Iñupiat Eskimo Dictionary

Citation preview

INUPIAT ESKIMO DICTIONARY Donald H. Webster Illustrated

by

by and Wilfried Zibell Thelma A. Webster

For Alaska Rural School Project Department of Education University of Alaska College, Alaska

@1970

Library

Summer Institute of Linguistics, Box 1028 Fairbanks, Alaska 99701 3,000 copies

of Congress

Inc.

Catalog Card No. 76-632478

FORWARD Of the making of books there is no end, said the great King Solomon of old. To the making of a dictionary there is no end, is the feeling one gets when he sets out on such a project. This work is by no means exhaustive. It is but a beginning. The Eskimo is admired the world over for his ability to live comfortably on the very edge of human habitat. His language reflects this genius. This dictionary is sent forth with the hope that something of this genius is displayed, both to the Eskimo (and particularly the young people who are loosing their cultural heritage), and to interested non-Eskimo. Unlike most dictionaries, this subject matter. By so doing, the features (such as how words relate to better. Also, new literates will find and more interesting.

is compiled according to authors feel that language each other) can be displayed this system easier to follow

These words have been gathered over a period of ten years and drawn from various Eskimo living in the villages of North and Northwest Alaska. To these many Eskimo friends our debt of thanks is due. They truly deserve the credit, while we assume the responsibility of any errors.

iii

ox rx:l :;:;;

~ Z rx:l

o

~

...:l ...:l

......

:> -.' 0 :;:;; ...... ::.:::

sr:

-+-'

o Q)-+-' ()

..... oj

Q)

'0

.....oj

oj

'0

.......... ~rn oj

... Q)

..... :>

rx:l

~ ..... ~

:r:

..c::~ -+-' ::I ... ..a

...:l

z::.::: ~~

o: ......

o z rx:l

o 0

Z::.::: ----

IMPORTANT NOTES TO THE READER 1. When looking for a -word (in the what it might be linked with, (e .g. "spoon"--food, eating; "rifle~-hunting index to see the subject categories. for simple categorizing, it may be in Words", such as "gift", "ouch! 'f etc.

Eskimo section), think of "think" - -mental activity; etc.), then look at the If the word is not suitable the section entitled "Other

2. Since this dictionary is a compilation of the Kobuk River dialect and North Alaska dialect, many entries consist of two or more words. Such sets of words may vary on the basis of pronunciation or meaning. This dialect division is indicated thus: (N) after a word or meaning indicates use in the North Slope villages (K) after a word or meaning indicates use in the Kobuk River villages. A word entry which is not followed by a letter means that the word is used in both dialects. Some words have a more restricted use, being commonly used only in certain villages. Where such restrictions are known, they are noted thus: (a) after a word indicates it is used in Anaktuvuk Pass (b)" "" "" " " "Barrow (d)" "" "" " "" Deering/Buckland (no) " "" """"" Noatak (ki) " "" "" " " "Kivalina (p)" "" "" " " "Point Hope (q)" "" "" " " "Kotzebue (s)" "" "" " " "Selawik (sh) " "" "" " " "Shishmaref (w)" ,.,,, """" 11 Wainwright (u) 11 "" 11 11 " " "Unalakleet 3. Information is also available from the way words are placed on the page, from their endings, and from their English glosses. Look at the following sample entry. gives 1 gives it 2 gift 3

aatchui ruk (K), aitchui ruk (N) 1 aatchugaa , aitchugaa 2 aatchuun, aitchuun 3

First, we know how the word is said in the Kobuk River dialect (K) and how it is pronounced in the ~orth Alaska dialect (N). v

Second, we know that all of these words are related because the' last two sets are set to the right of the main word. These words are related semantically. Some insets display categorical relationship. Third, verbs are indicated by the ending" -uk" on the Eskimo word and" -s" on the English gloss. Look at the words marked 1. (Some English glosses need a helping verb as "is happy"). Fourth, verbs are also indicated by the ending" -aa" on the Eskimo word and -generally "it" in the English gloss. Look at the words marked 2. Other words are nouns. Look at the words marked 3. (Some entries are conjunctions and interjections, but these are clearly displayed). (Eskimo does not distinguish gender in the third person, therefore "aatchuiruk" may mean either "he gives", "she give s'", or "it gi vea". Similarly, "aatchugaa" may mean "he/she/it" ~ives "it/he/she". This is why no subject pronoun is listed with' -uk" verbs; and "it" has arbitrarily been chosen to signal" -aa" verbs. Infrequently, meaning demands that it be replaced by "him" or "her" as in "kunikkaa- -kisses her". Both Intransitive verb forms (-uk) and Transitive verb forms (-aa) have been included because a student of Eskimo must know both forms and there is no simple rule for deriving the one from the other.) 4. SECTION II is a list of Eskimo Post Bases. Post Bases are added to bases to modify meaning. Their function is similar to that of English adverbs, adjectives, auxiliary verbs, tenses, etc. 5. SECTION III is an index of English words that equate to the Eskimo entries of Parts I & II.

vi

CONTENTS Eskimo Writing Key

ix

SECTION 1.

PEOPLE

1.1 1.2 1.3

Persons and Titles Relatives Body Parts Head Body Organs SkeletaL Body Actions Life Processes Sickness and Debilities Medical, Healing Mental Activities GeneraL Love vs Hate Attitude Nervous Reaction Confident vs FearfuL Reasonable vs Unreasonable Good vs Bad Clothing, Ornamentation Dwellings Types Parts Contents Religion Old General New - Christian Activities GeneraL Men Ladies· youth Amusements Food, Eating Food, Gathering Hunting Trapping Fishing Travelling Land Sea

1.4 1.5

1.6 1.7 1.8

1.9 1.10

1.11

1.12

1.13 1.14

1.15

vii

.

·

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . . . .. . . .. . ······.. . . . . . . . . . . . .

1 3 6 6 8

11 12 15

17 19 22 23 23 25 26 27

28 29 30 33 36 36 37 38 41 41 42 44 47 47 48 50 52 53 54 57 57 60 61 62 62 64

2.

CREATURES

2.1 2.2 2.3

2.6 2.7 2.8

General. Land Animals Small Creatures of Land and Sea Insecta Sea Animals Animals of History and Legend Fish Birds

3.

HEAVENS,

3.1

3.6 3.7

Heavenly Bodies Etc., Earth (Minerals) Plants Trees Mountains and Hills Lakes, Rivers, Oceans Weather (includes snow and ice conditions)

4.

PLACE,

4.1 4.2 4.3

2.4 2.5

3.2 3.3 3.4

3.5

4.4

5.

. . ;

.. . . . . .

69 69 77 78 79 82 82

84

EARTH, ATMOSPHERE .. . . . . . ..

96 97 98 101 102

General. Place Time Descriptives Opposites Colors Numbers

. . . . . . .

110 110 117 120 120 122

OTHER

.

125

TIME,

WORDS

SECTION

167

III

INDEX.......................................... viii

123

II

BASES..................

ENGLI SH

104

DESCRIPTIVES

SECTION POST

103

186

ESKIMO WRITING KEY An English Pronunciation Guide

a

a is pronounced most frequentliY, like the vowel in t fun" and "the". When next to "k" or "s". it sounds like "a" in "father".

amaak root aatkan mitten

Double aa and any other double letter is held longer than a single letter. ch resembles" "church".

ch natcnik seal

ch" in

ivgich grass g

g before another consonant is like "g" in "go" .

aglaun pencil ivgun towel

Elsewhere it is pronounced much softer as a continued sound. not as a stopped sound like the one above.

g taggak shadow

h

,

is similar to "g" above, but is spoken farther back in the throat. Between vowels it is sometimes very soft and easily missed.

h resembles

ahaal.ik Oldsquaw

"h". ix

English

.'

ikun match

is pronounced like "I" in "police". Next to g and k it sounds like "i" in "tin"

siilik pike k

kukik fingernail

k sounds like "k" in "ski" or "skill" . It lacks the puff of air that follows "k" in "kill"

ukpik Snowy Owl k

ukpik willow

1

ulu woman's

k like g, is sounded farther back in the throat than k and g. 1 resembles "leave"

knife

"I" in

kallun cup 1

paluktak beaver

1 is like "I" in "cleave", only more "breathy". It is voiceless.

kamikluuk pants

1

killik cut

1 is pronounced something like the letters "Ji" in "peculiar" or "million", (is the same as Spanish caballero).

ki ltgnik knot

m

7~'

mannik egg

1/

n

nanuk polar bear

I{

n

inuk (--~\ human being sikinik sun

1

v"

__

?m

~ r--~

1,

,~

sounds like English "m".

f

n is pronounced like English "n".

~~

n is pronounced like the letters "riy' in "canyon", (is the same as Spanish manana).

a:

tnjrni suun airplane

IJ

arjun male being p

papik bird's

-~

Ij,

tail

putu hole

r

argaich hand,

@

fingers

ugruk bearded

lJ is pronounced like the letters "rig" in "king" .

seal

suluk wing feather

sr

siksrik ground squirrel

~("

~\

ill:srall: cheek

)

)

4

tuttu caribou _ »

....~"-\\\

~,"

~-(Ar ~

ull:all: tongue

sounds like "r" and "sh " pronounced at the same time. Where Kobuk River people use" s r" between vowels, coastal Eskimos pronounce "s". t is pronounced like "t" in" steam" . It lacks the puff of air that follows "t" in "team".

u sounds like "u" in "rule" . Next to g and ls:. it sounds like "u'' in "pull" or "0" in "okay".

/~~

-f~

uuktuun a measure

sounds like "r" and "z" pronounced at the same time.

sr

t>/~y /I

~#/

u

r

s is pronounced between English" s" and "sh".

-

t

sounds like "p" in " spot". It is pronounced without the puff of air that accompanies "p" in "pot".

~

~= ~

s

P

r0;.~ xi

v

nuviivak fly

y

nauyals: seagull

ai

aivils: walrus

ia

t:ilJmials: goose

au

kauk forehead

ua

kuals: frozen food

ui

kugruich swans

iu

siun ear

v is pronounced somewhat like English "v" but with lips touching.

~

y is pronounced like English "r" in "yes".

-"~

11

ai is pronounced like "ie"" in "pie" and ia is pronounced like "ea" in "area" in North Alaska dialect. In Kobuk River dialect, they are pronounced alike, as in "air". au is pronounced like "ow" in "pow" and ua is pronounced like "wa" in "how about" in North Alaska dia1ect. In Kobuk River dialect, they are pronounced alike, as "au" in "caught" . ui is pronounced like "ui" in "quick" in both North Alaska and Kobuk River dialects. iu is pronounced like "eu" in "mew" in North Alaska dialect, but like" ee" in "seen" in Kobuk River dialect.

In some places where coastal dialects use a "k", Kobuk River people use a glottal stop spelled (I) as in the following sentence: Ani rami tautukkaa.

"As he went out, he saw it".

xii

SECTION

I

1

1.

