1914 (reprinted 1960) JÜNG T I T : Albrecht v. Scharfenberg, „Der jüngere Titurel"; (H) = ed Hahn, 1842; (W) = ed Wolf, DTMA XLV, 1955 (to Str 1957) K A I S E R C H R : „Kaiserchronik"; ed Schröder, Mon. Germ. Hist. (Dt Chron. Bd I), 1892 KANZLER: Der Kanzler; ed Rosenhagen, Kleinere mhd. Erzählungen, Fabeln u. Lehrgedichte, DTMA XVII, 1909 (also ed Kraus, Dt Liederdichter des 13 Jhs, 1952) K A R L IV: „Lehn-Brief Caroli IV von anno 1350 an die Land-Grafen von Thüringen"; ed Stisser, Forst- und Jagd-Historie der Teutschen, 1737 KARLMEINET: „Karlmeinet"; ed Keller, Stuttg. Lit. Ver. XLV, 1858 KAUFUNGER W A L D (I): „Scheide zwischen dem Landgrafen Heinrich v. Hessen u. dem Herzoge Albrecht v.Braunschweig" (1306); (II): „Urkunde über die Ausübung der Jagd im Kaufunger Wald" (1363); s. Landau, Beiträge zur Geschichte der Jagd u. der Falknerei in Deutschland p. 84 f, 1849 KL MHD ERZ : „Kleinere mittelhochdeutsche Erzählungen, Fabeln und Lehrgedichte" (Bd III); ed Rosenhagen, DTMA XVII, 1909 KOLMAR Hs: „Meisterliedersammlung der Kolmarer Handschrift"; ed Bartsch, Stuttg. Lit. Ver. LXVIII, 1862 KÖNIGSBERG: „Königsberger Jagdgedicht"; ed Schulz, Festschrift für O. Schade p. 233ff, 1896 (also ed Stejskal, ZfdA XXIV p. 254ff, 1880) KONR ENGELH: Konrad v. Würzburg, „Engelhart"; ed Gereke, Altdt. Textbibl., 1912 KONR G O L D : Konrad v. Würzburg, „Die Goldene Schmiede"; ed Schröder, 1926 KONR LIEDER: Konrad v. Würzburg, „Lieder und Sprüche"; ed Bartsch, 1871 KONR P A R T : Konrad v. Würzburg, „Partonopier u. Meliur"; ed Bartsch, 1871 KONR T R O J : Konrad v. Würzburg, „Trojanerkrieg"; ed Keller, Stuttg. Lit. Ver. XLIV, 1858 K R O N E : Heinrich v. d. Türlin, „Diu Cröne"; ed Scholl, Stuttg. Lit. Ver. XXVII, 1852 K U D R U N : „Kudrun"; ed Martin (2nd ed, by Schröder), 1911 K U N O : Kuno zu Winenburg und Beilstein, „Erkenntnis eines Hirsches"; ed Lindner, Lehre v. den Zeichen des Hirsches, 1956 K Ü R E N B : Der Kürenberger; ed Kraus, Minnesangs Frühling, 1944 LAMPR A L E X : Pfaffe Lamprecht, „Alexanderlied"; (STRASSB) = 12 cent Strassburg version, ed Kinzel, Germ. Handbibl. 6, 1884; (BASEL) = 15 cent Basel version, ed Werner, Stuttg. Lit. Ver. CLIV, 1881 LANCELOT (P): „Lancelot" (13 cent prose version); ed Kluge, DTMA XL, 1948 L A U R I N : „Laurin und Walberan"; ed Roth, Dt Heldenbuch I p. 201ff, 1866 LEIPZIG H S : Leipziger Universitätsbibl. Hs 1279, B1248 b—259 b (15 cent); ed Haupt, Altdt. Blätter I p. 128 ff, 1836 LEITHUND: „Lehre vom Arbeiten der Leithunde"; ed Lindner, Dt Jagdtraktate des 15 und 16 Jhs II p. 40ff, 1959 LIEDERSAAL: „Liedersaal"; ed Lassberg (3 vols), 1846 LILIENCRON: „Historische Volkslieder der Deutschen"; ed Liliencron (4 vols), 1865ff L I V L R E I M C H R : „Livländische Reimchronik", ed Pfeiffer, Stuttg. Lit. Ver. VII, 1844 LOBGESANG: „Lobgesang auf Maria und Christus" (pseudo-Gottfried); ed Haupt, ZfdA IV p. 513ff, 1844 LOHENGRIN: „Lohengrin"; ed Rückert, 1858 LORSCHER W I L D B A N N : „Lorscher Wildbann" (anno 1423); ed J.Grimm, DtWeistümer I p. 463ff,1840 M A R T I N A : Hugo v. Langenstein, „Die heilige Martina"; ed Keller, Stuttg. Lit. Ver. XXXVIII, 1 8 5 6 MEGENBERG: Konrad v. Megenberg, „Buch der Natur"; ed Pfeiffer, 1 8 6 1 M E L K PRIEST: Heinrich v. Melk, „Priesterleben"; ed Hildebrand, Didaktik aus der Zeit der Kreuzzüge p. 99ff, Dt Nat. Lit. Bd IX, 1888 JEROSCHIN:

xlvi

Middle High German sources Heinrich v. Melk, „Von des todes gehugde"; ed Hildebrand, Didaktik aus der Zeit der Kreuzzüge p. 70ff, Dt Nat. Lit. Bd IX, 1888 MESSEGEBRÄUCHE: „Deutung der Messegebräuche"; ed Pfeiffer, ZfdA I p. 270ff, 1841 Μ FALKNER: „Der Minne Falkner"; ed Schmeller, Stuttg. Lit. Ver. XX p. 170ff, 1850 M H D MINNEREDEN: „Mittelhochdeutsche Minnereden"; Bd I ed Matthai, DTMA XXIV, 1913; Bd II ed Thiele, DTMA XLI, 1938 M I L S T EXOD and M I L S T G E N : „Milstätter Exodus" and „Milstätter Genesis"; ed Diemer, Genesis u. Exodus nach der Milstätter Handschrift, 1862 M I L S T P H Y S : „Der Milstätter Physiologus"; ed Karajan, Dt Sprach-Denkmale des 12 Jhs, p. 71 ff 1846 M I L S T PSALMEN : „Milstätter Psalmen"; ed Törnquist, Lunder Germanistische Forschungen III, 1934 MINNEBURG: „Die Minneburg"; ed Pyritz, DTMA XLIII, 1950 M L A T - D T W B : „Mittellateinisch—hochdeutsch—böhmisches Wörterbuch" (1470); ed Diefenbach, 1846 M O N B O I C A : „Monumenta Boica" (Stadt-, Kloster- u. Kirchenurkunden); ed Academia Scientiarum Monachii, 1763 ff M O N HABSBURG: „Monumenta Habsburgica" ( I Abteilung); ed Chmel, 1854ff M O R I Z : „Moriz v. Craün"; ed Pretzel, Altdt. Textbibl. X L V , 1956 Μ POLO (A): „Marco Polos Reisen" (Admonter Hs); ed Tscharner, DTMA X L , 1935 M Ü N C H LIEDERB: „Münchner Liederbuch" (B1145—169a, 114); ed Frommann, ZfdPh X V p. 104ff, 1883 M Ü N C H O S W : „Sankt Oswald" (Münchner Hs); ed Baesecke, 1907 MÜNSINGER: Heinrich Münsinger, „Buch von den Falken, Habichten, Sperbern, Pferden u. Hunden"; ed Lindner, Von Falken, Hunden und Pferden II, 1962 MELK TOD:

Neidhart V. Reuental; ed Wiessner, Altdt. Textbibl. XLVI, 1955 „Des Teufels Netz"; ed Barack, Stuttg. Lit. Ver. LXX, 1863 N I B E L : „Nibelungenlied"; ed Bartsch (2nd ed), 1926 NÜRNB POL: „Nürnberger Polizeiverordnungen"; ed Baader, Stuttg. Lit. Ver. LXIII, NEIDHART: NETZ:

1861

Der König v. Odenwald; ed Schröder, 1900 „Ortnit"; ed Amelung & Jänicke, Dt Heldenbuch 1—2, 1870—1871 OSTDT MINNESANG: „Ostdeutscher Minnesang"; ed Lang, 1958 Ö S T W E I S T : „Österreichische Weisthümer"; ed Österr. Akademie der Wissenschaften (8 vols, incl ODENWALD: ORTNIT:

TIROL W E I S T ) , 1 8 7 0 ff

Osw

WÖLK:

Oswald v. Wolkenstein; ed Schatz,

1904

: Wolfram v. Eschenbach, „Parzival"; ed Lachmann (7th ed by Hartl), 1952 (also ed Martin, with Kommentar, 1900—03) PASSIONAL: „Das Passional, Legenden-Sammlung des 13 Jhs"; ed Köpke, 1852 PETRUS: „Jagdbuch des Petrus de Crescentiis"; (B) = earlier translation (2nd half, 15 cent) and (Η) = later translation (end 15 cent); both versions ed Lindner, 1957 PLEIER G A R E L : Der Pleier, „Garel vom blühenden Tal"; ed Walz, 1881 PLEIER M E L : Der Pleier, „Meieranz"; ed Bartsch, Stuttg. Lit. Ver. LX, 1861 PLEIER T A N D : Der Pleier, „Tandareis und Flordibel"; ed Khull, 1855 PRIVATBRIEFE : „Deutsche Privatbriefe des Mittelalters"; ed Steinhausen, Denkmäler der dt Kulturgeschichte I, 1899 PARZIVAL

„Rathsbuch von Ueberlingen"; ed Mone, Zt. f. Gesch. des Oberrheins XVII, 1866 REICHSKANZLER: „Reichskanzler . . . des Χ, XI und XII Jhs"; ed Stumpf-Brentano, 1865 REINFRIED: „Reinfried V. Braunschweig"; ed Bartsch, Stuttg. Lit. Ver. CIX, 1871 REINH F U C H S : Heinrich der Glichesasre, „Reinhart Fuchs"; ed Baesecke, 1925 (critical ed; also 2nd ed by Schröder, 1952, for Ms variants) REINMAR: Reinmar der Alte; ed Kraus, Minnesangs Frühling, 1944 RENNER: Hugo v. Trimberg, „Der Renner"; ed Ehrismann, Stuttg. Lit. Ver. CCXLVII—VIII, CCLII & CCLVI, 1908 ff RATHSBUCH V UEBERLINGEN:

xlviii

Middle High German sources Pfaffe Konrad, „Rolandslied"; ed Wesle, Rhein. Beiträge u. Hülfsbiicher zur germ. Phil, u. Volkskunde, 1928 ROTHER: „König Rother"; ed Frings & Kuhn, Altdt. Texte f. d. Akademischen Unterricht II, 1954 ROTH PREDIGT: „Dt. Predigten des 12 und 13 Jahrhunderts"; ed Roth 1839 R U D W E L T C H R : Rudolf v. Ems, „Weltchronik"; ed Ehrismann, DTMA XX, 1915 R U D W I L H : Rudolf v. Ems, „Wilhelm v. Orlens"; ed Junk, DTMA II, 1905 ROLANDSL:

Hermann v. Sachsenheim; ed Martin, Stuttg. Lit. Ver. CXXXVII, 1878 Eicke v. Repgow, „Sachsenspiegel" (Merseburger Hs); ed Schwerin, 1953 SALMAN: „Salman und Morolf"; edVogt, Altdt. Texte f. d. Akademischen Unterricht I, 1880 (reprinted 1954) SARNER PREDIGT: „Sarner Predigtenhandschrift"; ed Wackernagel, Altdt. Predigten und Gebete p. 583ff, 1876 S C H W A B E N S ? : „Schwabenspiegel"; ed Wackernagel, 1840 SCHWAB M Ü N Z : „Brief des Schwäbischen Münzvereins"; ed Mone, Zt. f. Gesch. des Oberrheins VI p. 274ff, 1855 SCHWEIZ M I N N E S : „Schweizer Minnesänger"; ed Bartsch, 1886 SEIFR H E L B : „Seifried Helbling"; ed Seemüller, 1886 SEILERORDNUNG: „Seilerordnung zu Freiburg i. Br."; ed Mone, Zt. f. Gesch. des Oberrheins VI p. 284,1855 SELZ: „Gesindeordnung aus Königsbrück bei Selz"; ed Mone, Zt. f. Gesch. des Oberrheins I p. 188,1850 SPERVOGEL: Spervogel; ed Kraus, Minnesangs Frühling, 1944 STEIERMARK: „Materialien zur Gsechichte des Steirischen Jagdrechtes und der Jagdverfassung"; ed Bachofen v. Echt & Hoffer, Jagdgeschichte Steiermarks I, 1927 STRASSB P O L : „Strassburger Zunft- und Polizeiverordnungen"; ed Brucker, 1889 STRASSB V O G L E R : „Strassburger Voglerordnungen"; ed Mone, Zt. f. Gesch. des Oberrheins IV p. 84ff, 1853 STRICKER: Der Stricker; ed Rosenhagen, Mären v. dem Stricker, 1934 SUCHENWIRT: Peter Suchenwirt, „Sprüche"; ed Primisser, 1827 SACHSENH:

SACHSENSP:

(B. N.): „Tageliet", in Bibl. Nat. Ms. All. 116, fol 314b; ed Norman, Mod. Lang. Review XXVII p. 63ff, 1932 TANNHÄUSER: Der Tannhäuser; ed Siebert, 1934 T A U L E R : „Die Predigten Taulers"; ed Vetter, DTMA XI, 1910 T E I C H N E R : Heinrich der Teichner; ed Niewöhner, DTMA XLIV, XLVI & XLVIII, 1953ff THOMASIN: Thomasin v. Zirclasre, „Der welsche Gast"; ed Rückert, 1852 TIROL W E I S T : „Tirolische Weisthümer" (Bd I—IV, published as Bd II—V of Ö S T W E I S T ) TRESSLERBUCH: „Das Marienburger Tresslerbuch der Jahre 1399—1409"; ed Joachim, 1896 T R I E R A E G I D : „Der Trierer Aegidius" (fragment); ed Bartsch, Germania XXVI p. Iff, 1881 T R I S T ( P R O S E ) : „Tristrant und Isalde" (prose version); ed PFAFF, Stuttg. Lit. Ver. CLII, 1882 TROST IN V E R Z W : „Trost in Verzweiflung"; ed Scherer, ZfdA XX, p. 346ff, 1876 (critical ed; also ed Leitzmann, 1929) TRUDPERT: „St Trudperter Hohes Lied"; ed Menhardt, Rhein. Beitr. u. Hülfsbücher z. germ. Phil. u. Volkskunde XXII, 1934 T Ü R L W I L L E H A L M : Ulrich v. dem Türlin, „Willehalm"; ed Singer, 1893 TAGELIET

Ulrich v. Eschenbach, „Alexander"; ed Toischer, Stuttg. Lit. Ver. CLXXXIII, 1888 Ulrich v. Lichtenstein, „Frauenbuch"; ed Lachmann, 1841 FRAUEND: Ulrich v. Lichtenstein, „Frauendienst"; ed Bechstein, 1888 L A N Z : Ulrich v. Zatzikhoven, „Lanzelet"; ed Hahn, 1845 R E N N : Ulrich v. Türheim, „Rennewart"; ed Hübner, DTMA XXXIX, 1938 T R I S T : Ulrich v. Türheim, „Tristan"; ed Hagen u. Massmann, 1843

ULR ALEX:

U L R FRAUENB: ULR ULR ULR ULR

(MF): Heinrich v. Veldeke; ed Kraus, Minnesangs Frühling, 1944 „Verfolgte Hindin"; ed Keller, Fastnachtsspiele III, Stuttg. Lit. Ver. XXX, 1853 Voc N Ü R N B : "Vocabularius theutonicus"; printed by Conrad Zeninger, Nürnberg 1482 VELDEKE

VERF HINDIN:

xlviii

Middle High German sources Voc Voc

"Vocabularius optimus" (14 cent); ed Wackernagel, 1847 : "Vocabularius rerum"; compiled by W. Brack, printed by Martin Schott, Strassburg

OPTIMUS: RERUM

1489 VOG BODENSEE :

„Vogeljagdbüchlein vom Bodensee"; ed Eis, Beitr. z. Gesch. der dt Sprache u. Lit. LXXVIII p. 226 ff, 1956 VOGELFANG: „Vogelfang und Hasensuche"; ed Lindner, Dt Jagdtraktate des 15 und 16 Jhs I p. l l f f , 1959 VORAU G E N : „Vorauer Genesis"; ed Diemer, Dt Gedichte des 11 u. 12 Jhs, 1849 Walther v. der Vogelweide; ed Lachmann-Kraus (11 ed), 1950 „Wartburgkrieg", ed Rompelman 1939 (also ed Simrock, 1858) WENCESLAS: „Wenceslai Diploma" (anno 1396); ed Stisser, Forst- und Jagd-Historie der Teutschen (Appendix), 1737 W I E N FALKENH: „Wiener Falkenheilkunde"; ed Lindner, Dt Habichtslehre p. 233ff, 1955 W I E N G E N : „Wiener Genesis"; ed Dollmayr, 1932 W I E N Osw: „Sankt Oswald" (Wiener Hs); ed Baesecke, Germanistische Bibl. LXXV, 1912 W I E N W A L T H : Vienna fragment 2a (Hildegvnde brvte) of the MHG version of "Waltharius"; ed Strecker, p. 102ff in his ed of Ekkeharde "Waltharius", 1907 WIGALOIS: Wirnt v. Grafenberg, „Wigalois"; ed Kapteyn, 1926 W I L L I R A M : Williram, „Paraphrase des Hohen Liedes"; ed Seemüller, 1878 W I N D B PSALMEN: „Windberger Psalmen"; ed Graff, Bibl. d. gesammt. dt Nat. Lit. X, 1839 WINSBEKE: „Winsbeke"; ed Leitzmann, 1888 W I S S E & COLIN: Claus Wisse & Philipp Colin, „Der neue Parzifal"; ed Schorbach, 1 8 8 8 WITTENWEILER : Heinrich Wittenweiler, „Der Ring"; ed Wiessner, Dt Lit. in Entwicklungsreihen (Realistik des spät. Mittelalters III), 1931 WOLFD (A): „Wolfdietrich A " ; ed Schneider, Altdt Textbibl. XXVIII, 1931 WOLFD (B): „Wolfdietrich B"; ed Jänicke, Dt Heldenbuch III, 1871 W O L F D (C) and W O L F D (D): „Wolfdietrich C" (fragments), and „Wolfdietrich D"; ed Amelung & Jänicke, Dt Heldenbuch IV, 1873 (also ed Holtzmann, „Der grosse Wolfdietrich", 1865) W O L F R L I E D E R : Wolfram v. Eschenbach, „Lieder"; ed Kraus, Dt Liederdichter des 13 Jhs, 1952 W O L F R T I T : Wolfram v. Eschenbach, „Titurel"; ed Lachmann-Hartl (7th ed), 1952 (also ed Martin, with Kommentar, 1900—03) W O L F R W I L L E H A L M : Wolfram v. Eschenbach, „Willehalm"; ed Lachmann-Hartl (6th ed), 1926 W O L F UND G E I Z : „Der Wolf und diu Gei3"; ed Grimm, „Reinhart Fuchs" p. 301ff,1834 WALTHER: WARTB:

„Lehre von den Zeichen des Hirsches"; ed Lindner, „Zimmerische Chronik"; ed Barack ( 4 vols), 1 8 6 9 Reinmar v. Zweter; ed Roethe, 1 8 8 7

Ζ DES H I R S C H E S :

1956

ZIMMER C H R : ZWETER:

4

Dalby Lexicon

xlix

OTHER MEDIAEVAL SOURCES 1. Old High German „Althochdt. Glossen"; ed Steinmeyer & Sievers (4 vols), 1879—1898 Notker Labeo, „Schriften"; ed Sehrt & Starck, Altdt. Textbibl. 32—34, 42 & 43,1933—55 „Merseburger Zaubersprüche" and „Wiener Hundessegen"; ed Braune-Ebbinghaus, Ahd Lesebuch, (14th ed) 1962

2. Mediaeval Latin Albertus Magnus, "Liber de Animalibus"; ed Stadler, 1920 Andreas Capellanus, "de Amore"; ed Trojel, 1892 Dancus Rex, Guillelmus Falconarius and Gerardus Falconarius (falconry treatises); ed Tilander, Cynegetica IX, 1963 Ekkehard v. St. Gallen, "Waltharius", ed Strecker, 1907 & 1924 Frederick II, „De arte venandi cum avibus"; ed Willemsen, 1942 (illustrations from Paris Ms reproduced by Willemsen, Die Falkenjagd, 1943; Engl translation, with introduction and notes, by Wood & Fyfe, The Art of Falconry, 1943) „Germanenrechte"; in Schriften der Akad. f. dt Recht (Gruppe Rechtsgeschichte), 1934ff Guicennas, "De arte bersandi"; ed Lindner, 1954, and Tilander, 1956 Marco Polo, "Peregrinatio" (incl also French version), Soc. de Gdographie (Paris), Receuil de Voyages et de Mimoires Tome I, 1824 „Ruodlieb"; ed Zeydel, 1959 "Select Pleas of the Forest" (13 and 14 cent); ed Turner, Seiden Soc., 1901 (incl glossary of Med Lat hunting terms)

3. Old and Middle French Chritien de Troyes, "Erec et Enide"; ed Foerster, 1896 —, "Perceval"; ed Roach, 1956 —, " Yvain"; ed Forster & Reid, 1942 Gace de la Buigne, "Le Roman des Deduis"; ed Blomqvist, 1951 Gaston Phoebus (Gaston de Foix), "La Chasse"; ed Lavallie, 1854 (Mod Fr translation by R & A Boussuat, 1931, with notes and Ms illustrations) Hardouin de Fontaines Gu6rin, "Le Tresor de Vinerie"; ed Pichon, 1855 Jacques de Brizi, "La Chasse" & "Les Dits du Bon Chien Souillard"; ed Tilander, Cynegetica VI, 1959 "Roy Modus et Royne Racio"; ed Tilander, Soc. des anciens textes franj. I—II, 1932 William Twiti, "V6nerie" (incl also ME version); ed Tilander, Cynegetica II, 1956

4. Old and Middle English Aelfric, "Colloquy" (OE and Lat); ed Garmonsway, 1939 Barnes (or Berners) (Dame Juliana), "Boke of St Albans"; publ St Albans 1486 (facsimile ed by Blades, 1901); also publ Westminster 1496 (fascimile ed by Harding & Wright, no date)

1

Other mediaeval sources Chaucer; ed Skeat, 1957 "Craft of Venery"; ed Tilander, La Venerie de Twiti p. 51 ff, Cynegetica II, 1956 Edward, Duke of York, "The Master of Game"; ed Baillie-Grohman, 1904 "Parlement of the Thre Ages"; ed Offord, 1959 "Sir Gawayne and the Grene Knight"; ed Tolkien & Gordon, 1934 "Sir Tristrem"; ed Kolbing, Tristan Sage, 1878

5. Old Norse "Tristrams Saga"; ed Kolbing, Tristan Sage, 1878

6. Welsh "Mabinogion"; translation by G. & T. Jones, 1949 (reprinted 1957)

BIBLIOGRAPHY (POST-MEDIEVAL AND MODERN) 1. Reference Works (quoted with abbreviated titles) Dombr Encycl: R. v. Dombrowski, „Allgemeine Encyclopädie der gesammten Forst- und Jagdwissenschaften", Vienna and Leipzig 1886ff Dombrowski: E. v. Dombrowski, „Dt Weidmannssprache", Neudamm 1897 Dt Wb: J. & W. Grimm, „Dt Wörterbuch", Leipzig 1854ff Graff: Ε. G. Graff, „Althochdeutscher Sprachschatz", Berlin 1834ff Harrach: E. v. Harrach, „Die Jagd im dt Sprachgut", Stuttgart 1953 Hartig: G. L. Hartig, „Lehrbuch für Jäger" I p. 29 ff (Von der Jägersprache), Stuttgart 1877 Kluge: F. Kluge, „Etymologisches Wörterbuch der dt Sprache" (19 ed, by W. Mitzka), Berlin 1963 Lexer: Μ. Lexer, „Mittelhochdeutsches Wörterbuch", Leipzig 1872ff Müller-Benecke: G. F. Benecke, W. Müller & F. Zarncke, „Mittelhochdeutsches Wörterbuch", Leipzig 1854ff OED: "Oxford English Dictionary", 1933 Schiller-Lübben: K.Schiller & A. Lübben, „Mittelniederdeutsches Wörterbuch", Bremen 1875 ff Walshe: M. O. Walshe, "Concise German Etymological Dictionary", London 1952 Zeiss: Κ. Zeiss, „Dt Weidmannssprache", Vienna 1932

2. Select Bibliography Aitinger (J. C.), „Kurtzer u. einfältiger Bericht vom Vogelstellen", Cassel 1653 (first ed Rotenburg 1626)

„Ansbacher Beizbüchlein" (c. 1750), ed Lindner, Falkentraktate des 15. bis 17. Jhs, Berlin (in preparation) Bachofen v. Echt (Baron R.) & Hoffer (W): „Geschichte des Jagdrechtes und der Jagdausübung" (Jagdgeschichte Steiermarks Bd IV), Graz 1931 Baist (G), „Falco", ZfdA XXVII p. 50 ff, 1883 Batereau (O), „Tiere in der mhd. Literatur", Diss. Leipzig, 1909 Beaufort (Duke of), "Badminton Library of Sports and Pastimes", London 1896 Bech (F), „Zu Wolfram v. Eschenbach", Germania VII p. 291 ff, 1862 Bechstein (J. M.), „Die Jagdwissenschaft nach allen ihren Theilen", Gotha 1821 Begiebing (H), „Die Jagd im Leben der salischen Kaiser", Bonn 1905 Behlen (S), „Real- und Verbal-Lexicon der Forst- u. Jagdkunde" (7 vols), Frankfurt a. M., 1840ff Behm (A), "Jaktlexicon", Stockholm 1920 Benecke (G. F.), „Wörterbuch zu Hartmanns Iwein", Göttingen 1874 Bethke (E), „Uber den Stil Hadamars v. Laber in seiner Jagd", Berlin 1892 Beyer (J. M.), „Forst- und Jagd-Wörterbuch", Leipzig 1801 Bischoff (E), „Wörterbuch der wichtigsten Geheim- und Berufssprachen", Leipzig 1916 Blase (R), „Die Jägerprüfung u. Wissenswertes f. den Jäger in Frage u. Antwort", Melsungen 1960 Boeckler (A), „Heinrich v. Veldeke, Eneit: Die Bilder der Berliner Hs", Leipzig 1939 Borchert, „Die Jagd in der altfranz. Literatur", Diss. Göttingen 1909 Bormann (E), „Jagd in den altfranz. Artus- und Abenteuer-Romanen", Diss. Marburg 1887 Bose (K) & Leonhard! (F), „Neues allgemein praktisches Wörterbuch der Jagdwissenschaft" (2 vols), Leipzig 1808f Bujack (J. G.), „Gesch. des Preuss. Jagdwesens von der Ankunft des dt Ordens in Preussen bis zum Schluß des 17 Jhs", Jahresbericht über das königl. Friedrichskollegium zu Königsberg, 1839 Cockaine (Sir Thomas), "Short Treatise of Hunting", publ 1591 (facsimile, Oxford 1932) Conrad, „Dt. Rechtsgeschichte", Karlsruhe 1954 Iii

Bibliography (post-mediaeval and modern) Conseil International de la Chasse, "Vocabulaire Cynegetique: Allemand-Frangais", Paris 1958 Dalby (D), „der mjere wildenaere", Euphorion 55, p. 77ff, 1961 —, "The noun gärii in Hausa: a Semantic Study", Journal of African Languages, III, 3, p. 273ff, 1964 —, " T w o Middle Franconian Hunting Allegories", Mediaeval German Studies presented to Frederick Norman, London 1965 (in press) Diez (F), „Etym. Wörterbuch der romanischen Sprachen", Bonn 1882 Döbel (H. W.), „Jäger-Practica", (1st ed) Leipzig 1746 Dürnwirth (R), „Jagdschreie u. Weidsprüche", Zt. f. den dt. Unterricht, 17 Jahrg. (8. Heft), 1903 Eis (G), „Das eddische Traumlied", Arkiv f. Nordisk Filologi LXXI, p. 177 ff, 1956 Engelmann (F), „Die Raubvögel Europas", Neudamm 1928 Essenwein (A), „Quellen zur Geschichte der Feuerwaffen", Leipzig 1872 Feyerabendt (S), „Neuw Jag und Weydwerck Buch", Frankfurt a. M. 1582 Firdenheim (H. P. v.), „Waidbuech" (c. 1622); ed Lindner, Dt Jagdtraktate des 15 u. 16 Jhs II p. 137 ff, 1959 Fischer (H), „Schwäbisches Wörterbuch", Tübingen 1901 ff. — (W), „Der Bote im altfranz. Epos", Diss. Marburg 1887 Fleming (H. F. v.), „Der Vollkommene Teutsche Jäger", Leipzig 1719 Foerster (W), „Wörterbuch zu Kristian v. Troyes", Halle 1914 Fouilloux (Jacques du),"Venerie" (publ before 1560); ed Remigereau, Publ. de la Faculte des Lettres de l'Univ. de Strasbourg, Fascicule CXVII, 1952 Frevert, „Wörterbuch der Jagd", Hamburg 1954 Gamillscheg (E), „Etym. Wörterbuch der franz. Sprache", Heidelberg 1928 Gesner (C), „Vogelbuch", Zürich 1557 Götze (A), „Frühneuhochdeutsches Glossar", Bonn 1920 Grimm(J & W), „Altdeutsche Wälder", Frankfurt 1816 — (J), „Dt. Rechtsaltertümer", Göttingen 1828 Gruenter (R), „Der vremede hir 3 ", ZfdA L X X X V I p. 231 ff, 1955 Günther (J), „Taschenwörterbuch der Jägersprache", Jena 1840 „Handbuch f. praktische Forst- und Jagdkunde"; v. einer Gesellschaft Forstmänner u. Jäger (3 vols), Leipzig 1796 f Hare (C. E), "Language of Field Sports", London 1949 Hartig (G. L.), „Anleitung zur Forst- und Weidmanns-Sprache", Tübingen 1809 —, „Lehrbuch für Jäger und die es werden wollen" (2 vols), Stuttgart 1810f (10th ed 1877) —, „Lexikon f. Jäger u. Jagdfreunde", Berlin 1836 (3rd ed 1861) Hatto (A. T.), „Das Falkenlied des Kürenbergers", Euphorion 53 p. 20ff, 1959 —, „Der minnen vederspil Isot", Euphorion 51 p. 302ff, 1957 —, "Snake-swords and Boar-helms in Beowulf", English Studies (Amsterdam) XXXVIII p. 145ff, 1957 —, "Venus & Adonis — and the Boar", Mod. Lang. Review XLI p. 353 ff, 1946 Heppe (C. W.), „Einheimisch und ausländisch Wohlredender Jäger", Regensburg 1763 (2nd ed 1779) Hermann (E), „Inschrift des Brackenseils", Diss. Marburg 1939 Hermans (A. G. J.), „Jagers Woordenboek", Schiedam 1947 Hese (Ε. E.), „Die Jagd Hadamars v. Laber: Beiträge zu ihrer Erklärung", Deutschkundliche Arbeiten (Aligem. Reihe Bd III), Breslau 1936 Heyne (M), „Fünf Bücher deutscher Hausaltertümer v. den ältesten geschichtl. Zeiten bis zum 16 J h " (2 vols), Leipzig 1899 & 1901 Hilf (R. B.) & Röhrig (F), „Wald und Weidwerk in Geschichte und Gegenwart" (2 vols), Potsdam 1933 Hirt (H), „Handbuch des Urgermanischen", Heidelberg 1931 f Hoffman-Krayer & Bächtold-Stäubli, „Handwörterbuch des dt Aberglaubens", Berlin & Leipzig 1931/32 Hofmann (G), „Falkenjagd u. Falkenhandel in den nordischen Ländern während des Mittelalters", ZfdA LXXXVIII p. 115ff, 1957 Holthausen (F), „Altenglisches etymologisches Wörterbuch", (2nd ed) Heidelberg 1963 liii

Bibliography (post-mediasval and modern) —, „Vergleichendes und Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altnordwestischen", Göttingen 1948 Hoops (J), „Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde", Strassburg 1911 ff Imme (T), „Die dt Weidmannssprache", Neudamm 1906 Kautzch (H), „Die Jägersprache in ihren zumeist vorkommenden, der Zusammengehörigkeit nach geordneten Ausdrücken", (2nd ed) Neudamm & Berlin 1940 Kehrein ( J & F), „Wörterbuch der Weidmannssprache", Wiesbaden 1871 Kemper (R), „Noch einmal wildensere", Euphorion 56, p. 146ff, 1962 Kinzelbach (A), „Jagdlicher Sprachführer: Deutsch-Englisch", Berlin 1901 Kleinpaul (R), „Das Mittelalter", Leipzig 1894 Kobell (F. v.), „Wildanger" (Skizzen aus dem Gebiete der Jagd u. ihrer Geschichte, mit bes. Rücksicht auf Bayern), Stuttgart 1859 Kraus (C. v.), „Des Minnesangs Frühling, Untersuchungen", Leipzig 1939 Landau (H), „Beiträge zur Gesch. der Jagd u. der Falknerei in Deutschland", Kassel 1849 Lasch (A) & Borchling (C), „Mittelniederdeutsches Handwörterbuch", Neumünster 1956 ff Latomus (C), „Jagdbuch" (c. 1585); ed Lindner, Dt Jagdtraktate des 15 u. 16 Jhs I p. 245ff, 1959 Lembke (P), „Studien zur dt Weidmannssprache", Diss. Rostock 1898 Lentner (J. G.), „Taschenbüchlein der Jagdsprache", Quedlinburg & Leipzig 1833 Lexer (Μ), „Mhd. Taschenwörterbuch" (30th ed), 1962 Lindner (K), „Geschichte des dt Weidwerks": I „Jagd der Vorzeit", Berlin u. Leipzig 1937; II „Jagd im frühen Mittelalter", Berlin 1940 —, „Quellen und Studien zur Geschichte der Jagd": I "De Arte Bersandi", II „Dt Habichtslehre", III „Lehre von den Zeichen des Hirsches", IV „Jagdbuch des Petrus de Crescentiis", V & VI „Dt Jagdtraktate des 15 u. 16 Jhs", VII & VIII „Von Falken, Hunden u. Pferden", IX „Dt Jagdschriftsteller I", Berlin 1954ff (also „Dt Falkentraktate des 15 bis 17 Jhs", in preparation) Ludwig (J), „Wörterbuch der Weidmannssprache", Berlin 1960 Macpherson (Η. Α.), "History of Fowling", Edinburgh 1897 Manwood, "Treatise of the Forest Laws"; first publ 1598 (4th ed 1717) Marpmann (H), „Waidmannssprache in Tabellen", Melsungen 1953 Matthias (Ε), „Die Jagd im Nibelungenliede", ZfdPh XV p. 471 ff, 1884 Maximilian I, „Geheimes Jagdbuch"; ed Karajan, 1858 —, „Teuerdank"; ed Goedeke 1878 Meurer (N), „Von forstlicher Oberherrligkeit vnnd Gerechtigkeit", Pforzheim 1560 (3rd ed, „Tag vnd Forstrecht", Frankfurt a. M., 1576) Meyer-Lübke (W), „Romanisches etym. Wörterbuch", Heidelberg, 1935 Mosselman (F), „Der Wortschatz Gottfrieds v. Strassburg", 's Gravenhage 1953 Müller (J), „Rheinisches Wörterbuch", Bonn 1928 ff Ortega y Gasset (J), „Uber die Jagd", Hamburg 1957 Ostberg (K), "The Concept 'Animal' in the Writings of Notker Labeo", Μ. A. thesis, London 1957 Pairault (A), "Nouveau Dictionnaire des Chasses", Paris 1885 Palander (H), „Die althochdeutschen Tiernamen", Darmstadt 1899 Patin (Α), „Hadamars von Laber Jagd . . . Inhalt u. Gliederung des allegorisch-mystischen Gedichtes", Beilage zum Jahresbericht des Neuen Gymnasiums Regensburg 1919 Paul (H) & Schmitt (L. E.), „Mhd. Grammatik" (7th ed), Tübingen 1957 Ploss (E), „Byzantinische Traumsymbolik und Kriemhilds Falkentraum", Germanisch-Romanische Monatsschrift, July 1958 (p. 218ff) Pretzel (U), „Nachträge zum Mhd. Taschenwörterbuch", Stuttgart 1959 Pschmadt (C), „Die Sage von der verfolgten Hinde", Diss. Greifswald 1911 Püst (W), „Die Jagd im mhd. Epos unter besonderen Berücksichtigungen des Nibelungenliedes, Hartmanns, Wolframs u. Gottfrieds", Hausarbeit zur Wissenschaftlichen Prüfung für das Lehramt an Gymnasien, Hamburg 1959 Ranke (F), „Etwas vom Bärenfang im Mittelalter", ZfdPh LXX p. 225 ff, 1949 Rays (J. H.), "Dissertatio Juridica de Ferarum Persecutione in Territorio Alieno Vulgo Jagd-Folge", Glessen 1750 Riesenthal (O), „Jagdlexikon", Leipzig 1882

liv

Bibliography (post-mediicval and modern) —, „Raubvögel Deutschlands u. des angrenzenden Mitteleuropas", Kassel 1876 Rooth (E), „Zum Gebrauch v. mhd. wenen", Festschrift f. Ludwig Wolff p. 135 ff, 1962 Rosenthal (M. L.), „(Uber) das Wörterbuch der dt Tiernamen", Dt Jahrbuch f. Volkskunde IV p. 162ff,1958 Roth (K), „Geschichte des Forst- und Jagdwesens in Deutschland", Berlin 1879 Scherz (J. G.) (compiler) & Oberlin (J. J.) (editor), „Glossarium germanicum medii a:vi", Strassburg 1781 ff. Schmeller (J. A.) & Frommann (G. F.,) „Bayrisches Wörterbuch", (2 vols) Munich 1872 & 1877 Schmertzing (W. P. v.), „Die dt Jägersprache bis Anf des 16 Jhs", Harvard thesis 1938 Schmidt (H), „Die Terminologie der dt Falknerei", Diss. Freiburg i. Br. 1909 Schönbach (A. E.), „Uber Hartmann v. Aue", Graz 1894 Schröder (F. R.), „Kriemhilds Falkentraum", Beitr z. Gesch. der dt Sprache u. Lit. LXXVIII p. 319ff,1956 Schultz, (A), „Das höfische Leben zur Zeit der Minnesinger", Leipzig 1889 Sievers (E), „Germanisch 11 aus dl", Indo-germ. Forschungen IV p. 335 ff, 1894 Souhart (R), "Bibliographie Ginörale des Ouvrages sur la Chasse", Paris 1886 Sparnaay (H), „Hartmann von Aue", Halle 1933 "Sportsman's Dictionary" (2 vols), London 1735 Staub (F), Tobler (L) etc, „Schweizerisches Idiotikon", Frauenfeld 1881 ff Stimmel (E), „Nachlese zu den Wörterbüchern der Weidmannssprache", Zt. f. dt Wortforschung IX p. 49 ff Stisser (F. U.), „Forst- und Jagd-Historie der Teutschen", Jena 1737 Suolahti (H), „Die deutschen Vogelnamen", Strassburg 1909 Szalay (B), „Der grimme Scheich", Zoologische Annalen VII p. 127 ff, Würzburg 1915 Tappe (E), „Waidwerck und Federspiel", Strassburg 1542 Teuwsen (E), „Einführung in die Weidmannssprache", Neudamm 1927 Tilander (G), "Essaie d'dtymologie cynegetique", Lund 1953; "Nouveaux Essais d'etym. cynög.", Lund 1957; "Melanges d'etym. cyneg.", Lund 1958; "Nouveaux Melanges d'dtym. cyndg.", Lund 1961 (publ as Cynegetica I, IV, V & VIII) Trost-Brünn (P), „Zur Sondersprache der Jäger", Wörter u. Sachen XVI p. 61ff, 1934 Turberville (G), "Boke of Huntinge"; publ 1576 (facsimile ed, Oxford 1908) Unger (T) & Khull (F), „Steirischer Wortschatz", Graz 1903 Vries (J. de), „Altnordisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch", Leiden 1961 Wagner (R. Frhr. v.), „Das Jagdwesen in Württemberg unter den Herzogen", Tübingen 1876 —, „Uber die Jagd des grossen Wildes im Mittelalter", Germania XXIX p. llOff, Vienna 1884 „Wald-, Forst- und Jägerey-Lexicon", Prague 1764 Wapnewski (P), „Des Kürenbergers Falkenlied", Euphorion 53 p. Iff, 1959 Wartburg (W. v.), „Französisches etym. Wörterbuch", Bonn & Basel 1928 ff Webster (K. G. T.), "Guinevere, a Study of her Abductions", Milton (Mass.) 1951 „Weidwergk" (Ms D, c. 1570—77); ed Lindner, Dt Jagdtraktate des 15 u. 16 Jhs I p. 177ff, 1959 Wiessner (E), „Vollständiges Wörterbuch zu Neidharts Liedern", Leipzig 1954 Wilckens, „Anfangsgründe der weidmännischen Sprache v. den Thieren", Brunswick 1801 Willemsen (C. Α.), „Die Falkenjagd", Leipzig 1943 Witting (Ε), „Die dt Jägersprache", Klingsor IX, 1932 Wopfner (H), „Das Almendregal der Tiroler Landesfürsten" (Forschungen zur inneren Geschichte Österreichs 3), Innsbruck 1906 Zeiss (C), „Dt Weidmannssprache", Vienna 1932

