Japanese Missions to the International Space Station: Hope from the East [1st ed.] 978-3-030-04533-3, 978-3-030-04534-0

Table of contents :
Front Matter ....Pages i-xxiv
Front Matter ....Pages 1-1
Before ISS (John O’Sullivan)....Pages 2-9
Spacecraft (John O’Sullivan)....Pages 10-18
Front Matter ....Pages 19-19
STS-92 (John O’Sullivan)....Pages 20-36
STS-114 (John O’Sullivan)....Pages 37-59
STS-123 (John O’Sullivan)....Pages 60-76
STS-124 (John O’Sullivan)....Pages 77-90
STS-119, Expeditions 18, 19 and 20, STS-127 (John O’Sullivan)....Pages 91-130
Soyuz TMA-17, Expeditions 22 and 23 (John O’Sullivan)....Pages 131-158
STS-131 (John O’Sullivan)....Pages 159-172
Soyuz TMA-02M, Expeditions 28 and 29 (John O’Sullivan)....Pages 173-196
Soyuz TMA-05M, Expeditions 32 and 33 (John O’Sullivan)....Pages 197-211
Soyuz TMA-11M, Expeditions 38 and 39 (John O’Sullivan)....Pages 212-228
Soyuz TMA-17M, Expeditions 44 and 45 (John O’Sullivan)....Pages 229-246
Soyuz MS-01, Expeditions 48 and 49 (John O’Sullivan)....Pages 247-263
Soyuz MS-07, Expeditions 54 and 55 (John O’Sullivan)....Pages 264-281
Back Matter ....Pages 282-311

Citation preview

JAPANESE MISSIONS to the

INTERNATIONAL SPACE station Hope from the East John O’Sullivan

Japanese Missions to the International Space Station Hope from the East

John O’Sullivan

Japanese Missions to the International Space Station Hope from the East

John O’Sullivan County Cork, Ireland

SPRINGER-PRAXIS BOOKS IN SPACE EXPLORATION Springer Praxis Books ISBN 978-3-030-04533-3    ISBN 978-3-030-04534-0 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-04534-0 Library of Congress Control Number: 2019930084 © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Cover design: Jim Wilkie Project Editor: David M. Harland This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland

To Agnes and Con

Contents

Foreword���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������   viii Preface��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������    x Acknowledgements����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������   xiii About the Author������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������   xiv Acronyms���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������   xv Part I Background 1 Before ISS�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������    2 2 Spacecraft�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������   10 Part II Missions 3 STS-92�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������   20 4 STS-114���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������   37 5 STS-123���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������   60 6 STS-124���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������   77 7 STS-119, Expeditions 18, 19 and 20, STS-127�������������������������������������������������   91

vi

Contents   vii 8 Soyuz TMA-17, Expeditions 22 and 23������������������������������������������������������������  131 9 STS-131���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������  159 10 Soyuz TMA-02M, Expeditions 28 and 29��������������������������������������������������������  173 11 Soyuz TMA-05M, Expeditions 32 and 33��������������������������������������������������������  197 12 Soyuz TMA-11M, Expeditions 38 and 39��������������������������������������������������������  212 13 Soyuz TMA-17M, Expeditions 44 and 45��������������������������������������������������������  229 14 Soyuz MS-01, Expeditions 48 and 49���������������������������������������������������������������  247 15 Soyuz MS-07, Expeditions 54 and 55���������������������������������������������������������������  264 The future�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������  282 Bibliography���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������  284 Image links������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������  285 Appendix: Japanese Missions to the ISS������������������������������������������������������������������  293 Index����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������  295

Foreword

“Kibō” is the name of the Japanese Experimental Module attached to the International Space Station (ISS), and the word means “Hope” in Japanese. The Kibō project began in the 1980s, and I myself was involved in its system integration as an engineer at Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) in the late 1990s prior to being selected as an astronaut candidate. I therefore witnessed the hard work by so many dedicated people during the development. I still vividly remember the figure of Kibō in a clean room during the process of its production. Approximately 2.5 million components from over 600 companies, including computers, wiring, and ducts, were being integrated into the structure. The two windows on the side resembled human eyes, the airlock looked like a human mouth, and the robotic arm appeared like a real arm. It was as if the engineers were putting a soul into it and creating an artificial cyborg. In 2010, I visited Kibō in space. It was a very impressive reencounter for me. Kibō not only embodies the hopes of Japanese space development; it is also a symbol of the international collaboration that created the ISS. During the mission on board the ISS, I, along with an American crewmate, manipulated the Canadian robotic arm and attached the Italian-built logistic module “Leonardo” onto the ISS. After it was berthed, all of the crew members, including Russian colleagues, installed various equipment which it had delivered. At that time, I strongly felt the bond of international collaboration.

viii

Foreword   ix

Naoko Yamazaki (JAXA)

I would like to express my sincere appreciation to all the people who have dedicated their working lives to the individual national space programs involved, the families that supported them, and the people who encouraged them. The spirit of “Kibō” will inspire the next generation of space explorers. Naoko Yamazaki JAXA astronaut

Preface

After writing my first book in 2016, In the Footsteps of Columbus, European Missions to the International Space Station, I was eager to push on and create a series of books that highlight the often forgotten contributions of Europe, Japan and Canada as the smaller partners in the International Space Station (ISS). This book narrates the Japanese missions to the ISS. It is laid out in much the same manner as Footsteps, beginning with a brief summary of Japanese human spaceflight prior to the ISS missions, followed by an overview of the various spacecraft referenced in the text and then a detailed description of each mission. The mission chapters include the statistics (dates, times, spacecraft vehicles, personnel) for each mission, a catch-up on the ‘story so far’ for the ISS, a biography of each astronaut, a look at the mission patches and a day-by-day or weekly log of each mission. Whilst the Japanese Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) is a relatively young space agency because it was founded in 2003, its antecedents go back to the 1950s. In 2003, three government organisations merged to create JAXA.  The Institute of Space and Astronautical Science (ISAS) was primarily responsible for astronomical and planetary science studies. It was founded in 1981 with the amalgamation of university institutes led by the University of Tokyo. The National Aerospace Laboratory of Japan (NAL), which studied aeronautics and rocketry, was founded in 1955 as the National Aeronautical Laboratory. The National Space Development Agency (NASDA), which was founded in 1969, was responsible for satellites, launch vehicles, launch facilities and tracking. NASDA was also the agency responsible for human spaceflight with selection and training of astronauts and their missions in partnership with the US National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), the European Space Agency (ESA) and the Canadian Space Agency (CSA).

x

Preface   xi In the late 1990s and early 2000s, failures by H-II and M-V launch systems and the failure of the Nozomi Mars mission led to calls for integration and streamlining of the government’s space efforts, hence the establishment of JAXA in 2003. The first chapter outlines the history of Japanese human spaceflight in advance of Koichi Wakata’s ISS assembly mission on STS-92. This era includes a privately funded space tourist flying to Russia’s Mir space station, Spacelab and Spacehab missions on NASA shuttles, the retrieval and return to Earth of a Japanese microgravity research satellite, the first Japanese spacewalk and the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission which mapped the planet. The next chapter gives a brief description of the various spacecraft employed by Japanese astronauts to reach space, namely the Space Shuttle and the Soyuz, and the uncrewed vehicles that have resupplied them on board the ISS, namely the Russian Progress, the European ATV, the Japanese HTV, and the American Dragon and Cygnus commercial vessels. Since STS-92, all Japanese missions to the ISS have involved assembly and supply tasks, particularly of the JAXA Kibō laboratory, and astronauts have conducted long-duration tours. These missions are covered in the following chapters. As Japanese astronauts do not tend to name their missions in the way that ESA astronauts do—for example Thomas Reiter’s 2006 Astrolab mission or Paolo Nespoli’s 2010 Magisstra mission—the names of these chapters reflect the launch vehicle on which the astronauts flew, e.g. STS-92 and the ISS expedition number. The information for these missions came from a variety of sources, including NASA, ESA and JAXA mission status reports, astronaut biographies and blogs, contemporaneous magazine articles and reference websites such as the encyclopaedic www.spacefacts.de. Over the years, the methods and practices of writing and maintaining these logs have evolved. As a result, the level of detail or data recorded may differ between a shuttle mission and an ISS expedition or between a 1990s mission and a twenty-first-century mission. Although I have tried to keep a common format across the chapters, this was not always possible. For the long-duration expeditions on which astronauts spend up to 6 months in space, some of their duties are less than exciting. Although I have tried to cover all the routine maintenance tasks and medical tests they undertake on the station (e.g. microbial sampling, weekly cleaning housework, acoustic testing, packing and unpacking of cargo, maintaining inventory logs, eating meals, logging food intake, sleeping, pre-sleep and post-sleep reaction time testing, Earth photography, conference calls with ground control, charging batteries, the maintenance of equipment and the daily exercise regime), I haven’t listed these tasks repetitively; I have instead focused on the highlights of each astronaut’s mission.

xii  Preface A rich story of human spaceflight occurred between and around the Japanese missions that are detailed in this book. Although I have mentioned key missions and events in American and Soviet/Russian spaceflight that occurred during this time period, these missions lie outside the scope of this book. I have provided a bibliography for readers wishing to explore this exciting period of space history. When selecting terminology, I have used the term ‘astronaut’ when describing flights on American spacecraft and ‘cosmonaut’ for flights on Soviet or Russian spacecraft. However, the same spacefarer could be described as both over the course of the book because some Japanese have flown on both American and Russian craft. John O’Sullivan September 2018

Acknowledgements

I must thank Clive Horwood of Praxis in England and Maury Solomon of Springer in New York for allowing me to continue telling this story of human spaceflight. I would like to thank David M. Harland in Scotland for his patience and for editing the manuscript. And I would like to thank Jim Wilkie for understanding my vision and creating the cover. I have endeavoured to provide credits for the images, but in some cases the owner could not be determined; if anyone with such information contacts the publisher, I shall happily correct a credit in a future edition. And finally, I would like to thank Naoko Yamazaki for contributing the Foreword to the book and Elizabeth Tasker of JAXA for helping to arrange it.

xiii

About the Author

John O’Sullivan BE, BSc (Hons), Dip PM, CEng MIEI, PMP, FSP, CMSE® studied Electrical Engineering at University College Cork. He has over 20 years’ experience in the automation and control sector delivering solutions to the life-science industry in Ireland. He is a Chartered Engineer with Engineers Ireland and also a Project Management Professional with the Project Management Institute. He has always had a fascination with aviation and space, leading him to gain his private pilot license in 2003 and study astronomy. He has been awarded a degree in Astronomy and Planetary Science from the Open University, as well as a diploma in Project Management from the Cork Institute of Technology. He was an unsuccessful candidate for the ESA Astronaut Corps in 2008. He lives in East Cork, Ireland. His first book, In the Footsteps of Columbus, European Missions to the International Space Station, was published by Springer-­Praxis in 2016. This is his second book.

xiv

Acronyms

ABC AF AIS AM AMS ANA ANDE AQH AQM ARB ARED ARISS ARS ASI ASIM ASTP ATA ATK ATV BBC BCC BCDU BCM BE BEAM BGA BISE

American Broadcasting Company Assembly flight Automatic Identification System Membership of the Order of Australia Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer All Nippon Airways Atmospheric Neutral Density Experiment Aquatic Habitat Air quality meter Acceptance Review Board Advanced Resistive Exercise Device Amateur Radio on the ISS Air Revitalisation System Agenzia Spaziale Italiana (Italian Space Agency) Atmosphere-Space Interactions Monitor Apollo–Soyuz Test Program Ammonia Tank Assembly Alliant Techsystems Automated Transfer Vehicle British Broadcasting Corporation Backup control centre Berthing Mechanism Control and Display Unit Battery charger module Bachelor of Engineering degree Bigelow Expandable Activity Module Beta Gimbal Assembly Bodies in the Space Environment xv

xvi  Acronyms BPSMU BSc BUC C2V2 CapCom CAVES

Battery Powered Speaker Microphone Unit Bachelor of Science degree Backup controller Common Communications for Visiting Vehicles Capsule communicator Cooperative Adventure for Valuing and Exercising human behaviour and performance Skills CB Clean bench CBEF Cell Biology Experiment Facility CBEF 1G IU Cell Biology Experiment Facility 1G Incubator Unit CBM Common Berthing Mechanism CBS Columbia Broadcasting System CCAA Common Cabin Air Assembly CDR Commander CDRA Carbon Dioxide Removal Assembly CDT Central Daylight Time CEng Chartered Engineer CEPF Columbus External Payloads Facility CET Central European Time CETA Crew and Equipment Translation Aid CEVIS Cycle Ergometer with Vibration Isolation and Stabilization CHeCS MTL Crew Health Care Systems Moderate Temperature Loop CIR Combustion Integrated Rack CLA Camera Light Assembly CLPA Camera Light Pan Tilt Assembly CMG Control moment gyroscope CMO Crew medical officer CMSE Certified Machine Safety Expert CNC Command and control CNES Centre National d’Etudes Spatiale (Centre for Space Studies) CNN Cable News Network COLBERT Combined Operational Load Bearing External Resistance Treadmill COL-CC Columbus Control Centre COTS Commercial Orbital Transportation Services CQ Crew Quarters CRS Commercial Resupply Services CSA Canadian Space Agency CSA-CP Compound Specific Analyser-Combustion Products CSA-O2 Compound Specific Analyser-Oxygen CST Central Standard Time

Acronyms   xvii CTC CUCU CCP CWA CWC DDCU DLR

Cargo transport container COTS UHF Communications Unit/Crew Command Panel Condensate Water Separator Assembly Contingency water container Direct current to direct current convertor unit Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (German Centre for Flight and Space Flight), previously DVLR DM Descent Module DMS Data management system DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid DoD Department of Defense DOUG Dynamic Onboard Ubiquitous Graphics DSM Docking and Storage Module DVD Digital versatile disc DWH Digital Walk Holter ECG Electrocardiogram ECLSS Environment Control and Life Support System ECO Engine cut-off EDT Eastern Daylight Time EEG Electroencephalogram EF Exposed Facility EFBM External Facility Berthing Mechanism EFU Exposed Facility Units EHS Environmental Health System EHS CDM EHS Carbon Dioxide Monitor EHS CSA-CP EHS Compound Specific Analyser-Combustion Products EHS GC DMS EHS Gas Chromatograph/Differential Mobility Spectrometer EHS VOA EHS Volatile Organic Analyser ELC Express Logistics Carrier ELM-ES Experimental Logistics Module-Exposed Section ELM-PS Experimental Logistics Module-Pressurised Section ELT Experiment Laptop EMU Extravehicular Mobility Unit EO Main Expedition (Mir) EOTP Enhanced ORU Temporary Platform EPM European Physiology Module EPO Educational Program Operation ERA European Robotic Arm ESA European Space Agency ESEF European Science Exposure Facility ESP External Stowage Platform

xviii  Acronyms ESPAD ET ETCS ETVCG EU EuTEF EVA EWC ExHAM FCF FCPA FCV FFQ FGB FI FIR FMA FMK FMPT FSP FSS GLACIER GM GMT GN&C GPC GPS HAT HDD HDEV HEFU HMS HRC HRF HRS HST HTV ICC-VLD IDA IFM IMAX

ESP Attachment Device External tank External Thermal Control System External Television Camera Group Experiment Units European Technology Exposure Facility Extravehicular activity External Wireless Communications Exposed Experiment Handrail Attachment Mechanism Fluids and Combustion Facility Fluids Control Pump Assembly Flow control valve Food frequency questionnaires Functional Cargo Block Fire indicator Fluids Integrated Rack Force moment accommodation Formaldehyde Monitoring Kits First Materials Processing Test Functional Safety Professional Fluid Servicer System General Laboratory Active Cryogenic ISS Experiment Refrigerator General Motors Greenwich Mean Time Guidance, Navigation and Control General Purpose Computer Global Positioning System Hardware Attached on Top Hard disk drive High Definition Earth Viewing HTV Exposed Facility Unit Health Maintenance System High-resolution camera Human Research Facility Heat Rejection Subsystem Hubble Space Telescope H-II Transfer Vehicle Integrated Cargo Carrier-Vertical Light Deployable International Docking Adapter Inflight maintenance Image MAXimum

Acronyms   xix IML ISAS ISL ISLE ISP ISS ISU ITCS ITS IWIS JASDF JAXA J-CASMHR

International Microgravity Laboratory Institute of Space and Astronautical Science Integrated Station OpsLAN In-suit light exercise Integrated Stowage Platform International Space Station International Space University Internal Thermal Control System Integrated Truss Structure Internal Wireless Instrumentation System Japan Air Self Defense Force Japanese Aerospace Exploration Agency JAXA Center for Applied Space Medicine and Human Research JEF JEM Exposed Facility JEM Japanese Experiment Module JEM RMS Japanese Experiment Module Remote Manipulator System JEM RMS MA JEM RMS Main Arm JEM RMS MPEP JEM RMS Multi-Purpose Experiment Platform JICA Japan International Cooperation Agency JOCAS Joint operator commanded auto sequences JOTI JEM ORU Transfer Interface JSC Johnson Space Center JSDF Japan Self-Defense Force KhSC Khrunichev State Research and Production Space Centre KSC Kennedy Space Center LEE Latching End Effector LEO Low Earth orbit LF Logistics flight LTL Low Temperature Loop MACE Mass Access Computer Equipment MARES Muscle Atrophy Resistive Exercise MAS Microbial Air Sampler MAUI Maui Analysis of Upper Atmospheric Injections MBS Mobile Remote Servicer Base System MBS PDGF Mobile Base System Power and Data Grapple Fixture MBSU Main Bus Switching Unit MCC Mission Control Centers MCE Multi-mission Consolidated Equipment MCS Motion Control System MCS SIGI GPS Motion Control System/Space Integrated GPS

xx  Acronyms MD Doctorate of Medicine MDCA Multi-user Drop Combustion Apparatus MDM Multiplexer/demultiplexer MEC Medical Equipment Computer MELFI Minus-Eighty Laboratory Freezer for ISS MERLIN Microgravity Experiment Research Locker Incubator METERON Multi-Purpose End-to-End Robotic Operations Network MIEI Member of the Institute of Engineers of Ireland MIIGA&K Moscow State University of Geodesy and Cartography MISSE Materials on International Space Station Experiment MLM Multi-purpose Laboratory Module MMOD Micrometeoroid/Orbital Debris MPC Main processing computer MPEP Multi-Purpose Experiment Platform MPLM Multi-Purpose Logistics Module MRC Medium-resolution camera MRM Mini-Research Module MSG Microgravity Science Glovebox MSP Mission specialist MSS Mobile Servicing System MT Mobile Transporter MWA Maintenance Work Area NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration NASDA National Space Development Agency (now part of JAXA) NBC National Broadcasting Company NEEMO NASA Extreme Environment Mission Operations NOAX Non-Oxide Adhesive eXperimental NPR National Public Radio NRCSD NanoRacks CubeSat Deployer NTA Nitrogen Tank Assemblies NTSC National Television System Committee OAST Flyer Office of Aeronautics and Space Technology Flyer OBSS Orbiter Boom Sensor System OBT Onboard training OCS Orbit Correction System ODS Orbiter Docking System OGS Oxygen Generation System OIU Orbiter Interface Unit OMS Orbital Maneuvering System O-OHA On-Orbit Hearing Assessment OpsLAN Operations Local Area Network

Acronyms   xxi ORU Orbital replacement unit OSVS Orbiter Space Vision System OTCM Orbital replacement unit/tool change-out mechanisms OU Open University OV Orbiter Vehicle PAL Phase Alternating Line PCBA Portable Clinical Blood Analyser PCM Pressurised Cargo Module PCMCIA Personal Computer Memory Card International Association PCS Portable Computer System PCU Power control unit PDAM Predetermined Debris Avoidance Maneuver PDGF Power and Data Grapple Fixture PEC Passive experiment container PFCS Pump Flow Control Subassembly PFMC Pump/Fan Motor Controller PhD Doctor of Philosophy PLT Pilot PLT Payload Laptop Terminal PM Project management PM Pressurised Module PM Pump Module PMA Pressurised Mating Adapter PMM Permanent Multi-purpose Module PMP Project Management Professional POSSUM Payload On-orbit Still Shots for Utilisation and Maintenance PPA Pump Package Assembly PPL Private pilot license PS Payload specialist PVAA Photovoltaic Array Assemblies PVR 2B FQDC Photovoltaic Radiator Flight Quick Disconnect Coupling PWD Potable water dispenser PWS Portable work stations QD Quick disconnect R&R Remove and replace RAM Radiation Area Monitor RBVM Radiator Beam Valve Module RCAST Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology RCS Reaction Control System RELL Robotics External Leak Locator RGA Rate Gyro Assembly

xxii  Acronyms RHC RIGEX RINGS RKA RLT RLT-BU ROPE RPCM RPM RRM RS RSP RSR RSU RTOC RWS PCS SAFER SARJ SASA SCOF SDA SEITE SFAAM SFU SGANT SGTRC SIMPLEX SLAMMD SLEEP SLM SLP SLT SM SMILES SODF SOLO SpaceDRUMS SPARTAN SPDM SPHERES

Rotational Hand Controller Rigidisable Inflatable Get-Away Special Equipment Resonant Inductive Near-field Generation System Russian Federal Space Agency Robotic Manipulator System Laptop Terminal Robotics Laptop Terminal Backup Research on Orbital Plasma Electrodynamics Remote Power Controller Module Rendezvous Pitch Maneuver Robotic Refueling Mission Russian Segment Resupply Stowage Platform Resupply Stowage Rack Remote Sensing Unit Return To Original Configuration Robotic Work Station/Portable Work Station Simplified Aid for EVA Rescue Solar Array Rotary Joint S-Band Antenna Subassembly Solution Crystallization Observation Facility Science Dream Association Shuttle Exhaust Ion Turbulence Experiments Small Fine Arm Attachment Mechanism Space Flyer Unit Space to Ground Antenna Space to Ground Transmitter Receiver Controller Shuttle Ionospheric Modification with Pulsed Local EXhaust Space Linear Acceleration Mass Measurement Device Sleep-Wake Actigraphy and Light Exposure during Spaceflight Sound-level meter Spacelab Logistics Pallet System Laptop Terminal Service Module Superconducting Sub-Millimeter-Wave Limb-Emission Sounder Station Operations Data File SOdium LOad in microgravity Space Dynamically Responding Ultrasonic Matrix Shuttle Point Autonomous Research Tool for Astronomy Special Purpose Dexterous Manipulator Synchronized Position Hold, Engage, Reorient, Experimental Satellites

Acronyms   xxiii SPICE SRB SRMS SSC SSE TF SSHDTV SSIPC SSK SSME SSOD SSPTS SSRM SSRMS ST STEAM STS TAA TBS TCA LTL TCQ TDRS TESS THC TM TMA TOCA TPS TRAD TriDAR TRRJ TSIS TsUP TTCR TVIS UCCAS UF UHF ULC ULF UNOOSA UPA

Smoke Point in Co-flow Experiment Solid rocket booster Shuttle Remote Manipulator System Station Support Computer SFA Stowage Equipment/Tool Fixture Super Sensitive High-Definition Television Space Station Integration and Promotion Center Surface Sample Kit Space Shuttle Main Engine Small Satellite Orbital Deployer Station to Shuttle Power Transfer System Space Shuttle Remote Manipulator Space Station Remote Manipulator System Slide Table Science, technology, engineering, arts, and mathematics Space Transportation System Triaxial accelerometer Tokyo Broadcasting System Temperature Control Assembly/Low Temperature Loop Temporary Crew Quarters Tracking and Data Relay Satellite Temporary Sleep Station Translational Hand Controller Transport Modified Transport Modified Anthropometric Total Organic Carbon Analyser Thermal Protection System Tile Repair Ablator Dispenser Triangulation and LIDAR Automated Rendezvous and Docking Thermal Radiator Rotary Joint Total and Spectral solar Irradiance Sensor RKA Mission Control Centre Trailing Thermal Control Radiator Treadmill with Vibration Isolation Stabilisation Unpressurised Cargo Carrier Attachment System Utilisation flight Ultra-high frequency Unpressurised Logistics Carrier Utilisation and Logistics Flight United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs Urine Processing Assembly

xxiv  Acronyms US USA USOS USSR UTC VC VHF VIP VIS VolSci WAP WHC WIF WinSCAT WORF WPA DA WRM WRS WRS PWD YAC ZSR

United States United States of America US Orbital Segment Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Universal Time Coordinate Visiting crew Very high frequency Very important person Vibration Isolation System Voluntary science Wireless access point Waste and Hygiene Compartment Worksite interfaces Spaceflight Cognitive Assessment Tool for Windows Window Orbital Research Facility Water Processor Assembly/Distillation Assembly Water Recovery and Management Water Recovery System Water Recovery System/Potable Water Dispenser Young Astronauts Club Zero-G Stowage Rack

Part I Background

1 Before ISS

This introduction is a brief review of the history of Japanese human spaceflight prior to the construction of the International Space Station (ISS). On 11 March 2011 the Tōhoku earthquake in the ocean floor east of the Japanese Oshika Peninsula caused a tsunami to strike the coast and send 40-m-tall waves as far as 10 km inland. Prior to the earthquake, Reactors 1, 2, and 3 of the Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant at Fukushima were active and Reactors 4, 5 and 6 were shut down for re-fueling. However, all 6 reactors still required cooling. After the earthquake, the active reactors were shut down by inserting control rods and because they were not generating power the backup diesel generators were needed to power the cooling pumps. The tsunami overcame the plant seawall 50 minutes after the initial shock and flooded all but one of the emergency generators. On 12 March, after the remaining generator failed, the backup batteries expired and the cooling pumps stopped, causing the fuel rods to overheat. Between 12 and 15 March, Reactors 1, 2 and 3 melted down and a series of hydrogen-air explosions released radioactive material into the atmosphere. Some 32 km away, in the town of Takine, a shitake mushroom farmer heard the news, hung a radiation detector on his neck and fled in his truck. From his previous career as a journalist, he was suspicious of the authorities and the veracity of the news being broadcast. After spending some time with a friend in Koriyama, 60 km from Fukushima, he moved to Gunma Prefecture before finally giving up hope of returning to his farm. In November 2011 the former journalist and mushroom farmer accepted a position teaching agriculture at the Kyoto University of Art and Design. This mushroom farmer and former journalist, Toyohiro Akiyama, could not even count the Fukushima disaster as the most eventful episode of his remarkable

© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019 J. O’Sullivan, Japanese Missions to the International Space Station, Springer Praxis Books, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-04534-0_1

2

Before ISS  3 life. This is because when he flew to the Mir space station in December 1990 he became the first Japanese person in space.1 Born to affluent parents in Tokyo in 1942, Akiyama joined the newspaper club in his senior high school. After graduating from the International Christian University in Mitaka, Tokyo, he decided on television journalism as his career and joined the independent Tokyo Broadcasting System (TBS). His reasons included the fact that newspaper journalists had to start in regional bureaus, whereas he wished to remain in Tokyo. However, he was soon sent to London, where he was ‘on loan’ to the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) and issued Japanese language reports from there. After a stint back in Japan covering the Japanese political scene, he was sent abroad again, this time to Washington DC, where he was the bureau chief from 1984 to 1988. He covered the US-USSR Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty talks and the Reagan-Gorbachev Reykjavik summit. As the USSR sought to monetise their space program, several western foreigners were flown to Mir in this period, with agreements with Austria, Germany and France, as well as a privately funded British project named Juno. But first there was a commercial deal with TBS which saw 163 candidates whittled down to Akiyama and TBS’s only camerawoman, Ryoko Kikuchi. TBS were funding the flight with assistance from their sponsors Minolta and Sony. Reports of the cost of this mission to TBS range from $12 million to $37 million, with $7.4 million in ultimate losses. Being a heavy smoker and drinker Akiyama never expected to fly, but when Kikuchi was struck down with appendicitis and ended up in hospital only a week before launch, he became the prime crewmember. His lack of fitness and his fondness for cigarettes upset some Soviet journalists who would have preferred the first journalist in space to have been Russian. Their campaign came to naught, probably because of the cash influx to the Glavcosmos commercial space program. On 2 December 1990, Akiyama launched on board Soyuz TM-11 with commander Viktor Afanasyev and flight engineer Musa Manarov. The Russians would become the EO-8 resident crew of Mir. During the 2-day flight to the space station and the subsequent week on board it, Akiyama suffered from space adaptation syndrome (as many spacefarers do) but soldiered on, making live broadcasts to Japan when passing overhead and conducting experiments with six Japanese tree frogs. He returned to Earth with the two Gennadis of the EO-7 crew, Manakov and Strekalov, in their Soyuz TM-10. Immediately upon landing Akiyama craved his beloved cigarettes, having foregone his four pack per day habit while in space.  Ellison Onizuka, born in Hawaii, USA, flew on the NASA Space Shuttle mission STS-51C on 24 January 1985. He was the first person of Japanese descent to fly into space. He died on his second mission when the Challenger broke apart after launch on 28 January 1986. 1

4  Before ISS When asked about the most memorable thing that he saw from space, he said, “The scenes I saw from 400  km above the Earth. The diameter of the Earth is 13,000 km, so you can’t see the Earth in its entirety if you are only 400 km away. But what still struck me as impressive was the shining blue Earth, which looked like one form of life floating in the universe. At the same time, I was reminded of the thinness of the blue layer, which is the atmosphere. So it made me visually aware that the atmosphere is so thin, and such a thin atmosphere protects every living thing – forests, trees, fish, birds, insects, human beings and everything.”2 Wishing to learn and experience “the most basic human activity” of growing his own food, he left his wife, children, and job in Tokyo and moved to Fukushima where land was cheap. In his opinion, his family were used to his absences during his journalistic career and they visited him in the summers. He stayed there until the catastrophic events of March 2011.

Figure 1.1:  Toyohiro Akiyama at the Kyoto University of Art and Design, August 2013 (Japan Times)

 Japan Times interview 3 August 2013.

2

Before ISS  5 The first official NASDA astronaut candidates were selected in August 1985. If it were not for the loss of the Space Shuttle Challenger on 28 January 1986, one of Takao Doi, Mamoru Mohri or Chiaki Mukai (née Naito) could well have beaten Akiyama to the honor of becoming Japan’s first spacefarer. They all eventually flew in space, with Mohri going first, on board the Space Shuttle Endeavour for the STS-47 mission in September 1992. Mamoru Mohri was born in Yoichi on the island of Hokkaidō on 29 January 1949. He was awarded a Bachelor’s degree in Chemistry from Hokkaidō University, gained a Master’s there also, and went on to earn a PhD from Flinders University in Adelaide, Australia. From 1975 to 1985 he worked on nuclear fusion and materials science research at Hokkaidō University. Mohri went on to join the NASA Astronaut Group 16, known as The Sardines, in 1996 and become a Mission Specialist, but first, in 1992, he flew as a Payload Specialist for Spacelab-J, which was carried in the payload bay of STS-47. That was a joint NASA/NASDA life science and materials science mission on which 35 of the 44 investigations were sponsored by NASDA and two others were joint experiments. The NASDA designation for the mission was the First Materials Processing Test (FMTP). This flight was notable for a number of reasons. It was the first spaceflight by an African-American woman, the doctor and engineer Mae Jemison. It was also the first time a married couple travelled to space on the same mission. Mark Lee and Jan Davis began dating during training and got married in secret, only revealing their union after it was too late to replace one of them on the mission. It was not against NASA rules at the time for married couples to fly together, but a ban was later introduced to preclude the possibility of team dynamic problems. Lee and Davis have repeatedly denied rumors of sexual activity while weightless in space. They have since divorced. After retiring from NASA in 2000 following his second spaceflight, Mohri became Chief Executive Director of Miraikan, the National Museum of Emerging Science and Innovation in Tokyo. On 16 March 2016 he was awarded Honorary Membership of the Order of Australia (AM) for services to Australia-Japan education and science relations, and on 16 April 2018 he received the Chevalier, Légion d’honneur, from France. Japan’s first woman in space was Chiaki Mukai, who launched on board STS-­ 65 on 8 July 1994. She was born in Tatebayashi, Gunma Prefecture, on 6 May 1952. After graduating from Keio Girls’ High School in Tokyo in 1971, Mukai went on to a distinguished medical career. After receiving her Doctorate of Medicine (MD) from Keio University in 1977 she was board certified for medicine. She worked in general surgery before gaining her PhD in physiology at Keio University in 1988, becoming board certified for cardiovascular surgery in 1989. Before being selected as a NASDA astronaut she was chief resident of cardiovascular surgery at Keio University Hospital and also an assistant professor in that subject at her alma mater.

6  Before ISS

Figure 1.2:  Mamoru Mohri (Flinders University)

Mukai was selected as part of NASDA’s 1st Astronaut Group in 1985. Prior to her first launch, from 1987 to 1988 she served as a visiting scientist at the Division of Cardiovascular Physiology of the Space Biomedical Research Institute at the NASA Johnson Space Center. From 1992 she was a Research Instructor of the Department of Surgery at Baylor College of Medicine in Houston. She was a visiting associate professor of the Department of Surgery at Keio University School of Medicine in Tokyo from 1992 to 1998. Also in 1992, she acted as crew backup and Spacelab communicator for Mohri’s STS-47 mission.

Before ISS  7 Although Mukai never joined a NASA class to become a Mission Specialist she flew twice as a Payload Specialist, becoming not only the first Japanese woman in space but also the first Japanese to fly twice. During her first flight, the 14-day STS-65 mission in 1994, she broke the record for the longest single flight by a female astronaut. This second flight of the International Microgravity Laboratory (IML-2) used a Spacelab module to carry 50 life science experiments that covered bioprocessing, space biology, physiology, and radiation. Thirty materials science experiments also flew, including the Protein Crystallisation Facility. Between her spaceflights, Mukai was backup Payload Specialist for the 1998 STS-90 Neurolab mission. After flying on STS-95 in 1998 she served as the deputy mission scientist for the ill-fated STS-107 from 2000 through to its launch in January 2003. From 2004 to 2007, Mukai was a visiting professor at the International Space University (ISU) as part of their Master’s program, delivering courses on space medicine. From October 2007 through March 2011, she served as Director of the Space Biomedical Research Office, Human Space Technology and Astronaut Department, Human Space System and Utilisation Mission Directorate of the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA). Her other JAXA duties have included serving as senior advisor to the Executive Director (2011), Director of JAXA Center for Applied Space Medicine and Human Research (J-CASMHR) (2012), and JAXA Technical Counselor (2015). Outside of JAXA, Mukai has kept very busy with roles including Vice President of the Tokyo University of Science (2015), Director of Fujitsu Ltd. (2015) and Corporate Executive Fellow of Kao Corp. (2016). In 2017 Mukai became the first Japanese and the first female astronaut to chair the Scientific and Technical Subcommittee of the United Nations on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space. Her many awards include Japanese Prime Minister’s Special Citations, US Congressional Special Recognition, Outstanding Service Awards from NASDA, the Joe Kerwin Award from the Aerospace Medical Association for advancement of medicine in space, and the Chevalier, Légion d’honneur from France. The next NASDA astronaut to fly was Koichi Wakata,3 the sole member of NASDA’s 2nd selection group in April 1992. He was the first Japanese astronaut to train at NASA’s Johnson Space Center. After becoming a Mission Specialist, he was the third NASDA astronaut to fly. He trained with NASA Astronaut Group 14, known as The Hogs. Wakata flew on STS-72 in 1996. The primary mission was to retrieve and return to Earth the Japanese Space Flyer Unit (SFU) that had been launched from Tanegashima Space Center by an H-II vehicle 10 months earlier to undertake automated materials science, astronomical, and biological experiments. As the  See Chapter 3 for the biography of Koichi Wakata and details of his STS-92 mission to the ISS. See Chapter 7 for details of his STS-119 mission to the ISS. See Chapter 12 for details of his Soyuz TMA-11M mission to the ISS. 3

8  Before ISS

Figure 1.3:  Chiaki Mukai at the UNOOSA ‘50 Years of Women in Space’, Vienna 2013 (Wikipedia)

Shuttle Orbiter approached the SFU, Wakata operated the Space Shuttle Remote Manipulator (SSRM) or Canadarm to capture the satellite and stow it in the payload bay. When the solar arrays did not correctly retract and latch into place these were jettisoned. Wakata also operated the SSRM during the deployment of the Office of Aeronautics and Space Technology Flyer (OAST-Flyer) and during its retrieval 2 days later. In addition, he operated the SSRM during the two Extra Vehicular Activity (EVA) ‘spacewalks’ when NASA astronauts evaluated techniques that were to be used in the assembly of the ISS. Takao Doi was selected (along with Mohri and Mukai) as part of NASDA’s 1st Astronaut Group in 1985.4 In December 1994 he joined NASA Astronaut Group 15, named The Flying Escargot. As a Mission Specialist, he flew on STS-87 in 1997. One of the mission objectives was to use the SSRM to deploy the SPARTAN 201 (Shuttle Point Autonomous Research Tool for Astronomy) to observe the  See Chapter 5 for the biography of Takao Doi and details of his STS-123 mission to the ISS.

4

Before ISS  9 solar corona, and later retrieve it using the SSRM. However, the deployment was not successful, with the SPARTAN failing to pirouette. An attempt to retrieve it with the SSRM also ended in failure. On the first EVA for a Japanese astronaut, Doi and his crewmate, NASA astronaut Winston Scott, manually captured the satellite and allowed it to be placed back in the payload bay. Due to the fuel used in maneuvering, a second release was not attempted. The mission was also notable for being the first flight by an independent Ukrainian cosmonaut, Leonid Kadenyuk. Chiaki Mukai returned to space on her second and final mission as a Payload Specialist on STS-95 in 1998. That mission was renowned for the return to space of 77-year-old US Senator John H.  Glenn, 36 years after his first spaceflight aboard the Mercury capsule Friendship 7 in February 1962, when he became the first American to orbit the Earth. Glenn had lobbied NASA for permission to fly on the Shuttle and perform a suite of experiments to investigate the effects of space travel and microgravity on an older person. His data could be compared to his original flight and the impressive database compiled from the annual medical checks that he received at the Johnson Space Center (as did all former astronauts). Over 80 experiments were conducted in the SpaceHab module in Discovery’s payload bay, including some sponsored by JAXA and ESA, the latter supervised by Spanish astronaut Pedro Duque. The SPARTAN flew again, this time successfully, and gathered data on the solar corona and solar winds. The last Japanese human spaceflight that was not to the ISS was Mamoru Mohri’s second and final mission on STS-99  in 2000. The Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) had an antenna on an extendable 61-m-long boom to obtain high resolution topographical data to map Earth’s surface. It included participation by the German space agency DLR in the shape of the DLR/ESA Mission Specialist Gerard Thiele. The next Japanese astronaut to fly into space was Koichi Wakata, when he became the first Japanese visitor to the ISS. His mission kicks off Part 2 of this book, which details the visits to that station by Japanese astronauts.

2 Spacecraft

Japanese astronauts have travelled to the ISS in two types of spacecraft: the American Space Shuttle and the Russian Soyuz. They have been resupplied on board the station by payloads in the Italian-built Multi-Purpose Logistics Modules (MPLM) carried by Shuttles, and also by a variety of uncrewed vehicles: the Russian Progress, European ATV, Japanese HTV, SpaceX Dragon, and Orbital Sciences Cygnus. Each type of flight to the ISS uses a different code: R: Russian Roscosmos flight A: USA NASA flight E: European ESA flight J: Japanese JAXA flight A/R: Joint USA/Russian flight (financed by USA, built by Russia) J/A: Joint Japanese/USA flight UF: Utilisation flight LF: Logistics flight ULF: Utilisation/Logistics flight S: Crew delivery flight by Soyuz P: Cargo delivery flight by Progress ATV:  Cargo delivery flight by ESA Automated Transfer Vehicle HTV: Cargo delivery flight by JAXA H-II Transfer Vehicle SpX:  Cargo delivery flight by SpaceX Dragon Orb:  Cargo delivery flight by Orbital Science Cygnus.

© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019 J. O’Sullivan, Japanese Missions to the International Space Station, Springer Praxis Books, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-04534-0_2

10

Spacecraft  11 SPACE SHUTTLE The Space Transportation System (STS) was developed by NASA in the 1970s as the next generation of spacecraft after the successful Apollo, Skylab and ASTP programs, the latter being a joint mission in 1975 where an Apollo spacecraft docked with a Soviet Soyuz in a foreshadowing of international projects such as Shuttle-Mir and ISS. The Skylab station was made by modifying a third stage of a Saturn V rocket to form an orbital laboratory and solar telescope, and a succession of crews were delivered by the final three Apollo capsules to fly. STS was to revolutionise space travel with a reusable ‘space plane’ that would launch on the back of a booster, operate in low Earth orbit and then glide back through the atmosphere to a runway landing. This multi-purpose spacecraft was intended to fulfill all of America’s space requirements, particularly deploying civilian and military satellites, conducting microgravity science experiments, making solar, terrestrial and astronomical observations, and ultimately assembling and servicing what was to have been the Freedom Space Station. While the Shuttle never achieved the desired cost savings associated with reusability and frequency of flights, it was the workhorse of the American human spaceflight program from 1981 to 2011. The Shuttle consisted of the Orbiter Vehicle (OV), the External Tank (ET), and the Solid Rocket Boosters (SRB). Together these components were called the ‘stack’. It was launched vertically from the Kennedy Space Center in Florida. The twin SRBs contributed 80% of the overall thrust at liftoff, with the remainder being supplied by a cluster of three Space Shuttle Main Engines (SSME) on the Orbiter that drew liquid oxygen and liquid hydrogen from tanks in the ET. The SRBs were jettisoned after 126 seconds and the OV/ET continued to accelerate. Approximately 8 minutes after launch the SSMEs shut down and shortly after that the ET was jettisoned and left to re-enter and burn up in the atmosphere. The OV then fired smaller rocket engines to achieve a stable orbit. Five OVs flew in space: Columbia (OV-102), Challenger (OV-099), Discovery (OV-103), Atlantis (OV-104), and Endeavour (OV-105). Enterprise (OV-101) was a test vehicle which was carried aloft atop a specially modified Boeing 747 to conduct free-flight tests prior to the inaugural spaceflight by Columbia. Enterprise was not rebuilt for spaceflight. Challenger was an engineering test vehicle which was rebuilt for spaceflight. Columbia and Challenger never visited the ISS. Challenger was destroyed during a launch accident in 1986 and Columbia was lost during reentry in 2003. Of the other three, Discovery and Endeavour delivered Japanese astronauts to the station on six occasions, starting with Koichi Wakata on STS92 in October 2000, when he became the first Japanese to visit the station. All but one of those flights were aboard Discovery. Endeavour’s only time carrying a JAXA astronaut to the station was when Takao Doi visited it in March 2008.

12 Spacecraft The Japanese Kibō module was delivered incrementally by STS-123 and STS-127 (both Endeavour) and STS-124 (Discovery).

Figure 2.1:  Space Shuttle Orbiter Discovery STS-124 touching down at the Kennedy Space Center after delivering the Kibō Pressurised Module to the ISS, June 2008 (NASA)

SOYUZ The Soyuz spacecraft has been operational in many guises since 1967 and is still the mainstay of human spaceflight to the ISS.  It was developed by the Soviet Union as the successor to the Vostok/Voskhod spacecraft and because it could carry three people it was roughly comparable to NASA’s Apollo spacecraft. Although uncrewed variants (named Zond) made circumlunar flights, Soyuz was never used to fly a crew into lunar orbit. Nevertheless, it has been used for Earth orbital operations, the ASTP docking, and ferrying cosmonauts to and from the Salyut, Mir, and ISS space stations. The Soyuz spacecraft is launched on the eponymous rocket from the Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan and consists of three parts: • The Orbital Module that provides accommodation for the crew during their mission. • The Descent Module that carries the crew into orbit and returns them to Earth. • The Service Module that has the instruments and engines and two deployable solar panels.

Spacecraft  13 There have been many variants of the Soyuz spacecraft since its inception, including the first generation crewed Soyuz 7K-OK, the Soyuz 7K-OKS for ferry missions to Salyut, the second generation ferry Soyuz 7K-T and the Soyuz 7K-TM that docked with the American Apollo capsule during the 1975 Apollo-Soyuz Test Project (ASTP). There followed continuous development from the third generation Soyuz T, the fourth generation Soyuz TM which flew to the Mir space station and to the ISS, the Soyuz TMA which featured a ‘glass’ cockpit and whose couches could accommodate taller cosmonauts (notably Americans), the Soyuz TMA-M with digital control systems, and the final variant, known as Soyuz MS, that is in use today. Russia intends soon to retire Soyuz in favor of an entirely new spacecraft. On ISS missions, Japanese cosmonauts flew on the later Soyuz TMA, TMA-M and MS models.

Figure 2.2:  Soyuz TMA-17 approaching the ISS carrying Soichi Noguchi to join Expedition 22, December 2009 (NASA)

PROGRESS Progress is an uncrewed version of Soyuz and shares its architecture and design. It is a cargo freighter and has been used to deliver supplies to the Salyut, Mir, and ISS space stations. The centrally located Descent Module of the Soyuz was

14 Spacecraft replaced with an unpressurised propellant and refueling compartment. It docks automatically with the Russian segment of the ISS, and can deliver 2,230 kg of cargo. The Progress engines can be used to boost the ISS orbit. The entire craft burns up on re-entering the atmosphere, taking away trash from the station.

Figure 2.3:  A Russian Progress freighter close seen from the ISS, July 2016 (NASA)

ATV The Automated Transfer Vehicle was ESA’s uncrewed cargo spacecraft, five of which were launched to the ISS between 2008 and 2014. It was essentially an MPLM module1 that was fitted with a propulsion system. It docked automatically with the Russian segment of the ISS and could deliver up to 7,667 kg of cargo. The ATV’s engines could be used to boost the ISS orbit. It would burn up on re-entry, taking away trash from the station.

 The Multi-Purpose Logistics Module (MPLM) was developed for carriage in the payload bay of the Shuttle, and on such missions it was retrieved by a robot arm and temporarily berthed at the US segment of the ISS. 1

Spacecraft  15

Figure 2.4:  The European ATV-3 freighter, Eduardo Amaldi, approaching the ISS, March 2012 (ESA)

H-II The H-II Transfer Vehicle is JAXA’s uncrewed cargo spacecraft. The design ­consists of four parts: • The Pressurised Logistics Carrier (PLC) that contains the Common Berthing Mechanism to mate with the ISS and enable station crew to gain access. • The Unpressurised Logistics Carrier (UPLC) that contains the Exposed Pallet which can be transferred to the exterior of the ISS by robot arm. • The Avionics Module. • The Propulsion Module. The HTV has a payload of 6,000 kg, including 5,200 kg carried in the PLC. An HTV does not dock automatically, it stands alongside the ISS and is then grappled by the station’s robot arm and berthed by the ISS crew. On departing loaded with trash, it burns up on re-entry. Six vehicles were launched between 2009 and 2016 and (at the time of writing) there are plans for three more to be launched between 2018 and 2020.

16 Spacecraft

Figure 2.5:  The Japanese HTV-6 freighter grappled by the Canadarm2, January 2017 (NASA)

DRAGON

The Dragon spacecraft was developed by SpaceX as part of NASA’s Commercial Resupply Services (CRS) program where commercial companies design, build, and operate vehicles under contract.2 This was a departure from the earlier model in which the government (via NASA) owned the spacecraft. 2  In 2008 SpaceX and Orbital Sciences were awarded contracts for 12 and 8 resupply missions to the ISS respectively. These were extended in 2015 to 20 and 10 missions respectively. In 2016, six CRS-2 contracts were awarded each to SpaceX, Orbital ATK, and Sierra Nevada. The latter is developing a reusable spacecraft that will glide to a runway in much the same manner as the now-retired Space Shuttle.

Spacecraft  17 The design consists of two parts: • The blunt-cone pressurised ballistic capsule that can return to Earth and is re-usable. • The unpressurised cylindrical trunk section which has two solar arrays and can carry cargo. Upon drawing to a halt alongside the ISS, the Dragon is grappled by the station’s robot arm and berthed by the ISS crew. It can deliver up to 3,310 kg of cargo. In a valuable service, it can also return cargo to Earth. A total of eight were launched to the ISS between 2010 and 2015, all of which were successful apart from the last one, which was lost when its launch vehicle failed. Flights resumed in April 2016 and (at the time of writing) there have been eight more missions. With the second CRS contract in place, flights are planned to continue into 2024. SpaceX is in the process of finalising its Dragon 2 spacecraft, which will ferry crews to and from the ISS.3

Figure 2.6:  The SpaceX Dragon CRS-4 freighter approaching the ISS, September 2014 (NASA)  In August 2018, NASA announced two crews to fly to the ISS using new commercial vehicles. Robert Behnken and Douglas Hurley were assigned to a SpaceX Dragon 2 that is scheduled for April 2019. Christopher Ferguson, Eric Boe and Nicole Mann will fly on a Boeing CST-100 Starliner in the summer of 2019. 3

18 Spacecraft

Figure 2.7:  The Cygnus OA-5 freighter captured by the Canadarm2, October 2016 (NASA)

CYGNUS After the failure of Rocketplane Kistler to meet its obligations under the Commercial Orbital Transportation Services (COTS) contract, NASA appointed Orbital Sciences to join SpaceX as the second commercial resupplier to the ISS using the Cygnus spacecraft.4 The Cygnus consists of two parts: • The Pressurised Cargo Module (PCM) built by Thales Alenia in Italy. Like the Progress, it burns up on re-entry. • The Service Module (SM) based on Orbital ATK GEOStar and LEOStar satellite buses. It is equipped with two solar arrays. The first four Cygnus spacecraft used the Standard PCMs with a volume of 18 m3. Later Enhanced variants have had a volume of 27 m3. The Enhanced model can deliver up to 3,200 kg of cargo the ISS. In another parallel with SpaceX, a Cygnus was lost in a launch explosion in October 2014. However, flights resumed in December 2015 and will continue under the second CRS contract.  Orbital Sciences merged with Alliant Techsystems (ATK) in February 2015, and in June 2018 Northrop Grumman purchased Orbital ATK, which became a division of the parent company as Northrop Grumman Innovation Systems. 4

Part II Missions

3 STS-92

Mission Astronaut: Mission Duration: Mission Sponsors: ISS Milestones: Launch Launch Date/Time: Launch Site: Launch Vehicle: Launch Mission: Launch Vehicle Crew:

Koichi Wakata 12 days, 21 hours, 43 minutes NASDA ISS 3A, 5th Shuttle mission to the ISS 11 October 2000, 23:17 UTC Pad 39-A, Kennedy Space Center Space Shuttle Discovery (OV-103) STS-92 Brian Duffy (NASA), CDR Pamela Ann Melroy (NASA), PLT Koichi Wakata (JAXA), MSP1 William Surles McArthur (NASA), MSP2 Peter Jeffrey Kelsay Wisoff (NASA), MSP3 Michael Eladio Lopez-Alegria (NASA), MSP4 Leroy Chiao (NASA), MSP5

Docking STS-92 Docking Date/Time: Undocking Date/Time: Docking Port:

13 October 2000, 17:45 UTC 20 October 2000, 15:08 UTC PMA-2, Unity Forward

Landing Landing Date/Time: Landing Site: Landing Vehicle: Landing Mission:

24 October 2000, 20:59 UTC Runway 22, Edwards Air Force Base Space Shuttle Discovery (OV-103) STS-92

© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019 J. O’Sullivan, Japanese Missions to the International Space Station, Springer Praxis Books, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-04534-0_3

20

STS-92  21 Landing Vehicle Crew:

ISS Expedition ISS Expedition: ISS Crew:

Brian Duffy (NASA), CDR Pamela Ann Melroy (NASA), PLT Koichi Wakata (JAXA), MSP1 William Surles McArthur (NASA), MSP2 Peter Jeffrey Kelsay Wisoff (NASA), MSP3 Michael Eladio Lopez-Alegria (NASA), MSP4 Leroy Chiao (NASA), MSP5 n/a n/a

3.1  THE ISS STORY SO FAR Prior to the arrival of STS-92 there had been six flights to the ISS, including two uncrewed assembly flights and four Shuttle missions. There was also a supply flight by an automated Progress freighter. In November 1998, flight ISS 1AR delivered the Zarya module into orbit on a Russian Proton-K rocket. Also known as the Functional Cargo Block (FGB), Zarya was fabricated by the Khrunichev State Research and Production Space Center (KhSC) but was funded and was owned by the USA. On flight ISS 2A STS-88 in December, the Space Shuttle Endeavour delivered Unity, the first American node. It was to be docked with Zarya. This short pressurised cylinder had six Common Berthing Mechanisms (CBM), one on each end, and four at 90° intervals around its side. Attached to Unity for the launch were two Pressurised Mating Adapters (PMA). PMA-1 was to permanently link to Zarya. PMA-2 was to be used in future Shuttle dockings. It would be relocated as necessary. Meanwhile, the Russians were still using their Mir space station. In February 1999, Soyuz TM-29 delivered what was intended to be the penultimate crew. Ivan Bella of Slovakia stayed for a week and returned to Earth with the previous crew. That departure completed a 6-month expedition by France’s Jean-Pierre Haignieré. When expedition EO-27 left in August 1999 the station was left in autonomous mode with no firm plan for future missions. In May 1999, on flight ISS 2A.1, STS-96 delivered cargo from the pressurised SpaceHab module that resided in the cargo bay and spacewalkers temporarily stowed sections of the US Orbital Transfer Device crane and the Russian Strela crane on the surface of the nascent space station. There would be no further ISS missions until STS-101 in May 2000, but STS-­ 93, with the first female Shuttle commander, Eileen Collins, launched the Chandra X-Ray Observatory in July 1999. The third Hubble Space Telescope (HST) servicing mission, STS-103, launched in December 1999. New gyroscopes, battery

22 STS-92 technology and sensors once again extended the life of the orbiting telescope. Spacewalking astronauts replaced parts that had never been meant to be replaced in space, proving the value of human spaceflight. The last Japanese astronaut to fly in space without visiting the ISS was Mamuro Mohri. It was his second mission. STS-99 in February 2000 was the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM). It carried two radars, one in the Shuttle payload bay and the other at the end of 61-m mast to create stereo radar images for 3D mapping of the Earth’s surface at an unprecedented accuracy. Prior to a resumption of the assembly of the ISS, the Mir space station had one last hurrah when Soyuz TM-30 was launched on 4 April 2000 with two cosmonauts on a mission funded by MirCorp, a Dutch company consisting of RKK Energiya and private investors. This 72-day mission included the first privately funded spacewalk. Plans for space tourism, advertising in space, commercial science activities, and a contract with American entrepreneur Denis Tito for a visit to the station all came to nothing because Russian officials yielded to NASA pressure to finally de-orbit Mir so that the ISS could receive the full attention of the Russian and American space agencies. In May 2000, STS-101 on flight ISS 2A.2a visited the Zarya/Unity complex with cargo and supplies to keep the station operational. Due to the hiatus in the on-orbit assembly process, four new batteries were installed. In addition, astronauts fitted smoke detectors, cooling fans, power distribution and communications equipment. In July 2000, the first Russian funded segment arrived. This long-awaited Zvezda module was launched on flight ISS 1R using a Proton rocket. It docked autonomously with the Zarya module. ESA contributed the Data Management System that would control the entire facility until those functions could be transferred over to the NASA Destiny laboratory module. With the habitat in place, the ISS was ready for its first crew. In September 2000, flight ISS 2A.2b saw STS-106 deliver cargo to the station and prepare the station for Expedition 1. Their tasks included unloading cargo from Progress M1-3, which had docked at the rear of Zvezda in August. 3.2  KOICHI WAKATA Early Career Koichi Wakata was born on 1 August 1963 in Ōmiya, Saitama Prefecture.1 With a Bachelor’s degree in Aeronautical Engineering from Kyushu University in 1987, he gained a Master’s in Applied Mechanics in 1989 from that institution. From 1989 to 1992 he worked as a structural engineer for Japan Airlines (JAL).  Ōmiya was merged with Urawa and Yono in May 2001 to create the city of Saitama.

1

STS-92  23

Figure 3.1:  The ISS after Atlantis STS-106 undocked, September 2000 (NASA)

24 STS-92 He was the only astronaut candidate selected as part of NASDA’s 2nd Astronaut Group in April 1992 and joined the three candidates who were selected in 1985. He immediately joined NASA Astronaut Group 14, called The Hogs, and started training at the Johnson Space Center in Houston, where he qualified as a NASA Mission Specialist. As a member of the NASA Astronaut Office, Wakata worked on: • • • •

Shuttle flight software verification, payloads and robotics. ISS operations, payloads, robotics, and visiting vehicles. The Japanese Experiment Module named Kibō (Hope). Extravehicular Activities (EVA).

Figure 3.2:  Koichi Wakata of STS-92, November 1999 (JAXA)

STS-92  25 • On-orbit inspection systems of the Space Shuttle Thermal Protection System. • CapCom duties in Mission Control. Wakata flew as a Mission Specialist on board Space Shuttle Endeavour in January 1996 for mission STS-72 (see later for details). In August 1997, he was the NASDA Assistant Payload Operations Director for the Manipulator Flight Demonstration on STS-85, which was a robotic arm experiment for the future Japanese Experiment Module. He operated the robotic system on NASDA’s Engineering Test Satellite VII in the tele-operation robotics experiments in March 1999. He qualified as an astronaut instructor for robotics in December 2000, for EVA in July 2008, and for CapCom in August 2015. He qualified as a Soyuz flight engineer in December 2006. In 2004 he was awarded a PhD in Aerospace Engineering from his alma mater, Kyushu University, and in July 2006 he commanded the 10th NASA Extreme Environment Mission Operations (NEEMO), a spacecraft analogue submarine habitat installed at a depth of 19 m some 5.6 km off the coast of Key Largo in Florida. Wakata served as the Chief of the Space Station Operations Branch of NASA’s Astronaut Office from March 2010 to February 2011, and also the Chief of the JAXA Astronaut Group from April 2010 to July 2012. He has logged over 2,700 hours in a variety of aircraft. Previous Mission STS-72 Wakata launched on Space Shuttle Endeavour on 11 January 1996 for mission STS-72. One task was to retrieve and return to Earth the Space Flyer Unit (SFU) payload, which had been launched by Japan 10 months earlier. The SFU was designed to conduct automated materials science, and astronomical and biological experiments. As Endeavour maneuvered up close to the SFU, Wakata controlled the Space Shuttle Remote Manipulator (SSRM) or Canadarm to capture the satellite and install it in the payload bay. When the solar arrays failed to properly retract and latch into position, they were jettisoned. Wakata also later controlled the SSRM in the deployment and retrieval of the Office of Aeronautics and Space Technology Flyer (OAST-Flyer) and during the two EVAs on which NASA astronauts evaluated techniques intended to be used in the assembly of the ISS.

26 STS-92

Figure 3.3:  The STS-72 crew with Wakata third from the left at the rear, August 1995 (NASA)

3.3  THE STS-92 MISSION STS-92 Mission Patches The mission patch for STS-92 shows the silhouette of the Space Shuttle Orbiter, black against the deep blue of the sky from low Earth orbit (LEO). It is surrounded by the names of the crew. The configuration of the ISS is shown in gray, depicting the modules on-orbit at the time: Unity with its pair of Pressurised Mating Adapters (PMA), Zarya, Zvezda, and a Progress cargo ship. Discovery was to deliver two new components, namely the Z1 truss and PMA-3, and these are shown in red. There is a stylised red letter ‘Z’ to represent the Z1 truss and this also forms part of the symbol of the NASA Astronaut Office, which is three lines coming together at a star and surrounded by an orbit (a very popular motif on NASA mission patches at that time). The three lines are different colors to represent the multinational crew.

STS-92  27

Figure 3.4:  The STS-92 Patch, November 1999 (NASA)

Wakata’s personal patch for the mission is an oval, again with a deep blue background. The representation of the Orbiter and the ISS is less stylised showing both spacecraft in orbit around the Earth, with Japan clearly visible. Once again the PMA-3 and the Z1 truss are highlighted in red on a gray station. The Orbiter’s Shuttle Remote Manipulator System (SRMS), Canadarm is shown extended to signify its operation on this mission. The names of the station, the mission, and NASDA are positioned above and below the image, with Koichi Wakata’s name being the largest text, in both English and Japanese characters.

28 STS-92

Figure 3.5:  Wakata’s personal patch (www.Spacefacts.de)

STS-92 Mission Objectives As flight ISS 3A, the primary objectives of STS-92 were as follows: • Deliver the Z1 truss for installation on the zenith port of the Unity module. It would temporarily hold the first solar arrays when the P6 truss was delivered by STS-97 in December 2000. • Deliver the third and final PMA. It would initially be placed on the nadir port of the Unity module, and be relocated a number of times as appropriate prior to ultimately residing at the zenith port of the Harmony module. • The Z1 truss contained four Control Moment Gyros for station attitude control. • Install a pair of Direct Current to Direct Current Convertor Units (DDCU) on the Z1 truss. Timeline Flight Day 1 – Wednesday, 11 October 2000 Discovery lifted off at 23:17 UTC (or 6:17 p.m. Central Time) from Launch Pad 39-A at the Kennedy Space Center. The first task of the crew was to open the

STS-92  29

Figure 3.6:  The STS-92 crew with Wakata at the right rear, September 1999 (NASA)

payload bay to enable the radiators to reject excess heat into space. After configuring the computer systems for orbital operations, at 11:17 p.m. Central Time they began an 8-hour sleep period.  light Day 2 – Thursday, 12 October 2000 F On their first full day in space the crew were awakened at 7:17 a.m. Central Time by Incense and Peppermint by Strawberry Alarm Clock, taken from the soundtrack of the movie Austin Powers: International Man of Mystery. Commander Brian Duffy and Pilot Pam Melroy fired the Orbiter’s thrusters twice as they pursued the rendezvous with the uncrewed station, at this stage gaining 201 miles every orbit. Meanwhile on the middeck, Chiao, McArthur, Wisoff and Lopez-Alegria, the four Mission Specialists who were to perform EVAs, prepared their space suits and Koichi Wakata powered up the SSRM, tested its operation, and used an on board camera to inspect the payload bay and its contents. The crew started their sleep period at 9:17 p.m. Central.

30 STS-92 Mission controllers in Houston remotely operated the environmental controls of the Unity module and its docking port to make its temperature comfortable for the visitors. When the Ku-Band communications system failed after initially operating correctly on the previous day, engineers at Mission Control started an investigation. If not rectified, the ability to broadcast TV signals would be lost.  light Day 3 – Friday, 13 October 2000 F The crew woke at 5 a.m. Central, with Discovery trailing the ISS by 650 miles and closing at 300 miles per orbit. Duffy and Melroy fired the thrusters to slow that approach until they were below and behind the station at 8 miles distance. The maneuver to reach this point is called the Terminal Initiation (TI) burn. Duffy controlled the Orbiter from the rear consoles of the flight deck, from which he was able see the docking mechanisms. He flew the Shuttle manually to a point 170 feet away from the station. Both spacecraft then orbited until they came in range of the Russian ground stations which were to monitor the final docking procedure. Russian flight controllers locked the Zvezda and Zarya solar arrays into position, and let the station’s attitude drift in order to avoid any stress during docking. Docking at PMA-2 of the Unity module took place at 12:45 p.m. Central, 240 miles above Russia. The hatch between the two spacecraft was opened at 4:15 p.m. and Duffy led the crew into the unoccupied station. He was followed by Lopez-Alegria, Chiao and Melroy. They took an air sample, activated the fans in Unity, then took a second air sample 2 hours later. Wakata and McArthur powered up the Shuttle’s robotic arm and conducted a survey of the station and the payload bay, viewing via cameras on the arm. Mission Control cancelled further troubleshooting of the failed Ku-Band communications system. The absence of television signals would not put the mission in any jeopardy. The crew left the station and returned to the Orbiter.  light Day 4 – Saturday, 14 October 2000 F A short circuit on a power system caused a 2-hour, 15-minute delay to the main task of the day, which was the relocation of the Z1 truss from the payload bay onto the station. The short circuit denied power to the Orbiter Interface Unit (OIU) which was to provide data exchanges between the Shuttle and the ISS for a television camera in the payload bay and also for the Orbiter Space Vision System (OSVS) which would automatically align the Canadarm. Backup power systems returned the OIU and OSVS to full operational status but not the TV camera. Wakata used the Canadarm to lift the Z1 truss from the payload bay while Lopez-Alegria watched from a hatch window on Unity and provided ‘steering’ cues to Wakata. Wakata then moved the truss to the ‘low hover’ position, where it

STS-92  31 remained while seals and attachments on the station’s Common Berthing Mechanism (CBM) were checked. The truss was moved to its final position and, once all four ‘ready to latch’ indicators were active, Melroy triggered the 16 bolts to lock the Z1 to Unity. Wakata released the Canadarm’s grip and returned it to its cradle in the payload bay. Melroy and Wisoff entered Unity and installed ground connections between the truss and station frame. Because of the delay in starting the operation, a plan to transfer cargo from the Shuttle to the station was postponed until Flight Day 9. The crew left the station and closed the hatch at 5:57 p.m. Central. Duffy lowered the Shuttle’s cabin pressure from 14.7 psi to 10.2 psi to help to purge nitrogen from the crews’ bloodstream. Although this affected the entire crew it was really for the benefit of the next day’s spacewalkers, to prevent the decompression sickness known as ‘the bends’.

Figure 3.7:  The ISS with the Z1 truss on the right and PMA-3 on the left, October 2000 (NASA)

32 STS-92  light Day 5 – Sunday, 15 October 2000 F At 9:27 a.m. Central, McArthur and Chiao started the first of four EVAs of the mission. They spent an hour deploying their tools in the payload bay. Then, with McArthur on the end of the Canadarm, which was controlled by Wakata, he and Chaio connected six of the ten electrical umbilicals between the station and the Z1 truss. Flight controllers powered down appropriate Russian-to-American Conversion Units (RACU) during the spacewalk to allow the astronauts to connect and disconnect elements without causing faults. The S-Band Antenna Subassembly (SASA) was removed from its launch position on the Z1 and placed in a temporary location for retrieval by the crew of STS-­ 97 at a later date. This made space to allow a pair of power converter units to be installed during EVA3. After installing four more umbilicals, they installed the Space to Ground Antenna (SGANT), then deployed its dish antenna. They relocated a tool stowage box from the support structure of PMA-3 to Z1. During the EVA, Wisoff and Lopez-Alegria supported the spacewalkers from inside the Shuttle. After the 6-hour, 28-minute EVA McArthur, Chiao, Lopez-Alegria and Wisoff resized the two spacesuits and recharged their batteries for the second EVA, which was to be undertaken by the latter two. The sleep period began at 9:17 p.m. Central. Lead flight director Chuck Shaw reported, “The crew worked absolutely perfectly together. It is a major achievement for this complicated an EVA to go this well.”  light Day 6 – Monday, 16 October 2000 F It was the turn of Jeff Wisoff and Mike Lopez-Alegria to carry out and EVA. They began at 9:15 a.m. Central, about 15 minutes ahead of schedule. After they had released the latches that held PMA-3 in the payload bay, Wakata used the Canadarm to put PMA-3 in position close to the nadir of the Unity module. While that operation was underway, Wisoff and Lopez-Alegria released latches on top of the Z1 truss in readiness for the solar arrays which were to arrive on STS-97. Once they were finished, they helped to guide Wakata in mating PMA-3 to the Unity module. As with the Z1, once the ‘ready to latch’ indicators were on Melroy triggered the first four latches and bolts. The latching process would be finished off once the temperatures of the seals had equalised. After 7 hours and 7 minutes, the spacewalk ended at 4:22 p.m. Central. At the same time, Duffy and Melroy in the Shuttle fired thrusters in 18 pulses, each lasting 1.4 seconds, in order to boost the orbit of the station by 1.7 miles.

