Korea : a cultural and historical dictionary 9780700704644, 9780700704637

Table of contents :
Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
Preface
List of abbreviations
The McCune-Reischauer romanisation system
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z
Maps
The ancient kingdoms of Korea
The provincial boundaries of modern korea
The beacon system in Chosŏn Korea
The provinces of modern North Korea
Chronological chart: the dynastic periods of East Asian history
DICTIONARY
General Bibliography
Index of personal names
Index of literary and musical titles

Citation preview

Korea, A Historical and Cultural Dictionary

Durham East Asia Series Edited from the Department of East Asian Studies, University of Durham Already published: The Book of Changes (Zhouyi): A Bronze Age document translated with introduction and notes Richard Rutt (1996) Strengthen the Country and Enrich the People: the reform writings ofMa Jianzhong (1845-1900) Paul Bailey (1998) China, a Historical and Cultural Dictionary Michael Dillon, ed. (1998) Korea, a Historical and Cultural Dictionary Keith Pratt and Richard Rutt (1999)

In preparation: Japan, a Historical and Cultural Dictionary Don Starr, ed. China's Tibet Policy DawaNorbu

Korea A Historical and Cultural Dictionary by

Keith Pratt and Richard Rutt with additional material by

James Hoare

i~ ~~o~~~~n~~:up LONDON AND NEW YORK

First Published in 1999 by Curzon Press Published 2013 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY, 10017, USA

Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business

© 1999 Department of East Asian Studies, University of Durham

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record of this book is available from the British Library Library a/Congress Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book has been requested

ISBN 13: 978-0-700-70464-4 (hbk) ISBN 13: 978-0-700-70463-7 (Pbk)

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Preface

VI

List of abbreviations

Xl

The McCune-Reischauer romanisation system

XlII

Maps The ancient kingdoms ofKorea

XVlII

The provincial boundaries of modern Korea

XIX

The beacon system in Choson Korea

22

The provinces of modern North Korea

98

Chronological chart: the dynastic periods of East Asian history

XX

DICTIONARY General Bibliography

542

Index of personal names

544

Index of literary and musical titles

561

v

PREFACE

I

This Dictionary is intended as a quick access handbook, providing factual information about events, people, and topics in the history and culture of Korea. It is not only for specialist use: of course we hope it will prove useful to teachers and students, but we are also anxious to interest a broader readership in the richness and fascination of this small but unique country. Our selection of entries reflects what we have found important and interesting in our study of over two thousand years of Korean history and culture. Others would perhaps have made a different choice, and we are all too conscious of some of our omissions. Nevertheless we believe the overall effect of our entries is properly to reflect Korea's pivotal rOle in the development of the north-east Asian region, the characteristics and qualities that typifY its civilisation, and the complexity of its experiences during the twentieth century. Since this is neither an encyclopaedia nor a text book, we have sometimes been constrained by limitations of space from qualifYing or enlarging upon statements which, experts will recognise, can not be as hard and fast as we may make them appear. Where appropriate, therefore, we add titles of books and articles in western languages to which readers may tum for further information and guidance, though we should stress that our entries reflect our own opinions, and not necessarily the judgements of these authors. Books which deserve frequent citation for their widespread relevance are not usually mentioned in this way, but are listed in the General Bibliography on page 542. II

From end to end Korea measures scarcely six hundred miles. Its people regard themselves as homogeneous, despite the frequent intermixing that has taken place over the centuries with people from outside the peninsula, and although regional variations in spoken dialect and forms of popular entertainment, for example, still reflect the intrusion of mountain and riverine barriers, social habits and cultural preferences have evolved in broadly similar style across the whole peninsula. Korea's history has been subject to just as much division and turmoil as that of any

