Journal of the Siam Society; 23

Table of contents :
JSS_023_1a_Front
JSS_023_1b_Koester_IndianReligionOfGoddessShakti
JSS_023_1c_Lingat_RevisionDesLoisSiamoises1805
JSS_023_1d_Notes
JSS_023_1e_AnnualReport
JSS_023_1f_ListOfMembers
JSS_023_1g_AdditionsToLibrary
JSS_023_2a_Front
JSS_023_2b_ObituaryESatow
JSS_023_2c_PhyaIndraMontri_AdversariaOfElephantHunting
JSS_023_2d_Burnay_NomDuCapLiant
JSS_023_2e_Kunst_OrigineDesEchellesMusicalesJavanoBalinaises
JSS_023_2f_NotesAndQueries
JSS_023_3a_Front
JSS_023_3b_Lingat_HistoryOfWatSaket
JSS_023_3c_Burnay_InventaireDesManuscritsJuridiquesSiamois
JSS_023_3d_PostageStampsOfSiam
JSS_023_3e_Reviews
JSS_023_3f_ExchangeList
JSS_023_3g_AnnualReport

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\

JOURNAL OF THE

SI·AM

il

SOCIETY

VoLUME

XXIII

(PART 1)

BANGKOK Issued to 1\ien1bers of the Society July, 1929.

Priee to

Non~1\Iernbers

...•

Tes. 7.00

(

1

)

The Indian Religion of the

Goddess Shakti. BY

DR.

HANS KoESTER.

During the three years which I spent in India, from 1925 to 1927, I had the good fortune to travel in many different parts of that vast territory, both east, north, west., and south, visiting in turn the Shan States in Burma, Kashrnere, the west coast of Bombay, and Southern India and Ceylon. There ·were two things which from a spiritual point of view attracted my attention most, and these were the type of Buddhism prevailing in Burma and Ceylon, and that special branch of Indian religion ancl philosophy, almost unknown in its essence in Europe, called the Religion of the Goddess Shaldi, which flourishes in Bengal and Kashmere. Personal contact with many Indian friends, whose acquaintance I had the pleasure to make, gave me the chance of studying Indian spiritual thought more deeply and, if I may say so, in a more live mn.nncr than it is possible to do from books only, even if they are old Sanskrit textA. l was honomed by an invitation from the President of the Mahabodi Society in Calcutta to speak before a.n audience of well-known Buddhists on two anniversttries of the birthday of the Lord Buddha, and I also had the opportunity to deliver lcetureR at meetings of the Indian Philosophicn.l CongrcRs at Calcutta in 1925 and at Benares in 1926. There, while staying for some time with Indian friends with whom I was in sympathy by reason of a certain similarity in our spiritual-philosophical researches, I realised the strength and depth of en.stern spiritual thought. I do not wiRh to speak about Buddhism here in this country, where Buddhism plays such an important role, before learned people from whom I would prefer to learn. I have written a short article on "Living Buddhism " in the newly XXIII-1,

·~

I

i

·~ 11

(

•

2

)

sbuted mag:17.ine of the BuddhiRt Society m Calcui.tt1 which, I Wi1R gln.d to Ree, waR kindly l'eeeived by H.s l'L't:H1el·s. lH v object to-night i~:; to g·ive you a, shcn't leel;nre on a. pa.rticubr l>nt.nci'1 of Indian Rpi1·itunJ thought, the religion of tlte Goddess Slw,kt.i, \Yl1ich iR still unknown in its t.rue meaning h1 Europe and, I un1st SiJ,y, even in the greater prn't of India.. \''hnJ, I llttve read a.bout it in the c1 iffe1·ent boo 1m on Indian philosophy hrwe been only Rirn ple and short al1nsions, containing inore often than not rathe1· erroneons ideas. In tlmt excellent 1vork on "Hinduism ::tnd Buddhisrn," by Sir Charles Eliot, there are only a few 1·emnrks on Shaktism, as this religion is usually ca11ed, and these describe its deep pl1ilosophy and ritmtlism in a wa.y 1vhich cannot be regarded 11.':1 a.ltogether irnp:.:trtit1l. rrhe European attitude towards this religious system seems to me to be much influenced by not part.icubdy well hlformed ·opponents of it., fl'om · \Yhom, I imagine, Sir Charles Eliot lms gathered his information. That is understandable because, tl!S he lliltlself remarks in a footnote, t.he new text books of Sh.nkt.isin, 'vhich ha.ve now been publislu~d by Arthur Avalon, were at that bme not a.va.ilable to him. These t.ext books, 'vhich include introductions a.nd some speein.] interpt'ebtions, gi~le for the first tiJne a ct·itical am1 philosophic :fonndat.ion to this religimiR system and throw a.n illnrninating light on this very important bra.nch of hunmn t.honght. I have the prjvi lege to be penwnally acquainted ·with n nd, I may adc1, to be a frierid of that Indian personality, Arthur A ndon, the editor of the text books of Shn ktim11, who from modest.y, and fol]o·wing an old ancl good Indian tracHtion, is hiding his personal name under the above pseudonym. There are no-v.r, I believe, over bventy volumes, including the most important Maim Nirvana Tantnl!, which means the PhiJo.c'lophy of the Gre[tt J-'iberaUon, publiHhed under the patronage and with the financial asFJistance of the great Maharaja of Mithitn: on the borders of Bengal. It is good to know that there are in India men like this Maharaja, whom I had the pleasure to meet perRonally and 1vho spends a good part of his great .fortune in furthering the revival of tho spiritual influence of Shaktism, t'o which he personally adheres. There has been founded by him, for XXIII-1.