STS-92  33 Overnight, Mission Control finished the PMA-3 latching-up process, commanding the 16 bolts to engage once thermal equilibrium had been achieved.  light Day 7 – Tuesday, 17 October 2000 F Chiao and McArthur started the third EVA at 9:30 a.m. Central. They installed a pair of DC-to-DC converter units (DDCU) on the Z1 truss. Once the solar arrays were installed by the next mission, the DDCUs would convert electricity to the proper voltage and power the ISS. Once again Wakata operated the Canadarm during the spacewalk, on this occasion with the help of Lopez-Alegria. Chiao and McArthur connected power cables between the Z1 truss and PMA-3, and cables to route power from PMA-2 to PMA-3, in preparation for the arrival of STS-97. To wrap up, they attached a second tool storage box on the Z1 truss and filled them with tools that had been left on the exterior of Unity by STS-96 spacewalkers Tammy Jernigan and Dan Barry in May 1999. Duffy and Melroy completed the second of the three station reboosts by firing the Orbiter’s thrusters over a period of 30 minutes to raise the station’s orbit by 1.7 miles.  light Day 8 – Wednesday, 18 October 2000 F The fourth and final EVA was made by Lopez-Alegria and Wisoff, and consisted of preparing the Z1 truss to accept solar arrays and preparing the station for the arrival the Destiny module. Starting at 10:00 a.m. Central, they first removed a grapple fixture on the truss and opened and closed the latch assembly, and then they deployed a tray that was to power the Destiny module and tested its manual berthing mechanism. Both astronauts evaluated the Simplified Aid for EVA Rescue (SAFER) nitrogen-­powered ‘jetpack’. They each travelled 50 feet using the SAFER while remaining tethered to the station and with their colleague following on the Canadarm, which was controlled by Wakata. After the spacewalk, Duffy and Melroy completed the final reboost by firing the thrusters 18 times over a period of 30 minutes to raise the orbit by 1.7 miles. Overall, the three reboosts raised the orbit of the station by 5 miles.  light Day 9 – Thursday, 19 October 2000 F After four EVAs in 4 days, the astronauts now operated inside the station. Melroy and Wisoff took samples from interior surfaces of the Zarya module and wiped

34 STS-92 down surfaces and stowage bags with a fungicide to inhibit microbial growth. They also completed the interior connections between the Z1 and the Unity module. McArthur and Chiao switched on heaters for the control moment gyros contained in the Z1 in preparation for future missions. Meanwhile, Wakata used the Canadarm to conduct a photographic survey of the station. All crewmembers participated in transferring miscellaneous equipment from Discovery to Unity/Zarya, including computers and an IMAX camera. A Protein Crystal Growth apparatus delivered by the crew of STS-106  in September was taken to Discovery for return to Earth. Duffy, Melroy, Chiao and McArthur participated in interviews with Space.com, the ABC Radio Network, and KNX Radio in Los Angeles. The hatches between the ISS and Discovery were closed at 4:30 p.m. Central, leaving the station unoccupied again. Following the arrival of Expedition 1 on board Soyuz TM-31 on 2 November 2000, the station would never again be unoccupied.

Figure 3.8:  Wakata floating in the Zarya module, October 2000 (NASA)

STS-92  35  light Day 10 – Friday, 20 October 2000 F Discovery undocked from the ISS at 10:08 a.m. Central.  light Day 11 to 13 – Saturday, 21 October 2000 to Monday, 23 October F 2000 A high pressure zone on the eastern seaboard was creating cross winds in excess of safe levels at the Kennedy Space Center, so the de-orbit was postponed. The poor weather continued into Monday. And with low cloud and rain at Edwards Air Force Base in California it would not be possible to land there either so the crew relaxed and communicated with family and friends by computer.  light Day 14 – Tuesday, 24 October 2000 F The crew awoke to Déjà vu by Crosby, Stills, Nash and Young as they entered another day in space. Discovery was cleared to land at Edwards and started its de-orbit burn at 2:52 p.m. Central over the Indian Ocean. It touched down at 4:00 p.m. Central, after spending 12 days, 21 hours and 43 minutes in space. They accumulated 27 hours and 19 minutes of EVA time, and added two significant components to the ISS, the Z1 truss and the PMA-3 docking adapter. In doing so, they added approximately 10 tons to the station to bring its mass to approximately 80 tons. It was finally ready for its first crew. 3.4  POSTSCRIPT Subsequent Missions See Chapter 7 for Koichi Wakata’s flight on STS-119 to participate in Expeditions 18, 19 and 20, and Chapter 12 for his flight on Soyuz TMA-11M for Expeditions 38 and 39. Koichi Wakata Today Koichi Wakata is still an active member of JAXA’s astronaut corp. From August to September 2015 he was lead CapCom at Mission Control in Houston in support of the rendezvous, capture and release of the HTV-5 cargo spacecraft.

36 STS-92

Figure 3.9:  Wakata with Roskosmos’ Sergei Krikalev, May 2018

From April 2016 to March 2018, he was the JAXA ISS Program Manager and the Director of the JEM Mission Operations and Integration Centre. Since April 2018 he has been the Vice President and Director General of Human Spaceflight Technology at JAXA. Over four missions he has accumulated 347 days, 8 hours and 30 minutes in space, and set the record for the longest stay in space by a Japanese astronaut.

4 STS-114

Mission Astronaut: Mission Duration: Mission Sponsors: ISS Milestones: Launch Launch Date/Time: Launch Site: Launch Vehicle: Launch Mission: Launch Vehicle Crew:

Soichi Noguchi 13 days, 21 hours, 32 minutes JAXA ISS LF-1, 17th Shuttle mission to the ISS, 1st Return to Flight mission after loss of Columbia 26 July 2005, 14:39 UTC Pad 39-B, Kennedy Space Center Space Shuttle Discovery (OV-103) STS-114 Eileen Marie Collins (NASA), CDR James McNeal Kelly (NASA), PLT Soichi Noguchi (JAXA), MSP1 Stephen Kern Robinson (NASA), MSP2 Andrew Sydney Withiel Thomas (NASA), MSP3 Wendy Barrien Lawrence (NASA), MSP4 Charles Joseph Camarda (NASA), MSP5

Docking STS-114 Docking Date/Time: Undocking Date/Time: Docking Port:

28 July 2005, 11:17 UTC 6 August 2005, 07:23 UTC PMA-2, Destiny Forward

Landing Landing Date/Time: Landing Site: Landing Vehicle: Landing Mission:

9 August 2005, 12:11 UTC Runway 22, Edwards Air Force Base Space Shuttle Discovery (OV-103) STS-114

© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019 J. O’Sullivan, Japanese Missions to the International Space Station, Springer Praxis Books, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-04534-0_4

37

38 STS-114 Landing Vehicle Crew:

ISS Expedition ISS Expedition: ISS Crew:

Eileen Marie Collins (NASA), CDR James McNeal Kelly (NASA), PLT Soichi Noguchi (JAXA), MSP1 Stephen Kern Robinson (NASA), MSP2 Andrew Sydney Withiel Thomas (NASA), MSP3 Wendy Barrien Lawrence (NASA), MSP4 Charles Joseph Camarda (NASA), MSP5 11 Sergei Konstantinovich Krikalev (RKA), ISS-CDR John Lynch Phillips (NASA), ISS-Flight Engineer

4.1  THE ISS STORY SO FAR In November 2000, Soyuz TM-31, flight ISS 2R, delivered Expedition 1 to the ISS to initiate over 17 years (thus far) of continuous occupation. In December, STS-97, ISS 4A, delivered the P6 truss. Although ultimately destined for the port side of the Integrated Truss Structure, this segment was initially installed on top of Z1. It contained two Photovoltaic Array Assemblies (PVAA), each of which unfurled a pair of Solar Array Wings (SAW). The Destiny module arrived on STS-98 as part of flight ISS 5A and was mated directly to Unity after PMA-2 was removed from Unity and temporarily stowed on the front of Z1. Once Destiny was in position, PMA-2 was placed on its far end. The addition of Destiny raised the habitable volume of the station to 36.9 m3, making it the largest spacecraft in history (and its volume would increase enormously as assembly continued). Space Shuttle Discovery flew STS-102, ISS 5A.1, in March 2001. This was a combined logistics and crew transfer mission which delivered Expedition 2 to the station and returned Expedition 1 to Earth. It carried the first Multi-Purpose Logistics Module (MPLM), named Leonardo. PMA-3 was moved to the port CBM of Unity and the module was mated with its nadir port. Once the cargo was offloaded, the MPLM was returned to the payload bay of the Shuttle.1 Another integral station component arrived on the ISS with STS-100, flight ISS 6A. The Space Station Remote Manipulator System (SSRMS), or Candarm2, was Canada’s principal contribution to the station. Its installation involved Canadian Space Agency (CSA) astronaut Chris Hadfield conducting his country’s first EVA. On this mission, European Space Agency (ESA) astronaut Umberto Guidoni became that agency’s first visitor to the station.  Three MPLMs were built by Alenia Spazio on behalf of the Italian Space Agency (ASI). Two, Leonardo and Raffaello, would be flown many times, but Donatello would remain on the ground. 1

STS-114  39 The next flight to the ISS made history. After failing to be launched to Mir as part of a deal with MirCorp, American aerospace and investment management multi-millionaire Denis Tito flew to the ISS on Soyuz TM-32, paying $20 million for the experience. This was the first of many space tourist flights organised by the American company Space Adventures. ISS crew transfers were now being carried out by Space Shuttle, but the ISS required a Soyuz ‘lifeboat’ to be available at all times. Because the operational lifetime of a Soyuz was 6 months, it was necessary to replace them at regular intervals. As it had with Mir, the cash-strapped Russian space program allowed a paying passenger to accompany professional cosmonauts flying as commander and flight engineer. The tourist would remain aboard the station during the crew handover and return to Earth with the retiring crew, generally after a week or so. STS-104 delivered another vital component to the ISS on flight ISS 7A in July 2001 when the Quest Joint Airlock was attached to the starboard side of the Unity node, opposite PMA-3. Prior to this, American spacewalks could be made only from a docked Shuttle because NASA spacesuits were too bulky to exit the Russian transfer chamber of the Zvezda module. The new airlock was ‘joint’ in the sense that it could accommodate spacewalkers using US and Russian suits. Its addition enabled spacewalks to be made without a Shuttle being present. Two of the STS-­ 104 EVAs were conducted from Atlantis, but the third became the first to be made from Quest. The peculiarly labelled flight ISS 7A.1  in August 2001 saw the Orbiter Discovery fly the STS-105 mission to deliver the Expedition 3 crew to the ISS, install and retrieve the MPLM Leonardo, and retrieve the Expedition 2 crew. During their week at the station, the astronauts also performed EVAs to prepare for future missions, including installing the Early Ammonia Servicer with coolant for the radiators that would later be installed on the truss, and installing heaters and hand-rails to Destiny in preparation for the later arrival of the S0 truss segment. In September 2001, the Russian Pirs airlock was delivered by a modified Progress vehicle and docked to the nadir port of Zvezda. In addition to serving as an airlock for spacewalks, it had a docking port on its end for Soyuz/Progress craft. Another Soyuz swap occurred a month later when Soyuz TMA-33 arrived. The French ESA astronaut Claudie Haigneré conducted the Andromède science mission during the 9-day handover and returned to Earth with the retiring crew. In December 2001 STS-108, flight ISS UF1, delivered cargo in MPLM Raffaello plus the Expedition 4 crew, and retrieved the Expedition 3 crew. A single EVA from the airlock of the Shuttle installed insulation blankets on the rotating mechanisms of the solar arrays and carried out a number of ‘get-ahead’ tasks in preparation for future missions. Flags from the three sites of the 9/11 terrorist attacks were also delivered to the station.

40 STS-114 In a now-rare non-ISS launch in March 2002 the fourth Hubble service mission was carried out by the crew of STS-109. Solar arrays were replaced and a new Power Control Unit (PCU) was installed, requiring Hubble to be temporarily turned off for the first time since its launch in 1990. A final fifth service mission in 2009 would extend its life further (and indeed, at the time of writing this book in 2018 it is still operating). In April 2002, STS-110, flight ISS 8A, delivered the S0 truss and installed it on the Destiny module as the central section of what, in time, would become the ‘backbone’ of the solar array truss system. In four spacewalks by two pairs of astronauts, the S0 and the Mobile Transporter (MT) were installed. Because the Canadarm2 could ‘walk’ from one grapple fixture to another, the MT would enable it to operate from up to 10 different work sites on the truss. This mission saw Jerry Ross become the first person to launch into space seven times, and also exceed the American spacewalk record after accumulating a total of 58 hours, 18 minutes over nine EVAs on four missions. ESA’s Roberto Vittori and South African space tourist Mark Shuttleworth arrived on the station in April 2002 on Soyuz TM-34. This was the final flight of the TM variant. The crew returned on the Soyuz TM-33 spacecraft that had reached the end of its on-orbit life. STS-111, ISS UF2, delivered the Mobile Base System (MBS) and the Expedition 5 crew, then returned the Expedition 4 crew to Earth. The MBS was to allow the Canadarm2 to travel the length of the truss system once that was completed. Over 3,000 kg of cargo was delivered on the MLPM Leonardo and over 2,000 kg of cargo and waste was retrieved from the station. In October 2002 STS-112, flight ISS 9A, delivered the S1 truss. During three spacewalks, this was attached to the starboard end of the S0 truss. Also delivered was the first of two Crew and Equipment Translation Aids (CETA), a human-­ powered tool cart that was installed on the MBS rail. The S1 truss included a radiator panel that was unfurled during the first EVA.  The Thermal Radiator Rotary Joint (TRRJ) was also installed to provide the mechanical energy to rotate the radiator. Soyuz TMA-1 in October 2002 was the first flight for the new ‘anthropometric’ variant of the spacecraft that could accommodate taller crewmembers. The crew, including ESA’s Frank De Winne on the Odissea mission, returned using the Soyuz TM-34 spacecraft which had been delivered earlier in the year. STS-113, flight ISS 11A, was a mirror image of STS-112 in that it delivered the P1 truss, and during three spacewalks this was installed portside in order to balance the structure. Also delivered was CETA-2 and the TRRJ for the portside truss. In addition to the assembly tasks, the Expedition 6 crew replaced the Expedition 5 crew. As events would turn out, this mission would see a number of

STS-114  41 unfortunate milestones as a result of the loss of Columbia on the next Shuttle flight, STS-107, which was conducted independently of the station. STS-123 marked the final time that a Russian cosmonaut flew on a Shuttle, and it would be 32 months before a Shuttle visited the ISS again. STS-107 was a research mission carrying the SpaceHab Double Research Module in the payload bay and Israel’s first astronaut. During the ascent a piece of thermal insulation foam detached from the External Tank (ET) and hit the leading edge of the left wing, resulting in sufficient damage to compromise the structural and thermal integrity of the spacecraft during re-entry on 1 February 2003. As a result, Columbia broke up in the upper atmosphere and the crew of seven astronauts were lost. With the Shuttle fleet grounded pending an investigation, the allocation of ISS crews was changed. Until the assembly flights could resume, the station would be maintained by two-person ‘caretaker’ crews launched on Soyuz spacecraft and they would carry out a reduced workload. In April 2003 TMA- 2 delivered Yuri Malenchenko and Ed Lu for Expedition 7. The three astronauts of the Expedition 6 crew, who had arrived on STS-113 in the expectation of leaving on STS-114  in March, landed in the Soyuz TMA-1 ‘lifeboat’ that had been delivered 6 months earlier. In other developments, on 15 October 2003 Yang Liwei was launched on Shenzhou 5, to become China’s first taikonaut. The spacecraft was similar in configuration to the Soyuz, but somewhat larger. The TMA variant of the Soyuz allowed the spacecraft to remain at the ISS for an entire 6-month expedition. That, along with the Shuttle hiatus, required a change to the scheduling of crew handovers. In October 2003, Soyuz TMA-3 delivered the Expedition 8 crew of two to the ISS, with ESA’s Pedro Duque visiting for 8 days and returning with the Expedition 7 crew in their own Soyuz TMA-2 craft. A similar transfer took place in April 2004 with the arrival of Soyuz TMA-4 carrying the Expedition 9 crew. ESA astronaut Andre Kuipers visited the station for 8 days, then left with the Expedition 8 crew. In October 2004 Soyuz TMA-5 delivered the Expedition 10 crew and Yuri Shargin, who was the Russian Military Space Force’s first cosmonaut; he replaced a Russian businessman who had hoped to fly as a space tourist but failed his medical. Soyuz TMA-6 delivered the Expedition 11 crew to the station along with ESA’s Roberto Vittori in April 2005. Vittori conducted the Eneide program and after 7 days on the station he landed with the retiring crew. So we see that although the grounding of the Shuttle imposed a hiatus on the assembly of the ISS, its operations continued at a reduced tempo.

42 STS-114

Figure 4.1:  STS-113 installed the P1 truss, December 2002 (NASA)

4.2  SOICHI NOGUCHI Early Career Soichi Noguchi was born on 15 April 1965 in Yokohama, the capital of Kanagawa Prefecture. After attending Chigasaki-Hokuryo High School he earned Bachelor’s and Master’s degrees in Aeronautical Engineering from Tokyo University in 1989 and 1991 respectively. Prior to being selected as a NASDA astronaut candidate, Noguchi worked at the aero-engine space operations division of Ishikawajima-­ Harima Heavy Industries. He was the only astronaut candidate selected as part of NASDA’s 3rd Astronaut Group in May 1996. He joined NASA Astronaut Group 16, called The Sardines. At the Johnson Space Center, Houston, he qualified as a NASA Mission Specialist. Later, he trained at the Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center in Star City, Moscow, to prepare for Soyuz flights. Previous Missions N/A

STS-114  43

Figure 4.2:  Soichi Noguchi, June 2001 (NASA)

4.3  THE STS-114 MISSION STS-114 Mission Patches As the first flight after the tragic loss of STS-107, the elements of the STS-114 mission patch commemorate the past as well as looking to the future. The silhouette of the Orbiter echoes the shape of the STS-107 patch. The constellation of

44 STS-114 Columba, which was on the left side the STS-107 patch to represent that crew, is included here in remembrance of them. The Earth is shown in darkness, with a multicolored plume rising from the Orbiter to represent the broad range of objectives of the ‘Return to Flight’ mission. A blue orbit surrounds the Earth, representing the ISS, and it bears the names of the three EVA crew. The names of the other crew surround the Earth. Noguchi’s name incorporates a red Sun to symbolise his and Japan’s contribution to the mission and the station.

Figure 4.3:  The STS-114 patch, March 2004 (NASA)

Soichi Noguchi’s personal patch is pentagonal and shows an astronaut conducting an EVA representing his own planned EVAs for the mission. The astronaut has a Japanese flag on his sleeve. The Orbiter is shown returning safely to Earth from the station, which is depicted in its current configuration. The new JAXA logo is used instead of the old NASDA logo, as JAXA had come into effect in 2003. The mission name and Noguchi’s name in English characters are shown on top with the words ‘Return to Flight’ on the bottom of the pentagon.

STS-114  45

Figure 4.4:  Noguchi’s personal patch (ww.Spacefacts.de)

STS-114 Mission Objectives As Logistics Flight 1, the prime objectives of STS-114 were as follows: • Deliver the External Stowage Platform-2 (ESP) and mount it on the port side of the Quest airlock. • Carry the MPLM Raffaello, mate it with the station, transfer 15 tons of cargo, then retrieve the module and return it to Earth. • Evaluate new flight safety techniques, including: • Using the new Orbiter Boom and Sensor System (OBSS), a 15-m-long arm attached to the Canadarm. It carried laser sensors and cameras to inspect the Thermal Protection System (TPS).

46 STS-114 • Execute the Rendezvous Pitch Maneuver (RPM) in which the Orbiter does a back-flip over 360 degrees in order to allow the station crew to photograph its underside. • Carry tools and equipment to perform repairs of the TPS on-orbit, including the Cure in Place Ablator Applicator.

Figure 4.5:  The STS-114 crew, with Noguchi at the right rear, March 2004

Timeline  re-Flight – Tuesday, 12 July 2005 P The intended launch date for STS-114 was Wednesday, 14 July, but during the routine close-outs at the launch pad the cover of window number 7 on Discovery, one of the overhead crew cabin windows, fell about 65 feet and impacted a carrier panel on the left Orbital Maneuvering System (OMS) pod, damaging several tiles. The tile carrier was replaced in about an hour. The incident delayed the roll back of the Rotating Services Structure but because it occurred during a planned hold in the countdown it did not affect the launch schedule for the following day.

STS-114  47  re-Flight – Wednesday, 13 July 2005 P A more serious issue arose on launch day, however, that did result in a scrub. The vehicle was being prepared for fueling and the routine prelaunch checks were underway when a low-level fuel cut-off sensor in a liquid hydrogen tank failed. A detailed investigation was necessary. If an Engine Cut Off (ECO) sensor were to fail in flight and falsely indicate depletion of fuel, it could result in a premature engine cut off and prevent the Orbiter from achieving orbit. More seriously, if the sensor were to fail by indicating fuel was present when it was not, the Space Shuttle Main Engines (SSME) could continue to run on oxygen only, which could cause the turbo pumps to spin too rapidly and result in either a fire or an explosion.  light Day 1 – Tuesday, 26 July 2005 F Discovery launched at 9:39 a.m. Central and was filmed and photographed like no previous Shuttle. Cameras on the ground and in the air captured every angle of the launch in order to identify any anomalies that could cause a problem for the Orbiter. A large bird struck the top of the External Tank (ET) some 2.5 seconds after liftoff, but it did not dislodge any foam and did not hit the Orbiter. A fragment of thermal tile, estimated to be around 1.5 inches (38 mm) in size, was ejected from an edge tile of the front landing gear door at some point before separation of the SRBs. Once the vehicle had achieved orbit, flight controllers requested that this be inspected by the OBSS. It constituted a risk to re-entry. And 127.1 seconds after liftoff, and 5.3 seconds after SRB separation, a large piece of debris was seen to separate from the Protuberance Air Load (PAL) ramp on the ET, but it did not hit the Orbiter. Finally, 147 seconds after liftoff, a smaller piece of foam separated from the ET and apparently struck the Orbiter’s right wing. An OBSS inspection was requested for this as well, although the estimated size and mass of the foam piece would have exerted only 1/10th of the energy required to cause potential damage. Although none of these incidents caused sufficient damage to jeopardise the mission, the fact that the ET was still shedding foam worried NASA sufficiently to announce that no further Shuttle launches would take place until the issue was resolved.2 As well as ground based cameras, the crew took photographs of the ET after separation, with Noguchi and Thomas using hand-held video and digital still cameras.

 Post-Mission Management Team (MMT) meeting press conference by Shuttle Program Manager, Bill Parsons, 27 July 2005. 2

48 STS-114 Once in a stable orbit, the Canadarm was unberthed in preparation for the following day’s comprehensive inspection of the Thermal Protection System using the OBSS sensors. The crew started their sleep period at 4:00 p.m. Central, and were awakened at 11:39 p.m. with I Got You Babe by Sonny and Cher from the movie Groundhog Day, which was chosen for the entire crew to celebrate their first day out of quarantine.  light Day 2 – Wednesday, 27 July 2005 F Kelly, Thomas, and Camarda used the Canadarm with the OBSS boom to survey the carbon-carbon thermal protection on the leading edges of the Orbiter’s wings and its nose cone. After returning the OBSS to its cradle, they used the Candarm and its camera to survey the tile area around the crew cabin. Then they used hand-­ held digital cameras to photograph the tiles on the Orbital Maneuvering System (OMS) pods and the tail. In addition, preparations for docking were begun by extending the Orbiter Docking System (ODS) and testing the rendezvous equipment. On the middeck Noguchi and Robinson, assisted by Lawrence, inspected the airlock, spacesuits, and tools, in preparation for their forthcoming spacewalk. Collins fired the Orbiter’s thrusters twice to refine the spacecraft’s approach to the station. Meanwhile on the station, Sergei Krikalev and John Phillips prepared Pressurised Mating Adapter 2 (PMA 2) for Discovery’s arrival. Discovery and ISS crewmembers began scheduled sleep periods at 2:40 p.m. Central and were awakened at 10:39 p.m. by It’s a Wonderful World by Louis Armstrong.  light Day 3 – Thursday, 28 July 2005 F Prior to the docking with the ISS, Discovery’s Commander Eileen Collins and Pilot Jim Kelly performed the first Rendezvous Pitch Maneuver (RPM) 600 feet below the station. This back-flip undertaken at a rate of three-quarters of a degree per second presented the underside of the Orbiter to the station, where Krikalev and Phillips took high-definition images of the thermal protection tiles and transmitted the images to Mission Control. The docking occurred at 6:18 a.m. Central. Once the Shuttle crew were aboard the station, Krikalev gave a safety briefing, and more pictures were taken of the Shuttle’s thermal protection.

STS-114  49

Figure 4.6:  Discovery performing the Rendezvous Pitch Maneuver, July 2005 (NASA)

Kelly and Lawrence used the Canadarm2 of the station to lift the OBSS from Discovery’s payload bay and mate it with the Shuttle’s Canadarm. This task was necessary because when the Orbiter was docked, its arm was unable to reach the OBSS on its own due to obstructions. Meanwhile, Robinson and Noguchi spent an hour and a half getting equipment ready for their spacewalk. The crew were awoken at 10:39 p.m. Central to Vertigo by U2, played for Pilot Jim Kelly whose nickname/call sign is Vegas. He was congratulated by CapCom Shannon Lucid for his recent promotion to Colonel in the US Air Force. The ISS crew was awakened at 11:09 p.m. Central.  light Day 4 – Friday, 29 July 2005 F At 11 a.m. Central, Lawrence and Kelly used the ISS’s Canadarm2 to lift the Raffaello Multi-Purpose Logistics Module (MPLM) out of the Shuttle’s payload bay and mate it to the Unity module. The crew began moving cargo from the MPLM and from Discovery’s middeck to the station.

50 STS-114 Continued examination of the Orbiter’s thermal protection was carried out, this time using the station’s robotic arm. Kelly and Phillips attached the end of Canadarm2 to the Mobile Base System (MBS) and detached the other end from the Destiny module, ‘walking’ it from one site to another. Camarda and Kelly then used the Shuttle’s Canadarm/OBSS to examine six areas of Discovery for possible damage. Noguchi and Robinson reviewed spacewalk procedures and tested the Simplified Aid For EVA Rescue (SAFER) unit. The hatches between Discovery and the ISS were closed and the pressure of the Shuttle’s cabin was reduced to 10.2 psi to start the pre-breathing period for the spacewalkers. At 5:20 a.m. Central, Collins and Thomas talked with the Associated Press Radio Network, National Public Radio, and the CBS Radio Network. The sleep period for Discovery’s crew ended at 10:43 p.m. Central with the Japanese song Sanpo by Joe Hisaishi from the movie My Neighbor Totoru, sung by students of the Japanese School of Houston, including Noguchi’s children. The ISS crew was awakened at 11:09 p.m. by a tone on board.  light Day 5 – Saturday, 30 July 2005 F Noguchi and Robinson began the first of their three spacewalks at 4:46 a.m. Central. To assist with the spacewalk, Krikalev and Phillips, on the station, had ‘walked’ the Canadarm2 off the MBS onto the Destiny module. Jim Kelly and Wendy Lawrence operated the robot arm while the spacewalkers installed the External Stowage Platform-2 Attachment Device (ESPAD) on the station. The spacewalkers undertook sample repairs on tiles and reinforced carbon-­ carbon that had been deliberately damaged before the flight. They used the Emittance Wash Applicator (EWA) for tile repair and used the Non-Oxide Adhesive eXperimental (NOAX) for the carbon-carbon repair. They also installed the base and cabling for a stowage platform and redirected power to Control Moment Gyroscope-2 (CMG-2), one of four 600-pound gyroscopes that controlled the orientation of the ISS on-orbit. This unit had been unavailable since March 2005 when a faulty circuit breaker had interrupted its power supply. Since that time, the station had been operating successfully on two CMGs. After power was restored at 9:20 a.m. Central it was spun up to its operating speed of 6,600 rpm, returning it to service. Another gyroscope, CMG-1, which failed in 2002, was to be replaced on the second spacewalk. Prior to finishing the 6-hour, 50-­minute spacewalk at 11:36 a.m. Central, the two astronauts replaced a faulty global positioning system antenna, retrieved two exposed experiments, and Noguchi photographed insulation on the port side of Discovery’s cabin.

STS-114  51 Once the spacewalk was underway, the hatches between the Orbiter and the station were opened to enable the transfer of cargo and equipment to resume. Due to the announcement of delays to future Shuttle missions because the ET was still shedding material, it was decided to extend Discovery’s time docked to the station by an extra day so that an additional 10 gallons of water produced by the Orbiter’s fuel cells could be transferred, along with a pair of laptop computers and other supplies. The importance of testing the new inspection procedures was highlighted by the need for additional inspections on Saturday. At 8:09 a.m. Central, Kelly and Camarda once again used the Canadarm and OBSS to examine the reinforced carbon-carbon of the leading edge of the Shuttle’s wing, particularly seven areas of the port wing. Discovery’s heat protective tiles and thermal blankets were pronounced fit for re-entry after engineers on the ground had reviewed the earlier downlinked images and data, but a decision on the leading edges and nose was not expected on this day. Both crews were scheduled to go to sleep at 2:39 p.m. Central. Discovery’s crew awoke to I’m Goin’ Up by Claire Lynch at 11:11 p.m.  light Day 6 – Sunday, 31 July 2005 F While Noguchi and Robinson prepared for the spacewalk to be conducted the next day, both crews continued to transfer cargo from the MPLM to the station. At 5:40 a.m. Central Collins, Kelly, and Camarda gave interviews with ABC News, Fox News, and NBC, and at 7:25 a.m. Collins, Noguchi, Robinson and Phillips talked with CBS News, CNN, and the Discovery Channel. Analysis on the ground found two gap fillers protruding. Coated-fiber gap fillers keep hot gas from flowing into gaps in the thermal protection. No decision was made whether the crew would need to intervene. Both crews were scheduled to go to sleep at 2:09 p.m. Central. Discovery’s crew awoke at 10:09 p.m. to Walk of Life by Dire Straits for spacewalker Robinson.  light Day 7 – Monday, 1 August 2005 F Robinson and Noguchi began their second spacewalk at 3:42 a.m. Central, climbing on to the Z1 truss and then Noguchi attached himself to the end of the Canadarm2, which was operated by Kelly and Lawrence. They removed CMG-1, which had failed in June 2002, and Noguchi carried it to the Shuttle’s payload bay. They took the new CMG from its cradle, and Noguchi held it while the Canadarm2 returned him to the Z1 truss. They installed it and powered it up, and flight controllers began the process of spinning it up to 6,600 rpm. The ISS now had four functioning CMGs. The spacewalk lasted 7 hours and 14 minutes.

52 STS-114

Figure 4.7:  Soichi Noguchi on a spacewalk, August 2005 (NASA)

In parallel, Collins, Camarda, Krikalev and Phillips finished transferring the 3,768 pounds of cargo from the MPLM to the station. They continued to transfer equipment and trash to the Shuttle for return to Earth. Mission managers decided that the astronauts should remove two protruding gap fillers in Discovery’s heat shield during the third EVA. Both crews were scheduled to sleep at 2:09 p.m. Central. The crew of Discovery woke at 10:09 p.m. to Big Rock Candy Mountain by Harry McClintock. The ISS crew was awakened half an hour later.  light Day 8 – Tuesday, 2 August 2005 F The transfer of cargo continued in parallel with preparations for the spacewalk on Wednesday that would include an attempt to remove the protruding tile gap fillers on the underside of the Orbiter. Mission managers cleared the reinforced carbon-carbon elements on the leading edges of the wings for re-entry. Analysis continued of a ‘puffed out’ insulating blanket located close to the commander’s cockpit window. The review of spacewalk procedures began at 2:40 a.m. Central, with Thomas, Lawrence and Kelly. The plan was for Thomas to coach the spacewalkers and then monitor them while Lawrence and Kelly operated the Canadarm2. In addition,

STS-114  53 Lawrence and Kelly trained on the Dynamic Onboard Ubiquitous Graphics (DOUG) program for the robot arm, and Noguchi and Robinson worked with Thomas to practice using the hacksaw they might use to ‘trim’ the gap fillers. At 7:40 a.m., Lawrence and Kelly, operating the Canadarm2, unberthed External Stowage Platform 2 from Discovery’s cargo bay ahead of time in order to ensure that the spacewalkers had time to deal with the tile gap fillers on Wednesday’s EVA. The spacewalkers began to prebreathe pure oxygen at 10:50 a.m., then the hatches between the Shuttle and the station were closed and the pressure in the Shuttle was reduced to 10.2 psi. When the crew received a telephone call from President George W. Bush he thanked them for taking risks for the sake of exploration, and he wished them well in the remainder of their mission. The crews were scheduled to sleep at 2:09 p.m. Central. They were awakened by Where My Heart Will Take Me, the theme song from Star Trek: Enterprise.3 This was a surprise for them, chosen by Deputy Shuttle Program Manager Wayne Hale. The crew of the station were woken 30 minutes later.  light Day 9 – Wednesday, 3 August 2005 F The third and final spacewalk of the mission began at 3:48 a.m. Central. Noguchi observed as Robinson simply pulled the gap fillers from between the tiles using his gloved hands. He was standing on the end of the Canadarm2, operated by Lawrence. He radioed his conclusion, “It looks like this big patient is cured.” At a press conference later, Wayne Hale said, “The crew demonstrated consummate professionalism and coolness beyond belief. They [the gap fillers] came out just as we thought they would. It looked easy but it was not, which is a tribute to the crew and the team on the ground that planned it. So we are proud of that.” Before the 6-hour, 1-minute EVA ended at 9:49 a.m., Noguchi and Robinson installed an external stowage platform outside the station. It would be used to house spare parts. Noguchi also installed MISSE-5, one of a series of Materials International Space Station Experiments that were to expose samples of various materials to the harsh space environment for durations of several months. Kelly and Camarda used the OBSS to inspect the repair-demonstration tiles that Robinson and Noguchi had installed in the payload bay during the first EVA.

 This marked the second time this song was played to Shuttle crews. It was previously played during STS-111 on 16 June 2002. It would be played on two more occasions: 9 August 2007 for the crew of STS-118 and on 23 May 2009 for the crew of STS-125. Star Trek: Enterprise ran from 2001 to 2005, so would have been a contemporary sci-fi TV show. 3

54 STS-114 Meanwhile, Krikalev and Phillips continued to stow equipment and supplies, and Collins operated Shuttle systems and supervised activities. After their sleep period the Shuttle astronauts awoke at 10:09 p.m. Central to Amarillo by Morning by George Strait. The station crew woke 30 minutes later.  light Day 10 – Thursday, 4 August 2005 F Having completed three successful EVA, unloaded Raffeallo, and carried out the impromptu tile repair, the Shuttle crew were given a day of light duties. Kelly and Lawrence attached the Canadarm2 to Raffaello in preparation for its unberthing and Collins, Robinson and Carmada gave interviews with the Associated Press and NBC.  Collins and Noguchi spoke with Japanese Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi; with Minister of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology Nariaki Nakayama; with astronaut Mamoru Mohri; and with some students. After a common meal, the seven Discovery astronauts had the afternoon off while the ISS crew spent about 2 hours preparing for the unberthing of Raffaello. As the first Shuttle flight since the tragedy of STS-107, the two crews delivered a tribute to members of the Columbia crew and others, both astronauts and cosmonauts, who had lost their lives in the human exploration of space.

Exploration – The Fire of the Human Spirit

A Tribute – To Fallen Astronauts and Cosmonauts STS-114 Commander Eileen Collins: Those who dare to venture into an unexplored land will have revealed to them things which were never known. Those who venture out upon the sea will have revealed to them things never heard. But those who venture into the sky upon wings of silence……. Yes, the ethereal adventurers….. Theirs is the revelation of things never dreamed! Such are the ways of explorers And the surpassing way of the sky. STS-114 Pilot Jim Kelly: As we orbit the Earth today, we are able to watch the beauty of the Earth and heavens unfurl before us as we undertake this journey. And we are reminded that it is upon the completion of the journey and the arrival back at the place from whence we came that we can say we truly know ourselves. Sadly, there (continued)

STS-114  55

are those who have been challenged by the adventure of human space exploration but who have not been able to experience that special feeling that comes with returning home. These are the men and women who have come before us, in courage, but who did not complete their journey of exploration. It is to these explorers that we now take a moment to reflect upon, and to whom we now pay tribute. STS-114 Mission Specialist Steve Robinson: The spirit of exploration is truly part of what it is to be human. Human history has been a continual struggle from darkness toward light, a search for knowledge and deeper understanding, a search for truth. Ever since our distant ancestors ventured forth into the world, there has been an insatiable curiosity to see what lies beyond the next hill, what lies beyond the horizon. That is the fire of the human spirit that we all carry. Through that spirit and through realizing its ambitions, the human race has come to find its present place in the world. Previous generations went first on foot, then on horseback. Later came the wooden sailing vessels that opened new continents and new lands. Today we have aircraft and space craft. We have shrunk the world in a way that early generations of explorers could never have imagined. STS-114 Mission Specialist Wendy Lawrence: Likewise, even if the future is equally unimaginable to us, we can be sure that future generations will look upon our endeavors in space as we look upon those early expeditions across the seas. To those generations, the need to explore space will be as self-evident as the need previous generations felt to explore the Earth and the Seas. As President Kennedy said of space exploration: “Space is there and we’re going to climb it, and the moon and planets are there and new hopes for knowledge and peace are there. And, therefore, as we set sail we ask God’s blessing on the most hazardous and dangerous and greatest adventure on which man has ever embarked.” “We choose to do these things ... not because they are easy, but because they are hard.” And, certainly, space exploration is not easy, and there has been a human price that has been paid. As we step out into this new frontier we find that it is very unforgiving of our mistakes. The lives lost over thirty years ago with the early steps taken by the crews of Apollo 1, Soyuz 1 and Soyuz 11 vehicles showed us that. The loss of the crew of Challenger reaffirmed the need to be ever vigilant of the risks. (continued)

56 STS-114

STS-114 Mission Specialist Charlie Camarda: Tragically, two years ago, we came once more to realise that we had let our guard down. We became lost in our own hubris and learned once more the terrible price that must be paid for our failures. In that accident we not only lost seven colleagues, we lost seven friends. Their families never shared in their homecoming. Those seven were driven by the fire of the human spirit within. They believed in space exploration. They knew the risks, but they believed in what they were doing. They showed us that the fire of the human spirit is insatiable. They knew that in order for a great people to do great things, they must not be bridled by timidity. Expedition 11 Flight Engineer John Phillips: To the crew of Columbia, as well as the crews of Challenger, Apollo 1 and Soyuz 1 and 11, and to those who have courageously given so much, we now offer our enduring thanks. From you we will carry the human spirit out into space, and we will continue the explorations you have begun. We will find those new harbors that lie out in the stars and of which you dreamed. We do this not just because we owe it to you, but we do it because we also share your dream of a better world. We share your dream of coming to understand ourselves and our place in this universe. And as we journey into space you will be in our thoughts and will be deeply missed. STS-114 Mission Specialist Soichi Noguchi: Previous paragraph repeated in Japanese. Expedition 11 Commander Sergei Krikalev: Previous paragraph repeated in Russian. STS-114 Mission Specialist Andy Thomas: Not twice may any stand by the same stream, Not twice possess the years that hasten on; Something there was we looked on, loved, ‘tis gone Or stays but as the shadow of a dream. Hands that we touched clasp ours no more, and eyes That shone for us as stars withdrew their light; Voices beloved pass out into the night; The gift of yesterday, today denies. Yet we must hold it for a deeper truth, Nothing that is, but only that which seems Shall find its dwelling in the place of dreams; The soul’s possession is eternal youth. (continued)

STS-114  57

Swift flows the stream, but in it as it flows The same unchanging stars are mirrored bright. Swift fly the years, but heedless of their flight The touch of time, nor love nor friendship knows. STS-114 Commander Eileen Collins: And, in closing, for all our lost colleagues, we leave you with this prayer, often spoken for those who have sacrificed themselves for all of us: They shall not grow old, as we that are left grow old: Age shall not weary them, nor the years condemn. At the going down of the Sun and in the morning We will remember them.

After overnight wind tunnel testing at NASA’s Ames Research Center in California, the ‘puffed out’ thermal blanket was cleared for re-entry. That wrapped up all of the inspections and reviews of the thermal protection systems. Discovery was declared safe to come home. At 9:15 p.m. Central, the Shuttle crew were woken by the US Navy song Anchors Aweigh. It was dedicated to Mission Specialist and Navy Captain Wendy Lawrence. The station crew woke 30 minutes later.  light Day 11 – Friday, 5 August 2005 F On this day, the crews completed the final tasks before saying farewell and closing the hatches in preparation for Saturday’s undocking. Lawrence and Kelly used the station’s arm to unberth the MPLM and return it to Discovery, completing the operation at 9:03 a.m. Central. Raffaello had been loaded with more than 5,000 pounds of items bound for Earth, including equipment, experiment results, and personal gear of crewmembers dating back to Expedition 6, who were aboard in 2003. Items destined for return to Earth had been accumulating since the last Shuttle visit in December 2002. Once Raffaello was secure, Camarda and Thomas used the Shuttle’s arm to hand the OBSS to the station’s arm, and then Lawrence and Kelly returned it to its position on the starboard sill of the payload bay. After a crew farewell ceremony at 11:36 p.m. Central, the hatches between the two vehicles were closed at 12:14 a.m. The next morning, the Shuttle crew were awakened at 9:09 p.m. by The Air Force Song. It was played for Jim Kelly, a newly minted USAF Colonel, at the request of fellow Air Force officer Eileen Collins. The Expedition 11 crew John Phillips and Sergei Krikalev awoke about half an hour later.

58 STS-114  light Day 12 – Saturday, 6 August 2005 F Discovery undocked at 2:24 a.m. Central with Jim Kelly at the controls, flying high above the Pacific Ocean, west of Chile. As Discovery moved away to a distance of about 400 feet, Kelly began a slow fly-around of the station to enable cameras on each vehicle to capture video and still images of the other. After their sleep period the crew were awakened at 7:39 p.m. Central by The One and Only Flower in the World sung by the Japanese group SMAP for Mission Specialist Soichi Noguchi. Collins, Kelly, and flight engineer Robinson tested out the Orbiter’s flight control system at 10:39 p.m., and followed this up with a ‘hot fire’ test of the Reaction Control System thrusters at 11:49 p.m. Meanwhile Noguchi, Thomas, Lawrence and Camarda stowed equipment and the external Ku-Band communications antenna. The crew answered questions from reporters at 3:06 a.m., and were scheduled for sleep at 11:39 a.m. on Sunday.  light Day 13 – Sunday, 7 August 2005 F On the flight plan, this was to have been the final night in space prior to a landing at 3:47 a.m. Central on Monday at the Kennedy Space Center, Florida. In preparation, Commander Eileen Collins, Pilot Jim Kelly and Mission Specialist Steve Robinson tested Discovery’s steering jets and activated one of the three hydraulic systems and tested all of the aerosurfaces. The rest of the crew – Andy Thomas, Soichi Noguchi, Wendy Lawrence and Charlie Camarda  – finished packing up gear and hardware. The seven-member crew gave interviews with CBS, CNN, Fox, NBC, and ABC in which they discussed the activities conducted during the mission and looked ahead to their return to Earth.  light Day 14 – Monday, 8 August 2005 F Discovery’s two landing opportunities in Florida were waved off due to unpredictable cloud cover at the landing site.  light Day 15 – Tuesday, 9 August 2005 F After persistent thunderstorms in Florida resulted in a wave-off of two landing opportunities this day, Discovery was told to land at Edwards Air Force Base in California, which it did at 7:11 a.m. Central.

STS-114  59 4.4  POSTSCRIPT Subsequent Missions See Chapter 8 for Soichi Noguchi’s flight to the ISS on Soyuz TMA-17, when he served as a member of Expeditions 22 and 23.

Figure 4.8:  Soichi Noguchi is announced as an Expedition 62/63 crewmember, November 2017 (JAXA)

Soichi Noguchi Today Noguchi is still an active JAXA astronaut, and was appointed Head of the Astronaut Office at JAXA in August 2012. Since October 2012 he has been a lecturer at the University of Tokyo, delivering a graduate course on Deep Space Exploration. He was a founding member of the Association of Space Explorers-Asia, established in 2013, and served as its president. Since April 2017, he has been an Associate Professor at the Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology (RCAST) at the University of Tokyo. He accumulated 177 days, 3 hours, 4 minutes in space spanning two missions. At the time of writing Noguchi is scheduled to participate in Expedition 62, which will start in early 2020.

5 STS-123

Mission Astronaut: Mission Duration: Mission Sponsors: ISS Milestones: Launch Launch Date/Time: Launch Site: Launch Vehicle: Launch Mission: Launch Vehicle Crew:

Takao Doi 15 days, 18 hours, 10 minutes JAXA ISS 1J/A, 25th Space Shuttle mission to the ISS 11 March 2008, 06:28 UTC Pad 39-A, Kennedy Space Center Space Shuttle Endeavour (OV-105) STS-123 Dominic Lee Pudwill Gorie (NASA), CDR Gregory Harold Johnson (NASA), PLT Robert Louis Behnken (NASA), MSP1 Michael James Foreman (NASA), MSP2 Takao Doi (JAXA), MSP3 Richard Michael Linnehan (NASA), MSP4 Garrett Erin Reisman (NASA), MSP5

Docking STS-123 Docking Date/Time: Undocking Date/Time: Docking Port:

13 March 2008, 03:49 UTC 25 March 2008, 00:25 UTC PMA-2, Harmony Forward

Landing Landing Date/Time: Landing Site: Landing Vehicle: Landing Mission:

27 March 2008, 00:39 UTC Runway 15, Shuttle Landing Facility, Kennedy Space Center Space Shuttle Endeavour (OV-105) STS-123

© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019 J. O’Sullivan, Japanese Missions to the International Space Station, Springer Praxis Books, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-04534-0_5

60

STS-123  61 Landing Vehicle Crew:

ISS Expeditions ISS Expedition: ISS Crew:

ISS Expedition: ISS Crew:

Dominic Lee Pudwill Gorie (NASA), CDR Gregory Harold Johnson (NASA), PLT Robert Louis Behnken (NASA), MSP1 Michael James Foreman (NASA), MSP2 Takao Doi (JAXA), MSP3 Richard Michael Linnehan (NASA), MSP4 Léopold Paul Pierre Eyharts (ESA), MSP5 16 Peggy Annette Whitson (NASA), ISS-CDR Yuri Ivanovich Malenchenko (RKA), ISS-Flight Engineer Clayton Conrad Anderson (NASA), ISS-Flight Engineer Daniel Michio Tani (NASA), ISS-Flight Engineer Léopold Paul Pierre Eyharts (ESA), ISS-Flight Engineer Garrett Erin Reisman (NASA), ISS-Flight Engineer 17 Sergei Aleksandrovich Volkov (NASA), ISS-CDR Oleg Dmitriyevich Kononenko (RKA), ISS-Flight Engineer Garrett Erin Reisman (NASA), ISS-Flight Engineer Gregory Errol Chamitoff (NASA), ISS-Flight Engineer

5.1  THE ISS STORY SO FAR Since STS-114 in July 2005, there had been 12 missions to the ISS. Soyuz TMA-7 delivered the Expedition 12 crew to the station in October, along with space tourist Greg Olsen, whose mission had been delayed from TMA-6 due to a health issue. This was the last in a series of flights that had been sold by Roscosmos to NASA to carry American astronauts. A new deal was signed to continue this arrangement. Meanwhile, on 12 October 2005 Shenzhou 6 launched China’s first two-person crew into orbit. As previously, when the descent module returned to Earth the orbital module continued to operate under ground control until it was de-orbited in April 2006. This is unlike the orbital module of the Russian Soyuz, which is jettisoned to plunge into the atmosphere. The Chinese were using these automated modules to assist in planning the construction of their own space station. In March 2006, Soyuz TMA-8 delivered the Expedition 13 crew to the ISS, together with Brazilian astronaut Marcos Pontes, who accompanied the retiring Expedition 12 crew to Earth 10 days later in Soyuz TMA-7. In July 2006, STS-121, ISS ULF1.1, finalised the Return to Flight missions and qualified the modifications to the ET design. The Leonardo MPLM once again delivered and returned cargo, and ESA’s Thomas Reiter joined the Expedition 13 crew and became ESA’s first long-duration crewmember. His science, technology, and education mission was named Astrolab.

62 STS-123 STS-115 launched on 9 September, after delays due both to tropical storms and fuel cell problems. The crew installed the combined P3/P4 truss segments during three spacewalks in order to give the ISS a new set of solar panels. Soyuz TMA-9 launched with Anousheh Ansari, the first female space tourist. She replaced Japanese Daisuke Enomoto, who had failed his preflight medical.1 She arrived at the ISS with the Expedition 14 crew on 20 September 2006, then landed with the retiring Expedition 13 in Soyuz TMA-8 on 29 September. STS-116 resumed station crew exchanges, with Sunita Williams replacing ESA astronaut Thomas Reiter on the Expedition 14 crew. The P5 truss segment was also delivered. Over four spacewalks (increased from three) this new truss was joined to the P4 segment, a pair of solar arrays of the P6 truss (atop the Z1 truss) were retracted and electrical power was generated by the P4 solar arrays for the first time. On this flight ESA astronaut Christer Fuglesang became Sweden’s first person in space and he performed three of the four EVAs. Soyuz TMA-10 in April 2007 delivered the Expedition 15 crew and the billionaire Charles Simonyi. The Hungarian born Simonyi had led the group in Microsoft that developed the Word and Excel applications. After a mission lasting a total of 14 days he returned to Earth in Soyuz TMA-9 with the Expedition 14 crew. In June 2007 STS-117, flight ISS 13A, delivered the combined S3/S4 truss segments, along with additional Expedition 15 crewmember Clayton Anderson to replace Sunita Williams. Over four EVAs, the new truss segment was installed and the remaining pair of solar arrays of the P6 truss were stowed in preparation for relocating that segment to its final destination. There were a number of problems, including the failure of the Russian attitude control computer system of the ISS and the temporary loss of altitude control. The computer was restored by the expedient of replacing its power cables. The altitude control difficulty was no surprise; the addition of the S3/S4 truss segment had caused the station gyros to go offline. In August 2007 STS-118, flight ISS 13A.1, delivered the S5 truss and carried the SpaceHab Logistics Single Module, the latter containing food, clothing, and scientific equipment. Of note was the fact that the crew included Barbara Morgan as a Mission Specialist. She had backed up Christa McAuliffe, who lost her life when Challenger was destroyed in 1986. After returning to her profession of teaching, Morgan continued to work with NASA’s Education Division in the Office of Human Resources and Education and then in 1998 she was selected as part of NASA Astronaut Group 17 and qualified as a Mission Specialist. In October 2007 Soyuz TMA-11 delivered the Expedition 16 crew, along with Malaysian spaceflight participant Shukor Al Masrie Muszaphar. The orthopedic surgeon conducted life science and biotechnology experiments as well as publicity activities.  Enomoto sued Space Adventures for the refund of his €21 million fee, but the company said the contract stipulated there would be no refund in the event of medical disqualification. The case was dismissed by the Virginia court at the request of both parties, indicating that a settlement was made. 1

STS-123  63 That same month STS-120, flight ISS 10A, delivered another major habitable component to the station, the Node 2 module, named Harmony. Dan Tani replaced Clayton Anderson on the Expedition 16 crew. The P6 solar array was moved from its temporary location on the Z1 truss to the P5 segment. The mission marked the first time that a female Shuttle Commander, Pamela Melroy, was greeted upon arrival by a female ISS Commander, Peggy Whitson. With the second node in place, the habitable part of the station was able to grow. STS-122, flight ISS 1E, delivered the European Columbus laboratory module in February 2008 together with two ESA astronauts to oversee its addition to the ISS: Hans Schlegel and Leopold Eyharts. The latter remained on the ISS as a member of Expedition 16 while Dan Tani returned to Earth on the Shuttle.

Figure 5.1:  STS-122 installed the Columbus module, February 2008 (NASA)

5.2  TAKAO DOI Early Career Takao Doi was born on 18 September 1954 in Tokyo. He graduated from Tokyo University with a Bachelor’s degree in Aeronautical Engineering in 1978 and then a Master’s degree in Engineering in 1980 and a PhD in Aerospace Engineering in 1983. He was a post-graduate at the Institute of Space and Astronautical Science

64 STS-123 (ISAS) from 1983 to 1985, and worked as a research associate the NASA Lewis Research Center. Doi was selected as part of NASDA’s 1st Astronaut Group in August 1985, together with Mamoru Mohri and Chiaki Mukai (née Naito). In 1987 to 1988 he studied microgravity fluid dynamics at the Center for Atmospheric Theory and Analysis at the University of Colorado in Boulder. From 1990 to 1992 he served as a Payload Specialist in support of the First Material Processing Test (FMPT) which flew on STS-47, the Japanese-funded Spacelab-J mission. He and Mukai backed up Mohri, who flew the mission. Almost 10 years after joining NASDA, in 1994 he joined NASA Astronaut Group 15, known as The Flying Escargot, then trained at the Johnson Space Center in Houston as a NASA Mission Specialist. After flying on STS-87, Doi studied Astronomy at Rice University, Houston, and gained a second PhD.

Figure 5.2:  Takao Doi of STS-87, August 1997 (JAXA)

STS-123  65 Previous Mission STS-87 Doi was a Mission Specialist on STS-87. It was launched on 19 November 1997 and one of its objectives was to use the Canadarm to deploy the SPARTAN 201 (Shuttle Point Autonomous Research Tool for Astronomy) payload to observe the solar corona, then retrieve it for return to Earth. Unfortunately, after its release the SPARTAN failed to pirouette. An attempt to retrieve it with the SSRM also ended in failure. On the first EVA for a Japanese astronaut, Doi and his crewmate NASA astronaut Winston Scott manually captured the satellite and allowed it to be placed back in the payload bay. Owing to the fuel used in maneuvering for recovery, a second release was not attempted.

Figure 5.3:  The STS-87 crew with Doi in the center at the rear (NASA)

66 STS-123 5.3  THE STS-123 MISSION STS-123 Mission Patches Once again the Astronaut Office’s symbol is prominent in the center of the STS-­ 123 mission patch. The plume of the Orbiter makes the ring around the three lines, with the names of the commander and pilot on the yellow swoosh. The continuing red band denotes the other crew-members. The depictions of the two primary payloads include their respective national flags: the Japanese Experimental Logistics Module-Pressurised Section (ELM-PS) and the Canadian Special Purpose Dexterous Manipulator (SPDM). The ISS is shown in its configuration at that time. In addition to seven white stars representing the crew of the Shuttle there is a single gold star.

Figure 5.4:  The STS-123 patch, October 2007 (NASA)

As the Kibō Japanese Experiment Module (JEM) consisted of six elements that were to be delivered to the station in three parts there are numerous specific patches. STS-123 delivered the Experimental Logistics Module-Pressurised Section (ELM-PS). The Kibō patch for STS-123 has two circular sections with the left circle containing the ELM-PS, shown in white on a blue background. Behind that is a stylised Orbiter on a star field. The station is depicted in its configuration after the arrival of the ELM-PS, and the text ‘1J/A’ designates the ISS mission.

STS-123  67 The right circle has the red ‘rising sun’ emblem of Japan surrounded by a blue circle and the name and abbreviation of the module. A graphic shows the finished Kibō, with the ELM-PS highlighted. Also included are the designations STS-123 for the Shuttle mission, 1J/A for the ISS mission, and the name of Takao Doi as the JAXA astronaut accompanying the module.

Figure 5.5:  The Kibō 1J/A patch, March 2007 (JAXA)

STS-123 Mission Objectives The primary objectives of STS-123, flight ISS 1J/A, were as follows: • Deliver the first part of the Kibō Japanese Experiment Module to the station, namely the Experiment Logistics Module-Pressurised Section (ELM-­PS). Although it would ultimately be installed on the JAXA Kibō Pressurised Module (PM) it was initially to be placed on the zenith port of the Harmony module. It contained the control console for the remote manipulator that would operate from the completed Japanese module. • Deliver the Special Purpose Dexterous Manipulator (SPDM), also known as Dextre. This Canadian two-armed robot would be able to serve either as an extension of the Canadarm2 or be installed on the Mobile Remote Servicer Base System (MBS). • Deliver Expedition 16 member Garrett Reisman and retrieve his predecessor, ESA’s Léopold Eyharts.

68 STS-123 • This would be the first mission to take full advantage of the Station to Shuttle Power Transfer System (SSPTS) that would enable Endeavour to set a record for time spent docked to the station. • Attach the Orbiter Boom Sensor System (OBSS) to the exterior of the station.2

Figure 5.6:  The STS-123 crew with Doi at right rear, July 2007 (NASA)

Timeline  light Day 1 – Tuesday, 11 March 2008 F Endeavour lifted off from Pad 39-A at the Kennedy Space Center at 1:28 a.m. Central. In the payload bay was the first part of Japan’s Kibō laboratory facility, the Canadian Dextre robot manipulator and a crewmember for the ISS, Garrett  The Orbiter Boom Sensor System which enables an Orbiter to inspect its thermal protection system is usually returned to Earth and reinstalled on the next vehicle. However, because on that mission Discovery would carry the Pressurised Module (PM) of Kibō there would not be room in the payload bay for the OBSS, so it was to be left attached to the ISS for retrieval by Discovery once the large module had been transferred to the station. 2

STS-123  69 Reisman. This was planned to be longest Shuttle mission to the station to-date and it had been assigned five EVAs. The crew began their sleep period at 7:28 a.m. Central and were awakened at 3:28 p.m. to the sounds of Linus and Lucy by Vince Guaraldi on the album A Charlie Brown Christmas.3 As usual for a post-STS-107 mission, the priority task for the first full day in space was to inspect the thermal protection system for signs of damage. They prepared for the forthcoming docking by extending the outer ring of the Orbiter Docking System (ODS). On board the ISS, the Expedition 16 astronauts were awakened at 3 p.m. after a shortened sleep period to align their working day with that of the Shuttle. In preparation for the docking, they carried out a leak test on the Pressurised Mating Adapter of the Harmony module.  light Day 2 – Wednesday, 12 March 2008 F With their working day out of synch with Houston’s Central Time, the crew started Wednesday by going to sleep at 7 a.m. and then awakening at 2:58 p.m. to music from Godzilla versus the Space Godzilla and Godzilla by Blue Öyster Cult for Takao Doi. Again, in keeping with post-STS-107 procedures, Shuttle Commander Dom Gorie flew the Rendezvous Pitch Maneuver at 9:26 p.m. With Endeavour at 600 feet from the station, the ISS crew photographed the underside of the Orbiter and downloaded the images to Mission Control for inspection. After docking, the hatches between the two vehicles were opened at 12:36 a.m. Following the welcome ceremony and safety briefing, Garett Reisman officially replaced ESA’s Leopold Eyharts as a member of Expedition 16.4 Eyharts was to leave with the STS-123 crew. Reisman would remain on the station and transfer to Expedition 17 prior to returning home on STS-124. Two crews made preparations for the first of five spacewalks, and spacewalkers Linnehan and Reisman transferred the EVA suits to the Quest airlock. They both slept in the airlock as part of the standard pre-breathing routine. While Mike Foreman and Takao Doi started the transfer of cargo and equipment from the Shuttle to the station, Johnson and Behnken used the Canadarm2 to

 NASA has a long association with Charles M. Schulz’s Peanuts comic strip featuring Charlie Brown and his dog Snoopy. Back in May 1969, the Apollo 10 Command Module was named Charlie Brown and the Lunar Module was named Snoopy. The LM ‘snooped’ around the Moon but did not land. 4  The official moment of crew transfer was when the arriving and retiring crew swapped their personally molded seat liners in the Soyuz ‘lifeboat’ spacecraft. 3

70 STS-123 move the Spacelab Pallet that held the Dextre from the payload bay to a temporary location on the Mobile Base System (MBS) on the P1 truss.  light Day 3 – Thursday, 13 March 2008 F Both crews initiated their sleep periods at 7 a.m. and were awakened at 3:28 p.m. While they slept, flight controllers tried unsuccessfully to power up the pallet holding Dextre but this did not interfere with the spacewalk because power was not yet needed for any of the EVA tasks. Linnehan and Reisman exited the Quest airlock at 8:18 p.m. Assisted by Takao Doi, who was controlling the robotic arm, they removed the thermal covers from the Central Berthing Camera System of the Harmony module because it was be used later when docking the Kibō Experimental Logistics Module-Pressurised Section (ELM-PS). This was to be stored on the Harmony module until the larger Pressurised Module (PM) was delivered by STS-124. They then entered the payload bay to take contamination covers off the docking mechanism of the ELM-PS and disconnect its power and heater cables.  light Day 4 – Friday, 14 March 2008 F Moving back to the station and the P1 truss, the spacewalkers affixed the Orbital Replacement Unit/Tool Change-out Mechanisms (OTCM) to the Dextre to act as its ‘hands’. An attempt by Canadian Space Agency (CSA) engineers to solve the power issue using a software patch was unsuccessful. CSA acting ISS Program Manager, Pierre Jean, explained that the problem may have been with the pallet cable harness and not the Dextre itself. The ELM-PS was lifted from the payload bay and mated with Harmony at 3:06 a.m. With that task accomplished, Linnehan and Reisman ended their spacewalk at 3:19 a.m. After a well-deserved sleep period, Whitson and Doi opened the hatches to the ELM-PS at 8:23 p.m., becoming the first astronauts to occupy a Japanese contribution to the station. Mission Control gave the ‘all clear’ on the Shuttle’s thermal protection system. The OBSS was stowed externally on the station because the next delivery to the ISS, the PM by STS-124, was so large that there would be no room to carry the OBSS; once the PM was installed on the ISS, the OBSS would be reclaimed by the Shuttle in order to perform the routine inspection of its thermal protection system. Dextre was grappled by the Canadarm2 at 8:59 p.m., and then successfully powered up at 9:10 p.m.

STS-123  71

Figure 5.7:  The Kibō ELM-PS temporarily installed on Harmony, March 2008 (NASA)

 light Day 5 – Saturday, 15 March 2008 F The crew woke at 2:28 p.m., and while Doi configured science and storage racks in the ELM-PS, Linnehan and Foreman commenced the mission’s second of five EVAs at 6:49 p.m. This spacewalk concentrated on the Dextre arm. With Behnken acting as spacewalk choreographer from inside the station, they removed thermal protection covers from Dextre and installed the two 11-foot-long robot arms.  light Day 6 – Sunday, 16 March 2008 F Linnehan and Foreman ended the EVA at 1:57 a.m. on Sunday. While the crews slept, flight controllers successfully tested Dextre, wrapping up this task at 6:18 a.m. Sunday’s wake-up call came at 2:43 p.m. and the crews spent the day transferring cargo to the station and retrieving items to be returned to Earth. Doi continued to configure racks in the Kibō ELM-PS. He pushed so far ahead of schedule that he was able to carry out a number of ‘get-ahead’ tasks in preparation for delivery of the much larger PM, with which the PS would ultimately be mated.

72 STS-123 Behnken and Linnehan further tested the brakes on the Dextre joints, moved its arms for the first time, and at 10:48 p.m. they stowed it in a configuration ready for the third EVA.  light Day 7 – Monday, 17 March 2008 F Behnken (who originated from Missouri), Linnehan (from Massachusetts), Foreman (from Ohio) and Reisman and Whitson spoke with KMOX Radio St. Louis, WEWS-TV Cleveland, and WBZ-TV Boston. At 4:53 a.m. Behnken and Linnehan camped out in the Quest airlock in preparation for the next spacewalk. The crew awoke at 1:31 p.m. to Sharing the World, a song written by Shuttle pilot Gregory Johnson’s brother. At 6:23 p.m. Behnken and Linnehan exited the Quest airlock and continued work on Dextre to which they added a tool holster, a stowage platform, and the Camera Light Pan Tilt Assembly (CLPA) prior to removing the thermal protection covers. They prepared the Spacelab Logistics Pallet (SLP) for its return to the payload bay, then they attempted to install MISSE-6A and -6B onto the exterior of ESA’s Columbus module. The Materials International Space Station Experiments expose materials to the harsh environment of space for prolonged periods and are later returned to Earth for examination. MISSE-6A and -6B were scheduled to be exposed for 6 months. Unfortunately, the latching pins that were meant to hold the MISSE package in place failed to engage. It was decided to try again on the next EVA. In conclusion, they stowed spare parts on the exterior of the Quest airlock for future use, namely a yaw joint for the Canadarm2 and two spare direct current switching units. On board the Orbiter, unusual noises were noted on the middeck and, upon investigation, condensation was discovered on a cooling line under the floor plate. Mission Control assured the astronauts that this would not affect the mission but they were asked to keep an eye on it.  light Day 8 – Tuesday, 18 March 2008 F The crew woke at 1:28 p.m. to Ayaka Hirahara’s Hoshi Tsumugi no Uta or Song of Spinning Stars, which was played for Takao Doi. At 3:34 p.m. Eyharts and Reisman commanded Dextre to stow its two arms. After Eyharts and Johnson had used the Canadarm2 to transfer Dextre to a power and grapple fixture on the Destiny module, Johnson and Reisman used the Canadarm2 to return the Spacelab Logistics Pallet (SLP) to the Shuttle’s payload bay. Meanwhile, Behnken and Foreman prepared for the forthcoming spacewalk by resizing the spacesuits.