VI

PREFACE other independently developing nation, both self-inflicted and resulting from a geographical position that makes it the natural prey of neighbours from west, north, and east. The twentieth century has seen perhaps the greatest suffering in the whole of Korean history. Submission to Japan has been followed by the agonising division of the country into North and South which, though a vestige of Cold War rivalry between Eastern and Western political blocs, cannot be blamed any longer on foreigners for its perpetuation. Yet the experience of turbulence and disunity past and present has served only to strengthen the Korean people's sense of nationality and longing for peaceful reunification. When the latter comes, it will create new opportunities for joint archaeological, cultural, and historical research by the foremost scholars of South and North, and for their combined cooperation with colleagues in China, Japan and the West. Then, for the first time, may the rich resources of traditional Korean civilisation be fully subjected to modem critical study, and a better light be shed on its past. Compared with the international research that has advanced understanding of Chinese history during the twentieth century, little has yet been done to penetrate the veil covering Korea. Many topics await illumination; many questions remain unanswered, while others have yet to be asked. The evidence is there to be interpreted. It is to be found in libraries, museums and private collections in North and South Korea and around the world, and much more still lies buried below ground. III

We have drawn upon both primary and secondary source materials. Any unevenness in our coverage of topics from earliest times to the modem period may be due to our subjective preference for certain cultural fields, but it also reflects the political difficulties that have influenced and limited the unravelling of Korea's past in this century. Before 1945 Japanese specialists - geological, archaeological, ethnographic, and architectural - made an invaluable start and provided a foretaste of the riches waiting to be discovered, but they interpreted and exploited what they found within a preconceived framework of Japanese ethnic and cultural superiority. The basis was thus laid, perhaps unavoidably, for the racial rivalry which continued to dog intellectual discussion of Korean history and culture by scholars from the two countries long after the end ofthe colonial period. At the start ofthe second half of the twentieth century western academic attention was concentrated on China first, Japan second, and on Korea mainly as a perceived bridge for cultural transmission between the two rather than as a civilisation in its own right. The legacy of the Korean War was to reinforce the image ofthe country's subordinate status and to emphasise its dependence on China (past) and the West (present). Moreover, the new ideological barriers between the two Koreas, China and the West now impeded scholarly co-operation, and even prevented thorough investigation of the peninsula's relationship with the continent as archaeologists unearthed the story of China's prehistory and early civilisation. Partly under the influence of the minjung movement in the 1970s, however, South Koreans rediscovered their pride in their national culture and began to transmit it to the West, which was now developing respect for their country's economic revival. The result, by the end of the millennium, was at last an acknowledgement of Korean political independence and an appreciation of its particular cultural traditions. Nevertheless, the improved intellectual exchange and V11

PREFACE

co-operation between East and West which accompanied the ending of the Cold War were not replicated between South and North Korea, where much historical writing continued to reveal a political agenda. Nor were contentious historical issues quick to be resolved between Korean and Japanese scholars. Only in the 1990s did the exchange of information and ideas between Koreans, Chinese and Japanese begin to show signs of agreement, as on the nature of neolithic culture around the Gulf of Bohai or the identification of Korean works of art preserved in Japan. The eventual removal of communication barriers across the 38th parallel will lead to unprecedented opportunities for all Korean scholars to work together and with foreign experts on the discovery of their history, even if it takes somewhat longer for them to override the effects of the century's ideological scars.

