Jews Selling Blacks 9780963687722

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Jews Selling Blacks: Slave Sale Advertising by American Jews

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Je-ws Selliag Blacks Slave Sale Advertising by American Jews

The Nation of Islam

2010 First Edition © Copyright 2010 by Latimer Associates. All rights reserved.

First edition, second printing 2010

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or otherwise without the prior written permission of Latimer Associates.

The subject at hand should be approached with great sensitivity. Those who would use this material as a basis for the violation of the human rights of another are abusing the knowledge herein. The wise will view this information as an opportunity to develop a more equitable relationship between the families of God.

Table of Contents Maurice Barnett. .................................................................................................................................... 9 Cohen & Alexander ............................................................................................................................ I 0 Cohen & Moses ................................................................................................................................... 11 Abraham Cohen .................................................................................................................................. 16 H.S. Cohen .......................................................................................................................................... 19 J. Cohen ............................................................................................................................................... 20 Jacob Cohen ........................................................................................................................................ 20 Jacob Cohen & Co .............................................................................................................................. 23 Philip Cohen ........................................................................................................................................ 33 Philip Jacob Cohen .............................................................................................................................. 33 Solomon Cohen ................................................................................................................................... 34 Isaac Da Costa (&Elias Solomons) .................................................................................................... 34 Jacob De Leon ..................................................................................................................................... 35 Joseph Depass ..................................................................................................................................... 36 David Franks ....................................................................................................................................... 36 Isaac Franks ......................................................................................................................................... 36 James L. & John S. Hart ..................................................................................................................... 37 S.I. Hart ............................................................................................................................................... 38 Samuel Hart ......................................................................................................................................... 38 (Solomon L.) Hohenthal, Reichman & Company ............................................................................. .40 Samuel Hyams .................................................................................................................................... 41 A. Isaacks, Jr....................................................................................................................................... 43 Jacob Isaacks ....................................................................................................................................... 46 Ralph Isaacs ........................................................................................................................................ 48 Jacob Jacobs ........................................................................................................................................ 49 Levy Jacobs ......................................................................................................................................... 53 Israel I. Jones ....................................................................................................................................... 53 C.F. King & H. Wiener ....................................................................................................................... 54 Jacob Lazarus ...................................................................................................................................... 55 Jacob Levin ......................................................................................................................................... 55 L.A. Levy, Jr. ...................................................................................................................................... 56 Nathan Levy ........................................................................................................................................ 57 Levy & Bowers ................................................................................................................................... 57 Aaron Lopez ........................................................................................................................................ 58 Aaron Lopez II .................................................................................................................................... 59 David Lopez ........................................................................................................................................ 60 Joseph Marks ....................................................................................................................................... 63 Leah Minis .......................................................................................................................................... 63 Hyam Moise ........................................................................................................................................ 64 Emanuel De La Motta ......................................................................................................................... 65 Isaac Motta .......................................................................................................................................... 66 Benjamin Mordecai ............................................................................................................................. 66 David Mordecai ................................................................................................................................... 78 Thomas W. Mordecai .......................................................................................................................... 80 A.F. Moses .......................................................................................................................................... 81 Israel Moses ........................................................................................................................................ 82 J. F. Moses .......................................................................................................................................... 83 Myer Moses ....................................................................................................... .................................. 84 Solomon Moses ................................................................................................................................... 88 Jacob Ottolengui ................................................................................................................................. 88 Abraham Seixas .................................................................................................................................. 89 Levi Sheftall ........................................................................................................................................ 92 Mordecai Sheftall ................................................................................................................................ 93 Abraham Tobias .................................................................................................................................. 94 A. Wiesemann ................................................................................................................................... 104 Solomon Zantz (&Israel Kieffer) ..................................................................................................... 104

