Introduccion A La Astrofisica

Citation preview




       


    

   ! "#$"&%'(% )  *,+ -&'. -0/ *213.4 5 *   1 :=< , *  84: 5 -05 5 * 13. :

A



 97 6 8 :9; ?> @ : -

 *
- ; : 

       !"# %$# &'# (*)+   (-,/.0 1!2 *  34%&!%567 8968:*) ;#-[email protected] 4 -4@:4B 1 [email protected] 8@:C4D2)6E 4 [email protected] 86) 6 Z  ,E,I,E,I,I,E,I,P,E,I,E,I,I,E,I,E, C-,
Tvf  44 1 ,E,I,I,E,P,I,E,I,E,I,I,E,I,E,I,P,E,I,I,E,I,E,I,I,E,I,P,E,I,E,I,I,E,I,E,  PQ=KW6XY12
Z 4
&PQ3618?=-


’ , A Œ‹ 8H3  S)4( 1 8 ,I,I,E,P,I,E,I,E,I,I,E,I,E,I,P,E,I,I,E,I,E,I,I,E,I,P,E,I,E,I,I,E,I,E, ’ D, C Vy !2 [ 156 $# 18KL+ @4 3  ,I,P,E,I,I,E,I,E,I,I,E,I,P,E,I,E,I,I,E,I,E, ’ , ’ VT S65  5ID)   hs 34 ,I,E,I,I,E,I,E,I,P,E,I,I,E,I,E,I,I,E,I,P,E,I,E,I,I,E,I,E, 

S4S

1 



A
 G F  

H  C [B

  





 


’ , VT S65  Q-4 !24  2 )#3Y$1 ,E,I,E,I,P,E,I,I,E,I,E,I,I,E,I,P,E,I,E,I,I,E,I,E, ’ ,   :48H3P)ITV8 W: )P;#KTa3  ,P,E,I,I,E,I,E,I,I,E,I,P,E,I,E,I,I,E,I,E, ’ ,
N 8 @v 1 3P)P;%48 W: 48A48H34   [3 I,E,I,E,I,I,E,I,P,E,I,E,I,I,E,I,E, ’ ,
6, A g 3#8@_ 1 J HD)6;#$1 ,I,E,I,E,I,P,E,I,I,E,I,E,I,I,E,I,P,E,I,E,I,I,E,I,E, ’ ,
6U, C g 3#8@_ 1 E.0 18H$173Y$1 ,E,I,E,I,P,E,I,I,E,I,E,I,I,E,I,P,E,I,E,I,I,E,I,E, ’ ,  >- 1( 1 8O;?4:4 186A: i 6IEF6L2  p dª 8;R†CHGLGL8

A132/[email protected]@`>AC713DFEF2=1+:…XT 8^1Hh 2=U/2PC71.CKJ5RAG XT 476IDN2[email protected]€G98CKJ5RAGI6L4n8^4H62;T @RAE3C7][email protected]?8AC7GLG98^1+C713DFEFCHGIG98;1+_`>ACQ\[email protected]?8;[email protected]`@A© 8ˆ‹Œ13>ˆ\AEF6IGLGL2fC71o4H2=U/RB8;EF8;\AGIC.8;G :ACfGL2;1y8^b=>x3CHE32=1ZU~8^T 1gb=EN8;@A1F2>[email protected] 8/G98_s>GL> ‡ pGL2_`>ACˆ@A2€RB8^1N8€C7]s6I:[email protected][email protected][email protected]GL8 z >[email protected]€_`>AC#[email protected]>[email protected]€UP8;b;@A6IDF>A: 8;R†[email protected];1  >[email protected]:B8;:AC71UP8nY=2;EHh 0.1HT 2=\sx3CKDN2=14H>5Yd8;1[UP8^[email protected]>A:AC718;RB8;[email protected][:[email protected]:B8;:AC71 [email protected];@:A6IVŠ[email protected]\AE36LGIGL2=17h  13DFCajACH4cjA:AC71 :[email protected]:A8R†2=EP£+6LRB8^EF4H2A:@

,.' 1 $

3 57$

8 : 

,0*

‹  h  ¥   13DN8 >AT GwDN6LU?8SE3CHGL8;4H6n2=T @ˆCH1Z4H2;@A25476L:B8k472=U?2GL8 z C7Yˆ:AC 2=b=1F2;@ ?:A:AC71gCH1MDNCHGL8;EFC71Hh z 8P6LU/R†2=E3DN8;@A4H6L8k:ACaCH1MDc8PE3CH13>AGIDN8;:A2ApvEFCH136L:[email protected])C7G„jAC74cjA2ˆ:ACQ_`>ACkC713DN8;\AGLC74HCa>[email protected]4n8^@`DF6L:B8^:{U/CH:[email protected]R†2s4H2U~8^T 1 \AE36LGLGL8;@dDNC/2žU~8;T 1Q:ACH\A6IG‰_`>AC[8;_`>AC7GLG982;DNEF8OY 1F>¡U?8;[email protected]>A:‚Rv2=ESDc8;@dDN2ž:AC7\vCˆ13CHEk>[email protected]¡R†25472)U~8^T 1 b=EF8;@A:ACf2U~8^T 1gRvC7_s>[email protected]/4H8;@dDN6L:A8;:ˆVMXT 1F6I4n8a\[email protected]:[email protected]:A8Yˆ_`>ACfRA>AEF8  h  &13RvC747DFEF2P132=G98^EHh  •*+%/•H%/$ '€—•H‘a˜ —e˜"$&—t•n•H‘a˜ “ ˜( "— –—e$‘S"()$‘ — ;—e*Z", l‘ >AEF8;@dDNCf>[email protected]/2=\A1FC7E3]^8;4762=T @[U~8^T 1+:[email protected]@dDN2=1k: ‡       p G98[bd8;U?8:[email protected]GL8RB8^GLC7DN847CHGLC713DFC#CH1k\B8^13Dc8^@`DFC EF6I4n8AEF6I1f‹ [email protected]ƒY 8;R†CHGLGL8#‹ 0.>AGICH1a472=U/2 6Lb=C7Gt‹ EF69eY i 6IEF6L2[‹ UP8=Kh t>‰CHT 4H8;EN8;4KDNC7EnT 1MDN6I4n8?VMT 1F6L4H8/:)4H2=GI2=E =h. &1MDN>A:[email protected] C713DNC7G98;E7pAUa>AC713DFEN81F6LC7U?RA2 1F2;\AEFCfCHG…_`>ACl1F>[email protected];1g254H8;[email protected]:ACfCHU/6L1F6n2=T @qh z 8‚4n8^EN8;4KDNEFC7EnXT 13DN6I4n8;1?:AC€:A6I4cjA2 [email protected]@`>A2‹ ]=C7EPuBb=>AEF8  h  [email protected];1PEFC74H>AC7EF:B8^@:AEF8  h  C71FRA>[email protected][\AE36LGLGI2a:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected] :ACfG98 ‡ [email protected]:ACHG…C71FR†CH4KDNEF2?_`>ACf1FCn8uBGIDFEN8;:[email protected]ˆ47>ACHE3Rv2 =RAE3C7VŠ[email protected]/[email protected] ‡ >AG a2;\A1FC7E3]^8;:A2/8QDNEF8n]&C7T 1g:ACe>[email protected]#uBGwDNE32 =EF2}x32 ApAE32 _`>AC€4H>A8;@A:A21FC€GI22=\[email protected] d8 ‡ >AG B8;@B8;@A:A2{CH12=\[email protected]{:ACˆGI2=1auBGIDFEF2=1k_`>AC[email protected]>A: p…CKJ5jA6L\AC‹ fC71Q8;RAG9„Y1F6   "5 p   [‹ŒG98aC713DFEFCHGIG98kCH1ZE32x36 ‡ 8dKh [email protected] CH1MDc8‚@`>AC713DFEN8 RAE36LU/CHEN8žEFC7G98;4762=T @|[email protected]>LkSTFILO_`H CEGH fMCcdCXJMFI] H J
H ] VOUIVOS  XWZuMSTHZNGH CE>LkCEGHZ_luH S>L‚ETfMS>LON}H ! HZ] ETF‚LRN|J
H OL U-STHZJ
H[J
VOS|JMHDU-VN) ZADU|sXSGFIU-UIV8rfMH uMSGH[NhHZCETLkCNGF|NhHUbLON{] VOUIVy]ZLkS>LtL )lu3]J
HUbLzFIH STS>L

3
}

 

#

"t      



 

"! B#  # 

 %   

636

@A:AG98;:A80yEF4KDN>AE3>A1HprG98a47>B8;G…E3CH1F>A::AC?‹  h `[email protected]U?8;[email protected] YˆR†2=EgGL8a:[email protected]†CHEMuB4H6ICeDN2;DN8;G…:ACfG98aC713DNE3CHGIG98kCHU/6IDF6LEB8 T R†2=Eg>[email protected]:B8;::ACeDN6ICHU/Rv2k>[email protected]/[email protected] 8aDN2^Dc8;Gq6Ib=>B8;G 8 

 





(

C





:[email protected]/[email protected]=136L:B8^:œ:ACG98{CH13DFEFC7GLG985h  13DN8 EFC7G98;4762=T @|@A2=1#:AC€[email protected]ŠC747DN6w]^8Q:AC.>[email protected]=132k_s>AC713DNE32 i 2;G h >Z8;T G…C71y13> EF8;:A6L2 =h z 8)CH1MDNEFC7GLGL8 i 6LE36L2€YC7G i 2=Go1F8^DN6I13VŒ8;[email protected] ‹  h ¥ Q:ACU?2s:A2)_`>AC1F>B8;GICH1kYœ1FCHRA8;EN8;:B8;G h0>AT @œ136y13CORA>AU?8;@B8;17h 2=U/2 1FCS][email protected]|‹  h  Kpv1F6_s>[email protected][email protected]`DFCRvC7_s>B8;GLC71yR†2s:AEFC7U?2=1+CKJsDFEN8;[email protected][email protected]>…XT h [email protected]:B8;1yG98;1y:A6LU/[email protected][email protected];EFC71y:ACQG98;1€2=T EF\A6wDc8;1+CH1MDNC7G98;E3CH1Hp G98P:AC7:A>A474H62;T @):ACQGI2=1y]^8;GI2=EFC71 [email protected]^GLCH1!472=EFE3CH1FR†[email protected]:J
H CaJMH UbLON]BUbLONGHZNH[NhuHZ]BEGS>LkUIHZNH C5H U NGFbN\ETH _8L&JMH LkS ‚LkS>J}vQzLRN\E>L&STHZ] VOS>JMLkS UIL ! >S LONGH`H C5F-CMmRU HZj N P &5QxHGFIH!FICMHKJFISGU N MHPo &|WMN H j fXCXL`] MFI]ZLlsMfMH CKL &sKH[NGLO_`H  q v L FbNGN

dª (

 

      !  "$# 

?U 8;@A6wVŠCH13DN8;EF13CeG XT @ACn8;1‰:AC 8 ch ‹ G98;@[email protected]=1F8;1 W8 i >[email protected]=1F8;1 \ i >AR†CHEFb;6Lbd8;@dDFCH1ZGL>AU/[email protected]/[email protected];1N8;1 f6Ibd8;@[email protected]=E3UP8;GICH1 i >A\A\†[email protected];@A8;1  @B8;@A8;1Z\AG98;@B8;GI6IDc8DN6I]^8;1 ˆ:AC/4n8;:B8>[email protected]:AC/GL2=1eDN6IRv2;1 [email protected]¡C7GoCH13_s>AEN8  h   &G…:8 gMNF|7}:J:B=IZ~AJM Q P 8;A €=>AB7|\^jGK=[email protected]=>7u:[email protected];[email protected]‚7USNF_GK=>SN74ƒ Q Z…7579FK=I=I8iAJ:B7VGKCKL MN7UZ A4SN7U=>8h L Q SNGEFELICKM MNL>[email protected] Q 7VFKST=>748 =>s 8;:J=>AJ=IhUSW=ISTF|7E: v9Q ?K8VA \^[KGKSN=„=>Z…:JMN74=IFE\^=IGKFt=SW:JGKABƒ|797U:B7UAAJ=I=>F]Z 8JG 8 Q Q Q Q Q Q =IFo=IS_Q GKP S†:Bs MWZ Q CK=‡S Q 8fLI7U?rP :JGKS Q 8Ik ˆ‰Ft=IS%?KA;=I8;=IF|:B=_8J7U[O=IZ Q 8‚\^GK=„ST7U81=I8i:BA;=ISNSN7U88 Q F]MNFKZ5=IFK8J7U81=I8;€=>AB7U8‚ƒ|7U8;= Q 8J7U84\^GK=„8J=ŠZu7UF|:BMW=IFK=>F L Q [email protected]>:k m‘?O=I8J7UA_CK=…=I8;: Q LIMW=IAi:MNA;LIGKFK8i:=IF \^GK= SN7 Zu79:B=>AJMT7„8J=XhHGK=IS†hU7_:JAB7UFK8;[email protected];=IF|:B=7USO’@G}“ Q CK=‡AB7UCEMT7UL>M"Q P F'?EA Q hŒ=>FKMN=>F^:J=‡CK=ISMWF^:J=IA;M Q A>k+”MN=>F|:BAB798f=IF [email protected]‹MNF|:B=>AJM Q AJ=>8w7=I8;:B7„A;=IƒŒMpQ P Fqv^ST7‡AB7UCEMT7UL>M"Q P F58J=1hŒ=UrP 7hHMNAi:[email protected]=IF|:B=179:[email protected]@7„? Q A+=>€=>L>: Q CK= [email protected]|:B=>FK8B7yMNF|:J=IAB79LILIMpQ P FoL Q FST7DZ…7}:B=IA;MT7EvK7USNSrP 8JGE[KMW:B7UZu=>F|:B=‡=I8‚SNMN[[email protected]ˆ‰8;:JGKCKMN7UFKC Q CK=SN=•“ Q 8 ST7y=I8i:BA;=ISNSN7_: Q [email protected];GtSNGE{?K7UAJ=>LI=IAK7uP ?KA Q hŒ=IFEMNAIvO? Q Af:{„=>FLI7U8IrP SN7­GKP FKMNLI7DMNFE Q A;Z…79LIM"Q P F'CKMN8;? Q FKMN[KSW=V8 Q [KAJ=‡ST7_=>8;:JAJ=ISWST7DZ5MN8JZu7Ek ˆ‰F…SN77}:BZ~Q P 8;€=>AB7X=I8i:B=ISN7UA‰:BMW=IFK=>Fu8;G Q A;MNƒŒ=>F5SN7U8+S®rP FK=p7U8‰?EAJ=I8;=IF|:B=>8w=>F…[email protected]=>8J?O=ILa:BA Q CK=17U[K8 Q AJLIMpQ P F5CK= ST7‚=I8;:JAJ=>SNST7bk)¬%7VMNZ5? Q A;:SK=I8i:BGKCEM Q CK=fSN7U8)Lp79AB7ULa:B=IAIrP 8i:BMNLI7U8¯CE=f=I8;:B7U8+S®rP FK=p7U8>vU\^GK=?KA Q hU=I=>F…7US 7U8i:BA Q irP 8JMWL Q CK=VMNFb Q AJZu7ULIMpQ P F58 Q [KA;=VST798wL Q FKCKMNL>M Q FE=I87„ST7U8‹\HGE=V=I8i:°7_P 8 Q Zu=a:BMNCK7ŠST7Z…79:J=IA;MT7„=>8;:J=IST79A Q=IS8JMNG F|hŒL =>Q 8;Z5:BMWƒ|? 7UQ C 8;MNL>AM"Q P STFu7Š\H=>STGq7UrP [ Z5MNAJLp7U7LIMp? P Q F'AwCK=•=X“;=>LZu?EZuS Q?EvbSN=>AJ: =>hU8=ISNZ 7_CKCE=V=ISF^GK8‹=>ih P Q 8;MNL ST7Š8wA;=I\^SNGK=a=‡h97USNFK=4LI?cMN7Š=>AJ8JZ5GEZ…MW:M"Q P F =>FSN7_Z…7}:B=IA;MT7Ek ¬%7LI7UF|:[email protected]=1=IFK=>AJƒ@P 7X:JAB7UFE8J? A;:[email protected]? [email protected] [email protected]=ISW=IL>:JA Zu7UƒŒF‹=>P :BMWLp7X=I8i:°7‡P [email protected]^:JMWŽ@[email protected]‡? A 8JG Ÿ[email protected] ¡š38E–aŸ;:|£S)8JMW8;:B=>Z…7'MWF|:B=IA;[email protected]>M Q [email protected]¯8 Q FR? Q AVCE=>Ž@FKMWLIMpQ P F DFEGIHKJLGNMOEGNMJQPRGNMTSUM 7‰GK=ICE=ŠZ Q 8;:JAB7UA;8J=‡\^GK=„SN7D=IFK=>AJƒ@r P 7y: Q :8B7y=ISCKM†€=IAJ=>FKLIMN7USCK=8JGK?O=IAiŽ@LIMW= VF ST7XŽ@ƒŒGKAJ7XbkC5vb=IF'=>SO:JMN=IZ5? Q =>F^:JAJ=Y s YZ V Ylvb=IF'SN7‡ Q AJZu7CK= Q [email protected]‹=ISW=IL>:JA Q Zu7UƒŒF‹=>P :BMWLp7U8 L Q FS Q FKƒŒM†:BGKC =>F^:JAJ4= @ s @[Z V @%vKL Q F|:B=>[email protected]=IFo=ISL Q F Q CK=7UZ5?KSNM†:BGKC VR\ vK=>8;:@75P [email protected]@75? Q A>v 

