Japanese Now: Text — Volume 4 9780824842277

Table of contents :
Contents
Acknowledgments
Introduction
The Japanese Syllabary and Writing System
Notes for "Sentence Analysis and Translation Exercises"
Introductory Lesson
Lessons
Lessons 1-17. Overview
Lesson 1
Lesson 2
Lesson 3
Lesson 4
Lesson 5
Lesson 6
Lesson 7
Lesson 8
Lesson 9
Lesson 10
Lesson 11
Lesson 12
Lesson 13
Lesson 14
Lesson 15
Lesson 16
Lesson 17
Appendixes
Summary of Grammar
List of Kanji
Glossary

Citation preview

JAPANESE NOW

JAPANESE NOW Text Volume 4

ESTHER M. T. SATO and MASAKO SAKIHARA

University of Hawaii Press Honolulu

©

1 9 9 0 UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII PRESS

ALL RIGHTS RESERVED PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

90 92 93 94 95 96

5 4 3 2 1

PUBLICATION OF THIS BOOK HAS BEEN ASSISTED BY A GRANT FROM THE JAPAN FOUNDATION

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data (Revised for vol. 4) Sato, Esther M . T . , 1915Japanese now. Vol. 3-4 by Esther M. T. Sato and Masako Sakihara. Maps on lining papers (v. 1) Contents: v. 1-4. Text. 1. Japanese language—Textbooks for foreign speakers— English. I. Shishido, Loren I., 1946II. Sakihara, Masako, 1935. III. Title. PL539.3.S28 1982 495.6'82421 81-23142 ISBN 0-8248-0773-1 (vol. 1) ISBN 0-8248-0795-2 (vol. 2) ISBN 0-8248-1042-2 (vol. 3) ISBN 0-8248-1199-2 (vol. 4)

UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII PRESS BOOKS ARE PRINTED ON ACIDFREE PAPER AND MEET THE GUIDELINES FOR PERMANENCE AND DURABILITY OF THE COUNCIL ON LIBRARY RESOURCES

CONTENTS Acknowledgments

vii

Introduction

ix

The Japanese Syllabary and Writing System

xi

Notes for "Sentence Analysis and Translation Exercises"

xiii

Introductory Lesson

1

Lessons

5

Lesson 1

B i d l i l i

7

Lesson 2

{LWcXitOX^X^^m^

13

Lesson 3

^S^'ibOliiA

21

Lesson 4

28

Lesson 5

36

Lesson 6

P.

41

t

Lesson 7

48

Lesson 8

56

Lesson 9

iXTOft

Lesson 10

lIpB^ft

. g l ^ ^ I p.

63

MM,

72

Lesson 11 Lesson 12

TOB^ft^ lift

80 88

Lesson 13

94

Lesson 14 I i O ^ I i ^ H X J ?

103

Lesson 15

113

Lesson 16 Lesson 17

^O^ftit i

121

0f L $ O ^ O g ^ i t

130

Appendixes

137

Summary of Grammar

139

List of Kanji

145

Glossary

149

v

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

There are many people who have helped throughout the duration of our Japanese materials development project. We would like to acknowledge the contributions of the administrators, teachers, and students of the Hawaii Department of Education who have supported us for eight long years. Without their cooperation and encouragement such a project could not have been started, much less completed. We also give special thanks to the administrators, the Department of Curriculum and Instruction, and the Curriculum Development and Research Group of the College of Education of the University of Hawaii for the many ways in which they have supported and encouraged us throughout the years. We deeply appreciate their trust and belief in our efforts, and their financial support through the University of Hawaii Foundation, which helped us to complete Volume 4 with little delay. To teachers Ann Abe (Lincoln), Howard Asao (Farrington High), Joanne Kodama (Punahou), June Kuwabara (Castle High), and Dahleen Sawai (Farrington High), and to Dean Yamato (Graduate Student) we owe gratitude and appreciation for their sincere and dedicated assistance in completing Volume 4 and its components. We are also grateful to Mitsugu Sakihara of the University of Hawaii History Department for his assistance particularly in the area of Japanese history, and to Shozo Kurokawa of Seiwa University, Osaka, Japan, for helping us with editorial tasks requested at the last minute. We cannot thank the University of Hawaii Press enough for their patience and guidance in the completion and publication of the JAPANESE NOW series of four volumes and their accompanying Teacher's Manuals and Exercise Sheets. Again we say mahalo to all for their assistance in the development of this four-year sequence of curriculum materials for teaching the Japanese language to nonnative students.

vii

INTRODUCTION

Volume 4 can be divided into two parts. The first eleven lessons present the history of Japan by historical periods, highlighting the major events that occurred in each of these periods. Lessons 12 through 17 are narratives about the modernization of Japan and the social, economic, and cultural problems and challenges that Japan faces today. Volumes 1 and 2 emphasized listening and speaking skills, while in Volume 3 priority was given to reading and writing. Volume 4 now concentrates on reading selections, which are primarily for reading comprehension and translation. The material here is carefully correlated with the material in the first three volumes, so that students should be able to read and interpret the selections without difficulty. To facilitate the recognition and reading of kanji, the use of furigana has been limited to newly introduced kanji and to the kanji to be learned for reading and writing, as well as to the names of persons and places, except for what appears in the glossary. For the list of kanji to be learned in each lesson, the on and kun readings are given in katakana and hiragana, respectively. The lessons in this volume utilize structures and vocabulary that have already been introduced, along with new structures and many new vocabulary items that have been included for passive learning. In time, many of these new words can become active vocabulary through repeated practice with the narratives and drills. The lessons are short but informative, and they should give students a good general background to the history, culture, and literature of Japan, enabling them to understand and appreciate better the language, culture, and people of Japan today.

ix

THE JAPANESE SYLLABARY AND WRITING SYSTEM 1.

At the beginning of Volume 1, the Japanese 2 1 + a 1 or 1 ^ 5 x_ fc syllabary was presented for reading and writing Japanese. 1 ^ 5 x. 3o is the standard Japanese syllabary and is used as the basis for verb conjugation introduced in Volume 2. There is another Japanese syllabary, called I ^ t i , and this is commonly used for putting into sections or enumerating subjects, topics, statements, and so forth. Alphabetizing in Japanese may be done according to the H-herHIM or ^5 which is generally used in listing names, vocabulary, and the like, while the l ^ t i l l l is also commonly used to itemize statements, topics, titles, and so forth, as in the titles of chapters 5, 6, 9, and 10 in this volume. n The card game called fi^ ?> tz or I £ tz is based on the I t t syllabary instead of 5 x_ fc. I t i is also used in an expression l ^ t i ^ l ^ O ^ ^ D b f a l N (He) doesn't even know the I ^ of I •••bit, meaning "(He) is pitifully ignorant." The l i i syllabary is actually used to make up a poem, in which four lines of seven syllables alternate with four lines of five syllables, and all of the kana syllables are incorporated: yf

h,

All matters, once prosperous,

]

Will perish in the end.