.I

-~1

3 the. PlllTiOsu of enlightening t.he learned pnb1ic

011

spec~in.l :-;neic~ty uf whieh .he is the funuclcr-presidc 11 t.

this subject,, a ~l'] 1 is sccietv

whielt, if snmll lll the nnmbc\r o£ its mernucrs, is imrortant L~ n~n.son ui' thuir pcrsmJalitics, iutencls to cledicn,tc a complet~ f•o1lc·d.iml of' :Lll tlw ]Hlhlislwcl llooks 011 Slmkti:-;m to His 1\lajvhieh his bei11g is tu he ultimately ahHorbecl. The HHLll who lw.s realised this and trn.rmplanted himself into it is in his lifetime ea,llecl Ji va,nmuktn ( libemted though living). In this union is everything essential contained. But within spaee and time, within tho world of separate things and forrns,-in this world of limited experience in which we

•

XXIII-1.

(

13

ttrn living-this highcRt nniou i:.; interrupted. Shakti, being scparatcp ttml striking pic:tm·e, tt story oi' lmlittn myLhulogy, which tells huw Lite hoLly uf Slmkti hns been disiiJUIIIbemd a,nd has fallen iu pieces into this wol'hl. When:ver nuy part; of l ll:l· holy budy is supp c:tll Itt\ 11mde 110 uxeeption with I'Ogl1l'cl to Uw offuri11gs to Hei'. 'l'lw Lhircl llllH(llU quality of the Sh:tkti-worRhip JR the :tdi-,t, p:trLieip:ttiun of' wottwn in t.ltL\ em·eulllllit\S. 0]'(1imtl'ily women :tl'l\ •dw:tys l\t>pL ttpru·t. in Tnrlia. E\·m·yone 11:1.'-\ lwnrd of the T'nnbh sy'-il.tllll, wiliwiplt! lll' Llw l'itu

affected by n.bnse in itR interpt:etntion; and is ::;uund, gmnd and spiritual. All the riteR of Shaktiflln, ol: whieh only one, tend in such

:1

Hpiritua] and aeHtJwticaJly prothtetive fm·euH these

usually

Rlnmbering

knowR and feels himself world. from

fLS

'l'lw Slutlda sttys, my mot!tur,

my spiritmd

I lmvu lwre JiiL'llLitJI!I'cl

diructirm f~il to awakun withiu lti>n Lilt: ol'

lll:\11.

tL'~.YUkonud,

J\8

Lhu

HOtlll

aH

.~haktn

huing bo!'n :.tgaiu within tlLO spiJ·iLilnl "Ae~ I

so I mu:-;t

mother, the

nro

fol'CN!

11111

be

Goddesfl

horn iu my phy:-~ienl

Rpiritnnlly 8\>nkt.i."

Sltakti the Bhakta himself bocmueH Bmhma.

bot·n

lH1dy

agctiu hom

By the gmeo ul'

As a rnn.LLet· ol' !'ad,

every Hpirituo,l mau strives for the attninmcnt; of Rueh u RLnte, of' being rebom in the spiritual senile. ferent and the means and wayR v11ry.

Only Lhc expreRsicnw nru d i 1'-

In Shnktism it iH strikillg

to notice with what absoluteness and how independently of all other systems of religion the physical :1ppearance and the highest spiritw1l realistttion, are eo'mbined together. If Sh:1ktj is everywlwro, then she is, too, in the bodily appearance of the wmn en and there, however

So he nutkes use of her for the greatest spiritual aim of rnan, rmmely to be ?'euorn uy ihe gnwe of ShaJ;ti.. veiled, in her fullest eRsonce.

.

XXII!-1.

\·.·.1·\ '

(

17

Now I have sn,id tht\t this aim of being reborn within tho · spiritnn,lmotherltood iH known to n,lmo:o;t every religir,tJ, rwcl, nlthongh BudclhiHm in it:s fnndu,muntnJ hnHis at ill'~;t fWefoiti, que no us ne posse dons qn'une pn.l'tie des tl'Ois collections manuscdtes et:tblies p11r ln commission et que

l'ensemble des nmnuscrits clout nons disposons fo1·me nne collection incomplete des lois qui Ont frLit l'objet de la revision, fl 118 fatit clone prtS s'attacher rigoureusernent il. la, conclusion enoncee. . X21.III-l.