]_^a`%b#c1dfehg1ikjmlR]nLc3d_oipo_bqoriporsLd_tucvcv`Ccvwxsxtuyxc1yyzo{`Cg3sx|1t}epw~yyzo{g3s~yxc~Q€Lg1i`‚g„ƒwxo.c…„orsQw~yxgO`uc3†‡wxs~tCyxc1yzoˆ†yxo `ucvtCsehoˆs~†;tuyxc1yo‰†;€
oˆd1‹‚Š Œ drcO†;o{o‰†hdrihtCLoˆsŽecT…vxt_rŠo sKd_g3…„g„j4l
‘’3lM"Q P F-79:JAB7phŒ=>8B7UFEC Q EG Fo:JA Q { Q A;=ILa:1? VA;Ž@L>MN=Uk 7¯79AB7‚=>Zu?O=I{I7UA¯F^GK=>8;:JAB74CK=>8JL>AJMN?OLIMpP FŠCE=wST7Zu7UFK=IAJ7‚L Z 8J=‹?KA ?K7Uƒ|7‚SN71AJ7UCKMN7ULIMpP F‡=IF_SN71Zu79:B=>AJMN7 L Q FK8JMWCK=IA;=IZ Q [email protected] Q [email protected] [email protected]Q \^GK=79:BAJ7phbMW=I8J7xGEF Q :JA Q Q { Q AJ=IQ La:8;:JAB7yST7ŠŽ@ƒŒGEAB7 bkC'k  [email protected] Q ST7 Q [email protected]:JAB7phHMN=I8J7VST74Zu79:J=IAJMN7‚C Q 8‰8 Q FDS Q 8¯?KA Q L>=I8 Q 8‰? Q 8JMN[ESN=I8¯? Q A S Q 8¯\HGE=f8JGDL Q F^:J=IFKMWC Q =IFEAJƒ =aP :BMNL Q 8J=‡hŒ=7USW:J=IAJ7UC Q $ "Œ k !"#%$'&(" )+* ¬%7]Z…7}:B=IA;MT7-A Q [K7[email protected]:B=uCK='ST7-=IFE=IAJƒKrP 7]=>SN=ILa:BA Q Z…79ƒŒF‹=>P :JMNLI7-:JAB7UFK8;? Q A;:LILIMpQ P FRCK=…?KA Q [email protected]ƒŒ7ULIMpQ P Fqk ¬%7]79[K8 Q A;LIMpQ P Fn?KGE=ICK=u8J=IA: Q :[email protected] Q SN7t=IFK=>AJƒ@rP 7tCK= ST7 Q [email protected]/=I8D:BAJ7UFK8; Q [email protected]]?O=IA;Z…7UFE=IF|:B=>Zu=>F^:J=-=IF Q :BA Q :BMN? Q CK= =>FK=IA;ƒ@rP 7Ev QA;=I=I?EZ5GK=IMN8;CKM"= P F MWZu=>F[email protected]‡CE=IMNS‹AJ=>?KLIA L>Q M"LIP =>F-8 Q CKMWCK8;:B='MWF|¥Œ:F^:J=I8%[email protected]:"rP LIGKSN7UAJ=>8Iv 7D=I8i: Q 8J=CK=I[O=‡8JGoCK=I?O=IFECK=IFKL>MT75L Q F @k bk & & (" ) *ˆ+F=I8i:B=‡Lp7U8 Q [email protected]=ISZ5=ICEM Q 7UƒŒA;=Iƒ|7D=>FK=IA;ƒ@rP 7y7yST7 Q FKCK7y=>SN=>L>:BA Q Zu7UƒŒF‹=aP :BMNLI7Ek ˆ‰S 7U? A;:J=XCK=I?O=IFKCE=ŠCK=ST7DLp79F^:[email protected]CK=Zu79:B=>AJMT7_=>F]SN7yA;=IƒŒMpP FoL FK8;MNCK=>AB7UCK75\^GK=„758;GhU=I{ =>8…?KA Q Q ? Q AJLIM Q [email protected]7RST7S Q FEƒŒMW:JGKCdCE=]CKMWLFK8JQ [email protected] ˆ‰S1Lp7UZ_[EM Q =IF­SN7 MWF^:J=IFK8;[email protected]=>8J?O=ILUrP Ž@LI7uCK=‡ST7 Q [email protected]€=ILa:ZuMW8JM"Q P F'8J=>[email protected] ? Q Af:B7UF|: Q v g bkŒj ? , V J =>S‰[email protected]@79P Zu=a:BA Q CK=y?KA Q ? Q AJL>M Q [email protected]  ?|v%AJ=>LIMW[c=y=IS‰F Q Z_[KA;=5CE=5L Q =aŽ@LIMW=IF|:B=5CK=y=IZ5MN8;M"Q P F s ? Q Af8JGoCK=aŽ@FKMNL>M"Q P F :JMN=IFE=[email protected]=I8CK= D JLGNM  GNM JQPRGNM 24 GNM k ' =‡L Q FK8JMWCK=IAJ7y:B7UZ_[KMa=IP F =>FƒŒ=>FK=IAJ7US[email protected]=>?c=>FKCK=IFELIMT75CK=  L Q FoST7DS Q FKƒŒMW:JGKC'CK= Q FKCK7Ek ˆ‰Fn8IP F|:B=>8JMN8>v:B=IFEMN=IFEC =>FnL>GK=IF|:=I8 8„CK=>8JL>AJMW: 8Iv ? CK=>Z 8‡Ž[email protected]=IF|:J= =I8;LIA;MN[Kr MWA1=>SLp7UZŠ[KM Q : Q Q :B7USq=>F]ST7DMWF^:J=IQFK8;[email protected]=>8J?OQ =ILUrP Ž@Lp7uCKQ =‡ST7 Q Q [email protected]\^GK=Q hHMN7™“JQ75? Q AQ =ISCEMW€=IA;=IFKL>MT7US CK=Xh Q SNGKZ5=IF V?



./ ? ,

>? V J Z

?

,

V J

Q FKCEMNLIMpQ P F-\^GK=‡8J=?KGK=ICE==l`b?KAJ=>8B7UA1CK=‡Z…79FK=IAJ7yZ~7UP 8[email protected]? Q AfSN7_=ILIGK7ULIMpQ P Fqv

g bk|j \^GK=‡AJ=>LIMN[O=V=>SqF Q Z_[EAJ=XCK=…šAJMW?cL>M"Q P F-CK=‡ST7y79:JZ­Q P 8;€=IAJ7_=I8i:B=ISN7UAIk ˆ‰F bk5YE=IZ Q 8fMNF|:BA Q CEGKLIMWC Q C Q 8F^GK=>h97U8Lp79F^:[email protected]=I8m$‡? s ?^k ‡? ? ?…A;=IL>MN[O=u=>S‰F Z_[KA;=yCK=«l—I8žaŸ@¨ 8 :Hš«l—@š[email protected] •š – —H›BžŽ@FKMWLIMpQ P F LIGK7UF|:BMWŽKLp7y/ [email protected]@7UC-Q =IZ5MN8;MWh97_CK=‡ST7_Zuª 79:J=IAJMN7_MNF|h Q SNGKL>g AB7Uª [email protected] ?Š8J=L Q F Q L>=‡L Q F-=ISF Q Z_[KA;=CE=X˜O› ª «l—I8 :UŸ;:|< £ :ª ¨ ˜O §ŸžJ£ s 8J79:BMW8;§7UL>=Uv V > ? V ?

.

>?„Z‡?

/ ? ,

 / ? , 

V ?

V J

g bk ² j ?R=>8'[email protected]Lp7UF|:[email protected] 79CKMNZ5=IFK8;M Q FK7US\HGE=Uv?KGK=>CK=tCK=>Z Q 8i:BAJ7UAJ8;=Uv=I8i:°7 P 7U8 L>[email protected]7US1FVGKP Zu=>A CK= MNF|:J=IAB79LILIM Q FK=>8Š\^GK=…8;GE€AJ=uGKFn Q :@Q P F79F^:J=I8„CK='7U[K7UFKC Q FK7UAŠSN7o8;GK?c=>A;Ž@L>MN=uCKQ =…GKFnZu=>CKM Q k m‚8pQ rP GKF  Q :@Q P F…\^GK=V8;=VCK=>8J?KSN7ULI=‚=IF GKF'Z5=ICEM Q Z_G s5Q [email protected] Q-g 8;G'Lp79ZuMWF Q SWMN[KA;=1Z5=ICEM Q =>8w?O=I\^GK=F Q jz8;=4hŒ=>[email protected] P 7U[K8 AJ[EMNC AJ=I=>ZuM†:BMWC GKF-F4GKP Z5=IA Z…7 ACK=VhU=ILI=>8 ƒŒAB79F ?KA €GEFKCKMNCK7UC P ?E:BMWLp7|j+\^GK=‡GKF \^GK= S Q [email protected] 7Uƒ|7o=IQ_F s GKFnZu=>CKM Q Q ? Q L QtQ [email protected] QQ ktsUQ P Q :B=I8;='\^GK='C Q g8ŠZ5=ICKM Q 8„Q CE='CKMN8i:BMWF^:BQ 7 Q [email protected] :BMNQ =>FK=IFv [email protected]'[email protected]'Z5MN8;Z…75?KA Q €GEFKCKMNCK7UCtSNMWFK=p79SvOCKMN8i:BMNF|:B7U84? Q A;€GEFKCKMNCK7UCK=I8/Q P ?E:BMWLp7U8>vq8JMW=IFKC Q Z…7 sŒQ AV=IF/=>S ?

