Learn to Read Greek, Part 1: Textbook 9780300115895

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LEARN TO READ

GREEK PART １ Andrew Keller Collegiate School

Stephanie Russell Collegiate School

Yale UNIVERSITY PRESS

NewHaven ＆ London

Copyright ？ ２０１２ by Yale University. All rights reserved. This book may not be reproducedÿ inwhole or inpartÿ including illustrationsÿ in any form (beyond that copying permitted by Sections １０７ and １０８ of the U.S. Copyright Law and except by reviewers for the public press)ÿ without written permission from the publishers. Yale University Press books maybe purchased in quantity for educational, business, or promotional use. For informationÿ please e-mail sales. [email protected] (U.S. office) or [email protected] (U.K. office). publisherÿ

Maryjane Peluso

EDITORIAL ASSISTANT: Elise Panza

project EDITORÿ Timothy Shea PRODUCTION CONTROLLERÿ Aldo

CupO

DesignedbyJamesJ.Johnson. Set inArno Roman type by Integrated Composition Systems. Printedin the United States of America. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Keller,Andrew, ｉ９６０－ Learn to read Greek ／ Andrew Keller, Stephanie Russell. p. cm. Text inEnglish and Greek.

Includes index.

Greek language— ９７８－０－３００－１１５９０－１ (part ２） — Greek language Readers. Problems, —

ISBN９７８－０－３００－１１５８９－５ {part １）

— Title. Stephanie, １９４６－

２．

Greek language Grammar一 II.

ISBN

１．

exercisesÿ etc.

３．

Grammar.

I. Russell,

PA258.K435 ２０１１

—

４８８．２＊４２１ dc22

２０１１００３１４９

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

This paper meets the requirements of ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992 (Permanence of Paper). １０

９８７６５４３２１

Cover illustrationÿ Rembrandt van Rijn,Aristotle with a Bust of Homer, １６５３．The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. Purchase, special

contributions and funds given or bequeathedby friends of the Museum, １９６１ （６１．１９８），Image copyright ？ IheMetropolitanMuseum ofArt.

CONTENTS

Preface

Acknowledgments How to Use Learn to Read Greek List of Abbreviations

Chart of Indo-European Languages

Introduction §１。The Greek Language and Its Diaiects §２．Pronunciation and Orthography of Attic Greek Alphabet Consonants Vowelsÿ Diphthongs, and Iota Subscripts and Adscripts Rough and Smooth Breathings Punctuation

Syllabification §３．Accentuation １：The Possibilities of Accent §４．Vocabularyÿ Morphology, and Syntax Vocabulary Morphology Syntax

CHAPTER １ Vocabulary Vocabulary Notes Proclitic Coordinating Conjunction Anastrophe

vi

Flash Cards Derivatives and Cognates §５．Accentuation ２：Persistent Accent §６．The Greek Noun and Its Propertiesÿ Genderÿ Numberÿ and Case Nominative Case Nominative, Subject Predicate Nominative Genitive Case Genitive of Possession Genitive of Separation Dative Case Dative of Reference Dative ofMeans (Dative of Instrument) Accusative Case Accusative, Direct Object Vocative Case Summary of Cases and Their Basic Functions

§７．The Three Declensions Finding the Stem §８．Noun Morphology: First Declension １ Long-Alpha Nouns EtaNouns Summary ofAccent Rulesfor First-Declension Nouns §９．Noun Morphologyÿ Second Declension Summary ofAccent Rulesfor Second-Declension Nouns §１０．The Article Agreement of Article and Noun §１１．Uses of the Article; HieAttributive Position The Attributive Position

CHAPTER ２

Vocabulary Vocabulary Notes Alpha Privative Compound Adjective Adversative Conjunction Flash Cards Derivatives and Cognates

uasaij psÿnsxnSny ３１？ ras;s ； sqj3AB§3ino jo SApBDipni SApoy psjfjadnij -q£§

uassij ．６冗§ sqj3A ÿSaniQJo SAiiBDipnj 3AISSBJ pxre 3|ppi]A[ ； ÿusrassjSy qisÿv-psÿqns .g找

sqj3八 bSsuio jo aApBDipuj aAipyÿussajÿ n§

(SCJJ3八 DipTO3l|x) S£p:3A BSaUIQ "9ÿ§ dsumpq puv dMÿisuvAjÿ sqjBÿ pdpxnjj :qJ3八 b joj Xj;ug; XjBpiqBDOÿ 3-qx 'SZ§ hvpuoodÿ pun /(wiuuÿ sssudÿ

M3TAJ3AQ :pOOJ/\[ 3ApB0ipUJ ３１｛； JO S3SU3工 ５［３３：１。3ljX 3SU3丄 (JsqxnriN 'uosaaÿ isaiÿjadoiÿ sijpiiB ’

juaDDy 3aiss3D3ÿ!

3t[£

：￡ nor;Bn;n3DDy YZ§

S3ÿuSo3 PUB S3AI1BAU3Q ddiÿvsnooy dÿvuSoj dniÿvsnooy dpjorpdiÿ

dMpjsnoDy pduwpÿ Mipswoy djqno(j

sqj3A JOJ spjBÿ t|SBy; S3;ow iiE|nqraoA

￡ÿ3XdVHD uoi;isoddyxÿ§

6f g-jz

Uv gf

9f Si7 ff Viz ZV

oxaoi, 'kxav (boxao unouoij pire 9Aipa(py 3ApBÿsuoni3Qÿ 3tpÿ '0Z§ psdssÿjjo 3Ai;-esn3Dy -6l§ padss-ÿjo 3ApBa ＇８１ § s3Ai;in99 3Aipa[qo pue aAipstqng SinqstnSinÿsiQ 3APTO30 3A]pa(qo ？／－！§ 3Ai;raa9 9Aipa(qns ＇９ 1§ SAipsfpy aip jo 3sq aApu-Eÿsqng -jjg S3Aipa [pyjo ； nsxnaDBjfj fq.u3ni33iSy aAips (py-uno|Nj -fj§ S3Ap33(pyUOISU3p3Q-pUOD3§4SJIjJ '£|§

sunojÿ Bqdjy-Tjoqs

０廿

ao- 'b U- iao- 'Sv- in Suipug; sunojsj 3ut|iidsb]/ÿ

1１７

Of

siijj :iSopt[cb:oj/ÿ nnoj\T "il§ iuoisuspaQ' ；

viii

§３１．Imperfect Middle and Passive Indicative of Omega Verbs §３２．The Present Active and Middle/Passive Infinitives of Omega Verbs

Spurious Diphthong §３３．Future Active and Middle Indicative and Infinitives of Omega Verbs Future Active and Middle Indicative of Omega Verbs Future Active andMiddle Infinitives of Omega Verbs §３４．Future Passive Indicative and Infinitive of Omega Verbs Future Passive Indicative of Omega Verbs Future Passive Infinitive of Omega Verbs §３５．Synopsis １： Present, Imperfectÿ and Future Active, Middle, and Passive Indicative; Present and Future Activeÿ Middleÿ and Passive Infinitives §３６．Object Infinitive §３７．Genitive of PersonalAgent §３８．Dative of Indirect Object §３９．Word Order in Greek

Short Readings

７６ ７７ ７７ ７８ ７９

８３

CHAPTER ４

８５ ８５ ８６ ８７ ９２ ９３ ９４

Vocabulary Vocabulary Notes Principal Parts of Contracted Verbs Derivatives and Cognates §４０．Contracted Verbs １：-eco §４１．Contracted Verbs ２：-dw §４２．Contracted Verbs ３：-oco §４３．The Demonstrative Adjective and Pronoun o8&, fjSeÿ xoSe §４４．The Demonstrative Adjective and Pronoun £K£i"voÿ EKebrjÿ skeivo

§４５．Comparison of oÿTogÿ oSt, and exa-voÿ ÿ£ya\t]; \xija and Ttolugÿ §４６．The Irregular Adjectives §４７．Partitive Genitive §４８．Genitive of Value §４９．Substantive Use of the Article §５０．Adverbs §５１．Elisionand Crasis Aphaeresis or Inverse Elision

Short Readings

７０ ７２ ７２ ７３ ７３ ７４ ７４ ７４ ７５

Ttolu

９６ ９８ ９９ １００ １０１ １０１ １０２ １０２ １０４ １０４

１０５ １０７

CHAPTER ５

Vocabulary

．

no １１０

．

Vocabulary Notes Derivatives and Cognates §５２．Noun Morphology: Third Declensionÿ Consonant Stems

111

Short Readings

１１９ １２０ １２２ １２３ １２３ １２５ １２６ １２６ １２７ １２８ １３０ １３０ １３１ １３２ １３３ １３３ １３３ １３４ １３４ １３５ １３７

§５９．Names of the Greek Gods

１４６

Compensatory Lengthening Summary of Special Morphology Rulesfor Third-Declension Nouns §５３．The Relative Pronoun andthe Relative Clause Restrictive and Nonrestrictive Relative Clauses Connective Relative The Generic Antecedent Attraction

§５４．Enclitics §５５．The Verb The Present and Imperfect Active Indicative of Partial Deponents The Future Indicative of The PresentActive and Future Middle Infinitives ofeip and the Nominal Sentence; Predicate Adjective §５６．Hie Uses of

￡１？．１ as a Copulative Verb The Nominal Sentence and the Predicate Position Meaning "Exist" §５７．Subject Infinitive §５８．Subject Accusative

CHAPTER ６ Vocabulary Vocabulary Notes Redundant Negative Derivatives and Cognates §６０．First Aorist Active andMiddle Indicative and Infinitives of Omega Verbs First Aorist Active and Middle Indicative of Omega Verbs First Aorist Active and Middle Infinitives of Omega Verbs §６１．Second Aorist Active andMiddle Indicative and Infinitives of Omega Verbs Second Aorist Active andMiddle Indicative of Omega Verbs Second Aorist Active and Middle Infinitives of Omega Verbs

１４８ １４８ １４９ １５１ １５２ １５３ １５３ １５４ １５５ １５５ １５６

§６２．Aorist Passive Indicative and Infinitive of Omega Verbs Aorist Passive Indicative of Omega Verbs Aorist Passive Infinitive of Omega Verbs §６３．Synopsis ２： Present, Imperfect) Future, and Aorist Indicativeÿ Present) Future, and Aorist Infinitives §６４．Additional Uses of the Aorist Indicative Ingressive Aorist Gnomic Aorist

§６５．Deponents

Middle Deponent Verbs Passive-in-the-Aorist Deponent Verbs §６６．The Intensive Adjective avxoq, avrt], avro §６７．Personal Pronouns and Possessive Adjectives §６８．The Adjectives 艽ag Ttaca, 5tav and a%aq, htaaa, cinav §６９．Indirect Statement １ Noun Clause §７０．The Binary Construction (Prolepsis) §７１．Dative of the Possessor

Short Readings

Longer Readings §７２．About Meter

Introduction to Quantitative Meter Scansion Iambic Trimeter Principal Caesura

Porson's Bridge Resolution Elegiac Couplet and Dactylic Hexameter Dactylic Pentameter Hemiepes Synizesis １

Diaeresis

Epic Correption

CHAPTER ７ Vocabulary Vocabulary Notes Compound Verbs

Accents on Compound Verb Forms Derivatives and Cognates

§７３．Participles １ Present Active Participle Present Middle/Passive Participle First Aorist Active Participle First Aorist Middle Participle Second Aorist Active Participle Second Aorist Middle Participle Aorist Passive Participle Summary of Present and Aorist Participle Endings Summary of Dative Plural Endingsjor Present and Aorist Participles §７４．Synopsis ３： Present, Imperfectÿ Future, and Aorist Indicative; Present, Futureÿ and Aorist Infinitives; Present and Aorist Participles §７５．The Attributive and Substantive Uses of the Participle Common Substantives of Participles

Hie Participle as Predicate Adjective

§７６．The Supplementary Participle Noun Morphologyÿ Third Declension, cr- Stems §７７。 §７８．Noun Morphology: Third Declension, i-Stems §７９．Third-Declension Adjectives １：-rjg, -&g Adverbs §８０．Genitive of Cause §８１．Dative of Cause Dative with a Compound Verb §８２。

Short Readings Longer Readings

CHAPTER ８ Vocabulary Vocabulary Notes Verbs with Contracted Futures Derivatives and Cognates §８３．Perfect and Pluperfect Active Indicative of Omega Verbs; Perfect Active Infinitive of Omega Verbs Perfect and Pluperfect Active Indicative Perfect Active Infinitive

xli

§８４．Perfect and Pluperfect Middle/Passive Indicative of Omega Verbs; Perfect Middle/Passive Infinitive of Omega Verbs

Perfect and Pluperfect Middle/Passive Indicative Perfect and Pluperfect Middle/Passive Indicative of Verbs with Consonant Stems Perfect Middle/Passive Infinitive §８５．Synopsis ４：All Indicative Tensesÿ All Infinitivesÿ Present and Aorist Participles §８６．Dative of Agent §８７．The Verb (prjÿd §８８．Indirect Statement ２ §８９．Indirect Statement ３ A Note on Indirect Statement §９０．Personal Constructions §９１．Articular Infinitive

Short Readings Longer Readings

２４４ ２４４

２４５ ２４７ ２４８ ２５０ ２５０ ２５２ ２５５ ２５７ ２５７ ２５９ ２６１ ２７０

CHAPTER ９ Vocabulary Vocabulary Notes Derivatives and Cognates §９２．The Verb oT8a xi §９３．The Interrogative Pronoun and Adjective §９４．The Enclitic Indefinite Pronoun and Adj ective tiÿ ti a, ev and ouSeiÿ ouSeÿiia, ovStv/ §９５．The Adjectives

…

§９６．Conditional Sentences １ Simple Conditional Sentences Future Conditional Sentences

Contrary-to-Fact Conditional Sentences Summary of Conditional Sentences §９７．Third-Declension Adjectives ２： -toy, -ov §９８．Dative of Manner §９９．Adverbial Accusative

２７４ ２７４ ２７５ ２７８ ２７９ ２８０ ２８ １ ２８３ ２８４ ２８５ ２８５ ２８６ ２８８ ２８８ ２８９ ２８９

Short Readings Longer Readings

，

２９１ ３０３

List of Authors and Passages

A1

Greek to EnglishVocabulary

A6

English to Greek Vocabulary Principal Parts ofVerbs Verbs Introducing Indirect Statement

A29

General Index

A35

A15 A34

English Index

A35

Greek Index

A41

PREFACE

Learn to Read Greek is closely modeled on Learn to Read Latin, our textbook published by Yale University Press in ２００３．LTRG is both an introductory grammar and a first reader for the Atcic dialect of ancient Greekÿ The book aims to help students acquire as quickly as possible an ability to read and appreciate the

great works of ancient Greek literature. Learning the language of ancient Greece is a lifelong challenge and an abiding pleasure for the curious intellect. Many factors combine to make ancient Greek a difficult lan¬ guage to master: a largeÿ nuancedvocabulary (more thanthree times the number of words inextant Latin); extensive and inconstant morphology for nounsÿ adjectives, and verbs; and a wide variety of dialects offer¬ ing many variants in spelling, syntaxÿ and word usage. In additionÿ various authors have their own spe¬ cially developed vocabularies, syntactic habits, and writing styles. One must) in effect, learnthe Greek of Thucydides, the Greek of Sophocles, the Greek of Homer. If the task is difficult, however, the rewards for the devoted effort of serious students are greatÿ what is to be gained is nothingless than direct access to the words and thoughts of Platoÿ Euripides;Aristophanes, and many others. LTRG differs from many other beginning Greek books in offering students interesting and rewarding

samples of real Greek texts for reading practice from the third chapter on. These readings quickly become substantial and challenging, and, in our view, are a far better means for studying the language than fabri¬ cated stories inGreek such as often appear inother textbooks. While LTRG is anAttic Greek test, we include readings containing forms from other dialects (with appropriate explanatory notes) in order to expose students to a wider range of authors and to accustom them to non-Attic forms that they will encounter in Attic Greek texts. We also include readings from Greek writers of the Roman period who wrote in Attic Greekÿ which by then was recognized as an important literary language and used by a select number of educated writers. Our Latin and Greek texts both drew inspiration from books written by our former colleagues at the Brooklyn College of CUNY Latin/Greek Institute:Latin: An Intensive Course, by Floyd L Morelandand RitaM. Fleischerÿ and Greekÿ An Intensive Course, byHardyHansenand Gerald M. Quimi. FloydMorelandÿ founder of the Latin/Greek Instituteÿ providedus with our most important guiding principles for teaching Latin aiid Greek: first, if clearly and completely presented, no element of these languages is more difficult for students to learn than any otherÿ and secondÿ excessive simplification and omission are harmfulÿ not helpful. Summer after summer at the LGI and for many years in our own teaching, these principles have been tested and vindicated, and we have usedthem to guide our decision makingthroughout the writing oiLTRG. We could not have produced LTRG in its present form without the aid of the digital version of the Thesaurus Linguae Graecae. This excellent online resource made it possible to choose vocabulary for each

Preface

xvi

chapter based on each words frequency in a selected list of major authors and texts. Inthis way we could be sure that students using this textbook will learn words that they will encounter regularly when reading classical Greek. Special effort was made to include inthe early chapters the words that occur most often in Attic Greek. Searching the TLG also helped us find for each chapter appropriate readings drawn from a wide range of prose andpoetry. These are the authors that we used most frequently in our searches not only to find passages for inclusion but also to answer questions of meaning and usage: Aeschines

Isocrates

Aeschylus Aristophanes

Lysias Plato Sophocles

Demosthenes

Euripides Herodotus

Thucydides Xenophon

To resolve broader questions of usage, word frequency, or morphologyÿ or to confirm impressions we had formed from our initial searches, we often searched the works of every TLG author from the eighth to the fourth centuries b.c.e. In some instances, particularly to confirm the rarity of Greek forms, we searched the works of every TLG author from the eighth century b.c.e. to the first century c.E. These searches al¬ lowed us to include information in the textbook about the rarity of particular words, the occurrence of verbs in certain moods and voicesÿ andthe existence or nonexistence of certain forms. They also informed our decisions about the order of presentation in the textbook and led us to exclude forms and words that we discovered were uncommon inAttic Greek. Statements in the textbook about the frequency of certain forms or about thÿ most common meanings of Greek words are based on our examination of evidence gathered from the TLG.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS’

Andrew Keller wishes to thank Collegiate School for its generous support of the work on this textbook through Curriculum Grants awarded for the summers of ２００６－２００９．Professors Naomi Rood, William Stullÿ andJoshua Reynolds of Colgate University usedthe textbook and workbook inmanuscript form. All found many errorsÿ raised many astute questionsÿ and offered excellent advice. Their participation in this project is greatly appreciated. Professor Maria Pantelia of the University of Californiaÿ Irvine,the Director of the Thesaurus Linguae Graecaej was prompt, friendly, and helpful whenever questions or problems aroseÿ Special mention andthanks are owed to Felipe Gurascierÿ who contributed greatly with his diligent survey of vocabulary frequency in each chapter of the textbook, and to Hunter Ford) the Collegiate student who created the excellent map of Greek dialects included in the Introduction. Stephanie Russell is most grateful to Collegiate Schoolfor a one-semester sabbatical in ２００６ that pro¬ vided time for writing this textbook. Sincere thanks are also due to the members of the Collegiate Foreign Language Department for their patienceÿ generous support, and encouragement. ProfessorJonathan Ready of the Classics Department at Indiana University at Bloomington used an incomplete version of this text¬ book in a Greek Prose Composition class. His comments and encouragement were most helpful Ihanks also go to Stanislav Dikiy, who organized ali vocabulary files with intelligence, patience, and fortitude. We extend our warm thanks to the Greek students at Colgate University and at Collegiate School who used early versions of our book, caught countless errors, and offered many helpful suggestions. No contri¬ butions to this book are more valued than theirs. We are sincerely grateful to the classicists who reviewedthe manuscript of this book for Yale Univer¬ sity Pressÿ Kasia Allen (University of Wisconsin-Madison), Richard P. Martin (Stanford University), Kirk Ormand (Oberlin College), Louise Pratt (Emory University)ÿ Philip E. Schwartz (Friends Seminary), and Pavlos Sfyroeras (Middlebury College). After she saw the Latinb０ok through to publicationÿ Maryjane Peluso at Yale University Press encour¬ aged us to write a Greek bookÿ Tim Shea, the Projects Editor for Languages, ably took over from Maryjane andcarried thisbook through to completion, handling a variety of thorny issues along the way, Susan Laity, our manuscript editor, helped us see many inconsistencies and infelicities. We are grateful to them all.

xvii

HOW TO USE LEARN TO READ GREEK

Hie following is a detailed description of the components of Learn to Read Greek, accompanied by sugges¬ tions for their most effective use by students andteachers. Only if the textbook is used in partnership with the workbook can the best results be achieved.