I

29

)

Notes : January-June, 1929. 'l'he period Ja,nmtry to June 1929 ha,s boon one of considerable importa,nco anclactivity, both in tho historyof the Society and vvithin the Council. Evicleuco of the increasing interest in the ttims and objects of tho Society ht1H been forthcoming iu the substtLntial [tddition to the nctivo memhendlip dming the first half of tho yeu,r. rrhe resiglltttionH cluring tho Hnrne period luwo been pl'incipally dne to mcmbeNl len,ving Sir.m for good. rrhe deaths of two old members htWe to be l'OCOl'clecl with regeet. One, !VIe. G. C. B. Stirling, hu,rl been a col'l'esponding member since the inception of tho Society, t1nd the other, l\Tr. A. J. Irwin, who was n mombor of Council und an office-bearer while in Siam, had been 1111 honorary member since his retirement. Professor G. OcedeR, the PreRiclent, proceeded on leave ettrly in tho year, ltnd since' hiR depart me the meetings of the Council have been presided over by the senior Vice President (Phytt Indra Montl'i), who himself proceeded on leave u,t t,Jw end of June. ~['he duties of Editor of the ,Tournai have been undertaken by Monsieur .T. Burnay clnl'ing ProfeRsor Cmcles' absence. Major Laclell was asked by the Council and agreed t,o assist the Hon. Librarian, who lmc; found that the growing libl'nry requires more and more supervision. '['he annual meeting was held at the end of February, and the annnn.l report und balance sheet will be found elsewhere in this number. There wns fL g0od attendance. ~rhe b1tlance sheet and report were adopted, and the Council unanimously re~electecl. A vote of thanks was tendered to Mr. G. R. Brooks for kindly auditing the a.ccounts, which shovv a satisfactory balance. In addition to the rmnual meeting, other opportunitieR for members to meet have been forthcoming. In March under the auspiceR of the Natural History Section of t.he Society, Dr. Creclner, Dozent for Geography at the University of Kiel, read a paper entitled "The Seenery of Siam in its relation to Geology. " The lecture was illnstratecl by a unique series. of photographs takt;m by the author, ~nd a large attendance spent a pleasant and instructive evening. Dr. A. F. G. Kel'"l',, the Leader of XXIII-I.

( 30 ) the Section, presided, and mentioned that the paper \VtLH the fir!-;t geological paper to be read under the auspice; or tho Sitwt Sudety. Protessoe Credner had travelled all over Sit~m. and, whttt WtLK m•n·e important, he had seen the country with lt compt·olwnding eye. On the occttsion of the vi:-:it of the Dmtish exploring vcs:-;e\ Dana to Siamese waters in April, Dr. Johannes SchmirH., tho kt~.det· of

the expedition, kindly consented to lecture on tlw Tlfigrn.tiou of tho Eel. 'rhis lectm·e wtts also nrt·anged by Llw N:.thmd History Section ancl tttt.racted a, fu1l nttemlauce. Dr. Sel11niLlt's services in the reahn of zoology were a.pproprin.tely emplm~:-~isml by Dl'. Hugh :McCormick Smith, anc1 the lectmer told tho fttscimtting story of the researches which ha,d led to a clear under:-:tn.nding of the eel's can:er from the egg to the adult.. 'l'he lectm·u wtts udmimbly illustrated, and a film depicting life and wod-: on boanl the research .vessel was shown. Following the' total eclipse of the sun in P11tta,ui on May 9th, the members of the British Eclipse Expedition visitc~Ll Br111gknk, nud the LeaJer, Professor Col. J. F. M. StmLl;on, lectul'ed on the Snn to t~ geneml meeting of the Society, which WfLS lrtrgely ntten!l!)!l. 'Jihe occasion was honoured by the pcesenee of Their lVlnj eHtieH thu King nnd Queen, and many members of the lloyttl F'ttmily. Phyn Imlm lYiontri presided, and, in welcoming Col. Stmtton, Raid tho Society was also glad to know that Colonel Walry Cohen, tho Sccretn.ry General of the British EYpedition, and ProiORSOl' lhns H.osenhel'g, Leader of the German Eclipse Expedition, were able to be preHent. · His Majesty, prior to lmtving, conversed with Prof. Stratton and expressed his interest in the c;ubjeet of the lecture. In lYiay the President. (Prof. G. Ccecles) represented the Society at the Centenary of the Ecole Centmle cles Arts et Manufactures held in Paris, and in this month u.lso Sir Josiah Crosby was the delegate of the Society to the Fourth Pacific Congress held in Batavin. One of the life members of the Society in the person of Dr. Eldon James was asked to represent the Society at the twenty-fifth anniversary of the founding of the American Academy o£ Arts q.nd Letters in New York in April, but, owing to the XXIII-1.

31 ) time eh~pr-dng lwhnell tlw lW~t!ipL of t.lw invit.ntinn u.nd the Council's nominutinn ol ils l't~pt•exelllat.inl, iL was uut pussihlo ful.' Dt·. JttmeH to lH.! lH'l!Kt!ttL at tlw eelel.n·ations, to the Cmlllcil's Ulld Dt·. ,Trulles' L'Xpn~sst.!tl l't!gn~L.