STS-123  73  light Day 9 – Wednesday, 19 March 2008 F This was a rest day for both crews. They woke at 12:41 p.m. At 6:08 p.m. Gorie, Whitson and Doi spoke with the Japanese Prime Minister Yasuo Fukuda and answered questions posed by Japanese students. At 7:58 p.m., all ten members of both crews spoke with CBS News, NBC News, and WMUR-TV of Manchester in New Hampshire.

 light Day 10 – Thursday, 20 March 2008 F The crew woke at 12:28 p.m. and Behnken and Foreman opened the Quest hatch to begin the fourth EVA at 5:28 p.m. They separated to conduct their first tasks. Behnken replaced a faulty Remote Power Controller Module (RPCM), basically a circuit breaker, on the truss. Foreman was unsuccessful in attempting to reroute redundant power cables for CMG-2 on the Z1 truss segment on top of the Unity node. He could not remove one of the connectors, so this Control Moment Gyroscope continued to operate on its primary RPCM. They then moved to a point on the nadir of the Destiny module to test a Shuttle tile repair system. The Tile Repair Ablator Dispenser (TRAD) dispensed Shuttle Tile Ablator-54 (STA-54) on deliberately damaged tiles. The experiment was to be returned to Earth for examination. They also removed another cover from Dextre and some launch locks to prepare for the arrival of the Kibō PM. While Reisman and Eyharts continued their station crewmember handover, colleagues not involved in the spacewalk activities continued to transfer cargo between the two vehicles. Mission Control spent time troubleshooting a shoulder roll joint on the Dextre unit because errors had been detected during the power-up procedure.

 light Day 11 – Friday, 21 March 2008 F The crew awakened at 12:28 p.m. to Enter Sandman by Metallica for Robert Behnken. Gorie, Johnson and Doi used the OBSS to inspect the Shuttle wing leading edges and nose cone. This was normally done after the Shuttle undocked, but on this mission the OBSS was to be left on the station and so the inspection was brought forward. Behnken and Foreman camped out for one last time in the Quest airlock to pre-­ breathe for the fifth and final spacewalk of the mission.

74 STS-123  light Day 12 – Saturday, 22 March 2008 F The crew woke at 11:29 a.m. and Behnken and Foreman began the final EVA of the mission at 4:23 p.m. Their first task was to stow the OBSS on the station’s truss. They then split up, with Behnken successfully installing MISSE-6 on the Columbus module while Foreman inspected one of the Solar Alpha Rotary Joints (SARJ) that allowed the truss segments with solar panels to rotate to track the Sun. STS-120 spacewalkers had investigated it after reports of vibrations and increased power usage that impaired its operation, and they had reported observing metal shavings in the mechanism.  light Day 13 – Sunday, 23 March 2008 F Another day of rest and light duties saw the crew wake at 11:28 a.m. to the sound of I am Free by the Newsboys, sung by members of Foreman’s church, the Friendswood United Methodist Church. The Shuttle astronauts caught up with family and friends at home, had lunch with the ISS crew, and tidied up tools and spacewalk apparatus in preparation for returning to Earth. They also spoke with reporters from America, Japan and France. Takao Doi activated the Rigidisable Inflatable Get-Away Special Equipment (RIGEX) in the payload bay. While the crew slept, RIGEX inflated, heated, and cooled tubes to study the use of inflatable structures in space.

Figure 5.8:  Doi floating in the ELM-PS, March 2008 (NASA)

STS-123  75  light Day 14 – Monday, 24 March 2008 F The crew woke at 10:43 a.m. to the Japanese song Furusato or Home, sung by Yuko Doi for Takao Doi. After saying their goodbyes, the crew of Endeavour, without Reisman but with Eyharts, undocked from the station at 7:25 p.m. after 11 days, 20 hours and 36 minutes of combined operations. Johnson flew the Shuttle around the station to photograph the new configuration with the first part of the Kibō laboratory and the Dextre robot arm, and then at 9:08 p.m. he initiated the departure sequence.  light Day 15 – Tuesday, 25 March 2008 F The crew of Endeavour woke at 9:58 a.m. and prepared for landing. They spoke with CNN, Associated Press, and KTVI-TV St. Louis. In addition, Leopold Eyharts spoke with French journalists and Hervé Morin the French Minister for Defense.  light Day 16 – Wednesday, 26 March 2008 F Endeavour touched down on Runway 15 at the Kennedy Space Center at 7:40 p.m. Central. That being 00:40 UTC, the mission officially ended on Thursday, 27 March. 5.4  POSTSCRIPT Subsequent Missions N/A

Figure 5.9:  Doi at the IAC, October 2012 (YouTube)

76 STS-123 Takao Doi Today Doi retired from NASA on 30 June 2009 and then from JAXA on 18 September 2009. He then became Chief of Space Applications Section of United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs (UNOOSA). In April 2016 he became a professor in the Unit of Synergetic Studies for Space, Kyoto University. Over his two missions Doi accumulated a total of 31 days, 10 hours and 45 minutes in space.

6 STS-124

Mission Astronaut: Mission Duration: Mission Sponsor: ISS Milestones: Launch Launch Date/Time: Launch Site: Launch Vehicle: Launch Mission: Launch Vehicle Crew:

Akihiko Hoshide 13 days, 18 hours, 13 minutes JAXA ISS 1J, 26th Space Shuttle mission to the ISS 31 May 2008, 21:02 UTC Pad 39-A, Kennedy Space Center Space Shuttle Discovery (OV-103) STS-124 Mark Edward Kelly (NASA), CDR Kenneth Todd Ham (NASA), PLT Karen Lujean Nyberg (NASA), MSP1 Ronald John Garan Jr (NASA), MSP2 Michael Edward Fossum (NASA), MSP3 Akihiko Hoshide (JAXA), MSP4 Gregory Errol Chamitoff (NASA), MSP5

Docking STS-124 Docking Date/Time: Undocking Date/Time: Docking Port:

2 June 2008, 18:03 UTC 11 June 2008, 11:41 UTC PMA-2, Harmony Forward

Landing Landing Date/Time: Landing Site: Landing Vehicle: Landing Mission:

14 June 2008, 15:15 UTC Runway 15, Shuttle Landing Facility, Kennedy Space Center Space Shuttle Discovery (OV-103) STS-124

© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019 J. O’Sullivan, Japanese Missions to the International Space Station, Springer Praxis Books, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-04534-0_6

77

78 STS-124 Landing Vehicle Crew:

ISS Expeditions ISS Expedition: ISS Crew:

Mark Edward Kelly (NASA), CDR Kenneth Todd Ham (NASA), PLT Karen Lujean Nyberg (NASA), MSP1 Ronald John Garan Jr (NASA), MSP2 Michael Edward Fossum (NASA), MSP3 Akihiko Hoshide (JAXA), MSP4 Garrett Erin Reisman (NASA), MSP5 17 Sergei Aleksandrovich Volkov (NASA), ISS-CDR Oleg Dmitriyevich Kononenko (RKA), ISS-Flight Engineer Garrett Erin Reisman (NASA), ISS-Flight Engineer Gregory Errol Chamitoff (NASA), ISS-Flight Engineer

6.1  THE ISS STORY SO FAR In April 2008 Soyuz TMA-12 delivered the Expedition 17 crew along with the South Korean spaceflight participant So Yeon Yi, who departed on Soyuz TMA-11 with the Expedition 16 crew. Their return to Earth was an eventful one because a bolt between the descent module and the service module failed to separate, causing the vehicle to enter the atmosphere sideways and briefly imposing a load of 8.5g. After the bolt sheared, the capsule came down 450 km short of its target as a result of performing a purely ballistic re-entry. Then it suffered a heavy landing. 6.2  AKIHIKO HOSHIDE Early Career Akihiko Hoshide was born on 28 December 1968 in Setagaya-ku, Tokyo. While his father worked in New York for 4 years, he lived in New Jersey in the USA as a preschooler. He returned to Tokyo for elementary schooling. After 2 years at the international high school, United World College in Singapore, he attended Keio University and gained a Bachelor’s degree in Mechanical Engineering in 1992. Hoshide’s first job was with NASDA, working on the H-II rocket at the Nagoya office. From 1994 to 1999 he was an astronaut-support engineer working at the Astronaut Office, in which capacity he worked with Koichi Wakata during the latter’s preparation for the STS-72 mission. He earned a Master’s in Aerospace Engineering from Cullen College of Engineering, University of Houston in 1997. He was selected as part of NASDA’s 4th Astronaut Group in February 1999 along with Satoshi Furukawa and Naoko Yamazaki (née Sumino). He finished his NASDA astronaut basic training in 2001 and undertook advanced ISS training, as

STS-124  79 well as training on the Japanese Experiment Module Kibō, and the H-II Transfer Vehicle (HTV) that would resupply it. After completing the Soyuz Flight Engineer training at Star City in 2004 he joined NASA Astronaut Group 19, named The Peacocks, and started training at the Johnson Space Center in Houston where he qualified as a NASA Mission Specialist in 2006.

Figure 6.1:  Akihiko Hoshide of STS-124, September 2007 (JAXA)

80 STS-124 Previous Missions N/A 6.3  THE STS-124 MISSION STS-124 Mission Patches The STS-124 patch is a diamond or rotated square shape with the mission designation and crew names around the border. The word Kibō is included in Japanese at the bottom. The Orbiter is docked with the ISS and the Kibō Pressurised Module is in the process of being transferred by the Shuttle’s robot arm. The Sun shining on the Earth is a symbol of hope, which is what Kibō means in Japanese.

Figure 6.2:  The STS-124 patch, October 2007 (NASA)

STS-124  81 The second of three Kibō segment patches follows the same pattern as the first. STS-124 delivered the Pressurised Module (PM) and the Japanese-made Remote Manipulator System (JEM RMS). Again, the Kibō patch for STS-124 has two circular sections with the left circle containing a graphic of the PM shown in white, this time on a green background. JEM RMS and the previously delivered ELM-PS are shown attached. Behind is a stylised Orbiter on a field of stars. The station’s silhouette is shown in its configuration after the arrival of the PM and JEM RMS, and the text 1J designating the ISS mission. The right circle has the Japanese red ‘rising sun’ surrounded by a green circle and the name and abbreviation of the module. A graphic shows the finished Kibō with the PM and JEM RMS highlighted. Also shown are the STS-124 Shuttle mission designation, the ISS mission designation, 1J (repeated) and the name of the JAXA astronaut accompanying the module, Akihiko Hoshide.

Figure 6.3:  The Kibō 1J patch, March 2007 (JAXA)

STS-124 Mission Objectives As flight ISS 1J, the primary objectives of STS-124 were as follows: • Deliver the second pressurised part of the Japanese Experiment Module, Kibō, to the ISS. This Pressurised Module (PM) was to be mated at the port side of the Harmony module. • Deliver the main part of the Japanese-built Remote Manipulator System (JEM RMS) for installation on Kibō.

82 STS-124 • Relocate the ELM-PS from its temporary position on the zenith port of the Harmony module to its operating position on the zenith port of the PM. • Retrieve the Orbiter Boom Sensor System (OBSS) that had been left attached to the exterior of the station by the previous Shuttle mission. • Deliver Expedition 16 member Garrett Reisman and return his predecessor, ESA’s Léopold Eyharts, to Earth. • Deliver the parts needed to repair the malfunctioning toilet on the ISS.

Figure 6.4:  The STS-124 crew with Hoshide on the right, September 2007 (NASA)

Timeline  light Day 1 – Saturday, 31 May 2008 F Discovery launched from Pad 39-A at the Kennedy Space Center at 4:02 p.m. carrying the Kibō Pressurised Module (PM) and the Japanese Experiment Module’s Remote Manipulator System (JEM RMS). After the Shuttle had been prepared for orbit, the crew started their sleep period at 10:02 p.m.

STS-124  83  light Day 2 – Sunday, 1 June 2008 F The crew arose at 6:02 a.m. and spent their first full day in space preparing for the docking, with their tasks including installing the center-line camera and extending the docking system ring. At 11.19 m in length and 4.39 m in diameter the Kibō PM was the largest of the station’s laboratory modules. It occupied so much of the payload bay that Discovery could not launch with the OBSS aboard. Knowing this, the STS-123 crew had left the OBSS on the exterior of the ISS and it was to be retrieved by STS-124 after the PM had been transferred to the station. In the meantime, the standard camera on the Shuttle Canadarm was used to perform a limited inspection of the thermal protection system. The full inspection would be carried out after the OBSS had been retrieved. During launch there occurred a failure of a secondary gimbal actuator on the left Orbital Maneuvering System (OMS) pod. This unit was put in a ‘parked’ position and the flight was able to proceed. Three EVAs were planned for this mission, all of which were to be undertaken by Mike Fossum and Ron Garan. With the assistance of Greg Chamitoff, they spent their first day in orbit preparing their spacesuits. To finish, the crew gave interviews with journalists from Minneapolis in Minnesota and Bryan in Texas,1 and then started their sleep period at 9:32 p.m.  light Day 3 – Monday, 2 June 2008 F The crew awoke at 5:32 a.m. and continued their rendezvous. Once they reached the station, Mark Kelly and Ken Ham flew Discovery to within 600 feet of the station and executed the Rendezvous Pitch Maneuver (RPM) back-flip while the ISS crew photographed the thermal protection tiles. Sergei Volkov used a camera with an 800-mm lens and Garrett Reisman used a camera with a 400-mm lens from the Zvezda module. The docking was achieved at 1:03 p.m. and the hatches were opened at 2:36 p.m. After the welcome and safety briefing, the Shuttle crew started to transfer the spacesuits and equipment for the planned spacewalk. As usual, exchanging ISS crewmembers swapped Soyuz seat liners and once Chamitoff had installed his in the Soyuz capsule at 5:35 p.m. he became a member of Expedition 17 and Reisman became a member of the STS-124 crew.

 Karen Nyberg was from Vining in Minnesota and Mike Fossum attended Texas A&M University. 1

84 STS-124 The crew retired at 9 p.m., with Fossum and Garan ‘camping out’ in the Quest airlock with the pressure lowered to reduce the amount of time needed in pre-­ breathing pure oxygen before their EVA.  light Day 4 – Tuesday, 3 June 2008 F The crew were awakened at 5:32 a.m. to the song Hold Me with the Robot Arm, performed by Yusuke Hanawa, which was played for Akihiko Hoshide. Fossum and Garan commenced their EVA at 11:22 a.m. Their first task was to disconnect power cables and take thermal covers off of the Kibō PM. Hoshide and Nyberg then used the station’s Canadarm2 to lift the PM out of the Orbiter’s payload bay and dock it to the Harmony node, opposite the ESA Columbus module. It was lifted out of the bay at 3:49 p.m., and latches closed to lock it in place at 6:01 p.m. Hoshide proudly stated that, “We have a new hope on the International Space Station.” Fossum and Garan then assisted Hoshide to transfer the OBSS from its temporary stowage on the station to Discovery’s robot arm. A detailed inspection of the thermal protection system of the Shuttle was scheduled for Flight Day 12. Following on from previous missions, the spacewalkers finally inspected the Solar Alpha Rotary Joint (SARJ) in which metal filings had been found. As Garan installed a new bearing, Fossum identified a divot on a race ring. The spacewalkers entered the station at 6:10 p.m., to end the 6-hour, 48-minute EVA.

Figure 6.5:  The Kibō PM on Harmony awaiting transfer of the ELM-PS, June 2008 (NASA)

STS-124  85  light Day 5 – Wednesday, 4 June 2008 F Both crews woke at 5:32 a.m. to start a busy day. Kononenko fitted a gas separator pump into the station’s toilet at 10:27 a.m., and Kelly and Ham checked the sensors on the OBSS, which was now on the Canadarm. Meanwhile, Reismen and Chamitoff replaced one of the beds in the station’s carbon dioxide removal assembly. At 4:05 p.m., Hoshide and Nyberg opened up the Kibō PM and tested its atmosphere, then the entire crew enjoyed the large volume of the new module. The crew started their sleep period at 9:32 p.m., and once again Garan and Fossum slept in the Quest airlock at a lower pressure to purge nitrogen from their bloodstreams.  light Day 6 – Thursday, 5 June 2008 F Both crews woke at 5:32 a.m., and Fossum and Garan initiated their second spacewalk of the mission at 10:04 a.m. They fitted cameras to the exterior of the Kibō PM and removed thermal blankets from around the JEM RMS robot arm and the zenith hatch. The Japanese Experiment Logistics Module-Pressurised Section (ELM-PS), delivered by STS-123, was to be transferred from its temporary location on the Harmony module to the zenith port of the Kibō PM later in the mission. They then carried out some tasks in preparation for their third and final spacewalk, which was scheduled for Sunday. They retrieved a faulty TV camera from the port truss. This was to be given a new power supply and reinstalled on Sunday’s spacewalk. They also unbolted two Nitrogen Tank Assemblies (NTA) as a ‘get-­ ahead’ task. Finally, an inspection of the repaired SARJ showed it to be operating perfectly. Meanwhile, other astronauts transferred equipment racks from the ELM-PS to the station in advance of closing the hatches in preparation for relocating the ELM-PS to its permanent home on the PM. The crew went to sleep at 9:32 p.m.  light Day 7 – Friday, 6 June 2008 F Chamitoff and Nyberg used the station’s Canadarm2 to hoist the ELM-PS off of the Harmony module at 2:16 p.m. and installed it on its larger brother, the Kibō PM, at 2:58 p.m. The ELM-PS was then pressurised, and overnight Mission Control monitored the seal for leaks.

86 STS-124 Hoshide switched on the 10-m-long Japanese Experiment Module’s Remote Manipulator System (JEM RMS) for the first time and released its brakes.2 The rest of the crew continued transferring racks into the Kibō PM, and by the end of the day they had installed 12 experiment and control racks. Their sleep period began at 9:02 p.m.

Figure 6.6:  The Kibō ELM-PS has been transferred to the PM, June 2008 (NASA)

 light Day 8 – Saturday, 7 June 2008 F The crew woke at 5:02 a.m. Hoshide and Nyberg continued testing the Kibō robot arm, the JEM RMS. They set up the control console and activated the hold and release mechanisms. Then they moved the arm for the first time, pitching it down and positioned it so that during Sunday’s EVA Fossum and Garan could remove its launch locks and insulation. All crewmembers spoke with CNN, WCBS-TV in New York, and WDAY-TV in Fargo, North Dakota. Kelly and Hoshide also spoke with Japanese Prime Minister Yasuo Fukuda; Minister of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and  The final component of the JEM RMS, the 2-m-long Small Fine Arm, would be delivered in September 2009 by the inaugural flight of the Japanese H-II Transfer Vehicle (HTV). 2

STS-124  87 Technology Kisaburo Tokai; American Ambassador to Japan, J. Thomas Shieffer; and some students in a discussion moderated by JAXA Astronaut Mamoru Mohri who in 2007 became Executive Director of Miraikan, the National Museum of Emerging Science and Innovation in Tokyo. The ISS crew started their sleep period at 8:02 p.m., and the Shuttle crew followed them half an hour later.  light Day 9 – Sunday, 8 June 2008 F Fossum and Garan began the third and final EVA of the mission at 8:55 a.m. Garan rode the Canadarm2, operated by Hoshide and Nyberg, while jointly replacing a nitrogen tank on the starboard truss, then they carried out separate tasks. Fossum inspected the SARJ again and used a sticky tape to collect samples of particulates for later inspection on Earth, then he removed thermal insulation from the JEM RMS’s wrist and elbow cameras and removed launch locks, added debris shields to the surface of the Kibō PM and tightened the mounting of a camera that had come loose. Garan reinstalled the repaired camera on the port truss. As they were ahead of schedule, they performed additional ‘get-ahead’ tasks, with Garan removing a launch lock on the starboard SARJ and Fossum installing thermal insulation on the Harmony module and relocating foot restraints. They EVA ended at 3:28 p.m. The crew sleep period started at 8:02 p.m.  light Day 10 – Monday, 9 June 2008 F The crew woke at 4:02 a.m. On this day, Hoshide and Nyberg again operated the JEM RMS arm free of its cumbersome insulation. After testing its brakes, they positioned it in a stowed configuration. With Mission Control’s permission, they then opened the hatches between the main Kibō PM and the ELM-PS. Kelly and Fossum replaced battery charger modules in the Quest airlock. Reisman briefed Chamitoff, his replacement on the ISS crew, on living and working on the station. The cargo transfers between the two vehicles were completed, with some experiments returning to Earth. The crews sleep period began at 7:32 p.m.  light Day 11 – Tuesday, 10 June 2008 F The crew woke at 3:32 a.m. for their final day of joint operations. The morning included some personal time for the astronauts. Chamitoff and Reisman spoke with NBC News, KGO Radio, and Fox News Radio. The sleep period started at 7:02 p.m.

88 STS-124  light Day 12 – Wednesday, 11 June 2008 F The Shuttle crew woke at 3:12 a.m. and enjoyed a day of rest. The two crews bade farewell and closed their respective hatches at 3:42 p.m. Discovery undocked at 6:42 p.m. Pilot Ham backed away and flew around the station, while the crew photographed the ISS with the Kibō module in place. A detailed inspection of the thermal protection system was conducted using the OBSS.  light Day 13 – Thursday, 12 June 2008 F The crew woke at 2:32 a.m. They stowed the OBSS and carried out an orbit adjustment burn using just the right-hand Orbital Maneuvering System (OMS) because the left-hand unit had been ‘locked’ on Flight Day 2. The orbit adjustment gave the Shuttle a landing opportunity at the Kennedy Space Center on Sunday in the event of the two opportunities on Saturday being waved off.  light Day 14 – Friday, 13 June 2008 F The crew woke at 2:02 a.m. and began preparing to return to Earth by stowing away items for landing. A recumbent couch was installed in the middeck for Reisman, who had spent 95 days in space. The flight deck crew tested the Orbiter’s flaps, rudder, and thruster reaction control system as per routine. Finally, the Ku-Band antenna in the payload bay which transmits TV signals to Earth was stowed. Photographs of a protrusion on the rudder and of an object floating from the rudder were downlinked to Mission Control. The object was identified as a heat shield clip that was used for launch, not landing, and hence not a problem, and the protrusion was judged to be nominal. After Mission Control cleared Discovery for landing, the crew retired at 5:30 p.m.  light Day 15 – Saturday, 14 June 2008 F Discovery drew a 14-day mission to conclusion by touching down at the Kennedy Space Center at 10:15 a.m. 6.4  POSTSCRIPT Subsequent Missions Soyuz TMA-05M

STS-124  89

Figure 6.7:  Hoshide during CAVES training in Sardinia, July 2016 (JAXA)

90 STS-124

Figure 6.8:  Hoshide is announced for Expeditions 64/65, JAXA Houston Office, March 2018 (JAXA)

Akihiko Hoshide Today Hoshide commanded the 18th NEEMO mission in 2014. In 2016 he participated in the ESA Cooperative Adventure for Valuing and Exercising human behavior and performance Skills (CAVES),3 where astronauts from all ISS partners spend a fortnight at the Karst caves of the Gennargentu National Park in Sardinia undertaking multi-disciplinary science activities in an isolation analogue. He has accumulated 140 days, 17 hours and 26 minutes in space spanning two missions. At the time of writing, Noguchi is scheduled to participate in a second long-term Expedition some time in 2020 or 2021.

 A candidate for the most tortured acronym.

3

7 STS-119, Expeditions 18, 19 and 20, STS-127

Mission Astronaut: Mission Duration: Mission Sponsors: ISS Milestones: Launch Launch Date/Time: Launch Site: Launch Vehicle: Launch Mission: Launch Vehicle Crew:

Docking STS-119 Docking Date/Time: Docking Port: STS-127 Undocking Date/Time: Docking Port: Landing Landing Date/Time: Landing Site: Landing Vehicle:

Koichi Wakata 137 days, 15 hours, 4 minutes JAXA ISS 15A, 28th Shuttle mission to the ISS, 1st Japanese ISS resident crewmember 15 March 2009, 23:43 UTC Pad 39-A, Kennedy Space Center Space Shuttle Discovery (OV-103) STS-119 Lee Joseph Archambault (NASA), CDR Dominic Anthony Antonelli (NASA), PLT Joseph Michael Acaba (NASA), MSP1 Steven Ray Swanson (NASA), MSP2 Richard Robert Arnold (NASA), MSP3 John Lynch Phillips (NASA), MSP4 Koichi Wakata (JAXA), MSP5

17 March 2009, 21:19 UTC PMA-2, Harmony Forward 28 July 2009, 17:25 UTC PMA-2, Harmony Forward 31 July 2009, 14:48 UTC Runway 15, Shuttle Landing Facility, Kennedy Space Center Space Shuttle Endeavour (OV-105)

© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019 J. O’Sullivan, Japanese Missions to the International Space Station, Springer Praxis Books, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-04534-0_7

91

92  STS-119, Expeditions 18, 19 and 20, STS-127 Landing Mission: Landing Vehicle Crew:

ISS Expeditions ISS Expedition: ISS Crew:

ISS Expedition: ISS Crew: ISS Expedition: ISS Crew:

STS-127 Mark Lewis Polansky (NASA), CDR Douglas Gerald Hurley (NASA), PLT David Alexander Wolf (NASA), MSP1 Julie Payette (CSA), MSP2 Christopher John Cassidy (NASA), MSP3 Thomas Henry Marshburn (NASA), MSP4 Koichi Wakata (JAXA), MSP5 Expedition 18 Edward Michael Fincke (NASA), ISS-CDR Peggy Annette Whitson (NASA), ISS-Flight Engineer Gregory Errol Chamitoff (NASA), ISS-Flight Engineer Sandra Hall Magnus (NASA), ISS-Flight Engineer Koichi Wakata (JAXA), ISS-Flight Engineer Expedition 19 Gennadi Ivanovich Padalka (RKA), ISS-FCDR Michael Reed Barratt (NASA), ISS-Flight Engineer Koichi Wakata (JAXA), ISS-Flight Engineer Expedition 20 Gennadi Ivanovich Padalka (RKA), ISS-FCDR Michael Reed Barratt (NASA), ISS-Flight Engineer Koichi Wakata (JAXA), ISS-Flight Engineer Roman Yuriyevich Romanenko (RKA), ISS-Flight Engineer Frank Luc De Winne (ESA), ISS-Flight Engineer Robert Brent Thirsk (CSA), ISS-Flight Engineer Timothy Lennart Kopra (NASA), ISS-Flight Engineer Nicole Marie Passonno Stott (NASA), ISS-Flight Engineer

7.1  THE ISS STORY SO FAR A milestone for human spaceflight unrelated to the ISS was China’s third crewed mission, Shenzhou 7, which was the first to carry three taikonauts and the first to include an EVA, a brief excursion from the orbital module to retrieve experiments. Soyuz TMA-13 launched in October 2008 carrying Expedition 18 crewmembers Michael Fincke, Yuri Lonchakov and the space tourist Richard Garriott. Garriott, a computer games entrepreneur and son of the Skylab and Shuttle astronaut Owen Garriott, narrowly missed out on the record as the first son of a space traveler to fly in space, because when he returned to Earth on Soyuz TMA-12 the spacecraft commander was Sergei Volkov, son of Salyut 7 and Mir cosmonaut Alexandr Volkov. November’s STS-126 was a Utilisation and Logistics Flight, ULF2. The Leonardo MPLM carried 6.5 tons of stores and equipment. Repair and

STS-119, Expeditions 18, 19 and 20, STS-127  93 maintenance work was performed on the starboard Solar Alpha Rotary Joint that had not been operating correctly for a while, and once again two flight engineers were exchanged by Sandra Magnus joining the Expedition 18 crew and Greg Chamitoff returning to Earth. 7.2  KOICHI WAKATA Early Career See STS-92 Previous Mission See STS-92 7.3  T  HE STS-119, EXPEDITIONS 18, 19 & 20 AND STS-127 MISSION STS-119 Mission Patches The STS-119 patch has the shape of a pair of solar arrays, seen from the end. The patch was designed by the 19-year-old daughter of Mission Specialist Steven Swanson. The American flag becomes the plume of the flying Orbiter, and the symbol of the NASA Astronaut Office again takes central place above a graphical representation of the ISS. The S6 truss and solar arrays are highlighted in yellow to symbolise this mission’s cargo and objectives. The Kibō module is also highlighted with a Japanese red circle to represent JAXA’s Koichi Wakata. Wakata’s personal patch is an oval that features the ISS above a blue planet. The ISS with the S6 truss and Kibō Exposed Facility (EF) and the Experimental Logistics Module-Exposed Section (ELM-ES) are depicted in gold. Beyond the station, along a stylised shooting star, are the Moon and Mars representing future missions. The designations of the Shuttles delivering Wakata to the station (STS-­119) and returning him to Earth (STS-127) are located on either side of his ISS Expeditions. The three words Dream, Curiosity, and Consideration are shown over the Earth in Japanese at the request of Wakata, who said, “I think those components are something that I felt very important. [I have been] in this business for 16 years. Working with so many people in the astronaut corps, and the operations team, and together with Russians, Europeans, Japanese and Canadians is something I [shall] always cherish and I would like to continue to cherish.”

94  STS-119, Expeditions 18, 19 and 20, STS-127

Figure 7.1:  The STS-119 patch, September 2008 (NASA)

Figure 7.2:  Wakata’s personal patch (www.Spacefacts.de)

STS-119, Expeditions 18, 19 and 20, STS-127  95 The Expedition 18 patch is a circle showing the ISS orbiting a blue Earth along a shooting star in the shape of the NASA Astronaut Office symbol. The number 18 is in roman numerals, and the sunrise, Moon and stars represent future exploration of the Moon, the solar system and beyond.

Figure 7.3:  The Expedition 18 patch, May 2008, (NASA)

The mission patch for Expedition 19 is also circular, and again depicts the ISS above the Earth with a sunrise representing the future. The stylised design highlights the beauty of the planet and emphasises the focus on terrestrial observation science undertaken by the station. As the station crew grew to six members, the Expedition 20 patch represents this with six gold stars. The Astronaut Office symbol, which rises from the bottom of the patch to the top, represents teamwork on Earth and in space. The blue, gray, and red arcs are to symbolise the future missions that will leave Earth and travel to the Moon and Mars.

96  STS-119, Expeditions 18, 19 and 20, STS-127

Figure 7.4:  The Expedition 19 patch, December 2008 (NASA)

Figure 7.5:  The Expedition 20 patch, December 2008 (NASA)

STS-119, Expeditions 18, 19 and 20, STS-127  97 As STS-127 delivered the final elements of the Kibō laboratory module, the mission patch replaces the astronaut symbol star with the one from the JAXA logo. Wakata’s name is not on the patch because he was not launched on STS-127; he replaced Timothy Kopra for the flight home after Kopra had replaced Wakata on the ISS crew.

Figure 7.6:  The STS-127 patch, February 2009 (NASA)

The third of the three Kibō segment patches follows the same pattern as the first two, with STS-127 delivering the Exposed Facility (EF) and the Experimental Logistics Module-Exposed Section (ELM-ES). Again the Kibō patch comprises two circular sections, with a graphic in the left circle depicting the EF and ELM-ES in white, this time against a red background. They are shown with the previously delivered parts in their final locations. Behind is a stylised globe on a star field. The station silhouette is shown in its configuration after the addition of the EF and ELM-ES, and the text 2J/A designates the ISS mission. The right circle has Japan’s red ‘rising sun’ together with a red circle and the name and abbreviation of the modules. A graphic shows the completed Kibō with the EF and ELM-ES highlighted. Also shown are the Shuttle mission designation STS-127, the ISS mission designation 2J/A (repeated), and the name of the JAXA astronaut waiting on station for the module’s arrival, Koichi Wakata.

98  STS-119, Expeditions 18, 19 and 20, STS-127

Figure 7.7:  The Kibō 2J/A patch, March 2007 (JAXA)

A fourth patch was designed to combine the three individual patches in much the same way that the Kibō module was amalgamated. This takes the three left hand circle elements and lays them out in an overlapping manner from left to right (blue, green, then red), plus a fourth circle showing the completed Kibō and the words Japanese Experimental Module. The encompassing circle is multi-colored. STS-119 Mission Objectives Assembly mission ISS 15A had the following primary mission objectives: • Deliver and install the S6 truss to complete the Integrated Truss Structure (ITS) that served as the backbone of the station. • Carry out experiments, including the Shuttle Ionospheric Modification with Pulsed Local EXhaust (SIMPLEX), Shuttle Exhaust Ion Turbulence Experiments (SEITE), and Maui Analysis of Upper Atmospheric Injections (MAUI). • Deliver a new distillation assembly for the station’s water recycling system. • Deliver Koichi Wakata for Expedition 18 and return his predecessor, Sandra Magnus, to Earth.

STS-119, Expeditions 18, 19 and 20, STS-127  99

Figure 7.8:  Wakata and Noguchi hold the Kibō combined patch, February 2007 (JAXA)

Figure 7.9:  The STS-119 crew with Wakata at the right rear, May 2008 (NASA)

100  STS-119, Expeditions 18, 19 and 20, STS-127

Figure 7.10:  The Expedition 18 crew with Wakata at the left rear, May 2008 (NASA)

STS-127 Mission Objectives Assembly mission ISS 2J/A had the following primary mission objectives: • Deliver and install the Exposed Facility (EF) and the Experimental Logistics Module-Exposed Section (ELM-ES) of the Kibō laboratory to complete its assembly. The EF provided 12 Exposed Facility Units (EFU) so that experiments could be conducted in the vacuum of space. The ELM-ES was storage for the EF. • Use the Integrated Cargo Carrier-Vertical Light Deployable (ICC-VLD) to deliver cargo to the station. The carrier would be returned to the payload bay after use and returned to Earth. • Deliver Expedition 20 member Timothy Kopra and return his predecessor Koichi Wakata to Earth.

STS-119, Expeditions 18, 19 and 20, STS-127  101

Figure 7.11:  The Expedition 19 crew with Wakata on the right, October 2008 (NASA)

Timeline  light Day 1 – Sunday, 15 March 2009 F Discovery launched for the STS-119 mission from Pad 39-A at 6:43 p.m. to deliver the S6 truss segment and solar arrays, and exchange crewmembers by replacing Sandra Magnus with JAXA astronaut Koichi Wakata, who was making his third spaceflight.  light Day 2 – Monday, 16 March 2009 F The crew began their sleep period at 1:00 a.m. and were awakened again at 9:13 a.m. As was customary for the remainder of the Shuttle’s missions, the first day was devoted to inspecting the wing leading edges using the OBSS extension of the Orbiter’s robot arm, a task that took fully 5 hours. In addition, other routine first-­ day tasks were executed, including extending the docking ring, installing the center-­line camera, and preparing the spacesuits for the first EVA.

102  STS-119, Expeditions 18, 19 and 20, STS-127

Figure 7.12:  The Expedition 20 crew with Wakata at the right rear, October 2008 (NASA)

There was an expectation that the Shuttle would have to perform a maneuver to avoid space debris, but flight controllers called this off when it was established that the item would miss by sufficient margin.  light Day 3 – Tuesday, 17 March 2009 F The crew woke at 8:44 a.m. to the sound of Radio Exercise by the Tokyo Broadcast Children’s Choir, which was played for Koichi Wakata.1 Commander Lee Archambault flew Discovery to within 600 feet of the station, then executed the Rendezvous Pitch Maneuver or back-flip while Mike Finke and Sandy Magnus on the station photographed the thermal tiles on the belly of the Orbiter.

 Morning calisthenics are popular in Japan and China and are normally accompanied by music which is specifically broadcast by radio. 1

STS-119, Expeditions 18, 19 and 20, STS-127  103 Discovery docked with the ISS at 4:20 p.m., and the hatches were opened at 6:09 p.m. The swapping of Soyuz seat liners at 9:00 p.m. saw Koichi Wakata formally replace Sandy Magnus as a flight engineer on the Expedition 18 crew and become the first Japanese long-term resident on the station. The Shuttle crew retired at 11:00 p.m. and the station crew 30 minutes after that.  light Day 4 – Wednesday, 18 March 2009 F Both crews woke at 7:43 a.m. The main task for the day was to lift the 45-foot-­ long S6 truss segment out of the Shuttle payload bay in preparation for installing it on the station. Phillips and Magnus controlled the Canadarm2 and ‘handed’ the 31,000-pound truss to the Shuttle’s Canadarm operated by Antonelli and Acaba, who ‘parked’ it in preparation for the mission’s first EVA.  Then the Canadarm2 was ‘walked’ to a grapple fixture on the starboard section of the existing truss structure, conveniently positioned to accept the S6 truss for final assembly. At 1:58 p.m. Mike Fincke and Lee Archambault, commanders of the ISS and the Shuttle respectively, joined Acaba and Arnold in an interview with Channel One News. As part of his orientation on the station Wakata was given instruction by Yuri Lonchakov on leak-testing the Soyuz Sokol suit that he would wear if the crew were required to evacuate the station and return to Earth on Soyuz ‘lifeboats’. Steve Swanson and Ricky Arnold ‘camped’ in the Quest airlock overnight to prepare for their spacewalk the following day.  light Day 5 – Thursday, 19 March 2009 F At 10:00 a.m., Wakata and Phillips used the station’s Canadarm2 to move the S6 truss section closer to its final destination. Swanson and Arnold exited the Quest airlock at 12:13 p.m., and moved to the end of the S5 truss. After the robot arm operators docked the S6 truss into place the spacewalkers engaged the bolts. When the arm had disengaged, they connected power and communications cables to the new truss. Then they removed the launch locks on the radiators and solar arrays. At the conclusion of the EVA at 6:23 p.m., the 102-m-long Integrated Truss Structure was complete. Meanwhile in the station, Phillips and Antonelli were troubleshooting the exercise bicycle, which was not operating properly. They succeeded in fixing it by freeing an obstruction in the mechanism. The crews started their sleep period at 10:30 p.m.

104  STS-119, Expeditions 18, 19 and 20, STS-127 In Mission Control, it was decided to advance the extension of the S6 solar arrays forward from Sunday to Friday, because the initial inspection of the Shuttle thermal protection system had shown no areas needing further examination. While the two crews slept, Mission Control remotely unlatched the solar array boxes and extended each one slightly to verify its operation in advance of the next day’s attempt to fully extend them.  light Day 6 – Friday, 20 March 2009 F The crew woke at 6:43 a.m. At 9:48 a.m., the first solar array was slowly deployed to half its length. After a 35-minute wait while it was warmed by the Sun, the remaining length was extended. This procedure was repeated for the second array, with full extension at 12:17 p.m. Each 240-foot-long solar array wing had almost 33,000 silicon photovoltaic cells. The S6 arrays increased the electrical power generation capacity to 120 kilowatts and doubled the power available for science operations to 30 kilowatts. Dan Hartman, Space Station Mission Management Team Chairman, announced, “It was a truly fantastic day in space. The International Space Station team and its partnerships are on cloud nine with the completion of the integrated truss assembly, as well as the finalisation of our electrical power grid on the space station. It took years to get here. We had some struggles along the way, but it’s a major accomplishment for NASA and the partnership team.” Ahead of lunch, Fincke, Lonchakov, Magnus, and Wakata spoke with the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, Reuters, and Voice of America. The two crews continued to transfer cargo from the Shuttle to the station while Swanson and Acaba prepared the spacesuits for their upcoming EVA. In addition, Swanson and Acaba successfully replaced the distillation unit on the water recycling system.  light Day 7 – Saturday, 21 March 2009 F Swanson and Acaba started the second of three EVAs for the mission at 11:51 a.m., with their tasks focusing on preparing sites around the station for future assembly work and the arrival of the first Japanese HTV cargo spacecraft, which was due for launch in September. At the port end of the truss, the spacewalkers prepared a worksite for replacement batteries that were to be delivered by STS-127. They attempted to install an Unpressurised Cargo Carrier Attachment System (UCCAS) at the P3 truss but a jammed pin prevented them from aligning the bracket, so they were told to strap

STS-119, Expeditions 18, 19 and 20, STS-127  105

Figure 7.13:  The S6 truss completed the Integrated Truss Structure, March 2009 (NASA)

the carrier securely in place while engineers at Mission Control investigated the problem. Acaba took pictures and infrared images of the P1 and S1 radiators and Swanson reconfigured some connectors on the Z1 truss and installed a Global Positioning System (GPS) antenna on Kibō to assist HTV vehicles. Inside the station, Fincke and Magnus activated the new distillation assembly of the Urine Processing Assembly and dry tested it by recording the noise it made. A full test was planned for the following day.  light Day 8 – Sunday, 22 March 2009 F Each member of the Shuttle crew received half a day off. Meanwhile, on the ISS Fincke was given the unsavory chore of filling the Urine Processing Assembly for a ‘full processing’ run that would last 4 to 5 hours. The first cycle was successful. Magnus continued her handover to Wakata, and Lonchakov carried out maintenance tasks in the Russians segment. Archambault, Antonelli, Acaba, Phillips, Magnus, and Wakata met in Harmony to give interviews to CNN en Espanol, CBS News, and WOFL-TV in Orlando.

106  STS-119, Expeditions 18, 19 and 20, STS-127 Overnight, Acaba and Arnold prepared for the upcoming EVA by ‘camping out’ the Quest airlock.  light Day 9 – Monday, 23 March 2009 F Acaba and Arnold started their spacewalk at 10:43 a.m. They successfully moved two of the CETA carts from one side of the Mobile Transporter across to the other. This was to provide clearance for future activities. In routine maintenance they lubricated the capture snare inside the end effector of the Canadarm2. After Fincke’s successful repair and operation of the Urine Processing Assembly, the crew stowed the 15 pounds of recycled drinking water on the Shuttle for return to Earth and analysis because it was not yet certified as potable. In scheduled scientific experimental duties, Wakata started the extended Bisphosphonates biomedical countermeasures experiment. To start, he took an Alendronate pill before breakfast. He then set up the French/CNES neuroscientific research experiment 3D Space, using the ESA Multi-purpose Laptop with a pre-­ prepared HDD (Hard Disk Drive), data storage on a PCMCIA memory card, and an electronic pen table connected to it. In this experiment Wakata was asked to reproduce shapes or text on an electronic pad in order to evaluate how altered vision affects motor control. He also performed his daily 2.5-hour physical workout using the Treadmill with Vibration Isolation Stabilisation (TVIS). In order to avoid orbital debris from Object 26264 (part of a Chinese CZ-4 rocket launched in 1999) the ISS was maneuvered by the expedient of rotating the station to face the underside of the Orbiter in the direction of travel and thereby cause sufficient atmospheric drag to lower the altitude and open the ‘miss distance’ with the debris.  light Day 10 – Tuesday, 24 March 2009 F Tuesday was another light day for the Shuttle crew. They transferred the last of the equipment between the vehicles in the morning and then had personal time in the afternoon. They participated in a call with President Barack Obama at the White House, together with schoolchildren and members of Congress including Senator Bill Nelson of Florida, who flew in space on STS-61C in 1986 as a congressional observer, and congresswoman Gaby Giffords, the wife of astronaut Mark Kelly.2

 Before she was injured in a January 2011 shooting incident in Tucson, Arizona.

2

STS-119, Expeditions 18, 19 and 20, STS-127  107 Lonchakov set up an area for space tourist Charles Simonyi, scheduled to arrive on Soyuz TMA-14 with the incoming members of Expedition 19.3 Simonyi would remain for just under 13 days and then return to Earth with Fincke and Lonchakov on 8 April. All crewmembers gathered for a press conference at 12:05 p.m. in which they spoke with journalists at various NASA sites, including Japanese at the Johnson Space Center in Houston. Koichi Wakata set up the camera equipment in the Kibō Pressurised Module and conducted the scheduled Japanese ‘Space Poem’ activity by having Commander Fincke take photographs of him with the Space Poem DVD in front of the Saibo Rack.4 His verse, the 25th in Volume 3, was: Afloat in the darkness before my eyes, the watery planet bluely glows How strong is my affection for that ancient home of ours, how deep my gratitude for the gift of life Tomorrow, I will dare the blue sky and open up worlds unknown for there we have our dreams. Wakata also received station handover training from Fincke and exercised on the TVIS.  light Day 11 – Wednesday, 25 March 2009 F On the final day of joint operations, the crews gathered in the Harmony module at 11:53 a.m. to say goodbye and the hatches were closed at 12:59 p.m. Pilot Tony Antonelli then undocked and flew Discovery around the ISS while the crew photographed it in its new configuration, replete with a full complement of solar arrays. Wakata’s duties as a member of the Expedition 18 crew had included closing the protective window shutters in the Kibō Pressurised Module so that they would not be contaminated when the departing Shuttle fired is thrusters in the vicinity of that module. During the fly-around, he used a Kodak DCS760 digital camera and a PD-100 camcorder to document the Orbiter as his former crewmates departed. After stowing the Battery Powered Speaker Microphone Unit (BPSMU) and its long drag-through cable that had been used during the docked phase, Wakata set about routine tasks that included collecting water samples from the Urine Processor  Charles Simonyi was the fifth space tourist. He is a Microsoft billionaire who oversaw the company’s successful Office suite of business applications. This was his second flight to the station. His first visit was on Soyuz TMA-10 in April 2007. He was the first and only tourist to launch twice. 4  The Space Poem constituted a universal message of ‘Life in the Universe and on Earth’. A Japanese poet, Shuntaro Tanikawa-san, wrote the 26th poem. 3

108  STS-119, Expeditions 18, 19 and 20, STS-127 Assembly/Distillation Assembly (WPA DA) and removing the Internal Wireless Instrumentation System (IWIS) accelerometer and the Remote Sensing Unit (RSU). As part of the station crew, Wakata had to keep logs for monitoring the long-term health and well-being of the astronauts. This task included a weekly Food Frequency Questionnaires (FFQ) using the Medical Equipment Computer (MEC). At 6:05 p.m., Wakata spoke with Wataru Aso, the Governor of the Fukuoka Prefecture, Dr. Yukitaka Murakami, who was Vice President of Kyushu University, and various other VIPs.  xpedition 18 Week Ending Friday, 27 March 2009 E The STS-119 mission was concluded with Discovery’s landing at the Kennedy Space Center at 2:13 p.m. on Saturday 28 March. On 26 March, at 7:49 EDT, Soyuz TMA-14 was launched from Baikonur. On board were Gennadi Padalka, Michael Barratt and returning spaceflight participant Charles Simonyi on his second space tourist trip to the ISS.  Padalka and Barratt were replacing Fincke and Lonchakov on the station crew. Wakata began his first week by doing the Sleep-Wake Actigraphy & Light Exposure during Spaceflight (SLEEP) experiment. For this he wore an Actiwatch that measured the light levels and his activity/sleep patterns. His routine also involved completing a log after awakening each morning. He carried out the weekly Contingency Water Container (CWC) inventory, as part of the Water Recovery & Management (WRM) assessment of on board water supplies. There are four types of water aboard – water by electrolysis from the Elektron unit, filled from the Water Processor Assembly (WPA), potable water, condensate water, and waste/dump water – each of which is monitored carefully for volume and status. He rebooted the Node-2 Integrated Station OpsLAN (ISL) Edge Router. Although this was working correctly, ground controllers were not able to access its management console.5 On 27 March, Wakata rebooted the File Server Station Support Computer (SSC) laptops, which are rebooted bi-monthly, and he also power-cycled the Environmental Health System-Volatile Organic Analyser (EHS-VOA). He performed the routine daily servicing of the SOZh system of the Environment Control & Life Support System (ECLSS). He visually inspected the Advanced Resistive Exercise Device (ARED) and its Vibration Isolation System (VIS) rails, as well as the Treadmill with Vibration Isolation & Stabilisation (TVIS). These inspections were carried out on a weekly basis. He changed the batteries on the Compound

 Even in space, the IT guys recommend, “Turn it off and on again.”

5

STS-119, Expeditions 18, 19 and 20, STS-127  109 Specific Analyser-Combustion Products (CSA-CP) primary unit, this being a fire alarm that monitored the cabin atmosphere. In preparation for the arrival of the Soyuz TMA-14 spacecraft, Wakata once again closed the protective shutters on the windows of the JEM Pressurised Module, and in order to avoid interference with the Soyuz docking he shut down the amateur radio ‘ham’ equipment in the Zarya and Zvezda modules.  xpedition 18/19 Week Ending Friday, 3 April 2009 E At 9:05 a.m. Eastern on 28 March, Soyuz TMA-14 docked at the aft port of Zvezda. Prior to opening the hatches Wakata terminated, fixated, and removed amphibious (DomeGene) cell cultures from Kibō and Fincke placed them in the Minus-Eighty Laboratory Freezer for ISS (MELFI) for later return to Earth. With the swapping of Soyuz seat liners and associated medical and life support packages, Padalka and Barratt became Expedition 19 members, as indeed did the remaining Expedition members as the crew designation changed. At this time, Fincke relinquished command of the station to the newly arrived Gennadi Padalka. On 29 March, Wakata set up the NUTRITION w/Repository hardware for his first session. For this, he was to draw blood and collect urine daily. In Kibō, he worked on the Cell Biology Experiment Facility (CBEF) in the Saibo Rack, turned off and removed the Experiment Laptop (ELT), removed various Experiment Units (EU), rotated the CBEF fan to its start position, and configured the Clean Bench (CB) for storage. On the 30 March, Wakata took an Alendronate pill before breakfast as part of the extended Bisphosphonates biomedical countermeasures experiment to determine if taking antiresorptive agents in conjunction with exercise would prevent astronauts from losing bone mineral density. In further medical checks, Barratt and Wakata completed the monthly PFE protocol, taking blood pressure and an electrocardiogram (ECG) while exercising on the Cycle Ergometer with Vibration Isolation (CEVIS). The ISS is a noisy environment, so Barratt, Padalka and Wakata took the On-Orbit Hearing Assessment (O-OHA) test. The baseline test for this is required not later than about Flight Day 14 for each newly arrived Expedition. It is then repeated monthly. In Kibō, Fincke prepared for the upcoming arrival of the HTV cargo spacecraft by turning on the Global Positioning System (GPS) used by the HTV for docking. This was tested by the Space Station Integration & Promotion Center (SSIPC) in Tsukuba, Japan. At the same time, Wakata adjusted a power supply and reconfigured the Clean Bench (CB) from its operational configuration to its stowed configuration, taking photographs. He also activated the Robotics Laptop (RLT) and refreshed himself on the Dynamic Onboard Ubiquitous Graphics (DOUG) software for controlling the Japanese Experiment Module-Robotic Manipulator System (JEM RMS).

110  STS-119, Expeditions 18, 19 and 20, STS-127 The following day, 31 March, Wakata and Fincke spent several hours taking the Japanese robotic arm through his first motions. Later, Wakata helped Barratt and Fincke to unpack and stow cargo which was delivered by STS-119. Fincke used the ham radio to talk to students of the Science Dream Association (SDA) in Kobe, capital city of the Hyōgo Prefecture of Japan. On 1 April, Wakata worked in the ESA Columbus laboratory, installing and activating the ESA Data Management System (DMS) and its two Portable Work Stations (PWS). The next day he inserted two icepack belts at minus 32 degrees Centigrade into the Dewar Trays of the Minus-Eighty Laboratory Freezer for ISS (MELFI) to help in keeping its samples cold during power-down periods. In Kibō, Wakata removed the ICE CRYSTAL cell from the Solution Crystallization Observation Facility (SCOF) and photographed the interior. Whilst in that module, he performed a check on a smoke detector which served as a Fire Indicator (FI). Continuing the medical monitoring, Wakata wore the digital Holter Electrocardiograph (ECG) recorder. He used the ham radio to talk to students at Miyahara Elementary School in Saitama, Japan. Overnight the Microgravity Experiment Research Locker Incubator II (MERLIN) set off a fire warning alarm. This unit was used to store cold food and drink. There was no smoke, and the Compound Specific Analyser-Combustion Products (CSA-CP) indications were negative. The MERLIN unit was turned off while Mission Control worked up a troubleshooting plan. On 3 April, Wakata worked again in the ESA Columbus module, exchanging Hard Disk Drives on the European Physiology Module (EPM) and setting up the CNES neuroscientific research experiment ‘3D Space’ (SAP),6 which involved using an electronic pen to check if altered vision affects motor control. On maintenance tasks, he flushed the Water Processor Assembly (WPA) into a Contingency Water Container-Iodine (CWC-I), then inspected the airflow sensors in the hatches of the Russian segment to ensure that the ventilation systems could accommodate the larger crew on board, especially because one of the two Russian air conditioners was operating beyond its service life.  xpedition 19 Week Ending Friday, 10 April 2009 E On 4 April, Wakata took high-definition video and still pictures inside Kibō and of the Earth passing below. He also continued to maintain the Minus-Eighty Degree Laboratory Freezer for the ISS (MELFI) in preparation for upcoming sample storage. The next day, he carried out the routine 30-day inspection of the Automated

 The French space agency is the National Centre for Space Studies (Centre National d’Études Spatiales). 6

STS-119, Expeditions 18, 19 and 20, STS-127  111 External Defibrillator (AED) in the Crew Health Care Systems (CHeCS) rack. Later, with Fincke, he checked the Kibō PM airlock drive shaft. Prior to breakfast on 6 April, Wakata and Fincke made the Periodic Health Status (PHS) examination employing the Portable Clinical Blood Analyser (PCBA). Wakata deployed new Station Operations Data File (SODF) documents delivered by STS-119 and then prepared the Kibō PM for the upcoming Hiten demonstration by relocating apparatus and securing Ryutai Rack storage & foam cushions. Hiten or Dance is an educational and artistic event where crew perform ancient East Asian dances in microgravity. Together with MELFI and MERLIN, the General Laboratory Active Cryogenic ISS Experiment Refrigerator (GLACIER) stores samples as low as minus 185 degrees Centigrade. Wakata loaded the payload application software for the GLACIER. On 7 April, Wakata took photographs of the Moon, and in preparation for the departure of Soyuz TMA-13 he closed the Kibō window shutters and shut down the ham radio equipment. Soyuz TMA-13 landed on the steppes of Kazakhstan at 3:15 a.m. Eastern on 8 April. With Fincke, Lonchakov and Simonyi back on Earth, the station’s crew was temporarily reduced to three members. To realign the station’s routine after the Soyuz departure, the remaining crew were rewarded for a hectic period of work with an extra-long sleep period of 22 hours and 15 minutes. On 9 April Padalka, Barratt and Wakata conducted the Russian Calf Volume Measurement and Body Mass Measurement medical investigations. Wakata performed the periodic analysis of the Water Processor Assembly (WPA) and the Total Organic Carbon Analyser (TOCA) and undertook a microbial analysis of potable water. He investigated anomalous readings from the Cycle Ergometer with Vibration Isolation System (CEVIS) and deployed four Formaldehyde Monitoring Kits (FMK). These were left for 2 days to test for atmospheric formaldehyde, and would be returned to Earth for analysis. He also obtained air samples from the Destiny, Zvezda and Columbus modules. At 3:29 a.m. Wakata talked with students at the Kawanishi Seiwadai Community Center in Hyogo, Japan. On 10 April, a regular Emergency Egress Drill familiarised the crew with the locations of emergency equipment along the evacuation route. In the Kibō PM, Wakata took photographs and video for commercial use. He downloaded the data in the digital ECG Holter recorder to the Space Station Integration & Promotion Center (SSIPC) in Tsukuba, Japan. In addition, he performed maintenance on the Treadmill with Vibration Isolation & Stabilisation (TVIS) and inspected the Advanced Resistive Exercise Device (ARED) and its Vibration Isolation System (VIS). Ground controllers remotely commanded the Dextre robot arm to check its fine alignment maneuvering capabilities. These tests involved the On-orbit Replacement Unit (ORU) and the Tool Change-out Mechanism (OTCM) camera. Maneuvers across distances as small as 2 mm were successfully demonstrated.

112  STS-119, Expeditions 18, 19 and 20, STS-127  xpedition 19 Week Ending Friday, 17 April 2009 E On 11 April, Wakata carried out a potable water microbial analysis, retrieved and stowed the four Formaldehyde Monitoring Kits (FMK), and rebooted the Router and File Server Station Support Computer (SSC) laptops. The crew marked the eve of Cosmonautics Day by sending video messages to the participants of the Third International Seminar/Meeting ‘Global Road Map for Flight Safety and Russia’ and to the news show This Evening on the NTV network. The 12th of April saw the 48th anniversary of Yuri Gagarin’s historic first space mission. That is called Cosmonautics Day in Russia, and more popularly Yuri’s Night. It was also the 28th anniversary of the first mission by the Space Shuttle. On 13 April, Wakata carried out maintenance on the Temporary Sleep Station (TeSS) by using a vacuum cleaner and installing a new hygiene liner. It was a ‘job jar’ task. These were non-conflicting tasks devised by ground controllers that could be carried out by the crew on a voluntary basis, usually at weekends. He conducted a 2-hour acoustic survey using the Sound Level Meter (SLM) to take measurements at 54 locations: 13 in Destiny, 12 in Zvezda, 10 in the Kibō Pressurised Module (PM), 4  in the Kibō ELM-PS, 8  in harmony, and 7  in Columbus. There is continuous ambient noise from experiments, refrigerators, and ventilation systems on the station. He updated the ‘delta file’ of the Inventory Management System (IMS) in order to keep the master databases in Houston, Moscow and Baikonur up to date with storage in space. In the Kibō Pressurised Module, he opened the Cell Biology Experiment Facility (CBEF) door in the Saibo Rack and left it open to reduce the humidity level in the incubator. This week was his second wearing the Actiwatch as part of the SLEEP experiment. Wakata and Barrett spent an hour unpacking and stowing cargo and apparatus delivered by STS-119. On 14 April, Wakata evaluated different versions of JAXA-developed clothing for station crew and logged his results. He tried clothes that reduced friction of movement, leggings with leg restraints, and anti-bacterial and deodorising outfits. This was for the SPACE CLOTHES experiment. He also set up two high-­definition G1 camcorders to record the various clothing items. He started up the Medical Equipment Computer (MEC) and answered questions as part of the Spaceflight Cognitive Assessment Tool for Windows (WinSCAT) experiment. This is conducted monthly by all astronauts to measure and compare concentration, attention, spatial processing and mathematics skills. The results are compared to NASA long-duration bed-rest studies. As maintenance duties, he calibrated two Compound Specific Analyser-Oxygen (CSA-O2) units, exchanged the Waste Water Bag (WWB) of the Total Organic Carbon Analyser (TOCA), took a sample from the Water Processor Assembly

STS-119, Expeditions 18, 19 and 20, STS-127  113 (WPA) and, inside Destiny, removed water vapor from the sensor in the Oxygen Generation System (OGS). On 15 April, Wakata continued maintenance of the water systems. This included taking a sample from the Water Recovery System/Potable Water Dispenser (WRS PWD) for microbial analysis and flushing the system. At this point, potable water was cleared for hygienic use but the decision on whether to declare it fit to drink had to await the results of tests of the samples taken by STS-119. In the Kibō PM, Wakata took and downlinked pictures of the door in the Saibo Rack of the Cell Biology Experiment Facility 1G Incubator Unit (CBEF 1G IU). The door was not closing properly and the issue was being investigated by engineers at the Space Station Integration & Promotion Center (SSIPC) in Tsukuba, Japan. In the Quest airlock, Wakata emptied and refilled a spacesuit water tank. He also serviced the Advanced Resistive Exercise Device (ARED) by straightening its left upper stop cable and attaching warning signs for the crew: ‘Never Manually Retract Cable’. The astronauts also spoke with journalists of CBS News and the Dayton Daily News of Dayton, Ohio.7 On 16 April, Wakata worked on the Temperature Control Assembly/Low Temperature Loop (TCA LTL) in the Kibō PM and checked the Portable Fire Extinguishers (PFE) in Unity and Harmony. He also checked the fire ports were unobstructed. These are openings in panels that allow fire extinguishers to be sprayed behind panels. He carried out the weekly inventory of the Contingency Water Containers (CWC). The astronauts gave interviews with journalists from CNN International and ABC News. On 17 April, Wakata filled in the weekly Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) that logs astronauts’ food intake and was used to adjust diets. All three crewmembers carried out the Force Moment Accommodation (FMA) test on the Canadarm2. This test was designed to deliberately misalign the robot arm prior to closing the snares of the end effector. The software ought to detect the load on the snare cables and move the arm to alleviate the undesirable load. When the Canadarm2 behaved erratically during the test by moving 10  cm without explanation, ground controllers began an investigation. Wakata carried out visual inspection and maintenance on the exercise equipment Advanced Resistive Exercise Device (ARED) and the Treadmill with Vibration Isolation & Stabilisation (TVIS). He also used the ham radio to chat with students at Ulvila Upper Secondary School in Satakunta, Finland.

 Mike Barratt had studied Aerospace Medicine at Wright State University in Dayton, Ohio.

7

114  STS-119, Expeditions 18, 19 and 20, STS-127  xpedition 19 Week Ending Friday, 24 April 2009 E On 20 April, Wakata spent 40 minutes collecting trash to be loaded into a departing Progress craft, and 90 minutes clearing away tools and equipment in the Kibō Pressurised Module. He joined Barratt for an interview by The John Williams Show on WGN Radio, and later chatted with students at St. Edward School in Ashland, Ohio, by ham radio. On 21 April, Barratt and Wakata joined forces for major maintenance work on the TVIS in Zvezda. This involved dismantling it, reinstalling both the rear and forward Deck Assemblies, and removing the tread belt and all 50 of the Roller Bearing Assemblies. After measuring their calf volume using the IZOG device to determine the deconditioning effect of microgravity, on 22 April the crew continued their maintenance of the TVIS. They replaced the 50 truss rollers and installed a new tread belt. However, on 23 April they had to reinstall the original flywheel because they could not find its replacement.8 Wakata then installed a new control panel on the Cycle Ergometer with Vibration Isolation (CEVIS) and wrapped up by visually inspecting the Advanced Resistive Exercise Device (ARED) and its Vibration Isolation System (VIS). Later, Wakata and Barratt participated in an educational video link with the Saitama City Space Museum in Saitama, Japan. Then the crew spoke over video links with the TV channel Russia Today, then the faculty members, students and alumni of the Moscow State University of Geodesy & Cartography (MIIGA&K) which was celebrating its 230th anniversary. On 23 April there was a check valve fault on the Urine Processing Assembly, so the crew were directed to use the toilet facility in the Zvezda until an Inflight Maintenance (IFM) plan could be sent up for the removal of the valve.  xpedition 19 Week Ending Friday, 1 May 2009 E Wakata rebooted the Router and File Server Station Support Computer (SSC) laptops on 25 April. The next day he closed the shutters which protected the science window in Destiny and Kibō PM in preparation for ground controlled thruster firings overnight for the S6 Solar Array Characterisation. On 27 April, Wakata worked in ESA’s Columbus laboratory. He audited and repacked the experiments Sodium Loading in Microgravity (SOLO) and Portable Clinical Blood Analyser (PCBA), relocated a Portable Computer System (PCS) laptop from Destiny to Columbus and installed it as the PCS for the Minus-Eighty Degree Laboratory Freezer for the ISS (MELFI). The software was to be uploaded from Earth overnight.

 This was despite Wakata’s predecessor, Sandy Magnus, now back on Earth, sending photographs and directions on where it was stowed. 8

STS-119, Expeditions 18, 19 and 20, STS-127  115 In Kibō, he set up the JAXA Educational Program Operation (EPO) experiment known as Try Zero-G and performed it, recording the activity with the Mini-DVD camera. He also spent 3 hours collecting trash for loading into the Progress. Before breakfast on 28 April, the astronauts completed a full session with the Russian crew health monitoring program’s medical assessment MO-9/Biochemical Urinalysis. In Kibō, Wakata investigated a failed Robotic Manipulator System Laptop Terminal (RLT). Removing and reinserting the battery restored the laptop to operation. In the Quest airlock, he assisted Barratt in stowing EVA tools from the STS-­ 119 spacewalks. They then investigated a Battery Charger Module (BCM) which had been over-discharging during a spacewalk. Wakata spent another 90 minutes collecting trash for the Progress. Mission Control praised him for his hard work over the week. After continuous flushing of the Potable Water Dispenser (PWD), Mission Control said the water would be fit for crew consumption after a final flush to wash out the iodine. Back in Kibō, Wakata changed cables between laptops to allow the Japanese Space Station Integration & Promotion Center (SSIPC) to reassign the computers employed for microgravity disturbance data measurements. He then took photographs of the Moon as part of the PHOTO MOON program that translates images of lunar craters into musical scores. The music created using Earth-based photographs and station-based photographs was to be analysed. He took air and microbe samples using the Microbial Air Sampler and Surface Sample Kit, the data from which was to be examined on-orbit following a 5-day period of incubation. Later, the crew participated in a JAXA educational event with students from universities, high schools, junior high and elementary schools at Ishikawa Hall in Uruma on the island of Okinawa, Japan. On 1 May, Barratt and Wakata finished their monthly session of the Health Maintenance System (HMS) that was intended to refresh their Crew Medical Officer (CMO) skills. NASA, CSA, ESA and JAXA recommended that the water in the Potable Water Dispenser (PWD) was fit for consumption because any microbes present were normal in municipal water supplies on Earth and hence not pathogenic. The Russian medical officers, however, were not ready to issue the waiver and the water remained not cleared for consumption.

116  STS-119, Expeditions 18, 19 and 20, STS-127  xpedition 19 Week Ending Friday, 8 May 2009 E On 2 May, Wakata participated in the Canadian Space Agency (CSA) experiment called Bodies in the Space Environment (BISE), which tests astronauts’ perception of ‘up and down’ in space. This was a voluntary science choice for Wakata. Wakata carried out an audit of EVA equipment on 4 May, and the following day he cleaned the filters of the fans on the Crew Health Care System Avionics Air Assembly (CHeCS AAA) in Destiny. He then joined Barratt and, following the usual calibration of the translational hand controller (THC) and rotational hand controller (RHC), relocated the Canadarm2 to the Mobile Transporter (MT). On the morning of 6 May, Progress M-01M undocked from the nadir port of Zarya, taking with it accumulated trash. The plan was for it to be maneuvered and monitored prior to being de-orbited to burn up in re-entry over the Pacific Ocean. Wakata closed the protective shutters of the Destiny window before the departure to prevent damage due to thruster firings. He also powered off the amateur ham radio equipment in the Zvezda to avoid RF interference with the navigation equipment of the departing spacecraft. In Destiny, Wakata performed maintenance lubrication on the Crew Health Care Systems Moderate Temperature Loop (CHeCS MTL) and the Internal Thermal Control System (ITCS). He revisited the Battery Charge Modules (BCM) in the Quest airlock and reparameterised the error tables to prevent the overcharging that had been noticed in the past. On 7 May, Progress M-02M lifted off from Baikonur. Ground controllers remotely moved the Mobile Transporter (MT) from Worksite 4 to Worksite 7 in preparation for a forthcoming video survey of the Crew Equipment Translation Aid (CETA) cart and port Solar Alpha Rotary Joint (SARJ). There was then a fire drill in which the crew practiced responding to a fire on the station and all of the Mission Control centers participated. These drills are conducted every 2.5 months on average, and no later than a month prior to a crew handover. On 8 May, Padalka and Wakata took the periodic On-Orbit Hearing Assessment (O-OHA). Wakata performed maintenance on the Cycle Ergometer with Vibration Isolation (CEVIS) and downlinked video footage to the ground for inspection. Wakata and Barratt again reviewed the Portable Onboard Computers/Dynamic Onboard Ubiquitous Graphics (POC DOUG) software configuration for a later Canadarm2 operation. Wakata carried out maintenance on the Environmental Health System’s Compound Specific Analyser-Combustion Products (EHS CSA-CP) units, exchanging their batteries and zero-calibrating them. He then undertook the regular servicing of the Water Processor Assembly (WPA) and flushed the system.