RUNAWAY ADVERTISEMENTS ............................................................................ 105 Isaac Barrett .......................................................... ...... ............. ............................. .. .. ............... ... ...... 105 Jacob Bortz ......................... ..................... ............. ......................... .............. .................... .................. 105 David Franks ... ..... ....... ....... ... ...... ..... ................. .. ............. ... .......... .......... .... ............. .............. ..... ...... I 06 M. Goldsmith .......... ... ......................................... ...................................... ..... ................................... 106 John Hart et al ........ .... ............. .................................. ............................ ................. .... ....................... I 07 Nathan Hart ........... ..... ..... ... ................... ......... .... ...... .. .... .... .. ....... ............. ... ........... ............. .............. 107 Judah Hays ................ ............. ... ............ .............................. .. .................................................. .......... 109 Moses D. Hyams .... ... ..... ........... ........... .......... .. ......................... ...... ....... ....... ....... .... ......................... 111 Samuel Hyams ........ ,... ... ........... ...... ..... ...... .. .... ........... .............. ............. ............. ............... ............... 112 Isaiah Isaacs ............................. ........... ................ ..................... .......................... .............. ................. 112 Ralph Isaacs ........ .. ............................. ............. ...... .. .... ............ ...... ........................... .... ..................... 113 Joseph Jacob ........ .. ... .. ... .. ............................... ............ ............. ............. ............................................. 113 Jacob Jacobs ...................... ...... ..... ........... ............ ....................... ............... ..... ....................... ........... . 113 John Jacobs ................. ... ........ ...... ................. ............ ............ ...... ....... ... .......... .... .............................. 114 Moses E. Levy .. ........ ... ....... ... ... .................... ............ ....... ...... ............................................................ 114 Abraham Lipman ....... ................................. ............ ...................................... ..................... ........ ....... 115 Aaron Lopez ............... ........... .......... ......... .............. ............. ............. ............ ........ ............................. 115 James Lucena ............. .. ........ .. ......... .. ......... ............ .... ........ ...... .... ... ... .......... .............. ............. .... .. .... 116 Barnard Moses .......... ...... ....... ........ ..... ...... ...... ...... ............. .... ........ ............................... .................... 116 Isaac Moses ..... .... ...... .......... ........... ........... ............ ........... .............. .............. ............. .............. .......... 117 Solomon Moses ........ ......... ............ ........... ............ ......................... ...... .. ................................. ....... .... 118 Meyer Moses ........... ........... .......... ............ ........... ............ .... ......... ........................... .... ...................... 119 Isaac Motta ........ ... ... .......... .......... .... ........ ............ ... ......... ............. ............. .............. ............ .............. 119 Mordecai Myers .............. ...... ...... ... ........ ............ ............ ............. ............. ............. .............. .............. 119 Benjamin Simons ............. .......... ....................... ............ ...... ....... ................... ....... ................... .......... 120 K. Simons & Sons .. .... ..... ..... ...... ...... ..... ........... ............. ......... .... ......... ............................... ............... 121 Jacob Woolf .................... .......... ... .... ................ ...... ...... ......................... .... .......... ............. ........... ...... 121 I.M. Se ix as ............................................................................................................................ ............ 122 Levi Sheftall .. ......... ............ ................... ............ ............ ..... .. ..... .......... ................ ........... ... .... .............. 123 SLAVERY SERVICES ............................................................................................. 124 Jacob Adler ................................................... ............ .... ..... ... ................. ......... .... .............. ................ 124 Hyam Cohen ................................................ ...... ... ... ...... ....... .... ................ .. ........ .. .... ........................ 125 J. Cohen .................................................. ..... ........................................... ....... .......... ................... ....... 125 Jacob Cohen ........................................................................ .......................... ............................ ....... . 126 P.M. Cohen ............................................................. ............ ......... .............................. ............. .......... 127 Cohen & Moses ......................................... ............. .... ........ ...... ....... .... ........ ..... ....................... .......... 127 Cohen, Norris & Company ...... ................................ ................... ... ........ ........... .. .. .................. ...... .... 128 B.H. Jacobs ...... ... .......... ...... .. ........ ...... ...... ............ ............ ............. ............. ........................... ........... 128 Michael Lazarus ....... ..................... ................................................ ................. ......... .......................... 129 L.A. Levy ..................................... ......... .. ...... ...... ............ ....... .. .... ............. ............. .............. ............. 129 Lewis B. Levy ......... .. ......... .. .. .... ...................... .............. ....... ............ ....... ............. ...... ........ .... .......... 129 Moses Cohen Mordecai .............. ........ ... ............ ..... ....... .... ........ ....................................................... 130 Oppenheim Brothers ........ .......... ............ ........ ............... ......... .... ......... ... ....... ... ...................... ........... 130 Isaac Po lock .................... ...................... ........ ... ............. ......................... .... .......... .............. .............. . 131 Levi Sheftall ......................................................... ................................. .................................... ........ 131 Isaac Seixas .. ... .. ... .. ........ .......................... ........ ........... ....... ..... .............. ............ ............... ................. 132 A. Tobias ......................................................................... ....................................................... .... ... .... 132 JEWISH ANTI-BLACK LAWMAKERS ................................................................... 133 JEWISH SLAVE CATCHERS ................................................................................. 136 Matthias Bush .............................................................................................................. ..................... 136 Moses Nunez Cardozo ......... .................. ...... ..... ... ............. ... ............. .... ......... ............. ..... .......... ... .... 136 Mordecai Cohen ................... ...... ...... ..... .................. ............ ........................................ .............. ........ 137 Samuel Hyams .................... ................................................ ... ................ ........................................... 137 Solomon Moses ........ ........... ........ .... ............ ..... .... .. ....... .................. .................. ......... ...... .. ..... .......... 141 Isaac M. Seixas .... ....... ....... ... ......... ............ ................... .... ..... ... ..... ......................................... .......... 143

Slave Sale Advertisements Placed by Jews

This book presents disturbing evidence of American Jewish participation in the Black African slave trade. Jewish merchants from all over the world participated in the inhumane trade in Black human beings, often dominating some of the most important slave-trading markets . .Jews were particularly active in Brazil and the Caribbean, and much of their activity occurred outside the eventual boundaries of the United States, Jong before it was established as a nation in 1776. Some Jewish scholars have used U.S. census records, which show "modes( Jewish slaveholding, to diminish the role of .Jews as major "owners" of Black human beings. This, however, is highly misleading. Jews were twice as likely as the general population of American whites to "own" Africans. Moreover, many Jewish merchants were simultaneously retailing dozens, even hundreds, of Africans through their business enterprises. The 1830 census shows that all the Jews of Charleston, South Carolina, claimed to "own" a total of104 Black human beings. But a single Jew, Jacob Cohen, on a single day in 1857, offered for sale "125 rice negroes." That same year, the same Mr. Cohen teamed with a Gentile and advertised almost twice that number-210-in a single day. Jewish slave traders, by economic necessity, tried to "turn over" their Black human merchandise as quickly as possible, and this brief "ownership" of Africans by many Jewish merchants is not reflected in the census records. Nevertheless, in marketing the products of slave labor and supplying plantations with items of commerce-even buying

6

Slave Sale Advertising by American Jews

and selling whole plantations along with the slaves-Jewish merchants helped make slavery profitable in America. Jews were primarily merchants in America, and as a group Jews had developed a highly advanced and unparalleled business, financial, and mercantile network wherein slaves and the products of slave labor found a ready market and worldwide distribution. Cotton, sugar, tobacco, corn, wheat, gold, fur, lumber, as well as all manner of manufactures, such as clothing and textiles, furniture, tools and hardware, et cetera, were fed into this massive trading network, generating extraordinary wealth, which fueled America's astonishing growth. As can be seen in the text of these advertisements, Jewish merchants regarded Black human beings as simply another commodity to be funneled into their international trading network. The reader will note the extraordinary amount of slave trading carried on by South Carolina Jews. In fact, long before the American Jewish population became concentrated in New York, the center of the Jewish community in the slavery era was Charleston. The city had the largest population of Jews in the country and was considered the western hemisphere's very center of Jewish wealth and culture. The origin of Reform Judaism (the branch of Judaism practiced today by the vast majority of American Jews) began in Charleston in 1825. And when the Jewish reformers in that city announced their new Judaism to the general public, they appealed to "all who are influenced by tolerant and unprejudiced feeling." They explained that their actions would extol the "force and beauty of the moral law and eschew those practices that "partake strongly in bigotry" -all "in Honor of Almighty God." Yet this very same appeal was signed by several Jewish slave-owners and printed on the very same page of the City Gazette and Commercial Daily Advertiser (September 11, 1826) wherein Jewish merchant Abraham Tobias offered for sale, and warranted the character of, "a prime young negro fellow." The language used by Jewish merchants in these slave advertisementsmany of them serving as high synagogue officials and pillars of the Jewish community-betray s their comfort with the horrors of Black slavery. "Cargoes" of"Likely Negroes" were bought and sold alongside farm animals and furniture; whole plantations are sold with all "negroes" included in the purchase; shipping services are offered with "roomy accommodations for slaves"; insurance is offered for slave ships; "negro" and "mulatto" "wenches" are put

