Le phénomène technique en préhistoire: Une réflexion épistémologique à partir et autour du Levallois (French Edition) 9782343233895, 2343233896

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Le phénomène technique en préhistoire: Une réflexion épistémologique à partir et autour du Levallois (French Edition)
 9782343233895, 2343233896

Table of contents :
Sommaire
Préface
Préambule
— Chapitre 1 — Constitution des connaissances
— Chapitre 2 — Les enlèvements Levallois
— Chapitre 3 — L’outil Levallois
— Chapitre 4 — Les modes de production
— Chapitre 5 — Implications archéologiques
Conclusion prospective
Remerciements
Bibliographie
Table des matières

Citation preview

LE PHÉNOMÈNE TECHNIQUE EN PRÉHISTOIRE

Cahiers d’anthropologie des techniques Collection dirigée par Éva David Les ouvrages de recherche fondamentale publiés dans cette collection sont destinés à tous ceux qui s’interrogent sur la valeur des interprétations d’ordre anthropologique fondées sur l’analyse du patrimoine matériel ancien. Sous la forme de recueils d’articles ou de monographies reprenant éventuellement des thèses, les cahiers livrent les résultats inédits de la compréhension de l’objet archéologique exhumé de différents terrains muséographiques et de fouilles, que celui-ci témoigne des premières populations d’homininés ou encore de civilisations du passé. L’objet pose la question du sens à donner à la technique qu’il utilise ainsi qu’à la trajectoire industrielle et au changement technique dans lesquels il s’inscrit. Cette approche permet de réviser la valeur des caractérisations chrono-culturelles fondées sur l’analyse de l’objet repensé dans la perspective de sa phénoménologie dans le domaine de l’Archéologie. En parallèle, une forme d’expérience réflexive oriente cette recherche vers une ontologie de l’objet lié à une pratique technique, en tant que pré- ou protohistorien. Les auteurs intéressés peuvent soumettre leur projet de manuscrit directement aux Éditions L’Harmattan. Cahiers déjà parus aux Éditions L’Harmattan : Éva David (dir.), 2019. Cahier 1 — Anthropologie des techniques. De la mémoire aux gestes en Préhistoire. 214 pages. Hubert Forestier, 2020. Cahier 2 — La pierre et son ombre. Épistémologie de la préhistoire. 272 pages. Louis De Weyer, 2020. Cahier 3 — Les premières traditions techniques du Paléolithique ancien. 325 pages.

Couverture de l’ouvrage Dessin © Antonio Pérez Balarezo

Eric Boëda

LE PHÉNOMÈNE TECHNIQUE EN PRÉHISTOIRE Une réflexion épistémologique à partir et autour du Levallois

Ouvrage publié avec le soutien de l’UMR 7041 et le concours de l’Université Paris Nanterre

© L’Harmattan, 2021 5-7, rue de l’Ecole-Polytechnique, 75005 Paris www.editions-harmattan.fr ISBN : 978-2-343-23389-5 EAN : 9782343233895

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— Chapitre 1 — Constitution des connaissances

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185

Table des matières 6RPPDLUH 3UpIDFH 9LQFHQW/KRPPH  3UpDPEXOH

5 7 15

1. Constitution des connaissances ......................................................... 0pPRLUHVGXVXMHWHWG¶XQREMHW 'X-H OXL DX,O PRL  6DYRLURXQHSDVVDYRLUVLF¶HVWGX/HYDOORLV"  6DYRLUFHTX¶HVWOH/HYDOORLV  /DTXrWHGHO¶HVVHQFHSRXUUHGRQQHUOHVHQV 

17 17 19   

2. Les enlèvements Levallois ................................................................. 4X¶HVWFHTX¶XQHQOqYHPHQW/HYDOORLV" +LVWRULFRFKURQRORJLTXH  8QLYHUVDOLVPH"  3HQVHUO¶REMHWWHFKQLTXHDYDQWGHSHQVHUO¶RXWLOVXUpFODW 3HQVHUO¶RXWLODYDQWGHSHQVHUO¶RXWLO/HYDOORLV /DFRQQDLVVDQFHDUWLVDQDOH  6XUIDFHSODQHVXUIDFHELVHDXWpH¿O  $LJXLVDJHHWD൶ODJH  8QQRXYHDXSDQELVHDXWp  )DFHLQYDULDQWHIDFHYDULDQWH  3HQVHUO¶RXWLOFRPPHXQV\VWqPH  3HQVHUO¶RXWLOHQWDQWTXHVWUXFWXUHHQGHYHQLU  3DUWLHWUDQVIRUPDWLYHHW¿OWUDQVIRUPDWLI  3DUWLHSUpKHQVLEOH 

33 33   35 36         

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3DUWLHWUDQVIRUPDWLYHSDUWLHSUpKHQVLEOHO¶XQHHWDYHFO¶DXWUH   3. L’outil Levallois .................................................................................. /HVYDULDQWVHWOHVLQYDULDQWV 8QERUGXQELVHDX  &RQWU{OHGXELVHDX  /DVXUIDFHGHSODQGHIUDSSH  6LOKRXHWWHGHODSDUWLHSUR[LPDOH  eSDLVVHXUGXWDORQ  187

67 68     

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77 77 86    

   

     

5. Implications archéologiques .............................................................. 111 3URFKH2ULHQW   (QOqYHPHQWVGHVLOKRXHWWHFRQYHUJHQWH  9ROXPHXWLOH/HYDOORLVDXWRFRUUpODWLI 9ROXPHXWLOH/HYDOORLVQRQDXWRFRUUpODWLI

 

 

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188

       

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