Introductory Syriac Method and Manual 9781556350634, 1556350635
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Table of contents :
Foreword
TABLE . OF ·coNTENTS.
LIST I.
GENESIS
Citation preview
Introductory Syriac Method and Manual
Ancient Language Resources K. C. Hanson, Series Editor Arno Poebel Fundamentals of Sumerian Grammar/ Grundzüge der Sumerischen Grammatik A. H. Sayce Assyrian Grammar Samuel A. B. Mercer Introduction to Assyrian Grammar The Student’s Concise Hebrew-English Lexicon of the Bible Heinrich Ewald Syntax of the Hebrew Language of the Old Testament S. R. Driver A Treatise on the Use of the Tenses in Hebrew William R. Harper Hebrew Vocabularies M. H. Segal A Grammar of Mishnaic Hebrew William B. Stevenson Grammar of Palestinian Jewish Aramaic R. Payne Smith Thesaurus Syriacus J. Payne Smith A Compendious Syriac Dictionary Carl Brockelmann Lexicon Syriacum William Jennings Lexicon to the Syriac New Testament
Robert Dick Wilson Introductory Syriac Method and Manual Eberhard Nestle Syriac Grammar Theodor Nöldeke Compendius Syriac Grammar Theodor Nöldeke Mandaean Grammar / Mandäische Grammatik August Dillman and Carl Bezold Ethiopic Grammar William W. Goodwin A Greek Grammar William W. Goodwin Syntax of the Moods and Tenses of the Greek Verb Ernest D. Burton Syntax of the Moods and Tenses in New Testament Greek J. B. Smith Greek-English Concordance to the New Testament Edwin A. Abbott Johannine Vocabulary Edwin A. Abbott Johannine Grammar W. E. Crum A Coptic Dictionary Edgar J. Goodspeed Index Patristicus Thomas O. Lambdin An Introduction to the Gothic Language
Introductory Syriac Method and Manual Robert Dick Wilson
New Foreword and Bibliography by K. C. Hanson
WIPF & STOCK,
Eugene,
Oregon
INTRODUCTORY SYRIAC METHOD AND MANUAL Ancient Language Resources Copyright © 2008 Wipf & Stock Publishers. All rights reserved. Except for brief quotations in critical publications or reviews, no part of this book may be reproduced in any manner without prior written permission from the publisher. Write: Permissions, Wipf & Stock, 199 W. 8th Ave., Suite 3, Eugene, OR 97401.
isbn 13: 978-1-55635-063-4
Cataloging-in-Publication data: Wilson, Robert Dick, 1856–1930. Introductory Syriac method and manual / by Robert Dick Wilson. New Foreword and Bibliography by K. C. Hanson. Ancient Language Resources isbn 13: 978-1-55635-063-4 xviii + 160 p. ; 23 cm. Readings and word lists in Syriac and English; manual in English. 1. Syriac language—Grammar. I. Hanson, K. C. (Kenneth C.) II. Title. III. Series. pj5423.5 w57 2008
Manufactured in the U.S.A.
TO :1.IY BELOVED
PARENTS
WORK
THIS IS
RESPECTFULLY
AND
GRATEFULLY
DEDICATED
Series Foreword
T
he study of languages forms the foundation of any study of ancient societies. While we are dependent upon archaeology to unearth pottery, tools, buildings, and graves, it is through reading the documentary evidence that we learn the nuances of each culture—from receipts and letters to myths and legends. And the access to those documents comes only through the basic work of deciphering scripts, conjugating verbs, untangling syntax, and mastering vocabulary. Ancient Language Resources brings together some of the most significant reference works for the study of ancient languages, including grammars, dictionaries, and related materials. While most of the volumes will be reprints of classic works, we also intend to include new publications. The linguistic circle is widely drawn, encompassing Egyptian, Sumerian, Akkadian, Ugaritic, Phoenician, Hattic, Hittite (Nesite), Hurrian, Hebrew, Aramaic, Syriac, Ethiopic, Arabic, Greek, Coptic, Latin, Mandaean, Armenian, and Gothic. It is the hope of the publishers that this will continue to encourage study of the ancient languages and keep the work of groundbreaking scholars accessible. —K. C. Hanson Series Editor
Foreword
R
obert Dick Wilson (1856–1930) was born in Indiana, Pennsylvania. He attended Princeton University as both an undergraduate and a graduate student. He did post-graduate work at Humboldt University in Berlin. He was Professor of Old Testament Languages and History at the Western Theological Seminary (later to become Pittsburgh Theological Seminary) when he wrote the present volume. Later he became William Henry Green Professor of Semitic Languages and Old Testament at Princeton Theological Seminary—a chair he held from 1900 to 1929. In the last year of his life, he was Professor of Semitic Philology and Old Testament Criticism at Westminster Theological Seminary. In addition to the present work, his publications include: “Lost Meaning of Hebrew Roots.” Presbyterian and Reformed Review 13 (1902) 277–92. “Babylon and Israel: A Comparison of Their Leading Ideas Based upon Their Vocabularies.” Princeton Theological Review 1 (1903) 239–55. “Groundless Attacks in the Field of Oriental Scholarship.” Bible Student and Teacher 1 (1904) 356–60. Studies in the Book of Daniel: A Discussion of the Historical Questions. Vol. 1. New York: Putnam, 1917.
Foreword “The Names of God in the Old Testament.” Princeton Theological Review 18 (1920) 460–91. “The Headings of the Psalms.” Princeton Theological Review 24 (1926) 1–37; 353–95. “Names of God in the Psalms.” Princeton Theological Review 25 (1927) 1–39. “The Radical Criticism of the Psalter.” Journal of the Transactions of the Victoria Institute 59 (1927) 254–80. “The Rule of Faith and Life.” Princeton Theological Review 26 (1928) 423–50. Studies in the Book of Daniel: A Discussion of the Historical Questions. Vol. 2. New York: Revell, 1938. Is the Higher Criticism Scholarly? 5th ed. London: Marshall, 1922. A Scientific Investigation of the Old Testament. New York: Harper, 1929.
Wilson was theologically conservative and used his vast knowledge of ancient languages to defend the Bible in the theological controversies of the early twentieth century. When the General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church reorganized Princeton Theological Seminary in 1929 (when he was 74), he left to help found the Westminster Theological Seminary in Philadelphia, along with J. Gresham Machen, Oswald T. Allis, and Cornelius Van Til. He was able to give only one lecture at the new seminary, however, before his final illness and death. —K. C. Hanson
Select Bibliography
I. Syriac Grammar and Lexicography Avinery, Iddo. “Notes on Ordinals versus Cardinals in Syriac.” Israel Oriental Studies 5 (1975) 45–46. Blau, Joshua. “The Origins of Open and Closed ‘e’ in Proto-Syriac.” Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 32.1 (1969) 1–9. Boyd, Jesse L. III. “The Development of the West Semitic Qal Perfect of the Double-‘ayin Verb with Particular Reference to Its Transmission into Syriac.” Journal of Northwest Semitic Languages 19 (1982) 11–23. Brock, Sebastian.“Syriac Lexicography: Reflections on Resources and Sources.” In Foundations for Syriac Lexicography I: Colloquia of the International Syriac Language Project, edited by A. Dean Forbes et al., 195–208. Perspectives on Syriac Linguistics 1. Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias, 2005. Brockelmann, Carl. Lexicon Syriacum. 1895. Reprinted, Ancient Language Resources. Eugene, OR: Wipf & Stock, 2004. Dyk, Janet W. “Desiderata for the Lexicon from a Syntactic Point of View.” In Foundations for Syriac Lexicography I: Colloquia of the International Syriac Language Project, edited by A. Dean Forbes et al., 141–56. Perspectives on Syriac Linguistics 1. Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias, 2005. Falla, Terry C. “A New Methodology for Grammatical Classification in Hebrew and Syriac Lexicography.” In Hamlet on a Hill: Semitic and Greek Studies Presented to Professor T. Muraoka on the Occasion of His Sixty-Fifth Birthday, edited by M. F. J. Baasten and W. T. van Peursen, 165–90. Leuven: Peeters, 2003. ———. “A Conceptual Framework for a New Comprehensive Syriac-English Lexicon.” In Foundations for Syriac Lexicography I: Colloquia of the International Syriac Language Project, edited by A. Dean Forbes et al., 1–80. Perspectives on Syriac Linguistics 1. Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias, 2005. Fassberg, Steven Ellis. “Is pael an Intensive/plural Form of peal in Syriac?” Journal asiatique 287 (1999) 395–431.
Select Bibliography Forbes, A. Dean. “Squishes, Clines, and Fuzzy Signs: Mixed and Gradient Categories in the Biblical Hebrew Lexicon.” In Foundations for Syriac Lexicography I: Colloquia of the International Syriac Language Project, edited by A. Dean Forbes et al., 105–40. Perspectives on Syriac Linguistics 1. Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias, 2005. Forbes, A. Dean, David G. K. Taylor, and Beryl Turner, editors. Foundations for Syriac Lexicography I: Colloquia of the International Syriac Language Project. Perspectives on Syriac Linguistics 1. Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias, 2005. Goldenberg, Gideon. “On Syriac Sentence Structure.” In Arameans, Aramaic, and the Aramaic Literary Tradition, edited by Michael Sokoloff, 97–140. BarIlan Studies in Near Eastern Languages and Culture. Ramat-Gan: Bar-Ilan University Press, 1983. Henderson, E. Syriac New Testament and Lexicon Syriacum. 1836. Reprinted, Eugene, OR: Wipf & Stock, 2004. Jennings, William. Lexicon to the Syriac New Testament. 1926. Reprinted, Ancient Language Resources. Eugene, OR: Wipf & Stock, 2001. Joosten, Jan. “West Aramaic Elements in the Old Syriac and Peshitta Gospels.” Journal of Biblical Literature 110 (1991) 271–89. ———. “Biblical Hebrew weqatal and Syriac hwa qatel Expressing Repetition in the Past.” Zeitschrift für Althebräistik 5 (1992) 1–14. ———. “The Negation of the Non-verbal Clause in Early Syriac.” Journal of the American Oriental Society 112 (1992) 584–88. ———. “Two West Aramaic Elements in the Old Syriac and Peshitta Gospels.” Biblische Notizen 61 (1992) 17–21. ———. “On Ante-position of the Attributive Adjective in Classical Syriac and Biblical Hebrew.” Zeitschrift für Althebräistik 6 (1993) 188–92. Juckel, Andreas. “Should the Heraklean Version Be Included in a Future Lexicon of the Syriac New Testament?” In Foundations for Syriac Lexicography I: Colloquia of the International Syriac Language Project, edited by A. Dean Forbes et al., 167–94. Perspectives on Syriac Linguistics 1. Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias, 2005. Kiraz, George A. “Computing the Syriac Lexicon: Historical Notes and Considerations for Future Implementation.” In Foundations for Syriac Lexicography I: Colloquia of the International Syriac Language Project, edited by A. Dean Forbes et al., 93–104. Perspectives on Syriac Linguistics 1. Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias, 2005. Knibb, Michael A. “Hebrew and Syriac Elements in the Ethiopic Version of Ezekiel?” Journal of Semitic Studies 33 (1988) 11–35. Köbert, Raimund. “Heisst syr. ‘hasqbol duplex’?” Biblica 67 (1986) 555–56. Muraoka, Takamitsu. “On the Classical Syriac Particles for ‘between.’” Etudes semitiques et samaritaines offertes à Jean Margain, edited by ChristianBernard Amphoux et al., 135–42. Lausanne: Zèbre, 1998.
Select Bibliography Nestle, Eberhard. Syriac Grammar with Bibliography, Chrstomathy and Glossary. Translated by R. S. Keneddy. 2nd ed. 1889. Reprinted, Ancient Language Resources. Eugene, OR: Wipf & Stock, 2002. Noeldeke, Theodor. Compendius Syriac Grammar. Translated by James A. Crichton. 1904. Reprinted, Ancient Language Resources. Eugene, OR: Wipf & Stock, 2003. Payne Smith, Jessie. A Compendius Syriac Dictionary. 1902. Reprinted, Ancient Language Resources. Eugene, OR: Wipf & Stock, 1999. Payne Smith, R. Thesaurus Syriacus. 2 vols. 1879. Reprinted, Ancient Language Resources. Eugene, OR: Wipf & Stock, 2007. Peursen, W. T. van. “Morphosyntactic and Syntactic Issues in the Syriac Text of I Kings 1.” In Bible and Computer: The Stellenbosch AIBI-6 Conference. Proceedings of the Association Internationale Bible et Informatique “From Alpha to Byte,” University of Stellenbosch, 17–21 July 2000, edited by Johann Cook, 99–112. Leiden: Brill, 2002. Robinson, T. H. Paradigms and Exercises in Syriac Grammar. 5th ed. Revised by J. F. Coakley. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002. Rogland, Max. “Performative Utterances in Classical Syriac.” Journal of Semitic Studies 46 (2001) 243–50. Rundgren, Frithiof. “On Loan Translation in Daniel: Old Syriac daxsa.” Orientalia Suecana 40 (1992) 220–25. ———. “On Old Syriac nisa and nessa nisa, signum (Aramaica VI).” Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam 15 (1992) 55–59. Salvasen, Alison. “The User versus the Lexicographer: Practical and Scientific Issues in Creating Entries.” In Foundations for Syriac Lexicography I: Colloquia of the International Syriac Language Project, edited by A. Dean Forbes et al., 81–92. Perspectives on Syriac Linguistics 1. Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias, 2005. Weitzman, Michael P. “Lexical Clues to the Composition of the Old Testament Peshitta.” In Studia Aramaica, edited by M. J. Geller et al., 217–47. Journal of Semitic Studies Supplements 4. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995. Williams, Peter J. “On Matching Syriac Words with Their Greek Vorlage.” In Foundations for Syriac Lexicography I: Colloquia of the International Syriac Language Project, edited by A. Dean Forbes et al., 157–66. Perspectives on Syriac Linguistics 1. Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias, 2005.
II. Syriac Manuscripts, Texts, and Traditions Baarda, Tjitze. “A ‘hexaplaric’ Rubric in Psalm 72 in an Early Syriac Manuscript (VK 0631).” Journal for the Aramaic Bible 2 (2000) 3–13. Boer, P. A. H. de. “Towards an edition of the Syriac Version of the Old Testament.” Vetus Testamentum 31 (1981) 346–57.