IV We have tried to present basic information in entries that are concise in themselves but draw the reader's attention to related issues. Cross-references are indicated by the use of bold face. 1 Certain topics may be traced at descending levels from generality to detai1. 2 For example, the generic entry on MUSIC will point the reader to a consideration of MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS, then to discussion of musical categories such as COURT MUSIC, CHONGAK, NONGAK and FOLK SONGS. Thereafter may be found entries on musical forms including KAGOK, P 'ANSORI and SANJO, and at a subsequent level the names of individual instruments (e.g. KAYAGUM, TAEGUM), pieces (e.g. YOMILLAK), and persons with musical connections (e.g. PAK YON). We have included two Indices. The presence of an Index in an alphabetically arranged Dictionary may at first appear otiose, but (a) the reader may wish to find references to persons, books, etc., who do not warrant an entry in their own right; and (b) even in the case of those who do have their own entries, location of supplementary mention may help to fill out the necessarily abbreviated synopses. The dating of events in Korean history before 1894 is bedevilled in Western writing by the discordance between the lunar and solar calendars. We have identified the problems in the Dictionary under the headings KAPCHA YEARS, LUNAR MANSIONS, and SOLAR TERMS, with a note also on DATING BY MING LOYALISTS. Within the Dictionary we have aimed at accurate solar-year dating, following the Julian Calendar until 5/15 October 1582 and the Gregorian Calendar thereafter. When the day and month of an event (especially birth and death) cannot be ascertained, we have given the solar year that most nearly coincides with the lunar year in question. Since the translation of titles given to books, offices, brush-names and terms in Korean often fails to render the flavour of the original, we have frequently given literal equivalents rather than their connotation. For the student, for example, Haedong y6ksa is more helpfully interpreted as 'Unravelled Chronicles from East of the Sea' than as 'History of Korea'.

Exceptions to this rule are the commonly recurring names of dynasties and periods (though not when they occur as names of kingdoms), together with the cities of Seoul and P'yilngyang and the word 'province/s'. 2 Those that may be pursued in this way include Ceramics; China, relations with; Christianity; Confucianism (including neo-Confucianism); Literature; Music; and Painting Vlll

PREFACE

v Long after the invention of their own alphabet, Koreans continued to write in Chinese characters. Even today they are still in limited use in South Korea and are essential in scholarship, especially for the names of people and places. Since they cannot be guessed with any certainty from romanisation, they are shown where appropriate against entry headwords. Han 'gal transcriptions, however, follow alphabetic principles and are not shown, but the introductory article on page xiii explains the McCune-Reischauer system of romanisation used throughout this book. For all that this is more widely used than any other, it is a system that arouses strong emotions, and it is neither easy nor universally accepted, especially in Korea itself. In April 1997 the South Korean government convened a conference to discuss its official replacement by a new system, which would also be adopted on roadsigns. Foreign scholars, while generally admitting the right of Korean authorities to make such a decision, were unhappy about the aesthetics of many words transliterated according to the proposed alternative rules and remained doubtful that the results were any more accurate than McCuneReischauer as a representation of Korean sounds. The devisers of McCune-Reischauer were vague about using the hyphen to divide Sino-Korean words, saying that such division 'is always partially a matter of individual interpretation'. We have followed Korean usage in printing book and institutional titles as phonological units, often dividing them (if at all) by hyphens, preferring Ch 'unhyang-jon to Ch 'unhyang ch6n, Songgyun-gwan to Songgyun 'gwan. We have also placed hyphens in some Sino-Korean words, to ease the eye, hint at the internal grammar of the word, and suggest the slight syllabic stress that usually follows the hyphen. Chonbomnyun-in is more reader-friendly than Chonb6mnyunin (,dharma-cakramudra'). Alphabetisation in the body of the Dictionary and the indices is according to the word-by-word system. This has the advantage of keeping all personal names with the same surname together. Thus, CHONG YORIP precedes CHONGAN. We do not differentiate in the alphabetical list between vowels shortened with a breve and those without. However, aspirated consonants are treated separately from the unaspirated. Entries beginning Ch' will be found after those beginning Ch; those beginning K', P', and T' follow K, P, and T. VI

We have sometimes been confronted by a dilemma about the language in which we should refer to an item. Many of our topics, especially the literary ones, had their origin in China or were closely connected with China. In the past, educated Koreans used Chinese sources, though they read and pronounced them in their own way, and today their descendants are familiar with them in modern Korean transliteration. Many of our own readers, on the other hand, may be more accustomed to the modern Chinese romanisation. Partly for ease of identification, therefore, we have often indicated both Korean and Chinese pronunciation, and in certain cases ('The Romance a/the Three Kingdoms', for example) we also make use of the commonly used English translation as well. A few key terms, despite being better known in their original Chinese, were yet so important in Korea that IX