=3- ) 7. /v j ^ 7 -ft a $ u y

Who in this world

v ^ -f- 7 a „ 4- J ir 9 -f ~7 ^ ^

Is constant? ^

Having just traversed The mountain of phenomena,

>

7 -*f-^c =•- s i

^

I shall neither be deluded

ji h -t -tr 7,

Nor become inebriated.

Commas indicate the places where pauses are to be made. (Note: Line 3 in the poem above contains six rather than the usual seven syllables; a Japanese poem may have lines that contain one or two more, or fewer, syllables than expected in the pattern, depending on the words used. Also, and z., which appear in lines 5 and 8, are no longer in use, and have been deleted from the i ^ h t and ¿fel ^ 5 syllabaries. Formerly, there were some differences in pronunciation between 4- and -i , and between ^ and but these differences no longer exist.) 2.

Japanese can be written vertically, in columns that go from right to left; or it can be written in horizontal lines that read from left to right. When numbers are written in vertical columns, kanji are used, and the year, month, and day appear as in example (a) here. In horizontal writing, it is more common to use arabic numbers, as in example (b). Ex. b)

1988^ 6 j! 210

In this text, both ways of writing numbers are employed, so that students will become familiar with them and have an opportunity to practice reading them. Ex.

r . ^ 7 5 or 2 ^ 7 5 ; - f c M or 7 M i

Ex. a) — ^ A A J ft — -

0

XI

NOTES FOR "SENTENCE ANALYSIS AND TRANSLATION EXERCISES" In the Drills section of each chapter, there is a subsection titled "Sentence analysis and translation exercise." The note numbers in this subsection refer to the numbered notes below. 1. In Japanese sentences there are two words that look like the subject. One is called the topic and is followed by the particle tit; the other is called the subject and is followed by fi*. Ex.

i ^ f

itfej/^

L^-ei-j&N,

The topic indicates broadly what the rest of the sentence is about, while the subject is more specific. When either the topic (with H) or the subject (with appears alone in a sentence, it is generally translated as the subject in English (see numbers 7 and 10 below). 2. In some sentences the topic or the subject may be omitted when it has appeared in a previous sentence or when the subject is clear without being mentioned. This is why some Japanese sentences "have no subject." So, in comprehending and translating a Japanese sentence, a good procedure is to locate the predicate of each clause first, and then to find the topic and/or the subject related to each predicate. 3. In this text the following symbols are used in each lesson to identify the function of the word, phrase, or clause: T S P

= = = o = PM = QT = QS = QP = QPM =

Topic Subject Predicate Object Modifier of predicate Topic of quotation Subject of quotation Predicate of quotation PM of quotation

Tl, T2, SI, S2,

( [

PI = P2 = PI = P2 = )= ]=

T1 is the topic for PI T2 is the topic for P2 S1 is the subject for PI S2 is the subject for P2 Modifier of nominal Quoted portion

4. Nominal i t The nominal with i t is the topic and is translated as the subject or the topic or as an adverb in English. Ex. a)

^

$ i t Mfa o tz0

As for yesterday, it was hot. (Yesterday was hot.) b)

j ^ o j m m^a

o tz0

As for yesterday, I went to the beach. (Yesterday, I went to the beach.) 5. - < 0 The particle - C - f 0

15. Modifier + •» ;


fcrt^t

Lfc o

People used to pray to anything wonderful and unusual. 4 means " a n y t h i n g . " A n interrogative word + descriptive word or phrase to mean " a n y . . . " E x . a)

fSJ-TH t i L l ' ^ f r g o t M f

L j

is used with or without some

or

tetl^fr

H^H I o t M ' 1

L x

I'll buy you anything you want. b)

l^o-g-j

i^i'tr-fo

Any time will do. 2.

Verb r

A'

m

M

m m m

v.

*V

simplicity

9. I

#

single

A*"

H>r

T"? tin

agriculture

r

r

r

«

#

fi

W

simple; easy 11.

r

M

S*

«

farming; agriculture i2.

i. -Jj; » •• ë

13.

heaven

14. A

big

15. |i§

sunshine

AM

>Jj

rock; boulder

1-U lU

>JU UJ a> JJB )T

UJ

—

- -

s

A 3

the sun 19

A pa pa

P^ P^ m

m

16. M

„X-

to be fit for

•fr

Ttr

fi

a

«

s

*

suitable; appropriate 17.

n

chain; line

/

J n n

T j

chain of islands

18.

L

Km 19.

i

clan

s

t ir k

family; clan grandchild

7

•7

Ì r r p

n

#

m

*

* * %

descendant; offspring • t f c h ( h ) ;

20.

m

21.

namely; that is

t

3

-w-

grave; tomb

3-1

-f-t-

0

R|3 HP

Vr Vr

S o< (4); 7 22. j g build; construct

-e -f ; -e 1 ; i - J fc ( i • )

23. ^ «I • ') j < ^ Jj

vigor

influence; power

A

Hr

»

20

jt

*

Ï!

"t

*

£

io

LESSON 3 I.

^ H ^ t o f l A

R E A D I N G SELECTION

-> ' i'

S f o - C l ^ LtZo ^ t s f c f c f - ,

^ ^ A ^ k ^ a ^ o

ffcfc H i t a o t l i

t L7t 0

A

t

i

e

o

H

b

i

m

^

i

L

L/Co t< ^

< L i

A,

¿KILT, - b i i t f e o ^ - ^ ^ i , S ' W f e i i L f c o

fco

s M U o f c O - e ,

-CLfCo

II. fSXc-rs)

import

-f-er

already; by this time highly advanced civilization govern (a state)

Li •) k < ill- L

Prince Shotoku

li-> oo

law messenger; envoy

Ao-ti*

come into; enter

•••oi

at the end of . . . period; time 21

Zhtx-it,

z^Wz-b

0 t-^A,

completely; wholly adopt Ù•K -A'


J>);¡fer>( i 5 )

49. H

collection; collects; assemble

t>- L » •)

WW:

50. ^

< ( (;

I:

!

/

collection of poems; anthology •>! y

-A--

contain; include

35

r

%£ * *

LESSON 5

-Ets-H

(794-1185)

READING SELECTION 7 9 4 ^ k l ^ & t ^b t-fo i L t ,

U —

l

O

l

^

«

I n / i ' t o

oxm^hfz

t l

ii. Chinese-style; Chinese-looking

Ma

clothing long for; yearn; admire

t •> it L fii.-

T a n g China (618-906) gradually 41

Mitt

i •)

be Japanized 6 , do)

± < tj) 0

be done; passive form of

distinctive; characteristic(s); special bud out; spring up; sprout for example; for instance

feii'

twelve-layer ceremonial dress of a court lady (see figure below)

mm Mk

attire; dress; costume; clothes; clothing clothing; clothes; garments compare to . . .

•••t j t ^ - c

find; be found; know; recognize Co

actually; in fact; really native costume; national costume

i i«

kimono (Japanese national costume)

"Til

undergarment; undershirt; underwear kana syllabary be made a part; portion

t L'

letter; character; writing symbol simplify (a character)

byb'*t£(D r^>J ^ ¿ ' i O H ^ ^ < "f

1) 0 t - f ^ o

d.

rs^t/MJ

^^^»¿»¡Hfc/^-c-f-^o

f. g. h. j.