1.1

JPtun~aura~,

PEOPLE

PERSONS

paipi.ir-ak

, arJugaura~

TITLES baby

(N)

i1ilgaa~, krtungak, rlaalugruak mikriktuk (b), uivtflak (sh) nukatpia.lugr'uak anutaur ak (N)

AND

(K),

(K),

child

small

boy

nukatpiagruk

boy

nukatpiak

young man (marriageable)

anun

man

(cf. inuk)

arjayu~aksra~,

arJugaatchia~

(K)

old man

ni viaksralugruak

little

nivi akaiagruk

girl (before

niviaksrak

young lady (marriageable)

a~na~

woman

aakuaks r ak , aakuaks raatchiak

(K)

girl puberty)

old woman

nutakkat

young people

utukkanaat

old people

anayukaak

parent

trguak

adopted child

inuguktitak

child raised but not adopted

Persons orphan

2

aIJ ayukaagi itchuak (N), arjayukaarj ilaur-ak (K) Ilrappak

poor,

i lakatai ksuak- (K), tuvakataignik

(N)

orphan

widow, widower (lit. without a partner)

nu lifksuak

(K)

widower

ui lgagnaak

(K)

widow

uiksraun,

i lakatntglaktuak

nuliaksraun

(K)

(N), i lakrrigi aktuak (K)

bridegroom bride

i.Iakatni.gut lai lak (K)

bachelor,

tuvakataitchuk

bachelor

(N)

ui Iauktak

& Titles

spinster

spinster

i.lannak (K), avflaitkan

(N)

friend my namesake (relationship based upon sharing name of deceased person)

inuukati gifk inuukan uumaga

(N), i.lakatiga (K)

two born on same day (special friendship) one who is born on same day my namesake's

i lukaan

everyone,

inuk

person,

inupiak

Eskimo (lit. real person)

all man

Indian na.luagmiu , tanik (N)

white person

wife

Persons

&

Titles;

3

Relatives

ranaiya ak

half-white

taaks ipak

Negro

taakstpaiyaak

half-Negro

agaayul.ikai

(K),

arj aayul.iks.i

(N)

missionary

medical doctor

taakti i Ii saur-r i (N),

pastor,

teacher

i.Iis aut r i (K)

irninaur ak (N), ki maktuak

(K)

fugitive

iriuakt i

murderer

iglaak

traveller, visitor

uvaij a

I, me we (two), us we (pl) , us

uvaguk uvagut

stranger,

ilivich (N), ilvich (K,q) iliptik (K), ili vsik (N) ilipsi (K), ilivsi (N)

you you (two) you (pl)

ilaa ililJik i.Iirji ch

he, she, it, him, her they (two), them they (pl), them

1.2

RELATIVES

i laur-aatka , i Iatka

my relatives

kirjuvaa.tka

my ancestors

arnauga

my great grandparent

-ksraga aapa-ksraga ign.i-ks raga

my step---my stepfather my stepson

ataataga (N, q), taata ruaga (K)

my grandfather, great uncle

Relatives

4 aapaga (N, q), taataga

(K)

my father

akkaga (K)

my uncle (father's brother)

aIJ aaluga (N)

my uncle

aIJ atchiaga (K)

my uncle (mother's brother)

atchaga

my aunt (N), father's sister (K)

aya~ruksaa~a

my aunt (mother's sister)

aanaga

my great aunt, grandmother (N, q), mother (K) my grandmother, great aunt

aanaruaga

(K)

aakaga (N, q), aanaga (K) ilakat iga (K),

tuvaakatiga

uiga

my mother (N)

my partner or wife)

(husband

my husband my brother-in-law, my son -In -law

nukaaluga tN)

my younger brother

aapiyaga

my older brother

nul iaga,

agnaga

my wife

ukua~a

my sister-in-law, my daughter-in-law

anikatrga

my sibling (my brother or my sister)

nukatchiaga

my younger sibling (K), my younger sister (N)

5

Relatives aakauraga

(K),

ataur-aga (N)

my older sister

kataquti.ga

my illegitimate

-iikanil$atig-iik

pair of, couple sibling pair female cousins, couple of girl friends grandchild living with grandmother two people bearing same name

afifia~-iik

aanarua~-iik ati~-iik

sibling

sunaa~a

my friend (male to male)

aIJ utikati ga

my cousin (by my father's brother)

afifia~a (N, q), uumaaga (K)

my female cousin (female to female), my girl friend (female of same Cl.ge)

agnakatiga

my cousin (by my mother's sister)

i Ilugi ga (N), iUuga (K)

my cross -cousin, my joking partner

paniga

my daughter my son

aq ayukh ga

my oldest child

nukakriga

my youngest child

aIJ aukaagaitka , kitungaagaitka. nukagi itka

my family

kataga

my illegitimate

uyuguga

my nephew, my niece

tutaaluga,

tutitchi aga

my grandchild

child

6 1.3

BODY

PARTS

HEAD ni akuk

head,

kavrak

crown of head (skull cap)

tunis uk (N), tunusruk

(K)

skull

rounding of back of head (occipital)

nutchat

head hair

iksuu

dandruff

siun siutik

ear ears

aiunqur-ak ki inak (N, q), ki ginak (K) kiinagiilirul> kiinagul;s:

(2)

ear cavity face blushes mask forehead

uluak , Iks r ak

cheek

tavlu tavlugun

chin chin tattoo

ag likkuk

lower jawbone (both sides) lower jawbone (one side)

ag liguk umni ch uIU!Jiyaktuk

beard shaves

kavlut

eyebrow

akungak

ridge between eyebrows

7

Body Parts l$;arunaal$;

eyebrow

slkpi ich sikuruk

eyelashes eyes are closed

siki ru k

moves head forward and down

iri

eye hides

ir'i ktuk

ridge

irakumak

iris

irisiftik

eye cavity

l$;ulvich kulvir uk

tears weeps

l>iIJak

nose

nUIJIJak (N), akul iak (K)

nose bridge

sugluk

nasal passage, nose cavity

takpaak (N), takparuak l$;iIJIJ ak (K) kakki vi ak kakik kakki r uk

(K),

of eye

(house ventilator)

nostrils groove under nose mucous blows nose lips lip corner

kanik

mouth palate, gums

kigun kigutit kirjrnaktuk

of the mouth

tooth teeth bites

roof of mouth

8

Body Parts

u~a~

tongue speaks

ukaktuk

HaIJak

common murre (Uria aalge)

*

common puffin, tufted puffin (Lunda cirrhata) black guillemot (Cepphus grylle)

Hawks,

Falcons,

Osprey

goshawk (Accipiter gentilis), peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus)

kirgavik

rough -legged hawk (Buteo lagopus) papiktuuk

marsh hawk (lit. long parka tail) (Circus cyaneus)

tirjmi akpak '"

eagle, golden eagle (Aquila chrys aetos), bald eagle (Haliaetus leucocephalus)

tinmtagruum

pigeon hawk, (lit. duck hawk) (Falco colum-

kirgavia

bar-ius)

kalukairgayuk

(K),

akaluksrtgayuk

(n)

osprey (Pandion haliaetus) (lit. goes for fish)

88

Birds Plovers

I

Turnstones,

Surfbirds

~urrakura~

semipalmated plover (Charadrius semipalmatus), killdeer (Charadrius vociferus)

tullik

golden plover (Pluvialis dominica)

tul lignak

ruddy turnstone (Arenaria interpres)

tullikpak

black-bellied plover (Squatarola squatarola)

Snipes,

Sanderlings

sanderling (Crocethia alba) (lit.' runner) iks rfktaayuuk

spotted sandpiper (Actitis macularia)

kuukukiak

common snipe (Capella gallinago)

Ii vi.Ii vi.Il.aur-ak

least sandpiper (Erolia minutilla)

li vili villakpak

semipalmated sandpiper (Ereonetus pusillus)

puvi aktuuk

pectoral sandpiper (Erolia melanotus) (lit. inflating the chest)

pu viaktu uyaak

baird's sandpiper (Erolia bairdii)

89

Birds satkagtrlak

buff -breasted sandpiper (Tryngites subruficollis) (lit. rough breasted)

siituvak

whimbrel (Numenius phaepus hudsonicus)

siyukpaligauraJs.

dunl in , red-backed sandpiper (Erolia alpina pacifica)

siyukpalik

long-billed dowitcher (Limnodromus scolopaceus)

tiIJmiam kipmia

lesser yellowlegs (Totanus flavipes) (lit. goose's dog)

rur r-aatur-ak

pacific godwit, bartailed godwit (Limosa Iapponic a)

Phalaropes

auks ruak

*

kayyi igun

red phalarope (Phalaropus fulicarius) (lit. blood-like) northern phalarope (Lobipes lobatus) (lit. like a person in a kayak)

Jaegers

isuIJIJagluk

pomerine jaeger (Stercorarius pomarinus) long-tailed jaeger (Stercorarius longi caudus )

Birds

90 mtgi aks aayuk

Gulls,

nauyak

parasitic jaeger (Stercorarius parasiticus) (lit. goes for vomit)

Terns

*

gull

nauyatchi ak

mew gull (Larus canus ) herring gull (Larus argentatus)

nauyavasrugruk

glaucus gull (Larus hyperboreus)

akar gtyiak

Sabine I s gull (Xema s abini )

rnitkutai lak

*

arctic tern (Sterna paradisaea) (lit. without needle)

naatak

great gray owl (Strix nebulosa)

naatakpak

barred owl (Strix varia)

ni akuktu ag ruk

hawk owl (Surnia ulula)

nipai hrktak (K), nipai luktak (n)

short-eared owl (Asio flammeus) (lit. flies soundlessly)

nukisugak

horned owl (Bubo virginianus)

rakpii laagruk

boreal owl (Aegolius funereus)

91

Birds ukpik

*

snowy owl (Nyctea scandiaca)

Kingfisher,

nukuutchikik

belted kingfisher (Megaceryle alcyon)

nagrulik

pallid horned lark (Eremophila alpestris arcticola) (lit. has horns)

Woodpeckers

tuuyuk

downy woodpecker (Dendrocopus pubescens)

tuuyukpa k

hairy woodpecker (Dendrocopus villosus)

tuuyus rugruk

yellow-shafted flicker (Colaptes auratus borealis)

Swallows bank swallow (Riparia riparia), cliff swallow (Petrochelidon pyrr honota) (lit. resemb1es raven)

tulugagnak

tulugagnaur

ak

tulugagnasrugruk

tree swallow (Iridoproene bicolor) barn swallow (Hirundo rustica)

92

Birds

Jays,

kiiri~

tulugak

Crows

*

Canada jay, camp robber (Perisoreus canadensis)

*

raven (Corvus

corax)

Chickadees ikni aai lak

boreal or browncapped chickadee (Parus hudsonicus)

mi.s ikaakkaur-ak , mtaikaagak

black-capped adee (Parus capillus)

chickatri -

Thrushes

kanayuur ak piiga~,

*

s avtigavifk

sujutlul.luuk

robin (Turdus

migratorius)

gray-cheeked thrush (Hylocichla minima) varied thrush (Ixo reus naevius) European wheatear (Oenanthe oenanthe) (lit. little eagle)

Wagtails,

Pipits,

Ikar-iktaayuuk

yellow wagtail (motacilla naval

putukiHuk

American water pipit (Anthus spinoletta)

93

Birds aanaruum

water ouzel (Cinclus Mexicanus) (Ii t . grandmother sank)

ki vir uk

Waxwing,

Shrike

suluktaatchialik

bohemian waxwing (Bombicylla garrulus) (lit. with pretty wing feathers)

ir-aiyayuuk

shrike (Lanius excubitor) (lit. eye extractor)

Warblers

sUlJ akpaluktun ik

arctic warbler (Phylloscopus borealis) yellow warbler (Dentroica petechia)

si lalukaityau rak

myrtle warbler (Dentroica coronata) (lit. rain again)

Blackbird rusty blackbird (Euphagus carolinus) (lit. like raven)

tulukkam i.ttuk , tulukkatun ittuk

Grosbeaks,

Finches,

Sparrows,

*

amautl igak , amautlikkaurak (K), amauhgaaluk (N), avatal.iguuvak (p)

snow bunting (Plectrophenax nivalis)

94 aanaruin

Birds sultikpa

savannah sparrow (Passerculus sandwichensis) (lit. what is your grandmother cooking? )

ikhgvik

fox sparrow (Passerella iliaca) (lit. tool bag)

kayuuttaak

pine grosbeak (Pinicola enucleator)

kayuutaayuuk, kianarutuuk

taatchintr

, ki ar anatuuk

ak

slate -colored junco (Junco hyemalis) golden -crowned sparrow (Zenotrichia atricapilla) (lit. is to be mourned)

nUIJ aktuagruk

white-crowned sparrow (Zenotrichia leucophrys)

pi sikpi sikpi.i.s rhak

tree sparrow (Spizella arborea)

putukii.hrk,

kupahik

,putukiilukpak

*

Alaska longs pur (Calcarius lapponicus) smith's longspur (Calcarius pictus)

saks akik

common redpoll (Acanthis flammea) hoary redpoll (Acanthis hornemanni)

siyyuum kipirjaruk

white -winged crossbill (Loxia leucoptera)

Birds

95

Bird Parts

nest

uvluutit iva ruk mannik manniim

is nesting saunina

satkatiktaak kuksuktaak

(N) (N)

puvi ak Isaguk

egg egg shells bones)

(lit

egg's

egg white egg yolk crop

(N, q), Lsr-aguk (K)

wing

suluk

wing feather

mitkuk

feather (fur, body hair)

kiviut

down, musk oxen wool

sigguuk (N), siyyuuk (K) sigguk (N), siyyuk (K)

beak, bill one mandible

papik

tail

tuttuk

(N)

upper leg (drumstick)

96

3.

HEAVENS.

3.1

EARTH.