STS-119, Expeditions 18, 19 and 20, STS-127  117

Figure 7.14:  Wakata views Earth through the window of Kibō, May 2009 (NASA)

 xpedition 19 Week Ending Friday, 15 May 2009 E On 11 May the Zarya module, the first part of the ISS to be launched, completed its 60,000th orbit having covered 2.52 billion km in 3,825 days. Wakata set up the equipment for downlinking video from the Russian segment using the American Ku-Band by converting the video from PAL to NTSC. He also replaced the hard drive on the Operations Local Area Network (OpsLAN) file server Mass Access Computer Equipment (MACE), and used the amateur radio to talk with students at Besyo Elementary School in Saitama, Japan. At 3:25 Eastern on 12 May, Progress M-02M docked with the nadir port of Pirs. Wakata carried out leak isolation and tightness testing on the BIOLAB in the Columbus module. The test was commanded from the ground. Moving to the Kibō module he reoriented the FACET experiment in the Solution Crystallization Observation Facility (SCOF) for ground observation and photographed its final configuration. He also worked on the Combustion Integrated Rack (CIR) Multi-­ user Drop Combustion Apparatus (MDCA), spoke with the payload developer on the ground, and replaced a fuel reservoir.

118  STS-119, Expeditions 18, 19 and 20, STS-127 After the docking of Progress M-02M the crew carried out the usual leak check, opened its hatch, took an air sample, installed heating and ventilation ducts and disconnected the docking mechanism. Then all three crewmembers started unloading cargo. Wakata completed maintenance on the Treadmill with Vibration Isolation & Stabilisation (TVIS), again downloading video for analysis by Mission Control. The TVIS was cleared for use by the crew. He then serviced the Environmental Health System-Carbon Dioxide Monitor (EHS CDM) by removing its battery to reset its internal clock before installing a new battery and linking it to the Medical Equipment Computer (MEC). In Kibō, Wakata again worked on the Cell Biology Experiment Facility (CBEF) in the Saibo Rack by removing the humidifier and wiping away condensation before reinstalling the humidifier. On 14 May, Wakata investigated a clogged condensate line on the Condensate Water Separator Assembly (CWSA) in the Columbus module. He flushed the Waste & Hygiene Compartment (WHC) urine receptacle in Destiny, and carried out the Contingency Water Container (CWC) inventory as part of the on-going Water Recovery & Management (WRM) assessment of on board water supplies. Then he worked with Barratt to position the Canadarm2 to video an upcoming venting of ammonia by the S1 thermal radiator. More plumbing work ensued when he conducted the routine daily servicing of the SOZh Environment Control & Life Support System (ECLSS) in the Zvezda module. This glamourous work involved checking the toilet facilities, replacing the solid waste containers, and replacing the waste water and urine containers. On 15 May, Wakata took high-definition video of himself performing the second part of the JAXA Try Zero-G tasks. This involved folding clothes, flying carpet, floating water, eye drops, etc. The first part had been conducted on Earth under real 1G and was attended by Japanese TV reporters and press. He replaced CO2 bottles in the Fluids & Combustion Facility (FCF) rack in Destiny. Then he collected coolant samples from the Internal Thermal Control System (ITCS) in Harmony. He created a Teflon pick tool for the upcoming task of removing the check valve from the Urine Processor Assembly (UPS). This was because three shims which had not been considered in the original work plan had to be removed and ground experts recommended the ad hoc tool. Mission Control had been monitoring the path of space debris from China’s Fengyun-1C satellite,9 but it passed by a wide margin without the need to maneuver the station.

 This debris is the result of a January 2007 Chinese Anti-Satellite (ASAT) missile test that destroyed an old weather satellite, leaving in excess of 2,000 pieces of trackable debris. 9

STS-119, Expeditions 18, 19 and 20, STS-127  119  xpedition 19 Week Ending Friday, 22 May 2009 E On 16 May Wakata and Barratt undertook a Voluntary Science task and ran a Smoke Point In Co-flow Experiment (SPICE) in the Microgravity Science Glovebox (MSG), which involved studying and videotaping a flame to determine the rate of fuel flow at which it emitted soot in microgravity. Wakata and Barratt took turns on the Space Linear Acceleration Mass Measurement Device (SLAMMD) on 18 May to ‘weigh’ themselves even though in the absence of gravity, mass has no weight. The device used a system of springs to generate a force and optical sensors to detect the acceleration. It then applied Newton’s 2nd Law of Motion by dividing force by acceleration to calculate mass. Progress M-01M performed its de-orbit burn and burned up on re-entering the atmosphere. On 19 May, Wakata ‘walked’ the Canadarm2 onto the Mobile Base System Power & Data Grapple Fixture 3 (MBS PDGF-3) and checked out the Cupola Robot Workstation (RWS) in preparation for the upcoming STS-127 mission. He then went to the Kibō PM and prepared the Japanese Experiment Module Robotic Manipulator System Backup Drive System (JEM RMS BDS) Robotics Laptop for a systems checkout. After the problematic check valve on the Urine Processing Assembly (UPA) was removed the Water Recovery System (WRS) could be cleared for operation. He returned to the Quest airlock to investigate the battery chargers for the spacesuits. He carried out a test charge and discharge and planned to return for more test on the following day. As a ‘get-ahead’ task, Wakata configured a PCMCIA (Portable Computer Memory Card International Adapter) card for ESA astronaut Frank DeWinne, who was scheduled to arrive aboard Soyuz TMA-15 later in the month. On 20 May, Wakata started sampling urine and blood for ESA’s cardiological experiment Long-Term Microgravity: A Model for Investigating Mechanisms of Heart Disease (CARD).10 Then he returned to the Quest airlock to check the battery chargers. The Expedition 19 crew spoke with the crew of STS-125, who had just completed the fifth and final Hubble Space Telescope (HST) servicing mission.

 CARD had last been performed by ESA’s Thomas Reiter in November 2006. Astronauts experience lowered blood volume and pressure during space missions due to relaxation of the cardiovascular system in microgravity, possibly in response to a reduction of fluid and sodium in the body. CARD examined the relationship between salt intake and the cardiovascular system when exposed to the microgravity environment and explored whether blood pressure & volume could be restored to the same levels that were measured during ground-based tests by the addition of salt to food. This research could lead to new health safety measures that would protect astronauts on long-duration missions. 10

120  STS-119, Expeditions 18, 19 and 20, STS-127 On 21 May, Wakata powered down the Main Processing Computer (MPC) of the Kibō PM and powered up the Backup Controller (BUC). After ground control uplinked new software, he reinstated the primary computer. He also took more samples of the potable water for microbial analysis. He wrapped up by talking with the President of JAXA, Dr. Keiji Tachikawa. On 22 May, Wakata configured the Oxygen Generator System (OGS) in Destiny so that it could be activated from the ground. In the Quest airlock he finished his troubleshooting of the Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU) battery chargers.  xpedition 19 Week Ending Friday, 29 May 2009 E On 23 May Wakata installed a dehumidifier in the Cell Biology Experiment Facility (CBEF), this being one of the items listed for Voluntary Science Weekend. In addition to continuing the SLEEP and Bisphosphonates medical experiments, on 25 May he started the Periodic Health Status (PHS) with Blood Labs examination. This used the American Portable Clinical Blood Analyser (PCBA). Then he recharged the batteries of the lamps of the NASA spacesuit helmet in the Quest airlock. In preparation for the upcoming increase in crew size, Wakata converted the Temporary Sleep Station (TeSS) from a hygiene station into a sleep station and constructed a Temporary Crew Quarters (TCQ) in the Kibō PM. In further maintenance, he investigated the temperature controller fan in the Cell Biology Experiment Facility (CBEF) Micro-G Incubator of the Saibo Rack in Kibō, discovering that it had failed due to motor magnetic coil fault. On 26 May, Wakata conducted troubleshooting on the Treadmill with Vibration Isolation & Stabilisation (TVIS), which was emitting a strange noise. He traced the problem to a damaged stabiliser spring. Later, he spoke with students at the Miyahara Junior High School in Saitama, Japan, by ham radio. Soyuz TMA-15 lifted off on 27 May carrying Russian cosmonaut Roman Romanenko, ESA astronaut Frank De Winne, and Canadian Space Agency astronaut Robert Thirsk. They were to join Expedition 20. Meanwhile on the ISS, Wakata prepared for the arrival of the Kibō Exposed Facility (EF) and Experiment Logistics Module-Exposed Section (ELM-ES) by connecting up the Berthing Mechanism Control & Display Unit (BCDU) to the Work Station (WS) Rack to check out the External Facility Berthing Mechanism (EFBM). The arrival of Soyuz TMA-15 increased the ISS to a six-person resident crew for the first time, as opposed to having that number only during the brief handover period. It was also the first crew to involve all five main partners in the assembly and operation of the orbital facility: USA, Russia, Europe (ESA), Japan and Canada.

STS-119, Expeditions 18, 19 and 20, STS-127  121 Simonetta Di Pippo, ESA’s Director of Human Spaceflight said, “This is a very exciting moment for the ISS partners and a major milestone for human spaceflight and exploration. With Frank, Roman and Bob having joined the other three ISS crewmembers, we’ve reached the full six-person crew capability. We have had a very intense two weeks in Europe with the roll out of the Node 3 module, the selection of six new members of the European astronaut corps, and now this milestone. This opens up new and exciting opportunities on the utilisation of the station for scientific and research activities but also in preparation for future exploration missions to more distant destinations.” Before the Soyuz docked, all ground network communication services between the MCC in Houston and its TsUP counterpart in Moscow dropped out completely for several hours. Voice communications were routed to the ISS through the ESA Columbus Command Centre (COL-CC) in Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany, which enabled docking activities to proceed. The outage was later traced to an inadvertently cut fiber optics cable in Helsinki, Finland.  xpedition 20 Week Ending Friday, 5 June 2009 E On 30 May, the crew completed the 2-hour safety briefing for the benefit of the new arrivals. This involved reviewing escape routes, annunciations, isolation equipment, safety equipment, depressurisation and leak repair, the outbreak of fire, toxic materials, visiting vehicle docking and undocking, evacuation vehicles, life support system status, computers, communications, medical equipment, IVA hazards (such as sharp edges, protrusions, touch temperatures etc.), stowage, and the current status of miscellaneous hardware. Wakata continued to troubleshoot the Treadmill with Vibration Isolation & Stabilisation (TVIS). Unexplained oscillations during exercise meant the machine was still not cleared for use. On 1 June, Wakata conducted a sampling run with the Environmental Health System Gas Chromatograph/Differential Mobility Spectrometer (EHS GC DMS) or, more simply, the Air Quality Meter (AQM), a system that used Commercial Off-the-Shelf (COTS) technology for identifying volatile organic compounds. As was usual for a member of a crew approaching the end of their time aboard the station, Wakata’s work hours would be reduced in the month leading up to his return to Earth to give him time to prepare himself. The entire crew participated in a news conference with various NASA centers, CSA, St. Hubert in Quebec, ESA/EAC in Cologne, Germany, and JAXA in Tokyo, Japan. On 3 June, Wakata and Thirsk worked together on the TVIS because this was considered a handover of exercise procedures for this hardware. Then Wakata

122  STS-119, Expeditions 18, 19 and 20, STS-127 talked with Japanese Prime Minister Taro Aso and, with JAXA Astronaut Dr. Chiaki Mukai serving as a moderator, with children from the 6th grade Ohmiyabesho Elementary School in Tokyo. On 4 June – the first anniversary of the arrival of the Kibō PM – Wakata reconfigured the Robotics Laptop Terminal Backup (RLT BU) cables in that module for later activation, then reviewed robotic movement for future robot work. On 5 June, Gennadi Padalka and Michael Barratt conducted a Russian spacewalk in Orlan spacesuits during which they installed two Kurs antennas on the Zvezda module to prepare for the arrival of the Mini Research Module 2 (MRM2), known as Poisk, that was to arrive on 12 November.

Figure 7.15:  Wakata with SPHERES, July 2009 (NASA)

 xpedition 20 Week Ending Friday, 12 June 2009 E On 6 June, at 3:50 a.m., Wakata spoke with students at the Kawanishi Seiwadai Community Center in Hyogo, Japan. In his ongoing maintenance of the TVIS, Wakata discovered that the heads were sheared off four fasteners on a nut plate. As a result a spring had broken, allowing the plate to freely float. He downloaded pictures and video so that engineers could figure out how to proceed.

STS-119, Expeditions 18, 19 and 20, STS-127  123 On 7 June, Wakata configured a memory card for work on the MEC (Medical Equipment Computer) and then set up a personal PCMCIA memory card for Romanenko on the Medical Equipment Computer (MEC). On 8 June, overnight, ground controllers conducted exercises using the Candarm2, making it grapple the Special Purpose Dexterous Manipulator (SPDM) or Dextre and move it from the Mobile Service System Power & Data Grapple Fixture 2 (MBS PDGF2) to the Destiny PDGF. Padalka and Barrett made a 4-hour, 54-minute spacewalk on 9 June to ready Zvezda for the arrival of the Russian Poisk module by installing a new antenna and photographing the Strela-2 crane. The next day, they depressurised the Zvezda transfer compartment wearing spacesuits to install a docking cone. This was officially a spacewalk even though they didn’t exit the station. On 10 June, Wakata recorded another video as part of the J-ASTRO Educational Report to show the significance of living in space, and the following day he set up the JAXA biomedical experiment BIORHYTHM and its body-worn digital Walk Holter Electrocardiograph (ECG).  xpedition 20 Week Ending Friday, 19 June 2009 E On 13 June, Wakata restored one the Kibō’s computers to operation after the A-computer had failed during the previous night and the B-computer had taken over. He restored the system to full redundancy. Later that week, he conducted Intermodular Ventilation (IMV) flow measurements for the Kibō module. Differences in atmosphere partial pressures were measured at selected points to determine airflow rates. On 18 June, he had another session with the ESA experiment Long-Term Microgravity: A Model for Investigating Mechanisms of Heart Disease (CARD). Unfortunately, a fault with the blood pressure Holter required the test to be abbreviated. Later, he conducted the periodic inspection of the electrical outlets on the station. This was to check the actual status of what equipment was plugged into what socket versus the uplinked Plug-In Plan (PIP).  xpedition 20 Week Ending Friday, 26 June 2009 E On 23 June, the TsUP in Moscow carried out a single-burn test reboost of the station with the propulsion system of Progress M-02M (listed as Progress 33P by NASA). Later in that week, Wakata continued preparations for the arrival STS-­ 127 and his return to Earth. He moved the Fluid Servicer System (FSS) from the Kibō PM to the Columbus module and then recorded a video for the JAXA

124  STS-119, Expeditions 18, 19 and 20, STS-127 Education Payload Operations (EPO) program, in which he explained to students the difference between weight and mass. On 25 June, Wakata cleaned the Kibō PM and photographed its interior layout.  xpedition 20 Week Ending Friday, 3 July 2009 E On 30 June, Progress M-02M was undocked from Pirs and de-orbited with its cargo of trash. The last of the older model, Progress M-67 (listed as Progress 34P by NASA) was to dock at the aft port of Zvezda in late July to continue the Russian supply effort. In preparation for the arrival of the JAXA HTV, Wakata, Thirsk and DeWinne tested the Canadarm2 and put it through a series of operations for the Force Moment Accommodation (FMA) checkout. Then Barratt and Wakata freed a stuck drawer on the EXPRESS Rack 4. On 1 July, in Kibō, Thirsk prepared the Fluid Physics Experiment Facility (FPEF) for the planned JAXA Marangoni Surface (MS) experiment and Wakata turned off the Kibō System Laptop Terminal (SLT) and replaced it with a spare. On 2 July, Padalka, Barratt and Wakata entered the Soyuz TMA-14 spacecraft and flew it from the aft port of Zvezda to the nadir port of Pirs in order to make the aft port available for Progress M-67.

Figure 7.16:  Wakata and Padalka preparing to relocate Soyuz TMA-14, July 2009 (NASA)

STS-119, Expeditions 18, 19 and 20, STS-127  125  xpedition 20 Week Ending Friday, 10 July 2009 E On 6 July, the same three astronauts conducted the standard 3-hour Soyuz emergency descent drill, a regular procedure for each station crew. The Guidance Navigation & Control (GN&C) or GIVUS in the Russian segment failed. As this was used for rate and attitude determination, the Russians planned to send a replacement in the next Progress resupply ship. The American Rate Gyro Assembly 1 (RGA-1) was made the primary controller, with RGA-2 as its backup. At this stage, the latter was known to have three degraded gyros. On 7 July, Wakata used the Sound Level Meter (SLM) to carry out the periodic program of noise level measurements, and the next day all six crewmembers carried out the mandatory 2-hour On Board Training (OBT) emergency egress drill for the case of a rapid depressurisation of the cabin. On 9 July, Wakata set up computers to operate the Japanese Experiment Module Robotic Manipulator System Main Arm (JEM RMS MA) and then, on 10 July, he set up the network link between the Payload Laptop Terminal (PLT) and the Experiment Laptop Computer (ELT) in order to allow science data to be sent directly to the ground, thereby avoiding data conflicts on board the station. Another station attitude control problem arose. The Beta Gimbal Assembly 2B (BGA 2B) on the port solar array began to exhibit an increased number and frequency of ‘high current’ events. Ground controllers took over manual control to ‘unstall’ the drive motor, leaving the solar array stuck at 163.9 degrees. This would cause a loss of power generation if the station were in an attitude in which the solar arrays were in shadow.  xpedition 20 Week Ending Friday, 17 July 2009 E On 11 July, Wakata spoke with students at the Mugegawa Junior High School in Seki, Gifu, Japan. On 13 July he set up the Investigating the Structure of Paramagnetic Aggregates from Colloidal Emulsions (InSPACE) experiment in the Microgravity Science Glovebox (MSG). This experiment was to study magnetorheological fluids or ‘smart materials’ that can improve or develop new brake systems, seat suspensions, robotics, clutches, airplane landing gear, and vibration damper systems. On 14 July, having established that the issue with the Beta Gimbal Assembly 2B (BGA 2B) on the port solar array was caused by thermal expansion of the components during a rare period of high beta angles, Mission Control put it back into nominal mode to auto-track the Sun.11

 The beta angle is the angle between an orbital body’s plane and the vector of the Sun. It determines what percentage of time a satellite spends in direct sunlight. 11

126  STS-119, Expeditions 18, 19 and 20, STS-127 At 5:03 p.m. on 15 July, the Shuttle Endeavour launched from the Kennedy Space Center with the final components of the Kibō laboratory, the Japanese Experiment Module-Exposed Facility (JEM-EF) and the Experiment Logistics Module-Exposed Section (ELM-ES). These were unpressurised modules carrying 12 and 3 payloads respectively. In addition to cargo the STS-127 mission was to deliver NASA astronaut Tim Kopra to replace Wakata on the station crew and return Wakata to Earth. As the Shuttle made its back-flip, Expedition 20 Commander Gennadi Padalka and flight engineer Mike Barrett photographed its tiles and downloaded the digital imagery to Mission Control for inspection. Endeavour docked at 12:47 p.m., the hatches were opened at 2:49 p.m., and once the Shuttle crew entered the ISS it was the first time that 13 people were on the same spacecraft at the same time.12 With Julie Payette meeting her CSA colleague Robert Thirsk, this was also the first time two Canadians met in space.13 As usual, the first task of the handover was to swap Soyuz seat liners, in this instance with Kopra replacing Wakata’s seat liner at 4:22 p.m. and thereby becoming the newest member of Expedition 20 and Wakata joining the STS-127 crew.  xpedition 20 Week Ending Friday, 24 July 2009 E On Saturday 18 July, Wakata and Shuttle Pilot Doug Hurley began the complex sequence of handovers to install the Kibō JEM-EF. At 9:38 p.m. they used the station’s Canadarm2 to lift the facility out of the Shuttle payload bay. This was finished at 12:43 p.m. An hour later they handed the JEM-EF to the Shuttle’s robot arm, operated by Mark Polansky and Julie Payette. While the Shuttle’s arm held onto the cargo, Wakata and Hurley moved the station’s arm into position near the Kibō laboratory. Then in the final action, the Canadarm2 retrieved the cargo and installed it on the end of the Kibō PM at 6:29 p.m. A camera on the Japanese Experiment Module Remote Manipulator System (JEM RMS) on Kibō was used to monitor the operation. The external facility, referred to as the ‘porch’, would be accessible via a scientific airlock on end of the pressurised module.

 A record equalled but not beaten at the time of writing.  The second meeting of two Canadians in space was not long after, when Cirque du Soleil founder, Guy Laliberté, a space tourist, arrived at the station and met Bob Thirsk in September 2009. 12 13

STS-119, Expeditions 18, 19 and 20, STS-127  127

Figure 7.17:  The Kibō EF installed on the PM, May 2011 (NASA)

Spacewalkers Dave Wolf and Tim Kopra had prepared the Kibō PM for this docking, and had also successfully installed the Unpressurised Cargo Carrier Attachment System (UCCAS) on the main truss in an operation that had been abandoned by the STS-119 crew. On 19 July, Polansky and Hurley operated the Shuttle’s robot arm to grapple and hoist the Integrated Cargo Carrier-Vertical Light Deployable (ICC-VLD) out of Endeavour’s payload bay and hand it to the station’s arm. Payette and Kopra then mounted it onto the Mobile Base System (MBS). It contained spare parts for a future spacewalk. Aboard the station, Wakata carried out maintenance on the Advanced Resistive Exercise Device (ARED) that allows the crew to simulate weight lifting. He replaced a shock absorber that prevents the vibration of the unit from interfering with scientific experiments.14 The Kibō robot arm was calibrated in preparation for its operational function of loading and unloading payloads on the newly  In conversation with the author, ESA astronaut Paolo Nespoli said that the use of any exercise machine is forbidden during particularly sensitive experiments for this reason. 14

128  STS-119, Expeditions 18, 19 and 20, STS-127 installed JEM-EF. Payette and Thirsk spoke with Canada’s Minister of State for Science and Technology Gary Goodyear, Member of Parliament Steven Bleany, and former astronaut and CSA President Steve MacLean. One of the two toilet facilities on the ISS was shut down on this day. The Waste Hygiene Compartment (WHC) in the American Destiny module required maintenance to a pump that supplied chemicals to the toilet to separate solid and liquid materials. Fortunately there were working toilets in the Russian Zvezda module and the Orbiter to accommodate the 13 people. Forty years to the day after Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin first stepped onto the Moon, Dave Wolf and Tom Marshburn made their second spacewalk of the STS-127 mission. Riding the Canadarm2, which was operated by Payette and Hurley, Wolf transferred the antenna for a Ku-Band system, a Pump Module, and a Linear Drive unit from an Integrated Cargo Carrier to a long-term storage location on the P3 truss. Meanwhile, Mashburn attach a grapple fixture to an ammonia tank to enable a robot arm to move it during future missions. Finally, he installed insulation sleeves on the Station to Shuttle Power Transfer System (SSPTS). To everyone’s relief, Gennadi Padalka and Frank De Winne replaced the WHC pump and control panel and the system was returned to operation. A milestone on 21 July was the completion of the Kibō laboratory with the installation of the final segment, the Experiment Logistics Module-Exposed Section (ELM-ES). It was lifted from the payload bay by Polansky and Payette using Shuttle’s arm and handed to the station’s Canadarm2, operated by Wakata and Hurley. It was placed at the end of the JEM-EF, to serve as a storage and staging area. Later that day, Polansky, Hurley, Payette and Wolf answered questions posed by users of YouTube and Twitter. During the third spacewalk of the mission on 22 July, Dave Wolf and Chris Cassidy were installing replacement batteries onto the P6 truss when there was a rise in the level of CO2 in Cassidy’s suit. Although the CO2 did not exceed safety limits, the mission rules called for the EVA to be curtailed. Z1 on the Unity node was the oldest truss segment on the station but P6, which had spent some time mounted on Z1 before being relocated to the main backbone, was the first segment to be delivered with solar arrays. Thus the requirement to replace its battery system. By the time of the curtailment order, Wolf and Cassidy had successfully replaced two of the six batteries. On 23 July Wakata, Kopra, Polansky, Hurley and Payette took turns to operate the ISS’s newest robotic arm, Kibō’s Japanese Experiment Module Remote Manipulator System (JEM RMS) on its first operational task. They moved three experiments from the Japanese payload carrier onto the JEM-EF: the Monitor of All-sky X-ray Image, the Inter-orbit Communication System, and the Space Environment Data Acquisition Equipment-Attached Payload.

STS-119, Expeditions 18, 19 and 20, STS-127  129 Cassidy and Marchburn successfully conducted a revised spacewalk on 24 July for which the plan had been revised in order to devote the entire session to changing the remaining four batteries on the P6 truss. The transfer operation was facilitated by an Integrated Cargo Carrier maneuvered by the Canadarm2. Wakata and Payette swung the ICC across to the Shuttle and handed it to the Shuttle’s arm operated by Hurley and Polansky, for return to the payload bay. That same day, Progress M-67 was launched from Baikonur with 50 kg of oxygen, 210 kg of water, about 830 kg of propellant, and more than 1,200 kg of dry cargo for the station.  xpedition 20 Week Ending Friday, 31 July 2009 E During the crew’s day of rest on 25 July, a circuit breaker feeding the primary heating bed of the Carbon Dioxide Removal Assembly (CDRA) tripped. Flight controllers switched over to the backup heater. It was an example of the successful operation of redundant systems. As a further backup, a similar system in the Russian segment called Vozdukh (Air) can nominally scrub air for a six-person crew. On Saturday, 26 July, the cargo carrier that had delivered the experiments to the JEM-EF was returned to the Shuttle payload bay in the now familiar robot arm handover. Then, on 27 July, Marchburn and Cassidy performed the final spacewalk of the mission, installing cameras on the Kibō laboratory to facilitate the docking of the new Japanese HTV cargo spacecraft, the first of which was scheduled to launch in September. They also installed insulation on the Dextre robot arm. Then they split the power supply of two Control Moment Gyroscopes which had shared a supply. This change would allow one of the CMGs to operate in the event of a single power supply failure. A plan to install a Payload Attach System to the S3 truss (the equivalent of the one on the P3 truss) was slipped to a future mission. Controllers had determined that the increased level of CO2 in Cassidy’s suit during the third EVA was due to him working at a fast pace. For this final spacewalk, the Lithium Hydroxide CO2 absorbent material was replaced with Metal Oxide (METOX) and the controllers felt it would be safer to shorten the EVA. Nevertheless, some ‘get-­ ahead’ tasks such as fitting foot rails and hand rails were completed. After 133 days on the ISS, Koichi Wakata and his Endeavour crewmates departed at 12:26 p.m. on Tuesday, 28 July. As usual, the crewmember returning from a long mission used the recumbent seating on the middeck to mitigate against the g-forces of re-entry. Progress M-67 docked at the aft port of Zvezda on 29 July. On 30 July, the Shuttle crew made the routine inspection of the thermal protection system and then deployed two satellites designed by students of the University

130  STS-119, Expeditions 18, 19 and 20, STS-127 of Texas at Austin and at the Texas A&M University. These were the Dual RF Astrodynamic GPS Orbital Navigation Satellite (DRAGONSat) and the Atmospheric Neutral Density Experiment-2 (ANDE-2). Endeavour touched down on Runway 15 of the Shuttle Landing Facility in Florida at 9:48 p.m. after a mission that completed the construction of the primary Japanese contribution to the International Space Station and returning that nation’s first ISS crewmember to Earth. 7.4  POSTSCRIPT Subsequent Missions Soyuz TMA-11M Koichi Wakata Today See STS-92 mission

8 Soyuz TMA-17, Expeditions 22 and 23

Mission Astronaut: Mission Duration: Mission Sponsors: ISS Milestones: Launch Launch Date/Time: Launch Site: Launch Vehicle: Launch Mission: Launch Vehicle Crew:

Docking Docking Date/Time: Docking Port: Undocking Date/Time: Landing Landing Date/Time: Landing Site: Landing Vehicle: Landing Mission: Landing Vehicle Crew:

Soichi Noguchi 163 days, 5 hours, 32 minutes JAXA 21st Soyuz mission to the ISS 20 December 2009, 21:52 UTC Pad 1, Baikonur Cosmodrome, Kazakhstan Soyuz TMA Soyuz TMA-17 Oleg Valeriyevich Kotov (RKA), CDR Soichi Noguchi (JAXA), Flight Engineer Timothy John Creamer (NASA), Flight Engineer 22 December 2009, 22:48 UTC Zarya nadir 02 June 2010, 00:04 UTC 2 June 2010, 03:24 UTC near Dzhezkazgan, Kazakhstan Soyuz TMA Soyuz TMA-17 Oleg Valeriyevich Kotov (RKA), CDR Soichi Noguchi (JAXA), Flight Engineer Timothy John Creamer (NASA), Flight Engineer

© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019 J. O’Sullivan, Japanese Missions to the International Space Station, Springer Praxis Books, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-04534-0_8

131

132  Soyuz TMA-17, Expeditions 22 and 23 ISS Expeditions ISS Expedition: ISS Crew:

ISS Expedition: ISS Crew:

Expedition 22 Jeffrey Nels Williams (NASA), ISS-CDR Maksim Viktorovich Surayev (RKA), ISS-Flight Engineer Oleg Valeriyevich Kotov (RKA), ISS-Flight Engineer Soichi Noguchi (JAXA), ISS-Flight Engineer Timothy John Creamer (NASA), ISS-Flight Engineer Expedition 23 Oleg Valeriyevich Kotov (RKA), ISS-CDR Soichi Noguchi (JAXA), ISS-Flight Engineer Timothy John Creamer (NASA), ISS-Flight Engineer Aleksandr Aleksandrovich Skvortsov (RKA), ISS-­Flight Engineer Mikhail Borisovich Korniyenko (RKA), ISS-Flight Engineer Tracy Ellen Caldwell-Dyson (NASA), ISS-Flight Engineer

8.1  THE ISS STORY SO FAR After two members of Expedition 19 arrived in Soyuz TMA-14 to join Wakata, Soyuz TMA-15 delivered Expedition 20 to create the first six-person resident crew. It was on the former flight that Charles Simonyi made his second visit to the ISS as a space tourist. He returned to Earth with the retiring crew in Soyuz TMA-13. STS-125 in May 2009 was the final Hubble servicing mission. Since it would be unable to reach the station in the event of damage to its thermal protection system that would prevent it from returning to Earth, Endeavour was on the launch pad ready to undertake a rescue mission (flying as STS-400), and when this proved unnecessary it was assigned to fly to the station as STS-127 in July. Soyuz TMA-15 arrived at the station in May 2009 and set a number of records. As well as the first three-person Soyuz crew delivery since Soyuz TMA-1 in 2002 it marked the first time the crew of the ISS reached six members. It was also the first time that all of the participating partners were represented aboard simultaneously: USA, Russia, ESA, Japan and Canada. The crew joined Expedition 20 and Frank De Winne would go on to set another milestone when he became the first ESA commander of the ISS with Expedition 21. STS-127, flight ISS 2JA, completed the Japanese Kibō laboratory when it delivered the Exposed Facility (EF) and the Experimental Logistics Module-­ Exposed Section (ELM-ES). There was also an Expedition 20 crew exchange in which Timothy Kopra replaced Koichi Wakata. STS-128 delivered Nicole Stott to join the Expedition 20 crew. She would be the last ISS long-term crewmember to be delivered on board a Shuttle. The Leonardo MPLM once again delivered cargo to the station, including the MELFI-2

Soyuz TMA-17, Expeditions 22 and 23  133 freezer. During three EVAs the station was prepared for the arrival of Node 3, named Tranquility, and ESA and NASA experiments were retrieved for return to Earth. In early October 2009, Soyuz TMA-16 delivered Expedition 21/22 crewmembers Maxim Surayev and Jeffrey Williams and space tourist Guy Laliberté, the Canadian founder and CEO of Cirque de Soleil. With larger and overlapping station crews and contractual commitments to ESA, JAXA, and CSA there would be no room to accommodate tourists on Soyuz missions for the foreseeable future. In early November a new Russian component arrived. The Poisk module, almost a copy of Pirs, was launched by a Soyuz rocket and docked automatically to the zenith port of the Zvezda module to provide another airlock and docking port. Later that month, STS-129 delivered two external storage units. The ExPRESS Logistics Carriers (ELC) was an acronym within an acronym, since ExPRESS stood for Expedite the Processing of Experiments to the Space Station. ELC-1 was fixed to the P3 truss and ELC-2 went on the S3 truss. In addition to accommodating spare parts, these carriers had power and communications to run experiments. 8.2  SOICHI NOGUCHI Early Career See STS-114 Previous Missions N/A 8.3  THE SOYUZ TMA-17 AND EXPEDITIONS 22 & 23 MISSION Soyuz TMA-17 Mission Patches In a tradition of the time, Russian mission patches were designs based on schoolchildren’s art competitions. Two young artists, Oleg Golovin, aged 10, from Russia and Dong Yue, aged 13, from China, were runners up in the competition for the Soyuz TMA-16 patch. The judges liked their designs of a spacewalking cosmonaut and a thinking girl, respectively, so much that they asked artist Luc van den Abeelen to combine both elements in a patch for Soyuz TMA-17. The resulting patch was announced at Baikonur on 29 September 2009, much to the surprise of the youngsters who had believed themselves to be mere runners up.

134  Soyuz TMA-17, Expeditions 22 and 23

Figure 8.1:  The Soyuz TMA-17 patch (www.Spacefacts.de)

Soichi Noguchi’s personal patch for his Soyuz TMA-17 launch and ISS crew membership celebrates the six-member crew in its hexagonal shape. The red, white, and blue of the border represent the colors of the American, Russian and Japanese flags. The six JAXA stars reflect the fact that Noguchi’s visit to the ISS will be the sixth by a Japanese astronaut. The Soyuz is seen launching from Earth to the Japanese Kibō module, and it represents the first Japanese to qualify as a Soyuz pilot. The Expedition 22 patch shows the Sun shining through a solar array, as that provides the power for life support and operations on board the station. The oceans and atmosphere of the Earth provide life support on the planet, illuminated by the same Sun. The six stars represent the six crewmembers as the station becomes a fully operational laboratory. As is common in patches, the Moon is included to point the way for future exploration.

Soyuz TMA-17, Expeditions 22 and 23  135

Figure 8.2:  Noguchi’s personal patch (www.Spacefacts.de)

The Expedition 23 patch is unusual in its rectangular shape with rounded corners. It shows the ISS orbiting the Earth with its trajectory going through the number 23 in roman numerals, incorporating the Russian, Japanese and American flags. The two stars signify the two teams that make up the six-person crew. Soyuz TMA-17 Mission Objectives It was to deliver Oleg Kotov, Soichi Noguchi, and Timothy Creamer to the station to join the Expedition 22 crew.

136  Soyuz TMA-17, Expeditions 22 and 23

Figure 8.3:  The Expedition 22 patch, February 2009 (NASA)

Figure 8.4:  The Expedition 23 patch, November 2009 (NASA)

Soyuz TMA-17, Expeditions 22 and 23  137

Figure 8.5:  Soichi Noguchi, Expedition 22, June 2009 (NASA)

138  Soyuz TMA-17, Expeditions 22 and 23

Figure 8.6:  The Soyuz TMA-17 crew with Noguchi on the right (www.spacefacts.de)

Figure 8.7:  The Expedition 22 crew with Noguchi on the right, July 2009 (NASA)

Soyuz TMA-17, Expeditions 22 and 23  139

Figure 8.8:  The Expedition 23 crew with Noguchi on the right, July 2009 (NASA)

Timeline  xpedition 22 Week Ending Friday, 25 December 2009 E On 20 December, at 4:52 p.m. EST, Soyuz TMA-17 lifted off with Oleg Kotov of Roskosmos, NASA’s Timothy Creamer and JAXA’s Soichi Noguchi, all of whom were to join Expedition 22 on the ISS. The spacecraft docked at the nadir port of Zarya at 5:48 p.m. EST on 23 December and the hatches were opened at 7:30 p.m. EST.  xpedition 22 Week Ending Friday, 1 January 2010 E On Christmas Eve the new crewmembers, Williams, Noguchi and Creamer, started to fill out weekly Food Frequency Questionnaires (FFQ) on the Medical Equipment Computer (MEC). Noguchi also started the Bisphosphonates biomedical countermeasures experiment by ingesting an Alendronate pill before breakfast. This study should determine whether antiresorptive agents that help to

140  Soyuz TMA-17, Expeditions 22 and 23 reduce bone loss, along with the routine in-flight exercise program, can protect ISS crewmembers from the regional decreases in bone mineral density that occur in microgravity. On 28 December, Noguchi worked with the JAXA Dewey’s Forest science payload. He retrieved the plants from the original Minus-Eighty Laboratory Freezer for ISS (MELFI1) and placed them under the General Luminaire Assembly (GLA) to study how gravity controls the Laws of Nature and influences our ways of thinking. Later, he inserted two minus 32 degrees Centigrade ice bricks into MELFI1. Continuing with medical testing, Kotov, Noguchi, and Creamer each completed their first 10-minute session with the periodic Russian MedOps test Hematokrit to measure the red cell count of the blood. The newcomers also familiarised themselves with the T2 treadmill. On 30 December, Noguchi and Creamer conducted their first session of the Bodies in the Space Environment (BISE), the Canadian Space Agency (CSA) experiment designed to study how astronauts perceive ‘up and down’ in microgravity. Creamer performed the program and Noguchi photographed him. Noguchi conducted a 5-hour sampling run using the Environmental Health System Gas Chromatograph/Differential Mobility Spectrometer (EHS GC DMS), or Air Quality Monitor (AQM). He also took pictures of the US payload racks as part of Payload On-orbit Still Shots for Utilisation and Maintenance (POSSUM). On 31 December, the crew performed the 2.5-hour On Board Training (OBT) in order to familiarise themselves with the emergency egress drill that would be used in the event of the station suffering rapid depressurisation.  xpedition 22 Week Ending Friday, 8 January 2010 E On New Year’s Day, Noguchi completed the regular bi-monthly rebooting of the Router and File Server Station Support Computer (SSC) laptops. As part of the Voluntary Science program, Noguchi picked the JAXA Paper Craft task in which he made some Japanese seasonal tradition items with uplinked paper patterns to show Japanese culture in the ISS and to attract the attention of children by collecting design ideas. On 4 January, Noguchi assembled the Small Fine Arm (SFA) of the Japanese Experiment Module Remote Manipulator System (JEM RMS). He did this by bringing the slide table into the Kibō Pressurised Module through the airlock in order to assemble the SFA inside the PM. On 6 January, the ISS crew took the periodic On-Orbit Hearing Assessment (O-OHA) test using a special software application on the Medical Equipment Computer (MEC) laptop. This 30-minute NASA environmental health systems examination was to determine the efficacy of acoustic countermeasures. He also

Soyuz TMA-17, Expeditions 22 and 23  141 recorded video of the SFA at work. On 7 January he began the first session of the ESA PASSAGES experiment in the Columbus module. This presented an astronaut with 3D images to determine how visual acuity is affected by microgravity. Then in Kibō, he had a video call with Japanese Prime Minister Yukio Hatoyama in Tokyo together with Minister of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology Tatsuo Kawabata. This exchange was moderated on the ground by JAXA Astronaut Satoshi Furukawa, who was with students from the Chigasaki Hamasuka Elementary School, which Noguchi had attended as a child.

Figure 8.9:  Noguchi talking to the Japanese Prime Minister, January 2010 (NASA)

On 8 January, he started yet another biomedical program, this time Spaceflight Cognitive Assessment Tool for Windows (WinSCAT). This is a monthly time-­ constrained questionnaire test of cognitive abilities, and is routinely conducted by astronauts on the ISS every 30 days. It uses cognitive subtests to measure

142  Soyuz TMA-17, Expeditions 22 and 23 sustained concentration, verbal working memory, attention, short-term memory, spatial processing, and math skills. The five subtests are Coding Memory Learning, Continuous Processing Task, Match to Sample, Mathematics, and Coding Delayed Recall.  xpedition 22 Week Ending Friday, 15 January 2010 E On 9 January, Noguchi recorded a 3-minute science Podcast segment describing the Japanese Marangoni Convection experiments. He explained, “On Earth, when silicon crystallises, it is affected by buoyancy convection, the rising and falling of molecules due to their weight. This movement of molecules causes flaws in the crystals’ structure. Scientists assumed that in near-weightlessness, where buoyancy convection is greatly reduced, they would see defect-free crystals. But this is not the case. In space, another kind of convection takes over: Marangoni Flow. Occurring when there are temperature differences throughout a fluid, Marangoni Flow can look like an invisible spoon stirring a liquid. This is because energised molecules are ceaselessly being pulled towards the area of high surface tension. In this Japanese-led experiment that features significant Canadian contribution, we use silicone oil for the liquid bridge and induce Marangoni Flow using two disks, one cool, the other hot, on either side of the liquid. We vary the temperature between 5 and 90 degrees and collect our data through the Fluid Physics Experiment Facility’s 3D, 2D, and thermal imaging cameras.” On 10 January, Noguchi and Creamer worked with the Canadarm2 to relocate the External Storage Platform 3 (ESP-3) from the Port 3 Upper (P3U) Truss to the Starboard 3 Lower (S3L) Truss. Noguchi also had his first session with the JAXA BIORHYTHMS (Biological Rhythms) experiment. For this he wore the Digital Walk Holter (DWH) for Electrocardiogram electrodes for 24 hours. On 13 January, in Kibō, he worked with Elmer’s glue to repair the leak of the Marangoni Inside (MI) Core, after masking the thermocouple ports. Later, he started another biomedical test, this time the Generic Human Research Facility (HRF) Blood & Urine Activities test. Surayev and Kotov made a Russian segment EVA in Orlan suits on 14 January, and during this 5-hour, 44-minute session they installed navigation and communications cables, antennas, hand-rails on the Mini Research Module 2 named Poisk, and retrieved an external experiment.  xpedition 22 Week Ending Friday, 22 January 2010 E As part of his Voluntary Science (VolSci) program for JAXA, Noguchi used a camcorder to make a video tour of the ISS and the Kibō laboratory. On 18 January, which was ISS Commander Jeff Williams’ birthday, Noguchi spent time in the Quest airlock preparing the spacesuits for forthcoming EVAs by

Soyuz TMA-17, Expeditions 22 and 23  143 STS-130 astronauts. The next day he took hair samples from Creamer and stored them in the Minus-Eighty Laboratory Freezer for ISS (MELFI). He also spoke by TV link with the Kushiro Children’s Museum and Rikubetsu Observatory in Hokkaido, Japan. On 20 January, Noguchi activated the Space Dynamically Responding Ultrasonic Matrix (SpaceDRUMS) experiment for the first time. This suspends a solid or liquid sample using 20 acoustic beam emitters during combustion. It could process advanced ceramics, polymers and colloids. He also updated the firmware on the MCS SIGI GPS-2, the Motion Control System, Space Integrated GPS/ Inertial Navigation System which utilised Global Positioning System 2. On 21 January, Surayev and Williams relocated Soyuz TMA-16 from Zvezda’s aft port to the Poisk module, marking the first time a spacecraft docked there. Noguchi prepared items of cargo that were to be returned to Earth by STS-130. On 22 January, Noguchi spoke with students at the Minato Junior High School, Hachinohe, Aomori, Japan, by ham radio. On the same day, the ISS was reboosted using the main engines of the Zvezda module. This was the first of two reboosts to prepare for the arrival of Progress M-04M (which NASA called Progress 36P) and STS-130. It was the first time in about a year that the Zvezda engines had been used for this purpose. Afterwards, the crew noted a metallic cylindrical object some 4 to 5 cm long and 1 cm in diameter floating freely immediately nadir and forward of the ISS and downlinked photos to Mission Control.  xpedition 22 Week Ending Friday, 29 January 2010 E On 24 January, Zvezda’s engines were fired to reboost the station’s orbit by a mean altitude increase of 5.10 km. On 26 January, the astronauts started troubleshooting the failure of an oxidiser (nitrogen tetroxide) valve on Zvezda. Moscow prohibited use of the attitude control thrusters until this was resolved. On 28 January, Noguchi made more traditional Japanese origami figures for the JAXA Educational Payload Operation (EPO), EPO-4/Paper Craft2 Making. He also used the ham radio to talk with students at the Morioka Children’s Museum of Science, Morioka, Iwate, Japan, and later talked by TV link with students at the Hamada-Higashi Junior High School.  xpedition 22 Week Ending Friday, 5 February 2010 E As part of the Voluntary Science Weekend activities, over the weekend Noguchi checked a silicone oil leak on the Marangoni Deformation (MD) cooling disk experiment in the Kibō laboratory. On 2 February, the crew resized the spacesuits in the Quest airlock ready for use by the STS-130 crew. Later, Noguchi participated in the Nippon TV’s NEWS ZERO @ Space.

144  Soyuz TMA-17, Expeditions 22 and 23 Progress M-04M launched from Baikonur at 10:45 p.m. EST carrying 2.4 tons of water, food, gases, propellants, consumables, and scientific equipment. It docked at the aft port of Zvezda at 11:26 p.m. EST on 4 February. Meanwhile, Noguchi and Williams continued to prepare cargo to be returned to Earth by STS-­ 130, and Noguchi installed a cable from the Destiny Robotic Work Station-­ Portable Work Station (RWS PCS) to the Station Support Computer 8 (SSC-8) for the Dynamic Onboard Ubiquitous Graphics (DOUG) system that provides a virtual real time birds eye view of the station for use while the Canadarm2 is in operation. Noguchi verified that the wireless telemetry was operational.  xpedition 22 Week Ending Friday, 12 February 2010 E STS-130 lifted off from Pad 39-A at the Kennedy Space Center at 09:14 UTC on 8 February, carrying Node 3, Tranquility, for the ISS.1 Like Harmony, Tranquility was funded, designed, and fabricated on behalf of ESA and transferred to NASA’s ownership for no cost. In return, ESA received access to NASA facilities on the ISS and flights to the ISS on the Shuttle. ESA partnered with the Italian Space Agency (ASI) and contracted Thales Alenia Space in Turin to supply the module.2 Attached to Tranquility’s forward port for launch was ESA’s Cupola, a small module that was to be transferred to the nadir port of Tranquility to give the crew unprecedented views of Earth passing below. It had six trapezoid windows in a hexagon formation arranged around a central circular one 80 cm in diameter that was the largest window ever used on a spacecraft.3 Endeavour docked at PMA-2 on the front of the Harmony module at 11:06 p.m. Central on Tuesday, 9 February. The next day, Nicholas Patrick and Bob Behnken set up their spacewalk tools in preparation for Thursday’s EVA. George Zamka  NASA held and internet competition to name Node 3. Options included Earthrise, Legacy, Serenity, and Venture. Stephen Colbert of Comedy Central’s The Colbert Report had encouraged his viewers to vote in a NASA online poll to name the module after himself. Although ‘Colbert’ garnered the most votes, NASA opted for the eighth most popular name, Tranquility. As a consolation, NASA astronaut Sunita Williams appeared on the television show and announced that the new treadmill was to be named after the host. Combined Operational Load Bearing External Resistance Treadmill (COLBERT). 2  Thales Alenia Space can rightly claim to have built a significant amount of the International Space Station. As well as Tranquility, it manufactured the Harmony module for NASA, the Columbus module for ESA, the Cupola for ESA, and the Permanent Multi-purpose Module (PMM) Leonardo. It also built the Multi-Purpose Logistics Modules which delivered cargo to the station by carriage in the Shuttle payload bay, the pressurised section of the Automated Transfer Vehicle (five of which automated spacecraft delivered cargo to the station), and the pressurised module of the Cygnus spacecraft (nine of which at the time of writing had delivered cargo to the station, with more planned). 3  Due its shape and multiple window configuration, the Cupola bears a striking resemblance to the cockpit of the Millennium Falcon spacecraft of the movie Star Wars. 1

Soyuz TMA-17, Expeditions 22 and 23  145 and Soichi Noguchi resized a spare spacesuit torso for Behnken after a power harness on his original suit failed. Meanwhile, Jeff Williams installed a new Distillation Assembly and Flow Control Pump Assembly in the ISS Water Recovery System. Max Surayev and Oleg Kotov packed trask into the Progress cargo ship. T.J. Creamer carried out his scientific duties monitoring scientific payloads. Terry Virts, Kay Hire, and Steve Robinson transferred cargo from Endeavour into the station. To wrap up, Williams and Creamer joined the Shuttle crew to talk to KXTV-TV in Sacramento, California, WKRG-TV in Mobile, Alabama, and KMOX Radio in St. Louis, Missouri.4 Behnken and Patrick spent the sleep period in the Quest airlock at a reduced atmospheric pressure for the usual ‘camping out’ procedure. At 8:17 p.m. Central on Thursday night, Behnken and Patrick started the first spacewalk of the mission to support the transfer of the Tranquility module. While waiting for Hire and Virts to lift the module out of the Shuttle’s payload bay, they moved a temporary platform from the Dextre robot arm to the truss and installed handles on the Dextre itself. At 12:20 a.m. Central on Friday, the Canadarm2 mated Tranquility on the Unity module, opposite the Quest airlock, with the 16 bolts closing reassuringly. Behnken and Patrick then connected power, heater, and data cables to complete the process.

Figure 8.10:  Tranquility being transferred to the Unity module, February 2010 (NASA)  These are the home towns of Robinson, Behnken and Hire respectively.

4

146  Soyuz TMA-17, Expeditions 22 and 23 The Shuttle crew awoke at 3:14 p.m. Friday, 12 February, to The Ballad of Serenity, the theme tune to the sci-fi TV show Firefly.5 After the hatch was opened at 8:17 p.m., Zamka, Robinson and Hire helped Williams to outfit the vestibule between Unity and Tranquility. When the module was opened, Virts and Noguchi started transferring equipment into Tranquility, including the Advanced Resistive Exercise Device (ARED) and part of the environmental system called an Air Revitalisation System (ARS) rack.  xpedition 22 Week Ending Friday, 19 February 2010 E At 1:30 a.m. Central on Saturday, Behnken and Patrick answered questions posed by Mike Massimino’s twitter followers. Massimino was on the CapCom console at Houston. At 4:30 a.m., Virts and Hire gave interviews with Associated Press, CBS News, and Reuters. Mission Control deferred the depressurisation and grappling of the Cupola on Saturday morning after the crewmembers were unable to install a center disk cover on the module’s outboard docking port due to interference with the cover’s attach mechanism from hardware inside the Cupola. In addition, an extra day was added to the mission in order to relocate two Water Recovery System racks, the Waste Hygiene Compartment and the Oxygen Generation System into Tranquility. Behnken and Patrick started their second spacewalk at 8:09 p.m. Saturday, and connected two ammonia loops from Destiny to Tranquility to facilitate cooling of the new module. They installed thermal covers on Tranquility’s keel pin and trunnions. This measure was to prevent condensation inside the module. They then prepared Tranquility’s nadir port for the transfer of the Cupola. Because there was a small ammonia leak while fitting the ammonia lines, a ‘bake-out’ procedure was necessary before entering the airlock and a contamination test was done in the airlock before the spacesuits were allowed inside the station.6 Meanwhile, Williams, Noguchi, Creamer, Virts and Hire continued to outfit Tranquility’s interior, including setting up the ventilation system and configuring racks. They also tested the lighting and computer systems of the module. On Sunday the crew relocated the Cupola from the end of Tranquility to its nadir, where it would provide unobstructed views of Earth. Once the Cupola had been depressurised Williams commanded the bolts to release. They were slow to release because they had been over-torqued during the assembly process. Then Hire and Virts used the Canadarm2 to perform the transfer. Inside the station, computer systems and water lines were prepared for the Cupola operations.  Serenity was one of the name choices offered by NASA in the internet competition to name Node 3, which would eventually be named Tranquility. Fans of the TV show Firefly mounted a strong campaign but lost out to the fans of The Colbert Report. 6  In the ‘bake-out’ process the contaminated portion of a suit is exposed to sunlight for long enough to vaporise the ammonia crystals. This procedure is common and normally takes 30 minutes. 5

Soyuz TMA-17, Expeditions 22 and 23  147

Figure 8.11:  Noguchi enjoying the Cupola, February 2010 (NASA)

148  Soyuz TMA-17, Expeditions 22 and 23 In parallel, Behnken and Patrick prepared equipment for their third spacewalk, and tests of the Urine Processing Assembly showed it to be working nominally. Virts and Hire also spoke with students from NASA Explorer Schools at the start of the day, and before sleep Virts and Behnken spoke with WOR Radio, New York, KTVI-TV, St. Louis and WREG-TV, Memphis. On Monday, 15 February, Patrick, Behnken, Williams and Noguchi relocated PMA-3 from Harmony to the end of Tranquility, where the Cupola had been whilst in the Shuttle’s payload bay. Using the Canadarm2, they undocked the Pressurised Mating Adapter at 5:59 p.m. Central and installed it on Tranquility at 7:30 p.m. Meanwhile, Virts and Hire continued to outfit the Cupola. Robinson removed the launch brackets from Tranquility’s Low Temperature Loop (LTL), Pump Package Assembly (PPA), and Common Cabin Air Assembly (CCAA), and Williams tried out the Advanced Resistive Exercise Device successfully. The third and final spacewalk of the STS-130 mission began at 8:09 p.m. Central, Tuesday, 16 February. Behnken and Patrick opened up the second of two ammonia loops on Tranquility, disconnected temporary power cables, and installed heater and data cables between Tranquility and the newly mated Pressurised Mating Adapter 3. After the insulation was removed from the Cupola’s seven windows, Patrick released their launch locks. Inside the module, Virts opened the window shutters for the first time at 11:30 p.m. Central, starting with the 31.5-inch central circular window. As the last window shutter was opened, Kathryn Hire said, “Congratulations for raising the curtain on a bay window to the world.” The spacewalkers also set up hand-rails on the exterior of Tranquility, routed video signal converter cables from the S0 truss, on Destiny, to the Zarya module in order to support future Canadarm2 operations from the Russian segment of the station, and then they removed clamps and a flex hose rotary coupler on the P1 truss segment. Inside, the preparation of Tranquility and the Cupola continued. Noguchi replaced the Recycle Filter Tank Assembly of the Water Recycling System. On Wednesday, 17 February, the crews talked with President Barack Obama in the White House and a dozen middle-school students from across the country on a visit to Washington, D.C., for a national engineering competition. As it was an extra day inserted into the schedule by Mission Control, the crew spent Wednesday relocating the remaining systems racks for the regenerative environmental control and life support system (i.e. both Water Recovery System racks, the Waste Hygiene Compartment, and the Oxygen Generation System) into empty rack spaces in Tranquility and setting up hardware in the Cupola. A plan to move the Canadarm2 work station from Destiny to the Cupola, where the operator would have improved visibility, was deferred until after the Shuttle had departed. This was because when Virts attempted the installation he was unable to install some panels in the Cupola.

Soyuz TMA-17, Expeditions 22 and 23  149 After midnight, Zamka and Virts fired the Orbiter’s small thrusters for 33 minutes to raise the station’s altitude by 1.3 miles. The next day, Zamka and Williams participated in a ribbon-cutting to dedicate the Cupola to astronaut Charles Lacy Veach, who flew on STS-39  in 1991 and STS-52  in 1992 before dying of cancer in 1995. He had been instrumental in developing the Cupola. They also placed in the Cupola a moonrock that had been collected by Apollo 11 and later carried to the summit of Mount Everest by astronaut Scott Parazynski. With it were chips collected from Everest. Zamka explained that in continuing their journey for additional millions of miles, the rocks would be “a reminder of man’s reach and man’s grit,” as humans continue to explore. On Thursday there was a press conference with various NASA centers and Tokyo, and a ceremony to commemorate the installation of the final US component of the ISS. The two crews said their goodbyes on Friday, 19 February, and the hatches were closed at 2:08 a.m. Central. Endeavour undocked at 6:54 p.m., and landed at the Kennedy Space Center at 9:20 p.m. Central on Sunday 21 February.  xpedition 22 Week Ending Friday, 26 February 2010 E Meanwhile, normal communication were restored to the ISS after a series of outages. Mission Control in Houston attributed the problem to unplanned transitions among the three command and control computers in the US segment of the station that were associated with a system in the Columbus laboratory which packaged up data for telemetry to ESA’s Control Center near Munich in Germany. In a JAXA event on 24 February, Noguchi was interviewed by the SMAPXSMAP Space Special TV show on Fuji Television in Tokyo, Japan.  xpedition 22 Week Ending Friday, 5 March 2010 E On 1 March, Noguchi set up the new Japanese experiment NANOSKELETON (Production of High Performance Nanomaterials in Microgravity). Its purpose was to clarify the influence of gravity on oil flotation, sedimentation, and convection on crystals generated in microgravity. The next day, he configured the Robotic Onboard Trainer (RoBOT) for a training run by simulating Small Fine Arm (SFA) tasks involving the Japanese Experiment Module Robotic Manipulator System (JEM RMS). On 3 March, the entire crew and all four Mission Control centers (MCC-­ Houston, TsUP-Moscow, COL-CC/Oberpfaffenhofen, and SSIPC-Tsukuba) took part in On Board Training (OBT) Toxic Spill & Depressurisation exercises.

150  Soyuz TMA-17, Expeditions 22 and 23 The ISS crew were informed on 4 March that the International Space Station Program had won the 2009 Collier Trophy. It had been awarded by the National Aeronautic Association in Washington, D.C., and was considered the top award for Aeronautics and Astronautics in the USA. Later that day, Noguchi used the ham radio to speak with students at the Hamasuka Junior High School in Chigasaki City, Kanagawa, Japan. During a special Flight Director teleconference, Williams and Noguchi participated in the Acceptance Review Board (ARB) meeting which formally accepted the US Orbital Segment (USOS) of the ISS from the contractor, Boeing Aerospace.7 The assembly process had been completed with the arrival of Tranquility and the Cupola.  xpedition 22 Week Ending Friday, 12 March 2010 E The entire crew took part in a video link message to the Heads of Agency meeting that was scheduled in Tokyo, Japan, on 8 March. On 9 March, Noguchi relocated a laptop from Destiny into the Kibō PM for forthcoming robotic operations. He and Creamer operated the Canadarm2 and ‘walked’ it off the Destiny Power & Data Grapple Fixture (PDGF) to the Mobile Base System (MBS) PDGF1. Later on, ground controllers relocated it to the Harmony PDGF after the Dextre robot had been moved from there. The next day, Noguchi and Creamer successfully transferred the Small Fine Arm through the airlock of Kibō, and attached it to the Japanese Experiment Module Remote Manipulator System (JEM RMS) externally on the Exposed Facility (EF). This was achieved by using the slide table, a device that enables apparatus to be transferred through the airlock onto/from the exposed ‘porch’ structure. On 11 March, they continued work to verify full operability of the robot arm with the checkout of the SFA Stowage Equipment/Tool Fixture (SSE TF) grapple. Then they powered up the COTS UHF Communications Unit/Crew Command Panel (CUCU CCP) for testing by engineers at the NASA Dryden Flight Research Center in preparation for the arrival of a SpaceX Dragon making the first Commercial Orbital Transportation Services (COTS) spacecraft later in the year. Later, in another JAXA Educational TV event, Noguchi answered questions posed by staff and students at the Kiyose Community Center in Tokyo, Japan.

 The USOS consists of the non-Russian parts of the station. It includes the Europeanmanufactured American components, the main solar arrays, and the Columbus and Kibō laboratories. The Zarya module forms part of the Russian Orbital Segment but is officially owned by NASA because NASA paid for the ex-Mir module rather than complete the development of the over-budget Lockheed Bus-1 module. 7

Soyuz TMA-17, Expeditions 22 and 23  151  xpedition 22/23 Week Ending Friday, 19 March 2010 E On 13 March, Mission Control in Houston conducted the 6-monthly Sequential Shunt Units (SSU) Test. This involved moving the solar array Beta Gimbal Assemblies (BGA) to a fixed known position, ‘shunting’ (i.e. short circuiting) the arrays prior to entering eclipse and then ‘unshunting’ them after emerging from eclipse to gain a baseline measurement that could be compared year on year. The current that is shunted by the arrays is expected to decrease over time as they degrade in the orbital environment. On 16 March, Noguchi continued the tradition begun by Koichi Wakata on Expedition 18 and he contributed the 25th poem to the Space Poem DVD. As Expedition 23 began, command of the station was transferred from Williams to Kotov. On 18 March, Soyuz TMA-16 departed from the Poisk port and carried Williams and Surayev back to a landing in southern Kazakhstan northeast of the town of Arkalyk at 7:24 a.m. EDT. In an interesting maneuver, the altitude of the station was boosted by firing the engines of two docked Progress ships. Progress M-04 at the aft port of Zvezda controlled ISS pitch and yaw and Progress M-03 at the nadir port of Pirs controlled roll orientation. The mean gain in altitude of 1.7 km was to prepare the station for the arrival of Soyuz TMA-18, STS-131, and Progress M-05M.  xpedition 23 Week Ending Friday, 26 March 2010 E On 25 March, Kotov, Noguchi and Creamer carried out the Soyuz Emergency Descent Drill while sitting in the Soyuz TMA-17 spacecraft docked at the Zarya nadir port. Later, Noguchi had a ham radio session with students at the Shiogama Daini Junior High School, Shiogama, Japan. The next day, the crew in space spoke with Alexander Skvortsov, Tracy Caldwell Dyson and Mikhail Borisovich Kornienko, who were soon to join them on the Expedition 23 crew.  xpedition 23 Week Ending Friday, 2 April 2010 E On 30 March, Kotov, Creamer and Noguchi marked their 100th day in space. The following day there was a test to transfer Mission Control functions from Houston to the Marshall Space Flight Center at Huntsville, Alabama. The functions of the Backup Control Center (BCC) that were tested included the Tracking & Data Relay Satellite (TDRS), voice checking by S-Band from the BCC CapCom, and communications between Huntsville Operations Support Center (BCC-HOSC), Huntsville Payload Operations & Integration Center (POIC), SSIPC-Tsukuba, ESA/Oberpfaffenhofen, and TsUP-Moscow.

152  Soyuz TMA-17, Expeditions 22 and 23 Soyuz TMA-18 lifted off from Baikonur at 12:04 a.m. EDT, on 2 April carrying the new Expedition 23 crewmembers Skvortsov, Kornienko and Caldwell Dyson.  xpedition 23 Week Ending Friday, 9 April 2010 E Soyuz TMA-18 docked at 1:25 a.m. EDT on 4 April at the Poisk port, bringing to four the number of docked Russian spacecraft, the others being Soyuz TMA-17 at the nadir port of Zarya, Progress M-03M at the nadir of Pirs, and Progress M-04M at the aft port of Zvezda. On 5 April Shuttle Discovery launched for mission STS-131 carrying the Multi-­ Purpose Logistics Module Leonardo. (See Chapter 9 for this mission.)  xpedition 23 Week Ending Friday, 23 April 2010 E On 22 April, Progress M-03M undocked at 12:32 p.m. EDT.  Later, Noguchi spoke over a TV link with students at Sagamihara City Hall, Sagamihara, Japan. The moderator for this session was Ms. Miwako Hasegawa, the Mayor of Sagamihara. On 23 April, Progress M-04M carried out a 20-minute, 45-second reboost to attain a mean altitude increase of 5.42 km. Meanwhile on the station, the crew continued to monitor the CO2 levels in the wake of a failure of the Vozdukh system.  xpedition 23 Week Ending Friday, 30 April 2010 E The problem with the Vozdukh CO2 removal system was resolved on 24 April by manually resetting two valves. A known issue causes the valves to stop in mid-­ position under certain conditions, causing a shutdown. On 25 April, Crew Quarters (CQ) racks were set up for the new arrivals. They set up a third permanent sleep station in Harmony. The other three CQs are two Kayuta sleep stations in Zvezda and one ad hoc one in the Kibō Pressurised Module – the latter being a temporary measure until being transferred to Harmony. Cables were run from Harmony to Kibō. Any hatch ‘drag-through’ on the station which is to remain in place overnight requires a special waiver. On 28 April, Progress M-05M launched at 1:15 p.m. EDT carrying supplies for the ISS comprising 870 kg of propellants, 50 kg of oxygen and air, 100 kg of water and 1,375 kg of spare parts and experiment hardware. At 8:35 a.m., Soichi spoke with officials, teachers, and students at Chigasaki City Hall in Chigasaki, Kanagawa-Prefecture, Japan.

Soyuz TMA-17, Expeditions 22 and 23  153 The crew had 29 April off, enabling Noguchi to celebrate the Japanese holiday of Shōwa, which honored the birthday of Emperor Hirohito.  xpedition 23 Week Ending Friday, 7 May 2010 E Progress M-05M docked at Pirs on 1 May. Its cargo included Matryoshka radiation detectors. Three previous versions of the unit had been installed in the Zvezda and Pirs modules and the new ones would be the first to be fitted in the Kibō module. Noguchi and Caldwell Dyson set up Joint Operator Commanded Auto Sequences (JOCAS) for the Canadarm2 and Dextre robot arms. Noguchi prepared for the postponed installation of the Robotic Workstation (RWS) in the Cupola. He also installed a new Wireless Access Point (WAP) for network extension in Tranquility, and performed the monthly reboot of all active Portable Computer System (PCS) laptops in the Destiny and Kibō modules, and the Portable Workstation laptop in Columbus. On 5 May, Noguchi downlinked a 20-minute video from the Kibō PM for students at the JAXA Space School in Tsukuba, Japan. The following day, the Mobile Transporter (MT), on which the combined Space Station Remote Manipulator System/Special Purpose Dexterous Manipulator (SSRMS SPDM) was mounted, was translated along the rails of the truss structure from Worksite 5 to Worksite 4. Progress M-05M at the nadir port of Pirs was successfully integrated into the ISS Motion Control System (MCS). This system exploits a docked spacecraft’s radial lever-arm distance from the roll axis of the station to perform attitude control.  xpedition 23 Week Ending Friday, 14 May 2010 E On 8 May, as part of his VolSci activity, Noguchi conducted the JAXA Educational Payload Operation (EPO) Letter, involving taking pictures of his colleagues for downlinking to Earth. At 7:16 a.m. EDT Progress M-04M undocked from the Zvezda aft port. On 12 May Kotov, Noguchi and Creamer relocated Soyuz TMA-17 from the nadir port of Zarya to the aft port of that module. This freed up that location for the installation of the Mini Research Module 1 (MRM-1), named Rassvet, during the forthcoming STS-132 mission. The next day, they downlinked TV messages of congratulations to the promoters, participants and guests of the Kioko Sinkai Karate Third World Cup event in the Spanish city of Estepona. On 14 May Noguchi spoke by ham radio with students at the Komoro Higashi Junior High School, Komoro, Nagano, Japan.

