Isaiah 40-66 9780802866073, 2016013062

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,-

ISAIAH 40-66 MARVIN A. SWEENEY

The Forms of the Old Testament Literature

WILLIAM

B.

EERDMANS PUBLISHING COMPANY

GRAND RAPIDS, MICHIGAN

THE FORMS OF THE OLD TESTAMENT LITERATURE Editors ROLF

P. KNIERIM • GENE M. TUCKER • MARVIN A. SWEENEY

*Genesis; with an Introduction to Narrative Literature

George W. Coats

*Exodus 1-18

George W Coats

* Numbers

Rolf P. Knierim & George W. Coats

*Judges

Serge Frolov

*1 Samuel

Antony F. Campbell, SJ.

*2 Samuel

Antony F. Campbell, SJ.

*1 Kings; with an Introduction to Historical Literature

Burke O. Long

*2 Kings

Burke O. Long

*1 and 2 Chronicles

Simon J. De Vries

*Wisdom Literature: Job, Proverbs, Ruth, Canticles, Ecclesiastes, and Esther

Roland E. Murphy

*Psalms, Part I; with an Introduction to Cultic Poetry

Erhard Gerstenberger

* Psalms, Part 2; Lamentations

Erhard Gerstenberger

*Isaiah 1-39; with an Introduction to Prophetic Literature

Marvin A. Sweeney

*Isaiah 40-66

Marvin A. Sweeney

Jeremiah

Richard D. Weis

* Ezekiel

Ronald M. Hals

*Daniel; with an Introduction to Apocalyptic Literature

John 1. Collins

*Minor Prophets, Part I: Hosea

Ehud Ben Zvi

Amos

Won Lee

*Micah

Ehud.Ben Zvi

*Minor Prophets, Part 2: Nahum-Malachi

Michael H. Floyd

"'Published

Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co. 2140 Oak Industrial Drive N.E., Grand Rapids, Michigan 49505 © 2016 Marvin A. Sweeney All rights reserved Published 2016 Printed in the United States of America 22 21 20 19 18 17 16

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Sweeney, Marvin A. (Marvin Alan), 1953-

author.

Title: Isaiah 40--66 I Marvin A. Sweeney. Description: Grand Rapids: Eerdrnans Publishing Company, 2016. 1 Series: The forms of the Old Testament literature; [19] 1 Includes bibliographical references. Identifiers: LCCN 20160130621 ISBN 9780802866073 (pbk.: alk. paper) Subjects: LCSH: Bible. Isaiah, XL-LXVI-Commentaries. Classification: LCC BSI520 .S94 20161 DDC 224/.1066----dc23 LC record available at http://lccn.loc.gov!2016013062

www.eerdmans.com

Dedicated to the Memory of Roy F Melugin In Friendship and Gratitude

G.M. ELLIOTT LIBRARY Cincinnati Christian University

Contents

Abbreviations and Symbols

IX

Editors' Foreword

XVI

Preface

XIX

ISAIAH 40-66 Chapter I: Introduction to the Book of Isaiah Chapter 2: The Individual Units ofIsaiah 40-66

Glossary Genres Formulas

VII

41

Abb~eviations

and Symbols

I. MISCELLANEOUS ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS ca. cf. col(s). Diss. DtrH ed. e.g. esp. ET et al. f(t). Fest. HB idem i.e. 1(1).

LXX MT n(n). NT OT pep)· pl(s).

PN repro rev. sic S.V.

TJ tr. v(v).

about, approximately compare column(s) Dissertation Deuteronomistic History editor(s), edited by; edition for example especially English translation et alii (and others) following verse(s), page(s), line(s) Festschrift Hebrew Bible the same id est (that is) line(s) Septuagint Masoretic Text note(s) New Testament Old Testament page(s) plate(s) personal name reprint revised so, thus (indicating an error transcribed from the original) sub voce (under the word) Targum Jonathan translator(s), translated by verse(s) IX

ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS

viz. vol(s).

*

videlicet (that is to say; namely) volume(s) When placed after a text citation, the asterisk indicates a hypothetical form presumed to underlie the present form of the text The arrow indicates a cross reference to another section of the glossary Equals, is equivalent to

II. PUBLICATIONS AASOR

AAT AB ABD ACEBT AcOr AGSU AIL AlON

AJSL AJT ALUOS AnBib ANET AnOr AOAT ArOr ARW ASTI ATANT ATD ATR ATSAT AUM AusBR AUSS AzT BA BASOR BAT BBB BBET

Annual of the American Schools of Oriental Research Agypten und Altes Testament Anchor Bible Anchor Bible Dictionary Amsterdamse Cahiers voor Exegese en Bijbelse Theologie Acta Orientalia Arbeiten zur Geschichte des Spatjudentums und Urchristentums Ancient Israel and Its Literature Annali dell'istituto universitario orientale di Napoli. Pubblicazioni American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures American Journal of Theology Annual of the Leeds University Oriental Society Analecta Biblica J. B. Pritchard, ed., Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old Testament (3rd ed.; Princeton: Princeton University, 1969) Analecta Orientalia Alter Orient und Altes Testament Archiv orientalni Archiv for Religionswissenschaft Annual of the Swedish Theological Institute in Jerusalem Abhandlungen zur Theologie des Alten und Neuen Testaments Das Alte Testament Deutsch Anglican Theological Review Arbeiten zu Text und Sprache im Alten Testament Andrews University Monographs Australian Biblical Review Andrews University Seminary Studies Arbeiten zur Theologie Biblical Archaeologist Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research Botschaft des Alten Testaments Bonner biblische Beitrage Beitrage zur biblischen Exegese und Theologie x

ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS

BOB

BEATAJ BETL BEvT BHS Bib BibB BibIll BibInt Biblnt BibLeb BibOr BibS(N) Bijdr BIOSCS BJRL BJS BKAT BMS BN BO BOuT BR BSac BT BTB BTFT BTS BVC BWANT BZ BZAW CAT CBC CBQ CBQMS CBSC CentB CHANE ConBOT ConJud CRBS

