Japanese Language Patterns: A Structural Approach [2]

Table of contents :
Contents
Lesson 23 "Reporting"
23.1 Echo-type Direct Reporting
23.2 " Indirect" Reporting
23.3 The Form "to yuu"
23.4 Reporting Questions
23.5 Reporting Hearsay
23.6 Reporting Requests
23.7 Reporting One's Thoughts
A Summary of "Reporting"
Lesson 24 Inter-Correlated Events
24.1 Introduction
24.2 The Connective to
24.3 The Connective -tara
24.4 to Contrasted with -tara
24.5 The Connective -ba
24.6 -ba Contrasted with to and -tara
24.7 The Connective nara
24.8 nara contrasted with -tara
24.9 The Function Word moshi
Lesson 25 Some Structural Quantitative Nouns
25.1 gurai and hodo
25.2 dake
25.3 bakari
25.4 shika
25.5 goro
Lesson 26 More about the Particle mo
26.1 General Uses of mo
26.2 mo after Interrogative Words
26.3 mo after Quantity
Lesson 27 mo and wa after -te/de
27.1 -te mo in Contrastive Sentences
27.2 -te mo after Interrogative Words
27.3 Conditions with -te mo and -te wa
27.4 -te mo and -te wa in Invitations, Offers, etc.
27.5 Some Emphatic Patterns with -te wa
Lesson 28 Doubt and Certainty
28.1 ka after Interrogative Words
28.2 Subordinate Questions
28.3 ka in Expressions of Uncertainty
28.3.1 True Doubt and Apparent Uncertainty
28.3.2 "I am of the opinion that ..."
28.3.3 Doubt about the Message or the Report
28.3.4 ka mo shiremasen
Lesson 29 Duty, Desire, Intention
29.1 Duty and Obligation
19.1.1 Duty and Obligation with -beki
29.1.2 Duty and Oblication with Conditions
29.1.3 Duty and Oblication with wake
29.1.4 hazu
29.2 Wish and Desire
29.2A Desire to do Something
29.2B Desire to have Something Done
29.2C Desire that Something Happen
29.2D The Suffix -garu
29.3 Intention
29.3A Mophology of the Verb: the -oo Form
29.3B Intention with -oo to omoimasu
29.3C Intention with tsumori
29.4 "About to..."
Lesson 30 Transitive and Intransitive Verbs
30.1 Concept of Transitive and Intransitive Verbs
30.2 Their Formal Characteristics
30.3 Use of Transitive and Intransitive Verbs
30.4 Meaning and use of Some Tenses
30.4.1 -ta Contrasted with -te iru
A: In Final Position
B: In Modifying Position
30.4.2 -te iru Contrasted with -te aru
A Formal Characteristics
B Use of -te iru and -te aru
30.4.3 -u Contrasted with -ta
Lesson 31 Potentiality
31.1 Morphology of the Verb
31.2 The Potential Sentences
31.3 Subject of the Potential Verbs
31.4 Some Common Uses of Potentials
31.4.1 With -te
31.4.2 With yoo ni
31.4.3 With dake, gurai, hodo
31.4.4 With Verb Clusters
Lesson 32 The Passive and the Permissive
32.1 The Passive
32.1.1 Of Verbs which in English are Transitive
32.1.2 When an Object is Present
32.1.3 Of Verbs which in English are Intransitive
32.1.4 The Source
32.1.5 Non-Intentional Actions
32.2 The Permissive
32.2.1 Morphology of the Verb: The Permissive
32.2.2 Permissive Sentences, in General
32.2.3 Permissive Sentences in Requests
32.2.4 Passive of the Permissive
Lesson 33 The Particles wa and ga Contrasted
33.1 Further Elaboration on the Topic
33.2 wa and ga Contrasted in General
33.3 wa and ga Contrasted in Subordinate Clauses
33.4 wa and ga Contrasted in Comparisons and Contrasts
33.5 When Only wa is Possible
33.6 de Contrasted with wa and ga
Lesson 34 On Some Structural Nouns
34.1 The Noun tokoro
34.1.1 Functioning as a Noun
34.1.2 Functioning as a Particle
34.2 The Noun mono
34.2.1 Some Uses for Production
A mono desu Equivalent to 'It is natural'
B mono desu Equivalent to 'It generally happens that", 'It is generally true for ...'
C mono desu Equivalent to 'used to', 'It was the regular thing'
D mono desu Equivalent to 'It's what is generally done', and mono de wa arimasen to 'It's what generally is not done'
E mono desu kara used to connect a reason and the action done as a result of that reason
34.2.2 Some Uses for Recognition
34.3 The noun wake
Lesson 35 On Some Structural Nouns (cont.)
35.1 The Noun koto
35.1.1 koto Functioning as an Ordinary Noun
35.1.2 koto Functioning as a Converter of Verbs into Nouns
A koto ga aru 'It sometimes happens/has happened that ...'
B suru koto wa suru 'It will be done all right (but)'
C koto ni wa functioning as a verb modifier
D koto ni wa equivalent to to, the sequence signal
35.2 The Qualitative Noun yoo
35.2.1 Some Uses of yoo in General
A How it is linked to the word preceding
B yoo Functioning as a Noun Modifier
C yoo Functioning as a Verb Modifier
D Some Particular Instances of yoo ni
35.2.2 Some Patterns with yoo and koto
35.3 Some Patterns Related to yoo
35.3.1 The Adjectival Suffix -rashi
35.3.2 The Qualitative Noun Suffix -soo
35.3.3 The Qualitative Noun Suffix - mitai
35.3.4 to mieru and ni mieru
A to mieru and ni mieru contrasted
B the form to miete
35.4 The Noun mama
Lesson 36 Sequence Signals : Re-Starting of Sentences
36.1 The Referents ko-, so-, a-
36.1.1 When Referring to What We Said
36.1.2 Referring to the Things Themselves
31.1.3 Some Frequent Patterns Involving Referents
36.2 Re-Starting of Setences
36.2.1 Re-starting with so-
A Patterns with suru
B Pattern with sore
C Pattern with sono
D General Remarks
E Practice
36.2.2 Re-starting with desu
A Affirmative Patterns
B Negative Patterns
36.2.3 Re-starting by Repetition
A Pattern with to yuu
B Patterns with Two Negatives
36.3 Some Frequent Connectives
Lesson 37
37.1 Particles Signaling Emphasis
37.1.1 sae
A sae streesing nouns in simple sentences
B sae stressing nouns in complex sentences
C saw in inter-correlated sentences
D dake de sae yatto desu
E sae compared with made and de mo
37.1.2 koso
37.1.3 to and ni stressing Verb Modifiers
A to and ni stressing verb modifiers
B ni with bern modifiers
C to compared with ni
37.2 Particles of the nan- Group
37.2.1 nado, nante and nanka
37.2.2 The Form atari
37.3 Particles Signaling Sentiments
A some intonation curves
B ne and na
C zo and ze
D tomo
E sa
F yo
G other particles
37.4 Connective Particles
A conversational patterns
B written pattern
C general remarks
Lesson 38 An Elaboration on "yuu" and "suru"
38.1 (to) yuu
38.1.1 With Certain Nouns
38.1.2 Concerning the Subject of yuu
A to yuu with no
B to yuu with either no or koto, the meaning being different in each case
C to yuu with koto
38.1.3 to yuu with tokoro
38.1.4 to yuu with Interrogative Words and Referents
38.2 suru
38.2.1 General Functions and Meanings of suru
38.2.2 to suru and ni suru
A General
B to shite and to shite wa ni shite wa
Lesson 39 Some Remarks on Contractions, Omissions, and Inversions in Informal Speech
39.1 Some Problems of Contraction
39.2 Some Problems of Omission
39.2.1 Formal Patterns
39.2.2 Conversational Patterns
A omission of particles
B omissions in connection with to
C unfinished sentences
39.3 Some Problems of Inversion
Lesson 40 Some Observations on the Honorific Style
40.1 The Verb
40.2 Other Parts of Speech
40.3 Some Practical Material
Vocabulary
Lesson 23
Lesson 24
Lesson 25
Lesson 26
Lesson 27
Lesson 28
Lesson 29
Lesson 30
Lesson 31
Lesson 32
Lesson 33
Lesson 34
Lesson 35
Lesson 36
Lesson 37
Lesson 38
Lesson 39
Lesson 40
Index of Japanese Terms
Grammatical Index

Citation preview

Center for Japanese Studies of Sophia University

Japanese

Language a

Patterns

structural

approach

Volume II

A N TH O N Y A LFO N SO

with the co-operation of Yoshisuke Hirabayashi Hisakazu Kaneko K azuaki N iim i Y o o ich i Yamaura Kazukiyo Shiga Edmund R. Skrzypczak

SO PH IA U N IV E R S IT Y L . L .

C EN TER O F APPLIED L IN G U IS T IC S Tokyo, 1966.

( ^ C o p y r ig h t by S ophia U n iv e r s ity L . L . C e n t e r of A p p l i e d L i n g u i s t i c s A ll r i g h t s r e s e r v e d . No p a r t of th is w o rk m a y be r e p ro d u c e d in a n y w a y , by m i m e o g r a p h , by c o p y in g , by ta p e re c o r d in g s , o r an y o th e r fo rm , w ith o u t e x p lic it p e r m i s s io n in w ritin g e x c e p t in th e c a s e of b r i e f q u o ta tio n s e m b o d ied in c r itic a l a r tic le s and re v ie w s. F o r in fo rm a tio n a d d re s s P h ilip R. V eelk en S ophia U n iv e rs ity , K i o i c h o 7, C h i y o d a - k u , Tokyo, Japan.

This volume is the second of the two volume work, "Japanese Language Patterns". Prel iminary explanat may be found in the introduction to the first volume.

CONTENTS LESSON 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

23. "R E P O R T IN G " ........................................................................... E c h o - t y p e D i r e c t R e p o r t i n g ............................................................... " In d ire c t" R e p o rtin g ......................................................................... T he F o r m "T O YUU" ......................................................................... R ep o rtin g Q u e stio n s ......................................................................... R ep o rtin g H e a r s a y .............................................................................. R ep o rtin g R e q u e s ts .............................................................................. R e p o r t i n g O n e 's T h o u g h t s ..............................................................

614 614 616 622 630 635 639 642

LESSON 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

24. IN T E R -C O R R E L A T E D EV EN TS ...................................... In tro d u c tio n .............................................................................................. The C o n n ectiv e TO .............................................................................. The C o n n ectiv e -T A R A .................................................................... T O C o n t r a s t e d w i t h - T A R A .............................................................. The C o n n ectiv e -B A .............................................................................. - B A C o n t r a s t e d w i t h T O a n d - T A R A .......................................... The C o n n ectiv e N A RA ......................................................................... NARA C o n tr a s te d w ith -T A R A .................................................... The F u n c tio n W ord MOSHI ...............................................................

650 650 65 2 658 665 671 680 685 691 694

LESSON 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

25. SOM E S T R U C T U R A L Q U A N T IT A T IV E NOUNS . . GURAI and HODO ................................................................................... DAKE ............................................................................................................. BAKARI ........................................................................................................ SH IK A ............................................................................................................. GORO .............................................................................................................

700 700 712 722 731 734

LESSON 1. 2. 3.

26. M O R E A B O U T T H E P A R T I C L E M O ................................ G e n e r a l U s e s of M O .............................................................................. MO a f t e r I n t e r r o g a t i v e W o r d s ......................................................... MO a f t e r Q u a n t i t y ...................................................................................

7 37 737 747 753

LESSON 27. M O AN D WA A F T E R - T E / D E ........................................... 1. - T E M O in C o n t r a s t i v e S e n t e n c e s ............................................... 2. -T E MO a f t e r I n t e r r o g a t i v e W o rd s .......................................... 3. C o n d itio n s w ith - T E MO an d - T E W A ..................................... 4. - T E MO a n d - T E W A i n I n v i t a t i o n s , O f f e r s , e t c . . . . 5. S om e E m p h a t i c P a t t e r n s w i t h - T E W A .....................................

760 760 769 774 780 785

LESSON 28. DOU BT AND U N C E R T A IN T Y ........................................... 1. KA a f t e r I n t e r r o g a t i v e W o r d s ......................................................... 2. S u b o rd in ate Q u e s tio n s ......................................................................... 3. KA in E x p r e s s i o n s of U n c e r t a i n t y ............................................... 3. 1. T r u e D o u b t a n d A p p a r e n t U n c e r t a i n t y ................................. 2. "I a m of t h e O p i n i o n t h a t . . . " ................................................ 3. D oubt a b o u t t h e M e s s a g e o r t h e R e p o r t .................................. 4. KA MO S H I R E M A S E N ......................................................................

791 791 799 803 80 3 807 813 816

V l ll

LESSON 1. 1 .1 . 2. 3. 4. 2. 2. A: B: C: D: 3. 3. A: B: C: 4.

29. D U T Y , D E S I R E , I N T E N T I O N ............................................. D u ty a n d O b l i g a t i o n .............................................................................. D u ty a n d O b l i g a t i o n w i t h - B E K I ............................................... D u ty a n d O b l i g a t i o n w i t h C o n d i t i o n s ..................................... D u ty a n d O b l i g a t i o n w i t h W A K E ............................................... HAZU ........................................................................................................ W ish and D e s ir e ................................................................................... D e s i r e t o do S o m e t h i n g .................................................................... D e s i r e t o H a v e S o m e t h i n g D o n e .................................................... D e s ir e th a t S o m e th in g H a p p en .................................................... T h e S u ffix - G A R U .............................................................................. In ten tio n ........................................................................................................ M o rp h o lo g y of th e V e rb : T h e -O O F o r m .......................... I n t e n t i o n w i t h - O O T O O M O IM A S U .......................................... I n t e n t i o n w i t h T S U M O R I .................................................................... "A BO U T TO . . . "

819 819 819 822 827 831 838 838 843 846 850 85 2 852 85 3 859 863

L E S S O N 30. T R A N S IT IV E AND IN T R A N S IT IV E V E R B S . . . . 1. C o n c e p t of T r a n s i t i v e a n d I n t r a n s i t i v e V e r b s ...................... 2. T h eir F o rm a l C h a ra c te ris tic s .................................................... 3. U s e o f T r a n s i t i v e a n d I n t r a n s i t i v e V e r b s .................................. 4. M e a n i n g a n d U s e of S o m e T e n s e s ............................................. 4 . 1. - T A C o n t r a s t e d w i t h - T E IR U ............................................. 1 . A: In F i n a l P o s i t i o n .............................................................................. B: In M o d i f y i n g P o s i t i o n .................................................................... 2. - T E IR U C o n t r a s t e d w i t h - T E A R U .......................................... 2. A: F o r m a l C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s ............................................................... B: U s e of - T E IR U a n d - T E A R U ............................................... 3. -U C o n tr a s te d w ith - T A ...............................................................

869 869 873 880 889 889 889 893 900 900 903 905

LESSON 1. 2. 3. 4. 4 .1 . 2. 3. 4.

31. P O T E N T IA L IT Y ....................................................................... M o r p h o l o g y of t h e V e r b .................................................................... The P o te n tia l S en ten ce ......................................................................... S u b j e c t of t h e P o t e n t i a l V e r b .......................................................... S o m e C o m m o n U s e s of P o t e n t i a l s ............................................... W ith - T E .................................................................................................... W ith YOO N I ........................................................................................... W ith D A K E , G U R A I, H O D O .......................................................... W ith V e r b C l u s t e r s ................................................................................

911 911 917 922 925 925 927 929 932

L E S S O N 32. T H E P A S S IV E AN D T H E P E R M I S S I V E ..................... 1. The P a s s iv e ............................................................................................. 1. 1. Of V e r b s w h i c h i n E n g l i s h a r e T r a n s i t i v e ............................ 2. W hen an O b jec t is P r e s e n t .......................................................... 3. Of V e r b s w h ic h in E n g lis h a r e I n t r a n s it i v e ..................... 4. The S ource .............................................................................................. 5. N o n -In te n tio n a l A c tio n s .................................................................... 2. The P e rm is s iv e ......................................................................................... 2. 1. M o r p h o l o g y of t h e V e r b : T h e P e r m i s s i v e ........................

9 35 935 936 942 946 949 95 2 954 954

2.

2. 3. 4.

P e r m i s s i v e S e n t e n c e s in G e n e r a l ............................................ P e r m i s s i v e S e n t e n c e s in R e q u e s t s .......................................... P a s s i v e of t h e P e r m i s s i v e .........................................................

LESSON 33. T H E P A R T IC L E S WA AND GA C O N T R A S T E D . . 1. F u r t h e r E l a b o r a t i o n o n t h e T O P I C ............................... 967 2. WA a n d G A C o n t r a s t e d i n G e n e r a l ............................... 972 3. WA a n d G A C o n t r a s t e d in S u b o r d i n a t e C l a u s e s . . . . 4. WA a n d G A C o n t r a s t e d in C o m p a r i s o n s a n d C o n t r a s t s . . 5. W hen o n l y W A i s P o s s i b l e ............................................................... 6. DE C o n tr a s te d w ith WA and GA .................................................... LESSON 1. 1 .1 . 2. 2. 2.1. 2. 3.

957 963 9 65 967

982 984 988 990

34. ON S O M E S T R U C T U R A L N O U N S ................................. 994 T h e N o u n T O K O R O ......................................................................... 994 F u n c tio n in g a s a Noun .................................................................... 994 F u n ctio n in g a s a P a r t i c l e ................................................................. 100 2 The N oun MONO ................................................................................... 1011 Som e U s e s fo r P R O D U C T IO N .................................................... 1012 S om e U s e s f o r R E C O G N IT IO N ...................................................... 10 23 The Noun WAKE ................................................................................... 1027

LESSON 35. ON S O M E S T R U C T U R A L N O U N S ( C O N T . ) . . . . 1. T h e N o u n K O T O ........................................................................................ 1 .1 . K O T O F u n c t i o n i n g a s a n O r d i n a r y N o u n ................................ 2. K O T O F u n c t i o n i n g a s a C o n v e r t e r of V e r b s i n to N o u n s . 2. A: K O T O G A A R U ................................................................................... B: S U R U K O T O W A SU R U ............................................................... C: K O T O N I WA a s a V e r b M o d i f i e r ......................................... D: K O T O N I W A E q u i v a l e n t t o T O .............................................. 2. T h e Q u a l i t a t i v e N o u n YOO ............................................................... 2. 1. S o m e U s e s of YOO in G e n e r a l .................................................... 1. A: H ow it i s L i n k e d t o t h e W o r d P r e c e d i n g .......................... B: YOO F u n c t i o n i n g a s a N o u n M o d i f i e r ............................... C: YOO F u n c t i o n i n g a s a V e r b M o d i f i e r ............................... D: S o m e P a r t i c u l a r I n s t a n c e s of YOO N I .......................... 2. S o m e P a t t e r n s w i t h YOO a n d K O T O .................................... 3. S o m e P a t t e r n s R e l a t e d to YOO .................................................... 3. 1. T h e A d j e c t i v a l S u f f ix -R A S H I I .................................................... 2. T h e Q u a l i t a t i v e N o u n S u ffix -S O O ......................................... 3. T h e Q u a l i t a t i v e N o u n S u ffix - M I T A I .................................... 4. TO M I E R U a n d N I M I E R U .............................................................. 4. A: T O M I E R U a n d N I M IE R U C o n t r a s t e d .......................... B: T O M I E T E ............................................................................................. 4. The Noun M AM A .................................................................................... S E Q U E N C E S IG N A L S AND R E - S T A R T I N G O F S E N T E N C E S ......................................................................... 1. The R e fe re n ts K O -, S O -, A ........................................................... 1. 1. W hen R e f e r r i n g to w h a t w a s S a id ....................................... 2. R e f e r r i n g to t h e T h i n g s T h e m s e l v e s ............................................

1030 10 30 10 30 1036 1036 1038 1039 1040 1046 1046 1046 1048 1050 1054 1059 10 63 1063 10 66 1069 107 2 1072 107 3 1075

LESSON 36.

1077 1079 1079 1083

X

1. 3. S o m e F r e q u e n t P a t t e r n s I n v o l v i n g R e f e r e n t s ........................ 2. R e - s t a r t i n g of S e n t e n c e s .................................................................... 2. 1. R e - s t a r ti n g w ith SO......................................................................... 1. A: P a t t e r n s w i t h SU R U .................................................................... B: P a t t e r n s w i t h S O R E ..................................................................... C: P a t t e r n s w i t h SONO ..................................................................... D: G en eral R em ark s ......................................................................... 2. R e - s t a r ti n g w ith DESU .................................................................... 2. A: A ffirm ativ e P a tte r n s .................................................................... B: N e g a t i v e P a t t e r n s ......................................................................... 3. R e - s ta r tin g by R e p e titio n ............................................................... 3. A: P a t t e r n s w i t h T O YUU ............................................................... B: P a t t e r n s w i t h T w o N e g a t i o n s ...................................................... 3. S o m e F r e q u e n t C o n n e c t i v e s ...............................................................