PREFACE

we generally refer to them in Korean, while providing cross-reference to their Chinese equivalents. Examples of this are p 'ungsu (C. fengshui) and urn-yang (C. yinyang). Some proper nantes also demand decisions: Do we refer to the boundary between Korea and Manchuria (itself an imprecise conceptual term until the creation of the Japanese puppet state of Manzhouguo) as the Amnok River, or by its better known Chinese pronunciation Yalu? Do we risk offending either Korean or Chinese sensitivities by calling the military colony of the early centuries AD Lelang (C.) or Nangnang (K.)? And what of Tsushima, which was realistically speaking neither Japanese nor Korean, or of the names for disputed territories such as Tokto? We have found it impossible to be completely consistent, and hope that we do not thereby cause confusion or offence. We have included plentiful Korean vocabulary, because English-Korean dictionaries are usually inadequate about Korean cultural terms, and because it is often hard to pursue a question further unless one has the Korean words for, say, proverbs or objects. But the Dictionary has been compiled for easy use by western readers. Where possible, therefore, our headwords render Korean terms into English: in an English-language book it makes more sense to entitle an entry 'Four Gentlemen', for example, rather than Sa-gunja. However, we admit to some inconsistency on this point. Certain terms are generally left untranslated in usage by western writers, perhaps because - like p 'ansori for example - they are virtually untranslatable; rather than appear perverse by claiming to find an exact equivalent we have followed the more common practice, simply showing an approximate English rendering. We have tried to avoid the tautology that would arise from both giving and translating common suffixes such as -sa ('temple') and -san ('mount[ ain For an interpretation of common suffixes appearing in the titles of offices, such as -bu, kwan, -won etc., the reader is referred to the entry on

n.

GOVERNMENT, CENTRAL.

VII

We are deeply indebted to Dr James Hoare for writing the entries on recent political history that have added greatly to the value of this Dictionary. We are grateful too to many people for reading some or all sections of the Dictionary in its draft form, and for patiently answering queries and providing useful comments. Among these are Ed Adams, Stephen Batchelor, Don Clark, Terence Cocks, Gertrude Ferrar, Hong Myoung-hee (Agnita Tennant), Gari Ledyard, Peter Lee, Evelyn McCune, Beth McKillop, Li Ky6nghiii, Samuel Moffett, Steve Moore, Ena Neidergang, Susan Pares, Jane Portal, Rob Provine, Johannes Reckel, Joan Rutt, Fr Jeremias Schroder OSB, William Skillend, Roger Tennant and Yu Chaesin. Needless to say, none of them is responsible for any errors remaining in the text. Zhong Hong kindly undertook the laborious task of preparing the Chinese characters, and the Cartography Department of the University of Durham has drawn the maps and diagrams. Finally, we should like to express our admiration for the skill and patience with which Mark Izard and David McCarthy of LaserScript Ltd have handled an awkward and often complicated text. Chinson-jae Summer, 1999

x

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

The following abbreviations are used in the Dictionary and its bibliographic references: C. Chinese; J. Japanese; K. Korean; S. Sanskrit; b. born; r. reigned; d. died

AA AAS ACA AOA AS AST BSOAS CAJ CSH CSPSR EAH HJAS JAOS JAS JCS JKS JSSH KC KJ

KO KQ KS KSF MAS MRDTB MS OA OE

Asian Affairs (London) Arts Asiatiques (Paris) Acta Asiatica (Tokyo) Arts of Asia (Hong Kong) Asian Survey (Berkeley) Asiatic Studies (Tokyo) Bulletin ofthe School of Oriental and African Studies (London) Central Asian Journal (Wiesbaden) Chinese Studies in History (New York) Chinese Social and Political Science Review (Peiping) East Asian History (Canberra) Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies (Cambridge, Mass.) Journal ofthe American Oriental Society (New Haven) The Journal of Asian Studies (Ann Arbor) Journal of Communist Studies (London) Journal of Korean Studies (Seattle) Journal of Social Science and Humanities (Seoul) Korean Culture (Seoul) Korea Journal (Seoul) Korea Observer (Seoul) Korea Quarterly (Seoul) Korean Studies (Honolulu) Korea Studies Forum (Pittsburgh) Modem Asian Studies (Cambridge) Memoirs of the Research Department of the Toyo Bunko (Tokyo) Monumenta Serica (Nettetal) Oriental Art (London) Oriens Extremus (Wiesbaden)