Jews Selling Blacks

7

on the auction block as "temptresses"-all these "bargains" publicly offered by Jews in America's city newspapers. Whole "gangs of negroes" -some advertised "in families" -are publicly traded as objects of commerce for pure profit. One merchant has "Sundry Negro Slaves in families." Another sells a plantation with a "gang of about 60 Negroes," with "negro houses" to accommodate 50 slaves; and another Jewish merchant guarantees the "lowest" prices on "real estate, negroes, horses, etc." One merchant sells "40 valuable Negroes" consisting of"house servants and field slaves"; another sells "a prime gang of 43-" Another merchant sells "choice Negroes," 80 at one time; and yet another has "65 prime negroes at a private sale." Children 5-years-old, 9-years-old, n, 16, 17, 2-months-old-even infants-are all sold without any concern for their welfare or for their families. One advertises a "valuable family of field slaves," including an "infant" and a "2-year old" (both of whom the Jewish seller already determined to be "field slaves"). One seeks to hire 150 "young, healthy, able-bodied Working Negroes." Evidently, he felt it necessary to explain that the "Negroes" would be "treated with humanity." He offered a special deal to sellers: he would not charge for the temporary lodging of "sucking children of Negroes sent to [him to] sell." Africans are advertised as good housekeepers for elderly whites, and it is chilling to consider the fate of the many Black girls and boys advertised for sale. One Jewish auctioneer sells "rice field Negroes"; another sold "10 Long Cotton Negroes." One offered mo "prime Virginia slaves," but later had to take out an ad to rebut rumors that he was instead fraudulently selling "Kentucky slaves." Freedom-seeking Blacks are branded "runaways" and doggedly pursued through newspaper notices: one Jew chased a Black woman for years, advertising for the return of "my negro girl" when she was 25 and again when she was 3i. Other Jews captured and held "runaways" for the bounty. Jews are found serving the plantation masters, selling "negro jackets," "negro shoes," "negro clothes" -one selling 7 bales of "American cloth for plantation Negroes." One merchant offers "newly clothed negroes," for which he added $3 to the sale price; another entices slave owners with "splendid accommodations for negro sales." One Jew seeks in an advertisement to hire an "overseer" for her plantation. The Jewish slave-dealers distinguish whether their Black human chattel are "colored" or "mulatto," foreign-born Africans or nativeborn negroes, and much of this Black merchandise is "warranted" "sober and honest," "of good character," and documented as having made no attempts to run away. One group of Blacks "for sale" is advertised to have had just one previous owner. Jewish brokers receive commissions on their slave sales, one

8

Slave Sale Advertising by American Jews

offering special terms for "negroes": "bond with interest and security," payable in one year- Black slaves on layaway. Synagogue officials and even rabbis sold Black people. Rabbi Jacob Levin sold "12 likely Negroes" for "investment" purposes, he states in his ad. Long before the Nazis forced Jews to wear yellow stars, Jewish police were threatening Charleston Blacks with "corporal punishment" if they did not present their "slave badges" to any white man who asked. A Jew seeking his "runaway negro" informs the public that she had badge #1090, which proved that she was his property. Other Jewish constables incarcerated Blacks they suspected of being "runaways" and advertised their descriptions in the public newspapers. Another Jew in the role of city assessor reminded his fellow Charleston citizens through a newspaper notice that taxes were due on their slave property. Any one who might assist his runaway, one Jew threatens, "shall be prosecuted with the utmost rigor of the law." In one particularly callous display, a prominent Jewish merchant, Abraham Seixas, composed poetry for his ad, which reads in part: He has for sale Some negroes male, Will suit full well for grooms. He has likewise Some of their wives Can make clean dirty rooms.

For planting too He has a few To sell for the cash, Of various price, To work the rice Or bring them to the lash.

The young ones true, If that will do, May same be had of him . To learn your trade They may be made Or bring them to your trim .

"If you buy them of me," he assures, "What e'er you say, They will obey." These advertisements represent proof of substantial Jewish involvement in the greatest criminal endeavor in the history of the world -the Black Holocaust.

Jews Selling Blacks

····sALES AT _____

Figure 1. From the Pub/1cat1on of the Amencan Jewish H1stoncal Society.

AUcTION.

c ,.,- ----------- ---· ·--

Maurice Barnett Maurice Barnett of Baton Rouge, Louisiana, operated the auction house of Jacobs & Asbridge. He was such a prolific slave-dealer that twentiethcentury picture postcards of the "Old Slave Block" depict his office at 40 St. Louis Street. He was a very close associate of the slave-breeding Jewish pirate Jean Lafitte. Barnett preferred the quality of Lafitte's African product. According to Rabbi I. Harold Sharfman, these "products" were "sturdy and healthy, for only the hardiest blacks survived confinement in the deep dark stuffy hulls of the slave ships, not to mention the contagious diseases and brutal treatment that marked their months-long journey."

9

BY M. BAll!"w.T'f, ::;,..._., Auc11.,,.,... ,

~

C"rneliu• HuNI ••· Hitt Cr..Ji&&>n-Syrrdi< S11h.

tbt> tJ D..c, t839, at 11o1....·..tud ONn11."t"at• o( ~i;r, coo~ . wuhPr anJ iron .. r, uni herlhrn •f the &y .,,?;,., who r1·•c1\et lu hinuelf the pri•ilct"e of rcfu.Un:r '"'"".. tmloueN, until he i• aati•lil!dlt:o:;n:;,

r:1¥~.

Figure 9. Charleston City Gazette and Daily Advertiser, Nov 4, 1806

i;·"THIS

B,r Cohen&. ~loses

.

DAY, th~.! ittl1 iti•L at. l~ o•ctock, will \,e -.old

j 1

before our store. I One Neg-1'0 ,~·P-nch, a good w:isher and ironer.! Also, :>'l Afri ·an Wench~ !"Xitli her ~~ter, ~ girl of about 14 years of :igt: • and a prime African Fellow.- ~ l(;omlitions, e t he tfiotC o F.1)1,

\\ • Bui.t, dccca tt, •Int nae Carpeuler. CoaitlbOllll a.sh. P\U'ch&IPT'S to ,., u for WU. at..i.. Aug1&SIS

- -

Figure 39. Charleston Mercury, August 6, 1857

26

Slave Sale Advertising by American Jews

Private Sales. ~

F1 ure 40. Charleston Mercury, Oct 26, 1857, also Nov 2, 1857, Nov 4, 1857, Nov 19, 1857, Nov 26, 1857

Figure 41. Charleston Mercury, December 30, 1857 ....