F. Brown, S. R. Driver, and C. A. Briggs, Hebrew and English Lexicon ofthe Old Testament (rev. ed.; Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1957) Beitrage zur Erforschung des Alten Testaments und Antike JUdentums Bibliotheca Ephemeridum Theologicarum Lovaniensium Beitrage zur evangelischen Theologie K. Elliger and K. Rudolph, cds., Biblia hebraica Stuttgartensia (Stutt~art: Deutsche Bibelstiftung, 1977) Biblica Biblische Beitrage Bible Illustrator Biblical Interpretation Biblical Interpretaton Series Bibel und Leben Biblica et orientalia Biblische Studien (Neukirchen, 1951-) Bijdragen Bulletin qfthe International Organization of Septuagint and Cognate Studies Bulletin of the John Rylands University Library of Manchester Brown Judaic Studies Biblischer Kommentar: Altes Testament BIBAL Monograph Series Biblische Notizen Bibliotheca orientalis De Boeken van het Oude Testament Biblical Research Bibliotheca Sacra The Bible Translator Biblical Theology Bulletin Bijdragen: Tijdschrift voor Filosofie en Theologie Biblisch-Theologische Studien Bible et Vie Chretienne Beitrage zur Wissenschaft vom Alten und Neuen Testament Biblische Zeitschrift Beihefte zur Zeitschrift fur die alttestamentliche Wissenschaft Commentaire de I' Ancien Testament Cambridge Bible Commentary Catholic Biblical Quarterly Catholic Biblical Quarterly Monograph Series Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges Century Bible Culture and History of the Ancient Near East Coniectanea biblica, Old Testament Conservative Judaism Currents in Research: Biblical Studies xi

ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS

CTM DBAT DBSup DD

DJD EB EBib EBR ECC EF EHAT EJL EncBib EncJud ErF ErIs EstBib ETL ETR EvT ExAud Exp ExpB ExpTim FAT FB FOTL FRLANT GBS HAR HAT HBS HBT HCOT HDR Hen HKAT HSAT HSM HSS HTR HTS HUCA HUCM

Calwer theologische Monographien Dielheimer Blatter zum Alten Testament Dictionnaire de la Bible, Supplement Dorle-Dor Discoveries in the Judaean Desert Echter Bibel Etudes bibliques The Encyclopedia o/the Bible and Its Reception (ed. H.-J. Klauck et al.; Berlin: de Gruyter, 2009-) Eerdmans Critical Commentary Ertdige der Forschung Exegetisches Handbuch zum Alten Testament Early Judaism and Its Literature Encyclopaedia Biblica Encyclopedia Judaica (1971) Ertrage der Forschung Eretz Israel Estudios biblicos E,phemerides theologicae lovanienses Etudes Theologiques et Religieuses Evangelische Theologie Ex Auditu The Expositor Expositor's Bible Expository Times Forschungen zum Alten Testament Forschung zur Bibel Forms of the Old Testament Literature Forschungen zur Religion und Literatur des Alten und Neuen Testaments Guides to Biblical Scholarship Hebrew Annual Review Handbuch zum Alten Testament Herders Biblische Studien Horizons in Biblical Theology Historical Commentary of the Old Testament Harvard Dissertations in Religion Henoch Handkommentar zum Alten Testament Die heilige Schrift des Alten Testaments (Kautzsch) (4th ed.; Tiibingen: Mohr Siebeck, 1922-23), ed. Bertholet Harvard Semitic Monographs Harvard Semitic Series Harvard Theological Review Harvard Theological Studies Hebrew Union College Annual Hebrew Union College Monographs Xll

ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS

Interpreter sBible Interpreting Biblical Texts International Critical Commentary Interpreter s Dictionary of the Bible Supplementary volume to IDB Israel Exploration Journal Interpretation lOS Israel Oriental Studies IRT Issue~ in Religion and Theology JANES Journal of the Ancient Near Eastern Society JAOS Journal of the American Oriental Society JARCE Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt JBL Journal ofBiblical Literature JBQ Jewish Bible Quarterly JBR Journal of Bible and Religion JCS Journal of Cuneiform Studies JEA Journal of Egyptian Archaeology JETS Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society JNES Journal ofNear Eastern Studies JNSL Journal ofNorthwest Semitic Languages JQR Jewish Quarterly Review JR Journal of Religion JSJSup Journal for the Study of Judaism Supplement JSOT Journal for the Study of the Old Testament JSOTSup Journal for the Study of the Old Testament Supplement Series JSS Journal of Semitic Studies JSSM Journal of Semitic Studies Monograph JTS Journal of Theological Studies Kommentar zum Alten Testament KAT Kurzgefasstes exegetisches Handbuch zum Alten Testament KEH Kurzer Hand-Commentar zum Alten Testament KHC Layman's Bible Commentary LBC Lectio divina LD Library of Hebrew Bible/Old Testament Studies LHBOTS Lutheran Quarterly LQ Lunds universitets arsskrift LUA Mesopotamian Civilizations MC Monatsschriftfiir Geschichte lind Wissenschaft des ludentums MGWJ Mitteilungen des Instituts fUr Orientforschung MIOF New Century Bible NCB NewCathEnc New Catholic Encyclopedia Nederduitse Gereformeerde Teologiese Tydskrif NGTT New Interpreter s Bible NIB New International Biblical Commentary NIBC New International Commentary on the Old Testament NICOT New Revised Standard Version NRSV Nouvelle revue theologique NRTh IB IBT ICC IDB IDBSup IEJ Int