Ην

SYNOPSIS OF TERMS The following synopsis is designed to facilitate reference by subject matter, in order that the Lexicon may serve as a survey of mediaeval hunting practice, as well as of hunting terminology. Terms included in the Lexicon are grouped below, under appropriate headings. 1. H u n t s m e n : birsare, birsender, dienst-man, ge-selle ( l a , b), jagender, jaget-geselle, jeger, jegerie ( l b ) , jegerln, jeger-meister, kneht, nabt-jeger, schütte ( 2 ) , stritec, suocb-man, vuoj-jeger, weide-geselle, weide-geverte, weide-man, weidenare, wildenare, wilderare, wilt-schie^er, mlt-scbiit^e 2. H u n t s m a n l i k e , s p o r t s m a n l i k e : ge-reht (1 c),jege-lich,jeger-lich, weiden-haft, weiden-lich 3 . H u n t i n g p r a c t i c e , s k i l l or l o r e : jage-list,jagesite, jegerie (12,),jeger-schaft, kunst, r'eht ( l c ) 4 . H u n t s m a n ' s d r e s s : birs-gewant,jeger-roc, scbapel 5 . H u n t i n g w e a p o n s : ber-swert, birs-armbrust, gabilöt, holz II, jage-bühse, schieben I, spies, swin-swert, vogel-bolz, weid-me^er

6. Equipage for the hunt: jeit-geverte, weidman-schaft 7 . P r o v i s i o n s f o r t h e h u n t : äser ( l b ) , jeger-spise 8. R i d i n g i n t h e h u n t : jage-phert, riten 9 . H o u n d s : beiyhunt, biber-bmt, birs-bunt, bracke, ge-biinde, geselle (1 c, d), ge-sperre, habech-wint, hasenwint, hetze-hunt, hüfe (lb), bunt-gesinde, jage-gesinde, jage-hunt, jaget (Id), jeger-bunt, leit-bracke, leit-bunt, loufender bunt, rüde, ruore, ruor-bunt, scheider, spiir-bunt, stöuber, suocb-bunt, süse, trip-bunt, vor-ligender hunt, vor-louft, wint I, wint-bracke, wint-spil, ζwic-darm 10. E x c e l l e n c e o f h o u n d s : edel (1 a), ge-reht ( l a ) , snel, weiden-lich (1 c), ^eichen I

11. Training of hounds: arbeiten, briigel 12. L e a s h i n g o f h o u n d s : abe-väben, ane-legen, ane-vähen, bant, denen, halftern, hals-bant, halse, huntbant, ketene, holler, koppel, koppelen, kurz-nemen, leit-bant, leit-balse, seil I, seilen, strange, stric I, üf-vähen, vähen (1 b), ver-halten, wider-l'esen, wint-bant 13. S e a s o n s , o c c a s i o n s f o r h u n t i n g : brunft, brunst,jage-tac, rate II, un-zit, vei^t, %it, zjtec 14. H u n t i n g l o d g e o r c h a t e a u : jage-hüs, jeit-bof, mide-büs

15. Hunting park, g a m e preserve or hunting ground: ban, ge-hege, hac, hegen, hege-wilt, biieten II, jaget (le), riches-malt, riviere, tier-garte, volgen, weide ( l a ) , mide-ganc ( l b ) , wilt-ban I & II, wilt-vanc II, wilt-vuore 16. T e r r a i n : aber, brant, herte, holz I, riviere, sneite 17. G a m e , q u a r r y ( o f h u n t s m e n or t r a p p e r s ) : base, dine, edel (1 c), ge-mein, ge-spil, ge-vliigel, ge-viigel, höch-wilt, houbet-swin, houwen, büfe (la), huore,jage,jage-bcere, liene, ris-gejeit, röt-wilt, roubiscb, scbal-hir5, schede-lich, spi$, stare, stolz, stuck II, swarz-wilt, tier, triinne, vei^t ( l a ) , vrisch-linc, weiden-lich ( l b ) , wilt, wilt-brät, zitec 18. M a t i n g o r g a m b o l l i n g o f w i l d a n i m a l s or b i r d s : be-rennen, brunft, brunst, eber-drische, geil ( l b , c), gesellen, jederieb, laufen ( I d ) , scherz> vogelen ( l c ) 19. P a s t u r e or w a l l o w i n g - p l a c e o f g a m e : a$en, sol, stän ( l a ) , trit ( I d ) , weide ( l b ) 2 0 . M o v e m e n t or p a t h o f g a m e : gän, ganc, in-ganc, leis, phat, rihte, schriten, slichen (1 a), sliefen, slibte, stic, strichen ( l a ) , strich-weide, treten II ( l b ) , wandel, wehsel, weide-ganc ( l a ) 2 1 . T r a c k i n g , trails, s c e n t : abe-gestän, abe-jagen ( l b ) , aber, abe-rihten, aber-klä, abe-sprmc, abe-stöyn, abe-treten, ane-n'emen, anespr'echen, arbeit (la), bal, be-diuten, be-hengen, be-rihten, beschrien, be-staten (la), bi-schaft, bi-trit, bi-zfichen, blenden, bluot-spor, brant, brucb I & II, biihel, buoc I, burc-stal, burz, enden, er-ilen II, er-kalten, er-kennen, er-varn ( l a ) , ge-lase, ge-reht ( l a , b), ge-smac, ge-wenden, grifen I, grummen, bengen, holz I, hüeten I, in-ganc, insigel, kiesen, komen, krump, leiten, lieben, louf, luogen, mälen, misse-lä^en, misse-loufen, misse-vart, näch-varn, nase-lös, nase-wise, neselin, nider-lä3, nigen, öugeler, ric I V , rihte, rihten I, rüeren II, schal, scharte, schrenken, schriten, schuoch, seichen, setzen, sicher-liche, sinen, slä, slahen II, slihte, snurren, spor, spur, spüren, spür-hunt, suochen, suoch-hunt, suoch-man, treten II (1 a), trift, trit (1 a, b), twingen I, über-jagen (1 b), über-oberen (1 a), üf-werfen, umbe-grxfen, umbe-rihten, uyrihten, valen II, vart I, vedemlin, velt-spur, verbrechen, ver-drie^en, ver-missen (1 a), ver-niuwen, versichern, ver-slahen II, ver-vähen II, Verstößen, vrisch, vuo$

Ivi

Synopsis of terms II, vür-grifen, vtir-slahen, wandet (1 b), wehsein I, wider-liz, ivider-spor, wider-varn, wider-vart, wisen, witern, ^eichen II 22. Cover, lair of game: be-liben, besetzen, be-stceten (1 b), bette, ge-ligere, holz I» l m c , lü^en (1 a), ruowe, sliefen, stän (1 a), wonunge 23. Harbouring of game: be-staten (1 c), bestellen, erstaten, umbe-slahen, umbe-wenden 24. Moving, disturbing or starting-up of game (animals or birds): ersprengen, erstouben, er-wecken, riieren I, ruore, ruor-hunt, scheiden II (1 a), scheider, sch'ellec, schricken, stän (1 c), stouben, tambür, timpen-tampen, üf-jagen I & II, üfstän, üfstouben, üf-triben, »3-/05««, versetzen, vor-jagen 25. Hunt, hunting (general terms): spil, weide (1 c), weidenen, weiden-heit, weide-werc, wilt-were 26. Chase, pursuit of quarry: ane-hetzen, ane-menen, ansihtec, beiden II, blic, gäben, ge-hetze, harren, hessen, hetzen, hunde-spil, jagen, jaget, jegerie ( l c ) , keren (lb), lengen, näch-jagen, näch-loufen, näch-varn, rennen, rinnen, rupfen, strac, strichen (1 b), strlt, swln-hatz, tnben, über-lant, ver-jagen, volgen, wetzen (1 b),vür-hetzen, wafäer, wildes-jaget 27. Hunting with bows: be-birsen, birsare, birs-armbrust, birsen, birse-weide, birs-gewant, birs-hunt, bluotspor, bracke, säje, schieben I, schütze, ver-birsen, vogel-bolz 28. Lying in wait for game: abe-louf, luogen, litten (1 b), sä$e 29. Stalking: birsen (lb), heim-liche, schelle II, schilt, slichen (lb), stille 30. Relays: riden, vür-setzen, warte 31. Release of the hounds: abe-lä^en, ane-lä^en, lä$en (la), schupfen, ver-lä$en 32. Keenness of hounds: geil (la), hei3, muot (lb), toben 33. Baying of hounds: beschrien, dön, er-blenken, er-leschen, ge-liute, kevern, klaffen, kobern, lüt, melde, offen-bären, offen-lühe, riiegen, stille, stimme, swigen, un-lütes, ver-holne, vor-lüt, wehen 34. Addressing, encouraging or checking the hounds: ane-jagen, edel (lb), er-wenden, geselle (Id), grüeyn, habä danc, hals, herre, hetzä, hetzen (lb), heuch, hin, hin-vür, hö-hö, harä,jagä,jech-her,jü,jüch, kerä, lieben, losä, manen, näch, nein-ä, schönä, schriä, treesten, ver-haltä, weidespruch (la), wider-ruofen, wol-hin, 35. Hunting cries, between huntsmen or addressed to the quarry: heil, weidespruch (lb), weidgeschrei, wol-hin, wol-üf 36. Hunting horn, and horn signals: abe-bläsen, hals, jage-horn,jäge-liet, jage-wise 37. Running of hounds or quarry: bern, bliuwen, draben, dreschen, kevern, kobern, louf (1 c), loufen, misse-loufen, vliehen, vor-loufen, viir-gewinnen 38. Ruses, escape or doubling of the quarry: keren (la),küelen, leckerie,ranc, scheiden II (lb), umbejagen, umbe-keren, un-beschrien, ver-keren, ver-treten, wenden I, wenken, wider-ganc, wider-keren, wider-louf 39. Distress of quarry: arbeit (lb), hellte, slagen, sorge 40. Bay, kill: abe-jagen (la), be-stän, bil, bilen, bil-stat, dringen, er-gähen, er-ilen I, er-jagen, er-loufen, erriten, er-varn (lb), nider-legen, nider-werfen, nöt-strebe, retten, stän (lb), töt, über-oberen (lb), vähen (la), val I 41. Boar's tusks, and attack by a boar: ge-werf, houwen, klaffen (lb), rüschen, wetzen 42. Stag's antlers: ende (1 b), er-niuwen, ge-hiirne I, ge-wige, ge-zinde, kröne, pris, reren (1 b), Stange II, werfen I, zw^i™ 43. Breaking-up of quarry, and parts of the body: aber-klä, bal, bast, be-scheln, bräte, brüst II, buoc II, ende (1 a), ent-hiuten, ent-lesten, ent-najen, ent-wceten, gorge, haft, hahse, hant II, herze-ric, huf-bein, hüt, is-bein, kluppe, krage, cuire, curie, lanke, l ö f f e i , lumbel, mane, mül, netze I, ore, panze, pas, pranke, reht (1 b), riebe, rucke, schal, scheiden I, schinden, site, släwe I, stuck I, swei$, varwe, viertel, furkle, zer-brechen, zer-würken, Zimbere, z'mere, zinke 44. Feeding and rewarding of hounds: äs (1 a), ge-nie^en (la), hut, kropf (Id), reiben (lc), roup (lc) 45. Spoils of the chase, or of trapping: be-jac, ge-jac, jaget (lc), kluppe, prlsant, r'eht, furkie 46. Trappers, fowlers: drüher, hasen-birser, hasen-lüster, hecken-jeger, jeger, lü^er, ret geltere, Stricker, vogeler (la), vogel-venger, wolf-venger, weide-man, weidentzre, wildenare, wilderare 47. Fowler's hut: hütte, sitzen, trage-hiitte 48. Luring and decoying of wild-fowl: blät, grop-vogel, katzen-houbet, küz, locken (lc), lock-vogel, netze-vogel, nickiin, phifen, rei^el, reiben (la), schelle II, spen, stal-ente, Stange I (lb), triegen, val-boum, vor-loufer, wahtel-bein, wase, wispeln 49. Luring of animals, laying of bait: äs (lb), blät, hurt-valle, luodern (lc) lvii

Synopsis of terms 50. Trapping of w i l d - f o w l : be-decken, be-slahen, gansen, sitzen, Snellen (1 c), stellen, verstecken, verstoßen, vogelen (la), vogel-vanc, vogelerie 51. Trapping of animals: driuben, hecken-jaget, legen, rihten II, Snellen, stellen, stricken, umbesetzen, verbinden, ver-gärnen, ver-net^en 52. Nets, traps and snares: böge/, done, drüch, garn, ge-vencnisse, ge-ziuc, ge-zouwe, gruobe, hac, hagen, hälschar, bam, hecke, hert, birj-netze, kevje, klobe, läge, laz, lege, leiterlin, lim, limen, lim-ruote, limstat, masche, meisen-kar, meijel, naht-gruobe, netze II, net\e-garn, net%estoc, poms, rech-garn, ric II, riuse, sac, schran^, schupf-reitel, seil II, slac II, slage-garn, slage-kistel, slage-netze, slinge, snel-reitel, snuor II, spen-kar, spinne-webbe, sprinke, stöj-garn, strange, stric II, strüppe, tüben-net%e, üf-slac, väch-valle, volle, vinken-net^e, vogel-bühel, vogel-gabel, vogel-garn, vogel-grien, vogel-net^e, vogel-stat, vogel-weide I, want, weide-netze, wilt-garn, wilt-netze, wolf-segense, wolves-angel, zuht II 53. Falconers: beijare, beij-man, blä-vüejer, bebecher, meister, phleger, valkencere, valken-treger, vederspiler, vogeler (1 b), weide-man 54. Practice of falconry: beiden I, bei junge, ge-beije,jaget (lg), spil (la), vogel-beije, vogelen (lb), vogelweide II, vretzen (1 a), weidenen, weiden-heit 55. Hawking birds: berc-valke, blä-vuoj, boum-valke, drilinc, drit-man, dritteler, edel (1 d, e), edel-valke, er-lin,ger-valke, girse, grifender vogel, grif-valke, habech, habech-spil, han, hant-valke, hebechin, hebechlin, henne, hover-valke,jage-gesinde,jage-vogel, klä-vogel, korber, korber-habech, krimmen ( l b ) , kilnnelinc, mennelin,mittelvalke, montaner, mustet, mitwäre, müjer-habech, müjer-sperware, müjer-sprinze, müjer-sprinzelin, müjervalke, nestlinc, nest-valke,pilgerin, reiger-valke, röt-valke, roup-vogel, sacker, sie-Ιϊη, smirlin, spengel, sperware, sprinze, sprinzelin, stein-valke, stöj-velkelin, stricher-valke, swarz-valke, terz, vähen (lc, d), valke, veder-spil, velkelin, walt-babech, walt-valke, weij-valke, wibelin, wilt-habech, wilt-vanc I, wilt-vlügel, winkener, wol-vähent, Zf Icher, zuht I (1 c, d), z?>>rbel-valke 56. Body and plumage of a h a w k : bein I, brüst I, dach, diech, ge-malde II, g r i f , griffe-klä, gurgel, hunger-mäl, kröpf, kröuwel, mäl, sabs, smeijen, snebelen, sprinkel II, swenkel, tropfe, valken-ouge, vuoj I, weide-loch, wolle, zeichen I 57. Nesting of wild hawks: aspaum, asten, ge-stelle, g r i f , nestlinc, nest-valke, stän (1 d), valken-zuht, Zuht I ( l b ) 58. Hawk's attachments: binden II, ge-schuoch, ge-vajjede, boselin, nest el, rieme, schelle I, schildechin, schuohen, snuor I, valken-varwe, vessel, werzel, Würfel 59. Hawk's perch or block: binden II, bourn, hamel, krucke, ric I, Stange I, wase 60. Training of hawks: arbeiten, bereit, ge-hörsam, machen, sitec, ver-suochen Zam, Z'eben, zuht I (1 a, e) 61. Seeling and hooding: brawen, b'elmen, hübe, hüben, huot, ougen-vadem 62. Imping: phife, scheften 63. Spoiling a h a w k : ver-derben, ver-slahen I

II, vür-läj,

wachen,

wenen,

64. Moult of hawks: be-roufen, müdere, müje, müjen, müyr-habech, müjer-sperware, müjer-sprinze, müjer-sprinzelin, müjer-valke, müjunge, phlücken, reren (1 a), rät, scharen, wandeln II, werfen I (1 b) 65. Mews, moulting chamber: koie, korp, küne, mäl-stat, müje (lb), müj-kamer, über-korben 66. Keenness of h a w k s : bei^ec, bereit (la), ge-herzec, gern, gitec, grimmec, hungerte, kiiene, man-lich,meinen, muot, scherpfen, spennen, swingen (1 b), twingen II, wenen, wille 67. Temperament of hawks: geil, ge-laje, lünisch 68. Fist, and casting off: hangen, hant I, bantschuoch, läjen (1 b), schütten, stöjen (1 a), tragen, werfen II 69. Flight of h a w k s : arbeit (lc), arbeiten (lb), beiden I (ld), gäben (lb), geil (lc), heben, jagen (lb), jage-vart, roup (1 b), ruowen, spilen, spor (1 c), strichen (1 c), swenken, swingen, treten I, Uber-vliegen, üf-drajen, üf-winden, valken-vluc, vart II, walken, wilden, wint-vliegen 70. Flight of w i l d - f o w l : spor (lb), strichen (ld), sweimen, über-stigen, vollen II (lb, c) 71. Quarry (of hawks): bei j , bei je, ge-bei je, roup (la), spil (lb), vogel 72. Missing the quarry: valen I, ver-jagen (lc), ver-missen (lb), ver-slahen I 73. Kill, attack by hawks: abe-stigen, be-grlfen, er-ilen I, er-stöjen, er-vliegen, hurt II, irren, krimmen, nemen I, rouben, slahen I, stouben (1 b), stöjen (1 b, c, d), üj-vliegen, valken-böj, Valien II (1 a), νer-vähen I, zm~ schuj

lviii

Synopsis of terms 74. L u r i n g of h a w k s : ge-hörsam, jü-schohö, locken, lock-luoder, lock-muor, lock-vhisch, luoder, reiben (lb), snuor I, vür-we'rfen 75. Feeding or r e w a r d i n g of h a w k s : äs, äser, ät^en, ge-nieyn, kröpf., ma^, Spermen, twingen II, valken-äs, vei^t (1 b), venen, wille 76. Trading i n h a w k s : kase, lege, rie I (1 b ) 77. Legal terms: ban, bannen, bennec, heim-liche, jaget (1 e, f), o f f e n , offen-liebe, r'eht, riches-wait, riviere, tm-^it, volgen, vri, vrön-walt, n/eide-lehen, weideme, wilt-ban I & II, wlt-huobe, wilt-vanc II, wilt-vuore, z^it

lix

MAJOR CLASSICAL POETS: QUOTATIONS AND REFERENCES The following index is designed to facilitate the study of hunting terminology as used by the major Classical poets. Examination of the nature and occurrence of hunting references enables some conclusions to be drawn regarding the interests of individual poets: Wolfram showed a keen interest in falconry as well as in other forms of the hunt, and Gottfried was well acquainted with the traditions of the Mediaeval French hunt; Walther, on the other hand, appears to have had little or no interest in any form of hunting. Gottfried: s. aber (2), arbeit, bast, be-jac, be-scheln, bil, birs-armbrust, birsen, bracke, bräte, brüst II, buoc II, ende, ent-hiuten, ent-lesten, ent-najen, ent-waten, er-gähen, er-kennen, er-loufen, ge-hiirne, ge-la$e, gorge, habech, baft, herte, herv^e-ric, huf-bein, jage-horn, jage-hunt (2), jage-liet, jage-list, jagen, jage-phert, jage-site, jaget, jege-lich, jeger, jegerie, jeger-meister, ketene, kneht, koppelen, krage, krump, cuire, kunst, curie, läge, lanke, lä^en, legen, leiten, Ilm, llmen, loufen, lumbel, lüt, mane, wasche (2), melde, mül, mü$are, netze I, netzt II, panze, pas, pilgerin, prisant, reht, riebe, rihten II, riten, riviere, rät, röt-wilt, rucke, ruore, schapel, scheiden, seil\, site, slichen, smirlin, sperware, spar, spüren, stän, starc, stric, strichen, strich-weide, stricken, Stricker, strit, tier, trit, trünne, un-lütes, val, valke, valken-ouge (2), vart I, veder-spil, ver-birsen, verstoßen, viertel, vliehen,furkie, warte, weide, weide-geselle, weidenare, weidenen, werfen I, wetzen, wider-lesen, wildenare, wilt, %erwürken, z'mbere, %imere, zjtec. Hartmann: s. ban, bei^e, be-jac, birsen, bracke, bräte, er-gähen, er-loufen, er-sprengen, gän (2), grüe^en, habech, hant I, hasen-wint,jage-hüs, jaget, leckerie (2), loufen, ma$, mü$e, mü^er-habech, netze II, reht, rennen, röt-wilt, schieben I, schinden, schricken, schupfen, seil I, sperwcere, spies, stän, Stange I, stouben, suoch-hunt, swarz-wilt, vähen, vart I, veder-spil, vei^t, vliehen, weide, wilt, wilt-brät. Veldeke: s. be-slahen, birsare, birsen, bracke, halse, jage-horn, jeger-meister, spil, triben, weide-geselle, weidegeverte, weide-man, wilt-brät, wint. Walther: s. drüch, (leit-hunt), valke, vogel-weide (2). Wolfram: s. aber, arbeit, bant, beiden, be-slahen, birsen (2), blät, bracke, (brüst I), edel, er-sprengen, er-vliegen, gabilöt, gäben, gern, grimmec, halse, hant I, hüeten I, hurt W., jagen, jage-phert (2), keren, kiesen, klobe, kröpf, leit-hunt, locken, luoder, lüt, mü^are, mü^e, mü^er-sperware, mü^er-sprinzelin, (mü^er-valke) ,näch-jagen, nase-lös, netze II, niuwe, offen-liche, rei^el, reren, riten, rüde, ruore, scharen, schelle, schellec, schieben I, seil I, slä, sliefen, sperware, sprinzelin, spüren, stän, stic, stimme, strange, strichen, swigen, swingen, t'erz, tier, tragen, val, valke, valkenare, valken-ouge, vart I, varwe, veder-spil, ver-holne, vliehen, vor-louft, weide-ganc, weide-hüs, weide-, man, wenken, werfen II, wilt, z^r-würken. „Nibelungenlied": s. abe-louf, be-stän, birs-armbrust (2), birsen, birs-gewant, bracke, er-jagen, er-kennen, er-riten, er-sprengen, gän, ge-hiinde, ge-nie^en, geselle, jage-horn, jage-hunt (2),jagen, jage-phert (X), jaget, jagetgeselle, jeger, jeger-meister, krimmen, lä^en, leger, lüt, riten, ruore, schieben I, seil I, slä, spie$ (2), spür-hunt, stän, starc, stic, suoch-man, tier, vähen, val, valke, vart I, ver-lä$en, vliehen, warte, weiden-lich, wilt, wisen.

Ix

ABBREVIATIONS adj: adjective, adjectival adv: adverb, adverbial particle Alem: Alemannic art: article Austr: Austrian Bav: Bavarian beg: beginning cent: century coll: collective comp: compound(s) dat: dative def: definite dial: dialect dim: diminutive D u : Dutch ed: edited, edition E n g l : English E N H G : Early New High German esp: especially etym: etymology, etymological exclam: exclamation f, fem: feminine F r : French Franc: Franconian gen: genitive Germ: German G m c : Germanic Goth: Gothic G r : Greek I E : Indo-European imper: imperative impers: impersonal inch including intr: intransitive irreg: irregular Isl: Islandic Ital: Italian Lat: Latin Latv: Latvian L G : Low German lit: literal(ly) m, masc: masculine M D u : Middle Dutch M E : Middle English Med: Mediasval M F : Middle French

M H G : Middle High German M L G : Middle L o w German M o d : Modern Ms: manuscript n, neut: neuter neg: negative N H G : New High German nn: noun norm: normal(ly) obj: object obs: obsolete O F : Old French OFris: Old Frisian O H G : Old High German O N : Old Norse orig: original(ly) O S : Old Saxon para: paragraph part: participle perh: perhaps pers: person(al) pers comm: personal communication P G : Primitive Germanic plur: plural Port: Portuguese pres: present pret: preterite prob: probable, probably Prov: Provencal redv: reduplicative verb refl: reflexive reg: regular(ly) Rhen: Rhenish s: strong (or) see sing: singular Skr: Sanskrit spec: specialised str: strophe subj: subjunctive Swed: Swedish Toch: Tocharian tr: transitive v : verb var: variant (s) vbl: verbal w : weak

lxi

TYPOGRAPHY italics {kursiv): used for cross-references only spacing ( S p e r r d r u c k ) : used for emphasis, esp to distinguish the relevant term in each M H G quotation bold face (fett): used for rubrics small capitals (KAPITÄLCHEN) : used for abbreviated titles of MHG sources, s. p. xliv ff above quotation marks: „Anführungszeichen" used for German material, and "quotation marks" for nonGerman material (incl bibliographical titles, German and non-German respectively) Roman numerals (I, II etc): used in rubrics and cross-references to distinguish two or more homonyms

lxii

A abe-bläsen (redv) 1. „den hunden a b e - b l ä s e n " : to signal by horn that the hounds should be gathered in, at the end of a chase ( 1 5 ) M Ü N C H LIEDERB Bl 1 5 6 : b l a s z abe den hunden das ist zceit, / dy netz sind auff genommen . . . Ich binsz vor (e)rret uff wilder ban/das wilt ist mir entgangen . . . 2. from b l a s e n (redv): to blow (a horn) 3. NHG a b b l a s e n : (intr, or tr with „die Jagd") to signal by horn that the hunt is ended abe-dreschen (sv) s. dreschen abe-gestän (sv) 1. „der vart a b e - g e s t ä n " : to leave the trail . . . Recht als ein willig iagent hunt/ Der rechter vert nicht a b g e s t a t , / Vntz sich der hirzze peylen lat . . . 2. from g e - s t ä n (sv): to remain (with) ( 1 4 ) SUCHENWIRT X , 2 7 :

"to set off on the trail" (zu jagen beginnen, von Lauf- und Wildbodenhunden). abe-lä3en (redv) 1. (tr or intr) to release, cast off (esp hounds) from the leash; cf lä$en ( 1 4 ) BUSANT 7 6 2 : dizze buoch seit uns vür war, / daz man den jegermeister hiez, / daz er die hunde a b ( e ) l i e z . . . HADAMAR 4 1 1 : mit hunden a b g e l ä z e n / sach ich dä varen einen / gen mir uf einer sträzen MEGENBERG I I I A , 3 8 : wenne man in (den leopard) zuo jagen ablaczt und er daz tier . . . niht begreift, sö stet er still zorniger und grimmiger 2. from lä^en 3. Dombrowski (s. v.) records this sense for E N H G ablassen. abe-louf (sm)

1. point at which the pursued quarry can be expected to leave the forest, and where it can be l a . (tr) to hunt down awaited; cf warte ( 1 3 ) PLEIER M E L 2 0 9 1 : der hirz der was a b e ( 1 3 ) N I B E L 9 2 8 : si hiezen herbergen für den g e j a g t . / Meieranz der unverzagt / lie den hirz grüenen wait / gen des wildes a b e l o u f e , die ze bile stän . . . stolzen jegere bait. l b . (intr) to track down ("quarry" under2. from loufjloufen. Contrast the path or a b e stood); similarly vor-abejagen (wv): to track louf of fleeing game, and the path taken by deer down quarry, ahead of the other hounds moving regularly to and from their pasture (s. (14) HADAMAR 52: Du vindest verte niuwe / die ganc and wider-gam). These two forms of path sich in ougen süezen; / sö merke wol, wä may well take the same course, but the distincTriuwe / ab j a g ; den sol din jagen lieplich tion is important: the huntsmen in N I B E L are grüezen choosing a place where it will be possible to HADAMAR 1 0 8 : welt ir nu wol und rehte, / sö catch the quarry at the end of the chase, and where suit ir iuch hin für zuo Triuwen büegen. / swä they will also be near their camp. This is in conder ab j a g t , dä ist ouch allz min wesen, / der trast to the modern German form of hunting, hunt tuot übel nimmer. where the huntsman conceals himself at his „AnHADAMAR 1 1 3 : nu hörte ich daz Wille / v o r stand", and waits for the game to leave cover ab j a g t , als ob ez allez brunne. / Will der jeit on its regular movement to pasture. gar snel und unverdrozzen. 2. from jagen abe-mü3en (wv) s. mitten 3. Dombrowski (s. v.) records NHG ababent-kropf (sm) s. kropf j a g e n with the somewhat different intr sense of abe-jagen (wv)

1

Dalby. Lexicon

aeber

2

aeber (sn) 1. patch where the snow has melted, and where the trail thus becomes more difficult to follow ( 1 3 ) P A R Z I V A L 1 2 0 , 5 : ez waere a:ber oder sal·,/ dem wilde tet sin schiezen we. K Ö N I G S B E R G 31: si (mine hunde) louffent mit dem wilde / üf berg und üf gevilde, / üf eberen und üf sng. ( 1 4 ) H A D A M A R 2 7 4 : Iedoch hiez ich ez (daz wilt) rouben, / die wile ez aber midet. („rouben" is an uncomplimentary term, used here of the strange pack of hounds hunting in the same area; if the deer avoids snow-free patches, then this indicates it to be a hind, not a stag, and the strange hounds can be allowed to pursue it — while the poet continues with his stag-hunt) 2. cognate with OE ä b e r e , ä b e r e (adj): open (s. Kluge s. v. a p e r ) ; Dt Wb (s. v. a b e r ) relates the term also to Lat a p r i c u s (adj): open to the sun, sunny. The MHG formula „a;ber und sne" survived into ENHG, and Grimm (Altdt. Wälder III p. 109) records the following 16 cent „Weidspruch": Lieber Weidmann sag mir an, / wann ist dir dein Sachen weger? / Auf dem Schnee und auf dem Eber / wird mir mein Sachen weger. The formula of tracking over snowy and snow-free patches was known also to Gottfried, although he uses the term „gras" (i. e. clear patch of grass) rather than the term a:ber (GOTTFR T R I S T 13567): „hie mite so volget er (Marjodo) dem spor / hin durch ein boumgertelin. / ouch leitet in des manen schin / über sne und über gras, / da er (Tristan )vor hin gegangen was" (this extract occurs at the end of an episode containing many hunting terms: Tristan is the quarry, moving at night to his pasture, i. e. Isolde; s. strich-mide para 2). 3. survives in NHG aper (Tirol), aber, aber (Switzerland and Bavaria) and äfer (Franconia): snow-free. abe-rihten (wv) l a . (intr) to set off on the trail, of a hound Dö ich nu hörte ab rihten / Statten und ab dreschen, / ich dähte, ich wil mich phlihten / zuo im, der hunt kan nimmer mer erleschen. H A D A M A R 1 6 6 : ich hän den alten Harren / a b r i h t e n , kobern sehen. H A D A M A R 337: Si (die hunde) kunnen wol ab rihten / und länt sich hoeren suoze . . . (14) HADAMAR 1 1 8 :

aber-klä H A D A M A R 341: nu hörte ich Wunne und Fröuden / mit jagen schöne ab rihten. (15) Osw W Ö L K 44,14: Jagt nach, ir trauten hundes kintl . . . rieht ab, Stät und Wenkl l b . (tr) to lead (other hounds) on the trail (14) H A D A M A R 20: An warte, in ruor geschicket / het ich dö mine hunde, / die jungen underspicket / mit alten, ob ez schalclich fliehen künde, / die jungen Sölten rihten ab die alten. l c . „wider-louf a b e - r i h t e n " (with dat): to lead (other hounds) on the trail of doubling quarry; s. aider-louf (14) H A D A M A R 552: doch sich ich dick, daz Harre / den Snellen hunden widerlouf ab rihte. Id. (intr, with dat): to put (a hound) on the trail, during training (15) GESCHEITHEIT 4r-v: Item wie du dem hundt...abrichten vnd behenngen solt.. ./So solltu . . . mit der sunnen auffgang ainen hirsz von feldt bisz gen holts nach farn, der deine(m) hundt gerecht sey vnd wan du jm gen holtz abgericht vnd gebraucht hast, so leg ain bruch vnd zuych dein hundt mit züchtigen vnd gutten wortten davon . . . 2. spec use of a b e - r i h t e n (wv): to follow a certain direction; cf be-ribten, rihten, umbe-rihten, ü^-rihten; also rihte. The examples listed under 1 b, c and d are still concerned with the following of a trail, but they foreshadow the modern usage of the verb, in the sense of "to train". 3. NHG a b r i c h t e n has the sense of "to train" (esp a hound).

aber-klä (sn; also sfm) 1. dew-claw (the "dew-claws" are small projections of horn, on the feet of deer, which leave their impression in the slot or imprint of each foot). The rounded impression left by the dewclaws of a stag (together with the bal and ric) constitutes one of the tokens or indications of a stag (s. ^eichen II); afiter-klä(we) (swf) is used similarly. (15) Ζ DES H I R S C H E S (A) 137 r: Die hind . . . ist eng hinen zwüschent den a b e r k l a w , wan dz a b e ( r ) k l a w stat für sich vn(d) jst eng vn(d) cru(m) vn(d) spicz. by disez zeichen merck dz es ein hind sig. Ζ DES H I R S C H E S ( A ) 139r: De(r) hircz ha(n)t hin(n)en grosse bälli vn(d) jst vo(n) de(m) ball vnez an die abe ( r ) c k l a w wit vn(d) lang. De(r) a b e ( r ) k l a w stat wit vo(n) enander vn(d) sieht vswert vn(d) wo er den erd rüret so jst recht als der zwen dume(n) dar hab getruk vn(d) jst die a b ( e r ) k l a w stu(m)pf.

abe-schinden K U N O ( S . 18): Dasz wild (i. e. hind) . . . ist kurz vonn denn bellelin bisz an die a f f t e r kla . . . K U N O ( S . 1 9 ) : die a f f t e r k l a w e n (des hirsches) steen weytt vonn ein ander vnnd sehen vszwendig . . . 2. from k l ä (sf): claw, cloven hoof (cf Engl c l a w in its obs meaning of hoof, or part of cloven hoof, surviving in the term d e w - c l a w ) ; a b e r - here has the sense of "secondary". 3. NHG A b e r k l a u e (f) is now obs, but A f t e r k l a u e (f) and A f t e r n Cplur) survive in this sense.

abe-schinden (sv) s. schinden abe-schrec (sm), abe-schrecken (wv) s.

schricken abe-slihten (wv) s. slihte abe-sprunc (sm)

1. the sideways leap of a stag (to confuse its trail) (15) Ζ DES H I R S C H E S (A) 136v: . . . so erwindet er (der hircz) an dem wald vn(d) tut eine(n) wide(r)gan vn(d) eine(n) spru(n)g ( = abs p r u n g in Mss. B C D E G H J K ) recht als ein has vn(d) gant in die fürholcz hin. H U G O V M O N T F (Herbst Minnes.) 2 7 , Str. 3 (addressed to the hound): Gsell, huet der vert, das tier ist jung,/ das es tue keinen a b e s p r u n g , /umb jagen ist im och nit k u n t . . . K U N O ( S . 5 ) : . . . vnnd thut dan einen a b s p r u n g k gleich einem haszen . . . (context corresponds to Ζ DES H I R S C H E S above) GESCHEITHEIT 5 R (on making a circle, to refind the trail): So fyndestu den hirsz nit fer von dem a b s p r u n g . . 2. from s p r u n c (sm): leap 3. NHG A b s p r u n g (m) retains this hunting sense. abe-stlgen (sv)

1. (intr) to "stoop", drop on its quairy (of a falcon). ( 1 5 ) MÜNSINGER 4 v : Vnd ist es sach, das der falck einen gesellen hat, der jm hilffet bysen, so ist sin art, das er sich in dem a b e s t i g e n dick füget vnder den fogel, den er da bysset, vnd hindert den als lang, bis der fogel in die rechten refieru(n)ge kom(m)en ist vn(d) sin geselle, der über s ch gestigen ist, jn dem a b e s t i g e n me geslahen vn(d) über kom(m)en mag. 1·

abe-treten

3

(s. also M Ü N S I N G E R 7 v, quoted s. v. z>virbelvalke) 2. formed from st i g e n (sv): to rise, fly up abe-stÖ3en (redv) 1. „nach einer verte abe-stÖ3en": to turn off on the wrong trail, of hounds; cf verstoßen (14) H A D A M A R 48: „Din hunt ist unervaren . . . wil er nach allen verten balde ab s t ö z e n . . . daz mac dir bringen kummer also grözen." 2. from s t ö 3 e n (redv): to move (in a certain direction). abe-treten (sv)

1. (tr) to break down blades of grass or the stalks of plants with their hooves, of deer: the blade or stalk is cut off sharply by the hoof of a stag, but crushed by that of a hind; hence abetrit (sm): the token or sign whereby a stag's trail may be distinguished from that of a hind, i. e. by the way in which grass or plants have been broken down (cf ^eichen II). (14) V E R F H I N D I N Str 142b ff.: In den Sprüngen die es (das tierlein) thette / Do hett es a b g e t r e t t e / (143) Ein reysz von der haiden/ Ich mocht nicht langer paiten / Das reysz Ich aufhub / Das hefftet Ich auf meinen hudt . . . „Ein reysz han Ich / Des wil Ich frewen mich / Dem edeln tier entpfüret / (143 b) Das es hat angerüret . . . Wann mich senen thut letzen / Vnd mir entgeet mein synne / So sich Ich an das hinden krentzline." (15) Ζ DES H I R S C H E S (A) 137v: Wie de(r) hircz dz gres a b t r i t t . Du sot lugen wo dz gres a b t r e t t ( e ) n sy so ein vart erspürst. de(r) hi(r)cz t r i t t dz gras ab recht als ob es mit eine(m) scharsach abgeschnitt(e)n syg . . . dz mag ein hind nit getün. Sy t r i t t och ab dz gras, es ist abe(r) nit als ich forgeseit han wa(n) sy ze(r)müdet (,i. e. crushes: Ms. Β zermürt, Mss. G, J zermörschet) nun. Dz zeichen heisset de(r) a b tritt. K U N O (S. 15): Item der hirsch t r i t t auch dasz grasz . . . alsz scharpff vnnd rein ab . . . vnnd disz zeychen, so der hirsch also thuth, heist a b trit. 2 . from treten I I . V E R F H I N D I N describes how the huntsman places in his hat a stalk which has been broken down by the foot of a hind: this detail has an obvious place in the love-allegory (i.e. denoting a keep-sake), but seems to suggest an existing superstitious practice. Since references to such "hunting-ritual" are very rare in MHG, it is interesting to note that the same

abe-trit poem contains a reference to a hunting-cry addressed to the quarry (a practice not yet noted in any other MHG source): s. weide-sprucb para 2. 3. the above sense is preserved in NHG abt r e t e n and A b t r i t t (m).