Xl

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

PA PBAKS PFEH SJKS SKC TASJ TOCS TP TKBRAS TRASKB WA WPQ

Pacific Affairs (Honolulu) Papers of the British Association for Korean Studies (London) Papers on Far Eastern History (Canberra) Seoul Journal of Korean Studies (Seoul) Peter H. Lee, ed., Sourcebook of Korean Civilization, 2 vols., New York: Columbia University Press, 1993, 1996 Transactions of the Asiatic Society of Japan (Tokyo) Transactions of the Oriental Ceramic Society (London) T' oung Pao (Leiden) Transactions of the Korea Branch, Royal Asiatic Society (Seoul 1900-1968) Transactions of the Royal Asiatic Society, Korea Branch (Seoul 1969 onwards) World Archaeology (London) Western Political Quarterly (Salt Lake City)

xii

THE McCUNE-REISCHAUER ROMANISATION SYSTEM

Korean-American cooperation produced this, the most widely used system for romanising Korean, published as 'The Romanization of the Korean Language, based upon its phonetic structure' in the Transactions of the Korea Branch, Royal Asiatic Society (Volume XXIX, 1939). George McAfee McCune (1908-48) was born in P'yongyang and became the founder of Korean studies in the United States. Edwin Oldfather Reischauer (1910-90) was born in Tokyo, became a leading Japanologist, and was US Ambassador to Japan from 1961 to 1966. They were sons of American Presbyterian missionaries, and friends from boyhood. In summer 1937 McCune began graduate study at the University of California on Yijo sillok (see Choson Wangjo Sillok) and went to stay in Seoul with his father-in-law, Arthur Becker, at Chosen Christian College (now Yonsei University). At the same time Reischauer was on his way from Harvard University to Peiping for research on Ennin, but was delayed in Japan by the aftermath of the Marco Polo Bridge incident. He knew no suitable romanisation for the Korean names in Ennin's work, and filled the time of enforced waiting by visiting Seoul to discuss this problem with McCune. McCune had spoken, read and written Korean since childhood. Reischauer was trained in linguistics. With the help of three leading Korean phoneticists, Ch'oe Hyonbae (1894-1970), Chong Insop (1905-83) and Kim Son'gi (b. 1907), they worked on a new system. Final details were agreed by correspondence after Reischauer was able to enter China in September. The system is a phonetic transcription of modem standard Korean, not a transliteration of han 'gUl, and not intended for linguistic study. Like Wade-Giles for Chinese and Hepburn for Japanese, it uses consonants as in English and vowels as in Italian, with the breve as its only diacritic. It is simple enough when used, as it most often is, for rendering Sino-Korean proper names, but is capable of rendering any text, and subtle if correctly applied. The devisers pointed out a few ambiguities. As any transcription, rather than transliteration, is bound to do, it requires users to be well acquainted with Korean pronunciation; and it has to accommodate a wide range of irregularities. Attempts to simplify or change it, by government