HEAVENLY

ATMOSPHERE

BODIES

ki Iak

sky, heaven,

stkinik stkinaagiksuk

sun sun shines

roof

-~=:;;;ii~_:";~!iil=lII!i~.~_~~ - n

nipi ruk

(sun, moon) sets

nui ruk

(sun, moon) appears from behind cloud

tat~iJs.: tatkigiksuk

moon moon shines

pularuJs.:

is eclipsed (lit. slipped into the brush)

uvlugi ak

star

uvlugi am anarj a

shooting star, meteorite (lit. star's feces)

srkupsfkkat

Pleiades

tuvaurat

(N), uuyurat

(K)

ki kuyat (N), kirguyat (K) kikuyalfksuk

constellation

three stars of sword in constellation Orion (N lit. little hunters K lit. linked ones) northern (Aurora northern shining

lights, borealis) lights are

ni gritchtak (N); kinnaum nigilJa (a), nigak (K)

rainbow

tgniguukpatittuak iknikpaltk (K) Ignrgukpatittuk

(N),

lightning

(N), kaummai'liksuk

is lightning

Heaventy

97

Bodies; Earth thunder is thundering

kalluk kal lularuk 3.2

EARTH

(MINERALS)

nuna

land,

aula ruk nuna (N), il,i~sa~tu~ nuna (K)

earthquake

akaiya

mud

(N)

earth

tuvi at chi ak

solid ground

maggak

sand

uyagak , iyagak (K)

stone,

apyuk (K),

dust is dusty

avyuk (N)

apyularuk

(K)

clay

~ikku aijmaak

rock

flint,

(N), akrnaak (K)

shert,

firestone

jade aluak (N),

coal

kalluk (K)

kannuyak , kannuyak

copper

(K)

i vi s aak

red stone (used for paint)

saviks rak (K), s avi lhaak (N)

iron

tagiuk tagium

smaun

(K),

tagium

s inaa (N)

salt, ocean beach (lit. place between ocean and cliff)

uls:hals:

lead

ls:aYUlJnilik

crystal bead)

(rock crystal,

I

"

98 3.3 (Plants

PLANTS

marked

*. are

edible)

nauruls:

grows

nautchtak

flower

ar gaignak

mushroom handle)

akutukpak

broad -leafed plant

nikaak

plant stem

iJJ alugaaluk

*

(lit. don't

seaweed (Perphyra laciniata)

ivr uiyak

green moss

ivruk

sod for house building

ivgich

grass

nakaat nakaaguurut

swamp grass patch of swamp grass

pa.Ili ks r ak

cotton (from pussy cotton

mani k

tussock (moss used with stove lamps), clump grass

ugru~

spongy moss (diaper liner when dried)

tilJaura~ (N)

dried black moss (used for tinder)

ni kaat

lichen

taki Iaki saak

northern buttercup (Ranunculus affenis)

(used for tinder) cotton grass, willow buds, wood buds)

99

Plants ti laaki k

*

Hudson's bay tea (Ledum decumbens)

masu (N, q), masru

(K)

*

Eskimo potato (Hedysarum alpinum) plant of Eskimo potato

masukutak

*

masu ai gak

edible root, Parry's Wallflower (Par rya nudicaulis)

~uIJuli~

*

wild rhubarb, sour grass, mountain sorrel (Oxyria digyna)

~uaga~

*

sour dock, wild spinach (Rumex arcticus)

*

Ikuusuk (K)

kupp ikutak

wild celery (Angelica lucida)

*

fireweed (edible young shoots) (Epilobium angustifolium) heather (Cassiope tetragonal (good fire starter)

ikugutigiksut

~usrimmak

(K)

*

wild rhubarb, (Polygonum Alaskanum)

paatitaak

(K)

*

-

~II/~

~

~/\\::.~

~immiurat

(N)

tulukkam naultgaana

wild chives (Allium schoenoprasum) , onion tundra cotton (lit. little dogs) parasitic plant on alder roots (Boschniakia rossica) (lit. raven's spear)

Ptants

100 Berries au Ilaks rugniaktuk

picks berries

as iak (q), asr-iak (K)

berry,

as iak (N), as iavi k (q), asriavik

(K),

sugak (sh)

fruit

blueberry (Vaccinium uliginosum) -

akpi k

Salmonberry, cloudberry (Rubus chamaemorus)

igrUlJnak (K)

rose hip

kakrtlarjnak

wild rose (Rosa acicularis)

(K)

ka vl ak

tinnik kikminak (K), kipmujnak

"unm=

as r-iak (K)

(sh)

4

bearberry staphylos

(Arctoalpina)

bearberry staphylos

(Arctouva-ursi)

lowbush cranberry (Vaccinium vitis idaea) bog cranberry (Vaccinium oxycoccus)

ni viI,]aku tak (K)

red current (Ribes triste)

paunga~

crowberry, blackberry (Empetrum nigrum)

tulukkam

as r-iak (K)

tuungaum asr iak (K)

ukpinnak

(K)

juniper berry (Fructus juniperus) (lit- raven's berry) trailing raspberry (Rubus pedantus) devi.L' s berry) highbush cranberry (Viburnum edule)

(lit.

101 3.4

tikigaij: napaaktuk napaaktum

TREES

forest kiprniu rana

tree, spruce tree spruce cone (K), (lit. spruce's puppy)

akutuk , akutukpa.li k

leaf

aki guk (K), ki s i ks iun (N .n)

branch

aki aguk

tree heart

ami.gak

bark

ikki.k

irregular hard section in the tree rings (K)

ikik

block of wood (vertebra)

mumrgnak

tree stump

amaak

root

(stomach)

uurnak

green wood

ki r-uk

dry, dead wood

naungat

young tree growing from old root

nimjuk

cottonwood tree (K)

nunarj iak

alder tree, rust colored dye from alder bark

kanun ik

diamond willow

ukpi k

w i Ilow

palliksrat

pussy willows

ij:igaich

willow stumps

102

Trees;

& Hills

Mountains

urgiiJ.ik

birch tree

kutchuk

resin, spruce gum, chewing gum

3.5

MOUNTAINS

AND

HILLS

ig~ils: (N, q),

mountain

uvaagni k

mountain base with gradual slope

ki mi alu k

foothill

ipnak (K),

cliff (where land slides are possible)

imriak (N)

ikpik

cliff (where land slides are not possible) water is undercutting bank

Ikp ikt it aktuk ipnagruich

(K), imnagruich

(N)

canyon

pirjuk (N), pinuks rak (K)

individual round hill (swelling)

i iguk (N)

high hill

kirni gaak

ridge

managaar ak

steep rise

kipaluak

steep undercut river bank

kimugruk

stepped rise

Is irnrjaaktuk

line of gently sloping hills

kavlunak

brow of hill human)

(also of

Mountains

& Hills;

Lakes,

Rivers,

katcni ruak aagiak (K), kattagnik

Oeean slope

103 (wall)

valley,

(a)

pass

nati k nati gnak

valley floor flat tundra

nunavik

undulating tundra

36

LAKES,

RIVERS,

narvak taksruk

OCEAN lake oval- shaped lake

tas ik (N)

lagoon,

lake

kuugaatchial>.

rivulet linking a lake to river

kuuk

river

kuuguk

tributary

kuuguural>.

creek

irnik

water (drinkable)

imak

water (undrinkable)

immaktmmk

puddle

ikkattuk

is shallow

rti ruk

is deep

kiur-i ruk

freezes

ki ki kt ak

island

I>.ikil>.tasugruk(N), k.ikiktag ruk (K, q)

big island

ikalguk

submerged

nuvuk

point,

river

sandbar

promontory

104

Lakes,

Rivers,

Ocean;

Weather

atani!5:

isthmus

tagiuk

ocean,

puvi ak

bay

nati k

bottom.

in iul ik

wave, swell

ul ivr-ik (N), i1Jiulikpak (K)

breaker

on ocean

kaaktak

breaker

on shore

kai li ksuk

is rough water

kuuniks uk

is calm

sagvaktuk

flows

supi ruk

flows, rushes at break-up)

sinaa

shore (it's edge)

3.7 (includes itrisriun

salt

WEATHER

snow and ice conditions) thermometer

(K)

weather, outside, atmosphere, air is good weather is bad weather

sila s i.Iagi.kauk

s i.Iag.i it chuk si!5:ifii~ stkinaagiksuk (N), s ikini agi ksuk (K)

sun sun is shining

uunaktuk

is warm it's warm

uunagugaa i r r-ai tchuk (N), it raiksuk

(river

(K)

has moderated (having been cold)

105

Weather niptaktuk

is clearing, clouds are dispersing

niptarul$. (N)

is bright weather

niptai tchuk (N)

is hazy

nuvuya (N), nuviya nuvuya.li kauk , nuviyaltksuk nuvuyal.aktuk

cloud is overcast, is getting cloudy is cloudy (broken)

kunikruk

indistinct hazy

horizon,

is misty,

blurred

uyumi.ksuk

(K)

I$.uvyugagnil$.su~, I$.upyugagnil$.sul$.(K)

is white out

t aktuktuk taktugugaa

is foggy it's foggy

al appaa , alappuu (N)

is cold

ki yarraktuk

is cold

i r-r irjugaa

(N), it r-irjugaa (K)

is icy cold

sf aluktuk (N, n), s i Ia.luktuk (K)

is raining

mirii iksuk

is misty is wet from dew is damp

ul.iktuk

is flooded

anugi anukl iksuk anukkan aruk

wind is windy is windy (gale force)

ni gikpak , ni.gik

north, wind

kiluagnak

{N), kivaknak

(K)

northeasterly

east, southeasterly wind

Weather

106 atchagrrik (noa, ki ), kivaknak (K)

easterly

pamarjna

wind from land

(p)

wind

UIJ al.ak , uIJal lak

southerly

uannagruk

southwesterly

(N)

wind wind

kanagnaJs., kanaknal>

westerly

ikagnak (N)

north, northwesterly wind paralleling the coastline

atuagnak

northerly wind (not paralleling coast)

(N)

wind

iJ.alulasraal$ (K), uiyula (N)

whirlwind

agrrik (N), arjni.k (K) agniksuk (N), anniksuk (K) agnigiksuk (N), annigiksuk (K)

blizzard having a blizzard blizzard has ceased

pi ks iksuk

is snow storming

(b)

is ground drifting

nati gviks uk

Snow Conditions

karmi k kanni.ksuk

(N),

kani.gr'uaktuk

(K)

snowflake is snowing (no wind)

karri k kanig ruak

frost frost on face, etc.

pilik (N), s aviguk (K)

ice crystals

apun api ruk apigaa

snow is snow covered it is snow covered

nutagak

fresh snow, powder snow

tree, in air

107

weather aniu

packed snow (N), any snow (K) snowbank

aniuvak natrgvik natigviksuk

snowdrift snow is ground drifting

kimaug ruk

snowdrift blocking a trail or in lee of a building

mavsa

(N), mapsak

kaiyugl.ak,

(K)

snowdrift overhang (ready to fall)

kaiyuktak

rippled snow

surface

of

pukak

sugar snow (near ground)

misulik (N), misrulik, misruligrua]s. (K)

sleet

auks al ak , auks atak (K)

melting

akillu~]s.a]s.

soft snow

mi lik

very soft snow

mi tai lak

soft snow on ice floe covering an open spot

sillik

hard crusty

(N), s it Iik (K)

snow

snow

kika rukak

glazed snow in thaw time

mauya

break through condition

katiksunik apuyya~, ai suuk

(N), katfksugrrik aputya~,

apuya]s.

(K)

light snow, walking

snow

deep for

snow patch snow slide,

avalanche

i

I

Weather

108 Ice Conditions ki uvi r'uk

water freezes

aunni.k

rotten ice (unsafe)

mapturuk

is thick

maptugitchuk

is thin

siku

ice

srkult.ir-ak

new formed ice

sikuliak

ice thick enough to walk on

stkul.iagruak

ice about 1 1/2 inches thick

srkuruk

is frozen

sfkulfki ruk

is in process break-up

of

sikuigvik

ice break-up

time

kus rulugak

icicle

s ikuk Iak , natatkugnak

hailstone

pi kaluyik

glacial ice (blue appearance)

mugattik

slush ice

ki nu

broken chunks of slush ice slush ice is forming, floating downstream

kinur-uk sarri

ice pack

uifii~

lead (open water between landlocked ice and pack ice)

109

Weather landlocked ice

tuvak kaigarlak

rough ice causing difficult travel

siku

ki s rs ak

grounded ice pile (keeps landlocked ice from floating away), £Ioeberg

ivuni k

ice pressure

ivuni.gaur ak

little pressure

ridge

agiukpak,

perpendicular ure ridge

press-

aayugak (K)

iceberg

puktaak i.vs argutipkak.

ridge

mukutipkak

ice-bound boat brightness on horizon indicating presence of ice on ocean

kisuk

dark cloud over open water

110

4.

PLACE. 4.1

TIME.