Overviewÿ

Components and Organization

The main text of LTRG comprises sixteen chaptersÿ divided into two partsÿ that present all the basic mor¬ phology and syntax for an elementary course in Attic Greek. Depending on the amount of time available for ones course (meetings per weekÿ minutes per meeting), these sixteen chapters can be studied in two or three college semesters or intwo or three years in high school.1 The actual teaching and learning units of this book are the sections, and there are approximately ten sections in each chapter. Two or three weeks in college (perhaps twice as much in high school) shouldbe devoted to the study of each chapter. Substantial vocabulary lists and complex Greek sentences (both synthetic and authentic) allow students to significantly advance their knowledge of syntax and to practice and refine their reading skills The book as a whole, as well as each of the chapters taken individuallyÿ aims not at hasty coverage of materialbut at thorough understanding and engagement as soon as possible with Greek literary texts. ？

Vocabulary Lists Each chapter begins with a list of new words to be memorizedÿ placed first for ready reference. The vo¬ cabulary has beenchosen to provide students with words that appear commonly ina wide variety of Greek authors ．Inmany chapters certain pieces of morphology and syntax must be presented before new vocabu¬ lary is learned, but the vocabulary list is given prominence to emphasize its importance and to encourage its acquisition by students as early as possible in the study of each chapter. As the book progresses and chapters are devoted to more advanced syntaxÿ words that are commonly found with the constructions to be learned in those chapters are included in the vocabulary. At the back of boththe textbook and the workbook are complete Greek-English and English-Greek i.An ideal arrangement for a three-semester course would be to begin in the spring term or semester and cover six chapters, then complete the book over the two semesters of the following year. This would allow ample time for readings.

xix

How to Use Learn to Read Creek

xx

vocabulary lists containing all the words that appear inthe chapter vocabularies. Some additional meanings and idioms that appear only in the vocabulary notes or elsewhere in the textbook are included. These lists also include the names of the gods and cardinal and ordinalnumbers.

Vocabulary Notes Vocabulary notes follow the word list in each chapter. Since essential information about the forms, mean¬ ingsÿ and usage of new vocabulary words is contained in these notes, students should always read them) andthe teacher should emphasize the most important points. Particularly in the early chapters, important information about the forms of vocabulary entries (adjectives, principal parts of verbsÿ etc.) and new mor¬ phologyis included inthe vocabulary notes. This information should be presented in conjunctionwith the new materialinthe chapters. Itis includedinthe vocabulary notes for ease of reference, and students should consult these notes frequently while mastering the material in the chapter. (For those who would like to learn more about the development of the Greek languageÿ information has also been included about word formation and Indo-European linguistic features.) Immediately following the vocabulary notes in each chapter are lists of English derivatives and cognates for many of the new words in the chapter. Although by no means exhaustiveÿ the lists allow students to see how Greek words are related to English words.

Summaries and Synopsis Blanks When beginning each new chapterÿ students should tear out from the back of the workbook allthe sum¬ maries for that chapter. These summaries include a copy of the vocabulary list, a list of the new verbs with information about the voices in which they occur and their meanings in different voicesÿ and一most important one or two pages of compact summaries of the new morphology and syntax introduced inthe chapter. These summaries should be consulted when drills on new material are being done in class) and they can serve as valuable learning aids as students work toward mastery of the material presented in each chapter. Included after the summaries for all the chapters are verb synopsis blanks that can be torn out and used to make multiple copies for drills.

—

Sections and Drills The sections that present new morphology and syntax are numbered consecutively from Part １ through. Part ２ of the textbook, as in a reference grammar. Frequently throughout these sections (as well as in the vocabulary notes)ÿ brief instructions appear in capital letters (for example, “Memorize this irregular form”). These instructions are addressed directly to students and are intended to ensure that no essential point is overlooked. Followingmany of the morphology and syntax sections are sentences pointing to appropriate drills in the workbook for individual sections or groups of sections. Ihe drills are designed to reinforce new mate¬ rial as it is presented. The sentences pointing to appropriate drills indicate the naturalbreaks within chap¬ ters, and they can be used to determine howmuchmaterial to introduce in a class period.

How to Use Laam to Read Creek

XXi

Drills on new forms and syntax include only vocabulary from earlier chaptersÿ unless new morphology or syntax requires the use of new vocabulary. For exampleÿ when the morphology of a particular type of third-declension noun is introducedÿ it is necessary to include new nouns in the corresponding drills to reinforce the new morphology.Alsoÿ additional drills onnew verbs are added inappropriate places in order to provide more complete coverage of the morphology of new verbs. Drills are provided in such sufficiently large numbers that some can be done at sight in classÿ others assigned for homework, and stillothers used for individualwork or quizzesÿ

Exercises Following the drills in each chapter in the workbook, exercises are provided that allow comprehensive practice of all new vocabularyÿ morphologyÿ and syntax introduced in a chapter, while reinforcing material presented in earlier chaptersÿ The exercisesÿ consisting of synthetic sentences, are divided into three sec¬ tions. After the first two chapters, the first section contains Greek sentences without accents, and correct accents must be added before the sentences are translated; the second section offers Greek sentences for translationÿ and the third section provides sentences inEnglishto be translated into Greek. This last section gives students practice in writing clear, correct Greek inplausible Greek word order. The exercises should not be assigned untilall new material in a chapter has been introduce山 unless a teacher selects only those exercise sentences that contain material already presented. Inthe synthetic Greek sentences (drillsÿ exercises, and examples used in the textbook)ÿ we have tried to include only usages found in extant Attic Greek; often exact phrases from Greek texts have been in¬ cluded in these sentences. Inour experienceÿ LTRGworks best when translations of some exercise sentences are assigned as writ¬ ten homework, while class time is devoted to the reading of other exercise sentences at sight. As many as sixty such sentences are provided in the early chaptersÿ but this number is gradually reduced as it becomes possible to reinforce new material throughunabridged Greek passages.

Readings Beginning in Chapter ３；the introduction of new material is followed by a section of short readings, un¬ abridged Greek passages drawn from a wide range of ancient authors. Eachshort reading is preceded by a brief introduction to establish context.2 Beneatheach reading are vocabulary glosses for words that do not appear in the chapter vocabulary lists.3 The inclusion of these short readings, which steadily increase in number and lengthÿ reflects our belief that the best way to learn to read Greek is to study specimens of authentic Greek as soon as possibleÿ Ihe short readings have been chosen to reinforce the vocabulary, morphologyÿ and syntax of the chapters in which they appear and to provide examples of various word orders from Greek prose and poetry. Many of these short readings can be read at sight in classÿ and some

２．Introductions are usually not provided for short readings that are identified as fragments.

３．Vocabulary glosses for each reading are listed in the order in which the words appear in the passage for ease of use by the student. A dagger (+) indicates a word requiring a special note.

How to Use Learn to Read Creek

xxii

may be read before all the new material of a chapter has been introducedÿ provided that they not contain materialthat has not yet been presented. Beginning in Chapter ６，each section of short readings is followed by a section of longer readings, also unabridged Greek passages.4 Inaddition to introductions and vocabulary glosses, at the first appearance of an author or a work we have included brief biographies of the authors and descriptions of the works from which the readings are taken. A list of authors and passages allows students and teachers to refer to this material when authors or works appear again in subsequent longer readings or to investigate further when

short readings feature these authors or works. To help give students a basic knowledge of the history and development of Greek literature and to foster their interest in further studyÿ we have organized all readings from ancient authors in each chapter in chronological order by author. (Works by the same author are arranged alphabetically.) Since the texts of Greek literature that survive contain examples of the language as each writer in each period chose to style it, this chronological arrangement helps students observe the evolution of various styles of bothprose and poetry. Through the short and longer readings, LTRG is meant to become in part a literary ventureÿ and there are many opportunities for consideration of rhetoric and style as well as of forms and syntax.

Names and Meter A section on the names of the Greek gods and one on basic meters of Greek poetry are included after chap¬ ters ５ and 6f respectively. Information presented in these sections is incorporated in subsequent readings in the textbook, aad students may either learn the material in these sections or look back at them when necessary, knowledge of which will enhance their reading and appreciation of the authentic Greek pas¬

sages in the readings.

４．As a general rule, longer readings are those that have ten or more vocabulary glosses.

＿

fe ［］

Z ＞

B.C.E

IITL

s_.::

■；

‘

？

ABBREVIATIONS diaeresis indicates that a form is hypothetical enclose an element added by editors when referring to authorsÿ indicates that, contrary to the tradition, an author is not considered the writer of a work (derived) from becomes

１．０。

indirect object

IE

Indo-European imperfect

imperfÿ indef. indie. infin. interrog.

indefinite indicative infinitive interjection interrogative

intrans.

intransitive

section

m.

antepenultÿ penultÿ ultima

masc.

accusative active

mid.

masculine masculine middle

n.

neuter

adjective

neut.

neuter

adverb

nomÿ

nominative

interjÿ

object participle

aorist

Before the Common Era The Common Era conferÿ compare conjunction direct address direct object dative demonstrative dactylic hexamater

passive

perfect Proto-Indo-European plural pluperfect poss.

possessive

predÿ

predicate

prep.

preposition

elegiac couplet exempli gratiaÿ for example

prepÿ phrase

prepositional phrase

pres.

present

et cetera, and the remaining things

prort

exclamatory feminine feminine fragment future

rel.

pronoun relative

genitive id est, that is

trans.

singular subject supplementary substantive voc.

transitive vocative

Slovene

French

Latin

ITALC

OSC:0-UMBR RIAN

Rumanian Italian Rhaeto-Romance

Faliscan

LATINO-FALI5CAN

Gaulish

BRYTHONIC

GOIDELIC

Gothic

EAST GERMANIC

WEST GERMANIC

NORTH GERMANIC

GERMANIC

SLAVIC

BALTO

PROTO-INDO-EUROPEAN

INDIC

Greek

？

Persian

l

Middle Persian

Hindi Bihari

Sindhi Romany Urdu

"Sogdian

Baluchi Kurdish

Pashto

Assamese Bengali Marathi Gujaratl Punjabi Singhalese

「？ Pahlavi

Old Persian ÿ

Tocharian A Tocharian B Dard

IRAN AN

DARDIC

Hittite Luvian Lydian Lycian

HELLENIC

Armenian

Phrygian

ANATOLIAN

INDO-IRANIAN

TOCHARIAN

Figure １．This chart shows the principal languages of the Indo-European family; arranged in a diagrammatic form that displays their genetic relations and loosely suggests their geographic distribution. Copyright ？ １９８１byHoughton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. Adapted and reproduced by permission from The American HeritageDictionary of the English Language.

Provencal

Catalan

Spanish

Portuguese

Manx

English Middle English Old English Frisian Old Frisian Dutch Middle Dutch ~-Old Dutch Flemish ， Afrikaans ， Old Low German fcll. ， Middle Low German Z Old High German Low German Middle High German (High) German Yiddish Irish Gaelic Scottish Gaelic

－

— － Old Norse

Old Church Slavonic Bulgarian

Icelandic Old celandic Faroese Norwegian ÿMiddle Norwegian Old Norwegian Swedish Middle Swedish Old Swedish Danish Middle Danish Old'Danish

Macedonian

/ÿRussian

EAST SLAVIC

SLAVIC

BALTIC

’Byelorussian Ukrainian

SOUTH SLAVIC

WE5T SLAVIC

Serbo-Croatian

S bvak

Polish

Lithuanian Latvian

Old Prussian

INTRODUCTION

§i, The Greek Language and Its Dialects The Greek language belongs to the Indo-European family of languages. The name "Indo-Euro¬ pean' indicates the geographic area where these languages were originally spoken. The familyincludes most of the languages spoken in Europe, as well as those spoken as far east as ancient Persia,Afghanistanÿ andIndia.By the careful comparison ofvocabulary, morphologyÿ and syntaxÿ scholars have shown that all these languages descended from a common ancestor that is called either Indo-European (IE) or Proto-Indo-European (PIE), which was probably spoken some time inthe fifth millenium b.c.e. (see figure １）．The people who spoke this originallanguage are supposed to have gradually dispersed throughout Europe,Asiaÿ and India) andthe language over time changed differently indifferent places untilthe variety of languages belonging to this family

gradually appeared. No direct evidenceÿ written or archaeologicalÿ survives either for PIE or for the people who spoke it.What is known of the language comes from the comparative study of the languages that descended from it. The study of these languages began at the end of the eighteenth century when Sir William Jones, a lawyer and student of eastern languages, first asserted publicly that Greekÿ Latinÿ and Sanskrit, the language of ancient India, were descended from a common source. The scientific study of the Indo-European languages began inthe early part of the nineteenth century when Franz Bopp compared the forms of the verb in Latin, Greek, Sanskrit, ancient Persianÿ and the Germanic languages, of which English is one.

The Indo-European languages have been analyzed and divided into various subgroups, and Greek belongs to the subgroup called Hellenic. Hellenic comprises many varieties of ancient Greekÿ which are called dialects, for which written evidence has survived.Hie earliest Greek dia¬ lect for which there is surviving written evidence is Mycenean, which was written in a script called Linear B. Evidence for this language and this script has been found in several sites in mainland Greece and on Crete and dates from as early as the late fifteenth century b.cÿeÿ For reasons that are still uncertain, Mycenean culture had experienced a sharp decline by the end of the thirteenth century bÿc.e” andthe Linear B script inwhich the Mycenean dialect was writ¬ ten ceased to be used. No Greek writing survives from the next several centuries, but by the beginning of the eighth century b.C.e. a new alphabet was beingused, andvarious forms ofwriting from this period onward are extant. Linguists now identify about two dozen dialects of Greek (see figure ２ for their geo¬ graphical distribution)ÿ which are known from the thousands of inscriptions that survive) and al-

SP0[BTQ

JO dBp\[ 'Z aJTlSlJ

snadAo

MVIHdAO-OaYOW

saaora

|i.The Creek Lar?guage and its Dialects

though these share basically the same alphabet and many of .the same linguistic features, they also exhibit marked differences in spelling, pronunciationÿ vocabularyÿ and morphology. Although it is likely that speakers of different dialects could have understood one another to some extentÿ there must have been many moments of confusion. Most dialects of Greek may be organized under the following four headingsÿ

－

Arcado Cyprian (two old dialects that seem to have developed from Mycenean) Western Greek or Doric (a large group of dialects that includes Laconianÿ the language of ancient

Sparta) Aeolic (Boeotianÿ Thessalianÿ and Lesbian) Attic-Ionic (two dialects of great literary importanceÿ Attic and Ionic) OBSERVATIONS i.Ionic was spoken and written by Greeks living along the western andsouthwestern coast of Asia Minorÿ on many of the islands close to this coastÿ and in Euboea in mainland Greeceÿ Many of the earliest writers of prose wrote in this dialect, among whom are the philosophers Hialesÿ Anaximander, and Anaxagorasÿ the medical writer Hippocrates; and the historian

Herodotus. ２．The Attic dialect, closely related to Ionic, was spoken and written in Athens and inAttica, the area aroundAthens. It is the language ofÿ among others, the tragedians Aeschylusÿ Sophocles, and Euripides; the comic poet Aristophanesÿ the historians Thucydides and Xenophonÿ the philosophers Plato and Aristotleÿ and the orators Lysiasÿ Isocratesÿ and Demosthenesÿ Because of the prominence given to this dialect by these and other great writersÿ af¬ ter the fifth century b.c.eÿ Attic became the predominant literarylanguage throughout the Greek-speaking world. ３。FromAttic Greek a common dialect eventually developed called Koine （＜KOivrj “common language”), which became the standard language throughout much of the Greekspeaking worldÿ and from which modern Greek developedÿ The New Testament was written in Koine Greek. As the names of the dialects andthe map infigure ２ suggest, different forms of Greek were initially spoken and used in particular localities in the Greek-speaking world. Howeverÿ many,were also shaped by different writers into literary languages, and the importance of their compositions estab¬ lished literary versions of these languages with strict rules of vocabulary and syntax. Different liter¬ ary languages often crossed dialectal borders and once established for a particular type of poetry or writing were usedby writers regardless of their native dialects.The language of the Iliadandthe Odyssey, for exampleÿ shows features of Ionic with a substantial admixture ofAeolic elements.This mixeddialect became associated with poetry written inhexameters (the Homeric meter)ÿ and the poet Hesiod, although a Boeotian) used this mixeddialect inhis hexameter poetry.1The early Ionic prose writers influenced later prose writers to adopt that dialect for their works. Ina similar wayÿ a literary version of Doric became the standard language for choral lyric poetry, and it was used by

i. The Greek of the Iliad and the Odyssey cannot, however, be considered a true literary language because these poems were composed over several centuries by preliterate bards, that is, poets of a culture that lacked die art of writing. This is known as the

oral tradition.