1090 1097 1097 1097 1098 1099 1100 110 6 1106 1111 1111 1112 1114 1117

L E S S O N 37. MORE P A R T IC L E S .................................................................... 1. P a r t i c l e s S ig n a lin g E m p h a s i s .......................................................... 1 .1 . S A E ..................................................................................................................... 1 . A: S A E S t r e s s i n g N o u n s i n S i m p l e S e n t e n c e s ....................... B: S A E S t r e s s i n g N o u n s i n C o m p l e x S e n t e n c e s . . . . C: S A E i n I n t e r - C o r r e l a t e d S e n t e n c e s ...................................... D: D A K E D E S A E Y A T T O D E S U ...................................................... E: SAE C o m p a r e d w ith M A D E an d D E M O ............................ 2. K O SO 3. TO and NI S tr e s s in g V e rb M o d ifie rs ..................................... 3. A: T O w i t h V e r b M o d i f i e r s ............................................................... B: N I w i t h V e r b M o d i f i e r s ................................................................ C: T O C o m p a r e d w i t h N I .................................................................... 2. P a r t i c l e s of t h e N A N - G r o u p .......................................................... 2 .1 . NADO, NA N TE and NANKA .......................................................... 2. T h e F o r m A T A R I ............................................................................... 3. P a r t i c l e s S ig n a lin g S e n tim e n ts ..................................................... 3. A: S o m e I n t o n a t i o n C u r v e s ..................................................................... B: N E a n d N A ............................................................................................... C: Z O a n d Z E ................................................................................................ D: T O M O .......................................................................................................... E : SA ............................................................................................................... F : YO ............................................................................................... ..... G: O t h e r P a r t i c l e s .................................................................................... 4. C o n n ectiv e P a r t i c l e s ......................................... 4. A: C o n v e r s a t i o n a l P a t t e r n s ................................................................. B: W r i t t e n P a t t e r n ..................................................................................... C: G e n e r a l R e m a r k s ................................................................................

1122 1122 1122 1122 1124 1126 1129 1130 1131 1134 1134 1136 1137 1138 1138 1141 1142 1143 1144 1145 1145 1146 11471 1147 1148 1148 1150| 1150

L E S S O N 38. AN E L A B O R A T I O N ON " Y U U " AN D " S U R U " . . . 1. (T O ) Y U U ....................................................................................................... 1 .1 . W ith C e r t a i n N o u n s ................................................................... 2. C o n c e r n i n g t h e S u b j e c t of Y U U ...................................................... 2. A: T O YUU w i t h NO . . . ...............................................................

1153 1153 115 3 1160 1162

XI

1. 2.

B: T O YUU w i t h N O o r K O T O w i t h D i f f e r e n t M e a n i n g s . T O YUU w i t h K O T O ............................................................................ 3. T O YUU w i t h T O K O R O .................................................................... 4. T O YUU w i t h I n t e r r o g a t i v e W o r d s a n d R e f e r e n t s . . . 2. SURU ............................................................................................................. 2. 1. G e n e r a l F u n c t i o n s a n d M e a n i n g s of S U R U .............................. 2. T O SU R U a n d N I S U R U ..................................................................... 2. A: In G e n e r a l ......................................................................................... B: T O S H I T E a n d T O S H I T E WA, N I S H IT E W A . . . . C:

1162 1163 1166 1167 1170 1170 1175 1175 1182

LESSON 39.

S O M E R E M A R K S ON C O N T R A C T I O N S , O M IS S IO N S AN D IN V E R S IO N S IN I N F O R M A L S P E E C H . . . Som e P r o b l e m s of C o n tra c tio n ....................................................... 1. U n v o i c i n g of V o w e l s 2. S o m e C o m m o n C o n t r a c t i o n s ................................................... Som e P r o b l e m s of O m is s io n .......................................................... 1. F o r m a l P a t t e r n s ............................................................................... 2. C o n v e r s a t i o n a l P a t t e r n s ................................................................ 2. A: O m i s s i o n of P a r t i c l e s ............................................................... B: O m i s s i o n s i n C o n n e c t i o n w i t h T O .......................................... C: U n fin ish ed S e n te n c e s .................................................................... Som e P r o b l e m s of I n v e r s io n .........................................................

1187 1188 1188 1190 1195 1195 1198 1198 1200 120 2 120 6

LESSON 4 0 . S O M E O B S E R V A T I O N S ON T H E H O N O R I F I C S T Y L E 1. T h e V e r b ...................................................................................................... 2. O t h e r P a r t s of S p e e c h ......................................................................... 3. Some P r a c ti c e M a te r ia l ....................................................................

1211 1211 1220 1228

1. 1. 2. 2.

3.

VOCABULARY

........................................................................................................ ( l ) - ( 2 6 )

I. INDEX O F J A P A N E S E T E R M S ............................................................. ( 2 7 ) - ( 35) II. G R A M M A T IC A L IN D E X .............................................................................. ( 3 6 ) - ( 4 0 )

L E S S O N 23

" R E P O R T I N G "

23. 2 3 .2 2 3 .3 2 3 .4 2 3 .5 2 3 .6 2 3 .7 23.

1 E c h o -ty p e D ir e c t R e p o rtin g " In d ire c t" R e p o rtin g T h e F o r m " T O YUU " R e p o rtin g Q u e stio n s R ep o rtin g H e a rs a y R ep o rtin g R e q u ests R e p o r t i n g O n e 's T h o u g h t s

1 E C H O -T Y P E D IR E C T R E P O R T IN G

A n E C H O - T Y P E R E P O R T i s a d i r e c t , r e a l i s t i c r e p r o d u c t i o n of th e s o u n d s o r t h e w o r d s o n e h e a r s . In E n g l i s h , s u c h s o u n d s o r w o r d s w o u l d be s e t off i n w r i t t e n m a t e r i a l s b y q u o t a t i o n m a r k s , a s i n t h e f o l l o w i n g e x a m ­ p les: T h e c h i l d r e n c a l l e d o u t: " O o o i . " The m o u n ta in s a n s w e r e d : "O ooi. " I k e p t re m in d in g m y s e lf : "O n ly one m o r e w e e k . " He s a i d to h e r : " T h a t 's q u ite a lo v e ly h a t. " S he a n s w e r e d w i t h : " T h a n k y o u . " 1.

STRUCTURE FRAM E O b s e r v e th e p r e s e n c e of TO a f t e r the M E S SA G E r e p o r t e d . M

E

S

S

A

G

Y a m a no kodom o wa "O O O I" " O ooi" Y a m a no hoo k a r a m o In a k a no k o d o m o wa "H aroo, haroo" "Y anase K azuo" M o n n o t o k o r o ni O ish a sa n wa "Itai d e s u ka" M in n a wa "B a n zai, b a n z a i" Ano hito w a its u m o "G u tto m o o n in g u " K o z u t s u m i o t o t te "K ore wa nan daroo" S ono s o b a n i k i t e " I t o o k u n , g a m b a r e y o " C h ich i k a r a " A s a ku ji O o s a k a tsu k u " Ano h ito ni "K o re w a ik u r a d e s u ka"

E T O o o k i n a k o e de y o b i m a s h i TO k ik o ete k im a s h ita ta TO a is a ts u s h im a s h ita TO k aite a r im a s h ita TO T a r o o kun ni k ik im a sh ita T O o o k i i k o e de i i m a s h i t a TO a is a ts u sh ite k u re m a s u TO iin a g a r a a k e te m im a sh ita TO s e n s e i ga iim a s h ita TO d em p o o ga a r im a s h i t a TO k iite k u d a s a i

1. T h e c h i l d r e n i n t h e m o u n t a i n s c a l l e d o u t l o u d l y : " O o o i . " 2. A n d f r o m t h e m o u n t a i n s c a m e b a c k : " O o o i . " 3. O u t i n t h e c o u n t r y th e c h i l d r e n g r e e t e d m e w i t h " H a r o o , h a r o o " .

615

E cho-type D i r e c t R e p o r t i n g

4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

B y th e g a t e w a s w r i t t e n " Y a n a s e K a z u o " . T he d o c t o r a s k e d T a r o o , " D o e s i t h u r t y o u ? " A ll s a i d i n a l o u d v o i c e : " H u r r a h , h u r r a h . " He a l w a y s g r e e t s m e w i t h a " G u t t o m o o n i n g u " . He t o o k th e p a r c e l a n d , m u t t e r i n g " W h a t c o u l d t h i s b e ? " , l o o k e d in sid e. 9. T he t e a c h e r c a m e t o h i s s i d e a n d s a i d : " S t i c k w i t h i t , I t o o ! " 10. I r e c e i v e d t h i s t e l e g r a m f r o m m y f a t h e r : " A r r i v e O s a k a 9 a . m . 11 11. A s k th e m a n : " H o w m u c h i s t h i s ? "

2. R EM AR KS 1. O b s e r v e T O . I t d o e s n o t h a v e a n y m e a n i n g , i t s i m p l y h a s a f u n c t i o n — that of s i g n a l i n g t h a t th e p r e c e d i n g w o r d s a r e a M E S S A G E . Do n o t c o n f u s e it with TO m e a n i n g ' a n d ' , n o r w i t h TO m e a n i n g ' t o g e t h e r w i t h ' . 2. P o s i t i o n o f t h e M E S S A G E i n the s e n t e n c e : m o s t o f t e n , p e r h a p s , after the t o p i c a n d n e a r th e v e r b . A m e s s a g e a t th e v e r y b e g i n n i n g of th e sentence i s n a t u r a l l y m o r e e m p h a t i c . T h e F r a m e g i v e s a n u m b e r of p o s s i ­ ble p o s itio n s of t h e m e s s a g e . 3. T h e V E R B O F R E P O R T I N G : c a n b e a n y v e r b o r c o m b i n a t i o n of words w h ic h i n d i c a t e l a n g u a g e c o m m u n i c a t i o n , by e i t h e r s p o k e n w o r d o r w ritten w o r d . T h e v e r b of r e p o r t i s s o m e t i m e s o m i t t e d w h e n i t i s o b v i o u s and e a s il y u n d e r s t o o d b y th e r e a d e r . T h e f a c t t h a t o n e i s r e p o r t i n g i s s u f f i ­ ciently c l e a r f r o m th e p r e s e n c e o f T O . 4. S in c e t h i s i s th e n o r m a l J a p a n e s e w a y of r e p o r t i n g , a l l b u t tw o of the p a t t e r n s t o b e s e e n i n t h i s l e s s o n w i l l be m e r e v a r i a t i o n s o n t h i s p a t t e r n . 5. N o t i c e t h e f o r m K A I T E A R IM A S U . K A I T E IM A S U m e a n s 'I a m writing'; on a c c o u n t o f th e u s e of IM A S U , a n A C T I V I T Y i s i n v o l v e d . K A I ­ TE ARIMASU m e a n s 'I t i s w r i t t e n ' ; o n a c c o u n t of A R IM A S U , a S T A T E i s e x p re s s e d . S i m i l a r l y : akete IM A SU 'i s o p e n i n g ' s h im e te IM A S U ' i s c l o s i n g '

a k e t e A R IM A S U ' i s o p e n ' s h i m e t e A R IM A S U ' i s c l o s e d '

T h is p o i n t w i l l b e t r e a t e d m o r e c a r e f u l l y i n a l a t e r l e s s o n , b u t i s m entioned h e r e b e c a u s e th e p h r a s e K A I T E A R IM A S U i s c o n v e n i e n t f o r the p atterns in t h i s l e s s o n . 3. P R A C T IC E T ra n s la te in to J a p a n e s e . M ak e c o m p le te s e n t e n c e s . 1) M o t h e r to h e r c h i l d : " W h e r e h a v e y o u b e e n ? " 2) B u s c o n d u c t o r to m e : " G i n z a 4 - c h o o m e i s n e x t . " 3) T h e m a n n e x t to m e to th e c o n d u c t o r : " D o e s t h i s b u s p a s s K anda? »

L e s s o n 23.

616

R ep o rtin g

4) 5) 6) 7)

I t o th e s h o p c l e r k : "D o y o u s e l l A m e r i c a n s h o e s ? " T h e c l e r k to m e : "W e do n o t , I a m s o r r y . " W r itte n ab o v e a b u ild in g in N ih o m b a s h i: " T h e B a n k of T o k y o ." I t o s o m e o n e e l s e : " W h a t t i m e d o e s t h e K o d a m a l e a v e ? " H e to m e : " E x a c t l y a t s e v e n , f r o m p l a t f o r m 16. " 8) T h e d o c t o r : " W h e r e d o e s i t h u r t ? " T h e p a t i e n t : " H e r e . " 9) A s t u d e n t to m e : " M a y I t a l k to y o u , s i r ? " 10) A s a n to B s a n : " W h e r e a r e y o u g o i n g ? " B s a n : " J u s t o v e r t h e r e . "

2 3 .2

"IN D IR E C T " R E PO R T IN G

A n I N D I R E C T R E P O R T i s a r e p o r t of th e ty p e a p p e a r i n g i n E n g l i s h s e n t e n c e s s u c h a s : "I h e a r d T H A T h e i s c o m i n g " ; "H e t o l d m e T H A T he h a d n ' t h e a r d . " T h e J a p a n e s e do n o t h a v e a n y w o r d o r e x p r e s s i o n e q u i v ­ a l e n t to T H A T , h o w e v e r , a n d t h e i r i n d i r e c t r e p o r t i n g i s b a s i c a l l y th e s a m e a s t h e i r e c h o - ty p e r e p o r t in g , th o u g h n o t c o m p le te ly so . F o r th is r e a s o n , we have t e r m e d i t " in d ire c t" r e p o r tin g . A.

THEORY

1. K E Y E X A M P L E S

1. [o^amae +w a/na|n+ to+o55aimas+ka] [j)i|mbun + nii+wa/kyo|o/cjme + Qa+furu + to/kalite+arimaSta + yo]

S h i m b u n ni w a k y o o a m e g a f u r u to k a i t e a r i m a s h i t a y o . 'T h e p a p e r s a i d t h a t i t w i l l r a i n t o d a y . '

3 . [ kuhi + no+ haha+ kara/o]oki + na + ka|i + i]a + atta + to/tefoami + Qa + a|tta] K u n i no h a h a k a r a o o k i n a k a j i g a a t t a to t e g a m i g a a t t a . 'I h a d a l e t t e r f r o m M o t h e r b a c k h o m e s a y i n g t h a t t h e r e w a s a b ig f i r e . '

4. [se^se|i + wa/mo|o/kcjette+mo+ii + to/ojsgaimc^ta] S e n s e i w a m o o k a e tte m o ii to o s s h a i m a s h i t a . 'T h e t e a c h e r s a i d i t ' s a l l r i g h t to r e t u r n n o w . '

5. [mi|Te + no+oTisari + w a/k o |re + w a /l|kura (+ da) + to+iimaSta + ka] M i s e no o j i s a n w a k o r e w a i k u r a (da) to i i m a s h i t a k a ? 'H o w m u c h d i d t h e s h o p k e e p e r s a y t h i s w a s ? '

617

" In d ire c t" R e p o r t i n g

6. [ hyqjcuen (+da) + to+iima5ta] H y a k u e n (da) to i i m a s h i t a . 'H e s a i d i t ' s a h u n d r e d y e n . '

2.

1

STRUCTURE FRA M E

O N A M A E WA

Ano y a m a no n a m a e w a Kono k a n ji wa "G im on" w a S o k o ni A no h i to w a A n a ta wa 2

SHIM BUN NI WA Y oshida s a n w a R ajio no n y u u s u de S u m isu kun wa

3 KUNINO H A H A K A R A Kuni no c h i c h i k a r a Tom odachi k a ra R A J IO D E W A 4

SEN SEI WA Yam ada san k a r a K aneko s e n s e i w a O to o san w a

NA N T O O S S H A IM A S U K A I K E D A T O M O O S H IM A S U nan TO iim a su ka T su b ak u ro TO iim a s u nan TO y o m im a s u ka G im o n TO y o m im a s u .n an TO yuu im i d e s u ka "Q u estio n " TO yuu im i d e su nan TO k aite a r im a s u ka nan TO iim a s h ita ka nan TO k o ta e m a s h ita ka K A I T E A R IM A S H I T A itte im a s u itte im a s h ita itte im a s h ita T E G A M I GA A T T A s h ir a s e ga k ita ta y o ri ga atta denw a ga a tta I T T E IM A S H IT A O S S H A IM A S H IT A YO k ik im a sh ita o s s h a i m a s h i ta i i m a s h i t a yo

5 MISE NO O JIS A N WA

I I M A S H IT A K A

6

IIM A S H IT A Sensei k a r a O to o san w a

iim a su k ik im a sh ita i i m a s h i t a yo

L e s s o n 23.

618

3.

If

R ep o rtin g

REMARKS

t]

1. In t h e f i r s t s e c t i o n th e m e s s a g e g i v e n i s a f a i t h f u l r e p r o d u c t of t h e w o r d s h e a r d , s e e n , o r s p o k e n . In t h i s s e c t i o n , o n l y th e e x a m p l e s i n th e f i r s t p o r t i o n o f th e F r a m e a r e of s u c h a n a t u r e , a n d e v e n t h e s e a r e n o t r e p r o d u c t i o n s of m e s s a g e s , b u t r a t h e r d i r e c t a n s w e r s t o q u e s t i o n s . T h e t h r e e r e m a i n i n g p o r t i o n s o f th e F r a m e s h o w m e s s a g e s t h a t a r e s i m ­ p l i f i c a t i o n s , r e w o r d i n g s , of t h e m e s s a g e h e a r d o r r e a d . T h e y g i v e th e S U B S T A N C E of t h e m e s s a g e . N o te t h a t th e P l a i n f o r m s p r e c e d e T O . U s e o f P o l i t e f o r m s i s n o t c o m m o n in o r d in a r y c o n v e rs a tio n . 2. F i r s t s e c t i o n of th e F r a m e : s h o w s t h e p a t t e r n c o r r e s p o n d i n g to th e E n g l i s h " W H A T i s y o u r n a m e ? " , " W H A T i s t h a t t h i n g C A L L E D ? " , "HOW d o e s o n e r e a d t h i s k a n j i ? ", e t c . N A N , th e e q u i v a l e n t o f ' w h a t ? ' , is m a r k e d b y T O w h e n i t p r e c e d e s v e r b s of r e p o r t s u c h a s O SS H A R U ( h o n o ­ r i f i c ' s a y ' ) , M O O S U ( h u m b l e ' s a y ' ) , YUU ( n o r m a l ' s a y ' ) , Y O M U , K O T A E RU, e tc . T h is TO in d ic a te s th a t one is a s k in g f o r a r e p r o d u c tio n , a r e p e ­ titio n , an e x a c t r e p o r tin g of the n a m e , m e a n in g , title , e t c . , th a t one a s k s a b o u t . If o n e d e s i r e s o n l y t h e s u b s t a n c e of s o m e m e s s a g e , O i s u s e d and n o t T O . O b s e r v e t h e fo l l o w i n g : A no h i to w a N A N I O i i m a s h i t a k a ? 'W h a t d i d h e s a y ? ' (y o u a s k f o r th e s u b s t a n c e o r g e n e r a l s e n s e o f w h a t h e s a i d )

T u f
2. P l a c i n g th e R E A S O N S a t th e b e g i n n i n g of t h e s e n t e n c e s , e m p h s iz e th e m w ith e i t h e r K A R A KOSO o r -B A KOSO. 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) 9) 10)

A n n a ni k o d o m o n o s e w a g a d e k i r u no w a h a h a d a k a r a d e s u . S onna k oto g a i e r u no w a i m a no ji d a i d a k a r a d e s u . S eik o o s h i t a no w a d o ry o k u s h i t a k a r a d e s u . T a s u k a tta no wa h ak k en ga h a y a k a tta k a r a d e su . H a y a k u d e k ita no w a k a r e ga te ts u d a tte k u r e t a k a r a d e s u . M a n i a t t a no w a i t s u r n o y o r i h a y a k u a r u i t a k a r a d e s u . H o m e r a r e t a no w a jo o z u ni k o s h i r a e t a k a r a d e su . A n s h i n s h i t e i r a r e r u no w a s h i g o t o g a u m a k u i t t e i r u k a r a d e s u . K a tta no w a re n s h u u ni r e n s h u u o k a s a n e t a k e k k a d e s u . A n a ta o ta z u n e te k ita no w a y o o ji g a a r u k a r a d e s u .