•AW

:

CO- THE Nf"...OltOS ADVERTISED Bl.. JACOB COHEN S. SON ban &nived, u4 Jn.t7 be •~n at the Jal} l J'uUaf'1 U Figure 42. Charleston Mercury, January 11, 1858

Jews Selling Blacks

27

Ea14U Sak.

By Jacob Cohen &

Son. ~

At l'nni. Sale, RlCE P.LA...,'TATIO.S and US nE.LD

NEG ROS.

AU &hat "'aluable PLA..,"'TATtOX, sita.t• IA St. Paol's Pansb, Oil the Pon Po11 and Dn·ho rln!t'S, called THE GRO\ £-cootauw>g a\ioot 1111e thousand ~of J.uuS,

two h11ndnod IUld etghty aaea of wJuch a"' pruQe .R&~ lands, nver !'1Mlmp, undt>r rood ba.lllu and at the lwllt p1tcb oC t.adft. The ttm~er ~mprehellds l11gh laJld ud inhnd"9T.l.lllp or tb• lu~h a J.arp bodr u e.l.ared, &Jld are of tbe bt-st of prons10Q land~. 0( che h:llaAJ ...-..mp lh~ b •"-t liltJ' Kl'ft cktnd 11.114 111.bdt'r ~llntlon..

h.nd,,

Olle h0J1drt'd acres or.a~Rf\lE RICE L.U.0. tiier ...-.:np and at best pitch of I.Ide, 1utuate on Briabu.•'• ulancf, and d1~r OJ'PO"'ll• to the Gr accommodate one ha.odrid ud Allyn.,. c;rm-u bwldl!lp and reoclog in complete ttpan• .t.1.50,

One ha.ndred and ttrenty..l!n RICE FIELD ;:>,T..GROS. •111ong •hom ~ C'&J]>C!11ten, br1d.la)l'n, eiig1n~ &:c:. Thne ~e:;roe hue ahra11 bff11 a:tached to lhu Plant.a· t1011. and were l:Dl'Jlltl7 ra1....t thl!'....,n .

To an appnroed purchi.sier, and 011• who ••ll take the . en~ propenr Ule tl!rms will be made acco111111od.aun~ i If not ..,Id at p;.;;,,, Sale by the fint Yttk. .i11 Ja.rnary , iie:rt, lhJ will be olte!'M at Public Auction. Tor ltrnu and particulars, •rvlY u abon, at .!lionm~r 19

th

'

~ BROA[)..STREF.T, Formeor11 Ol.l State Butt.

Figure 43. Charleston Mercury, Nov. 19, 1857; Nov. 26, 1857; Nov. 3, 1857

Figure 44. Charleston Mercury, Dec. 31, 1857, Jan. 1, 1858

28

Slave Sale Advertising by American Jews

I !11ttlt.1 Sales.

Figure 45. Charleston Mercury, January 11, 1858

By Jacob Cohen&: Son. W1U buold, TM!OB.llO\V, 12111 l.csla11t, 1t the Cha.I' men1U..llhrt,.Uia111~l1tJ\ert.bt ni.te =--~~ Ma..o, 1>1.m.fd l't.L\IOTll,!M JH.nolJ, , Tl'flllt r•ln m®tll•, b1 bond,

•>th iD.te,....t from d•J of ale;• 111ort(•p ol Ille ~r­ ty awl1ppro'fed pet!!Wlt.1-utlty. l'li.rCba."! Ulce prpHt)' .and t.l' P-KI Jl"110D I IC'CUntr ~~ «> po7 ua fut r•~u. Ll. pa) usfor papPn. J;iinuarr IS Figure 49. Charleston Mercury, January 16, 1858

I

By Jacob Cohen & Son.

·l

\V1U be ll0l4, To.310RttOW, tbe 21th, at tbe Oalmns at~C)lut, at I l o'cl«kt Tbe following %\Jo.GROS· l\IARIA, 4.5 fnrt old JAME~, 1' ) eart old. Terms cub. Purc:b&Hr l9 rar_us for bill All' Ja11u11J7~

or

JtnU

Figure 50. Charleston Mercury, January 25, 1858

Auction Sales. By Jacob Cohen & Son. tu

W&ll h l()J.d• TIUS DAY, l!il ilUt.,, at CllWMrNt. .Mart., al ll o'clock, lrv~~~o l\"omall 10&111t'd £.lu:JE, a Cook., Waahu a.nil

T•rm• c:uh. Po.n:ha.."«'r to paJ' for bill ot taa. ltllrcll i Figure 51. Charleston Mercury, March 2, 1858

-Auction Sales.

Figure 52. Charleston Mercury, March 18, 1858

Jews Selling Blacks

31

Figure 53. Charleston Mercury, April 22, 1858

Jal~~

By Jacob Cohen & Son.

THIS DA\-. ~·GI um... 1"'ill be '°1iS, ar JI;~ l1.&l'C ~ D&lrtb. l.l>le 9'~a.t 2 I Vcl.x.1..

n"" 'h~.ab~ :-iwao ~""~ "~ Ollie p1.b1:a. )L-\.,"{~ D'T la.~mer 0.• pnl:lV lU..."li;all.7 :&.'°tU'.

•'Dt *' L.hlJ' U4...~.. ..un.t:ld

()Q.e W!ICOZZU6l'llll:r pnR•

IObe a ~~ii,1;4~,_urwr,ofto~:1 ~!IUtnouuul

C1Mdlit1u 2Pblts.

Tll!T~ ~

_ Af'nU3

H• h.u ,,...,." r~d'm U'l1H a~1

h.lcU..n to P11 u rwbllli _ _ .

r:tr aale

Figure 54. Charleston Mercury, April 23, 1858

PrJ·va t e Sa I0 s .

Figure 55 Charleston Mercury, Dec. 16, 1858

I l·

Slave Sale Advertising by American Jews

32

• 1~1at~ "'411

By Jacob Colien & Son.

\\ 1U hf> °\old ou THCRSDA.l•• th~ Htb tr.~ t llJ&n'• ~ .rt, st 1l o'clAC"k,...by iiermi•&on or Ordlti•r7 -.n4

or.Jer ot .Ad'11•1114t;'&lor.