DESCRIPTIVES

GENERAL

Although "place" and "time" concepts are carried by the same morphemes, the concept of "place" seems to be primal. "Time" is not abstract but rather" occasion for ... .'I -vik pi-vik narji r -vik

place, time place, time hospital (lit. place for sick ones) birth time, month of June

igni -vik -viks r ak

place for, occasion for, time for place for, occasion for, time for place for foundation, place for trusting occasion, time for travel

pi vvik s r ak tumj a -viks r ak iglig-viksrak si viki tchuk

is a short distance, is of short duration

aivi su ruk

is a long distance, of long duration 4.2

PLACE

ini ini kit chuk iriikpak

place, room small place, room city (N), big place, big room

i.ni.Il.aktuk inillakkaa

is placing is placing it

nunaakkik

city, town, village, nation

is

Place

111

nunauruat

country,

nation (N)

kanittuk

is near,

is close

UIJ as iks uk (N), UIJ as riks uk (K)

is far

saumik

left side

tal ikpik

right side

alj:u

back (stern)

sivu

front (bow of boat)

ataani ataani ittuk ataa

under is under it's underside, area of fish

kaarj ani kaan anii ttuk kaana

on top is on top it's top side, dorsal area of a fish

Directional-

Locational

ventral

Pronouns

Eskimo directionals and locatives are not based upon the cardinal points of the compass but relative to the area, being based upon reference to the direction of the sea coast, or river's flow (if inland).

(Directional-Iocational and demonstrative pronouns may be prefixed with ta- on words beginning with a vowel or tat - on words beginning with a consonant.) ta-,

tat-

rriaani ta-maani

adds emphasis or extends direction here here indeed

Place

112 (Pronouns which are commonly inflected their postposition forms)

With the speaker

inside the same room:

kivva

pinna,

are displayed with

there (inwards, visible), (upriver, inland) pitcha

up there (above, visible)

taugga

the re (doo rw ards, ible)

uvva uvani

here, now, as follows located here from here, hence hither, to here through here, by way of here is here comes here, hither

uvakq

a (K),

uvarpj

a (N)

uvuna uvuuna uvani ittuk uvun aktuk With the speaker

inside a different

vis-

room:

kakma (K), Js.aIJma(N)

outside

kamrna

inside (further from entrance than speaker), (upriver) on the inside, at the inside from inside toward inside

Js.amani kamakn a (K), Js.amaIJlJ a (N) kamurja

sakma (K)

When referring agga

in front of (closer to entrance than speaker) to locations within sight or reach of the speaker:

across

there

(visible)

Place

113

itcha

on the other side, over there

avva

far off (in place or time), over there (shoreward) located over there from afar off, from over there towards there (over there)

avani avakna

(K),

avarpja

(N)

avuna

kanna kanani kananii ttuk kanakrj a (K), kanarpja (N) kanurj a kanaknak (K), kanagnak (N)

kanakntgniksuk

(K)

kivva kivaknak (K) klvaknigniksuk

(K)

down there, downriver, in front of located down there is down there (visible) from down there towards down there wind from downriver, from ocean wind blows from the downriver direction upriver, inland, further inside wind from upriver wind blows from the upriver direction

kavva

over there, (visible)

pagga

up there (above and behind speaker), away from shore, landwards, mountainwards located up there from up there towards up there by way of up there travels inland

paani paakrj a (K), paarpj paurj a

pauna paurjaktuk

pavva

a (N)

,

upriver,

back there (behind the speaker), away from shore, landwards, mountainwards

I I I

Place

114

located back there from back there towards back there

pavani pavakrj a (K), pavarpja (N) pavurj a

far down there, downriver, down at sea located far down there from far down there toward down there travels downriver, travels out on sea ice

unna unani unaloja (K), unarpj a (N) unun a unUIJaktuk

When referring to locations reach of the speaker:

unseen by the speaker

or beyond

over there, outside, downri ve r , then (somewhat distant in place or time, intermediate between uvva and imma) located over there from over there towards over there is there (out of sight)

amma

amani amakrj a (K), amarpja (N) arnurj a

amani ittuk

there, then, when, (remote in place or or time, beyond

imma

amma)

taimma

taimani t

aimaloj

tai.murj a

l>amma kamani

a

(K),

taimarpj

a

(N)

there, then, when (very distant in place or time, beyond taamma) located there (over yonder), at that time from yonder, from time immemorial forever upriver, inside (further from entrance than speaker) located inside

115

Place kamakrja

(K), karnarpj a (N)

from inside toward inside

karmnja

pamma

back there, behind, landwards, mountainwards (absent, beyond reach, invisible)

s arnrna , tasramma samani, aamakrj

(K), tasamma

tasramani a , tas r-amaloj

a (K),

s amarpja (N) s amurj a , tas r amurj a samuuna

uumirj a

uumani uurnakrj a (K), uumarpj

a (N)

uumurj a

uumuuna uumatun uumani ittuk ukua ukunirj a ukunani ukunakn a (K),

ukuak

in

from down there

Pronouns

una uuma

ukunun a ukunuuna ukunatun

down there, downriver, oceanward, front of located down there

towards down there through or along down there is down there (out of sight) travels downriver, travels coastward

aamani.ittuk

Demonstrative

(N)

ukunarpj a (N)

this one this one's (with/ about) this one at, in this from this to, for this through, by this like this it is this one here these (with/about) these at, in, on these from these to, for these through, by these like these these two

116

Place

(The rare dual case forms plus -IJ- and the pertinent through these two)

are built on the base ukucase ending, e.g. uku-rj-muuna

manna maani m.aakrj a

m aun a mauna matun makuak makua makunirj a makunani rnakunakrj a (K),

makunarpj a (N)

makunurj a makunuuna taamna taavruma taa vrumiIJ a taavrumani taavr-umakna

(K),

taav rumarpj a (N)

taavr umurj a

taavrumuuna taavrumatun

this one around here around here from around here hither through here like this one here these two these here with these at these from these to these through these that one (person or thing) that one's (with/ about) that at, in, on that from that to, for that through, by that like that

amna (usually with prefix ta-, cf taamna)

this one, that one (person or thing) (somewhat distant in place or time, intermediate between una and irnna , or manna and imna)

taapkua t aapkunirj a taapkunani

those (with/about) those at, in, on those from those to, for those through, by those like those

taapkunakrj a (K), taapkunurj a

taapkunuuna taapkunatun taimfia

taapkunarpja (N)

that one (remote place or time)

in

Place;

117

Time that one (remote place or time)

imfia taipkua

(N), taipchua

in

those (remote in place or time)

(K)

kamna

that one inside, one upriver

pakimna

that one up there, (invisible)

pamna

that one behind, back there (invisible)

samna

the one down there, the one there in front

4.3 sil$.ifigural$. (N), tuktuktak

(K)

that

TIME timepiece,

clock

sassak (K)

clock, watch, hour, (Russian loan)

uvluk uvlui lgitchuk

day days are getting short again days are getting longer

uvluktus ir'uk (N, q), uvluktus r i ruk (K) uvlaak uvlaakun

morning tomorrow (lit. by way of morning)

ki ti kaktuk

noon (lit. has middle)

kiti~usianikpata

afternoon (lit. when they passed the middle)

unnuk

evening

unnual$.

night,

last night

Time

118 urj alragu

(K)

day after tomorrow

urj al.i arri

(K)

day before yesterday

ikpaksral$.

yesterday

unnumman (b)

yesterday (lit. when it was evening)

ikpaksraal$.sugruk

many days ago

ikpaksraal$.amik

three days ago

akku akkupak (N), akkuvak (K)

a short while ago immediately, right now a little while later

akkupaur'ak (N), akkuvaur ak (K)

iJ.aanni

sometime

'l$.akugu

anytime

aippaapak

(N), aippaavak (K)

taimani (cf taimma

distant memorable past indistinct

iIJilgaa!l 4.1)

(in future)

past

then, at that remote time (past or future)

ikarr ak (N)

hour (lit. a crossing place)

sas sak (K, q)

hour, watch, clock (Russian loan word)

-pak (N), -yak (K) (cf -pak- Sect. II) anaka-pak (N), anaka-vak (K) ukiu -pak (N), ukiu -yak (K) unnua-pak (N), unnua-vak (K) uvlaa-pak (N), uvlaa-vak (K) uvlu -pak (N), uvlu -vak (K)

immediate, entire (lit. big) tonight, this evening this winter, this year last night this morning today

-t kik

the second of two

. (cf -fki k - Sect. II) ukiu-t kik

winter before last, two years ago

.. •

119

Time upingaa -t ki.k uvlaaku -tkik ikpaksra -t kik

summer before last day after tomorrow day before yesterday

ukiuk ukiak,

winter, ukiaksrak

upinga~,

upingaa~,

autumn, aura~

year fall

summer

upingaks r ak

spring (lit. potential summer)

tatkik

month (moon)

iki.atchaktuk

(moon) begins to wane

kupaguktuk

(moon) is half

naaguktuk

(moon) is full

t atkik

new moon

nui ruk

Names for Eskimo moons (months) vary from village to village based upon location and seasonal events. January s ikinaatchi ak (N) stktnaas rugruk (K)

,

new sunshine

February aikinaasugruk (N) kus rugaktugvik (K)

longer sunshine icicle time

March panikstks iivik (N) kilgit t atki at (K)

skin bleaching white hawks coming

April kilgich tatkiat (N) tinmi r-at tatki at (K)

white hawks coming geese are coming

May suvlugvik (N) aikuigvik (K)

rivers flow ice break-up

time

I

120

Time; Desariptives

June igf'iivik

birth time

July inukkuks ai vik (N) itchavik (K)

raising time moulting time

August akavir-vik (N) ami gai.ks ivik (K)

moulting time caribou lose velvet

September tilJlJivik mi Iukatai.ks ivfk (kiv)

birds fly (migrate) leaves falling

October nu li agvi k (N), nul.li guvi k (kiv) sikuvik (K)

breeding time (caribou) ice time

November nippivik (N)

sunset time

December srkingf lak (N) aikinaatchiak (K)

4.4

no sunshine

DESCRIPTIVES OPPOSITES

s ivul li k akul l ik

first one, foremost one last one, hindmost one

kul Iik allik

uppermost bottommost

nutauruk nutaak

utukkau ruk

is new newness, is old

parjrnapak (N), pakma (K) i laanni (N), i laatni (K)

now later,

freshness

sometime

Descriptives sivuani akuani

arj iruk

121 before (lit. at it's front) behind (lit. at it's back)

mi ki ruk

is big is small

taki ruk na it chuk

is long is short

kumi ruk (N), uvinaktuk,

is fat

uks ruu ruk (K)

pannaur-uk , pani ktuk

is thin,

saattuk

m aptu ru k

is thin is thick

iki ktu ruk , s i Liktuk (K) ikiki itchuk , arnit chuk (K)

is wide is narrow

kutchi ksuk al Ii ks uk

is high is deep

nakuuruk pi Iuktuk (N), pigiitchuk

is good is bad

siignaaktuk

is sweet is bitter

surj agni tchuk atugriaktu k

atUIJai ks uk , atuguiksuk

skinny

is useful is worthless

kiriiyunaktuk , pinnaknaktuk inugi itchuk

is pretty is ugly (lit. not a good person)

aki su r-uk , pi kpaktuk palagniksuk

is expensive, valuable worthless

inugi aktuk inukit chuk

are many are few

akiruk atiruk al.larpjuktuk (N), at lagi.iksuk (K)

precious,

.are opposite (of 2) are identical (of 2) is different, other

122

Descriptives

salumaruk s a lum ai tchuk

is clean is dirty

ipki tchuk ipkur uk

is pure is dirty

ipi ktuk ipkrtchuk

is sharp is dull

pani ktuk ai Laktuk ag itchuk

is dry is wet (N), damp (K) is wet (K)

uunaktuk

ni gl in aktuk

is hot is cold (not weather)

ki vl iktu k ki.vl.in itchuk

is shiny is dull

agvaluktuk , ahaval uktuk (N), aks r avaluktuk (K) ikiraalik

is round

ki sirn.gi uktuk -lhinakpi ka.ti gi kaut

is alone alone are together

s i kkuktuk ag ina ktuk

is hard is soft

sig~ignaktuk (N), s apignakai ruk (K) srg~ignaitchuk (N), s apigna.itchuk ,

is difficult is easy

kaganaktuk

square,

(K)

uki tchuk ukumait chuk

is light is heavy

s ayaktu ruk

is strong, is weak

s ayait chuk

COLORS kati ktaak kati ktuk

cube

whiteness is white

healthy

• 123

Descriptives kaviks aak kavi ksuk

redness is red

kuksukt aak (N)

yellowness

kirgia~taa~

grayness

marj aaktaak kigniktaak marjaaktuk

light grayness

(N)

