Introduction to Genetic Engineering of Crop Plants, 2ed 9789389583397, 9789389307801

Table of contents :
Cover
Half Title
Title
Copyright
Preface to the Second Edition
Preface to the First Edition
Contents
Chapter 1: Genetic Engineering: Science and Technology
Introduction
What is Biotechnology
Why Plant Biotechnology
What is Genetic Engineering of Plants
Why Genetic Engineering of Plants
How Genetically Engineered (GE) Crop is Different from Conventionally Bred Crop
Distinction between Genetically Modified (GM), and Genetically Engineered (GE) Crops
Classification of Genetic-Engineered and -Edited Crops
References
Chapter 2: Agrobacterium tumefaciens Genetic Engineer in Nature (Genetic Engineering: A Copy Nature Approach)
Introduction
Significance of Wounding
Attraction and Attachment of Bacteria
T-DNA (Transfer-DNA) in Tumour Inducing Plasmid (TIP)
Genes in T-DNA
Transfer of T-DNA
Genes for Transfer of T-DNA
Generation of T-complex
Transport of T-complex
Design of Vector Systems
Disarmed Vector
New Vectors
Bacterial Strains
Integration of T-DNA into Host Genome
Expression of T-DNA in Host Genome
Transient Expression of T-DNA without Integration in Host Genome
Factors Affecting Transformation
Transformation on Bacterial Cocultivation or Agroinfection
Selection of Transformants
Significance of Marker Genes
Marker-free Transgenics
Promoters in Cell Transformation
Confirmation of Transformation
Copy Number of T-DNA
Problems Associated with T-DNA Transfer
Integration of Non-T-DNA Fragments
Variation in Expression of T-DNA Genes
Somaclonal Variation of Transgenics
Prospects
Engineering of New Vectors/Design of New Methods
Gene Targeting
Site-Directed Integration (SDI)
T-DNA Tagging
New Development
In Planta Transformation
Conclusion
References
Chapter 3: Genetic Engineering by Agrobacterium rhizogenes (A Novel Approach in Genetic Engineering of Plants)
References
Chapter 4: Direct Delivery of DNA for Transformation
Introduction
Particle Bombardment or Biolistics-Mediated Cell Transformation
Physical Parameters of Particle Bombardment
Nature of Microprojectiles
Size, Shape and Uniformity of Microprojectiles
Conformation of Transforming DNA
Particle Loading 44 Shot Load
Impact Velocity and Tissue Damage
Vacuum
Instrumentation for Acceleration
PDS 1000/He Gun
Helios Gene Gun
Pneumatic Transformation Gun (PTG)
Particle Inflow Gun (PIG)
Microtargeting Device
Accell Gun
Transformation
Cloning of DNA
Clean DNA
Cotransformation
Biological Parameters of Particle Bombardment
Target Tissue
Meristems
Microspores
Callus and Cell Suspension
Embryo
Preculture
Recovery
DNA Integration and Expression
Locus Structure and Organisation
Transgene Rearrangement
Transformation by Clean DNA
New Development: Chloroplast Transformation
Combination of Particle Bombardment and Other Technologies
Transformation with High Molecular DNA
Alternate Methods of Gene Delivery
Protoplast-Mediated Cell Transformation
Polyethylene Glycol-Mediated Transformation
Electroporation-Mediated Transformation
Comparison of Electroporation and PEG-Mediated Transformation
Comparison of Biolistics, Protoplast and Agroinfection
Silicon Carbide Fibre-Mediated Delivery of DNA
Electroporation
Electrophoresis
Microinjection
References
Chapter 5: Engineering for Herbicide Resistance
Introduction
Necessity of Herbicide Resistant Crops
Mechanisms of Herbicide Resistance
Commercialized Herbicide Resistant Crops
Roundup Ready
Basis for Glyphosate Resistance
Roundup Ready Corn
Roundup Ready Soybean
Roundup Ready Cotton
Liberty Link
Bayer Crop Science
Clear-field
Herbicide Resistant Crops at the Experimental Stage
Evolution in Action : Plants Resistant to Herbicides
Conclusion
References
Chapter 6: Engineering Resistance to Pests
Introduction
Resistance to Insects
Bt-toxins, Historical
Bt-toxins, Current Status
Mode of Action
Molecular Structure
Bt-based Genetic Modifications
Bt-Cotton in India
Insecticidal Protein Gene from Pseudomonas
Problems
Alternatives
Transgenics Expressing Protease Inhibitors (Pis)
Transgenics Expressing Lectins
Gene Pyramiding (Fusion Proteins)
Conclusion
References
Chapter 7: Engineering Resistance to Pathogens
Introduction
Biocontrol of Pathogens
Resistance to Pathogens
Introduction of Transgenes
Introduction to Cationic Antimicrobial Peptides
Resistance to Bacteria
Production of Phytoalexins
Transgenics Expressing Thaumatins
Expression of Lipid Transfer Protein
Engineering of Systemic Acquired Resistance (SAR)
Chemical Induction of SAR
Biotic Induction of SAR
(Biotic) Induced Systemic Resistance (ISR)
Genes Involved in SAR
Cell Death in Resistance Pathway
