INTRAPARTUM ULTRASONOGRAPHY FOR LABOR MANAGEMENT labor, delivery and. [2 ed.] 9783030575953, 3030575950

Table of contents :
Contents
Contributors
Part I: Sonographic Anatomy of the Uterus
1: From the Blind Twentieth-Century Obstetrics to an Ultrasound Twenty-First-Century Obstetrics
References
2: Brief History of Intrapartum Ultrasonography
2.1 Before Intrapartum Ultrasound (IPU)
2.2 The Birth of IPU
2.3 Current Trend
2.4 Future Perspectives
References
3: Traditional and Sonographic Anatomy of the Pregnant Uterus
3.1 Anatomy of the (Gravid) Uterus
3.2 Blood Supply and Lymphatics
3.3 Disorders and Anatomical Changes in Pregnancy Related to the Uterus
3.3.1 Round Ligament Pain
3.3.2 Round Ligament Varices (RLV)
3.3.3 Formation and Significance of the Lower Uterine Segment
3.4 Ultrasound Assessment of the Cervix
3.5 Ultrasound Assessment of the Placenta
3.6 Use of Ultrasound during the Labor and Obstetrics Anatomy Assessment
3.7 Use of Ultrasound during the Postpartum Period
References
4: Ultrasound Anatomy of the Uterus at Term
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Placenta Previa and Accreta Spectrum: The Role of Anatomic Assessment with Ultrasound
4.3 Trial of Labor after Cesarean Section and the Assessment of Lower Uterine Segment
4.4 Anatomy of the Retzius Space (SP) and the Vesicouterine Space (VUS) in Obstetric Practice
References
5: Ultrasonography of Female Urinary System
5.1 Urinary System Ultrasound (Zibar L, Škegro D)
5.2 Importance of Anatomical Relationships between Urinary Tract and Female Tract in Labor, Delivery, and Puerperium (Malvasi A)
