Language Contact across the North Atlantic (Linguistische Arbeiten) 348430359X, 9783484303591

Table of contents :
Preface
Acknowledgements
Opening of the SLE conference in Galway
Introduction
I. PRE-COLUMBIAN CONTACTS
A. OLD NORSE IN THE FAROES
1. Old Norse in the Faroes (with special reference to palatalization)
B. OLD NORSE IN SCOTLAND AND NORN IN SHETLAND
2. Historical and linguistic evidence for Gall-Gaidheil and Norse in Western Scotland
3. On the use of “be” as a perfective auxiliary in modern Shetland dialect: hybridization and syntactic change
C. OLD NORSE IN IRELAND
4. Old Norse in Ireland
D. OLD NORSE IN ICELAND
5. Language contact in Iceland: the evidence of names
E. GREENLAND
6. European contacts with Greenland as reflected in the place-names
II. POST-COLUMBIAN CONTACTS
A. SCANDINAVIAN CONTACTS – EMIGRATION HISTORY
7. Swedish exodus – from Sillgatan in Gothenburg to America
8. The Swedish Emigrant Institute and the documentation of the transatlantic emigration era
9. Five decades of research on Swedish emigration to North America
B. SWEDISH – AMERICAN ENGLUSH
10. Linkers, fillers, tags and flags – code-switching of conjunctions and conversational signals among American Swedes
C. SWEDISH – SPANISH IN ARGENTINA
11. Immigrant Swedish in Misiones, Argentina – towards language loss
D. NORWEGIAN – AMERICAN ENGLISH
12. The Norwegian immigrants of the late 18th century and the problem of the so-called ‘great melting pot’ in America
13. Scandinavian-American place-names as viewed from the Old World
14. The position of Nynorsk in the Norwegian-American press
15. a. Some phonological changes in a Norwegian dialect in America
b. The gender of English nouns used in American Norwegian
E. NORWEGIAN DIALECTS IN SPITSBERGEN
16. Semi-migration in the Arctic – a theoretical perspective on the dialect strategies of children on Spitsbergen
F. FINNISH-AMERICAN ENGLISH
17. Retention and replacement of original Finnish words in American Finnish
G. ENGLISH DIALECTS IN AMERICA
18. English dialects transported
H. SCOTS-GAELIC – AMERICAN ENGLISH
19. Cape Breton – Western Isles: transatlantic resonance of language and culture
20. Gaelic-influenced Scots in pre-revolutionary Maryland
21. Ulster English as Janus: Language contact across the Irish Sea and across the North Atlantic
I. DUTCH – AMERICAN ENGLISH
22. American Dutch: general trends in its development
J. GERMAN – AMERICAN ENGLISH
23. The death of Texas German in Gillespie County
K. CROATIAN – AMERICAN ENGLISH
24. Sociolinguistic conditions for maintenance of a dialect: The case of the Konavle dialect in Watsonville, California
L. ITALIAN – AMERICAN ENGLISH
25. Language contact among North-American people of Italian origin
26. Emigration from Southern Italy to the United States: Bilingualism and its linguistic effects on local dialects
III. AFRICAN-EUROPEAN – AMERICAN CONTACTS
27. A West African Creole language in an Atlantic perspective: the origins and present state of Krio
Index
Index of languages
Index of names
Authors’ addresses

Citation preview

Linguistische Arbeiten

359

Herausgegeben von Hans Altmann, Peter Blumenthal, Herbert E. Brekle, Gerhard Heibig, Hans Jürgen Heringer, Heinz Vater und Richard Wiese

Language contact across the North Atlantic Proceedings of the Working Groups held at University College, Galway (Ireland), August 29 - September 3, 1992 and the University of Göteborg (Sweden), August 16-21, 1993

Edited by P. Sture Ureland and Iain Clarkson

Max Niemeyer Verlag Tübingen 1996

Karl-Hampus Dahlstedt 19.4.1917-23.6.1996 In Memoriam

Die Deutsche Bibliothek - CIP-Einheitsaufnahme Language contact across the North Atlantic : proceedings of the working groups held at University College, Galway (Ireland), August 29-September 3, 1992 and the University of Göteborg (Sweden), August 16-21, 1993 / ed by P. Sture Ureland and Iain Clarkson. Tübingen : Niemeyer, 1996 (Linguistische Arbeiten ; 359) NE: Ureland, Per Sture [Hrsg.]; National University of Ireland / College ; GT ISBN 3-484-30359-X

ISSN 0344-6727

© Max Niemeyer Verlag GmbH & Co. KG, Tübingen 1996 Das Werk einschließlich aller seiner Teile ist urheberrechtlich geschützt. Jede Verwertung außerhalb der engen Grenzen des Urheberrechtsgesetzes ist ohne Zustimmung des Verlages unzulässig und strafbar. Das gilt insbesondere für Vervielfältigungen, Übersetzungen, Mikroverfilmungen und die Einspeicherung und Verarbeitung in elektronischen Systemen. Printed in Germany. Gedruckt auf alterungsbeständigem Papier. Druck: Weihert-Druck GmbH, Darmstadt Einband: Industriebuchbinderei Hugo Nädele, Nehren