'l'lw Builtliug Fnntl eoHtilllWH tu gruw, and if it Llues not . im·rea.se ttl. Llw l'hn Nmith waH cleetc

H.

GILES).

VrcE-PRESJDEN'r OF' 'l'HE

SrAAI Soom'lT.

All professions have their secrets the key to which:

Secret rites & observances iH held hy the master craftsman, and the profession divulged to of elephant-lnlllting iH no exception to the rule. TJ1e . wrlte1•.

casual observer looking on at the silent and methodical actions of the lltell engaged .in the opemtion or hunting would Le quite nruLWl1l'e of the extraorclimtry rites and ceremonies which have to he ohset·ved 11ml of the cmnplexity of their natul'e. EleplJUnt men do not tttlk tll esc matters, they are too clcmely interwoven with their lives. They hnve a ,qacrcd mettlliiJg and elmmcter for them. One oJ' the llHLster cmrtsmon Oj)Cned the door to the seemts with hiH key t1ud tile full c:hamcter and nrt-tme of the ceremonieR to bu obRery9d wns revealed to the Wl'iter, who baR .: ' ventured to rec:m'.·d tlJeJH M· thiR p11pcr. He felt tlw.t an accmmt of whnt takes place might· h(; intet·esting not only to those' who probe into the tangled uJass of ancient beliefs in an endeavour to ascertain how man has thought a,ncl a.cted, but also to members of the Simn Society. 'L'he introduction of railways and roads, hidden by the dni:lt of motor traffic:, into the provinces of the Korat plateau and the seaboard provinces will in the course of a :few years cause men to chnnge their methods or earning a livelihood and the profession of elephant hunting will become a thing of the past. Tl1e new generation will know nothing of how their forefathers voluntarily faced the dangers of the hunt and by what means and by what

or

"

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XXIII-2.

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powers they nttemptecl to protect themsulvcs front tlwsu tlaHg•~rs ttrising from causes seen antl unseen. 'rhis paper forms partR v and VI of 11 rmpor I lmvo writ:.!.ml attempting to give reasons for t:.ho gre11t esteem arHl rus]HH:t eerL;ti n cla,ssec; of eleph11nts are held in by the peoples of Asin,, 11nrl wltm·,~l'lll'n the fortunes and prosperity of a country and it::; roy;d ho11so :tro hound up with the posse~Hion of oleplmnts of noble and di:-;tingnislwl'lltlH :uul lnmheR and eating the pncldy-c:t·op, lH1rdly mt tLniHu11 IS 1,:) lw 11t1d; with to-cl;ty. 'l'lw:-;e Hemi-wilcl :tuinw.ls were thoHtl wltieh t·.anw

e of peeulin,r .Jillonr wlJell in tlw po;;sussion of n lllOll:1l'Ch tLre given high ntnk ~~lli'I'I~S[HllHlillg' to t.iLluH l:olll'ul't'elepllant

It umy be interesting to kllow tlmt, in all ancient Hindu pln.ys there ttlwn.ys apputtt'K 11 dmmdm· H]JU:tking tlw language of "pisttcclm", 1t hngnrtgu nnknow11 to tlttl a\Hlit.·w:t>, and a:-; far as that goe:-; t.he Httme pecnlittrity nmy hu l'ouwl on tlw Emopean tlmnt, or l1y

•

attttck of 11 tigt\l' Ol' otlwr wild burLHt. [ Wf those t'oiptiJ'OillL\1\tH rtH oxi:-~ting on tlw tmHt h;tnk of thu 1\lekhmtg, d fm· tlw llHt\ of tho h~s:;o, In Chniynpom the owlH'l' of tlw tdqtht~Jtt. roc;nin:H 2 :;lHtt'tlH ttnd the Mtthout nnd the l\111. ouo t~twh, nncl iL iH llHlltd J'or ~~ H1llll nf Tcs. 20 to be p11id to tlw owtwt· of t;!tu lttHHO itt t'nHJtur:t of mwh elephant e:1ught. Should lH 1\\'n\'t>l' tlw laflHO IHi hit·od tlttm the pt~ymcmt is arranged by ugt'tH~Jllc•ut. In Llw ]H'tlvilltu of Bm:it'!l.lll thoro is no fixed rule for tJw al.Jotlltollli of s]Htl'O l'iglttH. lJt thiH province the owner of the hunting-!utimal gt.nwrtdly ltit•eH !l. Mahout and Mt1, and these men lmve no right iu t;he unimtl.l ettptured. In Surinclr the owner reeeivuH :l HlmreH tlw Mnhont 2 and the Mn. 1. In Kalasincllm, the OWllUl', Uw Mt.thout 1111d the M11 Hhare equally, and payment on account of the use or hil'e of the Jasso is a ma.tter of armngement. Observances llt the diHtrict of Cbaiyapom and in fact. in several peculiar to otbm·H, tho obsenances to he carried out in conneetion Cllaiyapom. with the mnking of offerings to the spirits of the llWJHlll•rH

"

XXIII-2.

(

!l-1·

fm·est which it 1s intm111L~11 to llllnt i11 . X:XIII-2.