Select Bibliography Drijvers, Jan Willem. “The Syriac Julian Romance: Aspects of the JewishChristian Controversy in Late Antiquity.” In All those Nations . . . Cultural Encounters within and with the Near East: Studies presented to Han Drijvers at the Occasion of His Sixty-fifth Birthday, edited by H. L. J. Vanstiphout et al., 31–42. Groningen: Styx, 1999. Eshel, Hanan. “4Q448, Psalms 154 (Syriac), Sirach 48:20, and 4QpIsa(a).” Journal of Biblical Literature 119 (2000) 645–59. Ford, James Nathan. “Two Syriac Terms relating to Ophthalmology and Their Cognates.” Journal of Semitic Studies 47 (2002) 23–38. Geller, M. J. “Two Incantation Bowls Inscribed in Syriac and Aramaic.” Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 39 (1976) 422–27. Goldenberg, Gideon. “Biblical Translations and Syriac Idiom.” In The Peshitta as a Translation: Papers Read at the II Peshitta Symposium, Held at Leiden, 19–21 August 1993, edited by P. B. Dirksen and A. van der Kooij, 25–39. Monographs of the Peshitta Institute, Leiden 8. Leiden: Brill, 1995. Gordon, Robert P. “Inner-Syriac Corruptions.” Journal of Theological Studies 22 (1971) 502–4. ———. “The Syriac Old Testament: Provenance, Perspective and Translation Technique.” In The Interpretation of the Bible: The Symposium in Slovenia, edited by Joze Krasovec, 355–69. Journal for the Study of the Old Testament Supplements 229. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic, 1998. Goshen-Gottstein, M. H. “Exercises in Semitic Linguistics I: Classical Syriac.” Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam 12 (1989) 233–42. Haar Romeny, R. Bas ter. “Techniques of Translation and Transmission in the Earliest Text Forms of the Syriac Version of Genesis.” The Peshitta as a Translation: Papers Read at the II Peshitta Symposium, Held at Leiden, 19–21 August 1993, edited by P. B. Dirksen and A. van der Kooij, 177–85. Monographs of the Peshitta Institute, Leiden 8. Leiden: Brill, 1995. ———. “The Hebrew and the Greek as Alternatives to the Syriac Version in Iso’dad’s Commentary on the Psalms.” In Biblical Hebrew, Biblical Texts: Essays in Memory of Michael P. Weitzman, edited by Ada Rapaport-Albert and Gillian Greenberg, 431––56. Journal for the Study of the Old Testament Supplements 333. London: Sheffield Academic, 2001. Halloun, M. “Two Syriac Inscriptions.” Liber Annuus 38 (1988) 271–75. Harrak, Amir. “Tales about Sennacherib: The Contribution of the Syriac Sources.” In The World of the Aramaeans, edited by P. M. Michele Daviau et al., vol. 3, 168–89. Journal for the Study of the Old Testament Supplements 326. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic, 2001. Healey, John F. “Syriac nsr, Ugaritic nsr, Hebrew nsr II, Akkadian nsr II.” Vetus Testamentum 26 (1976) 429–37. ———. “A Note on Syriac and Hebrew Manuscripts in Iraq.” Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 43 (1980) 576–78.
Select Bibliography Jacques, A. “A Palestinian-Syriac Inscription in the Mosaic Pavement at ‘Evron.” Eretz-Israel 19 (1987) 54–56. Jansma, T.“Ephraem’s Commentary on Exodus: Some Remarks on the Syriac Text and the Latin Translation.” Journal of Semitic Studies 17 (1972) 203–12. Jenkins, R. G. “The Syriac Versions of Isaiah.” In La Septuaginta en la investigacion contemporenea, edited by Natilio Fernandez Marcos, 199–212. Madrid: Instituto “Arias Montano,” C.S.I.C.,1985. Jenner, Konrad Dirk. “A Review of the Methods by which Syriac Biblical and Related Manuscripts Have Been Described and Analysed: Some Preliminary Remarks.” ARAM 5.1–2 (1993) 255–66. ———. “CALAP and Its Relevance for the Translation and Interpretation of the Syriac Bible: The Presentation of a Research Programme on the Computer Assisted Linguistic Analysis of the Peshitta.” In Bible and Computer: The Stellenbosch AIBI-6 Conference. Proceedings of the Association Internationale Bible et Informatique “From Alpha to Byte,” University of Stellenbosch, 17–21 July 2000, edited by Johann Cook, 681–99. Leiden: Brill, 2002. Juusola, Hannu. “Who Wrote the Syriac Incantation Bowls? Studia Orientalia 85 (1999) 75–92. Laato, Antti. “The Apocalypse of the Syriac Baruch and the Date of the End.” Journal for the Study of the Pseudepigrapha 18 (1998) 39–46. Lehmann, Henning J. “The Syriac Translation of the Old Testament: As Evidenced around the Middle of the Fourth Century (in Eusebius of Emesa.” Scandanavian Journal of the Old Testament 1 (1987) 66–86. Levene, Abraham. “The Blessings of Jacob in Syriac and Rabbinic Exegesis.” Studia Patristica 7 (1966) 524–30. Levine, Etan. “The Syriac Version of Gen. 4,1–16.” Vetus Testamentum 26 (1976) 70–78. Lewis, Agnes Smith. Codex Climaci Rescriptus. 1909. Reprinted, Eugene, OR: Wipf & Stock, 2004. ———. Light on the Four Gospels from the Sinai Palimpsest. 1913. Reprinted, Eugene, OR: Wipf & Stock, 2005. McHardy, W. D. “Cambridge Syriac Fragment XXVI.” In Biblical Studies: Essays in Honor of William Barclay, edited by Johnston R. McKay and James F. Miller, 194–98. Philadelphia: Westminster, 1976. Moller, Garth I. “Towards a New Typology of the Syriac Manuscript Alphabet.” Journal of Northwest Semitic Languages 14 (1988) 153–97. Murphy, Frederick J. “The Temple in the Syriac Apocalypse of Baruch.” Journal of Biblical Literature 106 (1987) 671–83. Murray, Robert. “Aramaic and Syriac Dispute-Poems and Their Connections.” In Studia Aramaica, edited by M. J. Geller et al., 157–87. Journal of Semitic Studies Supplements 4. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995.
Select Bibliography Owens, Robert J. Jr. “Aphrahat as a Witness to the Early Syriac Text of Leviticus.” In The Peshitta: Its Early Text and History, edited by P. B. Dirksen and M. J. Mulder, 1–48. Monographs of the Peshitta Institute, Leiden 4. Leiden: Brill, 1988. ———. “The Early Syriac Text of Ben Sira in the Demonstrations of Aphrahat.” Journal of Semitic Studies 34 (1989) 39–75. Pusey, Philip Edward, and George Henry Gwilliam, editors. Tetraeuangelium Sanctum. 1901. Reprinted, Eugene, OR: Wipf & Stock, 2004. Rompay, Lucas van. “Memories of Paradise: The Greek ‘Life of Adam and Eve’ and Early Syriac Tradition.” ARAM 5.1–2 (1993) 555–70. ———. “The Christian Syriac Tradition of Interpretation.” In Hebrew Bible/Old Testament: The History of Its Interpretation, vol. I,1, edited by Magne Saebo, 612–41. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1996. ———. “Antiochene Biblical Interpretation: Greek and Syriac.” In The Book of Genesis in Jewish and Oriental Christian Interpretation, edited by Judith Frishman and Lucas Van Rompay, 103–23. Traditio Exegetica Graeca 5. Leuven: Peeters, 1997. Rouwhorst, Gerard A. M. “Jewish Liturgical Traditions in Early Syriac Christianity.” Vigiliae Christianae 51 (1997) 72–93. Running, Leona Glidden. “An Investigation of the Syriac Version of Isaiah II–III.” Andrews University Seminary Studies 4 (1966) 37–64; 135–48. ———. “Syriac Variants in Isaiah 26.” Andrews University Seminary Studies 5 (1967) 46–58. ———. “A Study of the Relationship of the Syriac Version to the Massoretic Hebrew, Targum Jonathan, and Septuagint Texts in Jeremiah 18.” In Biblical and Related Studies Presented to Samuel Iwry, edited by Ann Kort and Scott Morschauser, 227–35. Winona Lake, Ind.: Eisenbrauns, 1985. Shaked, Shaul. “Manichaean Incantation Bowls in Syriac.” Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Isalm 24 (2000) 58–92. Simms-Williams, Nicholas. “Syro-Sogdica III: Syriac Elements in Sogdian.” Acta Iranica 28 (1988) 145–56. Skehan, Patrick W. “Again the Syriac Apocryphal Psalms.” Catholic Biblical Quarterly 38 (1976) 143–58. Strousma, Sarah. “The Impact of Syriac Tradition on Early Judaeo-Arabic Bible Exegesis.” ARAM 3.1–2 (1991) 83–96. Taylor, Richard A. “The Syriac Old Testament in Recent Research.” Journal of the Aramaic Bible 1 (2000) 119–39. Van Rooy, Harry F. “The Hebrew and Syriac Versions of Psalms 154.” Journal for Semitics 5 (1993) 97–109. ———. “The Origin of the Syriac Apocryphal Psalm 153.” Journal for Semitics 6 (1994) 192–200.
Select Bibliography Brock, Sebastian P. “A Fragment of Enoch in Syriac.” Journal of Theological Studies 19 (1968) 626–31. ———. “A Piece of Wisdom Literature in Syriac.” Journal of Semitic Studies 13 (1968) 212–17. ———. “Abraham and the Ravens: A Syriac Counterpart for Jubilees 1–12 and Its Implications.” Journal for the Study of Judaism 9 (1978) 135–52. ———. “Jewish Traditions in Syriac Sources.” Journal of Jewish Studies 30 (1979) 212–32. ———. “An Anonymous Homily on Abraham (Gen. 22).” Orientalia Lovaniensia Periodica 12 (1981) 225–60. ———. “Two Syriac Verse Homilies on the Binding of Isaac.” Le Muséon 99 (1986) 61–129. ———. “A Palestinian Targum Feature in Syriac.” Journal of Jewish Studies 46 (1995) 271–82. ———. “Two Syriac Dialogue Poems on Abel and Cain.” Le Muséon 113 (2000) 333–75. ———. “Text Divisions in the Syriac Translations of Isaiah.” In Biblical Hebrew, Biblical Texts: Essays in Memory of Michael P. Weitzman, edited by Ada Rapaport-Albert and Gillian Greenberg, 200–221. Journal for the Study of the Old Testament Supplements 333. London: Sheffield Academic, 2001. ———. “Syriac Lexicography: Reflections on Resources and Sources.” Aramaic Studies 1.2 (2003) 165–78. ———. Introduction to Syriac Studies. Rev. ed. Gorgias Handbooks 4. Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias, 2006. Coakley, J. F. “A Catalogue of the Syriac Manuscripts in the John Rylands Library.” Bulletin of the John Rylands Library 75 (1993) 105–207. ———. The Typography of Syriac: A Historical Catalogue of Printing Types, 1537–1958. New Castle, DE: Oak Knoll, 2006. Cook, Johann. “Syriac Studies in South Africa.” ARAM 5.1-2 (1993) 101–14. ———. “Are the Syriac and Greek Versions of the ’ishah zarah (Prov 1 to 9) Identical?” On the Relationship between the Peshitta and the Septuagint).” Textus 17 (1994) 117–32. Cureton, William. Ancient Syriac Documents. 1864. Reprinted, Eugene, OR: Wipf & Stock, 2004. ———. An Ancient Colophon: A Memoir. Edited by J. F. Coakley. Oxford: Jericho, 1999. Dirksen, P. B., and A. van der Kooij, editors. The Peshitta as a Translation: Papers Read at the II Peshitta Symposium, Held at Leiden, 19–21 August 1993. Monographs of the Peshitta Institute, Leiden 8. Leiden: Brill, 1995. Drijvers, Han Jan Willem, “Early Syriac Christianity: Some Recent Publications.” Vigiliae Christianae 50 (1996) 159–77.
Select Bibliography ———. “The Textual Traditions and Origin of the Syriac Apocryphal Psalm 152.” Journal of Northwest Semitic Languages 21 (1995) 93–104. ———. “Psalm 154:14 and the Relation between the Hebrew and Syriac Versions of Psalm 154.” Journal of Biblical Literature 116 (1997) 321–24. ———. “The Marginal Notes to the Syriac Apocryphal Psalms in Manuscript 12t4.” Vetus Testamentum 48 (1998) 542–54. ———. “A Second Version of the Syriac Psalm 151.” Old Testament Essays 11 (1998) 567–81. ———. “The ‘Hebrew’ Psalm Headings in the Syriac Manuscript 12T4.” Journal of Northwest Semitic Languages 25 (1999) 225–37. ———. “Psalm 151 in Three Syriac Psalm Commentaries.” Zeitschrift für die alttestamentliche Wissenschaft 112 (2000) 612–23. ———. “Towards a Critical Edition of the Headings of the Psalms in the Different Syriac Traditions.” In Bible and Computer: The Stellenbosch AIBI-6 Conference. Proceedings of the Association Internationale Bible et Informatique “From Alpha to Byte,” University of Stellenbosch, 17–21 July 2000, edited by Johann Cook, 545–54. Leiden: Brill, 2002. ———. “The Headings of the Psalms in the Two Syriac Versions of the Commentary of Athanasius.” Old Testament Essays 17 (2004) 659–77. ———. “The Psalms in Early Syriac Tradition.” In The Book of Psalms: Composition and Reception, edited by Peter W. Flint and Patrick D. Miller, 537–50. Vetus Testamentum Supplements 99. Leiden: Brill, 2005. Visotzky, Burton L. “Three Syriac Cruxes.” Journal of Jewish Studies 42 (1991) 167–75. Weitzman, Michael P. “From Judaism to Christianity: The Syriac Version of the Hebrew Bible.” In The Jews among Pagans and Christians: In the Roman Empire, edited by Judith Lieu et al., 147–73. London: Routledge, 1994. ———. “The Interpretative Character of the Syriac Old Testament.” In Hebrew Bible/Old Testament: The History of Its Interpretation, edited by Magne Saebo, vol. I,1, 587–611. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1996. ———. “Hebrew and Syriac Texts of the Book of Job.” In Congress Volume: Cambridge, 1995, edited by J. A. Emerton, 381–99. Vetus Testamentum Supplement 66. Leiden: Brill, 1997. Winter, Michael M. “The Origins of Ben Sira in Syriac.” Vetus Testamentum 27 (1977) 237–53; 494–507. Witakowski, Witold. “The Division of the Earth between the Descendants of Noah in Syriac Tradition.” ARAM 5.1-2 (1993) 635–56. Yamauchi, Edwin M. “Greek, Hebrew, Aramaic or Syriac? A Critique of the Claims of G. M. Lamsa for the Syriac Peshitta.” Bibliotheca Sacra 131 (1974) 320–31.