Introduction

４

Athenian tragedians in the choral portions of their tragedies, while the language of the rest of the plays remained Attic. This textbook provides an introduction to Attic Greek. Differences in usage between po¬ etry and prose are pointed out, but for the most part the rules of Attic Greek presented here may be presumed to hold true for the literature of the fifth and fourth centuries b.g.e. Read¬ ings from later writers such as Plutarch and Diogenes Laertius are also includedbecause they wrote in deliberate imitation of the Attic Greek of an earlier time. Readings from writers in other dialects are included as wellÿ along with brief notes about their dialectal differences from Attic.

§２．Pronunciation and Orthography of Attic Greek There were variations inthe pronunciation ofAttic Greek over the course of the centuries inwhich it was spoken and writtenÿ but there is considerable evidence for a standard in pronunciation, and rules approximating that standard are presented here.2 The rules for pronouncingAttic Greek havebeen reconstructed from several types of evidenceÿ The statements of Greek grammarians and Greek authors on specific points of pronuncia¬ tion. Many of these grammarians were contemporaries or near-contemporaries of the an¬ cient authors. ２．The orthography, or writing particularly spelling一of Greek words in inscriptions and manuscripts.Ancient spelling, bothinGreek and inother ancient languagesÿ was considerably less standardized than modern spelling. Variations in spellingusually indicate differences in pronunciation. ， ３－ Iherepresentation or transliteration of Greekwords inother languages and the representation or transliteration offoreignwords in Greek. The transliteration ofnames, inparticular, provides valuable information about pronunciation. ４．The grammatical and poetic structure of Greek. This includesthe evidence available from the meters of Greek poetry. ５． The etymology of Greek words and the development of Greek words in other languages. ６． Greek wordplay and onomatopoeia (the formation of words to imitate sounds). １．

—

Alphabet The Greek alphabet used in modern printed texts has twenty-four letters. The following chart presents them intheir Greek order alongwith their conventional names and guidelines for pronun¬ ciation with English equivalents.

２．For the presentation of pronunciation the authors are indebted to W. S. Aliens Vox Graeca (Cambridge, ３ｒｄ ed.; １９８７）； although they have not followed it in all particulars.

•pouad aupxrezAg aip in SITBaUI vSdlUO pUB ＇（久9(bq“ + 0>)“0 0pTl„ SITC3UI UOUOllUQ *S|3M0A 5{duiIS 9ip O) J3J3J Oÿ 0SOIB OS[B SUU3ÿ 3S31JX ？（於丄＃ ＋ ０ ＞）“０§凡， p9[JBXU ［； a １０ (v ub tiaqM sii［； 9Dtm; ApiÿvaTxoÿdde s9ÿb; uj -pMOA joqs b sb 3Dxinouojd o; 'ÿX\VYib pUB ÿV\Umib ipoq 3AEI| SpMO/ÿ ＇Ｉ ０； |3MOA §UO| Y *pMOA B JO VÿoU2\ SJ9J9J

、

； sXvMfV ；

'QnOJDBIEI

； ；

2uo\

SN0IXYA"Sa:S90

:SpMOA 3AgJO Sÿ3S OMÿ SBI| ５｜３９１０

sÿdiJDspy pnB s;doDsqn§ b;oj pnB rsSnoi［； qdiQ ’ spMÿA 60§I9pun Sp.TOM>p3I0 Au2JJ1 ？Bl［？． st sjubuosuod SuouiB suop sa§xiBip 9ip ui piiB spjOM. >{99J0 jo xioi;Bnijoj 9i|ÿ ui ju'epoduix -B|3J 9X|1 SnipUB5-SJ3pn{| #S1UBU0SU0D ？３９１９ JOJ snn对 3S3ip TqÿIM IBipiIIBj 3q QJ ljBSS333U SI ； I noipiM. paDunouoidsqlBiu ;eqi punos Suissxq b 例 不3jq b ； }.UB|iqis 3U0 puB fa§Bssed [esBU ３？１ ni uoiiBiqiAipiM psonpoid 3ib jBip spunos Ya. H) spsBn paipo lp9§uo|Ojd sqlBiu ； Bip spunos ((d ’乂） spmbrf pd\\ÿo sjubuosuod omj sbi| os{b siubuosuod 0M4

-0SU03 OM4 aip ’ (J3丄 -9J aiB SÿBXIOSXICO OMÿ

ÿ| B Xq p03B|d3J 9JB SÿIIBU Aq p9M0|]0jÿ SI \vp\vd iuv USI{ÿ 。水 B lqp33B]|d piCM ÿ39J0 如士 ’ÿg.3) pjOMÿa3I0 B IIID ÿ A(\ p3M0|J0I SI ]V!qVl iuV ！１３１｛／八 ＇￡

，yos ３评d

isuiÿSb y 't[.].39]. punos b si （“印可b(J 3ip ０？ SxixaBpjJ ？＂４４ Snisn paonpoid si 3n§noj aqj. SupBjd Xq (spEin /qjQcIojd punos b si (“ip;列 sip. o; §ui' psDiipoid si

Xqdejioqÿo pus uoippunuoJcj

Introduction

vowels together. The quantity of a diphthong is equivalent to that of a longvowel. The eight diph¬ thongs of Greek are cu, ei, oiÿ vi, av, ov, and r\v. They are pronounced as follows: .atas the iof high ei as the

a of late

０１ as the

oy of boy

in as

a combination of u and i(uwi) or as the wi of twin

av as the ow of how

zv as a combination of e and u ov as the oo of fool

rp hardly different from ev OBSERVATIONS

Ihere is no English sound corresponding to the Greek diphthong m. As its spelling indicatesÿ it is a combination of the short vowels v and ipronounced as one sound. The sound is approximated in the swift pronunciation of the vowels inBedouin (pronounced as if spelled “Bedowin”). ２．There is no English sound corresponding to the Greek diphthong eu. As its spelling indicates, it is a combination of the short vowels ￡and v pronounced as one sound. IfElmer Fudd pro¬ nounced very (vewy), the ew would closely resemble the Greek sound. i.

InAttic Greek there are three additional diphthongs, which combine a longvowel (aÿ rj, or co) with and on. InAttic Greek the iinthese diphthongs was very lightly pronounced, and by the an iÿ di, second centuryÿB.C.E. it was not pronounced at all. Eventuallyÿ the iwas not even writtenÿ but since it was important for spelling and distinguishing words, the scholars of the Middle Ages began to write it under the appropriate long vowel. This iis called an iota subscript. When the iis written next to the long vowelÿ it is called an iota adscript. Iota subscript

；說賴g芬：．

Iota adscript j

When the first letter of such a diphthong is capitalizedÿ the iis always written as an adscript. ÿdoifi adscript

OBSERVATIONS

long;aIphg with an iota subscript or adscript appears in this text, the macron over the alpha is regularly omitted. ２．For a long time, only the iota subscript was used in representing the lowercase versions of these diphthongs in modern editions of ancient texts, but in recent years iota adscripts have l.When a

•iÿoq op siaqio pnÿ ruoxj

-Bjonb axp jo J9ÿ3| isig: 9tp dziiÿideo sj3ipo （（“”） qsi|Sug[ ux sb ？平bxix uoiÿÿonb asn 9Uios ’ xpasds L[SIM SÿX9J ？［９９１０ paÿUIjd UJ9pOXXIJO SJ0;i'p3 U3I［从e'p0Sri SI JUIod II0I}BinBpX9 OJSJ P3Jip 3}BDipUI ０；

汰９０幻又亨

ÿOQviv ？＇

(uop)DTiu3s qsi]Sug ．１ ； (;0p p9SIBJ ． (loppasra.B).

>[jmi uopsariÿ) uq°D

９．，－ uo]03ixuas

：威P0照

(t[ST]§U3UT SB)' VvVi ÿoiivnpufifj

ÿA.90B知

BUIU103

(l}ST|guaUISB)'

'AO0t)Xw

djdmvxÿ

:§uimo{|OJ 3ip

3sn uoxixxuoD ui s平bui uoiiBnpurid.ai|X •X{Si|Su3 ui pssti 9S0iqi o; pDpuspi ３几 q3ii|M

JO 9HI0S ÿp3ppB S)pBUI UOTJBtipund pUB pÿpiAip SpiOM I|1TM p9iUTld MOU 9JB SÿX3J ？９３１０ ÿU3pUB ； ÿuopBnpuiid on jsouijB puB spioM u33M;aq sÿ9jq ou pBi[ s§ni}iiM s3I{jb9 atp t[2not[i{Y noiÿBtipunÿ

esj3>p9ds utsi{§ug;ÿc[ psDunouojdi({|Bnsn ÿ.ou si uoijBJidsB siiqÿ 。（如工“土） dmlid :9]duiBxa jo 彐 SUI§3q piOMBJJ

ÿp-BUI §XIIipE3iqI|§I10IB S3AI9D9J sjg 3SBDJ9ddn (i9ÿ3{ ；

； sjg asBDjaddn

S/CvMfV 1UBH0SXI0D ９１［？ ＜（０平）(J JUBUOSUOD

§uoi[)i{dip bjo pMOA puoods ddoqv Suii[iB9jq xpooms) i[dip b jo pMOA puoods 9AoqB Suii[ÿ9jq ipooius) (Suoi［； (pMOA asBDjaddn duofdq §uii[;B3jq ipoouis) ({9M0A 9SBDJ3M0| ddOqV §UTI[JB0jq xpoouis) Suoqÿqdip b jo |9moa puoods ddoqv §uii[ÿ3jq qSnoj) (Suoi[ÿndip b jo pMOA puoods 9doqv Suxi{;B9jq qSnoj) (pMOA 9SBDiaddn duopq 3uit[ÿ0jq ijSnoi) (pMOA asBDJ3M0] dnoqv §uii|;B9jq qSnoj)

piÿiQ

ppqo

pdoXv c>)3d|v osdit)

5o§o, 5ogo

:a|duiBX9 joj sSnotp UO p9DB|d SI epMOA 9SBDJ9ddtl UB dJOpq p9DB|d SI IIepMOA 3SBDI9M.O| B -Ijdlp BJO |9M0A puoods ９１［； ddoqv paDÿ|d si §uap'e9iq iijooms b jo i|§noiy °pjoM dmpSuiuuxSaq 3ip 3rB pnnos-ÿ ou si 3iax|j saiBDipui §uiipB3iqqiooxnsy epioM 9ipjo SuinuiSaqsip jb psDunouoid aqppoqs (uoiÿBiidsB pa||BD jib １０ ;tio §uiMO|q 3ip) punos-i/ ub 4-bxtj sai"6Dipni §mx|iB3iq qSnoi y 。斗tbui （‘）Suit|paiq ipooins b 化 pdiuvdiuooov dq pnm １１ rpjOM b suiSaq Sxxoipq兩p jo pmoA b jSAanatjÿ １０ G) Sii|i|pajq iqSiioj b

s§ni"qp9ig ipooxns pxiB qSnoÿj •aaoNfiCNOÿd es ainoHSXdraosavyxoi mv hom xdinosans yxoi my hkhiiÿixT 'sÿdiiDsqns bÿoi sssn ４ｘ０；sii|£ 'uctnxnoD ajoin 3mo33oL

６

XqdEÿSoijÿo Pim uoÿepunuoÿ

Introduction

Syllabification A Greek word has as many syllables as it has vowels and diphthongs. When a word is divided into syllablesÿ each syllable should begin with a consonant whenever possible. For example:

Gd/va/Toÿ （３syllables) Gs/oiÿ （２syllables) i/xt/Qv/kz/ crav （５syllables)

Ifthere are two or more consonants in a row, the last consonant goes with the following syllableÿ

cruÿcpopd

cruÿ/90/pd

epyov TtoXkaKiCj

£p/yoT ÿolAA/icig

If) however, the combination of two consonants is a mute (\, p), the two consonants are kept togetherÿ aicrÿpog

aicr/ÿpog

OTtXov

o/tuXov

民 ９， B, ０，\c, y;

followed by a liquid

The last three syllables of a Greek word are known as the antepenult, penult, and ultimaÿ last syllable ＝ ultima (“last”ÿ second lo last syllable ＝ penult (“almost last”) third to last syllable ＝ antepenult (“before almost last”)

0d/

antepenult

va/

penult

T05

ultima

， DRILL ２ E-IC MAY NOW BE DONE. §３．Accentuation １： The Possibilities of Accent Almost every Greek word has one of three kinds of accent marks over the vowel or diphthong in one particular syllable.5 These accent marks originally indicated various changes in tone or pitch as followsÿ

，

，

acute accent （＇）

raised tone

grave accent （、 ） circumflex (’6

no change in tone or tone raised less than for an acute

raisedand lowered tone

Although changes in tone also occur when English words are pronounced, more prominent is a stress accent, by which one syllable of an English word is pronounced more loudly or with greater

、、

５．There are some words that have no accents, and in certain situations some words might have two accented syllables. ６．The circumflex can be written or

§3» Possibilities of Accent

emphasis than the others.7 The accented syllables in Greek words usually receive a stress accent (rather than a change of tone) when pronounced by speakers of English. This stress accent sounds the same no matter what kind of accent mark appears. For exampleÿ &v0pomov (antepenult is stressed) toio'Bto? (penult is stressed) dya0d (ultima is stressed) An accent is placed above a vowel or abovethe second vowel of a diphthong, Ifa syllable with a rough or smooth breathing is accented, an acute or grave accent is placed to the right of the breathings and a circumflex is placed above the breathing: TEKÿpio'v (acute accent above a vowel) eraipog (circumflex above the secondvowel of a diphthong) ay (grave accent above a vowel to the right of a smooth breathing) 6\ov (acute accent above a vowel to the right of a rough breathing) olicoÿ (circumflex above a smooth breathing above the secondvowel of a diphthong)

An accent for a capitalizedvowel is placed before thevowelratherthanabove itWhen the first vowel of a diphthongis capitalizedÿ the accent is placed above the second vowel Howeverÿ when a diphthong contains an iota adscript, the accent is placed before the vowelÿ

"EKTwp (acute accent to the right of a roughbreathing before an uppercase vowel) Afcrcov (acute accent to the right of a smooth breathing above the second vowel of a diphthong with an uppercase first letter) 'AiSrjg (acute accent to the right of a rough breathing before an uppercase letter followed by an iota adscript)

No matter how long a Greek word is, its accent may appear only on the ultima, the penult, or the antepenult that is, on one of the last three syllables. Each accent shouldbe considered part of the spelling of each Greek word and should be learned with care and precision. As a word changes its form (e.g.ÿ as a noun becomes plural or a verb changes tense), or as it appears in a particular place in a sentence, the accent on a word may change either in the type of accent or in the syllable over whichthe accent appears or both. Changes inaccentÿ however, are limited according to six unchang¬ ing rules for the possibilities of accent.

—

１。

a

２．

a

？３．

a

４．

a

５． ６．

a a

p p

(if ultima is followed by another word) (if ultima is followed by a punctuation mark that signals a pause)

u u

(n(5fgÿÿiblei£p§jaullislongandultimaissh0rt) p p p

，

u (uÿ

、

(ultima must be short) (ultima must be long) ／ (if penult is long and is accented and IFultima is short)

７．Sometimes more than one of the syllables in an English word is stressed.

Introduction

i2

OBSERVATIONS

i. In the rules pictured above, a, p, and １１ represent the last three syllables of any Greek word. A breve (w) represents a short vowel. A syllable having neither of these marks may contain a short vowel, a long vowel, or a diphthong. 二 一一 一一 、 ２．The grave accent (rule l) appears pnlyi over the ultimo. Whenever a word having an acute ac¬ cent on the ultima isibllowed by anotEerword witEno intervening punctuation) the accent changes fromixi acute to a gravÿÿ Thusÿ every grave accent was originally an acute accent that to change to a gravebecause of the flow of the words in a sentence. When an ultima wapforced grave hark stressed. it need not be accent, - － － － ＇ —－ ．．．．． － － the－ ultima (rule ２） if２．pause indicatedby some sort of over Tfie acute accent may appear ３． puÿuation (periodÿ commaÿ semi-colon, question mark) follows immediately. Theiiltima_ may be longor short. ４．The acute accent may appear over the penult (rule ３） except when the penult contains a long vowel or diphthong andthe ultima contains a short vowel. Ifthe penult must be accented un¬ der these conditionsÿ it is accented with a circumflex (rule ６）．， － } Hie accent (rule the over acute may appear antepenult ４） pnly iftheÿxMihd. ５． ： contains a(Short vowel. 7 ６．Ihe circumfle?; may appear over the ultima (rule ５） anly0he ultima contains aflong)vowel or iiiDhthongÿ A cvr'cumflex(never appears over a short vowS. Macrons are regularly omvt£ed from asyllable that has a circumflex because the accent mark itself indicates that the vowel is long. ７．The circumflex may appear over the penult (rule ６） only ifthe penult contains a longvowel or diphthong andthe ultima is short. A circumflex never appears over a short vowel. Ifthe penult of a word containing a long vowel or diphthong (a so-cafled longpenult) is to be accentedÿ and the ultirha contains a short vowel (a so-called short ultima), tKe accent on that penult must be a 、一 circumflex.