A Z\t'GftJ \\ e>m.ui a&m-ed llETSE\. • about J:. ,..,...

or •J:~

1'"11\5-()o.,.haU nsh ...~ ntbs, aecured b7 boo.~ 1nd-.mortJage and ~na• "4't"Ur1ty lTucha~t io P.J fJlditiciiu1, cath,. !pecje,

uollara at 4s. 81.I. _ , ___ _ ·-· Figure 62 Charleston City Gazette and 001/y Advertiser, Ma rch 30, 1799

Jews Selling Blacks

35

Jacob De Leon Jacob De Leon was a commission merchant in C harleston, South Carolina. H e w as born in Kingston, Jamaica, in 1764 and died in Columbia, S.C., in 1828. H e was a member of C ongregation Beth E lohim and a leader in F reemasonry. I

I .

.

By Jacol:i De Leoi\;

i THIS , '

DAY, the 11th inst. will •be s•1ld bef~ my . . \.·endue-~, witl1outreser.e, , . ·- · Whlte.. blue, dr:ib and mi:tcd pla:i'ns .-.c "": 7-4 supb1 fine broad cloths l..ondo1~ ~ Bristol duffil blank.eta

Fino and coare bats Lappe.~d ta~boured muslin' ·• ~·,.-' . . . -'!!:' Castors wd pli.ted c;andlesticklz ~,w.4f.,...·~ .;, ,.. 48 aozeii kit1ves and fo1·ks -~ t . ... '?. li-8 do d ..sert 24 pair carvers E11glilh. .white leai:J. and iron pota 2oo p!lir utgro al1oes • . ~' Looking g!Usea, pistol., prints, ~u a Ta.-iet; er 1 I ou1er articles• ' •-· , · ,• . Also, at 11 o.-clock will he aold, a. in:GRQ BO~;' between 11 and 12 ye!lnl of :ige. · •. t Ccmtttfons, cusb. " ~ I r .,..~'"\-

i~

do.

I

1'

'

'•

I

4

-·

Figure 63 Charleston City Gazette and Daily Advertiser, Nov 11, 1806

·'.iah·s at 1.\ uution. ____ ..................... _ -------._.._..._

,)'fl 1: OP .1FNtf'.'/\.';)

1' HIS

n

Bv J.\cub JJc L.::: n, A Y. th•

o'd cl.., lo •·r

It n m.. t Tri)

11ot,,,.

~· ,· tri 1

ti~

ao

•old

~.ieJ,

:.i~ t~ -,

• .(\'l' AFlUCA~·~~,•

'l'\\Cll l \ Cn'l•l~tll\~

(I

f

lnt'J1,

Wt11l•Cllt

ho;l\

,.\0

l

~Jf""t

C 1 ,i1 111111!1, 1i11 nn(? 1w~ro CO , a1 "• fo1 2 nt':;r H'' NI :t II c;o d.i "I II Ill\ lo. nl •u t, llw J -t ut JiinUkl y 1),(.%~, riul•., "'hh fll riv ... t m1ln1'ICh /\s

the-

m •Y be:

~bCI\ • ncg1 ur'I 1nu~t

t.>.p(J. led

he 4'\)hI great la

-----

~::luu

Figure 64. Charleston City Gazette and Daily Advertiser, Oct. 13, 1807

Slave Sale Advertising by American Jews

36

Joseph Depass 1--------------------~------~-------------BY JO~EPH DEPASS. rlti• Day, the 8th in!t. will be solu before my 1to1·e, withom reserve,

i

I

A likcaJy NI:.GRO l\·IAN, An exr• Iii.. nt tie:d hantf

Cu t.i~!Mons, cash.

Figure 65. Charleston City Gazette and Daily Advertiser, Dec. 8, 1812

David Franks Te be !old, on Loard the St.huontr Hlnnah. 1} 1ng in the

Rhcr Dd:i\\aJ e, \'try ne'r Mr. n.miel ( oopl't·:. t rl I\., Wdl N'e~ ·Jet fc~), opj)ofiti: th: Cit) of Plul:\delrhh,

A CAR G 0 E of Likely NEG R 0 ES, Jult 11npo1 ttcl Ill l:rnl Sthooner, ~1rec\I}· from the Co-ill 1 t Gurne\', ft•r Te1ms of S:il~, appl} to r110\l.•J H.1.

cur,

DA\'ID rRA':}~~,

or

DJ..!.Jl.L Rt!\ OL=..

Figure 66. Pennsylvania Gazette (Ph1ladelph1a, PA), Aug. 6, 1761

Isaac Franks

Figure 67. Pennsylvanw Packet and Daily Advertiser, Dec. 3, 1790

Jews Selling Blacks

37

For Satei a likely young

,

N~gro

Girl,

About Eight Yum old 1 bu Tw~nty yun to fern. Jn. q11iJe of ISAAC FRANKS. Figure 68. Independent Gazetteer (Ph1ladelph1a, PA), October 15, 1785

- --·- - - -T ·0 . i 1

\

,

E E

S 0

L .Dt

NEGRO M AN, ftout and healthy;

aged s~ year•, has Ind 1 he fm•U ·pox. i• a g®d .•t!yue•·, can Ito all manner of \\''1rk upon a pta,.tnion. · •ltanet~ A d 1oher, can be w.ell recummendet', it_ Cold only to~ want of cml>loy, and his ow~ cb()itt. to liYI rrher in r~e. c~untr y . t ~.u jn • city; will be fold aa 1~-.fonahle pnct. Ap ply to · ·,

f\,

a

l~AAC FRANKS, Broker, in Seco.id~ llr.:rt. Aug~ i 5. ' Figure 69 Pennsylvania Packet and General Advertiser, August 17, 1782

James L. & John 5. Hart

n

Sale of N egrocs.

y ortlf't o[ I he C'outt cl [lrnltlt~ .. r f.,.n,,. Countf• tilt trnder-.u~nr ~ \\ 1U tacli iat H~ru l"llEt• Stcm~~ ....

*'J id Cuout', uit \V .e \ , .... 1.,..,..

di•

"'"'tl

J o1 1 U'U!

ltl ~f •

Ito follt>' 1111J 1'4.1tror11, nnu)t.h l Pilfjtfl('•• ' k rn, oud ..\mi1nd11.bd.;:iuiimg h> lhi! f" Uth? of CJ• Ul ll4~t. '°''-"HllLd, iot.U-'lh,

JA ~urv1\. mg P~crmhu ~~, 1SitJ -. ·

''rn t 11\RT. 11.\ ttr.