Ott'^il.A^tLfci». Ri^t/iSJ i i ^ S ^ k L I 44

B.

Sentence analysis and translation exercise Give the English equivalent of each sentence.

T1

PI

T1

PI

P2

S3

Jtfttf ¿biizLX^t S4

P3

Ltza

P4

T1

PI

PM

S2

P2

±o 4.

miU

(B

21

52')

) (B

I

39

P

5.

B PM

6.

f

r

B

f

t

:

g r fr i h f e T

T

[ r j a U ± ( f r S f r b H 52')»t* H ^ j l ^ g o t z < D X ~ f QT

QP

9 A htz2i) m

7.

L L t z

O n

P 0

P 1

4

8

o p

s 9.

xl

¿»>

fc

& t x. b < (x. b 0

Ashikaga period (1336-1573) no matter how . . . talent; ability no one but. . . ; if it's not. . . ; unless great (man) 48

get out into; leave for

mxft
a •)

riot 49

struggle for territory; competition for territory

< I- I |

'>

all over the country there is no end to . . .

ts'lt-b t-b BJB

Muromachi period (1394-1466)

^DJ

Muromachi (place in Kyoto) tea ceremony

Iii

flower arranging

n -I ti'- < mm

Noh drama silk cotton

ü') i, n

m>

textile; cloth

tia

Nishijin (place in Kyoto)

c

Temple of the Silver Pavilion

No matter how talented they were, if they weren't (from the) Fujiwara family, they had no chance to rise (to a high position).

Z&tzVL—X

4 (-C4) or l>
(X'i>)

means " n o matter how . . . , " or "however . . . one (it) may b e . . . , " or (with emphasis) "even if . . . " or "although. . . . " In this pattern, ¿''A^feiC and l ^ < b are interchangeable. Ex. a)

ZAsttfz. )

6

J

L t 4 ¡b^fefrl^-C-fo

No matter how much I explain, he/she does not understand.

E/ottfz. 1 b

J

No matter how much I like it, I can't eat this much.

EAJ^-]

b

J

I'll buy it no matter how expensive it is.

Due to the neglect of politics by government officials, the world was in chaos. fztib or t z i b K , " f o r the sake o f " or "in order t o , " was introduced in Volume 2. It can also indicate the reason for the following clause depending on the context, especially when the sentence is in the past tense, fcftic is not followed by 50

Ex. a)

MofcftW

k'^-

y

i'li+t

y ^ ^ i o f c

0

Due to rain, the picnic was cancelled.

Because I lost my money, I could not buy what I wanted. c)

sH^i'fci'tPti. M'ofcfe-T:"f0 The cold is causing your headache.

3.

1185^ o i ^ j f ^ i / i A , © 5 In 1185, the Genji (clan) finally overthrew the Heishi (clan), at Dannoura. The particle ¡c used after a time word may be replaced by a comma in written Japanese, but in conversational Japanese it is not omitted. Ex.

Question:

Answer:

ft^n^tiLf

1185^

frcttSbzLit

Hili' ^ M i i U :

PI

^¡gtr&o jfet "CO

TO^

P3

iCot",

• 10.

URtf S2

P3M

P2

P

PI

T

8.

P2

L i 5

t i L V ^ E ^ S2

L i 5

LA,^,

T1

PI

w m u T2

m ^ h t P2

P2M

ltz

PIM

SI

ftbht

^ S2 14.

fcfljt

j;
T r " ,

T1 fri*40,

0

S

PI BfofcP2M

15.

S2

t i ^ ^ t l f c o P2

A ^ S - e t t , T

16.

^ » ¿ ' i

PIM

SI

Zfr*.*

4 0 , 9

PI

ttz,

P2

Ltzo p

T1 'CiJfeKI

PI

P2M

f ^ t O t t o P2

18.

t b h t z o i > l\

z. B S f t - o - t « , p

C.

Choose the correct expression, and then translate. 1.

ZhibK

2.

iikffi-Cli, a.

oT)fr£'


«•('J) ; v a 9

73. Wf

win

74. #

commander

75. ¥

army; military

il

Ì

77. M

r

IT

r

r

J

•lì ìf

>/f ft

f

f

f

i *

f

r

r

X

»»

m

r •f?

faction; group

L K> [1

n

0

^ Jp shogun; generalissimo ¡>M < ) ; * -f 76. Hi open; found

H

n

M

n

monk

« }

79. fg •i 'l I) I

w

ft,

ft

4

i t

if

té

IS

Buddhist priest

fttiS ii;9v

roll; volume

i JH»

\

picture scroll

'

tli-

Muromachi period

55

*

A

, > f ' ' ri»

room L'

M

sect

7 8 . f|

t s h f b

t* m

fortune; estate

HM

81. H

r

the government

WlB

is'y.-y

f

t

talent; ability

70. fe

80.

t

ti

1?

£ £

LESSON 8 I.

XiiS*)

XA, A'

READING SELECTION

fci)'. o

f c i t J H t . ti n&ttti-

T-.lfi

^rlt,

¿iiAfft-JL

« f f l M , S E ^ r , igJIIfOit-Trfo

S ^ i i - C L t l ^ i LfCo

"t- -yf A^ ^ A«

1590*^

S t r i b W c ^ M t t V - e - t Lfc„ S X ^ i ^ r i ' x P f O ' . t ^ t Lfco l^O^^^iDt-fo

«t 5

L"C, B * ©

Ot'to

ft A.

Ai^tr^iLfco

jtti'/^Att,

b H ^ ^ f e ^ S F o t i i Lfc 0

i^Ao-t^fc^^Ig^Ot-fo x o

II.

oA^i'^

* 'J * M H A - o t l i 'J *

MfcOfg^cftoAii

g^ix-C^f

irfC, -to

i=£ M'M

gun

^"F^lft-^ •e-A.r< c in.

unification of the whole country

ifeSB^f^

Warring States period

A ^

daimyo; feudal lord

~b x h E^OZLh

just about that time Tanegashima Island (in southern Kyushu)

/L-tc.il'F ifo

Portugal drift to . . . ; be washed ashore at. . .


titiOtto

jr h
' /!•
91. 5 branch; support i ; < ill

i.)

92. E L :u-

supply; deliver

•Jr

££

fi

n

fi

a

N

fr

Sz

p

Z3

B

¡T

0?. e s

control N.

93. U. i'; i : J 94. P x. >• flip

door

—•

rx

!3

Edo

95.

loyalty

Jf:t; i 96. IS

sincerity

&

tr» Vf» 4» 4» y—u •5

n

3

3

IT

lit

Ml /¡J. M

loyalty; devotion

fj> i , (-t): * , 97. ffr allow / ¡ • t - f f . 1- •>

98. 71

(

k

—•

•r"

*

Li„•>; -t r 99. & surname ildji U peasant •> 3 7 100. life profession; job

101. M l- L

•si"5" ~f i f f

S I ; - l /) $ (-t I

102. ££

104.

r

r

ft

ft

4+

** r

ft

JT JP

ft

artisan ambition

m It-. - A. v 7 ; i. J

H-

rfc" r t

zfc rfc

£ £

* * *

r

will

T , ; T •/ ; f;-f l i)

103.

r

i

bind; connect

marriage

L k i

marriage v>

son; breath son

70

1*1 ft

a

a

p

a

A

£ yvis £

r

*

105. E
iiH^ÉPA» r ^ S &I ' cl l D f l J

rOiM-.