Xlii

ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS

NTT OBO

ems

OBT OLZ OrAnt OTE OTG OTL OtSt OTWSA PEFQS PEGLMBS PEQ PIBA PJ

pos

Proof PTMS RB

REJ RevQ RevScRel RGG RHPR

RHR RivB ROT RSPT RSR RSV SacPag SANT SAT SB SBB SBL SBLDS SBLMS SBLSCS SBLSP SBLSym SBM SBS SBT SEA

Nederlands Theologisch Tljdschrifi Orbis biblicus et orientalis Osterreichische biblische Studien Overtures to Biblical Theology Orientalistische Literalurzeitung Oriens antiquus Old Testament Essays Old Testament Guides Old Testament Library Oudtestamentische Studien Ou-Testamentiese Werkgemeenskap in Suid-Afrika Palestine Exploration Fund Quarterly Statement Proceedings, Eastern Great Lakes and Midwest Biblical Societies Palestine Exploration Quarterly Proceedings of the Irish Biblical Association Paliistinajahrbuch Pretoria Oriental Series Prooftexts Pittsburgh Theological Monograph Series Revue biblique Revue des Etudes Juives Revue de Qumran Revue des sciences religieuses Die Religion in Geschichte und Gegenwart Revue d'histoire et de philosophie religieuses Revue de [,histoire des religions Rivista biblica Reading the Old Testament Revue des Sciences Philosophiques et Theologiques Recherches de science religieuse Revised Standard Version Sacra Pagina Studien zum Alten und Neuen Testaments Die Schriften des Alten Testaments Sources bibliques Stuttgarter biblische Beitrage Society of Biblical Literature Society of Biblical Literature Dissertation Series Society of Biblical Literature Monograph Series Society of Biblical Literature Septuagint and Cognate Studies Society of Biblical Literature Seminar Papers Society of Biblical Literature Symposium Series Stuttgarter biblische Monographien Stuttgarter Bibelstudien Studies in Biblical Theology Svensk exegetisk arsbok

xiv

ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS Sem SJLA SJOT SJT SOTSMS SSN ST StBibLit StPB TB TBC TBT TDOT

THAT ThStK TLZ TRu TS TThSt TTZ TynB TZ UF USQR

uuA

VF VT VTSup WAW

WBC WMANT WO WuD WZHalle ZAH ZAR ZAW ZBK ZDMG ZDPV ZKTh ZRGG ZTK

Semitica Studies in Judaism in Late Antiquity Scandinavian Journal of the Old Testament Scottish Journal of Theology Society for Old Testament Studies Monograph Series Studia Semitica Neerlandica Studia Theologica Studies in Biblical Literature Studia Post-biblica Theofogische Biicherei Torch Bible Commentary The Bible Today G. J. Botterweck, H. Ringgren, and H.-J. Fabry, eds., Theological Dictionary of the Old Testament (ET; I7 vols.; Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1974-) Theologisches Handworterbuch zum Alten Testament Theologische Studien und Kritiken Theologische Literaturzeitung Theologische Rundschau Theologische Studien Trierer Theologische Studien Trierer theologische Zeitschrift Tyndale Bulletin Theologische Zeitschrift Ugarit-Forschungen Union Seminary Quarterly Review Uppsala universitets Arsskrift Verkiindigung und Forschung Vetus Testamentum Vetus Testamentum, Supplements Writings from the Ancient World Word Biblical Commentary Wissenschaftliche Monographien zum Alten und Neuen Testament Die Welt des Orients Wort und Dienst Wissenschaftliche Zeitschrift der Martin-Luther-Universitiit Zeitschrift fUr Aithebriiistik ZeitschriftfUr Altorientalische und Bihlische Rechtsgeschichte ZeitschriftfUr die alttestamentliche Wissenschaft Zurcher Bibelkommentare ZeitschriJt der deutschen morgenliindischen Gesellschaft ZeitschriJt des deutschen Paliistina- Vereins Zeitschrift fUr Katholische Theologie ZeitschriJt fUr Religions- und Geistesgeschichte ZeitschriJt fUr Theologie und Kirche

xv

Editors7 Foreword

This volume is the nineteenth published in the commentary of The Forms a/the Old Testament Literature (FOTL). This foreword complements the forewords to volumes published thus far. The reader will realize the difference between the chronological sequence in which the individual volumes appear and their positions in the order of the commentary. The dates of the published volumes depend on the working schedules of the individual contributors, which are also influenced by their participation in the ever-widening range of research. The ord'~r of the volumes in the commentary follows the sequential order of the books in the Protestant Churches, even where on occasion more than one biblical book is treated in the same volume or where two volumes are used for one biblical book. Excepted from this order are the books of Job, Proverbs, Ruth, Song of Songs. Ecclesiastes/Qoheleth, and Esther, whose combined treatment is published in the volume on Wisdom Literaturf'. The commentary on Lamentations likewise appears in the volume Psalms, Part 2. An international, interconfessional, and eventually interreligious team of scholars contributes to the project, originally launched by Rolf Knierim and Gene M. Tucker over five decades ago. Its membership has changed and expanded over the years. After many years as coeditor together with Knierim. Tucker relinquished his position after retiring from the Candler School of Theology. Sweeney, since 1994 Professor at the Claremont School of Theology and since 2000 Professor at the Academy for Jewish Religion California as well, has succeeded Tucker as coeditor ofthe series. During the early stages of deliberations. it had become clear that the project should not be a handbook about the results of the work of form criticism, including method and exemplification. Nor should it be an encyclopedia of the identified genres and their settings in their typical societal traditions. These aspects are already on record through the results of the history of the discipline originally - and appropriately - called form history (Form Geschichte) rather than form criticism. The expression "form criticism" is only retained in this commentary with the conscious implication that form criticism involves the study of the genres and settings of the societal traditions of the texts. Instead of the two above-mentioned options for conceiving, organizing, and publishing the XVI