JOJl~S

___

I!\etolo•4 GI Id\\Ul llart.

~-

........,......,...:>O

1l

Figure 70. Floridian & Journal (Tallaha ssee), January 18, 1851

Slave Sale Advertising by American Jews

38

5.1. Hart

Figure 71. The Star (Raleigh, NC), February 4, 1820

Samuel Hart Samuel Hart Sr., of Charleston, was a member of Beth Elohim synagogue. He was a publisher and bookseller, and served as Charleston's commissioner of markets from 1852-59.

IE !E !!! I '!! ! lfU. _ _~Stiles al -.'.11tt:lt.11, _,··-~-:- ·Po-;iti't~-~~k ~/-;;g~e~-::: . ::::.~==== !!! • : : : I

?

B~ Sa11anel Bartl, Seu. &

ta ..

Au.1tUFg tl1eu1 nrt: Lnuom'l!t:l . Cd on by virtue of a Wllrl'aut of di.stress fur reqt.dne. ctt•h___._ __ Figure 92. Charleston City Gazette and Daily Advertiser, June 15, 1809

Slave Sale Advertising by American Jews

46

Jacob Isaacks Jacob Isaacks was a Newport merchant who frequently bought and sold Black human beings. One 1777 advertisement offered "Foodstuffs, pork, negro man and woman."

- ·- -· ----- - -- -

i' to iofa~m the, _Pul1lic, .T hat :"·f· "HIS JACOB (SAA.CS \llars per fuit mufl be paid: · · Cha•ltf/011, No'IJcmber 6th, 1783. Figure 99. South-Carolina Weekly Gazette, Nov. 7, 1783

Private Sale. A H::dy and v;iluable

Young Negro Wench,

IU 1

SED t? houfe work, has

bct:n 1n th1.s ibi.re about t.;m· er five years, warranted by lne Velldue Maller to be found and healthv, and fold for no othe1 reafon than that fhe cani10t agree with the rdt of the negroes in che

family. Conditions-Ready money.

Jacob Jacobs, 8auth fide

of the Exc/11111g~.

Figure 100 Charleston City Gazette and Daily Advertiser, April 11, 1788

50

Slave Sale Advertising by American Jews

NEG.ROES. On '·Tuefday next, 'Iht 2rjl i11/lr.r.t,

WJLL BE SOLT)

At Public Auction, By Jacob Jacobs, ..

South.fiduf ti.it E>tvl:a111e,

For rel),dy money oo defacry, W l TH 0 U T RE SE R \' H,

A y ALU ABLE

young

negro \vaiting man, \\'i tlt hit wife, a good houfe wench, and her female child about i 8 mo nt hs old . tbele fob ~ Iold Mgethcr. '

A L S 6, A •ery nluablc: boufe wench- i comple;tt cook:. October 16. Figure 101. Charleston City Gazette and Daily Advertiser, Oct. 16, 1788

By permif/Ln.

ef Jbe

~bar/e/lon

01 dmary tf di/lrii/1

On 1"' H U R S lJ A Y, The sd of December next,

Pruif!IJ at 1.0 o'clocl:, wili; q1 faU at puhlic b it, befor1 tht E11chang1 of Charl1N~n,

By

Jaco~

faeobs,

V. l\1.

Alwut fdrcy valuable NEGRO SLAVEb, l1cl onging h> the elb t4! of J hn Wi lfon. E frli

dece:.tcd. The qualdka iion• of the nt>groe~ ;w J ttl ms of fole, will hi: m1Je· krwwn by

fome future

it dVl!rti fcmcn·.

Joh() Ward, .11dmr. November t. Figure 102. Charleston City Gazette and DaJ/y Advertiser, Nov. 11, 1790; also Nov 5, 1790

Jews Selling Blacks

T 0 011

tht

51

BE S 0 L D,

of Dttnn~rr 11txl, hifore th t E:uh11,.g1 in Ch.ultjlon ,

2:1

By Jacob f acobs 1 V. M. ABOUT FORTY

Valuable NEGROES.

C

ON8lSTlNG of feveral tradt'f mca, houfe fcrvants and field

Rawu, among whom is a valuable trul.\y driver; alfo. fcveral blooded t rood mares. and fenral capit al fillies i nd colrs, by th" moct famous horfes in thh ./late, beinapart of the etlatc of tbe,J.rc: John W41Con, Efq; dccc:afc:cl • . 't11111lition.r of tht /(1/1-onc, two and three years cre :Ht for tac negroe•, and one and two year. cre :i it for the borfc:s, with approved feturity anti intere!\ ft c m the date.

john Ward, h.dmr. Novtmbtr 19. Figure 103. Charleston City Gazette and Daily Advertiser, Nov. 22, 1790 I

1

4

A

LI. perfo!u imlci1tl."d t t1 Ilic tol,i.:ri ... . . bl'>. nse rn1uelt. ' tt.1 llH·k~· foll pay. :ut·nt imnwu i11 1t:1)•, ,. . 110 11tw i..uuantf. .1tflJ be v11 c 11eo witl1 11ny pt•1fM1s u.l1u do not ii\':til Ll.lemfc:IVt:> of thh notke.

.

jacob }acol>s ;

Who recimu his mu1l hf11a·ty thiu:tcs to

nils fri~11tls a.ud .the 1:11bJic ,a~ general, ~r · . !b,\{avt>11 rect>1v .-d m his line of bufiuc'n; f nutf·i or the gre11ler. co11venllncy ve11due al1d eommi!U.~n buG11e:fe; in alUu·braucbea, ·huth :io t(•\\·11 :i nd c:.oun • . trf•·: '1t.~¥taken into .coparr llf'dhi p Mr. John ' «.:~qy,(rl, ' jun •., nr~der the firm of Jacobi . ~ (.jg1n1ers, d1ey propofe It llic ·g, ''' well' tjs· ~ll 11.~da

of inercbatulize, lttiu1r11. lands,

nl!'grctlt•'l!nd ·eirher in tuwn or country; .rnd \\ill be much ubtigf'd to any perfun that will pleah: tu favor rbem with aoy

part .u f t,h~ir taul.!n!fa, to w~kh grraf ·t:entiun \\ 111 be paid, aud ftritt puuflu• ~l~ty obferved.