¿i^^ocfc,

I

nUts:

r^ttAoii^

« tìtoliA.-f * ^ O i f t ^ L t

Al-ili

r ^ f t / t j ¿l^l'ito L/Co

jr.,

Ltz0

Ltz 0 I Ì S I É S I Ì r ^ o ^ ^ j

n^f-c-iì, J feOilto fttì^-Ciì.

icwmitv^

9 * L tz0 -C'Ji'-j

té

fèii^gÈ

^ olito

A^it r ^ t *

¿^ilL-C^f-fo

A*

'o^fzfzi^x^Kki,

J: A. ^ t - f ^ ^ i : L-C, ¿ x ^ ^ l i c l t ,

Mfc

' " f e l i c e "f t ^ f c & ^ S J: 5 Ktar>tz(DX"t o

80

Meiji Restoration pass, elapse discontent, dissatisfaction overthrow

tzte-f (;/)•

I.

^ ( D X

Russia

T

-f ¥ IJ X

England

y v v x

France change (to . . .) movement relinquish, give up enlightened, bright come to be moved be abolished (passive form of ( i l 1

abolish)

the people; the nation

mâ

all; everything equal; equality èSt-

freely

fa - ^

belief; faith

tzAsï.

5

coal mining

té 5

#

textile industry

TO

electric light

Si lté

magazine

ÏISjéï

Fukuzawa Yukichi

postal service; mail

Gakumon no susume Learning)

(The Encouragement of

ï w t i

Shimazaki Toson (Tooson)

km H

Mori Ogai (Oogai)

siîë

Natsume Soseki (Sooseki)

81

O l K

Ishikawa Takuboku

X

appear; make one's name =t 5 "t"

condition; state of affairs Western art

UztzZ>

L A. :i

progress

Mi l L

in history; from a historical point of view

82

III.

1. mmwitts ts&gbib-t:.

^ m L t lt c

Shogun Tokugawa finally gave up and returned political power to the Emperor in 1867. means "to give back" and takes the particle ic after the person or place, to which something is given back. Ex. a)

^h^^tz-b

jgg/Wi'Ui'/i: 0

I have to give this back to my friend. b)

H

j

M

K

M L i c f j £ t Vtz Q

I went to the library to return the book. 2.

o

t f o

The Meiji period begins. In non-conversational Japanese, historical events are sometimes described in the non-past tense. The non-past tense brings the reader vividly back to that time, and makes him feel as if he were at the scene.

IV.

DRILLS A.

Comprehension exercises 1.

Answer orally in Japanese. a.

d.

2.

¿ M M r & i f i & i Lfcfao

mm'mtmb^m-n^fzh-^MLt

Write the answers in Japanese.

b. c.

TOi^SOi; i P l i W a ^ H t f b ^ L f ; ^ »

d.

g. 3.

ltz^0

H a - o t l - t l t K

x-itt'-

o t

Say the following questions in English, and then answer them in English. a. b.

Ltzfro L t Ltzfro 83

c.

B J W f t o i g ^ - C i l i ^ b ^ -

d. 4.

>; *

Mfcoftc:

c. d.

LtziK ¿ " i M ^ R ^ - e ^ f

Ltzfr0

/ J ^ f t i O ^ f L t z f r o

e.

J< -

I s K W u ^ I I ^ I L ^ * ^ » ^

b.

* x

j

L/CJ&N,

¿i^^&^WcOtififtT'-tiô»«,

Say the following questions in English, and then answer them. a. b.

jt^-eiii'/^frAflU^ W ^ ^ ^ ^ t t m ^ f t - Z h t .

L »

0

Answer orally in Japanese.

c. 8.

t ^ ^ L / c ^ o

Write the answers in Japanese. a.

7.

Ltzfro

Mfè^^lê^L/cjÈlliiHt'-tA»»

b.

6.

Ltzfao

Write the following questions in English, and then write the answers in Japanese. a.

5.

¿^-t'^t

[z.

Write the following questions in English, and then answer them,

b.

d. e.

\~^cmmit]

¿l^OiiftA,©5 t ' l t i ' ,

f.

i

g.

i x p ^ t - c o ^

h.

-b x À , i t f i ï - g A s g

i.

A * ¡wji&^-c -

A*-

Jtft

J i g

fi

£

4

* *

1

t

*

r

*T *T

^ ^

quality; class

JjL

equality 126.

!

I

iron; steel

r

railroad 127. 'Kï

light; lamp electric light

w

128.

mail

m

129.

m

r

é

Jt

mail; convenience

r

tp

««

r

mail; postal service 130.

rough; coarse

131. f ë

record

-A

»»

*

-

-

1

1

* # *

3T l i t

H

ir

5

5

t>

P

F

4

yi f

5

O:

m

TM'-.i

ol^i orti magazine 132.

m

>: f 133. ft

introduce

*

* * *

intermediate

y*-.

* *

L : '"i/j.i. m

f

introduction

r

c

perform

134. ffi

h

>\

J

*

*

>

J

r

*

m

(musical) performance

+ ^ ' i t c f ' i 1; i

1

135.

ffi melody; bend i •. i < l!' fF ffiii? composer

136.

milk fL

m

1

s

cow's milk

87

V")

f n

>


A,

Pearl Harbor

- 5

attack

tf-'t-f*

battleground become . . . ; change into . . .

•••tit-t i>') L i IAS

Hiroshima be dropped (passive form of

t

, drop)

field of destruction

i w i

become . . . surrender become a sacrifice democracy military arms Constitution -

under . . .

tX'

right; privilege

mm i i l i

5

L X 5-f £)

be guaranteed (passive form of hi L x 5 ~f antee) equality for men and women

^ f p a i i

-i
- j i t ' A ^ ' o

publication idea; thought

L:» OA-l'

*

A.

assembly; meeting hold; open

tlA.t-1.-

group; organization

%LX

never; by no means (always used with the negative) Cabinet

31 •li/t L i

mm -

0

Court of Justice organ

jj

state power share (the work)

l
/t

House of Representatives

s ^ ? i -a. -

f

r

b

t

S

House of Councillors L

consist of . . .

*

tenure of office

•»i IS •ttl • ± ')

seat political party Liberal Democratic Party Japan Socialist Party Komei Party; the Clean Government Party

ax. L *? K M iio

Democratic Socialist Party Japan Communist Party number of delegates

a ^ > •)

abbreviation for § ¿ J ^ Z t ^

-art-l+X.

be in power

A'.I • Is L J ')

Ministry of Foreign Affairs Ministry of Finance

t K ^ I j ')

Ministry of Education each ministry minister Ministers of State Prime Minister

Lrtl•

be designated (passive form of t a % - f £ , designate) be appointed (passive form of Q u p ' t budget

•••^o-t

according to . . . in general

¿M -it 1 •

order meet. . . ; conform to . . .