—

、

－－－－

＿－－－－－－－

－－－－－

．．．．．． ．．．

、

人

Memorize and be able to write from memory the six rules for the possibilities of ACCENT.

？ DRILL ３ MAY NOW BE DONE.

§４．Vocabulary Morphologyÿ and Syntax Elementarylanguage study may be divided into three partsÿ vocabularyÿ morphology, and syntax.

Vocabulary Vocabulary refers first to the acquisition of the English meanings of words in another language. Thus, the Greek word crotpia means "wisdom"ÿ the word 入会丫w means "say, tell. Inaddition to Eng¬ lishmeanings vocabulary encompasses certain other important elements that give crucial informa¬ tion about gender (for nouns)ÿ stems, and parts of speech. Afull vocabulary entry (the way the word appears inthe dictionary) includes all these pieces of information. Always memorize the full

'SWÿl 1VDIXDYXNAS dSDWCTIOS 11V KÿS.VK'J eaDUBJB9(IdB JSjgÿ JX3t|ÿ p p3DBjp|Oq sXbm.|b 3jb sxuia; 0S3i]x 'paugsp puB paonpojiui 3jb sxniai pDipBÿuis ÿ39jg Man ÿooq;x35. sii［； ssjxnbsj aDuaÿuas xix spiOM ai[ijo xÿuAs aip jo nox;Bog:pu9pi at［； ［； ？９９１９

jno-qSnojiix ÿDU9jxi9s

ejo no只平ubjj diÿmooY 'xbiuIs ？９３１３ １１１ p3sn osp aiB xbÿuIs i[si|Su3jO sinia; iaq;o pi3A3S puB x卿Xs qsi|§ug;jo S3|duiBX9 9JB pafqo pajtp puB ’ pafqo paiipui ‘paf—s suiia; 3S3xp puB ’

jiS ？ 'WdQ

psfqns

jaxpora

p3[qo pajip pafqo pajxpin

:3DU9JU9S 3ip §UIUB3XIi 3;0{dlUOD 01{1X.3AUOD d|3I[ ； JO B J3ipOIXI SII{ 9Aÿ§ UBQ?? SUO!piItlJ pDpBiniUBJ§ }U3J3ÿ[ip 9ABI[ |{B “识§，，pUB l|SI|§U5 9ip UJ *pjOM JO XBÿnls 叩SI dOUdÿUdS V Ul piO/H t? fo UOtpunfIVOjiVtUlUVjS 9t[l 3DXI3;U3S

XB;n/§ '\VV\U2SS2 St suuof /(uvtu $(ÿ99df) fo'hdpPtU

tÿjSu丑 uvtÿ dSvnSuvf puv ÿSoioijdj-otu 平！和丑 iwip Mtsudÿxd duotu /Cjÿvudptsuoo si XSojoijdj.otu puf) ’ imou ai]X pdp9]fui dxovu v st cpdjf) doutÿ "suijoj 0JOUI jo us;ui siÿddx XpBjiiSaj ÿsbjjuod Xq ’ (aAissassod jÿ|tiSxns) sSop (jBjnSms) Sop

(3Aiss3ssodpinjd) ‘s§op ([Bjrqd) s§op

unou i[Si{§u3 ai|ÿ ’ snxÿ ÿsj3ipo xiBip

rsuijoj inojA\uo ui sjBsddB XpÿpSsi (sxnioj dxom 3abi|) papajjux aioxn sjb S9§Bn§xiB{ 9ino§

Su}3uVip ９１（￡ •SUOOJ 9{dll eHO|P9|JIII p9{|BD SI SujUVdUl pdSuVtp /(ddUOJ ０％ SXItlOU ０？ |{3M SB SpU3|X3 l§0|0I|dl0]/\[ -|HLU 3A它I|ÿBX|ÿ I|339dsJO SJJbJ ldl[lO UTBJjaO pUB 'S3ATP0[p-B ’

tUIoffo

—

pat[SnB{ ＜－ i{SriB|

:pa-jo uoijippB 9ip Iqpaxniqj si sqj3A i|si|§ug Iublujo 9Sii9j jsbJ 9ip 'z S90§

TiopippB 9q? Aq painioj si sqjÿA -qsi|Sug isomjo xraoj asnaj

oS

SXjSnBj ＜－ L|SllB| :S9- JO S- JO

u3S9id jBjnSuis nosjsd-pjiip aip ei ；

:paniB3| aq jsnui X§o|oirdioui qi3A jo S9D9id shoiiba i|s!i§uguj'sSbuShbiu9ai§ b ui叫可 spioMsuuofpmdff}p axppipnjs stp sx /C3opt[(lwjf ÿ|dxiiBX9 joj ’

iSopqdjo賣 e-q§rtoii0 sq 3iiop3 SuraBsin "qsi{Sug; aiqx 'asNÿvsTÿ ss ox cmÿM.丛

ÿraAsn ijim

i hdys "eo ！

xe;uXs pue fXSojCi|djoÿ. f/je|nqBDOA

vmayd qa

十§

CHAPTER １

—— ——— 一— ——

—— —— —— —— — —

dyopd; dyopagÿ rj agora, marketplace1 oiKidf oiKidÿ rj house aoÿtd, crocpiaÿ r| wisdom

(rvyiÿopd, cnÿcpopajÿ, r\ circumstanceÿ

misfortuneÿ disaster ÿcopdÿ r\ landÿ country

—

ÿov\r\, pouAfjgÿ r\ will; plan; council; advice 丫vc&p], yycoÿqÿ rj judgment; spirit, inclination; opinion Skrj, 8ikt|ÿ y\ justice eipr\yr]f eiprjvr]ÿ r\ peace 人evr], r\ Helen ÿV\, x呢 n tattle 々souÿ life force

AlelavSpoÿÿ AAÿdvSpou, ６ Alexander av0pco7ro

ÿSpsfqilS 9IB

•poS b smooaq [jjMimn ３可工 -uaÿnb b si uÿpn #9Ap.BUIUI0]sJ ajBDIpMÿ B p3{|BD SI 识3UI3{3 SlUÿ pUB

rpd(qns ０％ ÿivriinbd si \v\\i ÿ.udiudp uv Ac[Xdi{ÿi inqpsfqo psjyp b Lqÿou psMQ[{Oj si qj3A§uiÿxiT]ÿ S2 xpns rsqj9A ui-eaiSQ Y (scpA Sup|;ni|ÿ １０ aAiÿpidoD ÿ\]ÿo sib /ni33S” pub Jdxjj.ooÿq j}

saÿjado.4ÿ

$i\

pue unoÿ >jÿD ３４丄 cg|

Chapter i

２４

Inthe sentence “To the Corinthians war is inevitable/' the phrase “to the Corinthians” expresses the persons with reference to whom or in whose opinion "war is inevitable？” “To the Corinthians" would be expressed in Greek by the word “Corinthians” in the dative case) and the syntax of that wordwould be Dative of Reference.No separate Greek word corresponding to the Englishpreposi¬ tion “to” would be usedÿ such an idea is contained within the dative case ending. Inthe sentence "She struck him with a sword/‘ the phrase “with a sword” indicates what “she”

used to strike “him/’ the instrument by means of which “she struck him.” “With a sword" would be expressed in Greek by the word “sword” in the dative case, and the syntax of that word would be Dative of Means (or Dative of Instrument).No separate Greek word corresponding to the English preposition “with’’ wouldbe usedÿ such an idea is contained within the dative case ending. Inthe sentence "Inthe house he is safe, the phrase “in the house” expresses an idea of location. It answers the question ieWhere is he safe?” The prepositional phrase “in the house” would be ex¬ pressed in Greek by the word “house” in the dative cÿse preceded by a preposition meaning “in.”

Accusative Case used to express the direct object of a verb used following certain prepositions

Inthe sentence “Ihe poet composes a song/’ the noun "song” is the direct object of the verb “com¬ poses” because the action of the verb “composes” is directly exerted on the object “song.’’ “Song” wouldbe expressed in Greek inthe accusative caseÿ andthe syntax of that word would be Accnsative. Direct Object. Inthe sentence “The army was moving toward the city/’ the words "the city” express the place toward which the "army was moving.” "Toward the city” would be expressed in Greek by the word “city” inthe accusative caseÿrecededbyaprepositionmeaning“toward.” Manyideas ofmotiontoward, into, or against are expressed in Greek by a noun in the accusative case preceded by a preposition.

Vocative Case —used for addressing someone directly

Inthe sentence “Tell me, friendÿ why you are here/' the word "friend" expresses the person being

addressed directlyby the speaker of the sentence. The word “friend” wouldbe expressed in Greek inthe vocative caseÿ usually preceded by a Greek word similar to the English interjection “０．”

-IU9§ JI3ipÿ

•0T§ 99S '3ptJJB

3lpJO １１０口珥liaS3jd 0;9jduiOO 它 J0»J ＊９

'bo- ui pna l|[Btisn iB|n§uis 3Ap smioj B9lS B 3ABl[ UOTSU3p0p pill JO SUtlOÿÿ °£ 'SUIJOJ JB|nSuiS aATÿBUTUIOUJO AÿdU2A ；

2uo\

*UOISU3p3p puoods 3ip ０｝

ui /to- jo 5o- ui Suipua sxirioN ？： -9q iBjnSuis 3ai;iu0§ axp ut ao- piiB jBjtiSuis aAiÿuimou 9i［； •UOISU9p9p puif axp ０４ Suopq IE|tl§UIS 3AIÿIU9§ 9X|ÿ UI Sli- JO 5p- pUB IB]n§XXIS 3ATÿUIIU0n 9X{} UI U- JOV- UISnipU3 SIiriON ＊１

SNOIXYAHESaO

ÿcjx)

０ ho丄９乂 {bolo\

pjOM

０１ (aoyÿq (xoÿg

po;

Ujoo 6o/vorfpg ’ Aÿripg

ipoq XÿraiAip

ÿnain§pn( xuopsiM.

９丄

U’ U

xioisuapÿQ pjiijx

U0ISUap9Q pU0D9§

， (mÿoo

uoisnapaQ }sxiÿ

:a[dinBX3 joÿj o(s)§niuBaxn i|si|Sug 9ip pxiB o; sÿi9pu9§ sppjB alp jo snuoj aÿBDipux (3ipw ivinSuxs ddiÿvmtuou sanp 3i|ijo auo (xv\n%u\s ddtÿtudS 9i|j xxi ÿsuibiuod unonÿa9J0 b jojiLqus Aiÿ\nqBO oa ]|iijy •sSnipua dsÿo p sjas 3Aipnx;sxp umo sjt sbi{ uoisuspap xpB9 puB (i\uo (xv\nÿuis ddtputtuou 9i|i ’ jspjo SniMO||Oj

uotsudpdf duo ０？ sSnopq nnon xpeg esuo|SU9pap pa||B3 ssijixuBj saup uipsdnoiS mb snnou

snoisuap3Q 33Ji|工 diÿ 之§ •3Noa mmoist avw ９ uraa

泰

SSajppB P91ip

(*sd9j[d

jsuiÿ2ÿn f/oÿ(ui[)w

“’

3ApBÿ0A

-z

P3[qO P3Jip ．１

—

(''sdajdmiM.ÿ no tT> ／

\ － f\T unojsj '6§ 6z

uotsuapan puoDSf

-fif

Chapter i

３０

３．All second-declension nouns have an alternate dative plural ending, -oicn(v)) which appears inAttic poetry and in other dialects. This alternate ending has a nu movable. Be prepared to RECOGNIZE THIS ALTERNATE ENDING WHEN IT OCCURS IN READINGS.

Case Endings of the Second Declensiorx: Neuter ：士说為：，紹＇ Singular

Nominative/Vocative

-ov -ou

Genitive Dative Accusative

－ 督，一“丫

-Plural

r

;

-a -cov

： ：－ｏｋ； -a

＇Ｖ＇■＂ -ov

１

！

；；

．？

Memorize these endings, down the singular and then down the pluralÿ and be PREPARED TO RECITE THEM QUICKLY.

To decline a neuter noun of the second declensionÿ add these endings to the stem. For exampleÿ

？

－ stem

tekvov, T£kvov; to ＜｝ ~>

＝

-t£kv-

child ．

－

‘

＝

－

？＿

， ？？土：二

■－

、：：

， c ？，二巧－一“七，，

T

？:vÿÿ

v

AO-r. ::

－ －－，

Singular

Nom./Voc.

T£KVOV

XEKVOV

xeow T£KVO*V

T£KVa

T8KVC0V

Dat. T£KVa

child (sub)ÿ or pred. nom.) child (d.a.) of a child; from a child to/forÿ by/withÿ in a child child (d.o.)

children (subj. or pred. nom.) children (d.a.) of childrenÿ from children to/forÿ by/withÿ in children f ； ÿ: ： children (d.o.) －

OBSERVATIONS

i.Neuter nouns of the second declension are distinguished from the masculine/feminine nouns by the ending -ov inthe nominative/vocative and accusative singular and by the ending -a in the nominative/vocative and accusative plural. In all neuter nouns in Greek the accusative ending is identical with the nominative/vocative ending, both in the singular and in the plural. ２．The persistent accent on xekvov (given by the nominative singular) remains unchanged

throughout the declension.

３．All second-declension nouns have an alternate dative plural endingÿ -oicri(v); which appears inAttic poetry and in other dialects. This alternate ending has a nu movable. Be prepared to RECOGNIZE THIS ALTERNATE ENDING WHEN IT OCCURS IN READINGS.

To the declensions of voÿio? and xIkvov one may compare the declensions of several other second-

declension nouns:

．

|io. The Article Qtocÿ deov, ６ or i)

avdpwnoc; avdpwTcoVj ６ or t\ huirian being Stem ： d-vOpo)ÿ-

godÿ goddess 0£Stem ：

３，

＿

ÿQov, ÿQV} TO animal aÿ Stem ＝ ;ÿw-

．

？

，

：

avQpooizoÿ a\Qpibizov dvQp

S9i|SiM 9q uof IpuBj ai{ÿ xiiojj ÿno Usui asiM

•i3V3a3 aorilio aox dvi iiÿXdw .i3uÿ3K \J t

／

o

？

．

＇

■－

■■

V

■

＿？■，

i

,/o-i

？

—5UX

w

？

．

？．

V

．

‘/joj” paÿpuBJÿ si dvX ljo;BUB{dx3 uy ÿ(d於I \vsnvo jo ho;

-vuv\dxd) auo §rapa.D9jdB joj uosvdu dtÿ suwjdxd ［；ddu3;u9S jo 9stiBp b saonpojÿui uaÿo *a3U3ÿ -uas e ni pjok ÿsig 9i|ÿ pdovjdA\jÿ\n2dj st 努 9snBD9q uoipun(uoD ÿApisodÿsod b pa[ÿD si dwX

J3ÿv\

和

：，：爾忘；

pspadxg)

(i oÿv jo ft0A,]0>iÿf:s3SBJiid •Xpnand reuoi取sodaid T. I i -I. １ l l~L ＿ ＿ ？／

？

如

t

“ Di|qndw jo (kxm jo J3quinu b ui 3p卩邳3ip \no\\ÿm pasn osp si aApuÿsqiis JBpSuis jaÿnau axjÿ (9Ai;ug;sqtis pjnÿj9;nau 3i|x c;;u3inujaACjS al|5w jd -Baiÿ DTÿqiid 9ipw SUB9UI o; SJ3J9J puB Xpu9iibajj sm6obÿCoxw->i oiTi9)A.puBÿsqns jÿpSuis J3;n9u axjjÿauiijd 'uopti;i;suo3 ÿoddds'e sb s2mvfl ipns Xj!poto 众姐一开｜？会 '(9;BAud o; pasoddo 沾）“:ÿqnd” sxib9txi osjbÿSÿuoÿ b

sSnpqxiÿuinxj o; uouiiiiod ('(cpis) saunÿjojsiui ０？４ ]t)/iio5i Swÿcpdgxv p wdoiriai) w ： ■

pajÿqs ('(qns) 9{ru 9ijÿ liÿioÿi U liXdt) li-

suBÿiBdg puB suBiuoqÿY ９？ /ic*)mot?ii?g3>i?)v １１５５１

UOUIIIIOD 9l[l

４０？０４ ÿ041C3ÿ: ４０？：； ÿpaiBi{s jo uouiuiod si §uii|ÿuios moi|M ipiMjo o; ajdoad jo nosjad ai[ÿ jo ÿApÿp xo 9Ap.inaS UOUIUIOD UI B IqpaTUBduiOODB aqÿBIU 5oA.10>i 9SU9S SIl|4 UJ *(SJ9§UBp rSMB| ’说S 3tp ÿpJ) SJ3I|;0 p90uapadx9 jo p|3i|Siqifpnios SuiqpDsap １１３１［从 fcp3JB"qs” jo (uouiujoo)} subÿui 49/ucm ４１０）１

，

如

１ sdsuds asaip jo J9i|;p u\ 'igYPÿjo aÿisoddo ÿ sb pssn si ； 03UBJB9ddB {BDTsXlfd SUOSJ9(3 B JO p0SH OS|B SI ÿ as|nj9UIBX|Sj? JO £r|nj93EI§S'ipw

‘fÿÿ§n” §UIIIB9l[I suB3in os puB

—

（５０兄０，於）“3xxiei[s” jo K9DBj§sip3} SmiiBOTi uiiou b o; psÿBpj si ÿo6Xd}v (vw

nq 9dioa sAissÿd 3ip ni sjBÿddB omih% faDioA ajppTui dir\ uiSm)si ； /uefnqeDOA

Chapter ３

5S

Confirming 丫&p often occurs in.questions with the omission of several elementsÿ where it is used to ÿ seek confirmatibiiÿas well as in'answersÿ where aaother speaker indicates his or her agreement with wRatwas-just'said. Insuch cases yap is often- iÿranslatable.

r

＿

．．．．．

！；＞＞＇；：

v',

．．

－

．

ÿ

‘“ ．

．．

．

r

．． ．

,U

v

？於潘蓉费．灰乾钱凉广

．．．

？

－

，

－ ＇Ｖ． r-;v

． ．

‘

＇

，

？

V\V-,ÿ

jflviiAiÿeiavTreplTJÿTioXiTiSv eAeyov. ０６ 7«pÿ ; :Iwas speaking the truth about the citizens. (Indeed) (was I) not? (seeks confirmation)

．．

．

Ir'v'ÿÿÿÿ'--/

‘

A. xf|v dXr|0eiav Trepi rwv jroXiTwv cXeyov. B. 7rcpi yap tovt(w icai jtepi tov ９０？０１）． A. Iwas speaking the truth about the citizens.