References
Part II: Traditional Obstetric Practice (of) in the Labor and Delivery
6: Clinical Evaluation of Labour and Intrapartum Sonography
6.1 Evaluation of Cervical Dilatation
6.2 Evaluation of Fetal Head Station
6.2.1 Technique
6.2.2 Angle of Progression
6.2.3 Pitfall
6.3 Evaluation of Fetal Head Position
6.4 Conclusion: ISUOG Guidelines
References
7: General Intrapartum Sonography Setup and Use in Labor
7.1 Introduction
7.2 General Intrapartum Ultrasound Setup
7.2.1 Portable Ultrasound
7.2.2 Ultrasound Probes
7.2.3 Examiner
7.2.4 Exploration Techniques
7.2.5 Determining the Type of Exploration
7.3 Ultrasound Use in Labor
7.3.1 Ultrasound Use to Determine Fetal Head Position
7.3.2 Ultrasound Use for Diagnosing a Stalled Labor
7.3.3 Other Uses
7.4 Conclusions
References
8: Intrapartum Ultrasound and Bishop Score: A New Obstetric Tool
8.1 The Role of Bishop Score for the Prediction of Successful IOL
8.2 Cervical Length and Induction of Labor
8.3 Cervical Angle and IOL
8.4 Head to Perineum Distance and IOL
8.5 Head Position and IOL
8.6 Elastography of the Cervix and Induction of Labor
8.7 Modifying the Bishop Score
8.8 Conclusion
References
Further Readings
9: Traditional Obstetric Pelvimetry in Delivery and Labor
9.1 Overview
9.2 Evolution
9.3 Optimal Relationships for Delivery
9.3.1 Maternal Pelvis
9.3.1.1 Overview
9.3.1.2 Bony Components
9.3.1.3 Diameters
9.3.1.4 Pelvic Floor Musculature
9.3.2 Fetal Orientation
9.3.2.1 Fetal Lie
9.3.2.2 Presentation
9.3.2.3 Attitude
9.3.2.4 Position
9.3.3 Fetal Head Dimensions in vertex presentation
9.3.4 Pelvimetry Overview
9.3.4.1 Definition
9.4 Maternal Pelvic Structure
9.4.1 Gynecoid Pelvis (Greek: Gyne + Eido = Woman Type) (Fig. 9.36)
9.4.1.1 Dimensions
9.4.2 Anthropoid Pelvis (Greek: Anthropos + Eido = Human Type)
9.4.3 Android Pelvis (Greek: Andros + Eido = Man Type)
9.4.4 Platypelloid Pelvis (Greek: Platys + Eido = Flat Type)
9.4.5 Impact of Obesity
9.4.6 Effect of Maternal Posture
9.4.7 Vaginal Breech Delivery
9.5 Maternal Pelvic Evaluation
9.5.1 Physical Exam Evaluation
9.5.1.1 Benefits
9.5.1.2 Limitations
9.5.2 Role of Intrapartum Ultrasound
9.5.3 X-Ray Evaluation
9.5.4 To Evaluate or Not to Evaluate?
References
Part III: Intrapartum Sonography: Set-up and Technique
10: Intrapartum Sonography and Labor Progression
10.1 Labor Progression
10.1.1 Stages of Labor
10.1.2 Fetal Lie, Presentation, Position, and Station
10.1.3 The Three P’s: Power, Pelvis, and Passenger
10.1.4 Cardinal Movements
10.2 Intrapartum Sonography
10.2.1 Lie
10.2.2 Presentations
10.2.3 Position
10.2.3.1 Transabdominal Examining of Position
10.2.3.2 Transperineal Examining of Position
10.2.4 Station
10.2.4.1 Angle of Progression
10.2.4.2 Head Symphysis Distance
10.2.4.3 Head Direction
10.2.4.4 Head-Perineum Distance
10.2.5 Cervical Dilatation
10.3 Strengths and Limitations with Methods
10.3.1 Repeated Measurements
10.3.2 Clinical Studies
10.3.2.1 Randomized Studies
10.3.2.2 Observational Studies
10.4 Discussion
10.4.1 Which Ultrasound Method Should be the Method of Choice?
10.4.2 Can Ultrasound Methods Replace Digital Examinations?
References
11: Intrapartum Ultrasound Parameters (Ultrasonographic Semeiotics)
11.1 Angle of Progression (AoP)
11.2 Head Progression Distance (PD)
11.3 Fetal Head Direction
11.4 Head-Perineum Distance
11.5 Head-Symphysis Distance (HSD)
11.6 Midline Angle (MLA)
11.7 Pubic Arch Angle (PAA)
11.8 Conclusions
References
12: The Use of Two-Dimensional (2D), Three-Dimensional (3D) Ultrasound and Fetal Doppler Studies in the First Stage of Labor
12.1 Background
12.2 2D Ultrasound
12.2.1 Transabdominal Ultrasound
12.2.2 Translabial and Transperineal Ultrasound
12.2.3 Transvaginal Ultrasound
12.2.4 Uterine Cervix Sonoelastography
12.3 3D Ultrasound
12.4 Doppler Ultrasound
12.5 Conclusion: Toward Sonographic-Assisted Management of the First Stage of Labor?
References
13: Pubic Arch Pelvimetry: Sonographic Evaluation of the Pubic Arch and its Effect on Delivery Outcome
13.1 Clinical Pelvimetry
13.2 X-Ray
13.3 Advanced Imaging: Computed Tomography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging
13.4 Ultrasound
References
Part IV: Malpositions and Malrotation in Labor and Delivery
14: The Role of Intrapartum Sonography in Prolonged Labor
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Importance of Fetal Head Progression Assessment during Prolonged Labor
14.2.1 Prolonged First Stage of Labor
14.2.2 Prolonged Second Stage
14.2.2.1 Dynamic Intrapartum Sonographic Determinations
14.2.3 Guiding Instrumental Delivery in Prolonged Labor
14.2.3.1 Head Engagement Evaluation before Instrumental Delivery
14.2.3.2 Ultrasound Diagnosis of Fetal Head Position and Rotation before Instrumental Delivery
14.3 How to Use the Information?
14.3.1 Is IPU Useful in Prolonged Labor Cases?
14.3.2 Which Parameters, Angular, or Linear?
14.3.3 Which Cut-off?
14.3.4 During Pushing or at Rest?
14.4 Limitations of Current Data
References
15: Occiput Posterior Position and Intrapartum Sonography
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Etiology of OP Position
15.3 Diagnosis by Ultrasound
15.4 Maternal and Neonatal Outcomes
15.5 Relationship between Clinical Evaluation and Intrapartum Sonography
15.6 Delivery of Fetuses in Occiput Posterior Position
15.6.1 Normal Spontaneous Vaginal Delivery
15.6.2 Operative Vaginal Delivery
15.7 Conclusion
References
16: The Role of Intrapartum Sonography in Persistent Occiput Posterior Position and Prolonged Labor
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Incidence of Occiput Posterior Position in the Second Stage
16.3 Maternal and Neonatal Outcomes
16.3.1 Occiput Posterior
16.3.2 Prolonged Second Stage
16.3.3 Occiput Posterior and Prolonged Second Stage
16.4 Ultrasound in the Second Stage and Occiput Posterior
16.4.1 Technique
16.4.2 Ultrasound and Fetal Station for Predicting Chances of Vaginal Delivery
16.4.3 Ultrasound for Aiding Manual Rotation
16.4.4 Ultrasound for Aiding Forceps Rotation
16.4.5 Ultrasound in Second Stage of Labor and Occiput Posterior
16.5 Conclusion
References
17: Asynclitism: Clinical and Intrapartum Diagnosis in Labor
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Use of Ultrasound
17.3 Asynclitism in the Occiput Anterior (OA) Position
17.4 Asynclitism in the Occiput Posterior (OP) Position
17.5 Asynclitism in the Occiput Transverse (OT) Position
17.6 Lateral Asynclitism
17.7 Caput Succedaneum and Molding
17.8 Conclusions
References
18: The Use of Ultrasound for Labor Management of Patients with Obesity
18.1 Introduction
18.1.1 Obesity
18.1.2 Ultrasound in Pregnancy
18.2 Ultrasound Determined Fetal Anomaly
18.3 Estimated Fetal Weight
18.4 Vaginal Scanning during Labor
18.5 Ultrasound Assessment for Delivery
18.5.1 Anesthesia-Related Considerations
18.5.1.1 Neuraxial Block Placement
18.5.1.2 Predicting Difficult Airways
18.5.1.3 Assessment of Gastric Content
18.5.2 Surgical Considerations for Cesarean Section
18.6 Conclusion
References
Part V: Ultrasonographic Pelvimetry
19: Use of Cervical Length in Labor and Delivery
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Preterm Labor
19.3 Management of PTL Based on TVU CL
19.3.1 Women with TVU CL ≥ 30 Mm before 34 Weeks of Gestation
19.3.2 Women with TVU CL 

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