3 7 .1 .3

TO an d NI s t r e s s i n g V E R B M O D IFIER S

A: T O W IT H V E R B M O D I F I E R S (a) I M P R E S S I O N I S T I C v e r b m o d i f i e r s : S a k u r a no h a n a ga h i r a h i r a A no m i s e ni w a ch o ich o i K i m i w a b a k a ni n i k o n i k o S u m i m a s e n to i t t e p e k o p e k o S a te b u r a b u r a Doomo iro iro dandan K aze ga Jid o o sh a o dondon

(TO) (TO) (TO) (TO) (TO) (TO) (TO) (TO)

o ch ite k im a s h ita y o tte k u r u n d esu sh ite i r u ja nai ka a ta m a o sa g e ta d ek ak em ash o o ka a rig a to o g o z a im a su tsu y o k u n atte k ita na t o b a s h i t e n i j i k a n de t s u i t a

sh ik k ari bonyari h ak k iri yukkuri n ik k o ri n o m b iri sukkari ukkari

(TO) (TO ) (TO) (TO) (TO) (TO) (TO) (TO)

tsu k am atte i n asai a r u ite ita o b o ete im a s u , ano y u u g a ta o to m a tte k u d a sa i w a r a i m a s h i ta s o d a t e r a r e t a k a r a ne oto n a ni n a tte s h im a tta ne sh a b e tte s h im a tta n da ne

Abunai k a ra N a ite n a ite w a ta s h i w a W a ta sh i w a N isan n ich i A kachan wa Sono ko w a A n a ta wa m oo K im i wa

1135

P a rtic le s S ig n a lin g E m p h a s is K im o n o o Doa o K o k o ni Inu w a m i m i o A no h i to w a

k ich in chanjitp in so t-

TO TO TO TO TO

k i n a s a i . N a t s u de m o sh im e n a sa i s h i t e i r u n d e s u yo tatem ash ita uchi ni h aitta

REM ARKS 1. A s t h e F r a m e s h o w s , T O m a y b e u s e d o r n o t , a s d e s i r e d , w i t h p r a c t i c a l l y a n y I M P R E S S I O N I S T I C v e r b m o d i f i e r of th e r e d u p l i c a t i v e ty p e and of t h e - R I t y p e . T O h a s b e c o m e a n i n t e g r a l p a r t o f s o m e m o d i f i e r s , so t h a t t h e y m a y b e s t y l e d t h e - T O ty p e ( t h i r d p o r t i o n of t h e F r a m e ) ; t h i s TO i s th e s a m e T O t h a t i s o p t i o n a l i n th e c a s e o f t h e o t h e r m o d i f i e r s . 2. T O i s u s e d h e r e i n th e s a m e w a y t h a t T O i s u s e d to s i g n a l t h a t a R E P O R T is b e in g R E P R O D U C E D ; w h a t is b ein g r e p r o d u c e d in th is c a se is a d e s c r i p t i o n of t h e W A Y s o m e o n e s m i l e s , w a l k s , a c t s , e t c . C o m p a r e : Y a m a no k o d o m o wa In a k a no k o d o m o w a K im i w a b a k a ni S u m i m a s e n to i t t e A kachan wa

" O O I" "H A RO , HARO" " N IK O N IK O " "PEK O PEK O " "N IK K O R I"

TO TO TO TO TO

o o k i n a k oe de y o b i m a s h i t a a is a ts u sh im a sh ita sh ite i r u ja n ai ka a ta m a o sa g e ta w a raim ash ita

3. T hough TO is o p tio n al, u s e i t s p a r in g ly in c o n v e rs a tio n ; it ten d s to m a k e t h e I M P R E S S I O N to o o b j e c t i v e , to o m u c h l i k e n a r r a t i o n .

(b) Q U A N T I T A T I V E v e r b m o d i f i e r s : Sono k o d o m o w a K a n ji o n a r a i m a s h i t a g a A no h i t o w a s h i g o t o o A ru ite itte m o K are w a m ata M ittsu k atte m o

IP P U N HYAKU M IK K A JU U G O FU N H A N J IK A N GOHYAKUEN

TO jitto sh ite i r a r e m a s e n TO y o m en ai n d esu TO tsu z u k e te y a r e m a s e n TO k a k a rim a s e n T O t a t a n a i u c h i ni k a e t t e k i t a TO k a k a rim a s e n

R EM ARKS 1. O b s e r v e t h a t th e v e r b b e i n g m o d i f i e d i s , i n a l l c a s e s , N E G A T I V E . So i t i s q u i t e p o s s i b l e to u s e WA to e m p h a s i z e th e q u a n t i t y i n t h e s e c a s e s . TO, h o w e v e r , b e c a u s e i t s i g n a l s a n a c c u r a t e r e p r o d u c t i o n o f t h i n g s , i s m o re e m p h a t i c t h a n WA, m o r e p r e c i s e i n s i g n a l i n g w h a t i s d e n i e d . 2. T h e s a m e T O i s u s e d w i t h M O, i n s t e a d of - T E M O , tives t h a t e x p r e s s q u a n t i t y ; t h u s : SUKUNAKU TO M O ic h im a n n in i m a s h i t a .

a fte r a d je c ­

L e s s o n 3 7.

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T h i s i s a r e s t r i c t e d p a t t e r n , h o w e v e r , a n d t h e a d j e c t i v e g i v e n a b o v e is the o n e m o s t c o m m o n l y u s e d , t h o u g h o t h e r s a r e a l s o p o s s i b l e (S u c h a s OOKU T O M O a n d N A G A K U T O M O , t h o u g h t h e s e h a v e a " c l a s s i c a l " f l a v o r about th e m ). (c) T O a n d E N U M E R A T I O N S O F S U C C E S S IO N :

A re k a ra H ito b ito w a S ono u w a s a w a Okyaku ga

S h in a g aw a , S h im b a s h i, Tookyoo M ak i ic h i, m a k i ni, m a k i sa n ju u n en , n iju u n en , sa n ju u n e n in a k a k a r a m a c h i e m a c h i e hito k a r a h ito e Hi to ri, f u ta r i, s a n n in ts u g i k a r a tsu g i e Ue e , ue e

TO TO TO TO TO TO TO TO

s a g a s h i t e a r u k im a s h i t a yonde ik im a s h ita su g ite sh im a im a sh ita a ts u m a tte k im a sh ita ts u ta w a tte ik im a sh ita k a e tte ik im a s h ita y atte k im a s h ita nobotte ik im a s h ita

REMARKS 1. In t h e e x a m p l e s a b o v e T O s i g n a l s a d e s c r i p t i o n t h a t i s v iv id ; in t h i s c a s e , th e s u c c e s s i o n o f t h i n g s , e v e n t s , p l a c e s , t i m e , e t c . 2. T h e r e i s a n o t h e r u s e o f T O a f t e r n o u n s w h i c h i s to o p o e t i c a l to be u s e d in c o n v e rs a tio n : Ju u n en w a y u m e TO s u g im a s h ita . T e g a m i w a y a m a TO k a s a n a tte ir u . In t h e s e c a s e s T O i s e q u i v a l e n t to N O Y O O NI. 3. T O S U M U P : T O d o e s n o t m e r e l y s t r e s s a m o d i f i e r o r a noun, b u t i t s i g n a l s a R E A L I S T I C D E S C R I P T I O N of t h e m .

B: N I W IT H V E R B M O D I F I E R S O n p a g e s 299 a n d 305 w e f i n d N I u s e d t o s i g n a l q u a l i t a t i v e nouns a n d o t h e r n o u n s a s v e r b m o d i f i e r s . T h e n o u n s s h o w n o n p. 3 0 5 , h o w e v e r , co u ld be m a r k e d b y D E a ls o . T h e n o u n s sh o w n b e lo w a r e a lw a y s sig n aled by NI w hen th ey fu n c tio n a s v e r b m o d i f i e r s ; NI is n o t o p tio n al: MAKOTO Doomo JIS S A I W a ta sh i m o SHIDAI Fune wa I m a no s e k a i de w a IP P A N A re wa JIT S U H IJO O S ore w a K o t o s hi n o f u y u w a KOTO WARI S o r e d a k e de m o M u s h ib a ga H IT O R ID E

NI NI NI NI NI NI NI NI NI

a rig a to o g o z a im a sh ita soo o m o tte i r u n d e s u m ie n a k u n atte s h im a im a s h ita bukka ga ta k a i d e s u om o s h ir o k atta o m o s h i r o k a t t a d e s u ne sam u k atta d esu i i to o m o i m a s u n u k em ash ita

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P articles S ig n a lin g E m p h a s is In the fo l l o w i n g c a s e s N I i s o p t i o n a l , a n d w h e n u s e d fier: Sonna koto A n o h i to Byooki T egarni

wa wa mo wa

ZETTAI TA IH E N SA IW A I TAKUSAN

(NI) (NI) (NI) (NI)

S T R E S S E S th e m o d i ­

a r i m a s e n yo o k o rim ash ita yoku n a tte k a is h a ni d ete i r u k im a sh ita

( T h e r e a r e o n l y a v e r y f e w v e r b m o d i f i e r s t h a t a r e S T R E S S E D by N I; a m o n g t h o s e g i v e n , T A K U S A N N I i s e s p e c i a l l y r a r e l y u s e d . )

C: TO C O M P A R E D W IT H NI T h e r e a r e c e r t a i n m o d i f i e r s w h i c h c a n b e u s e d w i t h e i t h e r N I o r TO , and t h e r e d o e s n o t s e e m to b e m u c h d i f f e r e n c e i n m e a n i n g i n m o s t of t h e s e c a s e s . O n e m i g h t c a l l t h e s e th e b o r d e r - l i n e i n s t a n c e s - - c a s e s i n w h i c h th e force of N I a n d th e f o r c e of T O a r e h a r d l y d i s t i n g u i s h a b l e . T h u s : Sobaya e Oya,

SUGU SUGU

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Kono m o n d a i w a Koko w a

ANGAI ANGAI

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m u z u k a s h ii d e s u ne sh iz u k a d e s u ne

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NI k o t o b a g a o b o e r a r e r u n d e s u TO u g o k id asu n d esu

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k a ru k u nao tte k a is h a e d e te 'r u b y o o k i ni n a r a n a i de g e n k i d a

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A no h i t o w a n i h o n g o m o Miruku w a i p p e n n i n o m a n a i de

DANDAN DANDAN

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One m ig h t s a y TO s ig n a ls a r e a l i s t i c d e s c r i p t i o n of th e w ay a thing h appens o r i s d o n e , w h e r e a s NI s i g n a l s a m a t t e r - o f - f a c t d e s c r i p t i o n of t h e way a t h i n g h a p p e n s o r i s d o n e .

L e s s o n 37.

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3 7 .2 P A R T IC L E S OF THE N AN - G RO U P

3 7 .2 . 1 N A D O , N A N T E an d NANKA N A D O h a s b e e n e x p l a i n e d o n p . 118, i n c o n n e c t i o n w i t h th e p a r tic le YA. T h e m e a n i n g o f N A D O r e m a i n s th e s a m e i n th e p a t t e r n s to b e tre a te d h e r e , but i t h a s an ad d e d c o n n o ta tio n of in f o r m a lity a n d f a m ilia r ity . NA N TE is an e x tre m e ly co m p lex w o rd . alen ts :

N o te f i r s t o f a l l i t s b a s i c equiv­

N A N T E

E X P L A N A T I O N : N A N T E m a y b e c o n s i d e r e d t h e a b b r e v i a t i o n o f th e follow ing f o r m s : 1) N A D O TO ; 2) N A D O T O Y U U (NO); 3) N A D O T O YUU NO WA; 4) N A N T E YUU (NO); 5) N A N T E YUU N O WA; 6) N A N T E WA. S in c e th e v e r b YUU c a n a l s o b e i n f l e c t e d , N A N T E c a n s t a n d f o r : 7) N A D O T O I T T E ; 8) N A D O T O YUU TO; 9) N A D O TO I T T E M O ; e t c . S t r i c t l y s p e a k i n g , though, N A N T E s e e m s th e a b b r e v i a t i o n m e r e l y o f N A D O T O . N A N K A m a y b e c o n s i d e r e d a s a c o n t r a c t i o n o f N A N I a n d K A . I t is N O T , h o w e v e r , N A N I K A : N A N K A h a s i t s ow n p e c u l i a r u s a g e s t h a t have n o th in g in c o m m o n w ith th o s e of NANI KA. N A D O a n d N A N T E a r e u s e d a f t e r a n y ty p e of w o r d . N A N K A i s r a r e l y u s e d w ith an y th in g o t h e r th an a noun; f u r t h e r m o r e , i t c a n n o t be u s e d afte r a n o u n i f th e f o r m T O YUU h a s to f o l l o w —N A D O T O o r N A N T E h a s to be u s e d in s u c h c a s e s . M E A N IN G , F O R C E : ' s o m e t h i n g l i k e t h a t ' , ' s o m e t h i n g of t h e s o r t ' . J u s t a s M O c a n b e u s e d to s o f t e n d o w n c e r t a i n t y p e s of s t a t e m e n t s and q u e s t i o n s b y r e a s o n of th e f a c t t h a t i t d i r e c t l y i m p l i e s 'a n d o t h e r t h i n g s ', s o th e p a r t i c l e s i n q u e s t i o n c a n b e u s e d to s o f t e n d o w n a s t a t e m e n t o r to i n d i c a t e a c e r t a i n a m o u n t of v a g u e n e s s a n d c a l c u l a t e d i n d e f i n i t e n e s s . I n s t e a d of s a y i n g : "I h a t e h i m " , o ne s a y s : "I h a t e p e o p l e l i k e t h a t " . I n s t e a d of: " W e s t e r n s l e a v e m e c o l d " , o ne s a y s : " W e s t e r n s a n d th e l i k e l e a v e m e c o l d " . O b s e r v e th e f o l l o w i n g e x a m p l e s o f th e u s e o f t h e s e p a r t i c l e s . Note t h a t t h e r e i s l e s s f r e e d o m i n th e o m i s s i o n o f p a r t i c l e s a f t e r N A D O t h a n af­ te r N A N TE and NANKA.

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1139

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(NI) w a ta s h ita c h i no k u r u s h i m i ga w a k a ru hazu ga a r im a s e n (NI) d ek iru h azu w a a r im a s e n

k a r a k o n n a k o to o i w a r e r u o b o e g a a r i m a s e n yo

| The E n g l i s h e q u i v a l e n t s o f th e a b o v e : 1. 'I c a n g e t t h i s e a s i l y w i t h o u t h a v i n g to c o n s u l t a n y t h i n g l i k e a b o o k . ' 2. 'G o to m o u n t a i n s a n d th e l i k e o n a d a y l i k e t h i s a n d h a v e a n a c c i d e n t , and t h e n w h a t do y o u d o ? 1 3. 'S in c e h e c o u l d n ' t c o m e , h e r e ' s w h a t h e ' s h a d to s a y i n t h i s l e t t e r of h is .1 4. ' I t ' s v a c a t i o n t i m e . I d o n ' t w a n t to do a n y s u c h t h i n g a s s t u d y . 1 5. 'I c a n ' t s t a n d th e l i k e s o f T o k y o ; i t ' s a n o i s y p l a c e . ' 6. 'D o n 't e x p e c t o u r t r o u b l e s to b e u n d e r s t o o d b y th e l i k e s of t h e s e s c h o l ­ a r s w ho j u s t s i t a t t h e i r d e s k s . ' 7. 'Y ou c a n ' t e x p e c t s o m e o n e l i k e h i m to be a b l e to h a n d l e t h i s p r o b l e m . ' 8. 'I h a v e n o r e c o l l e c t i o n s o f b e i n g t o l d a t h i n g l i k e t h i s f r o m s o m e o n e lik e U e d a . 1

1140

L e s s o n 3 7.

M o r e P a rtic le s ,

In th e f o l l o w i n g e x a m p l e s N A N K A i s n o t u s e d ; i t i s u s e d o n ly a f t e r nouns, a n d n o t w h e n T O YUU i s e x p r e s s e d a f t e r w a r d s .

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G EN ERA L REMARKS 1. N A N T E an'd N A N K A a r e c o l l o q u i a l , a n d s o s h o u l d b e u s e d only to p e o p l e w i t h w h o m o n e i s o n f a m i l i a r t e r m s . N A D O d o e s n o t h a v e as s tro n g a note of in f o r m a lity a b o u t it. 2. I t s h o u l d b e n o t e d , th o u g h , t h a t t h e s e p a r t i c l e s m a y b e u s e d e i t h e r w ith o r w ith o u t c e r t a i n im p lic a tio n s ; th e y m a y e x p r e s s : a) s i m p l y th e i d e a o f 'A N D T H E L I K E 1, 'A N D S U C H - L I K E ': K y o o w a a m e g a f u r u N A N T E r a j i o de i t t e i t a k e r e d o m o . . . ' T h e y s a i d o v e r th e r a d i o s o m e t h i n g a b o u t i t r a i n i n g t o d a y b u t . . . ' b) IR O N Y , e v e n S A R C A S M ; s o m e t i m e s J O V I A L T E A S IN G ( th e s t u d e n t s h o u l d b e a l e r t to t h e s e p o s s i b l e o v e r t o n e s , e s p . w i t h N A N T E o r NAN­ KA): K i m i N A N K A n i d e k i r u m o n k a ? 'Y o u c a n do i t ! ? ! ? '

P a r t i c l e s of t h e N A N - G r o u p

1141

The fo l l o w i n g i s V E R Y r u d e : K ono o m i y a g e N A N K A i t a d a i t e a r i g a t o o g o z a i m a s u . 'T h a n k y o u f o r s u c h a g i f t a s t h i s . 1

3 7 .2 . Z THE FO R M ATARI O b v i o u s l y A T A R I i s n o t o n e of th e N A N - g r o u p o f p a r t i c l e s . In function a n d u s e , t h o u g h , i t i s s o s i m i l a r to N A D O , N A N T E , a n d N A N K A that i t m e r i t s s o m e m e n t i o n a l o n g w i t h th e o t h e r s . A T A R I m e a n s ' v i c i n i t y 1, 's u r r o u n d i n g s ' , 'n e i g h b o r h o o d ' w h e n i t i s u s e d a s a n o u n ; w h e n u s e d a s shown b e l o w , i t s m e a n i n g i s s o m e t h i n g l i k e ' i n th e n e i g h b o r h o o d o f ' , ' o r t h e r e a b o u t s ', ' a r o u n d ( t h e r e ) ' . O b s e r v e h o w i t i s u s e d a f t e r n o u n s w i t h o u t any i n t e r v e n i n g p a r t i c l e :

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aso b i ni ir a s s h a im a s e n ka ni d e k iru deshoo g a i c h i b a n i i to o m o i m a s u k u ru ka m o s h ire m a s e n

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O oiso Rondon a n o h i to eki no m a e

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p anku sh ite s h im a tta w a k i r i ga fukai n d e s u m o tte i r u n ja nai d e s u k a k a n a ra z u m atte im asu

W ith T I M E , A T A R I i s e q u i v a l e n t to G O R O : 'd a y a f t e r t o m o r r o w o r t h e r e a b o u t s '; e t c . N I m a y b e u s e d a f t e r A T A R I , a s w i t h o t h e r t i m e e x p r e s sions. With P L A C E , A T A R I i n d i c a t e s 't h e n e i g h b o r h o o d o f ',

'o r th e r e a b o u ts '.

L i k e s u c h w o r d s a s G O R O , G U R A I, D E S H O O , -M A H O O , A T A R I i s used a l o t b y th e J a p a n e s e to m a k e s t a t e m e n t s l e s s p r e c i s e a n d l e s s p o i n t ­ ed. One m a y k n o w f o r c e r t a i n t h a t th e d e s i r e d t i c k e t i s to be fo u n d i n th e pocket, b u t o ne s t i l l s a y s : P O K E T T O A T A R I N I. N o w o b s e r v e th e u s e o f A T A R I a f t e r v e r b s a n d a f t e r P E R S O N S . In the l a t t e r u s e , A T A R I h a s m u c h th e s a m e f o r c e a s N A N K A , n o t o n l y i n t h a t it m a k e s t h e e x p r e s s i o n i m p r e c i s e , b u t a l s o i n t h a t i t h a s a n i n f o r m a l , fa ­ m iliar r i n g to i t j u s t a s N A N K A h a s . y aita Niku wa s u m i ni y u k k u r i m ite ir u Ic h ir o o w a s h i m b u n o u tsu tte ir u Momiji g a m i z u u m i ni S onna m o n o o k a t t e y o r o k o n d e i r u Kono m o n d ai wa K ono k o t o n i t s u i t e Kore g a d e k i r u n o w a Sono m o n d a i n a r a

S eto ano K anai Ogawa

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A T A R I n i k i k e b a w a k a r i m a s u yo A T A R I w a doo k a n g a e m a s u k a A T A R I d e s h o o ne A TA R I ni k iite m o w a k a r im a s e n

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W ith v e r b s , A T A R I 'S f o r c e i s s o m e w h e r e b e t w e e n t h a t of GURAI (a s in : K u r u m a de i k u G U R A I n o k o t o w a . . . ) a n d T O K O R O ( a s in : Tabako o n o n d e i r u T O K O R O o m i m a s h i t a ) . T h a t i s , A T A R I i n d i c a t e s a v ag u e n ess r a n g i n g f r o m 's o m e t h i n g a l o n g th e l i n e s o f' to a m o r e c o n c r e t e 's o m e such s i t u a t i o n a s ' , ' s o m e s u c h a s e t t i n g a s ' , ' s o m e s u c h c i r c u m s t a n c e ( s ) 1.