(N), kigi'iiktuk (K)

blackness is black

surj aaktaak surj aaktuk

.greenness is green

sunaur aaktaak (N), s ilagiks aak (K)

blueness

NUMBERS at aus ik (N, q), ataus

rtk

(K)

one

m a.lguk

two

pilJasut (N), pinas rut (K)

three

sisamat

four

tallimat

five

itchaksrat

six seven

I

tallimat pirj asut (N), tallimat pifiasrut (K)

eight

I

kulirpjutai lak (N), ku lirjugutai Iak (K)

nine

kul.it

ten

kul it ataus ik (N), kul it ataus r ik (K)

eleven

kul it rnal guk

twelve

tallimat

malguk

124

Descriptives

kul it pirj a.sut (N), kul it pinas rut (K)

thirteen

ak irni arpj u t ai Iak (N), akirn iagutai lak (K)

fourteen

akimiak

fifteen

ak irni ak ataus ik (N), aki.m i ak atausrik (K)

sixteen

ak irni ak rn al.guk

seventeen

ak irni ak pujasut (N), akirni ak pinasrut (K)

eighteen

inuinnalJlJutai~aJs. (N), inuinaguutai lak (K)

nineteen

inuinnak

(N), inuinak (K)

twenty

inuinnak

kulit (N), inuinak kul.it (K)

thirty

m al.guki pi.ak

forty

m al guki pi ak kul it

fifty

pirj asukipi ak (N), pinas rukipiak

(K)

sixty

pilJasukipi ak kul it (N), p inas rukipi ak ku li.t (K)

seventy

sisarnakipiak

eighty

sisarnakipiak

kul it

ninety

tallirnakipiak

one hundred

av vak

one half

iIlatt ruk (N), i Ia ruk (K)

is adding

HalJlJaaktaaktuk

is subtracting

i larj a pi igaa

is subtracting (lit. its part he takes away)

125

5. OTHER

WORDS

a aannagu (N), maatnagu maatnugu (K)

(K),

wait a minute!

aasii, aasiifi (N,q), aasrii, aasriifi (K)

and, and then, (used consecutively, contrast with r suli I, which is used in an additive sense)

aa.s n.n -uvva, uvva-aasii (N), aasriifi-uvva, uvva.-aasrii (K)

and then this (introduces a change of subject

aarigaa

good!

aarj (N),

aa (K), ii

yes

aat chi kk aarj (K) aatchui ruk (K), aitchuiruk aatchugaa , ait chugaa aatchuun , aitchuun aatigaa,

aatkaa (K)

fine!

danger! exclamation of warning (N)

gives gives it gift snatches

it away

agalJIJait chuk

is gentle,

kind

agg-iksuk (K), kai ruk (N)

comes

aggun (N)

corruption

aglaan -aglaan (enclitic)

but up to, as far as

agiis r ukn aga.a

is offended by it

agl ii tr ak (K)

picture

Other Words

126 agliitigaa

takes one I s picture

(K)

agi ur-uk (N), kas ruktuk

ends, quits, is satisfied

(K)

stops,

ai

what? eh? well? okay?

aigaa (K), aitkaa (N)

fetches it, goes to get it

ai ruk (N), aqi Iaaktuk (K)

goes home

aitchuiruJs. (N), aatchui r-uk (K) ait chugaa , aatchugaa

gives gave it, gives it

aiyugaaktuk aiyugaagun

invites invitation

aki.agaktaaktuk

they (2) alternate

akit laaktuk

is free,

aki.i Iak akii Iaktuk

debt is owing

akiitchua1uk

(N),

akiisruk

aki.Ii.gaa

aki Iiun aki.Ii k

harlot

(K)

aki ks ruktuk akiks rugigaa akiks ruun (K), unnikeukriun

without cost

(N)

promises promises promise,

it covenant

paid it (lit. countered it) wage, price reward

akiUiliJs.suJs.

opposes

aki higak (N), katr ak (K)

echo

aki s aktuk

revenges (lit. tries to counter)

akitchaktuk

trades,

akl:aa (N)

Oh my! (having made a mistake)

barters

Other

Words

127

akpaktuk

steps up (from lower to higher place)

akprttuk

starts

aksikkaa

touches it

ak s r aktuk

is rolling

akt igi ruk

is so long, is this much its size

akti laana akugluk , kas r-aun (K),

avi Iuktaun

(K, q, p)

akugluktuk , kas r aktuk (K),

to sing

bell (an instrument to make repeated noise by hitting) bell rings

avi luktaktuk akuktuk

akuktugaa

receives, accepts accepts it

akunik akunganni

middle, between among, in between

akkaa

smells bad!

akpaksruktuk (K), akpattuk (N)

runs (of human)

alai (K)

exclamation surprise

alaitchuk

is not torn

al akaa al.akkaa

exclamation

of I

of sorrow

artifact aliik

tear,

al ii tchuk

not lonely though li ving alone

alIa (N), atla (K)

another one, different one

allaktigiruk

dries, wipes (e.g. dishes)

rip

!

Other

128

Words

al Iaktuk

clear weather

al Iarpjuktuk

is different

allatuun al latuktuk

adultery, fornication commits adultery

alluvak

seal's breather hole (suitable for placing net)

amai (p)

don't know

amiun

thread for skins

anas rmnuks ak (K)

punishment

anaugaa anautak

hits him, beats him axe, beating tool (upper hind leg)

ani ruk

exits,

annaa,

annii, arrii!

is born

exclamation of pain, sorrow or disappointment

annaktuk

is sheltered, saves

aq iktuk

agrees, assents, says yes with raised eyebrows agrees with him, assents to it

arj ikus aun (kiv , q), arj ikus r aun (K)

temptation

arj i.Laaktuk (K),

aggi ruk (N)

is safe,

goes home

arj i ruk

is big

an i ruk

resuscitated, arose

arj i s itkaa

tempers

it

revived,

Other arj ivr

129

Words aktuk

anivr agaa

loosens, unravels, unties unravels it, unscrews it, unties it is open, turned on (radio, tape recorder)

anularuk

chews

anuyaktuk arjuyarik (K, q), arjuyaun (N) arjuyi ikt i (K), arjuyakti (N) arjuyaunnat alJ uyautairrun

fights war soldier, armor peace

aijuun

paddle, propeller his paddle, a fin (anyone of the paired fins of a fish)

arjuutaa

fighter

apaiksuk apai

is enough, had enough plenty! enough!

ap iks r-i ruk apiks rugaa

asks, questions is about to question him, ask him questioned him, asked him question

apigigaa api.ks ruun ap luktuk

steps,

apuktuk

meets, strikes bumps, against him

apugaa,

apuktigaa

takes a step bumps, against strikes it, meets

arakaa

comforts

argua~tugaa

doubts it

arraa

I've had it! exclamation when something goes wrong

I

1 I

Other Words

130 ar r-ikaktuk (N), at r-ikaktuk arri, atri arriligaa, atriligaa

is like, is comparable likeness, parable draws, sketches its likeness dampness around floor

arruk arrii,

(K)

anni i , annaa!

exclamation of pain, sorrow, disappointment

asik

dear one

at akkiat alJ ' atakkii, uvva-takku (K)

because

at akai ruk atchitkaa

borrows lends him

atai

exclamation of surprise (K), cute (of baby) (N)

ataramik

always is connected with

at ar'uk at angusuktuk

is cranky

atangi ks aur-uk atangi r run

is free liberty

atauttuk

goes beneath goes beneath it

atautkaa atchigaa

names him

atchuu! (N)

I don't know!

atigaa

wears it, puts it on

ati ruk

is the same, there is no difference

atkaktuk

descends

atkunaktuk

is much, too much, plenty, there is an abundance

Other

131

Words

atkunak

plenty,

abundant

atuktuk atugaa

uses, acts immorally uses it

atuktuk atugaa atuun atuktuur ak atuktuur akti

sings sings it song musical instrument musician

atunim

together

ataa,

hush! be still!

atta

aularul$:

moves (N, s). dances (K)

au Ilagnii ruk

begins

aul.laktuk aullautigaa

goes away leads him away, takes it away sends him away

aul Iakti tkaa aullasik

habit, unconscious habit, instinct

auruk

is rotten, is rotting, aging melts it (ice, snow) has a rotten spot rotten spot, rotting substance

aukkaa auniktuk auni k aunrrik

rotten ice

aur ak, upirigak

summer

autaaktuk autaagaa

divides, shares divided it

avallik

the farthest

avaTIlJagaa avanmun (N), avatmun (K)

all around him toward each other

over

Other

132

Words

avi Lruk

shouts, cheer,

aviktuk avikkaa

cuts, breaks cut it up .

avittuk

is separated, divorced

avi Iai.tkan (N)

friend (lit. never separate)

avr iaktuk

is in the way, blocking the way

avugaa

salts or peppers mixes it

avu

sugar

avulik

gas mixed with oil

avvarj a

half

ayaktuk

pushes off, departs boat (lit. poles) pushes it off, rejects it post, pole, pillar, spear walking stick

ayakkaa ayak ayaupi i r ak (K), ayauppi.ak (N)

raises a his ear rings in two is

it,

by

ayakhaaktuk ayal$:haal$.

is doing string figures string figure, cat's cradle

ayyai ruk

is rejecting

ayaurul$:

is going blind

ayual$:

boil (sore)

ayurul$: ayugaa

precedes is beyond reach

----

-

---

Other Words

133

•

I throws away, discards throws it away, discards it abandoned baby

Igittuk igitkaa i gitt ak

Iglaktuk igla1)aattuk

(N), igla1)arut

laughs smiles

iglittuk

travels,

iglilJnattut

is cute (of a baby)

ig~ua

the other one, next one

ig~utuiruk Iglutugaa

endure endures

igni ruk

make fire with flint

iggialarut

yells,

igliktuk igligigaa

is stingy clings to it for himself, is stingy with it

ii (cf aa)

yes

rivaks aaktuk (K), uivaks aaktuk (N)

rounds a bend

ikaaktuk ikaun ikautit ikaagaa

crosses over bridging pole bridge crosses it

ikayuktuk ikayugaa

helps helps him

iki ruk ikuma ruk , rkirnar-uk

burns, is consumed is burning, is on (of electric light) altar (in Bible) (lit. burning place)

ikipkaivik

moves

it, suffers

it

shouts

Other Words

134 i.ki r'uk

embarks, enters, on or into

ikkii

icky

ikUgutchaktittu~

is tempted (lit induced to want the other)

i kpait chi ak

suitcase

i.kpi.kt i.taktu k

bank is being undercut by water

i kpi gak (K)

set (foundation) of mind, where they come from gets it on his mind and believes it

ikpigigaa (K)

gets

ikt.ak

dump

ikugaa

loads it on

Ikatau ruk (K), itkatauij aruk (N)

is together

rki asuktuk , i ki as ruktuk (K) iki atkaa

is lazy does not want to do it, is lazy is not lazy

iki itchuk ikkul.i ruk i.kkul in

with

skins muskrat (by cutting the belly section) small pointed knife

i.ks i ruk i~sigigaa

fears is afraid of him

iksuktuk

responds negatively by wrinkling nose

i.li.tkus ik (N)

spirit

Ha

relative by blood, marriage or name; companion, friend or partner

Other

135

Words

ilaksiagaa

bothers

ilalptniktuk

is married (lit. he obtained a partner)

iIa.Li r uk ilal.igaa

shakes hands shakes his hand

ilarri

lead dog, leader

ilasrailaruk (K) (cf nipaalaruk (N) )

cries with pain, screams

ilavinik

some (a part of something)

iJ,igaa

lays it down, places

i l.iks aktuk

quakes, wobbles earthquake

il,il$.sal$.tul$. nun a

him

il,imasuktul$.

suspect

ilisal$.tuk

tries to learn, tices

iIal.ir uk (K), iJ,J,atirul$.(N)

adds, joins, hands with

iIi tku s ik (q), iIitkus r ik (K)

habit, happening, experience

pracshakes

tangle ill.iagur-ugaa

(K)

combs it

iJ,J,ial$.suktuk(N) i.ll iagutit

combs hair comb

ilu

inside, abdomen, stomach

iluaktuk

puts it in, (makes a basket in basketball)

iJ,umun, ilurnutun i.lumutuur'uk

true, truth is true

it

136

Other

iluvviktuk (N) iIuvik (K), i.Iuvviv ik (N)

buries grave

ih~ (K) (cf Ittuk)

being, existence, presence

i Iuaktuk

is right, good, correct, fitting heals, fixes

i luaks i.ruk

Words

iJ:uitchu~

is wrong

i.m ai.kauk

is low (water in river)

i.m.ait chuk

is empty

irriakaktuk

is full

i mrnaktuk

is leaking

immiksuk irnrni gaa

is full fills it

irnni ks aktuk

groans

irnrj

al uktu k

whines (dog), hums (person)

inna (N), itna (q, K)

thus, like this or that, this way, that way the like of, such kind

mna s ik (N), i trias ik (q), itrias r ik (K) (N), itnaktuk

irma ittuk

inuktuk irriks iruk

(K)

is thus,

is like this

is insufficient, fails to reach it, shoots low (K)

iniktagigaa

made, created made it, created

in ikti gaa

rebuked him, permitted him not threatened him

in iktuktuk

(K)

inni aktuk (K)

is tired is visiting

it

137

other Words inugi.ksuk

is handsome, ful

beauti-

inugi itchuk inugiilil$.sul$.