V J

‘ˆ^ †;epcOoˆ†c3€Loˆs~c3†kw~s~cObqg3ip… cO†htC…O€~`‚t Œ drc1yxc„yzo{wxs~c„… 3Šc †k|1orsxoˆipc3` "!$#&%'!$(*+-) ,/.'02143 % ,*576$0$380$, !$(9%;:=?%


² Lp798 Q CK=ISZ5=ICEM Q Z~7UP 8 Q [email protected] Q k7 Q A=I8;: Q F Q CK=I[O=‡L Q FE€GEFKCKMNA;8J=XF^GKFKLI75=>8;:B75LI7UF|:[email protected]?O=I8B79AfCK= \^GK=8JGoF Q Z_[KA;=X8J=?KAJ=>8;:[email protected]_:8Iv°L Q [email protected]?EA Q €[email protected];=p7US=>F=>SZu=>CKM Q k  LIGK?‹=IP Z Q F Q 817UY Q AB7_CK=X:BA;=I88JM†:[email protected] Q FK=I8f8;=IFKL>MNSNSN7U8\^GK=‡F Q 8Z Q 8;:JAB7UAK7UP F S Q 8fZx=aP : Q C Q 8ƒŒ=>FK=IAJ7USN=>8 GE:JMNSNMW{p7UC Q [email protected]79[ Q A;[email protected]=ISf?EA Q [KSW=IZu7/CK=SN7t:BAB79FK8;€=>AJ=IFELIMT7RAB7UCEMT79:JMWh97t7UF|:B=-: Q C Q =IFdS Q L Q F  LI=>AJFKMW=IF|:B=„7DST7_=>SN=IL>LIMpQ P F-CK=‡ST7DCK=I8;L Q F Q L>[email protected]€GKFKL>M"Q P F ‡?|k "ŒkRš‰:UŸ ª 8 ª ša¦DŸN–aŸ  ª ' GE? FEƒ|7UZ 8q? Aq=•“;=>Zu?ES \^GK=‰=IS|Z5=ICEM L FK8JMWCK=IAJ7UC Lp79AJ=IL>=+L Z5?KSN=a:[email protected]=>8 =>ZuMW8JQ MWh97U8  g Q ST7R79Q :JZ­Q P 8i€=IAJ7/Q :J=IA;AJ=I8i:BA;=]? Q Q Ay=•Q “;=IZ5?KS Q jakdQ ˆ‰8;: Q 8J=oQ =a`b?KA;=I8B7? Q AySN7L Q FKCKQ MWLIMpQ P F ‡? k 0 F|:JA CKGKLIMW=IFKC =I8;:B7]L FKCKMNL>M"P Fn=IFSN7=IL>[email protected]>M"P FCE=…:BAJ7UFK8;€=>AJ=>FKLIMN7]AB7UCEMT79:JMWh97 s A;=I8 Q SWhHMN=>FKC Q ? QQ Af8J=I?K7UAB7UQL>M"Q P FoCK=XQh97UAJMN7U[KQ SW=I8=>FKL Q F|:JAB7UZ Q 8IQ v >? >?   g . ?9j =>8 CK=>LIMWA SN71MWF^:J=IFK8;[email protected]„=>8J?O=ILUrP Ž@Lp7‚[email protected]=IS^LI7U8 Q L Q FK8;MNCK=>AB7UC Q Lp79=‹=l`E? Q FK=>FKLIMN7USNZ5=IF|:J=‹L Q FŠSN7 ? Q A;€GEFKCKMNCK7UC Q P ?E:JMNLp7bk‚FoZu=>CKM Q 7US†:AB7U[KSW=4CK=XSN7„MWF^:J=IFK8;[email protected] =I8J?O=ILUrP Ž@[email protected] Q [email protected]_SWGKZrP FKMNLI7Ev^7UGKFE\HGE=X=I8;:[email protected] s 7_AJ=>L Q A;AJMWC Q GKFK75CKMW8;:B7UFKLIMN7_SNMWFK=p7UScZ_G s ?O=I\^GK= [email protected] 7Ek ]Q P :B=>8J=D=IF=>8;:FK=IA;ƒ@r P 7'\^GK=y?KMW=IA;CK=_ST7 Q [email protected]'=I8‡79[K8 Q A;[KMNCK7'L Q Z5?KSN=a:Zu=>F|: Q =IFxSN7:B=>Zu?O=IAJ79:BGKAJ7]CK=>SZuMW8JZ Q k  Q 8 =>FE€AJ=>F^:B7UZ Q 857U8prP 7[email protected]8JMW:[email protected]>M"Q P FxCK=oCK=I8;=I\^GKMWSNMN[EAJM Q =>F|:BAJ=oST7/=>FK=IA;ƒ@rP 7L Q F|:[email protected]=>F~=>S Z5=ICKM Q_s ST7Š:JAB7UFE8J? Q A;:[email protected]? Q AfSN7 Q [email protected]=ISW=ILa:BA Q Z…7UƒUFw=>P :JMNLp7„\HGE=„SN7D79:BAJ7"hHMW=I8B7bk bkR‰š :UŸ ª 3š 8nš I—HŸ¢ Ÿ I›aŸ ª  •ša›l¦ ª :U9Ÿ 8DU¨£ ¦DŸž ª   ª  £U¢  :BA Q Lp7U8 Q CK=MNF|:J=IAH=>P 8=I817U\^GK=IS%=>F=>S \^GK=‡=>S Z5=ICEM Q CK=ahbGE=ISWhU=ŠL Q Zu?ESN=>:B7UZ5=IF|:B=X7yST7 Q [email protected] SN7u=IFE=IAJƒKrP 7…\^GK=_SW=ŠA Q [@7Ek‚m=I8i::B=>AJMW{p7/7]S Q \^GK= 8J='L Q F Q LI='L Q Z Q GKF L>GK=IA;? Q FE=IƒŒA Q vbSN7„MWF^:J=IFK8;[email protected]…=I8;?c=>LŒrP Ž@Lp7_CK=‚ST7‡AB7UCEMT7UL>M"Q P F5=IF'=>ScMWF|:B=IA;M Q A+CK=>SZ5MN8;Z Q ?KGK=>CK= =>8JLIA;MN[KMWAJ8;[email protected]? Q AfS Q 8fA;=I8;GKSW:B7UC Q 8CK=>S%7U?‹=IP FECKMNL>=5vK7U8prP v &%(' H " >1?  ? g"!$# j @()+*  g %(''%@ 2 !$# j . " ‚

  
{Ž
 

    






   

,ˆ^ †;ehg{oˆ† o-QtCyzoˆsehor…„oˆs1epo‡b#cT`u†;g.yxc1yzg.ƒ1w~o‡oˆsOdrw~cT`uƒwxtCoriN…„oˆyztCg{o.ztu† ept‚i
Šc †htCor…„€xipokc3`‚|1gyxo‡ic3yxtCc1d_t‰3Šg s€~ihgzyzw~drtCy~c €
g3i `ucŽc3|3t‚epc1d_t‰3Šg sexˆŠo ih…„tudrc yzov`Cc1†€~c3i;e ‹ Š d_wx`uc3†ƒwxov`CcŽd_g3…„€
g3sxoˆsR–0/ 3Šc †~t‚oˆsm†;w~€Lg1sx|1c3…Og†r
ƒwxoors4d_tCorihehgicTsx|1g yzo{bqipoˆdrwxors~drtCc1†kyztCdnLc„or…„tC†ht‰3Šg sK†;o{€xwxo‰yzod_g1s~†htCyzoˆipc3iyzoˆ†h€xipoˆd_tucT~`‚o



             

Sλ = Bλ(T4) T4

Sλ = Bλ(T3)

T3 T2

Sλ = Bλ(T2) Sλ = Bλ(T1)

T1

¯MWƒŒGKAB7 bk$¬%7=I8i:BA;GKL>:JGKAB7n=>[email protected][email protected]}:BZ~Q P 8;€=>AB7[email protected]ST7\^GK=]8;=8;GK? Q FK=hw7UP [email protected]/SN7 L Q FKCKMNL>M"Q P F-CK=‡=>\HGEMNSNMW[KAJM Q :J=IAJZ Q CKMNF79P ZuMWL Q S Q LI7USk & Q FECK= !$# =>8‚SN7Š:B=IZ5?O=IAB7}:BGKAJ7yCE=ISLIGE=IAJ? Q]g ST7DZ5MN8;Z…7Š=>Fo: Q [email protected]:B=I8Bjak ¬%7DL Q FECKMNL>M"Q P F-CK=‡=I\^GKMWSNMW[KAJM Q :b=>P AJZ Q CKMWF7UP Z5MNL Q : Q :F^: Q FKL>=I84\^GK=9v &%(' H " ‡?  ? g ! # j @() *  g %(' %@ 2 ! # j . " E k I—HŸ¢ Ÿ I›aŸ ª  •ša›l¦ ª :U9Ÿ 8DU¨£ ¦DŸž ª ¢ ª žJ£U¢  G7UP SV=>8oSN7n Q AJZu7CK=/SN7n€GKFKLIMpQ P F  ?K7UAB7 =IS4Lp7U8 Q CK=/GEF L>GK=IA;? Q =IF =>SX\HGE=R=l`bMN8;:J= GKFeƒŒAJ7UCKMN=>F|:B= CK=-:B=>Zu?O=IAJ79:BGKAJ7U8D\^GK=oF Q hU79AprP 7/L Q Fd=>S:BMW=IZ5? Q v‰=>8;: Q =I8>vwGKFeLIGE=IAJ? Q =IF =>S\^GK=S Q 8_?KA Q L>=I8 Q 8yCK=-=IZ5MN8JMpQ P F s 79[K8 Q A;LIMpQ P Fx=I8;:@7UP FxS Q Lp7USWZu=>F|:B=Uv‰Z~7UP 8DF Q : Q :\HGEMNSNSWMN[KAJ7UC Q 8 Œk ˆ‰8f=I8i:GK=IA;? Q :JMN=>FK=„[email protected] Q [email protected]?c=>\HGE= [email protected] 7 g =I81=I8i:8;:J=IST79ACKM CK=ŠS 8 : FE=I8 \^GK=ŠF [email protected]=I8JLI7UST7u=IFtSN7 \^GK=XQ h97UAIrP 7DST7Š:B=>Zu?O=IAJ79:BGEAB7DCK=‡Q ST7DZu79:B=>AJMT7ŒjzQ 8J=>[email protected] Z_Q GKL8;:B7‡AJ7U{Q P F5=>8+CK==I8J?O=IAJ7UAJ8;=‚\^GK=S Q LI7USNZ5=IF|:B=‹8J=?KA Q CKGE{ILp7XGKFK7‡L Q FKCKMWLIMpQ P F CK=‚=I\^GKMWSNMN[EAJM Q =>F'ST7‡\^GK=VST7X:B=>Zu?O=IAJ79:BGEAB7Š7=I8;Lp7USN7U8wCK=>S Q AJCK=>F'CK=IScLp7UZ5MNF Q SWMN[KA;=1Z5=ICEM Q CK= [email protected]:"rP LIGKSN7U8qF Q h97UAIrP =‰7U?KA;=IL>MT7U[KSW=IZ5=IF|:B=9k%m48IrP SN7wL Q FKCKMNL>M"Q P FXCE=z=>\^GKMNSWMN[KA;M Q :J=IA;Z Q CKMNFf7UP ZuMWL Q : Q :AJ? Q 8J=yS Q ? Q CKAprP 7 ?O=IFK8J7UAL Q FK8;:JMW:JGKMNC Q CK=VST78JGK?O=IA;? Q 8JMNL>M"Q P F…[email protected]=>F =I\^GKMNSWMN[KA;M Q :B=>AJZ Q CKMWF7UP Z5MNL Q ?O=IA Q 7 CKM†€=IA;=IF|:B=>8:J=IZ5?c=>AB79:JGKAB798 g =IAfŽ@ƒŒGEAB7 Œjak m =I8i:M"Q P FvE8J=‡SN7yL Q F Q LI=‡L Q Z Q I—bŸ¢ Ÿ I›lŸ ª ša›l¦ ª :U9Ÿ 8DU¨£ ¦DŸž ª %ª žJ£U¢ g ¬b¤ˆzjlk ˆ‰FoST7D7U?KA Q `EMWZ…79LIM"Q P F-¬b¤ˆ~SN7Š€GKFKLIMpQ P FoCK=X€GK=IF|:B=X:JMN=IFE=SN7Š Q AJZu7_=a`b?KSWMNL>MW:Z…75L FKL>AJ=a: CK=_SN7…?KA [email protected]ƒ|7UL>M"P FCK=_SN7…AB7UCEMT7UL>M"P F=IF =IS8;=IF Q CE=SNQ 779:JZ­Q P 8;€=IAJ7/=I8;:JQ =ISN7UAIk &XQ [email protected] MWŽ@L>GKSW:BQ7UCdCE=IS?KA Q Q [KSN=>Z…7Q ?KAJ=>LIMW8 Q v‹F Q 8uhU=IA;Q =IZ Q 8 Q=I8;[KLISWA;MNƒ|MN[K79MWC ADQ CK8‹=-7_Z…AJ=p7U79FESNMN=I{IAB7U7/[email protected] 7_858J7U=>CKAJMN=>[email protected]=‡CK7U7R?KASN7tQ `b=IMWZ…LIGK7U7UL>LIM MpQ P FEFd=I8wƒU=I\^FKGK=>=XAB7UF SfQ 8fCK=-?c=>:BAJAJZ57UFKMW:J8iMN€[email protected]=I79PAJFu=>FK=>LIFoMN7/?EAJABMN7UZ5CKMN=I79AJ:B7ŠM†h9MN7FE8;:FK=IAJ7USCK=X:BAJ7UFK8i€=IAJ=>FKLIMN75AJ7UCKMN79:BM†hU7„=IFoST7Š Q A;Z…7Ev V >1? g ? Uj

. >? g ? Uj Z‡? g ? Œj V ?     C Q FECK= ?  =I8SN7y?EA Q €[email protected] Q P ?E:BMWLp7DZu=>CKMNCK7_=IFoST7_CKMWAJ=IL>LIMpQ P F-CK=  g hŒ=>A1Ž@ƒUGKAB7 bk|jak [email protected]ST7ƒU= Q Z5=>:JApr P 7RCK=IS‚?KA Q [KSN=>Z…7RST7n?KA Q €[email protected] Q P ?E:BMWLp7 ? =>8 [email protected];MT7U[KSW=-MNFKCK=>?c=>FKCKM  =IF|:J=5Z5=IF Q 8‡7UCK=>[email protected]\^GK=ySN7'?KA Q €GEFKCKMNCK7UCQ P ?E:JMNLp7 ?…[email protected]' =>FRCEMNAJ=>LIL>M"Q P Ft:JAB7UFK8ihŒ=>AJ8B79S‹7 SN7 8JGE?c=>A;Ž@L>MN=‡CK=‡ST7y7UZ~Q P 8;€=>AB7Ek ‚FoAB7U{ Q [email protected]=>F^: Q 8J=IFELIMNSWS Q Z_GE=I8;:JAB7D\^GK=Uv ? . ?e8;=IL   

















             

