Kurukh Grammar

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KUM'KII

GRAMMA

THE REVP. FEftD. 9KBUAN E7ANOBL.

LnTET.

QOSSNKR

II

A

I

CHOTA NAOPUB,

:

BENflAL SKCliKTAEIAT PRESS. 1911.

RS. 2-8

;

English,

J.

IN,

S MISSION,

CALCUTTA

I

3s.

9d.]

PC

4702

Published at the BENGAL SECBETABIAT BOOK Writers' Buildings, Calcutta.

DKP&T,

In India

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THACKEJ &

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THE SUPERINTENDENT, AMERICAN BAPTIST MISSION PRESS, Rangoon, MRS. RADHABAI ATMARAM SAGOON, Bombay. MESSRS. R. CAMBRAY & Co., Calcutta. RAI SAHIB M. GULAB SINGH & SONS, Proprietors of the Mufid-i-aui Press, Lahore, Punjab. MESSRS. THOMPSON & Co., Madras. MESSP.S. S. MURTHY & Co., Madras. MESSRS. GOPIL NARAYAN & Co., Bombay. MESSES. B. BANERJEE & Co., 25 Corn wllis Street, Calcutta. MESSRS. S. K. LAHIRI & Co., Printers and Book-sellers, College Street, Calcutta. MESSRS. V. KALYANARAMA IYER & Co., Book-sellers, . B. TARAPOREVALA SONS & Co., Book-sellers, Bombay. MESSRS. G. A. NATESAN & Co., MADRAS. MR. N. B. MATHUR, Superintendent, Nazir Kanum Hind Pres, Allahabad. THE CALCUTTA SCHOOL-BOOK SOCIETY. ,

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Berlin, N. W.,

6.

L

N

I

)

i

:

\ PAGE.

'.'.iction

LiT

I.

ON THE FORMS. PAGE.

CHAPTER

A. Section 1.

On

spelling

On

vowels

..... .....

C. 3.

On

Vowels.

diphthongs

On

7.

semivowels

,.

,,

Number and Gender.

14.

On number

Definite and indefinite forms

1G

Singular and plural

17.

Conspectus of singular and pluial

18.

Special masculine and feminine

1-2

;m

" from yotd, whole that The meaning of guthl is "whole "the many," "from bagge, many. The same distinction ;

is

17

[

of baggar

of

these

appear further on in the pronouns and the conjugamust be noted, however, that though the Kurukh has for the masculine and the feminine one and the same plural, or, in other

three genders will tion of the verb.

It

words, a common gender in the plural, he has no singular for the feminine but uses the neuter singular instead of it. Thus, strictly speaking, there are only two genders in Kurukh, viz., masculine and neuter, because each woman taken alone is treated grammatically as a] thing or chattel but when he refers to them in the plural, the Kurukh uses the masculine form ;

for

them

as well as for

are in the pronoun

men.

Yet

and because there and in the verb distinctly

for this latter reason,

special feminine forms

feminine inflections, we deem it more appropriate to divide the Kurukh gender into masculine, feminine and neuter. 18.

The number

of masculine

and feminine nouns being

email in Kurukh, the principal of them are given below

so

very

:

List of masculine with corresponding feminine nouns

Alas

(def,),

Metas

man

Jlfibas

dli, woman, wife. mukkd and khai, woman,

;

husband father

;

Kukos

kuko'e, girl.

RitJcokhadd JLelekhaddas , or

wife.

ayd, mother.

;

male child lelles

male baby

Jaunkhaddis

eon-in-law

Dharmes

god

;

;

kuko'e khadd, female child.

;

Idle khadd, female baby. ;

kheddo, daughter-in-law.

dharwe, goddess.

Nddas

-. nad,7 demon, evil *^".*v, spirit, ^*VJ_U.y (fern.) Dharmes and nddas are not used as masculine words except by Christian CrSos. Non-Christianslook upon God and the devil as being feminine only. 7

18 to 20.] Bela*,

(def)

king

Mrf, queen.