II—l :tA.

make decisions; decide

i'l •

BP

crime to judge society happen; occur 96

appoint)

^ ' h $ t.

fc

large or small; various large or small

FnjH

problem; case

Mfe-tZ

solve

The following three points are made clear based on democratic ways of thinking. 4 t 0 1 ^-C, "based o n , " and i ^ o "C, " i n accordance w i t h , " take the particle ¡ c following the noun upon which the statement is based or with which it is in accord. Ex.

S S

ic S£p-C

fejIV^V

£o

Problems are solved in accordance with the laws. 2.

When some statements are itemized,

¡c, ||i2ic,

and so on are used as part o f a

sentence to mean firstly, secondly, thirdly, etc.

(It is made clear that) the highest power to decide on State policy is with the people. As previously introduced, ^ t makes a nominal clause that functions as the topic, the subject, or the object o f a larger sentence. The above example is the subject in association with the preceding sentence • • • £ > i b ^ i - c ^ i x " C I ^ " f . 4.

i M ^ i

o t & W ^ K t l ^ O t r - f o

. . . e t c . , are secured by the Constitution. In this example, the particle fi* indicates that the multiple nominal phrases and clauses followed by t£ E are as a whole the subject o f the sentence. 5.

aitt^JtHotC W C ,

•••

Dividing State power into three, . . . . The verb E x . a)

takes ¡ c after the nominal indicating that into which something is divided. Z - M m ^ K W t

Li^o

Let's divide this into four pieces. b)

mfc^m'&k-k'&.^Wfx

< t z £ 1-0

Please divide the group into men and women. 6.

I ^ o k

t

f

r

b

^o-ci^-to

As for the organization o f the Diet, it consists o f two Houses, the House of Representatives and the House o f Councillors. 97

• • • y ^ b f e o - C l ^ means "consists o f ' ' and is preceded by a nominal or nominals which are the parts or elements that are the objects of - i ^ / i o t l ^ . Ex. a)

"7 a y ii l£50O:lf[

frb

feotl-it.

America consists of fifty states. />•


needle; direction

*

* £ #

f" £f

L A.

i

policy 33

a

«

choose; select

5?

£

1?

H 11

ai i t election 153. m

pis 154. fp

image

-f

—

*

*

r

f

im i^i.

*

«ì

thought; idea

i

look up to

ft?

faith

iti Jì 156.

r r

print

r

r

F'

r

r

F

F1

F'j F I F I P I W

«

r

•è-*? V •P

publication obstacle

—a*

155. Ilk l .t

p * F# f t

r

pt 1* guarantee; secure 157.

grand building; cabinet

ftm 158.

r

5

V

O"

*>

I f HI tft

5

3

p

m

«

ife

councilmen; delegates 159. IS

seat

160. 15

subject: retainer

n\- L' ^

M

M

cabinet debate; discussion

H

f r

r

cabinet minister 101

p"

f* j*

p ee

3

161.

m

whole

MjiÏÎS

i m

*

VQ

-r

-

4

L iM •

164

-

165. iE » •f 166. f f

designate

mm ? i

167. Jg

Tnlll

r

r

r

r

r

ft

ft

ft

ft

r

m

ft

4(t*

fS

command; order violate

\ '>M.

* *

y

order command

A l -.Il I. •

1

Prime Minister

. ;>»{>:;»»»• ¡M-ti 162. fg to point; finger i ;i 163 BÈ^T

*

iF

/

sin; crime

* ft

v~>

m

rrr» tir» tp»

V

TI

E)

a

H

11. M

r

r

r

If

If If

*

IS crime questions

mmm

problem

102

a

* *

£ £

XL m

L E S S O N 14

j:m

')

trouble (mechanical) have a good reputation expect laborer; worker

•it IE £

make; produce

%'jj-t ò

make efforts

•••(chi i 0 :ti -ii. • I ? S.'M^

take pride in . . . ; be proud of . . . manager

I-A.

it it

company employee

^Wìi^.'i'ò

take good care of

J; ( i E

very; extremely

• • • / i l -< f rx> g ~s~7 "y t" T

lack of; scarce

V K rItVv 1)> Ufa

Indonesia

I f/l

raw materials Saudi Arabia

"7

crude oil

l i A'v * T

share of imports extremely

l.

MM&^^ri^m^t,

fc^fco

io%•••

The households in agriculture were only 10% and . . . .

tz o tz or tz o tz / c f e c D J i m ^ ¿* -

LTl^OtiSii&^-trt^o

* T

17.

B.

fcbffiA

Sentence analysis and translation exercise In the superscript parentheses, provide the number from the " N o t e s for Sentence Analysis and Translation Exercises" that gives the appropriate grammatical explanation. In the parentheses below the underlined expression, indicate the grammatical element by using symbols listed in note 3 o f the " N o t e s for Sentence Analysis and Translation." Use brackets to mark any quotation. Then, give the English equivalents for each sentence.

( ) o-c-t

( )

^Miu

l i ^ o t i ^ '

tz^tzo

( )

io%» »

•!

petroleum

5-/É

173.

fe i i iolil H;t 174. f ;

n n.

J2.

danger crisis i

'FUM

v;

n

m

M.

•8-

•i

ir

*

business depression

.4. tz f- ivr,*l

175. S

again

176. 31

to guide

À

\

n ri if N

-y-

»

introduce; bring in

111

if

* *

## tr

#

** i t

it

177.

178.

—

moreover -1" í

V7

shadow

m

v .

179.

J

vibration

m

-i i • í Sx S

influence

180. M

• a

t:

S>

3 .

w mmw* m m

F>

r>

ë

m

m "

3 .

obstacle

183. fF

criticize

-

«

4

reputation

& 45c fi

5

w*" V

V

áv7 V

operate

r?

management; operated by /

enterprise

l

f

f'

jn

f!

r»

F» S

il

m

management side

enterprise; business ?—

exclusive specialist

188. M " ' ' " ^ ' i i n T ' ' ti-A.ii

Jli


œ

trouble (mechanical)

'iliA.

•

m

f f r

m

182. & - L i "•>

^Ij « f :l•t 184. ^ iti -¿i • iCX'o'

y

M

3f

model

small car -i.i;> i i: t /;o

pass the time

i c ^ ^ L ^

fondness; nostalgia

t

itf-f"

increase

% ¿' 5

return

1.

S

^

^

5

f

c

^

f

e

f

c

^

w

^

g - I T o - r ,

i«-, L i

o t t „

Children who live in the neighborhood call for each other and go together on foot. £ I N a" b is a compound verb made out of the 4 ~f stem of £ I ^i and -a 5 . The compound verbs with i=r 5 mean action performed for or to each other or one another. Some common examples are as follows: Ex.

fi§ L n" h

have a talk with each other; have a mutual discussion

fc-f tt-n 5

help each other

L i v u -tf y h i • HA.

fc

5

introduce to each other

< On- 5

exchange gifts

_

I M ^ I ^ n

5

give opinions to each other; exchange opinions

il_.tr.

& 0 f

( )

¡Süiíft.

IUSSfë,

-to

( )

12.