C Q FECK=/=IS‚8JMNƒUF Q MNZ5?KSNMWLp7\^GK= ?^v17US‚L Q F|:BAJ7UAJM Q CK= ?  v1LIA;=ILI=79S4?O=IFK=a:BAB79A =IF ST7n79:BZ~Q P 8;€=>AB7Ev 7UC Q ?E:FSN7_8JGK?O=IAiŽ@LIMW=Uk  Q F =IS4Lp7UZ_[EM Q CK=th97UA;MT7U[ESN=]SN7=IL>[email protected] P F CK=t:JAB7UFK8i€=IA;=IFKL>MT7 AB7UCEMT79:JMWh97[email protected]=IS4Lp7U8 Q CE=/[email protected] 79:JZ­Q P 8i€=IAJ7y?EST7UF Q ?K7UAB7USW=ISN7_\[email protected]$ L Q 8  V >1? V g ?? Œj >1? g ? Œj . ‡? g ?9j g bk  j ¬%7u8 Q SNGKL>M"Q P F7…=>8;:[email protected] P Ft?KA Q hŒ=I=>[email protected]'P CK=>S h97US Q ACK=ŠSN75MWF|:B=IFE8JMNCK7UC]=>8J?O=ILUrP Ž@Lp7uCK=ŠSN75AJ7UCKMT79LIM"Q P F \^GK=7}:BAB7phHMN=>8B7xST7e79:BZ~Q P 8i€=IAB7x=IF [email protected]\^GKMN=>A-?KGKF|: Q MWF|:B=IA;M Q A CE=SN7eZ5MN8;Z…7Ev1MNFb Q AJZu7ULIMpQ P F \^GK= 8J=>[email protected]/P €[email protected]=>F^:B7USv+? Q AD=•“;=>Zu?ES Q v+=IFeST7tCE=>:B=>[email protected]"Q P F [email protected] La:B=>AprP 8i:BMWLp7U8DCK=-SN7U8DS®rP FK=p7U8 =I8;?c=>L>:JAB7USW=I8I{k 7 Q A Q :JA Q SN7UC Q F Q 8‰[email protected]@7VP SN74? Q 8JMW[[email protected]CK=fL Q F Q LI=IA‰SN74Zu7UFK=IAJ7VL Q Z Q =>8z=>ZuM†:[email protected]‚SN7 AB79CKMT7UL>M"Q P FyCK=>8JCK=‚ST7X¥Š8;GK?O=IA;ŽKLIMN=>¥ CK=4SN7‡=>8;:JAJ=ISWST7‡?c=>AJZ5MW:JMa=IP FEC Q F Q 8‰CK7UA+=a`b?KSNMWLp7UL>M"Q P Fy? Q Az=•“;=IZ5?KS Q 7US€=>FQ P Z5=IF Q CK=>S Q 8JL>GKAJ=>LIMNZ5MN=>F|: Q CK=ISSWMNZ_[ Q =>8;:B=>ST7UA>[email protected]=IS\^GK=‡[email protected][KST7UA;=IZ Q 8fZ~7UP 87UCK=>ST7UF|:B=9k ¬%7DMNF|:B=>ƒŒAB7UL>M"Q P F-CKX= bk  8;=„S Q ƒŒAJ7_GE:BMWSNMN{I7UFKC Q =ISq§7ULa: Q AfMWF^:J=IƒŒAJ7UF|:B=9v S > S  g . ?¯8J=>L Œj ”GKS†:BMW?KSNMWLp7UFKC Q Hk  ? Q Af=I8;:J=X§7UL>: Q Af8J= Q [E:JMN=IFE=Uv V >? g ? Uj

 g . ?¯8;=IL Œj . >1? g ? Œj  g . ?¯8;=IL Œj . ‡? g ?9j  g . ?¯8J=>L Œj V g ? 8J=>L Œj 8J=>[email protected] Q h97UAJMN7U[KSN=>8Iv V g >1? g ? ŒjJj  g . ? 8J=>! L Uj . >? g ? Œj  g . ? 8J=>!L Uj V g ? 8;=IL Œj . ‡? g ?}j  g . ?¯8J=>L Œj V g ? 8;=IL Uj V g >? g ? Œj  g . ? 8J=IL UjBj . ‡? g ?9j  g . ? 8J=>! L Uj V g ? 8;=IL Œj ' McMNF|:B=>ƒŒAB7UZ  Q 8‹L Q F Sr P Z5MW:B=>8+=IF ? ?  g GKF ?KGKF|: Q [email protected]\^GKMN=>AB7_=IF =>SMWF^:J=IA;M Q AzCK=XST7„79:BZ~Q P 8i€=IAB7Œj s ? 
v Q [b:B=IFE=IZ Q 8=ISAJ=>8JGKS†:1? g ?  Œj  ‡? g ?}j  g . ? . ?  p8J=IL Uj V g ? 8;=IL Œj bk j g ˆ‰8‡CK=yFHGE=I8;:JA Q MNF|:B=>AH=IP 8‡[email protected];:prP LIGKSN7UAV  L Q F Q LI=IA‡SN7… Q AJZu7'CK= >?5=IFRST7 8JGK?O=IAiŽ@LIMW=Uv%Mk =UkDCE=>:B=>[email protected] >? g ?  Uja k [email protected]@=>FohHMNAi:BGKC-CK= bk vK=I8i:°7yP [email protected]@7D? Q AIv >? g Uj   ‡? g ?9j  g . ?¯8J=>L Œj V g ? 8J=IL Uj g bk j  ¬%7/7UF|:B=>AJM A_=IL>[email protected] Fx=a`b?KA;=I8B7[email protected]€[email protected]=IF|:F^:[email protected]/LI7UF|:BMNCK7UC \^GK=o7UCKZ5MW:B= [email protected][email protected] 7V?KA;=ILIMW8B7 Q g SN7VMNF|:B=>[email protected]=>8J?O=ILUrP Ž@Lp7‡CK=ST7‚AB7UCKMN7UQ LIMpQ P FD?KA Q hU=IFKMW=IF|:B=CK=SN74=I8i:BAJ=>SNSN7|j s SN7 €GKFKL>M"Q P FyCK=€GE=IF|:B=9vH=>8;:B7xGKP S†:BMNZu7Ev™CK=17U[K8 Q SNGb:SN=ahU79FKLIMN7V=IF5ST7VCK=a:B=IA;[email protected]>M"Q P F_CE=1SN74=I8i:BA;GKL>:JGKAB7

































`Cc g3€~c1d_tuyxc3y.yxo `uc… c—ehoˆihtucoˆs`Ccc—ep… Šg † bqoˆipcko‰† epor`ucTid_ipoˆd_o cT`€Loˆsxo_epipc3iIors`Cc …Otu†h…„c {†ho nLc3d_o1‰ehoI1Šg ihtudrc3…„orseho1 tCs~yzo Œ sxtCy~cT…„orseho|1ipc3s~yzod_oˆipdˆcc.†hw„~c3†ho 1€Lg1iNoˆ†;epcic I1Šg svw~s~c{€xipgTbqwxs~yxtCyxc1y 1Šg €zehtudrc.ƒwxo‡ept‚oˆs~yzo c sxg.tC…„€x`CtCdˆc wxs~cOtCsx…„ors~†pc„€xipgTbqwxs Œ yxc3y`Ct‚sxo‰cT` ~†ht‚sxg ƒwxo{… cTidrcv`Cc„Lc3†ho{yxo`uc c—ep… 1Šg †;bqorico‰† epor`ucTi‰–


I

  
{Ž
 

    






   { 

v   



Iλ(0,π/2) = aλ + bλ Iλ(0,θ)

Iλ(0,π/2) = aλ

¯MWƒŒGKAB7mbk ² $&VMN8;:JAJMW[KGKLIMpQ P FDCK=1ST7‡=IFK=>AJƒKrP 7=>F…[email protected]{CK=1AB7UCEMT7UL>M"Q P Fy\^GK=4=>Zu=>AJƒŒ=? Q A+ST7‡8JGK?O=IAiŽ@LIMW= CK=‡ST7_=>8;:JAJ=ISWST7Ek CK=a:AB7=>8;:B=>ST7UA>k m‚8prP ?KGK=>8 GEF„?KA Q L>=I8 Q‚Q [E8J=IAih97ULIM Q [email protected] g ST7[email protected]=>? g Œj;j F Q 8[email protected]@7_P Ž@[email protected]=>F|:B=XMNFb Q AJZu7ULIMpQ P F'8 Q [KAJ=‡SN7_MNF Q [E8J=IAih97U[KSN=X=>8;:JAJGKLa:BGKAJ7uCK=‡ST7D7}:BZ~Q P 8;€=>AB7D=I8i:B=ISN7UAIk ˆ‰F=>8;: Q AJ7UCKMNLI7D=ISqh97US Q ACK= bk k ¬%7UZ5=IF|:? g Œj s ‡?yF Q =I8X:B7UF/CKMNA;=ILa:F Hk k 7¯79AB7u§7UL>MNSWMW:8;:B7U[KSN=>LIMWZuMW=IF|: Q CK=ŠGKFK7…L Q FE=a`bM"Q P F/=l`b?KS®r P LIMW:B75=>F|:BAJ=y79Z_[@7U81Lp7UF|:[email protected]=I8V=>S)7U8  :BA Q irP 8;MNL Q MWF^:JA Q CKGKL>=…[email protected]8J=IA;MN='CE=…8JGE? Q 8;MNL>M Q FK=>8„:J=Q P A;MNLp798 s 8JMWZu?KSWMWŽ@LI7ULIM Q FK=>8\^GK=…SN=5?c=>AJZ5MW:B=>F ? Q A‚=¡“;=IZ5?KS Q A;=ICKGKL>MNA1ST7yMNF|:B=>ƒŒAB79S=IFtSN75A;=IST79LIM"Q P FoL>MW:[email protected] [email protected]=„=>SNST798‚79CKZuM†:B=X? Q A1=•“;=IZ5?KS Q SN7 ? Q 8JMW[[email protected]=‡[email protected]=I?O=IFECK=IFKL>MT75=a`b?KSrP LIM†:F bk v^GKF'?EA Q LI=I8 Q 8;MNZ5?KSN=CK=‚MNF|:B=>ƒŒAB7UL>M"Q P FvŒ:BMN=>FK=1L Q Z Q AJ=>8JGKS†:1? g Uj  ? ZT? L Q 8 g Hk " j ¬%7…CK=>?c=>FKCK=IFELIMT7…€GEFKLIM Q [email protected]%CK[= >1? g jL Q F]=ISD79P FKƒŒGKS Q CK=>8JCK=_=>S¯\^GK=_8;= Q [K8;=IAihU7uGKF/[email protected]{„8B7USWMN=IF|:J= CK=>8JCK=ST78JGK?O=IAiŽ@LIMW=/CK=/ST7n=>8;:JAJ=ISWST7 g hŒ=>A'Ž@ƒŒGKAJ7 bk ² jlv1L Q F|:BMW=IFK=>ST7U8'LI7UF|:[email protected]=>8 ? s T?R\^GK= CK=a:B=IA;[email protected]=>F GKP S†:BMNZu7VMNFE8;:[email protected]°=I8‹[email protected] Q A+CK= ‡?‡7‡[email protected]\^GKMN=>A‹? Q A;€GEFKCKMNCK7UC­Q P ?E:BMWLp7‡=IF =ISO8J=>F Q CK=‚ST7Š7}:BZ~Q P 8;€=>AB7‡=I8;:J=ISN7UAIk ' Mc7U8;GKZuMWZ Q 8zSN7„L Q FKCKMWLIM"Q P FuCK=V¬b¤ˆ g ¬ Q Lp7US°¤fYK=>AJZ Q C s [email protected] ˆ‰\^GKMNSWMN[KA;MNGKZ…javH8JGK? Q FK=>Z Q 81=>F|: Q FKL>=I8‚\HGE/= ‡?  ? g ! javKCE=„Z Q C Q \^GK=‡=>S L Q F Q LIMWZu=>F^: Q CK=‡[email protected] CK=>?c=>FKCK=IFELIMT7CK=  L Q FnST7o?KA Q €[email protected] Q P ?E:BMWLp7Ev F Q 8„?KA Q hŒ=>=IAJ7tCK=…SN7oCK=>?c=>FKCK=>FKLIMN7]CK=…¤ L Q F CKMWLSNGK8;M"Q P [email protected]_CK= >? g ŒjlvK=IFoST7y7U?EA Q `bMNZu7ULIMpQ P F'CK=‡[email protected]:JZ­Q P 8i€=IAJ7y?EST7UF Q [email protected]=IST7 sMNZ5L ? Q FnA;:B¬H7U¤FKLIˆMN7Šv%F CKQ =‡8„F^[email protected]=I8i=I:BS+A ?O=I7UAiF|Ž@:JS+=IAJCKM =DA:B7U=IZ5F79P ?OSNMN=I8;ABMN7}8>:Bk GKAJ7U8„=>F=>S+8J=IF Q CK=5ST7 Z5MN8JZu7Ek5ˆ‰F=>8;: Q AB79CKMNLI7oSN7 Q Q Q '