EDITORS' FOREWORD

project, the coeditors determined that it should be a commentary, in which all tex!s thro~ghout all books of the Hebrew Bible are form-critically interpreted. ThIs goal IS the result of both programmatic and didactic considerations. The coeditors recognized programmatically that form-critical work must include all of what had been done only in part in the past, and what originally had been considered to be outside the task of biblical form criticism in its search for the oral traditions behind the written texts: the form-critical interpretation of all literary texts of the Bible, including the extant texts of the biblical books. The reality of the Bible as not oral but written literature exists in its own right, with its own societal genres and settings and traditions. This fact also applIes to the specific texts of our extant Bibles. The coeditors also recognized that the original form-critical method was inadequately conceived, since the search for societal traditions or conditions behind the texts was conducted without form-critical study of the social and literary conditions in which these texts were produced and in which they function. As long as the societal identity of our texts themselves was not first established independently, the inherited method could not demonstrate how the societal conditions behind the text, which were claimed to be discovered by investigators, would mdeed be the matrices of the texts' own societal identity. More than once could it be said or thought that the structure of a genre claimed to be found in a text indeed fails to explain that text. The inclusion in form-critical study of the written, and especially the texts which are before us as readers, has meant that this study begins with the form-critical interpretation of the unique expression of the texts, because it encounters them in their individuality in the first place. In whatever way they reflect or represent typical traditions, they exist in their individuality. The unique character of texts consists of diverse elements and aspects; but these elements are subservient to the texts conceived in their entireties. These texts are formed in conceptually-structured units, which represent the order of the texts. The study of this sort of structure reveals the aspects by which the text i!> governed or controlled as an entirety. And its results lead to the investigation of whether or not such structure reflects the tradition of a particular genre and its setting(s), or forms of expression outside the traditional societal conventions. Because the commentary is based on the fundamental aspects of the contribution of form criticism's legacy to biblical interpretation, preeminently of genre and setting, it is the presentation and interpretation of the structure of each identified text before everything else, from the large to the small units. that represents the essential addition to the form-critical method in this commentary. For a discussion of this current state in the form-critical study of the Hebrew Bible, see The Changing Face of Form Criticismfor the Twenty-First Century. ed. Marvin A. Sweeney and Ehud Ben Zvi (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans. 2003)· Didactically speaking, by beginning the interpretation of a text with the presentation and discussion of its own structure, the method establishl!d in this commentary should offer all readers the opportunity to be guided into the study of a biblical text as such to begin with, into their involvement in understanding its presented structure, from which they may then be !ed to th~ subseq~ent discussion of the traditions of genre, setting, and intentIOn/functIOn/mean mg. xvii

EDITORS' FOREWORD

Indeed, the study of the texts' structures can be carried out independently, and by all. It is also important for any kind of biblical exegesis, and for the study of any text as well, not only as the first step of form-critical work. The use of the present commentary is by and large self-explanatory and in line with the policy of this series. It is to be used alongside the Hebrew text and/or a translation of the text. Major literary corpora are introduced by general bibliographies covering wider information, while form-critical bibliographies relevant for the discussion of the individual units are placed at the end of such units. The system of the sigla used for the presentation of the texts' structure indicates the relationship of the parts, including the super- and/or subordination of the parts within the unity of a text. The traditional chapter and verse divisions of the Hebrew/Aramaic text are supplied in the right-hand margin of the structure diagrams. The present volume includes a glossary of the genres and formulas discussed in the commentary. The definitions of the genres and formulas were provided by Professor Sweeney, based on earlier work from the FOTL project. The coeditors acknowledge with profound appreciation the contribution of numerous persons and institutions to the work of the project. All of the individual contributors and editors have received significant financial, administrative, and student assistance from their respective institutions. ROLF P. KNIERIM MARVIN A. SWEENEY

Preface

This volume is dedicated to the memory of my late friend and colleague, Roy F. Melugin. Roy was originally contracted to write this volume, but his passing on April 9, 2008, prevented him from doing so. I learned about his illness only a few weeks before he died. One Sunday evening during the winter trimester at the Academy for Jewish Religion California, my cell phone rang about 6:25 p.m. as I was just sitting down to begin my 6:30 p.m. course on Isaiah. I started by telling Roy that I was about to begin class and would have to call him back, but as the words left my mouth I realized that something must be wrong. And so I asked him what was happening, and he told me about his recent diagnosis. We talked at length the next day. Roy asked me to write the FOTL Isaiah 40-66 volume, which I readily agreed to do. We made plans to meet at the upcoming Society of Biblical Literature Annual Meeting in Boston, but unfortunately, Roy passed just a few weeks after we talked. I first met Roy while I was in graduate school, when he spent a semester at Claremont to do research for his FOTL Isaiah 40-66 volume. He had written a brilliant dissertation on Isaiah 40-55, published as The Formation of Isaiah 40-55 (BZAW 141; Berlin: de Gruyter, 1976), which examined the literary relationships between the various generic units of Deutero-Isaiah with a view toward defining the literary coherence and characteristics of Isaiah 40 -55. I used his work extensively in my own dissertation, published as Isaiah 1-4 and the Post-Exilic Understanding ofthe Isaianic Tradition (BZAW 171; Berlin: de Gruyter, 1988), which sought to establish the final form of the book of Isaiah as a basis for redaction-critical work in Isaiah 1-39. I got to know Roy better as co-chair of the early "Israelite Prophetic Literature" Section at SBL, and after I was invited to write the FOTL Isaiah 1-39 volume, we found that we had much in common in our work on Isaiah. We eventually founded the SBL Seminar on "The Formation of the Book of Isaiah," which proved to be a very important and stimulating seminar that heavily influenced contemporary research on Isaiah and the other prophetic books. We coedited the first volume of essays published by the SBL Isaiah Seminar, New Visions ~r Isaiah (JSOTSup 214; Sheffield: Sheffield Academic, 1996). My own engagement with Isaiah is practically life-long. When I became a Bar Mitzvah in 1966, my Torah portion was Ekev, Deuteronomy TI2 0:25, XIX