January ;:

Ja~obs & ~onyers.·

Figure 104. Charleston City Gazette and Daily Advertiser, Jan 4, 1794

52

Slave Sale Advertising by American Jews

PSJDl' BftTY' 1

llfO L D,

,bs & Son, £xl:hi1,'l18.f1 r~

1d l oft;:i;n~

LJI' If: ~. 'l'l'Zi

&

.t!

HAT ft fU1th lti hl)~f.e alld iil!l tbl:' ~~Ii:

.Bay,

LOT', ~°'' i\11 J11JW rutt:ll pti,, 1J 1

T

By Aaron Lopez,

H E remainder of the pcrfonal efi:ate of fa id r hom:is Euftace deccafcd

ConfiOin{)" of one . , egro r. an, und one valuable 0youn;.i; \ egro 1'\' c·nch.-l uucl'JU. · ons are-Tw rJ yc'.ir'l credit, g ivingbon r .u1:11t(!r , Ch.1rhfirm Glfober i 6, I 79 2. •

Figure 121. State Gazette of South-Cara/ma, Oct. 30, 1792

59

Slave Sale Advertising by American Jews

60

~ ' ° _ } \,+:,7!~ :-', ~ ; i ;;,'f .Ell'!f1Jtlf'flOW1EC1 . FV.l( U,~11, . • ·1 '" COl!>lidug of -~ \'Ci«~ . M t ll flg'l ·$1'! 1>ft 'Cuel '

• .

·o

1

•wi h ·a. . ,t:,W . JJ 09k~, l M•ll .1l1e I''''. cs of wh1~h m> r,~ 111ch~ 1'1og, hr 3'l lll~he-a "''''~'.; a !ew l'• h11~, . 1mrne nry ·., elt!('>H\ly ir• m«I ; l hdu• (;,n~l fl t,.\'.CJ Mal Cotlli\CIC; ,. ,, Ir or C'• .•ih,·s. l':t•·lot \Vin: ' dow Cu.rw ns 1 with. AY•·i •11· uf u1h"r .l\ rt:.clc1, I \ Al. $~ , .; ' 1.'lu· j(i/lot1.li11!J r1aluc/llr. .11•.J.WJ:OES, ivarrariu;J

•1

.:

I

· , cl1.m1r:11·rs: .A Wt'!tcll tth.,llf :l'J) ~~l'li ,,f 1·1!;e, with h~1· 2 Sons, l

a bt1)' ..fn1Mit 12 y~ar:1 cu and I R) Im·~ · ·· "nil d.ll ~ n lh!itru::t. will Li~ 4;'X!•i1sed for aide before the A ~t~ U>ll SLoru ofthu ,Subribcrs, THl8 lU.V, t l11.: 6th uf 1-chrun:-y, at U o•ttoek,

FOUR NEGROE~,

• n.t·l~111gi11g to tbe E:itate v!' t.he l;.li: \(r. 11.!JI 1;( t..d1sto ltsland,

Ill

.11~iri:,

.~onttit ions -~weh•e month!! . c.reclit ; lw tmrci 1uer 1rn-1ng ll• >t~~ with two &l11;ru\·c\l 11\U\11:;i:1·1.1 wat.h inu.:rcsl h•om Lhe g or1lt:r if t!Mt .lld111i11i1tr11ttLr u•:d .•11lt11faitt • 'ta~r _!dwmu') c>_ _ _ -· rh di.st•t Figure 135 Charleston City Gazette and Commemal Daily Advertiser, Feb 6, 1812, Jan 23, 1812

. BY

MOl SE

SEN. k so .

On ..ttOND./lr, the •utft in111. will be

·

·-

a.t No. 9',

Queen.St,rettt. nt 10 u'cfock

The re~ai~~ of n GROCliit1' STORK C11nditaon11old, at II otc&ock, It

c

") IDI \ Loa bl.Im. fl I U' et 1, tw lUIO•U ' " ' ' .... )f ua LI\ \Y50 ~, es JHt• ot 11•, aup ,., tor coac bmaa.

1Dd HW9H 8er'..n11t, oil iod cbGndcr . . A c•tr siun:oanr woald be prrrerred. u e bu • faftld r Ia 1he uo. Coad.1twn1-eub or De.tit, WJ\Jl 1ppTOnd endonu. u tO da)a, wub •a.t.rrtl f ttuun U Figure 139. Charleston Mercury, Feb 11, 1857

Jews Selling Blacks

Figure 140. Charleston Mercury, January 10, 1856

67

68

Slave Sale Advertising by American Jews

Figure 141. Charleston Mercury, Nov. 19, 1856; Nov. 22, 1856

Flt Id Rand• aa4 Douse Sen1at11o

By B. Mordecai; TO.MORROW Ltlle ?Mb 1ui • •t 11 otc:lnclr, ~111 ta l(l)d a\ Mesiti. K)"•ll a. ~ ou.. L.nt. Clila.lm"rJ •tnel, '

Th• followl•c Ill Ef. lt08 : \VOM AN PAT& Y, to JHl'I old, C"H "a.herancl Ironer lt.C ra1e CJHld'• '1U"'tt r;ur IC&lJlltteU and bo11se -ern.a\! 8ne 1.. fftY hUIJ.

CH \It LOTTE., rnocl waeber and Ironer, cllllcl .. 1111ne, and ht\U•e HrTa11t, SIS )'ear• old. B&Tt'Y, loo4 plat• c:oek, wuber 1114 1ro11et 3l J'Hl'S ~d. • NA "f :Y, 90 yea111 old, and Iler Cb 1ldrea, uaa I 7ear., and one I month•; 11.eld Ji:nul. : MAN ABIAHAMt4iJHn old., aod II" wlfe CLAR.A. 50 711111 old, botll tleld: l1111da. ' WO'l PllO years old, prime field hand . .SUSAN, 30 yean old, prime 1ieJd band. SA&AH, 18 years old, prime tield bnnd. CAROLINE, 18 yeani old, prime field hat1tl . 8AUNDERi;• !&, field tuuid . .BENJAI\HN, 95, t\~ ld band. SAMPSON, JO, tietd hand. SAM, 16, field hand and plou1:h boy. MO:ilE!:'l, 33, fi eld hand 1md cooµi· r. LIND~ AY, 27, tlc :d hand. HE~RY, 90 , fie ld hsnd.