¥ M L t z b - f i

£

HA.

c

: t i • r. -J

i 5 Klfro-C, ^ ¿ ^ ¡ b

J; 3

fl-T-fK

i i

J: 5 -C

X 121

^

5 -Cto

ILfco

L-Oi, t ft 7

-d^ybt^

Mb¿7K

fe^i>?>

i 5

x-tAK

- A t f t ^ L t o

-T-on Hi I •«.')! 0 L i

lifestyle worth of living; meaning of life as of 1987

l. • -tj ii < lit

one hundred million

2

twenty million exceed half the number

*

^-f?)

centralize; concentrate combine; total not be equal to; does not correspond to

-¿¿tctiZ--p ^ - h / u & f c f}

it means t h a t . . . per square kilometer compare with, to . . .

1 +1. • 3 /L ft^C^T^ ^

a little more than twenty persons come to; amount to furthermore average

TO f o

£

•••fclfcitS

far; much (in comparison) (e.g., f o i ^ l more) in . . . ; as for . . . accompanying . . . ; (go) with . . .

Sip-r?»

increase; grow

a

rice field; rice paddy

¡tt-» m ft 2giti2

tiL b

farm; cultivated field residential area here and there; everywhere

m til- i I L,» -j-^A. ^SRTfj^ m

apartment complex; public housing project

-< -y K f

commute to work

t 7

white-collar worker ("salaried m a n " )

'J - - 7 ' /

female office worker (OL comes from lady")

OL

'office

electric washing machine

7 — T U t" cm J- T 3 V

color TV electric vacuum cleaner air conditioning; air conditioner electric appliances

ftJÏ

calculation

tbii-ts

appear

7 — 7 P

word processor English typewriter or typewriting

tdhtz-ei* mu*) Li

for, to anybody convenient document; letter office use

-

$ -7 /is

portable of good performance

SSio

new model; new style be put on sale; start being sold (passive form of ^ 5r-f &, start selling)

:7L

key change over English sentence

txtc/o i ^ C S

price L
>t

±m

extremely be improved (passive form of housewife each family; each house require hands

•••¿ito-c L-tj A. -£


work part-time housework taking care of children

•&A.11A.

devote oneself to . . .

i-.iatj

common; general tendency; trend needs less care

fi -r y

type

t

working couple — h & -i

—

part-timer; part-time worker according to statistics

x 5> t

mh^

go out to work find one's life worth living; find life's meaning not limited to . . .

-dSU-t-*

as for hobbies; hobby-like Jj 7 - f r

karaoke singing (word made from a Japanese term t ^ b , meaning "empty," and - f r , from "orchestra." It means taped music for amateur singers; it also means an individual singing to the accompaniment of taped music. It has recently become very popular among adults at parties or at bars. People seem to enjoy singing with feeling, as if they were professional singers.)

7

fad; big hit; boom

-

A

7

^r < A

l.

zh

full time

III. x o - f o ¿:

t f o

It is much more than this. o t means " m u c h " or " f a r " in an expression of comparison. Ex.

-fe

5

"f

t -fr-fl' t " t o

It's much cheaper to buy it on sale. 124

The rapid development of industry in the 1960s . . . •¡cioH"^ following a nominal creates a nominal modifier just like

( ) 4.

^ f t o T ' ',

f TfJ © A p ^ l l tf £ ^ M M

( )

( )

LfciDtrt«, ( )

5.

'a ^ ^ f t < ( )

\

l u f j i i f f l ^ ^ / c o ^ ' ¿ ^ ¿ ^ f t ^ i f e i c

( )

( )

6.

ft

( >

( >

AfWi^SO W - i

( )

K ' M vfrc ft D' \

( )

-tvl^ibK

( )

' t 7 ' J --?vJ$>OLt>>%i*_i ( ) 7.

XM - C j -

* 7( )

£ & y - A ^ & o t L/c0 ( ) C.

Translate into Japanese. 1.

What is the population of Japan today?

2.

What percent of this population lives in Tokyo, Osaka, and Nagoya?

3.

In the sixties what caused the changes in the lifestyle of the farmers?

4.

What happened to the farming industry during this period?

5.

What is a " b e d - t o w n " ?

6.

What caused the changes in women's lifestyle?

7.

What were these changes?

8.

Briefly describe the family of Japan today.

D.

Write a paragraph in Japanese about the changes in the Japanese lifestyle since the war, especially for women.

E.

Write about the lifestyle of American women, including your opinion about the differences between Japan and America.

205. m

one hundred million

}

/

frrrrr ft

128

it it

206.

it 207.

&

$

r

r

r

w-

4-

-

y-j

speedy

-i-

w

r»

—

* * %

5* if.

rapid; swift

W S

add

209. JP

-?

3

increase

±iJP

group

0

i

F"! n

pi m

m

®

n

m

n

housing development

m i

circumference

211.

n

I. .1.

m

n

m

outskirts *

rinse

y

/

r

r

y

in

212. 'M

©

average

208. M"tV l

^

T* i?

compare equality

%

TO

210.

V!

contrast

03=» ^33 033 - I 3 y y' r< w

J

w

2F

laundry; wash 213.

m

f-

storehouse

m

m.

*

refrigerator 214.

A

n

equipment

n

m ~7

n

? N

appliance; fixture woman

215.

i.

housewife VM V f ;/).,';!,'( < 1 216. ft! incline; decline :ti • ftl(n|

tendency; trend

129

*

•r r

r

r

i-

r

r

w

ikfi

jhf j f

if

L E S S O N 17 I.

mLZWpOfcffilCfc

READING SELECTION

L/t

^©B^t'tt, DK£>&»3

i

¿ . ¿ " f i r S ^ o i b ^ 5 -C"t„ S i f i t i ,

'/Off »)

- £ tf-C^S L t 1%

^ ¿: B^^-C'V,-?)

=

x-y^i^-f^gi^-Ci)

m o ^ t X - f c Lli'J

flfjSL

*

„ ^

- C A ^ - t S J: 5 y

ht V 7

f

7

c

g

S

/

^

H l o f S i ^ i , ^ o ^ o ^ M o m ^ L i 1% 2D K^il^MiV, ^^^¿^»"tt 0

"

C

^

S

O

^

a

-

C

-

t

^

3 LDK©—SBMAiW^B*

D K ^ a t r , i&ogBMfcLti^-t ¿ o


fc^l^

-ti

fp^-cii^d

* -i ft

v

p

b -i

( D U i t t i K

L ^ U zK^irfctcft «t 5 r - c t t ^ t - f o

^ T k t f c ^ t z T k x - i k f f i - f z ,

0—H^&frl'-iN

C i s j i ^ ^ ^ t - f o /¿¿»lb,

•h^ 5 tr-fo

o

^

i

f

t

n

a .

m

s

b

^

,

«t

5

X - r

z

o

m

A f f i M f a , -il-LA.

v

tl^l^BiA^lfit'tL,

o

f

c

m

» l o t , itA.iL

-

j

c

^

f

b

t

c

s

i

f

r

i

&

b

M

I'

130

W

t

s

Q

i

b

a

t

t

^

^

s

i

-

t

z

fe^i^i

.

t

W ^ ^ t o

t

^

iio-C,

-C-t 0

li

=£ bb

>1 t i 4 "C'Mt ^ / t i 5 (C o

èà5:

w

w

M

consciousness ri ;»•/>.'> in charge 219. % /E relationship

o

n? o

TTT> nrr> ns gs SS? 1 w

w

w

1 ^{É

equipment; device

^ / : -t ; A: ( x & ) 222.

terminate; cease

Ifext 223. W

absolutely deep; profound

4

*

135

*

/

H"»

*

JF r

J

y

y

** ** vT

if.