(

98

siecle, Li111n ( mais non lliam) apprn·alt cornme nom tln cap, :~L etlte de Liam nom de ville. ( 1 ) Le cup Liam est le cap Gl(J Liam, et c'est aim;i, par cxumplo, que Blaew le nomme dnnR Hon Atla1-1 pnblio en 1663. Of., en 1781, Je Neptwrw Orientnl, de cl'Apres de Mamwvillette, danH Fmn·nm·ettn, op. cit. I, pl. XV. 8i lmnt qne nons remontions, Limn est portugais. 01·, h date ancienne, c'cst exelnsivement lc nom HOUS leqncl les Em·opermR connaisHent h Yillo

q1.10

Jes Sinmois appellent !~eH :i:~m ( l\f. R1:iong,

Pullego·ix ). II eRt vmi qu'aujonrd'lmi leH cartogt·nplu\B em·opeem; enx-memes JJ,1;e\, Ueber einiye l'anpfeifen nu.~ Aonlu~e.•t·l:J'(lwlNeu. {dans 'l'h. KoGh Ch·iinhm·g, Ztue·i .Talt?·e unte1• den Indianern), J 0 I 0; i{l., Ue/1~1· ei1~ aJcnstiscltes f{?"iterhtmfii?' Kultn?•zusam11wnluYnye ( le Zeit-· sc!a·t}'tj'ii1' J!JthMloyie, lUll, p. {i01 :'ifltl.); id., Un expose sommait·e de b theorie des qnintes souJHces, (dam; .Anth1'opos VoL XIV/XV, p. 5G9-570), 19Hl/20; Id., Un m·ticle tt-ait~tnt de ln rl01'111B metl'iqne d:tllS le l'ttler Scltmidt7.1 h'-~' ' .LI estsc 1'1;~ t, qm vn. para 1tre sous pen. l:':1ru dermis lors sons le tit.re ... Die .:.l{assn01'?n als lcult1t1'[Jesckiclttliche.mK du viht·11tions lllt.:suees ut Itt lmntum·

tlleol'iq nu tlHt si fmppttntu, qn'il 1w punt ptt.s

~tru

tpwstion rl'nn

J) Von Hot·lll>u:;tel, J!u8il.:nli8cl•~ 7'ai1s!!''teme (d:cnH le llrmrl!nwh d1r /'k,iJ·>il.: rln lYDL 0Bi.~et· et Sr:heel, V,>J. VUJ: p. -Ll.J s:t'l·) p. 'UT 2.

*

.,

·I

1I

121 (Compm·o:;; loR colonncs 4 et 5, 7 ot 8, 10 et 11 de In.

li:tR:l.l'tl.

pbm:lw fii nt

pn\RCpW

trmtcs los echelleFJ de h1 phnche IV).

ExpriHLE) en ccut,K, ee slendro B forme nne serie de tons eqnigmtlc tlt\ 23-b 0. g·tmdet•

A l'ol'igine-qnelqnes

qni nnt etc1 ex:]mmeeR RembJeut

nn Bc6li Vol. H, t:thle;; II, IV et V.

-------~

Knr~t,

~-~-~-----

XXIII-2.

( Le pcm de temps un

expose)

donnant

Ul1

:mceiuct.

tpli

m'n

122

)

ete neconM m'n fon·,)

Ni'~ tJw :c:nprmno dig·nity in lVItLl'cl clm·iug the seeonc1 t·mgn on tlw ahbob-;

of \V:tt 8a:lwt show that Ll1u mouttstury waR by tlmt tinw c;onf'idet·ecl to hu nne of tlw most impmtaJJt in tl1e kingclm1J. A ftu·thcr Jntl,l'k of th"iun plus gralllle est nec;essa.ire. Dans ce pnss:tgo, les tl'

1H

1 1~] WlJJ I'I!J 'V\fl 'U EJ

1

w:~~-ilTu( 11 ;tm J tJ ~'

'l'

21

i~li1Jtl!

n••

-·'

d -

f'J7'1'V1U IJ

~·

lill1~l

....

i\1\J !V1JilS 7

11~] :lJUH'Yl~JnJlN

2

t 1rj~:Jm.1 ,I

2

\illl~fn'i

i.il'\ IMni. triLljltW:J! (!'~'flWU-! Ell~l:ilhl~:i)

i'i!numl

'uti n ~i r1

:! (i

2 5

'!.7

41 (I)

Ut.

U:llll]t,~,

'l'h8 Va.]irtti'i.t71!-n Nationn/. Libr(li'!J, H:wgkok, ] 924,

p. 2:.!. Lns P.UYJ ;>UJ:l1 tlovn.imtt ~crvir it ln. vt':riflc:ttion cln texte en justice, nmis llOll pns it l'eL;J,hlissomrmt do copies. Lo P.1Jt.Jnmm etn.it SittlS doute desLine, au coul;mit•fJ, h t:tt·o copitJ. Mrtis il n'y :t pn.s, pom•lemoment,a fonder t1e coHdnc;ions eJ•ibil[nes lh-clessns, em· il se pent fort bien qno des copistes,

et nl('Jme N:ti ~1i\t, :\ ]'on eroire cln moins, se soient servi en f1tit de l'un des mT'U'V\!\I"Jf, I~eH l:tennes consiclcrahles de :HlJVl:H, tel que nons le

voyons XXIII-3,

•I

140 .'t ·-y 'VI'ii tin cleponrvuc rles trois scenux. Ce son·t l OR nutJmsm 1 s HI · regno. paxmi

Cette qnatrieme r:e qui

sc~rie

nons m1 J'este

!J-'

nJ:JWlllill

! •.