P R A C T I C E ON T H E U SE O F A T A R I: U s e A T A R I a f t e r t h o s e w o r d s i n e a c h s e n t e n c e b e l o w w h i c h , i n y o u r ju d g ­ m e n t , c a n b e u s e d w i t h A T A R I: 1) K i n o o no s h i m b u n j a I k e d a s a n m o t a i h e n r a s h i i d e s u n e . 2) M o o d a i b u f u r i m a s h i t a k a r a a s h i t a w a i i t e n k i n i n a r u d e s h o o . 3) K u r i b a y a s h i s a n w a s h u j u t s u o s h i t a s o o d e s u g a a s h i t a n o g o z e n c h u u ga ic h ib a n d aiji n a n da soo d esu . 4) K o t o s h i w a h a n a ga s a k i m a s e n d e s h i t a g a r a i n e n s a k u n j a n a i d e s h o o ka? 5) K o n n a c h i i s a n a j i d o o s h a d e s u k a r a j u u h a c h i k i r o o i c h i r i t t o r u de i k u n d e s u yo. 6) " O k a a s a n , w a t a s h i n o m a n n e n h i t s u s h i t t e i r u ? " " H i k i d a s h i n o n a k a ni aru n deshoo? " 7) D a i t o o r y o o n i n a r u to s a m p o s u r u t o k i m o b o d i i - g a a d o g a i r u n d a soo d e su ne. 8) K o t o s h i n o h a r u m o s u t o r a i k i de d e n s h a g a t o m a r u d e s h o o n e . 9) S u m i m a s e n g a m u k o o no g i n k o o n o m a e de t o m e t e k u d a s a i . 10) F u j i s a n n o c h o o j o o de w a y u k i g a f u t t e i t e m a i n a s u n i s a n d o d a s o o desu,

3 7 . 3 P A R T I C L E S S IG N A L IN G S E N T I M E N T S A l m o s t f r o m th e b e g i n n i n g of t h i s g r a m m a r th e s t u d e n t h a s s e e n ex­ a m p l e s of th e u s e o f N E a n d YO a t th e c l o s e of a s e n t e n c e o r a p h r a s e . I T h e y a r e o n l y tw o of s e v e r a l p a r t i c l e s w h i c h a r e u s e d to s i g n a l s e n t i m e n t s , w h e t h e r i t be i n s t a t e m e n t s o r i n q u e s t i o n s —s e n t i m e n t s o f S Y M P A T H Y , or ) P E R S U A S IO N , o f A G R E E M E N T , o f S T R O N G F E E L I N G . B e s i d e s N E and YO, w e s h a l l s t u d y i n t h i s s e c t i o n s u c h p a r t i c l e s a s SA, W A , Z O , Z E , NA a n d a fe w o t h e r s . T h e u s e of t h e s e p a r t i c l e s i s d e f i n e d to a l a r g e e x t e n t b y local c u s t o m s a n d p e c u l i a r i t i e s of d i a l e c t . W h i l e u s e o f N E i s c o m m o n i n som e a r e a s , i n t h e T o k y o a r e a f o r i n s t a n c e , i n o t h e r a r e a s ( O s a k a f o r ex a m p le ) NA i s u s e d r a t h e r t h a n N E . H o w e v e r , w h e n N A i s u s e d i n t h e T o k y o a r e a , i t w i l l b e u s e d b y e l d e r l y p e o p l e m o r e t h a n b y y o u n g f o l k . A g a i n , w h i l e the u s e o f WA i n s o m e a r e a s i s r e s e r v e d to w o m e n ' s s p e e c h , i n o t h e r a r e a s i t is u s e d b y m e n a s w e ll.

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T h e s e p a r t i c l e s a r e s u b j e c t to t h e v i c i s s i t u d e s o f i n d i v i d u a l s p e a k ­ ers' c o n v e r s a t i o n a l m a n n e r i s m s , a l s o . S o m e p e o p l e o v e r u s e p a r t i c l e s like N E o r SA. S o m e p e o p l e t e n d to u s e t h e s e p a r t i c l e s o f s e n t i m e n t o f t e n ; some h a r d l y e v e r u s e t h e m . Som e w ill n e a r ly alw ay s u s e one p a r tic u la r p a r tic le , SA f o r e x a m p l e , w h i l e o t h e r s w i l l h a v e a s p e c i a l f o n d n e s s f o r NE, o r N A , o r YO. F i n a l l y , w h e r e a s N E a n d YO m a y b e u s e d e v e n i n P o l i t e s p e e c h , most of t h e o t h e r p a r t i c l e s a r e u s e d o n l y i n i n f o r m a l s i t u a t i o n s a n d a r e excluded f r o m P o l i t e s p e e c h . I n t i m a t e l y c o n n e c t e d w i t h t h e s e p a r t i c l e s i s th e m a t t e r o f I N T O N A ­ TION. S i n c e t h e y a r e u s e d to s i g n a l s e n t i m e n t s a n d a r e , b e s i d e s , e x p r e s s e d at the e n d o f a p h r a s e o r a f u l l s e n t e n c e , t h e s e p a r t i c l e s b e c o m e p a r t of c e rta in I N T O N A T I O N C U R V E S . We s h a l l o u t l i n e t h e s e i n t o n a t i o n c u r v e s for the s t u d e n t . ( L e t th e s t u d e n t r e c a l l f r o m th e f i r s t l e s s o n h o w t h e m e a n i n g o f a sen ten c e c a n c h a n g e f r o m a s t a t e m e n t to a q u e s t i o n , i f th e L A S T S Y L L A ­ BLE b e f o r e th e f i n a l p a u s e i s g i v e n a R IS IN G I N T O N A T I O N . T h i s i s o ne exam ple of a n i n t o n a t i o n c u r v e . N o t o n l y th e l a s t s y l l a b l e b e f o r e a f i n a l pause, b u t a l s o th e l a s t s y l l a b l e of a n y o t h e r p a u s e g r o u p i s s u b j e c t to s u c h into n atio n c h a n g e s . ) A: SO M E I N T O N A T I O N C U R V E S 1) N O R M A L F A L L I N G IN T O N A T I O N : th e f i n a l s y l l a b l e i s l o w e r i n to n e t h a n th e p r e c e d i n g s y l l a b l e , i f t h e l a t t e r i s a c c e n t e d ; i f t h e l a t t e r i s n o t a c c e n t e d , th e f i n a l s y l l a b l e i s s l i g h t l y l o w e r t h a n o r l e v e l w i t h i t . T h e t o n e f a d e s a w a y i n t o a l o w e r t o n e . T h e c o n n o t a t i o n i s on e of M A T T E R O F F A C T O B JE C T IV IT Y , o r of F IN A L IT Y . T hus: [so|o + des + ne] I

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2) H IG H F A L L I N G IN T O N A T I O N : th e d r o p of p i t c h f r o m th e l a s t a c c e n t e d s y l l a b l e to t h e l a s t s y l l a b l e i s G R E A T E R t h a n u s u a l ; o f t e n th e l a s t s y l ­ l a b l e d r o p s e x t r e m e l y lo w . T h e c o n n o t a t i o n i s o n e o f P R O F O U N D a d ­ m i r a t i o n , e m o t i o n , a w e , o r s y m p a t h y . KA d o e s n o t s i g n a l a q u e s t i o n in th is c a s e . [s c o + d e s + n e ]

[so o + des + k a ]

3) H IG H S U S T A IN E D I N T O N A T I O N : th e l a s t s y l l a b l e i s l e v e l w i t h th e s e c o n d l a s t s y l l a b l e w h e n th e l a t t e r i s a c c e n t e d , o r h i g h e r t h a n i t w h e n t h e l a t t e r i s lo w , th e l a s t s y l l a b l e f a d e s i n t o th e s a m e t o n e . C o n n o t a ­ tio n : o n e of P O L I T E N E S S , I N T E R E S T , o r K IN D N E S S ; f o r t h i s r e a s o n i t i s o f t e n u s e d i n s p e e c h to c h i l d r e n a n d i n c o u r t e o u s q u e s t i o n s . (A q u e s t i o n w i t h i n t o n a t i o n 1 a n d a q u e s t i o n w i t h i n t o n a t i o n 3 m i g h t

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be e x p r e s s e d i n e x a c t l y th e s a m e w o r d s , a n d w i l l m e a n th e s a m e thing, b u t th e q u e s t i o n w i t h i n t o n a t i o n 3 i s m o r e g e n t l e . ) E x a m p l e s : [

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4) R IS IN G IN T O N A T I O N : t h e l a s t s y l l a b l e g o e s f r o m a l o w e r t o a higher t o n e , a n d f a d e s i n t o a n e v e n h i g h e r t o n e . C o n n o t a t i o n : o n e of QUES­ T I O N I N G —s o m e a n s w e r o r r e a c t i o n i s e x p e c t e d . T h u s :

5) R I S I N G - F A L L I N G I N T O N A T I O N : t h e l a s t s y l l a b l e of th e p h r a s e goes f r o m a l o w e r t o a h i g h e r to n e a n d t h e n d r o p s l o w a g a i n , f a d in g into an e v e n l o w e r t o n e . C o n n o t a t i o n : o n e of I N C O M P L E T E N E S S —th e speaker i s t h i n k i n g , o r w a i t i n g f o r t h e o t h e r p a r t y to c o n t i n u e t h e c o n v e r s a t i o n . Thus:

( F o r a d d i t i o n a l e m o t i o n a l s t r e s s th e l a s t s y l l a b l e c a n b e L E N G T H E N E D , e v e n , a s h a p p e n s i n v e r y i n f o r m a l c o n v e r s a t i o n , to e x a g g e r a t e d d e g r e e s . S u c h l e n g t h e n i n g d o e s n o t c h a n g e th e b a s i c c o n n o t a t i o n of e a c h intonation c u r v e , h o w e v e r ; i t m e r e l y g i v e s s t r e s s to t h a t c o n n o t a t i o n . ) B: N E a n d NA 1) B o th m e a n t h e s a m e t h i n g , b a s i c a l l y . In t h e T o k y o a r e a N E i s m ore c o m m o n l y u s e d a n d m o r e P o l i t e t h a n N A . U s e o f th e l a t t e r depends ( to a l a r g e e x t e n t o n l o c a l c u s t o m s ; e l d e r p e o p l e f r e q u e n t l y u s e NA w h e n t h e y t a l k to y o u n g e r p e o p l e , f o r i n s t a n c e . 2) B o t h N E a n d NA a d d a g e n t l e e m o t i o n a l t o u c h to t h e s e n t e n c e . D e p e n d ­ in g o n t h e c o n t e x t , t h e y c o u l d s i g n a l a g r e e m e n t , o r a d e s i r e to have th e l i s t e n e r ' s a g r e e m e n t . In t h e s e c a s e s , I N T O N A T I O N S 1 a n d 3 a re used. 3) W h e n IN T O N A T I O N 4 i s u s e d , t h e s p e a k e r a s k s h i s l i s t e n e r w h e th e r h e a g r e e s o r n o t w i t h t h e p o i n t of v i e w e x p r e s s e d , a n d s o m e r e s p o n s e i s n o r m a l l y e x p e c t e d . In s u c h c a s e s N E i s e q u i v a l e n t to: 'D o n 't you t h i n k s o ? ' , 'W h a t do y o u t h i n k ? ' , o r e v e n to 'W o n 't y o u ? ' . 4) B o t h p a r t i c l e s a r e u s e d i n R E Q U E S T S a n d P R O H I B I T I O N S . NE is o p t i o n a l i n s u c h c a s e s , b u t NA i s e s s e n t i a l i n d i r e c t , a b r u p t p r o h i b i ­ t i o n s f o r i t i s p r e c i s e l y th e w o r d t h a t s i g n a l s s u c h a p r o h ib itio n : S o k o de s a w a g u NA (YO ). 5) N E m a k e s P o l i t e r e q u e s t s e x t r a g e n t l e . T h e r e f o r e i t i s u s e d i n these c a s e s m o r e o f t e n b y w o m e n , t h o u g h m e n m i g h t u s e i t w h e n talking to c h i l d r e n . T h u s : M o o n a k a n a i de ( k u d a s a i ) N E ; M a a , s o o o k o ra n a i de ( k u d a s a i ) N E .

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2) I n F a m i l i a r c o n v e r s a t i o n , T O M O m a y b e r e p l a c e d b y - T T E , the a b b r e v i a t i o n o f TO I T T E a n d o t h e r f o r m s of T O YUU. IN T O N A TIO N 1 is k ep t. Thus: Ik u 'T T E Soo d a 1T T E Soo d a r o o ' T T E O m o sh iro i' TTE ( - T T E i s n o t l i m i t e d to w h a t th e F I R S T P E R S O N h a s s a i d ; S e n s e i wa i i ' T T E i s e q u i v a l e n t to: S e n s e i w a i i T O I T T A . ) E:

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G: O TH E R P A R T I C L E S 1) T he s u f f i x - K K E i s u s e d w i t h IN T O N A T I O N S 1 o r 3 ; i t i s e q u i v a l e n t to K A S H I R A 'I w o n d e r ' . I t i s m o s t c o m m o n l y u s e d a f t e r DA o r the PA ST fo r m s of v e r b s . T hus: Nan d a tta Itsu d a N an da Itta-

KKE KKE KKE KKE

1148

L e s s o n 37.

M o re P articles

2) T h e s u f f i x - I i s u s e d w i t h IN T O N A T I O N S 1 o r 3 , a n d o n ly a f t e r KA o r DA w h e n t h e r e i s s o m e W O R D O F Q U E S T IO N i n t h e s e n t e n c e . In m e a n i n g i t i s e q u i v a l e n t to N E ; i t s t r e s s e s th e q u e s t i o n . I t s u s e is r e s t r i c t e d to F a m i l i a r s p e e c h . T h u s : D oo D oo Nan Nani M oo ii Ii no g a a t t a K im ita c h i dake M oo ic h id o y a tte m i r u

dakadakakakakaka-

I I I I I I I I

3) WA i s u s e d b y w o m e n a s a n e x c l a m a t o r y p a r t i c l e th e s a m e w a y men u s e YO. WA YO i s a l s o f r e q u e n t in w o m e n ' s s p e e c h . WA i s u s e d with IN T O N A T I O N 3 b y w o m e n ; i n t h o s e a r e a s w h e r e m e n a l s o som e­ t i m e s u s e WA, t h e y do s o w i t h I N T O N A T I O N 1 ; IN T O N A T I O N 3 is t o o g e n t l e in t h i s c a s e f o r a m a n to be u s i n g i t . 4) K O T O w i t h o r w i t h o u t YO, i s u s e d b y w o m e n a s e q u i v a l e n t to DESU. Thus: Ii K O T O ? Ii K O T O YO.

37.4

C O N N E C T IV E P A R T IC L

A: C O N V E R S A T IO N A L P A T T E R N S ( T h o s e p a t t e r n s m a r k e d w i t h a n a s t e r i s k a r e to b e u s e d s p a r i n g l y , f o r one o r a n o th e r r e a s o n to be n o te d in th e R e m a r k s . )

N ih o n w a N a r a S oko w a r a j i o F u y u w a su k ii D o itsu g o

TO TO TO TO

KA KA KA KA

K y o o to to ra n jisu ta a su k e e to furansugo

Denwa o k a k e ru H i to to h a n a s u H i to n i t a n o m u Yom u

TO TO TO TO

KA KA KA KA

dem poo o u tsu te e p u o kik u m i s e de k a u hanasu

T O K A I s e n a d o g a y u u m e i d esu T O KA o t s u k u r u koo b a d e s u TO itta undoo o sh im a su itta k o to b a wa y o m em asu TO TO TO TO TO

KA KA KA KA

sh ite s h ir a s e m a s h o o sh ite jo o ta ts u s h im a s u sh ite k u d a s a i i r o i r o n a h o o h o o o tsukatte

Connective P a r t i c l e s

1149

k u ro i zubon o h aite ita keeki o kudasai N a r a w a fu ru i m iy ak o d e su fu ran su g o ga d ek im asu

Shiroi s e b i r o K oohii K y o o to Eigo no h o k a K a ta k a n a G e tsu y o o D o itsu g o A isukuriim u

h irag a n a kayoo n ih o n g o appurupai

Aki wa e n s o k u N o r u h i to Yane g a to b u Ramboo o s u r u

undookai o r i r u h i to ki g a o c h i r u uso o yuu

de t o t e m o i s o g a s h i i d e s u de h o o m u w a i p p a i d e s u ta ih e n n a taifu u d e s u 'tte m a t t a k u k o m a t t a h i t o da

Iku S h in d a Waratte i r u Nannin k u r u

ik an ai ik ite i r u n aite ir u itsu k u ru

m ada w a k arim asen w a k arim asen w a k arim asen w a k a rim a se n

no no no no

no no no no

*A re ■•'Are *A re

kore k o re k ore

*Oya o m i r u *Sore o k i k u fDempoo g a k u r u

IN A INA IN A

Fuyu w a s u k i i ' Soko w a r a j i o P ain ap p u ru Ume

su k e e to to ra n jisu ta a banana sakura

S uki K ira i K ore Y a re ik u Atama g a i t a i Kore wa i k e n a i

k irai iya are y a r e ik an ai nodo ga ita i a r e w a ik en ai

E ig a Yom u O to o san Zasshi o m i r u

sh ib ai kaku okaasan hon o yom u

k a n j i g a a r i m a s u k a r a ne doyoo ga o y a su m i d e su eig o o h a n a s h im a s u ch o k o re e to ga d aisu k i d e su

to i r o i r o s h i g o t o g a a r u de i s o g a s h i k a t t a n o w a k e de o k u r e t e k i t a u re sh iso o ni n ak id a sh im a sh ita d ek ak ete ik im a s h ita tonde d e k a k e m a s h ita

o sh im asu o tsu k u ru kooba desu ga suki d esu w a h a ru saku hana desu to i t t e i r a r e m a s e n 't t e c h i t t o m o y a r a n a i 'tte it ta i n an i ga ii no to o o s a w a g i d e s h i t a 't t e g a k k o o o y a s u n d e b a k a r i i r u to m o n k u b a k a r i i t t e i r u

m ite sh ite kara sh ite

kudasai o b o e r u to i i d e s u k iite g o ra n n a s a i kudasai

L e s s o n 37.

1150

M o r e P a rtic le s

B: W R I T T E N P A T T E R N No Y oru N an zen n in

T O NAK U T O NAK U T O NAK U

yam a h iru n am m an n in

T O NAKU T O NAKU T O NAKU

a r u k i m a s h i ta m ite im a sh ita a t s u m a t t e k im ash ita '

C: G E N E R A L R E M A R K S 1. T O KA: i s e q u i v a l e n t to Y A —o u t of a n u m b e r of i t e m s o n e chooses o n l y tw o o r a f e w of t h e m - - a n d l i k e YA i t c a n b e a c c o m p a n i e d b y NADO to ’ s h o w t h a t t h e r e a r e o t h e r i t e m s n o t m e n t i o n e d ( n o t e t h e f i r s t example g i v e n ) . O b s e r v e t h a t T O KA i s u s e d a f t e r a n y t y p e of w o r d , w i t h no inflec­ tio n s o r p a r tic le s n eeded. T h e T O K A i n th e tw o e x a m p l e s w h e r e KA i s a b s e n t i n th e s e c o n d member of th e c l a u s e i s N O T th e s a m e a s th e T O KA of th e o t h e r e x a m p l e s ; TO is . t h e T O w h i c h s i g n a l s a r e p o r t , s o t h a t t h i s T O KA i s th e s a m e as in: Y a n a s e T O KA y u u hi to. 2. NI: f u n c t i o n s l i k e T O , b u t h a s th e m e a n i n g o f 'IN A D D IT IO N TO'; r e c a l l S O R E N I f r o m th e p r e c e d i n g l e s s o n . W h e r e a s T O i n d i c a t e s 't h i s AND t h a t ' , N I i n d i c a t e s ' t h i s AND IN A D D IT IO N t h a t '. N I, l i k e T O , m a y be used i m o r e t h a n j u s t tw o t i m e s i n t h i s ty p e o f e n u m e r a t i o n s e r i e s . 3. Y AR A: h a s a f l a v o r a b o u t i t o f t h e C l a s s i c a l L a n g u a g e ; i t is s t i l l u s e d , b u t YA a n d T O KA, w h i c h h a v e th e s a m e m e a n i n g a s YARA, are u s e d m o r e o ften . YARA is fr e q u e n tly Iku S h in d a W a ratte ir u

u s e d i n p a i r s w h i c h a r e c o n s i d e r e d c o r r e l a t i v e ; thus: no YARA i k a n a i no Y A R A w a k a r i m a s e n . n o Y A R A i k i t e i r u no YAR A w a k a r i m a s e n . n o Y A R A n a i t e i r u no Y A R A w a k a r i m a s e n .