;

pelld servant (fern.)

Jokhaa,

servant,

Bisdhas,

wizard;

DeVras,

sorcerer

Urbas,

master

bitdtt, witch. detird, sorceress.

;

urb.-ti,

;

lady, mistre

s

;

also mvntfri or wi'/ii.

Naigas,

priest

REMARK. The ending from the Hindi Grammar, c

naigni, the wife of the priest.

;

n\ f.,

in

wlnl and

is

apparently borrowed

gharnl, landlady.

and feminine nouns.

Special masculine

When

naigni,

speaking of irrational beings or neuter nouns, it is desirable to denote sex, the Kurukh prefixes to neuter nouns indicating 19.

in

quadrupeds and birds, the words andrd, male and lurhi, female lakra male tiger, burhi lakra^ tigress so andrd kiss, boar; andrd ;

;

e.y.>

osyd,

andrd mouse,

For sheep and goats the Kurukh employs the word bokrd to denote the male: bokrd merfid, ram and bokrd erdy he goat. For buffalo maikhd, karrd and bhais are used respectively; for dog alld,kuttnlid and kuttialta, In the case of birds kokro is used for cock and katn for hen ; thus bitch. etc.

koki o

cock-pigeon and katri murkhur,

mttrkhur,

castrated cock.

from the Hindi a

Kuiukh

hen-pigeon ; gayd kher, these prefixes ere, however, apparently borrowed vocabulary, and the distinction therefore is not originally

Almost

all

one.

B.

Case and Declension. A.

CASE.

There are seven cases in Kurukh and only one declension. The genitive case is formed by adding the post position gahi to the nominative of the noun, definite or indefinite: dl gahi, of man, alas gahi, of the man, 20.

14

KUEUEH GRAMMAR,

filar

20

Another form of the genitive or rather possessive

men.

of the

gahi,

[

ntd, with the exclusive sense of belonging to locally for which ntd reason may be considered a locative e.g.. paddd, village, paddantd, of the

case

is

;

;

village, or

belonging to the village

iyd, here, iyanld, of this

; iyanld amm, the water of this place ; paddantd alar, the people of the village. In the dative the postposition ge is added dl ge and alas ye, to the ;

:

man.

The

the accusative

sign of

an

is

when

the noun ends in a consonant

;

noun masculine singular it is in feminine and in the and plural example plural dlan, man, dlasin, the man, alarm, the men; mukkan, the woman, mu*Jsarin t the women.

after a vowel

it is

n

;

form

in the definite

of

the

:

;

Erpan, the house, erpdguthin, the houses.

The

sign of the ablative

is

11

and

nil

;

the latter form being used in

nouns ending with a vowel for the sake of euphony ; e.g., alas /f,from the man, dttnti, from the woman. The sign of the ablative may be added to the accusative as well as to the nominative,

This n in the ablative therefore be

this

of

above would be

85 on participles and the syntax The instrumental case signs are tr\ and tru.

locative, see

In the

is

it is

spoken

the postposition nu

locative

alas nu, in the

in

dlarinti,

erpdgiithinti.

;

156.

in, on, is

man, merkhd nu, in heaven. no

as

used most probably only by way of euphony.

then the real form of the possessive-locative nta spoken As to the combination of the ablative with the id.

If

so,

is

added

In some

to the

localities

nominative

also in Mdlto.

In the vocative

6, ay and ayo are suffixed to the nouns: master! masters mukkaid, vrbard, master; urbay, urbayo, There is no vocative form for the plural of neuter nouns.

21.

:

where Kurukh

!

e.g

,

urb,

women

t

Besides the vocative suffix the interjection e or ana, is prefixed e urbatd, or ana urbayo, O master ! In the feminine nouns both suffix and prefix undergo a change the final a of the former becoming ai, e mukkai, O woman ! (in the singular only) and the final a of the latter also changing :

:

into

ai,

women

anal mufckai.

talk to

daughters

!

women,

There viz

,

is

a

an khai,

change of this prefix ana when daughter! and ane khaiyutl