4

ane-legen ane-binden (sv) s. ver-binden ane-hetzen (wv)

1. (ti) to hunt, chase (a stag, when in view) (14) T E I C H N E R 54: „herr, wacrt ir ain wil beliben, / ir möcht es gern gesehen hän, / wir hatzabe-trit (sm) s. abe-treten ten ainen hirssen an . . . ( 1 5 ) J A G D P R E D I G T 4b: cervorum ipse enim abe-vähen (redv) venator certificat se, ubi multi cervi sunt, qua1. (tr) to put (hounds) on the leash, in order lem velit venari, vulgariter anheczen . . . to draw them back 2. from hetzen (14) H A D A M A R 268: „ v ä c h Harren ab und 3. NHG a n h e t z e n is recorded by Domhetze in nach dem loufe, / des slä sich bluotvar browski (s. v.) in the sense of "to urge on a verbet . . . " hound" (einen Hund a n h e t z e n ) or "to run H A D A M A R 405: „Gesellen unde herre, / v ä h t down game with dogs" (ein Wild a n h e t z e n ) ; Helfen ab und Triuwen, / für grifet in ein terre. / for the distinction of meaning between MHG miigt ir mit armen wol die vart verniuwen . . ." and NHG h e t z e n , s. hetzen para 2. H A D A M A R 489: ich was im (dem wilde) körnen bi der verte nähen, / dö sach ich wolfe wunane-jagen (wv) der,/ dö muosteich aber mine hunde ab v ä h e n . 1. (tr) to urge on (the hounds), with the horn 2. from vähen. Müller-Benecke (III, 203 b) and Lexer (s. v.) have interpreted this term, in its (14) H A D A M A R 128: Vaste mit dem home / beusage by Hadamar, as „(die Hunde) von der gunde ich an si (die hunde) j a g e n (Ms a: . . . Koppel loslassen". This interpretation is in con- s i a n j a g e n ) H A D A M A R 449: ich j eit in (den hunt Triegen) flict with the sense of the passages involved, and would also represent precisely the opposite an für Triuwen mit dem home. H A D A M A R 480: Nu j a g e ich mine hunde/ meaning to NHG a b f a n g e n (s. para 3 below). Schmertzing (Dt Jägerspr bis Anf 16. Jhs p. 6) froeliche an mit schalle. H A D A M A R 553: j eit man in (den hunt Harren) has already noted this error, but he also has missed the precise meaning of the term, in his lustlich a n , / sö jeit er suoze. (s. also H A D A M A R 131, 304) translation: „Die Hunde einfangen, um sie an der Koppel zu befestigen". The three examples (15) GESCHEITHEIT 6 v : bisz frölich von hals quoted make it clear that the term refers not only vnd von horn vnd j a g deine hunde recht fast to the leashing, but also to the drawing of a an. 2. from jagen·, ane (adv) here has the sense of hound away from the trail it is following (hence the adv abe). In Str 268, the old man advises "forward". that the hound Harre should be withdrawn from 3. Dombrowski (s. v.) records NHG anthe line it is pursuing and set on to the trail of j a g e n with the same meaning (incl the phrase blood; in Str 405, Helfe and Triuwe are simi- „mit dem Home anjagen"). larly drawn back and used to search for the ane-lä3en (redv) correct trail; in Str 489, it is necessary to hold back the hounds from the trail, because of danger from wolves. (Müller-Benecke quotes also HADAMAR 411 as an example of a b e - v ä h e n , from Schmeller's ed (1850); this reading is not supported by manuscript evidence, however, and this strophe is dealt with under vähen, as recorded in Stejskal's later ed.) 3. NHG a b f a n g e n has the modern hunting sense of "to catch a (running)hound, and place it on the leash". abe-werfen (sv) s. werfen I after-klä(we) (swf) s. aber-klä

1. (tr) to cast off (hounds), to release them from the leash in pursuit of the quarry; cf läsen ( 1 4 ) J O H W Ü R Z 9 7 8 : Nu hört aber niwesagel / sit ich aventiur jage, / so laz ich an die hunde, / (ich main von dem munde / diu wort diu ich da tihte, / uf daz jagen rihte) / . . . 2. from lä$en ane-legen (wv) 1. (tr) to couple (hounds), fasten them to the leash ( 1 4 ) J DER M I N N E 1 0 5 (the poet to his „knecht"): Du hast ain kuppel dü ist 1er / Da l e g dü drü

ane-louf (hunde) ze sament an / Ir loff sich wol geliehen kan . . . 2. spec use of a n e - l e g e n (wv): to lay on, put on 3. NHG a n l e g e n preserves this hunting sense. ane-louf (sm) s. bil-stat ane-menen (wv) 1. (intr) to lead towards the quarry, of a hound on the trail (14) H A D A M A R 57: Üf werfen, schrien, denen / min Herz aldä begunde, / hin ziehen und an menen 2. from menen (wv): to drive, lead forward; both Lexer (s. v.) and Stejskal (ed of H A D A M A R , p. 1 8 5 ) translate this usage in H A D A M A R as „vorwärts eilen". The hound is on a leash, however, (cf denen) and the sense of "leading" is preserved in this intr verb. ane-nemen (sv)

5

an-sihtec hinde(r) füsz dz d(er) by dem fordre(n) eben vn(d) glich stant. we(n) du dz sieht so macht du jn wol a n s p r e c h e ( n ) vür ein hircze(n). (s. also Ζ DES H I R S C H E S (A) 138 V, S. V . neselin, and 139 v, s. v. sicher-liche). L E I T H U N D 7 6 V: . . . dauon soltu dieselben jegere nit jagen heissen, die nur nach der grosz jagen, wan es musz ein herr oder frau offt ab dem holtz vngejagt heimbziehen solicher jeger halber, das sie die bösen (i. e. small) hirsch nitt a n s p r e c h e n dorff(en) vnd sprechen, sie haben nichts fundenn. G E S C H E I T H E I T 5 ν: . . . Ich were sunst dick vor fürsten vnd herren geschmächt worden, das ich den gar schamrot machet, der mir mein gefangnen vnd erjagten hirszen a n g e s p r o c h e ( n ) hat (i. e. if the writer had hunted and killed a stag which had already been judged, and thus claimed, by another master-huntsman). 2. spec use of a n e - s p r e c h e n (sv): to claim, address, challenge, accuse (in the example from G E S C H E I T H E I T the verb reflects the sense of " t o claim", from the general usage of a n e - s p r e chen).

1. (refl) to take up the trail (of the quarry) 3. N H G a n s p r e c h e n retains the sense of (13) KL MHD ERZ HI 191, 7: si (die hunde) "to judge (quarry)". chunden und mochten / den hirzen vil wol geane-vähen (redv) vahen. / swie vaste er konde gahen / den si sich an g e n a m e n , / si konden in so ramen / daz er 1. (tr) to leash (the hounds) niender mochte vinden / weder den hirz noch ( 1 3 ) P L E I E R M E L 2 1 1 6 (after Meleranz has taken die hinden / do er sich mochte entsagen mit the stag alive): „nu heizt die hunde v ä h e n a n , / 2. spec use of a n e - n e m e n (sv): (refl) to ich wil in (den hirz) mit mir füeren hin." take possession of (cf sinen). The first hunt to (15) G E S C H E I T H E I T 2 r (setting out on a hunt): follow a trail has prior right to the quarry; once lausz dir dein knecht deine jaghund a n f a h e n having taken up the scent, good hounds will not vnd nach zyehen, die du auff disen tag zu jagen leave it for any other (the stag is thus unable to brauchen wilt. confuse his trail with those of other deer). 2. from vähen 3. NHG „die Fährte a n n e h m e n " : to take up the trail.

ane-witern (wv) s. witern

ane-schiften (wv) s. scheften

an-gesiht (sf) s. an-sihtec

ane-seilen (wv) s. seilen

an-sihtec (adj)

ane-sprechen (sv) 1. (tr) to judge (the quarry), i. e. to determine the sex, size and age of a deer, from the tokens or signs left where it has passed; cf ζeichen II. ( 1 4 ) H A D A M A R 8 8 : Man mac ez (daz wilt) wol an s p r e c h e n / für aller hande wilde . . . H A D A M A R 1 8 8 : ez (daz wilt) hilt sich in den leisen, / daz man ez für ein kelbel mac an sprechen. (15) Ζ DES H I R S C H E S (A) 138r: Dis zeiche(n) heist de(r) bytritt. dz ist dar vo(n) dz d(er)

1. „ a n - s i h t e c werden" (or „ s i h t e c werden an"): to view, sight (the quarry); also an-gesiht (sf): view, sight of the quarry. (14) F R I E D R ν S C H W 801: Da ich den (hiersz) ward s i c h t i g a η , / da bat ich meine dienstman, / sie liessen mich nach im keren . . . M H D M I N N E R E D E N I (Der Minne Gericht) 19: der hund ainer ain hasen vand; / do ich in ward an s i c h t i g , / ze hannd zuckt ich den strick / und hetzt an in . . . J D E R M I N N E 4 5 : Ich hängte alles hinden nach / Bisz ich daz tier an s i c h t i g wart . . .

arbeit

6

äs

SUCHENWIRT X X V I , 2 3 : D e r (hunt) scheuhet

MÜNSINGER 31 Ν: Vnd one swere facht er den grossen antfogel vnd den tucher. Vn(d) der facht er vil one A r b e i t .

stein noch grozzen wald, / Wenn er daz wild a n s i c h t i g wirt.

2. spec use of a r b e i t (sfn): work, effort; cf arbeiten

2. spec use of a n - s i h t e c (adj): visible, in sight; a n - g e s i h t (sf): sight, view. Cf blic.

3. N H G A r b e i t (f) preserves the hunting sense of "training a hound", or "working with a hound".

J DER MINNE 85: Ich wil sy (di hunde) hetzen ze a n g e s i c h t . . .

3. cf N H G „im G e s i c h t haben": to view (the quarry). arbeit (sfn) 1 a. the effort of a hound or huntsman, in seeking the trail (13) GOTTFR TRIST 1 3 4 9 3 : der minnsere T r i s t a n /

der stal sich tougenliche dan / an sine strichweide . . . do haetim misselinge / ir stricke, ir melde, ir a r b e i t / an den selben pfat geleit . . . (s. discussion of this passage s. v. strich-weide para 2). (14) HADAMAR 51: ob under stunden Triuwe / mit kobern a r b e i t lidet,/ e er gereht verniuwe/ die vart . . . (s. also HADAMAR 2 9 2 )

(15) GESCHEITHEIT 7 r : Ist es aber nit die recht fart, so greyff wider hinder sich zu der dickin vnd red still mit deinem hund vnd lasz dich der a r b a y t nit verdryessen . . . (s. also GESCHEITHEIT 6V)

1 b. the fatigue or distress of hunted game (13) WOLFR TIT 135: Sit in den witen wait niht mohte gekeren / daz vliihtege wilt, wan her vür den talfin, daz wil sin a r b c i t gemeren (deliberately ambiguous, i. e. the distress of Schlonatulander, as well as that of the quarry) (14) HADAMAR 150: ich hän doch ie gehoeret/ daz staetic jäger wilt in a r b e i t bringet. l c . the working of a hawk (i. e. flying it at game) (15) ERNESTI 21 r : Jtem wan der habich an hebit die federn zu verwandeln, so nym yn von aller a r b e i t . . . BEIZB (Ε) 32 V: dorret der habich so sol man in gemälichen halten und on a r b e i t . MÜNSINGER 49 ν : Vacht das federspil an, sich zü musen, so sol man es nemen von aller a r beit . . . PETRUS (B) 82 r : so thruret her (der habich) ouch. das geschyt ym von obirger ( = überiger) erbeit. 1 d. the effort of a hawk, when flying at game (15) MHD MINNEREDEN I 5, 3 3 2 (noble and

modest lover compared to falcon pursuing a heron): der valke gewinnet s i n . . . daz er yn doch zu der erden bringet. / mit e r b e i t er dar r i n g e t . .

arbeiten (wv) 1 a. (tr) to train (hounds) (15) ERNESTI 2 5 V: Z u m eirste sal man sie (die

hunde) nyt fiel lazen a r b e i d e n vnd darnach ye mere vnd mere vben zum geide. MÜNSINGER 82 r : wan (n) sie (die hunde) ander halb jars alt sint, so sol man sie a r b e i t e n an dem gejegt. LEITHUND 74Ν: . . . wan der grund des jagens vnd aller spuren ligt alles am a r b e i t ( e n ) der leydhundt (s. also LEITHUND 7 2 v & 7 4 v )

l b . (tr) to work (a hawk), fly (a hawk at game); similarly ge-arbeiten (wv) (15) BEIZB (E) 2 1 v : wann man enmag in (den habich) nit g e a r b e y t e n nach seine(m) recht vor der kranckheit. BEIZB (Ε) 23 v : doch sol man in (den habich) nicht zesere a r b e i t e ( n ) das er werd dau(on) vnlustig vnd mager. l c . ge-arbeitet hawk

(part adj):

trained, of a

(14) HABICHTSL 1 1 4 r l : m i t den w o l g e a r b a i -

t e n habichen sol man fahen krenich, gansz, trappen und reher (15) BEIZB (Ε) 2 5 v : mitt dem wol g e a r b e y t e ( n ) habich sol man kränich vnnd gennszvnnd trappen vahen 1 d. un-gearbeitet (part adj): untrained, of a hawk (14) HABICHTSL 1 1 4 r 1 : mit dem

ungearbai-

t e n habich mag man wol von ersten clayne vogel fahen als entten und kroen. (15) BEIZB ( E ) 2 5 V : mit den

vngearbeyten

habichen mag man wol des aller ersten kleine vogel vahen . . . 2. spec use of a r b e i t e n (wv): to work, use; cf arbeit 3. N H G a r b e i t e n preserves the hunting sense " t o train, work with (a hound)". äs, aes, oes (sn) 1 a. meat, as food for hawks ot hounds: similarly äs-vleisch (sn); cf valken-äs

7

aesen (14) HABICHTSL 109 r 2 : alle clayn vogel sint gut a s z e dem siechen habich. (15) ERNESTI 1 3 V : W a n

der

fogel

daz

as

wirft . . . Vnd daz fleisch, daz du ym geb(e)n wilt, daz druck in daz saff vnd gip ym daz ö s z : so wirt er gesunt. BEIZB (E) 15r (how to lure a straying hawk from a tree): . . . will er nicht kommen czu hanndt, so sol man das as ζ an den lannck vessel pinden vnnd sol es jm für werffen. MÜNSINGER 8V: ein wiser felckner.. . Sol sich flyssen . . . das er jne (den falcken) esse mit solichem warmen frischen gesunden a s z e . . . MÜNSINGER 33Ν: Vnd etlich meister habent gesprochen, sy es, das man das a s z f l e i s c h lasz in harn ligen vn(d) man jne (den falcken) des morgens da mit esse . . . MÜNSINGER 81 r : darnach sol m a n j m e (dem

hunde) gnug geben zü essen und jn das asz sol man tün milch smalcz vnd frischen nüwen kese. l b . meat, as bait for a trap (15) PETRUS (Β) 85V: Man macht ey(n)e grübe . . . ey(n)e senewelle Stange tzwere über dy gruben, dor uff ey(n) a e s z wol al vmb bedackt. wenn der wolff das neme(n) wil, so vellet er in dy gruben. 2. spec use of M H G ( = O H G ) ä s (sn): carrion, carcase; cf similar use of O E £es: carrion, food for animals, bait. By the 14 cent, M H G ä s (sn) will have been homophonous with ä 3 (sn): food for men or animals (owing to coalescence of the sounds ,,s" and „ 3 " ) ; the above examples clearly reflect a spec sense of ä s , however, rather than the general sense of ä 3 . 3. N H G A a s (η): carrion, carcase (but formerly also food for animals) aesen (wv) s. a$en äser, eser (sm) 1 a. falconer's pouch (also in the form vogele s e r : V o c NÜRNB S. V.)

(14) BUSANT 870 (the prince's falcon has killed a duck): den valken nam er üf die hant / und streichete sin gevider, / und greif dä wider nider / näch dem antvögelin / und stiez ez in den ess e r sin. Μ FALKNER 89: Ich wolt etlicher hienge, / der velschlich bawet die rifiere . . . und füllet seinen as e r , / davon waid an mangen enden swachet. Μ FALKNER 9 8 : D o k o m ain valknsere / ge-

leich gar eim Schalken. / Des a s e r wasnit isere / auf seiner hant fürt er ainen valken / zu mazzen edel, das gefider was zerbrochen . . .

aspaum 1 b. huntsman's haversack (15) D T WEIST I I I p. 6 6 0

(Werdenfels,

1431):

wann ain pfleger von Werdenfels oder vnsser herrschafft von Freysing jagen welln, so soll der selb waydlechner gen vnd wyldprätt suechn, huntz das er es vyndet in der herrschafft, vnd man sol im käss vnd prott in den a s e r gebn, als lang er dann suecht . . . 2. spec use of ä s e r , e s e r (sm): (food) bag; derived from äs (carrion, carcase, food for hawks). A falconer normally wore a pouch, not only to carry the game which had been caught, but also to carry food for his hawks (cf Frederick II's description of this pouch or "carneria": D e arte venandi cum avibus, Vol I p. 164). In DT WEIST I I I the term is used of the haversack in which a huntsman carried his own food, and in this sense the term probably reflects the more general sense of ä 3 (homophonous with ä s , in late M H G : s. äs para 2). 3. Schmidt (Terminologie der dt Falknerei p. 63) records E N H G W e i d ö s e r (m) in the sense of "falconer's pouch". The pouch may be clearly seen in J o s t Amman's 16 cent pen drawing of a falconer (reproduced as plate X X X X V I I I in Lindner's ed of PETRUS). N H G A s e r (or A s e r ) (m) retains the sense of food-bag or haversack. The term W e i d a a s e r (or W e i d ö s e r ) is recorded by Dombrowski (s. v. A a s e r ) as denoting a huntsman's haversack, in S. Germany and Austria. aspaum (sm) 1. nesting-tree of hawks (Tirol) (15) TIROL WEIST I V 7 8 5 , 2 3 ( L e n g b e r g , dated

1468): an was enten vederspill stee und ain nachpawr icht selbs hagken well, so sull er mit den ain fuesz im a s p a u m Stenn und mit ainer wurfhacken werfen, was er mag, zu ring umb und umb, und ausserhalb desselben wurfs mag er woll schlachen, und was er innerhalb schlecht, ist er der herschaft verfallen 52 lb. 2. two later ( E N H G ) forms are a s p ä m and a s p e n , both from Aschau, in the Tirol, dated 1 5 6 1 : TIROL WEIST I I I 3 7 8 , 1 federspill an iren

a s p ä m e n ; 381, 15 federwiltpret an iren a s p e n . The

glossary

to

TIROL

WEIST

TV

(p.

801)

suggests that the word may be connected with N H G E s p e (aspen tree) = M H G a s p e (f), and it seems possible that a s p a u m may have been confused with (plur) a s p e n in the last example quoted. One would expect a more direct connection with nesting in the origin of the word, however, and a s p a u m may in fact be a shortened

8

asten form of * a s t - b a u m . MHG asten had the meaning "to nest", and NHG Ä s t l i n g (since 16 cent) has been used to describe a brancher (young hawk when it first leaves the nest and takes to the branches). Lindner (pers comm) has suggested an alternative derivation from äs, in the sense of "tree where hawks feed their young". It should be noted that local laws, protecting the nesting-trees of hawks, were common in the Middle Ages. To have driven away these birds would have involved the loss of a potential source of young hawks for training. Cf ÖST W E I S T VI 2 7 3 , 2 1 (Admont, dated 1 3 9 1 ) : Es sold auch kainer dem federspill nit nachent holz schlahen oder dem n i s t p a u m abhacken . . . asten (wv) 1. (intr) to nest in a tree, of wild hawks Fürbas des habchsArte ist, das er allein fluget one zfi den zyten, so er A s t e t vnd junge hät. ( 1 5 ) M Ü N S I N G E R 3 1 R:

2. from ast (sm): branch. Lexer (s. v.) interprets this use of asten in M Ü N S I N G E R as „Äste gewinnen, fortpflanzen". Other MHG examples of ästen are not known, and this interpretation appears to have been based on the meaning of NHG ästen (Dt Wb s. v.), as well as on one figurative usage of MHG esten in Wernher's „Maria" (Müller-Benecke s. v.). The precise usage of asten in M Ü N S I N G E R , however, indicates a literal connection with branches (i. e. nesting there), rather than a figurative meaning (cf aspaum para 2, incl note on NHG Ästling). See also Kluge, s. v. A s t and N e s t , for the etym relationship of these terms. äs-vleisch (sn) s. äs ätzen, etzen (wv) 1. (tr) to feed (a hawk); hence viir-etzen, über-etzen: to overfeed (a hawk) ( 1 4 ) H A B I C H T S L llOr 1 : so sol man (den) habich nit mer zu dem mal werffen und sol in etzen. (15) BEIZB ( E ) 2 8 V: o b

man

den

habich

zu

einem mal für äcze (Ms Η = v b e r ä t z t het) so bewar man das zu einem andern male vnd gebe jm mynnder.

a=3en

2. MHG atzen, ätzen, etzen is a factitive of e33en (sv) (to eat), with the literal sense of "to make eat". 3. NHG atzen has the general sense of "to feed (animals)"; Atz (m) and A t z u n g (f) have the falconry sense of "food for young hawks". aejen, aesen (wv) 1. (refl or intr) to graze (of deer); ge-aes(de), ge-3E3 (sn): pasture, grazing of deer (note sense of "food, type of pasture", in Ζ DES H I R S C H E S (D) 103r). (15) Ζ D E S H I R S C H E S ( A ) 1 3 6 r : . . . wie man den hircze(n) jn der faisi sflehen solt. . . zfi den recht(e)n fran wellden ( = vrön-welden) wo da g ( e ) a s d e ligend als an stossent. geäsde dz sin vesen (i.e. Engl "speit", NHG „Dinkel"), rogg(e)n vnd habren. Ζ

DES H I R S C H E S

(A)

136 V:

. . .

so er

(der

hircz) vo(n) eine(m) geäsde gant vnd sich geweidet hant so trabet er bald rech als er fur sich jn de(n) wald wel. Ζ D E S H I R S C H E S (A) 137 r: Nu wil ich sag(e)n wo (Ms = won) de(r) hind(e)n wandlu(n)g ist, so sy vo(n) de(m) geäsde ga(n)t. (Mss BC gäsz, D g ä c z , Ε g e a t z , F gesz). Ζ D E S H I R S C H E S (D) 103r (p. 133 in Lindner's ed): Och wil ich dich leren zway gäcz die der hirsz niempt vnd die hind nicht. D(az) ist fulbomen lob (i. e. alder leaves) vnd flachsz. Des bist du gewisz das sich kain hind damit äezt. Es sy dann zu der zit Daz die hind ain hirsz trag. So mag sy sich wol an dem flachs waid(en) vnd äsen. L E I T H U N D 73 V : . . . wan es ist offt gar verr vsz dem gäsz oder veldt zu den geligern. G E S C H E I T H E I T 2 V : So du nun kämpst vff die rieht oder in das feldt, da das wild vnd die hirsz die nacht gewandlet oder geesszt habend. . .

2. spec use of a: 3 en, aesen (wv): (intr/tr) to feed; cf. ä3 (sn): food, for men or animals. This verb was also used regularly, in its general sense, to describe the feeding of hawks and hounds: e. g. M Ü N S I N G E R 8 V (quoted s. v. äs). 3. NHG äsen: (refl or intr) to graze, esp of game; NHG G e ä s e (η): (i) the mouth of deer, (ii) the pasture of game.

Β bal (sm), balle (wm) 1. ball of the foot, of deer (the size of imprint, left by the ball of the foot, is one of the tokens or signs by which a stag can be distinguished from a hind); also belle-lin (sn): ball of the foot, of a hind. Cf ^eichen II. ( 1 5 ) Ζ DES H I R S C H E S ( Α ) 1 3 9 r : V o ( n ) d e ( m )

bal

vn(d) abe(r)claw . . . Der hircz ha(n)t hin(n)en grosse b ä l l i vn(d) jst vo(n) de(m) b a l l vncz an die abe(r)claw wit vnd lang . . . och sind de(m) hircz die b ä l l i hine(n) wit. dis jst d(er) allen besten zeichen ein so vff spurren mag gesin. so du disi zeich(e)n sieht, so sprich den hircz(e)n sicherlich an . . . der hinde(n) b ä l l sin klein vn(d) jst zwischent den b a l l e n eng vn(d) jst ku(r)cz vo(n) den b ä l l e n vncz an das abe(r)klaw . . . (s. also Ζ D E S H I R S C H E S ( A ) 1 3 9 V, quoted s. v. burc-stal) K U N O ( S . 18—19): . . . so hat dasz wild deine b e l l e l i n vnd ist zwischenn denn b e l l e l i n enge vnnd ist kurz vonn denn b e l l e l i n bisz an die affter k l a . . . / (S. 19) Der hirsch hat ouch hinden grosze b a l l e n . (s. also K U N O S . 1 5 , 2 0 & 2 2 ) 2. in general usage, b a l l e (wm) has the sense of "ball", including "ball of the f o o t " (Lexer s. v.). 3. N H G B a l l e n (m): ball of the foot, of animals. ban (sm) 1. ban on hunting (cf bannen and bennec); wiltban, wilt-bant (sm), and ban-gejeit (sn): hunting-preserve; ban-vorst (sm): (royal) huntingforest. (11) R E I C H S K A N Z L E R , Regesten Nr 2732 (Bamberg, c. 1070): bannum quod vulgo w i l d b a n n dicitur ( 1 2 ) E R E C 7 1 3 0 F F (Guivreiz' w i l t - b a n at Penefrec): dar zuo was dä das beste jaget / dä von uns ie wart gesaget. / ez het der künec umbe den sS / wol zwo mile oder me / des waldes in gevangen / und mit müre umbevangen: / dar in engienc dehein tor mg / niuwan üz gegen dem sl. / mit

müre was der selbe kreiz . . . geliche endriu gescheiden. / daz ein teil von den beiden / häte rötwildes gnuoc: / swarzwilt daz ander teil truoc. / in dem dritten teile dä bi . . . niuwan kleiniu kunder, / vühse hasen und diu geliche. / ezwas et vil vollecllche / erziuget dirre w i l t b a n . (13) S A C H S E N S ? I I 61: Doch sint dri stete in deme lande zu Sachsen, da den wilden tiren vride gewrocht iz bi koniges b a n n e , sunder beren, vuehsen, unde wulfen unde wilden swin. Diz heizen b a n v u r s t e . Daz eine ist de heide zu Koyne, daz andere der Hartz, daz dritte de Maitheide. Wer in diesen steten wilt vehet, der sal wetten des koniges b a n , daz sint sechstig Schillinge. (s. also S A C H S E N S P I I 6 1 , s. v. koppelen, and I I 62, s. v. hegen) S C H W A B E N S P 197: Doch hänt die herren p a n f o r s t e : swer dä inne iht tuot, dä hänt si buoze üf gesezet, als wir ernäch wol gesagen. Si hänt ouch über vische unde über vogel p a n gesezet. allen tieren ist vride gesezet, äne wolven unde beren. Swer in p a n f o r s t e n wilt wundet oder vellet oder jaget der ist dem herren des ez dä ist schuldic ze geben driu phunt der lantphenninge. Swer durch den p a n f o r t s ritet, des böge unde des armbrust sol ungespannen sin, unde sin kocher sol versperret sin. sine winde unde sine braken sullen üf gevangen sin, unde sine jagende hunde sullen gekopelt sin . . . unde ist daz ein man ein tier wundet in sinem w i l t p a n n e , unde daz fliuhet in ein andern w i l t p a n . . . stirbet ez in dem w i l t p a n n e e daz der dar über kome, der ez dä gejaget hat: des ist ez ze rehte. vindet erz lebende, er sol ez läzen sten, unde ez ist jenes, des der w i l t p a n ist. Ein ieglich wilt ist mit rehte ie des mannes, in des w i l t p a n ez danne ist. (s. also S C H W A B E N S P 1 9 7 , s. V . grüe^m) ( 1 4 ) D T W E I S T I p. 8 1 3 (Lags in Graubünden, 1 3 0 3 ) : In dem buochwalt ze Cästres hat du herschaft w i l t b a n t . D R E I E I C H E R W I L D B A N N ( M S . 1 ) p. 3 9 5 f : Wir Ludowig romischer keiser etc. irkennen uns uffinliche, das w i r . . . / (p. 396) virhorten von den hubernern, alse sie ubir den w i l t b a n zu Dry-

ban

10

eych geswom han, das sie deilen uf den eid wo der w i l t b a n uz und ane get . . . Auch deilent sie, das ein fait ( = vogt) von Mynzenberg disen vorgenanten w i l t b a n von eime riche zu lehene h a t . . . Mit namen sal he werin, das niman in dem seibin w i l t b a n n e jagen sal, dan ein keiser, und ein fait von Mynzenberg . . . HADAMAR 4 3 1 : man mac ein fühsel wol mit hunden hetzen, / dar an sö brichet niemen / den w i l t b a n , oder vähen sust in netzen. HADAMAR 4 8 9 : in der hertn w i l t b a n n e / vlöch ez (daz wilt), dö muoste ich von der verte balde. (s. also HADAMAR 2 8 and 4 4 ) D T W E I S T I I I p. 5 3 5 (Wisenfeld 1 3 5 1 ) : . . . daz nymant jagen sal in demselben w i l t p a n t dann dy amptlute zcu Rotenfels. TIROL W E I S T I V p. 1 0 2 (Passeier, end 1 4 cent): Item, der richter mag den w i l d p a n und vischwaid verpieten, als von alter herkumen ist, ausgenomen, das ain iegleich schiltman mit vederspil gepaissen und mit dem angel fischen und mit winden hetzen mag. Auch mag menikleich pern, wolf, fiichs und den weissen hasen, snehüner, das orhun vahen und auch klain vogeln. ( 1 5 ) FRIEDR I V (p. 1 1 4 ) : Uns ist furkomen, wie unser w i l d p a n in der grafschaft ze Tirol vast gewüst werd und yederman daz wilprett vogel und tyer . . . vahe . . . HUGO V MONTF (ed Runge) Refrain to Lied 2 : . . . Vntrew mit irem saile / In vnsern w i l t p a n hört sy nit / Wolhin dem tiefei ze taile. LORSCHER W I L D B A N N p. 4 6 5 : In demselben w i l d b a n dort soll niemand jagen oder bürschen ahn des bischoffs v. Mainz willen (context s. v. bracke) Ö S T W E I S T V I p. 3 0 2 (Goss, 1 4 3 6 ) : Dasz p a a n g e j a d t in dem vorgeschribnen amt zu Schergndorff . . . (following paragraph defines its limits) D T W E I S T I I I p. 4 3 9 (Bingenheim 1 4 4 1 ) : Item daz der w i l d e b a n d t , die fischerei, velt, wasser u. weide der gemeine seien. HÄTZL I I 57, 242: „Seid du bist auch ain waidmann, / sag etwas von dem w i l d p a n . . ." (context s. v. /«je»; s. also 57, 249, s. v. heimliche, where the term refers to the actual game within the preserve) Ö S T W E I S T VII p. 486 (Rauhenstein, before 1480): Wir erkennen zu recht das aller w i l d p a n klein und grosz auf dem Wuerpuhel sich anfengt da der w i l d p a n zu Merckhenstain gehört. N Ü R N POL p. 3 1 2 : . . . einichs fürsten oder annderr herschafft w i l d p a n (context s.v. mltvuore)

bant

2. spec use of ban (sm): ban, interdict (under threat of punishment); Med Lat b a n n u m is a loan word from the Gmc term. The compound w i l t - b a i l (sm) should not be confused with wilt-ban (sf), from „ban" (sf): path, track. Royal hunting-preserves (i. e. forests, in the original sense of this term) were first established in France and Germany during the Carlovingian period, and marked the end of unrestricted hunting rights for all free-men, on the land they occupied. Over wide areas, a ban was placed on the unauthorised hunting or trapping of all game (or of all but small game), and mutilation became later a frequent penalty for offenders. By the 9th and 10th centuries hunting-preserves ceased to be an exclusively royal privilege, and forest-rights were bestowed frequently on local overlords, both temporal and spiritual. The rapid expansion of hunting-preserves by the nobility was an important feature of the period covered by this lexicon (11th to 15th centuries), and the hunting-rights of the free peasantry were greatly reduced as a result (although their position varied greatly from area to area). For a survey of the legal and social background to this problem, in France, Germany and England, s. Lindner, „Die Jagd im frühen Mittelalter" pp. 152—233. 3. NHG W i l d b a n n (m) (Dombrowski s. v.) and B a n n f o r s t (m) (Harrach s. v.) survive as historical terms only. ban-gejeit (sn) s. ban bannen (redv) 1. (tr) to forbid the hunting of (game) (13) U L R LANZ 731: durch der liebe bannet er diu tier. / er ist ein richer forehtier . . . er heizet Galagandreiz, / sin burc ist Möreiz genant. 2. spec use of bannen (redv): to put under a ban; cf ban 3. NHG b a n n e n : to put under a ban. bant (sn) 1. hound's leash; cf hals-, hunt-, leit- & wint-bant. (13) PARZIVAL 281, 4: welt ir dan vür ein ander schehen, / als vreche rüden, den meisters hant / abe stroufet ir bant, / dar zuo hän ich nicht willen. (14) DIETR BORTE 563: her Heinrich zwene winde zir / liez von den banden. (15) HÄTZL II 33, 129 (the poet to his lady): Habt ir mich zu ainem hundt gezelt, / Dem pindt man vmb den halsz ain zügel / Vnd henckt Im

ban-vorst

11

daran ain priigel, / Das er des p a n n d s gewon / Vnd chom nit von der fert hindan. 2. spec use of bant (sn): bond, strap, fetter. ban-vorst (sm) s. ban bast (sm) 1. the breaking-up of a stag after the kill (in the French fashion, followed by the rewarding of the hounds); bast-list (sm): the skill of bteaking-up a stag (in the French fashion); bast-site (sm): (French) fashion of breaking-up a stag, and rewarding the hounds; en-besten (WT): (tr) to undo, break-up a stag. ( 1 3 ) GOTTFR T R I S T 2 8 1 0 F F (Tristan to Marke's huntsman): „daz lant, da ich gezogen bin, / dan ist der site niht also . . . man e n b e s t e t da den hirz" (i. e. as opposed to ent-hiuten, the method used in Marke's country).,,. . . trut kint, waz ist e n b e s t e n ? / als guot du sis, nu zeige mirz: / ga her, enbeste disenhirz!" GOTTFR T R I S T 2 8 6 8 ff: do bat der hovebjere, / daz sin (si den hirz) im rehte leiten / und uf den bast bereiten. G O T T F R T R I S T 2890 ff: sine brüst er do began / uz dem rucke scheiden / und von den siten beiden / ietwederhalp driu rippe dermite. / daz ist der rehte b a s t s i t e : / diu lat er iemer dar an, / der die brüst geloesen kan. / und al zehant so kertet her, / vil kündecliche e n b a s t e er / beidiu siniu hufbein, / besunder niht wan beide in ein. / ir reht er ouch den beiden liez, / den braten, da der rucke stiez / über lanken gein dem ende / wol anderhalber hende, / daz die da cimbre nennent, / die den b a s t l i s t erkennent. G O T T F R T R I S T 2915ff: sus was der hirz enb e s t e t , / diu hut billiche entlestet; / die brüst, die büege, siten, bein, / daz haete er allez über ein / vil schone dort hin dan geleit: / hie mite so was der bast bereit . . . „seht" sprach er „meister, deist der bast/ und alse ist dislu kunst getan." GOTTFR T R I S T 3 0 2 2 F F : „ez heizet curie umbe daz, / durch daz ez uf der cuire lit, / swaz man den hunden danne git . . . ( 3 0 3 2 ff) wan swaz man in dar uf geleit, / daz ist in süeze durch daz bluot / und machet ouch die hunde guot. / nu sehet an disen b a s t s i t e , / dan ist kein ander spaehe mite: / nemt war, wier iu gevelle." GOTTFR T R I S T 3459 ff: Nu si den hirz gevalten . . . (si) baten, daz er si den bast / von ende zende lieze sehen. G O T T F R T R I S T 3 4 7 1 ff: . . . rehte also / enb a s t e r aber disen (hirz) do. / den bast und die furkie, / die kunst von der curie, / do si die begunden sehen, / si begunden eines mundes

bast jehen, / daz nieman von dem liste / niht bezzers enwiste . . . G O T T F R T R I S T 1 7 1 0 1 ff: ich han ouch in der wilde / dem vogele unde dem wilde, / dem hirze unde dem tiere / über manege waltriviere / gevolget und nach gezogen / und aber die stunde also betrogen, / daz ich den bast noch nie gesach. ( 1 4 ) J DER M I N N E 1 8 3 (the „heckjeger" describes his main desire as being the capture of quarry, rather than the sport of hunting): Ob mir dann ain gelück beschäch / Das min hund jn der genäch / Ein wild ze strit erluffint / So war ich nie so gar ein kint / Ich kam och zu dem baste. 2. Grimm (Dt Wb, s. v. Bast) and Bechstein (note on G O T T F R T R I S T 2 8 2 7 , in his ed) consider the term b a s t , as used by Gottfried, to be identical with bast (smn): bark (pre-supposing a development of meaning from "bark" to "hide", and thus to the "flaying" or "skinning" of a beast, and finally to the whole process of "breaking-up" a stag). Lexer (s. v.) has likewise listed „Enthäutung und Zerlegung des Wildes" as a secondary sense of bast (smn) = Rinde, Bast, and this derivation is repeated by Schmertzing (Dt Jägerspr bis zum Anf des 16 Jhs, p. 66). Although Grimm's derivation of the term has received widespread acceptance, there are a number of points which throw doubt on this etymology: (i) Each stage in the supposed development of meaning, from "bark" to "breaking-up", is in itself feasible, but the shifting of the word through three levels of meaning, with no evidence of the intermediate stages, is much less probable. The theory appears to have received support from the existence of Bast (m) as a NHG hunting term, recorded since the end of the 17 cent in the sense of the skin or velvet which covers the newly grown antlers of a stag. Apart from the late appearance of this usage, any connection with the hide of an animal seems unlikely: the name of Bast (i. e. "bark") will almost certainly have been applied to the skin of the antlers owing to the obvious similarity between antlers and branches (cf Engl "branches", of a stag's horns), and also to the fashion in which this skin is peeled off by the stag, in rubbing his antlers against the bark of a tree. (ii) In recounting Tristan's explanation of French hunting practices to the Cornish huntsmen, Gottfried has added realism by quoting the French hunting terms furkie and

bast curie in his German poem. The term bast is linked with these French terms in τ. 3473—4 (den bast und die furkie, / die kunst von der curie . . .), and the verb e n b e s t e n , together with furkie and curie, is a term with which Marke's huntsman is unacquainted. Since Gottfried has chosen French terms to describe two unfamiliar hunting practices, it would be suprising if he had used a familiar German term to describe the first of these foreign customs; that bast was not a regular German hunting term, however, is indicated by the fact that it has not been noted in other descriptions of the hunt (either MHG or NHG), with the exception of J DER M I N N E (in this later poem, the practice of bast is only mentioned, and not described, and the term may well have been borrowed from the well-known text of G O T T F R T R I S T ) . Despite the German appearance of the word bast, it is likely that it will have been suggested to Gottfried by French rather than by German usage, (iii) The OF hunting term past does not appear to have been mentioned in previous discussions of Gottfried's use of bast. Examples of the OF term are quoted by Bormann,„Jagd im altfranz. Artus- und Abenteuerromanen" p. 55, in which the word refers to the feeding of the hounds at their kennels (usually with bread). This is the mediaeval custom of feeding hounds with bread, mixed with the blood and flesh of the quarry they were to hunt, and is a special usage of past (m): food, meal. The term pastisalso recorded by Foerster, „ Wörterb. zu Kristian v. Troyes",but here with the extended sense of „Anteil der Hunde am erlegten Wilde" (Perceval 3708). Whether this OF hunting term was used by Thomas, in the lost portion of his Tristan, cannot be known; it seems quite probable, however, that the term will have been familiar to Gottfried, with his knowledge not only of the hunt, but also of the French language. The rewarding of the hounds forms one of the most important stages in the ceremony of breaking-up a stag: it is thus quite conceivable that a term to describe the rewarding of the hounds should be extended to describe the whole ceremony. Such an extension of meaning is certainly more probable than the suggested development from a sense of "bark" to a sense of "breaking-up the quarry".

12

bast (iv) Grimm (loc. cit.) translates Gottfried's use of bast as „Enthäutung des Hirsches durch den Jäger"; Bechstein (loc. cit.) translates the term as „kunstmässige Ablösung der Haut"; Lexer (s. v.) is more accurate in his translation as „Enthäutung und Zerlegung des Wildes". This latter interpretation is suggested by v. 2915ffwhere Tristan speaks as though the bast were already complete, when the quarry had been broken-up and before the hounds were rewarded. That the ceremony of the bast also implied the rewarding of the hounds, however, is indicated by v. 3032 ff, where the actual rewarding is described as b a s t s i t e : this usage would require a fourth extension of meaning from the sense of "bark", and clearly supports the alternative derivation of Gottfried's bast from OF past ( = rewarding of the hounds). The request of the Cornish huntsmen to see the entire ceremony again, at the end of a later hunt, also indicates that the term bast covered the whole process of breaking-up and rewarding (v. 3462f: (si) baten, daz er si den bast / von ende zende lieze sehen). Closely related with the problem of bast is Gottfried's usage of the verb enbesten. This is clearly a term of German origin, with the general sense of "to undo, untie", and with the spec sense in GOTTFR T R I S T of "to undo, break-up (a stag)": cf the identical hunting usage of Engl "to undo". The fact that enbesten is derived ultimately from bast (smn) = bark (through wv b e s t e n : to bind, i. e. originally "to bind with a rope of bark, or bast") does not explain why bast ( = "breaking-up of a stag") should be derived from bast ( = "bark"); it does help to explain the usage of bast by Gottfried, however, if the French origin of the word is accepted. The manner in which Gottfried uses this term to describe the whole ceremony (whereas OF past denotes only the rewarding of the hounds) indicates that Gottfried himself may have been influenced in his use of bast by its phonetic similarity to the German verb enb e s t e n , in its sense of "to undo": hence his extension of the term to cover the breaking-up of the quarry, as well as the rewarding; this similarity may also have given rise to the spelling bast rather than past (although there was frequent confusion in MHG of initial p- and b-, in loans from the Romance languages: s. PaulSchmitt, Mhd. Grammatik, para 36.2).

bast-list For notes on the unfamiliarity of Tristan's French hunting ceremony, in Germany as well as in Cornwall, s. curie, furkie and viertel. 3. NHG Bast (m) does not have this sense (but for use of this term to describe the skin or velvet on a stag's antlers, s. para 2). bast-list (sm), bast-site (sm), s. bast be-birsen (wv) 1. (tr) to shoot (game) with bows, from a hidden vantage point (12) MELK TOD 271: Werbliche richta:re / Daz sint widervechtasre / Gotes unt aller güte: / Die tragint wulfin gemüte, / Si b e b i r s e n t swaz si mugen bejagen. 2. from birsen. The above usage has been interpreted in Pretzel's „Nachträge zum Mhd Taschenwörterbuch" (1959; s. v. be b i r s e n ) as „durchjagen mit Spürhunden"; this rendering is based on an inadequate interpretation of b i r s e n , however (s. discussion s. v. birsen para 2). The verb b i r s e n had the spec sense of "to hunt with bows and stable", i. e. to lie in wait with bows at a fixed point, towards which the quarry was driven by other huntsmen. Since Heinrich v. Melk is using the verb beb i r s e n to describe an unpleasant activity, it is likely that he will be referring to the fact that game was not necessarily killed by this method of hunting, but was often able to escape in a wounded or maimed condition (cf use of verbirsen). In Melk's metaphor the „werbliche richtasre" are thus lying in wait, killing or maiming whatever comes their way. 3. NHG b e b i r s c h e n is recorded by Dombrowski (s. v.) in the rare sense of "to stalk, get within range (of game)": this usage reflects the modern sense of b i r s c h e n (to stalk), as distinct from MHG birsen (q. v. para 3). be-decken (wv) 1. (tr) to trap wild fowl under a net (15) PETRUS (H) D VIV2: Solichen vogeln (habicht vnd falcken) sol der vogler nit beyte(n) bisz sie niddersytze(n). sunder im fluge sol er sie b e d e c k e (η) vn(d) zü der erden werffen vnd fange(n) (the net in this context is a clap-net: cf want) 2. spec use of b e - d e c k e n (wv): (tr) to cover 3. NHG d e c k e n is used similarly (the net under which the fowl are trapped is termed D e c k g a r n or D e c k n e t z ) .