'~-

.,,,

~-~

· 1fhlirinrr£.1r!rd5u ltJntunrrm·//nmi/ ~- - . . · -,_,~-~-:'·.~-·_._,: . ·. . ~- -~ ~---~ ---~ -~ .~. ~""" "'~'.,;___~ ---~ --~::--~;-~.• ,

t._,_,.,.,-Jt)·-_,_..,_, __•.

...

______

__

- ... :!.

-,-"--'" •·

___ ._

-

__ , . . .

. ."'0JJ:fil:i:W!'!l~~:f CS. 11 G7. 'l'onb·B lus lignoc;, jnsqn'h 4rl, pre:-:entont, uno tin qni us!; com-

JJlllllO it dunx lR~iJJTVi), Rt! . cl e 1:\llllll, ,, ' , j)tU' 'VilW, !Drlll.il'l-"J, rl, rl t;t•ouvc .!.or t 10111 cl011 t J'] eR t separe wmu ~u:~lmJ

nm~.

d

1

Il ReJul>lo IJUC mms ayow;

Ia un

ci1s de derangement r(lcent de

l'ordt'E ttnei un. Un Lcxte, Jt:J~, Con·

uxi·lltplo. ' l'erc) "Lo Droit Pnhlic (8io) rlt\ Sitclrt eHt eerit on tt•oit~ VolmtteH (sic). Le ]Jl'C\Illier H'rtppullu ]J•t•ri 'l'r.~m Jlu, ut contiunt h~H nonm, les fonetinnH eL lt~H pr(mJ~tttivnN de trmH Ius OfHecs. IJe soconcl1t ponr titru, Pt·c~ 'l'u-'1/1. No11, d, ust m1 H.c•.eUoil dw:~ Oonstitlltimm rler; ttllC:iew; H.oiH; eL lo L!'CJisic)tJW uHt lu Prr\, llu·yja, Uwnirrno.JI.oi, ni'l snnt kK CrmstitH!-.ioJIH dn Hoy, Pnt'tl rlt\ eelny qui Rog-nu ttnjourrl'ltny."

( Pttlle~oix:) "Tjus Rittmois posHeclunL 1111 erllle de lois en

,J,

"

Hr·l:ffl'lfl1F11J-Jfllfl.r (d) ¥J J ~iiHl-J~lm

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(lin)

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~Jli-J~fi~ ti!~6.6. fifl'tl1Jr11lfl~flrJL']V1 ~

,..!

(b) VJT~1J1VlrCllJlW'HtlflT'il 'liT J'El.flfJTml-J

u~ fl :n~r~V>Ji VlTI L~1TI!i ~IJL~ ~~~'1 l! ' ~

~~rn11~\~ n '.lJ l ¥J 'Hui f11WV1lll11~1Vl

(c)

iU~~·J 11-l~fl1"J]W'mu

~·-:~~ ?1r~n1!1EJ-Jfl'l:Tl-J1\l (d)

Vi g]J, 1JVl 'l.i~ 'llVIJ1~~T:f"l;fl r1J~~1;J1~L~1-l1lJ~ f1rr~lr~mn;u'1~ 'm·m:r~Tl'l! . 11

11

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m~ m~miJ~fll Jfl1Vl ~lt~il'

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(c) l'l~tJ'U'lUJ'~'lilJlH &J J'~ L1.ilJ

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"

lllWI·Y·~ ( 1 Ka)

~1'\.J

(d)

1~ml-Jttn

rl 'liVC1 Jll~td :r ~~ if1~ ~'l'J,11~cd the wiRh tluct the c;izn shon ld he· l.tt·gt:t· :111cl a d··~i.L!:ll l1y C\q;tltin Mom Ch:10 Gnnvndhi Prij them with complete extinction). 'l'be pygmies of the Philippines, Ceylon tLlld Africa have, more or less, sufl'orecl the ~:~ame fate, at the hands of other big-bodied rn.ces, as their bretht·e11 of the lVIala,y Peninsula,. When cowmltiug a map of the world it Heems nJmost unthinkable that the' vvidely Hept1ratecl groups of pygmies could ever have been in communication with ouch other. However, Hince we have been acquu,inted with the revolutionizing theories of the German geologist, A. Wegener, this Reem:,: no longer ttbomrd. According to ·wegener\; hypothesis the present five continents (and Antarctica) ·were originally linked up into one huge common ~:~upercontinont, from wbich later on the two Americas separated, moving westward (which tbey still dol), while the peninsuln, of India, and the Aus.tralian continent in their turn moved eastward ttncl the Antt1rctic continent to the Hout.h. 'IVben clid these momentou..., events tn.ke place ~ It is dm1r