PREFACE. THE plan of this METHODAND MANUALis in general the same as that of the corresponding "Introductory Hebrew ~ethod and Manual" of Professor W.R. Harper, Ph.D. The following notes may be in place by way of explanation. The first four chapters of Genesis (which are copied with variations from Nestle's " Syriac Grammar") are chosen because they afford the best means of comparison with the Hebrew of Professor Harper's " Manual." The selections from the 10th to the 32d page, inclusive, lead up gmdually :from more easy to more difficult portions of the Peshito version. The last selection is the introductory portion of the history of Rabban Soma, possessed in ma.nuscript by the author and never before published. Being printed in the Nestorian alphabet, it will be useful as an introduction to the East Syriac system of writing.. For assistance in reading this .selection the reader is referred especially to the note under Section I., Article 6, and to Article 6. 6. of the '' Elements." The "Notes and Observations" need no remark, except that the latter contain all of the main principles of Syriac grammar, while the former give all explanations necessary for a full understanding of the orthography, etymology, and syntax of the text. The "Grammar Lessons " carry the student over all the articles of the "Elements of Syriac Grammar," with reviews of the same. The "Word Lessons" contain only such words as are not in the verses of Genesis, upon which the "Exercises" are largely based. When the grammar lesson has b~en upon a certain subject, the word lesson gives such words as throw light upon it ; e.g., in Lesson XI. tbe grammar lesson is on Lomadh Olaph verbs; the word lesson consists largely of Lomadh Olaph verbs. The vocabulary thus learned can be enlarged from the " Word Lists " on pp.
PREFACE.
134-147. The "Exercises" are based upon the text of Genesis and upon the grammar and word lessons. · They wiH be found, it is hop!:ld,an excellent means of fixing in the memory the principles of grammar and the words of most common use. The "Exercises" can be supplemented by the transliteration of Genesis l, and by the literal translation of Genesis I.-IV., found at the end of the "Olume.
TABLE . OF ·coNTENTS. PAGE
· Ci:mESTOMATHY·.·.·.·.· •• ·••• ·•• -.·.·,·.·•·•·•, •• , •••• ·,·•·•, •• ,· .....
···1- 36 .. . . .• • • . . • 1- 9
, ...........
Genesis I.-IV ....•••• , ..................... ·...... Psalm II.............................. . ................... · Jonah .. ; .•.••.. .-........................................... Malachi ......•.. _..•.... .:.•• -.•....••..•..•.•.••..... , .... ·.• Matthew XXVI.-XXVIII. . . . • . . • . . . . • . • . . . • • • . . • • . . . . . . . . . . • Selection from Rabban Soma .................. , .......... ·. . . . GLOSSARY ..•..•••••••••••••••••••••••
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I. ......•••..... " .........•...•....... -......... Lesson I ..........•..•••.•.. Genesis I. 1. . . . • . . •.. . . . . . . . . . . . . Lesson II ......• ·.......•..... Genesis I. 2..................... Lesson III. ................. Genesis I. 3, 4 . . • . . . . • . • • . . . .. . . Lesson IV .................. Genesis I. 6-8 . .. . . . . . • .. .. . . . . . Lesson V. ·.................. Genesis I. 9-13 . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . Lesson VI. ...........•... .' .Genesis I. 14-16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lesson VII ................... Genesis I. 17-23 . • . •. . . .. . • . . . • . Lesson VIII ................. Genesis I. 24-31 . .. . . . . . . . . .. .. . Lesson IX ........••......... Genesis II, 1-8.................. Lesson X ..... .'; ...•..•..... Genesis II. 9..:.15 ....... :......... Lesson XI .....••....•...•. Genesis II. 16-20... .. . . . .. . . . . . . Lesson XII .....•...•..•..... Genesis II. 21-25 ... ,....... .... Leeson XIII ................. Genesis III. 1-.5................. Lesson XIV ..•. : ..••.•...••. Genesis III. 6-14 ..•............. Lesson XV .....••........• ·.Genesis III. 15-24 ............... Lesson XVI. .•..•.••........ Genesis IV. i-13 ...•........... Lesson XVII .......•........ Genesis IV. 14-28 .•.... :-. ....... Lesson XVIII. .......•••.... Psalm II. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . M.ANUJ,L-P A.RT II ................. ·•.......•...•••.........•..... Notes on Jonah............................................ Notes on Malachi. ...•...•.... .' .............................. Notes on Matthew . . . . . . . . . . • • . . • . . . • • . • • • . • • . . • . . • . • . . . . . . . MANUAL-PART
10
ll- 15
16- 21 22- 33 33- 36 37- 55 56-123 56- 68 58- 62 62- 66 66- 70 70- 75 75- 79 79- 83 83- 87 87- 91 91- 95 95- 99 99-102 102-106 107-110 110-114 115-118 lU!-120 V 1-128 124-133 124-128 128-130 131-183
TABLE OF CONTENTS. PAGE
WORD l,ISTS-SYRIAC
............................................
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DP
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aa ❖ J..?=('1,,,o? j..a':::.:.o ~~ ~01 • ~~ ('1..1.~:.o? l~ ....
81
❖ -..s.c?µ?
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0oa1 ~~0 ...(Tla::.o~
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V
·
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.
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7
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f)
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t>
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bi.
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• 0;,:.::10·~ ll..j,.-Zl...
.;.,~?"\°l),Jl.• JA.?1µ(Tl? ~?
. c.1!,.0 ••
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y· .. "·
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ti,.
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29
XXVII,
w
..,
au...; ~ ....
..,
:z:
..,
10
30
CHRESTOMATHY.
V
I>
lr-111 ~ •
V
V
-
V
J:r,,.
;c
V
ti
µ
r,
C!U,.5IJ ..... ,
p
:z
p
p
❖ ~~ ~ ...
v·v
p
11),J.,~
- ;.,
() ()
;c
~
I>
V
J,J~µ
()
P
p
l-'1 ~ 11-="=-3 0,.Q~
;,i:
...
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V
..,
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....
vv
V••V
...
♦•
. . ,,
.
❖ ~
V
'> '>a
"""~1 ~~ ~,..
00m
o o e l9 ..
0
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V
llo.
V
P
QQ~
..,
VO
P
V
PP
J,Jc,i
?~e
D
ll'I~
s
4.
❖ 1;-o~~
48
,._:
~ "'~0
+ ~l
..
. -....
J,Jm .!).,.Ji;,-'!,,&' • eiF'0J0 ~ ~~ -,,0CJ11? ~10 = =
P
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49
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-
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S. MATTHEW-CHAPTER
81
XXVII,
....
V
0
❖ 1~?
0
lom m~
~
❖
V
V
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V
►
V
• •
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VP
.
.
V
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2:
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O
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~ ...
PV
'P
V
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l-'r- J;=
~? z
:z:
J~;
z P
...
V
V
~~ ~?
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..,
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()
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om
j
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lrl~
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P
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V
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5
32
CHR~S'fQ.MATHY,
Chap-te;r
r-
1~~ ~,,:..:, 2.2.1-~
~?
1~
J..,,:..:,1 ~
J.=~ . J0ai j.Q; ~01 lai0'
❖ ~
l0ai ~b..0 µ;2.
-,..1l0ai
❖ ~2.
5
.XXV~
~
❖~
1
l~
~ ~ ~110
,~
lm0 • ❖ -,Q~~
...,..., ,.,Qi-" s::::-'"? ~at
~11
r
20
~2,Q
F
11
❖~
10
..,_1J""pol
~1 J~~ ~ ~11 ~-
❖ eem
~.d.1
""'?,e~
'¾..di ~ '4l®=o.lj , \°~
~
• ~ e~
~le
J,..lf e2.j ~? ❖ lem2
19
:>e~ ~~l
lr-:i~
~ ~~
,~e
~
~Q
~2.
,,:..:,10~OI-.Q
Ju.r-e:::::.. \o.Jen 1;.J~
~r l,.:o2e~ ~ bCIII,~
"'"'~10
1111 .•...-.J01-2.
•~
Q~l • ~~ ""'r>Clo1•
°""? \.Cl:'.lfiil
'o:::"'""12. •~h
~?·-..1110~~
~ \.~1lJ?
::,er hen ~~1 ~e ,.
l,:i~(jil ~
-..JJ 0 '!-l
Q.Q~c:> ~ ~e
e2.J~0~.l?
•
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~ ~
~~ c:>~lc•
15 '-..:; lJJI ~
❖
II
~0
ffl~?
~ ...-111? '~?
• ❖ ~ 2.~l
P ,-.. ~ ~1 ""'r'~
Pl ~?.l.
a
lb..:;01~1-
~ -~
~lJ? •
❖ ~1
lcai ~?
-~
~ ,ci.::i:::.. ::,e,-c la10·1~ IO
~ b..ol
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~12.2.1
l,.l..::wl """' m.:::.. ~ •o:::-32.l0ai P • ~10
1
p "'"~1 • ~ ~10 J.=l]:.0 "'"?~ •
l,..:11 ,,.. •~?2..
~
~i-"0 · ~
-,..1 · ai01-
~r=i
-,...1 00al0 . 00al "'"i+l? ~1
❖ 1~
~,-Q
❖ -1~ ,:;:·•}·...J? 12.,...1~;,:..:,0
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~
;a.a. C!I.A,~0
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~,
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e~
,~
1_a ❖ ~~ ❖
11
~
,~
,~
,0.Q.JJ ~~c:>
1e
fELECTION FROM Tall HISTORY OF RABB.\N SOMA..
l-l1 ;~
J.J1~1 ~1 ...J;,...11,J.:wl0 ~ ,c~
1,.::i1 ~.a.:l ,=-11 c~1c Jc,ic
c~-"
·,=-"~?~ ~ ,c;+Jr,c.J1~c •~1
~?
~~
.J,!.;J.::0~ ~c,i 20
83
~=:::.Q.A,
a.=:::..119 ❖ ,~
❖ i...?~?
·.
l,...0;0 1,-::iC?
~r 1~~ ,c~J.J1,~
)..11
SELECTION FROM THE HISTORY OF RABBAN SOMA.
.
!f~ before
...:m.:
(2)
t: is the preformati~e 126.
~t
r:and Z:~§ 64. 7.
for the 1st sing. com., z-:·forthe 3rd fem. sg•.
is in the absolute state,
~t?
127. llL-=: in which are. (1) When_ the relative would take a preposition _it is placed at the b_eginning of the clause and the preposition follows with the appropriate pronominal suffix,§ 136. 6.
b..tt is· often ind~clinable.
(2)
Here the subject is -..ii,;fruits, §§ 65, 128.
128. 1~~~ food. (1) Olaph is quiescent in the* as is shown by the Rukhokh under the Kaph, § 10. 1. (1).
JKis th~ fem. emphat.
(2)
(3) ~e
ending, § 76. form is m~tul, the a having been obscured toe,
§
74.
129, JK...1-desh-to, which i.~six. (1)
Jlt.. is one of the few words which have Kushoy after an unvowelled consonant in the same ·syllable, § 31. 1.
(2) * is used as a helping vowel before a sibilant, § 33_-2, and com-
.
.
pare § 20. Rem. 1. 2,
OBSERVATIONS.
6 7. Most noUDB_take the same form before the pronominal suffixes •
•
'
"
...
l"
~
.
as before the emphatic endmg I, e.g. ~~~, ~-);
~
0
..
~
,o~ • ..
...
aui¼... ~~ ~;. ·68. The Imperf. P•'al may have as the vowel of its 2nd radical e) or u, e.g. -~, either a, i, (which becolfl!,ls_
.. ...
~~-
~, '
.
~'
'\.~,
MANUAL.-PAB'l' I.
69. The Imperat. first form of the pe•a1 is the-same as ~he Brst form of the Imperf. with the preformative omitted. 70. When new .elements are added to a word, shifi?,g of vowels but°"~~, ~~ butt cno';.. ,..~_. frequently takes pl~ce, e.g.~~ 7i. Before the suffcirmatives of the .Imperfect whicb"constitute a syllable the full vowel of the 2nd radical becomes a half-vowel, e.g.
,~.
72. Before the sufformativ~s ~ and l of the PerfeC'&the-~vowelof the 2nd radical i~ dropped and the half-vowel under the~st becomes e.g.~~-
73. Olaph may quiesce at the end of a syllabe in the middle of a word, e.g. 1~~~. Cf. ~;1?, ~I;, vs. 26. 74. The original fem ending was 'II,which is retained in the construct of the noun and in the 3rd fem. sing. of the Perf;, but in the fem. absolute sing. the Tau is dropped and a becomes o, e. g. ~~::,,; t.!_,:' • .._v -
-,-~.
3. GRAMMAR.
(1) Peculiarities of o and., § 27. (2) Pe Yudh and Pe Waw verbs,§ 58. ,(3) Review§§ 9-12, 81, 82. I. WORD LESSON.
~ to be dry.
--=~to sit•
r~
t.o bear.
:~
to burn.
...c£ to suck. r.Q!:. to make, do.
V
,.
.
,,-.. to know•• ..
1lnot. V
~ to be heavy.
~
~~ to give.
I~
4=to inherit.
llb..11 woman.
~~ king.
" ~
son. child.
unt.il
-lllANUAL.-:-P ART J..
87
5, ExERCiSES,
1, The trees will be burnt ·when God shall• dry the earth with 1l"is
wind. 2. God said:.Twill. .make man..in. my image· according. to my likeness and I shall cause them to ~now :what:·I-have· done.- 3. Let the earth be gi~en· to man to inherit. 4·. Mett were. not born., they -were made. 5. A child has been born to us, a son has been given to us and the :ruling shall be his (to him). · 6. The woman sat under the ~ti:ee and suckled the son whom she had borne and be-cause·he howled when he saw· the sun she caused the child to sit upon the earth. 7. Thou shalt inherit the earth and thou shalt learn and know that -God is very good. 8. The sun is heavier than (heavy from) the_earth, 9. God will sit in. the heaven's and say: Let the earth and the stars. be burned, .let the sea be dried, and let all the lights of heaven know that I am the king who made them. LESSON NINE. Gen. II. 1-8. 1. NOTES.
130, ~...~ and were finished. (1) The vowel of the first o is a helping vowel. The first syllable is half-open, §§ 33. 1, 17. 4 •. (2) The last o is otiose. Final o does not take the linea occultans,. 11. 3, 2-1. 3. (3) The~ with the 2nd radical shows the verb to be intransitive,§ 41. 1,. ,§§
...p
.
131.
~Q
.
.
and (he) finished.
(1) The vowel with the first radical shows that this is the intensive.
or Pa' el stem, § 41. 2. •, V. . . • (2) The of the 2nd radical is obscured from , . § 29. 2. (3) Being without sufformative, this must be the 1st form i.e. the 3rd . masc. sing., § 43. ·4,
132. ~t\..~ tl1esixth. (1) This is an ordinal number. Cf. I~? 129.; Se~.§ 88. II. (2) Ordinal numbers, like otl;ieradjectives, follow their nouns and agree in gender, number and definiteness, § 110. B.