Engineering Enhanced Resistance by PR Gene Expression
Non-Expressor of PR Genes (NPRI) for Broad Spectrum Resistance
Resistance to Viruses
Coat Protein Mediated Resistance
Resistance Related to RNA Effects
Antisense RNA, Ribozymes and Micro-RNAs
Nematode Control
References
Chapter 8: Engineering for Stress Tolerance
Introduction
Common Forms of Abiotic Stress
Genes in Stress Tolerance
Cross-Tolerance
Molecular Biology of Abiotic Stress Responses
Multiple Sensors in Abiotic Stress
Calcium as Second Messenger
Role of Membrane Fluidity
Phospholipids, Precursors of Second Messenger Molecules
Role of Calcium
Calcium-dependent Phosphoprotein Cascades
Calcium-independent Phosphoprotein Cascades
Desiccation Tolerance
Transcription Factors in Regulation of Stress
Myb-DNA Regulatory Pathway
Role of Abscisic Acid
Crosstalk in Abiotic Stress Signaling Pathways
Crop Plants Engineered for Stress Tolerance
Genes Encoding Proteins that Directly Affect Stress Tolerance
Genes Encoding Enzymes Resulting in Osmoprotective Molecules
Role of Nitric Oxide
Role of Micro-RNAs
Role of Brasinosteroids
Role of Indole Amines
Genes Encoding Proteins in Signal Transduction Pathway
Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS), Secondary Signal Molecules
CRISPR: A New Technology for Editing Plant Genome and Engineering Plants for Stress Tolerance
References
Chapter 9: Engineering of Primary Metabolism
Introduction
Engineering of Primary Metabolism
Engineering of Carbohydrate Metabolism
Increase in Sucrose
Increase in Fructose
Increase in Palatinose
Introduction of Novel Carbohydrates: Fructans
Increase in Starch
Structure and Modification of Starch
Engineering of Protein Metabolism
Modification of Endogenous Proteins to Increase Essential Amino Acids
Protein Genes from other Plants to Increase Essential Amino Acids
Synthetic Gene for Proteins to Increase Essential Amino Acids
Rumen-Stable Proteins
Storage Proteins of Wheat
Storage Proteins of Barley
Removal of Allergens
Introduction of Thaumatins
Engineering for Essential Dietary Amino Acids
Methionine: An Essential Dietary Amino Acid
Lysine: An Essential Dietary Amino Acid
Tryptophan: An Essential Dietary Requirement and other Aromatic Amino Acids
Engineering of Lipid Metabolism
Engineering of Oil-Crops
Engineering for Vitamin Content
Production of Polyester Cotton
References
Chapter 10: Engineering of Secondary Metabolism
Introduction
Terpenoids
Mode of Action
Phenylpropanoids
Increased Shelf-life of Flowers
Alkaloids
Hairy Root as a Novel System for Production of Secondary Metabolites
Biotransformation
References
Chapter 11: Molecular Farming
Introduction
Historical
Pharmaceuticals
Therapeutics and Pharmaceutical Intermediates
Trypsin
Aprotinin
Collagen
Bone Morphogenic Protein
Gastric Lipase
Lactoferrin
Trichosanthin (TCS)
Glucocerebrosidase
Hirudin
Technical Proteins from Plants Already Commercialised
Avidin
b-Glucuronidase
Antibodies
Viral Vectors in Production of Pharmaceutical Proteins
Prospects and Constraints of Viral Vector Systems
Vaccines
Success Story of Edible Plant Vaccines
Multivalent and Multicomponent Vaccines
Viral Vector as an Alternative for Generation of Edible Vaccines
Plastids: An Alternative System for Edible Vaccines
Edible Vaccines Employing Corn as Delivery Vehicle
Are Edible Vaccines Really Effective
Industrial Enzymes
Enzymes for Food Industry
Feed Additives and Processing Enzymes
Plant Systems for Production of Recombinant Proteins
References
Chapter 12: Engineering of Plant Development and Differentiation
Introduction
Seed Germination, Viability and Dormancy
Plant Architecture
Flowering
Flowering Time
Dwarfing Genes
Suppression of Senescence
Enhancement of Photosynthesis
Expression of Bacterial Genes
Induction of Male Sterility
Asexual Seed Formation (Apomixis)
References
Chapter 13: Gene Silencing: From Bane to Boon
Introduction
Transgene Silencing : A Bane
Gene Silencing by Antisense Action
Gene Silencing : A Boon
Antisense Silencing
Reduction of Allergens
RNAi-Mediated Silencing
Fusion Fragment Silencing
Direct Silencing
Short Shelf-life of Fruits
References
Chapter 14: Terminator Gene Technology (A Betrayal to Genetic Engineering of Crops)
Introduction
Historical
Methodology
Terminator Technology in Self-Pollinated Crops
Terminator Technology for Hybrid Crops
Why Terminator Technology
Conclusion
Reference
Chapter 15: Conclusion
Introduction
Is Agricultural Biotechnology a Tinkering with Nature
Food Scarcity of Developing Countries
Agricultural Production in India
Agricultural Biotechnology in India: Ray of Hope for Food Security
Myths about Agricultural Biotechnology
References
Index
Backcover