oˆ†;epc

ˆ^as



wxsLc †;o‰drd_t‰3Šg sK€
g1†;ehoˆihtCg3i†hoyzor…„g† epipc3ipcv`Cc-—c3`‚tuyzo 1~sxg†L3Šg `Cg„`CcObqw~s~d_tCg3s~c3`‚tuyxc1yF Q CK=IS Q 8;LIGKA;=I8;LIMNZ5MN=>F|: Q CK=ISSWMNZ_[ Q =>8;:B=>ST7UA>k 7 =>A Q v LQ P Z Q Zu=>CKMNA„>1? g Œj Œk  Q FK8;MNC‹=>P AJ=>8J=_SN758;MW:BGK7ULIMpQ P F]CK=„ST7DŽ@ƒŒGKAJ7 bk vO=IFtSN75\^GK=„8J=_YK7uAJ=>?KAJ=>8J=>F^:B7UC Q GKFK7…=I8i:BAJ=>SNSN75L>G s 7 8JGE?c=>A;Ž@L>MN=z=I8¯A;=I8 Q SNGK[ESN=Uv}=I8i: Q =I8 [email protected]‚=>8;:JAJ=ISWST7f\^GK=wF Q hU=IZ Q 8 L Q Z Q GKF„?KGKF|: Q k  [email protected] Q CKMWAJMWƒŒMNZ Q 8 F^GK=I8i:BAJ7‡[email protected]=>F|:BA Q CK=wST74=>8;:BA;=ISWST7EvŒSN74AB79CKMT7UL>M"Q P F„\^GK=hHMN=IFE=fCK=7USNSrP :[email protected] GKFK7‡MWF|:B=IFE8JMNCK7UC =I8;?c=>LŒrP Ž@[email protected]=>FhHMNAi:BGKC-CKX= bk#" [email protected]ƒ[email protected] >? g ' Y P j  ? Z—? 7US [email protected]>MT75=IS¯[ Q A;CK= Q SWMNZ_[ Q CK=IS CKMN8;L Q [email protected]=IF|:J=_CK=_SN7u=I8i:BA;=ISNSN7EvOST7uMWF|:B=IFE8JMNCK7UC/=I8;?c=>LŒrP ŽKLp7 CK=‡ST7_AJ7UCKMN7ULIMpQ P F':B=>FKCK=IAK7uP 79SqhU79S Q A>v >? g ? E  j [email protected]†:[email protected]"Q P F MNF|:B=>AJZ5=ICKMN7_8J=‡hŒ=IA;MWŽ@LI75\^GK=9v >? g >1? g Y P~E V j >? g ' Y P j E  j =I8i: Q =>8Iv=>S¯CKMW8JL Q CK=ŠSN7u=>8;:BA;=ISWST7…[email protected]=>LI=>[email protected]'P 8JGE?c=>A;Ž@L>MT7USWZu=>F^:J=ŠZ5=IF Q 84[KA;MNSNSN7UF|:B=7US 7ULI=>AJLI7UAJF Q 8X7 8JGoSNMWZ_[ Q k ˆ‰8;:J=y€=>FQ P Z5=IF Q A;=ILIMW[c=Š=IS‰F Q ZŠ[KAJ=DCK= ª –"ža—H›Bš? g Œjlk &V=I[O=u7UF :B7UAJ8;=…\^GK=…=>S 8JLIGEAJ=IL>MNZ5MN=>F^: CK=>S‹SWMNZ_[ =I8i:B=>ST7UA>v¯\^GK='L AJA;=I8J? FKCE='7GEFn€=IFP Zu=>F LISN7UAB79Zu=>F^Q :J= Q [E8J=IAih97UC Q Q? Q AV=•“;=>Zu?KS Q =>Q FR=>S)Lp798 Q CKQ =DF^GK=>8;:BA Q ' Q S g Q =IA4ŽKƒŒQ GKAB7 bk  jlvqF Q [email protected] L Q FKLISWGK8JMpQ P F =a`bLISWGK8JM†h97_CK=XST7„ Q AJZu7„CK= >[email protected]@7_? Q A bk#" [email protected]„ST7 Q [b:B=IFELIM"Q P FoCE=VST7ŠL>[email protected];=XYKMN{ Q [email protected]8JGK? Q 8;MNLIMpQ P F58 Q [KA;=‚SN7V Q AJZu7X=a`b?KSrP LIM†:Zu?EAJ=Š?EA Q CKGKLIMWA[email protected]>1? g j[email protected]>[email protected]>? g ' Y P j >? g E  jlk7‰GK=>CK= CK=>Z Q 8i:BAJ7UAJ8;=_\^GK=_=I8i: Q 8;=_8B79:JMN8i§7ULI=„8JM ­=>[email protected]€GEFKLIMpQ P FtLIA;=IL>MN=IF|:J=DCK=ŠSN7u?KA Q €GKFKL>[email protected]©Q P ?E:BMWLp7Ev \^GK=D=IF/SN7'7U?KA Q `EMWZ…79LIM"Q P Ft¬b¤ˆ =I\^GKM†h97USN=Š7'8JGK? Q FK=>AV\^GK=DST7u:J=IZ5?c=>AB79:JGKAB7uLIAJ=>[email protected]…7UCK=IF|:JA Q 

















 





 



 



 















 

 




I

  
{Ž
 

    






   { 

v   

|²

¯MNƒŒGEAB7!bk  $ Q : Q ƒŒAB79•rP 7ŠCK=>S ' Q S=IFo=ISqhHMW8JMN[ESN=Uk CK=„ST7579:BZ~Q P 8;€=>AB7Ev°YK=>LST7UAJ7UZ5=IF|:B= Q [|hHM Q =>FtST7y8JM†:[email protected]"Q P FCK=„[email protected]:BZ~Q P 8;€=>AB7yF Q A;Z…7US k ”=>[email protected]?EAJ=IL>MN8J7U8‚CE=IS Q 8;LIGKA;=ILIMWZuMW=IF|: Q CK=>S%SNMNZŠ[ Q 8 Q [email protected] Q YE=IL8 CK= Q [email protected]‰ˆ‰FD: Q C Q 8‰S Q 8)Lp798 Q 8+8J=fhU=IAJM†Ž@Lp7XSN74hU79SNMNCE=I{wCE=1SN74AJ=>ST7UL>M"Q P F bk#" vŒS Q \^GK=CK=IZ_GE=I8;:JAB7X\^GK= =IS‰Z Q CK=IS Q SNMWFK=p7US 8JGK?EGK=I8i: Q [email protected] ‡?uAJ=I?EAJ=I8;=IF|:[email protected]?KA Q `bMNZu7UL>M"Q P F/7 SN7'CK=I?O=IFKCE=IFKL>MT7 AJ=I7USqCK=‡=>8;:{VCK=>S Z Q CK=>S Q \^GK=>[email protected]@7yP CK=>Z Q 8i:[email protected][email protected];:JMNAfCK=7UA;ƒŒGKZ5=IF|: Q 8irP 8JMWL Q 8>k  [email protected] F =>8Š? 8JMW[KSN=5AJ=>8 S†hŒ=>AŠST7o8JGK?O=IAiŽ@LIMW=…CK=…ST7-=I8;:JAJ=>SNST7bv : [email protected] A;Z…79LIM"P FR8 [KA;=…ST7oCKM  AJ=>LIL>M Q [email protected] 79SNMNCKQ 7UCuCE=4Q ST7MNF|:B=>FK8JMWQ [email protected]'=>8J?O=ILUrP Ž@LI7_8J=4?EMN=IA;CK=Uv s S Q \^GK=4AJ=IQ L>MN[O=IF'F^Q GK=>8;:JA Q Q 8MWFK8;Q :JAJGKZ5=IF|: Q 8 AJ=>8JGKS†:AJ? Q 8JMWLIM"Q P F…CK=‚ST7‡=IFK=>AJƒ@rP 7„?KA Q hU=IFKMW=IF|:B=‚CK=I8;CK=VCKMW8;:JMNF|: Q 8z?KGKF|: Q 8wCK=‚ST7‡8JGK?O=IA  Ž@L>MN=‡=I8i:B=ISN7UAIk ˆ‰F-=I8;:J=XLp7U8 Q F Q MNZ5? Q A;:AJƒ@rP 7_\HGE=X=I8f=IZ5MW:[email protected][email protected]_CE=>:B=>[email protected]@7 CKMWAJ=IL>LIMpQ P F]CK=>8JCK=DGEFt?KGKF|: Q CE=ŠST758JGK?O=IAiŽ@LIMW=_=I8i:B=>ST7UA>k4ˆ‰8VCK=„F^GK=I8i:BA Q MWF|:B=IAH=IP 8X79Y Q AB75L Q F Q L>=IAVSN7 Lp79F^:[email protected]: Q :AJƒ@rP 7\^GK=u’KG s ='YK7ULIMN7]79€GK=>AB7oCK=I8;CK='ST7o8JGK?O=IAiŽ@LIMW=…CK=uST7-=I8i:BAJ=>SNSN7 s \^GK= AJ=>8JGKS†:SO7U? Q A;:B==>FK=IA;ƒ¯=>P :JMNL Q CK=1ST7U8 Q FKCK7U8w\^GK=18B7USW=IFu=IFu: Q CK7U8‹CEMNAJ=>LIL>M Q FK=>8Ik‰ˆ‰8i:S‰CK=IF Q [email protected] Q ’KG}“ Q AB7UCKMN79:BM†h Q v\HGE=u8;=5CE=>Ž@FKM Q =>FSN7'8J=>LILIMpQ P F 


rorsOcT`C|3wxs~c1†1? g ? ŒjEL Q 8 VI\ 0 F|:BA Q CKGELIMN=>FKC Q =>FST77UF|:B=IA;M Q A„=a`b?KA;=I8JMpQ P F ST7  Q A;Z…7o=a`b?KSNMWLIM†:? g Œ[email protected]]? Q A bk#" v)8;= Q [E:JMN=>FK=Uv ? g j   g ? Z—? L Q 8ŒjEL Q 8 VI\  L Q F VR\ 8JMWF  V  V
=XMNF|:B=>ƒŒAB79FKC Q =IF=ISqAJ7UFKƒ Q   v   H pvE8J= Q [E:BMW=IFK=9v —?}j ? g j  g ? Z  ? g j  ‡? g ? j g Hk "%""j  ˆ‰8;:B7 GKP S†:BMNZu7„MWƒŒ[email protected]@7UC A;=ILIMW[c=X=>SF Q Z_[EAJ=‡CK = ša¢†£HžaŸ@ª ¨ 8 :Hš „:MT7'8;=_8JMWƒŒGK=ŠCE=Š=I8i:FK=IA;ƒ@P 75=IFt: [email protected] ST798VS Q FEƒŒMW:JQ GKCK=I8‚CK= QQ FKCK7'\HGE=D8B7USW=_CK=I8;CK=DST7'8;GK?O=IA;ŽKLIMN=DCEQ =_ST7…=>8;:JAJ=ISWST7'? Q [email protected]/CKr =e7UP AJ=I7'Q ? Q A [email protected]=X:BMW=IZ5? Q vEAJ=>8JGKS†:AIv

  ? g j V @    ‡? g ? 
Œj V @ g Hk "xUj   H   ˆ‰FST7'7U?E A Q `bMNZu7ULIMpQ P Ft¬H¤ˆ§79F=>8;:LI=‡\^GK=Uv    ? "g ! j V @ W !  ' MK=>F bk#"x4=>SNMNZ5MNFK7UZ Q 8 SN74CK=>?c=>FKCK=IFELIMT7‡CK= L Q FyST7VS Q FKƒŒMW:JGKC_CK= Q [email protected] g =>8;:B78;GK? Q 8JMNL>M"Q P FDA;=IL>MN[O= =ISF Q Z_[KA;=CE=…£a˜O› ª  Ÿ¦5£HžaŸ@ª ¨ 8B:Hš„£U  ¦©ª ¨ –€«pša›; £ U›lŸN–Jjw=‡MNF|:J=IƒŒAJ7UZ Q 8 Q [E:B=>FK=IZ Q 8 $ 

W !_g 
|j   H 7 =>A Q =IFo=ISLI7U?r P :JGKS Q "8J=‡CK=aŽ@FKMpQ P 798pr P ST7Š:J=IZ5?c=>AB79:JGKAB7D=a€=IL>:JMWh97yCK=‡ST7_=I8i:BA;=ISNSN7Ev



















CK=‡C Q FECK=‡8J=L Q FKL>SNG s =XŽ@[email protected]=>F^:J=X\^GK=Uv



 H







W ! 

 †;oŽn~c †hwx€xwxo‰† epgmƒwxo `Cc ipc1yztCc1d_t‰3Šg s orsehicTsepo3  `C`‚o-—c orsxoˆih|
‹ Š cyxoˆ†h€xiho‰d_tucTx`Co d_g1…O€LcTic3yxcKd_g1s C` cmƒ1w~o ehicTsL†;€
g3ihepcv`CcOic3yztuc3drtˆ1Šg s†pcT`Ct‚oˆseho3–N^ † epgOo‰† -—cT`CtCyzg drw~cTs~yx‘ g„†hwx€
g3sxoˆ…„g1†ƒwxo{or`Z_GK=I8i:BAJ7tCK='=I8i:AB79:JGKAB7R=>€=>L>:BM†h97nF Q L Q AJA;=I8;? Q FECK=/7nSN7 :B=>Zu?O=IAJ79:BGEAB7D8JGK?O=IAiŽ@LIMN7USCK=‡ST7_=>8;:JAJ=ISWST7Ek ¬ 8ŠZ~7UP 8‡AJ=>SN=ahU79F^:J=I8_A;=I8;GKSW:B7UC 8 [E:J=IFKMWC 8ŠYK7U8;:B7=I8i:B='?EGKF|: [email protected];:BMW=IA FCE=…ST7-8JGE? 8;MNL>M"P FCK= [email protected] 7CK=I?O=IFECK=IFKL>MT7ŠSWMNFK=I7USKCK= nQ L Q F…Q ST7X?KA Q €Q [email protected]­Q P ?E:JMNLp7bk  QQ Z Q hHMWZ QQ 8+SN7‡=l`b?c=>AJMN=>FKQ LIMN7„LQ Q F…=>S €=IFfQ P Zu=>F Q CK=>S Q 8;LIGKA;=ILIMWZuMW=IF|: Q CK=ISKSWMNZ_[ Q =I8;:J=ISN7UA)CK=>Z_GK=I8i:BAJ7‡\^GK=w=I8;:B7X8JGK? Q 8JMWLIMpQ P F_=I8‰=>FDƒŒ=IFE=IAB79S hw7UP [email protected]|?O=IA Q v ? Q CK=IZ Q [email protected]@7=a`b?KSWMNLp79LIM"Q P Fy•rP 8JMWLp77=>8;:B=‚YK=ILS¯=I\^GKMWSNMW[KAJM Q Z5=ILq7UP FKMNL Qus :b=>P AJZ5MNL Q CK=ŠSN7'79:BZ~Q P 8i€=IAB75=I8i:B=ISN7UAVF Q 8V?c=>AJZ5MW:J=„=l`E?ESNMNLI7UA4=>F/[@7U8;=D7 L Q FK8JMWCK=IAJ7ULIM Q FK=I8firP 8JMNLI7U8:FKLIMN75CE=SN7D=I8J?O=IL>MT7USq€GEFKLIMpQ P F fk 7¯79AB7f=ISWS Q L Q FK8JMWCK=IA;=IZ Q 8L Q Z Q ?KGKF|: Q CK=‰?K7UA;:[email protected]SN7=ILIGK7ULIMpQ P F‡CK=‰:BAB79FK8;€=>AJ=IFELIMT7fAJ7UCKMT7}:BMWh97w=>8JL>AJMW:B7 [email protected]@7579:BZ~Q P 8;€=>AB7DƒŒA;MN8?KSN7UF Q ®[email protected]=>ST7 g =IL>[email protected] P F bk  jlv L Q 8 V >? V g Uj >? g Uj . ‡? g j g Hk " Œj MNF|:J=IƒŒAJ7UFKC Q 8 Q [KAJ=X: Q [email protected]SN7U8fS Q FEƒŒMW:JGKCK=I8wCK= Q [email protected] Q [E:J=IFK=>Z Q 8>v L Q 8  V > V g Uj > g Œj .  g j C Q FECK= >    >? s     ‡?|k ' MMWF^:J=IƒŒAJ7UZ Q 8f8 Q [EAJ=X: Q [email protected];=IL>LIM Q FK=I8=IFEL Q F|:BAJ7UZ Q 8Iv V   > g ŒjEL Q 8  VR\   > g Uj VR\ .  g j   VR\ V 7U\^GrP   > g ŒjEL Q 8  VR\ g j g ’KG}“ Q AB7UCKMN79:BM†h Q [ Q S Q Zx=aP :BA;MNL Q  jlk¯¬SN7UZ…79FKC Q >  g j M    > g Uj VR\ v ST7_=>[email protected]"Q P F]7UF|:J=IAJM Q Af8J=‡L Q F|hbMW=IAi:B=‡=IFqv " V g j

> g j .  g j g Hk " |j V  ˆ‰[email protected]:B8;Z­Q P 8i€=IAJ7t?KST7UF Q [email protected]=ISN7]=IFx=>\HGEMNSNMW[KAJM Q :b=>P AJZ5MNL Q v‰ST7]AJ7UCKMN7ULIMpQ P F \^GK=-=IF|:BAJ7=>[email protected] AJ=>ƒŒM"Q P FCK=uST7-79:JZ­Q P 8i€=IAJ7=I8ST7-Z5MN8JZu7 \^GK=…8J7USN=5CK=5=ISNSN7Ev s ? Q AX:B7UF|: Q =>S‰’@G}“ Q AJ7UCKMN79:BM†h Q CK=I[O= 8J=>A‚L Q FK8i:F [email protected]/79:JZ­Q P 8;€=IAJ7ƒŒA;MN8?KST79F Q [email protected]=>ST7Evb=IFoST7_=>[email protected]>M"Q P F bk " 5MWZu?ESNMNLI7Š? Q A: g j  g j g Hk " ² j

!  