is ugly frowns (lit. makes himself ugly)

inupi atun

Eskimo language (lit. like Eskimo)

inukpalliktul$.

comes from, ates

inuuruk

lives

iJJil$.srul$.tul$. (K) iJJigaa

asks, prays asks him, begs him, prays to him

ipi

handle (of a bucket

origin-

etc.)

whips him ipi gaktuk

wades

ipigal$.tul$.

cuts himself

ipi ktusuktuk

is sad,

ipi ruk

ipnai ktuk

suffocates, smothers, drowns suffocates him, smothers him, drowns him goes to a cliff

ipun , ipuun ipu

oar tool handle

iri

eye eye glasses binoculars,

ipitkaa

irigaak irigruak Is aguti ruk

begins

i s iktuk

enters,

despondent

goggles

visits

138

Other

Words

i s iks i ruk

is getting smoke filled

isilgigaa

corrects his misunderstanding

i s i vgi ir-uk (N) atanrrigaa (K)

judges judges him examines him, tries him out

isivgiigaa

isui.tchuk (N, q),

isrurtchuk (K)

is endless, eternal, is clear, is not muddy

i s ruktuk

(K)

is opaque, not clear

isuma (N, q), isruma

(K)

mind

rsuktuk

(N),

i s aaktuk (N), i sr'aktuk (K) rsaguk (N), i s r aguk (K)

raises wing

it i ruk

is deep

itkanai ksuk

is ready,

it kaktuk itl$.agigaa

remembers remembers

rttuk

exists, stays

iv aktuk (N)

searches

iv aluktuk

(N),

i vayaktugaa

i vukutaktuk

(K)

(K)

i.vikti tag aat

puzzle

iv iktuk

fits (N)

bathes (N),

ipyamjunaktuk

finished it

is, lives,

defrauds, pleases

ivyangunaktuk

his arms

flaps

ivigaktul$.

ivvaktuk

is muddy,

(K)

is stuffy

robs him

Other

139

Words

k kaagnak,

kaaksiugun

ki avluktuk

(N),

(N), nigisulJnal;,( (K)

kai vittuk

(K)

famine circles

around

kaki r uk

pricks

kakkaaktuk

is starving, to death

kakkiiyaun

handkerchief

kalikkaa

drags it

kalvi ttuk

is stuck

kamaks r i ruk kamagigaa kamakr irj i tchuk

obeys obeys him disobeys

karnanaktuk

is great, honored

karnatchaktuk

is surprised at another's ability, takes pride in another's ability to rumble (as a moving sled)

karjata li ikt aktuk

starved

is to be

kapi ruk

stabs

ka.suq ar uk (N)

is loose (e.g. rope tied loosely around pole)

kataktuk

is falling drops it

katakkaa

gathers gathers

kati ttuk katitkaa kavi i Hk (K), kaviukkun kayurj iit.igaa (K)

(N)

it

covetousness coaxes him, urges him

, I

Other

140

Words

ki a , kisum (K)

whose?

ki , ki.i, kii kkaa

do it! say it! proceed!

kigunnik

box

kiigaa

answers

him

ki ir ak

crease,

corrugation

kiisaimma

finally,

at last

kiker ak

a path cut through brush or trees

ki.Ii ktuk ki Iiktugaa

tells news, warns tells him news, warns him warning

(K), kiugaa (N)

kilgun ki l luku aktuk killukun

errs mistake

kinnau ruk kinnak

is foolish fool

kina

who?

kilJugau tchiru~

(N), kinugau tiruk (K)

is too late

kilJuvaannaktuk

(N), partcnaktuk

inherits

(K)

ki pakfi.kauk (N), mttautu ruk (K)

mocks

kipaluniktuk kipalukkaa

has helpers works for him, him

kip igi ruk , ki.pi.kni.uktuk (K), kiprgniuktuk (N)

is anxious to

kipr-i ruk (K), kt r rt ruk (N)

cuts off, severs

ki p li gaa

cuts it in two, severs it

ki pt ait chuk

bright child, fully awake

helps

Other

141

Words

kirratchai~titkaa

shines brightly

kisima kisivich kisimi

I alone you alone he alone

ki s irpjugaa

left him alone, left her bereaved

kita

ready!

kiviktuk kivikkaa

lifts lifts it

ki vi r uk

sinks

kivgak

servant,

kivi lfktuk

can't recall word or name, forget

kurni ktuk

scratches rake

kurrujut it

messenger

kuni ksuk kunikkaa kunik

kisses kisses him kiss

ku r aktuk

looks down

ku sr-iksuk

drips

(K)

kuvi r-uk kuvigaa

pours pours it out

kuyakkaa

lies with her

k• kaaktuk (N), kaaks inti r aulgataktuk

(K)

bursts, explodes, readily blows his top (K) passes by

142

Other

Words

kaarj iu laarjavai tchuk (N), kaarj iafaus r-im ar-uk (K)

veers away, excess

kaayuk (K)

dirt dirties himself (of baby messing diapers)

kaayul iksuk ~agana~tu~ (K), siglignaitchu~

(N)

is easy,

goes to

not difficult

kargitchuk

is rough,

kaiksuk

is smooth,

kai ruk (N)

comes

kai tchi ruk ka.itchtgaa

gives gives it

~akugu,

when? (future inte rrogati ve)

kana

~akugun

(N), kaagl aan (K)

not smooth level,

flat

when? (past tense interrogative)

kaki gaa

boxes him

kakuktuk ~a~~ugaa

crunches, cracks it

ka.lguktuk

croaks, crow s , quacks , honks, whistles

kal.i ks i kaut

tows one boat with another pulls it, drags it behind

ka Iitkaa ka l li ruk kal.li.gaa

cracks

approaches, draws near

nears

rust kami ruk

goes out, itself

kami ttuk

is turned off, extinguished

extinguishes

Other

143

Words turns it off, extinguishes

kamitkaa

it

kanittuk

is near

kannigaa

orders

kanugvi it chuk

it can't be helped, too bad (that he died, is mortally ill, etc.)

~anul$:

how, what, for, because (N) what kind? how long, how much? how far?

kanus r ik (K), kanus ik (N) kanutun

kanutun - aglaan

no! used more sparingly than English 'no'

kan aa (K)

~apsinik,

it

how many?

l$:avsinik

(wind) died down

kas ruagaa

(K)

kas ruktuk

(K), agiuruk

katchaktuktuk

(N)

, trgluktuktuk

ends, quits, is satisfied knocks,

is knocking

kati tittuk

marry

katrni ksuk (K)

is impatient, to wait

kaugr-i ruk

becomes

kaugr-immaagti

tchuk

stops,

dislikes

conscious

can't recognize

one

kaummagi ksuk kaumarrik

is bright beam of light

kaumrnaktuk

clear, translucent, light enough to see

kaunaksr-i ruk kaunagi gaa

cares cares for him

144

Other

Words

kaunakran it chuk

careless

kaur iaktuk

rests

kavaktuk

to sleep on back in water (of seal)

kaviugnaksauruk

glamorous,

ki gluktuk

is saddened about a loss

ki kirj ar-uk

is warped warps it

kiki s.itkaa ki kittuk

is frozen (part of body) freezes it quickly

kikit igaa ki ks r aur-uk

seductive

(K),

ki lamtk

kikumar

uk

(N)

is frozen (not of body) quickly,

immediately

ties a knot ki mrn aktuk

escapes,

kinuruk

to cry fitfully (of a baby)

kipirj ar-uk

is twisted twists it

kipi gaa

flees

kipigniuktuk kip igniugun

desires desire

ki tchaktuk (K)

stands upright

ki tchuktuk

scratch scratches

ki.t chukt ig aa

it

l>:ituttu~

is soft,

ki tyagnaktuk

is bright,

ki vl.iktuk

shines, glitters, sparkles

flexible glaring

145

Other Words l>iviul>

down (of water fowl), wool (of musk-oxen)

ki vi ktuk (N), kirrit chuk (K)

commits suicide, hangs himself (K)

kiviktuk (N), kivi ttuk (K)

leaves another, not wanting to be together

ki vilJ aaktuk

stands

kivi ruk (N), ni viktuk (K)

lays on his back

kuaktuk

splits loose (e.g. the sole from a shoe) splits, separates, loosens it (of things frozen or otherwise fused together)

kuagaa

pr-oudly, erect

kuaktuk

eats kuak (frozen food)

kuiyakttchuk

slips

l>uglial>tul>

drools, slobbers, oozes (of tree resin)

kugluktak , kugluktuk

waterfall

kuinaktuk ku ifini.ktaur-uk

tickles is ticklish

kukuul ar-uk (N, q), tukrularuk

(K)

calls

kulauttuk

is passing

ku li aktuaktuk

tell a true story, an experience, preach (K), confess(N)

kul iaktuak

overhead

true story

kumi.kauk

folds arms parka

kupi ruk

splits,

inside

cracks

of

146

Other

kuppak

crack,

kus r auktuaktuk

(K),

kus auktuaktuk

(N)

squats

kus ikauk

is dripping

kuvi aauktuk

is happy

kuvi gus r-uktuk

(K)

Words

split

is surprised, astonished

amazed,

~uyaru~

is thankful

kuyanaktuk

is to be thanked, is to be praised (K) thank you!

ls:uyana~

m m akp iktuk

opens (as a shirt, coat) book (lit. papers) page, sheet of paper

makpi.gaat rna kpi gaak m al iktuk malikkaa

follows (another) follows him, accompanies him

maliksukti tau ruk

convinced

manik

money

mamaitchuk rnarn ai lak

(K)

CK)

smells strong, smells foul sulfur

mami.anaktuj;

is annoyed,

m att aktuk

disrobes, removes the harness from a dog

m atuni gaa

covers

it

offended

other Words

147

mauruk

steps into, falls into a hole, breaks through (of snow)

maur agaaktuk

crossing open water by jumpin?\ on "stepping stone' ice pans small ice pan used as stepping stone

maur agak mayuktuk rnayuktak

(K),

mayuagautit

(N)

ascends, climbs up ladder, stairs

mi Iuktuk

hits with a thrown object

minitkaa

missed him, omitted him

minguktuk

is tired

minik

splash (from a fish or thrown object)

minugluktuk minugluk

is stained, spotted stain, spot

minufiktuk

is painting paints it

mi.nukkaa , minufigaa

mirjuakt uun (N), aglaun (K)

pencil

misuit chuk (q)

is pale (lit. without juice) juice, kool aid, wine

mi s ru guk (K), mrsuguk mi suktuk

misuktaun

(q)

dips fountain pen

mitaa~tu~

jokes

mitautigigaa

mocks him, makes a fool of him

mukpaktuk

dives (of a sea mammal whose body curves high out of the water)

148

Other

Words

mul.iktuk

is closed, turned off (radio, etc.)

rnurni ks ir-uk

translates

mumi ksuk

turns over, repents

muluuruk

stays a short while

munagtgaa

watches him, takes care of him

changes,

n naagga, (N, q), kan aa (K)

no! (emphatic),

naamar uk

is complete, enough

naarnmaktuj,

is fitting, perfect

naarul$.

ends, runs out, finishes

naattuk

is ended, finished, stopped, caught

or

is

right,

na avi ttuk naavitkaa

dumps out (non -Iiqui d) dumps it out

na.gl.i.ks r-aktuk nagligigaa naglikkun nag Iigdnni gaa

pities pities him mercy is merciful

naghrjnaktuk

(K),

nagl ignaktuk

(N)

is poor,

naglfksaaktitchtruk nagliksaun

persecute affliction,

nagliktuutiJs.pak (N)

grace

naggugigaa

despises

to him

pitiable suffering

it, rejects

it

Other

149

Words

naipi ktuk (N) naipitkaa (K)

watch critically watches it closely, tests it

nairuk

smells

nakiktuk

goes direct (as path of bullet)

naktuktuk

is chipped

nakuaks rrr-uk

likes,

nakuru~

is cross -eyed

nakuuru~

is good, fine

nakittuk

is low

nal.aumj aruk

is right,

nalauraa~tu~

rests

na.l.aut ch akt.uk

guesses,

nalauttuk

is right

nalautittu~

fulfills, sights in a rifle aims it, focuses it gunsight

nalautitkaa nalautirrun

loves

just

gambles

nalguks rui ruk na.lguks rugaa

corrects, instructs straightens it, corrects him

nal.laktuk

has lain down

nallaruJs;. nallautigaa

lays (himself) down lays him down, puts him to bed

nalua~

bleached seal skin

naluksri.rJua~tu~ (N), irnirujur-uk (K)

has a hangover

naluna~tu~

is secret,

is hidden

150

Other

Words

nalunainnutak

mark,

nalunaitchuk

is clear,

nalupkiriaktuk

is uncertain, unpredictable is uncertain about it

nalup~igigaa

seal easy to see

nalupkiriaitchuk

is certain,

na lupki auktuk nalupki sun

doubts, doubt

nangagaa nangaun

sure

is uncertain

brags, praises (himself) praises him, brags about him praise, honor

nani (K), naUIJ (N) (cf . su-) naami nakini napmun nallkun

where at where from where to by which way, how

nani.guun

flashlight

(K)

where?

naij iit chuk

is daring,

narj ittuk nanir-run

is sick disease

napaaktuk

tree

naparuB:

sticks

napagiak

upright (vertical)

nappai ruk

builds

natchrksuk

yearns yearns

natchikkaa

is brave

up

to follow to follow him

natkikkaa

correction

naumi (N, sh)

no!