Citation preview

Introduction to Genetic Engineering of Crop Plants

Introduction to

Aims and Achievements Since the publication of the first edition of this book in 2009, a lot of crucial information has surfaced with the help of recent researches the world over. Hence, the need to revise the original edition. This new edition has been duly updated and thoroughly revised. Ÿ

978-93-89307-80-1

` 525/-

Genetic Engineering of Crop Plants Aims and Achievements

2nd edition

A. Rashid

A. Rashid

A. Rashid, PhD, received his degree from University of Delhi in 1968. Since then, he has been a member of faculty, associated with teaching of plant physiology and biotechnology, till his superannuation in 2005. Dr Rashid was awarded British Council Post-doctoral Research Fellowship (1972-74) to work on cell physiology of higher plants in the laboratory of Professor H.E. Street at University of Leicester (UK). He has also been a recipient of Alexander von Humboldt Fellowship (1980-82) to work on ab initio culture of pollen for the induction of haploids in the laboratory of Professor Dr J. Reinert, at Freie Universitat Berlin. He has also worked as an Alexander von Humboldt Fellow (1990-91) in the laboratory of Professor Dr H. Mohr at University of Frieburg to study physiology of phytochrome. Dr. Rashid has contributed over 80 research papers and a few reviews in international journals.

Aims and Achievements

Transgene technology since its inception, about three decades ago, has progressed rapidly providing platform for discovery and design of novel plants which are improved source of food, feed, chemicals and drugs. This knowledge is changing rapidly by which plants develop their architecture to survive abiotic and biotic stress, and become resistant to herbicides, pests and pathogens. Hence, the scene is set for a change from traditional farming to molecular farming. Moreover, gene silencing from a bane has turned out to be a boon, opening new vistas in genetic engineering of crop plants. In this book, one will find an up-to-date account of aims and achievements of genetic engineering of crop plants. This book is an essential reading for the undergraduate and postgraduate students of Botany, Biotechnology and Agriculture.

Introduction to Genetic Engineering of Crop Plants

New Features First and last chapters after fortification of new information are thought provoking. Ÿ Two new chapters “Genetic Engineering by Agrobacterium rhizogenes (A Novel Approach in Genetic Engineering of Plants)” and “Terminator Gene Technology (A Betrayal to Genetic Engineering of Crops)” are self-explanatory Ÿ Sweet potato is the first Agrobacterium-mediated genetic engineered crop in nature Ÿ Two chapters carved out of old and bulky ones make the book more studentfriendly Ÿ Every chapter has been updated with the new information available up to 2018 Ÿ “Conclusion”, cultivation of transgenic crops world-wide, vis-a-vis India is a new section of the present edition

2nd Edn.

TM

Distributed by: 9 789389 307801 TM

Introduction to

Genetic Engineering of Crop Plants Aims and Achievements

Introduction to

Genetic Engineering of Crop Plants Aims and Achievements

A. Rashid

Formerly, Professor of Botany Department of Botany University of Delhi Delhi - 110007, India