B. Indeed (you were speaking the truth) about these men and about their fear, (indicates agree¬ ment with what was just said) －

—

to form particle combina¬ ydp is often joined with other particlesjÿÿjaxictionÿ and tions with specialized meanings. Twol:ommon ones are extensions of explanatory ydpiÿaiÿag) “for in fact, and,dHaÿdp)fbut as a matter of fact/' f

Ssis a

pÿsfÿsiÿe conjunction that introduces a word, clauseÿ or sentence that differs from what

precedes. When 8e intrÿoduceÿsomethingjiÿor|trast with what precedes (adversative Se), it is trans¬ lated “but”; adversativejilsÿeaker than dAXÿfWhen Si introduces something additional or new (connective Sd), it is translated “and.” Connective Si usually indicates that there is continuity in thought from one clause to the next. Context usually makes clear which Se occurs in a particular sentence.

＿

．． ．．． ． － － 况 S Ox av Ttepl 少枚如 碎 丫sv/tou(the first person singular present “primary element”) because active indicative). OmegavÿAs die also called thematic the stems before endings indi¬ of their stems havevAematie.TOwels (»o- or －￡－） cating personÿ numberÿ and voice (personal endings) are added. The resulting combinations of thematic vowels and personal endings are commonly presented as endings for various tenses.8 When one generates a complete set offorms of.a_particular tense and voice of a Greek verb, one is said to conjugate the verb in that(tensÿ andjÿoicdÿ and the resulting set of forms is called a —caojggatioiiÿ 蒙

DRILL

２５－２６ MAY NOW BE DONEÿ

§２７，Present Active Indicative of Omega Verbs To form the present active indicative of an omega verb:

the present stem by removing the -co from the first principal part ２． add the following primary active endingsÿ9

１。take

７．The final -ai of -Ki7iav\iai counts as short for purposes of accent. ８．A second group of verbs have/ÿiB as the ending in principal part １ and are called -\ii verbs or athematic verbs because they

lack thematic vowels. See §５５． ９．Tenses that areÿresent or faturein time are calledTpSiiaiy tensgs-(§24). ■

lir

丨

？

C\( （ ？？

Chapter ３

６６

Person

Singular

１

-co

２

３

．．．

．

．．

-£i(ÿ ＇？

．■■■＂＇ ＇■：＇

，．‘

，\

we

-OLiev

-ere

ÿ

heÿ she, it

-£i

．

r;'~' ＊ -r \

Plural

I you :

．

you \pLj

—

．．．

-oucri(v) they ．．．． ， ＂

．

．

■

？

；

．

■■

＇

．．

、

－ ． ．－ －？

■

Memorize these endingsÿ down the singular and then down the pluralÿ and be PREPARED TO RECITE THEM QUICKLY. OBSERVATIONS

endings is in origin a combination of a thematic vowel （－０－ or -e-) and one of the primary active personal endings. Only inthe first and second person plural end¬ ings (-oÿiev and -ste) do the thematic vowels （－０－ or －￡－） and the personal endings （卞sv, -ts) remain distinct and unchanged. ２．The ending of the third person plural has a nu in parentheses, which is called a nu movable or a movable nu （§８；Observation ５，p. ２７）．This nu usually appears as part of the third person plural form when the word to which it is attached either is followed by a word beginning with a vowel or is the last word in a clause or sentence. １．Each of the primary active

Thusÿ the present active indicative conjugation of itavio isÿ Present Stemÿ

"t.丄； V.:’’*"* ．二． ？、．： ； ． ：？；！．－ １

－１

j

“

i-

？

＊＇＊

Singular １

navw

２ 7taU£l(ÿ

３

Tiauei

＿

Ttav．

“

．．

■

：

－ ． ．－ ？

．． ‘．： ‘ －■

． ，＂＊？

－７

Ｖ

－－

rv

？

r"s-

：！

：

－

“

J

：： ．． ． ： ？

r

‘

－

Iam stopping (trans.) you are stopping (trans.) heÿ she, it is stopping (trans.)

Plural １ arauoÿsv ２ Trauere

３

7taUODao'Y303 A/iprl)

"suoiuBdmoD im qDB3j pqs j spo§ 3ipjppre aqj xp_|M spddp jnfiptÿQ 5aod]m3 Sqox vZds ÿ5\m 的食9gig SiO30 /ÿz>' 、． °uo?.Bqjadit[j:o S9sn paipBi ３１０１１１ Xq paAStxjDB aqlÿux ispio pioMjo s;D3ga DijBniBijp uibjjsÿ

—

U0>6ox» /im fiÿaoi)i32£ rioXoÿ :9SBix|d-0t{ÿ ni

？—二

ju3inap vpÿd oÿiojoÿsppÿ cÿÿod cuox jo dowej-eddde 3ip nilB|3p itjSiys 3ip (pjoM 3|Snis b Xjiio as'ejq d sip i[SrK5ipiv ÿ sagiprib Iqp3.)drijJ9ÿui st Mrnos)' ÿCmx １ ÿApiTOQ si iÿao.013ÿ 3Dn9juas puooas axj; uj *z 9Aip9(qn§ b rioXoYn39/\A49q ÿDa(qns pÿjasui 9i|ÿ puB •sjescHb (Ac|ong dhx Sodat 5ao>mx Saoa- /1013Q qx iaXi?

（９１dvi;ud;udÿ Yr3puBU3jÿ[)

japura9]/ÿjo iCpauiOD v ixiojj: qi9AOid y y

U9ÿl{%

？１”丄３糾（１０九 aoXoÿ oata drX Soÿioit 5UXay)v

{Loz -Sbjj ’ uomsuHd)

uouiajiiujo XpsxuoD b uiojj ju3iu§bjj y ？§

０；ijÿJiq 3at§ ÿaSaq

imdsiCjuBui 'ss3uiinBui U r5pid§ÿa3 ÿidgÿo.3

('OIOX21 ÿ0>l3i3 (wiioÿ3X /lli@)v3i3 － （． A － ？？ ． i-\ ？． ．、广 ： ？＇却 J.、 （

－？

？

＊

？

．

.J

V

(Z-tSot ÿSbjj ÿsapidnng;)

■／

j.

？

？

‘

．

J

：

｛＇－

‘

， ？

iipicJgÿiiDas waox'mxiokoÿ dvL]h

sspidijngjo XpsSBi} v moij jusuiSbjj y 'f

40)doiiÿai) Diÿiy ＝ (diuoj) 4mdo(i)rlax> ．－

‘

）

'i

．

i

． ＇？？■＇

j

：－、 j-'i.

ÿ

．，

ÿsnÿopoi9||) (£*6f sdutnbui °ha do a5 ÿ ？

．．

．，？．

，

c)

Yt(ÿ3

j-

．

９

~

i03wdQ4没 io ＝ lo腿（！０崎

ÿao

fo tuuofotÿviidtud uv ()Xao Diÿy ＝ (diuoj) piao 、

二

－？？ 、）■］－■？ １ 、 々々 'iÿao \v>i ii)abXc(f

…

１

‘

？＇

？

． t

－ 、

．

、、丄

-:J Vd １

、－ 、

，．

，

，

．

LcoÿcpdQuy ÿÿX'ltjdoiriai) p …

．，｛｝

rVU

v'ÿ

、，

‘“

T9pi 2uTM0|{0J dJJ\} HO 9DIApÿe

siq sasÿq 3t[ 'snoijriBD aq oj ÿS3XJ9X ÿUPI SI4 sasiApB snuBqÿijy pisuaS uBisaaj axp u3i|M ？

J ＇？‘ ．

guuq ÿIB9q /lli0X3A.li rH3riX3A.liÿ3

；

；

-l- .'v

（

l，

． ，‘

？ ■；

？

；

）

■

．

、

v..

？？－

．．

厂

丄３４ r0)i31O

＇■

心

'lacfsi /iOaOÿ

々

“‘ “

“

“

ÿXo/lUÿ3 icm丄

’

？＇

（９９８xv(v ÿ9poi{do§)

‘

“

i

＼

&040E ． ， ．

■

：

pug ０１ Sxit|xbt i9yy °z

oSupp9ds suiSsq puB sujnpj sruot[3 9ip.

9UIM ０ ＇０．０４１０ H ？ ？

'vnQhÿJJ

(ÿ'9'll dvpmdosoudpq ’ snsBXiaiÿv)

Soaio ’ i,

5o/llO

soqsaÿjo sn.9BD|Yjo lipod aip ux punojjsjg: ÿqj9A0jd )paif) p3;onb uaÿjo xiy ÿt

sSnipBaÿ" ； １０1|§ €g

sSuipeaÿ 3jouj

Chapter ３

８４ ７．A proverb from Aesop Kukoÿ KaK0t3 ovÿ aitxETai. amiOj

fj(p0r)v fastenÿ join;

middle, graspÿ perceive （＋gen.)

(Aesop, Proverbs ３０）

—— — — —— — — 岭

CHAPTER ４ Vocabulary ap£Ttÿ dp£T%; rj excellenceÿ valorÿ virtue "vticr|, yixt\c,f i] victory rj chance, fortune SS=ÿ>

cEp|ifjg; 'EpÿoCÿ ６ Hermes

/h\

d|i6ci); d|icio'Ci)l) -rÿmaaj rÿm%a} ilÿkoÿca, r\%ii)Qt\v think worthyÿ think (it) rightÿ expect, require Br\k6io show) make clearÿ reveal iKtivt], i'Ktvvo (demonstr. adjVpron.) that; plÿ those （§§４４；４５） 6St, fjSeÿ ToSe (demonstr. adj./pron.) thisÿ piÿ these （§§４３，４５） £K£i"voÿ

６ lifeÿ livelihood ÿioq, ppOTOÿÿ ÿporoSÿ ６ mortal Qdvaroÿ Qavaxovÿ ６ death t)ioÿ t)io5; ６ son

3iÿxovf

haveÿ hold; inhabit)— intmns.j be able （＋inf.)ÿ bej

咖兄警磁，一－ occupyÿ

ÿejakr\j \tija great, big （§４６） viaf viov new; young 6\ijo 老 汀尤”似，-eoÿrÿai, e|co progressive or repeated aspect and requires no special translation, aÿrjaco has simple aspect only and means “will acquire" or “will get." When the stem from the first principal part of the verb eÿo) is augmented to form the imperfect tense, the irregularly augmented stem is £ij(-|Ihe fifth principal part is preceded by a,hyphen because it appears only in compounds of lÿ} of which there are many. A compound verb is a verb made from a root verb plus one or more than one prejix (e.g., avytjÿ ＜ ctut- ＋ £ÿco). Inthe active voice maybe either transitive or intransitive. Its basic transitive meaning is “have, hold” with a variety of direct objects (a house, moneys beauty, honor, gratitude). When the direct object is a place (heavenÿ earthÿ a city), means “inhabit广 “occupy.” When iÿfjd takes an Object Infinitive, it means “have the means or power” to do something. In this usage eÿco is regularly translated “be able,

Aeyeiv erei. He is able to speak.

When used intransitively in the active voice and accompanied by an adverb or a prepositional means “be” (in some state or position). phrase,

Vocabu?ary xavra oiircog exeL

oi Fopyiou (piXoi ev exov(Tlv-

These things are so. The friends of Gorgias are good (are doing well). ： ？

Inthe middle voice iyio means "hold on to广 “cling to,” and often takes the gemtiyeÿcaseÿeither objective or partitive in origin. Iam holding on to my opinion.

丫

了

、－

Sÿco occurs in the passive voice with meanings such as "be held/7 “be occupiedÿ” J

？

IV/

A

／ － 。 !f \

！

-v

－／ c

Principal Parts dr Contracted Verbs

？

\

I／：（．

＿

L:: ？？一

二

、： ＂／ Many epsilon-ÿ alpha-ÿ and omicron-contracted verbs （§§４０－４２）are derived from the stems of nouns or adjectives. Such verbs are called denominative verbs. The meanings of denominative verbs may from or are ？７

？

j

oftenbe inferredfrom the nouns

adjectives

々？

？‘

？

which they

derived. For example:

（＜dSiKOÿ) （＜91A.05) vlKdco conquerÿ defeat （＜vkrj) dSiKew do wrong 9iAe(o love

The first principal parts of contracted verbs always appear in dictionaries and vocabulary lists in their ancontracted forms in order to make clear whether they are epsilon-coiitractedÿ alpha-con¬ tractedÿ or omicron-contracted verbs (dSiK£o?; for exampleÿ rather than the actual first person singu¬ lar present active indicative, aSucG). Uncontracted forms appear in some dialects but not inAttic VjreeK«

． ？丨，， Hie principal parts of most epsilon- and alpnaÿontractedÿerbÿfiQUaw closely tlie|pattern of the only the first principal parts of dSiKewÿ dStKeco, dSiKÿow], fjSiKÿooj, (r|8tK[r[Kq[ÿ' in listed the verb is the of an or vocabularyÿ epsilon- alpha-contracted remaining prin¬ principal part cipal parts end in -rjcrcoÿ -rjera, -7\Ka, -rÿiai; -r)0t)ÿ have past indicative augments (or lengthened ， vowels) in thek third and sixth principal parts, and have regular reduplication in principal parts/No other principal parts are given for these verbs. However, when learning these" ’ verbsÿ always write out and/or say allsix principal parts. For example, -vlKdco is the only principal part given for that verb in the vocabulary list, but on a flash cardÿ the principal parts should be written out infull: vlKdw, vlKr\aoof iyiKÿaa, vsvkr]Ka, vevkrÿai, eviKr|0r|v. If an epsilon- or alphacontracted verb has principal parts that differ from this patternÿ they are included in the vocabulary list. The principal parts of most omicron-contracted verbs follow closely the pattern of the principal If only the first principal part of parts of dliowÿ d|ioco; 糊咖４ 砲呼 糊公 an omicron-contracted verb is listed inthe vocabularyÿ the remaining principal parts end in -wcki), -w

7TOlf]/ÿOl£l

＞＂

ÿtoieixai

TTOiei

TOlSETai

7COl£Oji£V ＞

ÿOIOOÿIEV

7COl£O[i£0a ＞

7TOl££T£ ＞

xoienx

7lOl££a0E ＞

iroi£i(j0e

7rOt£OU(Jl(v) ＞

7rotovcri(v)

Tcoieovxai ＞

TtotofivTai

Plural

There are no contractedverbs whose stems end in －１ or -u.

１．

ÿoiot)jie0a

Chapter ４

９４

The imperfect active and middle/passive indicative conjugations of tcoisw areÿ Augmented Present Stem: ctoieImperfect Active Indicative

Imperfect Middle/Passive Indicative

１

£7TOL£OV ＞

eiroiouv

£7C0l£0ÿr]"V ＞

２

£7C0l££(ÿ ＞ £7T0l££ ＞

ino'iziq ircoUi

CTOtEOU ＞

£7T0t£0ÿ£V ＞

CToiouÿiev

£7COl£Oÿ£0a ＞

£7TOl££T£ ＞

£7U01£IT£

£ÿOl££CT0£

£7lOl£OV ＞

£ÿOlOUV

£7lOl£OVTO ＞

Singular

： CTOl££TO ＞

iTioiov\xr\y inoiov iitQizho

Plural ＞

ÿroioupe0a iizottiddt inoiovvxo

The present active and middle/passive infinitives of %oiico areÿ Pxesent Active Infinitive f7C0f£££V

．

TTOieiV

Present Middle/Passive Infinitive 7roi£icr0ai

7coi££a0ai ＞

OBSERVATIONS

GXl€-

on each contractedverb form is determined by where a recessive accent falls on the corresponding wncontracted form. Only by knowing the accent on an wncontracted form of a contracted verb can one place the correct accent on a contracted form. Ifthe recessive accent on the uncontracted form falls oitÿÿr of the syllÿles to be contract¬ ed (e.g.ÿ 艽oi£co, itodoÿEVf TOi£oÿi£0a); the contracted syllable receives the accent. Ifthis accent falls on the ultima, it is a circumflex (e.g., ÿoiw). Ifthis accent falls on the penult or antepenult, the

１．The accent

tcoiov[iev; %oiov]xtQa).