Xlii

THE McCUNE-REISCHAUER ROMANISATION SYSTEM

agencies or individuals, have not so far succeeded, generally because they have ignored its subtleties or confused the principles of transcription and transliteration. The devisers provided for new Korean spellings that were being introduced in the 1930s, but could not anticipate all the details that were finally standardised in 1946. Doubts may arise in connection with kyangiimhwa, the reinforcement of syllabic-initials within certain compound words. This is an important feature of Korean pronunciation, but there are no clear rules for its occurrence. Though noted in good dictionaries, it is often not expressed in han 'giil spelling (munjang, 'piece of writing', for instance, is spelt the same as munchang, 'curtain'). In 1937 it could be shown by writing sai siot, 'inserted s' before a reinforced consonant, but today this is done only when the previous syllable ends in a vowel, and even then is usually not done when that syllable is Sino-Korean. The McCune-Reischauer principles for expressing reinforcement are clear. I) After a vowel (whether written with sai siot or not) a reinforced consonant is doubled (as in haeppit 'sunshine', where sai siot is written, and chokkan 'item', where it may not be). 2) After a consonant (which is romanised with its final form), a reinforced consonant is romanised with its initial form (as in munpap 'grammar'). This also applies when final s belongs to an originally independent word and is not sai siot (as in satkat, not sakkat, 'reed hat' and katpasat, not kappasat, 'cap fungus'). 3) Reinforced syllabic-initial i or y is romanised as ni- or ny- and the syllabic-final before it romanised as is usual before n: thus anni! not ani! 'house-work', honnibul not hot'ibul 'bedsheet', pu6ngnil not puagi/ 'kitchen work', nunnyarum not nut-yorUm 'late summer', yamnyap'i not yap 'yap 'i 'side by side' and hwiballyu not hwibaryu 'petro\'. In the following description the system is applied to the standard orthography and language of the Republic of Korea. The table gives all theoretically possible sequences of syllabic final and initial consonants within words. Many of these sequences, especially those with a syllabic final of two letters, are rare. Many may never actually occur.

GENERAL RULES 1) Use a diaresis to show when ae and oe are dissyllables; and, optionally, when a vowel is repeated (e.g. noong 'old man'). 2) Use an apostrophe to show when n 'g is not pronounced ng. 3) Use hyphens for divisions within words (e.g. Kwanghwa-mun), but not within personal names (e.g. An Sugil, Kim Chonguk). 4) When necessary, indicate long vowels by a macron over ii, I, i5 or ii, an acute accent over e. 5) Do not romanise syllabic-initial iung. 6) Do not show euphonic consonant-changes between words. 7) Consult dictionaries for the occurrence of reinforcement. NOTE I. The letter riul occurs as a word initial only in that letter name and in transcriptions of foreign words. The common surname often romanised Lee, Li, Rhee or Ri is romanised Vi, though pronounced i. XIV

THE McCUNE-REI SCHAUER ROMANI SATION SYSTEM NOTE 2. The devisers allowed that 'division of Sino-Korean words is partially a matter of individual interpretation.' In this Dictionary Sino-Korean phonological units are given hyphens to indicate internal grammar. This eases the eye and retains euphonic changes. Thus Hong-Giltong-jon (rather than Hong Kiltong chOn) and walga-walbu 'arguing the pros and cons.'

VOWELS a

~

yo

4

wa

0

.J.L

yo

~

wae

..L

0

-rr

yu

oe

I

u

ae

~

wo

-

H

.J

ii

~ ~I ~I

yae

~ ~

I

i

~

ya

e ye

JI

-rI --I

we wi iii

NOTES TO THE TABLE OF CONSONANTS Word-initial consonants are shown in the top line and word-final consonants in the left-hand column. Euphonic changes in syllabic finals and initials within words are shown in the body of the table. Reinforcement of a following syllabic initial, whether shown in han 'gUl spelling or not, is shown by /\. Intervocalic finals appear in the three right-hand columns, of which the first is normative and the others are exceptions, as explained in Notes 1 and 2 below. Intervocalic initials are shown in the bottom two lines. I Before a verb inflection, a noun suffix or the copula -i-. 2 Before -i and -y, except in verb endings and noun suffixes, -i 'person', -(i)yu and the copula -i(da). 3 Written -Ich '- before -i and -yo 4 Written -t '- before a verb inflection or noun suffix not beginning with -i or -yo 5 Written -Id-, -lj- in verb stems before endings (aida, alji) and when a syllable is repeated (as in taldal, chOljo/). 6 Before syllabic-initial consonants some speakers may pronounce the I and drop the final consonant. 7 Written -Ik- in salkwaengi 'leopard-cat' and sometimes in verb-stems. 8 Written -th- when a noun precedes a suffix with initial-h (as in chOthago 'with milk'). 9 As a syllabic initial, s- is replaced by sh- before -wi. ? Alternative. Pronunciation changes rapidly and speakers of standard Korean do not all say things in the same way. * Before a suffix, final -t of a Korean letter name is treated as s, as in tigUsuro, chiunman, ch 'iutto, t'iutchOrom, hiutpoda.