Hb < 6

224. S | j

V-'

dance

o

V

?

r

r

*I

* *

t

r

r

i f #fs

r

M

5 1 SB

dancing; dance 225. £

deed; skill

1

!

it it it

Kabuki 226. IS /)•< i. i

rank; status

227. ft£

age

f

t

formality; social rules ;

>-

-.1- iV

mn 229.

f

*

Bl

H«"'

f

r

ft spirit; mind reflect

Jxfifc-f ?>

>

spirit

it

i

reflect

136

t

&

r one's age 228. IS

* *

n

n

H

Hjfe

f

APPENDIXES SUMMARY OF GRAMMAR LIST OF KANJI GLOSSARY

SUMMARY OF GRAMMAR LESSON 1 i.

X, the "C form o f introduced in Volume 1, connects clauses; in Japanese written language, it can be omitted, especially before the word LX, meaning " a n d . "

2.

ji i)

—

j'H t mt

3.

MM tí g g ^ o ^ { b

< b l ' X~j~0

o

|W] C, meaning " s a m e , " takes t after the noun with which it is compared. The expression translates: " a b o u t the same as (that o f ) California."

i t i ' f

The particle t i here indicates that the preceding noun is the topic described in the rest o f the sentence; the subject word o f the sentence that may occur is followed by the particle

-fo

Instead o f the particle t or meaning " a n d , " a N Japanese comma ( ) may be used in written Japanese. 5.

ltC&ti~o

Verb ^ "t" stem + i£

= "start. . . -ing."

LESSON 2 fe^t

f6J"C4 means " a n y t h i n g " ; an interrogative word + X ^ is used to mean " a n y . . . . "

1.

Ht^

2.

3 V h P - /U - C t a o t t

3.

AP^-mfc < ,

4.

L fz

The nominal J-t "I"'') C fiH©!!^

b ^ ^b 'b dbtrb-t x (#• 5 )

h

-i ¥ 'J *

149

I- Lj)'i>fc < li'< WW 'j

»

Ishikawa Takuboku

11

make (a person) live

8

clothes; wardrobe; costume

17

< 9 VT A

the Italians

8

1 f&

one hundred million

16

extremely

16

clan; relatives

5

very important city

8

taking one to two hours

16

1,2

market; fair

9

- m t

northernmost

1

a part; a portion

6

per square kilometer

16

one family; one household

16

every time; each time

17

all; every

9

one set

17

one to one

8

common; general

16

general; common; ordinary

3

country; the provinces; rural districts

7

rice plant

1

Ihara Saikaku

10

hold one's head high

9

clothing; clothes; garments

6

still (written language)

4

hand down (to posterity)

4

today's world

11

to mean

2

rock; boulder

2

Indonesia

14

M i

ukiyoe ("floating world" pictures)

10

M^-f •I L'

move; operate; run

12

Uji (place in Kyoto)

5

i-ti •)

-m \--btil- i L

->•* XK a. -ir< I--. Li l. • -»fcl•>. --fe l --.li^-C i I ">U'/l —

a I.M -1)J •i v K

•> ~7

150

f t d ê

¡tit',

poetry party; poetry competition

5

Kitagawa Utamaro (1735-1805) (painter o f the realistic school)

10

be moved (passive form of

5

move)

^ o X < ò

come to be moved

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be buried (passive form o f 5

MW]

movement

11

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sports meet

15

11 ò, bury)

2

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sports club air conditioning; air conditioner

15

be influenced

10

^^C

English sentence

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English typewriter or typewriting

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depict; describe

6

is not A , but B

2

elect; select

13

picture scroll

7

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great (man)

7

$|JtlJ ^ v 7

drama club

15

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concert female o f f i c e worker ( O L comes from "office lady")

11 16

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Europe and America

17

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Ministry of Finance

13

orchestra

11

ancient times; long, long ago

4

worship; pray to

2

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happen; occur

13

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transport (students) to and from (school)

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pay (tax) (also

3

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make (a person) live tive of

154

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8

distance

15

change over

16

Christianity

8

slay; kill (a person) with a sword

9

privilege to kill ("Pardon me if I cut you down!")

9

to separate

17

wear

11

clothing

6

record; document

9

extremely

14

recent personal news

15

neighborhood

15

prohibit; forbid

9

become modernized

11

recent years

14

when you eat (conditional form hi of ^ 5 , eat. Generally ^ 5 is not used by female speakers.)

4

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simplify (a character)

6

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all over the country

7

symbol of the state

13

highest organ of state power

13

govern (a state)

3

combine

17

rank

3

class reunion

15

club activities

15

join a club

15

difficult; hard; suffer

4

to park

9

manager

14

the times (get better)

14

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16

light industries

14

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calculation

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come to; amount to

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economic power

12

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wedding ceremony

17

never; by no means

13

make decisions; decide

13

retainer; follower

2

however; but

4

^IJiSnß lt/U£0

kendo (Japanese fencing) club

15

Mik

Constitution

12

tSflJ 0 I
, It costs as much as five thousand dollars.)

17

immediately before; right before

8

life; livelihood

2

lifestyle

16

live a life

4

be in power

13

be limited (passive form of rfclJPJI-f limit)

13

spiritual culture

17

coming-of-age ceremony

17

way of governing

10

produce; make

14

growth

14

political party

13

system

9

of good performance

16

products

14

government; administration

3

the West; Europe

8

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2

struggle for power

7

seat

13

Battle of Sekigahara

9

responsibility

15

oil crisis

14

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soap

17

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equipment

14

textile industry

14

textile products

14

1987^IIS

as of 1987

16

1960^ft

the 1960s

14

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i.