that here

OllC

has to reckon ~vitb enormous lengths

of time

though

it haH been cttlcnlated that (h·eenland, the last ptu·t of· Aniedca · t.o move n.wu,y from Elll'ttsiu,, did so at a period septtrated from our time by only rl'Olll 50,000-100,000 yeal'H. It is therefore possible tlmt the :,:eparation of India and Australia, hom Africa took pla,ce at i1bout the same time t1nd that the septHat]on of the A~itttic from the African pygmies tbus elates back a, lnmch·od thousaud years. Certain scienti~:~ts are of the opinion tlutt ·the Austmli~n natives represent a prae-neanderthaloid stage in the human evolution and tl111t the pygmies represent a still earlier st!1ge, thus being the true ancestors of present man. 1\. cluuactm:istic tntit, which may point to the pygmies being a race anterior to the Austmlian, is that tatooing or scarification as well as circumcision 01: other forms of mutilation are all quite XXIll-3.

( 217

)•

nnknown !LrflOng thc~m. IIi iA also a curious ru.ct thn.t the pygmies, eont.rary tn what so ofteu is the C:ttse with big-bodied races, never or V(II'Y nu·ely go naked. · Agriculture, with tlw exception of 11 primitiv-e form of garden !'llltul'e, is totnlly uulmown, nm~ do the pygrnies keep any dm~estic animuh:~ Httvo tl. few dogs. The })ygmies therefore represent the typicttl hunting ttnd collecting stage in human evolution. Tho pygmies do not construct proper houR~ or linl eitlH.ll' in eh·cular shaped huts or, nR the Sernang, they Heek slwlttw mHlm· hastily erected windscreens whi.ch are of all, (;ntimly tmnpomry charactet•. All the })ygmies understand how to . • pt·mhwt' Hre. Pottery iH an unknown art, a.t lenst a.mong the Asiatli:! pygHti(~H. With t'1!garcl to anns it seems that th~ pygmies . l1M'O lHlml in poaHesHion of ttt·ms for fighting human beings but AUeh ~~s ru·e deRtined for hunting purpost1 on the Karroo, m·e the Jmncliwork of an extinct race of n big-bodied and highly intelligent race of hunters which much reminds of the splendid Cro-Mngnon p()Ople). rrhe Semang 111'0 known for their intricate Rymholist.ic cttnings on the comb wom. by their ·women. XXIII-8,

ti

I j

2HJ

or

F't•om the moral point view it is to be noted that the t•elations between pi1t'uutR and children arc all that can be der;ired. · Generally spualdng tlw pygmies, 'with the exccptiou of the Bllshmcn, stand on

tl

high montl level.

One might cveu say tlmt their whole social

life is mal' kcrl by a strong :oense of altrui~m. Cannibalism is, of course, quite unknown, even war between the vn,rious pygmy tribes or between them and the surrounding big-bodied ntces is just as unknown, npnrt from fighting in defence when t•aidecl by the bigbodied races (NcgroeR or 1\Jalays). Theft and dishonesty ttre, if not non-existent, extl'emely rare tmcl the trntbfulnesR of the pygmies iR we,ll known to all ardent students of thm;e Bympathetic little f~lk.

It seems tlmt \l'nrs, c:umi-

bttHsm, theft and untruthfulness all belong to

tt

more adv.:tnced str~;gc

of hnmrtnity tb11n tlw,t occupied by our pygmies!

With l'ognrd to sexual momlity the pygmies stand alBo on n. very high level and monogmny with the life long association of the :>!tme lllLcl'l'iL\!l pnrtners is tlw rule\ nmong the majority of them. · Wonmn is, agnin with the L\Xccption of the Bushmen, considered the

equal of purcbas1~

getbm·,

tt

Hlilll.

lVIttrriages are ttll Ly umtmtl inclinatiou, never by

rJr fnrco. It is also to be noted that man and wife eat toBigu of real e!JULLlity of the sexes.

'l'otemiBm iB, according to Skeat, unknown among the Sernang nnd Hlieh ~:-~emns a!fm to be tho cnse with tl.w othet· pygmy tribes witl1 the exception of the Bnsbmou, who Me not considered true dwarfs. With regard to Bocial .institutions it is noteworthy tl1at tho d\i'arfs have no proper chids. One or another hunter, more hrnYe and clever than Lhe rest, may, fm· a, time, leacl tho borde but properly elected chieftains, llot to Apeak of het•editary one!', do not exist mnong ~he pygmies. \Ve now come to the most important 1\lld interesting 1pwstion -t.hat of the religion of the pygmies.