PREFACE

and the Haftarah reading was Isaiah 49:14-51:3. I read portions of the passage and wrote a D'var Torah on the passage. Later as an undergraduate at the University of Illinois, I discovered Isaiah again while studying with Neil Irons and David L. Petersen and wrote my first exegetical paper on the narratives concerning Sennacherib's siege of Jerusalem in Isaiah 36--3912 Kings 18-20. Later at Claremont, I studied Isaiah from various angles. among other topics. with my doctoral advisor, Rolf Knierim, as well as my committee members, James A. Sanders and William H. Brownlee. When Rolf had to be away for a class session in a course that I was taking, he asked me to teach it. The class session was on genres in Isaiah 1-5, and on teaching the class, I found a basis for my dissertation work on Isaiah. After publishing my FOTL volume on Isaiah 1-39 in 1996 (Isaiah 1-39. with an introduction to Prophetic Literature [Grand Rapids: Eerdmans. 1996 J). I went on to other topics in prophetic literature and other concerns in the Hebrew Bible and Jewish studies, e.g., King Josiah of Judah, the Twelve Prophets. 1-2 Kings, Jewish biblical theology, Ezekiel, and Jewish mystical literature. and ultimately, Jeremiah. But Isaiah has always been the foundation of my work and view of the field. Unfortunately, Roy left little useable material, and so this volume is entirely the product of my own work, even as I've read Roy's publications and reflected on our long collaboration. My volume is both different from the volume he would have produced - mine is very much concerned with formal issues and redaction-criticism - and yet is very much influenced by Roy's concern with literary features and perspectives. I am indebted to many Isaiah scholars in addition to Roy over the course of my career who have been influential in my developing views on Isaiah; unfortunately, they are too many to mention by name here. I would like to mention my research assistants at Claremont for the role they played in the research and writing of this work. Ms. Soo Jung Kim, Ph.D. candidate in Hebrew Bible at the Claremont School of Theology. did extensive bibliographical research. Dr. Pamela J. W. Nourse, Ph.D. student in Hebrew Bible at the Claremont School of Theology, expertly proofread the entire volume. I am grateful to both of these students for their work. Any lapses and errors are my own. I am also grateful to my students at Claremont School of Theology. the Academy for Jewish Religion California. Claremont Graduate University. and Yonsei University for their enthusiasm, wisdom, and diligence in the study of the Hebrew Bible and the history of Judaism and Jewish thought. Finally, I would to like to thank my family, my wife Muna, our daughter Leah. and our son-in-law Brian. for their love and support throughout the duration of this project and beyond. Nothing would be possible without them.

A. SWEENEY San Dimas, California January, 201s/Tevet. 5775 MARVIN

xx

Chapter 1

Introduction to the Book of Isaiah

Bibliography R. Abma, Bonds of Love: Methodic Studies of Prophetic Texts with Marriage Imagery (Isaiah 50:1-3 and 54:1-/0. Hosea 1 '3. Jeremiah 2-3) (SSN 40; Assen: Van Gorcum, 1999); P. R. Ackroyd, "Isaiah," in The Interpreter's One-Volume Commentary on the Bible (ed. C. M. Layman; Nashville: Abingdon, 1971) 329-71; idem, Studies in the Religious Tradition of the Old Testament (London: SCM, 1987); J. W. Adams, The Per/ormative Nature and Function of Isaiah 40-55 (LHBOTS 448; London: T. & T. Clark, 2006); R. Albertz, "Darius in Place of Cyrus: The First Edition of Deutero-Isaiah (Isaiah 40.1-52.12) in 521 BeE," JSOT27 (2003) 371-83; idem, "On the Structure and Formation of the Book of Deutero-Isaiah," in Bautch and Hibbard, eds., The Book ofIsaiah. 21-40; J. M. Allegro, Qumran Cave 4: 1 (4QI58-4QI86) (DJD 5; Oxford: Clarendon, 1968); O. T. Allis, The Unity of Isaiah: A Study in Prophecy (Philadelphia: Presbyterian and Reformed, 1950); B. W. Anderson, "Exodus and Covenant in Second Isaiah," in Magnalia Dei/The MIghty Acts ofG-d (Fest. G. E. Wright; ed. F. M. Cross et al.; Garden City: Doubleday, 1976) 339-60; idem, "Exodus Typology in Second Isaiah," in Anderson and Harrelson, eds., Israel:f Prophetic Heritage. 177-95; B. W. Anderson and W. Harrelson, eds., Israel's Prophetic Heritage (Fest. 1. Muilenburg; ed. B. W. Anderson and W. Harrelson; New York: Harper, 1962); M. Baillet et aI., Les 'Petites Crottes' de Qumcian (DJD 3; Oxford: Clarendon, 1962); K. Baltzer, Deutero-Isaiah (Hermeneia; Minneapolis: Fortress, 2001); H. M. Barstad, The Babylonian Captivity ofthe Book ofIsaiah: "Exilic" Judah and the Provenance of Isaiah 40 -55 (Oslo: Instituttet for Sam menlignende Kulturforskning, 1997); idem, The Myth of the Empty Land: A Study in the History and Archaeology of Judah During the "Exilic" Period (Oslo: Instituttet for Sammenlignende Kulturforskning, [996); idem, A Way in the Wilderness: The "Second Exudus" in the Message of Second Isaiah (JSSM 12; Manchester: University of Manchester Press, 1989); H. Barth, Die Jesaja-Worte in del' Josiazeit: Israel und Assur als Thema einer produktiven Neuinterpretation del' Jesajailberlie(erung (WMANT 48; Neukirchen-Vluyn: Neukirchener, 1977); G. Baumann, Love and Violence: Marriage as Metaphor for the Relationship between YHWH and Israel in the Prophetic Books (Collegeville: Liturgical, 2003); R. 1. Bautch, "Lament Regained in Trito-Isaiah's Penitential Prayer," in Seeking the Favor of G-d: The Origins of Penitential Prayer in Second Temple Judaism (EJL 21; ed. M. J. Boda et al.; Atlanta: SBL, 2006) 83-99; R. J. Bautch