T h e f o r m Y AR A, th e u s e o f w h i c h i s e x e m p l i f i e d i n o n e of t h e s e n te n c e s w i t h DA NO, c a n b e u s e d a s a s u b s t i t u t e f o r KA , a f t e r w o r d s of question o r i n o t h e r t y p e s of s e n t e n c e s a l r e a d y k n o w n ; cf. p . 792 and p. 631, s e c o n d b o x o f th e f i r s t F r a m e . T h e f o l l o w i n g s e n t e n c e s a r e r e a d i l y u n d e r ­ s t o o d i f Y A R A i s r e p l a c e d b y KA:

Soko ni Nani ga Sono k e s s h i n w a K u r u no w a

Ano h ito ga K ore k a ra

D are nani nani doko E D oo itsu I t s u n o k o to Doko e itta no k u ru TO doo n a r u no

YAR A YARA YARA YARA YARA

k ita yoo d esu u goite i r u sap p ari w akaranai

YARA YAR A YARA YARA YARA

w akaranai w akaranai k en to o ga ts u k a n a i k ik im a sh ita ga . . .

dek ita r a s h ii

C o n n e c tiv e P a r t i c l e s

1151

YARA h a s a l e s s p r e c i s e m e a n i n g t h a n K A , a n d i s a m o r e b e a u t i f u l w o r d on a c c o u n t o f i t s c l a s s i c a l f l a v o r ; t h e r e f o r e i t s u s e i s p r e f e r r e d to KA in situ atio n s w h e r e m o r e v a g u e n e s s is c a lle d fo r . 4 . YA: i s th e s a m e YA t h a t i s a l r e a d y k n o w n b y th e s t u d e n t ; o n e g r o u p of e x a m p l e s s h o w s i t i n a V E R Y C O L L O Q U I A L u s a g e , th e o t h e r g r o u p s h o w s it in a F O R M A L e x p r e s s i o n . a) A R E YA K O R E YA, l i k e s u c h p h r a s e s a s D A R E MO K A R E M O , e x ­ p r e s s e s i n a m i m i c f a s h i o n th e V A R I E T Y of th e t h i n g s i n q u e s t i o n . In E n g l i s h o n e m i g h t s a y : 1THIS, T H A T , A N D T H E O T H E R T H IN G ' o r 'T H IS , T H A T , A N D W H A T N O T E L S E ' . B e c a u s e t h i s i s s u c h a g r a ­ p h i c c o l l o q u i a l e x p r e s s i o n i t i s m a r k e d w i t h a n a s t e r i s k i n th e F r a m e . b) YA IN A YA, w h i c h i s e q u i v a l e n t to 'A S SO O N A S ', i s to o f o r m a l to be u s e d in n o r m a l c o n v e rs a tio n . T h e r e is a n o th e r e x p r e s s io n , a ls o u se d in f o r m a l la n g u a g e r a t h e r th a n in o r d i n a r y c o n v e r s a tio n , w h ic h is n e a r l y th e s a m e i n m e a n i n g : S o r e o k i k u YA T A D A C H I N I . . . D e m p o o g a k u r u YA T A D A C H I N I . . . T A D A C H I i s e q u i v a l e n t to 't h e m o m e n t ' , a n d th e p h r a s e s a b o v e a r e e q u a l to: 'T H E M O M E N T I h e a r d t h a t . . . '; 'T H E M O M E N T I r e c e i v ­ e d th e t e l e g r a m . . . '. T h e C O N V E R S A T I O N A L e q u i v a l e n t f o r e i t h e r of th e se is: S o r e o k i k u T O SU G U . . . D e m p o o g a k u r u T O SUGU . . . 5. DA N O . . . DA N O o r NO . . . NO: i s e q u i v a l e n t to T O KA o r YA. The a c t u a l c o n n e c t i n g e l e m e n t i n a l l c a s e s i s NO; DA i s u s e d s i m p l y to l in k nouns to N O (n o te t h a t DA i s n o t u s e d w h e n a n a d j e c t i v e o r a v e r b p r e c e d e s NO). S in c e T O KA o r YA i s th e n o r m a l c o n n e c t i n g p a r t i c l e w i t h s e r i e s of no u n s, t h e f i r s t g r o u p of e x a m p l e s w i t h DA N O h a s b e e n m a r k e d w i t h an a s t e r i s k . T h e s e c o n d g r o u p of e x a m p l e s i s n o t s o m a r k e d b e c a u s e DA NO o r N O i s o f t e n u s e d to i n d i c a t e th e V A R I E T Y o r th e R E P E T I T I O N S or the N U M B E R of c o m p l a i n t s , c h a n g e s of m i n d , l i k e s a n d d i s l i k e s , a n d o th e r t h i n g s s a i d by a n o t h e r p e r s o n —a s th e e x a m p l e s o f th e s e c o n d g r o u p i l l u s t r a t e . T h is p a t t e r n co u ld v e r y w e ll im p ly , an d often d o es im p ly , w e a ­ r i n e s s w i t h t h e n u m b e r of t h i n g s s a i d o r w i t h t h e n u m b e r o f t i m e s t h e y w e re s a i d , s o i t s h o u l d b e u s e d w i t h c a r e . This p a t t e r n i s a l s o o f t e n u s e d to i n d i c a t e E X T R E M E q u a l i t i e s .

Thus:

T a k a i N O n a n N O 't t e t a m a t t a m o n o j a a r i m a s e n . (T h e th in g is E X T R E M E L Y e x p e n siv e . ) I t a i N O i t a k u n a i N O 't t e . . . ('I a m / w a s in E X T R E M E p a i n . ') S a m u i N O s a m u k u n a i N O 't t e o h a n a s h i ni n a r i m a s e n . (It i s 'b e y o n d d e s c r i p t i o n ' h o w E X T R E M E L Y c o l d i t w a s . )

L e s s o n 37.

1152

M ore P articles

6. N A R I: i s u s e d i n f o r m a l l a n g u a g e a n d i n w r i t t e n m a t e r i a l s ; s o m e ­ t i m e s , th o u g h , i t m a y be h e a r d u s e d i n c o n v e r s a t i o n . I t i s e q u i v a l e n t to YA, T O KA, o r Y A R A . I t o c c u r s i n p a i r s , a n d c a n b e i n t e r p r e t e d a s e q u iv ­ a l e n t to ' E I T H E R . . . O R '. 7. TO NAKU: i s u s e d i n b o o k s r a t h e r t h a n i n s p o k e n c o n v e r s a t i o n , a n d i s e q u i v a l e n t to M O ' a l s o ' . T h u s : Y A M A T O N A K U N O T O N A K U 'm o u n ­ ta in s AND A LSO f ie ld s '. (C o n sid e r TO NAKU as a u n it.) 8. We a d d h e r e tw o p a t t e r n s F O R R E C O G N I T I O N i n v o l v i n g th e use of NI. B o t h a r e to o f o r m a l to m e r i t s t u d y f o r p r o d u c t i o n . O b s e r v e : ga m iz u w a h e r im a s e n d e s h ita ga ze n zen w a k a rim a s e n d e sh ita g a t a s u k e r u h i to g a y a t t e k o n a k a t t a k oto d e s u O o ig aw a

T h e N I o f th e f i r s t s e c t i o n a b o v e c a n b e c o n s i d e r e d a s a c o n n e c t i v e p a r t i ­ c l e , th e s a m e a s th e N I d e s c r i b e d i n R e m a r k 2; i . e . , e q u i v a l e n t to 'in a d d itio n '. T h u s: NOMI NI NONDA K IK I NI K II T A SA K EB I NI SAKENDA

'I d r a n k a n d d r a n k A G A IN A N D A G A IN . 1 'I h e a r d i t O V E R A N D O V E R . ' 'I S H O U T E D A N D S H O U T E D . '

T h e N I i n th e s e c o n d s e c t i o n p o i n t s o u t th e v e r b p r e c e d i n g i t i n s u c h a c l e a r f a s h i o n a s to m a k e o f i t a V E R Y E M P H A T I C T O P I C . W ith t h e N E G A ­ T I V E P O T E N T I A L v e r b f o l l o w i n g , t h e n , t h e m e a n i n g o f t h e p a t t e r n is: s u c h - a n d - s u c h a n a c t i o n i s E X T R E M E L Y D I F F I C U L T T O C A R R Y OUT. T hus: YUU NI IW A R E N A I k o to d e s u . 'I t i s a V E R Y H A R D T H IN G T O SAY.' K O SU N I K O S A R E N U O o i g a w a . 'T h e R i v e r O o i, SO H A R D T O CROSS. 1 NA K U N I N A K A R E N A I. 'I J U S T C A N N O T C R Y .'

L E S S O N 38 A N E L A B O R A T I O N ON " Y U U " A N D "S U R U " 38.

1 (TO ) YUU 3 8 . 1. 1 w i t h C e r t a i n N o u n s 3 8 . 1 . 2 C o n c e r n i n g t h e S u b j e c t o f YUU 3 8 . 1 . 3 T O YUU w i t h T O K O R O 3 8 . 1 . 4 T O YUU w i t h Q u e s . W d s . & R e f e r e n t s 3 8 .2 SURU 3 8 . 2. 1 G e n e r a l F u n c t i o n s a n d M e a n i n g s o f S U R U 3 8 . 2 . 2 T O S U R U a n d NI SU R U

3 8 . 1 (TO ) YUU 3 8 .1 .1

W I T H C E R T A I N N OU NS

B y w a y of i n t r o d u c i n g th e p r o b l e m to b e t r e a t e d i n t h i s s e c t i o n , we ask th e s t u d e n t to c o n s i d e r th e f o l l o w i n g tw o s i m i l a r , b u t v e r y d i f f e r e n t , types of E n g l i s h s e n t e n c e s .

I t's a I t 1s a n T h e r e 's a He is s u f f e r i n g f r o m a

F E E L IN G O P IN IO N RUMOR D E L U S IO N

T h a t's a

M IS A P P R E H E N S IO N

NOUN H EAD

(B)

4

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I h a d th e I h a d th e T h e r e 's a

F E E L IN G O P IN I O N RUMOR

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D E L U S IO N M IS A P P R E H E N S IO N

THAT THAT THAT THAT

c a n n o t be p u t into w o rd s is b a s e d on b ias sounds lik ely ! i s n o t u n c o m m o n to sch izo p h ren ics THAT is w id e s p re a d

M O D IFIE R T H A T h e w a s l y i n g to u s T H A T s h e w a s h a r d to t a l k to T H A T t h e y ' r e g o in g to be m a r r i e d soon THAT ev ery o n e lik e s h im T H A T p y g m ie s a r e n o t fu lly hum an

T h e s e tw o t y p e s of s e n t e n c e s a r e o b v i o u s l y d i f f e r e n t . I n (A), th e m o d i f i e r d e s c r i b e s s o m e E X T R I N S I C Q U A L IT Y o f th e n o u n h e a d , a n d T H A T functions a s a p r o n o u n . I n (B), t h e m o d i f i e r d e s c r i b e s th e C O N T E N T S of the f e e l i n g , th e o p i n i o n , e t c . —i t d e s c r i b e s W H A T w a s f e l t , t h o u g h t , r u ­ m o r e d , e t c . —a n d th e w o r d T H A T f u n c t i o n s a s a c o n j u n c t i o n . The Ja p a nese e q u i v a l e n t s f o r (A) a r e :

1154

L e s s o n 38.

A n E l a b o r a t i o n o n "Y U U " a n d "SURU

M O D IFIE R

NOUN HEAD

S o r e w a s e t s u m e i d e k i n a i h o d o no K IM O C H I S ore wa h en k e n ni y o ru KANGAE S o r e w a m o t t o m o r a s h i i UW ASA S e is h in b u n re ts u s h o o ni a r ig a c h i na MOOSOO S ore wa s e k a i j u u no h i t o t a c h i g a o c h i i t t e i r u A Y A M A T T A K A N G A E K A T A

desu desu d e s u ne n i ts u k a r e t e iru desu

B e f o r e w e go o n to s h o w h o w s e n t e n c e s o f t h e ty p e (B) a r e e x p r e s s e d , i n J a p a n e s e , l e t u s a g a i n s t u d y s t r u c t u r e s (A) a n d (B), b u t i n a m o r e c o m ­ p l i c a t e d f o r m . I t m a y b e t h a t th e s t u d e n t w o u l d a t o n c e n o t i c e th e d if f e r e n c e b e t w e e n a s i m p l e s e n t e n c e of ty p e (A) a n d a s i m p l e s e n t e n c e of ty p e (B), b u t w o u l d o v e r l o o k th e d i f f e r e n c e if th e s e n t e n c e s w e r e c o m p l e x a n d thus w o u l d e x p r e s s b o t h t y p e s i n J a p a n e s e w i t h t h e s a m e s t r u c t u r e . C o m p a re th e fo l l o w i n g : (A) T h e r e 's a I re c e iv e d a T h e re is a T h e re is a T h e r e 's an I t 's th e

NOUN HEAD RUMOR CALL N O T IC E STATEM ENT ANNOUNCEMENT V IE W P O IN T

M O D IF IE R g o in g a r o u n d fro m G eorge on th e b o a r d in th is book in T he Sun o f th e B o a r d

TH A T se e m s ra th e r re lia b le T H A T m u s t h av e c o s t 200 yen THAT concerns you T H A T I fin d q u ite o b je c tio n a b le T H A T y o u 'd b e t t e r h a v e a lo o k at T H A T c o u n ts, n o t m in e —

(B ) T h ere is a I re c e iv e d a T h e r e 's a I fo u n d th e T h e r e 's an I a g r e e w ith the

NOUN HEAD RUMOR CALL N O T IC E STATEM ENT ANNOUNCEMENT V IE W P O IN T

M O D IF IE R g o in g a r o u n d fro m G eorge o n th e b o a r d in th is book in T he Sun o f th e B o a r d

THAT THAT THAT THAT THAT THAT

th a t f i r m is g o in g b a n k ru p t h e 'll be h e r e r ig h t aw ay ex am s s ta rt to m o rro w f e w m e n a r e w i t h o u t a n y bias th e s t r i k e h a s e n d e d no o t h e r s o lu tio n is p o ssib le

S e n t e n c e s of ty p e (A) a r e n o t e x p r e s s e d i n J a p a n e s e in th e s a m e w a y t h a t s e n t e n c e s of t y p e (B) a r e e x p r e s s e d . T h i s m u c h s h o u l d b e e x p e c t ­ e d f r o m w h a t w a s e x p l a i n e d o n th e p r e c e d i n g p a g e . B u t w h a t i s e v e n m o r e n o t e w o r t h y i s t h a t t h e s e t y p e (A) s e n t e n c e s a r e n o t e x p r e s s e d i n J a p a n e s e i n t h e s a m e w a y a s t h e t y p e (A) s e n t e n c e s on t h e p r e c e d i n g p a g e ! Note t h a t t h e s e n t e n c e s a b o v e c o n t a i n , e a c h of t h e m , T W O s t a t e m e n t s ; for e x a m p l e , " T h e r e i s a r u m o r g o in g a r o u n d " , a n d , " T h i s r u m o r s e e m s r a t h e r r e l i a b l e " . I n J a p a n e s e t h e tw o s t a t e m e n t s a r e e x p r e s s e d a s two s t a t e m e n t s . ( T h i s w a s h i n t e d a t b e f o r e . C f. p . 521, R . 4 . ) O b s e r v e s o m e e q u i v a l e n t s of t y p e (A) s e n t e n c e s : A r u u w a s a g a t o n d e i r u n d e s u GA, s o r e w a h o n t o o r a s h i i d e s u y o . J o o j i s a n k a r a d e n w a g a a t t a n d e s u GA n e , s o r e w a 2 0 0 - e n m o s h i t a n deshoo. K e i j i b a n n i s h i r a s e g a a r u n d e s u GA , s o r e w a a n a t a n i m o k a n k e i g a a rim a su .

1155

(TO) YUU

In o t h e r w o r d s , i n J a p a n e s e th e tw o s t a t e m e n t s i m p l i c i t i n s e n t e n c e s of type (A) w o u l d b e e x p r e s s e d i n s u b o r d i n a t e d o r d e r , b e g i n n i n g w i t h a n i n ­ t r o d u c t o r y G A - c l a u s e a n d f o l l o w i n g w i t h th e m o r e i m p o r t a n t o b s e r v a t i o n of th e s p e a k e r . N ow l e t u s t u r n o u r a t t e n t i o n to s e n t e n c e s of th e ty p e (B) s h o w n both o n t h i s a n d th e p r e c e d i n g p a g e . F i r s t of a l l , o b s e r v e th e k i n d o f N O U N th a t a p p e a r s a s th e n o u n h e a d i n a l l of th e s e n t e n c e s s h o w n ; t h e y a r e n o u n s w h ic h e x p r e s s a p e r s o n ' s T H O U G H T S , h i s F E E L I N G S , h i s V E R B A L C O M ­ M U N IC A T IO N S , h i s W R I T T E N C O M M U N IC A T IO N S ; t h e y a r e n o u n s , i n s h o r t , w h i c h i m p l y s o m e M E S S A G E . T h u s i t i s n o t s t r a n g e t h a t TO, th e p a r t i c l e u s e d w i t h m e s s a g e s ( a s w e s a w i n L e s s o n 23), s h o u l d a g a i n be u s e d i n t h e s e c a s e s . A nd j u s t a s b e f o r e , T O w a s f o l l o w e d b y s o m e V E R B of r e p o r t , h e r e , t o o , t h e v e r b YUU m u s t b e u s e d a f t e r T O . S tu d y t h e f o l ­ low ing F r a m e . M ESSAGE

T h e r e is They re c e iv e d

They said I h eard a rum or a rep o rt

THAT THAT THAT THAT

t h e y w e r e g o in g tw o p l a n e s w e r e h e i s g o in g b a c k tw o p l a n e s w e r e

back hom e s h o t down hom e s h o t down

M ESSAGE K uni ni k a e r u N id a i n o h i k o o k i g a o t o s a r e t a K uni ni k a e r u N i d a i no h i k o o k i g a o t o s a r e t a

TO itte im a s h ita TO (ka) k i k i m a s h i t a T O YU U u w a s a T O YUU s h i r a s e

ga a r im a s u o u k e to rim ash ita

A ll th is h a s s e r v e d a s a p r e lu d e . We c a n now m a k e a c a r e f u l stu d y of t h e J a p a n e s e s t r u c t u r e i n v o l v e d w h e n T O YUU i s u s e d w i t h n o u n s o f th e type w e h a v e o b s e r v e d . KEY E X A M P L E S :

Y

[ sowing + k o to + |p a /m u |k a S i/ ni[ho|n + d e / a |ta + to + y u u + k o to + d e s ]

S o n n a k o t o g a m u k a s h i N i h o n de a t t a to y u u k o to d e s u . 'I t i s a f a c t t h a t s u c h t h i n g s e x i s t e d i n J a p a n a lo n g t i m e a g o .

N i h o n g o o n a r a u h i t o g a f u e t a to y u u h a n a s h i o k i i t a n d e s u . 'I h e a r d i t s a i d t h a t th e n u m b e r o f p e o p l e l e a r n i n g J a p a n e s e h a s in c re a se d .'

1156

L e s s o n 38. 3

A n E l a b o r a t i o n o n " YUU" a n d "SURU

[ ha[-a + saq + i] a / b e ^ koku + de + 5inda + to + yuu + dempoo + o / jk e to rim a |s ta ]

H a r a s a n g a B e i k o k u de s h i n d a to y u u d e m p o o o u k e t o r i m a s h i t a . 'I r e c e i v e d a t e l e g r a m s a y i n g t h a t M r . H a r a d i e d i n t h e U. S . 1 4 , [ do|nna + hoohoo + o / ~i|katta|ra / i ll + ka + to + yuu / mondai + na +|n + dgs ] D o n n a h o o h o o o t s u k a t t a r a i i k a to y u u m o n d a i n a n d e s u . 'T h e p r o b l e m i s , w h a t i s th e b e s t m e t h o d to f o l l o w . '

5

[ tabako+ o/yafnena & i> n a g a r e Mtti. nandem o neuchi

V o c a b u l a r y - - L e s s o n 25 th ie f g re a t, em in en t fo re ig n la n g u a g e (s) p atien c e, to le ra n c e cf. m e iw a k u c f . h a h a , (v. 5) (a) h a l f (com m on Ja p a n e se w ritin g p ap er) 20 y e a r s o ld to b o a s t, to b r a g a p a r t, a p o rtio n , som e t o t e a s e ; t o b u lly ; to t o r m e n t r e a d y - c o o k e d food; TV d in n er v alu e, w o rth m irro r G od one -w a y (trip ) p o l i c e (m a n ) a rtic le Lake . . . lo n ely , h e lp le s s , d ish e a rte n in g neck to be d i s m i s s e d , to be fire d tr a d e u n io n clo u d t o m a k e a l i v in g ; t o l i v e , to p a s s o n e 1s t i m e te a c h e r, m a s te r q u i t e , j u s t li k e to b e p u z z l e d ; to lo s e o n e 's w ay tro u b le, ann o y ­ ance, n u isan ce u n d ersta n d in g , good s e n s e , re sp o n siv e n ess flo w (in g ), s t r e a m an y th in g v alu e, w o rth

n ib ai _ noo

d o u b le a b ility , talen t in te llig e n c e ; "N oo" p lay n o rio k u re ru to m i s s , (tra in , b u s . . .) o i s o g a s h i i &■■[£ Lv* ( h o n o r , v . 6) o m o iy ari s y m p a t h y , fe llo w fe elin g o o fu k u SilS g o in g a n d r e t u r n ­ in g ; r o u n d t r i p ressh a (ra ilw a y ) tr a in rik ai u n d e rsta n d in g saik in # £ re c e n tly , lately s h i k a (. . . n a i) o n ly ; n o t h i n g e x ­ cept . . . s h i m p a i 'L'BB an x ie ty , w orry, co n cern sh itak u a rra n g e m e n ts; p re p a ra tio n s , e q u ip m en t s h o k u h i n A St food, fo o d stu ffs sh u ju tsu s u r g i c a l o p eratio n son ii lo s s , d isad v an tag e sonkei re s p e c t, estee m sum aseru to b e f i n i s h e d , to b e d o n e with suto cf. s u to ra ik i, ( v . 17) tan o sh im i ^ L p le a s u r e , en jo y ­ m en t; hope, e x ­ p ec ta tio n ten p o in t, po in ts to riy a m e t o b e c a l l e d off; (n i n a r u ) to be c a n c e lle d & JJ t o z a n 5£[i| m o u n ta in e e rin g t s u r u Stl •?> t o f i s h ( w ith r o d & l i n e ), to a n g l e u s h i 41 cow ; ox; b u l l uw asa ru m o r, g o ssip yam anobori m o u n ta in e e rin g yorokobi

jo y , d e lig h t

V o c a b u la ry - - L e s s o n 26.