:l\lANUAL,-PART J.
88 •• r
t>
•
.
133. -..~o~ his works. (1) Rebbuy show the.noun to be plural,§ 13. . V • . • . . . - ' (2) -..aio 1s the 3rd smg. masc. pron. suffix,.see 112,_§ 36. 13i ~?-da-'•bhadh, which he made. (1) ·? ha; Kushoy after the diphthong, § 10. ~- (3). (2) The fact that -..Q ha_sRukhokh shows that :,. has a half-vowel and that the first syllable is half-open, §§ 10. 1. (2), 17. 4. 135. -..12~lo and he rested himself. z . . (1) This is the reflexive from ....3to rest, §§ 41. 4, 51). 3. (2) Since it has no sufformative, it must be the first form, i. e. the 3rd sing. masc., § 43. 4. ~
136. ~ tlte seventh. This is the ordinal from ~seven,_ § 88.
II .
....,.
.
.
.
137. (!LA,r'-~ad-d•sheh, sanctified it. (1) The dot over the ? is Kushoy and shows that the a is doubled. The form is intensive, the second radical being doubled, §§ 41. 2, 10. 2. (2). (2) ai~ is the pron. suffix 3rd si~g. masc. Cf. ~ 66, ~~ 121. . 138. ~ because and ~ all are the only words in which .. is written defectively, § 5. 5. 139. ,~::::. by making. See § 120. 1. (4) for this use of the Infinitive and compare the Hebrew. 140. 1.l;::::-0~ generations. (1) Rebb~y and l,Z°designate the feminine plural emphatic. (2) The first "- is prefixed, the form of the noun being ~k root is ~ to bear,§ 74. 3.
The
141. ~;l; and of th~ earth. · (1) The jn'separable particles retain their helping vowel, when the s~~ceeding conson.ant has a vowel thrown back from a following Olaph; so wa-dhar-'o, not w•dhar-'o, § 34. 3. Rem. 2, (2) When a, noun is in connection with two or in.ore succeeding genitives, each of the latter is preceded by ?, § 97. A. Rem. 2.
14.2. ~ i--="-l they were created.
MANUAL.-P ABT I.
89
..:1is the sign of a reflexive or pas~ive stem. The absence of a
(1)
vowel after ..: or ::, show it to belong to the simple passive or Ethp•'el, § 41. 4. (2) W aw designates the 3rd plural; § 43. (3) . Yudh shows that the root is Lomadh Yudh (called Lomadh Olaph, see § 60). (4) For the diphthong iu, see § 8. 1. (3). 143. in which (he) made. The preposition is often omitted from the relative clause, § 136. 6. Rem. 1. 144. o;,,,(they) had been is in the 3rd plur. Perfect from J~a,fem
~?
"~"'· Th~· two dots under the word are meant to distinguish the verb as denoting existence from the same verb used as an enclitic copula. Compare: Jo:,i vs. 6 with Joa, vs. 7 and coa, vs. 25. 145. i!:....t had gone out. --
.
!)
•
•
..
(1) The first Olar his prosthetic, § 20. 1. (2) Yudh quiesces in% according to §§ 25, 3, 58. 1. Rem .. 2 . . (3) The form is the 3rd masc. sing. P•'al, the verb being both Pe Yudh and Lomadh Olaph, §§ 58, 60. 146. b-;,.f (he) caused to come down. (1) The form is Aph'el from~, the Nun being assimilated. Cf. ~1 69. It is the first form of the Aph'el i. e, 3rd masc. sing. Perfect, § 53. 2. (2) ~ is derived from an original"', § 29. 2. .. p 147. b-.~ was not, is contracted from j] & Kushoy after the diphthong, § 10. 2. (3).
b...L, § 65.
Tau has
148. ~~ mist. The root is~ to well, The form is '¾.o.~, the Nun being assimilated and the::, doubled. Cf. l~~~ 128 and see§§ 18. 1, 74. 2. (5). 149. l~~ ~ iised to go up; ..~!a is the active part. P•'al first form; see 46. It is in the abso.lute state because a predicate, § 93, 3. (2) a. (2) l~"'is enclitic and hence the "' has the linea occultans and is . V O V unpronounced§§ 64. 5, 127. 1. Cf. 00,i 144, .i::001, 10010 vs. 19. (1)
t,
M
MANUAL,-PART I.
110
after the, part.· denotes continuous or repeated (3) 'The Perf. of 1001 action or state, § 127. 3. (3). 150. 1~~ ~~ was watering. (1) The construction is the same as that in 149.
2, 3.
(2) The Part. is the first form of the A.ph'el, as is shown by ~ pre-
v,
fixed with §§ 41. 3, 50. 2. P , Th e first form 1s J.,cu...Cf, locn,1;-c. (3) 151. ...~·~ ~; in his nostrils. D
D
is the preposition with the vowel of Olaph drawn back. (2) Olaph quiesces according to § 25. 1. (2). (3) ...~; is the ending of the 3rd masc. sing. suffix with plural nouns.§ 77. (1)
::i
are Rebbuy; the one over:;, is Kushoy after a consonant; the one over ~ is Kushoy denoting the doubling to compensate for the assimilated Nun, §§ 1O, 12.
J4) The two dots over
o
152. jl:, !ife, lit. lives. from (the) front, i. e. from the east. 153. ;c...;..i,-.:::.; 154. ~ (he) put. This is the first form of a verb E W au contracted
from>=~,§
59. 2.
OBSERVATIONS,
7 5. Most verbs have v in the first form; some intransitive verbs have•;
two verbs have o~ § 41. 1. 7 6. The vowel occurs everywhere in the Pa' el stem afterthe first radical. 7 7. Ordinal numbers are formed from the radicals of the cardinals by putting a half-vowel after the first radical, .. ~ after the second, and
J,:after 0
the third, § 88.
78. 'rhe inseparable particles take a helping vowel before an unvowelled consonant and form with it a half-open syllable. 79. Whether a form is P•'al or Pa'el depends often upon the usus lobe either ~atleh, or lptt'leh,i. e. simple or intensive. quendi, e.g. ~~may The sense and not the writing(which is the same in both)determines the stem. 80. Nouns may be formed by prefixing ~ or ./.. to the root, e. g.
1:Z~o~,~~s 1. The Imperative
has only a 2nd person.
l!ilA.NUAL.-P ABT _I•..
91
(1) The Perfect of the verb with suffixes, § 51. A, B. · (2) Quantity of vowels, § 28. (3) Review, §§ 43, 44. 4. -A,Q,A,
WoBDLISTS.
...s?; to follow.
to forsake.
~ to kill.
~~ to wonder.
~ to weigh._
~ to.conceive.
~ to counsel.
~:.,
,;.! to seize.
-~ to command. 5.
to gloriflJ•
EXERCISES;
1~ God has forsaken you because you forsook him. 2. God weighed his works which he had done and when He saw that he had not followed Him He killed him. 3. I counsel thee to seize the~ (? with the Imperfect), because th13yhave not glorified thee: 4. He made ·me to wonder (Aphel) when he commanded us to kill them because they had followed thee, 5. She conceived me and bare me. 6. I followed him and seized him and· killed him because thou didst command me. 7. God rested -from all his works when He had completed them and He blessed them
and sanctified them. 8. When the heavens and the ea--th were created, a tree did. not exist in the earth. 9; The Lord caused rain to come down and the herb of the fiel.ari;icipleis in the future tense since it introduces an apodosis, which depends on a protasis which is not yet fulfil}ed. 231. ,~your eyes. The noun is in the dual copstruct, § 76. 5. (2). Since the participle has no dual, it is put in the plural, § 99. 2. 232. ~t,;~ ye shall be. This is the Act. P~'al Part. plur!l,l and the 2nd pers. ·plur. personal pronoun, which have coalesced. See § 35. 2. Note. , 233 . .:.:1.,..: knowers of. The Part. Act. P•'al in ~e construct plural l;>eforean object,· § 118. 2. The order of time is not involved in the form but only in the connection, § 116, 2. 08SERVATIONS,
103. 1Qtn when it follows the predicate is enclitic and the He is unpronounced securing the linea occultans, vs. 1 ; but when the subject precedes or the sentence is verbal the He is pronounced, see Gen. 1. 2. 104. The predicate is in the absolute_ state,. unless it be a noun which ha,'S no ~bsolute state or unless· it is meant to be specially determined.
i05
MANUAL.-PART L
104 a. The _comparativeis u.sµally expressed by putting the adjective first, in agreement as to gender and number with the noun .to be compared, e. g. ~~ is ~e adjective,. and J,:~ is the noun to compared. The idea with which the comparison is made is preceded
be.
by ~; e.f/. 12.a.w. '-::i. 105. Observe that a po_int above denotes from e, e. g, ~=men,
but ~=man
a or
Q
as distinguisheq
or mon, ~=kulloh,
a1.~:.=kulleh.
106. ? may be either ~ademonstrative pronoun like nJ, or a relatiYe pronoun (like ~T or ni ~sed relatively) or a conjunction. 107. ObseCTethat there are in this lesson three ways of expressing the genitive relation. (1) l~n l.l.- vs. 1, (2) ~l ..~J.,s vs. 2. " • z (3) l-L?~? cnl::.~ vs. 3. 108. The form ~ in this lesson denotes, (1) a simple past, e.g. Jccnvs. 1, (2) a pluperfect, ~ vs. 1, (3) a present perfect, e.g. the second ~1 in vs. 1, (4) a pr~sent (Greek 2nd perfect)'¾.~ vs. 5, 109. We have in this lesson specimens of the three kinds of dependent sentences, (1) substantive e. g, in the object clauses beginning with U?vs. 1, o::::~?vs. 2, the first ll? vs. 3, }1:~.0? vs. 5, (2) adjective ' h ere l ative . causes l b egmnmg ' . wit . h ~?V V vs. 1, 1:'.. V V ,. e.g. mt __.?;.a=? vs. 2 , en~~=?
vs. 3,
~1?
vs. 5, (3) adverbiai; e.g. in the clause ofresul~ vs. 5.
-~.l.g,::.:i.l. U?vs. 3, and in the causal clause?~
11O. There is no way in Syriac to distinguish between the negative is "thou· of the Imperfect and that of the Imperati~'e, i. e. , ~2
U
shalt not kill" or "kill not".
Uis both
o~ and /J,'1/, ~1, and 1,~.
111. All the modes may be expressed by the Imperfect. In this ll ye shall not eat, vs, 1, ,Q,;i3we mag eat; lesson we .have ,a.::...:aJ~ vs. 2, ,0.l.O;;;ll".l, ll lest ye die, vs. 3. ye ska.l{not die vs. 4. 112. Words denoting members of the body which occur in pairs and. a few other words have a separate. form for the dual in the ab➔, solute state. In all other cases the dual has disappeared, the· plural ~king its place. 0
MANUAL.-PART
106
8.
L
GRAMMAR.
t
Wau verbs,§ 59, (2) Peculiarities of_Wau, § 27. (3) Review,§§ 27, 29, 58, 60.
(1)
...
4. WORD LESSON,
.
~ to stand, arise.
...~
~ to put.
l~Jhabitatio~, dwelling. lr-thand,§ 87. 2. p
~
to die.
to defile.
.
.
~ to curse.
,...;
,-5toshake.
~ covenant;
'l
11?lest.
to be moved.
.
head.
~ to watch.
1~;..,city.
~ II. to be anxious.
?
~;..o before.
~ to pt·epare. 5.
EXERCISES,
1. The beast of the field ate the fruits of the trees which (were) in the midst of the paradise. 2. The woman said to the serpent that the beast which (was) in the field prudent was from [was more prudent than] every serpent of paradise. 3. The man shall eat of the fruits which (are) in the field all of them. 4. I shall not eat of it because I know that in the day that I eat (§ 35. 2) of it I shall surely (abs. Inf.) die. 5·. Ye have cursed God and he will prepare a habitation for you. 6. The woman stood and put her hand upon my head and said: Accursed (be) thou and mayest thou die (thou shalt die) because thou hast been defiled. 7. Watch ye (II stem) lest ye shall be 9-efiled. 8. The whole city was moved because the dwellings had been shaken (VI stem). 9. He was anxious lest they should establish (cause to stand) a covenant with the city. 10. I died that ye might not die, 11. Put thy hand on his head and bless him before he die.
107
LESSON FOURTEEN. Gen. m. a:....14, 1, NOTES,
234 •. ~? that [was]good. (1) ? introduces the object clause, § 135. 3. (-2) is the predicate, placed regularly and in the absolute state,
,..»
§ 99. 2. (3) The clause is nominal, § 130. 1.
235. c!:'1~-reg-g 8thau. The ccn is enclitic,_and hence_its en is silent and its u coalesces •with the preceding original a into au or aw, § 101, 23. 4. (2) The noun has no absolute state. If it had we would expect to find it here. But see also, § 93. 2. (1).
(1)
236. ~ to .seeor for seeing. (1) The preposition takes a before the unvowelled consonant, § 34. 3. (2) ~ comes from me[iwarfrom ma[iwar; wa going over regul~rly into a,§ 59. 1, § 29. 5. (3). 237. ['6)...~.ll w were opened. ~
The _finalYudh is found in some manuscripts and omitted in.othe:rs. It is the sign ofthe fem. plural, § 43. 5. (2) The Reflexive is used here as a Passive, § 4 r..4. (2) ~e ~ushoy over the b.. denotes doubling _andhence the intensive stem, §§ 41. 2 and 10. 2. (2). 238. They made for themselves· garments. For the construction pf a verb with a direct and an indirect object, see§ 125. 3. (2), 239, ~~ [as he was] walking: (1) The form is the intensive. participle abs. sing.,§ 50. 2. (2) The construction corresponds to. the l;[al in Arabic,· _e.g • .the accusative of condition, § 13 7. 7. (1)
240.
~O.:?~lit.at .
241. [Q.)~2.1
the turnings of that whichis .
they hid themselves.
(1) Some manuscripts omit c.
day,§ 97, B.
108. (2) The masculine gender is preferred in the verb, when it' has two subjects on4:llllasc~e and the other feminine, ~ 121. 6. Rem. 2. (3) The Reflexive sense is brought out clearly in this form. · 242. ~1"""for hezgethfrom-haz(a)yith, § 29. 4. (4), § 60, 1.
allo who [is]
243.
he. The form is· a contracti~n of man and hu,
§ 39. Rem. 4. •
•
.,..o.. r,
v'
,.
•
, ~. .
•
C
' 244. ~aw-w6gokh. -Theverb 1s the Pa el Perfect of the Lomadh Olaph verb.,.;:. with the pronominal suffix of the 2ndmasc.-sing., § 61. -
_whichI commandedthee. cn.1!,o and translated "from which", § 104; 2. Rem. (2) 1-introduces a·relative clause limiting ~I,§ 136. 245 . .,.~~?
