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Latin American nations in world politics
 0865316899, 0865316880

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Latin American Nations in Worid Poiitics edited by Heraldo Munoz and Joseph S. Tulchin

1984

horeign Relations of the Third World, No. 3

Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2018 with funding from Kahle/Austin Foundation

https://archive.0rg/details/latinamericannatOOOOmuno

Latin American Nations in World Politics

WITHDRAWN

Foreign Relations of the Third World

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Series Editorial Advisory Board

General Editor, Heraido Munoz, lEI-Universidad de Chile and CERC-Academia de Humanismo Cristiano, Chile Carlos Fortin, Institute of Development Studies, University of Sussex, England Wolf Grabendorff, Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik, West Germany Abraham Lowenthal, Department of International Relations, University of Southern California, USA Luis Maira, Instituto de Estudios de Estados Unidos, CIDE, Mexico Ali Mazrui, University of Michigan, USA, and Department of Political Science, University of Jos, Nigeria R. Narayanan, School of International Affairs, Jawaharlal Nehru University, India

Latin American Nations in World Politics edited by Heraldo Munoz and Joseph S. Tulchin

Westview Press



Boulder and London

For Judy, who has been over every step of the way with me J.S.T.

This is a Westview reprint edition, manufactured on our own premises using equipment and methods that allow us to keep even specialized books in stock. It is printed on acid-free paper and bound in softcovers that carry the highest rating of NASTA in consultation with the AAP and the BMI.

©

The paper used in this publication meets the requirements of the American National Standard for Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials Z39.48-1984.

Foreign Relations of the Third World, No. 3

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Copyright © 1984 by Westview Press, Inc. Published in 1984 in the United States of America by Westview Press, Inc., 5500 Central Avenue, Boulder, Colorado 80301; Frederick A. Praeger, Publisher

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Main entry under title: Latin American nations in world politics. (The foreign relations of the Third World series; v. 3) Includes index. 1. Latin America—Foreign relations—1948- — Addresses, essays, lectures. 1. Munoz, Heraldo. 11. Tulchin, Joseph S., 1939. III. Series. F1414.2.L329 1984 327.8 84-7302 ISBN 0-86531-688-0 ISBN 0-86531-689-9 (pbk.)

Printed and bound in the United States of America 10

98765432

Contents Preface.vii

1

The Analysis of Latin American Foreign Policies: Theoretical Perspectives, Alberto van Klaveren.1

2

On Comparing Foreign Policies: Comments on van Klaveren, Kenneth M. Coleman.22

3

The Formulation and Implementation of Brazilian Foreign Policy: Itamaraty and the New Actors, Alexandre de S. C. Barros.30

4

Politics, Bureaucracy, and Foreign Policy in Chile, Manfred Wilhelmy.

45

5

Perceptions as Realities: The United States, Venezuela, and Cuba in the Caribbean, Anthony P. Maingot.63

6

The Role of Regional Powers in Central America: Mexico, Venezuela, Cuba, and Colombia, Wolf Grabendorff.83

7

Recent Strategic Developments in South America's Southern Cone, Wayne A. Selcher.101

8

The Malvinas Conflict: Analyzing the Argentine Military Regime's Decision-Making Process, Carlos J. Moneta. 119

9

Venezuelan Foreign Policy and the Role of Political Parties, John D. Martz.133

10

The International Policy of the Socialist Party and Foreign Relations of Chile, Heraldo Munoz.150

11

Internationalism and the Limits of Autonomy: Cuba's Foreign Relations, Enrique Baloyra Herp.168

12

Authoritarian Regimes and Foreign Policy: The Case of Argentina, Joseph S. Tulchin.186

VI

CONTENTS

13

Peru: The Military Government's Foreign Policy in Its Two Phases (1968-1980), Helan Jaworski C. ..200

14

Democratic Transition and Foreign Policy: The Experience of Brazil, Monica Hirst.216

15

The Foreign Policy Implications of the International System, Francisco Orrego Vicuna.230

16

The Soviet Union in the Foreign Relations of the Southern Cone, Augusto Varas.243

List of Acronyms. 261 Research Bibliography.264 Titles in This Series.267 Other Titles of Interest from Westview Press.267 About the Book and Editors.268 Index.269