13

bein be-diuten, be-tiuten (wv) 1. (tr, with „die vart"): to speak to the line, of a hound, i. e. to indicate by its barking that it has found the trail; cf be-schrien (14) J DER MINNE 26: Der laithunde so begunde / Die vart beschrien vnd wart liit / Da mit er mir die vart betüt. 2. spec use of b e - d i u t e n , b e - t i u t e n (wv): to point out, indicate. The use of „ü" for normal MHG „ü", as in „Hit" for „lüt", does not represent normal orthography in J DER MINNE, whereas „ü" is regularly used in the poem for normal MHG ,,iu", as in b e t ü t for b e t i u t ( e t ) . be-gerlich (adj), be-gern (wv), be-gerunge (sf) s . g e r n be-giric, be-girlich (adj) s. gern be-grlfen (sv) 1. (tr) to seize, catch (its quarry), of a hawk (14) MEGENBERG I I I B, 2 7 : ist

daz

er

(der

greiffalk) den raup mit dem ersten zuoschuz niht b e g r e i f t , so fleugt er über sich hoch auf in die lüft . . . (15) PETRUS (H) D Ilr 2 : dorümb was er (der habicht) nit b e g r i f f t in sine(m) erste(n) vszflige(n), das leszt er wol vnverüolget. 2. spec use of b e - g r i f e n (sv): to reach, catch hold of be-grimmen (sv) s. krimmen be-hengen (wv) 1. „einem hunde/ einen hunt b e - h e n g e n " : to set out on the trail with a lymer (leit-hmt) on the leash. (15) GESCHEITHEIT 4r: Item wie du dem hundt . . . abrichten vnd b e h e n n g e n solt, ee das laub an dem holtz herfur kompt. GESCHEITHEIT 5r: Vnd wiltu ain gutte(n) hundt b e h e n n g e n vnd erfolgen oder gerichten, welches du den nemest vnd redest, mag dir nyeman annderst ver- / (5v) mercken dan das du recht redest. 2. from hengen (wv), in the sense of "to let hang" (used of a hound's leash, or of a horse's reins). 3. NHG b e h ä n g e n preserves this hunting sense. bein (sn) I 1. (plur) feet and claws, of a hawk (15) PETRUS (Β) 82v—83r: so feilet er (der falke)

bein

14

nedir mit zcu gethanen flogein / vnde stoszet den vogel mit den b e y n e ( n ) . 2. spec use of b e i n (sn): leg. Cf reverse usage o f VU03, to include hawk's (lower) leg. bein (sn) II s. n/abtel-bein b e i j (sn) 1. (lit) hawking, but with emphasis on the quarry, or game which is hunted; cf beije, geheime & vogel-bei^e. (14) R E I N F R I E D 13563 (Queen Yrkäne dreams of a falcon, symbolising her lover Reinfried): wan dö si den valken liez / üf sin geverte und er stiez / üf des rehten b e i z es spor, / als er dicke hat dä vor / getan . . . ( 1 5 ) B E I Z B (E) I O V : Wann dz paisz indem jare oder in dem tage zeitig sey. Enwill der habich nicht vahen, so sol ma(n) jm ein vorlasz g e b e n . . . 2. from beiden bessere (sm) 1. hawker, in the sense of one who hunts with a goshawk (babech); cf beiyman and hebecher (13) U L R L A N Z 476 (the young Lanzelet meets Johfrit out hawking): ein habich fuort er (Johfrit) üf der hant, / gemüzet wol ze rehte . . . der beiz acre begunde spehen, / daz er (Lanzelet) sö kintliche reit. K L Μ H D E R Z I I I 1 9 4 , 3 9 F F : Nu höret mit kurzen meren / waz leute den b e i z z e r e n / vil wol gelichent mit ir sit: / da mein ich milte leute mit. / dem allez sin veder spil verdarp / und lutzel vogel da mit erwarp, / dem tut gelich ein milter man / der da geit und doch niht geben kan . . .; 282ff: die enphahent da den Gotes segen, / den geschieht, als ich e sprach, / als dem guten baizzer geschach . . . ; 298ff: der ist ein böser b a i z z e r e / und het grozze ungevelle, / der den teufel und die helle / mit sinem gute vehet . . . ( 1 5 ) B E I Z B ( E ) 1 6 V : auch so habend einen andern sitten etlich p a i s s e r das sy nement in yettwedere hannd des habichs füsz vnd trettent denn dem vogel auf den kopff vnnd cziehenn den habich dann also mit beyden schenckeln ab dem vogel. damit pricht man jm gar gere(n) die klawen vnd gar leicht. B E I Z B ( E ) 3 1 V : etlich p a i s s e r die schifften mit leym in die pfeyffen (i. e. they use lime to repair broken feathers). M Ü N S I N G E R 3 1 Ν: Aber der zam bereyt habch facht die groszen fogel. . . Wan(n) er niempt die künheit von den b e y s s e r n vnd von den fogel hunden.

2. from beiden. Whereas this verb is used frequently to describe the flying of falcons, as well as of goshawks and sparrow-hawks, the title of b e i 3 aere appears to be restricted to those who are flying goshawks only: in each of the above extracts, or in their preceding contexts, there is a specific reference to a goshawk (babech), and in no instance is there any mention of a falcon. In the B E I Z B ( B ) , the term p a i s s e r has a detrimental connotation: the only two references to „(etlich) p a i s s e r " are when bad practices are described, in contrast to recommended methods (for the detrimental sense of „etelich", cf H A D A MAR 320: „Etlicher mit dem home / jagt; daz er dar umb hiengel"; M Ü N S I N G E R 8r: description of „etlich felckner", who feed their falcons incorrectly; P E T R U S (Β) 81v: s. quotation s.v. mü%en\ P E T B U S ( H ) D I V v 2 : s. quotation s.v. valken-treger.) Lexer (s. v.) translates bei3 iere as „der mit Falken jagt" (the NHG term „Falken" is here used to cover hawks in general). He considers that the term has the additional meaning of „der Falke", and his evidence for this is the use of the word in M Ü N S I N G E R 31 V (quoted above). T o interpret b e y s s e r n as „Falken" (or "hawks") would be meaningless in this passage, however; Münsinger is explaining that the trained hawk gains courage from the presence of the "hawkers" and the hounds. bei3e (sf) 1. (lit) hawking, but with regular emphasis on the quarry, or game which is hunted; cf bei3, ge-bei^e & vogel-bei^e. (12) E R E C 2036: dö was guot kurzwile / des weges dri mile./si vunden guote beize dä:/beide bach unde lä / lägen antvogele vol. / swaz ein habech vähen sol, / des vunden si dä vil. E R E C 2058: dö si nach der beize riten... under in was ein bescheiden haz: / ir iegelich wolde daz dä baz / sin habech gevlogen haste, / als man ouch noch taste (in the preceding lines, 2043— 2056, there is a list of the many types of game taken by the goshawks) (13) B I T E R O L F 7000 fT (Rüedeger refuses two goshawks offered to him by Brünhilt): „zwiu solde ich füeren hinnen / ditze schcene vederspil ? / bi Rine ist guoter b e i z e vil: / zer Hiunen lant dä sint diu mos / sö tief daz ofte guotiu ros / in dem bruoche ligent dä. / diu b e i z e zimet baz anderswä . . . (the reference to „ b e i z e vil" suggests "sport in plenty", i. e. an abundance of game) ( 1 4 ) H E I N R M Ü G I I 4 0 3 , 5 (lady speaks of her lost falcon): Ich hoffe doch, das (er) mir kumet

bei3ec

15

wider, / wie er nu sweimet wit. / wan er verlüst die schell und das gefider / bricht und die winterzit / im drouwet und die b e i s z e (Ms = b e y s se) / vergat (i. e. his prey migrates) und ris(t) der hag, / so swinget er dann wider . . . (15) M Ü N S I N G E R 18r: So wirt der falck durch dz geschrey der fogel, so er es hört, dester begiriger zu der b e i s z e . 2. from beiden. Lexer (s.v.) translates b e i 3 ε as „Falkenjagd"; a more accurate rendering would be „Beize, Beizwild" (cf Engl "sport" and "game", in their extended sense of "quarry"). 3. NHG B e i z e (f): hawking (but without the implied sense of "quarry" or „Beizwild"). bei3ec (adj) 1. keen, eager for the kill, of hawks (14) Μ P O L O (A) 43 vb: Do sint ouch hin und her vil hebiche gar groz unde swarz sam die raben, di ouch gar b e y s i k sint. 2. from beiden 3. NHG b e i z i g , as a falconry term, preserves the sense of "keen". bei3en (wv) I 1 a. (intr) to hawk; also in the forms ge-bei3en W E I S T , 1 4 cent), and beizen ( N E T Z , 15 cent) (12) E I L H T R I S T 7196: dö reit Tristrant . . . mit eime sperwäre / b e i z z e n offenbare. (s. riten for later examples of the phrase „riten bei 3 en") ( 1 3 ) P A R Z I V A L 4 8 7 , 6 (Wolfram says he would be keen to hunt, if he were a hawk fed on the modest food which Parzival was eating with Trevrizent): man möhte mit mir b e i z e n , / waer ich vür vederspil erkant, / ich swunge al gernde von der hant, / bi seihen kröpfelinen / taste ich vliegen schinen K U D R U N 1 0 9 6 : mit sinem valkena:re b e i z t e dä der künec vil kündicliche . . . B I T E R O L F 2263: ze siner muoter er (Dietleib) dö sprach / „frouwe, ich wil nu b e i z e n varn" K O N R P A R T 2 5 4 9 : . . . weder wilt du in den wait, / den hirz erjagen und daz swin, / oder bi dem wazzer sin / durch b e i z e n mit dem vederspil? K O N R P A R T 2 5 6 7 : . . . stet aber din gemüete baz / üf b e i z e n bi des wäges fluot . . . K O N R P A R T 2 6 8 1 : so daz er . . . reit jagen mit den hunden / und eteswenne b e i z e n vuor KL MHD ERZ III 144, 2: leslichem biderbem weide man/der wol b e i z z e n und jagen chan . . . ( 1 4 ) R E I N F R I E D 1 6 4 4 f f (Queen Yrkäne dreams of (TIROL

bei3en Reinfried): der troun ( = troum) begunde Kicken / ir herze gen der minne zil, / alsam ein jungez vederspil / daz man mit luoder reizet, / δ mit im werd g e b e i z e t R E I N F R I E D 1 3 5 5 6 (Queen Yrkäne dreams of a falcon, symbolising Reinfried): si wolte mit im (dem valken) b e i z e n , / als si vil dicke hät getän . . . H A B I C H T S L 113r 2 : Der habich ist mulicher jn dem lentzen zubetwingen, damit z e b a i s z e n / denn in dem herbste T I R O L W E I S T IV p. 1 0 2 (Passeier, end 1 4 cent): Item, der richtet mag den wildpan und vischwaid verpieten, als von alter herkumen ist, ausgenomen, das ain iegleich schiltman mit vederspil g e p a i s s e n und mit dem angel fischen und mit winden hetzen mag Μ F A L K N E R 1 0 5 : Gerechtiglichen b a i s s e n / fleis ich mich ie, und will mich fleizzen immer. ( 1 5 ) N E T Z 1 2 7 9 (Devil describes his hunting and capture of sinners): Ich tuon si an ainander raitzen / als der mit ainem habk tuot b a i t z e n / und an ain raigel tuot fretzen: / ais tuon ich si ze samen hetzen M Ü N S I N G E R 5r: So ist es not vn(d) ouch güt, wan (η) der f eickner den falcken vff der hand treyt vn(d) da mit nit b e i s z t , das er jm ein hube(n) uff setze. D A G U S I (vij): Darnach so gee mit jme (dem falcken) p a i s e n . . . D A G U S I (xv): Vnd so du paissen gen wollest so gib jme (dem falck) ein wenig fleisch jn essigk genetzt zu essen (the phrase „ b e i 3 e n gen", in the above two quotations, indicates that this treatise was not addressed to the nobility, nor to their professional falconers, but rather to small landowners and townsmen; contrast with the phrase „riten b e i 3 e n " , s. v. riten)

l b . (as infinitive or verbal noun) "hawking", as a regular element in groups of three infinitives or verbal nouns, enumerating field sports and other pastimes. ( 1 3 ) U L R L A N Z 2 9 0 (Lanzelet's childhood pastimes in the kingdom of the mermaid): birsen b e i z e n unde jagen / und mit dem bogen rämen (this Statement gives rise to a discrepancy in Ulrich's text: the noble sports of b e i 3 e n and jagen are regularly associated in this period with riding, cf phrases with riten, but in a later passage Lanzelet is described (403 ff) as being unfamiliar with horse-riding. This discrepany suggests that the phrase „birsen b e i 3 e n unde jagen" was already a regular formula in Ulrich's time, and may thus have been used by him without thought of its full implications.)

bei3en

RUD WILH 10063: Da (in Kurnewal) siht man b a i z e n , birsen, jagen;/ swas man sal yon kurzewile sagen, / das findet man da bi in gar. KONR PART 1993: du vindest kurzewile me / dann iemen künne bringen für. / du maht nach dines herzen kür / hie birsen, b e i z e n unde jagen, / trinken, ezzen, kleider tragen / und dar zuo riten schoEniu pfert. (14) REINFRIED 12513: man sach in (Reinfried) mit den hunden / birsen b e i z e n unde jagen. / mit valken hebchen sunder klagen / sach man in kurzewile hän. JOH WÜRZ 18582: aller vrasuden die herren clflc/ triben mit gelimpf vil: / birssen, b a i z z e n , ritters spil / triben si und tantzen clüc. HADAMAR 455: hovieren, tanzen, singen, / jagen, vischen, b e i z e n , / swaz sunder lust kan bringen, / daz kan den muot mir ze unmuote reizen . . . l c . (tr) to hunt (wild-fowl) with hawks (14) NÜRNB POL p. 309: Unnsere herren vom rate gebieten, das . . . nyemant der iren einich rephun oder wachtel mit einichem vederspil nit p e y s s e n . . . sol. (15) BEIZB (E) 33 r : Wer grosz vogel ρ ays s e n will d(er) darf woll des habichs wind darzu. I d . (tr or intr) to hunt, of hawks; note also use of ge-bei3en (tr) in MÜNSINGER MS D , apparently with the sense " t o catch" (of hawks) (15) MÜNSINGER 7R: Dieser Sackerfalk b e i s z t allein vnd ouch mit einem gesellen . . . MÜNSINGER 7 Ν (describing the „zwirbelfalck"): . . . wan (η) sin eigenschafft ist, das er sich an der beisze in dem abstigen zwirbelt als lang, bisz er den vogel, den er b e i s s e t , geslagen vnd gestossen mag (Ms D = . . . vnd g e p a i s s e n mag) DAGUS I (ix): Berg falcken seint seer keck vnd grymmig . . . vnd sie p a i s s e n nit kleine fogeln. 1 e. (tr) to fly (hawks) ( 1 5 ) W I E N FALKENH

bei3-hunt

16

174r:

So nym

yn

(den

valken) denne vff / die hant vnd trag yn denne bis vff die czeit, das du yn bei sen wilt. MHD MINNEREDEN I 8, 292 (metaphorical use, referring to young men): uff strites gir sy b e y s z e n t / ir sinne mit falken flugen. / zu turnyern, stechen hugen / ir gir, ir mut, ir wille. PETRUS (Β) 81 r : Man mag sy (die hebiche) zcwyr denne eszen wenne sy den irsten kropph vol zcogen (i. e. digested) haben. Es were de(n)ne, das ma(n) sy b e i s z e n wolde. 2. O H G b e i z z e n , b e i 3 e n and M H G b e i 3 e n ( b e i t z e n , b e i z e n ) have a primary sense of " t o let bite, cause to bite", and they

represent a factitive of P G * b i t a n (to bite). The forms in -(z)z- or -(t)z- correspond to the infinitive of the P G factitive * b a i t - j a n . The forms in -3-, on the other hand, are derived from the -t(i)- of the 2nd/3rd pers. sing, of this factitive ( * b a i t i s , b a i t i j j ) . (For similar O H G and M H G doublets, cf Kluge s. v. reizen, heizen, Weizen.) In M H G , in the case of all these doublets, the form in -3- took precedence over the form in -(t)z-, and this is particularly noticeable in the case of b e i 3 e n : among all the examples quoted, the only certain occurrence of b e i ( t ) z e n is in NETZ (Middle German, c. 1418). In N H G , however, this tendency has been reversed, and b e i z e n is now the established form: the form in -(t)z- had thus survived throughout the M H G period, and probably became the accepted form owing to the coalescence of M H G b e i 3 e n and b i 3 e n (as late M H G b e i s z e n : to bite). The falconry use of this verb is closely related to its usage in the hunt: s. beiden II. In the basic sense of " t o make a hound or hawk bite" (hence " t o set a hound or hawk upon game"), the verb appears to represent a G m c hunting term. O N b e i t a (wv) and O E b i e t a n (wv) include " t o hunt" among their various meanings, and M E b e y t e n (wv) had the sense of " t o hunt with dogs" (derived from ON). 3. N H G b e i z e n preserves the sense of " t o hunt with hawks". b e i j e n (wv) I I 1. (intr) to hunt (with hounds) (13) WOLFD (D) (Holtzmann) Str 617—619: do reit Wolfdieteriche an einen wilden se, / do wolte er b e i z e n mit den hunden sin . . . / (618) . . . D o kom ein tier wilde geloffen in den tan. / (619) Ez was ein hirsz schöne . . . 2. for etymology s. beiden I. bei3"hunt (sm) 1. hound for the hawk (hound trained to flush wild fowl, i. e. start them from the ground in order that they may be attacked in the air by the hawk); cf stöuber, vor-ligender hunt & vogel-bmt (15) MÜNSINGER 7 r : Vnd er (der sackerfalck) hat den feickner vnd auch die b e i s z h u n d fast lieb, vnd jne jr gegenwortikeit so ist er vast willig zfi der beisse . . . MÜNSINGER 80 r : Vnd als vnder den edeln hunden etlich klein sint, als die vogel hund vnd die b e i s z h u n d e , vnd etlich gröszer, als die jag hunde vnd leyt hunde . . . . (s. also MÜNSINGER 9r)

17

bei3-man

2. comp with beiden. In France and England, during the Middle Ages, the spaniel ( O F espagneul, M E spaniel) was already the normal hound for a falconer, and in Germany the b e i 3 h u n t , slöuber and vogel-hunt probably also belonged to this breed (s. vogel-hunt para 2). 3. the N H G falconry term B e i z h u n d (m) denotes a spaniel trained to flush wild fowl. bei3-man (sm) 1. hawker, in the sense of one who hunts with a goshawk or sparrow-hawk; cf bei^are and bebeeber. (15) MÜNSINGER 33V: Wan(n) aber der b e i s z man merckt an der beisze, das der habch oder der Sperber den fogel sieht vnd sin doch nit begert . . . MÜNSINGER 3 9 r : W e r es, das den b e i s z m a n

beducht, das der habch bezaubert were . . . MÜNSINGER 4 2 V: V n d der

beyszman

sol

win in sinen mund nemen vnd jne dem habch vnder die äugen jn blassen vnd spriezen. 2. from beiden. Like bet3are, b e i 3 - m a n appears to be restricted to those who are flying goshawks (and sparrow-hawks), as opposed to those who are flying falcons (for which MÜNSINGER, 5r etc, uses the term „felckner"). bei3unge (sf) 1. hawking, i. e. flying (of hawks) at quarry, or hunting (of quarry) with hawks. ( 1 4 ) Μ POLO (A) 19 r a : V o n der b e y s u n g e der

vogil. Der groze chaam (i. e. Khan) wen der wil ritin beysin, so vurt her mit ym X tusint v o l k i s . . . (15) ERNESTI 17 V: Vnd also furbaz so gip ym (dem habich) ye beszer fogel vnd starcker vnd groszer, als wir auch leren von der b e i s z u n g der falken ERNESTI 18r: Jtem so du syhes eyne habich, der nyt begert in der b e i s z u n g der fogel, so wisze, daz er zu fiel feiszt ist . . .

be-jac (sm)

be-jagen (wv) 1. (tr) to win, get (but apparently with no special hunting significance — s. para 2); cf be-jac (13) ALBR OVID X I X , 2 5 0 : dar q u ä m e n junc-

vrouwen zwä, / die ein hiez TegEä, / die ander Atalantis, / die vil dicke höhen pris / ime walde und üf der heide / b e j a g e t e mit gejeide. ZWETER 171, 1: Die wilden a;r hant einen site, / dä si doch eteswenne b e j a g e n t guotiu mursel mite: / swä si die aren vindent dä bindent si diu jungen üf daz nest . . . 2. from jagen. In M H G , be j a g e n was widely used in the general sense of " t o get, win", and this sense swamped any particular hunting significance which the verb may once have possessed. Even in the above hunting extracts, the verb appears to be used in its general sense only (cf also use of b e j a g e n in MELK TOD 271, quoted s. v. be-birsen). 3. NHG b e j a g e n is no longer used in the general meaning of " t o get, win", and the verb has now developed the spec hunting sense of " t o go hunting (a particular kind of game)" or " t o hunt over (a particular area)". be-koppelen (wv) s. koppelen

(13) ULR LANZ 1 5 5 1 : i m (Patricjus) was w o l

1. booty, spoils of the chase; cf ge-jac (13) IWEIN 3920 (the lion catches game for Iwein): . . . und daz mit selhem be j a g e / der wilde lewe disem man / sine spise gewan. (den bracken

Hiu-

dane) harte Tristan aber do / geleret harte schiere / nach dem hirze und nach dem tiere . . . ze wünsche loufen uf der vart, / so daz er niemer lut Dalby, Lcxicon

in fishing contexts (cf HART GREG 3 0 5 2 : d ö v u o r

der vischsere nach b e j a g e ) and in the general sense of "booty, gain" (s. Lexer s. v.).

1. (intr) to have harbour, i. e. to occupy its lair (of a stag)

bei3-wint (sm) s. habech-wint

2

wart. / mit dem vertriben si manegen tac, / niht durch dekeinen den b e j a c , / der an solhen dingen lit, / niuwan durch die kurzen zit, / die man hie mite haben sol. RUD WELTCHR 547: nu künde birsin, schiezin, jagen / Lamech durh chunst und durh b e j a c . PLEIER MEL 4393: quoted s. v. wilden are (14) LIEDERSAAL I 34, 3 (Die Jagd des Lebens): Ain jeger hin ze walde gie / Der dick grosz wild gevie / Vnd sucht ainen b e i a g . . . 2. from be-jagen. The term b e j a c also occurs

be-llben (sv) I

2. from beiden

GOTTFR TRIST 1 7 2 6 2 : i n

be-liben

umbe spüren kunt: / swä ein hirz funden wart, / sö wist er wol sine vart, / war er lief und wa er beleip. (15) Ζ DES HIRSCHES (A) 136V—137r: so ga(n)t er (der hircz) den(n) wo er ein dicki findet /des holczes. Da bestätnat er sich vn(d) b e l i b z da 2. spec use of b e - l i b e n , b l i b e n (sv): to stay, remain

be-liben

be-rennen

18

be-liben (sv) II s. vart I (1 c) be-limen (wv) s. Itmen belle-lin (sn) s. bal bennec (adj) 1. reserved (of game which may be hunted only by the overlord). (15?) D T W E I S T I I I p. 711 (Wartenstein): Das federspill, als weith die freiheit werth, der herschafft p ä n n i g i s t . . . Item aichhorn, rebhinner, haselhinner seynd p ä n n i g , wer die schuessen oder fahen will, der sol das gejayd bestehen von der herschafft. 2. from ban berc-valke (wm) 1. a species or sub-species of falcon (probably a sub-species of the peregrine, i. e. falco peregrinus germanicus); similarly montaner (sm) and montäner-valke (wm) (15) M Ü N S I N G E R 8 V : Die trytten edeln falcken heissent m o n t a n e r , das sint b e r g f a l c k e n : Die falcken von der trytten edeln zucht heissent jn welisch m o n t a n e r vnd zü tütsche B e r g f a l c k e n . Vnd der falcke, der da also heisset, hat die grosz des habchs . . . Dieser m o n t a n e r f a l c k ist böser vngeberde vnd vnstet zornig . . . Vnd man findet ouch m o n t a n e r f a l c k e n , die vor zorn vn(d) gry(m)mikeit sich nit beniigen lassen, das sie einen fogel slahen . . . D A G U S I I ( X ) : Ertlich falken sindt als die b e r g f a l k e n vnd auch die p e r g f a l c k i n die synd grosz vnd grymmig vnd sorglich zu bewaren dan die andern, dan sie wellen andere artzeney haben . . . wen man sie nit mag wol zemen, dan die falcken fahen nit klein vogel sonder grosz. 2. loan-translation of Med Lat "montanarius". For a full discussion of b e r c - v a l k e , and for its probable equation with falco peregrinus germanicus, s. Lindner,,, Von Falken, Hunden und Pferden" II p. 186ff. 3. the ill-defined bird-name B e r g - F a l k e (m) does not appear to have been recorded since 1756 (s. Lindner, op. cit. p. 188). bereit (adj) 1 a. prepared for flying, of a hawk (fresh and in good form) ( 1 3 ) U L R A L E X 3 3 9 8 : die valken waren dö b e r e i t . . . er (Alexander) reit mit in ze velde KL MHD ERZ I I I 194, 38: er (der ritter) warf so er werfen solde, / und vie . . . der vogel ein

michel teil. / er hat vor kunste daz heil / daz sin veder spil vil wol genas/ und alle zit b e r e i t was (s. also KL MHD ERZ III 194, 29) 1 b. trained, of a hawk (14) H A B I C H T S L 1 0 9 v 2 : so der habich b e r a y t wirt und wol zu der hant komet (15) M Ü N S I N G E R 14r: . . . wan(n) er (der blawfüsz) begert nit fast der grossen fogel an der beysze, er sy den sunderlich von dem felckner dar zü b e r e i t . MÜNSINGER31 Ν: Aberderzam b e r e y t h a b c h facht die groszen fogel Als den kranch . . . (s. also M Ü N S I N G E R 19V, 32V & 52r) 1 c. zuo-bereitet (part adj): trained, of a hawk (15) M Ü N S I N G E R 7 r : Dieser sackerfalck . . . wirt ouch dester ee zame vnd zü b e r e i t , so man jm uff der Stangen ein gesellen zu stellet. 1 d. bereiten (wv): (tr) to train (a hawk) (15) M H D M I N N E R E D E N I 9, 141 („Der entflogene Falke"): der valk . . . den ir selber habt gezogen, / b e r e i t e t und geleret. H I C F E L T 3 ν : hot ir eynen guten falken . . . der do wol geledemosset (i. e. well-proportioned) ist vn(n)d wol b e r e i t e t czu dem ludir . . . den sullit ir lip habin. M Ü N S I N G E R 17 r : Das sechst Capitel, das da saget, wie man die falcken zam machen vnd b e r e y t e n sol zu der beysse . . . MÜNSINGER 3 2 V — 3 3 r : V n d m a n s o l j n e ( d e n

habch) Also b e r e i t e n . Man sol jme zü dem ersten das gesc(h)üch an tun vnd ein lange snur an den fusz binden. Vnd sol / man jme dick zü der hantlocken. (s. also M Ü N S I N G E R 52 r) 1 e. bereitunge (sf): training of a hawk (15) M Ü N S I N G E R 15 r: Vnd die wile sie (die vnedeln falcken) jung sint, so sint sie verzagt vn(d) fürchtent sich. Wan(n) sie aber sich zwey oder trymale gemüset haben vnd die natürlich forcht jne durch des feickners kunst vnd b e r e y t u n g . . . beno(m)men ist, So fahen sie tuben vnd antfogel. (s. also

MÜNSINGER

17 r)

2. spec use of b e r e i t (adj): ready, willing, prepared 3. Schmidt (Terminologie der dt Falknerei p. 67) records the above sense for E N H G b e r e i t and b e r e i t e n . bereiten (wv), bereitunge (sf) s. bereit be-rennen (wv) 1. (refl) to frolic, gambol (of deer in the mating season)

be-rihten

19

( 1 5 ) K U N O ( S . 1 1 ) : Wie sich Hirsch vnnd wildtt (i.e. hind) b e r e n n e n n . Wan nun hirsz vnnd wylt des abents vnnd nacht sich geest vnd berant haben, so ghen sye an ein geleich stat, die jnen gefellich jsz, vnnd sthen vff ebner stat vnnd trybeten vmb vnd vmbher gleich ront mit jren fuessen vnnd halten den jederich. 2. spec use of b e - r e n n e n (wv) in the tr sense of "to tumble" 3. E N H G (sich) b e r e n n e n is used to describe the frolicking of deer, in Albrecht Retz' „Jägerbuch" (dated 1604): „wo hersch vnd wildt sich han b e r a n d t / vnd darnach thun den jederichen standt." (s. Lindner's ed of Ζ DES

be-schrien Lat f e r i r e : to beat, strike (incl "medium f er i r e " : to keep to the middle of the road). be-roufen (wv) 1. (tr) to pluck the feathers from a hawk, in order to accelerate its moult (not a recommended method); cf phlücken. (15) PETRUS ( Β ) 81v: Etliche b e r o u f f e n dy hebiche uff das das sy wol muszen, aber man vorderbet sy faste do methe. 2. spec use of b e - r o u f e n (wv): to pluck, from r o u f e n (wv): to tear out. bersen (wv) s. birsen

HIRSCHES P. 7 9 ) .

NHG b e r e n n e n is not recorded as a modern hunting term, but note use of r e n n e n : "to be on heat", of a vixen. be-rihten (wv) 1. (refl) to find the right trail, of a hound diu (verte) was also durchberte / mit mangen löufen, daz mir fröude störte. / doch liez ich Willen zuo den hunden beiden, / ob sich der kund b e r i h t e n . . . H A D A M A R 1 5 7 : und künde sich b e r i h t e n / Wille in disen gengen, / er solte ez bald ab slihten . . . H A D A M A R 406 (addressing the hounds): Ir kunnet iuch b e r i h t e n / bi wazzer und üf walde, / krumb widerlöufe slihten . . . 2. spec use of b e - r i h t e n : (refl) to put oneself in the right position; cf rihten I, ab:-, umbeand ü yrihten. ( 1 4 ) HADAMAR 1 0 4 :

bern (wv) 1 a. (tr) to trample, beat the ground, used of running hounds or running game; cf bliuwen and dreschen. (14) H A D A M A R 7: durch wisen nach den verten . . . swä si (die hunde) die sträze b e r t e n H A D A M A R 7 7 : wie dicke ich üf die herte / greif mit miner hande, / wie ez (daz wilt) die erden berte / und wie siu sich von siner schal entrande! l b . durch-bert (part adj): trampled over, of a confused trail ( 1 4 ) H A D A M A R 1 0 4 : ich luogte nach der v e r t e . . . diu was also d u r c h b e r t e / mit mangen löufen, daz mir fröude störte. 2. MHG b e r n (wv) also had the wider meanings of "to beat, tread". Cf Engl dial b e r r y : to beat (incl to beat a path); also ON b e r j a , 2*

ber-swert (sn) 1. boar-sword; cf smn-swert. (15) H Ä T Z L II 72, 169: Ist dir dein p e r s w e r t pliben gantz, / du hast geuochten manigen rantz, / das es pillich verschliffen war (this is not a hunting-context, however, and „ranz" is here masc = fight, not fem = wild sow; p e r s w e r t is also mentioned earlier in this poem: v. 150 & 167). 2. comp of ber (sm): boar, and s w e r t (sn): sword. This weapon was a long sword, with a broader section at the tip of the blade: a photograph of a German boar-sword, dated c. 1500, is reproducedby Hilf und Röhrig, „Wald und Weidwerk" Bd II, Tafel Il.Cf Siegfried's use of a sword to slay a boar, in N I B E L 9 3 9 : dö sluoc in (den eber) mit dem s w e r t e der Kriemhilde man. be-scheln (wv) 1. (tr) to flay, skin (venison) (13) G O T T F R T R I S T 2880: diu zwei hufbein er (Tristan) do nam / unde b e s c h e l t e diu alsam. 2. OHG s c e l l e n , MHG ( b e ) s c h e l n (wv): to strip off, peel (from OHG s c a l a , MHG schal: peel, of fruit). In the absence of other examples, this usage by Gottfried may well represent the extended use of a household word, rather than an established hunting term. be-schinden (sv) s. schinden be-schrien (sv/wv) 1. „die vart b e s c h r i e n " : to speak to the line, of a hound, i. e. to indicate by its barking that it has found the trail; cf be-diuten. ( 1 4 ) J DER M I N N E 2 5 : Der laithunde do begunde / die vart b e s c h r i e n vnd wart liit . . .

be-schuohen 2. spec use of b e - s c h r i e n (sv/wv) in the sense " t o announce". A g o o d tracking hound should not of course bark, since this would give warning to the game; the huntsman, in J DER MINNE, does in fact silence the hound (39 ff: D o drot ich dem hunt / daz er ze der selben stunt / stille suchen wart . . .). b e - s c h u o h e n (wv) s. schuoben b e - s e t z e n (wv) 1. (tr) to occupy (an area), of game (14) Μ POLO (A) 9 r a (describing the inhabitants of a country): si han ouch keyne kleydunge wen von den hutin der tyr di man do geveet, wen si sint groze yeger, unde das lant ist wol b e s a c z t . 2. spec use of b e - s e t z e n (wv): to occupy (for the phrase „warte b e - s e t z e n " , s. rvarti). 3. this usage survives in N H G : „ d a s Wild b e s e t z t das R e v i e r " ; „ d a s Revier ist gut (oder schlecht) b e s e t z t " . be-sitzen (sv) s. umbesetzen b e - s l a h e n (sv) 1 a . (tr) to trap (birds), under a clap-net; cf hert, slage-garn, slage-net^e & want, as terms for the clap-net. (12) ENEIT 5612: D ö meisterde Volcän / ein netze sö getan, / als ich ü sagen mach, / daz manz k ü m e gesach, / sö d e i n e warn die dräte. / eines äbendes späte / über daz bette her ez hienk, / und alse Mars dar in gienk / und bi Venüse was gelegen / und der minnen wolde phlegen, / dö dühtes Vulcänum genüch: / mit dem netze er sie b e s l ü c h / d ä zehant beide. (13) PARZIVAL 40, 27 (Gahmuret in battle): er was vor in ein netze: / swaz drunder kom, daz was b e s l a g e n . l b . (tr) to net (game) (13) WARTB 174, 1 3 ( S i m r o c k ' s e d ) : d e r w i l -

den aare sich des under want: / ein netze er truoc / und swaz er vant, / den raben und vil der tier er dä b e s l u o c . 2. spec use of b e - s l a h e n (sv) in the sense of „schlagend bedecken": the extracts from ENEIT and PARZIVAL are clear references to the falling of a clap-net (cf derivation of slage-garn & slagenetye), but the term appears to be used in a more general sense in WARTBURG. b e - s t ä n (sv) 1. (tr) to stand in the path of approaching game, esp of a boar or bear (and thus bring the animal to bay).