xv

THE McCUNE-REI SCHAUER ROMANI SATION SYSTEM

TABLE OF CONSONANTS A

A

=j

n

I

r

m

p

s9

ch

ch'

k'

I'

k

kk

ngn

kl

ngn

ngm

kp

ks

kch

kch'

kk'

kt'

k

kk

ngn

kl

ngn

ngm

kp

ks

kch

kch'

kk'

kt'

kch

kch'

kk'

kt'

~ -, 11

--, k

final

L

2

L

0

I:::l

A

E

lA

k

kk

ngn

kl

ngn

ngm

kp

L L" LA Lo L

n

n'g

nn

nd

II

nm

nb

ns

nj

nch'

nk'

nl'

n

nk

nn

nl

II

nm

np

nss

nch

nch'

nk'

nl'

n

nk

nn

nl

II

nm

np

nss

nch

nch'

nk'

nt'

n

nk'

nn

nl'

II

nm

np'

nss

nch'

nch'

nk'

nl'

*1

Ik

nn

It

nn

nm

Ip

ss

Ich

Ich'

Ik'

It'

I

Ig

II

51t

II

1m

Ib

Is

5lch

Ich'

Ik'

It'

I 6k

Ik 7k

II

II

II

1m

Ip

Iss

Ich

Ich'

Ik'

It'

ngn

kl

ngn

ngm

kp

ks

kch

kch'

kk'

kt'

m 6m

mg

mn

md

mn

1m

mb

ms

mj

mch'

mk'

mt'

mk

mn

ml

mn

mm

mp

mss

mch

mch'

mk'

mt'

2 2" 21 211 noun 211 verb 21:! noun 21:! verb

ks

I

Ig

II

It

II

1m

Ib

Iss

Ich

Ich'

Ik'

It'

6p

pk

mn

pI

mn

pm

pp

pss

pch

pch'

pk'

pI'

~

I

Ik

II

II

II

1m

Ip

Iss

Ich

Ich'

Ik'

It'

2E 2Jl 20

I

Ik

II

II

II

1m

Ip

Iss

Ich

Ich'

Ik'

It'

6p

pk

mn

pI

mn

mm

pp

ps

pch

pch'

pk'

pI'

I

Ik'

II

II'

II

1m

Ip'

Iss

Ich'

Ich'

Ik'

It'

m

mg

mn

md

mn

mm

mb

ms

mj

mch'

mk'

mt'

m

mk

mn

ml

mn

mm

mp

mss

mch

mch'

mk'

ml'

p

pk

mn

pI

mn

mm

pp

ps

pch

pch'

pk'

pt'

pk'

pt'

It'

0 0" I:::l IlA

mm

pp

ps

pch

pch'

nn

nm

Ip

ss

Ich

Ich'

Ik'

nn

nm

Ip

ss

Ich

Ich'

Ik'

It'

ngd

ngn

ngm

ngb

ngs

ng;

ngch'

ngk'

ngl'

ngn

ngl

ngn

ngm

ngp

ngss

ngch

ngch'

ngk'

ngl'

Ik

nn

It

nn

nm

Ip

ss

Ich

Ich'

Ik'

It'

*1

Ik

nn

It

nn

nm

Ip

ss

Ich

Ich'

Ik'

It'

=j

k

kk

ngn

kl

ngn

ngm

kp

ks

kch

kch'

kk'

kt'

E II 0-

*1

Ik

nn

It

nn

nm

Ip

ss

Ich

Ich'

Ik'

It'

p

pk

mn

pI

mn

mm

pp

ps

pch

pch'

pk'

pt'

*-

k'

nn

t'

nn

nm

p'

ss

ch'

Ich'

Ik'

It'

P

pk

mn

pI

mn

A

I

Ik

nn

It

II:.