Preface The study of foreign affairs in the last two centuries has been dominated by the great powers, just as they have exerted influence and control over relations among nations. Since the great powers for centuries have been located in Europe and North America, the study of international affairs has had a Eurocentric bias. That bias has affected the way in which people all over the world have discussed diplomacy and inter¬ national politics: It has been apparent in setting the “rules of the game" for international politics and international law, in setting the agenda for negotiations in the forums of international agencies, and in setting the framework within which international affairs have been studied. That framework, like the dominant social-science paradigms concerning eco¬ nomic development, political modernization, and cultural change, le¬ gitimated the hierarchy of status in the world system in which the nations in the Third World were considered subordinate. Not only were developing nations weaker than developed nations, they also were inferior or subordinate as subjects for study. Their reality was to be understood in terms of their relationships to the great powers. The intellectual subordination of Latin America was attacked first in the 1940s by the staff of the United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America (ECLA), under the leadership of the Argentine economist Raul Prebisch, within the context of a search for an explanation for the region's economic subordination or underdevelopment. The outgrowth of that effort, known as dependency theory, served both to explain the persistence of Latin American underdevelopment and to provide a framework for the study of the region that was not merely a function of great power perceptions or models. Similar efforts have been made in the past twenty years in the analysis of politics, society, culture, and literature. All of these serve to highlight Latin American reality and, in one way or another, help to explain the region's position in world affairs. It is strange, then, to realize that very little has been accomplished from a Latin American perspective in the field of international relations. In recent years there has appeared, both in the United States and in Latin America, a series of case studies of the external policies of Latin American nations. This work is essentially descriptive. Other lines of research have emphasized the diplomatic history of the region or of some particular countries or have studied the functional or geographic VII

viii

PREFACE

dimensions of the international relations of Latin America as a whole. (See the Research Bibliography.) Little, if any, of this work explicitly tests the dominant paradigms of the field with a view to exploring their appropriateness for the analysis of Latin American international relations. To remedy this deficiency, scholars at the Instituto de Estudios Internacionales of the Universidad de Chile and the Institute of Latin American Studies of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill organized a conference at Vina del Mar, Chile, from September 20 to 23, 1982. The conference was supported by the National Science Foun¬ dation of the United States and the Comision Nacional de Investigacion Cientifica y Tecnologica of Chile. The Universidad de Chile provided generous hospitality during the conference and the Office of International Programs of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill provided funds for translating manuscripts and for preparing the manuscript for the press. Heraldo Munoz, who was my collaborator in organizing the conference and in preparing the papers for publication, joins me at this opportunity to thank officials of both institutions for their encouragement and support. The conference was designed to apply different theoretical models, developed in the United States as well as in Latin America, to the concrete study of the foreign policies of Latin American states. (I should note here that the book edited by Julio Cotier and Richard Fagen, Latin America and the United States: The Changing Political Realities [Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1974], attempted in part to do something similar. But even though the volume included articles that applied decision-making models to the analysis of U.S.-Latin American relations and essays that utilized structural approaches, the chapters concentrated on inter-American relations in general and did not present varied theoretical alternatives for the study of Latin American foreign policies.) The central objective of the conference was not to describe those policies in greater detail, but-—more ambitiously—to find systematic explanations for the external behavior of Latin American nations in the light of various theoretical approaches to the study of foreign policy. The or¬ ganizing principle of the conference was sessions focusing on one of several theoretical models in which papers by Latin American and U.S. scholars were juxtaposed and in which the foreign relations of Latin American nations were discussed in comparative perspective. The fol¬ lowing sessions were held: (1) theoretical models for the analysis of foreign policy, (2) perceptions and decision making in foreign policy, (3) power politics and diplomacy, (4) nongovernmental actors and foreign policy, (5) external dependency and foreign policy, (6) political regimes and foreign policy, and (7) external context and foreign policy. Many papers at the conference brought out the intimate relationship between external factors and internal power groups in the formulation of foreign policy in any Latin American country, irrespective of the type of political regime in that country. Similarly, despite the desire for

PREFACE

IX

autonomous action, it was clear from many of the case studies that certain constraints, such as economic dependency and long-standing relationships with hegemonic powers, had greater influence on the formulation of foreign policy than regime type or specific economic development objectives. Further, alliances of political parties have had important roles to play in the foreign-policy behavior of several countries in the region. Finally, regime type was held to be a more significant factor in determining the manner in which policy is formulated than the definition of national foreign-policy objectives. The conference participants concluded unanimously that the com¬ parative mode adopted during the proceedings was an invaluable aid to enhancing our understanding of the foreign-policy behaviors of Latin American nations. The nature of the comparative mode, together with the intense, collegial atmosphere of the conference, made it easier and more exciting to revise the papers for publication. Heraldo Munoz and I feel that this volume represents a step forward in the study of international relations in Latin America. We recognize, with a combination of pride and humility, that a great deal remains to be done. We will consider our efforts successful if we stimulate more and better work by our colleagues in this field. Joseph S. Tulchin

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