154  Soyuz TMA-17, Expeditions 22 and 23  xpedition 23 Week Ending Friday, 21 May 2010 E At 1:20 p.m. Central on Friday 14 May, Atlantis launched from the Kennedy Space Center for mission STS-132 with Commander Ken Ham, Pilot Tony Antonelli, and Mission Specialists Garrett Reisman, Michael Good, Steve Bowen, and Piers Sellers. In the payload bay it had the latest Russian segment for the station, Mini Research Module 1 (MRM-1) known as Rassvet, and the Integrated Cargo Carrier-Vertical Light Deployable (ICC-VLD).8 Atlantis docked at PMA-2 on the forward port of the Harmony module at 9:28 a.m. Central on Sunday, 16 May. In the beginning, the Russians expected to launch the large Docking and Storage Module (DSM) on a Proton rocket to reside at the nadir port of the similarly-sized Zarya module, but this was cancelled owing to financial difficulties. It was decided to produce a smaller module that NASA would be able to deliver by Shuttle and have the Canadarm2 install it at the nadir port of Zarya. As with Pirs and Poisk, Rassvet would possess a docking port on its far end to preserve the station’s capacity to accommodate the two Soyuz ‘crew taxis’ and two Progress freighters that are required to sustain a six-person crew. But there was more to this deal. The Russian Multi-purpose Laboratory Module (MLM) was scheduled for launch on a Proton in 2017 and since NASA had already committed to launch supporting equipment for this it was decided to send up this apparatus with Rassvet, mounted internally and externally. As a result the airlock and folded radiator intended for the MLM and the elbow of the European Robotic Arm (ERA) were piggy-backed on Rassvet in order to get them into space. On Monday, 17 May, at 6:45 a.m., Garrett Reisman and Steve Bowen initiated their first spacewalk of the mission. On the end of the Canadarm2, which was operated by Sellers and Caldwell Dyson, Reisman carried the 9-foot-long boom of the new spare Ku-Band Space to Ground Antenna (SGANT) to the Z1 truss. After installing the boom, the transfer procedure was repeated for the antenna. Once the antenna was mounted there was still a gap between it and the boom, so the bolts were tightened to close the gap. To enable engineers to verify that the attachment was secure without the dish rotating, its launch locks were left in place. When Bowen detached the cover the Command and Control (CNC) system shut down. There was a connector in the cover, and the unexpected loss

 At the time of writing, Rassvet was the last Russian segment launched to the ISS. There are reports that the next planned module, the Multi-purpose Laboratory Module (MLM) Nauka will be launched in August 2019 or perhaps in 2020. However, its completion has been significantly delayed because its originally planned launch date was 2007. If launched, it will replace Pirs at Zvezda’s nadir port. 8

Soyuz TMA-17, Expeditions 22 and 23  155

Figure 8.12:  The Rassvet module being installed on Zarya, May 2010 (NASA)

of signal caused an error. After 2 minutes of communications outage the CNC was restored. Reisman installed the spare-parts platform on the Dextre robot arm that was sitting on the Destiny module. The spacewalkers agreed to extend the EVA in order to carry out some other tasks, including loosening bolts on the six 375-­ pound batteries, removing a foot restraint, and retrieving an adapter from the Canadarm2’s latching end effector. On Tuesday, 18 May, Noguchi and his Expedition 23 crewmates conducted maintenance tasks while Ham and Antonelli used the Shuttle’s arm to unberth the Rassvet module from the payload bay and position it to be ‘handed off’ to the station’s arm. Reisman and Sellers, in the Cupola for maximum visibility, were at the controls of the Canadarm2. They docked it at the nadir port of the Zarya module. When Sellers called to Mission Control that he didn’t see the expected message on his computer he was advised by CapCom Steve Swanson, “That error’s expected. The reason you didn’t get ‘contact 1’ is because Garrett did too good of a job flying [the module]. He went right down the middle and got a hole in one.” The final connection was established at 7:50 a.m. Central.

156  Soyuz TMA-17, Expeditions 22 and 23 Rassvet contains a variety of biotechnology and biological science experiments and fluid physics and educational research. It has a pressurised compartment with eight workstations, including a glove box to keep experiments isolated from the in-cabin environment, a pair of incubators to accommodate high and low temperature experiments, and a special platform to protect experiments from on board vibrations. The second spacewalk was on Wednesday, while the station crew put rubbish and surplus apparatus into a Progress freighter. Spacewalkers Stephen Bowen and Michael Good left the Quest airlock at 5:38 a.m., which was 30 minutes ahead of schedule to gain time for Bowen to remove a cable snag on the OBSS. They then replaced four batteries on the P6 truss, attaching three old batteries to the cargo carrier for return to Earth and leaving the fourth one on the truss as a task to be completed on the next EVA. To wrap up the excursion, they returned to the new SGANT antenna, adjusted its bolts, and removed the launch locks to make it fully operational. At 5:52 a.m. on Thursday, 20 May, Kotov opened the hatches to the Rassvet module for the first time and entered. It looked clean, but he nevertheless wore the standard breathing and eye protection because there were some weightless metal filings floating inside. The third and final EVA of the mission was made on Friday, 21 May. Good and Reisman installed a backup ammonia coolant jumper between the P4 and P5 truss segments, replaced the fifth and sixth batteries on the P6 truss, and moved the fourth battery (removed on Wednesday) from its temporary stowage position on the truss onto the cargo carrier. Sellers and Caldwell Dyson operated the Canadarm2 to move the cargo carrier with the old batteries to a temporary stowage position. It would be moved to the Shuttle’s payload bay prior to departure. Good and Reisman entered the payload bay, collected a grapple fixture and stored it at the Quest airlock. Finally, they carried out ‘get-ahead’ tasks that included stowing tools in boxes on the Z1 truss.  xpedition 23 Week Ending Friday, 28 May 2010 E The crews spent Saturday, 22 May, preparing for Atlantis to depart. While the final equipment transfers were made between the Shuttle and station, Sellers and Reisman used the Canadarm2 to return the ICC-VLD, this time containing six used batteries, to the payload bay for return to Earth. Atlantis undocked at 10:22 a.m. CDT on Sunday, and landed at the Kennedy Space Center at 7:48 a.m. on Wednesday, 26 May. This was intended to be the final landing of Atlantis, but there was a plan to ‘repurpose’ the STS-335

Soyuz TMA-17, Expeditions 22 and 23  157 contingency mission as the final mission to the station and in September 2010 the US House of Representatives agreed a Senate-passed bill which funded an additional mission that would be STS-135; it was launched on 8 July 2011.9 On 26 May, Kotov and Noguchi had the Soyuz descent drill in readiness for returning to Earth. Progress M-05M fired its engine to adjust the orbit of the station, with the 9-minute, 51-second burn reducing is mean altitude by 1.45 km. This timing was calculated to establish a backup landing opportunity in Kazakhstan for Soyuz TMA-17.  xpedition 23 Week Ending Friday, 4 June 2010 E As this weekend’s VolSci activity, Noguchi recorded himself on video for a Sesame Street segment where he discussed the word ‘float’ and the letter ‘A’ for Astronaut. On 31 May he carried out checks on the Kibō JEM Robotic Manipulator System. On 1 June, Oleg Kotov transferred command of the station to Alexander Skvortsov, and Expedition 24 started. Noguchi’s last station maintenance task was to replace the expired Activated Carbon/Ion Exchange (ACTEX) filter cartridge on the Oxygen Generation System (OGS) in the Destiny module. At 8:04 p.m. EDT on 1 June, Soyuz TMA-17 undocked from the aft port of Zvezda with Oleg Kotov, Soichi Noguchi and Timothy Creamer, and at 11:25 p.m. EDT it landed in central Kazakhstan, near Zhezkazgan.10

 Launch on Need (LON) missions were initiated after the 2003 Columbia loss. The plan was that for every mission to the ISS, the crew and Orbiter of the next planned mission could be reassigned to a rescue mission within 40 days in the event of Orbiter in space being unable to return to Earth. This was predicated on the crew using the ISS as a safe haven. Initial missions were titled STS-300, then they were labelled STS-3XX instead of their original STS-1XX moniker. For STS-125, a Hubble Space Telescope maintenance mission without an ISS safe haven, STS-400 was the LON mission. For STS-400, Endeavour was ready to launch only 7 days after Atlantis in order to conduct a Shuttle to Shuttle rescue. For this reason, in September 2008 two Shuttles sat at the twin launch pads of Pad 39 simultaneously. 10  Zhezkazgan in the Karaganda Region is home to the headquarters of the copper conglomerate Kazakhmys. In Soviet times it was the site of the labor camp Kengir, as mentioned in Solzhenitsyn’s book The Gulag Archipelago. 9

158  Soyuz TMA-17, Expeditions 22 and 23 8.4  POSTSCRIPT Subsequent Missions N/A Soichi Noguchi Today See STS-114 mission

9 STS-131

Mission Astronaut: Mission Duration: Mission Sponsors: ISS Milestones: Launch Launch Date/Time: Launch Site: Launch Vehicle: Launch Mission: Launch Vehicle Crew:

Naoko Yamazaki 15 days, 2 hours, 47 minutes JAXA ISS 19A, 33rd Shuttle mission to the ISS, 1st time two Japanese astronauts in space at the same time 5 April 2010, 10:21 UTC Pad 39-A, Kennedy Space Center Space Shuttle Discovery (OV-103) STS-131 Alan Goodwin Poindexter (NASA), CDR James Patrick Dutton (NASA), PLT Richard Alan Mastracchio (NASA), MSP1 Dorothy Marie Metcalf-Lindenburger (NASA), MSP2 Stephanie Diana Wilson (NASA), MSP3 Naoko Yamazaki (JAXA), MSP4 Clayton Conrad Anderson (NASA), MSP5

Docking Docking Date/Time: Docking Port: Undocking Date/Time:

7 April 2010, 07:44 UTC PMA-2, Harmony Forward 17 April 2010, 12:52 UTC

Landing Landing Date/Time: Landing Site: Landing Vehicle: Landing Mission:

20 April 2010, 13:08 UTC Runway 15, Shuttle Landing Facility, Kennedy Space Center Space Shuttle Discovery (OV-103) STS-131

© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019 J. O’Sullivan, Japanese Missions to the International Space Station, Springer Praxis Books, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-04534-0_9

159

160 STS-131 Landing Vehicle Crew:

ISS Expedition ISS Expedition: ISS Crew:

Alan Goodwin Poindexter (NASA), CDR James Patrick Dutton (NASA), PLT Richard Alan Mastracchio (NASA), MSP1 Dorothy Marie Metcalf-Lindenburger (NASA), MSP2 Stephanie Diana Wilson (NASA), MSP3 Naoko Yamazaki (JAXA), MSP4 Clayton Conrad Anderson (NASA), MSP5 Expedition 23 Oleg Valeriyevich Kotov (RKA), ISS-CDR Soichi Noguchi (JAXA), ISS-Flight Engineer Timothy John Creamer (NASA), ISS-Flight Engineer Aleksandr Aleksandrovich Skvortsov (RKA), ISS-Flight Engineer Mikhail Borisovich Korniyenko (RKA), ISS-Flight Engineer Tracy Ellen Caldwell-Dyson (NASA), ISS-Flight Engineer

9.1  THE ISS STORY SO FAR STS-130 delivered Node 3, named Tranquility, as part of flight ISS 20A.  This module was built in Italy for NASA and was a development of the MPLM, two of which had been carrying cargo to and from the station since 2001. It arrived with the Cupola module installed at one end. Once the new node had been berthed at the port side of Unity, the Cupola was relocated to the nadir port of Tranquility. It had seven windows that were protected by hinged shutters. At 80 cm in diameter, the central circular pane was by far the largest yet flown in space. It would provide astronauts with spectacular views of Earth. Soyuz TMA-18 launched in April 2010 to add three flight engineers to the Expedition 23 crew, and they went on to become the Expedition 24 crew when their colleagues returned to Earth in June. 9.2 

NAOKO YAMAZAKI

Early Career Naoko Yamazaki (née Sumino) was born on 27 December 1970 in Matsudo City in the Chiba Prefecture of Japan. She studied at Tokyo University and earned a Bachelor’s degree in 1993 and then a Master’s in 1996, both in Aerospace Engineering. Her first job was with NASDA working on systems integration, failure analysis, and installation and operation of the Japanese Experiment Module of the Kibō program. From 1998 to 2000 she worked on the Centrifuge Project Team developing a centrifuge for the station.

STS-131  161

Figure 9.1:  Tranquility (top left) with the Cupola and a Pressurised Mating Adapter installed, February 2010 (NASA)

She was selected as part of NASDA’s 4th Astronaut Group in February 1999, along with Satoshi Furukawa and Akihiko Hoshide. She finished her NASDA astronaut basic training in 2001, then proceeded to advanced ISS training as well as training on the Japanese Experiment Module and the ISS Centrifuge. On successfully completing the Soyuz Flight Engineer training at Star City, Moscow, in 2004, she joined NASA Astronaut Group 19, known as The Peacocks, and started training at the Johnson Space Center in Houston, where she qualified as a NASA Mission Specialist in 2006. Previous Missions N/A 9.3  THE STS-131 MISSION STS-131 Mission Patches All the common elements of a Shuttle patch are evident in the mission patch for STS-131. The astronaut symbol that culminates in a dawning star on the Earth’s horizon doubles as the flight path for the Orbiter. The Orbiter is shown performing

162 STS-131

Figure 9.2:  Naoko Yamazaki of STS-131, November 2009 (NASA)

STS-131  163 the Rendezvous Pitch Maneuver, where ISS crew inspect the thermal protection tiles for any damage that occurred during launch. The Multi-Purpose Logistics Module, Leonardo, can be seen in the payload bay. The crew names and mission numbers are also displayed in the border.

Figure 9.3:  The STS-131 patch, September 2009 (NASA)

Naoko Yamazaki’s personal patch is in the shape of a seed, in the hope that the technology and scientific endeavors of the ISS will grow to new life in space reaching for the Moon and ultimately Mars. The eight four-leaf clovers rising from Japan symbolise that Yamazaki is the eighth Japanese person to fly to space. STS-131 Mission Objectives Although labelled as assembly flight ISS 19A, STS-131 was primarily a logistics flight with the following objectives: • Deliver equipment and supplies in the final round trip of the Multi-Purpose Logistics Module (MPLM) Leonardo. This included the third Minus-Eighty Degree Laboratory Freezer for ISS (MELFI), the Window Orbital Research Facility (WORF), the Muscle Atrophy Resistive Exercise (MARES) rack, a

164 STS-131

Figure 9.4:  Yamazaki’s personal patch (JAXA)

Crew Quarters (CQ) rack, and a number of Resupply Stowage Racks (RSR) and Resupply Stowage Platforms (RSP). • Replace an Ammonia Tank Assembly (ATA). • Use the Triangulation and LIDAR Automated Rendezvous and Docking (TriDAR) docking system for the second time. Timeline  light Day 1 – Monday, 5 April 2010 F Discovery launched at 5:21 a.m. from Pad 39-A for the STS-131 mission. As had occurred on STS-92, which carried Koichi Wakata, the Ku-Band antenna failed when it was deployed and initialised, so, again, while one team on the ground

STS-131  165

Figure 9.5:  The STS-131 crew with Yamazaki second from the right, October 2009 (NASA)

performed troubleshooting, another started contingency planning in case the mission had to be completed without this high-capacity data link. The Shuttle crew began their sleep period at 11:21 a.m. and were awakened at 7:21 p.m. to start their first full day in space.  light Day 2 – Tuesday, 6 April 2010 F James Dutton and Dorothy Metcalf-Lindenburger operated the Orbiter Boom Sensor System (OBSS) attached to the Canadarm in inspecting the thermal protection system. Normally these images were broadcast directly to Mission Control but with the Ku-Band antenna unavailable the imagery was recorded for later downloading, presuming that became possible.

166 STS-131 Rick Mastracchio and Clayton Anderson prepared their spacesuits in the middeck. There were three EVAs planned for this mission.  light Day 3 – Wednesday, 7 April 2010 F At 1:42 a.m., on reaching a point 600 feet from the ISS, Shuttle Commander Alan Poindexter initiated the Rendezvous Pitch Maneuver (RPM) while Oleg Kotov and Soichi Noguchi on the station photographed the thermal protection system. The docking occurred at 2:44 a.m., and the hatches were opened at 4:11 a.m. Once again there were a total of 13 people aboard the docked complex and, for the first time, four of them were women, namely Expedition 23’s Tracy Caldwell Dyson, STS-131’s Dorothy Metcalf-Lindenburger and Stephanie Wilson, and JAXA’s Naoko Yamazaki.1 In addition, this was the first time that two Japanese astronauts had met in space: Yamazaki and Noguchi. Further investigation of the Ku-Band antenna issue proved fruitless. The sleep period began at 11:00 a.m., and then the crew woke at 7:21 p.m. to the sound of Hato to Shōnen or A Pigeon and a Boy by Joe Hisaishi, which was played for Yamazaki. Wilson and Yamazaki transferred the Leonardo Multi-Purpose Logistics Module (MPLM) from the payload bay to the nadir port of the Harmony module using the station’s Canadarm2. The berthing was completed at 11:24 p.m. The 6.6-m-long, 4.57-m-wide module was made in Italy by the Italian Space Agency (ASI) for NASA.  On this mission, it carried 8 tons of cargo that included four experiment racks and a complete crew quarters. This was its seventh trip to the station and its final one as an MPLM.2 Its next launch in February 2011 on STS133 was to be a one-way trip, as by then it would have been reconfigured as the Permanent Multi-­purpose Module (PMM).3

1  The first time two women were in space together was when Kathryn Sullivan and Sally Ride flew in STS-41G in October 1984. The first time three women were in space together was in June 1991, when Millie Hughes-Fulford, Tamara Jernigan and Rhea Seddon flew on STS-40. 2  Its fellow MPLM, Raffaello, flew four times to the ISS. The third MPLM, Donatello, never flew in space. 3  Leonardo was fitted with enhanced orbital debris shielding and cooling systems to enable it to remain in space permanently.

STS-131  167

Figure 9.6:  Yamazaki operating the robot workstation in Destiny, April 2010 (NASA)

 light Day 4 – Thursday, 8 April 2010 F At 7:02 a.m., Anderson and Noguchi opened the hatches to the MPLM and started to unload it while Poindexter, Mastracchio and Wilson spoke to the syndicated Tom Joyner Morning Show of Dallas, Texas, WVIT-TV of Hartford, Connecticut, and Fox News Radio. The crew retired to sleep at 12:00 noon, and were awakened at 7:51 p.m. They continued to transfer cargo from the MPLM to the station and to load back completed experiments and trash for return to Earth.  light Day 5 – Friday, 9 April 2010 F Mastracchio and Anderson started the first of three spacewalks at 12:31 a.m. During the EVA they moved the new ammonia tank to the station, where it was temporarily positioned on the Quest airlock. They were assisted in this task by the station’s Canadarm2, operated by Dutton and Wilson. They retrieved the Micro-­ Particles Capture-Space Environment Exposure Device off the Exposed Facility of the Kibō laboratory and replaced an American Rate Gyro Assembly (RGA). Meanwhile, inside the station the transfer of equipment continued.

168 STS-131 The crew started their sleep period at 12:20 p.m. and woke at 8:21 p.m., when they were informed by Mission Control that the mission would be extended by a day in order to permit a docked inspection of the thermal protection system, during which images could be downlinked by the station’s Ku-Band communications system. While unloading the MPLM continued, Yamazaki concentrated on installing the Window Observational Research Facility (WORF) in Destiny. It would provide cameras, multispectral and hyperspectral scanners, camcorders, and other sensors to obtain imagery of Earth through the high-quality 51-cm-diameter window of the Destiny laboratory.  light Day 6 – Saturday, 10 April 2010 F At 4:56 a.m. Mastracchio, Anderson and Wilson met in the Harmony module and spoke with Nebraska Public Radio, CBS Newspath, and KETV-TV of Omaha, Nebraska. Several hours later, Poindexter, Dutton and Metcalf-Lindenburger had a session with students at the Naval Postgraduate School in Monterey, California.  light Day 7 – Sunday, 11 April 2010 F The second spacewalk began at 12:30 a.m., with Mastracchio and Anderson disconnecting an empty ammonia tank from the starboard truss. Wilson and Dutton used the Canadarm2 to move it to a temporary point on the Mobile Base Station on the truss. The spacewalkers then retrieved the new ammonia tank from the Quest airlock. It was bolted in place and electrically connected, but a delay in securing one of the bolts meant the task of connecting the fluid lines had to be postponed to the third EVA. To wrap up, the spacewalkers installed two radiator grapple fixture stowage beams on the P1 truss. After waking at 8:51 p.m., Discovery’s crew had a half-day of light duties and rest.  light Day 8 – Monday, 12 April 2010 F At 2:45 a.m., the astronauts spoke with Russian President Dimitry Medvedev to celebrate the anniversary of Yuri Gagarin’s first spaceflight on board Vostok 1 on 12 April 1961. Several hours later, Yamazaki and Noguchi spoke with the Japanese Minister of Space Policy Seiji Maehara and the Chief Cabinet Secretary Hirofumi Hirano, and students from the Sagamidal Elementary School in Matsudo City4  This was Yamazaki’s former school. At the end of the session Yamazaki and Noguchi played the traditional Japanese song, Sakura, Sakura (Cherry Blossoms). Yamazaki played the koto (a stringed instrument) and Noguchi played the ryuteki (a bamboo flute). 4

STS-131  169 and the Daiichi Junior High School, as well as the Young Astronauts Club. The ­moderator was the former JAXA astronaut Mamoru Mohri, at that time the Director of the National Museum of Emerging Science & Innovation. They talked about this being the first time that two JAXA astronauts were in space at the same time. At 10:36 a.m., Poindexter, Dutton, Metcalf-Lindenburger and Wilson talked with ABC World News’ Diane Sawyer, MSNBC’s Contessa Brewer, Fox News’s Jon Scott, and the Denver NBC-affiliate KUSA-TV.

Figure 9.7:  Yamazaki lifts Noguchi in the Kibō laboratory, April 2010 (NASA)

The crew slept and woke at 9.21 p.m.  light Day 9 – Tuesday, 13 April 2010 F On starting their third and final spacewalk at 1:14 a.m., Mastracchio and Anderson completed the installation of the new ammonia tank. While Mastracchio hooked up its fluid lines, this task having been left over from the previous EVA, Anderson removed micrometeoroid shields from the exterior of the Quest airlock and placed them inside.

170 STS-131 Using the Canadarm2, Wilson, Dutton and Noguchi fetched the old tank from its temporary position on the Mobile Base Station and installed it in the payload bay, where the spacewalkers bolted it to the logistics carrier that had delivered its replacement. Once again bolting it down took longer than expected, prompting Mission Control to cancel the retrieval of micrometeoroid shields from the experiment platform of the ESA Columbus module. Finally, the spacewalkers tightened bolts on the radiator grapple fixture stowage beam that they had previously installed on the P1 truss. To ensure that newly installed bolts would not be ­subjected to thermal stresses, it was standard practice to allow them to achieve thermal equilibrium prior to finally tightening them.5 The crew slept and was woken at 10:21 p.m.  light Day 10 – Wednesday, 14 April 2010 F At 6:26 a.m., the joint crew participated in a news conference with Russian, American, and Japanese journalists. And then at 12:06 p.m. Poindexter, Metcalf-­ Lindenburger, Wilson and Anderson spoke with students from the Eastern Guilford High School in Gibsonville, North Carolina. Meanwhile, ground engineers were troubleshooting a stuck valve on the newly installed ammonia tank that was to pressurise it. They were remotely commanding the valve to open at times when the assembly was at its coldest in the shadow of the Earth and again at its warmest in direct sunlight. Consideration was given to adding another spacewalk to replace the nitrogen assembly with a spare. The crew slept from 3:21 p.m. to 11:21 p.m., and were woken to the sound of The Earth in the Color of Lapis Lazuli by Seiko Matsuda, played for Naoko Yamazaki. They were informed that investigations on the ground could not resolve the nitrogen valve issue, but a dedicated spacewalk was not necessary because the station could operate under the current conditions and the replacement of the nitrogen assembly could wait for a later mission.  light Day 11 – Thursday, 15 April 2010 F After closing the hatches to the Leonardo MPLM at 2:38 a.m., the crew noticed an issue with the bolts of the Common Berthing Mechanism. There were 16 bolts to secure the MPLM to the Harmony port. After the power and data cables were disconnected, a broken pin was found. It was decided to tape the pin into a  On being returned to Earth, the depleted nitrogen tank was refurbished and returned to the station on STS-134, the penultimate Shuttle flight, in May 2011. 5

STS-131  171 secure position and proceed with the unberthing, which was achieved at 3:24 p.m. Due to the time slippage, it was decided that the Canadarm2 would hold on to the MPLM overnight. This day marked the birthdays of both Kornienko and Noguchi, so there were appropriate celebrations.6  light Day 12 – Friday, 16 April 2010 F The crew were awakened at 12:21 a.m., an hour later than usual because the onset of the sleep period was delayed by the unberthing issues with the Leonardo module. Wilson and Yamazaki, operating the Canadarm2, completed the transfer of Leonardo to the Shuttle’s payload bay and the latches were secured at 2:15 a.m. The crew worked in shifts on a thorough inspection of the thermal protection tiles and the reinforced carbon-carbon of the nose and wing leading edges using the Shuttle’s robot arm and its OBSS extension, downloading the imagery to Earth via the station’s Ku-Band link.  light Day 13 – Saturday, 17 April 2010 F Discovery undocked from the station at 7:52 a.m. After the customary fly around, Pilot Dutton fired the Orbiter’s thrusters to initiate the return to Earth.  light Day 14 – Sunday, 18 April 2010 F The crew had interviews with Mary Blake of WBZ-AM in Boston, Marcia Dunn of Associated Press, and Brandi Smith of KEZI-TV in Portland, Oregon.  light Day 15 – Monday, 19 April 2010 F Rain at the Kennedy Space Center meant the mission had to be extended for a further day.  light Day 16 – Tuesday, 20 April 2010 F Discovery touched down on Runway 15 at the Shuttle Landing Facility at 8:08 a.m.

 The author was unable to verify that this was the first double-birthday in space.

6

172 STS-131 9.4 

POSTSCRIPT

Figure 9.8:  Yamazaki at the TEDx Haneda, August 2015 (YouTube)

Subsequent Missions STS-131 was Yamazaki’s only spaceflight. Naoko Yamazaki Today Yamazaki returned to Tokyo University in December 2010, then retired from JAXA in August 2011.

10 Soyuz TMA-02M, Expeditions 28 and 29

Mission Astronaut: Mission Duration: Mission Sponsors: ISS Milestones: Launch Launch Date/Time: Launch Site: Launch Vehicle: Launch Mission: Launch Vehicle Crew:

Docking Soyuz TMA-02M Docking Date/Time: Docking Port: Undocking Date/Time: Docking Port: Landing Landing Date/Time: Landing Site: Landing Vehicle: Landing Mission: Landing Vehicle Crew:

Satoshi Furukawa 167 days, 6 hours, 12 minutes JAXA ISS 27S, 27th ISS Soyuz mission to the ISS 7 June 2011, 20:12 UTC Pad 1, Baikonur Cosmodrome, Kazakhstan Soyuz TMA-M Soyuz TMA-02M Sergei Aleksandrovich Volkov (RKA), CDR Satoshi Furukawa (JAXA), Flight Engineer Michael Edward Fossum (NASA) Flight Engineer

9 June 2011, 21:17 UTC Rassvet 21 November 2011, 23:00 UTC Rassvet 22 November 2011, 02:24 UTC Near Arkalyk, Kazakhstan Soyuz TMA-M Soyuz TMA-02M Sergei Aleksandrovich Volkov (RKA), CDR Satoshi Furukawa (JAXA), Flight Engineer Michael Edward Fossum (NASA) Flight Engineer

© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019 J. O’Sullivan, Japanese Missions to the International Space Station, Springer Praxis Books, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-04534-0_10

173

174  Soyuz TMA-02M, Expeditions 28 and 29 ISS Expeditions ISS Expedition: ISS Crew:

ISS Expedition: ISS Crew:

Expedition 28 Andrei Ivanovich Borisenko (RKA), ISS-CDR Aleksandr Mikhailovich Samokutyayev (RKA), ISS-Flight Engineer Ronald John Garan (NASA), ISS-Flight Engineer Sergei Aleksandrovich Volkov (RKA), ISS-Flight Engineer Michael Edward Fossum (NASA), ISS-Flight Engineer Satoshi Furukawa (JAXA), ISS-Flight Engineer Expedition 29 Ronald John Garan (NASA), ISS-CDR Sergei Aleksandrovich Volkov (RKA), ISS-Flight Engineer Satoshi Furukawa (JAXA), ISS-Flight Engineer Anton Nikolayevich Shkaplerov (RKA), ISS-Flight Engineer Anatoli Alekseyevich Ivanishin (RKA), ISS-Flight Engineer Daniel Christopher Burbank (NASA), ISS-Flight Engineer

10.1  THE ISS STORY SO FAR In May 2010, STS-132 delivered the Mini Research Module 1 (MRM-1), named Rassvet, in order to expand the Russian segment of the station. It had a docking port on its end to preserve the station’s capacity to accommodate the two Soyuz ‘crew taxis’ and two Progress freighters required to sustain a crew of six. Soyuz TMA-19 launched in June with three flight engineers for the Expedition 24 crew. It was the first spacecraft to dock with the Rassvet module. They became the Expedition 25 crew when their colleagues returned to Earth in September. Soyuz TMA-1M was the first of a new model of the spacecraft that was first introduced in 1967. The updates were internal, and mainly to the avionics and docking systems. Enhancing the ‘glass’ cockpit of the TMA variant, the TMA-M was 70  kg lighter, could be flown by one trained cosmonaut rather than two (thereby saving on training) and could make a 6-hour ‘fast rendezvous’ (instead of 48 hours). Soyuz TMA-1M delivered three flight engineers to join the Expedition 25 crew and become the Expedition 26 crew after their colleagues left in November. Then Soyuz TMA-20 delivered a crew of three to join Expedition 26 in December 2010. STS-133 was intended to be the final Shuttle mission. However, a delay in the payload of STS-134 meant that it would launch after STS-133. Later, STS135 was added to the schedule and would be the ultimate flight of the Shuttle. Steve Bowen replaced Mission Specialist Tim Kopra on STS-133, after Kopra suffered an injury in a bicycle accident prior to launch. Bowen became the only astronaut to fly on back-to-back Shuttle missions, having just visited the ISS on STS-132. The Leonardo MPLM flew for its eighth time, but now as the

Soyuz TMA-02M, Expeditions 28 and 29  175 Permanent Multi-­purpose Module (PMM) and it was installed at the nadir port of the Unity module. Soyuz TMA-21 was launched on 4 April 2011, 8 days ahead of the 50th anniversary of Yuri Gagarin’s first human spaceflight, and its crew joined Expedition 27. STS-134, the penultimate Shuttle mission, launched on 16 May 2011 and delivered to the station the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer (AMS-2), a state-of-the-art cosmic-ray detector that was to investigate fundamental issues concerning matter and the origin of the universe. It was not only the largest and most complex science instrument ever to be sent up to the ISS, the $2 billion project was also the largest international collaboration on a single scientific experiment in space. The wife of STS-134 Commander Mark Kelly, congresswoman Gabrielle Giffords, was seriously injured in an attempted assassination on 8 January 2011 at a public meeting in Tuscon, Arizona. Giffords’ remarkable recovery meant she was able to attend the launch of her husband in May.

Figure 10.1:  The ISS with Endeavour docked, May 2011 (NASA)

176  Soyuz TMA-02M, Expeditions 28 and 29 10.2  SATOSHI FURUKAWA Early Career Satoshi Furukawa was born on 4 April 1964 in Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan. He was awarded a Doctorate of Medicine in 1989 by the University of Tokyo. For a decade he was a doctor at the Department of Surgery of University of Tokyo, the Department of Anesthesiology of JR Tokyo General Hospital, the Department of Surgery of Ibaraki Prefecture Central Hospital and at Sakuragaoko Hospital. In 2000 he was awarded a PhD in Medical Science by the University of Tokyo. Furukawa was selected as part of NASDA’s 4th Astronaut Group in February 1999, along with Akihiko Hoshide and Naoko Yamazaki (née Sumino). After completing NASDA’s basic astronaut training in 2001, he received advanced ISS training as well as training on the Japanese Experiment Module, Kibō. Upon completing the Soyuz Flight Engineer training at Star City, Moscow, in 2004, he joined NASA Astronaut Group 19, known as The Peacocks, and trained at the Johnson Space Center in Houston, from which he qualified as a NASA Mission Specialist in 2006. In August 2007 he participated in the 13th NEEMO mission and then in May 2008 was assigned as a backup crewmember for Expeditions 22 and 23. Previous Missions N/A 10.3  THE SOYUZ TMA-02M AND EXPEDITIONS 28 & 29 MISSION Soyuz TMA-02M Mission Patches The Soyuz TMA-02M patch was designed by Luc van den Abeelen using a competition entry of 8-year-old Kati Ikramov from Krasnoyarsk, Russia. The rocket in the background came from her design. The Soyuz capsule is approaching the station for docking. It can be safely assumed that the three-sided shape and the stars in the corners represent the crew of the spacecraft. Satoshi Furukawa’s personal patch reflects his medical background and the space medicine experiments that he was to undertake on the station. Images of DNA, crystals, and the human body, including the heart beat motif, are shown descending from the ISS to Earth. The Soyuz spacecraft and the Kibō module are highlighted and the area of Earth under the station is Asia in recognition of the increasing cooperation of Asian countries in space.

Soyuz TMA-02M, Expeditions 28 and 29  177

Figure 10.2:  Satoshi Furukawa of Soyuz TMA-02M, February 2011 (JAXA)

178  Soyuz TMA-02M, Expeditions 28 and 29

Figure 10.3:  The Soyuz TMA-02M patch (www.spacefacts.de)

The 50th anniversaries of the spaceflights of Yuri Gagarin and Alan Shepard both occurred during Expedition 28. To honor them, both names and ‘50 Years’ adorn the mission patch. The crew names are at the top of the shield-shaped patch, and the same detailed ISS design that was used in the previous two Expedition patches is seen here orbiting the Earth to acknowledge the continuity of work on the ISS from one crew to the next. The Expedition 29 patch shows a sailing ship on a trail of stars heading towards the night side of Earth, seeking new discoveries. The ship, HMS Endeavour (also known as HM Bark Endeavour) is the British Royal Navy research vessel that Lieutenant James Cook commanded on his first voyage of discovery. The ISS can be seen following Endeavour, on its own voyage of exploration in space.

Soyuz TMA-02M, Expeditions 28 and 29  179

Figure 10.4:  Furukawa’s personal patch (JAXA)

Soyuz TMA-02M Mission Objectives It was to deliver Expedition 28 crewmembers Sergei Volkov, Satoshi Furukawa, and Michael Fossum to the station. Timeline  xpedition 28 Week Ending Friday, 10 June 2011 E On 7 June, Soyuz TMA-02M lifted off carrying Sergei Volkov, Michael Fossum and Satoshi Furukawa, the latter making his first spaceflight. At 5:18 p.m. EDT on 9 June, the spacecraft docked at the MRM-1 Rassvet module. This brought the number of docked spacecraft to four, with the already docked Soyuz TMA-21 at the Poisk zenith port, Progress M-10M at the Pirs nadir port, and the ESA ATV-2 Johannes Kepler at the Zvezda aft port.

180  Soyuz TMA-02M, Expeditions 28 and 29

Figure 10.5:  The Expedition 28 patch, September 2010 (NASA)

The hatches were opened at 8:23 p.m. EDT.  After the welcome ceremony, Borisenko gave the mandatory safety briefing. Furukawa took the crew quarters recently used by ESA’s Paolo Nespoli and Fossum took the one vacated by Cady Coleman. These were the starboard and port CQs in Harmony respectively.  xpedition 28 Week Ending Friday, 17 June 2011 E On 12 June, the Orbit Correction System (OCS) thrusters of ATV-2 were used twice in order to raise the station’s orbit in preparation for the arrival of Progress M-11M and STS-135. The first firing lasted 36 minutes and 6 seconds and raised the height by 9.2  km. The second firing lasted 40 minutes and 12 seconds and gained a further 10.1 km. On 14 June, Garan, Fossum and Furukawa spent 55 minutes loading excess equipment and trash onto ATV-2 in preparation for its departure. Later the crew

Soyuz TMA-02M, Expeditions 28 and 29  181

Figure 10.6:  The Expedition 29 patch, March 2011 (NASA)

Figure 10.7:  The Soyuz TMA-02M crew with Furukawa on the right (­ www.spacefacts.de)

182  Soyuz TMA-02M, Expeditions 28 and 29

Figure 10.8:  The Expedition 28 crew with Furukawa on the left, July 2010 (NASA)

met for the Crew Emergency Roles & Responsibilities Review, where station commander Borisenko outlined the procedures and escape routes for use in the event of an emergency and clarified crewmember emergency roles and responsibilities. Moscow reported that the docking of Soyuz TMA-02M had not been nominal owing to a thruster failure, but reassured the astronauts that their undocking procedure would employ different thrusters. Furukawa and Fossum spent time on 15 June loading ATV-2 with trash, unloading cargo from Soyuz TMA-02M, and receiving handover training on the US segment from Ron Garan. With the solar beta angle at a high of almost 75 degrees, Mission Control was monitoring the temperatures of certain components. In addition, precautions were taken; for example using the portside radiator to shield Pressurised Mating Adapter 3 and parking the Ku-Band antenna, which in turn required configuring the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer 2 (AMS 2) on the truss to communicate via S-Band. During the ATV-2 reboosts, the failure of an internal fan resulted in high, but within limits, temperatures. In response, ESA Mission Control decided that

Soyuz TMA-02M, Expeditions 28 and 29  183

Figure 10.9:  The Expedition 29 crew with Furukawa on the left, July 2010 (NASA)

further oxygen transfer would be cancelled because it could not be performed safely. A third reboost was performed on 17 June, with the thrusters burning for 26 minutes and 53 seconds to gain a mean altitude of 6.9 km that put the station in an orbit with an apogee of 384 km and a perigee of 379.1 km. This was the highest orbit achieved by the ISS to-date, with a mean altitude of 381 km.1  xpedition 28 Week Ending Friday, 24 June 2011 E ATV-2 Johannes Kepler undocked from the aft port of the Zvezda module at 10:45 a.m. EDT on 20 June. The training for the new Expedition 28 crewmembers continued with Emergency Egress Readiness Drill. Progress M-11M launched from Baikonur at 10:38 a.m. EDT on 21 June, and at 12:37 p.m. on 23 June it docked at the port vacated by ATV-2. Later in the day,  At the time of writing in September 2018 the ISS orbit is 402 x 409 km (www.heavens-above. com). 1

184  Soyuz TMA-02M, Expeditions 28 and 29 Furukawa engaged with students and Dr. Kiyohiro Takigiku at the Nagano Children’s Hospital in Nagano-Prefecture, Japan.  xpedition 28 Week Ending Friday, 1 July 2011 E On 28 June the crew held their first On Board training (OBT) joint fire drill, supported by all Mission Control centers. At 12:55 p.m., the Space Station Remote Manipulator System-Special Purpose Dexterous Manipulator (SSRMS SPDM), i.e. Canadarm2 plus Dextre, was relocated from Mobile Base System Power & Data Grapple Fixture 2 (MBS PDGF-2) to the PDGF on Destiny. The empty Mobile Transporter (MT) was relocated from Workstation 5 to Workstation 4. On 29 June, the thrusters of Progress M-11M were used to boost the altitude of the station. The next day, Furukawa and Fossum moved the SSRMS to the Harmony PDGF in preparation for the arrival of STS-135 and its Multi-Purpose Logistics Module (MPLM). A second reboost by Progress M-11M raised the station’s mean altitude to 388.3 km. Mission Control decided that Pressurised Mating Adapter 2 (PMA-2), like PMA-3, was to remain pressurised after the departure of STS-135 on the final Shuttle mission in order to serve as storage.  xpedition 28 Week Ending Friday, 8 July 2011 E The final mission of the Shuttle Program, STS-135, launched from Pad 39-A of the Kennedy Space Center at 10:29 a.m. Central on Friday, 8 July. It had a four-­ person crew consisting of Commander Chris Ferguson, Pilot Doug Hurley and Mission Specialists Sandra Magnus and Rex Walheim. It was the smallest crew since STS-6  in April 1983 because there would be no Launch on Need (LON) contingency mission in the event of the Shuttle being unable to return to Earth. For this reason, STS-135 launched with Russian Sokol suits and Soyuz molded seat liners, so that the astronauts could find refuge on the ISS ‘lifeboat’ and return to Earth one at a time on Russian spacecraft over the course of a year. The primary cargo in Atlantis’ payload bay was Multi-Purpose Logistics Module (MPLM) Raffaello, making its fourth and final visit to the station. It contained its full allocation of racks, with Eight Resupply Stowage Platforms (RSP), two Integrated Stowage Platforms (ISP), six Resupply Stowage Racks (RSR), and one Zero-G Stowage Rack (ZSR) that sat above another rack for transport. Special modifications had been made to the RSPs and the Raffaello MPLM structure to permit additional stowage/cargo to be carried. The RSPs were modified to carry an additional 200 pounds (one M02 cargo bag) on the front of the rack. In addition, the structure of the module was modified by drilling and adding an Aft End Cone Stowage Frame to enable an additional 400 pounds (12 bags’ worth) of stowage to be carried.

Soyuz TMA-02M, Expeditions 28 and 29  185  xpedition 28 Week Ending Friday, 15 July 2011 E Atlantis approached the ISS on Sunday, 10 July. Satoshi Furukawa photographed its underside during the Rendezvous Pitch Maneuver using a camera fitted with a 400-mm lens, Ron Garan used an 800-mm lens, and Sergei Volkov used a 1,000-­ mm lens. The Orbiter docked at PMA-2 on the Harmony module at 10:07 a.m. Central, and the hatches were opened at 11:47 a.m. NASA was monitoring Department of Defense (DoD) reports of debris from Cosmos 375, an old Russian satellite that was destroyed by Soviet operators when its mission was complete, and was ready to instruct the station to take evasive action should this become necessary, but it was determined there would be no collision.2 Raffaello was berthed at the Harmony nadir docking port on Monday, 11 July. The hatches were opened prior to noon, and unloading of 9,402 pounds of cargo began in earnest. A further 2,281 pounds of cargo was on Atlantis’ middeck. As this was the final chance to return cargo to Earth by Shuttle, up to 5,666 pounds of unwanted equipment, rubbish and completed scientific experiments were to be loaded into the MPLM.3 As the Orbiter had successfully implemented power-saving operations, Mission Control was able to extend the STS-135 mission by an extra day. There was one spacewalk during Atlantis’ stay at the station, on Tuesday, 12 July. It was a station (not a Shuttle) EVA, and Expedition 28 flight engineers Mike Fossum and Ron Garan retrieved a cooling system pump module that had failed in 2010 and had then been temporarily stored outside. After this was stowed in the payload bay, they installed the Robotic Refueling Mission (RRM) experiment. This would be used up to January 2013 (Phase 1) to demonstrate the ability to remotely fuel satellites with propellant, either to extend the life of a satellite or to allow satellites to be launched ‘dry’ (i.e. with less mass) and fueled on-orbit.4 The spacewalkers freed a cable snag in a latch door of a grapple fixture on the Zarya module that was intended to enable the Canadarm2 to operate on the Russian segment. They installed MISSE-8, which was another in a series of Materials International Space Station Experiments, in this case consisting of a single Passive Experiment Container (PEC) which could be opened to expose the materials  Parts of Cosmos 375 would threaten ESA’s Swarm-B satellite on 25 January 2017. Once again, there was no impact. 3  Although the Soyuz capsule returns ISS crewmembers to Earth, it does not have sufficient capacity for cargo beyond personal belongings. The Progress, ATV, and HTV vehicles all burn up on re-entry. The ISS would have await the first flight of the SpaceX Dragon capsule in May 2012 to regain the means of returning cargo to Earth. 4  Phase 2 equipment was launched on HTV-4. On completion, the equipment was loaded into the unpressurised trunk of the SpaceX Dragon CRS-10 which was jettisoned to burn up on reentry in March 2017. 2

186  Soyuz TMA-02M, Expeditions 28 and 29

Figure 10.10:  Furukawa photographs STS-135 as it approaches the ISS, July 2011 (NASA)

inside to the vacuum, ultraviolet radiation, atomic oxygen, micrometeoroids, and space debris. STS-135 returned the two PECs of MISSE-7, which were launched on STS-129 in November 2009.5 To wrap up, they installed insulation on PMA-3, which was an area that was receiving considerable sunshine. On Wednesday, 13 July, the final Shuttle crew were awakened to the song Rocket Man by Elton John. There was also a personal pre-recorded message from the singer, saying, “Good morning, Atlantis, this is Elton John. We wish you much success on your mission. A huge thank you to all the men and women at NASA who worked on the Shuttle for the last three decades.”6 The two crews continued the arduous task of transferring cargo from the MPLM that was temporarily berthed with the station, and also from the middeck of the Shuttle. By Wednesday, 13 July, lead flight director Chris Edelen announced that approximately half of the launched cargo had been transferred to the station.  MISSE-8 was returned to Earth in the SpaceX Dragon CRS-3 capsule in May 2014.  As a favorite of NASA, the astronauts and the public, Rocket Man had been used as a wake-up call on four previous occasions. STS-51A in November 1984, STS-51D in April 1985, STS112 in October 2002, and STS-120 in October 2007. The crew also received recorded messages of goodwill and congratulations from Paul McCartney, Michael Stipe and Beyonce. 5 6

Soyuz TMA-02M, Expeditions 28 and 29  187 On Thursday, 14 July, at 5:07 p.m. Atlantis’ General Purpose Computer 4 (GPC-4) gave an alarm. Ferguson, with assistance from the ground, transferred the program to GPC-2. Because this meant the crew were late getting to sleep, the next morning’s wake-up call was slipped by 30 minutes. On Friday, Ferguson and Hurley reloaded the software into GPC-4, thus restoring it to operation. At 11:30 a.m. Central the crew received a call from President Barack Obama, who said, “We’re all watching as the ten of you work together as a team. Your example means so much not just to your fellow Americans but also [to] your fellow citizens on Earth. The space program has always embodied our sense of adventure and explorations and courage.” Obama thanked those who had supported the Shuttle Program during its three decades in service, and all the men and women of NASA who had helped the USA to play a leading role in the space age. In response, Atlantis’ Commander Chris Ferguson said that all the partners on the station were honored to represent their home countries in this multinational effort. ISS flight engineer Sergei Volkov described the station and Shuttle crews, currently drawn from three nations, as “one big family.”  xpedition 28 Week Ending Friday, 22 July 2011 E On Saturday, 16 July, Ferguson and Hurley repaired a door that gave access to the Shuttle’s lithium hydroxide (LiOH) air revitalisation system. Once they had separated from the station, these chemical canisters would scrub CO2 from the air supply. Magnus took air samples from the station to be returned to Earth for inspection. While recording a message in tribute to Atlantis and the entire Shuttle Program, Ferguson pointed out that the American flag that was displayed behind him had been flown on STS-1 in 1981. He explained that it will remain on the ISS until the next American-launched spacecraft delivers a crew to the station, whatever type of vehicle that might be, and they will return it to Earth.7 After messages from various celebrities, in the following days the crew received messages from employees of the Stennis Space Center in Mississippi where rocket engines were tested, the Johnson Space Center in Texas where astronauts trained and the flight control teams were based, and the Kennedy Space Center in Florida that had launched every Shuttle mission. On Sunday, 17 July, as the loading and unloading tasks neared completion, Mission Control declared GPC-4 to be healthy. The computers were assigned their roles, with GPC-4 handling Shuttle systems management, GPC-1 running guidance, navigation and control, and GPC-2 and GPC-3 in standby.  At the time of writing (September 2018) it is planned that the next NASA crew to launch from American soil to the ISS will be Robert Behnken and Douglas Hurley on a SpaceX Dragon 2 in April 2019. 7

188  Soyuz TMA-02M, Expeditions 28 and 29 Monday, 19 July, saw the hatches to Rafaello closed for the final time at 12:03 a.m. After one last farewell ceremony in which Ferguson presented the ISS crew with the American flag from STS-1 and an Orbiter model signed by program managers and flight directors, the crew closed hatches at 9:28 a.m. Central, both to conclude the 7 days, 21 hours and 42 minutes of joint operations and nearly 13 years of Shuttle/station operations which began when STS-88 in December 1998 began the assembly of the facility by mating the Unity module with the Zarya module. Atlantis undocked from at 1:28 a.m. on Tuesday, 19 July, concluding a combined total of 276 days, 11 hours and 23 minutes of Shuttles being docked at the station. The Space Shuttle Program ended at 4:57 a.m. Central, when Atlantis’ wheels halted on the runway at the Kennedy Space Center.8  xpedition 28 Week Ending Friday, 5 August 2011 E Furukawa and Garan tested the Japanese Experiment Module-Robotic Manipulator System’s Small Fine Arm (JEM RMS SFA) on 2 August. This test involved moving the main arm from its stowed to its extended position, grappling the grapple fixture, and testing the heater. During a 6-hour, 23-minute spacewalk on 3 August by Volkov and Samokutyayev wearing Orlan suits, deployed a small Radioskaf-5 satellite which was equipped with an amateur radio transmitter (ARISSat-1) and a student-built experiment. They also installed the Onboard Laser Communications Terminal mono-block to allow science data transmission speeds of up to 100 Mb per second. A rendezvous antenna was removed from Zvezda and photographs were taken of the exterior of the station, as well as portraits of the Russian pioneers Gagarin, Korolev and Tsiolkovsky. A planned relocation of the Strela-1 cargo boom assembly from Pirs on one side of Zvezda to Poisk on the opposite side was deferred. During the spacewalk, Garan and Borisenko stayed in Poisk in order to access their Soyuz TMA-21 if an evacuation became necessary. Likewise, Furukawa and Fossum were sequestered in the US segment for access to Zarya, Rassvet and their Soyuz TMA-02M. On 4 August, Garan and Furukawa continued to test the functionality of JEM RMS SFA.

 The four remaining Space Shuttle Orbiters are in museums. The unflown Enterprise (OV-101) is at the Intrepid Sea-Air-Space Museum in New York City, New York. Discovery (OV-103) is at the Udvar-Hazy Center of the Smithsonian Institution’s National Air and Space Museum in Chantilly, Virginia. Atlantis (OV-104) is at the Kennedy Space Center on Merritt Island in Florida. Endeavour (OV-105) is at the California Science Center in Los Angeles, California. 8

Soyuz TMA-02M, Expeditions 28 and 29  189 The crew were informed of a Solar Particle Event that would result in higher dose rates at brief intervals over the next 2 days. Although the proton levels would exceed alert thresholds, they were never high enough to require crew intervention.  xpedition 28 Week Ending Friday, 19 August 2011 E At 6:46 a.m. EDT on 14 August the Zarya module, the first component of the ISS launched, completed 73,000 orbits of the Earth, having covered a distance of 3.09 billion km in 4,650 days. On 16 August, Furukawa used the ham radio to talk with students at the Yokohama Kurata Elementary School, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan. The following day Volkov, Furukawa and Fossum met in Soyuz TMA-02M to perform the regular 3-hour Soyuz/ISS Emergency Descent Drill.  xpedition 28 Week Ending Friday, 26 August 2011 E With the Russian Elektron electrolysis system out of operation, on 20 August Volkov began to draw oxygen from the tanks in Progress M-11M to refresh the station’s atmosphere. That same day, Furukawa undertook Doctor in Space for JAXA as a VolSci demonstration by explaining medical care and health management in space, as well as the changes a human body undergoes in response to environmental changes. On 22 August, Fossum and Furukawa assembled and installed the Robonaut device and its support hardware in Destiny. Robonaut is a joint venture between NASA and General Motors (GM) designed to look like a human and to assist the human crew. It comprises a torso with a rotating waist, arms, hands, and a head with cameras for eyes. On this occasion no movement was planned. Once it had been set up, ground specialists were to record position and thermal data. At 5:34 a.m. EDT on 23 August, Progress M-11M undocked. Later in the day, Furukawa participated with Japanese Prime Minister Naoto Kan; Minister of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology Yoshiaki Takaki; and six students in a discussion moderated by the JAXA astronaut Soichi Noguchi. Progress M-12M was launched from Baikonur at 9:00 a.m. EDT on 24 August, carrying 1,260 kg of dry cargo (maintenance hardware, resupply items, life support items, experiment apparatus), 930  kg of propellants, 50  kg of oxygen and 420 kg of water, in what should have been routine flight, but 325 seconds into the flight the propulsion system of the third stage shut down and the vehicle fell in the Altai region of Siberia. On the same day, the Elektron oxygen generator was successfully reactivated. On 25 August, Garan and Furukawa started to exploit the newly assigned storage area in Pressurised Mating Adapter 2 (PMA-2).

190  Soyuz TMA-02M, Expeditions 28 and 29

Figure 10.11:  Furukawa and Fossum power up Robonaut2, August 2011 (NASA)

Soyuz TMA-02M, Expeditions 28 and 29  191  xpedition 28 Week Ending Friday, 2 September 2011 E This week, ground controlled activities with Dextre continued. The robot arm was used to open the Cargo Transport Container (CTC) on the Enhanced ORU Temporary Platform (EOTP) and to grasp and extract the spare Remote Power Controller Module (RPCM). The old RPCM was uninstalled and the new one installed in its place on the P1 truss. On 30 August, Furukawa talked via TV link with 12 students from the Young Astronauts Club (YAC) of Japan. The Robonaut was to have been powered up on 1 September and tested by Furukawa and Fossum, but a technical problem with the Graphical User Interface (GUI) precluded finishing the program in the allotted ‘thermal clock’ time of 2.2 hours, a time constraint to prevent high touch-temperatures.  xpedition 28 Week Ending Friday, 9 September 2011 E Continuing the Japanese astronaut tradition of composing poetry in space, Furukawa wrote a five-line Space Poem on 3 September that described his feelings on being in space. On 6 September, flight controllers remotely used the Space Station Remote Manipulator System-Special Purpose Dexterous Manipulator (SSRMS SPDM) to remove the launch locks from the Robotic Refueling Mission (RRM) payload. The next day, they adjusted the Special Purpose Dexterous Manipulator-ORU Tool Change-out Mechanism (SPDM OTCM) to inspect various locations on the RRM to determine how lighting affects the viewing of objects.  xpedition 28/29 Week Ending Friday, 16 September 2011 E On 14 September, Andrei Borisenko transferred command of the station to Mike Fossum, and Expedition 28 became Expedition 29. Furukawa, who is a medical doctor, answered questions from the JAXA Elderly Health Care organisation at Tsukuba, with the assistance on the ground of fellow astronaut and surgeon Chiaki Mukai. Soyuz TMA-21 undocked at 8:38 p.m. EDT on 15 September and carried Samokutyayev, Borisenko and Garan to a safe landing in central Kazakhstan at 11:59 p.m. EDT.  xpedition 29 Week Ending Friday, 23 September 2011 E The entire station crew participated in a live TV show called The Cosmic Shore for the NHK (Japan) Broadcasting Corporation on 18 September.

192  Soyuz TMA-02M, Expeditions 28 and 29 On 19 September, propellants were transferred from Progress M-10M through Pirs into the high-pressure fuel and oxidiser tanks of Zarya.9 The next day, Furukawa built a LEGO Hubble Space Telescope as part of a JAXA Education Payload Activity (EPO) demonstration. He also recorded himself performing the Green Tea Ceremony, the first time this was done in space, to enable a computer graphics artist to animate the ceremony by capturing the bubbles and fluid in microgravity for presentation at an exhibition in October 2011.  xpedition 29 Week Ending Friday, 30 September 2011 E On 24 September, Furukawa wrote a short report called On the Crew Medical Officer for the Japanese newspaper Mainichi Shimbun. He described ordinary life in space in the hope that this would increase the general public’s awareness, particularly school children, of future human exploration in space. On 27 September he built another LEGO model in the Maintenance Work Area (MWA) of the Kibō module.10 On 28 September, Furukawa talked with Anna Kijima, Reo Asaka, and junior high school students for Japan’s NHK Daitensai Television Show Grand Whiz Kids Television! in Tokyo. The next day, he participated in a Very High Frequency (VHF) emergency communications test to verify signal reception and link integrity, improve crew proficiency, and ensure minimum required link margin in case of an emergency. This involved DRY/Dryden, WHI/White Sands, Houston/ CapCom, MSFC/PAYCOM (Payload Operation & Integration Center Communicator), Moscow/GLAVNI (TsUP CapCom), EUROCOM/Munich and JCOM/Tsukuba.  xpedition 29 Week Ending Friday, 7 October 2011 E On 4 October, Furukawa replaced the router for the Integrated Station LAN (ISL) network in the Harmony module, and recorded images of auroras using the JAXA Super Sensitive High-Definition Television (SSHDTV) camera in the Tranquility module.  xpedition 29 Week Ending Friday, 14 October 2011 E During this week, Furukawa continued with the JAXA Educational Payload Operations (EPO) program by writing short reports about life on the station and building various LEGO models of space vehicles.  For safety reasons the unsymmetrical dimethyl hydrazine (UDMH) fuel and nitrogen tetroxide (N2O4 or NTO) oxidiser were transferred separately. 10  The MWA Containment System was used because LEGO bricks can only be exposed to the open cabin air for a maximum of 2 hours owing to restrictions on the use of flammable materials. 9

Soyuz TMA-02M, Expeditions 28 and 29  193 On 13 October, Fossum and Furukawa powered up and operated the Robonaut for the first time on-orbit. In tests controlled from the ground, each arm joint was maneuvered and the two high-definition cameras serving as eyes were checked to verify they were working. The ground then commanded the Robonaut to move to its stowed position. Later, Furukawa had a TV link-up for a Communications with Asia TV event on behalf of JICA (Japan International Cooperation Agency), with the participants gathered on the island of Fiji in the Pacific Ocean.  xpedition 29 Week Ending Friday, 21 October 2011 E On 15 October, Furukawa used the ham radio to speak with students at the Amateur Radio Club in Morioka, Japan, and three days later, he spoke with students at the Seiryo Elementary School in Seto, Aichi, Japan. In response to the recent Progress launch failure, the crew were preparing to ‘decrew’ the station if there were significant delays to further cargo freighters and crew replacement Soyuz launches. With this possibility mind, Furukawa reorganised hardware in the Kibō laboratory. On 19 October, Zvezda made a single-burn reboost that raised the altitude of the station by a mean of 3.24 km.  xpedition 29 Week Ending Friday, 28 October 2011 E In case ‘decrewing’ became necessary, the astronauts cleaned their Crew Quarters, a task which involved vacuuming, disinfecting, disposing of all food and drinks, and powering off lamps and laptops. On 26 October, Furukawa spoke with students at the Saga Prefecture Space and Science Museum and later from the Takayama Village Astronomical Observatory in Gunma Prefecture, Japan.  xpedition 29 Week Ending Friday, 4 November 2011 E On 29 October, Progress M-10M undocked from the Pirs nadir port at 5:04 a.m. EDT.  The next day, Progress M-13M was launched from Baikonur. After the launch failure in August, all third stages had been returned to the Russian assembly plant for inspection, and it had been decided the problem was a one-off manufacturing defect. This time everything went to plan, and at 7:41 a.m. EDT on 2 November Progress M-13M docked at the recently vacated Pirs port. On 4 November, Fossum and Furukawa once again activated the Robonaut, and recorded video of it responding to commands to move its arms.

194  Soyuz TMA-02M, Expeditions 28 and 29  xpedition 29 Week Ending Friday, 11 November 2011 E On 9 November, Furukawa used LEGO to assemble a model of a Communication and Global Positioning Satellite as a JAXA Education Payload Activity (EPO). The next day, the attitude of the station was adjusted to ameliorate the extreme temperature differences between starboard and port sides of the station due to the high solar beta angle, which peaked at 69 degrees on 11 November.  xpedition 29 Week Ending Friday, 18 November 2011 E Soyuz TMA-22 lifted off at 11:14 p.m. EST on 13 November with Anton Shkaplerov, Anatoli Ivanishin and Dan Burbank to join Expedition 29 and later become Expedition 30. Meanwhile, Furukawa worked on the ‘decrewing’ preparations in Kibō while Fossum did likewise in the Columbus module. At 12:24 a.m. EST on 16 November, Soyuz TMA-22 docked at the Poisk on the zenith port of the Zvezda module. This brought the number of visiting spacecraft to three, the others being Soyuz TMA-02M at Rassvet and Progress M-13M at Pirs.  xpedition 29 Week Ending Friday, 25 November 2011 E On 20 November, Fossom handed over command of the station to Burbank, ending Expedition 29 and starting Expedition 30. This day was also the 12th anniversary of the launch of the first ISS module, Zarya (Sunrise), also called the Funktsionalnyi-Grusovoi Blok or Functional Cargo Block (FGB). At 9:26 p.m. EDT the next day, Soyuz TMA-02M landed near the bauxite mining town of Arkalyk in Kazakhstan. Although the temperature was subzero, Fossum, Volkov and Furukawa were glad to be home. 10.4  POSTSCRIPT Subsequent Missions N/A Satoshi Furukawa Today Furukawa is an active JAXA astronaut. In 2013 he participated in the ESA CAVES mission, and in 2014 he became the Head of the JAXA Space Biomedical Research Group. During his single mission he clocked up 167 days, 6 hours and 12 minutes in space.

Soyuz TMA-02M, Expeditions 28 and 29  195

Figure 10.12:  safely back on Earth, November 2011 (NASA)

196  Soyuz TMA-02M, Expeditions 28 and 29

Figure 10.13:  Furukawa as Manager of the JAXA Space Biomedical Research Group, July 2017 (JAXA)

11 Soyuz TMA-05M, Expeditions 32 and 33

Mission Astronaut: Mission Duration: Mission Sponsors: ISS Milestones: Launch Launch Date/Time: Launch Site: Launch Vehicle: Launch Mission: Launch Vehicle Crew:

Akihiko Hoshide 126 days, 23 hours, 13 minutes JAXA ISS 31S, 31st ISS Soyuz mission to the ISS 15 July 2012, 02:40 UTC Pad 1, Baikonur Cosmodrome, Kazakhstan Soyuz TMA-M Soyuz TMA-05M Yuri Ivanovich Malenchenko (RKA), CDR Sunita Lyn Williams (NASA), Flight Engineer Akihiko Hoshide (JAXA) Flight Engineer

Docking Soyuz TMA-05M Docking Date/Time: Docking Port: Undocking Date/Time: Docking Port:

17 July 2012, 04:51 UTC Rassvet 18 November 2012, 22:26 UTC Rassvet

Landing Landing Date/Time: Landing Site: Landing Vehicle: Landing Mission:

19 November 2012, 01:53 UTC North of Arkalyk, Kazakhstan Soyuz TMA-M Soyuz TMA-05M

© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019 J. O’Sullivan, Japanese Missions to the International Space Station, Springer Praxis Books, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-04534-0_11

197

198  Soyuz TMA-05M, Expeditions 32 and 33 Landing Vehicle Crew:

ISS Expeditions ISS Expedition: ISS Crew:

ISS Expedition: ISS Crew:

Yuri Ivanovich Malenchenko (RKA), CDR Sunita Lyn Williams (NASA), Flight Engineer Akihiko Hoshide (JAXA) Flight Engineer Expedition 32 Gennadi Ivanovich Padalka (RKA), ISS-CDR Sergei Nikolayevich Revin (RKA), ISS-Flight Engineer Joseph Michael Acaba (NASA), ISS-Flight Engineer Yuri Ivanovich Malenchenko (RKA), ISS-Flight Engineer Sunita Lyn Williams (NASA), ISS-Flight Engineer Akihiko Hoshide (JAXA), ISS-Flight Engineer Expedition 33 Sunita Lyn Williams (NASA), ISS-CDR Yuri Ivanovich Malenchenko (RKA), ISS-Flight Engineer Akihiko Hoshide (JAXA), ISS-Flight Engineer Oleg Viktorovich Novitsky (RKA), ISS-Flight Engineer Yevgeni Igorevich Tarelkin (RKA), ISS-Flight Engineer Kevin Anthony Ford (NASA), ISS-Flight Engineer

11.1  THE ISS STORY SO FAR On 29 September 2011 a second space station joined the ISS in low Earth orbit, albeit on a different trajectory. This was the Chinese Tiangong-1. It would soon be visited by both crewed and uncrewed spacecraft. Soyuz TMA-22 (the final flight of the TMA model, because future missions would use new TMA-M) lifted off in November to add three flight engineers to the Expedition 29 crew. Six days later, they became the Expedition 30 crew when their colleagues returned to Earth. Then Soyuz TMA-03M added three crewmembers to Expedition 30 in December 2011. Soyuz TMA-04M launched in May 2012 with the Expedition 31 crewmembers. Later that month, a SpaceX Dragon capsule arrived at the ISS for the first commercial resupply mission. During Expedition 32, Gennadi Padalka became the first person to command the station for a third time.1 In June, the crew of Shenzhou 9 docked with and entered Tiangong-1 to establish a second human outpost in space. The mission saw the first Chinese woman in space, Liu Yang, and the first Chinese taikonaut to return to space, Jing Haipeng.

 He would command the ISS for a fourth time during Expedition 44 in June 2015.

1

Soyuz TMA-05M, Expeditions 32 and 33  199 11.2  AKIHIKO HOSHIDE Early Career See STS-124 Previous Mission See STS-124 11.3  THE SOYUZ TMA-05M AND EXPEDITIONS 32 & 33 MISSION Soyuz TMA-05M Mission Patches The Soyuz TMA-05M patch shows a Soyuz entering orbit illuminated by the rising Sun. The black and blue bands are similar to the yellow and blue bands of the Russian Air Force flag, to reflect the fact that Commander Yuri Malenchenko is a retired Russian Air Force Colonel. The three stylised stars, whose shape is based on a sculpture at Star City, represent the three-person crew.

Figure 11.1:  The Soyuz TMA-05M patch (www.spacefacts.de)

Akihiko Hoshide’s personal patch is in the shape of a rugby ball, commemorating his love of the sport and recognising the teamwork that playing it involves, mirroring the international cooperation on board the station. Japan is highlighted

200  Soyuz TMA-05M, Expeditions 32 and 33 on the Earth beneath the station, and the Japanese H-II Transfer Vehicle (HTV) can be seen rising to the station on a resupply mission. The outer spiral arms represent the potential for future science, arts, medicine and technology. As usual, the six stars represent the full crew complement of the ISS.

Figure 11.2:  Hoshide’s personal patch (www.spacefacts.de)

The Expedition 32 patch is in the shape of a door that symbolises future space exploration. The simple design shows the station orbiting Earth with the familiar astronaut symbol arching over the planet. The names of the crewmembers are written in their native scripts. The national flags of Russia, America and Japan are beneath ‘32’ in roman numerals. The torch at the top represents the education performed on board the station, and is in honor of Joseph Acaba who was selected as an educator astronaut in 1992. The Expedition 33 patch takes a classic Soviet-type elongated diamond shape. Once again the Expedition number is depicted in roman numerals and the station

Soyuz TMA-05M, Expeditions 32 and 33  201

Figure 11.3:  The Expedition 32 patch, September 2011 (NASA)

is orbiting Earth. The five white stars signify the ISS partners: USA, Russia, Europe, Japan and Canada. The ‘rising sun’ above Hoshide’s name highlights the Japanese participation in the crew. Soyuz TMA-05M Mission Objectives It was to deliver Expedition 32 crewmembers Yuri Malenchenko, Sunita Williams and Akihiko Hoshide to the station. Timeline  xpedition 32 Week Ending Friday, 20 July 2012 E At 10:40 p.m. EDT on 14 July, Soyuz TMA-05M lifted off from the Baikonur Cosmodrome. On board were Yuri Malenchenko, Sunita Williams and Akihiko

202  Soyuz TMA-05M, Expeditions 32 and 33

Figure 11.4:  The Expedition 33 patch, December 2011 (NASA)

Hoshide, who were to become Expedition 32. At 12:51 a.m. EDT on 17 July the spacecraft docked at the Rassvet module and they joined Gennadi Padalka, Sergei Revin and Joe Acaba. Their arrival once again increased to four the number of vehicles at the station, as Soyuz TMA-04M was at Poisk, Progress M-15M was at Pirs, and ESA’s ATV-3 Edoardo Amaldi was at the aft port of Zvezda. Shortly after the safety briefing for the new crewmembers and the assignment of quarters, the Orbit Correction System (OCS) thrusters of ATV-3 made a single-­ burn station reboost. The mean gain of almost 5  km from this 19-minute, 25-­second maneuver took the station to another record of 403.2  km average altitude.

