Introducing Discourse Analysis in Class [1 ed.] 9781443828109, 9781443827171

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Introducing Discourse Analysis in Class

Introducing Discourse Analysis in Class

By

Dolores Fernández Martínez

Introducing Discourse Analysis in Class, by Dolores Fernández Martínez This book first published 2011 Cambridge Scholars Publishing 12 Back Chapman Street, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE6 2XX, UK British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Copyright © 2011 by Dolores Fernández Martínez All rights for this book reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner. ISBN (10): 1-4438-2717-7, ISBN (13): 978-1-4438-2717-1

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Introduction ................................................................................................ ix Part I: Theory Notes 1. Introduction to Discourse Analysis ......................................................... 2 2. Social Dimension of Discourse ............................................................... 9 3. Text Structure and Text Types .............................................................. 16 4. Methodological Approach to Discourse Analysis ................................. 23 5. Ideology and Power in Discourse .......................................................... 33 Part II: Providing Tools for Discourse Analysis 1. Getting in Touch with Discourse Analysis: ‘Yes, we can’ .................... 42 2. Grammar and Discourse Analysis ......................................................... 44 3. Parts of Speech ...................................................................................... 46 4. Content and Function Words ................................................................. 48 5. Cohesion and Coherence ....................................................................... 50 6. Cohesive Devices .................................................................................. 52 6.1. Lexical cohesion 6.2. Grammatical cohesion 6.3. Further exercises Part III: Analysing Texts 1. Welcome to the free online diary........................................................... 76 2. Visit South West England...................................................................... 76 3. Hello miss Cathy ................................................................................... 77 4. Franco: it’s come to this ........................................................................ 78 5. Adrien Brody ......................................................................................... 79 6. If the invader comes: what to do and how to do it................................. 79 7. Recommendation letter.......................................................................... 80 8. A song: John Legend's ‘If You're Out There’........................................ 81

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Table of Contents

9. Mini-sagas ............................................................................................. 82 a. The hairy monster b. Love c. The scream d. The big quiet house 10. The click .............................................................................................. 83 a. Celebrity-babies.com b. Breathingearth.net 11. The zodiac ........................................................................................... 84 a. Aries b. Taurus 12. Advertisements .................................................................................... 85 a. Lindt b. Goldkenn’s Trio Gift-Pack c. Gran Duque de Alba d. Chivas Regal e. Handbag Fiore de Bolzano f. Olive Oil ‘La Amarilla de Ronda’ g. ? 13. How to speak confidently in public ..................................................... 86 14. USB Flash Drive.................................................................................. 86 15. Tragedy: Princess Diana ...................................................................... 87 16. Dear ..................................................................................................... 87 17. You feel guilty for not being able to leave .......................................... 87 18. Good morning, doctor! ........................................................................ 88 19. Exam: questions and answers .............................................................. 88 20. I have a dream ..................................................................................... 90 21. Interview with Angelina Jolie: questions for Angelina ....................... 91 22. Bored at the weekends? ....................................................................... 92 23. T-shirt slogans ..................................................................................... 93 24. Is your neighbour really who you think he is?..................................... 95 25. Why men don’t iron............................................................................. 95 26. A song: Amy Winehouse’s ‘Rehab’ .................................................... 96 27. Hoax mails........................................................................................... 98 a. Award notification letter b. Dear beloved c. Good day, gentleman! 28. He's a plucky little devil .................................................................... 101 29. Britain's Got Talent star Susan Boyle gets 20 million YouTube hits ... 102 30. Madonna bruised after falling from horse in the Hamptons .............. 103

Introducing Discourse Analysis in Class

vii

Further Practice ....................................................................................... 105 Further Reading ....................................................................................... 106

INTRODUCTION

Discourse analysis is a broad and fast-developing interdisciplinary field concerned with the study of language use in context. It can also be characterized as a way of approaching and thinking about a problem, since it enables to reveal the hidden motivations behind a text. Discourse analysis promotes the application of critical thought to social situations and the unveiling of strategies within socially dominant discourses. But the study of discourse can be applied to any text, problem or situation; all texts are accessible to analysis by the existing methods of linguistics. Every advertisement, t-shirt slogan, song or dialogue can be the subject of linguistic exploitation and social debate. Discourse analysis includes somewhat diverse theoretical and methodological approaches from linguistics, anthropology, philosophy, psychology and sociology. Far from being a coherent paradigm of clearcut practices, there is still an on-going proliferation of theoretical approaches, methodological devices and research topics which in the last years have unveiled, among many others, the potential of discourse analysis as an instrument for teaching languages. Teaching practices can be improved by investigating actual language use both in and out of the classroom. The classroom offers tangible ways of interpreting contemporary culture; it is an excellent forum for teaching discourse analysis and for making students aware that there is a complex world out there to be analysed. The purpose of this book is to introduce discourse analysis to undergraduates in language-based and linguistics degrees and to demonstrate its utilitarian aspects as an instrument to develop their critical thinking skills. Since discourse analysis is basically interpretative reading, there are no rigid guidelines to follow. Students are encouraged to make use of logical thinking and to be aware of the fact that the best method of analysis is the application of common sense. This manual is divided into three sections. The first one gives a balanced insight into basic theoretical concepts within discourse analysis. The second part presents a set of tools for analysing texts, especially cohesive devices. The third part offers a wide variety of authentic texts from different fields so that students can put into practice the theoretical notions and the instruments of analysis provided in the previous two