—

Ifthe recessive accent on the uncontracted form falls before the vowels that contract (e.g.,

—

iTto'izoy) the accent on the contracted form remains-recessiye according to the rules for the possibilities of accent (e.g., eTroiouÿ). ２．A nu movable is never used in the third person singular imperfect active indicative form of

any contractedverb. ３．Inthe presentactive infinitive of epsilon-contracted verbs, the epsilon at the end of the stem contracts first with the thematic vowel epsilon and then with the epsilon of the original present active infinitive ending -zv （§３２，Observation １，p. ７２）． ４．InIonicÿ the Greek dialect most closely related to Attic, and in the epic dialect of Homer, many uncontracted formspf epsilon-contracted verbs are used. Be prepared to recognize BOTHUNCONTRACTED AND CONTRACTED FORMS OF EPSILON-CONTRACTED VERBS. Uncontracted forms of epsilon-contracted verbs appear in the Short and Longer Readings. （， DRILL

４０ MAY NOW BE DONE.

§４１．Contracted Verbs ２：-dco Some omega verbs have present stems that end in -ct and are called alpha-contracted verbs. For

exampleÿ

-w

—

＜？

30jDW>11A.3

t)03riw>im3 ０１１３３１１ ＜１３？．．． ， v： ‘

－

＜ 01ÿ0X)ÿIU3？ ／

，：i]A.

wrioKHifV

c

co'mx

T

uvpÿSuiÿ

；

3AIÿ3TpUI aAISSBj/ÿlppipÿ U9S3JJ

0AT4EpipUJ 0Aipy ？［１３９９１？ :ui3;§

:3JB ÿ'Vmnp

U3Sajd 9I|} SUOIlB§n(nOD 3AI}BDipUI 3ATSSBd/0];ppTlU pUB 3AipB ；

diiDsqns v sb p9UTBi9j si (;duDsqris jo XjBUTpao) b;oi Any ？￡ ？（６） ； •p

ST UOipBJÿUOD

SupjllS

SpBJÿUOD Bl|d}ÿ XIB ！！叫从 飞 -3J 9ip ’ §UOipi[dTp JO ]3MOAiuB （１１JO ？１３ （３）purios ３ UB 。内 sdvcA\v si uoipÿjiuoD Suiÿns punos O UB l|;iMSuoijÿdip JO pMOA luB VpiM SPBJÿUOD BXjdp UB uaifyvi °T

-9J

'(ao JO ＇０

SN0IXYA"a3S90 •NOIXDY'gXMOD

＝ （１ ＋ 幻

６ ＝ １３＋１３ y －３ -{-v

rnoipBuucD jo

Dlliy ５０ S3imi SS3HX SZIHOMSJAJ

＝ ao ＋ u OJ-Oÿ-V

０？

＝ 内 ＋ １？

sapj iB|nSaj mo{{OJ sqi0A p3pBijuo3-'ei[d];Y

puB -loxm 9jb sin的s iiissaid 9ip ’ sqi3A 3S3ip jo iijbJ "[Bdpuiid ujojj paAOinsj si 沾３１ｘ１０ sip uaqÿ

•qsurg ÿpxi9 ÿqsxiduioDDB

火

l"03j9p ÿsnbnoD

－

工f ‘ HoDhupsÿX'S 义３１ ’朽”丄於乂３丄 /ibgUÿiÿi (wnUxi63t\, (v%b.%iA3(s, (iwimA.2 十xoiptid

等 iz sqjd;\ papBÿucQ 'i>§

Chapter ４

９６

The present active and middle/passive infinitives of ylKacc are: ． ．

： ，： ．；＞ ？．

．１

v1-'

．

＃

．． ．4„！ i

■■

； '.-i' ，？．：

；：． ...X' ‘‘ ：＂■？：－ =V i;vÿ ＜；？ ？

■■■

f.＇＞＊＝．；－

－

？

rÿ>

；

r..[v ：‘＇

“＊５－

？

PresentActive Infinitive

VI— en:

'I.

r-

ÿ

ÿ

i-r~ r ■‘

VIKOV

＂．： “１－＂ r

’

？

\ ：■

‘ ，； ：

：＞ ？． ． ．．

； ‘

〔 ■；＇． ■；，

，：

－？

■

，：

；

‘

，１

？

Present Middle/Passive Infinitive ylKaadai ＿神輕

OBSERVATIONS １．The accent on each contractedverb form is determined by where a recessive accent falls on

the corresponding uncontracted form. Only by knowing the accent on an uncontracted form of a contractedverb can one place the correct accent on a contracted form. Ifthe recessive accent on the uncontracted form falls on either of the syllables to be con¬ tracted (e.g., yhcdo)f -viKdoÿi£v; vlKaoÿieBa)ÿ the contracted syllable receives the accent. Ifthis accent falls on the ultima, it is a circumflex (e.g., vIkw). Ifthis accent falls on the penult or ante¬ penult, the accent is determined by the rules for the possibilities of accent (e.g., vlKcoÿievÿ

VlKWÿl£0a).

—

Ifthe recessive accent on the uncontracted form falls before the vowels that contract (e.g.ÿ eviKaov) the accent on the contracted form remains recessive according to the rules for the possibilities of accent (e.g., eviKWv). ２．A nu movable is never used in the third person singular imperfect active indicative form of any contracted verb. ３．Inthe present active infinitive of alpha-contracted verbsÿ the alpha at the end of the stem contracts first with the thematic vowel epsilon and then with the epsilon of the original present active infinitive ending -ev （§３２，Observation １，p. ７２）． ４．Inthe dialect of Homer) many uncontracted forms of alpha-contracted verbs are used. Be

—

PREPARED TO RECOGNIZE BOTH UNCONTRACTED AND CONTRACTED FORMS OF ALPHA-

CONTRACTED verbs. Uncontracted forms of alpha-contracted verbs appear in the Short and

Longer Readings. 蒙

DRILL ４１ MAY NOW BE DONE.

§４２．Contracted Verbs ３：-ow Some omega verbs have present stems that end in -o and are called omicron-contracted verbs. For

exampleÿ d|ioco; aÿi(bco)j r\ÿioo(ra, i\ÿio)Ka, SrjXoci), drpiibao),

r||i(o0r]v

think worthy eSr]Xa)0r]v showÿ make clear

When the omega is removed from principal part １ of these verbs, the present stems are d|io- and Sr|Xo-. Omicron-contracted verbs follow regular rules of contractionÿ

0+n=0l

o+0_

Memorize these rules of Attic contraction.

１４？？ Contracted Verbs ３；

-qw

OBSERVATIONS

When an omicron ccmtracts with an omegaÿ the omega absorbs the omicronÿ 2„ "When an omicron contracts with any diphthong containing an iota (si or r\)} the resulting contraction is the spurious diphthong ol ３．When an omicron contracts with any short vowel or the diphthong 0Vj the resulting contrac¬ tion is the spurious diphthong ００， １．

Thus, the present active and middle/passive indicative conjugations of 8r|lo0 areÿ Present Stemÿ SrjloPresent Middle/Passiye Indicative

Present Active Indicative

Singular

■■■、．．’

Ｖ

ÿÿ

".ÿv-.

‘：

‘：！

？

■‘

:

－ §ÿA6oÿiai ＞

Sr)loto ＞ Sr]l6et(ÿ ＞ Sr)\o£i ＞

StjXw S咖k SrjAoi

Sr\koo\izv ＞ SY\koexz ＞

8r)Aot3ÿi£v SrjlouTE

．＊

V.'..

j

．

8i]X6ÿ/8r]l6£t ＞ Sr)lo£Tai ＞ ；

“‘

？＇， ‘ …：

！＂

？？

■■

？’

‘

”‘

■

？

Sij\o6jiai SrjXoi ．

SrjXoCTai

Plural

Sr|X6ou(Ji(v) ＞ Srf\ofi(n(v)

8r]Xoo[A£0a ＞ Sr]A.6£(T0e ＞ 8r]A.oovTai ＞

8r]Aouÿ£0a 8r]Xo6a0£ SrjXofivTai

The imperfect active and middle/passive indicative conjugations of St]16wareÿ Augmented Present Stem: eSrjXo：／

？

．．．

v. ＂ ． ■

．－

？

．

！

U— ．

Imperfect Active Indicative Singular

Imperfect Middle/Passive Indicative

i8r|\ouv iSr|\oi)5

£Sr]Xo6p]v ＞

圳"Xos ＞

eSrjXou

£Sr]A.6exo ＞

iSr\Koov ＞

eSr]lofi £Sr]\pCTo

：eSr]\6oÿi£v ＞

eS?]\oCji£\ e8r|\oCT£ gSr|\oi)v

sSr]lo6ÿi£0a ＞ sSrjXoscrOe ＞ e8r]\6ovTo ＞

£8r]\o6ÿie0a £Sr]Xofi(T0£ £Sr(A.oCvTO

iSr\koov

x

lSr\Kozi1oyjvliYXftÿ ’ （附９和於兄 ＋ 'xa %C10 3P]lt)X1g dklVXV

(*ua§ ＋）aaxssp '3A0| covd3

＞－ ，

yi§

ox ÿaocfcpg ÿoda>§

‘會df /todcpg go ooivÿvq dvL MJ3Q doÿioÿ

（１９１*8bjj 'snp(ips3v)

°z

svi[A\psÿYp saipsSBJi nxojj sjusiuSbihJ :mo丄pilsd” oiÿy ＝ （？？？３）ÿcioxvhhdv fim niuibjs (sÿjy Aquiÿs ÿoxvÿndv ÿoxvmndv

'loatÿdQAÿ rm xomhx １０３９ 93aoÿ(bili.cft)

(fz *Sbjj

snÿipBJÿH is-qdosofiqd sxpjo s)poM aq; uioij ÿTOmSBjjy sx

sSuipBS-ÿJ ； joqs sSuipeay poi\s

X

ic8

(k:

－

、 Chapter

４

７．Jocasta responds to the news that her two sons are still alive after a fierce battle at Thebes.

I ，一、 KoXwcÿiijXidv Qetov KaiÿTfjc 、 l\p

c！－

(Euripides, Phoenician Women １２０２）

V二w

８．Hermocrates of Syracuse speaks to a conference of Sicilian leaders about the need for unity

against the Athenian menace. Kai o-UTOC ov TtoXtÿoc TCoXzÿao,

０pai dÿtpayÿiovcoc ÿta-uovrai

？

． ？

(Thucydidesÿ Peloponnesian War IV.61.7 ）

Siaÿopdÿ 8iaq)opac; rj difference

dTtpayÿiovwc (adv.) without trouble, painlessly

９．A fragment from the works of the philosopher Democritus

(Democritusÿ frag. １８６）

6ÿiO(ppoa3"vr] cpiXii]V 7roieei. 6ÿo9poct»vr|; 6ÿio ６ was originally a substantive of a verbal adjective of the verb apÿw: “a ruling man/’ cipÿy is used of a “ruler” or “commander” in general, and inAthens it is also the title of one of nine annually elected “magistrates” or "archons" who oversaw the politicalÿ military, and religious life of the city. Each was assigned a specific actual or symbolic dutyÿ and the name of one of them (the eponymous archon) was used to name the year. In addition, maybe used more generally of any magistrate.

— ——

daiÿioVf Saiÿiovo-

１３－

？

—

．

５３－ iv-

）－

So-

久 (T>-

１３－

＂“ ‘

jvinSuiÿ

\vxn\ÿ

．．

，－．．．购‘广．广．：

．

‘

．

， 士: x-/v-\ 5o-

xco-

１－

(A)!«0-

uvjnSuiÿ

X°m\d

一

５３－

3A旧３０八 3A卩 Bsnÿ3y

9A]ÿa

3AT4IUO0 3ApeU丨 LUOfsJ

OTTUimahj/auijnDSBpÿ

UOISU3[D3Q pJTlÿL ？

１

JO sSuipug 3SEÿ

）

•sunou sutnxinsj

十’、

SXItlOU I3;ri0U puÿ ÿ§UipU3 ’

/aUIjllDSBnX 3ip JO 3S0t[J XIIOJJ ÿ.U3J3ÿip i(pn§l|s S§uxpu3 9ABXJ

sunou suinxinsj pnÿ sxgiou 3ui{iiDSBxn suibiuod noxsuspsp jo ?9S nouimoD b 0abx{ ipiqM ’ piiq; 9i]x ． ．

■‘

？

'./ÿ/"orÿ

；

？

sui3;g ubuosuoÿ) ÿnoisuapag; pStijx

、s 柯

．、 ？

:XSo{ot[diojAj yÿo|ÿ 'zS§

．

v'

＿ ．二 !rAj ＂

＇

／－

、丨．

\J ÿ

Humo||oj

aip ajÿduioD

Ibui suo vÿ£> pnB （３】尨乂！ ÿmhvÿ

:suoisuapap rdc»)xlid jo suoisuspap 3q; o 工

-i(Sc}oi[dioui

．： ：：： nouixnoD v si

jo

xau jaipoire o; iBjimis ani033q o) p9ia;|B si punos duo x|dii{m lqssdooid at［； o; ；

'i ；：＇ l%oip|iio:issY

＜ (A-ÿwiviicpx)ÿ

o;一jB|iinis 9ino30q ／］ ０ y :p3ddoip uai|ÿ sem pxiB Suipn9 3ip jo bujSjs Wff 評i叩3i|} 柯u叩b ui Siiipu3 ums b o; pappB sbm

y\gz b o; ，

:p9ddojp sbm nu 3ip "cui ui§nipii3

—p3|B|]ioissB

paja;p

§uxpu3 \2in\d 9ApBp d\jfl uaqÿvi ÿs ？⑷ii)cnÿ”g ＜ （久)ii?/iorlpg \2xn\d 9AtjBp ai n3i{7V\.

次

pappÿ sm （久），公－ §mpua

ÿp3(Mcap -giiÿYI si laÿY? rsnxjx 'jvj.udp puif sip ÿnovfim ni3}s axj; si pÿnap b ni Sinpna nnou uoisuapsp-pjiiiÿ aniuxxnaj/auipDSBin Xj3A9 jo JB|n§uis 3at;ÿdoa 叫工 ？￡ •SUIJOJ JB{11§XIIS 9ATJBD0A pUB SXII9}S IJJOq 9IB /lorflWg pUB doxlid 兮０１[L 'ÿP ÿ

fo 2\aP]\ÿs Pvl ÿ uo ipfiou sdop jwoov

udijM ui对s

iim pDpnspi si

tin psEii 9ip jo pinbij b ui spus rasis asoi|M nnou t uoisuapsp-piiqÿ v jo jB|nSuis 9at;bdoa ÿudpiSAdd si sunon uoisuspsp-pjixjÿ uv uo luacop diÿ °i ÿ

I

／）

v

SNOIXVAÿaSSO

5ÿ/lOÿllDg-ÿ ；

；：；．：■：， piDÿqiX).

|(/l)1卯却￡）丨

/iwA.oriiÿg iorlpg

53g]UY?

⑷ijooripg|

(A)1i?叫

d.mprio7D mrrlo}D ，

．＇．．．：

＂■

．．

？

＇？

：：． ＇．＇

．． ．．．．

sÿdoitid ．

．：．

．

'OOY

‘ ．／ ．Ji V

{ÿwdox\x&

a

？邛

ÿ6ox\x6 ＇

SsdoxW •DOA/-UION

１顏Id

．

‘

DrlpD 幻如－０ iiDrl™

doitid udoiLid idoilid Sodoilid dmlid

Korii»9|

iicy?

morliwg ?/vori]X)g So/iorliwg

DgllCYf

So 戮ÿ

r

9doi|

/ÿpÿ

-g13£Y? 二觀；§．

IU34§

5)ing

m]ÿD

？

．３０八

'ooy

， a

＞

"UD0 'IU.0[\I

jvpiSuiÿ 二

ox i'Soii3rf(ni)

-doÿUd ＝ uiaÿg j9ÿ[B9ds Dijqnd

-/lorilUg 二 UI3)§ iÿIUIAip b jo o ÿoaotlwq

U ÿogiÿYi (b)2i\3

o ÿodoilid vdmbd

:9{duiBX9 si snnou Snxpua axp Suiaouisi iq °inioj rqrtS可s aApiuaS sqj inoij punoj JO£f 9S9ip mjuid\s 3i|x 'ixiaÿs sip o; sSuipna isÿnaujo auxuiinsj/anipDSBin 啡pdaidcfe aip ppB o ！ riu io oqi ui Suxpii9 m科s b ujim uoisuapap ]pxiv[i ai[ijo utiou e surpap oj( tqpp ’呵．ui jo ’ ’ smm$ ;ubuosuo3 ÿoisuepaQ pjtqx °rf|

Chapter ５

１２２

(pprjvÿpevoÿr]

xaP% xaPiToÿ n grace Stem = j(apiT-

.smg. ar j?/v Heart Stem ＝ (pp£v-

dpxwvÿ dpÿovTOiÿÿ ６ ruler Stem 二 dpJ((rvT-

Singular Nom. Gen.

x \.ok3yj v vxavz ．４３丄

(WX3ÿ2% pafqUS ３１ ST '9STOp 3ATJBpj 9ip UI qi3A ［； JO 30J§B ０１ ST U pnB SÿI

{ÿQvXv

XV\n2u\S

dututtudf

；

•puÿi 3ip uioÿ: no ;uas Sxnaq si 02ÿ/vi uviuom pooS 叩o; 平sds oj Sui[[iav 3jb Xaxjx

•§ut|]im

iCsxp 平3i| 知”却 /ia '/vix>aoÿ303 /us丄？兄肌

•3SIlBp 3ApBpj ９１？ UI qj9A 3X(J

-ov si ;i

又３＂？ JO pafqO p3JIp ３１［； ST JT 3STO:)3q rJ3A3M0l[ (dtilp)SnO

six r5ioXoYÿM 33j§b ０１

\vxn\d puÿ duiinosvtu si 5go .(ho丄９乂 5jo丄） ju9paD3;uB

S3qUDS3p VSVfi (X3X3\3 SpiXdoj ０ 5go) 0SriBp 0ApBpj B S33tipOJJOT (5go) UtlOUOjd 3ApF[3J ３吼 OU SBM J •SlXÿBS SBM SBlSjO0 SpXOM 2\[\ i(\ p3pBtlSJ9(J 2uT3q ； •pspBtisjad Supq jou sbm j Stq乂es sm sbiSjoq jvtfÿ} spuoM dip /(g

•A.Urfo0i3U3 xao A.3X3Y3 SpiXdoj o 5ao 5wloÿ 5ioi 3HX NIHXIM XYXNAS SXI A9

aÿNIWaaXM

:3|dlIIBX3 １０？ "KSaVID SAIJLViara SXJ "aaffWriN aNV "amNKD MI

SI ÿaAEMOH ÿ3SYD

xNaaaDscxNV sxi hxim skkÿ.dv NnoNcrad aAixvisra sh丄 ÿTixra

dnimohoj 汪hi azraowa:jv

UT X3]JUin3Jp *9Ai;Bp pUB 3ApiU9§ r3AT4BSn33B pU"B 9Ai;BUTUI0n 31Jÿ UT 9ÿtlDC rSlU33DB 0ABt[ UUOUOJ(J 3ATÿ|9J 3XJÿ JO SUIJOJ ３１［； 'i ０ ÿ3ppiB 3ipJO rnJOJ §UipUods3JJOD 3ip l TM |B3i;U3pTÿ0W ST r5o fUI\OUOjd 3Ai;Bpj ９１［； JO J可IlSmS 3APBUIUI0U 3XIipDSÿUX 9I]X *UIJ0jXj3Aa JOJ (mÿ d33X3 ÿppjB unouoid Suil[ÿ3jq qSriOJ V 3ip 3[iqM. 3Ai;Bpj 3ppJB pptUT 9ip SBq SBt[ UTTOUOld 3Ai;Bpj 3l[} JO SUIJOJ ３１ TM |BDpU3pi SOUI]Y 'Z 3ipJO SUIJOJ SuipU0dS3JJ0D l ｛；

； ；

•sxnioj ds'eo 3apbdoa ou sbi{ urionoid 3ApBpj 3i|X 't SNOixvA"aasao

'SJ3pU3§ 33JXÿ

SZraOIATHÿ]/ÿ

N3CHX QNYWinDMIS KHX SSCTSOV 皿Ommd SALTÿITS EHX dO JSLOISISLKlDRa 3HX

SHX

SSOÿDY

UI SUXJOJ

pitied pUB JÿpSlIIS Sÿt[ >[33J9 HI UtlOXIOld 3Ai;B[9J 3IjX

•suiaodpooS ssÿbxh Xjpiis丹 9jb sssti]ÿ; 3ip inoi[M o;pody MEM ０１ 0UoS SBq pUBqsnq asotpi UVtUOM 3ip M]d I SUodvdM ３１［￡ 7U3S U03q 9ABq JOJ p35[SB S31ÿ[B ３１？ 3AT;B|3I 3ip

•pauipspun si sstiBp a/vpÿax aip puB ÿpaoBjppq si unouojd ÿpazpipÿ! ST 识叩３：）３：｛１１１３ ３１［；’ S3SIVBp 3ApBpi SuiUIBinOD S3DXI9JU3S SniMOJpj ３１ UJ ？：

－

，？ I

＂’

？

．

‘

？？ .j

S j 珥deip ． ？

”，丨

、

‘

．．， ：々／？

廿以

－，

： s-

＊

广

Q

-I, r丨式 丄

■■＂

§５３ Relative Pronoun and Relative Clause ？

cl is neuter cind plural to agree with ravra, its antecedentÿ It is accusative; howeverÿ because it is the direct object of eleyovÿ the verb in the relative clauseÿ to

mhtrrj

itavttai ６ TtoXtÿtoÿ

ov Sm

The citizen we heed of whom on account of the advice is being stopped the warÿ We heed the citizen on account of whose advice the war is being stopped, }

gf) is masculine and singular to agree with soXfqj, its antecedent. It is genitive, howeverÿ because its mitaxin the relative clause is Subjective Genitive. 、 OBSERVATIONS

The relative pronoun usually comes first inits clause. It may come second if it is the object of

１。

a prepositioja. ２。The relative pronoun is often

placed immediately after its antecedent.