!




















ˆ^a`adˆcT`Ct Œ dˆc—ept -1gyzo„
g3`Cg3… _Šo epihtud_gL%iho‰d_g3iyzoˆ…Og†r%o .Q€~iho‰†hcor`Nnxo‰dnxgKyzo ƒ1w~o„†ho d_g1s~†;tuyzoˆipcŽ`CcKd_g1sehipt‚xwLd_t‰3Šg s4yxo ehgzyxc1†k`Cc1†k`‚g1sx|3t‚ehwLyzoˆ†yzo.g1s~yxc~–



             

Iout

Iin

¯MWƒŒGKAB7bk $ &V=I?O=IFKCK=>FKLIMN7tCK='SN7MNF|:J=IFK8;[email protected] =>8J?O=ILUrP Ž@LI7tL Q F SN7CKMWAJ=IL>LIMpQ P F=IF =>Sw8;=IF Q CK=…[email protected] 79:JZ­Q P 8i€=IAJ7y=>8;:J=IST79Af=IFoST7DCK=IF Q [email protected]@7
w˜O› ª Ÿ¦5£HžaŸ@ª ¨ 8 :Hš„:MNA7fLIGK7USN\^GKMW=IAq?KA €[email protected] ?E:BMWLp7=IF‡CKMWLM"P FXCE=+€GE=IF|:B=‰[ S Zx=aP :BAJMWLp7 =I8fMWƒŒ[email protected]7_ST7ŠMWF|:B=IFE8JMNCK7UC-Q =I8J?O=ILUrP Ž@LI7DQ [ Q S Q Zx=>P :BA;MNLI7„?KA Q ZuQ=>[email protected]Š8 Q [KAJ=V: Q Q [email protected]ST7U8wCKMNA;=ILIQ L>M Q Q FE=I8fCK=>S =I8;[email protected]>M Q k &V=IZ 8i:BAB79AJ=IZ 817UY AB7y\HGE= >  =IF]=I8;:B7U81L Q FKCEMNLIM Q FK=>8‚?KA;=I8;=IF|:LILIMpQ P F…CE=4ST7MNF|:B=>[email protected]=I8J?O=ILUrP Ž@LI7Ek+ˆ‰F'ST7CK=IF Q [email protected]@7u£a˜O› ª  Ÿ¦5£HžaŸ@ª ¨ 8 :Hš „:8;: # ;g j 8;M   >  >

g j 8;M H  H =p798J=‡ST7_Ž@ƒŒGEAB7 bk k 7U8IrP v   > g ŒjEL Q 8 H  VR\  > # ;g j Z >

g j  ?O=IA Q v 






















I


           

g j

>

s

" 

.>

g Πj VR\

& "

>



 ig #

j Z >

g j

g UjEL Q 8 VI\  > # ;g j . >

g j CK=‡C Q FECK=‡8J=L Q FKL>SNG s =‡? Q A bk#" H\ GE=Uv  Z > j   g L Q F ST7 L Q FKCKMWLIM"Q P F CE=R€A Q F|:B=IAJ7 v >  > # •g j % s > # ig javV8;=L Q FKLISWG s =R\^GK=  
EvECK=‡C Q FKCK=XŽ@FK7USNZ5=IF|:B=9v  Z > g j j  g  ? Q AwSN7L Q FKCKMWLIM"Q P F…CK=V =>\^GKMNSWMN[KA;M Q :B=>AJZ5MNL Q'g =>\HGEMNSNMW[KAJM Q AB7UCKMN79:BM†h Q j‰=IFEL Q F|:BAJ7UZ Q 8w\^GK=  g j >  g j s 7UCE=IZ~7UP 8 W !  CK=‡C Q FKCK=‡Ž@[email protected]=IF|:B=X8;= Q  [E:BMW=IFK=9v  W !  g Z  g j j   \^GK=DL Q AJAJ=>8J? Q FKCK=y?KA;=IL>MN8B79Zu=>F^:J=y7'ST7…A;=ISN7ULIMpQ P F]\^GK=y=I8i:AJMWŽKLp7 7UCK=>Z­79P 8fST7DMNCK=>F|:BMNCK7UC-CK=ˆ+CECKMNFKƒ9: Q F  7UA;[KMN=>AIv  g  
|j W !   k ˆ‰FDL FELISNGE8JM"P FqvŒLIGK7UFKC A;=p7USWMN{p79Z 8 [email protected];=IA;MN=wCE=f8JMNZ5?KSWMWŽ@LI7ULIM FK=I8 7UL>=IA;Lp7XCK=ISbL Z5? A;:B7UZuMW=IF|: CK=ST75Q 79:BZ~Q P 8iQ €=IAB7y=I8i:B=>ST7UQ A g ¬H¤ˆv°ƒŒQ = Q Z5=>:BAIrP [email protected]°MNFECK=I?O=IFKCE=IQ FKL>MT7uCE=„SN7 Q ?K7ULIMWQ [email protected] L Q FST7yS Q F Q  ƒŒM†:BGKC/CK= Q [email protected]|j‚? Q CK=IZ Q 8V=>ST7U[ Q AB79A4GKF/Z Q CE=IS Q L Q Z5?KSN=a: Q CE=D8JG=I8i:BAJGEL>:BGEAB7 s S Q 84AJ=>8JGKS†:Q S 8%8J=‹79\HL GqQ A;P AJL =>8JFE? 8;Q :BFKA;CKG=>P C FŠZ_F G s 8X[E8JMN=>[email protected]7 P L CKQ =DFŠƒŒF^AJGK7U=IF8i:BGEAJ7 :BMWQSNMN[KCK8;7U=IC]A;h9=>7UFRL>M =>Q S)FE=I=I8i8 :BCKGK=‹CEM=>8;:BCK7‚=DAJ=>STƒŒ7…M"Q  P FAJCEZu=‹7USNLI7Mp=>P F]8;:JAJ=>=IFSWSTSN7E7 k 79:JZ­Q P Q8i€=IAJ7uQ =I8i:B=>STr 7UA1Q CK=ŠSN7U81r SNMNQ FE=p7UQ 81=I8;?c=>L>:BAJ7USN=>8Ivc\HGE=_8J=>[email protected]…P =>S ?KA Q [KSW=IZu75CKQ =>S \^GK=ŠF Q Q 8 Q [email protected] 7UAJ=>Z Q 8 7DL Q F|:JMNF^[email protected]>M"Q P Fqk  3 B$ -K) *0- * -X0f&‰.( )[5-K* - * {& - 5)Š.( - * ˆ‰F 8J=>LILIM Q FK=>8D?KAJ=>LI=ICE=IF|:B=>85YE=IZ Q 8_Z5=IFKL>M Q [email protected] Q =>SwYK=>LGK=IA;? Q MNFKL>MNCK=DAJ7UCKMN7ULIMpQ P F/CK=yMNF|:B=>[email protected]=I8;?c=>LŒrP Ž@Lp7A>?  k ST798fLp7UAK7UP L>:J=IAIrP 8;:JMNLp798f=I8J?O=ILa:BAJ7USN=>8‚CK=‡SN7_AB7UCKMN7ULIMpQ P F \^GK=‡=IZ5=IA;ƒŒ=‡CK=/=IP S 












Gf7UP SN=>88 Q F

   !"#   !%$&(')*+,-.')-*

@G 7UFEC Q 8J=_?EMN=IFE8B7…=>F/ST7uFK79:BGKAJ7USN=>{p7…CE=ŠS Q 84=I8;?c=>L>:JA Q 8X=>8;:B=>ST7UA;=I8>[email protected]…?EAJ=IƒUGKF|::B=>AprP 8;:BMWLp7U8+=>8J?O=IL>:B7UAJQ SW=I8CE=‚SN7AJ7UCKMT79LIM"Q P F5\^GK=4=IZ5s =IAJƒU=‚CK=1GKF'L>GK=IA;? Q k  Q FK8;MNC‹=>P AJ=>8J=1ST7V8J=>FKLIMWSNSN748JM†:[email protected]>M"Q P FDCE=1GEFy:JA Q { Q CK=Z…79:J=IA;MT74=>Fu=>SK\^GK==IF5ƒŒ=IFK=>AB7USE=I8;:@7P =>F|:BAB79FKC Q ? Q AGKF SN7UC Q AJ7UCKMT79LIM"Q P F'L Q F MWF|:B=IFE8JMNCK7UC =I8;?c=>LŒrP ŽKLp7 >? #s CK=ISq\^GK=X8J7USN=4AB7UCKMN7ULIMpQ P F…L>G sŒQ =>8J?O=IL>:JA Q \^GK=IA;=IZ Q [email protected]{I7UA g hŒ=IAŽKƒŒGKAB7 bk jak ¬%7D=ILIGK7ULIMpQ P FCE=‡:JAB7UFE8;€=IA;=IFKL>MT7yAB7UCEMT79:JMWh97Š[email protected]=I8;:J=„8;=IFKL>MNSWS Q Lp798 Q 8J=‡=I8;LIAJMW[c=‡L Q Z Q v 






V 1> ? V ?

‡?

.

>1?

M 7U8JGKZ5MNZ Q 8z\^GK= xF Q hU79AprP 7„7U?KA;=ILIMN7U[KSW=IZ5=IF|:B=VL Q F ST7„?KA Q €GEFKCKMNCK7UC Q P ?E:JMNLI7Evb=XMWF|:B=IƒUAB7UFKC Q ? Q A 8J=>[email protected] P F-CK=h97UA;MT7U[ESN=I8>v Q [b:B=IFE=IZ Q 8 $ >? >? #  g . ?9 j Z‡? g " .  g . ?Uj;j g Hk "  j ‚FŠ7UF7UP SWMN8;MN8q8;=IFKL>MNSNS Q CE=‹SN7179F^:J=IA;M Q A%=a`b?KA;=I8;M"Q P F„Z_GK=I8i:BAJ7‚\^GK=w=>S^?KAJMWZu=>Aq:b=IP A;ZuMWF Q CK=ISHST79C Q CK=IA;=IL€=>L>: Q 8wCK=1ST77U[K8 Q AJL>M"Q P FqvH\^GK=‚:JMN=>FK=IFuL Q Z Q A;=I8;GKSW:B7UC Q SN7„7}:B=IF^[email protected]"Q P F g =l`b? Q FE=IFKL>MT7USTj CK=-ST7 Q [email protected] 7 Q A Q :BA Q ST7UC Q =>Sf8J=>ƒŒGKFKC Q :b=>P AJZ5MNF Q CK7L>GK=IF|:B7RCK=-SN7tL Q F|:BA;MN[KGELIM"Q P FeCE=ISfZ5=ICKM Q 7'ST7u=IFK=>AJƒ@rP 7'CK=DST7 Q [email protected]'? Q AV=IZ5MN8;M"Q P FCK=DAB79CKMT7UL>M"Q P FvL Q F^:JAJMW[KGKLIMpQ P Ft\^GK=D:BMW=IFK=Š[email protected]'[email protected]:JGKAB79SN=I{I7 7UL>GKZ_GKSN79:BM†hU7 g §7ULa: Q A " .  g . ?9j;jak  Q FK8;MNCK=>AJ=>Z Q 817UY Q AB7DC Q 88;MW:BGK7ULIM Q FK=I8fCEMN8;:JMNF|:AJ? Q 7…[email protected]…:J=IZ5?c=>AB79:JGKAB7 !$#4s 8 Q [KAJ=‡=IS\^GK=F Q MNFELIMNCE=XAB7UCKMN7ULIMpQ P Fqk L Q FS Q [email protected] bk#"  \^[email protected] 

>?