(5)

LESSON

bin bim boonin fg A i chitto choom en (fiffl

b o ttle , j a r poor m an, pauper

c f. c h i t t o m o , ( v . 13) n o te book; a c c o u n t book p o iso n doku S c a re le ssn e ss, ■fuchuui • f S l in atten tio n u n h ap p in ess; fukoo m isfo rtu n e; ill lu c k snake hebi one box, one pack 1hitohako “ fS one g a llo n 1ic h ig a r o n u n ex p e cted , . igai un fo reseen (th e J a p a n e s e s y l ­ iroha l a b a r y -a lp h a b e t) b r a v e , v a lian t; isa m a sh ii %t L ^ gallan t (by a s c o r e of) itta i-z e ro 1 -0 . (de . . . ) katana 73 sw ord | k ik in a o s u to i n q u i r e , (ask) ag a in H itt* steam sh ip ; lin e r k is e n ?t]S& rice kome ^ a (facto ry ) w o rk e r kooin ICJI p a in , s u ffe rin g , 1k u ru sh im i ¥ LA d istre ss cam p in g ground ; k y a m p u jo o * ir V m i l e (s) | m airu n o v a c a n c y ; fu l l j m a n - i n ?f§Ji. (of p e o p l e ) m a n k a i ijtjjPi fu ll b lo o m (m o ta n a id e ) w ith ­ j m otazu ni out h av in g . . . n tz -r v t re a so n a b le , n atu | m o tto m o

|

26

n am id a M nanni n o m im o n o okom e o k o r u |3 C. & ongak(u)kai

ra l; h o w ev er te a rs c f . n a n ( i ) , (v. 5) d rin k s, b ev e rag e s cf. k o m e to h a p p e n ; to b r e a k out co n cert

O ly m p ic g a m e s reg rettab le; p re cio u s; t o o g o o d (f o r) p is to l, gun p isu to ru land, s h o re r i k u US a c q u ain tan ce s h i r i a i Si £ (a m e a s u r e o f -shoo cap acity 0 .4 8 gallon) o cc asio n ally , ta m a ni o n ce in a w h ile to f i g h t tata k a u 5 e x h ib itio n te n ra n k a i ten t o o "+■ r o a d , s t r e e t , w ay; t o o r i j® lik e, th e s a m e to go p a s t , to p a s s to o risu g iru (a p l a c e ) a D g5 n atu ra l, m a tte r to o zen of c o u r s e a n g lin g , fish in g tsu ri (w ith r o d &: lin e ) p layground u n d o o jo o y a b u r e r u Bfcfri Z> to b e b e a t e n ; to be b r o k e n to g e t l e a n ( t h i n ) y aseru s i d e , fla n k ; y o k o ffi w id th b ra v e ry , v alo r y u u k a n M St

o rim p ik k u o s h i i ft L ^

(6)

V o c a b u l a r y — L e s s o n 27.

L E S S O N 27

am m ari areru

2>

a s a b a n ff|!& ch ik ay o ru & d e n k i ftfB dew a esa fu n a aso b i # 1 1 CA*

guzuguzu h antoo ja(a) j i m a n El® k an sh in

kik en k o r obu

k o t o r i

c f . a m a r i , ( v . 11) to b e c o m e ro u g h , s to rm y ; to r u n w ild ; t o b e d i l a p ­ id ated m o r n i n g & e v e n in g to a p p r o a c h , to d r a w n e a r b io g rap h y , life (sto ry ) w e ll ; t h e n ; in th a t c a s e b a it, feed b o atin g , ro w in g , boat rid e slo w ly , ta r d i l y , h esitatin g ly p en in su la cf. dew a p rid e, bo ast a d m ira tio n ; p r a i s e ­ w o rth y ; fa v o r a b le im p re ssio n danger to f a ll dow n, to t u m b l e d o w n ; to r o l l (over) little b ird , b ird ie a no ted d o c to r, an e x c ellen t p h y sician to a p p l y f o r ; to r e q u e s t , to a s k ; to p r o p o s e t o c o n s o l e , to c o m fo r t; to e n ­ te rta in , am u se

nakayoku su ru < -t Z> nakayoku n a ru n a n i k a fa & n a n k a i fa HI n ig ai n o n k i k ataz u k eru

k ic h ig a i S til© k o m araseru H 5 k o m a tc h a tta k o o , o t s u ¥ , Zj (. . . n i) k o s h i t a k o to w a n ai

kosu

ku izu kuukoo m adogarasu 7 x

m aru A m echakucha

m osu n ak ig o e n ik k o ri n isan d o

^

lad d er t o m o v e to; t o m o v e o n e 1s h o u s e a s u n f la g ; th e J a p a n e s e flag to b a r k hom e run in flatio n th re a d ; strin g ; lin e tim e , p e rio d ; age; era tim e -tab le , sch e d u le flo w er v ase b a sk e t; cage em p ty ; hollo w to p ile u p , to p u t one upo n a n o th e r to put in o r d e r , to c l e a r aw ay; to s e ttle m adness; m ad to e m b a r r a s s , to a n n o y ,to b o th er (k o m atte s h im a tta ) A , B; t h e o n e a n d the o th e r n o th in g is so good a s . . .; n o th in g can be b e tte r th an . . . to p a s s , to c r o s s , to o u tru n , to e x ­ ceed q u iz airp o rt w indow g la s s , ( " ) pane c irc le ; round, co m p lete m e s s , p e ll-m ell; absurd, in c o h e r­ ent to b u rn , to k in d le c r y (of a n a n i m a l ) c f . n i k o n i k o , (v. 24) 2 or 3 tim e s

n isan n en n o m b iri n o z o m u 11 tf ogenki o k a jx o k u j o o M_h o m o ik iru o o m i z u A 2k (o) s e w a n i n a r u (4 f) IS

o t s u 2< resu raa rin g u saig o itH san d aru sap p ari

s e n c h o o ISIS s e n ' i n ISM senro s e w a !£»§ s h a in ttM sh ib ire shukkoo sokkuri su g u reru s u i h e i 7k su p iid o su to o b u suzum e taiso o tak o tam eru

2 or 3 y ears carefree; at leisu re t o d e s i r e , to wish, t o h o p e (fo r) ( h o n o r , of "g e n k i", v. 4) h ill h o u s e t o p ; ro o f to p t o r e s o l v e boldly; to give u p a (h e a v y ) flo o d to r e c e iv e a s s i s t ­ a n c e , to be u n d e r in d eb ted ­ n e s s to cf. koo, o tsu w re stle r rin g la s t, fin al sa n d a ls frank; re fre sh e d , re lie v e d ; co m p letely ; (not) a t a l l (a s h i p ' s ) c a p t a i n crew ; crew m an tr a c k ; (ra ilw a y ) lin es a id , a s s is ta n c e , s e rv ic e m e m b e r; em p lo y ­ ee; p e rs o n n e l n u m b n e s s ; p alsy ; cram p ( s h ip 's ) d e p a r t u r e alto g eth er; e n tir e ­ ly; j u s t l i k e . . . t o b e b e t t e r th a n ; to s u r p a s s ; excel seam an, sailo r speed sto v e; h e a te r sparrow g y m n astics k ite t o a m a s s , to a c c u ­ m u late

V o c a b u l a r y - - L e s s o n 31. c h e s t of d r a w e r s ; w ardrobe t o h a p p e n to p a s s (by) to aster to c a tc h ; to s e iz e ; to a r r e s t th o ro u g h k n o w l­ edge; a u th o rity (on a s u b j e c t ) t o s h o o t up; t o l e t off; t o e n d d riv er

tansu to o rik ak a ru m *> & & % to o su taa tsu k am ae ru tsu u

(H )

3

u ch iag e ru

n't>±lrfZ> u n ten sh u

LESSON

bangoo c h i iffl. d e n c h i 11 en to tsu E su k im o o H aabaado h a i k i n g u - k o o su hakobu

h a n e 53 h itokuchi — P ich id o ni

C

i r e m o n o AH®) jitto k a z o e r u ifc k. Z> keiy u k e m u r i ffi k e w a s h i i l§&L k iri 8

num ber blood b attery ; e le c tric c e ll c h im n ey E sq u im o H arvard hik in g c o u r s e to c a r r y , t r a n s ­ p o r t ; to go on, p ro g ress f e a t h e r ; w in g a m o u t h f u l , a bite;, a d rop; a w o rd a t once, a t a tim e ; at a stre tc h c o n tain e r, r e c e p ­ tacle fix ed ly , s te a d ily ; q u i e t (ly) to count l i g h t o il, g a s o l i n e sm oke steep ; s h a r p fog; m i s t

u tsu ru

i>

u tsu su

B Sf if-t w an (-w an) ya (a) yo ^ y u ru m eru y u u jin ^ A

t o m o v e to ; to c h a n g e , t o s h ift; to be c a tc h in g ; to be in fe c te d to r e f l e c t ; t o p h o ­ to g ra p h ; to copy bow -w ow o h !, a h ! , h allo ! c f . y o r u , (v. 6) t o l o o s e n , to u n ­ fa s te n , to r e l a x frie n d

31

k o o ji I # kooru 3 kozoo

n a r a u 1? 5 o m o t a i i t fcv* orosu •'bH

s e k i y u S ffi su teek i t a t a m i S. teb u k u ro to jim a ri (o) s u r u p m t> ( * ) * 3 tsubo

yakusu

c o n s t r u c t i o n (w o r k ) t o f r e e z e , to b e frozen over bo y ; a p p r e n t i c e ; young ( B u d d h ist) p rie st to i m i t a t e ; to m o d el a fte r heavy t o t a k e d o w n ; to lo w e r , to d ro p ; t o h e l p (a p e r s o n ) off kerosene, p e tro ­ le u m , o il steak Jap. m at g lo v es t o f a s t e n th e d o o r s

la n d m e a s u r e : 3 .9 5 s q .y a r d s ; 3 .3 1 sq . m e t e r s to t r a n s l a t e

02)

V o c a b u l a r y — L e s s o n 32.

LESSON

an sh in a tae ru

tS'L'

&

( s e n s e of) r e l i e f , se c u rity to give; b e s to w ; to f u r n i s h , s u p -

ply a t s u m a r i M i i)

co llec tio n ; m e e t ing, a s s e m b l y b a k u h a tsu e x p lo sio n ; b lo w in g up ch u u rip p u tu lip dam asu to d e c e i v e ,to c h e a t; to t r i c k d e n s e n US? e l e c t r i c w ire ; c a b le d e n w a s e n 'Site® t e l e p h o n e w i r e s f u m u 88 tr t o s t e p on; t o t r e a d on; t o t r a m p l e on f u r i m u k u $1 £ IrJ < t o t u r n o n e ' s f a c e ; to lo o k b a c k goo ■§• num ber; pen nam e g o ry o o sh in (y o u r) p a r e n t s (honor. ) ci*iSi3§ g untai a r m y , tro o p s h aik en s e e in g , lo o k in g a t (h u m b le) h a k a i 6£iH d e s tru c tio n , dem olitio n hakken d isco v ery h ak u b u tsu k an m u s e u m (of n a t . h isto ry ) h a n a sh ik a k e ru to a d d r e s s (o n e self t o a p e r s o n ) ; to te L * * t a s p e a k to h an g a riig o H u n g a r ia n (lan g . ) 'J “ TO han tai o p p o sitio n happyoo an n o u n c em en t, p u b licatio n h ato dove; p ig eo n h atsu m ei in v en tio n ; co n triv an ce h a y a k u c h i ni (speak) fa st; ra p id ¥PE talk in g h id o i m e n i au (c f. " k u r u s h i i m e n i a u " , v . 20)

32

h i h a n fifcffi h ik are ru h ik o o jo o h itei h i t o b a n —*Ifc h o n 'y a k u SltMS^ h o o s o o J&S ita z u ra k k o jik i it

jim u so o ch o o j u n s a i®3[£ ju uyoo H I? k a c h o o SfH

k aik etsu k a k i n e & § IS k a k o m u B ts kam u K ansai H B

kazan k ik ito ru W

k irau kyoka m ago M m a k a s e r u f£:-£ r e w a r d ; ( t o k e n of) orei gratitude fear; danger; risk; o s o r e iShapprehension Pascal Pasukaru Russia Roshia conscience r y o o s h i n J L ln u p s i d e down; sakasam a inverted o rd e r i n dustry sangyoo S S s c hizophrenia; s e i sh in b u n r e t su dem entia s h o o ffif I t 2E senior, elder sem pai qualification, s h i k a k u SSfe com petence, capability, requirem ents (catholic) p r i e s t , sh im p u (sa m a ) Fr. (an t r uth shinri J|f! thought(s), idea(s) shisoo e x is te n c e ; being sonzai iflt steel suchiiru trav el, journey, t a b i #R trip am bas sador taishi to hold a high p o ­ t a k a i c h i i ni s i t io n , be w e ll tsuite iru placed & see k ; kind; q u a l ­ tane 8 ity; topic; cause, source; trick, secret to c r u s h ; to s m a s h ; tsubusu to w a ste (time) t s u k a r e r u M ti to be t i r e d cf. t s u m a r a n a i , tsum arim asen (v.4)

( 24)

u ta g a i §§^ y a s h i k i M®: yohoo i ' S

V o c a b u l a r y — L e s s o n 39. doubt; q u estio n , suspicion m ansion, r e sidence forecast

y o m i m o n o SIA®/ y u s h u t s u #tf) zensekai

LESSON

akichi IM a n j i r u ^ C Z>

aran asaburo W & Z botchan b u t a g o y a ® t o b e b u r i e d , be f i l l e d u p (in) parting, s e p a r a ­ w a k a r e BUfx tion; b r a n c h , division cf. wakamono, wakoodo (v. 34) c o tton w a t a jfflj b u siness, engage­ yo o m ent; som ething t o do; u s e , service c f . y o r o s h i i , (v. 13) yoshi S L (an) e v e n i n g ; y u u ( g a t a ) £r ( A ) c f . y u u b e , (v. 12) tax zeikin

ten A

LESSON

chirakaru h

f u j i n £§A furo go-busata g o k ig e n yo (ro s h u u) gokigenyoo

to lie ( s c a tte r e d ) about; to be in d i s o r d e r , to be untidy lady, w o m a n c f . o f u r o , (v. 7) m y n e g l e c t (to w r i t e , to c a l l . . . ) good luck! good b y e ! m

40

h a i s h a k u f f (b harai i n k y o IS® isogi iwai joosha suru m M -tz kashi 1 ?

b o rro w in g (humble) paym ent; account; bill retirem ent; retired (old) m a s t e r haste, h u rry celebration; fe s t i v a l to take a tra in ; to get on a (c ar) cf . o k a s h i , (v. 5)

(26) ka shikom a r im a - all right, sir; shita I w i l l do kaw ari i) change, alteration; som ething wrong m aido S S each tim e, always; often m atsuri S c f . o m a t s u r i , (v. 12) m edetai happy, auspicious megumi favor; blessing; m ercy; alm s mei niece m e u e 0_h one's su p erio rs; one's sen io rs mi # th e body; th e p e r ­ son m iyo & reign, period apology, excuse m ooshiw ake $ LIR son-in-law ; m u k o $f bridegroom nephew oi okamai concern, regard, w orry o m a c h i d o o s a m a (I a m s o r r y ) to h av e k e p t you w aiting om edetoo congratulations ! (gozaim asu) omikoshi portable shrine (a w r i t t e n o r a c l e ) omikuj i "m iso " potage (omi) o ts u k e (soup)

V o c a b u l a r y - - L e s s o n 40. otam ajakushi

tadpole

t i f f < L otanom i oyatsu

sashim i senjitsu

H

s h i m e r i S i> s h i r u s h i 01 shoosetsuka 4-m m s o b o ffl® s ofu X som atsu t a k u ^5 tassha toshiue tsum a H uke ta m a w a ru

zonjiageru 1?

m y r e q u e s t (to you) (3 o' c l o c k ) tea; (afternoon) r e ­ freshm ents ( s l i c e d r a w fish) t h e o t h e r day, a f e w d a y s ago dam pness; m ois­ t u r e ; humidity sign, m ark ; p ro o f , token novelist ( m y) g r a n d m o t h e r (my) g ran d fath er p l a i n ( n e s s ) ; poor; c o a r s e (food) m y h o u s e ; we; m y husband s k i l l f u l ; i n good health older; senior ( m y ) w i fe t o h e a r , t o be t o l d , t o k no w (humble) t o k n o w ( humbl e)

I.

IN D EX O F JA P A N E S E TER M S

In a ll q u o t a t i o n s th e f i r s t n u m b e r i n d i c a t e s th e p a g e s , b e r in b r a c k e t s , when n ee ded, in d ic a te s the p a r a g r a p h . b e lo n g to th e 2nd V o l u m e .

A-: d e m o n s t r a t i v e p a r t i c l e : 1077 ff. AA: v e r b m o d i f i e r : 303 (6) " a a s h i t a " : 1091 AGERU: e x p r e s s i n g f a v o r : 24 8 (2) c o m p o u n d s w i t h " - a g e r u " : 433 t h e f o r m " - t e a g e r u " : 471 (4) A ID A : " a i d a n i " : 601 (2) AMARI: 285 ANATA: 21 (5) A NO : 10 79 , 10 84 ff. ARU: w i t h n o n - l i v i n g t h i n g s : 104 (2) w i t h l i v i n g t h i n g s : 110, 111 a b b re v . f o r m and pol. fo rm : 136 (3) l i k e " g a s u r u " : 202 i n d i c a t i n g m e a s u r e s : 290 (3) " -te iru " c o n t r a s te d with " -te a r u " : 901 (2) (3) ATARI: 1141 ATO: w i t h n o u n s : 310 (5) " a t o n i " : 320 (1), 595 (3) " - t a a t o d e " : 596 (5) AU: w i t h " n i " : 27 (3) d i f f e r e n t f r o m " m i r u " : 31 (5) c o m p o u n d s w i t h " - a u " : 431 -BA: c o n n e c t i v e : 671 f. c o n t r a s t e d with "to" a n d " n a r a " : 68 0 ff. BAKARI: 722 ff. -BEKI: 820 f. - B U R I (NI): 321 (2)

the second n u m ­ P a g e s a f t e r 61 3,

-CHA: a b b r e v i a t i o n : 500 (3), 1187 -CHAN: 222 (7) CHIGAU: " c h i g a i m a s u " : 162 (1) " c h i g a i n a i " : 363, 364 (1) (3) (4) "chigai": 36 3, 364 (1) (3) (4) CHIKAKU: a s a noun: 304 (8) CHITTOMO: 425 CHOODAI: in r e q u e s t s : 232 (9) CHOTTO: " c h o t t o m a t t e k u d a s a i " : 232 (8) general survey: 427 f. -CHUU: with and without "ni": 316 (8) tem p o ra l word: 610 DA: " d a no . . . d a n o " : 1149, 1 1 5 1 ( 5 ) DAIJOOBU: = " y e s " : 49 6 (3) DAKE: i n g e n . : 712 f f . with potential v e r b s : 929 " d a k e de s a e y a t t o d e s u " : 1129 -DARAKE: 445 D A R E HIT ORI: 754 (3) -DASU: 430 DATTE: = " d e m o " : 762 (3) DE: m eans: 52 location: 57, 104 (3) m a r k i n g t h e a t t r i b . : 136 (2) w i t h " w a " : 1 36 (2) w i t h s e q u e n c e s of m o d i f i e r s : 185 (2) (3) »?de i m a s u " : 1 87

(28) c o n t r a s t e d w i t h " n i " : 2 1 2 , 213 w i t h t i m e : 319 ff. v a r i o u s u s e s : 323 ff. s u r v e y : 336 " d e m o " i n c l a s s , s t y l e : 486 (4) "de m o " in c o n t r a s t i v e s e n t. : 76 2 ff. i n p a s s i v e s e n t e n c e s : 95 0 (4) c o n t r a s te d with "wa" and "ga": 990 ff. DEKIRU: d ifferen t m e a n in g s : 207(7) DERU: w i t h " o" o r " k a r a " : 206 (2) DESHOO: u n c e r t a i n t y : 252 ff. u s e : 259 ff. DESU: a b b re v . f o r m and pol. fo rm : 136 (3) a s a s u b s t i t . w o r d : 151 ff. a f t e r p r e p o s i t i o n s : 153 (4) " n o d e s u " : 157 ff. , 4 0 4 ff. " s o o d e s u " : 161 f f . " m a d a d e s u " : 165 ff. w i t h m e a s u r e m e n t s : 290 (2) w i t h v e r b a l n o u n s : 436 r e - s t a r t i n g with " d e s u k a r a " , e t c . : 1106 DOCHIRA (DOTCHI): t w o m e a n i n g s : 127 (2) w i t h c o m p a r i s o n : 337 ff. D O K O R O KA: 1005 (5) - D O M O : 442 D ON N A: i n t e r r o g a t i v e w o r d : 127 (2) " d o n n a n i " : 771 (3) DON O: i n t e r r o g a t i v e w o r d : 128 (2) m a r k i n g a c t u a l p r e s e n c e : 159 (2) DOO: " d o o d e s u k a " : 251 c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o " k o o " : 303 (6) "doo ka" in i n d i r e c t q u e s t . : 63 2 (3) (4) " d o o n i k a s h i t e " : 1173 ff. DOOJI: " t o d o o j i n i " : 607 f.