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Preface Acknowledgements Opening of the SLE conference in Galway Introduction

IX XII XIII 1

I. PRE-COLUMBIAN CONTACTS A. OLD NORSE IN THE FAROES

1. Otmar Werner Old Norse in the Faroes (with special reference to palatalization)

35

B . OLD NORSE IN SCOTLAND AND NORN IN SHETLAND

2. Andrew Jennings Historical and linguistic evidence for Gall-Gaidheil and Norse in Western Scotland .... 3. Alexander Pavlenko On the use of "be" as a perfective auxiliary in modern Shetland dialect: hybridization and syntactic change

61

75

C. OLD NORSE IN IRELAND

4. Britta Schulze-Thulin Old Norse in Ireland

83

D. OLD NORSE IN ICELAND

5. Gillian Fellows-Jensen Language contact in Iceland: the evidence of names

115

E . GREENLAND

6. Inge Kleivan European contacts with Greenland as reflected in the place-names

125

II. POST-COLUMBIAN CONTACTS A. SCANDINAVIAN CONTACTS - EMIGRATION HISTORY

7. Lars Ljungmark Swedish exodus - from Sillgatan in Gothenburg to America 8. UlfBeijbom The Swedish Emigrant Institute and the documentation of the transatlantic emigration era

153

169

VI

Contents

9. DagBlcmck Five decades of research on Swedish emigration to North America

185

Β . SWEDISH- AMERICANENGLUSH

10. Staffan Klintborg Linkers, fillers, tags and flags - code-switching of conjunctions and conversational signals among American Swedes

199

C. SWEDISH - SPANISH IN ARGENTINA

11. Gunvor Flodell Immigrant Swedish in Misiones, Argentina - towards language loss

217

D . NORWEGIAN - AMERICAN ENGLISH

12. Marlys Honrttd-Larsen The Norwegian immigrants of the late 18th century and the problem of the so-called 'great melting pot' in America 13. Arne Kruse Scandinavian-American place-names as viewed from the Old World 14. Peter Hallaräker The position of Nynorsk in the Norwegian-American press 15. Arnstein Hjelde a. Some phonological changes in a Norwegian dialect in America b. The gender of English nouns used in American Norwegian

237 255 269 283 297

E. NORWEGIAN DIALECTS IN SPITSBERGEN

16. Brit Mahlum Semi-migration in the Arctic - a theoretical perspective on the dialect strategies of children on Spitsbergen

313

F. FINNISH-AMERICAN ENGLISH

17. Pekka Hirvonen Retention and replacement of original Finnish words in American Finnish

333

G. ENGLISH DIALECTS IN AMERICA

18. Veronica Kniezsa English dialects transported

351

H. SCOTS-GAELIC - AMERICAN ENGLISH

19. Kenneth MacKinnon Cape Breton - Western Isles: transatlantic resonance of language and culture 20. Robert McColl Millar Gaelic-influenced Scots in pre-revolutionary Maryland

363 387

Contents

21. Michael Montgomery and Philip Robinson Ulster English as Janus: Language contact across the Irish Sea and across the North Atlantic

VII

411

I. DUTCH-AMERICAN ENGLISH

22. Jaap van Marie and Caroline Smits American Dutch: general trends in its development

427

J. GERMAN-AMERICAN ENGLISH

23. Susan Guion The death of Texas German in Gillespie County

443

K. CROATIAN - AMERICAN ENGLISH

24. Rudolf Filipovic Sociolinguistic conditions for maintenance of a dialect: The case of the Konavle dialect in Watsonville, California

465

L. ITALIAN-AMERICAN ENGLISH

25. Celestina Milani Language contact among North-American people of Italian origin 26. Gabriele Birken-Silverman Emigration from Southern Italy to the United States: Bilingualism and its linguistic effects on local dialects

479

503

III. AFRICAN-EUROPEAN - AMERICAN CONTACTS 27. Karl Inge Sandred A West African Creole language in an Atlantic perspective: the origins and present state of Krio

527

Index Index of languages Index of names

543 545

Authors' addresses

551

Preface This book is the result of two separate working groups on ^Language Contact across the North Atlantic' organized by the Linguistischer Arbeitskreis Mannheim (LAMA) on two different occasions. The first was held at University College Galway, Ireland, on August 29 to September 3, 1992, at the XXVth Annual Meeting of the Societas Linguistica Europaea and the second, at the University of Göteborg a year later on August 16-21, 1993, at the joint meeting of the XlVth Scandinavian Conference of Linguistics and the Vlllth Conference of Nordic and General Linguistics.1 Twenty-eight of the best papers presented at the working-groups in Galway and Göteborg are published here, although a considerably larger number were given at the two conferences. The original idea to organize a conference on transatlantic language contacts arose in connection with the Eighth International Symposium on 'Language Contact in the British Isles', which was also organized by the LAMA, in Douglas, Isle of Man, in September 1988 (cf. Ureland and Broderick (eds.) 1991). On my visit to Galway in the same year just after the Douglas symposium Prof. Gearoid Mac Eoin suggested that I choose Galway as the next venue for the L