I

Ik

nn

It

ng

ngg

ngn

ng

ngk

*1

0 0" A A

vowel

I'

vowel"

I'

xvi

I

THE McCUNE-REI SCHAUER ROMANISATION SYSTEM

TABLE OF CONSONANTS (Continued)

o zero inilial

II

0-

11

[[

I:U:l

p'

h

kk

tt

pp

&.. ss

Ich

k

kp'

kh

kk

ktt

kpp

kss

klch

g

11 1/\

k

kp'

kh

kk

ktt

kpp

kss

klch

g

kk

klch

g

ks

L L ... Lli Lo

n

~ I final

iiA -

kp'

kh

kk

ktt

kpp

kss

n

np'

nh

nkk

ntt

npp

nss

nlch

n

np'

nh

nkk

ntt

npp

nss

nlch

n

n

np'

nch

nkk

ntt

npp

nss

nlch

nj

n

nkk

nil

npp

nss

nlch

n

Ipp

ss

Ich

d r

k

2

1

ngn ngn

nn

np'

nh

*1

Ip'

ch'

Ikk

tt

I

Ip'

rh

Ikk

III

Ipp

Iss

Ilch

I

Ip'

rh

Ikk

Itt

Ipp

Iss

Itch

r

II

21

6k

kp'

kh

kk

kll

kpp

kss

klch

g,?lg

ngn

20 noun 20 verb 21:1 noun 21:1 verb 2A 2E 2Il 20

m 6m

mp'

mh

mkk

mtt

mpp

mss

mlch

1m

mp'

mh

mkk

mil

mpp

mss

mlch

1m

c:

2 2 ...

j

nn

I

Ip'

rh

Ikk

III

Ipp

Iss

Itch

Ib

6p

pp'

ph

pkk

pll

pp

pss

plch

pp

I

Ip'

rh

Ikk

III

Ipp

Iss

Itch

r,?ls

I

Ip'

rh

Ikk

III

Ipp

Iss

Itch

31t'

6p

pp'

ph

pkk

pll

pp

pss

plch

Ip'

I

Ip'

rh

Ikk

III

Ipp

Iss

Ilch

r

0 0 ...

m

mp'

mh

mkk

mtt

mpp

mss

mlch

m

m

mp'

mh

mkk

mil

mpp

mss

mlch

m

I::l

p

pp'

ph

pkk

pit

pp

pss

plch

b

I:lA

p

pp'

ph

pkk

pit

pp

pss

plch

b

ps

A

I

tp'

th

tkk

It

tpp

ss

tch

d

s

&..

t

tp'

th

tkk

II

tpp

ss

Ich

ss

0 0 ...

ng

ngp'

ngh

ngkk

nglt

ngpp

ngss

ngtch

ng

ngn

ng

ngp'

ngh

ngkk

nglt

ngpp

ngss

ngtch

ng

ngn

A /\

*t

tp'

8c h

tkk

It

tpp

ss

tch

d

j

*1

tp'

th

tkk

II

tpp

ss

tch

d

ch'

=j

k

kp'

kh

kk

kll

kpp

kss

ktch

g

E II 0-

*1

tp'

th

tkk

It

tpp

ss

tch

4d

ch'

nn

p

pp'

ph

pkk

pit

pp

pss

ptch

b

p'

mn

*-

tp'

th

tkk

It

tpp

tss

tch

-

-

-

vowel vowel ..... XVll

mn

nn

nn nn ngn

N

o

t

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