I. I n d e x of J a p a n e s e T e r m s DOOKA: p o s . : 231 (5) (6) n e g . : 240 D O O S E : 1120 DOOZO: i n r e q u e s t s : 231 (5) (6) = " y e s " : 502 f. D O R E : 127 (2) E : 27 (2) EE: in g e n . : 1 3 (2 ) ="iie": 4 7 ( 2 ) i n a l t e r n a t . q u e s t . : 66 (3) GA: i n d i c a t e s s u b j . : 105 (4) " w a " a n d " g a " : 147 (1) (2), 382 (1), 967 ff. d i s a p p e a r s b e f o r e " m o " : 481 (3) s e n t e n c e s e q u e n c e s w ith "ga": 516 ff. c o n t r a s t e d w i t h " - t e " : 524 ff. - G A C H I : 439 - G A R U : 850 f. - G A T A : 443 GO-: h o n o r i f i c p r e f i x : 1222 G O M E N N AS A I: u s e : 223 (9) l i k e " g o m e n k u d a s a i " : 232 (8) G O R A N : 219 (4), 222 (5), 241 (1) G O R O : 7 3 4 ff. G O T O NI: 295 (4) G O Z A R U : 1223 (3) ff. GURAI: u s e : 287 ff. , 700 ff. w i t h p o t e n t i a l v e r b s : 929 HAI: s e e " ee" ! HAIRU: with " n i" : 2 7 (3 ) - H A J I M E R U : 430 H A J I M E T E : 300 (5) HAYAKU: a s a n o u n : 304 (8) HAZU: u s e : 831 ff. w i t h d o u b l e n e g a t i o n : 1114 f. HIMA: i s q u a l i t a t i v e n o u n : 423

I. I n d e x of J a p a n e s e T e r m s HITO-: and verb al noun ("h itohashiri" , e t c . ): 4 37 f. HLTO TSU: = " j u s t " : 4 2 8 f. HITSUYOO: a s a n o u n w i t h " g a " : 148 (3) HODO: u s e : 700 ff. w i t h p o t e n t i a l v e r b s : 929 HO K A: " h o k a n i " : 359 (1), 360 (2) HOO: with c o m p a r a tiv e m eaning: 339 (5), 345 (3) (7) , 346 (8), 360 (4) HOS HI I: w i t h " g a " : 148 (3) " - t e h o s h i i " : 4 7 9 , 84 4 (4) H O T O N D O : 285 (2) I-: " i j o o " , " i g a i " , e t c . : 365 ff. -I:

q u e s t i o n s u f f i x : 1148 1 C H I B A N : 353 f. I G A I : 366 I GO : 367 f. II: and "y o i": 141(7) l i k e " y e s " : 4 95 (2) f. -II: " t a b e i i " , e t c . : 444 HE: in g e n . : 1 3 (2 ) " i i e " =" e e " : 4 7 ( 2 ) i n a l t e r n a t . q u e s t . : 66 (3) I J O O : 365 I K A : 365 f. IKAGA: " i k a g a d e s u k a " : 251 I K E N A I : 502 f. I KU: " i t t e m a i r i m a s u " : 223 (9) " - t e i k u " : 4 55 ff. " . . . w a k e ni wa i k i m a s e n " : 827 ff. see "oide" ! I K U R A : 771 (3)

(29) I K U T S U : 291 (6) I MA: w i t h " n i ( m o ) " : 315 (6) INAI: " m i k k a i n a i " : 366 f. I P P A I : 325 (2) I R A I : 367 IRASSHARU: i n c o m m a n d s : 222 (2) (4) " i t t e i r a s s h a i " : 223 (9) h o n o r i f i c u s e : 1212 I R O I R O : 300 (6) IRU: w i t h l i v i n g t h i n g s : 104 (1), 109 ff. " - te ir u " c o n t r a s t e d with " - t e a r u " : 900 f . ITADAKU: w i t h p e r m i s s i v e : 963 f. ITTAI: w i t h " n o " : 412 IU: s e e " y u u " ! I WAN: 730 (3) IYA: 13 (2) I Y O I Y O : 451 I Z E N : 367 JA: = " d e w a " : 500 (3) J I T S U WA: 1117 KA: q u e s t , p a r t . : 13 (1) "or": 118(2) w i t h i n t e r r . w o r d s : 127 (1) 791 ff. " i c h i n i c h i ( ka ) f u t s u k a " : 27 3 (4) "ka" with s u b o rd in ate questio n s: 79 9 ff. " k a " i n e x p r e s s i o n s of d o u b t : 803 ff. " k a m o s h i r e n a i " : 816 f. - K A E R U : 432 K A E T T E : 1121 - K A K E : 439 - K A K E R U : 433 KAMAU: " k a m a i m a s e n " : 49 5 (2) K A N A R A Z U : 427 K A N A R I : 285 - K A N E R U : 432

(30) KARA: w i t h d i r e c t i o n : 27 (2) f o r c l a r i f i c a t i o n : 80 r e a s o n : 541 ff. 545 " k a r a " c o n t r a s t e d with " - t e " : 551 ff. i n p a s s i v e s e n t e n c e s : 949 f. r e p l a c i n g " g a " : 993 " k a r a s h i t e " : 1172 K A S H I R A : 817 (4) -KATA: " y a r i k a t a " , e t c . : 440 K A W A R I NI: 532 ff. K A W A R U - G A W A R U : 451 K E D O : 516 K E K K O O : 248 (5), 495 (2) K E K K Y O K U : 1120 K E R E D O M O : 516 ff. K E S S H I T E : 42 5 f. KIKU: " t o h e a r " a n d " t o a s k " : 43 (4) KIRAI : w i t h " g a " : 148 (3) KITTO: u s e : 2 54 (4), 256 (5), 258 (8) a n d " t a s h i k a n i " : 302 (5) - K K E : 1147 - KK O : = " k o t o " : 1193 KO-: d e m o n s t r . p r e f i x : 1079 ff. - K O M U : 431 KO N O: 1079 ff. KOO: u s e : 303 (6) " k o o s h i t a " : 1091 ff. KOSO: 1131 ff. KOTO: a s n o u n - m a r k e r : 391 ff. =" m a t t e r " : 402 a s s t r u c t u r a l n o u n : 1030 ff. " k o t o ni n a t t a " c o n t r a s t e d w i t h " y o o ni n a t t a " : 1061 ff. w i t h d o u b l e n e g a t i o n : 1114 f. a s q u e s t i o n p a r t i c l e : 1148 KUDASARU: i n r e q u e s t s : 229 ff. c o u r t e s y f o r m u l a : 232 (8)

I. I n d e x o f J a p a n e s e T e r m s " g i v e p l e a s e " : 236 ff. " - t e i t e k u d a s a i " : 23 8 f. " - t e k u d a s a r u " : 470 ff. - K U N : 222 (7) KURERU: i n r e q u e s t s : 231 (2), 232 (9) t h e f o r m " - t e k u r e r u " : 470 ff. KURU: " - t e k u r u " : 45 6 ff. see " o id e " ! - K U S A I : 44 4 K U S E NI: 530 ff. MA-: i n t e n s i f y i n g p r e f i x : 96 f. MADA: n e g a t i v e : 7 (3) p o s i t i v e : 280 (3) MADE: w i t h d i r e c t i o n : 27 (2) " m a d e " a n d " m a d e n i " : 315 (5) " m a d e d e " : 326 f. MAE: t e m p o r a l w o r d : 595 (1) (2) M A I-: =" g o t o n i " : 295 (4) MAIRU: " i t t e m a i r i m a s u " : 223 (9) M A M A : 1075 f. -MASU: d i f f e r e n t f o r m s o f " - m a s u " : 3(5) m e a n i n g s : 7 (4) (5) MATA: " s o s h i t e m a t a " : 491 (3) " s o r e k a r a m a t a " : 491 (3) " m a t a w a " : 1 11 8 (3) -ME: w i t h o r d i n a l n u m b e r s : 269 f. M E T T A NI: 425 M I-: h o n o r i f i c p r e f i x : 1220 (1) MIERU: i n g e n . : 88 5, 91 3 (7) " t o m i e r u " a n d " n i m i e r u " : 1072 " t o m i e t e " : 1073 MIRU: d i f f e r e n t f r o m " a u " : 31 (5) " - t e m i r u " : 47 6 ff. see " g o ra n " ! - M I T A I : 1069 f.

I. I n d e x of J a p a n e s e T e r m s MO: w i t h n o u n i n g e n . : 480 ff. , 737 ff. i n s e q u e n c e o f a t t r i b u t e s : 48 4 ff. a s a s e q u e n c e s i g n a l : 48 9 ff. " h e d o e s n ' t r e a d o r w r i t e " : 493 c o n c e s s io n s and p ro h ib itio n s: 4 9 4 ff. a f t e r w o r d of q u e s t i o n : 747 ff. a f t e r q u a n t i t y : 753 ff. a f t e r " - t e " a n d " - d e " : 760 ff. M O N O : 1011 ff. - M O N O : 440 f. MOO: w i t h t i m e : 7 (3) " m o o h i t o r i " , e t c . : 281 (4) MORAU: " - t e m o r a i t a i " : 843 ff. M O T T O M O : 1120 M U S H I R O : 1120 NA: w i t h q u a l i t a t i v e n o u n s : 97 (1) " h a ir in a " : 223(8) " h a iru n a " : 241(2) = " n i a r u " : 392 " g a k u s h a n a k o t o " : 392, 393 w ith "no" (" n a n " ): 404 s h o w i n g s e n t i m e n t : 1 14 4 f. N A A : 848 (4) N A D O : 118 (3), 1138 ff. NAGARA: t e m p o r a l w o r d : 602 (6) i n c o n t r a s t s e n t e n c e s : 612 f. NAI: in g e n . : 1 3 6 (4 ) m o r p h o l o g y : 141 (6) a s e n d i n g of v e r b s : 219 (2) " - n a i u c h i " : 602 (4) -NA I DE: c o n t r a s te d with " -n a k u te " : 508 (5) l i k e " - z u n i " : 509 (6) N A K A N A K A : 426 -NAKUTE: c o n t r a s t e d w i t h " - n a i d e " : 508 (5) NAN/NANI: i n g e n . : 127 (2) " n a n t o y u u " : 4 1 4 f. , 1167 f. " n a n d a k a " : 801 (4)

(31) " n a n t o n a k u " : 801 (4) p a r t i c l e s w i t h " n a n - " : 1138 ff. "nantonaku", "nanto", e tc .: 1167 f. N A N I H I T O T S U : 7 54 (3) N A N K A : 11 38 ff. N A N S A I : 291 (6) N A N T E : 4 1 4 f. , 1 0 6 4 ( 3 ) , 1138 ff. N A N T O N A K U : 801 (4), 1167 f. N A O : 1120 - N A O S U : 431 NARA: a s t o p i c : 349 f. c o n n e c t i v e : 685 ff. c o n t r a s t e d w i t h " - t a r a " : 691 ff. = s i m p l e s e r i e s c o n n e c t i o n : 693 NARI: " n a r i . . . n a r i " : 1149 NARU: i n c o n t r a s t w i t h " s u r u " : 197 ff. "ni n a tte i m a s u " = " d e a r i m a s u " : 199 (3), 201 (7) NASARU: w i t h c o m m a n d s : 220 ff. " o k a e r i n a s a i " : 223 (9) " o y a s u m i n a s a i " : 223 (9) " g o m e n n a s a i " : 223 (9) NE: e x c l a m a t o r y p a r t i c l e : 141 (4), 143 (6) " s o o d e s u n e " : 163 (3) " k a s h i t e n e " : 2 4 4 (1) s o f t e n i n g : 4 1 7 (4) s h o w i n g s e n t i m e n t : 1144 f. NEE; sign for unfinished sentences: 1202

NI: w i t h d i r e c t i o n : 27 (2) (3) a s s o u r c e : 41(1) " n i " a n d " d e " : 57 (4), 211 ff. " n i " a n d " t o " : 61 (4) l o c a t i o n : 104 (3) i n d i c a t e s p o s s e s s o r : 111 (5) o p t i o n a l b e f o r e " d e s u " : 153 (4) w i t h " s u r u " : 198 (1), 1175 ff. w i t h t i m e : 312 ff. , 319 f. c o n t r a s t e d w i t h " n o n i " : 528 ff.

(32) o p t i o n a l a f t e r " t a m e " : 550 (3) (4) p u r p o s e w i t h " n i " : 572 f f . , 577 ff. w i t h " t o k i " : 591 ff. " d a k e n i " : 720 ff. " n i w a " : 578 f f . , 787 (3) " n i " w i t h p o t e n t i a l : 91 8 (3) " n i " w i t h p a s s i v e : 937 ff . , 9 4 6 , 949 ff. " n i y o t t e " : 951 ff. " n i " w i t h p e r m i s s i v e : 95 8 (5) " k o t o ni w a " : 1040 f. s t r e s s i n g v e r b m o d ifie rs : 1134ff. " n i . . . n i " : 1149 " n o m i ni p o m i m a s h i t a " : 1152 (8) - N I K U I : 443 N I RU : " n i ( t o ) n i t e i r u " : 36 4 (5) NO: w i t h m o d i f i e r : 73 (3) , 74 (7) t o g e t h e r w i t h o t h e r p r e p . : 80 o p t i o n a l : 86 f. " n o " o r " n a " : 97 (1) i n s e q u e n c e s : 115 ff. " n o d e s u " : 157 f f . , 4 0 4 ff. " n o " = " g a " : 375 f. " n o " i n s t e a d o f v e r b : 390 " n o " a s n o u n - m a r k e r : 391 ff. , 397 ff. " n o " a s s u b s t . w o r d : 399 f. " n o " i n c h i l d r e n ' s l a n g u a g e : 419 " n o n i " : 528 f. , 572 ff. " n o d e " : 546 f. " n o . . . n o " : 1149, 1151 (5) NOBORU: w i t h " n i " : 27 (3) NO D E S U : i n g e n . : 1 57 ff. p a t t e r n of e x p l a n . : 4 0 4 ff. e m p h a t i c s e n t e n c e s : 412 ff. m i l d c o r r e c t i o n : 416 ff. NO NI: c o n t r a s t : 528 f. p u r p o s e : 572 ff. NORU: w i t h " n i " : 27 (3) d i f f e r e n t m e a n i n g s : 57 (3) O ( = WO): object signal: 2 ( 3 )

I. I n d e x o f J a p a n e s e T e r m s w i t h " s u r u " : 190 ff. different fro m E nglish use: 206 (3) with v e r b a l noun + " s u r u " : 4 36 ff. d i s a p p e a r s b e f o r e " m o " : 481 (3) O-: h o n o r i f i c p r e f i x : 1220 ff. O I D E : 219 (4), 241 (1) O K I NI: 295 (5), 296 (6) OKU : " - t e o k u " : 467 f f . OMOU: " t o o m o i m a s u " : 642 ff. "n ja n ai k a to o m o i m a s u " : 807 ff. " - o o t o o m o u " : 853 ff. " m o n o t o o m o i m a s u " : 1025 f. ON-: h o n o r i f i c p r e f i x : 1221 O N A J I : 36 4 (2) O N E G A I S H I M A S U : 24 8 (4) -OO: f o r m : 21 9 (5) i n t e n t i o n : 852 ff. s y n o p t i c c h a r t : 868 w i t h " g o z a r u " : 1 2 2 6 (2) ORIRU: w i t h " o " o r " k a r a " : 206 (2) O S OK U : a s a n o u n : 304 (8) O S O R A K U : 25 4 (4) , 256 (5) OTAKU: "otalcu s a n " : 1222, 1223 OW ARU: a n d " s h i m a u " : 4 6 4 (4) - O W A R U : 431 - P P A N A S H I : 4 3 8 f. - P P O I : 4 4 4 f. - R A : 442 - R A S H I I : 1063 f. -R I: " - r i " t y p e m o d i f i e r s : 452 ff. SA: 1146 -SA: " t a k a s a " , e t c . : 290 (1), 441 f. S A A: 1117 S A E : 1122 ff.

I. In d e x of J a p a n e s e T e r m s - S A M A : 12 22 f. - S A N : 222 (7), 1222 f. S A P P A R I : 453 S A R A NI: 1120 S A S K A G E R U : 12 14 (2) S A T E : 1117 S E K K A K U : 530 (6) SHI: i n s e n t e n c e s e q u e n c e s : 557 ff. " s h i s u r u no d e " : 56 4 S M K A : 731 f. S M K A M O : 1121 SMKATA: " s h i k a t a ga a r i m a s e n / n a i " : 360 (3) " a t s u k u t e s h i k a t a g a n a i " : 478 SHIMAU: " - t e s h i m a u " : 463 ff. a n d " o w a r u " : 4 6 4 (4) a b b r e v i a t i o n s : 46 5 (7) SHIRU: " k a m o s h i r e n a i " : 816 f. S H U N K A N NI: 610 SO-: d e m o n s t r a t i v e p r e f i x : 1079 ff. S O N N A NI: 285 S O N O : 1079 f f . , 1099 ff. SOO: " s o o d e s u " : 161 ff. n e g a t i v e m o d i f i e r : 285 c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o " d o o " : 303 (6) "soo d e s u " in r e p o r t i n g h e a r s a y : 6 35 ff. " s o o s h i t a " : 1091 ff. fls o o y u u " : 1092 ff. " s o o s h i t e " : 1097 , 1106 ff. - S O O : 1066 ff. S O O T O O : 285 SORE: " s o r e h o d o " : 285 " s o r e g a " : 1095 "sore nara", "sore kara", etc.: 1098 " s o n n a r a " : 1100 (7) " s o r e d e " : 1106 " s o r e n i " : 1121 " s o r e d o k o r o k a " : 1121 S O R E T O M O : 65 f.

(33) S O R O S O R O : 452 S O T T O : 4 54 SUGIRU: " n i s u g i r u " : 36 3, 364 (6) - S U G I R U : 432 SUKI: w i t h " g a " : 148 (3), 151 (6) c o m p a r e d w i t h " i k a g a " : 251 (6) S U K K A R I : 453 SUMU: " s u m i m a s e n " : 234 t h e f o r m " - t e s u m i m a s e n " : 478 S U N A W A C H I : 1119 S U R U: a s a c t i v i t y w o r d : 189 ff. a s a c o n v e r t e r of n o u n s i n t o v e r b s : 190 ff. c o n t r a s t e d w i t h " n a r u " : 197 ff. a s s i t u a t i o n v e r b : 202 f. " s h i n a s a i " : 222 (6) " s h i t a i d e s u " : 846 ff. " - o o t o s u r u " : 863 f. " s u r u k o t o w a s u r u " : 10 38 f. " s o o s h i t e " : 109 7, 1106 ff. g r a m m a t i c a l a n a l y s i s of " s u r u " : 1170 ff. -TA: c o n t r a s t e d w i t h " - t e i r u " : 893 ff. c o n t r a s t e d w i t h " - u " : 905 ff. TABI: " t a b i n i " : 60 8 f. T A B U N : 2 54 (4), 256 (5) , 257 (7) - T A C H E : 442 T A D A I M A : 223 (9) - T A I : 838 ff. T A I H E N : 285 T A I S O O : 285 (1) T A K U S A N : 285 T A M A R A N A I : 477 f. T A M E NI: r e a s o n s : 549 f. p u r p o s e : 580 ff. -TARA: i n g e n e r a l : 658 ff. c o n t r a s t e d w i t h " t o " : 665 f. c o n t r a s t e d w i t h " - b a " : 680 ff. c o n t r a s t e d w i t h " n a r a " : 691 ff. - T A R I : 565 ff.