Soyuz TMA-05M, Expeditions 32 and 33  203

Figure 11.5:  The Soyuz TMA-05M crew with Hoshide on the left, February 2012 (NASA)

Figure 11.6:  The Expedition 32 crew with Hoshide on the left, January 2012 (NASA)

204  Soyuz TMA-05M, Expeditions 32 and 33

Figure 11.7:  The Expedition 33 crew with Hoshide second from the left at the rear, January 2012 (NASA)

 xpedition 32 Week Ending Friday, 27 July 2012 E The third H-II Transfer Vehicle (HTV-3) lifted off on 21 July from the Tanegashima Space Center in Japan at 10:06 p.m. EDT. Meanwhile, to test an updated Kurs-NA automated docking system Progress M-15M was to be undocked and redocked. On arriving at the station in April, it had used the standard Kurs-A system so as not to risk its cargo. It had the new Kurs-NA system for this test. To accommodate the test, the station crew was split into two teams for the first time. Team 1 comprised Padalka, Revin and Malenchenko. Team 2 was Acaba, Williams and Hoshide. The caution was justified. When the Progress undocked on 22 July the Kurs-NA failed its self-test upon being activated. It was therefore decided to postpone the redocking test until after the arrival of the Japanese cargo craft. The HTV-3 was successfully grappled by Acaba and Hoshide using the Canadarm2 at 8:23 a.m. EDT on 27 July and berthed to the nadir port of Harmony at 10:41 a.m.

Soyuz TMA-05M, Expeditions 32 and 33  205  xpedition 32 Week Ending Friday, 3 August 2012 E On 28 July, HTV-3 was switched to the ISS’s power supply and Hoshide and Williams opened the hatch at 4:05 a.m. EDT. After sampling the air in the pressurised compartment, they began to transfer cargo. Investigation of the Kurs-NA failure revealed that the system had not been given as much time to warm up as it had in ground tests. The Progress was docked successfully using the new system at 9:01 p.m. EDT on 28 July with no modifications other than allowing the temperature stabilise. Progress M-15M undocked at 5:19 p.m. EDT on 30 July for the second and final time. Its successor, Progress M-16M successfully docked at the vacated Pirs nadir port at 9:19 p.m. EDT on 1 August.  xpedition 32 Week Ending Friday, 10 August 2012 E On 9 August, Acaba and Hoshide used the Remote Manipulator System of the Kibō laboratory (JEM RMS) to transfer the platform of the Multi-mission Consolidated Equipment (MCE) to Exposed Facility Unit 8 (EFU8). Later, Hoshide spoke with members of the Young Astronauts Club (YAC) in Tokyo, Japan.

Figure 11.8:  Hoshide and Acaba move the MCE platform to the EFU8, August 2010 (NASA)

206  Soyuz TMA-05M, Expeditions 32 and 33  xpedition 32 Week Ending Friday, 17 August 2012 E On 14 August, Hoshide set up a new JAXA experiment, the Aquatic Habitat (AQH) payload. This is a ‘closed’ water circulation system to study small freshwater fish in microgravity. The first tenants were the Medaka (Oryzias latipes) fish to investigate the effects of radiation, bone degradation, muscle atrophy, and developmental biology. The experiment was to last up to 90 days to obtain data that could improve our understanding of related human health concerns on Earth. Medaka fish are ideal specimens for many reasons. They are transparent, making it easy to view the inner workings of their organs. They also breed quickly and easily in microgravity, facilitating multiple-generation studies. Researchers can take advantage of a variety of genetic modifications. Because scientists have already identified all of the Medaka genome, it is easier to recognise any alterations induced by factors such as space radiation. A reboost on 15 August using ATV-3 was curtailed 22 minutes into the planned 31-minute burn when ground controllers saw an actual delta-V of 2.91 m/s instead of the expected 4.4 m/s. The following day, Hoshide spoke with students at the Wada Elementary School, Nagawa Town, Japan using the ham radio.  xpedition 32 Week Ending Friday, 24 August 2012 E On 20 August, Gennadi Padalka and Yuri Malenchenko made an EVA using Russian Orlan suits. They relocated the Strela-2 crane from Pirs to the Zarya module using the Strela-1 crane, then released a ball-shaped Sfera satellite and installed hand-rails. As per station rules, Revin and Acaba isolated themselves in the Poisk module for the spacewalk in order to have access to Soyuz TMA-04M, which was their assigned ‘lifeboat’, and Williams and Hoshide stayed in the US segment for access to Rassvet and the Soyuz TMA-05M spacecraft at its far end. The following day, Hoshide and Acaba assembled the JEM Robotic Manipulator System Multi-Purpose Experiment Platform (JEM RMS MPEP) inside the Kibō laboratory, and then attached it to the Small Fine Arm Attachment Mechanism (SFA AM) and slid it out through the airlock. On 22 August, ATV-3 performed two successful reboosts that raised the station’s orbit by 1.61 km and 8.58 km respectively. The next day, Hoshide spoke via TV link with the Hodo Station of the TV Asahi network in Tokyo, Japan.  xpedition 32 Week Ending Friday, 31 August 2012 E On 30 August, Williams and Hoshide carried out a spacewalk, with the assistance of Acaba as their intravehicular crewmember and Canadarm2 operator. They

Soyuz TMA-05M, Expeditions 32 and 33  207 began by stringing the first of two power cables between the Zarya and the US segment. The second set were to be installed later by a Russian spacewalk. The cables were for the future Russian Multi-purpose Laboratory Module (MLM) named Nauka.2 They also attempted to replace a faulty Main Bus Switching Unit (MBSU) with a spare, but were unable to install a bolt and had to abandon the attempt. Instead of the usual overnight ‘camping out’ procedure, the spacewalkers used the new In-Suit Light Exercise (ISLE) protocol for denitrogenation, in which undertaking light exercise for 100 minutes whilst partially suited and using masks for pure oxygen was deemed sufficient to purge nitrogen from their bloodstream and tissues. The next day Hoshide used the ham radio to talk with students at the Megina Gymnasium Mayen, Am Knuppchen 1, Mayen, Germany.  xpedition 32 Week Ending Friday, 7 September 2012 E Because the faulty Main Bus Switching Unit (MBSU) had left the station in a stable but non-optimal power configuration, Mission Control was planning a second spacewalk to install the spare MBSU correctly. This activity had to occur prior to the departure of Soyuz TMA-04M with the station’s certified Canadarm2 operators. In addition, because Hoshide had reported a problem with the cooling loop temperatures in his Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU) on the previous EVA, Williams adjusted the large suit that she had worn to a medium-size in order to accommodate Hoshide. On 2 September, Hoshide used the ham radio to talk with students at the Iruma Junior Ham Club in Iruma, Japan. The second spacewalk was a success. On 5 September, Williams and Hoshide managed to remove the new MBSU and tether it onto the Canadarm2. After inspecting the troublesome bolt they cleaned and greased the thread. They also cleaned and lubricated the receptacle. They were then able to install the device. On this spacewalk, Williams broke the total EVA time record for a women of 39 hours and 46 minutes held by Peggy Whitson, thus establishing a new record of 44 hours and 2 minutes.

 At the time of writing, 6 years later, Nauka has yet to be launched.

2

208  Soyuz TMA-05M, Expeditions 32 and 33

Figure 11.9:  Hoshide making a spacewalk, September 2012 (NASA)

 xpedition 32 Week Ending Friday, 14 September 2012 E Over several nights during this week, Russian flight controllers transferred oxygen and nitrogen tetroxide from Progress M-16M to the Zvezda module. The Japanese HTV-3 spacecraft was unberthed at 7:50 a.m. EDT on 12 September using the Canadarm2 and then released to de-orbit itself. Later, Hoshide engaged with students at the Maroochydore State School, Maroochydore, Queensland, Australia, by the ham radio. Then he spoke via TV link to Japanese Prime Minister Yoshihiko Noda in Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo; Hirofumi Hirano, Minister of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology; Motohisa Furukawa, Minister of State for Space Policy; and six students, with JAXA astronaut Dr. Satoshi Furukawa as the moderator. The Prime Minister noted that Japan was celebrating a ‘Day of Space’ that marked the 20th anniversary of the flight of the first Japanese astronaut, Mamoru Mohri. To facilitate the departure of Soyuz TMA-04M and the arrival of Soyuz TMA-­ 06M, the ATV-3 spacecraft at the Zvezda port performed a single-burn reboost on 13 September to raise the mean altitude of the station by 2.23 km.  xpedition 32/33 Week Ending Friday, 21 September 2012 E On 15 September, command of the station passed from Gennadi Padalka to Sunita Williams. The next day, Soyuz TMA-04M carrying Padalka, Revin, and Acaba

Soyuz TMA-05M, Expeditions 32 and 33  209 landed in Kazakhstan. Expedition 32 became Expedition 33. Over the next few days, the three station crewmembers prepared for the forthcoming arrival of the first SpaceX Dragon Commercial Resupply Services (CRS) mission.3 On 19 September, Williams celebrated her birthday. Hoshide engaged via ham radio with students of the Zespol Szkol Technicznych w Kole, Kolo, Poland. Later he spoke by TV link with Nippon Radio’s All Night Nippon, Yuraku-cho, Chuo-­ ward, Tokyo, Japan. And the next day he spoke by ham radio with students at the Sunset Hills Elementary School in San Diego, California. On 21 September, Hoshide set up the Small Satellite Orbital Deployer (SSOD) that was to release Cubesats from the Exposed Facility of the Kibō laboratory.  xpedition 33 Week Ending Friday, 5 October 2012 E The ESA ATV-3 spacecraft undocked at 5:44 p.m. EDT on 28 September, having been at the aft port of Zvezda for 185 days.  xpedition 33 Week Ending Friday, 12 October 2012 E SpaceX CRS-1 was launched at 8:35 a.m. EDT on 8 October from SLC-40 at Cape Canaveral in Florida by a Falcon 9 rocket that was designed and manufactured by the SpaceX company. One of the nine Merlin-1C engines in the first stage shut off prematurely, about 80 seconds into the ascent, but the remaining engines were able to burn for 30 seconds longer than nominal and achieve the desired orbit. The Dragon capsule carrying 400 kg of crew supplies, equipment and science apparatus was captured by the Canadarm2, operated by Williams and Hoshide, and berthed to the Harmony nadir port at 9:03 a.m. EDT on 10 October.  xpedition 33 Week Ending Friday, 19 October 2012 E On 13 October, Hoshide spoke by ham radio with students at Pacificon, the Pacific Division Conference of ARRL, the national association for Amateur Radio in America, which was being held at Santa Clara in California. On 17 October, the main engines of the Zvezda module performed a single-­ burn reboost that raised the mean altitude of the station to 414.49 km.

 A Dragon capsule had already berthed at the ISS on 25 May 2012. By agreement with NASA, this C2+ mission combined a Commercial Orbital Transportation Services (COTS) Demonstration Flight with a full rendezvous and berthing operation. 3

210  Soyuz TMA-05M, Expeditions 32 and 33  xpedition 33 Week Ending Friday, 26 October 2012 E Soyuz TMA-06M was launched from the Baikonur Cosmodrome at 6:51:11 a.m. EDT on 23 October with Kevin Ford, Oleg Novitskiy and Evgeny Tarelkin. That same day, Hoshide spoke by ham radio with students at the Meikei High School, Tsukuba, Japan. Soyuz TMA-06M docked at the zenith port of Poisk at 8:29 a.m. EDT on 25 October. It joined Soyuz TMA-05M at Rassvet and Progress M-16M at the nadir port of Pirs.  xpedition 33 Week Ending Friday, 2 November 2012 E After 18 days, 2 hours and 32 minutes at the station the SpaceX Dragon CRS-1, now bearing a cargo to be returned to Earth, was unberthed at 7:19 a.m. EDT on 28 October, and held by the Canadarm2 operated by Williams and Hoshide. Following its release at 9:28 a.m., the Dragon executed maneuvers that culminated in a splashdown in the Pacific Ocean at 3:20 p.m., west of Baja California, from where it was recovered. On 31 October, Progress M-17M docked at the aft port of Zvezda at 9:33 a.m. EDT, having launched from Baikonur at 3:41 a.m. and flown the new ‘fast’ rendezvous that compressed the timeline from launch to docking to a mere 5 hours and 52 minutes. On 1 November, Williams and Hoshide made their third EVA across the two expeditions. They completed reconfiguring the ammonia jumpers, demated the Photovoltaic Radiator Flight Quick Disconnect Coupling (PVR 2B FQDC), and also removed a Trailing Thermal Control Radiator (TTCR). As previously, they used the new In-Suit Light Exercise (ISLE) protocol in preparing for the excursion. During the spacewalk, Williams further increased her record for women to a total of 50 hours and 40 minutes accumulated over seven spacewalks.  xpedition 33 Week Ending Friday, 9 November 2012 E During the next few weeks, Hoshide spoke with the newspaper Yomiuri Shimbun and with Keio University via TV link, and with ham radio operators in Nino Costa in Priocca, Italy and at the Guglielmo Marconi High School in Casamassima, Italy. In addition, he took part in a TV event with university students at the Tsukuba Space Center, Tsukuba, Japan.  xpedition 33 Week Ending Friday, 23 November 2012 E On 17 November, Sunita Williams handed command of the station to Kevin Ford, so initiating Expedition 34. The next day, Malenchenko, Williams and Hoshide boarded Soyuz TMA-05M, undocked from the station, and landed safely in Kazakhstan at 8:56 p.m. EST.

Soyuz TMA-05M, Expeditions 32 and 33  211 11.4  POSTSCRIPT Subsequent Missions N/A Akihiko Hoshide Today See STS-124

12 Soyuz TMA-11M, Expeditions 38 and 39

Mission Astronaut: Mission Duration: Mission Sponsors: ISS Milestones: Launch Launch Date/Time: Launch Site: Launch Vehicle: Launch Mission: Launch Vehicle Crew:

Docking Soyuz TMA-11M Docking Date/Time: Docking Port: Undocking Date/Time: Docking Port: Landing Landing Date/Time: Landing Site: Landing Vehicle: Landing Mission: Landing Vehicle Crew:

Koichi Wakata 187 days, 21 hours, 44 minutes JAXA ISS 37S, 37rd ISS Soyuz mission to the ISS, 1st Japanese ISS commander 7 November 2013, 04:14 UTC Pad 1, Baikonur Cosmodrome, Kazakhstan Soyuz TMA-M Soyuz TMA-11M Mikhail Vladislavovich Tyurin (RKA), CDR Richard Alan Mastracchio (NASA), Flight Engineer Koichi Wakata (JAXA) Flight Engineer

7 November 2013, 10:27 UTC Rassvet nadir 13 May 2014, 22:35 UTC Rassvet nadir 19 November 2012, 01:53 UTC East of Dzhezkazgan, Kazakhstan Soyuz TMA-M Soyuz TMA-11M Mikhail Vladislavovich Tyurin (RKA), CDR Richard Alan Mastracchio (NASA), Flight Engineer Koichi Wakata (JAXA) Flight Engineer

© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019 J. O’Sullivan, Japanese Missions to the International Space Station, Springer Praxis Books, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-04534-0_12

212

Soyuz TMA-11M, Expeditions 38 and 39  213 ISS Expeditions ISS Expedition: ISS Crew:

ISS Expedition: ISS Crew:

Expedition 38 Oleg Valeriyevich Kotov (RKA), ISS-CDR Sergei Nikolayevich Ryazansky (RKA), ISS-Flight Engineer Michael Scott Hopkins (NASA), ISS-Flight Engineer Mikhail Vladislavovich Tyurin (RKA), ISS-Flight Engineer Richard Alan Mastracchio (NASA), ISS-Flight Engineer Koichi Wakata (JAXA), ISS-Flight Engineer Expedition 39 Koichi Wakata (JAXA), ISS-CDR Mikhail Vladislavovich Tyurin (RKA), ISS-Flight Engineer Richard Alan Mastracchio (NASA), ISS-Flight Engineer Aleksandr Aleksandrovich Skvortsov (RKA), ISS-Flight Engineer Oleg Germanovich Artemyev (RKA), ISS-Flight Engineer Steven Ray Swanson (NASA), ISS-Flight Engineer

12.1  THE ISS STORY SO FAR In October 2012, Soyuz TMA-06M delivered three crewmembers to the station to increase Expedition 33 to six members. This was the first launch from Pad 31/Site 6 at Baikonur since Soyuz T12 in July 1984. Its use now was because of the refurbishment of Pad 1/Site 5, known as ‘Gagarin’s Start’. Soyuz TMA-07M was launched in December 2012 with a crew of three, including Canadian Chris Hadfield, who was making his third spaceflight and his second to the station. On joining Expedition 34 as a flight engineer he became the second Canadian member of a long-term crew. When he took command of Expedition 35 in March 2013 he became the first, and so far only, Canadian to command the station. His social media presence turned him into a global celebrity, in part because of a video that he made with a cover recording of the David Bowie song Space Oddity. Soyuz TMA-08M arrived in March 2013 after performing a 4-orbit rendezvous lasting less than 6 hours, making it the fastest launch-to-docking flight of a Soyuz to-date. This was due to the up-dated processor, communications and satellite navigation equipment on the latest Soyuz variants. Because the on board computers are more powerful and GPS navigation allows more accurate location, communication is no longer reliant on an overhead radio line-of-sight.1 When Soyuz TMA-09M delivered another three astronauts to the station in May, the crew included ESA’s Luca Parmitano, who was the first of the 2009 ESA selection group to fly. He was a member of Expeditions 36 and 37, and became  ESA Astronaut Paulo Nespoli explained this to the author at a talk in Cork, Ireland, in July 2018. 1

214  Soyuz TMA-11M, Expeditions 38 and 39 Italy’s first spacewalker in July 2013. His second spacewalk made the headlines by being aborted after only 1 hour and 32 minutes, when a blocked filter caused coolant water to leak into his helmet. He was able to re-enter the airlock unharmed, but if the water had prevented him from breathing he would have drowned. The Chinese continued to make progress, with Shenzhou 10 delivering another three-person crew to their Tiangong-1 station in June 2013. The crew included their second female taikonaut, Wang Yaping. Soyuz TMA-10M launched in September 2013 to add crewmembers to Expedition 37. Two of them, Oleg Kotov and Sergei Ryazansky, conducted a spacewalk in November of that year, during which they took the Sochi Olympic Torch, unlit, outside the station to participate in the traditional pre-games torch relay.2 12.2  KOICHI WAKATA Early Career See STS-119 Previous Mission See STS-119 12.3  THE SOYUZ TMA-11M AND EXPEDITIONS 38 & 39 MISSION Soyuz TMA-11M Mission Patches The Soyuz TMA-11M patch features the spacecraft in flight, which is a common motif. The flight path runs from the logo of the Moscow Aviation Institute’s School No. 6, which is the Astronautical and Rocket Engineering School and also the alma mater of Soyuz Commander Mikhail Tyurin.3 The Olympic flame on the patch signifies this spacecraft delivered the Soichi Winter Olympic Torch to the station.

 This was the third time an Olympic torch was launched into space but the first time it was taken on an EVA. The prior occasions were STS-78 in 1996 ahead of that year’s Atlanta summer games and STS-101 in 2000 ahead of the Sydney summer games. 3  The MAI No.6 logo also appeared on Tyurin’s Soyuz TMA-9 patch. 2

Soyuz TMA-11M, Expeditions 38 and 39  215

Figure 12.1:  The Soyuz TMA-11M patch (www.spacefacts.de)

Koichi Wakata’s personal patch for Expedition 38/39 is in the shape of baseball, which is his preferred sport. The yellow and red curves are shaped like the stitching on a baseball. The yellow one contains Earth and a Japanese flag. The red one contains space and three stars to represent the crew. The ISS is depicted as the bridge between Earth and space, with the Kibō laboratory highlighted. The Japanese symbol in the center represents ‘expectations’, primarily Wakata’s expectations of achievement when he becomes the first Japanese to command the station. The Expedition 38 patch uses celestial objects to good effect. The ISS is shown as a star with its solar arrays rising to support the two numbers, which form a flight path around the blue Earth, gray Moon, and red Mars in a style reminiscent of the Apollo 8 patch. The colors red, white and blue represent the national flag colors of the participating nations: America, Russia and Japan. The Expedition 39 patch portrays a Soyuz approaching the ISS, which is a rarity in such patches. The horizon of the Earth leads to a stylised star in the shape of the JAXA logo in order to commemorate Wakata’s command of the facility.

216  Soyuz TMA-11M, Expeditions 38 and 39

Figure 12.2:  Wakata’s personal patch (www.spacefacts.de)

Figure 12.3:  The Expedition 38 patch, April 2013 (NASA)

Soyuz TMA-11M, Expeditions 38 and 39  217

Figure 12.4:  The Expedition 39 patch, April 2013 (NASA)

Soyuz TMA-11M Mission Objectives It was to deliver Expedition 38 crewmembers Mikhail Tyurin, Richard Mastracchio, and JAXA astronaut Koichi Wakata to the station. Timeline  xpedition 38 Week Ending Friday, 8 November 2013 E At 10:14 p.m. CST on 7 November, Soyuz TMA-11M launched from Baikonur. After a ‘fast’ rendezvous, it docked at the Rassvet port at 4:27 a.m. CST the following morning.  xpedition 38 Week Ending Friday, 15 November 2013 E On 9 November, Oleg Kotov and Sergei Ryazanskiy carried out a spacewalk from the Russian segment wearing Orlan suits. During the 5-hour, 50-minute EVA they removed a foot restraint from the Zvezda module, installed a hand-rail, and deactivated a radio antenna. On reporting their inability to fold the antenna, Mission

218  Soyuz TMA-11M, Expeditions 38 and 39

Figure 12.5:  The Soyuz TMA-11M crew with Wakata on the left (www.spacefacts.de)

Figure 12.6:  The Expedition 38 crew with Wakata at the front on the left, October 2012 (NASA)

Soyuz TMA-11M, Expeditions 38 and 39  219

Figure 12.7:  The Expedition 39 crew with Wakata at the front on the right, July 2013 (NASA)

Control in Moscow said it would not constitute an obstruction. The highlight was the Olympic Torch Relay, when they handed the unlit replica of the Soichi 2014 Winter Olympic Torch from one to the other in a symbolic relay. It had been delivered to the station on board Soyuz TMA-11M, and was to be returned to Earth by Fyodor Yurchikhin when he and his crew departed in Soyuz TMA-09M. As per standard practice in order to be prepared for a decompression occurring while crew were spacewalking, the others were in safe areas with access to their ‘lifeboats’. Parmitano and Nyberg remained in Zvezda with access to Soyuz TMA-09M. Hopkins had access to the Poisk module and Soyuz TMA-10M. Tyurin, Mastracchio and Wakata had access to modules forward of Zarya, including their own Soyuz TMA-11M. Meanwhile, after replacing a failed Fluids Integrated Rack (FIR) lamp, Wakata worked with the Synchronised Position Hold, Engage, Reorient, Experimental Satellites (SPHERES) Vertigo Test to assess the role of free-flying ‘internal satellites’ that could navigate their way around the station and assist astronauts in their duties. The handover of command from Yurchikhin to Kotov drew Expedition 37 to a conclusion and started Expedition 38.

220  Soyuz TMA-11M, Expeditions 38 and 39 At 5:15 p.m. CST on 10 November, Soyuz TMA-09M undocked and touched down in the nominal landing zone at 8:49 p.m. CST to return Yurchikhin, Parmitano, and Nyberg to Earth. On board the ISS, Mastracchio and Wakata continued the Vertigo Test, recording a video to enable engineers to determine whether the flying spherical robots could operate in a complex environment using visual inspection and navigation. On 12 November, after routine training on emergency roles and responsibilities, Wakata started the program of biomedical tests, maintenance tasks, and science experiments that every astronaut carries out on-orbit.  xpedition 38 Week Ending Friday, 22 November 2013 E On 19 November, Wakata opened the outer hatch of the Kibō airlock to extend the slide table out to the JEM Exposed Facility (JEM-EF) with the Small Satellite Orbital Deployer (SSOD), then deployed three small CubeSat satellites from the first of two cases. The next day, from the second case he deployed NASA’s TechEdSat satellite, which was an exo-brake de-orbit system. After the deployment, Wakata brought the SSOD back in through the airlock. On 12 November, ground controllers positioned the port solar array to enable Mastracchio to photograph its entirety from the Pirs module. This was to establish a baseline for array health on future inspections.

Figure 12.8:  Three CubeSats being deployed from the Kibō SSOD, January 2014 (JAXA)

Soyuz TMA-11M, Expeditions 38 and 39  221  xpedition 38 Week Ending Friday, 29 November 2013 E Progress M-21M was launched at 2:53 p.m. CST on 25 November. It docked at the aft port of Zvezda at 4:30 p.m. CST on 29 November to deliver over 1,400 kg of cargo which included a spare Urine Processing Assembly (UPA) Fluids Control Pump Assembly (FCPA).  xpedition 38 Week Ending Friday, 6 December 2013 E On 3 December, ground controllers moved the Canadarm2 on the Mobile Servicing System (MSS) into position for the crew to obtain refresher training for the expected arrival later in the month of the Orbital Sciences Cygnus CRS Orb-1 mission.4 As with the recent SpaceX Dragon spacecraft, this would be the first commercially contracted cargo delivery by Orbital Sciences.5 On 4 December, the crew had two emergency drills, with the first simulating smoke in the Harmony module and the second the rapid depressurisation of the Zvezda module.  xpedition 38 Week Ending Friday, 13 December 2013 E Hopkins and Wakata continued their Canadarm2 robotics practice in preparation for the arrival of the Cygnus CRS Orb-1 cargo ship. On 10 December, Wakata used a 4K camera in the Cupola to prepare for photographing Comet Lovejoy (designated C/2013 R1) and other celestial phenomena. He tested the repaired Inter Orbit Communication System (ICS). He established a connection with the Tsukuba Space Center in Japan but Houston was unable to hear his voice on the downlink, so the investigation continued. On 11 December a fault developed with Loop-A of the External Thermal Control System (ETCS), one of two large radiators on the truss which reject heat from the US segment of the station. Loop-B was still operational and rejecting heat from Destiny, Quest and Tranquility, but the complete US segment needed both loops to be operational, so Mission Control powered down equipment in Harmony, Kibō and Columbus in order to halve the nominal load. The next day, the issue was identified as a Flow Control Valve (FCV) whose rate of flow was less than it should have been.

 In fact, Orbital Sciences Cygnus CRS Orb-1 did not launch in December, it was delayed to 9 January 2014. 5  A Cygnus spacecraft had arrived in October and been successfully berthed by the Canadarm2 during a demonstration flight. 4

222  Soyuz TMA-11M, Expeditions 38 and 39  xpedition 38 Week Ending Friday, 20 December 2013 E The Orbital Sciences Cygnus launch was delayed from 18 December to 19 December in order to allow more time to investigate the ETCS Loop-A issues. On 14 December, Wakata photographed Earth and Comet ISON (C/2012 S1) and a number of other celestial phenomena from the Cupola as part of the COSMO program. Mastracchio and Wakata prepared for a contingency EVA in case it was necessary to repair the ETCS. On 16 December ground control recommended an EVA to replace the ETCS Loop-A Pump Module. A software patch was uploaded on an interim basis to acquire finer control of the loop. On 20 December, ground controllers ‘walked’ the Canadarm2 from Harmony, where it had been positioned ready to grapple the Cygnus vessel, back to the Mobile Base System (MBS) so that it could be translated to the worksite for the spacewalk on the truss. They also reduced the ETCS Loop-A pressure to 180 psi to assist the spacewalkers with the Quick Disconnect (QD) links. Other faults being investigated included the Oxygen Generation Assembly (OGA) that had undergone a fast shutdown, the Waste and Hygiene Compartment (WHC) that suffered a pump separator failure, and the Carbon Dioxide Removal Assembly (CDRA) faults that seemed to be repeats of previous valve failures. All of these problems were under control and solutions were being developed.  xpedition 38 Week Ending Friday, 27 December 2013 E On 21 and 24 December, Mastracchio and Hopkins performed two contingency EVAs from the US segment to replace the faulty Pump Module (PM) on ETCS Loop-A. During the first EVA, which lasted 5 hours and 28 minutes, they removed and stowed the degraded PM and installed a jumper. The job involved disconnecting four ammonia lines and five electrical connectors. On their return visit, they installed the spare module. Wakata supported their work by operating the Canadarm2. Several days later, on 27 December, Kotov and Ryazansky performed a scheduled Russian segment EVA lasting 8 hours and 7 minutes on which they installed and removed various foot restraints, deleted the VSPLESK experiment, and installed the SEISMOPROGNOZ experiment and two UrtheCast cameras on a payload platform of the Zvezda module.  xpedition 38 Week Ending Friday, 3 January 2014 E Following the successful repair of ETCS Loop-A, flight controllers ‘walked’ the Canadarm2 back onto Harmony in preparation for the arrival of the Cygnus spacecraft.

Soyuz TMA-11M, Expeditions 38 and 39  223  xpedition 38 Week Ending Friday, 10 January 2014 E After a number of postponements, Orbital Sciences CRS Orb-1 was launched from Pad 0A at Wallops Flight Facility, Virginia, at 12:07 p.m. CST on 9 January. This was the first flight of the Castor 30B upper stage. Ascent and separation events were all nominal. The Cygnus solar arrays were deployed shortly after spacecraft separation. Orbital Sciences started the tradition of naming the Cygnus spacecraft in honor of deceased NASA astronauts.6 In this case, it was named C. Gordon Fullerton, after the STS-3 and STS-51F veteran who had died on 21 August 2013, aged 76.  xpedition 38 Week Ending Friday, 17 January 2014 E On 12 January, Mastracchio and Wakata captured the Cygnus vessel at 5:08 a.m. CST, while operating the Canadarm2 from the Cupola Robotic Workstation (RWS). It was berthed at the nadir Common Berthing Mechanism (CBM) of the Harmony module.7 While Hopkins and Wakata began hauling the 1,260  kg of cargo from the Cygnus, ground controllers detached the Canadarm2 from the Cygnus and positioned its Latching End Effector (LEE-A) such that it was facing the Cupola windows, to enable Mastracchio to take pictures through window 3 of the end effector’s snare cables. This was a periodic maintenance activity performed every 20 LEE snare cycles to assess the condition of the snare cables. The imagery was downlinked for review by engineers. Wakata later took pictures of the LEE-B snare cables. On 15 January, Hopkins, Mastracchio and Wakata finished the unloading of cargo from the Cygnus and then started back-loading trash. Power cables having been installed during an earlier spacewalk to enable the Canadarm2 to ‘walk’ onto the Russian segment, ground control attempted to position it to grapple the Zarya Power Data Grapple Fixture (PDGF). On doing this, they noticed that a number of items such as the Russian Strela cranes had not been modelled properly by the Robotics Planning System (RPS) tool and so the attempt was postponed until the model could be updated. On 17 January, the Canadarm2 successfully grappled the PDGF on the Zarya module, but electrical power checks were not completed during this test.

 At least until the 9th CRS vessel, which was named after J. R. Thompson, who was the fifth director of the NASA Marshall Space Flight Center and subsequently CEO of Orbital Sciences. 7  Cygnus is captured and berthed like the Dragon and HTV. Progress and ATV perform automatic docking. Dragon is the only ISS cargo ship that does not burn up on re-entry, and so can be used to return cargo to Earth. 6

224  Soyuz TMA-11M, Expeditions 38 and 39  xpedition 38 Week Ending Friday, 24 January 2014 E On 20 January, Wakata performed troubleshooting on the Thermal Control Assembly (TCA) Pump Package of the Kibō laboratory. It had failed on 14 January and there were no spares on board at the time. The system was therefore operating on a single loop. Mastracchio and Wakata continued their investigation of the use of Synchronised Position Hold, Engage, Reorient, Experimental Satellites (SPHERES) in support of the Vertigo Test on 24 January.  xpedition 38 Week Ending Friday, 31 January 2014 E Kotov and Ryazansky made another Russian segment EVA on 27 January, installing cameras on Zarya, photographing electrical connections, retrieving a cassette from Pirs, and removing a Worksite Interface (WIF) adapter from the LEE-B of the Canadarm2. Wakata read the story of The Wizard Who Saved the World as part of the Story Time From Space exercise. On the last day of the month, he installed the CubeSat Deployer on the Small Satellite Orbital Deployer (SSOD) in Kibō, but a problem with a screw meant he was unable to finish the attachment. Alternatives were being investigated. This was planned to be three weeks of deploying various CubeSats. Control Moment Gyroscopes (CMG) 1 and 2 of the station were commanded through their full 360 degrees of travel in order to satisfy a 5-year requirement for full inner gimbal rotation.  xpedition 38 Week Ending Friday, 7 February 2014 E Progress M-20M undocked from Pirs at 10:21 a.m. CST on 3 February. Hopkins and Wakata completed loading trash into the Cygnus vessel on 4 February. At 10:23 a.m. CST on 5 February, Progress M-22M was launched from Baikonur with more than 1,400 kg of cargo for the station. Wakata successfully installed the electronics box for the NanoRacks CubeSat Deployer onto the Multi-Purpose Experiment Platform (MPEP) by using an alternative location on the MPEP.  xpedition 38 Week Ending Friday, 14 February 2014 E On 10 February, Wakata integrated the SPHERES and RINGS experiments. The latter was the Resonant Inductive Near-field Generation System designed to provide relative station-keeping, maneuvering, and attitude control between a pair of SPHERES satellites by the use of steerable electromagnetic dipoles.

Soyuz TMA-11M, Expeditions 38 and 39  225 Ground control used the Japanese Experiment Module Remote Manipulator System (JEM RMS) of the Kibō laboratory to unberth the MPEP from the slide table of the JEM airlock, then maneuvered the JEM RMS Main Arm with the NanoRacks CubeSat Deployer (NRCSD) into the deployment position. It had been loaded with 16 CubeSats. Four of them were successfully launched on command. Two more CubeSats followed on 12 February, two on 13 February, and four on 14 February. Attempts to launch two other pairs were not successful. Meanwhile, NASA ground controllers ‘walked’ the Canadarm2 from the Zarya module to Power Data Grapple Fixture (PDGF) 3 of the Mobile Base System (MBS).  xpedition 38 Week Ending Friday, 21 February 2014 E Wakata imaged auroras for JAXA using the 4K camera, as well as the cities of Sochi, Tokyo, and Yokohama. The final four CubeSats were launched on 17 February by the simple expedient of reissuing the command to the NanoRacks CubeSat Deployer (NRCSD) to open the doors of the deployer. The crew bade farewell to the Cygnus on 18 February, as Wakata and Hopkins unberthed it from the nadir port of Harmony and released it. The spacecraft burned up off the coast of New Zealand the following day. On 19 February the Multi-Purpose Experiment Platform (MPEP) with its attached NRCSDs was brought back into Kibō via the JEM airlock. The next day, Wakata replaced the now empty deployers with new ones and put those on the slide table in the airlock.  xpedition 38 Week Ending Friday, 28 February 2014 E On 25 February, after the Kibō airlock had been depressurised, the JEM RMS lifted the eight NRCSDs from the slide table and placed them at the deployment position. Two of the Cubesats were successfully launched immediately, and another 15 were to be deployed over the coming week. They included two Dove CubeSats, ArduSat-2, LitSat-1, LituanicaSat-1, UaPSat-1 and SkyCube.  xpedition 38 Week Ending Friday, 7 March 2014 E On 14 March, Wakata and Hopkins concluded the Nanorack Cubesat Deployer operations in the Kibō module by stowing the empty NRCSDs and the MultiPurpose Experiment Platform (MPEP) and returning the slide table to the airlock.

226  Soyuz TMA-11M, Expeditions 38 and 39 Six new software applications were loaded onto station iPads, including a light meter, one for noting crew preferences, and an accelerometer to record vibrations on exercise equipment. On 6 March, the Canadarm2 was ‘walked’ to the Permanent Multi-purpose Module (PMM) and maneuvered into the ‘high hover’ position ready to receive SpaceX CRS-3 in April.  xpedition 38/39 Week Ending Friday, 14 March 2014 E On 10 March Kotov, Ryazanskiy and Hopkins departed in Soyuz TMA-10M, leaving Koichi Wakata as the first Japanese commander of the station and starting Expedition 39. On 14 March, the crew participated in the National Geographic’s Live from Space, a live 2-hour special presented in the Viewing Room of the Mission Control Center the Johnson Space Center in Houston.  xpedition 39 Week Ending Friday, 21 March 2014 E On 17 March, a Fatal Failure Alarm occurred while the Special Purpose Dexterous Manipulator (SPDM) was being shut down. After ground controllers rebooted the Robot Work Station,8 the apparatus was successfully powered down. The Canadian Space Agency began an investigation into the Fatal Failure message. On 18 March, Wakata recorded an educational video in the Cupola that was to be aired in Japan in April to show Japan at night and, if possible, any auroras.  xpedition 39 Week Ending Friday, 28 March 2014 E At 4:17 p.m. CDT on 25 September, Soyuz TMA-12M was launched from Baikonur carrying Aleksandr Skvortsov, Oleg Artemyev and Steven Swanson. The orbital insertion was nominal but the subsequent burn did not go as planned, so the 4-orbit rendezvous was cancelled and the traditional 34-orbit rendezvous reinstated. On arrival, the Soyuz docked without incident at the zenith port of Poisk at 6:53 p.m. CDT on 27 March and restored Expedition 39 to a six-person crew.  xpedition 39 Week Ending Friday, 11 April 2014 E Progress M-22M undocked on 7 April. Progress M-23M launched from Baikonur on 9 April. The former participated in the non-ISS Russian Radar-Progress experiment and was de-orbited on 18 April.  As noted earlier, even in space the IT guys recommend that you, “Turn it off and on again.”

8

Soyuz TMA-11M, Expeditions 38 and 39  227  xpedition 39 Week Ending Friday, 18 April 2014 E On 14 April, Wakata successfully tested the video-over-ham-radio configuration. At 2:25 p.m. CDT on 18 April, SpaceX launched the Dragon CRS-3 mission. There was a delay due to a pressurisation issue in part of the propulsion system, but the rendezvous was able to be completed successfully.  xpedition 39 Week Ending Friday, 25 April 2014 E The Dragon was captured and berthed on 20 April, this time with ground controllers operating the Canadarm2 to demonstrate that a Dragon would be able to reach an uncrewed station if ever that should become necessary. There were some Ultra High Frequency (UHF) communications dropouts, but nothing beyond acceptable limits. The unloading of the cargo started the next day. On a US segment EVA on 23 April, Mastracchio and Swanson replaced External (EXT)-2 Multiplexer/Demultiplexer (MDM), which had failed on 11 April. Progress M-21M undocked and redocked on 25 April demonstrating the Kurs-NA advanced automatic docking system. This was a repeat of the Progress M-15M test in July.  xpedition 39 Week Ending Friday, 2 May 2014 E On 28 April the Canadarm2 performed the Dragon Trunk Survey. The trunk is the rear section of the Dragon vessel, in which unpressurised cargo can be carried. The first large unpressurised cargoes were the High-Definition Earth Viewing (HDEV) payload and the Optical PAyload for Lasercomm Science (OPALS). The following day, Progress M-21M reboosted the orbit of the station. On 30 April, the Dextre arm, on the end of the Canadarm2, lifted the HDEV payload out of the Dragon trunk and installed it on the Exposed Payload Facility of the Columbus module.  xpedition 39 Week Ending Friday, 9 May 2014 E On 5 May, the OPALS payload was retrieved from the Dragon trunk and temporarily stored on a platform. A week later, it was permanently installed on Express Logistics Carrier (ELC) 1. Its purpose was to assess a system for transmitting data from the ISS to the ground using laser light packages rather than by radio signals.  xpedition 39 Week Ending Friday, 16 May 2014 E On 12 May 2014, Wakata handed over command of the station to Expedition 40 Commander Steven ‘Swanny’ Swanson.

228  Soyuz TMA-11M, Expeditions 38 and 39 Soyuz TMA-11M landed near Dzhezkazgan in Kazakhstan at 8:58 p.m. CDT on 13 May, returning Wakata, Tyurin and Mastracchio to Earth. 12.4  POSTSCRIPT Subsequent Missions N/A Koichi Wakata Today See STS-119

13 Soyuz TMA-17M, Expeditions 44 and 45

Mission Astronaut: Mission Duration: Mission Sponsors: ISS Milestones: Launch Launch Date/Time: Launch Site: Launch Vehicle: Launch Mission: Launch Vehicle Crew:

Kimiya Yui 142 days, 16 hours, 10 minutes JAXA ISS 43S, 43rd ISS Soyuz mission to the ISS 22 July 2015, 21:02 UTC Pad 1, Baikonur Cosmodrome, Kazakhstan Soyuz TMA-M Soyuz TMA-17M Oleg Dmitriyevich Kononenko (RKA), CDR Kimiya Yui (JAXA), Flight Engineer Kjell Norwood Lindgren (NASA) Flight Engineer

Docking Soyuz TMA-17M Docking Date/Time: Docking Port: Undocking Date/Time: Docking Port:

23 July 2015, 02:45 UTC Rassvet nadir 11 December 2015, 09:49 UTC Rassvet nadir

Landing Landing Date/Time: Landing Site: Landing Vehicle: Landing Mission:

11 December 2015, 13:12 UTC North East of Dzhezkazgan, Kazakhstan Soyuz TMA-M Soyuz TMA-17M

© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019 J. O’Sullivan, Japanese Missions to the International Space Station, Springer Praxis Books, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-04534-0_13

229

230  Soyuz TMA-17M, Expeditions 44 and 45 Landing Vehicle Crew:

ISS Expeditions ISS Expedition: ISS Crew:

ISS Expedition: ISS Crew:

Oleg Dmitriyevich Kononenko (RKA), CDR Kimiya Yui (JAXA), Flight Engineer Kjell Norwood Lindgren (NASA) Flight Engineer Expedition 44 Gennadi Ivanovich Padalka (RKA), ISS-CDR Mikhail Borisovich Korniyenko (RKA), ISS-Flight Engineer Scott Joseph Kelly (NASA), ISS-Flight Engineer Oleg Dmitriyevich Kononenko (RKA), ISS-Flight Engineer Kimiya Yui (JAXA), ISS-Flight Engineer Kjell Norwood Lindgren (NASA) ISS-Flight Engineer Expedition 45 Scott Joseph Kelly (NASA), ISS-CDR Mikhail Borisovich Korniyenko (RKA), ISS-Flight Engineer Oleg Dmitriyevich Kononenko (RKA), ISS-Flight Engineer Kimiya Yui (JAXA), ISS-Flight Engineer Kjell Norwood Lindgren (NASA) ISS-Flight Engineer Sergei Aleksandrovich Volkov (RKA), ISS-Flight Engineer

13.1  THE ISS STORY SO FAR Soyuz TMA-12M was expected to fly the recently introduced, 4-orbit, 6-hour rendezvous but when the third maneuver did not go as intended, Mission Control told the crew to switch to the older 2-day rendezvous. They successful docked with the station on 27 March 2014. Soyuz TMA-13M in May delivered three new crewmembers, including ESA’s Alexander Gerst from Germany. They joined Expedition 40 and continued as Expedition 41. When Soyuz TMA-14M was launched on 25 September its port solar array did not deploy as it should have. However, it ‘popped out’ after docking, probably shaken loose by the shock of impact. The failure of the array to deploy had not posed a threat to the mission. In November 2014, Soyuz TMA-15M carried Italian ESA astronaut Samantha Cristoforetti to join the Expedition 42 crew. In May 2015 the Progress M-27M supply spacecraft failed due to lack of control and communication and burned up on re-entry instead of reaching the station. To accommodate the ensuing investigations, the crew of Soyuz TMA-15M stayed on-station for an extra month before finally returning to Earth in June. Meanwhile, in March 2015, Soyuz TMA-16M delivered two Russians and one American to the station. When Soyuz Commander Gennadi Padalka returned home after the usual 6 months, the flight engineers, Mikhail Korniyenko and Scott

Soyuz TMA-17M, Expeditions 44 and 45  231 Kelly, stayed behind to undertake a mission of 340 days for a study to gather data useful for a possible future mission to Mars. Kelly’s twin, fellow astronaut, Mark Kelly, participated in similar medical and physiological tests on Earth as a ‘control subject’. 13.2  KIMIYA YUI Early Career Kimiya Yui was born on 30 January 1970 in Kawakami, in the Nagano Prefecture, Japan. He graduated from the School of Science and Engineering at the National Defense Academy in 1992, then joined the Japan Air Self Defense Force (JASDF). After serving as an F-15 Eagle fighter pilot and test pilot he retired in 2009 as a Lieutenant Colonel in the Air Staff, making him the first Japanese astronaut to have a military background.1 Yui was selected as part of JAXA’s 5th Astronaut Group in February 2009,2 together with Takuya Onishi,3 and along with Norishige Kanai they joined the 20th NASA Group, known as The Chumps, in June 2009. He completed his JAXA ISS astronaut training in July 2011, then served as a crewmember of the 16th NEEMO mission off the coast of Florida in June 2012. Previous Missions N/A 13.3  THE SOYUZ TMA-17M AND EXPEDITION 44 & 45 MISSIONS Soyuz TMA-17M Mission Patches In designing their mission patch, the Soyuz TMA-17M crew were inspired by that created for Apollo 17. It uses the same gray circular design, with the mission name placed on the top and the names of the crew below, within the border. The Apollo representation was replaced by a golden portrait of the Sergei Korolev, the father of Soviet spaceflight. The American Eagle motif was replaced by a Soyuz  He retired from the military in order to take his JAXA post because active military personnel are not allowed to work in the civilian space agency. 2  JAXA’s 1st Astronaut Group but the 5th group to join NASDA/JAXA. 3  Backup candidate Norishige Kanai was added to the group in September 2009. 1

232  Soyuz TMA-17M, Expeditions 44 and 45

Figure 13.1:  Kimiya Yui, May 2011 (JAXA)

spacecraft, but three red stripes remained to represent the crew of three and the three spacecraft designed by Korolev: Vostok, Voskhod and Soyuz. A ‘rising sun’ behind the Earth depicts Japan. The constellation of Scorpio emphasises the star Antares, the mission’s call sign.

Soyuz TMA-17M, Expeditions 44 and 45  233

Figure 13.2:  The Soyuz TMA-17M patch (www.spacefacts.de)

Kimiya means ‘beautiful turtle’ in Japanese, so Kimiya Yui’s patch was in the shape of sea turtle.4 The shell is shaped like the station’s Cupola viewing window, with Japan in the center pane. Other panes contain the usual symbols of the Moon, Mars, and three stars to represent the crew of the Soyuz. As with many earlier JAXA patches for ISS mission, the Kibō laboratory is highlighted. The Expedition 44 patch shows the ISS observing twelve Earths to represent the ‘year-long’ mission by Scott Kelly and Mikhail Korniyenko which would span Expeditions 43, 44, 45 and 46. Four of the Earths include a reflection of the sunlight representing the 4-month duration of Expedition 44. The nine stars around

 According to Robert Pearlman of collectSPACE.com, Yui was inspired by the movie The Right Stuff, based on Tom Wolfe’s book of the same title, to apply to be an astronaut. In the book and the movie, the question “Are you a turtle?” is asked a number of times in public situations. This was a prank amongst the Mercury astronauts because the desired answer was rude. 4

234  Soyuz TMA-17M, Expeditions 44 and 45

Figure 13.3:  Yui’s personal patch (www.collectspace.com)

the planets represent the crew and visitors that were to be on board the station during the mission.5 The Expedition 45 patch puts the stylised extended diamond shape to good effect. A book at the bottom opens to radiate knowledge, scientific research, education, and exploration. The ISS is represented by a star in orbit around the Earth. Also present are the Moon, Mars, and a single star representing the future.

 Six crew and three visitors. Due to the almost ‘year-long’ mission, an old tradition was revived, with Sergey Volkov of Russia, Andreas Mogensen of ESA, and Aidyn Aimbetov of KazCosmos delivering a fresh Soyuz ‘lifeboat’ for use by Kelly and Korniyenko. Mogensen and Aimbetov returned in Soyuz TMA-16M. 5

Soyuz TMA-17M, Expeditions 44 and 45  235

Figure 13.4:  The Expedition 44 patch, February 2014 (NASA)

Soyuz TMA-17M Mission Objectives It was to deliver Oleg Kononenko, Kimiya Yui and Kjell Lindgren to the ISS as Expedition 44 crewmembers. Timeline  xpedition 44 Week Ending Friday, 24 July 2015 E Soyuz TMA-17M was launched from the Baikonur Cosmodrome at 4:02 p.m. CDT on 22 July, carrying Kimiya Yui together with American Kjell Lindgren and Russian Oleg Kononenko. It docked at 9:46 p.m. CDT at the nadir port of the Rassvet module. The hatches were opened at 11:56 p.m. CDT. The newcomers joined Expedition 44, which consisted of ISS Commander Gennadi Padalka and flight engineers Mikhail Korniyenko and Scott Kelly. The latter pair were part-way through what was referred to as their ‘One-Year Mission’6 to study the health effects of spending long durations in space to help to plan to missions to Mars and asteroids that could last 400 days or more. Korniyenko and Kelly would ultimately serve as members of Expeditions 43, 44, 45 and 46 prior to returning to Earth on 1 March 2016.  The ‘year-long’ mission actually lasted 343 days.

6

236  Soyuz TMA-17M, Expeditions 44 and 45

Figure 13.5:  The Expedition 45 patch, July 2014 (NASA)

 xpedition 44 Week Ending Friday, 31 July 2015 E On 27 July Progress M-26M burned its thrusters for 4 minutes and 12 seconds to increase the altitude of station for a Predetermined Debris Avoidance Maneuver (PDAM). The ‘One-Year Mission’ of Scott Kelly integrated ten studies that exploited the fact that his identical twin, Mark, who was also an astronaut, was available as a ‘control subject’ on Earth to permit comparison of the results.7  Scott and Mark Kelly were both US Navy aviators who reached the rank of Captain. Both were selected as part of NASA Astronaut Group 16 in 1996. Both have flown in space four times. Both have been Pilot and Commander of Space Shuttle missions. Only Scott has flown on Soyuz capsules and commanded the ISS. 7

Soyuz TMA-17M, Expeditions 44 and 45  237

Figure 13.6:  The Soyuz TMA-17M crew with Yui on the right (www.spacefacts.de)

Figure 13.7:  The Expedition 44 crew with Yui third from the left, July 2014 (NASA)

238  Soyuz TMA-17M, Expeditions 44 and 45

Figure 13.8:  The Expedition 45 crew with Yui on the right, September 2015 (NASA)

The crew participated in the routine On Board Training (OBT) ISS Emergency Hardware Familiarisation on 28 July.  xpedition 44 Week Ending Friday, 7 August 2015 E With the solar beta angle approaching its peak of 69.6 degrees on 1 August, ground controllers configured the batteries to prevent overcharging. On 4 August, the newcomers received the OBT Crew Health Care System (CHeCS) Drill. The next day, Lindgren and Yui reviewed procedures for the arrival of an H-II Transfer Vehicle (HTV).  xpedition 44 Week Ending Friday, 14 August 2015 E On 10 August, Padalka and Kornienko performed a 5-hour, 31-minute EVA during which they worked on the Zvezda module, installing two gap spanners, cleaning thruster contamination off a window, installing lock restraints on antennas, retrieving the Obstanovka experiment that had been measuring plasma at orbital altitude, and taking documentation pictures. As usual during an EVA from the

Soyuz TMA-17M, Expeditions 44 and 45  239 Russian segment, the other crewmembers remained in  locations to guarantee access to their Soyuz ‘lifeboats’.8 Yui set up cameras and equipment to measure and photograph his own body for the Body Measures experiment, in which NASA was collecting anthropometric data using digital still and video imagery for pre-flight, in-flight, and post-flight comparison. Meanwhile, ground controllers prepared the Canadarm2 for the arrival of the HTV cargo vessel. At 6:10 p.m. CDT on 12 August, a Direct Current Switching Unit (DCSU) experienced a Power On Reset (POR) that caused some systems to trip in the Tranquility module, including the Common Cabin Air Assembly (CCAA). This meant that the crew had to be awakened to investigate. No hardware problems were identified, but the Carbon Dioxide Removal Assembly (CDRA) in Tranquility would not come back on line. The Destiny CDRA had to be activated as a backup. On 13 August, Kononenko and Yui performed a Zero Robotics session with Synchronised Position Hold, Engage, Reorient, Experimental Satellites (SPHERES), a campaign that involves high school students writing algorithms for the SPHERES satellites to execute. Loaded with trash, Progress M-26M undocked at 5:19 a.m. CDT on 14 August, de-orbited itself, and burned up in the atmosphere at 9:10 a.m.  xpedition 44 Week Ending Friday, 28 August 2015 E HTV-5 lifted off from the Tanegashima Space Center in Japan at 6:50 a.m. CDT on 19 August. On arrival at the station it was captured using the Canadarm2, which was operated by Yui and Lindgren, and berthed at the Harmony module at 5:28 a.m. CDT on 24 August. The next day, the crew entered the pressurised compartment, taking breathing apparatus and fire extinguishers with them in case of an emergency. Meanwhile ground controllers used the Canadarm2 to extract the External Platform (EP) from the Unpressurised Logistics Carrier (ULC) of HTV-5. This was handed over to the Kibō Japanese Experiment Module Remote Manipulator System (JEM RMS), which installed it on the Exposed Facility of the Kibō laboratory. While the unpressurised cargo transfer was underway, Yui photographed the CALorimetric Electron Telescope (CALET), an astrophysics experiment that was to seek signatures of ‘dark’ matter and provide the highest energy direct measurements of the cosmic-ray electron spectrum to observe discrete sources that are accelerating high-energy particles in our region of the Milky Way galaxy. On 26 August, Canadarm2/Dextre grappled two HTV Exposed Facility Units (HEFU) on the External Platform (EP) of HTV-5. After some initial difficulties,  The location of the Quest airlock did not require this precaution during an EVA from the US segment. 8

240  Soyuz TMA-17M, Expeditions 44 and 45 HEFU1 was successfully opened. HEFU2 was to remain closed for several more days. Meanwhile, the crew continued to transfer internal cargo from the HTV into the station. Padalka, Kelly and Korniyenko transferred Soyuz TMA-16M from Poisk to the aft port of Zvezda in order to make room for Soyuz TMA-18M, which was expected in early September.  xpedition 44 Week Ending Friday, 4 September 2015 E On 31 August, Progress M-28M performed a station reboost lasting 8 minutes and 15 seconds in preparation for the departure of Soyuz TMA-16M and the arrival of Progress M-29M. Ground controllers successfully installed the Superconducting sub-Millimeter-­ wave Limb-Emission Sounder (SMILES) payload onto the External Platform (EP) HTV Exposed Facility Unit 2 (HEFU2). The next day they placed the Multi-­ mission Consolidated Equipment (MCE) on EP HEFU1. Soyuz TMA-18M was launched on 1 September from Baikonur carrying Aidyn Aimbetov, Andreas Mogensen,9 and Sergey Volkov. It docked at the zenith port of Poisk at 2:42 a.m. CDT on 4 September. Their arrival increased the crew complement of the station to nine, although only Volkov was to join the Expedition crew, his colleagues were to return to Earth on Soyuz TMA-16M with Padalka after a 9-day visit.  xpedition 44/45 Week Ending Friday, 11 September 2015 E Mogensen’s ESA mission was known as Iriss, and his tasks included remote control of a robot on Earth, filming lightning above thunderclouds and the testing of a Skinsuit that was intended to alleviate the back-pain that astronauts often suffer as their spine expands during adaptation to microgravity. On 9 September, Kelly installed JAXA’s Small Satellite Orbital Deployer (SSOD) on the slide table in the Kibō module with the Multi-Purpose Experiment Platform (MPEP) attached. The SSOD held two satellites, one to observe the ultraviolet (UV) spectrum during the Orionid meteor shower in late October, and the other to collect meteorological data for the University of Brasilia. The Carbon Dioxide Removal Assembly (CDRA) in the Tranquility module failed again on 10 September, so ground controllers cycled the Pump/Fan Motor Controller (PFMC) to recover from the problem. On 11 September, having handed over command of the station to Scott Kelly and initiating Expedition 45, Padalka returned to Earth with Mogensen and Aimbetov in Soyuz TMA-16M.  The first Dane in space.

9

Soyuz TMA-17M, Expeditions 44 and 45  241

Figure 13.9:  Yui at Kibō’s airlock hatch, December 2015 (JAXA)

 xpedition 45 Week Ending Friday, 18 September 2015 E On 15 September, ground controllers handed off the Exposed Pallet (EP) from the robot arm of the Kibō laboratory to the Canadarm2, then that arm, controlled by Lindgren and Yui, placed it in the Unpressurised Logistics Carrier (ULC) of HTV-5. The next day, Yui continued Kelly’s work on the Small Satellite Orbital Deployer (SSOD) by venting the airlock. Kelly and Yui transferred the Resupply Stowage Platform (RSP) from the Permanent Multi-purpose Module (PMM) Leonardo into HTV-5. After the RSP transfer, the crew restowed all of the items that had been moved in order to conduct the operation. In addition, Yui gathered ESA items from the Columbus module and loaded them into HTV-5 for disposal when the Japanese spacecraft departed. On 17 September, Yui opened the outer hatch of the Kibō airlock, transferred the slide table outside, and successfully deployed the two satellites that had earlier been loaded onto it.  xpedition 45 Week Ending Friday, 2 October 2015 E On 28 August, Yui commanded the ESA Surveyor Rover located in Germany using the Multi-Purpose End-to-End Robotic Operations Network (METERON). The link enabled him to view video from the rover. This demonstrated the ability of astronauts to operate rovers from orbit, as might one day be done by humans in orbit around Mars with rovers exploring the surface.

242  Soyuz TMA-17M, Expeditions 44 and 45 The ISS performed another Predetermined Debris Avoidance Maneuver (PDAM) by firing the thrusters of Progress M-28M in order to avoid orbital debris. Progress M-29M lifted off from the Baikonur Cosmodrome on 1 October. It carried out the nominal 4-orbit rendezvous and docked at the aft port of Zvezda at 5:52 p.m. CDT. Overnight, ground controllers used Dextre to conduct an inspection of the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer (AMS) on the truss.  xpedition 45 Week Ending Friday, 9 October 2015 E On 5 October, Kelly deployed two Danish satellites called GOMX-3 and AAUSAT-5 and four Dove satellites of the Flock 2 fleet from the NanoRack Cubesat Deployer (NRCSD). GOMX-3 incorporated an advanced antenna-­ pointing system and various communications capabilities to test reception and data downlink for GPS satellites, military applications, weather monitoring, air traffic control, and other tasks. The student-designed AAUSAT-5 carried a receiver to track ship signals in support of a space-based Automatic Identification System (AIS) for the oceans. The Dove nanosatellites were to provide imagery of the entire planet on a frequent basis, for a variety of humanitarian and environmental applications ranging from monitoring deforestation and the ice caps to disaster relief and improving agriculture yields in developing nations. On 9 October, Kelly and Yui ran the Vertigo experiment of the Synchronised Position Hold, Engage, Reorient, Experimental Satellites (SPHERES).  xpedition 45 Week Ending Friday, 16 October 2015 E On 13 October, Yui configured the IMAX Codex on a Station Support Computer (SSC) for a downlink of recorded video files. This was in preparation for a planned IMAX 3D movie called A Perfect Planet that would use ISS-based video and imagery to show how natural and human forces are shaping planet Earth.10  xpedition 45 Week Ending Friday, 23 October 2015 E Yui recorded himself reading Max Goes to the Space Station as a contribution to the Story Time from Space show. On 23 October, ground controllers used the Canadarm2 and Dextre to perform a RapidScat inspection from seven points of view using the SSRMS boom cameras and the SPDM Body 2 camera while the RapidScat antenna was rotating.  It was released in April 2016 as A Beautiful Planet, directed by Toni Meyers and narrated by Jennifer Lawrence. On IMDB, the cast list includes Samantha Cristoforetti, Scott Kelly, Kjell Lindgren, Anton Shkaplerov, and Terry Virts. 10

Soyuz TMA-17M, Expeditions 44 and 45  243  xpedition 45 Week Ending Friday, 30 October 2015 E On 26 October in the Kibō laboratory, Yui recovered the NanoRack Cubesat Deployer that had recently been used. On 28 October, Kelly and Lindgren conducted a US segment EVA lasting 7 hours and 16 minutes during which they placed an insulation blanket on the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer (AMS) and removed insulation from the Main Bus Switching Unit (MBSU). They ran out of time before they could lubricate Latching End Effector (LEE)-B of the Canadarm2.  xpedition 45 Week Ending Friday, 6 November 2015 E During a spacewalk on 6 November which lasted 7 hours and 48 minutes, Kelly and Lindgren restored the cooling system of the P6 truss to its original configuration, following a successful resolution to a leak that had necessitated a temporary modification.  xpedition 45 Week Ending Friday, 13 November 2015 E On 11 November in Kibō, Yui slid the Exposed Experiment Hand-rail Attachment Mechanism (ExHAM) #2 out through the airlock. Then ground controllers used the laboratory’s robot arm to put it on the Exposed Pallet. Seven experiment samples can be loaded on the upper surface of the ExHAM and as many as 13 on its side surfaces. Due to the tripping of the Direct Current Switching Unit (DCSU) 1B Remote Bus Isolator (RBI) 1 on 13 November, various systems, including critical ones like Command and Control (C&C) and Guidance Navigation & Control (GNC), were switched to backups. Mission Control began an investigation.  xpedition 45 Week Ending Friday, 20 November 2015 E On 13 November, ground controllers were able to restore power. Investigation revealed that the Sequential Shunt Unit (SSU) 1B might no longer be able to regulate voltage, and therefore must not be used to provide power to downstream equipment. There was no immediate danger to the crew or station. Mission Control continued to troubleshoot the issue. Yui read the book Weightless as another contribution to the Story Time show, then discussed its subject on-camera and demonstrated the scientific principles involved. On 17 November, he downloaded high-definition imagery of Soyuz TMA-17M docked to the Rassvet module for an engineering Micrometeoroid/ Orbital Debris (MMOD) risk mitigation investigation. Kelly recorded Yui reading from the books Begin and Color on 19 November for the Story Time show.

244  Soyuz TMA-17M, Expeditions 44 and 45  xpedition 45 Week Ending Friday, 27 November 2015 E On 23 November, Yui read Atmospheres and Telescopes from the book Max Goes to the Moon and then demonstrated the scientific principles involved. On 25 November, Progress M-29M reboosted the station’s orbit.

Figure 13.10:  Yui and crewmates prepare to return to Earth in Soyuz TMA-17M, December 2015 (JAXA)

 xpedition 45 Week Ending Friday, 11 December 2015 E Orbital ATK Cygnus Orb-4 lifted off from SLC-41 at Cape Canaveral in Florida at 3:44 p.m. CST on 7 December.11 It carried 3,500 kg of pressurised cargo to the station. This spacecraft was named after Deke Slayton, one of the original astronauts recruited by NASA in 1959 for Project Mercury.12 It was captured by the Canadarm2 at 5:19 a.m. CST on 9 December, then berthed at the nadir port of Unity. After performing a leak check, Kelly and Yui configured the vestibule but the hatches were not opened until the next day, at which time the transfer of cargo began.  Orbital Sciences merged with Alliant Techsystems (ATK) in February 2015. In June 2018, Northrop Grumman purchased Orbital ATK, made it a division of the parent company and it was renamed Northrop Grumman Innovation Systems. 12  Although recruited for Project Mercury, owing to a medical issue Deke Slayton was unable to fly in space until the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project in 1975. 11

Soyuz TMA-17M, Expeditions 44 and 45  245 On 11 December, Soyuz TMA-17M departed at 3:49 a.m. CST, then landed in Kazakhstan at 7:18 a.m. CST to return Yui, Kononenko and Lindgren to Earth. 13.4  POSTSCRIPT Subsequent Missions N/A

Figure 13.11:  Yui at ISS Mission Control (TsUP) in Moscow, December 2017 (JAXA)

246  Soyuz TMA-17M, Expeditions 44 and 45 Kimiya Yui Today Yui is an active JAXA astronaut, and in November 2016 was appointed the Head of the JAXA Astronaut Group. He accumulated 141 days, 16 hours and 9 minutes in space during his single mission.