(1) ? must be. taken along with
(3) · Pa!t~edhtokh is the intensive Perf. 1st. sing. with the pron. sufi'. · 2nd masc. sing. § 51. 3. · 246. l""-~I the woman.is resumed by .. !II.· It stands in the nQminative absolute, § 95. 3. 247. a.llowl,at [is] he. The form is contracted from mono and hu, §§ 39. Rem. 4, 23. 4. The hu is here used as copula, the demonstrative limited by the relative making the predicate, § 101. · 248. ~~~? wliich thou (f.) hast done. The ending ,.""-is derived from .. ~, 2nd fem. sing. pers. pron., §§ 35. 1, 43. •
&
249 • .. ~1-'at: e-yan. 4 • (1) The line under 'Eis Mehagyono, § 12. 1. (2) -...l is the pron. suffix of the 1st sing. § 36. 1. (3) The Olaph denotes the causative stem, § 42. 3. (4) The Yudh ·showsthat the verb is a Lomadh Olaph (Yudh) verb, § 60,
250.
~
cursed is the pass. part. of the simple stem from the
E W aw verb, awi going over int-0 t, § 59. 3. 251. ~ thy lives,§§ 36. 1. . l!.
OBSERVATIONS,
113. Nominal clauses are those which have a noun for predicate, s ,. --•. ~'.,. • ,. ~ ~? vs. 7; ~ ..)
. . wit . h r-,a...? vs. 6; e, g. t he c1auses begmnmg
109 vs. 9; ;-!i~rvs.10; and vs. lt; ~ vs. rn; ~ vs:· H. Verbal sentences are those whose predicate and cop;ula are a verbal form, e. g. the sentences beginning with "i,...~ vs. 6, ~ VS, 7 etc. . 114. As in Hebrew, the personal pronoun is frequently used as a copula, vss. 61 11 and 13. 115. 'l'h:e personal pronouns may be used to emphasize the persons denoted by the ·forms·of the verb, compare ...~, vs. 1'2. 116. The Infinitive is really a verbal noun i. e. it is governed like a noui;i an~ .governs like a verb, e. g. ~~ for eating, ~ for look.ingat, vs; 6. See§ 120.. . .. 11 7. The same forms are used to denote the Reflexive and Passives. For the former compare
~"l
vs. 8, for the I.atter .....b..s"lvs. 7.
118 .. The participle when used like .the Arabic accusative of con. dition is indefinite but agrees with its antecedent in number and gender,. 119; When the relative is to be governed by a preposition the relative ? is placed first as usual and the preposition follows with a pronominal suffix agreeing in gender and number and person with .the antecedent of the relative. 120. Nouns are frequently placed in an abnormal position at the beginning of a sentence, their place in the sentence being assumed b;y: a pronoun,
e'.g. l-'~l
vs. 12.
121. The relative time of the participles is .to be gathered from the context. Compare ~~ vs. 8 with ~ vs. 14. 8, GRAMMAR,
(1) Guttural verbs, § 52. (2) Pe Nun verbs, § 53. (3) Review §§ 18, 26, 51. 4. WORD LIBTB,
➔;.. to sur,·ound.
,i1 to SOW,
..
~
v
~
to want. to shine.
110
;~ ·to be'light.
....::imJ to take.
•~
~
V
topraise;
.
~ l to be able, • V
~.l. ~.l.
..
V
~
to slay. to go out.
"
~ to fall.
to break.
"
to admire.
~
rµ..to keep.
.
_toscatter•.
~tmother. 5. EXERCISES,
1, Adam saw that the trne was good to look at. 2. The moth~r of the man sa~ that the frnits of all the trees (were) good for ~ating; 3. Where (art) thou (f.),. the desire of my eyes? 4. The husband of the woman gave some (~) of the frnit to his father and to his mother and they saw (masc.) that the tree from which it was taken (which it was taken from it)-was pleasant to the eyes of both of °them and they ate and praised God, who had made them (~) the dust. 5.. Adam ate and knew that he was naked and he sewed ~he leaves of a figtree and m.ade for him an apron. 6. My mother heard the Lord walking in the garden and she hid herself in the midst of a figtree which was in_the garden. 7. At the turnings of the day I heard a voice saying, Adam, Adam, where art thou? And I saw God in my image and according to my likeness walking in the garden. 8. I said to the Lord: Who told thee that I and my wife are naked. Behold fro~ the serpent hast thou heard this. 9. Surrounding, he shall take, keep thou (m.), go out (f.), it will (all, he caused to break, praise ye· (Pa' el), it will shine, I shall not want, sow ye (m.), 1O. I admire him because he was able to slay
the Tanninin. 11. I cannot take my mother with me. LESSON FIFTEEN.
Gen. ID. 15-24.
1, NOTES.
252. 11~~-= (the) enmity~ (1) This is an ~bstract noun in § 75. 4, derived from the compound enemy, compound of ~ lord and ~? -/lg, word b•'·eld8bhobho,
.l.;,
§
96. 1. a.
11-1
(2) Most nouns with this ending are found only in the emphatic state~ and · are conseqµently often used when the idea is indefinite,§ 93, 2. (1).
~l
253. will I put. ( 1) The Olaph is the sign of the first pers. sing. of the Imperfect,§ 45. 5. (2) The "': comes from yi, § 59. Bem. 2, § 29. 4. (4J. (3) This is the only 'E Yudh verb which differs in ariy respect from E Waw verbs,§ 59; 6. Bem. 2. 254. 1..4,o~ from nedh-wush, wu becoming u, §§ 29. 7. (1), 59. 2. 255 • ...~~2.-tem-[iiloo. (1) Notice the peculiar diphthong, pronounced like ey in !hey followed by oo as in booby, § 8. 1. (1), (2) ,.~o is the pron.· suff. 3rd. masc. sing. This is the regular form after the vowel e, § 36, § 61. (3) The first Yudh belongs to the root f the verb; the Taw is the preformative for the 2nd pers. Imperf., § 45. 256. ~ is an Inf. abs. oftheAph' el stem,§ 49. 2. It strength1ms the idea of the verb, § 119. · 257. "'~l~ shalt thou bear. The~ at the end is the sufformative of the 2nd fem. sing. of the Imperf., § ·45.
(1)
(2) The root is ~, the Yudh beeing changed to Olaph after the •• .:c • preforl)l:atives of the Imperf. P•' al, § 58. 2. (3) The text has by mistake e for t under the preformative. 258. µJ..:isons, is an irregular plural from~ son,§§ 86. 16, 87, 10. 259. ~..:..2 shalt thou tum thyself. This is the Ethp•' el Im)?erf. 2nd fem. sing. § 60 from l,l...i. 260. ~i-.J-neshtallat. Note the transposition of the .l. when before a sibilant, § 21. 1; 261. ? '¾..:::. introduces the causal adverbial clause, which is nere the protasis; the apodosis beginning with ~, § 13 7. 5. 262 .. ~ is in the fem. abs. sing. of the pass. participle. It is the predicate o/ the nominal clause of which. _,.::;f i~ the subject, §§ 130. 1, 99, 2.
26S.
-~:;;l:l
(1) The for~
thou sh,alteat [of] it.
oithe verb when without the suffix is ,~I-:;with suf-
fixes the ,:,"'is changed ·(volatilized) to a·half-vo~el, §§ 7. 1. (3), 7. 3. (1), 31. 1. ('.2) After a vowel, the 3rd fem. pron. suffix is
simply, which is often marked with a diacritical point over it, ~ 36 and § 6. 6. (2). (3) The union vowel of the Imperf. 3rd sing; masc. and like forms is ..·regularly,. before the pron. 3rd sing. masc, or fem. See§ 5-1.D. 2, at
264. JS,o~shall it bring out. (1) .l is the sign of the fem. 3rd sing., prefixed in the !:Qlperfect,§ 45. 2; (2) The vowel v with the preformative denotes the Causative stem, § 42. 5. (3) The original
·wau
of Pe W au .verbs remains in the Aph' el,_.
not passing over into Yudh as in the pe' al, § 58. 1 nor contracting into o as in Hebrew, § 58. 3. 265. tn.1.l,c?which from it i. e. from which. When the preposition governs a relative, the•? stands at the head of the sentence and the preposition comes after in the sentence followed by a pronominal suffix agreeing in gender and number with the antecedent of the relative, § 104. 2. Bem. 266 ... ~ hi, she is put here for emphasis, § 1()1, The point under the shows that hi is to be read and not hoy, § 6. 6. (2) b. 26 7. __:.? which [is] living.
at
(1} This is really a complete relative sentence, of"which ? is the sub~
jectand _: the predicate, the copula being unexpressed,§ 136. 1. (1), (2) _: is an adjective and agrees with its antecedent in gender and number, § 99. 2. 268. 1Ui.f~, sing. J.L~~.A Yudh is inserted before the plural ending in a number of feminine nouns, § 86. 13. 269. ,a.Jf· them; There being no pron. suffix for the 3rd plural with verbs, the-independent personal pronoun is used instead, § 36. 2, his hand. 270. (1) Olaph is prosthetic, § 10.
at~L
us·
lltA.NUA:L •.,.i.URT,I;
(2)" ];Iebhoeciis ·a helping vowel,..§§ 201 .Rrm. 2; 33.- 1.· (3) .For_the irregularities of,.:, see § 8 7; 2.
271. ~---nessabh
for nen~ab,h, the . Nun. being assimilated,
§§ 18. 1, 53. 2.
§
272. -~~ he shall live. This is the Imperfe·ct pe'al from~64. 6.
'Se'e
. 273. m.~1~-wapp 6 ~e1,.• (1) at is the pron. suffix 3rd mri.se.sing:; § 36, 51. A. (2) "The Wau being unvciwelled has drawn back the vowel of the Olaph th):llatter quiescing, §§ 34. 2, 25. 1. (2). ,. (3) The full form of ~1 was ~f tl:e usual Aph,'el, . The Nun ha$ been assimilated, the~ has become a half v~wel before the suffix, the V has been thrown back to the Wau, § 53. 2. 274: ._.:j~ is ·a construct plur. befo're ~ clause begin~ing with a preposition, § 96,' 4. Rem. 1.
~as
275. ~~~? which turning itself. ( l) This is an adjective clause, the predicate being in the fem. abs. sing. agreeing with its antecedent, § 99. 2. (2). The Rukhokh under the ...s shows that this is the Ethpe' el,
§' 44, Rem. 1. 2.
OBSERV,ATIONS,
122. The composition of two nouns to express one ideais_occas1on-; ally found in Syriac., · 123. The differentiatiOJ!Sfor gender, number and person in the verb are denoted· by pre- and sufformatives. 124. Notice the importance of learning the contractiolls of Waw: and Yudh.with the vowels, e. y. in ~1 and ~,-J• 125. There is a diphthong eu found in Syriac which is pronounced: somewhat like Italian eu in imf,inia. · 12 6. The Tofinitive is used absolutely to intensify the idea ofacognate verb which it precedes. : , .. _ 12 7. 1nstead of an adjective agreeing in definiteness with its ante• cedent, Wll frequent~y :find a relative. clause, e. g."_:.?,· p
, MANUAL.-PAR'Jll;
11'
128. There are a great many irregular plurals in Syriac which must be learned one by one. Compare-~, l~~a.=, §§ 86, 87, . 8. GRAMMAR LES.SON,
(1)
':EIOlaph verbs
an_dLomadh Olaph Guttlll'al verbs, §§ 56, 57,
(2) Review§§ 55, 52, 24-, 25, 26, 31, 32, 33. 4, WORD LIST,
,i..: he asked.
? ~ ~ all that.
._.,).Qit was evil.
? ~ ~ whosoever • .
..
~ itgri~ed.
H~lie was filthy.
..:J,mhe was oliJ.
~ he consoled •
~ he put on liis shoes.
~l
.hewas unclean.
~J.ihe was good.
r_-= a son.
~~enemy.
~,,; now.
~~: he gave.
~ if.
9
5, EXERCISES,
1. The enemy asked that my sword be given to him •. 2. It grieved (feJ'.ll.)me (~) that I was too old to put sorrow for his bread. 3, All that was good to me was evil to him. 4. When a son was born to her she consoled herself. 5. Whosoever is filthy now, will be unclean all .the days of his life. 6. If thou wilt crush my head, I shall strike thee . in thy heel. 7. Thou didst command me that in the sweat of my face I should eat the herb of the field, until I shal_lreturn unto the dust from which I was taken. 8. Call the name of the woman Eve; because she shall be the mother of all which shall live; 9. God will make coats of skin for you and will clothe you. 10. Like one of you I know the good anl the evil and I shall stretch out my hand and shall take from the tree of life and I shall live for ever. 11. The Lord sent them out from Eden that they might till the earth from whose dust they had been made by him. 12. The cherub turned itself and kept the way to Eden.
LESSON SIXTEEN. Gen. IV. 1-13, 1,_NOTEB,
276. The point under the Nun in~; and under the Lomadh in ~;~- and the l.:1-in ~~t shows· that these ate th!) '3rd fem. sing.·; ~he_point above the ~oph in ~ denotes the first peron singular, § 6 •. 6. (3). 277. ~~, § 58. 2. his brotlier. · 278. ,.aia.:_p 6 (1) The Lomadh is the sign of the direct object, § i23. ~ (2) J.;.Ibrother,and J.::l·father msert o before suffixes except the 1st sing.,·§ 87. 1~ 279. J.S:i The point over the 'E1 shows that thi~ is a.participle; a point under would denote a Perfect (Comp. ~1 vs. fO). It is either in· construction with or governing, ~~ in the accusative,§§ 118. 2, 123. The dots over ~ denote the collective, see § 90. 280. ;~ ~ after some. 281 ... Lj he brought. Aph' el Perf. 1st form from 14 § 64, 4, ...282. §§ 21. 1, 22 • .4, 283. -1,.Q..:.l,§§ 56. 2, 25. t. (2). §§ 52. 3, 43. A. The Rebbuy § 13 is put with this 2.84... form to show that it is not a 3rd fem. sing. § 43. B. 5. ~85. ~1, §§ 41. 3, 42. 5, 45. B. 2, 52. 3. · 286. ~ if introduces the conditional protasis, § 138. is 287. ~;l is of the one short vowel class of nouns,§ 67. of the a-a class; '-6;, of the il.-i class, § 69. 288; tiri let usgo. (1) Remember tl'iat the preformative Nuri denotes the 1st pers. plur. as well as the 3rd person, § 45. 10. (2) .The Imperfect is used for the 1st person of the-Imperative,§ 114.·t. L289. ,.;- when introduces an adverbi-al cfause·oftime; §·137, 2, The sentence is nominal; § ·130. 1. -290. of mg brother, 0
pV
pV
•
...