３．Translations of relative pronoun forms in Greek require mastery of the uses of the relative pronoun forms in Englishÿ 、 ．

Subject Possessive Object of verbs and prepositions

Beings (sing, or pi) who whose whom

、

Things (sing, or pi) that/which whose

that/which

Restrictive b-nd Nonrestrictiveÿ Relative Clauses

／ ？取

ÿ

f/

’

Inboth Greek and English there are two different kinds of relative clauses. A restrictive relative clause contains information about the antecedent that is essential to the meaning of the sentence, InEnglish such a clause is not set off by commas, and an antecedent that is not a person is referred to in English by the relative pronoun that Men who are without weapons will not fight Ilost the book thatyou lent me.

In each of these sentences the relative clause restricts the meaning of the antecedent in a way that is essential for the sense of the sentence. The men who "will not fight” are not men in generalÿ but "meii who are without weapons" The book that “Ｉlost” is not any bookÿ but “the bookthat you lent me.” Such restrictive relative clauses are not set off by commas. That is used when the antecedent is not a personÿ

A nonrestrictive relative clause contains information about the antecedent that is not essential to the meaning of the sentence. InEnglish such a clause is always set qffby commas, and an anteced¬ ent that is not a person is referred to in English by the relative pronoun whichÿ

Hadesÿ who rules the Underworld, is a brother of Zeus. You would enjoy this book, which was written by my sister.

Chapter ５

１２６

Ineach ofthese sentences the relative clause contains additionalbut nonessentialinformation about the antecedent. Such nonrestrictive clauses are always set off by commas. Which is usedwhen the antecedent is not a person. In Greek the same pronouns are used for both restrictive and nonrestrictive clauses. Hie twoÿ types can be distinguished by punctuation only.6 （贫

DRILL ５３ A-C MAY NOW BE DONE.

Connective Relative Sometimes a Greek sentence begins with a relative pronounÿ and its antecedent is a word in the preceding sentence or the entire content of that sentence. For exampleÿ iviKiov. ０ tw Sr\ÿ(c eSeiAeyeiv. AaKeSaiÿiovioi Tf)v Ihe Spartans were prevailing in the battle. Which thing to the people it was necessary to tell. The Spartans were prevailing in the battle. And it was necessary to tell the people this thing. ０１

OBSERVATIONS １．The relative pronoun ０ is neuter and

singular to agree with the entire content of the preced¬

ing sentence, which serves as its antecedent. It is accusative, howeverÿ because its syntax in the relative clause is Accusativeÿ Direct Object. ２．A connective relative is often best translated with a conjunction such as “and” and a demon¬ strative pronoun (i.e” “this thing”).

The Generic Antecedent Sometimes a relative clause appears with no expressed antecedent. When this occurs, a generic antecedent must be supplied in an English translation. For exampleÿ ’／

广…

°＂１？ 0aAdtTT% 巧 pxov KalT% (Jhose men/The men）who the sea were ruling and tie landthe rale (d.o.) of the islands they were holding. Those men who were ruling the sea and the land were holding the rule of the islands.

ÿla-vOdvei-v iQzKoo aitep qStog SiSdcncei. To learn Iwish (the very things) that this man is teaching. Iwish to learn the very things that this man is teaching. jirj

(pi\aTaiiroAXoi}(ÿ

[enclitic particle] veryÿ even)

Tto-voug.

\(He/Jhe one)\who by the gods is not loved many toils (d.o.) has. He who is not loved by the gods has many toils. ６．In Greek texts different conventions ofpunctuation make even punctuation an unreliable method of distinguishing between restrictive and nonrestrictive clauses.

-31ÿnB SÿI JO 9SBD

dOUd}UdS pU033S ai|? UJ 'Z 9t[ÿ OÿUI papBJÿB U03q SBI[ 5lO uriouojd 9AT;B]3J ９１［；

mBp~9Apfg|5J

［联ivTiÿxiXslStodÿTTÿpÿ

(SmOOO UOipÿJÿ U9qM 5aO /IW又９乂凡⑦１5i3 ：凡０丄３乂芬 jo pafqo -SUBJÿ ST 3AI4Bpj 巩［； USAJ ÿU3 P3Jip ÿSgo U9aq 0ABI{ pjllOM UtlOUOjd ÿApBpj 3ip 'pSJJtlDDO ÿOU pBt[ UOipBJÿB JI -p3D9ÿUB SJI JO 9SB3 3ip OÿUI pspBIÿB U99q SBl[ /IQ) UltOUOJcJ 9Ai;Bj9J 3ip 9DU3;U9S JSig UJ ÿI

－４０Ｘ０？

SNOiXYA-aasao

ÿ§upp aiB

sp39p poo§ 9ip lqpoo§ 9ip piBMoj p3|

usni Sunol 3i|x

65i3ioÿÿ/oj5ioXd3 hioQvXy 5ioiiÿmp34io wxÿoLy zioQÿXr

(ÿVliAbS

3J3M.TOIU 9SIM. 3Xp

ÿZÿSpjOM 3ip IUO:g sSlTJip illBXU §U|UJB3|

Sodic

0J9M 9ÿ\\

•ÿod>oi) １０ ４０Ｘ３？１ 呼

．．．．．．．．．． 、 ou uoipbjÿb :3}dio:Bxa joÿ easBD aAiÿp jo 9Ai;iua§ 3i|Tjaqj|9 m si ju9p3Da;nB aijj pxre (psutiDDo ； pÿn) 3SÿD 9AIÿSriDDB 3I{1 HI U33q 3ABl{ ppOM UtlOUOjd 可3J 9I{} (Z) pUB JU3p9D31UB ９１［； JO UOp UI pSUIBJUOD UOIÿUIJOjni 9X|1 (T) n9I[M iiiddo Ibui -dtJ3S3p IViÿUdSSd UB SapiAOjd aStlBp 3AIlBpj at［； ＂

siijx 'ÿudfdOdÿuv sÿt

“

．＋■？—

“

？％

fo dsvo dtff opix (pa§ii xp) pdpvuÿv si unouojd 9Ai}Bpi 它

它 jo

dsvo 9ip S9inipino§

noip-BJÿy

-y unouoid 9Aippj aqi o; 5[DBq s;uxod puB siSBi|dui9 iptM siÿpx vxavi aDuaÿuas sxq; uj

-v"

'UJXd\ ０１ XjSiM. isSupp dSdiÿ

k- 映f

＿

？，？

．

N0IXYAÿ3SS0

si treui sup 本 vtÿ sSmÿ dijjÿ '13XDB§19 Soxgoj

•;i S3p3D9jd ； ÿ3p3D3;UB Pÿssli3x5.QU)X{;iM UnOUOj3ÿAf$B|aXÿ ０｝ I|JIMJ0J9J aqiBin dsmp uibui stp ui xinonoid 3iT;tiisuom3p y

O'j p9pnput

•;U9p309}lIB

DIJ9U3'S B ０； Sldpj 9SHBp 3ApBpj B UI UHOUOld 9ATÿ|3J B J0A9U9qM p3Stl ST M U0I}B§9n 9tjX c9StiBp niBxu 3ip ui 3 jo pa( si ii30i>3Xd)j sAiiiuxjui p3(qn§ 9ip '3DU94U3S uj ÿc[:c3A {Buosaadmi we osp si -qns 3i[i si wqdp\i6 ÿApiugnj pafqng 9ip r3DU9;ii3S ipjnoj ９１［； jo ９１ ui X||Bnsn ou svt[ qj9A b st ÿb|iiSxiis uosjad j3g “。 “１”sb xpns pdlqns rqi9A [Buosiadini ny °qjdd jvuosjddtui we s它 suopDunj １ ÿÿiqissod si 幵，，sub9iii （４）１ｘ０３ U3i|ÿ\ °S u'0} sSuopq” spiOM 3ip UT tpIM p3P|SUBJÿ aqlBUI uopisod 9T.BDIp9jd 9ip HI UOISSaSSOÿjO 9ATÿTU90 Y -aDUÿUSS ui iÿddv Aÿm noisssssojjo 3Ai;iu3g 3tjx 十 im uopisod a;BDTpajd sb ÿ3ai;iuijui pafqng ２ １［；

；

\vu0sx2d

noX”

；

*S93U0;U3S ui sb ÿDuaÿuas pmuioa bio psfqns ai nsyo st sAiÿiugnj pafqtig y ？ pixi}ÿ puB pnoDas ［； °Z '93LiaÿU3S pnOD3S 3X|l UI SB ÿ9AIlTUgiIJ psfqilS B 3;B§9U p9SO SI W qJ3ApB ('SaAI2BUTUI0]\T pnB ÿoqvXv ÿiBDipajÿ sb Sninoipuaj [wSnii|i pBq bw c/§uti pooS bÿ] saAtinBÿsqrts sb m3ia ０；a|qissod osye st 紅） MBpiSuis aApra!uioxi J04O3U 91B ÿo%vji pxiB /io0»Xt) ssAipafpB aÿDipaid sip. ÿs3DH3i.uss om; isig 3ip uj eunou i*e}ti§uis X2p\2u b si 9Apiuÿui p3(qns ３可工

SNOIXYAliSSSO

'3Aprag:Tii

ÿpafqiig si: (ii?0i)3Xdÿ ’１１）０￡？３义１（！）

ÿt)0i)30]3ÿ ？１３Ｘ３？） piQM pszpTpii qoB3 p xb;u!s ３１］■工

S它I

3AÿEsnDDv pajqnj

gS|

１３６

Chapter ５

OBSERVATIONS

１．Ineach of these sentences, a Subject Infinitive has with it a Subject Accusativeÿ

vs 办【办is

the subject of SiSdcKecrBat; ABrjvaioDÿ is the subject of Ttoktÿzly) and TtoXixdfÿ is the subject ofrlÿay. ２．It is possible for a Subject Infinitive to appear with both a Subject Accusative and an Accusa¬ tiveÿ Direct Object. Inthe second sentence, Qzoi(ÿ is the direct object ofxiÿiav. ３．In an English translation of a sentence containing a Subject Accusative and a Subject Infinitive, the word “for” is added before the Subject Accusative. 瞰

DRILL

５６－５８ MAY NOW BE DONE.

rdiqSJOM

{himdv (Soimdv

－ －‘－ － －－ １

i

JOUOI|

(

'i3ÿ3i) Sa03Q So So/il3§

(96S sdcpm puwSy udddÿ 'snjinDsay) ÿssq

(z6S s?qÿm puwSy udddÿ 'sri|Xips3V)

ui33S

－fit)riXog3§ －ÿ|o§3

如３況０§

(

口XV?

'13X?0

丄i)ld没

AjaÿOg dÿX go

8ÿ3q3l|XjO S9;B§

JO 3UO piI3p'p Oÿ ?9S ÿSriBIBIl[dlHY J99S ３１？JO SUOI?BZU313BJBl[D OMÿ S3AT§ I3Sl33SS9UI y *S

II3A3S ９１［？

SSTIU /lllQlu.dl5ÿllÿ3 ipB3J§ JI3 ÿJBXU 9t［； ÿ5iliidiorlUÿ3 (wr\oDhxdvrivÿB {(cÿfxvxdvÿv ＋ －？３）

(6eox punoq srwijpmojd 'sriplipsav)

ui3ÿxdiarit)|3 /iodXi)tt> d”丄

e

？

？

stuoip ３１［； jo uoti-BAiasqo uy

‘ °？

IlSlS B 3AlS r9ÿDipUI

rl)5l1i)13ÿUi>3X)

‘ － －

ÿÿUrftlX)3

jou 。

？

’ J9ippu

？ ？ ９

ÿt

？ ？ ？

aÿgo

axgo

；

(9|dlU9ÿ StlOHI丐 SOIII 义3V f]o6Y3V

lii)3

？４１５？Ui) ÿ4]1Dl1llX)

SO|{odyjO 9DB[d 3ip) iqd{9Q ]0

9JDBJO ０１ ra013ÿÿrf

|B9DUOD r3pil[ flll0d)ac!ÿ3

１

（￡６ 'Sbjj 'sn;ipBi9H)

七y)iacb| ÿy|vad>i

pjO| o

j

nxoLadjÿxÿo nlÿÿx'ao pio]3 況

e9i

Cÿ3A-Oc!4

pnba 4ox>i ÿUi)i ÿodi

SioÿÿdQÿ 4oxliÿi0

(9ÿ£ -§ÿjj rS3poqdo§)

m/iocld)

'5x

（１叩＋）;suib2b (cÿXs ＋ －１ｘ？９）

１１０ ppq ；

uoigÿd ao ÿ3%3xa,v Siowÿig dvL Swx

(gZ dSbij ÿS9poqdo§)

'fx

imiAÿ kpjraoin ri3|nj aÿnpsqB ０ ho久崎dcii {ioA(mdax

uopÿpossB

ÿÿqpSo; 8npq li 5ÿijoa.oda| ÿiÿao4a| ("fi ÿfeg ’ s9poi|do§)

ÿiÿaortaS A i

MOpBI|S U

ioAoj? WA,mdax 4cca i J vx

w

iqresiq iiu ÿpniM ox (thQmiiq3ii%

(m%D

(€t 'Sbij ’ sspoqdos)

VvG/101ÿ m%D WX

1Xi)3

ÿ£t

asA.it

５０？（１０４１｝

ÿZT

sspoqdogJO S9ip3§BIl.-UlQIjÿ SÿUSIIiÿBIJÿ sSuipeey poijs

Chapter ５

１４０

１９．A Spartan envoyÿ Melesippusÿ makes this prediction to hifescGrt as he departs from Athenian

territory.

乃 〔．４／

．

‘

？ 'EXXricri 巴工纪逆

（r]Se~ÿ]ggig

(Thucydidesÿ Peloponnesian War II.12.4)

：

V(fr' 二上－二

ÿipa, r\ÿipd(ÿ, f] day

２０．Conversing with Creonÿ who has banished herÿ Medea makes a despairing remark.