ISAAC, 18 fteldhand. LA WRENb ~ , 4;'>, fw ld hand . BYUON, ~J , field hand • . 0.A VE , 2:i yeun! of age laborer. NAT, 30 yean1 of age, fabnrct and 11ailor. Hf:N HY , a liUperior co1u , puutaloon a nd vest mall:1•r, !.¥l )' CfU1' old. January 1 thmu1wthfm7

Figure 143. Charleston Mercury, January 1857

70

Slave Sale Advertising by American Jews

Cbo1ce Cupen.aen •l Pnnt•

Sal~.

By :S. Mordocai, No. 6 State•st.

)hn IER.ll~ H ye.111 ol4.• l111t1bf'CI ll.011M clrpelller Ma• GZOB.UE .:l'l ,urw OldJ • fhil•be'd bODH ~·tfft and Ill• w.I~. MAR.IA• Jood teao:11Ut•t wulllcr, UOf\tf and bOUM •rY&lll. A&I or 1ood ell anu.-1, 1111a ••ma led -ao4. rebratr1 H . tbRntll•tbl Figure 144. Charleston Mercury, Feb 23, 1857

Cbo1ce @frTIDll •C

~nT1u1

Bale.

· By E. Mordecai~' 6 State-st.

Wom•• HAR81ET. 25 yn. 1 old, nry .upu1or mea\ and PUUJ ~ook WHbH .1.nd irllfltf • Woma.a .FAITHY, i1 ,,... old, supeMr meat cook, ,,.a.her •ad fro.er Wom•n FANNY, 4S1 Hlperlor meat cook and p1aln wuber Wo1naa MAN DY ad CU ILD, good cook,_ wuher ud

••I')'

trCM>H

Wom&o CAROLINE ud D.At:GBTE.lla good cook, wuhn "rut ltoatr Wom111 MATILD\•nd. SON,cood eoolt. wuberu4 ironer TOBY. !t-2 )'e&ra old, 1J11PE.t1or flouH atnanl ud eoaclaman WILLIAM' C.1 7eart old, Hpenor bo11n IUTIDI aad romcbmaa CELESTE, ~2 )'tan old, tine ll'am1trua, ho111e 1er• Ylllt aod clu.ld.._ imrH •

.t.t..So.

A.1111'flbtr orpnme F~MIL.U:~, f'1tld llaodr, .n.lt te• nr1I 11n,1e,Fellow1 a.nd P1ou11l Boy1 • .March t w1hfm1u5 Figure 145. Charleston Mercury, March 4, 1857

l'operior \Vuller u411'nser, an4 rtau11 Ceols.

Dy B. Mordecai. Oa TBUllDAT DHt, •C U u•doelt, wl I k nld1 at EJID1 1 Lot, CllaJme......i., WU bHt .....m. lANE, !.If JHt•O\fap, W11b•r, hNer, IDd Cook, wfcb bf'r three CJuldre11, S. ~. 1a4 infnc. c Cond1t1011-0ee. bl.If e.aall; bal11ne1, aoi. at 4 mo111tb1, wtdl lft\ef"' Hd appron4 11ccuJt7. Apnl ll

r1a••

Figure 146. Charleston Mercury, Apnl 14, 1857

Jews Selling Blacks :=,_;...._--~~~~--=~~'1!!!!!!~~

Private

Sal~s-.

Figure 147. Charleston Mercury, March 16, 1857

Figure 148 Charleston Mercury, April 2, 1857

71

72

Slave Sale Advertising by American Jews CIH!lc•

a..... a.,....,,.••• , .... ,,..,_

By ll. Mordecai. At f'rtw•te 8&1 .., MH OJW.IGC, ..... ll:2 7~u1 old,

llo•ll:cd _.,. ... ,..,... llilH Lll,BUllJlf, !O J•&n ""'1-llalM!d, lloan au 1'U'-

WOntlB JlO!B, Ill ,...,. .racttr.

It b b'llC •ldom !hat such MrnntJ an ol!'er.d for eale. A&.so,

NA.'"lrCi',3:>J:Hl"S oCap, •u'l"'nor mtat C'OOt andbaktlf DIA="A, ~ •u~rlor Jl>Ht«ooll: and bakt>r TES~ 40, witll her ;laughter, U J•&n old. A. larg1 1u1.mber

n.nu, .t:c.

ot

•'D

FIF.LD NEGROS, Hou~ Suwthtu3

Mar~

Figure 157. Charleston Mercury, May 5, 1858

75

Figure 158 Charleston Mercury, March 31, 1858

Otorac-_

Qwll-.j.rd-H- &ntanl• qf U11u:crpt.-U• rtr; alao, FUW Jla"'1•, c..c..t1, IJG.A..,.., 4e , at Pri~k&.k.

t

By B. Mordecai. SALL\', :.i

tnm~'"'•

)ftrt or age, a ft.llh•d out

30 f"rl old, a ftnllbed b1.cJt"1Ditli, ofWln.~pdouable d1sracter. Applfas at-,at Apm2l 'lfthta3 .) &TAT~ll.l.E"I'. l\nt rllk Pla"fal'°" ~ oftd .E\dd HtLNI..

By D. Mordecai.

At Printe S..1L.EWIS, 11bou1 -to Jnn 01'1,a pl.&11.tatio:icarpentn a.ad

ia•ldMnd Hit wtre l'tll LL V 33 rean olJ, lk-W ha114 Hu dua1b.ter ni..li.: Y, t2 Jt!a.1'1 ol.f. Ci.el..& ba4 Ills 10.a. :. El.SO='I ~ 3 7nn, leW u11A Y, the ~2d in!ft~ w111 bl1' sold befQte my !!to~, 1 100 ~airs negr 11hou • • l 00 dn .men!I fine do. an,

A good COOK and pl.in

~raaher

and inl11.er,

•le iiot matenaJ. u:alesa too old to be 8tgro. an chns for the Un· f ;•1 11 ... ca'!h .

Figure 180. Charleston City Gazette and Commercwl Daily Advertiser, May 7, 1822

J. F. Moses

NEGROES, NEGROES.

Tlae uoclenli=;ned h•sJmit arrh't'd lo IAumpkln &ooa \' lr~lnla, " ·Ith a llkelJ· lot of nei,:rOt'!il, about 40 In number, embraeh111< el't>rJ shade and 't'arlet1·· He h1H l'eamsCreSl!le"' g.:t lwL' \ '•ii 11 l•t: I' t iir\!'I: Cloi !J·re1i, l~,l~rn , lidh i.1 111 Sc;ph1•. 't 11