x

Introduction

sections. This triple design underlines the idea that theory and practice are both complementary when working with discourse analysis. Each section of the book contains practical activities to help students look into the issues dealt with. They should work individually or in groups to think of a variety of interpretations when answering questions and analysing texts. Ultimately, they are expected to evaluate how the concepts and tools provided in this book help them to analyse real texts for practical purposes.

PART I: THEORY NOTES

1. INTRODUCTION TO DISCOURSE ANALYSIS

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Read the following article and answer the questions: Van Dijk, Teun Adrianus 1985: ‘Introduction: Discourse Analysis as a New Cross-Discipline’. Teun Adrianus van Dijk, ed. Handbook of Discourse Analysis. Vol. 1: Disciplines of Discourse. London: Academic Press. 1-10. 1.

In which way does classical rhetoric anticipate discourse analysis?

2.

What do publications in the 60s have in common?

3.

Summarise the most important developments that have taken place in the study of language use and discourse since the 70s.

Exam practice (I) 1.

What are the basic principles of discourse analysis?

2.

What are the origins of discourse analysis?

3.

What is the difference between discourse and text?

4.

What does the principle of intertextuality mean?

5.

Is theory necessary in discourse analysis? Why?

6.

What does interdisciplinarity imply in discourse analysis?

7.

How is the process of interpretation understood in discourse analysis?

2. SOCIAL DIMENSION OF DISCOURSE

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Exam practice (II) 1.

How does the relationship between discourse and society work?

2.

Which contextual factors affect the structure of discourse?

3.

Comment the following quotations:

“Society is indeed performed through discourse” (Bowers & Iwi 1993: 387) “To use language is always, inevitably, to enter into particular positions” (Kress 1990: 90) “Literary works, far from being airless aesthetic heterocosms, are complexly consubstantial with ongoing processes of discourse in society as a whole” (Sell 1991: xxi)

4.

What is the role of the institutions within the social dimension of discourse?

5.

Why is discourse described as a field of ideological conflict?

Dolores Fernández Martínez

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References Bowers, John and Kate Iwi 1993: ‘The Discursive Construction of Society’. Discourse & Society 4.3: 357-393. Kress, Gunther 1990: ‘Critical Discourse Analysis’. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics 11: 84-99. Sell, Roger D., ed. 1991: Literary Pragmatics. London: Routledge.

3. TEXT STRUCTURE AND TEXT TYPES

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Read the following articles and compare the perspectives defended by the different authors as regards text types and discourse types: Askehave, Inger and John M. Swales 2001: ‘Genre Identification and Communicative Purpose: A Problem and a Possible Solution’. Applied Linguistics 22.2: 195-212. Virtanen, Tuija 1992: ‘Issues of Text Typology: Narrative –A ‘Basic’ Type of Text?’ Text 12.2: 293-310. Exam practice (III) 1.

What is the aim of discourse analysis as regards levels of analysis?

2.

What is cohesion? What is the purpose of cohesive devices?

3.

Which cohesive devices do you know?

4.

What is the problem with text typologies?

5.

Do text types correspond to discourse types? Justify your answer.

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Introducing Discourse Analysis in Class

6.

Comment the following quotation:

Forms of power and knowledge, and types of discourses, genres and texts are dialectically linked to each other in the material, social and discursive practices which MEPs [Members of the European Parliament] engage in. Thus, our critical ethnography allows us to document the daily struggles for power in which competing voices and interests come together in the negotiation, construction, implementation and eventual sedimentation of knowledge in the world of (EU) politics. (Wodak 2009: 191)

References Kinneavy, James L. 1971: A Theory of Discourse: The Aims of Discourse. Englewood Cliffs, N.J: Prentice-Hall. Werlich, Egon 1976: A Text Grammar of English. Heidelberg: Quelle and Meyer. Wodak, Ruth 2009: The Discourse of Politics in Action: Politics as Usual. Basingstoke: Palgrave.

4. METHODOLOGICAL APPROACH TO DISCOURSE ANALYSIS

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