14 Soyuz MS-01, Expeditions 48 and 49

Mission Astronaut: Mission Duration: Mission Sponsors: ISS Milestones: Launch Launch Date/Time: Launch Site: Launch Vehicle: Launch Mission: Launch Vehicle Crew:

Docking Soyuz MS-01 Docking Date/Time: Docking Port: Undocking Date/Time: Docking Port: Landing Landing Date/Time: Landing Site: Landing Vehicle: Landing Mission: Landing Vehicle Crew:

Takuya Onishi 115 days, 2 hours, 22 minutes JAXA ISS 47S, 47th ISS Soyuz mission to the ISS 7 July 2016, 01:36 UTC Pad 1, Baikonur Cosmodrome, Kazakhstan Soyuz MS Soyuz MS-01 Anatoli Alekseyevich Ivanishin (RKA), CDR Takuya Onishi (JAXA), Flight Engineer Kathleen Hallisey Rubins (NASA) Flight Engineer

9 July 2016, 01:36 UTC Rassvet nadir 30 October 2016, 00:35 UTC Rassvet nadir 30 October 2016, 03:58 UTC East of Dzhezkazgan, Kazakhstan Soyuz MS Soyuz MS-01 Anatoli Alekseyevich Ivanishin (RKA), CDR Takuya Onishi (JAXA), Flight Engineer Kathleen Hallisey Rubins (NASA) Flight Engineer

© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019 J. O’Sullivan, Japanese Missions to the International Space Station, Springer Praxis Books, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-04534-0_14

247

248  Soyuz MS-01, Expeditions 48 and 49 ISS Expeditions ISS Expedition: ISS Crew:

ISS Expedition: ISS Crew:

Expedition 48 Jeffrey Nels Williams (RKA), ISS-CDR Aleksei Nikolaevich Ovchinin (RKA), ISS-Flight Engineer Oleg Ivanovich Skripochka (NASA), ISS-Flight Engineer Anatoli Alekseyevich Ivanishin (RKA), ISS-Flight Engineer Takuya Onishi (JAXA), ISS-Flight Engineer Kathleen Hallisey Rubins (NASA) ISS-Flight Engineer Expedition 49 Anatoli Alekseyevich Ivanishin (RKA), ISS-CDR Takuya Onishi (JAXA), ISS-Flight Engineer Kathleen Hallisey Rubins (NASA), ISS-Flight Engineer Sergei Nikolaevich Ryzhikov (RKA), ISS-Flight Engineer Andrei Ivanovich Borisenko (RKA), ISS-Flight Engineer Robert Shane Kimbrough (RKA), ISS-Flight Engineer

14.1  THE ISS STORY SO FAR Due to the extended mission of Scott Kelly and Mikhail Korniyenko, an opportunity arose for a short (approximately 10 day) visit to the station resembling the Soyuz ‘lifeboat’ swap-missions of the early 2000s. Gennadi Padalka would otherwise return after a standard 6 months with two spare seats in his Soyuz spacecraft. Also, a Soyuz would require to be delivered to the station to enable Kelly and Korniyenko to return to Earth. Soyuz TMA-18M launched in September 2015 with Sergei Volkov, ESA’s Andreas Mogensen and Khazcosmos’s Aydyn Aimbetov.1 Volkov remained on board as a member of Expeditions 45 and 46 and then landed on Soyuz TMA-18M with Kelly and Korniyenko. Mogensen and Aimbetov returned to Earth after 9 days with Soyuz TMA-16M Commander Padalka. Soyuz TMA-19M delivered three crewmembers to join Expeditions 46 and 47 in December 2015, including Britain’s first ESA astronaut, Tim Peake.2 On the mission, Peake also became Britain’s first spacewalker.

 Ambetov was selected along with Mukhtar Aimakhonov as the first Kazakh cosmonauts in 2002. After training in Star City, Moscow, the absence of opportunities to fly in space prompted Aimakhanov to relinquish Kazakh citizenship and become a Russian citizen to join the Russian cosmonaut corps. Ambetov returned to Kazakhstan and was still flight-ready when a seat in Soyuz TMA-18M became available. This vacancy arose because Soprano Sarah Brightman, who had been due to fly as a space tourist, declined the flight for family reasons, as did her backup, Japanese entrepreneur, Satoshi Takamatsu. 2  Helen Sharman, Britain’s first cosmonaut, flew to the Mir space station in 1991 on a mission funded privately without the assistance of either the UK government or ESA. 1

Soyuz MS-01, Expeditions 48 and 49  249 In March 2016, Soyuz TMA-20M arrived with three crew to join Expeditions 47 and 48. In April, the Bigelow Expandable Activity Module (BEAM) was delivered by the SpaceX CRS-8 Dragon spacecraft and berthed on the Tranquility module to assess the use of inflatable modules in future space station designs.3

Figure 14.1:  An artist’s impression of BEAM mated with Tranquility (NASA)

14.2  TAKUYA ONISHI Early Career Takuya Onishi was born on 22 December 1975 in Nerima, Tokyo. He studied at the University of Tokyo and was awarded a Bachelor of Engineering in Aeronautical and Space Engineering in 1998. He then joined All Nippon Airways (ANA) in the passenger service department until starting flight training both in Bakersfield in California and in Tokyo, then in October 2003 he flew Boeing 767s as a co-pilot. He was selected as part of JAXA’s 5th Astronaut Group in February 2009, together with Kimiya Yui. In August 2009 he and Norishige Kanai joined the 20th NASA Astronaut Group, known as The Chumps. After finishing his JAXA ISS astronaut training in July 2011 he was a crewmember of the 15th NEEMO mission off the coast of Florida in October that year.

 The intention was to jettison BEAM after a year, but in October 2017 NASA announced that the module would stay in place until 2020, with options for two further 1-year extensions. 3

250  Soyuz MS-01, Expeditions 48 and 49

Figure 14.2:  Takuya Onishi, May 2014 (JAXA)

Soyuz MS-01, Expeditions 48 and 49  251 Previous Missions N/A 14.3  THE SOYUZ MS-01 AND EXPEDITIONS 48 & 49 MISSIONS Soyuz MS-01 Mission Patches The Soyuz MS-01 patch shows the new version of the venerable spacecraft making its approach to the station over the night-time hemisphere of the Earth. The crew names are in the hexagonal border, and the large ‘01’ proudly announces the new spacecraft variant. The Moon is shown in the distance and Mars sits in the figure ‘0’ to highlight future aspirations.

Figure 14.3:  The Soyuz MS-01 patch (www.spacefacts.de)

Takuya Onishi’s personal patch is quite simple, appearing to represent a paper airplane. It may be a reference to Onishi’s career as an airline pilot. The station is shown against a yellow landscape with Mars beyond. As was usual for JAXA patches, the Kibō module is highlighted red on the white ISS.

252  Soyuz MS-01, Expeditions 48 and 49

Figure 14.4:  Onishi’s personal patch (www.spacefacts.de)

The Expedition 48 patch draws inspiration from its Expedition 22 equivalent because both missions were commanded by Jeffrey Williams. Whereas the earlier patch shows the sunlight reflected from the solar arrays of the station, this patch shows the light from the sunset shining through the arrays to suggest the night-­ time photographic work that was to be undertaken. The six shooting stars represent the crew, and the crescent Moon can be seen above the horizon. The simple Expedition 49 patch shows the ISS looking down on the Earth’s surface with a shimmering green aurora. The names of the crew surround the image. Soyuz MS-01 Mission Objectives It was to deliver Expedition 48 crewmembers, Anatoli Ivanishin, Takuya Onishi and Kathleen Rubins to the station.

Soyuz MS-01, Expeditions 48 and 49  253

Figure 14.5:  The Expedition 48 patch, March 2016 (NASA)

Figure 14.6:  The Expedition 49 patch, March 2016 (NASA)

254  Soyuz MS-01, Expeditions 48 and 49

Figure 14.7:  The Soyuz MS-01 crew with Oinishi on the right (www.spacefacts.de)

Figure 14.8:  TheExpedition 48 crew with Onishi third from the right, March 2016 (NASA)

Soyuz MS-01, Expeditions 48 and 49  255

Figure 14.9:  The Expedition 49 crew with Onishi on the right, March 2016 (NASA)

Timeline  xpedition 48 Week Ending Friday, 8 July 2016 E Soyuz MS-01 lifted off at 8:36 p.m. CDT on 7 July, carrying Expedition 48 crewmembers Anatoli Ivanishin, Takuya Onishi and Kate Rubins. This was the first of a new variant of the venerable spacecraft with a variety of improvements over the TMA-M model, mostly involving the communications and navigation equipment.  xpedition 48 Week Ending Friday, 15 July 2016 E Soyuz MS-01 docked at the nadir port of Rassvet at 11:06 p.m. CDT on 9 July, to restore the crew of the station to six. The newcomers received the obligatory emergency training. The crew and ground controllers continued to test 3D Printing in Zero-G. By this week, 34 calibration coupons had been printed. Equivalent to ‘test pages’,

256  Soyuz MS-01, Expeditions 48 and 49 these were to verify the basic functionality. Other outputs included compression test items, flexibility test items, torque test items, hole resolution items, and overhang test items. Some were to be returned to Earth by the Dragon spacecraft of the CRS-9 mission. On 14 July the crew videoed the interior of the station, a 6-monthly task to highlight topics of concern such as ventilation blockages or flammability hazards. Ground controllers finished a survey of the Russian segment using external cameras in order to improve the fidelity of planning for Canadarm2 operations on the Russian modules. On 15 July, the crew made Habitability Human Factors Directed Observations by shooting interior video to enable specialists to improve living and working conditions on board.

Figure 14.10:  Onishi works at the slide table of the JEM airlock. July 2016 (JAXA)

 xpedition 48 Week Ending Friday, 22 July 2016 E Progress MS-03 lifted off from Baikonur at 4:41 p.m. CDT on 16 July, and at 11:45 p.m. CDT on 17 July SpaceX launched the Dragon CRS-9 mission. Progress MS-03 docked at the nadir port of Pirs at 7:22 p.m. CDT on 18 July. The Dragon was captured by the Canadarm2 and berthed at the nadir port of Harmony at 5:56 a.m. CDT on 20 July. The crew began unloading the Dragon a day early, starting with the critical cargo items destined for freezers.

Soyuz MS-01, Expeditions 48 and 49  257 By 22 July, over half of the Dragon’s cargo had been unloaded, including the JAXA Mouse Habitat Unit Transportation Cage Unit with a dozen mice.  xpedition 48 Week Ending Friday, 5 August 2016 E Back on 2 August 2006, Jeff Williams, then a member of Expedition 13, had placed the first science samples in the Minus-Eighty Degree Laboratory Freezer for the International Space Station (MELFI) Flight Unit 1 (FU1) in Destiny. A decade on, with Williams now commanding Expedition 48, the MELFI FU1 was still operational. A fan failure fault that was annunciated on the Deck Crew Quarters Fan was investigated. Although no blockage was found, it was agreed to monitor the system as well as to perform the usual 6-monthly filter cleaning.  xpedition 48 Week Ending Friday, 12 August 2016 E On 12 August the crew tested the Synchronised Position Hold, Engage, Reorient, Experimental Satellites (SPHERES) for a Zero Robotics session, in a dry run for a high school competition in which students write algorithms for tasks to be performed on the station.

Figure 14.11:  Onishi at the Cupola, July 2016 (JAXA)

258  Soyuz MS-01, Expeditions 48 and 49  xpedition 48 Week Ending Friday, 19 August 2016 E On 18 August, the Canadarm2 extracted the International Docking Adapter 2 (IDA) from the trunk of the Dragon CRS-9. Williams and Rubins performed an EVA the next day to install the unit on Pressurised Mating Adapter (PMA) 2, located on the Harmony module. This unit was to enable the new generation of human spacecraft to dock at the station.  xpedition 48 Week Ending Friday, 26 August 2016 E There was Power Distribution Unit 1 (PDU-1) anomaly in the Columbus module on 19 August. All downstream systems were repowered, but the RapidScat caused a trip on power-up. It was investigated by Mission Control. The RapidScat instrument was designed by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California, to remotely measure wind speeds. On 24 August, Progress MS-02 reboosted the orbit of the station. With the Canadarm2 holding it, the Dragon CRS-9 spacecraft was unberthed using ground command at 4:00 p.m. CDT on 25 August. The following day it was released at 5:11 a.m. CDT.  Some 5 hours later, it splashed down in the Pacific Ocean near the recovery ship.  xpedition 48 Week Ending Friday, 2 September 2016 E On 29 August, the Canadarm2 was ‘walked’ from the Mobile Base System (MBS) on the truss onto the Harmony module, then to Destiny, and finally to the Zarya, where it was used to carry out a camera inspection of the Soyuz TMA-20M spacecraft at the zenith port of Poisk. Then it reversed the journey and returned to the MBS to support a forthcoming spacewalk. In making that EVA on 1 September, Williams and Rubins retracted, covered, and cinched down the Trailing Thermal Control Radiator (TTCR) using hook straps, replaced an External Television Camera Group (ETVCG) light which had failed, and installed two high-definition cameras. They were assisted in these external activities by the Canadarm2, operated by Onishi.  xpedition 48/49 Week Ending Friday, 9 September 2016 E The Bigelow Expandable Activity Module (BEAM) is an experimental module configured to enable orbital habitats to be launched more efficiently than metal modules. NASA originally developed the expandable module concept in the 1960s, and when that TransHab project was cancelled Bigelow Aerospace bought the patents and continued development work.4 BEAM was delivered by SpaceX  Robert Bigelow is the owner of the Budget Suites of America hotel chain and his ambition is to build a hotel in orbit. 4

Soyuz MS-01, Expeditions 48 and 49  259 Dragon CRS-8, then berthed on Tranquility on 16 April. After one unsuccessful attempt, it was inflated on 28 May. Jeff Williams and Oleg Skripochka were the first to enter it on 6 June. They took air samples and installed monitoring equipment. It was re-sealed until Rubins entered it on 5 September. An inspection of the walls showed no signs of moisture. She retrieved the Radiation Area Monitor (RAM) dosimeters and used the Microbial Air Sampler (MAS) and Surface Sample Kit (SSK).5 On that same day, Jeff Williams transferred command of the station to Anatoli Ivanishin to start Expedition 49. On 6 September, Soyuz TMA-20M landed in Kazakhstan at 8:14 p.m. CDT, returning Jeff Williams, Alexey Ovchinin and Oleg Skripochka to Earth. On 9 September, Progress MS-03 performed a reboost of the station in preparation for the departure of Soyuz MS-02 and the arrival of Progress MS-04.  xpedition 49 Week Ending Friday, 16 September 2016 E On 15 September, the 9th NanoRack Cubesat Deployer (NRCSD) was installed, carrying three pairs of DoveSats developed by Planet Lab to provide imagery of Earth on a frequent basis for data for humanitarian and environmental applications that include monitoring deforestation and the ice caps to disaster relief and improving agriculture yields in developing nations.  xpedition 49 Week Ending Friday, 23 September 2016 E This week the Candarm2’s Latching End Effector (LEE) was inspected employing new high-definition cameras, Rubins ‘weighed’ herself as a video demonstration of how a scale balance operates in microgravity, and, after the Dove CubeSats had been deployed, Onishi repressurised the Kibō airlock and performed a leak check.  xpedition 49 Week Ending Friday, 30 September 2016 E On 26 September, Rubins recorded herself reading The Rhino Who Swallowed a Storm and Rosie Revere, Engineer as contributions to the Story Time from Space that seeks to encourage Science, Technology, Engineering, Arts, and Math (STEAM) and Literacy.

 At the time of writing in 2018 it was noted that BEAM’s protective layers were as capable as the rest of the station at protecting from micrometeoroid impact and radiation. It had been decided that the crew should use it as an additional storage volume. 5

260  Soyuz MS-01, Expeditions 48 and 49 In another task for Japan, Rubins installed the Robotics External Leak Locator (RELL) on the JEM ORU Transfer Interface (JOTI). The latter was placed on the slide table and inserted into the Kibō airlock. On 29 September, Rubins installed the Internal Wireless Instrumentation System (IWIS) Remote Sensing Unit (RSU) in Tranquility and the Triaxial Accelerometer (TAA) in BEAM, then she performed a modal test in which she imparted loads onto BEAM and measuring the acceleration throughout the module. On the same day, Onishi began an 11-day ENERGY (Astronaut’s Energy Requirement for Long-Term Space Flight) experiment in which he was to eat only controlled meals, log his diet, and wear an Armband Activity Monitor.  xpedition 49 Week Ending Friday, 7 October 2016 E Rubins conducted the Synchronised Position Hold, Engage, Reorient, Experimental Satellites (SPHERES) Slosh experiment to study how liquids move inside containers in microgravity, to provide insight into understanding how spacecraft propellants behave in space. All three crewmembers participated in an OBT session reviewing how they should respond in case of a rapid depressurisation, a fire, or an ammonia-spill. In this case the review served as a refresher of planned responses for these scenarios during the time when the station would host three crews.  xpedition 49 Week Ending Friday, 14 October 2016 E Rubins completed her Crew Medical Officer (CMO) On Board Training (OBT) on 11 October, a refresher course that included text, pictures, and video detailing existing medical procedures and hardware. The content of the lesson was tailored to promote crewmember proficiency and knowledge of the Health Maintenance System, as well as advanced life support procedures for long-duration missions. On 14 October, Progress MS-02 undocked from the aft port of Zvezda, de-­ orbited itself and was destroyed upon re-entry.  xpedition 49 Week Ending Friday, 21 October 2016 E At 6:45 p.m. CDT on 18 October the Orbital ATK OA-5 Cygnus spacecraft lifted off from the Wallops Flight Facility, Virginia, carrying 2,400  kg of pressurised cargo for the station. It was named in honor of recently deceased Shuttle astronaut Alan Poindexter.6  Naval aviator and astronaut, Alan Poindexter flew on STS-122 and STS-131. He died on 1 July, 2012, aged 50, due to injuries received in a jet ski accident. 6

Soyuz MS-01, Expeditions 48 and 49  261 On 19 October, Soyuz MS-02 lifted off from Baikonur carrying Shane Kimbrough, Andrei Borisenko and Sergey Ryzhikov. Having pursued a faster rendezvous the Soyuz beat the Cygnus to the station, docking at the zenith port of Poisk at 4:53 am CDT on 21 October.

Figure 14.12:  Cygnus OA-5 is about to be captured by the robot arm, October 2016 (JAXA)

 xpedition 49 Week Ending Friday, 28 October 2016 E The OA-5 Cygnus was captured by the Canadarm2 at 6:28 a.m. CDT on 23 October and then berthed to the nadir of the Unity module. On 24 October, Rubins performed another inspection of the Bigelow Expandable Activity Module (BEAM) using the Microbial Air Sampler (MAS) and Surface Sample Kit (SSK), then he also the Radiation Area Monitors (RAM) which had been delivered by Soyuz MS-02. On 28 October, Anatoli Ivanishin handed command of the station to Shane Kimbrough and initiated Expedition 50.

262  Soyuz MS-01, Expeditions 48 and 49  xpedition 49 Week Ending Friday, 4 November 2016 E Soyuz MS-01 undocked from Rassvet on 30 October and returned Anatoli Ivanishin, Takuya Onishi and Kathleen Rubins to Earth. 14.4  POSTSCRIPT Subsequent Missions N/A

Figure 14.13:  Onishi at Mission Control (TsUP) in Moscow, December 2017 (JAXA)

Soyuz MS-01, Expeditions 48 and 49  263 Takuya Onishi Today Onishi is still an active JAXA astronaut. During his single mission he accumulated 115 days, 2 hours and 21 minutes in space.

15 Soyuz MS-07, Expeditions 54 and 55

Mission Astronaut: Mission Duration: Mission Sponsors: ISS Milestones: Launch Launch Date/Time: Launch Site: Launch Vehicle: Launch Mission: Launch Vehicle Crew:

Docking Soyuz MS-01 Docking Date/Time: Docking Port: Undocking Date/Time: Docking Port: Landing Landing Date/Time: Landing Site: Landing Vehicle: Landing Mission: Landing Vehicle Crew:

Norishige Kanai 168 days, 5 hours, 18 minutes JAXA ISS 53S, 53rd ISS Soyuz mission to the ISS 17 December 2017, 07:21 UTC Pad 1, Baikonur Cosmodrome, Kazakhstan Soyuz MS Soyuz MS-07 Anton Nikolayevich Shkaplerov (RKA), CDR Scott David Tingle (NASA) Flight Engineer Norishige Kanai (JAXA), Flight Engineer

19 December 2017, 08:39 UTC Rassvet nadir 03 June 2018, 09:16 UTC Rassvet nadir 3 June 2018, 12:39 UTC East of Dzhezkazgan, Kazakhstan Soyuz MS Soyuz MS-07 Anton Nikolayevich Shkaplerov (RKA), CDR Scott David Tingle (NASA) Flight Engineer Norishige Kanai (JAXA), Flight Engineer

© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019 J. O’Sullivan, Japanese Missions to the International Space Station, Springer Praxis Books, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-04534-0_15

264

Soyuz MS-07, Expeditions 54 and 55  265 ISS Expeditions ISS Expedition: ISS Crew:

ISS Expedition: ISS Crew:

Expedition 54 Aleksandr Aleksandrovich Misurkin (RKA), ISS-CDR Mark Thomas Vande Hei (NASA), ISS-Flight Engineer Joseph Michael Acaba (NASA), ISS-Flight Engineer Anton Nikolayevich Shkaplerov (RKA), ISS-Flight Engineer Scott David Tingle (NASA) ISS-Flight Engineer Norishige Kanai (JAXA), ISS-Flight Engineer Expedition 55 Anton Nikolayevich Shkaplerov (RKA), ISS-CDR Scott David Tingle (NASA) ISS-Flight Engineer Norishige Kanai (JAXA), ISS-Flight Engineer Oleg Germanovich Artemyev (RKA), ISS-Flight Engineer Andrew Jay Feustel (NASA), ISS-Flight Engineer Richard Robert Arnold (NASA), ISS-Flight Engineer

15.1  THE ISS STORY SO FAR In November 2016 Shenzhou 11 rendezvoused with China’s second space station, Tiangong-2, and the 33-day mission by Jing Haiping and Chen Dong was the longest for that nation to-date. Soyuz MS-02 delivered three crewmembers to the ISS in October 2016, and a month later Soyuz MS-03 arrived with three more, including NASA’s Peggy Whitson and ESA’s Thomas Pesquet. It was Pesquet’s first mission and Whitson’s third. On this occasion, Whitson became the oldest woman to fly in space, as well as claiming the records for the longest spaceflight by a woman and the most accumulated time in space by any American. After a Russian decision to temporarily cut back their number of station crew members from three to two, Soyuz MS-04 was the first ‘crew taxi’ to carry only two cosmonauts since 2002. Because there would now be a spare seat on the return journey, Whitson’s mission was able to be extended by 3 months, and she returned to Earth with Fyodor Yurichikhin and Jack Fischer. Soyuz MS-05 saw the return of ESA’s Paulo Nespoli to the station for his third and final time in July 2017 as a member of Expeditions 52 and 53. Soyuz MS-06 delivered Aleksandr Misurkin, Mark Vande Hai, and Joseph Acaba to the station in September 2017. 15.2  NORISHIGE KANAI Early Career Norishige Kanai was born on 5 December 1976  in Tokyo. He studied at the National Defense Medical College and gained a Doctorate of Medicine (MD) in 2002. He was a staff-member at the Department of Surgery at the National Defense

266  Soyuz MS-07, Expeditions 54 and 55 Medical College Hospital until 2004, then at Ohminato Hospital of the Japan Self Defense Force (JSDF). In addition to his medical studies and duties, Kanai qualified as a Diving Medical Officer in 2004 and then completed the US Navy’s Diving Medical Officer’s course at the Naval Diving and Salvage Training Center in Panama City, Florida, in 2006. Between 2006 and 2008 he again worked at the Department of Surgery at the National Defense Medical College Hospital, then in 2008 he practiced at the JSDF Hospital Kure in Hiroshima and in 2009 at the 1st Service School of the Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force (JMSDF). Kanai was selected as part of JAXA’s 5th Astronaut Group in September 2009, as a late addition to Kimiya Yui and Takuya Onishi, who were selected in February of that year. Kanai skipped the initial basic training at JAXA’s Tsukuba center. In August 2009 all three joined the 20th NASA Astronaut Group, called The Chumps. He finished his JAXA ISS astronaut training in July 2011. He was a crewmember of the 20th NEEMO mission off the coast of Florida in July and August 2015. Previous Missions N/A 15.3  THE SOYUZ MS-07 AND EXPEDITIONS 54 & 55 MISSIONS Soyuz MS-07 Mission Patches Reminiscent of the compass design of the Soyuz TMA-4M patch, the patch for Soyuz MS-07 is in the shape of an astrolabe, a representation of the celestial sphere. The names of the crew are arranged around the outer edge and the Soyuz is seen rising from the Earth beneath. The Moon once again represents future missions and the constellation of Capricorn is shown as three large stars representing the crew, and five smaller stars in groups of two and three for the children of Shkaplerov and Tingle respectively. Norishige Kanai’s personal patch contains the usual JAXA elements with Kibō highlighted in red on the station, the Japanese flag, and the Moon and Mars. The Expedition 54 patch is in the shape of a space capsule, indicating how current Russian and future American crew are transported to and from the station. The gold border symbolises the constancy of the station on-orbit. The red, white and blue sunrise suggests the colors of the flags of the American, Russian, and Japanese crewmembers. The number ‘54’ lays out the path from Earth to the Moon and on to Mars. The Expedition 55 patch is dominated by three intersecting rings which represent the three participating nations. In the lower segment is the Earth, centered on

Soyuz MS-07, Expeditions 54 and 55  267

Figure 15.1:  Norishige Kanai, October 2009 (JAXA)

268  Soyuz MS-07, Expeditions 54 and 55

Figure 15.2:  The Soyuz MS-07 patch (www.spacefacts.de)

the Pacific Ocean but with Russia, Japan, and America all visible. The station is included at the top. Six stars represent the crewmembers, and the traditional astronaut symbol incorporates the flags of the three countries. Soyuz MS-07 Mission Objectives It was to deliver Expedition 54 crewmembers Anton Shkaplerov, Scott Tingle, and Norishige Kanai to the station. Timeline  xpedition 54 Week ending Friday, 22 December 2017 E Soyuz MS-07 was launched from the Baikonur Cosmodrome on 17 December carrying Anton Shkaplerov, Scott Tingle and Norishige Kanai. Several days earlier, on 15 December, SpaceX Dragon CRS-13 had been launched. Upon arriving on 17 December, it was captured by the Canadarm2, then berthed at the nadir port of Harmony at 7:30 am CST. Immediately, frozen cargo in eight double cold bags were stowed in refrigerators around the station.

Soyuz MS-07, Expeditions 54 and 55  269

Figure 15.3:  Kanai’s personal patch (www.spacefacts.de)

Figure 15.4:  The Expedition 54 patch, November 2017 (NASA)

270  Soyuz MS-07, Expeditions 54 and 55

Figure 15.5:  The Expedition 55 patch, February 2018 (NASA)

Figure 15.6:  The Soyuz MS-07 crew with Kanai on the left (www.spacefacts.de)

Soyuz MS-07, Expeditions 54 and 55  271

Figure 15.7:  The Expedition 54 crew with Kanai on the right, February 2018 (NASA)

At 2:39 a.m. CST on 19 December, Soyuz MS-07 docked at the nadir port of Rassvet. This restored the crew complement of the station to six. Anomalous data during the Dragon capture prompted a suspicion that there was a fault with the SSRMS Latching End Effector (LEE), so the Canadarm2 engaged the grapple fixture on the Permanent Multi-purpose Module, Leonardo, to obtain data on the imparted loads for engineers to analyse. On 22 December the crew activated the JEM Camera Robot, a free-flying camera that was to reduce the workload on astronauts by eliminating the need for them either to hold a camera while recording themselves, or ask a colleague to do it. It should also eliminate the ‘blind spot’ problem of fixed cameras. Load data suggested that a bolt in the Common Berthing Mechanism (CBM) of Harmony might have become worn. As these bolts are accessible only from inside the habitable volume when a module is berthed, the crew took advantage of the presence of the Dragon to investigate the issue.

272  Soyuz MS-07, Expeditions 54 and 55

Figure 15.8:  The Expedition 55 crew with Kanai at the front on the right, February 2018 (NASA)

 xpedition 54 Week ending Friday, 29 December 2017 E The unloading of the Dragon was completed on 25 December. Progress MS-06 undocked from the aft port of Zvezda at 7:03 p.m. CST on 27 December, then performed the de-orbit burn at 10:10 p.m. The Canadarm2 and Dextre extracted the Total & Spectral solar Irradiance Sensor (TSIS) payload from the trunk of the Dragon and it was retained on the arm overnight.  xpedition 54 Week ending Friday, 5 January 2018 E On 2 January, ground controllers installed the TSIS on Express Logistics Carrier (ELC) 3 and retrieved the Space Debris Sensor (SDS) payload from the trunk of the Dragon and installed it on the Starboard Overhead X-Direction (SOX) position on the External Payload Facility (EPF) of the Columbus laboratory.

Soyuz MS-07, Expeditions 54 and 55  273 The RapidScat payload that had already been removed from that location was stowed in the Dragon trunk to be discarded when that section of the vehicle was jettisoned to burn up on re-entry. On 3 January, the plastic sleeve which coupled the Inter-Module Ventilation (IMV) valve of the BEAM inflatable module to the ducting of Tranquility was inspected for degradation. The Dragon had delivered a Controller Panel Assembly (CPA) for the Common Berthing Mechanism (CBM). This included a revision to permit the CPA to be rotated in the vestibule between the CBM and a docked spacecraft, instead of being removed and stored elsewhere. As it could be installed only while a module was berthed, advantage was taken of the presence of the Dragon to install the CPA on the nadir port of Harmony.  xpedition 54 Week ending Friday, 12 January 2018 E On 12 January, the Dragon was grappled by the Canadarm2 and unberthed from the station. It remained parked on the arm overnight. This week, Kanai hit the global headlines when he tweeted that he had grown 9 cm since arriving on the station, less than a month earlier. The spine does stretch in space when there is no gravitational loading to keep it compressed, but no astronaut had ever experienced that much growth. If true, this would have made it difficult to fit into the cramped Soyuz capsule for his return to Earth. His Russian commander, Misurkin, urged Kanai to measure himself again. In a follow-up, Kanai revealed his growth was a mere 2 cm, which was more reasonable. His second tweet dismissed his first one as ‘fake news’.  xpedition 54 Week ending Friday, 19 January 2018 E The Canadarm2 released the Dragon CRS-13 at 4:00 a.m. CST on 13 January, and it splashed down in the Pacific Ocean at 9:38 a.m. CST. The main engines of Zvezda were used to reboost the station’s orbit on 17 January. On 19 January, ground controllers ‘walked’ the Canadarm2 to position it for a forthcoming EVA.  At any moment, the Latching End Effector (LEE) at one or other end of the arm must be grappled to a fixture on the station, leaving the other end of the arm free to carry out tasks such as holding or moving apparatus, transporting and stabilising an astronaut, and recording a video during an inspection of the exterior of the station. On the coming EVA, the spacewalkers were to swap out LEE-B, so LEE-A had to be grappled to the station to make LEE-B available to the spacewalkers.

274  Soyuz MS-07, Expeditions 54 and 55

Figure 15.9:  Dragon CRS-13 prior to being released by the robot arm, January 2018 (NASA)

 xpedition 54 Week ending Friday, 26 January 2018 E On 23 January, Vande Hei and Tingle made a US segment spacewalk in which they replaced the Latching End Effector (LEE) on the B side of the Canadarm2 with the spare unit that had been stowed on External Stowage Platform (ESP) 2. Then they transferred a Worksite Interface Fixture (WIF) adapter and a Camera Light Assembly (CLA) from the old unit across to the new one. On 25 January, the crew used components that had been manufactured on board using the Additive Manufacturing Facility (AMF), commonly referred to as a 3D printer, to demonstrate the launch of FemtoSats.1 The AMF had been used to make a deployer and an L-wrench. The FemtoSats were inserted into the deployer, then locked into position using the L-wrench. When the L-wrench was later removed the satellites would spring out of the deployer.

 The mass of a FemtoSat is between 10g and 100g. A PicoSat is between 100g and 1,000g (1kg). A NanoSat is between 1kg and 10kg. A MicroSat is between 10kg and 100kg. A Small Satellite or MiniSat is between 100kg and 500kg. 1

Soyuz MS-07, Expeditions 54 and 55  275  xpedition 54 Week ending Friday, 2 February 2018 E When an investigation identified the issue of the Canadarm2 LEE, it was decided to develop a software patch to fix it. The crew recorded several demonstration videos to explain various aspects of life in space to schoolchildren. The first video demonstrated the way crewmembers sleep in space, while the second demonstrated the challenges of exercising the human body while on-orbit, and how this had been achieved. On 2 February, Alexandr Misurkin and Anton Shkaplerov performed a Russian segment spacewalk lasting 8 hours and 13 minutes, during which they replaced the antenna for the high-frequency receiver on the rear of the Zvezda module.2  xpedition 54 Week ending Friday, 9 February 2018 E The ESA mascot for kids, named Paxi, helped the crew to explain to children how to keep clean in microgravity. They recorded one of a series of videos in 5 February as part of the Education Payloads Operations (EPO). The crew made another video on 7 February in order to celebrate the 10th anniversary of the launch of the ESA Columbus module. It showed them using the AstroPi (a pair of Raspberry Pi computers) with a suite of sensors in a Hardware Attached on Top (HAT) configuration. The EPO program continued on 8 February with another video about recycling water on the station. On 9 February, the NanoRacks Vuze Camera was installed in the Cupola. It was to record a 3D, 360-degree video for the National Geographic Channel-Virtual Reality Educational Video for Television Series One Strange Rock. The Robonaut was stowed for return to Earth on SpaceX Dragon CRS-4.  xpedition 54 Week ending Friday, 16 February 2018 E At 2:13 a.m. CST on 13 February, Progress MS-08 was launched from Baikonur. It docked at the aft port of Zvezda at 4:38 a.m. CST on 15 February. On 1 February, Mark Vande Hei and Norishige Kanai made a US segment spacewalk to replace the Payload ORU Accommodation (POA) Latching End Effector (LEE).

 At the time of writing in September 2018 this was still the longest Russian spacewalk. The longest-ever spacewalk was by James Voss and Susan Helms on 11 March 2001. That was the first spacewalk of the STS-102 mission and it lasted 8 hours and 56 minutes. 2

276  Soyuz MS-07, Expeditions 54 and 55  xpedition 54 Week ending Friday, 23 February 2018 E This week the crew enabled the Mobile Procedure Viewer (mobiPV) anywhere on the station to allow users to view procedures hands-free, permitting voice navigation and a direct audio/video link to ground experts. Procedures can be reviewed on a smartphone and the images and videos presented on a Google Glass display.  xpedition 54/55 Week ending Friday, 2 March 2018 E On 26 February, Aleksandr Misukin handed over command of the station to Anton Shkaplerov and Expedition 55 began. Soyuz MS-06 departed on 27 February to return Misurkin, Vande Hei and Acaba to Earth. Ground controllers ‘walked’ the Canadarm2 from Power Data Grapple Fixture-4 (PDGF-4) of the Mobile Base System (MBS) to the nearby PDGF-3, then utilised the P1 Lower Outboard (LOOB) External High-Definition Camera (EHDC) to examine the snare cables of LEE-B. The Canadarm2 was then positioned to grapple the Dextre in preparation for its next task.  xpedition 55 Week ending Friday, 16 March 2018 E On 13 March, Tingle and Kanai talked live with KYW-TV in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and with the 1A radio talk show that was produced by WAMU in Washington, D.C. and distributed by NPR. The orbit of the station was boosted by the thrusters of Progress MS-08, which burned for 108.2 seconds. Overnight on 16 March, ground controllers used the Canadarm2 and Dextre to exchange two Remote Power Control Modules (RPCM). Afterwards, both units were re-powered and the survival heaters were operating correctly.  xpedition 55 Week ending Friday, 23 March 2018 E On 20 March, the crew, Mission Control in Houston, and MCC-D in Dulles (Orbital ATK) checked out the Common Communications for Visiting Vehicles (C2V2). The forthcoming Orbital-ATK Cygnus OA-9 mission was to use C2V2 in the approach and capture phase for the first time. Soyuz MS-08 lifted off from Baikonur on 21 March, carrying Ricky Arnold, Drew Feustel and Oleg Artimyev to join Expedition 55. Its docking with the Poisk module at 2:40 p.m. CDT on 32 March restored the station to a crew complement of six.  xpedition 55 Week ending Friday, 30 March 2018 E Progress MS-07 undocked from Pirs at 8:50 am CDT on 28 March. As was often the case for Russian cargo freighters, it was to undertake a series of non-ISS,

Soyuz MS-07, Expeditions 54 and 55  277 free-­flight experiments prior to making its de-orbit burn, which in this case was scheduled for 25 April. Drew Feustel and Ricky Arnold conducted a US segment EVA on 29 March. After a delay to complete suit leak checks, they installed the Tranquility External Wireless Communications (EWC) antennas and associated cabling, replaced the Camera Port (CP)-8 External TV Camera Group (ETVCG), and retrieved flexible jumpers from the Port 1 Radiator Beam Valve Module (RBVM).  xpedition 55 Week ending Friday, 6 April 2018 E The SpaceX CRS-14 mission was launched at 3:30 p.m. CDT on 2 April and the Dragon was captured on 4 April by the Canadarm2 for berthing at the nadir of Harmony. The crew started to unload the pressurised compartment on 5 April. The following day, the Canadarm2 and Dextre extracted the Pump Flow Control Subassembly (PFCS) from the trunk section and temporarily stowed it on Side 1 of the Enhanced ORU Temporary Platform (EOTP). Next, the Materials on ISS Experiment-Flight Facility (MISSE-FF) was retrieved from the trunk and stowed on Side 2 of the EOTP. Later, Kanai talked by TV link with Toho University’s Junior and Senior High Schools in Narashino City, Japan, and Feustel talked with Queen’s University in Kingston, Ontario.

Figure 15.10:  Kanai and Tingle watch as Dragon CRS-14 approaches, April 2018 (NASA)

278  Soyuz MS-07, Expeditions 54 and 55  xpedition 55 Week ending Friday, 13 April 2018 E Over the week, ground controller used the Canadarm2 to install the MISSE-FF on ELC-2 and apply heater power. They installed the new PFCS onto the P6 Long Spacer after removal and stowage of the degraded PFCS which previously occupied that location. The degraded unit was placed in the Dragon trunk for disposal. On 10 April, the Story Time From Space was a reading of The Mission to Catarina. Two days later Fuestal talked with actor Will Smith for a National Geographic event. On 13 April, ground controllers again used the station’s robots to extract the Atmosphere Space Interaction Monitor (ASIM) payload from the trunk of the Dragon and install it on the starboard facing adapter plate of the Columbus External Payloads Facility (CEPF).  xpedition 55 Week ending Friday, 20 April 2018 E Progress MS-08 reboosted the orbit of the station on 18 April. The crew read You are the First Kid on Mars while being videotaped as part of the Story Time From Space show.  xpedition 55 Week ending Friday, 27 April 2018 E Jim Bridenstine was sworn in as NASA’s Administrator on 23 April. After the ceremony, the American crew spoke with him and US Vice President Mike Pence about their experiences on the ISS and their time at NASA. Bridenstine was nominated by Donald Trump and confirmed by the US Senate on 19 April to serve as NASA’s 13th Administrator.  xpedition 55 Week ending Friday, 4 May 2018 E On 30 April, the crew installed the Multi-Purpose Experiment Platform (MPEP) on the Kibō airlock slide table and loaded it with two Small Satellite Orbital Deployers (SSOD). On 2 May, Kanai participated in a live TV hook up with Makuhari New City in the Chiba Prefecture of Japan. The Canadarm2 grappled the Dragon on 4 May and after it had been unberthed it was held overnight.  xpedition 55 Week ending Friday, 11 May 2018 E At 8:22 a.m. CDT the Dragon CRS-14 was released. It splashed down in the Pacific Ocean at 2:00 p.m. CDT on 5 May and was recovered.

Soyuz MS-07, Expeditions 54 and 55  279 The crew vented and depressurised the Kibō airlock on 8 May, with the SSOD inside. Three days later they photographed the deployment of its payloads. On 10 May, the crew recorded two deferred-release downlink messages. One message was for the Memorial tree planting ceremony at Johnson Space Center (JSC) scheduled for 14 May to celebrate the career of John Young. The second message was to mark the retirement of JSC Center Director Ellen Ochoa on 17 May.3 Drew Feustel received an honorary Doctorate from the University of Purdue. He and fellow alumnus Scott Tingle spoke to the staff and students during the commencement ceremony.  xpedition 55 Week ending Friday, 18 May 2018 E At 5:07 p.m. CDT on 12 May, the station executed a nominal 2-minute and 52-­second reboost using the Progress MS-08 thrusters. The astronauts participated in an educational event with the Tulsa Air and Space Museum in Tulsa, Oklahoma. Over several days, they photographed the spectacular eruption of Kilauea in Hawaii. The images were to be used to create 3D images of the craters that were opened by the eruption. On 16 May, Feustel and Arnold made 6-hour, 31-minute spacewalk to swap the Pump Flow Control Subassemblies (PFCS) between the Enhanced ORU Transfer Platform (EOTP) and the External Stowage Platform (ESP)-1 locations. The Camera Port (CP)-13 External TV Camera Group (ETVCG) and the degraded Space to Ground Transmitter Receiver Controller (SGTRC) were also replaced. The crew again entered the experimental Bigelow Expandable Activity Module (BEAM) on 18 May to collect surface and air samples for microbial analysis and to replace the battery pack of a BEAM Wireless Temperature System-A sensor.  xpedition 55 Week ending Friday, 25 May 2018 E Orbital ATK Cygnus OA-9E was launched from the Wallops Flight Facility, Virginia, on 21 May. The vehicle was named after J. R. Thompson, the former CEO of Orbital Sciences who died on 7 November 2017. It was captured by the Canadarm2 and berthed at the nadir port of Unity on 24 May. It carried 3,268 kg of pressurised cargo and 82  kg of external cargo; the latter consisting of a NanoRacks deployer and six CubeSats.

 Ochoa flew as mission specialist on four Shuttle missions: STS-56 on Discovery in 1993, STS-66 on Atlantis in 1994, STS-96 on Discovery in 1999, and STS-110 on Atlantis in 2002. 3

280  Soyuz MS-07, Expeditions 54 and 55  xpedition 55 Week ending Friday, 1 June 2018 E The week was spent unloading the Cygnus. Also, on 30 May, the crew completed the checkout of the Camera Robot of the Kibō module. Ground controllers used the Canadarm2 cameras to survey Zarya and its folded solar arrays to determine whether the arrays had moved since being retracted in 2007. They also examined the torn cover and exposed core of the Heat Rejection Subsystem (HRS) Radiator of the starboard Thermal Radiator Rotary Joint (TRRJ) in order to help to assess their condition.  xpedition 55 Week ending Friday, 8 June 2018 E Soyuz MS-07 undocked from the Rassvet module at 5:16 a.m. EDT on 3 June, then landed at 8:39 a.m. near Dzhezkazgan in Kazakhstan to return Scott Tingle, Norishige Kanai and Anton Shkaplerov to Earth after a mission lasting 168 days. Several days later, another crew with a Russian, a German and a Cuban-­ American lifted off from the Baikonur Cosmodrome to take their place on board the International Space Station and to continue its legacy as a symbol of international cooperation. The next Japanese astronaut scheduled to visit the station is Soichi Noguchi, who will join Expedition 62 in early 2020. 15.4  15.4 

POSTSCRIPT

Subsequent Missions N/A Norishige Kanai Today Kanai is still an active JAXA astronaut, and during his single mission he accumulated 168 days, 5 hours and 18 minutes in space.

Soyuz MS-07, Expeditions 54 and 55  281

Figure 15.11:  Kanai at the Expedition 54/55 debriefing in Houston, August 2018 (JAXA)

The future

When I started this book, this section was intended to be brief because there are no new JAXA astronaut candidates and the plan is for Soichi Noguchi to launch on Soyuz MS-16  in early 2020 and join the Expedition 62/63 crew, and then for Akihiko Hoshide to join the Expedition 64/65 crew in due course. However, as I was finishing off the manuscript a new prospective Japanese spacefarer was announced, not by JAXA, but by Elon Musk. In February 2017 SpaceX had announced, without naming the customer, that it intended to send a fee-paying tourist on a circumlunar mission on board a Dragon

Figure 16.1:  An artist’s impression of SpaceX’s BFR on its way to the Moon (SpaceX)

© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019 J. O’Sullivan, Japanese Missions to the International Space Station, Springer Praxis Books, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-04534-0

282

The future   283 2 capsule launched by a Falcon Heavy rocket. The flight was expected to occur in late 2018. After the maiden launch of the Falcon Heavy on 6 February 2018, Musk decided not to certify it for human spaceflight. His new plan is to create a larger launch system provisionally called the Big Falcon Rocket (BFR). On 14 September 2018, Musk revealed this passenger would be Japanese billionaire fashion entrepreneur Yusaka Maezawa, and that he would take six to eight artists with him on the 6-day free-return loop around the far side of the Moon some time in 2023.

Figure 16.2:  Elon Musk and Yusaku Maezawa announce the latter’s trip to the Moon (UK Business Insider)

If successful, this will be the first human spaceflight to the vicinity of the Moon since that of Apollo 17 in December 1972, and the first to leave low Earth orbit. After a gap of over 50 years, it would mark the start of a new era in spaceflight.

Bibliography

The Canadian Space Program, From Black Brant to the International Space Station, Andrew B. Godefroy, Springer-Praxis, 2017 In Defense of Japan: From the Market to the Military in Space Policy, Pekkanen, Saadia and Paul Kallender-Umezu, Stanford University Press, 2010 In the Footsteps of Columbus, European Missions to the International Space Station, John O’Sullivan, Springer-Praxis, 2016 International Space Station, 1998–2011 (all stages), Owners’ Workshop Manual, David Baker. Haynes, 2012 Manned Spaceflight Log II-2006–2012, David J. Shayler and Michael D. Shayler. Springer-­ Praxis, 2013 NASA Space Shuttle, 1981 onwards (all models), Owners’ Workshop Manual, David Baker. Haynes, 2011 Packing for Mars, The Curious Science of Life in Space, Mary Roach, Oneworld, 2010 Praxis Manned Spaceflight Log 1961–2006, Tim Furness and David J.  Shayler. Springer-­ Praxis, 2007 Reference Guide to the International Space Station. NASA, 2010 Seize the Moment: The Autobiography of Britain’s First Astronaut, Helen Sharman and Christopher Priest, Victor Gollancz, 1993 Soyuz, 1967 onwards (all models), Owners’ Workshop Manual, David Baker. Haynes, 2014 Soyuz, A Universal Spacecraft, Rex D. Hall and David J. Shayler. Springer-Praxis, 2003 The International Space Station, from Imagination to Reality, Rex Hall. British Interplanetary Society, 2002 The International Space Station, from Imagination to Reality Vol.2, Rex Hall. British Interplanetary Society, 2005 Wheels Stop, The Tragedies and Triumphs of the Space Shuttle Program 1986–2011, Rick Houston. University of Nebraska Press, 2013

© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019 J. O’Sullivan, Japanese Missions to the International Space Station, Springer Praxis Books, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-04534-0

284

Image links

Foreword Figure 0.1: https://asia.nikkei.com/Business/Science/Humans-will-live-onMars-within-100-years-Japanese-astronaut-Naoko-Yamazaki Chapter 1 Figure 1.1: h t t p s : / / w w w. j a p a n t i m e s . c o . j p / l i f e / 2 0 1 3 / 0 8 / 0 3 / p e o p l e / toyohiro-akiyama-cautionary-tales-from-one-not-afraid-to-risk-all/ Figure 1.2: https://www.flinders.edu.au/alumni/our-alumni/alumni-stories/ mamoru-mohri Figure 1.3: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Chiaki_Mukai_-_ UNOOSA_50_Years_of_Women_in_Space_NHM_Vienna_2013.jpg Chapter 2 Figure 2.1: https://spaceflight.nasa.gov/gallery/images/shuttle/sts-124/hires/ sts124-s-066.jpg Figure 2.2: https://spaceflight.nasa.gov/gallery/images/station/crew-22/hires/ iss022e014385.jpg Figure 2.3: https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/thumbnails/image/ iss048e017379.jpg Figure 2.4: h t t p s : / / w w w. e s a . i n t / s p a c e i n i m a g e s / I m a g e s / 2 0 1 2 / 0 4 / ATV-3_approaches_Space_Station2 Figure 2.5: https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/thumbnails/image/ iss050e036132.jpg Figure 2.6: https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/iss041e020918.jpg Figure 2.7: https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/thumbnails/image/ iss049e042847.jpg © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019 J. O’Sullivan, Japanese Missions to the International Space Station, Springer Praxis Books, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-04534-0

285

286  Image links Chapter 3 Figure 3.1: https://spaceflight.nasa.gov/gallery/images/shuttle/sts-106/hires/ s106e5325.jpg Figure 3.2: http://jda-strm.tksc.jaxa.jp/archive/photo/50P2012002220/4a4b81a 81fb2e6729bf1b272a30d50aa.jpg Figure 3.3: https://spaceflight.nasa.gov/gallery/images/shuttle/sts-72/html/ sts072-s-002.html Figure 3.4: https://spaceflight.nasa.gov/gallery/images/shuttle/sts-92/hires/ sts092-s-001.jpg Figure 3.5: http://spacefacts.de/english/flights.htm Figure 3.6: https://spaceflight.nasa.gov/gallery/images/shuttle/sts-92/hires/ sts092-s-002.jpg Figure 3.7: https://spaceflight.nasa.gov/gallery/images/shuttle/sts-92/hires/ sts092-712-059.jpg Figure 3.8: https://spaceflight.nasa.gov/gallery/images/shuttle/sts-92/hires/ sts092-340-033.jpg Figure 3.9: https://pbs.twimg.com/media/DeiFOMzWkAEIsbx.jpg Chapter 4 Figure 4.1: https://spaceflight.nasa.gov/gallery/images/shuttle/sts-113/hires/ s113e05433.jpg Figure 4.2: https://spaceflight.nasa.gov/gallery/images/shuttle/sts-114/hires/ jsc2001-01619.jpg Figure 4.3: https://spaceflight.nasa.gov/gallery/images/shuttle/sts-114/hires/ sts114-s-001.jpg Figure 4.4: http://spacefacts.de/english/flights.htm Figure 4.5: https://spaceflight.nasa.gov/gallery/images/shuttle/sts-114/hires/ sts114-s-002.jpg Figure 4.6: https://spaceflight.nasa.gov/gallery/images/shuttle/sts-114/hires/ iss011e11263.jpg Figure 4.7: https://spaceflight.nasa.gov/gallery/images/shuttle/sts-114/hires/ s114e5979.jpg Figure 4.8: http://jda-strm.tksc.jaxa.jp/archive/photo/50P2017001451/0c7d 64b3437234053600282869735461.jpg Chapter 5 Figure 5.1: https://spaceflight.nasa.gov/gallery/images/shuttle/sts-122/hires/ s122e009957.jpg Figure 5.2: http://jda-strm.tksc.jaxa.jp/archive/photo/50P2012002081/0dc80be 0fc600444e40e0addcbab86af.jpg

Image links   287 Figure 5.3: https://spaceflight.nasa.gov/gallery/images/shuttle/sts-87/hires/ sts087-s-002.jpg Figure 5.4: https://spaceflight.nasa.gov/gallery/images/shuttle/sts-123/hires/ sts123-s-001.jpg Figure 5.5: http://jda-strm.tksc.jaxa.jp/archive/photo/P100001667/ afd691af7e5f125d1db62fe93adbdeca.jpg Figure 5.6: https://spaceflight.nasa.gov/gallery/images/shuttle/sts-123/hires/ sts123-s-002.jpg Figure 5.7: https://spaceflight.nasa.gov/gallery/images/shuttle/sts-123/hires/ s123e010030.jpg Figure 5.8: https://spaceflight.nasa.gov/gallery/images/shuttle/sts-123/hires/ s123e007352.jpg Figure 5.9: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-NoqrgScOwI Chapter 6 Figure 6.1: http://jda-strm.tksc.jaxa.jp/archive/photo/P100001795/e2c25e6b41570cbeb73217b8a8f544c1.jpg Figure 6.2: https://spaceflight.nasa.gov/gallery/images/shuttle/sts-124/hires/ sts124-s-001.jpg Figure 6.3: http://jda-strm.tksc.jaxa.jp/archive/photo/P100001668/64b5ba0822 a1f8592d2163e4ce4bf7a7.jpg Figure 6.4: https://spaceflight.nasa.gov/gallery/images/shuttle/sts-124/hires/ sts124-s-002.jpg Figure 6.5: https://spaceflight.nasa.gov/gallery/images/shuttle/sts-124/hires/ iss017e009047.jpg Figure 6.6: https://spaceflight.nasa.gov/gallery/images/shuttle/sts-124/hires/ s124e007090.jpg Figure 6.7: http://jda-strm.tksc.jaxa.jp/archive/photo/50P2016002541/ ac0983039fe3af9164a6adbb1ff2fab8.jpg Figure 6.8: http://jda-strm.tksc.jaxa.jp/archive/photo/50P2018000873/0875f62 d8a392479f8cc7882c5a1233a.jpg Chapter 7 Figure 7.1: https://spaceflight.nasa.gov/gallery/images/shuttle/sts-119/hires/ sts119-s-001.jpg Figure 7.2: http://spacefacts.de/english/flights.htm Figure 7.3: https://spaceflight.nasa.gov/gallery/images/station/crew-18/hires/ iss018-s-001a.jpg Figure 7.4: https://spaceflight.nasa.gov/gallery/images/station/crew-19/hires/ iss019-s-001.jpg Figure 7.5: https://spaceflight.nasa.gov/gallery/images/station/crew-20/hires/ iss020-s-001b.jpg

288  Image links Figure 7.6: https://spaceflight.nasa.gov/gallery/images/shuttle/sts-127/hires/ sts127-s-001.jpg Figure 7.7: http://jda-strm.tksc.jaxa.jp/archive/photo/P100001669/267d8aa88b 2c01cde7c2493ade27d957.jpg Figure 7.8: http://jda-strm.tksc.jaxa.jp/archive/photo/P100001748/ de8ec42ea33a97d5a4b045063aa34816.jpg Figure 7.9: https://spaceflight.nasa.gov/gallery/images/shuttle/sts-119/hires/ sts119-s-002.jpg Figure 7.10: https://spaceflight.nasa.gov/gallery/images/station/crew-18/hires/ iss018-s-002-f.jpg Figure 7.11: https://spaceflight.nasa.gov/gallery/images/station/crew-19/hires/ iss019-s-002.jpg Figure 7.12: https://spaceflight.nasa.gov/gallery/images/station/crew-20/hires/ iss020-s-002.jpg Figure 7.13: https://spaceflight.nasa.gov/gallery/images/shuttle/sts-119/hires/ s119e010027.jpg Figure 7.14: https://spaceflight.nasa.gov/gallery/images/station/crew-19/hires/ iss019e019404.jpg Figure 7.15: https://spaceflight.nasa.gov/gallery/images/station/crew-20/html/ iss020e019069.html Figure 7.16: https://spaceflight.nasa.gov/gallery/images/station/crew-20/hires/ iss020e016893.jpg Figure 7.17: http://iss.jaxa.jp/en/kibo/about/images/s134e010585_ll.jpg Chapter 8 Figure 8.1: http://spacefacts.de/english/flights.htm Figure 8.2: http://spacefacts.de/english/flights.htm Figure 8.3: https://spaceflight.nasa.gov/gallery/images/station/crew-22/hires/ iss022-s-001.jpg Figure 8.4: https://spaceflight.nasa.gov/gallery/images/station/crew-23/hires/ iss023-s-001a.jpg Figure 8.5: https://spaceflight.nasa.gov/gallery/images/station/crew-22/hires/ jsc2009e142092.jpg Figure 8.6: http://spacefacts.de/english/flights.htm Figure 8.7: https://spaceflight.nasa.gov/gallery/images/station/crew-22/hires/ iss022-s-002a.jpg Figure 8.8: https://spaceflight.nasa.gov/gallery/images/station/crew-23/hires/ iss023-s-002b.jpg Figure 8.9: https://spaceflight.nasa.gov/gallery/images/station/crew-22/hires/ iss022e020669.jpg Figure 8.10: https://spaceflight.nasa.gov/gallery/images/station/crew-22/hires/ iss022e062777.jpg

Image links   289 Figure 8.11: https://spaceflight.nasa.gov/gallery/images/station/crew-22/hires/ iss022e067187.jpg Figure 8.12: https://spaceflight.nasa.gov/gallery/images/station/crew-23/hires/ s132e008114.jpg Chapter 9 Figure 9.1: https://spaceflight.nasa.gov/gallery/images/station/crew-22/hires/ s130e012251.jpg Figure 9.2: http://jda-strm.tksc.jaxa.jp/archive/photo/50P2010000215/2aa4636 9407c9f56753aed93e3f01c8e.jpg Figure 9.3: https://spaceflight.nasa.gov/gallery/images/shuttle/sts-131/hires/ sts131-s-001.jpg Figure 9.4: http://jda-strm.tksc.jaxa.jp/archive/photo/P100004051/19856ef774 cc6dd989385491bd0f3d05.jpg Figure 9.5: https://spaceflight.nasa.gov/gallery/images/shuttle/sts-131/hires/ sts131-s-002.jpg Figure 9.6: https://spaceflight.nasa.gov/gallery/images/shuttle/sts-131/hires/ iss023e023929.jpg Figure 9.7: https://spaceflight.nasa.gov/gallery/images/shuttle/sts-131/hires/ s131e010038.jpg Figure 9.8: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Skxa33RVVh4 Chapter 10 Figure 10.1: https://spaceflight.nasa.gov/gallery/images/shuttle/sts-134/hires/ iss027e036687.jpg Figure 10.2: http://jda-strm.tksc.jaxa.jp/archive/photo/50P2011000032/62c067 ea7897d241e9e9783dc0a5e44b.jpg Figure 10.3: http://spacefacts.de/english/flights.htm Figure 10.4: http://jda-strm.tksc.jaxa.jp/archive/photo/P100001254/4402627e7 790671b2af5faf42b170841.jpg Figure 10.5: https://spaceflight.nasa.gov/gallery/images/station/crew-28/hires/ iss028-s-001.jpg Figure 10.6: https://spaceflight.nasa.gov/gallery/images/station/crew-29/hires/ iss029-s-001.jpg Figure 10.7: http://spacefacts.de/english/flights.htm Figure 10.8: https://spaceflight.nasa.gov/gallery/images/station/crew-28/hires/ iss028-s-002.jpg Figure 10.9: https://spaceflight.nasa.gov/gallery/images/station/crew-29/hires/ iss029-s-002.jpg Figure 10.10: https://spaceflight.nasa.gov/gallery/images/station/crew-28/hires/ iss028e015793.jpg

290  Image links Figure 10.11: https://spaceflight.nasa.gov/gallery/images/station/crew-28/hires/ iss028e030084.jpg Figure 10.12: https://spaceflight.nasa.gov/gallery/images/station/crew-29/ hires/201111220008hq.jpg Figure 10.13: http://jda-strm.tksc.jaxa.jp/archive/photo/50P2017001014/06f473 09b2924aecd2f8c72c34a305a0.jpg Chapter 11 Figure 11.1: http://spacefacts.de/english/flights.htm Figure 11.2: http://spacefacts.de/english/flights.htm Figure 11.3: https://spaceflight.nasa.gov/gallery/images/station/crew-32/hires/ iss032-s-001.jpg Figure 11.4: https://spaceflight.nasa.gov/gallery/images/station/crew-33/hires/ iss033-s-001.jpg Figure 11.5: https://spaceflight.nasa.gov/gallery/images/station/crew-32/hires/ jsc2012e096291.jpg Figure 11.6: https://spaceflight.nasa.gov/gallery/images/station/crew-32/hires/ iss032-s-002.jpg Figure 11.7: https://spaceflight.nasa.gov/gallery/images/station/crew-33/hires/ iss033-s-002.jpg Figure 11.8: https://spaceflight.nasa.gov/gallery/images/station/crew-32/hires/ iss032e016900.jpg Figure 11.9: https://spaceflight.nasa.gov/gallery/images/station/crew-32/hires/ iss032e025098.jpg Chapter 12 Figure 12.1: http://spacefacts.de/english/flights.htm Figure 12.2: http://spacefacts.de/english/flights.htm Figure 12.3: https://spaceflight.nasa.gov/gallery/images/station/crew-38/hires/ iss038-s-001.jpg Figure 12.4: https://spaceflight.nasa.gov/gallery/images/station/crew-39/hires/ iss039-s-001.jpg Figure 12.5: http://spacefacts.de/english/flights.htm Figure 12.6: https://spaceflight.nasa.gov/gallery/images/station/crew-38/hires/ iss038-s-002.jpg Figure 12.7: https://spaceflight.nasa.gov/gallery/images/station/crew-39/hires/ iss039-s-002.jpg Figure 12.8: https://spaceflight.nasa.gov/gallery/images/station/crew-38/hires/ iss038e003872.jpg

Image links   291 Chapter 13 Figure 13.1: http://jda-strm.tksc.jaxa.jp/archive/photo/50P2018000418/5aad33 d3a5507b6a648db6a4edd4616b.jpg Figure 13.2: http://spacefacts.de/english/flights.htm Figure 13.3: https://twitter.com/Astro_Kimiya/status/578745427631034369/ photo/1 Figure 13.4: https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/expeditions/expedition44/gallery.html Figure 13.5: https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/expeditions/expedition45/gallery.html Figure 13.6: http://spacefacts.de/english/flights.htm Figure 13.7: https://www.flickr.com/photos/nasa2explore/17531732085/ Figure 13.8: https://www.flickr.com/photos/nasa2explore/21143979779/ Figure 13.9: http://jda-strm.tksc.jaxa.jp/archive/photo/50P2015002376/47ef8a 420f9c253ec8e16979849b4568.jpg Figure 13.10: http://jda-strm.tksc.jaxa.jp/archive/photo/50P2015002628/80a2f5f 1ef64200fe3bf95cca75f36d0.jpg Figure 13.11: http://jda-strm.tksc.jaxa.jp/archive/photo/50P2018000378/d37136 ad22391004694e65459a6a1b71.jpg Chapter 14 Figure 14.1: https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/thumbnails/image/beam_ berthed_to_iss_aft_port_node_3_concept_art_b_003.jpg Figure 14.2: http://jda-strm.tksc.jaxa.jp/archive/photo/50P2014001415/5396b6 f932debdbd2992495d1c0c384a.jpg Figure 14.3: http://spacefacts.de/english/flights.htm Figure 14.4: http://spacefacts.de/english/flights.htm Figure 14.5: https://www.flickr.com/photos/nasa2explore/25192607083/ Figure 14.6: https://www.flickr.com/photos/nasa2explore/25841127926/ Figure 14.7: http://spacefacts.de/english/flights.htm Figure 14.8: https://www.flickr.com/photos/nasa2explore/25819220005/ Figure 14.9: https://www.flickr.com/photos/nasa2explore/25236646434/ Figure 14.10: http://jda-strm.tksc.jaxa.jp/archive/photo/50P2016001327/ ab829d163e28e59af4bf0c9b317a5a74.jpg Figure 14.11: http://jda-strm.tksc.jaxa.jp/archive/photo/50P2016001295/c6cb1cf2aa05065bc0de42d3b47fc1ea.jpg Figure 14.12: http://jda-strm.tksc.jaxa.jp/archive/photo/50P2016002317/00ada3 569f3386fe2e2c6483cb94ea15.jpg Figure 14.13: http://jda-strm.tksc.jaxa.jp/archive/photo/50P2018000379/ d905d05b7c195e89f484a634c8dd9801.jpg

292  Image links Chapter 15 Figure 15.1: http://jda-strm.tksc.jaxa.jp/archive/photo/P100004636/a7a60771 cb2afd2a090d1a1006b44381.jpg Figure 15.2: http://spacefacts.de/english/flights.htm Figure 15.3: http://spacefacts.de/english/flights.htm Figure 15.4: https://www.flickr.com/photos/nasa2explore/24838583458/ Figure 15.5: https://www.flickr.com/photos/nasa2explore/40341776262/ Figure 15.6: http://spacefacts.de/english/flights.htm Figure 15.7: https://www.flickr.com/photos/nasa2explore/38679079912/ Figure 15.8: https://www.flickr.com/photos/nasa2explore/38576313020/ Figure 15.9: https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/thumbnails/image/ iss054e022047.jpg Figure 15.10: https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/thumbnails/image/ iss055e009938.jpg Figure 15.11: http://jda-strm.tksc.jaxa.jp/archive/photo/50P2018002743/ cfaa633bff338f542ea500879dbfc481.jpg The future Figure 16.1: https://www.spacex.com/mars Figure 16.2: http://uk.businessinsider.com/ispace-joins-yusaku-maezawabooking-elon-musks-spacex-moon-excursion-2018-9

Appendix: Japanese Missions to the ISS

Mission

Astronaut

Launch Date

STS-92

Koichi Wakata

11 October 2000

STS-114

Soichi Noguchi

STS-123

Takao Doi

STS-124

Akihiko Hoshide

STS-119

Koichi Wakata

Launch Vehicle

Space Shuttle Discovery, STS-92 26 July 2005 Space Shuttle Discovery, STS-114 11 March Space Shuttle 2008 Endeavour, STS-123 31 May 2008 Space Shuttle Discovery, STS-124 15 March Space Shuttle 2009 Discovery, STS-119 20 December Soyuz TMA-17 2009

Soyuz Soichi TMA-­ Noguchi 17 STS-131 Naoko 05 April 2010 Space Shuttle Yamazaki Discovery, STS-131 Soyuz Satoshi 07 June 2011 Soyuz TMA-­ Furukawa TMA-02M 02M Soyuz Akihiko 15 July 2012 Soyuz TMA-­ Hoshide TMA-05M 05M

Landing Date

Landing Vehicle

24 October 2000

Space Shuttle Discovery, STS-92 09 August Space Shuttle 2005 Discovery, STS-114 27 March Space Shuttle 2008 Endeavour, STS-123 14 June 2008 Space Shuttle Discovery, STS-124 28 March Space Shuttle 2009 Endeavour, STS-127 02 June 2010 Soyuz TMA-17 20 April 2010 Space Shuttle Discovery, STS-131 22 November Soyuz 2011 TMA-02M 19 November Soyuz 2012 TMA-05M

© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019 J. O’Sullivan, Japanese Missions to the International Space Station, Springer Praxis Books, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-04534-0

293

294  Appendix: Japanese Missions to the ISS

Mission

Astronaut

Launch Date

Launch Vehicle

Soyuz TMA-­ 11M Soyuz TMA-­ 17M Soyuz MS-01 Soyuz MS-07

Koichi Wakata

07 November Soyuz 2013 TMA-11M

14 May 2014 Soyuz TMA-11M

Kimiya Yui

22 July 2015

Soyuz TMA-17M

11 December Soyuz 2015 TMA-17M

Takuya Onishi Norishige Kanai

07 July 2016

Soyuz MS-01

30 October Soyuz MS-01 2016 03 June 2018 Soyuz MS-07

17 December Soyuz MS-07 2017

Landing Date

Landing Vehicle

Index

A ABC, see American Broadcasting Company Acaba, Joseph, 91, 103–106, 198, 200, 202, 204–206, 208, 265, 276 Acceptance Review Board (ARB), 150 Adelaide, 5 Advanced Resistive Exercise Device (ARED), 108, 111, 113, 114, 127, 146, 148 AF, see Assembly Flight Afanasyev, Viktor, 3 Agenzia Spaziale Italiana (Italian Space Agency) (ASI), 38, 144, 166 Aimakhonov, Mukhtar, 248 Aimbetov, Aidyn, 234, 240, 248 Air Quality Meter (AQM), 121 Air Revitalisation System (ARS), 146, 187 AIS, see Automatic Identification System Akiyama, Toyohiro, 2–5 Aldrin, Buzz, 128 Alliant Techsystems (ATK), 16, 18, 244, 260, 276, 279 All Nippon Airways (ANA), 249 Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer (AMS), 175, 242, 243 AM, see Membership of the Order of Australia Amateur Radio on the ISS (ARISS), 188 American Broadcasting Company (ABC), 34, 51, 58, 113, 169 Ammonia Tank Assembly (ATA), 164 AMS, see Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer ANA, see All Nippon Airways ANDE, see Atmospheric Neutral Density Experiment Anderson, Clayton, 61–63, 159, 160, 166–170 Antonelli, Dominic, 91, 103, 105 Apollo, 11–13, 231