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election

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Warring States period

8

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12

developed country

14

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17

nearly one thousand people

8

specialist

14

professional school

15

funeral

17

person on clean-up duty

15

device; apparatus

17

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monk; priest

7

K-cbk

go out to work

16

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3

in the meantime; meanwhile

2

consequently; as a result

16

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11

at that time

2

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then and there; on the spot

9

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one of (them)

8

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17

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thus; in this way

8

V7

sofa

17

more than that; in addition

5

in addition

14, 16

rice field; rice paddy

16

world power

12

Taisho period (1912-1926)

12

general; leader; chief

8

is oriented toward

15

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4

take good care of

14

attitude

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type

16

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the sun

2

overthrow

11

heighten

4

polytheism

2

by majority

13

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fight a battle; combat

2, 8

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9

formal

17

deep

14

begin blowing

1

do not preach

9

Fukuzawa Yukichi

11

attire; dress; costume; clothes; clothing

6

be included (passive form of elude)

4

depressed (business)

14

suitable; proper

17

Fuji war a clan

5

Fujiwara Michinaga (966-1027) (Regent, Imperial Adviser)

5

sliding partition; sliding doors

17

again

14

everyday wear; casual wear

17

in general; generally; ordinarily; usually

13, 15

regular course

15

boating

5

vessel

8

discontent; dissatisfaction

11

enlarge; increase

12

France

11

in the old days; long time ago

17

mention

4

Heian Kyoo (present-day Kyoto)

4

Heian period (794-1185)

5

arms; weapons

8

average

16

Tale of the Heike

1

Heike (Taira) family

7

Heisei period (1989^

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in-

)

12

peaceful nation

12

room

17

170

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Ltz&tzhZ)

decrease

14

change

1

after school

15

feudalistic

11

policy

13

the law

3

be guaranteed (passive form of fo L j: 5 guarantee)

12, 13

"Auld Lang Syne" (literally, "The Glow of the Firefly")

11

be ruined; be overthrown; die out

7

destroy; ruin; overthrow

7

be translated (passive form of ffljiRi" £ , translate)

12

translated literature

12

previous

4

defeat; beat

2

Masaoka Shiki (haiku poet)

4

increase

15

at the very first

8

Matsuo Basho (Bashoo) (1644-1694) (poet who brought haiku poetry into fashion)

10

even

9

what has been learned (from)

17

modeled after; imitate

4

must abide by

17

around; the neighborhood

8

full moon

5

"mansion" (high-class apartment house; condominium)

17

Manyoshu (Anthology of Myriad Leaves)

4

primitive; uncivilized; barbaric

2

miso soup

17

tumbled; was demoralized

4

be fulfilled; be contented; be happy

5

171

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be recognized (passive form of recognize)

a^A a

,

12

from the south

8

Minamoto Yoritomo (1147-1199)

7

learn (a trade)

15

one's environment

15

ripen; become ripe

1

social status

9

status system

9

capital; metropolis

4

Democratic Socialist Party

13

AA.U4 ')

democracy

12

AiLjLa i

democratic government

13

AitLit-tti.' L'

native costume; national costume

6

as in the past

11

son

9

to waste

17

Murasaki Shikibu

6

Muromachi (place in Kyoto)

7

Muromachi period

7

famous songs; famous selections

11

Meiji Restoration

11

Emperor Meiji

11

order

13

goddess

2

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remarkable

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new; novel; rare

2

seldom; hardly

9

bud out; spring up; sprout

6

letter; character; writing symbol

6

poetic term for ijSj^ , full moon

5

return

15

person

9

story; tale

6

cotton

7

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Mori Ogai (Oogai)

11

problem; case

13

Ministry of Education

13

shortly; soon; before long

1

baseball club

15

actor; actress

10

be translated into another language (passive form of translate)

6

government official

3

field of destruction

12

ambition

8

Yamato clan

2

Yamato region (today's Nara Prefecture) 2

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irfcfis

173

be called

8

call (a person to one or to a place)

8

very; extremely

14

reading, writing, and arithmetic (using the abacus) ("three R ' s " )

10

not easy; not comfortable; difficult

3, 9

radio

14

leader

2

living room

17

territory; domain; possession; fief

3

struggle for territory; competition for territory

7

m ±

territory

12

o i i a •'>

both

6

iu-fo ¿1 i ll'i V

refrigerator

16

in history; from a historical point of view

11

chain of islands; archipelago

2

reception

17

(manual) labor; work

3

laborer; worker

14

worker's side

14

p — -v y

the Pope

9

p

Russia

11

robot

14

31-syllable Japanese poem with 5 stanzas of 5-7-5-7-7 syllables

6

young

17

find; be found; know; recognize

6

my world ( ^ t t f c t 5 = b^W t & b; is an emphatic particle.)

5

separate; divide

9

Wajima lacquer ware

10

TO

Japanese-style clothes; kimono

17

7 — 7° P

word processor

16

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£

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blending of Japanese and Western styles

17

exceed...

16

centered on . . .

4

change...into . . .

9

including . . . and . . .

11

pass; elapse

11

with . . . as the model

5

Ministry of Foreign Affairs

13

loan word; word of foreign origin

8

painter; artist

10

memories (of student days)

15

academics; learning

10

Gakumon no susume (The Encouragement of Learning)

11

do without much . . .

14

gasoline

14

there is no end to . . .

7

number of delegates

13

ritual; ceremony

17

technology

14

become a sacrifice

12

duty; obligation

3

milk

11

Temple of the Silver Pavilion

7

war tales

7

militarism

12

military person

12

military arms

12

theater

10

(school) tuition

15

Genji (Minamoto) family

7

The Tale of Genji

6

sovereign; head of state

13

modern times; the present

12

modern language

6

175

1-fA.

atom bomb

12

original writing

6

crude oil

14

mm

raw materials

14

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powerful clan

2

palace

5

pastime

10

while in school

15

magazine

11

short-haired head; cropped head

11

pass the time

15

period; time

3

the times

14

actual

5

actuality; in fact; really

6

bicycle

14

automobile; car

14

auto industry

14

at one's own will

9

abbreviation for g i K z t ^

13

liberty; freedom

13

spare time; free time

16

freely

11

Liberal Democratic Party

13

heavy industries

14

residential area

16

emphasis is on (iStfi^hZ) is the passive form of fit < , place)

14

judo club

15

twelve-layer ceremonial dress of a court lady

6

Confucianism

10

lesson; class

15

receive an award

12

castle town; capital of a daimyo's fief

8

tz/u

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Jodo sect

7

Jodo-shin sect

7

high society; upper classes

4

female; girl; woman

6

AP

population

9

AS

the people

3

essay (in literature)

6

l ,» 0 C

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far; much (in comparison) (e.g., much more)

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tax (the current colloquial term for tax is •sv^

3

extravagant; luxurious

5

absolutely

17

all members

17

first half

16

completely; wholly

3

increase; grow

16

increase

14

the first essential; most important

17

first

13

Mother Nature

2

extensive repairs

4

large or small; various large or small

13

minister

13

about; almost; roughly; in general

9

outskirts of large cities

16

kitchen

17

dining kitchen; kitchen with dining table

17

representative; delegate

13

Hall of the Great Buddha

4

majority

15

daimyo; feudal lord

8

for, to anybody

16

male; boy; man

6

equality for men and women

12

177

tiK %

group; organization

13

gradually

2

apartment complex; public housing proj- 16 ect Dannoura (place near Shimonoseki)

7

be made

6

get out into; leave for

7

no one b u t . . .; if it's n o t . . .; u n l e s s . . .

7

electric appliances

16

electric washing machine

16

electric vacuum cleaner

16

legend

4

electric light

11

school reunion; alumni association

15

morals; morality

10

be introduced; be brought in; be adopted adopt) (passive form of 31 A i "

14

monopolize

5

independent

2

public works

3

make efforts

14

no matter how . . .

7

place; occasion

17

buy and sell; trade

9

fool

9

shogunal government

7

TO ^ * y

place

4

bathtub

17

-

volleyball club

15

paintings of beautiful women

10

equal; equality

11

Byodoin Temple

5

. . . club

15

vassal; retainer

8

tz/u