(Euripidesÿ Medea ３３０）

iDhxQOUV

(Szf dVtÿUd;UdS ÿspUBUgjÿ)

lÿduia ４０？１３？

(tS dvtÿudiuds rJ3puBU3jÿ)

？Ｓｏ？３％

°So|A. 13ÿUil0Oÿ ４１？０．０？１A １０３０ d'ÿX /10

'Zf

Ifsnnou fp33J A.li@limi)0ÿ3

－ － －ÿidpiOOjS ＇０？０？

(

(

(

xmodj) 5aoÿ3% Sqox

SsgiÿY? ，§P

？了廿

ÿqgij(ÿp) oi (ioxÿ

ami; ９ faoxgdX (lboA.odX

3g １３丄没

ebo pauoo

Axaw 3g 久odi—

？

？

？

aq; ssuiuuaÿp sssÿqxuBÿ §up[ ubisjsÿ sxp mor 4i€ sSuiÿ IP UT 3AipnpOjd i(j9A

七ÿawdoirbat ÿoxuxcpcloWpsiÿ

(S-i7*£-i sdHdjSumjidouoj ÿuoxjdouax) hxvxcodoMv% vixv\vq /ipdwX a\ai idsac U eA,iÿD3

ao %X U 3§ cl3ÿD(j>

的工

tdiÿy saquDsap ubiiojstxjaijx 'o£

(aoÿ2Li (ooÿici 3JBUI idsjou（．hioo i» １３ ＞ S

'tuou ＝ dsIi/i fdius h {omÿ id I

．

(€*9g*I avj\/[ uvisduuodopfj ÿsapiplDiii]x)

'ÿ'WQwlv 1oXÿ!1ll1a| |g

HoeS%l

33k/i WX V\\0% 1J,33 mÿrfUclX cfljl /IS'rf D10YX1? •stripy

uÿim jbm Suiixiod aqi ui pssb xre:jjBd§ sno ssgpuspi SBpiB{9uaip§ (3}BjT.ST§Bin) iot[da 讲孔 e6t

(d90t|SJO ijD 3ip) BBq （＊（１０？１）Uj)

piiBiuinoD ’ jspjo rtli-QDasÿÿ? “mrbn.3乂|X3:h ？xas义５次３次 (voa3\ÿ%-B ？３（１３＼３％ ÿa.3ÿ35i

()Iti79 °2bij ÿ3HBqdoiSUy)

aoguDBS

/ikgaxi ÿmikgsÿ ÿM.a03i toagi ÿDag ÿa.Q １１３丄| 乂

na3\3% lt)>l （｝３＼＼３１］3l1 A.-13a.0

S9uÿt[doasTjyjo /psuico b uioij ÿusuiSbjj y *gz LL

sSuipesy ÿotjs

Chapter ６

iy8

３４．A Platonic definition

—

Ti3ÿr) (popde| aSr\kov tic ciSrjlov

？

．

([Plato], Definitions 41A11)

？

9opdÿ 9opac; r\ bringingÿ bearing ３５．Aeschines speaks to theAthenian people and defends his conduct on an embassy to Philip of

Macedon. r\

Tuÿrj Koi OiliitTcoc 巧 cctv twv epywv Kiÿpioi, eyd) Se rt]c eic ujxac euvoiac icai xwv

(Aeschines, Concerning the False Embassy １１８．３）

丫WV.

ÿ(ki'K'Kov, ６ Philip (king of Macedon) Kupiocÿ Kupiouÿ ６ lordÿ master

zvyoiaÿ

tvyoiaCf 々goodwill

３６．After a brief discussion the philosopher draws a conclusion. OTl

OVV U7TVOU KOlVCOVClTa

碎Ct TtUVTU (pUV£pdv ZK XOVXCOV. (Aristotle, About Sleep and Wakefulness ４５？２３）

VTtyoCf V7tvov} ０ Koivojveco

ohx idsu im/iaoc) Uyÿ1S ？ S

Aavdao /13 a.Ux

？

jpi［； uiSaq suBidinÿo 31{1 'siubÿjbjq ui xnaip Suiuospdini

•u§pj

ÿub su叩工 3ip Suiÿajsp jayy *6S ppS ０ ÿaoogclX (oooadX

9BUBQ h (ohioxvy {hvavÿ/ sdopuy li (oh%qÿ(ÿc 七苁９１工久y ÿliÿdag; Bdojng; U

jAÿbs ０ (aodaxvo loodaxm jjnq ０ ÿaodam (oodavx

Bpa-[Ubligliv%Uv

ubms o

'ao/iÿg>i boÿ>iaÿt

ÿhvÿv1ÿ (3li2L0ixÿYt bliucpcÿg; ÿUgUy vxcodÿ (ig DODadX {oodaivo bodgta ３０．３７

(Sÿ'XIÿFHÿVHÿD)

spo§ sip jo Sup| sip ； noqB pjdiioD aÿiSap uy ÿ8$ j sip (sa§BSS9ui paujBD ai[ asriBD9q JB§§3q ubdbi［； sjo;ms aod ÿDodjÿ Xq uaAiS 9uibu b) siijj ０ ’ dit|y

－ (Didg) di化３

过

p3ÿ{pnxn ÿpaxniBni ÿoclUÿÿ

bodkicmÿ

/lUrfooXf Dii4Y ＝ (oidg) /iliÿ oÿi3l

snppidg; ０ ÿoihxmxÿ

f./(ÿj9Aod U bp!瓜３弘 (mA,22i

(9ÿ9'llA ÿSoioÿuy ？０）

p茂 bodjÿÿiiiiiisac

"O'ioxvmQv

(oo6hm}av

%n%

uy 1-S 9joj9iai|ÿ ’ii9ip (os)

(apiÿJBd) 於 却

'A.q)i>00 /tWX （沈工八sjdt[doso例J哪fo sddtq 'smpaBq ssnaSoiQ) １？？ vdn (xhvk vior乂］６ Aÿaÿsÿg vmo% ０１０３９ dioxiood １０ sg １０义】６ ctiyeÿarticiple always has ÿimpleÿp3/l3Xÿ ＞） (W)U)3Aÿ丄 （威？々＞）： １３／１，丄 >™?A3ÿ ‘） 久巧Ａ３丄 (5od购又＊ 〉） &C10A3X ‘＇ ：■？， brt.3X So/iiX (mm?丄＊ ＇） ． ． ．．－－ ；：；． jvihSmg

．．

：‘

■■＇－■＂

－； ：．－

--V

mpdÿcoÿ 5aoit?dÿi(>)2 SUipcbcrÿ

．

＇？ ＇；

pup[ ÿJOS ÿ{TIUÿ

３０／？ ： *ÿq

U30 'uioÿi

． A（他，

in mooo

•sqj3A papBjiuoD-uojTsda pip SUOl4j-ej-4TJOD 3Tjp Ip-fM pDIJIiapr 3J13 ITDTITMJO ３１Ｘ１０ S ÿpamiDDO SUOTPBJIU'OQ ISO] S13M

Siz

i'uoisuapaQ pÿ!t)丄 :g£f

Chapter ７

２１ ６

7roÿ.n;;

r| city

fct

Ir

noXti

，

Plural

Singular Nom. Gen. Dat. Acc. Voc.

係

（＜TroArjog) （＜

-jia\.iv

（＜ÿoÿeg) （＜TTOÿ-lCOv) P丄 ： V'ÿÿecriM? （＜7t67iigi[v]) 、：．： ttoXck;

TTolcWV

（＜*7U6\£Vÿ)2

-tcoIek;

．

（＜磁听）

Memorize each set of ；ÿndings, proceeding down the singular column and THEN DOWN THE PLURAL COLUMN. Be PREPARED TO RECITE THE ENDINGS QUICKLY. OBSERVATIONS

i. Inthe nominativeÿ

The ending -v is used for the accusative singular, and the vocative singular is identical with the stem. ２．Inthe genitive singular the stem wasjroXr)i-; but the iota was dropped before the thirddeclension ending -oÿ andthe length ofthe.final two .vowels was exchangedÿ -r\o- ＞ -eco-. This exchange of length is called quantitative metaihesisf Against the rulÿfor the possibilities o.f accent, the accent on the resulting form (ttoXscoÿ) remains the accent on the form prior to quantitative metathesis (ÿoArjoÿ). Memorize this exception to the rules for the accusative, and vocative singularÿ the stem of Ttoliÿ is

＿

POSSIBILITIES OF ACCENT.

３，Inthe dative singular and in allthe plural forms, the stem was(ÿro\iybut original iota was re¬ placed by an eta that was shortened to an epsilon. Inthe dative singularÿ nominativeÿ accusative, and vocative plural, this replacement resulted in spurious diphthongs. 事＞ 说‘ ＞ 議处 dat. sing. nom./voc. pi. TroXÿeg ＞ TroXeeg (g ＋ e ＞ si) ＞ TtoXeig acc. pi. (by loss of v and compensatory lengthening) -KokzMc; ＞

４．The irregular accent on the genitive plural TzoXtiÿy is modeled on the irregular accent on the

genitive singular. Memorize this exception to the rules for the possibilities of ACCENT.

翁

DRILL

７７－７８ MAY NOW BE DONE.

§７９．Third-Declension Adjectives １： -r\ÿ, -eg Several groups of adjectives use endings borrowed from third-declension nouns and are called third-declension adjectives. Most groups of third-declension adjectives have two forms in the nominative singularÿ a masculine/feminine form and a neuter form. One group of third-declen¬ sion adjectives Is identified by the nominative singular endings －！］（；，，￡（；． The stem of these adjec¬ tives is the neuter nominative singular. For exampleÿ dXti0rjiacio>ido 5odg/it> xao

3UTM o

'ao/iio 士０平

3zuoaq o (ao-H\vX ’―兄”父

'Li

3DUBJBaddB ÿuijoj ox ÿaogi3 士ogp jojiiui

px (aodxMoivÿi ÿodxicoxt)ÿ.

XI

(£6£ '8bjj 'stipCtps3V)

•ao/i 3§ Sonw (XD3

SoxÿX Sao §１３久oc｛工iccapx

＊９１

3M0 ．

Axo\2 r3uiBj ０１．ÿao3Yÿ ６０？兄x 吻如巧工 ppxp ÿSuiidsÿo ０１，

ÿliYpicp ÿUyisÿo ÿY!3 A.ii)a6clr&X

(ÿ-L snÿ/CjoddiH ÿsspidunÿ) ■‘ 、■

cvi

、

１

.3§ai130X fio)3Q

， 0\ÿ J

．、

丄

Ug dvX umÿ3

A

V

VA

•UOTSSIUipB UB S9ÿ[BXH 3ÿtpOJI[dY 'Li

，，

＿？

r'

』

L ？！細叫〕

gzz

— —— ‘—— ‘—— ÿasxoijj (coa3xoiÿ

呵I

r

5o乂 JB9p lldA ’ l|Suip99Dxÿ 'tjotiui (Xj3a) ÿi9q;a§o;p (ÿAp”

(frf°i vtitqvxoiudy>( fuoi[douax)

hi)aoa.3xoiÿ wÿdQuv １０３９ 如似泛 耵舍》 -sixa

v6v% %xo 久０兄｜１§〒工１５＞１ １０ｘ１

dÿX ao

espo§ 3ipjo aDua; axp inoqB uoissriDsip b m saÿJDOg IqpaÿsB uonsanb pDiiopqj b sÿioddi iiBuoisxii ９１江

93i§b (m3Lo\oiiq ＋

ajnpua fdjppm fdn pjoij （００Ｘ３ ＋ ~vÿ

(oi|) apaouoD mlo\oÿoÿas)

[enp可pp［！4odao4 ÿclso/i ÿSodsoÿ

(zi °Sbjj ÿsaÿjDosj)

owx3Xÿv anLo\oÿoÿa0 5UXg/jv ihi/iocIsoa. ox wy. ioxvÿD gox hqw dijX Ax s9ibjdosijo sÿjom

lÿdxiI0

６９

久３諷

ixioijf jnainSBijÿ y 。乙和

瓜 {Savd, id'tuou ＝ 53I14 fdras li ||BM (ÿ4P) ０１ ‘SftoXp工 fSoXl3X a

f,

j

v

(ÿÿ°UAdVM uvtsduuodopÿ (sspipibmfL) swa.3%

amd2ÿ

3§ao UXisx ao wji sSi\o% dvl Ssdg/if

S9SIXII0jd

°SU9ZIJP J9I| pue SII3ipYJ0 pAIAJIlS

Apamÿj fSnip qx pooS ÿ9Y0ÿ?

SBIDIJSJ [BJ3II3§ d~q\ U0in SII| ０｝l|333(Js B UJ 'pt

u9tdub ÿjo ；

(ÿ9XQD?

(vw\v% {0o命術

如

－ — {

~

9A!p 3AI| ’

１

3q

－(jo)－ － r(jo) － A-ll0ll£lcl3 ‘

(

ÿ]B9ds

６

IIPI

－ －pwp 3Cl 'pÿdÿ3ip

和‘ 如

pB3p dq[rp9p9d Jaxp

七況 llA0fl ÿO/iU03 rTt)t1a07tt)ÿ

’勝冬 (*ApB) U3

juapuB d3 ‘－

(wr\iidp ‘ralicJp ‘

ipi 'Suo|

flB3J§ iibj fpribs ４０？１ YUi>i '5oi)i

J

； q8no ri(jBSS9Dau st ji (qj9A puosjÿSini)

— r—

(wxd\i6X (hdX

{

iCxnxe o ÿaoxtidxi) ÿoxvdxD

J9SSB 咖S

３

(vd\a63 ÿx)UA

６

｛

！叩

（

￡

w

pjauaS o ÿgoXUxDclxi) ÿoXhxvdxD jaSuBp o ÿaoÿiag/io rSo/iggA.p

识SSB (AZS

{-

一

9A9ipq ÿsoddns （

ÿkih.DsXvih (wrlmXvÿ i

－

(nnonoidÿDpidioaj) 久wyÿCX” ‘

(ÿÿep jo 。！iaS ＋）

．．◎彩 ／

(oj) XiBi;noD f§nisoddo fa;xsoddo ÿSuidbi 久 oii/im3 士uÿm3 {bo\xxvx3 ？

， W i? j 对

二

VtfC

riilU6 — ’－－‘－ ‘ －－ ‘－‘－ － （０？７）６？ rt,li0UA ‘ － － －rit)ÿoi>U]o ÿwrlio/iÿrfoio （．耶＋） (ÿsiiibSb) ii|3g －

———

(

i

？—

—

？

i(l9IBS (hvÿdhtCOD ÿidliXCÿD C ll 丨 ？？？ 了 ＂ ’J 丄ÿcIjlo j9ip|os o ３

“１．：

J

ÿÿÿ"ÿ\fÿ3 (ySfÿ

？

J

"J

＂“

uiFd h (hh%a\(h%a\ 9JIlSB9|d U ÿU/lOgU ÿll/lO§U

/l— ３０八

８ 皿IdVHO r

ÿÿj.

Chapter ８

２３６

Vocabulary Notes crrpaTr)丫6§, orpcm]丫 ６ is a compound noun formed from the noun axpax6(;f “army, and the suf¬ fix -r)丫 which is derived from the verb ayw. Thus, crrpaTr]y6(ÿ first means "one who leads the

—

army/’ “general/’ “commander/’ but it may also be applied more generally to any leader. InAthens, ten crTpaTTjyoiwere elected annually to oversee both the army and the navy.

nhÿ6ovg, to means a “great amount/’ “great number/’ or “multitude” (especially of people). With the article and a Partitive Genitiveÿ jrXfjGog may also mean “the greater part” or "the main body,

＿— ＿

：、：子运

the greater part (subj./d.o.) of a soul 7cXrj0b(ÿ the main body (subj./d.o.) of the army toC to ÿAfjGoÿ crxpaTOU to

，

to, "wall/‘ is most commonly used of a wall around a town or city as opposed to the reiÿoÿ, wall of an individual building. It appears regularly inboththe singular and the plural, ra [laKpct “the long walls/’ most often refer to the walls that extended from the city of Athens, located atop a hill, down to its two harbors, Peiraeus and Phalerum.

－

，d\\Y\K(oyj "one another,” “each other,” is called a reciprocal pronoun because it is used to refer to a reciprocal or mutualrelationbetween two or more than two individuals or things. The blank at the beginning of the vocabulary entry indicates that this word has no nominative forms. It uses the plural endings of a first-second-declension adjective and may occur in any gender in the genitiveÿ dative, and accusative plural. ‘

V-

~ L

－

－ djiivaq 7tpb(ÿ yiyvsTai noWit － 二

‘

ÿ

？

？

；‘

’

..C二

．．

．． ； １ ；＿；－ made another. one contests They against ETroiqo'd'v. ：二：一 ：:G 巧 Many things arise from one another. ． 』 ： ’

今

‘

＇：

‘

二

．

‘

：'•V-'

：：＂

■“

nÿ.:..二

．１

１．—

‘

＇，：

＇：

‘

？‘

？

？

．

Verbs with Contracted Futures

An omega verb inAttic Greek may have a second principal part whose stem ends in -e. Such a verb is said to have a Contracted Futureÿ and its forms in the future tense are contracted in the same way as the present tense forms of epsilon-contracted verbs.1Verbs with contracted futures are easily recog¬ nized by the accent on their second principal parts.

ÿÿU E口

K,e(W,K,£vÿtalva １

■

J

卜

＿

kill

，

」

—

be -d

１

：

—

The accent on the second principal part of ktsivo) ktcvco—is a circumflex on the ultima. This ac¬ cent results from the contraction of the epsilon at the end of the stem with the ending (ktevs- ＋ -w ＞ ktevw); the accent indicates that ktcivw has a contracted future. 0vr|crK(o is a partial deponent. Its second principal part GavoCÿiai一has a circumflex on the penult because of the contraction of the epsilon at the end of the stem with the ending (Gave ＋ -oÿiai ＞ GavoSÿai). Other verbs with con¬ tracted futures are identified in the vocabulary notes.

—

i.A Contracted Future is often called an Attic Future because it is common inthe Attic dialectÿ butboth Ionic andthe dialect of Homer have some verbs with contracted futures.

－

Vocabulary

２３７

The verb ei'prpca, sfpTjpcu, ippÿUr)ÿ "say/‘ “tell (of), "speak (of), lacks the first and spfi, —~~； third principal parts, but the tenses formed from these principal parts are supplied by the verb \ljio. The accent on the second principal part indicates that this verb has a contracted future. The unaugmented stem from the sixth principal part is prjO- with one rho only. The root of this verb is the same as thatoftlie noun pf|TOp. y tpG) often introduces an indirect statement (oti/co? and a finite verb or a Subject Accusa¬ tive and an infinitive ［§８８］），and, like other verbs meaning "say,’’ “tell/’ “speak of/’ it may take an Ac¬ cusativeÿ Direct Object and a Dative of Indirect Object. ）

－

－－

ÿao), ， ; ;"be alive/' “live, is an irregular contracted verb that has activeÿ vQice forms only. InAttic Greek the present and imperfect tenses oft,dio are conjugated as if the stem These conjugations employ the following regular rules of contraction: were （＜ }

t] ＋ £ = l) rj ＋ £i = rj

t] ＋ o ＝ （０ n ＋ ou ＝ co

n+n=n

Memorize these rules of Attic contractionÿ

Imperfect Active Indicative

Present Active Indicative

Singular

，

（＜如） （＜彳―） （＜ ０

１

３

tfi

Plural １ g却£V ２

ÿr]T£

３

ÿwai(v)

－■

■‘

‘

；

，

？

■

．

＿

．

－

－

‘

，

．．

；－ ．

一 ． ＇；．：；＇

？

？

（＜＊切０一） （＜ÿn£T£) （＜*ÿr|ou