ISAIAH 40-'60

and 1. T. Hibbard, eds., The Book of Isaiah: Enduring Questions Answered Anew (Fest. J. Blenkinsopp; Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2014); E. Beaucamp, "D'IsaYe a son livre: A propos d'un ouvrage recent," Libel' Annuus 33 (1983) 75-98; J. Becker, Isaias - Del' Prophet und sein Buch (SBS 30; Stuttgart: Katholisches Bibelwerk, [968); J. Begrich, Studien zum Alten Testament (TBu 2[; Munich: Kaiser, 1964); idem, Studien zu Deuterojesaja (TBu 20; Munich: Kaiser, 1969); P. Benoit et aI., Les Grotles de Murabba'at (DJD 2; Oxford: Clarendon, [96[); u. Berges, Das Buch Jesaja: Komposition und Endgestalt (HBS 16; Freiburg: Herder, 1998); idem, "farewell to Deutero-Isaiah or Prophecy without a Prophet," in Congress Volume: Ljubljana 2007 (VTSup [33; ed. A. Lemaire; Leiden: Brill, 20[0) 575-95; idem, Isaiah: The Book ofIsaiah: Its Composition and Final Form (Sheffield: Sheffield Phoenix, 2012); idem, Isaiah: The Prophet and His Book (Sheffield: Sheffield Phoenix, 2012); idem, Jesaja 40-48 (HThKAT; freiburg: Herder, 2008); idem, "Kingship and Servanthood in the Book of Isaiah," in Bautch and Hibbard, eds., The Book of Isaiah. 159-78; W. A. M. Beuken, "The Main Theme of Trito-Isaiah: The Servants ofYhwh," JSOT 47 ([990) 67-87; idem, "Major Interchanges in the Book oflsaiah Subservient to Its Umbrella Theme: The Establishment ofYhwh's Sovereign Rule at Mt. Zion (Chs. [2-[3; 27-28; 39-40; 55-56)," in Bautch and Hibbard, eds .. The Book ofIsaiah. 113-32; 1. A. Bewer, The Book ofIsaiah (2 vols.; New York: Harper, 1950); H. Birkeland, Zum hebriiischen Traditionswesen: Die Komposition del' prophetischen Bucher des Alten Testaments (Oslo: Dybwad, 1938); S. H. Blank, Prophetic Faith in Isaiah (New York: Harper, 1958); idem, "Traces of Prophetic Agony in Isaiah:' HUCA 27 (1956) 81-92; J. Blenkinsopp, "The Cosmological and Protological Language of Deutcro-Isaiah," CBQ 73 (2011) 493-510; idem, Isaiah J 39 (AB 19; New York: Doubleday, 2000); idem, Isaiah 40 55 (AB 19A; New York: Doubleday. 2002); idem. Isaiah 56 66 (AB 19B; New York: Doubleday, 2003); idem, "The Servant and the Servants in Isaiah and the formation of the Book," in Broyles and Evans, eds .. Writing and Reading the Scroll of Isaiah, 155-75; idem, "The Servants of the L-rd in Third Isaiah." PIBA 7 (1983) 1-23; P.-E. Bonnard, Le Second /sare. Son Disciple etleurs Editeurs: !sare 40-66 (EBib; Paris: Gabalda, (972); D. Bourguet, "Pourquoi a-t-on rassemble des oracles si divers sous Ie titre d'EsaYe?" ETR 58 (1983) 171-79; G. H. Box. The Book of'/saiah (London: Pitman, 1908); C. J. Bredenkamp. Del' Prophet Jesaia (Erlangen: Deichert. 1887); W. H. Brownlee, The Meaning of the Qumran Scrollsfor the Bible. Il'ith Special Allention to the Book of Isaiah (Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1964); C. C. Broyles and C. A. Evans, eds., Writing and Reading the Scroll o.lIsaiah: Studies ofanlnlelprelive Tradition (VTSup 7011-2; 2 vols.; Leiden: Brill, (997); W. Brueggemann. Isaiah 1 "39: Isaiah 40-66 (2 vols.; Louisville: Westminster John Knox, 1998); idem, "Unity and Dynamic in the Isaiah Tradition," JSOT 29 (1984) 89-107; D. M. Carr. "Reaching for Unity in Isaiah," JSOT 57 (1993) 61-80; idem, "What Can We Say about the Tradition History ofisaiah?" in SBL 1992 Seminar Papers (ed. E. H. Lovering, Jr.; Atlanta: Scholars, 1992) 583-97; R. P. Carroll. When Prophecy Failed: Cognitive Dissonance in the Prophetic Traditions of the Old Testament (New York: Seabury. 1979); T. K. Cheyne, Introduction to the Book of Isaiah (London: Black, 1895); idem, The Prophecies of Isaiah (2 vols.; London: Paul, Trench, Triibner, 1889); B. S. Childs, Introduction to the Old Testament as Scripture (Philadelphia: Fortress, 1979) 311-38; idem, Isaiah (OTL; Louisville: Westminster John Knox, 2001); R. E. Clements, "Beyond Tradition-History: Deutero-Isaianic Development of first Isaiah's Themes," JSOT 31 (1985) 95-113; idem, "Isaiah," in The Books of the Bible. vol. I: The Old TestamentlThe Hebrew Bible (ed. 2