©Copyright 2019 I.K. International Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi-110002. This book may not be duplicated in any way without the express written consent of the publisher, except in the form of brief excerpts or quotations for the purposes of review. The information contained herein is for the personal use of the reader and may not be incorporated in any commercial programs, other books, databases, or any kind of software without written consent of the publisher. Making copies of this book or any portion for any purpose other than your own is a violation of copyright laws. Limits of Liability/disclaimer of Warranty: The author and publisher have used their best efforts in preparing this book. The author make no representation or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this book, and specifically disclaim any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness of any particular purpose. There are no warranties which extend beyond the descriptions contained in this paragraph. No warranty may be created or extended by sales representatives or written sales materials. The accuracy and completeness of the information provided herein and the opinions stated herein are not guaranteed or warranted to produce any particulars results, and the advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for every individual. Neither Dreamtech Press nor author shall be liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial damages, including but not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or other damages. Trademarks: All brand names and product names used in this book are trademarks, registered trademarks, or trade names of their respective holders. Dreamtech Press is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book. ISBN: 978-93-89307-80-1 EISBN: 978-93-89583-39-7

Edition: 2019

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Contents

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Molecular Farming ‡ ,QWURGXFWLRQ ‡ +LVWRULFDO ‡ 3KDUPDFHXWLFDOV ‡ 7KHUDSHXWLFVDQG3KDUPDFHXWLFDO,QWHUPHGLDWHV 7U\SVLQ $SURWLQLQ &ROODJHQ %RQH0RUSKRJHQLF3URWHLQ *DVWULF/LSDVH /DFWRIHUULQ 7ULFKRVDQWKLQ7&6  *OXFRFHUHEURVLGDVH +LUXGLQ ‡ 7HFKQLFDO3URWHLQVIURP3ODQWV$OUHDG\&RPPHUFLDOLVHG ‡ $YLGLQ ‡ E*OXFXURQLGDVH ‡ $QWLERGLHV ‡ 9LUDO9HFWRUVLQ3URGXFWLRQRI3KDUPDFHXWLFDO3URWHLQV 3URVSHFWVDQG&RQVWUDLQWVRI9LUDO9HFWRU6\VWHPV ‡ 9DFFLQHV 6XFFHVV6WRU\RI(GLEOH3ODQW9DFFLQHV ‡ 0XOWLYDOHQWDQG0XOWLFRPSRQHQW9DFFLQHV ‡ 9LUDO9HFWRUDVDQ$OWHUQDWLYHIRU*HQHUDWLRQRI(GLEOH9DFFLQHV ‡ 3ODVWLGV$Q$OWHUQDWLYH6\VWHPIRU(GLEOH9DFFLQHV ‡ (GLEOH9DFFLQHV(PSOR\LQJ&RUQDV'HOLYHU\9HKLFOH ‡ $UH(GLEOH9DFFLQHV5HDOO\(൵HFWLYH ‡ ,QGXVWULDO(Q]\PHV ‡ (Q]\PHVIRU)RRG,QGXVWU\ ‡ )HHG$GGLWLYHVDQG3URFHVVLQJ(Q]\PHV ‡ 3ODQW6\VWHPVIRU3URGXFWLRQRI5HFRPELQDQW3URWHLQV ‡ 5HIHUHQFHV

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13. Gene Silencing: From Bane to Boon  ‡ ,QWURGXFWLRQ  ‡ 7UDQVJHQH6LOHQFLQJ$%DQH ‡ *HQH6LOHQFLQJE\$QWLVHQVH$FWLRQ  ‡ *HQH6LOHQFLQJ$%RRQ $QWLVHQVH6LOHQFLQJ 5HGXFWLRQRI$OOHUJHQV 51$L0HGLDWHG6LOHQFLQJ )XVLRQ)UDJPHQW6LOHQFLQJ 'LUHFW6LOHQFLQJ   6KRUW6KHOIOLIHRI)UXLWV  ‡ 5HIHUHQFHV

272           

14. Terminator Gene Technology (A Betrayal to Genetic Engineering of Crops)  ‡ ,QWURGXFWLRQ  ‡ +LVWRULFDO  ‡ 0HWKRGRORJ\ 7HUPLQDWRU7HFKQRORJ\LQ6HOI3ROOLQDWHG&URSV 7HUPLQDWRU7HFKQRORJ\IRU+\EULG&URSV  ‡ :K\7HUPLQDWRU7HFKQRORJ\  ‡ &RQFOXVLRQ  ‡ 5HIHUHQFH

284        

15. Conclusion  ‡ ,QWURGXFWLRQ ,V$JULFXOWXUDO%LRWHFKQRORJ\D7LQNHULQJZLWK1DWXUH   )RRG6FDUFLW\RI'HYHORSLQJ&RXQWULHV   $JULFXOWXUDO3URGXFWLRQLQ,QGLD  ‡ $JULFXOWXUDO%LRWHFKQRORJ\LQ,QGLD5D\RI+RSHIRU)RRG6HFXULW\   0\WKVDERXW$JULFXOWXUDO%LRWHFKQRORJ\  ‡ 5HIHUHQFHV

288       

Index

295

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