20

be-staeten (13) NIBEL 938: . . . als er (der eber) begunde vliehen, dö kom an der stunt / des selben gejägedes meister b e s t u o n t in üf der slä. ULR LANZ 1435: in (Lanzelet) b e s t u o n t daz here breit, / als ein wildez swin die hunde. / daz er wol striten künde, / daz zeiget er in harte. REINH FUCHS 3 4 3 ( R e i n h a r t t o D i p r e h t t h e

Cat): du maht verlisen w o l din leben, / b e s t e t dich ein stritiger hunt. (14) DIETR BORTE 5 6 4 : d e r b e r (i. e. b e a r ) w a r t

b e s t a n d e n / von der winde beizzikeit . . . 2. spec use of b e - s t ä n (sv): to stand (on), occupy be-staeten, be-staetnen, be-staten (wv) 1 a . (refl) to set itself on the right trail (of a hound) (14) HADAMAR 512: ich grife dicke für und suoche Triuwen,/ ob siu sich wold b e s t a e t e n , / daz mir diu vart noch wider stüende niuwen. l b . (refl) to g o to harbour (of deer), i. e. withdraw into cover (15) Ζ DES HIRSCHES (A) 1 3 6 ν — 137r: so ga(n)t er (der hircz) den (η) w o er ein dicki findet / des holczes. D a b e s t ä t n a t er sich vn(d) belibz da. GESCHEITHEIT 3 ν : Dann ein hirsz, der vor gejagt vnd geschaiden ist, (hat) offt ain beth gemacht vnd gaut dar ausz weytter vnd b e s t e e t sich von dem selben. GESCHEITHEIT 4 V : V n d s o d u e d e n hirsz vff-

gejagt hast vnd du es spyrest, das der hirsz fluycht, so zuych von stundt an weytter von der fert . . . V n n d wann du das verbracht hast vnd ain stund oder zwo vergangen synd, die weill hat sich der flüchtig hirsz wider b e s t ä t t vnd nyder gethon. GESCHEITHEIT 6V: S o sy (i. e. young stags) sich all bey dem wild wellent bestatten vnd bleibe(n), so thundt sy sich allweg do neben ausz vnd nit d o mitten. KUNO (S. 6): er (der hirsch) suchet die alte w e g und pfed bisz er sich jnn die dickten b e s t a t t e n will. . . KUNO (S. 17): . . . so sucht esz (dasz hochwildt, i. e. hind) die dicktenn vnnd schleußt vonn einer dickten vnnd studenn zu der andern bisz (esz) sich b e s t a t t . . . l c . be-staten (sn): harbouring (of a stag); this process consists of tracking a stag to cover, with the aid of a lymer or leit-hmt, before the commencement of the chase: by encircling the area with the lymer, the huntsman is able to harbour the stag, i. e. ensure that it has not left cover at another point.

be-stellen ( 1 5 ) KUNO ( S . 1 2 ) : Von B e s t a t t e n . . . verfengt dir dan der leidhunt eine(n) jngank . . . so soltu guetlich ein wenig mit dem leidhunt nachsliche(n) ynnd nit ferre vnd darnach widerumb hinder sich zihen vnnd ein reysz brechen vnnd vff den jnganck l e g e n . . . Dan soltu mit dem leidhunt vmb die dickten oder forholtz, da der hirsz jngange(n) jst, vff die recht handt vmbschlagen. jst es dann, das der hunt die fart nit durch hin ferfengt, bisz du zo dem gebrochne Reisz kommest, so sthet der hirsz oder wylt gewislich daselbst. I d . (intr) to remain on the ground, of wild fowl; similarly ge-staten (wv) (14) HABICHTSL (N) 6V—7r: Der mag(er) habich vächt dez morgens ge(r)n. Auch sal ma(n) in des ab(e)ntz darzu berait(e)n, wann die vog(e)l b e s t e t t ( e ) n dez morgens ger(n)n . . . wö man daz siecht, das d(er) vogel nit b e s t a t t ( e ) n wil, da sal man den habich nym(m)er werff(e)n. Wenn der vogel geruet ess(e)n od(e)r raitti(er)t sein gefied(er) . . . so wellent si g e s t a t t ( e ) n . 2. lit. "to position", from s t a t (sf): place, position. 3. NHG b e s t a t t e n and b e s t ä t i g e n preserve the sense of "to harbour (a stag)".

be-stellen (wv) 1. (tr) to harbour (a stag), i. e. locate it within a certain area by means of the lymer (leithunt). (14) J DER M I N N E 77: Ich bliesz min horn daz hört bald / Min knecht vnd min gehunde / Er merckte daz vrkunde / Daz ich wild b e s t e l l e t hett . . . 2. spec use of b e - s t e l l e n (wv): to surround, occupy. be-stricken (wv) s. stricken be-swlchen (sv) 1. (tr) to trap, catch by stealth G E N 2 1 5 3 : mit druhen ioch mit stricche / b e s u e i c h er (Esau) die hasen vil dicche (context s. v. drück) 2. b e - s w i c h e n (sv) had the general sense of "to deceive", and it is interesting to note the identical trapping use of OE b e - s w i c a n (sv) (also lit. "to deceive") in the 10 cent Aelfric's "Colloquy", v. 123ff: " H w i t siegst {>u, fugelere? Hu b e s w i c s t f>u fugelas?" / "On feala wisan ic b e s w i c e fugelas: hwilon mid neton, midgrinum (i. e. snares), mid lime, mid / hwistlunge, mid hafoce, mid treppan". (The verb (11) WIEN

21

bil * b e - s w i k e n may thus have been a W. Gmc hunting term). In M I L S T G E N this term has been replaced by the verb „vähen" (p. 46, 22): mit drohen und mit strichen vie er hasen dicke. be-tiuten (wv) s. be-diuten be-triegen (sv) s. triegen bette, bet (sn) 1. lair, resting place, of deer; similarly wonbet (sn); cf leger and ge-ligere. ( 1 5 ) LEITHUND 73r: . . . zu neuen p e t t e n vnd geligern des wilds oder des hirsch . . . (context s. v. ge-ligere) LEITHUND 75r: des hirsch(en) p e t t jst lang vnd weit, so jst der hinden p e t t schmal vnd kurtz. LEITHUND 7 5 V: wann es geschieht offt vnd dickh, das das wild oder reher jn des hirsch geleger oder w o n p e t t ligt . . . G E S C H E I T H E I T 3 V : Vnnd so du jnn das b e t h des hirsz kommest vnd du siehst, das es ain hirsz sey . . . 2. spec use of b e t t e , bet (sn): bed. 3. NHG B e t t (η) preserves this hunting sense. be-twingen (sv) s. twingen I & II biber-hunt (sm) 1. small hound (a form of terrier ?), used for hunting the beaver ( 1 3 ) SCHWABENSP (Basler Hs) 2 7 8 ein b i b e r h v n t der sol einen als gvten geben als iener was. und sehs Schillinge dar zvo. 2. comp of h u n t (sm): hound, and b i b er (sm): beaver; the term is also recorded in the Lex Baiuvariorum Tit. 20 (Germanenrechte I I , 2 ) , on which the above passage in SCHWABENSP was based: De his canibis quos p i p a r h u n t vocant, qui sub terra venatur qui occiderit, alium similem reddat et cum VI soiidis conponat. For Lindner's suggestion that this hound was an ancestor of the terrier, s . „ Jagd im frühen Mittelalter" p. 261 ff. 3. NHG B i b e r h u n d (m): hound used for beaver-hunting (denoting function, rather than breed). bil (sm) 1. bay, i. e. the point at which a stag or boar turns to defend itself against the hounds, esp in the phrases ,,ze b i l e stän" (to stand at bay), and

bil

22

„den b i l (zer)brechen" (to break through the surrounding ring of hounds). (13) G O T T F R T R I S T 2767: da liez er (der hirz) sich ergahen / und stuont alda ze bile (rhyming with „ile") G O T T F R T R I S T 2773: Tristan do er den bil ersach . . . P L E I E R M E L 2 0 9 3 : Meieranz der unverzagt / lie den hirz zu b i l e stän, / vor dem walde üf dem plan. K O N R P A R T 3 6 3 : der hunde lütez bellen / durchbrechen ez (daz swin) begunde sider: / ez warf sich hin umbe wider / und stuont vor im (Partonopier) en b i l e (rhyming with „ile"). K O N R T R O J 4220: si (die ritter) giengen dä ze b i l e / sam die wilden ebere tuont: / wan ez in umb daz leben stuont . . . K O N R T R O J 3 1 5 3 2 F F : als vor den jagehunden / ein eber stät ze b i l e , /sus werte der (Menesteus) bi der wile / lip unde guot . . . M A R T I N A 62, 85: Siv (die helle hunde) lovfent in der rivwe rvore / Mit stetir vnfuore / Ir vngefuoges bellen / Sol iemir mere hellen / In der armen oren / Machen siv zetoren / In dirre hvnde b i l e / Sol ir kvrze wile / Iemir wesin ane trost . . . (s. also M A R T I N A 1 1 1 , 2 8 and 1 6 1 , 9 4 for further allegorical usage of bil) (14) H A D A M A R 18: Harr (der hunt) ist zuo mangem b i l e komen . . . H A D A M A R 1 2 1 : dö wart min Herz verwundet/ und was der b i l mit jämer mir zerbrochen. H A D A M A R 265: . . . Harre, Stsete und Triuwe mich zuo dem b i l e bringen . . . der b i l ist Ewiclichen ungebrochen. H A D A M A R 346: Ich sach den b i l ez (daz wilt) brechen H A D A M A R 3 5 4 : „ich fürhte sere, / daz manic wolf hie nähen bi uns sliche, / dä von ez (daz wilt) muoz den b i l durch nöt zerbrechen." (s. also H A D A M A R 3 4 5 , 3 4 8 , 3 6 1 , 3 6 3 , 3 6 4 ) J D E R M I N N E 399: Daz tier sprang durch frien mut / Vff ainem sroffen ( = schroffen) hoch vnd gut / Vnd stunt vor hunden da ze bill. J D E R M I N N E 4 0 7 : . . . Wan daz tier brach den bill (s. also J D E R M I N N E 2 4 5 , 3 1 7 ) 2. in discussing the etymology of bil.Weigand (Dt Wörterb Sp. 191), Kluge (s. v. bellen) and Schmertzing (Dt Jägerspr bis Anf des 16 Jhs, p. 71) all refer to a theory of Sievers (s. Indogerm Forschungen Bd. 4,1894, p. 340), by which the term would be derived through a Gmc form * b l l a - , from an earlier * b i d - l a - ( = „das Warten", cf Goth b e i d a n , OHG b i t a n : to

bilen wait). The b i l thus refers, in Sievers' opinion, to the turning of the quarry to "await" the hounds. From a semantic standpoint, this derivation does not seem probable: the quarry turns to bay when the hounds are almost upon it, and very little "waiting" is required. The excited barking of the hounds, as they surround the quarry, is a more characteristic feature of the actual bay, and has given rise to the Fr, Engl and NHG terms for the bay: OF a b a i s , Fr a b o i s and Engl ( a ) b a y , from O F a b a i : barking; NHG B a l l , B o l l (m) from MHG b e l l e n / ball / g e b o l l e n : to bark. The discrepancy between the vowels,however, in b i l and in bel-/bal-/bol-, indicates that b i l is almost certainly unrelated to the root b e i - ( = bark). Lexer records bil (sm) in the sense of „bellende Stimme", and this word is presumably derived through OHG * b i l e from a Gmc * b i l - j a (from the root b e i - ) : it is not possible to derive b i l from b e i - in this way, since the lengthening of the -i- would still not be explained. Sievers bases his theory on the fact that a Gmc -11- could have developed from an earlier -öl- or -Jjl-. It seems probable, however, that an early Gmc -tl- or pre-Gmc -dl- will also have given rise to a Gmc -11-, and on this basis an early Gmc * b h i d l - , withthesense of "biting" (from the pre-Gmc root * b h e i d - ) , would have resulted in Gmc and OHG * b i l - , with the sense of "biting"; this would present a more likely derivation for MHG b i l = bay (i. e. the biting of the quarry by the surrounding hounds; cf etymology of beiden). 3. NHG B a l l (m) is the normal modern term for the "bay" of a stag or other game; B a i l (m) and B o l l (m) are dialect synonyms. The terms B a l l and B o l l are derived from MHG b e l l e n / ball / g e b o l l e n : to bark (weak in NHG), but B a i l represents a survival of MHG b i l . bilen (wv) 1. (tr) to bring to bay, i. e. drive (a stag) to the point where it turns to defend itself. (14) S U C H E N W I R T X , 26: Recht als ein willig iagent hunt / Der rechter vert nicht abgestat, / Vntz sich der hirzze peylen lat, / Und in der hyrzz in seinem tzorn / Wirffet swind mit seinem horn, / Daz er stirbet all tzu hant. ( 1 5 ) J A G D P R E D I G T 4 b : . . . et ibi (cervus) defendit se, quamdiu potest, pedibus et cornibus, et hoc vocatur „ g e p a y l t " . . . 2. from bil

bilgerin 3. NHG b e i l e n (to bring to bay) is now obs as a hunting term. bilgerin (sm), bilgram (sm) s. pilgerm bll-stat (sf) 1. place at which the exhausted stag turns at bay (often on an out-crop or mound): similarly ane-louf and üf-louf (sm) ( 1 5 ) JAGDPREDIGT 4b: . . . et tunc (cervus) „auf vleucht" vel „anstet an eynen a u f l a u f f " , ascendit super aliquem rupem, quod dicitur „ a n l a u f " vel „ p e y l s t a t " aput venatores, et (tunc) circumdant eum canes, et ibi defendit se . . . 2. comp of bi/; ane-louf and üf-louf (sm) are formed from loufen, and both terms appear to be references to the stag's attack on the hounds (and sometimes the huntsmen), when standing at bay: cf use of NHG a n l a u f e n and a u f l a u f e n (s. para 3 below). The term üflouf may otherwise be a reference to the "turmoil" of the conflict between stag and hounds (cf üf-louf in its general sense of „Anlauf, Aufruhr"), or a reference to the high ground, or rock, on which the exhausted stag has taken its refuge. 3. Dombrowski (s. v.) records both a n l a u fen and a u f l a u f e n in the sense of "to run at, attack the huntsman" (esp of a wild boar). binden (sv) I s. ver-binden binden (sv) II 1. (tr) to bind, fasten (a hawk) to the perch (or to the creance or lock-muor, when being trained to the lure: s. HICFELT 6r); hence lancbinden (sv): to bind (a hawk) to the perch with a sufficient length of leash to allow some freedom of movement; also un-gebunden (neg part adj): free, i. e. unattached to the perch or creance (of a hawk). (15) BEIZB (E) 9 r : Wie man den habich auff den ricke sol pinden. Man sol den habich als verr vo(n) der erde stellen, das er mit dem schwanck die erden nit enrüre vnd sol in l a n g p i n d e n vnd bewaren vor spinnen, vor hunden, vor hünern, vor vogeln vnd vor aller handt tiere(n) auf den eggenden bäum sol man in sere p i n d e ( n ) , das der lang vessel nit müg vmbreytten . . . HICFELT 6r: . . . we(n)ne du yn (den falkin) iczund gelart host, der her gehorsam ist dem ludir v n g e b u ( n ) d i n , so saltu yn eynem felken(er), der czu fusz gehet, loss(i)n ruffin czu dem ludir.

23

birs-armbrust HICFELT 1 1 r: Wenne du adir wilt mawssen einen geczemete(n) falken, . . . . saltu yn seczcen in dij maws kamm(ir) frey v n g e b u ( n ) d i n . . . HICFELT l l v : Vnddy sache woru(m)meh(er) (der wild falke) g e b u ( n ) d i n sal sey(n), dy ist we(n) der czame falke fürcht sich nicht by den mensche(n) . . . Ouch so irkenne(n) dy felkener bas dy krangheit der falke(n) wenne sy frye sein, dorv(m)me Sprech ich daz h(er) v n g e b u n d i n sal seyn. 2. spec use of b i n d e n (sv): to bind, fasten, tie.

birssere (sm) 1. huntsman armed with a bow (who awaits the driven stag at a fixed point or "stable": s. birsen) ; cf hasen-btrser. ( 1 2 ) ENEIT 4 7 1 1 : diu ros hiezer (Ascänjüs) bringen / im und sinen mannen / und kerden sä dannen / die fremeden b i r s ä r e (cf ENEIT 4530ff und 4 6 0 0 ff, s. v. birsen) ( 1 3 ) LAURIN 8 9 : üz riten die birsaere / durch hovelichiu masre. /.daz eine was her Dietrich . . . daz ander was der snelle / her Witege sin geselle. / dö riten die zwene degene bait / birsen ze Tirol für den wait. ( 1 4 ) HADAMAR 5 4 3 : Swä ein b i r s £er müset / bi wilde in einer dicke, / dar ob mir noch mgr grüset, / ob jäger hengen ich sö niht erschricke, / swä der zerwürket des wirt innen nieman. / swer wasnet wild erziehen / bi im, sö sint die hiute worden riemen (Stejskal has printed „müzet" and „grüzet" in lines 1 and 3 of this Strophe: it is clear from the sense of line 3, and from Hadamars normal use of ,,uo" for standard MHG ,,uo", that these terms do not represent ,,muo3et" and „gruojet", however; for Hadamar's use of „müsen" and „grüsen", cf Str 451: Mir begunde grüsen, / dö ich nach dem fuoze / müslichen hörte müsen.) 2. from birsen·. for discussion of Hadamar's usage, s. birsen para 2. 3. NHG B i r s c h e r (m), in the sense of "stalker", has been obs since the 18 cent (Dombr. Encycl. II p. 52). birs-armbrust (sn) 1. cross-bow, used in the sport of "hunting with bows and stable" (s. birsen) ( 1 3 ) GOTTFR TRIST 1 6 6 4 5 : dar zuo so brahte man im dar, / des er zer verte h acte gert: / sine harphen und sine swert, / sin p i r s a r m b r u s t und sin horn.

24

birs-bracke

2. comp of birsen, and a i m b r u s t (sn): crossbow; hunting-bows are mentioned simply as „ b ö g e " in ENEIT 4 6 0 8 a n d NIBEL 936, 9 5 3 , as „ a r m b r u s t "

17246,

in GOTTFR TRIST 3 7 3 8 ,

and

16657,

17267 (s. discussion s. v. birsen para 2).

birs-btacke, -brae (wm) s. birs-hmt birsen, pirsen, bersen, biirschen (wv) 1 a. (intr) to hunt (red-deer) "with bows and stable": i. e. by means of one or more "stables" or stands, where huntsman waited with crossbows or long-bows, and towards which the quarry was driven; a bercelet ( = bracke) was used to unharbour or drive out the quarry at the commencement of the hunt, and to track it down when it was wounded. (The huntsmen at the stables also used their bows to shoot birds: s. discussion of "de Arte Bersandi" under para 2,

bitsen dö her den hirz hete gewunt, / die braken liez er sä zestunt / und schuftes an die vart . . . HART GREG 2 4 7 2 : D ö er ( G r e g o r i u s )

nach

siner gewonheit / ze walde b i r s e n gereit . . . (but with no description of the sport; b i r s e n is also mentioned in v. 2462) (13) NIBEL 916: Gunther und Hagene, die rekken vile bait, / lobeten mit untriuwen ein p i f Sen in den wait. / mit ir scarpfen geren si Wolden jagen swin, / beren unde wisende: waz möhte küeners gesin? NIBEL 967: Dö sprach von Tronege Hagene: „vil lieber herre min, / ich wände daz daz p i r sen hiute solde sin / dä zem Spehtsharte . . . " (for the use of p i r s e n in NIBEL, S. discussion under para 2). GOTTFR TRIST 1 3 1 0 2 : er (Tristan) reit b i r s e n

unde jagen, / soz an der zit also geviel. GOTTFR

TRIST 1 3 8 0 3 : ( M a r k e

seeking

the

truth regarding Tristan and Isolde): . . . swes er Also birsen (sn): hunting with bows and stable, sich ie da vor gevleiz / ze ρ i r s e η uf die warheit, / and ge-birset (part adj): wounded by arrows, of daz ist im danne ein herzeleit / vor allem herzegame (HADAMAR 426; cf ver-birseri). For the use of leide. GOTTFR TRIST 1 7 2 4 7 : si riten under stunden, f b i r s e n as a regular element in groups of three infinitives or verbal nouns, enumerating field so si des gelüste, / mit dem armbruste / p i r s e n sports and other pastimes, s. examples listed s. v. in die wilde / nach vogelen und nach wilde / unde beiden I (para 1 b), and also BURKART X V I , RUD ouch zeteslichen tagen / nach dem roten wilde jagen / mit Hiudane ir hunde . . . (cf 17266FF: si W E L T C H R a n d M H D MINNEREDEN I I , r e c o r d e d üebeten, daz weiz ich wol, / den bracken unde below. daz armbrust / me durch ir herzen gelust . . . (12) EILH TRIST 3 0 6 9 : h e was mit dem konindanne durch mangerie.) ge üz/ geretin b i r s e n in den wait. BURKART X V I , Str 5: ich kan jagen, b i r s e n , EHEIT 4530 ff: dö solde Ascänjüs . . . eins tages b i r s e n riten . . . dö nam her sine weide- schiezen, / ich hän wisheit unde kraft. LAURIN 96: dö riten die zwene degene bait / man, / den der wait kunt was. / dar zü gab im Eneas / zweinzich jungelinge / willich zü dem b i r s e n ze Tirol für den wait (context s. v. birdinge, / biderbe unde wol gezogen. / si fürden seere) RUD WELTCHR 546ff: nu künde b i r s i n , kocher unde bogen / und vil scharphe strälen / und swert mit schönen malen / und braken vile schiezin, jagen / Lamech durh chunst und durh bejac . . . eins tags er gie mit sinem bogen / durh gute . . . ENEIT 4600ff: dö Ascänjüs b i r s e n reit, / als b i r s i n hin ze velde do. and n o t e GOTTFR TRIST 17247, quoted b e l o w . )

ir dä vor habet vernomen. / dö was der hirz hin üz komen / ze anderen tieren / mit wilden hirzen vieren / eines morgenes frü. / dö reit Ascänjüs dar zü / mit sinen weidegesellen. / die bogen hiezer stellen / dä si daz wilt funden. / die dä schiezen künden, / die giengen zü den boumen stän. / Ascänj üs der Troiän / bi eime boume er stende bleib / und schüf daz man daz wilt treib. / dö wart daz wilt sö getriben / dä Ascänj üs was beliben / an eime boume gestän. / dö quam zü ime gegän / der hirz der dä was zam. / und aiser im sö nahen quam, / daz in selben dohte, / daz liern schiezen mohte, / dö rämder im der siten. / daz wilt daz schiet sich witen, / daz dä freislichen f löch. / den bogen her manlichen zöch . . .

(s. also RUD WELTCHR 5 4 8 5 )

TANNHÄUSER X I I I , Str 1: ich b i r s e niht mit winden, / ich beize ouch niht mit valken, in mac niht fühse gejagen; / man siht mich ouch niht volgen nach hirzen und nach hinden . . . (greyhounds could be used to drive the quarry up to the "stables": cf Edward's "Master of Game" p.188ff) (14) DREIEICHER

WILDBANN

(MS

1)

P.

399:

Auch deilent sie dem hofe zu Dyepurg, wanne he wil b i r s e n , das he sal han eine iwanen bogin . . . gelinget ime, daz he schussit, so sal he riden zu dem hain, in einis forstmeisters hus, da sal he finden einen wiszen bracken . . . und sal dem wilde nach hengin (context s. v. bracke)

25

birsen

H A D A M A R 4 3 (the „forstmeister" speaks): „Man suoch, man läz, man henge, / man birs, man jag, man schieze, / man ein sich oder menge, / swie der man Wien, daz er sin genieze, / daz lä im guot, swar in sin wille wise." H A D A M A R 4 6 : Göuflichez birsen, schiezen / muoz ich ouch underkumen, / des nimmer wil verdriezen / mangen, ez geb schaden oder frumen. / än gelüpte sträle ein liehte säze / erloube ich einem herren / und guot gesellen (i. e. hounds) ouch in solher mäze. H A D A M A R 4 2 6 : Ich vant ouch schiehe hinden, / gebirset wilt ze male, / daz einer möhte erblinden, / der üf ez solte warten mit der sträle. H A D A M A R 5 1 0 : nu wil man ez mit birsen sö durchwalken . . . dä von daz wilt vor noeten muoz verschalken. V E R F HINDIN 1 4 1 : Mir kam In meinen mut / Das Ich rait pirsen In einen wait / Do fand Ich ein tierlein wol gestalt (the poet cannot capture the hind alive, since he has neither hounds nor nets). KAUFUNGER W A L D (II): wir . . . verbundin habin, daz wir oder unse Erben . . . keyne heckin jagit an dem Kouffunger Walde haben noch ton solen oder wollen, dan wilch unser strag jagen daran oder bersen wil, der mag daz tun . . . D T W E I S T III p. 426 (Büdinger Reichswald, 1 3 8 0 ) : . . . wan eyn riche in der bürge zu Geylnhusen lige, so sal eyn furstmeister . . . von rechte dem riche halten, wan er birsin wulde, eyn bracken in der bürg . . . (context s. v. bracks) ( 1 5 ) HUGO V . M O N T F (Herbst Minnes) 27, Str 2: Ich jag gar fürstlich über land, / birsen ist mir nit bekant, / darzuo bin ich nit gewant . . . M H D MINNEREDEN I I 1 3 , 3 : mit jagen, birsen η, schyssen / wirt manig edel thier so gar entricht / das es die rüden dick und offt erlauffen . . . LORSCHER W I L D B A N N p. 4 6 5 : dort soll niemand jagen oder b ü r s c h e n . . . (context s. v. brocke) 1 b. (tr) to stalk (hares); this usage marks the beginning of the modern sense of NHG bIrschen: to stalk (s. para 3). Cf hasen-birser. ( 1 5 ) VOGELFANG (UND HASENSUCHE) 6 4 ν :

ain

hübsche chonstt wer well hassen schiesen und pirsen vnd sy well zu veld vndzu holcz anhvnd vind(e)n, der tue also (the text then describes how hares can be located, without arousing their suspicion). 2. loan from OF berser: to hunt with bows and stable (hunting), to fight with bows (war); cf Med Lat bersare: to hunt with bows and stable, from Med Lat bersa: hedge enclosing a

biisen

(hunting) park, or the park itself (since the quarry was confined to a certain area for this type of hunting, by huntsmen posted at strategic points, and frequently by a physical barrier). In the past, there have been many imprecise interpretations of the MHG term birsen: Lexer (s. v.) translates the term as „ b i r s c h e n , eig. innerhalb des Parkzaunes (mlat. bersa) jagen". NHG b i r s c h e n has acquired the modern sense of "to stalk", however, a discrepancy of meaning which points to the danger of equating a MHG hunting term with the modern form of the same word; the interpretation of „innerhalb des Parkzaunes" is furthermore based on the etymology of the Med Lat term (as Lexer infers) and not on the actual usage of the MHG term. Stejskal (ed of H A D A M A R p. 183) interprets birsen as „schleichend und spürend ein Wild aufsuchen, um es zu erlegen, jagen", with the secondary sense of „auf Hochwild jagen"; neither of these interpretations is sufficiently accurate or precise. Dombrowski (s. v.), who is followed by Schmertzing (Dt Jägerspr bis Anf des 16 Jhs p. 95), interprets MHG birsen as „schiessen"; that birsen inferred more than mere shooting, however, can be demonstrated by the fact that birsen and schieben are mentioned frequently together, as distinct actions: s. B U R K A R T XVI, R U D W E L T C H R 546£f, H A D A M A R 43 & 46, M H D MINNEREDEN II and V O G E L F A N G 64 ν, quoted above. Kluge (s. v. birschen) considers the MHG term to have been a courtly synonym for jagen, denoting „die höfische Art des Weidwerks". For Matthias' confusion of MHG b i r sen with NHG P i r s c h j a g d (Die Jagd im Nibelungenlied pp. 489f), s. discussion s. v. warte para 2. It is surprising that there should have been so much confusion in the interpretation of this term, since a full description of the sport of birsen is contained in ENEIT (S. above). In addition to this source, there is also an important account of this form of hunting in the Med Lat treatise "de Arte Bersandi", of which a short discussion is justified at this point. The text of "de Arte Bersandi" was first published by Lindner in 1954, with an introduction and translation ; Tilander followed with his own edition in 1956, containing an amended text and translation. Tilander has concentrated on the philological aspects of the text, and the general background is best obtained from Lindner's introduction. The treatise is attributed in its opening paragraph to Guicennas or Guicennans, described as a German knight (miles teutonicus) and a con-

birsen temporary of the Emperor Frederick II (died 1250). The text then describes the sport known as b e r s a n d u m , "the queen of all forms of hunting" (domina omnium venationum): the quarry, a stag, was moved or unharboured with a hound (braccetus), which was also used later in the hunt to track down the wounded quarry. Six huntsmen were the best number for the sport, although it could be practised by four or even by two: half the number waited at a fixed point with cross-bows, and the quarry was driven towards them by the remaining huntsmen. In addition to the arrows intended for deer (sagitte), it was also permissible for the archers to carry flat-headed bolts for shooting birds (bolzones; cf vogel-bol^)\ this was no doubt intended as a diversion for the archers, while they were waiting for the stag (cf GOTTFR TRIST 17247: mit dem armbruste / p i r s e n . . . nach vogelen und nach wilde). The short text of "de Arte Bersandi" is unfortunately incomplete, and no further details are given, other than instructions on how to train a hound for this sport. It should be noted how closely the description of b i r s e n in ENEIT tallies with the account in "de Arte Bersandi". The only difference is one of size: Ascänj Qs takes twenty young men with him, presumably to occupy several stables, and he employs not one bracks, but several. Caution is necessary when considering the reference to p i r s e n in NIBEL. In the form in which it survives, the account of Siegfried's hunt is often mere fantasy, where the hero slays or captures a wide variety of ferocious animals, single-handed. There is evidence to suggest that an earlier version of NIBEL may have described a realistic hunt, including the hunting of red deer with bows and stable, and that this earlier version may have been overlaid in the surviving poem by a tale of fantasy, glorifying the hero. The evidence is as follows: — (i) In Str 911, Gunther suggests a bear- and boar-hunt. Siegfried (Str. 913) asks for only one suoch-man with some bracken, to accompany him on the hunt, but Gunther (Str 914) offers him four such men, who are well acquainted with the paths of game (den wol ist bekant / der wait und ouch die stige, swä diu tier hine gänt). In Str 932, Siegfried asks for only one bracke, which is experienced and can find the trail of game in the forest. That he took only one bracke on the hunt is confirmed by Str 933, 934, 936 etc., and the context of Str 913 thus appears to have been confused by the poet of the exist-

26

bitsen ing NIBEL (with Siegfried requesting one suoch-man, rather than one bracke). This fact not only points to the probable existence of an earlier, and more realistic account of Siegfried's hunt, but it also indicates that deer were originally among the intended quarry. The tracking-down of bear and wild-boar is a relatively easy task, since these are heavy, slower-moving animals, with a strong, hot scent; it is for the successful tracking-down of a stag that a trained and reliable hound is required, and Siegfried's request for an experienced bracke is more relevant in the context of a stag-hunt (this type of hound is regularly associated with b i r s e n : s. bracke para 2). (ii) The lion of Str 9 3 5 — 9 3 6 is an unlikely animal in a German forest, and this detail can be considered as a probable addition to an original version of Siegfried's hunt. It is significant that the wording of that context forms an exact description of a hunt "with bows and stable", with a lion as the quarry rather than a stag: „dar nach er vil schiere einen ungefüegen lewen vant. / Dö den der bracke ersprancte, den scöz er mit dem bogen. / eine scharfe sträle het er dar in gezogen : / der lewe lief nach dem scuzze wan drier sprungen lane." It seems possible that references to a stag may have been eliminated in the latest version of the poem, and replaced with more ferocious beasts; the only reference to deer in the existing description of Siegfried's hunt is at the end of a list of game in Str 937; „hirze oder hinden kunde im wenic engän." (iii) It is clear from ENEIT, and from other M H G examples, that b i r s e n had a specific meaning, distinct from the use of jagen in the sense of "to chase": cf use of b i r s e n and jagen together in GOTTFR TRIST 1 3 1 0 2 & 1 7 2 4 7 , B U R K A R T X V I , R U D WELTCHR

546

and in the examples quoted s. v. beiden. The use of this specific hunting term in NIBEL 916 and 967 thus points to the sport of birsen having been originally included among Siegfried's hunting exploits, particularly since there are also references in the poem to Siegfried's birs-gewant and birs-gewate (including his bow as an important item: s. birs-gewant for contexts). A notable feature of the 14 and 15 cent references to the sport of b i r s e n is that it is on the one hand described as a pastime for the nobility and for the Emperor himself (DREIEICHER

birsen

27

WILDBANN, KAUFUNGER W A L D , D T W E I S T I I I ) ,

and is on the other hand strongly condemned by Hadamar (s. also H A D A M A R 543, s. v. birsare), and rejected as a form of hunting by Hugo v. Montfort (s. note on this extract s. v. Uber-lant para 2). This divergence of opinion, on the suitability of a certain form of hunting, may be compared to the differing attitudes towards the use of hedges with snares (s. hecke para 2). It seems almost certain, however, that Hadamar is referring to the illegal practice of this sport by poachers. He refers to „göuflichez b i r s e n " (Str 46) and he also speaks of the binare, breaking up the quarry at a secret place (Str 543). Hadamar wishes to put out the eyes of anyone lying in wait to shoot at game (Str 426), a reflection of the increasing penalties inflicted for poaching from the 14 cent onwards (when mutilation began to replace fines as a punishment for illegal hunting or trapping). That Hadamar did not oppose the sport of b i r s e n , if it was carried out in a sportsmanlike fashion, would seem to be indicated by the words he places in the mouth of the „forstmeister", who wishes good sport to huntsmen, whatever method they employ (including b i r s e n , and also schieben, s. Str 43 above). The poet's opposition to the use of poisoned arrows, rather than of arrows in general, is discussed s. v. schieben I. The poet of M H D MINNEREDEN I I , 1 3 is not specifically criticising the sport of b i r s e n , since his poem attacks unsportsmanlike huntsmen in general. Püst (Die Jagd im mhd Epos, p. 10 f) discusses the use of birsen in Classical MHG, and interprets the term in the sense of "to hunt with a bow". He considers that two schools of thought existed concerning the use of the bow as a hunting weapon, and that it was looked down upon by Hartmann and Wolfram, as opposed to Veldeke and Gottfried, who apparently favoured its use. This suggested difference between the views of the four Classical poets is not comparable to the varying attitudes towards b i r s e n in the 14 and 15 cent, however. As evidence that Hartmann and Wolfram despised the use of the bow in hunting, Püst has quoted firstly the madness of Iwein, when he takes a bow from a servant and uses it to obtain food (3261 ff), and secondly the childhood of Parzival, when the simple boy makes himself a bow, with which he can shoot birds (118,4). Piist's thesis is marred by his harsh and unjustified criticism of Gottfried's hunting passages, which he describes (p. 76) as „ein leeres Klischee"; one gains the im-

birse-warte pression that he is deliberately championing Hartmann and Wolfram against Veldeke and Gottfried, with the suggestion that the shooting of game with bows was unsportsmanlike. Such an interpretation cannot be justified, however: Wolfram describes the boy Parzival as having made his own bow, for shooting down birds, but the association of this home-made weapon with a child can hardly be considered as a criticism of the noble sport of b i r s e n , carried out frequently with cross-bows (cf the „armbrust" of GOTTFR T R I S T 3738, 16645, 16657, 17246 & 17267). Hartmann also is certainly not voicing his own criticism of the sport, since the extract quoted by Püst from IWEIN has been directly modelled on the corresponding passage in Chritien's "Yvain" (v. 2814ff). The sport of b i r s e n is referred to byHartmann ( H A R T M G R E G 2462 & 2472) as a frequent pastime of Gregorius, and is also referred to by Wolfram, although not by name, when he describes the brache following the wounded quarry in W O L F R T I T 132 (s. discussion s. v. bracke para 2). For illustrations of this sport s. the early 15 cent Ms. fran?. 616, showing the use of crossbows and also of long-bows (reproduced in R. & A. Bossuat's ed. of Gaston Phoebus, pp. 229 & 232). In the early 13 cent Berliner Hs of ENEIT ( M S germ fol 282), there is a representation of Ascänjüs and another huntsman shooting at a stag from behind a tree, with longbows (fol XXXI, reproduced as plate 38 of Boeckler's „Heinrich von Veldeke, Eneit: Bilder der Berliner Handschrift"). 3. NHG b i r s c h e n (also b ü r s c h e n , p i r schen, p ü r s c h e n ) has the modern sense of "to stalk" (anschleichen). The change of meaning, to the modern sense of "to stalk", appears to have begun at the end of the MHG period: s. 15 cent example recorded under para 1 b. biisende(r) (wm) 1. (lit) huntsman armed with a bow: the term is used loosely in the following extract, however, as a rendering for "hunter, trapper"; cf birsare and birsen. (13) W I N D B PSALMEN 90, 3 (Trierer Hs): Wände er selbe er loset mich von deme striche dere b i r senten (for „iagenten" in the earlier (12 cent) Münchner Hs., and corresponding to Lat "venantium"). 2. from birsen·, s. jagende(r) (2) birse-warte (corrupt?) s. warte (2)

birse-weide

28

birse-weide (sf) 1. hunting preserve (where the sport of birsen is practised). ( 1 2 ) KAISERCHR 1 6 7 9 6 : aines sites er (Kaiser Hainriche) dö phlac, / daz er gerne aine / rait sine b i r s e w a i d e . / aines morgenes fruo / sinen vianden chom er zuo. / dä was er mit sorgen / unz an den Vierden morgen. 2. from birsen and meide. The interpretation of this term as „Jagd", by Miiller-Benecke and Lexer (s. v.), is inadequate. The sport of b i r s e n involved driving deer towards a point where huntsmen were waiting with bows, and the reference to the Emperor hunting alone may indicate that he was in the habit of taking up such a position on his own, to await the quarry. It should be noted, however, that this example of b i r s e w e i d e antedates by some years the first example noted for the verb birsen (in ENEIT). In the absence of conflicting evidence, it may be assumed that b i r s e - here has the same specialised sense as birsen. There is a possibility, on the other hand, that the term b i r s e - w e i d e may directly reflect the usage of Med Lat bersa: hedge enclosing a (hunting) park; cf etymological notes s. v. birsen (para 2). In this case, b i r s e - w e i d e would have the less specific sense of "enclosed huntingpreserve". That the term denotes the area hunted, rather than the hunt itself, is indicated by the regular use of „reiten" in the (tr) sense of "to ride over (terrain)" (cf Lexer s. v. „reiten") and by the hunting sense of weide (la) = hunting ground. birs-gewant (sn) 1. hunting-gear (the clothing and equipment necessary for hunting with bows: s. birsen)·, similarly birs-gewsete (sn) ( 1 2 ) SALMAN 2 2 3 : . . . er hiez im tragen sin b i r s e g e w a n t ; / der riche konig Före/ der reit jagen dä zfihant. (13) NIBEL 918: dö was nu Gf gesoumet sin edel p i r s g e w a n t , / unde der gesellen: si wolden über Rin. NIBEL 9 5 2 : Von bezzerm p i r s g e w a e t e gehört' ich nie gesagen (a description then follows of Siegfried's „roc", „huot", „koch sere", „bogen" and sword „Balmunc") 2. from birsen, together with g e w a n t (sn) or g e w iete (sn), both with the sense of "clothing, equipment". birs-gewaete (sn) s. birs-gewant

bi-zeichen birs-hunt (sm) 1. small hound, or bercelet, used in the sport of birsen to start up suitable quarry, and to track it down when wounded: similarly birs-bracke, -brae (wm); cf bracke (13) THOMASIN 14602: hiifschiu dine, vederspil, / p i r s h u n d e , swer diu geben wil, / der solz offen, swennerz git, / wan ez ze vreude heeret zaller zit. / swaz dä hilft der armuot . . . daz sol man tougenlichen geben. (15) Voc N Ü R N B (s. V. Brack): Brack ein p i r s z p r a c k oder p i r s z h u n d t = melampus 2. from birsen birs-meister (sm) s. jeger-meister bi-schafit (sf) 1. token or sign of its passing, left by a stag; cf ζeichen II (15) Ζ

DES HIRSCHES

(A)

137ν: Och

sot

du

wisse(n) dz ein hircz vest(er) jn den hert tritt de(n) ain hind . . . dar an sot du och lug(e)n vn(d) b i s c h a f t neme(n) . . . du sol och lügen ein hircz schrit och vil wit(er) den ain hind, disy zwei, die by enandre(n) sind, sint güti b i s c h a f t , dz es ein hircz sy. 2. spec use of b i - s c h a f t (sf): omen, sign bi-trit (sm) 1. the imprint left by the placing of the rear foot at the side of the fore-foot (of a stag): this constitutes one of the tokens or signs by which the slot or footprint of a stag may be distinguished from that of a hind; cf ze'°hen II (15) Ζ

DES HIRSCHES ( A )

138r: Vo(n)

de(m)

b y t r i t t . / Nu sot gar guot lügen wo du de(n) hind(e)n f usz by de(m) fordre(n) sieht dz sy glich nebend anandre(n) standint vn(d) e(nt)wedrer für de(n) andren gang, dz ist ein gewis zeiche(n), won es enmag kein hind getuon. Dis zeiche (n) heist de(r) b y t r i t t . dz ist dar vo(n) dz d(er) hinde(r) fusz dz d(er) by dem fordre(n) eben vn(d) glich stant. we(n) du dz sieht so macht du jn wol anspreche(n) vür ein hircze(n). 2. from trit 3. NHG B e i t r i t t (m) has preserved this sense. bi-zeichen (sn) 1. token or sign, whereby the slot or footprint of one stag may be distinguished from that of another (i. e. by any peculiarity in shape or size); cf ζeichen II

blät/blat ( 1 5 ) GESCHEITHEIT 5 V : . . . SO beschaw sein fart gar eben, ob du kaynerlay b e y z e i c h e n daran findest als ain schartten oder ain krume schalen oder ain lengere schalen hinden oder forna oder an den ricken. Dann so du den hirsz den tag über land bey fürsten vnnd herren gewynnen vnd erjagen solt vnd dir der hirsz über annder hirsz gejagt würt vnd fluycht vnd du dein hirsz von den anndern erkenne(n) vnd darumb antwurt geben must, so wurde dir solliche Vorbetrachtung aller not werden. Dan es ist mir selber auch dick not geschehen, das ich meinen lauff hab müssen wyssen mit meinen brüchen vnd solliche (n) beyzaichen. 2. from ^eichen II, with „ b i " in the sense of "subsidiary". 3. Dombrowski & Harrach (s. v.) record NHG B e i z e i c h e n (η) with the different modern sense of "a less important or less reliable token or sign", as opposed to the „Hauptzeichen" (i. e. major tokens, by which the sex, age and size of red-deer may be judged).

29

blät/blat b l a t (Ms = b l a t t ) , / wann zu dem netze ist des vogels reise, / wann das er in bestricket hat, / so wirt der sang gewendet in eyn freyse . . . (47,15 ff) ab dir nach ilt der eren dieb und dir sin gäbe b l a t e , / d(ie) mi(e)te meint de(r) (eren) roub. din herze toub / i(m) si, flüg in der eren wait, hüt dich vor schänden grate. ( 1 5 ) V O G E L F A N G 60r: vnd ban (for „wann") du gros oder chlain vogell mit dem p l a t t zu dir pringestt, als paltt der vail chvm (i. e. as soon as they land), so la dein p l a t t ( e ) n sein vnd raicz sy mitt wispeln oder wie do chanstt pis dy vogell wider van dir wel(e)n streich(e)n. PETRUS ( Β ) 85r: Wer mit leyme vogel wil vahn, der neme dor czu ey(n)e Stange mit spy(n)neln (i. e. lime-twigs) . . . do g e h ö r e t . . . das d(er) vogeler mit de(m) b l a t t e kunne ader mit ande(r)n fremden sty(m)me(n), do mitte her dy vogele veyszet (corrupt for „reyszet"). PETRUS ( Η ) D V I I I v 2 : Es ist auch nit not tzü erwecken die vogel mit luten eynes b l a t es oder ertzes (i. e. when trapping them with lime).