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B. W. Anderson; New York: Scribners, 1989) 247-79; idem, Isaiah 1 39 (NCB; London: Marshall, Morgan, and Scott; Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1980); idem, "Isaiah: A Book without Ending?" JSOT97 (2002) 109-26; idem, Old Testament Prophecy: From Oracles to Canon (Louisville: Westminster John Knox, 1996); idem, "The Unity of the Book of Isaiah," Int 36 (1982) 117-29; R. J. Clifford, Fair Spoken and Persuading: An Interpretation of Second Isaiah (New York: Paulist, 1984); A. Condamin, Le Livre d'/safe: Introduction (EBib; Paris: Gabalda, 1940); idem, Le Livre d'/safe: Traduction critique avec notes et commentaires (EBib; Paris: Lecoffre, 1905); E. W. Conrad, "The Fear Not Oracles in Second Isaiah," VT 34 (1984) 129-52; idem, "Isaiah and the Abraham Connection," AJT 2 (1988) 382-93; idem, E. W. Conrad, Fear Not Warrior: A Study of'al tira' Pericopes in the Hebrew Scriptures (BJS 75; Chico: Scholars, 1985); idem, Reading Isaiah (OBT 27; Minneapolis: Fortress. 1991); idem, "The Royal Narratives and the Structure of the Book oflsaiah," JSOT 41 (1988) 67-81; S. L. Cook, Conversations with Scripture: 2 Isaiah (Harrisburg: Morehouse, 2008); C. H. ComHI. "Die Composition des Buches Jesajas," ZA W 4 (1884) 83-105; G. I. Davies, "The Destiny of the Nations in the Book ofisaiah," in Verrneylen, ed., The Book ofIsaiah, 93-120; F. Delitzsch, The Prophecies of Isaiah (trans. J. Martin; 2 vols.; Urand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1954); S. 1. Dille, Mixing Metaphors: G-d as Mother and Father in Deutero-Isaiah (JSOTSup 398; London: T. & T. Clark, 2004); A. Dillmann, Der Prophet Jesa/Q (Leipzig: Hirzel, 1890); B. R. Doak, "Legalists, Visionaries, and New Names: Sectarianism and the Search for Apocalyptic Origins in Isaiah 56-ti6," BTB 40 (2010) 9-26; S R. Driver and A. Neubauer, The "Suffering Servant" ofIsaiah According to Jewish Interpreters (Eugene: Wipfand Stock, 1877/1999); B. Duhm, Das Buch Jesaia (5th ed.; HKAT; Gottingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1968; 1st ed., 1892); W. J. Dumbrell, "The Purpose of the Book oflsaiah," TynB 36 (1985) 111-28; J. H. Eaton, Festal Drama in Deutero-Isaiah (London: SPCK, 1979); idem, "The Isaiah Tradition," in Israel's Prophetic Tradition (Fest. P. R. Ackroyd; ed. R. Coggins et al.; Cambridge: University Press, 1982) 58-76; idem, "The Origin of the Book of Isaiah," VT 9 (1959) 138-57; A. B. Ehrlich, Randglossen zur hebraischen Bibel, teYtkritisches, sprachliches lind sachliches, vol. 4: Jesaia, Jeremia (Leipzig: Hinrichs, (912); K. Elliger, Dellterojesaja in seinem Verhiiltnis zu Tritojesaja (BWANT 63; Stuttgart: Kohlhammer, 1933); idem, Deuterojesaja: Jesaja 40,1 45,7 (BKAT XIII; Neukirchen-Vluyn: Neukirchener, 1978); idem, Die Einheit des Tritojesaia (Jesaia 56 66) (BWANT 45; Stuttgart: Kohlhammer, 1928); G. I. Emmerson, Isaiah 56- 66 (01'G; Sheffield: Sheffield Academic, 1996); C. A. Evans, "On Isaiah's Use oflsrael's Sacred Tradition," BZ 30 (1986) 92-99; idem, "On the Unity and Parallel Structure of Isaiah," VT 38 (1988) 129-47; A. J. Everson and H. C. P. Kim, eds., The Desert Will Bloom: Poetic Visions in Isaiah (AIL 4; Atlanta: SBL, 2009); H. Ewald, Die Propheten des Alten Bundes (3 vols.; 2nd ed.; Gottingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, (867); F. Feldman, Das Buch Isaias (EHAT 1411; Munster: AschendortT, 1925); A. Feuillet, "Bibliographie choisie sur Ie livre d'Isai'e," in Etudes d'exegese et de la theologie biblique A. T. (Paris: Gabalda, 1975) 501-8; idem, "La communaute messianique dans la predication d'Isai'e," BVC 20 (1957-58) 38-52; idem, "Introduction au livre d'lsai'e," in Etudes d'exegese et de la theologie biblique A. T. (Paris: Gabalda, (975) 19-201; idem, "lsaYe (Le livre d')," DBSup, 647-729; idem, "Le messianisme du livre d'Isai'e: Ses rapports avec I'histoire et les traditions d'Israel," in Etudes d'exegese et de la theologie bibliqlle A. T. (Paris: Gabalda, 1975) 223-59 (repr. from RSR 36 [19491 182-228); I. Fischer, Torafor Israel, Tora for die VOlker: Das Konzept des Jesajabuches (SBS 164; Stuttgart:

3

ISAIAH 40---{)O

Katholisches Bibelwerk, 1995); G. Fohrer, Das Buch Jesaja (ZBK; 3 vols.; 2nd ed.; Zilrich: Zwingli, 1964-67); idem, "Wandlungen Jesajas," in Studien aillestamentlichen Texten und Themen (1966-1972) (BZAW 155; Berlin: de Gruyter, 1981) 11-23 (repr. from Fest. Wilhelm Eilers red. G. Wiessner; Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1967] 58-71); C. Franke, Isaiah 46. 47. and 48: A New Literary-Critical Reading (Biblical and Judaic Studies 3; Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns, 1994); K. Fullerton, "The Book of Isaiah: Critical Problems and a New Commentary," HTR 6 (1913) 478-520; w. Gesenius, Philologisch-kritischer und historiker Commentar iiber den Jesaia (3 vols.; Leipzig: Vogel, 1821); H. Gevaryahu, "Isaiah: How the Book Entered Holy Writ," JBQ 18 (1989-90) 206-12; idem, "The School of Isaiah: Biography and Transmission of the Book of Isaiah," DD 18 (1989-90) 62-68; H. L. Ginsberg, "Isaiah, First Isaiah," EncJud 9; idem, The Supernatural in the Prophets. with Special Reference to Isaiah (Cincinnati: Hebrew Union College Press, 1979); Y. Gitay, "The Effectiveness of Isaiah's Speech," JQR 75 (1984) 162-72; idem, "Isaiah and His Audience," Proof3 (1983) 223-30; idem, Prophecy and Persuasion: A Study of Isaiah 40-48 (Bonn: Linguistica Biblica, 1981); J. Goldingay, Isaiah (NIBC 13; Peabody: Hendrickson, 2001); idem, Isaiah 56-66 (ICC; London: Bloomsbury, 2014): idem, The Message of Isaiah 40-55: A Literary-Theological Commentary (London: T. & T. Clark, 2005); J. Goldingay and D. Payne, Isaiah 40-55 (ICC; 2 vols.; London: T. & T. Clark, 2006); M. 1. Goulder, "Deutero-Isaiah of Jerusalem," JSOT28 (2004) 351-62: A. Graffy, A Prophet Confronts His People (AnBib 104; Rome: Biblical Institute, 1984): H. Gressmann, "Die literarische Analyse Deuterojesajas," ZAW 34 (1914) 254-97: H. Gross, Die Idee des ewigen und allgemeinen Weltfriedens im Alten Orient lind im Alten Testament (TThSt 7; Trier: Paulinus, 1956); H. Haag, Der G-ttesknecht bei Deuterojesaja (Enrage der Forschung 223; Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 1985): R. Halas, "The Universalism of Isaias," CBQ 12 (1950) 162-70; P. D. Hanson, The Dawn of Apocalyptic (Philadelphia: Fortress, 1975): idem, Isaiah 40-66 (Interpretation: Louisville: Westminster John Knox, 1995); M. Haran, "The Literary Structure and Chronological Framework of the Prophecies in Isa XL-XLVIII," in Congress Volume: Bonn 1962 (VTSup 9; Leiden: Brill, 1963) 127-55: A. J. Hauser, ed., Recent Research 011 the Ma;or Prophets (Sheffield: Sheffield Phoenix, 2008); R. Hendel, "Isaiah and the Transition to Apocalyptic," in Birkat Shalom (Fest. S. M. Paul: ed. C. Cohen et al.; Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns, 2008) 261-79; H.-J. Hermisson, Deuterojesaja: Jesaja 45.8-49.1J (BKAT 1112; Neukirchen-Vluyn: Neukirchener, 2003); idem, Dellterojesaja: Jesaja 49.14-53.12 (BKAT Xllt2-16; Neukirchen-Vluyn: Neukirchener, 2007-12): idem, "Einheit und Komplexitiit Deuterojesajas: Probleme der Redaktionsgeschichte von Jes 40-55:' in Vermeylen, ed., The Book ofIsaiah. 287-312; W. Hill, "Book oflsaiah," NewCathEnc 7, 666-71; F. Hitzig, Der Prophet Jesaja (Heidelberg: Winter, 1833): W. L. Holladay, Isaiah: Scroll of a Prophetic Heritage (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1978): G. Holscher, "Jesaja," TLZ 77 (1952) 683-94; B. Hrobon, Ethical Dimension ofClIlt in the Book ofIsaiah (BZAW 418; Berlin: de Gruyter, 2010); I. 1. de Hulster, Iconographic Exegesis and Third Isaiah (FAT 36; Tilbingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2009); B. Janowski and P. Stuhlmacher, The Suffering Servant: Isaiah 53 in Jewish and Christian Sources (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2004); Joseph Jensen, "Weal and Woe in Isaiah: Consistency and Continuity," CBQ 43 (1981) 167-87; idem, "YHWH's Plan in Isaiah and in the Rest of the Old Testament," CBQ 48 (1986) 443-55; K. Joachimsen, Identities in Transition: The Pursuit of Isa. 52:13-53:12 (VTSup 142: Leiden: Brill, 2011); D. Jones, "Traditio of the Oracles ofIsaiah of Jerusalem," ZAW67 (1955) 226-46; O. Kaiser, "Geschichtliche Erfahrung undeschatologische

4

INTRODUCTION TO THE BOOK OF ISAIAH

Erwartung: Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der alttestamentlichen Eschatologie im Jesajabuch," in Von del' Gegenwartsbedeutung des Alten Testaments (Gottingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1984) 167-80; idem, "Literaturkritik und Tendenzkritik. Uberlegungen zur Methode des Jesajaexegese," in Vermeylen, ed., The Buok ofIsaiah. 55-71; J. S. Kaminsky, "The Concept of Election and Second Isaiah," BTB 31 (2001) 135-44; 1. S. Kaminsky and A. Stewart. "G-d of All the World: Universalism and Developing Monotheism in Isaiah 40-66," HTR 99 (2006) 139-63; Y. Kaufmann, The Babylonian Captivity and Deutero-Isaiah (New York: Union of American Hebrew Congregations, 1970); R. H. Kenneth, The Compositi in halah and the !-ormation of the Book": idem. 'The 'Senantlt of the L-nl" In'l hlrd haiah:' In "'The Place II Too Smaf( /or {/I ": The I\raellle Prophetl ill Recent Schf)lfJrlhlp I t:d. R. P. (iordon: Winona Lake: f'';flenbraun" 14on. The Uawn oj Apoca(\'Ptic. 134-S0: S.-H. Jang. "Hearing the Word ofG-d in I~aiah 1 and 05-66," in The One Who Readl .Way Run (Fell. E. W. Conrad: ed. R. Boer. M. Carden. and J. Kel!>o: UIBUTS S53: London: T. & '1. Clark. 20121 41-SiS: H. (i. Jetfcr.,on, "'otQ~ on the Author~hip of haiah 05 and 06."' Jill. 6¥ ir44knecht,: f:rwiigungen zu Joaiah." in Bihftcul and Relaff!d Stl/diel Prelel1led 10 SamllellM.ry Icd. A. Kon and S. :vtor,chau!>er: Winona Lake: Ei!>enbraun ... 14XS)· 2rJ5-17; B. Schramm. The Opponent I of ThIrd /Iaiah, llil-71): L Sehm.,dorf. "Studien zur Redaktion!>gc'>chichte"; S. Sekine, Uie tritojelaian/lthe Sammillnu 43-45· 54- 6 S: P. A. ~mith, Rhe/oric and Redaction. 12iS-32. 144-67: O. H. Steck. "' ... ein kleiner Knabe k~n sic lei.ten: Bcobachtungen zum Tierlriedcn in Je,aja Il.o-iS und 0S.25."· in Allle\lamentlicher Glauhe und hihli~che TheoloKie (Fe.lt. H. D. Preus~: ed. J. Hausmann and H.-J. Zobel: S.uttgart: Kohlhammer. 1'aiah a/fer r..'xile. 41)-73, iS7-141; :v'I. A. Sweeney. "On iimel')\ in haiah is:6.'' in Form and Inlertexlualily. 30-4S: idcm, "Prophetic Exegesi., in Isaiah 1i5-fi1i." in Form and In/er/ex/ualify. 46-02; A. J. loma"ino, "I,aiah 1.1-2-4 and 03 -1i6 and the Compo