‡? ?

m‚8JGKZ5MN=>FKC Q / ?nMNFKCK=>?c=>FKCKMW=IF|:B=RCK=RST7 ?KA Q €[email protected] SNMNFE=p7US v‚SN7x?EA Q €[email protected] Q P ?b:BMNLI7e8;= ?KGE=ICK=R=I8;LIAJMW[KMNA ? / ? , J k m‚8JGKZ5MN=>FKC Q 7UCK=>Z­7UP [email protected] =ISVL>GK=IA;? Q [email protected]†:[email protected]"Q P F CK= =>\HGEMNSNMW[KAJM Q :B=>AJZ Q CEMNF7UP Z5MNL Q v^Mk =Uk‡?  ? g ! # [email protected]_A;=IST79LIM"Q P F-7UF|:B=IA;M Q Af\^GK=>[email protected] >? g , J j / ?  ? g ! # j ˆ‰F…L Q FKL>SNGK8;M"Q P F s L Q Z Q 8J=‚hU=4=>F…ST77UF|:B=>AJM Q A+=a`b?KAJ=>8JMpQ P FqvHST7‡AB7UCKMN7ULIMpQ P FD8B79SNMN=>F|:B=1CK=IS°LIGE=IAJ? Q :JMN=IFE=_GKF?c=>A;Ž@S¯=I8J?O=ILa:BAJ7US g CK=>?c=>FKCK=>FKLIMN7-CE= >L Q F @cj‚\^GK=DA;=I?KA;=I8;=IF|:AJ? Q 8JMWLIMpQ P F CK=>S?c=>A;Ž@S1CK=oGKF~L>GK=IA;? Q FE=IƒŒA Q L Q F~ST7/:B=>Zu?O=IAJ79:BGEAB7CK=SN7RZu79:J=IAJMN7/\HGE=t79:JAB7phHMN=I8J7SN7 AJ7UCKMT79LIM"Q P F g 7U?KA Q `bMWZ…7UCK7UZu=>F|:B=‡ST7yZuMW8JZu7_=IF]: Q CK7U8[email protected];:J=I8Bj s CK=>S ?O=IAiŽ@S%CK=Š8;G Q [email protected] g =IA‰Ž@ƒŒGKAJ7 bk#" jlk  Q A;AJ=>8J? Q FKCK=1=I8i:B=1Lp7U8 Q 7‡ST7V?EA Q CKGKLIL>M"Q P FyCK=GKF5=I8;?c=>L>:JA Q CK==IZ5MN8JMpQ P Fqk ]Q P :B=>8J=5\HGE=5SN7 8JMW:J[email protected]>M"Q P FL Q [email protected]%[email protected] ST7 \^GK=u8;=yCK=IZ Q 8;:JA Q [email protected];=IL>=5GEF=>8J?O=IL>:JA Q CK=‚=IZ5MN8;M"Q P Fqv|L Q MNFELIMNCE=‚L Q F'ST7‡8JGE?KGK=I8i:F'ST7AJ=I8;?c=>L>:JMWh97ŠSN= s =I8;?c=>L>:BAJ7US\^GK=‚=I8i:=4\^GK= ¥ŒƒŒ7U8J=>8 g Zu79:B=>AJMN75? Q L Q…Q ?K7ULp7|j=IF/=>ZuMW8JM"Q P FqvO7…[email protected]:J=IZ5?c=>AB79:[email protected]@7 ! # 8 Q [KA;=_S Q 81\^GK= F Q MWFKLIMWCK=XAB7UCEMT7UL>M"Q P F =l`b:J=IA;M Q A>vK?KAJ=>8J=>F^:B7UFtGKFo=I8;?c=>L>:JA Q L Q Z Q =ISCK=>8JLIA;MW: Q k  0 ? " g ”]79:J=IA;MT7_Z_G s'Q [email protected]|j =>Fu=>8;:B=LI7U8 Q  g . ?Uj 2 k)m‚8JGKZ5MN=>FKC Q =I\^GKMWSNMN[EAJM Q :B=IA;Z Q CKMWF7UP Z5MNL Q : Q :B7USv bk#"  \^GK=ICK7Ev 

 



             

g j ˆ‰8 CK=IL>MNA%ST7fAB79CKMT7UL>M"P F‡=>Zu=>AJƒŒ=>F^:J=z:JMN=>FK=+=IS|=I8;?c=>L>:JA CK=+GKF„LIGK=>AJ? FK=>ƒŒA 7ST7:B=>Zu?O=IAJ79:BGKAJ7 CK=>SKLIGE=IAJ? Q =IFyLIGE=I8;Q :JM"Q P Fv|=I8‰CK=>LIMNA‰=>SK=I8;?c=>L>:JA Q CK=fSTQ 7‚SNGK{f=>ZuM†:BMNCK7‚Q =I8‰GEF5Q=>8J?O=ILa:BA Q L Q F|:BMNF^G Q k &V=XF^GK=ah Q =>SAJ=>8JGKS†:8J?O=IL>:JA Q 8;L Q ?qr P 7y8J=‡AJ=>?KA Q CKGKL>=„=>F=>8;:B=Lp798 Q k bk>1? #
v M k =9k)=ISL>GK=IA;? Q =I8i:°7yP [@7 [email protected] 7UC Q ? Q AfAB79CKMT7UL>M"Q P F =l`H:B=IA;M Q A &V=XF^GK=ah Q C Q 88 Q FoS Q 8f? Q 8;MN[KSW=I8fLp798 Q 8=IFo=I8i:M"Q P + F $ " /10 ? ¬%7D8JM†:[email protected]>M"Q P F-=>81MWC‹=IP F|:JMNLp7y7 "p[qk ˆ‰S+=I8;?c=>L>:BA Q ?KA Q CEGKLIMWC Q =I8GKFn=>8J?O=IL>:JA Q L Q F|:BMWF^G Q k'ˆ‰S‰?KA;MNFKL>[email protected]‰7U? Q A;:J=u79S‰L Q F|:BMWF^G Q S Q [email protected]=-=ISZ5=ICKM ST7tL F^:JAJMW[KGKLIMpQ P Fe\HGE=[email protected]=-ST7/AB79CKMT7UL>M"Q P F =l`H:B=IA;M Q AyCK=>8B7U?K7UAJ=>LI=o? Q AySN7 €GK=>A;:J=„79[K8 Q A;LIMpQtQ P Fqs k Q ˆ‰8;:B7'8JM†:[email protected]>M"Q P F]AJ=I8;GKSW:B7…CK=_F^GK=>8;:JA Q L Q Z5?KSW=>: Q MNF|:B=>AH=IP [email protected] Q \^GK=D?EGK=ICK=D8;=IA‡7U8;[email protected] SN7„8JM†:[email protected]"Q P Fu\^GK=V=>FE€AJ=>F|:[email protected] Q =I8;:JGKCKMN7UZ Q 8‹SN7„[email protected]:JGKAB79SN=I{I7„CK=‚ST7SNGK{1=IZ5MW:[email protected]‡? Q A SN7U8DLp7U?K7U8yZ­7UP 8yMWF^:J=IA;M Q A;=I8DCK=-ST779:JZ­Q P 8;€=IAJ7/CK=-ST7/=I8i:BAJ=>SNSN7 $-8;=IƒwGKP Fe? Q CK=>Z Q 8_hU=IA;MWŽ@LI7UA ? Q A1=IS 7UF7UP SWMN8;MN8fCKF= "p[qkfST7yAB79CKMT7UL>M"Q P F-=>ZuM†:BMNCK7y? Q A=I8i:Z Q 7USW:B7EvvK7U? Q A;:SL Q F|:BMWF^G QuQ [K8J=>A;h97UC Q =IFo=IS=>8J?O=IL>:JA Q CK=‡ST7D=I8i:BA;=ISNSN7Ek  0 ? " ˆ‰Fo=I8;:J=„LI7U8 Q bk "  79C Q ?E:B7ySN7_ Q AJZu7Ev >1? >1? # Z ? g ‡? . >1? # j ' M8;=‡[email protected]\^GK= ‡? >? # =IF|: Q FKLI=>8‚SN7_AB7UCKMN7ULIMpQ P F =IZ5MW:[email protected]:BMN=>FK=‡ST7Š Q A;Z…7bv >1?

‡?

 ? "!$#

 





>1?

>? # Z ?
‡?

.

>1? #



GE? Q FEMN=IFEC Q 7 / t? MWFKCK=I?O=IFECKMN=>F^:J=-CK=SN7t?KA Q €[email protected]‘Q P ?E:BMWLp7/=ISfA;=I8;GKSW:B7UC Q 7UF|:B=IA;M Q AD8;= L Q F|hbMW=IAi:B=‡=IFqv '

>1?

>? # Z

/

? J

, 
‡? .

>1? #



\^GK=_L Q AJA;=I8;? Q FECK=D7uGEFt=I8;?c=>L>:BA Q CK=Š=>ZuMW8JMpQ P Fqkˆ‰8;: Q =I8>vq8JM 8 Q [EAJ=ŠGEFtLIGK=>AJ? Q ? Q L Q'Q [email protected] Q MWFKLIMWCK=‡AB7UCKMN7ULIMpQ P \^GK=‡:BAB79FK8J? Q A;:B75=>FK=IA;ƒ@rP 75MNFE€=>AJM Q A7uSN7u\^GK=Š=>ZuM†:B=‡=IS LIGE=IAJ? Q =>FtLIGE=I8;:JM"Q P Fv =>F^: Q FKL>=I8SN7AJ7UCKMT79LIM"Q P F5=>Zu=>AJƒŒ=>F|:B=4CE=IS°ZuMW8JZ Q :[email protected]…P vHL Q Z Q =IFu=ISOLp7U8 Q ""7Ek¯GKF…=>8J?O=IL>:JA Q =>Fe=>S\^GK= 8J=-8;GK?c=>AJ? Q FK= =>SC‹=IP [EMNS=>8J?O=IL>:JA Q CK= SN7tAB7UCKMN7ULIMpQ P FMWFKLIMWCK=IF|:B= g 8JGE? Q FEƒ|7UZ Q 8JS Q L Q F|:BMNF^G Q j+L Q F'ST7X€GK=>A;:B=‚=IZ5MN8;M"Q P FyCK=>ScL>GK=IA;? Q vb\^GK=V78JG…hU=I{V=>8;:°7„P ƒ Q [[email protected]‡? Q Az=ISO?O=IA;ŽKS CK= / ? g hŒ=>AŽKƒŒGKAB7 bk "
"™jak


I


           

 

Continuo Térmico Bλ(Tο)

Espectro de emisión resultante Iλ

κλ

Pefil de absorción

¯MWƒŒGKAB7!Hk "%"
$‰ˆ‰8J?O=IL>:JA Q CK=XST7_AJ7UCKMT79LIM"Q P F \HGE==>Zu=>AJƒŒ=XCE=GEFL>GK=IA;? Q L Q FƒŒAJ7UF-=IZ5MN8;M"Q P F s 8 Q [KA;= =IS\^GK=MNFELIMNCE=VAB7UCEMT7UL>M"Q P F Z_G s :B=>FHGE=„L Q FGEFo=>8J?O=ILa:BA Q L Q F|:JMNF^G Q k 7 Q A Q :JA Q ST7UC Q 8JM 8J=ŠL>GKZ5?KSN=„\HGE= ‡? >? # ST7uAJ7UCKMN7UM"Q P Fo=IZ5MW:[email protected]_:J=IFKCKAK7' P [email protected]…MWF|:B=IFE8JMNCK7UC [email protected]@7D? Q A>v 



>?

>? #

. /

? J

, 
‡? .

>1? #



C Q FKCK=‡CK=‡F^GK=>h Q 8J=[email protected]=>L?c=>FKCK=>FKLIMN75CK= / L Q F k ˆ‰81=I8;:J=„=>S%Lp7U8 [email protected] 8 :JA 8Z~7UP 8MNF|:B=>AJ=>8B7UF|:B=9kfˆ‰F]=>8;:8J?O=ILa:BA QQ [E:J=IFKMWC Q 8J=>[email protected] GEF5=>8J?O=ILa:BA Q CK=79[K8 Q A;LIMpQ P Fqv|=IFD=>SK\^GK=8 Q [EAJ=f=ISbL Q F|:JMNF^G Q CK=ŠST7uAJ7UCKMN7ULIMpQ P FMWFKLIMWCK=IF|:J=Š8J=Š8JGK?O=IA;? Q [email protected] F/[email protected]…8J=>AJMW=_CK=ŠCE=I?KA;=I8JM Q FK=>8X\HGE=_MNFKCEMNLp79F]ST798 ? Q 8JMWLIM Q FK=I8fCE=Z~7}P `bMNZu7_7U[E8 Q A;LIM"Q P FoCE=ISZ5=ICKM Q k ˆ‰S‡7UF7UP SWMN8;MN8'79F^:J=IA;M Q A F Q 8 AJ=>hU=ISN7e=>F 8IrP F|:B=>8JMN8-SN7=a`b?KSNMWLp7UL>M"Q P F CE=RSN7[email protected]:JGKAB7USW=I{I7CK=ISX=>8J?O=IL>:JA Q CK=RST7U8 =>8;:JAJ=ISWST7U8 $e¬%[email protected]|:B=IA;M Q A;=I8o7US†:ZuM†:B=>F ? Q A U7Ek GKF L Q F|:JMNF^G Q CK=a:B=IA;[email protected] Q ? Q A%[email protected]:J=IZ5?c=>AB79:JGKAB7[email protected] La:B=IAIrP 8i:BMNLI77U8 Q [email protected]=>SNST798 g ? Q A =¡“;=IZ5?KS Q !Šg 
|j;j LIGK7UFKC =>8;:AJ? Q L Q F[email protected]=IZ5MN8JMpQ P FtZ5=IF Q A 7'ST75MNF|:B=>[email protected]/CK=ŠST7…AJ7UCKMT79LIM"Q P F]MNFELIMNCE=IF|:B=9k‡ˆ+8i:B=D=>8X=IS¯LI7U8 Q ?K7UAB7'[email protected];GK?O=IAJM Q AJ=>8VCK=DSN7 79:JZ­Q P 8i€=IAJ7y=>8;:J=IST79AIk 