2. the derivation of this hunting term from b l a t (sn) (leaf) has been accepted by previous 1. an artificial call, to lure animals or birds authorities, incl. Grimm (s. v. b l ä t t e l n ) , (esp to lure roe-buck within range, by imitating Lexer ( s . v . b l a t e n ) , Dombrowski (s.v. b l a t the mating-cry of the doe, or to lure birds to a t e n ) and Kluge ( s . v . b l ä t t e l n ) . They have fowler's nets or traps); also bläten/blaten (wv): based this etymology on the fact that blowing on (tr or intr) to blow an artificial call. a leaf forms one of the ways in which an artificial The hunting term b l ä t appears to have be- call can be produced. It is certain that the term come confused with b l a t ( = leaf) at an early became identified with "leaf" at an early stage: stage, owing to the use of a leaf as one type of the examples from PETRUS (B) and ( H ) are transartificial call: s. discussion under para 2. lations of "sono folii" in the Lat original, and (13) P A R Z I V A L 120, 13: eins tages gieng er J . C. Aitinger (Kurtzer vnd einfältiger Bericht (Parzival) den weideganc / an einer halden, diu vom Vogelstellen, 1653) uses the verb b l a t e n was lane. / er brach durch b l a t es stimme (Ms in connection with a specific reference to the G = b l a t e stimme, Ms g g = blatstimme) ein leaf of a beech or pear-tree (text quoted by Lindzwlc. ner, Jagdbuch des Petrus de Crescentiis p. 171). U L R TRIST 5 4 9 ff (Tristan and Kaedin ride out There are indications, however, that the term hunting): . . . wä si vunden eine stat, / da si ge- did not originate from a special usage of b l a t schuzzen zem b l a t . / z e b l a t e n e r (Tristan) be- ( = leaf), as has hitherto been assumed. gunde, / wände er vil wol künde / manege tagalde The first recorded usage of the term is in (a roe-buck approaches, which they do not shoot P A R Z I V A L , and the phrase „er brach durch b l a because of its strange colour, „als ein agelster t e s stimme ein zwic" becomes difficult to undervEch": it brings a ring and a letter from Ysöt). stand, if b l a t is translated as "leaf". If Parzival SPERVOGEL (pseudo ?; possibly der Jüng. Stolwere using a leaf to produce an artificial call, he le) in Minnesangs Frühl., Anmerkungen p. 361: would hardly need to break a „zwic" in the ir stimme ist bezzer danne ir muot, / die mit dem process. The emphasis in the sentence is on the b l a t e dä glient ( = late 13 cent Ms A ; but note breaking of this „zwic", and the phrase „durch omission of „dä" in Ms C of 1st half 14 cent) b l a t es stimme" is by way of explanation. This ( 1 4 ) REINFRIED 2 2 0 2 2 : des weidena:res stimme/ construction seems to imply that the „zwic" tuot mit dem b l a t e ouch also, / wan er kan in formed the actual instrument used to produce the tödes drö / vogel vil versenken. call. The game which Parzival was hunting is not HEINR M Ü G 147,6 ff: ο wib, des hüt din (sieht) mentioned, but was probably a roe-buck, as invor solchen stricken. / der vogeler gar süsze dicated by the corresponding passage in the "Lai

blät/blat (sn)

blät/blat

30

de Tyolet" (discussed below), and by the linking of the term with a roe-buck in ULR TRIST. The mating-call of the doe may be imitated by blowing on a leaf, and this fact has certainly led to the association of the hunting term with the German term for "leaf". The doe's call can best be imitated, however, by blowing on a piece of bark from a beech-tree, cfBose and Leonhardi, „Neues Wörterbuch der Jagdwissenschaft" (1808—9), Bd I p. 82: „Blattschiessen ist eine Art Rehjagd, die man zu der Zeit vornimmt, wenn der Rehbock aufs Blatt läuft. Man nimmt nemlich Buchene- auch Apfel- oder Birnblätter, vorzüglich aber die äussere Birkenschaale, weil sie einen weit hellem und stärkern Ton giebt"; s. also „Handbuch f. Prakt. Forst- u. Jagdkunde" (1796—97) Bd II p. 851, for a similar preference for bark rather than a leaf. Hunting techniques were certainly more advanced in the Middle Ages than in later centuries, and it seems probable that the young Parzival (a crude but efficient huntsman) will have used the best available method to lure his quarry. This is confirmed by the phrase under discussion, which implies that he broke a small branch in order to make an artificial call (i. e. with the bark taken from the small branch): „er brach durch b l a t e s stimme ein zwic". Tristan also will no doubt have been using the most efficient method of luring a roe-buck. A semantic connection with blat ( = leaf) thus appears doubtful in the first recorded use of the hunting term, and it is necessary to look for its origin elsewhere. A common feature of most artificial calls, whether for luring animals or birds, is that they consist of some sort of blowing instrument. The hunting term can be logically derived from the root of OHG b l ä j a n , M H G b 1 χ j e η (to blow), and will thus probably have had a long vowel in its original M H G form, i . e . b l ä t and its denominative vb b l ä t e n : cf OHG b l ä t , g i - b l ä t = breath (equated with Lat f l ä t u s in the 8 cent Pariser Glossen, s. GraffIIIp.235; f l ä t u s , in the sense of "breath", is derived similarly from f l ä r e , "to breathe", and thus from the same I E root * b h l ä - / b h l e a s O H G b l ä t and b l ä j a n ) ; note also O E blied (m): blowing, breath, etc., from b l ä w a n : to blow, breathe. Cf formation of abstract nouns in -t, from other verba pura; e. g. MHG b r u o t (sn): growth of plants, and b r u o t (sfm): brood, brooding, heat, from PG * b r ö - , cf MHG b r i i e ( j ) e n (wv): to brew, burn; also OHG/ M H G b l u o t (smf): bloom, from PG * b l ö - , cf M H G b l ü e ( j ) e n (wv): to bloom. The examples noted for b l ä t / b l a t cannot confirm

blät/blat the original gender of the hunting term, although it is clearly sn or sm; sn is probable, since confusion with blat (sn) will then have occurred more readily: b r u o t (sn) indicates neuter to be a possible gender for this type of noun. The confusion between b l ä t and blat ( = leaf) appears to have begun during the MHG period; the terms are apparently distinct in Wolfram's usage, but are already confused in the 15 cent PETRUS translations. In the (pseudo ?) SPERVOGEL poem the vowel of blat must metrically be short, as recorded in the late 13 cent Ms A; Ms B, first half of 14 cent, omits the word „dä", however, thus permitting the vowel of blat to be either short or long. U L R T R I S T includes the rhyme „stat: b l a t " , but frequently includes rhymes between short and long „a" (e. g. wät: stat). H E I N R M Ü G rhymes the verbal forms b l a t / b l a t e with long vowels in both cases (hät, and gräte). The metaphorical use by this poet of the phrase „. . . dir sin gäbe b l a t e " also indicates that b l ä t e n (and thus not b l a t e n ) was still used by him in the (tr) sense of "to blow (an artificial call)", rather than in the restricted (intr) sense of " t o blow on a leaf". NHG usage also supports a derivation from the sense of " t o blow", rather than "leaf". The hunting term has been associated with B l a t t ( = leaf) in previous discussions, but is not restricted to the use of leaves in its actual meaning: cf use of the term B l a t t s c h i e s s e n to cover the use of a leaf or of bark, in the extract quoted above from Bose and Leonhardi, and also the entry for b l a t t e n in both Dombrowski and Harrach, where the term is recorded in the sense of " t o lure a roe-buck by a call produced on a leaf or other instrument". Such an instrument (now a manufactured rubber "squeak", squeezed in the hand) is termed the B l a t t e r (m). A further indication that the modern hunting terms B l a t t / b l a t t e n are derived from M H G b l ä t / b l ä t e n i s provided by the fact that the term was frequently pronounced with a long vowel as late as the 19 cent; Kehrein, Wörterbuch der Weidmannssprache (1871) p. 67, comments as follows: „Die heutige Schreibung b l a t e n ist falsch, obgleich man öfters ein langes „ a " sprechen hört, wie auch in B l a t statt B l a t t " (Hartig, Lexikon für Jäger-u. Jagdfreunde (1861) p. 80, notes similarly: „ B l a t e n , oder besser B l a t t e n , heisst, einen Rehbock zur Brunftzeit durch den Ton einer Ricke herbeilocken.") It could be argued that NHG b l a t ( e n ) represented a lengthened form of MHG blat (en) (short): this would not be a normal development in an

blät/blat

31

open syllable followed by -t, however, and would be most unusual in the closed syllable of blat/ Blatt. The use of this term by Wolfram necessitates literary as well as linguistic discussion. The brief mention of Parzival's luring of game appears to be the remnant of an older motif, as preserved in the 12 cent OF "Lai de Tyolet" (ed G. Paris, Romania VIII p. 40ff). In this short lay (704 lines), the young Tyolet is brought up by his widowed mother in the forest. Like Parzival, he is fond of hunting, and one day meets an enormous stag, which he tries to lure closer with an imitated call(OF s i f l e r ) : the stag does not respond, however, and crosses to the other side of a wide and dangerous river. Tyolet cannot follow, but sees a roe-buck on his own side of the river, which he is able to lure with his call and kill. (It is thus the mating-season of the roe, i. e. late July to early August; the implication is that the lad had taken the stag to be a particularly large roe-buck.) While Tyolet is flaying the buck, the stag across the river is suddenly transformed into a mounted knight. The knight then tells Tyolet of the world of chivalry, and inspired by his words the youth afterwards rides off to Arthur's court. (The lay continues to describe Tyolet's adventures in seeking the foot of the white stag for the daughter of King Logres.) The relevant passage from the "Lai de Tyolet" is contained in the lines 85—112: Droit vers meson s'en volt aler, / Quant soz un arbre vit ester / Un cerf qui ert et grant et gras, / Et il s i f l a en es le pas; / Le cers l'oi, si regarda, / Ne l'atendi, ainz s'en ala . . . Qu'a une eve l'a droit mene: / Le cerf s'en est outre passd . . . Et Tyolet se regarda/ Tries soi, si vit venir errant / Un chevrel . . . Arestut soi et si s i f l a , / Et Ii chevreus vers lui ala: / Sa main tendi, illec l'ocist . . . Endrementres qu'il escorcha, / Et Ii cers se tranfigura . . . Et un chevalier resembloit . . . Paris (p. 40 f of his introduction) considers that the first parts of Chretien's "Perceval" and the "Lai de Tyolet" were derived from a common source: as in Wolfram's version, Chretien (v. 78—102) has eliminated the fantasy in the episode, and simply describes how the young Perceval, out hunting with his "gavelos", meets five knights; Chretien, however, makes no mention of the use of an artificial call by Perceval, and Wolfram thus cannot have received this detail from Chretien. Wolfram's reference to b l ä t at the precise point where this hunting method is motivated in the Tyolet version indicates the possibility that Wolfram may have known this

blä-vuo3

poem, or a related version: it will be necessary to find further details in common between the Tyolet and Wolfram versions, but which are absent from Chretien, before this possibility can be confirmed, however. 3. s. para 2 for the NHG hunting terms Blatt/ Blat (n), B l a t t e r (m) and blatten/blaten. bläten/blaten (wv) s. blät blä-vüe3er (sm)

1. falconer, employed for hawking with lanners (s. blä-vuo?) (15) S A A L B U C H v. 1418 (referred to by F ν Kobell, „Wildanger", Stuttgart 1859; p. 144): „In einem Saalbuch v. 1418 sind unter der Jägerei Ludwigs des Gebarteten von Bayern-Ingolstat drei Falkner zu Ross angeführt. . . dann ein B l a u f u s s e r ( P l a b f u s s e r ) zu Ross, ein Habichter (Habicher) zu Ross, ein Vogler (Voglär) für die Jagd auf Wildenten und Gänse usw." 2. from blä-vuoz blä-vuo3 (sm)

1. lanner, falco biarmicus ( = falco lanarius); this bluefooted species was less valued than other falcons, as a hawking bird. (13) DEMANTIN 5794ff (Queen Modassine attempts to dissuade her husband, the King of Greece, from attacking Demantin): „ein coninc zo vederspil irkös / einen b l ä v ö z , vorte he in der hant, / swenn he den cranen zo beize vant . . . he enwolde keinen valken hän" (i. e. the king's troops, although outnumbering those of Demantin, are not of sufficient quality). RENNER 5467: Wer sölte niht über die tumpheit schrien, / ob einer vür sperwer rcetelwien / koufte und b l ä f ü e z e vür hebich? ( 1 4 ) H E I N R M Ü G I I 4 0 2 , 2 : Ach, hett ich einen b l a f u s z f(ü)r den falken (i. e. the fine falcon the lady has lost): / ab er nicht wer so risch, / doch blib er stan uf mines herzen balken. Μ FALKNER 67 (the falconer's advice to the young poet to fly a less difficult bird, rather than the noble falcon he has lost): Du solt dich ains b l a w f f i z underwinden. / Ob der ioch von dir streichet, / du macht in nachtes bei der herberg finden. Μ FALKNER 68: Sie hant groz underschaide / b l a u f ü e z und edelvalke also spsehe. / Valken wend kunst und auch gerxte haben. / Es Sölten mit b l a u f ü z z e n / von ersten baissen lernen nu iunge knaben.

blä-vuo3

Μ FALKNER 82: Durch recht so sullend sackers / noch plaufüsz nit mit edeln valken niessen. (s. also Μ FALKNER 25, quoted s. v. spengel,

32

blenden

D A G U S I (ix): Vom blofusz. Manfindtettlich blofusz die besser sein dan bergfalcken . . . (s. also D A G U S I Χ—xj and II ix—x) 2. lit "blue-foot", from the blue feet of the a n d Μ FALKNER 6 4 ) lanner; the term is also recorded in OHG: s. (15) BEIZB (E) 49v: P l a w f ü s z söllent vahen A H D GLOSSEN III 21,10 p l a f f i z , p l a f u e s , vasantt antuogel orhennen repphüner. tauben, b l a u u z = capus, and III 23,25 blawffts = krawen. prachuögel. herodius. Cf also MLG b l ä v ö t and MDu Osw W Ö L K 110,31: p l a u f ü e s s (quoted s. v. b l a u w v o e t (whence Mod Du b l a a t : lanner, and b l a a t k e n : lannert, i. e. male lanner). sacker) The certain equation of blä-vuo3 with the MÜNSINGER 4r: Vn(d) weren die füsz blawe Als ein saffyr, so wer es ein zeichen, das der selbe lanner has recently been established by Lindner falck vnedel were, wan(n) die selbe färb kompt (Von Falken, Hunden und Pferden II pp. 155— von irdischen groben dempfen vn(d) dar vmb 175). This bird was common in Central Europe betüte(n)t sie, das der falck swer vnd treg ist. Da during the Middle Ages, but became extinct in von kumpt ouch, das der selbe falck mit den Germany by the 18 cent. It is of great semantic blauen füssen, den man ne(n)net blafüsz, selten interest that the NHG term B l a u f u s s should zu der beyse als gut ist Als die rechten edeln have survived the extinction of the bird which it originally described: in the absence of this bird, falcken . . . the term has been applied in modern times to a MÜNSINGER 5r: Welcher aber nach dem vnd er über sich gestigen ist, mit zursprätten flugein wide range of other hawks, not necessarily with sich etwas enthelt vn(d) mercklich rüget, Als der blue feet (s. para 3). It is thus not surprising that b l a w f ü s z tüt, der ist etwas onedel, vn(d) ist the meaning of the MHG term should for so long have been in doubt. allein nit vast göt zü der beisse. That the b l ä - v u o 3 w a s not considered to be MÜNSINGER 14r: Die falcken von der nünden of equal value to other falcons is clear from edeln Zucht heissent bläfüsze. Vnd der b l a w many of the above extracts. It was contrasted füsz ist ein wenig bürrischer an siner natur vnd frequently with other hawking birds, and connit als edel als die vorgeschriben edeln falcken, sidered to be inferior to them (esp to the perevn(d) er hat die grösze vnd die gestalt eins pil- grine-falcon, s. valke). In literary contexts, this grin falcken. Sein tach vnd vsserteil der flügel adverse comparison became a regular connotaist nit als swartz als an dem pilgrin falcken vnd tion of the word blä-vuo3; its low value is resin flügel sint auch nit als lang, doch der swantz flected also in TRESSLERBUCH (S. valke 2). ist lenger . . . Vnd er ist an der brüst wisser vnd It should be noted here that the MHG term sin geschrei ist heller. Aber er ist nit als manlich „laner", recorded only in MÜNSINGER (12V), is vnd gehertz als der pilgrin falck, wan(n) er be- not used by him to describe the lanner, or any gert nit fast der grossen fogel an der beysze . . . other falcon. Münsinger follows the use of M H D MINNEREDEN I 1 , 7 4 : b l a w f ü s z (quo"lanarius" by Albertus Magnus (ed Stadler ted s. v. geil) p. 1462), in applying the term to the buzzard: s. M H D MINNEREDEN I I 1 3 , 3 4 7 : blafus (quoSuolahti, Dt Vogelnamen p. 339 and Lindner, op. ted s. v. edel-valke) cit. pp. 190 & 206 f. W I E N FALKENH 1 7 3 V : b l o f u s (quoted s.v. 3. NHG B l a u f u s s (m) has been used varihübe). ously to describe the gerfalcon, peregrine falcon, HÄTZL I 98, 14 (poet's complaint of his lady's saker, lanner and goshawk, as well as the osprey disdain towards him): Ich wont, ich hett ain (Fischadler): s.Riesenthal,„RaubvögelDeutschvalckentertz (Ms = wolckentertz), / so musz ich lands" pp. 200,217,230; Schmidt, „Terminologie p l a w f ü s z nemen für göt. der dt. Falknerei" p. 114f; Lindner, op. cit. Voc NÜRNB (s.v.): B l a f u s z ein vogel, vil- p. 174f. nahe als ein falck, herodius. Voc RBRUM (i2a): herodius falck oder plablenden (wv) fusz. 1 a. (tr) to place the rear-foot over the slot or D A G U S I (title): Der könig dagus . . . beratslaget wie . . . er solt oder mocht die falcken / print of the fore-foot, thus obscuring it (of a b l o f u s z / Sperber vnd habich . . . gut zu payssen running stag). This blenden (less perfect in the case of a hind) constitutes one of the tokens or machen.

blic

boum

33

signs by which a trail can be recognised as being that of a stag; cf er-ilen II, where the rear-foot is placed slightly further forward than the fore-foot : for a discussion of b l e n d e n , s. Lindner's notes

bogel (sm?)

1. bow-springe, i. e. bird-snare activated by a wooden bow: similarly böge (wm) & bogelin (sn); cf done and mei$el t o h i s e d of Ζ DES HIRSCHES ( p . 2 1 3 — 4 ) . ( 1 4 ) MINNEBURG 2 5 6 8 : Dar zu ist leit so rechte ( 1 5 ) Ζ DES HIRSCHES ( Α ) 1 3 8 r : w o ( n ) e r ( d e r resze ( = raeze), / Daz ez mir uff daz hertze min / hircz) den fordre(n) ffisz mit de(m) hindre(n) Spennet ein herin b o g e l i n / Daz ez zugniffet blendet. und zusnytt . . . Ib. blenden (sn): the actual token or sign ( 1 5 ) N Ü R N B POL p. 3 1 3 : das nyemands . . . left by a stag, in placing the rear-foot over the keinerley strick, schrentz, p o g l e i n , vallen, slot or print of the fore-foot; cf ^eichen II sneller oder dergleichen legen, richten oder ge(15) Ζ DES HIRSCHES (A) 138r: der hi(r)cz tritt prauchen sol (context s. v. hert) mit dem hindre(n) füsz jn de(n) fordre(n). Dz PETRUS (B) 84 ν : man vehet vogel mit stricken, ist vs de(r) mas(n) ein gut zeiche(n). dz zeiche(n) mit b o g e i n enbor (i. e. in trees) vn(de) uff der heist b l e n d e n od(er) erilen . . . Vo(n) de(m) erden . . . ( = = b o g e n in Ms (C)) blend (e)η d(er) hind(e)n. Ein hind tritt och 2. from b ö g e (wm): bow. Lindner (Jagdmit de(m) fordre(n) ffisz jn den hindre(n) abe(r) nit als volku(m)lich noch als hüpschlich als der buch des Petrus de Crescentiis, p. 170) identifies b o g e l with the snare described as B ü g e l by hircz. J. C. Aitinger (Kurtzer vnd einfältiger Bericht KUNO ( S . 1 6 ) : Vonn dem B l e n d e n n . Der hirsch, der trit mit dem hindern fusz gleych dem vom Vogelstellen, 1653; p. 37). The reference to „herin" in MINNEBURG points fordenn, dasz sie einander ebenn gleych stehenn to the use of a horse-hair noose, as used also alsz ob esz nur ein fusz seyhe. in post-Mediaeval times. 2. spec use of b l e n d e n (wv): (tr) to blind, 3. NHG B i i g e l / B i e g e l (m) and B ü g e l obscure. d o h n e (f) denote this form of snare. 3. NHG b l e n d e n preserves this meaning. bogelln (sn) s. bogel blic (sm) borte (wm) s. hunt-bant (2) 1. view, sight of the quarry; cf an-sihtec ( 1 3 ) PASSIONAL p. 4 5 5 : vordemhunde blicke/ bcese, böse (adj) lief si (die hinde) balde in den pusch . . . 1. „boeser h i r j " : rascal or esquire, i. e. ( 1 4 ) HADAMAR 1 1 3 : hei, wie er (der hunt) aber liefe, / het er mit einem lieben b l i c k genozzen! young or small stag (15) LEITHUND 76r: doch sein noch drey ge2. spec use of b l i c (sm): sight, view wisse stückhlein dauon, dobej man an aller stat bliuwen (sv) gelegenheit der b ö s e n hirsch woll jagen vnd ausspreche(n) ( = ansprechen) mag, aber dj 1. (intr) to rush along (lit "beat" the ground), sind zu kostlich zuschreiben. of hounds on a trail (cf bern and dreschen) LEITHUND 76 V: dauon soltu dieselben jegere (14) HADAMAR 126: ze tröst dem wunden Hernit jagen heissen, die nur nach der grosz jagen, zen / lie ich döMuoten nach der verte b l i u w e n wan es musz ein herr od(er) frau offt ab dem 2. spec use of b l i u w e n (sv): (tr) to beat holtz vngejagt heimbziehen solicher jeger halber, das sie die bösen hirsch nitt ansprechen dorfbluot-spor (sn) f(en) vnd sprechen, sie haben nichts fundenn. 1. trail of blood, left by wounded quarry 2. spec use of bcese, böse (adj): bad, worth( 1 5 ) PETRUS ( Η ) Ε I r 2 —v 1 : Auch so wan(n) die less, poor hyrsch gewund werden vo(n) geschossen oder boum (sm) spiessen. so volget dem b l u e t s p o r ein clein hundt vn(d) wo er den tod fyndet, offenbart er 1. perch, on which hawks are placed; synodas / den iegern. nym for the more frequent ric I and Stange I 2. comp of spor (15) ΒΕΙΖΒ (E) 9r: Wie man den habich auff den ricke sol pinden (Ms A = wie ma(n) jn vf die bluot-var (adj) s. varwe kruk sol stellen vn(d) vf die böm vnd Stangen) böge (wm) s. bogel . . . auf den eggenden b ä u m sol man in sere 3

Dalby, Lexicon

boum-valke

bracke

34

pinde(n), das der lang vessel nit müg vmbreytten. Vnd (ob) der b ä u m ist grosz als ein balcke, so er geschwinge, so ist er jm zu starcke . . . Auch sol der ricke der massen grosz sei(n) dz er in vmb müg klaue (n) BEIZB (E) 38r (discussing illnesses): Für die sucht so der habiche auff dem b ä u m oder ricke nicht gestan mag . . 2. spec use of b o u m (sm): tree, beam. Lindner (Deutsche Habichtslehre, p. 266) translates „auf den eggenden b a u m " , in BEIZB (E) 9r, as „auf dem über Eck angeordneten Baum". The context indicates, however, that the word „eggenden" should be translatedas,,eckig" (squared, cornered), in keeping with the normal usage of „ecken" (wv): to make cornered, sharp. In the same passage (s. tic for full context), there is a description of how to bind the hawk to a high perch, which should be rounded (gekerbet). The method of binding the hawk to a squared beam or perch (den eggenden b a u m ) then follows. This interpretation is supported by the comment of Frederick II on the "pertica ima" (low perch), which could be made of either round or squared wood: lignea rotunda aut lignea quadrata (Ars venandi cum avibus, Vol I p. 176)

to the forest, Marke orders a servant to kill Tristrant's b r a c k e ; the servant releases it, however, and it follows the lovers' trail into the forest: s. 4 3 7 0 ^ 4 9 0 ) EILH TRIST 4 4 7 4 : h e s p r a c h d e m h u n d e l i n e

zü; / do wart der b r a c k e vil vro. EILH TRIST 4544: ouch hörte ich sagin mere, / daz he (Tristrant) der erste were / der daz erdechte, / wie man b r a c k e n brechte / üf wildes verte. ENEIT 1762: dö fürde frouwe Didö / einen b r a c k e n vil gereht, / den enliez si deheinen kneht / gestreichen noch gerüren, / si wolden selbe füren. / daz entet si niht dorch not. / daz ein öre was im röt, / daz ander swarz und der munt. / ez was ein vil edel hunt / und waz wiz alse ein harm (s. halse and seil I for details of the collar and leash). ENEIT 4543: si (di jungelinge) fürden kocher unde bogen / und vil scharphe strälen / und swert mit schönen malen / und b r a k e n vile gute. ENEIT 4634: dö her den hirz hete gewunt, / die b r a k e n liez er sä zestunt / unde schuftes an die vart. / michel froude dä wart / unde spil harde güt, / dö si bestunken daz blüt, / dä ez viel an daz graz. ENEIT 6113 (Evander recalls the hospitality boum-valke (wm) of Anchises): „her gab mir ein vil güt hören, / daz beste daz ich ie gewan. / dar zü gab mir der 1. hobby, falco subbuteo (15) MÜNSINGER 16Ν—17r: Der ander (falck) edele man / ein güten b r a k k e n und ein swert / ist mittel messig zwischen dem hofer falcken vnd und gesteines maneges phundes wert, / unde dem Smyrlin vnd etlich heissent / jne den b au m- einen güten bogen . . . und einen kocher wol bef a l c k e n , vnd ist glich zu halten Als der smyrlin slagen / mit röteme golde." (13) NIBEL 913: „so suit ir mir lihen einen falck. suochman / und etelichen b r a c k e n . . ." 2. lit. "tree falcon" (corresponding to "falco NIBEL 932: „ich hän der hunde rät, / niwan arborealis" in Albertus Magnus, Liber de anieinen b r a c k e n , der sö genozzen hät / daz er die malibus p. 1492). Suolahti (Dt Vogelnamen, verte erkenne der tiere durch den tan . . ." p. 344) quotes the hybrid OHG/Med Lat form NIBEL 934: Swaz ir der b r a c k e erspranete, b o u m f a l c o , b o m f a l c o ; he notes NHG diu sluoc mit siner hant / Sifrit der vil küene . . . B a u m f a l k e and Du b o o m v a l k : hobby, and NIBEL 947—948: „ir suit den b r a c k e n lädraws attention to the fact that trees form the zen: jä sihe ich einen bern . . ." / Der b r a c k e favourite nesting place of the hobby. wart verläzen, der bere spranc von dan . . . 3. NHG B a u m f a l k e (m): hobby WIGALOIS 2208 (Wigalois captures a passing bracke, brae (wm) 1. bercelet, i. e. small hound, probably of the spaniel family, used for tracking (esp in the sport of birseti), and kept frequently as a pet; also breckelin (sn): small bercelet, and vrouwenbreckelln (sn): small bercelet, kept as a lady's pet; cf birs-bracke. (12) EILH TRIST 4 3 7 0 : . . . e i n b r a c k e d e r h i z

Otant. / den häte der here Tristrant / lip vor allin hundin (after Tristrant and Isalde have fled

b r ä k e l i n , for Nereja, the lady he is escorting) : an derselben stunde/ lief vor in ein b r ä k e l i n / daz niht schceners mohte sin. / daz was blanc über al; / niwan ein öre was im val, / daz ander röt alsam ein b l u o t . . . daz hündelin vienc er dö / und legtez vür si üf ir kleit (the owner of the hound arrives to claim it, but is killed in combat by Wigalois) IWEIN 3276: er (Iwein) schöz prislichen wol:/ ouch gienc der wait wildes vol: / swä daz gestuont an sin zil, / des schöz er üz der maze vil. /

35

bracke ouch muose erz selbe vähen, / äne b r a c k e n ergähen. U L R L A N Z 1 5 4 7 : er (Patricjus) het wol hundert winde, / än ander huntgesinde, / b r a c k e n süse und leithunt. P A R Z I V A L 4 4 6 , 2 6 : dä liefen v r o u w e n b r ä k k e l i n (accompanying an old knight, with his wife and daughters, on a Good Friday pilgrimage). G O T T F R T R I S T 3 0 4 1 : „wir sehen wol, dise liste (i. e. the rewarding of the hounds) sint / b r a c k e n undehunden / zegrozen vrumen vunden." G O T T F R T R I S T 1 6 6 4 7 : dar zuo so brahte man im dar, / des er zer verte harte gert: / sine harphen und sin swert, / sin pirsarmbrust und sin horn. / da zuo so hseter ime erkorn / uz sinen b r a c k e n einen / beidiu schcenen unde deinen / und was der Hiudan genant: / den nam er selbe an sine hant. G O T T F R T R I S T 1 7 2 5 4 F F : in (den bracken Hiudane) ha:te Tristan aber do / geleret harte schiere / nach dem hirze und nach dem tiere, / nach aller slahte wilde . . . zu wünsche loufen uf der vart, / so daz er niemer lut wart . . . ( 1 7 2 6 6 ff) si üebeten, daz weiz ich wol, / den b r a c k e n und daz armbrust / me durch ir herzen gelust / und durch ir banekie / danne durch mangerie. G O T T F R T R I S T 1 7 3 3 4 : an ein leitseil er (der jegermeister) nam / einen b r a c k e n , der im rehte kam, / und brahte den reht uf die vart. / der leite in allez hinewart . . . da ime der hirz des nahtes was / gestrichen unde gevlohen vor . . . WOLFR WILLEHALM 119, 2 3 :

mir

was

din

kunft versweiget, / als ein b r a c k e am seile. W O L F R W I L L E H A L M 2 4 0 , 1 0 : ein naselöser b r a c k e / waer wol ze verte komen dä (context s. v. nase-lös) W O L F R T I T 1 3 2 : do gehörten si schiere, / in heller süezer stimme üf rötvarwer verte nach wundem tiere / ein b r a c k e kom höchlütes zuo ze in jagende. W O L F R T I T 1 4 6 : Der b r a c k e unde daz seil einem vürsten durch minne / wart gesant: daz was von art under cröne ein jungiu küneginne. W O L F R T I T 1 5 3 : . . . den b r a c k e n , der wait und gevilde / pflac der verte als er von arte solte. S A C H S E N S P I I 6 1 : Wer durch den banvorst r i t . . . sine winde unde sine b r a k e n sollen ufgevangen sin unde sine hunde ufgekopp(e)lt (similarly S C H W A B E N S P 1 9 7 , with „jagende hunde" for „hunde"). L A N C E L O T (P) 9 r : Lancelot . . . ervolget das rech und schosz es zu tode an eim holen wege, und erbeiszet von sim pferde und band das rech

3*

bracke

hinder sich und sasz wiedder off und nam synen b r a c k e n an synen arm und furt yn vor im off sym pferde, wenn er (der b r a c k e ) dem rech ferrer gevolget hett dann key(n) hunt den er hett. L A N C E L O T ( P ) 10r: Da . . . reyt er heinwert und furt syn winde an syner hant, und synen b r a c k e n nam er off syn pfert fur sich . . . J Ü N G T I T ( W ) 1 1 7 8 : Des fursten vreud iz latzte, daz im der b r a c k enpfarnde/ was, den er nider satzte uf stral snidic mal. J Ü N G T I T ( W ) 1 1 8 4 : Der b r a c k e was harmblanc gevar ein clein vor an der stirne, / diu oren lanc, rot als sin har, zereht gemület und mit breitem hirne, / nach b r a c k e n wis geedelt und geleret. J Ü N G T I T (W) 1 4 6 6 : „dirre b r a c k e niulich vor(e) gester / von miner hant nach rot wildes rfire / wart Verlan durch melde ze allem rechte nach weid mannes füre." ( 1 4 ) J O H W Ü R Z 3 3 4 6 ff (Ryal, i. e. Wilhelm v. Österreich, meets a strange figure, „Aventiure", who presents him with a hound which will lead him to adventure): der edel b r a c k inmittunt lief / gein in durch daz gevilde w i t . . . zunderrot was alles sin vel, / daz haupt wiz, auch was sin kel / spiegel var, sin oren brait, / swartz als ein mor: im was berait / ain borte rich umme sin kein. / er was der art daz er niht vaeln / kunde an siner verte . . . ( 3 4 1 4 F F ) den b r a c k e n uf daz ros er im / bot und hiez in vrölich varn . . . (s. also J O H W Ü R Z 3 4 2 0 , s. v. grüe^en) WrssE & C O L I N 9204 (Artus and his knights arrive at the Castle of Lis, and a b r e c k e l i n leads Keie to Bran v. Lis, the lord of the castle): ein b r e c k e l i n kam, daz was blanc, / haruz durch eine kametür / louffende in den sal harfiir. / im sleifte noch ein blanc seillin, / ein koller von eime borten guldin: / die truog ez umbe sinen nac, / do manig guot stein inne lac. D R E I E I C H E R W I L D B A N N (Ms 1) pp. 399—400: Auch deilent sie (die hubener) dem hof e zu Dyepurg, wanne he wil birsen, das he sal han eine iwanen bogin mit einer siden senewen, mit einer silbern stralen, / mit eime lorböumen zeine, mit phauwenfedirn gefidert. gelinget ime, das he schussit, so sal he riden zu dem hain, in einis forstmeisters hus, da sal he finden einen wiszen b r a c k e n mit gedrouftin orin (Ms 2 = gedreifften oren, i. e. "pendant" ears, s. Grimm's Dt. Rechtsaltertümer p. 260), uf einer siden koltern an eime siden seile, und sal dem wilde nach hengin. gelingit ime bi schinendir sunnen, he sal den rechtin bueg und den b r a c k e n bi schinendir sonnen widder antwurten; gelinget ime nicht, he mag des andern dagis das selbe tuen.

bracke

36

H A D A M A R 5 4 4 („sin" refers to the „birsser" of Str 543, quoted s. v. birsare)·. Sin b r a c k e hat des wunden / alze niht genozzen (i. e. has not caught the game wounded by the „birsasr") / er hat ouch abgeschunden / vil hiute, die er mortlich hat erschozzen. B R A C K E 1 : „(I)ch bin eyn b r a c k e vp rechter vart, / sint ich an dich gehitzit wart: / des lone mir, vil selich wif!" D T "WEIST III p. 4 2 6 (Büdinger Reichswalds Weisthum, anno 1380): . . . wan eyn riche in der bürge zu Geylnhusen lige, so sal eyn furstmeister, der von alter geborn darzu sy, von rechte dem riche halten, wan er birsin wulde, eyn b r a c k e n in der burg zu Geylnhusen mit bedrauftin oren, und sal ligen off eyme syden kolter und off eynem syden küssen, und sin leydeseyle syden und daz halsbant silberin und oberguldet. Item und derselben einer zu Büdingen und einer zu Wechtersbach in derselben masse. S U C H E N W I R T VII, 227: Als man vervahen in dem wait / Den p r a k e n sieht nach edler art . . . (context s. ν . ver-väheri) ( 1 5 ) L O R S C H E R W I L D B A N N p. 4 6 5 : In demselben wildban dort soll niemand jagen oder bürschen ahn des bischoffs v. Mainz willen, wers aber, dasz ein ritter queme mit bunden kleidern, mit einem zobelhute, mit einem ibenbogen, mit einer sydensennen, und mit strauszzahme, mit silbernen strahlen und mit pauenfedern gefüddert und einem wysen b r a c k e n ahn ein sydenseil mit betrafften ohren, den sali man fördern zu synem deigelt ( = tagalt), und sali ihn nit hindern. H Ä T Z L II 5 5 , 39 (poet finds a p r ä c k l e i n , whose mistress then appears): Wann ich ain hündlin höret pellen, / Ain kelpannd mit schellen / Hett das edel p r ä c k l e i n . . . Voc N Ü R N B ( S . V . ) B r a c k ein spilhunt = "culpar" oder frauen hundlein / B r a c k ein pirszprack oder pirszhundt = "melampus".

2. in keeping with its meaning, the term b r a c k e (OHG b r a c c h o ) appears to be related to MHG bra:hen (wv) and to Lat f r a g r ä r e , both with the sense of "to smell" (Kluge, s. v. B r a c k e , derives the term from IE * b h r a g r o s : "smelling"). From Gmc, this hound-name was loaned into Med Lat as b r a c h e t u s , b r a c c e t u s , into OF as b r a e , b r a c o n , and into Ital as b r a c c o . ME & Engl b r a c h ( e t ) ("small hound hunting by scent", later with the sense of "bitch") is derived from OF b r a c h e s , b r a c h e z (dim of brae). The regular association of b r a c k e with the sport of birsen appears to have been overlooked in past considerations of the term. The use of this

bracke hound for some form of tracking has been realised, but previous interpretations of the MHG word have been otherwise vague. Lexer (s. v.) translates b r a c k e as „Spür- und Spielhund"; Wagner (Uber die Jagd des grossen Wildes im Mittelalter pp. 127 f ) interprets the term in the sense of "a hound hunting by scent"; Dombrowski (s. v.) has confused the issue by suggesting „Wolfshund", with no apparent evidence, as a translation for the MHG term; Schmertzing (Dt Jägersprache bis Anf des 16 Jhs p. 108) contributes nothing new to the discussion, and translates the word vaguely as „eine besondere Rasse von Hunden, die der Fährte des Wildes folgen und es jagen". The importance of the b r a c k e , in literary sources, makes it necessary to discuss this houndname at length: this type of hound is named more frequently than any other in MHG sources. The sport of hunting red-deer "with bows and stable" is explained and discussed under the entry for birsen, and mention is made there of the use of a b r a c k e to find and move the quarry (before it was driven towards the "stables" or stands, where huntsmen were posted with bows). The b r a c k e was used to track down the quarry, when it had been wounded by an arrow, and the ability of a b r a c k e to follow a slight trail of blood appears to have been its most valued quality. Among the forty examples collected above there is a reference to the sport of birsen, either by name or description, in seventeen contexts: E N E I T 4543 & 4634, N I B E L 913, 932 & 934 (s. birsen para 2 for a discussion of the passage in N I B E L ) , I W E I N , G O T T F R T R I S T 17266, W O L F R T I T 1 3 2 & 1 5 2 , LANCELOT ( P ) 9 r

& lOr,

T I T ( W ) 1 1 7 8 , DREIEICHER WILDBANN,

JÜNG HADA-

MAR, D T W E I S T I I I , LORSCHER WILDBANN

and

Voc N Ü R N B (cf also birs-bracke). There are further references to the b r a c k e following a trail, in E I L H T R I S T 4370 & 4545, G O T T F R T R I S T 17254 & 17334, J Ü N G T I T ( W ) 1466, J O H W Ü R Z , BRACKE a n d SUCHENWIRT.