Other

151

Words

naulikkaa

spears

naurj (N), nani (K)

where?

nautchii ruk (cf. nirj it chi ruk) nautchi akagvik

plants

naviagaa naviagigaa navianaktuk

does not dare it is dangerous for him is dangerous

naviktuk navikkaa

breaks breaks

nayaarj agaa (K)

greets him, greetings

nayagaktuk

(N),

it

garden,

naYaIJaktuk

field

it sends him

is drowsy

nayuuti ruk nayugaa

stays, remains lives with him, with him

nrglaktuk

has cooled (of food, drink)

ntgiuktuk

(N)

nigiigigaa

(K), nigiugigaa

expects, hopes expects him

(N)

nigliktu~ nigvallaksraa~tu~

choked to death (K), nivaktaktuk

(N)

falls backward

nikali~su~ (K), nikat chaktuk (N)

gives up

nikaitchu~

keeps trying, determined

nilJitchiru~

sets out, plants

(cf . nautch iiruk)

nipaalaru~ (cf . i.las r ai lar-uk (K) )

screams

nipitu ruk

is noisy,

loud

stays

152

Other

nipittuk

is sticky

ni vaktuk

shovels,

nivirj aktuk

digs

hangs down

nivinagaa

hangs it up

nui ruk

comes into view, rises (sun)

nuktaktuk

moves from place to place

nuki tchi r-ug,

raises an object by pul.Iing with a rope draws, pulls it

nu~itkaa nul.laktuk

camps

nunuur-aktuj;

is remorseful

nuijuz-uk

is used up

nut~a~tul$: nutkaktitkaa

stops, dies stops it

nuur-uk , nuuttuk

moves to another dwelling

nu vaks i r-uk, nuvaktuk

has a cold

nuyui.ksuk

is not afraid, scared

is not

p paaksaaguti ruk paagaa

they (2) pass each other meets him

paalaktuk

stumbles, forward

paarnguktuk

crawls crawls

paarriaktuk

Words

falls

on all fours

Other

Words

153

paglagaa paglan

welcomes him greeting, welcome

pai ruk

stays behind, stays home (when others went on a journey)

pakaktuk , pakiktuk

(K)

searches

pa~ittu~ pakitkaa

finds found it

pas iaktuk

warms himself the fire

pastaksr-aitchuk

is faultless

pasinaktuk , patchi saur-uk

is guilty

pasigaa (N), patchisigigaa pasrigaa (K)

(K),

blames him

him,

by

accuses

patchi s ai ka aur-uk patchi sargaa

is not guilty, frees him

pi-

base substitute to which any post base or suffix may be added mine he (wants) you wants

pi-ga pi-gaatin pi-suktu~ pigru~tu~

flees

piaptuk (n)

sloppy

pigaaktu~

stays up late

piiksuk piigaa

is absent removes it

piiguktu~ (cf'. puuguktuk)

forgets

pii~aaktu~

denies

innocent

154

Other

Words

pi itchuk

nothing, no one, empty

pi iyaktuk pi.iyagaa

is broken breaks it

ptksr agniksuk (K), pi ks r-aktaagur-uk (N)

chooses

pi kas iksuk

accompanies

pi.kat igifktuk

are together

pikpaks r-ir-uk

loves

pi kpagi gaa

loves him

pi Iai ksuk

is tired

pi Iairj i aks i aktuk

takes a rest (a break from work)

pi lla ruk (N), pi t Iar-uk (K)

is able to do

pi Iluataktuk (N), pitlauta~tu~

is dependable, good

pi.lui Ilrksuj,

is not as capable as used to be

pi rnrn agi ks aaktuk

does it well

piriaktuk

happened

pifti aktuk

will do, happen

pinnagtaktuk

is early

pinna~na~tu~ (K)

is good-looking, beautiful

piz-aks r iksuk

admonishes

pi s aa suur uk (N), pi saasruktuk (K)

is always trying to do

pisagaluagnak

(N), pisangitchikpifi

(K)

excuse me!

(2)

is

Other

155

Words

pisuaktuk (N), pts ruktuk (K) prsukataktuk

walks takes a stroll

pisugnaitchul$:

is not safe

pisugugil$:sul$: (cf. nikirnjuktuk)

hunger

is satisfied

pi suktuk

wants,

desires

pitkur ak

law,

pituktuk

ties up (as a dog to a pole) ties up, anchors

pitukkaa

(ice)

command

piyakkuktuk

had an accident

piyuagaa

tempts him

pumja.ruk

bows low, hides from animal while stalking (used for nonappearance of sun in December (K) )

puttuk

bows, bends waist

puptaak

floating moss walkable)

puptar uk

floats buoy

puptal$.un, puptal$:uta~

pursues

at the (not

comes to mind, spired

puttuls:srirul$: (N) puugul$:tul$:(p), puuyuktuk (cf ptiguktuk)

him,

(K)

is in-

forgets

putu

hole,

puturiruls:

made a hole, a hole

piercing drilled

156

Other

Words

puukaktuk

stumbles

puugrrigaa

wraps

puul$.

seal skin poke

puuksral$.

envelope,

puuvr aktuk (N), puuvruktuk (K)

swims, plows through deep soft snow

puvl.ignik

resin drop (of spruce trees, used as chewing gum)

puya

dirt, grime is dirty, grimy, gummy is soiled, (e.g of unwashed clothes)

puyattuk

puyaurul$.

it

wrapper

s saa

huh! what's that? eh?

s a attuk

faces him

saavittuk

launches in pursuit of sea mammal, steps forward from a group

aaglur-uk sagluu raktuk

lies, prevaricates joking by telling false stories

aagvi ksuk

appears, becomes plain, obvious is open, is obvious

aagvi ruk sagval$.tu~ sagvagiksuk sagvagaa

flows flows swiftly flows swiftly

sal$.ulJaru~

is crooked,

over it bent

157

Other Words salap~iksuk (N)

reveals,

appears

salumattchuk

is dirty,

unclean

salumaruk salummagaa

is clean cleanses

it

sarnrna , hamma (N)

let's

sanaturuk

is skilled

samjuruk

is dusty,

sanni ruk (N), SaIJIJiruk (K)

is strong

sarjutkaa

gossips about him

sapignaktuk (N) sapigaa (K)

is strong, mighty is difficult

sapi ruk

blocks it (one's way)

satugaa (K)

obtains it back, redeems it

savaktuk savakkaa savautigaa

works works it serves him

savitkaa

feels it, touches it

aiamittuk

spreads,

si atkikauk

is straight board)

sig~ikiraktuk

works hard, cult

is diffi-

sigga~iruk

is difficult,

laborious

siigruktuk (K)

hisses, whistles (of wind, gas stove or lantern)

simmausiksuk simmigaa

exchanges changes it, exchanges it

see!

dirty

scatters (as of a

158 s irnmi Iigaa

Other Words returns something borrowed

s i irnaktuk

is arguing heatedly

s iruks r aaktuk

(K)

goes around visiting from house to house, collects food for the poor from house to house

sippak

something surplus

sf sug iaktuk

baby has a wet burp

s isu r uk

slides,

s it kuks im anaktuk

is tragic

s ivunrriks uk s ivunni gaa sivunniun

decides, plans decides it, plans it plan, purpose, decision

s ivukki.ksuk

sets a straight

sua,

what?

suna

left over,

glides down

course

su - (N),(cf. nani) su-vich su-mi su-kun su-rnin su-mun su -rnrnan , su -vaata

question marker what do you want? where? how, by which way? from whence? to where? why?

suamrnaktuk

revitalized (as: engine works better, workers more diligent)

s uarj aitchuk

is weak

suan aruk

is strong

sugruich

a group of fighters, war party

159

other Words suguktu~

wrestles

sukaitchu~

is slow

sukattuk

is fast

sukpaluk

sound

suksraagaa

gives up on it, forsakes him

suks raungiksuk

is destroyed

sukurni.tkaa

broke it up, tore it to pieces

(K)

sukuti gaa

takes notice of someone, pays attention to someone

suli

and (used in an additive sense, contrasts with aasii/aasrii)

sultkutrgir; aiksuk

forgives,

suluktuktuk

brushes

supi r'uk

blows (of a person), rushes (of a stream during break-up)

suppuktuk

spurts out (of liquids under pressure)

suur-ak (K), sugal ik (N)

thing, wealth, ure

suvaluk

especially

euvli.ktuk

gushes out (as oil from a punctured drum)

ignores clothes

treas-

160

Other

t

ta aktuk

is dark

taarpj ak

intoxicating alcohol drunkard

taaIJlJakti ta.iguaktuk

(N),

agliki ruk

Words

beverage,

reads

tairnrnainak

suddenly

tainna (N), taitna (K) tainnaittuk

like is like

tai ruk taigaa

is named names him

takpi ksuk

has keen eyesight

takupkarj aruk

has a reunion

takki ruk (K) (cf. utakki ruk)

waits

ta.Ii inn aruk

goes over the hill

tamrnaktuk tammagaa

is lost lost it

tanugaksi ruk

diminishes

taIJigil$.sul$.,tarj igitchuk (cf sagluruk)

is false (lies)

taIJlJi ksuk taIJlJigaa

is fulfilled does what is told, brings it to reality

tapiktuk

is along side, parallel

taputigaa

takes it along

ta.s iks ruktuk tas iks rugigaa

stretches stretches

in light

it

is

Other

161

Words

tasugaa (N) (d. satugaa)

obtains it, redeems

tasritchagaa

stretches

tatamittuk

gets very frightened

tatamnaktuk

is terrible, frightening

tatigaa

lays against it, leans against it, touches it

tauksiksuk tauks igaa

buy buys it

tavra (N, q), tarra

tavrauvvaa

(K)

(N, q}, tarvauvva

it

is very

that's right! then (conj.), that's all (at end of story) at once, immediately

tiguaktuk

adopted,

ttgl.iktuktuk

steals

tigluktuk

hits with side of fist

t igluktuktuk

, katchaktuktuk

it

is

is knocking

tigutaagvik (N), isiJ,.sivik (K)

prison,

tikkuaktuk

points

tilirauruJ,.

was told to do something, was sent to do something an apostle

tilirauruaJ,.

jail

tilisiruJ,.

sends

tilJaaglut

things washed ashore

tilJittuJ,. tilJitkaa

drifts drifts

away him away

Other

162

Words

tiIJIJil$:sirul$:

gets full (of a person who eats too much or is pregnant)

ti.paaktuk , tipiturul$.