•
~,.)t,
,J.=.2!,
laU.-
-1?
lllANUAL,.,.;.PARTI.:
(1) When a noun in the genitive is separated from the noun on which it depends, the latter takes a pron. suffix agreeing in gender and number with the governed·noun arid the genitive is preceded by?, §
97. B. Rem. 2.
(2) The vowel p is heightened from", § 7. 2. (~). See 277 above.
291. 292.
'd:,thevoiceof the bloodof him whois thy brother,§ 68. 5, 97; A. B.
,~~?
that it shouldgive=to give.
(1) Tettel is third fem. from nettel which is the singular Imperf. of
~~, § 64. 7.
(2)- The.clause is an adverbial clause of result,§ 137. 4 which is often expressed by the Infin., § 120. 1. (3) and see 276 a~ove. • 293, ,f;~zo-ya I a fugitive;• (1) The a instead of e is because of the guttural, § 26 • .1_.(1), (2) The Olaph is inserted in the first form of the Participle of'EWaw, verbs, taking the place of the Yudh, § 59. 4. Compare .the 'ijemsa. in Arabic. (3) Thui Olaph is pronounced like Yudh, § 2. (1). 294 .••.• ~i lit. great is my folly from that which can be remitted i. e. my sin is too great to be remitted. (1) The comparative degree is generally expressed by putting the adjective first in agreement with the noun to be compared and by placing the idea with which it is to be compared after the preposition'~, § 100. (2) ..,~ is here used as a copula, § 101.. It is to be noted that the copula also agrees with the subject of the nominal_sentence, (3) ....l~ my folly or sin. The .., is the 1st pers. pron. suffix, § 36; the uth is the abstract fem. ending,§ 75. 4. (.4) , no• '>n'\? lit. that which is to remit. The ? is often used for that w~ic~; § 104. 2".(1). The Infin. preceded by Lomadh sometimes has the sense of "may" or "can",§ 120. 1. (5).
2. .OBSERV ATIONS.
129. The distinction of forms as well as vowels by means of diacritical points ·1s·to be noted. 130. Every point and sign denotes something. The student is now far enough advanced. not to ·proceed without knowing every .verse thoroughly. 131. When a noun or verb .is irregular, i. e•. not ac~ording to .the .forms already learned, look in§§ 62--:-64, 86, 87. 132. Idioms should be carefully observe.d and if possible committed
to memory, •e,g. ;I:.::)~• vs. 3, ~~ b..am~l, v11.~-. 133. Try to remember the .euph9nic changes -such as:permutation and transposition and assimilation. 134. Classify, if possible, every noun accoromg to Jts original IOI'IQ, ;It gives accuracy, especial~yin reading unpointed texts. 135. Memorize all particles. It saves time to do so; 3,
GRAIIIIIIAB LESSON.
'i:':t
verbs, § 54. (2) Read over the declension of nouns, §§ 78-85. (3) Review, §§ 76, 77. (.1)
4. WoBD LEs&Ol!T,
..::ifci.l-1 ..to b~ magnified, .
...:. to live.
~~ before•
.....;. to suffer.
··~ V
~
0
•
- ..
•
togo in.
? ~ r" beforethat.
to covet.
r to reyect. V
~aiigold,•
~ to bend.
~? judgment.
.l.ito tremble. ~ to cherish.
~::..youth.
..cm old. ~ good,.
•
'
1
~ V.
'·
•
t,o overshadow.
~I *"to divulge, ;~ to be humb~• ....,. . ~
to sound.
_:MANtJAL;-PABT I.
.,r"? to be bitter, IV! to be ma~e
..::::,._,;. ~ suddenly~
bitter,
~01; persecution.
.c• ..
"'°voice.
~ • -Messiah..
5, EXERCISES,
l. I suffered persecution because I had divulged the judgment of God,
2. "Go in. ~nd1ive
i:q.the land whose gold (which h~r gold) you have
coveted. 3. They (fem.) trembled and bent their faces to tlie earth. 4. 'rhe·good youth-~herished his old father (his father the"old) and.his old mother, 5. Let God be magnified and let me humble myself before him.
6. Embittered (shall be) his spirit wlien the voice of God shall
sound the judgment because he has rejected the Spirit of God which brooded-over the face of the waters when God had created the heavens and the earth and overshadowed the mother of the son of God, before that she conceived and brought forth the Messiah. 7. Eye added to bear Abel the brother of Cain 1 and after some days Cain who tilled the soil (was working in the earth) brought as a gift to the to_rd some of the fruits of his soil and the Lord looke(J not with favor on bis gift, because he had not' do~e well.
LESSON BEYENTEEN. Gen. IV, 14-?8,,
... '295 • ...J~al-appe~ton,
1, NOTES,
,,
§ 51. B. 3. Notice that the union vowel of •the 2nd pers, masc,.sing. with suffixes is o.
296. ~~- ~ome prepositions take the plural form before _suffixes, -§ 77. 4. 297 •
.Jccnl has the point
29S. ? ~ 299, ~.
~
.
'
above to denote th? B.rst person, § 6. 6. (3).
every one who,§ 107. 7. The second vowel is added, § 33, 3. 300. ~ ,- onefor seveni.e. seven fold. 301. ""°l,l two.
The Iiurribers one 'arid two agree with their,nouns in ·gender; · (2) For the position and date, sed § 110. 1.
,.(i)
V
p
302. --~~. The preposition Lomadh sometimes denotes the ·,genitive, § 98. 1.. 303. ,-.~1? who hold. This ..is one of the few passive participles which aJe .used in an active sense, § 117. 4. _ . 304. --~ .takes up arid makes emphatic_ the Ul wh!ch precedes, §~ 95. 3, 101. 305. c,il:.hi~ sister. An Olaph has been .rejected from before the Heth, § 23. 1. (1), 306. ~ ~s the.2nd fem. plur. of the Imperative in a,§ 48. 2. ~~~~. is' in, the same _place, § 59. 2. · 307.
~Si'.-1 another.
(1) 'J;'he·Oiaphis occult,§ 19. 1. (1) and hence is denoted by the linea
occultans, § H:. (2) Attributives _follow their nouns and agree with them in gender,, number al).dstate,§ 93. 3, 99. 1. 308.
~;.,a.: began_he(or,they).
(1) The dot aboye the .Shin shows that the :verb is Pa' el, § 6. 6,. ·
(2) Either the subject is Seth, or the verb is impersonal, § 122. · 2,
OBSERVATI().NS,
-136. Pay attention to the union vowels of t.he different f.orm,sof the verb before the various S'Qffixes. · . 13 7. Some prepositions take the plural, some the singular, form . V p . . before suffixes, e.g.~an\!· ~r> take the plural form, ~an.ti~ the singular.· 138. There. is·a n1,1mber:of ways 9f expressing the indefinite pronou_n in Syriac. The most 'Commonis ·to haye the_i_nterrogative.pronoun ~re..ceded by ~ ·and foliowed by ?· 139. The rules for. cardi:nal-·nutnbera·are :the·same.as in Hebr.ew, 140. Notice the fourth way of expressing the genitive·rel'ation,.vs.;20,
MANUAL.-PART,I
141. S.omeparticiples which are passive in for~ are active in:sense, e.g. ,-.-1, vs. 21. _ 142. -In looking- for. the derivation of a word or for its equivalent iu the cognate languages, always see first, if possible, whether a letter has been rejected or not, e, g • .ri..:., ~s. 2-2. 8. GRAMMAR LESSON,
(1) Doubly Weak Verbs,§ 62.
Read over the classifications of nouns, §§ 66-75 • .(3) Review§ 61. (2)
4, WORD LESSON,
JiJto tempt.
...C:J:.~1 to desire.
J,:o ! to heal.
~?1alms.
....,.jto t·est.
~?~ (rn:.) holiness•
,-:ito reject.
1~,=.joy.
..Q.:fo show.
i:;~
ii; to rebuke.
p;~ virgin.
V
~
city.
~ request.
to sigh•
...::~1~! to desire. 1;1~!to agree
~ girl.
~ Messiah. 5, EXERCISES,
1. The Lord said to the girl I will heal thee and will put a sign on thee and cause thee to dwell in the land of Nod. 2. The girls tempted the Lord and he caused them to be rejected-from the city of holiness. 3. He caused Cain to rest in the city which his son had built because he desired that he should not be killed. 4. The virgin will sigh when she sees thee because thou hast rebuked her and hast rejected her request. 5. A son has·been born to the virgin and thou shalt call his name Messiah. 6. Be thou agreeing with him and do not reject his request. 7. Give alms to every one who asketh of thee and there shall be joy to thee.
MANUAL.-PABT L.
LESSON EIGHTEEN. Psalm ll. 1. NOTES,
309.
illc
why? lit. for what?
(.1>.This is the adverbial accusative, of cause•. (2) This is the common· form of the. neuter of the·inter.rogative·.pronoun, § 39. the peoples,§ 86. 3. Singular Jbe!. 310. 12.J~f 311. _.J; is a fem. plur~ of the Perf. from a Lomadh. Olaph. Verb, § 60. 1. 312, ,eftogether,lit •. aume .... No.te the insertion of.the.helping_ vowel e, § 33. 4.
1;..
313. ~~? he who sitteth. (1) The relative ? sometimes stands for. "he who", "that which" etc., § 104. 2. Rem. (2) The participle denotes customary· actions or a continuous state, § 116. 2. (3) For the form, see § 99. 2. V 314. ~,.gj from al;'-yimeth,from akwimeth,§ 59. 3. (1) f denotes the causative,.§ 41. 3. (2) £ denotes the 1st person sing. of the Perfect, § 43. 5. 6 , niy king,§§ 315 . ...:,.~-malk 36, 31. Rem. 1. 316. ~~? that he may declare. (1) ? is a conjunction introducing the adverbial Qlause of purpose; § 1.37. 4. (2) The verb is Ethp s' el, § 41. 4, Imperfect, as shown by the pre• formative, § 45. It is determined as 3ru person sing. in distinction. from the first plur. by the sense. Lomadh Olaph, § 60~ (3) The Shin and Tau have been transposed, § 21. 1. ~
~
317 .. ...~?-r§ 39. Rem. 4, § 23. 4. (1).
341. J.i.jwhat? § 39. Rem. 3, § 103. 2;. (2) ;Rem. This is an interrogative adjective separated from its noun by the personal pronoun. p. 12, 1. 1, §§ 34. 2, 33. 1. 342. a.:..;..! 343. i;jt the men. Rebbuy denotes the collectiv.e, § 90, 1. See' also 333 above. 344. ~' § 46. 1. .. 345. 0 that,§ 137. 4. (1). 346. ;.i~~ Imperat. ·2nd.masc. pliir. ·with pron •.su:ff. 1st sing., §§ 51, 36. 1, 32. 1. 34 7• ..l;ii,.;;f1. 3. § 6 t. 1. (3). 348 .... l::::,i~ 1. 4, on account of me.. The preposition~ takes · the fem. plur. form before suffixes, § 89; B. (6). The • is written with the Yudh, but belongs to the cen following, the He having become occult because the pronoun is enclitic, § 19. 2. (4). Since a vowel cannot begin a syllable, the last consonant of the preceding word draws to it the vowel of.the He, § 16. 2. If the preceding word end in a 22. 15. The vowel, it forms a diphthong with the u. Compare cen J,.11 same is true of .. en. Compare --~ i,'.:~22 .. 12. ~ ~p
'
349. \ci.Jen, §§ 37. 2, 102. 1, 90. 1. 350. ~j 1. 6, §§ 20. Rem. 1, 64. 3. §§ 19. 2. (1) a, 64. 1, 116. 1. (3) a. 351. l~m'-il, 352. ~~ IJ,§ 115. 3. The Syriac does not distinguish between "thou shalt not" and "do not" •
J~ •~~;,.
They took Jonah. For the use·of the pron. . 353. suffix to emphasize the object, see§ 123. 2. (5). (6). (7). (8). . . . ... . 354. 1~?• A cognate accusative. See § 126. 4. (1), ()
Jonah IT. 355. ~J; 356. ~ ~,
III stem, §§ 56. 4.. Rem. 59. 5; §§ 51. L 6, 123. 2. (6).
357. ? .. en~,§§ p ri 358. 1~2. l. 13, 359.
§
,~'> t'>,§ 87.
13, 33. 2, 34. 3, 77, 97. B 110., 1._(1). 19,
·MANUAL.-'-PART II .
.360 . .,,r,·~, §§ 77, 82 . .Rem. 1: ,361. ~if.,§ 6L 1, .36. 1. 362. ~~- Some verbs .in Syriac, !l,s in other. languages, take a preposition before their object, § 123. 5'. 363. ~~ ...:.,; all thy waves (all of them, thy waves),
...._0~
§
94. 6. (1).
364. ~' § 12. 1. 365. ~.,;.;"'lt, The relative introduces the quotation, § 135. 3. (3), The stem is here reflexive, § 41. 4. 366.
-..sm~. V stem Part. from ~;, § 58. 3. en.:,..=~ th~ earth laid hold witli its bands on my face, i. e,
36 7. ~~~
on me, § 105. 1. (3).
368.
~f,
64. 8.
§
369 . ..L-J.,,ay-yay, 370.
my life,
4';,.=?4'~. For the reflexive verb with
an object, see§ 126. 2. (1). holy temple. Notice that the pronoun follows· the noun and not the adjective, § 99. 1. Rem. 3. 371. ~;;~~thy
372. ? ~whoever,§ 3.73.· ? '}c~
107. 7, 8, and§ 108. 2. whatsoever, § 109. 1. (3). Jonah III.
374. ~~l '°":i,;~?, 3-75. ~~:;;.,
110. A. 1. (1), B. 8aying, § 120. L (3). §
l~~lo~. For the form, see§§ 71. 1, 75. 377, _:;;.lb.d great to, i.e. the greatest city,§ 100. 2.
. 376.
(5).
378. ~~~ shall be overturned. The participle is defined as future by the ..:::.,~~, §§ 111. 3, 116. 1. (2) b.
379.
~1,
380.
a...i..2:::. they clothed themselveswith,§ 126. '-o~U~o~ their magnates. The Singular
381.
lit. her men,§§ 19. 1. (1), 77. 2. (1). Rem. is~;,
For the helping Rebho:;;o, see § 33. 3, 9. Rem. 382. ~;~ his throne, § 86. 2. (2). 383.
ilfr,-
the sons of men,§§ 87. 10, 23. 4. (1).
see§ 87. 27.
MANUA:L,-PART"II.