Apollo 8, 215 Apollo 11, 149 Apollo Soyuz Test Programme (ASTP), 11–13, 244 AQH, see Aquatic Habitat AQM, see Air Quality Meter Aquatic Habitat (AQH), 206 ARB, see Acceptance Review Board Archambault, Lee, 91, 102, 103, 105 ARED, see Advanced Resistive Exercise Device ARISS, see Amateur Radio on the ISS Arkalyk, Kazakhstan, 151, 173, 194, 197 Armstrong, Neil, 128 Arnold, Richard, 91, 103, 106, 265, 276, 279 ARS, see Air Revitalisation System Artemyev, Oleg, 213, 226, 265 Asaka, Reo, 192 ASI, see Agenzia Spaziale Italiana (Italian Space Agency) ASIM, see Atmosphere Space Interaction Monitor Aso, Wataru, 108 Assembly flight (AF), 21, 41, 163 ASTP, see Apollo Soyuz Test Programme Astrolab mission, xi, 61, 266 ATA, see Ammonia Tank Assembly ATK, see Alliant Techsystems Atlantis, 11, 23, 39, 154, 156, 157, 184–188, 279 Atmosphere Space Interaction Monitor (ASIM), 278 Atmospheric Neutral Density Experiment (ANDE), 130 ATV, see Automated Transfer Vehicle Automated Transfer Vehicle (ATV), xi, 10, 14–15, 144, 185, 223 Automatic Identification System (AIS), 242

© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019 J. O’Sullivan, Japanese Missions to the International Space Station, Springer Praxis Books, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-04534-0

295

296  Index B Bachelor of Engineering Degree (BE), xiv, 249 Bachelor of Science Degree (BSc), xiv Backup Control Center (BCC), 151 Backup Controller (BUC), 120 Baikonur, Kazakhstan, 12, 108, 112, 116, 129, 131, 133, 144, 152, 173, 183, 189, 193, 197, 201, 210, 212, 213, 217, 224, 226, 229, 235, 240, 242, 247, 256, 261, 264, 270, 275, 276, 280 Barratt, Mike, 92, 108–111, 113–116, 118, 119, 122, 124 Barry, Dan, 33 Battery Charger Module (BCM), 87, 115, 116 Battery Powered Speaker Microphone Unit (BPSMU), 107 BBC, see British Broadcasting Corporation BCC, see Backup Control Center BCDU, see Berthing Mechanism Control & Display Unit BCM, see Battery Charger Module BE, see Bachelor of Engineering Degree BEAM, see Bigelow Expandable Activity Module Behnken, Robert, 17, 60, 61, 69, 71–74, 144–146, 148, 187 Berthing Mechanism Control & Display Unit (BCDU), 120 Beyonce, 186 BGA, see Beta Gimbal Assembly Bigelow Expandable Activity Module (BEAM), 249, 258, 259, 261, 273, 279 Bigelow, Robert, 258 BISE, see Bodies in the Space Environment Bleany, Steven, 128 Bodies in the Space Environment (BISE), 116, 140 Borisenko, Andréi, 174, 180, 182, 188, 191, 248, 261 Bowen, Steve, 154, 156, 174 BPSMU, see Battery Powered Speaker Microphone Unit Brazil, 61 Bridenstine, Jim, 278 British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC), 3 BSc, see Bachelor of Science Degree BSc (Hons), see Bachelor of Science (Honours) Degree BUC, see Backup Controller Burbank, Daniel, 174, 194 Bush, George W., 53 C Cable News Network (CNN), 51, 58, 75, 86, 105, 113 Caldwell-Dyson, Tracy, 132, 151–154, 156, 160, 166

Camarda, Charles, 37, 38, 48, 50–53, 56–58 Camera Light Assembly (CLA), 274 Camera Light Pan Tilt Assembly (CLPA), 72 Canada, x, 120, 132, 201 Canadarm, see Space Shuttle Remote Manipulator Canadarm2, 16, 18, 40, 49–54, 67, 69, 70, 72, 84, 85, 87, 103, 106, 113, 116, 118, 119, 124, 126, 128, 129, 142, 144, 145, 147, 148, 150, 153–156, 166–168, 170, 171, 184, 185, 204, 206–210, 221–227, 239, 241–244, 256, 258, 261, 268, 271–280 Canadian Space Agency (CSA), x, 38, 70, 92, 115, 116, 120, 121, 126, 128, 133, 140, 226 CapCom, see Capsule Communicator Capsule Communicator (CapCom), 25, 35, 49, 146, 151, 155, 192 Carbon Dioxide Removal Assembly (CDRA), 85, 129, 222, 239, 240 Cargo Transport Container (CTC), 191 Casamassima, Italy, 210 Cassidy, Christopher, 92, 128, 129 CAVES, see Cooperative Adventure for Valuing and Exercising human behavior and performance Skills CB, see Clean Bench CBEF, see Cell Biology Experiment Facility CBEF 1G IU, see Cooperative Adventure for Valuing and Exercising human behavior and performance Skills CBM, see Common Berthing Mechanism CBS, see Columbia Broadcasting System CCAA, see Common Cabin Air Assembly CDR, see Commander CDRA, see Carbon Dioxide Removal Assembly CDT, see Central Daylight Time CEng, see Chartered Engineer Central Daylight Time (CDT), 156, 226–228, 235, 239, 240, 242, 255, 256, 258–261, 276–279 Central Standard Time (CST), 217, 220, 221, 223, 224, 244, 245, 268, 271–273, 275 Centre National d’Etudes Spatiale (Centre for Space Studies) (CNES), 106, 110 CEPF, see Columbus External Payloads Facility Certified Machine Safety Expert (CMSE), xiv CETA, see Crew and Equipment Translation Aid CEVIS, see Cycle Ergometer with Vibration Isolation Challenger, 3, 5, 11, 55, 56, 62 Chamitoff, Gregory, 61, 77, 78, 83, 85, 87, 92, 93 Chandra X-Ray Observatory, 21 Chartered Engineer (CEng), xiv CHeCS MTL, see Crew Health Care Systems Moderate Temperature Loop Chiao, Leroy, 20, 21, 29, 30, 32–34

Index   297 Chiba Prefecture, 160, 278 Chigasaki City, Kanagawa, 150 China, 41, 61, 92, 102, 118, 133, 265 CIR, see Combustion Integrated Rack Cirque de Soleil, 133 CIT, see Cork Institute of Technology CLA, see Camera Light Assembly Clean Bench (CB), 109, 296 CLPA, see Camera Light Pan Tilt Assembly CMG, see Control Moment Gyroscope CMO, see Crew Medical Officer CMSE, see Certified Machine Safety Expert CNC, see Command and Control CNES, see Centre National d’Etudes Spatiale (Centre for Space Studies) CNN, see Cable News Network Colbert, Stephen, 144 COL-CC, see Columbus Control Centre Coleman, Cady, 180 CollectSPACE, 233, 234 Collier Trophy, 150 Collins, Eileen, 21, 37, 38, 48, 50–52, 54, 57, 58 Cologne, Germany, 121 Columbia, 11, 37, 41, 54, 56, 157 Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS), 50, 51, 58, 73, 106, 113, 146, 168 Columbus Control Centre (COL-CC), 121, 149 Columbus External Payloads Facility (CEPF), 278 Columbus module, 63, 72, 74, 84, 110, 111, 117, 118, 123, 141, 144, 170, 194, 227, 241, 258, 275 Combined Operational Load Bearing External Resistance Treadmill (COLBERT), 144 Combustion Integrated Rack (CIR), 117 Command and control (CNC), 149, 154, 155, 243 Commander (CDR), 3, 20, 21, 37–39, 60, 61, 63, 66, 77, 78, 91, 92, 131, 132, 159, 160, 173, 183, 197, 198, 212, 226, 229, 230, 247, 264, 273 Commercial Orbital Transportation Services (COTS), 18, 150, 208 Commercial Resupply Services (CRS), 16–18, 209, 221, 223 Common Berthing Mechanism (CBM), 15, 21, 31, 38, 170, 223, 271, 273 Common Cabin Air Assembly (CCAA), 148, 239 Common Communications for Visiting Vehicles (C2V2), 276 Compound Specific Analyser-Combustion Products (CSA-CP), 108–110, 119 Compound Specific Analyser-Oxygen (CSA-O2), 112 Condensate Water Separator Assembly (CWSA), 118

Contingency Water Container (CWC), 108, 110, 113, 118 Control Moment Gyroscope (CMG), 51, 73, 129, 224 Cook, James, 178 Cooperative Adventure for Valuing and Exercising human behavior and performance Skills (CAVES), 89, 90, 195 Cork Institute of Technology, xiv COTS, see Commercial Orbital Transportation Services CQ, see Crew Quarters Creamer, Timothy, 131, 132, 135, 139, 140, 142, 143, 145, 146, 150, 151, 153, 157, 160 Crew and Equipment Translation Aid (CETA), 40, 106, 116 Crew Health Care Systems Moderate Temperature Loop (CHeCS MTL), 116 Crew Medical Officer (CMO), 115, 192, 260 Crew Quarters (CQ), 152, 164, 166, 180, 193 Cristoforetti, Samantha, 230, 242 CRS, see Commercial Resupply Services CSA, see Canadian Space Agency CSA-CP, see Compound Specific Analyser-­ Combustion Products CSA-O2, see Compound Specific Analyser-Oxygen CST, see Central Standard Time CTC, see Cargo Transport Container CUCU CCP, see COTS UHF Communications Unit/Crew Command Panel Cupola module, 160 C2V2, see Common Communications for Visiting Vehicles CWA, see Condensate Water Separator Assembly CWC, see Contingency Water Container Cycle Ergometer with Vibration Isolation (CEVIS), 109, 111, 114, 116 Cygnus, xi, 18, 144, 221–225, 261, 280 D Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant, 2 Data Management System (DMS), 22, 110 Davis, Jan, 5 DDCU, see Direct Current to Direct Current Convertor Unit Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), 176 Department of Defense (DoD), 185 Descent Module (DM), 12, 13, 61, 78 Destiny module, 33, 38, 40, 50, 72, 73, 155, 157 Deutsches Zentrum für Luft-und Raumfahrt (German Centre for Flight and Space Flight), 9

298  Index de Winne, Frank, 40, 92, 120, 128, 132 Dextre, see Special Purpose Dextrous Manipulator Digital Versatile Disc (DVD), 107, 115, 151 Digital Walk Holter (DWH), 123, 142 Di Pippo, Simonetta, 121 Direct Current to Direct Current Convertor Unit (DDCU), 28, 33 Dire Straits, 51 Discovery, 9, 11, 12, 26, 28, 30, 34, 35, 46–54, 57, 58, 68, 82–84, 88, 101–103, 107, 108, 164, 168, 171, 178, 188, 279 DLR, see Deutsches Zentrum für Luft-und Raumfahrt (German Centre for Flight and Space Flight) DM, see Descent Module DMS, see Data Management System DNA, see Deoxyribonucleic acid Docking and Storage Module (DSM), 154 Doctorate of Medicine (MD), 5, 265 Doctor of Philosophy (PhD), 5, 25, 63, 64, 176 DoD, see Department of Defense Doi, Takao, 5, 8, 9, 11, 60, 61, 63–65, 67–76, 293 Donatello Module, see Multi-Purpose Logistics Module Dong, Chen, 265 DOUG, see Dynamic Onboard Ubiquitous Graphics Dragon, 10, 16–18, 150, 185–187, 198, 208–210, 221, 223, 227, 249, 256, 258, 259, 268, 271–275, 277, 278, 282 Dryden Flight Research Center, 150 DSM, see Docking and Storage Module Duffy, Brian, 20, 21, 29–34 Duque, Pedro, 9, 41 Dutton, James, 159, 160, 165, 167–171 DVD, see Digital Versatile Disc DWH, see Digital Walk Holter Dynamic Onboard Ubiquitous Graphics (DOUG), 53, 109, 116, 144 Dzhezkazgan, Kazakhstan, 131, 212, 228, 229, 247, 264, 280 E Eastern Daylight Time (EDT), 108, 151–153, 157, 179, 180, 183, 189, 191, 193, 194, 201, 202, 204, 205, 208–210, 280 ECG, see Electrocardiogram ECLSS, see Environment Control & Life Support System ECO, see Engine Cut Off Edelen, Chris, 186 EDT, see Eastern Daylight Time Educational Program Operation (EPO), 115

Edwards Air Force Base, California, USA, 35, 58 EF, see Exposed Facility EFBM, see External Facility Berthing Mechanism EFU, see Exposed Facility Units EHS, see Environmental Health System EHS Carbon Dioxide Monitor (EHS CDM), 118 EHS Compound Specific Analyser-Combustion Products (EHS CSA-CP), 116 EHS Gas Chromatograph/Differential Mobility Spectrometer (EHS GC DMS), 121, 140 EHS Volatile Organic Analyser (EHS VOA), 108 ELC, see Express Logistics Carrier Electrocardiogram (ECG), 109–111, 123, 142 ELM-ES, see Experimental Logistics Module-­ Exposed Section ELM-PS, see Experimental Logistics Module-­ Pressurised Section ELT, see Experiment Laptop EMU, see Extravehicular Mobility Unit Endeavour, 5, 11, 12, 21, 25, 68, 69, 75, 126, 130, 132, 144, 145, 149, 157, 175, 178, 188 Eneide mission, 41 Engine Cut Off (ECO), 47 Enhanced ORU Temporary Platform (EOTP), 191, 277, 279 Enomoto, Daisuke, 62 Enterprise, 11, 188 Environmental Health System (EHS), 140 Environment Control & Life Support System (ECLSS), 108, 118 EO, see Main Expedition (Mir) EOTP, see Enhanced ORU Temporary Platform EPM, see European Physiology Module EPO, see Educational Program Operation ERA, see European Robotic Arm ESA, see European Space Agency ESP, see External Stowage Platform ESPAD, see ESP Attachment Device ESP Attachment Device (ESPAD), 50 Estepona, 153 ET, see External Tank ETVCG, see External Television Camera Group European Physiology Module (EPM), 110 European Robotic Arm (ERA), 154 European Space Agency (ESA), x, xi, xiv, 9, 10, 15, 22, 38, 39, 41, 61–63, 84, 90, 92, 106, 110, 115, 119–121, 123, 127, 132, 133, 141, 144, 151, 170, 179, 182, 195, 209, 213, 230, 234, 240, 241, 248, 275 ExHAM, see Exposed Experiment Hand-rail Attachment Mechanism Experimental Logistics Module-Exposed Section (ELM-ES), 93, 97, 100, 120, 126, 128, 132

Index   299 Experimental Logistics Module-Pressurised Section (ELM-PS), 66, 67, 70, 85 Experiment Laptop (ELT), 109, 125 Experiment Units (EU), 109 Exposed Experiment Hand-rail Attachment Mechanism (ExHAM), 243 Exposed Facility (EF), 93, 97, 100, 120, 127, 132, 150, 167, 205, 209, 220, 239, 240 Exposed Facility Units (EFU), 100 Express Logistics Carrier (ELC), 133, 227, 272 External Facility Berthing Mechanism (EFBM), 120 External Stowage Platform (ESP), 45, 53, 274, 279 External Tank (ET), 11, 41, 47, 51, 61 External Television Camera Group (ETVCG), 258, 277, 279 External Wireless Communications (EWC), 277 Extravehicular Activity (EVA), 8, 9, 24, 25, 32, 33, 35, 38–40, 44, 50, 52–54, 65, 69–74, 84, 86, 87, 92, 101, 103, 104, 106, 115, 116, 128, 129, 142, 144, 155, 156, 167–169, 185, 206, 207, 210, 214, 217, 222, 224, 227, 238, 239, 243, 258, 273, 277 Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU), 120, 207 Eyharts, Léopold, 61, 63, 67, 69, 72, 73, 75, 82 F Falcon 9, 209 Falcon Heavy, 283 FCF, see Fluids & Combustion Facility FCPA, see Fluids Control Pump Assembly FCV, see Flow Control Valve Fengyun-1C, 118 Ferguson, Christopher, 17, 184, 187 Feustel, Drew, 265, 276, 277, 279 FFQ, see Food Frequency Questionnaires FGB, see Functional Cargo Block FI, see Fire Indicator Fincke, Mike, 92, 103–111 FIR, see Fluids Integrated Rack Fire Indicator (FI), 110 First Materials Processing Test (FMPT), 5, 64 Fischer, Jack, 265 Flow Control Valve (FCV), 221 Fluids & Combustion Facility (FCF), 118 Fluids Control Pump Assembly (FCPA), 221 Fluid Servicer System (FSS), 123 Fluids Integrated Rack (FIR), 219 FMA, see Force Moment Accommodation FMK, see Formaldehyde Monitoring Kits FMTP, see First Materials Processing Test

Food Frequency Questionnaires (FFQ), 108, 113, 139 Force Moment Accommodation (FMA), 113, 124 Ford, Kevin, 198, 210 Foreman, Michael, 60, 61, 69, 71–74 Formaldehyde Monitoring Kits (FMK), 111, 112 Fossum, Michael, 77, 78, 83–86, 173, 174, 179, 180, 182, 185, 188–191, 193, 194 FSP, see Functional Safety Professional FSS, see Fluid Servicer System Fuglesang, Christer, 62 Fukushima, 2, 4 Fullerton, C. Gordon, 223 Functional Cargo Block (FGB), 21, 194 Functional Safety Professional (FSP), xiv Furukawa, Motohisa, 208 Furukawa, Satoshi, 78, 141, 161, 173, 174, 176–196, 208, 293 G Gagarin, Yuri, 112, 168, 175, 178, 188 Garan, Ronald, 77, 78, 83–87, 174, 182, 185, 186, 188, 189, 191 Garriott, Owen, 92 Garriott, Richard, 92 GCTC, see Yuri Gagarin Cosmonauts Training Centre General Laboratory Active Cryogenic ISS Experiment Refrigerator (GLACIER), 111 General Motors (GM), 189 General Purpose Computer (GPC), 187 Gennargentu National Park, 90 Gerst, Alexander, 230 Giffords, Gabrielle, 106, 175 GLACIER, see General Laboratory Active Cryogenic ISS Experiment Refrigerator Glavcosmos, 3 Glenn, John, 9 Global Positioning System (GPS), 50, 105, 109, 143, 213, 242 GM, see General Motors GN&C, see Guidance Navigation & Control Golovin, Oleg, 133 Good, Michael, 154, 156 Goodyear, Gary, 128 Gorie, Dominic, 60, 61, 69, 73 GPC, see General Purpose Computer GPS, see Global Positioning System Guidance Navigation & Control (GNC), 87, 125, 243 Guidoni, Umberto, 38 Gunma Prefecture, 2, 5, 193

300  Index H Hachinohe, Aomori, 143 Hadfield, Chris, 38, 213 Haigneré, Claudie, 39 Haignieré, Jean-Pierre, 21 Haipeng, Jing, 198 Hale, Wayne, 53 Ham, Kenneth, 77, 78, 83, 85, 88, 154, 155 Hanawa, Yusuke, 84 Hard Disk Drive (HDD), 106, 110 Hardware Attached on Top (HAT), 275 Harland, David M., xiii Harmony module, 28, 67, 69, 70, 81, 82, 85, 87, 107, 144, 154, 166, 168, 185, 192, 221, 223, 239, 258 Hartman, Dan, 104 Hasegawa, Miwako, 152 HAT, see Hardware Attached on Top HDD, see Hard Disk Drive HDEV, see High Definition Earth Viewing Health Maintenance System (HMS), 115, 178, 260 Heat Rejection Subsystem (HRS), 280 HEFU, see HTV Exposed Facility Unit Helsinki, Finland, 121 High Definition Earth Viewing (HDEV), 227 H-II Transfer Vehicle (HTV), xi, 10, 15, 79, 86, 104, 105, 109, 124, 129, 185, 200, 204, 205, 223, 238–240 Hirano, Hirofumi, 168, 208 Hire, Kay, 145, 146, 148 Hisaishi, Joe, 50, 166 HMS, see Health Maintenance System Hokkaidō, 5, 143 Hopkins, Michael, 213, 219, 221–226 Horwood, Clive, xiii Hoshide, Akihiko, 77–79, 81, 82, 84–87, 89, 90, 161, 176, 197–211, 282, 293 Houston, Texas, 6, 24, 30, 35, 42, 50, 64, 69, 78, 79, 90, 107, 112, 121, 146, 149, 151, 161, 176, 192, 221, 226, 276, 281 HRF, see Human Research Facility HRS, see Heat Rejection Subsystem HST, see Hubble Space Telescope HTV, see H-II Transfer Vehicle HTV Exposed Facility Unit (HEFU), 239, 240 Hubble Space Telescope (HST), 21, 119, 157, 192 Hughes-Fulford, Millie, 166 Human Research Facility (HRF), 142 Hurley, Douglas, 17, 92, 126–129, 184, 187 Hyogo, 111, 122 I Ibaraki Prefecture, 176

ICC-VLD, see Integrated Cargo Carrier-Vertical Light Deployable IDA, see International Docking Adapter IFM, see Inflight Maintenance Ikramov, Kati, 176 Image MAXimum (IMAX), 34, 242 IML, see International Microgravity Laboratory Inflight Maintenance (IFM), 114 Institute of Space and Astronautical Science (ISAS), x, 64 In-Suit Light Exercise (ISLE), 207, 210 Integrated Cargo Carrier-Vertical Light Deployable (ICC-VLD), 100, 127, 154, 156 Integrated Station OpsLAN (ISL), 108, 192 Integrated Stowage Platform (ISP), 184 Integrated Truss Structure (ITS), 38, 98, 103, 105 Internal Thermal Control System (ITCS), 116, 118 Internal Wireless Instrumentation System (IWIS), 108, 260 International Docking Adapter (IDA), 258 International Microgravity Laboratory (IML), 7 International Space Station Expedition 1, 22, 34, 38 Expedition 2, 38, 39 Expedition 3, 39 Expedition 4, 39, 40 Expedition 5, 40 Expedition 6, 40, 41, 57 Expedition 7, 41 Expedition 8, 41 Expedition 9, 41 Expedition 10, 41 Expedition 11, 38, 41, 56, 57 Expedition 12, 61 Expedition 13, 61, 62, 257 Expedition 14, 62 Expedition 15, 62 Expedition 16, 61–63, 67, 69, 78, 82 Expedition 17, 61, 69, 78, 83 Expedition 18, 35, 91–130, 151 Expedition 19, 35, 91–130, 132 Expedition 20, 35, 91–130, 132, 151 Expedition 21, 132, 133 Expedition 22, 13, 132, 134–151, 252 Expedition 23, 132, 135, 136, 139, 151–157, 160, 166 Expedition 24, 157, 160, 174 Expedition 25, 174 Expedition 26, 174 Expedition 27, 175 Expedition 28, 173–191 Expedition 29, 174, 178, 181, 183, 191–195, 198 Expedition 30, 194, 198

Index   301 Expedition 31, 198 Expedition 32, 198, 200–209 Expedition 33, 198, 200–202, 204, 208–211, 213 Expedition 34, 210, 213 Expedition 35, 213 Expedition 36, 213 Expedition 37, 213, 214, 219 Expedition 38, 213, 215–226 Expedition 39, 213, 215, 217, 219, 226–228 Expedition 40, 227, 230 Expedition 41, 230 Expedition 42, 230 Expedition 43, 233 Expedition 44, 198, 230–240 Expedition 45, 230–236, 238, 240–245, 248 Expedition 46, 233, 248 Expedition 47, 248, 249 Expedition 48, 248, 249, 252, 253, 255–259 Expedition 49, 252, 253, 255, 259–262 Expedition 50, 261 Expedition 54, 265, 266, 269–276, 281 Expedition 55, 265, 266, 270, 272, 276–280 Expedition 62, 59, 280, 282 Expedition 63, 59, 282 Expedition 64, 90, 282 Expedition 65, 90, 282 International Space University (ISU), 7 Iriss mission, 240 Iruma, 207 Ishikawajima-Harima Heavy Industries, 42 ISL, see Integrated Station OpsLAN ISLE, see In-Suit Light Exercise ISP, see Integrated Stowage Platform ISS, see International Space Station ISU, see International Space University ITCS, see Internal Thermal Control System ITS, see Integrated Truss Structure Ivanishin, Anatoli, 174, 194, 247, 248, 252, 255, 259, 261, 262 IWIS, see Internal Wireless Instrumentation System J Japan, x, 3–5, 7, 25, 27, 67, 74, 82, 87, 102, 109–111, 113–115, 117, 120–122, 125, 132, 143, 149–153, 160, 163, 176, 183, 189, 191, 193, 199–201, 203, 205–210, 215, 221, 226, 231–233, 239, 260, 266, 277, 278 Japan Air Self Defense Force (JASDF), 231 Japanese Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), x, viii, ix, x, xi, xiii, 7, 9–11, 20, 21, 24, 25, 36–38, 44, 59–61, 64, 67, 76–79,

81, 87, 89–92, 97–99, 101, 112, 115, 118, 120–124, 131–134, 140–143, 149, 150, 153, 159, 160, 164, 169, 172–174, 177, 179, 189, 191–198, 205, 207, 212, 213, 215, 217, 220, 225, 229–233, 241, 244–251, 256, 257, 261–267, 280–282 Japanese Experiment Module (JEM), 24, 25, 66, 67, 79, 81, 82, 86, 109, 160, 161, 176, 225, 256 Japanese Experiment Module Remote Manipulator System (JEM RMS), 81, 82, 85–87, 109, 126, 128, 140, 149, 150, 205, 225, 239 Japanese Experiment Module Robotic Manipulator System Main Arm (JEM RMS MA), 125, 225 Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), 193 Japan Self Defense Force (JSDF), 266 JASDF, see Japan Air Self Defense Force JAXA, see Japanese Aerospace Exploration Agency JAXA Center for Applied Space Medicine and Human Research (J-CASMHR), 7 J-CASMHR, see JAXA Center for Applied Space Medicine and Human Research Jean, Pierre, 70 JEF, see JEM Exposed Facility JEM, see Japanese Experiment Module JEM Exposed Facility (JEM-EF), 126, 128, 129, 220 Jemison, Mae, 5 JEM ORU Transfer Interface (JOTI), 260 JEM RMS, see Japanese Experiment Module Remote Manipulator System JEM RMS MA, see Japanese Experiment Module Robotic Manipulator System Main Arm JEM Robotic Manipulator System Multi-Purpose Experiment Platform (JEM RMS MPEP), 206 Jernigan, Tammy, 33, 166 JICA, see Japan International Cooperation Agency JOCAS, see Joint Operator Commanded Auto Sequences John, Elton, 186 Johnson, Gregory, 60, 61, 72 Johnson Space Centre (JSC), Houston, Texas, 6, 7, 9, 24, 42, 64, 79, 107, 161, 176, 187, 226, 279 Joint Operator Commanded Auto Sequences, 153 JOTI, see JEM ORU Transfer Interface JSC, see Johnson Space Centre JSDF, see Japan Self Defense Force

302  Index K Kadenyuk, Leonid, 9 Kanagawa Prefecture, 42, 152, 176, 189 Kanai, Norishige, 231, 249, 264–267, 270–273, 275–278, 280, 281, 294 Kazakhstan, 12, 111, 131, 151, 157, 158, 173, 191, 194, 197, 208, 210, 212, 228, 229, 245, 247, 248, 259, 264, 280 Keio, 5, 6, 78, 210 Kelly, James, 37, 38, 48–54, 57, 58 Kelly, Mark, 77, 78, 83, 85–87, 106, 175 Kelly, Scott, 230, 231, 233–236, 240–244, 248 Kennedy Space Center, Florida Pad 39-A, 20, 28, 60, 68, 77, 82, 101, 144, 159, 164, 184 Pad 39-B, 37 Runway 15 Shuttle Landing Facility, 60, 77, 91, 159 Khrunichev State Research and Production Space Centre (KhSC), 21 Kibō module, 12, 88, 93, 98, 117, 123, 134, 153, 176, 192, 225, 240, 251, 280 Kijima, Anna, 192 Kikuchi, Ryoko, 3 Kimbrough, Robert, 248, 261 Kingston, Ontario, 277 Koizumi, Junichiro, 54 Komoro, Nagano, 153 Kononenko, Oleg, 61, 78, 85, 229, 230, 235, 239, 245 Kopra, Timothy, 92, 97, 100, 126–128, 132, 174 Koriyama, 2 Korniyenko, Mikhail, 132, 160, 230, 233–235, 240, 248 Korolev, Sergei, 188, 231, 232 Kotov, Oleg, 131, 132, 135, 139, 140, 142, 145, 151, 153, 156, 157, 160, 166, 214, 217, 219, 222, 224, 226 Krikalev, Sergei, 36, 38, 48, 50, 52, 54, 56, 57 KSC, see Kennedy Space Center Kuipers, André, 41 Kurs, 122 Kyoto University of Art and Design, 2, 4 L Laliberté, Guy, 126, 133 Latching End Effector (LEE), 155, 223, 243, 259, 270, 274, 275 Lawrence, Wendy, 37, 38, 48–55, 57, 58, 242 Lee, Mark, 5 LEGO, 192–194 LEO, see Low Earth Orbit Lewis Research Center, 64

LF, see Logistics Flight Lindgren, Kjell, 229, 230, 235, 238, 239, 241–243, 245 Linnehan, Richard, 60, 61, 69–72 Liwei, Yang, 41 Logistics flight (LF), 10, 45, 92, 163 Lopez-Alegria, Michael, 20, 21, 29–33 Low Earth Orbit (LEO), 11, 26, 198, 283 Low Temperature Loop (LTL), 113, 148 Lucid, Shannon, 49 Lu, Ed, 41 Lynch, Claire, 51 M MACE, see Mass Access Computer Equipment MacLean, Steve, 128 Maehara, Seiji, 168 Maezawa, Yusaka, 283 Magnus, Sandra, 92, 93, 98, 101, 184, 187 Main Bus Switching Unit (MBSU), 207, 243 Main Processing Computer (MPC), 120 Maintenance Work Area (MWA), 192 Makuhari New City, 278 Malenchenko, Yuri, 41, 61, 197–199, 201, 204, 206, 210 Manakov, Gennady, 3 Manarov, Musa, 3 MARES, see Muscle Atrophy Resistive Exercise Maroochydore, Queensland, 208 Marshburn, Thomas, 92, 128 MAS, see Microbial Air Sampler Mass Access Computer Equipment (MACE), 117 Massimino, Mike, 146 Mastracchio, Richard, 159, 160, 167–169, 212, 213, 217, 219, 220, 222–224, 227, 228 Materials on International Space Station Experiment (MISSE), 72 Matsuda, Seiko, 170 Matsudo City, 160, 168 MAUI, see Maui Analysis of Upper Atmospheric Injections Maui Analysis of Upper Atmospheric Injections (MAUI), 98 Mayen, Germany, 207 MBS, see Mobile Remote Servicer Base System MBS PDGF, see Mobile Base System Power & Data Grapple Fixture MBSU, see Main Bus Switching Unit McArthur, William, 20, 21, 29, 30, 32–34 McAuliffe, Christa, 62 MCC, see Mission Control Centers McCartney, Paul, 186 McClintock, Harry, 52

Index   303 MCE, see Multi-mission Consolidated Equipment MCS, see Motion Control System MCS SIGI GPS, see Motion Control System/ Space Integrated GPS MD, see Doctorate of Medicine MDCA, see Multi-user Drop Combustion Apparatus MDM, see Multiplexer/Demultiplexer MEC, see Medical Equipment Computer Medaka (Oryzias latipes), 206 Medical Equipment Computer (MEC), 108, 112, 118, 123, 139, 140 MELFI, see Minus-Eighty Laboratory Freezer for ISS Melroy, Pam, 20, 21, 29–34, 63 Member of the Institute of Engineers of Ireland (MIEI), xiv Membership of the Order of Australia (AM), 5 MERLIN, see Microgravity Experiment Research Locker Incubator Metcalf-Lindenburger, Dorothy, 159, 160, 165, 166, 168–170 METERON, see Multi-Purpose End-to-End Robotic Operations Network Meyers, Toni, 242 Microbial Air Sampler (MAS), 115, 259, 261 Microgravity Experiment Research Locker Incubator (MERLIN), 110, 111 Microgravity Science Glovebox (MSG), 119, 125 Micrometeoroid/Orbital Debris (MMOD), 243 MIIGA&K, see Moscow State University of Geodesy & Cartography Mini-Research Module (MRM), 122, 142, 153, 154, 174, 179 Minus-Eighty Laboratory Freezer for ISS (MELFI), 109, 110, 140, 143 Mir EO-7, 3 EO-8, 3 EO-27, 21 MirCorp, 22, 39 MISSE, see Materials on International Space Station Experiment Mission Control Centers (MCC), 116, 121, 149, 183, 226, 276 Mission Specialist (MSP), 5, 7–9, 24, 25, 29, 42, 55–58, 62, 64, 65, 79, 93, 161, 174, 176, 184, 279 Misurkin, Aleksandr, 265, 273, 275, 276 Mitaka, 3 ?miya, 22 (Insert the correct symbol) MLM, see Multi-purpose Laboratory Module MMOD, see Micrometeoroid/Orbital Debris

Mobile Base System Power & Data Grapple Fixture (MBS PDGF), 119, 123, 150, 183 Mobile Remote Servicer Base System (MBS), 40, 50, 67, 70, 127, 222, 225, 258, 276 Mobile Servicing System (MSS), 221 Mobile Transporter (MT), 40, 106, 116, 153, 184 Mogensen, Andréas, 234, 240, 248 Mohri, Mamoru, 5, 6, 8, 22, 54, 64, 87, 169, 208 Monterey, California, 168 Morgan, Barbara, 62 Morin, Hervé, 75 Morioka, Iwate, 143, 193 Moscow Aviation Institute, 214 Moscow State University of Geodesy & Cartography (MIIGA&K), 114 Motion Control System (MCS), 143, 153 Motion Control System/Space Integrated GPS (MCS SIGI GPS), 143 MPC, see Main Processing Computer MPEP, see Multi-Purpose Experiment Platform MPLM, see Multi-Purpose Logistics Module MRM, see Mini-Research Module MSG, see Microgravity Science Glovebox MSP, see Mission Specialist MSS, see Mobile Servicing System MT, see Mobile Transporter Mukai, Chiaki, 5–9, 64, 122, 191 Multi-mission Consolidated Equipment (MCE), 205, 240 Multiplexer/Demultiplexer (MDM), 227 Multi-Purpose End-to-End Robotic Operations Network (METERON), 241 Multi-Purpose Experiment Platform (MPEP), 206, 224, 225, 240, 278 Multi-purpose Laboratory Module (MLM), 154, 206 Multi-Purpose Logistics Module Donatello, 38, 166 Leonardo, viii, 38–40, 61, 92, 116, 132, 144, 152, 163, 166, 170, 171, 174, 241, 270 Raffaello, 38, 39, 45, 49, 54, 57, 166, 184, 185 Multi-user Drop Combustion Apparatus (MDCA), 117 Murakami, Yukitaka, 108 Muscle Atrophy Resistive Exercise (MARES), 163 Musk, Elon, 282, 283 MWA, see Maintenance Work Area N Nagano-Prefecture, 184, 231 Nagawa, 206

304  Index Nakayama, Nariaki, 54 NAL, see National Aerospace Laboratory of Japan NanoRacks CubeSat Deployer (NRCSD), 224, 225, 242, 259 Narashino City, 277 NASA, see National Aeronautics and Space Administration NASA Extreme Environment Mission Operations (NEEMO), 25, 90, 176, 231, 249, 266 NASDA, see National Space Development Agency National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), x, xi, 3, 5–14, 16–18, 20–27, 29, 31, 34, 37–39, 42–44, 47, 49, 52, 60–66, 68, 69, 71, 74, 76–80, 82, 84, 86, 91–97, 99–102, 104, 105, 107, 112, 115, 117, 120–124, 126, 127, 131–133, 136–141, 143–147, 149, 150, 154, 155, 159–163, 165–167, 169, 173–176, 180–182, 185–187, 189, 190, 195, 197, 198, 201–205, 208, 212, 213, 216–219, 223, 225, 229–231, 235–239, 244, 247–249, 253–255, 258, 264–266, 269, 271–273, 277, 278 National Aerospace Laboratory of Japan (NAL), x National Broadcasting Company (NBC), 51, 54, 58, 73, 87 National Public Radio (NPR), 50, 276 National Space Development Agency (NASDA), 5, 7, 20, 25, 27, 42, 44, 64, 78, 160, 161, 231, x National Television System Committee (NTSC), 117 Nauka, 154, 206 NBC, see National Broadcasting Company NEEMO, see NASA Extreme Environment Mission Operations Nelson Bill, 106 Nespoli, Paolo, 127, 182, 213, 265, xi Nitrogen Tank Assemblies (NTA), 85 NOAX, see Non-Oxide Adhesive eXperimental Noda, Yoshihiko, 207 Noguchi, Soichi, 13, 37, 38, 42–54, 56, 58, 59, 90, 99, 131–135, 137–153, 155, 157, 158, 160, 166–169, 171, 189, 280, 282, 293 Non-Oxide Adhesive eXperimental (NOAX), 50 Northrop Grumman Innovation Systems, 18, 244 Novitsky, Oleg, 198 Nozomi Mars missions, xi NPR, see National Public Radio NRCSD, see NanoRacks CubeSat Deployer NTA, see Nitrogen Tank Assemblies NTSC, see National Television System Committee Nyberg, Karen, 77, 78, 83–87, 219, 220

O OAST Flyer, see Office of Aeronautics and Space Technology Flyer Obama, Barack, 106, 148, 187 Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany, 121, 149, 151 OBSS, see Orbiter Boom Sensor System OBT, see onboard training Ochoa, Ellen, 279 OCS, see Orbit Correction System Odisseamission, 40 ODS, see Orbiter Docking System Office of Aeronautics and Space Technology Flyer (OAST Flyer), 8, 25 OGS, see Oxygen Generation System OIU, see Orbiter Interface Unit Olsen, Greg, 61 OMS, see Orbital Manoeuvring System On Board Training (OBT), 125, 140, 149, 184, 238, 260 Onishi, Takuya, 231, 247–252, 254–260, 262, 263, 266, 294 On-Orbit Hearing Assessment (O-OHA), 109, 116, 140 O-OHA, see On-Orbit Hearing Assessment Open University (OU), xiv Operations Local Area Network (OpsLAN), 108, 117 OpsLAN, see Operations Local Area Network Orbital ATK, 16, 18, 244, 260, 276, 279 Orbital Maneuvering System (OMS), 46, 48, 83, 88 Orbital Replacement Unit (ORU), 111 Orbital replacement unit/tool change-out mechanisms (OTCM), 70, 111 Orbital Science Cygnus, 10 Orbit Correction System (OCS), 180, 202 Orbiter Boom Sensor System (OBSS), 45, 47–51, 53, 57, 68, 70, 73, 74, 82–85, 88, 101, 156, 165, 171 Orbiter Docking System (ODS), 48, 69 Orbiter Interface Unit (OIU), 30 Orbiter Space Vision System (OSVS), 30 Orbiter Vehicle Atlantis, 11, 23, 39, 154, 156, 157, 184–188, 279 Challenger, 3, 5, 11, 55, 56, 62 Columbia, 11, 37, 41, 54, 56, 157 Discovery, 9, 11, 12, 20, 26, 28, 30, 34, 35, 37–39, 46–54, 57, 58, 68, 77, 82–84, 88, 91, 101–103, 107, 108, 152, 159, 164, 168, 171, 178, 188, 279, 293 Endeavour, 5, 11, 12, 21, 25, 60, 68, 69, 75, 91, 126, 127, 129, 130, 132, 144, 145, 149, 157, 175, 178, 188, 293 Enterprise, 11, 53, 188

Index   305 ORU, see Orbital Replacement Unit Oshika Peninsula, 2 O’Sullivan, John, xiv OSVS, see Orbiter Space Vision System OTCM, see Orbital Replacement Unit/Tool Change-out Mechanisms OU, see Open University OV, see Orbiter Vehicle Oxygen Generation System (OGS), 113, 120, 146, 148, 157 P Padalka, Gennadi, 92, 108, 109, 111, 116, 122–124, 126, 128, 198, 202, 204, 206, 208, 230, 235, 238, 240, 248 PAL, see Phase Alternating Line Panama City, Florida, 266 Parazynski, Scott, 149 Parmitano, Luca, 213, 219, 220 Parsons, Bill, 47 Passive Experiment Container (PEC), 185 Payette, Julie, 92, 126–129 Payload Laptop Terminal (PLT), 20, 21, 37, 38, 60, 61, 77, 78, 91, 92, 125, 159, 160 Payload On-orbit Still Shots for Utilisation and Maintenance (POSSUM), 140 Payload Specialist (PS), 5, 7, 9, 64, 71 PCBA, see Portable Clinical Blood Analyser PCM, see Pressurised Cargo Module PCMCIA, see Personal Computer Memory Card International Association PCS, see Portable Computer System PCU, see Power Control Unit PDAM, see Predetermined Debris Avoidance Maneuver PDGF, see Power & Data Grapple Fixture Peake, Tim, 248 PEC, see Passive Experiment Container Pence, Mike, 278 Permanent Multi-purpose Module (PMM), 144, 166, 175, 226, 241, 271 Personal Computer Memory Card International Association (PCMCIA), 106, 119, 123 Pesquet, Thomas, 265 PFCS, see Pump Flow Control Subassembly PFMC, see Pump/Fan Motor Controller Phase Alternating Line (PAL), 117 Phd, see Doctor of Philosophy Phillips, John, 38, 48, 50–52, 54, 56, 57, 91, 103, 105 Photovoltaic array assemblies (PVAA), 38 Photovoltaic Radiator Flight Quick Disconnect Coupling (PVR 2B FQDC), 210

Pilot (PLT), 66, 231, 236, 251, xiv Pirs airlock, 39 PLT, see Payload Laptop Terminal; Pilot PM, see Pressurised Module; Project Management; Pump Module PMA, see Pressurised Mating Adaptor PMM, see Permanent Multi-purpose Module PMP, see Project Management Professional Poindexter, Alan, 159, 160, 166–170, 260 Poisk module, 123, 133, 143, 206, 219, 276 Polansky, Mark, 92, 126–129 Pontes, Marcos, 61 Portable Clinical Blood Analyser (PCBA), 111, 114, 120 Portable Computer System (PCS), 114, 115, 153 Portable Work Stations (PWS), 110 POSSUM, see Payload On-orbit Still Shots for Utilisation and Maintenance Potable Water Dispenser (PWD), 115 Power Control Unit (PCU), 40 Power & Data Grapple Fixture (PDGF), 123, 150, 184, 223, 225, 276 PPA, see Pump Package Assembly PPL, see Private Pilot Licence Praxis, xiii Predetermined Debris Avoidance Maneuver (PDAM), 236, 242 Pressurised Cargo Module (PCM), 18 Pressurised Mating Adaptor (PMA), 20, 21, 26–28, 30–33, 35, 37–39, 48, 60, 69, 77, 91, 144, 148, 154, 159, 161, 184, 186, 189, 258, 289 Pressurised Module (PM), 12, 67, 68, 70, 80–82, 107, 109, 112, 114, 126, 140, 144, 152 Priocca, Italy, 210 Private pilot licence (PPL), xiv Progress Progress M-67, 124, 129 Progress M-02M, 116–118, 123, 124 Progress M-03M, 152 Progress M-04M, 143, 144, 152, 153 Progress M-05M, 151–153, 157 Progress M-10M, 179, 192, 193 Progress M-11M, 182–184, 189 Progress M-12M, 189 Progress M-13M, 193, 194 Progress M-15M, 203, 205, 227 Progress M-16M, 205, 207, 210 Progress M-17M, 210 Progress M-20M, 224 Progress M-21M, 221, 227 Progress M-22M, 224, 226 Progress M-23M, 226 Progress M-26M, 236, 239

306  Index Progress (cont.) Progress M-27M, 230 Progress M-28M, 240, 242 Progress M-29M, 240, 242, 244 Progress MS-02, 258, 260 Progress MS-03, 256, 259 Progress MS-04, 259 Progress MS-06, 271 Progress MS-07, 276 Progress MS-08, 275, 276, 278, 279 Project Management (PM), xiv Project Management Professional (PMP), xiv Proton-K (Rocket), 21 PS, see Payload Specialist Pump/Fan Motor Controller (PFMC), 240 Pump Flow Control Subassembly (PFCS), 277–279 Pump Module (PM), 128, 222 Pump Package Assembly (PPA), 148 PVAA, see Photovoltaic Array Assemblies PVR 2B FQDC, see Photovoltaic Radiator Flight Quick Disconnect Coupling PWD, see Potable Water Dispenser PWS, see Portable Work Stations Q QD, see Quick Disconnect Quest Joint Airlock, 39 Quick Disconnect (QD), 222 R Radiation Area Monitor (RAM), 259, 261 Radiator Beam Valve Module (RBVM), 277 RAM, see Radiation Area Monitor Rassvet module, 153–156, 174, 179, 202, 235, 243, 280 Rate Gyro Assembly (RGA), 167 RBVM, see Radiator Beam Valve Module RCAST, see Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology RCS, see Reaction Control System Reaction Control System (RCS), 58, 88 Reisman, Garrett, 67–70, 72, 73, 75, 78, 82, 83, 87, 88, 154–156 Reiter, Thomas, 61, 62, 119 RELL, see Robotics External Leak Locator Remote Power Controller Module (RPCM), 73, 191, 276 Remote Sensing Unit (RSU), 108, 260 Rendezvous Pitch Manoeuvr (RPM), 46, 48, 49, 69, 83, 102, 163, 166, 185 Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology (RCAST), 59

Resonant Inductive Near-field Generation System (RINGS), 224 Resupply Stowage Platform (RSP), 164, 184, 241 Resupply Stowage Rack (RSR), 164, 184 Revin, Sergei, 198, 202, 204, 206, 208 RGA, see Rate Gyro Assembly RHC, see Rotational Hand Controller Ride, Sally, 166 RIGEX, see Rigidisable Inflatable Get-Away Special Equipment Rigidisable Inflatable Get-Away Special Equipment (RIGEX), 74 RINGS, see Resonant Inductive Near-field Generation System RKA, see Russian Federal Space Agency RLT, see Robotic Manipulator System Laptop Terminal RLT-BU, see Robotics Laptop Terminal Backup Robinson, Stephen, 37, 38, 48–51, 53–55, 58, 145, 146, 148 Robonaut, 189, 191, 193, 194, 275 Robotic Manipulator System Laptop Terminal (RLT), 109, 115 Robotic Refueling Mission (RRM), 185, 191 Robotics External Leak Locator (RELL), 260 Robotics Laptop Terminal Backup (RLT-BU), 122 Robotic Work Station/Portable Work Station (RWS PCS), 144 Romanenko, Roman, 120, 123 Rosaviakosmos (Roscosmos), 10, 61 Ross, Jerry, 40 Rotational hand controller (RHC), 116 RPCM, see Remote Power Controller Module RPM, see Rendezvous Pitch Maneuver RRM, see Robotic Refueling Mission RS, see Russian Segment RSP, see Resupply Stowage Platform RSR, see Resupply Stowage Rack RSU, see Remote Sensing Unit Rubins, Kathleen, 247, 248, 252, 255, 258–262 Russia, 10, 13, 30, 112, 120, 132, 133, 176, 200, 201, 215, 266 Russian Federal Space Agency (RKA), 38, 61, 78, 92, 131, 132, 160, 173, 174, 197, 198, 212, 213, 229, 230, 247, 248, 264, 265 Russian Segment (RS), 14, 110, 117, 125, 129, 142, 148, 154, 174, 185, 217, 222–224, 256, 275 RWS PCS, see Robotic Work Station/Portable Work Station Ryazansky, Sergei, 213, 214, 217, 222, 224 Ryzhikov, Sergei, 248, 261

Index   307 S SAFER, see Simplified Aid for EVA Rescue Sagamihara, 152 Saitama Prefecture, 22 Samokutyayev, Aleksandr, 174, 188, 191 San Diego, 209 Santa Clara, 209 SARJ, see Solar Array Rotary Joint SAW Solar Array Wing SASA, see S-Band Antenna Subassembly Satakunta, Finland, 113 Saturn V, 11 SAW, see Solar Array Wing S-Band Antenna Subassembly (SASA), 32 Schlegel, Hans, 63 Science Dream Association (SDA), 110 Science, Technology, Engineering, Arts, and Mathematics (STEAM), 259 SCOF, see Solution Crystallization Observation Facility SDA, see Science Dream Association Seddon, Rhea, 166 SEITE, see Shuttle Exhaust Ion Turbulence Experiments Sellers, Piers, 154–156 Service Module (SM), 12, 18, 78 Setagaya-ku, 78 Seto, Aichi, 193 SFAAM, see Small Fine Arm Attachment Mechanism SFA Stowage Equipment/Tool Fixture (SSE TF), 150 Sfera satellite, 206 SFU, see Space Flyer Unit SGANT, see Space to Ground Antenna SGTRC, see Space to Ground Transmitter Receiver Controller Shargin, Yuri, 41 Sharman, Helen, 248 Shaw, Chuck, 32 Shenzhou Shenzhou 5, 41 Shenzhou 6, 61 Shenzhou 7, 92 Shenzhou 9, 198 Shenzhou 10, 214 Shenzhou 11, 265 Shiogama, 151 Shukor, Al Masrie Muszaphar, 62 Shuttle, see Space Transportation System Shuttle Exhaust Ion Turbulence Experiments (SEITE), 98 Shuttle Ionospheric Modification with Pulsed Local EXhaust (SIMPLEX), 98

Shuttle Point Autonomous Research Tool for Astronomy (SPARTAN), 8–9, 65 Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM), xi, 9, 22 Shuttle Remote Manipulator System (SRMS), 27 Shuttleworth, Mark, 40 Sierra Nevada, 16 Simonyi, Charles, 62, 107, 108, 111, 132 SIMPLEX, see Shuttle Ionospheric Modification with Pulsed Local EXhaust Simplified Aid for EVA Rescue (SAFER), 33, 50 Skvortsov, Aleksandr, 132, 151, 152, 157, 160, 213, 226 Skylab, 11, 92 SLAMMD, see Space Linear Acceleration Mass Measurement Device SLEEP, see Sleep-Wake Actigraphy & Light Exposure during Spaceflight Sleep-Wake Actigraphy & Light Exposure during Spaceflight (SLEEP), 108, 112, 120 Slide table (ST), 140, 150, 220, 225, 240, 241, 256, 260, 278 SLM, see Sound Level Meter SLP, see Spacelab Logistics Pallet SLT, see System Laptop Terminal SM, see Service Module Small Fine Arm Attachment Mechanism (SFAAM), 206 Small Satellite Orbital Deployer (SSOD), 209, 220, 224, 240, 241, 278, 279 SMILES, see Superconducting sub-Millimeter-­ wave Limb-Emission Sounder Smoke Point In Co-flow Experiment (SPICE), 119 Sochi Olympics, 214 SODF, see Station Operations Data File SOdium LOad in microgravity (SOLO), 114 Solar Array Rotary Joint (SARJ), 74, 84, 85, 87, 116 Solar Array Wing (SAW), 38 Solid Rocket Booster (SRB), 11, 47 SOLO, see SOdium LOad in microgravity Solomon, Maury, xiii Solution Crystallization Observation Facility (SCOF), 110, 117 Sound Level Meter (SLM), 112, 125 Soviet Union, 12 Soyuz Descent Module, 12–14, 61, 78 Orbital Module, 12, 61, 92 Service Module, 12, 18, 78 Soyuz 1, 55, 56 Soyuz 11, 55, 56 Soyuz MS-01, 247–264, 294 Soyuz MS-02, 259, 261, 265 Soyuz MS-03, 265

308  Index Soyuz (cont.) Soyuz MS-04, 265 Soyuz MS-05, 265 Soyuz MS-06, 265, 276 Soyuz MS-07, 264–281, 294 Soyuz MS-08, 276 Soyuz TM-10, 3 Soyuz TM-11, 3 Soyuz TM-29, 21 Soyuz TM-30, 22 Soyuz TM-31, 34, 38 Soyuz TM-32, 39 Soyuz TM-33, 40 Soyuz TM-34, 40 Soyuz TMA-1, 40, 41, 132 Soyuz TMA-2, 41 Soyuz TMA-3, 41 Soyuz TMA-4, 41 Soyuz TMA-5, 41 Soyuz TMA-6, 41 Soyuz TMA-7, 61 Soyuz TMA-8, 61, 62 Soyuz TMA-9, 62, 214 Soyuz TMA-10, 62, 107 Soyuz TMA-11, 62, 78 Soyuz TMA-12, 78, 92 Soyuz TMA-13, 92, 111, 132 Soyuz TMA-14, 107–109, 124, 132 Soyuz TMA-15, 119, 120, 132 Soyuz TMA-16, 133, 143, 151 Soyuz TMA-17, 13, 59, 131–158, 293 Soyuz TMA-18, 151, 152, 160 Soyuz TMA-19, 174 Soyuz TMA-20, 174 Soyuz TMA-21, 175, 179, 188, 191 Soyuz TMA-22, 194, 198 Soyuz TMA-02M, 173–196, 293 Soyuz TMA-03M, 198 Soyuz TMA-04M, 198, 203, 206–208 Soyuz TMA-05M, 88, 197–211, 293 Soyuz TMA-06M, 208–210, 213 Soyuz TMA-07M, 213 Soyuz TMA-08M, 213 Soyuz TMA-09M, 213, 219, 220 Soyuz TMA-10M, 214, 219, 226 Soyuz TMA-11M, 7, 35, 130, 212–228, 294 Soyuz TMA-12M, 226, 230 Soyuz TMA-13M, 230 Soyuz TMA-14M, 230 Soyuz TMA-15M, 230 Soyuz TMA-16M, 230, 234, 240, 248 Soyuz TMA-17M, 229–246, 294 Soyuz TMA-18M, 240, 248

Soyuz TMA-19M, 248 Soyuz TMA-20M, 249, 258, 259 SpaceDRUMS, see Space Dynamically Responding Ultrasonic Matrix Space Dynamically Responding Ultrasonic Matrix (SpaceDRUMS), 143 Spaceflight Cognitive Assessment Tool for Windows (WinSCAT), 112, 141 Space Flyer Unit (SFU), 7, 8, 25 SpaceHab (module), xi, 9, 21, 41, 62 Spacelab, xi, 6, 7 Spacelab Logistics Pallet (SLP), 72 Space Linear Acceleration Mass Measurement Device (SLAMMD), 119 Space Shuttle, xi, 10, 11, 16, 39, 60, 77, 112, 188, 236 Space Shuttle Main Engine (SSME), 11, 47 Space Shuttle Remote Manipulator (SRMS), 8, 25, 27 Space Station Integration & Promotion Center (SSIPC), 109, 111, 113, 115 Space Station Remote Manipulator System (SSRMS), 38, 184, 242, 271 Space to Ground Antenna (SGANT), 32, 154 Space to Ground Transmitter Receiver Controller (SGTRC), 279 Space tourist, xi, 39–41, 61, 62, 92, 107, 108, 126, 132, 133, 248 Space Transportation System (STS) STS-1, 187 STS-3, 223 STS-6, 184 STS-39, 149 STS-40, 166 STS-47, 5, 6, 64 STS-52, 149 STS-56, 279 STS-65, 5, 7 STS-66, 279 STS-72, 7, 25, 26, 78 STS-78, 214 STS-85, 25 STS-87, 8, 64, 65 STS-88, 21, 188 STS-90, 7 STS-92, xi, 7, 11, 20–36, 93, 130, 164–165, 293 STS-93, 21 STS-95, 7, 9 STS-96, 21, 33, 279 STS-97, 28, 32, 33, 38 STS-98, 38 STS-99, 9, 22 STS-100, 38 STS-101, 21, 22, 214

Index   309 STS-102, 38, 275 STS-103, 21 STS-104, 39 STS-105, 39 STS-106, 22, 23, 34 STS-107, 7, 41, 43, 44, 54 STS-108, 39 STS-109, 40 STS-110, 40, 279 STS-111, 40, 53 STS-112, 40, 186 STS-113, 40–42 STS-114, 37–59, 61, 133, 158, 293 STS-115, 62 STS-116, 62 STS-117, 62 STS-118, 53, 62 STS-119, 7, 35, 91–130, 214, 228, 293 STS-120, 63, 74, 186 STS-122, 63, 260 STS-123, 8, 12, 41, 60–76, 83, 85, 293 STS-124, 12, 69, 70, 77–90, 199, 211, 293 STS-125, 53, 119, 132, 157 STS-126, 92 STS-127, 12, 91–130, 132, 293 STS-128, 132 STS-129, 133, 186 STS-130, 143, 144, 148, 160 STS-131, 151, 152, 159–172, 260, 293 STS-132, 153, 154, 174 STS-133, 166, 174 STS-134, 170, 174, 175 STS-135, 157, 174, 182, 184–186 STS-300, 157 STS-335, 156–157 STS-400, 132, 157 STS-51A, 186 STS-51C, 3 STS-61C, 106 STS-51D, 186 STS-51F, 223 STS-41G, 166 SpaceX, 10, 16–18, 209, 227, 256, 282 SPARTAN, see Shuttle Point Autonomous Research Tool for Astronomy SPDM, see Special Purpose Dextrous Manipulator Special Purpose Dextrous Manipulator (SPDM), 66, 67, 123, 226 SPHERES, see Synchronized Position Hold, Engage, Reorient, Experimental Satellites SPICE, see Smoke Point In Co-flow Experiment SRB, see Solid Rocket Booster SRMS, see Shuttle Remote Manipulator System

SSC, see Station Support Computer SSE TF, see SFA Stowage Equipment/Tool Fixture SSHDTV, see Super Sensitive High-Definition Television SSIPC, see Space Station Integration & Promotion Center SSK, see Surface Sample Kit SSME, see Space Shuttle Main Engine SSOD, see Small Satellite Orbital Deployer SSPTS, see Station to Shuttle Power Transfer System SSRM, see Space Shuttle Remote Manipulator SSRMS, see Space Station Remote Manipulator System ST, see Slide Table Star City, Russia, 42, 79, 161, 176, 199, 248 Station Operations Data File (SODF), 111 Station Support Computer (SSC), 108, 112, 114, 140, 242 Station to Shuttle Power Transfer System (SSPTS), 68, 128 STEAM, see Science, Technology, Engineering, Arts, and Mathematics Stipe, Michael, 186 Stott, Nicole, 92, 132 Strait, George, 54 Strekalov, Gennadi, 3 Strela (crane), 21, 223 STS, see Space Transportation System Sullivan, Kathryn, xiii, xiv, 166 Superconducting sub-Millimeter-wave Limb-­ Emission Sounder (SMILES), 240 Super Sensitive High-Definition Television (SSHDTV), 192 Surayev, Maxim, 133, 142, 143, 145, 151 Surface Sample Kit (SSK), 115, 259, 261 Swanson, Steven, 91, 93, 103–105, 155, 213, 226, 227 Synchronised Position Hold, Engage, Reorient, Experimental Satellites (SPHERES), 122, 219, 224, 239, 242, 257, 260 System Laptop Terminal (SLT), 124 T TAA, see Triaxial Accelerometer Tachikawa, Keiji, 120 Taikonaut, 41, 92, 198, 214 Takigiku, Kiyohiro, 184 Takine, 2 Tanegashima Space Center, Japan, 7, 204, 239 Tani, Dan, 61, 63 Tarelkin, Yevgeni, 198

310  Index Tasker, Elizabeth, xiii Tatebayashi, 5 TBS, see Tokyo Broadcasting System TCA LTL, see Temperature Control Assembly/ Low Temperature Loop TCQ, see Temporary Crew Quarters TDRS, see Tracking & Data Relay Satellite Temperature Control Assembly/Low Temperature Loop (TCA LTL), 113 Temporary Crew Quarters (TCQ), 120 Temporary Sleep Station (TeSS), 112, 120 TeSS, see Temporary Sleep Station Thales Alenia, 18, 144 THC, see Translational hand controller Thermal Protection System (TPS), 25, 45, 46, 48, 57, 68–70, 83, 84, 88, 104, 129–130, 132, 165, 166, 168 Thermal Radiator Rotary Joint (TRRJ), 40, 280 Thirsk, Robert, 92, 120, 121, 124, 126, 128 Tōhoku, 2 Thomas, Andrew, 37, 38, 47, 48, 50, 52, 53, 56–58 Tiangong-1, 198, 214 Tiangong-2, 265 Tile Repair Ablator Dispenser (TRAD), 73 Tingle, Scott, 264–266, 268, 274, 276, 277, 279, 280 Tito, Denis, 22, 29 TM, see Transport Modified TMA, see Transport Modified Anthropometric TOCA, see Total Organic Carbon Analyser Tokyo, 3–6, 63, 78, 121, 122, 141, 149, 150, 192, 205–207, 209, 225, 249, 265 Tokyo Broadcasting System (TBS), 3 Total Organic Carbon Analyser (TOCA), 111–113 Total & Spectral solar Irradiance Sensor (TSIS), 272 TPS, see Thermal Protection System Tracking & Data Relay Satellite (TDRS), 151 TRAD, see Tile Repair Ablator Dispenser Trailing Thermal Control Radiator (TTCR), 210, 258 Tranquility module, 145, 192, 239, 240, 249 Translational hand controller (THC), 116 Transport Modified (TM), 40 Transport Modified Anthropometric (TMA), 41 Treadmill with Vibration Isolation Stabilisation (TVIS), 106–108, 111, 113, 114, 118, 120–122 Triangulation and LIDAR Automated Rendezvous and Docking (TriDAR), 164 Triaxial Accelerometer (TAA), 260 TriDAR, see Triangulation and LIDAR Automated Rendezvous and Docking TRRJ, see Thermal Radiator Rotary Joint Trump, Donald, 278 Tsiolkovsky, 188 TSIS, see Total & Spectral solar Irradiance Sensor

Tsukuba, 109, 111, 113, 153, 191, 210 TsUP, RKA Mission Control Centre, 121, 123, 245, 262 TTCR, see Trailing Thermal Control Radiator Tucson, Arizona, 106 Tulsa, Oklahoma, 279 TVIS, see Treadmill with Vibration Isolation Stabilisation Tyurin, Mikhail, 212–214, 217, 219, 228 U UCC, see University College Cork UCCAS, see Unpressurised Cargo Carrier Attachment System UF, see Utilisation Flight UHF, see Ultra-High Frequency ULC, see Unpressurised Logistics Carrier ULF, see Utilisation and Logistics Flight Ultra-High Frequency (UHF), 227 UNICEF, see United Nations Children’s Fund Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), 3 United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs (UNOOSA), 8, 76 United States (US), 39, 140, 149, 278 United States of America (USA), 3, 10, 21, 78, 120, 132, 150, 187, 201 Unity module, 28, 30, 32, 34, 49, 145, 175, 188, 261 Universal Time Coordinate (UTC), 20, 28, 37, 60, 75, 77, 91, 131, 144, 159, 173, 197, 212, 229, 247, 264 University College Cork (UCC), xiv UNOOSA, see United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs Unpressurised Cargo Carrier Attachment System (UCCAS), 104–105, 127 Unpressurised Logistics Carrier (ULC), 15, 239, 241 UPA, see Urine Processing Assembly Urine Processing Assembly (UPA), 105, 106, 114, 118, 119, 148, 221 Uruma, Okinawa, 115 US, see United States USA, see United States of America US Orbital Segment (USOS), 150 USOS, see US Orbital Segment USSR, see Union of Soviet Socialist Republics UTC, see Universal Time Coordinate Utilisation and Logistics Flight (ULF), 10, 92 Utilisation Flight (UF), 10 V Vande Hei, Mark, 265, 274–276 van den Abeelen, Luc, 133, 176 Veach, Charles, 149

Index   311 Very High Frequency (VHF), 192 Very Important Person (VIP), 108 VHF, see Very High Frequency Vibration Isolation System (VIS), 108, 111, 114 VIP, see Very Important Person Virts, Terry, 145–149, 242 VIS, see Vibration Isolation System Vittori, Roberto, 40, 41 Volkov, Alexandr, 92 Volkov, Sergei, 61, 78, 83, 92, 173, 174, 179, 184, 187–189, 194, 230, 234, 240, 248 VolSci, see Voluntary Science Voluntary Science (VolSci), 116, 119, 120, 140, 142, 153, 157, 189 Voskhod, 12, 232 Vostok, 12, 232 Vozdukh, 129, 152 W Wakata, Koichi, 7–9, 11, 20–26, 29–36, 78, 91–93, 97–130, 132, 151, 164, 212–214, 217–228, 293, 294 WAP, see Wireless Access Point Washington DC, USA, 3, 148, 150, 276 Waste and Hygiene Compartment (WHC), 118, 128, 222 Water Processor Assembly/Distillation Assembly (WPA DA), 107–108 Water Recovery & Management (WRM), 108, 118 Water Recovery System (WRS), 119, 145, 146, 148 Water Recovery System/Potable Water Dispenser (WRS PWD), 113 WHC, see Waste and Hygiene Compartment Whitson, Peggy, 61, 63, 70, 72, 73, 92, 207, 265 WIF, see Worksite Interfaces Wilkie, Jim, xiii Williams, Jeffrey, 132, 133, 139, 143–146, 148–151, 248, 252, 257–259 Williams, Sunita, 62, 144, 201, 204, 206–210 Wilson, Stephanie, 159, 160, 166–171 Window Orbital Research Facility (WORF), 163, 168 WinSCAT, see Spaceflight Cognitive Assessment Tool for Windows

Wireless Access Point (WAP), 153 Wisoff, Peter, 20, 21, 29, 31–33 Wolf, David, 92, 127, 128 WORF, see Window Orbital Research Facility Worksite Interfaces (WIF), 224, 274 WPA DA, see Water Processor Assembly/ Distillation Assembly WRM, see Water Recovery & Management WRS, see Water Recovery System WRS PWD, see Water Recovery System/Potable Water Dispenser Y YAC, see Young Astronauts Club Yamazaki, Naoko, ix, xiii, 78, 159–163, 165–172, 176, 293 Yang, Liu, 198 Yaping, Wang, 214 Yi, So Yeon, 78 Yoichi, 5 Yokohama, 42, 176, 189, 225 Young Astronauts Club (YAC), 169, 191, 205 Yue, Dong, 133 Yui, Kimiya, 229–233, 235, 237, 239, 241–246, 249, 266, 294 Yuraku-cho, Chuo-ward, 209 Yurchikhin, Fyodor, 219, 220 Yuri Gagarin Cosmonauts Training Centre, 112, 168, 175, 178 Z Zamka, George, 144, 146, 149 Zarya module, 21, 22, 33, 34, 117, 148, 150, 154, 155, 185, 188, 189, 206, 223, 225 Zero-G Stowage Rack (ZSR), 184 Zhezkazgan, Kazakhstan, 157 Zond, 12 ZSR, see Zero-G Stowage Rack Zvezda module, 22, 39, 83, 109, 118, 122, 128, 133, 143, 183, 194, 208, 209, 217, 221, 222, 238, 275