The b r a c k e was notable not only for its use as a tracking hound, however, but also for its suitability as a pet: this type of hound is portrayed as a pet, or favourite dog, in E I L H T R I S T 4370, E N E I T 1762, G O T T F R T R I S T 16647, H Ä T Z L and Voc N Ü R N B ; it is presented as a gift in E N E I T 6113, W I G A L O I S and W O L F R T I T (from Clauditte to Ehkunaht, and from Schionatulander to Sigune); cf also gift of a birs-hunt in T H O M A S I N 14602, and of a vogel-hunt in B I T E R O L F . An indication of the value with which such a hound was treated is given by the rich materials

bracke

37

often used for its collar and leash (cf entries for halse, hunt-bant and seil). It should also be noted that the hybrid OHG/Med Lat term b a r m b r a c c u s occurs in the LexFrisonum Tit 4 (Germanenrechte II, 3), with the literal sense of "lap-dog": „Hoc inter Laubaci et Sincfalam: Canem acceptorem, vel braconem parvum, quern b a r m b r a c c u m vocant IV solidis componat . . . Trans Laubaci: canem acceptorem VIII, b a r m b r a c c u m XII . . ." In a number of narratives, the b r a c k e leads towards combat or other adventure: cf W I G A LOIS, GOTTFR T R I S T 17334 (discovery of the lovers), the Titurel story ( W O L F R T I T & J Ü N G T I T ) , J O H W Ü R Z and W I S S E & COLIN. This motif is closely associated with the legendary pursuit of mysterious quarry, leading also to adventure (as in the OF poems "Guingemor", "Lai de Tyolet", Gaucher's "Perceval", etc.: s. Pschmadt, Sage von der verfolgten Hinde pp. 65—119, for a discussion of this theme in Med Fr, Lat, Engl and Welsh sources; s. also Webster, Guinevere pp. 89—104). The fact that this type of hound was frequently a lady's pet will have exercised an influence on this legendary theme: the winning of such a treasured hound will have provided a means of gaining a lady's favour (cf the role of the sparrow-hawk, a lady's hawking bird, as a frequent tournament prize: s. sperivare para 2). Finally, it is necessary to consider the actual breed of dog represented by the term b r a c k e . From the descriptions included in the above extracts, the b r a c k e is seen to have been a small dog, with large pendant ears: the body was usually white (although red in JOH WÜRZ, with a white head), and the ears usually red or black. These descriptions, together with the fact that it was suitable as a pet, and also had a keen sense of smell, indicate that the b r a c k e most probably belonged to the spaniel family (as represented by the modern varieties of spaniel and setter). It was thus probably related to the vogel-hunt, which likewise appears to have been a spanieltype of hound, and which was also suitable as a pet or valuable gift. 3. this common mediaeval hound-name appears to have little semantic connection with NHG B r a c k e (f/m). It is significant that the term is scarcely used in the 16 cent (cf Dombr Encycl II p. 157, and Schmertzing, Dt Jägersprache bis Anf des 16. Jhs p. 108); with the revival of the term, after this gap in regular usage, the NHG form has acquired a variety of new meanings. The term B r a c k e (f, more usually than m) is applied to several types of modern

bräte hound: the T i r o l e r B r a c k e is a red, shorthaired tracking-hound, not dissimilar to the setter, the D e u t s c h e or W e s t f ä l i s c h e B r a k k e is a short-haired running-hound (for hunting hares and foxes), predominantly red to yellowish in colour with white and black markings, and with certain similarities to the English fox-hound; the W e s t f ä l i s c h e D a c h s b r a c k e and the R o t e D a c h s b r a c k e are shorter-legged varieties of this hound, used especially in the Alps. NHG B r a c k e (m) had the obs sense of male dog or wolf, and B r a c k (n) or B r a c k e (f or m) can still be applied to a young beast of prey. The usage of NHG B r a c k e / B r a c k is foreshadowed by the use of MHG - b r a c k e in the compound wint-bracke. bracken-seil (sn) s. seil I brant (sm) 1. scorched earth, where the ground has been cleared by fire, and where the trail is difficult to follow (14) H A D A M A R 130: üf einem b r a n t hört ich die hunde erleschen H A D A M A R 131: Muot kobert äne Helfe / allein üf hertem b r a n d e H A D A M A R 406: Ir (Trost und Senen) kunnet iueh berihten / bi wazzer und üf walde, / krumb widerlöufe slihten / und hunden üf dem b r a n d e helfen balde (s. also H A D A M A R 508) (15) Ζ

DES HIRSCHES ( A ) 1 3 6 r :

wie man

den

hircze(n) jn der faisi suchen solt. . . Du solt och suchen vf de(n) höwen (i. e. where the timber is felled) jn den weld(e)n, da sind si och gern. Du sot och sfich(e)n vf den b r e n d ( e ) n vn(d) vf den rüttine(n) (i. e. where the ground has been cleared by uprooting) LEITHUND 73 Ν: der hirsch gett auch offt vff manchem herten p r a n t . . . 2. spec use of b r a n t (sm), from b r e n n e n (wv): to burn 3. cf Bavarian dial b r a n t (m): area cleared by fire (Schmeller, Bayr. Wb. s. v.) bräte (wm) 1. steak, hind-quarter (of venison) (13) IWEIN 3903: nü schant erz (Iwein daz rech) dä erz weste / veizt und aller beste, / und nam des einen b r a t e n dan. GOTTFR T R I S T 2902: vil kündecliche enbaste er / beidiu siniu hufbein, / besunder niht wan beide in ein. / ir reht er ouch den beiden liez, /

braewen

den b r a t e n , da der rucke stiez / über lanken gein dem ende / wol anderhalber hende, / daz die da cimbre nennent, / die den bastlist erkennent. 2. spec use of b r a t e (wm), b r ä t (sn) ( = OHG b r ä t ο): meat, soft parts of the body (whence Med Lat b r ä d ö : ham); the term became associated by folk-etymology with unrelated b r a t e n (redv): to roast (in the sense of "meat for roasting"). 3. NHG B r a t e n (m) has the general sense of "roast meat, meat for roasting". braewen (wv) 1. (tr) to seel (a hawk's eyes), i. e. to close the eyes of a hawk by stitching the lower eyelid and tying the ends of the threads behind the head: similarly ver-braewen; cf ougen-vadem. ( 1 3 ) M A R T I N A 1 5 9 , 5 5 : Uon dem tievil gebrsewet / Vf der svnden luoder (context s. v. luoder) ( 1 4 ) A L T S W E R T p. 1 3 3 , 1 0 (Der Spiegel): . . .Wen ich doch billich rert / vor unmut min glider, / recht als da thut sin gefider / ein v e r b r u t e s federspil. (15) BEIZB (E) 2 0 V: Wie man den wildfang zämen soll. Den wiltfangde(n) habech sol ma(n) v e r b r e w e n (MsB=zcemen, Ms D = b r ö w e n ) vn(d) äczen auf d(er) ha(n)t vn(d) vil t r a g e ( n ) . . . M H D MINNEREDEN I I 1 2 , 9 1 (Der Thron der Ehre): was hulff dynr zucht ob sie ein sprenczlin zwung(e) / mit wurfflin, hüben, schellen, / das dir so g e b r u w e t dan entswunge? 2. from b r ä (swf): eye-lash. This method of accustoming a captured hawk to its new surroundings has been replaced in recent centuries by the use of a hood. Both the hood (s. hübe) and the practice of seeling are described by Frederick II (for his chapter on "ciliatio", or seeling, s. De arte venandi cum avibus Vol I, pp. 146— 147). Frederick mentions the hood as having been introduced by him from the East, and he describes its use in training hawks to fly at game; he nevertheless considers seeling to be preferable to hooding, in the initial stages before the hawk is flown, and when it is being trained to accept its new surroundings. It is unlikely that seeling was a regular German falconry practice during the Middle Ages. Although seeling is mentioned in the BEIZB (but not in Ms B) and in H I C F E L T (S. ougen-vadem), neither treatise describes the method in which this delicate operation should be carried out; in the earlier HABICHTSL, there is no reference to the practice. (There is also no mention of the

bruch

38

hood in either the BEIZB or the HABICHTSL, but the usage of habe and huot indicates that this item of equipment was probably restricted to falcons.) The practice of "watching" (s. wachen) is described, however, in the BEIZB (E) 8r: „Man soil den habich zämen mit vil tragen und czu dem ersten (m)it vil tragen von den lewten vnd nachtes . . ."; this method of training the hawk by holding it on the fist, and keeping it awake for long periods, was an alternative to seeling or hooding, and probably represented a traditional German practice. 3. NHG a u f b r a u e n has the falconry sense of "to seel" (cf Willemsen, Die Falkenjagd pp. 88—89); this method of training is no longer practised, however. breckelin (sn) s. hracke bringen (sv) s. hol? I britanisch-valke (wm) s. sacker bruch (sm) I 1. fault, i. e. loss of the right scent by hound(s), esp in „dem hunde b r u c h geschiht": the hound has lost the right scent. Hence wider-bruch (sm): recovering of the right scent; also biiichic (adj): at fault, of the hound(s). (14) MINNEBURG 1636 if: Wist, wo junge welffe/ Nach einem hirtzen schone / Her jagen in suszem done, / Daz de(n) gar dick b r u c h i g wirt, / Ob ir meister daz verbirt / Daz er sie niht erkobert. / Ist aber sin sin durch obert, / Daz er in volget uff den b r u c h / Und schryet zu in durch hilffe „juch" / Und bringt sie wider uff die vart, / So jagen sie nach irre art . . . H A D A M A R 18: ob disen jungen narren / geschehe ein b r u c h von iiberlistic fliehen H A D A M A R 492: vil b r ü c h gen w i d e r b r ü c h e n ergiengen dä mit meisterlichen sachen. (s. also H A D A M A R 502) ( 1 5 ) LEITHUND 73r: er (i. e. the huntsman) soll auch dem hund nit (zu)geben, das er weit mit jme vmbgreiff, wan jme b r u c h g e s c h i e h t . . . so gewont der hundt, wan jm b r u c h geschieht, das er dan albeg von den ferten tracht . . . GESCHEITHEIT 4 V : Vnd leg offt vnd über allweg bruch ( = bruch II), ob dir deinem hund b r u c h geschähe, das du wider wyssest zu der rechten fart zekomen. (s. also GESCHEITHEIT 3 v ) 2. spec use of b r u c h (sm): break, fault; possibly influenced by the use of bruchll = "blemish" (a broken twig, or "blemish", was used to mark the point where the hound had lost the trail: s. GESCHEITHEIT 4 V ) .

btuch brach (sm) I I s. ver-brechen brüchic (adj) s. bruch I brügel, prügel (sm) 1. stick or cudgel, tied to hound's collar to restrain him during training ( 1 5 ) H A T Z L II 3 3 , 1 2 8 (poet addresses his lady): Habt ir mich zu ainem hundt gezelt, / Dem pindt man vmb den halsz ain Zügel / Vnd henckt Im daran ain p r ü g e l , / Das er des pannds gewon / V n d chom nit von der fert hindan. / Also will ich auch penndig sein, / Eüch, zart liebstes fräwlein vein . . 2. spec use of b r ü g e l , p r ü g e l (sm): cudgel, stick 3. Lindner (pers comm) records that a similar practice is frequently described after the 15 cent, and is prescribed in hunting ordinances particularly for farm-dogs, to prevent them from catching game. „Bengel" and „Knüppel" are N H G synonyms for this cudgel, and Dombrowski (s. v. bengeln and Knüppel) records that the cudgel normally hangs from the collar (as in the example from HÄTZL) and thus prevents the dog from running: in the instance he quotes, it is to prevent a sheep-dog from chasing hares or other game. He notes the custom as still being practised in some parts of Germany (i. e. at end of 19 cent). brunft (sf) 1. rutting season, mating season of game (esp red-deer, i. e. late September and October, and roe-deer, i. e. late July and early August); cf brunst ( 1 3 ) H E I N R T R I S T 2 4 0 2 : der hirz lief vor den hundenhin,... ernwasnihtinderrehten b r u n f t , / im selbe zu frumen, niht ze schaden / was er noch niht überladen / mit fleische zu der stunde. ( 1 4 ) J O H W Ü R Z 1 0 1 5 0 : sin ros für als ain hirz in brunft J O H W Ü R Z 1 7 7 5 6 : als ein wilder hirs uz b r u n f t , / sus kam gevarn in den strit/ kunc Sar van Asya. M O N B O I C A 3 9 , P . 2 7 7 (anno 1 3 2 6 ) : Item ez ist auch geteilt uf den eyt, daz ein grefe von Hennenberg reht habe drystunt zü lagen: und daz ist eyns in der veiste, daz ander in der röte, daz dritte in der b r ü n f t . M E G E N B E R G I I I A , 1 3 (of roe-bucks): der gaiz pöckel habent grozen krieg umb die gaizel, wenn si in der p r u n f t laufent. (15) L E I T H U N D 74V: du solt jne (den hundt) auch nach der p r u n f f t , so das gejaid ein end hatt, vast arbeit(en), so stincken die hirsch vast.

39

brüst K U N O (S. 3): wann jn der b r u n f f t lest der hirsz dem wild (i. e. hind) kein ruh bisz er esz vsz der dyckten bringt vff die ebne, wan jnn der dickten kan er nichts schaffen. K U N O ( S . 1 0 ) : wo vnnd wie man denn Hirsz in der p r u n f f t suchenn soll.

2. from b r e m e n (sv) ( = O H G b r e m a n ) : (intr) to roar (from "belling" or roaring of stag, during rutting season). Note similar development of Engl t o b r i m : to be in heat, to rut (of swine), from O E b r e m m a n : to roar, rage. 3. N H G B r u n f t (f): rutting or mating season of game (esp red-deer and roe-deer). brunst (sf) 1. rutting season, i. e. mating season of deer; cf brunft (13) K O N R T R O J 10699: . . . ouch eines alten hirzes horn, / der in der b r u n s t erslagen was (context s. v. ge-hiirne) (14) D T W E I S T I I I p. 427 (Büdinger Reichswald, 1380): . . . und in der b r ü n s t e sollin sie nicht jagen. (15) Ζ

DES H I R S C H E S

(A) 136v:

W i e du

d(e)n

hircz j(n) de(r) b r u n s t süche(n) sot . . . (s. also Ζ DES H I R S C H E S ( A ) 1 4 1 r) H E R B S T M I N N E S 2 9 , Str 2 (Anonymous): Der hirsz der laffet in der p r f i n s t , / die hind tör im nicht genachen . . . 2. Kluge (s. v. B r u n s t ) relates this term to O H G b r i n n a n (to burn), cf N H G „Gunst/ gönnen" and „Kunst/können". 3. N H G B r u n s t (f) preserves the sense of " (sexual) ardour, mating season"; it is not recorded as a modern hunting term, however, and N H G „Brunft" (f) is the normal term for the rutting or mating season of game. brust (sf) I 1. sternum, breast of a hawk (13) W O L F R L I E D E R (pseudo) V I I I , 5 : ein müzervalke, ein terze, / dem mac b r u s t /niht baz dan dir diu dine sten. (14) H A B I C H T S L 108 r 1 — r 2 : Wie man dy edeln habich b e k e n n e n s o l . . . Gräe mäl an der b r ü s t . . (15) E R N E S T I 4 V : quoted s. v. diech B E I Z B (E) 19 V : SO gand in (den rotten habichen) auch jre mal lannges an der b r u s t . M Ü N S I N G E R 4 r : Vn(d) dar nach an der b r u s t vnd an andren Stetten so ist er (der falck) feech, Also dz ein tayl, besunder jn dem ersten jare, ist gestriffelt swartz vnd das ander teyle dunckel rote.

40

brüst M Ü N S I N G E R 8 V : . . . aber er (der bergfalck) its kurtzer dan(n) der habch vnd hat gar ein kurtzen swantz vn(d) ein dick grossz sinwel b r ü s t . . .

2. spec use of b r ü s t (sf): breast; the sternum is prominent in many birds, but the poet, in the first example quoted, was doubtless thinking of the raised breast of the adult peregrine. 3. N H G B r u s t (f) remains the normal term for the sternum or breast of a bird. brust (sf) I I 1. upper breast of venison (consisting of the top three ribs on either side) (13) G O T T F R T R I S T 2886ff: ze sinen biiegen kerter wider; / von der b r u s t enbaste er die, / daz er die b r u s t do ganze lie. / die büege leite er dort hin dan. / sine b r u s t er do began/ uz dem rucke scheiden / und vondensiten beiden/ietwederhalp driu rippe dermite. / daz ist der rehte bastsite: / diu lat er iemer dar an, /der die b r u s t gelcesen kan. G O T T F R T R I S T 2 9 8 5 : ric unde gorgen sneit er sa / obene, da diu b r u s t da want (s. also G O T T F R T R I S T 2 9 1 7 , 2 9 8 8 & 3 1 7 6 ) ( 1 4 ) T E I C H N E R 4 8 7 , 8 0 : halz und b r u s t daz ist sin recht (context s. v. reit) (15) J A G D P R E D I G T 5 b : sed jegermayster habet de jure precordia, p r u s t , caput et Collum et eyspüen . . . 2. spec use of b r u s t (sf): breast 3. N H G V o r d e r b r u s t (f) denotes the upper breast of venison. bühel (sm) 1. the tiny mound of earth formed in the centre of the slot or imprint of a stag's foot. This is one of the tokens or signs of the passing of a stag (s. zeichen I I ) ; cf burc-stal and grummen. (15) Ζ

DES

HIRSCHES

(A)

139v:

wo

du

den

b ü h e l siehst, dz tut ein hi(r)cz vnd kein hind (context s. ν. burc-stal) L E I T H U N D 7 5 r : . . . (der hirsch) schüpt, als ein herter p i i h e l jn der vert würt, vnd jst gar ein gewisz zeich (en). K U N O ( S . 2 2 ) : So du denn b u h e l l siehst vnnd hinden vnnd vornen gleych getretten ist, so sprich jnn frolich vor einen hirsch an. 2. spec use of b ü h e l (sm): hill, mound buoc (sm) I 1. turn or bend in the trail ich däht, zuo welhem b u o g e / die vart ich lieze und war ez (daz wilt) ( 1 4 ) HADAMAR 4 5 2 :

burc-stal solde fliehen. / . . . ach, Triege hat verfüeret / mich . . . H A D A M A R 4 5 3 : zuo dem rehten b u o g e / hän ich die vart ie läzen . . . 2. spec use of b u o c (sm): shoulder, knee, bend. 3. N H G B u g (m): bend; D t W b (s. v. 3) quotes Boie: „die Strasse macht hier einen B u g " . buoc (sm) II, buoc-bein (sn)

1. plur „die b ü e g e " or „die b u o c - b e i n " : fore-quarters (i. e. front legs, each detached in one piece with the shoulder during the breaking-up of a stag); cf buf-btin ( 1 3 ) G O T T F R T R I S T 2 8 7 6 : zen b u o c b e i n e n kerter wider, / diu entrante er beide nach ir zit, /daz rehte vor, daz linke sit. G O T T F R T R I S T 2 8 8 6 : ze sinen b ü e g e kerter wider; / von der brust enbaste er die, / daz er die brust do ganze lie. / die b ü e g e leite er dort hin dan. G O T T F R T R I S T 2 9 1 7 : die brust, die b ü e g e , siten, bein, / daz h £ete er allez über ein / vil schone dort hin dan geleit. 2. O H G b u o g (sm) and M H G b u o c (sm) (upper part of the arm or leg, knee, shoulder of animal) are related to O E masc b o g (shoulder, arm, limb, branch = Mod Engl b o u g h ) and O N masc b ö g - r (shoulder of animal, arm). 3. the use of this term has become increasingly restricted in the Gmc languages (partly under the influence of " a r m " and "shoulder/Schulter"). As a hunting term, the meaning of N H G B u g (m) has remained unchanged (fore-quarter), but even in this hunting sense it is being replaced by „Blatt" (η): s. Hartig, Dombrowski & Harrach s. v. B u g . burc-stal (sn) 1. the tiny mound of earth formed in the centre of the slot or imprint of a stag's foot. This is one of the tokens or signs of a stag (s. ζeicben I I ) ; cf grummen and bühel. ( 1 5 ) Ζ DES H I R S C H E S (A) 1 3 9 ν: Dz zeich(e)n nenn e s t die güt(e)n jege(r) den gru(m)me(n). Dz jst da vo(n), wo(n) er fö(r)ne(n) jn dem ffisz den erd an sich zucht vn(d) hinan mit dem ballen den erd vo(n) jm schübt, da vo(n) wirt ein bühel. da sprech(e)n sümlich jeg(er) es heisi das b u r g s t a l dz ist da vo(n) wo(n) es ein siwel ( = sinwel) büheli ist. wo du den bühel siehst, dz tut ein hi(r)cz vnd kein hind. K U N O ( S . 2 2 ) : Der hirsch . . . scheubt hinden mit denn ballenn für sich vnnd zeugt vornnen mit

41

bürschen denn fussenn denn herdt ann sich, dasz esz ein buhell mitten gewent. dasz nennen die jeger nach jrer art denn grummen oder B u r g s t a l l . So du denn buhell siehst vnnd hinden vnnd vornen gleychgetrettenist, so sprich jnn frolich vor einen hirsch an. 2. spec use of b u r c - s t a l (sn): site of a castle (castle-mound) 3. NHG B u r g s t a l l (m/n) retains this hunting sense. bürschen (wv) s. birsen burz (snf)

1. a small pellet of earth thrown up in the imprint of a stag, or at the forward tip of the imprint when running: this is one of the tokens or signs of a stag (s. ^eichen II) and is related to the important token of taingen; also in the forms burze, biirze (snf), biirzel (sm), biirzer (smn). ( 1 5 ) Ζ DES HIRSCHES ( A ) 1 3 8 v : V o ( n )

de(m)

b u ( r ) c z i . Im ga(n)t enmitte(n) jnde(m) vedemli vs wal j(n) der grösi als ein hasel nus vn(d) vnder willan kum als ein erws (i. e. pea), etwen minde(r) den ein erws. dz heist dz b u ( r ) c z i ; variants = der pürczel (B); das bürzer (C); der bürzer (F); die Burtze (G); Biirtze (J)

burz K U N O (S. 18—19): Vonn der Burz. Esz gehet auch jnn der mite desz fedemlinsz vom hirsch wol einer haszelnusz, / vnnder weylenn nit groszer dann ein erbisz grosz, ist erdenn, vsz; aber esz beschicht seltenn, dasz zeychenn nennen die jeger dasz Burz. Vnnd wann der hirsch laufft, so wirfft er vorn mit der spize der klaen ein kleinesz kugele vonn erdenn vsz; dasz nennt man dasz burz, bourz. 2. from b u r z e l n (wv): to tumble, topple over (and which appears also to have had the allied meaning "to project"; cf sense of NHG Biirzel (m): short tail, rump, of a bird or animal; also Mod Swiss bor ζ en: to tumble, project). The varying form and gender of this word, in the two sources quoted, indicate that it was a more uncommon word than many of the other terms for the tokens of a stag. Unlike most of these, it does not survive as a modern technical term, and appears to have been a minor and somewhat uncertain token. It should not be confused with the prominent mound in a stag's imprint (burc-stal), which forms one of the most important tokens. 3. not a modern hunting term, but Harrach (s.v.) quotes the ENHG form Biirtze, from the Vollständige Haus- und Landbibliothek, Regensburg 1700.

C s. Κ, Ζ

D dach (sn) 1. back (dorsum), of a hawk (15) M Ü N S I N G E R 3 V : Vnd sust uff dem kopff vnd oben vff dem hals vnd uff dem tach vnd an dem usserteyl der flügeJ so ist er (der falck) dunckel far swartz. M Ü N S I N G E R 8 V : E r (der bergfalck) ist ouch uff dem tach vnd uff den flugein usz wendig eschfarbe. M Ü N S I N G E R 3 1 R: Vnd an dem Rucken oder uff dem t a c h hat er (der habch) mee swarczer meler dan(n) wisser. (s. also M Ü N S I N G E R 12r, 12v and 14r) 2. spec use of dach (sn): roof, cover, highest part. 3. NHG D a c h (η) preserves the falconry sense of "back" (of a hawk), and has also been used in a slightly more restricted sense to describe the upper part of the back, between the shoulders of a hawk (s. Lindner, Von Falken, Hunden und Pferden II, p. 205). dä-hin (exclam) s. hin denen (wv) 1. (intr) to strain at the leash, of hounds (14) H A D A M A R 57: üf werfen, schrien, denen / min Herz aldä begunde, / hin ziehen und an menen. (s. also H A D A M A R 2 8 4 ) 2. spec use of denen (wv): (tr/intr) to stretch, strain; cf use of don en (wv): (intr) to stretch (in H A D A M A R 74: min Herz mit d o n t e m seile / strebt alles nach der verte) die-bolle (wm) s. diecb diech (sn) 1. thigh, of a hawk (feathered part of the leg, as opposed to the VU03, or lower leg); similarly die-bolle (wm). (14) H A B I C H T S L 108r 2 : Wie man dy edeln habich bekennen sol . . . An den dye hen fäl ane mal. H A B I C H T S L 116v 2 : brichet im (dem habich) aber das bain inne dem d i e c h oder jnderhalb,

so sol man jm es schynden (i. e. splint) garrecht. (15) E R N E S T I 4 v (with " b " for " w " ) : Ber ab(er) daz er (der falk) u(er)bu(n)t ber vnd(er) den fliige(n) od(er) an dem d i e c h od(er) an der prüst od(er) an den rippen . . . B E I Z B ( E ) 4 V : Von wellchen malen die beszten habich seind . . . falb d i c k (Mss A & Β = diech) vnnd lanng zegel . . . B E I Z B (E) 29 V : Wie man dem habich an de (m) bainpruch helffen sol. Bricht dem habich das diech od(er) der sche(n)ckel (Ms Η = fusz) so sol ma(n) in schine(n) (the whole leg is covered here by the term „bain", and „Schenkel" refers to the tarsus or shank, i. e. the unfeathered part below the joint; the term VU03 is a regular falconry term applied to the lower leg and foot). HiCFELT3r: her (der falke) hot . . . dicke dybollen. H I C F E L T 13 V : Wirt dein falke siech . . . in dem mitte des dy b o l l e (η) wirstu fynden denne eyne odir, dy losse ym offe(n)ne vnd das blut wol loffen . . . M Ü N S I N G E R 3 V : die fiisz an den falcken sint kurtz. Vnd die diech sint lang, wol gefidert. 2. diech (sn): thigh, of men, animals or birds; cf O H G d i o h , O E d e o h (for etym. s. Holthausen, Altengl. Etym. Wb. s. v. d i o h ) . The compound d i e - b o l l e (wm) includes the element die ( = d i e c h ) ; the second element may be related to b o l l e (wf), in the sense of something round or bulbous, but there is a discrepancy of gender. 3. D i e c h (n) survives only in Upper German dialects, and has been replaced in standard NHG by „(Ober)schenkel" (m) (for original sense of „Schenkel", cf Engl "shank" = lower leg). Lindner, Dt Habichtslehre p. 246, has revived D i e c h as a modern falconry term. dienst-man (sm) 1. employed huntsman (an experienced professional, rather than a temporary hunt-servant: cf jeger-meister) (14) F R I E D R Ν S C H W 66: Als er (Friedrich) an das gejagt kam, / selb sechst seiner aignen d ' e n s t m a n , / uff dem selben gespor / ain hiersz

dine

43

lieffin vor. / Der werd fürst was wol geritten: / Die seinen tet er bitten, / si liessen in dem hirs hengen nach, . . . das im bald erlaubt ward. F R I E D R Ν S C H W 8 0 2 (Friedrich speaks): da ich den (hiersz) ward sichtig an, / da bat ich meine d i e n s t m a n , / sie liessen mich nach im keren: / desz tetten sy mich geweren. 2. spec use of d i e n s t - m a n (sm): servant, official. In both contexts, Friedrich asks his d i e n s t m a n (plur) if they will allow him to chase the stag himself. They of course grant his request, but this is typical of the respect which young knights always paid to experienced professional huntsmen (cf jeger-meister). This respect on the part of Friedrich indicates that d i e n s t m a n does not refer to any temporary hunt-servants, who might have been required to assist their overlord during a hunt. dine (sn) 1. hind (female red-deer) DES H I R S C H E S ( C ) 1 0 7 V 1 — Ν 2 : Wysze auch wa ain hirs vber ain feld wil von aine(m) holtz an das ander, so get er alweg hin vnd her vnd tiitt vil widergeng, so gat ain d i n g albeg slechtigclich / für sich. (Ms Β = hind; Ms F = hindin; Mss G & J = d i n g ) 2. this usage has been noted only in the above passage, and represents a spec use of d i n g (sn): thing. Cf use of huore, as a colloquial term for "hind", in this same text (s. also tier 2). 3. not recorded as a modern hunting term, but cf colloquial sense of NHG D i n g (n): girl; cf also NHG „Stück" (η), used as a modern hunting term for "hind". (15) Ζ

dön (sm) 1 a. the cry of hounds on the scent (esp in „süezer dön") ( 1 3 ) K O N R P A R T 3 4 4 : si (die hunde) Voigten im (dem swine) gar schöne. / in einem süezen döne/ ir stimme klungen unde ir lüt. K O N R P A R T 2654: si (die hunde) funden . . . ein eberswin küen unde starc . . . von ir stimme döne / wart erfüllet dirre wait ( 1 4 ) H A D A M A R 3 8 9 : swä wilt die zwene hunde gerne hoeret / und lät sich umbe triben, / ir süezer dön ze jungest ez betoeret. HADAMAR 5 1 0 (plur): dö hört man ouch von jagen süeze döne. (s. also H A D A M A R 1 1 2 ; and M I N N E B U R G 1 6 3 8 , quoted s. v. bruch I) 1 b. ge-doene (sn): the chorus or cry of a pack of hounds.

done (14) H A D A M A R 111: die hunde et alle liefen . . . herre got, her ab von himel blicke / und hoere ditze wunneclich g e d o e n e . M E G E N B E R G III A, 15: den hirzen liebet süez gedeen alsö ser, daz si wider zuo den lautlaufenden hunden koment in selber ze schaden. BONER X X X I I , 3 : in einen wait ein jeger kam / mit sinen hunden. daz vernam / von dem gedeen der hasen schar. 1 c. dornen (wv): (intr) to be in full cry, of hounds (14) H A D A M A R 3 2 2 : eines herren hunde / hört ich hüglich her d o e n e n . 2. spec use of dön (sm): melody, sound, voice done (sf)

1. snare for small birds (attached to a bent stick); synonym for böge I. (15) PETRUS (Β) 84V: Man vehet vogel mit stricken, mit bogein enbor vn(de) uff der erden vn(de) mituffslegen vnde mit d o n e n vn(de) mitley(m)me (the words „vnde mit d o n e n " are omitted from Mss ACD) 2. in the spec sense of "snare attached to a bent stick", this is the same word as OHG d o n a (sf): twig, and MHG d o n ( e ) (sf): tension. It is related to OHG d o n e n , MHG d o n e n : tobe stretched, taut, and is cognate with Latin t e n u s and Old Bulg t e n e t o , t o n o t u : bird-snare (in both languages); s. Kluge s. v. D o h n e . Although there is a probability that d o n e represents a pre-Gmc trapping term, it was not in frequent use until ENHG. The example from PETRUS (Β) is the only one noted from a MHG text, and its inclusion in only one of the four Mss is a further indication that it was an uncommon term. 3. NHG D o h n e (f) denotes a horsehair noose designed to trap small birds by the neck (esp thrushes, valued as a delicacy in Europe since Classical times). This snare is attached to a wooden bow (formed from a bent stick), and berries are attached just beneath the noose to attract the birds. The wooden bow may be bound in the form of a triangle and suspended from a branch ( H ä n g e d o h n e n ) , fastened into holes at the side of a tree ( S t e c k d o h n e n ) , or erected on the ground ( L a u f d o h n e n ) . The tension in the bow causes the noose to tighten immediately if it is pulled by a bird: s. Dombrowski s. v. D o h n e ; for a thorough description of thrushsnaring and its history s. Macpherson, A History of Fowling pp. 86—97 (including descriptions of D o h n e n ) .

doenen

44

doenen (\ντ) s. dön draben, traben (wv) 1 a. (intr) to trot, of hounds der fürste höchgebom / sach t r a b e n an den stunden/ ein her von guoten hunden . . . K O N R P A R T 2 6 3 8 : nie hunde in keinen jären / wurden also guot gehabet. / si kämen an in her g e t r a b e t / schön unde rehte gar we. 1 b. (intr) to trot, of a stag (14) J A G D A V E N T (fragment) p. 424: do sach er vlvht(ik) . . . / Disen hirz fvr sich d r a b e n / vber stein ynd vber graben / Dar nach vber lank / Hvnde cleine vnde blanc . . . (15) Ζ DES H I R S C H E S (A) 136v: so er (der hircz) vo(n) eine(r) geäsde gant vnd sich geweidet hant so t r a b at er bald rech als er fur sich jn de(n) wald wel. L E I T H U N D 7 3 v : du solt jme (dem hirsch) nachfaren, so wirt er dan wider geen vnd vnderweilen d r a b e n . . . G E S C H E I T H E I T 5 R: Dann er (der hirsz) verkert die spür dick, yetz gaut er, yetz t r a p t er, yetz staut er still. ( 1 3 ) KONR PART 2 6 2 9 :

2. d r a b e n (UG t r a b e n ) (wv): to trot, normally of horses. 3. NHG t r a b e n (normally of horses) is still used, mainly in hunting contexts, to describe the trotting of other animals, esp of hounds. drauch (smn) s. drück dreschen (sv) l a . abe-dreschen: (intr) to run off on a trail, of hounds ( 1 4 ) H A D A M A R 1 1 7 : doch hörte ich balde ab d r e s c h e n / Starten, dar nach aller hunde houfen H A D A M A R 118: dö ich nu hörte ab rihten / Starten und a b d r e s c h e n . 1 b. hin-dreschen: (intr) to run along a trail, of hounds ( 1 4 ) H A D A M A R 1 6 4 : Harr, Starte und Triuwe / üf herten wegen kobernt und h i n d r e s c h e n . 2. spec usage of d r e s c h e n (sv): (tr) to thresh; hence sense of thrashing or beating the ground (cf use of hern and bliuwen for the running of hounds). See eber-drische (para 2) for the possible derivation of this term from d r e s c h e n . 3. ENHG d r e s c h e n is recorded with meaning "to walk around" (herumgehen), but not in hunting contexts (Dt Wb s. v. 6). dreuch (sf) s. drüch

dritteler drilinc (sm) 1. tercel, or male falcon: synonym for the more common term terz; cf also dritteler, dritman, ban & mennelin. (15) P E T R U S ( H ) D I V r 1 : Die gena(n)ten falcken syn alle wyblyn, sunder ire menlyn syn genant trysoli od(er) triselli, dovon das ir werden dry in einem neste. zwey wyblyn vnd ein menlin. dorvmb wirt das menlin trisolus gena(n)t als ein d r y l i n g oder drytman. 2. loan translation of Med Latin t e r t i o l u s : tercel (from t e r t i u s : third). Normal meaning of d r i l i n c (sm) was "the third part (of anything)": s. terz P a r a 2, including discussion on the origin of the Lat term. dringen (sv) 1. (tr) to harry, of hounds pressing in upon the quarry; also ge-drenge (sn): the harrying of game by hounds. (13) KL MHD ERZ III 191, 21: si (die hunde) machten im (dem hirze) solch g e d r e n g e / daz im ein wait wart ze enge. / do wolde er vliehen balde / zu einem andern walde. ( 1 5 ) P E T R U S ( B ) 8 5 R — v : Zcu wilden swynen had ma (η) ouch netzce vn(de) spiesse mit knobeln, wen(n) das freuelich zcum yegere loufft, so seczt her den spiesz hinden an dy erde, so laufft das swin in dy spitzce, so es dy hunde d r i n g ( e ) η I denne so heldet er es, das ma(n) es gevehet. 2. spec use of d r i n g e n (sv): to press, crowd in upon, and g e - d r e n g e (sn): crowd(ing), throng(ing). 3. cf similar hunting use of NHG b e d r ä n gen. drit-man (sm) 1. tercel, or male falcon: synonym for the more a l s o drilinc, dritteler, hau & common term terz; mennelin. (15) PETRUS (Η) D I V r 1 : . . . dorvmb wirt das menlin trisolus gena(n)t als ein dryling oder d r y t m a n (context s. v. drilinc) 2. loan translation of Med Lat t e r t i o l u s : tercel (from t e r t i u s : third). dritteler (sm) 1. tercel, or male falcon: synonym for the more common term terz; cf also drilinc, drit-man, ban & mennelin. ( 1 5 ) PETRUS ( Β ) 83r: Etliche falken sint grosz, etliche cleyn . . . Dy hanen heissen d r i t t e l e r e .

driuhen

45

wenn ma (η) findet drey in eyne(m) neste, der sint zcwu henne(n) vn(de) eyn hane. 2. loan translation of Med Lat t e r t i o l u s : tercel (from t e r t i u s : third) driuhen, drflhen, drüwen (wv) 1 a. (tr) to catch (game) in the trap known as drüch·, recorded only metaphorically. (13) LOHENGRIN 2026: ir herze was in sorgen drüch g e d r i u h e t . LOHENGRIN 4 5 9 0 (Christian forces surround the heathen): reht alse dä ein presse den win yon trüben git, / sus wurden sie mit kraft zesamne gevalten . . . sus wart daz volc von in zesamne gedriuhet. 1 b. (intr) to lay the traps known as drücb. ( 1 4 ) DREIEICHER W I L D B A N N ( M S 2 ) p. 4 9 9 : Auch wer verlumont wirt umb luszen vnd d r u h en als recht ist . . . will er unschuldig werden, so sali / (p. 500) man . . . yne werffen in eyn meysche boden von dryen fuder wassers; feilet er tzu gründe, so ist er schuldig, swebet er enbore, so ist er vnschuldig . . . D T W E I S T I I I p. 4 3 0 (Büdingen 1 3 8 0 ) : Unde wo ein druwer ist in deme Budinger walde, der g e d r u w e t (var = d r u e t ) hat, der hat dye rechtin hant verlorn. 2. from drüch drü (sf) s. drüch drüch (smf) 1. trap, designed principally for wolves and foxes (the animal is attracted by bait to a concealed hole or cavity: as one or two of its feet slip into the hole, they are seized by means of a noose, or by a wooden or iron trap); also in the forms druhe, dru, tru, dreuch, drauch, trauch, dröch; cf driuhen and drüber. (11) A H D GLOSSEN III p. 276: dccipula (i.e. snare) = ualla d r u c h ; (var) laqueus (i. e. noose, snare) = ualla d r u c h . W I E N G E N 2 1 5 3 : Esau uur ze holze / mit pogen ioch mit poize, / mit netzen ioch mit hunten / uieng er hirze unde hinten. / er chund ouch fahen / reher dei uehen. / mit d r u h e n ioch mit stricche / besueich er die hasen vil dicche. M I L S T GEN p. 46, 22: mit d r o h e n und mit strichen uie er hasen dicke. ( 1 2 ) A H D GLOSSEN I I I p. 3 3 3 (Henrici Summarium): decipula pedica (i. e. foot-snare) = ualla vel d r u c h . ( 1 3 ) W A L T H E R 7 6 , 1 9 : e deich lange in seiher d r ü (i. e. in the "trap" of winter) / beklemmet

drüch

wiere als ich bin nü, / ich wurde e münch ze Toberl ü. A T H I S & PROPHIL D . 1 4 8 : und obine vur gestreckit / ein brün zobil zu mäzen rüch, / als er wart in einer d r ü c h / gevangin dar zu Rüzen. SCHWEIZ M I N N E S (Ulrich v. Singenberg) 31, 32: jä herre got, wan woldes dü / daz ich niht la^ge in leides dr ü. REINH FUCHS 3 6 1 ff: d e r v u z i m ( R e i n h a r t ) i n

die Valien quam / do gesach er den weideman, / der die d r u c h dar het geleit: / do bedorfte er wol kundikeit: / daz houbet er uf die d r u c h hieng . . . FREIDANK 3 6 , 1 4 : solchen rät der tiuvel git, / unz maneger in der d r ü h e lit. N E I D H A R T 9 5 , 2 6 : swer ir (der vrouwen min) dienet, dem ist kranker lön beschert. / si verleitet manegen, daz er in dem d r ü h e lit. HARDEGGER (Dt L i e d e r d d e s 12 b i s 14 J h s )

XLV, 16: ez wirt vil tiere in d r ü h e n und in stricken oft ersnellet: / daz kumt daz si niht wizzen, wä man in die läge tuot; / der doch deheinez niemer würde gevangen noch ervellet, / möhten si rehte wizzen wol der wilden a:re muot. CORPUS I. Nr 475 Α (Regensburg 1281): Swer mit d r a e v h e n oder mit netzen oder mit strikchen oder mit dheiner bereitschaft daz wilt va:ht tages oder nahtes . . . der ist ovz dem frid. LOHENGRIN 2026: ir herze was in sorgen d r ü c h gedriuhet. M A R T I N A 176d, 109: . . . Daz ich zeiungest lege / In dem helle d r v h e . (14) A P O L L 12153ff: mit list vahend man di tier: / dem wolff legt man di t r a u c h , / da vellet er in untz an den pauch. / sähe er den t r a u c h ligen da, / so war er lieber anderswa. MEGENBERG III A, 69: wenne er (der fuhs) in ain d r a w h gevellt, sö peizt er im selber oft den fuoz ab, dä mit er gevangen ist. ( 1 5 ) F R I E D R I V ( P . 1 1 4 ) : Uns ist furkomen, wie . . . yederman daz wilprett vogel und tyer vast mit neczen d r e w h e n mit armprosten und sust in ander weg vahe . . . T I R O L W E I S T II p. 316 (Nauders 1436; Ms 17 cent): Item alle d r e u c h e r (Abschrift Β = d r e i c h e n ) und strick an die pirgen zu legen sein verboten ohn ains phlegers und richters urlaub. Osw WÖLK 13, 23: frau, deine d r e u c h und netz / haben mich umbvangen und vergärnet ganz. KOLMAR Hs C X V I I I , 7 6 (the World addresses the poet, who is renouncing her): ich lege dir d r ü c h und stricke vil, die würgen unde sniden. Voc N Ü R N B (S. V.): D r a u c h e domitmandie wolff greyffet oder vahet = decipula (i. e. snare)

drüch

46

PETRUS ( B ) 8 5 V: Man vehet fuchsze vn(de) wolffe mit d r u c h e n , mit sensen. V E R T R A G Z W . HESSEN UND HENNEBERG : (plur) t r e w e (quoted s. v. gruobe) 2. for further OHG and MHG quotations, and for a complete survey and reconstruction of this type of trap, s. Lindner's monumental note on d r ü c h (Dt Jagdtraktate des 15 und 16 Jhs, Bd I pp. 135—148), together with 16 cent and 18 cent illustrations (plates 19—26). The etymology of this term does not appear to have been satisfactorily established, however. Schmeller (Bayr. Wb. I Sp 564) suggests a possible connection with Bohemian t r u k y (plur): bonds,fetters, and this possibility is quoted by Lexer (s. v. d r ü c h ) , Schmertzing (Dt Jägersprache bis zum Anf des 16 Jhs, p. 130) and Lindner (op cit p. 148). A loan of this nature would be most unusual, however, especially since a basic type of trap is involved (and there is no evidence of any other MHG hunting term having been loaned from Bohemian). Lindner shows that the actual mechanism can be of varying types, and that the hole is the distinguishing feature of this form of trap. It is therefore probable that this feature will have given the trap its name, a supposition which is confirmed by the existence of the OE term d r ü h (m, f & n) with the various meanings of "tube, chest, trough, coffin, grave", and of ON J>rö (f): hollowed-out wood or stone, trough. Lindner (op cit ρ 137) presents evidence to show that OHG d r ü h was also used to describe fetters for the neck or hands (of human prisoners): this usage may have developed from the existing hunting sense of the term in OHG, or the device may have been named similarly, from the hole through which the head or hand was placed (a form of stocks?). The frequent metaphorical use of the term d r ü c h , throughout the MHG period, indicates it to have been a widespread and familiar trapping device, at least in S. Germany and Austria. It is clear, however, that the laying of this type of trap was regarded as a serious crime in many areas

durch-swingen (s. legal examples s. v. driuben and drüber, and also the extracts from CORPUS I and Ö S T W E I S T , quoted above). The punishment of severing the right hand is greater than that laid down for most other types of trapping (cf loss of a thumb for a Strieker, in the LORSCHER W I L D B A N N ) . This can hardly have been intended to protect the animals for whom the d r ü c h was laid, however, since this type of trap was intended for wolves and foxes (vermin for all to kill). The severity of the punishment suggests that these concealed traps, at ground level, were a danger to men, who might well be crippled if they stepped upon such a trap unawares (the maiming of a drüher would thus have been an appropriate punishment). The danger of the d r ü c h to human beings may have given rise to the frequent metaphorical references to this type of trap. drühe (sf) s. drüch drühen (wv) s. driuben drüher (sm) 1. trapper, who employs the trap known as drüch. ( 1 4 ) DREIEICHER W I L D B A N N ( M S 2 ) p . 4 9 8 :

Wo

man einen d r u h e r begriffe oder einen heckenjeger, dem sali mann iglichem die rechten hant abeslagen. D T W E I S T I I I p. 430: d r u w e r (quoted s. v. driuhen) (15) LORSCHER W I L D B A N N p. 465: war es auch, das man einen d r u h e r begriffe an wahrer thate, dem sol man die hand abschlagen, und dem Stricker die daumen. 2. from drüch; for the severe punishments inflicted upon a d r ü h e r , s. drüch para 2. drflwen (wv) s. driuhen durch-bert (part adj) s. bern durch-swingen (sv) s. srvingen

Ε eber-drei3 (sf) s. eber-driscbe eber-drische (sf) 1. brimming, i. e. mating-period of a wild boar; also in the form eber-drei3 (sf) ( 1 4 ) DREIEICHER

WILDBANN

(MS

1)

p.