384. 1~, § 90. 385. >:~ ~nytliing, § 109. 1.-(1). p p" ,,. .. ... 386. 1~ll cn,lo.,.ii,J,let them call God,c§_.123. 2.. (7). 387. -iJ. Each,§ 107. 2. 388. ~~. § 81. Rem. 389. z....1? wliich is,'§§ 65, 128. 3. (2). sv
--~o,-.J.r:,
~
390. §§ 81. 2, 20. Rem. 2, 34. 2. _ 391. ~' §§ 39. _1. Rem•..1.,103. 1.. 392. ,;.:, §§ 116. t."a, 52. 3, 26. 1. (1). 393. '1,introduces the indirect question,·§ 132, 6. (l). 394 •. introduces th-negative ad-v:erbia.lclause of result, § 137; 4.
1h
395. ~'.l,? that they turned . .This is an appositional substantive clause, § 135. 5. · .Jonah IV.
396. ~~ ~..;. It was painful for Jonak. See§ 122. 2. 397. ~~ very, is a masculine noun in the absolute state used as an adverb, § 89. A. 398. ~oai• ll was not? Tne· answer "yes" -is expected, though ll• itself does not denote this § 132. 2. A question is often. denoted in Syriac without any interrogati:ve particle or pronoun,§ 132. 1. sq. · 399. µJ ~ when I (was), § 130. 1. (1).
400. ~~~~,;I anticipated,§ 127. 1, 3. (1) a; 401. ~~ I fled. Witb'the preceding verb this .verb may be trans-· lated "l fled before-hand", § 133. 3 and Rem. 402. ....:::.is the Ethical dative ·or object, § 124.-5• . z pp . 403. Z....o~ ,,.., §§.127.1,.116. 1. (8), 404 . ..,.:~; 1~ long is thy spirit, i. e. patient. 405. ,4-saggiyo' from· saggfo', §§ 24. 1, 32; 3. "406. ~.: § 53. 1, 23.-1. (3)• , . 407. ~, § 12-2•.4. (2) Rem. _
.
§
408. ~ to die, is the subj!lct of the nominal sentence,§ 120, 1.(1), 130. 1. (1). 409. ~;
~- than to live;.
MANUAL,-PABT
128
Ii.
(1) For the form ~. see § 64. 6. (2) For the construction, see § 120. 1~ •(6),. mo •. 1. Rem. 2. 410. ~See 398. 411. CL:::..See 402.
412. en..~~~
undet· it,§ 89. B. (3).
413. 1}~? tl1at hemight see,§§ 114; 4. (2), 137, 414. ~, §§ 132. _6• .Rem., 135. 3. (2), 113.
4.
415. -~ ~hould happen,§ 116. 1. (3) b, 5. cucumber,§ 24. 1, 25, 28. 2. (3), 416. 417 ..... ;;f, §§ 26. 1. (1), 59. 6. ~, 101. 3. (2) a. 418. Ho;...:;;
11µ
419. ~ for himself,§ 105. 1. (3). 420. ~ it has come into thy hands, oh Lord, to take away my soul from me. 421. ? ~ becausethat,§§ 6. 51 137. 5, (2), 422.
b...;~U§
127. 1. (2).
423. J.il~' § 99. 2. Rem. 1. 424 . ..:.~f ~' § 100. 1, 87. 1., 86. 14. 42a. ~f- -Emphatic, § 10~. 1. (2). . . 426. ~-P? on which-not, § 104. 2. Rem. 427. i.51.See 425. 428. ~ ;,.l:, § 100. 1. . 429. li.rii::.1;1 fourteen, § 88. 1, 100. A. 1, (4), p : . 430. ,~;, § 85. Malachi I. 431. ,~~;,
§§ 43. 5. Rem. 2, 51. A, B.
432. 433.
,0~1 "'°~i-omrittun, § 35. 2. • V o i~? followed by J] expects the answer "yes",§ 132. 5.
434.
--=~~
The direct object may be preceded by Lomadh,
§ 123. 2.
435. ~; and if, § 138. 2. (3). 436. 437
~il.l from --=i~.
;i;,:..; is wont tozhonor, § 116. 2.
MANUAL.-PART II
438. 439.
12!)
~f.J, § 138. 4. (4). ~~?, § 135. 5. , ,..
.
.,.-p
440. ,o~l ':....~~ that he m~y have me,·cy, §§ 13 7. 4, (t), 114; 4. (2) Rem. t. 44 S. because this was in your hands, §§ 104. 7; 449. ~,~, § 130. 1. Rem.
,0.~r~;l?
450. ~?
that whi~h is of no account.
451. \r::..:i,:iµJ J.,ol U I wish nothing among you. ~:if, vs. 12, is used as a copula,§ 101. 2.
452.
453. "'::'."'1...l.o? beca·useye are bringing,§§ 137. 5. (1). 454, ~ ~1! ~ ~ accursed be whosoever has, § 107. 7. (4), 103. 1. Rem. 4.
Malachi II. 455.
J,vs. 2. § 138. 2. (2).
456. '¾,k.; is infinitive from -..c~,.§ 457. ? ~, 458.
1~,l ·,,, read 1~,l ·...I
459. \~Ji,
64. 7.
§ 137. 5. (2).
YS,
will scatter. . .
5. § 123. 2. (6.)
460. ~~ they are asking,§ 121. 7. 461. l~
m~ny. The direct object is often preceded by Lomadh
§ 123. 1. (3).
462. """-~' _§.116. 3. (2) c. 463. ? because,§ 137. 5. (I).
464. ~?, §§ 46. 1, 136. 1. (2) 3. 465 . ...:::;i;;::..:,; he who offers, § 104. 2. (2) Rem. 466. ~.;;, vs. 15, § 106. R
lll,ANUA:L:~P:A:RTIL
:'.t:SO
"that which is evil", is an objective clause·, §.135, 3. ~??who is judging, § 116. 3. (1) a.
467. ~' · 468.
Malachi III. . 469. 1~beholclis followed here by the Participle _inthe future.: ·• µJ- ?~. µJ, § 95. 1, 101. A. 2. 470. . .., . 471. ~~ that he may prepa>·e,§ 137 •.4.
472.
~
•• ~?whom,§ 10-t. 2. Rem.
,473. ~' § 129. 2, a;: . 474. ? ..;~~!when,§ 137. 2. (1); . 475. ~? which were from. 476. ~ against (him) who.is turne,l to me, § }03. 2. (3) RYm. 477. J,ll µJ?~ becausetl1atI am, § 101. 2. (1), 130. l, 137. 5. v·· ... · 478. ~a-'l, vs.. 7, § 60. 4 . .. 9'7 479 . ..J0~w, vs. 10, prove me,§ 61. 48'0. ~:.., vs. 13, is mas9. plur. the W11,ubeing· _omitted, see §§ 23. 1, 43. 5.
J.Lf
481. ~~0 and are built up the doers of sit&and (they) tempt God and are delivet·e,1. 482.
~
a man toith his neighbor,i. e, one with.another,
483. ~mine,§ 106. Rem. 4. 484 • ...:al,:., § 116. 2. (1).
thosewho serve, § 104. 2. (2). Rem.
485. ~?
Malachi IV. 486. 487.
,..;~0 wl1enshall burn,§ 137. 2. y ... o
~~
.
to you, i.e. to the fec.rers of my name,§ 94.1,
=r~?.ll remember,§§ 11. 5. Rem., 48.
489. ~~,~to
488.
(1),
.
yo~ El_ias,§_124. 3.
3, 126. 2. (1)·.
MANUAL.-PART,IL:
is-1
Matthew XXVI.. 490. 491.
~i,
Q;"1
~:.fa before its noun,§
99. 1. Rem. 1, § 96. 2. b. an irregular plural used iri a singular sense,§ 86. 16.'
492. ~? 493 . 49-1.
§ 116. 3.
..:..1--:-:~• § 122. 5.
'"'°~from -..t
to·trouble, to weary.· For th~ form see § 32, 3,
29. 1. (3). '
0
495. j2.t.JjJ ~, 496.
~,;fr introduces
4 9 7. ?
498. 499.
§ 123. 2. (7). Rem. the appositional substantive clause,§ 135. 5.
1-1as that which is for my ·burial:
aJ;.:,o~for ·• . ~J• § 129.
a memorial of her, §·96. I. 4. b; 2. (3).
500. ~' § 124. 5. 501. ,.:. ,.: one by one. 502. ~~,· emphatic, § 101. A. 1. (2). 503. ~. 504.
0"1
Impossible condition,'§ 138; 5.
~i, § 10 1. A. .,., ./ ,,
2. (2) • er
,
505 . ...!>o?c.J,n this is my blood tl1atof the Bnew testament,§ 96.II. Rem. 1. 506.
1'.L.~, § 87.
15.
507.
~,.=:, §·,90. 4. Rem.
50S.
~l
509.
1,
although,§ 137. 6.
J,vs. 35, § 138. 2. (2),
510. _.;:;.1;,J', § 127. 9. 511.
"°,.;:.o; ,.;sleeping, lit.
512. ~~ ..
'¾.;l, vs. 42,
513. 1~ 514. ? o~,
while they ivere sleeping.
§ 133. 1. Rem. 1
"'-::::;'. the s~me word,§ 102. 3. (2) a. 46, § 102. 7,
Vb.
515. ~' vs. 47. while,§ 137.. 2. (2), • ()
7
-
516.
lo,:n-.o~
51 7.
ca::::::., vs. 48,
518 ... ;~,
'
had given, § 12 7. 1. (2). him whom I shall kiss, the same is he, him seize. . vs. 50, is it on account of this thas thou hast come my
friend?,§§ t 32. 2, 135. 1, .
132
n.
519. =~, vs. 5o, § 93, 1..ca>. 520. ~zi::?,vs. 64, kin,.who sitteth, §·104. 2. (2) Rem, ~ in the same hour,§ 102. 3. (2) a.
521. l~
Matthew XX.VII. 522. ~ ~ ~wliat is that to us?§ i03. 1, Reni. 1. 523. b.ll, § 101. 2. (1). 524. :x,,.:.i:,, § 1,09. 1. (3). 525.
l{,: v h limits the
526. ~,
preceding pron~minal suffix; §•136. 4.•
vs. 9, some,§ 107. 4.
.
.
527. ,.;, vs. 12, while ,they.were eating the pieces of him,.i. e. calumniating him.
528. ,.,:, § 110. 1. (2). 529. ~ !1§ 106. t. 530. U, vs. 19, let tkere be nothing ~elongirlflto thee and to that just man; i. e. have thou nothing !o do with kim.
531. ~~. vs. 22. § 95. 2. (3). 532. ,;;,, vs. 24, § 116. 1: 533. ~, 534. ~.
Pa'el pass. part., § 60. 5, the plural verb, because the·si.ngular noun is collective,§ 9Q,
535 . .. cnQ.~~,
§ 125. 1. (2).
536. c:~~ ~,
vs. 30, kept smiting,§ 116. 2. (3),
.
537. r:i, vs. 31, as they were going out they found,§ .116. 1. (3) b. 538. ,-:i,vs. 35, ."and when tkey h~d crucified him they parted his garments". Notice the distinction between the Perfect here and the
Participle in the preceding note,.§ 112. 1. (3). 539. -I
,.v·
he made alive, § 64. 6.
540. ~ § 110. 1. (1). Compare ~pr ~.l,
§ 110. 1. (2).
541. ...t'6~!,vs. 51. The first is in the masc. plur. agreeing with "faces"; the. second is in the fem, plur. agreeing with "rocks". the fem., see § 43. 5. 542. ~?~ and.those who were with him,§ 104 1 2. (2) .Bem.
For
lll.Al'TIJ'AL.-PABT y
p
n.
133
.
543, ..;ocn?, §§ 60. 1, 127. 2, (2). 544. ,...;~b..t, § 127. L (2); 128. 2. Betn. 545 • ..::i~·'C,..,_V.,, vs. 56. § 96. II. Rem.i:. 546.
o;.,vs. 5 7, § HH • .A.. 1. (1). Matthew XXVIII.
547; ~ ;..:th6.first dag,oftkf!week,--§;8~,-:Bem, 6,· 548. 1~~ ._gioL!, '·00:m.pare·s,i4; 549. cnl:::.... ?,fear before him •. Objective genitive, § 96; 550. Vs. 5. ~women,§ 8ii 8; 5,5J_:~~?11?.wliJ;.Jl!fl!:
1~~
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304.
sos;
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306~
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LlST Il
~,
· Nouns .occurring. ten time1,1or roQre, . .
• .. • 12.~
67.
23.
4;5.
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27,
28, · 29.
8.
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31.
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13. 14.
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39.
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73, 74.
53, ·
75.
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80.
59,
81,
82,
60,
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83.
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188
WORDLISTs:·
.,
:so. ~,...O'Ius.· :90. ..
U,:i..a';
120.
. 91.11~~ 92.
U9.
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121.
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122.
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95.
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96.:
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147: 148.
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1£.
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150.
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152.
1~
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125.
-153. 154.
~a.l ~O'I~
.. .. · ..~~-
176.
~·
177 •
-tdi; .1.7~.. '°l-; 180. 1l:J1-= • 181. ·~ 182. 183,
155.
12'7..
156..
128.
1~"·
1.57.
186.
129.
158.
187.
130.
159.
188.
102.
1l~t," Jl~i
131.
160.
103.
;:l;~l:
132.
~i
98.
,i •. ,-..Cll'
99. 100: 101.
104.
133.
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105.
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106.
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107. ~--
108.
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184 •. 185.
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190.
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189 .
192. ~~
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195.
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196.
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197.
169.
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198.
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166,.
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167,.
139.
168,
112.
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138.
141.
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170.
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199.
113.
4 ..
142.
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171.
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200.
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109.
110. 111.
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140.
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114.
143,
172.
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144.
173.
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202. ~~ 203.
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204.
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2'34.
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265;
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211.
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218.
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.o 250. .1~ 222. 25L
221.
269.
272.
245.
220.
297,
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243, 244.
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216.
219.
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140
-WORD LISTS.
321. ~~~-. _,
1
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322. · · 1~b..s 323•. 32~-. 325, 326. ·327. '·.
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382.
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367. 368.
393.
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1~~
WORDLISTS-.•. ENGLISH. LIST I.· Verbs OCC'lµ'!.'ing ten .times or mc,,re.in Schaaf's-Concordance New Testament,
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. .8.
perisp. mourn trade go seize delay there is eat 9. learn 10. compel 1:1. l;>eli~ve 12. say 13. heal 14. bind 15. meet 16. pour 17. come 18. be evil 19. scatli,e 20. be ashamed, 21. laugh' at 22. cease 23. conceivg
24. console
47, trample
25. weep
48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56.