It. must be 1tcknowledged that they m·e primitive m·motheists. This f 11ct, whieh is guite contrary to the theol'ics of 'l'ylor 11nd oUwr

xxm-a,

220 ]Oading evolutionists, ncenrrling to wltieh alll'elig·ion mnst hngin with tmimiflrn or manism (Spencer) o1· HHig·it., lmH been mHI Htill is lHlet·gotically opposed by almoRt the whole body of prose.nt evolutionary authoritieH. But as Goethe's fdion o[ l)lom1 aml \\'1tb~r i~ rkstinu:l l'rn· ~hnoirl, K;wr;i's "wife'', who live::; in thtil entr,1·, inrlicates tlmt t.hc institution l'Cecivos the .H-IS unly; Nil iwlie>ttf's Lh>tl, it reeeins thl' NHS only. Thoso institution~ without thesl• initials reeeil'l• lmtlt pnblieatirms.

DENMARK.

AUSTRIA.

'L'H~ L\.\1,

I:-F Ht::\'U,\L,

1

l.'t~rk

Ntt·,·d. c.~lc·nU.a.

St '{II)J,,\

])I HECTOR Ch~:\EJL\ L llF

(

h11 E.\1'1'.\LK

Houtc.

AnciLAEuLIHJY 1:-> h11L\,

(·JS.'{)

(.JSS.) 'filE H.llYAL ~ANL\'I'tc Huc11~TY,

.SClCIE'L\ l'J'ALL\NA UJ 8C~!EXZt,:

N .-\'l'l~H,\LI',

BmtnAY BnAxcu,

l\1 i lauo,

Butnhrty.

(NLL)

ZnoLt>t:ICAJ, Nuit\'EY til•' l.XDL\,

JAPAN.

1:->Jll.\ ~[IJSfo:lHl,

Un kntttL. (NU.) INDO-CHINA 1FRENCH1

ti'Ex'I'ltE~li•:-UJtl i:::-.,"1',

I I a nui.

TlfE lJXIVJ•:ltSITY Ill .J't•pnir fum] .. of Ph m St·i Ht1trtmt 8nsdt1l'urunl, and 111inm· ucrmmniuc; lmYt\ htltm etft1etcVtts

NATUHAL

eoi1timwd. Hnmmv l\lus.Iml\1.

'l'Jw l\letllOl'alldum prepared hy the Committ\-)0 appointed to report on the estnhlishmeut of 1t N1~tnnd Hist.orv MnHmm1 snggoste(1

....

"

XXlll--il.

248

tJmt snch n, mn:ouum might with ndvanh~ge be ineoqHn·atud wit.lt t:.lw Govemmeut Eeouornie Must\11111. 'L'lriH dm:nmclJt \I'HH funntt·clr•il hy the Council to H. H.. H. the Mi11 istl' Cwd(Js, ~f. .l. Bm·1nty :wted ns Editot· of tlw .lmmml, :tur1 Mr. E. J. Uucll'nJy euntiuned nR Assistant Eclitol', i1t dml'gu nf tho 1\'ntnml Hisl;cn·y SnpplPJJHJUt. FumAE

St.\i\IE:'\s!s

1~:-o~l'ME!tATiu.

It wns 11ot. found puRRihle to 1n·m:ePd with· tlw publiention of' l'al't I\' uf the nbo\·u wmk, lmt it iR hoped to do so m the eoming yeat·.

'rbe. exelll'Kio!J ;u•t·angod to Petcltal>m·i on August lRth attrncterl m:my llll'lnbers and thei1· l'rienclo;, to tho umnber of

nearly sixty aurl pmved n great sneeesf:l. 'l'hankH are clue to th n Agricultme, Travel and Transport Section for the excellence of the arrangements made. GIF'l'.

The followiug gift was received ill the eomse of the year for the Society's library : A booklet in l\Iemory of King Chulalongkoen, from the Honorary Pl'eNident, Fl. E. II. the Prince of Nagor Svarga.

XXIII-8.

't

STATE~[E:'iT

OF 1\ECEIPTS AXD EXPENDITUl:E FOll THE YEAll 1929.

Receipts.

Expenditure. Tcs.

25.00 !),175.00 175.00

Clerk's wages t'oolie's wages

(:).}1.39 r;)J.H2

.

l)o:-:.t;tgcs-I-lon. Trcrrsnrer

5,Wiii.OO

0.65'

To Smplus on for~ign exchange , Ltfzac & Co.,-a/c sales 1!)27/8 .. 0'1to Ihrrasowitz-altJ sale 1\128 .. Sales of .Tournals ' .. Sales of Craib's Flom of Si:lm Sales of Stamp C'lto.logue Interest on current afc

Tcs.

By Furniture antl Fittings

Tcs. 2.4!5.23

To Balance brought forward from 1928 Subscriptions- received for 1928 do. do. 1929 do. tlo. Ul30

~

c;G-Ui~ ~

519.57 N

'I

l-L10 ±fL1:2.

i i lj

PosLl!!Ps-- 1-lnn. Secreta.r\· Teleg~~an1 to EcJle Centr.~le. P:!.ris llooks bouml for J,ibmn· ., ~Iinutc lJ;nk fur Dictio1~ary Colninit,tee - Blocks a1Hl Plate~ fur .1on{:n,tls 1,rin ting .f uurnal

32.20

270.00 264.00

~~-:~

H;:,.2