stinks

tipi

odor

tipigaa

washes

tiprgiksaun (K), t ivr agfks aun (N,q)

perfume (lit. a means or cause of good odor), incense

tipsigigaa

laughs at somebody, mocks someone

ti r rak (K)

sandbar, mile (measure)

t i ti ktuk

draws a line, makes a mark marks it, draws a line on it mark, dot, line

titigaa t it ik , tittak

it ashore

tugaktuk tuggaun

pokes it with a stick poking stick

tuglaugaa , tuvl augaa

shields him

tugvagaa

puts it away

tukkuruk

stays overnight, a guest

tuklugaa

calls him,

tukur uk

dies

tukpal.laktuk tukuttuk

tukutkaa tuniks irna ruk

(K)

him, protects

hails him

gets upset kills himself kills it is faithful

is

Other

163

Words

nmrlagaa

gives it, makes a present of it, sacrifices it

tuni.si.ruk

sell

tumjaruk

rests firmly on, trusts rests firmly on it

turuj agaa

tupaktuk tupakkaa

is startled startles him

tupigigaa (K)

obeys him

tupsigaa

finds an animal

tuti ruk tutmagaa

steps on stepped on it

tuttuk

touches ground, bottom, lands

tutkiksuk

is content, is solid, is peaceful peace, contentment

tutkiun

track

tutkuktuuruk

is settled in (having moved)

tuugnik

dot

tuungaurisaa~

a whirlwind (moving horizontally, chiefly across water)

tuungak

evil spirit,

tuvra~tu~

follows a trail or pattern follows him, tracks him, imitates him

tuvragaa tuyugigaa

sends it

tuyugmia~

guest

tUyuutit

sent things,

devil

mail

164

Other

u

Words

ui ruk , uus ir-uk

is over-excited, eager, hurries

ui s aur-uk

is adrift on an ice pack

ukpi.ktuk

believes believes it faith is faithful

ukpigigaa ukpigun ukpi.gnaktuk

ukpUJIJuaktuk

hypocrite believer)

ukuk ukuIJaruij:

moldy is moldy

ukaaktuktuk

(K)

(cf. kuli aktuaktuk) uka aktuak , ukaaktuun ukaal.aruk , ukagnigluktuk ukamakhiktuk

(K),

too

(pretend

relates experiences, tells what happened experience, happening, history, true story talks bad language, blasphemes

ukaksrtaak

trial

ukakti tagaa

asked him to speak, talk

ukaktuk ukal ik (no, ki}, ukafik (K), ukaluk (N)

speaks, word

ukal laktuk

is speaking

ukautchit

language

ukkitchuk

is secure, sheltered

uB:umaigigaa

sucks it (something held in mouth)

ulguruk

topples,

says,

tells

safe,

falls over

Other Words

165

ul igr-ui.tchuk

steady, patience fine work

unipchaak (K), unipkaak ulipkaak (no, w ) uluktaaktuk umialtnnak

(N),

fable,

myth,

for

story

staggers (N)

church elder

umiktuk

is closed (e.g. the chimney draft)

unitchaa (K)

leaves it behind

uniuktuk

misses, doesn't hit (as nail, bull's eye)

unnikaukfi i r-uk (N) unniksukb un (N)

promises promise,

upaktuktuk

charges (of an angry animal or person) charges him, goes after him

upaktugaa

covenant

upyakkaa (K)

remarks about it, wisecracks about it

urri~sugaa

demonstrates it, shows it by his actions

uta~~iru~ (N, q) (cf. takki ruk)

waits

utiktuk

returns

utukkuu

is tiny!

uuktuj,

tests parable,

uuktuun

example

uUktua~tu~ uUktua~aa

tries, tests

uUliktu~

quivers, shakes, trembles

tests, measures it, measures it

166

Other

uuyurul$:

is linked to

ugaigaa

bites him,

ugisigigaa

over-excited

(cf. ui r-uk)

Words

mauls him

SECTION POST

BASES

II

Post Bases

168

Explanation of Symbols Hyphens A hyphen before a post base indicates that it must be attached to a base. -kagvik container agr a-Lagvik ash can A hyphen following a post base indicates that, normally, it cannot occur word final, but must have a suffix attached to it, (or other post bases with a suffix). -kayak - almost ati - kayak -tuk almost the same Bracketed Symbols A bracketed symbol indicates that the post base has more than one form, and its form depends upon the last symbol of the base to which it is affixed. When the base ends in a vowel, the bracketed the post base. -(g)iit - bad pi -giit -chuk is bad

letter

initiates

When the base ends in a consonant, the post base without the bracketed letter is affixed to the base. -(g)iitbad iggiag-iit-chu~ has a sore throat Other Form Changes Other phonological changes occur to change the form of post bases, such as ~ becoming g, 1 becoming ~ etc. For a further discussion of this phenomena, see" Let's Learn Eskimo", p. 31,32, by D. H. Webster, Summer Institute of Linguistics, Box 1028, Fairbanks, Alaska 99701.

Post Bases

169

a

-Ir lakukiug-ag-imman itkagmi - r ak -tuk

habitually, usually does whenever it is winter he habitually remembers

-(rr)a~si-(N),

starts to, proceeds to (inceptive action) is proceeding to land starts to cry

-(y)a~si-(K)

mitchaag'-ukai -ruk ~ia-rra!$:si-ru!$: (N), l$.ia-ya!$:si-ru!$:(K) -(g)alua~-,

-kaluak

nakuupi aq it -kaIuak -tuk tainnaunnii

though, although, and yet (a possibility which has not or perhaps will not be realized) although not very good, it is okay very, much (intensive action, extensive time) is extremely good when he finally grew up

-(g)ata!$.nakuupi ag - at ak -tuk inugug - atak -man -anik nigi - anik -tu~ atu -anik -tuk

already has already has already

-aluk suppu -aluk agna-aluk

big, old old rifle big lady

-asugi- (N), -asrugi-

(K)

eaten sung

thinking

(cf . -sugnag-)

tammag-asrugi

-gigaa

thinking he is lost

ch -chau!$:, -chuu!$: (cr. -tau~, -tuuk)

170

g

Post Bases

-gi pi -gi -giga pi kati -gi -girjma

has it for it is mine I am your companion (lit. you have me for a companion)

-(g)iak-

going in order to, come in order to is going to search is going to eat

ivag-Lak-tuk

nig -Lak -tuk -(g)iit pi -giit -chuk iggiag -Lit - chuk

bad is bad has a sore throat

-(g)iknuna - gik - suk kifiig-ik-suk

good is a good land is good looking

-(g)isi-, -kisi- (K) nakuu - gisi - r-uk tautuk - kisi - gaat

intends to, is going to, will it is going to be good they will see it

-gu - (N), -IJu- (K), -uiglaa-gu-ruIJa (N), ig laa-nu-c-una (K) uVaIJ a -u - rUIJa

is (stative) I am a traveller

-gukinu - guk -tuk

change to, become became a man (having grown up)

-(g}uuk atautchimik -suE -guuk

said, reported "one more" he said

it is I

•

g -guikalugnia -g-u-siptiktun

class changer or stative (verb to noun) like you have caught fish

Post Bases

171

•

I

-iik atig-iik mal.g-Itk

pair, couple two people with same name twins

-il>pi -Ik-auk arni vi k-jsuk

is deprived of, deprives is taken away he skins (it)

-Ha-

is without arctic tern (lit. is without a needle)

mitkuta -i~a-l> -inrjaan (K) (d. IJaiflIJaan) siku -ifIIJaan

before

-(g)innal>kiu - ginnag - aa

only, merely is merely answering

-it -

lack of is not there are no people

pt-Ir-chuk

inu -it - chuk -iyak uniag -Iyak -tuk

before

of

it froze him

is broken sled is broken

k -kammil>- (N), -kamik- (K) mitchaal> - kammi k -suk

just (happened) just landed

-katta~- (N) sialuk -katta.k -tuk isi - kattak -tu~ ivaluk - kattak -tuk

repetitive scattered rain showers is visiting is flapping (slowly)

-kattaa~ - (N)

repetitive

(more intense

-kattak -)

ivaluk - katt aak -tuk -kkaatu - kka -IJa

is flapping (rapidly) changes verb to noun (nominal clause marker) his song (singing)

than

172

Post

-ksraanu-ksra-l;s: atuuti -ks r a-kaktuk

potential, material harness material has a song choice

-ks r aktaakinu -ksr aktaak pi-ksral;s:taag-igaa

chosen, selected chosen people is choosing him

-kual;s:al.la - kuak -tu!): killu - kuak -tuk

through, by means of goes by another way goes wrong way

for

k• -kagvik nautchia - kagvik agr-a -kagvtk

container, garden ash can

-!):al}igni-l;s:ag-nial}tu!): rriki - kak -tuk

have, owns will have a son has meat

-kas ikkuvi asu - kas ik -stna

together with rejoice with me!

-katrgikaulla - l}atigik-sut iUsa-l;s:atigik-sut

together, each other they depart together they teach each other

-kati -

with, together your fellow believers

ukpiktuagu - kati - si

place of

-kayakati vkayak -tut

almost are almost the same

-l}l}aal}imi - ~l}aag -uktun a

first, before first I want to drink

-(!):)pak-

big, much is sorrowing big ulu

i sumaak-pak-tuk

ulu-kpak -~u(cf. -(t)~u-)

much

wants him to do

Bases

173

Post Bases

I

-Iait - (N), -t lait- (K) iks i -lait -chuk, ikst -tlait - chuk

never, unable is never scared

-lgit uti -lgit -chuk ani - Igft -chuk

again returns again exits again

-Igatakpi - ~gatall:-tuk nalau -Igatak -tillugu

finally, till finally he did it till it is right

-Ihaak- (N) (d. -tluk -) kamana -Ihaak -tuk sapigna -Ihaak -tuk

more

-lhinak uv31.J a -Ihinak

merely, only merely me

-li -

make

(comparative)

is greater is stronger

(d. -liuk-)

su-li-va ulu-li-ruk -lik pr-Lik

umia-lik

-uaukpi -Lik-suk

what is he making? is making an ulu is supplied with is supplied with boat captain come to, get to has come to believe

-likaa sumu-likaa su -Likaa ilaa-likaa

any, so it is! (an exclamation) anywhere anything so it's him!

-Iiki su -liki -vi ch ami -lill:i - r-uk

involved in, works on, at what are you doing? works with skins

-liksi 31.J aayu -Liks i

one involved in preacher (lit. one involved in praying)

176

Post

-miu Ul.gurng-rniu NuurviJ]-miu

inhabitant of Wainwright villager Noorvik dweller

-rnuk-

(going) to he is going to Barrow

Utkiagvir; -muk -tuk -muktiUtkiagvnj -mukti - gaa

send is sending it to Barrow

-mutr-

take is taking it to Barrow

Utkiagviq -rnuti -gaa

Bases

n -nagrak-

early arises

itig-nagia]s: -tuk

early

-nasuga- (N) (cf. -asugi-, -sugnag-) isumanasi ]s:aiJ] a -nasugaluq a ...

think (with dependent

-rias ruk-

is thought to be is thought to be dead

(K)

tuku -rias rug -niaklugu -(n)ayak- IN), -tyakagiu -riayak -tuk nigi -tyag -iii

(K)

don't-think come ...

verb)

thinking-I-have-

would would be stopped would you come to eat!

-(n)ayait- (N), -tyait - (K) tu]s:u-nayait-chuk

would not he would not have died

-ngit- (K) (cf.-lJit- ) paki -ngir-chuk

not

-niak(cf. -maak-)

intends to, will, is doing and will continue (when related to present and certain of fulfillment) we will eat I'm on my way to church

nigi -ni ak -tugut agaayu vi.IJ mUIJ-niak -tUIJa

did not find

Post

177

Bases

-niatak- (N) (d. -niluk-, -niur aak-, istg-riiatak-tuk -niluk(d. -rriatak-«, -niur aak-, savagvni luk-fuk

try -sa~-) is trying to enter try -saij:-) is trying

-niur aak- (N), -rri i r-ak - (K) (d. -niluk-, -niatak-, -sa~-) savag-niuraa~-tu~, savan -nitr-ak-tuk

try,

to work

do what you can

is doing what work he can!

-niki lakat -nik -tuk

obtain, get obtained a marriage

-ni~tuttu -ni~ - suk savarj -nik -eutin

apparently, is in state of has apparently caught a caribou you are working (lit. in state of working)

-IDJu -

hurts eye hurts stomach hurts

iri -IllJ u - ruk Ilu -IllJ u - ruk

partner

-mjulrktaigua -IllJ ul.ik -auk sava-rnjulfk -suk

to be tired of something is tired of reading is tired of working

-lJa- (N) sava-lJa-ru~

completive he worked

-lJai~- (N) (cr. -IJ ait - ) atu-lJai~-suij: nipu-lJai~-sul>

is not (having been)

-lJaifuJaag-, -rj aimjaan (N) tuku -IJ aifuJaag - man isi -IJ aifuJaan

before before before

is useless alert

(past tense)

(having been useable)

he had died .... he entered

Post

178 -rj ait

- (N) (cf;-IJaik-) ~ai -IJait - chuk aIJ alan -IJai t - kaa

Bases

did not (never having) did not come (never having before come) did not control him

-IJit- (N) (cf. -n~it-) kai -IJit-chu~

not

-IJlJua~pi -IJIJuak -tuk ukpi -lJIJua~-tu~

imitate, play, pretend is pretending is pretend believing (hypocrite)

-IJlJu~nuvuya -lJlJu~-saififia~aa

change is changing to cloudy weather

is not coming

p -paalluk