26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46,
fear devour be pure build,. rememper despise distu.rb be sweet be like cry sleep search wonder decrease rise prove quench create 57. tfo bless 58. seek . · ehoose 59. be commit adulter.Y 60. go circumcise 61. turn reveal 62. injure complet~ 63. it is right steal 64. bring commend :65. be just -66. shine sacrifice lead ,67. be moved lie ·68. conquer judge
ofthe
142
69. sing 70. be a harlot crucify 72. sow 73. love 74. corrupt 75. bind 76. rejoice 77. surround 78. owe _70. show 80. strengthen 81. ·spare 82. look 83. see 84: bind 85. sin 86. snatch 87. live 88. sleep 89. change 90. be gracious 91. strangle 92. want 93. be diligent 94. reap 95. free 96. think 97. be useful 98. be dark 99. suffer 100. seal 101. be proud 102. defi:aud 103. envy 104. err 105. taste 106. bear 107. obey
n.
WORD ..LISTS,
108. hide 109. sound 110. lead 111. to be dry 112. thank 113. know 114. give 115. bow 116. learn 117. swear 118. llidd 119. care 120. burn 121. Iionor 122. be great 123. inherit 124.· extend 125. sit 126. abound 127. rebuke 128. correct 129. prohibit' 130. collect 131. conceal 132. accuse 133. hunger 134. deny 135. to be sad 136. preach 137. wrap 138. offend 139. write· 140. continue 141. fight 142. be weary 143. encourage 144. clothe 145. accompany 146. curse
147. there is not 148. 149. 150. 151. 152. 153. 154. 155. 156. 157. 158. 159. 160. .161. 162. 163. 164. 165. 166. 167. 168. 169. 170. 171. 172. 173. 174. 175. 176. 177. 178. 179. 180. 181. 182. 183. 184.
eat be grieved die smite come be humble be full counsel speak be. able dare anoint prophesy strike abide shine rest go down guard· kill be sober receive tempt. ascena fall go out plant cleave to beat kiss give defil!l satisfy hope be great worship witp.ess
,WORD-9STS,
185. 186. 187, 188. 189. 190. 191. 192. 193. 194. 195. 196. 197. 198. 199. 200. 201. 20~. 203. 204. 205. 206. 207. 208. 209. 210. 211. 212. 213. 214.· 215. 216. 217. 218. 219. 220. 221. 222. 223.
put subverl expect perceive reject ascend lie down hate be pOQl'. work· suffice be :vacant destroy make pass over aid remember grieve watch· cover enter baptize labor inhabit answer flee to be rich persuade. divide serve return permit decree do liberate. command be tolerable fly remunerate
22~ depart -225. separate 226. extend. 227. expound 228. .Qp_en 229. wish 230. tlip 231. thirst .232. hunt 233'. fast· '234. revile. 235. pray . 236. be vile 237. lacerate · 238. receive 239. bury 240. sanctify 241. remain 242. arise 243. kill 244. possess: 245. cry 246. break 247. call 248. be nigh 249. be hard. ·250, be great 251. desire 252. be angry 253. stone 254. go 255. pursue 256. ,disturb 257. run 258. be inebriated 259. exult 260. be high· 261. love·_ .262, murmui:_
· .143
263. ride 264. cast ~65. meditate~ 266. feed 267. lament 268. ask 269. take captive 270. be glorious .271. _praise 272. lean 273. be tumultuous 274. burl 275. send 276. be w~rthy 277. wash 278. despise .279. compel 280. sl~ep 281. be able 282. be at rest 283. send 284. rule 285. finish 286. name· 287. hear 288. minister 289. change 290. torment 291. narrate 292. please 293. drink 294. bear 295. loose 296. confirm 297. drink 298. communicate 299. be silent 300._ arrange
301. repent 302. return 303~ hope
304. hang:· . 305. admire. .306. offend
307~ prepare 308, direct
L1sr u. Nouns and o~her words occ\n;ring ten times or more.
1•. father 2. loss 3. hire 4. hiri:iling 5. letter 6. ear 7. affliction 8. water 9. way 10. brother 11. other 12. hand 13. tree 14. day 15. calumniator 16. stranger 17. god 18. thousand 19. ship · 20. mothe11. 21. Amen 22. ·when 23. man 24. woman 25. chain 26. rscheme 27. also ~8. face 29. purple 30. lion
31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41.
42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. . 58. 69.
Gentile widow earth, sign; place . shame consoJation had evil house building sweet flesh behind petition· end evening son knee creature creator but origin after mari gehenn~ midst. circumcision. robber
.60. for .61. revelation 62. side 63. thief 64. leper 65. sacrifice 66. liar 67. gold 68. place . 69. fearful 70. fear 71. demon 72. own 73. but 74. judgment 75. judge 76. denar· "17. covenant 78. pure 79. purity 80. male 81. blood 82. likeness 83. tear 84. generation 85. beholcl. 86, governor 87. member 88, overthrQw
145
WORDLISTS.
89. then 90. temple 91. faith 92. here 93. woe 94. time 95. Sadducees 96. righteous· 97. righteousness 98. alms' _99. · movement 100. olive · 101. victory 102. adultery 103. little 104. cross 105. seed 106. free 107. beloved 108. corruption 109. neighbor 110. one 111. joy 112. around 113. new 114. love 115. serpent 116. rod 117. white 118. desolation 119. vision 120. swine 121. Slll 122. sin 123. sinner 124. wheat 125. living 126. debtor 127. animal
128. life 129. str~ngth 130. wise 131. wisdom 132. sound i33. in exchange for 134. ferment 135. wine i36. wrath 137. grace 138. profane 139. · wanting 140. want 141. zeal 142. perseverance 143. back 144. mute 145. end. "146. suffering 147. darkness 148. supper 149. sister 150. husband 151. good 152. report 153. happiness 154. family 155. error 156. rock 157. goodn~ss 158. youth 159. unclean 160. impure 161. impurity 162. .error 163. beautiful 164. knowledge i65. Jew 166, teaching
167. day 168. to-day 169. gain 170. glory 171. child 172.. begetter 173. glorious 174. month 175.· inheritance i76. mote 177. more 178. sorrow 179. just 180. justice 181. already 182. when 183. priest 184. star 185. priest 186. sickness i87. throne i88. nature 189. stone 190. all 191. crown 192. synagogue 193. crown 194. fellow 195. cup 196. silver 197. sick 198. belly 199. vineyard 200. book 201. heart 202. clothing 203. alone · 204. bread
~~
205. night 206. tongti~ 207. food 208. advent 209. for nought 210. patienc~ 211. last 212. desert 213. city 214. anything 215. knowledge 216. gift 217. spot 218. death 219. stroke 220. saviour 221. thought 222. rain 223. water 224. excellent 225. humble 226. humility 227. publican 228. angel 229. king 230. counsel 231. kingdom 232. word 233. number 234. part 235. hypocrisy 236. endurance 237. poor 238. shoe 239. helper 240. fountain 241. baptism 242. defense 243, midst
VORD LISTS,
244. lord 245. 246. 247. ·248. 249. 250. 251. .•25.2. 253. 254. 255. . 256. 257. 258, 259. 260. 261. 262. 263. 264. 265. 266. 267. 268. 269. 270.
Lorg ointment tabernacle traitor · bapqµet parable prophet prophecy light river strange fish fire vestment rest guile law temptation soul splendid hope gospel much witness branch work 271. Satan 272. food 273. treasure 274. sword 275, food 276. foolishness 277. blind 278. reclining 279. hair 280. ship 281. scribe 282, vain
283. 284. 285. ·286. 287. 288. 289. 290. 29L 292. 293. 294 . 295. 296. 297. 298. 299. 300. 301. 302. 303. 304. 305. 306. 307. 308. 309. 310. 311. 312. 313. 314. 315. 316. 317. 318. 319. 320,
servant service servitude further quickly time feast church iniquity wicked foreskin wishes custom eye cause youth ever people labor flock cloud root sheep nake~ bed future old rich fruit J:?ody work mouth• command.•· redemption phial division saviour face
147
WORD·LIS'l'S.··
321. 322. 323. 324. 325. 326. 327. 328. 329; 330. 331. 332. 333. 334. 335. 336.
337. 338. 339. 340. 341. 342. 343. 344. 345. 346. 347.
348. 349. 350. 351. 352. 353:
word idol table thing will
with pr~yer image snare mornillg sepulture seplilchre holy .. holiness first gift field truth force resurrection stable word voice little self· reed possession city war call
hour elder secret
great magni-tude myriad '. desire wrath desirable , foot spirit afar far .364. mercy 365. head 3'66. beginning 367. high 368., evening ,369. mind 370. thunder. 371., blaJDe 372. impious 373. sceptre 374. sabbath 375. tumult 376. glory 377. praise 378. promise·. 379., rule 380.· end. ·38t •. rock 382. · market-place 383. partaker 384. commun'ion 385. sheol 386, peace
354. 355. .356. 357. 358. 359. '360. 361. 362. 363.
387. rest 388. apostle 389. ruler 390. peace 391. name. 392. heaven 393. sun 394: year .395. hour 396. good 397. fam'ily 39'8. true 399. remamder ·400. truth 401. chain 402. foundation 403.: conscience 404. again 405. thanks 406. confidence . 407. disciple 408. then 409. smoke 410. cock 411, throne 412. gate 413. mind 414. glory 415. service 416. fig-tree 417. vessel· .418. promise. 4U. oath
TRANSLITERATION: OF GENESIS I.· 1. B•ri-s~ith b"ro' 'aloho' yoth sh•mayo' w?yoth 'ar'o'. 2. Wa'r'o' h"woth tuh w•bhuh w•};tesbshukbo' 'al 'appay t•humo' w8ru};teh da'loj:io' m"ra};tlj.8pho'.'al 'appay mayo' we'mar·'aloho~ nehwe' nuhro' wab•w·o' nubro'. · 3. Wa}t9zo''aloho' 1:nuhro' dh•shappir.· 4. Waph•rash 'aloh9' bMth nuhro' l"};teshsbukho'. 5. Wa:\{•ro' 'aloho' l•nuhro' 'hriomoj. wal"};teshshukho' ).r"i'o' lelyo' :wah•wo; ral!lsho' wa~•wo' ~ap~ro' ..yaumo' J,iadh. 6. W.~'mar' alQbo' nehwe' r"]&i'o'bh"mets'ath .-mayo' w•nebwe' phoresh·beth mayo' l•mayo'. "I. Wa'•bhndh 'afoho' 'ar].ci'o' :waph•rash beth mayo' da]•thal,it men rar].ri'o' -w•bheth mayo' dal•'el men 'ar].ci'o' wah•wo' hokhanil.o'. 8. Wa].c•.to''aloho' la'r].d'o' sh•mayo' wah•wo' ramsho' wah•wo' ~aphro'. yaumo' dhath•ren. . 9. We'mar . '·aloho' netbkann•shun mayo' dnal8tbal,it men sh•ma,yo' la'thro' l;i.J1,dhw•tbethl,i"ze' yabbishto' wah8wo' bokh,anno'. . . .
.
.
10. Wa'J.{,•ro''alol).o' l"yabpishto' 'ar'o' W!tl"khensho' dh•mayo' ].i:"ro'~ ya(m)mQ' wal,i"zo''aloho.' dh 0shappir. 11. We'mar- 'alobo' thappe].c 'aio' tbadho" 'esbo' dh•mezd•ra'. zar'o' l0 gbenseh wi'ylono' dh"phi're' dh•'obhedh pi're' l"ghensoh d•ne~b•theh heh 'al 'ar'o' wah•wo' hokhanno'. 12. Wapp•].cath 'ar'o' thadho" 'esbo' dh"mezd"ra' zar'o' l"ghense}J. wi'ylono dh•'obbedh pi're' dh"ne~b"theh heh l"ghenseh wa};t"zo''aloho' dh"shappir. 13. Wah•wo' ramsho' wah•wo' ~aphro' yaumo' dhath•lotho',
149
GENESIS I,
14.
·We';r:nar 'aloho' nehwun nahhire' ba'rkfo' dhash•mayo' J•mephra,sh •beth imomo' l•Ielyo' w•nehwun · lo't4•wotho' wal•zabhne' :wal•yaumotho' w•Iash•nayo'.
15.
W•nehwun .'manh"rin ba'rki'o' 'ar'o' wah•wo' hokhanno'.
16.
Wa'•bhadh 'aloho' th•ren nahhire' raur"bhe' nahhiro' rabbo' l"slrnltono dhi'ymomo' w•nahhiro' z•'uro' I•shultono' dh"lelyo' w khauk"bhe'.
dhasMmayo' l•manhoru 'al
0
17.
W•yahbh 'ennu11 'aloho' bha'rii'o' _,al 'ar' o'.
dhash•mayo' l•manhoru
18... W :;i,l~mesblat bi'ymomo'
wabh 0 lelyo' wal•mephrash · nuhro' 1°}.leshshukho'wa}.l"zo''aloho' dh'shappir.
beth
19.
Wah•wo' ramsho'
20.
We'mar 'aloho' nar}_l•shun mayo' ra}.lsbo' napsbo' }.layy•tho' w"phora}_l•tho' thephral 1y 'al 'ar'o' 'al 'appay 'arkfo' dhash"mayo'.
21.
W abh•ro' 'aloho' thannine' raur•qhe' w0 khul naphsho' 0 tho' -},layy dh"ra]:isbo' dha'r}.leshw mayo' l"ghens 0 hun w•khul pora]:i•tbo' dh•gheppo' I•ghensoh wa]:i•zo''aloho' db sbappir.
wah•wo' ~aphro' y~umo' dha'rb o'. 0'
0
22. W"bharrekh 'ennun 'aloho' we'mar 1°hun, p•rau was•ghau wam•Jau mayo' bha'r'o'.
dhabh"ya(m)me'. · w"phora]:i•tho' thesge'
23.
Wah"wo' ramsho' 'Yah•wo' ~apbro' yaumo' db"}.lamsho'.
24.
W e'mar 'aloho' thappeiy 'ar'o' napbsho' hayy•tho' l"gbensoh b"'iro' w•ra}.lsho' w"hayw•tho'. dha'r' o' l 0ghensoh wah•wo' bokhanno'.
25.
Wa'•bhadh 'aloho' hayw•tho' dha'r'o' l"ghensob wabh0 'iro' 1°ghensoh w"khulleh ra]:isho' dha'r'o' l"ghensauhy wah zo' 'aloho' dh 0 shappir. 0
26.
We'mar 'aloho' ne'bedh 'nosho' bh•~abnan 'aykh d0 mutban w"neshl•tun b"nunay yammo' wabh 0 pbora}.l"tho' dhash"mayo' w0 bhabh 0 'iro' wabh 0 khulloh hayw 0 tho' dha'r'o' wabh"kbulloh ra}.lsho' dh•ro}.lesh'al 'ar'o'.
27.
Wabh 0 ro' 'alobo' lo'dhom· b•~almeh ba~•lem 'aloho' b"royby d khar w•ne:t