.')
('
*  ,"#   - -%$&(')*+

‚FK7yhU=I{Š8;=„YK7UF]?KA Q CEGKLIMWC Q 79[K8 Q A;LIM Q FK=I8=>F][email protected]=IA;:B75A;=IƒŒMpQ P Fo7USNA;=ICK=>C Q ACK=[email protected] Q FEƒŒMW:JGKC-CK= Q8 FK[KCKAJ7_=D=ICK8;MW:BLS\HGEL Q=DF^SN:JSTMN79F^Z…G Q7UZ CK=X8SN7Š[email protected] {VS\^P FKGK=I=X7…=I=IZu8;?c7U=>[email protected]>7Š:BAJCE7U=IS)SqCKMWF^=y:J79=IA;[KM 8 Q A‹A;LICKMp=VP FqST7„k=Iˆ‰8;:JFRAJ=>SNSN7'ST7bAJvK=>7UƒŒ[email protected]"P79F]AJ=ICKL>== ST79Q 8fS®rP FE=p7U8=>Q 8J?O=IQ La:BAB79SN=IQ81=IQSL Q F|:BMWFHG Q 8;=CEQ => Q A;Z…7Dr L Q Z Q S Q ZŠGK=I8i:BAB7DSN7DŽKQ ƒŒGKABQ 7 bk " Ek Q ¬ST7UZu7UFKC ?y=>S ’@G}“ AB7UCKMN79:BM†h =IF/ST75S FEƒŒMW:JGKC]CK= [email protected]@/?KA hU=IFKMW=IF|:B=DCK=DSN7u=>8;:BA;=ISWST7  ? =IS+’@G}“ Q \HQ GE= Q [K8;=IA;h97UA;Q MT7UZ Q 88JM‹Q [email protected] P S Q =a`bMW8;Q :BMW=IAJ7ST7oL Q F|Q :JAJMN[EGKLIMpQ P FnQ CK=>SwL Q F|:BMNF^G Q =IZ5MW:BMWC Q ? Q s AST798 AJ=>ƒŒM Q FK=I8%Z~7UP 8?KA Q €[email protected] CK=+ST7fZ5MN8;Z…7Ev"? Q CK=IZ Q 8L Q FK8;:JAJGKMWA S Q \HGE=zA;=IL>MN[O=z=>S^F Q Z_[KA;=+CK=VšF]79CK=ISN7UF|:B=FHGE=I8;:JA ?KGKF|: CK= [email protected]ª Ai:[email protected]Šª Y Q AB7DCK=X=Ig 8i:BGKCEMT7UAfSN7_=I8;:JAJGKLa:BGKs AJ7 s =IS7UFf7UP SNMW8JMN8‹CKQ =XST798fS®rP FE=p7U8=>8J?O=ILa:BAB79SN=IQ8=>8;:B=>ST7UQ A;=I8>k ' Q [EAJ=‡=IS=>8J?O=IL>:JA Q F Q AJZu7USWMN{p79C Q CK=aŽ@FKMWZ Q 8f=>S˜@ša›œ+¢ :Hš‡¢†£…¢h97UFKL>MT7t=>F =IS=>8;:BGECKM K C = SN7U8_SP FK=I7U8Š=>8J?O=IL>:JAB7USW=I8DA;=ILIMW[c=…=ISF Z_[KAJ=…CK= 7UFKL8J?O=ILa:BAB79SN=I8>k \^GK=_=>Ft=IS CKMT79ƒŒAB7UZu7y=I8J?O=ILa:BAJ7US¯F Q AJZu7USNMW{p7UC Q =>FKLIMW=IAJAJ7uGKF79P AJ=p75MNƒŒGK7US 7uST75CK=ŠSN7uSrP FK=I7EkŽ7 Q A‚8JG CK=aŽ@FKMNL>M"Q P Fv 

? #
"  ? #

?# 

 

"

?

. ;?

V=_79LIGK=>AJC Q 7'SN7uZu7UƒŒFKM†:BGKCCK=_S Q 84?KA Q L>=I8 Q 8X7U[K8 Q AJ[O=IF|:B=>8IvSN7…S®rP FK=p75?KGK=ICE=_8J=>AXCK=Š:BA;=I84:JMN? Q 8m$ ¬+rP FK=I7U8V=>8J?O=IL>:JAB7USW=I8XCK=>SNƒ|[email protected] g  HŸ98¢ Ÿ98š8J?O=IL>:JAB7USW=I8X8J79:[email protected] s SrP FK=p798V=I8;?c=>L>:BAJ7USN=>8 ƒŒA;GK=I8J7U8 g  HŸžD¢ Ÿ98šAŽ@ƒŒGKAJ7 bk#" ² jlk ˆ‰F ST7AJ=IƒUM"Q P FuCK=VST798‹SrP FK=I7U8‹=>8J?O=ILa:BAB79SN=I8wCK=ISWƒ|[email protected]‹=ISc=I8J?O=ILa:BA Q CK=VST7=I8i:BAJ=>SNSN7„8J=V7USN=¡“J7„SN=ahŒ=>Zu=>F^:J= CK=>SqL Q F|:JMNF^G Q =IF 8;Go[K7U8J= g  ? ""jak  [email protected] Q S Q 8‹?KA Q LI=>8 Q 817U[K8 Q AJ[O=IF|:J=I88 Q F-8;GEŽ@LIMW=IF|:B=>Zu=>F|:B= MNF|:J=IFK8 Q 84ƒŒ[email protected];:B=CK=_SN75=>ZuMW8JMpQ P FCE=IS L Q F|:BMWF^G Q =IF]ST7yS Q FKƒUMW:BGECCK= Q [email protected]=IF|:JAB7US CK=_SN75SrP FK=I7 CK=>[email protected]=IL>='CK=>S‹=>8J?O=IL>:JA Q =>8;:J=IST79A g ? # 2 "™jV Q AJZu7UFKC Q S Q \^GK=…8;=…SWST7UZu7'[email protected]]SrP FK=I7 =I8J?O=ILa:BAJ7US 8B7}:[email protected] ' MfST7tMNF|:J=IFK8;[email protected]=-S Q 8_?KA Q L>=I8 Q 85CE=79[K8 Q A;LIMpQ P Fx8J=-=a`H:BMW=IFKCE=oMWFKLISWGK8 Q Z~7UP 8y7USWS"7 P s Z~7UP 8‡7ULp7-CK=yST7 S Q FKƒŒM†:BGKC/CK= Q [email protected]>=IF|:BAJ7USv%SN7-SrP FK=I7 7UCK\^GKMW=IAJ=yGKFK7o?O=IAiŽ@S+[KMN=>FR?K7UA;:prP LIGEST7UAVL Q F ?O=IFKCKMW=IF|:B=>84A;=IƒŒGKSN7UAJ=>8 s GKFK7u[@7U8;[email protected]@7 g ? 2 "UvO?K7UAB7 @ # .  @ @ # Z  j =I8;:J=„:JMN? Q CK=‡SrP FK=p798f=I8J?O=ILa:BAJ7USN=>81A;=IL>MN[O=IFo=ISF Q ZŠ[KAJ=XCK=‡SrP FK=I7U8f=I8;?c=>L>:BAJ7USN=>8ƒŒAJGK=>8B7U8>k &X7UC Q \HGE=X8 Q F S Q 8w?KA Q L>=I8 Q 8fCK=X7U[E8 Q A;LIM"Q P F'S Q 8‹\^GK=XCK=>:J=IA;[email protected]'=>F©GEP SW:BMWZ…7‡MNFE8;:8J?O=IL>:JAB7USW=I8>vwF Q 8 Q [email protected]=>Z Q 8DGKFdZ Q Z5=IF|: Q CE=o=>8;:JGKCKMT79ADS Q 8D?KA;MNFKL>[email protected]=I8 ?KA Q L>=I8 Q 84=IFST7yZ…7}:B=IA;MT7D=I8i:B=>ST7UA\^GK=ŠL Q F|:BA;MN[KG s =IF/7yST7y=a`H:JAB7UL>LIM"Q P F]CK==IFK=>AJƒKrP 75CE=ŠST7DAJ7UCKMT79LIM"Q P F \^GK=ŠSN7u7}:BAB7phHMN=>8B7Ek  Q 84?EA Q ? Q FKCKA;=IZ Q 8:AJMN7t=IFeST779:BZ~Q P 8i€=IAB7t=>8;:J=IST79A5CE=>:B=>[email protected]=>Sf?c=>A;Ž@SfCE=oSN7U8DSrP FK=p798DCK= 7U[K8 Q AJL>M"Q P Fk ˆ‰F‡ƒŒ=IFK=>AB7US v™=ISU€=>FQ P Z5=IF Q CK=+79[K8 Q A;LIMpQ P F Q L>GKAJA;=‰[email protected] Q GKFX:BA Q { Q CK=+Zu79:B=>AJMT7z? Q A8JGK8%?KA Q ?KMN=>[email protected]=>8 [email protected]:"rP LIGKSN7UAJ=>8zA Q [@7? Q AzGKF'Z Q Z5=IF|: Q =IFE=IAJƒKrP 7Š7ST7‡AB7UCEMT7UL>M"Q P F5\^GK=4S Q 79:JAB7phHMN=>8B7Š=>F…[email protected]„CK=>:J=IAJZ5M  [email protected]„S Q FKƒŒMW:JGKC5CK= Q [email protected]„CK=ah Q S†hHMN=IFEC Q ST7 g =>F'ST7‡8JM†:[email protected]>M"Q P FuƒŒ=IFE=IAB79Sj‰? Q 8i:B=>AJM Q AJZ5=IF|:B=1=IF'SN7‡ Q AJZu7 CK= AJ7UCKMT79LIM"Q P FL Q F Q :JAB7tS Q FKƒŒMW:JGKCCK= Q [email protected] Q L Q FxST7tZ5MN8;Z…7o?c=>A Q =IZ5MW:[email protected][email protected]/CKMWAJ=IL>LIMpQ P F CKMW8;:BMWF|:F|:B=y8J=uAJ=IL Q F Q LI=>F€GKFKCK7UZu=>F|:F^:J= ?KA Q L>=I8 Q 8„? Q 8;MN[KSW=I8‡CK=u7U[K8 Q AJLIMpQ P FR=IF ST7_Zu79Q :J=IAJQ MN7_=I8i:B=ISN7UAIk "Œk a– ª ›BžaŸ@ª ¨ 8u˜ ª ›X §›;
£ 8E–aŸžaŸ@ª ¨ 8t¢ Ÿ |S‰Zu=>CKM Q L Q FRGKF=ISN=>L>:[email protected] P FR=IFGKFR=I8i:=I8 =IF =>S‹L>[email protected]=>Sw=>SN=ILa:BAKP F L Q AJA;Q =I8J? Q FKCEMN=IF|Q :J=XQ AJ=p79Q SNMN{I7Š[email protected]_Q:JAB7UFK8;MNL>M"Q P F 7 Q Q :BA Q =>8;:B7UC Q SNMWƒ|7UQ C Q k Q ˆ‰8;:J=‡:JMN? Q CK=X?KA Q L>=I8 Q Q =>8 =>S)[email protected] AJ=I8;? Q FK8B7U[ESN=DCK=DSN7… Q AJZu7ULIMpQ P FtCK=DA;=IƒŒM Q FK=>8XS Q Lp7USWMN{[email protected]=y7U[K8 Q AJL>M"Q P F=IF=>S =>8J?O=IL>:JA Q =I8i:[email protected] k =9k‰S®rP FK=p7U8f=>8J?O=ILa:BAB79SN=I8>k ¬%7 [email protected]>[email protected]CK=>SbZ5=ICKM =IF„hHMWA;:BGECŠCK=z=I8i: 8 ?KA LI=>8 8>v ? CK=I?O=IFECK=IAK74P CK=zST7fL Z5? 8JMWLIM"P F \^GrP QZuMWLp7 s ST7U8+L Q FKCKMWLIM Q Q [email protected]:BMNGELIGKSN7UAJ=>Q8‹7‡ST7‡Q \^GK=4Q 8;=‚/ =>FKLIGE=IF|:BA;=IF 8 Q Zu=a:BMNC Q 8+Q S Q 8…79QP : Q Z Q Q 8 CK=>SZu=>CKM Q k bk a– ª ›BžaŸ@ª ¨ 8o˜ ª ›Š  ›;
£ 8E–aŸžaŸ@ª ¨ 8n¢ Ÿ |=I8 Q =>Fu=>SKLIGK7USK\^GK=ICK7‡Ž@FK7USNZ5=IF|:B=w=IFyGKF5=I8;:B7UC Q SNMW[KAJ=‹Lp7UAJ7UL>:J=IA;MN{p79C Q ? Q A¯[email protected]=IFK=>AJƒKrP 7 L>MNF‹=aP :BMNLI7DCK=>Ž@[email protected] ˆ‰8;:J=:JMN? CE=?KA L>=I8 8…L Z =>8…CK=o=I8;?c=>AB7UA;8J=]? Ay8JGd?KA ?KMT7[email protected]:JGKAB7USW=I{I7:[email protected] L Q F|:BAJMW[KGKQL>M"Q P F L Q F|Q :BMNF^[email protected] 7R7/Q ST7/Q 7U[E8 Q A;LIM"Q P FeCE=ISZ5=ICKM QQ v+=I8i: Q =IQ 8D Q : Q [email protected] F7U[K8 Q AJ[KMWC Q 8CE=•“J7UFKC Q =>[email protected] Q 7USq=>SN=ILa:BAKQ P F-=IF-GKF-=I8i:FK=IA;ƒ@rP 7yLIMWFw=>P :JMNLp7_CEMN8;:JMNF|::B7UZu=>F|:B=‡? Q A‚GKF=ISW=IL>:[email protected] P F\^GK=Š8;=Š=IFELIGK=>F^:JAB7…=>FtGKF=I8;:B7UC Q SWMN[KA;=X?KA Q  CKGELIMN=>FKC Q =ISELp7UZ_[EM Q =>F5=>SK=I8i:Ft8J=>A‚?KA Q [email protected]? Q A Q : Q FK=>8CK= Z_G s CKMN8i:BMNF|:B7U8+S Q FKƒUMW:BGECK=I8‰CK= Q FKCK7Ev^L Q FuS Q \^GK=4=>8;:B=‚?KA Q LI=>8 Q AJ=p79SNMN{I74:P FuGKF…7U? Q A;:J= L Q F|:BMNF^G Q 7yST7D7U[E8 Q A;LIM"Q P FoCE=SN7DZ…79:J=IA;MT7Š=>8;:B=>ST7UA>k Kk a– ª ›BžaŸ@ª ¨ 8V˜ ª › :UŸN–¡˜@ša›B–aŸ@ª ¨ 8…ša¢NšFdSWGKƒ|7UAŠ[email protected] Q GKFx Q :@Q P FdCE=ISfZ5=ICKM Q =>8 CKMW8J?O=IA;8B7UC Q ? Q AXGKFR=ISW=IL>:[email protected] P F=>FGKF=>8;:8XCK=D: Q [email protected] Q FEƒŒMW:JGKCK=I84CK= Q FE\[email protected]„=?K8KGEP =IS CK=>8;F =‡8JhH=IGKAw=>CKSWhUMN=8;?cMW=>ZuAJ8B? 79C AiQ ::