(34) T A S H I K A NI: 302, 303 - T A T E : 440 T A T O E B A : 1119 -TE: " y a r i t e " , e t c . : 439 £. -T E ("-te" form): m o r p h o l o g y ; 168 ff. p r o g r e s s i v e a c t i o n : 173 ff. c o m p l e t e d a c t i o n : 179 f. s e q u e n c e of m o d i f i e r s : 184 ff. 11de i m a s u " : 187 " - t e k u r u " , " - t e i k u " : 455 ff. " - t e s h i m a u " : 463 ff. " - t e o k u " : 467 f . " -te k u r e r u " , " -te k u d a sa ru ", e t c . : 470 ff. " - t e m i r u " : 4 76 ff. " - t e m o " : 49 4 f f . " - t e w a " : 499 f . s e n t e n c e s e q u e n c e s : 504 ff. " -te " c o n t r a s te d with "ga": 52 4 ff. " -te k a r a " (te m p o ra l use): 595 (4), 596 (5) c o m p a r e d w i t h " t o " : 6 55 (4) c o n d i t i o n s w i t h " - t e m o " : 7 7 4 ff. em p h atic p a t t e r n with " -te wa": 785 ff. " -te iru " c o n t r a s te d with " -te a r u " : 900 ff. - T E K I 446 TO: " t o i s s h o n i " : 60 f. =" a n d " : 1 1 8 ( 1 ) " t o d o o j i n i " : 607 f. r e p o r t i n g : 6 1 4 ff. " t o o m o i m a s u " : 642 ff. connective w ord for in te r c o r ­ r e l a t e d e v e n t s : 652 ff. c o n t r a s t e d w i t h " - b a " : 680 ff. " t o i e b a " : 682 " n j a n a i k a t o o m o i m a s u " : 807 ff. "to k a " : 8 1 4 ( 3 ) w i t h v e r b m o d i f i e r s : 1134 f f ., 1137 " t o k a . . . t o k a " : 1148 ff. " t o n a k u . . . t o n a k u " : 1149, 1152 (7)

I. I n d e x of J a p a n e s e T e r m s "to yuu (gen. e l a b o r a t i o n ) : 1153 ff. " t o s u r u " a n d " n i s u r u " : 1175 ff. -TO: i m p r e s s i o n i s t i c m o d i f i e r ( " j it t o " , e t c . ): 4 4 9 , 4 5 4 TOKI: t e m p o r a l w o r d : 592 f. " t o k i n i " : 1117 TOKORO: a s a n o u n : 9 9 4 ff. a s a p a r t i c l e : 1002 ff. " t o k o r o d e " : 1117 " t o k o r o g a " : 1121 TOMO: s t r e s s i n g p a r t i c l e : 1146 - T O O : 267 TOOKU: a s a n o u n : 30 4 (8) T O T A N NI: 6 09 f. T O YUU: " - t t e " : 619 (6) (7) i n g e n . : 622 ff. " t o i e b a " : 682 r e - s t a r t i n g w ith "to y u u ": 1112 ff. T S U G I NI: r e - s t a r t i n g w i t h " t s u g i n i " : 1118 T S U M A R I : 1119 T S U M O R I : 859 ff. - T S U Z U K E R U : 431 -TTARA: a s t o p i c o f f a m i l i a r s p e e c h : 664 - T T E : 619 (6) (7) -U: u - b a s e : 170 (3) " -u " c o n t r a s te d with " - t a " : 90 5 ff. UCK: =" m y h o m e " : 8 3 ( 3 ) " u c h i n i " : 601 (1) (2) WA: s i g n of t o p i c : 19 (2) (3) i n g e n . s e n t . : 19 (5), 20 (6) w i t h o t h e r p r e p . : 105 (5) " w a " a n d " g a " : 382 (1), 967 ff. d i s a p p e a r s b e f o r e " m o " : 481 (3) " - t e w a " : 7 7 4 f f ., 780 ff . , 785 ff.

I. I n d e x of J a p a n e s e T e r m s w o m e n ' s s p e e c h : 1147 W A K E : 827 ff. , 11 14 f. W A T A S K : 83 (3) WO: s e e " o" ! YA: l i n k i n g p a r t i c l e : 118 (3) " y a . . . y a " : 11 49, 1151 (4) YA K U: = * " g ur ai " : 291 (5) YARA: " y a r a . . . y a r a " : 11 49 , 1150 (3) Y AS AS HI I : 3 04 (8) - Y A S U I : 443 YASUMU: w i t h " n i " : 57 (4) YO: e x c l a m a t o r y p a r t i c l e : 141 (4), 143 (6) w i t h c o m m a n d s : 221 s o f t e n i n g : 241 (2), 41 7 (4) g e n t l e p e r s u a s i o n : 246 (2) s h o w i n g s e n t i m e n t : 1147 Y O O NI: w i t h p u r p o s e : 584 ff.

(35) r e p o r t i n g r e q u e s t s : 639 f. w i t h p o t e n t i a l v e r b s : 927 ff. a s s t r u c t u r a l n o u n : 1046 f f . , 1063 ff. " y o o n i " p a t t e r n s : 1050 f. 105 4 f f . , 1059 ff. Y OR I : c o m p a r i s o n p a r t i c l e : 344 (1), 354 (7) " y o r i " + a d j e c t i v e : 368 Y O RO S HI I : = " y e s " : 4 95 (2) YUU: " s o o y u u " : 1092 ff. r e - s t a r t i n g w ith "to y u u ": 1112 ff. e l a b o r a t i o n o n " y u u " : 1153 ff. Z E : 1145 Z E H I : 427 Z E N Z E N : 426 Z O : 1145 - Z U NI: 509 (6) Z U T S U : 294 (2), 295 (3) Z U T T O : 454

II. G R A M M A T IC A L , I N D E X A - B A S E : 219 ABBREVIATION: of " - t e " f o r m :

175 (7), 46 5 (7), 500 (3) i n g e n . : 1187 f f . ADJECTIV E: a s m o d i f i e r : 88 ff. m o r p h o l o g y : 140 (1), 141 (2) a d j e c t i v e - v e r b f o r m : 169, 218 " y o r i " a n d a d j e c t i v e : 368 changing into nouns ( " - s a " , " - m i " ) : 441 f. c o m p o u n d s : 4 4 3 ff. ADVERB: see " v e rb m o d ifier" ! AMOUNT: e x p r e s s e d by v e r b m o d i f i e r : 272 (1) A R T I C L E : 2 (1) CAUSALITY: w i t h " d e " : 327 f. i n g e n . : 541 ff. C A U S A T I V E : 963 ff. CAUSE: w i t h " d e " : 327 (4) i n g e n . : 541 ff. " k a r a " , "no de", " ta m e ni": 541 ff. w i t h " m o n o " : 1019 ff. w i t h " k o s o " : 1133 (4) C HILDREN'S LANGUAGE: " n o " : 419 C L U S T E R : 4 5 5 ff. COMMAND: i n g e n . : 220 ff. with " m o n o ": 1 0 1 8 (1 ) C O M P A R A T I V E : 343 ff. COMPARISON: "which is b e tte r , this o r t h a t ? " : 337 ff. " t h i s i s b e t t e r t h a n t h a t " : 343 ff. " t h i s i s t h e b e s t o f a l l " : 351 ff. " s o o s u r u y o r i " , "no hoo g a" : 358 ff. w o rd s with a c o m p a r i s o n m e a n ­ i n g : 363 ff.

w i t h " w a " a n d " g a " : 9 8 4 ff. COMPOUNDING: and the r e la t io n to sim p le t e r m s : 195 ff. w o r d c o m p o u n d i n g : 4 30 ff. c o m p o u n d i n g of s e n t e n c e s : 5 0 4 ff. , 541 ff. C O N C E S S I O N : 4 9 4 ff. CONDITION: w i t h " d e " : 325 (3) " t o " : 652 ff. " - t a r a " : 6 5 8 ff. " - b a " : 671 ff. c o m p a r a t i v e c h a r t : 6 8 3 , 6 98 , 699 " n a r a " : 693 " m o s h i " : 694 f f . with " -te m o" and " - t e wa": 7 7 4 ff. , 822 ff. CONSONANT: r e d u p l i c a t i o n : 449 f. CONTRACTION: w i t h " - t e " : 175 (7) , 4 6 5 (7), 500 (3) i n g e n . : 1187 f f . CONTRAST PA TTERN : " n o n i " : 528 ff, " k u s e n i " : 530 ff. " k a w a r i n i " : 532 ff. " - t e m o " : 760 f f . C O U N T E R : 262 ff. C O U R T E S Y F O R M U L A : 2 23 (9), 1211 ff. D E S I R E : 83 8 ff. DIRECTION: w i t h v e r b s o f m o t i o n : 25 ff. w i t h t r a n s i t i v e v e r b s : 3 4 ff. D IS T R IB U T IV E WORD: " e a c h " , " e v e r y " : 293 ff. D O U B T : 803 ff. , 813 f. DYNAMIC V E R B : cf . t r a n s i t i v e v e r b s : 869 ff. ENUMERATION: i n g e n . : 262 ff. s e q u e n c e s : 557 ff. , 565 ff. E Q U A T I O N A L S E N T E N C E : 134 ff.

II. G r a m m a t i c a l In d e x a t t r i b u t e is noun o r q u al. noun: 134 ff. a t t r i b u t e i s a d j e c t i v e : 139 ff. both "ga" a n d "wa" a r e p r e s e n t : 146 ff. E X I S T E N C E : 109 ff. FAM ILIAR STYLE: m o r p h o l o g y : 254 (2) i n f o r m a l s p e e c h : 1187 ff. H O N O R I F I C S T Y L E : 1211 ff. t h e v e r b : 1211 f f . o t h e r p a r t s of s p e e c h : 1220 ff. I - B A S E : 171 (5) IMPRESSIONISTIC M ODIFIER: r e d u p l i c a t i v e m o d i f i e r : 450 ff. I N D I R E C T O F F E R : 246 ff. I N D I R E C T R E P O R T I N G : 616 ff. I N F O R M A L S P E E C H : 1187 ff. I N T E N T I O N : 852 ff. INTERCORRELATED EVENT: " t o " : 652 ff. " - t a r a " : 6 58 f f . " - b a " : 671 ff. c o m p a r a t i v e c h a r t : 683 ff. " n a r a " : 685 f f . " m o s h i " : 6 94 ff. I N T E R R O G A T I V E W O RD S : cf. q u e s t i o n w o r d s ! INTONATION: i n q u e s t i o n s : 13 (1), 124 s h o w i n g s e n t i m e n t s : 1142 ff. INTRANSITIVE VERB: d i f f e r e n t f r o m E n g . u s e : 206 (4) i s n o n - d y n a m i c v e r b : 207 (5) c o n c e p t : 869 ff. f o r m a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s : 873 ff. u s e : 880 ff. , 889 ff. a n d p o t e n t i a l : 946 ff. I N V E R S I O N : 1206 ff. INVITATION: i n d i r e c t o f f e r s : 246 ff. w i t h " - t e w a " : 780 ff. LINKING: p a r t i c l e s : 115 f f . " t o " : 652 ff. " - t a r a " : 6 5 8 ff. " - b a " : 671 f. " n a r a " : 6 85 f f .

(37) LOCATION: i n g e n . : 56 ff. , 103 ff. w i t h " t o k o r o " : 99 4 ff. M E A N S : 50 ff. MEASURE: m e a s u r e m e n t s : 287 ff. w i t h " d e " : 323 M E A S U R E M E N T : 287 ff. MODIFICATION: n o u n m o d i f i c a t i o n : 70 f f . , 262 ff., 369 ff. v e r b m o d i f i c a t i o n : 262 ff. n o u n m o d . b y q u a n t i t y : 279 ff. w i t h p o s . and neg. v e r b s : 285ff. s u m m a r y : 42 0 ff. of w h o l e s e n t e n c e s : 425 ff. MODIFIER: n o u n m o d i f i e r s : 70 ff. a d j e c t i v e m o d i f i e r s : 88 ff. q u a l i t a t i v e n o u n m o d i f i e r s : 96 ff. s e q u e n c e s of a d j . m o d . : 184 f. w i t h a f f . a n d n e g . v e r b s : 285 ff. o t h e r v e r b m o d i f i e r s : 298 ff. "joodan ni", "joodan de", etc. : 305 v e rb s and s en ten c es as v e rb m o d i f i e r : 369 ff. d e f i n i t i o n : 374 i m p r e s s i o n i s t i c m o d . : 450 ff. NEGATION: form : 3 (5), 13(4) " n a i " : 136 (4), 219 (2) n e g a t i v e r e q u e s t s : 239 ff. " n e i t h e r t h i s n o r t h a t " : 486 (2) d o u b l e n e g a t i o n : 1111 ff. N O N - D Y N A M I C V E R B : 188 ff. , 202 f. , 206 (4), 869 ff. NOUN: n o u n m o d i f i c a t i o n : 7 0 f f . , 262 ff., 369 ff. a s m o d i f i e r : 70 ff. s e q u e n c e s : 115 ff. w i t h " s u r u " : 190 ff. c o m p o u n d s of n o u n s : 4 3 4 ff. v e r b a l n o u n s : 4 3 4 ff. NUMBER: o r d i n a l n u m b e r : 269 f. c a r d i n a l n u m b e r : 262 f.

(38) N U M E R A L : 262 ff. OBJECT: "o","w o": 2(3) w i t h p a s s i v e s e n t e n c e s : 942 f. OBLIGATION: " - b e k i " : 819 ff. w i t h c o n d i t i o n s : 822 ff. " w a k e " : 827 ff. " h a z u " : 831 ff. O MI SS ION: i n a n s w e r s : 159 (3) i n g e n . : 1195 f f . PARTICLE: l i n k i n g p a r t i c l e s : 115 ff. " a n d " : 186 s e q u e n c e s of p a r t . : 387 ff. t h e E n g . " t o " : 588 ff. " e v e n " ( MO ) : 741 (3) a fte r in te rro g a tiv e question: 797 s h o w i n g s e n t i m e n t : 1142 ff. o m i s s i o n of p a r t . : 1198 f. P A S S I V E : 93 5 ff. m o r p h o l o g y : 911 ff. with t r a n s . / d y n am ic v e r b s : 93 6 ff. s o u r c e : 949 ff. n o n - i n t e n t i o n a l a c t s : 952 f. p a s s i v e of p e r m i s s i v e : 965 f. P E R M I S S I V E : 9 5 4 ff. m o r p h o l o g y : 9 5 4 ff. i n g e n e r a l s e n t e n c e s : 957 ff. i n r e q u e s t s : 963 f. p a s s i v e of p e r m i s s i v e : 96 5 f. PH O N ETIC CHANGE: " - t e " f o r m : 170 (4) c o u n t e r s : 263 ff. PO LITE STYLE: v e r b a l n o u n s : 436 ff. i n g e n . : 1211 f f . POSITION: tem poral words: 7(1) t o p i c : 19 (2) v e r b m o d i f i e r s : 272 (2) (3), 281, 299 (4) POSSESSION: e x p r e s s e d by " n i " : 111 (5) with " n o " : 1 5 9( 1)

II. G r a m m a t i c a l Index POTENTIALITY: m o r p h o l o g y of t h e v e r b : 911 ff. p o t e n t i a l s e n t e n c e s : 917 f. s u b j e c t o f t h e p o t . v e r b : 922 f. s o m e c o m m o n u s e s of potentials: 9 2 5 ff. PROGRESSIVE FORM: w i t h " - t e " : 173 ff. PROHIBITION: i n g e n . : 499 ff. w i t h " - t e w a " : 776 (6), 988 f. PRONOUN: p e r s o n a l p r . : 83 (3) d e m o n s t r a t i v e p r . : 1079 ff. PRONUNCIATION: w i t h i n t e r r o g a t i v e w o r d s : 127 (1) s h o w i n g s e n t i m e n t s : 1142 ff. PURPOSE: w i t h v e r b s o f m o t i o n : 570 f. " (no ) n i " : 572 ff. " n i w a " : 577 f. " t a m e n i " : 580 ff. " y o o n i " : 58 4 f. s u r v e y : 587 ff. Q U A L I T A T I V E NO U N: qualitative noun as m odifier: 96 ff. g r a m m a t i c a l e x p l a n a t i o n : 423 f. c o m p o u n d s : 4 4 5 f. QUANTITY: e x p r e s s e d by v e r b m o d i f i e r s : 271 f f . , 279 ff. w i t h " m o " : 741 (3) (4), 753 ff. QUESTIONS: s i m p l e q u e s t i o n s : 10 ff. n e g a t i v e q u e s t i o n s : 45 ff. a l t e r n a t i v e q u e s t i o n s : 65 ff. a s k i n g f o r i n f o r m a t i o n : 123 ff. p r o n u n c i a t i o n : 124 w i t h " - s h o o k a " : 248 (2) r e p o r t i n g q u e s t i o n s : 630 ff. s u b o r d i n a t e q u e s t i o n s : 799 Q U E S T IO N WORD: a n d t h e i r c o r r e l a t i o n : 128 (5) "m o" a f te r in t e r r o g a t iv e words: 747 f. "de m o " a f t e r i n t e r r o g a t i v e w o r d s : 769 f.

II. G r a m m a t i c a l I n d e x "ka" afte r in te rro g a tiv e w ords 791 ff. s y n o p t i c c h a r t of i n t e r r o g a t i v e w o r d s f o l l o w e d by p a r t i c l e s : 797 REASON: " k a r a " , "no d e " , " t a m e n i": 541 ff. sentence sequence with "shi": 557 ff. w i t h " m o n o " : 1019 ff. w i t h " k o s o " : 1133 (4) R E D U P L I C A T I O N : 447 ff. f o r p l u r a l i t y : 447 f o r i m p r e s s i o n : 44 8 f. c o n s o n a n t r e d u p l i c a t i o n : 4 49 f. r e d u p l i c a t i o n m o d i f i e r s : 450 ff. REPORTING: e c h o - t y p e r e p o r t i n g : 6 1 4 f. " i n d i r e c t " r e p o r t i n g : 616 ff. t h e f o r m " t o y u u " : 622 ff. r e p o r t i n g q u e s t i o n s : 630 ff. r e p o r t i n g h e a r s a y : 63 5 ff. r e p o r t i n g r e q u e s t s : 639 f. r e p o r t i n g o n e ' s t h o u g h t : 642 ff s u m m a r y : 649 REQUEST: i n g e n . : 229 ff. a s k i n g p a r d o n : 2 3 4 (6) r e p o r t i n g r e q u e s t s : 639 f. w i t h p e r m i s s i v e : 963 f. RE-STARTING OF SENTENCES: 1097 ff. w i t h " s o - " : 1097 ff. w i t h " d e s u " : 1106 ff. b y r e p e t i t i o n : 1111 ff. S E N T I M E N T P A R T I C L E : 1142 ff. SEQUENCE: o f n o u n s : 115 ff. of a d j e c t i v e m o d i f i e r s : 184 ff. s e n te n c e s e q u e n c e s with "ga" and " k e r e d o m o " : 516 ff. sen ten c e se q u e n ces with "sh i": 557 ff. "ko-", " so- ", "ae t c . : 1077 ff. SOURCE: o f a c t i v i t y : 40 ff. in p a s s i v e s e n te n c e s 949 ff.

(39) SUBJECT: n o t e x p r e s s e d : 2 (2) w i t h " w a " : 20 (6) of p o t e n t i a l s e n t e n c e s : 922 f. " w a " a n d " g a " : 967 ff. SUBSTITUTION: " d e s u " : 151 ff. " n o d e s u " : 157 ff. " s o o d e s u " : 161 f f . " c h i g a i m a s u " : 161 ff. " m a d a d e s u " : 165 f. " n o " : 399 f. SUFFIX: v e r b a l s u f f i x e s : 436 ff. n o m i n a l s u f f i x e s : 43 8 ff. changing a d je c tiv e s into nouns: 441 f. s u f f i x e s t o p e r s o n a l n o u n s : 442 f. S U G G E S T I O N : 245 f, SUPERLATIVE: " i c h i b a n " : 353 (1) (2) (3) " m o t t o m o " : 353 (4) " - i c h i " : 353 (5) S Y N O N I M O U S V E R B S : 195 ff. T E M P O R A L W O RD : p o s i t i o n : 7 (1) i n g e n . : 306 ff. " w h e n " : 591 ff. " b e f o r e " a n d " a f t e r " : 594 ff. " w h i l e " a n d " d u r i n g " : 599 ff. "dooji ni", "tabi ni", etc. : 607 ff. " n a g a r a " in c o n t r a s t sent. : 612 f. TIME: t i m e w o r d s : 306 ff. p o i n t s of t i m e , a m o u n t of t i m e : 308 ff. " n i " w i t h t i m e : 312 ff. " d e " w i t h t i m e : 319 ff. TOPIC: i n g e n . : 17 ff. "ni w a " : 3 1 5 ( 7 ) " d e w a " : 322 w i t h " n a r a " : 349 p o s itio n in the beginning o r in t h e m i d d l e of a s e n t e n c e : 381 " w a " a n d " g a " : 967 ff.

(40) TRANSITIVE VERB: concept (tran s. / dynam ic verbs): 869 ff. f o r m a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s : 873 ff. u s e : 880 ff. , 889 ff. i n p a s s i v e : 936 ff. U - B A S E : 170 (3) UNCERTAINTY: w i t h " d e s h o o " : 25 2 ff. w i t h " k a " : 803 ff. VERB: " - e r u " a n d " - i r u " v e r b s : 169, 218 a l l o t h e r r e g u l a r v e r b s : 169, 218 i r r e g u l a r v e r b s : 169, 218 a d j e c t i v e v e r b s : 169, 218 d e r i v a t i o n s f r o m u - b a s e : 170 (3) u - b a s e : 170 (3) i - b a s e : 171 (5) dynam ic v erb s and non-dynam ic v e r b s : 188 f f .

II. G r a m m a t i c a l I n d e x d i f f e r e n c e s of E n g l i s h an d J a p a n e s e v e r b s : 204 ff. a - b a s e : 219 (1) oo f o r m : 210 (5) fu n c tio n in g a s n o u n s w ith "no" o r " k o t o " : 391 ff. c o m p o u n d s of v e r b s : 4 3 0 ff. " - b a " f o r m : 671 ff. V E R B A L N O U N : 4 3 4 ff. VERB MODIFIER: with a ffirm a tiv e and negative v e r b s : 28 5 ff. o t h e r v e r b m o d i f i e r s : 2 9 8 ff. W O M EN'S S P E E C H : " i r a s s h a r u " , e t c . : 2 44 (3) W O R D C O M P O U N D I N G : 4 30 ff. v e r b : 4 30 ff. n o u n : 4 3 4 ff. a d j e c t i v e : 4 4 3 ff. q u a l i t a t i v e n o u n : 4 45 ff.