399:

Auch deilent sie, das ein apt von Fuelde in hirtzferte (for „hirtzfeiste", cf Ms 2) sehs hirzte jagen mag zu zuchtin und in der e b i r d r i s c h e sehs howinde swin. DREIEICHER WILDBANN (Ms 2 ) p. 5 0 2 : Auch so deylent sye, das der apt von Fulde in der hyrtzfeiste sehs hyrtze jagen mag mit tzochten, vnd in der eberdreysz sesz hauwende swyne. 2. the term has been noted only in the two versions of the DREIEICHER W I L D B A N N . Lexer (s. v.) suggests „Eberjagd ? " as a possible translation, but the linking of the word with hir^vei^te (mating period of the stag ,when the deer are in grease, i. e. fat) indicates that the mating period of the boar is referred to, when wild swine are also in grease (in autumn). The etymology of this term has not been explained. It is possible, however, that the word may be related to dreschen (drische, drasch, druschen, gedroschen), which has the hunting sense of "to run" (of hounds). The term e b e r d r i s c h e (of which eber-drei3 would then be a corruption) would thus have the meaning of"period in which the boars are running (i. e. mating)". Cf be-rennen for the equation of "running" with the "mating" of deer; note also „Der hirsz der laffet ( = loufet) in der prunst" (HERBST MINNES 1 9 , 2 ) .

eber-spie3 (sm) s. spies edel (adj) 1. frequent epithet for animals and birds 1 a. noble, pure-blooded, of hounds ( 1 3 ) W O L F R WILLEHALM 4 3 5 , 1 2 : sö der edel vorloufe, / der siner verte niht verzaget / und ungeschütet nach jaget. PLEIER M E L 2 0 2 7 : die hunde hiez der meister dar / in die ruore ziehen gar, / edel er ruorhunde / driuzehen an der stunde

KONR PART 2 5 6 1 : ein schar von e d e l n hunden KL MHD ERZ III 191, 55: der quamen in vil kurzer vrist / die e d e l n unverzagten, / die in (den hirz) von der ruwe jagten LOHENGRIN 5543: als üf niuwer spür / ein e d e l hunt, dem man näch wilde henget. ( 1 4 ) J O H W Ü R Z 3 3 4 6 : der edel brack inmittunt lief / gein in durch daz gevilde wit. HADAMAR 230: der edel Harre staeticllchen kobert (s. also HADAMAR 234) J O H V I R G 2 4 8 : Der keiser . . . . fur jagen zu den stunden / mit hörnen und mit e d e l n hunden. (15) MÜNSINGER 81 r: Das ander Capitel, das da sagt von den e d e l n hunden . . . Ζ ν dem ersten vnder den jag hunden vnd vnder den leydhunden so ist der aller e d e l s t , der disz nachgeschriben zeichen an jme hat. Die oren sint jm lang vnd hangent . . . HÄTZL I I 55, 3 9 : ain kelpannd mit schellen / hett das edel präcklein.

1 b. term of address to hounds (cf use of h'erre) (14) HADAMAR 214 (encouraging hounds against wolves): „hüet iuch, ir e d e l n " . HADAMAR 555: „dä von, ir e d l e n , harret!" l c . noble, of a stag. Note use of „ e d e l v a r t " and „ e d e l i c h e treten" to describe the trail of a stag; cf also „ e d e l ric", in GESCHEITHEIT 4r (quoted s. v. rtc IV) (14) HADAMAR 348 & 361: daz e d e l wilt HADAMAR 53: solt dü mit eren grisen, / daz mac ein edel vart wol an dir machen. HADAMAR 77: ich sach, ich greif: ez (daz wilt) trat gar e d e l i c h e n . J DER M I N N E 128, 161 & 447: e d e l tier (contexts s. v. tier) (15) M H D MINNEREDEN I I 13, 4: mit jagen, birsenn, schyssen / wirt manig e d e l thier so gar entricht / das es die rüden dick und offt erlauffen (a stag is afterwards mentioned) GESCHEITHEIT 3 r : edel hirsz (context s. v. umbe-rihteri)

edel

48

1 d. noble, of certain species of hawk (cf edelvalke)·, also edelkeit (sf): nobility (of species) ( 1 4 ) F R A U E N L O B (Dt Liederdichter 1 2 — 1 4 Jhs, LXXIX) v. 74: Daz e d e l vederspil verderben müsz dar abe, / swä krä swä rabe / ir ätem gegen im bieten Μ F A L K N E R 1 4 : Wen ich den e d l e n (valken) hett uf meiner hende . . . (s. also Μ F A L K N E R 82, s.v. blä-vuo^\ cf Μ F A L K N E R 48: sein (des valken) a d e l i c h e s fliegen; also 114: der valk sein a d e l zaiget) H A B I C H T S L 108r 2 : wie man dy e d e l n habich bekennen sol . . . an den dychen fäl ane mal. ( 1 5 ) M Ü N S I N G E R (6vff) describes ten varieties of „ e d e l e falcken" and three varieties of „ v n e d e le falcken" (as well as the „mittelfalck", or cross-breed). The „ e d e l e falcken" are listed in the following order: (i) sackerfalcke, (ii) girofalcke, (iii) bergfalcke, (iv) pilgrinfalcke, (v) hoferfalcke, (vi) swartzfalcke, (vii) wiszfalcke, (viii) rotfalcke, (ix) blawfiisz, (x) smirlin. H Ä T Z L I 8 9 , 9 (lady's disdainful reply to poet's offer of his service): wann sölichs e d e l s vederspil / kanst du nit gelocken M H D M I N N E R E D E N I 9 , 8 7 (Der entflogene Falke) wenn ich mynen e d e l n valken sach, / so swant mir allez myn ungemach . . . M H D M I N N E R E D E N II 13, 244: sie (die herren grossenn) habenn e d e l falcken / und beyssen doch mit rappenn und kroen P E T R U S (B) 83 r: deszir vogel (der falke) ist e d e l vnd ist kune. D A G U S I (ix): ein e d l e r falck hat ein ronden platten kopff vnd ein kurtzen snabel . . . D A G U S I I (ix): wiltu erkennen die hubschkeit und e d e l k e i t der falcken, so sich an das haupt das soll scheiblich sein vnd soll vff dem haupt siecht vndderhals lang vnd die achselin breit wol vffgehaben sein, die federn wol von dem fligel die Solln smal sein vnd grosz vnd die claen weit offen. 1 e. un-edel (adj): ignoble, of inferior species of hawk (15) M Ü N S I N G E R (15r—15v) describes „die v n e d e l n falcken", in contrast to the nobler varieties. These „ v n e d l e falcken" are three varieties of „müser" (i. e. buzzards and kestrels, cf Suolahti, Dt Vogelnamen p. 253) M Ü N S I N G E R (5r) also uses the term one del in a relative sense, to describe less valuable species or sub-species among the „ e d e l e falcken": Welcher aber nach dem vnd er über sich gestigen ist, mit zursprätten flugein sich etwas enthelt vn(d) mercklich rüget, Als der blawfüsz tüt, der

ende

ist etwas o n e d e l , vn(d) ist allein nit vast gut zu der beisse. 2. spec use of e d e l (adj): noble, of noble descent. Cf similar use of Engl "noble" and "ignoble", esp to distinguish between falcons ("noble hawks") and other ("ignoble") hawks. 3. NHG e d e l (adj) is used as a hunting term to describe a pedigree hound, as well as edible game. It is used especially of a stag, and NHG E d e l h i r s c h (m) is a synonym for „Rothirsch". edel-tier (sn) s. tier edel-valke (wm) 1. peregrine falcon, falco peregrinus; cf pilgerin. (14) Μ F A L K N E R 6 8 : Sie hant groz underschaide blaufüez und e d e l v a l k e (context s. v. blä-vuo3) (15) M H D M I N N E R E D E N II 13, 349: sust han ich gutt gedruwen / zu eynem falcken gutt, / der fleugt nit gernn mit h(u)wen, / als manich fremder grober blafus t h u t t . . . dannck hab der e d e l f a l c k , / der sin(en) mantel kann zubeyden syten henckenn, / da im die wind her wehenn / gar scharpff und auch unlind. 2. comp of edel and valke; for the use of edel, to describe the peregrine falcon, cf the equivalent Med Lat "falco gentilis" or "falco gentilis peregrinus" (Frederick II, De arte venandi cum avibus, passim). 3. NHG E d e l f a l k e (m) denotes the larger varieties of falcon, as used for hawking (Dombrowski s. v.). Schmidt (Terminologie der dt Falknerei p. I l l ) quotes ENHG examples of the term, applied to the peregrine falcon (esp the tercel, or male peregrine). eggender boum (sm) s. bourn (2) en-besten (wv) s. bast ende (snm) 1 a. single, i. e. deer's tail. ir reht er ouch den beiden (hufbeinen) liez, / den braten, da der rucke stiez / über lanken gein dem e n d e / wol anderhalber hende . . . ( 1 3 ) GOTTFR TRIST 2 9 0 3 :

l b . tine, i. e. pointed branch of a stag's horn. (Actaeon changed into a stag by Diana): sin lip mit häre bewachsen w a r t . . . ouch wüchs üf sinem kophe / gehurnes manic ende. ( 1 5 ? ) E R Z A L T D T H S S p. 5 5 0 (a stag is taken by the huntsman to his overlord): Der herrschafft (14) ALBR OVID I X , 2 6 3

49

enden herre daz wilde besach. / Iz gefiel yme wol. zue hand er sprach: / Der hircz hat manig e n d e . 2. spec use of e n d e (snm): end, tip. 3. N H G E n d e (η) preserves the hunting sense of tine, or point of a deer's horn; also used less frequently in the sense of a deer's tail. enden (wv)

1. (tr) to follow (the trail) until the quarry is overtaken; similarly vol-enden (wv) (14) HADAMAR 70 (addressed to hound): und hüete dich vor klaffen, / wilt dfl die vart gerehticlichen e n d e n . HADAMAR 8 3 : h i n h i n , w a r ez (daz w i l t ) n u

welle! / der keiser sehte und aller halbste banne/ die möhten mich der verte niht erwenden. / der töt sol mich dö vinden / dä bl und wil si (die verte) immer doch v o l e n d e n . HADAMAR 126: Ein kleinez hündel Muoten / begunde ich an ez (daz wilt) hetzen . . .swaz ez (daz hündel) vermac, daz e n d e t ez mit Triuwen HADAMAR 155: so iage ich mit dem Herzen / den louf hin nach, daz wil ez (Herz) allez e n d e n . HADAMAR 184: kein künc wart nie so riche, / ez waa: genuoc, ob er die vart v o l e n d e t . 2. spec use of e n d e n , v o l - e n d e n (wv): to end, complete. en-gert (neg part adj) s. gern ent-grimmen (sv) s. krimmen ent-hiuten (wv) 1. (tr) to skin, in a rough manner; cf schinden. (13) GOTTFR TRIST 2798ff (huntsman's reply to Tristan): „wie wiltu, kint, daz ich im tuo ? / hie ze lande enist kein ander list, / wan alse der hirz e n t h i u t e t ist, / so spaltet man in über al / von dem houbete ze tal / und da nach danne in viere, / so daz der vier quartiere / dekeinez iht vil grotzer si / danne daz ander da bi: / diz ist in disem lande site". 2. from h ü t (sf): hide, skin. In GOTTFR TRIST, e n t h i u t en stands in contrast to the careful manner in which Tristan flays the stag, in accordance with the French rules of the chase: cf bast. 3. not a modern hunting term ( a b h ä u t e n has the sense of " t o skin", but is only used of bears: Dombrowski s. v.) ent-lesten (wv) 1. (tr) to remove (the hide), in breaking-up a stag. 4

Dalby, Lexicon

er-gähen (13) GOTTFR TRIST 2 9 1 6 :

sus w a s der hirz

en-

bestet, / diu hut billiche e n t l e s t e t . 2. spec use of e n t - l e s t e n (wv): to relieve of, take away. ent-nsejen (wv) 1. (tr) to undo, slit open (the hide), when flaying (i. e. skinning) a stag. (13) GOTTFR TRIST 2 8 7 4 : z e m

hirze

gienger

(Tristan) obene stan. / da begunde er in entwaeten, / er sneit in unde e n t n s e t e n (i. e. e n t naste in) / unden von dem mule nider. 2. lit. " t o unstitch", from n j e j e n (wv): to sew, stitch ent-swingen (sv) s. smngen ent-waeten (wv) 1. (tr) to flay, i. e. to skin (a stag) (13) GOTTFR TRIST

2873:

zem

hirze

gienger

obene stan. / da begunde er in e n t w e r t e n . . . 2. spec use of e n t w j e t e n (wv): to undress, from w ä t (sf): clothing ent-wilden (wv) s. milden ent-wiirken (wv) s. %er-iviirken er-blenken (wv) 1. (intr) to give tongue, i. e. to bark (of a hound) (14) J DERMINNE234: D o hört ich e r b l e n c k e n / Lieben mit luter stimme 2. the literal sense of e r - b l e n k e n (wv) is „blanc machen", i. e. to make white, shining (Lexer s.v.). The visual sense of the verb appears to have been replaced by an aural sense; cf development of M H G h e l , in the reverse direction (Kluge s. v. h e l l ) ; alternatively, the verb may refer to the showing of (white) teeth. er-gähen (wv) 1. (tr, or intr with "quarry" understood) to hunt down, catch ( 1 3 ) IWEIN 3 2 7 6 : des ( w i l d e s ) s c h ö z e r üz d e r

mäze vil. / ouch muose erz selbe vähen, / äne bracken e r g ä h e n . GOTTFR T R I S T 2 7 6 6 : d i e ( h u n d e )

hasten

zuo

dem male . . . einen zitegen hirz gejaget / zuo der straze nahen. / da liez er sich e r g a h e n / und stuont alda ze bile. ALBR OVID X V I I , 1 5 : d ä newas dehein w i n t /

der ez (daz tier) e r g ä h e n machte, / unz ich Leläps dar brachte.

er-ilen

50

JÜNG TIT (W) 1678: Nieman kan e r g a h e n daz tier (i.e. tiger) wan edel fursten. ( 1 4 ) HADAMAR Str. h (Stejskal ed p. 146): daz klage ich immer, / sol ich daz zarte wilde niht ergähen (s. also HADAMAR 2 8 9 , 3 3 7 , 3 4 3 , & 4 3 4 ) 2. spec use of e r - g ä h e n (wv): to overtake (cf gäben) er-ilen (wv) I 1. (tr) to overtake (quarry), of hounds or hawks; cf er-jagen & er-loufen. ( 1 3 ) KONR PART 2 6 6 1 : er (daz swin) lie sich alzehant erjagen / unde e r i l e n üf der vart . . . ( 1 4 ) HEINR M Ü G I I 4 0 1 , 3 (the poet compares himself to a falcon): nu sint mins alders fliigel worden trege, / das ich e r i l e seiden vogel frut. 2. spec use of e r - i l e n (wv): to overtake, outrun er-Ilen (sn) II 1. the token left by a stag in placing the rearfoot over the slot or print of the fore-foot, but with the toe of the rear-foot further forward (this is a variety of the general token known as blenden). According to Turberville (Booke of Hunting 1576, p. 63) this "overreaching" is the token of a young stag; cf ζeichen II. ( 1 5 ) Ζ DES HIRSCHES ( A ) 1 3 8 r : V o ( n )

de(m)

blend(e)n od(er) e r i l e n des hirczen . . . wo(n) er den mit de(m) hindre(n) ffisz for de(n) fo(r)dren tritt, Da vo(n) heist es e r i l e n . dis jst ein gilt gewis zeich(e)n. KUNO ( S . 1 6 ) : Vonndem e r e y l l e n . Wan aber der hirsch nit mit dem hindern fusz vortritt sonder gleych jntrit, dasz esz erschynet gleych ob esz ein fusz sey, dasz nenen die guttenn jeger dasz e r e y l l e n n . . . . (this represents an imprecise usage of the term: see para 2). 2. spec use of e r - i l e n (wv): to overtake. Dt Wb (s. v. e i l e n and e r e i l e n ) mentions the relationship of e i l e n with OE i l e (weal, sole of the foot) and considers that the original sense of e i l e n (seine Füsse wenden, drehen oder anstrengen, brauchen) is preserved in the hunting usage of NHG e r e i l e n , to describe the placing of the rear-foot in the slot of the fore-foot. The finer implication of the term, however, is that the toe of the rear-foot is placed further forward than the toe of the fore-foot. It seems more likely, therefore, that e r - i l e n was used in this sense because of its established meaning of "to overtake" rather than from any original connection with "sole of the foot".

er-kalten The quotation from KUNO indicates a confusion in the usage of this term: he describes the token as being the placing of one foot exactly over the print of the other, as opposed to placing it further forward. That this is an incorrect description is confirmed by the example in Ζ DES HIRSCHES (otherwise the source for KUNO) and by later usage in the „Hohenlohesche Handschrift" 9v (16 cent), where the description and accompanying illustration make it clear that the rear-foot is placed further forward than the forefoot (s. Lindner's ed of this manuscript in Die Lehre von den Zeichen des Hirsches, p. 181— 182; s. also his note on blenden and e r e i l e n , p. 213—214). 3. ENHG E r e i l e n has been replaced in this hunting sense by the modern term ü b e r e i l e n . er-jagen (wv) 1 a. (tr) to hunt down (the quarry); cf erilen I & er-loufen. ( 1 3 ) NIBEL 9 3 3 : swaz der von lagere stuont, / di e r j a g e t e n die gesellen, sö noch guote jägere tuont. KÖNIGSBERG 212: ich hän e r j a g e t in eime tage / dis wild mit falschem geziuge . . . PLEIER MEL 2156: Artüs, künic riche, / disen hirz hat der meister din e r j a g e t , der sol iuwer sin. KONR PART 2547: . . . wilt du in den wait, / den hirz e r j a g e n und daz swin . . .? HEINR TRIST 3590: in wart dä vrouden me betaget, / wan ob sie heten e r j a g e t / tüsent hirze oder tüsent swin. (14) HADAMAR 545: Ir (der birsa:re) sträl kan mangez sniden, / daz si doch niht e r j a g e n ! J DER M I N N E 273: Sinti hunt hant nit vil / wildes e r i a g e t über lant. (15) Ζ DES HIRSCHES ( A ) 1 4 0 r : d a v i n s t d u

menge(r)laihand zeich(e)n . . . vn(d) bis u n v e r drossen vn(d) nit las ab so e r i a g s t du dz gewild. 1 b. (intr) to hunt to the kill. (14) HADAMAR 530: Ich bat niur, daz ich immer / die hunde solde hoeren / und doch erjagen nimmer. 2. from jagen 3. NHG e r j a g e n has acquired the general sense of "to obtain by great exertion, overtake", and is not recorded as a modern hunting term. er-kalten (wv) 1. , , e r - k a l t e t sin": to be cold, of a scent. (15) GESCHEITHEIT 4 v : . . . bisz die sunn das daw wol an sich gezogen hat vnd desz hirsz fart e r k a l t t e s t ( = e r k a l t e t ) ist.

er-kennen

51

2. spec use of e r - k a l t e n (wv): to become cold. 3. N H G e r k a l t e n and „ e r k a l t e t sein" preserve this hunting sense. er-kennen (wv) 1 a. (tr) to find, recognise (the trail), of a hound (13) NIBEL 932: „ich hän der hunde rät, / niwan einen bracken, der sö genozzen hat / daz er die verte e r k e n n e der tiere durch den tan." 1 b. (tr or refl) to be acquainted with the lay of the land (with all its tracks and paths), of a huntsman (13) GOTTFR TRIST 3428 ff: „heizet die jegere keren dan, / die suln die warte sazen / und suln von ruore lazen: / die e r k e n n e n t hie ze lande sich / und wizzent michel baz dan ich, / wa der hirz hin ziuhet / und vor den hunden vliuhet; / die e r k e n n e n t die gelegenheit." PLEIER M E L 1 5 9 9 ( p a s s i v e u s e ) :

w a n si ( d i e

wildener) äne sträze riten, / durch den wait, nach ir siten, / als in was der wait e r k a n t . . . 1 c. (tr) to judge, distinguish (deer) from their trail, esp in the phrase „den hirz vür eine hinden (vor dem wilde) e r k e n n e n " : to distinguish the trail of a stag from that of a hind; er-kenntnisse: (sf): judgement of a deer, from its trail. ( 1 5 ) Ζ DES HIRSCHES ( A ) 1 3 6 Ν : n u w i l i c h l e r e n

wo by du de(n) hircz(e)n e r k e n n e ( n ) solt für ein hinden . . . Ζ DES HIRSCHES ( A ) 1 4 1 r : N u h a n i c h d i c h

gelert wie du den hircz(e)n jn der faissi vn(d) jn de(r) brunst soch(e)n sol vn(d) wie du jn e r k e n n e n solt für ein hind(e)n . . . Ζ DES HIRSCHES ( C ) 1 0 7 V (P. 1 3 5 in L i n d n e r ' s

ed): nun wil ich dich leren wie du ain huren (i. e. hind) e r k e n n e n solt auff ainem newgefallem sehne . . . KUNO (S. 1): Vonn aller e r k e n t t n i s Daran man einen Hirs sunderlich vor dem wild (i. e. hind) e r k e n n e n kan . . . 2. spec uses of e r k e n n e n (wv): to know, recognise. The judgement of deer from their trail was an important prelude to the hunt: it was necessary to distinguish between the tracks of a hind and those of a stag, and then to judge the age and size of the stag from its tracks, in order that the hunt could be directed to the trail of a fully-grown stag; cf Reichen II. er-krimmen (sv) s. krimmen 4*

er-manen er-leschen (sv) 1. (intr) to fall silent, of hounds when they lose the trail. (14) HADAMAR 117: Fröud dö muoste erl e s c h e n / an einem widerloufen. HADAMAR 130: üf einem brant hört ich die hunde e r l e s c h e n . HADAMAR 164: man siht bi heizer sunnen si (die hunde) e r l e s c h e n , (s. a l s o HADAMAR 1 1 8 )

2. spec use of e r l e s c h e n (sv): to be extinguished. e r - ΐ ΐ η (sn) 1. tercel, or male falcon, recorded in HICFELT in the form h e r - ΐ ΐ η (cf Jie-Iin; also drilinc, dritteler, drit-man, ban, mennelin & ier$ (15) HICFELT 2 v : dy grosse(n) (falkin) sein seelin, vnde dy cleyne(n) seyn h e r l i n , vnde in eyme neste sey(n) g(er)ne drey iunge(n), tzwu seelyn vn(d) ey(n) h e r l e y n . 2. dim formed from e r (swm): male (substantivised from of 3 sing masc pron e r ) ; cf use of er (and „sie") in MÜNSINGER 2V, quoted s. v. terz. er-loufen (redv) 1. (tr) to overtake, run down (the quarry), of hounds; cf er-ilen I & er-jagen. (12) EREC 7172: wan ze swelher stunde / daz rötwilt ersprenget wart. / sö was sin jungeste vart / ie ze wazzer in den se, / unde wart ouch nimmer me / e r l o u f e n niender anderswä/ wan under dem hüse dä. ( 1 3 ) GOTTFR T R I S T 3 4 4 9 : d o e r l i e f e n in ( d e n

hirz) die hunde. KONR PART 2379: swaz man dä jagen solte, / daz wart e r l o u f e n schiere KONR PART 2663: er (der eberswin) lie sich alzehant erjagen / unde erilen üf der vart. / nu daz er dö gevellet wart, / ze rehte als ein e r l o u f e n tier, / dö reit von dan Partonopier / mit den jagehunden. ( 1 4 ) SARNER PREDIGT ( S b ) 1 5 8 a : D i s e r h i r t z b e -

tiutet Ihesum Christum . . . den e r l o v f f e n t disiu mönschen in der hcechi der gotheit . . . ( 1 5 ) M H D MINNEREDEN I I 1 3 , 5 : m i t j a g e n , b i r -

senn, sehyssen / wirt manig edel thier so gar entricht / das es die rüden dick und offt e r l a u f f e n 2. spec use of e r - l o u f e n (redv): to run down er-lüten (wv) s. lut er-manen (wv) s. mamn

er-niuwen

52

er-niuwen ( w v )

er-staten ( w v )

1. (refl) to grow new antlers, of a stag (13) KONR GOLD 1383: frouw aller sielden ursprinc (i. e. Mary), / diz wart umb unser heil erdaht / und bi dir schone vollebraht / nach gotes ordenlicher zit, / der sich er jungen wolte sit / in diner tugende walde / alsam ein hirz der balde / ze holze und in gedürne / verreret sin gehürne / und sich e r η i u w e t schone . . . er het des niuwen heiles horn / uns uf gerihtet duch gewin. 2. spec use of e r - n i u w e n (wv): to renew. er-riten ( s v )

1. (tr) to ride down game; cf rlten (para l c ) (13) NIBEL 948: der bere spranc von dan. / dö wolde in e r r i t e n der Kriemhilde man PLEIER MEL 2078: Meieranz flügeling έτι-eit / den hirz 2. from r i t e n (sv): to ride 3. NHG e r r e i t e η preserves the general sense "to ride down, overtake by riding". er-schie3en (sv) s. schieben I er-schrecken (wv) s. schricken er-sllchen ( s v ) s.

er-varn

Jlichen

er-snellen ( w v ) s. Snellen

1. (intr) to harbour the quarry, i. e. determine where a stag is in cover, before the commencement of the chase: cf be-stcsten (para l c ) ; similarly er-standen (sv), noted only as a verbal noun. (14) HADAMAR 87: von stüden hin ze boume / grif ich und wil e r s t a t e n . / ob ich mich an der morgenfiuht versoume, / min hengen ist verzogen in die hitze. (15) KUNO (S. 11): . . . Darnach ghen sie (hirsz vnd wilt) zo holtz, dan magstu mit dem Leidthuntt sehen vff der erden, wo hin es zo holtz gangen sy, vnnd ann diesen nachgeschriebene(n) zeige (n) sehen, was es sey, hirsz oder wilt, vnd disz stuck nennen die jeger E r s t a n d e n n . 2. lit. "to position", from s t a t (sf): place, position; e r - s t a n d e n (sv) from s t ä n , s t a n d e n (sv): "to be in a certain position". er-stouben ( w v )

1. (tr) to start up (game) (13) KONR PART 4 2 9 : si (die h u n d e ) w u r d e n in

dem muote / von des ebers bluote / gereizet üf ein ander swin. / daz wart in ouch des mäles schin, / wan ez von dem gevelle (i. e. slaying of the other boar) / und von dem horngeschelle / e r s t o u b e t was und üf getriben. 2. from stouben

er-sprengen ( w v )

1. (tr) to start up (game) (12) EREC 7168: wan ze swelher stunde / daz rötwilt e r s p r e n g e t wart, / so was sin jungeste vart / ie ze wazzer in den se. (13) NIBEL 934: Swaz ir der bracke e r s p r a n c t e , diu sluoc mit siner hant / Sifrit der vil kiiene. NIBEL 936: Dö den (lewen) der bracke e r s p r a n c t e , den scöz er mit dem bogen . . . NIBEL 946: si e r s p r a n c t e n mit ir scalle (i. e. the sound of their horns) ein tier vil gremilich. WOLFR WILLEHALM 202, 1 5 : v o r h u n d e n ein

wildez tier / waer niht baz e r s p r e n g e t . . . 2. causative from s p r i n g e n (sv): to leap, spring

er-stÖ3en (redv) 1. (tr) to strike down (quarry), of a hawk: similarly zer-stSgen (redv) (14) DIETR BORTE 584: her Heinrich sinen habich liz, I virzic vogel der e r s t i z . BUSANT 863: al ze hant kam gevlogen / ein antvogel hoch (und gäch): / dö beizete der valk(e) nach, / bis daz er in z e s t i e z . 2. from stoßen er-strlchen (sv) s. strichen

(lc)

er-varn ( s v )

er-spiiren (wv) s. spüren

1 a. (tr) to find the trail of (game); similarly „vart e r - v a r n " (13) PLEIER MEL 2018 ff: . . . zehant / fragt er (der jägermeister) sin knehte msere / ob kein hirz e r v a r n wasre. / der jägerknehte einer sprach / „den grcesten hirz den ich ie gesach, / meister, den hän ich e r v a r n . "

er-standen (sv) s.

XVI, 3: der wildener des lewen vart / er v e r t . . .

3. not recorded as a modern hunting term, but cf similar use of NHG s p r e n g e n , a b s p r e n g e n , a u f s p r e n g e n , v e r s p r e n g e n : to start up (game).

er-staten

(14) KANZLER (c. 1 3 0 0 ; D t L i e d e r d t 13 J h s , 2 8 )

53

er-vellen l b . (tr) to catch, hunt down (the quarry) (14) FRIEDR Ν SCHW 4 1 6 0 :

„ . . . das ist ain h i r s z

uff dem wald, / der hat geloffen manigvalt / baide wait und feld / vil jar uszgezelt, / das in all mein vorfarn / nie mochten e r f a m : / wie schnell man kam geloffen nach (im), / allewegen kam er hin." (King Turneas "gives" this elusive stag to Friedrich, as a reward for his service in battle.) 2. spec uses of e r - v a r n (sv), in the senses of " t o find, investigate", and " t o reach, overtake". er-Vellen (wv) s. val I er-vliegen (sv) 1. (tr or intr) to out-fly, overtake (quarry), of a hawk; normally inferring " t o out-fly and catch (the quarry)", but in HABICHTSL with the simple sense of " t o out-fly". (13) PARZIVAL 550, 28: nu hete daz sprinzelin e r v l o g n / des äbents dri galander. PARZIVAL 622, 13: zwene gebraten galander . . . diu süeze maget dar näher truoc . . . die splse e r v l o u g ein sprinzelin. WOLFR WILLEHALM

273,

10

(Willehalm,

of

Heimrich): nu sih, wie lebelich er gert . . . der selbe müzaere / e r v l ü g e den kranech wol, würfe ich in dar. HEINR TRIST 1 1 4 1 : d i e v a l k e n z u d e m s e l b e n

mal / e r v l u g e n mangen wilden ant . . . (14) JOH WÜRZ 1121: dö e r f l o k sin valke d ä / ein wilt . . . (no further details given) HEINR MÜG II, 401, 4 (addressed to his lady): nu sint mins alders flügel worden trege, / das ich erile seiden vogel frut. / kan ich dir nicht e r f l i e g e n noch erwerben, / doch nim f(ü)r gut: jo wold ich für dich sterben . . . HABICHTSL LLOR 1 : . . . v e r s u c h in ( d e n h a b i c h )

mit dem antvögel. mag er das nit e r f l i e g e n , so wirff in zu dem weyen (i. e. kite) oder zu dem rappen. e r f l ü g e t er zu dem ersten wol vnd

etzen vehet das nicht, so sol man (den) habich nit mer zu de(m) mal werffen. ( 1 5 ) BEIZB ( E ) l O v : m a g

er die k r a w e ( n )

nit

e r f l i e g e n , so werff man in zu dem weyen oder zu dem rappen. BEIZB ( E ) 1 7 r :

D e r alt habich der vil

ge-

fangen) hat vnd wol e r f l i e g e n mag vnd nicht eben stan wil auf der hand, schwinget er vil der ist verschlagen vnd wil den vogel verjage(n). 2. formed from v l i e g e n (sv): to fly. Wolfram's use of e r - v l i e g e n , to describe the outflying of a lark, is one of the confirmations that sprinzelin refers to the merlin: cf springe (para 2). er-wecken (wv) 1. „die vüeze e r - w e c k e n " (with dat): to start up (game); cf stouben (14) HADAMAR 553: der selbe hunt vil trüte / hat mangem wilt e r w e c k e t sine füeze. 2. spec use of arouse.

er-wecken

(wv): (tr) to

er-wenden (wv) 1. (tr) to bring back, recall the hounds ( 1 3 ) KONR PART 4 5 7 :

swie vil er in

(den

hun-

den) dö zuo geschrei, / si liefen allez für sich doch / nach dem swine, wand ez noch / was vor in harte verre. / und dö der juncherre / niht e r w e n d e n künde / die Snellen jagehunde, / dö reit er allez üf ir trite . . . 2. spec use of e r - w e n d e n (wv): (tr) to turn back er-wilden (wv) s. wilden er-ziehen (wv) s. ziehen eser (sm) s. äser etzen (wv) s. ät^en

F s. V

G gabilöt (sn) and

1. light javelin, used in deer hunt (cf spies, s. schieben 2) (13) PARZIVAL 120, 2 : er (Parzival) lernte den g a b i l ö t es swanc, / dä mit er mangen hirz erschöz / des sin muoter und ir volc genöz. / ez waare aber oder sne, / dem wilde tet sin schiezen we. PARZIVAL 124, 13 (Parzival to the knights, referring to their armour): ob die hirze trüegen sus ir vel, / so verwunt ir niht min g a b y l ö t . / der vellet manger vor mir töt. 2. the term g a b i l ö t is loaned from OF g a v e l o t , j a v e l o t : javelin (perhaps of Celtic origin). Its use was normally a military one, but not as a knight's weapon: cf the unchivalrous way in which Parzival slays Ither, the Red Knight, with his „ g a b i l ö t " (155, 6ff). Its use as a hunting weapon, in PARZIVAL 120, follows a similar usage of the word by Chrdtien, in the corresponding passage of "Perceval" (1293): . . . Que il sa sele ne meist / sor son chacheor et preist / trois g a v e l o s . . . " (For further usages of OF g a v e l o t , in hunting contexts, s. Bormann, Jagd in altfranz. Artus u. Abenteuerromanen p. 33.) gäch (adj) s. gäben gähen (wv) 1 a. (intr) to hasten (after the quarry), of hounds on the trail, or of huntsmen; similarly gäch (adj)in„(demhunde) g ä c h s i n ( n ä c h . . . ) " : to hasten (after the quarry), of a hound. ( 1 3 ) A L B R O V I D X V I I , 2 0 : er (der wint) streich im (dem tiere) sö vaste nä / daz daz wintbant zubrach. / nach dem tiere was im g ä c h / und quam üz miner sichte . . . W O L F R T I T 156: Gardeviaz zucte und spranc durch g ä h e n näch huntwildes verte. KONR T R O J 6199: üf aller vrechen tiere spor/ hiez in (Achilles) sin meister (Schyrön) g ä h e n . ( 1 4 ) HADAMAR 3 4 8 : lät Enden (den hunt) hin zuo jenem bile g ä h e n .

l b . (intr) to rake away, i. e. fly off, fly away (of a hawk) (13) PARZIVAL 281, 27: ir besten valken si (die valkenaere) verluren: / der g ä h t e von in balde / und stuont die naht ze walde. K O N R G O L D 24: so min gedanc wil g a h e n / uf ze dime werden lobe (i. e. Mary), / so sweimet ez dem himel obe / reht als ein fliickez vederspil. 2. spec use of g ä h e n (wv): to hasten; and g ä c h (adj): quick, impetuous (cf er-gähen) gän, gen (irreg ν ) 1. (intr, usually with „hin" or „her") lit. to go, used of the regular movements of deer to and from their feeding places, as opposed to the fleeing of deer (s. vliehen) ( 1 3 ) N I B E L 9 1 4 : „Welt ir niht wan einen (suochman) ?" sprach der künic zehant. / „ich lihe iu, welt ir, viere, den wol ist bekant / der wait und ouch die stige, swä diu tier hine g ä n t . . ." (14) H A D A M A R 66: ez g ä t allhie her sicherlichen („63", in this and the following examples from H A D A M A R , stands literally for ,,da3 wilt", but actually refers to the trail of the stag) HADAMAR 67: ez g ä t gar sunder meile/ nach hie her HADAMAR 72 (to the hound): Du hüete diner verte, / geselle, und miner eren! / ez g e t her uf die herte. HADAMAR 80: Dort hät ez widergangen / und g e t nu hie her abe. HADAMAR 83: . . . dä g et ez aber danne. / hin hin, war ez nu welle! HADAMAR 98: alles näch! hie here / g e t ez. (15) Ζ DES H I R S C H E S (A) 139 r : Abe(r)einhüpsch gut zeichen, wo de(r) hircz h i n g a i t , so jst sin vart glich als ob jr zwen sigint ( = sint) vn(d) jst doch nu(r) eine(r) (context s. v. schrenkeri). Ζ

DES H I R S C H E S

(A)

139 v : V o ( n )

de(m)

gru(m)me(n) des hircz(e)n. Aber ein gwisz zeich(e)n. de(r) hircz, der fliehi, er g a n g , er stand, so müs er dis zeichen tun. ( g a n g ( e ) is an Alemannic form of the 3rd pers sing, pres subj = elsewhere g e . ) Ζ DES H I R S C H E S (C) 107 V: Wysze auch wa ain hirs vber ain feld wil von aine(m) holtz an das

ganc ander, so get er alweg hin vnd her vnd tütt vil widergeng . . . (s. also Ζ DES HIRSCHES (A) 136v & 137r) VOG BODENSEE 53 V: . . . vff die holcz weg, da wild gewonlich gat vnd sinen wandel hat. 2. spec use of g ä n (irreg v): to go, walk; cf hunting use of ganc, in-ganc (including in-gän) and mder-ganc. The hunting sense of g ä n perhaps lies behind the usage in IWEIN 3272: „er schöz prislichen wol: / ouch g i e n c der wait wildes vol". Note similar use of Engl to g o , in describing the movements of deer to and from their feeding-places, cf Turberville's Booke of Huntinge Chap 28: „In Ianuarie they (the Hartes) . . . g o to the good winter pasture . . . In Iune, Iuly and August they g o to the springs and coppises, as before, and vnto corn . . .". Stejskal (ed of HADAMAR p. 192f) considers that vliehen and g ä n are used indiscriminately by the poet, to describe the "fleeing" of the quarry. In support of this, he cites several of the H A D A MAR examples quoted above; he has not considered the context of these examples, however, which make it clear that the quarry is being tracked (not chased) wherever the verb g ä n is used. This verb thus makes it evident that the tracks are those of an unsuspecting stag, which has been walking (not running) to and from its normal feeding places. 3. NHG „ziehen" is the modern hunting term for the normal (slow) movement of deer, and g e h e n is now considered to be incorrect in this context (s. Dombrowski s. v. ziehen). NHG g e h e n preserves the above usage of MHG g ä n , however, in the case of other animals: „der Bär g e h t von und zu Holz, ebenso die Sauen; der Biber g e h t nach seiner Äsung, ebenso der Dachs" (Dombrowski s. v. gehen). ganc (sm) 1. (regular) path or track, of deer ( 1 2 ) ANNOLIED I I I 1 5 : Mit loube dekkit sich der wait: / Daz wilt havit den sinen ganc. ( 1 4 ) HADAMAR 6 : Durch suochen wildes g e n g e / fuor ich an einem morgen. HADAMAR 4 1 : Swaz vinster hecke sliefet / und rnidet liehte g e n g e (i. e. exposed paths) / und sich än nöt vertiefet / in dornic hecke, näch dem niht enhenge (a reference to hinds, which — unlike stags — avoid open spaces: s. Stejskal's note, p. 182 of his ed). HADAMAR 74: Min Herze mit dontem seile / strebt alles näch der verte . . . er suocht doch niur

55

gatn

die einen, / swie siu verworren si in mangen gengen. (s. also HADAMAR 1 5 7 ) ( 1 5 ) Ζ DES HIRSCHES (A) 1 3 6 v: Du solt och (den hirczen) sfich(e)n wo du wissist dz jr g e n g e hin stand vo(n) einem wald an den andre (n) wald. HÄTZL I I 5 7 , 9 2 : ich sach auch maniges wildes gang KUNO ( S . 2 0 ) : Vonn des Hirsches vnnd wildts g a n g k (context s. v. schrenkeri) 2. spec use of g a n c (sm): movement, path, etc; cf hunting use of gän, in-ganc and tvider-ganc. Note similar use of Engl g a t e and g o y n g ( = tracks of deer) in Turberville's Booke of Hunting Chap 25: "Of the iudgement of the g a t e and g o y n g of an Harte"; note also OE g a n g (m/n), in the sense of "track, path". 3. As a hunting term, NHG G a n g (m) denotes the regular movement of deer, and the resulting tracks. gansen (wv) 1. (intr) to net geese p. 1 7 9 (Von den vogeler): Wer do g a n s e t , do ein rehter zug (i. e. regular line of flight) ist, der sol die pfele (i. e. poles supporting the nets) die er gesieht ussraumen und sol das beste und das wegeste darzu tun das sü uskumment, by sime eide; düt er das nüt, so bessert er 16d . . . (s. also STRASSB POL p. 1 7 8 ) 2. from g a n s (sf): goose. ( 1 5 ) STRASSB POL

garn (sn) 1 a. huntsman's or fowler's net . . . dä er (Acteon) gejeides dicke phlac/ mit g a m e und mit hunden: / dä wildes vil gevunden / und manec hirz wart gevangen. ( 1 3 ) ALBR OVID I X 1 5 9 :

( 1 4 ) DREIEICHER

WILDBANN

(Ms

2)

p.

498:

. . . nyemant jn demselben wiltbanne jagen sali, dann eyn keyser vnd eyn faudt ( = vogt) von Mintzenberg, der sali jagen ane hecken und ane g a r n tzu zocken (lit. "to draw", i. e. "to set up") ( 1 5 ) NETZ 6 0 2 2 (devil speaks): An mattschan ( = meschen) und an strikken / vach ich si (die nunnan, i. e. nuns) unmassen dike, / und tuot gehangen in mim g a r n / und muos in die hell varn. STRASSB VOGLER Sp 8 4 : Es sol dehein vogeler noch nieman anders von vastnacht untz dem süngihtage (i. e. from Shrove Tuesday to Midsummer Day) deheine kleine vohel vohen, weder

garn

56

mit lymerüten noch mit g a r n e n noch mit hunden oder mit dehein andern dingen. VOG BODENSEE 53 V (to trap ducks at night, one should approach them in a boat, with a light facing them): So entfliegent die enten nienerthin. D e n n vberzüch sy mit ainem g a r n , als du wol kanst. HÄTZL I 41, 40 (the lady fears for her lost falcon): Ich fürcht er werd gefangen. / Vnd kam er wider in das g a r n . . . Das vederspil wär verloren. l b . „langes g a r n " : long (drag?) net, for trapping wild fowl. (15) STRASSB POL p .

178: M a n

sol v o n

dem

ostertage die langen g a r n in lachen und in legem (i. e. in pools and nesting-places) nüt stellen . . . untze zfi sante Michels tage (i. e. 29th September). 2. M H G g a r n (sn) had the original sense of "yarn, thread", but developed the secondary sense of " n e t " , f r o m the use of yarn, thread or string to construct light nets; O H G / M H G g a r n , O E g e a r η (yarn) had in turn developed from the original sense of "thread made f r o m gut", cf O N g